gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phase I study of the plant protein ricin. (1984)

A Phase I study was carried out with ricin, a plant toxin acting by inhibiting protein synthesis, on 54 cancer patients with advanced disease. Ricin was given as i.v. bolus injections every two weeks at dose levels ranging from 4.5 to 23 micrograms/sq m of estimated body surface area. Ricin was well tolerated at doses up to 18 to 20 micrograms/sq m. At these levels and at higher levels, flu-like symptoms with fatigue and muscular pain appeared and, in some patients, nausea and vomiting occurred also. No myelo-suppression was seen. Antibodies to ricin were detected in serum after two to three ricin injections. Ricin was eliminated from blood according to first order kinetics. At each dose level, the plasma concentrations, as well as the side effects, showed only minor differences between patients. The highest dose given, 23 micrograms/sq m, gave plasma concentrations twice those found previously to be therapeutically effective in tumor-bearing mice. Of 38 evaluable patients, one patient with lymphoma had a partial response. Stable disease was observed in four patients with renal cancers, in two with soft tissue sarcomas, and in one patient each with mesothelioma, thyroid, and rectal cancer. A dose of 23 micrograms/sq m is recommended for Phase II trials of ricin.
The macrophage: Past, present and future (2007)

As we approach the centenary of Elie Metchnikoff's Nobel Prize (1908), it is opportune to reflect upon the history of macrophage immunobiology, take stock of current knowledge and anticipate questions for the future. Starting from his appreciation of phagocytosis as an important determinant of host defence against infection and injury, we have learned a great deal about the distribution of macrophages throughout the body, their heterogeneous phenotype and complex functions in tissue homeostasis as well as in innate and acquired immunity. Recent discoveries of Toll-like and other plasma membrane, vacuolar and cytosolic recognition molecules have brought the macrophage and closely related dendritic cells to the centre of immunologic attention, but many earlier discoveries of their cellular and molecular properties have laid a broader foundation to the appreciation of their remarkable plasticity and adaptability to local and systemic cues. Discoveries of pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF and other secretory products have provided valuable insights into the role of macrophages in many acute and chronic disease processes, and led to the development of effective therapeutics. Much remains to be discovered regarding both their specific functions and by study of their general cellular properties, in vitro and in vivo.
Proteomic Analysis of Prostate Cancer Field Effect (2008)

Abstract : We have undertaken a proteomic approach to identify proteins altered in both cancer and benign cells near the cancers. This study takes advantage of the ?field effect? of the cancer, the malignancy associated changes in normal cells to discover cancer altered protein that could be more abundant in serum or urine since they would come from both benign and cancer cells. We have set optimal conditions for laser capture microdissection (LCM) of prostate epithelia and extraction of protein from them for the mass spectroscopic (MS) analysis of resultant peptides and protein identification through available soft ware programs. We changed the control approach to our study since cystoprostatectomy prostate tissues did not become available, but we were given cross sections of prostates. Whereas we originally had planned to use a pool of cystoprostatectomy prostate epithelia as a control in each iTRAQ run, we now are able to have controls internal to the individual prostate specimen; i.e., benign distant to cancer and benign prostatic hyperplastic (BPH) tissues vs cancer and benign near cancer tissues. In addition, use of new state of the art equipment in the Mass Spectroscopy and Proteomics Core Facility of the University of Minnesota and implementation of the 8iTRAQ labeling method will increase the data acquisition capability of our studies.
Antibody‐Targeted Photolysisa (1991)

Antibody-targeted photolysis is a technique for damaging or killing cells using light and an antibody-bound photosensitizer. In the present study, immunoconjugates were constructed to selectively kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria using tin (IV) chlorin e6 which was linked to dextran and then bound to the carbohydrate moiety of a monoclonal antibody specific for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Fisher type I polysaccharide antigen. Killing of Pseudomonas during mid-log phase growth was shown to be dependent upon light dose with complete bacterial cell killing observed at an irradiation dose of 80 J/cm2. Individual components of the immunoconjugates (e.g., antibody or chlorin alone) showed no bacterial cytotoxicity and immunoconjugates constructed with nonbinding antibodies were also ineffective as cytotoxic agents. These studies demonstrate that killing of gram negative bacteria using photoradiation is feasible and suggest that this methodology may be applicable in treatment of infections in man.
Shape recovery methods for visual inspection (2003)

