gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Professional education in youth justice: Mirror or motor? (2010)

This paper explores the current training of youth justice practitioners and suggests that there is now a polarisation between the teaching of youth justice in England and Wales into an unhelpful vocational-academic dichotomy. The paper traces the development of the youth justice foundation degree and identifies a need to balance criticality with ‘underpinning knowledge’ by taking seriously the process of developing learning within the work setting. The paper concludes by recommending a ‘synthesized curriculum’ which would facilitate both employer engagement and ‘academic integrity’. This curriculum in turn may contribute to the development of ‘informed practitioners’ capable of addressing the very pressing needs of youth crime and antisocial behaviour.
Using time travel to diagnose computer problems (2004)

The solution to a number of modern computer problems takes the form of a manual, expert-guided search through a large space of computer configurations. For example, if a desktop computer is crashing or malfunctioning, a troubleshooter will use her knowledge of system features such as configuration files, registries, and dynamic library versions to apply a series of configuration changes until the system once again begins functioning. As another example, to obtain good performance from a complex system like a database or a web application, a specialized and highly paid administrator will explore the set of application and operating system parameters to find the optimal values.
Effective treatment of models of multiple sclerosis by matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (1998)

The proinflammatory Th1 cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), the cell death signaling molecule FasL, and several extracellular matrix degrading metalloproteinases have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The latter enzymes, as well as TNF alpha-converting enzyme and FasL-converting enzyme, can be blocked by matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPIs). In this study, we show that a potent MMPI was clinically effective in an animal model for MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the SJL/J mouse. Efficacy was remarkable, as indicated by blocking and reversal of acute disease and reduced number of relapses and diminished mean cumulative disease score in chronic relapsing animals. Also, demyelination and glial scarring were significantly decreased in MMPI-treated mice with chronic relapsing EAE, as was central nervous system gene expression for TNF alpha and fasL. It is interesting that expression of the beneficial cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) was increased, and IL-4 was expressed on glial cells. The relevance of these compounds for MS was underscored by their ability to specifically inhibit TNF alpha shedding and cytotoxicity of myelin-autoreactive human cytotoxic CD4+ T-cell clones. This is the first report to show a positive effect by MMPIs on chronic relapsing EAE, its central nervous system cytokine profile, and on TNF alpha shedding by human myelin-autoreactive T cells.
Altered levels of Reelin and its isoforms in schizophrenia and mood disorders (2001)

Reelin is a secreted extracellular matrix protein approximately 410 kDa mol. wt that is reduced in brains of patients with schizophrenia, autism, bipolar disorder and major depression. Recent reports also indicate its near absence in sera of some patients with an autosomal recessive form of lissencephaly. Moreover, Reelin is involved not only in normal cortical lamination of the brain during mammalian embryogenesis but is also implicated in cell signaling systems subserving cognition in adult brain. Here, we show that blood levels of Reelin and its isoforms are altered in three psychiatric disorders, namely, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression. The changes include significant increases in 410 kDa Reelin moiety of 49% in schizophrenic patients (p < 0.022) of four ethnic compositions (Caucasian, Vietnamese, Hmong and Laotian) and non-significant increases in depressed patients by 34% vs control blood. In contrast, 410 kDa Reelin levels decreased by 33% in bipolar blood, albeit non-signficantly, vs. controls. There was a significant increase of 90% (p < 0.0061) in 330 kDa Reelin in Caucasian schizophrenics; the depressed value was elevated by 30% vs. control but non-significantly. Again, in contrast, bipolar 330 kDa value decreased by 31% vs control (p < 0.0480). Finally, all 180 kDa Reelin values varied minimally in schizophrenics vs controls. In contrast, the 180 kDa Reelin values dropped significantly by 49% (p < 0.0117) and 29% (p < 0.0424) in bipolar and depressed patients, respectively, compared with controls. The alterations in blood Reelin values appear to be specific since levels of two other blood proteins, ceruloplasmin and albumin did not vary significantly between all psychiatric subjects and controls. These findings suggest that blood Reelin levels and its isoforms may be used as potential peripheral markers to diagnose presence of several psychiatric disorders and may also serve as targets for future therapeutic interventions.
Intranasal Drug Delivery: How, Why and What for? (2009)

