gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dose Dependence of Growth Response to Human Growth Hormone in Growth Hormone Deficiency (1976)

A trial of the relative effect on growth of 20 IU/week and 10 IU/week of human growth hormone has been made in 38 patients with "isolated" growth hormone deficiency over 1 year of treatment, 18 patients over 2 years and 10 over 3 years, and in 17 patients with surgically treated craniopharyngiomata over 1 year. The velocity of height growth in the first year of treatment, compared with a full year of pre-treatment control, was 1.3 times as great in both groups of patients on the larger dose as it was in those on the smaller one. Second-degree equations fitted to the treatment catch-up curve gave estimates of 1.7 cm more height gained on the larger dose by the end of the first year, 2.7 cm by the end of the second, and 3.4 cm by the end of the third. Adjusting treatment increment by covariance for bone age at the beginning of treatment, pre-treatment velocity, and body surface area did not alter these mean differences. Bone age velocity during treatment was the same in both treatment groups (mean 1.09 "years"/year in the first year); thus we anticipate a gain in final adult height of the order of 10 cm from employing the larger dose. The decrease in skin folds occurring on treatment, however, was no different with the larger than with the smaller dose. This reinforces previous observations that the short-term metabolic and longer-term auxologic effects of hGH are not necessarily related.
Validation of a Noninvasive, Real-Time Imaging Technology Using Bioluminescent Escherichia coli in the Neutropenic Mouse Thigh Model of Infection (2001)

A noninvasive, real-time detection technology was validated for qualitative and quantitative antimicrobial treatment applications. The lux gene cluster of Photorhabdus luminescens was introduced into an Escherichia coli clinical isolate, EC14, on a multicopy plasmid. This bioluminescent reporter bacterium was used to study antimicrobial effects in vitro and in vivo, using the neutropenic-mouse thigh model of infection. Bioluminescence was monitored and measured in vitro and in vivo with an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera system, and these results were compared to viable-cell determinations made using conventional plate counting methods. Statistical analysis demonstrated that in the presence or absence of antimicrobial agents (ceftazidime, tetracycline, or ciprofloxacin), a strong correlation existed between bioluminescence levels and viable cell counts in vitro and in vivo. Evaluation of antimicrobial agents in vivo could be reliably performed with either method, as each was a sound indicator of therapeutic success. Dose-dependent responses could also be detected in the neutropenic-mouse thigh model by using either bioluminescence or viable-cell counts as a marker. In addition, the ICCD technology was examined for the benefits of repeatedly monitoring the same animal during treatment studies. The ability to repeatedly measure the same animals reduced variability within the treatment experiments and allowed equal or greater confidence in determining treatment efficacy. This technology could reduce the number of animals used during such studies and has applications for the evaluation of test compounds during drug discovery.
Soiling and other optical losses in solar‐tracking PV plants in navarra (2010)

Abstract Field data of soiling energy losses on PV plants are scarce. Furthermore, since dirt type and accumulation vary with the location characteristics (climate, surroundings, etc.), the available data on optical losses are, necessarily, site dependent. This paper presents field measurements of dirt energy losses (dust) and irradiance incidence angle losses along 2005 on a solar‐tracking PV plant located south of Navarre (Spain). The paper proposes a method to calculate these losses based on the difference between irradiance measured by calibrated cells on several trackers of the PV plant and irradiance calculated from measurements by two pyranometers (one of them incorporating a shadow ring) regularly cleaned. The equivalent optical energy losses of an installation incorporating fixed horizontal modules at the same location have been calculated as well. The effect of dirt on both types of installations will accordingly be compared. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
The Biochemistry of Somatic Hypermutation (2008)

Affinity maturation of the humoral response is mediated by somatic hypermutation of the immunoglobulin (Ig) genes and selection of higher-affinity B cell clones. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is the first of a complex series of proteins that introduce these point mutations into variable regions of the Ig genes. AID deaminates deoxycytidine residues in single-stranded DNA to deoxyuridines, which are then processed by DNA replication, base excision repair (BER), or mismatch repair (MMR). In germinal center B cells, MMR, BER, and other factors are diverted from their normal roles in preserving genomic integrity to increase diversity within the Ig locus. Both AID and these components of an emerging error-prone mutasome are regulated on many levels by complex mechanisms that are only beginning to be elucidated.
SiGe-on-insulator prepared by wafer bonding and layer transfer for high-performance field-effect transistors (2001)

SiGe-on-insulator material was fabricated by wafer bonding and hydrogen-induced layer transfer techniques. The transferred SiGe layer is strain relaxed and has a Ge content ranging from 15% to 25%. High-quality strained Si layers were grown on the SiGe-on-insulator substrates by the UHV/chemical vapor deposition process at 550 °C. An electron mobility of 40 000 cm2/V s in a modulation-doped Si/SiGe heterostructure was achieved at 30 K on a SiGe-on-insulator substrate.
Recombinant human pigment epithelium‐derived factor (PEDF): Characterization of PEDF overexpressed and secreted by eukaryotic cells (1996)

