gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Membrane-mirror-based display for viewing 2D and 3D images</title> (1999)

Stretchable Membrane Mirrors (SMMs) have been developed at the University of Strathclyde as a cheap, lightweight and variable focal length alternative to conventional fixed- curvature glass based optics. A SMM uses a thin sheet of aluminized polyester film which is stretched over a specially shaped frame, forming an airtight cavity behind the membrane. Removal of air from that cavity causes the resulting air pressure difference to force the membrane back into a concave shape. Controlling the pressure difference acting over the membrane now controls the curvature or f/No. of the mirror. Mirrors from 0.15-m to 1.2-m in diameter have been constructed at the University of Strathclyde. The use of lenses and mirrors to project real images in space is perhaps one of the simplest forms of 3D display. When using conventional optics however, there are severe financial restrictions on what size of image forming element may be used, hence the appeal of a SMM. The mirrors have been used both as image forming elements and directional screens in volumetric, stereoscopic and large format simulator displays. It was found that the use of these specular reflecting surfaces greatly enhances the perceived image quality of the resulting magnified display.
Structure-Based Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Irreversible Human Rhinovirus 3C Protease Inhibitors. 4. Incorporation of P1 Lactam Moieties as l-Glutamine Replacements (1999)

The structure-based design, chemical synthesis, and biological evaluation of various human rhinovirus (HRV) 3C protease (3CP) inhibitors which incorporate P1 lactam moieties in lieu of an L-glutamine residue are described. These compounds are comprised of a tripeptidyl or peptidomimetic binding determinant and an ethyl propenoate Michael acceptor moiety which forms an irreversible covalent adduct with the active site cysteine residue of the 3C enzyme. The P1-lactam-containing inhibitors display significantly increased 3CP inhibition activity along with improved antirhinoviral properties relative to corresponding L-glutamine-derived molecules. In addition, several lactam-containing compounds exhibit excellent selectivity for HRV 3CP over several other serine and cysteine proteases and are not appreciably degraded by a variety of biological agents. One of the most potent inhibitors (AG7088, mean antirhinoviral EC90 approximately 0.10 microM, n = 46 serotypes) is shown to warrant additional preclinical development to explore its potential for use as an antirhinoviral agent.
Identification, Mapping, Cloning and Characterization of a Gene (sbmA) Required for Microcin B17 Action on Escherichia coli K12 (1986)

We have identified mutations in three different chromosomal genes of Escherichia coli K12 which reduce sensitivity to microcin B17. Mutations in ompF and ompR genes affected production of an outer membrane porin protein, OmpF, and resulted in reduced sensitivity to a number of other agents (colicins, bacteriophages) besides microcin B17. The third class of mutants were specifically and highly resistant to microcin B17. The mutations in these strains were mapped to a gene (sbmA), located at 8.7 min on the E. coli K12 chromosome, which is closely linked to phoA. The wild-type sbmA allele was cloned into multiple copy number plasmids, and its location within the cloned DNA fragment was further defined by mutagenesis with MiniMudII1681. These insertion mutations resulted in in-frame fusions between the sbmA and lacZ genes, thereby allowing us to determine the direction of sbmA gene transcription. Plasmids carrying these gene fusions produced low levels of beta-galactosidase, indicating that the sbmA gene is poorly expressed. We have been unable to identify the sbmA gene product, but indirect evidence indicates that it might be an envelope protein involved in microcin uptake.
Potential Targets for Intervention in Radiation-Induced Heart Disease (2010)

Radiotherapy of thoracic and chest wall tumors, if all or part of the heart was included in the radiation field, can lead to radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD), a late and potentially severe side effect. RIHD presents clinically several years after irradiation and manifestations include accelerated atherosclerosis, pericardial and myocardial fibrosis, conduction abnormalities, and injury to cardiac valves. The pathogenesis of RIHD is largely unknown, and a treatment is not available. Hence, ongoing pre-clinical studies aim to elucidate molecular and cellular mechanisms of RIHD. Here, an overview of recent pre-clinical studies is given, and based on the results of these studies, potential targets for intervention in RIHD are discussed.
E2F1 overexpression in quiescent fibroblasts leads to induction of cellular DNA synthesis and apoptosis (1995)

