gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heterocycle-Fused Indenyl Silyl Amido Dimethyl Titanium Complexes as Catalysts for High Molecular Weight Syndiotactic Amorphous Polypropylene (2004)

Indenyl silyl amido titanium complexes based on indenoindoles, indenopyrrole, and 2-methylindenothiophene have been prepared and tested in propylene polymerization. The indenoindole ligand precursors were prepared in high yields by the acid-catalyzed Fischer condensation of indan-2-one and arylhydrazines. The Ti complexes dimethylsilyl(tert-butylamido)(N-methyl-2-methyl-5,6-dihydroindeno[2,1-b]indol-6-yl)dimethyl titanium (1), dimethylsilyl(tert-butylamido)(N-ethyl-5,6-dihydroindeno[2,1-b]indol-6-yl)dimethyl titanium (2), dimethylsilyl(tert-butylamido)(N-methyl-5,10H-indeno[1,2-b]indol-10-yl) dimethyl titanium (3), dimethylsilyl(tert-butylamido)(N-phenyl-5,10H-indeno[1,2-b]indol-10-yl)dimethyl titanium (4), dimethylsilyl(tert-butylamido)(N-methyl-2-methyl-1,8-dihydroindeno[2,1-b]pyrrol-8-yl)dimethyl titanium (5), and dimethylsilyl(tert-butylamido)(2-methyl-8H-indeno[2,1-b]thiophen-8-yl)dimethyl titanium (6) were prepared by reacting the ligand, a 2-fold excess of MeLi, and TiCl4. The molecular structures of the amidosilylindenyl titanium complexes 2 and 6 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis: the indenoindole moiety in 2 and the indenothiophene moiety in 6 are perfectly planar, implying a certain degree of delocalization of the heteroatom lone pairs into the aromatic moiety coordinated to the metal atom. Catalysts 1, 2, and 5 produce syndiotactic amorphous polypropylenes (sam-PP) of very high molecular weights, even at polymerization temperatures as high as 80 °C. Syndiotactic pentad contents range between 48 and 57% rrrr, and regioerrors are close to or below the detection limit of the 13C NMR analysis (at 100 MHz). In toluene solution, [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] is a more efficient activator than MAO, [HNMe2Ph][B(C6F5)4], or B(C6F5)3. The catalytic activity of 5/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] shows an approximate first-order dependence on propylene concentration, while the tacticity and the molecular weight do not seem to change noticeably with the monomer concentration. The obtained activation energy barrier for chain release with this catalyst is ΔΔEr⧧ = 7.7 kcal/mol. The influence of cyclopentadienyl ligand substituents on polymerization activity has been rationalized by means of the group electronegativity of the [Me2Si(Cp‘)(t-Bu-N)TiMe] fragment, as defined within the framework of density functional theory.
Study on the purification effects of aquatic plant floating-beds for urban polluted water (2011)

Three kinds of ecological floating-beds were made of Hydrocotyle vulgaris,Nymphaea tetragona and Iris sibirica,respectively,to study their purification effects on removing pollutants of urban polluted water.The experiment lasted for 35 days.The results indicated that the three aquatic plants were adaptable to grow in the urban polluted water,and their biomass,height and root increased significantly at the end of the experiment.The growth rates were Nymphaea tetragonaHydrocotyle vulgarisIris sibirica.Three plants had strong ability to remove CODCr,NH+4-N,TN and TP,which were higher than that in the control treatments(P0.05).The removal rates of TN by Hydrocotyle vulgaris,Nymphaea tetragona and Myriophyllum verticillatum were 90.0%,85.7% and 81.2%,respectively.In addition,the removal rates of TP by Hydrocotyle vulgaris,Nymphaea tetragona and Myriophyllum verticillatum were 68.6%,57.0% and 62.8%,respectively.Based on their significant effects on nitrogen and phosphorus removal,the three plants are recommended as species of aquatic plants in ecological restoration engineering of urban polluted water.
T Cell Homing to Tumors Detected by 3D-coordinated Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2006)

