gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct Living Cationic Polymerization of p-Hydroxystyrene with Boron Trifluoride Etherate in the Presence of Water (2000)

Direct living cationic polymerization of p-hydroxystyrene (pHS) has been developed in the presence of a fairly large amount of water using BF3OEt2 as a Lewis acid catalyst and the adducts (1−4) of p-methoxystyrene (pMOS) and a series of protonic compounds as initiators. In contrast to most living cationic polymerizations, the water and the alcohol adducts (3 and 4, respectively) produced polymers with number-average molecular weights (Mn) close to the calculated values from the monomer/initiator mole ratios. With 4/BF3OEt2, the Mn increased with monomer conversion, and the living nature of the chains was confirmed by sequential monomer addition experiments. The polymerization proceeded even in the presence of a large amount water to afford polymers whose Mn increased in direct proportion to monomer conversion with fairly narrow MWDs (Mw/Mn < 1.4). This initiating system was also effective at or above ambient temperature (from −15 to +60 °C). The success of this controlled cationic polymerization of unprotected pHS is due to the stability of BF3OEt2 and to its tolerance of the hydroxy groups in the monomer and water and the proper selection of the initiator. This initiator contains a covalent C−O bond that is preferentially dissociated by an oxophilic Lewis acid, BF3. This is the first example of a direct living polymerization of pHS, by any mechanism, without protecting the hydroxy groups.
Mutant WT1 is associated with DNA hypermethylation of PRC2 targets in AML and responds to EZH2 inhibition (2014)

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with deregulation of DNA methylation; however, many cases do not bear mutations in known regulators of cytosine guanine dinucleotide (CpG) methylation. We found that mutations in WT1, IDH2, and CEBPA were strongly linked to DNA hypermethylation in AML using a novel integrative analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas data based on Boolean implications, if-then rules that identify all individual CpG sites that are hypermethylated in the presence of a mutation. Introduction of mutant WT1 (WT1mut) into wild-type AML cells induced DNA hypermethylation, confirming mutant WT1 to be causally associated with DNA hypermethylation. Methylated genes in WT1mut primary patient samples were highly enriched for polycomb repressor complex 2 (PRC2) targets, implicating PRC2 dysregulation in WT1mut leukemogenesis. We found that PRC2 target genes were aberrantly repressed in WT1mut AML, and that expression of mutant WT1 in CD34(+) cord blood cells induced myeloid differentiation block. Treatment of WT1mut AML cells with short hairpin RNA or pharmacologic PRC2/enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) inhibitors promoted myeloid differentiation, suggesting EZH2 inhibitors may be active in this AML subtype. Our results highlight a strong association between mutant WT1 and DNA hypermethylation in AML and demonstrate that Boolean implications can be used to decipher mutation-specific methylation patterns that may lead to therapeutic insights.
Carcass Characteristics, Time on Feed and Cooked Beef Palatability Attributes (1980)

Feeder steers (n=471) were fed for 100, 130 or 160 days, then slaughtered, and carcass grade data were collected. A wholesale rib was removed from each carcass, vacuum packaged, and aged for 12 to 14 days, and steaks were obtained, Palatability of the steaks generally increased as marbling score increased; however, the differences in palatability associated with each successive increase in marbling score were not always directionally consistent, nor were they always statistically significant. Steaks from the highest grading (by thirds of grades) carcasses (high Choice and average Choice) were (P<.05) more juicy, more flavorful and more desirable in overall palatability than were steaks from the lowest grading (by thirds of grades) carcasses (low Good and high Standard); however, steaks from low Choice, high Good and average Good carcasses did not differ in ratings for juiciness, tenderness or overall palatability. When steaks from carcasses of different grades (by full grades) were compared, grade was not associated with differences in palatability. Increased time on feed was associated with increased carcass maturity, increased fat deposition, decreased (higher numerical) yield grade and increased percentage of carcasses grading Choice. Increased feeding time from 100 days to 160 days had a beneficial effect on flavor desirability but did not significantly affect juiciness, tenderness or overall palatability. These data suggest that knowledge of feeding history might be a useful adjunct to — or substitute for — USDA quality grade for predicting beef palatability.
Critical role of gut microbiota in the production of biologically active, free catecholamines in the gut lumen of mice (2012)

