gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Mathematical Theory of Communication (1948)

The recent development of various methods of modulation such as PCM and PPM which exchange bandwidth for signal-to-noise ratio has intensified the interest in a general theory of communication. A basis for such a theory is contained in the important papers of Nyquist <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> and Hartley <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> on this subject. In the present paper we will extend the theory to include a number of new factors, in particular the effect of noise in the channel, and the savings possible due to the statistical structure of the original message and due to the nature of the final destination of the information.
Fluid Mechanics in the First Half of this Century (1969)

THE FIRST DECADE The opening decade of the twentieth century was a period of progress in fluid mechanics. Much was begun that was to continue for many years. Most of the great discoverers in the latter part of the previous century were to be with us still during the decade, and other younger men were to come forward. Let us start by listing some of the happenings. In 1900 and 1901 Benard published descriptions of his experiments on the convective motion of a fluid heated from below. In 1901 Levi-Civita published his first note on the explanation of the resistance of a solid body held in a stream of fluid by postulating the existence of surfaces of discontinuity of velocity, even when the body is of rounded form, without sharp edges. A paper on lifting forces in streams of fluid, by Kutta, appeared in 1902; this contained a solution for the two-dimensional flow of an inviscid fluid past a solid surface in the shape of a circular are, at zero incidence, with circulation round the surface and a finite velocity at the trailing edge. Sir George Gabriel Stokes, who was born in 1819, was chosen as Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1902, and died on February 1, 1903. Chaplygin's 1902 doctoral dissertation on gas jets, with the hodograph transformation of the equations of steady two-dimensional gas flows, and the application to jets, was published in 1904. In 1904 Prandtl read his paper Htiber Fltissigkeitsbewegung bei sehr kleiner Reibung to the Third International Congress of Mathematicians at Heidelberg. In the same year Lord Kelvin published three papers on Waves on water (with one more in each of the years 1905 and 1906). The classical papers of Sommerfeld and Michell on the hydrodynamical theory of lubrication appeared in 1904 and 1905, and Ekman's paper On the influence of the earth's rotation on ocean currents in 1905. Zhukovskii's famous lift theorem, connecting the lift force with the circulation quite generally for the two-dimensional flow of an inviscid fluid, was published in two notes in 1906, one in Russian and one in French. In 1907 and 1908 the works of Orr and Sommerfeld on the stability of fluid motions appeared. Lanchester's book Aerodynamics was published in London in 1907, and a German edition followed in 1909. Near the beginning of 1910 Chaplygin formally enunciated the postulate that out of the infinite number of theoretically possible flows (depending on the magnitude of the circulation) past an airfoil profile with a sharp trailing edge, the flow that is nearest to experiment is the one with a finite velocity at the trailing edge...
A Doxorubicin Prodrug Activated by the Staudinger Reaction (2008)

Much effort has been devoted to prodrug systems that effect drug release at the tumor through enzymatic action. To widen the scope of prodrug therapy, the use of the selective Staudinger reaction as prodrug activator, instead of relying on enzymatic action, was investigated. Doxorubicin was conjugated to a p-azidobenzyl trigger that is cleaved after reacting with the chemical activator, triphenylphosphine. The prodrug activation was confirmed in water, cell growth medium, and serum, using HPLC and LCMS. Next, this approach was tested in a cell proliferation assay with A431 human vulvar skin squamous carcinoma cells. The doxorubicin prodrug was shown to exhibit a 176-fold higher IC50 of 15.1 microM vs 0.086 microM for the parent drug, doxorubicin. Addition of triphenylphosphine (5 x 60 microM in 72 h) to the prodrug in cell culture effected the complete recovery of the activity of the parent drug as evidenced by an IC50 value of 0.074 microM. Furthermore, high levels of triphenylphosphine were tolerated well by the cells. The demonstrated usefulness of the Staudinger reaction in cell culture and its in vivo potential opens up new avenues for prodrug therapy.
C-H bond amination by iron-imido/nitrene species (2012)

