gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microwave Power Transmission Technologies for Solar Power Satellites (2013)

A solar power satellite (SPS) is a renewable energy system that converts the sun's energy into electricity in space and transmits it to Earth using microwaves. The SPS concept, first proposed in 1968 in the United States, has recently started attracting increased public attention as a promising energy system that can be used to resolve global environmental and energy problems. One of the most challenging technologies for the SPS is microwave power transmission from the geostationary orbit to the ground. The technologies for microwave power transmission have been studied for more than 40 years since the initial demonstrations in the 1960s; however, for SPS application, considerable research, especially on high-efficiency power conversion between direct current (dc) and radio frequency (RF) and on high-accuracy microwave beam control over a long range, is still needed. This paper introduces the concept of SPS and presents the technologies and issues associated with microwave power transmission from space to ground. Current research status and the future development prospects for microwave power transmission toward commercial SPS use are also described.
Polymerization‐dimer acids (1979)

Abstract Dimer acids are the commercial products resulting from clay‐catalyzed, high temperature polymerization of unsaturated fatty acids, usually tall oil fatty acids. The products have been commercially available since the 1950s and now, in all forms, represent 40–50 million pounds per year sales in the United States. The products are high boiling, mobile to viscous liquids. Their most important chemical property is carboxyl multifunctionality, which allows conversion to high polymers, mostly polyamides in commercial practice. Dimer‐based polyamides have sizeable application as hot‐melt adhesives and as reactive components of epoxy resins. There are much smaller uses in other polymer systems. Dimer acids are relatively nontoxic, and are not flammable. In February 1979, single‐distilled dimer acids sold in tankcar quantities in the range $0.45–0.55/lb. There were six producers in the business, with one almost entirely a captive consumer.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of macrolides in lung disease* (2001)

During the past five decades there has been increasing interest in the potential anti-inflammatory effects of macrolide antibiotics. Low-dose macrolide therapy has dramatically increased survival in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis, a disease with many similarities to cystic fibrosis (CF). This has led to further investigation into the potential use of macrolides in chronic lung diseases with an inflammatory component. This review summarizes the proposed anti-inflammatory mechanisms for this group of antibiotics, and examines the effect of macrolides on modulation of the inflammatory pathways, neutrophil function, bronchoconstriction, Pseudomonas biofilm, mucus rheology, bacterial adherence, and multidrug-resistant protein. It discusses the current status of clinical studies in children with CF, bronchiectasis, and asthma. While there are much in vitro data for different proposed anti-inflammatory effects, randomized controlled clinical trials in children with CF, bronchiectasis, and asthma are still just beginning. The benefits and potential side effects need to be determined before routine use can be advised.
Positional Cloning in Arabidopsis. Why It Feels Good to Have a Genome Initiative Working for You (2000)

Positional (or map-based) cloning techniques are widely used to identify the protein products of genes defined by mutation. In Arabidopsis the information generated by the Genome Initiative is giving this approach a decisive boost. A wealth of sequence polymorphisms and molecular markers is now available and can be exploited for fine mapping with technically simple and robust polymerase chain reaction-based methods. As a result it has become possible to complete positional cloning projects in a short time and with relatively little effort.
Generation of Single Dispersion Precompensated 1-fs Pulses by Shaped-Pulse Optimized High-Order Stimulated Raman Scattering (2002)

We propose and theoretically analyze a new approach for generating and shaping 1-fs pulses. It combines the ideas of strong-field molecular optics and optimal control to manipulate light generation in a pump-probe Raman regime. Flexible phase control over the generated spectrum of about 3 eV width is achieved by controlling the input pulses and maximizing the coherence of medium excitation by adiabatically aligning molecules in the medium with a specially shaped pump pulse. The generated pulse is optimized for an output window, precompensating for its dispersion to all orders.
Real-Time Pose Detection for Magnetic Medical Devices (2013)

