gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms and driving forces of metal dusting (2003)

Abstract The mechanisms of metal dusting as it appears on different ferritic stainless steels and pure iron have been described in detail. A mechanism for metal dusting (MD) of chromia‐forming as well as alumina‐forming steels is proposed, based on results from laboratory exposures of 26Cr‐steel and FeCrAl‐alloy at 600–650°C for up to 5000 h in a synthesis gas low in water vapour, 25%CO + 3%H 2 O + H 2 . Metallographical examinations, FEG‐SEM, SEM‐EDX analysis and X‐ray diffraction, as well as thermodynamic calculations were made in order to identify and describe the different metal dusting processes. The work focuses on the role of carbides and oxides to explain the observations and give a description of the metal dusting phenomenon as it appears in engineering alloys. This mechanism was first observed and identified in a study of an austenitic stainless steel. The driving force for steady state MD on pure iron and low alloyed steels is described and a secondary MD‐mechanism, carbon nanotube formation, is described in detail. With these additional results it is now possible to extend understanding of the MD‐processes to a wide range of engineering alloys.
<title>Imaging interferometric lithography: extending optics to fundamental limits and beyond</title> (1999)

Optical lithography has been the mainstay VLSI/ULSI manufacturing technique throughout the entire history of the integrated circuit. The "end" of optical lithography has been oft predicted, and just as often proven premature. Even today, despite all the recent investigation of next-generation lithographies (NGL), it now appears certain that optics will be used for 100-nm critical dimensions (CD) and likely, that optical tools will extend at least to initial stages of the 70-nm CD roadmap node as well, cxtending optical lithography to deep sub-wavelength CDs.
Multiple sgRNAs with overlapping sequences enhance CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in efficiency (2018)

The CRISPR/Cas9 system is widely applied in genome engineering due to its simplicity and versatility. Although this has revolutionized genome-editing technology, knockin animal generation via homology directed repair (HDR) is not as efficient as nonhomologous end-joining DNA-repair-dependent knockout. Although its double-strand break activity may vary, Cas9 derived from Streptococcus pyogenens allows robust design of single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) within the target sequence; However, prescreening for different sgRNA activities delays the process of transgenic animal generation. To overcome this limitation, multiple sets of different sgRNAs were examined for their knockin efficiency. We discovered profound advantages associated with single-stranded oligo-donor-mediated HDR processes using overlapping sgRNAs (sharing at least five base pairs of the target sites) as compared with using non-overlapping sgRNAs for knock-in mouse generation. Studies utilizing cell lines revealed shorter sequence deletions near target mutations using overlapping sgRNAs as compared with those observed using non-overlapping sgRNAs, which may favor the HDR process. Using this simple method, we successfully generated several transgenic mouse lines harboring loxP insertions or single-nucleotide substitutions with a highly efficiency of 18-38%. Our results demonstrate a simple and efficient method for generating transgenic animals harboring foreign-sequence knockins or short-nucleotide substitutions by the use of overlapping sgRNAs.
New Methods of Free-Radical Perfluoroalkylation of Aromatics and Alkenes. Absolute Rate Constants and Partial Rate Factors for the Homolytic Aromatic Substitution by n-Perfluorobutyl Radical (1997)

New methods of free-radical perfluoroalkylation of aromatics and alkenes are reported. n-C(4)F(9)I has been utilized as source of C(4)F(9)(*) radical through iodine abstraction by phenyl or methyl radical. The reaction with alkenes, carried out in the presence of catalytic amount of Cu(OAc)(2), leads to substitution by a mechanism substantially identical to the aromatic substitution and not to the usual chain addition of perfluoroalkyl group and iodine atom to the double bond. This has allowed to measure for the first time the absolute rate constants and the partial rate factors for the homolytic aromatic perfluoroalkylation by competition kinetics. The C(4)F(9)(*) radical shows a clear-cut electrophilic character in the aromatic substitution, as already reported for the addition to alkenes, but the low regio- and chemoselectivities suggest that the polar effect is not the main factor in determining the high reactivity of perfluoroalkyl radicals toward aromatics (10(5)-10(6) M(-1) s(-1), 2-3 orders of magnitude more reactive than alkyl radicals). The enthalpic factor, related to the involved bond energies, appears to be the major cause of the increased reactivity. The polar effect is considered as related more to the polarizability than to the polarity of a radical (the sigma-perfluoroalkyl radicals are considered less polarizable and hence less sensitive to polar effects than pi-radicals).
Plagiarism detection across programming languages (2006)

Plagiarism is a widespread problem in assessment tasks; in computing courses, students often plagiarise source code. For all but the smallest classes, manual detection of such plagiarism is impractical, and, while automated tools are available, none has been applied to detect inter-lingual plagiarism, where source code is copied from one language to another. In this work, we propose a novel approach, XPlag, to detect plagiarism involving multiple languages using intermediate program code produced by a compiler suite. We describe experiments to evaluate XPlag, and show that we can detect inter-lingual plagiarism with reasonably good precision.
Multipass encoding for reducing pulsing artifacts in cloud based video transcoding (2015)