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a serpin found in the interphotoreceptor matrix of the eye, which, although not a proteinase inhibitor, possesses a number of important biological properties, including promotion of neurite outgrowth and differential expression in quiescent versus senescent states of certain cell types. The low amounts present in the eye, together with the impracticality of using the eye as a source for isolation of the human protein, make it important to establish a system for overexpression of the recombinant protein for biochemical and biological studies. We describe here the expression and secretion of full-length glycosylated human recombinant PEDF at high levels (> 20 micrograms/ mL) into the growth medium of baby hamster kidney cells and characterization of the purified rPEDF by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopies and neurite outgrowth assay. By these assays, the recombinant protein behaves as expected for a correctly folded full-length human PEDF. The availability of milligram amounts of PEDF has permitted quantitation of its heparin binding properties and of the effect of reactive center cleavage on the stability of PEDF towards thermal and guanidine hydrochloride denaturation.
Human epidermal Langerhans cells express the high affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (Fc epsilon RI). (1992)

It has been suggested that epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) bearing immunoglobulin E (IgE) may be involved in the genesis of atopic disease. The identity of the IgE receptor(s) on LC remained unclear, although it represents a crucial point in understanding cellular events linked to the binding of allergens to LC via IgE. In this report, we demonstrate that epidermal LC express the high affinity receptor for the Fc fragment of IgE (Fc epsilon RI) which has, so far, only been described on mast cells and basophils. Epidermal LC react with antibodies specific for the alpha subunit of the tetrameric (alpha, beta, 2 gamma) Fc epsilon RI. Specific transcripts for Fc epsilon RI alpha and Fc epsilon RI gamma were detected in LC and correspond to those of human basophils and of the human basophil cell line KU812. Furthermore, human basophils, KU812 cells, and LC express the putative beta subunit. Thus human LC express the complete structure of Fc epsilon RI. This finding opens new perspectives in the putative functional role of this structure on antigen-presenting cells.
Six-primary-color LCD monitor using six-color LEDs with an accurate calibration system (2006)

The authors have successfully developed a six-primary-color liquid crystal display using six-color LEDs. More specifically, a prototype of a six-primary-color liquid crystal display having a color gamut of 170% or wider then that of conventional techniques has been constructed. Furthermore, this monitor has a newly developed calibration system using an integrated color sensor, so that it can keep its white point chromaticity stable.
Current Attitudes Regarding Use of Antimicrobial Agents: Results from Physicians' and Parents' Focus Group Discussions (1998)

Antibiotics are widely prescribed for children with nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections, contributing to the recent emergence of resistant pneumococci. To understand the reasons for the overprescription of antibiotics, we conducted focus groups with parents and with pediatricians and family physicians to assess their attitudes regarding the use of antibiotics. Physicians asserted that their own antibiotic prescribing could be safely reduced. Parental expectation to receive antibiotics was a major factor influencing their overuse of antibiotics. Parents indicated that they would be satisfied with the medical visit even if antibiotics were not prescribed, provided the physician explained the reasons for the decision. This study highlights differences in physician and parent perceptions about antibiotic overuse and suggests that educational efforts to narrow this communication gap will be important for improving antibiotic use.
Efficacy of selective JAK inhibition in models of leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, and JAK2V617F dependent malignancy (2008)

14564 Background: The increased kinase activity frequently observed in cancer is implicated in tumorigenesis and resistance to therapy. Genetic and epigenetic changes resulting in aberrant activation of the Janus kinase (JAK) family of tyrosine kinases is common in numerous hematological malignancies, including myeloproliferative disorders. As such, JAK inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hematological diseases associated with JAK activation. Methods: Potent (IC50 < 10nM) and selective (∼100-fold against >30 kinases) JAK inhibitors were utilized to treat a number of engineered and spontaneous cancer cell lines derived from hematological malignancies in vitro and in vivo. The impact of JAK inhibition on downstream signaling pathways (e.g. STAT) and growth and survival of malignant cells was evaluated. Results: Constitutively phosphorylated STAT3/5 (pSTAT) was observed in nearly all cell lines tested. JAK inhibitors reduced pSTAT levels by > 80% in most cell lines. In some cell lines (e.g. INA-6, TF-1, BaF3JAK2V617F) viability was reduced by > 90% and was accompanied by apoptosis. Following oral administration of JAK inhibitors, pSTAT levels and tumor growth were inhibited (> 90%) in a mouse xenograft model of multiple myeloma. Moreover, JAK inhibition improved the therapeutic responses to a number of therapeutics in this model. Additionally, we demonstrate that JAK activation, through clinically relevant cytokine signaling pathways, conveys resistance ( > 50 fold) to imatinib in a Bcr-Abl expressing cells. Importantly, we show that this resistance is reversed with JAK inhibition in vitro and in vivo, the latter resulting in increased survival, suggesting this mechanism of resistance is surmountable. Conclusions: Aberrant STAT activation has been observed in a number of hematological malignancies. Here we have shown that selective JAK inhibition is sufficient to reduce pSTAT levels and inhibit the growth and survival of malignant cells. Moreover, we have demonstrated that JAK inhibition restores sensitivity to Abl kinase inhibition in CML cells rendered resistant to treatment. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Incyte Incyte
Interaction of Postsynaptic Density Protein-95 with NMDA Receptors Influences Excitotoxicity in the Yeast Artificial Chromosome Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease (2009)

