gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cause and Effect Relationships Associated with Calving Difficulty and Calf Birth Weight (1971)

Perinatal calf losses result in an important reduction in the net calf crop (Wiltbank et al., 1961). Woodward and dark (1959) reported 3.6% of all calves born at the U. S. Range Livestock Experiment Station were dead at birth and that more male than female calves were lost. Results reported by Anderson and Bellows (1967) revealed 79% of the calves lost at birth at the Miles City Station were anatomically normal and injuries resulting from difficult or delayed parturition were the most common cause of death, regardless of age of dam. These workers stated that many calf losses could be prevented if assistance was provided during difficult parturition. Koger et al. (1967) found calves of intermediate birth weight had a higher survival rate than calves of either low or high birth weights. Sagebiel et al. (1969) reported an extensive study of dystocia in reciprocal crossbred cattle. However, there is little information available regarding factors associated with calving difficulty.
Nanowires as Building Blocks for Self-Assembling Logic and Memory Circuits (2002)

The concept of assembling electronic circuits from metal nanowires is discussed. These nanowires are synthesised electrochemically by using porous membranes as templates. High aspect ratio wires, which range from 15 to 350 nm in diameter and contain "stripes" of different metals, semiconductors, colloid/polymer multilayers, and self-assembling monolayers have been made by this technique. By using the distinct surface chemistry of different stripes, the nanowires can be selectively derivatized and positioned on patterned surfaces. This allows the current-voltage properties of single and crossed nanowire devices to be measured. Nanowire conductors, rectifiers, switches, and photoconductors have been characterized. Techniques are still being developed for assembling sublithographic scale nanowires into cross-point arrays for memory and logic applications.
ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY IN CANINE CHIMERAS1 (1997)

Chimerism and tolerance after bone marrow transplantation provide excellent conditions for adoptive immunotherapy with T cells of the marrow donor. We studied adoptive immunotherapy in dog leukocyte antigen-identical canine littermate chimeras. Mixed chimeras were produced by conditioning treatment with total body irradiation of a dose of 10 Gy, a uniformly lethal dose in dogs, and infusion of between 1 x 10(8) and 2 x 10(8)/kg mononuclear marrow cells treated with absorbed antithymocyte globulin for inactivation of T cells. Donors were of opposite sex. Persistent mixed chimerism was induced in six of nine dogs, chimerism was complete in one dog, and only transient in two dogs. Tolerance to donor skin grafts was demonstrated in eight dogs, including a dog without cytogenetic evidence of chimerism. Lymphocytes of the marrow donor (between 3.2 x 10(8)/kg and 4.1 x 10(8)/kg) were transfused at various times after transplantation. Nontransfused dogs survived without graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), whereas dogs transfused on days 1 and 2 and dogs transfused on days 21 and 22 developed GVHD and died. In contrast, dogs transfused on days 61 and 62 or later survived without GVHD. Chimerism converted from mixed to complete in six of six transfused dogs and in one of eight nontransfused dogs (P<0.005). Donor lymphocyte transfusions 2 years and 4.5 years after transplantation induced split chimerism with lymphoid cells of donor origin and myeloid cells of host origin in one dog and complete chimerism in the other dog. Before lymphocyte collection, donors were immunized against tetanus toxin. Seven days after lymphocyte transfusion, recipients were given booster injections of tetanus toxoid and primary immunization against diphtheria toxin. In transfused animals, antibody titers against tetanus were demonstrated already before the booster injection. Transfused animals developed higher titers of antibody against tetanus and diphtheria toxin than nontransfused animals. Donor lymphocytes converted mixed chimerism into complete chimerism without producing GVHD, when the transfusion was delayed for 2 months or later after transplantation. Transfusion of donor lymphocytes transferred immune reactivity against tetanus toxin and improved reactivity against diphtheria toxin as a new antigen.
Silicon Nanowires with High-k Hafnium Oxide Dielectrics for Sensitive Detection of Small Nucleic Acid Oligomers (2012)

Nanobiosensors based on silicon nanowire field effect transistors offer advantages of low cost, label-free detection, and potential for massive parallelization. As a result, these sensors have often been suggested as an attractive option for applications in point-of-care (POC) medical diagnostics. Unfortunately, a number of performance issues, such as gate leakage and current instability due to fluid contact, have prevented widespread adoption of the technology for routine use. High-k dielectrics, such as hafnium oxide (HfO(2)), have the known ability to address these challenges by passivating the exposed surfaces against destabilizing concerns of ion transport. With these fundamental stability issues addressed, a promising target for POC diagnostics and SiNWFETs has been small oligonucleotides, more specifically, microRNA (miRNA). MicroRNAs are small RNA oligonucleotides which bind to mRNAs, causing translational repression of proteins, gene silencing, and expressions are typically altered in several forms of cancer. In this paper, we describe a process for fabricating stable HfO(2) dielectric-based silicon nanowires for biosensing applications. Here we demonstrate sensing of single-stranded DNA analogues to their microRNA cousins using miR-10b and miR-21 as templates, both known to be upregulated in breast cancer. We characterize the effect of surface functionalization on device performance using the miR-10b DNA analogue as the target sequence and different molecular weight poly-l-lysine as the functionalization layer. By optimizing the surface functionalization and fabrication protocol, we were able to achieve <100 fM detection levels of the miR-10b DNA analogue, with a theoretical limit of detection of 1 fM. Moreover, the noncomplementary DNA target strand, based on miR-21, showed very little response, indicating a highly sensitive and highly selective biosensing platform.
Construction of a high-density genetic map for sesame based on large scale marker development by specific length amplified fragment (SLAF) sequencing (2013)

We report here the first high-density genetic map for sesame. The map was constructed using an F2 population and the SLAF-seq approach, which allowed the efficient development of a large number of polymorphic markers in a short time. Results of this study will not only provide a platform for gene/QTL fine mapping, map-based gene isolation, and molecular breeding for sesame, but will also serve as a reference for positioning sequence scaffolds on a physical map, to assist in the process of assembling the sesame genome sequence.
Lymphocyte‐Selective Cytostatic and Immunosuppressive Effects of Mycophenolic Acid in Vitro: Role of Deoxyguanosine Nucleotide Depletion (1991)

Mycophenolic acid (MPA), an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, in nanomolar concentrations blocks proliferative responses of cultured human, mouse and rat T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes to mitogens or in mixed lymphocyte reactions. The inhibitory effect of MPA on lymphocyte proliferation is reversed by addition to culture media of deoxyguanosine or guanosine but not by addition of deoxyadenosine or adenosine. The findings suggest that the principal mechanism of action of low concentrations of MPA is depletion of deoxyguanosine triphosphate which is required for DNA synthesis. In immunosuppressive doses, MPA does not affect the formation of IL-1 by LPS-activated human peripheral blood monocytes. Unlike cyclosporin A and FK-506, MPA does not inhibit the formation of IL-2 and the expression of the IL-2 receptor in mitogen-activated human T lymphocytes. MPA suppresses mixed lymphocyte reactions when added 3 days after their initiation. These findings suggest that MPA does not inhibit early responses of T and B lymphocytes to mitogenic or antigenic stimulation but blocks the cells at the time of DNA synthesis. The cytostatic effect of MPA is more potent on lymphocytes than on other cell types, such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. MPA also inhibits antibody formation by polyclonally activated human B lymphocytes. MPA is an immunosuppressive agent reversibly inhibiting proliferation of T and B lymphocytes and antibody formation, with a profile of activity different from that of other immunosuppressive drugs. Human T and B lymphocytic and promonocytic cell lines are highly sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of MPA, whereas the erythroid precursor cell line K562 is less susceptible. The effect of MPA on cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage could exert long-acting anti-inflammatory activity. MPA or analogues may have therapeutic utility in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, for prevention of allograft rejection and in lymphocytic or monocytic leukaemias and lymphomas.
Characterization of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Receptors in Human and Rat Thyroid Cells and Regulation of the Receptors by Thyrotropin* (1989)

Administration of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) to rats and mice produces a model of nonthyroid illness in which there is impairment of hypothalamic-pituitary thyroid function, including reduced serum concentrations of T4 and T3, reduced thyroid radioiodine uptake, and reduced response to TSH. In this study, we tested the binding and effects of TNF on FRTL-5 cells and on four human thyroid carcinoma cell lines. The TSH-stimulated [125I]iodide uptake by FRTL-5 cells was inhibited by TNF in a dose-dependent manner. The four human thyroid carcinoma cell lines (NPA, MRO, ARO, WRO) have TSH receptors but did not respond to TSH in regard to iodide uptake and thymidine incorporation. Both human thyroid carcinoma cells and FRTL-5 cells contain specific receptors for TNF. Scatchard analysis showed that the receptor numbers and dissociation constants in human thyroid carcinoma cells and FRTL-5 cells were, respectively; 2.4 x 10(4), 5.4 nM (WRO); 8 x 10(3), 3.4 nM (MRO); 4 x 10(3), 1 nM (ARO); 7 x 10(3), 1 nM (NPA); 3 x 10(3), 1 nM (FRTL-5), and 9 x 10(3), 1 nM (FRTL-5 cells treated with TSH). The results indicate that TNF affects thyroid cell function through binding to the TNF receptor and that the number of TNF receptors is regulated by TSH.
The protein gp74 from the bacteriophage HK97 functions as a HNH endonuclease (2012)

The last gene in the genome of the bacteriophage HK97 encodes the protein gp74. We present data in this article that demonstrates, for the first time, that gp74 possesses HNH endonuclease activity. HNH endonucleases are small DNA binding and digestion proteins characterized by two His residues and an Asn residue. We demonstrate that gp74 cleaves lambda phage DNA at multiple sites and that gp74 requires divalent metals for its endonuclease activity. We also present intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence data that show direct binding of Ni(2+) to gp74. The activity of gp74 in the presence of Ni(2+) is significantly decreased below neutral pH, suggesting the presence of one or more His residues in metal binding and/or DNA digestion. Surprisingly, this pH-dependence of activity is not seen with Zn(2+) , suggesting a different mode of binding of Zn(2+) and Ni(2+) . This difference in activity may result from binding of a second Zn(2+) ion by a putative zinc finger in gp74 in addition to binding of a Zn(2+) ion by the HNH motif. These studies define the biochemical function of gp74 as an HNH endonuclease and provide a platform for determining the role of gp74 in life cycle of the bacteriophage HK97.
Functional covalent complex between elongation factor Tu and an analog of lysyl-tRNA. (1978)

Complex formation between elongation factor Tu, GTP, and Nepsilon-bromoacetyl-Lys-tRNA results in the cross-linking of the protein and the modified Lys-tRNA. The efficiency of affinity labeling is greater than 50%. In the presence of unmodified Lys-tRNA, the amount of crosslinking is greatly decreased. There is no covalent reaction with elongation factor Tu in the absence of complex formation. Substantial purification of the crosslinked ternary complex can be achieved by gel filtration at low Mg2+ concentration and passage through nitrocellulose filters. The crosslinked complex exhibits message-dependent binding to ribosomes which is accompanied by the hydrolysis of the associated GTP, as shown by both filter assays and gel filtration profiles. The crosslinked complex therefore appears to function normally except for its inability to dissociate. These experiments demonstrate that the ternary complex is the true intermediate in the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomes.
Heteroepitaxy of GaN on Si(111) (2004)

The growth of high-quality group-III-nitrides on silicon is very attractive for low-cost optoelectronic and electronic devices such as light emitting diodes or field effect transistor. However, attempts to grow GaN on Si suffered from large lattice and thermal mismatch and the strong chemical reactivity of Ga and Si at elevated temperatures so far. The latter problem can be easily solved using gallium-free seed layers AlN. The key problem for device structure growth on Si is the thermal mismatch leading to cracks for layer thicknesses above 1 /spl mu/m. The cracks can be overcome by several concepts as, e.g patterning the substrate and/or the insertion of low-temperature (LT) AlN interlayers which enable the growth of device-relevant GaN thicknesses.
Inosine and equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 contribute to hypoxic preconditioning in the murine cardiomyocyte HL-1 cell line (2008)

The purine nucleoside adenosine is a physiologically important molecule in the heart. Brief exposure of cardiomyocytes to hypoxic challenge results in the production of extracellular adenosine, which then interacts with adenosine receptors to activate compensatory signaling pathways that lead to cellular resistance to subsequence hypoxic challenge. This phenomenon is known as preconditioning (PC), and, while adenosine is clearly involved, other components of the response are less well understood. Flux of nucleosides, such as adenosine and inosine, across cardiomyocyte membranes is dependent on equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 and 2 (ENT1 and ENT2). We have previously shown in the murine cardiomyocyte HL-1 cell line that hypoxic challenge leads to an increase in intracellular adenosine, which exits the cell via ENT1 and preconditions via A1 and A3 adenosine receptor-dependent mechanisms. However, the role and contribution of inosine and ENT2 are unclear. In this study, we confirmed that ENT1 and ENT2 are both capable of transporting inosine. Moreover, we found that hypoxic challenge leads to a significant increase in levels of intracellular inosine, which exits the cell via both ENT1 and ENT2. Exogenously added inosine (5 microM) preconditions cardiomyocytes in an A1 adenosine receptor-dependent manner since preconditioning can be blocked by the A1 adenosine receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (1 microM) but not the A3 adenosine receptor antagonist MRS-1220 (200 nM). These data suggest that cardiomyocyte responses to hypoxic PC are more complex than previously thought, involving both adenosine and inosine and differing, but overlapping, contributions of the two ENT isoforms.
Inhibition of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 Expression Induces CHOP-Dependent Cell Death in Human Cancer Cells (2010)

These results suggest that inhibition of de novo MUFA synthesis by Scd1 extinction could be a promising anti-cancer target by inducing cell death through UPR and CHOP activation.
Potent Maturation of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells After CD40L Lentiviral Gene Delivery (2003)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are being evaluated in immunization protocols to enhance immunity against infectious diseases and cancer. Interaction of T-helper cells expressing CD40 ligand (CD40L) with its cognate CD40 receptor on DCs leads to a mature DC phenotype, characterized by increased capacity of antigen presentation to cytotoxic T cells. The authors examined the ability of third-generation self-inactivating lentiviral vectors expressing CD40L to induce autonomous maturation of ex vivo expanded human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Transduction with lentiviral vectors achieved a highly efficient gene transfer of CD40L to DCs, which correlated with phenotypic maturation as shown by the expression of immunologic relevant markers (CD83, CD80, MHCI) and secretion of IL-12, whereas DC phenotype was not affected by a control vector expressing only the green fluorescent protein marker. Addition of recombinant IFN-gamma to DCs at the time of CD40L transduction further enhanced IL-12 production, and when co-cultured with allogeneic and autologous CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, a potent activation was observed. Autologous responses against an HLA-A2-restricted influenza peptide (Flu-M1) and a tumor-associated antigenic peptide (gp100 210M) were significantly enhanced when CD40L transduced DCs were used as antigen-presenting cells for in vitro stimulation of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These results demonstrate that endogenous expression of CD40L by lentivirally transduced DCs induced their autonomous maturation to a phenotype comparable to that induced by optimal concentrations of soluble CD40L, providing a novel tool for genetic manipulation of DCs.
A rhodopsin gene mutation responsible for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa results in a protein that is defective in localization to the photoreceptor outer segment (1994)

Over 45 mutations in the rhodopsin gene have been identified in patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, including a cluster near the extreme carboxy-terminus, a region of the protein for which no function has yet been assigned. To elucidate the biochemical defect(s) in this group of mutants, we have studied a naturally occurring stop codon mutation that removes the last five amino acids of rhodopsin (Q344ter). When produced in transfected tissue culture cells, the mutant protein is indistinguishable from the wild type in light-dependent activation of the photoreceptor G-protein (transducin), and in serving as a light-dependent substrate for rhodopskin kinase. Mice that express a Q344ter transgene in rod photoreceptors show nearly normal light responses as determined by suction electrode recordings of the membrane current from single rod outer segments; the main difference between transgenic and nontransgenic responses is a 15% longer time-to-peak in the response of transgenic rods. In the Q344ter transgenic retina, direct immunofluorescent staining with antibodies specific for either wild-type or Q344ter rhodopsin shows abnormal accumulation of the Q344ter, but not the endogenous rhodopsin, in the plasma membrane of the photoreceptor cell body. These data indicate that rhodopsin's carboxy-terminus is required for efficient transportation to or retention in the outer segment.
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg–Strauss) (2013)

The understanding of EGPA continues to advance, but many gaps in knowledge remain. The nomenclature remains a source of conceptual variance in terms of demonstrated presence or not of vessel inflammation or ANCAs in the diagnosis of EGPA. Distinguishing EGPA from hypereosinophilic syndromes can be problematic, and an understanding of the mechanistic relation between the vasculitis and the eosinophilic proliferation is profoundly lacking. Some evidence suggests distinct disease phenotypes, but this concept has not yet been translated to phenotype-adapted therapy.
Combined collagen membrane and hydroxyapatite/collagen chondroitin‐sulfate spacer placement in the treatment of 2‐wall intrabony defects in chronic adult and rapidly progressive periodontitis patients (1997)

This study, confined to non-smokers, evaluated guided-tissue regeneration in deep 2-wall intrabony defects using a diphenylphosphorylazide-cross-linked bovine type I collagen membrane supported by a hydroxyapatite/collagen/chondroitin-sulfate spacer in 43 adult periodontitis (AP) and 14 rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP) patients, no more than 1 defect being randomly selected for each patient. Before surgery and 6 months after surgery, plaque (PI) and sulcus bleeding (SBI) indices, probing pocket depths (PPD), gingival margin locations (GML) and probing attachment levels (PAL) were recorded. During the post-surgical period, the biomaterials were well tolerated in all patients and PI and SBI were kept at a low level. Following therapy, there was a significant gain in PAL (4.2 mm for AP; 3 mm for RPP) and reduction in PPD (6.1 mm for AP; 4.7 mm for RPP) for both groups of patients (p < 0.05). A significantly greater gain in PAL and reduction in PPD were observed for AP compared to RPP patients (p < 0.05). The change in GML was not statistically different between groups (1.8 mm for AP; 1.6 mm for RPP). It is concluded that the combined use of a diphenylphosphorylazide-cross-linked bovine type-I collagen membrane, supported by a hydroxyapatite/collagen/chondroitin-sulfate spacer, is beneficial in improving PAL and reducing PPD in 2-wall intrabony defects in both AP and RPP patients during the quiescent phase of the disease, with statistically better results for the former group. However, longer observation periods are necessary to evaluate the stability of the improvements obtained by this combined treatment approach between and for each group of patients.
<title>LabCD: a centrifuge-based microfluidic platform for diagnostics</title> (1998)

Diagnostics for point-of-care (POC) and field use requires the integration of fluid processes with means of detection in a user-friendly, portable package. A drawback to the use of many current analyzers for POC and field applications is their reliance on expensive and fragile robotic technology for automation, lack of portability, and incomplete integration of sample processing into the device. As a result, a number of microfluidic technologies are being developed for diagnostics applications outside of central laboratories. We compare several of these technologies with our own preferred centrifugal flow system, the LabCD<sup>TM</sup>, with an emphasis on fluid propulsion. LabCD<sup>TM</sup> has been developed to perform a variety of fluidic processes necessary in diagnostics while dispensing with traditional pumps and valves. The use of the CD-ROM model provides a natural division of the system into an instrument and a disposable component, each with well-defined functions. The CD format also allows for the use of encoded information to integrate process control, data acquisition, and analysis. Finally, the `solid state' nature of the microfluidics and use of standard manufacturing techniques should yield a low- cost platform.