gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal Referral Bonuses with Asymmetric Information: Firm-Offered and Interpersonal Incentives (2009)

Referral bonuses, in which an existing customer gets an in-kind or cash reward for referring a new customer, are a popular way to stimulate word of mouth. In this paper, we examine key firm decisions about such bonuses. Others have studied referral bonus programs; a key difference is that we study the role of recommendations not just in spreading awareness (as they do) but also in providing assessments. We start with the idea that people have a variety of reasons for making product recommendations, including placing a value on a friend's outcome with a product they recommend. We apply that idea in a context of asymmetric information: A customer combines his knowledge about the product and his familiarity with friends' tastes, making him more informed than the friends. Thus, the recommendation is a signal about the value of the product to the friend. In this setting, we consistently find that the greater the concern for others' outcomes, the higher the referral bonus should be, as long as the firm cannot more efficiently motivate recommendations with a lower price. Moreover, if price is the more efficient lever, the optimal bonus is zero, and the optimal price is low. We also show that greater concern tends to reduce firm profit and, in some cases, actually reduces consumer welfare as well.
Electron mobility exceeding 160000cm2∕Vs in AlGaN∕GaN heterostructures grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (2004)

We report on the transport properties of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) confined in an AlGaN∕GaN heterostructure grown by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy on a semi-insulating GaN template prepared by hydride vapor phase epitaxy with a threading dislocation density of ∼5×107cm−2. Using a gated Hall bar structure, the electron density (ne) is varied from 4.1to9.1×1011cm−2. At T=300mK, the 2DEG displays a maximum mobility of 167000cm2∕Vs at a sheet density of 9.1×1011cm−2, corresponding to a mean-free-path of ∼3μm. Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations, typically not observed at magnetic fields below 2T in GaN, commence at B=0.6T.
Excimer lasers offer promise in surgical applications (1985)

Recent experimental achievements using excimer systems offer promise for this laser in surgical procedures, particularly in treating cardiovascular disease. Clinical research is still in early stages, but fiberoptic beam delivery and excimer system technologies are rapidly moving ahead and showing potential for serving a large market in laser angioplasty and other applications.
Measurement of the Intrinsic Properties of Materials by Time-Domain Techniques (1970)

In this paper a method is presented for determining the complex permittivity and permeability of linear materials in the frequency domain by a single time-domain measurement; typically, the frequency band extends from VHF through X band. The technique described involves placing an unknown sample in a microwave TEM-mode fixture and exciting the sample with a subnanosecond baseband pulse. The fixture is used to facilitate the measurement of the forward- and back-scattered energy, s21(t) and s11(t), respectively. It is shown in this paper that the forward- and back-scattered time-domain "signatures" are uniquely related to the intrinsic properties of the materials, namely, ϵ* and μ*. By appropriately interpreting s21(t) and s11(t), one is able to determine the real and imaginary parts of ϵ and μ as a function of frequency. Experimental results are presented describing several familiar materials.
Vanadium Peroxide Complexes (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVanadium Peroxide ComplexesAlison Butler, Melissa J. Clague, and Gretchen E. MeisterCite this: Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 3, 625–638Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00027a004https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00027a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3504Altmetric-Citations502LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Contact resistance effects in thin film solar cells and thin film transistors (2013)

Thin film technology is the keystone in the modern applied science and it has been used for several decades in making electronic devices. Recent researches on various thin film solar cells and organic electronic devices have pioneered improvements in performance and miniaturization. As devices further miniaturize, performance of thin film devices suffers as a result of high electrical Ohmic losses which occur. In thin film devices, such as solar cells, radio frequency identification tags (RFID tags) and thin film transistors (TFTs), the main contributor to high parasitic losses is the contact resistance between metal electrodes and active semiconductor materials. Contact resistance effects in electrical devices are undesirable, but unavoidable. The minimization of these effects on a device's functionality has drawn the attention of many researchers from various fields. This thesis has an aim to examine closer contact resistance effects in chalcopyrite thin film solar cells and organic thin film transistors. As new areas of thin film devices continue to expand, new and different materials have been under investigation for the manufacturing of thin film transistors. On account of miniaturizing devices, contact effects have become a prominent factor on a device's performance. Contact effects may reduce the charge carrier mobility of the devices, as well as the switching frequency in thin film transistors. On the other hand, in thin-film photovoltaic industry the process temperature is one of the limiting parameters for the formation of electrical contacts, especially in the case of devices manufactured on plastic substrates. Due to the high contact resistance, conversion efficiency of the thin film solar cells may be reduced.
Construction of evolutionary tree models for renal cell carcinoma from comparative genomic hybridization data. (2000)

Renal cell carcinoma is characterized by an accumulation of complex chromosomal alterations during tumor progression. Chromosome 3p deletions are known to occur early in the carcinogenesis, but the nature of subsequent events, their interrelationships, and their sequence is poorly understood, as one usually only obtains a single "view" of the dynamic process of tumor development in a particular cancer patient. To address this limitation, we used comparative genomic hybridization analysis in combination with a distance-based and a branching-tree method to search for tree models of the oncogenesis process of 116 conventional (clear cell) renal carcinomas. This provides a means to analyze and model cancer development processes based on a more dynamic model, including the presence of multiple pathways, as compared with the fixed linear model first proposed by Vogelstein et al. (N. Engl. J. Med., 319: 525-532, 1988) for colorectal cancer. The most common DNA losses involved 3p (61%), 4q (50%), 6q (40%), 9p (35%), 13q (37%), and Xq (21%). The most common gains were seen at chromosome 17p and 17q (20%). The tree model derived from the distance-based method is consistent with the established theory that -3p is an important early event in conventional (clear cell) renal cancer and supports the prediction made from the branching tree that -4q is another important early event. Both tree models suggest that there may be two groups of clear cell renal cancers: one characterized by -6q, +17q, and + 17p, and another by -9p, -13q, and -18q. Putative prognostic parameters were -9p and -13q. The distance-based tree clarifies that -8p (present in 12% of tumors) is a late event, largely independent of other events. In summary, tree modeling of comparative genomic hybridization data provided new information on the interrelationships of genetic changes in renal cancer and their possible order, as well as a clustering of these events. Using tree analysis, one can derive a more in-depth understanding of the renal cancer development process than is possible by simply focusing on the frequencies of genetic events in a given cancer type.
Preparation of anionic tungsten(VI) alkyl complexes containing oxo or sulfido ligands and the x-ray structure of [N(C2H5)4]{WO2[OC(CH3)2C(CH3)2O][CH2C(CH3)3]} (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of anionic tungsten(VI) alkyl complexes containing oxo or sulfido ligands and the x-ray structure of [N(C2H5)4]{WO2[OC(CH3)2C(CH3)2O][CH2C(CH3)3]}Irene Feinstein-Jaffe, John C. Dewan, and Richard R. SchrockCite this: Organometallics 1985, 4, 7, 1189–1193Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00126a009https://doi.org/10.1021/om00126a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views274Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Receptor binding and growth-promoting activity of insulin-like growth factors in human breast cancer cells (T-47D) in culture. (1984)

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and insulin are known to be mitogenic to a variety of cell types, although a growth-regulatory role of IGFs on human breast cancer cells has not yet been fully investigated. In the present study, we examined the receptor binding and the effect on growth of IGFs and insulin in a human breast cancer cell line (T-47D). Specific binding of 125I-basic somatomedin (BSM/IGF-I), 125I-multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA III-2/IGF-II), and 125I-insulin has been demonstrated in monolayer T-47D cells grown on plastic substratum. When the binding of 125I-BSM and 125I-MSA III-2 was studied, unlabeled BSM and unlabeled MSA were the most effective competitors for the respective binding sites. Unlabeled insulin at high concentration also inhibited the binding of 125I-BSM and 125I-MSA III-2. For 125I-insulin binding, however, unlabeled MSA III-2 and MSA II were more effective than unlabeled insulin in displacing 125I-insulin from its binding sites. These observations suggest that the binding sites for IGF-I and IGF-II are distinct in T-47D cells and that insulin cross-reacts weakly with IGF-I and IGF-II binding sites. BSM (IGF-I) and MSA (IGF-II) (1 microgram/ml) produced a 1.5-fold increase in cell proliferation of T-47D cells grown on plastic substratum. The mitogenic effect of IGFs on T-47D was more apparent when cells were grown on collagen gel. At 500 ng/ml, MSA III-2, BSM, and insulin stimulated cell growth 4-, 2.5-, and 1.5-fold, respectively. Our results suggest that the IGFs may be involved in the growth regulation of human breast cancer cells.
Sol−Gel-Derived Thick-Film Amperometric Immunosensors (1998)

Sol-gel processing is used for the first time for the preparation of electrochemical immunosensors. One-step sensor fabrication, based on the coupling of sol-gel and screen-printing technologies, is employed. A low-temperature cured ink is prepared by dispersion of rabbit immunoglobulin G (RIgG), graphite powder, and a binder in the sol-gel solution. The enzyme-labeled antibody can readily diffuse toward the encapsulated antigen, which retains its binding properties, and the association reaction is easily detected at the dispersed graphite surface. Use of anti-RIgG labeled with alkaline phosphatase, naphthyl phosphate as the substrate, and amperometric detection at +400 mV (vs Ag/AgCl) results in a low detection limit of 5 ng/mL (32 pM) for the solution antigen. Tailoring the porosity of the ceramic-carbon matrix can be used for tuning the assay performance. The high sensitivity, low cost, durability, and simplicity of the new single-use immunosensors make them well suited for various on-site applications.
Hypoxia and stem cell‐based engineering of mesenchymal tissues (2009)

Stem cells have the ability for prolonged self-renewal and differentiation into mature cells of various lineages, which makes them important cell sources for tissue engineering applications. Their remarkable ability to replenish and differentiate in vivo is regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic cellular mechanisms. The anatomical location where the stem cells reside, known as the "stem cell niche or microenvironment," provides signals conducive to the maintenance of definitive stem cell properties. Physiological condition including oxygen tension is an important component of the stem cell microenvironment and has been shown to play a role in regulating both embryonic and adult stem cells. This review focuses on oxygen as a signaling molecule and the way it regulates the stem cells' development into mesenchymal tissues in vitro. The physiological relevance of low oxygen tension as an environmental parameter that uniquely benefits stem cells' expansion and maintenance is described along with recent findings on the regulatory effects of oxygen on embryonic stem cells and adult mesenchymal stem cells. The relevance to tissue engineering is discussed in the context of the need to specifically regulate the oxygen content in the cellular microenvironment in order to optimize in vitro tissue development.
Glutamate Antagonists, Steroids, and Antioxidants as Therapeutic Options for Hearing Loss and Tinnitus and the Use of an Inner Ear Drug Delivery System. (1998)

A wealth of anecdotal, empirica], and double-blind placebo-controlled data exists on medicines that may have a beneficial role in the management of patients with tinnitus. Tinnitus is a symptom that affects between 40 and 45 million Americans alone; this represents approximately 14% of the US population. Data exist for Japan (population: 125,732,794), Europe (population: 503 million), and Australia (population: 18,426,900), and estimates suggest that tinnitus affects a similar percentage of those populations (B. Tabachnick, personal communication, 1998). Thus, in those industrialized nations, approximately 90 million may experience tinnitus to some degree. One to two percent of the population expriences debilitating tinnitus, severely limiting the quality of life of affected individuals. All too often, the response from well-trained medical professionals is, "Learn to live with it" or "There is no cure." Although the author does not dispute that currently no cure exists, I contend that help is available. This article discusses the use of glutamate antagonists, steroids, and antioxidants for the management of hearing loss and tinnitus. Additionally, the results of using an inner ear drug delivery system on nine patients with a variety of inner ear disorders are reviewed briefly.
Human Cytomegalovirus and Monocytes: Limited Infection and Negligible Immunosuppression in Normal Mononuclear Cells Infected in vitro with Mycoplasma-free Virus Strains (1989)

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection has previously been associated with the production of immunosuppression. The mechanism by which any such immunosuppressive effect might be mediated is unclear but previous work has implicated an effect of the virus on monocytes. We have attempted to characterize the immunosuppressive activity produced by in vitro infection of normal monocytes with HCMV strain AD169. We first examined the ability of HCMV AD169 and recent clinical isolates to infect normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. We have found by immunofluorescence analysis that only a very limited number of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (0.2 to 0.5%) showed evidence of virus infection as demonstrated by expression of the major immediate early protein. We found that the inhibitory activity of supernatants of monocytes exposed to HCMV which suppressed mitogen-driven T cell responsiveness was associated with a protein of about 95K. Experiments to investigate the mechanism of action of this inhibitor suggested the possibility of mycoplasma contamination and we were subsequently able to isolate Mycoplasma hyorhinis from our AD169 virus stock. When a series of low passage clinical isolates of HCMV were examined for their ability to cause immunosuppression, there was a direct correlation between suppression and the presence of contaminating mycoplasmas. Using mycoplasma-free isolates of HCMV we could demonstrate no immunosuppressive effect on mitogen-mediated T cell proliferation of both unseparated human peripheral blood lymphocytes and nylon wool non-adherent T cells; these virus isolates also did not suppress accessory cell function or interleukin 1 production by monocytes infected in vitro. We conclude that the previously reported immunosuppressive effects of HCMV in vitro may be attributable to the presence of mycoplasmas and are unlikely to be due to expression of HCMV in monocytes. We suggest that mycoplasma contamination of isolates of HCMV may be a more extensive problem than is currently recognized.
Antagonism of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors by FTY720 Inhibits Angiogenesis and Tumor Vascularization (2006)

FTY720, a potent immunomodulator, becomes phosphorylated in vivo (FTY-P) and interacts with sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. Recent studies showed that FTY-P affects vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced vascular permeability, an important aspect of angiogenesis. We show here that FTY720 has antiangiogenic activity, potently abrogating VEGF- and S1P-induced angiogenesis in vivo in growth factor implant and corneal models. FTY720 administration tended to inhibit primary and significantly inhibited metastatic tumor growth in a mouse model of melanoma growth. In combination with a VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor PTK787/ZK222584, FTY720 showed some additional benefit. FTY720 markedly inhibited tumor-associated angiogenesis, and this was accompanied by decreased tumor cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. In transfected HEK293 cells, FTY-P internalized S1P1 receptors, inhibited their recycling to the cell surface, and desensitized S1P receptor function. Both FTY720 and FTY-P apparently failed to impede VEGF-produced increases in mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC), and unlike its activity in causing S1PR internalization, FTY-P did not result in a decrease of surface VEGFR2 levels in HUVEC cells. Pretreatment with FTY720 or FTY-P prevented S1P-induced Ca2+ mobilization and migration in vascular endothelial cells. These data show that functional antagonism of vascular S1P receptors by FTY720 potently inhibits angiogenesis; therefore, this may provide a novel therapeutic approach for pathologic conditions with dysregulated angiogenesis.
A New Class of Genetic Element, Staphylococcus Cassette Chromosome mec , Encodes Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (2000)

We have previously shown that the methicillin-resistance gene mecA of Staphylococcus aureus strain N315 is localized within a large (52-kb) DNA cassette (designated the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec [SCCmec]) inserted in the chromosome. By sequence determination of the entire DNA, we identified two novel genes (designated cassette chromosome recombinase genes [ccrA and ccrB]) encoding polypeptides having a partial homology to recombinases of the invertase/resolvase family. The open reading frames were found to catalyze precise excision of the SCCmec from the methicillin-resistant S. aureus chromosome and site-specific as well as orientation-specific integration of the SCCmec into the S. aureus chromosome when introduced into the cells as a recombinant multicopy plasmid. We propose that SCCmec driven by a novel set of recombinases represents a new family of staphylococcal genomic elements.
Effects of hydrolysis on a new biodegradable co-polymer (2006)

The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of using a new low-modulus biodegradable thermoplastic elastomer for in vivo application as a stent cover. The new polymer, a thermoplastic elastomer, consists of a three-armed co-polymer of poly(lactide)acid (PLLA), poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) and poly(caprolactone) (PCL). A degradation study was performed in a buffer solution at 37 degrees C for 4 and 6 weeks. The effect of degradation on mechanical properties was studied by stress-strain measurements and explained by using modulated DSC, GPC and mass measurements. A tapered block of PLLA and trimethylene carbonate connecting the crystalline outer part and the inner elastic part was highly susceptible to hydrolysis and caused rapid degradation and subsequent loss of mechanical properties. Random chain scission and homogenous hydrolysis resulted in a loss in mass and molecular weight. After 6 weeks of in vitro hydrolysis the molecular weight had decreased 54% and the elongation-at-break dropped from more than 300% to 90%. A medium free cell seeding study showed that endothelial cells adhered well to the polymeric material. An indicative animal study with the polymer acting as a stent cover showed very low levels of inflammation; however, pronounced neointima thickening was observed which was probably due to the premature failure of the material.
Structure and Transcription of Eukaryotic tRNA Gene (1985)

The availability of cloned tRNA genes and a variety of eukaryotic in vitro transcription systems allowed rapid progress during the past few years in the characterization of signals in the DNA-controlling gene transcription and in the processing of the precurser RNAs formed. This will be the subject matter discussed in this review.