C-H amination by iron-imido/nitrene species has attracted increasing research interest in recent years because of its potential use in economical and environmentally benign syntheses of amino compounds. With the aim of providing a comprehensive overview of this field, which is of interest to both the synthetic organic and inorganic communities, this paper reviews the status quo of C-H amination chemistry by iron-imido/nitrene intermediates, as well as by well-defined iron-imido/nitrene compounds, with special emphasis on their structure/reactivity correlations. Achievements, problems, and perspectives in this growing field are discussed.
All-in-quartz optics for low focal shifts (2011)

High laser power levels in combination with increasing beam quality bring optics performance into focus, particularly with regard to systems with low focal shifts along the optical axis. In industrial applications, this often influences the overall performance of the process, especially if the focal shift is comparable to or in excess of the Rayleigh length. It is commonly accepted that the focal shifts are of thermal nature where lens material, lens coating, geometry and surface contamination all contribute to the direction and extent of the focal shifts. In this paper we will present a novel design of lens packages where a patented all-in-quartz concept is explored. By mounting quartz lenses in hermetically sealed quartz tubes and applying water cooling on the perimeter of the quartz tubes we will reduce or eliminate a number of contributing factors to focal shift problems. The hermetic sealing, carried out in a clean-room environment, will minimize lens surface contamination. Differences in thermal expansion between lens and housing are eliminated as the lens and housing will be of the same material. Absorption of scattered laser light will be efficient as the energy is removed quickly by cooling water and not absorbed by fixed surroundings. Finally, indirect heating from the housing transmitted by radiation and convection to the lenses is avoided. Values of the normalized System Focal Shift Factors (SFSF) for the all-in-quartz optics will be compared to standard lens assemblies at multi-kW laser power levels.
Reducing the effect of quantization by weight scaling (2002)

By a statistical analysis of the behaviour of feedforward neural networks to errors in the weights, we show that an optimal scaling factor for the weights exists when the number of inputs to a neuron increases. When this scaling technique is used, the error in the output of a neuron due to quantization errors is not influenced by the size of the network anymore. This technique is especially interesting for the implementation of neural networks using analog electronics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Comparison of high dose inhaled steroids, low dose inhaled steroids plus low dose theophylline, and low dose inhaled steroids alone in chronic asthma in general practice (2000)

There were no overall significant differences between the low dose steroid, low dose steroid with theophylline, and the high dose steroid groups. The greatest within-group improvement in evening peak flows was found after theophylline. A larger study may be necessary to show significant effects.
Proteasome Inhibitor PS-341 Induces Apoptosis through Induction of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Reactive Oxygen Species in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells (2004)

PS-341, also known as Velcade or Bortezomib, represents a new class of anticancer drugs which has been shown to potently inhibit the growth and/or progression of human cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Although it has been logically hypothesized that NF-kappaB is a major target of PS-341, the underlying mechanism by which PS-341 inhibits tumor cell growth is unclear. Here we found that PS-341 potently activated the caspase cascade and induced apoptosis in human HNSCC cell lines. Although PS-341 could inhibit NF-kappaB activation, the inhibition of NF-kappaB was not sufficient to initiate apoptosis in HNSCC cells. Using biochemical and microarray approaches, we found that proteasome inhibition by PS-341 induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HNSCC cells. The inhibition of ROS significantly suppressed caspase activation and apoptosis induced by PS-341. Consistently, PS-341 could not induce the ER stress-ROS in PS-341-resistant HNSCC cells. Taken together, our results suggest that in addition to the abolishment of the prosurvival NF-kappaB, PS-341 might directly induce apoptosis by activating proapoptotic ER stress-ROS signaling cascades in HNSCC cells, providing novel insights into the PS-341-mediated antitumor activity.
Catalytic Activity Is Not Required for Secreted PCSK9 to Reduce Low Density Lipoprotein Receptors in HepG2 Cells (2007)

