gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electro-optical effects of oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotube doping on holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal films (2009)

In this work we demonstrate an improved electro-optic response and quantify the effect on transmitted wavefront properties of thiolene based reflection mode holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals (HPDLC) gratings doped with oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT). Effect of various doping levels on the reflection efficiencies is evaluated and optical spectrometry results indicate a reduction in the reflection efficiency and an anomalous electrooptic behavior at higher doping levels of MWNT especially in gratings with longer pitch where the diffusion length for liquid crystal (LC) is long. Wavefront analysis based on Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor show an increase in the transmitted RMS wavefront error in a 633nm wavefront after a critical level of MWNT doping. Polarized optical microscopy results indicate that the MWNT do not participate in the photo polymerization induced phase separation hence acting as physical barriers for the counter diffusing LC at high MWNT concentrations. Reduction in overall size of the LC droplets in the LC rich planes, observed using scanning electron microscopy imaging, leads to faster rise and fall times hence quicker relaxation time. Observation of reduced switching voltage is attributed to the modification of dielectric properties of the medium manifested by an increase in capacitance and decrease in resistivity in presence of MWNT.
Randomized, Controlled Trial of Topical Exit-Site Application of Honey (Medihoney) versus Mupirocin for the Prevention of Catheter-Associated Infections in Hemodialysis Patients (2005)

The clinical usefulness of hemodialysis catheters is limited by increased infectious morbidity and mortality. Topical antiseptic agents, such as mupirocin, are effective at reducing this risk but have been reported to select for antibiotic-resistant strains. The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy and the safety of exit-site application of a standardized antibacterial honey versus mupirocin in preventing catheter-associated infections. A randomized, controlled trial was performed comparing the effect of thrice-weekly exit-site application of Medihoney versus mupirocin on infection rates in patients who were receiving hemodialysis via tunneled, cuffed central venous catheters. A total of 101 patients were enrolled. The incidences of catheter-associated bacteremias in honey-treated (n = 51) and mupirocin-treated (n = 50) patients were comparable (0.97 versus 0.85 episodes per 1000 catheter-days, respectively; NS). On Cox proportional hazards model analysis, the use of honey was not significantly associated with bacteremia-free survival (unadjusted hazard ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.27 to 3.24; P = 0.92). No exit-site infections occurred. During the study period, 2% of staphylococcal isolates within the hospital were mupirocin resistant. Thrice-weekly application of standardized antibacterial honey to hemodialysis catheter exit sites was safe, cheap, and effective and resulted in a comparable rate of catheter-associated infection to that obtained with mupirocin (although the study was not adequately powered to assess therapeutic equivalence). The effectiveness of honey against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and its low likelihood of selecting for further resistant strains suggest that this agent may represent a satisfactory alternative means of chemoprophylaxis in patients with central venous catheters.
Characterization of age-related effects in human skin: A comparative study that applies confocal laser scanning microscopy and optical coherence tomography (2004)

Skin structure and age-related changes in human skin were characterized in vivo by applying confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The overall effect of aging skin, derived from studies of volunteers belonging to two age groups, was found to be a significant decrease in the maximum thickness of the epidermis and flattening of the dermo-epidermal junction. At a certain depth in the dermis, well below the basal layer, a reflecting layer of fibrous structure is observed in CLSM images. The location of this layer strongly depends on age and is situated much deeper below the skin surface in younger than in older skin. In addition, large structural changes were observed with age. The OCT images show two bright reflecting layers. The first one is due to scattering at the skin surface. The second band appears to be caused by a layer of fibrous structure in the dermis. Direct comparison of CLSM and OCT suggests that the same fibrous layer is imaged by the two techniques. This layer might be due to the transition between the papillary and reticular dermis. A comparison of CLSM and OCT enables a better understanding of the images.
Windows NT Terminal Server and Citrix MetaFrame (1998)

