gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An artefact suppressing fast-recovery myoelectric amplifier (1999)

An amplifier for recording myoelectric signals using surface electrodes has been developed. The special features are suppression of stimulation artefacts and motion artefacts from electrodes. It is designed for recording of myoelectric signals from a muscle that is being stimulated with short impulses. The artifact suppression is achieved by using fast-recovery instrumentation amplifiers and having a nonlinear feedback loop for automatic compensation of changes in DC-offset.
Interictal high-frequency oscillations (100–500 Hz) in the intracerebral EEG of epileptic patients (2007)

Interictal fast oscillations between 100 and 500 Hz have been reported in signals recorded from implanted microelectrodes in epileptic patients and experimental rat models. Oscillations between 250 and 500 Hz, or fast ripples (FR), appeared related to the epileptic focus whereas ripples (80-200 Hz) were not. We report high-frequency oscillations recorded with intracranial macroelectrodes in seven patients with refractory focal epilepsy during slow-wave sleep. We characterize the relation of fast oscillations to the seizure focus and quantify their concordance with epileptiform transients, with which they are strongly associated. The patients were selected because interictal spikes were found within and outside the seizure onset zone. Visual inspection was used to identify and classify the ripples and FRs according to their relation to epileptiform spikes. Continuous-time wavelet analysis was used to compute their power. Ripples were present in all patients while FRs where found in five of the seven patients. Most ripples and FRs occurred at the same time as epileptiform transients. The rate of occurrence of ripples was higher within the seizure onset zone than outside in four of seven patients. The rate of FRs was much higher within the seizure onset zone than outside in four of the five patients with FRs (in these four patients, FRs were almost inexistent outside the seizure onset zone). The power of ripples and FRs tended to be higher in the electrodes where their rate was also higher. These results indicate that FRs were more restricted to the electrodes located within the seizure onset zone, especially to the hippocampus, than ripples. In only one patient, FRs were more frequent outside the seizure onset zone; this patient was the only one with cortical dysplasia and the electrode with a high rate of FRs was inside the lesion. This study demonstrates that interictal ripples and FRs can be recorded with depth macroelectrodes in patients. Most occur at the time of epileptiform spikes but some are isolated. Ripples do not show a clear differentiation between the seizure onset zone and remote areas, whereas FRs have a higher rate and higher power in the seizure onset zone. Our results also suggest a special capacity of the abnormal hippocampus to generate FRs, although they were also recorded in other structures.
Engraftment of Human T‐Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Immunodeficient NOD/SCID Mice Which Have Been Preconditioned by Injection of Human Cord Blood (2001)

Childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is one of the most common childhood cancers. Study of leukemia biology, as well as preclinical testing of potential therapeutic regimens directed at T-ALL, has been impeded by the lack of an efficient in vivo model of primary leukemia. We have reported elsewhere some observations that human cord blood conditioned medium enhances leukemia colony formation in vitro and preconditioning of sublethally irradiated nonobese diabetic/ severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice with cord blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) facilitates the subsequent engraftment of primary T-ALL cells in these mice. Here we characterize in greater detail this in vivo xenograft model of human leukemia in NOD/SCID mice. Consistent with the thesis that cord blood facilitates engraftment, the engraftment of human leukemia can be shown to increase with increasing number of cord blood MNCs injected. In addition, we documented the expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 by primary T-ALL from patients and found that the presence of these receptors did not result in the transmigration of T-ALL cells induced by stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha. Finally, we show that in this xenograft system T-ALL cells recovered from engrafted bone marrow are characterized by upregulated expression of interleukin 2 receptor gamma chain, suggesting that cord blood preconditioning may function in part to increase T-ALL responsiveness to growth factor(s).
Reduced blood flow and oxygenation in SA-1 tumours after electrochemotherapy with cisplatin (2002)

