gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Liquid Scintillator for Thermal Neutron Detection (1964)

A liquid-scintillator system has been developed for the detection of thermal neutrons. The method employs the Li6(n,α)H3 reaction; the resulting tritons and alpha particles interact with the scintillator to produce light photons which are detected in the usual manner. Lithium-6 salicylate is used as the active component of the scintillating solution and is unusual in that it serves not only as a target for the reaction but also serves as the solution fluor. This paper describes the various characteristics and properties of the new scintillator system.
Superior Treg-Expanding Properties of a Novel Dual-Acting Cytokine Fusion Protein (2019)

Autoimmune diseases are caused by uncontrolled endogenous immune responses against healthy cells. They may develop due to an impaired function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which normally suppress self-specific effector immune cells. Interleukin 2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have been identified as key players that promote expansion, function, and stability of Tregs. <i>In vivo</i>, both low-dose IL-2 therapy and TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) agonism were shown to expand Tregs and alleviate autoimmunity. We here designed a novel dimeric dual-acting fusion cytokine, where mouse IL-2 is genetically linked to a TNFR2-selective single-chain TNF mutein (IL2-EHD2-sc-mTNF<sub>R2</sub>). IL2-EHD2-sc-mTNF<sub>R2</sub> showed high affinity to TNFR2 and efficiently activated IL-2 and TNFR2-selective signaling pathways. Further, IL2-EHD2-sc-mTNF<sub>R2</sub> promoted superior Treg expansion, with both the IL-2 and the TNFR2 agonist (sc-mTNF<sub>R2</sub>) component necessary for this biological response. Ultimately, we propose that IL2-EHD2-sc-mTNF<sub>R2</sub> is a dual-acting cytokine that efficiently promotes Treg expansion and might have a superior therapeutic window than conventional IL-2-based drugs.
Single Solitary Metastasis of the Slowly Progressive Type of Renal Cell Carcinoma to the Choroid Plexus —Case Report— (1997)

A 68-year-old male developed a solitary metastasis in the choroid plexus of the right lateral ventricle 7 years after left nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. The lesion was totally removed and the patient has been free from recurrence for 30 months postoperatively. Pure solitary metastasis to the choroid plexus is very rare, but five of the 15 cases originated from renal cell carcinoma. There may be a link between this type of metastasis and the slowly progressive type of renal cell carcinoma.
Allelic loss of chromosomes 16q and 10q in human prostate cancer. (1990)

Recent advances in understanding the molecular genetics of common adult tumors have indicated that multiple genetic alterations including the activation of oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes are important in the pathogenesis of these tumors. Loss of heterozygosity is a hallmark of tumor suppressor gene inactivation and has been used to identify chromosomal regions that contain these genes. We have examined allelic loss in the most common tumor in men, prostate cancer. Twenty-eight prostate cancer specimens have been examined for loss of heterozygosity at 11 different chromosomal arms including 3p, 7q, 9q, 10p, 10q, 11p, 13q, 16p, 16q, 17p, and 18q. Fifty-four percent (13/24) of clinically localized tumors and 4 of 4 metastatic tumors showed loss of heterozygosity on at least one chromosome. Chromosomes 16q and 10q exhibited the highest frequency of loss of heterozygosity with 30% of tumors showing loss at these chromosomes. These data demonstrate that allelic loss is a common event in prostate cancer and suggest that chromosomes 16q and 10q may contain the sites of tumor suppressor genes important in the pathogenesis of human prostate cancer.
Cholesterol in the Prediction of Atherosclerotic Disease (1979)

Prospective data at Framingham and elsewhere have shown conclusively that risk of coronary heart disease in persons younger than age 50 is strikingly related to the serum total cholesterol level. Within so-called normal limits risk has been found to mount over a five-fold range. The impact has been found to be augmented by other risk factors. The contribution of the serum total cholesterol to risk has also been found to be determined by its partition in the various lipoprotein fractions. A relatively large amount of cholesterol in the low-density lipoprotein fraction is atherogenic, whereas that in the high-density fraction appears protective. The independent contribution of very-low density lipoprotein and its triglyceride or cholesterol content has, on the other hand, not been established. The previous position that virtually all of the lipid information pertaining to coronary heart disease resided in the serum total cholesterol must be accordingly modified.
Characterization of the human 5-HT2A receptor gene promoter (1995)

