gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heat Shock Proteins: Stimulators of Innate and Acquired Immunity (2013)

Adjuvants were reintroduced into modern immunology as the dirty little secret of immunologists by Janeway and thus began the molecular definition of innate immunity. It is now clear that the binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on antigen presenting cells (APCs) activates the innate immune response and provides the host with a rapid mechanism for detecting infection by pathogens and initiates adaptive immunity. Ironically, in addition to advancing the basic science of immunology, Janeway's revelation on induction of the adaptive system has also spurred an era of rational vaccine design that exploits PRRs. Thus, defined PAMPs that bind to known PRRs are being specifically coupled to antigens to improve their immunogenicity. However, while PAMPs efficiently activate the innate immune response, they do not mediate the capture of antigen that is required to elicit the specific responses of the acquired immune system. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that are found complexed to client polypeptides and have been studied as potential cancer vaccines. In addition to binding PRRs and activating the innate immune response, HSPs have been shown to both induce the maturation of APCs and provide chaperoned polypeptides for specific triggering of the acquired immune response.
High bandwidth tilt measurement using low-cost sensors (2006)

In this paper, a state estimation technique is developed for sensing inclination angles using low-cost sensors. A low-bandwidth tilt sensor is used along with an inaccurate rate gyro and a low-cost accelerometer to obtain the measurement. The rate gyro has an inherent bias along with sensor noise. The tilt sensor uses an internal pendulum and therefore has its own slow dynamics. These sensor dynamics were identified experimentally and combined to achieve high-bandwidth measurements using an optimal linear state estimator. Potential uses of the measurement technique range from robotics, to rehabilitation, to vehicle control.
Monoclonal antibodies to human alpha-interferon and their use for affinity chromatography. (1982)

A new screening procedure has been developed and used for the identification of three hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies to human leukocyte interferon (IFN-alpha). The screening procedure is based on immune precipitation with a second antibody, acid dissociation of the precipitate, and bioassay of the recovered interferon. This procedure selects for monoclonal antibodies that are suitable for affinity chromatography, as demonstrated by construction of immunoadsorbents from these monoclonal antibodies and purification to homogeneity in IFN-alpha.
Graft healing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in rabbits. (1997)

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon was performed in 50 rabbits (two groups of 25 animals) by the outside-in (Group I) and the inside-out (Group II) techniques. Five animals from each group were sacrificed at different times (2 weeks, 1, 3, 6, and 9 months). Histologic analysis showed that the intraarticular part of the graft was morphologically similar to a normal ligament in both groups at 9 months. In Group 1, a newly formed bone-graft junction along the tunnel walls was observed inside the femoral tunnel. At 6 months, this junction resembled a direct type junction. The old bone-tendon junction showed an early disappearance of the fibrocartilage and was differentiated as a direct junction only at 9 months. In Group 2, at the site of the old bone-tendon junction a fibrocartilaginous layer was present during the whole process of remodeling, and at 6 months this area resembled a direct junction. These observations would suggest that when the junction is placed inside the tunnel (outside-in technique) the process of remodeling is more dramatic and slower than when it is placed at the intraarticular exit of the tunnel (inside-out technique), probably because of the formation of a new bone-graft junction along the tunnel walls that partially unload the old junction.
Exploring Mechanisms in Ni Terpyridine Catalyzed C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions—A Review (2018)

In recent years, nickel has entered the stage for catalyzed C–C cross-coupling reactions, replacing expensive palladium, and in some cases enabling the use of new substrate classes. Polypyridine ligands have played an important role in this development, and the prototypical tridentate 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine (tpy) stands as an excellent example of these ligands. This review summarizes research that has been devoted to exploring the mechanistic details in catalyzed C–C cross-coupling reactions using tpy-based nickel systems.
Schizophrenia: an integrative approach to modelling a complex disorder. (2006)

The discovery of candidate susceptibility genes for schizophrenia and the generation of mice lacking proteins that reproduce biochemical processes that are disrupted in this mental illness offer unprecedented opportunities for improved modelling of this complex disorder. Several lines of evidence indicate that obstetrical complications, as well as fetal or neonatal exposure to viral infection, are predisposing events for some forms of schizophrenia. These environmental events can be modelled in animals, resulting in some of the characteristic features of schizophrenia; however, animal models have yet to be developed that encompass both environmental and genetic aspects of this mental illness. A large number of candidate schizophrenia susceptibility genes have been identified that encode proteins implicated in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, neurotransmission, neuronal migration, cell adherence, signal transduction, energy metabolism and neurite outgrowth. In support of the importance of these processes in schizophrenia, mice that have reduced levels or completely lack proteins that control glutamatergic neurotransmission, neuronal migration, cell adherence, signal transduction, neurite outgrowth and synaptic plasticity display many features reminiscent of schizophrenia. In the present review, we discuss strategies for modelling schizophrenia that involve treating mice that bear these mutations in a variety of ways to better model both environmental and genetic factors responsible for this complex mental illness according to a "two-hit hypothesis." Because rodents are able to perform complex cognitive tasks using odour but not visual or auditory cues, we hypothesize that olfactory-based tests of cognitive performance should be used to search for novel therapeutics that ameliorate the cognitive deficits that are a feature of this devastating mental disorder.
Growth and characterization of GaN on sapphire (0001) using plasma-assisted ionized source beam epitaxy (1995)

A new approach to expitaxial GaN growth using the plasma-assisted ionized source beam epitaxy (PAISBE) is described. To facilitate the growth of GaN, an accelerated partially ionized Ga source beam was used along with an atomic nitrogen beam from an rf-discharge nitrogen plasma. To control the amount of N+2 ions leaving the discharge tube (thus participating in the GaN growth), a grid was installed at the exit end of the plasma tube. The growth parameters under control were the power and frequency of the rf discharge, the energy and fraction of ionization of the Ga beam, the Ga and N fluxes, and the substrate temperature. The crystal quality and surface morphology of the PAISBE-grown GaN films on sapphire (0001) were analyzed using reflection high-energy electron diffraction, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The best films were obtained with a partially ionized Ga beam at an rf power of 140 W, which exhibited a full width at half maximum of 25 min at the (0002) diffraction peak for a 0.4-μm-thick film. The buffer layer was a GaN film grown at 400 °C. Results illustrating the effects of various control parameters and, in particular, those demonstrating the advantages of PAISBE are presented.
A Review of Sales Forecasting Models Most Commonly Applied in Retail Site Evaluation (1992)

Reviews the three sales forecasting models most commonly applied in retail site evaluation: multiple regression analysis; multiple discriminant analysis; gravity models. Discusses the important issues involved in the development and application of these methods – including their respective strengths and weaknesses. Key points are that there is no “black box” method and that in the real world of retailing the methods reduce, but do not remove, the need for practical, subjective analysis.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER (1963)

Although the absolute febrile responses of trained individual rabbits injected intravenously with small to moderate doses of leucocytic pyrogen vary over an appreciable range, the relative responses of each rabbit to changes in dosage are satisfactorily reproducible. The quantitative dose-response relationship is characterized by a hyperthermic ceiling at which the intensity of the febrile reaction is relatively constant over a wide dosage range. Only at lower dose levels, where the dose-response curve is reasonably steep, is the magnitude of the fever produced proportional to the amount of pyrogen injected. When sufficiently large doses of LP are injected, the hyperthermic ceiling is exceeded. The fevers thus induced are biphasic in character and, in this way, resemble the usual response to bacterial endotoxin. Similar biphasic fevers result from continuous infusions of relatively low concentrations of LP at a constant rate. Repeated intermittent injections of moderate doses of LP likewise cause prolonged biphasic fevers, but, once the fever has become established, the reaction to each individual injection becomes markedly depressed. When large doses of LP are injected at daily intervals, the characteristic biphasic response occurs only following the first injection. Thereafter a state of tolerance intervenes in which the late secondary rise in temperature fails to occur. This form of tolerance lasts as long as the daily injections are continued but subsides within a few days after the injections are stopped. During the transient tolerance the rabbit's responsiveness to small doses of LP (in the sensitive range of the dose response curve) is depressed. In addition, the amount of endogenous pyrogen mobilized from the tissues by a large dose of LP is not as great as that generated in a normal rabbit. The relations of these findings to biphasic fevers, tolerance, and the accuracy of the conventional method of pyrogen assay are briefly discussed.
Anticancer activities of adenine nucleotides in tumor bearing hosts (1993)

Abstract The utilization of adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) infusions against solid refractory cancers is based on the preclinical findings that low levels of extracellular ATP significantly inhibit the growth of a variety of human and murine tumor cells. The mechanisms of tumor cell killing by extracellular ATP are attributed to effects mediated by its interaction with P 2 purine receptors as well as non‐receptor‐mediated pore formation in the tumor cell membrane. The achievement of elevated extracellular blood plasma pools of ATP is accomplished by the administration of adenine nucleotides which yield elevated liver, red blood cell, and plasma compartment pools of ATP. Administration of AMP or ATP to tumor‐bearing murine hosts produced, in addition to the cytotoxic effects against the tumor, a variety of host mediated anticancer activities, including significant inhibition of host weight loss in cachectic tumor models. The inhibition of several adverse events Which are among the hallmarks of cancer cachexia is the result of prevention of the significant depletion of visceral energy stores in cachectic animals after the administration of adenine nucleotides, leading to the successful maintenance of hepatic functions, the resumption of normal protein synthesis in the liver, and inhibition of the synthesis of hepatic acute‐phase proteins. Thus, the administration of ATP as an anticancer agent in humans at levels (below 0.1 mg/kg min) which do not adversely affect systemic and cardiovascular functions is expected to lead to the following activities resulting from the generation of elevated hepatic, red blood cell, and blood plasma ATP pools: cytolytic effects against the tumor, inhibition of host weight loss, and other adverse effects of cachexia, anti‐pain effects, modulation of blood flow to the tumor, positive effects on motor functions and performance status due to increases in several other parameters which are also known to be affected by elevated red blood cell and blood plasma (extracellular) ATP levels. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the relationship between virtual machines and emulators (1973)

The subjects of virtual machines and emulators have been treated as entirely separate. The purpose of this paper is to show that they have much in common. Not only do the usual implementations have many shared characteristics, but this commonality extends to the theoretical concepts on which they are based; the concepts of memory mapping and I/O operation simulation are discussed to emphasize this. The paper then discusses structural issues, and points out why the question of instruction set is becoming less valid as a point of distinction between the concepts. Possible combinations of virtual machines and emulators are discussed. In conclusion, it is recommended that workers in both fields keep the relationship between the two in mind.
Shear-dependent inhibition of granulocyte adhesion to cultured endothelium by dextran sulfate (1989)

Adhesion of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs) in microvessels occurs in the presence of shear forces exerted by the blood flow. To model this in vitro, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-activated PMN were exposed to shear stress on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and on plastic dishes coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA). PMN adhesion to HUVECs averaged 36% of the total PMNs added and was reduced to 21% by shear stress of approximately 1.5 dynes.cm-2. On BSA, adhesion was reduced from 59% to 35%. Dextran sulfate (molecular weight 500,000) inhibited PMN adhesion in a dose-dependent manner when shear stress was applied. At a concentration of 1 mg.ml-1, inhibition was 72% on HUVECs and 76% on BSA. Half-maximal inhibition was reached at approximately 1 microgram.mL-1 dextran sulfate, corresponding to 2 nmol/L. Without shear stress, dextran sulfate had no effect on HUVECs and only a moderate effect on BSA. The murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 60.3, recognizing an epitope on the leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein CD18, inhibited PMN adhesion equally well with and without shear. A low dose of MoAb 60.3 enhanced the effect of dextran sulfate without shear stress. Flow cytometry (FACS) did not show inhibition of MoAb 60.3 binding to PMNs by dextran sulfate. These results indicate that a dextran sulfate-inhibitable adhesion process is important for PMN adhesion in the presence of shear stress.
Electrospun nanofibers in energy and environmental applications (2008)

Nanotechnology is providing new solutions and opportunities to ensure sustainable energy and environments for the future. Materials of nanofiberous morphology are attractive to solve numerous energy and environmental issues. Nanofibers can be effectively produced by electrospinning, which is a simple and low cost technique. In addition, electrospinning allows the production of nanofibers from various materials e.g. organics and inorganics in different configurations and assemblies. This is highly beneficial for energy devices, where inorganic materials especially metal oxides can be synthesized and electrospun, improving conducting and ceramic properties. Excitonic solar cells fabricated with aligned nanofiberous metal oxide electrodes provide higher solar–electric energy conversion efficiency, whereas fuel cells made with nanofiberous electrodes enable uniform dispersion of catalysts, and thus increase electrocatalytic activity to obtain higher chemical–electric energy conversion efficiency. The nanofibers used in filtration membranes for environmental remediation, minimize the pressure drop and provide better efficiency than conventional fiber mats. The large surface area-to-volume ratio of nanofiber membranes allows greater surface adsorption of contaminants from air and water, and increases the life-time of the filtration media. This review highlights the potential and application of electrospun nanofiberous materials for solving critical energy and environmental issues.
A PCR-based method for manipulation of the vaccinia virus genome that eliminates the need for cloning. (1992)

A general method is described for altering specific genes of vaccinia virus (VV). We demonstrate and evaluate the procedure by gene inactivation, using a dominant selectable marker in conjunction with recombinant polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Primers based on the sequence of the target gene enable amplification of flanking arms and their subsequent attachment to the gpt cassette that confers resistance to mycophenolic acid. Linear PCR constructs are transfected into cells infected with wild-type vaccinia virus. Mutant viruses with gpt inserted into the target gene by homologous recombination are then selected by growth in the presence of MPA. This technique was applied to the vaccinia virus thymidine kinase gene and compared to the traditional method of constructing gpt-containing plasmids by cloning. The PCR scheme was found to be highly efficient and could theoretically be used to insert any foreign DNA element into any nonessential target gene for which partial or complete sequence information is available. The procedure can potentially be used for a wide variety of genetic modifications, including the insertion of foreign genes, with poxviruses and other DNA viruses. Genomes of microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeast that can be transformed with linear DNA, are also candidates for manipulation by this methodology.
Recent advances in the chemotherapy of herpes virus infections. (1983)

The main categories of antiherpes agents presently used in chemotherapy area reviewed according to the phase of virus replication affected : 1) virus adsorption (adamantane, nonionic surfactants) ; 2) eclipse (interferon) ; 3) virion maturation (nucleoside and nucleotide analogues and phosphonic acid derivatives). Mention is also made of other compounds--different synthetic organic derivatives, photodynamic dyes, metal ions, boric acid, hormones, antibiotics, other natural products (extracts from marine algae, propolis, garlic)--with promising antiviral properties. The difficulties and prospects of viral chemotherapy research are briefly discussed.
Intranodal Vaccination with Naked Antigen-Encoding RNA Elicits Potent Prophylactic and Therapeutic Antitumoral Immunity (2010)

Although naked antigen-encoding RNA has entered clinical testing, basic knowledge on how to apply this promising novel vaccine format is still pending. By comparing different administration routes, we observed surprisingly potent antigen-specific T-cell immunity upon intranodal injection of naked antigen-encoding RNA. RNA was selectively uptaken by resident dendritic cells, propagated a T-cell attracting and stimulatory intralymphatic milieu, and led to efficient expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ as well as CD4+ T cells. By intranodal treatment of mice with repeated cycles of RNA, we achieved de novo priming of naïve T cells, which became potent cytolytic effectors capable of homing to primary and secondary lymphatic tissues as well as memory T cells. In tumor-bearing mice intralymphatic RNA vaccination elicited protective and therapeutic antitumor immune responses, resulting in a remarkable survival benefit as compared with other treatment regimens. This is the first report of strong systemic antigen-specific Th1-type immunity and cancer cure achieved with naked antigen-encoding RNA in preclinical animal models.
Self-imaging silicon Raman amplifier (2007)

We propose a new type of waveguide optical amplifier. The device consists of collinearly propagating pump and amplified Stokes beams with periodic imaging of the Stokes beam due to the Talbot effect. The application of this device as an Image preamplifier for Mid Wave Infrared (MWIR) remote sensing is discussed and its performance is described. Silicon is the preferred material for this application in MWIR due to its excellent transmission properties, high thermal conductivity, high damage threshold and the mature fabrication technology. In these devices, the Raman amplification process also includes four-wave-mixing between various spatial modes of pump and Stokes signals. This phenomenon is unique to nonlinear interactions in multimode waveguides and places a limit on the maximum achievable gain, beyond which the image begins to distort. Another source of image distortion is the preferential amplification of Stokes modes that have the highest overlap with the pump. These effects introduce a tradeoff between the gain and image quality. We show that a possible solution to this trade-off is to restrict the pump into a single higher order waveguide mode.
Characterization of the Human Cysteinyl Leukotriene 2 Receptor (2000)

The contractile and inflammatory actions of the cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), LTC(4), LTD(4), and LTE(4), are thought to be mediated through at least two distinct but related CysLT G protein-coupled receptors. The human CysLT(1) receptor has been recently cloned and characterized. We describe here the cloning and characterization of the second cysteinyl leukotriene receptor, CysLT(2), a 346-amino acid protein with 38% amino acid identity to the CysLT(1) receptor. The recombinant human CysLT(2) receptor was expressed in Xenopus oocytes and HEK293T cells and shown to couple to elevation of intracellular calcium when activated by LTC(4), LTD(4), or LTE(4). Analyses of radiolabeled LTD(4) binding to the recombinant CysLT(2) receptor demonstrated high affinity binding and a rank order of potency for competition of LTC(4) = LTD(4) LTE(4). In contrast to the dual CysLT(1)/CysLT(2) antagonist, BAY u9773, the CysLT(1) receptor-selective antagonists MK-571, montelukast (Singulair(TM)), zafirlukast (Accolate(TM)), and pranlukast (Onon(TM)) exhibited low potency in competition for LTD(4) binding and as antagonists of CysLT(2) receptor signaling. CysLT(2) receptor mRNA was detected in lung macrophages and airway smooth muscle, cardiac Purkinje cells, adrenal medulla cells, peripheral blood leukocytes, and brain, and the receptor gene was mapped to chromosome 13q14, a region linked to atopic asthma.
Prokaryotic homologs of Argonaute proteins are predicted to function as key components of a novel system of defense against mobile genetic elements (2009)

The hypothesis that pAgos are key components of a novel prokaryotic immune system that employs guide RNA or DNA molecules to degrade nucleic acids of invading mobile elements implies a functional analogy with the prokaryotic CASS and a direct evolutionary connection with eukaryotic RNAi. The predictions of the hypothesis including both the activities of pAgos and those of the associated endonucleases are readily amenable to experimental tests.