gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Frequency-domain interferometer for measuring the phase and amplitude of a femtosecond pulse probing a laser-produced plasma (1994)

A frequency-domain interferometer for probing the variations of the dielectric constant of a plasma with sub-100- fs temporal resolution and lambda/2000 phase resolution is described. Imaging the plasma on the entrance slit of a spectrograph provides spatial resolution along a diameter of the focal spot. The technique is used to map out the expansion of the critical density surface of a femtosecond laser-produced plasma with subnanometer spatial resolution along the laser axis.
X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF Li-BASED COMPLEX HYDRIDES AFTER PRESSURE CYCLING (2008)

X-ray diffraction studies have been performed on Li-based complex hydrides after multiple hydriding/dehydriding pressure cycles. The effects of pressure cycling are important for longterm reliability of Li-based hydrides. Commercial grade hydrogen containing low-level impurities (O2, H2O, CO/CO2) was used for this study to show the effect of cycling on hydrogen storage capacities. Equilibrium isotherms were obtained using a Sievert’s apparatus after 1, 56, 163, 500, and 1100 pressure cycles on the Li2NH-LiNH2 system to observe hydrogen capacity as a function of cycles at 255 °C. Structural studies of the products (desorbed condition) after pressure cycling showed mainly Li2NH and LiH phases and the impurity Li2O phase. Quantitative X-ray diffraction calculations showed the Li2NH phase was reduced from 79 % to 13%, and the LiH phase increased from 8 % to 54 % after 1100 cycles. Pressure cycling results showed 2.55 wt % (~10.25 bar) and 2.9 wt % (~0.86 bar) hydrogen storage loss after 1100 cycles. Detailed results of structural behaviors and pressure-composition isotherms after multiple cycles are also presented.
Immunomanipulation of Appetite and Body Temperature through the Functional Mimicry of Leptin (2002)

These studies revealed that the leptin anti-idiotype inhibited food intake and enhanced heat production, mimicking leptin's central actions.
Taylor cone and jetting from liquid droplets in electrospinning of nanofibers (2001)

Sessile and pendant droplets of polymer solutions acquire stable shapes when they are electrically charged by applying an electrical potential difference between the droplet and a flat plate, if the potential is not too large. These stable shapes result only from equilibrium of the electric forces and surface tension in the cases of inviscid, Newtonian, and viscoelastic liquids. In liquids with a nonrelaxing elastic force, that force also affects the shapes. It is widely assumed that when the critical potential φ0* has been reached and any further increase will destroy the equilibrium, the liquid body acquires a conical shape referred to as the Taylor cone, having a half angle of 49.3°. In the present work we show that the Taylor cone corresponds essentially to a specific self-similar solution, whereas there exist nonself-similar solutions which do not tend toward a Taylor cone. Thus, the Taylor cone does not represent a unique critical shape: there exists another shape, which is not self-similar. The experiments of the present work demonstrate that the observed half angles are much closer to the new shape. In this article a theory of stable shapes of droplets affected by an electric field is proposed and compared with data acquired in our experimental work on electrospinning of nanofibers from polymer solutions and melts.
Use of Adjunctive Treatment with Interferon- in an Immunocompromised Patient Who Had Refractory Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis of the Brain (1996)

We describe a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis of the brain and spinal cord. Despite treatment with six antituberculous drugs and a steroid medication for 11 months, there was no appreciable clinical or radiological improvement in the patient's condition. Within 5 months of initiating adjunctive therapy with IFN-gamma and granulocyte colony stimulating factors, substantial neurological and radiological improvement was noted. Therapy with IFN-gamma was continued for 12 months, resulting in complete resolution of the lesions in the brain and spinal cord.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide Inhibits Tissue Factor Expression, Thrombus Formation, and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Activation (2006)

DMSO suppresses TF expression and activity, as well as thrombus formation; in addition, it inhibits VSMC proliferation and migration. Given its routine use in modern clinical practice, we propose DMSO as a novel strategy for coating drug-eluting stents and treating acute coronary syndromes.
Peptides that bind the HIV‐1 integrase and modulate its enzymatic activity – kinetic studies and mode of action (2010)