Magnetic coupling is one of the few physical phenomena capable of transmitting motion across a physical barrier. In gastrointestinal endoscopy, remote magnetic manipulation has the potential to make screening less invasive and more acceptable, thus saving lives by early diagnoses and treatment. Closed-loop control of the magnetic device position is crucial for a safe and reliable operation. In order to implement closed-loop control, the pose (position and orientation) of the device must be available in real-time. This becomes challenging if magnetic coupling is achieved by permanent magnets, since the strong magnetic field required for manipulation interferes with current localization techniques. In this work, we present a novel real-time pose detection strategy that is compatible with magnetic manipulation based on permanent magnets. The localization algorithm combines multiple sensor readings with a pre-calculated magnetic field map. The proposed approach is able to provide an average error below 5 mm in position detection, and below 19 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}$</tex></formula> for angular motion within a spherical workspace of 15 cm in radius.
The diphtheria toxin transmembrane domain as a pH sensitive membrane anchor for human interleukin-2 and murine interleukin-3 (1998)

We have constructed two fusion proteins T-hIL-2 and T-mIL-3 in which human interleukin-2 (hIL-2) or murine interleukin-3 (mIL-3) are fused to the C-terminus of the diphtheria toxin transmembrane domain (T domain). Two additional fusion proteins, T-(Gly4-Ser)2-hIL-2 and T-(Gly4-Ser)2-mIL-3, were derived by introduction of the (Gly4-Ser)2 spacer between the T domain and cytokine components. Recognition of the hIL-2 receptor or the mIL-3 receptor by the corresponding recombinant proteins was demonstrated by their capacity to stimulate cytokine-dependent cell lines. All proteins retained the capacity of the T domain to insert into phospholipid membranes at acidic pH. Finally, anchoring of both cytokines to the membrane of lipid vesicles or living cells was assessed by specific antibody recognition. Our results show that the T domain fused to the N-terminus of a given protein can function as a pH sensitive membrane anchor for that protein.
Somatic and germinal recombination of a direct repeat in Arabidopsis. (1992)

Homologous recombination between a pair of directly repeated transgenes was studied in Arabidopsis. The test construct included two different internal, non-overlapping deletion alleles of npt (neomycin phosphotransferase) flanking an active HPT (hygromycin phosphotransferase) gene. This construct was introduced into Arabidopsis by agrobacterium-mediated transformation with selection for resistance to hygromycin, and two independent single-insert lines were analyzed. Selection for active NPT by resistance to kanamycin gave both fully and partly (chimeric) recombinant seedlings. Rates for one transgenic line were estimated at less than 2 x 10(-5) events per division for germinal and greater than 10(-6) events per division for somatic recombination, a much smaller difference than between meiotic and mitotic recombination in yeast. Southern analysis showed that recombinants could be formed by either crossing over or gene conversion. A surprisingly high fraction (at least 2/17) of the recombinants, however, appeared to result from the concerted action of two or more independent simple events. Some evolutionary implications are discussed.
Acute renal failure: prevailing challenges and prospects for the future. (1995)

The increasing understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of acute renal failure and the development of cell culture methodology to grow differentiated cells in engineered structures provide substantial promise for new therapeutic derivatives to treat patients with acute renal failure (Table 3). The use of disintegrins to ameliorate intratubular obstruction, the administration of ANF to improve glomerular filtration, or the injection of growth factors to speed re-epithelialization may prove effective in altering the natural history of this severe clinical disorder. Furthermore, the development of cell therapy with a renal tubule replacement device may add critical renal functional components not currently substituted with dialysis or hemofiltration. The potential therapeutic advances which may occur as we enter the next century to treat this devastating clinical disease process have substantial promise.
Lipofibromatosis-like neural tumor: Case report of a unique infantile presentation (2018)

