gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mesoporous, 2D Hexagonal Carbon Nitride and Titanium Nitride/Carbon Composites (2009)

A multistep templating procedure is used to prepare graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and titanium nitride/carbon composites with ordered, 2D hexagonal porosity. First, the carbon nitride is prepared by nanocasting using a silica (SBA-15) template. This carbon nitride is then replicated as a metal nitride carbon composite, using a simultaneous templating/conversion scheme (“reactive templating”). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Classifier systems evolving multi-agent system with distributed elitism (2003)

Classifier systems are rule based control systems for the learning of more or less complex tasks. They evolve in an autonomous way through solution without any external help. The knowledge base (the population) consists of rule sets (the individuals) randomly generated. The population evolves due to the use of a genetic algorithm. Solving complex problems with classifier systems involves problems being split into simpler versions. These simple problems need to evolve through the main complex problem, 'co-evolving' as agents in a multi-agent system. Two different conceptual approaches are used here. First is Elitism that is inspired by Darwin, distinct agents evolving and always keeping alive their best members. Second is Distributed Elitism which is a logical enhancement of Elitism where an agent's knowledge is distributed to make the whole evolve through solution. The two concepts have shown interesting experimental results but are still very different in use. Mixing them seems to be a fairly good solution.
Diagnosis and Management of Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia (2003)

Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia are common disorders during pregnancy, with the majority of cases developing at or near term. The development of mild hypertension or preeclampsia at or near term is associated with minimal maternal and neonatal morbidities. In contrast, the onset of severe gestational hypertension and/or severe preeclampsia before 35 weeks' gestation is associated with significant maternal and perinatal complications. Women with diagnosed gestational hypertension-preeclampsia require close evaluation of maternal and fetal conditions for the duration of pregnancy, and those with severe disease should be managed in-hospital. The decision between delivery and expectant management depends on fetal gestational age, fetal status, and severity of maternal condition at time of evaluation. Expectant management is possible in a select group of women with severe preeclampsia before 32 weeks' gestation. Steroids are effective in reducing neonatal mortality and morbidity when administered to those with severe disease between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation. Magnesium sulfate should be used during labor and for at least 24 hours postpartum to prevent seizures in all women with severe disease. There is an urgent need to conduct randomized trials to determine the efficacy and safety of antihypertensive drugs in women with mild hypertension-preeclampsia. There is also a need to conduct a randomized trial to determine the benefits and risks of magnesium sulfate during labor and postpartum in women with mild preeclampsia.
Lysophosphatidic acids, cyclic phosphatidic acids and autotaxin as promising targets in therapies of cancer and other diseases. (2008)

Lysophospholipids have long been recognized as membrane phospholipid metabolites, but only recently lysophosphatidic acids (LPA) have been demonstrated to act on specific G protein-coupled receptors. The widespread expression of LPA receptors and coupling to several classes of G proteins allow LPA-dependent regulation of numerous processes, such as vascular development, neurogenesis, wound healing, immunity, and cancerogenesis. Lysophosphatidic acids have been found to induce many of the hallmarks of cancer including cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, and neovascularization. Furthermore, autotaxin (ATX), the main enzyme converting lysophosphatidylcholine into LPA was identified as a tumor cell autocrine motility factor. On the other hand, cyclic phosphatidic acids (naturally occurring analogs of LPA generated by ATX) have anti-proliferative activity and inhibit tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Research achievements of the past decade suggest implementation of preclinical and clinical evaluation of LPA and its analogs, LPA receptors, as well as autotaxin as potential therapeutic targets.
Overcharge protection of lithium-ion batteries above 4 V with a perfluorinated phenothiazine derivative (2016)

A new fluorinated phenothiazine derivative mitigates excess current in an overcharging lithium-ion cell containing a high-voltage cathode by shuttling it across the electrolyte <italic>via</italic> redox reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces.
Poly- N -Acetylglucosamine Production in Staphylococcus aureus Is Essential for Virulence in Murine Models of Systemic Infection (2005)

