gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (1998)

Inhibition of PARP reduced injury after transient focal ischemia in rats and attenuated NMDA-induced glutamate efflux and overall neurotransmitter dysregulation. The deleterious effects of excessive PARP activation may be related in part to amplification of excitotoxicity, possibly by cellular energy depletion and additional transmitter release and/or reduced reuptake.
La evaluación orientada al aprendizaje en un modelo de formación por competencias en la educación universitaria (2011)

&lt;p&gt;En este artículo se presenta una reflexión sobre el cambio de paradigma educativo que supone la formación por competencias y, sus repercusiones en la evaluación para promover el aprendizaje y para constatar la calidad del mismo.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;La evaluación en la formación por competencias pasa por considerar que el objeto de la evaluación no son sólo los conocimientos adquiridos sino también, y hasta diría que sobre todo, las competencias desarrolladas por los estudiantes. Para ayudarnos a hacer esta transición, Tardif (2006) propone ver la evaluación de competencias como un planteamiento videográfico y no fotográfico. En efecto, no se trata tanto de emitir un juicio al final del trayecto como de seguir la progresión del desarrollo de competencias. En este sentido, la evaluación formativa, que informa al estudiante sobre la progresión de su aprendizaje, es un elemento esencial de todo dispositivo de evaluación en una formación por competencias (Scallon, 2000). La evaluación de competencias se basa entonces en el acceso a fuentes múltiples y variadas de información con el fin de determinar si los estudiantes han alcanzado el nivel esperado de desarrollo de competencias, así como un grado suficiente de dominio de los recursos vinculados a cada competencia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Se plantean unos criterios básicos a tener en cuenta para la evaluación del desarrollo de competencias, así como un modelo de planificación. Se ofrecen estrategias evaluativas que hagan posible el desarrollo de competencias, tales como el feedback de calidad, la autoevaluación o la evaluación de compañeros, y estrategias evaluativas de las competencias.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Por último, se analiza el papel de las rúbricas para lograr una evaluación educativa de calidad y útil tanto para los estudiantes como para el profesorado.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
Treatment Approaches in Intracranial Hypertension: A Review (2016)

Intracranial hypertension is considered, when intracranial pressure (ICP) increases above 20 mmHg for a period of more than 5 min. A persistent rise in ICP produces compression effect over cerebral vasculature and reduces cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). It results in brain stem compression and herniation, if left untreated. A systematic assessment of clinical status, serial and continuous monitoring of vital parameters and evidence based therapeutic regimen are required for the care of patient with intracranial hypertension. The treatment guidelines and practices related to the management of intracranial hypertension were identified through electronic databases: Medline and Cochrane library. Conservative interventions and surgical interventions are used when the clinical condition demands. Conservative interventions include osmotic therapy, analgesia, sedation and neuromuscular blocking agents, barbiturates, anti-seizure therapy and steroids. Head end elevation (15 to 30°), optimal hyperventilation, moderate hypothermia, avoidance of stimulations, fluid and electrolyte balance are some of the adjunct management strategies of ICP. CSF drainage, evacuation of mass lesion and decompressive craniectomy are the surgical interventions. Moreover, the success of ICP management depends on the control of ICP 50 (or age appropriate), as well as prevention of hypoxia and hypotension. Keywords: Increased ICP, ICP monitoring, ICP management Cite this Article Vijay VR, Jaison Joseph. Treatment Approaches in Intracranial Hypertension: A Review . Journal of Nursing Science and Practice . 2016; 6(3): 10–19p.
Hemodynamic effects of periodic Gzacceleration in meconium aspiration in pigs (2000)

