gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Firefly Bioluminescent Assay of ATP in the Presence of ATP Extractant by Using Liposomes (2005)

Liposomes containing phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cholesterol (Chol) were applied to the enhancer for firefly bioluminescence (BL) assay for ATP in the presence of cationic surfactants using as an extractant for the release of ATP from living cells. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) was used as an ATP extractant. However, BAC seriously inhibited the activity of luciferase, thus resulting in the remarkable decrease in the sensitivity of the BL assay for ATP. On the other hand, we found that BAC was associated with liposomes to form cationic liposomes containing BAC. The association rate of BAC with liposomes was faster than that of BAC with luciferase. As a result, the inhibitory effect of BAC on luciferase was eliminated in the presence of liposomes. In addition, cationic liposomes thus formed enhanced BL emission. BL measurement conditions were optimized in terms of liposome charge type, liposome size, and total concentration of PC and Chol. ATP can be sensitively determined without dilution of analytical samples by using liposomes. The detection limit of ATP with and without liposomes was 100 amol and 25 fmol in aqueous ATP standard solutions containing 0.06% BAC, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of ATP in Escherichia coli extracts. The BL intensity was linear from 4 x 10(4) to 1 x 10(7) cells mL(-1) in the absence of liposomes. On the other hand, the BL intensity was linear from 4 x 10(3) to 4 x 10(6) cells mL(-1) in the presence of liposomes. The detection limit of ATP in E. coli extracts was improved by a factor of 10 via use of liposomes.
Markerless tracking of small lung tumors for stereotactic radiotherapy (2015)

TTS can track small lung tumors if these are visible in kV projections. A 4DCT dataset can be used to validate kV tracking of moving targets. TTS and 4DCT displacement agreed to within 2 mm. TTS and RPM motion were closely associated but tumor motion during CBCT can vary from the planning 4DCT.
Highly Divergent Lentiviral Tat Proteins Activate Viral Gene Expression by a Common Mechanism (1999)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein (hTat) activates transcription initiated at the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter by a unique mechanism requiring recruitment of the human cyclin T1 (hCycT1) cofactor to the viral TAR RNA target element. While activation of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) gene expression by the EIAV Tat (eTat) protein appears similar in that the target element is a promoter proximal RNA, eTat shows little sequence homology to hTat, does not activate the HIV-1 LTR, and is not active in human cells that effectively support hTat function. To address whether eTat and hTat utilize similar or distinct mechanisms of action, we have cloned the equine homolog of hCycT1 (eCycT1) and examined whether it is required to mediate eTat function. Here, we report that expression of eCycT1 in human cells fully rescues eTat function and that eCycT1 and eTat form a protein complex that specifically binds to the EIAV, but not the HIV-1, TAR element. While hCycT1 is also shown to interact with eTat, the lack of eTat function in human cells is explained by the failure of the resultant protein complex to bind to EIAV TAR. Critical sequences in eCycT1 required to support eTat function are located very close to the amino terminus, i.e., distal to the HIV-1 Tat-TAR interaction motif previously identified in the hCycT1 protein. Together, these data provide a molecular explanation for the species tropism displayed by eTat and demonstrate that highly divergent lentiviral Tat proteins activate transcription from their cognate LTR promoters by essentially identical mechanisms.
Bile acid transporters (2009)

In liver and intestine, transporters play a critical role in maintaining the enterohepatic circulation and bile acid homeostasis. Over the past two decades, there has been significant progress toward identifying the individual membrane transporters and unraveling their complex regulation. In the liver, bile acids are efficiently transported across the sinusoidal membrane by the Na(+) taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide with assistance by members of the organic anion transporting polypeptide family. The bile acids are then secreted in an ATP-dependent fashion across the canalicular membrane by the bile salt export pump. Following their movement with bile into the lumen of the small intestine, bile acids are almost quantitatively reclaimed in the ileum by the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter. The bile acids are shuttled across the enterocyte to the basolateral membrane and effluxed into the portal circulation by the recently indentified heteromeric organic solute transporter, OSTalpha-OSTbeta. In addition to the hepatocyte and enterocyte, subgroups of these bile acid transporters are expressed by the biliary, renal, and colonic epithelium where they contribute to maintaining bile acid homeostasis and play important cytoprotective roles. This article will review our current understanding of the physiological role and regulation of these important carriers.
TFCP2c/LSF/LBP-1c is required for Snail1-induced fibronectin gene expression (2011)