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a member of the proteinase K subfamily of subtilases, promotes internalization and degradation of low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs) after binding the receptor on the surface of hepatocytes. PCSK9 has autocatalytic activity that releases the prodomain at the N terminus of the protein. The prodomain remains tightly associated with the catalytic domain as the complex transits the secretory pathway. It is not known whether enzymatic activity is required for the LDLR-reducing effects of PCSK9. Here we expressed the prodomain together with a catalytically inactive protease domain in cells and purified the protein from the medium. The ability of the catalytically inactive PCSK9 to bind and degrade LDLRs when added to culture medium of human hepatoma HepG2 cells at physiological concentrations was similar to that seen using wild-type protein. Similarly, a catalytic-dead version of a gain-of-function mutant, PCSK9(D374Y), showed no loss of activity compared with a catalytically active counterpart; both proteins displayed approximately 10-fold increased activity in degradation of cell surface LDLRs compared with wild-type PCSK9. We conclude that the ability of PCSK9 to degrade LDLRs is independent of catalytic activity and suggest that PCSK9 functions as a chaperone to prevent LDLR recycling and/or to target LDLRs for lysosomal degradation.
Fabrication and coupling to planar high-Q silica disk microcavities (2003)

Using standard lithographic techniques, we demonstrate fabrication of silica disk microcavities, which exhibit whispering-gallery-type modes having quality factors (Q) in excess of 1 million. Efficient coupling (high extinction at critical coupling and low, nonresonant insertion loss) to and from the disk structure is achieved by the use of tapered optical fibers. The observed high Q is attributed to the wedged-shaped edge of the disk microcavity, which is believed to isolate modes from the disk perimeter and thereby reduce scattering loss. The mode spectrum is measured and the influence of planar confinement on the mode structure is investigated. We analyze the use of these resonators for very low loss devices, such as add/drop filters.
BET bromodomain inhibition as a novel strategy for reactivation of HIV-1 (2012)

The persistence of latent HIV-1 remains a major challenge in therapeutic efforts to eradicate infection. We report the capacity for HIV reactivation by a selective small molecule inhibitor of BET family bromodomains, JQ1, a promising therapeutic agent with antioncogenic properties. JQ1 reactivated HIV transcription in models of latent T cell infection and latent monocyte infection. We also tested the effect of exposure to JQ1 to allow recovery of replication-competent HIV from pools of resting CD4(+) T cells isolated from HIV-infected, ART-treated patients. In one of three patients, JQ1 allowed recovery of virus at a frequency above unstimulated conditions. JQ1 potently suppressed T cell proliferation with minimal cytotoxic effect. Transcriptional profiling of T cells with JQ1 showed potent down-regulation of T cell activation genes, including CD3, CD28, and CXCR4, similar to HDAC inhibitors, but JQ1 also showed potent up-regulation of chromatin modification genes, including SIRT1, HDAC6, and multiple lysine demethylases (KDMs). Thus, JQ1 reactivates HIV-1 while suppressing T cell activation genes and up-regulating histone modification genes predicted to favor increased Tat activity. Thus, JQ1 may be useful in studies of potentially novel mechanisms for transcriptional control as well as in translational efforts to identify therapeutic molecules to achieve viral eradication.
Photochromism of cationic spiropyran-doped silica gels (2001)

New cationic spiropyrans (SP–R)+X− (R = Me, Ph, Hex, C2H4OH; X = I, Cl, NO3) have been synthesised and embedded in a silica gel prepared from the gelation of TMOS (tetramethyloxysilane). The influence of the substituent R and of the anion on the gelation time has been studied. Spectroscopic studies of these new spiropyran-doped gels provide evidence for negative solvatochromism and for a competition between normal and reverse photochromism.
<title>Optical Harr wavelet transform for image feature extraction</title> (1993)

The wavelet transform is implemented by volume hologram in the frequency domain. 2D Harr's wavelet was encoded with polarizer. Different types and different dilation factors of the 2D Harr's wavelets are recorded in the volume holograms via an angular multiplexing technique. The corner and edge Harr wavelets are used together to extract different features of an input image. Experimental results and computer simulation are compared and presented in this paper. The results show that we can use the proposed optical system to realize wavelet transforming, and then to extract different local features (such as edge, corner) of the image with multiresolution and realize the task of pattern recognition. The limit and the feasibilities of the system are discussed.
Tumor-specific expression of cytochrome P450 CYP1B1. (1997)

