gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PARP and RIP 1 are required for autophagy induced by 11'-deoxyverticillin A, which precedes caspase-dependent apoptosis (2011)

The epipolythiodioxopiperazines (ETPs) are fungal secondary metabolites proven to trigger both apoptotic and necrotic cell death of tumor cells. However, the underlying mechanism of their regulatory role in macroautophagy and the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis initiated by the ETPs, remain unexplored. In the current work, we found that 11'-deoxyverticillin A (C42), a member of the ETPs, induces autophagosome formation, accumulation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II ) and degradation of sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62). In addition, the LC3-II accrual and p62 degradation occur prior to caspase activation and coincide with PARP activation. Inhibition of autophagy by either chemical inhibitors or by RNA interference single knockdown of essential autophagic genes partially reduces the cell death and the cleavage of both caspase 3 and PARP. Necrostatin-1, a specific inhibitor of necroptosis, inhibits both the augmentation of LC3-II and the cleavage of caspase 3, which was confirmed by depletion of receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP-1), a crucial necrostatin-1-targeted adaptor kinase mediating cell death and survival. Moreover, inhibition of PARP by either chemical inhibitors or RNA interference provides obvious protection for cell viability and suppresses the LC3-II accretion caused by C42 treatment. Interestingly, double silencing of LC3 and p62 completely suppressed PARP cleavage and concurrently and maximally augmented the PAR formation induced by C42. Collectively, we have demonstrated that C42 enhances the cellular autophagic process, which requires both PARP and RIP-1 participation, preceding and possibly augmenting, the caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death.
Electrotactile and vibrotactile displays for sensory substitution systems (1991)

Sensory substitution systems provide their users with environmental information through a human sensory channel (eye, ear, or skin) different from that normally used, or with the information processed in some useful way. We review the methods used to present visual, auditory, and modified tactile information to the skin. First, we discuss present and potential future applications of sensory substitution, including tactile vision substitution (TVS), tactile auditory substitution, and remote tactile sensing or feedback (teletouch). Next, we review the relevant sensory physiology of the skin, including both the mechanisms of normal touch and the mechanisms and sensations associated with electrical stimulation of the skin using surface electrodes (electrotactile (also called electrocutaneous) stimulation). We briefly summarize the information-processing ability of the tactile sense and its relevance to sensory substitution. Finally, we discuss the limitations of current tactile display technologies and suggest areas requiring further research for sensory substitution systems to become more practical.
Knee Deformity in Congenital Longitudinal Deficiencies of the Lower Extremity (2006)

Diagnostic study, Level II. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Plasminogen Kringle 5 Induces Apoptosis of Brain Microvessel Endothelial Cells: Sensitization by Radiation and Requirement for GRP78 and LRP1 (2009)

Recombinant plasminogen kringle 5 (rK5) has been shown to induce apoptosis of dermal microvessel endothelial cells (MvEC) in a manner that requires glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78). As we are interested in antiangiogenic therapy for glioblastoma tumors, and the effectiveness of antiangiogenic therapy can be enhanced when combined with radiation, we investigated the proapoptotic effects of rK5 combined with radiation on brain MvEC. We found that rK5 treatment of brain MvEC induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner and that prior irradiation significantly sensitized (500-fold) the cells to rK5-induced apoptosis. The rK5-induced apoptosis of both unirradiated and irradiated MvEC required expression of GRP78 and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), a scavenger receptor, based on down-regulation studies with small interfering RNA, and blocking studies with either a GRP78 antibody or a competitive inhibitor of ligand binding to LRP1. Furthermore, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase was found to be a necessary downstream effector for rK5-induced apoptosis. These data suggest that irradiation sensitizes brain MvEC to the rK5-induced apoptosis and that this signal requires LRP1 internalization of GRP78 and the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Our findings suggest that prior irradiation would have a dose-sparing effect on rK5 antiangiogenic therapy for brain tumors and further suggest that the effects of rK5 would be tumor specific, as the expression of GRP78 protein is up-regulated on the brain MvEC in glioblastoma tumor biopsies compared with the normal brain.
Role of epsilon-near-zero substrates in the optical response of plasmonic antennas (2016)

Radiation patterns and the resonance wavelength of a plasmonic antenna are significantly influenced by its local environment, particularly its substrate. Here, we experimentally explore the role of dispersive substrates, such as aluminum- or gallium-doped zinc oxide in the near infrared and 4H-silicon carbide in the mid-infrared, upon Au plasmonic antennas, extending from dielectric to metal-like regimes, crossing through epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) conditions. We demonstrate that the vanishing index of refraction within this transition induces a “slowing down” of the rate of spectral shift for the antenna resonance frequency, resulting in an eventual “pinning” of the resonance near the ENZ frequency. This condition corresponds to a strong backward emission with near-constant phase. By comparing heavily doped semiconductors and undoped, polar dielectric substrates with ENZ conditions in the near- and mid-infrared, respectively, we also demonstrate the generality of the phenomenon using both surface plasmon and phonon polaritons, respectively. Furthermore, we also show that the redirected antenna radiation induces a Fano-like interference and an apparent stimulation of optic phonons within SiC.
hph-1: a mouse mutant with hereditary hyperphenylalaninemia induced by ethylnitrosourea mutagenesis. (1988)

Ethylnitrosourea mutagenesis of spermatogonial stem cells and a three-generation breeding scheme were used to screen for recessive mutations that cause defects in phenylalanine metabolism leading to elevated serum levels of this amino acid. This paper describes the isolation of such a mutation, hph-1, causing a heritable hyperphenylalaninemia in the neonate and weanling and an inability to effectively clear a phenylalanine challenge in the adult. Micro-pedigree analysis of the original mutant mouse and data obtained from crosses of affected and unaffected animals indicate that the mutation segregates in an autosomal recessive manner. An interspecies mouse backcross mapping experiment places the mutant gene locus on mouse chromosome 14 very near Np-1 and a backcross experiment with a conventional inbred mouse strain involving a nearby locus confirms the chromosome 14 assignment. The initial symptomatology of the mutant phenotype suggests this mutant may represent a useful animal model for the study of hyperphenylalaninemia in man.
B-IFDMA - A Power Efficient Multiple Access Scheme for Non-frequency-adaptive Transmission (2007)

Within the EU FP6 Integrated Projects WINNER and WINNER II, multiple access schemes for frequency-adaptive and non-frequency-adaptive transmission for a future broadband mobile wireless system are investigated. This paper presents a novel power efficient multiple access scheme for non-frequency-adaptive uplink transmission denoted Block Interleaved Frequency Division Multiple Access (B-IFDMA), which provides large frequency-diversity, potential power savings by user terminal sleep mode, modest high power amplifier backoff and robustness to frequency-offsets, and phase noise.
A model-based object following system (2009)

In this paper we describe an object following system for ground robot mobility, which incorporates LIDAR-based object perception and model-based lane estimation into control signal generation. The approach enables our autonomous ground vehicle MuCAR-3 to safely follow an object even in curved, narrow roads without using GPS or any prior environmental information at all, and to push the follower vehicle backwards in case of dead ends or blocked roads. The effectiveness of this approach originates from a tight coupling between object recognition and control signal generation. Objects are detected, classified and tracked using a unique combination of 3D point clouds and a 2frac12D occupancy grid. With the object information gained, a Kalman filter is used for lane estimation. Furthermore to cope with the problem of local obstacle avoidance, a set of drivable primitives, called tentacles, is integrated into the system. Using parameters from both, a controller generates an appropriate control signal for underlying vehicle control circuits. With this approach we are able to demonstrate smooth steering behavior at speeds up to 20 m/s while following an object even in rough terrain with high precession. The system was tested in various urban and non-urban scenarios like inner city traffic with crossings including stop lights, as well as roundabouts and pedestrian areas, which requires accurate lane execution.
Proanthocyanidin synthesis in the forage legume Onobrychis viciifolia . A study of chalcone synthase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and leucoanthocyanidin 4-reductase in developing leaves (1998)

The timing of proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis in leaves of Onobrychis viciifolia (sainfoin) was examined using nucleotide probes, enzyme assays and immunochemical detection. To achieve this, a chalcone synthase ( CHS ) cDNA clone was isolated and a PCR-amplified DNA fragment corresponding to part of a dihydroflavonol reductase ( DFR ) gene was obtained from sainfoin. The high sequence homology of the CHS clone, both at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, with CHS sequences from other species, confirmed the identity of the clone. The identity of the PCR fragment was confirmed by sequence homology to known DFR sequences. The level of DFR mRNA, DFR and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) enzyme activities, CHS mRNA and CHS protein were at a maximum in young, unexpanded leaves of sainfoin. The levels of DFR mRNA, and DFR and LAR enzyme activity declined rapidly and were absent in older tissues. PA content of leaves declined slightly on a fresh and dry weight basis in the more mature phases of leaf development; however, PA content on a per leaf basis continued to increase throughout development. The apparent anomaly between the activity of critical enzymes (LAR and DFR) and the accumulation of PA indicates that the process of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis is still poorly understood.
Cause Analysis of Injury-Related Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the Elderly (2012)

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes of injury-related out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in patients; the differences between elderly and younger patients were investigated. We believe that identifying the causes of cardiac arrest in different patient groups, may help emergency physicians to make better decisions and thus improve the development of preventive strategies in the future. Methods: A retrospective review was carried out of injury-related OHCA patients who were > 17 years old, and who were admitted to the emergency department (ED) of a medical center in northern Taiwan, between January 1 and December 31, 2005. Details of demographics, witness reports, mode of transport, outcome, and cause of injury-related OHCA were collected and analyzed. Results: Ninety-four patients met our inclusion criteria; 5 patients (5.3%) survived to hospital discharge, but all had significant neurological deficits. Twenty patients were > 65 years old, and were defined as elderly; 74 patients, who were defined as adults, were between 18 and 64 years old. The survival rate in the elderly group was 15.0% (3/20), and in the adult group was 2.7% (2/74); there was no significant difference between the elderly and adult groups (p=0.063). In the adult group, the leading cause of injury-related OHCA was a traffic accident, but in the elderly group, the leading cause was mechanical airway obstruction (choking); these results are statistically significant. Conclusion: In this study, choking was found to be the leading cause of injury-related OHCA in the elderly and traffic accidents were the leading cause in adults. Five patients (5.3%) survived, but all had significant neurological deficits. Because of the poor outcomes of injury-related OHCA patients, it is proposed that prevention may be the best strategy for these patients' survival.
Effects of .ALPHA.-Galactosylceramides on Bone Marrow Cells in Vitro and Hematopoiesis in Vivo. (1996)

We found that AGL-517, an alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer), possesses potent radioprotective activities against mice irradiated with 9 Gy of X-ray in contrast to its having no effect on mice irradiated with 10 Gy of X-ray. The result suggested the possibility that alpha-GalCers protect mice from bone marrow death. To examine this possibility, we examined the effects of two kinds of alpha- and beta-GalCers on counts of platelets (PLT) and white blood cells (WBC) in the peripheral blood of normal mice and mice irradiated in a whole body with 5 Gy of X-ray. alpha-GalCers significantly increased the PLT and WBC counts of both mice in comparison with the vehicle-treated group, and their potencies were stronger than those of their beta-types. Furthermore, we evaluated the in vitro bone marrow cell-proliferation stimulatory activities of four kinds of GalCers, and found that alpha-GalCers show stronger stimulatory effects than beta-types. These results demonstrate that the alpha-configuration of GalCers plays an important role in the manifestation of the above-mentioned activities of GalCers. The results also suggest that alpha-GalCers may be useful as hematopoietic stimulators as well as radioprotective agents.
Effects of vacuum‐assisted closure therapy on inguinal wound edge microvascular blood flow (2004)

Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy has been shown to facilitate wound healing. Data on the mechanisms are scarce, although beneficial effects on blood flow and granulation tissue formation have been presented. In the current study, laser Doppler was used to measure microvascular blood flow to an inguinal wound in pigs during VAC therapy (-50 to -200 mmHg), including consideration of the different tissue types and the distance from the wound edge. VAC treatment induced an increase in microvascular blood flow a few centimeters from the wound edge. The increase in blood flow occurred closer to the wound edge in muscular as compared to subcutaneous tissue (1.5 cm and 3 cm, at -75 mmHg). In the immediate proximity to the wound edge, blood flow was decreased. This hypoperfused zone was increased with decreasing pressure and was especially prominent in subcutaneous as compared to muscular tissue (0-1.9 cm vs. 0-1.0 cm, at -100 mmHg). When VAC therapy was terminated, blood flow increased multifold, which may be due to reactive hyperemia. In conclusion, VAC therapy affects microvascular blood flow to the wound edge and may thereby promote wound healing. A low negative pressure during treatment may be beneficial, especially in soft tissue, to minimize possible ischemic effects. Intermittent VAC therapy may further increase blood flow.
A Buyer's Guide to Conic Fitting. (1995)

In this paper we evaluate several methods of fitting data to conic sections. Conic fitting is a commonly required task in machine vision, but many algorithms perform badly on incomplete or noisy data. We evaluate several algorithms under various noise and degeneracy conditions, identify the key parameters which affect sensitivity, and present the results of comparative experiments which emphasize the algorithms' behaviours under common examples of degenerate data. In addition, complexity analyses in terms of flop counts are provided in order to further inform the choice of algorithm for a specific application.
The multiphoton ionization spectrum of benzene (1976)

A resonance seen in the multiphoton ionization spectrum of benzene at 391.4 nm is identified as a two-photon resonance with a bound state at 51 085 cm−1. This state has probable symmetry 1E1g or 1E2g as indicated by an active e2g vibration. No other allowed two-photon transitions are seen below this energy. Three-photon resonances with the Rydberg states of benzene are seen and compared to the one-photon absorption spectrum. The great similarity indicates a strong 1A1g component in the two-photon virtual state. Two-photon resonances with the 1B2u state agree with two-photon fluorescence excitation spectra but show no diminution above the energy where fluorescence is quenched.
A study of elementary school district superintendents' perceptions of challenges related to the implementation of networked educational technology and Internet access for elementary schools (1998)

This study identified fourteen null hypotheses related to the impact of certain variables and their effect on the support of networked educational technology and Internet access by elementary school district superintendents. Sixty elementary and nineteen unified school districts superintendents in the San Joaquin region of the California School Leadership Academy representing eight counties were surveyed. Independent variables related to gender, age, years of experience as a superintendent, years in current district, and level of personal use of computers were compared with dependent variables related to costs associated with implementation, costs related to maintenance, repair and replacement, cost of training, socio-economic and gender equity issues, Internet safety issues, potential loss of instructional time and grade level span of students. The study found a high level of overall support for networked educational technology and Internet access for elementary age students. The highest support level was for grades 7–8, support for grades 4–6 was somewhat lower, and support for grades k–3 was the lowest of the grade spans. A ranking of concerns identified costs associated with maintenance and replacement to be the biggest concern. Initial implementation costs, Internet safety issues, cost of training, socio-economic issues, potential loss of instructional time, and gender equity issues were identified in order of importance. Significant positive correlations were discovered between superintendents' length of tenure in their current districts and concerns related to both Internet safety issues and potential loss of instructional time. A negative correlation was found between years experience as a superintendent and overall support for networked educational technology and Internet access. No correlations were found between district size, gender, age, or personal use of computers and the independent variables of implementation costs, costs of maintenance repair and replacement, costs of training, socio-economic or gender equity, Internet safety issues, or potential loss of instructional time.
Evaluation of a synthetic-peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin M to human parvovirus B19 (1991)

A synthetic peptide corresponding to a part of the virus protein 1-virus protein 2 overlapping region of human parvovirus B19 was used in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies of the immunoglobulin (Ig) M class were measured in serum samples from patients with erythema infectiosum and controls. In comparison with an IgM assay using native B19 viral antigen, the peptide antigen assay was 92% sensitive and 87% specific. B19 IgM reactivities were seen in a limited number of children with other viral diseases. Specific IgM reactivities to short synthetic viral peptides have previously been reported only with Epstein-Barr virus. Since other sources of viral antigen are limited, the peptide antigen assay may be a useful alternative for the diagnosis of B19-associated disease in human beings.
Genital Herpes: Pathogenesis and Chemotherapy in the Guinea Pig Model (1984)

Genital herpes is different from other common venereal diseases in that there is no cure. As yet the natural history of genital herpes is not well understood. There are many unanswered questions regarding the biology of the disease; the virulence of the virus strains, individual host responses, and means for prevention and control all require further investigation. The study of genital herpes has been greatly aided in recent years by the development of animal models. The clinical and pathologic features of acute and recurrent genital disease of guinea pigs inoculated with low doses of herpes simplex virus are similar to those seen in human infection. Therefore, questions not readily studied in human infection--such as latent infection in the nervous system, the natural history, prevention, and treatment of neonatal herpes, the effects of immunosuppression on herpes infection, and the efficacy and toxicity of antiviral drugs and vaccines--are amenable to study in the guinea pig model. The applications of this animal model and its relevance to human disease are herein reviewed.
Digital Radio Mondiale: key technical features (2002)

Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) is a system that promises to reinvigorate the use of the broadcasting bands below 30 MHz. It offers a dramatic improvement in audio quality, not only improving the audio bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio, but also countering the effects of selective fading and audible interference from other stations. It is also designed to support various features that will make receiver operation more user-friendly. This article describes the basic &apos;mechanics&apos; of DRM and its features, which include station identification, alternative frequency lists and support for time-varying frequency schedules-of particular importance in HF broadcasting.
Smooth transitions between bump rendering algorithms (1993)

A method is described for switching smoothly between rendering algorithms as required by the amount of visible surface detail. The result will be more realism with less computation for displaying objects whose surface detail can be described by one or more bump maps. The three rendering algorithms considered are a BRDF, bump mapping, and displacement mapping. The bump mapping has been modified to make it consistent with the other two. For a given viewpoint, one of these algorithms will show a better trade-off between quality, computation time, and aliasing than the other two. The decision as to which algorithm is appropriate is a function of distance, viewing angle, and the frequency of bumps in the bump map.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLES FROM 2‐AMINO KETONES. XXIII. REACTION OF O‐AMINO KETONES WITH DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS (1977)

Abstract Die Aminoketone (I) reagieren mit Glutaminsäure, Diglykolsäure bzw. Thiodiglykolsäure in heißer Polyphosphorsäure unter Bildung der entsprechenden Benzonaphthyridine (II), während die Reaktionen ‐von (Ic) mit Dicarbonsäure‐bischloriden in Benzol oder Xylol zu den Bis‐säureamiden führen, die beim Erhitzen mit Ammoniak Bis‐chinazolinyl‐alkane, wie z.B. (III), geben.