gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SYNTHESIS OF THE MERRIFIELD RESIN ESTERS OF N-PROTECTED AMINO ACIDS WITH THE AID OF HYDROGEN BONDING1 (1978)

Abstract A synthesis of the Merrifield resin esters of N-protected amino acids was attempted with the aid of hydrogen-bonding property of fluoride ion with carboxylic acids to obtain the esters in satisfactory yields. This will provide an alternatively efficient and economical method for the preparation of the key intermediate of the solid phase peptide synthesis.
Serum antibody reacting with placental syncytiotrophoblast in sera of patients with autoimmune diseases--a possible relation to type C RNA retrovirus. (1985)

This study reports the immunohistological detection of serum antibody reacting with the basal aspect of syncytiotrophoblast of human chorionic villi, where SSAV/GaLV (simian sarcoma associated virus/gibbon ape lymphoma virus) type C retrovirus p30 related antigen was observed by an indirect immunofluorescent method using monospecific antibodies against SSAV p28 and GaLV p29. The immunoglobulin class of this antibody activity called 'the anti-basal aspect of syncytiotrophoblast (anti-BAST)', was exclusively IgM and detected in the sera of both female and male patients with SLE and other autoimmune diseases, but rarely in the sera of normal controls. Immunofluorescent absorption and blocking test revealed that anti-BAST specifically reacted with human placenta and cross-reacted with subhuman primate type C RNA retrovirus SSV/SSAV (simian sarcoma virus/simian sarcoma associated virus), but did not cross-react with ATLV (adult T cell leukaemia virus) and BaEV (baboon endogenous retrovirus). These results suggest the presence of a new antigen-antibody system for another human type C retrovirus related antigens(s) and a participation of retrovirus in autoimmune diseases.
Chimeric Hemagglutinin Influenza Virus Vaccine Constructs Elicit Broadly Protective Stalk-Specific Antibodies (2013)

Current influenza virus vaccine strategies stimulate immune responses toward the globular head domain of the hemagglutinin protein in order to inhibit key steps of the virus life cycle. Because this domain is highly variable across strains, new vaccine formulations are required in most years. Here we demonstrate a novel vaccine strategy that generates immunity to the highly conserved stalk domain by using chimeric hemagglutinin constructs that express unique head and stalk combinations. By repeatedly immunizing mice with constructs that expressed the same stalk but an irrelevant head, we specifically stimulated a stalk-directed response that provided broad-based heterologous and heterosubtypic immunity in mice. Notably, our vaccination scheme provides a universal vaccine approach that protects against challenge with an H5 subtype virus. Furthermore, through in vivo studies using passively transferred antibodies or depletion of CD8(+) T cells, we demonstrated the critical role that humoral mechanisms of immunity play in the protection observed. The present data suggest that a vaccine strategy based on the stalk domain of the hemagglutinin protein could be used in humans to broadly protect against a variety of influenza virus subtypes.
Multivariate analysis of a 3D mass spectral image for examining tissue heterogeneity (2011)

The tissue microenvironment critically influences the molecular characteristics of a tumor. However, as tumorous tissue is highly heterogeneous it may harbor various sub-populations with different microenvironments, greatly complicating the unambiguous analysis of tumor biology. Mass spectrometry imaging techniques allow for the direct analysis of tumors in the spatial context of their microenvironment. However, discovery of heterogeneous sub-populations often depends on the use of multivariate statistical methods. While this is routinely used for 2D images, multivariate statistical approaches are rarely seen in the context of 3D images. Here we present the automatic alignment of 2D images recorded by nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS) to reconstruct a 3D model of a mouse mammary tumor. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to the whole 3D reconstruction at once, revealing distinct tumor regions, an observation that would not have been possible in such clarity through the analysis of isolated 2D sections. These sub-structures were confirmed by H&E and Oil Red O stains. This study shows that the combination of 3D imaging and multivariate statistics can be used to define tumor regions.
Growth factors and stromal matrix proteins associated with mammographic densities. (2001)