Cytochrome P450 CYP1B1 is a recently cloned dioxin-inducible form of the cytochrome P450 family of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. An antibody raised against a peptide specific for CYP1B1 was found to recognize CYP1B1 expressed in human lymphoblastoid cells but not to recognize other forms of cytochrome P450, particularly CYP1A1 and CYP1A2. Using this antibody, the cellular distribution and localization of CYP1B1 were investigated by immunohistochemistry in a range of malignant tumors and corresponding normal tissues. CYP1B1 was found to be expressed at a high frequency in a wide range of human cancers of different histogenetic types, including cancers of the breast, colon, lung, esophagus, skin, lymph node, brain, and testis. There was no detectable immunostaining for CYP1B1 in normal tissues. These results provide the basis for the development of novel methods of cancer diagnosis based on the identification of CYP1B1 in tumor cells and the development of anticancer drugs that are selectively activated in tumors by CYP1B1.
Embryonic expression and regulation of the large zinc finger protein KRC (2002)

KRC fusion proteins bind to the kappaB enhancer motif and to the signal sequences of V(D)J recombination. Here we have characterized endogenous KRC in mouse embryos and lymphoma cell lines. Starting from midgestation, neuronal- and lymphoid-restricted expression of KRC was observed from the dorsal root ganglia, trigeminal ganglion, thymus, and cerebral cortex. Several B-cell lines produced an alternatively spliced KRC transcript of 4.5 kb and a 115-kDa DNA-binding protein isoform. Additionally, that KRC transcript was induced by lipopolysaccharide, a potent activator of cells in immunity and inflammation. In genetic-engineered B cells stably transfected with inducible expression vectors for the recombination activating genes RAG1, RAG2, or both, the avidity of KRC to DNA was markedly decreased when RAG1 and RAG2 were overexpressed. We hypothesize that KRC may function in developing thymocytes and neurons, where its role might be transcription regulation or DNA recombination.
Reassessment of patient response to monoclonal antibody 3F8. (1992)

Article Tools Article Tools OPTIONS & TOOLS Export Citation Track Citation Add To Favorites Rights & Permissions COMPANION ARTICLES No companion articles ARTICLE CITATION DOI: 10.1200/JCO.1992.10.4.671 Journal of Clinical Oncology - published online before print September 21, 2016 PMID: 1548529 Reassessment of patient response to monoclonal antibody 3F8. N V CheungxN V CheungSearch for articles by this author , H LazarusxH LazarusSearch for articles by this author , F D MiraldixF D MiraldiSearch for articles by this author , N A BergerxN A BergerSearch for articles by this author , C R AbramowskyxC R AbramowskySearch for articles by this author , U M SaarinenxU M SaarinenSearch for articles by this author , T SpitzerxT SpitzerSearch for articles by this author , S E StrandjordxS E StrandjordSearch for articles by this author , P F CocciaxP F CocciaSearch for articles by this author Show More https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1992.10.4.671 PDF "Reassessment of patient response to monoclonal antibody 3F8.." Journal of Clinical Oncology, 10(4), pp. 671–672© 1992 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
The ENZYME database in 2000 (2000)

The ENZYME database is a repository of information related to the nomenclature of enzymes. In recent years it has became an indispensable resource for the development of metabolic databases. The current version contains information on 3705 enzymes. It is available through the ExPASy WWW server (http://www.expasy.ch/enzyme/ ).
Expression and immunochemical analysis of rat and human fibroblast growth factor receptor (flg) isoforms. (1992)

