gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 22nm high performance and low-power CMOS technology featuring fully-depleted tri-gate transistors, self-aligned contacts and high density MIM capacitors (2012)

A 22nm generation logic technology is described incorporating fully-depleted tri-gate transistors for the first time. These transistors feature a 3 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rd</sup> -generation high-k + metal-gate technology and a 5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> generation of channel strain techniques resulting in the highest drive currents yet reported for NMOS and PMOS. The use of tri-gate transistors provides steep subthreshold slopes (~70mV/dec) and very low DIBL (~50mV/V). Self-aligned contacts are implemented to eliminate restrictive contact to gate registration requirements. Interconnects feature 9 metal layers with ultra-low-k dielectrics throughout the interconnect stack. High density MIM capacitors using a hafnium based high-k dielectric are provided. The technology is in high volume manufacturing.
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activities of Novel Amino Acid-Conjugates of Pyrrole Derivatives (2015)

3,4- Wittig-Horner
Equivalent circuit modeling of coupled resonator filters (2008)

Using the stacked crystal filter (SCF) concept, a coupled resonator filter (CRF) can be interpreted as a device in which 2 piezoresonators are stacked on top of each other in such a way that a certain degree of acoustic interaction occurs. The work presented in this paper reports a novel all-electrical model for the CRF. The model associates acoustical coupling with an equivalent electrical coupling between resonators. The resulting equivalent circuit makes it possible to apply classical filter synthesis techniques directly based on the coupling control between resonators. It complements with a synthesis approach the analysis approach of the Mason model.
Metabolism of γG and γM Immunoglobulins in Normal and Hypogammaglobulinemic Chickens (1970)

Abstract The half-lives of immunoglobulins G and M were studied in normal chickens, in chickens rendered hypogammaglobulinemic by early bursectomy and x-irradiation, and in dysgammaglobulinemic chickens that had been subjected to bursectomy only. The catabolic rate of labeled IgM was found to be independent of serum levels whereas the disappearance curve of labeled IgG was related to the serum concentration of this immunoglobulin. These findings parallel prior observations in humans having inherited or acquired immune deficiencies. In the chicken, the relationship of the half-lives of IgM and IgG was found to be 1:1.5 in contrast to that observed for mammals, in which a ratio of about 1:4 is characteristic. It can thus be concluded that the metabolic properties of the 7S immunoglobulins in chickens differ markedly from those of mammals.
Factors Influencing Photochromism of Spiro-Compounds Within Polymeric Matrices (2003)

Abstract Photochromic polymeric materials have been commercialized in ophthalmic lenses, however, there are many other potential uses for this technology. The photochromic transitions are extremely sensitive to environmental conditions, thus offering the potential for modifying the kinetics to suit different applications. There are a significant number of photochromic molecular families, with different characteristics. The spiro-compounds, both spirooxazines and spiropyrans, have received the most attention as they have good coloration properties and spirooxazines also display good fatigue resistance. Consequently this review focuses on the inclusion of these compounds into polymer matrices. In addition we discuss decoloration and coloration behaviors, solvatochromism, mechanism of fatigue, and unusual synthetic approaches.
New York, new information (1992)

Kim Brown’s description of her trip to a New York hospital (‘New York, new work', Tradimus December 4) was very interesting. However, it contained inaccuracies that should be corrected.
Phase II clinical trial with a second generation, GM-CSF encoding, oncolytic herpesvirus in unresectable metastatic melanoma (2008)

