gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved manufacturability and characterization of a corrugated Parylene diaphragm pressure transducer (2006)

Corrugated Parylene diaphragm based pressure transducers have been used in a wide range of MEMS devices. This paper presents a reusable silicon micromold based process to fabricate optically reflective, corrugated Parylene diaphragms for fiber-optic-linked pressure sensing in an ultralow pressure range (±98 Pa). The silicon micromolding process is combined with a novel chip-level tube bonding method to mount the diaphragms to the end of a tube before releasing them from the mold. This fabrication approach vastly improves the manufacturability of these pressure sensors over the previously used photoresist mold-based process. It provides greater flexibility in design and is shown to produce Parylene diaphragms with an accurate corrugation profile. Such a biomedical ultralow pressure sensor can be attached to a catheter tip and used in confined space for intra-cavity pressure measurements. Fabrication and testing results related to six different corrugated diaphragm designs have been presented here. These diaphragms are characterized in the operating pressure range (±98 Pa) with a 5 Pa resolution using an optical profilometer and U-tube manometer setup. The sensor characterization results show that all three designs of 1.0 mm diameter diaphragms have good agreement with the predicted values that were obtained from finite element analysis. Deflections of up to 6 µm were measured in these diaphragms. Larger displacements of up to 19 µm were obtained in 1.5 mm diameter diaphragms. However, the characteristic curve obtained in these sensors differed significantly from the simulated results. Higher initial deflection due to stress release, localized buckling and lower stiffness of the SU-8 support ring are believed to be the reason behind such deviation from the design values.
Evidence for a Superglass State in Solid 4 He (2009)

Although solid helium-4 (4He) may be a supersolid, it also exhibits many phenomena unexpected in that context. We studied relaxation dynamics in the resonance frequency f(T) and dissipation D(T) of a torsional oscillator containing solid 4He. With the appearance of the "supersolid" state, the relaxation times within f(T) and D(T) began to increase rapidly together. More importantly, the relaxation processes in both D(T) and a component of f(T) exhibited a complex synchronized ultraslow evolution toward equilibrium. Analysis using a generalized rotational susceptibility revealed that, while exhibiting these apparently glassy dynamics, the phenomena were quantitatively inconsistent with a simple excitation freeze-out transition because the variation in f was far too large. One possibility is that amorphous solid 4He represents a new form of supersolid in which dynamical excitations within the solid control the superfluid phase stiffness.
Relative importance of CCR5 and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. (2003)

Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is an idiopathic inflammatory condition characterized by upper and lower airway involvement and often renal dysfunction. Sites of tissue injury include pleomorphic cell populations, and classically mononuclear cell infiltrates that may form granulomas. Vascular inflammation (i.e., vasculitis) is often but not always present. Because CCR5 and its ligands influence mononuclear cell trafficking, we sought to identify their expression in pulmonary lesions and to determine whether genetic variations in genes for CCR5 and its ligands influence susceptibility to WG.Lung biopsies from 4 patients that had classical features of WG were examined for protein expression of CCR5, RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta using immunohistochemistry. One hundred eighteen Caucasian patients with WG and 127 ethnically matched healthy controls were included in the genetic analysis. Genomic DNA samples were amplified by PCR. CCR5 Delta32 and RANTES -28 and -401 polymorphisms were determined by either specific primers or direct sequencing.CCR5+ cells were enriched in lung lesions from patients with WG. Enhanced protein concentrations of RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta were present in WG lung lesions, indicating redundancy of ligands for CCR5 in affected tissue. Genetic analyses revealed 3 subsets of patients with WG: (1) circulating antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) positive and CCR5+/+ (58%); (2) CCR5+/+ and ANCA negative (22%); and (3) CCR5 Delta32 and ANCA positive (20%). Among patients in whom ANCA were repeatedly absent, none was found to carry the CCR5 Delta32 allele. Conversely, patients who possessed the CCR5 Delta32 allele were always ANCA positive.CCR5 and its ligands are abundantly present in pulmonary lesions in WG. The absence of a genetic deletion for CCR5 (CCR5 Delta32) in WG patients lacking ANCA suggests that CCR5 may exert a particularly important pathogenetic role in those patients. Another subset of patients (approximately 20%) with WG possessed a genetic deletion for CCR5. That each of these patients was ANCA positive implies that an alternative pathway to CCR5 may exist, for which ANCA may be especially important.
In vivo protection against ZIKV infection and pathogenesis through passive antibody transfer and active immunisation with a prMEnv DNA vaccine (2016)