A general hindrance to progress in adoptive cellular therapy is the lack of detailed knowledge of the fate of transferred cells in the body of the recipient. In this study, we present a novel technique for tracking of 124I-labeled cells in situ, which combines the high spatial resolution of magnetic resonance imaging with the high sensitivity and spatial accuracy of positron emission tomography. We have used this technique, together with determination of tissue radioactivity, flow cytometry, and microscopy, to characterize and quantitate the specific accumulation of transferred CD8+ T cells in tumor tissue in a mouse model. Transgenic CD8+ T cells, specific for the ovalbumin peptide SIINFEKL, were adoptively transferred to recipients carrying a subcutaneous tumor of the ovalbumin-expressing malignant melanoma cell line B16-OVA. The number of SIINFEKL-specific CD8+ cells in the tumor tissue was determined by flow cytometry each day for 8 consecutive days after adoptive transfer. From low levels 1 day after injection, their number gradually increased until day 5 when an average of 3.3x10(6) SIINFEKL-specific cells per gram tumor tissue was found. By applying the combined positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging technique we were able to determine the position of the transferred, 124I-labeled SIINFEKL-specific T cells in 3 dimensions in recipient mice, and could demonstrate a highly significant accumulation of the 124I label in and around the subcutaneous B16-OVA tumors compared with normal tissue. Accumulation of 124I was significantly higher in B16-OVA than in B16 tumors not expressing the OVA antigen.
Novel Optical Configurations for Virtual Reality (2016)

Emerging virtual reality (VR) displays must overcome the prevalent issue of visual discomfort to provide high-quality and immersive user experiences. In particular, the mismatch between vergence and accommodation cues inherent to most stereoscopic displays has been a long standing challenge. In this paper, we evaluate several adaptive display modes afforded by focus-tunable optics or actuated displays that have the promise to mitigate visual discomfort caused by the vergence-accommodation conflict, and improve performance in VR environments. We also explore monovision as an unconventional mode that allows each eye of an observer to accommodate to a different distance. While this technique is common practice in ophthalmology, we are the first to report its effectiveness for VR applications with a custom built set up. We demonstrate that monovision and other focus-tunable display modes can provide better user experiences and improve user performance in terms of reaction times and accuracy, particularly for nearby simulated distances in VR.
Short DNA Hairpins Compromise Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Genome Homogeneity (2017)

Short hairpin (sh)RNAs delivered by recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) are valuable tools to study gene function in vivo and a promising gene therapy platform. Our data show that incorporation of shRNA transgenes into rAAV constructs reduces vector yield and produces a population of truncated and defective genomes. We demonstrate that sequences with hairpins or hairpin-like structures drive the generation of truncated AAV genomes through a polymerase redirection mechanism during viral genome replication. Our findings reveal the importance of genomic secondary structure when optimizing viral vector designs. We also discovered that shDNAs could be adapted to act as surrogate mutant inverted terminal repeats (mTRs), sequences that were previously thought to be required for functional self-complementary AAV vectors. The use of shDNAs as artificial mTRs opens the door to engineering a new generation of AAV vectors with improved potency, genetic stability, and safety for both preclinical studies and human gene therapy.
Highly Selective Carbon Dioxide Uptake by [Cu(bpy-n)2(SiF6)] (bpy-1 = 4,4′-Bipyridine; bpy-2 = 1,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethene) (2012)

A previously known class of porous coordination polymer (PCP) of formula [Cu(bpy-n)(2)(SiF(6))] (bpy-1 = 4,4'-bipyridine; bpy-2 = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene) has been studied to assess its selectivity toward CO(2), CH(4), N(2), and H(2)O. Gas sorption measurements reveal that [Cu(bpy-1)(2)(SiF(6))] exhibits the highest uptake for CO(2) yet seen at 298 K and 1 atm by a PCP that does not contain open metal sites. Significantly, [Cu(bpy-1)(2)(SiF(6))] does not exhibit particularly high uptake under the same conditions for CH(4), N(2), and, H(2)O, presumably because of its lack of open metal sites. Consequently, at 298 K and 1 atm [Cu(bpy-1)(2)(SiF(6))] exhibits a relative uptake of CO(2) over CH(4) of ca. 10.5:1, the highest value experimentally observed in a compound without open metal sites. [Cu(bpy-2)(2)(SiF(6))] exhibits larger pores and surface area than [Cu(bpy-1)(2)(SiF(6))] but retains a high CO(2)/CH(4) relative uptake of ca. 8:1.
Asymmetrically contacted germanium photodiode using a metal–interlayer–semiconductor–metal structure for extremely large dark current suppression (2016)

