gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theoretical and Experimental Study of Electrohydrodynamic Heat Transfer Enhancement Through Wire-Plate Corona Discharge (1997)

Heat and mass transfer between a surface and the surrounding gas can be enhanced by the application of electric body forces that induce jet or plume-like fluid motion. Such enhancement causes no noise or vibration, can be applied in complex, isolated geometries, and allows simple control of surface temperatures. This paper examines the potentially useful case of multiple fine-wire electrodes suspended in the open air above a grounded and heated horizontal surface. An infrared camera system was used to obtain a complete and accurate distribution of local heat transfer coefficients on the impingement surface. A numerical code was developed and verified by comparison with experimental data. This code was then used to investigate and compare the heat transfer generated by novel electrode geometries.
A single nucleotide in the SMN gene regulates splicing and is responsible for spinal muscular atrophy (1999)

SMN1 and SMN2 (survival motor neuron) encode identical proteins. A critical question is why only the homozygous loss of SMN1, and not SMN2, results in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Analysis of transcripts from SMN1/SMN2 hybrid genes and a new SMN1 mutation showed a direct relationship between presence of disease and exon 7 skipping. We have reported previously that the exon-skipped product SMNDelta7 is partially defective for self-association and SMN self-oligomerization correlated with clinical severity. To evaluate systematically which of the five nucleotides that differ between SMN1 and SMN2 effect alternative splicing of exon 7, a series of SMN minigenes was engineered and transfected into cultured cells, and their transcripts were characterized. Of these nucleotide differences, the exon 7 C-to-T transition at codon 280, a translationally silent variance, was necessary and sufficient to dictate exon 7 alternative splicing. Thus, the failure of SMN2 to fully compensate for SMN1 and protect from SMA is due to a nucleotide exchange (C/T) that attenuates activity of an exonic enhancer. These findings demonstrate the molecular genetic basis for the nature and pathogenesis of SMA and illustrate a novel disease mechanism. Because individuals with SMA retain the SMN2 allele, therapy targeted at preventing exon 7 skipping could modify clinical outcome.
Recombinant Protein Drugs (2001)

The genome of hepatitis B virus.The heavy lines represent the partially doublestranded DNA molecule.The arrows show the extent of the four open reading frames, those for HBcAg and HBsAg being markcd (see also p. 50).
Fluorinated Surfaces, Coatings, and Films (2001)

Fluorinated surfaces are sought for a number of technologies requiring low surface energy, low adhesion, chemical robustness, among other desired properties. Bulk fluorinated materials (e.g., polymers) can be used, but their relative expense and difficult processing problems preclude widespread application. Small molecule perfluorinated precursors are popular film-forming materials but, without crosslinking or stabilization in situ, lack the durability of higher molecular weight materials. Methods to fabricate perfluorinated coatings and films to impart the desirable properties of perfluorocarbons where they are most needed, without the disadvantages of handling and applying bulk perfluorinated materials are described in this volume. This chapter attempts to introduce the reader to the issues and general strategies described in detail in the following chapters.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 entry through a cascade of virus-cell interactions requires different roles of gD and gH in penetration (1992)

We examined the entry process of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) by using infectious virus and previously characterized noninfectious viruses that can bind to cells but cannot penetrate as a result of inactivation of essential viral glycoprotein D (gD) or H (gH). After contact of infectious virus with the cell plasma membrane, discernible changes of the envelope and tegument could be seen by electron microscopy. Noninfectious virions were arrested at distinct steps in interactions with cells. Viruses inactivated by anti-gD neutralizing antibodies attached to cells but were arrested prior to initiation of a visible fusion bridge between the virus and cell. As judged from its increased sensitivity to elution, virus lacking gD was less stably bound to cells than was virus containing gD. Moreover, soluble gD could substantially reduce virus attachment when added to cells prior to or with the addition of virus. Virus inactivated by anti-gH neutralizing antibodies attached and could form a fusion bridge but did not show expansion of the fusion bridge or extensive rearrangement of the envelope and tegument. We propose a model for infectious entry of HSV-1 by a series of interactions between the virion envelope and the cell plasma membrane that trigger virion disassembly, membrane fusion, and capsid penetration. In this entry process, gD mediates a stable attachment that is likely required for penetration, and gH seems to participate in fusion initiation or expansion.
Multiple scattering in optical coherence tomography II Experimental and theoretical investigation of cross talk in wide-field optical coherence tomography (2005)

