gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Case History–Fracturing the Morrow in Southern Blaine and Western Canadian Counties, Oklahoma (1983)

ABSTRACT This paper presents a case history of recent hydraulic fracturing treatments of the Morrow formation in southern Blaine and western Canadian counties of Oklahoma. Hydraulic stimulation has often been avoided in the past because of water-sensitive clays commonly found in the Morrow formation. However, recent field results by Sun show that the Morrow in this area can be successfully and profitably fractured. Included is a history of Morrow treatments in the area, a summarization of recent treatment techniques and their results. Also, an economic analysis of these results is included using two years of actual post-frac production history.
Xenopus as a model system to study transcriptional regulatory networks (2005)

Development is controlled by a complex series of events requiring sequential gene activation. Understanding the logic of gene networks during development is necessary for a complete understanding of how genes contribute to phenotype. Pioneering work initiated in the sea urchin and Drosophila has demonstrated that reasonable transcriptional regulatory network diagrams representing early development in multicellular animals can be generated through use of appropriate genomic, genetic, and biochemical tools. Establishment of similar regulatory network diagrams for vertebrate development is a necessary step. The amphibian Xenopus has long been used as a model for vertebrate early development and has contributed greatly to the elucidation of gene regulation. Because the best and most extensively studied transcriptional regulatory network in Xenopus is that underlying the formation and function of Spemann's organizer, we describe the current status of our understanding of this gene regulatory network and its relationship to mesodermal patterning. Seventy-four transcription factors currently known to be expressed in the mesoendoderm of Xenopus gastrula were characterized according to their modes of action, DNA binding consensus sequences, and target genes. Among them, nineteen transcription factors were characterized sufficiently in detail, allowing us to generate a gene regulatory network diagram. Additionally, we discuss recent amphibian work using a combined DNA microarray and bioinformatics approach that promises to accelerate regulatory network studies.
Lumbar erector spinae oxygenation during prolonged contractions: implications for prolonged work (2000)

Owing to the recent interest in torso stabilization exercises together with many questions regarding the duration of prolonged isometric holds in occupational settings, the authors attempted to assess the level of back muscle oxygenation during prolonged isometric contractions. Specifically, this study recorded relative oxygen saturation of haemoglobin/myoglobin using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in the L3 erector mass during prolonged isometric contractions at intensities from 2 to 30% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). It was hypothesized that available oxygen to these muscles is severely compromised even at moderate levels of activation observed in occupational work. Eight volunteers without a history of lower back pain or injury participated in this study. The exercise task involved isometric contraction of the lower erector spinae at five different levels of each subject's maximal voluntary contraction: 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30% MVC, presented in random order. Subjects were placed in a sitting position, with a curved plastic plate secured horizontally to the pelvis to minimize movement at the hip joint. During extensor exertions, they were restrained with a harness that was attached at chest level to a load cell. Each isometric contraction was performed for 30 s followed by 1 min of rest. All levels of contraction demonstrated reduction in oxygen. Given the concern for motion artefact on the NIRS signal, sham trials were conducted where the subjects went through the procedure of attaching the pulling cable but no active pull was performed. These trials showed no change in the NIRS signal. At this time NIRS appears to be the only non-invasive instrumentation available to indicate total available muscle oxygen during low level, prolonged work. Although the specific tissue volume sampled by NIRS cannot be positively identified, it appears that tissue oxygenation in the lumbar extensor musculature is reduced as a function of contraction intensity, even at levels as low as 2% of MVC. These data have implications for prolonged work where postures requiring isometric contractions are sometimes held for hours, and where musculoskeletal illness has been linked to prolonged contraction levels above 2%MVC--these data suggest a possible biological pathway.
An interpersonal multimedia visualization system (2002)

MediaView is a computer program that provides a generic infrastructure for authoring and interacting with multimedia documents. Among its applications is the ability to furnish a user with a comprehensive environment for analysis and visualization. With this program the user can produce a document that contains mathematics, datasets and associated visualizations. From the dataset or embedded mathematics animated sequences can be produced in situ. Equations that appear in a document have a backing format that is compatible with the Mathematica language. Thus, by clicking on an equation, its semantics are conveyed to Mathematica, where the user can perform a variety of symbolic and numerical operations. Since the document is all digital, it can be shared on a local network or mailed electronically to a distant site. Animations and any other substructures of the document persist through the mailing process and can be awakened at the destination by the recipient.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Electrogastrography: Current Issues in Validation and Methodology (1987)

