gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Partial encryption of compressed images and videos (2000)

The increased popularity of multimedia applications places a great demand on efficient data storage and transmission techniques. Network communication, especially over a wireless network, can easily be intercepted and must be protected from eavesdroppers. Unfortunately, encryption and decryption are slow, and it is often difficult, if not impossible, to carry out real-time secure image and video communication and processing. Methods have been proposed to combine compression and encryption together to reduce the overall processing time, but they are either insecure or too computationally intensive. We propose a novel solution called partial encryption, in which a secure encryption algorithm is used to encrypt only part of the compressed data. Partial encryption is applied to several image and video compression algorithms in this paper. Only 13-27% of the output from quadtree compression algorithms is encrypted for typical images, and less than 2% is encrypted for 512/spl times/512 images compressed by the set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) algorithm. The results are similar for video compression, resulting in a significant reduction in encryption and decryption time. The proposed partial encryption schemes are fast, secure, and do not reduce the compression performance of the underlying compression algorithm.
Quantitative comparison between full‐spectrum and filter‐based imaging in hyperspectral fluorescence microscopy (2012)

We implement a filterless illumination scheme on a hyperspectral fluorescence microscope to achieve full-range spectral imaging. The microscope employs polarisation filtering, spatial filtering and spectral unmixing filtering to replace the role of traditional filters. Quantitative comparisons between full-spectrum and filter-based microscopy are provided in the context of signal dynamic range and accuracy of measured fluorophores' emission spectra. To show potential applications, a five-colour cell immunofluorescence imaging experiment is theoretically simulated. Simulation results indicate that the use of proposed full-spectrum imaging technique may result in three times improvement in signal dynamic range compared to that can be achieved in the filter-based imaging.
Image Similarity Based on Intensity Using Mutual Information (2013)

In this paper, image similarity is finding based on intensity. Mutual information measures the amount of information that one image information contains about image information based on intensity. There are three ways to find mutual information using joint entropy, conditional entropy, and relative entropy. Entropy is find uncertainty of image. If images are more similar to other image, mutual information value is high and vice versa. If images are dissimilar or independent then mutual information is zero. When two images are exact same then mutual information value is maximum (same as entropy of an image).
Glass transition and chain flexibility of linear polymers (1974)

Abstract Dependence of the glass-transition temperature, Tg, on polymer chain flexibility predicted by the Gibbs-DiMarzio theory was empirically tested by studying the relationship between Tg and the stiffness parameter for isolated chains, [sgrave]. It was found that [sgrave] is not a single variable controlling Tg for different polymer series which have different free volume fractions at Tg as a result of intrinsic differences in packing density in the crystalline state. The results obtained suggest that Tg of linear polyethylene lies near 160°K. A functional form of dependence of Tg on chain stiffness parameter and on local chain packing coefficient at Tg is proposed.
Increasing FastSLAM accuracy for radar data by integrating the Doppler information (2017)

This paper presents a modified FastSLAM approach for the specific application of radar sensors using the Doppler information to increase the localization and map accuracy. The developed approach is based on the FastSLAM 2.0 algorithm. It is shown how the FastSLAM 2.0 approach can be significantly improved by taking the Doppler information into account. Therefore, the modelled, so-called expected Doppler, and the measured Doppler are compared for every detection. Both, simulations and experiments on real world data show the increase in accuracy of the modified FastSLAM approach by incorporating the Doppler measurements of automotive radar sensors. The proposed algorithm is compared to the state-of-the-art FastSLAM 2.0 algorithm and the vehicle odometry, whereas profiles of an Automotive Dynamic Motion Analyzer serve as the reference.
ALLOGENIC FETAL RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL CELL TRANSPLANT IN A PATIENT WITH GEOGRAPHIC ATROPY (1999)

