gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nongenomic Actions of Bile Acids. Synthesis and Preliminary Characterization of 23- and 6,23-Alkyl-Substituted Bile Acid Derivatives as Selective Modulators for the G-Protein Coupled Receptor TGR5 (2007)

23-Alkyl-substituted and 6,23-alkyl-disubstituted derivatives of chenodeoxycholic acid are identified as potent and selective agonists of TGR5, a G-protein coupled receptor for bile acids (BAs). In particular, we show that methylation at the C-23(S) position of natural BAs confers a marked selectivity for TGR5 over FXR, while the 6alpha-alkyl substitution increases the potency at both receptors. The present results allow for the first time a pharmacological differentiation of genomic versus nongenomic effects mediated by BA derivatives.
Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 Using the Complexes [Re(bpy)(CO)3L]n (n = +1, L = P(OEt)3, CH3CN; n = 0, L = Cl-, Otf-; bpy = 2,2‘-Bipyridine; Otf- = CF3SO3) as Catalyst Precursors:  Infrared Spectroelectrochemical Investigation (1996)

This article describes the results of an IR spectroelectrochemical study of the electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide using the complexes [Re(CO)3(bpy)L]n (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine; n = 0, L = Cl-, CF3SO3-; n = +1, L = CH3CN, P(OEt)3) as catalyst precursors. The study was performed for the first time with an optically transparent thin-layer electrochemical (OTTLE) cell. The results confirm unambiguously the catalytic activity of the reduced five-coordinate complexes, the radical [Re(CO)3(bpy)]• and the anion [Re(CO)3(bpy)]-. The catalytic behavior of these species could be investigated separately for the first time due to the application of complexes other than those with L = halide, whose catalytic routes may involve simultaneously both radical and anionic catalysis depending on the solvent used. The complex [Re(CO)3(bpy)Cl], so far the most studied catalyst precursor, upon one-electron reduction gives the corresponding radical-anion [Re(CO)3(bpy)Cl]•-, which was previously believed to react directly with CO2. By contrast, this study demonstrates its stability toward attack by CO2, which may only take place after dissociation of the chloride ligand. This conclusion also applies to other six-coordinate radicals [Re(CO)3(bpy)L]• (L = CH3CN (in CH3CN) and P(OEt)3) whose catalytic route requires subsequent one-electron reduction to produce the anionic catalyst [Re(CO)3(bpy)]- (the 2e pathway). The catalytic route of [Re(CO)3(bpy)Cl] in CH3CN therefore deviates from that of the related [Re(CO)3(dmbpy)Cl], the other complex studied by IR (reflectance) spectroelectrochemistry, with the more basic ligand, 4,4‘-dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyridine (dmbpy). The latter complex tends to form the five-coordinate radicals [Re(CO)3(dmbpy)]•, capable of CO2 reduction (the 1e pathway), even in CH3CN, hence eliminating the possibility of the 2e pathway via the anion [Re(CO)3(dmbpy)]-, which operates in the case of the 2,2‘-bipyridine complex. For [Re(CO)3(bpy)L]n (n = 0, L = Cl-, CF3SO3-; n = +1, L = CH3CN), the 1e catalytic route becomes possible in weakly coordinating THF, due to the instability of the radical [Re(CO)3(bpy)(THF)]•. The inherent stability of the radical [Re(CO)3(bpy){P(OEt)3}]• was found convenient for the investigation of the 2e pathway via [Re(CO)3(bpy)]-. The main, spectroscopically observed products of the CO2 reduction are, independent of the 1e and 2e catalytic routes, CO, CO32-, and free CO2H-. The latter product is formed via one-electron reduction of the radical anion [Re(CO)3(bpy)(CO2H)]•-, which is the main byproduct in the catalytic cycle.
Controlling Helix Formation in the γ‐Peptide Superfamily: Heterogeneous Foldamers with Urea/Amide and Urea/Carbamate Backbones (2013)

One fold to rule them all: New heterogeneous aliphatic backbone foldamers belonging to the γ-peptide superfamily and containing various combinations of urea/amide (U/A) and urea/carbamate (U/C) units are reported. Structural studies at atomic resolution reveal hydrogen-bonded helical structures akin to that formed by cognate Un homooligomers.
Paracrine effects of transplanted myoblasts and relaxin on post‐infarction heart remodelling (2007)

