gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning from ambiguously labeled images (2009)

In many image and video collections, we have access only to partially labeled data. For example, personal photo collections often contain several faces per image and a caption that only specifies who is in the picture, but not which name matches which face. Similarly, movie screenplays can tell us who is in the scene, but not when and where they are on the screen. We formulate the learning problem in this setting as partially-supervised multiclass classification where each instance is labeled ambiguously with more than one label. We show theoretically that effective learning is possible under reasonable assumptions even when all the data is weakly labeled. Motivated by the analysis, we propose a general convex learning formulation based on minimization of a surrogate loss appropriate for the ambiguous label setting. We apply our framework to identifying faces culled from Web news sources and to naming characters in TV series and movies. We experiment on a very large dataset consisting of 100 hours of video, and in particular achieve 6% error for character naming on 16 episodes of LOST.
3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane as insulating coating and surface for protein immobilization for piezoelectric microcantilever sensors (2007)

We have examined coating (PbMg(13)Nb(23)O(3))(0.63)-(PbTiO(3))(0.37) (PMN-PT)/tin and lead zirconate titanate (PZT)/glass piezoelectric microcantilever sensor (PEMS) with 3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane (MPS) by a simple solution method to electrically insulate the PEMS for in-water applications. In contrast to earlier methytrimethoxysilane insulation coating, the MPS coating also facilitated receptor immobilization on the sensor surface via bonding of its sulhydryl group to a bifunctional linker, sulfosuccinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate. We showed that a MPS coating of 21 nm in thickness is sufficient to electrically insulate and provide immobilization surface to the PEMS for in-liquid electrical self-excitation and self-sensing. The in-phosphate buffered saline solution resonance spectra were stable with Q values ranging from 41 to 55. The mass detection sensitivities were determined to be 5x10(-11) and 8x10(-12) gHz for the MPS-insulated PZT-glass and PMN-PT/tin PEMSs, respectively.
Effect of solid–state modified polypropylene on the physical performance of sawdust–filled polypropylene composites (1993)

Abstract The influence of solid‐state modified polypropylene on the physical performance of uncoated or thermoset‐resin coated sawdust‐filled polypropylene composites was studied. The effect of composition of the composites on tensile strength, Young's modulus, tensile toughness, elongation, and impact strength was determined through two 2 3 factorial rotatable designs. The results of this investigation show that both the m‐phenylene dismaleimide‐modified polypropylene precompounded sawdust as well as solid‐state modified maleated polypropylene can be successfully used to prepare sawdust‐filled polypropylene composites with good tensile strength. On the whole, this property improved compared to that of unfilled polypropylene. According to the analysis of factorial design, the optimum composition to prepare a composite with highest tensile strength within the experimental range was 30–40 wt% phenolic resin coated sawdust together with 4–6wt% solid‐state modified maleated polypropylene; while the product composition for the worst design was a combination of high amount of phenolic resin modified polypropylene with phenolic resin coated sawdust. The experimental design also concluded that effect of compositions on impact strength of composites was not significant in most of the cases. Overall, the empirical models constructed in this study provided a good approximation to actual experimental measurements; we are encouraged to extend this approach to processing conditions for manufacturing these composites. © 1993 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Highly Efficient Light-Emitting Diodes with Microcavities (1994)

One-dimensional microcavities are optical resonators with coplanar reflectors separated by a distance on the order of the optical wavelength. Such structures quantize the energy of photons propagating along the optical axis of the cavity and thereby strongly modify the spontaneous emission properties of a photon-emitting medium inside a microcavity. This report concerns semiconductor light-emitting diodes with the photon-emitting active region of the light-emitting diodes placed inside a microcavity. These devices are shown to have strongly modified emission properties including experimental emission efficiencies that are higher by more than a factor of 5 and theoretical emission efficiencies that are higher by more than a factor of 10 than the emission efficiencies in conventional light-emitting diodes.
Routing Magic (2018)

The binary number representation has dominated digital logic for decades due to its compact storage requirements. However, since the number system is positional, it needs to "unpack»» bits, perform computations, and repack the bits back to binary (\emphe.g., partial products in multiplication).An alternative representation is the unary number system: we use N bits, out of which the first M are 1 and the rest are 0 to represent the value $M/N$. We present a novel method which first converts binary numbers to unary using thermometer encoders, then uses a "scaling network»» followed by voting gates that we call "alternator logic»», followed by an adder tree to convert the numbers back to the binary format. For monotonically increasing functions, the scaling network is all we need, which essentially uses only the routing resources and flip-flops on the FPGA architecture. Our method is especially well-suited to FPGAs due to the abundant availability of routing and FF resources, and for the ability of FPGAs to realize high fanout gates for highly oscillating functions. We compare our method to stochastic computing and to conventional binary implementations on a number of functions, as well as on two common image processing applications. Our method is clearly superior to the conventional binary implementation: our area×delay cost is on average only 3%, 8% and 32% of the binary method for 8-, 10-, and 12-bit resolutions respectively. Compared to stochastic computing, our cost is 6%, 5%, and 8% for those resolutions. The area cost includes conversions from and to the binary format. Our method out performs the conventional binary method on an edge detection algorithm. However, it is not competitive with the binary method on the median filtering application due to the high cost of generating and saving unary representations of the input pixels.
Preoperative serum midkine concentration is a prognostic marker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (2003)

