gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Atpg padding and ate vector repeat per port for reducing test data volume (2004)

paper presents an approach for reducing the test data volume that has to be stored in ATE vector memory for IC manufacturing testing. We exploit the capabilities of pre- sent ATE to assign groups of input pins to ports and to perform vector repeat per port. This allows run-length encoding of test stimuli per port. We improve the encoding byjlling the don't-care bits in the test stimuli, such that longer run-lengths are obtained. We provide a probabilis- tic analysis of the performance of vector repeat per port with various ATPG padding types. We further discuss the impact of ATE architectures. The paper provides experi- mental data for a set of large industrial circuits, which shows an average reduction of the test stimulus data vol- ume by a factor of 13.
Facile In Situ Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles in Porous Cellulose Fibers (2003)

In situ synthesis of noble metal (Ag, Au, Pt, Pd) nanoparticles was carried out under ambient conditions in porous cellulose fibers as nanoreactors. Particles of less than 10 nm were readily prepared using the described approach, and monodisperse nanoparticles were obtained under an optimized concentration of the metal precursor solution. The nanoporous structure and the high oxygen (ether and hydroxyl) density of the cellulose fiber constitute an effective nanoreactor for in situ synthesis of metal nanoparticles. The nanopore is essential for incorporation of metal ion and reductant into cellulose fibers as well as for removal of unnecessary byproducts from fibers. This was endorsed by negligible adsorption of metal ion onto nonporous films of poly(vinyl alcohol) and starch. The ether oxygen and the hydroxyl group not only anchor metal ions tightly in cellulose fibers via ion−dipole interactions, but they also stabilize metal nanoparticles by strong bonding interaction with their surface atoms. The preparative procedure is facile and versatile, and provides a simple route to manufacturing of useful noble metal nanoparticles.
Adjuvant-free hsp70 fusion protein system elicits humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV-1 p24 (1996)

Heat shock proteins are major targets of the immune response to bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Mycobacterium tuberculosis hsp70 is an especially powerful Ag containing multiple B and T cell epitopes. We investigated whether M. tuberculosis hsp70 can be used as an adjuvant-free carrier to stimulate the humoral and cellular immune response to an accompanying protein. A recombinant hsp70 protein expression vector was developed that permits the production of any protein fused to the amino terminus of mycobacterial hsp70. We found that a recombinant HIV p24-hsp70 fusion protein produced with this vector elicited both humoral and cellular immune responses against p24 in mice when administered in saline in the absence of adjuvant. Covalent linkage of hsp70 to p24 was essential to elicit immune responses to p24 under these conditions. The anti-p24 IgG1 Abs induced in p24-hsp70-immunized mice persisted at high levels for more than 1 yr after immunization. These results demonstrate that the antigenic properties of M. tuberculosis hsp70 can be exploited to enhance the humoral and cellular immune response to an attached protein.
On the true wear rate of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene in the total knee prosthesis (1984)

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to assess the magnitude of the true wear of the polyethylene components of several total knee replacements. Five different prostheses were tested by total joint simulation for the equivalent of 1 month of use. The true wear rates of the tibial components were measured by quantitative recovery of the polyethylene debris. After testing, the tibial components were examined in the scanning electron microscope, and the molecular weight distributions were analyzed. The wear rates were found to range from 0.3 to 1.8 mg per month. The soluble fraction molecular weights ranged from 179,000 to 393,000 with 53–78% soluble. The wear rates, significantly larger than those observed for total hip prostheses, are dominated by the high contact stresses in these prostheses. The wear results in dimensional changes, which are of the same order of magnitude as those due to creep. The debris had two components: fine fibrous particles, found in all cases, and coarse granules, found when the wear rate is relatively high. Evidence for fatigue cracking was found at the surfaces of the tibial component with the highest wear rate. This behavior is consistent with other investigations of the material itself and indicates that continuous deterioration of the polyethylene should be expected in this class of prosthesis.
Federated Machine Learning: Concept and Applications (2019)

