gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of rare antigen-presenting cells by the lacZ T-cell activation assay suggests an expression cloning strategy for T-cell antigens. (1992)

The alpha/beta T-cell receptor a complex ligand formed by the association of antigenic peptides with molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The inherent limitations of the conventional T-cell activation assays used to detect these peptide/MHC ligands have, until now, hampered the development of expression cloning systems for T-cell antigens. To overcome these limitations, we have recently introduced a method for detecting ligand-induced activation of individual T cells. This assay, which makes use of a lacZ reporter construct, differs from conventional ligand-induced activation assays in that it allows the detection of single, activated T cells in large pools of resting cells. We applied the lacZ assay to the problem of screening expression libraries, which requires the ability to detect ligand-bearing antigen-presenting cells when they are present at very low frequency. We show here that ligand-expressing antigen-presenting cells can be detected at frequencies of 1:10(3)-10(4), a level of sensitivity compatible with the screening of cDNA libraries. Furthermore, by using as antigen-presenting cells COS-7 cells stably transfected with the murine Kb class I MHC molecule, we demonstrate that transiently expressed ovalbumin is efficiently processed and presented to an ovalbumin/Kb-specific T-cell hybridoma. lacZ expression is induced in a detectable number of cocultured T cells, even when the ovalbumin cDNA consists of only 1:10(4) of the total DNA used to transfect the COS cells. These results suggest that unknown T-cell antigens may be identified by screening cDNA libraries in MHC-expressing COS cells using lacZ-inducible T cells as indicators of peptide antigen expression.
Increased levels of (2'-5')oligo(A) polymerase activity in human lymphoblastoid cells treated with glucocorticoids. (1980)

An enzymatic activity that synthesizes (2'-5')-oligo(A) from ATP is induced in animal cells treated with interferon. This activity, designated (2'-5')A polymerase, is also elevated in human lymphoblastoid Daudi and Raji cells treated with hydrocortisone. The polymerase activity increases significantly after 24 hr of treatment and declines when hydrocortisone is removed from the culture medium. The product of the enzyme prepared from hydrocortisone-treated cells is indistinguishable from (2'-5')oligo(A) synthesized with polymerase of interferon-treated cells either by an endonuclease activation assay or by chromatographic analysis. The increase in (2'-5')A polymerase is not mediated by secretion of interferon by hydrocortisone-treated cells; less than 1 unit of interferon per ml is present in the culture medium during treatment with this glucocorticoid hormone. Moreover, this increase is related to the concentration of hydrocortisone in the culture medium and is inhibited by the addition of cortexolone. This steroid interferes with the interaction between glucocorticoid hormones and their receptor. Cortexolone has no effect, however, on the induction of (2'-5')A polymerase by interferon. The synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone also increases the polymerase activity. Experiments with inhibitors show that such an increase requires RNA and protein synthesis.
Mastering Delphi 5 (1995)

From the Publisher:
A previous edition of this book won Delphi Informant's Reader's Choice award as the best Delphi book of the year. This new edition is even better! It introduces programmers to all of Delphi 5's new features, and to more than 100 real-world examples that stretch Delphi 5 to its limits. It shows readers how to use direct calls to the Windows API to add features to existing applications. Begin with basic programming topics and end with detailed examples of COM, CORBA, and advanced ActiveX implementations. New techniques for creating Internet-enabled applications are also covered in depth. This book is a MUST for every Delphi programmer!
Water in the formation of biogenic minerals: Peeling away the hydration layers (2013)

