gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Skin Graft Preservation (2011)

o. There are two different cryopreservation protocols used in skin preservation: slow freezing and quick freezing/snap frozen. Slow freezing can be achieved using a controlled-rate cooling apparatus (Blondet et al., 1982). There is an optimum cooling rate for any cell type that produces maximum cell survival. On either side of this optimum, the survival rate falls. In the presence of CPA, a cooling rate of -1 oC per minute will ensure survival of most of the cells within skin tissue. As the cooling rate is increased,cell populations are sequentially and adversely affected. Many cells in the body derived from leukocytes or closely related lineages are known to be exquisitely sensitive to cryogenic injury. The depletion of immunostimulatory “passenger leukocytes” was demonstrated by increasing the cooling rate for pancreatic islets of Langerhans while maintaining the viability of the insulinproducing islet cells (Ingham et al., 1993). This concept of cooling rate–dependent immunomodulation was evaluated for skin tissue. A cooling rate of -30襖/min was shown to maintain the viability of keratinocytes and fibroblasts while reducing the immunogenicity (as assessed by the mixed epidermal cell/lymphocyte response assay) of murine allografts by 95%. This was assumed to be due to an effect of the faster cooling rate on the major immunostimulatory cell in the skin—the Langerhans cell. Quick freezing/snap frozen is skin vitrification technique. Vitrification is defined as “the instant solidification of a solution brought about by an extreme elevation in viscosity during cooling, without ice crystal formation”. In other words, vitrification is faster and lacks some of the typical disadvantages seen in traditional slow freezing (Mukaida, 2003). It bypasses the ice-crystal formation phase and instantaneously solidifies into a glass-like structure, moves the water directly into a glass-like phase. In a glass, the molecules do not rearrange themselves into grainy ice crystals as the solution cools, but instead become locked together while still randomly arranged as in a fluid, forming a “solid liquid” as the temperature falls below the glass transition temperature (Silvestre et al., 2002). This technique was simple, and no expensive equipment was needed. Initially, this method needed a 2-step procedure because the cryoprotective agent was toxic. Kasai et al., (1990) modified this impractical to a 1-step method and incubated the skin with vitrification solution at room temperature and was transferred directly into liquid nitrogen.
Competitive Signaling Between TrkA and p75 Nerve Growth Factor Receptors Determines Cell Survival (1998)

In addition to its role as a survival factor, nerve growth factor (NGF) has been implicated in initiating apoptosis in restricted cell types both during development and after terminal cell differentiation. NGF binds to the TrkA tyrosine kinase and the p75 neurotrophin receptor, a member of the tumor necrosis factor cytokine family. To understand the mechanisms underlying survival versus death decisions, the TrkA receptor was introduced into oligodendrocyte cell cultures that undergo apoptosis in a p75-dependent manner. Here we report that activation of the TrkA NGF receptor in oligodendrocytes negates cell death by the p75 receptor. TrkA-mediated rescue from apoptosis correlated with mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Concurrently, activation of TrkA in oligodendrocytes resulted in suppression of c-jun kinase activity initiated by p75, whereas induction of NFkappaB activity by p75 was unaffected. These results indicate that TrkA-mediated rescue involves not only activation of survival signals but also simultaneous suppression of a death signal by p75. The selective interplay between tyrosine kinase and cytokine receptors provides a novel mechanism that achieves alternative cellular responses by merging signals from different ligand-receptor systems.
Treatment of cognitive impairment secondary to degenerative dementia. Effectiveness of oxiracetam therapy. (1993)