The hemodynamic effects of periodic acceleration (pG(z)), induced in the spinal axis with noninvasive motion ventilation (NIMV), were studied in a piglet model of pulmonary hypertension associated with meconium aspiration. Animals (n = 12) were anesthetized, paralyzed, intubated, and supported by conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV). Thirty minutes after tracheal instillation of meconium solution (6 ml/kg), either CMV (n = 6) was continued or NIMV (n = 6) was initiated. Changes in systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics and arterial blood gases were tracked for 2 h after aspiration. Thermodilution, cardiac output, and heart rate were not significantly different after meconium aspiration in the pG(z) group relative to the CMV controls. Aortic pressure and systemic vascular resistance were significantly lower (approximately 30%) after meconium aspiration in NIMV animals relative to CMV animals. Pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance were also significantly lower, by 100%, after aspiration of meconium in the NIMV animals compared with the CMV controls. Meconium aspiration significantly decreased total respiratory compliance by approximately 50% and increased total respiratory resistance by approximately 100% in both CMV and NIMV animals, but such alterations did not differ between the two groups. Both CMV and NIMV satisfactorily supported ventilation in these paralyzed animals. In conclusion, NIMV through pG(z) in the spinal axis decreased systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance in piglets after meconium aspiration.
In Vivo Survival and Homeostatic Proliferation of Natural Killer Cells (2003)

While the specificity and development of natural killer (NK) cells have been intensely studied, little is known about homeostasis of the mature NK population. Here we show that mouse NK cells undergo homeostatic proliferation when transferred into NK-deficient Rag-/- gammaC-/- hosts. Normal NK functional activity is maintained during this process, although there are some changes in NK phenotype. Using cell sorting, we demonstrate that mature (Mac-1hi) NK cells undergo homeostatic proliferation in an NK-deficient environment, yet immature (Mac-1lo) NK cells also proliferate in such hosts. We find that mature NK cells survive but do not proliferate in hosts which possess an endogenous NK pool. However, we go on to show that mature NK survival is critically dependent on interleukin (IL)-15. Surprisingly, NK survival is also compromised after transfer of cells into IL-15Ralpha-/- mice, implying that IL-15 responsiveness by bystander cells is critical for NK maintenance. These data imply that, similar to T cells, homeostasis of the NK pool is much more dynamic than previously appreciated and this may be relevant to manipulation of NK cells for therapeutic purposes.
Electrokinetic Focusing in Microfabricated Channel Structures (1997)

Glass microchips are fabricated to demonstrate two-dimensional spatial confinement of ions and fluids using electrokinetic forces. Neutral and charged molecular samples can be electrokinetically focused to widths as narrow as 3.3 μm in a 18 μm long by 18 μm wide chamber. The electrokinetic focusing characteristics are tested using cationic, neutral, and anionic samples to evaluate the influence of electric fields on the sample stream. Focusing is achieved using electrophoresis, electroosmosis, or a combination of the two. In addition, concentration enhancement is observed in the focusing chamber by employing sample stacking, and the focusing chamber is multiplexed to confine spatially more than one sample stream simultaneously.
A cooperative workflow management system with the Meta-Object Facility (2002)

In order to be completely adopted by industry, workflow management systems (WFMS) have to provide a more complete support to organisational processes. The cooperation is part of the missing features. The authors propose to integrate a computer supported cooperative work system in a WFMS to solve the cooperation problem. This integration consists of interoperability between the two systems thanks to the Meta-Object Facility and inheritance. By describing the construction scenario of the bridge between the two systems, the paper shows the benefits of using MOF for achieving interoperability.
Formulation for Transfollicular Drug Administration: Some Recent Advances (1997)

The percutaneous administration of drug products is of current therapeutic interest, mainly with regard to reduction of hepatic metabolism and systemic toxicity, and delivery to specific sites. Hair follicles and sebaceous glands can be privileged pathways for some molecules or formulations, which enter faster into these shunts than they do through the stratum corneum. The aim of this paper is to outline some examples of recent formulation methodologies that allow administration of a drug product through the follicular pathway (1) when the common, localized diseases of the pilosebaceous unit could benefit from specific delivery; and (2) to shunt the stratum corneum barrier.
An Approach to Verifying Completeness and Consistency in a Rule-Based Expert System (1982)

