gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The risk of blood-borne Creutzfeldt--Jakob disease. (2000)

With the increasing ability of modern medicine to transfer life-giving tissues and tissue products from one individual to another comes a parallel, often life-taking consequence of the unsuspected transfer of infectious passengers. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been transmitted by contaminated stereotactic EEG electrodes, neurosurgical instruments, dura mater allografts, and cadaveric pituitary hormone therapy. Widespread concern has been voiced about the possible risks of transmitting CJD through the administration of blood or plasma products, although no such case has so far been identified by epidemiological studies of at-risk populations. Recently completed experiments using hamsters and mice showed decreasing levels of infectivity in buffy coat, plasma, cryoprecipitate (the source of anti-haemophilic factor), and fraction I + II + III (the source of immune globulin). Preliminary results from further rodent experiments indicate that little or no infectivity is detectable in plasma during the pre-clinical phase of infection, that plasma infectivity is not reduced by either leukodepletion filtration or high speed centrifugation, and that about 5-10 times more infectivity is needed to transmit disease by the intravenous than intracerebral route. Altogether, the data from these rodent studies, especially when considered together with results from similar studies underway in primates, should provide a rational foundation for policy decisions by government agencies, plasma product manufacturers, and blood banking communities.
A tone mapping algorithm for high contrast images (2002)

A new method is presented that takes as an input a high dynamic range image and maps it into a limited range of luminance values reproducible by a display device. There is significant evidence that a similar operation is performed by early stages of human visual system (HVS). Our approach follows functionality of HVS without attempting to construct its sophisticated model. The operation is performed in three steps. First, we estimate local adaptation luminance at each point in the image. Then, a simple function is applied to these values to compress them into the required display range. Since important image details can be lost during this process, we then re-introduce details in the final pass over the image.
Engineering furfural tolerance in Escherichia coli improves the fermentation of lignocellulosic sugars into renewable chemicals (2013)

Pretreatments such as dilute acid at elevated temperature are effective for the hydrolysis of pentose polymers in hemicellulose and also increase the access of enzymes to cellulose fibers. However, the fermentation of resulting syrups is hindered by minor reaction products such as furfural from pentose dehydration. To mitigate this problem, four genetic traits have been identified that increase furfural tolerance in ethanol-producing Escherichia coli LY180 (strain W derivative): increased expression of fucO, ucpA, or pntAB and deletion of yqhD. Plasmids and integrated strains were used to characterize epistatic interactions among traits and to identify the most effective combinations. Furfural resistance traits were subsequently integrated into the chromosome of LY180 to construct strain XW129 (LY180 ΔyqhD ackA::PyadC'fucO-ucpA) for ethanol. This same combination of traits was also constructed in succinate biocatalysts (Escherichia coli strain C derivatives) and found to increase furfural tolerance. Strains engineered for resistance to furfural were also more resistant to the mixture of inhibitors in hemicellulose hydrolysates, confirming the importance of furfural as an inhibitory component. With resistant biocatalysts, product yields (ethanol and succinate) from hemicellulose syrups were equal to control fermentations in laboratory media without inhibitors. The combination of genetic traits identified for the production of ethanol (strain W derivative) and succinate (strain C derivative) may prove useful for other renewable chemicals from lignocellulosic sugars.
Modeling silica aerogel optical performance by determining its radiative properties (2016)

Silica aerogel has been known as a promising candidate for high performance transparent insulation material (TIM). Optical transparency is a crucial metric for silica aerogels in many solar related applications. Both scattering and absorption can reduce the amount of light transmitted through an aerogel slab. Due to multiple scattering, the transmittance deviates from the Beer-Lambert law (exponential attenuation). To better understand its optical performance, we decoupled and quantified the extinction contributions of absorption and scattering separately by identifying two sets of radiative properties. The radiative properties are deduced from the measured total transmittance and reflectance spectra (from 250 nm to 2500 nm) of synthesized aerogel samples by solving the inverse problem of the 1-D Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE). The obtained radiative properties are found to be independent of the sample geometry and can be considered intrinsic material properties, which originate from the aerogel’s microstructure. This finding allows for these properties to be directly compared between different samples. We also demonstrate that by using the obtained radiative properties, we can model the photon transport in aerogels of arbitrary shapes, where an analytical solution is difficult to obtain.
Transforming growth factor-beta1 reduces megalin- and cubilin-mediated endocytosis of albumin in proximal-tubule-derived opossum kidney cells (2003)

