gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on rinderpest culture vaccine. 3. Stability of the lyophilised product. (1970)

SUMMARY The stability of rinderpest vaccine virus propagated in cell cultures and lyophilised in glass-sealed ampoules, was studied at various temperatures. The addition of extra lactalbumin hydrolysate to the culture fluids prior to lyophilisation did not increase stability at −20°C, but it did improve the keeping qualities at 37°C. The use of additives contributing sucrose (2·5, 5·0 or 7·5%) as well as lactalbumin hydrolysate (2·5%) was found to reduce losses in freeze-drying as well as improving the appearance and solubility of the product. An additive contributing 2·5% additional lactalbumin hydrolysate and 5% sucrose was adopted for routine vaccine production. Batches of such vaccine showed no detectable decline of litre over 4 to 4 1/2 years at −20°C. and 3 years at 4°C. The mean half-life of 5 different batches of the lyophilised product was 14·3 weeks at 20° to 22°C. and 3·2 weeks at 37°C. At 56°C. the dried virus showed considerable heterogeneity; inactivation proceeded rapidly for about 24 hr. (half-life 2·5 to 3·6 hr.) and then 6 to 10 times more slowly. Considerable differences between these and previously published data are noted and discussed.
Automatic identification of biological microorganisms using three-dimensional complex morphology (2006)

We propose automated identification of microorganisms using three-dimensional (3-D) complex morphology. This 3-D complex morphology pattern includes the complex amplitude (magnitude and phase) of computationally reconstructed holographic images at arbitrary depths. Microscope-based single-exposure on-line (SEOL) digital holography records and reconstructs holographic images of the biological microorganisms. The 3-D automatic recognition is processed by segmentation, feature extraction by Gabor-based wavelets, automatic feature vector selection by graph matching, training rules, and a decision process. Graph matching combined with Gabor feature vectors measures the similarity of complex geometrical shapes between a reference microorganism and unknown biological samples. Automatic selection of the training data is proposed to achieve a fully automatic recognition system. Preliminary experimental results are presented for 3-D image recognition of Sphacelaria alga and Tribonema aequale alga.
ACM forum (1989)

article Free Access Share on ACM forum Author: Robert L. Ashenhurst View Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 32Issue 7July 1989 pp 789–792https://doi.org/10.1145/65445.315975Online:01 July 1989Publication History 1citation345DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations1Total Downloads345Last 12 Months5Last 6 weeks1 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Organization of the human myostatin gene and expression in healthy men and HIV-infected men with muscle wasting (1998)

Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, is a genetic determinant of skeletal muscle growth. Mice and cattle with inactivating mutations of myostatin have marked muscle hypertrophy. However, it is not known whether myostatin regulates skeletal muscle growth in adult men and whether increased myostatin expression contributes to wasting in chronic illness. We examined the hypothesis that myostatin expression correlates inversely with fat-free mass in humans and that increased expression of the myostatin gene is associated with weight loss in men with AIDS wasting syndrome. We therefore cloned the human myostatin gene and cDNA and examined the gene's expression in the skeletal muscle and serum of healthy and HIV-infected men. The myostatin gene comprises three exons and two introns, maps to chromosomal region 2q33.2, has three putative transcription initiation sites, and is transcribed as a 3.1-kb mRNA species that encodes a 375-aa precursor protein. Myostatin is expressed uniquely in the human skeletal muscle as a 26-kDa mature glycoprotein (myostatin-immunoreactive protein) and secreted into the plasma. Myostatin immunoreactivity is detectable in human skeletal muscle in both type 1 and 2 fibers. The serum and intramuscular concentrations of myostatin-immunoreactive protein are increased in HIV-infected men with weight loss compared with healthy men and correlate inversely with fat-free mass index. These data support the hypothesis that myostatin is an attenuator of skeletal muscle growth in adult men and contributes to muscle wasting in HIV-infected men.
Evidence that androgens are the primary steroids produced by Xenopus laevis ovaries and may signal through the classical androgen receptor to promote oocyte maturation (2001)