Today's AI still faces two major challenges. One is that in most industries, data exists in the form of isolated islands. The other is the strengthening of data privacy and security. We propose a possible solution to these challenges: secure federated learning. Beyond the federated learning framework first proposed by Google in 2016, we introduce a comprehensive secure federated learning framework, which includes horizontal federated learning, vertical federated learning and federated transfer learning. We provide definitions, architectures and applications for the federated learning framework, and provide a comprehensive survey of existing works on this subject. In addition, we propose building data networks among organizations based on federated mechanisms as an effective solution to allow knowledge to be shared without compromising user privacy.
Up-regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A by Active Membrane-type 1 Matrix Metalloproteinase through Activation of Src-Tyrosine Kinases (2004)

Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are two key molecules involved in pericellular proteolysis and cell proliferation during tumor growth and angiogenesis. Our previous data showed that MT1-MMP overexpression in human breast carcinoma MCF7 cells induced an up-regulation of VEGF expression. This effect was associated in vivo with accelerated tumor growth and angiogenesis. We now provide evidence that MT1-MMP overexpression specifically affected VEGF-A production and failed to influence that of other VEGF family members (VEGF, B, C, D, or PlGF) or their receptors. The up-regulation of VEGF-A by MT1-MMP was related to an increased transcriptional activation rather than to a modification of mRNA stability. It was blocked by synthetic MMP inhibitors, TIMP2, but not TIMP-1 and abolished by a partial deletion of the catalytic domain or the cytoplasmic tail of MT1-MMP. Analysis of the signal transduction mechanisms demonstrated that MT1-MMP acts through a signaling pathway involving Src tyrosine kinases. Thus, our results provide new insight into the mechanisms of action of MT1-MMP during angiogenesis and suggest that the full enzymatic activity of MT1-MMP is required for a specific up-regulation of VEGF-A through an activation of Src tyrosine kinase pathways.
Antibodies to different peptides in osteopontin reveal complexities in the various secreted forms (2000)

We have generated synthetic peptides corresponding to various portions of human osteopontin (OPN) and have immunized rabbits and mice with these peptides to generate polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific to human OPN. We then generated six distinct sandwich enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) systems by using different pairs of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against human OPN. These systems allowed us to detect not only various isoforms and truncated forms of recombinant OPN, but also the glycosylated form of native urinary OPN. Most importantly, tumor-derived OPN was differentially detected by the six ELISA systems. The ELISA systems that we have developed will be useful for clarifying the functional roles for OPN in vivo in various physiologic and pathologic conditions.
Abnormal Regulation of DNA Methyltransferase Expression in Cloned Mouse Embryos1 (2003)

Cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer is inefficient. This is evident in the significant attrition in the number of surviving cloned offspring at virtually all stages of embryonic and fetal development. We find that cloned preimplantation mouse embryos aberrantly express the somatic form of the Dnmt1 DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase, the expression of which is normally prevented by a posttranscriptional mechanism. Additionally, the maternal oocyte-derived Dnmt1o isoform undergoes little or none of its expected translocation to embryonic nuclei at the eight-cell stage. Such defects in the regulation of Dnmt1s and Dnmt1o expression and cytoplasmic-nuclear trafficking may prevent clones from completing essential early developmental events. Furthermore, aberrant Dnmt1 localization and expression may contribute to the defects in DNA methylation and the developmental abnormalities seen in cloned mammals.
Explaining racial differences in prostate cancer in the United States: Sociology or biology? (2004)