We present a comprehensive study of multiple-scattering effects in wide-field optical coherence tomography (OCT) realized with spatially coherent illumination. Imaging a sample made of a cleaved mirror embedded in an aqueous suspension of microspheres revealed that, despite temporal coherence gating, multiple scattering can induce significant coherent optical cross talk. The latter is a serious limitation to the method, since it prevents shot-noise-limited detection and diffraction-limited imaging in scattering samples. We investigate the dependence of cross talk on important system design parameters, as well as on some relevant sample properties. The agreement between theoretical and experimental results for the wide range of parameters investigated was very good, in both the lateral and the axial dimensions. This further confirms the validity of the model developed in our companion paper [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 22, 1369-1379 (2005)].
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies (1996)

STD 11, RFC 822, defines a message representation protocol specifying considerable detail about US-ASCII message headers, and leaves the message content, or message body, as flat US-ASCII text. This set of documents, collectively called the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, or MIME, redefines the format of messages to allow for
An Integrated Microfabricated Cell Sorter (2002)

We have developed an integrated microfabricated cell sorter using multilayer soft lithography. This integrated cell sorter is incorporated with various microfluidic functionalities, including peristaltic pumps, dampers, switch valves, and input and output wells, to perform cell sorting in a coordinated and automated fashion. The active volume of an actuated valve on this integrated cell sorter can be as small as 1 pL, and the volume of optical interrogation is approximately 100 fL. Different algorithms of cell manipulation, including cell trapping, were implemented in these devices. We have also demonstrated sorting and recovery of Escherichia coli cells on the chip.
Synthesis and NMR studies of some imidazo[4,5‐d]pyridazine nucleosides (1984)

Abstract Unlike imidazo[4,5‐ d ]pyridazin‐4(5 H )‐one ( 1a ), which undergoes ribosylation at N‐6 in the Vorbruggen procedure for nucleoside synthesis, the 5‐benzyloxymethyl derivative 12 undergoes ribosylation at N‐1 and N‐3 to give a separable mixture of 14 and 15 . Removal of the N‐5 blocking groups from 14 and 15 by treatment with boron trichloride at −78° affords the intermediates 16 and 17 , which were debenzoylated to give the 4‐oxo nucleosides 5 and 6 . Thiation of 16 and 17 , followed by S‐methylation and ammonolysis leads to the 4‐amino nucleosides 2 and 3 . The glycosylation sites of these nucleosides were assigned by using a combination of 1 H and 13 C nmr data, especially measurements of the spin‐lattice relaxation times (T 1 ) of the base protons. Using these techniques, it is shown that a nucleoside previously reported to be 3 is in fact the N‐6 isomer.
Managing software artifacts on the Web with Labyrinth (2000)

Software developers are increasingly exploiting the Web as a document management system. However, the Web has some limitations, since it is not aware of the structure and semantics associated to pieces of information (e.g., the fact that a document is a requirement specification) and of the semantics of relationships between pieces of information (e.g., the fact that a requirement specification document may be associated to some design specification document). In the Labyrinth project we enhance the capabilities of the Web as a document management system by means of a semantic model (called schema, in analogy with database schemas), which is associated to Web documents. This model is itself a Web document and can be accessed and navigated through a simple Web browser.
High-sensitivity dynamic coded aperture imaging (2003)