Over the recent decades the interest in intranasal delivery as a non-invasive route for drugs is increased.Since the nasal mucosa offers numerous benefits as a target tissue for drug delivery, a wide variety of therapeutic compounds may be administered intranasally for topic, systemic and central nervous system action. We have, herein, outlined the relevant aspects of nasal anatomy, physiology and histology, and the biological, physicochemical and pharmaceutical factors that must be considered during the process of discovery and development of nasal drugs as well as in their incorporation into appropriate nasal pharmaceutical formulations.
Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene. (1987)

Genomic DNA clones that coded for the bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TS) (DHFR-TS) activities from a pyrimethamine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum were isolated and sequenced. The deduced DHFR-TS protein contained 608 amino acids (71,682 Da). The coding region for DHFR-TS contained no intervening sequences and had a high A + T content (75%). The DHFR domain, in the amino-terminal portion of the protein, was joined by a 94-amino acid junction sequence to the TS domain in the carboxyl-terminal portion of the protein. The TS domain was more conserved than the DHFR domain and both P. falciparum domains were more homologous to eukaryotic than to prokaryotic forms of the enzymes. Predicted secondary structures of the DHFR and TS domains were nearly identical to the structures identified in other DHFR and TS enzymes.
Cytomimetic Biomaterials. 2. In-Situ Polymerization of Phospholipids on a Polymer Surface (1997)

A stabilized, phosphatidylcholine-containing polymeric surface was produced by in-situ polymerization on an amphiphilic polymer surface. The phospholipid monomer, 1-palmitoyl-2-[12-(acryloyloxy)dodecanoyl]-sn-gycero-3-phosphorylcholine, was prepared as unilamellar vesicles and fused onto a terpolymer consisting of the monomers 2-(methylthio)ethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, and 3-acryloyl-3-oxapropyl-3-(N,N-dioctadecylcarbamoyl)propionate. Free-radical polymerization was carried out in aqueous solution at 70 °C using the water-soluble initiator, 2,2‘-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride. The supported monolayer displayed advancing and receding water contact angles of 58° and 31°, respectively. Angle-dependent electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) results confirmed the presence of phosphorus and nitrogen and was consistent with theoretical predictions for a close-packed monolayer. Ellipsometry measurements indicated a film thickness of 134 Å. In the absence of network formation, polymeric films demonstrated acceptable stability under static conditions in water. For comparative analysis, the phospholipid was also fused and polymerized onto a self-assembled monolayer of octadecyl mercaptan (ODT) bound to gold. ESCA data were consistent with a close packed monolayer and ellipsometry revealed a film thickness of 66 Å. Nonetheless, contact angle measurements demonstrated that the polymerized lipid monolayer when supported on an ODT surface exhibited a higher level of instability over time than that supported by the amphiphilic terpolymer.
RGMb is a novel binding partner for PD-L2 and its engagement with PD-L2 promotes respiratory tolerance (2014)

We report that programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2), a known ligand of PD-1, also binds to repulsive guidance molecule b (RGMb), which was originally identified in the nervous system as a co-receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). PD-L2 and BMP-2/4 bind to distinct sites on RGMb. Normal resting lung interstitial macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells express high levels of RGMb mRNA, whereas lung dendritic cells express PD-L2. Blockade of the RGMb-PD-L2 interaction markedly impaired the development of respiratory tolerance by interfering with the initial T cell expansion required for respiratory tolerance. Experiments with PD-L2-deficient mice showed that PD-L2 expression on non-T cells was critical for respiratory tolerance, but expression on T cells was not required. Because PD-L2 binds to both PD-1, which inhibits antitumor immunity, and to RGMb, which regulates respiratory immunity, targeting the PD-L2 pathway has therapeutic potential for asthma, cancer, and other immune-mediated disorders. Understanding this pathway may provide insights into how to optimally modulate the PD-1 pathway in cancer immunotherapy while minimizing adverse events.
New strategy to treat glomerular inflammation by inhibition of mesangial cell matrix metalloproteinases. (2000)