We describe a program for verifying that a set of rules in an expert system comprehensively spans the knowledge of a specialized domain. The program has been devised and tested within the context of the ONCOCIN System, a rule-based consultant for clinical oncology. The stylized format of ONCOIN's rule has allowed the automatic detection of a number of common errors as the knowledge base has been developed. This capability suggests a general mechanism for correcting many problems with knowledge base completeness and consistency before they can cause performance errors.
Parkin Gene Therapy for α-Synucleinopathy: A Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease (2005)

Parkin is known to mitigate alpha-synuclein-induced neuronal cell death in vitro, which suggests that the parkin gene therapy is a candidate for therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study, the parkin gene therapy was investigated for its ameliorative effects on alpha-synucleinopathy in substantia nigra (SN) of rats. A recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector system has frequently been used for the gene transfer to rat SN, and we have previously demonstrated that this technique induced the alpha-synucleinopathy, which closely resembles pathogenetic changes in PD. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of parkin was examined by co-infection of rAAV-parkin with rAAV-alpha-synuclein into dopaminergic neurons in SN. At 13 weeks post-rAAV infection, alpha-synuclein overexpression induced dopaminergic neuron loss, while co-expression of parkin mitigated the alpha-synuclein toxicity. Moreover, alpha-synuclein-induced dopaminergic neuron loss consequently resulted in motor dysfunction, which was also mitigated by parkin. Taken together, our results indicate that the parkin gene therapy is effective against alpha-synucleinopathy, suggesting its potential suitability for patients with PD.
Optical control of neuronal activity using a light-operated GIRK channel opener (LOGO) (2015)

G-protein coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs) are ubiquitously expressed throughout the human body and are an integral part of inhibitory signal transduction pathways. Upon binding of G<sub>βγ</sub> subunits released from G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), GIRK channels open and reduce the activity of excitable cells via hyperpolarization. As such, they play a role in cardiac output, the coordination of movement and cognition. Due to their involvement in a multitude of pathways, the precision control of GIRK channels is an important endeavour. Here, we describe the development of the photoswitchable agonist <b>LOGO</b> (the <b>L</b>ight <b>O</b>perated <b>G</b>IRK-channel <b>O</b>pener), which activates GIRK channels in the dark and is rapidly deactivated upon exposure to long wavelength UV irradiation. <b>LOGO</b> is the first K<sup>+</sup> channel opener and selectively targets channels that contain the GIRK1 subunit. It can be used to optically silence action potential firing in dissociated hippocampal neurons and <b>LOGO</b> exhibits activity <i>in vivo</i>, controlling the motility of zebrafish larvae in a light dependent fashion. We envisage that <b>LOGO</b> will be a valuable research tool to dissect the function of GIRK channels from other GPCR dependent signalling pathways.
A human GM-CSF receptor expressed in transgenic mice stimulates proliferation and differentiation of hemopoietic progenitors to all lineages in response to human GM-CSF. (1995)

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) mainly stimulates proliferation and maturation of myeloid progenitor cells. Although the signal transduction pathways triggered by GM-CSF receptor (GMR) have been extensively characterized, the roles of GMR signals in differentiation have remained to be elucidated. To examine the relationship between receptor expression and differentiation of hemopoietic cells, we used transgenic mice (Tg-mice) that constitutively express human (h) GMR at almost all stages of hemopoietic cell development. Proliferation and differentiation of hemopoietic progenitors in bone marrow cells from these Tg-mice were analyzed by methylcellulose colony formation assay. High affinity GMR interacts with GM-CSF in a species-specific manner, therefore one can analyze the effects of hGMR signals on differentiation of mouse hemopoietic progenitors using hGM-CSF. Although mouse (m) GM-CSF yielded only GM colonies, hGM-CSF supported various types of colonies including GM, eosinophil, mast cell, erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, blast cell, and mixed hemopoietic colonies. Thus, the effects of hGM-CSF on colony formation more closely resembled mIL-3 than those of mGM-CSF. In addition, hGM-CSF generated a much larger number of blast cell colonies and mixed cell colonies than did mIL-3. hGM-CSF also generated erythrocyte colonies in the absence of erythropoietin. Therefore, GM-CSF apparently has the capacity to promote growth of cells of almost all hemopoietic cell lineages, if functional hGMR is present.
Direct selection of trans -acting ligase ribozymes by in vitro compartmentalization (2005)

