gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Precursors of neurons, neuroglia, and ependymal cells in the CNS: What are they? Where are they from? How do they get where they are going? (2003)

Neurons, neuroglia (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), and ependymal cells are three distinct categories of neural cells in the central nervous system. In the mature brain and spinal cord, the classical histological criteria define these cells by their microscopic structure very well. During development, the precursors for all of these cells reside within the epithelium of the neural plate and its successor, the neural tube. These precursor cells are the undifferentiated, primitive neuroepithelium of the classical literature. As the cerebral vesicles enlarge and their walls thicken, the primitive neuroepithelial cells elongate, maintaining a radial orientation until they migrate. Although many, but not all, of these cells span the extent of the ventricular wall, they are the precursors of neurons, neuroglia, and ependymal cells. Thus, it is useful to retain their classical designation as primitive neuroepithelial cells and to treat them as neural precursor cells. Neural precursor cells are neither neuroglia nor neurons. It is not appropriate to call them radial glial cells anymore than it is to call them radial neuronal cells. The term "radial glia" has long been used to describe the mature, elongated astrocytes, represented by Bergmann cells in the cerebellum and Müller cells in the retina. Inevitably, during development, transitional forms between neural precursor cells and the neurons, neuroglia, and ependymal cells will occur. Such transitional cells are known as neuroblasts, glioblasts, or ependymoblasts, even though they may be postmitotic. Alternative terms are "immature neurons," "immature neuroglia," and "immature ependymal cells." The migration of many neural precursor cells is accomplished by translocation rather than free cellular locomotion. There is both direct and indirect evidence to document the translocation of the nuclear/perikaryal/somal complex through the leading process of primitive neuroepithelial cells. This is conspicuous in the neocortex, where the discrete radial arrangement of pyramidal cells may result from translocation of neuroblasts, while their leading processes still contact the pial surface. Migration by translocation occurs throughout the CNS. GLIA 43:6-18, 2003.
Development of a combined storage medium for 7‐day storage of platelet concentrates and 42‐day storage of red cell concentrates (1990)

Studies were carried out to examine whether a single additive solution could support both platelet and red cell storage. An ionically balanced electrolyte solution fortified with citrate, glucose and bicarbonate was used. This solution has previously been shown to provide good platelet viability with storage for up to 7 d. Optimization studies demonstrated that with adenine added to this solution (CSM), it also allowed for satisfactory preservation of in vitro red cell parameters for up to 49 d of storage. Confirmatory paired in vivo post-transfusion studies were carried out in which platelets and red cells obtained from the same donor were processed and stored in CSM on one occasion, and in CPD-plasma (platelets) and AS-1 (red cells) on another occasion. Five paired studies were conducted with platelets stored for 5 d and red cells for 42 d; another five paired studies with platelets stored for 7 d and red cells for 49 d. Except for a slight decrease in platelet survival (P less than 0.05) with storage in CSM, there were no statistically significant differences in post-transfusion recoveries and survivals between test and control media, demonstrating that both platelets and red cells may be satisfactorily stored in a combined single additive solution.
Highly Sensitive Magneto-Mechano-Electric Magnetic Field Sensor Based on Torque Effect (2020)

Magnetic field sensors based on the strain-mediated magnetoelectric (ME) coupling are usually bulky and energy-consuming due to the requirement for DC magnetic bias field, and the use of piezoelectric ceramics or single crystals cannot bear overlarge strain due to their fragility. Here, we demonstrate a stress-mediated ME sensor operating in torque mode without magnetic bias field. Combined with elastic layers, the NdFeB permanent magnets induce compressive stress on the piezoelectric layer via torque effect under a weak magnetic field. The contribution from d <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">33</sub> piezoelectric coefficient is dominant to the ME effect, and a large ME voltage of 2480 mV is observed at 13.6 Oe. At the resonate frequency of 138.7 Hz, magnetoelectric coefficient is found to be as high as 6.08 V/cm Oe. Our results reveal that the proposed ME sensor mediated by stress is excellent in performance and reliable in durability, which is promising for magnetic sensor applications.
Amination of aryl sulfamate esters. A convenient general synthesis of aliphatic sulfamides (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAmination of aryl sulfamate esters. A convenient general synthesis of aliphatic sulfamidesGrant E. DuBoisCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 26, 5373–5375Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01314a034https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01314a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views554Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Prognostic value of PINP, bone alkaline phosphatase, CTX‐I, and YKL‐40 in patients with metastatic prostate carcinoma (2005)