Therapy of inflammation often requires the attenuation of excess cell proliferation and of extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. It is increasingly recognised that matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) play an important role in the regulation of these two features. For our studies, experimental mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and cultured mesangial cells provided the inflammation model and the opportunity to evaluate a new therapeutic strategy based on MMP inhibition. In vitro inhibition of MMP activity and synthesis successfully returned the inflammatory mesangial cell phenotype to the normally occurring resting state. In vivo, excess mesangial cell proliferation and ECM accumulation in experimental mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis were significantly ameliorated by the use of a synthetic MMP inhibitor. Interestingly, these inhibitors lead to increased mesangial cell apoptosis. In conclusion, the antiproliferative effect of MMP inhibitors opens new perspectives in the therapy of inflammation, probably even beyond the scope of kidney diseases.
Analysis of promoter-specific repression by triple-helical DNA complexes in a eukaryotic cell-free transcription system (1992)

A site-specific triple-helical DNA complex has previously been shown to inhibit DNA binding by eukaryotic transcription factor Sp1. To examine the functional consequences of such inhibition, homopurine target sequences for oligonucleotide-directed triple-helix formation were inserted in various configurations relative to Sp1 transcription activator binding sites, upstream of the TATA element of recombinant eukaryotic promoters. The resulting promoters were tested for activity in the presence or absence of recombinant human Sp1 in a Drosophila in vitro transcription system lacking endogenous Sp1. When triple-helical complexes were assembled on the promoters by incubation with specific oligodeoxyribonucleotides, promoter-specific repression of basal transcription was observed in the absence of Sp1. Transcriptional repression required the preassembly of triple-helical complexes before addition of nuclear extract. The degree of basal repression was a function of the number and proximity of triple-helical complexes relative to the basal promoter complex. Repression did not result from triple-helix-induced template degradation. Addition of recombinant Sp1 did not cause derepression. These results suggest that triple-helical complexes can repress transcription primarily by blocking promoter DNA assembly into initiation complexes rather than by occluding Sp1 binding. One of several plausible mechanisms for triple-helix-induced repression involves changes in DNA flexibility. Evidence in favor of this model is provided by a permutation-dependent gel mobility assay in which formation of site-specific triple-helical complexes is shown to stiffen double-helical DNA.
TheRPi-mcd1Locus fromSolanum microdontumInvolved in Resistance toPhytophthora infestans, Causing a Delay in Infection, Maps on Potato Chromosome4in a Cluster of NBS-LRR Genes (2008)

The distinction between field resistance and resistance based on resistance (R) genes has been proven valid for many plant-pathogen interactions. This distinction does not seem to be valid for the interaction between potato and late blight. In this study, a locus involved in late blight resistance, derived from Solanum microdontum, provides additional evidence for this lack of distinction. The resistance is associated with a hypersensitive response and results in a delay of infection of approximately 1 to 2 weeks. Both a quantitative as well as a qualitative genetic approach were used, based on data from a field assay. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis identified a QTL on chromosome 4 after correction of the resistance data for plant maturity. A qualitative genetic analysis resulted in the positioning of this locus on the short arm of chromosome 4 in between amplified fragment length polymorphism marker pCTmACG_310 and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence markers TG339 and T0703. This position coincides with a conserved Phytophthora R gene cluster which includes R2, R(2-like), R(Pi-blb3), and R(Pi-abpt). This implies that R(Pi-mcd1) is the fifth R gene of this nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat cluster. The implications of our results on R-gene-based and field resistance are discussed.
Abstraction and control of transport network resources for intelligent networks (1993)