Fibronectins are cell-secreted glycoproteins that modulate cell attachment, spreading, migration, morphology, differentiation and oncogenic transformation. Fibronectin expression is activated during EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) and is a hallmark of mesenchymal cells. It is shown in the present study that a transcription factor previously unrelated with EMT, TFCP2c/LSF/LBP-1c, was translocated to the nucleus and bound to the fibronectin promoter upon EMT induction by Snail1. Consequently, the interference of TFCP2c/LSF/LBP-1c's activity prevented fibronectin expression. Moreover, TFCP2c/LSF/LBP-1c was detected in nuclei of embryonic dermal mesenchymal cells adjacent to the hair bud, a cell population that expresses endogenous nuclear Snail1 and fibronectin. Therefore we indicate a new molecular role for TFCP2c/LSF/LBP-1c in fibronectin expression.
Fluid Flow Inhibits Endothelial Adhesiveness (1996)

Previous exposure to fluid flow decreased cytokine- or lipoprotein-stimulated endothelial cell superoxide production, VCAM-1 expression, and monocyte binding; the effects of flow appear to be due to NO. Flow-mediated NO-dependent regulation of oxidant-responsive transcription may influence the site of a lesion.
General Asymmetric Hydrogenation of 2-Alkyl- and 2-Aryl-Substituted Quinoxaline Derivatives Catalyzed by Iridium-Difluorphos: Unusual Halide Effect and Synthetic Application (2012)

A general asymmetric hydrogenation of a wide range of 2-alkyl- and 2-aryl-substituted quinoxaline derivatives catalyzed by an iridium-difluorphos complex has been developed. Under mild reaction conditions, the corresponding biologically relevant 2-substituted-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline units were obtained in high yields and good to excellent enantioselectivities up to 95%. With a catalyst ratio of S/C = 1000 and on a gram scale, the catalytic activity of the Ir-difluorphos complex was maintained showing its potential value. Finally, we demonstrated the application of our process in the synthesis of compound (S)-9, which is an inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP).
Embryonic stem cells and Nanog gene (2007)

OBJECTIVE: Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have a strong plasticity, but only can extract from embryos. Limited sources intensify research resistance. Finding of Nanog gene provides a new way for the source of stem cells. The article reviewed the relation between stem cell and Nanog gene as well as research progress. DATA SOURCES: A search for English literatures related to the ESCs and Nanog gene from January 2002 to November 2006 was conducted in PUBMED with the of embryonic stem cells, Nanog Meanwhile, relevant Chinese literatures published between January 2002 and November 2006 were searched in China Journal Full-text Database (CJFD) by using the key words of embryonic stem cells, Nanog STUDY SELECTION: Data were checked in the first trial, and all of the literature citations were checked. Inclusive criteria: articles about ESCs and Nanog gene. Exclusive criteria: repetitive researches and Meta analysis articles. DATA EXTRACTION: A total of 162 papers were collected, and 35 literatures were in accordance with the inclusive criteria, and 127 excluded literatures were with outmoded or repetitive content. The 35 papers accorded with the inclusive criteria were about transcriptional regulation of ESCs, Nanog gene and ESCs, Nanog gene and p53, Nanog gene and human, etc. Thirty of them were collected for the review. DATA SYNTHESIS: ESCs were pluripotent cells derived from the early embryos, which could differentiate into any functional cell of the body under a certain condition. A unique network of transcription factors might characterize self-renewal and simultaneously suppress differentiation. Through cell fusion, ESCs could erase the developmental programming of differentiated cell nuclei and impose pluripotency. Genes that mediated this conversion should be identifiable in ESCs. One candidate was Nanog gene, which had the capacity to entrain undifferentiated ESCs propagation. Nanog mRNA presented in pluripotent human and mouse cell lines, but was absent in adult stem cells. CONCLUSION: Nanog gene is a pluripotency sustaining factor in ESCs. Through cell fusion, ESCs can erase the developmental programming of differentiated cell nuclei and impose pluripotency.
The Benefits of Implanted Glucose Sensors (2007)

