gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Incretin-Based Therapies for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Evaluation of the Risks and Benefits (2020)

Limited evidence suggests that GLP-I may also preserve ventricular function and improve outcomes in human subjects with heart failure or myocardial infarction (11,12). [...] both exenatide and liraglutide reduce blood pressure, body weight, and plasma lipid profiles in subjects with type 2 diabetes (13), raising the hope that longterm treatment with these agents may reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events.\n However, two safety issues have been raised - pancreatitis and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.
The Transmembrane Semaphorin Sema4D/CD100, an Inhibitor of Axonal Growth, Is Expressed on Oligodendrocytes and Upregulated after CNS Lesion (2003)

Semaphorins are a family of secreted and membrane-bound proteins, known to regulate axonal pathfinding. Sema4D, also called CD100, was first isolated in the immune system where it is involved in B and T cell activation. We found that in the mouse, Sema4D is expressed in cells throughout the CNS white matter, with a peak during the myelination period. Double-labeling experiments with different markers of oligodendrocyte lineage such as olig1, olig2, platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha, and proteolipid protein showed that Sema4D was expressed selectively by oligodendrocytes and myelin. The presence of Sema4D in myelin was confirmed using Western blot. Sema4D expression in myelinating oligodendrocytes was further observed using neuron-oligodendrocyte cocultures. Moreover, using stripe assay, we found that Sema4D is strongly inhibitory for postnatal sensory and cerebellar granule cell axons. This prompted us to examine whether Sema4D expression is modified after CNS injury. At 8 d after spinal cord lesions, Sema4D expression was strongly upregulated in oligodendrocytes at the periphery of the lesion. Sema4D-positive cells were not colabeled with the astrocyte marker GFAP, with the microglial and macrophagic marker isolectin B4, or with NG2, a marker of oligodendrocyte precursors. This upregulation was transient because from 1 month after the lesion, Sema4D expression was back to its normal level. These results indicate that Sema4D is a novel inhibitory factor for axonal regeneration expressed in myelin.
Wnt-1 Signal as a Potential Cancer Therapeutic Target (2006)

Wnt-1 was first identified as a proto-oncogene activated in mouse mammary tumors induced by mouse mammary tumor virus in 1982. Wnt-1 signal is a secreted glycoprotein that plays important roles in embryonic development and carcinogenesis. In a conditional Wnt-1 transgenic mouse tumor model, reduction of Wnt-1 signaling results in the regression of the Wnt-1 initiated primary mammary tumors and lung metastasis. Aberrant activation of the Wnt pathway has been strongly linked to the development of human cancers. Increased Wnt-1 signal has been found in a variety of human cancers. Our group has shown that blockade of Wnt-1 signaling, by either Wnt-1 small interference RNA or anti-Wnt-1 antibody induces apoptosis in human cancer cells and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. This review summarizes the recent significant findings and the potentials of Wnt-1 signal as a new therapeutic target for cancer.
Diet and calcium stones. (1992)

Dietary modification plays an important role in the reduction of urinary risk factors in patients with calcium stone disease of the urinary tract. As an initial form of prevention attention should be directed toward moderating the intake of calcium, oxalate, protein, sodium and alcohol and increasing the intake of fibre and water. Future research should include an assessment of the long-term reduction of dietary and urinary risk factors and the rates of recurrence of calcium stones.
Introduction (1992)

The prominent position of Vincent van Gogh in the art world is now firmly established. In 1990, the centenary of his death, he set another world record for sale of an art work by auction. More important, his paintings and drawings in museums, and reproductions in books, wall-hangings, calendars, and even postage stamps continue to attract, intrigue, and entertain a wide audience. Polls find van Gogh near the top of recognized artists irrespective of the aesthetic background of the survey. The present degree of popularity is immense; during his life it was miniscule.KeywordsCreative ArtistCreative PeoplePostage StampInterior DecorationPresent DegreeThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Microstructured elastomeric surfaces with reversible adhesion and examples of their use in deterministic assembly by transfer printing (2010)

Reversible control of adhesion is an important feature of many desired, existing, and potential systems, including climbing robots, medical tapes, and stamps for transfer printing. We present experimental and theoretical studies of pressure modulated adhesion between flat, stiff objects and elastomeric surfaces with sharp features of surface relief in optimized geometries. Here, the strength of nonspecific adhesion can be switched by more than three orders of magnitude, from strong to weak, in a reversible fashion. Implementing these concepts in advanced stamps for transfer printing enables versatile modes for deterministic assembly of solid materials in micro/nanostructured forms. Demonstrations in printed two- and three-dimensional collections of silicon platelets and membranes illustrate some capabilities. An unusual type of transistor that incorporates a printed gate electrode, an air gap dielectric, and an aligned array of single walled carbon nanotubes provides a device example.
Abnormal intestinal motility in diabetics with the gastroparesis syndrome (1984)