Steroid-induced maturation of Xenopus oocytes has long served as a model for studying meiosis. Progesterone has been considered the relevant steroid controlling maturation, perhaps through interactions with classical progesterone receptors. In this study, we provide evidence that androgens, rather than progesterone, are the physiologic mediators of Xenopus oocyte maturation. Androgens were equal or more potent activators of maturation in vitro relative to progesterone and were significantly more abundant in the serum and ovaries of beta-human chorionic growth hormone-stimulated frogs. Androgen action appeared to be mediated by classical androgen receptors (ARs) expressed in oocytes, as androgen-induced maturation and signaling was specifically attenuated by AR antagonists. Interestingly, we found that progesterone was rapidly converted to the androgen androstenedione in isolated oocytes by the enzyme CYP17, suggesting that androgens may be promoting maturation even under conditions typical for "progesterone-mediated" maturation assays. Androgens are thought to play an important role in ovarian development as well as pathology, and signaling through the AR may prove to be a major regulatory mechanism mediating these processes.
Permeation Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery (2000)

The transdermal route has been recognized as one of the highly potential routes of systemic drug delivery and provides the advantage of avoidance of the first-pass effect, ease of use and withdrawal (in case of side effects), and better patient compliance. However, the major limitation of this route is the difficulty of permeation of drug through the skin. Studies have been carried out to find safe and suitable permeation enhancers to promote the percutaneous absorption of a number of drugs. The present review includes the classification of permeation enhancers and their mechanism of action; thus, it will help in the selection of a suitable enhancer(s) for improving the transdermal permeation of poorly absorbed drugs.
Efficacy and toxicity of 67Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1 radioimmunoconjugate in mice implanted with human Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji). (1997)

Radioimmunotherapy has shown promising results for treatment of radiosensitive malignancies such as lymphoma. Positive responses have been reported in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with 131I-radiolabeled Lym-1, a mouse anti-lymphoma monoclonal antibody. In this study, the efficacy of 67Cu-radiolabeled Lym-1 was examined. Nude mice bearing human Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji) tumors (20-524 mm3) were treated with 12.4, 14.8, 18.5, and 23.3 MBq of 67Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1. Tumor size was measured to assess efficacy, and mouse weight, blood counts, and mortality were monitored to assess toxicity. In mice treated with 12.4, 14.8, and 18.5 MBq of 67Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1, 50% (9 of 18), 42% (5 of 12), and 50% (3 of 6) of tumors achieved remission or cure; 33% of tumors were cured overall; and significant regrowth delay was observed. The 23.3 MBq dose group did not yield meaningful efficacy data because of high mortality. In control groups receiving 14.8 and 18.5 MBq of the isotype-matched nonspecific monoclonal antibody radioimmunoconjugate, 67Cu-2IT-BAT-L6, 0% (0 of 15) and 17% (2 of 12) of tumors achieved a response; hence, targeted delivery of radiation was the dominant antitumor mechanism of 67Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1. LD50/30 for mice treated with 67Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1 and -L6 were 21.6 and 20.6 MBq, respectively. In conclusion, 67Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1 provided a therapeutic and frequently curative dose of radiation to tumored mice with modest toxicity.
High-Efficiency Transduction of Primary Human Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells by AAV6 Vectors: Strategies for Overcoming Donor-Variation and Implications in Genome Editing (2016)

We have reported that of the 10 commonly used AAV serotype vectors, AAV6 is the most efficient in transducing primary human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). However, the transduction efficiency of the wild-type (WT) AAV6 vector varies greatly in HSPCs from different donors. Here we report two distinct strategies to further increase the transduction efficiency in HSPCs from donors that are transduced less efficiently with the WT AAV6 vectors. The first strategy involved modifications of the viral capsid proteins where specific surface-exposed tyrosine (Y) and threonine (T) residues were mutagenized to generate a triple-mutant (Y705 + Y731F + T492V) AAV6 vector. The second strategy involved the use of ex vivo transduction at high cell density. The combined use of these strategies resulted in transduction efficiency exceeding ~90% in HSPCs at significantly reduced vector doses. Our studies have significant implications in the optimal use of capsid-optimized AAV6 vectors in genome editing in HSPCs.
Activity of SC33428, a novel bishydrazone-bridged derivative of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin, against experimental tumors in mice. (1983)