The most information about the constantly changing glucose levels in diabetes can be obtained though continuous glucose monitoring. Based on currently available glucose sensing technology, implanted glucose sensors offer the best combination of features of all types of continuous glucose monitors. Continuous glucose monitoring can be applied to a variety of situations, including management of diabetes, as well as treatment of trauma patients and other people with temporarily elevated glucose levels. Implanted glucose sensors have limitations and require engineering advances to match the accuracy of many established physiological monitors. Many of these advances will likely utilize nanotechnology.
Why Iressa Failed: Toward a Novel Use of Kinase Inhibitors (2003)

A phase III failure of Iressa, an inhibitor of the EGF receptor (EGFR), is viewed as a surprise. With a few exceptions, however, inhibitors of EGFR cannot be effective as a monotherapy in cancers with additional oncogenic changes (downstream of EGFR), which cause mitogen-independent proliferation. In other cases, combining these inhibitors with chemotherapy may lead to antagonism in cancer cells and/or aggravated side-effects. This review discusses why neither levels of EGFR nor doses of Iressa correlate with clinical response. We suggest a novel use of signal transduction inhibitors, including Iressa, to increase therapeutic index by modulating cycle-dependent and apoptosis-inducing chemotherapies. This approach may be most beneficial to patients who do not respond to monotherapy with kinase inhibitors. Development of molecular diagnostics will further diversify these strategies.
Kenya at the demographic turning point? Hypotheses and a proposed research agenda. (1990)

An analysis of the determinants and consequences of rapid population growth in Kenya represents an encounter in contrast and paradox. On the one hand, no country in Africa has had a longer tradition of concern about rapid population growth. Yet, the apparent record of achievement in population programming has been disappointing. On the other hand, in spite of concerns by Kenyan and World leaders about population growth that have sometimes reached alarmist proportions, this nation has been able to accommodate a high rate of population increase, although not without considerable effort and cost. This report examines these paradoxes by analyzing the manner in which Kenya has confronted its unusual demographic situation. It speculates why, now a quarter of a century after Independence, Kenya's demography may be entering a new phase of declining growth rates. The record of population change in Kenya is examined, and as an overlay to the demography, aspects of the way in which the Kenyan economy has performed, has accommodated, and has been influenced by rapid population growth is also presented. The interactions of population with the economy and how they have been conditioned by population policies and programming are summarized and recommendations are provided.
Clonal drift of cell surface, melanogenic, and experimental metastatic properties of in vivo-selected, brain meninges-colonizing murine B16 melanoma. (1982)

Abstract Using the B16 melanoma cell line B16-F1 of low lung colonization potential, sublines were selected for blood-borne implantation, survival, and growth in the brain by cycles of tumor cell injection, harvesting of brain surface tumor nodules, and in vitro tissue culture growth. After 14 sequential selections for brain colonization, subline B16-B14b was established which showed enhanced abilities to form brain tumor colonies compared to line B16-F1. The B16-B14b melanoma brain tumor colonies formed after i.v. tumor cell inoculations were located mainly in the cerebral arteries of the arachnoid tissue and grew generally in the blood vessels, invaded the vessel walls, and formed tumor foci in perivascular tissue. The subline B16-B14b was relatively stable in its brain colonization, growth, and other cellular properties. However, cell clones derived from subline B16-B14b were heterogeneous in their cellular properties (melanin contents, cell morphologies, and cell surface proteins) and also in their brain colonization abilities. In addition, the cell clones were also heterogeneous with respect to the stabilities of these in vitro and in vivo properties during growth in tissue culture. An equal mixture of three unstable B16-B14b clones was allowed to grow in tissue culture for approximately 30 passages, and the cell mixture was found to be stabilized in its brain colonization properties compared to the cell clones grown individually for a similar number of passages and mixed just prior to inoculation. Examination of exposed cell surface proteins by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed 125I iodination and sodium dodecyl sulfate:polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis autoradiography revealed increased exposures of a component with an approximate molecular weight of 90,000 on B16 sublines and clones with high brain colonization potentials. When the unstable B16-B14b clones were examined during tissue culture growth for the presence of the Mr 90,000 component, it was found to decrease in exposure as the clones lost their brain colonization abilities.
Expression of an ouabain-resistant Na,K-ATPase in CV-1 cells after transfection with a cDNA encoding the rat Na,K-ATPase alpha 1 subunit. (1988)