Various experiments have demonstrated a role for the E2F transcription factor in the regulation of cell growth during the G0/G1/S phase transition. Indeed, overexpression of the E2F1 product, a component of the cellular E2F activity, induces DNA synthesis in quiescent fibroblasts. To provide an approach to a more detailed biochemical analysis of these events, we have made use of a recombinant adenovirus containing the E2F1 cDNA in order to efficiently express the E2F1 product in an entire population of cells. We demonstrate an induction of DNA synthesis when quiescent cells are infected with the E2F1 recombinant virus. However, we also find that the induction does not lead to a complete replication of the cellular genome, as revealed by flow cytometry. The incomplete nature of cellular DNA replication is due, at least in part, to the fact that E2F1 overexpression leads to massive cell death that is characteristic of apoptosis. This E2F1-mediated induction of apoptosis is largely dependent on endogenous wild-type p53 activity and can be subverted by introducing mutant forms of p53 into these cells or by overexpressing E2F1 in fibroblasts derived from p53-null mouse embryos. We conclude that E2F1 can induce events leading to S phase but that the process is not normal and appears to result from the activation of a cell death pathway.
Design, Synthesis, and Structural Characterization of Molecular and Supramolecular Heterobimetallic Metallamacrocycles Based on the 1,1‘-Bis(4-pyridyl)ferrocene (Fe(η5-C5H4-1-C5H4N)2) Ligand (2003)

The bidentate ferrocenyl sandwich [Fe(η5-C5H4-1-C5H4N)2] (1) has been used as a coordination ligand in reactions with AgNO3, Cd(NO3)2, Cu(CH3COO)2, Zn(CH3COO)2, and ZnCl2 to obtain the heterobimetallic metallamacrocyclic derivatives [Fe(η5-C5H4-1-C5H4N)2]2Ag2(NO3)2·1.5H2O, [Fe(η5-C5H4-1-C5H4N)2]2 Cu2(CH3COO)4·3H2O, [Fe(η5-C5H4-1-C5H4N)2]2Cd2(NO3)4·CH3OH·0.5C6H6, [Fe(η5-C5H4-1-C5H4N)2]2Zn2(CH3COO)4, and [Fe(η5-C5H4-1-C5H4N)2]2Zn2Cl4 (abbreviated in the following as (1AgI)22+, (1CdII)24+, (1CuII)24+, (1ZnIIacetate)24+, and (1ZnIIchloride)24+). The reaction with the ferrocenedicarboxylic acid complex [Fe(η5-C5H4COOH)2] has led to the supramolecular adduct [Fe(η5-C5H4-1-C5H4N)2][Fe(η5-C5H4COOH)2] (1[Fe(η5-C5H4COOH)2]). All compounds have been structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Mapping of epidermal growth factor-, serum-, and phorbol ester-responsive sequence elements in the c-jun promoter. (1992)

Expression of the nuclear proto-oncogene c-jun is rapidly and transiently induced by many growth factors, serum, and tumor promoters. The sequence elements in the c-jun promoter involved in serum or growth factor induction have not been identified. The c-jun promoter region between -117 and -72 contains binding sites for the transcription factors Sp1, CTF, and AP-1. An additional sequence element has been noted at position -59. This A+T-rich sequence, formerly proposed as a TFIID-binding site, conforms to the consensus binding sequence of a recently identified factor, RSRF (related to serum response factor). In this study, we mapped the sequences in the c-jun promoter responsible for epidermal growth factor (EGF), serum, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induction by deletion and point mutational analysis. We found that the c-jun RSRF site is an important element for EGF and serum induction of the promoter and that there are several factors in HeLa nuclear extracts which specifically bind to this site. The RSRF site was also sufficient for EGF, serum, and TPA induction when assayed on a heterologous promoter. The c-jun AP-1 site was not required for EGF, serum, or TPA induction but was sufficient to mediate a weak response to these agents when assayed on a heterologous promoter. Double mutation of the RSRF and AP-1 sites suggests that there is an additional TPA-responsive element between -80 and +150 in the c-jun promoter.
Molecular basis of the enhanced susceptibility of the erythrocytes of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria to hemolysis in acidified serum (1991)