Several peptides that specifically bind the HIV-1 integrase (IN) and either inhibit or stimulate its enzymatic activity were developed in our laboratories. Kinetic studies using 3'-end processing and strand-transfer assays were performed to study the mode of action of these peptides. The effects of the various peptides on the interaction between IN and its substrate DNA were also studied by fluorescence anisotropy. On the basis of our results, we divided these IN-interacting peptides into three groups: (a) IN-inhibitory peptides, whose binding to IN decrease its affinity for the substrate DNA - these peptides increased the K(m) of the IN-DNA interaction, and were thus inhibitory; (b) peptides that slightly increased the K(m) of the IN-DNA interaction, but in addition modified the V(max) and K(cat) values of the IN, and thus stimulated or inhibited IN activity, respectively; and (c) peptides that bound IN but had no effect on its enzymatic activity. We elucidated the approximate binding sites of the peptides in the structure of IN, providing structural insights into their mechanism of action. The IN-stimulating peptide bound IN in several specific sites that did not bind any of the inhibitory peptides. This may account for its unique activity.
The role of humoral immunity in host defence against influenza A infection in mice (1976)

Summary The respective roles of cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity in host defence were investigated in mice infected with influenza A/PR8 virus. Transferred immune spleen cells were shown to provide full protection only when they were actually secreting antibody. Serum antibody transferred in ‘physiological’ amounts was found to be protective in immunologically intact or in immunosuppressed animals. The specificity of the transferred antibody was shown to be critical, since antibody to internal components of the virus was inefficient while antibody to haemagglutinin, especially that to the strain-specific determinants of the haemagglutinin molecule, was highly efficient.
Different Immunoreactivity against Monoclonal Antibodies between Wild-type and Mutant Copper/Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Linked to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (2004)

Although more than 100 mutations have been identified in the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS), the mechanism responsible for FALS remains unclear. The finding of the present study shows that FALS-causing mutant Cu/Zn-SOD proteins (FALS mutant SODs), but not wild-type SOD, are barely detected by three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in Western blot analyses. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for denatured FALS mutant SODs by dithiothreitol, SDS, or heat treatment also showed a lowered immunoreactivity against the mAbs compared with wild-type SOD. Because all the epitopes of these mAbs are mapped within the Greek key loop (residues 102-115 in human Cu/Zn-SOD), these data suggest that different conformational changes occur in the loop between wild-type and FALS mutant SODs during the unfolding process. Circular dichroism measurements revealed that the FALS mutant SODs are sensitive to denaturation by dithiothreitol, SDS, or heat treatment, but these results do not completely explain the different recognition by the mAbs between wild-type and FALS mutant SODs under the denatured conditions. The study on the conformational changes in local areas monitoring with mAbs may provide a new insight into the etiology of FALS.
Prototypic G protein-coupled receptor for the intestinotrophic factor glucagon-like peptide 2 (1999)

Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is a 33-aa proglucagon-derived peptide produced by intestinal enteroendocrine cells. GLP-2 stimulates intestinal growth and up-regulates villus height in the small intestine, concomitant with increased crypt cell proliferation and decreased enterocyte apoptosis. Moreover, GLP-2 prevents intestinal hypoplasia resulting from total parenteral nutrition. However, the mechanism underlying these actions has remained unclear. Here we report the cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding rat and human GLP-2 receptors (GLP-2R), a G protein-coupled receptor superfamily member expressed in the gut and closely related to the glucagon and GLP-1 receptors. The human GLP-2R gene maps to chromosome 17p13.3. Cells expressing the GLP-2R responded to GLP-2, but not GLP-1 or related peptides, with increased cAMP production (EC50 = 0.58 nM) and displayed saturable high-affinity radioligand binding (Kd = 0.57 nM), which could be displaced by synthetic rat GLP-2 (Ki = 0.06 nM). GLP-2 analogs that activated GLP-2R signal transduction in vitro displayed intestinotrophic activity in vivo. These results strongly suggest that GLP-2, like glucagon and GLP-1, exerts its actions through a distinct and specific novel receptor expressed in its principal target tissue, the gastrointestinal tract.
Conserved kappa B element located downstream of the tumor necrosis factor alpha gene: distinct NF-kappa B binding pattern and enhancer activity in LPS activated murine macrophages. (1995)