We have used a compartmentalized in vitro selection method to directly select for ligase ribozymes that are capable of acting on and turning over separable oligonucleotide substrates. Starting from a degenerate pool, we selected a trans-acting variant of the Bartel class I ligase which statistically may have been the only active variant in the starting pool. The isolation of this sequence from the population suggests that this selection method is extremely robust at selecting optimal ribozymes and should, therefore, prove useful for the selection and optimization of other trans-acting nucleic acid catalysts capable of multiple turnover catalysis.
Post-war patterns of intermarriage in Australia: the Mediterranean experience (1996)

Journal Article Post-war patterns of intermarriage in Australia: the Mediterranean experience Get access F. L. Jones, F. L. Jones Professor Sociology Program, Australian National UniversityCanberra ACT 0200, Australia. Tel: +616 249 2220; Fax: +616 249 2114 E-mail: flj307@coombs.anu.edu.au Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Ruud Luijkx Ruud Luijkx Department of Methodology & WORC, Tilburg UniversityPO Box 90.153,5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar European Sociological Review, Volume 12, Issue 1, May 1996, Pages 67–86, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a018178 Published: 01 May 1996 Article history Received: 01 July 1994 Published: 01 May 1996
Effect of glass on pH-dependent stability of typhoid vaccine. (1976)

<P>Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.</P> The <span style="font-style: italic;">Harmonised Data in Five National Longitudinal Cohort Studies</span>&nbsp;project, supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), brings together data from five British cohort studies: the&nbsp;<span style="font-style: italic;">1946 National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD)</span>, the&nbsp;<span style="font-style: italic;">1958 National Child Development Survey</span>&nbsp;<span style="font-style: italic;">(NCDS)</span>, the&nbsp;<span style="font-style: italic;">1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70)</span>,&nbsp;<span style="font-style: italic;">Next Steps&nbsp;</span>(formerly the&nbsp;<span style="font-style: italic;">Longitudinal Study of Young People in England</span>), and the&nbsp;<span style="font-style: italic;">Millennium Cohort Study (MCS)</span>. NCDS, BCS70, Next Steps, and MCS receive core funding from the ESRC and are hosted by the Centre for Longitudinal Studies at UCL. NSHD is funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC) and is hosted by the Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL.
E-Governance - A Carrier of Societal Development Developing Business Opportunities for the Rural Poor in the State of Uttar Pradesh A Province in India (2006)

E-Governance as a subject matter is discussed as a carrier of societal development in this paper. The objective of this paper is to highlight the role of e-Governance in the development of business opportunities for the rural poor, in the State of Uttar Pradesh. Further, a view is generated on how the development of business opportunities may support the process of societal development on the whole. This paper as defined by Amartya Sen concentrates on the basic importance of freedom, associative and constitutive of freedom of market transaction, in assessing the market mechanism, along with the results in the form of incomes or the utilities it generates (Sen. A, 2000).Therefore, this paper is proposing the role of e-Governance to be a facilitator and a mode to be utilized by the rural poor toa) access the communication network,b) to access the information,c) for the development of business opportunities (enhancement in the freedom of market transaction)d) leading to the subsequent development of the society as a whole.
The porA pseudogene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae– low level of genetic polymorphism and a few, mainly identical, inactivating mutations (2005)