ABSTRACT In this review we present some current applications of electrogastrography, relationships between the electrogastrogram (EGG) and electrical and contractile activity of the stomach, EGG recording technique, and the current status of electrogastrography. The authors conclude the following: (1) The 3 cpm frequency of the EGG reflects the frequency of pacesetter potentials occurring at the serosal and mucosal surfaces of the stomach. (2) An increase in the contractile activity of the corpnsantrum is associated with an increase in the amplitude of the 3 cpm EGG signal. (3) Tachygastria (5–9 cpm waves) recorded with the EGG reflects identical frequencies recorded with mucosal electrodes from the gastric antrum. (4) Low frequency components (approximately 1 cpm) appear in the EGG signal but their physiological significance is unknown at this time.
A watermarking sequence using parities of error control coding for image authentication and correction (2000)

A novel function for image watermarking is proposed. We show how the watermarking sequence can be used for correction of illegal modifications. To make this task possible, the parities generated by the conventional error control coding (ECC) technique is used for the watermarking sequence. Then, the receiver can correct any alterations by applying the ECC decoding. To increase the correction capability we also adopt a scrambling scheme before the encoding to change a burst type of content modifications (i.e., errors) into a random noise. The scrambling key can be also used as a key for the authentication of the sender.
A Simple Method for Kinetic Control of DNA-Induced Nanoparticle Assembly (2006)

A regulation of the kinetic behavior in DNA-based nanosystems is required for emerging applications in sensing, nanodevice assembling, and gene delivery. Here we describe a broadly applicable method for controlling the kinetics of DNA-mediated nanoparticle self-assembly by tailoring the DNA-capping between single-stranded and partially rigid double-stranded designs. An effect of enhanced assembly kinetics was facilitated by the added rigidity which reduced chain entropy while extending crucial linker segments away from the nanoparticle interface where they are known to coordinate.
Effective Crack Control of Concrete by Self-Healing of Cementitious Composites Using Synthetic Fiber (2016)

Although concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials, it is characterized by substantially low tensile strength in comparison to its compression strength, and the occurrence of cracks is unavoidable. In addition, cracks progress due to environmental conditions including damage by freezing, neutralization, and salt, <i>etc.</i> Moreover, detrimental damage can occur in concrete structures due to the permeation of deteriorating elements such as Cl<sup>-</sup> and CO₂. Meanwhile, under an environment in which moisture is being supplied and if the width of the crack is small, a phenomenon of self-healing, in which a portion of the crack is filled in due to the rehydration of the cement particles and precipitation of CaCO₃, is been confirmed. In this study, cracks in cementitious composite materials are effectively dispersed using synthetic fibers, and for cracks with a width of more than 0.1 mm, a review of the optimal self-healing conditions is conducted along with the review of a diverse range of self-healing performance factors. As a result, it was confirmed that the effective restoration of watertightness through the production of the majority of self-healing products was achieved by CaCO₃ and the use of synthetic fibers with polarity, along with the effect of inducing a multiple number of hairline cracks. In addition, it was confirmed that the self-healing conditions of saturated Ca(OH)₂ solution, which supplied CO₂ micro-bubbles, displayed the most effective self-healing performance in the surface and internal sections of the cracks.
Identification of Two Distinct Subpopulations ofLeishmania major-Specific T Helper 2 Cells (2002)

It is widely accepted that a strong Th2 response is responsible for nonhealing Leishmania major infections in BALB/c mice. This Th2 response has been thoroughly documented by measuring the levels of Th2 cytokines produced by CD4(+) T cells present in the lymphoid organs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and PCR. However, the cytokine profile of L. major-specific Th2 cells has never been determined. In this study, we used the recently described Th2 marker T1/ST2 to characterize Th2 cells during the course of nonhealing L. major infection. We analyzed the intracellular cytokine profile of CD4(+) T1/ST2(+) T cells and showed that they clearly displayed a Th2 phenotype, as they expressed interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-10, and IL-5. In addition, we detected another population of Th2 cells among the CD4(+) T1/ST2(-) T cells that expressed IL-4 and IL-10 but excluded IL-5. In summary, we show here that two type 2 subpopulations are present in the lymphoid organs of L. major-infected BALB/c mice; Th2 cells from both subsets expressed IL-4 and IL-10, but they could be distinguished by their expression of IL-5 and T1/ST2.
Molecular Characterization of Equine Prostaglandin G/H Synthase-2 and Regulation of Its Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Preovulatory Follicles1 (1998)