The regulation of 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) expression has been implicated in a variety of pathological processes and has been shown to be extremely complicated and controversial. In order to understand the mechanisms of regulation of this receptor, it is important to characterize its promoter. In this report, the 5' end of the human 5-HT2AR gene was cloned and characterized. Anchored PCR mapped multiple transcription initiation sites at nucleotides -1157, -1137, -1127, and -496. Transfection of chimeric growth hormone plasmids containing various DNA fragments into 5-HT2AR-positive human cell lines (SHSY-5Y, neuroblastoma; HeLa, cervix carcinoma) showed that the 0.74 kb HaeIII/PvuII fragment, which encompasses the initiation sites between -1157 and -1127 and 5' of the downstream initiation site (at -496), exhibited significant promoter activity. This promoter activity was not affected by the sequence upstream of the 0.74 kb fragment. The sequence downstream (the 0.45 kb PvuII/SmaI fragment) strongly repressed this promoter activity, suggesting the presence of a silencer. Sequence analysis combined with gel retardation and Dnase 1 footprinting assay identified multiple cis and trans elements for this fragment, including Sp1, PEA3, cyclic AMP response element (CRE)-like sequence, and E-boxes. Two novel transcription factors have been detected by gel retardation and DNase 1 footprinting assay; one of them may be specific for human. The transcription factors and promoter activities were low in the negative cell line NCI-H460 (human lung large cell carcinoma). Interestingly, the 0.39 kb fragment, isolated from the 3' end of the 0.74 kb fragment, exhibited the highest promoter activity. The possibility that this 0.39 kb fragment may be an alternative promoter is discussed. These new data are essential for further study of the regulation of 5-HT2AR gene expression.
Compact internal multiband antenna for mobile phone and WLAN standards (2004)

A novel internal planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) suitable for handset terminals is presented. The structure combines shorted parasitic patches, capacitive loads and slots to achieve multiband operation. This compact antenna operates in the GSM, DCS, PCS, UMTS, HIPERLAN/2 and IEEE 802.11a bands within 2.5:1 voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and with good efficiency.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering on nanoporous Au (2006)

Colloidal solutions of metal nanoparticles are currently among the most studied substrates for sensors based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). However, such substrates often suffer from not being cost-effective, reusable, or stable. Here, we develop nanoporous Au as a highly active, tunable, stable, biocompatible, and reusable SERS substrate. Nanoporous Au is prepared by a facile process of free corrosion of AgAu alloys followed by annealing. Results show that nanofoams with average pore widths of ∼250nm exhibit the largest SERS signal for 632.8nm excitation. This is attributed to the electromagnetic SERS enhancement mechanism with additional field localization within pores.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Current Understanding and Clinical Status (2009)

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) represent a rare heterogeneous subset of pluripotent stromal cells that can be isolated from many different adult tissues that exhibit the potential to give rise to cells of diverse lineages. Numerous studies have reported beneficial effects of MSCs in tissue repair and regeneration. After culture expansion and in vivo administration, MSCs home to and engraft to injured tissues and modulate the inflammatory response through synergistic downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and upregulation of both prosurvival and antiinflammatory factors. In addition, MSCs possess remarkable immunosuppressive properties, suppressing T-cell, NK cell functions, and also modulating dentritic cell activities. Tremendous progress has been made in preclinical studies using MSCs, including the ability to use allogeneic cells, which has driven the application of MSCs toward the clinical setting. This review highlights our current understanding into the biology of MSCs with particular emphasis on the cardiovascular and renal applications, and provides a brief update on the clinical status of MSC-based therapy.
2. Taurine (1943)

A. A. Goldberg, J. Chem. Soc., 1943, 4 DOI: 10.1039/JR9430000004
Maltose and Maltodextrin Transport in the Thermoacidophilic Gram-Positive Bacterium Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius Is Mediated by a High-Affinity Transport System That Includes a Maltose Binding Protein Tolerant to Low pH (2000)