From the Publisher:
Windows NT Terminal Server and Citrix MetaFrame is a technical reference that will cover in detail all aspects of planning, installing, administering, and troubleshooting Microsoft Terminal Server and Citrix MetaFrame systems. MetaFrame greatly enhances the usability of NT as a thin-client solution, but the heterogeneous networking issues involved in its integration will be a significant source of information pain. 
Part I begins with an in-depth look at the technology, and how its relevant to the NT administrator. This material is not of an overview nature - consider it more prepatory material for real-world administration. 
Part II goes into the real nuts and bolts of thin client administration, covering such relevant issues as installation, configuration, network connection, management, and application distribution. 
Part III covers the thorniest and most taxing issues involving thin client administration. It's no surprise that most administration headaches revolve around integration with other networks and clients. This book addresses these types of real world issues on a case-by-case basis, giving tools and advice on solving each.
Short Communication: Oxidative Stress in HIV-Infected Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study (2009)

HIV infection increases the oxidative stress process, and antiretroviral combination therapy increases protein oxidation and preexistent oxidative stress. The latter induces production of reactive oxygen species. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is a means of determining oxidative stress. There is also a deficiency of glutathione in HIV infection. Persistent oxidative load leads to an accelerated rate of consumption of glutathione (GSH). This study measured LPO and GSH levels in plasma of HIV-infected individuals with or without therapy and compared these with healthy controls. One hundred HIV-infected individuals and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. LPO and GSH levels were measured in plasma according to previously described methods. The mean level of LPO in HIV-infected individuals was 0.7 +/- 0.1 micromol/ml (range, 0.5-0.9 micromol/ml), whereas the mean LPO level in controls was 0.3 +/- 0.1 micromol/ml (range, 0.2-0.4 micromol/ml). The mean LPO levels were significantly higher in HIV-infected individuals as compared to healthy controls (p value <0.0001). The mean GSH level in HIV-infected individuals was 0.06 +/- 0.01 micromol/ml (range, 0.03-0.08). The mean GSH level in healthy controls was 0.09 +/- 0.01 micromol/ml (range, 0.05-0.1). The mean glutathione level in HIV-infected individuals was significantly lower in compared to healthy controls (p value < 0.0001). There was a significant positive correlation between absolute CD4 cells and GSH levels (rho = 0.182, p = 0.045). There is increased oxidative stress in HIV-infected patients. Whether supplementation with antioxidants will reduce this oxidative stress is still unknown.
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEIC ACID RELATED COMPOUNDS. 44. THE 2′‐ AND 3′‐KETONUCLEOSIDES AND THEIR ARABINO AND XYLO REDUCTION PRODUCTS. CONVENIENT ACCESS VIA SELECTIVE PROTECTION AND OXIDATION OF RIBONUCLEOSIDES (1984)

Abstract Oxidation der Nucleoside (I) bzw. (IV) und Na‐boranat‐Reduktion der gebildeten Ketone, z.B. (II), führen zur Bildung hauptsächlich der (I)‐Isomeren (III) bzw. (V).
Beta 1-adrenoceptor stimulation and beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulation differ in their effects on contraction, cytosolic Ca2+, and Ca2+ current in single rat ventricular cells. (1993)

The effects of beta 2- and beta 1-adrenoceptor (beta 2AR and beta 1AR, respectively) agonists on the cytosolic Ca2+ (Cai) transient (indexed by the transient increase in indo-1 fluorescence ratio after excitation), twitch amplitude (measured via photodiode array), membrane potential, and L-type sarcolemmal Ca2+ current (ICa, measured by whole-cell patch electrode) were assessed in single rat ventricular myocytes. The selective beta 2AR agonist Zinterol increased the amplitudes of both the Cai transient and twitch in a concentration-dependent manner. Similar results were obtained when beta 2ARs were stimulated with isoproterenol in the presence of the selective beta 1AR antagonist CGP 20712A. beta 1AR stimulation induced by norepinephrine increased twitch amplitude to about the same extent as did beta 2AR stimulation. However, several striking differences between response to beta 1AR and beta 2AR stimulation were observed. beta 1AR stimulation had the potent effect of abbreviating the time course of the contraction and Cai transient, and beta 2AR stimulation did not reduce the time course of the Cai transient and had only a minor effect on the twitch duration. For a given increase in twitch amplitude, beta 1AR stimulation caused a greater increase in Cai transient, suggesting a diminished Cai-myofilament interaction. beta 1AR, but not beta 2AR, stimulation evoked spontaneous Cai oscillations, increased the diastolic indo fluorescence level, and caused a decline in resting cell length. beta 1AR and beta 2AR also differed in their effects on ICa. Whereas both beta 1AR and beta 2AR stimulation increased the peak ICa amplitude, beta 2AR stimulation markedly prolonged the ICa inactivation time. Accordingly, beta 2AR stimulation prolonged the action potential duration to a greater extent than did beta 1AR stimulation. 8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)cAMP mimicked the effects of beta 1AR stimulation by norepinephrine but not those due to beta 2AR stimulation. These results clearly indicate that both beta 2ARs and beta 1ARs functionally coexist in rat ventricular myocytes but that stimulation of these receptor subtypes elicits qualitatively different cell responses at the levels of ionic channels, the myofilaments, and sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Some Trends of Electrochemistry in 21st Century (2002)

The important advances in electrochemistry in the late twentieth century are reviewed and some trends of electrochemistry in earlier stage of the twenty_first century are discussed. Future researches in electrochemistry are indicated with an emphasis being made on the electrochemistry in new systems.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vif Protein Is an Integral Component of an mRNP Complex of Viral RNA and Could Be Involved in the Viral RNA Folding and Packaging Process (2000)

Virion infectivity factor (Vif) is a protein encoded by human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and -2) and simian immunodeficiency virus, plus other lentiviruses, and is essential for viral replication either in vivo or in culture for nonpermissive cells such as peripheral blood lymphoid cells, macrophages, and H9 T cells. Defects in the vif gene affect virion morphology and reverse transcription but not the expression of viral components. It has been shown that Vif colocalizes with Gag in cells and Vif binds to the NCp7 domain of Gag in vitro. However, it seems that Vif is not specifically packaged into virions. The molecular mechanism(s) for Vif remains unknown. In this report, we demonstrate that HIV-1 Vif is an RNA-binding protein and specifically binds to HIV-1 genomic RNA in vitro. Further, Vif binds to HIV-1 RNA in the cytoplasm of virus-producing cells to form a 40S mRNP complex. Coimmunoprecipitation and in vivo UV cross-linking assays indicated that Vif directly interact with HIV-1 RNA in the virus-producing cells. Vif-RNA binding could be displaced by Gag-RNA binding, suggesting that Vif protein in the mRNP complex may mediate viral RNA interaction with HIV-1 Gag precursors. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that these Vif mutants that lose the RNA binding activity in vitro do not support vif-deficient HIV-1 replication in H9 T cells, suggesting that the RNA binding capacity of Vif is important for its function. Further studies regarding Vif-RNA interaction in virus-producing cells will be important for studying the function of Vif in the HIV-1 life cycle.
A re-examination of information seeking behaviour in the context of activity theory (2006)

Introducción. La teoría de la actividad, desarrollada en la URSS como una alternativa marxista a la psicología occidental, ha sido ampliamente aplicada en los estudios educativos y cada vez más en la investigación de interacción de humano-ordenador. Argumento. Los elementos clave de la teoría de actividad, Motivación, Objetivo, Actividad, Herramientas, Objeto, Resultado, Reglas, Comunidad y División de trabajo son todos directamente aplicables a la investigación sobre comportamiento de información. Una aproximación desde la teoría de la actividad a la investigación sobre comportamiento de información proporcionaría una base sólida (bien fundada) para la elaboración de cuestiones contextuales, el descubrimiento de contradicciones organizacionales y otras que afectan el comportamiento de información. Puede usarse para ayudar al diseño y análisis de investigaciones. Elaboración. Se perfilan las ideas básicas de la teoría de actividad y se hace un esfuerzo de armonización de perspectivas diferentes. Se hace un contraste entre una perspectiva de sistema de actividad y una perspectiva de proceso de actividad y se ofrece una representación diagramática de la perspectiva del proceso. Conclusión. La teoría de la actividad no es una teoría de predicción sino un marco conceptual en el que pueden emplearse perspectivas teóricas diferentes. Típicamente, se sugiere que pueden emplearse varios métodos de recogida de datos y que el tiempo para la investigación debe ser lo bastante largo para todo el rango de problemas contextuales que emerjan. La teoría de actividad no sólo ofrece un marco conceptual útil, sino también una terminología coherente a compartir por los investigadores, y un rápido desarrollo de bibliografía en las disciplinas asociadas
Quantitative Estimation of Permeability Surface-Area Product in Astroglial Brain Tumors Using Perfusion CT and Correlation with Histopathologic Grade (2008)

<b>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</b> Glioma angiogenesis and its different hemodynamic features, which can be evaluated by using perfusion CT (PCT) imaging of the brain, have been correlated with the grade and the aggressiveness of gliomas. Our hypothesis was that quantitative estimation of permeability surface area product (PS), cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and mean transit time (MTT) in astroglial brain tumors by using PCT will correlate with glioma grade. High-grade gliomas will show higher PS and CBV as compared with low-grade gliomas. <b>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</b> PCT was performed in 32 patients with previously untreated astroglial tumors (24 high-grade gliomas and 8 low-grade gliomas) by using a total acquisition time of 170 seconds. World Health Organization (WHO) glioma grades were compared with PCT parameter absolute values by using Student or nonparametric Wilcoxon 2-sample tests. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were also done for each of the parameters. <b>RESULTS:</b> The differences in PS, CBV, and CBF between the low- and high-grade tumor groups were statistically significant, with the low-grade group showing lower mean values than the high-grade group. ROC analyses showed that both CBV (C-statistic 0.930) and PS (C-statistic 0.927) were very similar to each other in differentiating low- and high-grade gliomas and had higher predictability compared with CBF and MTT. Within the high-grade group, differentiation of WHO grade III and IV gliomas was also possible by using PCT parameters, and PS showed the highest C-statistic value (0.926) for the ROC analyses in this regard. <b>CONCLUSIONS:</b> Both PS and CBV showed strong association with glioma grading, high-grade gliomas showing higher PS and CBV as compared with low-grade gliomas. Perfusion parameters, especially PS, can also be used to differentiate WHO grade III from grade IV in the high-grade tumor group.
Identification of Epitope Regions Recognized by Tumor Inhibitory and Stimulatory Anti-ErbB-2 Monoclonal Antibodies: Implications for Vaccine Design (2001)

The self-oncoprotein ErbB-2 is overexpressed in a number of malignancies. The presence of endogenous anti-ErbB-2 Ab and T cell immune responses to this protein in cancer patients has made ErbB-2 an attractive target for active immunization. However, the finding that murine anti-ErbB-2 Abs can have stimulatory, inhibitory, or no effects on cancer cell growth suggests that an inappropriately induced immune response may have an adverse effect. To ensure the induction of a beneficial Ab response, it is important to identify the epitopes recognized by these Abs. In this study we have used phage-displayed ErbB-2 gene fragment libraries and synthetic peptides to epitope-map a panel of anti-ErbB-2 mAbs. The epitopes of three mAbs, N12, N28, and L87, were successfully located to C531-A586, T216-C235, and C220-C235 of ErbB-2, respectively. It was found that while N12 inhibited tumor cell proliferation, N28 stimulated the proliferation of a subset of breast cancer cell lines overexpressing ErbB-2. The peptide region recognized by N12, (C531-A586; EP531), was used as an immunogen to selectively induce an inhibitory immune response in mice. Mice immunized with the GST fusion peptide (GST-EP531) recognized the peptide region EP531 as well as native ErbB-2. More importantly, Igs purified from mouse sera were able to inhibit up to 85% of tumor cell proliferation. In conclusion, our study provides direct evidence of the function-epitope relationship of anti-ErbB-2 Abs and also emphasizes the value of inducing a potent tumor inhibitory polyclonal Ab response by rationally selecting regions of ErbB-2 used for immunization.
Studies on Acetylenic Compounds. XLIV. Synthesis of 3-Aminoisoxazoles and 3-Hydroxyisoxazoles (3-Isoxazolones) (1966)

β-Bromocinnamonitrile and hydroxylamine afforded 3-amino-5-phenylisoxazole in the presence of alkali, unexpectedly. So the reaction of acetylenic nitriles and esters with hydroxylamine was examined under alkaline conditions. Phenylpropiolonitrile and propiolonitrile gave 3-amino-5-phenylisoxazole and 3-aminoisoxazole, respectively. Tetrolonitrile afforded a 3 : 1 mixture of 3-amino-5-methyl- and 3-methyl-5-amino-isoxazole in the presence of alkali. Under neutral conditions these nitriles gave the corresponding 5-aminoisoxazoles. Similarly, 3-hydroxy-, 3-hydroxy-5-methyl- and 3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-isoxazole were obtained from the corresponding acetylenic esters. In the case of methyl tetrolate, two isomers of tetrolohydroxamic acid were isolated as the intermediate. On the other hand, free phenylpropiolic acid gave only 3-phenyl-5-isoxazolone under the same alkaline conditions.
Increased urinary leukotriene excretion in patients with cardiac ischemia. In vivo evidence for 5-lipoxygenase activation. (1992)

This study suggests that peptide leukotrienes are released during episodes of myocardial ischemia and provides clinical evidence for involvement of their biosynthetic enzyme, 5-lipoxygenase, during and after acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina attacks. Thus, potent and specific orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors may have therapeutic potential in limiting myocardial damage and functional abnormalities after acute ischemia.
Three lipoprotein receptors and cholesterol in inclusion-body myositis muscle (2002)

<b><i>Background:</i></b> An important aspect of inclusion-body myositis (IBM) vacuolated muscle fibers (VMF) is abnormal accumulation of amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP) epitopes and its product, amyloid-β (Aβ), and of phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in the form of paired helical filaments. Lipoprotein receptors and cholesterol are known to play an important role in AβPP processing, Aβ production, and tau phosphorylation. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In 10 IBM and 22 control muscle biopsies the authors immunolocalized low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), and colocalized them with Aβ, p-tau, APOE, and free cholesterol. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In each biopsy, virtually all IBM VMF had strong LDLR-immunoreactive inclusions, which colocalized with Aβ, APOE, p-tau, and free cholesterol. VLDLR was increased mainly diffusely, but in approximately 50% of the VMF it was also accumulated in the form of inclusions colocalizing with Aβ, APOE, and free cholesterol, but not with p-tau. LRP inclusions were present in a few VMF. In all myopathies, a subset of regenerating and necrotizing muscle fibers had prominent diffuse accumulation of both LDLR and free cholesterol. At normal neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) postsynaptically, LDLR and VLDLR, but not LRP, were immunoreactive. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> 1) Abnormal accumulation of LDLR, VLDLR, LRP, and cholesterol within IBM vacuolated muscle fibers suggests novel roles for them in the IBM pathogenesis. 2) Expression of LDLR and VLDLR at normal NMJ suggests physiologic roles for them in transsynaptic signaling pathways, increased internalization of lipoproteins there, or both. 3) Increased LDLR and free cholesterol in some regenerating and necrotizing muscle fibers suggest a role for them in human muscle fiber growth and repair and necrotic death.
Ovine interferon tau suppresses transcription of the estrogen receptor and oxytocin receptor genes in the ovine endometrium (1996)

Tau interferons (IFNtau) are a unique subclass of the omega interferons that are transiently produced by the trophectoderm of the conceptus (embryo and associated membranes) during early pregnancy in ruminants. IFNtau acts as an antiestrogen on the endometrium to suppress increases in estrogen receptor (ER) and oxytocin receptor (OTR) gene expression which prevents pulsatile production of prostaglandin F2alpha and regression of the corpus luteum or luteolysis. In this study, steady-state levels of ER mRNA and transcription rates of the ER and OTR genes were two-fold lower in the endometrium of pregnant as compared to cyclic ewes on day 15. Levels of ER mRNA and ER and OTR gene transcription were also two-fold lower in the endometrium of day 15 cyclic ewes receiving intrauterine injections of recombinant ovine IFNtau from day 11 to day 14 compared to control ewes. Results suggest that the antiluteolytic action of IFNtau is to suppress transcription of the ER gene by a negative-acting transcriptional mechanism which prevents estrogen-induced increases in OTR gene expression in the endometrium. The novel antiestrogenic effects of IFNtau, combined with its Type I IFN characteristics and low cytotoxicity, suggest that this trophoblast IFN may have potential value as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of infertility, viral disease and estrogen-dependent malignant disorders.