gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Esophageal Guidewire-Assisted Nasogastric Tube Insertion in Anesthetized and Intubated Patients (2011)

Esophageal guidewire-assisted insertion with manual forward laryngeal displacement technique most frequently resulted in correct positioning of the NGT in anesthetized and tracheally intubated patients after the first attempt. This technique is also associated with a lower incidence of procedure-related injuries and is less time-consuming than conventional insertion techniques.
<title>Early mineralization of normal and pathologic calvaria as revealed by Raman spectroscopy</title> (2002)

Bone tissue consists of a carbonated apatite-like mineral supported on a hydrated, collagen-rich protein matrix. Despite extensive studies into the macroscopic characteristics of bone, much about the early stages of bone formation remains unknown. Raman microspectroscopy and imaging are increasingly important tools for the study of mineralized tissue, due to advancements in both spectral acquisition and analysis protocols. With this technique, mapping of both organic and inorganic components of bone, in addition to determining their distributions with high spatial resolution across a specimen, can be realized. We have employed Raman microscopy to investigate the early stages of mineralization in four different mouse calvarial systems: typical and atypical osteoblastic (bone forming) cell cultures and healthy and diseased bone tissue. These systems are commonly utilized as models for mineralization. The mineral deposited by osteoblast cultures grown atypically gives a Raman signal completely different to that observed in osteoblast cultures grown in the conventional manner. Similarly, Raman images of healthy and diseased bone tissue show differences in the relationship of the mineral and matrix environments. In this report, we compare the several differences between these four mineral environments, and discuss the chemistry of mineral maturation observed.
Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease with Clioquinol (2001)

As heavy metal ions may be implicated in the formation of senile plaques in Alzheimer-afflicted brains, treatment with clioquinol was tested in 20 patients with Alzheimer's disease. Clioquinol is a chelator that crosses the blood-brain barrier and has greater affinity for zinc and copper ions than for calcium and magnesium ions. Treatment was given for 21 days at doses of 20 mg/day to 10 patients and 80 mg/day to another 10 patients. The study was blind to the dosages but included no controls. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) investigations revealed a significant increase at day 7 and a decrease at day 21 in Tau protein and growth-associated protein (GAP43). These proteins are increased in Alzheimer's disease and considered as rather stable markers. The initial increase may indicate a temporary cytotoxicity to the brain and/or an increased release into the CSF from stores in the tissue, possibly from senile plaques where the proteins are accumulated. The levels of CSF-Tau protein correlated positively and significantly with the serum levels of copper and also with the serum copper/zinc ratio. Clinical ratings showed slight improvement after 3 weeks treatment with clioquinol in this open study.
Smooth muscle cell adhesion on crosslinked hyaluronan gels (2002)

Hyaluronic acid (HA)-based polymers (hylans) are highly biocompatible and can be structurally modified to obtain desired mechanical properties. This study evaluated divinyl sulfone-crosslinked solid and particulate hylans as cellular scaffolds. These two hylan types differ in surface characteristics, mode of preparation, HA content, and extent of crosslinking. Neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cells were cultured on hylan gels coated with matrix factors including collagen I, ECM gel, laminin, and fibronectin and on uncoated controls for < or =4 weeks. Cell attachment was sparse on uncoated controls but significantly enhanced on coated gels. Cell morphology was influenced by the identity of the matrix factors coated and the surface topography of the hylan gels. Cells attached to coated particulate gels appeared either highly spread (collagen, fibronectin) or irregularly shaped (ECM gel, laminin). Cells on laminin and fibronectin-coated solid gels were rounded and nonproliferative. Cells proliferated most rapidly on ECM gel-coated gels. The uneven surface of particulate gels induced more protein deposition and the subsequent attachment and active proliferation of cells. This study shows that surface texturizing and subsequent surface treatment with matrix factors enhances cell attachment and proliferation of hylans. These results are useful toward developing bioengineered materials based on cell-hylan composites.
Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis (1976)

These studies provide new insight into the complex mechanisms wherby hyperlipidemia causes progressive atherosclerosis. It has been shown that physical injury to the endothelial lining of arteries sets off a process which probably is an attempt at healing the injury but which can lead to atherosclerosis. It has also been found that chemical agents such as homocystine can produce a similar series of events leading to atherosclerosis. These events include focal loss of endothelium, exposure of subendothelial connective tissue, and adherence of platelets followed by release of factors that stimulate intimal smooth muscle proliferation. The present studies indicate that the effects of chronic hyperlipidemia are complex in that the condition results not only in the deposition of lipids in the atheromatous lesions but that it may produce the primary endothelial injury that initiates the process of atherosclerosis as well.
Yeast Cloning Vectors and Genes (1993)

