gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chaperoning signaling pathways: molecular chaperones as stress-sensing`heat shock' proteins (2002)

Heat shock proteins interact with multiple key components of signaling pathways that regulate growth and development. The molecular relationships between heat shock proteins, various signaling proteins and partner proteins appear to be critical for the normal function of signal transduction pathways. The relative levels of these proteins may be important, as too little or too much Hsp70 or Hsp90 can result in aberrant growth control, developmental malformations and cell death. Although the functions of heat shock proteins as molecular chaperones have been well characterized, their complementary role as a 'stress-induced' proteins to monitor changes and alter the biochemical environment of the cell remains elusive. Genetic and molecular interactions between heat shock proteins, their co-chaperones and components of signaling pathways suggest that crosstalk between these proteins can regulate proliferation and development by preventing or enhancing cell growth and cell death as the levels of heat shock proteins vary in response to environmental stress or disease.
Neuropathology Of Discogenic Low Back Pain: A Review (2004)

Under normal physiological conditions, lumbar intervertebral discs are less sensitive to nociceptive stimuli than other spinal tissues. Therefore, it is likely that some pathological changes may be present in painful lumbar discs. Previous reports describe nerve fibers extending into the painful disc rather than being restricted to the outermost area as found in asymptomatic discs. This difference may play an important role in the generation of discogenic pain, which is the pain produced by intervertebral disc disorders. It has been reported that inflammatory mediators, nerve growth factor (NGF), and a decrease of proteoglycan content have the potential to promote nerve ingrowth into the disc. Furthermore, recent reports suggested that the levels of inflammatory mediators and NGF are higher in painful discs than in asymptomatic discs. Nerve ingrowth into painful discs may therefore be regulated by multiple factors, including factors as yet unidentified. Also, the inflammatory mediators and NGF have a sensitizing effect on nerve fibers. In summary, we suppose that nerve ingrowth into the disc and sensitization of the disc afferents would be two major neuropathogenic mechanisms for chronic discogenic pain.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GRANULATION TISSUE, BACTERIA, AND SKIN GRAFTS IN BURNED PATIENTS (1958)

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and the Transplantation Bulletin: July 1958 - Volume 22 - Issue 1 - p 42-55
Zur Kenntnis eines neuen Kupfermolybdats: Cu4Mo5O17 (1985)

Abstract Einkristalle von Cu 4 Mo 5 O 17 warden aus Cu 2 O und MoO 3 unter Luftausschluß dargestellt. Röntgenbeugungsuntersuchungen führen zu trikliner Symmetrie (Raumgruppe P1, a = 6,782, b = 9,573, c = 10,948 Å; α = 107,03, β = 88,40, γ = 111,02°; Z = 2). Cu 4 Mo 5 O 17 unterscheidet sich kristallchemisch von den bisher bekannten Cu II ‐Oxomolybdaten in der Koordination von Mo 6+ . Die Koordination von Cu + ist nicht hantelförmig, sondern tetraedrisch und oktaedrisch. Die Kristallstruktur wird beschrieben und diskutiert.
Injection molded fine-scale piezoelectric composite transducers (1993)

A ceramic injection molding process has been developed for net-shape forming complex-shaped PZT 1-3 and 2-2 element arrays that are suitable for direct assembly into composite transducers. The process offers a low cost, shape-versatile alternative to the conventional dice-and-fill method of composite transducer fabrication now widely used in the medical ultrasound industry. This technique has been used to produce 1-3 composite preforms having 19×19 arrays of 1.15 mm diameter PZT rods. When assembled into a larger array, the 1-3 composite transducers outperform PVDF and 0-3 composites in both sensing and projection operation. The limits of the process are being explored in an attempt to achieve smaller PZT element dimensions suitable for high frequency ultrasonic imaging. With appropriate tooling, the process is capable of producing arrays of extremely fine elements: 1-3 composites having <100 μm diameter PZT fibers and 2-2 composites with 25 μm wide PZT strips have been demonstrated
Negative Regulation of T-Cell Function by PD-1 (2004)

PD-1 is a receptor inducibly expressed on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells following activation. PD-1-deficient mice develop signs of autoimmunity, suggesting a negative regulatory role for PD-1 in dampening lymphocyte responses. The expression of one ligand for PD-1, designated PD-L1 or B7-H1, on tumor cells of a variety of histologies has suggested a potential mechanism for tumor escape from immune destruction. This review summarizes data regarding PD-1 and related negative regulatory receptors, focusing on implications for potentiating antitumor immunity in vivo.
Adaptive control of nonholonomic robotic systems (1998)

This paper considers the problem of controlling the motion of nonholonomic robotic systems in the presence of uncertainty regarding the system model and state, and presents a class of adaptive controllers as a solution to this problem. The proposed control strategies provide simple and robust solutions to a number of important nonholonomic system control problems, including stabilization to an equilibrium manifold, motion control to an equilibrium point via trajectory tracking, and stabilization to an equilibrium point. All of the schemes are computationally efficient, are implementable without knowledge of the system dynamic model, and ensure uniform boundedness of all signals and accurate motion control; furthermore, most of the controllers can be implemented without rate measurements. The efficacy of the proposed approach is illustrated through extensive computer simulations with nonholonomic robotic systems arising from explicit constraints on the system kinematics and from symmetries of the system dynamics. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ATM Limits Incorrect End Utilization during Non-Homologous End Joining of Multiple Chromosome Breaks (2010)

Chromosome rearrangements can form when incorrect ends are matched during end joining (EJ) repair of multiple chromosomal double-strand breaks (DSBs). We tested whether the ATM kinase limits chromosome rearrangements via suppressing incorrect end utilization during EJ repair of multiple DSBs. For this, we developed a system for monitoring EJ of two tandem DSBs that can be repaired using correct ends (Proximal-EJ) or incorrect ends (Distal-EJ, which causes loss of the DNA between the DSBs). In this system, two DSBs are induced in a chromosomal reporter by the meganuclease I-SceI. These DSBs are processed into non-cohesive ends by the exonuclease Trex2, which leads to the formation of I-SceI-resistant EJ products during both Proximal-EJ and Distal-EJ. Using this method, we find that genetic or chemical disruption of ATM causes a substantial increase in Distal-EJ, but not Proximal-EJ. We also find that the increase in Distal-EJ caused by ATM disruption is dependent on classical non-homologous end joining (c-NHEJ) factors, specifically DNA-PKcs, Xrcc4, and XLF. We present evidence that Nbs1-deficiency also causes elevated Distal-EJ, but not Proximal-EJ, to a similar degree as ATM-deficiency. In addition, to evaluate the roles of these factors on end processing, we examined Distal-EJ repair junctions. We found that ATM and Xrcc4 limit the length of deletions, whereas Nbs1 and DNA-PKcs promote short deletions. Thus, the regulation of end processing appears distinct from that of end utilization. In summary, we suggest that ATM is important to limit incorrect end utilization during c-NHEJ.
A unified model for the speed of sound in cranial bone based on genetic algorithm optimization (2002)

The density and structure of bone is highly heterogeneous, causing wide variations in the reported speed of sound for ultrasound propagation. Current research on the propagation of high intensity focused ultrasound through an intact human skull for non-invasive therapeutic action on brain tissue requires a detailed model for the acoustic velocity in cranial bone. Such models have been difficult to derive empirically due to the aforementioned heterogeneity of bone itself. We propose a single unified model for the speed of sound in cranial bone based upon the apparent density of bone by CT scan. This model is based upon the coupling of empirical measurement, theoretical acoustic simulation and genetic algorithm optimization. The phase distortion caused by the presence of skull in an acoustic path is empirically measured. The ability of a theoretical acoustic simulation coupled with a particular speed-of-sound model to predict this phase distortion is compared against the empirical data, thus providing the fitness function needed to perform genetic algorithm optimization. By performing genetic algorithm optimization over an initial population of candidate speed-of-sound models, an ultimate single unified model for the speed of sound in both the cortical and trabecular regions of cranial bone is produced. The final model produced by genetic algorithm optimization has a nonlinear dependency of speed of sound upon local bone density. This model is shown by statistical significance to be a suitable model of the speed of sound in bone. Furthermore, using a skull that was not part of the optimization process, this model is also tested against a published homogeneous speed-of-sound model and shown to return an improved prediction of transcranial ultrasound propagation.
Primate Smooth Muscle Cell Migration From Aortic Explants Is Mediated by Endogenous Platelet-Derived Growth Factor and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Acting Through Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (1997)