Extensive radiologically dense breast tissue is associated with a marked increase in breast cancer risk. To explore the biological basis for this association, we have examined the association of growth factors and stromal matrix proteins in breast tissue with mammographic densities. Ninety-two formalin-fixed paraffin blocks of breast tissues surrounding benign lesions were obtained, half from breasts with little or no density and half from breasts with extensive density, matched for age at biopsy. Sections were stained for cell nuclei, total collagen, the stromal matrix regulatory protein tissue metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3), and the growth factors, transforming growth factor-alpha and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I). The area of immunoreactive staining was measured using quantitative microscopy. Breast tissue from subjects with extensive densities had a greater nuclear area (P = 0.007), as well as larger stained areas of total collagen (P = 0.003), TIMP-3 (P = 0.08), and IGF-I (P = 0.02) when compared with subjects with little breast density. Differences were greater for subjects less than 50 years of age. These data indicate that increased tissue cellularity, greater amounts of collagen, and increased IGF-I and TIMP-3 expression are found in tissue from mammographically dense breasts and suggest mechanisms that may mediate the associated increased risk of breast cancer.
Human lymphoblastoid B-cell lines reprogrammed to EBV-free induced pluripotent stem cells (2011)

Generation of patient-specific induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) holds great promise for regenerative medicine. Epstein-Barr virus immortalized lymphoblastoid B-cell lines (LCLs) can be generated from a minimal amount of blood and are banked worldwide as cellular reference material for immunologic or genetic analysis of pedigreed study populations. We report the generation of iPSCs from 2 LCLs (LCL-iPSCs) via a feeder-free episomal method using a cocktail of transcription factors and small molecules. LCL-derived iPSCs exhibited normal karyotype, expressed pluripotency markers, lost oriP/EBNA-1 episomal vectors, generated teratomas, retained donor identity, and differentiated in vitro into hematopoietic, cardiac, neural, and hepatocyte-like lineages. Significantly, although the parental LCLs express viral EBNA-1 and other Epstein-Barr virus latency-related elements for their survival, their presence was not detectable in LCL-iPSCs. Thus, reprogramming LCLs could offer an unlimited source for patient-specific iPSCs.
Purification of an Allene Oxide Synthase and Identification of the Enzyme as a Cytochrome P-450 (1991)

Fatty acid hydroperoxides (lipoxygenase products) are metabolized to allene oxides by a type of dehydrase that has been detected in plants, corals, and starfish oocytes. The allene oxides are unstable epoxide precursors of more complex products such as jasmonic acid, the plant growth hormone. Characterization of the dehydrase enzyme of flaxseed revealed that it is a 55-kilodalton hemoprotein. The spectral characteristics of this dehydrase revealed it to be a cytochrome P-450. It operates with the remarkable activity of greater than or equal to 1000 turnovers per second. The results establish a new catalytic activity for a cytochrome P-450 and illustrate the cooperation of different oxygenases in pathways of fatty acid metabolism.
Artificial Muscles: Actuators for Biorobotic Systems (2002)

Biorobotic research seeks to develop new robotic technologies modeled after the performance of human and animal neuromuscular systems. The development of one component of a biorobotic system, an artificial muscle and tendon, is reported here. The device is based on known static and dynamic properties of biological muscle and tendon that were extracted from the literature and used to mathematically describe their force, length, and velocity relationships. A flexible pneumatic actuator is proposed as the contractile element of the artificial muscle and experimental results are presented that show the force-length properties of the actuator are muscle-like, but the force-velocity properties are not. The addition of a hydraulic damper is put forward to improve the actuator's velocity-dependent properties. Further, an artificial tendon is set forth whose function is to serve as connective tissue between the artificial muscle and a skeletal structure. A complete model of the artificial muscle-tendon system is then presented which predicts the expected force-length-velocity performance of the artificial system. Experimental results of the constructed device indicate muscle-like performance in general: higher activation pressures yielded higher output forces, faster concentric contractions resulted in lower force outputs, faster eccentric contractions produced higher force outputs, and output forces were higher at longer muscle lengths than shorter lengths.
Gastroretentive Delivery Systems: A Mini Review (2004)