Low latency video transcoding is an important feature in video sharing platforms. Typically this is achieved by splitting a clip into short segments, followed by parallel encoding of the segments. However, this introduces quality artifacts due to transients in encoder rate control. We present a model for more effectively predicting the behavior of the encoder in each encoding pass, which minimizes this problem. We learn the model using measurements from more than 500 video clips, hence ensuring reliable estimation. Finally, we show that the proposed multipass strategy delivers more stable reconstructed quality for parallel video transcoding frameworks.
Deep Learning Face Representation by Joint Identification-Verification (2014)

The key challenge of face recognition is to develop effective feature representations for reducing intra-personal variations while enlarging inter-personal differences. In this paper, we show that it can be well solved with deep learning and using both face identification and verification signals as supervision. The Deep IDentification-verification features (DeepID2) are learned with carefully designed deep convolutional networks. The face identification task increases the inter-personal variations by drawing DeepID2 extracted from different identities apart, while the face verification task reduces the intra-personal variations by pulling DeepID2 extracted from the same identity together, both of which are essential to face recognition. The learned DeepID2 features can be well generalized to new identities unseen in the training data. On the challenging LFW dataset, 99.15% face verification accuracy is achieved. Compared with the best deep learning result on LFW, the error rate has been significantly reduced by 67%.
Cytochrome c oxidase regulates endogenous nitric oxide availability in respiring cells: A possible explanation for hypoxic vasodilation (2007)

One of the many routes proposed for the cellular inactivation of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) is by the cytochrome c oxidase of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. We have studied this possibility in human embryonic kidney cells engineered to generate controlled amounts of NO. We have used visible light spectroscopy to monitor continuously the redox state of cytochrome c oxidase in an oxygen-tight chamber, at the same time as which we measure cell respiration and the concentrations of oxygen and NO. Pharmacological manipulation of cytochrome c oxidase indicates that this enzyme, when it is in turnover and in its oxidized state, inactivates physiological amounts of NO, thus regulating its intra- and extracellular concentrations. This inactivation is prevented by blocking the enzyme with inhibitors, including NO. Furthermore, when cells generating low concentrations of NO respire toward hypoxia, the redox state of cytochrome c oxidase changes from oxidized to reduced, leading to a decrease in NO inactivation. The resultant increase in NO concentration could explain hypoxic vasodilation.
Additions and Corrections-New Psychotropic Agents. Derivatives of Dibenzo[α,d]-1,4-cycloheptadiene (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAdditions and Corrections-New Psychotropic Agents. Derivatives of Dibenzo[α,d]-1,4-cycloheptadieneS Winthrop, M Davis, G Myers, J Gavin, R Thomas, and R BarberCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 12, 4718Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1962Publication History Published online30 July 2002Published inissue 1 December 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01059a615https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01059a615research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views19Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Aggregation of the high-affinity IgE receptor and enhanced activity of p53/56lyn protein-tyrosine kinase. (1994)

Aggregation of the receptor with high affinity for IgE (Fc epsilon RI) on the surface of mast cells and basophils stimulates phosphorylation of protein tyrosines, a process in which p53/56lyn kinase has been implicated. We measured the association between Fc epsilon RI and the kinase, using chemical crosslinking to stabilize their interaction. In the rat basophilic leukemia mast cell line, 3-4%, and at most 20%, of Fc epsilon RI appear to be associated with the kinase prior to aggregation, even though there is an excess of total cell lyn kinase. Aggregating the Fc epsilon RI causes three to four times more of the kinase to associate with receptors, a process requiring a prior phosphorylation step. In an in vitro assay, the lyn associated with the aggregated receptors becomes disproportionately more phosphorylated than would be predicted from the amount of lyn associated with the receptors. These and other data are consistent with a model in which aggregation of the receptor leads to its transphosphorylation by constitutively associated lyn kinase. We propose that additional molecules of this kinase are thereby recruited and that this markedly enhances transphosphorylation of tyrosine on the receptor and associated proteins, thereby initiating a cascade of further biochemical changes. This model is also consistent with data on receptors such as the clonotypic receptors on B and T lymphocytes, which share structural and functional features with Fc epsilon RI.
Prologamena to Thinking about Economic Sanctions and Free Trade (2003)

Much has been written about economic sanctions, and even more has been written about free trade. Before delving into the relationship between these phenomena, it is prudent to clarify some concepts, identify some common pitfalls to understanding, and place the topic in a theoretical and historical perspective. This article will focus on economic sanctions with respect to the following topics: (1) the nature of political sanctions; (2) why states use economic sanctions; (3) common pitfalls in thinking about economic sanctions; and (4) historical and theoretical perspectives on economic sanctions and free trade.
Structure of the human cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II gene. Early transcriptional regulation by retinoic acid. (1992)