The contribution of the Staphylococcus aureus surface polysaccharide poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) to virulence was evaluated in three mouse models of systemic infection: bacteremia, renal abscess formation, and lethality following high-dose intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection. Deletion of the intercellular adhesin (ica) locus that encodes the biosynthetic enzymes for PNAG production in S. aureus strains Mn8, Newman, and NCTC 10833 resulted in mutant strains with significantly reduced abilities to maintain bacterial levels in blood following intravenous or i.p. injection, to spread systemically to the kidneys following i.p. injection, or to induce a moribund/lethal state following i.p. infection. In the bacteremia model, neither growth phase nor growth medium used to prepare the S. aureus inoculum affected the conclusion that PNAG production was needed for full virulence. As the SarA regulatory protein has been shown to affect ica transcription, PNAG synthesis, and biofilm formation, we also evaluated S. aureus strains Mn8 and 10833 deleted for the sarA gene in the renal infection model. A decrease in PNAG production was seen in sarA mutants using immunoblots of cell surface extracts but was insufficient to reduce the virulence of sarA-deleted strains in this model. S. aureus strains deleted for the ica genes were much more susceptible to antibody-independent opsonic killing involving human peripheral blood leukocytes and rabbit complement. Thus, PNAG confers on S. aureus resistance to killing mediated by these innate host immune mediators. Overall, PNAG production by S. aureus appears to be a critical virulence factor as assessed in murine models of systemic infection.
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II and long-term potentiation enhance synaptic transmission by the same mechanism. (1995)

Ca(2+)-sensitive kinases are thought to play a role in long-term potentiation (LTP). To test the involvement of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaM-K II), truncated, constitutively active form of this kinase was directly injected into CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells. Inclusion of CaM-K II in the recording pipette resulted in a gradual increase in the size of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). No change in evoked responses occurred when the pipette contained heat-inactivated kinase. The effects of CaM-K II mimicked several features of LTP in that it caused a decreased incidence of synaptic failures, an increase in the size of spontaneous EPSCs, and an increase in the amplitude of responses to iontophoretically applied alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate. To determine whether the CaM-K II-induced enhancement and LTP share a common mechanism, occlusion experiments were carried out. The enhancing action of CaM-K II was greatly diminished by prior induction of LTP. In addition, following the increase in synaptic strength by CaM-K II, tetanic stimulation failed to evoke LTP. These findings indicate that CaM-K II alone is sufficient to augment synaptic strength and that this enhancement shares the same underlying mechanism as the enhancement observed with LTP.
In Situ Studyof Abundant Expression of Proinflammatory Chemokines and Cytokines inPulmonary Granulomas That Develop in Cynomolgus MacaquesExperimentally Infected withMycobacteriumtuberculosis (2003)

Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem worldwide. Chemokines and cytokines organize and direct infiltrating cells to sites of infection, and these molecules likely play crucial roles in granuloma formation and maintenance. To address this issue, we used in situ hybridization (ISH) to measure chemokine and cytokine mRNA expression levels and patterns directly in lung tissues from cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) experimentally infected with a low dose of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We examined more than 300 granulomas and observed abundant expression of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-inducible chemokine mRNAs (CXCL9/monokine induced by IFN-gamma, CXCL10/IFN-gamma-inducible protein, and CXCL11/IFN-gamma-inducible T-cell alpha-chemoattractant) within solid and caseous granulomas, and there was only minimal expression in nongranulomatous regions of tissue. The mRNA expression patterns of IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha were examined in parallel, and the results revealed that cytokine mRNA(+) cells were abundant and generally localized to the granulomas. Mycobacterial 16S rRNA expression was also measured by ISH, and the results revealed that there was localization predominantly to the granulomas and that the highest signal intensity was in caseous granulomas. We observed several granulomatous lesions with exceptionally high levels of RNA for mycobacterial 16S rRNA, IFN-gamma, and IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines, suggesting that the local presence of mycobacteria is partially responsible for the upregulation of IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines and recruitment of CXCR3(+) cells, which were also abundant in granulomatous lesions. These results suggest that expression of CXCR3 ligands and the subsequent recruitment of CXCR3(+) cells are involved in granuloma formation and maintenance.
Micro-fluxgate Magnetic Sensing Elements Using Closely-coupled Excitation And Pickup Coils (2005)

