gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diversity : an aspect of the business case and leadership competence (2005)

Extracted from text ... I 
Diversity: 
an aspect of the business case 
and leadership competence 
12 Management Today March 2005 
It is argued that, although often perceived 
in South Africa as no more than race and 
gender issues, diversity comprises far more 
than simply these variables and is rapidly 
becoming a strategic business imperative 
for many large businesses, operating both 
in South Africa and elsewhere. 
It is suggested that organisational characteristics, 
from leadership to culture to 
operational arrangements and, of course, 
products and services, are determined by 
the operating context. Thus, performance 
depends on an ability to adapt to the context. 
This means ..
Adaptive biasing of a 5.8GHz CMOS oscillator (2005)

A key concept for VCOs in next-generation RF links is to allow phase noise performance to be scaled back to save power in times of reduced demand. A 5.8 GHz VCO and biasing circuitry in a 0.5 μm CMOS process have a performance adjustable from -107 dBc/Hz (1 MHz offset) with 6.2 mW dissipated to -121 dBc/Hz using 70 mW.
Procedures for Detecting Outlying Observations in Samples (1969)

Abstract Procedures are given for determining statistically whether the highest observation, the lowest observation, the highest and lowest observations, the two highest observations, the two lowest observations, or more of the observations in the sample are statistical outliers. Both the statistical formulae and the application of the procedures to examples are given, thus representing a rather complete treatment of tests for outliers in single samples. This paper has been prepared primarily as an expository and tutorial article on the problem of detecting outlying observations in much experimental work. We cover only tests of significance in thii paper.
Glycosphingolipid-enriched Signaling Domain in Mouse Neuroblastoma Neuro2a Cells (1999)

Differentiation and neuritogenesis of mouse neuroblastoma Neuro2a cells are induced by exogenous ganglioside but are not induced by nerve growth factor because its receptor is absent in these cells. In view of the emerging concept of the "glycosphingolipid-enriched domain" (GEM), we studied the mechanism of the ganglioside effect, focusing on the structure and function of such a domain. GEM in Neuro2a cells, separated as a low density membrane fraction, contains essentially all glycosphingolipids and sphingomyelin, together with five signal transducer molecules (c-Src, Lyn, Csk, Rho A, Ha-Ras). (3)H-Labeled Il(3)NeuAc-LacCer (GM3), Gb4Cer (globoside), and Il(3)NeuAc-Gg4Cer (GM1) added exogenously to cells were incorporated and concentrated in the low density GEM fraction. In contrast, more than 50% of glycerophospholipids and 30% of cholesterol were found in the high density fraction. (3)H-Labeled phosphatidylcholine added exogenously to cells was incorporated exclusively in the high density fraction. c-Src, the predominant signal transducer in the microdomain, was coimmunoprecipitated with anti-GM3 antibody DH2 or with anti-Csk; reciprocally, Csk was coimmunoprecipitated with anti-c-Src, indicating a close association of GM3, c-Src, and Csk. Brief stimulation of an isolated GEM fraction by the exogenous addition of GM3, but not lactosylceramide, caused enhanced c-Src phosphorylation with a concomitant decrease of Csk level in GEM. A decreased Csk/c-Src ratio in GEM may cause activation of c-Src because Csk is a negative regulator of c-Src. The effect of exogenous GM3 on c-Src activity was also observed in intact Neuro2a cells. Activation of c-Src was followed by rapid and prolonged (60 min) enhancement of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity leading to neuritogenesis. Thus, the ganglioside induction of neuritogenesis in Neuro2a cells is mediated by GEM structure and function.
Toward highly efficient cell-type-specific gene transfer with retroviral vectors displaying single-chain antibodies (1997)

