gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Infection of Human Cells with Murine Amphotropic Replication-Competent Retroviruses (1993)

Replication of the murine wild-type 4070A amphotropic retrovirus and a recombinant amphotropic replication-competent retrovirus arising from the PA12 packaging cell line varied considerably among the primate cell types tested. Medium from infected primate fibroblasts and endothelial cells contained the highest viral titers [10(4)-10(5) focus-forming units (ffu)/ml], while most hematopoietic cell lines, such as K562 and MOLT4, were associated with viral titers in the range of 10(3)-10(4) ffu/ml. Interestingly, HTLV-1-transformed T cell lines (TJF-2 and HM) and primary tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) had very low viral titer (0-10(1) ffu/ml). The low production of virus was not due to low infectivity and, in contrast to the virus, retroviral vectors were expressed without difficulty. Because screening for replication-competent retrovirus (RCR) is an important component of human retroviral-mediated gene therapy clinical protocols, a variety of assays were tested for their ability to detect RCR in virus-exposed cell lines. A biologic assay (3T3 amplification) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the 4070A viral envelope are effective screening methods for RCR, even in cell lines associated with low virus production.
Inhibition of Ras Signaling by Blocking Ras–Effector Interactions with Cyclic Peptides (2015)

Ras genes are frequently activated in human cancers, but the mutant Ras proteins remain largely "undruggable" through the conventional small-molecule approach owing to the absence of any obvious binding pockets on their surfaces. By screening a combinatorial peptide library, followed by structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis, we discovered a family of cyclic peptides possessing both Ras-binding and cell-penetrating properties. These cell-permeable cyclic peptides inhibit Ras signaling by binding to Ras-GTP and blocking its interaction with downstream proteins and they induce apoptosis of cancer cells. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of developing cyclic peptides for the inhibition of intracellular protein-protein interactions and of direct Ras inhibitors as a novel class of anticancer agents.
Diagnosis of hog cholera by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (2003)

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT_PCR) was applied to diagnose hog cholera (HC). The result showed that 84 of 135 clinical samples from different places in Guangxi were positive, the rate of positive was 62.2 %. The samples of tonsils and lymph nodes that were collected from healthy pigs from Baise and Liuzhou have been detected. Among 276 tonsil samples of healthy pigs, 37 samples were positive, the rate of positive was 13.4 %. But only one lymph node sample of healthy pig from Yongning indicated positive. In which the samples of tonsil from healthy pigs showed higher rate of positive, 35 of 246 tonsil samples were positive. The rate of positive was 14.2 %. According to the results, RT_PCR is an useful method that can be applied to diagnose HC clinically.
A Sampling of the Yeast Proteome (1999)

In this study, we examined yeast proteins by two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and gathered quantitative information from about 1,400 spots. We found that there is an enormous range of protein abundance and, for identified spots, a good correlation between protein abundance, mRNA abundance, and codon bias. For each molecule of well-translated mRNA, there were about 4,000 molecules of protein. The relative abundance of proteins was measured in glucose and ethanol media. Protein turnover was examined and found to be insignificant for abundant proteins. Some phosphoproteins were identified. The behavior of proteins in differential centrifugation experiments was examined. Such experiments with 2D gels can give a global view of the yeast proteome.
Photon counting computed tomography: Concept and initial results (2005)