This paper describes micro-fluxgate magnetic sensing elements using magnetic thin films and closely-coupled excitation and pickup coils based on a solenoid-shape coil structure. The basic structure is presented at Transducers '93 conference. In order to improve the sensitivity of the sensing element, coupling structure between excitation and pickup coils, and the formation method of permalloy magnetic films are investigated. The closely-coupled coil structure allows to excite the magnetic core in a optimal condition with reduced excitation current. The addition of Indium in the plating bath of permalloy greatly reduce the degradation of magnetic core due to the thermal treatment process. The sensitivity of the improved sensing element is 2700VK at the excitation frequency of 3MHz. The resolution is measured to be 4xlO-ST.
Multidimensional Signaling and Coding Enabling Multi-Tb\/s Optical Transport and Networking: Multidimensional aspects of coded modulation (2014)

The design of next-generation optical transmission systems and networks should address the concerns with respect to a limited bandwidth of information infrastructure, high energy consumption, as well as the need to support the network heterogeneity and demand for an elastic and dynamic bandwidth allocation. To address these concerns simultaneously, we propose an adaptive, software-defined, low-density parity check (LDPC)-coded multiband approach that involves spatial-multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) and an all-optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme since it can enable energy efficient high-bandwidth delivery with fine granularity and elastic model of bandwidth utilization. The modulation is based on multidimensional signaling to improve the tolerance to fiber nonlinearities and imperfect compensation of channel impairments and has a hybrid nature with both electrical and optical degrees of freedom employed. Optical degrees of freedom include spatial and polarization modes in optical fibers supporting spatial-division multiplexing (SDM), while electrical degrees of freedom are based on 2M orthogonal basis functions. The adaptive coding has been performed by partial reconfiguration of the corresponding parity-check matrix. The proposed scheme is suitable for the conveyance of the information over optical fibers with bit rates exceeding 10 Tb/s. At the same time, the multitude of degrees of freedom will enable finer granularity and elasticity of the bandwidth, the features essential for next generation networking.
Syk‐coupled C‐type lectin receptors that mediate cellular activation via single tyrosine based activation motifs (2010)

Different dendritic cell (DC) subsets have distinct specialized functions contributed in part by their differential expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are a group of PRRs expressed by DCs and other myeloid cells that can recognize endogenous ligands as well as a wide range of exogenous structures present on pathogens. Dual roles in homeostasis and immunity have been demonstrated for some members of this receptor family. Largely due to their endocytic ability and subset specific expression, DC-expressed CLRs have been the focus of significant antigen-targeting studies. A number of CLRs function on the basis of signaling via association with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing adapter proteins. Others contain ITAM-related motifs or immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) in their cytoplasmic tails. Here we review CLRs that induce intracellular signaling via a single tyrosine-based ITAM-like motif and highlight their relevance in terms of DC function.
Estrogen Receptor Expression and Function in Long-Term Estrogen-Deprived Human Breast Cancer Cells (1998)

Hormone-dependent breast cancer responds to primary therapies that block estrogen production or action, but tumor regrowth often occurs 12–18 months later. Additional hormonal treatments that further reduce estrogen synthesis or more effectively block its action cause additional remissions, but the mechanisms responsible for these secondary responses are not well understood. As a working hypothesis, we postulated that primary hormonal therapy induces adaptive changes, resulting in enhanced estrogen receptor (ER) expression and target gene activation and, further, that secondary treatment modalities interfere with these receptor-mediated transcriptional pathways.
Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (1991)