9008 Background: OncoVEXGM-CSF is a 2nd generation oncolytic HSV, encoding GM-CSF, which was previously well tolerated in a phase I trial where both injected and uninjected anti-tumor effects were seen. Methods: Inclusions: Unresectable stage IIIc/IV melanoma with ≥1 injectable tumor (ultrasound allowed), failed prior therapy. Exclusions: Clinically active brain, liver, or bone metastases. ≤10 lesions are injected. ≥1 lesion must be left uninjected. Dosing schedule: 1 injection of ≤4ml of 106 pfu/ml split between target tumors, followed 3 wks later by ≤24 injections of 108 pfu/ml every 2 wks. Study design: Single arm monotherapy in up to 50 evaluable pts. ≥1 RECIST response amongst the first 24 pts required to continue. End points: Response rate (RECIST; primary), safety, response kinetics, survival. Results: The study has enrolled 40 pts, 31 evaluable (≥4 injection cycles or early clinically relevant PD; 19% stage IIIc, 32% IVM1a, 3% M1b, 45% M1c). Pts have had up to 18 injection cycles. Injected tumors have routinely responded by 2 mo on therapy, often with local CR and frequently providing palliative benefit. With respect to systemic responses, 3 pts have CR, 3 PR, 4 durable SD, & 2 MR (mixed response; ≥PR of existing disease and ≥PR of lesions which became measurable later). 2 further pts have had post treatment objective responses. Systemic responses are in both stage IIIc and IV pts, including resolution of visceral disease, and are delayed with respect to injected tumor responses taking up to 10 mo to fully develop. All objective responses have been maintained to date at 4 to 23 mo post first dose, with those not CR still on therapy. Side effects have been grade 1 flu-like symptoms, as in phase I. Conclusions: Per protocol treatment success (CR, PR or durable SD) has been seen in 32% of pts. Other pts have also had clinical benefit, including 2 pts where tumors first noted during therapy responded, 2 pts who responded after leaving the study for PD, and other pts with local palliative benefit in otherwise difficult to treat tumors. The rate and durability of response is impressive compared to other treatment options available to patients with advanced melanoma, particularly in the second line/salvage therapy setting. Further evaluation is therefore warranted. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Expert Testimony Other Remuneration BioVex Inc BioVex Inc BioVex Inc
RNAi in functional genomics. (2004)

There has been a lack of powerful tools for systematic analysis of mammalian gene function, but RNA interference (RNAi) may now provide such a strategy. Stable transcription of RNAi triggers from suitable expression cassettes integrated into the host cell genome by viral gene transfer can induce long-term and heritable gene silencing in mammalian cells. However, the use of RNAi as a genetic tool is limited by difficulties in identifying efficient RNAi triggers, the problem of effective delivery and off-target effects, as well as potential genotoxic side effects of viral gene transfer strategies. Recent insights into the molecular mechanisms of silencing processes mediated by either siRNA or miRNA will allow further optimization of RNAi triggers as genetic tools.
Structuring the Web (2002)

The WWW is a very large and rich information source but with no structure, so locating data of interest may be difficult. In particular a page may be divided into different logical sections of information, whose highlighting may improve both browsing and searching. We propose a simple Web page structuring, by introducing the "semantic block" as a more granular level to categorize information inside a page. We also propose a set of XML tags to be added to the existing HTML tags in order to locate such blocks and to use structured pages both with current and future, structure-aware browsers, reaching the goal of a gradual migration towards a more structured Web. We explore our technique on several Web sites, in order to detect which semantic blocks are needed, also using two simple Java-based tools we developed to add XML tags and manage such structure. Finally, we consider how schema can be represented for a better browsing.
Role of cysteine residues in glutathione synthetase from Escherichia coli B. Chemical modification and oligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis. (1988)

Escherichia coli B glutathione synthetase is composed of four identical subunits; each subunit contains 4 cysteine residues (Cys-122, -195, -222, and -289). We constructed seven different mutant enzymes containing 3, 2, or no cysteine residues/subunit by replacement of cysteine codons with those of alanine in the gsh II gene using site-directed mutagenesis. Three mutant enzymes, Ala289, Ala222/289, Cys-free (Ala122/195/222/289), in which cysteine at residue 289 was replaced with alanine, were not inactivated by 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) (DTNB), while the other four mutants retaining Cys-289 were inactivated at the wild-type rate. From these selective inactivations of mutant enzymes by DTNB, the sulfhydryl group modified by DTNB was unambiguously identified as Cys-289. In this way, Cys-289 was found to be also a target of modification with 2-nitrothiocyanobenzoate and N-ethylmaleimide, while Cys-195 was of p-chloromercuribenzoate. These results suggest that both Cys-195 and Cys-289 were not essential for the activity of the glutathione synthetase, but chemical modification of either one of the two sulfhydryl groups resulted in complete loss of the activity. Replacement of Cys-122 to Ala-122 enhanced the reactivity of Cys-289 with sulfhydryl reagents.
Automatic ontology matching using application semantics (2005)

We propose the use of application semantics to enhance the process of semantic reconciliation. Application semantics involves those elements of business reasoning that affect the way concepts are presented to users: their layout, and so on. In particular, we pursue in this article the notion of precedence, in which temporal constraints determine the order in which concepts are presented to the user. Existing matching algorithms use either syntactic means (such as term matching and domain matching) or model semantic means, the use of structural information that is provided by the specific data model to enhance the matching process. The novelty of our approach lies in proposing a class of matching techniques that takes advantage of ontological structures and application semantics. As an example, the use of precedence to reflect business rules has not been applied elsewhere, to the best of our knowledge. We have tested the process for a variety of web sites in domains such as car rentals and airline reservations, and we share our experiences with precedence and its limitations.
Bacterial Contamination of the Small Bowel Evaluated by Breath Tests,75Se-Labelled Homocholic-Tauro Acid, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (1990)

Eighty-one patients with diarrhoea due to suspected bacterial contamination of the small intestine were investigated with the bile acid breath test (BABT) and 75Se-labelled homocholic-tauro acid (SeHCAT). The impact of bile acid malabsorption due to dysfunction of the terminal ileum on BABT was evaluated. The group of patients with abnormal BABT, notably the 6-h accumulated value, showed a high frequency of reduced SeHCAT values (p less than 0.01), indicating that a reliable test for bile acid malabsorption is indispensable for interpreting the BABT in the investigation of small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth. The results of the 14C-D-xylose breath test were compared with the outcome of the combined SeHCAT-BABT in 44 patients. In contrast to previous findings no correlation between the two breath tests was found. On the contrary, a significant negative correlation was encountered (p less than 0.01) for patients in whom either breath test was abnormal. Scanning electron microscopy for demonstration of adherent microorganisms was included in the investigations. No correlations were found with the outcomes of the different breath tests. The effect of antibiotic treatment was evaluated with regard to symptoms and breath tests. The results of the investigation indicate that different tests are needed for the diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine, because of the different metabolic characteristics of the contaminating bacteria.
A review of the theory, methods and recent applications of high-throughput single-cell droplet microfluidics (2013)

Most cell biology experiments are performed in bulk cell suspensions where cell secretions become diluted and mixed in a contiguous sample. Confinement of single cells to small, picoliter-sized droplets within a continuous phase of oil provides chemical isolation of each cell, creating individual microreactors where rare cell qualities are highlighted and otherwise undetectable signals can be concentrated to measurable levels. Recent work in microfluidics has yielded methods for the encapsulation of cells in aqueous droplets and hydrogels at kilohertz rates, creating the potential for millions of parallel single-cell experiments. However, commercial applications of high-throughput microdroplet generation and downstream sensing and actuation methods are still emerging for cells. Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) as a benchmark for commercially available high-throughput screening, this focused review discusses the fluid physics of droplet formation, methods for cell encapsulation in liquids and hydrogels, sensors and actuators and notable biological applications of high-throughput single-cell droplet microfluidics.
The ERK Cascade: Distinct Functions within Various Subcellular Organelles (2011)

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) cascade is a central signaling pathway that regulates a wide variety of stimulated cellular processes, including mainly proliferation, differentiation, and survival, but apoptosis and stress response as well. The ability of this linear cascade to induce so many distinct and even opposing effects after various stimulations raises the question as to how the signaling specificity of the cascade is regulated. Over the past years, several specificity-mediating mechanisms have been elucidated, including temporal regulation, scaffolding interactions, crosstalks with other signaling components, substrate competition, and multiple components in each tier of the cascade. In addition, spatial regulation of various components of the cascade is probably one of the main ways by which signals can be directed to some downstream targets and not to others. In this review, we describe first the components of the ERK1/2 cascade and their mode of regulation by kinases, phosphatases, and scaffold proteins. In the second part, we focus on the role of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 compartmentalization in the nucleus, mitochondria, endosomes, plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, and Golgi apparatus. We explain that this spatial distribution may direct ERK1/2 signals to regulate the organelles' activities. However, it can also direct the activity of the cascade's components to the outer surface of the organelles in order to bring them to close proximity to specific cytoplasmic targets. We conclude that the dynamic localization of the ERK1/2 cascade components is an important regulatory mechanism in determining the signaling specificity of the cascade, and its understanding should shed a new light on the understanding of many stimulus-dependent processes.
Transport in nanoporous carbon membranes: Experiments and analysis (2000)

Abstract Single‐component permeances of six gases were measured on three different supported nanoporous carbon membranes prepared by spray coating and pyrolysis of poly(furfuryl alcohol) on porous stainless‐steel disks. Global activation energies were regressed from data collected as a function of temperature. Permeances and global activation energies were correlated to molecular size, assuming that entropic affects dominated the transport. The permeance was best correlated to the minimum projected area of the molecule computed from first principles. The free‐energy barriers to transport within the membranes were derived from the temperature dependence of the permeance data, after accounting for porosity differences between the membranes and differences in molecular adsorption. Using transition‐state theory and an entropic model derived, the free energy, enthalpy, and entropic barriers to transport within the membrane were examined as a function of molecular size. Computed on the basis of size, the entropic component of this barrier did not account for the large differences in the transition‐state free energies. However, when these entropic barrier values were used to compute the enthalpic portion of the barrier free energies, the minimum projected area of each molecule correlated strongly. Furthermore, these enthalpic components of the barriers were fitted nicely by the Everett‐Powl mean field potential, using only the pore size as the adjustable parameter. These results shed light on the underlying mechanism by which shape‐selective transport takes place in the NPC membranes and small molecules are separated.
DigiBox: a self-protecting container for information commerce (1995)