Minerals of biogenic origin form and crystallize from aqueous environments at ambient temperatures and pressures. The in vivo environment either intracellular or intercellular, contains many components that modulate both the activity of the ions which associate to form the mineral, as well as the activity and structure of the crowded water. Most of the studies about the mechanism of mineralization, that is, the detailed pathways by which the mineral ions proceed from solution to crystal state, have been carried out in relatively dilute solutions and clean solutions. These studies have considered both thermodynamic and kinetic controls. Most have not considered the water itself. Is the water a passive bystander, or is it intimately a participant in the mineral ion densification reaction? A wide range of experiments show that the mineralization pathways proceed through a series of densification stages with intermediates, such as a "dense liquid" phase and the prenucleation clusters that form within it. This is in contrast to the idea of a single step phase transition, but consistent with the Gibbs concept of discontinuous phase transitions from supersaturated mother liquor to crystal. Further changes in the water structure at every surface and interface during densification guides the free energy trajectory leading to the crystalline state. In vertebrates, mineralization takes place in a hydrated collagen matrix, thus water must be considered as a direct participant. Although different in detail, the crystallization of calcium phosphates, as apatite, and calcium carbonates, as calcite, are mechanistically identical from the viewpoint of water.
Study of the “Xian” of Oracle-bone Inscription “Xian Gao Zu Liao Jiu” (2015)

The “xian” of oracle-bone inscription “xian gao zu liao jiu”, Mr. Zhang Yujin thinks that is a verb. In this paper, by studying on the pragmatic of election inscriptions,and comparing with similar inscriptions, we think it should be an adverb.
Functional Gene Variants of CYP3A4 (2014)

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is involved in the metabolism of more drugs in clinical use than any other foreign compound-metabolizing enzyme in humans. Recently, increasing evidence has been found showing that variants in the CYP3A4 gene have functional significance and--in rare cases--lead to loss of activity, implying tremendous consequences for patients. This review article highlights the functional consequences of all CYP3A4 variants recognized by the Human Cytochrome P450 (CYP) Allele Nomenclature Database.
Dysregulated cholinergic network as a novel biomarker of poor prognostic in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (2015)

Our results suggest that the low AChE activity in HNSCC can be used to predict survival in patients with head and neck cancer. So, the ChE activity level can be used as a reliable prognostic marker.
Noninvasive Detection of EGFR T790M in Gefitinib or Erlotinib Resistant Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2009)

EGFR T790M can be detected using plasma DNA from gefitinib- or erlotinib-resistant patients. This noninvasive method may aid in monitoring drug resistance and in directing the course of subsequent therapy.
Various Methods for Testing Nasal Responses in Vivo: A Critical Review (1995)

Mucosal responses in the airway can ideally be studied in the nose. It is a readily accessible organ and can be provoked repeatedly. Likewise, mucosal responses to certain provocations can be easily monitored. Different methods for the provocation and measurement of nasal responses have been used in recent years. Each technique has its own advantage and restrictions. In order to make a correct interpretation of the results achieved, however, it is important that the investigator is familiar and comfortable with the methods used. For clinical purposes, techniques for qualitative measurements may be appropriate, but for experimental research, quantitative measurements with high reproducibility are essential. The present paper critically discusses current techniques for provocation and assessment of nasal responses, which may improve both the techniques used and the understanding of nasal physiology.
Lipid Replacement Therapy: a Functional Food Approach with New Formulations for Reducing Cellular Oxidative Damage, Cancer-Associated Fatigue and the Adverse Effects of Cancer Therapy (2011)

Background: Cancer-associated fatigue and the chronic adverse effects of cancer therapy can be reduced by Lipid Replacement Therapy (LRT) using membrane phospholipid mixtures given as food supplements. Methods: This is a review of the published literature on LRT and its uses.Results: LRT significantly reduced fatigue in cancer patients as well as patients suffering from chronic fatiguing illnesses and other medical conditions. It also reduced the adverse effects of chemotherapy, resulting in improvements in incidence of fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, impaired taste, constipation, insomnia and other quality of life indicators. In other diseases, such as chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia syndrome and other chronic fatiguing illnesses, LRT reduced fatigue by 35.5-43.1% in different clinical trials and increased mitochondrial function.Conclusions: LRT formulations appear to be useful as non-toxic dietary supplements for direct use or placed in functional foods to reduce fatigue and restore mitochondrial and other cellular membrane functions. Formulations of LRT phospholipids are suitable for addition to various food products for the treatment of a variety of chronic illnesses as well as their application in anti-aging and other health supplements and products.Keywords: nutritional supplements, NT factor®, Coenzyme Q10, cancer fatigue, mitochondria
Coexpression of ephrin‐Bs and their receptors in colon carcinoma (2002)

