gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication (EBF3) for Cost Effective Near-Net Shape Manufacturing (2006)

Manufacturing of structural metal parts directly from computer aided design (CAD) data has been investigated by numerous researchers over the past decade. Researchers at NASA Langley Research Center are developing a new solid freeform fabrication process, electron beam freeform fabrication (EBF3), as a rapid metal deposition process that works efficiently with a variety of weldable alloys. EBF3 deposits of 2219 aluminium and Ti-6Al-4V have exhibited a range of grain morphologies depending upon the deposition parameters. These materials have exhibited excellent tensile properties comparable to typical handbook data for wrought plate product after post-processing heat treatments. The EBF3 process is capable of bulk metal deposition at deposition rates in excess of 2500 cubic centimeters per hour (150 in3/hr) or finer detail at lower deposition rates, depending upon the desired application. This process offers the potential for rapidly adding structural details to simpler cast or forged structures rather than the conventional approach of machining large volumes of chips to produce a monolithic metallic structure. Selective addition of metal onto simpler blanks of material can have a significant effect on lead time reduction and lower material and machining costs.
Ribotrap: Targeted Purification of RNA-Specific RNPs from Cell Lysates Through Immunoaffinity Precipitation to Identify Regulatory Proteins and RNAs (2008)

Many elegant methodologies have been devised to explore RNA-protein as well as RNA-RNA interactions. Although the characterization of messages targeted by a specific RNA-binding protein (RBP) has been accelerated by the application of microarray technologies, reliable methods to describe the endogenous assembly of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) are needed. However, this approach requires the targeted purification of a select mRNA under conditions favorable for the copurification of associated factors including RNA and protein components of the RNP. This chapter describes previous methods used to characterize RNPs in the context of in vitro approaches and presents the Ribotrap methodology, an in vivo protocol for message-specific purification of a target RNP. The method was developed in a yeast model system, yet is amenable to other in vivo cell systems including mammalian cell culture.
Addition of Ifosfamide and Etoposide to Standard Chemotherapy for Ewing's Sarcoma and Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone (2003)

The addition of ifosfamide and etoposide to a standard regimen does not affect the outcome for patients with metastatic disease, but it significantly improves the outcome for patients with nonmetastatic Ewing's sarcoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone, or primitive sarcoma of bone.
Two Degrees of Freedom Active Damping Technique for $LCL$ Filter-Based Grid Connected PV Systems (2013)

In grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems, lowpass filters are utilized to reduce injected current harmonics. LCL filters have recently drawn attention for PV system grid interfaces due to their small size and they have shown better attenuation to switching harmonics than simple L filters. However, the LCL filter causes resonance resulting in oscillation and instability issues. This paper proposes an effective active damping technique by introducing a two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) PID control structure. The 2DOF control structure allows the independent action of PI and D terms giving two degrees of freedom. The design is based on a typical three-phase grid-tied PV system. The active damping control loop is formed by using the existing grid side inductor currents and thus eliminating the need of additional sensors. The relative stability is illustrated in frequency domain by using bode plots. A real-time hardware-in-loop study is performed to validate the performance of the proposed 2DOF technique to damp out the LCL filter resonance.
Effect of Raw Potato Composition on Acrylamide Formation in Potato Chips (2005)

ABSTRACT: Recent studies have shown that subjecting foods to high temperatures during cooking processes such as frying gives rise to the formation of acrylamide. Several factors including product composition and processing conditions affect the rate of formation of this chemical in starch‐rich foods. Low reducing sugar and the amino acid asparagine content is desired when cooking because the formation of acrylamide is attributed to the Maillard reaction that occurs between these food components. The cultivar ‘Atlantic’ was used to determine the effect of potato components (reducing sugars and asparagine) on acrylamide content during frying in a traditional fryer. A model system was developed by infusing leached potato slices with predetermined amounts of glucose and asparagine. Increasing glucose and asparagine content in the slices increased the acrylamide content in the potato chips. Color could not be used as an indication of acrylamide content because potato chips with similar color had very different acrylamide concentrations.
A Fast and Efficient Method for Predicting Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Problems (2008)

A fast and efficient method based on the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) technique for predicting fluid flow and heat transfer problems is proposed in this paper. POD is first applied to an ensemble of numerical simulation results at design parameters to obtain the empirical coefficients and eigenfunctions, and then the fluid and temperature fields in the range of design parameters are resolved by a linear combination of empirical coefficients and eigenfunctions. The empirical coefficients at off-design parameters are obtained by a cubic spline interpolation method for steady problems and a Galerkin projection method for transient problems. Finally, the efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm are examined by three examples. The POD based algorithm can predict both the velocity and temperature fields in the range of design parameters accurately at a price of a large number of precomputed cases (snapshots). It also brings significant computational time savings for the new cases within the parameter range presimulated compared with the finite volume method with SIMPLE-like algorithm.
Mechanisms of Active Suppression of the Immune Response to Spermatozoa (1988)