Coded aperture imaging aims at improving the sensitivity of standard imaging optics (pinholes and parallel-hole collimators) by using hundreds of pinholes. Since each pinhole projects a copy of the object onto the detector, copies overlap. The overlap can be undone by computer post-processing with a simple correlation if pinholes are arranged in particular patterns. These are designed so that, when the object is infinitely far from the detector, a perfect image is obtained. In applications such as nuclear medicine and small-animal imaging the object is kept close to the detector to maximize sensitivity and use of the same patterns was shown to result in noticeable artifacts. The existing technique to mitigate near-field artifacts requires taking two images of the object sequentially with two similar masks, but this makes the implicit assumption of a static object. In near-field imaging, however, it is possible to place two detectors on opposite sides of the object and acquire the two images simultaneously. This approach extends the technique to dynamic studies. It also has the benefit of doubling the overall count rate by better utilization of the heads of a clinical gamma camera. Experimental results show that coded aperture optics can follow the movement of a 370-kBq point source at 0.05 s per frame with 3.5-mm resolution over a 12/spl times/12 cm/sup 2/ field of view. Images of a disk source demonstrate that, as in static studies, near-field artifacts can be almost eliminated.
Bacterial Diversity in Oral Samples of Children in Niger with Acute Noma, Acute Necrotizing Gingivitis, and Healthy Controls (2012)

Similarities between acute necrotizing gingivitis and noma samples support the hypothesis that the disease could evolve from acute necrotizing gingivitis in certain children for reasons still to be elucidated. This study revealed oral microbiological patterns associated with noma and acute necrotizing gingivitis, but no evidence was found for a specific infection-triggering agent.
Furanfurin and Thiophenfurin: Two Novel Tiazofurin Analogs. Synthesis, Structure, Antitumor Activity, and Interactions with Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase (1995)

The syntheses of furan and thiophene analogues of tiazofurin (furanfurin and thiophenfurin, respectively) are described. Direct stannic chloride-catalyzed C-glycosylation of ethyl 3-furan-carboxylate (6) or ethyl 3-thiophencarboxylate (18) with 1,2,3,5-tetra-O-acetyl-D-ribofuranose gave 2- and 5-glycosylated regioisomers, as a mixture of alpha- and beta-anomers, and the beta-2,5-diglycosylated derivatives. Deprotection of ethyl 5-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)furan-3-carboxylate (9 beta) and ethyl 5-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)thiophene-3-carboxylate (20 beta) with sodium ethoxide afforded ethyl 5-beta-D-ribofuranosylfuran-3-carboxylate (12 beta) and ethyl 5-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiophene-3-carboxylate (23 beta) which were converted into 5-beta-D-ribofuranosylfuran-3-carboxamide (furanfurin, 4) and 5-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiophene-3-carboxamide (thiophenfurin, 5) by reaction with ammonium hydroxide. The anomeric configuration and the site of glycosylation were established by 1H-NMR and proton-proton nuclear Overhauser effect difference spectroscopy. The structure of compound 23 beta was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Thiophenfurin was found to be cytotoxic in vitro toward murine lymphocytic leukemia P388 and L1210, human myelogenous leukemia K562, human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60, human colon adenocarcinoma LoVo, and B16 melanoma at concentrations similar to that of tiazofurin. In the same test furanfurin proved to be inactive. Thiophenfurin was found active in vivo in BD2F1 mice inoculated with L1210 cells with a % T/C of 168 at 25 mg/kg. K562 cells incubation with thiophenfurin resulted in inhibition of inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase (63%) and an increase in IMP pools (6-fold) with a concurrent decrease in GTP levels (42%). Incubation of adenosine-labeled K562 cells with tiazofurin, thiophenfurin, and furanfurin resulted in a 2-fold higher NAD analogue formulation by thiophenfurin than by tiazofurin. Furanfurin was converted to the NAD analogue with only 10% efficiency. The results obtained support the hypothesis that the presence of S in the heterocycle in position 2 with respect to the glycosidic bond is essential for the cytotoxicity and IMP dehydrogenase activity of tiazofurin, while the N atom is not.
Exercise training lowers resting renal but not cardiac sympathetic activity in humans. (1991)

