gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automated accompaniment of musical ensembles (1994)

This paper describes a computer accompaniment system capable of providing musical accompaniment for an ensemble of performers. The system tracks the performance of each musician in the ensemble to determine current score location and tempo of the ensemble. Missing parts in the composition (i.e., the accompaniment) are synthesized and synchronized to the ensemble. The paper presents an overview of the component problems of automated musical accompaniment and discusses solutions and their implementation. The system has been tested with solo performers as well as ensembles having as many as three performers.
A Quest For the Relief of Atherosclerosis: Potential Role of Intrapulmonary Heparin—A Hypothesis (1992)

Recent progress in the treatment of coronary artery disease is reviewed from the standpoint of changes in lifestyle, surgical techniques to revascularize the myocardium and a variety of medical interventions. Among the medical modalities, heparin appears to have a greater potential than any other agent tested to neutralize the atherogenic process at most of its stages. This potential is supported by success in clinical trials of heparin administered by intravenous, subcutaneous, pulmonary, sublingual and topical routes. The suggested self-administration of low-dose heparin by inhalation appears to be well justified and easily adaptable to home therapy. The summarized evidence suggests the need for further clinical trials to test the use of heparin in the prophylaxis of atherosclerotic disease.
Aliphatic poly(ester‐carbonate)s bearing amino groups and its RGD peptide grafting (2008)

Abstract This article deals with (1) synthesis of novel cyclic carbonate monomer (2‐oxo [1,3]dioxan‐5‐yl)carbamic acid benzyl ester (CAB) containing protected amino groups; (2) ring‐opening copolymerization of the cyclic monomer with L ‐lactide (LA) to provide novel degradable poly(ester‐carbonate)s with functional groups; (3) removal of the protective benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz) groups by catalytic hydrogenation to afford the corresponding poly(ester‐ co ‐carbonate)s with free amino groups; (4) grafting of oligopeptide Gly‐Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐Ser‐Tyr (GRGDSY, abbreviated as RGD) onto the copolymer pendant amino groups in the presence of 1,1′‐carbonyldiimidazole (CDI). The structures of P(LA‐ co ‐CA/RGD) and its precursor were confirmed by 1 H NMR analysis. Cell experiments showed that P(LA‐ co ‐CA/RGD) had improved adhesion and proliferation behavior. Therefore, the novel RGD‐grafted block copolymer is promising for cell or tissue engineering applications. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7022–7032, 2008
A framework for balancing control flow and predication (1997)

Predicated execution is a promising architectural feature for exploiting instruction-level parallelism in the presence of control flow. Compiling for predicated execution involves converting program control flow into conditional, or predicated, instructions. This process is known as if-conversion. In order to effectively apply if-conversion, one must address two major issues: what should be if-converted and when the if-conversion should be applied. A compiler's use of predication as a representation is most effective when large amounts of code are if-converted and if-conversion is performed early in the compilation procedure. On the other hand the final code generated for a processor with predicated execution requires a delicate balance between control flow and predication to achieve efficient execution. The appropriate balance is tightly coupled with scheduling decisions and detailed processor characteristics. This paper presents an effective compilation framework that allows the compiler to maximize the benefits of predication as a compiler representation while delaying the final balancing of control flow and predication to schedule time.
Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Is Required for Male Fertility in Maize (2001)

Some plant cytoplasms express novel mitochondrial genes that cause male sterility. Nuclear genes that disrupt the accumulation of the corresponding mitochondrial gene products can restore fertility to such plants. The Texas (T) cytoplasm mitochondrial genome of maize expresses a novel protein, URF13, which is necessary for T cytoplasm-induced male sterility. Working in concert, functional alleles of two nuclear genes, rf1 and rf2, can restore fertility to T cytoplasm plants. Rf1 alleles, but not Rf2 alleles, reduce the accumulation of URF13. Hence, Rf2 differs from typical nuclear restorers in that it does not alter the accumulation of the mitochondrial protein necessary for T cytoplasm-induced male sterility. This study established that the rf2 gene encodes a soluble protein that accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix. Three independent lines of evidence establish that the RF2 protein is an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). The finding that T cytoplasm plants that are homozygous for the rf2-R213 allele are male sterile but accumulate normal amounts of RF2 protein that lacks normal mitochondrial (mt) ALDH activity provides strong evidence that rf2-encoded mtALDH activity is required to restore male fertility to T cytoplasm maize. Detailed genetic analyses have established that the rf2 gene also is required for anther development in normal cytoplasm maize. Hence, it appears that the rf2 gene was recruited recently to function as a nuclear restorer. ALDHs typically have very broad substrate specificities. Indeed, the RF2 protein is capable of oxidizing at least three aldehydes. Hence, the specific metabolic pathway(s) within which the rf2-encoded mtALDH acts remains to be discovered.
59-dBOmega 68-GHz Variable Gain-Bandwidth Differential Linear TIA in 0.7-&#38;#181;m InP DHBT for 400-Gb&#x002F;s Optical Communication Systems (2015)

We report a variable-gain and variable-bandwidth differential linear transimpedance amplifier (TIA-VGA) realised in a 0.7-μm indium phosphide (InP) double heterojunction bipolar transistor (DHBT) technology. The circuits yields 59-dBΩ / 900-Ω differential transimpedance gain with 20-dB control and 68-GHz -3-dB bandwidth with 30-GHz control. Output-referred 1-dB-compression single-ended amplitude is larger than -4-dBm (400mV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pp</sub> ) up to 60GHz. High quality On-Off-Keying (OOK) eye diagrams are measured at 64 GBd. Consuming less than 475 mW, this circuit exhibits the largest bandwidth for a linear TIA-VGA, to our knowledge, along with wide-range gain and bandwidth controls. This makes it a particularly suitable and flexible candidate for high-symbol-rate photoreceivers dedicated to next generation 400-Gb/s and 1-Tb/s optical communication systems.
Metformin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis in mice independently of the LKB1/AMPK pathway via a decrease in hepatic energy state (2010)

Metformin is widely used to treat hyperglycemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Recently the LKB1/AMP-activated protein kinase (LKB1/AMPK) pathway was proposed to mediate the action of metformin on hepatic gluconeogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism by which this pathway operates had remained elusive. Surprisingly, here we have found that in mice lacking AMPK in the liver, blood glucose levels were comparable to those in wild-type mice, and the hypoglycemic effect of metformin was maintained. Hepatocytes lacking AMPK displayed normal glucose production and gluconeogenic gene expression compared with wild-type hepatocytes. In contrast, gluconeogenesis was upregulated in LKB1-deficient hepatocytes. Metformin decreased expression of the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), while cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pepck) gene expression was unaffected in wild-type, AMPK-deficient, and LKB1-deficient hepatocytes. Surprisingly, metformin-induced inhibition of glucose production was amplified in both AMPK- and LKB1-deficient compared with wild-type hepatocytes. This inhibition correlated in a dose-dependent manner with a reduction in intracellular ATP content, which is crucial for glucose production. Moreover, metformin-induced inhibition of glucose production was preserved under forced expression of gluconeogenic genes through PPARgamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha) overexpression, indicating that metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis via a transcription-independent process. In conclusion, we demonstrate that metformin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis in an LKB1- and AMPK-independent manner via a decrease in hepatic energy state.
Trypanosoma cruzi: mechanism of entry and intracellular fate in mammalian cells. (1976)

The mode of entry and intracellular fate of epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi in cultured cells was studied. Electron microscopic observations indicated the uptake by phagocytosis of both forms into mouse peritoneal macrophages and of trypomastigotes and transition forms into other cultured cell types. In each instance the organisms were initially surrounded by a plasma membrane-derived phagosome. Trypsin and chymotrypsin treatment of the macrophages completely abolished attachment and ingestion of both forms, indicating that protease-sensitive structures on the macrophage plasma membrane mediate ingestion. The macrophage Fc or C3b receptors were not essential for uptake of T. cruzi in the conditions used. Cytochalasin B inhibited ingestion but not the attachment of both forms by macrophages. Epimastigotes were not taken up by HeLa, L cells, and calf embryo fibroblasts. In macrophages, epimastigotes were killed and digested within phagolysosomes. In contrast, trypomastigotes and transition forms escaped from the phagocytic vacuole and then multiplied in the cytoplasmic matrix. Amastigotes released from infected cells exhibited properties similar to those of trypomastigotes and were able to enter all cell types studied and multiply intracellularly.
Simplification of EWT (emitter wrap-through) solar cell fabrication using Al-P-codiffusion (2002)

Back contact solar cells such as EWT (emitter wrap-through) devices with interdigitated pn-junctions offers various advantages like a simplification in module assembly or a reduction of shadowing losses. Our method to form a rectifying p/sup +/n/sup +/-junction using an Al-P-codiffusion process-without the necessity of electrical isolation of p- and n-type doping regions-was transferred to EWT cells. We were able to fabricate EWT cells with shunt-values up to 10/sup 4/ /spl Omega/ cm/sup 2/. The interdigitated pn-junctions of these devices are formed by simply evaporating an Al-finger grid followed by Al-P-tube codiffusion. The effectiveness of the codiffusion for EWT cell fabrication was demonstrated on CZ-Si, mc-Si and EFG (edge-defined film-fed grown)-Si. A main advantage of the developed sequence is a simplification of the EWT cell fabrication process by making single processing steps redundant, particularly the junction isolation, i.e. the separation of the different doping regions at the cell rear. Standard technologies for junction isolation are: the use of a diffusion barrier; plasma etching; locally milling off the rear side emitter; and P-B dopant compensation. For industrial applications it would be interesting to form a rectifying p/sup +/n/sup +/-junction without applying one of those additional cost intensive and time consuming processing steps.
Cholesterol Sensing, Trafficking, and Esterification (2006)

Mammalian cells acquire cholesterol from low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and from endogenous biosynthesis. The roles of the Niemann-Pick type C1 protein in mediating the endosomal transport of LDL-derived cholesterol and endogenously synthesized cholesterol are discussed. Excess cellular cholesterol is converted to cholesteryl esters by the enzyme acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) 1 or is removed from a cell by cellular cholesterol efflux at the plasma membrane. A close relationship between the ACAT substrate pool and the cholesterol efflux pool is proposed. Sterol-sensing domains (SSDs) are present in several membrane proteins, including NPC1, HMG-CoA reductase, and the SREBP cleavage-activating protein. The functions of SSDs are described. ACAT1 is an endoplasmic reticulum cholesterol sensor and contains a signature motif characteristic of the membrane-bound acyltransferase family. The nonvesicular cholesterol translocation processes involve the START domain proteins and the oxysterol binding protein-related proteins (ORPs). The properties of these proteins are summarized.
Cloning and Expression of a Novel Mammalian Thioredoxin (1997)

We have isolated a 1276-base pair cDNA from a rat heart cDNA library that encodes a novel thioredoxin (Trx2) of 166 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 18.2 kDa. Trx2 possesses the conserved thioredoxin-active site, Trp-Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys, but lacks structural cysteines present in all mammalian thioredoxins. Trx2 also differs from the previously described rat thioredoxin (Trx1) by the presence of a 60-amino acid extension at the N terminus. This extension has properties characteristic for a mitochondrial translocation signal, and the cleavage at a putative mitochondrial peptidase cleavage site would give a mature protein of 12.2 kDa. Western blot analysis from cytosolic, peroxisomal, and mitochondrial rat liver cell fractions confirmed mitochondrial localization of Trx2. Northern blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that Trx2 hybridized to a 1.3-kilobase message, and it was expressed in several tissues with the highest expression levels in heart, muscle, kidney, and adrenal gland. N-terminally truncated recombinant protein was expressed in bacteria and characterized biochemically. Trx2 possessed a dithiol-reducing enzymatic activity and, with mammalian thioredoxin reductase and NADPH, was able to reduce the interchain disulfide bridges of insulin. Furthermore, Trx2 was more resistant to oxidation than Trx1.
Standardization of an opsonophagocytic assay for the measurement of functional antibody activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae using differentiated HL-60 cells (1997)

Host protection against pneumococcal disease i primarily mediated by phagocytosis. We developed and standardized an opsonophagocytic assay using HL-60 cells (human promyelocytic leukemia cells). Fifty-five serum samples were analyzed for the presence of functional antibody against seven pneumococcal serogroups or serotypes (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F) by using differentiated HL-60 cells (granulocytes) and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). Six of the 55 serum samples were from unvaccinated adult volunteers, 31 serum samples were from adults who received one dose of the 14-valent or the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine, and 18 serum samples were from 16-month-old infants who received four doses of an investigational 7-valent polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine. The results of an opsonophagocytic assay with HL-60 cells correlated highly with those of an assay with PBLs as effector cells (median r for seven serotypes = 0.87: P < 0.01). Opsonophagocytic titers were compared with the immunoglobulin G antibody concentrations determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The r values for serogroups or serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F were 0.61, 0.60, 0.67 0.90, 0.61, 0.39, and 0.57, respectively, when HL-60 cells were used as effector cells and 0.56, 0.47, 0.61, 0.90, 0.71, 0.31, and 0.62, respectively, when PBLs were used. The assay requires small amounts of serum (40 microliters per serotype), making this test suitable for assaying infant sera. Culturable cells aid in assay standardization and likely reduce donor-to-donor variability. This standardized assay, in combination with the standardized ELISA, can be used to evaluate current and developing pneumococcal vaccines, in which functional opsonophagocytic antibody activity may correlate with protection against pneumococcal disease.
Ammonia Vapor Removal by Cu3(BTC)2 and Its Characterization by MAS NMR (2009)

Adsorption equilibria and NMR experiments were performed to study the adsorption and interactions of ammonia with metal-organic framework (MOF) HKUST-1, or Cu(3)(BTC)(2) (BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate). Ammonia capacities determined from chemical breakthrough measurements show significantly higher uptake capacities than from adsorption alone, suggesting a stronger interaction involving a potential reaction with the Cu(3)(BTC)(2) framework. Indeed, (1)H MAS NMR reveals that a major disruption of the relatively simple spectrum of Cu(3)(BTC)(2) occurs to generate a composite spectrum consistent with Cu(OH)(2) and (NH(4))(3)BTC species under humid conditions-the anticipated products of a copper(II) carboxylate reacted with limited ammonia. These species are not detected under dry conditions; however, reaction stoichiometry combined with XRD results suggests the partial formation of an indeterminate diammine copper (II) complex with some residual Cu(3)(BTC)(2) structure retained. Cu(II)-induced paramagnetic shifts exhibited by various species in (1)H and (13)C MAS NMR spectra are consistent with model compounds and previous literature. Although results show extensive ammonia capacity of Cu(3)(BTC)(2), much of the capacity is due to reaction with the structure itself, causing a permanent loss in porosity and structural integrity.
Asthma, adenosine, mast cells and theophylline. (1998)

Many clinical trials have suggested that theophylline has anti-inflammatory properties in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Proposed mechanisms of theophylline inhibition include phosphodiesterase inhibition, an adenosine receptor antagonist, the increase of circulating adrenaline, mediator antagonist and inhibition of calcium ion influx. Further to these observations we report on the inhibition by theophylline of NF-kappaB, a key transcription factor found in human purified mast cells, which plays a role in the transcription of TNF alpha, GM-CSF, and IL-8 within this cell. The suppression of NF-kappaB activation, indicates that theophylline, in addition to its bronchodilator activities, has the potential for anti-inflammatory activity.
Saliency-aware geodesic video object segmentation (2015)

We introduce an unsupervised, geodesic distance based, salient video object segmentation method. Unlike traditional methods, our method incorporates saliency as prior for object via the computation of robust geodesic measurement. We consider two discriminative visual features: spatial edges and temporal motion boundaries as indicators of foreground object locations. We first generate framewise spatiotemporal saliency maps using geodesic distance from these indicators. Building on the observation that foreground areas are surrounded by the regions with high spatiotemporal edge values, geodesic distance provides an initial estimation for foreground and background. Then, high-quality saliency results are produced via the geodesic distances to background regions in the subsequent frames. Through the resulting saliency maps, we build global appearance models for foreground and background. By imposing motion continuity, we establish a dynamic location model for each frame. Finally, the spatiotemporal saliency maps, appearance models and dynamic location models are combined into an energy minimization framework to attain both spatially and temporally coherent object segmentation. Extensive quantitative and qualitative experiments on benchmark video dataset demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over the state-of-the-art algorithms.
Humanization of mouse anti-human IL-2 receptor antibody B-B10 (1994)

Mouse monoclonal anti-human IL-2 receptor antibody (B-B10) inhibits IL-2-dependent human T-cell proliferation. It has been used in clinical trials in the transplantation field and promising results are being accumulated. Mouse B-B10 antibody was humanized by grafting all CDRs and some framework amino acid residues onto human antibodies, KAS for VH and PAY for V kappa. Nine humanized B-B10s with differently grafted framework residues were constructed and assessed for their biological activities. One of these humanized B-B10, M5, showed nearly the same activity as the mouse B-B10. The 49th residue of V kappa was demonstrated to play a crucial role in the antigen-antibody interaction by 3-D structure analysis with a computer modeling system.
Direct measurement of oligonucleotide binding stoichiometry of gene V protein by mass spectrometry. (1996)

The binding stoichiometry of gene V protein from bacteriophage f1 to several oligonucleotides was studied using electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Using mild mass spectrometer interface conditions that preserve noncovalent associations in solution, gene V protein was observed as dimer ions from a 10 mM NH4OAc solution. Addition of oligonucleotides resulted in formation of protein-oligonucleotide complexes with stoichiometry of approximately four nucleotides (nt) per protein monomer. A 16-mer oligonucleotide gave predominantly a 4:1 (protein monomer: oligonucleotide) complex while oligonucleotides shorter than 15 nt showed stoichiometries of 2:1. Stoichiometries and relative binding constants for a mixture of oligonucleotides were readily measured using mass spectrometry. The binding stoichiometry of the protein with the 16-mer oligonucleotide was measured independently using size-exclusion chromatography and the results were consistent with the mass spectrometric data. These results demonstrate, for the first time, the observation and stoichiometric measurement of protein-oligonucleotide complexes using ESI-MS. The sensitivity and high resolution of ESI-MS should make it a useful too] in the study of protein-DNA interactions.
From 1,2,4-Triazines and Tributyl(ethynyl)tin to Stannylated Bi- and Terpyridines: The Cycloaddition Pathway (1999)

Recently, we reported on cycloadditions between electron-deficient heterodienes and tributyl(ethynyl)tin, which provide a new pathway to stannylated pyridazines and, in one special case, pyridines. In order to broaden the synthetic scope of these reactions, we have developed hetero [4+2] cycloaddition reactions between a number of tailor-made 1,2,4-triazines 5–9 (acting as heterodienes), and tributyl(ethynyl)tin (acting as dienophile). The desired 1,2,4-triazines are readily available, in moderate to very good yields, by the condensation reactions of appropiate carbamidrazones and glyoxals. These cycloadditions open up a novel route to regiospecifically stannylated 2,2′-bi- and 2,2′,6′,2′′-terpyridines 1–4, 11 in good yields. The stannanes 1–4, 11 are versatile synthetic intermediates, and with this strategy various substituents can be incorporated directly by substitution of the stannyl group, as was shown for halogens and carbon electrophiles under Stille conditions.
Measurement and analysis of light transmission through a modified cladding optical fiber with applications to sensors (1986)

The effect of a modified cladding on the transmission of light through a step-index optical fiber is investigated using 3-D geometrical optics. Measurements of the light transmission of the optical fiber as a function of the modified cladding refractive index and length are presented for the case of focused illumination and compared with 3-D ray theory. The effect of defocus on the transmission of the modified fiber is also studied. Applications to intensity sensors are discussed.