gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Carbonyl Compounds with 2‐Propanol and Ephedrine‐Type Ligands (2003)

Abstract This account describes the development and application of Noyori's type catalysts based on ruthenium‐arene complexes and simple chiral β‐amino alcohols derived from ephedrine, for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of 2‐propanol to carbonyl substrates. The influence of key parameters of the catalyst system has been studied systematically, resulting in particular in the design of the novel ligand (4‐biphenylmethyl)norephedrine. Thanks to the latter, the catalytic precursors and true active species could be isolated for the first time, enabling a complete structural description of the catalytic cycle and of probable deactivation pathways. Highly effective applications of those catalysts systems, i.e., the asymmetric reductions of simple aryl ketones and aryl β‐keto esters, the synthesis of chiral phthalides and syn ‐β ,δ ‐dihydroxy esters, are described.
The diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome using subsegmental bronchoalveolar lavage. (1984)

To assess the sensitivity of bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in diagnosing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), we prospectively performed 27 bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) in 16 patients either because there was an initially high index of suspicion of PCP or in order to assess therapeutic response to anti-Pneumocystis medication in those patients who had had PCP documented. Pneumocystis organisms were demonstrated on BAL specimens in 16 of 18 procedures in patients with histologic evidence of PCP on simultaneously obtained pulmonary tissue. The diagnosis was established rapidly by BAL and there was no substantial morbidity attributable to the procedure. Subsegmental BAL may be an important and sensitive tool for early diagnosis of PCP in patients with AIDS.
Neuroprotective effects of astragaloside IV on Parkinson disease models of mice and primary astrocytes (2017)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Inflammation and neural degeneration are implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) has been verified to attenuate inflammation. The current study aimed to investigate the role of AS-IV in PD and the possible molecular mechanisms. Pole, traction and swim tests were performed to examine the effects of AS-IV on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-generated behavioral deficiencies <i>in vivo</i>. Meanwhile, as for <i>in vitro</i> experiments, the influence of AS-IV on cell viability was evaluated using the 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the effects of AS-IV on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridnium ion (MPP+)-induced cell viability changes were tested using MTT assays, cell apoptosis rates were assessed using an Annexin-V Fluorescein isothiocyanate kit, and the expression levels of phosphorylated-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax)/Bcl-2 and caspase-3 activity were assessed using western blot analysis. Behavioral tests showed that pretreatment of AS-IV significantly alleviated MPTP-generated behavioral deficiencies <i>in vivo</i>. Meanwhile, AS-IV remarkably rescued MPP+-induced cell viability reduction, increase in cell apoptosis rate, and upregulation of p-JNK, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 activity <i>in vitro</i>. In conclusion, AS-IV may be a promising neuroprotective agent for PD.
Ocular effects of penetrating IR laser wavelengths (1995)

This study is concerned with ocular effects of laser radiation in the wavelength range from approximately equals 1.1 micrometers to 2.0 micrometers which includes the so-called 'eye-safe' range where retinal and corneal damage thresholds are significantly higher than the corresponding thresholds for more common visible and far-IR lasers. Across this wavelength range, ocular safe exposure limits vary rapidly with wavelength and are up to approximately equals 6 orders of magnitude greater than exposure limits for visible wavelengths. However, recent developments in laser technology have yielded a variety of powerful near-IR laser sources. Such lasers are not 'eye safe' but, rather, may emit peak powers orders of magnitude above tissue-damaging levels. This report focuses on the unique aspects of laser-tissue interactions for 'eye-safe' wavelengths. In contrast to past experience where the laser energy is absorbed primarily in a thin layer (either at the corneal or skin surface for longer IR wavelengths or at the retinal pigment epithelium for visible wavelengths), 'eye- safe' wavelengths are attenuated gradually through a volume of tissue and may affect any one or several sites within the cornea, lens, and retina. The reaction of the irradiated organism to the volumetric heating associated with such penetrating laser wavelengths does not conform with expectations of an immediate or relatively early observable lesion. Rather, the observable consequences of the laser exposure may take days to become apparent and may involve degeneration across a wider expanse of tissue than that directly irradiated by the laser. For these reason, IR laser exposures bear close scrutiny to redefine both the usual tissue damage criteria and then the appropriate safe exposure limits.
Chemoselective Modification of Viral Proteins Bearing Metabolically Introduced “Clickable” Amino Acids and Sugars (2011)

