gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The ultrastructure of the reaction of arterial walls to cholesterol crystals in atheroembolism. (1976)

Scanning electron microscopy of atheromatous material revealed flat rhombic cholesterol crystals piled one upon the other. The fate of cholesterol crystals in the atheromatous material was followed after injection intra-arterially into the left renal arteries and left common carotid arteries of rabbits. The lipid and membranous component of the atheromatous material disappeared from the lumen of the vessels in 2-3 days after injection. Macrophages engulfed small cholesterol crystals and exposed surfaces attracted a layer of platelets. Larger cholesterol crystals evoked a giant cell response while within the lumen. Some cholesterol crystals penetrated the vessel walls or were included in the vessel wall reaction and induced a covering of endothelial cells sequestrating them from the lumen. The cholesterol crystals contained in some of the macrophages showed fracture lines and in some instances there were associated myelin figures. Large cholesterol crystals eventually elicited a fibroblastic response from the vessel wall (at about 1-4 weeks after injection) which could give rise to partial or almost complete occlusion of the vessel lumen.
Semi-Supervised Learning with Ladder Networks (2015)

We combine supervised learning with unsupervised learning in deep neural networks. The proposed model is trained to simultaneously minimize the sum of supervised and unsupervised cost functions by backpropagation, avoiding the need for layer-wise pre-training. Our work builds on the Ladder network proposed by Valpola (2015), which we extend by combining the model with supervision. We show that the resulting model reaches state-of-the-art performance in semi-supervised MNIST and CIFAR-10 classification, in addition to permutation-invariant MNIST classification with all labels.
Transmission and reception of Quad-Carrier QPSK-OFDM signal with blind equalization and overhead-free operation (2013)

Quad-Carrier Quadrature Phase Shift Keyed orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (QPSK-OFDM) signal transmission and reception is successfully demonstrated with blind equalization like a 25-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (25-QAM) signal with cascaded multi-modulus algorithm (CMMA) equalization. The phase recovery can be realized with simple Viterbi algorithm and the frequency offset estimation (FOE) should be done with 25-QAM signal before 4-point fast Fourier transform (FFT). 48-Gbit/s Quad-Carrier QPSK-OFDM signal is successfully transmitted over 80-km SMF-28 without penalty.
Insulin Effects on Glucose Metabolism, Memory, and Plasma Amyloid Precursor Protein in Alzheimer's Disease Differ According to Apolipoprotein‐E Genotype (2000)

Higher fasting plasma insulin levels and reduced CSF-to-plasma insulin ratios, suggestive of insulin resistance, have been observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) who do not possess an apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-epsilon 4 allele. Insulin has also been implicated in processing of beta-amyloid and amyloid precursor protein (APP). We examined the effects of intravenous insulin administration while maintaining euglycemia on insulin-mediated glucose disposal, memory, and plasma APP in patients with AD and normal adults of varying ApoE genotypes. AD subjects without an epsilon 4 allele had significantly lower insulin-mediated glucose disposal rates than did AD patients with an epsilon 4 allele (p < 0.03) or than did normal adults without an epsilon 4 allele (p < 0.02). AD subjects without an epsilon 4 allele also showed significant memory facilitation with insulin administration (p < 0.04), whereas the AD-epsilon 4 group did not. Insulin reduced APP levels for AD patients without an ApoE epsilon 4 allele, but raised APP for AD patients with an ApoE epsilon H4 allele These results document ApoE-related differences in insulin metabolism in AD that may relate to disease pathogenesis.
Structures of Lipopolysaccharides from Klebsiella pneumoniae (2002)

Deamination of LPSs from Klebsiella pneumoniae released O-chain polysaccharides together with a fragment of the core oligosaccharide. The structures of the products from serotypes O1, O2a, O2a,c, O3, O4, O5, and O12 were determined by NMR spectroscopy and chemical methods, identifying the linkage region between the O antigens and the core as well as novel residues at the non-reducing ends of the polysaccharides. All serotypes had an identical linkage between the O chain and core.
A pilot study of hepatic artery floxuridine combined with systemic 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin.A potential adjuvant program after resection of colorectal hepatic metastases (1993)