Purpose: To test the hypothesis that healthy fetal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) can rescue the remaining viable RPE and choriocapillaries and thereby the photoreceptors in non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) (geographic atrophy [GA]). Methods: A 65-year-old legally blind woman with non-neovascular ARMD underwent fetal RPE transplantation. Best-corrected visual acuity testing, detailed fundus examination, fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, scanning laser ophthalmoscope macular perimetry, and humoral and cellular immune response testing were performed. A suspension of RPE was infused into the subretinal space through a retinotomy along the superotemporal arcade at the edge of the area of GA. The patient did not take systemic immunosuppressants. Results: The patient's vision remained unchanged for 5 months after the surgery. Fluorescein angiography after transplantation showed leakage and staining at the level of the outer retina. There was progressive subretinal fibrosis in the area of the transplant. Immune response studies showed a weakly positive mixed lymphocyte response against phosducin and rhodopsin. Conclusion: Although it is surgically feasible to transplant fetal RPE to the subretinal space of patients with GA, such an allogenic RPE transplant without immunosuppression leads to leakage on fluorescein angiography and eventual fibrosis. A very weak immune response against proteins associated with photoreceptors is also of concern.
Development, Identification, and Characterization of a Glyphosate‐Tolerant Soybean Line (1995)

Glyphosate ( N ‐phosphonomethyl‐glycine) is the active ingredient the nonselective herbicide Roundup. The sensitivity of crop plants to glyphosate has limited its in‐season use as a postemergence herbicide. The extension of the use of Roundup herbicide to allow in‐season application in major crops such as soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] would provide new weed control options for farmers. A glyphosate‐tolerant soybean line, 40‐3‐2, was obtained through expression of the bacterial 5‐enolpyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase (EPSP synthase, EPSPS) enzyme from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4. Line 40‐3‐2 is highly tolerant to glyphosate, showing no visual injury after application of up to 1.68 kg acid equivalent (a.e.) ha −1 of glyphosate under field conditions. Molecular characterization studies determined that the single genetic insert in line 40‐3‐2 contains only a portion of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (P‐E35S), the Petunia hybrida EPSPS chloroplast transit peptide (CTP), the CP4 EPSPS gene, and a portion of the 3' nontranslated region of the nopaline synthase gene (NOS 3') terminator. Inheritance studies have shown that the transgene behaves as a single dominant gene and is stable over several generations.
EFFECT OF SURFACE PREPARATION TECHNIQUE ON THE RADIATION DETECTOR PERFORMANCEOF CDZNTE (2007)

Synthetic CdZnTe (CZT) semiconducting crystals are highly suitable for the room temperature-based detection of gamma radiation. The surface preparation of Au contacts on surfaces of CZT detectors is typically conducted after (1) polishing to remove artifacts from crystal sectioning and (2) chemical etching, which removes residual mechanical surface damage however etching results in a Te rich surface layer that is prone to oxidize. Our studies show that CZT surfaces that are only polished (as opposed to polished and etched) can be contacted with Au and will yield lower surface currents. Due to their decreased dark currents, these as-polished surfaces can be used in the fabrication of gamma detectors exhibiting a higher performance than polished and etched surfaces with relatively less peak tailing and greater energy resolution. CdZnTe or ''CZT'' crystals are attractive to use in homeland security applications because they detect radiation at room temperature and do not require low temperature cooling as with silicon- and germanium-based detectors. Relative to germanium and silicon detectors, CZT is composed of higher Z elements and has a higher density, which gives it greater ''stopping power'' for gamma rays making a more efficient detector. Single crystal CZT materials with high bulk resistivity ({rho}&gt;10{sup 10} {Omega} x cm) and good mobility-lifetime products are also required for gamma-ray spectrometric applications. However, several factors affect the detector performance of CZT are inherent to the as grown crystal material such as the presence of secondary phases, point defects and the presence of impurities (as described in a literature review by R. James and researchers). These and other factors can limit radiation detector performance such as low resistivity, which causes a large electronic noise and the presence of traps and other heterogeneities, which result in peak tailing and poor energy resolution.
Effect of CTLA‐4 chimeric protein on rat autoimmune anti‐glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis (1994)

