gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase editing defects result in efficient mistranslation of phenylalanine codons as tyrosine (2007)

Translational quality control is monitored at several steps, including substrate selection by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), and discrimination of aminoacyl-tRNAs by elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and the ribosome. Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS) misactivates Tyr but is able to correct the mistake using a proofreading activity named editing. Previously we found that overproduction of editing-defective PheRS resulted in Tyr incorporation at Phe-encoded positions in vivo, although the misreading efficiency could not be estimated. This raised the question as to whether or not EF-Tu and the ribosome provide further proofreading mechanisms to prevent mistranslation of Phe codons by Tyr. Here we show that, after evading editing by PheRS, Tyr-tRNA(Phe) is recognized by EF-Tu as efficiently as the cognate Phe-tRNA(Phe). Kinetic decoding studies using full-length Tyr-tRNA(Phe) and Phe-tRNA(Phe), as well as a poly(U)-directed polyTyr/polyPhe synthesis assay, indicate that the ribosome lacks discrimination between Tyr-tRNA(Phe) and Phe-tRNA(Phe). Taken together, these data suggest that PheRS editing is the major proofreading step that prevents infiltration of Tyr into Phe codons during translation.
Evaluation of a clinical TOF-PET detector design that achieves ⩽100 ps coincidence time resolution (2018)

Commercially available clinical positron emission tomography (PET) detectors employ scintillation crystals that are long ([Formula: see text]20 mm length) and narrow (4-5 mm width) optically coupled on their narrow end to a photosensor. The aspect ratio of this traditional crystal rod configuration and 511 keV photon attenuation properties yield significant variances in scintillation light collection efficiency and transit time to the photodetector, due to variations in the 511 keV photon interaction depth in the crystal. These variances contribute significant to coincidence time resolution degradation. If instead, crystals are coupled to a photosensor on their long side, near-complete light collection efficiency can be achieved, and scintillation photon transit time jitter is reduced. In this work, we compare the achievable coincidence time resolution (CTR) of LGSO:Ce(0.025 mol%) crystals 3-20 mm in length when optically coupled to silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) on either their short end or long side face. In this 'side readout' configuration, a CTR of 102 ± 2 ps FWHM was measured with [Formula: see text] mm<sup>3</sup> crystals coupled to rows of [Formula: see text] mm<sup>2</sup> SensL-J SiPMs using leading edge time pickoff and a single timing channel. This is in contrast to a CTR of 137 ± 3 ps FWHM when the same crystals were coupled to single [Formula: see text] mm<sup>2</sup> SiPMs on their narrow ends. We further study the statistical limit on CTR using side readout via the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB), with consideration given to ongoing work to further improve photosensor technologies and exploit fast phenomena to ultimately achieve 10 ps FWHM CTR. Potential design aspects of scalable front-end signal processing readout electronics using this side readout configuration are discussed. Altogether, we demonstrate that the side readout configuration offers an immediate solution for 100 ps CTR clinical PET detectors and mitigates factors prohibiting future efforts to achieve 10 ps FWHM CTR.
Defective Ureagenesis in Mice Carrying a Liver-specific Disruption of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α (HNF4α) (2002)

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF4alpha) regulates the expression of many genes preferentially expressed in liver. HNF4alpha-null mice die during embryogenesis precluding the analysis of its function in the adult. To circumvent this problem, liver-specific HNF4alpha-null mice were produced. Mice lacking hepatic HNF4alpha expression exhibited increased serum ammonia and reduced serum urea. This disruption in ureagenesis may be explained by a marked decrease in expression and activity of hepatic ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC). To determine the molecular mechanisms involved in transcriptional regulation of the mouse OTC gene, the OTC promoter region was analyzed. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of two putative HNF4alpha-binding sites in the mouse OTC promoter region. By using transient transfection analysis, it was established that high levels of promoter activity were dependent on both HNF4alpha-binding sites and the expression of HNF4alpha. Furthermore, the proximal HNF4alpha-binding site was found to be more important than the distal one for transactivating OTC promoter. These data demonstrate that HNF4alpha is critical for urea homeostasis by direct regulation of the OTC gene in vivo.
Sustained Production of β-Glucuronidase from Localized Sites after AAV Vector Gene Transfer Results in Widespread Distribution of Enzyme and Reversal of Lysosomal Storage Lesions in a Large Volume of Brain in Mucopolysaccharidosis VII Mice (1999)