A concept of a photon counting cone beam CT is proposed. The system uses a new Multi Slit Multi Slice (MSMS) cone beam acquisition geometry utilizing a linear array photon counting detectors. The MSMS cone beam acquisition is a direct analogy of the scanning multislit acquisition used in projection x-ray imaging. This geometry provides a CT imaging with dose efficient scatter rejection and allows for using available photon counting detectors. The microchannel plate (MCP) detector is proposed as a linear array photon counting detector for MSMS cone beam CT system. Initial testing of the MCP detector for CT application was performed. The field of view of the prototype MCP detector is 60 mm. A delay line position encoding electronics was used. The electronics has a single channel input for evaluation of events from the entire detector field of view. This limits the system count rate at 2 x 10(5) count/s. The spatial resolution of this detector is 80 microm FWHM at 40 kVp and 200 microm FWHM at 90 kVp tube voltages. The detector noise in CT projections is less than 1 count/pixel for the 80 microm pixel size. The CT projections contain quantum-limited and scatter free signal. Images of a contrast phantom and a small animal were acquired at 50 kVp and 80 kVp tube voltages. The CT numbers for different contrast elements were calculated for a given x-ray spectrum and compared with experimental values. The quantum efficiency of the current detector is 56% at 90 kVp, which is suboptimal because of the large channel diameter (25 microm) of these MCPs. The MCPs with smaller channels and higher efficiencies are being tested. The quantum efficiency was measured to be 70% for a new MCP with 5 microm channel diameter. Design parameters of a clinically applicable photon counting MSMS cone beam CT for breast imaging was evaluated. System uses 20 cm field of view MCP detectors based on 5 microm channel MCPs and high count rate ASIC electronics. It was concluded that the MSMS cone beam CT with a photon counting MCP detector is feasible for volume breast imaging.
Predictors of the Response to Gefitinib in Refractory Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2005)

Gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has a response rate of 10% to 20% in refractory non-small cell lung carcinoma. Although female gender, adenocarcinoma, and never having smoked are possible markers of a favorable response, mutations of the EGFR gene have also been reported to be highly significant predictors of response. Seventy patients with relapsed non-small cell lung carcinoma were enrolled in the Expanded Access Program. After the drug became available commercially, 28 more patients were treated with gefitinib. Response evaluations were feasible in 80 patients. Twenty-seven tumor specimens (8 responders and 19 nonresponders) were available for the sequence analysis of the EGFR gene. The response rate was 25% (20/80) and the disease control rate (remission + stable disease) was 47.5% (38/80). The response rate was significantly higher for adenocarcinoma (41.0%) versus non-adenocarcinoma (9.8%, P = 0.001), in those who never smoked (58.8%) versus smokers (15.9%, P < 0.001), and in females (42.1%) versus males (19.7%, P = 0.049). A deletion or mutation of the EGFR gene was found in six of eight responders. Remission was noted in all patients with a mutation, whereas the response rate was 9.5% (2/21) in patients without a mutation (P < 0.001). The predictors of response showed significant correlations with survival and time to progression. In a multivariate logistic analysis, the independent predictors of response were smoking history and adenocarcinoma. Given that 9.5% of smokers and 6.7% of those with non-adenocarcinoma showed a mutation of the EGFR gene, the genetic profile may replace those variables as an independent predictor of a response.
One-Step Fractionation of Complex Proteomes Enables Detection of Low Abundant Analytes Using Antibody-Based Microarrays (2005)

Antibody-based microarray is a novel technology with great promise within high-throughput proteomics. The tremendous complexity of all proteomes will, however, pose major technological challenges, especially when targeting low-abundant analytes that remains to be resolved. In this paper, we have shown that antibody microarrays readily could be used for screening of low-abundant low molecular weight analytes in complex proteomes by optimizing the sample format. Focused antibody microarrays, based on human recombinant single-chain Fv anti-cytokine antibodies on Ni2+-NTA functionalized glass slides or black polymer Maxisorp substrates, and crude cell supernatants from activated dendritic cells, containing low levels of secreted cytokines, was used for evaluation. The proteome was pre-fractionated based on size in a simple one-step procedure using centrifugal filter devices of various molecular weight cutoffs. The results showed that the generation of a nondiluted low molecular weight (LMW) fraction, corresponding to less than 2% of the original protein content, was critical for the successful screening of cytokines in the sub pg/mL range. The reduced complexity of the LMW fraction significantly improved the assay sensitivity, by improving the fluorescent tagging step and/or reducing the nonspecific binding to the substrates.
Solid-state nanopores integrated with low-noise preamplifiers for high-bandwidth DNA analysis (2011)