Systemic 5-FU and LV can be combined safely with intraarterial FUDR without loss of efficacy or increased biliary toxicity. Eight patients treated with this regimen as adjuvant therapy after liver metastasis resection were alive and disease-free after a median follow-up of 23 months.
Randomized Adjuvant Chemotherapy Trial in High-Risk, Lymph Node-Negative Breast Cancer Patients Identified by Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1 (2001)

Using uPA and PAI-1, we have been able to classify about half of the patients with lymph node-negative breast cancer as low risk, for whom adjuvant chemotherapy may be avoided, and half as high risk, who appear to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.
Phosphine-Mediated Coupling of Gramines with Aldehydes:  A Remarkably Simple Synthesis of 3-Vinylindoles (2005)

A new and practical synthesis of terminally substituted 3-vinylindoles is described involving tributylphosphine-mediated coupling of gramines with aldehydes.
Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Applications: analysis based on characterization, experimentation and modeling (2005)

A critical analysis is performed about fundamental aspects regarding the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) technology, focusing mainly on the proton exchange membrane (PEM). First, the basic DMFC operation principles, thermodynamic background and polarization characteristics are presented with a description of each of the components that comprise the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and of the DMFC testsystem usually used for DMFC research. Next, the paper focuses particularly on the PEM development chain, performing an overview of the research progress regarding this DMFC component. Specific efforts are devoted to research aspects related with the membrane preparation, characterization, DMFC tests and modeling. Apart from this, recent achievements at our research groups regarding the PEM development for DMFC applications are emphasized.
Assessment of gastric emptying using a low fat meal: establishment of international control values (2000)

This multicenter study provides gastric emptying values in healthy subjects based on data obtained using a large sample size and consistent meal and methodology. Gastric retention of >10% at 4 h is indicative of delayed emptying, a value comparable to those provided by more intensive scanning approaches. Gastric emptying of a low fat meal is initially faster in men but is comparable in women at 4 h; it is also faster in older individuals but is independent of body mass.
The Immunology of Corneal Graft Rejection (1998)

Corneal transplantation is the most successful of organ transplants due to the fact that the eye is an immunologically privileged site, and the cornea is an immunologically privileged tissue. The factors responsible for this include presence of the blood-aqueous barrier, the avascularity of the cornea, the absence of classic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the central cornea, inhibitory factors in the aqueous humor, the phenomenon known as anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID), and the intraocular expression of Fas ligand. Loss of ocular immune privilege can occur with breaching of the blood-ocular barrier, corneal neovascularization, migration of classic APCs to the center of the cornea, loss of inhibitory factors in aqueous humor, abrogation of ACAID, and loss of Fas ligand expression within the anterior chamber. The purpose of this review is to analyze these events and how they relate to corneal graft rejection. A discussion on future research and therapeutic modalities is provided.
Nanoparticle Albumin - Bound (NAB) Technology is a Promising Method for Anti-Cancer Drug Delivery (2009)

Albumin is a versatile drug carrier in anti-cancer drug delivery system and it also has an actively targeting capacity to tumors. Recently, nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab) paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel; Abraxane) has been approved in 2006 for use in patients with metastatic breast cancer who have failed in the combination chemotherapy, and so the nab-technology has attracted much interest in the anti-cancer drug delivery system. The details about the preparation, characterization and evaluation of nab-paclitaxel (ABI-007) are discussed. The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and the clinical trials of ABI-007 are also reviewed. Furthermore, the recent applications of nab-technology in the anti-cancer drug delivery systems are summarized by virtue of the patents pertaining to nab-technology. To sum up, nab-technology has a great potential of being applied extensively in the field of anti-cancer agents delivery in the future in order to acquire the good safety and better therapeutical effect.
Localization of the carbohydrate response element of the rat L-type pyruvate kinase gene (1991)

