gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of reactant unmixedness, strain rate, and length scale on premixed combustor performance (1995)

Lean premixed combustion provides a means to reduce pollutant formation and increase combustion efficiency. However, fuel-air mixing is rarely uniform in space and time. This nonuniformity in concentration will lead to relative increases in pollutant formation and decreases in combustion efficiency. The nonuniformity of the concentration at the exit of the premixer has been defined by Lyons (1981) as the {open_quotes}unmixedness.{close_quotes} Although turbulence properties such as length scales and strain rate are known to effect unmixedness, the exact relationship is unknown. Evaluating this relationship and the effect of unmixedness in premixed combustion on pollutant formation and combustion efficiency are an important part of the overall goal of US Department of Energy`s Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS) program and are among the goals of the program described herein. The information obtained from ATS is intended to help to develop and commercialize gas turbines which have (1) a wide range of operation/stability, (2) a minimal amount of pollutant formation, and (3) high combustion efficiency. Specifically, with regard to pollutants, the goals are to reduce the NO{sub x} emissions by at least 10%, obtain less than 20 PPM of both CO and UHC, and increase the combustion efficiency by 5%.
Histopathology of Tumor Regression After Intralesional Injection of <italic>Mycobacterium bovis</italic>. II. Comparative Effects of Vaccinia Virus, Oxazolone, and Turpentine<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref> (1972)

Treatment of transplanted syngeneic tumors in guinea pigs with a single sensitization by vaccinia virus, oxazolone, or turpentine was compared to therapy with Mycobacterium bovis strain bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Hepatocarcinoma cells, transplanted intradermally, had become established tumors with regional lymph node metastases before treatment. Except for topical painting of oxazolone, all other treatments were administered by intralesional injections. The established syngeneic tumor regressed in the skin site after a single injection of live BCG, and regional lymph node metastases were eliminated. The effective antitumor mechanism in the BCG-treated animals was a granulomatous reaction, both at the skin site and in the regional lymph node, characterized by an intense proliferation of stromal reticuloendothelial components and histiocytes. Cellular reactions in the regional lymph nodes draining tumors treated with vaccinia virus or oxazolone, which were characteristic of the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity, were not detrimental to the tumor and did not alter metastatic growth. The turpentine-induced inflammatory reaction at the tumor site was also ineffective in suppressing tumor growth. Both turpentine and oxazolone treatments, on the other hand, enhanced tumor growth in the skin.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF InAs/ AlSb SUPERLATTICES (2001)

In this work, we present experimental studies on the cross-plane thermal conductivity of InAs/AlSb superlattices. The thermal conductivities of MBE-grown InAs/AlSb superlattices are measured using the 3 y method from 80 to 300 K. The influence of the growth temperature and postannealing is investigated. Significant reductions in thermal conductivity are observed in these superlattices compared to the predictions of the Fourier heat conduction theory based on the bulk material properties. These results suggest that the interface conditions strongly influence the thermal conductivity.
Towards a Fundamental Understanding of the Improved Electrochemical Performance of Silicon–Carbon Composites (2007)

Abstract Silicon–carbon composites consisting of Si particles embedded in a dense and non‐porous carbon matrix are prepared by the pyrolysis of intimate mixtures of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and Si powder at 900 °C under a flow of N 2 . In contrast to bare micrometer‐sized (1–10 μm) and nanometer‐sized (10–100 nm) Si powders, which show poor cycling behavior with almost no capacity remaining after 15 cycles, the texture of the composite is seen to greatly enhance the reversibility of the alloying reaction of Si with Li. For instance, a capacity of ca. 1000 mA h g –1 is achieved for 20 cycles (0–2.0 V vs. Li + /Li) for a silicon–carbon composite containing nanometer‐sized Si particles. We also demonstrate that a mild manual grinding treatment degrades the cycling performance of the composites to levels as low as the parent Si, even though free Si is not released. The electrochemical measurements in conjunction with Raman spectroscopy data indicate that a huge stress is exerted on the Si domains by the in situ formed carbon. This carbon‐induced stress is found to disappear during the milling of the composites, indicating that the carbon‐induced pressure, along with the accompanying improvement in electrical connectivity, are the key parameters for the improved cycling behavior of Si versus Li.
Effects of Video Placement and Spatial Context Presentation on Path Reconstruction Tasks with Contextualized Videos (2008)