We have studied the uptake of maltose in the thermoacidophilic gram-positive bacterium Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius, which grows best at 57 degrees C and pH 3.5. Under these conditions, accumulation of [(14)C]maltose was observed in cells grown with maltose but not in those grown with glucose. At lower temperatures or higher pH values, the transport rates substantially decreased. Uptake of radiolabeled maltose was inhibited by maltotetraose, acarbose, and cyclodextrins but not by lactose, sucrose, or trehalose. The kinetic parameters (K(m) of 0.91 +/- 0.06 microM and V(max) ranging from 0.6 to 3.7 nmol/min/mg of protein) are consistent with a binding protein-dependent ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter. A corresponding binding protein (MalE) that interacts with maltose with high affinity (K(d) of 1.5 microM) was purified from the culture supernatant of maltose-grown cells. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed distribution of the protein throughout the cell wall. The malE gene was cloned and sequenced. Five additional open reading frames, encoding components of a maltose transport system (MalF and MalG), a putative transcriptional regulator (MalR), a cyclodextrinase (CdaA), and an alpha-glucosidase (GlcA), were identified downstream of malE. The malE gene lacking the DNA sequence that encodes the signal sequence was expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified wild-type and recombinant proteins bind maltose with high affinity over a wide pH range (2.5 to 7) and up to 80 degrees C. Recombinant MalE cross-reacted with an antiserum raised against the wild-type protein, thereby indicating that the latter is the product of the malE gene. The MalE protein might be well suited as a model to study tolerance of proteins to low pH.
Distinct ligand preferences of Src homology 3 domains from Src, Yes, Abl, Cortactin, p53bp2, PLCgamma, Crk, and Grb2. (1996)

Src homology 3 (SH3) domains are conserved protein modules 50-70 amino acids long found in a variety of proteins with important roles in signal transduction. These domains have been shown to mediate protein-protein interactions by binding short proline-rich regions in ligand proteins. However, the ligand preferences of most SH3 domains and the role of these preferences in regulating SH3-mediated protein-protein interactions remain poorly defined. We have used a phage-displayed library of peptides of the form X6PXXPX6 to identify ligands for eight different SH3 domains. Using this approach, we have determined that each SH3 domain prefers peptide ligands with distinct sequence characteristics. Specifically, we have found that the Src SH3 domain selects peptides sharing the consensus motif LXXRPLPXpsiP, whereas Yes SH3 selects psiXXRPLPXLP, Abl SH3 selects PPXthetaXPPPpsiP, Cortactin SH3 selects +PPpsiPXKPXWL, p53bp2 SH3 selects RPXpsiPpsiR+SXP, PLCgamma SH3 selects PPVPPRPXXTL, Crk N-terminal SH3 selects psiPpsiLPpsiK, and Grb2 N-terminal SH3 selects +thetaDXPLPXLP (where psi, theta, and + represent aliphatic, aromatic, and basic residues, respectively). Furthermore, we have compared the binding of phage expressing peptides related to each consensus motif to a panel of 12 SH3 domains. Results from these experiments support the ligand preferences identified in the peptide library screen and evince the ability of SH3 domains to discern subtle differences in the primary structure of potential ligands. Finally, we have found that most known SH3-binding proteins contain proline-rich regions conforming to the ligand preferences of their respective SH3 targets.
Vitamin D plasma binding protein. Turnover and fate in the rabbit. (1981)

The metabolic disposition of the plasma binding protein (DBP) for vitamin D and its metabolites was studied in adult rabbits. Apo-DBP was purified from rabbit plasma and enzymatically labeled with radioiodine. The radioiodine-labeled protein retained its ability to bind vitamin D sterols and its physicochemical properties. When 125I-labeled DBP and 131I-labeled rabbit albumin were simultaneously injected intravenously, the 125I was cleared from plasma at a faster rate (t 1/2 = 1.7 d) than 131I (t 1/2 = 5 d) and 125I was present in excess of 131I in kidney, liver, skeletal muscle, heart, lung, intestine, testis, and bone 1 h after injection. In contrast to DBP, 25(OH)D3 was cleared more slowly (t 1/2 = 10.7 d). Compared to albumin, DBP radioactivity appeared earlier and in greater quantity in the urine of catheterized rabbits. Gel filtration analyses of plasma revealed most of the 125I to elute in the position of DBP, with only small amounts in the less than 1,000-dalton region. In contrast, almost all of the urine 125I eluted in this small molecular weight fraction. The molar ratio of DBP to 25(OH)D3 in normal rabbit plasma was 138/1. The extravascular pool of DBP was calculated to be 1.5-2.4 times larger than the intravascular DBP pool, and the molar replacement rate of DBP was 1,350-fold higher than that of 25(OH)D3. The plasma disappearance curves of holo-DBP, prepared either by saturating with 25(OH)D3 or by covalently linking 3 beta-bromoacetoxy-25(OH)D3, were very similar to that of apo-DBP. Neuraminidase treatment of DBP did not alter its plasma survival. These studies indicate that DBP or DBP-25(OH)D3 complex is removed from plasma by a variety of tissues, that the DBP moiety is degraded during this process, and that a significant recirculation of 25(OH)D3 probably occurs. The molar excess of DBP to 25(OH)D3 in plasma, and the relatively rapid turnover of DBP indicate that a high capacity, high affinity, and dynamic transport mechanism for vitamin D sterols exists in rabbit plasma.
Radiation from a vertical dipole over a stratified ground (Part II) (1954)