The lysosomal storage disorders are a large group of inherited diseases that involve central nervous system degeneration. The disease in the brain has generally been refractory to treatment, which will require long-term correction of lesions dispersed throughout the central nervous system to be effective. A promising approach is somatic gene therapy but the methods have so far been inadequate because they have only achieved short-term or localized improvements. A potential approach to overcome these limitations is to obtain sustained high level expression and secretion of the missing normal enzyme from a small group of cells for export to neighboring diseased cells, which might allow the therapeutic protein to reach distal sites. We tested this in a mouse model of mucopolysaccharidosis VII (Sly disease) using an adeno-associated virus vector. After a single treatment the vector continuously produced the normal enzyme from infected cells at the injection sites. The secreted enzyme was disseminated along most of the neuraxis, resulting in widespread reversal of the hallmark pathology. An extensive sphere of correction surrounding the transduction sites was created, suggesting that a limited number of appropriately spaced sites of gene transfer may provide overlapping spheres of enzyme diffusion to cover a large volume of brain tissue.
Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) Payload for Comfort Noise (CN) (2002)

This document describes a Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) payload format for transporting comfort noise (CN). The CN payload type is primarily for use with audio codecs that do not support comfort noise as part of the codec itself such as ITU-T Recommendations G.711, G.726, G.727, G.728, and G.722.
Favorable response of early stage B CLL patients to treatment with IFN- alpha 2 (1989)

Since interferon (IFN-alpha) treatment has proven effective in hairy cell leukemia, its evaluation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a cytologically related disease, appeared reasonable. In our study, we have focused on previously untreated, early stage patients who are less than 60 years of age. All patients had less than 50,000 lymphocytes/microL and immunologic analysis revealed a CD20+, IgM+, IgD- phenotype for leukemic B cells in eight of nine patients. Recombinant interferon alpha 2b (IFN-alpha 2) at 5 x 10(6) U was given subcutaneously three times per week for 8 to 16 months. Consistent with earlier reports, side effects were minor with this low-dose protocol. All patients responded with a decrease of WBC count and lymphocyte count; in one patient, splenomegaly resolved such that he moved from Rai stage II to Rai stage I. On the average CD20+ B cells decreased from 14,312 to 3,995 cells/microL, indicating that no complete eradication of the leukemic cells was possible. A partial response, based on a greater than 50% reduction of CD20+ B cells was obtained in five of seven patients analyzed. The increased numbers of CD2+ T lymphocytes decreased in response to interferon treatment in six of seven patients. Furthermore, in a portion of the patients class II antigen expression was enhanced on LeuM3+ monocytes suggesting an in vivo activation of the monocytes by IFN-alpha 2. Immunoglobulin levels were substantially improved in that serum IgG increased by more than 3 g/L in three of seven patients. In one patient, lymphocyte counts increased in spite of continued therapy, whereas all others exhibited no increase of lymphocyte numbers while on therapy. Our study clearly demonstrates effects of IFN-alpha 2 treatment on both the leukemic cells and on the nonleukemic components of the immune system in peripheral blood. Whether IFN-alpha treatment will result in long-term beneficial effects in early stage CLL needs to be evaluated in a larger study.
An ultra-high common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) AC instrumentation amplifier for laplacian electrocardiographic measurement. (1999)

Laplacian electrocardiograms (LECGs) localize the moment of activation (MOA) of the heart noninvasively at a nearby point on the chest surface. Tripolar concentric ring (TCR) electrodes provide small, but well-defined, site-specific second spatial derivative signals of the potential on the chest surface for studying the activation sequence of the myocardium. A battery-powered, modified AC instrumentation amplifier (IA) was used as preamplifier to obtain signals with a high common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR). The authors' direct-coupled quasi-high-pass IA has high input impedance and high CMRR, without the need to match capacitors and resistors. The amplifier circuit and two lithium cells were integrated with the substrate for the TCR sensor to minimize inductive pickup by the leads. Combining the natural ability of the TCR electrodes to reject common-mode signals with the high CMRR of the IA made it possible to obtain LECG signals in real time with good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The authors observed and recorded the MOAs from 16 sites in a 4-by-4 matrix from the left side of the thorax of each subject. Beat-by-beat changes were observed from one subject showing episodes of bigeminal rhythm. The authors were able to obtain localized signals representing the right and left ventricles from surface TCR electrodes in real time.
Treatment of restless legs syndrome with gabapentin (2002)