Electrochemotherapy is an antitumour treatment that utilises locally delivered electric pulses to increase cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs. Besides increased drug delivery, application of electric pulses affects tumour blood flow. The aim of this study was to determine tumour blood flow modifying effects of electrochemotherapy with cisplatin, its effects on tumour oxygenation and to determine their relation to antitumour effectiveness. Electrochemotherapy of SA-1 subcutaneous tumours was performed by application of electric pulses to the tumours, following administration of cisplatin. Tumour blood flow modifying effects of electrochemotherapy were determined by measurement of tumour perfusion using the Patent blue staining technique, determination of tumour blood volume, and microvascular permeability using contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and tumour oxygenation using electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry. Antitumour effectiveness was determined by tumour growth delay and the extent of tumour necrosis and apoptosis. Tumour treatment by electrochemotherapy induced 9.4 days tumour growth delay. Tumour blood flow was reduced instantaneously and persisted for several days. This reduction in tumour blood flow was reflected in reduced tumour oxygenation. The maximal reduction in partial oxygen pressure (pO2) levels was observed at 2 h after the treatment, with steady recovery to the pretreatment level within 48 h. The reduced tumour blood flow and oxygenation correlated well with the extent of tumour necrosis and tumour cells apoptosis induced by electrochemotherapy with cisplatin. Therefore, the data indicate that antitumour effectiveness of electrochemotherapy is not only due to increased cytotoxicity of cisplatin due to electroporation of tumour cells, but also due to anti-vascular effect of electrochemotherapy, which resulted in reduced tumour blood flow and oxygenation.
Transtracheal/transesophageal stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (1987)

A new technique is described which allows stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) through intact tracheal and esophageal mucosa. In ten anesthetized dogs, the posterior-lateral tracheal wall and the anterior-lateral esophageal wall were stimulated by a 1 to 2 mA current with a probe placed just distal to the edge of the cricoid cartilage. The tracheal mucosa was approached through a tracheostomy stoma and the esophageal mucosa through the mouth. The resultant vocal cord motion was frequency dependent, with graded abduction occurring below 30 Hz and adduction above 40 Hz. By stimulating the posterior laryngeal mucosa proximal to the cricoid edge, the RLN branch to the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle was activated, causing ipsilateral vocal cord abduction independent of frequency. Monitoring of cardiopulmonary parameters demonstrated no alterations at these amperages. There were no mucosal abrasions noted. The transtracheal and transesophageal approaches to RLN stimulation appear promising as diagnostic techniques for evaluating vocal cord function during laryngoscopy and, possibly, as methods of glottic airway control.
Interferon-α drives T cell-mediated immunopathology in the intestine (2001)

The ability of interferon (IFN)-alpha to induce autoimmunity and exacerbate Th1 diseases is well known. We have recently described enhanced expression of IFN-alpha in the mucosa of patients with celiac disease (CD), a gluten-sensitive Th1-mediated enteropathy, characterized by villous atrophy and crypt cell hyperplasia. Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that T cell activation in explant cultures of human fetal gut can also result in villous atrophy and crypt cell hyperplasia. We have, therefore, examined changes that take place in explant cultures of human fetal gut after activation of T cells with anti-CD3 and/or IFN-alpha. We show that activation of T cells with anti-CD3 alone elicits a small IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha response with no tissue injury. Similarly, no changes are seen in explants cultured with IFN-alpha alone. However, addition of IFN-alpha with anti-CD3 results in enhanced Th1 response and crypt cell hyperplasia. This is associated with enhanced phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT3, and Fyn, a Src homology tyrosine kinase, which interacts with both TCR and IFN-alpha signal components. Together these data indicate that IFN-alpha can facilitate activation of Th1-reactive cells in the gut and drive immunopathology.
On-line data archives (2005)

Digital libraries and other large archives of electronically retrievable and manipulable material are becoming widespread in both commercial and scientific arenas. Advances in networking technologies have led to a greater proliferation of wide area distributed data warehousing with associated data management challenges. We review tools and technologies for supporting distributed online data archives and explain our key concept of "active" data archives, in which data can be processed on-demand prior to delivery. We are developing wide-area data warehousing software infrastructure for geographically distributed archives of large scientific data sets, such as satellite image data, that are stored hierarchically on disk arrays and tape silos and are accessed by a variety of scientific and decision support applications. Interoperability is a major issue for distributed data archives and requires standards for server interfaces and metadata. We review present activities and our contributions in developing such standards for different application areas.
Hepatitis C Virus RNA Synthesis in a Cell-Free System Isolated from Replicon-Containing Hepatoma Cells (2003)

