gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Yersiniabactin from Yersinia pestis: biochemical characterization of the siderophore and its role in iron transport and regulation (1999)

A siderophore-dependent iron transport system of the pathogenic yersiniae plays a role in the pathogenesis of these organisms. The structure of the yersiniabactin (Ybt) siderophore produced by Yersinia enterocolitica has been elucidated. This paper reports the purification of Ybt from Yersinia pestis and demonstrates that it has the same structure as Ybt from Y. enterocolitica. Purified Ybt had a formation constant for Fe3+ of approximately 4x10(-36). Addition of purified Ybt from Y. pestis enhanced iron uptake by a siderophore-negative (irp2) strain of Y. pestis. Maximal expression of the Ybt outer-membrane receptor, Psn, in this strain was dependent upon exogenously supplied Ybt. Regulation of Psn expression by Ybt occurred at the transcriptional level. Y. pestis DNA was used to construct irp2 and psn mutations in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The irp2 mutant strain no longer synthesized Ybt and the psn mutant strain could not use exogenously supplied Ybt. As in Y. pestis, Ybt was required for maximal expression of Psn. Regulation by Ybt occurred at the transcriptional level. In contrast to Y. pestis, in which a psn mutation does not repress synthesis of Ybt siderophore or expression of the iron-regulated HMWP1 and HMWP2 proteins, the same mutation in Y. pseudotuberculosis partially repressed these products.
Attenuation of Immune-Mediated Influenza Pneumonia by Targeting the Inducible Co-Stimulator (ICOS) Molecule on T Cells (2014)

Inducible Co-stimulator (ICOS) plays a critical role in mediating T cell differentiation and function and is considered a key player in balancing T effector and T regulatory (Treg) cell responses. Here we show that activation of the ICOS signalling pathway during acute influenza A virus (IAV) infection by application of an agonistic ICOS antibody reduced the frequency of CD8+ T cells in the respiratory tract of IAV infected animals and delayed pathogen elimination. In line with this, immune-mediated influenza pneumonia was significantly ameliorated in mice that received ICOS agonist as indicated by significantly reduced alveolar infiltrations and bronchointerstitial pneumonia, while at the same time virus-related pathology remained unaffected. Importantly, ICOS agonist treatment resulted in expansion of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs in IAV infected mice, which was associated with elevated levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in the alveolar space. Together, our findings suggest a prominent role of ICOS signaling during acute IAV infection by increasing the Treg/CD8+ T cell ratio with beneficial outcome on immune-mediated pneumonia and underline the suitability of ICOS as potential therapeutic target for immune intervention in those infectious conditions characterized by strong immunopathology rather than virus-mediated cytopathic effects.
Characteristics of Ligand Recognition by a glmS Self‐Cleaving Ribozyme (2006)

A tweak here, a tweak there: A series of analogues of glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P, see picture) was used to examine the molecular-recognition characteristics of a glmS ribozyme that is activated by this ligand. Although several functional groups on the ligand are critical for binding, there are opportunities to create new analogues that fully trigger ribozyme action.
Evaluation of two new megestrol acetate tablet formulations in humans (1986)

The bioequivalence of two new investigational 160 mg tablets, one containing the regular form and the other a micronized form of megestrol acetate, was determined relative to a commercially available 40 mg tablet (Megace). The tablets were administered to 24 male subjects in a three-way cross-over study, balanced for sequence, with a week between administrations. The 40 mg tablets were administered q.i.d. at 08.00, 12.00, 18.00 and 22.00 h, while the 160 mg tablets were administered once at 08.00 h. Plasma samples were collected at appropriate times out to 96 h after administration and were analysed for megestrol acetate with a validated high performance liquid chromatographic procedure. Based on the times to maximum plasma concentrations (2.5 to 2.8 h), the absorption rate constant was the same for each of the tablets. Relative to the 40 mg q.i.d. dose, the 160 mg regular and the 160 mg micronized tablets had mean relative bioavailabilities of 97 per cent and 118 per cent, respectively.
The Regulation of Contractile Activity in Muscle (1979)

Conference Article| August 01 1979 The Regulation of Contractile Activity in Muscle S. V. PERRY S. V. PERRY 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Birmingham, P.O. Box 363, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem Soc Trans (1979) 7 (4): 593–617. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0070593 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation S. V. PERRY; The Regulation of Contractile Activity in Muscle. Biochem Soc Trans 1 August 1979; 7 (4): 593–617. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0070593 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search Keywords: DTNB, 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) © 1979 Biochemical Society1979 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Review: Understanding sorbent dialysis systems (2010)

Although maintenance haemodialysis once had the benefit of two distinctly different dialysate preparation and delivery systems - (1) a pre-filtration and reverse osmosis water preparation plant linked to a single pass proportioning system and (2) a sorbent column dependent dialysate regeneration and recirculation system known as the REDY system - the first came to dominate the market and the second waned. By the early 1990s, the REDY had disappeared from clinical use. The REDY system had strengths. It was a small, mobile, portable and water-efficient, only 6 L of untreated water being required for each dialysis. In comparison, single pass systems are bulky, immobile and water (and power) voracious, typically needing 400-600 L/treatment of expensively pretreated water. A resurgence of interest in home haemodialysis - short and long, intermittent and daily - has provided impetus to redirect technological research into cost-competitive systems. Miniaturization, portability, flexibility, water-use efficiency and 'wearability' are ultimate goals. Sorbent systems are proving an integral component of this effort. In sorbent dialysate regeneration, rather than draining solute-rich dialyser effluent to waste - as do current systems - the effluent repetitively recirculates across a sorbent column capable of adsorption, ion exchange or catalytic conversion of all solute such that, at exit from the column, an ultra-pure water solution emerges. This then remixes with a known electrolyte concentrate for representation to the dialyser. As the same small water volume can recirculate, at least until column exhaustion, water source independence is assured. Many current technological developments in dialysis equipment are now focusing on sorbent-based dialysate circuitry. Although possibly déjà vu for some, it is timely for a brief review of sorbent chemistry and its application to dialysis systems.
Evaluation of a branch target address cache (2002)

Branches interrupt the sequential flow of instructions and introduce pipeline bubbles. Branch penalty can be a significant component of effective cpi (cycles per instruction) in multiple instruction issue processors. Two key issues need to be resolved to alleviate this problem: a branch resolution scheme to decide the direction and target of a branch early in the pipeline, thus allowing target instruction fetch to start, and mechanisms to minimize the impact of unpredictable branches. We propose a technique of caching branch target addresses for our fully predicated processor architecture, that would allow the branch decision to be made in the fetch stage of the pipeline. We discuss the impact of different branch target caching policies and cache sizes on the efficiency of branch target address cache. Impact of register-relative branches which may have variable target addresses is considered and a solution is suggested.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Molecular-beam epitaxy of GaN/AlxGa1−xN multiple quantum wells on R-plane (1012) sapphire substrates (2002)

GaN / Al 0.15 Ga 0.85 N multiple quantum wells (MQWs) have been grown by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy on R-plane (101̄2) sapphire substrates. The orientation relationship was found to be (112̄0) (Al)GaN∥(10 1̄2) Al2O3, resulting in nonpolar GaN/AlGaN heterostructures. Room-temperature photoluminescence studies were performed to compare the optical properties of the MQWs grown on (0001) and (101̄2) Al2O3 substrates. The peak transition energy, as a function of well width for the (112̄0) MQWs, followed the trend for rectangular potential profiles indicating the absence of built-in electrostatic fields. In comparison, the peak transition energies for the (0001) MQWs showed a significant redshift due to the quantum-confined Stark effect, consistent with a built-in field value of 750 kV/cm. In addition, the photoluminescence intensity was 20 to 30 times higher for the (112̄0) MQWs compared to the (0001) MQWs.
BMS-247550: a novel epothilone analog with a mode of action similar to paclitaxel but possessing superior antitumor efficacy. (2001)

BMS-247550, a novel epothilone derivative, is being developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (BMS) as an anticancer agent for the treatment of patients with malignant tumors. BMS-247550 is a semisynthetic analogue of the natural product epothilone B and has a mode of action analogous to that of paclitaxel (i.e., microtubule stabilization). In vitro, it is twice as potent as paclitaxel in inducing tubulin polymerization. Like paclitaxel, BMS-247550 is a highly potent cytotoxic agent capable of killing cancer cells at low nanomolar concentrations. Importantly, BMS-247550 retains its antineoplastic activity against human cancers that are naturally insensitive to paclitaxel or that have developed resistance to paclitaxel, both in vitro and in vivo. Tumors for which BMS-247550 demonstrated significant antitumor activity encompass both paclitaxel-sensitive and -refractory categories, i.e., (a) paclitaxel-resistant: HCT116/VM46 colorectal (multidrug resistant), Pat-21 breast and Pat-7 ovarian carcinoma (clinical isolates; mechanisms of resistance not fully known), and A2780Tax ovarian carcinoma (tubulin mutation); (b) paclitaxel-insensitive: Pat-26 human pancreatic carcinoma (clinical isolate) and M5076 murine fibrosarcoma; and (c) paclitaxel sensitive: A2780 ovarian, LS174T, and HCT116 human colon carcinoma. In addition, BMS-247550 is p.o. efficacious against preclinical human tumor xenografts grown in immunocompromised mice or rats. Schedule optimization studies indicate that BMS-247550 is efficacious when administered frequently (every 2 days x 5) or intermittently (every 4 days x 3 or every 8 days x 2). These efficacy data demonstrate that BMS-247550 has the potential to surpass Taxol in both clinical efficacy and ease of use (i.e., less frequent treatment schedule and/or oral administration).
Redirected primary T cells harboring a chimeric receptor require costimulation for their antigen-specific activation (2004)

