gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Interferon‐Gamma (1988)

Mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to human interferon-gamma (HuIFN-gamma) were characterized. The mAbs studied--E4-18, G4-15, and SAT-1--which are all IgGl-type, reacted to all HuIFN-gamma molecular species, both glycosylated and non-glycosylated. Affinity constants calculated of E4-18 and G4-15 didn't have considerable differences for both kinds of HuIFN-gamma (1-3 x 10(8) liter/mol), but SAT-1 had a difference--a higher value (10(10) liter/mol) for the former than for the latter (8 x 10(8) liter/mol). In epitope specificity, the results suggested that E4-18 and G4-15 recognized an overlapped region remote from the region of SAT-1. Competition experiment using synthetic peptides suggested that epitope of G4-15 is around N9-26 of the HuIFN-gamma sequence. Those mAbs could be used for sandwich radioimmunoassay of HuIFN-gamma using double mAbs in two combinations, one (G4-15/E4-18) based on dimer forms of HuIFN-gamma and the other (SAT-1/E4-18) based on epitope difference. The mAbs are all neutralizing antibodies in which SAT-1 neutralized at a lower concentration than did G4-15, and at a much lower one than did E4-18. The receptor binding of HuIFN-gamma was inhibited by mAbs G4-15 and SAT-1. Efficacy of G4-15 and SAT-1 for the inhibition correspond with that for neutralization.
Thrombomodulin structure and function. (1997)

Thrombomodulin is protein cofactor expressed on endothelial cell surfaces that modifies the substrate specificity of thrombin, apparently by an allosteric mechanism. The thrombin-thrombomodulin complex activates protein C, initiating an essential anticoagulant pathway. The cofactor function of membrane-associated thrombomodulin requires the last three of six tandemly repeated EGF-like domains (numbers 4, 5, and 6), as well as a Ser/Thr-rich spacer between EGF-like domain 6 and the transmembrane domain. The Ser/Thr-rich domain is variably modified with a chondroitin sulfate chain that influences the affinity of thrombin binding and the calcium ion dependence of cofactor function. The structure of EGF-like domain 4 has been determined by NMR spectroscopy, and the structure of a complex between thrombin and a peptide from thrombomodulin EGF-like domain 5 was determined by X-ray crystallography. These structures are small steps toward an understanding of how thrombomodulin regulates thrombin.
Variable Interindividual Responses to Antiplatelet Therapies – Do They Exist, Can We Measure Them, and Are They Clinically Relevant? (2001)

Many patients suffer thrombotic events such as myocardial infarction, stroke and peripheral embolism despite therapy with recommended doses of all currently approved antiplatelet agents. Researchers have suggested that a subset of patients may be resistant to the antiplatelet effects of aspirin, and have developed substantial evidence to support this theory. The thienopyridines ticlopidine and clopidogrel and the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors also exhibit substantial interpatient variability in the level of platelet inhibition they achieve. There are several biochemical factors that may contribute to the etiology of individual resistance to antiplatelet medications. Some studies suggest that the variability in patient responsiveness to these drugs may have clinical consequences, and data from trials evaluating clinical end points are needed to further elucidate this correlation.
Intra‐abdominal Sepsis in Elderly Persons (2002)

Elderly patients represent a greater percentage of the population now than ever before, with 12.4% of North Americans being >65 years of age. Intra-abdominal illnesses in this population often have different etiologies than those seen in younger populations. Because of a variety of physiologic changes that occur as people age, elderly persons have different sites of infection, may present with vague symptoms and longer histories, are more gravely ill, and, overall, have worse prognoses. The major causes of intra-abdominal sepsis in elderly persons are reviewed, explanations for the differences in presentation and prognosis are offered, and the treatments of each cause are reviewed.
Phase I/II Trial of the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Antiretroviral Activity of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults (2001)