Gabapentin improves sensory and motor symptoms in RLS and also improves sleep architecture and PLMS.
Cloning of a mammalian elk potassium channel gene and EAG mRNA distribution in rat sympathetic ganglia (1998)

1. Three new members of the EAG potassium channel gene family were identified in rat and the complete coding sequence of one of these genes (elk1) was determined by cDNA cloning. 2. The elk1 gene, when expressed in Xenopus oocytes, encodes a slowly activating and slowly deactivating potassium channel. 3. The elk1 gene is expressed in sympathetic ganglia and is also expressed in sciatic nerve. 4. Six of the seven known EAG genes were found to be expressed in rat sympathetic ganglia, suggesting an important functional role for these channels in the sympathetic nervous system.
Insulin pharmacokinetics following dosing with Technosphere insulin in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2010)

The rapid insulin absorption and the resulting insulin pharmacokinetic profile following TI inhalation were not significantly altered in the mild-to-moderate COPD population studied; however, long-term safety and efficacy of TI have not been established in patients with mild or moderate COPD. Longer-term experience is needed to fully characterize the effects of COPD on insulin PK following TI administration.
Erythropoietin structure-function relationships. Mutant proteins that test a model of tertiary structure (1993)

On the basis of its primary sequence and the location of its disulfide bonds, we propose a structural model of the erythropoietic hormone erythropoietin (Epo) which predicts a four alpha-helical bundle motif, in common with other cytokines. In order to test this model, site-directed mutants were prepared by high level transient expression in Cos7 cells and analyzed by a radioimmuno assay and by bioassays utilizing mouse and human Epo-dependent cell lines. Deletions of 5 to 8 residues within predicted alpha-helices resulted in the failure of export of the mutant protein from the cell. In contrast, deletions at the NH2 terminus (delta 2-5), the COOH terminus (delta 163-166), or in predicted interhelical loops (AB: delta 32-36, delta 53-57; BC: delta 78-82; CD: delta 111-119) resulted in the export of immunologically detectable Epo muteins that were biologically active. The mutein delta 48-52 could be readily detected by radioimmunoassay but had markedly decreased biological activity. However, replacement of each of these deleted residues by serine resulted in Epo muteins with full biological activity. Replacement of Cys29 and Cys33 by tyrosine residues also resulted in the export of fully active Epo. Therefore, this small disulfide loop is not critical to Epo's stability or function. The properties of the muteins that we tested are consistent with our proposed model of tertiary structure.
Overexpression of the N-terminal domain of TSG101 inhibits HIV-1 budding by blocking late domain function (2002)

Efficient budding of HIV-1 from the plasma membrane of infected cells requires the function of a 6-kDa protein known as p6. A highly conserved Pro-Thr-Ala-Pro (PTAP) motif (the "late" or "L" domain), is critical for the virus-budding activity of p6. Recently, it was demonstrated that the product of tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101), which contains at its N terminus a domain highly related to ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzymes, binds HIV-1 Gag in a p6-dependent fashion. We examined the impact of overexpressing the N-terminal region of TSG101 on HIV-1 particle assembly and release. We observed that this domain (referred to as TSG-5') potently inhibits virus production. Examination of cells coexpressing HIV-1 Gag and TSG-5' by electron microscopy reveals a defect in virus budding reminiscent of that observed with p6 L domain mutants. In addition, the effect of TSG-5' depends on an intact p6 L domain; the assembly and release of virus-like particles produced by Gag mutants lacking a functional p6 PTAP motif is not significantly affected by TSG-5'. Furthermore, assembly and release of murine leukemia virus and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus are insensitive to TSG-5'. TSG-5' is incorporated into virions, confirming the Gag/TSG101 interaction in virus-producing cells. Mutations that inactivate the p6 L domain block TSG-5' incorporation. These data demonstrate a link between the E2-like domain of TSG101 and HIV-1 L domain function, and indicate that TSG101 derivatives can act as potent and specific inhibitors of HIV-1 replication by blocking virus budding.
Development of a latex‐conjugated immunocytological marker for scanning electron microscopic analysis of quail–chick chimeras (1982)

