gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Imaging bacterial infections with radiolabeled 1-(2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil (2005)

Bacterial infections provide diagnostic dilemmas that could be enlightened by modern imaging technologies. We have developed a simple method for imaging bacterial infections in mice that relies on the phosphorylation and trapping of the thymidine kinase (TK) substrate 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-[125I] iodouracil ([125I]FIAU) within bacteria. FIAU was found to inhibit the growth of WT Escherichia coli but not a TK- strain, indicating that WT E. coli could metabolize this compound. In silico analyses demonstrated that all pathogenic strains of bacteria whose genomes have been sequenced contain a TK gene highly homologous to the E. coli TK. Accordingly, we demonstrated that localized infections caused by representatives of five genera of bacteria could be readily imaged with [125I]FIAU. Such imaging provides a general method for the diagnosis of localized bacterial infections that could be translatable to the clinic.
Kallikrein 6 is a mediator of K-RAS-dependent migration of colon carcinoma cells (2008)

Kallikrein 6 (KLK6) is a trypsin-like serine peptidase whose relevance in various types of cancers is currently being explored. Previous studies have shown that KLK6 mRNA is upregulated in colon and gastric cancers; however, the regulatory mechanisms and phenotypic consequences of this upregulation are largely unknown. Activating K-RAS mutations are common in colon cancer, occurring in approximately 50% of cases. We have recently reported the upregulation of KLK6 mRNA in Caco2 human colon cancer cells stably transfected with a mutant K-RAS allele (K-RAS(G12V)). In this study we examined the pattern of K-RAS-dependent KLK6 expression and secretion in colon cancer cells. Using pharmacological inhibitors of pathways downstream of K-RAS, we could show that the PI3K and p42/44 MAPK pathways play an important role in the induction of KLK6 in mutant K-RAS-expressing colon cancer cells. Increased KLK6 expression enhanced colon cancer cell migration through laminin and Matrigel. Inhibition of KLK6 using small interference RNA treatment or a specific KLK6 antibody in Caco2 cells stably expressing the mutant K-RAS and in SW480 cells carrying a mutation in the K-RAS oncogene resulted in a reduction in invasiveness through cell culture inserts. These data support the oncogenic role of KLK6 in colorectal cancer.
Short-lived plasma blasts are the main B cell effector subset during the course of multiple sclerosis (2005)

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disorder of the CNS with an unknown aetiology. Although intrathecal immunoglobulin G (IgG) synthesis is a key feature of the disease, little is still known about the B cell response in the CNS of multiple sclerosis patients. We analysed the phenotype and kinetics of different B cell subsets in patients with multiple sclerosis, infectious disease (IND) and non-inflammatory neurological disease (NIND). B cells were detected in the CSF of multiple sclerosis and IND patients, but were largely absent in NIND patients. In the CSF, the majority of B cells had a phenotype of memory B cells and short-lived plasma blasts (PB); plasma cells were absent from the compartment. The proportion of PB was highest in multiple sclerosis patients and patients with acute CNS infection. While PB disappeared rapidly from the CSF after resolution of infection in IND patients, these cells were present at high numbers throughout the disease course in multiple sclerosis patients. CSF PB numbers in multiple sclerosis patients strongly correlated with intrathecal IgG synthesis and inflammatory parenchymal disease activity as disclosed by MRI. This study identifies short-lived plasma blasts as the main effector B cell population involved in ongoing active inflammation in multiple sclerosis patients.
The looped heart does not save energy by maintaining the momentum of blood flowing in the ventricle (2008)

Previous studies suggested that the reconstruction or maintenance of physiological blood flow paths in the heart is important to obtain a good outcome following cardiac surgery, but this concept has no established theoretical foundation. We developed a multiscale, multiphysics heart simulator, based on the finite element method, and compared the hemodynamics of ventricles with physiological and nonphysiological flow paths. We found that the physiological flow path did not have an energy-saving effect but facilitated the separation of the outflow and inflow paths, so avoiding any mixing of the blood. The work performed by the ventricular wall was comparable at slower and faster heart rates (physiological vs. nonphysiological, 0.864 vs. 0.874 J, heart rate = 60 beats/min; and 0.599 vs. 0.590 J, heart rate = 100 beats/min), indicating that chiral asymmetry of the flow paths in the mammalian heart has minimal functional merit. At lower heart rates, the blood coming in the first beat was cleared almost completely by the ninth beat in both models. However, at high heart rates, such complete clearance was observed only in the physiological model, whereas 27.0% of blood remained in the nonphysiological model. This multiscale heart simulator provided detailed information on the cardiac mechanics and flow dynamics and could be a useful tool in cardiac physiology.
Motion correction for phase-resolved dynamic optical coherence tomography imaging of rodent cerebral cortex (2011)

