gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functionalized Poly(ethylene glycols) for Preparation of Biologically Relevant Conjugates (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFunctionalized Poly(ethylene glycols) for Preparation of Biologically Relevant ConjugatesSamuel ZalipskyCite this: Bioconjugate Chem. 1995, 6, 2, 150–165Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bc00032a002https://doi.org/10.1021/bc00032a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views7950Altmetric-Citations399LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Advanced graphics behind medical virtual reality: evolution of algorithms, hardware, and software interfaces (1998)

Applications of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) in medicine require real-time visualization and modeling of large three-dimensional data sets. Consequently, these applications require powerful computation, extensive high-bandwidth memory, and fast communication links. In the past, the manufacturers of medical imaging equipment produced their own special-purpose proprietary hardware for image processing and solid graphics. Due to the developments in computer hardware in general and in graphics accelerators in particular, there is a trend toward replacing the proprietary hardware off-the-shelf (OTS) equipment. Computer graphics itself has advanced in its quest for realism. Generic algorithms such as shading, texture mapping, and volume rendering have been developed to meet the resultant ever increasing requirements. Advances in both the OTS CPU and graphics hardware have enabled real-time implementations of these algorithms, thereby facilitating many of the medical VR/AR applications used today. The development of graphics libraries such as OpenGL has also been an important factor. These libraries provide an underlying portable software platform that optimizes the utilization of the available graphics hardware. OpenGL has become a standard graphics application programming interface, particularly for graphics-intensive applications, and more and more OTS systems provide hardware implementations of OpenGL commands. The review paper follows the evolution of these technologies and examines their crucial role in enabling the appearance of the current VR/AR applications in medicine and provides a look at current trends and future possibilities.
Efficient Function Approximation Using Truncated Multipliers and Squarers (2005)

This paper presents a technique for designing linear and quadratic interpolators for function approximation using truncated multipliers and squarers. Initial coefficient values are found using a Chebyshev series approximation, and then adjusted through exhaustive simulation to minimize the maximum absolute error of the interpolator output. This technique is suitable for any function and any precision up to 24-bits (IEEE single precision). Designs for linear and quadratic interpolators that implement the reciprocal function, f(x)=1/x, are presented and analyzed as an example. We show that a 24-bit truncated reciprocal quadratic interpolator with a design specification /spl plusmn/1 ulp error requires 24.1% fewer partial products to implement than a comparable standard interpolator with the same error specification.
The therapeutic potential of manipulating gut microbiota in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (2011)

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are attributed to a combination of genetic susceptibility and lifestyle factors. Their increasing prevalence necessitates further studies on modifiable causative factors and novel treatment options. The gut microbiota has emerged as an important contributor to the obesity--and T2DM--epidemic proposed to act by increasing energy harvest from the diet. Although obesity is associated with substantial changes in the composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiota, the pathophysiological processes remain only partly understood. In this review we will describe the development of the adult human microbiome and discuss how the composition of the gut microbiota changes in response to modulating factors. The influence of short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics and microbial transplantation is discussed from studies using animal and human models. Ultimately, we aim to translate these findings into therapeutic pathways for obesity and T2DM in humans.
Characterization of a Multiseeded (msd1) Mutant of Sorghum for Increasing Grain Yield (2014)

ABSTRACT Sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] has branched panicles with primary, secondary, and tertiary branches. These inflorescence branches are composed of a terminal triplet spikelet, consisting of one sessile (directly attached to the branch) and two pedicellate (spikelets attached to the branch through a short pedicel), followed by one or more spikelet pairs (one sessile and one pedicellate). In BTx623, and most sorghum lines, only the sessile spikelets can develop into seeds and the pedicellate spikelets, occasionally developing anthers, eventually abort. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a stable multiseeded ( msd1 ) mutant of sorghum (in BTx623 background, referred to as wild‐type [WT]) in which both sessile and pedicellate spikelets are fertile. In addition, this mutant displayed increased length and total number of primary and secondary inflorescence branches. Genetic analysis showed that this multiseeded mutation is a recessive trait. Pedicellate spikelets in msd1 mutants exhibited complete flower with functional ovary and anthers, of which 75 to 95% can develop into viable seeds. The individual msd1 seeds are smaller than WT; however, the results indicated that this reduction in seed weight can be compensated by the increase in seed number. The total seed weight per panicle in msd1 mutants was increased by 30 to 40% as compared to the WT. Further experiments are needed to demonstrate whether the msd1 mutation can increase grain yield under field conditions.
Distinctive anatomical patterns of gene expression for cGMP-inhibited cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. (1995)