Evidence suggests that NMDA-type glutamate receptors contribute to degeneration of striatal medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) in Huntington's disease (HD). Previously, we demonstrated that NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated current and/or toxicity is increased in MSNs from the yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) transgenic mouse model expressing polyglutamine (polyQ)-expanded (mutant) full-length human huntingtin (htt). Others have shown that membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs), such as PSD-95 and SAP102, modulate NMDAR surface expression and excitotoxicity in hippocampal and cortical neurons and that htt interacts with PSD-95. Here, we tested the hypothesis that an altered association between MAGUKs and NMDARs in mutant huntingtin-expressing cells contributes to increased susceptibility to excitotoxicity. We show that htt coimmunoprecipitated with SAP102 in HEK293T cells and striatal tissue from wild-type and YAC transgenic mice; however, the association of SAP102 with htt or the NMDAR NR2B subunit was unaffected by htt polyQ length, whereas association of PSD-95 with NR2B in striatal tissue was enhanced by increased htt polyQ length. Treatment of cultured MSNs with Tat-NR2B9c peptide blocked binding of NR2B with SAP102 and PSD-95 and reduced NMDAR surface expression by 20% in both YAC transgenic and wild-type MSNs, and also restored susceptibility to NMDAR excitoxicity in YAC HD MSNs to levels observed in wild-type MSNs; a similar effect on excitotoxicity was observed after knockdown of PSD-95 by small interfering RNA. Unlike previous findings in cortical and hippocampal neurons, rescue of NMDA toxicity by Tat-NR2B9c occurred independently of any effect on neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity. Our results elucidate further the mechanisms underlying enhanced excitotoxicity in HD.
Antimicrobial Activity of Artemisinin and Its Derivatives Against Anaerobic Bacteria (1990)

Artemisinin and nine of its semisynthetic derivatives were tested for antibacterial activity against anaerobic, facultative anaerobic, microaerophilic and aerobic bacteria. Only anaerobic bacteria and gonococci showed sensitivity to artemisinin derivatives. Artemisinin and its deoxy derivatives had no activity at 100 micrograms/ml concentration. The newly synthesized methyl diperoxy derivative had the highest activity against all tested anaerobes with a MIC of 9.4 micrograms/ml.
Cloning and Characterization of the Genes Encoding Enzymes for the ProtocatechuateMeta-degradation Pathway ofPseudomonas ochraceaeNGJ1 (2004)

The 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate lactonase gene (proL), the protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase alpha and beta subunits genes (proOa and proOb), and the 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase gene (proD) were cloned from the chromosomal DNA of Pseudomonas ochraceae NGJ1. These genes were in the order proLOaObD on the DNA, and a possible transcription terminator sequence followed. The proL and proD genes were over-expressed in Escherichia coli, and their gene products were purified for identification, while the expression of proOaOb was at a lower level. The protocatechuate meta-degradation operon was reconstituted with the recombinant plasmids and expressed successfully in E. coli.
Pharmacotherapy of Xerostomia in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome (2002)

We reviewed the current literature concerning the treatment of dry mouth in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SJS). Computerized MEDLINE search engines were used with the terms Sjögren, xerostomia, dry mouth, and treatment. References from key articles were searched, and all pertinent articles were procured and reviewed. Primary SJS is an uncommon but serious disorder. Dry mouth caused by SJS can lead to dental erosion, dysphagia, oral infections, and discomfort. Preventing these complications is of paramount importance. Pharmacotherapy is limited to topical saliva substitutes, which are considered first, followed by muscarinic stimulators such as pilocarpine or cevimeline, if required. Immunosuppressive therapy is being investigated. Patients should have regular oral and dental examinations to detect complications. Satisfaction with the efficacy and tolerability of treatment should be monitored frequently. The clinician may have to use a trial-and-error approach to determine a successful regimen.
Mathematical dipoles are adequate to describe realistic generators of human brain activity (1988)

