gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
0463 Validation of a Home Sleep Apnea Testing Device for the Diagnosis of Sleep Disordered Breathing based on AASM 2012 guidelines (2019)

Home sleep apnea testing (HSAT) is a scalable, cost-effective way of diagnosing sleep disordered breathing (SDB) that can help address the volumes of undiagnosed patients due to limited availability of in-laboratory polysomnography (PSG) facilities. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) in 2012 defined a hypopnea as a ≥ 30% drop in nasal air flow to pre-event baseline associated with either a ≥ 3% oxygen desaturation or an arousal. Most HSAT devices do not fully cover all aspects of the scoring rules and only score hypopneas associated with desaturations. The study aim was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity (compared to PSG) of a new HSAT algorithm using hypopnea scoring using the AASM 2012 guidelines. This was a dual-center, single-night study with simultaneous PSG and HSAT performed in 46 subjects referred to sleep laboratory for investigation of SDB. PSG studies were manually scored by a single expert sleep study scorer. The ApneaLink Air HSAT device (ResMed) uses an autoscoring algorithm that employs flow shape information and machine learning techniques to detect hypopnea associated with arousal. Studies were considered evaluable if the HSAT evaluation time was ≥ 4 hours. Subjects were predominantly male (65%), aged 56 ± 13 years, BMI 36 ± 8 kg/m2. Apnea-hypopnea Index (AHI, events/hr) categories per PSG reports were: 5 normal (AHI < 5), 9 mild SDB (AHI 5-14), 12 moderate SDB (AHI15-30) and 17 severe SDB (AHI≥30). Per PSG, there were 2,683 obstructive, 52 mixed, and 363 central apneas, and 5,324 hypopneas. Three subjects were excluded from the analysis due to low HSAT evaluation time. Sensitivity for the HSAT algorithm was 92% and specificity was 80% for ruling in SDB at AHI ≥ 5 when compared to manual expert PSG scoring. The results from this study suggest that the new HSAT algorithm is suitable to screen for SDB based on AASM 2012 guidelines. ResMed.
Accommodative Ciliary Body and Lens Function in Rhesus Monkeys, I: Normal Lens, Zonule and Ciliary Process Configuration in the Iridectomized Eye (2006)

Decreased lens movement with age could be in part secondary to extralenticular age-related changes, such as loss of ciliary body forward movement. Ciliary body centripetal movement may not be the limiting component in accommodation in the older eye.
Viscoelastic Properties of Self-Assembled Type I Collagen Fibers: Molecular Basis of Elastic and Viscous Behaviors (2002)

We have studied the strain rate dependence of incremental stress-strain curves of self-assembled type I collagen fibers in an effort to understand the molecular phenomena that contribute to the macroscopic mechanical behavior of tendons. Results of viscoelastic tests at strain rates between 10% and 1000% per min suggest that the slope of the elastic stress-strain curve is to a first approximation independent of strain rate while the slope of the viscous stress-strain curve increases with increased strain rate. After correction of the slope of the viscous stress-strain curve for the changes in strain rate, it is observed that the apparent viscosity decreases with increased strain rate. It is concluded that the approximate strain rate independence of the elastic spring constant of collagen is consistent with the spring-like behavior of the 12 flexible regions that make up the collagen D-period. These regions are poor in the rigid amino acid residues proline and hydroxyproline. In contrast, the thixotropy of collagen is consistent with the slippage of subfibrillar subunits during tensile deformation. It is hypothesized that at high strain rates subfibrillar subunits appear to "hydroplane" by each other on a layer of loosely bound water.
A novel suite of cyclotides from Viola odorata: sequence variation and the implications for structure, function and stability (2006)

Cyclotides are a fascinating family of plant-derived peptides characterized by their head-to-tail cyclized backbone and knotted arrangement of three disulfide bonds. This conserved structural architecture, termed the CCK (cyclic cystine knot), is responsible for their exceptional resistance to thermal, chemical and enzymatic degradation. Cyclotides have a variety of biological activities, but their insecticidal activities suggest that their primary function is in plant defence. In the present study, we determined the cyclotide content of the sweet violet Viola odorata, a member of the Violaceae family. We identified 30 cyclotides from the aerial parts and roots of this plant, 13 of which are novel sequences. The new sequences provide information about the natural diversity of cyclotides and the role of particular residues in defining structure and function. As many of the biological activities of cyclotides appear to be associated with membrane interactions, we used haemolytic activity as a marker of bioactivity for a selection of the new cyclotides. The new cyclotides were tested for their ability to resist proteolysis by a range of enzymes and, in common with other cyclotides, were completely resistant to trypsin, pepsin and thermolysin. The results show that while biological activity varies with the sequence, the proteolytic stability of the framework does not, and appears to be an inherent feature of the cyclotide framework. The structure of one of the new cyclotides, cycloviolacin O14, was determined and shown to contain the CCK motif. This study confirms that cyclotides may be regarded as a natural combinatorial template that displays a variety of peptide epitopes most likely targeted to a range of plant pests and pathogens.
Image quilting for texture synthesis and transfer (2001)

We present a simple image-based method of generating novel visual appearance in which a new image is synthesized by stitching together small patches of existing images. We call this process image quilting. First, we use quilting as a fast and very simple texture synthesis algorithm which produces surprisingly good results for a wide range of textures. Second, we extend the algorithm to perform texture transfer — rendering an object with a texture taken from a different object. More generally, we demonstrate how an image can be re-rendered in the style of a different image. The method works directly on the images and does not require 3D information.
Molecular Cloning, Expression, and Purification of Undecaprenyl Diphosphate Synthase (1998)

Cloning of the gene for undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase was successful, providing the first primary structure for any prenyltransferase that catalyzes Z-prenyl chain elongation. A genomic DNA library of Micrococcus luteus B-P 26 was constructed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant clones were grown on nylon membranes. The membrane was incubated directly by floating it on a reaction mixture containing radiolabeled isopentenyl diphosphate, nonlabeled farnesyl diphosphate, and Mg2+. Only the clones harboring plasmids encoding prenyltransferases could take up the substrates to synthesize and accumulate radiolabeled products inside the cells in amounts large enough to be detectable by autoradiography. Four positive colonies were found among about 4,000 bacterial colonies of the genomic DNA library. Two of them carried the gene for undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase, which catalyzes the Z-prenyl chain elongation, and the others carried the (all-E)-hexaprenyl diphosphate synthase genes (hexs-a and hexs-b; Shimizu, N., Koyama, T., and Ogura, K. (1998) J. Bacteriol. 180, 1578-1581). The undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase, which had a predicted molecular mass of 28.9 kDa, was overproduced in E. coli cells by applying a soluble expression system, and it was purified to near homogeneity. The deduced primary structure of the Z-prenyl chain-elongating enzyme is totally different from those of E-prenyl chain-elongating enzymes, which have characteristic conserved regions, including aspartate-rich motifs.
Distribution of Endothelin Receptor Subtypes ETAand ETBin the Rat Kidney (2006)

The endothelin (ET) receptor system is markedly involved in the regulation of renal function under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The present study determined the detailed cellular localization of both ET receptor subtypes, ET(A) and ET(B), in the vascular and tubular system of the rat kidney by immunofluorescence microscopy. In the vascular system we observed both ET(A) and ET(B) receptors in the media of interlobular arteries and afferent and efferent arterioles. In interlobar and arcuate arteries, only ET(A) receptors were present on vascular smooth muscle cells. ET(B) receptor immunoreactivity was sparse on endothelial cells of renal arteries, whereas there was strong labeling of peritubular and glomerular capillaries as well as vasa recta endothelium. ET(A) receptors were evident on glomerular mesangial cells and pericytes of descending vasa recta bundles. In the renal tubular system, ET(B) receptors were located in epithelial cells of proximal tubules and inner medullary collecting ducts, whereas ET(A) receptors were found in distal tubules and cortical collecting ducts. Distribution of ET(A) and ET(B) receptors in the vascular and tubular system of the rat kidney reported in the present study supports the concept that both ET receptor subtypes cooperate in mediating renal cortical vasoconstriction but exert differential and partially antagonistic effects on renal medullary function.
IL-6 blockade inhibits the induction of myelin antigen-specific Th17 cells and Th1 cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (2008)