The inherent difficulty of performing chemical modifications of proteins in a truly site-specific fashion is often compounded by the need to work within complex biological settings. In order to alleviate this complication, targets can be "prelabeled" metabolically with unnatural residues, which allow access to highly selective bioorthogonal reactions. Due to their small size, permissibility within biosynthetic pathways and access to reactions with high specificity, azides provide excellent bioorthogonal handles. This two-step labeling process is emerging as a highly effective means to modify therapeutic proteins. In this chapter, we take this strategy a step further and apply chemoselective ligation to remodel the surfaces of adenoviruses. Despite the large number of ongoing clinical trials involving these complex mammalian viruses, new methods for their facile, flexible surface modification are necessary to drive the development of next-generation therapeutics. Here we demonstrate the modification of azides on adenoviral surfaces via a straightforward chemoselective protocol based on copper-assisted "click" chemistry. This method provides access to a wide array of effector functionalities without sacrificing infectivity.
Cutting Edge: Monarch-1: A Pyrin/Nucleotide-Binding Domain/Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein That Controls Classical and Nonclassical MHC Class I Genes (2003)

Proteins containing a limited number of N-terminal motifs followed by nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat regions are emerging as important regulators for immunity. A search of human genome scaffold databases has identified a large family of known and unknown genes, which we have recently called the CATERPILLER (caspase recruitment domain, transcription enhancer, r(purine)-binding, pyrin, lots of leucine repeats) gene family. This work describes the characterization of a new member, Monarch-1. Monarch-1 has four different splice forms due to the differential splicing of leucine-rich repeat motifs. It is expressed in cells of myeloid-monocytic origin. Affymetrix microarrays and small interfering RNA were used to elucidate the downstream effects of Monarch-1 expression in cells including those of myeloid-monocytic origin. These analyses show that Monarch-1 enhances nonclassical and classical MHC class I expression at the level of the promoter, RNA, and protein expression.
Effects of circuit variations on the class E tuned power amplifier (1978)

The operation of the class E tuned power amplifier may be described by a set of equations based on Fourier component analysis. Previous publications have derived an optimum operating mode in which the collector efficiency of an idealized circuit is 100 percent. Since real amplifiers are made from nonideal components and are subject to nonideal loads, it is necessary to determine the effects of deviations from the ideal. The effects of variations in component values and duty cycle are determined from the basic equations. Numerical results of variations in load reactance, shunt capacitance, load resistance, frequency, and duty cycle are presented. The amplifier was found to be quite tolerant of reasonable circuit variations. With proper output filtering, the amplifier can be operated over nearly an octave bandwidth with less than a 5 percent reduction in efficiency.
Concentration and Interactive Effects on the Sorption of Aroma Liquids and Vapors into Polypropylene (1997)

ABSTRACT The sorption of hexyl acetate and ethyl butyrate into polypropylene from vapors and 40% ethanol solution was studied. The effect of concentration and interactions with co‐sorbants was investigated. The vapors were sorbed in amounts that were related to feed concentrations, without any interactive effects of co‐sorbants, in the concentration range (i.e. 0.12–3.4 μg/mL) and the mixtures investigated. Compounds from a dissolved mixture, on the other hand, were generally sorbed in smaller amounts than from a single compound solution. Hexyl acetate was sorbed in larger amounts from a mixture of five compounds at high concentration (i.e. 1000 μg/mL each) than when it was the sole solute.
Study on inactivation of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus, porcine sapelovirus 1 and adenovirus in the production and storage of laboratory spray‐dried porcine plasma (2019)

The conditions for inactivation of virus in plasma and SDPP determined are important for producers to inactivate PEDV during production of SDPP.
Expanding the definition of the blood-brain barrier to protein. (1981)

Tight junctions between cerebral endothelial cells and the near absence of pinocytosis and vesicular transport of blood-borne protein into and across these cells are believed to constitute the mammalian blood-brain barrier. In the present investigation evidence is provided to indicate that the capillary endothelium of the mouse brain pinocytosis the enzymatic tracer horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.17) from cerebral blood under normal conditions. This protein and the internalized endothelial surface membrane associated with it are directed, for the most part, to acid hydrolase-positive lysosomes for degradation. Although peroxidase was never seen in the perivascular clefts, the lysosomes of pericytes were peroxidase-positive. Pericytes are macrophage-like cells located on the abluminal surfaces of cerebral microvasculature; these cells may serve as the first line of defense once the blood-brain barrier is breached. The definition of the blood-brain barrier should be expanded to include consideration of the lysosomal system of organelles in endothelial cells and pericytes.
Effect of Food on the Pharmacokinetics of the Integrase Inhibitor Dolutegravir (2011)