Nanopore sensing platforms have been limited in bandwidth and noise performance by the use of external measurement electronics with significant parasitic impedances. In this work, we describe progress toward integrating detection electronics with solid-state nanopore sensors. This new platform for high-bandwidth single-molecule electrochemical DNA analysis includes a low-noise 8-channel 0.13 μm CMOS preamplifier with integrated Ag/AgCl microelectrodes. We also demonstrate monolithic integration of solid-state nanopores in the amplifier chip. This arrangement provides an opportunity to extend the useful bandwidth of nanopore sensors by a factor of ten or more.
A cw tunable near-infrared (1085–1175-μm) Raman oscillator (1977)

This is the first report of a cw tunable Raman laser in the 1.1-μm region of the spectrum. A prism-tuned fiber Raman resonator with a 650-m-long, low-loss small-core single-mode silica fiber was pumped by a 5-W cw Nd:YAG laser at 1.064 μm. With two separate resonator mirrors for the first and the second Stokes oscillation, we have obtained first Stokes oscillation tunable from 1.085 to 1.13 μm and second Stokes oscillation tunable from 1.15 to 1.175 μm.
PDBTM: Protein Data Bank of transmembrane proteins after 8 years (2012)

The PDBTM database (available at http://pdbtm.enzim.hu), the first comprehensive and up-to-date transmembrane protein selection of the Protein Data Bank, was launched in 2004. The database was created and has been continuously updated by the TMDET algorithm that is able to distinguish between transmembrane and non-transmembrane proteins using their 3D atomic coordinates only. The TMDET algorithm can locate the spatial positions of transmembrane proteins in lipid bilayer as well. During the last 8 years not only the size of the PDBTM database has been steadily growing from ∼400 to 1700 entries but also new structural elements have been identified, in addition to the well-known α-helical bundle and β-barrel structures. Numerous 'exotic' transmembrane protein structures have been solved since the first release, which has made it necessary to define these new structural elements, such as membrane loops or interfacial helices in the database. This article reports the new features of the PDBTM database that have been added since its first release, and our current efforts to keep the database up-to-date and easy to use so that it may continue to serve as a fundamental resource for the scientific community.
Reduced Growth Hormone Secretion Is Associated with Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Obesity (2009)

These results suggest that reduced GH secretion is associated with a more abnormal metabolic phenotype in obesity, characterized by increased cIMT, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation.
Dopaminergic modulation of pressor and hormonal responses in essential hypertension. (1982)

Hormonal and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to posture, isometric handgrip, angiotensin II (AII), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), and metoclopramide (MCP), a dopamine (DA) antagonist, were examined in nine men with essential hypertension and nine age- and weight-matched normotensive men on a constant 100 mEq sodium and 80 mEq potassium intake before and after 4 days of administration of the DA agonist, bromocriptine (BEC; 2.5 mg three times a day). BEC depressed supine basal MAP in the hypertensives, and decreased MAP response to posture and isometric exercise in both groups. Hypertensives displayed greater (p less than 0.01) NE responses to posture and exercise than the normotensives. BEC decreased the NE response to 10 minutes of upright posture and exercise more in hypertensives (p less than 0.01) than in normotensives, but following BEC, the responses were similar. BEC did not affect basal PRA or PRA responses to posture and exercise in the two groups. PA responses to ACTH and MCP were similar in both groups, but the hypertensives displayed greater (p less than 0.01) PA responses to AII. BEC suppressed PA responses to AII (p less than 0.01) and to high dose ACTH (p less than 0.05) to a similar extent in both groups. The prolactin as well as the PA response to DA antagonism with MCP was similar in the two groups. These results suggest that dopaminergic control of NE secretion may be altered in essential hypertension. Blood pressure lowering effects of BEC in patients with essential hypertension may be related, in part, to depression of sympathetic nervous system activity.
Principles and practice of pain management (1993)

A comprehensive textbook covering the diagnosis and management of acute and chronic pain. It addresses the physiological and pharmacological basis of pain mechanisms, provides differential diagnoses and develops rationales and methods of treatment.
Regulation of the Assembly and Expression of Variable-Region Genes (1986)

