gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Alleged Role of Nitroxyl in Certain Reactions of Aldehydes and Alkyl Halides1 (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Alleged Role of Nitroxyl in Certain Reactions of Aldehydes and Alkyl Halides1Peter A. S. Smith and George E. HeinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 21, 5731–5740Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01506a043https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01506a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views610Altmetric-Citations92LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
RFID security and privacy: a research survey (2006)

This paper surveys recent technical research on the problems of privacy and security for radio frequency identification (RFID). RFID tags are small, wireless devices that help identify objects and people. Thanks to dropping cost, they are likely to proliferate into the billions in the next several years-and eventually into the trillions. RFID tags track objects in supply chains, and are working their way into the pockets, belongings, and even the bodies of consumers. This survey examines approaches proposed by scientists for privacy protection and integrity assurance in RFID systems, and treats the social and technical context of their work. While geared toward the nonspecialist, the survey may also serve as a reference for specialist readers.
Systematic analysis of BRAF V 600E melanomas reveals a role for JNK /c‐Jun pathway in adaptive resistance to drug‐induced apoptosis (2015)

Drugs that inhibit RAF/MEK signaling, such as vemurafenib, elicit profound but often temporary anti-tumor responses in patients with BRAF(V) (600E) melanoma. Adaptive responses to RAF/MEK inhibition occur on a timescale of hours to days, involve homeostatic responses that reactivate MAP kinase signaling and compensatory mitogenic pathways, and attenuate the anti-tumor effects of RAF/MEK inhibitors. We profile adaptive responses across a panel of melanoma cell lines using multiplex biochemical measurement, single-cell assays, and statistical modeling and show that adaptation involves at least six signaling cascades that act to reduce drug potency (IC50) and maximal effect (i.e., Emax ≪ 1). Among these cascades, we identify a role for JNK/c-Jun signaling in vemurafenib adaptation and show that RAF and JNK inhibitors synergize in cell killing. This arises because JNK inhibition prevents a subset of cells in a cycling population from becoming quiescent upon vemurafenib treatment, thereby reducing drug Emax. Our findings demonstrate the breadth and diversity of adaptive responses to RAF/MEK inhibition and a means to identify which steps in a signaling cascade are most predictive of phenotypic response.
Inhibition of Mitochondrial Electron Transfer in Rats by Ethanethiol and Methanethiol (1979)

1. We have investigated the effects of ethanethiol, methanethiol and dimethyl sulphide on some metabolic processes of isolated rat hepatocytes, isolated mitochondria from liver and brain and ox-heart submitochondrial particles. 2. Ethanethiol, but not dimethyl sulphide, inhibited both gluconeogenesis and ureogenesis from various substrates in rat hepatocytes, depressed cellular ATP content and caused an increased reduction of the mitochondria. 3. Ethanethiol inhibited respiration in isolated rat-liver mitochondria with several substrates, both in the presence of ADP and phosphate or in the presence of an uncoupling agent. Ethanethiol also inhibited respiration in isolated rat-brain mitochondria. Dimethyl sulphide was much less effective in inhibiting mitochondrial respiration. 4. In ox-heart submitochondrial particles ethanethiol inhibited electron transfer between cytochrome c and oxygen. 5. Purified cytochrome c oxidase was inhibited by ethanethiol in a non-competitive manner. 6. Methanethiol inhibited cytochrome c oxidase and was an effective inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transfer, both in liver and brain. 7. The difference in inhibitory properties between ethanethiol, methanethiol and dimethyl sulphide observed in our experiments coincides with the difference in potency to elicit coma in rats. We suggest that inhibition of mitochondrial electron transfer by mercaptans may be relevant to the mechanism by which energy production in brain is depressed during hepatic coma.
Ozone‐induced graft polymerization onto polymer surface (1993)

Abstract Ozone‐induced graft polymerization was carried out to improve polymer surfaces. The polymers were exposed to ozone and the surface density of peroxides formed was determined by three methods; iodide, DPPH, and peroxidase method. The peroxide production could be readily controlled by the ozone concentration and the ozone exposure time. In addition, it was dependent on the kind of polymer. Further, it seemed probable that the ozone oxidation introduced peroxides not only on the outermost surface but also into a layer deeper from the outermost surface. Such polymeric peroxides were capable of initiating graft polymerization onto PU. All the physical and biological measurements on the grafted surface indicated that ozone‐induced graft polymerization has effectively made the PU surface covered with the grafted water‐soluble chains, their location being restricted to the film surface region. The interaction of the PU surface with blood components could be greatly reduced by the surface graft polymerization. © 1993 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Composites and Their Effect on Composite–Adhesive–Dentin Bonding (2009)