Transcriptional activation of various genes by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known to be mediated, at least in part, by the NF-kappa B/Rel family of transcription factors. We have identified a novel kappa B element located immediately downstream of the TNF-alpha gene that is conserved together with its flanking sequences across species lines and can act as an LPS-responsive enhancer for reporter gene constructs driven by the minimal TNF promoter. In extracts from activated murine macrophages and macrophage cell lines this element binds several non-canonical NF-kappa B/Rel complexes, in addition to p50 (NFKB1) homodimer and p50-p65 (NKFB1-RelA) heterodimer. Combination of high-resolution electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) with monospecific antibodies and u.v.-cross-linking indicates that the prominent slow migrating complex III contain p65 homodimer and c-Rel. The appearance of complex III in EMSA parallels the translocation of p65 and c-Rel into the nucleus and occurs shortly after LPS induction. Transfection experiments with reporter constructs driven by this kappa B element indicate strong inducibility by LPS and p65, moderate inducibility by c-Rel and repression by p50. Functional activity of sandwich TNF-CAT-TNF constructs further suggests that LPS-inducible transcriptional activation of the TNF gene in murine macrophages may be partly mediated by a downstream enhancer.
Nearly degenerate four-wave mixing in a traveling-wave semiconductor laser amplifier (1987)

Nearly degenerate four-wave mixing (NDFWM) in a traveling-wave semiconductor laser amplifier is demonstrated by simultaneously injecting two lights of slightly different frequencies in the same direction. A new frequency light at an expected frequency for NDFWM is observed with the same order of output as that of the injected light. The output power ratio of the three beams is strongly dependent on the sign of the frequency detuning. Theoretical analysis, in which the carrier rate equation is coupled with nonlinear Maxwell’s equations, explains the experimental results well. The observed behaviors are attributed to a unique third-order nonlinearity stemming from saturation-induced refractive index change in the semiconductor gain medium.
Glaucoma Filtration Surgery in Monkeys Using 5-Fluorouridine in Polyanhydride Disks (1990)

We performed filtration surgery in glaucomatous monkeys to determine if bioerodible polyanhydride disks that contained 5-fluorouridine (5-FUR) prolonged the success of the operation. First, in vitro studies demonstrated that 5-fluorouridine was released from the disks for at least 16 days in a bioactive form that inhibited fibroblast proliferation. Next, a preliminary series of six eyes suggested that using disks that contained 5-fluorouridine extended the intraocular pressure-lowering effect of filtration surgery. This finding was confirmed in eight additional eyes of four animals in which one eye received a disk with 5-fluorouridine and the other received a disk without the drug. The duration of success of the operation was significantly longer in the eyes that received polyanhydride with 5-fluorouridine (mean +/- SD, 26.0 +/- 9.2 days) than in the controls (8.5 +/- 4.0 days). The histologic findings of the experimental eyes correlated with their prolonged clinical success.
Partial characterization of microsomal sialyltransferase from chicken liver and hepatoma Mc-29: II. Measurement of enzyme activities utilizing microsomal glycoproteins as exogenous acceptors. (1990)

Microsomal sialyltransferase was assayed in chicken liver and hepatoma Mc-29 utilizing liver and hepatoma microsomal glycoprotein fractions, treated with Triton X-100, as exogenous acceptors. In a homologous assay system containing enzyme and acceptor from one and the same tissue no quantitative dependence of enzyme activity was revealed with increasing amount of the acceptor. In mixed experiments in which liver enzyme activity was tested towards hepatoma acceptor glycoproteins, a gradual drop in sialyltransferase activity occurred with increasing quantities of the acceptor. This effect seems to be a consequence of the presence of some inhibitor in the microsomal fractions from the hepatoma cells.
Intracellular Behavior of Rabies Virus Matrix Protein (M) Is Determined by the Viral Glycoprotein (G) (1999)