Many interesting and promising prototypes for visualizing video data have been proposed, including those that combine videos with their spatial context (contextualized videos). However, relatively little work has investigated the fundamental design factors behind these prototypes in order to provide general design guidance. Focusing on real-time video data visualization, we evaluated two important design factors--video placement method and spatial context presentation method--through a user study. In addition, we evaluated the effect of spatial knowledge of the environment. Participants' performance was measured through path reconstruction tasks, where the participants followed a target through simulated surveillance videos and marked the target paths on the environment model. We found that embedding videos inside the model enabled realtime strategies and led to faster performance. With the help of contextualized videos, participants not familiar with the real environment achieved similar task performance to participants that worked in that environment. We discuss design implications and provide general design recommendations for traffic and security surveillance system interfaces.
Bladder inhibition or excitation by electrical perianal stimulation in a cat model of chronic spinal cord injury (2009)

This study showed that activation of pudendal afferent fibres by PES could induce frequency-dependent reflex bladder responses in awake cats with chronic SCI, indicating that a possible noninvasive treatment based on PES could be developed to restore both continence and micturition function for patients with SCI.
Induction of resistance with heat-killed compact-type strains of Staphylococcus aureus against challenge with the diffuse variant of the Smith strain of Staphylococcus aureus (1975)

Active immunization of mice with high doses of heat-killed and autoclaved vaccine of unencapsulated strains of Staphylococcus aureus, which was grown in brain heart infusion media, protected against challenge with the Smith diffuse strain of Staphylococcus aureus. These organisms were capable of absorbing the protective antibody in rabbit hyperimmune sera prepared with the Smith diffuse strain. Also, mice treated with rabbit hyperimmune sera prepared with these strains (four out of six strains) protected against challenge with the Smith diffuse strain. Protective activities of these rabbit hyperimmune sera were assumed to be essentially identical to the protective antibody induced by the Smith diffuse strain.
RET/PTC activation in papillary thyroid carcinoma: European Journal of Endocrinology Prize Lecture (2006)

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is frequently associated with RET gene rearrangements that generate the so-called RET/PTC oncogenes. In this review, we examine the data about the mechanisms of thyroid cell transformation, activation of downstream signal transduction pathways and modulation of gene expression induced by RET/PTC. These findings have advanced our understanding of the processes underlying PTC formation and provide the basis for novel therapeutic approaches to this disease.
Studies on the biosynthesis of cholesterol: XIV. the origin of prenoic acids from allyl Pyrophosphates in liver enzyme systems (1961)

Allyl pyrophosphates (3,3-dimethylallyl, geranyl, and farnesyl pyrophosphate), which are known intermediates in the biosynthesis of squalene from mevalonate, are also metabolized in the liver by an alternative pathway to acids. The first step in the conversion of the allyl pyrophosphates into the acids (dimethylacrylic, geranoic, and farnesoic acids) is their irreversible dephosphorylation into free prenols by a microsomal phosphatase, which has its optimum pH at around 7.0. In a second step the free prenols are irreversibly dehydrogenated to the acids by liver alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase present in a soluble protein fraction of liver homogenates. This dehydrogenation proceeds best at pH 7.5 and is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents. The prenols are more specific substrates for liver alcohol dehydrogenase than is ethanol, but they cannot act as substrates for yeast alcohol dehydrogenase. The formation of allyl pyrophosphates, of free prenols, and of prenoic acids from mevalonate was also observed in vivo.
Improved omnidirectional reflectors in chalcogenide glass and polymer by using the silver doping technique (2006)

We describe the fabrication and characterization of omnidirectional reflectors based on silver-doped chalcogenide glass and polymer. We deposited periodically alternating layers of thermally evaporated Ge33As12Se55 chalcogenide glass, sputtered silver, and spun-cast polyamide-imide polymer. The silver was subsequently dissolved into each adjacent chalcogenide glass layer, either by exposing the multilayer to visible light (photodoping) or by heating the sample. The resultant silver concentration within the chalcogenide glass layers is estimated to be ~20 at. %. Silver doping red-shifts the band edge of the glass, and produces an increase of ~0.3-0.4 in the refractive index. The glass retains good transparency in the near infrared after doping, and the technique enables the omnidirectional bandwidth to be increased from ~100 nm to ~200 nm in the 1550 nm wavelength region.
Estrogen Production by Trophoblastic Tumors in Tissue Culture* (1972)

Pure trophoblastic cells derived from human choriocarcinomas and established in culture (BeWo and Jar lines) were incubated with either androst-4-ene-3, 17-dione-1, 23H(3H-Δ4) or dehydroepiandrosterone-7-3H (3H-DHEA). Radioactive estrogens were separated from neutral steroids and analyzed by reverse phase and direct phase partition chromatography on Celite columns. The identity of labeled estrogens was confirmed by isotope dilution and derivative formation. 3H-Δ4 was converted into labeled estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol (E2), but no estriol was formed by these tumor cells when the incubated precursor lacked the 16α-OH grouping. The production of E2 was several times greater than that of E1. The tumor cells from the Jar line exceeded those of the BeWo line in their capacity to synthesize estrogens. It was concluded that potential steroidogenic pathways for estrogen synthesis similar to those of the normal placenta are retained in malignant trophoblastic tumor cells in culture.
Common Structure of Soluble Amyloid Oligomers Implies Common Mechanism of Pathogenesis (2003)