Chimeric receptor (CR)-redirected lymphocytes (T bodies) have great potential in the eradication of tumor cells. To extend this approach to target cells that do not express surface ligands to costimulatory receptors (eg, cancer cells), we have generated an antibody-based tripartite chimeric receptor (TPCR) that contains scFv linked to the costimulatory molecule, CD28 without its ligand-binding domain, and to the cytoplasmic moiety of the FcRgamma subunit. In this study, we tested the ability of 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-specific TPCR to drive primary, naive T cells derived from CR-transgenic (Tg) mice to undergo full activation. As a control, we used Tg mice expressing a similar transgene but lacking the signaling region of CD28 (Tg-TPCRDeltaCD28). Only T cells from the TPCR-Tg and not the CD28-truncated TPCR-Tg mice could undergo activation following stimulation on hapten-modified target cells not expressing B7. Moreover, when stimulated with TNP protein displayed on plastic, the TPCR-Tg T cells expressing the entire TPCR gene became fully activated for proliferation, interleukin 2 production, protection from apoptosis, and killing of TNP-modified target cells. Finally, TPCR-Tg mice manifested a delayed-type hypersensitivity response following skin challenge in the absence of priming. Taken together, our results suggest that the TPCR is the receptor configuration of choice for clinical applications using primary T or stem cells.
Degranulation of individual mast cells in response to Ca2+ and guanine nucleotides: an all-or-none event. (1993)

Widespread experience indicates that application of suboptimal concentrations of stimulating ligands (secretagogues) to secretory cells elicits submaximal extents of secretion. Similarly, for permeabilized secretory cells, the extent of secretion is related to the concentration of applied intracellular effectors. We investigated the relationship between the extent of secretion from mast cells (assessed as the release of hexosaminidase) and the degranulation (exocytosis) responses of individual cells. For permeabilized mast cells stimulated by the effector combination Ca2+ plus GTP-gamma-S and for intact cells stimulated by the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin, we found that exocytosis has the characteristics of an all-or-none process at the level of the individual cells. With a suboptimal stimulus, the population comprised only totally degranulated cells and fully replete cells. In contrast, a suboptimal concentration of compound 48/80 applied to intact cells induced a partial degree of degranulation. This was determined by observing the morphological changes accompanying degranulation by light and electron microscopy and also as a reduction in the intensity of light scattered at 90 degrees, indicative of a change in the cell-refractive index. These results may be explained by the existence of a threshold sensitivity to the combined effectors that is set at the level of individual cells and not at the granule level. We used flow cytometry to establish the relationship between the extent of degranulation in individual rat peritoneal mast cells and the extent of secretion in the population (measured as the percentage release of total hexosaminidase). For comparison, secretion was also elicited by applying the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin or compound 48/80 to intact cells. For permeabilized cells and also for intact cells stimulated with the ionophore, levels of stimulation that generate partial secretion gave rise to bimodal frequency distributions of 90 degrees light scatter. In contrast, a partial stimulus to secretion by compound 48/80 resulted in a single population of partially degranulated cells, the degree of degranulation varying across the cell population. The difference between the all-or-none responses of the permeabilized or ionophore-treated cells and the graded responses of cells activated by compound 48/80 is likely to stem from differences in the effective calcium stimulus. Whereas cell stimulated with receptor-directed agonists can undergo transient and localized Ca2+ changes, a homogeneous and persistent stimulus is sensed at every potential exocytotic site in the permeabilized cells.
Raman spectroscopic detection for liquid and solid targets using a spatial heterodyne spectrometer (2015)

Spatial heterodyne Raman spectroscopy (SHRS) is a new type of effective method for the analysis of structure and composition of liquid and solid targets with the characteristics of no moving parts, high spectral resolution, high optical throughput and large field of view. The technique is very suitable for detecting the targets from long distances or under the conditions with ambient light, which is essential for the exploration of planetary surface. In order to have a better understanding of the ability of SHRS for the detection of liquid and solid targets, a breadboard was designed, built and calibrated. Signal to noise was estimated at different integration time or laser power for carbon tetrachloride. Pure materials or materials contained in bottles were both tested. The mixture of organic liquids or inorganic solids were tested. In order to test the detection ability for natural targets, some composition‐unknown rocks and pebbles were tested. The results have shown that SHRS can meet the requirements for the detection of weak Raman signal scattered from artificial or natural targets. Standoff detection of sulfur from 5‐m or 10‐m distance without using any telescope or collimation optics was also tried to test the high optical throughput of SHRS. The potential feasibility of standoff detection has been proved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Genetic effects on beef heifer puberty and subsequent reproduction (1992)