The results of the current suggest that the ephrin-Bs are expressed differentially in colon carcinoma and normal mucosa specimens and thus may play a role in the progression of colon carcinoma. Further studies are necessary to determine the functional role of ephrin-Bs in colon carcinoma angiogenesis and growth.
The impact of successive infections on the lung microenvironment (2007)

Summary The effect of infection history on the immune response is ignored in most models of infectious disease and in preclinical vaccination studies. No one, however, is naïve and repeated microbial exposure, in particular during childhood, shapes the immune system to respond more efficiently later in life. Concurrent or sequential infections influence the immune response to secondary unrelated pathogens. The involvement of cross‐reactive acquired immunity, in particular T‐cell responses, is extensively documented. In this review, we discuss the impact of successive infections on the infected tissue itself, with a particular focus on the innate response of the respiratory tract, including a persistent alteration of (1) epithelial or macrophage expression of Toll‐like receptors or adherence molecules used by subsequent bacteria to invade the host, (2) the responsiveness of macrophages and neutrophils and (3) the local cytokine milieu that affects the activation of local antigen‐presenting cells and hence adaptive immunity to the next infection. We emphasize that such alterations not only occur during coinfection, but are maintained long after the initial pathogen is cleared. As innate responses are crucial to the fight against local pathogens but are also involved in the maintenance of the homeostasis of mucosal tissues, dysregulation of these responses by repeated infections is likely to have a major impact on the outcome of infectious or allergic disease.
Prevalence and Causes of Low Vision and Blindness in an Urban Malay Population (2008)

The age-standardized prevalences of bilateral blindness and low vision in a Malay population were lower when compared with other Asian studies. Undercorrected refractive error and cataract are the leading causes of visual impairment among the Malay adult population in Singapore.
Electronic cigarettes: a survey of users (2010)

Ecigarettes were used mainly to quit smoking, and may be helpful for this purpose, but several respondents were concerned about potential toxicity. There are very few published studies on ecigarettes and research is urgently required, particularly on the efficacy and toxicity of these devices.
Molecular polymorphism of a cell surface proteoglycan: distinct structures on simple and stratified epithelia. (1988)

Epithelial cells are organized into either a single layer (simple epithelia) or multiple layers (stratified epithelia). Maintenance of these cellular organizations requires distinct adhesive mechanisms involving many cell surface molecules. One such molecule is a cell surface proteoglycan, named syndecan, that contains both heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate chains. This proteoglycan binds cells to fibrillar collagens and fibronectin and thus acts as a receptor for interstitial matrix. The proteoglycan is restricted to the basolateral surface of simple epithelial cells, but is located over the entire surface of stratified epithelial cells, even those surfaces not contacting matrix. We now show that the distinct localization in simple and stratified epithelia correlates with a distinct proteoglycan structure. The proteoglycan from simple epithelia (modal molecular size, 160 kDa) is larger than that from stratified epithelia (modal molecular size, 92 kDa), but their core proteins are identical in size and immunoreactivity. The proteoglycan from simple epithelia has more and larger heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate chains than the proteoglycan from stratified epithelia. Thus, the cell surface proteoglycan shows a tissue-specific structural polymorphism due to distinct posttranslational modifications. This polymorphism likely reflects distinct proteoglycan functions in simple and stratified epithelia, potentially meeting the different adhesive requirements of the cells in these different organizations.
AIDS — The First 20 Years (2001)