Black men in the United States have the highest incidence and mortality from prostate cancer in the world. Even after adjusting for stage at diagnosis, black men have higher mortality rates than white men. Multiple reasons have been postulated to explain these findings including access to care, attitudes about care, socioeconomic and education differences, differences in type and aggressiveness of treatment, dietary, and genetic differences. While each reason may contribute to the higher incidence or higher mortality, likely combinations of reasons will best explain all the findings. Racial differences in socioeconomic status have been well established and we review the significance of these findings in relationship to prostate cancer. Also, with recent advances in the understanding of genetic variation in the human genome, in general, and in the genes involved in pathways relevant to prostate cancer biology, in particular, a number of genes with alleles which differ in frequency between black and white men have been proposed as a genetic cause or contributor to the increased prostate cancer risk in black men. However, the clinical significance of these genetic differences is not fully known. Finally, we conclude with some thoughts as to how to integrate the findings from sociological as well as biological studies and touch upon methods to reduce the disparate burden of prostate cancer among blacks in the United States.
Polymorphism of the TRAP gene ofPlasmodium falciparum (1990)

Natural sequence variation of the thrombospondin related anonymous protein (TRAP) gene of Plasmodium falciparum has been investigated by DNA analysis following the polymerase chain reaction amplification, and this shows the gene to be highly polymorphic. The region containing the sequence motif Trp-Ser-Pro-Cys-Ser-Val-Thr-Cys-Gly (WSPCSVTCG), common to TRAP, the circumsporozoite protein, properdin, and thrombospondin, was invariant. Elsewhere in the molecule, over 50 amino acid substitutions are described including the insertion of an in-frame, small-variable tandemly repeating motif between amino acid residues 352 and 353. Only one silent mutation was observed. Most nucleotide changes that occur in the first two codon positions result in conservative amino acid changes. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was used to examine inheritance of TRAP in a cross between the HB3 and 3D7 clones of P. falciparum. Out of nine progeny examined, four possessed the HB3 gene and five the 3D7 gene. The TRAP gene hybridized to chromosome 13. Previous work has shown that a subtelomeric region of chromosome 13 from the 3D7 parent (marked by the HRP-III gene) was favoured strongly in this cross. The TRAP gene, however, is over 1 Mb away from this subtelomeric region and exhibits no such linkage because of chromosome crossovers. Five geographically separate isolates shared the same TRAP sequence as well as the same variant of the Th2R/Th3R region from the circumsporozoite protein. The correlation between independent markers in these isolates suggests that they have a common provenance.
Regulation of mouse lens fiber cell development and differentiation by the Maf gene (2000)

Maf is a basic domain/leucine zipper domain protein originally identified as a proto-oncogene whose consensus target site in vitro, the T-MARE, is an extended version of an AP-1 site normally recognized by Fos and Jun. Maf and the closely related family members Neural retina leucine zipper (Nrl), L-Maf, and Krml1/MafB have been implicated in a wide variety of developmental and physiologic roles; however, mutations in vivo have been described only for Krml1/MafB, in which a loss-of-function causes abnormalities in hindbrain development due to failure to activate the Hoxa3 and Hoxb3 genes. We have used gene targeting to replace Maf coding sequences with those of lacZ, and have carried out a comprehensive analysis of embryonic expression and the homozygous mutant phenotype in the eye. Maf is expressed in the lens vesicle after invagination, and becomes highly upregulated in the equatorial zone, the site at which self-renewing anterior epithelial cells withdraw from the cell cycle and terminally differentiate into posterior fiber cells. Posterior lens cells in Maf(lacZ) mutant mice exhibit failure of elongation at embryonic day 11.5, do not express (&agr;)A- and all of the (beta)-crystallin genes, and display inappropriately high levels of DNA synthesis. This phenotype partially overlaps with those reported for gene targeting of Prox1 and Sox1; however, expression of these genes is grossly normal, as is expression of Eya1, Eya2, Pax6, and Sox2. Recombinant Maf protein binds to T-MARE sites in the (alpha)A-, (beta)B2-, and (beta)A4-crystallin promoters but fails to bind to a point mutation in the (alpha)A-crystallin promoter that has been shown previously to be required for promoter function. Our results indicate that Maf directly activates many if not all of the (beta)-crystallin genes, and suggest a model for coordinating cell cycle withdrawal with terminal differentiation.
Adaptive Query Processing: Technology in Evolution. (2000)

