gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple Immunizations with Attenuated Poxvirus HIV Type 2 Recombinants and Subunit Boosts Required for Protection of Rhesus Macaques (1996)

Vaccine protocols involving multiple immunizations with molecularly attenuated vaccinia virus (NYVAC) or naturally attenuated canarypox virus (ALVAC) HIV-2 recombinants and subunit boosts have conferred longlasting protection against HIV-2 infection of macaques. Similar complex protocols using HIV-1 NYVAC and ALVAC recombinants and subunit boosts have provided cross-protection against HIV-2 challenge. Here a simplified three-immunization regimen over 24 weeks was tested in 18 juvenile rhesus macaques. Twelve macaques were immunized twice with NYVAC or ALVAC recombinants carrying HIV-2 env, gag, and pol genes. Subsequently, macaques in groups of three received either an additional recombinant immunization or an HIV-2 gp160 boost. Six control macaques received three immunizations of NYVAC or ALVAC vector alone and additionally alum at the third immunization. Macaques primed with ALVAC recombinant exhibited sporadic T cell proliferative activity, and all but one failed to develop neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, macaques primed with NYVAC recombinants had no T cell proliferative activity but exhibited neutralizing antibody titers (highest in the three recombinant group) that declined by the time of challenge. None of the macaques exhibited significant cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. Following challenge at 32 weeks with HIV-2SBL6669 all macaques became infected. Thus, the three-immunization regimen is not sufficient to confer protective immunity in the HIV-2 rhesus macaque model. However, delayed infection in macaques immunized with the NYVAC-HIV-2 recombinant may have been associated with the development of memory B cells capable of providing a neutralizing antibody response on challenge.
Gene expression during terminal erythroid differentiation (2006)

Expression profiling provides the means to identify novel targets for the therapy of erythrocytes disorders, and to obtain insights into the mechanisms of cellular differentiation.
The Multifunctional Herpes Simplex Virus IE63 Protein Interacts with Heterogeneous Ribonucleoprotein K and with Casein Kinase 2 (1999)

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), the prototype alpha-herpesvirus, causes several prominent diseases. The HSV-1 immediate early (IE) protein IE63 (ICP27) is the only regulatory gene with a homologue in every mammalian and avian herpesvirus sequenced so far. IE63 is a multifunctional protein affecting transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes, and it can shuttle from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. To identify interacting cellular proteins, a HeLa cDNA library was screened in the yeast two-hybrid system using IE63 as bait. Several interacting proteins were identified including heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K), a multifunctional protein like IE63, and the beta subunit of casein kinase 2 (CK2), a protein kinase, and interacting regions were mapped. Confirmation of interactions was provided by fusion protein binding assays, co-immunoprecipitation from infected cells, and CK2 activity assays. hnRNP K co-immunoprecipitated from infected cells with anti-IE63 serum was a more rapidly migrating subfraction than hnRNP K immunoprecipitated by anti-hnRNP K serum. Using anti-IE63 serum, both IE63 and hnRNP K were phosphorylated in vitro by CK2, while in immunoprecipitates using anti-hnRNP K serum, IE63 but not hnRNP K was phosphorylated by CK2. These data provide important new insights into how this key viral regulatory protein exerts its functions.
Variants of Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator Which Display Substantially Enhanced Stimulation by Fibrin (1995)