Significant genetic variation exists within and between breeds of beef cattle for age at puberty (AP). In general, faster-gaining breed groups of larger mature size reach puberty at a later age than do slower-gaining breed groups of smaller mature size; breeds selected for milk production reach puberty at younger ages than do those breeds not selected for milk production. Heterosis, independent of heterosis effects on weight, influences most measures of puberty in females and scrotal circumference (SC) in males. Crossbred heifers reach puberty at younger ages and heavier weights than their straightbred counterparts. Scrotal circumference has been shown to be an excellent indicator of AP in yearling bulls. Furthermore, a favorable genetic relationship exists between SC in bulls and AP of female offspring. Beef cattle breeders may take a direct approach to breeding for AP and subsequent reproduction by directly selecting for measures of fertility such as SC. However, an indirect approach, involving selection for an array of traits that provide an appropriate "genetic environment" for the expression of fertility (i.e., size, milk production, calving ease) may be preferred. Although seedstock producers are limited to making change through within-breed selection, commercial producers can take advantage of both within- and between-breed selection as well as crossbreeding to achieve the same goal.
Detection of loci controlling seed glucosinolate content and their association with Sclerotinia resistance in Brassica napus (2003)

Abstract A genetic linkage map of Brassica napus constructed from a cross between a low glucosinolate cultivar ‘H5200’ and a high glucosinolate line ‘NingRS‐1’ was used to identify loci associated with seed glucosinolate content and to understand the association between specific glucosinolate components and Sclerotinia resistance. Seed glucosinolate content was assessed by standard High pressure Liquid Chromatogram (HPLC) protocol. Seven components of seed glucosinolate, including four types of aliphatic glucosinolate, two types of indolyl glucosinolates and one aromatic glucosinolate were detected in the seeds. Three quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified for seed total glucosinolate content. From three to 15 loci were found to be responsible for different types of glucosinolates, and by comparing the overlapped intervals, eight genomic regions were defined. One of the nine loci associated with aliphatic glucosinolate content was found to be associated with Sclerotinia resistance on the leaf at the seedling stage, and one locus, responsible for 3‐indolyl‐methyl glucosinolate content, was probably linked with Sclerotinia resistance on the stem of the maturing plant. The association between seed glucosinolate content and Sclerotinia resistance is discussed.
ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE “NEWER” MYXOVIRUSES (PARAINFLUENZA)1 (1959)

Journal Article ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE “NEWER” MYXOVIRUSES (PARAINFLUENZA) Get access M. KATHERINE COOK, M. KATHERINE COOK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar BASIL E. ANDREWS, BASIL E. ANDREWS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar HERNON H. FOX, HERNON H. FOX Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar HORACE C. TURNER, HORACE C. TURNER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar WALTER D. JAMES, WALTER D. JAMES Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ROBERT M. CHANOCK ROBERT M. CHANOCK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 69, Issue 3, May 1959, Pages 250–264, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119998 Published: 01 May 1959 Article history Received: 06 February 1959 Published: 01 May 1959
Low-cost industrial technologies of crystalline silicon solar cells (1997)

Approximately 2 billion people, mainly in Third World countries, are not connected to an electric grid. The standard, centralized grid development is too expensive and time consuming to solve the energy demand problem. Therefore, there is a need for decentralized renewable energy sources. The main attractiveness of solar cells is that they generate electricity directly from sunlight and can be mounted in modular, stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems. Particular attention is paid in this paper to crystalline silicon solar cells, since bulk silicon solar-cell (mono and multi) modules comprise approximately 85% of all worldwide PV module shipments. Energy conversion efficiency as high as 24% has been achieved on laboratory, small-area monocrystalline silicon cells, whereas the typical efficiency of industrial crystalline silicon solar cells is in the range of 13-16%. The market price of PV modules remains for the last few years in the range of $3.5-4.5/watt peak (Wp). For the photovoltaic industry, the biggest concern is to improve the efficiency and decrease the price of the commercial PV modules. Efficiency-enhancement techniques of commercial cells are described in detail. Adaptation of many high-efficiency features to industrially fabricated solar cells. The latest study shows that increasing the PV market size toward 500 MWp/y and accounting for realistic industrial improvements can lead to a drastic PV module price reduction down to $1/Wp.