Part 1 The control of metabolism: fundamentals of gene structure and control, D.D.Lefebvre regulation of gene expression during development, R.Casey biochemical regulation, W.Plaxton regulation by compartmentation, D.T.Dennis and M.J.Emes. Part 2 Cytosolic carbon metabolism: carbohydrates synthesis and degradation, N.J.Kruger glycolysis, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and anaerobic respiration, J.A.Miernyk. Part 3 Mitochondrial metabolism: mitochondrial structure, W.Newcomb carbon metabolism in mitochondria, T.ap Rees oxidation of mitochondrial NADH and the synthesis of ATP, H.Lambers. Part 4 Mitochondrial-cytosol interaction: the mitochondrial genome and its expression, M.Gray protein import into the mitochrondrion, K.Freeman et al metabolite exchange between the mitochondrion and the cytosol, R.Douce and M.Neuburger. Part 5 Photosynthesis: plastid structure and development, W.Newcomb molecular biology of photosynthesis in higher plants, J.Mullet the formation of ATP and reducing power in the light, N.Nelson and B.Prezelin ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenese - mechanisms, activation and regulation, R.G.Jensen the reductive pentose phosphate pathway and its regulation, F.D.Macdonald and B.B.Bucchanan photorespiration and CO2-concentrating mechanisms, D.T.Canvin the flux of metabolites in C4 and CAM plants, R.C.Leegood and C.B.Osmond. Part 6 Chloroplast-cytosol interactions: transport of proteins into chloroplasts, K.Keegstra the flux of carbon between the chloroplast and the cytosol, M.Stitt. Part 7 The formation and breakdown of lipids: the structure and formation of microbodies, C.Halpin and M.Lord fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis and degradation, J.E.Andrews and J.Ohlrogge terpene biosynthesis and metabolism, C.A.West. Part 8 Nitrogen metabolism: molecular biology of N metabolism, C.Vance and S.M.Griffith amino acid and ureide biosynthesis, R.Ireland interactions between nitrogen assimilation, photosynthesis and respiration, D.H.Turpin and H.G.Weger long distance transport of carbon and nitrogen from sources to sink in higher plants, M.Peoples and R.Gifford protein turnover, P.M.Hatfield and R.D.Vierstra protein storage and utilization in seeds, J.D.Bewley and J.S.Greenwood. Part 9 Prospects for plant improvement: fundamentals of gene transfer in plants, B.Miki and V.N.Iyer biochemical basis for plant improvement, C.R.Somerville.
Identification of substrate-analog trypsin inhibitors through the screening of synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries (1993)

Synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries (SPCLs), which are made up in total of tens to hundreds of millions of peptides, enable the systematic screening for biologically active peptides in virtually all in vitro and even in vivo assay systems. In the current study, the applicability of this method to the identification of peptide enzyme inhibitors was investigated using trypsin as the model enzyme. A specifically designed library of hexapeptide mixtures was synthesized on cotton carriers and screened. The synthetic approach, using cotton as a solid support, was modified so that the deprotected peptides remained attached to the cotton carrier until they were released into solution directly prior to being assayed. Following an iterative process of synthesis and screening, in which all of the positions of the sequence were successively defined, a number of individual hexapeptides with trypsin inhibitory activity were identified. The most active, defined individual peptide sequence was then reincorporated into a new library, now made up of dodecapeptide mixtures. The iterative screening and synthesis of this library led to a dodecapeptide with improved inhibitory activity when compared to the hexapeptide from which it was derived.
Neutralization of HIV-1 primary isolates by polyclonal and monoclonal human antibodies (1997)