To investigate the nature and intracellular behavior of the matrix (M) protein of an avirulent strain (HEP-Flury) of rabies virus, we cloned and sequenced the cDNA of the protein. Using expression vectors pZIP-NeoSV(X)1 and pCDM8, the cDNA was transfected to animal cells (BHK-21 and COS-7) with or without coexpression of viral glycoprotein (G). When M protein alone was expressed in the cells, it displayed homogeneous distribution in the whole cell including the nucleus. In contrast, coexpression with G protein resulted in the abolishment of nuclear distribution of M antigen, and both of the antigens displayed a colocalized distribution in the cell, especially at the cellular membrane as seen in the virus-infected cells, while the distribution of G antigen was not affected by coexpressed M antigen. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that M protein was coprecipitated with G protein by anti-G antibody, and vice versa, although cross-linking with dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) was necessary for coprecipitation because of their easier dissociation in the presence of sodium deoxycholate. These results suggest that M protein intimately associates with G protein, which may affect or regulate the behavior (e.g., intracellular localization) of M protein. Studies with deletion mutants of M protein indicate that an internal region around the amino acids from 115 to 151 is essential for the M protein to preserve its binding ability to G protein.
Evaluation of Acetic Acid-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats by Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (1991)

To clarify the mechanism of gastric ulcer recurrence, we studied acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers. The healing of these gastric ulcers was then studied for 4-21 weeks after the injection. Forty-eight ulcers were examined by macroscopic observation and scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) and by histologic study of the ulcers. SAM has a higher radio frequency and provides more detailed information about the gastric wall than endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). Thirteen healed and 35 non-healed gastric ulcers were observed by macroscopic observation over 4-21 weeks. SAM enabled us to observe the normal gastric wall of the rat in five different layers. The SAM echo patterns of the healed ulcers were all one pattern. On the other hand, we were able to classify the echo patterns of the non-healed ulcers into two different patterns; one pattern consisted of a high-echogenic region in the first and second layers with an underlying relatively high echogenic region in a horizontal pattern. The other pattern showed a poorly defined and spotted low-echogenic region in the first and second layers which fanned out toward the fifth layer. However, these two different ulcers could not be distinguished macroscopically. Histologic findings supported the results of the SAM study which showed one pattern in healed ulcers and two patterns in non-healed ulcers. In the non-healed ulcers the two different patterns may be ascribed to the proliferation of collagen fibers. SAM makes it possible to image the proliferation of collagen fibers and identify the two different types with an accuracy of 97%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Selective Dimerization of Ethylene to 1-Butene with a Porous Catalyst (2016)

Current heterogeneous catalysts lack the fine steric and electronic tuning required for catalyzing the selective dimerization of ethylene to 1-butene, which remains one of the largest industrial processes still catalyzed by homogeneous catalysts. Here, we report that a metal-organic framework catalyzes ethylene dimerization with a combination of activity and selectivity for 1-butene that is premier among heterogeneous catalysts. The capacity for mild cation exchange in the material MFU-4l (MFU-4l = Zn5Cl4(BTDD)3, H2BTDD = bis(1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b],[4',5'-i])dibenzo[1,4]dioxin) was leveraged to create a well-defined and site-isolated Ni(II) active site bearing close structural homology to molecular tris-pyrazolylborate complexes. In the presence of ethylene and methylaluminoxane, the material consumes ethylene at a rate of 41,500 mol per mole of Ni per hour with a selectivity for 1-butene of up to 96.2%, exceeding the selectivity reported for the current industrial dimerization process.
Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2005)

Higher levels of the systemic inflammatory markers CRP and IL-6 are independently associated with progression of AMD.
Early identification of diabetic foot ulcers that may require intervention using the micro lightguide spectrophotometer. (1999)

Serial microvascular oxygen measurements may be used to identify at an early stage those ulcers that are unlikely to heal and, therefore, need surgical intervention.
Dietary fat assimilation and bile salt absorption in the killifish intestine (1985)

