gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Remineralization of Enamel Caries Can Decrease Optical Reflectivity (2006)

The remineralization of enamel caries can lead to distinct optical changes within a lesion. We hypothesized that the restoration of mineral volume would result in a measurable decrease in the depth-resolved reflectivity of polarized light from the lesion. To test this hypothesis, we measured optical changes in artificial caries undergoing remineralization as a function of depth, using Polarization-sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography (PS-OCT). Lesions were imaged non-destructively before and after exposure to a remineralization regimen. After imaging, microradiographs of histological thin sections indicated that the significant reflectivity reduction measured by PS-OCT accurately represented the increase in mineral content within a larger repaired surface zone. Mineral volume changes arising from remineralization can be measured on the basis of the optical reflectivity of the lesion.
Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors stimulate tyrosine kinase activity in vivo. (1988)

We assessed the ability of acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to stimulate tyrosine kinase activity in intact cells. Immunoblot with polyclonal antiphosphotyrosine antibodies detected a 90-kDa phosphotyrosine-bearing protein in lysates of Swiss 3T3 cells exposed to pituitary-derived FGF, recombinant acidic FGF, or recombinant basic FGF, but not from unstimulated cells or cells exposed to epidermal growth factor or platelet-derived growth factor. Phosphotyrosine and its analogue phenyl phosphate, but not phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, or tyrosine itself, blocked recognition of the 90-kDa protein by antiphosphotyrosine antiserum. A monoclonal antiphosphotyrosine antibody also recognized the 90-kDa protein and was used to partially purify the protein by immunoaffinity chromatography. Phosphoamino acid analysis of the 90 kDa band revealed that it contained 20% phosphotyrosine, 35% phosphothreonine, and 45% phosphoserine. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the 90-kDa protein was detectable within 30 s and reached a plateau within 10 min of FGF addition. The addition of suramin, which blocks the interaction of FGF with its receptor, caused rapid disappearance of the 90 kDa band. Cell fractionation experiments were consistent with the 90-kDa protein being membrane-associated, but cross-linking studies revealed that the FGF receptor had an Mr between 145 and 210 kDa in Swiss 3T3 cells, distinct from the 90-kDa major substrate for tyrosine phosphorylation. These data demonstrate that both acidic and basic FGF activate a tyrosine kinase in vivo leading to phosphorylation of a unique 90-kDa substrate, and they suggest that protein modification by phosphorylation at tyrosine is involved in eliciting the mitogenic effect of FGF.
Rheology of Cystic Fibrosis Sputum after in vitro Treatment with Hypertonic Saline Alone and in Combination with Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I (1997)

Abstract Treatment with recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I (rhDNase) is currently used as therapy for cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. Hypertonic saline (HS) acts as an expectorant promoting mucus secretion and augmenting the volume of sputum. We evaluated the individual and combined effects of HS and rhDNase in vitro on the viscoelasticity of CF sputum. Sputum samples were collected from nine CF patients to use for in vitro testing. Aliquots of CF sputum (0.20 to 0.40 g) were subjected to the following protocols: (1) negative control sample without any treatment; (2) positive control sample, adding 10% volume of normal saline (0.9% NaCl); (3) application of hypertonic saline (HS-3% NaCl); (4 ) combining approximately 100 nM concentration of rhDNase with protocols 2 and 3. The samples in protocols 2 through 4 were incubated for 30 min at 37 ° C. For each protocol, CF sputum was analyzed at baseline and at 30 min for spinnability by filancemeter and viscoelasticity by magnetic microrheometry. Spinnability decreased for the sputum samples that were treated with rhDNase, in combination with either HS or normal saline. Treatment with HS alone and combined treatment with rhDNase and HS decreased log G* (the principal viscoelasticity index) to the same degree. Saline alone and rhDNase in normal saline both increased the predicted cough clearability of the sputum; however, the combined treatment with rhDNase and hypertonic saline had the best overall effect on cough clearability. The change in predicted mucociliary clearability, although greatest after HS, was not significant. These in vitro results suggest that combined treatment with rhDNase and HS should be evaluated further as a potential mucotropic approach to augment the clearance of purulent sputum in CF lung disease.
Flexible Unequal Error Protection Scheme for Uncompressed Video Transmission over 60GHz Multi-Gigabit Wireless System (2011)

The 57-66GHz millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum has been dramatically drawing interest due to the worldwide availability of the extremely wide and unlicensed bandwidth which enable us to build up multi-gigabit wireless system (MGWS). The MGWS provides the opportunity to deliver high-quality uncompressed video wirelessly. In order to realize the uncompressed video transmission, we investigate the impact of unequal error protection (UEP) scheme which can be effectively used for graceful quality degradation under harsh wireless link conditions. To allow for improved quality maintenance and efficient wireless resource usage, this paper proposes a flexible UEP method with awareness of the uncompressed video context, which offers better visual-quality and resource usage over conventional UEP and equal error protection (EEP). Computer simulations using real uncompressed high-definition images indicate that the proposed UEP scheme outperforms conventional UEP and EEP schemes in terms of average weighted peak-signal-to-noise-ration (PSNR) under both poor channel and good channel condition.
Ni-Pt Phase Diagram: Experiment and Theory (1985)

The temperature-composition phase diagram of the ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Pt}}_{x}$ system was determined by x-ray diffraction and in situ high-temperature measurements of electrical resistivity. The Curie temperatures were also determined for both disordered and ordered alloys. Our results provide direct experimental evidence for the interplay between atomic ordering and magnetism. The experimental measurements are satisfactorily reproduced by a Hamiltonian, solved in the tetrahedron approximation of the cluster-variation method, that contains magnetic interactions dependent on chemical and short-range order.
Fluorescent Labeling Reagents. Part 3. Screening Search for Organic Fluorophores: Syntheses and Fluorescence Properties of 3-Azolyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin Derivatives. (2000)

In order to find a highly sensitive fluorophore, 3-azolyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin derivatives were synthesized. Both the absorption and fluorescence maxima of the coumarin-thiazole compounds showed red shifts with increases of the molar absorptivities and fluorescence intensities, in comparison with those of the corresponding coumarin-oxazole compounds. Among them, 3-(5-ethoxycarbonyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-7-diethylamino-2H-chromen -2-one (3e) was one of the most promising candidates as a fluorophore accessible for analytical purposes in the fields of analytical and biological chemistry.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Hydration of Nitriles by Dimethyldioxirane. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
[The comparative morphology of the specific endothelial granules in the microvessels of the hypertrophied myocardium in patients with congenital heart defects and in experimental animals]. (1997)

Specific endothelial granules of myocardial microvessels were studied in both patients, suffering from different congenital heart pathology, and dogs, before and during hyperthermia. In the intact myocardium of dogs we found two morphological varieties of granules, dark and light ones. The ultrastructural polymorphism of these granules was due presumably to hyperthermia. In cases of heart disease, a third morphological form of granules was revealed in the endothelium of myocardium microvessels in the hemodynamic overloaded heart compartments. These granules were larger and had a lighter matrix and a lesser amount of tubes. The granules are considered to be ultrastructural characters of structural reconstruction in the wall of hypertrophied myocardium microvessels at the endothelial level.
Induction of tumor NK-cell immunity by anti-CD69 antibody therapy (2005)

The leukocyte activation marker CD69 is a novel regulator of the immune response, modulating the production of cytokines including transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). We have generated an antimurine CD69 monoclonal antibody (mAb), CD69.2.2, which down-regulates CD69 expression in vivo but does not deplete CD69-expressing cells. Therapeutic administration of CD69.2.2 to wild-type mice induces significant natural killer (NK) cell-dependent antitumor responses to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I low RMA-S lymphomas and to RM-1 prostatic carcinoma lung metastases. These in vivo antitumor responses are comparable to those seen in CD69(-/-) mice. Enhanced host NK cytotoxic activity correlates with a reduction in NK-cell TGF-beta production and is independent of tumor priming. In vitro studies demonstrate the novel ability of anti-CD69 mAbs to activate resting NK cells in an Fc receptor-independent manner, resulting in a substantial increase in both NK-cell cytolytic activity and interferon gamma (IFNgamma) production. Modulation of the innate immune system with monoclonal antibodies to host CD69 thus provides a novel means to antagonize tumor growth and metastasis.
Selectivity of the cleavage/attachment site of phosphatidylinositol-glycan-anchored membrane proteins determined by site-specific mutagenesis at Asp-484 of placental alkaline phosphatase. (1990)

Many proteins are now known to be anchored to the plasma membrane by a phosphatidylinositol-glycan (PI-G) moiety that is attached to their COOH termini. Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) has been used as a model for investigating mechanisms involved in the COOH-terminal processing of PI-G-tailed proteins. The COOH-terminal domain of pre-pro-PLAP provides a signal for processing during which a largely hydrophobic 29-residue COOH-terminal peptide is removed, and the PI-G moiety is added to the newly exposed Asp-484 terminus. This cleavage/attachment site was subjected to an almost saturation mutagenesis, and the enzymatic activities, COOH-terminal processing, and cellular localizations of the various mutant PLAP forms were determined. Substitution of Asp-484 by glycine, alanine, cysteine, asparagine, or serine (category I) resulted in PI-G-tailed and enzymatically active proteins. However, not all category I mutant proteins were PI-G tailed to the same extent. Pre-pro-PLAP with other substituents at position 484 (threonine, proline, methionine, valine, leucine, tyrosine, tryptophan, lysine, glutamic acid, and glutamine; category II) were expressed, as well as the category I amino acids, but there was little or no processing to the PI-G-tailed form, and this latter group exhibited very low enzyme activity. The bulk of the PLAP protein produced by category II mutants and some produced by category I mutants were sequestered within the cell, apparently in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Most likely, certain amino acids at residue 484 are preferred because they yield better substrates for the putative "transamidating" enzyme. In transfected COS cells, at least, posttranslational PI-G-tail processing does not go to completion even for preferred substrates. Apparently PI-G tailing is a requisite for transport from the ER and for PLAP enzyme activity. Proteins that are not transamidated are apparently retained in the ER in an inactive conformation.
Investigations and comparisons of new types of millimetre-wave planar arrays using microstrip and dielectric structures (1985)

The combination of microstrip and dielectric structures has been found to offer possibilities for improvements upon purely microstrip planar antennas which are limited particularly at millimetre wavelengths by dissipative losses and by radiation from complex feed networks. All the structures considered retain microstrip radiating elements and in the first case a dielectric feed line was used in a travelling-wave array which enabled feeder losses to be reduced. However field compatibility problems with all-dielectric feeder networks caused excessive radiation losses. The same compatibility problems with conventional rectangular waveguide prevent the full potential of this array from being realized but is still preferable to all-dielectric feeder networks. The retention of microstrip feed networks allows much improved integration possibilities and this was realized by combining a microstrip patch with an overlaid dielectric sphere. When combined in the form of parallel connected arrays with a sparse feed network the result is much lower levels of corrupting radiation than have previously been achieved and the provision of space within the aperture for electronic components such as phase shifters.
ChemInform Abstract: Solution‐Phase and Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Novel Transition State Inhibitors of Coagulation Enzymes Incorporating a Piperidinyl Moiety. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Mechanisms of mosaicism, chimerism and uniparental disomy identified by single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis (2010)

Mosaic aneuploidy and uniparental disomy (UPD) arise from mitotic or meiotic events. There are differences between these mechanisms in terms of (i) impact on embryonic development; (ii) co-occurrence of mosaic trisomy and UPD and (iii) potential recurrence risks. We used a genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array to study patients with chromosome aneuploidy mosaicism, UPD and one individual with XX/XY chimerism to gain insight into the developmental mechanism and timing of these events. Sixteen cases of mosaic aneuploidy originated mitotically, and these included four rare trisomies and all of the monosomies, consistent with the influence of selective factors. Five trisomies arose meiotically, and three of the five had UPD in the disomic cells, confirming increased risk for UPD in the case of meiotic non-disjunction. Evidence for the meiotic origin of aneuploidy and UPD was seen in the patterns of recombination visible during analysis with 1–3 crossovers per chromosome. The mechanisms of formation of the UPD included trisomy rescue, with and without concomitant trisomy, monosomy rescue, and mitotic formation of a mosaic segmental UPD. UPD was also identified in an XX/XY chimeric individual, with one cell line having complete maternal UPD consistent with a parthenogenetic origin. Utilization of SNP arrays allows simultaneous evaluation of genomic alterations and insights into aneuploidy and UPD mechanisms. Differentiation of mitotic and meiotic origins for aneuploidy and UPD supports existence of selective factors against full trisomy of some chromosomes in the early embryo and provides data for estimation of recurrence and disease mechanisms.
Trimethylamine oxide, betaine and other osmolytes in deep-sea animals: depth trends and effects on enzymes under hydrostatic pressure. (2004)

Most shallow teleosts have low organic osmolyte contents, e.g. 70 mmol/kg or less of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO). Our previous work showed that TMAO contents increase with depth in muscles of several Pacific families of teleost fishes, to about 180 mmol/kg wet wt at 2.9 km depth in grenadiers. We now report that abyssal grenadiers (Coryphaenoides armatus, Macrouridae) from the Atlantic at 4.8 km depth contain 261 mmol/kg wet wt in muscle tissue. This precisely fits a linear trend extrapolated from the earlier data. We also found that anemones show a trend of increasing contents of methylamines (TMAO, betaine) and scyllo-inositol with increasing depth. Previously we found that TMAO counteracts the inhibitory effects of hydrostatic pressure on a variety of proteins. We now report that TMAO and, to a lesser extent, betaine, are generally better stabilizers than other common osmolytes (myo-inositol, taurine and glycine), in terms of counteracting the effects of pressure on NADH Km of grenadier lactate dehydrogenase and ADP Km of anemone and rabbit pyruvate kinase.
The Diverse Roles of Specific GLP-1 Receptors in the Control of Food Intake and the Response to Visceral Illness (2002)

Intracerebroventricular administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1) reduces food intake and produces symptoms of visceral illness, such as a conditioned taste aversion (CTA). The central hypothesis of the present work is that separate populations of GLP-1 receptors mediate the anorexia and taste aversion associated with GLP-1 administration. To test this hypothesis, we first compared the ability of various doses of GLP-1 to induce anorexia or CTA when administered into either the lateral or fourth ventricle. Lateral and fourth ventricular GLP-1 resulted in reduction of food intake at similar doses, whereas only lateral ventricular GLP-1 resulted in a CTA. Such data indicate that both hypothalamic and caudal brainstem GLP-1 receptors are likely to participate in the ability of GLP-1 to reduce food intake. We also hypothesized that the site that must mediate the ability of GLP-1 to induce visceral illness is in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). Administration of 0.2 or 1.0 microg of GLP-1 (7-36) but not the inactive GLP-1 (9-36) resulted in a strong CTA with no accompanying anorexia. In addition, bilateral CeA administration of 2.5 microg of a GLP-1 receptor antagonist before intraperitoneal administration of the toxin lithium chloride resulted in a diminished CTA. Together, these data indicate that separate GLP-1 receptor populations mediate the multiple responses to GLP-1. These results indicate that GLP-1 is a flexible system that can be activated under various circumstances to alter the ingestion of nutrients and/or produce other visceral illness responses, depending on the ascending pathways of the GLP-1 system that are recruited.
miR-1289 and “Zipcode”-like Sequence Enrich mRNAs in Microvesicles (2012)

Despite intensive studies, the molecular mechanisms by which the genetic materials are uploaded into microvesicles (MVs) are still unknown. This is the first study describing a zipcode-like 25 nucleotide (nt) sequence in the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of mRNAs, with variants of this sequence present in many mRNAs enriched in MVs, as compared to their glioblastoma cells of origin. When this sequence was incorporated into the 3'UTR of a reporter message and expressed in a different cell type, it led to enrichment of the reporter mRNA in MVs. Critical features of this sequence are both a CUGCC core presented on a stem-loop structure and a miRNA-binding site, with increased levels of the corresponding miRNA in cells further increasing levels of mRNAs in MVs.
Phenotypic differences in PFIC2 and BRIC2 correlate with protein stability of mutant Bsep and impaired taurocholate secretion in MDCK II cells (2007)

Progressive familial cholestasis (PFIC) 2 and benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) 2 are caused by mutations in the bile salt export pump (BSEP, ABCB11) gene; however, their prognosis differs. PFIC2 progresses to cirrhosis and requires liver transplantation, whereas BRIC2 is clinically benign. To identify the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for the phenotypic differences, eight PFIC2 and two BRIC2 mutations were introduced in rat Bsep, which was transfected in MDCK II cells. Taurocholate transport activity, protein expression, and subcellular distribution of these mutant proteins were studied in a polarized MDCK II monolayer. The taurocholate transport activity was approximately half of the wild-type (WT) in BRIC2 mutants (A570T and R1050C), was substantially less in two PFIC2 mutants (D482G and E297G), and was almost abolished in six other PFIC2 mutants (K461E, G982R, R1153C, R1268Q, 3767-3768insC, and R1057X). Bsep protein expression levels correlated closely with transport activity, except for R1057X. The half-life of the D482G mutant was shorter than that of the WT (1.35 h vs. 3.49 h in the mature form). BRIC2 mutants and three PFIC mutants (D482G, E297G, and R1057X) were predominantly distributed in the apical membrane. The other PFIC2 mutants remained intracellular. The R1057X mutant protein was stably expressed and trafficked to the apical membrane, suggesting that the COOH-terminal tail is required for transport activity but not for correct targeting. In conclusion, taurocholate transport function was impaired in proportion to rapid degradation of Bsep protein in the mutants, which were aligned in the following order: A570T and R1050C > D482G > E297G > K461E, G982R, R1153C, R1268Q, 3767-3768insC, and R1057X. These results may explain the phenotypic difference between BRIC2 and PFIC2.
Evidence for the role of 34‐kDa galactoside‐binding lectin in transformation and metastasis (1990)

The endogenous Mr 34,000 galactoside-binding lectin (L-34) is found at elevated levels in a wide variety of neoplastic cells and correlative evidence suggests that it is involved in tumor metastasis in vivo and in transformation in vitro. We demonstrate here that introduction of recombinant L-34 into tumorigenic, weakly metastatic UV-2237-cl-15 fibrosarcoma cells results in an increased incidence of experimental lung metastases in syngeneic and nude mice. Transfection of normal BALB/c-A31 cloned fibroblasts with functional L-34 results in acquisition of anchorage-independent growth and in morphological transformation in vitro but not in tumorigenicity in vivo. These results provide direct evidence that the cellular expression of L-34 is associated with some aspects of transformation and with metastasis, but not with tumorigenicity per se.