A number of hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins, including NS5B, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, were detected in membrane fractions from Huh7 cells containing autonomously replicating HCV RNA replicons. These membrane fractions were used in a cell-free system for the analysis of HCV RNA replication. Initial characterization revealed a reaction in which the production of replicon RNA increased over time at temperatures ranging from 25 to 40 degrees C. Heparin sensitivity and nucleotide starvation experiments suggested that de novo initiation was occurring in this system. Both Mn2+ and Mg2+ cations could be used in the reaction; however, concentrations of Mn2+ greater than 1 mM were inhibitory. Compounds shown to inhibit recombinant NS3 and NS5B activity in vitro were found to inhibit RNA synthesis in the cell-free system. This system should be useful for biochemical analysis of HCV RNA synthesis by a multisubunit membrane-associated replicase and for evaluating potential antiviral agents identified in biochemical or cell-based screens.
Prostaglandins in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension (1998)

To the Editor: We would like to congratulate Dr. Kunimoto et al. for their excellent study on the IV application of prostaglandin E1 to patients suffering from pulmonary hypertension related to either mitral valve replacement or adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [1]. However, we would like to draw the authors' attention to a different route of prostaglandin application, which is inhaled endotracheal administration. This approach can be achieved by nebulizing prostaglandins into the inspiratory limb of the respiratory circuit. It does not matter what kind of nebulizer is used (ultrasonic nebulizer or jet nebulizer), as long as the nebulizer produces a particle size capable of reaching the alveoli (diameter 1-5 mm). This therapeutic regimen has been tested by us and others in animal models with [2,3] and without lung injury [4,5]. These results were reproducible in patients suffering from severe ARDS, no matter whether prostaglandin I2[6] or prostaglandin E1[7] was used. In all studies, the inhaled application of either prostaglandin I2 or prostaglandin E1 proved to reliably lower pulmonary artery pressure without affecting systemic hemodynamics, especially without lowering systemic vascular resistance index. The latter also holds true in patients with ARDS, and, subsequently, reduced pulmonary metabolism of prostaglandin E1, as suggested by Kunimoto et al. [1]. Further, an improvement in arterial oxygenation was achieved in patients with ARDS by improving ventilation/perfusion ratio and, thus, lowering the intrapulmonary shunting [6,7]. However, in a few cases, only a reduction in pulmonary artery pressure without any improvement in arterial oxygenation can be seen [2,8]. The reason for this phenomenon is not quite clear, yet. Walmrath et al. [9] suggested that a preexistent pulmonary fibrosis may be responsible for this phenomenon. In conclusion, the inhaled route of prostaglandin administration in cases of ARDS and/or pulmonary hypertension seems to be as effective as the IV route in terms of lowering pulmonary vascular resistance but has no negative side effects, such as increased pulmonary shunting, reduced arterial oxygenation, or systemic vasodilation. Further, the inhaled application of prostaglandins does not cause any harm to the airway, even when given over a prolonged period of time [10]. Consequently, in our opinion, the inhaled application of vasodilators such as prostaglandin E1 seems to be superior to the IV administration. Michael Booke, MD, PhD Hugo Van Aken, MD, PhD Gregor Theilmeier, MD Jorg Meyer, MD, PhD Klinik und Poliklinik fur Anasthesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin; Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster; 48129 Munster, Germany
Can Zeta sperm selection method, recover sperm with higher DNA integrity compare to density gradient centrifugation? (2009)

Background: Sperm selection for ICSI based on morphology and motility might not be relevant to chromatin integrity. Thus sperm selection based on sperm characteristics has been suggested. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of Zeta method with routine Density Gradient Centrifugation method (DGC) for the selection of sperm with higher DNA integrity. Materials and Methods: Semen samples were obtained from 63 individuals referring to Andrology Unit of Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center. Semen analysis was carried out according to WHO criteria. Each semen sample was divided into three equal portions. One portion was used as control, the second portion was used for Zeta method and the third portion underwent DGC method. Each portion was evaluated to DNA integrity by TUNEL assay. Student t-test was carried out using SPSS and p-value lower than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean number of sperm DNA fragmentation in Zeta and DGC methods were significantly decreased compare to the control group (p&lt;0.001). In addition, Zeta method was more efficient than the DGC method in the selection of sperm with intact DNA (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: The Zeta method appears to be a suitable procedure to recover sperm with normal DNA integrity.
Learning Trajectory Preferences for Manipulators via Iterative Improvement (2013)

We consider the problem of learning good trajectories for manipulation tasks. This is challenging because the criterion defining a good trajectory varies with users, tasks and environments. In this paper, we propose a co-active online learning framework for teaching robots the preferences of its users for object manipulation tasks. The key novelty of our approach lies in the type of feedback expected from the user: the human user does not need to demonstrate optimal trajectories as training data, but merely needs to iteratively provide trajectories that slightly improve over the trajectory currently proposed by the system. We argue that this co-active preference feedback can be more easily elicited from the user than demonstrations of optimal trajectories, which are often challenging and non-intuitive to provide on high degrees of freedom manipulators. Nevertheless, theoretical regret bounds of our algorithm match the asymptotic rates of optimal trajectory algorithms. We demonstrate the generalizability of our algorithm on a variety of grocery checkout tasks, for whom, the preferences were not only influenced by the object being manipulated but also by the surrounding environment.\footnote{For more details and a demonstration video, visit: \url{http://pr.cs.cornell.edu/coactive}}
Forms of soluble iron in mouse stomach and duodenal lumen: significance for mucosal uptake (1990)

Stomach contents of mice fed on a standard rodent breeding diet contained 29-733 microM-soluble nonhaem-iron. A very variable percentage (3-100, mean 49.3 (SE 4.7), n 37) of this Fe was rapidly (half-life less than 1-2 s) available for chelation by the strong Fe(II) chelator ferrozine, with little or no further Fe being available on addition of ascorbate. Ferrozine-available Fe could be detected in the duodenal lumen at concentrations up to 60 microM in vivo and after in vitro neutralization of stomach contents. No significant changes in quantity of stomach ferrozine-available Fe or soluble non-haem-Fe occurred in mice with adaptive enhancement of Fe absorption induced by chronic hypoxia. Electron paramagnetic resonance (e.p.r.) spectroscopy of the soluble portion of mouse stomach contents demonstrated a g = 4.3 signal (rhombic Fe(III)) equivalent to up to 20% of soluble non-haem-Fe. The signal was unaffected by addition of excess ferrozine and increased on subsequent neutralization, suggesting redistribution of Fe from other e.p.r.-silent species. Solutions of Fe-nitrilotriacetate (NTA) (a synthetic Fe chelate used as a bioavailable, model Fe solution) were found to contain both rapidly and slowly ferrozine-available Fe (after addition of ascorbate) depending on pH, NTA:Fe ratio and the presence of Ca(II) ions. Fe-ascorbate mixtures (a model solution for Fe absorption studies) also contained ferrozine-available Fe. These results suggest the presence of Fe(II), rhombic Fe(III) and other e.p.r.-silent Fe species in the soluble fraction of mouse stomach contents. The ferrozine-available (Fe(II)) fraction is not limited by the reducing power in the diet, but by binding to ligands. Neutralization with bicarbonate leads to a loss of ferrozine-available Fe and increase in rhombic Fe(III) at the expense of both ferrozine-available and other e.p.r.-silent Fe species. The ferrozine-available Fe in mouse stomach and duodenal lumen can be related to Fe species present in model solutions used for in vitro studies of mucosal uptake mechanisms.
Effects of a restrictive blood transfusion protocol on acute pediatric burn care: Transfusion threshold in pediatric burns (2018)