In this study, we proposed germanium (Ge) metal-interlayer-semiconductor-metal (MISM) photodiodes (PD), with an anode of a metal-interlayer-semiconductor (MIS) contact and a cathode of a metal-semiconductor (MS) contact, to efficiently suppress the dark current of Ge PD. We selected titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) as an interlayer material for the MIS contact, due to its large valence band offset and negative conduction band offset to Ge. We significantly suppress the dark current of Ge PD by introducing the MISM structure with a TiO<sub>2</sub> interlayer, as this enhances the hole Schottky barrier height, and thus acts as a large barrier for holes. In addition, it collects photo-generated carriers without degradation, due to its negative conduction band offset to Ge. This reduces the dark current of Ge MISM PDs by ×8000 for 7-nm-thick TiO<sub>2</sub> interlayer, while its photo current is still comparable to that of Ge metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) PDs. Furthermore, the proposed Ge PD shows ×6,600 improvement of the normalized photo-to-dark-current ratio (NPDR) at a wavelength of 1.55 μm. The proposed Ge MISM PD shows considerable promise for low power and high sensitivity Ge-based optoelectronic applications.
Antibody Engineering at the Millennium (2000)

It has been almost 100 years since von Behring and Kitasato received the first Nobel prize for the discovery of passive immunotherapy and nearly 25 years since Köhler and Milstein first reported hybridoma technology. In the 15 years since Mullis and co-workers described PCR, a number of discoveries and technologies have converged to produce a renaissance in antibody therapeutics. Our vision of antibodies as tools for research--useful for the prevention, detection and treatment of disease--has been revolutionized by these recent advances. This review specifically focuses on what is now called antibody engineering and includes chimeric and humanized antibodies, immunoglobulin fragments, antibody libraries, antibody fusion proteins and transgenic organisms as bioreactors. As a consequence of refinements in antibody technology, the field of genetically engineered immunoglobulins has matured into an elegant and important drug and reagent development platform.
Molecular basis of persistence and latency (2007)

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an ubiquitous β-herpesvirus that establishes a lifelong infection within the host. Although HCMV is generally asymptomatic within the normal individual, the virus causes severe and incapacitating disease in immune compromised patients (Pass, 2001). A critical component for HCMV persistence in the non-immune compromised host is the ability of the virus to establish cellular sites of latency as well as persistent infection. During latency, the HCMV genome is maintained within the cell with limited viral gene expression reactivating virus upon cellular stimulation. In HCMV persistent infection, infectious virus is continually produced in the cell with minimal cytopathic effect thereby enabling long-term infection. Endothelial cells (ECs) and specific subpopulations of the myeloid lineage are believed to represent important sites of persistent HCMV replication and latency, respectively. Recent studies of HCMV and the closely related murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) are beginning to identify the virally encoded genetic determinants required for replication in these cell types. The establishment of latent infection in myeloid cells that are critical cellular components of the host immune system, also closely interconnects HCMV and the host immune response. This chapter will focus on the role of ECs and myeloid cells as sites of CMV persistent replication and latency, and the viral mechanisms that modulate cellular functions to ensure survival and reactivation within the host.
Evidence That Humans Metabolize Benzene via Two Pathways (2020)