Cardiac and respiratory motions in animals are the primary source of image quality degradation in dynamic imaging studies, especially when using phase-resolved imaging modalities such as spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), whose phase signal is very sensitive to movements of the sample. This study demonstrates a method with which to compensate for motion artifacts in dynamic SD-OCT imaging of the rodent cerebral cortex. We observed that respiratory and cardiac motions mainly caused, respectively, bulk image shifts (BISs) and global phase fluctuations (GPFs). A cross-correlation maximization-based shift correction algorithm was effective in suppressing BISs, while GPFs were significantly reduced by removing axial and lateral global phase variations. In addition, a non-origin-centered GPF correction algorithm was examined. Several combinations of these algorithms were tested to find an optimized approach that improved image stability from 0.5 to 0.8 in terms of the cross-correlation over 4 s of dynamic imaging, and reduced phase noise by two orders of magnitude in ~8% voxels.
The iron oxides: structure, properties, reactions, occurrence and uses. (1996)

An essential volume in industry and to all researchers who, whatever their background and level of experience, are interested in this rapidly expanding field.
Reactive arthritis (1999)

Reactive arthritis occurring after infections with Chlamydia trachomatis or with enterobacteriae is of special interest because the triggering bacteria are known to be present in the joint. More evidence that C trachomatis persists locally has accumulated. In contrast, despite the first reports on the detection of enterobacteriae DNA in the joint, this seems to be a rare event. Both yersiniae and chlamydiae have been found in peripheral blood cells in patients with reactive arthritis, suggesting that these bacteria reach the joint via the blood. Increasing evidence shows that a failure of the immune response to eliminate these bacteria contributes to their persistence. More T-cell antigens derived from these microbes have been described in the meantime. Diagnosis of reactive arthritis is still a problem that might lead to an underestimation of its prevalence. Some progress has been made in studying the serologic response to these bacteria. Evidence now shows that antibiotics have no role in the treatment of patients with enteric reactive arthritis, but this is less clear for Chlamydia-induced arthritis.
Risk Factors and 20-Year Stroke Mortality in Men and Women in the Renfrew/Paisley Study in Scotland (1999)

Overall, findings for women were similar to those for men. Control of risk factors for reduction of stroke mortality should be targeted at men and women in a similar fashion, particularly with reference to smoking cessation and blood pressure control.
ChemInform Abstract: Exotic Amino Acids. Part 1. Synthesis of α‐Amino Acids with a Cyclohexene Substituent. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
α‐Glucosidase inhibitors as potential broad based anti‐viral agents (1998)

N-Linked oligosaccharides play many roles in the fate and functions of glycoproteins. One function is to assist in the folding of proteins by mediating interactions of the lectin-like chaperone proteins calnexin and calreticulin with nascent glycoproteins. These interactions can be prevented by inhibitors of the alpha-glucosidases and this causes some proteins to be misfolded and retained within the endoplasmic reticulum. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) the misfolding of key viral envelope glycoproteins interferes with the viral life cycle. It has been demonstrated in an animal model of chronic HBV that glucosidase inhibitors can alter glycosylation and have anti-viral activity. As the mechanism of action of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors is the induction of misfolded or otherwise defective viral glycoproteins, such inhibitors may be useful therapeutics for many viruses, especially those which bud from the endoplasmic reticulum (where protein folding takes place). For example bovine viral diarrhea virus, a pestivirus akin to hepatitis C virus, is also extremely sensitive to glucosidase inhibition.
Dispensing Surfactants from Electrodes:  Marangoni Phenomenon at the Surface of Aqueous Solutions of (11-Ferrocenylundecyl)trimethylammonium Bromide (1996)

Electrochemical methods in combination with redox-active surfactants form the basis of a procedure to create gradients in surfactant-based properties of solutions. The gradients are created by the formation of surface-active species at controlled rates in spatially localized (<mm) regions defined by electrodes. Chemical removal of the surface-active species at rates competitive with their electrochemical formation permits the creation of surfactant molecules with lifetimes that can be manipulated from 10-2 to 103 s. Electrochemical reduction of a ferrocenium precursor (I2+) to a ferrocenyl surfactant (11-ferrocenylundecyl)trimethylammonium bromide (Fc(CH2)11N+(CH3)3 Br-; Fc = [η5-C5H5]Fe[η5-C5H5]) (I+) at a Pt electrode protruding from the surface of an aqueous solution caused the motion of fluid away from the electrode under the influence of a gradient in the surface tension of the solution (Marangoni phenomenon). The velocity of the solution increased as the potential applied to the electrode decreased from 0.1 V (vs SCE) to −0.2 V (vs SCE). The maximum velocity of the fluid was observed when the concentration of ferrocenium precursor was 0.6 mM; the change in dynamic surface tension of an aqueous solution upon reduction of I2+ to I+ was also maximal at a concentration of ca. 0.6 mM. Fluid was displaced back and forth across the surface of an aqueous solution by using two working electrodes. The lifetimes of ferrocenyl surfactants I+ formed electrochemically were manipulated from ∼10-2 to 103 s by changing the concentration of oxidizing agent (Fe3+) dissolved within the bulk of the aqueous solution; the Marangoni flow of fluid was observed to result from a balance in the rates of electrochemical creation and chemical removal of I+ at the surface of the solution. The principles reported herein make possible the use of surfactants in environments in which their sustained and/or widespread presence is detrimental.
Repeated peribulbar injections of triamcinolone acetonide: a successful and safe treatment for moderate to severe Graves’ ophthalmopathy (2008)