N. meningitidis is the only Neisseria species known to express two outer membrane porins, PorA and PorB. However, a porA pseudogene has been identified in N. gonorrhoeae. The present study investigated the prevalence and genetic polymorphism of this porA pseudogene in 87 different N. gonorrhoeae strains. The porA pseudogene was identified in all isolates. The pseudogene comprised 12 (5.5%), of which 10 were located in the promoter spacer, and 11 (1.0%) polymorphic nucleotide sites in the upstream segment containing the promoter region, i.e. the putative -10 and -35 sequences and the promoter spacer in-between, and the hypothetical PorA coding sequence, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis of the upstream segment and the hypothetical coding sequence identified 36 sequence variants, of which 30 were not previously described. All strains comprised at least two identical confirmed inactivating deletions, of which one was located in the promoter region and one in the hypothetical PorA coding sequence. In conclusion, the porA pseudogene and its few inactivating mutations are widespread in the N. gonorrhoeae population and the homology with the N. meningitidis porA gene reflects their common evolutionary origin. The highly conserved N. gonorrhoeae porA pseudogene may reflect an evolutionary neutral molecular clock and may be a suitable genetic target for diagnosis of N. gonorrhoeae.
Naltrexone sustained-release (SR) + bupropion SR combination therapy for the treatment of obesity: ‘A new kid on the block’? (2011)

The prevalence of obesity is growing rapidly worldwide, and therefore there is a need for effective treatment strategies. The rationale of combination therapy in treating chronic diseases, such as obesity, is the potential additive or synergistic effects. This review considers the results of phase III clinical trials with naltrexone sustained-release (SR) + bupropion SR combination therapy in obese patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus. We also discuss the potential therapeutic applications of this weight-reducing treatment option. Recent clinical trials have shown that the administration of naltrexone SR + bupropion SR resulted in effective weight loss. Furthermore, this treatment was associated with improvement in cardiometabolic variables. Depression and suicidal ideation were more frequently reported in the placebo compared with the combination groups. However, significantly more patients on naltrexone SR + bupropion SR experienced adverse events, mainly nausea, and discontinued treatment compared with placebo. Increases in blood pressure and pulse rate were observed only in the combination groups. Further investigation is needed to clarify the clinical significance of this weight-reducing therapeutic option.
Next-generation HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. (2006)

This review discusses the desired attributes of a next-generation HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and highlights the properties of compounds currently or recently in clinical development. TMC-125 is currently in phase III clinical trials and on track to become the first NNRTI suitable for use in NNRTI-experienced patients. TMC-278 is structurally related to TMC-125, but is more potent in vitro and has pharmacokinetics suitable for once-daily administration. It is currently undergoing phase II clinical trials. BILR-355 BS, a dipyridodiazepinone compound, is in early phase II clinical trials. It requires ritonavir as a booster and has reduced inhibitory activity against several key NNRTI-resistant HIV-1 strains. Development of the NNRTIs capravirine and GW-695634 has been discontinued because of lack of efficacy and safety issues, respectively.
Regional mapping of human DNA excision repair gene ERCC4 to chromosome 16pl3.13–pl3.2 (1993)

Mitomycin C (MMC)-resistant interspecific somatic cell hybrids made between human cells and the MMC-sensitive, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) excision repair-deficient UV41 cells generally contained human chromosome 16, while other human chromosomes were randomly present. MMC-sensitive and -resistant subclones were isolated from resistant clones, and resistance generally segregated concordantly with human chromosome 16 markers. UV radiation survival analysis of subclones indicated that MMC and UV resistance were correlated. Therefore, the complementing gene, Excision Repair Cross Complementing 4 (ERCC4), was assigned to human chromosome 16. Complementation of UV41 by human cells derived from patients with xeroderma pigmentosum groups A, C, D and F excluded ERCC4 from involvement in those disease syndromes. Resistant hybrids containing only portions of chromosome 16 were identified by the lack of concordance of multiple chromosome 16 markers. When such hybrids were used as a source of probe for fluorescent in situ hybridization onto normal human metaphases, the only region of chromosome 16 identified as being consistently present was 16p13.1-p13.3. Genetic marker analysis of informative hybrids with mapped probes refined the position of ERCC4 to 16p13.13-p13.2 and allowed the following order of markers within the region to be established: pter--(PRM1, D16S215)-D16S213-D16S53-(D16S214,ERCC4) -D16S3-D16S96-cen.