The interaction of the T cell receptor with the antigen/major histocompatibility class II complex is insufficient to induce optimal T cell activation. Co-stimulatory signals, including those provided by CD28/CTLA-4 on T cells and B7 molecules (B7-1, -2, and -3) on antigen-presenting cells, are also required. CD28-B7 interactions can be blocked by a soluble human CTLA-4 chimeric protein (CTLA4Ig). We tested the effect of administration of CTLA4Ig on experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) autoimmune glomerulonephritis in Wistar-Kyoto rats induced by immunization with bovine GBM. The disease is characterized by development of antibody to the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen (Goodpasture's antigen), deposition of rat IgG in GBM, infiltration of the kidney by T cells and macrophages, severe crescent formation and renal failure leading to death in 5-6 weeks. Animals injected with human CTLA4Ig from day 0 to day 14 or to day 35 had reduced disease severity. Beneficial effects were observed even when injections were begun after the onset of glomerulonephritis on day 14. However, the rats developed antibody to the human CTLA4Ig, associated with reduction in levels of circulating CTLA4Ig. The results provide evidence for CD28/CTLA-4 signaling in rat autoimmune glomerulonephritis, and suggest that more effective inhibition of B7-dependent T cell activation, such as might be achieved with homologous CTLA4Ig, could be useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Weakly Mutually Uncorrelated Codes (2016)

We introduce the notion of weakly mutually uncorrelated (WMU) sequences, motivated by applications in DNA-based storage systems and synchronization protocols. WMU sequences are characterized by the property that no sufficiently long suffix of one sequence is the prefix of the same or another sequence. In addition, WMU sequences used in DNA-based storage systems are required to have balanced compositions of symbols and to be at large mutual Hamming distance from each other. We present a number of constructions for balanced, error-correcting WMU codes using Dyck paths, Knuth's balancing principle, prefix synchronized and cyclic codes.
Hitting multiple targets in HER2-positive breast cancer: proof of principle or therapeutic opportunity? (2011)

Most of the studies using biological agents to hit multiple targets in HER2-positive breast cancer patients confirm that resistance to single-agent HER2-targeting can be overcome. Further developments will include combination of multi-targeting strategies with chemotherapy in patients with earlier-stage disease. In addition, it is possible that newer molecular predictive factors may allow a more rationale choice of the most appropriate targeting for each individual patient.
Orphan Nuclear Receptors as eLiXiRs and FiXeRs of Sterol Metabolism (2001)

With the recent characterizations of several nuclear orphan receptors, an emerging theme has developed placing these receptors as master regulators of lipid metabolism. The identification of the oxysterol receptors (LXRs) and a bile acid receptor (FXR) has opened up new and exciting fields of research in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. Understanding the physiological pathways that these receptors regulate and designing pharmaceutical drugs for these receptors may provide alternative treatments for cholesterol and bile acid disorders.
Molecular virology of hepatitis C virus. (2001)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), discovered in 1989, is the major causative agent of parenteral non-A, non-B hepatitis worldwide. Following the development of a method of diagnosing HCV infection, it became apparent that HCV frequently causes chronic hepatitis. Persistent infection with HCV is implicated in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current worldwide estimations suggest that more than 170 million people have been infected with HCV, an enveloped positive single-stranded RNA (9.6-kilobases) virus belonging to the Flaviviridae. The HCV genome shows remarkable sequence variation, especially in the hypervariable region 1 of the E2 protein-encoding region, and globally, HCV appears to be distributed with more than 30 genotypes. Complicated &#34;quasispecies&#34; and frequent mutations of viral genomes have also emerged. The HCV genome encodes a large polyprotein precursor of about 3,000 amino acid residues, and this precursor protein is cleaved by the host and viral proteinases to generate at least 10 proteins in the following order: NH2-core-envelope (E1)-E2-p7-nonstructural protein 2 (NS2)-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5A-NS5B-COOH. These viral proteins not only function in viral replication but also affect a variety of cellular functions. Although several explanations have been proposed, the mechanisms of HCV infection and replication in targeted cells, the mechanism of persistent viral infection, and the pathogenesis of hepatic diseases (hepatitis or hepatocellular carcinoma) are all poorly understood. A major reason why these mechanisms remain unclear is the lack of a good experimental HCV replication system. Although several classical trials using cultured cells have been reported, several new, more promising experimental strategies (generations of infectious cDNA clone, replicon, animal models, etc.) are currently being designed and tested, in order to resolve these problems. In addition, new therapies for chronic hepatitis have also been developed. The enormous body of information collected thus far in the field of HCV research is summarized below, and an overview of the current status of HCV molecular virology of HCV is provided.&#60;/P&#62;
Nanotechnology and Tumor Imaging: Seizing an Opportunity (2004)