There is increasing interest in the bidirectional communication between the mammalian host and prokaryotic cells. Catecholamines (CA), candidate molecules for such communication, are presumed to play an important role in the gut lumen; however, available evidence is limited because of the lack of actual data about luminal CA. This study evaluated luminal CA levels in the gastrointestinal tract and elucidated the involvement of gut microbiota in the generation of luminal CA by comparing the findings among specific pathogen-free mice (SPF-M), germ-free mice (GF-M), and gnotobiotic mice. Substantial levels of free dopamine and norepinephrine were identified in the gut lumen of SPF-M. The free CA levels in the gut lumen were lower in GF-M than in SPF-M. The majority of CA was a biologically active, free form in SPF-M, whereas it was a biologically inactive, conjugated form in GF-M. The association of GF-M with either Clostridium species or SPF fecal flora, both of which have abundant β-glucuronidase activity, resulted in the drastic elevation of free CA. The inoculation of E. coli strain into GF-M induced a substantial amount of free CA, but the inoculation of its mutant strain deficient in the β-glucuronidase gene did not. The intraluminal administration of DA increased colonic water absorption in an in vivo ligated loop model of SPF-M, thus suggesting that luminal DA plays a role as a proabsorptive modulator of water transport in the colon. These results indicate that gut microbiota play a critical role in the generation of free CA in the gut lumen.
Distinct Antitumor Properties of a Type IV Collagen Domain Derived from Basement Membrane (2000)

Vascular basement membrane is an important structural component of blood vessels. During angiogenesis this membrane undergoes many alterations and these changes are speculated to influence the formation of new capillaries. Type IV collagen is a major component of vascular basement membrane, and recently we identified a fragment of type IV collagen alpha2 chain with specific anti-angiogenic properties (Kamphaus, G. D., Colorado, P. C., Panka, D. J., Hopfer, H., Ramchandran, R., Torre, A., Maeshima, Y., Mier, J. W., Sukhatme, V. P., and Kalluri, R. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 1209-1215). In the present study we characterize two different antitumor activities associated with the noncollagenous 1 (NC1) domain of the alpha3 chain of type IV collagen. This domain was previously discovered to possess a C-terminal peptide sequence (amino acids 185-203) that inhibits melanoma cell proliferation (Han, J., Ohno, N., Pasco, S., Monboisse, J. C., Borel, J. P., and Kefalides, N. A. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 20395-20401). In the present study, we identify the anti-angiogenic capacity of this domain using several in vitro and in vivo assays. The alpha3(IV)NC1 inhibited in vivo neovascularization in matrigel plug assays and suppressed tumor growth of human renal cell carcinoma (786-O) and prostate carcinoma (PC-3) in mouse xenograft models associated with in vivo endothelial cell-specific apoptosis. The anti-angiogenic activity was localized to amino acids 54-132 using deletion mutagenesis. This anti-angiogenic region is separate from the 185-203 amino acid region responsible for the antitumor cell activity. Additionally, our experiments indicate that the antitumor cell activity is not realized until the peptide region is exposed by truncation of the alpha3(IV)NC1 domain, a requirement not essential for the anti-angiogenic activity of this domain. Collectively, these results effectively highlight the distinct and unique antitumor properties of the alpha3(IV)NC1 domain and the potential use of this molecule for inhibition of tumor growth.
High impedance fault detection using feature-pattern based relaying (2004)

The paper presents a novel time domain high impedance fault (HIF) detection scheme based on low frequency (third, fifth harmonic excursion patterns and phase-portraits). The proposed relaying scheme utilizes a pattern/shape recognition method.
A Mitochondrial-Vacuolar Signaling Pathway in Yeast That Affects Iron and Copper Metabolism (2004)

