gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lymphocyte costimulatory receptors in renal disease and transplantation. (2002)

Cell-to-cell signal exchange during antigen presentation deeply influences the profile and extent of the immune response. Together with the TCR/MHC-mediated signal, accessory signals are provided to the T cell by the antigen-presenting cell (APC), through specific receptor-ligand interactions that represent indispensable costimulation for T-cell activation and survival. The main costimulatory pathways are the B7 family members and the CD40-CD154 receptor-ligand pair. B7-1 and B7-2 costimulate T-cells by binding to CD28. Their binding is prevented by the neoexpression of CTLA4, a CD28 homologue that can deliver a negative signal. Another CD28-like molecule, called ICOS (inducible costimulator), has been described and binds B7RP-1, a third member of the B7 family, but not B7-1 and B7-2. The CD40-CD154 interaction works as a two way costimulatory system by triggering activation signals to both T-cell and APCs. Its importance is highlighted by the discovery that mutations of the CD154 gene are responsible for a severe human immunodeficiency. Disruption of the natural costimulatory interaction was highly effective for prevention and treatment in several experimental models of autoimmune disease and transplant rejection. This review focuses on the most significant advances in understanding the physiopathological events involving costimulatory molecules, and their impact on renal diseases and transplantation.
Role of nerve growth factor in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation and asthma (1998)

The role of nerve growth factor (NGF), a potent mediator acting in the development and differentiation of both neuronal and immune cells, was examined in a mouse model of allergic asthma. NGF-positive cells were detected in the inflammatory infiltrate of the lung and enhanced levels of NGF were detected in serum and broncho-alveolar lavage fluids. Mononuclear cells in inflamed airway mucosa as well as broncho-alveolar macrophages were identified as one source of NGF production. Splenic mononuclear cells from allergen-sensitized mice produced NGF in response to allergen. They responded to exogenously added NGF with a dose-dependent increase in IL-4 and IL-5 production and augmented IgE and IgG1 synthesis. In contrast, IFN-gamma and IgG2alpha levels remained unaffected. The effects were NGF specific, since they could be blocked by an anti-NGF-antibody. Nasal application of anti-NGF to allergen-sensitized mice significantly reduced IL-4 and prevented development of airway hyperreactivity. These results show that allergic airway inflammation is accompanied by enhanced local NGF production that acts as an amplifier for Th2 effector functions and plays an important role in the development of airway hyperreactivity. Therefore it is suggested that NGF may serve as a link between the immune and nerve system.
MRI-PET Correlation in Three Dimensions Using a Volume-of-Interest (VOI) Atlas (1991)

Quantitative interpretation of functional images (PET or SPECT) is hampered by poor spatial resolution, low counting statistics, and, for many tracers, low contrast between different brain structures of interest. Furthermore, normal tracer distributions can be severely disrupted by such gross pathologies as stroke, tumor, and dementia. Hence, the complementary anatomical information provided by CT or MRI is essential for accurate and reproducible regional analysis of functional data. We have developed methods for the simultaneous three-dimensional display and analysis of image volumes from MRI and PET. A general algorithm for defining the affine transformation between two equivalent point ensembles has been adapted for the purpose of registering MRI and PET image volumes by means of a simple fiducial arrangement. In addition, we have extended previous MRI-based computerized atlas methodology to three dimensions. The native atlas planes were spaced at 2 mm intervals, sufficient axial sampling to permit the generation of oblique planar sections through the atlas space. This will allow for an infinite number of angulations and axial offsets in two-dimensional region-of-interest (ROI) templates, all derived from the same master three-dimensional volume-of-interest (VOI) atlas and therefore maintaining topographical consistency throughout. These ROI templates may be selected to match the image orientation for conventional two-dimensional segmentation and data extraction.
The Efficacy and Safety of Aripiprazole as Adjunctive Therapy in Major Depressive Disorder (2008)