Gastroparesis syndrome is a recognized complication of longstanding diabetes mellitus and is attributed to reduced gastric contractility due to 'autovagotomy'. However, motor abnormalities associated with this syndrome may not be limited to the stomach. To test this hypothesis we have studied the fasting and fed manometric profiles of the proximal small intestine of fourteen patients with the clinical diagnosis of gastroparesis. Abnormal intestinal manometric patterns were observed in twelve out of the fourteen patients. In four patients there was reduced duodenojejunal phasic pressure activity, whereas in nine there were non-propagated long bursts of powerful contractions. Furthermore, while the majority of patients (eleven out of fourteen) exhibited the expected reduction in antral pressure activity and gastric phase III, a small subgroup of three patients exhibited a peculiar continuous 3 min-1 antral contractile activity. Our findings show that the small intestine is frequently affected in patients with diabetic gastroparesis, and that the motility disorder both in the stomach and the small bowel is not invariably of a 'paretic' type. The occurrence of incoordinated intestinal long bursts and continuous antral activity suggests that disturbed sympathetic innervation participates in the aetiopathogenesis of their upper-gut dysfunction.
ChemInform Abstract: A METHOD FOR THE REGIOSPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF ENOL TRIFLATES BY ENOLATE TRAPPING (1983)

Abstract 4‐tert.‐Butyl‐cyclohexanon (I) liefert nach Metallierung und Umsetzung mit N‐Phenyl‐trifluormethansulfonimid (II) das Enoltriflat (III).
Optimal Enforcement of Uniform Pollution Standards When Marginal Pollution Damage Costs Differ among Firms—The EPA’s New CAFO Rules (2010)

The EPA’s 2003 and 2008 National Pollution Discharge Elimination System for Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) expanded the scope and stringency of the regulation of CAFOs but provided few if any additional enforcement resources. Enforcement of earlier regulations was poor, and the new regulations are likely to worsen this problem because they embody the usual approach of imposing one-size-fits-all rules. Because the likely damages from effluents vary greatly among CAFOs, depending on location, a system of emission fees that depend on likely damages would be more efficient. Alternatively, regulators could tailor enforcement efforts to probable damages. This paper provides a model that includes the total cost of regulation, including the government’s monitoring and enforcement resources. Deploying fewer monitoring and enforcement resources on low-damage CAFOs and more on high-damage CAFOs can improve the efficiency of the regulatory regime, relative to equal enforcement of uniform regulations.
Utilization of a continuous flow reactor to study the lipoprotein- associated coagulation inhibitor (LACI) that inhibits tissue factor (1990)

A microperfusion system containing a glass capillary, the inner surface of which is coated with a phospholipid bilayer containing tissue factor, was used to explore the requirement for factors VIIa and Xa in the complex formed with the lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor (LACI). Various combinations of factors VIIa, Xa, and LACI were perfused together or sequentially at a wall shear rate of 300 sec- 1; a final perfusion of factors X and VIIa was performed to evaluate the residual tissue factor activity. Factor Xa concentration at the outlet of the tube was determined using a chromogenic substrate. In the presence of factors VIIa, Xa, and LACI, complete inhibition of tissue factor was observed on both phosphatidylcholine (neutral surfaces) and on phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine (acidic) surfaces; omission of factors Xa or LACI resulted in no inhibition. The absence of factor VIIa in the initial perfusion steps resulted in no inhibition on neutral surfaces whereas about 90% inhibition was observed on acidic surfaces. Initial perfusion with factor Xa, but not LACI, followed by the remaining protein components, resulted in an inhibitory complex. Thus, it appears that a tissue factor:factor Xa:LACI complex can form in the absence of factor VIIa on acidic surfaces; moreover, our data imply a tissue factor binding site for factor Xa, but not for LACI.
Self-assembled rosette nanotubes encapsulate and slowly release dexamethasone (2011)

Rosette nanotubes (RNTs) are novel, self-assembled, biomimetic, synthetic drug delivery materials suitable for numerous medical applications. Because of their amphiphilic character and hollow architecture, RNTs can be used to encapsulate and deliver hydrophobic drugs otherwise difficult to deliver in biological systems. Another advantage of using RNTs for drug delivery is their biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and their ability to engender a favorable, biologically-inspired environment for cell adhesion and growth. In this study, a method to incorporate dexamethasone (DEX, an inflammatory and a bone growth promoting steroid) into RNTs was developed. The drug-loaded RNTs were characterized using diffusion ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DOSY NMR) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Results showed for the first time that DEX can be easily and quickly encapsulated into RNTs and released to promote osteoblast (bone-forming cell) functions over long periods of time. As a result, RNTs are presented as a novel material for the targeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs otherwise difficult to deliver.
An exact mathematical expression for describing competitive binding of two different ligands to a protein molecule (1995)

The dissociation constant for the binding of a spectroscopically invisible or non-radioactive ligand to its protein receptor can be determined in a competition experiment by using a structural analog that contains a reporter group. Many plotting and numerical analysis methods have been developed to calculate the binding constant of unlabeled ligand from the displacement experiments. However, a common problem with these plotting methods is that the equation transformations inevitably result in non-standard error distribution, and thus simple linear regression can not be used to extract correct values for the parameters. In the case of the numerical analysis methods, one would be faced with the possible existence of multiple solutions. In this paper, the exact mathematical expression for describing competitive binding of two different ligands to a protein molecule is presented in terms of the total concentrations of species in the system. Thus, using a commercially available non-linear regression program, all unknown parameters for describing this system can be determined by fitting the experimental data to the algebraically explicit equation without any data transformations. The distribution curves of all the species in the system can also be constructed with this equation. It is particularly useful for the cases in which the concentrations of all the species in the system are comparable to each other.
Amygdaloid projections to subcortical structures within the basal forebrain and brainstem in the rat and cat (1978)

Abstract The efferent fiber connections of the nuclei of the amygdaloid complex with subcortical structures in the basal telencephalon, hypothalamus, midbrain, and pons have been studied in the rat and cat, using the autoradiographic method for tracing axonal connections. The cortical and thalamic projections of these nuclei have been described in previous papers (Krettek and Price, ′77b,c). Although the subcortical connections of the amygdaloid nuclei are widespread within the basal forebrain and brain stem, the projections of each nucleus have been found to be well defined, and distinct from those of the other amygdaloid nuclei. The basolateral amygdaloid nucleus projects heavily to the lateral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), to the caudal part of the substantia innominata, and to the ventral part of the corpus striatum (nucleus accumbens and ventral putamen) and the olfactory tubercle; it projects more lightly to the lateral hypothalamus. The central nucleus also projects to the lateral division of the BNST and the lateral hypothalamus, but in addition it sends fibers to the lateral part of the substantia nigra and the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum. The basomedial nucleus has projections to the ventral striatum and olfactory tubercle which are similar to those of the basolateral nucleus, but it also projects to the core of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the premammillary nucleus, and to a central zone of the BNST which overlaps the medial and lateral divisions. The medial nucleus also projects to the core of the ventromedial nucleus and the premammillary nucleus, but sends fibers to the medial division of the BNST and does not project to the ventral striatum. The posterior cortical nucleus projects to the premammillary nucleus and to the medial division of the BNST, but a projection from this nucleus to the ventromedial nucleus has not been demonstrated. Projections to the “shell” of the ventromedial nucleus have been found only from the ventral part of the subiculum and from a structure at the junction of the amygdala and the hippocampal formation, which has been termed the amygdalo‐hippocampal area (AHA). The AHA also sends fibers to the medial part of the BNST and the premammillary nucleus. Virtually no subcortical projections outside the amygdala itself have been demonstrated from the lateral nucleus, or from the olfactory cortical areas around the amygdala (the anterior cortical nucleus, the periamygdaloid cortex, and the posterior prepiriform cortex). However, portions of the endopiriform nucleus deep to the prepiriform cortex project to the ventral putamen, and to the lateral hypothalamus.
The Synthesis and Biological Characterization of a Ceramide Library (2002)

A facile synthesis of a combinatorial ceramide library and their activities in the NF-kappaB pathway and in apoptosis induction/prevention were demonstrated. A novel NF-kappaB activating molecule was discovered among ceramide containing beta-galactose, and the structural requirements of ceramides for apoptosis induction was elucidated.
Common and unique features of T antigens encoded by the polyomavirus group (1992)