When incubated in acidified serum, the erythrocytes of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) are hemolyzed through activation of the alternative pathway of complement (APC), but normal erythrocytes are resistant to this process. PNH cells are deficient in decay-accelerating factor (DAF), a complement regulatory protein that inhibits the activity of both the classical and the alternative pathways. However, deficiency of DAF alone does not account entirely for the aberrant effects of acidified serum on PNH cells. Recently, we have shown that PNH erythrocytes are also deficient in another complement control protein called membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (MIRL) that restricts complement-mediated lysis by blocking formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). To determine the effects of the DAF and MIRL on susceptibility to acidified serum lysis, PNH cells were repleted with the purified proteins. DAF partially inhibited acidified serum lysis by blocking the activity of the amplification C3 convertase. MIRL inhibited acidified serum lysis both by blocking the activity of the MAC and by inhibiting the activity the C3 convertase. When DAF function was blocked with antibody, normal erythrocytes became partially susceptible to acidified serum lysis. By blocking MIRL, cells were made completely susceptible to lysis, and control of C3 convertase activity was partially lost. When both DAF and MIRL were blocked, the capacity of normal erythrocytes to control the activity of the APC and the MAC was destroyed, and the cells hemolyzed even in unacidified serum. These studies demonstrate that DAF and MIRL act in concert to control susceptibility to acidified serum lysis; of the two proteins, MIRL is the more important. In addition to its regulatory effects on the MAC, MIRL also influences the activity of the C3 convertase of the APC. Further, in the absence of DAF and MIRL, the plasma regulators (factor H and factor I) lack the capacity to control membrane-associated activation of the APC.
High Efficiency Transformation of U.S. Rice Lines from Mature Seed‐Derived Calli and Segregation of Glufosinate Resistance under Field Conditions (2000)

Gene transfer techniques have been developed previously for certain model rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, but problems persist in U.S. lines for low transformation rates and in vitro callus culture. Moreover, few studies have evaluated traits such as herbicide resistance in transgenic U.S. rice lines under field conditions. A rapid and efficient method was developed for production and field evaluation of transgenic herbicide‐resistant elite U.S. rice lines and cultivars. Six elite U.S. rice lines were transformed for glufosinate herbicide resistance by particle bombardment of mature seed‐derived embryogenic calli; resistance was confered by either the pat or bar gene. By utilizing optimized media for embryogenic callus induction and bialaphos or hygromycin B as a selection agent, an average transformation efficiency of 5% (258 independent events/5201 calli) was obtained across six lines. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA isolated from primary R0 and R1 progeny plants demonstrated that the pat and hygromycin phosphotransferase ( hph ) genes were stably integrated into the rice genome. Glufosinate resistance in R0, R1, and R2 progeny was confirmed in the greenhouse and under field conditions. All R1 and a majority (79%) of R2 progeny exhibited one to two gene segregation patterns for glufosinate resistance. The high efficiency and reproducibility of the improved transformation system should make it possible to routinely introduce genes of interest into any elite U.S. rice breeding line.
Development of Nonferrous Clad Plate and Sheet by Warm Rolling with Different Temperature of Materials. (1991)

1 ) Naoetsu Re- Clad materials are more useiul than uniform materials in manycases since they have characteristics of both materials.
Revised TIPS for simulations of liquid water and aqueous solutions (1982)

An intermolecular potential function for the water dimer (TIPS2) has been developed and used in Monte Carlo simulations of liquid water in the NPT ensemble at 1 atm and −30, 25, and 75 °C. A simple four-site model is employed for the monomers with one Lennard-Jones term acting between oxygens and Coulomb terms for the intermolecular interactions between the charged sites. The function yields excellent thermodynamic results for the liquid across the temperature range; the average error in the computed densities and energies is 1.2% and a temperature of maximum density is indicated in the vicinity of 25 °C. Futhermore, the structural results are in reasonable agreement with Narten’s x-ray data. Specifically, the oxygen–oxygen radial distribution function shows three well-resolved peaks at 25 °C and a reduction in structure with increasing temperature. The simplicity of the TIPS2 potential,its success in describing liquid water, and the availability of TIPS parameters for hydrocarbons and for various organic functional groups provide a framework for computer simulations of aqueous solutions.
A 128 Mb early prototype for gigascale single-electron memories (2002)