The production of autoantibodies to spermatozoa in males and isoantibodies in females is inhibited both by the physical isolation of spermatozoa from the systemic immune system and by active immunosuppression mechanisms. Lymphoid cells present in the epithelial lining of the rete testis, epididymis, and vas deferens, as well as the human ejaculate, are predominantly T suppressor/cytotoxic cells. Mononuclear cells derived from semen inhibit the in vitro activation of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Soluble specific T suppressor/cytotoxic cell activators in semen or on the sperm surface may be responsible for the predominance of this T cell subset in the male reproductive tract. The activation of T suppressor/cytotoxic cells following coitus may also limit the immune response to spermatozoa in females. Spermatozoa can also initiate immunosuppression, either by selectively inducing T suppressor cells or through the generation of activated complement components that block antibody production. Antisperm antibodies in sera from females may be associated with either a deficiency in the ability of their T suppressor/cytotoxic cells to be induced by factors in semen or by the occurrence in their husbands' ejaculates of microorganisms, antibodies, or other factors that induce T helper lymphocytes. Activated T cells produce interferon gamma, which induces Ia antigen expression on macrophages and allows the female's T helper cells to recognize processed sperm antigens. Recognition of the role of cell-mediated immune functions in the male and female genital tract identifies possible new target sites for the development of contraceptive agents.
An integrated hot-carrier degradation simulator for VLSI reliability analysis (2002)

A novel integrated simulation tool is presented for estimating the hot-carrier induced degradation of nMOS transistor characteristics and circuit performance. The proposed reliability simulation tool incorporates an accurate one-dimensional MOSFET model for representing the electrical behavior of locally damaged transistors. The hot-carrier induced oxide damage can be specified by only a few parameters, avoiding extensive parameter extractions for the characterization of device damage. The physical degradation model used in the simulation tool includes both of the fundamental device degradation mechanisms, i.e., charge trapping and interface trap generation. A repetitive simulation scheme has been adopted to ensure accurate prediction of the circuit-level degradation process under dynamic operating conditions. The simulation tool provides information on the evolution of device degradation during long-term operation, and on the performance characteristics of the damaged circuit.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Ion Channels and Human Genetic Diseases (1996)

Ion channels have lately received much attention by geneticists and molecular biologists owing to the discovery of several inherited human "ion channels disorders". Important contributions to the understanding not only of pathogenesis, but also of the structure-function relationship of ion channels, have come from the functional analysis of these natually occurring mutant channels.
Environment Parameter Estimation during Bilateral Telemanipulation (2006)

Accurate models of remote environments generated during telemanipulation can be used to improve transparency, generate realistic simulations, and evaluate environment state. This paper presents an architecture for environment parameter estimation during bilateral telemanipulation. Nonlinear stiffness and damping properties of the environment are estimated using an indirect adaptive control approach. The slave-environment contact force tracks the sum of the force applied by the human to the master and a persistent excitation force required for accurate environment parameter estimation. Since force feedback to the human operator should only reflect the environment properties, several methods for force feedback are considered. Simulations confirm the validity of the proposed telemanipulation architecture for obtaining reasonable estimates of nonlinear environment properties and providing appropriate force feedback to the operator.
Neutrophil-mediated changes in vascular permeability are inhibited by topical application of aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxin A4 and novel lipoxin B4 stable analogues. (1998)

Neutrophil (PMN) activation is critical in inflammation and reperfusion injury, suggesting that PMN-directed therapies may be of clinical use. Here, leukotriene B4 (LTB4)-induced PMN influx in ear skin was equivalent between 5-lipoxygenase knockout and wild-type mice. To explore actions of lipoxin (LX) in PMN-mediated tissue injury, we prepared several novel LX stable analogues, including analogues of LXA4 and aspirin-triggered 15-epi-LXA4 as well as LXB4, and examined their impact in PMN infiltration and vascular permeability. Each applied topically to mouse ears inhibited dramatically PMN-mediated increases in vascular permeability (IC50 range of 13-26 nmol) with a rank order of 15(R/S)-methyl-LXA4 > 16-para-fluoro-phenoxy-LXA4 approximately 5(S)-methyl-LXB4 >/= 16-phenoxy-LXA4 > 5(R)-methyl-LXB4. These LX mimetics were as potent as an LTB4 receptor antagonist, yet results from microphysiometry with mouse leukocytes indicated that they do not act as LTB4 receptor level antagonists. In addition, within 24 h of delivery, > 90% were cleared from ear biopsies. Neither IL-8, FMLP, C5a, LTD4, nor platelet-activating factor act topically to promote PMN influx. When applied with LTB4, PGE2 enhanced sharply both infiltration and vascular permeability, which were inhibited by a fluorinated stable analogue of aspirin-triggered LX. These results indicate that mimetics of LXs and aspirin-triggered 15-epi-LXA4 are topically active in this model and are potent inhibitors of both PMN infiltration and PMN-mediated vascular injury.
The therapeutic effects of basic fibroblast growth factor contained in gelatin hydrogel microspheres on experimental osteoarthritis in the rabbit knee (2005)