Recently, we constructed retroviral vector particles derived from spleen necrosis virus (SNV) that display a single-chain antibody (scA) on the viral surface. By transient transfection protocols, we showed that such particles are competent for infection and cell type specific. Efficient infection was dependent on the presence of wild-type envelope, although wild-type SNV was not infectious on target cells (T.-H. T. Chu and R. Dornburg, J. Virol. 69:2659-2663, 1995; T.-H. T. Chu, I. Martinez, W. C. Sheay, and R. Dornburg, Gene Ther. 1:292-299, 1994). In this study, stable packaging lines were constructed and detailed biological and biochemical studies were performed. Chimeric scA-envelope fusion proteins were expressed as efficiently as wild-type envelope and were stable over a period of at least 6 h. Only a fully functional wild-type envelope could act as a helper for efficient virus penetration. The ratio of wild-type envelope protein to chimeric envelope protein appears to determine the efficiency of infection. Virus titers of targeting vectors obtained from stable packaging lines were as high as 10(4) CFU/ml. A 25-fold concentration of vector virus stocks resulted in a 200-fold increase in virus titers (up to 10(6) CFU/ml). These data indicate that an inhibitor of infection was (at least partially) removed by the concentration protocol. Our data show that this technology has several variables for further improvements and, therefore, has the potential to become a powerful tool for cell-type-specific in vivo human gene therapy.
An in vitro test model for investigation of disinfection of dentinal tubules infected with Enterococcus faecalis. (1997)

The aim of the present study was to develop an in vitro test model from human teeth to comparatively examine antibacterial effectiveness of calcium hydroxide, parachlorophenol (PCP) and camphorated parachlorophenol (CPCP) against Enterococcus faecalis in infected root canals. Cylindrical dentin specimens were prepared from freshly extracted human maxillary anterior teeth. The specimens were inoculated with E. faecalis and then medicated with either CPCP, PCP or Ca(OH)2. The disinfecting efficacy of these agents was tested by collecting dentin chips from the inner ("canal") walls of the specimens and counting viable E. faecalis. The dentin chips were diluted and a classical bacterial count technique was used for recovery of E. faecalis strains of 5% sheep blood agar. The effectiveness of CPCP and PCP at one day was superior to the effectiveness of Ca(OH)2. In the three-day group, CPCP was the most effective, followed by Ca(OH)2. The experimental model used in this study may be useful for investigation of the effect of intracanal medicaments on microorganisms lodged in the root dentinal tubules.
Rank products: a simple, yet powerful, new method to detect differentially regulated genes in replicated microarray experiments (2004)

One of the main objectives in the analysis of microarray experiments is the identification of genes that are differentially expressed under two experimental conditions. This task is complicated by the noisiness of the data and the large number of genes that are examined simultaneously. Here, we present a novel technique for identifying differentially expressed genes that does not originate from a sophisticated statistical model but rather from an analysis of biological reasoning. The new technique, which is based on calculating rank products (RP) from replicate experiments, is fast and simple. At the same time, it provides a straightforward and statistically stringent way to determine the significance level for each gene and allows for the flexible control of the false-detection rate and familywise error rate in the multiple testing situation of a microarray experiment. We use the RP technique on three biological data sets and show that in each case it performs more reliably and consistently than the non-parametric t-test variant implemented in Tusher et al.'s significance analysis of microarrays (SAM). We also show that the RP results are reliable in highly noisy data. An analysis of the physiological function of the identified genes indicates that the RP approach is powerful for identifying biologically relevant expression changes. In addition, using RP can lead to a sharp reduction in the number of replicate experiments needed to obtain reproducible results.
Improving the Power-Added Efficiency of FET Amplifiers Operating with Varying-Envelope Signals (1983)

A technique is proposed for improving the power-added efficiency of linear, class-A FET power amplifiers operating with varying-envelope signafs. It involves dynamically controlling the gate "dc" bias voltage with the envelope of the input RF signal. It is shown theoretically that this technique, which is referred to as "class A," results in a significant improvement in the power-added efficiency over standard class A, independently of the FET power gain. The efficiency is also better than that of standard class B if the FET gain is less than about 10 dB, which is the case normally encountered at higher microwave frequencies. The practical implementation of class /sup /spl equiv//A requires FET's with essentially linear drain-current-versus-gate-voltage transfer characteristics.
Smart Refresh: An Enhanced Memory Controller Design for Reducing Energy in Conventional and 3D Die-Stacked DRAMs (2007)