Type III cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterases (PDE3s) play important roles in hormonal regulation of lipolysis, platelet aggregation, myocardial contractility, and smooth muscle relaxation. We have recently characterized two PDE3 subtypes (PDE3A and PDE3B) as products of distinct but related genes. To elucidate their biological roles, in this study we compare cellular patterns of gene expression for these two enzymes during rat embryonic and postnatal development using in situ hybridization. PDE3B [corrected] mRNA is abundant in adipose tissue and is also expressed in hepatocytes throughout development. This mRNA is also highly abundant in embryonic neuroepithelium including the neural retina, but expression is greatly reduced in the mature nervous system. Finally, PDE3B [corrected] mRNA is localized in spermatocytes and renal collecting duct epithelium in adult rats. PDE3B mRNA is highly expressed in the cardiovascular system, including myocardium and arterial and venous smooth muscle, throughout development. It is also abundant in bronchial, genitourinary and gastrointestinal smooth muscle and epithelium, megakaryocytes, and oocytes. PDE3A [corrected] mRNA demonstrates a complex, developmentally regulated pattern of gene expression in the central nervous system. In summary, the two different PDE3s show distinctive tissue-specific patterns of gene expression suggesting that PDE3B [corrected] is involved in hormonal regulation of lipolysis and glycogenolysis, while regulation of myocardial and smooth muscle contractility appears to be a function of PDE3A [corrected]. In addition, the present findings suggest previously unsuspected roles for these enzymes in gametogenesis and neural development.
Identification of heme oxygenase-1–specific regulatory CD8+ T cells in cancer patients (2009)

Treg deficiencies are associated with autoimmunity. Conversely, CD4+ and CD8+ Tregs accumulate in the tumor microenvironment and are associated with prevention of antitumor immunity and anticancer immunotherapy. Recently, CD4+ Tregs have been much studied, but little is known about CD8+ Tregs and the antigens they recognize. Here, we describe what we believe to be the first natural target for CD8+ Tregs. Naturally occurring HLA-A2-restricted CD8+ T cells specific for the antiinflammatory molecule heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were able to suppress cellular immune responses with outstanding efficacy. HO-1-specific CD8+ T cells were detected ex vivo and in situ among T cells from cancer patients. HO-1-specific T cells isolated from the peripheral blood of cancer patients inhibited cytokine release, proliferation, and cytotoxicity of other immune cells. Notably, the inhibitory effect of HO-1-specific T cells was far more pronounced than that of conventional CD4+CD25+CD127- Tregs. The inhibitory activity of HO-1-specific T cells seemed at least partly to be mediated by soluble factors. Our data link the cellular stress response to the regulation of adaptive immunity, expand the role of HO-1 in T cell-mediated immunoregulation, and establish a role for peptide-specific CD8+ T cells in regulating cellular immune responses. Identification of potent antigen-specific CD8+ Tregs may open new avenues for therapeutic interventions in both autoimmune diseases and cancer.
On-Line Probe for Fast Electrochemistry/Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. Investigation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (1996)

A newly invented probe accessory for fast electrochemistry/electrospray mass spectrometry (EC/ESMS) is presented and evaluated. The device features a low-volume, three-electrode electrochemical cell which has been designed with a minimum distance between the working electrode and the "Taylor cone" inherent to the electrospray process. This configuration limits the time between electrochemical generation of ions and mass spectrometric analysis to an absolute minimum. A fused-silica layer insulates the microcylinder working electrode from the sample solution until immediately prior to the electrospray region, postponing electrode processes until the last moment. The same fused-silica layer insulates the working electrode from the surrounding auxiliary electrode, a stainless steel capillary that also serves as the electrospray capillary. The performance and capabilities of the novel electrochemistry/electrospray mass spectrometry system have been evaluated using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as test analytes. In the positive ion EC/ESMS mode, oxidized forms (one-electron removal) of PAHs are produced in high yield. The ability to analyze reaction products appearing subsequent to the initial oxidation is also demonstrated.
Presenilin 1 Regulates Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Turnover and Signaling in the Endosomal-Lysosomal Pathway (2007)

