gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of hyperthermia on the central nervous system: A review (1994)

Experimental data show that nervous tissue is sensitive to heat. Animal data indicate that the maximum tolerated heat dose after local hyperthermia of the central nervous system (CNS) lies in the range of 40-60 min at 42-42 x 5 degrees C or 10-30 min at 43 degrees C. No conclusions concerning the heat sensitivity of nervous tissue can be derived from clinical studies using localized hyperthermia. The choice whether or not to exceed the critical heat dose, as derived from laboratory studies, in clinical practice is very much dependent on the clinical situation such as the anatomical site and volume of the tissue involved, and prior therapy. Data on clinical application of whole body hyperthermia (WBH) show that nervous tissue can withstand a slightly higher heat dose than after localized heating, which might be the result of developing thermal resistance during treatment. Expression of thermotolerance was observed in the spinal cord of laboratory animals. After WBH in man at a maximum between 40 and 43 degrees C for 6 h-30 min CNS complications were reported, but other complications seemed to be more life-threatening. Most studies indicate that impairment of the CNS after WBH was not due to direct heat injury to the brain or spinal cord, but was secondary as a result of physiological changes. Heat, at least if applied shortly after X-rays, enhances the response of nervous tissue to radiation. Neurotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs does not seem to be a limiting complication in hyperthermia if combined with chemotherapy, but only few data are available. The limited clinical experience shows that safe hyperthermic treatment of CNS malignancies or tumours located close to the CNS seems feasible under appropriate technical conditions with adequate thermometry and taking the sensitivity of the surrounding normal nervous tissue into account.
Functional Mapping of CD11b/CD18 Epitopes Important in Neutrophil-Epithelial Interactions: A Central Role of the I Domain (1998)

In the intestine, lung, and urinary tract, neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte, PMN) transepithelial migration is dependent on the leukocyte beta2 integrin CD11b/CD18. While the regions of CD11b involved in recognition of several soluble ligands are known, those that mediate PMN-epithelial interactions have not been investigated. In this study, mAbs reactive with four extracellular regions on CD11b, the NH2-terminal region, I (inserted) domain, cation-binding region, and region proximal to the transmembrane domain (C domain), were analyzed for the ability to block CD11b/CD18-mediated interactions with T84 intestinal epithelial cells. In such a manner, epitope mapping was applied to the complex interactions between CD11b/CD18 and a cell-based ligand system. I domain Abs strongly inhibited both adhesion of PMN to epithelial cells and PMN migration across T84 epithelial monolayers. However, the profile of inhibition was distinct from that of other known ligands of CD11b/CD18. CBRM1/32, an Ab to a discontinuous epitope residing within the NH2- and cation-binding domains, strongly inhibited both adhesion and transmigration responses. C domain Abs had minimal effects on adhesion and transmigration. These findings appear applicable to other epithelia, since similar results were obtained in transmigration experiments with CF15 human airway epithelial cells. Finally, Ab inhibition profiles were confirmed with adhesion assays of isolated epithelial cells to purified CD11b/CD18. These findings demonstrate the central role of the I domain and the participation of a discontinuous region shared by the NH2- and cation-binding domains in mediating PMN-adhesive interactions with epithelial cells.
시민교육을 위한 미래형 체험학습 방안 연구 -경기도 사례를 중심으로- (2008)