Peribulbar triamcinolone injections reduce the inflammatory signs of moderate GO, as measured by the CAS, and could also be used as an alternative treatment for ON. Randomized clinical trials are needed to compare the results of triamcinolone peribulbar injections to those of other treatment modalities.
Geometry-based algorithms for device-free localization with wireless sensor networks (2014)

In this paper, geometry-based algorithms for device-free localization (DFL) of a single target are proposed. The algorithms exploit the change in attenuation caused by the device-free target on radio links passing through the deployment area. By solving for the intersections of some of the attenuated links and taking the centroid of the intersection points, an estimate of the target's location is obtained. To increase the accuracy, only a subset of the top attenuated links are considered in the location estimation. Furthermore, a moving average scheme is utilized to reduce errors due to the variation in received-signal strength (RSS) caused by environmental factors. This removes the need for extensive calibration of baseline RSS as used in other DFL schemes, and is a more robust approach compared to using the RSS measurement from the previous sampling period as the baseline RSS. Experimental results obtained using the proposed algorithms with a Kalman filter are promising, with 2.09 ft tracking RMSE.
Integrin beta 1- and beta 3-mediated endothelial cell migration is triggered through distinct signaling mechanisms. (1993)

Human umbilical vein endothelial cell attachment, spreading and migration on collagen and vitronectin are mediated by integrins alpha 2 beta 1 and alpha v beta 3, respectively, and these events take place in the absence of cytokines, growth factors, or chemoattractants. Cell attachment and spreading on these ligands occur in the absence of extracellular calcium, as does migration on collagen. In contrast, vitronectin-mediated migration is absolutely dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium. Cell contact with immobilized vitronectin or anti-alpha v beta 3 mAbs promotes a measurable rise in [Ca2+]i which requires an extracellular calcium source, whereas collagen, or anti-alpha 2 beta 1 mAbs fail to promote this signaling event. In fact, vitronectin-mediated migration and the rise in intracellular calcium showed the same dose dependence on extracellular calcium. While vitronectin and collagen differ in their ability to induce a calcium influx both ligands or antibodies to their respective integrins promote an equivalent increase in intracellular pH consistent with activation of the Na/H antiporter an event independent of extracellular calcium. These results support two salient conclusions. Firstly, collagen and vitronectin, through their respective integrins, promote distinct intracellular signaling events. Secondly, the alpha v beta 3 specific influx of calcium is not required for cell spreading yet appears to facilitate cellular migration on vitronectin.
SHIFTS FROM IgG2 CLASS TO IgG1 CLASS IN CBA AND C3H ANTI-BALB/c ANTIBODY (1975)

With use of a recently developed method for determining relative levels of IgG-1 and IgG-2 class antibodies of a given specificity within an unfractionated serum, it has been possible to examine anti-BALB/c antibodies in the early and late part of an immunization with allogeneic spleen cells. At about 6 days after primary immunization of CBA or C3H mice with BALB/c spleen cells, suppressive antibodies can be measured in the sera of the animals. About half of these are attributable to IgM class, and this contribution decreases to zero by the 12th day. The remaining suppressive antibodies are of IgG-2 class and these increase in concentration until day 8 or 12, or begin to decline between day 8 and day 12. Anti-BALB/c antibodies of IgG-1 class have not yet appeared on day 6, but thereafter appear and increase in concentration. Thus, antibodies of IgG-1 class begin to appear after those of the IgG-2 class and may still be increasing after the IgG-2 class has stopped to increase in concentration, antibody of IgG-1 class is continuing to increase and may even continue to increase after IgF-2 class antibody has begun to decrease in concentration. Thus, the synthesis of IgG-1 class antibody begins later and continues later than that of IgG-2 class. The implications of this sequence for our data on various effects of anti-H-2 antibodies on retention of skin allografts are discussed.
Cloning and characterization of the sigA gene encoding the major sigma subunit of Rhizobium meliloti (1995)