Our findings demonstrated that sustained release of bFGF into the joint had therapeutic effects on OA development in a rabbit model. Our results suggest the potential feasibility of a new conservative treatment for OA.
Immunostimulating Agents: What Next? (1996)

Many chemical entities, either from natural sources or prepared by synthesis, are known to exert stimulating activities on various functions of the immune system, such as antibody production, resistance to infections, rejection of malignant cells, etc. In this review, the origin, chemical structures and main activities of several immunostimulants are described, with special emphasis on their present or potential medical usefulness. An attempt is made to envisage the future of this type of pharmacological agents, excluding however from the presentation the endogenous modulators of the immune system (cytokines), the production and activities of which are influenced by the immunostimulants themselves.
Prognostic Role of KRAS and BRAF in Stage II and III Resected Colon Cancer: Results of the Translational Study on the PETACC-3, EORTC 40993, SAKK 60-00 Trial (2009)

In stage II-III colon cancer, the KRAS mutation status does not have major prognostic value. BRAF is prognostic for OS in MS-L/S tumors.
Serum deprivation of human marrow stromal cells (hMSCs) selects for a subpopulation of early progenitor cells with enhanced expression of OCT-4 and other embryonic genes (2003)

Recently there has been interest in developing cell and gene therapies with adult stem cells from human bone marrow referred to as mesenchymal stem cells or marrow stromal cells (hMSCs). We incubated early-passage hMSCs in serum-free medium without cytokines or other supplements for 2 to 4 weeks. Surprisingly, a subpopulation of the cells survived serum deprivation and then began to proliferate in serum-containing medium. The cells selected by serum deprivation had longer telomeres than control cells. Also, the patterns of gene expression revealed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays and microarray data indicated that the cells selected by serum deprivation were a subpopulation of very early progenitor cells with enhanced expression of octomer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT-4) and several other genes characteristically expressed in embryonic cells.
Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status (2010)

We recommend screening for elevated Lp(a) in those at intermediate or high CVD/CHD risk, a desirable level <50 mg/dL as a function of global cardiovascular risk, and use of niacin for Lp(a) and CVD/CHD risk reduction.
Humoral immune response to hypervariable region 1 of the putative envelope glycoprotein (gp70) of hepatitis C virus (1993)

We recently found that alterations of amino acids in hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of the putative envelope glycoprotein (gp70) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) occurred sequentially in the chronic phase of hepatitis at intervals of several months. This finding suggests that mutations in HVR1 are involved in the mechanism of persistent chronic HCV infection involving escape from the immunosurveillance system. To explore this possibility, we examined the humoral immune response to HVR1 with our assay system, in which immunoprecipitation was carried out with sera from patients by using an HVR1 (27-amino-acid) dihydrofolate reductase fusion protein synthesized by in vitro transcription and translation. Results showed that HVR1 contains a sequence-specific immunological epitope that induces the production of antibodies restricted to the specific viral isolate. Furthermore, analysis of the kinetics of the appearance of antibodies in two patients with chronic hepatitis, with whom successive alterations of amino acids of HVR1 have been observed, showed that the titers of anti-HVR1 antibodies usually reached maximal levels several months after the isolation of HCV having the specific sequence of HVR1. This observation suggests that anti-HVR1 antibodies are involved in the genetic drift of HVR1 (minor antigenic variation) by immunoselection. However, the coexistence of HVR1 as an antigen and its specific antibody was sometimes observed. The possibility that HVR1 acts as a neutralizing epitope is discussed.
Treatment of B-cell lymphomas with anti-idiotype antibodies alone and in combination with alpha interferon (1989)

Idiotypes are distinct clonal markers for B-cell lymphomas. Previously we reported the use of anti-idiotype antibodies in the therapy of patients with B-cell malignancies. Because synergy was demonstrated with the addition of alpha interferon to anti-idiotype antibodies in a murine lymphoma model, we performed a clinical trial combining these two agents. Here we provide an update of the original trial of anti- idiotype antibodies alone and report the outcome of the new combination trial. In 16 treatment courses of anti-idiotype antibodies alone there were seven partial responses and one complete response. In 12 courses of combination anti-idiotype antibody and alpha interferon there were two complete responses and seven partial responses. Substantial tumor regressions occurred with minimal toxicity in both trials even in patients refractory to conventional chemotherapy. Tumor specimens obtained at the time of disease progression often contained a preponderance of idiotype-negative lymphoma cells, suggesting that anti- idiotype antibody treatment exerted a strong antitumor effect against antigen-positive cells. Anti-idiotype antibodies have reproducible objective antitumor activity in B-cell lymphoma. The addition of alpha interferon may improve the initial rate of response to this treatment. Strategies that deal effectively with idiotype-negative lymphoma cells should improve the extent and duration of these responses.
A nephritogenic rat monoclonal antibody to mouse aminopeptidase A. Induction of massive albuminuria after a single intravenous injection. (1992)

