gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inactivated virus vaccines from chemistry to prophylaxis: merits, risks and challenges (2012)

The aim of this review is to make researchers aware of the benefits of an efficient quality control system for prediction of a developed vaccine's efficacy. Two major goals should be addressed when inactivating a virus for vaccine purposes: first, the infectious virus should be inactivated completely in order to be safe, and second, the viral epitopes important for the induction of protective immunity should be conserved after inactivation in order to have an antigen of high quality. Therefore, some problems associated with the virus inactivation process, such as virus aggregate formation, protein crosslinking, protein denaturation and degradation should be addressed before testing an inactivated vaccine in vivo.
Analysis of p53 expression in human tumours: an antibody raised against human p53 expressed in Escherichia coli (1992)

A cDNA encoding the complete normal human p53 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli using an expression system based on the bacteriophage T7 promoter. The cDNA was adapted so that the full-length protein was produced without fusion to any other sequence. Large amounts of the protein were isolated and the purified protein used to produce very high titre polyclonal antibodies to p53. These new antibodies permit the sensitive detection of p53 and p53 complexes in ELISA and immunoblotting assays. Most importantly, they also permit the detection of p53 in archival tumour material that has been conventionally fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin wax. Using this reagent we have found that aberrant expression of p53 is a frequent feature of human breast cancer. We are able to recognise six different classes of p53 expression pattern that may be of help in the subclassification of breast tumours.
Magnetic domain wall motion triggered by an electric current (2003)

The current-induced propagation of magnetic domain walls is studied in CoFe nanoconstrictions patterned by electron beam lithography. Propagation of the walls was confirmed by magnetic force microscopy imaging. The device geometry allows us to distinguish between various mechanisms of interaction between electric current and domain walls: a mechanism in which spin transfer associated with current traversing a domain wall dominates. As expected for such a mechanism the domain wall propagation occurs in the direction of electron current flow and has a current threshold of the order ∼1011 A/m2.
Performance of a Rapid Whole Blood Test for Helicobacter pylori in Primary Care: A German Multicenter Study (1998)

We found the performance of the BM test to be insufficiently accurate, as both over- and underdiagnosis of H. pylori infection were not infrequent. This test needs to be improved before its use in primary care can be recommended.
Monocyte receptors for fibronectin characterized by a monoclonal antibody that interferes with receptor activity. (1985)

We describe a molecule on the surface of human peripheral blood monocytes that appears to be a plasma membrane receptor for fibronectin. We have identified this protein using a monoclonal antibody, A6F10, which prevents the interaction between monocytes and substrate-bound fibronectin. Thus, at least functionally, the antibody appears to recognize the plasma membrane receptor for fibronectin. The antibody and its Fab fragments bound to the cell surfaces of human monocytes, tissue macrophages, and, to a lesser extent, neutrophils. It did not react with fibroblasts, lymphocytes, platelets, or erythrocytes. It bound human and guinea pig cells but did not react with rat, mouse, or hamster cells. In Western blots, this monoclonal antibody bound specifically to a polypeptide with apparent molecular weight of 110,000 and made of a single chain. The antigen recognized by A6F10 was susceptible to trypsin digestion. These observations suggest that the monoclonal antibody A6F10 is directed to the fibronectin receptor of human monocytes.
Neuro-Symbolic Program Synthesis (2016)

Recent years have seen the proposal of a number of neural architectures for the problem of Program Induction. Given a set of input-output examples, these architectures are able to learn mappings that generalize to new test inputs. While achieving impressive results, these approaches have a number of important limitations: (a) they are computationally expensive and hard to train, (b) a model has to be trained for each task (program) separately, and (c) it is hard to interpret or verify the correctness of the learnt mapping (as it is defined by a neural network). In this paper, we propose a novel technique, Neuro-Symbolic Program Synthesis, to overcome the above-mentioned problems. Once trained, our approach can automatically construct computer programs in a domain-specific language that are consistent with a set of input-output examples provided at test time. Our method is based on two novel neural modules. The first module, called the cross correlation I/O network, given a set of input-output examples, produces a continuous representation of the set of I/O examples. The second module, the Recursive-Reverse-Recursive Neural Network (R3NN), given the continuous representation of the examples, synthesizes a program by incrementally expanding partial programs. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by applying it to the rich and complex domain of regular expression based string transformations. Experiments show that the R3NN model is not only able to construct programs from new input-output examples, but it is also able to construct new programs for tasks that it had never observed before during training.
Platelet interaction with poly(ethylene oxide) networks (1990)