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β(1) is a member of a superfamily of multifunctional cytokines involved in several pathological processes of the kidney, including fibrogenesis, apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These events lead to tubulointerstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis. Less is known about TGF-β(1)-induced alterations of cell function. An important function of proximal tubular cells is reabsorption of filtered proteins, including albumin, via megalin-cubilin-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis. In this study we used a well established cell culture model (proximal-tubule-derived opossum kidney (OK) cells) in order to test the hypothesis that TGF-β(1) reduces megalin-cubilin-mediated endocytosis. Previously we have shown that albumin endocytosis in OK cells is mediated by megalin/cubulin. TGF-β(1) led to a time- and dose-dependent downregulation of megalin-cubilin-mediated endocytosis without affecting two other transport systems tested. Binding, internalization and intracellular trafficking of the ligand albumin were affected. Decreased binding resulted from reduced cubilin and megalin expression in the 200 000 g membrane fraction. The underlying mechanism of TGF-β(1) action does not involve mitogen-activated protein kinases, protein kinase C or A, or reactive oxygen species. In contrast, TGF-β(1)-induced downregulation of megalin-cubilin-mediated endocytosis was sensitive to inhibition of translation and transcription and was preceded by Smad2 and 3 phosphorylation. Dominant negative Smad2/3 constructs prevented the effect of TGF-β(1). In conclusion our data indicate that enhanced levels of TGF-β(1) occurring in various nephropathies can lead to downregulation of megalin-cubilin-dependent endocytosis. Probably, TGF-β(1) leads to Smad2- and Smad3-dependent expression of negative regulators of receptor-mediated endocytosis.
The Efficacy of Small Interfering RNAs Targeted to the Type 1 Insulin-like Growth Factor Receptor (IGF1R) Is Influenced by Secondary Structure in the IGF1R Transcript (2003)

The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is often overexpressed by tumors and mediates growth and apoptosis protection. We previously showed that antisense reagents complementary to the IGF1R translation start site enhance radio- and chemosensitivity and impair Atm function. However these agents induce relatively modest IGF1R down-regulation and affect insulin receptor levels. To identify alternative sites for molecular targeting, we utilized scanning oligonucleotide arrays to probe the secondary structure of IGF1R mRNA. This strategy enabled selection of antisense oligonucleotides that generated high heteroduplex yield with IGF1R but not insulin receptor transcripts. Antisense oligonucleotides that hybridized strongly to IGF1R mRNA caused IGF1R down-regulation within intact tumor cells, whereas weakly hybridizing oligonucleotides were inactive. Furthermore, the ability of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to block IGF1R expression correlated with the accessibility of the target sequence within the transcript. Thus, siRNAs corresponding to weakly hybridizing oligonucleotides caused minor IGF1R down-regulation, whereas siRNAs homologous to accessible targets induced profound sequence-specific IGF1R gene silencing, blocked IGF signaling, and enhanced tumor cell radiosensitivity. This indicates that secondary structure in the target transcript has a major effect on siRNA efficacy. These findings have implications for siRNA design and suggest that IGF1R-targeting agents incorporating this mode of action have potential as anticancer therapy.
In vitro drug susceptibility of Chlamydia sp. strain TWAR (1988)