Various attempts have been made to develop gastroretentive delivery systems. For example, floating, swelling, mucoadhesive, and high-density systems have been developed to increase gastric retention time of the dosage forms. It is known that differences in gastric physiology, such as, gastric pH, and motility exhibit both intra- as well as inter-subject variability demonstrating significant impact on gastric retention time and drug delivery behavior. Nevertheless, some floating devices have shown promising results. In this paper, the gastric physiology and the reported intragastric delivery systems have briefly been presented.
Compensatory Changes in the Noradrenergic Nervous System in the Locus Ceruleus and Hippocampus of Postmortem Subjects with Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (2006)

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is a significant loss of locus ceruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons. However, functional and anatomical evidence indicates that the remaining noradrenergic neurons may be compensating for the loss. Because the noradrenergic system plays an important role in learning and memory, it is important to determine whether compensation occurs in noradrenergic neurons in the LC and hippocampus of subjects with AD or a related dementing disorder, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We observed profound neuronal loss in the LC in AD and DLB subjects with three major changes in the noradrenergic system consistent with compensation: (1) an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA expression in the remaining neurons; (2) sprouting of dendrites into peri-LC dendritic zone, as determined by alpha2-adrenoreceptors (ARs) and norepinephrine transporter binding sites; and (3) sprouting of axonal projections to the hippocampus as determined by alpha2-ARs. In AD and DLB subjects, the postsynaptic alpha1-ARs were normal to elevated. Expression of alpha1A- and alpha2A-AR mRNA in the hippocampus of AD and DLB subjects were not altered, but expression of alpha1D- and alpha2C-AR mRNA was significantly reduced in the hippocampus of AD and DLB subjects. Therefore, in AD and DLB subjects, there is compensation occurring in the remaining noradrenergic neurons, but there does appear to be a loss of specific AR in the hippocampus. Because changes in these noradrenergic markers in AD versus DLB subjects were similar (except neuronal loss and the increase in TH mRNA were somewhat greater in DLB subjects), the presence of Lewy bodies in addition to plaques and tangles in DLB subjects does not appear to further affect the noradrenergic compensatory changes.
Self‐Assembled Monolayers of Dendritic Polyglycerol Derivatives on Gold That Resist the Adsorption of Proteins (2004)

Highly protein-resistant, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of dendritic polyglycerols (PGs) on gold can easily be obtained by simple chemical modification of these readily available polymers with a surface-active disulfide linker group. Several disulfide-functionalized PGs were synthesized by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-mediated ester coupling of thioctic acid. Monolayers of the disulfide-functionalized PG derivatives spontaneously form on a semitransparent gold surface and effectively prevent the adsorption of proteins, as demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) kinetic measurements. A structure-activity relationship relating the polymer architecture to its ability to effectuate protein resistance has been derived from results of different surface characterization techniques (SPR, attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR), and contact-angle measurements). Dendritic PGs combine the characteristic structural features of several highly protein-resistant surfaces: a highly flexible aliphatic polyether, hydrophilic surface groups, and a highly branched architecture. PG monolayers are as protein resistant as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) SAMs and are significantly better than dextran-coated surfaces, which are currently used as the background for SPR spectroscopy. Due to the higher thermal and oxidative stability of the bulk PG as compared to the PEG and the easy accessibility of these materials, dendritic polyglycerols are novel and promising candidates as surface coatings for biomedical applications.
An Lrp-like Transcriptional Regulator from the ArchaeonPyrococcus furiosus Is Negatively Autoregulated (2000)