Therapeutic, level IV.
The Active Agent in Nascent Phage Lysis of Streptococci (1957)

SUMMARY: A powerful lytic factor has been obtained in phage lysates of group C streptococci, which is active against streptococci of groups A, C and E and under some conditions group H. It is the factor responsible for ‘nascent’ phage lysis. The lytic activity remains unaltered by the removal of the phage by high-speed centrifuging, and also in the presence of phage antiserum. It is active against young and old cell suspensions, live, or killed by chloroform. The activity diminishes in the absence of reducing agents and it is destroyed by proteolytic enzymes. Heat-killed cocci when attacked by the lytic factor become Gram-negative but do not lyse. The addition of a proteolytic enzyme completes lysis. Efforts to demonstrate the release of proteinases from streptococcal suspensions have failed. After lysis the group polysaccharide is free as a hapten and some cell-wall structure remains. M antigen is also present in group A lysates.
Array‐based comparative genomic hybridization analysis of high‐grade neuroendocrine tumors of the lung (2005)

We examined a large number of primary high-grade neuroendocrine tumors of the lung (10 small cell lung carcinomas and 31 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas) by using array-based comparative genomic hybridization using microarrays spotted with 800 bacterial artificial chromosome clones containing tumor-related genes from throughout the human genome. We identified the genome-wide copy number alteration profiles of these tumors, including recurrent amplifications located at 2q21.2, 3q21-27, 3q26, 3q27-29, 5p14.2, 5p13, 7q21.1, 8q21, and 8q24 and homozygous deletions at 1p36, 4p16, 4p16.3, 9p21.3, 9p21, 19p13.3, and 20q13. Our results revealed that small cell lung carcinomas and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas have multiple characteristic chromosomal alterations in common, but that distinctive alterations also exist between the two subtypes. Moreover, we found that the two subtypes undergo different processes of accumulating these genetic alterations during tumor development. By comparing the genetic profiles with the clinicopathological features, we discovered many chromosomal loci whose alterations were significantly associated with clinical stage and patient prognosis. These results will be valuable for evaluating clinical status, including patient prognosis, and for identifying novel molecular targets for effective therapies.
A tempo-insensitive distance measure for cover song identification based on chroma features (2008)

We present a distance measure between audio files designed to identify cover songs, which are new renditions of previously recorded songs. For each song we compute the chromagram, remove phase information and apply exponentially distributed bands in order to obtain a feature matrix that compactly describes a song and is insensitive to changes in instrumentation, tempo and time shifts. As distance between two songs, we use the Frobenius norm of the difference between their feature matrices normalized to unit norm. When computing the distance, we take possible transpositions into account. In a test collection of 80 songs with two versions of each, 38% of the covers were identified. The system was also evaluated on an independent, international evaluation where it despite having much lower complexity performed on par with the winner of last year.
Application of Flow Cytometric Techniques to Veterinary Clinical Hematology (2002)

Flow cytometry has emerged as a major new technology in veterinary clinical laboratories. Flow cytometers in current use include stand-alone instruments and cytometers incorporated into hematology analyzers. Flow cytometers offer rapid and quantitative analysis of a variety of cell types based on cell size, molecular complexity, and antigenic composition. Therefore, flow cytometry complements and extends knowledge that can be obtained by light microscopy. Stand-alone instruments are very flexible, however, this flexibility opens the instrument to obtaining invalid or misleading results. The recent development of monoclonal antibodies specific for epitopes on blood cells of food and companion animals has greatly expanded the spectrum of tests with potential clinical application. Tests that appear to have the greatest potential for routine application include reticulocyte and reticulated platelet enumeration, detection of erythrocyte-bound immunoglobulin, immunophenotyping of leukemias and lymphomas, and bone marrow differential cell counting. This report will briefly review the technical aspects of flow cytometry and then focus on techniques with present or potential application to the veterinary clinical laboratory.