Pyruvate kinase is a major regulatory enzyme of glycolysis. Transcription of the L-type pyruvate kinase (L-PK) gene in rat liver is induced by feeding a carbohydrate-rich diet. To investigate the regulatory DNA sequences required for this response, primary hepatocytes were transfected with plasmids containing the 5'-flanking sequence of the rat L-PK gene fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. Sequences from -4300 to +12 of the L-PK gene directed an increase in CAT activity when hepatocytes were switched from media containing 10 mM lactate to 25 mM glucose. Average induction was 17-fold (n = 13; S.E. = 2.9). Addition of fructose to the media also induced CAT activity. Carbohydrate regulation of the L-PK promoter was retained with 5'-deletions to -197, but constructs deleted to -96 were completely unresponsive. The 101-base pair fragment from -197 to -96 of the L-PK gene can confer carbohydrate regulation when fused in either orientation to the heterologous thymidine kinase promoter, thus defining a carbohydrate response element in this region. Expression of the transfected gene was regulated by insulin and glucagon in a pattern similar to that seen for the endogenous L-PK gene, suggesting that control of L-PK promoter activity was responsible for carbohydrate-mediated changes in L-PK mRNA production.
Interplay between Mdm2 and HIPK2 in the DNA damage response (2014)

The tumour suppressor p53 is activated to induce cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis in the DNA damage response (DDR). p53 phosphorylation at Ser46 by HIPK2 (homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2) is a critical event in apoptosis induction. Interestingly, HIPK2 is degraded by Mdm2 (a negative regulator of p53), whereas Mdm2 is downregulated by HIPK2 through several mechanisms. Here, we develop a four-module network model for the p53 pathway to clarify the role of interplay between Mdm2 and HIPK2 in the DDR evoked by ultraviolet radiation. By numerical simulations, we reveal that Mdm2-dependent HIPK2 degradation promotes cell survival after mild DNA damage and that inhibition of HIPK2 degradation is sufficient to trigger apoptosis. In response to severe damage, p53 phosphorylation at Ser46 is promoted by the accumulation of HIPK2 due to downregulation of nuclear Mdm2 in the later phase of the response. Meanwhile, the concentration of p53 switches from moderate to high levels, contributing to apoptosis induction. We show that the presence of three mechanisms for Mdm2 downregulation, i.e. repression of mdm2 expression, inhibition of its nuclear entry and HIPK2-induced degradation, guarantees the apoptosis of irreparably damaged cells. Our results agree well with multiple experimental observations, and testable predictions are also made. This work advances our understanding of the regulation of p53 activity in the DDR and suggests that HIPK2 should be a significant target for cancer therapy.
Semi-physical experiment platform for wind power generation (2009)

Aiming at the complicated conditions of wind farm, this paper proposes a semi-physical simulation system that can simulate the operation of wind turbine under laboratory conditions. First, gives simulated wind velocity that based on ARMA and statistical wind velocity model, and then utilizes field data to make Power Spectrum correction. Second, Basing on the combination of the wind wheel, transmission shaft, gearbox, variable pitch system, and the pulse characteristics of pneumatic torque, a simulated method, from input wind speed to output torque of asynchronous motor is given. The results show that the feasibility of this method.
Levitation force and magnetic stiffness in bulk high-temperature superconductors (1990)

Levitation forces between a small permanent magnet and a disk of bulk high-temperature superconductor at 77 K were measured as a function of vertical separation for disks of composition Y-Ba-Cu-O, Ag/Y-Ba-Cu-O, (Pb,Bi)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O, and Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O. The forces were highly hysteretic; however, for all samples, on the initial descent of the magnet toward the disk, the force was unique, independent of magnet speed, and varied approximately as the negative exponential of the separation distance. Magnetic stiffness, associated with minor hysteresis loops, was found to be approximately proportional to the levitation force, and nearly independent of magnet configuration and superconductor composition.
Comparison of human stromelysin and collagenase by cloning and sequence analysis (1986)