In the post-infarcted heart, grafting of precursor cells may partially restore heart function but the improvement is modest and the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. Here, we explored this issue by transplanting C2C12 myoblasts, genetically engineered to express enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) or eGFP and the cardiotropic hormone relaxin (RLX) through coronary venous route to swine with experimental chronic myocardial infarction. The rationale was to deliver constant, biologically effective levels of RLX at the site of cell engraftment. One month after engraftment, histological analysis showed that C2C12 myoblasts selectively settled in the ischaemic scar and were located around blood vessels showing an activated endothelium (ICAM-1-,VCAM-positive). C2C12 myoblasts did not trans-differentiate towards a cardiac phenotype, but did induce extracellular matrix remodelling by the secretion of matrix metalloproteases (MMP) and increase microvessel density through the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Relaxin-producing C2C12 myoblasts displayed greater efficacy to engraft the post-ischaemic scar and to induce extracellular matrix re-modelling and angiogenesis as compared with the control cells. By echocardiography, C2C12-engrafted swine showed improved heart contractility compared with the ungrafted controls, especially those producing RLX. We suggest that the beneficial effects of myoblast grafting on cardiac function are primarily dependent on the paracrine effects of transplanted cells on extracellular matrix remodelling and vascularization. The combined treatment with myoblast transplantation and local RLX production may be helpful in preventing deleterious cardiac remodelling and may hold therapeutic possibility for post-infarcted patients.
Characterization of the human basophil response to cytokines, growth factors, and histamine releasing factors of the intercrine/chemokine family (1993)

We have tested the histamine releasing properties and priming abilities of a wide range of recombinant or purified cytokines and growth factors on the basophils of 20 subjects (10 atopic and 10 nonatopic). We found that monocyte chemotactic and activating factor/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCAF/MCP-1), RANTES, human macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha and human inflammatory protein-1 beta, Connective tissue activating peptide III and Neutrophil Activating Peptide-2 (NAP-2) cause histamine release from basophils and are all members of the intercrine/chemokine family. MCAF/MCP-1 was as potent as anti-IgE or C5a and it is clearly the major contributor to histamine releasing factor activity. RANTES was the second major histamine releasing factor among the positive cytokines. Both MCAF/MCP-1 and RANTES are present in conditioned mononuclear cell media and can be separated using Mono Q anion exchange chromatography. We also demonstrated that RANTES has unusual chromatographic properties in spite of its isoelectric point of > 9.0 because it is largely found in peak-2 of the Mono Q column rather than peak-1 in which intercrines such as MCAF/MCP-1, IL-8, and connective tissue activating peptide III are found. All other cytokines and growth factors tested were negative, with the exception of IL-3, which caused histamine release in a subpopulation of subjects, and also primed basophils for release by anti-IgE. Other basophil primers for anti-IgE-dependent histamine release were IL-5, mast cell growth factor (c-kit ligand), and insulin-like growth factor II. Using specific neutralizing antibodies we have shown that MCAF/MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-3 contribute significantly to the activity found in mononuclear cell culture supernatants. Granulocyte-macrophage-CSF, IP-10, I-309, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IgE-binding factor, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta 1, fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and endothelial cell growth factor were negative for direct histamine release and as primers of basophils. Our results indicate that cytokines belonging to the intercrine/chemokine family are major constituents of the activity known as "histamine releasing factor" found in MNC supernatants.
The Expression of IL-6 and its Related Genes in Acute Leukemia (1996)

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blast cells frequently produce interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other cytokines such as colony-stimulating factors (CSF: G-CSF, M-CSF, and GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-1. The AML blast cells that produced IL-6 alone could not form autonomous in vitro colonies, whereas the blast cells that coexpressed CSF in addition to IL-6 were able to form such colonies. This suggests that IL-6 acts as a costimulator to enhance CSF-induced clonogenicity of AML blast cells. TNF-alpha and IL-1 that are produced from the blast cells may stimulate the growth of the AML blast cells by inducing production of CSF in bone marrow stromal cells or in the blast cell population itself. Improvement of clinical manifestations by the administration of an anti-IL-6 murine monoclonal antibody in a patient with AML-M5B confirmed an important role of IL-6 in in-vivo growth of the blast cells. The mRNA expression of IL-6 and its related genes in AML and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) blast cells was analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). IL-6 mRNA expression was common in AML, but rare in ALL, whereas the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) mRNA was expressed in almost all cases of AML and in more than half of the cases of ALL. In contrast, gp130 was ubiquitously expressed in both AML and ALL. A significant correlation between the levels of IL-6R expression and the responsiveness of the blast cells to exogenous IL-6 was observed. This suggests the possibility of the rapid prediction of the responsiveness of leukemic cells to exogenous IL-6 (IL-6 administration for therapy) by rapid measurement of IL-6R mRNA by RT-PCR.
Bacterial gene therapy strategies (2005)