High preoperative serum midkine concentration is associated with poor survival in patients with esophageal cancer, even after radical surgery, and thus may have prognostic value. Midkine (MK), a heparin-binding growth factor, is expressed in numerous cancer tissues, and serum MK (S-MK) concentrations are increased in patients with various neoplasms. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical significance of S-MK in patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer (SCC). S-MK was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 135 healthy controls, 16 patients with benign esophageal disease, and 93 patients with primary esophageal SCC before surgery. The serum concentrations of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), SCC antigen (SCC-Ag), and cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1) were also evaluated. All patients with esophageal SCC underwent radical esophagectomy. Tumor MK expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 14 fresh tumor specimens. To determine whether S-MK is of value as a prognostic factor, the authors conducted a survival analysis using Cox's proportional hazards model. S-MK values in patients with esophageal SCC were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (417 +/- 342 pg/ml vs. 154 +/- 76 pg/ml, P < 0.001). Using 300 pg/ml as the cut-off value (representing the mean + 2 standard deviations of the S-MK of healthy controls), 61% of patients with esophageal SCC were classified as positive. MK expression by the tumor was significantly associated with high level of S-MK. High S-MK (>/= 300 pg/ml) was associated with tumor size, immunoreactivity and poor survival. Multivariate analysis indicated that S-MK was an independent prognostic factor. S-MK may be a useful tumor marker for esophageal SCC. Increased preoperative S-MK in patients with esophageal SCC is associated with poor survival.
Detection of the anti‐Hu antibody in specific regions of the nervous system and tumor from patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy (1991)

We studied the nervous systems and tumors of five patients with anti-Hu-positive paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy (PEM/PSN) to determine if the autoantibody found in the serum and CSF was also present in those tissues. Immunohistochemical studies of the nervous system revealed the presence of IgG bound predominantly to the nuclei of most of the neurons and the cytoplasm of some glial cells. IgG was also present to a lesser degree in the neuropil. In brains of patients who died of cancer without the paraneoplastic syndrome, IgG was present in the immediate perivascular areas and to a very limited degree in the neuropil. There was no IgG in neurons, and in only some of the controls a few glial cells showed IgG immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm. The amount of anti-Hu IgG relative to total IgG in various brain regions and tumor was determined by quantitative Western blot analysis. The proportion of anti-Hu IgG was greater in some areas of the brain and tumor than in serum and CSF. Control brains did not contain anti-Hu IgG. There was a limited correlation among (1) the principal clinical symptoms, (2) regions of major tissue injury, and (3) the quantitative anti-Hu IgG distribution. We conclude that although the role of the antibody in the pathogenesis of the disease is still uncertain, its specific localization in the nervous system and tumor suggests an immunologic etiology of this paraneoplastic syndrome.
Identification of an encephalitogenic determinant of myelin proteolipid protein for SJL mice. (1989)

PLP is the major protein constituent of central nervous system myelin. We have previously shown that SJL/J (H-2s) mice develop an acute form of EAE after immunization with PLP. The purpose of the present study was to identify an encephalitogenic determinant of PLP for SJL mice. We immunized SJL/J mice with a synthetic peptide identical to residues 130-147 QAHSLERVCHCLGKWLGH of murine PLP, a sequence having an amphipathic alpha-helical conformation. Although it did not induce disease, an overlapping peptide containing residues 139-154 HCLGKWLGHPDKFVGI was encephalitogenic. Immunization with this peptide induced severe clinical and histologic EAE in 3 of 20 mice. T cell enriched ILN cells from these mice responded specifically (3H-thymidine incorporation) to this peptide as well as to shorter analogues of this domain containing serine in place of cysteine at residues 138 and 140. Immunization with the serine-substituted PLP peptides 137-151 VSHSLGKWLGHPDKF and 139-151 HSLGKWLGHPDKF induced severe, acute EAE in 4 of 9 and 15 of 15 SJL mice, respectively, and their T cell enriched ILN cells responded not only to the analogues, but also to the native PLP sequence 139-154. These results indicate that residues 139-151 of murine PLP is an encephalitogenic determinant for SJL mice. Furthermore, like the PLP encephalitogenic domain for SWR (H-2q) mice, this determinant is also a T cell epitope with a coding sequence at the end of an exon.
Randomized, Open-Label, Phase III Study Comparing Patupilone (EPO906) With Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin in Platinum-Refractory or -Resistant Patients With Recurrent Epithelial Ovarian, Primary Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal Cancer (2012)

Patupilone did not demonstrate significant improvement in OS compared with the active control, PLD. No new or unexpected serious AEs were identified.
Quantitative RT-PCR combined with time-resolved fluorometry for determination of BCR-ABL mRNA (1996)

A microtiter well-based quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR assay for determination of BCR-ABL mRNA, which relies on coamplification of the target with an RNA internal standard (IS), was developed. The hapten digoxigenin (Dig) is incorporated during PCR. Target RNA and IS contain identical primer recognition sites and generate same-sized amplification products distinguishable by hybridization with probes specific to the molecules' central part. The hybrids are determined with an anti-Dig-alkaline phosphatase conjugate with fluorosalicylphosphate as substrate. Fluorescent complexes of fluorosalicylate-Tb(III)-EDTA are measured by time-resolved fluorometry. The ratio of fluorescence values for target and IS is linearly related to initial target RNA in the range of 1000 to 200000 molecules. Samples containing K562 total RNA amidst 1 microgram of RNA from normal cells give fluorescence ratios that are linearly related to 30-10000 K562 cells. CVs for 30, 200, and 900 K562 cells are approximately 11%.
Signal Transduction Mediated by the T Cell Antigen Receptor: The Role of Adapter Proteins (2002)

Engagement of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) leads to a complex series of molecular changes at the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, and at the nucleus that lead ultimately to T cell effector function. Activation at the TCR of a set of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) is an early event in this process. This chapter reviews some of the critical substrates of these PTKs, the adapter proteins that, following phosphorylation on tyrosine residues, serve as binding sites for many of the critical effector enzymes and other adapter proteins required for T cell activation. The role of these adapters in binding various proteins, the interaction of adapters with plasma membrane microdomains, and the function of adapter proteins in control of the cytoskeleton are discussed.
Immunohistochemical localization of antioxidant enzymes in adult Syrian hamster tissues and during kidney development. (1990)

Tissues from adult Syrian hamsters were studied with immunoperoxidase techniques using polyclonal antibodies to three antioxidant enzymes (copper, zinc and manganese forms of superoxide dismutase, and catalase). Tissues from labile organs, in which cell renewal is prominent (uterus, intestine, and transitional epithelium of the urinary tract), showed strong antioxidant enzyme immunostaining in differentiated cells but not in stem cells. In stable organs, in which cell renewal occurs at a high rate only in response to injury (kidney and adrenal), each cell type showed a specific pattern of antioxidant enzyme immunostaining. In permanent organs (brain and heart), antioxidant enzymes were regionally specific markers. Axons of the cerebellum showed more intense antioxidant enzyme staining than those of the cerebral cortex; in the heart, atria stained more intensely than ventricles. Germ cells of the testis resembled cell renewal systems in their antioxidant enzyme-immunostaining pattern: spermatogonia were negative, whereas spermatozoa were strongly positive. The tubules of the kidney showed no antioxidant enzyme immunostaining until after birth. Our results suggest that there is a prominent role for antioxidant enzymes in cell differentiation during development and cell renewal.
The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and secondary hyperparathyroidism in obese Black Americans (2006)

Obese Black Americans are at particularly high risk for vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Physicians should consider routinely supplementing such patients with vitamin D or screening them for hypovitaminosis D.
Single-Step Selection of Drug Resistant Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 Mutants Reveals a Functional Redundancy in the Recruitment of Multidrug Efflux Systems (2013)

Members of the genus Acinetobacter have been the focus recent attention due to both their clinical significance and application to molecular biology. The soil commensal bacterium Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 has been proposed as a model system for molecular and genetic studies, whereas in a clinical environment, Acinetobacter spp. are of increasing importance due to their propensity to cause serious and intractable systemic infections. Clinically, a major factor in the success of Acinetobacter spp. as opportunistic pathogens can be attributed to their ability to rapidly evolve resistance to common antimicrobial compounds. Whole genome sequencing of clinical and environmental Acinetobacter spp. isolates has revealed the presence of numerous multidrug transporters within the core and accessory genomes, suggesting that efflux is an important host defense response in this genus. In this work, we used the drug-susceptible organism A. baylyi ADP1 as a model for studies into the evolution of efflux mediated resistance in genus Acinetobacter, due to the high level of conservation of efflux determinants across four diverse Acinetobacter strains, including clinical isolates. A single exposure of therapeutic concentrations of chloramphenicol to populations of A. baylyi ADP1 cells produced five individual colonies displaying multidrug resistance. The major facilitator superfamily pump craA was upregulated in one mutant strain, whereas the resistance nodulation division pump adeJ was upregulated in the remaining four. Within the adeJ upregulated population, two different levels of adeJ mRNA transcription were observed, suggesting at least three separate mutations were selected after single-step exposure to chloramphenicol. In the craA upregulated strain, a T to G substitution 12 nt upstream of the craA translation initiation codon was observed. Subsequent mRNA stability analyses using this strain revealed that the half-life of mutant craA mRNA was significantly greater than that of wild-type craA mRNA.
Immunological analysis of a Lactococcus lactis-based DNA vaccine expressing HIV gp120 (2007)

For reasons of efficiency Escherichia coli is used today as the microbial factory for production of plasmid DNA vaccines. To avoid hazardous antibiotic resistance genes and endotoxins from plasmid systems used nowadays, we have developed a system based on the food-grade Lactococcus lactis and a plasmid without antibiotic resistance genes. We compared the L. lactis system to a traditional one in E. coli using identical vaccine constructs encoding the gp120 of HIV-1. Transfection studies showed comparable gp120 expression levels using both vector systems. Intramuscular immunization of mice with L. lactis vectors developed comparable gp120 antibody titers as mice receiving E. coli vectors. In contrast, the induction of the cytolytic response was lower using the L. lactis vector. Inclusion of CpG motifs in the plasmids increased T-cell activation more when the E. coli rather than the L. lactis vector was used. This could be due to the different DNA content of the vector backbones. Interestingly, stimulation of splenocytes showed higher adjuvant effect of the L. lactis plasmid. The study suggests the developed L. lactis plasmid system as new alternative DNA vaccine system with improved safety features. The different immune inducing properties using similar gene expression units, but different vector backbones and production hosts give information of the adjuvant role of the silent plasmid backbone. The results also show that correlation between the in vitro adjuvanticity of plasmid DNA and its capacity to induce cellular and humoral immune responses in mice is not straight forward.
EDGE: enhanced data rates for GSM and TDMA/136 evolution (1999)

Two of the major second-generation standards, GSM and TDMA/136, have built the foundation to offer a common global radio access for data services. Through use of a common physical layer, EDGE, both standards will have the same evolutionary path toward providing third-generation services. EDGE is currently subject to standardization in TIA TR45.3 and ETSI SMG, a process which will be finalized at the end of 1999. Compared to the existing data services in GSM and TDMA/136, EDGE will provide significantly higher user bit rates and spectral efficiency. EDGE can be introduced in these systems in a smooth way, using existing frequency plans of already deployed networks. This article gives the rationale behind the development of the EDGE concept, presents the EDGE technology, and addresses performance by means of system simulations.
Cytomegalovirus (2014)

The ability to diagnose CMV infections reliably in different clinical settings through application of molecular laboratory methods has ushered in new ways of evaluating potential new treatments for CMV. Several of these may help control the diseases caused by this important human pathogen.
Quantum channel construction with circuit quantum electrodynamics (2017)

Quantum channels can describe all transformations allowed by quantum mechanics. We adapt two existing works [S. Lloyd and L. Viola, Phys. Rev. A 65, 010101 (2001) and E. Andersson and D. K. L. Oi, Phys. Rev. A 77, 052104 (2008)] to superconducting circuits, featuring a single qubit ancilla with quantum nondemolition readout and adaptive control. This construction is efficient in both ancilla dimension and circuit depth. We point out various applications of quantum channel construction, including system stabilization and quantum error correction, Markovian and exotic channel simulation, implementation of generalized quantum measurements, and more general quantum instruments. Efficient construction of arbitrary quantum channels opens up exciting new possibilities for quantum control, quantum sensing, and information processing tasks.
Identification and Suppression of a Dimer Impurity in the Development of Delafloxacin (2008)

Delafloxacin is a 6-fluoroquinolone antibiotic which is under development at Rib-X Pharmaceuticals. During initial scale-up runs to prepare delafloxacin, up to 0.43% of a new impurity arose in the penultimate chlorination step. This was identified as a dimeric adduct of delafloxacin. Subsequent application of design of experiments (DoE) led to the identification of the factors responsible for this impurity. Implementation of the knowledge gained from the DoE reproducibly enabled the suppression of this impurity to acceptable levels.