Further results are given for the problem of a vertical electric dipole situated over a horizontally stratified conductor. It is pointed out that under certain conditions the surface-wave field intensity for a stratified conducting ground is greater than the corresponding case for a perfectly conducting ground. Numerical values for the attenuation factor are also given.
Delta-Sigma modulator based A/D conversion without oversampling (1995)

Although /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulators are widely used for low to moderate rate analog-to-digital conversion, the time oversampling requirement has discouraged their application to higher rate converters. This paper presents an architecture wherein multiple /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulators are combined so that neither time oversampling nor time interlacing are necessary. Instead, the system achieves the effect of oversampling from the multiplicity of modulators. For a system containing M P/sup th/-order /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulators, approximately P bits of accuracy are gained for every doubling of M. A major benefit of the architecture is that it retains much of the robustness of the individual /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulators to nonideal circuit behavior. As a result, the architecture offers the potential of integrating high-precision, high-speed A/D converters together with digital signal processing functions using VLSI processes optimized for digital circuitry. The paper presents the general architecture and provides a performance analysis closely supported by computer simulations.
A scalable video-on-demand service for the provision of VCR-like functions (2002)

One approach to supporting continuous media traffic is via resource reservation at connection establishment time. The shortcomings of this approach are the lack of flexibility in re-negotiating bandwidth parameters after connection establishment and the inability to react to changing server load conditions. In this paper, we propose a "selected access scheme" for re-negotiating continuous media delivery from a video-on-demand server. We consider the overall system perspective on resource availability rather than a per-connection resource management scheme. The selected access scheme is combined with data placement strategies for the server to dynamically access desired video frames from a shared storage device. This approach is especially suitable for video data compressed and stored using an inter-frame encoding scheme such as specified by the MPEG standard. Simulation results show that the proposed model can utilize server bandwidth, improve the reliability of playback, reduce the buffering needed and support VCR-like functions without blocking user access to the storage device.
Discovery of a Potent Retinoid X Receptor Antagonist Structurally Closely Related to RXR Agonist NEt-3IB (2011)

We discovered a potent retinoid X receptor (RXR) antagonist, 6-[N-ethyl-N-(5-isobutoxy-4-isopropyl-2-(E)-styrylphenyl)amino]nicotinic acid (13e), that is structurally closely related to the RXR full agonist 6-[N-ethyl-N-(3-isobutoxy-4-isopropylphenyl)amino]nicotinic acid (NEt-3IB) (4). Compound 13e was synthesized via a simple route from 11, a methyl ester precursor of 4. Because 11 possesses high electrophilic reactivity because of the amino and alkoxy groups, it was readily transformed to 12 by iodization, and the iodine atom of 12 was converted to a C-C or C-N bond by means of palladium-catalyzed reaction to afford 13. Transcriptional activation assay revealed that 13g (in which the iodine atom was replaced with an amino group) is a weak RXR agonist, while 13d (a phenyl group), 13e (a styryl group), and 13f (an anilino group) are RXR antagonists. Among them, 13e was found to be more potent than the known RXR antagonist PA452 (9).
Immunoglobulin G Antibodies from an Individual Rabbit in Which Several Heavy Chain Variants Are Paired with One Light Chain Sequence (1973)