Tenofovir DF is an antiviral nucleotide with activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The pharmacokinetics, safety, and activity of oral tenofovir DF in HIV-1-infected adults were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, escalating-dose study of four doses (75, 150, 300, and 600 mg given once daily). Subjects received a single dose of tenofovir DF or a placebo, followed by a 7-day washout period. Thereafter, subjects received their assigned study drug once daily for 28 days. Pharmacokinetic parameters were dose proportional and demonstrated no change with repeated dosing. Reductions in plasma HIV-1 RNA were dose related at tenofovir DF doses of 75 to 300 mg, but there was no increase in virus suppression between the 300- and 600-mg dose cohorts, despite dose-proportional increases in drug exposure. Grade III or IV adverse events were limited to laboratory abnormalities, including elevated creatine phosphokinase and liver function tests, which resolved with or without drug discontinuation and without sequelae. No patients developed detectable sequence changes in the reverse transcriptase gene.
Apprenticeship learning via inverse reinforcement learning (2004)

We consider learning in a Markov decision process where we are not explicitly given a reward function, but where instead we can observe an expert demonstrating the task that we want to learn to perform. This setting is useful in applications (such as the task of driving) where it may be difficult to write down an explicit reward function specifying exactly how different desiderata should be traded off. We think of the expert as trying to maximize a reward function that is expressible as a linear combination of known features, and give an algorithm for learning the task demonstrated by the expert. Our algorithm is based on using "inverse reinforcement learning" to try to recover the unknown reward function. We show that our algorithm terminates in a small number of iterations, and that even though we may never recover the expert's reward function, the policy output by the algorithm will attain performance close to that of the expert, where here performance is measured with respect to the expert's unknown reward function.
Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E = sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallites (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E = sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallitesC. B. Murray, D. J. Norris, and M. G. BawendiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 19, 8706–8715Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00072a025https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00072a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views65449Altmetric-Citations7838LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
<title>Noncontact technology for track speed rail measurements: ORIAN</title> (1995)

Effectively monitoring the rate of rail wear is a cost effective solution for the planning of maintenance and for the projection of rail requirements. Typically, portable measurement instruments are used to measure the rail profile and make dimensional measurements. This process was time consuming and inefficient due to the fact that manpower had to travel to remote locations and perform manual measurements whether rail wear existed or not. In addition, this method was subjected to error introduced by the user and by the limited number of samples that can be collected. KLD Labs, Inc. conceived the idea for an automated rail inspection system 15 years ago using an optical technique. This technique was developed into a measurement system called the Optical Rail Inspection and Analysis (ORIAN) system and it was originally designed for the noncontact measurement of rail wear. Since the conception of the ORIAN system, the technology has evolved exponentially and the fulll potential of this innovative rail measurement technology is just beginning to be realized. As this technology further advances it can be adapted to perform even more track structure and geometry measurements. This proposed paper will discuss optical rail profile measurement technology both describing the collection and measurement techniques as well as the type of the data generated.
A nonradioactive micro-assay for released reverse transcriptase activity of a lentivirus. (1992)

A nonradioactive micro-assay procedure for detection of released reverse transcriptase activity from cells infected with equine infectious anemia virus is described. This procedure utilizes biotinylated-dUTP in conjunction with a streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate. Detection of alkaline phosphatase is by autoradiography of the chemiluminescence produced during enzymatic dephosphorylation of Lumi Phos 530. This method, as with reverse transcriptase micro-assays employing 32P-labeled nucleotides, is suited to the processing of numerous samples, while having the advantages of safety and stability normally associated with nonradioactive methods of detection. Sensitivity is comparable to a reverse transcriptase micro-assay using 32P-dTTP.
Pharmacological characterization of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (1994)