This unit describes some of the most commonly used yeast vectors, as well as the cloned yeast genes that form the basis for these plasmids. Yeast vectors can be grouped into five general classes, based on their mode of replication in yeast: YIp, YRp, YCp, YEp, and YLp plasmids. With the exception of the YLp plasmids (yeast linear plasmids), all of these plasmids can be maintained in E. coli as well as in S. cerevisiae and thus are referred to as shuttle vectors. The nomenclature of different classes of yeast vectors, as well as details about their mode of replication in yeast are discussed.
Composition-dependent structural transition in epitaxial Bi1−xSbx thin films on Si(111) (2019)

Bismuth-antimony alloys (${\mathrm{Bi}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{x}$) are topological insulators between 7 and 22% Sb in bulk crystals, with an unusually high conductivity suitable for spin-orbit torque applications. Reducing the thickness of epitaxial ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{x}$ films is expected to increase the maximum band gap through quantum confinement, which may improve isolation of topological surface-state transport. Like Bi(001) on Si(111), ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{x}$ has been predicted to form a black phosphoruslike allotrope with unique electronic properties in nanoscale films; however, the impact of Sb alloying on both the bulklike and nanoscale crystal structures on Si(111) is currently unknown. Here we demonstrate that the allotropic transition in ultrathin epitaxial ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{x}$ films on Si(111) is suppressed above 8--9% Sb, resulting in an unexpected (012) orientation within the topologically insulating regime. The metallic temperature-dependent conductivity associated with surface states in Bi(001) was not observed in the ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{x}(012)$ films, suggesting that the (012) orientation may significantly reduce surface-state transport. Growth on a Bi(001) buffer layer may prevent this orientation transition. Finally, we demonstrate that Sb alloying improves the continuity and quality of nanoscale ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{x}(012)$ films in the thickness regime expected for the black phosphorus allotrope, suggesting a promising route to large-area growth of puckered-layer two-dimensional ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{x}$, which will be necessary to harness its unique electronic properties in practical applications.
A Bayesian Language for Cumulative Learning (2000)

A cumulative learning agent is one that learns and reasons as it interacts with the world. The Bayesian paradigm provides a natural framework for cumulative learning as an agent can use its observations and prior models to reason about a particular situation, and also learn posterior models. Cumulative learning requires a rich, first-order representation language in order to handle the variety of situations an agent may encounter. In this paper, I present a new Bayesian language for cumulative learning, called IBAL. This language builds on previous work on probabilistic relational models, and introduces the novel feature of observations as an integral part of a language. The key semantic concept is a scope, which consists both of models and observations. The meaning of a scope is the knowledge state of an agent. The language is declarative, and knowledge states can be composed in a natural way. In addition to presenting a language, this paper also presents an EM based learning algorithm called functional EM for learning IBAL models.
Managing Credit Risk (2008)

About the Authors. Introduction. Chapter 1. Credit Risk: The Great Challenge For The Global Economy. Chapter 2. Credit Culture. Chapter 3. Classic Industry Players: Banks, Savings Institutions, Insurance: Companies, Finance Companies, and Special Purpose Entities. Chapter 4. The Portfolio Managers: Investment Managers, Mutual Funds, Pension Funds, and Hedge Funds. Chapter 5. Structural Hubs Clearinghouses, Derivative Product Companies, and Exchanges. Chapter 6. The Rating Agencies. Chapter 7. Classic Credit Analysis. Chapter 8. Asset-Based Lending and Lease Finance. Chapter 9. Introduction to Credit Risk Models. Chapter 10. Credit Risk Models Based upon Accounting Data and Market Values. Chapter 11. Corporate Credit Risk Models Based on Stock Price. Chapter 12. Consumer Finance Models. Chapter 13. Credit Models for Small Business, Real Estate, and Financial Institutions. Chapter 14. Testing and Implementation of Credit Risk Models. Chapter 15. About Corporate Default Rates. Chapter 16. Default Recovery Rates and LGD in Credit Risk Modeling and Practice. Chapter 17. Credit Risk Migration. Chapter 18. Introduction to Portfolio Approaches. Chapter 19. Economic Capital and Capital Allocation. Chapter 20. Application of Portfolio Approaches. Chapter 21. Credit Derivatives. Chapter 22. Counterparty Risk. Chapter 23. Country Risk Models. Chapter 24. Structured Finance. Chapter 25. New Markets, New Players, New Ways to Play. Chapter 26. Market Chaos and a Reversion to the Mean: The Rediscovery of Culture as a Critical Risk Management Tool. Notes. Appendix. Index.
Neighborhood rhythms and the social activities of adolescent mothers (1998)