Potentially 96 splice variants among four genes that code for the human heparin-binding fibroblast growth factor receptor family complicate study of structure, metabolism, and function of single isoforms in mammalian cells. As an alternative, we expressed structural subdomains and isoforms of the flg receptor gene in bacteria and baculoviral-infected insect cells. We developed and characterized a panel of 16 isoform and domain-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. The panel of antibodies was used to distinguish mature glycosylated ligand-binding and kinase-active and -inactive recombinant isoforms in baculoviral insect cells and transfected mammalian cells and natural isoforms in rat prostate and human liver cells. The results revealed a cell type-specific expression of the flg gene and isoforms that result from combinations of splice variations. Reactive epitopes of monoclonal antibodies against both the three (alpha) and two (beta) immunoglobulin-like disulfide loop extracellular domain isoforms were mapped by cross-reactivity with synthetic polypeptide sequences and deletion mutants expressed in bacteria. The native alpha and beta receptor isoforms differed in display of shared epitopes and suggested that the NH2-terminal Loop I and COOH-terminal Loops II and III of the alpha isoform are interactive. Although the common Loops II and III appear qualitatively sufficient for ligand binding, the results suggest that tertiary relationships among loops in the three and two loop isoforms are distinct and, therefore, the two isoforms may have distinct activities. Spatial models for arrangement of immunoglobulin-like loops in the extracellular domain of the two isoforms are presented.
Web technologies - Technological solutions for protecting privacy (2003)

The Web is commonly viewed as an information access tool for end users. But as much as it simplifies access to stock quotes, medical libraries, or reference manuals, the Web also makes it easier for individuals and organizations to obtain and infer. Emerging technologies can protect privacy without restricting the information flow crucial to efficient organizations. Solutions to privacy concern must combine laws, societal norms, market and technology.
Antagonists of excitatory opioid receptor functions enhance morphine's analgesic potency and attenuate opioid tolerance/dependence liability (2000)

Recent preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that cotreatments with extremely low doses of opioid receptor antagonists can markedly enhance the efficacy and specificity of morphine and related opioid analgesics. Our correlative studies of the cotreatment of nociceptive types of dorsal-root ganglion neurons in vitro and mice in vivo with morphine plus specific opioid receptor antagonists have shown that antagonism of Gs-coupled excitatory opioid receptor functions by cotreatment with ultra-low doses of clinically available opioid antagonists, e.g. naloxone and naltrexone, markedly enhances morphine's antinociceptive potency and simultaneously attenuates opioid tolerance and dependence. These preclinical studies in vitro and in vivo provide cellular mechanisms that can readily account for the unexpected enhancement of morphine's analgesic potency in recent clinical studies of post-surgical pain patients cotreated with morphine plus low doses of naloxone or nalmefene. The striking consistency of these multidisciplinary studies on nociceptive neurons in culture, behavioral assays on mice and clinical trials on post-surgical pain patients indicates that clinical treatment of pain can, indeed, be significantly improved by administering morphine or other conventional opioid analgesics together with appropriately low doses of an excitatory opioid receptor antagonist.
On the go with SONOS (2000)

Advancements in scaling gate insulators for MOS transistors permit low-voltage, silicon-oxide-nitride-silicon (SONOS) nonvolatile semiconductor memories (NVSMs) for a wide range of applications. The continued scaling of SONOS devices offers improved performance with a small cell size, single-level polysilicon with low voltage, fast erase/write, improved memory retention, increased endurance, and radiation hardness. In this article, we discuss scaled SONOS devices, SONOS memory technology, and some SONOS NVSM applications.
A 25 Gb/s(/km2) urban wireless network beyond IMT-advanced (2011)

In this article we present a survey on the technical challenges of future radio access networks beyond LTE-Advanced, which could offer very high average area throughput to support a huge demand for data traffic and high user density with energy-efficient operation. We highlight various potential enabling technologies and architectures to support the aggressive goal of average area throughput 25 Gb/s/km <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in beyond IMT-Advanced systems. Specifically, we discuss the challenges and solutions from the controlling/ processing perspective, the radio resource management perspective, and the physical layer perspective for dense urban cell deployment. Using various advanced technologies such as interference mitigation techniques, MIMO, and cooperative communications as well as cross-layer self-organizing networks, we show that future urban wireless networks could potentially offer high-quality mobile services and offer an experience similar to the wired Internet.