These data demonstrate that SMC migration from primate aortic explants is dependent on endogenous MMP2, MMP9, PDGF, and bFGF. The data also suggest that PDGF-induced (PDGF-BB or possibly PDGF-AB) migration is dependent on MMP2, whereas bFGF-induced migration depends on both MMP2 and MMP9.
Piezoelectric-modulated optical fibre Bragg grating high-voltage sensor (1999)

A high-voltage sensor was developed by driving optical fibre Bragg gratings, mechanically fixed along the radial direction, with a conventional piezoelectric disc. A wavelength shift modulation is obtained as a result of the converse piezoelectric effect. The measured output signal is linear. The voltage upper limit depends on the type and thickness of the piezoceramic. A sensor built with a disc of piezoelectric PZT-4 type, 6.33 mm thick, has a dynamic range of 6.33 kVrms, a sensitivity of ~0.108 mVp-p kV-1rms, and a resolution of ~0.15 kVrms, at 60 Hz. Changing the piezoelectric dimensions may enhance the sensitivity and resolution of the high-voltage sensor.
A handbook of nuclear magnetic resonance (1987)

A handbook of nuclear magnetic resonance , A handbook of nuclear magnetic resonance , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Glucocorticoids manifest androgenic activity in a cell line derived from a metastatic prostate cancer. (2001)

The pathophysiological mechanism(s) by which androgen independence develops in prostate cancer remains to be determined. The identification in many prostate cancer specimens of a mutant androgen receptor, T877A, with altered ligand specificity has provided an explanation for some treatment failures. The T877A mutant androgen receptor recognizes a number of nonandrogenic compounds, including certain estrogens, progestins, and even antiandrogens as androgens. However, a comprehensive screen for hormonal agents which display agonist activity on this mutant has not been performed. In this study, we characterized this clinically important receptor mutant further and found that it can be activated by a wide range of compounds, including a number of endogenous glucocorticoids. Among the most clinically relevant compounds identified are DOC and corticosterone, both of which can effectively activate the mutant receptor at concentrations normally found in blood. Dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid frequently used in various contexts for prostate cancer therapy, is also recognized as an androgen by the mutant receptor. These unexpected findings suggest the need to: (a) reassess the role of adrenally derived glucocorticoids in prostate cancer disease progression; and (b) recognize the potential for iatrogenic stimulation of disease progression with certain glucocorticoid interventions.
Asynchronous optical sampling terahertz time-domain spectroscopy for ultrahigh spectral resolution and rapid data acquisition (2005)

We propose a terahertz time-domain spectrometer based on asynchronous optical sampling. The spectrometer features ultrahigh spectral resolution equivalent to a laser mode-locked frequency and rapid data acquisition. The proposed method requires no mechanical translation stages for time-delay scanning, and hence, overcomes the inherent tradeoff between frequency resolution and data acquisition time. Time evolution of the picosecond terahertz pulse with a temporal window of 12.1 ns is measured directly on an oscilloscope using a time-scale magnification of 764 815. A frequency resolution of 82.6 MHz is achieved at a measurement time of 10 s. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by comparing it with conventional stage-scanning terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.
Experimental two-dimensional field mapping of total internal reflection lateral beam shift in a self-collimated photonic crystal (2009)

A lateral beam shift is demonstrated both theoretically and in microwave experiments when total internal reflection takes place at the boundary of a self-collimating two-dimensional photonic crystal consisting of an array of high index dielectric cylinders. We further show the dependence of this shift on the cut of the last row of cylinders that defines the crystal interface.
Multilineage hematopoietic recovery with concomitant antitumor effects using low dose Interleukin-12 in myelosuppressed tumor-bearing mice (2008)

Our results portend that despite its past failure, IL-12 appears to have significant clinical potential as a hematological adjuvant cancer therapy.
Synthesis of functionalised unsymmetrical diaryliodonium salts (1997)

A generalised synthesis of unsymmetrical functionalised diaryliodonium salts has been developed through the direct reaction of bis(acetoxy)iodoarenes with arenes in a trifluoromethanesulfonic or trifluoroacetic acid medium.
Receptive field characteristics of tactile units with myelinated afferents in hairy skin of human subjects. (1995)

1. Impulses in single nerve fibres from the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve were recorded using the microneurography technique in human subjects. 2. In a sample of fifty-five mechanoreceptive units with fast-conducting nerve fibres, five types were identified, i.e. SAI (slowly adapting type I, Merkel), SAII (slowly adapting type II, Ruffini), hair units, field units and Pacinian-type units. The latter three unit types were all rapidly adapting. 3. The detailed structure of thirty-five receptive fields of SAI, SAII, hair and field units was explored with a method which was objective and independent of the experimenter's skill and experience. A lightweight probe was used to scan the receptive field area in a series of tracks 0.23 mm apart while single-unit activity was recorded. 4. SAI fields were small and composed of two to four well-separated high-sensitivity spots and often, in addition, one minor spot of lower sensitivity. SAII units typically fired spontaneously at a low and regular rate. Most fields consisted of one single spot of high sensitivity with diffuse borders. The hair units innervated ten to thirty-three (or more) hairs, which were evenly distributed over a large area. The field units were characterized by a number of small and closely packed high-sensitivity spots with diffuse borders. A conservative estimate indicated eleven spots per unit. 5. The findings indicate that the sheet of mechanoreceptors on the skin of the forearm is distinctly different from that on the dorsum of the hand and in the face. It seems reasonable to assume that the former is more representative for the hairy skin covering the main parts of the body.
Left ventricular function in diabetes mellitus. II: Relation between clinical features and left ventricular function. (1981)

We have shown a close relation between clinical microvascular complications and abnormalities of left ventricular function in 185 established diabetics without clinical heart disease. In 50 insulin-dependent diabetics who presented at under 20 years of age there was a correlation between the duration of diabetes and the isovolumic relaxation time, minimal dimension to mitral valve opening, and ratio of pre-ejection period to left ventricular ejection time. Diabetics with mild microvascular complications were similar to diabetics with no complications except for minor prolongation of the diastolic time intervals. Those with severe complications were significantly different from diabetes with milder complications and normal controls in all variables of left ventricular function. A close relation between left ventricular function and the microvascular complications index (code 0 when no complications to code 7 when all present and severe) was found for the following variables: isovolumic relaxation time, the interval from minimal dimension to mitral valve opening, ratio of pre-ejection period to left ventricular ejection time, and pre-ejection period index. It is concluded that in diabetes abnormalities of left ventricular function are related to duration of disease and complications; and that a diabetic specific heart muscle disorder occurs frequently in patients with severe microvascular complications.
IL-7 Promotes the Transition of CD4 Effectors to Persistent Memory Cells (2003)

After transfer to adoptive hosts, in vitro-generated CD4 effectors can become long-lived memory cells, but the factors regulating this transition are unknown. We find that low doses of interleukin (IL) 7 enhance survival of effectors in vitro without driving their division. When in vitro-generated effectors are transferred to normal intact adoptive hosts, they survive and rapidly become small resting cells with a memory phenotype. CD4 effectors generated from wild-type versus IL-7 receptor-/- mice were transferred to adoptive hosts, including intact mice and those deficient in IL-7. In each case, the response to IL-7 was critical for good recovery of donor cells after 5-7 d. Recovery was also IL-7-dependent in Class II hosts where division was minimal. Blocking antibodies to IL-7 dramatically decreased short-term recovery of transferred effectors in vivo without affecting their division. These data indicate that IL-7 plays a critical role in promoting memory CD4 T cell generation by providing survival signals, which allow effectors to successfully become resting memory cells.
Identifying microcalcifications in benign and malignant breast lesions by probing differences in their chemical composition using Raman spectroscopy. (2002)

We have applied Raman spectroscopy to analyze the chemical composition of microcalcifications occurring in benign and malignant lesions in the human breast. Microcalcifications were initially separated into two categories based on their Raman spectrum: type I, calcium oxalate dihydrate, and type II, calcium hydroxyapatite. Type I microcalcifications were diagnosed as benign, whereas type II were subdivided into benign and malignant categories using principal component analysis, a statistical technique. Although type II microcalcifications are primarily composed of calcium hydroxyapatite, they also contain trace amounts of several biological impurities. Using principal component analysis, we were able to highlight subtle chemical differences in type II microcalcifications that correlate with breast disease. On the basis of these results, we believe that type II microcalcifications formed in benign ducts typically contain a larger amount of calcium carbonate and a smaller amount of protein than those formed in malignant ducts. Using this diagnostic strategy, we were able to distinguish microcalcifications occurring in benign and malignant ducts with a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 93%. This is a significant improvement over current X-ray mammography techniques, which are unable to reliably differentiate microcalcifications in benign and malignant breast lesions.
Co-localization of truncated tau and DNA fragmentation in Alzheimerʼs disease neurones (1997)

Monoclonal antibody MN423 stains all hallmarks of tau neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD), without reacting with full-length tau. It recognizes tau molecules which are cleaved at Glu-391, suggesting that tau is endogenously truncated in AD brains. We investigated whether truncation of tau takes place in pre-tangle neurones. Our results showed that tau truncation occurs inside AD neurones in the absence of other signs of AD neurofibrillary pathology. Using in situ end labelling (ISEL) of DNA we found evidence for DNA fragmentation in a significant subpopulation of MN423-positive neurones. Our results therefore suggest that tau truncation is an early intracellular event preceding cell death in AD.
Molecular cloning and analysis of genes for sialic acid synthesis in Neisseria meningitidis group B and purification of the meningococcal CMP-NeuNAc synthetase enzyme (1994)

The gene encoding for the CMP-NeuNAc synthetase enzyme of Neisseria meningitidis group B was cloned by complementation of a mutant of Escherichia coli defective for this enzyme. The gene (neuA) was isolated on a 4.1-kb fragment of meningococcal chromosomal DNA. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of this fragment revealed the presence of three genes, termed neuA, neuB, and neuC, organized in a single operon. The presence of a truncated ctrA gene at one end of the cloned DNA and a truncated gene encoding for the meningococcal sialyltransferase at the other confirmed that the cloned DNA corresponded to region A and part of region C of the meningococcal capsule gene cluster. The predicted amino acid sequence of the meningococcal NeuA protein was 57% homologous to that of NeuA, the CMP-NeuNAc synthetase encoded by E. coli K1. The predicted molecular mass of meningococcal NeuA protein was 24.8 kDa, which was 6 kDa larger than that formerly predicted (U. Edwards and M. Frosch, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 96:161-166, 1992). Purification of the recombinant meningococcal NeuA protein together with determination of the N-terminal amino acid sequence confirmed that this 24.8-kDa protein was indeed the meningococcal CMP-NeuNAc synthetase. The predicted amino acid sequences of the two other encoded proteins were homologous to those of the NeuC and NeuB proteins of E. coli K1, two proteins involved in the synthesis of NeuNAc. These results indicate that common steps exist in the biosynthesis of NeuNAc in these two microorganisms.
Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous FeF3 and its in situ homogenous polymerization coating for high energy and power density lithium ion batteries (2012)

A new hybrid nanostructure composed of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) FeF3 and an homogenous coating of poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is successfully synthesized using polystyrene (PS) colloidal crystals as hard template, and the coating of PEDOT is achieved through a novel in situ polymerization method. The special nanostructure provides a three-dimensional, continuous, and fast electronic and ionic path in the electrode. Surprisingly, the advantageous combination of 3DOM structure and homogenous coating of PEDOT endows the as-prepared hybrid nanostructures with a stable and high reversible discharge capacity up to 210 mA h g−1 above 2.0 V at room temperature (RT), and a good rate capability of 120 mA h g−1 at a high current density of 1 A g−1, which opens up new opportunities in the development of high performance next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).