The ability of bacteria to mediate gene transfer has only recently been established and these observations have led to the utilization of various bacterial strains in gene therapy. The types of bacteria used include attenuated strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria, and Yersinia, as well as non-pathogenic Escherichia coli. For some of these vectors, the mechanism of DNA transfer from the bacteria to the mammalian cell is not yet fully understood but their potential to deliver therapeutic molecules has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo in experimental models. Therapeutic benefits have been observed in vaccination against infectious diseases, immunotherapy against cancer, and topical delivery of immunomodulatory cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. In the case of attenuated Salmonella, used as a tumour-targeting vector, clinical trials in humans have demonstrated the proof of principle but they have also highlighted the need for the generation of strains with reduced toxicities and improved colonization properties. Altogether, the encouraging results obtained in the studies presented in this review justify further development of bacteria as a therapeutic vector against many types of pathology.
Structured programming (1972)

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the art of computer programming, the conceptual tools available for the design of programs, and the prevention of programming oversights and error. The initial outstanding contribution to our understanding of this subject was made by E. W. Dijkstra, whose Notes on Structured Programming form the first and major section of this book. They clearly expound the reflections of a brilliant programmer on the methods which he has hitherto unconsciously applied; there can be no programmer of the present day who could not increase his skills by a study and conscious application of these principles.

In the second monograph I have tried to describe how similar principles can be applied in the design of data structures. I have suggested that in analysing a problem and groping towards a solution, a programmer should take advantage of abstract concepts such as sets, sequences, and mappings; and judiciously postpone decisions on representation until he is constructing the more detailed code of the program. The monograph also describes a range of useful ideas for data representation, and suggests the criteria relevant for their selection.

The third monograph provides a synthesis of the previous two, and expounds the close theoretical and practical connections between the design of data and the design of programs. It introduces useful additional methods for program and data structuring which may be unfamiliar to many programmers. The examples show that structured programming principles can be equally applied in bottom-up as in top-down program design. The original inspiration, insight, and all the examples were contributed by O.-J. Dahl; I have only assembled the material, and added some additional explanations where I found it difficult to understand.
Constituents of Pterocarpus marsupium (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConstituents of Pterocarpus marsupiumR. Maurya, A. B. Ray, F. K. Duah, D. J. Slatkin, and P. L. Schiff JrCite this: J. Nat. Prod. 1984, 47, 1, 179–181Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 July 2004Published inissue 1 January 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np50031a029https://doi.org/10.1021/np50031a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views441Altmetric-Citations42LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Gonococcal transferrin-binding protein 2 facilitates but is not essential for transferrin utilization (1994)

Pathogenic Neisseria species have been shown to scavenge iron from transferrin (Tf), although the mechanism is not yet fully understood. Two iron-repressible proteins that exhibit Tf-binding activity have been identified. This work describes the cloning and sequencing of tbpB, a 2.1-kb gene in N. gonorrhoeae that encodes Tbp2, an 85-kDa iron-repressible lipoprotein. Transcriptional interruption of tbpB had a strong polar effect on tbpA, the structural gene for Tbp1 that is located immediately downstream from tbpB. Such tbpB mutants did not express either Tbp2 or Tbp1, did not bind Tf to whole cells, did not grow on Tf plates, and did not take up iron from Tf. A mutant in which most of tbpB was deleted, presumably leaving tbpA under transcriptional control of the tbpB promoter, was constructed. This mutant did not express Tbp2 but expressed wild-type levels of Tbp1 and possessed the phenotype of reduced binding of Tf, decreased iron uptake from Tf, but normal growth on Tf plates. Mutants expressing Tbp2 and not Tbp1 bound less Tf, did not grow on Tf plates, and did not take up iron from Tf. These results suggest that tbpB and tbpA are polycistronic. Tbp2 apparently facilitates binding of Tf but is not essential for acquisition of iron from Tf under these in vitro conditions.
Minimization of end-fire radar echo of a long thin body by impedance loading (1966)

A theory on the minimization of the end-fire radar echo of a long, thin body by an impedance loading technique is presented. When a long, thin body is illuminated by a plane wave in the region of longitudinal incidence, a large backscatter is observed. This backscatter is due to the induced traveling wave which is reflected from the rear end of the body. By an appropriate impedance loading, this backscatter can be minimized. In this paper, the induced current on a long, thin and loaded cylinder is studied. The optimum impedance loading which minimizes the end-fire radar echo is explicitly obtained. Theoretical results are compared with the experimental data and an excellent agreement is obtained.
Cross-linking of B lymphocyte Fc gamma receptors and membrane immunoglobulin inhibits anti-immunoglobulin-induced blastogenesis. (1984)