Healthy subjects received dolutegravir at 50 mg in a single-dose crossover study while they were in the fasted state or with low-, moderate-, or high-fat meals. Food increased dolutegravir exposure and reduced the rate of absorption. The area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to infinity (AUC(0-∞)) increased by 33%, 41%, and 66% when administered with low-, moderate-, or high-fat meals, respectively, compared with fasting. This increase in dolutegravir exposure is not anticipated to impact clinical safety, and therefore dolutegravir can be taken with or without food and without regard to fat content.
Influences of process parameters of low frequency PECVD technology on intrinsic stress of silicon nitride thin film (2010)

Silicon nitride (SiNx) thin films were deposited by low frequency (LF) plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technology. By systematic variation of the process parameters, e.g. reactive gas flow rate, LF power, chamber gas pressure and substrate temperature. Influences of above parameters on the intrinsic stress of SiN<sub>x</sub> films were studied and analyzed by combining with the measured refractive index (RI), density, infrared spectra results of deposited SiN<sub>x</sub> films. The results showed that intrinsic stress of SiN<sub>x</sub> film was roughly proportional to film density, which was inversely proportional to hydrogen content in the SiN<sub>x</sub> film. Substrate temperature during deposition was the most important factor affecting hydrogen content in deposited film and, accordingly, the density and intrinsic stress of SiN<sub>x</sub> film.
Researching and Preventing Alcohol Problems at Work: Toward an Integrative Model (1993)

PURPOSE OF PROPOSAL. A consolidated framework is proposed to highlight modifiable factors in work organizations that may contribute to alcohol-related problems. This research model serves to organize existing knowledge, highlight pathways for new research initiatives, and offer insights into the design of primary and secondary preventive strategies. CONTRIBUTING INFLUENCES. Current research on problem drinking in the workplace either locates problems in individual drinkers or looks to the social environment to understand how drinking problems unfold. There is a clear need for a more complete theoretical model which incorporates social, cultural, organizational, and personal factors. PROPOSAL SUMMARY. This article elaborates on a model for examining problem drinking at work which integrates policy, normative, and psychosocial influences. It emphasizes the structures within which health-related decisions and actions are contained and constrained. The focus here on the connections between alcohol use and work builds on the premise that health is socially produced.
Reassignment of stereochemistry and total synthesis of the thrombin inhibitor cyclotheonamide B (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReassignment of stereochemistry and total synthesis of the thrombin inhibitor cyclotheonamide BMasahiko Hagihara and Stuart L. SchreiberCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 16, 6570–6571Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00042a053https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00042a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views541Altmetric-Citations141LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Nonvascular role for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF): VEGFR‐1 and VEGFR‐2 activity is critical for neural retinal development (2001)

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the function of extravascular vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors in developing neural retina. VEGF is routinely described as a vascular endothelial cell‐specific mitogen, and VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR‐1) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR‐2) are described as endothelial cell specific, but there is evidence that these VEGF receptors are found outside the vasculature in neural tissue. The developing eye presents a unique opportunity to examine the function of VEGF in neural tissue alone. The peripheral retina is normally avascular at birth and becomes vascularized over the first 2 wk after birth. We localized VEGFR‐1 and ‐2 mRNA and protein to extravascular neuronal tissue during early retinal development. Avascular cornea also expresses these receptors. Inhibition of VEGFR‐1 and ‐2 in vivo with a specific small‐molecule tyrosine kinase antagonist, SU5416, inhibits development of the nonvascularized immature retina, resulting in cell loss in the inner retina, including the inner nuclear layer containing Muller cells and the ganglion cell layer containing astrocytes. Isolated retinal Muller cells express both VEGF receptors. VEGF stimulation activates MAPK, which is abrogated with inhibition of the receptors. We conclude that VEGFR‐ 1 and ‐2 are necessary for normal neural retinal development independent of vascular development.
Spatial dynamics of atrial activity assessed by the vectorcardiogram: from sinus rhythm to atrial fibrillation (2007)

The proposed analysis extracts spatial information that has hitherto remained unnoticed in non-invasive studies on atrial fibrillation (AF).
Evolution of human influenza A viruses in nature: recombination contributes to genetic variation of H1N1 strains. (1979)