Information Commerce is a business activity carried out among several parties in which information carries value and is treated as a product. The information may be content, it may be returned usage and marketing data, and it may be representative of financial transactions. In each of these cases the information is valuable and must be kept secure and private. Traditional approaches secure the transmission of that information from one point to another; there are no persistent protections. Protection of all of these components of information commerce for all parties in a transaction value chain is necessary for a robust electronic infrastructure. A prerequisite to such an environment is a cryptographically protected container for packaging information and controls that enforce information rights. This paper describes such a container, called the DigiBox . EPR has submitted initial specifications for the DigiBox container to the ANSI IISP Electronic Publishing Task Force (EPUB) within ...
New Method for Extraction of Ribonucleic Acid and Polyribosomes from Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1971)

A new method for extracting ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) and polyribosomes from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a fission yeast, has been developed. Cells grown in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose were found to be more sensitive to the action of Glusulase; a short period of treatment (10 to 20 min) at 0 C was sufficient to convert the cells to osmotically sensitive structures. From these, ribosomal RNA and polyribosomes were readily prepared.
MRI evaluation of tissue iron burden in patients with β-thalassaemia major (2007)

beta-Thalassaemia major is a hereditary haemolytic anaemia that is treated with multiple blood transfusions. A major complication of this treatment is iron overload, which leads to cell death and organ dysfunction. Chelation therapy, used for iron elimination, requires effective monitoring of the body burden of iron, for which serum ferritin levels and liver iron content measured in liver biopsies are used as markers, but are not reliable. MRI based on iron-induced T2 relaxation enhancement can be used for the evaluation of tissue siderosis. Various MR protocols using signal intensity ratio and mainstream relaxometry methods have been used, sometimes with discrepant results. Relaxometry methods using multiple echoes achieve better sampling of the time domain in which relaxation mechanisms take place and lead to more precise results. In several studies the MRI parameters of liver siderosis have failed to correlate with those of other affected organs, underlining the necessity for MRI iron evaluation in individual organs. Most studies have included children in the evaluated population, but MRI data on very young children are lacking. Wider application of relaxometry methods is indicated, with the establishment of universally accepted MRI protocols, and further studies, including young children, are needed.
A SOI capacitor-less 1T-DRAM concept (2002)

A simple 1T DRAM cell concept is proposed for the first time. It exploits the body charging of PD SOI devices to store the information. This cell is at least two times smaller in area than the conventional 1T/1C DRAM cell and does not require the integration of a storage capacitor. This concept should allow the manufacture of low cost DRAMs and eDRAMs for 100 and sub 100 nm generations.
Secretion of islet amyloid polypeptide in response to glucose (1989)

The content of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) in isolated rat pancreatic islets was determined by a radioimmunoassay. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that a main peak of IAPP immunoreactivity in the extracts from the islets corresponded to a synthetic rat IAPP. Secretion of IAPP from the cells is regulated by the extracellular glucose concentration. Thus, IAPP may be a novel regulator for glucose homeostasis and changes in the secretion perhaps relate to insular amyloid deposits and impaired glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Thermodynamic and Mass Transport Properties of  “ LiAl ” (1979)

The compositional variations of the thermodynamic and mass transport properties of the β phase in the lithium‐aluminum system have been investigated over the temperature range from 415° to 600°C. At 415°C, the emf of the single phase lies between 300 and 70 mV relative to pure Li and this corresponds to a Li activity increasing from 0.0063 to 0.31 over the phase stability range from 46.8 to 55.0 atomic percent Li. At the ideal stoichiometry, the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of is −29.2 kJ/mole at 415°C and the corresponding enthalpy and entropy are −43.3 kJ/mole and −20.6 J/mole °K, respectively. Two different electrochemical transient techniques have been used to measure the chemical diffusion coefficient in as a function of the stoichiometry; the experimental results obtained are in good agreement. On the lithium deficit side of the ideal stoichiometry, the chemical diffusion coefficient increases with decreasing Li concentration, becoming about 10−4 cm2/sec near the phase boundary. On the other hand, it is composition independent on the Li excess side of varying with temperature from at 415°C to at 600°C.
Two-stage enriched enrolment pain trials: A brief review of designs and opportunities for broader application (2009)

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