It is investigated whether a mathematical dipole description is adequate for the localization of brain activity on the basis of visually evoked potentials (VEPs). Extended sources (dipole disks and dipole annuli) are stimulated and fitted with a mathematical dipole. It is found that the deviation between the positions of the disks and annuli and the equivalent dipole is very small. Also, the differences in the direction and amplitude may be neglected. The position of the extended source with respect to the electrode grid does not much influence these conclusions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Targeting caspases in cancer therapeutics (2013)

The identification of the fundamental role of apoptosis in the growth balance and normal homeostasis against cell proliferation led to the recognition of its loss contributing to tumorigenesis. The mechanistic significance of reinstating apoptosis signaling towards selective targeting of malignant cells heavily exploits the caspase family of death-inducing molecules as a powerful therapeutic platform for the development of potent anticancer strategies. Some apoptosis inhibitors induce caspase expression and activity in preclinical models and clinical trials by targeting both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways and restoring the apoptotic capacity in human tumors. Furthermore, up-regulation of caspases emerges as a sensitizing mechanism for tumors exhibiting therapeutic resistance to radiation and adjuvant chemotherapy. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of the functional involvement of caspases in apoptosis control and the current understanding of reactivating caspase-mediated apoptosis signaling towards effective therapeutic modalities in cancer treatment.
Development of an Automated Steering Mechanism for Bladder Urothelium Surveillance (2009)

Given the advantages of cystoscopic exams compared with other procedures available for bladder surveillance, it would be beneficial to develop an improved automated cystoscope. We develop and propose an active programmable remote steering mechanism and an efficient motion sequence for bladder cancer detection and postoperative surveillance. The continuous and optimal path of the imaging probe can enable a medical practitioner to readily ensure that images are produced for the entire surface of the bladder in a controlled and uniform manner. Shape memory alloy (SMA) based segmented actuators disposed adjacent to the distal end of the imaging probe are selectively activated to bend the shaft to assist in positioning and orienting the imaging probe at a plurality of points selected to image all the interior of the distended bladder volume. The bending arc, insertion depth, and rotational position of the imaging probe are automatically controlled based on patient-specific data. The initial prototype is tested on a 3D plastic phantom bladder, which is used as a proof-of-concept in vitro model and an electromagnetic motion tracker. The 3D tracked tip trajectory results ensure that the motion sequencing program and the steering mechanism efficiently move the image probe to scan the entire inner tissue layer of the bladder. The compared experimental results shows 5.1% tip positioning error to the designed trajectory given by the simulation tool. The authors believe that further development of this concept will help guarantee that a tumor or other characteristic of the bladder surface is not overlooked during the automated cystoscopic procedure due to a failure to image it.
Pneumococcal pspA Sequence Types of Prevalent Multiresistant Pneumococcal Strains in the United States and of Internationally Disseminated Clones (2000)

In a recent genotypic survey of beta-lactam-resistant pneumococci recovered in different areas of United States during 1997, eight clonal types that each represented 3 to 40 isolates accounted for 134 of 144 isolates (G. Gherardi, C. Whitney, R. Facklam, and B. Beall, J. Infect. Dis. 181:216-229, 2000). We determined the degree of pspA gene diversity among these 134 isolates and for 11 previously characterized internationally disseminated multiresistant strains. Thirty-four different pspA restriction profiles were determined for an amplicon encompassing the variable portion of the structural gene that encodes the surface-exposed domain of PspA and a variable-length proline-rich putative cell wall-associated domain. These restriction profiles closely correlated with those of 33 different pspA sequence types of an approximately 230-residue region corresponding to residues 182 to 410 of the strain Rx1 PspA. These residues encompass a 100-residue clade-defining region known to contain cross-protective epitopes for which 17 sequence types were found. Distinct, conserved pspA sequence types were found for the majority of strains within seven of the eight U.S. clonal types assessed, while one pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type was represented by isolates of three distinct PspA clades. Sequence typing of pspA provides an added level of specificity in the subtyping of isolates and is a necessary first step in determining the components needed in a PspA vaccine which could elicit effective cross-protective coverage.
Local Excitatory Circuits in the Intermediate Gray Layer of the Superior Colliculus (1999)

We have used photostimulation and whole cell patch-clamp recording techniques to examine local synaptic interactions in slices from the superior colliculus of the tree shrew. Uncaging glutamate 10-75 microm from the somata of neurons in the intermediate gray layer elicited a long-lasting inward current, due to direct activation of glutamate receptors on these neurons, and brief inward currents caused by activation of presynaptic neurons. The synaptic responses occurred as individual currents or as clusters that lasted up to several hundred milliseconds. Excitatory synaptic responses, which reversed at membrane potentials near 0 mV, could be evoked by uncaging glutamate anywhere within 75 microm of an intermediate layer neuron. Our results indicate the presence of extensive local excitatory circuits in the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus and support the hypothesis that such intrinsic circuitry contributes to the development of presaccadic command bursts.