Mitochondria utilize iron, but the transporters that mediate mitochondrial iron uptake and efflux are largely unknown. Cells with a deletion in the vacuolar iron/manganese transporter Ccc1p are sensitive to high iron. Overexpression of MRS3 or MRS4 suppresses the high iron sensitivity of Deltaccc1 cells. MRS3 and MRS4 have recently been suggested to encode mitochondrial iron transporters. We demonstrate that deletion of MRS3 and MRS4 severely affects cellular and mitochondrial metal homeostasis, including a reduction in cytosolic and mitochondrial iron acquisition. We show that vacuolar iron transport is increased in Deltamrs3Deltamrs4 cells, resulting in decreased cytosolic iron and activation of the iron-sensing transcription factor Aft1p. Activation of Aft1p leads to increased expression of the high affinity iron transport system and increased iron uptake. Deletion of CCC1 in Deltamrs3Deltamrs4 cells restores cellular and mitochondrial iron homeostasis to near normal levels. Deltamrs3Deltamrs4 cells also show increased resistance to cobalt but decreased resistance to copper and cadmium. These phenotypes are also corrected by deletion of CCC1 in Deltamrs3Deltamrs4 cells. Decreased copper resistance in Deltamrs3Deltamrs4 cells results from activation of Aft1p by Ccc1p-mediated iron depletion, as deletion of CCC1 or AFT1 in Deltamrs3Deltamrs4 cells restores copper resistance. These results suggest that deletion of mitochondrial proteins can alter vacuolar metal homeostasis. The data also indicate that increased expression of the AFT1-regulated gene(s) can disrupt copper homeostasis.
Relapses Requiring Intravenous Steroid Use and Multiple Sclerosis (MS)-Related Hospitalizations: An Integrated Analysis of the BG-12 (Dimethyl Fumarate) Phase 3 Studies (P07.121) (2013)

OBJECTIVE: To report the effects of BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) on number of relapses requiring intravenous (IV) steroids and MS-related hospitalizations, from a pre-specified integrated analysis of DEFINE and CONFIRM designed to estimate more precisely the therapeutic effect of dimethyl fumarate versus placebo.
Polarity of the Blood-Brain Barrier: Neutral Amino Acid Transport into Isolated Brain Capillaries (1978)

Capillary endothelial cells isolated from rat brain exhibit Na+-dependent uptake of the neutral amino acid analog alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid. Since studies in vivo demonstrate that this transport system is not present on the blood side of brain capillaries we conclude that Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transport is located on the brain side. Therefore, the luminal plasma membrane and the antiluminal plasma membrane appear to be functionally distinct. This polarity should permit brain capillary endothelial cells to actively regulate the internal milieu of the brain.
Controlled Release from Coated Polymer Microparticles Embedded in Tissue-engineered Scaffolds (2001)

The controlled release of proteins in tissue-engineered implants is being examined with the potential application to improve vascularization and hasten tissue growth. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), was encapsulated within poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) [PLGA] microparticles. The microparticles were coated with poly(vinyl alcohol) and incorporated into PLGA tissue-engineered scaffolds during fabrication. The release of BSA from PLGA microparticles, coated PLGA microparticles, and microparticles embedded in a porous PLGA scaffold was measured. We have developed a novel approach that will permit incorporation of coated polymeric microparticles during PLGA scaffold fabrication. Growth factors or drugs could be incorporated into the microparticles resulting in a long-term, controlled release.
Endothelial DNA synthesis in the microvasculature of rat skin during the hair growth cycle (1976)

Earlier studies of the vascular patterns around hair follicles revealed that actively growing follicles have an extensive microvasculature relative to that around quiescent follicles. In order to determine whether the establishment of the active perifollicular vascular pattern involves replication of endothelial and perivascular cells, we studied the 3H-thymidine labeling indices of these cells in autoradiographs of rat skin from regions containing either actively growing follicles or recently inactive follicles. In skin containing inactive follicles, the endothelial labeling index was 0.22%, a figure similar to those reported for the endothelium of small blood vessels in several other non-stimulated adult tissues. However, skin containing actively growing follicles displayed an endothelial labeling index of 2.35%. The labeling indices of perivascular cells paralleled those of the endothelial cells. Thus, endothelial and perivascular cells in vessels associated with actively growing follicles undergo significantly more DNA synthesis than those in vessels associated with inactive follicles. Replication of these cells apparently contributes to the extension of the microvascular network around growing follicles.
Retroviral Insertional Mutagenesis Can Contribute to Immortalization of Mature T Lymphocytes (2011)