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, ...Read More
Studies on human migration inhibitory factor: characterization of three molecular species. (1981)

Human migration inhibitory factor (MIF), obtained from supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with concanavalin A, was analyzed by gel filtration, isoelectrofocusing, and CsCl density gradient centrifugation. A distinct pattern of heterogeneity was determined on the basis of its harvesting time and biochemical criteria. Supernatants from cells cultured for 1 day contained a single peak of MIF activity with an isoelectric point of 4.3 to 5.2, an apparent m.w. of 23,000, and a density of 1.314 g/ml, the same as the density of the marker protein, 125I-HSA (1st day pH 5-MIF). Furthermore, this species of human MIF was sensitive to treatment with trypsin, strongly suggesting its being a protein, but not to treatment with neuraminidase and corresponds therefore to guinea pig pH 5-MIF. However, when 2nd day supernatants were analyzed under the same conditions, 2 MIF species were found. One species with an isoelectric point of 2.4 to 3.3 had an apparent m.w. of 65,000 (2nd day 3-MIF). The other species with an isoelectric point of 4.3 to 5.6 had an apparent m.w. of 23-43,000 (2nd day pH 5-MIF). Upon centrifugation in CsCl density gradients, the density (rho 25 of 1.314 to 1.414 g/ml) of both species was found to be greater than that of the pure protein, 125I-HSA. In addition, both species were chymotrypsin and neuraminidase sensitive but not trypsin sensitive, further suggesting their glycoprotein nature.
Glioma therapy and real‐time imaging of neural precursor cell migration and tumor regression (2004)

Despite many refinements in current therapeutic strategies, the overall prognosis for a patient with glioblastoma is dismal. Neural precursor cells (NPCs) are capable of tracking glioma tumors and thus could be used to deliver therapeutic molecules. We have engineered mouse NPCs to deliver a secreted form of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (S-TRAIL); S-TRAIL is optimized to selectively kill neoplastic cells. Furthermore, we have developed means to simultaneously monitor both the migration of NSCs toward gliomas and the changes in glioma burden in real time. Using a highly malignant human glioma model expressing Renilla luciferase (Rluc), intracranially implanted NPC-FL-sTRAIL expressing both firefly luciferase (Fluc) and S-TRAIL was shown to migrate into the tumors and have profound antitumor effects. These studies demonstrate the potential of NPCs as therapeutically effective delivery vehicles for the treatment of gliomas and also provide important tools to evaluate the migration of NPCs and changes in glioma burden in vivo.
Internet Accounting: Background (1991)

This document provides background information for the Internet
Accounting Architecture. This memo provides information for the
Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard.
Dual Promoter–Controlled Oncolytic Adenovirus CG5757 Has Strong Tumor Selectivity and Significant Antitumor Efficacy in Preclinical Models (2005)

CG5757 has strong antitumor selectivity and potency. It has low toxicity and has great potential as a therapeutic agent for different types of cancers.
FPTT is a low‐incidence Rh antigen associated with a “new” partial Rh D phenotype, DFR (1994)

The partial D of the Rh D phenotype, DFR, is recognized by its pattern of reactions with monoclonal anti-D and its association with the low-incidence antigen FPTT, FPTT has now been numbered Rh50.
HPV and cervical neoplasia: review of case-control and cohort studies. (1992)

Epidemiological studies on the association between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer are reviewed. Studies using HPV DNA hybridization methods to assess the presence of viral markers have yielded compelling evidence that HPV has a causal role in the disease: the association is strong, consistent and specific to a limited number of viral types. A dose-response relationship has been reported between increasing estimated viral load and risk of cervical cancer. Indirect evidence suggests that HPV DNA detected in cancer cells is a good marker of HPV infection occurring before cancer development. An increased risk for progression to more advanced CIN lesions has been reported among HPV 16/18-positive women as compared to women with other HPV types or to women without any viral DNA.
Highly stable SOI technology to suppress floating body effect for high performance CMOS device (2002)