In 1981, no one would have believed that unusual infections in five young men were the harbinger of a worldwide health catastrophe.
Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cirrhotic Liver Enhancement Using Gd-EOB-DTPA (2009)

After Gd-EOB-DTPA injection, most HCCs showed typical arterial enhancement with early washout. Liver-to-lesion contrast was best at 20 minutes.
Pharmacological studies with SK&F 93944 (temelastine), a novel histamine H1‐receptor antagonist with negligible ability to penetrate the central nervous system (1986)

SK&F 93944 (temelastine), a novel histamine H1-receptor antagonist, has been studied in a variety of in vitro and in vivo test systems. SK&F 93944 was a competitive antagonist of histamine-induced contractions of guinea-pig ileum with a pA2 of 9.55 and a weak, non-competitive, inhibitor of the effects of histamine on guinea-pig atrium. In anaesthetized guinea-pigs SK&F 93944 displaced histamine bronchoconstriction dose-response curves at doses which had negligible effects on histamine tachycardia. In anaesthetized cats SK&F 93944 antagonized depressor responses to the histamine H1-receptor agonists, 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine and betahistine, at doses which had no effects on responses to the histamine H2-receptor agonist, dimaprit. Oral pretreatment with SK&F 93944 in conscious rats and guinea-pigs afforded protection versus the response to intradermal histamine injection. Comparative studies in each of the test systems showed that SK&F 93944 was of comparable or significantly greater potency than the standard compound, mepyramine. SK&F 93944 was found to be a weak, non-competitive antagonist of carbachol on the guinea-pig ileum but was devoid of measurable anticholinergic activity in vivo. Studies on the penetration of [14C]-SK&F 93944, labelled either in the isocytosine ring or in the butyl chain, showed that brain concentrations were very low when compared with the steady-state blood concentrations. In contrast, brain concentrations of [3H]-mepyramine exceeded blood concentrations by a factor of approximately 3. SK&F 93944 may have an advantage over classical histamine H1-receptor antagonists in that it is likely to be devoid of untoward effects on the central nervous system.
A scrollbar-based visualization for document navigation (1999)

We are interested in questions of improving user control in bestmatch text-retrieval systems, specifically questions as to whether simple visualizations that nonetheless go beyond the minimal ones generally available can significantly help users. Recently, we have been investigating ways to help users decide-given a set of documents retrieved by a query-which documents and passages are worth closer examination.
High power diffraction-limited narrow-band external cavity diode laser (1989)

We demonstrate an external‐cavity GaAs/GaAlAs single quantum well diode laser that produces 1.6 W of cw power with 32% overall efficiency in a spectral band of 0.02 nm. Over 0.1 W is measured in a single‐frequency, diffraction‐limited beam.
Panitumumab in metastatic colorectal cancer (2013)

Increasing chemotherapeutic and targeted drug options has led to improved overall survival in metastatic colorectal cancer. Panitumumab is a fully humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to the EGF receptor and inhibits downstream cell signaling with net effects of inhibition of tumor growth, induction of apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis. Panitumumab leads to improved response rate and progression-free survival when used in combination with chemotherapy and as monotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. This benefit is limited to patients who have non-mutated KRAS tumors, and regulatory agencies worldwide have restricted panitumumab to this patient population. Rash is a common side effect of panitumumab, and prophylactic skin treatments are advised. The optimal use of panitumumab is evolving and will become further defined with results of upcoming clinical trials and improved identification of biomarkers predicting benefit of this class of drugs.
A serum protease cleaves proANF into a 14-kilodalton peptide and ANF (1987)