Soluble oligomers are common to most amyloids and may represent the primary toxic species of amyloids, like the Abeta peptide in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we show that all of the soluble oligomers tested display a common conformation-dependent structure that is unique to soluble oligomers regardless of sequence. The in vitro toxicity of soluble oligomers is inhibited by oligomer-specific antibody. Soluble oligomers have a unique distribution in human AD brain that is distinct from fibrillar amyloid. These results indicate that different types of soluble amyloid oligomers have a common structure and suggest they share a common mechanism of toxicity.
Comparative Whole-Genome Analysis of Virulent and Avirulent Strains ofPorphyromonas gingivalis (2004)

We used Porphyromonas gingivalis gene microarrays to compare the total gene contents of the virulent strain W83 and the avirulent type strain, ATCC 33277. Signal ratios and scatter plots indicated that the chromosomes were very similar, with approximately 93% of the predicted genes in common, while at least 7% of them showed very low or no signals in ATCC 33277. Verification of the array results by PCR indicated that several of the disparate genes were either absent from or variant in ATCC 33277. Divergent features included already reported insertion sequences and ragB, as well as additional hypothetical and functionally assigned genes. Several of the latter were organized in a putative operon in W83 and encoded enzymes involved in capsular polysaccharide synthesis. Another cluster was associated with two paralogous regions of the chromosome with a low G+C content, at 41%, compared to that of the whole genome, at 48%. These regions also contained conserved and species-specific hypothetical genes, transposons, insertion sequences, and integrases and were located adjacent to tRNA genes; thus, they had several characteristics of pathogenicity islands. While this global comparative analysis showed the close relationship between W83 and ATCC 33277, the clustering of genes that are present in W83 but divergent in or absent from ATCC 33277 is suggestive of chromosomal islands that may have been acquired by lateral gene transfer.
Enhanced cocaine responsiveness and impaired motor coordination in metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 knockout mice (2005)

Extensive pharmacological studies have recently emerged indicating that group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) comprising mGluR2 and mGluR3 subtypes are associated with several neurological and psychiatric disorders. mGluR2 is widely distributed both presynaptically and postsynaptically in a variety of neuronal cells, but the physiological role of mGluR2 in brain function is poorly understood. This investigation involves a comprehensive behavioral analysis of mGluR2-/- knockout (KO) mice to explore the physiological role of mGluR2 in brain function. Although, under general observation, mGluR2-/- KO mice appeared to have no behavioral abnormalities, they exhibited several lines of behavioral alterations in the enforcing and defined behavioral tests. They showed a significant increase in locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference in association with repeated cocaine administration, indicating that mGluR2 contributes to behavioral responses implicated in reinforcement and addiction of cocaine. Upon in vivo microdialysis analysis after cocaine administration, not only did extracellular levels of dopamine increase but also the response pattern of glutamate release markedly changed in the nucleus accumbens of mGluR2-/- KO mice. The mGluR2-/- KO mice also showed significant impairment in motor coordination in the accelerating rota-rod test and exhibited hyperlocomotion in novel environmental and stressful conditions, when assessed by the open-field and forced-swim tests. These results indicate that the inhibitory mGluR2 plays a pivotal role in synaptic regulation of glutamatergic transmission in the neural network.
Combined therapy of mice bearing a lymphokine-activated killer-resistant tumor with recombinant interleukin 2 and an antitumor monoclonal antibody capable of inducing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. (1988)

The ability of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and its efficacy against a LAK-resistant tumor were investigated. Cells of the MH134 murine hepatoma line are scarcely lysed by LAK cells generated in vitro by incubation of C3H/HeN mouse spleen cells with human recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL 2). However, the splenic LAK cells potently lysed the LAK-resistant tumor cells in the presence of 11G2, a monoclonal antibody (MAb) of the IgG1 isotype reactive with a part of MM antigen. Peritoneal cells induced by daily i.p. injections of rIL 2 not only exhibited LAK activity but also mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against MH134 tumor cells in the presence of 11G2. The peritoneal cells exhibiting these cytotoxic activities were found to be nonadherent and nonphagocytic mononuclear cells possessing a similar cell surface phenotype as that of splenic LAK cells, that is Thy-1.2+ approximately -, Lyt-1.1-, Lyt-2.1-, and asialo GM1+. Treatment of spleen cells with antibodies and complement before culture with rIL 2 revealed that the phenotype of splenic LAK precursors is Thy-1.2- and asialo GM1+. The in vivo induction of peritoneal LAK cells in response to i.p. injections of rIL 2 was markedly depressed in C57BL/6 beige mice but was normally accomplished in BALB/c nude mice. Combined therapy of C3H/HeN mice bearing MH134 ascitic tumor with i.p. injection of rIL 2 and 11G2 brought about potent suppression of the tumor growth, resulting in the significant increase in the number of tumor-free mice, whereas neither rIL 2 nor the MAb could exhibit such a potent antitumor effect when used alone. Injection (i.v.) of anti-asialo GM1 antibody not only blocked the induction of peritoneal LAK cells by rIL 2 but also abrogated the development of the antitumor effect of the combined therapy. These results strongly suggest that combination of antitumor MAbs capable of inducing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity with rIL 2 therapy could result in the generation of potent antitumor effects against LAK-resistant tumors and that asialo GM1-positive non-T-cell populations including cells of the natural killer cell lineage are essential, at least in part, for development of the antitumor effects of the combined therapy with rIL 2 and MAbs.
Omnidirectional Printing of 3D Microvascular Networks (2011)