We have used a gene transfer system to investigate the relationship between expression of the rat Na,K-ATPase alpha 1 subunit gene and ouabain-resistant Na,K-ATPase activity. A cDNA clone encoding the entire rat Na,K-ATPase alpha 1 subunit was inserted into the expression vector pSV2neo. This construct (pSV2 alpha 1) conferred resistance to 100 microM ouabain to ouabain-sensitive CV-1 cells. Hybridization analysis of transfected clones revealed the presence of both rat-specific and endogenous Na,K-ATPase alpha 1 subunit DNA and mRNA sequences. A single form of highly ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake was detected in CV-1 cells, whereas two distinct classes of ouabain-inhibitable uptake were observed in transfectants. One class exhibited the high ouabain sensitivity of the endogenous monkey Na,K-ATPase, while the second class showed the reduced ouabain sensitivity characteristic of the rodent renal Na,K-ATPase. Examination of the ouabain-sensitive, sodium-dependent ATPase activity of the transfectants also revealed a low affinity component of Na,K-ATPase activity characteristic of the rodent kidney enzyme. These results suggest that expression of the rat alpha 1 subunit gene is directly responsible for ouabain-resistant Na,K-ATPase activity in transfected CV-1 cells.
Cell cycle analysis of p53-induced cell death in murine erythroleukemia cells. (1993)

A temperature-sensitive mutant of murine p53 (p53Val-135) was transfected by electroporation into murine erythroleukemia cells (DP16-1) lacking endogenous expression of p53. While the transfected cells grew normally in the presence of mutant p53 (37.5 degrees C), wild-type p53 (32.5 degrees C) was associated with a rapid loss of cell viability. Genomic DNA extracted at 32.5 degrees C was seen to be fragmented into a characteristic ladder consistent with cell death due to apoptosis. Following synchronization by density arrest, transfected cells released into G1 at 32.5 degrees C were found to lose viability more rapidly than did randomly growing cultures. Following release into G1, cells became irreversibly committed to cell death after 4 h at 32.5 degrees C. Commitment to cell death correlated with the first appearance of fragmented DNA. Synchronized cells allowed to pass out of G1 prior to being placed at 32.5 degrees C continued to cycle until subsequently arrested in G1; loss of viability occurred following G1 arrest. In contrast to cells in G1, cells cultured at 32.5 degrees C for prolonged periods during S phase and G2/M, and then returned to 37.5 degrees C, did not become committed to cell death. G1 arrest at 37.5 degrees C, utilizing either mimosine or isoleucine deprivation, does not lead to rapid cell death. Upon transfer to 32.5 degrees C, these G1 synchronized cell populations quickly lost viability. Cells that were kept density arrested at 32.5 degrees C (G0) lost viability at a much slower rate than did cells released into G1. Taken together, these results indicate that wild-type p53 induces cell death in murine erythroleukemia cells and that this effect occurs predominantly in the G1 phase of actively cycling cells.
The integrin VLA-4 mediates leukocyte recruitment to skin inflammatory sites in vivo. (1993)

We have developed a murine model of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the chemical oxazalone. Purification of T lymphocytes from immunized animals allows adoptive transfer of the specific DTH response into naive recipients injected intravenously with primed T cells. Transfer of DTH elicited by injection with immune T cells can be specifically inhibited by antibodies to the VLA-4 integrin receptor. These results suggest a major role for VLA-4 in skin inflammatory reactions in vivo.
Rat alpha 1-acid glycoprotein mRNA. Cloning of double-stranded cDNA and kinetics of induction of mRNA levels following acute inflammation. (1981)

The abbreviations used are: a,-AGP, al-acid glycoprotein; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate; Hepes, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-l-piperazine/ethanesulfonic acid; ds-cDNA, double-stranded cDNA; Rot,
Factor XI contributes to thrombin generation in the absence of factor XII (2009)