Abstract The intelligent network (IN) is expected to play an important role in rapidly and efficiently introducing new telecommunication services. This, paper discusses the abstraction and control methods for constructing a service control environment in the intelligent network which does not depend on specific service. By using this method, a real network configuration is abstracted into several patterns, considering the control points required by each service specification and each pattern can be described as a combination of functional virtualized resources. It is made possible to handle the diversified service specifications in a unified way which is independent of detailed conditions of the transport network. It is made possible also to ensure the service independency of the control interface specifying the interface by control of each virtualized resources. Moreover, a model for the call control is proposed and the function assignment in introducing IN into existing network is discussed.
Characterization of epitaxially grown ZnS:Mn films on a GaAs(100) substrate prepared by the hot-wall epitaxy technique (1991)

Epitaxially grown ZnS:Mn films on a GaAs(100) substrate prepared by a hot-wall epitaxy technique have been studied using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The lowest-energy transition assigned to Ml=–5/2 splits into either a triplet or a quintet depending on the thickness of the film when the magnetic field is applied normal to it. Computer simulation confirmed that the EPR parameters obtained correspond to those for a single crystal of cubic structure, although the apparent lineshape is different. There is no significant difference between the hyperfine coupling constants and splitting parameters. The apparent difference in the EPR lineshape is ascribed to the change in linewidths of the fine structure involved. In particular, linewidths for the transitions Ms=±5/2 ⇌±3/2 decrease markedly with increasing thickness of the ZnS:Mn film on the GaAs(100) substrate, confirming that uniaxial deformation of the crystal field surrounding manganese(II) is derived from the lattice mismatch between them.
ChemInform Abstract: DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF 2‐ALKYLSULFONYL‐4‐CHLOROPYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVES WITH NUCLEOPHILES (1978)

Abstract Die Chlor‐sulfonylalkyl‐pyrimidine (I) werden mit 15% Ammoniak‐ Ethanol bei Raumtemperatur zu den Verbindungen (II)‐(IV) substituiert.
Inhibitory effects of activin-a on osteoblast differentiation during cultures of fetal rat calvarial cells (1999)

Activin-A is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily and is expressed by osteoblasts. However, the role of activin-A on osteoblasts is not clearly understood. We examined the effects of activin-A on osteoblast proliferation or differentiation, and mineralization by the osteoblasts in the first subcultures of fetal rat osteoblasts obtained from calvarial bones. Exogenous activin-A led to impaired formation of bone nodules in a dose-dependent manner, although it did not influence cell proliferation using an MTT assay. This inhibitory effect depended upon the time at which activin-A was added to the culture media, and the effect was most significant when addition took place at the early phase of the culture. In addition, exogenous activin-A inhibited gene expression of type I procollagen, alkaline phosphatase, osteonectin, and osteopontin in the cultured cells using Northern blot analysis. The peak of osteocalcin mRNA was delayed. Gene expression for TGF-beta was not influenced by exogenous activin-A. The betaA subunit (activin-A) mRNA was detected during the early phase of this culture. These results indicate that activin-A inhibited early differentiation of the fetal rat calvarial cells, or osteoblasts.
Synthesis of superporous hydrogels: Hydrogels with fast swelling and superabsorbent properties (1999)

We have been interested in the synthesis of hydrogels with fast swelling kinetics and superabsorbent properties. To increase the water absorption rate, interconnected pores were introduced to the hydrogels. Since the pore size in the dried hydrogels is in the order of hundreds of micrometers, these hydrogels are called "superporous" hydrogels. Superporous hydrogels were synthesized by crosslinking polymerization of various vinyl monomers in the presence of gas bubbles formed by the chemical reaction of acid and NaHCO3. The polymerization process was optimized to capture the gas bubbles inside the synthesized hydrogels. The use of the NaHCO3/acid system allowed easy control of timing for gelation and foam formation. We found that PF127 was the best foam stabilizer for most of the monomer systems used in our study. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures showed interconnected pores forming capillary channels. The capillary channels, which were critical for fast swelling, were preserved during drying by dehydrating water-swollen hydrogels with ethanol before drying. The ethanol-dehydrated superporous hydrogels reached equilibrium swelling within minutes. The equilibrium swelling time could be reduced to less than a minute with the use of a wetting agent. In our study, water moisture was used as a wetting agent since the amount of moisture content in the dried hydrogels easily could be controlled. Preparation of superporous hydrogels using the right blowing system, foam stabilizer, drying method, and wetting agent makes it possible to reduce the swelling time to less than a minute regardless of the size of the dried gels. The superporous hydrogels can be used where fast swelling and superabsorbent properties are critical.
Ueber die Zusammensetzung der Chinasäure (1838)