The development of Th17 cells is a key event in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of human multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous studies have demonstrated that an IL-6-dependent pathway is involved in the differentiation of Th17 cells from naïve CD4-positive T cells in vitro. However, the role of IL-6 in vivo in the development of Th17 cells in EAE has remained unclear. In the present study, we found that IL-6 blockade by treatment with an anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody (anti-IL-6R mAb) inhibited the development of EAE and inhibited the induction of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide-specific CD4-positive, CD8-positive, and Th17 T cells, in inguinal lymph nodes. Thus, the protective effect of IL-6 blockade in EAE is likely to be mediated via the inhibition of the development of MOG-peptide-specific Th17 cells and Th1 cells, which in turn leads to reduced infiltration of T cells into the CNS. These findings indicate that anti-IL-6R mAb treatment might represent a novel therapy for human MS.
Palladium-Catalyzed Reactions of Enol Ethers: Access to Enals, Furans, and Dihydrofurans (2012)

The palladium-catalyzed oxidation of alkyl enol ethers to enals, which employs low loadings of a palladium catalyst, is described. The mild oxidation conditions tolerate a diverse array of functional groups, while allowing the formation of di-, tri-, and tetrasubtituted olefins. The application of this methodology to intramolecular reactions of alkyl enol ethers containing pendant alcohols provides furan and 2,5-dihydrofuran products.
The antitumoral effect of endostatin and angiostatin is associated with a down‐regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in tumor cells (2002)

Endostatin and angiostatin are known as tumor-derived angiogenesis inhibitors, but their mechanisms of action are not yet completely defined. We report here that endostatin and angiostatin, delivered by adenoviral vectors, reduced in vitro the neovessel formation in the mouse aortic ring assay by 85 and 40%, respectively. We also demonstrated in vivo that both endostatin and angiostatin inhibited local invasion and tumor vascularization of transplanted murine malignant keratinocytes, and reduced by 50 and 90% the development of highly vascularized murine mammary tumors. This inhibition of tumor growth was associated with a reduction of tumor vascularization. Expression analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) carried out in the mouse aortic ring model revealed a 3- to 10-fold down-regulation of VEGF mRNA expression in endostatin-treated rings. A similar down-regulation of VEGF expression at both mRNA and protein levels was also observed in the two in vivo cancer models after treatment with each angiogenesis inhibitor. This suggests that endostatin and angiostatin effects may be mediated, at least in part, by their ability to down-regulate VEGF expression within the tumor. This work provides evidence that endostatin and angiostatin act on tumor cells themselves.
Interactions between PE2, E1, and 6K required for assembly of alphaviruses studied with chimeric viruses (1996)

During the assembly of alphaviruses, a preassembled nucleocapsid buds through the cell plasma membrane to acquire an envelope containing two virally encoded glycoproteins, E2 and E1. Using two chimeric viruses, we have studied interactions between E1, E2, and a viral peptide called 6K, which are required for budding. A chimeric Sindbis virus (SIN) in which the 6K gene had been replaced with that from Ross River virus (RR) produced wild-type levels of nucleocapsids and abundant PE2/E1 heterodimers that were processed and transported to the cell surface. However, only about 10% as much chimeric virus as wild-type virus was assembled, demonstrating that there is a sequence-specific interaction between 6K and the glycoproteins required for efficient virus assembly. In addition, the conformation of E1 in the E2/E1 heterodimer on the cell surface was different for the chimeric virus from that for the wild type, suggesting that one function of 6K is to promote proper folding of E1 in the heterodimer. A second chimeric SIN, in which both the 6K and E1 genes, as well as the 3' nontranslated region, were replaced with the corresponding regions of RR also resulted in the production of large numbers of intracellular nucleocapsids and of PE2/E1 heterodimers that were cleaved and transported to the cell surface. Budding of this chimera was severely impaired, however, and the yield of the chimera was only approximately 10(-7) of the SIN yield in a parallel infection. The conformation of the SIN E2/RR E1 heterodimer on the cell surface was different from that of the SIN E2/SIN E1 heterodimer, and no interaction between viral glycoproteins and nucleocapsids at the cell plasma membrane could be detected in the electron microscope. We suggest that proper folding of the E2/E1 heterodimer must occur before the E2 tail is positioned properly in the cytoplasm for budding and before heterodimer trimerization can occur to drive virus budding.
EXTRACTION OF 3D SPATIAL POLYGONS BASED ON THE OVERLAPPING CRITERION FOR ROOF EXTRACTION FROM AERIAL IMAGES (2005)