Several cases of T-cell leukemia caused by gammaretroviral insertional mutagenesis in children treated for x-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) by transplantation of autologous gene-modified stem cells were reported. In a comparative analysis, we recently showed that mature T cells, on the contrary, are highly resistant to transformation by gammaretroviral gene transfer. In the present study, we observed immortalization of a single T-cell clone in vitro after gammaretroviral transduction of the T-cell protooncogene LMO2. This clone was CD4/CD8 double-negative, but expressed a single rearranged T-cell receptor. The clone was able to overgrow nonmanipulated competitor T-cell populations in vitro, but no tumor formation was observed after transplantation into Rag-1 deficient recipients. The retroviral integration site (RIS) was found to be near the IL2RA and IL15RA genes. As a consequence, both receptors were constitutively upregulated on the RNA and protein level and the immortalized cell clone was highly IL-2 dependent. Ectopic expression of both, the IL2RA chain and LMO2, induced long-term growth in cultured primary T cells. This study demonstrates that insertional mutagenesis can contribute to immortalization of mature T cells, although this is a rare event. Furthermore, the results show that signaling of the IL-2 receptor and the protooncogene LMO2 can act synergistically in maligniant transformation of mature T lymphocytes.
Characterization of additive systems for damascene Cu electroplating by the superfilling profile monitor (2000)

Gap-filling dynamics of several different species of additives for copper electrodeposition was investigated by monitoring the cross section of a partially filled copper profile on the scanning electron microscopy photo. The filling ration Δy/Δx between “bottom-up” with “sidewall shift” was found to be proportional to the filling power of additives. The adsorption-diffusion model combined with cathode polarization and cyclic voltammetric stripping measurements was employed to explain the attribution of additives in superfilling phenomena. The superfilling dynamics was achieved under behavior of additives providing selective inhibition gradient within the damascene feature. By means of those analyses, we have optimized the appropriate amount of additives and achieved the superfilling performance for 0.15 μm vias with aspect ratio 6 by an acid-copper electrolyte with polyethylene glycol, C1−, and 2-mercaptopyridine (2-MP). Due to the additive of 2-MP, chelate formed which enhanced adsorption ability on Cu0 surface, and the concentration gradient between side-wall shift and bottom-up in the damascene became high enough to attend superfilling electroplating.
Reliability and current carrying capacity of carbon nanotubes (2001)

The current-carrying capacity and reliability studies of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under high current densities (&amp;gt;109 A/cm2) show that no observable failure in the nanotube structure and no measurable change in the resistance are detected at temperatures up to 250 °C and for time scales up to 2 weeks. Our results suggest that nanotubes are potential candidates as interconnects in future large-scale integrated nanoelectronic devices.
Plerixafor is effective given either preemptively or as a rescue strategy in poor stem cell mobilizing patients with multiple myeloma (2014)

Background Harvest of more than one CD 34+ stem cell transplant has become the standard, to ensure the option for a second autologous transplantation in patients with relapsed or progressive multiple myeloma ( MM ). Additional administration of the CXCR ‐4 inhibitor plerixafor has been shown to increase the efficiency of CD 34+ stem cell harvest. However, the algorithm when to apply plerixafor is still under debate. Study Design and Methods I n this retrospective study, 46 MM patients were categorized into four groups according to their CD 34+ stem cell count in peripheral blood ( PB ) and mobilization with or without plerixafor: G roup A comprised poor mobilizers with CD 34+ cell counts of fewer than 20 × 10 6 /L in PB . G roup B included inadequate mobilizers with CD 34+ cell counts of 20 × 10 6 / L or more in PB and a low CD 34+ stem cell yield in the first leukapheresis session. Patients receiving plerixafor preemptively ( G roup A 1) and as a rescue strategy ( G roup B 1) were compared to patients continuing stem cell collection with granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor alone ( G roups A 2 and B 2). Results In both, the preemptive and the rescue settings, plerixafor enhanced the CD 34+ stem cell yield significantly. Poor mobilization and administration of plerixafor was not associated with delayed engraftment. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that administration of plerixafor is safe and effective and facilitates a significantly higher CD 34+ stem cell harvest. Based on the presented data, we propose an algorithm for the use of plerixafor for CD 34+ stem cell mobilization and harvesting in poor mobilizing myeloma patients.
EXPERIMENTAL EFFECTS ON SURROUNDING FIBROUS CAPSULE FORMATION FROM PLACING STEROID IN A SILICONE BAG-GEL PROSTHESIS BEFORE IMPLANTATION (1978)