Sugar Hill works by a clock. The morning is the safe time, the afternoon is get-ready time … (that's when I find most of my truant kids) … and the night is your-kid-better-be-inside time. I don't think most parents understand how some neighborhoods flow and how they affect what their children do. Neighborhoods have rhythms just like music. Sometimes the rhythms are soft, safe, and mellow, like you hear on the “quiet storm” or the “adult mix” [local radio station programs]. Sometimes the bass is harsh, kicking, and foul like gangsta rap. Just like the beat of music determines what kind of dance you do, neighborhood rhythms sometimes determine the fate of your children … who they get involved with, what they do, and when they do it. —Mr. Alex Howard, twenty-nine-year-old high school counselor I'm ‘bout to get up outta here, go over to Sugar Hill and get up in a lil’ somethin'. You know what time it is! It be 12:00 [p.m.]. Thangs be jumpin' and I gots to be there! Don't wanna miss nothin'. The bulls [men] is out. Gotta get one. —Miss Sherelle Allen, fifteen-year-old mother
A low-temperature ion vapor deposition technique for silicon and silicon–germanium epitaxy (1996)

Ion beam vapor deposition is a new technique to grow Si and SiGe layers on Si substrates at low temperatures. The growth of Si and SiGe layers reported in this paper involves ion-assisted dissociation of SiH 4 into Si and H 2 where Si is deposited. The Ge incorporation is achieved through thermal co-evaporation of elemental Ge. The SiGe films deposited at temperatures below 350 °C are planar and epitaxially grown, as confirmed by Rutherford back scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and electron diffraction analysis. The in situ cleaning is achieved by Ar ion bombardment followed by an in situ thermal annealing to repair the damage. Polycrystalline SiGe films are also deposited on substrate surfaces coated with a thin oxide.
Colonization with non-mycorrhizal culturable endophytic fungi enhances orchid growth and indole acetic acid production (2022)

Hence, this study confirms the production of IAA by endophytes and demonstrated their host as well as cross-genus plant growth-promoting potential by producing metabolites required for the growth of the plant.
Absence of CD26 Expression Is a Useful Marker for Diagnosis of T-Cell Lymphoma in Peripheral Blood (2001)

We report flow cytometric characterization of surface CD26 expression in 271 peripheral blood samples from 154 patients evaluated for the presence of a T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder, primarily mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome (MF/SS). The presence of morphologically identifiable tumor cells on peripheral blood smears was the criterion for lymphomatous involvement. In 66 of 69 samples from 28 patients, we identified an abnormal CD26-/dim T-cell population that was distinct from the variable CD26 expression seen in normal peripheral blood T cells. This population was CD26- in 23 patients and weakly CD26+ in 5 patients. CD7 was more variably expressed in MF/SS tumor cells, allowing recognition of a distinct, quantifiable abnormal T-cell population in only 34 of 69 involved samples. An increased CD4/CD8 ratio and lower surface expression of CD4 in tumor cells also helped separate the CD26-/dim atypical population for quantification. In 35 blood samples from other types of T-cell tumors, tumor cells in 10 of 11 morphologically involved cases showed absent/dim CD26. Although capable of detecting abnormalities in most cases of MF/SS, CD7 expression does not provide as clear a separation of the neoplastic population and can be replaced by CD26 staining in routine peripheral blood flow cytometric screening of MF/SS patients.
The Rheology of Chinese XD and ZW BorateCrosslinked Fracturing Fluids and their Proppant Transport Capability (1995)