Abstract CNBr cleavage of rabbit heavy chain leads to the formation of a fragment, C1, which consists of the NH2-terminal half of the heavy chain. Fragment C1 is cleaved at methionyl residues but held together by intrachain S—S bonds to that total reduction and alkylation liberates new fragments. In the case of the C1 fragment from an anti-p-azobenzoate antibody of restricted heterogeneity, total reduction, and alkylation liberated six fragments which were isolated in good yield. Small amounts of other fragments were apparent. The six fragments were identified on the basis of molecular weights, amino acid compositions, and NH2-terminal sequences and represent residues 1 to 253, 1 to 34, 1 to 55, 56 to 140, 141 to 253, and 85 to 253. There was no evidence of acid splits, incomplete CNBr cleavage, or incomplete reduction. From the known positions of half-cystine residues and the fact that some of these fragments represent overlapping regions, it appears that heavy chains having different distributions of methionine are present. Therefore this heavy chain is not homogeneous. In contrast, the light chain from this antibody preparation appears to be homogeneous. This indicates that a limited set of different heavy chains may be paired with a single light chain to generate related antibody molecules.
Epidermal growth factor system regulates mucin production in airways (1999)

Goblet-cell hyperplasia is a critical pathological feature in hypersecretory diseases of airways. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown, and no effective therapy exists. Here we show that stimulation of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGF-R) by its ligands, EGF and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha), causes MUC5AC expression in airway epithelial cells both in in vitro and in vivo. We found that a MUC5AC-inducing epithelial cell line, NCI-H292, expresses EGF-R constitutively; EGF-R gene expression was stimulated further by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). EGF-R ligands increased the expression of MUC5AC at both gene and protein levels, and this effect was potentiated by TNFalpha. Selective EGF-R tyrosine kinase inhibitors blocked MUC5AC expression induced by EGF-R ligands. Pathogen-free rats expressed little EGF-R protein in airway epithelial cells; intratracheal instillation of TNFalpha induced EGF-R in airway epithelial cells, and subsequent instillation of EGF-R ligands increased the number of goblet cells, Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff staining (reflecting mucous glycoconjugates), and MUC5AC gene expression, whereas TNFalpha, EGF, or TGFalpha alone was without effect. In sensitized rats, three intratracheal instillations of ovalbumin resulted in EGF-R expression and goblet-cell production in airway epithelium. Pretreatment with EGF-R tyrosine kinase inhibitor, BIBX1522, prevented goblet-cell production both in rats stimulated by TNFalpha-EGF-R ligands and in an asthma model. These findings suggest potential roles for inhibitors of the EGF-R cascade in hypersecretory diseases of airways.
Evidence for the existence of two forms of membrane tumor necrosis factor: an integral protein and a molecule attached to its receptor. (1989)

Plasma membranes were isolated from thioglycolate-induced peritoneal mouse macrophages and tested directly in a 51Cr-release assay against WEHI 164 tumor cells. These membranes showed anti-TNF antibody inhibitable killing of the TNF-sensitive tumor cell line, indicating that membrane-associated TNF is present on mouse macrophages. In order to elucidate whether membrane TNF is an integral protein or a molecule attached to a receptor, cells and plasma membranes were treated with low pH buffer. A partial reduction in TNF activity was observed which could be restored by incubation with exogenous TNF. In a Western blot analysis the integral membrane TNF could be identified as the 26-kDa molecule on activated mouse macrophages. These results indicate that both forms of membrane-associated TNF exist on macrophages and are responsible for cell-mediated cytotoxicity against TNF-alpha-sensitive targets.
Monolithically integrated 3-D micro-inductors and micro-transformers for RF applications (2003)

To meet requirements in mobile communications and microwave integrated circuits, miniaturization of the passive components that many of these systems require is of key importance. In this paper, spiral and solenoid-type RF micro-inductors and micro-transformers with 3-D structures have been newly designed, fabricated, and characterized on GaAs and silicon substrates by using electroplating techniques, multi-layer thick photoresist, and low temperature processes. The applied processing techniques are also compatible with MMIC, RFIC, and CMOS circuitry fabrication due to their simple fabrication steps. In particular, relationship of performance characteristics and geometry of spiral and solenoid micro-inductors and micro-transformers is deeply investigated such as windings, cross-sectional area of core, spacing between windings, and turn ratio. The microwave characteristics of the fabricated micro- inductors and micro-transformers have been measured in the frequency range of 0.5 to 40 GHz for RF applications.