Mutations in the gene encoding presenilin 1 (PS1) cause the most aggressive form of early-onset familial Alzheimer disease. In addition to its well established role in Abeta production and Notch proteolysis, PS1 has been shown to mediate other physiological activities, such as regulation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, modulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and MEK/ERK signaling, and trafficking of select membrane proteins and/or intracellular vesicles. In this study, we present evidence that PS1 is a critical regulator of a key signaling receptor tyrosine kinase, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Specifically, EGFR levels were robustly increased in fibroblasts deficient in both PS1 and PS2 (PS(-/-)) due to delayed turnover of EGFR protein. Stable transfection of wild-type PS1 but not PS2 corrected EGFR to levels comparable to PS(+/+) cells, while FAD PS1 mutations showed partial loss of activity. The C-terminal fragment of PS1 was sufficient to fully reduce EGFR levels. In addition, the rapid ligand-induced degradation of EGFR was markedly delayed in PS(-/-) cells, resulting in prolonged signal activation. Despite the defective turnover of EGFR, ligand-induced autophosphorylation, ubiquitination, and endocytosis of EGFR were not affected by the lack of PS1. Instead, the trafficking of EGFR from early endosomes to lysosomes was severely delayed by PS1 deficiency. Elevation of EGFR was also seen in brains of adult mice conditionally ablated in PS1 and in skin tumors associated with the loss of PS1. These findings demonstrate a critical role of PS1 in the trafficking and turnover of EGFR and suggest potential pathogenic effects of elevated EGFR as well as perturbed endosomal-lysosomal trafficking in cell cycle control and Alzheimer disease.
Detection of Herpesvirus-Like DNA Sequences in Kaposi's Sarcoma in Patients with and Those without HIV Infection (1995)

The same herpesvirus-like DNA sequences are present in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma, classic Kaposi's sarcoma, and the Kaposi's sarcoma that occurs in HIV-negative homosexual men. Therefore, this presumably new human herpesvirus is not solely an opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS, and the three forms of Kaposi's sarcoma may be caused by the same infectious agent.
Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitor pretreatment on nitric oxide production, nNOS and iNOS expression in rat cerebellum (2003)

1. The therapeutic effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is thought to be due mainly to its inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, but there is a growing body of research that now demonstrates a variety of NSAIDs effects on cellular signal transduction pathways other than those involving prostaglandins. 2. Nitric oxide (NO) as a free radical and an agent that gives rise to highly toxic oxidants (peroxynitrile, nitric dioxide, nitron ion), becomes a cause of neuronal damage and death in some brain lesions such as Parkinson and Alzheimer disease, and Huntington's chorea. 3. In the present study, the in vivo effect of three NSAIDs (lysine clonixinate (LC), indomethacine (INDO) and meloxicam (MELO)) on NO production and nitric oxide synthase expression in rat cerebellar slices was analysed. Rats were treated with (a) saline, (b) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg kg(-1), i.p.), (c) saline in combination with different doses of NSAIDs and (d) LPS in combination with different doses of NSAIDs and then killed 6 h after treatment. 4. NO synthesis, evaluated by Bred and Snyder technique, was increased by LPS. This augmentation was inhibited by coadministration of the three NSAIDs assayed. None of the NSAIDs tested was able to modify control NO synthesis. 5. Expression of iNOS and neural NOS (nNOS) was detected by Western blotting in control and LPS-treated rats. LC and INDO, but not MELO, were able to inhibit the expression of these enzymes. 6. Therefore, reduction of iNOS and nNOS levels in cerebellum may explain, in part, the anti-inflammatory effect of these NSAIDs and may also have importance in the prevention of NO-mediated neuronal injury.
Parameters optimization for improved dynamics of voltage multipliers for space (2004)

Voltage multipliers for the generation of high voltages (HV) are widely employed aboard space vehicles and new applications open-up. One is the drive of ionic motors. The characteristics of such loads, as well as those of many others, require special care to the dynamics and to robustness performances of the voltage supply. After recalling the dynamic characterization of the Cockroft-Walton (CW) cell as a linear three-port network in the small signal approximation, the n-cell chain is characterized and the possibility of reaching simplified expression of its transfer functions is put into evidence. The good accuracy of the model is supported by experimental results. The CW chain with identical capacitors in its cells is compared with the CW chain whose capacitor values are gradually decreased from the first to the last cell. Such an assignment has been used already for obtaining a minimization of the ripple. It is shown that it can improve the dynamic behavior too. Tables of the transfer functions for voltage gain, input admittance, output impedance and current gain are given for aiding the design of the voltage multipliers. The usefulness of the described modeling technique goes beyond the space applications.
Rod multifocal electroretinograms in mice. (1999)

Rod multifocal ERGs can be recorded from the mouse eye to provide topographical maps of retinal function that have sufficient spatial resolution to be of practical use. The technique will be useful in characterizing the natural history of regional loss in mouse models of human retinal disease and in evaluating some forms of interventional therapy.
Genetic basis for the β‐haemolytic/cytolytic activity of group B Streptococcus (2001)