High serum PINP, BAP, CTX-I, and YKL-40 are associated with poor outcome of metastatic PC patients.
La coordinació de l'actuació de les Diputacions i el sistema de legalitat dels actes dels ens locals en la Llei 7/1985 segons la interpretació del Tribunal Constitucional (1987)

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Smectic-C‘‘chevron,’’ a planar liquid-crystal defect: Implications for the surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid-crystal geometry (1988)

The recent discovery of ``chevron'' structured smectic-C (SC) layers in surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid-crystal (SSFLC) cells [T. P. Rieker, N. A. Clark, G. S. Smith, D. S. Parmar, E. B. Sirota, and C. R. Safinya, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2568 (1987)] enables the understanding of many commonly observed features of SSFLC director and layer structure. We present the full three-dimensional layer structure of zigzag walls, the predominant SSFLC defect, which we find to mediate change in chevron direction. We show that stabilization of the director field in SC chevron cells occurs at the chevron interface, so that SC chevron cells behave as two nearly independent cells optically and electrically in series.
Estimation of the rate of killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytesin vivo (2007)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) help control virus infections by killing virus-infected (target) cells. How fast do CTL find and kill target cells in vivo? Experiments allow us to follow populations of labeled target cells after their transfer into immune mice where they are killed by CTL. Here, we develop models of the migration and killing processes involved in these experiments and use them to quantitatively analyze the in vivo killing data. These models allow us to estimate the rate constant for killing of target cells by CTL.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 9-Substituted-8-Hydroxyadenine Derivatives as Potent Interferon Inducers (2006)

Recently we reported the adenine derivatives 3a-d as novel interferon (IFN) inducers. In the present study, we conducted a detailed structure-activity relationship study of analogues of 3a-d with respect to their IFN-inducing activity, mainly focusing on the N(9)-position of the adenine. From this study, we found that introduction of the 3-pyridylmethyl moiety was effective to increase in vitro activity, and compound 9ae was identified as being the most potent IFN inducer. This compound gave a minimum effective concentration (MEC) of 3 nM, which is comparable with that of R-848, a second generation IFN inducer. Compound 9ae also demonstrated potent IFN-inducing activity at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg by oral administration in mice. Furthermore, compound 9ae induced IFN in monkeys in a dose dependent manner, with a potency superior to that of R-848. In addition, 9ae did not cause emesis in ferrets even at a dose of 30 mg/kg. In this study the maximum plasma concentration of 9ae was 1019 ng/mL (ca. 3.1 microM), which was approximately 1000-fold higher than the MEC value. Therefore, with respect to both the efficacy and the safety margin, compound 9ae (SM-276001) is considered to be a promising compound as an orally active IFN inducer.
Real-time in vivo color Doppler optical coherence tomography (2002)

Color Doppler optical coherence tomography (CDOCT) is a functional extension of optical coherence tomography (OCT) that can image flow in turbid media. We have developed a CDOCT system capable of imaging flow in real time. Doppler processing of the analog signal is accomplished in hardware in the time domain using a novel autocorrelation technique. This Doppler processing method is compatible with a high speed OCT system capable of imaging in real time. Using this system, we demonstrate cross-sectional imaging of bidirectional flow with CDOCT at four frames per second in a tissue-simulating phantom consisting of intralipid solution flowing in glass capillaries. As a demonstration of real-time imaging of blood flow in vivo we imaged pulsatible blood flow in a rat femoral artery at eight frames per second. Issues of velocity sensitivity, imaging speed, and range of velocity measurement are discussed, as well as potential applications of real-time CDOCT.
Isolation, properties, and complete amino acid sequence of human secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, a potent inhibitor of leukocyte elastase. (1986)

A potent inhibitor of human leukocyte elastase (EC 3.4.21.37) and cathepsin G (EC 3.4.21.20) and of human trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) has been purified from human parotid secretions. The complete amino acid sequence of this protein has been determined. The sequence suggests that the protein has two domains of about 54 amino acids, each of which contains four disulfide bonds. On the basis of a limited homology to other protease inhibitors, the antielastase and antitrypsin activities are thought to be properties of the C-terminal and N-terminal domains, respectively. The affinity of the inhibitor for leukocyte elastase is very high, suggesting a functional role for the protein in preventing elastase-mediated damage to oral and possibly other mucosal tissues.
Identity of Osteoclastogenesis Inhibitory Factor (OCIF) and Osteoprotegerin (OPG): A Mechanism by which OPG/OCIF Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis in Vitro (1998)