As query engines are scaled and federated, they must cope with highly unpredictable and changeable environments. In the Telegraph project, we are attempting to architect and implement a continuously adaptive query engine suitable for global-area systems, massive parallelism, and sensor networks. To set the stage for our research, we present a survey of prior work on adaptive query processing, focusing on three characterizations of adaptivity: the frequency of adaptivity, the effects of adaptivity, and the extent of adaptivity. Given this survey, we sketch directions for research in the Telegraph project. 1
Fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo MR imaging of hyaline cartilage defects in the knee: comparison with standard MR imaging and arthroscopy. (1996)

Fat-suppressed three-dimensional SPGR imaging is more sensitive than standard MR imaging for the detection of hyaline cartilage defects of the knee.
Femtotesla atomic magnetometry in a microfabricated vapor cell (2010)

We describe an optically pumped 87Rb magnetometer with 5 fT/Hz(1/2) sensitivity when operated in the spin-exchange relaxation free (SERF) regime. The magnetometer uses a microfabricated vapor cell consisting of a cavity etched in a 1 mm thick silicon wafer with anodically bonded Pyrex windows. The measurement volume of the magnetometer is 1 mm3, defined by the overlap region of a circularly polarized pump laser and a linearly polarized probe laser, both operated near 795 nm. Sensitivity limitations unique to the use of microfabricated cells are discussed.
Assessing anxious features in depressed outpatients (2011)

Both the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD(17)) and 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - Clinician-rated (IDS-C(30) ) contain a subscale that assesses anxious symptoms. We used classical test theory and item response theory methods to assess and compare the psychometric properties of the two anxiety subscales (HRSD(ANX) and IDS-C(ANX)) in a large sample (N = 3453) of outpatients with non-psychotic major depressive disorder in the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study. Approximately 48% of evaluable participants had at least one concurrent anxiety disorder by the self-report Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire (PDSQ). The HRSD(ANX) and IDS-C(ANX) were highly correlated (r = 0.75) and both had moderate internal consistency given their limited number of items (HRSD(ANX) Cronbach's alpha = 0.48; IDS-C(ANX) Cronbach's alpha = 0.58). The optimal threshold for ascribing the presence/absence of anxious features was found at a total score of eight or nine for the HRSD(ANX) and seven or eight for the IDS-C(ANX) . It would seem beneficial to delete item 17 (loss of insight) from the HRSD(ANX) as it negatively correlated with the scale's total score. Both the HRSD(ANX) and IDS-C(ANX) subscales have acceptable psychometric properties and can be used to identify anxious features for clinical or research purposes.
<title>New sample preparation method for improved defect characterization yield on bare wafers</title> (1999)

SEM-based defect characterization is a critical technology for wafer manufacturers and others using unpatterned wafers for process monitoring. One of the main drivers of this technology is the need to characterize increasingly smaller defects whose dimensions scale with the shrinking design rules of semiconductor devices. Light-scattering based inspection tools (e.g. KLA/Tencor 6200, SP1) are used to detect defects on the wafer surface and to output a file which contains the xy coordinates of defects relative to the wafer's alignment features. The wafer and defect file are then transferred to the SEM review tool. The defect file is transformed into the coordinate system of the SEM's xy stage in two steps: first an approximate transformation is performed based on the wafer's orientation on the SEM's stage, and then, after several defects have been located, a more accurate transformation is performed using two or more updated defect coordinates. Review of further defects then proceeds and may include high resolution imaging, cross sectioning, and chemical characterization by EDS. This above method can be tedious and somewhat unreliable. It depends largely on the accuracy of the defect file, which contains both systematic and random error. Searching is often required, and it is generally true that the smaller the defect, the more difficult it is to locate by SEM. In this paper, we will discuss the added value and drawbacks of employing a new sample preparation technique which uses precision surface marking and high accuracy defect mapping to minimize the difficulties of SEM-based defect review on unpatterned wafers.
Thrombolytic Therapy Within 3 to 6 Hours After Onset of Ischemic Stroke (2002)

