gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Comparison of alternative crash-avoidance sensor technologies</title> (1995)

Sensor technologies of collision avoidance systems are identified based on a literature search about available products, prototypes, and experimental systems. These sensors constitute the front-end functional element of potential countermeasure systems to rear-end, backing, lane change, roadway departure, opposite direction, intersection, and reduced visibility crashes. The characteristics and capabilities of alternative sensor technologies are described based on published literature. Crash avoidance sensor technologies encompass microwave, millimeter- wave, and near-infrared radars; ultrasonic transducers, charge-coupled device cameras operating in near-infrared and visible bands; uncooled, passive far-infrared detectors; millimeter-wave imaging radar; and near-infrared communications.
Microsoft Point-To-Point Compression (MPPC) Protocol (1997)

This document describes the use of the Microsoft Point to Point
Compression protocol (also referred to as MPPC in this document) for
compressing PPP encapsulated packets. This memo provides information
for the Internet community. This memo does not specify an Internet
standard of any kind.
The intracellular domain of interferon-α receptor 2c (IFN-αR2c) chain is responsible for Stat activation (1999)

Type I IFNs activate the Jak-Stat signal transduction pathway. The IFN-alpha receptor 1 (IFN-alphaR1) subunit and two splice variants of the IFN-alphaR2 subunit, IFN-alphaR2c and IFN-alphaR2b, are involved in ligand binding. All these receptors have been implicated in cytokine signaling and, specifically, in Stat recruitment. To evaluate the specific contribution of each receptor subunit to Stat recruitment we employed chimeric receptors with the extracellular domain of either IFN-gammaR2 or IFN-gammaR1 fused to the intracellular domains of IFN-alphaR1, IFN-alphaR2b, and IFN-alphaR2c. These chimeric receptors were expressed in hamster cells. Because human IFN-gamma exhibits no activity on hamster cells, the use of the human IFN-gamma receptor extracellular domains allowed us to avoid the variable cross-species activity of the type I IFNs and eliminate the possibility of contributions of endogenous type I IFN receptors into the Stat recruitment process. We demonstrate that Stat recruitment is solely a function of the IFN-alphaR2c intracellular domain. When chimeric receptors with the human IFN-gammaR1 extracellular domain and various human IFN-alpha receptor intracellular domains were expressed in hamster cells carrying the human IFN-gammaR2 subunit, only the IFN-alphaR2c subunit was capable of supporting IFN-gamma signaling as measured by MHC class I induction, antiviral protection, and Stat activation. Neither the IFN-alphaR2b nor the IFN-alphaR1 intracellular domain was able to recruit Stats or support IFN-gamma-induced biological activities. Thus, the IFN-alphaR2c intracellular domain is necessary and sufficient to activate Stat1, Stat2, and Stat3 proteins.
Gelatinase B (MMP-9), but not its inhibitor (TIMP-1), dictates the growth rate of experimental thymic lymphoma (1999)

Dysregulation of metalloproteinase production at tumor sites contributes to the modification of local stromal tissue necessary for tumor development. Gelatinase B (matrix metalloproteinase-9, MMP-9) is one of the key enzymes that have been associated with the progression of several tumors. Paradoxically, MMP-9 expression by tumor cells, most notably by lymphoma cells, is concomitant with the expression of its physiological inhibitor, TIMP-1. Not only are both genes often co-expressed in the most aggressive forms of lymphomas but also both are up-regulated upon contact with stromal cells. Since TIMP-1 is known to regulate growth in several cell types and some aggressive lymphoma cells express TIMP-1 constitutively without MMP-9, it is unclear whether the over-expression of MMP-9 is counterbalanced by TIMP-1 and whether TIMP-1 expression alone could favor the development of lymphoma. To gain further insight into the respective roles of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in lymphoma, we generated lymphoma cell lines expressing constitutively high levels of MMP-9 or TIMP-1 and compared these cells for the ability to form thymic lymphoma in vivo. Moreover, we generated lymphoma cell lines expressing constitutively high levels of both MMP-9 and TIMP-1 to reproduce the net physiological balance resulting from the expression of both genes simultaneously and to determine which gene overrides the other. Our results show that mice injected with lymphoma cells expressing MMP-9 constitutively developed thymic lymphoma more rapidly than those injected with control lymphoma cells. Over-expression of TIMP-1 alone did not significantly influence tumor progression of lymphoma nor did it delay the capacity of MMP-9 to accelerate the development of thymic lymphoma.
Three-dimensional microfluidic model for tumor cell intravasation and endothelial barrier function (2012)