This study presents algorithms for semi-automatic 3D spatial polygon extraction from a pair of colored aerial images with a known external model solution. The algorithm consists of several consecutive stages: initial pointing by a human operator which defines the algorithm as semi-automatic, extraction of a bounding polygon in the left image space, calculation of the estimated height and transformation to the right image space, extraction of a bounding polygon in the right image space and an iterative process which matches both polygons and extracts the spatial polygon. This algorithm is based on a 2D approach to solving the 3D reality and can be employed in many feature extraction situations. In this study, the algorithm is used for the spatial extraction of roofs and is presented in a semi-automatic interactive non model-based approach. In the proposed method, the operator needs to point at every distinct planar part of the roof in the left image space (2D). For each pointing, a specific roof plane is automatically extracted. The intersection of these planes provides us with the detailed roof structure. To examine the algorithm efficiency, a semi-automatic system for roof extraction was developed. The results we obtained were satisfactory and it appears that the algorithm can be implemented on many types of roofs and under diverse photographic conditions. This article presents the algorithm, the experiments and the results.
Microtubule Defects and Cell Morphogenesis in the lefty1lefty2 Tubulin Mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (2004)

lefty1 and lefty2 are semi-dominant left-handed helical growth mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, which result from identical dominant-negative amino acid substitutions in alpha-tubulin 6 and alpha-tubulin 4, respectively. Here we characterized the expression patterns of the affected tubulin genes and the phenotypes of the lefty double mutant to address increasing effects of microtubule defects on cell morphogenesis. Both tubulin genes were expressed ubiquitously in examined tissue and cell types, and the alpha-tubulin 2/4/6 subfamily transcripts predominated over other alpha-tubulin transcripts in Arabidopsis seedlings. The lefty double mutant seedlings showed helical growth in hypocotyls and radial cell expansion in the root elongation zone where mutant cortical microtubule arrays were more fragmented and less well aligned than wild-type arrays. Branching of leaf trichomes was highly reduced. In adult mutant plants, anisotropic growth of anther filament cells was severely impaired. These results suggest that left-handed twisted elongation is an intermediate state that leads to full isotropic expansion as the cortical microtubules are increasingly destabilized.
Definitions of Cytomegalovirus Infection and Disease in Transplant Recipients (2002)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease are important causes of morbidity and mortality among transplant recipients. For the purpose of developing consistent reporting of CMV in clinical trials, definitions of CMV infection and disease were developed and published. This study seeks to update the definitions of CMV on the basis of recent developments in diagnostic techniques, as well as to add to these definitions the concept of indirect effects caused by CMV.
Organic Synthesis Workbook (2000)

Chapter 1. Mienfiensine. (Overman 2005) Key chemistry: Enantioselective Heck Reactions. Chapter 2. Myriaporone 4. (Taylor, 1998, 2004) Key Chemistry: Evans Aldol Reactions. Chapter 3. Ningalin D. (Boger 2005) Key Chemistry: Pyrrole Synthesis using a 1,2,4,5-Tetrazine 1,2-Diazine Pyrrole Strategy. Chapter 4. BIRT-377. (Barbas 2005) Key Chemistry: Organocatalysis Chapter 5. Vitamin E. (Tietze 2006) Key Chemistry: Palladium (II)- catalyzed Domino Wacker-Heck Reaction. Chapter 6. (+)-Cyanthiwigin U. (Phillips 2005, Palomo 2002). Key Chemistry: Alkene Metathesis. Chapter 7. XK-EPO. (Schering AG 2006) Key Chemistry: Macrolactonization. Chapter 8. (+)-Laurenine. (Boeckmann 2002) Key Chemistry: Enantioselective Reduction of Ketones. Chapter 9. Cylindramide. (Laschat 2005) Key Chemistry: Oxidation of Ketones to the Corresponding a,ss-unsaturated carbonyl compounds via the Silyl enol ether. Chapter 10. Peridinin. (Bruckner 2006) Key Chemistry: Formation of C=C double bonds. Chapter 11. Laulimalide. (Mulzer 2003) Key Chemistry: Asymmetric Epoxidation of Alkenes. Chapter 12. Cystothiazole B. (Panek 2004) Key Chemistry: Stereoselective Crotylation of Aldehydes with Chiral Crotyl Silanes. Chapter 13. (+)-Pentacycloanammoxic acid. (Corey 2006) Key Chemistry: Photochemical Cycloadditions. Chapter 14. (-)-Dactylolide (McLeod 2006). Key Chemistry: [3,3]-Sigmatropic Ireland-Claisen Rearrangement. Abbreviations. Index.
Intraoperative Measurement of Lumbar Spinal Instability (1992)

To justify lumbar fusion or stabilization, a quantitative assessment and definition of spinal instability are essential. To quantify spinal instability, the tensile stiffness of a motion segment (vertebra-disc-vertebra) was measured with a spinal distractor during spinal decompression surgery. Stiffness was indicated by the relationship between load and displacement between the two adjacent spinous processes where a vertebral spreader was suspended. A load-displacement curve was recorded at each step of surgical decompression and fixation while the motion segment was being distracted at a constant speed. The device used for measuring stiffness of a spinal motion segment is a lumbar spinal spreader with a load strain gauge and a displacement transducer. The stiffness of a spinal motion segment was reduced as disc degeneration developed. Degenerative spondylolisthetic discs showed the least stiffness (lowest, 3.9 N/mm; average, 5.4 N/mm). The stiffness of herniated discs, however, was relatively greater (average, 11.8 N/mm). The stiffness of normal motion segments was greater than affected segments. If the stiffness of a motion segment before decompression was graded as 100, it was reduced to 82% after partial laminectomy and facetectomy and to 65% after discectomy on average. After interbody fusion by iliac bone graft, it increased to 133% and to 184%, after Luque fixation.
Lymphotoxin‐α‐deficient and TNF receptor‐I‐deficient mice define developmental and functional characteristics of germinal centers (1997)

Mice deficient in LT alpha (LT alpha-/-) lack lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. This action of LT alpha in lymph node organogenesis appears to be mediated by the membrane form of LT using a mechanism independent of TNF receptor I (TNFR-I) or II (TNFR-II). In contrast, normal Peyer's patch development appears to require both LT alpha and TNFR-I, with TNFR-I-/- mice showing hypoplastic Peyer's patch structures. LT alpha-/- mice also fail to support the normal segregation of T-cell and B-cell zones within the splenic white pulp. Again, this occurs via a mechanism independent of TNFR-I or TNFR-II. Additionally, follicular dendritic cell (FDC) clusters or germinal centers fail to develop in the spleen of LT alpha-/- animals. Mice deficient in either TNF alpha or TNFR-I also fail to develop splenic FDC clusters and germinal centers, indicating that signaling by both LT alpha and TNF alpha is required for development of these specialized lymphoid tissue structures. Finally, the splenic white pulp areas in LT alpha-/- mice lack the marginal zone of monoclonal antibody MOMA-1-staining metallophilic macrophages, whereas TNFR-I-deficient mice have preserved MOMA-1 staining. Thus, certain actions of LT alpha to regulate spleen white pulp architecture are mediated by receptors other than TNFR-I, most likely by the LT beta R or a closely related receptor. We tested whether germinal centers are essential for maturation of T-cell-dependent antibody responses. When LT alpha-/- mice were immunized with low doses of NP-ovalbumin (NP-OVA) adsorbed to alum, there was dramatically impaired production of high affinity anti NP IgG; however, after immunization with high doses of NP-OVA adsorbed to alum, LT alpha-/- mice mounted a high affinity NP-specific serum IgG response similar to wild-type mice, all in the absence of germinal centers or clustered FDC. Thus, although germinal centers enhance the processes required for maturation of the humoral immune response, the mechanisms responsible for affinity maturation are not absolutely dependent on the presence of germinal centers.
Introduction (1987)

This volume collects the proceedings of two conferences held at The City University, in October 1983 and May 1984. Both conferences were concerned with international debt problems. The first conference examined the current problems, and solutions proposed for them, while the second was more analytical, examining the workings of the international monetary system and reflecting on how difficulties could be avoided in the future. This introduction summarises the main points of the chapters and sets out some general conclusions.KeywordsCentral BankSovereign DebtMoney GrowthIndividual BankDebt ProblemThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.