Consequently, from our point of view it appears unjustified to limit thrombolytic therapy to 3 hours. Because of lack of approvals for 3 to 6 hours, thrombolytic therapy within this time window should be done only as part of an institutional protocol after extensive information is obtained from the patient and the patient's relatives. Better methods for patient selection are required; in particular, newer MRI techniques, such as diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging, can play a key role. The aim is to qualify and individualize the time window according to the findings in each patient's imaging results rather than to use a strictly time-defined therapeutic window.
Immune mechanisms in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. (1994)

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases of unknown etiology. However, there is circumstantial evidence that immune mechanisms play an important role in the pathogenesis of the intestinal lesion, and cytokines produced by lymphoid cells may be critical for the extraintestinal sequelae of the disease. In both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, activation of macrophages seems to be a key feature. Increased production of the macrophage derived cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6 have been reported in both diseases. Additionally in Crohn's disease, large numbers of activated T lymphocytes can be detected in the lamina propria and the T lymphocyte derived cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma are secreted by a higher number of lamina propria T lymphocytes in active Crohn's disease. However, this is not the case in ulcerative colitis. The increased number of activated T lymphocytes secreting IFN-gamma may be responsible for granuloma formation in Crohn's disease, as well as for MHC class II antigen expression on colonic epithelial cells. Lamina propria T lymphocytes seem to have lost their physiological unresponsiveness to several microbial antigens. All these observations suggest that Crohn's disease may be caused by hyperreaction of the local cellular immune system to numerous microbial and nutritional antigens normally present in the intestine. The factor inducing this immune dysregulation remains unknown. Cell-mediated immunity seems to be less important in ulcerative colitis, as activated T lymphocytes are only sparse within the inflamed mucosa, and the T lymphocyte derived cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma cannot be detected in the gut lesion or in the serum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Enhanced Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis of Bacille Calmette-Guerin Vaccine Using Mucosal Administration and Boosting with a Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (2003)

Heterologous prime-boost immunization strategies can evoke powerful T cell immune responses and may be of value in developing an improved tuberculosis vaccine. We show that recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara, expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag 85A (M.85A), strongly boosts bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-induced Ag 85A specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses in mice. A comparison of intranasal (i.n.) and parenteral immunization of BCG showed that while both routes elicited comparable T cell responses in the spleen, only i.n. delivery elicited specific T cell responses in the lung lymph nodes, and these responses were further boosted by i.n. delivery of M.85A. Following aerosol challenge with M. tuberculosis, i.n. boosting of BCG with either BCG or M.85A afforded unprecedented levels of protection in both the lungs (2.5 log) and spleens (1.5 log) compared with naive controls. Protection in the lung correlated with the induction of Ag 85A-specific, IFN-gamma-secreting T cells in lung lymph nodes. These findings support further evaluation of mucosally targeted prime-boost vaccination approaches for tuberculosis.
Audio Set: An ontology and human-labeled dataset for audio events (2017)

Audio event recognition, the human-like ability to identify and relate sounds from audio, is a nascent problem in machine perception. Comparable problems such as object detection in images have reaped enormous benefits from comprehensive datasets - principally ImageNet. This paper describes the creation of Audio Set, a large-scale dataset of manually-annotated audio events that endeavors to bridge the gap in data availability between image and audio research. Using a carefully structured hierarchical ontology of 632 audio classes guided by the literature and manual curation, we collect data from human labelers to probe the presence of specific audio classes in 10 second segments of YouTube videos. Segments are proposed for labeling using searches based on metadata, context (e.g., links), and content analysis. The result is a dataset of unprecedented breadth and size that will, we hope, substantially stimulate the development of high-performance audio event recognizers.