Entry of tumor cells into the blood stream is a critical step in cancer metastasis. Although significant progress has been made in visualizing tumor cell motility in vivo, the underlying mechanism of cancer cell intravasation remains largely unknown. We developed a microfluidic-based assay to recreate the tumor-vascular interface in three-dimensions, allowing for high resolution, real-time imaging, and precise quantification of endothelial barrier function. Studies are aimed at testing the hypothesis that carcinoma cell intravasation is regulated by biochemical factors from the interacting cells and cellular interactions with macrophages. We developed a method to measure spatially resolved endothelial permeability and show that signaling with macrophages via secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha results in endothelial barrier impairment. Under these conditions intravasation rates were increased as validated with live imaging. To further investigate tumor-endothelial (TC-EC) signaling, we used highly invasive fibrosarcoma cells and quantified tumor cell migration dynamics and TC-EC interactions under control and perturbed (with tumor necrosis factor alpha) barrier conditions. We found that endothelial barrier impairment was associated with a higher number and faster dynamics of TC-EC interactions, in agreement with our carcinoma intravasation results. Taken together our results provide evidence that the endothelium poses a barrier to tumor cell intravasation that can be regulated by factors present in the tumor microenvironment.
Addressing the Dilemmas of Measuring Amylose in Rice (2009)

ABSTRACT Amylose content is a parameter that correlates with the cooking behavior of rice. It is measured at the earliest possible stages of rice improvement programs to enable breeders to build the foundations of appropriate grain quality during cultivar development. Amylose is usually quantified by absorbance of the amylose‐iodine complex. The International Network for Quality Rice (INQR) conducted a survey to determine ways that amylose is measured, reproducibility between laboratories, and sources of variation. Each laboratory measured the amylose content of a set of 17 cultivars of rice. The study shows that five different versions of the iodine binding method are in use. The data show that repeatability was high within laboratories but reproducibility between laboratories was low. The major sources of variability were the way the standard curve was constructed and the iodine binding capacity of the potato amylose used to produce the standard. Reproducibility is much lower between laboratories using a standard curve of potato amylose alone compared with those using calibrated rice cultivars. This study highlights the need to standardize the way amylose is measured, and presents research avenues for doing so.
The H.264 Advanced Video Compression Standard (2010)

H.264 Advanced Video Coding or MPEG-4 Part 10 is fundamental to a growing range of markets such as high definition broadcasting, internet video sharing, mobile video and digital surveillance. This book reflects the growing importance and implementation of H.264 video technology. Offering a detailed overview of the system, it explains the syntax, tools and features of H.264 and equips readers with practical advice on how to get the most out of the standard.: Packed with clear examples and illustrations to explain H.264 technology in an accessible and practical way.; Covers basic video coding co
c-Myc Is a Critical Target for C/EBPα in Granulopoiesis (2001)

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha) is an integral factor in the granulocytic developmental pathway, as myeloblasts from C/EBPalpha-null mice exhibit an early block in differentiation. Since mice deficient for known C/EBPalpha target genes do not exhibit the same block in granulocyte maturation, we sought to identify additional C/EBPalpha target genes essential for myeloid cell development. To identify such genes, we used both representational difference analysis and oligonucleotide array analysis with RNA derived from a C/EBPalpha-inducible myeloid cell line. From each of these independent screens, we identified c-Myc as a C/EBPalpha negatively regulated gene. We mapped an E2F binding site in the c-Myc promoter as the cis-acting element critical for C/EBPalpha negative regulation. The identification of c-Myc as a C/EBPalpha target gene is intriguing, as it has been previously shown that down-regulation of c-Myc can induce myeloid differentiation. Here we show that stable expression of c-Myc from an exogenous promoter not responsive to C/EBPalpha-mediated down-regulation forces myeloblasts to remain in an undifferentiated state. Therefore, C/EBPalpha negative regulation of c-Myc is critical for allowing early myeloid precursors to enter a differentiation pathway. This is the first report to demonstrate that C/EBPalpha directly affects the level of c-Myc expression and, thus, the decision of myeloid blasts to enter into the granulocytic differentiation pathway.
Efficient Representation of 3D Human Head Models (1999)