Nonresponse to one or more antidepressants is common and an important public health problem. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of adjunctive aripiprazole or placebo to standard antidepressant therapy (ADT) in patients with major depressive disorder who showed an inadequate response to at least 1 and up to 3 historical and 1 additional prospective ADT. The study comprised a 7-28-day screening, an 8-week prospective treatment, and a 6-week randomization phase. During prospective treatment, patients experiencing a major depressive episode (17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression total score > or = 18) received single-blind adjunctive placebo plus clinicians' choice of ADT (escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine controlled-release, sertraline, or venlafaxine extended-release). Subjects with inadequate response were randomized to adjunctive placebo (n = 190) or adjunctive aripiprazole (n = 191) (starting dose 5 mg/d, dose adjustments 2-20 mg/d, mean end-point dose of 11.0 mg/d). The primary efficacy endpoint was the mean change in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale total score from end of prospective treatment phase to end of randomized treatment phase (last observation carried forward). Mean change in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale total score was significantly greater with adjunctive aripiprazole than placebo (-8.5 vs -5.7; P = 0.001). Remission rates were significantly greater with adjunctive aripiprazole than placebo (25.4% vs 15.2%; P = 0.016) as were response rates (32.4% vs 17.4%; P < 0.001). Adverse events occurring in 10% of patients or more with adjunctive placebo or aripiprazole were akathisia (4.2% vs 25.9%), headache (10.5% vs 9.0%), and fatigue (3.7% vs 10.1%). Incidence of adverse events leading to discontinuation was low (adjunctive placebo [1.1%] vs adjunctive aripiprazole [3.7%]). Aripiprazole is an effective and safe adjunctive therapy as demonstrated in this short-term study for patients who are nonresponsive to standard ADT.
Insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis. (1989)

A classification for crystal protein genes of Bacillus thuringiensis is presented. Criteria used are the insecticidal spectra and the amino acid sequences of the encoded proteins. Fourteen genes are distinguished, encoding proteins active against either Lepidoptera (cryI), Lepidoptera and Diptera (cryII), Coleoptera (cryIII), or Diptera (cryIV). One gene, cytA, encodes a general cytolytic protein and shows no structural similarities with the other genes. Toxicity studies with single purified proteins demonstrated that every described crystal protein is characterized by a highly specific, and sometimes very restricted, insect host spectrum. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences reveals sequence elements which are conserved for Cry proteins. The expression of crystal protein genes is affected by a number of factors. Recently, two distinct sigma subunits regulating transcription during different stages of sporulation have been identified, as well as a protein regulating the expression of a crystal protein at a posttranslational level. Studies on the biochemical mechanisms of toxicity suggest that B. thuringiensis crystal proteins induce the formation of pores in membranes of susceptible cells. In vitro binding studies with radiolabeled toxins demonstrated a strong correlation between the specificity of B. thuringiensis toxins and the interaction with specific binding sites on the insect midgut epithelium. The expression of B. thuringiensis crystal proteins in plant-associated microorganisms and in transgenic plants has been reported. These approaches are potentially powerful strategies for the protection of agriculturally important crops against insect damage.
Castration resistance in human prostate cancer is conferred by a frequently occurring androgen receptor splice variant (2010)

Progression of prostate cancer following castration is associated with increased androgen receptor (AR) expression and signaling despite AR blockade. Recent studies suggest that these activities are due to the generation of constitutively active AR splice variants, but the mechanisms by which these splice variants could mediate such effects are not fully understood. Here we have identified what we believe to be a novel human AR splice variant in which exons 5, 6, and 7 are deleted (ARv567es) and demonstrated that this variant can contribute to cancer progression in human prostate cancer xenograft models in mice following castration. We determined that, in human prostate cancer cell lines, ARv567es functioned as a constitutively active receptor, increased expression of full-length AR (ARfl), and enhanced the transcriptional activity of AR. In human xenografts, human prostate cancer cells transfected with ARv567es cDNA formed tumors that were resistant to castration. Furthermore, the ratio of ARv567es to ARfl expression within the xenografts positively correlated with resistance to castration. Importantly, we also detected ARv567es frequently in human prostate cancer metastases. In summary, these data indicate that constitutively active AR splice variants can contribute to the development of castration-resistant prostate cancers and may serve as biomarkers for patients who are likely to suffer from early recurrence and are candidates for therapies directly targeting the AR rather than ligand.
Cyclic parenteral nutrition during bone marrow transplantation in children (1983)

Nine children underwent ten bone marrow transplants for malignancies and were supported by parenteral alimentation administered in cyclic fashion 18 hours daily. Children received cyclic parenteral nutrition for an average of 29 days, which provided a caloric intake (mean +/- SD) of 55.9 +/- 18.1 Kcal/kg/day, and a nitrogen intake of 0.28 +/- 0.08 g/kg/day. Nutritional status was assessed using nitrogen balance, creatinine-height index, and visceral protein concentrations including serum albumin, transferrin, and prealbumin. Minimal transient elevation in tests of liver function were observed without marked derangement in blood glucose, electrolytes, or osmolality. Unlike prealbumin, determinations of nitrogen balance, creatinine-height index, serum albumin and transferrin concentrations did not parallel changes in clinical status. Cyclic parenteral alimentation is a practical approach to the maintenance of nutrition during intensive antitumor therapy and provides an infusion-free period for the administration of drugs and blood transfusions without interfering with nutritional support. Prealbumin accurately reflects changes in the patient's clinical status at any point and is easily and reliably determined.
Audio Coding Improvement Using Evolutionary Speech/Music Discrimination (2007)