Unlike most proteases, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is secreted from cells as an active, single chain "proenzyme" whose catalytic efficiency is comparable with that of the corresponding mature, two-chain enzyme. We have previously suggested that the absence of the "zymogen triad" (Asp194-His40-Ser32; chymotrypsin numbering) contributes to this unusually high enzymatic activity of single chain t-PA. Consistent with this prediction, the single chain form of a variant of t-PA containing the zymogen triad displayed dramatically reduced activity toward synthetic substrates. Activation cleavage of this variant, however, resulted in a mature, two-chain enzyme with full catalytic activity. To further examine the functional significance of the zymogen triad, we used site-specific mutagenesis to construct a variant of t-PA, t-PA/R275E,A292S,F305H, that contained this triad but could not be converted into its two-chain form by plasmin. Characterization of this variant demonstrated that the presence of the zymogen triad specifically suppressed plasminogen activation by single chain t-PA in the absence of fibrin. In addition, these studies indicated that, like wild type t-PA, zymogen activation of this variant could be accomplished by binding to the co-factor fibrin. The combination of full activity in the presence of fibrin and reduced activity in its absence resulted in novel variants of t-PA that displayed dramatically enhanced stimulation by fibrin. While the presence of fibrin increased the catalytic efficiency of t-PA toward plasminogen by a factor of approximately 520, this stimulation factor increased to 130,000 for t-PA/R275E,A292S,F305H. Plasmin-resistant, zymogen-like variants of t-PA, therefore, may represent thrombolytic enzymes with enhanced "clot selectivity."
Design of an Integral Field Unit for MUSE, and Results from Prototyping (2006)

The research and development activity on image slicer systems for integral field spectroscopy has increased in recent years, allowing the simultaneous observation on the same detector matrix of two‐dimensional sky maps and the spectral decomposition of light. Nowadays, image slicers lead to possible applications on future instrumentation for ground‐ and space‐based telescopes, covering a spectral domain ranging from UV to mid‐IR wavelengths. Among such projects, MUSE (Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer) is an integral field spectrograph proposed by the European Southern Observatory for its second‐generation Very Large Telescope instrumentation. MUSE combines a 1′ × 1′ field of view, with a spectral resolution reaching 3000 and a spatial sampling of 0.″2 provided by an adaptive optics system. MUSE operates in the visible and near‐IR wavelength range (0.465–0.93 μm) and is composed of 24 identical integral field units; each one incorporates an advanced image slicer made up of a combination of mirrors and "minilens" arrays, a spectrograph, and a detector. This paper describes the optical design of the MUSE image slicer, which complies with top‐level requirements at a reasonable cost. The optical manufacturing technique, based on an original method of assembly using molecular adhesion, is presented. Finally, we focus on the optical tests of the prototype both at a system level and at the level of individual optical elements.
Field Focusing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (FONAR): Visualization of a Tumor in a Live Animal (1976)

A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) image of a tumor in a live animal is reported. The field focusing NMR method or FONAR process that now achieves the tumor outline is described.
Evaluation of Cell Death in EB V-Transformed Lymphocytes Using Agarose Gel Electrophoresis, Light Microscopy and Electron Microscopy: II. Induction of Non-Classic Apoptosis (“Para-Apoptosis”) by Tritiated Thymidine (1995)

There is an extensive literature dating back to the late 1950's, on the damaging biological effects of radiolabeling DNA in vivo. Nonetheless, tritiated thymidine has often been used to label DNA in studies of programmed cell death (apoptosis). In the present study, we have investigated the effects of incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the DNA of an Epstein-Barr virus-transformed cell line (NC-37) in the absence of any other apoptosis-inducing agent. Cells were incubated in media containing 1-20 microCi/ml [methyl-3H]-thymidine ([3H]-TdR). At each concentration of tritiated thymidine used, cell proliferation ceased within 12 hours of incubation. The mode of cell death caused by tritiated thymidine incorporation was evaluated using DNA degradation patterns and cellular morphology. DNA degradation, in the absence of a "ladder" pattern, was shown by agarose gel electrophoresis. Electron microscopy was used as the "gold standard" to evaluate the specific morphologic type of cell death that accompanied the DNA degradation. Although some of the features of apoptosis were present, the cells lacked the early margination of the chromatin within an intact nucleus and surface blebbing leading to apoptotic body formation, two characteristic morphological features of apoptosis. We, therefore, coined the term "para-apoptosis" to be more precise about the morphologic type of cell death. The percent of para-apoptotic cells was quantitated by light microscopy using whole mount preparations (cytospins). The morphologic criteria of chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, increase in cell density and cytoplasmic vacuolization were used for the evaluation of para-apoptosis by light microscopy of cytospin preparations. In the absence of tritiated thymidine, < 2% of the cells became apoptotic/para-apoptotic after 43 hours of incubation. However, at all concentrations of tritiated thymidine used in the incubation medium (1-20 microCi/ml), the number of para-apoptotic cells increased. In addition, we detected perturbations in the timing of the cell cycle of the surviving cells and an increase in the number of micronuclei after only one division cycle. The induction of para-apoptosis and micronuclei formation represent two distinct modes of cell death caused by tritiated thymidine incorporation. These studies emphasize the necessity for morphological examination in characterizing the induction of cell death in a new experimental system.
Effect of insulin administration during follicular growth on serum glucose and hormone profiles in ewe lambs (1992)

Twenty ewe lambs received either 0 or 1 IU of Lente insulin kg −1 body weight from day 12 of the estrous cycle until 24 h after estrus. Blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals for 6 h after treatment on days 12, 14 and 16 of the estrous cycle. Following insulin injection, serum insulin was elevated (P &lt; 0.05) and was accompanied by a decrease in serum glucose levels. Insulin treatment did not affect (P &gt; 0.10) luteinizing hormone secretory characteristics, ovulation rate, or subsequent litter size. Key words: Insulin, glucose, sheep, luteinizing hormone
Synthesis and local anesthetic activity of alkylaminoacyl derivatives of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole. (1993)

We prepared some series of 2-(alkylaminoacyl) derivatives of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles. Most terms were subjected to a biological screening showing a local anesthetic activity both in infiltration and trunkular tests. For some of the assayed derivatives, the activity was comparable to that of lidocaine, taken as the reference molecule. From the obtained results an acceptable relationship between some structural features and activity was drawn.
USE OF HYBRID ANTIBODY WITH ANTI-γG AND ANTI-FERRITIN SPECIFICITIES IN LOCATING CELL SURFACE ANTIGENS BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (1968)

Hybrid antibody [F(ab')(2)] with dual specificity for mouse gammaG and ferritin was prepared from the corresponding rabbit antisera, providing a precise reagent for locating mouse gammaG on cell surfaces. Viable cells were exposed successively to (a) mouse antibody to a cell surface antigen, (b) the rabbit hybrid antibody, and (c) ferritin, before preparation for electron microscopy. This method of See PDF for Structure. labeling is sensitive and specific and clearly lends itself to the introduction of visual markers other than ferritin. Other advantages are uniformity of labeling, ease of purification of the reagent, and circumvention of the many drawbacks arising from coupling ferritin to antibody chemically.
Collagen Shortening: An Experimental Approach With Heat (1997)

Decreasing joint laxity is a clinical goal of ligament reconstructions. This in vitro study examined the structural and histologic effects of heat shrinkage of human collagen. Two preliminary studies were performed to assess the effect of heat on fresh frozen human tendons obtained from a local tissue bank. As heat was applied to tissue in a saline solution, the percent shrinkage was plotted against temperature. A second study used a freebeam Nd:YAG laser to maximally shrink patellar tendons measuring percent shrinkage versus energy applied. Finally, the effects of 10% shrinkage of fresh frozen human patellar tendons were analyzed mechanically and histologically. Consistent tendon shrinkage curves were found with increasing temperatures in a saline solution. A sharp increase in shrinkage to approximately 70% of resting length was noted around 70 degrees C. Tendon shrinkage by laser induced heat was precise and dose related. Tensile testing of the tendons shortened 10% of their resting length showed a decrease in load to failure to approximately 1/3 compared with that of historical control specimens. Histologic sections showed a well demarcated site of diffuse denaturation and degeneration of collagenous elements. Normal collagen was present adjacent to these thermal changes. These experiments showed that collagen tissue can be shortened precisely by the application of heat. Future studies need to examine the in vivo biologic response of shortened collagen tissue with time, especially recollagenization, restoration of length, and the long term biomechanical effects.
Structure of Complement Receptor 2 in Complex with Its C3d Ligand (2001)

Complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21) is an important receptor that amplifies B lymphocyte activation by bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems. CR2 ligands include complement C3d and Epstein-Barr virus glycoprotein 350/220. We describe the x-ray structure of this CR2 domain in complex with C3d at 2.0 angstroms. The structure reveals extensive main chain interactions between C3d and only one short consensus repeat (SCR) of CR2 and substantial SCR side-side packing. These results provide a detailed understanding of receptor-ligand interactions in this protein family and reveal potential target sites for molecular drug design.
Pre- and post-processing for optimal noise reduction in cyclic prefix based channel equalizers (2003)

Cyclic prefix based equalizers are widely used for high-speed data transmission over frequency selective channels. Their use in conjunction with DFT filterbanks is especially attractive, given the low complexity of implementation. Some examples include the DFT-based DMT systems. We consider a general cyclic prefix based system for communication and show that the equalization performance can be improved by simple pre- and post-processing aimed at reducing the noise at the receiver. This processing is done independently of the ISI cancellation performed by the frequency domain equalizer.
Structure and function of epidermal growth factor‐like regions in proteins (1988)

A sequence about 40 amino acid residues long which has a significant homology to epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been found in many different proteins in single or multiple copies. The homologies per se and available functional data suggest that these domains share some common functional features.
Synthesis, X‐ray Crystal Structures, and Gas Sorption Properties of Pillared Square Grid Nets Based on Paddle‐Wheel Motifs: Implications for Hydrogen Storage in Porous Materials (2005)

A systematic modulation of organic ligands connecting dinuclear paddle-wheel motifs leads to a series of isomorphous metal-organic porous materials that have a three-dimensional connectivity and interconnected pores. Aromatic dicarboxylates such as 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (1,4-bdc), tetramethylterephthalate (tmbdc), 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylate (1,4-ndc), tetrafluoroterephthalate (tfbdc), or 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate (2,6-ndc) are linear linkers that form two-dimensional layers, and diamine ligands, 4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (dabco) or 4,4'-dipyridyl (bpy), coordinate at both sides of Zn(2) paddle-wheel units to bridge the layers vertically. The resulting open frameworks [Zn(2)(1,4-bdc)(2)(dabco)] (1), [Zn(2)(1,4-bdc)(tmbdc)(dabco)] (2), [Zn(2)(tmbdc)(2)(dabco)] (3), [Zn(2)(1,4-ndc)(2)(dabco)] (4), [Zn(2)(tfbdc)(2)(dabco)] (5), and [Zn(2)(tmbdc)(2)(bpy)] (8) possess varying size of pores and free apertures originating from the side groups of the 1,4-bdc derivatives. [Zn(2)(1,4-bdc)(2)(bpy)] (6) and [Zn(2)(2,6-ndc)(2)(bpy)] (7) have two- and threefold interpenetrating structures, respectively. The non-interpenetrating frameworks (1-5 and 8) possess surface areas in the range of 1450-2090 m(2)g(-1) and hydrogen sorption capacities of 1.7-2.1 wt % at 78 K and 1 atm. A detailed analysis of the sorption data in conjunction with structural similarities and differences concludes that porous materials with straight channels and large openings do not perform better than those with wavy channels and small openings in terms of hydrogen storage through physisorption.
Encoding of Olfactory Information with Oscillating Neural Assemblies (1994)

In the brain, fast oscillations of local field potentials, which are thought to arise from the coherent and rhythmic activity of large numbers of neurons, were observed first in the olfactory system and have since been described in many neocortical areas. The importance of these oscillations in information coding, however, is controversial. Here, local field potential and intracellular recordings were obtained from the antennal lobe and mushroom body of the locust Schistocerca americana. Different odors evoked coherent oscillations in different, but usually overlapping, ensembles of neurons. The phase of firing of individual neurons relative to the population was not dependent on the odor. The components of a coherently oscillating ensemble of neurons changed over the duration of a single exposure to an odor. It is thus proposed that odors are encoded by specific but dynamic assemblies of coherently oscillating neurons. Such distributed and temporal representation of complex sensory signals may facilitate combinatorial coding and associative learning in these, and possibly other, sensory networks.
Telomeres and Senescence: Ending the Debate (1998)

DNA, the genetic material, is arranged in chromosomes, linear structures in the nucleus capped with a long series of repeated sequences called telomeres. As de Lange describes in her commentary, in 1986 the telomere theory of senescence was put forward, in which progressive loss of bits of the telomere with each cell division serves as a sort of clock, with the cell reaching the end of its life as it runs out of telomere. The corollary--that tumor cells can maintain their telomeres at a young length and so escape death--suggested an attractive site for cancer therapeutics. But the theory had come under fire since its introduction and had fallen out of favor with much of the scientific community. Now in a research article in this issue, the telomeric theory of aging is dramatically resuscitated. [ Bodnar et al ][1]. transfect adult differentiated human cells with a critical subunit of telomerase and rescue them from senescent death.

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/279/5349/349
Fuzzy min-max neural networks - Part 2: Clustering (1993)

In an earlier companion paper (56) a supervised learning neural network pattern classifier called the fuzzy min- max classification neural network was described. In this sequel, the unsupervised learning pattern clustering sibling called the fuzzy min-max clustering neural network is presented. Pattern clusters are implemented here as fuzzy sets using a membership function with a hyperbox core that is constructed from a min point and a max point. The min-max points are determined using the fuzzy min-max learning algorithm, an expansion-contraction process that refines the author's earlier Fuzzy Adaptive Reso- nance Theory neural network (50). The fuzzy min-max clustering neural network stabilizes into pattern clusters in only a few passes through a data set; it can be reduced to hard cluster boundaries that are easily examined without sacrificing the fuzzy boundaries; it provides the ability to incorporate new data and add new clusters without retraining; and it inherently provides degree of membership information that is extremely useful in higher level decision making and information processing. This paper will provide some background concerning the development of the fuzzy min-max clustering neural network and provide a comparison with similar work that has recently emerged. A brief description of fuzzy sets, pattern clustering, and their synergistic combination is presented. The fuzzy min- max clustering neural network will be explained in detail and examples of its clustering performance will be given. The paper will conclude with a description of problems that need to be addressed and a list of some potential applications.
Role of protection (1995)

Power system protection and control play a significant part, and progress in design and development in these fields has necessarily had to keep pace with advances in the design of primary plant, such as generators, transformers, switchgear, overhead lines and underground cables, Indeed, progress in the fields of protection and control is a vital prerequisite for the efficient operation and continuing development of power supply systems as a whole, This work, in three volumes, deals with all the relevant aspects of protection in current British practice for generation, transmission and distribution systems, The subject matter has been divided into a number of discrete chapters covering, as completely as is necessary for the purpose of the work, general principles, design and performance and, by no means of least importance, application. The purpose of the present chapter is to provide the background knowledge necessary to a proper understanding of the aims and the role of protection in a power system.
The Specificity and Importance of Humoral Antibody in the Protection of Mice against Intraperitoneal Challenge with Complement-Sensitive and Complement-Resistant Salmonella (1970)

Journal Article The Specificity and Importance of Humoral Antibody in the Protection of Mice against Intraperitoneal Challenge with Complement-Sensitive and Complement-Resistant Salmonella Get access Eugene P. Ornellas, Eugene P. Ornellas From the Fleischmann Laboratories of the Medical Sciences and the Department of Medical Microbiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Robert J. Roantree, Robert J. Roantree From the Fleischmann Laboratories of the Medical Sciences and the Department of Medical Microbiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar John P. Steward John P. Steward From the Fleischmann Laboratories of the Medical Sciences and the Department of Medical Microbiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 121, Issue 2, February 1970, Pages 113–123, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/121.2.113 Published: 01 February 1970 Article history Received: 11 July 1969 Revision received: 24 September 1969 Published: 01 February 1970