The gene for human cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II (CRABP-II) has been cloned. It was isolated from a human placenta genomic library and is contained within one bacteriophage clone. The gene spans 6 kilobases and consists of 4 exons. One major transcription initiation site was mapped to an A residue 137 nucleotides upstream of the ATG initiation codon. The upstream region contains a TATA box and potential AP2, Sp1, and Krox-24 binding sites, as well as a direct repeat with homology to a retinoic acid-responsive element. The CRABP-II mRNA was rapidly induced within 2-6 h in cultured human skin fibroblasts by retinoic acid, reaching a plateau after 6 h of treatment. The rapid increase of CRABP-II message was mainly due to an increased rate of transcription as determined by nuclear run-on experiments. Increased transcription could be detected as early as 1 h after addition of retinoic acid, peaked at 2 h, and returned to basal levels within 6 h. On-going protein synthesis was required for this transient increase of transcription, since the induction was blocked by cycloheximide. These data suggest that the human CRABP-II gene is transcriptionally regulated by a newly synthesized regulatory protein.
Endogenous and Exogenous IL-6 Inhibit Aeroallergen-Induced Th2 Inflammation (2000)

Chronic Th2-dominated inflammation and exaggerated IL-6 production are characteristic features of the asthmatic airway. To understand the processes that are responsible for the chronicity of this response and the role(s) of IL-6 in the regulation of airway Th2 inflammation, we compared the responses induced by OVA in sensitized wild-type mice, IL-6 deficient (-/-) mice, and transgenic mice in which IL-6 was overexpressed in the airway (CC10-IL-6 mice). When compared with wild-type mice, IL-6-/- mice manifest exaggerated inflammation and eosinophilia, increased levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 protein and mRNA, exaggerated levels of eotaxin, JE/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and -2, and mRNA, increased bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) TGF-beta1, and exaggerated airway responses to aerosolized methacholine. In contrast, CC10-IL-6 mice, on both C57BL/6 and BALB/c backgrounds, manifest diminished inflammation and eosinophilia, decreased levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 protein and mRNA, and decreased levels of bronchoalveolar lavage TGF-beta1. IL-6 also decreased the expression of endothelial VCAM-1 and airway responsiveness to methacholine in these animals. These alterations in the IL-6-/- and CC10-IL-6 mice were not associated with significant decreases or increases in the levels of IFN-gamma, respectively. These studies demonstrate that endogenous and exogenous IL-6 inhibit aeroallergen-induced Th2 inflammation and that this inhibition is not mediated by regulatory effects of IFN-gamma. IL-6 may be an important anti-inflammatory, counterregulatory, and healing cytokine in the airway.
Efficient Inhibition of Human B-cell Lymphoma in SCID Mice by Synergistic Antitumor Effect of Human 4-1BB Ligand/Anti-CD20 Fusion Proteins and Anti-CD3/Anti-CD20 Diabodies (2010)

Here we constructed and produced a recombinant human 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL)/anti-CD20 fusion protein and examined its antitumor activity, alone and in combination with an anti-CD3/anti-CD20 bispecific diabody. The 4-1BBL/anti-CD20 fusion protein retained both the costimulatory activity of 4-1BBL on T cells and the tumor targeting ability of CD20 antibody on B cells. The fusion protein bound as efficiently to 4-1BB- and CD20-positive cells as its respective parental antibodies, and was capable of cross-linking human T lymphocytes and CD20-positive tumor cells. Combination treatment with 4-1BBL/anti-CD20 fusion protein and anti-CD3/anti-CD20 diabody led to significantly increased T-cell cytotoxicity to human B-lymphoma cells in vitro and drastically more potent tumor inhibitory activity in vivo in xenografted B-cell lymphoma in severe combined immunodeficiency disease mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that the combination treatment remarkably inhibited apoptosis of human peripheral blood lymphocytes, accompanied by upregulation of Bcl-XL and Bf1-1, perforin and granzyme B mRNA, and increased interleukin-2 production. Taken together, these results suggest that targeted delivery of 4-1BBL to the tumor site, when combined with anti-CD3/anti-CD20 diabody, could strongly potentiate the antitumor activity of the diabody, thus may have significant clinical application in the treatment of human CD20-positive B-cell malignancies.
Intravenous Administration of BCG in Advanced Melanoma Patients (1978)

