gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipoprotein Subclasses in the Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study (MARS) (1996)

Accumulating evidence suggests that triglyceride-rich lipoproteins contribute to coronary artery disease. Using data from the Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study, an angiographic trial of middle-aged men and women randomized to lovastatin or placebo, we investigated relationships between lipoprotein subclasses and progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. Coronary artery lesion progression was determined by quantitative coronary angiography in low-grade ( < 50% diameter stenosis), high-grade ( > or = 50% diameter stenosis), and all coronary artery lesions in 220 baseline/2-year angiogram pairs. Analytical ultracentrifugation was used to measure lipoprotein masses that were statistically evaluated for treatment group differences and relationships to progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. All low density lipoprotein (LDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) masses were significantly lowered and all high density lipoprotein (HDL) masses were significantly raised with lovastatin therapy. The mass of smallest LDL (Svedberg flotation rate [Sf] 0 to 3), IDL (Sf 12 to 20), all VLDL subclasses (Sf 20 to 60, Sf 60 to 100, and Sf 100 to 400), and peak LDL flotation rate were significantly related to the progression of coronary artery lesions, specifically low-grade lesions. Greater baseline levels of HDL3, were related to a lower likelihood of coronary artery lesion progression. In multivariate analyses, small VLDL (Sf 20 to 60) and HDL3 mass were the most important correlates of coronary artery lesion progression. These results provide further evidence for the importance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the progression of coronary artery disease. In addition, these results present new evidence for the possible protective role of HDL3 in the progression of coronary artery lesions. More specific information on coronary artery lesion progression may be obtained through the study of specific apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins.
Unidirectional waveguide grating antennas with uniform emission for optical phased arrays (2017)

We demonstrate millimeter-scale optical waveguide grating antennas with unidirectional emission for integrated optical phased arrays. Unidirectional emission eliminates the fundamental problem of blind spots in the element factor of a phased array caused by reflections of antenna radiation within the substrate. Over 90% directionality is demonstrated using a design consisting of two silicon nitride layers. Furthermore, the perturbation strength along the antenna is apodized to achieve uniform emission for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, on a millimeter scale. This allows for a high effective aperture and receiving efficiency. The emission profile of the measured 3 mm long antenna has a standard deviation of 8.65% of the mean. These antennas are state of the art and will allow for integrated optical phased arrays with blind-spot-free high transmission output power and high receiving efficiency for LIDAR and free-space communication systems.
Identification and Characterization of a Leukocyte-specific Component of the Nuclear Body (1996)

The nuclear body (NB) is a cellular organelle that is involved in the pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia and viral infection. The NB is also a target of antibodies in the serum of patients with the autoimmune disease primary biliary cirrhosis. In this study, serum from a patient with primary biliary cirrhosis was used to identify a cDNA encoding a novel component of the NB, a 140-kDa protein designated Sp140. The predicted amino acid sequence of the amino-terminal portion of Sp140 was similar to Sp100, a previously identified NB protein. The carboxyl portion of Sp140 contained a zinc-finger domain and a bromodomain, motifs that are present in proteins regulating gene transcription. High levels of Sp140 mRNA were detected in human spleen and peripheral blood leukocytes, but not other human tissues. The level of SP140 mRNA in myeloid precursor cell lines HL60 and NB4 markedly increased in response to chemically induced cellular differentiation. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to demonstrate that SP140 localized to the NB in differentiated HL60 and NB4 cells. The location of Sp140 in the NB, and expression of this gene in cells involved in host defense, suggest that Sp140 may be involved in the pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia and viral infection.
Low‐Noise Stemless PNA Beacons for Sensitive DNA and RNA Detection (2008)

A change of the energy transfer mechanism (from contact quenching to FRET) increases the responsiveness of fluorescent hybridization probes. The communication between a responsive fluorescent base surrogate (see picture, green) and a near-infrared dye (red) in peptide nucleic acid provides probes that are extremely dark in the single strand. Hybridization furnishes strong fluorescence increase with a 200 nm shift in emission maximum.
Effect of Anti-IL-5 and IL-5 on Airway Hyperreactivity and Eosinophils in Guinea Pigs (1993)

Chronic ovalbumin challenge of sensitized guinea pigs induces bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) eosinophilia, neutrophilia, and tracheal hyperreactivity. In the present study, the influence of monoclonal antibody to murine interleukin-5 (anti-IL-5) on these phenomena is examined. In ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs treated with isotype-matched control antibody and challenged daily with ovalbumin for 8 days, the number of BAL eosinophils and neutrophils is increased significantly six- and fivefold, respectively, compared with saline-challenged animals. The maximal contractions of tracheal rings to histamine and arecoline in ovalbumin-challenged animals are enhanced significantly to 155% compared with saline-challenged animals. In sensitized guinea pigs treated with anti-IL-5, the BAL eosinophil number is markedly inhibited compared with control antibody treatment in both saline- and ovalbumin-challenged animals. In contrast, the number of neutrophils is not affected by anti-IL-5 treatment. In guinea pigs treated with anti-IL-5, the development of hyperreactivity to histamine and arecoline after ovalbumin challenge is completely inhibited. The contractions to histamine and arecoline of tracheal rings isolated from guinea pigs treated with recombinant murine IL-5 for 3 or 7 days are enhanced significantly to approximately 140% compared with controls. Treatment with IL-5 for 7 days tends to increase the number of eosinophils in BAL fluid. It can be concluded that IL-5 is involved in airway eosinophilia and in the development of hyperreactivity in this animal model, but other cytokines may contribute. Development of IL-5 synthesis inhibitors and/or receptor antagonists could provide another therapeutic class of anti-asthma drugs.
CD40-induced growth inhibition in epithelial cells is mimicked by Epstein-Barr Virus-encoded LMP1: involvement of TRAF3 as a common mediator. (1996)

CD40, a member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor family, is expressed on the surface of B lymphocytes where its ligation provides a potent survival signal. CD40 is also expressed in basal epithelial cells and in a number of different carcinomas where its function remains unknown. We observed that contrary to the studies in normal B cells, CD40 ligation in carcinoma cell lines and in normal primary epithelial cells resulted in growth inhibition and enhanced susceptibility to apoptosis induced by anti-neoplastic drugs, TNF-alpha, Fas and ceramide. This effect was also observed in CD40-transfected Rat-1 fibroblasts. The expression of Bcl-2 did not affect growth inhibition induced by CD40 ligation in epithelial cells but the Epstein - Barr Virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) blocked the effect. Whilst transient expression of LMP-1 resulted in the inhibition of epithelial cell growth, this effect was not observed with a LMP1 mutant lacking the binding domain for TRAF3, a protein which may mediate signal transduction by interacting with the cytoplasmic domains of both CD40 and LMP1. Transient expression of TRAF3 also inhibited epithelial cell growth, whilst expression of a dominant-negative TRAF3 partially blocked the inhibitory effect of CD40 ligation and of transient LMP1 expression. These results suggest that CD40 regulates epithelial cell growth in a manner mimicked by LMP1 and implicate TRAF3 as a common mediator in the transduction of the growth inhibitory signals generated via the CD40 and LMP1 pathways.
Biological effects of azadirachtin on Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fed on cotton and artificial diet (2000)

Abstract Neonates and second instars of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) were fed for 4 days on potted cotton plants ( Gossypium hirstum L.) sprayed with formulated neem ( Azadiracta indica A. Juss.) extract (3% azadirachtin emulsifiable concentrate). High mortality of larvae was observed on both treated plants and controls. Surviving larvae were transferred to an untreated artificial diet to assess the physiological effects caused by postdigestion of azadirachtin‐treated cotton. Growth retardation, including reduced larval and pupal weight and prolongation of development occurred in all treatments. Growth inhibition by azadirachtin was dose‐dependent. Physiological effects found in larvae fed on the artificial diet included difficulty in moulting between various instars, formation of larval–pupal intermediates and abnormal pupae. The present study indicates a potential for field control of H. armigera by using neem. High losses of larvae while feeding on cotton in controls are discussed.
Large electric field effects in YBa2Cu3O7−δ films containing weak links (1993)

The influence of applied electric fields on the transport properties of weak links in YBa2Cu3O7−δ films has been investigated. It is found that the critical temperature Tc0 of epitaxial films containing weak links can be reduced by 10 K with applied electric fields of 6 MV/cm. In one case, Tc0 shifts of up to 25–30 K were observed. These are by far the largest Tc shifts reported for any superconducting system.
Pancreatic Carcinoma (1992)

EVERY year, 112,000 Americans die of gastrointestinal cancer, and carcinoma of the pancreas accounts for 22 percent of these deaths.1 It is a disease with an extremely poor prognosis: fewer than 20 percent of affected patients survive the first year, and only 3 percent are alive five years after the diagnosis.2 In fact, of more than 60 cancer sites surveyed for the Annual Cancer Statistics Review, pancreatic carcinoma is the one with the lowest five-year survival rate.2 Despite this grim outcome, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, our ability to diagnose . . .
The developmental biology of Dishevelled: an enigmatic protein governing cell fate and cell polarity (2005)

The Dishevelled protein regulates many developmental processes in animals ranging from Hydra to humans. Here, we discuss the various known signaling activities of this enigmatic protein and focus on the biological processes that Dishevelled controls. Through its many signaling activities, Dishevelled plays important roles in the embryo and the adult, ranging from cell-fate specification and cell polarity to social behavior. Dishevelled also has important roles in the governance of polarized cell divisions, in the directed migration of individual cells, and in cardiac development and neuronal structure and function.
Selective killing of T lymphocytes by phototoxic liposomes. (1987)

Two-fold specificity in drug delivery obtained through the localized activation of drugs by physical means and the attachment of drugs to proteins that bind to target cells might be used for highly selective cancer chemotherapy or for immunosuppression. Toward this end, a monoclonal antibody against an antigen on the surface of T lymphocytes was covalently attached to liposomes containing a phototoxic drug, pyrene, bound to the lipid bilayer. When unfractionated peripheral blood lymphocytes, or B- and T-cell lines, were irradiated after treatment with these liposomes, T cells were killed while B cells were spared, demonstrating the validity of the approach in a simple in vitro assay.
Optimized error protection of scalable image bit streams [advances in joint source-channel coding for images (2005)

This article focuses on FEC for scalable image coders. For various channel models, we survey recent progress made in system design and discuss efficient source-channel bit allocation techniques, with emphasis on unequal error protection. This article considered JSCC (joint source-channel coding) at the application layer only. Recent research has studied cross-layer optimization where JSCC is applied to both the application layer and the physical layer. The basic task here is to minimize the average distortion by allocating available power, subcarriers, and bandwidth among users at the physical layer and source-channel symbols at the application layer subject to a total resource constraint. Most of the JSCC systems covered in this article can be readily extended to transmit scalable compressed bit streams of video sequences and 3-D meshes. Due to the stringent delay constraints in video communications and the fact that MPEG is currently exploring a scalable video coding standard, fast JSCC algorithms are expected to play a bigger role and bring more performance gains. This article is also expected to stimulate further research efforts into JSCC and more importantly, prompt the industry to adopt some of these JSCC algorithms in their system designs, thus closing the cycle from algorithm development to implementation.
Characterization of a Novel Microcin That Kills Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O26 (2012)

A novel phenotype was recently identified in which specific strains of Escherichia coli inhibit competing E. coli strains via a mechanism that was designated "proximity-dependent inhibition" (PDI). PDI-expressing (PDI(+)) E. coli is known to inhibit susceptible (PDI(-)) E. coli strains, including several enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) and enterotoxigenic (ETEC) E. coli strains. In this study, every strain from a genetically diverse panel of E. coli O157:H7 (n = 25) and additional strains of E. coli serovar O26 were susceptible to the PDI phenotype. LIVE/DEAD staining was consistent with inhibition by killing of susceptible cells. Comparative genome analysis identified the genetic component of PDI, which is composed of a plasmid-borne (Incl1) operon encoding a putative microcin and associated genes for transport, immunity, and microcin activation. Transfer of the plasmid to a PDI(-) strain resulted in transfer of the phenotype, and deletion of the genes within the operon resulted in loss of the inhibition phenotype. Deletion of chromosomally encoded tolC also resulted in loss of the inhibitory phenotype, and this confirmed that the putative microcin is most likely secreted via a type I secretion pathway. Deletion of an unrelated plasmid gene did not affect the PDI phenotype. Quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR demonstrated that microcin expression is correlated with logarithmic-phase growth. The ability to inhibit a diversity of E. coli strains indicates that this microcin may influence gut community composition and could be useful for control of important enteric pathogens.
Molecularly Mediated Processing and Assembly of Nanoparticles: Exploring the Interparticle Interactions and Structures (2009)

The harnessing of the nanoscale properties of nanoparticles in most technological applications requires the abilities of controlled processing and assembly, which has been an important challenge because of the difficulty in manipulating interparticle properties. Molecularly mediated processing and assembly of nanoparticles have emerged as an important strategy for addressing this challenge. The capability of this strategy in manipulating size, shape, composition, and interparticle properties has significant implications for designing sensing, biosensing, nanoprobing, and many other functional nanostructures. This Account highlights some of the important findings in investigating both interparticle and collective properties as a forum for discussing new opportunities in exploiting nanoparticle-based designs and applications. The concept of mediator-template assembly of nanoparticles explores the combination of the forces from a mediator and a templating molecule for designing and controlling the interparticle interactions. The manipulation of the interparticle interaction properties and the detection of the molecular signatures are two of the key elements in this concept. A series of well-defined molecular mediators ranging from inorganic, organic, supramolecular, to biological molecules have been explored to ascertain how these two elements can be achieved in nanoparticle assemblies. The emphasis is the fundamental understanding of interparticle molecular interactions, such as covalent, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, multidentate coordination, pi-pi interactions, etc. Each of these molecular interactions has been examined using specific molecules, such as multifunctional ligands, tunable sizes, shapes, or charges, well-defined molecular rigidity and chirality, or spectroscopic signatures, such as fluorescence and Raman scattering. Examples included thiols, thioethers, carboxylic acids, fullerenes, dyes, homocysteines, cysteines, glutathiones, proteins, and DNAs as molecular mediators for the assembly of gold, alloy, and magnetic nanoparticles. The understanding of these systems provided insights into how the unique electrical, optical, magnetic, and spectroscopic properties of the nanoparticle assemblies can be exploited for potential applications. This Account also highlights a few examples in chemical sensing and bioprobing to illustrate the importance of interparticle interactions and structures in exploiting these properties. One example involves thin-film assemblies of metal nanoparticles as biomimetic ion channels or chemiresistor sensing arrays by exploiting the nanostructured ligand framework interactions. Other examples explore the surface-enhanced Raman scattering signature as nanoprobes for the detection of protein binding or the enzyme-based cutting of interparticle DNAs. The detailed understanding of the design and control parameters in these and other systems should have a profound impact on the exploration of nanoparticles in a wide range of technological applications.
Complementation of reduced survival, hypotension, and renal abnormalities in angiotensinogen-deficient mice by the human renin and human angiotensinogen genes. (1997)

The aim of this study was to determine whether elements of the human renin-angiotensin system (RAS) could functionally replace elements of the mouse RAS by complementing the reduced survival and renal abnormalities observed in mice carrying a gene-targeted deletion of the mouse angiotensinogen gene (mAgt). Double transgenic mice containing the human renin (HREN) and human angiotensinogen (HAGT) genes were bred to mice heterozygous for the mAgt deletion and the compound heterozygotes were identified and intercrossed. The resulting progeny (n = 139) were genotyped at each locus and the population was stratified into two groups: the first containing both human transgenes (RA+) and the second containing zero or one, but not both human transgenes (RA-). Despite appropriate Mendelian ratios of RA- mice that were wildtype (+/+), heterozygous (+/-), and homozygous (-/-) for the deletion of mAgt at birth, there was reduced survival of RA- mAgt-/- mice to adulthood (P < 0.001 by chi2). In contrast, we observed appropriate Mendelian ratios of RA+ mAgt+/+, RA+ mAgt+/-, and RA+ mAgt-/- mice at birth and in adults (P > 0.05 by chi2). These results demonstrate that the presence of both human transgenes rescues the postnatal lethality in mAgt-/- mice. The renal histopathology exhibited by RA- mAgt-/- mice, including thickened arterial walls, severe fibrosis, lymphocytic infiltration, and atrophied parenchyma, was also rescued in the RA+ mAgt-/- mice. Direct arterial blood pressure recordings in conscious freely moving mice revealed that BP (in mmHg) varied proportionally to mAgt gene copy number in RA+ mice (approximately 20 mmHg per mAgt gene copy, P < 0.001). BP in RA+ mAgt-/- mice (132+/-3, n = 14) was intermediate between wild-type (RA- mAgt+/+, 105+/-2, n = 9) and RA+ mAgt+/+ (174+/-3, n = 10) mice. These studies establish that the human renin and angiotensinogen genes can functionally replace the mouse angiotensinogen gene, and provides proof in principle that we can examine the regulation of elements of the human RAS and test the significance of human RAS gene variants by a combined transgenic and gene targeting approach.
Periodontal Disease as a Risk Factor for Ischemic Stroke (2004)

Our study indicates that periodontal disease, a treatable condition, is an independent risk factor for cerebral ischemia in men and younger subjects.
Bone marrow–derived progenitor cells in pulmonary fibrosis (2004)

The origin of fibroblasts in pulmonary fibrosis is assumed to be intrapulmonary, but their extrapulmonary origin and especially derivation from bone marrow (BM) progenitor cells has not been ruled out. To examine this possibility directly, adult mice were durably engrafted with BM isolated from transgenic mice expressing enhanced GFP. Induction of pulmonary fibrosis in such chimera mice by endotracheal bleomycin (BLM) injection caused large numbers of GFP+ cells to appear in active fibrotic lesions, while only a few GFP+ cells could be identified in control lungs. Flow-cytometric analysis of lung cells confirmed the BLM-induced increase in GFP+ cells in chimera mice and revealed a significant increase in GFP+ cells that also express type I collagen. GFP+ lung fibroblasts isolated from chimera mice expressed collagen and telomerase reverse transcriptase but not α-smooth muscle actin. Treatment of isolated GFP+ fibroblasts with TGF-β failed to induce myofibroblast differentiation. Cultured lung fibroblasts expressed the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 and responded chemotactically to their cognate ligands, stromal cell–derived factor-1α and secondary lymphoid chemokine, respectively. Thus the collagen-producing lung fibroblasts in pulmonary fibrosis can also be derived from BM progenitor cells.
Syntheses of isotopically labeled 4‐[1‐(3,5,5,8,8‐pentamethyl‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐2‐naphthyl)ethenyl]benzoic acid (LGD1069), a potent retinoid x receptor‐selective ligand (1995)

Abstract LGD1069, 4‐[1‐(3,5,5,8,8‐pentamethyl‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐2‐naphthyl)ethenyl] benzoic acid, is the first retinoid X receptor (RXR) selective retinoid to enter clinical trials for treatment of dermatological diseases and cancer. In order to examine biological properties such as receptor binding, metabolism and bioavailability, [ 13 C]‐, [ 14 C]‐, and [ 3 H]‐labeled LGD1069 is required. Herein, we describe synthetic methods for preparing isotopically labeled homologs of LGD1069 as well as comparative competition binding data for [6,7‐ 3 H]‐LGD1069 and [ 3 H]‐9‐ cis retinoic acid with RXR active retinoids. The final radiolabeled products, [6,7‐ 3 H]‐LGD1069 and 3‐[ 14 C]‐LGD1069 have specific activities of 56 Ci/mmol and 49 mCi/mmol, respectively. Radiochemical purities are 99.5% for [6,7‐ 3 H]‐LGD1069 and 99.0% for 3‐[ 14 C]‐LGD1069. The chemical purity is 99.0% for 3‐[ 13 CD 3 ]‐LGD1069. Competition binding studies with known retinoids show similar K d values when either [6,7‐ 3 H]‐LGD1069 or [ 3 H]‐9‐ cis retinoic acid is used as the radioligand.