In June of 1977, a new influenza A pandemic was started by strains of the H1N1 serotype. Oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis of the RNA from viruses isolated during the early stage of this pandemic demonstrated that genetic variation among these 1977 strains could be attributed to sequential mutation [Young, J.F., Desselberger, U. & Palese, P. (1979) Cell, 18, 73-83]. Examination of more recent strains revealed that the H1N1 variants that were isolated in the winter of 1978-1979 differed considerably from the H1N1 viruses isolated the previous year. Oligonucleotide and peptide map analysis of the new prototype strain (A/Cal/10/78) suggested that it arose by recombination. It appears that only the HA, NA, M, and NS genes of this virus are derived from the earlier H1N1 viruses and that the P1, P2, P3, and NP genes most likely originate from an H3N2 parent. These data suggest that genetic variation in influenza virus strains of the same serotype is not restricted to mutation alone, but can also involve recombination (reassortment).
A Binding Interface on the I Domain of Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen-1 (LFA-1) Required for Specific Interaction with Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) (1995)

Previous studies have shown that lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) molecules containing the human alpha (CD11a) and human beta (CD18) subunits but not the murine alpha and human beta subunits can bind to human intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Using human/mouse LFA-1 alpha subunit chimeras, we mapped regions required for binding to ICAM-1 N-terminal to amino acid (aa) residue 350. Ligand binding sites were mapped in greater detail by scanning this region with murine sequences from 56 down to 17 aa in length and finally by introducing single or few murine aa residue replacements into the human sequence. Replacement of two non-contiguous regions of aa residues 119-153 and 218-248 in the me domain with the corresponding mouse sequences abolished most binding to human ICAM-1, without affecting alpha beta subunit association or expression on the surface of transfected COS cells. Specific residues within the I domain found to be important were Met-140, Glu-146, Thr-243, and Ser-245. Using the recently solved structure of the Mac-1 (CD11b) I domain as a model (Lee, J.-O., Rieu, P., Arnaout, M.A., and Liddington, R. (1995) Cell 80, 631-638), these residues are shown to be located on the surface of the I domain surrounding the site to which Mg2+ is chelated, and fine a ligand binding interface. Mapping of the epitopes of a panel of mouse anti-human and rat anti-mouse monoclonal antibodies gave concordant results. Epitopes were mapped to two different regions in the N-terminal domain, four regions within the I domain, and two regions between the I domain and the EF hand-like repeats. Monoclonal antibodies to epitopes within the mid- to C-terminal portion of the I domain and the N-terminal portion of the region between the I domain and the EF hand-like repeats gave good inhibition of LFA-1-dependent homotypic aggregation with cells that express either ICAM-1 or ICAM-3 as the major LFA-1 ligand.
Ribozymes: A New Frontier in Anti-HIV Strategy (1991)

A recent addition to the arsenal of antiviral agents are small, single-stranded catalytic RNAs (ribozymes) capable of specific destruction of target RNAs, leading to their functional inactivation. These dual features--substrate specificity inherent in nucleic acid complementarity coupled with catalytic degradation of the bound substrate--are analogous to sophisticated antisense oligonucleotides having restriction enzyme properties. Ribozymes fulfill certain criteria critical to the design of effective antiviral agents in (1) having the ability to interrupt a critical step early in the virus replication cycle before the virus has extensively damaged cellular machinery; (2) having sufficient specificity to interfere with critical viral functions without affecting host processes; and (3) having activity against a variety of viral strains generated throughout the course of the infection, especially for highly mutable pathogens, such as HIV. Several reports have now demonstrated the capability of molecularly tailored ribozymes to block gene expression by specifically cleaving the cognate RNA transcript.
The Effect of shape on Cellular Uptake of Gold Nanoparticles in the forms of Stars, Rods, and Triangles (2017)

Gold nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest as vehicles for intracellular drug delivery. In our study, we synthesized three different shapes of methylpolyethylene glycol coated-anisotropic gold nanoparticles: stars, rods, and triangles. The cellular internalization of these nanoparticles by RAW264.7 cells was analyzed, providing a parametric evaluation of the effect of shape. The efficiency of cellular uptake of the gold nanoparticles was found to rank in the following order from lowest to highest: stars, rods, and triangles. The possible mechanisms of cellular uptake for the three types of gold nanoparticles were examined, and it was found that different shapes tended to use the various endocytosis pathways in different proportions. Our study, which has demonstrated that shape can modulate the uptake of nanoparticles into RAW264.7 cells and that triangles were the shape with the most efficient cellular uptake, provides useful guidance toward the design of nanomaterials for drug delivery.