Human head models are used in many applications of computer graphics such as computer animation and cyberspace communications. Spherical harmonic shape representation decomposes the surface into its spatial surface frequency components by 3D multiresolution techniques. This paper demonstrates that spherical harmonic representation is particularly suited for modelling of the general 3D human head shape due to the originally rounded surface geometry. Operating from range data the SH representation ignores fine surface detail and retains the general shape suitable for texture mapping. The SH surface is represented with a limited number of bases function coefficients, analogous to Fourier series decomposition. It is shown that the total data amount to represent any human head SH model can be limited to a few thousand bits, with quantized and variable-length coded parameters. The SH models can be reconstructed from the parameters in wire-frame format at the desired polygon resolution and post-processed with conventional graphics utilities.
High-Fidelity Readout of Trapped-Ion Qubits (2008)

We demonstrate single-shot qubit readout with a fidelity sufficient for fault-tolerant quantum computation. For an optical qubit stored in 40Ca+ we achieve 99.991(1)% average readout fidelity in 10(6) trials, using time-resolved photon counting. An adaptive measurement technique allows 99.99% fidelity to be reached in 145 micros average detection time. For 43Ca+, we propose and implement an optical pumping scheme to transfer a long-lived hyperfine qubit to the optical qubit, capable of a theoretical fidelity of 99.95% in 10 micros. We achieve 99.87(4)% transfer fidelity and 99.77(3)% net readout fidelity.
The LLNL high‐speed sorter: Design features, operational characteristics, and biological utility (1985)

This report describes a dual-beam, high-speed sorter (HiSS) with a droplet production rate of 220,000 s-1 now in routine use at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The system can process and sort objects at rates in excess of 20,000 s-1. We report here on the development of HiSS, describe its operational characteristics, and evaluate its utility for analysis and purification of human chromosomes, human erythrocytes, and living Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Chemosensitization of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) following mobilization by the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 (2008)

The CXCR4-SDF-1 axis plays a central role in the trafficking and retention of normal and malignant stem cells in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. Here, we used a mouse model of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and a small molecule competitive antagonist of CXCR4, AMD3100, to examine the interaction of mouse APL cells with the BM microenvironment. APL cells from a murine cathepsin G-PML-RARalpha knockin mouse were genetically modified with firefly luciferase (APL(luc)) to allow tracking by bioluminescence imaging. Coculture of APL(luc) cells with M2-10B4 stromal cells protected the leukemia cells from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in vitro. Upon injection into syngeneic recipients, APL(luc) cells rapidly migrated to the BM followed by egress to the spleen then to the peripheral blood with death due to leukostasis by day 15. Administration of AMD3100 to leukemic mice induced a 1.6-fold increase in total leukocytes and a 9-fold increase of circulating APL blast counts, which peak at 3 hours and return to baseline by 12 hours. Treatment of leukemic mice with chemotherapy plus AMD3100 resulted in decreased tumor burden and improved overall survival compared with mice treated with chemotherapy alone. These studies provide a proof-of-principle for directing therapy to the critical tethers that promote AML-niche interactions.
Quadric-Based Polygonal Surface Simplification (1999)

Many applications in computer graphics and related fields can benefit from<br>automatic simplification of complex polygonal surface models. Applications are<br>often confronted with either very densely over-sampled surfaces or models too<br>complex for the limited available hardware capacity. An effective algorithm<br>for rapidly producing high-quality approximations of the original model is a<br>valuable tool for managing data complexity. <br>In this dissertation, I present my simplification algorithm, based on iterative<br>vertex pair contraction. This technique provides an effective compromise<br>between the fastest algorithms, which often produce poor quality results, and<br>the highest-quality algorithms, which are generally very slow. For example, a<br>1000 face approximation of a 100,000 face model can be produced in about 10<br>seconds on a PentiumPro 200. The algorithm can simplify both the geometry<br>and topology of manifold as well as non-manifold surfaces. In addition to<br>producing single approximations, my algorithm can also be used to generate<br>multiresolution representations such as progressive meshes and vertex hierarchies<br>for view-dependent refinement. <br>The foundation of my simplification algorithm, is the quadric error metric<br>which I have developed. It provides a useful and economical characterization of<br>local surface shape, and I have proven a direct mathematical connection between<br>the quadric metric and surface curvature. A generalized form of this metric can<br>accommodate surfaces with material properties, such as RGB color or texture<br>coordinates. <br>I have also developed a closely related technique for constructing a hierarchy<br>of well-defined surface regions composed of disjoint sets of faces. This algorithm<br>involves applying a dual form of my simplification algorithm to the dual graph<br>of the input surface. The resulting structure is a hierarchy of face clusters which<br>is an effective multiresolution representation for applications such as radiosity.
Introduction to Polymer Science and Chemistry (2006)

With such a wide diversity of properties and applications, is it any wonder that industry and academia have such a fascination with polymers? A solid introduction to such an enormous and important field is critical to the modern polymer scientist-to-be, but most of the available books do not stress practical problem solving or include recent advanc
<title>Laser micromachined isoelectric focusing devices on polymer substrate for electrospray mass spectrometry</title> (1999)

A microfabricated device for isoelectric focusing (IEF) incorporating an optimized electrospray ionization (ESI) tip was constructed on polycarbonate plates using a laser micromachining technique. The separation channels on an IEF chip were 16 cm long, 50 micrometers wide and 30 micrometers deep. Electrical potentials used for IEF focusing and electrospray were applied through platinum electrodes placed in the buffer reservoirs, and which were isolated from the separation channel by molecular porous membranes. On-line ESI produced directly from a sharp `tip' on the microchip was evaluated. The results indicate that this design can produce a stable electrospray that is further improved and made more flexible with the assistance of sheath gas and sheath liquid. Error analysis of the spectral data shows that the standard deviation in signal intensity for an analyte peak was less than approximately 5% over 3 hours. The production of stable electrosprays directly from microchip IEF devices represents a step towards easily- fabricated microanalytical devices. IEF separations of protein mixtures were demonstrated for uncoated polycarbonate microchips. On-line IEF/ESI-MS was demonstrated using the microfabricated chip with an ion-trap ESI mass spectrometer for characterization of protein mixtures.
Association of exogenous DNA with cattle and insect spermatozoa in vitro (1991)

Spermatozoa isolated from domestic cattle (Bos taurus), the Australian sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina), and the honeybee (Apis mellifera) are capable of binding exogenous radiolabeled linear DNA. Both motile and nonmotile bovine sperm exhibit four distinct patterns of DNA association. Following treatment with DNase I, the relative proportion of one of these patterns increases specifically in living sperm, suggesting that a small proportion of DNA that associates with bovine sperm may be sequestered within the sperm head.
Activation of the complement cascade and increase of clusterin in the brain following a cortical contusion in the adult rat (1996)

The aim of the present study was to examine the glial cell response and the possible involvement of the complement cascade following a cerebral cortical contusion. The lesion was produced using a standardized weight-drop technique in adult rats. The blood-brain barrier was damaged, as demonstrated by a decrease of immunoreactivity for a tight junction protein normally expressed by endothelial cells of small vessels in the central nervous system. Increased immunoreactivity for microglial (OX42) and astroglial cells (glial fibrillary acidic protein), as well as macrophages expressing ED1-immunoreactivity (IR) were found in the vicinity of the lesion at all postoperative survival times (2-14 days). In the present study complement factor C3d- and C9-IR was found around the lesion, indicating that activation of the complement cascade had taken place. Furthermore, immunoreactivity for the putative complement inhibitor clusterin (sulfated glycoprotein-2) was found in some of the injured neurons. The contralateral hemisphere showed no evidence of the reaction found in the ipsilateral hemisphere. The balance between complement activation and complement inhibitors may have an impact on the degenerative components in the brain following traumatic injury and in particular on the events leading to nerve cell death.
Monoclonal Antibody-Based Therapy of Cancer (1998)

Preclinical Immunotoxin Development, Walter A. Blattler and John M. Lambert Delivery of Monoclonal Antibodies to the Tumor Cell, Rakesh K. Jain Unconjugated Monoclonal Antibody Therapy of Lymphoma, David G. Maloney Clinical Studies with Deglycosylated Ricin A-Chain Immunotoxins, Edward A. Sausville and Ellen S. Vitetta Immunotoxin Therapy of Lymphoma: Studies with Anti-B4-Blocked Ricin, Pratik S. Multani and Michael L. Grossbard Radioimmunoconjugate Therapy of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Thomas A. Davis and Susan J. Knox Monoclonal Antibody-Based Therapy of Cutaneous T-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Timothy M. Kuzel and Steven T. Rosen Antibody-Based Therapies for Hodgkin's Disease, H. L. Morein and R. P. Junghans Antibody-Based Therapies for the Treatment of Acute Leukemia, Pratik S. Multani and David J. Flavell Immunotoxin Therapy of Graft-Versus-Host Disease, Carlos R. Bachier and Charles F. LeMaistre Hematopoietic Progenitor-Cell Graft Processing and Treatment, Nadine Beauger and Denis Claude Roy Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Solid Tumors: An Overview, Panos Fidias Monoclonal Antibody-Based Therapy of Breast Cancer, Francisco J. Esteva and Daniel F. Hayes Monoclonal Antibody-Based Therapy of Melanoma, Marcus O. Butler and Frank G. Haluska Monoclonal Antibodies in the Management of Lung Cancer, Stefan C. Grant, Ellen Early, and John Mendelsohn Monoclonal Antibody-Based Immunoconjugate Therapy of Cancer: Studies with BR96-Doxorubicin, Mansoor N. Saleh, Albert F. LoBuglio, and Pamela A. Trail Immunotoxin Therapy: Past Lessons and Future Directions, Ellen S. Vitetta, Maria-Ana Ghetie, and Victor Ghetie
The Th17–ELR+ CXC chemokine pathway is essential for the development of central nervous system autoimmune disease (2008)

The ELR(+) CXC chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2 are up-regulated in the central nervous system (CNS) during multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, their functional significance and the pathways regulating their expression are largely unknown. We show that transfer of encephalitogenic CD4(+) Th17 cells is sufficient to induce CXCL1 and CXCL2 transcription in the spinal cords of naive, syngeneic recipients. Blockade or genetic silencing of CXCR2, a major receptor for these chemokines in mice, abrogates blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, CNS infiltration by leukocytes, and the development of clinical deficits during the presentation as well as relapses of EAE. Depletion of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) had a similar therapeutic effect. Furthermore, injection of CXCR2(+) PMN into CXCR2(-/-) mice was sufficient to restore susceptibility to EAE. Our findings reveal that a Th17-ELR(+) CXC chemokine pathway is critical for granulocyte mobilization, BBB compromise, and the clinical manifestation of autoimmune demyelination in myelin peptide-sensitized mice, and suggest new therapeutic targets for diseases such as MS.
Tet-Mediated Formation of 5-Carboxylcytosine and Its Excision by TDG in Mammalian DNA (2011)

The prevalent DNA modification in higher organisms is the methylation of cytosine to 5-methylcytosine (5mC), which is partially converted to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) by the Tet (ten eleven translocation) family of dioxygenases. Despite their importance in epigenetic regulation, it is unclear how these cytosine modifications are reversed. Here, we demonstrate that 5mC and 5hmC in DNA are oxidized to 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) by Tet dioxygenases in vitro and in cultured cells. 5caC is specifically recognized and excised by thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG). Depletion of TDG in mouse embyronic stem cells leads to accumulation of 5caC to a readily detectable level. These data suggest that oxidation of 5mC by Tet proteins followed by TDG-mediated base excision of 5caC constitutes a pathway for active DNA demethylation.