A 128Mb single-electron memory targets minimum-bit-cost technology. The cell has a double stacked structure, in which two cells are integrated in an ideal contact area, 4F/sup 2/. The cell-to-cell characteristics variations, the main difficulty in large scale integration, are compensated with the dummy-cell-referenced verified read/write.
Structural similarities in glucoamylases by hydrophobic cluster analysis (1994)

The model of the catalytic domain of Aspergillus awamori var. X100 glucoamylase was related to 14 other glucoamylase protein sequences belonging to five subfamilies. Structural features of the different sequences were revealed by multisequence alignment following hydrophobic cluster analysis. The alignment agreed with the hydrophobic microdomains, normally conserved throughout evolution, evaluated from the 3-D model. Saccharomyces and Clostridium glucoamylases lack the alpha-helix exterior to the catalytic domain. A different catalytic base was found in the Saccharomyces glucoamylase subfamily. The starch binding domain of fungal glucoamylases has identical structural features and substrate interacting residues as the C-terminal domain of models of Bacillus circulans cyclodextrin glucosyltransferases. Three putative N-glycosylation sites were found in the same turns in glucoamylases of different subfamilies. O-Glycosylation is present at different levels in the catalytic domain and in the linker between the catalytic and starch binding domains.
New Technology Improves Performance of Viscoelastic Surfactant Fluids (2008)

Summary For a number of years, viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluids have been used for a variety of stimulation treatment applications, including hydraulic fracturing, acid diverting, and gravelpacking. VES fluid systems typically offer higher-retained permeability and conductivity of the formation sand and proppant pack than polymeric systems. However, preliminary cost, a 200°F temperature limit, excessive leakoff, and no internal breaker mechanism for dry gas applications have limited VES use. New VES fluid technology has been developed that substantially improves product performance and cost effectiveness. The temperature range has been extended to 300°F by using newly developed VES stabilizer technology. The system works with high-density brines up to 14.4 ppg. Internal breakers have been developed that permit a controlled viscosity break from ambient to 300°F. Laboratory tests have determined that an internally broken fluid rapidly achieves &amp;gt;90% returned permeability and conductivity of the formation sand and proppant pack without the presence or need for contacting hydrocarbons. Fluid loss-control technology has been developed that reduces VES fluid leakoff similar to wall-building fluids, but without filtercake damage. This paper discusses the development of the new VES system chemistry and its properties. The paper also addresses the merits of a viscous fluid that can work in a variety of base fluids for high-pressure applications, such as managing surface-treating pressure or for gas-hydrate inhibition in deep gas or deepwater environments. Breaker technology discussion addresses the ability to ensure and enhance VES fluid-viscosity breaking. Fluid loss-control technology effective to at least 2,000 millidarcies (mD) is presented. This paper also presents rheological, return permeability and conductivity, fluid loss control, treating pressure, and financial results.
Thiazolidinediones Inhibit Osteoclast-Like Cell Formation and Bone Resorption in Vitro1 (1999)

Osteoblasts and adipocytes are derived from common bone marrow stromal cells that play crucial roles in the generation of osteoclasts. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) induces adipogenic differentiation of stromal cells; however, whether this would affect osteoblast/osteoclast differentiation is unknown. Thus, we examined the effects of the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of antidiabetic agents that activate PPARgamma on osteoblast/osteoclast differentiation using mouse whole bone marrow cell culture. As reported, all TZDs we tested (troglitazone, pioglitazone, and BRL 49653) markedly increased the number of Oil Red O-positive adipocytes and the expression of adipsin and PPARgamma 2. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] did not affect adipogenic differentiation induced by TZDs. TZDs did not affect alkaline phosphatase activity, an early marker of osteoblastic differentiation, despite their marked adipogenic effects. TZDs decreased the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated osteoclast-like cells induced by 1,25-(OH)2D3 or PTH. Troglitazone dose dependently inhibited basal and 1,25-(OH)2D3- and PTH-induced bone resorption as assessed by pit formation assay. Interleukin-11 blocked the induction by troglitazone of adipogenesis, but had no effect on the inhibition of osteoclast-like cell formation. These results indicate that TZDs are potent inhibitors of bone resorption in vitro. Inhibitory effects of TZDs on osteoclastic bone resorption was not osteotropic factor specific and did not appear to be related to their adipogenic effects. Thus, TZDs may suppress bone resorption in diabetic patients and prevent bone loss.
Secure information flow awareness for smart wireless eHealth systems (2012)

