gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solid-Phase Microextraction. A Solvent-Free Alternative for Sample Preparation (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolid-Phase Microextraction. A Solvent-Free Alternative for Sample PreparationZhouyao Zhang, Min J. Yang, and Janusz PawliszynCite this: Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 17, 844A–853APublication Date (Print):September 1, 1994Publication History Published online22 September 2008Published inissue 1 September 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00089a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00089a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3615Altmetric-Citations668LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Hard acid and soft nucleophile system. 2. Demethylation of methyl ethers of alcohol and phenol with an aluminum halide-thiol system (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHard acid and soft nucleophile system. 2. Demethylation of methyl ethers of alcohol and phenol with an aluminum halide-thiol systemManabu Node, Kiyoharu Nishide, Kaoru Fuji, and Eiichi FujitaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 22, 4275–4277Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01310a003https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01310a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4363Altmetric-Citations138LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
High Resolution Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing for Flexible Electronics (2007)

Efforts to adapt and extend graphic arts printing techniques for demanding device applications in electronics, biotechnology and microelectromechancial systems have grown rapidly in recent years. This paper describes the use of electrohydrodynamically induced fluid flows through fine microcapillary nozzles for jet printing of patterns and functional devices with sub-micron resolution. Key aspects of the physics of this approach, which has some features in common with related but comparatively low resolution techniques for graphic arts, are revealed through heuristic models and direct high speed imaging of the droplet formation processes. Printing of complex patterns of inks, ranging from insulating and conducting polymers, to solution suspensions of silicon nanoparticles and rods, to single walled carbon nanotubes, using integrated, computer controlled printer systems illustrates some of the capabilities. High resolution, printed metal interconnects, electrodes and probing pads for functional transistors and representative circuits with critical dimensions as small as 1 micron demonstrate potential applications in printed electronics.
Interaction between Land-use/Distribution and Assignment (1980)

This paper reports on a study to investigate the feasibility of determining a synthetic equilibrium between the demand for travel and level of service provided by a network. The method adopted is an iterative algorithm that involves the feedback of a travel cost matrix, obtained at the end of a traffic assignment phase, to a land-use/distribution phase. TRANSTEP, a land-use/distribution model, is used for modelling travel demand and ARRBTRAFIC, an equilibrium assignment model, is used for estimating travel delays between each pair of origin-destination zones. The algorithm is tested using three different initial conditions. The results indicate the existence of an equilibrium region after four to five iterations. Further iterations lead to oscillations with an amplitude of five to ten percent around the equilibrium. These interim results demonstrate the effect of congestion costs on demand models such as TRANSTEP, and identify areas suitable for the refinement of both TRANSTEP and ARRBTRAFIC.
Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment (2011)

Bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis are the most common infectious causes of vaginitis. Bacterial vaginosis occurs when the normal lactobacilli of the vagina are replaced by mostly anaerobic bacteria. Diagnosis is commonly made using the Amsel criteria, which include vaginal pH greater than 4.5, positive whiff test, milky discharge, and the presence of clue cells on microscopic examination of vaginal fluid. Oral and topical clindamycin and metronidazole are equally effective at eradicating bacterial vaginosis. Symptoms and signs of trichomoniasis are not specific; diagnosis by microscopy is more reliable. Features of trichomoniasis are trichomonads seen microscopically in saline, more leukocytes than epithelial cells, positive whiff test, and vaginal pH greater than 5.4. Any nitroimidazole drug (e.g., metronidazole) given orally as a single dose or over a longer period resolves 90 percent of trichomoniasis cases. Sex partners should be treated simultaneously. Most patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis are diagnosed by the presence of vulvar inflammation plus vaginal discharge or with microscopic examination of vaginal secretions in 10 percent potassium hydroxide solution. Vaginal pH is usually normal (4.0 to 4.5). Vulvovaginal candidiasis should be treated with one of many topical or oral antifungals, which appear to be equally effective. Rapid point-of-care tests are available to aid in accurate diagnosis of infectious vaginitis. Atrophic vaginitis, a form of vaginitis caused by estrogen deficiency, produces symptoms of vaginal dryness, itching, irritation, discharge, and dyspareunia. Both systemic and topical estrogen treatments are effective. Allergic and irritant contact forms of vaginitis can also occur.
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 mutants deficient in capsular expression (1998)

Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is responsible for a wide variety of porcine infections. In addition, it is considered a zoonotic agent. Knowledge about the virulence factors for this bacterium is limited but its polysaccharide capsule is thought to be one of the most important. Transposon mutagenesis with the self-conjugative transposon Tn916 was used to obtain acapsular mutants from the virulent S. suis type 2 reference strain S735. Clones were screened by colony-dot ELISA with a monoclonal antibody specific for a type 2 capsular epitope and clones that failed to react with the antibody were characterized. Two mutants, 2A and 79, having one and two Tn916 insertions respectively, were chosen for further characterization. Absence of capsule was confirmed by coagglutination, capillary precipitation and capsular reaction tests and by transmission electron microscopy. Absence of capsular polysaccharides correlated with increased hydrophobicity and phagocytosis by both murine macrophages and porcine monocytes compared to the wild-type strain. Furthermore, both mutants were shown to be avirulent in murine and pig models of infection. Finally, mutant 2A was readily eliminated from circulation in mice compared to the wild-type strain, which persisted more than 48 h in blood. Thus, isogenic mutants defective in capsule production demonstrate the importance of capsular polysaccharides as a virulence factor for S. suis type 2.
Differential Chemoprotection of Normal and Malignant Tissues<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN3">3</xref> (1969)

The radioprotective agent, WR-2721 (S-2-[3-aminopropylamino] ethylphosphorothioate), has been tested (or its ability to protect mice against X-ray-induced lethality and against X-ray-induced skin ulceration, and for its ability to protect a transplantable mammary tumor against radiation-induced inhibition of transplantability. Injection of WR-2721 (500 mg/kg) 15 minutes before X-ray exposures increases the dose required to induce 50% lethality within 30 days (LD50/30) by 160–170%, increases the X-ray dose required to induce skin ulceration in 50% of the mice by 140%, but increases the dose required to inhibit tumor transplantability by only 15%. This differential protective activity, even though limited in scope, should be investigated further to assess the potential usefulness of radioprotective agents in radiotherapy.
Expression and genomic analysis of midasin, a novel and highly conserved AAA protein distantly related to dynein (2002)

The highly conserved structure of midasin in eukaryotes, taken in conjunction with its nuclear localization in yeast, suggests that midasin may function as a nuclear chaperone and be involved in the assembly/disassembly of macromolecular complexes in the nucleus. The AAA domain of midasin is evolutionarily related to that of dynein, but it appears to lack a microtubule-binding site.
The Java handbook (1996)

Part 1 For beginners: object-oriented programming basic Java language constructs. Part 2 Advanced Java features: exception handling concurrent programming name spaces modifiers fundamental classes. Part 3 Package-by-package API illustrations: utilities I/O networking windowing and graphics. Part 4 A definitive example - appendices: differences from C++ HotJava and Netscape 2.0 configuration.
Pole tip recession in linear recording heads (2003)

Using a range of experimental techniques-optical and atomic force microscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy-we have identified the major processes responsible for pole tip recession (PTR) in linear tape recording systems. Within a few tens of hours, TiC grain fragments pulled out from the tape-bearing surface ceramic (Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-TiC) are trapped in the pole tip region and, hence, act as three-body abrasive particles. This dramatically increases PTR. We used a numerical model to calculate the depth of the head subsurface von Mises stress maximum. The result (a depth of about 30 nm) is comparable to the TiC pullout depth. A fatigue mechanism is thus likely to rely on generation and propagation of cracks at that depth, which causes TiC grains to pull out. To overcome this phenomenon, we considered two solutions. 1) Recording heads coated with two different superprotective layers (SPL)-CrO/sub 2/ coating-thicknesses, 20 and 40 nm, were tested in various environments. The maximum stress location, either in the substrate (20-nm SPL) or at the interface (40-nm SPL), was found to control the coating wear resistance. 2) Dummy heads consisting of a single-phase ceramic (Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/) as an alternative to Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-TiC were also tested; no evidence of fatigue brittle fracture was found.
Generation and Properties of a Streptococcus pneumoniae Mutant Which Does Not Require Choline or Analogs for Growth (1998)