High performance microprocessors with high stabilities are fabricated on Si and SiGe inserted (SGI) SOI wafers. The operation margins of voltages and frequency are characterized. For body floating devices, the operation margins at high Vdd and low frequency are narrow due to the floating body effect (FBE). These operation limits are drastically improved by applying a body contact for only NMOS at the critical circuits sensitive to the FBE. The maximum operation voltage increases from 1.8 V up to 2.5 V. The minimum operation frequency is lowered from 370 MHz to 220 MHz. The functionality of the NMOS body contact SOI microprocessor is comparable to that of the bulk. To maximize the SOI performance gain, body contacted and floating SOI devices should be optimized, and the smaller portion of body contacted devices are conclusive. For body floating SOI devices, the SGI SOI technology is very effective in suppressing SOI FBE and provides stable circuit operation.
B(C6F5)3-Catalyzed Silation of Alcohols:  A Mild, General Method for Synthesis of Silyl Ethers (1999)

The commercially available borane tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, B(C(6)F(5))(3), is an effective catalyst for the dehydrogenative silation of alcohols using a variety of silanes, R(3)SiH, R(2)SiH(2), and R(2)R'SiH. Generally, the reactions occur in a convenient time frame at room temperature using 2 mol % of the borane and are clean and high yielding, with dihydrogen as the only byproduct. Primary aliphatic alcohols are silated cleanly but slowly, with reaction times ranging from 20 to 144 h. Faster reaction times can be achieved by increasing the catalyst loading to 8 mol % or by heating the reaction to approximately 60 degrees C. Secondary and tertiary alcohols react more rapidly, with most reactions being complete in 0.5-2 h. The reaction is tolerant of many functional groups including C=C, C&tbd1;C, -Br, aliphatic ketones, C(O)OR, lactones, furans, OBn, OMe, and NO(2); examples of each are given. Using the phenolic substrate 2,4,6-trimethylphenol, a number of different silanes were tested. Only the most bulky silanes (Bn(3)SiH and Pr(i)()(3)SiH) were not reactive under these conditions. The selectivity of the silation reactions are roughly governed by the relative basicity of the alcohols (and other functions in the molecule) with more basic groups being selectively silated. These observations are rationalized on the basis of a mechanism that invokes borane activation of the silane by hydride abstraction. The resulting intermediate silylium/hydridoborate ion pair then reacts with alcohols to give the observed silyl ether and dihydrogen products.
Comparison of the Virulence of Wild-type Thymidine Kinase (tk)-deficient and tk+ Phenotypes of Vaccinia Virus Recombinants after Intranasal Inoculation of Mice (1991)

A recombinant vaccinia virus vector was constructed which expressed the major surface glycoprotein G of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of vaccinia virus. The virulence of this tk+ recombinant virus was compared with that of a tk- recombinant and the wild-type (wt) virus after intranasal inoculation of mice. Respiratory infection with wt virus resulted in a lethal infection with widespread dissemination of virus. In contrast, infection with the tk- recombinant was not lethal and the virus had a reduced ability to disseminate to extrapulmonary tissue compared with wt virus. Insertion of the tk gene restored the virulence of the recombinant virus to the level of that of the wt virus. Despite a dramatic reduction in virulence of the tk- recombinant, virus could occasionally be recovered from the brains of mice. The expression of the attachment glycoprotein of RSV appeared to enhance the ability of the tk- recombinant virus to replicate in the lungs when compared with recombinants expressing fusion or nucleoprotein genes. The results confirm that inactivation of the tk gene results in a dramatic reduction of virulence for mice but suggest that there is still a potential danger of infection of the brain following intranasal administration of virus.
Pulmonary Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide (1960)

Changes of O2 and CO2 pressures and concentrations of blood passing through the lungs have been calculated for one specific case, assuming normal values for the physiological parameters involved, constant alveolar pressures of O2 and CO2, and validity of the diffusion hypothesis. It is concluded that CO2 does not diffuse as rapidly as is generally assumed, the rate being initially about 2·5 times the mean rate, then decreasing gradually to about half the mean rate and finally increasing to the mean rate.