DRAMs require periodic refresh for preserving data stored in them. The refresh interval for DRAMs depends on the vendor and the design technology they use. For each refresh in a DRAM row, the stored information in each cell is read out and then written back to itself as each DRAM bit read is self-destructive. The refresh process is inevitable for maintaining data correctness, unfortunately, at the expense of power and bandwidth overhead. The future trend to integrate layers of 3D die-stacked DRAMs on top of a processor further exacerbates the situation as accesses to these DRAMs will be more frequent and hiding refresh cycles in the available slack becomes increasingly difficult. Moreover, due to the implication of temperature increase, the refresh interval of 3D die-stacked DRAMs will become shorter than those of conventional ones. This paper proposes an innovative scheme to alleviate the energy consumed in DRAMs. By employing a time-out counter for each memory row of a DRAM module, all the unnecessary periodic refresh operations can be eliminated. The basic concept behind our scheme is that a DRAM row that was recently read or written to by the processor (or other devices that share the same DRAM) does not need to be refreshed again by the periodic refresh operation, thereby eliminating excessive refreshes and the energy dissipated. Based on this concept, we propose a low-cost technique in the memory controller for DRAM power reduction. The simulation results show that our technique can reduce up to 86% of all refresh operations and 59.3% on the average for a 2 GB DRAM. This in turn results in a 52.6% energy savings for refresh operations. The overall energy saving in the DRAM is up to 25.7% with an average of 12.13% obtained for SPLASH-2, SPECint2000, and Biobench benchmark programs simulated on a 2 GB DRAM. For a 64 MB 3D DRAM, the energy saving is up to 21% and 9.37% on an average when the refresh rate is 64 ms. For a faster 32 ms refresh rate the maximum and average savings are 12% and 6.8% respectively.
mu opiate receptor: cDNA cloning and expression. (1993)

mu opiate receptors recognize morphine with high affinity. A 2.1-kb rat brain cDNA whose predicted translation product displays 63% identity with recently described delta and kappa opiate receptor sequences was identified through polymerase chain reaction and cDNA homology approaches. This cDNA recognizes a 10.5-kb mRNA that is expressed in thalamic neurons. COS-cell expression confers naloxonazine-, Na(+)-, and GTP-sensitive binding of mu but not delta or kappa opioid ligands. Expressing cells bind morphine, [D-Ala2,N-methyl-Phe4,glyol5]enkephalin (DAMGO), and [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin (DADLE) with nanomolar or subnanomolar affinities, defining a mu opiate receptor that avidly recognizes analgesic and euphoric opiate drugs and opioid peptides.
Dissociation and reassociation of oligomeric viral glycoprotein subunits in the endoplasmic reticulum (1991)

The vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) glycoprotein (G) forms noncovalently linked trimers in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) prior to transport to the cell surface. Here we examined the formation of heterotrimers between wild-type and mutant subunits that were retained in the ER by C-terminal retention signals. When G protein was coexpressed with mutant subunits that formed trimers at the wild-type rate and were transported from the ER at the wild-type rate, heterotrimers were readily detected. In contrast, when G protein was coexpressed with mutant subunits that formed trimers at the wild-type rate, but were retained in the ER, heterotrimers were not detected unless transport of the wild-type molecules from the ER was blocked. After removal of transport block, the heterotrimers then dissociated and reassorted to homotrimers of the mutant protein that were retained in the ER and wild-type trimers that were transported to the cell surface. These and other results presented here indicate that there is an equilibrium between G protein trimers and monomers in vivo, at least in the ER. This equilibrium may function to allow escape of wild-type subunits from aberrant retained subunits.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Mammography, Clinical Examination, US, and MR Imaging in Preoperative Assessment of Breast Cancer (2004)

In nonfatty breasts, US and MR imaging were more sensitive than mammography for invasive cancer, but both MR imaging and US involved risk of overestimation of tumor extent. Combined mammography, clinical examination, and MR imaging were more sensitive than any other individual test or combination of tests.
Ligand Discrimination by TPR Domains (2002)