BackgroundRecent evidence has shown that humans metabolize benzene more efficiently at environmental air concentrations than at concentrations > 1 ppm. This led us to speculate that an unidentified metabolic pathway was mainly responsible for benzene metabolism at ambient levels.ObjectiveWe statistically tested whether human metabolism of benzene is better fitted by a kinetic model having two pathways rather than one.MethodsWe fit Michaelis-Menten-like models to levels of urinary benzene metabolites and the corresponding air concentrations for 263 nonsmoking Chinese females. Estimated benzene concentrations ranged from less than 0.001 ppm to 299 ppm, with 10th and 90th percentile values of 0.002 ppm and 8.97 ppm, respectively.ResultsUsing values of Akaike’s information criterion obtained under the two models, we found strong statistical evidence favoring two metabolic pathways, with respective affinities (benzene air concentrations analogous to Km values) of 301 ppm for the low-affinity pathway (probably dominated by cytochrome P450 enzyme 2E1) and 0.594 ppm for the high-affinity pathway (unknown). The exposure-specific metabolite level predicted by our two-pathway model at nonsaturating concentrations was 184 μM/ppm of benzene, a value close to an independent estimate of 194 μM/ppm for a typical nonsmoking Chinese female. Our results indicate that a nonsmoking woman would metabolize about three times more benzene from the ambient environment under the two-pathway model (184 μM/ppm) than under the one-pathway model (68.6 μM/ppm). In fact, 73% of the ambient benzene dose would be metabolized via the unidentified high-affinity pathway.ConclusionBecause regulatory risk assessments have assumed nonsaturating metabolism of benzene in persons exposed to air concentrations well above 10 ppm, our findings suggest that the true leukemia risks could be substantially greater than currently thought at ambient levels of exposure—about 3-fold higher among nonsmoking females in the general population.
Recurrent malignant melanoma: effect of adjuvant immunotherapy on survival. (1977)

Twenty-nine patients referred consecutively to a cancer clinic because of recurrent metastatic malignant melanoma were given 5 mg of Connaught Laboratories bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) by multiple cutaneous puncture at weekly and later at monthly intervals. Eight were also treated with autologous tumour vaccine and three with intralesional BCG. This group was compared with a retrospective control group of 54 patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy alone after recurrence. Prognostic features such as site of primary and of first metastasis, disease-free interval, age and sex were similar in the two groups. However, the median survival from the time of first recurrence was 12 months in the control group but 21 months in the BCG-treated group. The major improvement was in patients with disease limited to the regional lymph nodes: the median survival was 16 months in the control group but over 32 months in the BCG-treated group. Autologous tumour vaccine appeared to have no effect on survival. Serial testing of immunocompetence did not offer any prognostic advantage, although the results of some tests correleated well with extent of disease.
Cycloaddition Reactions Initiated by Photochemically Excited Pyrylium Salts (1993)

Abstract Several pyrylium, thiapyrylium, and pyridinium salts have been synthesized and used as sensitizers for photochemically induced electron‐transfer (PET) reactions. The salts have been tested in the mixed cycloaddition reactions of styrenes 9 with 1,3‐cyclohexadiene ( 8 ) or 1,1'‐dicyclohexenyl ( 23 ). In the case of the PET [4 + 2] cycloaddition of styrene ( 9a ) to 1,3‐cyclohexadiene ( 8 ), the reaction takes place via the cation radical of the diene. When chloroform instead of dichloromethane is used as the solvent, only [2 + 2] cycloaddition products are obtained. In contrast, if 1,3‐cyclohexadiene ( 8 ) is replaced by 1,1'‐dicyclohexenyl ( 23 ), the key step of the reaction seems to be the oxidation of styrene ( 9 ). The product ratios depend on the sensitizers used. If solvent‐separated ion pairs are formed, styrene reacts as diene to give 1‐cyclohexenyloctahydro‐phenanthrene derivatives 28 ; cycloaddition via contact ion pairs leads to the Diels‐Alder product with styrene acting as the dienophile.
Lifer: A Natural Language Interface Facility. (1977)

This note describes LIFER, a practical facility for creating natural language interfaces to other computer software. Emphasizing human engineering, LIFER has bundled natural language specification and parsing technology into one convenient package.
Incorporating Student Models in Adaptive Testing Systems (1993)