The in vitro susceptibilities of eight Chlamydia sp. strain TWAR isolates were tested against tetracycline, erythromycin, penicillin, ampicillin, sulfisoxazole, and a new drug, trospectomycin. The ranges of inhibitory concentrations of these antimicrobial agents, except for sulfonamide, were similar to those for Chlamydia trachomatis. Sulfisoxazole was not inhibitory at the highest nontoxic concentration tested.
Exciton‐Controlled Hybridization‐Sensitive Fluorescent Probes: Multicolor Detection of Nucleic Acids (2009)

A colorful bunch: A series of fluorescent probes designed on the basis of fluorescence quenching caused by an excitonic interaction contain different dye moieties and fluoresce in various colors upon hybridization with their target nucleic acid. The picture shows simultaneous fluorescence in three colors in the nucleus of a cell containing an excess of three different microRNA strands. Left: differential interference contrast image. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous and Intravenous Loading Dose Regimens of Secukinumab in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results from a Randomized Phase II Study (2016)

Although the primary endpoint (ACR20) was not met, secukinumab demonstrated improved efficacy in reducing disease activity over placebo as measured by DAS28 and other secondary endpoints.
Using SFL in an appliable stylistics (2015)

As an applied discipline, modern stylistics has made significant attempts to contribute to literary interpretation, literary criticism and literature pedagogy. However, its potential contribution to literary translation, and in particular, poetic translation, remains underexplored. In this paper, I demonstrate through the case study of a Tang Dynasty poem and one of its translations how Hasan’s (1985) SFL-based framework for the analysis of verbal art constitutes the basis of a potentially powerful and appliable stylistics that lays bare issues related to the (re-)construction of verbal artistry in translation. Hence, I argue that Hasan’s model can make a valuable contribution to the field of literary translation, and call for greater extension of her work to this domain.
Acute kidney injury: a guide to diagnosis and management. (2012)

Acute kidney injury is characterized by abrupt deterioration in kidney function, manifested by an increase in serum creatinine level with or without reduced urine output. The spectrum of injury ranges from mild to advanced, sometimes requiring renal replacement therapy. The diagnostic evaluation can be used to classify acute kidney injury as prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal. The initial workup includes a patient history to identify the use of nephrotoxic medications or systemic illnesses that might cause poor renal perfusion or directly impair renal function. Physical examination should assess intravascular volume status and identify skin rashes indicative of systemic illness. The initial laboratory evaluation should include measurement of serum creatinine level, complete blood count, urinalysis, and fractional excretion of sodium. Ultrasonography of the kidneys should be performed in most patients, particularly in older men, to rule out obstruction. Management of acute kidney injury involves fluid resuscitation, avoidance of nephrotoxic medications and contrast media exposure, and correction of electrolyte imbalances. Renal replacement therapy (dialysis) is indicated for refractory hyperkalemia; volume overload; intractable acidosis; uremic encephalopathy, pericarditis, or pleuritis; and removal of certain toxins. Recognition of risk factors (e.g., older age, sepsis, hypovolemia/shock, cardiac surgery, infusion of contrast agents, diabetes mellitus, preexisting chronic kidney disease, cardiac failure, liver failure) is important. Team-based approaches for prevention, early diagnosis, and aggressive management are critical for improving outcomes.
Two remarks on public key cryptology (2021)

In some talks I gave in 1997-98, I put forward two observations on public-key cryptology, concerning forward-secure signatures and compatible weak keys. I did not publish a paper on either of them as they appeared to be rather minor footnotes to public key cryptology. But the work has occasionally been cited, and I’ve been asked to write a permanent record.
Lactoferrin: Molecular Structure and Biological Function (1995)