Nanoparticles, labeled with a signaling moiety for in vivo imaging, and one or more ligands for molecularly targeted specificity, hold considerable promise in oncology. Nanoparticles can serve as modular platforms, from which a wide variety of highly sensitive and specific imaging agents can be created. For example, many hundreds or thousands of atoms that provide imaging signals, such as radioisotopes, lanthanides, or fluorophores, can be attached to each nanoparticle, to form imaging agents that would provide higher sensitivity that can be obtained from agents based on small molecules. Similarly, many copies of targeted ligands can be attached to nanoparticles to markedly increase specific binding. Drugs or therapeutic isotopes can be added to create multifunctional nanoparticles. Appropriately labeled and targeted nanoparticles could lead to a paradigm change in which cancer detection, diagnosis, and therapy are combined in a single molecular complex.
Isolation of an immunodominant viral peptide that is endogenously bound to the stress protein GP96/GRP94. (1996)

Heat shock protein gp96 primes class I restricted cytotoxic T cells against antigens present in the cells from which it was isolated. Moreover, gp96 derived from certain tumors functions as an effective vaccine, causing complete tumor regressions in in vivo tumor challenge protocols. Because tumor-derived gp96 did not differ from gp96 isolated from normal tissues, a role for gp96 as a peptide carrier has been proposed. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed whether such an association of antigenic peptides with gp96 occurs in a well-defined viral model system. Here we present the full characterization of an antigenic peptide that endogenously associates with the stress protein gp96 in cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). This peptide is identical to the immunodominant peptide of VSV, which is also naturally presented by H-2Kb major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. This peptide associates with gp96 in VSV-infected cells regardless of the major histocompatibility com- plex haplotype of the cell. Our observations provide a biochemical basis for the vaccine function of gp96.
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (2004)

This review of the mechanism of pulmonary hypertension is focused on pulmonary arterial hypertension, a disorder that can be idiopathic or can occur in association with other disorders, such as infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. The authors suggest that an abnormality involving intracellular signaling mediated by transforming growth factor β underlies the various forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Effect of CGRP and sumatriptan on the BOLD response in visual cortex (2012)

To test the hypothesis that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) modulates brain activity, we investigated the effect of intravenous CGRP on brain activity in response to a visual stimulus. In addition, we examined if possible alteration in brain activity was reversed by the anti-migraine drug sumatriptan. Eighteen healthy volunteers were randomly allocated to receive CGRP infusion (1.5 μg/min for 20 min) or placebo. In vivo activity in the visual cortex was recorded before, during and after infusion and after 6 mg subcutaneous sumatriptan by functional magnetic resonance imaging (3 T). 77% of the participants reported headache after CGRP. We found no changes in brain activity after CGRP (P = 0.12) or after placebo (P = 0.41). Sumatriptan did not affect brain activity after CGRP (P = 0.71) or after placebo (P = 0.98). Systemic CGRP or sumatriptan has no direct effects on the BOLD activity in visual cortex. This suggests that in healthy volunteers both CGRP and sumatriptan may exert their actions outside of the blood-brain barrier.
Comparative cellular and molecular analyses of pooled bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells during continuous passaging and after successive cryopreservation (2012)

