gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Miniglucagon (MG)-Generating Endopeptidase, which Processes Glucagon into MG, Is Composed of N-Arginine Dibasic Convertase and Aminopeptidase B (2004)

Miniglucagon (MG), the C-terminal glucagon fragment, processed from glucagon by the MG-generating endopeptidase (MGE) at the Arg17-Arg18 dibasic site, displays biological effects opposite to that of the mother-hormone. This secondary processing occurs in the glucagon- and MG-producing alpha-cells of the islets of Langerhans and from circulating glucagon. We first characterized the enzymatic activities of MGE in culture media from glucagon and MG-secreting alphaTC1.6 cells as made of a metalloendoprotease and an aminopeptidase. We observed that glucagon is a substrate for N-arginine dibasic convertase (NRDc), a metalloendoprotease, and that aminopeptidase B cleaves in vitro the intermediate cleavage products sequentially, releasing mature MG. Furthermore, immunodepletion of either enzyme resulted in the disappearance of the majority of MGE activity from the culture medium. We found RNAs and proteins corresponding to both enzymes in different cell lines containing a MGE activity (mouse alphaTC1.6 cells, rat hepatic FaO, and rat pituitary GH4C1). Using confocal microscopy, we observed a granular immunostaining of both enzymes in the alphaTC1.6 and native rat alpha-cells from islets of Langerhans. By immunogold electron microscopy, both enzymes were found in the mature secretory granules of alpha-cells, close to their substrate (glucagon) and their product (MG). Finally, we found NRDc only in the fractions from perfused pancreas that contain glucagon and MG after stimulation by hypoglycemia. We conclude that MGE is composed of NRDc and aminopeptidase B acting sequentially, providing a molecular basis for this uncommon regulatory process, which should be now addressed in both physiological and pathophysiological situations.
Crystal structure of 2C helicase from enterovirus 71 (2017)

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major pathogen responsible for outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease. EV71 nonstructural protein 2C participates in many critical events throughout the virus life cycle; however, its precise role is not fully understood. Lack of a high-resolution structure made it difficult to elucidate 2C activity and prevented inhibitor development. We report the 2.5 Å-resolution crystal structure of the soluble part of EV71 2C, containing an adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) domain, a cysteine-rich zinc finger with an unusual fold, and a carboxyl-terminal helical domain. Unlike other AAA+ ATPases, EV71 2C undergoes a carboxyl terminus-mediated self-oligomerization, which is dependent on a specific interaction between the carboxyl-terminal helix of one monomer and a deep pocket formed between the ATPase and the zinc finger domains of the neighboring monomer. The carboxyl terminus-mediated self-oligomerization is fundamental to 2C ATPase activity and EV71 replication. Our findings suggest a strategy for inhibition of enterovirus replication by disruption of the self-oligomerization interface of 2C.
Survey of estimation techniques in image restoration (1991)

Blurred and noisy images can often be represented as nonstationary 2D stochastic processes that can be modeled by a set of linear space-varying state equations, or by an ARMA input-output equation with space-varying coefficients. Liner difference equation models for characterizing both images and their degraded observations are reviewed. The models are then expressed in state-space form suitable for Kalman filtering and in input-output equation form suitable for maximum likelihood parameter identification and ARMA smoothing. Recent methods for blur identification, image parameter identification, and simultaneous image and blur identification are reviewed. The fundamentals of image restoration are briefly summarized, and three approaches are discussed: iterative deterministic regularized restoration, restoration using optimal filtering, and adaptive restoration. Some representative results are given, and recommendations for future research topics are made.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Innovative high-performance nanowire-grid polarizers and integrated isolators (2005)

We developed a new type of wire-grid polarizer, the so-called nanowire-grid polarizer, which has achieved commercial quality optical performance and reliability. The nanowire-grid polarizer has cores composed of silicon dioxide nanowalls with metal coating on one side. These cores are surrounded by multilayer thin films for antireflection. The core nanowire grid utilizes nano-sized high-aspect ratio dielectric walls as a support for forming a high aspect ratio metal nanowire grid, which significantly reduces energy loss due to metal absorption for the transmitted beam while achieving high extinction ratio for the blocked beam. For all design simulations, we utilized a rigorous coupled-wave analysis and modal method. The nanowire-grid structure was fabricated by a wafer-based nanoreplication lithography and pattern-transfer techniques, which are capable of producing a large-area high aspect ratio nanostructure with high throughput and low cost. The optical performance of the nanowire-grid polarizer was characterized thoroughly. Furthermore, the nanowire-grid polarizer has been integrated monolithically with a Faraday magnetooptic garnet, which results in an integrated semi-isolator. Full free-space isolators based on the integrated semi-isolators have been also developed, which achieved excellent performance, good enough for commercial applications.
Solid-Phase Synthesis in the Twenty-First Century (2005)

Solid-phase synthesis is a powerful tool for achieving high-throughput chemistry. This review discusses recent diverse examples from my group: the solid-phase synthesis of unsymmetrical guanidines, polymer-supported versions of cyclooctadiene and 9-BBN, a triflate-like linker, the synthesis of tetrahydro-beta-carbolines by the acyliminium Pictet-Spengler reaction, and a total synthesis of the antimycobacterial cyclic depsipeptide natural product kahalalide A.
A novel image tag completion method based on convolutional neural network (2017)

In the problems of image retrieval and annotation, complete textual tag lists of images play critical roles. However, in real-world applications, the image tags are usually incomplete, thus it is important to learn the complete tags for images. In this paper, we study the problem of image tag complete and proposed a novel method for this problem based on a popular image representation method, convolutional neural network (CNN). The method estimates the complete tags from the convolutional filtering outputs of images based on a linear predictor. The CNN parameters, linear predictor, and the complete tags are learned jointly by our method. We build a minimization problem to encourage the consistency between the complete tags and the available incomplete tags, reduce the estimation error, and reduce the model complexity. An iterative algorithm is developed to solve the minimization problem. Experiments over benchmark image data sets show its effectiveness.
Planar Inverted-F Antennas for Small Multi-Standard Handsets (2005)

Three small multi-band planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) are presented. They have been developed to be used in future small multi-standard handsets. Mobile communication (GSM1800, UMTS), wireless local area network (WLAN) (IEEE 802.11b, HiperLAN2) and wireless personal area network (WPAN) (Bluetooth) standards have been envisaged. Prototypes have been designed, fabricated and tested. Good agreement has been obtained between numerical simulations and experimental results.
Polarized Reflectance Spectroscopy for Pre-Cancer Detection (2004)

Early detection of cancer and its curable precursors remains the best way to ensure patient survival and quality of life. Thus, highly selective, sensitive and cost-effective screening and diagnostic techniques to identify curable pre-cancerous lesions are desperately needed. Precancers are characterized by increased nuclear size, increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, hyperchromasia and pleomorphism, which currently can only be assessed through an invasive, painful biopsy. Here, we describe the development of a non-invasive optical technique based on polarized reflectance spectroscopy that has the potential to provide in real time diagnostically useful information for pre-cancer detection. Our results demonstrate that polarized reflectance spectroscopy can be used to selectively detect the size-dependent scattering characteristics of nuclei in vivo. We gradually progress from cell suspensions to realistic three-dimensional tissue models of epithelium, then to cervical biopsies and, finally to in vivo studies on normal volunteers and clinical patients.
Key Criteria for a Successful Microseismic Project (2010)

Abstract As microseismic monitoring expands, a wide variety of monitoring configurations have evolved including vertical, horizontal and deviated observation wells as well as surface and near-surface monitoring. All monitoring configurations have a common data quality indicator: signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) such that the higher the SNR the more accurate and confident the results. The key criteria for a successful microseismic project therefore primarily involve maximizing SNR. Data acquisition can be designed to optimize SNR by using low-noise equipment designed to record appropriate data quality, deployed as close as possible to the target zone. Sample rate should be tailored to the signal bandwidth, and the equipment should also have optimal directional response although for individual microseismic events both will be controlled by the data SNR. Finally, the position of the sensor array will control the fundamental location accuracy, although this will be commonly be a trade-off with SNR depending on logistical constraints of monitoring wellbore access. Recent processing techniques based on seismic migration methods, offer automated and repeatable processing with inherent signal conditioning which provided SNR improvement. Associated with the automated processing is the ability of realtime delivery of all the microseismic events for realtime stimulation decisions. A demonstration with an automatically processed dataset, illustrated the importance of filtering the events based on SNR. Low SNR events had higher location uncertainty, such that both the volume of the microseismic cloud and its aspect ratio were made anomalously large. An accurate microseismic image was produced by filtering out the low confidence, low SNR events. Beyond the geophysical processing aspects, it is equally important that the microseismic project be designed so that engineering value can be extracted by determining valuable fracture details or answering key questions.
Blockade of long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal CA1 region by inhibitors of protein synthesis (1984)

Long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus has attracted attention as a model of neuronal plasticity in the central nervous system. Although accumulating evidence associates protein synthesis with LTP, there is no direct proof that protein synthesis is actually required for the production of LTP. Therefore, we have examined the ability of some inhibitors of protein synthesis to modify LTP in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampal slice. Incubation for 30 min in the presence of emetine, cycloheximide, or puromycin decreased the frequency of occurrence of LTP in field CA1 elicited by repetitive stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals. This blockade was dose dependent and correlated with the ability of individual inhibitors to inhibit incorporation of [3H]valine into proteins. LTP blockade was irreversible for the irreversible inhibitor emetine and was reversible for the reversible inhibitor cycloheximide. Blockade of LTP required a substantial preincubation period to be effective. Even at the highest concentration of emetine used to block LTP, no effect on any intracellularly recorded membrane properties was observed. In contrast, the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin was unable to block LTP. Puromycin aminonucleoside, a structural analogue of puromycin which is inactive in inhibiting protein synthesis, was ineffective in blocking LTP. These experiments demonstrate that a variety of protein synthesis inhibitors are able to block the production of LTP in field CA1, suggesting the necessity for a set of newly synthesized or rapidly turned over proteins for hippocampal LTP.
Inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Prevents Retinal Ischemia—Associated Iris Neovascularization in a Nonhuman Primate (1996)

These data demonstrate that VEGF is required for iris neovascularization in an adult nonhuman primate eye. The inhibition of VEGF is a new potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ocular neovascularization.
Enhancement of colorectal tumor targeting using a novel biparatopic monoclonal antibody against carcinoembryonic antigen in experimental radioimmunoguided surgery (2001)

Biparatopic CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen (MAb) was newly designed and tested as to whether it enhanced the accuracy of tumor detection by reducing non-specific binding in experimental radioimmunoguided surgery. Biparatopic MAb was prepared by using cross-linking of reduced Fab' fragments from PR1A3 and T84.66. Fifty-nine tumors from 2 human colorectal carcinoma cell lines with high (KM-12c) and low (Clone A) carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) expression were successfully implanted subcutaneously on the backs of 42 nude mice. Tumors were localized using 125I-labeled MAbs: IgG, F(ab')(2) and Fab' of PR1A3, and biparatopic MAb of PR1A3 and T84.66. Radioactivity counted on a portable radioisotope detector correlated well with that counted on a gamma counter (p < 0.001). Accumulations of radioactivity in control mice without tumorigenesis were the greatest in PR1A3 IgG-pretreated mice and the least in biparatopic MAb-pretreated mice. Tumors of 2 cell lines did not differ in the distribution of radiolabeled MAbs. Localization indices of the tumor in various organs revealed 1.3 to 4.1 in PR1A3 IgG-pretreated mice, 2.4 to 6.6 in fragment MAbs of PR1A3-pretreated mice and 2 to 4.6 in biparatopic MAb-pretreated mice. Silver grains and immune staining were predominantly distributed in tumor cells of all types of MAb-pretreated mice. Sensitivity and specificity of tumor localization by radioimmunoguided surgery (RIGS) were the highest in the biparatopic MAb-pretreated mice (90.9% and 94.5%, respectively) and the least in the PR1A3 IgG-pretreated mice (50% and 72%). The biparatopic MAb using 2 anti-CEA MAbs against different epitopes achieved a great affinity and avidity with accurate localization of colorectal carcinoma in experimental radioimmunoguided surgery.
S4–02–02: Neuroimaging in the study of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (2006)

Neuroimaging techniques promise to help in the early detection, tracking, clinical evaluation, and scientific study of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the evaluation of putative disease–slowing treatments. The AD Neuroimaging Initiative and other research projects are now using these techniques to study patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), many of whom have AD neuropathology and subsequent progression to Alzheimer's dementia. To provide a perspective on the role of neuroimaging techniques in the study of amnestic MCI. Selective literature review of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET), and fibrillar amyloid imaging in the study of amnestic MCI. Using volumetric MRI, patients with amnestic MCI who subsequently progressed to Alzheimer's dementia were distinguished from other MCI patients by significantly smaller baseline hippocampal volumes and medial temporal gray matter density and by significantly greater one–to–two–year declines in whole brain volume and medial temporal, posterior cingulate, precuneus, and temporal cortex gray matter density (e.g., Jack 2005; Chetelat 2005). Using FDG PET, patients with amnestic MCI who subsequently progressed to Alzheimer's dementia were distinguished from other MCI patients by significantly lower baseline measurements of posterior cingulate and parietotemporal glucose metabolism (e.g., Drzezga 2003) and by significantly greater one–year declines in prefrontal, posterior cingulate, and parietal glucose metabolism (Drzezga 2003). In a small preliminary fibrillar amyloid–binding PET study, amnestic MCI patients had either “AD–like” or “control–like” radioligand retention in posterior cingulate, parietal, and prefrontal cortex (Price 2005). Neuroimaging studies of amnestic MCI could help detect and track brain changes that predict subsequent progression to Alzheimer's dementia, identify patients at highest risk for AD, and provide a cost–effective way to evaluate putative disease–slowing (i.e., secondary prevention) therapies in the earliest clinical stages of AD. Meantime, neuroimaging studies of cognitively normal persons at differential genetic risk could help detect and track brain changes associated with predisposition to AD, predict rates of subsequent cognitive decline and progression to MCI, help evaluate genetic and non–genetic modifiers of AD risk, and provide a cost–effective way to evaluate putative primary prevention therapies.
Integrin beta-8 (ITGB8) silencing reverses gefitinib resistance of human hepatic cancer HepG2/G cell line. (2015)

Hepatic cancer is a class of cancer that is relatively insensitive to chemotherapy, and cancers that harbor EGFR active mutations are more sensitive to EGFR-TK inhibitor such as gefitinib, which becomes the first-line treatment of this subtype of cancer. However, almost all patients treated with gefitinib will develop drug resistance. Here we show that a protein called integrin beta-8 (ITGB8) when over-expressed, is correlated with the gefitinib resistance of hepatic cancer cell line HepG2/G. After ITGB8 silencing, the drug resistance is reversed as the cell proliferation decreases and apoptosis rate increases significantly by gefitinib treatment when compared to HepG2/G. We demonstrated that multi-drug resistant proteins ABCB1, ABCC2 and ABCG2, anti-apoptosis proteins like survivin and Bcl-2, and cycle promoting protein CDK1 are involved in drug resistance of HepG2/G. Other drug-resistance relative proteins like SOD, GST, TS and HIF-1 are also modulated by ITGB8 silencing, but their role in this gefitinib resistance might be indirect. TGF beta pathway could be a critical pathway by which ITGB8 modulates the sensitivity of HepG2/G to gefitinib.
A survey of methylated candidate tumor suppressor genes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (2010)

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare malignancy with unique genetic, viral and environmental characteristic that distinguishes it from other head and neck carcinomas. The clinical management of NPC remains challenging largely due to the lack of early detection strategies for this tumor. In our study, we have sought to identify novel genes involved in the pathogenesis of NPC that might provide insight into this tumor's biology and could potentially be used as biomarkers. To identify these genes, we studied the epigenetics of NPC by characterizing a panel of methylation markers. Eighteen genes were evaluated by quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cell lines as well as in tissue samples including 50 NPC tumors and 28 benign nasopharyngeal biopsies. Significance was evaluated using Fisher's exact test and quantitative values were optimized using cut off values derived from receiver-operator characteristic curves. The methylation status of AIM1, APC, CALCA, deleted in colorectal carcinomas (DCC), DLEC, deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC1), estrogen receptor alpha (ESR), FHIT, KIF1A and PGP9.5 was significantly associated with NPC compared to controls. The sensitivity of the individual genes ranged from 26 to 66% and the specificity was above 92% for all genes except FHIT. The combination of PGP9.5, KIF1A and DLEC had a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 92%. Ectopic expression of DCC and DLC1 lead to decrease in colony formation and invasion properties. Our results indicate that methylation of novel biomarkers in NPC could be used to enhance early detection approaches. Additionally, our functional studies reveal previously unknown tumor suppressor roles in NPC.
Distributed cochannel interference control in cellular radio systems (1992)

Distributed power control algorithms that use only the carrier-to-interference ratios (C/I ratios) in those links actually in use are investigated. An algorithm that successfully approximates the behavior of the best known algorithms is proposed. The algorithm involves a novel distributed C/I-balancing scheme. Numerical results show that capacity gains on the order of 3-4 times can be reached also with these distributed schemes. Further, the effects of imperfect C/I estimates due to noise vehicle mobility, and fast multipath fading are considered. Results show that the balancing procedure is very robust to measurement noise, in particular if C/I requirements are low or moderate. However, for required high C/I levels or for a rapidly changing path loss matrix, convergence may be too slow to achieve substantial capacity improvements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A Prospective Analysis of the HOMA Model: The Mexico City Diabetes Study (1996)

We conclude that the HOMA provides a useful model to assess beta-cell function in epidemiological studies and that it is important to take into account the degree of IR in assessing insulin secretion.
Seed-Specific Heterologous Expression of a Nasturtium FAE Gene in Arabidopsis Results in a Dramatic Increase in the Proportion of Erucic Acid (2004)

The fatty acid elongase [often designated FAE or beta-(or 3-) ketoacyl-CoA synthase] is a condensing enzyme and is the first component of the elongation complex involved in synthesis of erucic acid (22:1) in seeds of garden nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus). Using a degenerate primers approach, a cDNA of a putative embryo FAE was obtained showing high homology to known plant elongases. This cDNA contains a 1,512-bp open reading frame that encodes a protein of 504 amino acids. A genomic clone of the nasturtium FAE was isolated and sequence analyses indicated the absence of introns. Northern hybridization showed the expression of this nasturtium FAE gene to be restricted to the embryo. Southern hybridization revealed the nasturtium beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase to be encoded by a small multigene family. To establish the function of the elongase homolog, the cDNA was introduced into two different heterologous chromosomal backgrounds (Arabidopsis and tobacco [Nicotiana tabacum]) under the control of a seed-specific (napin) promoter and the tandem 35S promoter, respectively. Seed-specific expression resulted in up to an 8-fold increase in erucic acid proportions in Arabidopsis seed oil, while constitutive expression in transgenic tobacco tissue resulted in increased proportions of very long chain saturated fatty acids. These results indicate that the nasturtium FAE gene encodes a condensing enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of very long chain fatty acids, utilizing monounsaturated and saturated acyl substrates. Given its strong and unique preference for elongating 20:1-CoA, the utility of the FAE gene product for directing or engineering increased synthesis of erucic acid is discussed.
Introduction to ultra-wideband antennas (2004)

This paper presents an introduction to ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas, including a summary of key UWB antenna concepts, as well as system and network considerations, and fundamental limits for UWB antennas.