본 연구는 세계화와 지방화, 정보화, 포스트모더니즘 등 최근의 사회변동에 맞추어 바람직한 시민교육에 기여하는 미래형 체험학습의 방향과 구체적 대안을 개발하려는 목적으로 수행되었다. 이를 위해 경기도 지역을 중심으로 문헌연구, 체험학습 실태 및 의견조사, 전문가 협의회, 심층 면담 등의 연구 방법이 사용되었다. 그 결과 대표적 체험학습은 소풍이었으며, 체험학습 시기가 특정 기간에 편중되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 교사와 학생은 소규모 체험학습을 원하고 있지만 대부분 학년단위의 대규모 체험학습을 실시하고 있었다. 그리고 학습주체들은 체험학습의 의의와 필요성에 공감하고 있으면서도 실제로는 대체로 형식적으로 실시되고 있었고 그에 따른 교사의 부담이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과를 토대로 미래형 체험학습을 위해 다음과 같은 대안을 제시하였다. 구성주의적 체험학습이 기획되어야 하며 교육 수요자의 의사가 충분히 반영되어야 한다. 또한, 학교구성원의 능동적 역할과 지역사회 자원 활용을 강화해야 하고 교과 및 생활세계와의 연계성이 높아져야 한다. 또한, 체험학습에 관한 평가 및 연수 시스템 구축을 구축함으로써 안정적인 질 관리를 할 수 있어야 한다. 그리고 다양한 유형의 테마와 방법을 활용할 수 있어야 하는데 그 예로는 학교와 지역사회로 찾아가는 체험학습, 휴업일을 활용한 학교연합 체험학습, 프로젝트형 사전사후 교육실시, 사이버 체험학습과의 연계, 해외 체험학습 기회의 활용, 체험학습박람회 개최 등을 들 수 있다.
Signature of an aggregation-prone conformation of tau (2017)

The self-assembly of the microtubule associated tau protein into fibrillar cell inclusions is linked to a number of devastating neurodegenerative disorders collectively known as tauopathies. The mechanism by which tau self-assembles into pathological entities is a matter of much debate, largely due to the lack of direct experimental insights into the earliest stages of aggregation. We present pulsed double electron-electron resonance measurements of two key fibril-forming regions of tau, PHF6 and PHF6*, in transient as aggregation happens. By monitoring the end-to-end distance distribution of these segments as a function of aggregation time, we show that the PHF6<sup>(*)</sup> regions dramatically extend to distances commensurate with extended β-strand structures within the earliest stages of aggregation, well before fibril formation. Combined with simulations, our experiments show that the extended β-strand conformational state of PHF6<sup>(*)</sup> is readily populated under aggregating conditions, constituting a defining signature of aggregation-prone tau, and as such, a possible target for therapeutic interventions.
Towards End-to-End Speech Recognitionwith Recurrent Neural Networks (2014)

This paper presents a speech recognition system that directly transcribes audio data with text, without requiring an intermediate phonetic representation. The system is based on a combination of the deep bidirectional LSTM recurrent neural network architecture and the Connectionist Temporal Classification objective function. A modification to the objective function is introduced that trains the network to minimise the expectation of an arbitrary transcription loss function. This allows a direct optimisation of the word error rate, even in the absence of a lexicon or language model. The system achieves a word error rate of 27.3% on the Wall Street Journal corpus with no prior linguistic information, 21.9% with only a lexicon of allowed words, and 8.2% with a trigram language model. Combining the network with a baseline system further reduces the error rate to 6.7%.
Accounting for pharmacokinetic differences in dual-tracer receptor density imaging (2014)

Dual-tracer molecular imaging is a powerful approach to quantify receptor expression in a wide range of tissues by using an untargeted tracer to account for any nonspecific uptake of a molecular-targeted tracer. This approach has previously required the pharmacokinetics of the receptor-targeted and untargeted tracers to be identical, requiring careful selection of an ideal untargeted tracer for any given targeted tracer. In this study, methodology capable of correcting for tracer differences in arterial input functions, as well as binding-independent delivery and retention, is derived and evaluated in a mouse U251 glioma xenograft model using an Affibody tracer targeted to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a cell membrane receptor overexpressed in many cancers. Simulations demonstrated that blood, and to a lesser extent vascular-permeability, pharmacokinetic differences between targeted and untargeted tracers could be quantified by deconvolving the uptakes of the two tracers in a region of interest devoid of targeted tracer binding, and therefore corrected for, by convolving the uptake of the untargeted tracer in all regions of interest by the product of the deconvolution. Using fluorescently labeled, EGFR-targeted and untargeted Affibodies (known to have different blood clearance rates), the average tumor concentration of EGFR in four mice was estimated using dual-tracer kinetic modeling to be 3.9 ± 2.4 nM compared to an expected concentration of 2.0 ± 0.4 nM. However, with deconvolution correction a more equivalent EGFR concentration of 2.0 ± 0.4 nM was measured.
Physiological barriers to delivery of monoclonal antibodies and other macromolecules in tumors. (1990)