Quail-chick chimeras are created by transplanting pieces of quail tissue to chick. We have used antibodies combined with a cell surface marking technique [modified after Molday et al.('75)], to facilitate scanning electron microscopic (SEM) identification of quail cells in such chimeras. First, antibodies to quail RBCs were raised in rabbits by intravenous injection. Rabbit anti-quail RBC serum was precipitated by ammonium sulfate, purified by DEAE chromatography, and cross-absorbed with chicken RBCs. Second, sheep anti-rabbit IgG was purchased commercially and further purified by affinity chromatography. Third, 900-A-diameter latex beads were synthesized by aqueous emulsion copolymerization of methacrylates. Spheres were bound with diaminoheptane to create an extension arm which was further derivatized in a two-step glutaraldehyde procedure. Purified sheep IgG was bound to the aldehyde-activated spheres, with uncoupled sheep IgG removed by sucrose density centrifugation. To test the marker, rabbit anti-quail IgG was added to 1% diluted quail RBCs. After washing, sheep anti-rabbit IgG bound spheres were introduced. Washed cells were fixed in one-half strength Karnovsky's and processed for SEM. Quail RBCs were uniformly decorated with beads, containing 2,000 beads per cell. Similarly treated chick RBCs show no binding to beads. Likewise, quail RBCs not pre-treated with the rabbit IgG do not bind beads. Prefixed quail RBCs still bind latex-conjugated beads, although at somewhat reduced levels. When mixtures of quail and chick RBCs were processed for identification: (1) sphere labeling was an "all or none" phenomenon; (2) the proportion of bead-decorated cells observable in the SEM was the same as the proportion of quail RBCs provided in the initial mix; and (3) morphologically distinguishable embryonic chick RBCs did not label whereas under the same conditions, quail RBCs do. We further demonstrate that rabbit antibodies prepared by injection of stage 4 quail primitive streaks can be used to specifically label quail epiblast and mesoblast cells, providing markers for at least two germ layers. It is now possible to combine grafting techniques of known success, with SEM analysis of the chimera.
Biodistribution and Catabolism of Ga-67-Labeled Anti-Tac dsFv Fragment (1997)

The disulfide-linked fragment (dsFv) of the antibody to the alpha subunit of the IL2 receptor has been radiolabeled with a [Ga-67] Ga-2-(p-SCN-Bz)-NOTA derivative linked through an isothiocyanato group to either the epsilon-amino group of lysine or the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal amino acids. This low molecular weight protein (LMWP) has been proposed as a tumor diagnostic agent. However, > 60% of the injected dose localized in the mouse kidney. The major catabolites (> 95%) in the kidney were identified as the Ga-2-(p-SCN-Bz)-NOTA conjugate with either lysine or methionine, with no evidence of transchelation of Ga-67. Since different amino acids in the dsFv were radiolabeled according to this procedure, it was possible to study the relative residence times of the various catabolites. The methionine conjugate had a significantly shorter residence time than the lysine conjugate in the same kidney. Labeling the appropriate amino acid in a LMWP may lead to reduced residence times and increased diagnostic or therapeutic ratios.
The Choice of Export Destinations and Its Determinants: Evidence from Korean Exports (2013)

Empirical evidence shows that zeros in a bilateral export matrix are very common and non-zeros are extremely concentrated across destinations. According to the simple version of Melitz (2003) model, variations in market size, as well as variable and fixed trade costs across destinations are potential candidates for explaining the stylized facts on the incidence of zeros and non-zeros in a trade matrix. Using Korean disaggregate export data (HS 10- digit level), this paper finds that export participation depends on destination-specific factors such as destination income, distance, local distribution cost, and fixed entry costs associated with the destination language, institution, and information. In line with this theory, the empirical findings suggest that destination-specific factors are important for shaping the countryâ€™s export entries.
Molecular basis of IIq23 rearrangements in hematopoietic malignant proliferations (1995)

Chromosomal abnormalities of the 11q23 band occur frequently in various hematopoietic malignant disorders. Because numerous partner chromosomes have been previously described, it is now important to determine the number of genes involved at 11q23 and to clarify the role of the partner genes. Recent efforts in several laboratories have identified a trithorax-related gene that is involved in most of the 11q23 abnormalities. The aim of this review is to summarize the recent data concerning these 11q23 rearrangements and the understanding of their consequences.
Solution Deposition‐Conversion for Planar Heterojunction Mixed Halide Perovskite Solar Cells (2014)