A 14-month-old boy presented with a slow-growing, asymptomatic back plaque, which was biopsied and found to have S100 positivity, sparse CD34 staining, and no significant mitotic activity, nuclear pleomorphism, or necrosis; genetic workup found <i>LMNA-NTRK1</i> gene fusion, overall consistent with lipofibromatosis-like neural tumor (LPF-NT). LPF-NT is rare, with 14 cases previously reported, and our patient is the first report of this diagnosis in infancy. This case report and literature review includes comparison of similar diagnoses including lipofibromatosis, low-grade malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, infantile fibrosarcoma, and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and serves to aid detection of LPF-NT presenting in pediatric patients by highlighting similarities and differences that should prompt consideration. LPF-NT shows locally aggressive behavior only and should not be confused with conditions that have potential for distant spread. However, case reports of metastasizing <i>LMNA-NTRK1</i> tumors draw into question whether growths with this gene fusion exist on a spectrum of disease severity. Our patient was treated with wide local excision and has developed no complications or evidence of recurrence with 6 months of follow-up time.
Two glycosyltransferases and a glycosidase are involved in oleandomycin modification during its biosynthesis by Streptomyces antibioticus (1998)

A 5.2 kb region from the oleandomycin gene cluster in Streptomyces antibioticus located between the oleandomycin polyketide synthase gene and sugar biosynthetic genes was cloned. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of three open reading frames (designated oleI, oleN2 and oleR). The oleI gene product resembled glycosyltransferases involved in macrolide inactivation including the oleD product, a previously described glycosyltransferase from S. antibioticus. The oleN2 gene product showed similarities with different aminotransferases involved in the biosynthesis of 6-deoxyhexoses. The oleR gene product was similar to several glucosidases from different origins. The oleI, oleR and oleD genes were expressed in Streptomyces lividans. OleI and OleD intracellular proteins were partially purified by affinity chromatography in an UDP-glucuronic acid agarose column and OleR was detected as a major band from the culture supernatant. OleI and OleD showed oleandomycin glycosylating activity but they differ in the pattern of substrate specificity: OleI being much more specific for oleandomycin. OleR showed glycosidase activity converting glycosylated oleandomycin into active oleandomycin. A model is proposed integrating these and previously reported results for intracellular inactivation, secretion and extracellular reactivation of oleandomycin.
Polymeric Micelles as Carriers for Nerve-Highlighting Fluorescent Probe Delivery (2015)

Nerve damage during surgery is a common morbidity experienced by patients that leaves them with chronic pain and/or loss of function. Currently, no clinically approved imaging technique exists to enhance nerve visualization in the operating room. Fluorescence image-guided surgery has gained in popularity and clinical acceptance over the past decade with a handful of imaging systems approved for clinical use. However, contrast agent development to complement these fluorescence-imaging systems has lagged behind with all currently approved fluorescent agents providing untargeted blood pool information. Nerve-specific fluorophores are known, however translations of these agents to the clinic has been complicated by their lipophilic nature, which necessitates specialized formulation strategies for successful systemic administration. To date the known nerve-specific fluorophores have only been demonstrated preclinically due to the necessity of a dimethyl sulfoxide containing formulation for solubilization. In the current study, a polymeric micellar (PM) formulation strategy was developed for a representative nerve-specific fluorophore from the distyrylbenzene family, BMB. The PM formulation strategy was able to solubilize BMB and demonstrated improved nerve-specific accumulation and fluorescence intensity when the same fluorophore dose was administered to mice utilizing the previous formulation strategy. The success of the PM formulation strategy will be important for moving toward clinical translation of these novel nerve-specific probes as it is nontoxic and biodegradable and has the potential to decrease the necessary dose for imaging while also improving the safety profile.
CRISPR/Cas System and Its Role in Phage-Bacteria Interactions (2010)

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) along with Cas proteins is a widespread system across bacteria and archaea that causes interference against foreign nucleic acids. The CRISPR/Cas system acts in at least two general stages: the adaptation stage, where the cell acquires new spacer sequences derived from foreign DNA, and the interference stage, which uses the recently acquired spacers to target and cleave invasive nucleic acid. The CRISPR/Cas system participates in a constant evolutionary battle between phages and bacteria through addition or deletion of spacers in host cells and mutations or deletion in phage genomes. This review describes the recent progress made in this fast-expanding field.
Plasma Norepinephrine as a Guide to Prognosis in Patients with Chronic Congestive Heart Failure (1984)