During surface-initiated blood coagulation in vitro, activated factor XII (fXIIa) converts factor XI (fXI) to fXIa. Whereas fXI deficiency is associated with a hemorrhagic disorder, factor XII deficiency is not, suggesting that fXI can be activated by other mechanisms in vivo. Thrombin activates fXI, and several studies suggest that fXI promotes coagulation independent of fXII. However, a recent study failed to find evidence for fXII-independent activation of fXI in plasma. Using plasma in which fXII is either inhibited or absent, we show that fXI contributes to plasma thrombin generation when coagulation is initiated with low concentrations of tissue factor, factor Xa, or alpha-thrombin. The results could not be accounted for by fXIa contamination of the plasma systems. Replacing fXI with recombinant fXI that activates factor IX poorly, or fXI that is activated poorly by thrombin, reduced thrombin generation. An antibody that blocks fXIa activation of factor IX reduced thrombin generation; however, an antibody that specifically interferes with fXI activation by fXIIa did not. The results support a model in which fXI is activated by thrombin or another protease generated early in coagulation, with the resulting fXIa contributing to sustained thrombin generation through activation of factor IX.
40 GHz Si/Ge Uni-Traveling Carrier Waveguide Photodiode (2014)

We report a Si/Ge waveguide-coupled uni-traveling carrier (UTC) photodiode for high-power high-speed applications. Using the uni-traveling carrier structure rather than a PIN structure, capacitance and power handling are decoupled from responsivity and transit-time, enabling a detector with a 40 GHz bandwidth and a dilute absorption profile. This photodiode had a responsivity at 1550 nm of 0.5 A/W and a -1 dB compression current of 1.5 mA at 40 GHz. A longer device with the same cross-section had a 33 GHz bandwidth, responsivity of 0.7 A/W, and -1 dB compression current of 2.1 mA at 30 GHz.
Bone marrow cells for cardiac regeneration and repair: current status and issues (2006)

Extensive studies in experimental animal heart models and patients have shown the promise of bone marrow cell (BMC) transplantation as an alternative strategy to the conventional treatment modalities for cardiac repair. 'Stemness' of BMC to adopt cardiac phenotype, their potential as carriers of exogenous therapeutic genes and an inherent ability to express growth factors and cytokines to exert paracrine effects have been especially focused until recently. These findings suggest that locally delivered BMCs are capable of regenerating de novo myocardium. Others have shown that extensive neovascularization due to paracrine effects of the engrafted cells resulted in improved regional blood flow and reduced infarct size. Despite initial success, there are multiple fundamental issues that remain contentious. Indeed, resolving these issues will optimize future heart cell therapy protocols to achieve better prognosis in the clinical settings. This review is a concise, in-depth and critical appreciation of the role of BMCs in heart cell therapy and builds a conceptual framework to elaborate their significance as a possible source of donor cells. Moreover, it discusses the current status of BMC transplantation as a clinical modality and the relevant issues confronting this approach in light of the published data with clinical relevance.
Polymers in Drug Delivery (2004)

In the very near future, they may well be used to deliver gene therapy. While Polymers in Drug Delivery offers much new insight for the veteran specialist, this work has been compiled with the non-specialist in mind.
dd-Diketopiperazines:  Antibiotics Active against Vibrio anguillarum Isolated from Marine Bacteria Associated with Cultures of Pecten maximus (2003)

Bacterial strains CF-20 (CECT5719) and C-148 (CECT5718), isolated from cultures of larvae of molluscs, are shown to produce substances 1−5 with strong antibiotic activity against Vibrio anguillarum (MIC: 0.03−0.07 μg/mL) and identified as the dd-diketopiperazines cyclo(d)-Pro-(d)-Phe (1), cyclo(d)-Pro-(d)-Leu (2), cyclo(d)-Pro-(d)-Val (3), cyclo(d)-Pro-(d)-Ile (4), and cyclo-trans-4-OH-(d)-Pro-(d)-Phe (5). Comparison with other stereoisomers indicates that inhibition of V. anguillarum is associated with the presence of at least one d-amino acid in the diketopiperazine system. This is the first time a series of dd-diketopiperazines has been isolated from a single natural source and their inhibitory activity against V. anguillarum described.