SC33428, a novel bishydrazone-bridged analogue of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin, has been tested for antitumor activity in a range of experimental mouse tumor systems and has been found to be active when administered i.p., i.v., or p.o. When compared to Adriamycin, SC33428 was 4 times more potent and had antitumor activity which was superior against i.p. or i.v. L1210 leukemia, similar against i.p. P388 leukemia and i.v. Lewis lung carcinoma, and inferior against i.p. B16 melanoma. When compared to 4-demethoxydaunorubicin, SC33428 was 4 times less potent but a much more effective antitumor agent when given i.p. against i.p. L1210, P388, and B16 tumors. However, when given i.v. or p.o., the two compounds had similar potency and efficacy against systemic P388 and L1210 leukemias.
Regulation of CTnDOT Conjugative Transfer Is a Complex and Highly Coordinated Series of Events (2013)

Bacteroides spp. are abundant commensals in the human colon, but they are also considered opportunistic pathogens, as they can cause life-threatening infections if they should escape the colon. Bacteroides spp. are the most common cause of anaerobic infections and are rather difficult to treat due to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance within this genus. Today over 80% of Bacteroides are resistant to tetracycline (Tc), and a study looking at both clinical and community isolates demonstrated that this resistance was specifically due to the conjugative transposon CTnDOT.
Library of Norcoclaurine Synthases and Their Immobilization for Biocatalytic Transformations (2017)

Norcoclaurine synthases (NCS), catalyzing a Pictet-Spengler reaction in plants as one of the first enzymes in the biosynthetic benzylisoquinoline pathway, are investigated for biocatalytic transformations. The library of NCS available is extended by two novel NCSs from Argemone mexicana (AmNCS1, AmNCS2) and one new NCS from Corydalis saxicola (CsNCS); furthermore, it is shown that the NCS from Papaver bracteatum (PbNCS) is a highly productive catalyst leading to the isoquinoline product with up to >99% e.e. Under certain conditions lyophilized whole Escherichia coli cells containing the various overexpressed NCS turned out to be suitable catalysts. The reaction using dopamine as substrate bears several challenges such as the spontaneous non-stereoselective background reaction and side reactions. The PbNCS enzyme is successfully immobilized on various carriers whereby EziG3 proved to be the best suited for biotransformations. Dopamine showed limited stability in solution resulting in the coating of the catalyst over time, which could be solved by the addition of ascorbic acid (e.g., 1 mg ml<sup>-1</sup> ) as antioxidant.
Extraction of line segments and circular arcs from freehand strokes based on segmental homogeneity features (2006)

The extraction of component line segments and circular arcs from freehand strokes along with their relations is a prerequisite for sketch understanding. Existing approaches usually take three stages to segment a stroke: first identifying segmentation points, then classifying the substroke between each pair of adjacent segmentation points, and, finally, obtaining graphical representations of substrokes by fitting graphical primitives to them. Since a stroke inevitably contains noises, the first stage may produce wrong or inaccurate segmentation points, resulting in the wrong substroke classification in the second stage and inaccurately fitted parameters in the third stage. To overcome the noise sensitivity of the three-stage method, the segmental homogeneity feature is emphasized in this paper. We propose a novel approach, which first extracts graphical primitives from a stroke by a connected segment growing from a seed-segment and then utilizes relationships between the primitives to refine their control parameters. We have conducted experiments using real-life strokes and compared the proposed approach with others. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach is effective and robust.
II. the Incidence of Compliance Problems, Side-effects, Neurotic Symptoms and Depression (1985)