To examine antibody-mediated neutralization of HIV-1 primary isolates in vitro, we tested sera and plasma from infected individuals against four clade B primary isolates. These isolates were analyzed further for neutralization by a panel of several human anti-HIV-1 mAb in order to identify the neutralizing epitopes of these viruses. Each of the HIV-1+ serum and plasma specimens tested had neutralizing activities against one or more of the four primary isolates. Of the three individual sera, one (FDA-2) neutralized all of the four isolates, while the other two sera were effective against only one virus. The pooled plasma and serum samples reacted broadly with these isolates. Based on the neutralizing activities of the mAb panel, each virus isolate exhibited a distinct pattern of reactivity, suggesting antigenic diversity among clade B viruses. Neutralizing epitopes were found in the V3 loop and CD4-binding domain of gp120, as well as near the transmembrane region (cluster II epitope) of gp41. A mAb directed to the cluster I epitope of gp41 near the immunodominant disulfide loop weakly neutralized one primary isolate. None of the mAb in the panel affected one primary isolate, US4, although this virus was sensitive to neutralization by some of the polyclonal antibody specimens. This isolate was also resistant to neutralization by a cocktail of 10 mAb, most of which individually inhibited at least one of the other three viruses tested. These results suggest that neutralizing activity for this latter virus is present in certain HIV-1+ sera/plasma, but is not exhibited by the mAb in the panel. Thus, effective neutralizing antibodies against primary isolates can be generated by humans upon exposure to HIV-1, but not all of these antigenic specificities are represented in a large panel of human anti-HIV-1 mAb.
Identification of Amino Acid Sequences in Fibrinogen γ-Chain and Tenascin C C-terminal Domains Critical for Binding to Integrin αvβ3 (2000)

Integrin alpha(v)beta(3) recognizes fibrinogen gamma and alpha(E) chain C-terminal domains (gammaC and alpha(E)C) but does not require the gammaC dodecapeptide sequence HHLGGAKQAGDV(400-411) for binding to gammaC. We have localized the alpha(v)beta(3) binding sites in gammaC using gammaC-derived synthetic peptides. We found that two peptides GWTVFQKRLDGSV(190-202) and GVYYQGGTYSKAS(346-358) block the alpha(v)beta(3) binding to gammaC or alpha(E)C, block the alpha(v)beta(3)-mediated clot retraction, and induce the ligand-induced binding site 2 (LIBS2) epitope in alpha(v)beta(3). Neither peptide affects fibrinogen binding to alpha(IIb)beta(3). Scrambled or inverted peptides were not effective. These results suggest that the two gammaC-derived peptides directly interact with alpha(v)beta(3) and specifically block alpha(v)beta(3)-gammaC or alpha(E)C interaction. The two sequences are located next to each other in the gammaC crystal structure, although they are separate in the primary structure. Asp-199, Ser-201, Gln-350, Thr-353, Lys-356, Ala-357, and Ser-358 residues are exposed to the surface. This suggests that the two sequences are part of alpha(v)beta(3) binding sites in fibrinogen gammaC domain. We also found that tenascin C C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain specifically binds to alpha(v)beta(3). Notably, a peptide WYRNCHRVNLMGRYGDNNHSQGVNWFHWKG from this domain that includes the sequence corresponding to gammaC GVYYQGGTYSKAS(346-358) specifically binds to alpha(v)beta(3), suggesting that fibrinogen and tenascin C C-terminal domains interact with alpha(v)beta(3) in a similar manner.
Mapping the fluid front and pressure buildup using 4D data on Norne Field (2006)

Norne Field, in the southern part of the Nordland II area in the Norwegian Sea approximately 100 km north of Aasgard Field, is producing from an FPSO. The main field is a horst block approximately 9 × 3 km (Figure 1). The reservoir rocks are sandstones of Lower and Middle Jurassic age. The hydrocarbon reserves consist of a gas cap (75 m), mainly situated in Garn Formation, and an oil leg (110 m), mainly situated in Ile and Tofte formations. The sandstones are very good quality with porosities and permeabilities of 25–32% and 200–2000 mD, respectively. Net-to-gross is close to 1 for most reservoir zones. Oil production started in 1997. The first 4D seismic survey was acquired in 2001, and 4D information has been actively used in subsequent reservoir management.