Endurance exercise training has previously been shown to reduce the plasma concentration of norepinephrine. Whether reduction in sympathetic activity is responsible for the blood pressure-lowering effects of exercise training is unknown. Using a radiotracer technique, we measured resting total, cardiac, and renal norepinephrine spillover to plasma in eight habitually sedentary healthy normotensive men (aged 36 +/- 3 years, mean +/- SEM) after 1 month of regular exercise and 1 month of sedentary activity, performed in a randomized order. One month of bicycle exercise 3 times/wk (40 minutes at 60-70% maximum work capacity) reduced resting blood pressure by 8/5 mm Hg (p less than 0.01) and increased maximum oxygen consumption by 15% (p less than 0.05). The fall in blood pressure was attributable to a 12.1% increase in total peripheral conductance. Total norepinephrine spillover to plasma was reduced by 24% from a mean of 438.8 ng/min (p less than 0.05). Renal norepinephrine spillover fell by an average of 41% from 169.4 ng/min with bicycle training (p less than 0.05), accounting for the majority (66%) of the fall in total norepinephrine spillover. Renal vascular conductance was increased by 10% (p less than 0.05), but this constituted only 18% of the increase in total peripheral conductance. There was no change in cardiac norepinephrine spillover. The reduction in resting sympathetic activity with regular endurance exercise is largely confined to the kidney. The magnitude of the fall in renal vascular resistance, however, is insufficient to directly account for the blood pressure-lowering effect of exercise, although other effects of inhibition of the renal sympathetic outflow may be important.
Privately releasing conjunctions and the statistical query barrier (2011)

Suppose we would like to know all answers to a set of statistical queries C on a data set up to small error, but we can only access the data itself using statistical queries. A trivial solution is to exhaustively ask all queries in C. Can we do any better? We show that the number of statistical queries necessary and sufficient for this task is---up to polynomial factors---equal to the agnostic learning complexity of C in Kearns' statistical query (SQ)model. This gives a complete answer to the question when running time is not a concern.
OZONOLYSIS OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS: I. OZONOLYSIS OF OLEIC ACID (1961)

Ozonolysis of oleic acid in methanol, a reacting solvent, with subsequent decomposition of the ozonide products by hydrogen peroxide in formic acid, gives yields of principal dicarboxylic acid fission products exceeding 95% with a minimum of secondary acidic products. The method is highly reproducible and offers unique advantages in the total recovery of the dicarboxylic acids and the elimination of peroxidic materials. The principal non-acidic by-products were tentatively identified as the C s alcohols and their formyl esters.
Angiotensin II: a new approach for refractory shock management? (2014)

Patients with distributive shock still have a high mortality rate and remain an important issue for intensivists. Management of catecholamine-resistant shock in these patients poses a challenging problem. Despite significant advances in the knowledge of its pathophysiology, all innovative therapeutic approaches and interventions have failed to improve outcome. In the previous issue of Critical Care, Chawla and colleagues explored the impact of angiotensin II administration in patients with persistent hypotension despite adapted hemodynamic resuscitation. The authors demonstrate that, in case of distributive shock, angiotensin II is an effective vasopressor therapy. Its impact on outcome and adverse effects still needs to be further explored.
Clinical applications of heparin‐binding growth factors (1988)

The family of HBGFs represents one of the most important families of mediators yet described, capable of inducing mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation, tissue regeneration, morphogenesis, and neovascularization, and it is clear their clinical potential is enormous. While some obvious applications of HBGFs, such as in wound healing and seeding of vascular prostheses, are already being examined in detail, the realization of their full clinical potential will require the co-ordinated efforts of many laboratories in a wide spectrum of fields. A better understanding is needed of the pathophysiological roles of HBGFs in vivo. For example, if abnormal expression of HBGFs is the cause of certain pathologies characterized by abnormal vascularization, the clinical potential of HBGF antagonists as inhibitors of angiogenesis will be considerable. A better understanding is also needed of the relationship between HBGF structure and function, susceptibility to proteolysis, in-vivo stability, and synergism with other biological response modifiers. In addition, many clinical applications will be limited by our ability to target HBGFs to selected sites in the body, while others will be limited by undesirable side-effects. Indeed, the minimization of such side-effects may rapidly become a central issue in the in-vivo use of HBGFs. For example, the presence of HBGFs in ocular tissues, their role in phototransduction, their ability to induce neovascularization, and the clear link between abnormal ocular neovascularization and blindness, suggest that the eye may be an organ particularly sensitive to local changes in HBGF levels. Finally, HBGFs will almost certainly have extremely potent immunoregulatory effects. Nevertheless, the application of HBGFs in a variety of clinical situations should lead to many innovative therapeutic advances.
Comparative Analysis of Interindividual Variations in the Seminal Plasma Proteome of Fertile Men With Identification of Potential Markers for Azoospermia in Infertile Patients (2007)