Although 12 different members of the polyomavirus group have now been identified, only SV40 and PyV have been studied extensively. Whereas each member of the group shows a restricted host range, viruses infecting species from birds to humans have been reported. Although little is known concerning the biology of natural infections in the wild, it is apparent that these viruses exhibit various cell-type tropisms. Some viruses, such as LPV (B lymphocytes) or KV (pulmonary endothelium), are tightly restricted to specific cell types, while others, such as PyV, infect a variety of tissues in the animal. Despite these differences, all polyomaviruses share a common strategy of productive infection, expressing T antigens which act both on cellular targets, preparing cellular metabolism for supporting optimal viral replication, and then on targets within the viral genome, to regulate viral DNA replication, transcription, and assembly. Presumably, this common replication strategy restricts the degree to which the sequences of these viruses can diverge. Thus, sequence motifs conserved among these different viruses may indicate key structural elements essential for biochemical function. In this article I have compared the sequences of all polyomavirus-encoded large and small T antigens sequenced to date. This has led to the following conclusions and speculations. (i) Comparison of the domain organization of different large T antigens reveals that these proteins fall into two structural classes. Members of the SV40 class, which include SV40, JCV, BKV, and SA12, possess a carboxyl-terminal domain, which in SV40 has been shown to be dispensable for viral DNA replication but essential for virion assembly. The PyV class lacks the carboxyl-terminal domain and carries additional amino acids within the amino-terminal domain. When total amino acid identity is examined, members of the SV40 class show the highest degree of conservation (65 to 85%), while sequence identity among the remaining viruses varies from 18 to 55%. (ii) The DNA binding domains of most large T antigens are closely related, with amino acid identities ranging from 35 to 86%. Several residues within this domain are invariant among all T antigens. All of these viruses have multiple copies of the consensus T-antigen-binding pentanucleotide (GAGGC) in their ori region, suggesting that all T antigens recognize this sequence. The single exception is the large T antigen encoded by the avian virus BFDV. The putative DNA binding domain of this protein shows little or no sequence relation to that of other T antigens. Furthermore, the GAGGC motif is not found in the ori region of this virus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Native Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Blood Plasma in the Characterization of Oral Malignancy¶ (2003)

Native fluorescence characteristics of blood plasma were studied in the visible spectral region, at two different excitation wavelengths, 405 and 420 nm, to discriminate patients with different stages of oral malignancy from healthy subjects. The fluorescence spectra of blood plasma of oral malignant subjects exhibit characteristic spectral differences with respect to normal subjects. Different ratios were calculated using the fluorescence intensity values at those emission wavelengths that give characteristic spectral features of each group of experimental subjects studied. These fluorescence intensity ratios were used as input variables for a multiple linear discriminant analysis across different groups. Leave-one out cross-validation was used to check the reliability of each discriminant analysis performed. The discriminant analysis performed across normal and oral cancerous subjects classified 94.7% of the original grouped cases and 93.7% of the cross-validated grouped cases. A classification algorithm was developed on the basis of the score of the discriminant functions (discriminant score) resulted in the analyses. The diagnostic potentiality of the present technique was also estimated in the discrimination of malignant subjects from normal and nonmalignant diseased subjects such as liver diseases. In the discriminant analysis performed across the three groups, normal, oral malignancy (including early and advanced stages) and liver diseases, 99% of the original grouped cases and 95.9% of the cross-validated grouped cases were correctly classified. Similar analysis performed across normal, early stage of oral malignancy, advanced oral malignancy and liver diseases correctly classified 94.9% of the original grouped cases and 91.8% of the cross-validated grouped cases.
Characterization of the Human Cytomegalovirus gH/gL/UL128-131 Complex That Mediates Entry into Epithelial and Endothelial Cells (2007)

The entry of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) into biologically relevant epithelial and endothelial cells involves endocytosis followed by low-pH-dependent fusion. This entry pathway is facilitated by the HCMV UL128, UL130, and UL131 proteins, which form one or more complexes with the virion envelope glycoprotein gH/gL. gH/gL/UL128-131 complexes appear to be distinct from the gH/gL/gO complex, which likely facilitates entry into fibroblasts. In order to better understand the assembly and protein-protein interactions of gH/gL/UL128-131 complexes, we generated HCMV mutants lacking UL128-131 proteins and nonreplicating adenovirus vectors expressing gH, gL, UL128, UL130, and UL131. Our results demonstrate that UL128, UL130, and UL131 can each independently assemble onto gH/gL scaffolds. However, the binding of individual UL128-131 proteins onto gH/gL can significantly affect the binding of other proteins; for example, UL128 increased the binding of both UL130 and UL131 to gH/gL. Direct interactions between gH/UL130, UL130/UL131, gL/UL128, and UL128/UL130 were also observed. The export of gH/gL complexes from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus and cell surface was dramatically increased when all of UL128, UL130, and UL131 were coexpressed with gH/gL (with or without gO expression). Incorporation of gH/gL complexes into the virion envelope requires transport beyond the ER. Thus, we concluded that UL128, UL130, and UL131 must all bind simultaneously onto gH/gL for the production of complexes that can function in entry into epithelial and endothelial cells.
Noninvasive localization of tumors by immunofluorescence imaging using a single chain Fv fragment of a human monoclonal antibody with broad cancer specificity (2000)

Specific binding of the antibody-dye complex to the tumor was observed, and the kinetics of binding to tumors and kidneys were determined. These results suggest that the NovoMab-G2-scFv-Cy5.5 complex may be used for noninvasive tumor localization.