Group B streptococci (GBS) express a beta-haemolysin/cytolysin that contributes to disease pathogenesis. We report an independent discovery and extension of a genetic locus encoding the GBS beta-haemolysin/cytolysin activity. A plasmid library of GBS chromosomal DNA was cloned into Escherichia coli, and a transformant was identified as beta-haemolytic on blood agar. The purified plasmid contained a 4046 bp insert of GBS DNA encoding two complete open reading frames (ORFs). A partial upstream ORF (cylB) and the first complete ORF (cylE) represent the 3' end of a newly reported genetic locus (cyl) required for GBS haemolysin/cytolysin activity. ORF cylE is predicted to encode a 78.3 kDa protein without GenBank homologies. The GBS DNA fragment also includes a previously unreported ORF, cylF, with homology to bacterial aminomethyltransferases, and the 5' end of cylH, with homology to 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthases. Southern analysis demonstrated that the cyl locus was conserved among GBS of all common serotypes. Targeted plasmid integrational mutagenesis was used to disrupt cylB, cylE, cylF and cylH in three wild-type GBS strains representing serotypes Ia, III and V. Targeted integrations in cylB, cylF and cylH retaining wild-type haemolytic activity were identified in all strains. In contrast, targeted integrations in cylE were invariably non-haemolytic and non-cytolytic, a finding confirmed by in frame allelic exchange of the cylE gene. The haemolytic/cytolytic activity of the cylE allelic exchange mutants could be restored by reintroduction of cylE on a plasmid vector. Inducible expression of cylE, cylF and cylEF demonstrated that it is CylE that confers haemolytic activity in E. coli. We conclude that cylE probably represents the structural gene for the GBS haemolysin/cytolysin, a novel bacterial toxin.
The physical properties of modified palm oil (1978)

Abstract Palm oil has been treated by partial lipase hydrolysis and by interesterification with excess glycerol and the effects on the chemical and physical properties have been investigated. Lipase hydrolysis preferentially removes unsaturated acids and the neutral glycerides remaining after removal of the free fatty acids therefore have an increased solids content at 20°C. Both differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.) and X‐ray examination show that the crystalline phases present above 20°C are more heterogeneous after lipase treatment. Interesterification results in a mixture of tri‐ and diglycerides with an increased solids content at 20°C and a marked tendency to form β phase crystals. Some potential practical applications are discussed.
A Novel Multiple Tyrosine-kinase Targeted Agent to Explore the Future Perspectives of Anti-Angiogenic Therapy for the Treatment of Multiple Solid Tumors: Cabozantinib (2014)

The process of angiogenesis involves the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature by the over expression of certain factors leading to the growth and development of all solid tumor types. Hepatocyte growth factor receptor abbreviated as c-Met and vascular endothelial growth factor abbreviated as VEGF are some of the factors responsible for the induction in tumor growth and development. Recently a number of analogues associated with these receptors are under study. US FDA on November 29, 2012 approved a drug named cabozantinib formerly known as XL184 which is being marketed under the trade name of Cometriq for the treatment of Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC). Designing of the drug has been done in such a fashion that it can inhibit both VEGFR2 and c-Met simultaneously without over expressing any of the factors leading to the inhibition of angiogenesis. The drug is still under study for the evaluation of its efficacy in cases of many other solid tumor types including breast cancer, castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer, melanoma, small cell lung cancer (SCLC), ovarian cancer and primary peritoneal or fallopian tube carcinoma. This review article consists of preclinical and clinical data of cabozantinib and its efficacy and safety towards various types of solid tumors.
Matrix-mixed culture: New methodology for chondrocyte culture and preparation of cartilage transplants (2000)

For cartilage engineering a variety of biomaterials were applied for 3-dimensional chondrocyte embedding and transplantation. In order to find a suitable carrier for the in vitro culture of chondrocytes and the subsequent preparation of cartilage transplants we investigated the feasibility of a combination of the well-established matrices fibrin and alginate. In this work human articular chondrocytes were embedded and cultured either in alginate, a mixture of alginate and fibrin, or in a fibrin gel after the extraction of the alginate component (porous fibrin gel) over a period of 30 days. Histomorphological analysis, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the phenotypic changes of the chondrocytes, as well as the quality of the newly formed cartilaginous matrix. Our experiments showed that a mixture of 0.6% alginate with 4.5% fibrin promoted sufficient chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, resulting in the formation of a specific cartilage matrix. Alginate served as a temporary supportive matrix component during in vitro culture and can be easily removed prior to transplantation. The presented tissue engineering method on the basis of a mixed alginate-fibrin carrier offers the opportunity to create stable cartilage transplants for reconstructive surgery.