Protein-protein interaction modules containing so-called tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs) mediate the assembly of Hsp70/Hsp90 multi-chaperone complexes. The TPR1 and TPR2A domains of the Hsp70/Hsp90 adapter protein p60/Hop specifically bind to short peptides corresponding to the C-terminal tails of Hsp70 and Hsp90, respectively, both of which contain the highly conserved sequence motif EEVD-COOH. Here, we quantitatively assessed the contribution of TPR-mediated peptide recognition to Hsp70.Hop.Hsp90 complex formation. The interaction of TPR2A with the C-terminal pentapeptide of Hsp90 (MEEVD) is identified as the core contact for Hop binding to Hsp90. (In peptide sequences, italics are used to highlight residues specific for Hsp70 or Hsp90.) In contrast, formation of the Hsp70.Hop complex depends not only on recognition of the C-terminal Hsp70 heptapeptide (PTIEEVD) by TPR1 but also on additional contacts between Hsp70 and Hop. The sequence motifs for TPR1 and TPR2A binding were defined by alanine scanning of the C-terminal octapeptides of Hsp70 and Hsp90 and by screening of combinatorial peptide libraries. Asp0 and Val-1 of the EEVD motif are identified as general anchor residues, but the highly conserved glutamates of the EEVD sequence, which are critical in Hsp90 binding by TPR2A, do not contribute appreciably to the interaction of Hsp70 with TPR1. Rather, TPR1 prefers hydrophobic amino acids in these positions. Moreover, the TPR domains display a pronounced tendency to interact preferentially with hydrophobic aliphatic and aromatic side chains in positions -4 and -6 of their respective peptide ligands. Ile-4 in Hsp70 and Met-4 in Hsp90 are most important in determining the specific binding of TPR1 and TPR2A, respectively.
Medulloblastoma Growth Inhibition by Hedgehog Pathway Blockade (2002)

Constitutive Hedgehog (Hh) pathway activity is associated with initiation of neoplasia, but its role in the continued growth of established tumors is unclear. Here, we investigate the therapeutic efficacy of the Hh pathway antagonist cyclopamine in preclinical models of medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Cyclopamine treatment of murine medulloblastoma cells blocked proliferation in vitro and induced changes in gene expression consistent with initiation of neuronal differentiation and loss of neuronal stem cell-like character. This compound also caused regression of murine tumor allografts in vivo and induced rapid death of cells from freshly resected human medulloblastomas, but not from other brain tumors, thus establishing a specific role for Hh pathway activity in medulloblastoma growth.
Kinetic studies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease and its active-site hydrogen bond mutant A28S. (1991)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease optimally catalyzes in the pH range of 4-6 in contrast to nearly all of the other eukaryotic aspartic proteases, which catalyze best in the pH range of 2-4.A possible structural reason for the higher optimal pH of HIV-1 protease is the absence of a hydrogen bond to the carboxyl group of active-site Asp", which is nearly universally present in others.To investigate this hypothesis, we have mutated residue 28 in HIV-1 protease from alanine to serine.Both the wild-type and the mutant A28S enzymes have been overexpressed in Escherichia coli using a chemically synthesized gene and purified for a comparative study in enzyme kinetics.The kcat and K,,, values were determined by a radiometric assay for the wild-type enzyme from pH 3.2 to 7.0, and for the mutant enzyme from pH 3.2 to 6.0.The low pK values of the active site of the free enzyme, pKel, are 3.3 and 3.4 for the wild-type and mutant enzymes, respectively.The low pK values of the active site of the enzyme bound to substrate, pKes,, are 5.1 and 4.3 for the wild-type and mutant enzymes, respectively.The high pK values of the free enzyme, pKe2, are 6.8 and 5.6, and the corresponding ones for the substrate-bound enzyme, pKes2, are 6.9 and 6.0 for the wild-type and mutant enzymes, respectively.The lowering of pK values in mutant HIV-1 protease indicates that the hydroxyl group of Ser2' forms a new hydrogen bond to active-site AspzS to increase its acidity.Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-l),' an etiological agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndromes ( l ) , encodes a 11-kDa protease in the pol open reading frame.This protease is responsible for an autoproteolytic release of the protease from the gag-pol fusion precursor protein and a subsequent processing of the gag and pol proteins to yield
Ultrastructure and enzyme complement of proplastids from heterotrophically grown cells of the red algaGaldieria sulphuraria (2007)

The unicellular thermoacidophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria is known to grow autotrophically as well as heterotrophically on a wide variety of organic carbon sources. Strain 107.79 becomes nearly colourless when grown heterotrophically on lactose. Under autotrophic conditions, a dominant chloroplast occupies most of the cell volume, while very small, yellow to colourless plastid-like organelles were observed in heterotrophic cells. Their exact number could not be established with certainty. To investigate the role of these algal proplastids, we developed a method to isolate intact organelles from heterotrophic cells via sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. Using electron microscopy, these organelles were shown to have a morphology similar to proplastids with a double membrane envelope, very few thylakoids and one to several dense bodies, apparently plastoglobuli. Investigation of the enzymatic capacities of isolated proplastids showed activity of triose phosphate isomerase and NAD-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), but NADP-GAPDH, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, fructose-1,6 P2 aldolase, fructose-1,6 P2 phosphatase, and malate dehydrogenase were not detected. These findings were supported by the pattern of plastid- and cytosol-specific isozymes of sugar phosphate metabolism and indicate that heterotrophically grown cells of G. sulphuraria 107.79 have not only lost their photosynthetic apparatus but also exhibit an extremely reduced enzyme complement in their dedifferentiated plastid organelle.
Potent Ligands for Prokaryotic UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase That Exploit an Enzyme Subsite (2008)

UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM or Glf), which catalyzes the interconversion of UDP-galactopyranose and UDP-galactofuranose, is implicated in the viability and virulence of multiple pathogenic microorganisms. Here we report the synthesis of high-affinity ligands for UGM homologues from Klebsiella pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The potency of these compounds stems from their ability to access both the substrate binding pocket and an adjacent site.
Identification of Novel Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Inhibitory Peptides Based on the Antimicrobial Peptide Database (2010)

To identify novel anti-HIV-1 peptides based on the antimicrobial peptide database (APD; http://aps.unmc.edu/AP/main.php), we have screened 30 candidates and found 11 peptides with 50% effective concentrations (EC(50)) of <10 microM and therapeutic indices (TI) of up to 17. Furthermore, among the eight peptides (with identical amino acid compositions but different sequences) generated by shuffling the sequence of an aurein 1.2 analog, two had a TI twice that of the original sequence. Because antiviral peptides in the database have an arginine/lysine (R/K) ratio of >1, increases in the Arg contents of amphibian maximin H5 and dermaseptin S9 peptides and the database-derived GLK-19 peptide improved the TIs. These examples demonstrate that the APD is a rich resource and a useful tool for developing novel HIV-1-inhibitory peptides.
Chlamydia trachomatisStrains and Virulence: Rethinking Links to Infection Prevalence and Disease Severity (2010)

An unanswered question concerning prevalence and disease severity of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection is whether more prevalent strains or strains more likely to cause serious disease complications are causally associated with specific virulence attributes. The major method for distinguishing chlamydial strains is based on differences in the major outer membrane protein (MOMP). A subset of MOMP serovars (D and E serovars) are easily the most prevalent strains identified worldwide, but MOMP serovar and genovar analyses have not yielded consistent strain-dependent virulence distinctions. Expansion of the definitions of chlamydial strains beyond the MOMP paradigm are needed to better understand virulence properties for this pathogen and how these properties reflect disease severity. Substantive genetic and phenotypic differences have emerged for the 2 major C. trachomatis pathobiotypes associated with either trachoma or sexually transmitted diseases, but differences within the sexually transmitted disease group have not yielded reliable disease severity attributes. A number of candidate virulence factors have been identified, including the polymorphic outer membrane autotransporter family of proteins, the putative large cytotoxin, type III secretion effectors, stress response proteins, and proteins or other regulatory factors produced by the cryptic plasmid. Continued work on development of a chlamydial gene transfer system and application of genomic approaches to large collections of clinical isolates will be required to associate key chlamydial virulence factors with prevalence and disease severity in a definitive way.