Hemodynamics, plasma norepinephrine, and plasma renin activity were measured at supine rest in 106 patients (83 men and 23 women) with moderate to severe congestive heart failure. During follow-up lasting 1 to 62 months, 60 patients died (57 per cent); 47 per cent of the deaths were sudden, and 45 per cent were related to progressive heart failure. Statistically unrelated to the risk of mortality were cause of disease (60 patients had coronary disease, and 46 had cardiomyopathy), age (mean, 54.8 years), cardiac index (mean, 2.11 liters per minute per square meter of body-surface area), pulmonary wedge pressure (mean, 24.5 mm Hg), and mean arterial pressure (mean, 83.2 mm Hg). A multivariate analysis of the five significant univariate prognosticators--heart rate (mean, 84.4 beats per minute), plasma renin activity (mean, 15.4 ng per milliliter per hour), plasma norepinephrine (mean, 700 pg per milliliter), serum sodium (mean, 135.7 mmol per liter), and stroke-work index (mean, 21.0 g-meters per square meter)--found only plasma norepinephrine to be independently (P = 0.002) related to the subsequent risk of mortality. Norepinephrine was also higher in patients who died from progressive heart failure than in those who died suddenly. These data suggest that a single resting venous blood sample showing the plasma norepinephrine concentration provides a better guide to prognosis than other commonly measured indexes of cardiac performance.
Natural selection shaped regional mtDNA variation in humans (2002)

Human mtDNA shows striking regional variation, traditionally attributed to genetic drift. However, it is not easy to account for the fact that only two mtDNA lineages (M and N) left Africa to colonize Eurasia and that lineages A, C, D, and G show a 5-fold enrichment from central Asia to Siberia. As an alternative to drift, natural selection might have enriched for certain mtDNA lineages as people migrated north into colder climates. To test this hypothesis we analyzed 104 complete mtDNA sequences from all global regions and lineages. African mtDNA variation did not significantly deviate from the standard neutral model, but European, Asian, and Siberian plus Native American variations did. Analysis of amino acid substitution mutations (nonsynonymous, Ka) versus neutral mutations (synonymous, Ks) (kaks) for all 13 mtDNA protein-coding genes revealed that the ATP6 gene had the highest amino acid sequence variation of any human mtDNA gene, even though ATP6 is one of the more conserved mtDNA proteins. Comparison of the kaks ratios for each mtDNA gene from the tropical, temperate, and arctic zones revealed that ATP6 was highly variable in the mtDNAs from the arctic zone, cytochrome b was particularly variable in the temperate zone, and cytochrome oxidase I was notably more variable in the tropics. Moreover, multiple amino acid changes found in ATP6, cytochrome b, and cytochrome oxidase I appeared to be functionally significant. From these analyses we conclude that selection may have played a role in shaping human regional mtDNA variation and that one of the selective influences was climate.
Lymphoproliferative disorders and other tumors complicating immunodeficiencies. (1994)

Lymphoproliferative disorders and selected carcinomas which occur as complications of primary or secondary immunodeficiencies are frequently fatal. The incidence rates of these cancers vary from 1% to as high as 25% among specific groups of persons with primary (genetically-determined) immunodeficiencies as well as acquired immunodeficiencies, including immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients and individuals infected with HIV. Lymphoproliferative disorders including Epstein Barr virus (EBV) associated B cell lymphoproliferative disease (BLPD) and Hodgkin's disease represent the predominant category of tumors in both primary and acquired immunodeficiencies. EBV is an important cofactor common to many, but not all, B cell "lymphomas." Immunodeficient individuals who are at risk for developing EBV BLPD may demonstrate both inadequate immune responses to the virus as well as generalized immunoregulatory dysfunction reflected as imbalances in cytokine production favoring the proliferation of transformed B lymphocytes. Historically, the success of treatment of lymphoproliferative disorders in immunodeficiencies with conventional multi agent chemotherapies and/or radiation has been limited by unfavorable tumor response rates and high morbidity and mortality related to intercurrent opportunistic infections. With improvements in supportive care and the use of recombinant biologic response modifiers such as alpha interferon and/or other immunotherapies to treat EBV BLPD, survival of immunodeficient hosts following tumor diagnosis may improve. In addition to lymphoproliferative disorders, patients with congenital immunodeficiencies associated with IgA deficiency (including ataxia telangiectasia and Common Variable Immunodeficiency) are at increased risk for gastrointestinal carcinomas. Early detection and surgical excision of such tumors can result in prolonged survival in such patients.
Familial aggregation in frontotemporal dementia (1998)

This study documents the importance of genetic factors in a proportion of FTD patients with the age at onset of dementia in first-degree relatives being 11 years earlier than in the general population.
Enhancing Production of Bio-Isoprene Using Hybrid MVA Pathway and Isoprene Synthase in E. coli (2012)

The depleting petroleum reserve, increasingly severe energy crisis, and global climate change are reigniting enthusiasm for seeking sustainable technologies to replace petroleum as a source of fuel and chemicals. In this paper, the efficiency of the MVA pathway on isoprene production has been improved as follows: firstly, in order to increase MVA production, the source of the "upper pathway" which contains HMG-CoA synthase, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase and HMG-CoA reductase to covert acetyl-CoA into MVA has been changed from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Enterococcus faecalis; secondly, to further enhance the production of MVA and isoprene, a alanine 110 of the mvaS gene has been mutated to a glycine. The final genetic strain YJM25 containing the optimized MVA pathway and isoprene synthase from Populus alba can accumulate isoprene up to 6.3 g/L after 40 h of fed-batch cultivation.
Beta cell expression of endogenous xenotropic retrovirus distinguishes diabetes-susceptible NOD/Lt from resistant NON/Lt mice. (1992)

Endogeneous retroviral expression in beta cells is a feature of prediabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. The purpose of this study was to characterize the class-specific pattern of retroviral gene expression in NOD/Lt beta cells versus a related, but diabetes-resistant strain, NON/Lt. Electron microscopic comparison of beta cells from both strains indicated low constitutive expression of the intracisternal type A (IAP) retroviral class. However, NOD beta cells, in contrast to NON beta cells, expressed an additional intracisternal retroviral form resembling a type C particle. Antibodies against both IAP and type C were detected in NOD, with the humoral response to type C, but not IAP, preceding decline in beta cell function. RNA was extracted from freshly isolated islets from NOD and NON males. Comparative Northern blot analysis of total type C retroviral gene expression using a gag-pol DNA probe corroborated expression of endogenous type C proviruses in both NOD and NON islet cells and thymus. Use of class-specific retroviral probes identified the class of expressed endogenous retrovirus distinguishing the two inbred strains. The single ecotropic provirus present in both the NOD and NON genome (Emv-30) was not expressed in islets or thymus of either strain. Comparison of endogenous xenotropic provirus content by Southern blot analysis revealed two unique xenotropic loci (Xmv-65, -66) in NOD; 8.4 and 3.0 kb xenotropic envelope (env) RNA transcripts were detected in NOD, but not NON islets and thymus. NON contained three xenotropic loci common to other inbred strains (Xmv-21, -25, and -28). Both strains were partially characterized for content of recombinant (polytropic and modified polytropic) proviruses. IAP RNA expression was common to both NOD and NON islets and hence could not be specifically associated with the unique intracisternal type C particle found in NOD, but not NON beta cells. In conclusion, this study shows that expression of xenotropic type C but not IAP distinguishes retroviral activity in NOD/Lt versus NON/Lt beta cells. The potential pathogenic role of retroviral gene expression in NOD beta cells is discussed.