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Extending the scene graph with a dataflow visualization system (2006)

Data ow graphs are a very successful paradigm in scientific visualization, while scene graphs are a leading approach in interactive graphics and virtual reality. Both approaches have their distinct advantages, and both build on a common set of basic techniques based on graph data structures. However, despite these similarities, no unified implementation of the two paradigms exists. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the architectural components of dataflow visualization and scene graphs, and derives a design that integrates both these approaches.The implementation of this design builds on a common software infrastructure based on a scene graph, and extends it with virtualized dataflow, which allows the use of the scene graph structure and traversal mechanism for dynamically building and evaluating dataflow.
Dielectric barrier discharge image processing by Photoshop (2001)

In this paper, the filamentary pattern of dielectric barrier discharge has been processed by using Photoshop, the coordinates of each filament can also be obtained. By using Photoshop two different ways have been used to analyze the spatial order of the pattern formation in dielectric barrier discharge. The results show that the distance of the neighbor filaments at U equals 14 kV and d equals 0.9 mm is about 1.8 mm. In the scope of the experimental error, the results from the two different methods are similar.
Influenza Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Membrane Glycoproteins (2010)

Considerable progress has been made toward understanding the structural basis of the interaction of the two major surface glycoproteins of influenza A virus with their common ligand/substrate: carbohydrate chains terminating in sialic acid. The specificity of virus attachment to target cells is mediated by hemagglutinin, which acquires characteristic changes in its receptor-binding site to switch its host from avian species to humans. Anti-influenza drugs mimic the natural sialic acid substrate of the virus neuraminidase enzyme but utilize the much tighter binding of the drugs for efficacy. Resistance to one of the two main antiviral drugs is differentially acquired by the two distinct subsets of neuraminidase as a consequence of structural differences in the enzyme active site between the two phylogenetic groups.
Target selection of heparan sulfate hexuronic acid 2-O-sulfotransferase (2010)

The signaling of various molecules involved in development and regulation of cell growth are regulated by heparan sulfate (HS). Specific binding of HS to ligand proteins depends on the HS sulfation pattern, where the spacing and number of O-sulfate groups are of special importance. HS 2-O-sulfotransferase catalyzes 2-O-sulfation of glucuronic and iduronic acid residues with a 5-fold higher preference for iduronic acid, as inferred from previously determined kinetic parameters. To study in more detail the regulation of HS hexuronic acid 2-O-sulfation, we tested the ability of the enzyme to catalyze glucuronic acid 2-O-sulfation in polysaccharide mixtures with different glucuronic acid/iduronic acid ratios, using 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phospho[(35)S]sulfate as sulfate donor. The 2-O-sulfotransferase revealed a more pronounced preference for 2-O-sulfation of iduronic acid than predicted. Even incubations with a 99:1 ratio of glucuronic acid to iduronic acid resulted in almost exclusive iduronic acid 2-O-sulfation. Unexpectedly, when the 2-O-sulfotransferase was co-immunoprecipitated with the glucuronyl C5-epimerase (that converts glucuronic acid to iduronic acid), both glucuronic acid and iduronic acid residues were sulfated to the same extent when a polysaccharide containing only glucuronic acid was used as a substrate. Attempting to understand the mechanism by which extended regions of iduronic acid 2-O-sulfation are formed during HS biosynthesis, a (3)H-labeled N-sulfated iduronic acid containing octasaccharide substrate was incubated with the 2-O-sulfotransferase and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate. The 2-O-sulfotransferase showed a preference for mono-2-O-sulfated substrates as compared with octasaccharides with no 2-O-sulfate group.