Antibodies directed against antigens present on renal epithelial cells can cause membranous glomerulonephritis in experimental animals, which closely resembles the human form of this disease. However, most antibodies produced so far fail to cause the persistent and severe proteinuria that is seen in humans. In our search for new antibodies of this kind, we have now produced a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against mouse aminopeptidase A, a hydrolase that is present in the mouse kidney. The mAb (ASD-4) was prepared by fusion of mouse myeloma cells with splenocytes of Lou rats immunized with brush border (BB) membranes from mouse kidneys. ASD-4 is of the IgG1 subclass and reacts with a 140-kD protein as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation on radiolabeled BB membranes. In indirect immunofluorescence and immunoelectronmicroscopy of normal mouse kidneys, ASD-4 was diffusely present on the BB of the S1 and S2 segments of the proximal tubules, and on the cell membranes of the glomerular visceral epithelia. It also bound to cell membranes of nonglomerular endothelia, smooth muscle cells of arteries, and juxtaglomerular cells. After injection of ASD-4 into normal mice, an immediate homogeneous binding to the capillary wall was seen that gradually changed into a fine granular pattern after 1 d. This glomerular binding was followed by binding to the BB and basolateral membranes of the convoluted proximal tubules. Immediately after injection of ASD-4, a dose-dependent albuminuria occurred that lasted for at least 16 d. ASD-4 is thus a new rat mAb against a well-defined renal epithelial antigen that causes not only membranous glomerulonephritis after a single injection in the mouse, but also severe albuminuria.
Human invariant Vα24+ natural killer T cells activated by α‐galactosylceramide (KRN7000) have cytotoxic anti‐tumour activity through mechanisms distinct from T cells and natural killer cells (2000)

Human Valpha24 + NKT cells, a subpopulation of natural killer cell receptor (NKR-P1A) expressing T cells with an invariant T-cell receptor (TCR; Valpha24JalphaQ) are stimulated by the glycolipid, alpha-galactosylceramide (KRN7000), in a CD1d-dependent, TCR-mediated fashion. Little is known about Valpha24 + NKT-cell function. The murine counterpart, Valpha14 + NKT cells, appear to have an important role in controlling malignancy. There are no human data examining the role of Valpha24 + NKT cells in controlling human malignancy. We report that Valpha24 + NKT cells have perforin-mediated cytotoxicity against haemopoietic malignancies. Valpha24 TCR, CD1d and alpha-galactosylceramide may all play a role in cytotoxicity but are not absolute requirements. The greatest cytotoxicity was observed against the U937 tumour cell line (95 +/- 5% lysis). THP-1, Molt4, C1R cells and allogeneic mismatched dendritic cells were also sensitive to Valpha24 + NKT cytotoxicity but neither the NK target, K562, nor lymphokine-activated killer-sensitive Daudi cells, were sensitive. These results indicate a killing pattern distinct from conventional major histocompatibility complex-restricted T cells, NK cells and other cytotoxic lymphoid cells previously described. We conclude that human Valpha24 + NKT cells have cytotoxic anti-tumour activity against haemopoietic malignancies through effector mechanisms distinct from conventional T cells and NK cells and that their specific stimulator KRN7000 may have therapeutic potential.
Preparation and microscopic visualization of multicolor luminescent immunophosphors (1992)

The preparation of charge-stabilized suspensions of small phosphor particles (0.1-0.3 micron) and their coupling with antibodies to immunoreactive conjugates is described. Phosphor particles consisting of yttriumoxisulfide activated with europium served as a model system in the evaluation of the stabilizing properties of several polycarboxylic acids. The optimal reagents were then applied to other phosphors which differ in spectral characteristics as well as in luminescence lifetime. These phosphors were ground to a size of 0.1-0.3 micron and proteins or other macromolecules were adsorbed to the phosphor particles to prepare conjugates of different physico-chemical properties. A time-resolved microscope, suitable for real time visualization of the time-delayed luminescence of the immunophosphors by the human eye, is described in detail. Since most phosphors require excitation with far UV light, a special fluorescence microscope allowing far UV excitation was developed for conventional visualization of the luminescence emitted by the phosphor. The possibility of multiple color labeling using various phosphor conjugates was demonstrated in a model system consisting of haptenized latex beads.