The clinical application of human bone marrow derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) requires expansion, cryopreservation, and transportation from the laboratory to the site of cell implantation. The cryopreservation and thawing process of MSCs may have important effects on the viability, growth characteristics and functionality of these cells both in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, MSCs after two rounds of cryopreservation have not been as well characterized as fresh MSCs from the transplantation perspective. The objective of this study was to determine if the effect of successive cryopreservation of pooled MSCs during the exponential growth phase could impair their morphology, phenotype, gene expression, and differentiation capabilities. MSCs cryopreserved at passage 3 (cell bank) were thawed and expanded up to passage 4 and cryopreserved for the second time. These cells (passive) were then thawed and cultured up to passage 6, and, at each passage MSCs were characterized. As control, pooled passage 3 cells (active) after one round of cryopreservation were taken all the way to passage 6 without cryopreservation. We determined the growth rate of MSCs for both culture conditions in terms of population doubling number (PDN) and population doubling time (PDT). Gene expression profiles for pluripotency markers and tissue specific markers corresponding to neuroectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm lineages were also analyzed for active and passive cultures of MSC. The results show that in both culture conditions, MSCs exhibited similar growth properties, phenotypes and gene expression patterns as well as similar differentiation potential to osteo-, chondro-, and adipo-lineages in vitro. To conclude, it appears that successive or multiple rounds of cryopreservation of MSCs did not alter the fundamental characteristics of these cells and may be used for clinical therapy.
Monoclonal antibodies against human leucocyte antigens. II. Antibodies against CD45 (T200), CD3 (T3), CD43, CD10 (CALLA), transferrin receptor (T9), a novel broadly expressed 18-kDa antigen (MEM-43) and a novel antigen of restricted expression (MEM-74). (1988)

The specificities of several monoclonal antibodies described by us earlier were determined more exactly: (1) antibodies MEM-31 and MEM-32 are directed against CD8 and CD5 T cell antigens, respectively: (2) MEM-15 and MEM-18 react with the CD14 monocyte antigen; (3) MEM-28 recognizes the CD45 pan-leucocyte antigen. Several new monoclonal antibodies are described: (4) MEM-55 and MEM-58, reactive with subsets of CD45-related molecules; (5) MEM-43, recognizing a broadly expressed 18-kDa glycoprotein; (6) MEM-57, reacting with the CD3 antigen complex: (7) MEM-59 recognizing the CD43 leucocyte antigen; (8) MEM-74, which reacts with an unidentified antigen strongly expressed on several cell lines and many leukaemic cells but absent from most resting leucocytes; (9) MEM-75, directed against transferrin receptor, and (10) MEM-78, recognizing CD10 (CALLA) antigen.
Dynamics of indigenous and inoculated yeast populations and their effect on the sensory character of Riesling and Chardonnay wines (1998)

To study the impact of yeast populations on wine flavour and to better understand yeast growth dynamics, wines were produced by the (i) indigenous microflora, (ii) vigorous yeast starter EC1118 and (iii) slowly fermenting yeast Assmannshausen. Sensory analysis revealed that wines differed depending on the fermentation type. However, these yeast-related differences did not exceed the varietal character. Both added starter cultures clearly dominated the Saccharomyces population from the middle of fermentation onwards. The starter cultures differed in their repression of indigenous non-Saccharomyces yeast. EC1118 limited growth of non-Saccharomyces yeasts more strongly than Assmannshausen. Sulphite addition further repressed growth of non-Saccharomyces yeasts. On completion, more than one Saccharomyces strain was present in each fermentation, with the largest variety in the non-inoculated and the smallest in the EC1118-inoculated fermentation. Results from the two genetic assays, karyotyping, and PCR using delta-primers were not fully equivalent, limiting the usefulness of delta-PCR in studies of native Saccharomyces yeasts.