Usually, safety and robustness are considered as the most important issues when designing and developing smart and wireless eHealth systems for ambient support of patients and physicians. However, information security is an indispensable design criterion due to the sensitive and critical nature of aggregated information from eHealth applications. Therefore, preventing undesired information leaks and illegal information flows is crucial for designing smart mHealth and mobile medical assistant systems. Due to the rapidly increasing complexity of these systems, finding information flow violations manually is nearly impossible. That is why there is a need for formally-based and tool supported verification methods of security properties.
Highly Versatile Catalytic Hydrogenation of Carboxylic and Carbonic Acid Derivatives using a Ru-Triphos Complex: Molecular Control over Selectivity and Substrate Scope (2014)

The complex [Ru(Triphos)(TMM)] (Triphos = 1,1,1-tris(diphenylphosphinomethyl)ethane, TMM = trimethylene methane) provides an efficient catalytic system for the hydrogenation of a broad range of challenging functionalities encompassing carboxylic esters, amides, carboxylic acids, carbonates, and urea derivatives. The key control factor for this unique substrate scope results from selective activation to generate either the neutral species [Ru(Triphos)(Solvent)H2] or the cationic intermediate [Ru(Triphos)(Solvent)(H)(H2)](+) in the presence of an acid additive. Multinuclear NMR spectroscopic studies demonstrated together with DFT investigations that the neutral species generally provides lower energy pathways for the multistep reduction cascades comprising hydrogen transfer to C═O groups and C-O bond cleavage. Carboxylic esters, lactones, anhydrides, secondary amides, and carboxylic acids were hydrogenated in good to excellent yields under these conditions. The formation of the catalytically inactive complexes [Ru(Triphos)(CO)H2] and [Ru(Triphos)(μ-H)]2 was identified as major deactivation pathways. The former complex results from substrate-dependent decarbonylation and constitutes a major limitation for the substrate scope under the neutral conditions. The deactivation via the carbonyl complex can be suppressed by addition of catalytic amounts of acids comprising non-coordinating anions such as HNTf2 (bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide). Although the corresponding cationic cycle shows higher overall barriers of activation, it provides a powerful hydrogenation pathway at elevated temperatures, enabling the selective reduction of primary amides, carbonates, and ureas in high yields. Thus, the complex [Ru(Triphos)(TMM)] provides a unique platform for the rational selection of reaction conditions for the selective hydrogenation of challenging functional groups and opens novel synthetic pathways for the utilization of renewable carbon sources.
Ethylmethanesulfonate Saturation Mutagenesis in Arabidopsis to Determine Frequency of Herbicide Resistance (2003)

Plant resistance to glyphosate has been reported far less frequently than resistance to sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. However, these studies tend to be anecdotal, without side by side comparisons for a single species or natural isolate. In this study, we tested the frequencies of resistance of three herbicides in a controlled ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) saturation mutagenesis experiment, allowing a direct comparison of the frequencies at which resistant mutant plants arise. The 100% growth inhibition dose rates of glyphosate, chlorsulfuron (a sulfonylurea herbicide), and imazethapyr (an imidazolinone herbicide) were determined for Arabidopsis. Populations of EMS-mutagenized M(2) seedlings were sprayed with twice the 100% growth inhibition dose of glyphosate, chlorsulfuron, or imazethapyr, and herbicide-resistant mutants were identified. Although there were no glyphosate-resistant mutants among M(2) progeny of 125,000 Columbia and 125,000 Landsberg erecta M(1) lines, chlorsulfuron resistance and imazethapyr resistance each appeared at frequencies of 3.2 x 10(-5). Given the observed frequency of herbicide resistance mutations, we calculate that there are at least 700 mutations in each EMS-mutagenized Arabidopsis line and that fewer than 50,000 M(1) lines are needed to have a 95% chance of finding a mutation in any given G:C base pair in the genome. As part of this study, two previously unreported Arabidopsis mutations conferring resistance to imidazolinone herbicides, csr1-5 (Ala-122-Thr) and csr1-6 (Ala-205-Val), were discovered. Neither of these mutations caused enhanced resistance to chlorsulfuron in Arabidopsis.