Solution-deposited-converted perovskite solar cells are studied by converting PbI2 planar films into the phase pure, mixed-halide perovskite (H3CNH3)PbI3-xClx. These solar cells exhibit very high photovoltaic performance and close to unity internal incident photon-to-electron conversion.
Efficient method to generate single‐copy transgenic mice by site‐specific integration in embryonic stem cells (2006)

Transgenic and gene-targeted mutant mice provide powerful tools for analysis of the cellular processes involved in early development and in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Here we describe a transgene integration strategy mediated by site-specific recombination that allows establishment of multiple embryonic stem (ES) cell lines carrying tetracycline-inducible genes targeted to a specific locus to assure predictable temporal and spatial expression in ES cells and mice. Using homologous recombination we inserted an frt homing site into which tetracycline-inducible transgenes can be integrated efficiently in the presence of FLPe recombinase. This strategy and the vectors described here are generally applicable to any locus in ES cells and should allow for the rapid production of mice with transgenes efficiently targeted to a defined site.
THz imaging based on water-concentration contrast (2008)

Terahertz medical imaging has emerged as a promising new field because of its non-ionizing photon energy and its acute sensitivity to water concentration. To better understand the primary contrast mechanism in THz imaging of tissues, the reflectivity of varying water concentrations was measured. Using a pulsed THz reflective imaging system, a 0.3 mm thin paper sample with varying water concentrations was probed and from the measured data a noise equivalent delta water concentration (NE&Delta;WC) of 0.054% was derived. The system is based on a photoconductive pulsed source and time-gated waveguide-mounted Schottky diode receiver. It operates at a center frequency of 500 GHz with 125 GHz of noise-equivalent bandwidth and at a standoff of 4 cm, the imaging system achieved a spot size of 2.2 mm. The high water sensitivity of this system was exploited to image burned porcine (pig) skin models in reflection using differences in water content of burned and unburned skin as the contrast mechanism. The obtained images of the porcine skin burns are a step towards the ability to quantify burn injuries using THz radiation.
Double-Plane Steps in Rectangular Waveguides and Their Application for Transformers, Irises, and Filters (1982)

Double-plane steps in rectangular waveguides are investigated with the method of field expansion into eigenmodes. The method takes into account the influence of evanescent fields and power transmission due to higher order modes. The scattering coefficients of a P- (Ku-) to X-band waveguide transition as well as of resonant irises with finite thickness are calculated and compared with measured results. An optimum short double-plane three-section transformer is designed which shows equal-ripple behavior in passband. The performance of a reactance-coupled four resonator half-wave filter is improved by additional optimized double-plane steps.
Green electroluminescent (Ga, In, Al)N LEDs grownon Si (111) (2000)

The authors report on GaInN/GaN green electroluminescent diodes (λ = 508 nm) grown on Si (111) substrate. The I-V characteristics of this LED at room temperature are contrasted with a similar diode grown on sapphire. The turn-on voltage is 6.8 V and the operating voltage is 10.7 V at 20 mA. The large density of dislocations present in these heteroepitaxial nitrides on Si materials manifests itself through high reverse currents and low shunt resistances.
한글 및 한국어 정보처리 특집 : 이해 능력에 따른 대용어 처리시 억압기제의 효율성 차이 (1992)

본 연구에서는 이해능력수준에 따른 억압기제의 효율성 차이를 대용어 참조과정을 통해 검증하였다. 실험 1에서는 단어재인과제를 사용하여 이해능력에 따른 잠재적인 참조어의 활성화 차이를 살펴 보았다. 그 결과 낮은 수준의 이해자는 높은 수준의 이해자에 비해 잠재적인 참조어 중 문장맥락에 맞는 적절한 참조어와 함께 맥락에 맞지 않는 부적절한 참조어의 활성화도 유지하고 있는 경향이 있었다. 실험 2에서는 검사 단어의 맥락검증과제를 실시하였는데 낮은 수준의 이해자는 높은 수준의 이해자에 비해 부적절한 참조어를 부정하는데 반응시간이 오래 걸렸다. 이 결과들은 낮은 수준의 이해자가 덜 효율적인 억압기제를 가졌다는 가설을 지지하는 결과로 논의되었다.