Abstract Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and a polyether substituted polysiloxane were synthesized containing variations of PEO content (35 and 65% dry network weight) and PEO systematically varied from low to high molecular weight (2,000, 8,000, and 20,000). Biocompatibility was assessed by measureing 111 In platelet deposition in a baboon femoral ex vivo shunt. Mass transfer analysis revealed that platelet transport to PEO/polysiloxane surfaces was kinetically limited and correlated with both PEO content and molecular weight. Differences in material performance were noted particularly after the initial 30 min blood contact period. In mid and high PEO molecular weight networks (8,000 and 20,000), reduced platelet deposition was noted with increased PEO content. In materials of high PEO content (65%), mid and high PEO molecular weight samples had significantly lower levels of platelet adsorption than PDMS (60 min; p &lt; 0.05) or networks of low PEO molecular weight, coded 2K‐65 (30 and 60 min; p &lt; 0.05). The lowest level of platelet deposition was noted on 20K‐65 networks, less than one platelet per 1,000 μm 2 .
Iterative methods for image deblurring (1990)

The authors discuss the use of iterative restoration algorithms for the removal of linear blurs from photographic images that may also be assumed to be degraded by pointwise nonlinearities such as film saturation and additive noise. Iterative algorithms allow for the incorporation of various types of prior knowledge about the class of feasible solutions, can be used to remove nonstationary blurs, and are fairly robust with respect to errors in the approximation of the blurring operator. Special attention is given to the problem of convergence of the algorithms, and classical solutions such as inverse filters, Wiener filters, and constrained least-squares filters are shown to be limiting solutions of variations of the iterations. Regularization is introduced as a means for preventing the excessive noise magnification that is typically associated with ill-conditioned inverse problems such as the deblurring problem, and it is shown that noise effects can be minimized by terminating the algorithms after a finite number of iterations. The role and choice of constraints on the class of feasible solutions are also discussed.
Interactive generation of human animation with deformable motion models (2009)

This article presents a new motion model deformable motion models for human motion modeling and synthesis. Our key idea is to apply statistical analysis techniques to a set of precaptured human motion data and construct a low-dimensional deformable motion model of the form x = M (α, γ), where the deformable parameters α and γ control the motion's geometric and timing variations, respectively. To generate a desired animation, we continuously adjust the deformable parameters' values to match various forms of user-specified constraints. Mathematically, we formulate the constraint-based motion synthesis problem in a Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) framework by estimating the most likely deformable parameters from the user's input. We demonstrate the power and flexibility of our approach by exploring two interactive and easy-to-use interfaces for human motion generation: direct manipulation interfaces and sketching interfaces.
Compact arrayed waveguide grating devices in Silicon-on-insulator (2005)

Very compact arrayed waveguide gratings were fabricated in Silicon-on-Insulator us-ing CMOS compatible processes. The high index contrast makes a 5 micron bend radius possible. Now, the device size is not limited by the bend radius anymore. The insertion loss of the devices is kept low by applying a double etch technique, and the cross-talk level is reduced by broadening the waveguides were there is no absolute need for single mode waveguides. Measured insertion losses are around 3.5 dB, while the crosstalk level is better than-12dB. A 4×4 AWG was pigtailed and used in a 10 gigabit/s optical backplane interconnect application.
Dimethyl Fumarate Suppresses Inflammation In Vitro Via Both Nrf2-Dependent and Nrf2-Independent Pathways (P02.108) (2012)