Automatic speech/music discrimination is an important tool used in many multimedia applications, becoming a research topic of interest in the last years. This paper presents our last works in the speech/music discrimination field, aiming to improve the coding efficiency of standard audio coders (i.e. MP3, AAC) when speech and music signals are involved. In order to discriminate between speech and music, a fuzzy rules-based expert system is incorporated into the decision-taking stage of traditional speech/music discrimination systems. The knowledge base of the fuzzy expert system has been obtained by means of a typical genetic learning algorithm (the Pittsburgh algorithm). The proposed speech/music discrimination scheme manages the operation of an intelligent audio coder, which selects a GSM coder for speech frames and an AAC coder for music ones, resulting in a lower bit rate regarding the case of using a standardized audio coder (AAC in this work). Further, the intelligent audio coder has been designed aiming to obtain a similar subjective audio quality than AAC. GSM operates at 13 kbits/s, while in the experiments the bit rate specification for AAC has been 32 kbits/s for one-channel audio signals.
A neuronal C5a receptor and an associated apoptotic signal transduction pathway (1998)

1. We report the first experimental evidence of a neuronal C5a receptor (nC5aR) in human cells of neuronal origin. Expression of nC5aR mRNA was demonstrated by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in TGW human neuroblastoma cells. 2. Expression of a functional C5aR was supported by the finding that C5a evoked a transient increase in the intracellular calcium level as measured by flow cytometry (FACS). 3. To analyse the function of the nC5aR, an antisense peptide fragment of the C5aR was used. Previous data showed that a C5aR fragment (a peptide termed PR226) has C5aR agonist and antagonist effects in U-937 cells depending on the concentration of the peptide. We found that a multiple antigenic peptide (MAP) form of the same peptide (termed PR226-MAP) induced rapid elevation of nuclear c-fos immunoreactivity and resulted in DNA fragmentation, a characteristic sign of apoptosis, in TGW cells. 4. Early electrophysiological events characteristic of apoptosis were also detected: intermittent calcium current pulses were recorded within 1-2 min of peptide administration. C5a pretreatment delayed the onset of this calcium influx. 5. We also demonstrated that the apoptotic pathway is linked to nC5aR via pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins. 6. Although the function of C5a and its receptor on neurons is unknown, these results suggest that an abnormal activation of this signal transduction pathway can result in apoptosis and, subsequently, in neurodegeneration.
Method for testing antiserum titer and avidity in nephelometric systems. (1981)

Antiserum performance in a nephelometric system can be characterized by parameters derived from measuring reaction rates. The characterization process is derived from a series of dose-response curves (elicited nephelometric response vs antigen concentration) generated from various dilutions of the antiserum being tested. Antiserum titer can then be calculated by plotting the antigen concentration found at one-half the maximum nephelometric response (Hmax) of each dose-response curve (C50) vs the corresponding antiserum dilution. Antiserum avidity can be calculated by plotting Hmax against its corresponding antiserum concentration. After general expressions are determined for C50 and Hmax vs antiserum concentration, a single dose-response curve suffices for characterizing antisera with respect to titer and avidity. Direct evidence is provided for the validity of C50 and Hmax as measures of titer and avidity by correlating these parameters with antiserum binding strength and with the number of antibodies eluted from immobilized antigen. This method can be applied to evaluate and compare different antiserum lots having the same specificity, to identify reagent inadequacies by comparing antisera of different specificity, and to predict the optimal antiserum dilution to use in performing an assay.
Impact of Peptides on the Recognition of HLA Class I Molecules by Human HLA Antibodies (2005)

MHC class I molecules expressed on cell surfaces are composed of H chain, beta2-microglobulin and any of a vast array of peptides. The role of peptide in the recognition of HLA class I by serum HLA Abs is unknown. In this study, the solid-phase assay of a series (n = 11) of HLA-A2-reactive, pregnancy-induced, human mAbs on a panel (n = 12) of recombinant monomeric HLA-A2 molecules, each containing a single peptide, revealed peptide selectivity of the mAbs. The flow cytometry membrane staining intensities on the HLA-A2-transduced cell line K562, caused by these mAbs, correlated with the number of monomer species detected by the mAbs. Flow cytometry staining on HLA-A2-bearing cell lines of a variety of lineages was indicative of tissue selectivity of these HLA-A2 mAbs. This tissue selectivity suggests that the deleterious effect on allografts is confined to alloantibodies recognizing only HLA class I loaded with peptides that are derived from tissue-specific and household proteins. Since Abs that are only reactive with HLA loaded with irrelevant peptides are expected to be harmless toward allografts, the practice of HLA Ab determination on lymphocyte-derived HLA deserves reconsideration.
Effect of the Dural Application of Zenkerʼs Solution on the Feline Brain (1980)