Lactoferrin is an 80-kDa, iron-binding glycoprotein present in milk and, to a lesser extent, in exocrine fluids such as bile and tears. It consists of a single-chain polypeptide with two gobular lobes and is relatively resistant to proteolysis. The complete cDNAs for lactoferrin from human milk, neutrophils, and bovine milk have been reported, and recombinant proteins have been produced. Owing to its iron-binding properties, lactoferrin has been proposed to play a role in iron uptake by the intestinal mucosa and to act as a bacteriostatic agent by withholding iron from iron-requiring bacteria. Its presence in neutrophils and its release during inflammation suggest that lactoferrin is also involved in phagocytic killing and immune responses. Additionally, lactoferrin may function in ways not related to iron-binding, e.g. as a growth factor and as a bactericidal agent. This review attempts to evaluate these proposed functions and their biological significance in more detail.
Interaction of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2 transcriptional control protein with the viral enhancer: purification of the DNA-binding domain and analysis of its contact points with DNA (1988)

The E2 gene of bovine papillomavirus type 1 positively and negatively regulates the transcriptional enhancer located in the long control region of the viral genome. The DNA-binding domain of the E2 gene product was suspected to interact with the DNA sequence motif ACCN6GGT. We have shown that the carboxy-terminal 126 amino acids of the E2 protein constitute the DNA-binding domain. In this paper we described the expression of the E2 carboxy terminus in Escherichia coli and its subsequent purification. We provide definitive evidence that the protein recognizes the ACCN6GGT motifs in the viral enhancer. We show by methylation protection, methylation interference, and ethylation interference that the E2 protein contacts the DNA at the GG residues of the consensus sequence on both DNA strands. A gel retardation-DNase I footprint assay has revealed that the E2 DNA-binding domain exhibits different affinities for different ACCN6GGT motifs, indicating that nucleotides other than the conserved ACC and GGT sequences probably modulate the affinity of the DNA sequence for the E2 protein.
Accurate Prediction of Colours on Liquid Crystal Displays (2001)

The performance of two newly derived LCD-projector characterisation models has been tested for four liquid crystal based displays &#x2013; two LC projectors and two LC flat panels. Data measured from a series of test colours, indicated that all LC-based displays showed similar characteristics, including an S-shaped tone characteristic curve and poor channel chromaticity constancy. It is proved that the new characterisation models based on a hyperbolic function fit the tone curve very accurately with only four coefficients per channel for any kind of LC displays. In addition it is shown that the first derivative of the function provides a means of accurate correction of the chromaticity variation.
A Novel Synthesis of the Enantiomers of an Antihistamine Drug by Piperazine Formation from a Primary Amine (1995)

An enantioselective synthesis of each enantiomer of the antihistamine drug 2(2-{4-[(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]-1-piperazinyl}ethoxy)acetic acid dihydrochloride (1) is described, involving the preparation of the benzhydrylpiperazine portion of the molecule from reaction of each enantiomer of 4-chlorobenzhydrylamine with N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide. A modification of standard toluenesulfonamide deprotection with hydrogen bromide in acetic acid was introduced, substituting 4-hydroxybenzoic acid for phenol.
Microstructural change and precipitation hardening in melt–spun Mg–X–Ca alloys (2001)

Mg–Al–Si–Ca and Mg–Zn–Ca base alloys were rapidly solidified bymelt spinning at the cooling rate of about a million K/s. The melt-spun ribbons were aged in the range 100–400%C for 1 h. The effect of additional elements on microstructural change and precipitation hardening after heat treatment was investigated using TEM, XRD and a Vickers microhardness tester. Age hardening occurred after aging at 200%C in the Mg–Al–Si–Caalloys mainly due to the formation of Al2Ca and Mg2Ca phases, whereas in the Mg–Zn–Ca alloys mostly due to the distribution of Mg2Ca. TEM results revealed that spherical Al2Ca precipitate has the coherent interface with the matrix. Considering the total amount of additional elements, Mg–Zn–Ca alloys showed higher hardness and smaller size of precipitates than Mg–Al–Si–Ca alloys. With the increase of Ca content, the hardness values of the aged ribbons were increased. Among the alloys, Mg–6Zn–5Ca alloy showed the maximum value of age hardening peak(Hv:180) after aging at 200%C for 1h.
Function of the two mannose 6-phosphate receptors in lysosomal enzyme transport (1996)