To increase our understanding of the molecular control of PG synthesis in equine preovulatory follicles, the specific objectives of this study were to clone and determine the primary structure of equine prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 (PGHS-2) and to characterize the regulation of PGHS-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) in follicles before ovulation. A complementary DNA (cDNA) library prepared from follicular mRNA and a genomic library were screened with a mouse PGHS-2 cDNA probe to isolate the equine PGHS-2 cDNA and gene, respectively. The expression library yielded three nearly full-length clones that differed only in their 5′-ends; clones 3, 5, and 6 were 2946, 3138, and 3398 bp in length, respectively. The longest clone was shown to start 9 bp downstream of the transcription initiation site, as determined by primer extension analysis, and to contain 120 bp of 5′-untranslated region (UTR), 1812 bp of open reading frame, and 1466 bp of 3′-UTR. The open reading frame encodes a 604-amino acid protein that is more than 80% identical to PGHS-2 homologs in other species. Numerous repeats (n = 11) of the Shaw-Kamen’s sequence (ATTTA) are present in the 3′-UTR, a motif typically indicative of mRNAs with a short half-life. The complete equine PGHS-2 gene was isolated and sequenced from a∼ 17-kilobase clone obtained from the genomic library. The equine PGHS-2 gene structure (10 exons and 9 introns; total length of 6991 bp) is similar to its human homolog except for lacking sequence elements in introns 4, 8, and 9 and in the 3′-UTR region of exon 10. To characterize the regulation of PGHS-2 mRNA in equine follicles before ovulation, preovulatory follicles were isolated during estrus, 0, 12, 24, 30, 33, 36, and 39 h (n = 4–5 follicles/time point) after an ovulatory dose of hCG. Results from Northern blots showed significant changes in steady state levels of PGHS-2 mRNA in preovulatory follicles after hCG treatment (P < 0.05). The transcript remained undetectable between 0–24 h post-hCG, first appeared (∼4 kilobases) only at 30 h, and reached maximal levels 33 h post-hCG. PGHS-2 mRNA was selectively induced in granulosa cells and not in theca interna. Thus, this study provides for the first time the primary structure of the equine PGHS-2 gene, transcript, and protein. It also demonstrates that the induction of PGHS-2 gene expression in equine granulosa cells is a long molecular process (30 h post-hCG), thereby providing a model to study the molecular basis for the late transcriptional activation of PGHS-2 in species with a long ovulatory process.
Control of the Interferon-Induced 68-Kilodalton Protein Kinase by the HIV-1 tat Gene Product (1990)

The tat-responsive region (TAR) of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) exhibits a trans-inhibitory effect on translation in vitro by activating the interferon-induced 68-kilodalton protein kinase (p68 kinase). Productive infection by HIV-1 was shown to result in a significant decrease in the amount of cellular p68 kinase. The steady-state amount of p68 kinase was also reduced in interferon-treated HeLa cell lines stably expressing tat, as compared to the amount of the kinase in interferon-treated control HeLa cells. Thus, the potential translational inhibitory effects of the TAR RNA region mediated by activation of p68 kinase may be downregulated by tat during productive HIV-1 infection.
Promoting detachment of neutrophils adherent to murine postcapillary venules to control inflammation: Effect of lipocortin 1 (1998)