Soft-gel miniprostheses of silicone were implanted subcutaneously into 75 male rats. Groups of prostheses were preinjected with saline, a commercial form of triamcinolone acetonide, or a suspension of crystalline triamcinolone acetonide. The softness of the prosthesis mound later was measured objectively, and the capsules surrounding the implants were analyzed by histology, SEM, and chemistry, at various intervals up to 120 days after implantation. The control implants developed a normal laminar capsule. With an incidence increasing up to 100 percent at 120 days, the steroid-treated implants were surrounded by capsules lacking an inner membrane. The inner membrane of the laminar capsule had a high protein content (relative to normal tissue) and a relatively reduced collagen content, while the diffuse capsule resulting from the TA treatment had a high protein content and a high collagen content (about the same as normal tissue). No differences were found in the softness of the mounds of the implanted prostheses. The effect of the TA treatment was explained on the basis of its collagenolytic effect, which could gradually erode the normal capsule membrane. Capsule firmness could not be related to the architecture or the protein or collagen content in our findings. We hypothesize that normal capsule firmness may be related to the amount and kind of interconnection between the loose outer zone of connective tissue and the surrounding tissue.
Muscle cytoskeletal disruption occurs within the first 15 min of cyclic eccentric contraction (1996)

The time course of loss of the 55,000-Da intermediate filament protein desmin was measured in rabbit muscles subjected to cyclic eccentric contraction. Rabbit extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were examined 5 or 15 min after eccentric exercise and 1 h or 1 day after 30 min of an eccentric exercise protocol (n = 16 rabbits). The earliest change noted was a significant loss of desmin labeling in 2.5 +/- 0.63% of the rabbit EDL muscle fibers (P < 0.005) 5 min after initiation of eccentric exercise. Some loss of TA fiber desmin was also apparent at this time period (0.24 +/- 0.19%), but the magnitude was not significantly different from zero (P > 0.2). Fifteen minutes after initiation of exercise, desmin loss was more pronounced, increasing to 7.4 +/- 1.4 and 4.6 +/- 1.0% in the EDL and TA, respectively (P < 0.005). Finally, 1 day after 30 min of eccentric exercise, the percentage of fibers without desmin staining rose to 23.4 +/- 3.7 and 7.7 +/- 2.4% in the EDL and TA, respectively (P < 0.001). Loss of desmin staining occurred in the absence of contractile or metabolic protein disruption. Increased staining intensity of the intrasarcomeric cytoskeletal protein titin and an inability to exclude plasma fibronectin were also observed in most but not all fibers that had lost desmin staining. Desmin disruption thus represents a very early structural manifestation of muscle injury during eccentric contraction. Cytoskeletal disruption may predispose the contractile apparatus to previously reported structural damage.
Active control of product selection in a chemical reaction: a view of the current scene (2002)

A brief overview is given of active control of product selection in a chemical reaction. Attention is then focussed on the use of coherent superpositions of states to control molecular dynamics. Both adiabatic and non-adiabatic population transfer generated by use of coherent superpositions of states are considered. After discussion of the optical control of the molecular dynamics of isolated molecules, a plausible model for the influence of solvent on the states of a solute molecule is introduced. Studies using this model imply that optical control of molecular dynamics in liquid solution should be possible.
Development of a virtual radar environment (2002)

The CSU-CHILL radar facility has embarked on an initiative to enable the real time operation of the radar over the Internet called VCHILL or Virtual CHILL. The concept of operation over the Internet can be implemented at several levels. The simplest one is to make the routine CHILL images available on the Internet as soon as the scans are completed. This type of data dissemination has been available with CSU-CHILL over 5 years. However such images are clearly not sufficient for aircraft coordination or actively conducting coordinated scans with rapid updates. The VCHILL initiative has a more ambitious goal of providing the same quality of service (QoS) at remote locations as at the radar site. In addition, the goal of the VCHILL initiative is to provide the educational experience of polarimetric radar at a remote location, without compromising on features of an on-site radar console. This paper describes some progresses and plans of the VCHILL initiative.