The efficacy in cancer treatment of monoclonal antibodies or other macromolecules bound to radionuclides, chemotherapeutic agents, toxins, enzymes, growth factors, or effector antibodies has been limited by their inability to reach their target in vivo in adequate quantities. Heterogeneity of tumor-associated antigen expression alone has failed to explain the nonuniform uptake of antibodies. As a result, only in recent years have the peculiarities of tumor physiology been recognized as determinants of antibody distribution. Three physiological barriers responsible for the poor localization of macromolecules in tumors have been identified: (a) heterogeneous blood supply; (b) elevated interstitial pressure; and (c) large transport distances in the interstitium. The first barrier limits the delivery of blood-borne molecules to well-perfused regions of a tumor; the second barrier reduces extravasation of fluid and macromolecules in the high interstitial pressure regions and also leads to an experimentally verifiable, radially outward convection in the tumor periphery which opposes the inward diffusion; and the third barrier increases the time required for slowly moving macromolecules to reach distal regions of a tumor. Binding of antibody to an antigen further lowers the effective diffusion rate of the antibody by reducing the amount of mobile antibody. Due to micro- and macroscopic heterogeneities in tumors, the relative magnitude of each of these barriers would vary from one location to another and from one day to the next in the same tumor and from one tumor to another. If the genetically engineered macromolecules, e.g., lymphokines, and other new modalities, e.g., killer lymphocytes, as well as low molecular weight cytotoxic agents, are to fulfill their clinical promise, methods must be developed to overcome these physiological barriers. Some of these methods are discussed, and situations wherein these barriers may not be a problem are pointed out.
Misleading linkage results in an NF2 presymptomatic test owing to mosaicism. (1997)

A two generation family with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is presented in which a family member requested presymptomatic molecular diagnosis. Since the consultand's mother had clinically well defined NF2, he was quoted to be at 50% risk of carrying an NF2 mutation. Mutation screening in the mother did not show the causative mutation and, consequently, presymptomatic testing was based on linkage analysis. This showed that the consultand carried the high risk chromosome 22. Subsequent mutation screening of his clinically affected sister showed a nonsense mutation, R262X in exon 8 of the NF2 gene. The mother turned out to be a mosaic for R262X; the son had not inherited the mutation. Mosaicism may be a common mechanism in NF2 and other autosomal dominant diseases with a high new mutation rate. This may be one explanation for a difference in expression in generations. Caution has to be exercised when giving results based on linkage tests which imply a very high risk to people in the second generation.
A comparison of anisotropic PML to Berenger's PML and its application to the finite-element method for EM scattering (1997)

The use of an anisotropic material for the boundary truncation of the finite-element method is considered. The anisotropic material properties can be chosen such that a plane-wave incident from free space into the anisotropic halfspace has no reflection. Because there is no reflection, the material is referred to as a perfectly matched layer (PML). The relationship between the anisotropic PML and the original PML proposed by Berenger (see J. Comp. Phys., vol.114, p.185-200, October 1994) is considered. The anisotropic PML is applied to the finite-element solution of electromagnetic (EM) scattering from three-dimensional (3-D) objects. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the PML.
Long-Range Electron Transfer through DNA Films (1999)