In this study we investigated, using intravital microscopy, how neutrophil extravasation across mouse mesenteric postcapillary venules is inhibited by the glucocorticoid-regulated protein lipocortin (LC; also termed annexin) 1. Intraperitoneal injection of 1 mg of zymosan into mice induced neutrophil rolling on the activated mesenteric endothelium followed by adhesion (maximal at 2 hr: 5-6 cells per 100-micrometers of vessel length) and emigration (maximal at 4 hr: 8-10 cells per high-powered field). Treatment of mice with human recombinant LC1 (2 mg/kg s.c.) or its mimetic peptide Ac2-26 (13 mg/kg s.c.) did not modify cell rolling but markedly reduced (>/=50%) the degree of neutrophil adhesion and emigration (P < 0.05). Intravenous treatment with peptide Ac2-26 (13 mg/kg) or recombinant human LC1 (0.7-2 mg/kg) promoted detachment of neutrophils adherent to the endothelium 2 hr after zymosan administration, with adherent cells detaching within 4.12 +/- 0.75 min and 2.36 +/- 0.31 min, respectively (n = 20-25 cells). Recruitment of newly adherent cells to the endothelium was unaffected. The structurally related protein LC5 was inactive in this assay, whereas a chimeric molecule constructed from the N terminus of LC1 (49 aa) attached to the core region of LC5 produced cell detachment with kinetics similar to LC1. Removal of adherent neutrophils from activated postcapillary endothelium is a novel pharmacological action, and it is at this site where LC1 and its mimetics operate to down-regulate this aspect of the host inflammatory response.
Absolute Requirement for an Active Immune Response Involving B Cells and Th Cells in Immunity to Plasmodium yoelii Passively Acquired with Antibodies to the 19-kDa Carboxyl-Terminal Fragment of Merozoite Surface Protein-1 (1999)

Vaccination of mice with the leading malaria vaccine candidate homologue, the 19-kDa carboxyl terminus of merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP119), results in sterile immunity to Plasmodium yoelii, with no parasites detected in blood. Although such immunity depends upon high titer Abs at challenge, high doses of immune sera transferred into naive mice reduce parasitemia (and protect from death) but do not result in a similar degree of protection (with most mice experiencing high peak parasitemias); this finding suggests that ongoing parasite-specific immune responses postchallenge are essential. We analyzed this postchallenge response by transferring Abs into manipulated but malaria-naive mice and observed that Abs cannot protect SCID, nude, CD4+ T cell-depleted, or B cell knockout mice, with all mice dying. Thus, in addition to the Abs that develop following MSP119 vaccination, a continuing active immune response postchallenge is required for protection. MSP119-specific Abs can adoptively transfer protection to strains of mice that are not protected following vaccination with MSP119, suggesting that the Ags targeted by the immune response postchallenge include Ags apart from MSP119. These data have important implications for the development of a human malaria vaccine.
The IL-15-based superagonist ALT-803 promotes the antigen-independent conversion of memory CD8+T cells into innate-like effector cells with antitumor activity (2013)

ALT-803, an interleukin-15-based superagonist, induces memory CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells to proliferate, upregulate receptors involved in innate immunity, secrete interferon γ and acquire the ability to kill malignant cells in the absence of antigenic stimulation. Thus, ALT-803 can promote the expansion and activation of memory CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells while converting them into innate immune effector cells that exhibit robust antineoplastic activity.
Efficient replication of rhesus cytomegalovirus variants in multiple rhesus and human cell types (2008)

Rhesus cytomegalovirus infection of rhesus macaques has emerged as a model for human cytomegalovirus pathogenesis. The UL128-UL131 locus of the human virus is a primary determinant for viral entry into epithelial cells, an important cell type during cytomegalovirus infection. Rhesus cytomegalovirus strain 68-1 spreads slowly when grown in cultured rhesus epithelial cells, and it does not code for ORFs corresponding to UL128 and the second exon of UL130. We repaired the UL128-UL131 locus of strain 68-1, using rhesus cytomegalovirus strain 180.92 as template, to generate BRh68-1.1. We also repaired a mutation in the UL36 ORF in BRh68-1.1 to make BRh68-1.2. Both repaired derivatives replicate much more efficiently than parental 68-1 virus in rhesus epithelial cells, suggesting that strain 68-1 may be attenuated. Intriguingly, BRh68-1.1 and BRh68-1.2 replicate efficiently in cultured human epithelial cells and endothelial cells. The extended human cell host range of the repaired viruses raises the possibility that rhesus cytomegalovirus-like viruses will be found in humans.
The structure of highly crosslinked poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels (1985)

