gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PREVENTION OF INSULITIS AND DIABETES IN NONOBESE DIABETIC MICE BY ADMINISTRATION OF FK506 (1993)

We investigated the preventive effect of the immunosuppressive agent FK506 on autoimmune insulitis in nonobese diabetic mice. The mice were given FK506 in a dose of 1.0 mg/kg, every other day, from age 2 to 12, 2 to 6, and 4 to 12 weeks, respectively; after which, the incidence of insulitis and overt diabetes was monitored. Effects of FK506 on immune reactions to beta cells were also investigated by using both syngeneic and allogeneic islet transplants. Treatment with FK506 in mice from age 2 weeks prevented completely the onset of overt diabetes, and the incidence of insulitis was reduced to less than 10% at age 30 weeks. Treatment of mice with FK506 from age 4 weeks was less effective in preventing insulitis and the onset of diabetes. In case of islet transplantation, FK506 treatment of NOD mice from age 2 to 6 weeks prevented autoimmune responses both in syngeneic islets and in allogeneic islets, which share the same H-2 antigen with the nonobese diabetic mouse. These results also indicate that the recognition of islet antigens and the generation of autoimmune-reactive T lymphocytes start between 2 and 4 weeks of age, and FK506 prevents an autoimmune reaction.
Comparison of Current Flash EEPROM Erasing Methods: Stability and How to control (1992)

The effects of process and device parameter fluctuations of Flash EEPROM cells on the flash-erasing instabilities are systematically investigated using a simple analytical model and numerical simulation. Among various erase methods, the High voltage Source with grounded Erase (HSE) method is the most stable scheme for the control of erasing speed and erased threshold voltage distribution. The stability of HSE is caused by the reduced electric field fluctuations associated with cell parameter variations, due to the source bias effect, especially at the final stage of erasing. It is also found that the recently proposed selfconvergence scheme is an effective tool for suppressing the erased-V, distribution width, and that negative gate erase designs equipped with this method will be a powerful vehicle for the next generation scaled flash devices.
Studies on transfer ribonucleic acids and related compounds. IX(1)Ribo-oligonucleotide synthesis using a photosensitive o-nitrobenzyl protection at the 2′-hydroxyl group (1974)

o-Nitrobenzyl group was introduced to the 2'-hydroxyl function of uridine via 2',3'-O-(dibutylstannylene) uridine. The benzylated uridine was protected at the 5'-hydroxyl group with monomethoxytrityl chloride and condensed with 2',3'-O-dibenzoyluridine 5'-phosphate or N,N',2',3'-O-tetrabenzoyladenosine 5'-phosphate using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). o-Nitrobenzyl ether linkage of the dinucleotides was removed by UV irradiation with wavelength longer than 320 nm. Deprotected UpU and UpA thus obtained were characterized by RNase A digestion.
Effects of substitution of threonine 654 of the epidermal growth factor receptor on epidermal growth factor-mediated activation of phospholipase C. (1990)

Addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to many cell types activates phospholipase C resulting in increased levels of diacylglycerol and intracellular Ca2+ which may lead to activation of protein kinase C. EGF treatment of cells can also lead to phosphorylation of the EGF receptor at threonine 654 (a protein kinase C phosphorylation site) which appears to attenuate some aspects of receptor signaling. Thus, a feedback loop involving the EGF receptor, phospholipase C, and protein kinase C may regulate EGF receptor function. In this report, the role of phosphorylation of threonine 654 of the EGF receptor in regulation of EGF-stimulated activation of phospholipase C was investigated. NIH-3T3 cells expressing the normal human EGF receptor or expressing EGF receptor in which an alanine residue had been substituted at residue 654 of the receptor were used. Addition of EGF to cells expressing wild-type receptor induced a rapid, but transient, increase in phosphorylation of threonine 654. EGF addition also caused the rapid accumulation of inositol phosphates in these cells. EGF-stimulated accumulation of inositol phosphates was significantly higher in cells expressing Ala-654 receptors compared to control cells. Treatment of cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), which stimulated phosphorylation of threonine 654 to a greater degree than EGF, completely inhibited EGF-dependent inositol phosphate accumulation in cells expressing wild-type receptor, but caused only a 20-30% inhibition in Ala-654 expressing cells. EGF stimulated phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma on serine and tyrosine residues in cells expressing wild-type of Ala-654 receptors. However, TPA treatment of cells inhibited EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma only in cells expressing wild-type receptors. Similarly, TPA inhibited tyrosine-specific autophosphorylation of the EGF receptor and tyrosine phosphorylation of several other proteins in wild-type receptor cells, but not in Ala-654 cells. TPA treatment abolished high affinity binding of EGF to cells expressing wild-type receptors, while decreasing the number of high affinity binding sites 20-30% in Ala-654 cells. These data suggest that phosphorylation of threonine 654 can regulate early events in EGF receptor signal transduction such as phosphoinositide turnover, probably through a feedback mechanism involving protein kinase C. Subsequent dephosphorylation of threonine 654 could reactivate the EGF receptor for participation in later signaling events.
Multi-pitch and periodicity analysis model for sound separation and auditory scene analysis (1999)

A model for multi-pitch and periodicity analysis of complex audio signals is presented that is more efficient and practical than the Meddis and O'Mard (see J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol.102, p.1811-20, 1997) unitary pitch perception model, yet exhibits very similar behavior. We also demonstrate how to apply this model to source separation of complex audio signals such as polyphonic and multi-instrumental music and mixtures of simultaneous speakers. Such analysis techniques are important for automatic transcription of music and structural representation of audio signals.
Polyvalent Interactions in Biological Systems: Implications for Design and Use of Multivalent Ligands and Inhibitors (1998)

Found throughout biology, polyvalent interactions are characterized by the simultaneous binding of multiple ligands on one biological entity to multiple receptors on another (top part of the illustration) and have a number of characteristics that monovalent interactions do not (bottom). In particular, polyvalent interactions can be collectively much stronger than corresponding monovalent interactions, and they can provide the basis for mechanisms of both agonizing and antagonizing biological interactions that are fundamentally different from those available in monovalent systems.
A Paper-Based “Pop-up” Electrochemical Device for Analysis of Beta-Hydroxybutyrate (2016)

This paper describes the design and fabrication of a "pop-up" electrochemical paper-based analytical device (pop-up-EPAD) to measure beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)-a biomarker for diabetic ketoacidosis-using a commercial combination BHB/glucometer. Pop-up-EPADs are inspired by pop-up greeting cards and children's books. They are made from a single sheet of paper folded into a three-dimensional (3D) device that changes shape, and fluidic and electrical connectivity, by simply folding and unfolding the structure. The reconfigurable 3D structure makes it possible to change the fluidic path and to control timing; it also provides mechanical support for the folded and unfolded structures that enables good registration and repeatability on folding. A pop-up-EPAD designed to detect BHB shows performance comparable to commercially available plastic test strips over the clinically relevant range of BHB in blood when used with a commercial glucometer that integrates the ability to measure glucose and BHB (combination BHB/glucometer). With simple modifications of the electrode and the design of the fluidic path, the pop-up-EPAD also detects BHB in buffer using a simple glucometer-a device that is more available than the combination BHB/glucometer. Strategies that use a "3D pop-up"-that is, large-scale changes in 3D structure and fluidic paths-by folding/unfolding add functionality to EPADs (e.g., controlled timing, fluidic handling and path programming, control over complex sequences of steps, and alterations in electrical connectivity) and should enable the development of new classes of paper-based diagnostic devices.
SU-E-T-613: A Method to Improve Cone Beam CT Image Quality and Hounsfield Units Accuracy for Prostate Proton Treatment Planning (2011)

Purpose: Cone-beam CT provides 3D anatomical images which could be utilized for adaptive proton therapy. However, CBCT imaging artifacts produces inaccurate Hounsfield Units (HU) that might severely impair its application in proton planning. Specially, the uncertainty of the beam range might increase do to this HU inaccuracies. The goal of this study is to develop a methodology to improve CBCT HU accuracy as it relates to proton planning for prostate cancer patients. Methods: In-house MATLAB routines were created to correct for HU in CBCT. CT and CBCT images were acquired at different lateral, longitudinal, and vertical positions for both, a water phantom and Catphan 504 heterogeneous phantom to evaluate uniformity and HU non-uniformity, respectively. Then, CT and CBCT images were acquired for a pelvis phantom and for prostate cancer patients. The Matlab routines were used to correct for CBCT global shifts in HU and contrast in these images. Finally, the results were compared and the HU corrections were evaluated Results: Uniformity and contrast in CBCT images were corrected. For example, the HU values decreased at a rate of 30HU/cm in the raw CBCT vs. 16HU/cm along the lateral direction for the processed CBCT image for high density objects. The contrast increased around 25% and 30% between fat/soft tissue and soft tissue/bone, respectively, at the periphery of prostate patients. For example, the femoral heads bone goes from 729 in CBCT to 813 in processed CBCT while in the CT image it is 916HU. This is a 9% increase in accuracy (from 80% to 89%). Conclusions: The potential of CBCT to be used for adaptive proton treatment planning for prostate patient has been investigated. Because inaccuracies of HU are predictable, Cone Beam CT images can be processed to yield accurate enough dose distribution for proton planning.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: PTPN22 C1858T Polymorphism in Women with Endometriosis (2010)

The data suggest that in Brazilian women polymorphism PTPN22 (C1858T) may be an important genetic predisposing factor for endometriosis, especially, in advanced disease.
The role of DNA damage repair in aging of adult stem cells (2007)

DNA repair maintains genomic stability and the loss of DNA repair capacity results in genetic instability that may lead to a decline of cellular function. Adult stem cells are extremely important in the long-term maintenance of tissues throughout life. They regenerate and renew tissues in response to damage and replace senescent terminally differentiated cells that no longer function. Oxidative stress, toxic byproducts, reduced mitochondrial function and external exposures all damage DNA through base modification or mis-incorporation and result in DNA damage. As in most cells, this damage may limit the survival of the stem cell population affecting tissue regeneration and even longevity. This review examines the hypothesis that an age-related loss of DNA damage repair pathways poses a significant threat to stem cell survival and longevity. Normal stem cells appear to have strict control of gene expression and DNA replication whereas stem cells with loss of DNA repair may have altered patterns of proliferation, quiescence and differentiation. Furthermore, stem cells with loss of DNA repair may be susceptible to malignant transformation either directly or through the emergence of cancer-prone stem cells. Human diseases and animal models of loss of DNA repair provide longitudinal analysis of DNA repair processes in stem cell populations and may provide links to the physiology of aging.
Rehospitalization for Respiratory Illness in Infants of Less Than 32 Weeks' Gestation (1991)

All 133 surviving infants of gestational age less than or equal to 32 weeks born July 1, 1985, to June 30, 1986, as well as a socioeconomically matched full-term control group were observed prospectively for 2 years to determine the incidence of rehospitalization for respiratory illness. Perinatal and seasonal factors associated with increased risk for such hospitalizations were also examined. Forty-seven (36%) preterm infants were rehospitalized compared with 3 (2.5%) of 121 term infants (P less than .001). Preterm infants with and without rehospitalization were similar for mean birth weight (1104 +/- 329 g and 1188 +/- 360 g, respectively) and gestational age (28 +/- 2 weeks for both groups); however, infants who were subsequently rehospitalized had required more days of mechanical ventilation, supplemental oxygen therapy, and neonatal intensive care. While a history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia was a risk factor for rehospitalization (45% compared with 25% of those without bronchopulmonary dysplasia, P less than .05), preterm infants with no history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia still showed a 10-fold increase compared with control infants. Among the 43 infants who required no mechanical ventilation beyond the day of birth, 10 (23%) required rehospitalization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Introduction and use of non‐native species for aquaculture inChina: status, risks and management solutions (2013)

Abstract Aquaculture is one of the fast‐growing industries in the past decades. The fast expansion of aquaculture largely relies on the introduction and use of non‐native species. This forms a paradox: some species significantly contribute to the fast expansion of aquaculture, while negative effects associated with unregulated introduction and irresponsible use of non‐native species are increasing in number and area affected. However, lessons from reported disasters are slowly learned, and risks raised have been highly overlooked. Here, we discuss the known and potential risks derived from the introduction and use of non‐native species in China to urge the necessity of incorporating sound management into sustainable aquaculture. Sound management needs to be performed based on the characteristics of each aquaculture activity or related event. We discuss risks based on aquaculture activities or related events popularly employed in the past decades in China, including (i) transfers of non‐native species; (ii) fellow travellers, accidental introductions; (iii) artificial hybridization; and (iv) mass release of non‐native species for ranching. For each aquaculture activity or related event, we provide general background, status of this activity, risks raised and recommendations for management. Finally, we call for the collaboration of researchers from academia, government and aquaculture industry for proper risk assessment and sound management for sustainable development of aquaculture.
Wi-Fi hotspot networks sprout like mushrooms (2002)

What began as a plaything among technology buffs in the United States has quietly evolved into the fastest-growing wireless data application in the world. All over, networks based on the IEEE's 802.11b wireless local-area networking standard, known also by the commercial trademark Wi-Fi, have been springing up-and not only in businesses and other self-contained organizations but in public places like waiting rooms and coffee shops as well. Now, increasingly, service companies are stringing these "hotspot" networks together to create what could soon be the world's largest wireless data network. It is in Europe, however, where the creation of transregional Wi-Fi networks may be taking off the fastest and where opportunities and challenges are coming into sharpest relief. IEEE 802.11b has prompted some serious concern about its potential impact on third-generation mobile technologies. The Europeans have championed 3G cellular telephony in global standards organizations, as a successor to its hugely successful Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM).
Mediators of brain edema and secondary brain damage (1988)

Progress is our understanding of the roles of vasogenic and cytotoxic brain edema in secondary brain damage can be expected from studies of the ability of biochemical factors to open the blood-brain barrier, derange the microcirculation, and cause cell swelling and necrosis. Mediator compounds are considered to form or to become released in an area of primarily damaged brain (necrosis) and to enter the cerebral parenchyma through the broken blood-brain barrier from the intravascular space. Many biochemical factors must be considered. We suggested three criteria for determining the roles of mediators: a) they must inflict brain tissue damage, b) they must occur in pathologic concentrations or in compartments not normally present, and c) specific inhibition should attenuate secondary brain damage. These requirements are met by the kallikrein-kinin system and by glutamate. In the case of arachidonic acid and its many metabolites, the concept is difficult to test because fatty acids may be active only if not bound to proteins, and therapeutic inhibition might be difficult. A variety of mediators may enhance each other in a cascade manner by various initiating reactions that might be amenable for pharmacologic inhibition.
Female reproductive cycle influences plasma volume and protein restitution after hemorrhage in the conscious rat (1996)

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that gender and female reproductive cycle phase influence the restitution of blood volume following blood loss. The experiments were performed in conscious 9- to 11-wk-old Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to a slow hemorrhage of 19 ml/kg over 40 min. The effect of hemorrhage was compared in male rats and in female rats in either proestrus (Pro) or metestrus (Met). In comparison with either metestrus females or males, females hemorrhaged on the morning of proestrus showed a significantly larger overall decrease in percent hematocrit (Pro, -17 +/- 1; Met, -10 +/- 1; male, -13 +/- 1; mean +/- SE), increase in plasma volume (Pro, to 151 +/- 15% of initial volume; Met, 104 +/- 8%; male, 120 +/- 4%), and increase in total plasma protein content (Pro, to 164 +/- 14% of initial content; Met, 101 +/- 5%; male, 132 +/- 5%) over the 21-h posthemorrhage recovery period. Proestrus females also showed a larger increase in plasma osmolality during the first 2.5-h posthemorrhage than either metestrus females or males (P < 0.05). In addition, basal hematocrit and total blood volume (51Cr-tagged erythrocyte method) were higher in females studied on the morning of proestrus than in metestrus females. These results indicate that the female reproductive cycle is an important variable in basal blood volume regulation and in plasma protein and plasma volume restitution following blood loss.
Engineered Recombinant Factor VII Q217 Variants with Altered Inhibitor Specificities (1999)

Recombinant factor VII with residue 217 (chymotrypsinogen numbering system) converted to alanine (VIIQ217A), glutamic acid (VIIQ217E), or glycine (VIIQ217G) was characterized. In a prothrombin time assay, VIIQ217E demonstrated 100%, VIIQ217A 15%, and VIIQ217G <1% clotting activities relative to wild-type VII. Binding of VIIQ217A and VIIQ217G to TF was comparable to that of wild-type VII to TF. All the variants were readily activated by factor Xa. Autoactivation in the presence of TF was efficient with VIIQ217E, slow with VIIQ217A, but undetected with VIIQ217G. Relative to wild-type VII added at the same concentration, VIIQ217E had no effect on the PT of normal plasma, whereas VIIQ217A slightly and VIIQ217G dramatically prolonged the clotting time in a dose-dependent manner. Activation of macromolecular substrates paralleled this functional inhibition. The k(cat)/K(M) values for factor X activation in the presence of TF were 2.4 for VIIaQ217E as compared to 1.9 (M(-)(1) s(-)(1) x 10(7)) for wild-type VIIa, 1.57 for VIIaQ217A, and 0.05 with VIIaQ217G. In comparison to wild-type VIIa, VIIaQ217E cleaved the chromogenic substrate S2765 (Z-D-Arg-Gly-Arg-pNA) with 10-fold higher k(cat). Analysis of the interactions with the inhibitors TFPI and antithrombin III demonstrated that VIIaQ217A but not VIIaQ217E or VIIaQ217G was inhibited less efficiently by TFPI either in the presence or in the absence of factor Xa. In contrast, VIIaQ217A association with antithrombin III in the presence of heparin was the fastest among the variants with a second-order rate constant of 2.31 (x10(3) M(-)(1) min(-)(1)), as compared to 0.47 and 1.47 for VIIaQ217E and wild-type VIIa, respectively. Our results demonstrate that residue Q(217) is important in regulating substrate and, more importantly, inhibitor recognition by VIIa.
Anticancer effects of sweet potato protein on human colorectal cancer cells (2013)

SPP exerts significant antiproliferative and antimetastatic effects on human colorectal cancer cell lines, both in vitro and in vivo.
Digital Time Division Switching for Military Communications (1979)

This paper describes system designs and design techniques applied in the design of a digital time-division switching system for a military communication network. The digital switches are interconnected by bit interleaved digital time-division multiplexed trunk groups. The switching system uses an advanced non-blocking, bit interleaved, digital time-division switch matrix to switch synchronous voice and data communications. The nodes of the model network are timed by high accuracy atomic clocks and use first-in-first-out buffers to compensate for clock frequency differences. The digital switching system uses common channel digital message signaling to communicate signaling and supervision data between connected switching centers. Signaling channels use a comprehensive error control system to provide reliable signaling and maintain signaling throughput in adverse transmission noise environments. The switching system's stored program control provides a telephone switching system which can be applied to many different networks. The flexible stored program control enables the same hardware system to perform switching for networks with different network signaling and/or routing/numbering plans.
Animal Models of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (2007)

Spinal muscular atrophy, a common autosomal recessive motor neuron disorder, is caused by the loss of the survival motor neuron gene (SMN1). SMN2, a nearly identical copy gene, is present in all spinal muscular atrophy patients but differs by a critical nucleotide that alters exon 7 splicing efficiency. This results in low survival motor neuron protein levels, which are not enough to sustain motor neurons. SMN disruption has been undertaken in different organisms (yeast, nematode, fly, zebrafish, and mouse) in an attempt to model this disease and gain fundamental knowledge about the survival motor neuron protein. This review compares the various animal models generated to date and summarizes a research picture that reveals a pleiotropic role for survival motor neuron protein; this summary also points to unique requirements for survival motor neuron protein in motor neurons. It is hoped that these observations will aid in pointing towards complementary paths for therapeutic discovery research.