The Fc portion of rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin (Ig) antibodies interferes with anti-Ig-induced B lymphocyte activation as measured by DNA synthesis on day 3 of culture or maturation to Ig-secreting cells in the presence of soluble helper factors on day 4 or 5. To investigate this Fc-dependent effect at an earlier stage in B cell activation, rabbit IgG anti-mouse mu-chain- or delta-chain-specific antibodies were compared with their F(ab')2 fragments for the ability to induce mouse B cells to undergo blast transformation, as defined by an increase in cell volume during the first 24 hr of culture. Both F(ab')2 anti-Ig reagents induce blast transformation, although F(ab')2 anti-mu antibodies induce a greater size change than F(ab')2 anti-delta antibodies. Whole anti-mu or anti-delta antibodies do not induce blast transformation; however, in the presence of a monoclonal anti-mouse Fc gamma receptor antibody that blocks IgG binding to Fc gamma receptors (Fc gamma R), whole anti-mu or anti-delta antibodies induce blast transformation as well as their F(ab')2 fragments. Because the anti-Fc gamma R antibody alone has no effect on blast transformation, it appears that the simultaneous binding of membrane IgM (or IgD) and Fc gamma R by whole anti-Ig antibodies prevents this early event in membrane Ig-induced B cell activation.
In situ localization of mitochondrial DNA replication in intact mammalian cells. (1996)

Nearly all of the known activities required for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication and expression are nuclear-encoded gene products, necessitating communication between these two physically distinct intracellular compartments. A significant amount of both general and specific biochemical information about mtDNA replication in mammalian cells has been known for almost two decades. Early studies achieved selective incorporation of the thymidine analog 5-Bromo-2-deoxy-Uridine (BrdU) into mtDNA of thymidine kinase-deficient (TK[-]) cells. We have revisited this approach from a cellular perspective to determine whether there exist spatiotemporal constraints on mtDNA replication. Laser-scanning confocal microscopy was used to selectively detect mtDNA synthesis in situ in cultured mammalian cells using an immunocytochemical double-labeling approach to visualize the incorporation of BrdU into mtDNA of dye-labeled mitochondria. In situ detection of BrdU-incorporated mtDNA was feasible after a minimum of 1-2 h treatment with BrdU, consistent with previous biochemical studies that determined the time required for completion of a round of mtDNA replication. Interestingly, the pattern of BrdU incorporation into the mtDNA of cultured mammalian cells consistently radiated outward from a perinuclear position, suggesting that mtDNA replication first occurs in the vicinity of nuclear-provided materials. Newly replicated mtDNA then appears to rapidly distribute throughout the dynamic cellular mitochondrial network.
MPLS Upstream Label Assignment and Context-Specific Label Space (2008)

RFC 3031 limits the MPLS architecture to downstream-assigned MPLS
labels. This document introduces the notion of upstream-assigned MPLS
labels. It describes the procedures for upstream MPLS label assignment
and introduces the concept of a Context-Specific Label Space.
[STANDARDS-TRACK]
Use Your Head! Exploring Interaction Modalities for Hat Technologies (2019)

As our landscape of wearable technologies proliferates, we find more devices situated on our heads. However, many challenges hinder them from widespread adoption - from their awkward, bulky form factor (today's AR and VR goggles) to their socially stigmatized designs (Google Glass) and a lack of a well-developed head-based interaction design language. In this paper, we explore a socially acceptable, large, head-worn interactive wearable - a hat. We report results from a gesture elicitation study with 17 participants, extract a taxonomy of gestures, and define a set of design concerns for interactive hats. Through this lens, we detail the design and fabrication of three hat prototypes capable of sensing touch, head movements, and gestures, and including ambient displays of several types. Finally, we report an evaluation of our hat prototype and insights to inform the design of future hat technologies.
Probe Car System based Traffic Information Service Experiment (2006)

The paper introduces the experiment of traffic information service based on probe car system in Beijing of China. It is sponsored by JETRO of Japan, for the protection of environment like deceasing energy consuming and air pollution. About 2000 taxies running on roads send GPS and other status data in real time to the data base of the taxi dispatching center, which transmits the data to the data base in the traffic information center via Internet. In the traffic information center, the probe information system matches the location of taxies on the digital map, calculates the average running speed and travel time on road links, and distributes the traffic information to users every five minutes through FM radio. Based on the information, users can plan the trip before driving based on the instruction of on-board navigator embedded with FM decoder, or drive the destination with its dynamic instruction
Semiconductor optical amplifier-based all-optical gates for high-speed optical processing (2000)

Semiconductor optical amplifiers are useful building blocks for all-optical gates as wavelength converters and OTDM demultiplexers. The paper reviews the progress from simple gates using cross-gain modulation and four-wave mixing to the integrated interferometric gates using cross-phase modulation. These gates are very efficient for high-speed signal processing and open up interesting new areas, such as all-optical regeneration and high-speed all-optical logic functions.