Proatrial natriuretic factor (proANF), the 126-amino acid precursor of ANF, is the major storage form in mammalian atria. In contrast, two ANF peptides containing the 28- and 24-carboxyterminal residues of proANF have been isolated from rat plasma. Whether the cleavage of proANF in vivo to these ANF peptides occurs during or after its release into the circulation has not been determined. The latter possibility was suggested by our previous study where, by using a cultured rat cardiocyte preparation, we demonstrated that proANF is secreted intact into the culture medium. We now report that serum, but not plasma, contains a protease that specifically cleaves the 17-kdalton proANF to a 14-kdalton amino-terminal peptide and the carboxyterminal 3-kdalton circulating forms of ANF. The role of this proANF-cleaving enzyme in the generation of the biologically active ANF peptides remains to be defined. Its isolation and characterization should provide insights into its site of production and whether in vivo it is involved in the processing of circulating proANF.
Clinical and genetic features of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in south-west China (2009)

The objective of this study was to analyse clinical and genetic features of patients with sporadic ALS in south-west China. All patients diagnosed with adult-onset sporadic ALS were consecutively followed up, and their clinical characteristics were collected. The frequencies of alleles of six SNPs in the FLJ10986 gene and the association between these SNPs and the clinical features of ALS were analysed. One hundred and sixty-one patients were included in the study. The mean age of onset was 50.9+/-11.4 years. The mean diagnostic delay was 16.5+/-14.3 months and the mean disease duration was 30.7+/-23.5 months. Forty patients (24.2%) died during the period of follow-up. Positive correlation between mean delay and disease duration was found, as was negative correlation between onset age, mean delay and disease duration. The frequency of the 'G' variant of the SNP (rs10493256) was significantly higher than that in a control population. There was no significant difference in the frequencies of variant alleles regarding clinical features. In conclusion, SNP (rs10493256) in the FLJ10986 gene appears to increase the risk of developing sporadic ALS in our Chinese population. Our Clinical findings are in line with other studies. No association between the polymorphisms and clinical features was found.
GEMINI: A Natural Language System for Spoken-Language Understanding (1994)

Gemini is a natural language understanding system developed for spoken language applications. The paper describes the architecture of Gemini, paying particular attention to resolving the tension between robustness and overgeneration. Gemini features a broad-coverage unification-based grammar of English, fully interleaved syntactic and semantic processing in an all-paths, bottom-up parser, and an utterance-level parser to find interpretations of sentences that might not be analyzable as complete sentences. Gemini also includes novel components for recognizing and correcting grammatical disfluencies, and for doing parse preferences. This paper presents a component-by-component view of Gemini, providing detailed relevant measurements of size, efficiency, and performance.
Suppression of heat shock protein 27 induces long-term dormancy in human breast cancer (2012)

The mechanisms underlying tumor dormancy have been elusive and not well characterized. We recently published an experimental model for the study of human tumor dormancy and the role of angiogenesis, and reported that the angiogenic switch was preceded by a local increase in VEGF-A and basic fibroblast growth factor. In this breast cancer xenograft model (MDA-MB-436 cells), analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) was significantly up-regulated in angiogenic cells compared with nonangiogenic cells. The effect of HSP27 down-regulation was further evaluated in cell lines, mouse models, and clinical datasets of human patients with breast cancer and melanoma. Stable down-regulation of HSP27 in angiogenic tumor cells was followed by long-term tumor dormancy in vivo. Strikingly, only 4 of 30 HSP27 knockdown xenograft tumors initiated rapid growth after day 70, in correlation with a regain of HSP27 protein expression. Significantly, no tumors escaped from dormancy without HSP27 expression. Down-regulation of HSP27 was associated with reduced endothelial cell proliferation and decreased secretion of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and basic fibroblast growth factor. Conversely, overexpression of HSP27 in nonangiogenic cells resulted in expansive tumor growth in vivo. By clinical validation, strong HSP27 protein expression was associated with markers of aggressive tumors and decreased survival in patients with breast cancer and melanoma. An HSP27-associated gene expression signature was related to molecular subgroups and survival in breast cancer. Our findings suggest a role for HSP27 in the balance between tumor dormancy and tumor progression, mediated by tumor-vascular interactions. Targeting HSP27 might offer a useful strategy in cancer treatment.