The morphogenesis and remodeling of bone depends on the integrated activity of osteoblasts that form bone and osteoclasts that resorb bone.We previously reported the isolation of a new cytokine termed osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor, OCIF, which specifically inhibits osteoclast development.Here we report the cloning of a complementary DNA of human OCIF.OCIF is identical to osteoprotegerin (OPG), a soluble member of the tumor-necrosis factor receptor family that inhibits osteoclastogenesis.Recombinant human OPG/ OCIF specifically acts on bone tissues and increases bone mineral density and bone volume associated with a decrease of active oste-oclast number in normal rats.Osteoblasts or bone marrow-derived stromal cells support osteoclastogenesis through cell-to-cell interactions.A single class of high affinity binding sites for OPG/OCIF appears on a mouse stromal cell line, ST2, in response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 .An anti-OPG/OCIF antibody that blocks the binding abolishes the biological activity of OPG/OCIF.When the sites are blocked with OPG/OCIF, ST2 cells fail to support osteoclastogenesis.These results suggest that the sites are involved in cell-to-cell signaling between stromal cells and osteoclast progenitors and that OPG/OCIF inhibits osteoclastogenesis by interrupting the signaling through the sites.
Controls of Sperm Motility: Biological and Clinical Aspects (1990)

This timely book provides the first comprehensive state-of-the-art updates on various aspects of sperm motility. The first section describes in detail the structures, molecules and regulatory mechanisms involved in sperm movement. Also reported are the effects of external milieu and egg factors on the initiation and types of sperm motility. The second section covers how to measure sperm motility in human semen and in capacitating media. The book addresses the prognostic value of motility parameters in cases of infertility. It covers the clinical significance of various drugs and toxins on sperm motility and the clinical management of infertile males with sperm motility defects. This volume is indispensable to biochemists, cell biologists and andrologists interested in cell motility, and to urologists, obstetricians, gynecologists, and endocrinologists involved in the management of infertility. It is of value to those in reproduction, animal science, veterinary science, and vertebrate zoology. The book contains basic and clinically relevant information for graduate students, researchers and clinicians.
Sequential development of hematopoietic and cardiac mesoderm during embryonic stem cell differentiation (2005)

The ability to generate a wide spectrum of differentiated cell types from ES cells in culture offers a powerful approach for studying lineage induction and specification and a promising source of progenitors for cell replacement therapy. Although significant efforts are being made to optimize culture conditions for the generation of different cell populations from ES cells, the identification and efficient isolation of specific progenitors for many lineages within these cultures remains a major challenge. By specifically tracking hematopoietic and cardiac development, we demonstrate here that these two lineages arise from distinct mesoderm subpopulations that develop in sequential waves from pre-mesoderm cells. Access to these populations provides a unique approach to isolate and characterize the earliest progenitors of these lineages.
Depression in Parkinson's disease: loss of dopamine and noradrenaline innervation in the limbic system (2005)

The reason for the high frequency of depression and anxiety in Parkinson's disease is poorly understood. Degeneration of neurotransmitter systems other than dopamine might play a specific role in the occurrence of these affective disorders. We used [11C]RTI-32 PET, an in vivo marker of both dopamine and noradrenaline transporter binding, to localize differences between depressed and non-depressed patients. We studied eight and 12 Parkinson's disease patients with and without a history of depression matched for age, disease duration and doses of antiparkinsonian medication. The depressed Parkinson's disease cohort had lower [11C]RTI-32 binding than non-depressed Parkinson's disease cases in the locus coeruleus and in several regions of the limbic system including the anterior cingulate cortex, the thalamus, the amygdala and the ventral striatum. Exploratory analyses revealed that the severity of anxiety in the Parkinson's disease patients was inversely correlated with the [11C]RTI-32 binding in most of these regions and apathy was inversely correlated with [11C]RTI-32 binding in the ventral striatum. These results suggest that depression and anxiety in Parkinson's disease might be associated with a specific loss of dopamine and noradrenaline innervation in the limbic system.
Insulin/Insulin-like Growth Factor I Hybrid Receptors Have Different Biological Characteristics Depending on the Insulin Receptor Isoform Involved (2002)