SUMMARY A method for using student models in adaptive testing is proposed. Two types of unsophisticated student model are used for achieving adaptivity: a model of the student's knowledge and a model of his or her individual characteristics. Three levels of adapting to the student are described: choosing the skills or concepts that will be tested, selecting the appropriate items for a fixed skill, and finding the appropriate form of the question of a fixed item. Different strategies for adaptive testing on these levels are described and the conditions in which any of them has advantages are shown. Obviously, further experimental work is needed to confirm practically the theoretical methods proposed. The next stage in our work will be to find methods for calculating the numerical estimate of the student's knowledge on the basis of his or her performance.
The bone marrow stromal environment is a major factor in myeloma cell resistance to dexamethasone. (1998)

Dexamethasone (Dex), which is often used for the treatment of multiple myeloma, produces rapid reductions in tumor mass and improvement in disease symptoms; however, it is not curative, and drug-resistant cells eventually emerge. To elucidate this apparent paradox, we tested the effect of the bone marrow environment on myeloma cell response to this drug. To determine whether bone marrow stroma provides sufficient amounts of interleukin (IL)-6 to protect myeloma cells against the effects of Dex, we compared the production of IL-6 by marrow stromal cells from four myeloma patients before, during, and after exposure to 10(-7) M Dex, and found that even in the presence of this drug, stromal cells continued to produce IL-6, albeit in reduced concentrations. We tested the ability of stromal cells to protect myeloma cells, purified from the bone marrow of seven patients by cell sorting on the basis of CD38 and CD45 expression, and two light-scatter parameters, from Dex-induced apoptosis. In contrast to mature CD38+CD45- cells, which were not protected, coculture with stroma very effectively protected immature CD38+CD45+ myeloma cells from Dex. These data may explain the palliative efficacy of Dex treatment and provide a rationale for combining IL-6 antagonists with Dex to overcome the IL-6-mediated resistance of immature tumor cells.
Taking advantage of luminescent lanthanide ions (2005)

Lanthanide ions possess fascinating optical properties and their discovery, first industrial uses and present high technological applications are largely governed by their interaction with light. Lighting devices (economical luminescent lamps, light emitting diodes), television and computer displays, optical fibres, optical amplifiers, lasers, as well as responsive luminescent stains for biomedical analysis, medical diagnosis, and cell imaging rely heavily on lanthanide ions. This critical review has been tailored for a broad audience of chemists, biochemists and materials scientists; the basics of lanthanide photophysics are highlighted together with the synthetic strategies used to insert these ions into mono- and polymetallic molecular edifices. Recent advances in NIR-emitting materials, including liquid crystals, and in the control of luminescent properties in polymetallic assemblies are also presented. (210 references.).
Reduction of Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8 and Anti-Phosphatidylserine–Prothrombin Complex Antibody by Granulocyte and Monocyte Adsorption Apheresis in a Patient With Pyoderma Gangrenosum and Ulcerative Colitis (2009)

Kawakami, Tamihiro MD, PhD; de Yamazaki, Masahi MD, PhD; Soma, Yoshinao MD, PhD Author Information
Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors for early Parkinson's disease (2005)

MAO-B inhibitors do not appear to delay disease progression but may have a beneficial effect on motor fluctuations. There was no statistically significant effect on deaths although the confidence interval does not exclude a small increase with MAO-B inhibitors. At present we do not feel these drugs can be recommended for routine use in the treatment of early Parkinson's disease but further randomized controlled trials should be carried out to clarify, in particular, their effect on deaths and motor complications.
Dependence of apparent resistance of four-electrode probes on insertion depth (2000)

The apparent resistance of a finite-thickness layer measured with a four-electrode plunge probe depends on the electrode insertion depth, electrode spacing, and layer thickness, as well as the resistivity ratio of an underlying layer. A physical model consisting of air, a saline solution layer, and an agar layer simulates the real situation of resistivity measurement. The saline layer represents the finite-thickness layer whose resistivity is to be measured by a plunge electrode probe, and the agar layer represents an underlying perturbing layer. A micropositioner controls the insertion depth of the four electrodes into the saline solution. With the apparent resistance measured on a semi-infinite-thickness layer of saline solution as standard, measurement results show decreasing apparent resistance and increasing error with increasing electrode insertion depth. This information is important for correct measurement of myocardial resistivity in vivo and in vitro.