3D biomimetic microvascular networks of nearly arbitrary design are patterned by omnidirectional printing of a fugitive organic ink into a photopolymerizable hydrogel matrix. This novel approach hinges critically on tailoring the chemical and rheological properties of the fugitive ink as well as the photopolymerizable hydrogel reservoir and fluid filler. These hydrogel-based, microvascular constructs may find potential application in 3D cell culture, tissue engineering, organ modeling, and autonomic healing. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
An event notification framework based on Java and CORBA (2003)

Event notification is essential in network management. Many components in a distributed NMS need an event notification mechanism, and so an event notification framework is expected to facilitate the development of the components. CORBA is a promising platform to build such a framework, but its performance is not sufficient for monitoring large-scale networks. This paper proposes an event notification framework that has high performance and customizability. The framework is based on Java and CORBA, and has customization points at which event handling capabilities can be added. Java gives the framework flexibility in the sense that event handling capabilities call be added and replaced dynamically by using downloadable Java programs. High throughput of more than 1000 events per second has been achieved by event batching.
Multicentre study of fetal cardiac time intervals using magnetocardiography (2002)

The values found agree with those found in the literature. The scatter of the data is wide due to the variation in normal physiology, the measuring system and signal processing and the subjectivity of the researcher. However, the system can define normal ranges and may be used in diagnosis.
Alternative strategy in central Europe for the control of Varroa destructor in honey bee colonies (2003)

The bee parasite Varroa destructor has developed resistance against traditional varroacides in many regions of Europe . Of course, there are substitutes, such as organic acids and components of essential oils. However, these are effective only, if applied in the frame of a control strategy. The aim of this article is to provide more background information on the different steps of this alternative treatment strategy, developed over the past 15 years.
Photoactivation of a Substrate for Cell Adhesion under Standard Fluorescence Microscopes (2004)

Cell-culturing substrates where cell adhesion can be switched on by external stimuli during cell cultivation are useful scaffolds for tissue engineering, cell-based drug screening, and fundamental cellular studies. Here, we show a new strategy for photoactivation of a substrate for cell adhesion under standard fluorescence microscopes. A glass substrate chemically modified with an alkylsiloxane having a photocleavable 2-nitrobenzyl group was coated with bovine serum albumin to prevent cell adhesion. Upon irradiation under a fluorescence microscope, the protein was replaced with fibronectin, which made the irradiated region cell-adhesive. Subsequent seeding of HEK293 or COS7 cells produced patterns corresponding to the irradiated patterns. We succeeded for the first time in positioning single cells in proximity to cultivating single cells. The present method provides a general strategy for positioning single cells of same or different types at any locations on the substrate and will be useful for studying cell-cell interactions.
[Evaluation on biocompatibility of Ti-Fe-Mo-Mn-Nb-Zr alloy]. (2004)

In this study, the general toxicity tests including acute toxicity test, haemolysis test, MTT assay of Ti-Fe-Mo-Mn-Nb-Zr alloys were carried out. The morphology of these cells was also observed under phase-contrast microscope. By using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), the kind and mol% of element in surface film were studied. The kind and concentration of element in dipping fluid were investigated by ICP atomic emission spectrometry. The results showed the primary component is TiO2 in surface film. The dipping fluid of Ti-Fe-Mo-Mn-Nb-Zr alloys contains Fe 0.2-1.07 mg/l and Mn 0.16-0.5 mg/l; such dental materials are beneficial to health. No cytotoxic effect was disclosed by in vitro and in vivo tests. The level of cytotoxicity was grade 0 and 1; the haemolysis degree was 0.558%-0.642%, i.e. less than 5%. The cells growing in the extract showed normal morphology. These data indicate that Ti-Fe-Mo-Mn-Nb-Zr alloy, as a dental material, has good biocompatibility.