gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dialocalization (2010)

The following article presents a novel audio-visual approach for unsupervised speaker localization in both time and space and systematically analyzes its unique properties. Using recordings from a single, low-resolution room overview camera and a single far-field microphone, a state-of-the-art audio-only speaker diarization system (speaker localization in time) is extended so that both acoustic and visual models are estimated as part of a joint unsupervised optimization problem. The speaker diarization system first automatically determines the speech regions and estimates “who spoke when,” then, in a second step, the visual models are used to infer the location of the speakers in the video. We call this process “dialocalization.” The experiments were performed on real-world meetings using 4.5 hours of the publicly available AMI meeting corpus. The proposed system is able to exploit audio-visual integration to not only improve the accuracy of a state-of-the-art (audio-only) speaker diarization, but also adds visual speaker localization at little incremental engineering and computation costs. The combined algorithm has different properties, such as increased robustness, that cannot be observed in algorithms based on single modalities. The article describes the algorithm, presents benchmarking results, explains its properties, and systematically discusses the contributions of each modality.
Gain-of-function mutations in complement factor B are associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (2006)

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is an important cause of acute renal failure in children. Mutations in one or more genes encoding complement-regulatory proteins have been reported in approximately one-third of nondiarrheal, atypical HUS (aHUS) patients, suggesting a defect in the protection of cell surfaces against complement activation in susceptible individuals. Here, we identified a subgroup of aHUS patients showing persistent activation of the complement alternative pathway and found within this subgroup two families with mutations in the gene encoding factor B (BF), a zymogen that carries the catalytic site of the complement alternative pathway convertase (C3bBb). Functional analyses demonstrated that F286L and K323E aHUS-associated BF mutations are gain-of-function mutations that result in enhanced formation of the C3bBb convertase or increased resistance to inactivation by complement regulators. These data expand our understanding of the genetic factors conferring predisposition to aHUS, demonstrate the critical role of the alternative complement pathway in the pathogenesis of aHUS, and provide support for the use of complement-inhibition therapies to prevent or reduce tissue damage caused by dysregulated complement activation.
Receptor-Mediated Gene Transfer into Human T Lymphocytes via Binding of DNA/CD3 Antibody Particles to the CD3 T Cell Receptor Complex (1995)

Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer is currently the method of choice for the transfection of human T lymphocytes for applications in gene therapy. Use of retroviral vectors, however, is hampered by limits on the size of the genetic material to be transferred, the requirement of dividing target cells, and by potential safety questions. Synthetic peptide-enhanced or adenovirus-enhanced receptor-mediated transferrinfection of DNA (SPET and AVET, respectively) is a powerful method for the introduction of genetic material into mammalian cells. Although transferrin has proven to be a useful ligand for gene transfer in many cell types, gene expression in T cells with transferrin/DNA complexes is usually not satisfactory. To improve gene transfer to T cells, antibodies directed against the CD3-T cell receptor complex were tested for their ability to function as ligands for DNA delivery. In T cell lines, up to 50% of the cells expressed a beta-galactosidase reporter gene using anti-CD3 gene transfer complexes. Applying optimized conditions, prestimulated primary peripheral blood lymphocytes were also transfected successfully, although at a lesser efficiency (5%).
Anomalous enhancement of the optical nonlinearities in quantum paraelectric SrTiO/sub 3/ (2000)

Summary form only given. Strontium titanate (SrTiO/sub 3/) is a typical dielectric material with perovskite-type structure. The crystal structure is cubic above T/sub c/=105 K, where SrTiO/sub 3/ undergoes structural phase transition at zone boundary. Below T/sub c/, the crystal structure changes into tetragonal with keeping a center of symmetry. Strong electron phonon coupling is expected from the optical properties. Optical nonlinearity in such an exotic material is quite interesting subject to research. Optical nonlinearity in such an exotic material is quite interesting subject to research. Second-harmonic generation (SHG) and optical Kerr-effect (OKE) were measured by femtosecond laser pulses.
Relationships between Atomic Level Surface Structure and Stability/Activity of Platinum Surface Atoms in Aqueous Environments (2016)