Films were prepared by reaction of HEMA monomer with the crosslinking agent ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) at crosslinking ratios, X, of 0.005, 0.01, 0.0128, 0.025, and 0.050 mol EGDMA/mol HEMA in the presence of 40 wt.% water at 60 degrees C for 12 h. These membranes were subsequently swollen in water at 37 degrees C and their structure analyzed using a modified Gaussian distribution equation of equilibrium swelling. The calculated values of Mc varied between 800 and 3700 daltons, which corresponded to a correlation length of the mesh size xi of 16.2 to 35.6 A. The structural analysis and diffusive studies of PHEMA membranes indicate that the recent determinations of Mc for PHEMA by Migliaresi et al. (C. Migliaresi, L. Nicodemo, L. Nicolais, and P. Passerini, "Physical characterization of PHEMA gels," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 15, 307 (1981). and others are not accurate. The methods presented can also be used for analysis of any highly crosslinked polymer network produced by simultaneous polymerization and crosslinking reactions.
Direct modeling of raw audio with DNNS for wake word detection (2017)

In this work, we develop a technique for training features directly from the single-channel speech waveform in order to improve wake word (WW) detection performance. Conventional speech recognition systems typically extract a compact feature representation based on prior knowledge such as log-mel filter bank energy (LFBE). Such a feature is then used for training a deep neural network (DNN) acoustic model (AM). In contrast, we directly train the WW DNN AM from the single-channel audio data in a stage-wise manner. We first build a feature extraction DNN with a small hidden bottleneck layer, and train this bottleneck feature representation using the same multi-task cross-entropy objective function as we use to train our WW DNNs. Then, the WW classification DNN is trained with input bottleneck features, keeping the feature extraction layers fixed. Finally, the feature extraction and classification DNNs are combined and then jointly optimized. We show the effectiveness of this stage-wise training technique through a set of experiments on real beam-formed far-field data. The experiment results show that the audioinput DNN provides significantly lower miss rates for a range of false alarm rates over the LFBE when a sufficient amount of training data is available, yielding approximately 12 % relative improvement in the area under the curve (AUC).
Phenylene-Bridged Cp/Carboxamide Ligands for Titanium Complexes of Various Binding Modes and Their Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymerization (2006)

o-Phenylene-bridged or substituted o-phenylene-bridged di- or trimethylcyclopentadienyl/carboxamide ligands 2-(RMe2C5H2)-4,6-R‘2C6H2NHC(O)tBu (R = Me or H; R‘ = Me, H, or F) are prepared. When R‘ is methyl or H, unbridged trichlorotitanium complexes containing a chloroimine unit as a pendant group, 2-[(η5-RMe2C5H)TiCl3]-4,6-R‘2C6H2NC(Cl)tBu (7, R = H, R‘ = H; 8, R = Me, R‘ = H; 9, R = H, R‘ = Me; 10, R = Me, R‘ = Me), are unexpectedly afforded through the successive addition of Ti(NMe2)4 and SiCl4 to the ligands. The same treatment to the ligands where R‘ = F affords oxygen-coordinated bridged complexes [2-(η5-RMe2C5H)-4,6-F2C6H2NC(O)tBu-κO]TiCl2 (11, R = H; 12, R = Me). The desired nitrogen-coordinated bridged complexes [2-(η5-RMe2C5H)C6H4NC(O)tBu-κ2N,O]TiMe2 (13, R = H; 14, R = Me) are obtained by reacting the corresponding dilithium compound with Me2TiCl2. The binding modes of 7, 8, 9, 11, and 14 are confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Trichlorotitanium complex 8 shows high activity in ethylene/1-octene copolymerization (activity, 100 × 106 g/molTi·h at 13 bar ethylene). Trimethylcyclopentadienyl complexes show higher activity than the dimethylcyclopentadienyl analogues, and the activities of 12 and 14 reach ∼65 × 106g/molTi·h. Complex 12 is excellent in incorporating 1-octene.
Model-based probability density function estimation (1998)

Noting that the probability density function of a continuous random variable has similar properties to a power spectral density, a new class of probability density function estimators is described. The specific model examined is the autoregressive model, although the extension to other time series models is evident. An example is given to illustrate the approach.