The advancement of three-dimensional machine vision is closely related to the development of robust and efficient shape recovery methods. The author addresses the recovery problem associated with three different classes of surfaces: (a) specular surfaces; (b) surfaces with varying reflectance; and (c) rough and textured surfaces. Three realtime machine vision systems have been developed based on these results. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methods and systems are applicable to a variety of visual inspection problems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Design, Synthesis, and Immunostimulatory Properties of CpG DNAs Containing Alkyl-Linker Substitutions:  Role of Nucleosides in the Flanking Sequences (2002)

Bacterial and synthetic DNA containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides activate the innate immune system and promote Th1-like immune responses. Recently, a receptor, TLR9, has been shown to recognize CpG DNA and activate immune cascade. But there have been no reports on the molecular mechanisms of recognition between CpG DNA and the receptor(s). Our earlier studies described a number of the chemical and structural characteristics of CpG dinucleotide and the sequences flanking the CpG dinucleotide that are critical for immunostimulatory activity. In the present study, we examined the effect of the presence and absence of a nucleoside in the flanking sequences by replacing one or two natural deoxyribonucleosides at various positions with one or more alkyl- (C2-C12), branched alkyl- (glyceryl or aminobutyryl-propanediol), or ethyleneglycol- (tri or hexa) linkers. The results suggest that a linker substitution at the first two nucleoside positions adjacent to the CpG dinucleotide on the 5'- or the 3'-side neutralizes the immunostimulatory activity, as determined by in vitro mouse spleen cell proliferation, cytokine secretion, and in vivo mouse spleen enlargement. The same substitutions placed about three to six nucleotides away from the CpG dinucleotide either did not affect or potentiated immunostimulatory activity compared with parent CpG-DNA without modifications. Substitution of deoxyribonucleosides with a C3 or C4 alkyl-linker was found to be optimal for potentiating immunostimulatory activity.
Culture of immortalized cells (1996)

Partial table of contents: Human Keratinocyte Immortalization: Genetic Basis and Role in Squamous Cell Carcinoma Development (E. Parkinson). Safety Procedures (J. Caputo). Mapping Human Senescence Genes Using Interspecific Monochromosome Transfer (R. Newbold & A. Cuthbert). Development of Immortal Human Fibroblast Cell Lines (L. Mayne, et al.). Immortalization of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells (R. De Silva, et al.). Thyroid Epithelium (D. Wynford--Thomas). B--Lymphocytes (B. Bolton & N. Spurr). Megakaryocyte Cell Lines from Transgenic Mice (K. Ravid). List of Suppliers. Index.
Implementation of a high frequency PWM signal in FPGA FOR GaN power devices switching (2017)

This paper describes a FPGA-based (Field Programmable Gate Array) high-frequency signal generation platform, which aims to drive GaN (Gallium nitride) power semiconductor devices. FPGA is a digital platform that operates at frequency levels up to GHz. Thus, it can be an interesting solution to driving GaN devices that operate on typical frequencies of 1 to 10 MHz. A brief review on the FPGA platform and the description of the implementation of Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) signals at frequencies up to 2 MHz are presented. Experimental results have shown that it is possible to obtain a duty cycle in the range from 1 to 99% with a resolution of 0.67%. Additionally, concerning the PWM period, the phase can be defined in the range from 1 to 360 degrees with a resolution of 2.4 degrees. Finally, some power applications that benefits by using GaN devices at high frequencies are shown.
Decomposition Behavior of Plant Biomass in Hot-Compressed Water (2000)

Decomposition behaviors of bamboo, chinquapin (hardwood), and Japan cedar (softwood) in hot-compressed water (HCW) were examined using a HCW flow type reactor to achieve the maximum utilization of plant biomass. HCW was passed through the reactor (3.6 mL) loaded with the biomass sample powder (177−250 μm) at a flow rate of 10 mL/min under 9.8 MPa. The temperature of HCW was maintained at 180 °C for 20 min, after which it was raised to about 285 °C at a rate of 5 °C /min and maintained at 285 °C for about 7 min. By these operations, free sugars, some of lignin and most of hemicellulose, were first solubilized in water and flowed out during the initial 20 min flow of HCW. Cellulose started to decompose when the temperature of HCW was over 230 °C. The orders of elution of these components were common for three biomass samples, although the amount of products obtained during the heat-up period up to 180 °C and that of residue which finally remained in the reactor differed with the samples.
Secretion of the Notch-1 Aβ-like Peptide during Notch Signaling (2006)

The canonical pathway of Notch signaling is mediated by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). In the pathway, ligand binding results in sequential proteolysis of the Notch receptor, and presenilin (PS)-dependent intramembrane proteolysis at the interface between the membrane and cytosol liberates the Notch-1 intracellular domain (NICD), a transcription modifier. Because the degradation of the Notch-1 transmembrane domain is thought to require an additional cleavage near the middle of the transmembrane domain, extracellular small peptides (Notch-1 Abeta-like peptide (Nbeta)) should be produced. Here we showed that Nbeta species are indeed secreted during the process of Notch signaling. We identified mainly two distinct molecular species of novel Nbeta, Nbeta21 and C-terminally elongated Nbeta25, which were produced in an approximately 5:1 ratio. This process is reminiscent of the production of Alzheimer disease-associated Abeta. PS pathogenic mutants increased the production of the longer species of Abeta (Abeta42) from beta-amyloid protein precursor. We revealed that several Alzheimer disease mutants also cause a parallel increase in the secretion of the longer form of Nbeta. Strikingly, chemicals that modify the Abeta42 level caused parallel changes in the Nbeta25 level. These results demonstrated that the characteristics of C-terminal elongation of Nbeta and Abeta are almost identical. In addition, because many other type 1 membrane-bound receptors release intracellular domains by PS-dependent intramembrane proteolysis, we suspect that the release of Abeta- or Nbeta-like peptides is a common feature of the proteolysis during RIP signaling. We anticipate that this study will open the door to searches for markers of RIP signaling and surrogate markers for Abeta42 production.
Immunohistochemical expression of podocyte markers in the variants of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (2012)

COL variant of FSGS presented immunohistochemical characteristics that distinguished it from others pointing to additional studies in this area. The distinct immunohistochemical properties of COL might be of help in the comprehension of this aggressive form of FSGS.
Clinical Trial of a Noninvasive Contact Lens Glucose Sensor (2004)

The contact lens glucose sensor shows promise as a home glucose monitor.
Versatility of the proximal Cope loop catheter (1989)

Versatility of the proximal Cope loop catheterF Doenz, A Wu and K ChoAudio Available | Share
PLASMA SELENIUM LEVEL BEFORE DIAGNOSIS AND THE RISK OF PROSTATE CANCER DEVELOPMENT (2001)

Low plasma selenium is associated with a 4 to 5-fold increased risk of prostate cancer. These results support the hypothesis that supplemental selenium may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Because plasma selenium decreases with patient age, supplementation may be particularly beneficial to older men.
Recombinatoric exploration of novel folded structures: A heteropolymer-based model of protein evolutionary landscapes (2002)

The role of recombination in evolution is compared with that of point mutations (substitutions) in the context of a simple, polymer physics-based model mapping between sequence (genotype) and conformational (phenotype) spaces. Crossovers and point mutations of lattice chains with a hydrophobic polar code are investigated. Sequences encoding for a single ground-state conformation are considered viable and used as model proteins. Point mutations lead to diffusive walks on the evolutionary landscape, whereas crossovers can "tunnel" through barriers of diminished fitness. The degree to which crossovers allow for more efficient sequence and structural exploration depends on the relative rates of point mutations versus that of crossovers and the dispersion in fitness that characterizes the ruggedness of the evolutionary landscape. The probability that a crossover between a pair of viable sequences results in viable sequences is an order of magnitude higher than random, implying that a sequence's overall propensity to encode uniquely is embodied partially in local signals. Consistent with this observation, certain hydrophobicity patterns are significantly more favored than others among fragments (i.e., subsequences) of sequences that encode uniquely, and examples reminiscent of autonomous folding units in real proteins are found. The number of structures explored by both crossovers and point mutations is always substantially larger than that via point mutations alone, but the corresponding numbers of sequences explored can be comparable when the evolutionary landscape is rugged. Efficient structural exploration requires intermediate nonextreme ratios between point-mutation and crossover rates.
The pharmacological effects of an aqueous extract fromAcacia nilotica seeds (1999)

An aqueous extract of the seed of Acacia nilotica was investigated for its pharmacological profile. On the isolated guinea-pig ileum, the extract displayed sustained dose-related contractile activity. The contractions which were reduced by hexamethonium, promethazine or atropine were completely abolished by nifedipine. The intravenous (i.v.) administration of the extract (11, 22, 44, 55 microg/kg) to anaesthetized cats produced a dose-related significant elevation of blood pressure. The mechanisms of the spasmogenic and vasoconstrictor actions of the extract have not been determined, however, the results suggest the involvement of calcium.
Active and Passive Microrheology in Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Systems (2008)

Quantitatively measuring the mechanical properties of soft matter over a wide range of length and time scales, especially if a sample is as complex as typical biological materials, remains challenging. Living cells present a further complication because forces are generated within these nonequilibrium materials that can change material properties. We have here developed high-bandwidth techniques for active one- and two-particle microrheology to tackle these issues. By combining active micromanipulation of probe particles with an optical trap with high-resolution tracking of thermal motions of the very same particles by laser interferometry, we can both measure the mechanical properties of and, at the same time, identify nonequilibrium forces in soft materials. In both simple liquids and equilibrium cytoskeletal actin networks, active microrheology (AMR) proves to be less noise sensitive than and offers extended bandwidth (0.1−100 kHz) compared to passive microrheology (PMR), which merely tracks thermal motions. We confirm high-frequency power-law dynamics in equilibrium actin networks with two-particle AMR and also discuss low-frequency local mechanical response near probe particles which shows up in one-particle AMR. The combination of AMR and PMR allowed us to quantify nonthermal force fluctuations in actin networks driven by myosin motor proteins. Our approach offers a new direct way to investigate the nonequilibrium dynamics of living materials.
Hb F Synthesis in Sickle Cell Anaemia: a Comparison of Saudi Arab Cases with those of African Origin (1980)

Fetal haemoglobin (Hb F) synthesis has been studied in 22 cases of sickle cell anemia (SS) from Saudi Arabia and compared with an equal number of cases of African origin. Among the Saudi Arabs gamma chain synthesis ranged from 4.0% to 19.9% of the total non-alpha chain synthesis (mean 8.1%) while the corresponding range for the Negro cases was < 0.3% to 4.6% (mean 1.7%). In both groups the peripheral blood Hb F level was on average 3--4 times higher than the proportion synthesized, indicating that the selective survival of Hb F containing cells (F cells) was an important factor in determining the final Hb F levels. Among the Saudi Arab cases there was a significant negative correlation between the degree of F cell enrichment and either the Hb F level of the percentage gamma chain synthesis. No such correlation was observed among the Negro cases. A high proportion of the cases in both groups were carriers of alpha thalassaemia in addition to SS, but no effect of alpha thalassaemia on Hb F production was observed.
Systemic Administration of Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF-1) Prevents Bone Loss and Increases New Bone Formation in Ovariectomized Rats (1999)

There are no universally accepted agents that will substantially increase bone mass in osteoporotic patients. A number of peptides important in normal bone formation, such as members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, are not satisfactory for this purpose either because their beneficial effects are predominantly local or there is systemic toxicity associated with their administration. We have examined the effects of exogenous fibroblast growth factor-1 and -2 (FGF-1 and FGF-2) on bone in vivo, since FGFs have been shown recently to be essential for normal skeletal development. FGF-1 was injected daily (0.2 mg/kg intravenously) for 28 days into the tail vein of adult female rats immediately following and 6 months after sham operation or ovariectomy (OVX). In rats treated immediately post-OVX, OVX produced more than a 30% decrease in tibial bone density, which was prevented by FGF-1 and estrogen. However, FGF-1 also had an anabolic effect. In sham-operated rats, FGF-1 increased bone density to 2-fold, whereas estrogen had no effect. In rats 6 months post-OVX, severe bone loss and disruption of trabecular microarchitecture occurred similar to that seen in patients with severe osteoporosis. In these rats, administration of FGF-1 induced extensive new woven bone formation with new trabecular-like structures filling much of the marrow spaces, and bone density in the tibial metaphysis increased 3-fold. FGF-1 and FGF-2 were also administered subcutaneously over the calvaria of mice in doses of 2-2000 microg/day for 3 days and shown to produce substantial increases in bone formation when examined morphologically. Thus, we conclude that both local and systemic FGF-1 increases new bone formation and bone density, and systemic FGF-1 also appears to restore bone microarchitecture and prevent bone loss associated with estrogen-withdrawal.
Candida albicansYeast and Germ Tube Forms Interfere Differently with Human Monocyte Differentiation into Dendritic Cells: a Novel Dimorphism-Dependent Mechanism To Escape the Host's Immune Response (2004)

The ability of Candida albicans to convert from the yeast (Y) form to mycelial forms through germ tube (GT) formation is considered a key feature of the transition of the organism from commensalism to virulence. We show here that human monocytes cultured with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4 (IL-4) after phagocytosis of Y forms did not differentiate into dendritic cells (DCs); they retained CD14, did not acquire CD1a, and were unable to express the maturation markers CD83 and CCR7. Moreover, they did not produce IL-12p70 but secreted IL-10. In addition, they spontaneously expressed high levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA transcripts and were able to induce proliferation of alloreactive memory but not naïve T lymphocytes. Conversely, monocytes that had phagocytosed GT forms differentiated into mature CD83+ and CCR7+ DCs; however, there was no up-regulation of CD40, CD80, and major histocompatibility complex class II, irrespective of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. In addition, these cells were unable to produce IL-12 even after LPS stimulation, but they were not functionally exhausted, as shown by their capacity to express TNF-alpha and IL-8 mRNA transcripts. These cells were able to prime naïve T cells but not to induce their functional polarization into effector cells. These data indicate that phagocytosis of Y and GT forms has profound and distinct effects on the differentiation pathway of monocytes. Thus, the differentiation of human monocytes into DCs appears to be tunable and exploitable by C. albicans to elude immune surveillance.
Synthesen des Heteroauxins, des Tryptamins und des Serotonins (1958)

Abstract Die Kondensation des 1‐Acetyl‐indoxyls (I) mit Cyanessigsäure führt unter bestimmten Bedingungen zu [1‐Acetyl‐indolyl‐(3)]‐acetonitril (II). Aus diesen entsteht durch alkalische Verseifung Heteroauxin (III) und durch Reduktion mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid, unter gleichzeitiger Abspaltung der N ‐Acetylgruppe, Tryptamin (IV). Das aus 2‐Chlor‐5‐amino‐benzoesäure leicht zugängliche 1‐Acetyl‐5‐benzyloxy‐indoxyl (XI) wurde durch analoge Behandlung in Serotonin (XIV) umgewandelt.
Status of SDIO/IS&T lasercom testbed program (1993)

Laser satellite networking is a key element of effective communications operations to support both strategic and tactical missions. Lasercom offers a number of important advantages over conventional RF satellite communications. The shorter wavelength available using lasers provides higher data rates at less power and smaller apertures, both resulting in lower weight requirements. On the other hand, lasercom entails more difficulty in acquisition and tracking because of the narrow beams used. Technology problems to be overcome before intersatellite laser communications can reliably outperform RF communications include acquisition in the presence of significant background light from the earth, tracking to resolutions of a few microradians, high speed modulation of semiconductor lasers with close to one watt of power in a diffraction limited beam, high bandwidth low noise detector response, and demonstrated long term performance. We have developed critical technologies to solve some of these problems, and demonstrated them in a laboratory testbed which also supports development and testing of network protocols and algorithms. Our hardware provides new capability in background light rejection by using innovative atomic line filter technology, improved tracking accuracy by using innovative zero backlash Roto-Lok drive gimbal telescopes, and increased communications bandwidth by incorporating multi-link networking protocols.