Zenker's solution is a tissue fixative containing mercuric chloride, potassium bichromate, sodium sulfate, and glacial acetic acid. In 1956, Anderson and Johnson reported its use in clinical neurosurgery. They applied the solution to the exposed dura after craniectomy. Delayed bone formation was thought to be due to the suppression of the osteoblastic activity of the outer layer of the dura. The fixative has since become a well-accepted adjuvant to the treatment of craniosynostosis. In 1972, Pawl and Sugar reported postoperative seizures in 6 of 34 patients treated with this solution. They assumed that the fixative penetrated the dura and irritated or damaged the cortex. To clarify the effect of Zenker's solution on the underlying brain, we performed bilateral parasagittal craniectomies in a group of kittens and adult cats. Zenker's solution was applied to one side and the other side served as a control. The animals were killed after periods varying from 24 hours to 2 months. We then examined the cortex under the craniectomies. There was immediate breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, as evidenced by the penetration of intravenous Evans blue. In the postoperative period investigated, an inflammatory response in the underlying brain with thickening of the arachnoid occurred. The results and implications of these experiments are presented. (Neurosurgery, 6: 45--48, 1980)
Single‐Cell Mass Spectrometry for Discovery Proteomics: Quantifying Translational Cell Heterogeneity in the 16‐Cell Frog (Xenopus) Embryo (2016)

We advance mass spectrometry from a cell population-averaging tool to one capable of quantifying the expression of diverse proteins in single embryonic cells. Our instrument combines capillary electrophoresis (CE), electrospray ionization, and a tribrid ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS) to enable untargeted (discovery) proteomics with ca. 25 amol lower limit of detection. CE-μESI-HRMS enabled the identification of 500-800 nonredundant protein groups by measuring 20 ng, or <0.2% of the total protein content in single blastomeres that were isolated from the 16-cell frog (Xenopus laevis) embryo, amounting to a total of 1709 protein groups identified between n=3 biological replicates. By quantifying ≈150 nonredundant protein groups between all blastomeres and replicate measurements, we found significant translational cell heterogeneity along multiple axes of the embryo at this very early stage of development when the transcriptional program of the embryo has yet to begin.
Haemophilia in Sweden VII. Incidence, Treatment and Prophylaxis of Arthropathy and other Musculo-Skeletal Manifestations of Haemophilia A and B (1965)

(1965). Haemophilia in Sweden VII. Incidence, Treatment and Prophylaxis of Arthropathy and other Musculo-Skeletal Manifestations of Haemophilia A and B. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica: Vol. 36, No. sup77, pp. 3-132.
Effects of insulin and phorbol esters on subcellular distribution of protein kinase C isoforms in rat adipocytes (1992)

Effects of insulin and phorbol esters on subcellular distribution of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms were examined in rat adipocytes. Both agonists provoked rapid decreases in cytosolic, and/or increases in membrane, immunoreactive PKC-alpha, PKC-beta, PKC-gamma, and PKC-epsilon. Effects of phorbol esters on PKC-alpha redistribution to the plasma membrane, however, were much greater than those of insulin. In contrast, insulin, but not phorbol esters, stimulated the translocation of PKC-beta to the plasma membrane, and provoked changes in PKC-zeta redistribution. Neither agonist altered subcellular distribution of PKC-delta, which was detected only in membrane fractions. Our findings indicate that insulin and phorbol esters have overlapping and distinctly different effects on the subcellular redistribution of specific PKC isoforms.
The toxicity in vitro of β-amyloid protein (1995)

Research Article| October 01 1995 The toxicity in vitro of β-amyloid protein L L Iversen; L L Iversen 1Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Eastwick Road, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar R J Mortishire-Smith; R J Mortishire-Smith 1Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Eastwick Road, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar S J Pollack; S J Pollack 1Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Eastwick Road, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar M S Shearman M S Shearman 1Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Eastwick Road, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1995) 311 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3110001 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation L L Iversen, R J Mortishire-Smith, S J Pollack, M S Shearman; The toxicity in vitro of β-amyloid protein. Biochem J 1 October 1995; 311 (1): 1–16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3110001 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1995 The Biochemical Society, London1995 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Subdiffraction‐Resolution Fluorescence Imaging with Conventional Fluorescent Probes (2008)

Eagle eyes: dSTORM uses conventional photoswitchable fluorescent dyes that can be reversibly cycled between a fluorescent and a dark state by irradiation with light of different wavelengths (see picture). This elegant approach can visualize cellular structures with a resolution of approximately 20 nm, far beyond the diffraction limit of light, without the need of an activator molecule.