Abstract The Fracturing and Acidizing Technical Service Center (FATSC) of CNPC and STIM-LAB Inc.jointly studied "Xiando"( XD) and "Zhaoren" ( ZW) polymers to understand their theological properties and their proppant transport capabilities when crosslinked with borate ions. A series of bench top tests were conducted on XD, ZW, and guar, including residue measurement, base gel viscosity, and single particle settling, to help define the crosslinker concentration required to optimize the fluid systems. A rheometrics pressure rheometer(RPR)was used to measure the viscoelasticity of the borate crosslinked fluids, anda large scale rheology simulator was used to observe the dynamic proppant transport under shear conditions. In the steady shear mode, the RPR measured three different regions in the shear stress-shear rate plots, including a shear thinning region at low shear rates, a shear thickening region at intermediate shear rates, and a shear thinning region at high shear rates. The 0.6%(50 1b/1000 gal) XD and ZW base gel showed the same characteristics as typical thin polymer solutions. When crosslinked with borate at low temperature, the storage modulus G' values showed good elastic properties for the fluids. At temperatures up to 66 °C, the G’Values are higher than 19 dynes/cm2, which is proposed by de Kruijf[1] to be the minimum for a crosslinked fluid to have good proppant transportcapability. Large scale rheology simulation and proppant transport visualization showed the XD-borate crosslinked fluid system caused very low pressure drops in the pipe rheometer, indicating XD's good friction reduction characteristics. The friction of XD base fluid is only 20% of that of water. The observation in the slot rheometer indicated excellent proppant transport capability. There was no observed bulk settling and little movement between particles. The pressure drops of ZW-borate system in pipes and slot were higher, although the proppant transport was almost perfect. There was slight interparticle movement but no bulk settling observed. Two case studies are presented to show the successful applications of XD-zirconium-borate and ZW-borate systems to Chinese oilfields.
Activation of dithiocarbamate by 2-halothiazolium salts (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTActivation of dithiocarbamate by 2-halothiazolium saltsHirohiko Sugimoto, Itsuo Makino, and Kentaro HiraiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 10, 2263–2267Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00245a025https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00245a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1256Altmetric-Citations42LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Current concept in neural regeneration research: NSCs isolation, characterization and transplantation in various neurodegenerative diseases and stroke: A review (2013)

Since last few years, an impressive amount of data has been generated regarding the basic in vitro and in vivo biology of neural stem cells (NSCs) and there is much far hope for the success in cell replacement therapies for several human neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. The discovery of adult neurogenesis (the endogenous production of new neurons) in the mammalian brain more than 40 years ago has resulted in a wealth of knowledge about stem cells biology in neuroscience research. Various studies have done in search of a suitable source for NSCs which could be used in animal models to understand the basic and transplantation biology before treating to human. The difficulties in isolating pure population of NSCs limit the study of neural stem behavior and factors that regulate them. Several studies on human fetal brain and spinal cord derived NSCs in animal models have shown some interesting results for cell replacement therapies in many neurodegenerative diseases and stroke models. Also the methods and conditions used for in vitro culture of these cells provide an important base for their applicability and specificity in a definite target of the disease. Various important developments and modifications have been made in stem cells research which is needed to be more specified and enrolment in clinical studies using advanced approaches. This review explains about the current perspectives and suitable sources for NSCs isolation, characterization, in vitro proliferation and their use in cell replacement therapies for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases and strokes.
Combining phase images from array coils using a short echo time reference scan (COMPOSER) (2015)

The proposed approach-COMbining Phase data using a Short Echo-time Reference scan (COMPOSER)-is a simple and effective approach to reconstructing phase images from multichannel coils. It requires little additional scan time, is compatible with parallel imaging and is applicable to all coils, independent of configuration. Magn Reson Med 77:318-327, 2017. © 2015 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Energy metabolism at the cellular level of the CNS (1992)

Evidence is accumulating that interactions between different cell types are of paramount importance for CNS function, for example, release of the excitatory transmitter glutamate from neurons and its preferential uptake into astrocytes. Some information is also available about energy metabolism in different cell types, or more often in models of different cell types (e.g., synaptosomes, cultured neurons, cultured astrocytes). In this review an attempt is made not only to correlate information obtained with different cell models but also to integrate this information with in vivo data, with histochemical observations, and with results obtained using brain slices. The emerging patterns indicate that neurons, synaptosomes, and astrocytes are all capable of complete glycolysis and oxidation of glucose. Elevated extracellular concentrations of potassium, known to occur in vivo, enhance energy metabolism by mechanisms that differ between neurons and astrocytes and to a large extent serve to reaccumulate extracellular potassium ions into adjacent cells. Monoaminergic agonists also stimulate energy metabolism, but mainly or exclusively in astrocytes. Profound differences are found between the effects of excess potassium and of aminergic transmitters, suggesting that high potassium concentrations enhance neuronal-astrocytic interactions, whereas the monoamines may tend to dissociate metabolic events in neurons and in astrocytes.
The Identification of Ligands at Orphan G-Protein Coupled Receptors (2004)

The completion of the human genome sequencing project has identified approximately 720 genes that belong to the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. Approximately half of these genes are thought to encode sensory receptors. Of the remaining 360 receptors, the natural ligand has been identified for approximately 210 receptors, leaving 150 so-called orphan GPCRs with no known ligand or function. The identification of ligands active at orphan GPCRs has been achieved through the development of a number of experimental approaches, including the screening of putative small molecule and peptide ligands, reverse pharmacology, and the use of bioinformatics to predict candidate ligands. In this review, we discuss the methodologies developed for the identification of ligands at orphan GPCRs and include examples of their successful application.