Seven years after the completion of the original trial, over 73% of patients were maintained on depot neuroleptics, and 70% had received such medication for over seven years. About 40% had presented with a problem of compliance at some time, and there was a significant correlation between poor compliance and in-patient admissions and schizophrenic relapses. The prevalence of parkinsonian side-effects, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia was low. Non-psychotic symptoms were common, even in the absence of acute psychosis. Depression was found in a subgroup of patients; it was frequently reported as an indication for admission during follow-up period, and seemed to be part of the schizophrenic illness rather than a result of antipsychotic drug treatment.
Epitope mapping by amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange coupled with immobilization of antibody, on‐line proteolysis, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (2009)

The epitope of horse cytochrome c against monoclonal antibody E8 was determined using amide hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange combined with immobilized antibody, on-line pepsin proteolysis, liquid chromatography (LC), and mass spectrometry (MS). The results were generally in good agreement with contact residues identified by an X-ray co-crystal structure of the E8-cytochrome c complex and results obtained by H/D exchange with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. The H/D exchange reaction of cytochrome c was carried out in the presence or absence of immobilized E8 antibody. Regions that gained less deuterium in the presence of the antibody than in its absence are defined as the epitope by the H/D exchange MS method. Control experiments were carefully designed to help identify the epitope with high confidence.
X-ray absorption in characterization of laser fusion targets (1983)

Many plastic or metal-coated targets are opaque, so their thickness and thickness uniformity cannot be obtained by optical means. Therefore, we have built and tested a new system based on monochromatic x-ray absorption measurements. This system is also able to perform nondestructive measurements of argon fill pressure in glass microballoons. The x-ray source is a diffraction tube with a chromium target and fine focus (0.4×0.8 mm2). Since monochromatic calculations are involved in this method, we use electronic discrimination to isolate the chromium Kα line (5.4 keV) from the bremsstrahlung spectrum. The detectors are xenon-filled proportional counters. The system is composed of two beams (10 μm in diameter), one used as a reference and the other as the measurement arm. A Pet desk computer is coupled to the experiment. We achieved a precision better than 10% for gold layers in the range of 0.1 to 1 μm, and better than 20% for argon pressures in the range of 5–13 bars.
Discrete carboxyl-terminal segments of apolipoprotein E mediate lipoprotein association and protein oligomerization (1993)

The carboxyl terminus of apolipoprotein (apo) E is required for lipoprotein association and for tetramer formation. To correlate these roles with specific regions within the carboxyl terminus, a series of apoE3 variants with carboxyl-terminal truncations at residues 266, 244, 223, and 191 were expressed in Escherichia coli. As determined by gel permeation and sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation, the four truncated variants were monomeric in solution. Compared to native apoE3 (299 residues), all had reduced affinity for lipoproteins, as assessed by incubation of 125I-labeled proteins with plasma followed by fractionation of lipoprotein classes by gel filtration. The 266-residue variant associated with very low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins, but was partly non-lipoprotein-bound (25% of total). Shorter variants, with 244 or fewer residues, did not associate with very low density lipoproteins and only associated slightly (approximately 20%) with high density lipoproteins, with the major portion non-lipoprotein-bound (65-73%). After these proteins were injected into rabbits, the clearance rate was proportional to the plasma level of non-lipoprotein-bound protein. These results indicate lipoprotein association modulates the clearance of apoE, residues within the segment 267-299 are critical for apoE tetramerization and facilitate lipoprotein association, and residues within the segment 245-266 also contribute to lipoprotein association.
Release of Hypocretin (Orexin) during Waking and Sleep States (2002)