The development of alternative energy systems for the clean production, storage, and conversion of energy is strongly dependent on our ability to understand, at atomic molecular levels, the functional links between the activity and stability of electrochemical interfaces. Whereas structure–activity relationships are rapidly evolving, the corresponding structure–stability relationships are still missing. This is primarily because there is no adequate experimental approach capable of monitoring the stability of well-defined single crystals in situ. Here, by utilizing the power of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) connected to a stationary probe and coupling this technique to the rotating disk electrode method, it was possible to simultaneously measure the dissolution rates of surface atoms (as low as 0.4 pg cm–2 s–1) and correlate them with the kinetic rates of electrochemical reactions in real time. Making use of this unique probe, it was possible to establish almost “atom by atom” structure–stability–activity relationships for platinum single crystals in both acidic and alkaline environments. We found that the degree of stability is strongly dependent on the coordination of surface atoms (less coordinated yields less stable), the nature of covalent and noncovalent interactions (i.e., adsorption of hydroxyl groups, oxygen atoms, and halide species vs interactions between hydrated Li cations and surface oxide), the thermodynamic driving force for Pt complexation (Pt ion speciation in solution), and the nature of the electrochemical reaction (the oxygen reduction/evolution and CO oxidation reactions). These findings open new opportunities for elucidating key fundamental descriptors that govern both activity and stability trends and will ultimately assist in the development of real energy conversion and storage systems.
A 5-volt contactless array 256 kbit flash EEPROM technology (2003)

A contactless cell array technology has been developed for a single-power-supply 5V-only CMOS flash EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory). The technology's suitability for VLSI memories has been demonstrated by a 256-kb flash EEPROM test vehicle. This low-current approach has been realized with cell area and cost comparable to those of the recently reported dual-power-supply flash EEPROMs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Amino Terminus Is Essential to the Structural Integrity of Recombinant Human Interferon-γ (1989)

Species lacking either 8 or 10 residues at the amino terminus of recombinant human interferon-gamma (Hu-IFN-gamma) were generated by limited digestion with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. A crude digest, consisting predominantly of these species, were completely inactive in inducing antiviral activity and the expression of HLA-DR antigens on HL-60 cells. The NH2-terminal deletion fragments were separated from residual intact IFN-gamma and from smaller polypeptides by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at pH 2.2. Intact IFN-gamma, purified by HPLC and subsequently refolded by dilution in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5, 0.1% bovine serum albumin) was similar to untreated IFN-gamma in terms of binding to its cell surface receptor and in inducing antiviral activity and the expression of HLA-DR molecules. Conversely, biological activity was not detected in purified fragments 8-139 and 10-139. Examination of fragments 8-139 and 10-139 by far-UV circular dichroism revealed that cleavage of 8-10 residues at the amino terminus accompanied a dramatic change in secondary structure (6% alpha-helical and 36% beta-sheet content) as compared to untreated or HPLC-purified IFN-gamma (66% alpha-helix and 0% beta-sheet content). In summary, these results indicate that the amino terminus contributes to the structural integrity of the IFN-gamma molecule.
A compendium of gene expression in normal human tissues (2001)

This study creates a compendium of gene expression in normal human tissues suitable as a reference for defining basic organ systems biology. Using oligonucleotide microarrays, we analyze 59 samples representing 19 distinct tissue types. Of approximately 7,000 genes analyzed, 451 genes are expressed in all tissue types and designated as housekeeping genes. These genes display significant variation in expression levels among tissues and are sufficient for discerning tissue-specific expression signatures, indicative of fundamental differences in biochemical processes. In addition, subsets of tissue-selective genes are identified that define key biological processes characterizing each organ. This compendium highlights similarities and differences among organ systems and different individuals and also provides a publicly available resource (Human Gene Expression Index, the HuGE Index, http://www.hugeindex.org) for future studies of pathophysiology.
Particokinetics In Vitro: Dosimetry Considerations for In Vitro Nanoparticle Toxicity Assessments (2006)