The effectiveness of Oxiracetam (1600 mg/day) versus placebo was assessed in a group of 96 out-patients suffering from cognitive disorders secondary to primary degenerative dementia. The study lasted twelve months and was performed in two stage, a) double-blind (26 weeks) and b) open study (26 weeks). The assessment of the results obtained at two, six and twelve months was carried out following both the methodology based on neuropsychological tests and scales, and the study of the simple reaction time by any of a computerized portable tachystoscope. The patients treated with Oxiracetam showed a statistically significant improvement of simple reaction time and cognitive function detected by the Attention matrix. In the placebo group after twelve months a significant worsening of cognitive and global function was observed in comparison with baseline scores. The patients themselves appeared in favor of Oxiracetam. The drug tolerability proved to be very good for the whole duration of the treatment. The authors believe that Oxiracetam favorably acts on the symptoms of senile cerebral deterioration and can improve the capability of information processing, as suggested by the better performances obtained at the reaction time test and at the Attentional Matrix test.
Comparative Biochemistry of Eumelanogenesis and the Protective Roles of Phenoloxidase and Melanin in Insects (2002)

The phenolic biopolymer eumelanin is an important skin pigment found throughout the animal kingdom. The enzyme, tyrosinase, initiates melanogenesis in mammals. The biogenesis is assisted by a number of mammalian protein factors including dopachrome tautomerase and 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylate oxidase. Invertebrates, such as insects, employ phenoloxidase and dopachrome (decarboxylating) isomerase for melanin biosynthesis. Recently generated molecular biological and biochemical data indicate that tyrosinase and phenoloxidase are distinctly different enzymes in spite of possessing both monophenol monooxygenase activity as well as o-diphenoloxidase activity. Similarly, insect dopachrome isomerase also differs significantly from its mammalian counterpart in several of its properties including the nature of the enzymatic reaction. In addition, there are considerable differences in the eumelanogenic pathways of these two animal groups that include the utility of substrates, use of dihydroxyindoles and the nature of eumelanin pigment. Thus, the biochemistry and molecular biology of melanogenesis in mammals and insects are significantly different. The advantages of generating different eumelanin pigments and intermediates by the insects are discussed.
<title>Hyperspectral imaging Fourier transform spectrometers for astronomical and remote sensing observations</title> (1994)

The Florida Institue of Technology and the Phillips Laboratory have developed several advanced visible (0.4-0.8 micrometers ) imaging fourier transform spectrometer (IFTS) brassboards, which simultaneously acquire one spatial and one spectral dimension of the hyperspectral image cube. The initial versions of these instruments may be scanned across a scene or configured with a scan mirror to pick up the second spatial dimension of the image cube. The current visible hyperspectral imagers possess a combination of features, including (1) low to moderate spectral resolution for hundreds/thousands of spectral channels, (2) robust design, with no moving parts, (3) detector limited free spectral range, (4) detector-limited spatial and spectral resolution, and (5) field widened operation. The utility of this type of instrument reaches its logical conclusion however, with an instrument designed to acquire all three dimensions of the hyperspectral image cube (both spatial and one spectral) simultaneously. In this paper we present the (1) detailed optical system designs for the brassboard instruments, (2) the current data acquisition system, (3) data reduction and analysis techniques unique to hyperspectral sensor systems which operate with photometric accuracy, and (4) several methods to modify the basic instrument design to allow simultaneous acquistion of the entire hyperspectral image cube. The hyperspectral sensor systems which are being developed and whose utility is being pioneered by Florida Tech and the Phillips Laboratory are applicable to numerous DoD and civil applications including (1) space object identification, (2) radiometrically correct satellite image and spectral signature database observations, (3) simultaneous spactial/spectral observations of booster plumes for strategic and surrogate tactical missile signature identification, and (4) spatial/spectral visible and IR astronomical observations with photometric accuracy.
Sensitivity of ALIAS to small variations in the dimension of fractal images (2003)

Based on collective learning systems theory, a transputer-based parallel processing image processing engine, known as ALIAS (adaptive learning image analysis system) has been applied to a difficult image processing problem: the detection of anomalies in otherwise normal images. To test its ability to detect small differences in the complexity of similar images, ALIAS was trained on a set of nondeterministic self-affine fractal images of dimension 2.10, and then tested with five unique sets of fractal images of dimension 2.12, 2.14, 2.16, 2.18, and 2.20. Formal experimental results revealed that ALIAS easily detected the difference between control images of fractal dimension 2.10 and test images of fractal dimension greater than 2.16. Informal observations suggest that this difference cannot be easily detected by the human eye.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Design of a distributed P2P-based content management middleware (2003)