A mutant (JY2190) of Streptococcus pneumoniae Rx1 which had acquired the ability to grow in the absence of choline and analogs was isolated. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and wall teichoic acid (TA) isolated from the mutant were free of phosphocholine and other phosphorylated amino alcohols. Both polymers showed an unaltered chain structure and, in the case of LTA, an unchanged glycolipid anchor. The cell wall composition was also not altered except that, due to the lack of phosphocholine, the phosphate content of cell walls was half that of the parent strain. Isolated cell walls of the mutant were resistant to hydrolysis by pneumococcal autolysin (N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase) but were cleaved by the muramidases CPL and cellosyl. The lack of active autolysin in the mutant cells became apparent by impaired cell separation at the end of cell division and by resistance against stationary-phase and penicillin-induced lysis. As a result of the absence of choline in the LTA, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) was no longer retained on the cytoplasmic membrane. During growth in the presence of choline, which was incorporated as phosphocholine into LTA and TA, the mutant cells separated normally, did not release PspA, and became penicillin sensitive. However, even under these conditions, they did not lyse in the stationary phase, and they showed poor reactivity with antibody to phosphocholine and an increased release of C-polysaccharide from the cell. In contrast to ethanolamine-grown parent cells (A. Tomasz, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 59:86-93, 1968), the choline-free mutant cells retained the capability to undergo genetic transformation but, compared to Rx1, with lower frequency and at an earlier stage of growth. The properties of the mutant could be transferred to the parent strain by DNA of the mutant.
SB-253514 and Analogues. Novel Inhibitors of Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens DSM 11579. I. Fermentation of Producing Strain, Isolation and Biological Activity. (2000)

Two new classes of inhibitors of LpPLA2 have been identified in fermentations of Pseudomonas fluorescens. The two structurally isomeric series differ in the geometry of closure of the bicyclic carbamate and comprise a range of compounds varying only in length of their lipophilic sidechain. The most abundant species were extracted from the cells and purified by silica and C18 chromatography. Members of the more stable class were shown to be potent and selective competitive inhibitors of LpPLA2.
Label-Free DNA Biosensors Based on Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors (2009)

A carbon nanotube transistor array was used to detect DNA hybridization. A new approach to ensure specific adsorption of DNA to the nanotubes was developed. The polymer poly (methylmethacrylate(0.6)-co-poly(ethyleneglycol)methacrylate(0.15)-co-N-succinimidyl methacrylate(0.25)) was synthesized and bonded noncovalently to the nanotube. Aminated single-strand DNA was then attached covalently to the polymer. After hybridization, statistically significant changes were observed in key transistor parameters. Hybridized DNA traps both electrons and holes, possibly caused by the charge-trapping nature of the base pairs.
Effects of Sex Hormones and Their Balance on the Proliferation of Rat Vascular Endothelial Cells (2002)

Estrogen can speed up the proliferation of female and male rat VECs, while progesterone has no effect on female rat VECs alone. The balance of the ratio of E(2) to testosterone, E(2) to progesterone may play an important role in the proliferation of female rat VECs.
Heat Transfer in Nanostructures for Solid-State Energy Conversion (2001)

Solid-state energy conversion technologies such as thermoelectric and thermionic refrigeration and power generation require materials with low thermal conductivity but good electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient, which are difficult to realize in bulk semiconductors. Nanostructures such as superlattices, quantum wires, and quantum dots provide alternative approaches to improve the solid-state energy conversion efficiency through size and interface effects on the electron and phonon transport. In this review, we discuss recent research and progress using nanostructures for solid-state energy conversion. The emphasis is placed on fundamental issues that distinguish energy transport and conversion between nanoscale and macroscale, as well as heat transfer issues related to device development and property characterization.
Biomass Energy Data Book: Edition 4 (2011)

The Biomass Energy Data Book is a statistical compendium prepared and published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) under contract with the Biomass Program in the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) program of the Department of Energy (DOE). Designed for use as a convenient reference, the book represents an assembly and display of statistics and information that characterize the biomass industry, from the production of biomass feedstocks to their end use, including discussions on sustainability. This is the fourth edition of the Biomass Energy Data Book which is only available online in electronic format. There are five main sections to this book. The first section is an introduction which provides an overview of biomass resources and consumption. Following the introduction to biomass, is a section on biofuels which covers ethanol, biodiesel and bio-oil. The biopower section focuses on the use of biomass for electrical power generation and heating. The fourth section is on the developing area of biorefineries, and the fifth section covers feedstocks that are produced and used in the biomass industry. The sources used represent the latest available data. There are also two appendices which include frequently needed conversion factors, a table of selected biomass feedstock characteristics, and discussions on sustainability. A glossary of terms and a list of acronyms are also included for the reader's convenience.
The in vitro development of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines: formation of visceral yolk sac, blood islands and myocardium (1985)

The in vitro developmental potential of mouse blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines has been investigated. From 3 to 8 days of suspension culture the cells form complex embryoid bodies with endoderm, basal lamina, mesoderm and ectoderm. Many are morphologically similar to embryos of the 6- to 8-day egg-cylinder stage. From 8 to 10 days of culture about half of the embryoid bodies expand into large cystic structures containing alphafoetoprotein and transferrin, thus being analagous to the visceral yolk sac of the postimplantation embryo. Approximately one third of the cystic embryoid bodies develop myocardium and when cultured in the presence of human cord serum, 30% develop blood islands, thereby exhibiting a high level of organized development at a very high frequency. Furthermore, most embryonic stem cell lines observed exhibit similar characteristics. The in vitro developmental potential of embryonic stem cell lines and the consistency with which the cells express this potential are presented as aspects which open up new approaches to the investigation of embryogenesis.
Recovery of APOBEC3-edited human immunodeficiency virus G→A hypermutants by differential DNA denaturation PCR (2004)

Virus genomes from the same family may exhibit a wide range in their DNA GC content, whereas viral hypermutants differ substantially in GC content from their parental genomes. As AT-rich DNA melts at lower temperatures than GC-rich DNA, use of a lower denaturation temperature during PCR should allow differential amplification of AT-rich genomes or variants within a quasispecies. The latter situation has been explored explicitly in a two-step process by using a series of well-defined viral sequences differing in their AT content. Firstly, the lowest denaturation temperature (T(p)) that allowed amplification of the parental sequence was determined. Secondly, differential amplification of AT-rich viral variants was obtained by using a denaturation temperature 1-3 degrees C lower than T(p). Application of this sensitive method to two different viruses allowed us to identify human immunodeficiency virus type 1 G-->A hypermutants in a situation where none were expected and to amplify AT-rich variants selectively within a spectrum of poliovirus mutants.
1-Imidazolyl(alkyl)-Substituted Di- and Tetrahydroquinolines and Analogues:  Syntheses and Evaluation of Dual Inhibitors of Thromboxane A2Synthase and Aromatase (2000)

A series of 1-imidazolyl(alkyl)-substituted quinoline, isoquinoline, naphthalene, benzo[b]furan, and benzo[b]thiophene derivatives was synthesized as dual inhibitors of thromboxane A(2) synthase (P450 TxA(2)) and aromatase (P450 arom). Dual inhibition of these enzymes could be a novel strategy for the treatment of mammary tumors and the prophylaxis of metastases. The most potent dual inhibitors, 5-(2-imidazol-1-ylethyl)-7,8-dihydroquinoline (31) (P450 TxA(2): IC(50) = 0.29 microM; P450 arom: IC(50) = 0.50 microM) and its 5, 6-saturated analogue 30 (P450 TxA(2): IC(50) = 0.68 microM; P450 arom: IC(50) = 0.38 microM), showed a stronger inhibition of both target enzymes than the reference compounds (dazoxiben: IC(50) = 1.1 microM; aminoglutethimide: IC(50) = 18.5 microM). For the determination of the in vivo activity, the influence of selected compounds on serum TxB(2) concentration was examined in rats. Compound 30 (8.5 mg/kg body weight) led to a reduction of the TxB(2) serum level of 78%, 71%, and 51% after 3, 5, and 8 h, respectively (dazoxiben: 60%, 34%, and 36%). Selectivity was studied toward some enzymes of the steroidogenic and eicosanoid pathways. P450 17 was inhibited by selected compounds only at high concentrations. Compound 30 inhibited P450 scc by 13% (25 microM). Compound 31 did not affect cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase.
Use of an Artificial Neural Network for Data Analysis in Clinical Decision-Making: The Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Occlusion (1990)

A nonlinear artificial neural network trained by backpropagation was applied to the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (coronary occlusion) in patients presenting to the emergency department with acute anterior chest pain. Three-hundred and fifty-six patients were retrospectively studied, of which 236 did not have acute myocardial infarction and 120 did have infarction. The network was trained on a randomly chosen set of half of the patients who had not sustained acute myocardial infarction and half of the patients who had sustained infarction. It was then tested on a set consisting of the remaining patients to which it had not been exposed. The network correctly identified 92% of the patients with acute myocardial infarction and 96% of the patients without infarction. When all patients with the electrocardiographic evidence of infarction were removed from the cohort, the network correctly identified 80% of the patients with infarction. This is substantially better than the performance reported for either physicians or any other analytical approach.
Lentiviral vector design using alternative RNA export elements (2007)

These studies demonstrated that the rev-responsive element (RRE) could be replaced with other constitutive transport elements to produce equivalent titers using lentivectors containing the RRE sequence in vitro, but that concatemerization of the CTE or the close proximity of RNA export sequences was needed to enhance vector production.