A comparison of the cDNA-derived amino acid sequences of human stromelysin and collagenase with the N-terminal sequences of purified enzymes reveals that these metalloproteinases are highly conserved and that they are secreted as proenzymes. A putative zinc-binding site was identified by its homology with the zinc-chelating sequence of thermolysin. These sequences permitted the identification of: transin, a protein induced in rat fibroblasts either exposed to growth factors or transformed by oncogenic viruses, as the rat homologue of stromelysin, and XHF1, a protein induced in human fibroblasts after treatment with tumourigenic agents, as collagenase.
Numerical Study of Shale Issues in SAGD (2008)

Abstract Many bitumen reservoirs contain shale layers of varying thickness, lateral extent, and frequency. These shale layers sometimes severely reduce vertical permeability of the pay zone and tend to slow down the SAGD process by interfering with theflow of steam and oil. Therefore, to improve productivity in these reservoirs, identifying shale problems has become necessary and solutions are urgently needed. In this study, numerical simulation was performed to assess the shale issues in SAGD process. CMG STARS was used as a simulator. Hypothetical shale cases were built in SAGDsimulation models. In these simulation models, a geostatistical model was used to generate interbedded shale distribution for typical Athabasca heterogeneity. A set of numerical simulations was also run to determine the potential of pressure cycling as a method of enhancing reservoir permeability, and hence offsetting the negative effectsof shale barriers. The analysis showed that for a deep Athabasca reservoir, two pressure cycles to 10,000 kPa could enhance production in terms of cumulative oil and SOR. This was true for the 10% shale, 15% shale and 20% shale cases. The severest case, 25% shale, did not show a productivity enhancement due to pressure induced dilation. The report concludes with recommendations for additional numerical simulation effort to examine the effects of thermal stress on thesand and shale geomechanics, where the effects of shale disruption are most likely to be represented. Introduction SAGD is the main commercial technology used for in-situ recovery of bitumen from Athabasca oil sands. SAGD typically operates by injecting steam from the upper well of a pair of horizontal wells, and producing oil from the lower well of the well pair. The space occupied by the drained oil is filled with steam, creating a vapour chamber. Many bitumen reservoirs contain shale inclusions of varying thickness, lateral extent, and frequency. These shale inclusions will tend to slow down the SAGD process by interfering with the flow of steam and oil. The problem created by inter-bedded shale can be defined in several ways: Shale, if of limited lateral extent, can slow down the flow of oil draining to the production well, and act as a reduced vertical permeability. There may be some concurrent reduction inhorizontal permeability as well. The shale, if continuous over a significant lateral extent, can impede and re-route steam flow as well as oil flow. While conductive heat transfer can continue through the shales, the rerouting of steam may change the geometry of the vapour chamber, leading to reduced thermal efficiency of the SAGD process. If shale intervals are sufficiently extensive, they can cut off the flow of oil from injector to producer. Such a situation may be remedied by orienting the well pair so as to intersect sloping shale, layers increasing the pressure so as to dilate the reservoir, using the heat and pressure from SAGD to disrupt shales, or using pressure cycles to encourage dilation that is not recovered.
Creation of a Genetic Calcium Channel Blocker by Targeted Gem Gene Transfer in the Heart (2004)

Calcium channel blockers are among the most commonly used therapeutic drugs. Nevertheless, the utility of calcium channel blockers for heart disease is limited because of the potent vasodilatory effect that causes hypotension, and other side effects attributable to blockade of noncardiac channels. Therefore, focal calcium channel blockade by gene transfer is highly desirable. With a view to creating a focally applicable genetic calcium channel blocker, we overexpressed the ras-related small G-protein Gem in the heart by somatic gene transfer. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of Gem markedly decreased L-type calcium current density in ventricular myocytes, resulting in the abbreviation of action potential duration. Furthermore, transduction of Gem resulted in a significant shortening of the electrocardiographic QTc interval and reduction of left ventricular systolic function. Focal delivery of Gem to the atrioventricular (AV) node significantly slowed AV nodal conduction (prolongation of PR and AH intervals), which was effective in the reduction of heart rate during atrial fibrillation. Thus, these results indicate that gene transfer of Gem functions as a genetic calcium channel blocker, the local application of which can effectively modulate cardiac electrical and contractile function.
Adsorption of a Rake-Type Siloxane Surfactant onto Carbon Black Nanoparticles Dispersed in Aqueous Media (2002)