Objective: To investigate if the active ingredient of BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate [DMF]) inhibits macrophage inflammation in vitro via nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-dependent and/or Nrf2-independent pathways. Background BG-12 is in Phase 3 development for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. In DEFINE, BG-12 achieved statistical significance on the primary and secondary endpoints versus placebo. In preclinical studies, DMF reduced CNS inflammation in murine and rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). CNS inflammation in EAE and multiple sclerosis is thought to be mediated in part by inflammatory cytokine production by activated macrophages/microglia. The disease-modifying effect of DMF in EAE is associated with activation of the Nrf2 pathway and concurrent suppression of microglial activation. However, it is not known whether this suppression is dependent on Nrf2. Design/Methods: Macrophage cultures derived from the bone marrow of Nrf2+/+ and Nrf2-/- mice were stimulated in vitro for 6 hours by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Before LPS stimulation, some cultures were pretreated with DMF. Total RNA was extracted, and transcripts were analysed using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Whole-cell protein extracts were prepared and phosphoproteins were analyzed using Western blots. Results: With LPS stimulation, Nrf2-/- macrophages showed a 3-fold increase in IL1-beta mRNA relative to Nrf2+/+ macrophages. LPS-induced IL-10 mRNA was also increased in Nrf2-/- versus Nrf2+/+ cells. Increased inflammatory capacity of Nrf2-/- macrophages correlated with increased phosphorylation of the proinflammatory p38 MAP kinase. DMF pretreatment suppressed the induction of IL1-beta and IL-10 mRNA in Nrf2+/+ cells but not in Nrf2-/- cells. Interestingly, at higher doses, DMF-mediated suppression of LPS-induced cytokines extended to Nrf2-/- cells. Conclusions: DMF suppresses inflammation in macrophages in vitro via both Nrf2-dependent and Nrf2-independent pathways. Inhibition of macrophage function may contribute to the therapeutic effect of BG-12 as part of its anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective mechanisms of action. Supported by: Biogen Idec Inc. Disclosure: Dr. Bista has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec Inc as an employee. Dr. Zeng has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as an employee. Ms. Ryan has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as an employee. Dr. Lukashev has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as an employee. Dr. Yamamoto has received research support from Chugai Pharmaceutical Company.
Nickel(II) transport in human blood serum. Studies of nickel(II) binding to human albumin and to native-sequence peptide, and ternary-complex formation with l-histidine (1982)

Detailed studies are reported on the Ni(II)-binding site of human serum albumin (HSA) and the results are compared with those obtained from the N-terminal native-sequence peptide, l-aspartyl-l-alanyl-l-histidine N-methylamide (Asp-Ala-His-NHMe). Equilibrium dialysis of HSA and Ni(II) in 0.1m-N-ethylmorpholine/HCl buffer, pH 7.53, demonstrates a specific Ni(II)-binding site on the protein. l-Histidine, the low-molecular-weight Ni(II)-binding constituent of human serum, is shown to have a greater affinity for Ni(II) than does HSA. A small but significant amount of ternary complex HSA-Ni(II)-l-histidine is also present in the equilibrium mixture containing the three components. The log (association constant) values for the binary and ternary Ni(II) complexes are 9.57 and 16.23 respectively. The complex equilibria between Asp-Ala-His-NHMe and Ni(II) have been investigated by analytical potentiometry in aqueous solution (0.15m-NaCl, 25 degrees C). Several species, including MA, MA(2), MH(-2)A, and MH(-1)A(2) [where M and A represent Ni(II) ion and anionic peptide respectively], were detected in the system, MH(-2)A being the major complex species. Equilibrium studies involving Asp-Ala-His-NHMe, Ni(II) and l-histidine reveal the presence of a ternary complex MH(-1)AB (where B represents anionic l-histidine) at physiological pH. Detailed studies of visible-absorption spectra of HSA in the presence of Cu(II) and Ni(II) reveal that the two metal ions bind HSA at the same site. The visible-absorption spectrum of Ni(II)-HSA complex shows a highly absorbing peak at 420nm (epsilon(max.) = 137; with shoulder at 450-480nm) characteristic of a square planar or square pyramidal co-ordination arrangement about the metal ion. Similar visible-absorption characteristics were observed for the major species MH(-2)A in the Asp-Ala-His-NHMe-Ni(II) system (lambda(max.) = 420nm; epsilon(max.) = 135; with shoulder at 450-480nm). The combination of experimental results from the protein studies and the peptide analyses provides strong evidence for the structure of the Ni(II)-binding site of HSA as one that involves the alpha-amino nitrogen atom, two deprotonated peptide nitrogen atoms, the imidazole nitrogen atom and the side-chain carboxy group of the aspartic acid residue. On the basis of the results obtained from the individual ternary systems involving protein and peptide, a mechanism for the transportation of Ni(II) in the serum is proposed.
The Action of Formaldehyde upon Cysteine (1937)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Action of Formaldehyde upon CysteineSarah Ratner and H. T. ClarkeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1937, 59, 1, 200–206Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1937Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1937https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01280a050https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01280a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2018Altmetric-Citations338LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Meta-analysis of accommodating intraocular lenses (2007)