From June 1975 to August 1977, 19 patients with distant metastases of malignant melanoma of the skin that were no longer responsive to chemotherapy were treated with BCG given intravenously. A single dose of lyophilized Pasteur BCG ranging from 2 X 10(7) to 3 X 10(8) viable units was given in 500 ml of saline infused in 5 to 6 h. Seven of the 16 evaluable patients benefited from treatment; 3 showed an objective regression of more than 50% of the original tumor volume, and 4 an arrest of tumor growth. The objective regressions lasted from 2 to 5 months, and 1 case had an arrest of tumor growth for 29 months. The regression rate was related to the BCG dosage: 2 X 10(8) viable units appears to be the dosage that gives severe but reversible toxicity and is able to induce objective regression. The most responsive lesions were skin and subcutaneous deposits (5 of 7) and lung metastases (1 of 4). Toxic effects seem to be related to the number of bacilli injected. In the group of 10 cases treated with less than 10(8) units, toxicity was modest: 4 patients had fever (up to 38.5 degrees C) that lasted a few days, and in 3 cases it was associated with shivering during the infusion period and weakness. One case only had vomiting and jaundice. Toxicity was severe in the 9 patients that were treated with a dosage higher than 10(8): patients had fever and weakness for at least 4 days and shivering during the infusion. Two had adrenal insufficiency and 7 had liver enlargement and jaundice with return to normality by day 21. In the whole series 8 patients had leucopenia and 5 thrombocytopenia for 2 to 3 days: only 1 patient required blood and platelet transfusion. No significant variations in immunoglobulin levels were observed. No variations of PPD or BCG skin tests were observed after treatment. Three patients expired; the first treated with 6 X 10(7) unit, had an intercurrent disease (autopsy showed a heart infarction); the second, treated with 1.8 X 10(8), showed a rapid growth of lung metastases and died 15 days after treatment; the death of the third patient was probably due to anaphylactic shock. All 3 patients had been previously treated with BCG, given by scarification or intranodular injection.
A General Method To Coat Colloidal Particles with Silica (2003)

A general method to coat colloids with silica is described. The amphiphilic, nonionic polymer poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) was adsorbed to various colloidal particles such as small gold colloids, gold-shell silica-core particles, small and large silver colloids, boehmite rods, gibbsite platelets, and positively or negatively charged polystyrene. After this functionalization the stabilized particles could be transferred to a solution of ammonia in ethanol and directly coated with smooth and homogeneous silica shells of variable thickness by addition of tetraethoxysilane in a seeded growth process. The length of the polymer used strongly influences the stability of the colloids and the homogeneity and smoothness of the initial silica coating. This method is especially useful for colloidal particles that cannot be covered directly with SiO2 by a Stöber-like growth process. Compared to methods known from the literature for the coating of such particles, this new method is faster and requires neither the use of silane coupling agents nor a precoating step with sodium silicate, which is poorly reproducible.
Interface design for browsing faceted metadata (2006)

The team developing the new version of the Computational Science Education Reference Desk (CSERD) has recognized the need for, and implemented, a more flexible and interactive system for finding resources using a combination of browsing and searching.
Loss of atm radiosensitizes multiple p53 null tissues. (1998)

An unusual clinical finding in ataxia-telangiectasia, a human disorder caused by mutations in atm, is exquisite sensitivity to gamma irradiation. By contrast, homozygous deletion of p53 is marked by radiation resistance in certain tissue compartments. Previous studies (A. J. Levine, Cell, 88: 323-331, 1997) have shown that, in vitro, p53-deficient bone marrow cells are resistant to gamma irradiation. Furthermore, the gastrointestinal radiosensitization engendered by the loss of atm has recently been shown (C. H. Westphal et al., Nat. Genet., 16: 397-401, 1997) to be independent of p53. Expanding on previous work, we have looked at in vivo bone marrow resistance in p53-deficient mice. Our results indicate that inbred FVB strain p53 null mice survive lethal irradiation doses because of bone marrow resistance. Moreover, the deletion of atm radiosensitizes even p53 null bone marrow and mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. The results presented here argue that the loss of atm radiosensitizes multiple tissues in a p53-independent manner. Hence, functional inhibition of atm in p53 null and p53 wild-type human tumors may be a useful adjunct to gamma irradiation-based antitumor therapy.
Comparative genomics of Thermus thermophilus and Deinococcus radiodurans: divergent routes of adaptation to thermophily and radiation resistance (2005)

After the radiation from their common ancestor, the Thermus and Deinococcus lineages have taken divergent paths toward their distinct lifestyles. In addition to extensive gene loss, Thermus seems to have acquired numerous genes from thermophiles, which likely was the decisive contribution to its thermophilic adaptation. By contrast, Deinococcus lost few genes but seems to have acquired many bacterial genes that apparently enhanced its ability to survive different kinds of environmental stresses. Notwithstanding the accumulation of horizontally transferred genes, we also show that the single megaplasmid of Thermus and the DR177 megaplasmid of Deinococcus are homologous and probably were inherited from the common ancestor of these bacteria.