Seminal plasma is a potential source of biomarkers for many disorders of the male reproductive system. The identification and characterization of proteins in the seminal plasma by using two-dimensional (2-D) difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) serve as a basis for estimating male infertility. However, individual variation remains an impediment to identifying disease-associated proteins. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the interindividual variations in the seminal plasma proteome of fertile men. The present study analyzed seminal plasma samples from 10 fertile men. The results from silver-stained 2-D DIGE were averaged to reduce gel to gel variations. Up to 501 spots (polypeptides) were detected on the averaged gels for the fertile men. The coefficient of variation (CV) of standardized abundance was calculated for 63 spots that were common to all 10 samples; the CV values ranged from 24.5% to 129.9% with a median value of 63.1%. These results demonstrate that the variability in protein expression among different fertile men is relatively high in seminal plasma compared with that in other human tissue samples. The 63 matched spots were compared with those from 10 patients with azoospermia. There was no common spot that was lost in all of the 10 patients, and 16 of these spots (25%) were present in each of the patients. We identified 4 and 1 candidate markers for nonobstructive and obstructive azoospermia, respectively. These results validate our method of identifying differences in the proteomic profiles of seminal plasma samples and provide an important basis for protein expression profiling and comparative proteomics of infertility.
Compact polarization diverse receiver for biomedical imaging applications (2011)

Here we present a novel coherent optical receiver that can be easily adapted to biomedical imaging systems. The proposed receiver provides amplitude, phase and polarization information. The principle of operation is discussed and the design and characterization of the receiver is presented.
Mitochondrial Uncoupling and the Warburg Effect: Molecular Basis for the Reprogramming of Cancer Cell Metabolism (2009)

The precise mitochondrial alterations that underlie the increased dependence of cancer cells on aerobic glycolysis for energy generation have remained a mystery. Recent evidence suggests that mitochondrial uncoupling-the abrogation of ATP synthesis in response to mitochondrial membrane potential-promotes the Warburg effect in leukemia cells, and may contribute to chemoresistance. Intriguingly, leukemia cells cultured on bone marrow-derived stromal feeder layers are more resistant to chemotherapy, increase the expression of uncoupling protein 2, and decrease the entry of pyruvate into the Krebs cycle-without compromising the consumption of oxygen, suggesting a shift to the oxidation of nonglucose carbon sources to maintain mitochondrial integrity and function. Because fatty acid oxidation has been linked to chemoresistance and mitochondrial uncoupling, it is tempting to speculate that Warburg's observations may indeed be the result of the preferential oxidation of fatty acids by cancer cell mitochondria. Therefore, targeting fatty acid oxidation or anaplerotic pathways that support fatty acid oxidation may provide additional therapeutic tools for the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies.
Intravenous immune globulin in hereditary inclusion body myopathy: a pilot study (2007)

The mild benefits in muscle strength experienced by HIBM patients after IVIG treatment may be related to the provision of sialic acid supplied by IVIG. Other sources of sialic acid are being explored as treatment options for HIBM.
NO induces a cGMP‐independent release of cytochrome c from mitochondria which precedes caspase 3 activation in insulin producing RINm5F cells (1999)

Exposure of RINm5F cells to interleukin-1beta and to several chemical NO donors such as sodium nitroprusside (SNP), SIN-1 and SNAP induce apoptotic events such as the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, caspase 3 activation, Bcl-2 downregulation and DNA fragmentation. SNP exposure led to transient activation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and prolonged protein kinase G (PKG) activation but apoptotic events were not attenuated by inhibition of the sGC/PKG pathway. Prolonged activation of the cGMP pathway by exposing cells to the dibutyryl analogue of cGMP for 12 h induced both apoptosis and necrosis, a response that was abolished by the PKG inhibitor KT5823. These results suggest that NO-induced apoptosis in the pancreatic beta-cell line is independent of acute activation of the cGMP pathway.