The adsorption properties of a rake-type siloxane surfactant (consisting of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) backbone with grafted polyether) on carbon black (CB) nanoparticles have been investigated. The CB particles have fractal structure according to transmission electron microscopy and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) data. Surface compositions, determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, indicate that the CB surface is partly oxidized, prove the adsorption of the siloxane surfactant onto the CB particles, and suggest that the surface coverage is incomplete. The adsorption obeys the Langmuir isotherm at low filtrate concentrations (below the critical micelle concentration, cmc). At higher filtrate concentrations, a sharp increase in the adsorbed amount is observed. The adsorbed layer thickness was determined by viscometry and dynamic light scattering. These two methods give good agreement on the adsorbed layer thickness (∼30 nm) at surfactant concentrations above the cmc. This thickness is comparable to the hydrodynamic radius of the siloxane micelles in water. SANS experiments, performed under contrast matching conditions where either the CB particles or the siloxane surfactant was rendered “invisible”, confirm that the adsorbed layer has structure and dimensions similar to those of siloxane surfactant micelles in aqueous solution in the absence of CB.
Vision assistance in scenes with extreme contrast (1993)

The performance and architecture of a high dynamic range camera (HDRC) chip and the conceptional advantages for its adaptation to image processing systems in traffic environments are discussed. The HDRC chip was developed with 64*64 pixels using a standard digital 1.2- mu m CMOS technology. It is shown that the implementation proves the functionality and indicates the system performance of a highly dynamic range camera is feasible.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A Golden Gate Modular Cloning Toolbox for Plants (2014)

Plant Synthetic Biology requires robust and efficient methods for assembling multigene constructs. Golden Gate cloning provides a precision module-based cloning technique for facile assembly of multiple genes in one construct. We present here a versatile resource for plant biologists comprising a set of cloning vectors and 96 standardized parts to enable Golden Gate construction of multigene constructs for plant transformation. Parts include promoters, untranslated sequences, reporters, antigenic tags, localization signals, selectable markers, and terminators. The comparative performance of parts in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana is discussed.
An effective second-generation outer surface protein A-derived Lyme vaccine that eliminates a potentially autoreactive T cell epitope (2004)

The antigenic component of a common Lyme disease vaccine is recombinant outer surface protein A (rOspA) of Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), the causative agent of Lyme disease. Coincidentally, patients with chronic, treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis develop an immune response against OspA, whereas those with acute Lyme disease usually do not. Treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis occurs in a subset of Lyme arthritis patients and is linked to HLA.DRB1*0401 (DR4) and related alleles. Recent work from our laboratory identified T cell crossreactivity between epitopes of OspA and lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1alpha(L) chain (LFA-1alpha(L)) in these patients. We generated a form of rOspA, FTK-OspA, in which the LFA-1alpha(L)/rOspA crossreactive T cell epitope was mutated to reduce the possible risk of autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals. FTK-OspA did not stimulate human or mouse DR4-restricted, WT-OspA-specific T cells, whereas it did stimulate antibody responses specific for WT-OspA that were similar to mice vaccinated WT-OspA. We show here that the protective efficacy of FTK-OspA is indistinguishable from that of WT-OspA in vaccination trials, as both C3H/HeJ and BALB/c FTK-OspA-vaccinated mice were protected from Bb infection. These data demonstrate that this rOspA-derived vaccine lacking the predicted cross-reactive T cell epitope, but retaining the capacity to elicit antibodies against infection, is effective in generating protective immunity.