Regardless of its position within the DNA film, cross-linked daunomycin (DM) is efficiently reduced electrochemically, indicating that the electron transfer exhibits a shallow distance dependence. Upon the introduction of an intervening cytosine-adenine (CA) mismatch, the electrochemical response is dramatically attenuated (shown schematically). Therefore, the DNA double helix can facilitate long-range electron transfer, but only in the presence of a well-stacked pathway.
Cutting Edge: TLR2 Is a Functional Receptor for Acute-Phase Serum Amyloid A (2008)

Induced secretion of acute-phase serum amyloid A (SAA) is a host response to danger signals and a clinical indication of inflammation. The biological functions of SAA in inflammation have not been fully defined, although recent reports indicate that SAA induces proinflammatory cytokine expression. We now show that TLR2 is a functional receptor for SAA. HeLa cells expressing TLR2 responded to SAA with potent activation of NF-kappaB, which was enhanced by TLR1 expression and blocked by the Toll/IL-1 receptor/resistance (TIR) deletion mutants of TLR1, TLR2, and TLR6. SAA stimulation led to increased phosphorylation of MAPKs and accelerated IkappaBalpha degradation in TLR2-HeLa cells, and results from a solid-phase binding assay showed SAA interaction with the ectodomain of TLR2. Selective reduction of SAA-induced gene expression was observed in tlr2-/- mouse macrophages compared with wild-type cells. These results suggest a potential role for SAA in inflammatory diseases through activation of TLR2.
Tuning fidelity of acoustooptically controlled external-cavity semiconductor lasers (1995)

External cavity semiconductor lasers in extended- and ring-cavity configurations were tuned with chirp-compensating pairs of acoustooptic filters. Nanometer-size tuning gaps observed by previous workers were eliminated. The tuning range was approximately 80 nm for the extended cavity and at least 55 nm for the ring cavity. The root-mean-square tuning error was 0.036 nm for the extended cavity and 0.018 nm for the ring cavity. The output could be swept up to 35 mm in as little as 10 msec, limited by the radio-frequency generator. Transmittance measurements made on spare acoustooptic filters using the extended-cavity laser as a swept source were in good agreement with quasi-static measurements made using a grating-tuned laser.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Hydrophilic Flower‐Like CuS Superstructures as an Efficient 980 nm Laser‐Driven Photothermal Agent for Ablation of Cancer Cells (2011)

Hydrophilic flower-like CuS superstructures synthesized by a hydrothermal route can serve as an efficient 980 nm laser-driven photothermal agent for ablation of cancer cells, because the CuS superstructures exhibit greatly enhanced photothermal effects upon irradiation by a 980 nm laser. This finding demonstrates the great potential application of the CuS superstructures in the photothermal ablation of in vivo tumor tissues.
Microstructure of GaN laterally overgrown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (1998)

Extended defect reduction in GaN grown by lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO) on large-area SiO2/GaN/Al2O3 wafers by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition is characterized using transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The laterally overgrown GaN (LEO GaN) has a rectangular cross section with smooth (0001) and {112̄0} facets. The density of mixed-character and pure edge threading dislocations in the LEO GaN (&amp;lt;5×106 cm−2) is reduced by at least 3–4 orders of magnitude from that of bulk GaN (∼1010 cm−2). A small number of edge dislocations with line directions parallel to the basal plane are generated between the bulk-like overgrown GaN and the LEO GaN regions as well as at the intersection of adjacent merging LEO GaN stripes. The edge dislocations are most likely generated to accommodate the small misorientation between bulk-like GaN and LEO GaN regions as well as between adjacent single-crystal LEO GaN stripes.
Ultra-wideband radio technology: Potential and challenges ahead (2003)