This study evaluates the bond strength and related properties of photo-polymerizable, remineralizing amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) polymeric composite-adhesive systems to dentin after various periods of aqueous aging at 37 °C. An experimental ACP base and lining composite was made from a photo-activated resin comprising 2,2-bis[p-(2'-hydroxy-3'-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane (Bis-GMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and zirconyl dimethacrylate (ZrDMA); designated BTHZ. An experimental orthodontic composite was formulated from a photo-activated resin comprising ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (EBPADMA), TEGDMA, HEMA and methacryloxyethyl phthalate (MEP); designated ETHM. In both composite series three fillers were compared: 1) freshly precipitated zirconium-modified ACP freshly precipitated (as-prepared Zr-ACP), 2) milled Zr-ACP and 3) an ion-leachable fluoride glass. In addition to the shear bond strength (SBS), work to fracture and failure modes of the orthodontic composites were determined. The SBS of the base and lining ACP composites appeared unaffected by filler type or immersion time. In the orthodontic ACP composite series, milled ACP composites showed initial mechanical advantages over as-prepared ACP composites, and produced higher incidence of a failure mode consistent with stronger adhesion. After six months of aqueous exposure, 80 % of specimens failed at the dentin-primer interface, with a 42 % overall reduction in bond strength. BTHZ and ETHM based ACP composites are potentially effective anti-demineralizing-remineralizing agents with possible clinical utility as protective base-liners and orthodontic cements, respectively. The analysis of the bond strength and failure modalities suggests that milled ACP composites may offer greater potential in clinical applications.
[Effects of fetal renal cell suspension on free radicals in ovariectomized rats]. (2010)

High free radical condition is surely present in ovariectomized rats, FRCS can lessen the injury of free radicals and enhance the oxidation antagonizing capacity of the organism.
Band‐Edge Engineered Hybrid Structures for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Based on SnO2 Nanowires (2008)

Abstract In this report, we show for the first time that SnO 2 nanowire based dye sensitized solar cells exhibit an open circuit voltage of 560 mV, which is 200 mV higher than that using SnO 2 nanoparticle based cells. This is attributed to the more negative flat band potential of nanowires compared to the nanoparticles as determined by open circuit photo voltage measurements made at high light intensities. The nanowires were employed in hybrid structures consisting of highly interconnected SnO 2 nanowire matrix coated with TiO 2 nanoparticles, which showed an open circuit voltage of 720 mV and an efficiency of 4.1% compared to 2.1% obtained with pure SnO 2 nanowire matrix. The electron transport time constants for SnO 2 nanowire matrix were an order of magnitude lower and the recombination time constants are about 100 times higher than that of TiO 2 nanoparticles. The higher efficiency observed for DSSCs based on hybrid structure is attributed to the band edge positions of SnO 2 relative to that of TiO 2 and faster electron transport in SnO 2 nanowires.
A 6-b, 4 GSa/s GaAs HBT ADC (1995)

A GaAs-AlGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) process was developed to meet the speed, gain, and yield requirements for analog-to-digital converters (ADC's). The HBT has current gain of over 100 and f/sub T/ and f/sub MAX/ of over 50 GHz. A 6-b, 4 GSa/s (4 giga-samples/s) ADC was designed and fabricated in this process. The ADC uses an analog folding architecture, includes an on-chip master-slave track-and-hold (T/H) circuit, and provides Gray-encoded digital outputs. The ADC achieves 5.6 effective bits at 4 GSa/s, a faster clock rate than any noninterleaved semiconductor ADC reported to date. It has a resolution bandwidth (the frequency at which effective bits has dropped by 0.5 b) of 1.8 GHz at 4 GSa/s, higher than any published ADC. The chip operates at up to 6.5 GSa/s. GaAs HBT IC's are especially prone to high operating temperatures. This led to reliability problems that were overcome by the use of a fast DC thermal simulator written for this project. A SPICE model for self-heating effects is also described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Stepwise equilibrated graded GexSi1−x buffer with very low threading dislocation density on Si(001) (1995)

We have grown stepwise equilibrated graded GexSi1−x(x≤0.20) buffers with threading dislocation densities between 102 and 103 cm−2 in their unstrained cap layers. The Ge content of the buffer was increased stepwise. The equilibrating treatment was performed as an in situ annealing in hydrogen at 1050 °C after each and every layer of the buffer. Subsequently, the buffer was grown relaxed layer by relaxed layer. The extreme low threading dislocation density was present on the whole area of 4 in. wafers.
Characteristic features of heterophase polymerisation of styrene with simultaneous formation of surfactants at the interface (2001)

Data on the heterophase polymerisation of styrene under conditions of surfactant formation at the monomer–water interface are generalised. A new, in principle, approach is proposed the essence of which is to obtain a monomer emulsion simultaneously with the synthesis of an emulsifier at the monomer–water interface and with initiation of the polymerisation in the interfacial layer. The preparation of surfactants at the interface allows one to control efficiently the degree of dispersion and the stability of the emulsions formed. By varying the nature of the acid and the metal counter-ion used in the surfactant synthesis at the interface, it is possible to change the interfacial tension, to influence the microemulsification, disintegration of the monomer, and the formation of structure of interfacial adsorption layers. The mechanism of formation of polymer-monomeric particles as well as their diameter and size distribution depend substantially on the solubility of the resulting surfactants in water. The bibliography includes 47 references.
Controlled dewetting processes on microstructured surfaces – a new procedure for thin film microstructuring (2000)

We describe a new experimental attempt to generate defined ultrathin microstructured polymer films. Microcontact printing of 11-undecanoic acid has been used to modify the wetting properties of bare gold surfaces to prepare poor wettable surface domains downward to 4 μm size. Film formation of polystyrene films thinner than 20 nm was achieved by dip-coating from a solution of polystyrene in chloroform. The nucleation of holes and the dewetting process was completely controlled by the heterogenity of the surface. Large areas with well defined hole patterns were achieved by the controlled dewetting during the dip-coating process. The remaining film showed no indications for dewetting on the bare gold surface. Especially at higher polymer concentrations Rayleigh instabilities within coalescent rims of adjacent holes are shown to influence the film morphology. Some criteria which are relevant for the design of surface film patterns by controlled dewetting are discussed. Low voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM) which is used appears to be an excellent method for the characterisation of ultrathin films and organic layers downward to 5 nm thickness.
7$\,\times\,$224 Gb/s/ch Nyquist-WDM Transmission Over 1600-km SMF-28 Using PDM-CSRZ-QPSK Modulation (2012)

We have transmitted a 7×224 Gb/s/ch Nyquist wavelength-division-multiplexed signal over a 1600-km conventional single-mode fiber (SMF-28) with 80 km per span and an erbium-doped fiber amplifier-only amplification. Each channel on the 50-GHz grid is modulated using polarization-division-multiplexed quadrature-phase-shift-keying at 56 Gbaud giving a record spectral efficiency of 4 b/s/Hz. Both the post filter and the Viterbi maximum likelihood sequence detection are introduced into digital signal processing, to suppress the undesired noise, linear crosstalk enhancement, and filtering effects. The bit error ratio of all channels after transmission over a 1600-km SMF-28 is smaller than the forward error correction limit of 3.8×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> .
Workflow study on human-robot interaction in USAR (2003)

This paper presents findings from field trials observing human-robot interaction between certified rescue workers and two types of tactical mobile robots at a rescue training site. Data was collected on how members of a fire rescue department directed the use of two types of robots for four tasks (climbing stairs to investigate condition of upper floors, searching dark, cluttered environments with two different sensor suites, and exploring vertical voids). The prototypical workflow, the type and frequency of errors during each task, how the robot workflow compared with existing urban search and rescue (USAR) practices, and any additional information that came out during debriefing is reported for each task. Two major workflow patterns that could be partially or fully automated were identified: stairwell search and topological search. In addition, collaborative teleoperation appeared to be an important multi-robot strategy. Rescue workers rated the robots' performance superior to existing methods for searching and for exploring vertical voids, but not for stairwells.
A finite volume method for numerical grid generation (1999)

A novel method to generate body-fitted grids based on the direct solution for three scalar functions is derived. The solution for scalar variables ξ, η and ζ is obtained with a conventional finite volume method based on a physical space formulation. The grid is adapted or re-zoned to eliminate the residual error between the current solution and the desired solution, by means of an implicit grid-correction procedure. The scalar variables are re-mapped and the process is reiterated until convergence is obtained. Calculations are performed for a variety of problems by assuming combined Dirichlet–Neumann and pure Dirichlet boundary conditions involving the use of transcendental control functions, as well as functions designed to effect grid control automatically on the basis of boundary values. The use of dimensional analysis to build stable exponential functions and other control functions is demonstrated. Automatic procedures are implemented: one based on a finite difference approximation to the Cristoffel terms assuming local-boundary orthogonality, and another designed to procure boundary orthogonality. The performance of the new scheme is shown to be comparable with that of conventional inverse methods when calculations are performed on benchmark problems through the application of point-by-point and whole-field solution schemes. Advantages and disadvantages of the present method are critically appraised. Copyright © 1999 National Research Council of Canada.
A dynamic model of the cardiac ventricular action potential. II. Afterdepolarizations, triggered activity, and potentiation. (1994)

The action potential model presented in our accompanying article in this journal is used to investigate phenomena that involve dynamic changes of [Ca2+]i, as described below. Delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) are induced by spontaneous Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), which, in turn, activates both the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger (INaCa) and a nonspecific Ca(2+)-activated current (Ins(Ca)). The relative contributions of INaCa and of Ins(Ca) to the generation of DADs are different under different degrees of Ca2+ overload. Early afterdepolarizations (EADs) can be categorized into two types: (1) plateau EADs, resulting from a secondary activation of the L-type Ca2+ current during the plateau of an action potential, and (2) phase-3 EADs, resulting from activation of INaCa and Ins(Ca) by increased [Ca2+]i due to spontaneous Ca2+ release from the SR during the late repolarization phase. Spontaneous rhythmic activity and triggered activity are caused by spontaneous Ca2+ release from the SR under conditions of Ca2+ overload. Postextrasystolic potentiation reflects the time delay associated with translocation of Ca2+ from network SR to junctional SR. The cell is paced at high frequencies to investigate the long-term effects on the intracellular ionic concentrations.
Mutualismâ€“parasitism paradigm synthesized from results of root-endophyte models (2015)

Plant tissues host a variety of fungi. One important group is the dark septate endophytes (DSEs) that colonize plant roots and form characteristic intracellular structures - melanized hyphae and microsclerotia. The DSE associations are common and frequently observed in various biomes and plant taxa. Reviews suggest that the proportion of plant species colonized by DSE equal that colonized by AM and microscopic studies show that the proportion of the root system colonized by fungi DSE can equal, or even exceed, the colonization by AM fungi. Despite the high frequency and suspected ecological importance, the effects of DSE colonization on plant growth and performance have remained unclear. Here, we draw from over a decade of experimentation with the obscure DSE symbiosis and synthesize across large bodies of published and unpublished data from Arabidopsis thaliana and Allium porrum model systems as well as from experiments that use native plants to better resolve the host responses to DSE colonization. The data indicate similar distribution of host responses in model and native plant studies, validating the use of model plants for tractable dissection of DSE symbioses. The available data also permit empirical testing of the environmental modulation of host responses to DSE colonization and refining the "mutualism-parasitism-continuum" paradigm for DSE symbioses. These data highlight the context dependency of the DSE symbioses: not only plant species but also ecotypes vary in their responses to populations of conspecific DSE fungi - environmental conditions further shift the host responses similar to those predicted based on the mutualism-parasitism-continuum paradigm. The model systems provide several established avenues of inquiry that permit more detailed molecular and functional dissection of fungal endophyte symbioses, identifying thus likely mechanisms that may underlie the observed host responses to endophyte colonization.
Progress in purification technologies and detection methods for bacterial capsular polysaccharide (2013)

Bacterial capsular polysaccharide has good immunogenicity and is a major antigen to induce effective immune response,as well as can be used in preparation of polysaccharide vaccines and polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines.This review discusses progress in purification technologies and detection methods of bacterial capsular polysaccharide.

Key words: 
Polysaccharides, bacterial;  Vaccines;  Purification ;  Detection
Cyclosporin A, ein immunsuppressiv wirksamer Peptidmetabolit aus Trichoderma polysporum (LINK ex PERS.) Rifai (1976)

Cyclosporin A, a Peptide Metabolite from Trichoderma polysporum (L INK ex P ERS .) Rifai , with a remarkable immunosuppressive activity Two antifungal metabolites, cyclosporins A and C, were isolated from a strain of Trichoderma polysporum (L INK ex P ERS .) Rifai . Cyclosporin A, the main component, has the molecular formula C 62 H 111 N 11 O 12 as deduced by NMR. and mass spectra. Hydrolytic cleavage of cyclosporin A furnished 11 amino acids as fragments, among them an artefact of a new C 9 ‐amino acid. The amino acid sequence was determined by Edman degradation of iso‐cyclosporin A, a basic rearrangement product formed from cyclosporin A by N , O ‐acyl migration. In an independent investigation an X‐ray analysis of the iodo derivative 10 was performed (see the following paper). On the basis of the chemical, spectroscopic and crystallographic evidence the complete structure of cyclosporin A was elucidated as the neutral cyclic oligopeptide 1 . Cyclosporin A and C show remarkable immunosuppressive and antiphlogistic activities in several pharmacological models.