gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synergistic and antagonistic roles of the Sonic hedgehog N- and C-terminal lipids (2004)

The Shh protein contains both N-terminal and C-terminal lipids. The functional redundancy of these lipid moieties is presently unclear. Here, we compare the relative roles of the N- and C-terminal lipids in early rat striatal neuronal differentiation, membrane association and multimerization, and ventralizing activity in the zebrafish forebrain. We show that these lipid act synergistically in cell tethering and the formation of a large (L) multimer (669 kDa). However, the C-terminal lipid antagonizes the rat striatal neuronal differentiation-inducing activity of the N-terminal lipid. In addition, multimerization is required but not sufficient for the differentiation-inducing activity. Based on the presence of different N- and C-lipid-containing Shh proteins in the rat embryo, and on their different activities, we propose that both N- and C-terminal lipids are required for the formation of multimers involved in long-range signaling, and that the C-terminal lipid may function in long-range signaling by reducing Shh activity until it reaches its long-range target. Comparative analysis of the ventralizing activities of different N- and C-terminal lipid-containing Shh proteins in the zebrafish forebrain shows that the presence of at least one lipid is required for signaling activity, suggesting that lipid modification of Shh is a conserved requirement for signaling in the forebrain of rodents and zebrafish.
Nucleic acid related compounds. 33. Conversions of adenosine and guanosine to 2,6-dichloro, 2-amino-6-chloro, and derived purine nucleosides (1981)

Enzymatic deamination of adenosine 1-N-oxide gave 1-hydroxyinosine (2a) which was acetylated and then chlorinated to give 2,6-dichloro-9-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)purine (3). Ammonia in dry 1,2-dimethoxyethane converted 3 into 2-chloro-adenosine triacetate (4a). Treatment of 4a with trimethylamine at elevated temperatures in acetonitrile resulted in formation of 2-N,N-dimethylaminoadenosine triacetate (4b). Guanosine (5) was acetylated smoothly by an improved procedure. The resulting triacetate (6) was chlorinated in ∼85% yield to give 2-amino-6-chloro-9-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl)purine (7). Treatment of 7 with trimethylamine at ambient temperature for 28 hours gave the 6-N,N-dimethylamino compound (8d). However, potassium fluoride or sodium azide with catalytic quantities of trimethylamine in DMF or acetonitrile gave the 2-amino-6-fluoro (8a) or 2-amino-6-azido (8b) products in yields of greater than 90%.
Herpes simplex virus infections in children (1995)

This paper focuses on the advances that have been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections. Insights have been gained into the immune defense mechanisms that may be active in protecting the fetus from HSV infection. An animal model that closely mimics human neonatal HSV disease may permit exploration of novel interventional strategies. Brain biopsy for the diagnosis of HSV encephalitis has been supplanted by polymerase chain reaction detection of HSV DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid and, to a lesser extent, by detection of intrathecal HSV-specific antibodies. Prolonged immune activation within the nervous system following HSV encephalitis has been demonstrated and may implicate immune activation in the pathogenesis of HSV-induced neurologic damage. The continuing emergence of antiviral drug resistance further underscores the need for new strategies for treatment and prevention of HSV infections.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 8‐Methyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrido(3,4‐d)pyrimidine‐2,4‐ diones. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
PRAIRIE GRASS (1990)

Prairie grass is used in dairy pastures and for winter/spring feed on sheep farms. Four. hundred and fifty-nine hectares of prairie grass were grown for seed in 1987/88. Average yields are 680 kg ha-'; the specialist grower can achieve yields of 1400 kg ha-'.
Extracellular invertase: key metabolic enzyme and PR protein (2002)

Extracellular invertase is the key enzyme of an apoplasmic phloem unloading pathway and catalyses the hydrolytic cleavage of the transport sugar sucrose released into the apoplast. This mechanism contributes to long-distance assimilate transport, provides the substrate to sustain heterotrophic growth and generates metabolic signals known to effect various processes of primary metabolism and defence responses. The essential function of extracellular invertase for supplying carbohydrates to sink organs was demonstrated by the finding that antisense repression of an anther-specific isoenzyme provides an efficient method for metabolic engineering of male sterility. The regulation of extracellular invertase by all classes of phytohormones indicates an essential link between the molecular mechanism of phytohormone action and primary metabolism. The up-regulation of extracellular invertase appears to be a common response to various biotic and abiotic stress-related stimuli such as pathogen infection and salt stress, in addition to specific stress-related reactions. Based on the observed co-ordinated regulation of source/sink relations and defence responses by sugars and stress-related stimuli, the identified activation of distinct subsets of MAP kinases provides a mechanism for signal integration and distribution within such complex networks. Sucrose derivatives not synthesized by higher plants, such as turanose, were shown to elicit responses distinctly different from metabolizable sugars and are rather perceived as stress-related stimuli.
Synthesis of Fluorescent, Photolabile 3′-O-Protected Nucleoside Triphosphates for the Base Addition Sequencing Scheme (1999)