Established antidepressants including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), tetracyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) affect a series of neurotransmitter functions. In the debate of clinical efficacy much attention has focused on the uptake of noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) as a means to increase neuronal activity. Most antidepressants, whether classic or new, inhibit the uptake of either one or the other or both transmitters. Besides that, all of the classical antidepressants potently inhibit a series of neurotransmitter receptors. A series of newer antidepressants preferentially increase 5-HT transmission by inhibiting 5-HT uptake. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are those which preferably inhibit 5-HT uptake compared with NA, and which at the same time have no or only slight effect on other uptake mechanisms, neurotransmitter receptors, enzymes, etc. Five SSRIs are currently marked, i.e. citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and sertraline. They all fulfil the above-mentioned criteria. Citalopram is the most selective 5-HT-uptake inhibitor, whereas paroxetine is the most potent. By and large the rank order of selectivity is equal in in vitro studies, in biochemical in vivo studies and in behavioural studies. Selectivity and potency for 5-HT uptake do not coincide. The selectivity of SSRIs is also founded on the lack of inhibition of receptors for different neurotransmitters, e.g. acetylcholine, histamine, NA, 5-HT or dopamine (DA), as well as monoamine oxidase (MAO). Citalopram, fluoxetine and sertraline are metabolized to compounds possessing similar properties as the parent drugs, whereas this is not the case with the metabolites of fluvoxamine and paroxetine. Upon repeated administration SSRIs maintain the selective and potent inhibition of 5-HT uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Optimally Tuned Iterative Reconstruction Algorithms for Compressed Sensing (2010)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> We conducted an extensive computational experiment, lasting multiple CPU-years, to optimally select parameters for two important classes of algorithms for finding sparse solutions of underdetermined systems of linear equations. We make the optimally tuned implementations available at sparselab.stanford.edu; they run “out of the box” with no user tuning: it is not necessary to select thresholds or know the likely degree of sparsity. Our class of algorithms includes iterative hard and soft thresholding with or without relaxation, as well as CoSaMP, subspace pursuit and some natural extensions. As a result, our optimally tuned algorithms dominate such proposals. Our notion of optimality is defined in terms of phase transitions, i.e., we maximize the number of nonzeros at which the algorithm can successfully operate. We show that the phase transition is a well-defined quantity with our suite of random underdetermined linear systems. Our tuning gives the highest transition possible within each class of algorithms. We verify by extensive computation the robustness of our recommendations to the amplitude distribution of the nonzero coefficients as well as the matrix ensemble defining the underdetermined system. Our findings include the following. 1) For all algorithms, the worst amplitude distribution for nonzeros is generally the constant-amplitude random-sign distribution, where all nonzeros are the same amplitude. 2) Various random matrix ensembles give the same phase transitions; random partial isometries may give different transitions and require different tuning. 3) Optimally tuned subspace pursuit dominates optimally tuned CoSaMP, particularly so when the system is almost square. </para>
Electric fields and proliferation in a dermal wound model: Cell cycle kinetics (1998)

In a dermal wound model, consisting of human skin fibroblasts in collagen matrix, continuous sinusoidal electrical current stimulation elicited a maximum increase of [3H]thymidine relative to control at 41 mV/m amplitude, 10 Hz. In this paper we elaborate cell cycle kinetics, using the same parameters. Labeling occurred over 4-h intervals beginning at 12 to 20 h after onset of electric exposure. The results suggest a significant increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation over an 8-h period extending from 16-24 hours after stimulus initiation.
Neighbourhood Components Analysis (2004)

In this paper we propose a novel method for learning a Mahalanobis distance measure to be used in the KNN classification algorithm. The algorithm directly maximizes a stochastic variant of the leave-one-out KNN score on the training set. It can also learn a low-dimensional linear embedding of labeled data that can be used for data visualization and fast classification. Unlike other methods, our classification model is non-parametric, making no assumptions about the shape of the class distributions or the boundaries between them. The performance of the method is demonstrated on several data sets, both for metric learning and linear dimensionality reduction. 1
An Indistinct Balance (1999)

Recombinant epoetin therapy and correction of the chronic anemia of renal failure have greatly reduced the number of red cell transfusions and hence the propensity to iron overload. The majority of HD patients require intravenous iron therapy to achieve the hematocrit levels that correspond to improved outcome measures. Although the short-term benefits of intravenous iron have been clearly defined, the long-term risks of intravenous iron are less well-defined. Iron overload before the availability of epoetin constituted a serious problem; our review of the literature does not decisively conclude that these patients had more serious bacterial infections or increased mortality when compared with their non-iron overloaded counterparts, unless chronic transfusion-related hepatic disease was superimposed. Specifically, no data unequivocally confirm that iron overload from parenteral iron contributes to all-cause patient morbidity or mortality. Furthermore, therapy that maintains intravenous iron optimal iron stores and replaces iron losses associated with the dialytic procedure does not engender iron overload in the carefully monitored patient. Optimized anemia therapy in ESRD requires individualized and specific application of epoetin and iron for each patient, and significant cost savings can result from such a strategy. Prospective studies are clearly necessary to define those parameters that reflect adequacy of iron storage in renal failure patients. We should develop alternative means of iron delivery and develop monitors that accurately discriminate between patients who will respond to additional iron therapy and those who will not. Whether ferritin should be supplanted by another parameter and whether iron itself poses an increased risk to those patients it has so beneficially served are issues that must be resolved. Until these answers are known, the importance of carefully crafted iron therapy cannot be overstated.
Gastric emptying in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. (1977)