There is an emerging need for Content Management Systems(CMS) enabling collaborative development, administration,and distribution of content over the Internet. ManyCMS solutions are currently based on a client/server architecturewith a central server for storage and management.While such centralized systems simplify management withrespect to data consistency, security, and accountability,they lack scalability and reliability. Pure peer-to-peer(P2P) network architectures are based on the assumptionthat no central server exists and has to be relied on, sincepeers collaboratively provide content and core systemfunctionality that would be provided otherwise by a singleserver. A P2P-based CMS scales much better, since availablesystem resources increase linearly with the number ofparticipating peers. In addition, the availability of the systemcan be raised without much effort, by increasing theredundancy of content across the peer.
All-glass Leakage Channel Fibers with Fluorine-doped Silica Pump Cladding (2009)

Direct amplification of ultra short pulses at 1037nm from fiber-oscillators to average powers of ~100 W at 48 MHz is demonstrated using single-stage amplifiers comprising new all-glass-leakage-channel-fibers, providing &gt;70% slope efficiency and &gt;33 dB gain.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Candidate Vaccine Breakthrough Infection (1995)

= F m X CLr/(fm X F) = F m <f X CLintlfm, where F; is the fraction of administered dose that is available systemically as GZDV, F is the fraction of administered dose that is available systemically as zidovudine (i.e., bioavailabilityj.j., is the fraction of systemically available zidovudine that is converted to GZDV, and fu is the fraction of zidovudine unbound in blood. We assumed that only GZDV formation in the liver accounts for F and metabolism, and the blood-to-plasma concentration radio of zidovudine is unity. The predicted change in CLr(o) can therefore be expressed as CLr(o),inhibited = 0.73 CLr(o),nonna' X (Fmlfm)inhibited X (fm/Fm)nonnal.
Molecular genetics of Drosophila alpha-actinin: mutant alleles disrupt Z disc integrity and muscle insertions. (1990)

We have isolated a Drosophila melanogaster alpha-actinin gene and partially characterized several mutant alleles. The Drosophila protein sequence is very similar (68% identity) to those of chicken alpha-actinin isoforms, but less closely related (30% identity) to Dictyostelium alpha-actinin. The gene is within subdivision 2C of the X chromosome, coincident with 15 lethal (1)2Cb mutations. At least four alleles, l(1)2Cb1, l(1)2Cb2, l(1)2Cb4, and l(1)2Cb5 are interrupted by rearrangement breakpoints and must be null. In all four cases, hemizygous mutants complete embryogenesis and do not die until the second day of larval growth, signifying that either the role of alpha-actinin in nonmuscle cells is redundant or that a distinct and only distantly related gene encodes the non-muscle isoform. Allelic but less severely affected fliA mutants are apparently due to point mutations, and develop into adults having thoracic muscle abnormalities. EM of mutant muscles reveals that Z discs and myofibrillar attachments are disrupted, whereas epithelial "tendon" cells are less affected. We discuss these phenotypes in the light of presumed in vivo alpha-actinin functions.
A fast algorithm for multiple-symbol differential detection of MPSK (1994)

Multiple-symbol differential detection (MSDD) of differentially encoded MPSK uses maximum likelihood sequence detection of N symbols to achieve a performance gain over conventional 2 symbol differential detection. The paper gives a fast (optimum) algorithm to implement MSDD. The number of operations per N symbol block is of order Nlog/sub 2/ N.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Identity Deception: Not a Crime for a Stem Cell (2005)

Stem cell transdifferentiation in the adult organism is the most common and questioned mechanism of growth and repair. Recent data suggest that adult stem cells are capable of generating mature cells beyond their own tissue boundaries, a process called developmental plasticity. To date, the most versatile cell discovered is the bone marrow progenitor cell.
Differential effects of the two amino acid sensing systems, the GCN2 kinase and the mTOR complex 1, on primary human alloreactive CD4+ T-cells (2016)

Amino acid deprivation activates general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) kinase and inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), affecting the immune response. In this study, the effects of GCN2 kinase activation or mTOR inhibition on human alloreactive CD4+ T-cells were evaluated. The mixed lymphocyte reaction, as a model of alloreactivity, the GCN2 kinase activator, tryptophanol (TRP), and the mTOR complex 1 inhibitor, rapamycin (RAP), were used. Both TRP and RAP suppressed cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis. These events were p53-independent in the case of RAP, but were accompanied by an increase in p53 levels in the case of TRP. TRP decreased the levels of the Th2 signature transcription factor, GATA-3, as RAP did, yet the latter also decreased the levels of the Th1 and Th17 signature transcription factors, T-bet and RORγt, whereas it increased the levels of the Treg signature transcription factor, FoxP3. Accordingly, TRP decreased the production of interleukin (IL)-4, as RAP did, but RAP also decreased the levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-17. Both TRP and RAP increased the levels of IL-10. As regards hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which upregulates the Th17/Treg ratio, its levels were decreased by RAP. TRP increased the HIF-1α levels, which however, remained inactive. In conclusion, our findings indicate that, in primary human alloreactive CD4+ T-cells, the two systems that sense amino acid deprivation affect cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation in different ways or through different mechanisms. Both mTOR inhibition and GCN2 kinase activation exert immunosuppressive effects, since they inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. As regards CD4+ T-cell differentiation, mTOR inhibition exerted a more profound effect, since it suppressed differentiation into the Th1, Th2 and Th17 lineages, while it induced Treg differentiation. On the contrary, the activation of GCN2 kinase suppressed only Th2 differentiation.
Pathological implications of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite formation (1993)

Conference Article| May 01 1993 Pathological implications of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite formation Joseph S. Beckman; Joseph S. Beckman 1Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar John P. Crow John P. Crow 1Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem Soc Trans (1993) 21 (2): 330–334. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0210330 Article history Received: December 16 1992 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation Joseph S. Beckman, John P. Crow; Pathological implications of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite formation. Biochem Soc Trans 1 May 1993; 21 (2): 330–334. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0210330 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search Keywords: EDRF, endothelium-derived relaxing factor, SOD, superoxide dismutase This content is only available as a PDF. © 1993 Biochemical Society1993 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
The Anti-HIV Cytokine Midkine Binds the Cell Surface-expressed Nucleolin as a Low Affinity Receptor (2002)

The growth factor midkine (MK) is a cytokine that inhibits the attachment of human immunodeficiency virus particles by a mechanism similar to the nucleolin binding HB-19 pseudopeptide. Here we show that the binding of MK to cells occurs specifically at a high and a low affinity binding site. HB-19 prevents the binding of MK to the low affinity binding site only. Confocal immunofluorescence laser microscopy revealed the colocalization of MK and the cell-surface-expressed nucleolin at distinct spots. The use of various deletion constructs of nucleolin then indicated that the extreme C-terminal end of nucleolin, containing repeats of the amino acid motif RGG, is the domain that binds MK. The specific binding of MK to cells is independent of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate expression. After binding to cells, MK enters cells by an active process. Interestingly, the cross-linking of surface-bound MK with a specific antibody results in the clustering of surface nucleolin along with glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins CD90 and CD59, thus, pointing out that MK binding induces lateral assemblies of nucleolin with specific membrane components of lipid rafts. Our results suggest that the cell surface-expressed nucleolin serves as a low affinity receptor for MK and could be implicated in its entry process.
Research progress in epidural spinal cord stimulation (2015)

Epidural spinal cord stimulation( ESCS) uses electrodes which can be implanted in the spinal canal to stimulate central neural system directly. At first,ESCS is applied in chronic pain inhibition. Up to now,ESCS has been widely used in the recovery of motor function and diagnosis of nervous system diseases and become a research hotspot in neural interface and rehabilitation engineering. Through summarizing the research history of ESCS in pain inhibition and motor function recovery,this article discusses the mechanism of ESCS and the optimization of the stimulation parameters. Then by emphasizing the application of ESCS in motor function recovery,the attention focuses on the study of implantable stimulator applied in motor function.Finally,the article gives a brief introduction on future development of ESCS.
Isolation, synthesis, and biological activity of five metabolites of danazol (1977)

Metabolites of danazol (17 alpha-pregna-2,4-dien-20-yno[2,3-d]isoxazol-17-ol), an orally effective pituitary gonadotropin inhibitory agent devoid of estrogenic and progestational activites, were isolated from urine of a female subject who had taken danzol orally at a dose of 800 mg/day for 7 days, The metabolites isolated were 17-hydroxy-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one (11), 17-hydroxy-2alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-17alpha-pregn-4-3n-20-yn-3-one (5), 17-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-17alpha-pregna-1,4-dien-20-yn-3-one(7), 6beta,17-dihydroxy-2alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-17alphapregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one(8), and 6beta, 17-dihydroxy-2(hydroxymethyl)-17alphapregna-1,4-dien-20yn-3-one(10). None of these metabolites exhibited pituitary inhibiting activity comparable to danazol.
Cattle lack vascular receptors for Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shiga toxins (2000)

Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes Shiga toxin (Stx)-mediated vascular damage, resulting in hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. These infections are often foodborne, and healthy carrier cattle are a major reservoir of E. coli O157:H7. We were interested in knowing why cattle are tolerant to infection with E. coli O157:H7. Cattle tissues were examined for the Stx receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb(3)), for receptivity to Stx binding in vitro, and for susceptibility to the enterotoxic effects of Stx in vivo. TLC was used to detect Gb(3) in tissues from a newborn calf. Gb(3) was detected by TLC in kidney and brain, but not in the gastrointestinal tract. Immunohistochemistry was used to define binding of Stx1 and Stx2 overlaid onto sections from cattle tissues. Stx1 and Stx2 bound to selected tubules in the cortex of the kidney of both newborn calves (n = 3) and adult cattle (n = 3). Stx did not bind to blood vessels in any of the six gastrointestinal and five extraintestinal organs examined. The lack of Gb(3) and of Stx receptivity in the gastrointestinal tract raised questions about the toxicity of Stx in bovine intestine. We found that neither viable E. coli O157:H7 nor Stx-containing bacterial extracts were enterotoxic (caused fluid accumulation) in ligated ileal loops in newborn calves. The lack of vascular receptors for Stx provides insight into why cattle are tolerant reservoir hosts for E. coli O157:H7.
Human E apoprotein heterogeneity. Cysteine-arginine interchanges in the amino acid sequence of the apo-E isoforms. (1981)

The abbreviations used are: apo-E, E apoprotein; VLDL, very low density lipoproteins; E isoforms, E-1, E-2, E-3, and E-4, using the onedimensional gel nomenclature established by Utermann et al. (17).Equivalency of the Zannis and Breslow (20) nomenclature with the Utermann system: p-11 pattern, E-4/E-4 genotype; p-111 pattern, E-3/E-3 genotype; D-IV pattern, E-2/E-2 genotype; a-I1 pattern, E-4/E-3 genotype; a-111 pattern, E-3/E-2 genotype; a-IV pattern, E-4/E-2 genotype.and several different animals (5-10).Metabolically, this Mr ' Expressed as residues per mole, assuming Ala = 1.0 (2 determinations).Converted to homoserine and homoserine lactone, which were present in all of these hydrolysates.Determined as cysteic acid.