The dansylated nucleoside triphosphates 1a and 1b were prepared as a prelude to investigating sequencing of DNA via a scheme that does not involve electrophoresis.
Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTherapeutic RadiopharmaceuticalsWynn A. Volkert and Timothy J. HoffmanView Author Information Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211 and Departments of Radiology and Internal Medicine and Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 9, 2269–2292Publication Date (Web):August 11, 1999Publication History Received1 February 1999Revised14 June 1999Published online11 August 1999Published inissue 8 September 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr9804386https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9804386research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4356Altmetric-Citations648LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Anatomy,Cancer,Cancer therapy,Peptides and proteins,Pharmaceuticals Get e-Alerts
Antigen-specific T cell responses in human peripheral blood leucocyte (hu-PBL)–mouse chimera conditioned with radiation and an antibody directed against the mouse IL-2 receptorβ-chain (2000)

A weakness of the hu-PBL-SCID model for the study of human immune functions is the appearance of anergy and the consequent loss of T cell function. We demonstrate here that human T cells retain normal functions during the early stage of chimerism. At 1 and 2 weeks post-engraftment, T cells isolated from the peritoneal cavity of hu-PBL chimeras could be activated and proliferated upon stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or specific antigens to which the cell donor was known to be immune. T cells derived from hu-PBL-SCID and hu-PBL-NOD/LtSz-scid (NOD/SCID) mice not only proliferated but also produced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-5 following in vitro stimulation with tetanus toxoid (TT) or hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). These antigen-specific T cells could only be demonstrated when cognate antigen was administered together with or immediately following the PBL transfer. Without an early rechallenge with antigen in vivo, no TT- or HBsAg-specific T cell responses could be elicited, showing the vulnerability and antigen-dependence of the T cell response. Vigorous anti-TT or anti-HBs responses could be observed in all chimeras. Administration of antigen together with the PBL graft enhanced the humoral anti-TT response in SCID and NOD/SCID mice but had little effect on the anti-HBs antibody response in NOD/SCID mice. These data confirm the observation that the B cell compartment in hu-PBL-SCID chimera is largely antigen-independent and extend this to SCID/NOD.
Structure-activity relationships of interleukin-8 determined using chemically synthesized analogs. Critical role of NH2-terminal residues and evidence for uncoupling of neutrophil chemotaxis, exocytosis, and receptor binding activities. (1991)

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is an inflammatory mediator that stimulates neutrophil migration and functional activation. Analogs of human IL-8 were chemically synthesized, purified, and compared with the full-length 72-residue synthetic IL-8 for their ability to stimulate neutrophil chemotaxis and exocytosis as measured by assaying for release of elastase, as well as their binding to specific receptors in competition assays. Analogs corresponding to the less abundant natural forms, 3-72, 4-72, and 77-residue IL-8, were evaluated and the 3-72 and 4-72 had 2-5-fold higher potencies, whereas the 77-residue IL-8 was 2-fold less potent. A major finding was that NH2-terminal residues 4, 5, and 6 were absolutely essential for IL-8 activity and receptor binding. Quantitative dissociation of elastase release and chemotaxis activity was detected with 5-72, which compared with 1-72, was 80-fold less potent in the elastase assay, but was only slightly less potent in stimulating chemotaxis. IL-8 6-72 lacked all the biological activities tested but had detectable receptor binding activity. The NH2-terminal peptide, AVLPRSAKEL, lacked activity and receptor binding, suggesting that the NH2-terminal region alone is not sufficient for function. Comparison of analogs shortened at the COOH terminus showed that potency was progressively reduced as the COOH-terminal residues were excluded. However activity was retained in an analog (1-51) with the entire COOH-terminal alpha helix and beta turn missing. A peptide corresponding to the COOH-terminal 22 residues, although inactive alone, synergized with the 1-51 analog in stimulating elastase release. The results suggest that the NH2-terminal residues 4, 5, and 6, which are disordered in the IL-8 solution structure, are directly involved in receptor binding, but the COOH-terminal alpha helix is probably important for stabilizing the three-dimensional structure. Other regions within residues 7-51 are also functionally important.
Bulge formation and improvement of the polymer in CO2laser micromachining (2005)

This paper reports a novel approach to eliminate the bulges formed at the rim of a channel in a PMMA polymer substrate during CO2 laser micromachining by covering a PDMS or JSR photoresist layer on the polymer substrate to get a good quality of smooth surface for the MEMS application. The bulges formed in the conventional laser micromachined polymer result in problems of bonding of the microfluidic chips or the clogging of liquid flow in the channel. Different cover layers of PDMS material and JSR photoresist unexposed or exposed by UV light were used to study the phenomena of formation and elimination of bulges. Also, a different number of passes were performed to investigate the variation of bulge shape and its formation mechanism as well as the profile of the channel. A physical model for the bulge formation during CO2 laser micromachining based on the photothermal melting mechanism was proposed. The micromachined PMMA polymer without bulges at the rim of the channel has been demonstrated using a cover layer on the substrate by the CO2 laser technology at low cost and rapid prototyping.
Iontophoresis of lysophosphatidic acid into rabbit cornea induces HSV-1 reactivation: evidence that neuronal signaling changes after infection. (1999)

Lysophosphatidic acid can induce HSV-1 reactivation and changes in GAP-43 pI suggest that posttranslational modifications, possibly related to phosphorylation and ADP-ribosylation, are occurring during HSV-1 latency and after LPA is iontophoretically applied to the cornea. How lysophosphatidic acid-induced signaling, HSV-1 reactivation, and GAP-43 pI are related remains to be determined.
Biogenesis of banana volatiles (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBiogenesis of banana volatilesRoland Tressl and Friedrich DrawertCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1973, 21, 4, 560–565Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf60188a031https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60188a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views892Altmetric-Citations164LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Automatically labeling the inputs and outputs of web services (2006)

Information integration systems combine data from multiple heterogeneous Web services to answer complex user queries, provided a user has semantically modeled the service first. To model a service, the user has to specify semantic types of the input and output data it uses and its functionality. As large number of new services come online, it is impractical to require the user to come up with a semantic model of the service or rely on the service providers to conform to a standard. Instead, we would like to automatically learn the semantic model of a new service. This paper addresses one part of the problem: namely, automatically recognizing semantic types of the data used by Web services. We describe a metadatabased classification method for recognizing input data types using only the terms extracted from a Web Service Definition file. We then verify the classifier’s predictions by invoking the service with some sample data of that type. Once we discover correct classification, we invoke the service to produce output data samples. We then use content-based classifiers to recognize semantic types of the output data. We provide performance results of both classification methods and validate our approach on several live Web services.
A 10-Year Prospective Study of Patients with Skin Cancer (2002)

Patients with NMSC require careful followup as they have an increased risk of new cancer formation. Those with multiple skin cancer merit particularly careful followup as all develop another NMSC within 10 years and have a significantly increased risk of developing SCC or melanoma.
Enterocolitis in Patients With Cancer After Antibody Blockade of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte–Associated Antigen 4 (2006)

CTLA4 seems to be a significant component of tolerance to tumor and in protection against immune mediated enterocolitis and these phenomena are significantly associated in cancer patients.
Expression of resistance factors (P-glycoprotein, glutathione S-transferase-π, and topoisomerase II) and their interrelationship to proto-oncogene products in renal cell carcinomas (1993)

The results demonstrate that in renal cell carcinomas a significant relationship exists between resistance-related proteins, such as P-170, GST-pi, or Topo II, and proto-oncogenes, such as c-fos, c-erbB1, and c-neu.
Platelets secrete a coagulation inhibitor functionally and antigenically similar to the lipoprotein associated coagulation inhibitor (1988)

Abstract Stimulation with thrombin or the calcium ionophore, A23187 caused human platelets to release a coagulation inhibitor similar to the Lipoprotein Associated Coagulation Inhibitor (LACI). This was documented functionally, with clotting assays measuring tissue factor inhibition and factor Xa inhibition, as well as immunologically, in a competitive immunoassay. The total amount of LACI released by 3 x 10(8) platelets after two hours stimulation was 7% to 8% of the amount found in 1 mL of serum. Half of the LACI was released by five minutes. The LACI was present in the platelet supernatant and was not associated with the platelet membrane or shed vesicles. The tissue factor and factor Xa inhibitory activities that were released were neutralized by preincubating the platelet supernatants with specific rabbit polyclonal anti-LACI IgG. On Western blot, platelet LACI appeared to run as a doublet with a molecular weight (mol wt) 45,000 to 47,000. Blood samples obtained from the site of a wound (template bleeding time) demonstrated a progressive increase in LACI concentration. A cDNA probe, derived from endothelial cell LACI cDNA, hybridized selectively to 4.0 and 1.4 kb transcripts in a preparation of platelet mRNA.
Digital Switching of Local Arginine Density in a Genetically Encoded Self-Assembled Polypeptide Nanoparticle Controls Cellular Uptake (2012)

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a class of molecules that enable efficient internalization of a wide variety of cargo in diverse cell types, making them desirable for delivery of anticancer drugs to solid tumors. For CPPs to be useful, it is important to be able to turn their function on in response to an external trigger that can be spatially localized in vivo. Here we describe an approach to turning on CPP function by modulation of the local density of arginine (Arg) residues by temperature-triggered micelle assembly of diblock copolymer elastin-like polypeptides (ELP(BC)s). A greater than 8-fold increase in cellular uptake occurs when Arg residues are presented on the corona of ELP(BC) micelles, as compared to the same ELP(BC) at a temperature in which it is a soluble unimer. This approach is the first to demonstrate digital 'off-on' control of CPP activity by an extrinsic thermal trigger in a clinically relevant temperature range by modulation of the interfacial density of Arg residues on the exterior of a nanoparticle.
Effect of surfactants on honey bee survival. (2000)

The toxicity of surfactants applied topically and orally to honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) was determined by laboratory bioassays. Eleven surfactants (Citowett®, Pulse®, Boost®, Codacide oil®, Contact®, Raingard®, Peptoil®, Sunspray®, Ethokem®, Multifilm® and Uptake®) were applied topically to anoxiated bees. Anoxiating bees and spraying them with water had no significant effect on their survival. Four surfactants (Citowett®, Pulse®, Boost® and Ethokem®) were toxic when applied topically. Ethokem® and Boost® also showed oral toxicity. Field trials are necessary to assess the actual impact of surfactants. As some surfactants were demonstrated to be toxic to bees in laboratory trials, which suggests they may be toxic when used in the field, they should go through the agrichemical registration process and honey bee warning labels should be included where appropriate.
OCP-A: an efficient QoS control scheme for real time multimedia communications (2002)

A major goal of current integrated networks is to provide transmission services to diversified applications with different QoS (quality of service) requirements. Due to the increasing dynamics of the traffic introduced by multimedia applications, dynamic and flexible QoS control is needed to ensure both QoS satisfaction and resource efficiency. We present an efficient quality assurance scheme to satisfy a diversified combination of delay bound and loss ratio requirements by dynamically adjusting the resource allocation. It is a simple, general QoS control scheme which can be used on a variety of real-time multimedia sources. The scheme is evaluated in extensive simulation studies using real MPEG video sources and is shown to be superior to static resource allocation in terms of efficiency, fairness, and flexibility.
Enhancing versus suppressive effects of stress hormones on skin immune function (1999)

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions are antigen-specific cell-mediated immune responses that, depending on the antigen, mediate beneficial (e.g., resistance to viruses, bacteria, and fungi) or harmful (e.g., allergic dermatitis and autoimmunity) aspects of immune function. Contrary to the idea that stress suppresses immunity, we have reported that short-duration stressors significantly enhance skin DTH and that a stress-induced trafficking of leukocytes to the skin may mediate this immunoenhancement. Here, we identify the hormonal mediators of a stress-induced enhancement of skin immunity. Adrenalectomy, which eliminates the glucocorticoid and epinephrine stress response, eliminated the stress-induced enhancement of skin DTH. Low-dose corticosterone or epinephrine administration significantly enhanced skin DTH and produced a significant increase in the number of T cells in lymph nodes draining the site of the DTH reaction. In contrast, high-dose corticosterone, chronic corticosterone, or low-dose dexamethasone administration significantly suppressed skin DTH. These results suggest a role for adrenal stress hormones as endogenous immunoenhancing agents. These results also show that hormones released during an acute stress response may help prepare the immune system for potential challenges (e.g., wounding or infection) for which stress perception by the brain may serve as an early warning signal.