Accommodating intraocular lenses (IOLs) based on the concept of optic shift were introduced to restore accommodation after cataract surgery. Currently, 3 types of accommodating IOLs are commercially available: 1CU (HumanOptics), BioComFold (Morcher), and AT-45 Crystalens (eyeonics, Inc.). We present a meta-analysis of the peer-reviewed data from studies of these IOLs that use optic-shift measurements and visual acuity as the main outcome measures. In the 6 randomized controlled studies, 5 of which studied the 1CU IOL, the visual acuity results showed moderate to no improvement in near visual acuity compared with control IOLs and a statistically significant but small and inter-patient variable anterior shift of the IOL optic after pilocarpine stimulation. More clinical trials with randomized, controlled, and patient- and examiner-masked study designs that follow the guidelines of evidence-based medicine are needed to prove a benefit of accommodating focus-shift IOLs.
Transcriptional regulation of cadherins during development and carcinogenesis (2004)

The cadherin superfamily of Ca(2+)-dependent homophilic adhesion molecules plays a critical role in regulating cell-to-cell interactions. During development, the expression of different cadherins is highly dynamic, since they are associated with the morphogenesis, establishment and/or maintenance of different tissues. Alterations in cadherin expression or function occur frequently during carcinogenesis, such as the loss of the epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) and/or the aberrant expression of other cadherins. Indeed, the aberrant expression of cadherins has been detected during carcinoma invasion, a process which is reminiscent of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) so important in many critical developmental processes. The functional regulation of cadherins can occur at many different levels, from transcriptional regulation to the control of the strength of the cadherin-mediated cell-cell interaction. In this review, we will focus on the transcriptional control of cadherin expression, both in development and carcinogenesis, paying particular attention to the regulation of E-cadherin given its proposed role as a suppressor of invasion. We will discuss the main genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in down-regulating E-cadherin expression, and we will analyse the mechanisms involved in regulating EMT, in an attempt to elucidate which elements are common to this process in both physiological and pathological situations.
A microfabricated dielectrophoretic trapping array for cell-based biological assays (2001)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2001.
Mechanisms of Food Allergy (1996)

Our understanding of food allergy has made tremendous strides recently. With now-relatively uniform definitions of the clinical presentations of food allergy, the scientific literature is more discernible. In this progress, we have come to understand that the prevalence of food allergy is up to 8% in children and 2% in adults. Additionally, these studies have shown the role of specific allergens and mediators in the immunopathogenesis of food allergy. Much of the information available still relates to immunoglobulin E-mediated food reactions, although other immunologic mechanisms are being studied extensively. The diagnosis and treatment of food allergy is now much more standardized. Long-term studies have shown the natural history of many of these reactions.
The hepatitis C virus NS3 protein: a model RNA helicase and potential drug target. (2007)

The C-terminal portion of hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) forms a three domain polypeptide that possesses the ability to travel along RNA or single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in a 3' to 5' direction. Fueled byATP hydrolysis, this movement allows the protein to displace complementary strands of DNA or RNA and proteins bound to the nucleic acid. HCV helicase shares two domains common to other motor proteins, one of which appears to rotate upon ATP binding. Several models have been proposed to explain how this conformational change leads to protein movement and RNA unwinding, but no model presently explains all existing experimental data. Compounds recently reported to inhibit HCV helicase, which include numerous small molecules, RNA aptamers and antibodies, will be useful for elucidating the role of a helicase in positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus replication and might serve as templates for the design of novel antiviral drugs.
Gum arabic-coated radioactive gold nanoparticles cause no short-term local or systemic toxicity in the clinically relevant canine model of prostate cancer (2014)

GA-(198)AuNP therapy had no short-term toxicity in the treatment of prostatic cancer. While therapeutic agent was found in the prostate immediately following injection, some loss of agent was detected in the bladder and urethra. Localization of radioactivity within the prostate was lower than anticipated and likely due to normal vestigial prostatic ducts. Therefore, further study of retention, dosimetry, long-term toxicity, and efficacy of this treatment is warranted prior to Phase I trials in men.
Doping of the nanocrystalline semiconductor zinc oxide with the donor indium (2003)

Doping of the nanocrystalline semiconductor ZnO with the donor In111 was achieved by the incorporation of In111 atoms during the growth process followed by a hydrothermal treatment at 473 K. The incorporation of In111 on substitutional Zn sites was shown by the perturbed γγ angular correlation technique. The structural quality of nanocrystalline ZnO with a mean grain size of 11 nm is significantly improved by annealing at 473 K, as revealed by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, optical absorption measurements, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. It is shown that the incorporation of In111 on undisturbed Zn sites in nanocrystalline ZnO seems to be supported by the onset of crystal growth and by the removal of intrinsic defects.