International audience
Phenotyping Polyclonal Kappa and Lambda Light Chain Molecular Mass Distributions in Patient Serum Using Mass Spectrometry (2014)

We previously described a microLC-ESI-Q-TOF MS method for identifying monoclonal immunoglobulins in serum and then tracking them over time using their accurate molecular mass. Here we demonstrate how the same methodology can be used to identify and characterize polyclonal immunoglobulins in serum. We establish that two molecular mass distributions observed by microLC-ESI-Q-TOF MS are from polyclonal kappa and lambda light chains using a combination of theoretical molecular masses from gene sequence data and the analysis of commercially available purified polyclonal IgG kappa and IgG lambda from normal human serum. A linear regression comparison of kappa/lambda ratios for 74 serum samples (25 hypergammaglobulinemia, 24 hypogammaglobulinemia, 25 normal) determined by microflowLC-ESI-Q-TOF MS and immunonephelometry had a slope of 1.37 and a correlation coefficient of 0.639. In addition to providing kappa/lambda ratios, the same microLC-ESI-Q-TOF MS analysis can determine the molecular mass for oligoclonal light chains observed above the polyclonal background in patient samples. In 2 patients with immune disorders and hypergammaglobulinemia, we observed a skewed polyclonal molecular mass distribution which translated into biased kappa/lambda ratios. Mass spectrometry provides a rapid and simple way to combine the polyclonal kappa/lambda light chain abundance ratios with the identification of dominant monoclonal as well as oligoclonal light chain immunoglobulins. We anticipate that this approach to evaluating immunoglobulin light chains will lead to improved understanding of immune deficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and antibody responses.
The SWISS-MODEL workspace: a web-based environment for protein structure homology modelling (2005)

The SWISS-MODEL workspace can be accessed freely at http://swissmodel.expasy.org/workspace/
[Galactosyltransferase isozyme II (GT-II) as a new tumor marker for ovarian cancers--especially for clear cell carcinoma]. (1989)

Serum levels of galactosyltransferase (GT) and its isozyme (GT-II), which transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to N-acetylglucosamine etc., in gynecologic malignancies, were assayed. GT activity was assayed with UDP-[3H] galactose and ovalbumin as substrate, and GT-II was assayed by selectively removing GT-II from serum by immunoabsorption with immobilized monoclonal antibody 3872, followed by assay of bound GT activity. GT was not specific for cancer, but GT-II was positive in 74% of the ovarian cancer patients, and remarkably high serum levels were observed in mesonephroid cancers, indicating its possible usefulness as a new tumor marker. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that GT-II was localized on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm, suggesting its production by tumor cells.
Preparation and properties of unsolvated aluminum hydride. thermal decomposition of gaseous triethylaluminum. Technical report (1963)

Kinetic studies were conducted on the thermal decomposition of gaseous triethylaluminum in static systems in the temperature range between 162.0 and 192.4C. At various stages of the reaction, the following species were observed: methane, ethane, ethene, butane, 1-butene, 2 butenes, hexenes, hydrogen, and metallic aluminum. The hydrolysis (D2O) products included: ethane-d sub 1, butane d sub 1, hexane, hydrogen deuteride, deuterium and CHxD4-x where x 0,1,2 or 3. The kinetic data were treated in terms of the disappearance of the aluminum ethyl bond and satisfied the rate expression for a first order heterogeneous reaction unretarded by its products, but with weak to moderate absorption of the reactant. Graphical studies of the data showed good linearity throughout the entire decomposition for the usual first order plots. Further support for the conclusion of a first order kinetics was obtained by an experiment concerning the influence of initial concentration on the fraction of original material decomposed in a given period. (Author)
Ophthalmologist Perceptions Regarding Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Dry Eye: Results of a Physician Survey (2009)

Results reflected the difficulty of treating moderate-to-severe DED, the importance of using multiple treatment approaches, the limitations of current treatment options, and the need for additional treatment options.