The rapid growth in the use of in vitro methods for nanoparticle toxicity assessment has proceeded with limited consideration of the unique kinetics of these materials in solution. Particles in general and nanoparticles specifically, diffuse, settle, and agglomerate in cell culture media as a function of systemic and particle properties: media density and viscosity and particle size, shape, charge and density, for example. Cellular dose then is also a function of these factors as they determine the rate of transport of nanoparticles to cells in culture. Here we develop and apply the principles of dosimetry in vitro and outline an approach for simulation of nanoparticle particokinetics in cell culture systems. We illustrate that where equal mass concentrations (mug/ml) imply equal doses for dissimilar materials, the corresponding particle number or surface area concentration doses differ by orders of magnitude. More importantly, when rates of diffusional and gravitational particle delivery are accounted for, trends and magnitude of the cellular dose as a function of particle size and density differ significantly from those implied by "concentration" doses. For example, 15-nm silver nanoparticles appear approximately 4000 times more potent than micron-sized cadmium oxide particles on a cm(2)/ml media basis, but are only approximately 50 times more potent when differences in delivery to adherent cells are considered. We conclude that simple surrogates of dose can cause significant misinterpretation of response and uptake data for nanoparticles in vitro. Incorporating particokinetics and principles of dosimetry would significantly improve the basis for nanoparticle toxicity assessment, increasing the predictive power and scalability of such assays.
Peptide nucleic acids as antibacterial agents via the antisense principle (2001)

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a peptide-like DNA mimic that was introduced almost ten years ago. It was immediately predicted that PNA would have a bright future in gene therapeutic drug development, but progress in this direction has been rather modest thus far. This is predominantly due to inefficient uptake of PNA by most living cells. However, within the past couple of years a variety of methods have been devised to address this problem and the stage should now be set for more rapid progress. Several studies have demonstrated antisense effects ex vivo in cells in culture and two reports on direct injection of PNA into the brain of rats are also interesting. Only a few studies have addressed the possible exploitation of the antisense principle for development of antibacterial drugs. However, the first in vitro results using antiribosomal RNA PNAs and antisense PNAs targeted to the beta-lactamase gene on Escherichia coli cultures were quite promising. Most recently, these preliminary studies have been extended to demonstrate in vivo efficacy of antibacterial PNAs in an E. coli peritonitis/sepsis mouse model. Therefore, PNA drug development again is rapidly picking up pace.
Defining Target Sequences of DNA-Binding Proteins by Random Selection and PCR: Determination of the GCN4 Binding Sequence Repertoire (1990)

We developed a simple and accurate method to define the sequence recognition properties of DNA-binding proteins. The method employs polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of sequences selected from a mixture of random oligonucleotides by the gel mobility-shift assay. We used this method to define the sequence requirement of the binding domain of the yeast transcriptional activator GCN4. Using a total of 200 ng of purified protein and four cycles of binding and subsequent amplification, we identified the TGA-(C/G)TCA sequence as the binding consensus of GCN4, which is consistent with the previously reported recognition sequence. In addition, our data indicate that GCN4 can bind with lower affinity to sequences that differ from the optimal sequence in one or even two positions. The most common variation was the C to A at position +2. The majority of the substitutions that still allowed binding were 3' to the central C residue indicating that the two sides of the palindromic recognition sequence are not equivalent.
Diverse subpopulations of vesicles secreted by different intracellular mechanisms are present in exosome preparations obtained by differential ultracentrifugation (2012)

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of 50 to 100 nm in diameter, released by many cell types. Exosomes are formed inside the cell in intracellular endosomal compartments and are secreted upon fusion of these compartments with the plasma membrane. Cells also secrete other types of membrane vesicles, for instance, by outward budding from the plasma membrane, and although some of them clearly differ from exosomes by their structural features (larger size), others are possibly more difficult to separate. Here, using Rab27a inhibition to modulate exosome secretion, we show the existence of at least 2 distinct populations of vesicles after purification by classical ultracentrifugation from mouse tumor cell conditioned medium. Rab27a inhibition lead to decreased vesicular secretion of some conventional markers of exosomes (CD63, Tsg101, Alix and Hsc70) but did not affect secretion of others (CD9 and Mfge8). By electron microscopy, CD9 was observed on vesicles of various sizes, ranging from 30 nm to more than 150 nm in diameter. Flotation onto sucrose gradients showed different proportions of CD63, CD9 and Mfge8 not only in fractions of densities classically described for exosomes (around 1.15 g/ml) but also in fractions of densities over 1.20 g/ml, indicating the presence of heterogenous vesicle populations. CD9 and Mfge8 were also found in large vesicles pelleted at low speed and can thus not be considered as specific components of endosome-derived vesicles. We propose that the most commonly used protocols for exosome preparations co-purify vesicles from endosomal and other origins, possibly the plasma membrane. Future work will be required to improve techniques for accurate purification and characterization of the different populations of extracellular vesicles.
Amitriptyline effectively relieves neuropathic pain following treatment of breast cancer (1996)

The effectiveness of amitriptyline in relieving neuropathic pain following treatment of breast cancer was studied in 15 patients in a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. The dose was escalated from 25 mg to 100 mg per day in 4 weeks. The placebo and amitriptyline phases were separated by a 2-week wash-out period. Visual analogue and verbal rating scales were used for the assessment of pain intensity and pain relief. Other measures included the number of daily activities disturbed by the pain, the Finnish McGill Pain Questionnaire, adverse effects, anxiety, depression, pressure threshold and grip strength. Amitriptyline significantly relieved neuropathic pain both in the arm and around the breast scar. Eight out of 15 patients had a more than 50% decrease in the pain intensity ('good responders') with a median dose of 50 mg of amitriptyline. The 7 patients who had a less than 50% effect had drug concentrations equaling those of the good responders. The 'poor responders' reported significantly more adverse effects with amitriptyline and placebo than the good responders. It is concluded that amitriptyline effectively reduced neuropathic pain following treatment of breast cancer. However, the adverse effects of amitriptyline put most of the patients off from using the drug regularly.
Rapid and simple preparation of plasmids suitable for dideoxy DNA sequencing and other purposes (1991)

Plasmid DNA released from bacteria by boiling in the presence of lysozyme and Triton x-100 and without further purification can be sequenced by the dideoxy method using T7 DNA polymerase, when conditions during alkali denaturation and subsequent ethanol precipitation are adjusted to remove contaminants. The samples remain in the same microcentrifuge tubes from the harvesting of the bacteria until the splitting of the sample into four aliquots for the termination reactions. Less background label is observed with end-labelled primers (radioactivity or fluorescence), but even when radioactive nucleotides are incorporated during the sequencing reactions, 250 bases or more can be read from template prepared from 1.5 ml bacterial culture. The DNA can also be cut by restriction enzymes; the purification procedure described thus provides the rapid preparation of plasmids for a variety of purposes.
Virulence Potential of the Staphylococcal Adhesin CNA in Experimental Arthritis Is Determined by Its Affinity for Collagen (2004)

The results provide, for the first time, direct evidence that the virulence of CNA depends on its collagen-binding ability. Collagen binding facilitated early colonization of the joints of mice. Furthermore, the virulence potential of the adhesin is determined by the adhesin's affinity for its ligand, as well as its binding kinetics.
Naive CD28-deficient T cells can initiate but not sustain an in vitro antigen-specific immune response. (1995)

Naive T cells require an Ag-specific signal, as well as a costimulatory signal to mount a primary Ag-specific response. Because of their low precursor frequency, it has been difficult to study costimulatory requirements of these Ag-specific T cells. We have generated a CD28-deficient mouse that has been bred to a TCR transgenic (Tg) mouse to better study the function of CD28 during CD4+ T cell responses to Ag. In the absence of CD28, naive TCR Tg T cells responded vigorously to peptide, but responded poorly to mitogen activation. Comparison of activation-induced cell-surface molecules, including CD25, CD44, CD69, and CD71, showed no significant differences between CD28+ and CD28- TCR Tg T cells during the first 24 to 48 h after Ag stimulation. Despite relatively normal surface phenotype and normal proliferative response to Ag, CD28- T cells produced little IL-2, had a decreased sensitivity to lower Ag concentrations, and were unable to maintain their proliferative response. These results suggest that naive T cells are able to utilize other costimulatory signals to initiate a primary Ag-specific response, but require CD28 for optimal, sustained proliferation.
Conducting Polymers and Their Application in Amperometric Biosensors (1994)

The development of reagentless enzyme electrodes implies the covalent binding of enzymes, redox mediators and/or coenzymes on the sensor surface to prevent contamination of the sample by sensor components. Additionally, miniaturization and mass production of enzyme electrodes require techniques for biosensor assembling avoiding manual deposition procedures. The electrochemical deposition of conducting-polymer layers occurs at the surface of an electrode independent of its size and form. Subsequent to the functionalization of conducting-polymer films, electrode surfaces can be obtained which are suitable for the binding of enzymes, coenzymes or redox mediators. The morphology of the conducting polymer films can be adapted to exclude cooxidizable compounds from approaching the electrode surface, thus improving the selectivity of the amperometric enzyme electrodes. The deposition and functionalization of polypyrrole, polyazulen and poly(dithienylpyrrole) as well as the covalent binding of redox mediators, enzymes and mediator-modified enzymes will be described. Main emphasis is focused towards an improvement of the electron-transfer reactions between the immobilized enzymes and the modified electrode surfaces.
Hymenoptera ultra‐rush venom immunotherapy (210 min): a safety study and risk factors (2003)

Treatment with honeybee extract induced more SR than the treatment with yellow jacket and wasp venom. Doses increase phase on day 1 is risk factors for SR of ultra-RVIT, as well as the severity of the prior reaction. Age, degree of positive skin tests, and specific IgE are not risk factors.
Biological activity of liposome-encapsulated murine interferon gamma is mediated by a cell membrane receptor. (1985)

Recombinant murine gamma interferon (rMuIFN-gamma) was found to bind reversibly to a specific high-affinity surface receptor on L929 cells; neither murine alpha or beta nor human gamma IFN competed for receptor binding. Encapsulation of the rMuIFN-gamma in either negatively or positively charged liposomes reduced its immediate ability to bind to this surface receptor. Disruption of liposome integrity with detergent resulted in full ability of the rMuIFN-gamma to bind to the membrane receptor. Incubation of the liposomal IFN in serum-containing medium resulted in significant leakage so that the IFN was able to bind to its surface receptor. Assessment of the biological activity of the rMuIFN-gamma preparations revealed that full antiviral activity was observed in vitro with the liposomal IFN preparations without their prior disruption by detergent. The antiviral activity observed with either free or liposomal IFN was neutralized completely by antibodies against rMuIFN-gamma. Both free and liposomal rMuIFN-gamma, in conjunction with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, were also able to activate murine peritoneal macrophages to the tumoricidal state. Again, this activity of both free and liposomal IFN could be neutralized completely by antibody. These results indicate that although rMuIFN-gamma can be effectively incorporated into liposomes, it must ultimately leak out of the liposome in order to mediate its biological effects; these effects are triggered after the IFN binds to its cell surface receptors.