Radiolabeled taurocholate (TC) and triolein were used to study fat assimilation and bile salt absorption in the stomachless saltwater killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Fat absorption occurred primarily in the proximal intestine with approximately 87% of a single dose (9 mg fat/8 g fish) absorbed in 2 h. Luminal triolein hydrolysis and enterocyte triolein resynthesis were tightly coupled. Killifish gallbladder bile contains taurocholate and cholate in an equal molar ratio at a combined concentration of 237 +/- 25 mM (n = 10) in 24-h-fasted fish. During fat assimilation luminal bile salt and fatty acid concentrations ranged between 10 and 30 mM. Between and during meals the total concentration of bile salts in the intestinal tissue remained roughly constant (4-6 mM) with the proximal one-third of the intestine containing 40% of the total and the remainder equally distributed between the mid and distal regions. All three regions of the intestine rapidly incorporated ingested TC in vivo, with the amount incorporated proportional to the pool size. In contrast, in vitro at low TC concentrations (60 nM), the distal one-third of the intestine incorporated 10 times as much TC in 2-min uptake experiments as the proximal and mid regions. Although there are many similarities between fat and bile salt assimilation in killifish and mammals, overall the processes are much simpler in killifish.
Senescence-associated Barley NAC (NAM, ATAF1,2, CUC) Transcription Factor Interacts with Radical-induced Cell Death 1 through a Disordered Regulatory Domain (2011)

Senescence in plants involves massive nutrient relocation and age-related cell death. Characterization of the molecular components, such as transcription factors (TFs), involved in these processes is required to understand senescence. We found that HvNAC005 and HvNAC013 of the plant-specific NAC (NAM, ATAF1,2, CUC) TF family are up-regulated during senescence in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Both HvNAC005 and HvNAC013 bound the conserved NAC DNA target sequence. Computational and biophysical analyses showed that both proteins are intrinsically disordered in their large C-terminal domains, which are transcription regulatory domains (TRDs) in many NAC TFs. Using motif searches and interaction studies in yeast we identified an evolutionarily conserved sequence, the LP motif, in the TRD of HvNAC013. This motif was sufficient for transcriptional activity. In contrast, HvNAC005 did not function as a transcriptional activator suggesting that an involvement of HvNAC013 and HvNAC005 in senescence will be different. HvNAC013 interacted with barley radical-induced cell death 1 (RCD1) via the very C-terminal part of its TRD, outside of the region containing the LP motif. No significant secondary structure was induced in the HvNAC013 TRD upon interaction with RCD1. RCD1 also interacted with regions dominated by intrinsic disorder in TFs of the MYB and basic helix-loop-helix families. We propose that RCD1 is a regulatory protein capable of interacting with many different TFs by exploiting their intrinsic disorder. In addition, we present the first structural characterization of NAC C-terminal domains and relate intrinsic disorder and sequence motifs to activity and protein-protein interactions.
Practical implementations of blind demodulators (2002)

This paper examines the problem of demodulating time-dispersed digitally modulated signals with particular emphasis on two aspects, the all-digital implementation of such demodulators and the use of "blind" algorithms for initializing the demodulator in the absence of explicit training by the transmitter.
Enhancement by tetrahydrouridine of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (cytarabine) oral activity in L1210 leukemic mice. (1970)

Summary Cytarabine (ara-C) (1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine, Cytosar) is useful in the treatment of human leukemias. In experimental animals, p.o. doses required to elicit an antitumor effect are about 3 to 10 times those required when the agent is administered parenterally. In humans, parenteral administration is used exclusively. The current study shows that tetrahydrouridine [1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)-4-hydroxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-one, THU] markedly enhances the therapeutic effect of ara-C administered p.o. in the treatment of L1210 leukemic mice. Therapeutic results obtained with p.o. combinations of THU and ara-C are comparable to, or exceed those achieved with, i.p. ara-C alone. THU has little effect on the activity of ara-C administered i.p. THU itself, at the doses studied, has no observable toxicity or intrinsic antitumor activity. THU is an effective inhibitor in vitro and in vivo of the enzyme (pyrimidine nucleoside deaminase) which converts ara-C to 1-β-d-arabinofuranosyluracil (an inactive species). Inhibition of this process by THU results in increased plasma levels of ara-C. Maximum plasma levels of ara-C after p.o. administration of ara-C-THU combinations, although only about 20% of those achieved after i.p. administration of ara-C, are 3 to 5 times higher than those observed after p.o. administration of ara-C alone. Furthermore, p.o. administration of the combination results in an increased ara-C plasma half-life as compared to that found with ara-C administered i.p.