An unprecedented transformation in the design, deployment, and application of short-range wireless devices and services is in progress today. This trend is in line with the imminent transition from third- to fourth-generation radio systems, where heterogeneous environments are expected to prevail eventually. A key driver in this transition is the steep growth in both demand and deployment of WLANs/WPANs based on the wireless standards within the IEEE 802 suite. Today, these short-range devices and networks operate mainly standalone in indoor home and office environments or large enclosed public areas, while their integration into the wireless wide-area infrastructure is still nearly nonexistent and far from trivial. This status quo in the short-range wireless application space is about to be disrupted by novel devices and systems based on the emerging UWB radio technology with the potential to provide solutions for many of today's problems in the areas of spectrum management and radio system engineering. The approach employed by UWB radio devices is based on sharing already occupied spectrum resources by means of the overlay principle, rather than looking for still available but possibly unsuitable new bands. This novel radio technology has received legal adoption by the regulatory authorities in the United States, and efforts to achieve this status in Europe and Asia are underway. This article discusses both the application potential and technical challenges presented by UWB radio as an unconventional but promising new wireless technology.
The T Cell Receptor (1987)

The primary structure of T cell receptor proteins and genes is well understood. Immunologists are now trying to understand the properties of these interesting molecules. Evidence suggests that T cell alpha beta receptors recognize a complex of an antigen-derived peptide bound to one of the cell-surface products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. It is likely that alpha beta receptors and MHC proteins have coevolved to have some affinity for each other. During T cell development in the thymus, cells bearing self-reactive receptors are deleted by the mechanisms of tolerance, and cells are preferentially allowed to mature if they bear receptors that will be able to recognize antigen plus self-MHC after they have become full-fledged T cells. Some explanations for these phenomena have been tested, but no satisfactory theory can yet be proposed to account for them.
Pyridoxamine Analogues Scavenge Lipid-Derived γ-Ketoaldehydes and Protect against H2O2-Mediated Cytotoxicity (2006)

Isoketals and levuglandins are highly reactive gamma-ketoaldehydes formed by oxygenation of arachidonic acid in settings of oxidative injury and cyclooxygenase activation, respectively. These compounds rapidly adduct to proteins via lysyl residues, which can alter protein structure/function. We examined whether pyridoxamine, which has been shown to scavenge alpha-ketoaldehydes formed by carbohydrate or lipid peroxidation, could also effectively protect proteins from the more reactive gamma-ketoaldehydes. Pyridoxamine prevented adduction of ovalbumin and also prevented inhibition of RNase A and glutathione reductase activity by the synthetic gamma-ketoaldehyde, 15-E2-isoketal. We identified the major products of the reaction of pyridoxamine with the 15-E2-isoketal, including a stable lactam adduct. Two lipophilic analogues of pyridoxamine, salicylamine and 5'-O-pentylpyridoxamine, also formed lactam adducts when reacted with 15-E2-isoketal. When we oxidized arachidonic acid in the presence of pyridoxamine or its analogues, pyridoxamine-isoketal adducts were found in significantly greater abundance than the pyridoxamine-N-acyl adducts formed by alpha-ketoaldehyde scavenging. Therefore, pyridoxamine and its analogues appear to preferentially scavenge gamma-ketoaldehydes. Both pyridoxamine and its lipophilic analogues inhibited the formation of lysyl-levuglandin adducts in platelets activated ex vivo with arachidonic acid. The two lipophilic pyridoxamine analogues provided significant protection against H2O2-mediated cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. These results demonstrate the utility of pyridoxamine and lipophilic pyridoxamine analogues to assess the potential contributions of isoketals and levuglandins in oxidant injury and inflammation and suggest their potential utility as pharmaceutical agents in these conditions.
Deoxyoligonucleotides bearing neutral analogs of phosphodiester linkages recognize duplex DNA via triple-helix formation (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDeoxyoligonucleotides bearing neutral analogs of phosphodiester linkages recognize duplex DNA via triple-helix formationMark Matteucci, Kuei Ying Lin, Samuel Butcher, and Courtney MouldsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 20, 7767–7768Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00020a052https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00020a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views104Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts