gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biologic and Immunologic Therapies for Ovarian Cancer (2003)

Biologic therapy of ovarian cancer has been conducted using nonspecific biologic response modifiers, cytokines, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), vaccines, and gene therapy. Antibodies directed toward her2/neu have also been studied. Phase I and II gene therapy trials using adenoviral vectors containing a wild-type or modified p53 have shown that the treatment is well tolerated. Phase II and III trials are ongoing with MAbs directed against CA-125 (MAb B43.13) and an antibody directed against HMFG1 (anti-HMFG1-yttrium-90-labeled antibody). The trials have shown that these agents are well tolerated and that immunologic responses occur, although the ultimate clinical value of these agents remains to be determined. Prolonged survival after MAb B43.13 treatment has been correlated with changes in several immune parameters, including human antimurine antibody, Ab2, anti-CA-125 antibody development, and induced T-cell immunity. Clinical trials using a MAb directed toward the encoded products of her2/neu have shown minimal activity against ovarian cancer in a phase I and II trial conducted by the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Cytokine therapies have been administered systemically and intraperitoneally. Intracavitary interferon alfa, interferon gamma, and interleukin-2 alone or in combination with cytotoxic therapy in phase I and II trials demonstrated intraperitoneal lymphoid cell stimulation and produced antitumor responses. A randomized trial of chemotherapy with or without interferon gamma in primary treatment produced a response and a progression-free survival advantage in the arm that incorporated the interferon gamma, without a statistically significant benefit in overall survival. A phase III study of interferon gamma in combination with first-line chemotherapy is currently ongoing.
Molecular Pathogenesis of Osteosarcoma (2007)

Osteosarcoma is a devastating but rare disease, whose study has illuminated both the basic biology and clinical management of cancer over the past 30 years. These contributions have included insight into the roles of key cancer genes such as the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene and TP53, the identification of familial cancer syndromes implicating DNA helicases, and dramatic improvements in survival by the use of adjuvant chemotherapy. This review provides a synoptic overview of our current understanding of the molecular causes of osteosarcoma, and suggests future directions for study.
Long Tract of Untranslated CAG Repeats Is Deleterious in Transgenic Mice (2011)

The most frequent trinucleotide repeat found in human disorders is the CAG sequence. Expansion of CAG repeats is mostly found in coding regions and is thought to cause diseases through a protein mechanism. Recently, expanded CAG repeats were shown to induce toxicity at the RNA level in Drosophila and C. elegans. These findings raise the possibility that CAG repeats may trigger RNA-mediated pathogenesis in mammals. Here, we demonstrate that transgenic mice expressing EGFP transcripts with long CAG repeats in the 3' untranslated region develop pathogenic features. Expression of the transgene was directed to the muscle in order to compare the resulting phenotype to that caused by the CUG expansion, as occurs in myotonic dystrophy. Transgenic mice expressing 200, but not those expressing 0 or 23 CAG repeats, showed alterations in muscle morphology, histochemistry and electrophysiology, as well as abnormal behavioral phenotypes. Expression of the expanded CAG repeats in testes resulted in reduced fertility due to defective sperm motility. The production of EGFP protein was significantly reduced by the 200 CAG repeats, and no polyglutamine-containing product was detected, which argues against a protein mechanism. Moreover, nuclear RNA foci were detected for the long CAG repeats. These data support the notion that expanded CAG repeat RNA can cause deleterious effects in mammals. They also suggest the possible involvement of an RNA mechanism in human diseases with long CAG repeats.
CUSTOMER COMPLAINT BEHAVIOUR: A STUDY OF AIRLINE CUSTOMERS (2016)

Objective: Unfavorable service experience causing dissatisfaction is believed to be the prerequisite of complaint behavior.It is, therefore, vital for any service provider to understand the aspects of an unfavorable service experience to prevent damaging complaint behavior.Therefore, an attempt has been made in this study to find the pre-board and on-board service attributes that the customers complain about when they are dissatisfied.Second, the author tried to find the major problems that lead to complaints, and finally, find the actions taken by customers when they feel dissatisfied with the airline service. Methods:The study included a sample of 112 passengers who were randomly selected from the ones present at Indira Gandhi International Airport.Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23 was used for the purpose of analysis and finding descriptive statistics.Results: It was found that the majority of respondents were likely to complain regarding the various service attributes mentioned in the questionnaire.The most important problem that influences the customer's decision to complain was cancellation of flight and the most common actions taken by customers when they feel dissatisfied with the airline service included seeking a replacement for the service and spreading negative word of mouth. Conclusion:The paper focuses on the service attributes causing dissatisfaction among the customers and the mode of the complaint being followed by them to deal with the problem.During service encounters, consumers expect zero-defects in service delivery.Despite the service provider's attempts to offer consistent, high-quality service to consumers, service failures may still occur because of the critical service characteristics.
Microglia Mediate the Clearance of Soluble Aβ through Fluid Phase Macropinocytosis (2009)

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the progressive deposition of beta-amyloid (Abeta) within the brain parenchyma and its subsequent accumulation into senile plaques. Pathogenesis of the disease is associated with perturbations in Abeta homeostasis and the inefficient clearance of these soluble and insoluble peptides from the brain. Microglia have been reported to mediate the clearance of fibrillar Abeta (fAbeta) through receptor-mediated phagocytosis; however, their participation in clearance of soluble Abeta peptides (sAbeta) is largely unknown. We report that microglia internalize sAbeta from the extracellular milieu through a nonsaturable, fluid phase macropinocytic mechanism that is distinct from phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis both in vitro and in vivo. The uptake of sAbeta is dependent on both actin and tubulin dynamics and does not involve clathrin assembly, coated vesicles or membrane cholesterol. Upon internalization, fluorescently labeled sAbeta colocalizes to pinocytic vesicles. Microglia rapidly traffic these soluble peptides into late endolysosomal compartments where they are subject to degradation. Additionally, we demonstrate that the uptake of sAbeta and fAbeta occurs largely through distinct mechanisms and upon internalization are segregated into separate subcellular vesicular compartments. Significantly, we found that upon proteolytic degradation of fluorescently labeled sAbeta, the fluorescent chromophore is retained by the microglial cell. These studies identify an important mechanism through which microglial cells participate in the maintenance of Abeta homeostasis, through their capacity to constitutively clear sAbeta peptides from the brain.
Cost-Effective Hundred-Year Life for Single-Phase Inverters and Rectifiers in Solar and LED Lighting Applications Based on Minimum Capacitance Requirements and a Ripple Power Port (2009)

Energy storage requirements for converters with a dc port and a single-phase grid-connected port are evaluated, based on the unavoidable double-frequency power requirement. The minimum energy storage requirement is linked to a minimum capacitance requirement for converters that use capacitance energy storage. It is shown how to employ a ripple power port to manage energy storage and decouple capacitor ripple from power ripple. A ripple power port allows a designer to make a choice of capacitor voltage independent of system voltages. This in turn allows film capacitors of modest size to be used for energy storage in these applications. A combination of ac link converter and ripple power port leads to a dramatic increase in reliability: it is shown that converters with nominal ratings up to 200 W can be designed with expected mean-time-between-failure ratings on the order of 1.4 million hours - sufficient for hundred-year operation in long-life applications such as photovoltaic converters and LED lamps. This large increase in life is achieved with minimal extra cost.
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND CATALYSIS ON METAL SURFACES (2002)

The powerful computational resources available to scientists today, together with recent improvements in electronic structure calculation algorithms, are providing important new tools for researchers in the fields of surface science and catalysis. In this review, we discuss first principles calculations that are now capable of providing qualitative and, in many cases, quantitative insights into surface chemistry. The calculations can aid in the establishment of chemisorption trends across the transition metals, in the characterization of reaction pathways on individual metals, and in the design of novel catalysts. First principles studies provide an excellent fundamental complement to experimental investigations of the above phenomena and can often allow the elucidation of important mechanistic details that would be difficult, if not impossible, to determine from experiments alone.
ABP reports on pediatric recertification program (1992)

From the American Board of Pediatrics

The American Board of Pediatrics (ABP) is pleased to provide periodic reports of its activities through the medium of the AAP News. Some of the material presented will be news, some will be a restatement of material that may not be new, but may not be well known to the majority of readers. We ask your indulgence if we report something already well known to you. We also welcome your comments and suggestions for topics to be addressed in the future.
Trastuzumab Use in Breast Cancer: Clinical Issues (2002)

The safety and efficacy profile of trastuzumab in patients with metastatic disease has led to large-scale testing of addition of the intervention in the adjuvant setting.
Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Tear Film Abnormalities in Rosacea (1995)

In order to determine the relationship between meibomian gland dysfunction and tear film abnormalities in rosacea, tear film flow and stability and meibomian gland function were assessed in 43 consecutive patients. Schirmer, tear film break-up time, and meibomian gland function values in patients with ocular rosacea (n = 28) were found to be significantly decreased as compared with those of the patients with only cutaneous involvement and control patients (p > 0.05). In patients with dermatologic rosacea (n = 15) these values were not different from those of the age- and sex-matched controls (p > 0.05). The effects of tetracycline and meibomian gland expression therapy also were investigated in patients with ocular rosacea. Neither meibomian gland expression therapy nor tetracycline administration had beneficial effects on decreased tear secretion, but tetracycline improved the break-up time values. Our findings showed a positive relationship between tear film abnormalities and meibomian gland dysfunction in patients with rosacea. Decreased tear secretion in patients with ocular rosacea would seem to be a result of structural changes secondary to meibomian gland dysfunction, and short break-up time might be due to an abnormal meibum composition.
Zeolin. A New Recombinant Storage Protein Constructed Using Maize γ-Zein and Bean Phaseolin (2004)

The major seed storage proteins of maize (Zea mays) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), zein and phaseolin, accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and in storage vacuoles, respectively. We show here that a chimeric protein composed of phaseolin and 89 amino acids of gamma-zein, including the repeated and the Pro-rich domains, maintains the main characteristics of wild-type gamma-zein: It is insoluble unless its disulfide bonds are reduced and forms ER-located protein bodies. Unlike wild-type phaseolin, the protein, which we called zeolin, accumulates to very high amounts in leaves of transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). A relevant proportion of the ER chaperone BiP is associated with zeolin protein bodies in an ATP-sensitive fashion. Pulse-chase labeling confirms the high affinity of BiP to insoluble zeolin but indicates that, unlike structurally defective proteins that also extensively interact with BiP, zeolin is highly stable. We conclude that the gamma-zein portion is sufficient to induce the formation of protein bodies also when fused to another protein. Because the storage proteins of cereals and legumes nutritionally complement each other, zeolin can be used as a starting point to produce nutritionally balanced and highly stable chimeric storage proteins.
In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of MSI-78, a Magainin Analog (1998)

MSI-78 is a cationic peptide with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and is being developed as a topical agent. We compared the in vitro activity of MSI-78 with those of ofloxacin and other antibiotics against fresh clinical isolates. Based on MIC distribution statistics, strains for which the MSI-78 MIC was < or = 64 micro/ml were assumed to be susceptible for purposes of this report. Of 411 aerobic isolates tested, 91% were susceptible to MSI-78, compared to 91% for ofloxacin and 92% for ciprofloxacin. Only enterococci consistently required > or = 64 microg of MSI-78/ml for inhibition. MSI-78 demonstrated bactericidal activity equivalent to that of ofloxacin. Of 61 anaerobes, 97% were susceptible to MSI-78. Of 10 isolates of Candida albicans, 3 were inhibited by MSI-78 at 24 h. Further studies of this compound appear to be warranted.
Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of Parkinson's disease. (2003)

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by rest tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability. The cause is unknown, but growing evidence suggests that it may be due to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Treatment during the early stage of Parkinson's disease has evolved, and evidence suggests that dopamine agonist monotherapy may prevent the response fluctuations that are associated with disease progression. L-dopa therapy, however, remains the most efficacious treatment. Treatment during the advanced stage focuses on improving control of a number of specific clinical problems. Successful management of motor response fluctuations (e.g., "wearing off," on-off fluctuations, nighttime deterioration, early morning deterioration and dyskinesias) and of psychiatric problems is often possible with specific treatment strategies. Surgical treatment is an option for a defined patient population.
Low frequencies, but not high frequencies of bi-polar spinal cord stimulation reduce cutaneous and muscle hyperalgesia induced by nerve injury (2008)

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an established treatment for neuropathic pain. However, SCS is not effective for all the patients and the mechanisms underlying the reduction in pain by SCS are not clearly understood. To elucidate the mechanisms of pain relief by SCS, we utilized the spared nerve injury model. Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, the tibial and common peroneal nerves were tightly ligated, and an epidural SCS lead implanted in the upper lumbar spinal cord. SCS was delivered daily at one of 4 different frequencies (4Hz, 60Hz, 100Hz, and 250Hz) at approximately 85% of motor threshold 2 weeks after nerve injury for 4 days. Mechanical withdrawal threshold of the paw and compression withdrawal threshold of the hamstring muscles were measured before and after SCS on each day. All rats showed a decrease in withdrawal threshold of the paw and the muscle 2 weeks after nerve injury. Treatment with either 4Hz or 60Hz SCS significantly reversed the decreased withdrawal threshold of the paw and muscle. The effect was cumulative with a greater reversal by the fourth treatment when compared to the first treatment. Treatment with 100Hz, 250Hz or sham SCS had no significant effect on the decreased withdrawal threshold of the paw or muscle that normally occurs after nerve injury. In conclusion, SCS at 4Hz and 60Hz was more effective in reducing hyperalgesia than higher frequencies of SCS (100Hz and 250Hz); and repeated treatments result in a cumulative reduction in hyperalgesia.
Fructan Precipitation from a Water/Ethanol Extract of Oats and Barley (1990)

Fructan was precipitated from a water and ethanol extract of oat (Avena sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The degree of polymerization and response on a differential refractometer, based on peak area and height, was compared to fructan collected from a lead-based HPLC column and to commercially available inulin. Statistically significant differences are discussed.
Bioimaging for Targeted Delivery of Hyaluronic Acid Derivatives to the Livers in Cirrhotic Mice Using Quantum Dots (2010)

Liver fibrosis or cirrhosis is one of the representative liver diseases with a high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over the past decades, many kinds of antifibrotic compounds have been investigated in vitro and in vivo for the treatment of liver cirrhosis. In this work, real-time bioimaging of hyaluronic acid (HA) derivatives was carried out using quantum dots (QDots) to assess the possibility of HA derivatives as target-specific drug delivery carriers for the treatment of liver diseases. HA-QDot conjugates with an HA modification degree of about 22 mol % was synthesized by amide bond formation between carboxyl groups of QDots and amine groups of adipic acid dihydrazide modified HA (HA-ADH). According to in vitro cell culture tests, HA-QDot conjugates were taken up more to the cells causing chronic liver diseases such as hepatic stellate cells (HSC-T6) and hepatoma cells (HepG2) than normal hepatocytes (FL83B). After tail-vein injection, HA-QDot conjugates were target-specific, being delivered to the cirrhotic liver with a slow clearance longer than 8 days. Furthermore, immunofluorescence and flow cytometric analyses of dissected liver tissues revealed the target-specific delivery of HA derivatives to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and HSC. The results were thought to reflect the feasibility of HA derivatives as novel drug delivery carriers for the treatment of various chronic liver diseases including hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer.
Endovascular Creation of an in Vivo Bifurcation Aneurysm Model in Rabbits (1999)

This aneurysm model re-created the hemodynamic forces and size of human cerebral bifurcation aneurysms and maintained the integrity of the endothelium. The creation of the aneurysms was rapid, reliable, and reproducible.
Signal transduction by integrins: increased protein tyrosine phosphorylation caused by clustering of beta 1 integrins. (1991)

The integrin family of cell adhesion receptors mediates many of the interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix. Because the extracellular matrix has profound influences on cell behavior, it seems likely that integrins transduce biochemical signals across the cell membrane. The nature of these putative signals has, thus far, remained elusive. Antibody-mediated clustering of integrin receptors was used to mimic the integrin clustering process that occurs during formation of adhesive contacts. Human epidermal carcinoma (KB) cells were incubated with an anti-beta 1 integrin monoclonal antibody for 30 min on ice followed by incubation at 37 degrees C with anti-rat IgG. This treatment, which induced integrin clustering, stimulated the phosphorylation on tyrosine residues of a 115- to 130-kDa complex of proteins termed pp130. When integrins were clustered in the presence of the phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate, pp130 showed a substantial increase in phosphorylation compared to the case in which integrins were clustered in the absence of vanadate. Maximal pp130 phosphorylation was observed 10-20 min after initiation of integrin clustering in the absence of vanadate or after 5-10 min in its presence. These time courses roughly parallel the formation of integrin clusters on the cell surface as observed by fluorescence microscopy. pp130 phosphorylation depended on the amount of anti-integrin antibody present. Additionally, the tyrosine phosphorylation of pp130 showed specificity since it was stimulated by antibodies to the integrin alpha 3 and beta 1 subunits but not by antibodies to other integrin alpha subunits or to nonintegrin cell surface proteins. Immunoprecipitation experiments clearly demonstrated that pp130 is not itself a beta 1 integrin. It is postulated, therefore, that the integrin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of pp130 may reflect part of an important signal transduction process between the extracellular matrix and the cell interior.
Modulation of calcium currents by a metabotropic glutamate receptor involves fast and slow kinetic components in cultured hippocampal neurons (1993)

The modulation of high-threshold Ca2+ currents by the selective metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACPD), was investigated in cultured hippocampal neurons using whole-cell voltage-clamp recording. ACPD reduced high-threshold Ca2+ currents carried by Ba2+ with an EC50 of 15.5 microM. The inhibition was reversible, voltage dependent, and blocked by L-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid (1 mM) or by pretreatment with pertussis toxin. Inhibition by ACPD was greatly enhanced, and became irreversible, when the nonhydrolyzable GTP analog GTP gamma S was included in the whole-cell pipette. In some neurons, the Ba2+ current was inhibited by L(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoic acid (L-AP4) as well as ACPD while most cells were insensitive to L-AP4, suggesting that these agonists activate distinct receptors. The inhibition of Ca2+ currents was reduced but not eliminated in the presence of either omega-conotoxin GVIA or nifedipine, suggesting that both N- and L-type Ca2+ currents were affected. The degree and kinetics of inhibition were dependent on intracellular calcium. With [Ca]i < 1 nM, inhibition had a fast onset (t approximately 1-2 sec) and a rapid recovery, consistent with a membrane-delimited pathway. However, a slow component of inhibition appeared when the steady state [Ca]i was increased to 100 nM (t onset approximately 3 min). The slow component did not require transient Ca2+ influx or release of intracellular Ca2+. We suggest that Ca2+ channel modulation by ACPD involves either two mGluR subtypes with separate coupling mechanisms or a single mGluR that couples to both mechanisms.
The effect of freezing on bacteria (1938)

Abstract It has been known for many years that cultures of bacteria can be cooled to very low temperatures without destroying all the cells present (see, for example, MacFadyen and Rowland 1900). More recently the preservation of bacteria and sera by rapid freezing and drying has come into general use. The fundamental changes accompanying these processes have not so far been investigated in much detail. This paper presents the results of experiments on the effects of cooling and freezing at various temperatures on a number of bacterial species, and an attempt to correlate the observed effects of freezing on viability with the effect of freezing on the cellular proteins of B. pyocyaneus [Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. Hypotheses previously put forward to explain the observed effects of low temperatures on living cells may be briefly summarized under three headings: