gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Effects of lead stress on anti-oxidative enzyme activities and isoenzymes in cucumber seedlings]. (2006)

With hydroponics and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), this paper studied the effects of lead stress on the activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and their isoenzymic band numbers in cucumber seedlings. The results showed that the isoenzymic bands and expression quantity of POD decreased gradually with increasing lead concentration. The SOD activity increased with increasing lead concentration within the range of 0-500 mg Pb x L(-1), reached the maximum at 7th day, and then decreased rapidly, being lower than the control of the same period. Under the concentration of 900 mg Pb x L(-1), the SOD activity decreased with time. The isoenzymic bands and expression quantity of SOD were negatively related to lead concentration. No significant change was observed in the isoenzymic bands of CAT, but a significant difference was found in the expression quantity of CAT isoenzymes.
Traffic Sign Recognition Based On Color Image Evaluationion (2005)

This paper introduces some principles of an evaluation system, CSC (color structure code). The authors describe how to apply the CSC and its evaluation for a real-time traffic sign recognition (TSR) in vehicles. Several images are presented that provide an idea of the quality and reliability of this approach.
Therapeutic options for patients with polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia refractory/resistant to hydroxyurea (2014)

Hydroxyurea (HU) has traditionally been the first-line treatment for patients with polycythemia vera (PV) or essential thrombocythemia (ET) at high risk for vascular complications. However, approximately 20-25% of patients develop resistance or intolerance to HU and must be treated with second-line therapies. Resistance is associated with disease transformation and reduced survival. However, given the dearth of large-scale controlled clinical trials in this patient population, there is no clear consensus on how to best treat patients who develop resistance or intolerance to HU. Herein, we review current literature on treatment options for patients with HU-refractory/resistant PV or ET and provide recommendations for treating these patients.
Direct medical costs associated with different lines of therapy for colorectal cancer patients (2013)

SUMMARY Aim: To evaluate the disease-specific expenditures incurred by colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with one, two, and three or more lines of therapy. Methods: The Truven Health MarketScan® Research Databases were used to identify adults with incident CRC from 2005 to 2009. Healthcare expenditures were measured from initiation through to follow-up and individual therapy line. Results: Among 13,670 CRC patients, 67.5% had one line of therapy, 20.7% had two and 11.8% had three or more. Monthly expenditures averaged US$12,523. Monthly first-line therapy costs averaged US$12,067, increasing to US$13,315 during second-line therapy and to US$14,648 during third-line therapy. Patient out-of-pocket expenses were a small (1.9%) contributor to total costs. Conclusion: CRC presents a significant economic burden to payers with important cost differences according to how patients are treated.
Surface modification of bio‐carrier by plasma oxidation‐ferric ions coating technique to enhance bacterial adhesion (1996)

Abstract A novel technique was developed to mask the positive charge conferred to the support surface, thanks to low‐temperature plasma oxidation, and followed by ferric ions coating. The oxidation strength of various plasma, such as CO2, O2, NH3 and Ar were studied for four kinds of thermoplastic supports (PE, PP, PS, PVC). A general increase in surface hydrophilicity in term of water contact angle was observed after plasma treatment, a best improvement was obtained by plasma Ar. XPS analyses further showed that reduction in water contact angle was mainly due to creation of oxygen and nitrogen functional groups on the treated support surface. Tests of Fe ions coating on the plasma‐oxidized support surface was followed. Experimental results clearly showed a correlation between the surface chemical composition in term of the ratio of (O+N)/C and the quantity of Fe coated to the surface. As compared to natural thermoplastic support, bacterial adhesion test showed that adhesion rate and capacity on the modified support surface was greatly increased.
[Emodin sensitizes HeLa cell to arsenic trioxide induced apoptosis via the reactive oxygen species-mediated signaling pathways]. (2003)

Since reactive oxygen species(ROS) has been known to play an important role in apoptosis induced by arsenic trioxide, we attempt to elevate the cellular ROS level on HeLa cell by an natural anthraquinone-emodin, then to study its effect on apoptotic sensitivity to arsenic, and finally to investigate the mechanisms of the involved signaling pathway. The results showed that emodin 10 micromol/L could enhance arsenic induced apoptosis via generation of ROS, whereas rendered no detectable effect on normal fibroblast. Increased ROS promoted mitochondrial transmembrane potential collapse; inhibited the activation of transcription factors NF-kappa B. The study elucidated that emodin sensitize HeLa cells via generation of ROS which result in enhancement of apoptosis signaling pathway and inhibition of survival signaling pathway.
Dynein from Dictyostelium: primary structure comparisons between a cytoplasmic motor enzyme and flagellar dynein. (1992)

We report here the cloning and sequencing of a cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain gene from the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Using a combination of approaches, we have isolated 14,318 bp of DNA sequence which contains an open-reading frame of 4,725 amino acids. The deduced molecular weight of the polypeptide predicted by this reading frame is 538,482 D. Overall, the polypeptide sequence is 51% similar and 28% identical to the recently published sequences of the beta-dynein heavy chain from sea urchin flagella (Gibbons, I. R., B. H. Gibbons, G. Mocz, and D. J. Asai. 1991. Nature (Lond.). 352: 640-643; Ogawa, K. 1991. Nature (Lond.). 352:643-645). It contains four GXXXXGKT/S motifs that form part of a consensus sequence for ATP-binding domains; these motifs are clustered near the middle of the polypeptide. The distribution of the regions sharing sequence similarity between the Dictyostelium and sea urchin heavy chain polypeptides suggests that the amino termini of dyneins may contain domains that specify axonemal or cytoplasmic functions.
Receptor‐independent role of the urokinase‐type plasminogen activator during arteriogenesis (2003)

To define the role of the plasminogen activators (PAs) urokinase PA (uPA) and tissue PA (tPA) as well as the uPA receptor (uPAR) in arteriogenesis, we investigated their impact in a rabbit and mouse model of adaptive collateral artery growth. Collateral artery growth was induced by occlusion of the femoral artery in rabbit and wild-type (WT) mice and in mice with targeted inactivation of uPA (uPA-/-), tPA (tPA-/-), or uPAR (uPAR-/-). Northern blot results revealed a significant up-regulation of uPA but not uPAR or tPA in the early phase of arteriogenesis in rabbit and WT mice. This up-regulation on RNA level was followed by an increased protein level and enzymatic activity. Impaired perfusion recovery upon femoral artery ligation was observed by laser Doppler analysis in vivo in uPA-deficient mice but not in uPAR or tPA deficiency compared with WT mice. Immunohistochemical studies revealed an association of leukocyte infiltration with arteriogenesis in WT mice that was strongly reduced in uPA-/- but not in uPAR- or tPA-deficient mice. We conclude that arteriogenesis is promoted by an uPA-mediated infiltration of leukocytes that is not dependent on uPAR.
Monoclonal antibodies labeled with polymeric paramagnetic ion chelates (1986)

Polymeric paramagnetic ion chelate molecules were synthesized and covalently linked to monoclonal antibodies. The labeled antibodies retained their antigen binding capacity in vitro while carrying up to an average of 50 paramagnetic ion chelates, enabling specifically bound antibody concentrations less than 2.0 microM to significantly reduce proton longitudinal relaxation times.
Neuritic plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid in Alzheimer disease are antigenically related. (1985)

A synthetic peptide (Asp-Ala-Glu-Phe-Arg-His-Asp-Ser-Gly-Tyr), homologous to the amino terminus of a protein purified from cerebrovascular amyloid (beta protein), induced antibodies in BALB/c mice that were used immunohistochemically to stain not only amyloid-laden cerebral vessels but neuritic plaques as well. These findings suggest that the amyloid in neuritic plaques shares antigenic determinants with beta protein of cerebral vessels. Since the amino acid compositions of plaque amyloid and cerebrovascular amyloid are similar, it is likely that plaque amyloid also consists of beta protein. This possibility suggests a model for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease involving beta protein.
A Compact Size Feature Set for the Off-Line Signature Verification Problem (2012)

With increasing computational power, researchers in the area of off-line signature verification have been able to investigate feature extraction techniques that produce large-dimensional feature vectors. However, a large feature vector is not necessarily associated with high performance. This paper investigates the performance of a small feature set consisting of 33 feature values. In the experiments using Support Vector Machines (SVMs), an average error rate (AER) of 16.80% was obtained together with a low false acceptance rate (FAR) for random forgeries of 0.19%. The significant reduction of the error rate was obtained when the proposed global features were employed, which demonstrates their astonishingly high discriminant power. These results suggest that the use of global features for the off-line signature verification problem is worth further investigation.
EEG data, fractal dimension and multivariate statistics (2010)

The objective of this paper is to discuss the concept of Inverse Problem, i.e. how to obtain information via data about a complex mathematical model. We propose that by merging ideas from applied mathematics with ideas from multivariate statistical inference it is possible to find solutions or good approximation of many complex scientific problems.
Strategies for managing systemic fungal infection and the place of itraconazole (2005)

Systemic fungal infections are an increasing cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with haematological malignancies and certain other conditions associated with profound immunosuppression. The majority of such infections are caused by Aspergillus and Candida species. In recent years, the number of available drugs effective in the therapy of these difficult infections has expanded. Large clinical trials have been performed in different settings such as prophylaxis, empirical and first-line therapy. For prophylaxis, the azoles fluconazole and itraconazole have been most widely studied. These azoles are available in both oral and intravenous formulations. Itraconazole has a wide spectrum of activity including Aspergillus, Candida albicans and non-albicans species. Two large studies comparing the use of itraconazole with fluconazole for primary prophylaxis in high-risk patients who were recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplants have recently been reported. These have confirmed that itraconazole is effective in this setting in reducing the rate of systemic fungal infections. However, there are concerns with regard to increased toxicity and the potential for drug interactions with itraconazole compared with fluconazole. In the empirical setting, large randomized studies support the use of caspofungin and liposomal amphotericin B. Voriconazole and lipid-associated amphotericin B have been shown to be effective in first-line therapy and caspofungin for salvage. New approaches to management include efforts at improving diagnosis, combination antifungal therapy and treatment strategies for emerging moulds.
A Core MPLS IP VPN Architecture (2000)

This memo presents an approach for building core Virtual Private Network (VPN) services in a service provider's MPLS backbone. This approach uses Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) running in the backbone to provide premium services in addition to best effort services. The central vision is for the service provider to provide a virtual router service to their customers. The keystones of this architecture are ease of configuration, user security, network security, dynamic neighbor discovery, scaling and the use of existing routing protocols as they exist today without any modifications.
Multidimensional analysis of intracellular bacteriophage T7 DNA: effects of amber mutations in genes 3 and 19 (1987)

By use of rate-zonal centrifugation, followed by either one- or two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis, the forms of intracellular bacteriophage T7 DNA produced by replication, recombination, and packaging have been analyzed. Previous studies had shown that at least some intracellular DNA with sedimentation coefficients between 32S (the S value of mature T7 DNA) and 100S is concatemeric, i.e., linear and longer than mature T7 DNA. The analysis presented here confirmed that most of this DNA is linear, but also revealed a significant amount of circular DNA. The data suggest that these circles are produced during DNA packaging. It is proposed that circles are produced after a capsid has bound two sequential genomes in a concatemer. The size distribution of the linear, concatemeric DNA had peaks at the positions of dimeric and trimeric concatemers. Restriction endonuclease analysis revealed that most of the mature T7 DNA subunits of concatemers were joined left end to right end. However, these data also suggest that a comparatively small amount of left-end to left-end joining occurs, possibly by blunt-end ligation. A replicating form of T7 DNA that had an S value greater than 100 (100S+ DNA) was also found to contain concatemers. However, some of the 100S+ DNA, probably the most branched component, remained associated with the origin after agarose gel electrophoresis. It has been found that T7 protein 19, known to be required for DNA packaging, was also required to prevent loss, probably by nucleolytic degradation, of the right end of all forms of intracellular T7 DNA. T7 gene 3 endonuclease, whose activity is required for both recombination of T7 DNA and degradation of host DNA, was required for the formation of the 32S to 100S molecules that behaved as concatemers during gel electrophoresis. In the absence of gene 3 endonuclease, the primary accumulation product was origin-associated 100S+ DNA with properties that suggest the accumulation of branches, primarily at the left end of mature DNA subunits within the 100S+ DNA.
T cell-independent type I antibody response against B cell epitopes expressed repetitively on recombinant virus particles (1998)

Recombinant viral or virus-like particles offer new tools for vaccine development. This study investigated hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) capsids and RNA phage Qbeta coats as carriers of a foreign epitope to induce antibody responses in mice. HBcAg capsids were shown to induce T cell-independent (TI) antibodies. We found that these particles behave as antigen-specific TI type 1 (TI-1) Ag comparable to other rigidly structured viruses. When a 5-aa long epitope of the pre-S1 domain of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was introduced into the optimal position of the HBc molecule, it also behaved as a TI-1 Ag. Best efficiency of the antibody response to the foreign epitope was achieved by a compensatory deletion after the epitope to retain the regular structure of the HBcAg capsid with a highly repetitive superficial exposition of the foreign epitope. For recombinant Qbeta phage coats, a much more efficient antibody response to the foreign epitope was achieved when the foreign epitope was expressed repetitively on a particulate derivate of Qbeta phage coats. Thus, recombinant virus particles are suitable vaccine carriers for the introduction of foreign B cell epitopes, if precise structural requirements are fulfilled.
Monodisperse nanocrystals: general synthesis, assembly, and their applications (2007)

This article summarizes the recent advances in the synthesis, assembly and applications of monodisperse nanocrystals, which may be suggestive for the designed synthesis and assemblies of target nanocrystals according to practical requirements.
Type IV pili and cell motility (1999)

Type IV pili (Tfp) mediate the movement of bacteria over surfaces without the use of flagella. These movements are known as social gliding in Myxococcus xanthus and twitching in organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Tfp are localized polarly. Type IV pilins have a signature N-terminal domain, which forms a coiled-coil with other monomer units to polymerize a pilus fibre. At least 10 more proteins at the base of the fibre are conserved; they are related to the type II secretion system. Movements produced by Tfp range from short, jerky displacements to lengthy, smooth ones. Tfp also participate in cell-cell interactions, pathogenesis, biofilm formation, natural DNA uptake, auto-aggregation of cells and development. What is the means by which Tfp bring about the movement of cells?
The Complex Exogenous RNA Spectra in Human Plasma: An Interface with Human Gut Biota? (2012)

Human plasma has long been a rich source for biomarker discovery. It has recently become clear that plasma RNA molecules, such as microRNA, in addition to proteins are common and can serve as biomarkers. Surveying human plasma for microRNA biomarkers using next generation sequencing technology, we observed that a significant fraction of the circulating RNA appear to originate from exogenous species. With careful analysis of sequence error statistics and other controls, we demonstrated that there is a wide range of RNA from many different organisms, including bacteria and fungi as well as from other species. These RNAs may be associated with protein, lipid or other molecules protecting them from RNase activity in plasma. Some of these RNAs are detected in intracellular complexes and may be able to influence cellular activities under in vitro conditions. These findings raise the possibility that plasma RNAs of exogenous origin may serve as signaling molecules mediating for example the human-microbiome interaction and may affect and/or indicate the state of human health.
Epratuzumab–SN-38: A New Antibody–Drug Conjugate for the Therapy of Hematologic Malignancies (2011)

We previously found that slowly internalizing antibodies conjugated with SN-38 could be used successfully when prepared with a linker that allows approximately 50% of the IgG-bound SN-38 to dissociate in serum every 24 hours. In this study, the efficacy of SN-38 conjugates prepared with epratuzumab (rapidly internalizing) and veltuzumab (slowly internalizing), humanized anti-CD22 and anti-CD20 IgG, respectively, was examined for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Both antibody-drug conjugates had similar nanomolar activity against a variety of human lymphoma/leukemia cell lines, but slow release of SN-38 compromised potency discrimination in vitro even against an irrelevant conjugate. When SN-38 was stably linked to the anti-CD22 conjugate, its potency was reduced 40- to 55-fold. Therefore, further studies were conducted only with the less stable, slowly dissociating linker. In vivo, similar antitumor activity was found between CD22 and CD20 antibody-drug conjugate in mice-bearing Ramos xenografts, even though Ramos expressed 15-fold more CD20 than CD22, suggesting that the internalization of the epratuzumab-SN-38 conjugate (Emab-SN-38) enhanced its activity. Emab-SN-38 was more efficacious than a nonbinding, irrelevant IgG-SN-38 conjugate in vivo, eliminating a majority of well-established Ramos xenografts at nontoxic doses. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that Emab-SN-38 could be combined with unconjugated veltuzumab for a more effective treatment. Thus, Emab-SN-38 is active in lymphoma and leukemia at doses well below toxic levels and therefore represents a new promising agent with therapeutic potential alone or combined with anti-CD20 antibody therapy.
Quercetin Enhances VDR Activity, Leading to Stimulation of Its Target Gene Expression in Caco-2 Cells (2010)

Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a nuclear receptor that regulates the expression of genes involved in calcium homeostasis. Activation of VDR is thought to be a promising drug target for osteoporosis. Using a VDR-driven luciferase expression assay for screening a naturally occurring food component, we identified quercetin as a VDR activator. Quercetin also activated the GAL4 DNA-binding domain fused to the VDR ligand-binding domain. Moreover, it was confirmed that quercetin increases the mRNA level of TRPV6, which is a VDR target gene, in Caco-2 cells. These results indicate that quercetin enhances VDR activity through the alteration of cofactor recruitment, thereby stimulating its target genes while providing a new function for quercetin as the VDR activator.
Brain Parenchymal and Microvascular Amyloid in Alzheimer's Disease (1996)

Brains of patients with Alzheimer disease/senile dementia of Alzheimer type (AD/SDAT) develop a progressive accumulation of amyloid, which deposits primarily in the form of characteristic parenchymal 'plaques' (senile or neuritic plaques/SP's) and as mural deposits in the walls of capillaries and arterioles (cerebral amyloid angiopathy /CAA). A major component of this amyloid is a small and unique peptide composed of 39-43 amino acids, beta/A4, which is cleaved from a much larger precursor protein (APP) that has several isoforms. Brain amyloid can be detected in autopsy or biopsy brain tissue by classical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural (including immuno-electron microscopic) methods of varying sensitivity and specificity. Beta/A4 amyloid deposition is remarkably variable (e.g. predominantly parenchymal or vascular, or a mixture of parenchymal and vascular) among patients with AD/SDAT. Despite its abundance in the brains of AD/SDAT patients, the precise role of beta/A4 in the pathogenesis of the neurological deficit, neocortical atrophy and progressive synapse loss associated with AD/SDAT has yet to be determined. However, mutations in the gene that encodes APP are clearly associated with familial AD syndromes in which there is significant brain amyloid deposition. CAA, in addition to its association with AD/SDAT, can result in hemorrhagic and (possibly) ischemic forms of stroke. Work with recently developed transgenic mice which express large amounts of beta/A4 in the central nervous system is likely to elucidate mechanisms by which the protein is selectively or deposited in the brain in a parenchymal or microvascular form, and how it contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration.
Supramolecular Self‐Assembled Nanoparticles Mediate Oral Delivery of Therapeutic TNF‐α siRNA against Systemic Inflammation (2013)

A functional package: Multifunctional supramolecular self-assembled nanoparticles (SSNPs) consist of a set of rationally designed components that collectively facilitate efficient intestinal absorption of siRNA and induce potent TNF-α silencing in macrophages. Single gavage of SSNPs in mice depletes systemic TNF-α production at an siRNA dose as low as 50 μg kg−1, and thus protects mice from lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatic injury.