Significant concerns have been raised owing to the rapid global spread of infection and disease caused by the mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV). Recent studies suggest that ZIKV can also be transmitted sexually, further increasing the exposure risk for this virus. Associated with this spread is a dramatic increase in cases of microcephaly and additional congenital abnormalities in infants of ZIKV-infected mothers, as well as a rise in the occurrence of Guillain Barre' syndrome in infected adults. Importantly, there are no licensed therapies or vaccines against ZIKV infection. In this study, we generate and evaluate the <i>in vivo</i> efficacy of a novel, synthetic, DNA vaccine targeting the pre-membrane+envelope proteins (prME) of ZIKV. Following initial <i>in vitro</i> development and evaluation studies of the plasmid construct, mice and non-human primates were immunised with this prME DNA-based immunogen through electroporation-mediated enhanced DNA delivery. Vaccinated animals were found to generate antigen-specific cellular and humoral immunity and neutralisation activity. In mice lacking receptors for interferon (IFN)-α/β (designated IFNAR<sup>-/-</sup>) immunisation with this DNA vaccine induced, following <i>in vivo</i> viral challenge, 100% protection against infection-associated weight loss or death in addition to preventing viral pathology in brain tissue. In addition, passive transfer of non-human primate anti-ZIKV immune serum protected IFNAR<sup>-/-</sup> mice against subsequent viral challenge. This study in NHP and in a pathogenic mouse model supports the importance of immune responses targeting prME in ZIKV infection and suggests that additional research on this vaccine approach may have relevance for ZIKV control and disease prevention in humans.
DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2; (2017)

Objectives: The objective to identify prevalence of different types of type 2Diabetes in our population and relate them with the Gender and Duration of disease. StudyDesign: Retrospective study. Period: January 2014 to December 2015, 2 years. Setting:Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. Method: On admitted record of 269 patients (171 Men and98 females), known to have complications during ward stay. Data was analyzed on SPSS 20and results calculated. Results: 232 patients (86.2%) showed one or more complications.Most common was diabetic nephropathy 117 (43.5% patients), followed by diabetic foot 94(34.9%), and then others. A comparison between genders exposed, an equal distribution ofcomplications. 233 patients had poor blood sugar control, with 107 having hypertension. Whenduration was considered as a variable over a period of 10 years, maximum complication wasof diabetic foot (66), followed by renal failure (64). Main reason identified was non-complianceto medication and infrequent follow-ups. When a less duration of 5 years was put as variable,there were very few complications, with their total number reduced to 24. Conclusion: Type2 Diabetes causes higher number of complications. Frequency among different genders wassimilar. They were associated with high prevalence of risk factors, such as poor blood sugarcontrol, concomitant hypertension and poor compliance to medication. Duration of disease hasimpact on the complications.
Improving the Outcome of Bone Marrow Transplantation by Using CD52 Monoclonal Antibodies to Prevent Graft-Versus-Host Disease and Graft Rejection (1998)

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, but can be avoided by removing T lymphocytes from the donor bone marrow. However, T-cell depletion increases the risk of graft rejection. This study examined the use of CD52 monoclonal antibodies to eliminate T cells from both donor marrow and recipient to prevent both GVHD and rejection. Seventy patients receiving HLA-identical sibling transplants for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in first remission were studied. An IgM (CAMPATH-1M) was used for in vitro depletion of the graft and an IgG (CAMPATH-1G) for in vivo depletion of the recipient before graft infusion. No posttransplant immunosuppression was given. Results were compared with two control groups: (1) 50 patients who received bone marrow depleted with CAMPATH-1M, but no CAMPATH-1G in vivo; and (2) 459 patients reported to the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry (IBMTR) who received nondepleted grafts and conventional GVHD prophylaxis with cyclosporin A (CyA) and methotrexate (MTX). The incidence of acute GVHD was 4% in the treatment group compared with 35% in the CyA/MTX group (P &lt; .001). Chronic GVHD was also exceptionally low in the treatment group (3% v 36%; P&lt; .001). The problem of graft rejection, which had been frequent in the historic CAMPATH-1M group (31%), was largely overcome in the treatment group (6%). Thus, transplant-related mortality of the treatment group (15% at 5 years) was lower than for the CyA/MTX group (26%; P = .04). There was little difference in the risk of leukemia relapse between the treatment group (30% at 5 years) and the CyA/MTX group (29%). Survival of the treatment group at 6 months was better than the CyA/MTX group (92% v 78%), although at 5 years the difference was not significant (62% v 58%) and neither was the difference in leukemia-free survival (60% v52%). We conclude that T-cell depletion is a useful strategy to prevent GVHD, provided that measures are taken to ensure engraftment. Using CAMPATH-1G to deplete residual host lymphocytes is a simple and practical method to do this. At least in AML, the beneficial reduction in GVHD can be achieved without an increased risk of relapse.
Antimicrobial Evaluation and Synthesis of Some Phenylpyrazolo benzothiazolo quinoxaline Derivatives (2009)

2,3‐Diphenyl quinoxaline (SI) was fused with 2‐amino benzothiazoles (SII) by a methylene bridge, which was then allowed for acetylation. The acetylated product (SIV) was made to react with different aromatic aldehydes to give chalcones (SV1-SV5) . Chalcones refluxed with substituted acid hydrazides to afford different phenyl pyrazolo benzothiazolo quinoxaline derivatives (SVI1-SVI15) . The structure of chalcones and phenyl pyrazolo benzothiazolo quinoxaline derivatives were confirmed by M.P, TLC and spectral data. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activities.
Measurement and modeling of the effect of support arm backscatter on dosimetry with a Varian EPID (2010)

The application of the backscatter kernel determined in this study improved the accuracy of dosimetry using a Varian EPID with E-arm for open fields of different sizes: Eight head and neck and seven prostate IMRT fields. Further improvement in the agreement between the model predictions and EPID measurements requires more sophisticated modeling of the backscatter.
An Inverted Hexagonal Phase of Cationic Liposome-DNA Complexes Related to DNA Release and Delivery (1998)

A two-dimensional columnar phase in mixtures of DNA complexed with cationic liposomes has been found in the lipid composition regime known to be significantly more efficient at transfecting mammalian cells in culture compared to the lamellar (LalphaC) structure of cationic liposome-DNA complexes. The structure, derived from synchrotron x-ray diffraction, consists of DNA coated by cationic lipid monolayers and arranged on a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice (HIIC). Two membrane-altering pathways induce the LalphaC --> HIIC transition: one where the spontaneous curvature of the lipid monolayer is driven negative, and another where the membrane bending rigidity is lowered with a new class of helper-lipids. Optical microscopy revealed that the LalphaC complexes bind stably to anionic vesicles (models of cellular membranes), whereas the more transfectant HIIC complexes are unstable and rapidly fuse and release DNA upon adhering to anionic vesicles.
Autoantibody-encoding kappa L chain genes frequently rearranged in lambda L chain-expressing chronic lymphocytic leukemia (1991)

Patients with kappa L chain expressing chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) frequently have leukemia cells reactive with a murine mAb, designated 17.109. Raised against a monoclonal IgM rheumatoid factor autoantibody, this mAb recognizes a major kappa-L chain-associated cross reactive Id, designated 17.109-CRI. Molecular studies reveal that the 17.109-CRI in CLL is a serologic marker for expression of a conserved kappa L chain V region gene (V Kappa gene) of the V Kappa 3 subgroup, designated Humkv325. We isolated an upstream gene fragment of Humkv325 to examine for Ig gene rearrangements of this and other closely related V Kappa 3 genes by Southern analyses. Consistent with Humkv325 encoding the 17.109-CRI, we find that the genomic DNA from all 17.109-reactive leukemia cell populations have gene rearrangements that are detected using this probe. In addition, we observe V Kappa 3 gene rearrangements frequently in the genomic DNA of lambda L chain-expressing leukemia cells. Of the genomic DNA from 33 lambda-L chain-expressing CLL samples, 8 (24%) had additional nongerm-line bands detected with the Humkv325 probe. Consistent with these bands representing Ig gene rearrangements, the additional band in each but one sample also hybridized with probes specific for the J Kappa region and/or the kappa-deleting element. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we examined the genomic DNA from all lambda L chain-expressing CLL for V Kappa 3 gene rearrangements to J Kappa and/or Kde. PCR on each DNA sample with V Kappa 3 gene rearrangements detected by Southern analysis generated gene fragments that hybridized specifically with oligonucleotides corresponding to framework or CDR of the Humkv325 gene. Nucleic acid sequence analyses of representative samples confirmed that these DNA contained abortive Humkv325 gene rearrangements. PCR for rearranged V Kappa 3 genes in the DNA of other lambda-L chain-expressing CLL either did not generate any PCR product or produced fragments that failed to hybridize with all Humkv325 oligonucleotide probes. Nucleic acid sequence analyses of the latter demonstrated that these represent abortive V Kappa gene rearrangements involving another conserved V Kappa 3 gene, designated Vg. These studies indicate that Humkv325 and Vg frequently may undergo Ig gene rearrangement independent of their expression. As such, the frequent use of Humkv325 in CLL may be secondary, in part, to an enhanced propensity of this V Kappa 3 gene to undergo genetic rearrangement during B cell ontogeny.
A rapid procedure for the isolation of C0t-1 DNA from plants (1997)

In situ hybridization (ISH) for the detection of single- or low-copy sequences, particularly large DNA fragments cloned into YAC or BAC vectors, generally requires the suppression or "blocking" of highly-repetitive DNAs. C0t-1 DNA is enriched for repetitive DNA elements, high or moderate in copy number, and can therefore be used more effectively than total genomic DNA to prehybridize and competitively hybridize repetitive elements that would otherwise cause nonspecific hybridization. C0t-1 DNAs from several mammalian species are commercially available, however, none is currently available for plants to the best of our knowledge. We have developed a simple 1-day procedure to generate C0t-1 DNA without the use of specialized equipment.
A functional classification scheme for beta-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure (1995)

A classification scheme for b-lactamases based on functional characteristics is presented. Three major groups of enzymes are defined by their substrate and inhibitor profiles: group 1 cephalosporinases that are not well inhibited by clavulanic acid; group 2 penicillinases, cephalosporinases, and broadspectrum b-lactamases that are generally inhibited by active site-directed b-lactamase inhibitors; and the group 3 metallob-lactamases that hydrolyze penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems and that are poorly inhibited by almost all b-lactam-containing molecules. Functional characteristics have been correlated with molecular structure in a dendrogram for those enzymes with known amino acid sequences. b-Lactamases (EC 3.5.2.6) have been designated by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry as ‘‘enzymes hydrolysing amides, amidines and other CON bonds . . . separated on the basis of the substrate: . . . cyclic amides’’ (323). These enzymes are the major cause of bacterial resistance to b-lactam antibiotics and have been the subject of extensive microbiological, biochemical, and genetic investigations. Investigators have described more than 190 unique bacterial proteins with the ability to interact with the variety of b-lactam-containing molecules that can serve as sub-
ALA and ALA hexyl ester in free and liposomal formulations for the photosensitisation of tumour organ cultures (2002)

In spite of the wide range of tumours successfully treated with 5-aminolevulinic acid mediated photodynamic therapy, the fact that 5-aminolevulinic acid has low lipid solubility, limits its clinical application. More lipophilic 5-aminolevulinic acid prodrugs and the use of liposomal carriers are two approaches aimed at improving 5-aminolevulinic acid transmembrane access. In this study we used both 5-aminolevulinic acid and its hexyl ester in their free and encapsulated formulations to compare their corresponding endogenous synthesis of porphyrins. Employing murine tumour cultures, we found that neither the use of hexyl ester nor the entrapment of either 5-aminolevulinic acid or hexyl ester into liposomes increase the rate of tumour porphyrin synthesis. By light and electronic microscopy it was demonstrated that exposure of tumour explants to either free or liposomal 5-aminolevulinic acid and subsequent illumination induces the same type of subcellular damage. Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane are the structures mostly injured in the early steps of photodynamic treatment. In a later stage, cytoplasmic and nuclear disintegration are observed. By electronic microscopy the involvement of the endocytic pathway in the incorporation of liposomal 5-aminolevulinic acid into the cells was shown.
Genetic and antigenic analysis of the G attachment protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus strains. (1998)

Antigenic and genetic studies of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) were made on isolates obtained from three continents over 27 years. Antigenic variation between eight isolates was initially determined using protein G-specific monoclonal antibodies. Four distinct reaction patterns were observed, two of which corresponded to the previously established subgroups A and AB. A third pattern was produced by five Scandinavian strains and a fourth was observed from a single Dutch isolate. The genetic diversity of 27 strains of BRSV was investigated by comparative nucleotide sequence analysis of a 731 nucleotide fragment in the G protein gene. Nine of the BRSV strains were analysed by direct sequencing of RT-PCR amplicons whereas sequences of 18 BRSV and three human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) strains were obtained from GenBank. The analysis revealed similarities of 88-100% among BRSV strains and 38-41% between BRSV and HRSV. A phylogenetic tree created for BRSV revealed two main branches, one of which divided into five further lineages, each representing a geographic cluster. A correlation was evident between the positions of some strains in the phylogenetic tree and their antigenic pattern. For HRSV strains, a genetic similarity of only 62% allowed the distinction of two antigenic subgroups, A and B, a pattern which was not seen for BRSV. This study showed that genetic analysis was an accurate method for discriminating BRSV strains and that these viruses should be regarded as a single genetic and antigenic group, within which variants can be distinguished.
Processing of O-linked Glycosylation in the Chimera Consisting of .ALPHA.-Subunit and Carboxyl-terminal Peptide of the Human Chorionic Gonadotropin .BETA.-Subunit is Affected by Dimer Formation with Follicle-stimulating Hormone .BETA.-Subunit (2004)

hCG, LH, FSH, and TSH are a family of heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones that contain a common α-subunit, but differ in their hormone-specific β-subunits. hCGβ is unique among β-subunits due to a carboxyl-terminal peptide (CTP) bearing four O-linked oligosaccharides. We previously reported that there were differences in O-glycosylation between two chimeras consisting of α-subunit and CTP, i.e. a variant with CTP at the N-terminal region (Cα) and another analog with CTP at the C-terminus (αC) of the α-subunit. To address whether O-glycosylation is influenced by the heterodimer formation, Cα and αC were expressed alone or with FSHβ-subunit in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The O-linked glycosylation was assessed by continuous labeling with [35S]methionine/cysteine, immunoprecipitation with anti-α or anti-FSH serum, serial digestion with endoglycosidase-F and neuraminidase, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The decrease in molecular weight of dimeric chimeras digested with endoglycosidase-F was greater in Cα than that in αC after treatment with neuraminidase, revealing that both chimeras have different numbers of sialic acids on O-linked carbohydrates. By treating with endoglycosidase-F, the dimeric αC migrated faster than its free form, whereas the mobility difference between assembled and unassembled forms of Cα was very little. These data indicate that processing of O-glycosylation is affected by the backbone polypeptide chain(s).
Review: Electrodermal Responses: What Happens in the Brain (2002)

Electrodermal activity (EDA) is now the preferred term for changes in electrical conductance of the skin, including phasic changes that have been referred to as galvanic skin responses (GSR), that result from sympathetic neuronal activity. EDA is a sensitive psychophysiological index of changes in autonomic sympathetic arousal that are integrated with emotional and cognitive states. Until recently there was little direct knowledge of brain mechanisms governing generation and control of EDA in humans. However, studies of patients with discrete brain lesions and, more recently, functional imaging techniques have clarified the contribution of brain regions implicated in emotion, attention, and cognition to peripheral EDA responses. Moreover, such studies enable an understanding of mechanisms by which states of bodily arousal, indexed by EDA, influence cognition and bias motivational behavior.