The archaeal transcriptional initiation machinery closely resembles core elements of the eukaryal polymerase II system. However, apart from the established basal archaeal transcription system, little is known about the modulation of gene expression in archaea. At present, no obvious eukaryal-like transcriptional regulators have been identified in archaea. Instead, we have previously isolated an archaeal gene, the Pyrococcus furiosus lrpA, that potentially encodes a bacterial-like transcriptional regulator. In the present study, we have for the first time addressed the actual involvement of an archaeal Lrp homologue in transcription modulation. For that purpose, we have produced LrpA in Escherichia coli. In a cell-free P. furiosus transcription system we used wild-type and mutated lrpA promoter fragments to demonstrate that the purified LrpA negatively regulates its own transcription. In addition, gel retardation analyses revealed a single protein-DNA complex, in which LrpA appeared to be present in (at least) a tetrameric conformation. The location of the LrpA binding site was further identified by DNaseI and hydroxyl radical footprinting, indicating that LrpA binds to a 46-base pair sequence that overlaps the transcriptional start site of its own promoter. The molecular basis of the transcription inhibition by LrpA is discussed.
Inhaled sodium cromoglycate in children with asthma (2002)

We note with interest the further correspondence concerning the systematic review of inhaled sodium cromoglycate as maintenance therapy in children with asthma1 from Professor M Silverman2 and Dr G Laszlo.3

Professor Silverman asked the authors to carry out separate calculations of the size of the treatment effect between inhaled sodium cromoglycate and placebo for school children and pre-school children. The results of these calculations show that the mean difference between inhaled sodium cromoglycate and placebo is greater for school children (cough 0.26, wheeze 0.29) than for pre-school children (cough …
Rhodium‐ and Platinum‐Catalyzed [4+3] Cycloaddition with Concomitant Indole Annulation: Synthesis of Cyclohepta[b]indoles (2013)

Various substituted cyclohepta[b]indoles were prepared from propargylic ethers and dienes by a tandem indole annulation/[4+3] cycloaddition (see scheme; Boc=tert-butoxycarbonyl). Both acyclic and cyclic dienes participated in the [4+3] cycloaddition to afford tri- and tetracyclic products, respectively. Electron-deficient phosphine or phosphite ligands facilitated the tandem reaction.
Noncytopathic Clearance of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus from the Hepatocyte (1999)

We have previously shown that interferon and tumor necrosis factor noncytopathically abolish hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication from the hepatocyte and kidney tubular epithelial cells in vivo. Here we show that a persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection is cleared from the hepatocyte noncytopathically when the same cytokines are induced in the liver by antigen-nonspecific stimuli. These results indicate that, like HBV, LCMV is also susceptible to intracellular inactivation by cytokine-induced antiviral mechanisms that are operative in the hepatocyte. In contrast, LCMV is not cleared from intrahepatic nonparenchymal cells or splenocytes, indicating that, unlike the hepatocyte, these cells do not produce the factors required to inactivate LCMV. Antiviral mechanisms like these may have evolved to maintain the functional integrity of vital organs in the face of massive infection.
Tour guide certification in the Australian ecotourism industry: conception to adulthood (2017)

Guides have many important roles to perform in the ecotourism experience, such as ensuring the safety of the visitor, providing accurate and compelling interpretation of sites, and modelling appropriate environmental and cultural behaviour. High guiding standards assist in serving this wide range of interests, although there are few examples to date of enforcement of guiding standards in ecotourism. Recent interest in accreditation and professional certification within the tourism industry can be attributed in part to recognition that consumers' expectations are higher, and they have a heightened awareness of service quality, improved safety and sustainable environmental issues. An ecotour guide certification program known as the EcoGuide Program has recently been developed in Australia. This program is a voluntary, industry initiative developed to provide recognition and reward best practice nature/ecotour guiding. As the EcoGuide Program matures it is envisaged that it will achieve its aim of maintaining and improving the quality of ecotour guiding, as well as raising the profile of guides as an integral part of the ecotourism experience. Using the analogy of the human life cycle, this paper outlines the background to and development of this professional certification program. This chronological review of the EcoGuide Program reflects the successes and challenges of developing an ecotour guide certification, and serves as a model for others exploring tour guide certification.
Intracutaneous vaccination of rabbits with the E6 gene of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus provides partial protection against virus challenge (1998)

DNA vaccination of rabbit skin with the L1 gene of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) has previously been shown to induce prophylactic immunity against CRPV. We now describe the effects of vaccination with the CRPV E6 gene, using the same approach. The experimental vaccine pdCMV-E6 encoded both the truncated and full length forms of CRPV E6 protein. The control vaccine pCMV-beta encoded beta galactosidase. Rabbits were vaccinated with DNA-coated gold particles, using a gene gun. Each rabbit received an initial vaccination with 30 micrograms DNA and 3 weeks later a booster vaccination, also with 30 micrograms DNA. pdCMV-E6-vaccinated rabbits developed E6-specific cellular immunity as determined by proliferation assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from animals prior to challenge, but did not develop detectable humoral immunity to E6 proteins, as evaluated by ELISA using two different E6 antigen preparations. Control rabbits developed humoral immunity to beta galactosidase. All rabbits were challenged by infection of nine skin sites with live CRPV virus and monitored for papilloma formation. None of four control rabbits was protected at any of the challenge sites. Of six rabbits vaccinated with pdCMV-E6, two were completely protected and one was virtually completely protected (tiny papillomas at just two of nine challenge sites). These three rabbits also exhibited significant E6-specific in vitro proliferative responses. The four E6 DNA-vaccinated rabbits that were not completely protected exhibited evidence of partial protection: some challenge sites did not form papillomas; papilloma onset was delayed; papilloma burden was less. These results demonstrate that partial prophylaxis against papillomavirus-induced disease can be achieved by intracutaneous vaccination with a recombinant plasmid encoding the papillomavirus.
High-Level Grafcet and Batch Control (1994)

The application of Grafcet to supervisory control applications with special emphasis on batch control is described. Grafchart, a Grafcet based G2 toolbox is presented. An industrial application where it is currently used on-line is described. High-Level Grafcahrt is an extension of Grafchart that is based on High-Level Petri nets and Object-Oriented Programming. It increases the parameterisation and structuring possibilities of Grafchart. The SP88 draft batch control standard is shown to be well suited for representation by High-Level Grafchart.
A comparison of the oleaginous yeast,Candida curvata, grown on different carbon sources in continuous and batch culture (1983)

The oleaginous yeast, Candida curvata D, was grown in both batch and continuous culture on 5 different carbon sources to compare the efficiency of fat production from the various substrates. Maximum lipid accumulation occurred in batch culture with xylose as the carbon source on nitrogen-limited medium reaching a level of 49% (w/w) of the biomass, but this was reduced to 37% at the optimum dilution rate (D = 0.05/hr) in a chemostat. Both the highest biomass and lipid yields were attained in continuous culture with lactose as the sole carbon source at a dilution rate of D = 0.04/hr, giving an efficiency of substrate conversion of 60 g of biomass and 18.6 g lipid per 100 g lactose utilized. The relative proportions of the major fatty acids (16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2) in the lipid were found to vary considerably in batch culture and in continuous culture under carbon-limited conditions. However, on nitrogen-limited media in the chemostat, the fatty acid composition remained relatively constant over the whole range of dilution rates employed. Lipid from xylose-grown cells contained the greatest percentage of stearic acid (18:0) 15% and the lowest linoleic acid (18:2) 4%, whereas lipid from ethanol-grown cells contained elevated levels of oleic acid (18:1) 51% and decreased palmitic acid (16:0) 25%.
Wound Healing--Aiming for Perfect Skin Regeneration (1997)

The healing of an adult skin wound is a complex process requiring the collaborative efforts of many different tissues and cell lineages. The behavior of each of the contributing cell types during the phases of proliferation, migration, matrix synthesis, and contraction, as well as the growth factor and matrix signals present at a wound site, are now roughly understood. Details of how these signals control wound cell activities are beginning to emerge, and studies of healing in embryos have begun to show how the normal adult repair process might be readjusted to make it less like patching up and more like regeneration.