Hypocretin (Hcrt or orexin) somas are located in the hypothalamus and project widely to forebrain and brainstem regions, densely innervating monoaminergic and cholinergic cells. Loss of Hcrt function results in the sleep disorder narcolepsy. However, the normal pattern of Hcrt release across the sleep-wake cycle is unknown. We monitored Hcrt-1 release in the basal forebrain, perifornical hypothalamus, and locus ceruleus (LC) across the sleep-wake cycle using microdialysis in freely moving cats and a sensitive solid phase radioimmunoassay. We found that the peptide concentration in dialysates from the hypothalamus was significantly higher during active waking (AW) than during slow-wave sleep (SWS). Moreover, Hcrt-1 release was significantly higher during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep than during SWS in the hypothalamus and basal forebrain. We did not detect a significant difference in release across sleep-waking states in the LC, perhaps because recovered levels of the peptide were lower at this site. Because there was a trend toward higher levels of Hcrt-1 release during AW compared with quiet waking (QW) in our 10 min dialysis samples, we compared Hcrt-1 levels in CSF in 2 hr AW and QW periods. Hcrt-1 release into CSF was 67% higher during AW than during QW. Elevated levels of Hcrt during REM sleep and AW are consistent with a role for Hcrt in the central programming of motor activity.
History of the development of corticosteroid therapy. (2011)

The first clinical evidence that an extract of animal adrenocortical tissue could counteract human adrenal failure was demonstrated in 1930. As chemical analyses of cortical extracts proceeded, mainly in the laboratories of Kendall at the Mayo Clinic and Reichstein in Zurich, it became evident that there is not one cortical hormone, but that all are steroids. By 1940 it was understood that there are two categories: those that cause sodium and fluid retention and those that counteract shock and inflammation. Structurally the presence or lack of oxygenation at C11 on the steroid skeleton was critical. In 1948 the first patient with rheumatoid arthritis was treated with cortisone and soon thereafter other rheumatologic patients received cortisone or, to stimulate native cortisone production, ACTH. Oral and intra-articular administration of cortisone and hydrocortisone began in 1950-51. Several lines of research to produce cortisone semi-synthetically showed some success by 1952. Between 1954 and 1958 six synthetic steroids were introduced for systemic anti-imflammatory therapy. By 1960 all of the toxic effects of chronic corticosteroid administration had been described, as well as protocols to withdraw such drugs while minimising symptoms of cortical insufficiency. To enable use of lower corticosteroid dosages, companion use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs began in the late 1950s, with phenylbutazone the first. In the 1970s the introduction of methotrexate and other anti-metabolites further circumscribed the dosages and indications for corticosteroids in the rheumatic diseases.
Analysis of In0.07Ga0.93As layers on GaAs compliant substrates by double crystal x-ray diffraction (1997)

Double crystal x-ray diffraction data is presented from the most extensive compliant substrate experiment to date. Five consecutive InGaAs–GaAs growths were performed simultaneously on GaAs-based thin film compliant substrates and thick reference substrates. The In0.07Ga0.93As layers were grown to thicknesses below and above the conventional critical thickness. It was found that InGaAs films grown on the compliant substrates have a larger critical thickness and slower strain relief than InGaAs grown on conventional GaAs substrates.
A national survey of managed honey bee 2013–2014 annual colony losses in the USA (2015)

Honey bee colony losses are a major concern in the USA and across the globe. Long-term data on losses are critical for putting yearly losses in context. US colony loss surveys have been conducted yearly since the winter of 2006–2007. Here, we report the results from the eighth annual survey on winter losses and the second annual survey of summer and annual losses. There were 7425 valid respondents (7123 backyard, 190 sideline, and 112 commercial beekeepers) managing 497,855 colonies, 19 % of the total US colonies. Total losses reported were 19.8 % [95 % CI 19.3–20.3 %] over the summer, 23.7 % [95 % CI 23.3–24.1 %] over the winter, and 34.1 % [95 % CI 33.6–34.6 %] for the whole year. Average losses were 15.1 % [95 % CI 14.5–15.7 %] over the summer, 44.8 % [95 % CI 43.9–45.7 %] over the winter, and 51.1 % [95 % CI 50.2–51.6 %] for the whole year. While total winter loss was one of the lowest reported in 8 years, 66 % of all beekeepers had higher losses than they deemed acceptable.