Gastric emptying was studied in 12 diabetic patients, six with and six without objective evidence of autonomic neuropathy and in 20 non-diabetic controls, using a double isotope scinti-scanning technique which differentiated between solid and liquid emptying. Three patients with autonomic neuropathy exhibited gastric stasis, although this was detected by conventional radiology in only one. Neither the patients with stasis nor those without exhibited abnormally rapid early gastric emptying. In patients without stasis, the normal differentiation between solid and liquid emptying was impaired, suggesting an abnormality of antral peristalsis not attributable to vagal denervation. Both intravenous and oral metoclopramide produced symptomatic improvement in two patients with gastric stasis and restored their gastric emptying to normal.
Endogenously Expressed nef Uncouples Cytokine and Chemokine Production from Membrane Phenotypic Maturation in Dendritic Cells (2002)

Immature dendritic cells (DCs), unlike mature DCs, require the viral determinant nef to drive immunodeficiency virus (SIV and HIV) replication in coculture with CD4(+) T cells. Since immature DCs may capture and get infected by virus during mucosal transmission, we hypothesized that Nef associated with the virus or produced during early replication might modulate DCs to augment virus dissemination. Adenovirus vectors expressing nef were used to introduce nef into DCs in the absence of other immunodeficiency virus determinants to examine Nef-induced changes that might activate immature DCs to acquire properties of mature DCs and drive virus replication. Nef expression by immature human and macaque DCs triggered IL-6, IL-12, TNF-alpha, CXCL8, CCL3, and CCL4 release, but without up-regulating costimulatory and other molecules characteristic of mature DCs. Coincident with this, nef-expressing immature DCs stimulated stronger autologous CD4(+) T cell responses. Both SIV and HIV nef-expressing DCs complemented defective SIVmac239 delta nef, driving replication in autologous immature DC-T cell cultures. In contrast, if DCs were activated after capturing delta nef, virus growth was not exacerbated. This highlights one way in which nef-defective virus-bearing immature DCs that mature while migrating to draining lymph nodes could induce stronger immune responses in the absence of overwhelming productive infection (unlike nef-containing wild-type virus). Therefore, Nef expressed in immature DCs signals a distinct activation program that promotes virus replication and T cell recruitment but without complete DC maturation, thereby lessening the likelihood that wild-type virus-infected immature DCs would activate virus-specific immunity, but facilitating virus dissemination.
Dual Action Antimicrobials: Nitric Oxide Release from Quaternary Ammonium-Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles (2012)

The synthesis of quaternary ammonium (QA)-functionalized silica nanoparticles with and without nitric oxide (NO) release capabilities is described. Glycidyltrialkylammonium chlorides of varied alkyl chain lengths (i.e., methyl, butyl, octyl, and dodecyl) were tethered to the surface of amine-containing silica nanoparticles via a ring-opening reaction. Secondary amines throughout the particle were then functionalized with N-diazeniumdiolate NO donors to yield dual functional nanomaterials with surface QAs and total NO payloads of 0.3 μmol/mg. The bactericidal activities of singly (i.e., only NO-releasing or only QA-functionalized) and dual (i.e., NO-releasing and QA-functionalized) functional nanoparticles were tested against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Particles with only NO release capabilities alone were found to be more effective against P. aeruginosa , while particles with only QA-functionalities exhibited greater toxicity toward S. aureus . The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of QA-functionalized particles decreased with increasing alkyl chain length against both microbes tested. Combining NO release and QA-functionalities on the same particle resulted in an increase in bactericidal efficacy against S. aureus ; however, no change in activity against P. aeruginosa was observed compared to NO-releasing particles alone.