The insulin receptor (IR) and the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) have a highly homologous structure, but different biological effects. Insulin and IGF-I half-receptors can heterodimerize, leading to the formation of insulin/IGF-I hybrid receptors (Hybrid-Rs) that bind IGF-I with high affinity. As the IR exists in two isoforms (IR-A and IR-B), we evaluated whether the assembly of the IGF-IR with either IR-A or IR-B moieties may differently affect Hybrid-R signaling and biological role. Three different models were studied: (a) 3T3-like mouse fibroblasts with a disrupted IGF-IR gene (R(-) cells) cotransfected with the human IGF-IR and with either the IR-A or IR-B cDNA; (b) a panel of human cell lines variably expressing the two IR isoforms; and (c) HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cells predominantly expressing either IR-A or IR-B, depending on their differentiation state. We found that Hybrid-Rs containing IR-A (Hybrid-Rs(A)) bound to and were activated by IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin. By binding to Hybrid-Rs(A), insulin activated the IGF-I half-receptor beta-subunit and the IGF-IR-specific substrate CrkII. In contrast, Hybrid-Rs(B) bound to and were activated with high affinity by IGF-I, with low affinity by IGF-II, and insignificantly by insulin. As a consequence, cell proliferation and migration in response to both insulin and IGFs were more effectively stimulated in Hybrid-R(A)-containing cells than in Hybrid-R(B)-containing cells. The relative abundance of IR isoforms therefore affects IGF system activation through Hybrid-Rs, with important consequences for tissue-specific responses to both insulin and IGFs.
Two-layer assignment method for online Chinese character recognition (2000)

A method of stroke order and number-free online recognition of Chinese characters is proposed. Both input characters and model characters are represented with complete relational graphs (CRGs). Classification of an input character can be implemented by matching its CRG against every CRG of the model base. However, efficient algorithms for graph matching are not available. Therefore, the graph-matching problem is transformed into a two-layer assignment problem and is solved with the Hungarian method. Two complexity reduction schemes are presented to save computational time. Tests demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.
Antimicrobial substances from lactic acid bacteria for use as food preservatives (1989)

This article discusses compounds produced by lactic acid bacteria and their use as food preservatives
Biological applications of localised surface plasmonic phenomenae (2005)

Researchers and industrialists have taken advantage of the unusual optical, magnetic, electronic, catalytic, and mechanical properties of nanomaterials. Nanoparticles and nanoscale materials have proven to be useful for biological uses. Nanoscale materials hold a particular interest to those in the biological sciences because they are on the same size scale as biological macromolecules, proteins and nucleic acids. The interactions between biomolecules and nanomaterials have formed the basis for a number of applications including detection, biosensing, cellular and in situ hybridisation labelling, cell tagging and sorting, point-of-care diagnostics, kinetic and binding studies, imaging enhancers, and even as potential therapeutic agents. Noble metal nanoparticles are especially interesting because of their unusual optical properties which arise from their ability to support surface plasmons. In this review the authors focus on biological applications and technologies that utilise two types of related plasmonic phenomonae: localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The background necessary to understand the application of LSPR and SERS to biological problems is presented and illustrative examples of resonant Rayleigh scattering, refractive index sensing, and SERS-based detection and labelling are discussed.
Trust Transitivity in Social Networks (2011)

Non-centralized recommendation-based decision making is a central feature of several social and technological processes, such as market dynamics, peer-to-peer file-sharing and the web of trust of digital certification. We investigate the properties of trust propagation on networks, based on a simple metric of trust transitivity. We investigate analytically the percolation properties of trust transitivity in random networks with arbitrary in/out-degree distributions, and compare with numerical realizations. We find that the existence of a non-zero fraction of absolute trust (i.e. entirely confident trust) is a requirement for the viability of global trust propagation in large systems: The average pair-wise trust is marked by a discontinuous transition at a specific fraction of absolute trust, below which it vanishes. Furthermore, we perform an extensive analysis of the Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) web of trust, in view of the concepts introduced. We compare different scenarios of trust distribution: community- and authority-centered. We find that these scenarios lead to sharply different patterns of trust propagation, due to the segregation of authority hubs and densely-connected communities. While the authority-centered scenario is more efficient, and leads to higher average trust values, it favours weakly-connected "fringe" nodes, which are directly trusted by authorities. The community-centered scheme, on the other hand, favours nodes with intermediate in/out-degrees, in detriment of the authorities and its "fringe" peers.
Synthesis of Statistical Copolymers Containing Multiple Functional Peptides for Nucleic Acid Delivery (2010)

Our report describes RAFT copolymerization of multiple species of active peptide monomers with N-(2-hydroxypropyl(methacrylamide) (HPMA) under aqueous conditions. Resulting statistical copolymers are narrowly disperse with highly controlled molecular weight and composition. Side-chain peptide copolymers were synthesized using a DNA condensing peptide (K12), and an endosomal escape peptide (K6H5) that had been modified with an aminohexanoic linker and capped with methacrylamide vinyl on the NH2-terminus. Copolymers of HMPA-co-K12 and HPMA-co-K12-co-K6H5 efficiently condensed DNA into small particles that maintain size stability even in 150 mM salt solutions. With increasing peptide content, the peptide-based polymers demonstrated gene delivery efficiencies to HeLa cells that were comparable to branched polyethylenimine.