Using PCR to create a probe based on conserved region 2 of sigma factors, we have cloned the sigA gene coding for the major sigma factor of Rhizobium meliloti. The 684-residue protein encoded by the sigA gene was expressed in vitro in coupled transcription-translation experiments with R. meliloti extracts and migrated aberrantly in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its deduced amino acid sequence is similar to that of RpoD of Escherichia coli and is nearly identical to that of SigA of the closely related bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Through Southern analysis, we located the gene on the R. meliloti main chromosome rather than on one of the megaplasmids. The sigA locus does not appear to be part of a macromolecular synthesis operon (MMS), as in many other bacterial species, but rather lies downstream of a partial open reading frame showing similarity to the threonine dehydrogenase gene (tdh) of E. coli.
Bacterial localization in antibiotic‐refractory chronic bacterial prostatitis (1993)

Chronic bacterial prostatitis, that has become resistant to antibiotic therapy, remains a frustrating clinical entity for both clinicians and patients. Twenty men with a history of documented bacterial prostatitis, that had become resistant to appropriate antibiotic therapy, were studied in an attempt to determine where the bacteria had become localized, and possibly explain their survival in a relative bactericidal environment. The antibiotics were discontinued for 4 weeks, and cultures of the expressed prostatic secretions, tissue biopsies, histology, and ultrastructure were correlated. Twelve (60%) of the tissue biopsies cultured presumed pathogens. In six of the tissue-positive cases, the expressed prostatic secretion was negative. Specific electron micrographs demonstrate exopolysaccharide coated microcolonies of bacteria firmly attached to the ductal and acinar walls. This mode of growth helps explain some of our difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis.
Abiraterone. Cougar Biotechnology. (2006)

Abiraterone is an oral, selective, steroidal inhibitor of cytochrome P450(17alpha) being developed by Cougar Biotechnology Inc for the potential treatment of prostate cancer. Phase I clinical trials of abiraterone have been conducted and the design of phase I/II clinical trials is being finalized.
Integrating demand-side management into utility planning (1989)

The authors review the role that customer-oriented demand-side management (DSM) can plan in utility planning, discuss its current state of application, provide a framework for incorporating uncertainty in DSM programs, and present ideas on how DSM programs can be implemented and monitored. They conclude that DSM provides a workable solution to some of the major problems confronting electric utilities today. DSM offers utility management many alternatives to improving customer satisfaction and maintaining good customer relations in the increasingly competitive area of electric supply, besides improving the utility's financial health. Decision analysis can provide a sound basis for selecting DSM alternatives in an environment of uncertainty. Finally, DSM provides an implementable mechanism to incorporate utility and customer requirements into integrated planning procedures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Congestive heart failure and sleep apnoea—possible mechanisms and effect of CPAP therapy (1995)

Sleep-disordered breathing has been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, despite several plausible mechanisms whereby obstructive sleep apnoea might be associated with left ventricular dysfunction and congestive heart failure, only limited data exist linking those disorders. These studies are reviewed along with possible mechanisms leading to left ventricular dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnoea. Recent investigations demonstrating improvement in left ventricular function after CPAP therapy in patients with congestive heart failure are reviewed as well. Finally, new data are presented from an animal model of congestive heart failure demonstrating a beneficial effect of CPAP on cardiac index in association with a decline in systematic vascular resistance. Remarkably, these effects persisted even after CPAP was removed. Possible mechanisms whereby CPAP may lead to improvement in cardiac output are discussed.
Conservation in historic houses (1980)

(1980). Conservation in historic houses. Studies in Conservation: Vol. 25, Preprints of the Contributions to the Vienna Congress, 7-13 September 1980. Conservation within Historic Buildings, pp. 37-39.
S-adenosylmethionine and depression. (2002)

Recent clinical studies have revealed that SAMe, a naturally occurring molecule, is safe and effective in the treatment of mild and moderate depression. Although further research is required to clarify SAMe's role as a potential first line treatment for depression, physicians should be aware of the safety and efficacy of SAMe in order to advise patients on its appropriate use as complementary or as an alternative to traditional therapy for depression.
Prader-Willi Syndrome and Psychoses (1993)

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is associated with an insatiable appetite and (often) other maladaptive behaviours (self-injury, sleep disorders, insistence on routines, and temper tantrums). Psychoses are not a recognised feature. Most affected people have a chromosome 15 abnormality (deletion, disomy, structural rearrangement, etc.). Three people with PWS who developed psychotic disorders in early adult life are described. The nature of the psychoses and the significance of the association are discussed.
Calcineurin: Form and Function (2000)

Calcineurin is a eukaryotic Ca(2+)- and calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase. It is a heterodimeric protein consisting of a catalytic subunit calcineurin A, which contains an active site dinuclear metal center, and a tightly associated, myristoylated, Ca(2+)-binding subunit, calcineurin B. The primary sequence of both subunits and heterodimeric quaternary structure is highly conserved from yeast to mammals. As a serine/threonine protein phosphatase, calcineurin participates in a number of cellular processes and Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction pathways. Calcineurin is potently inhibited by immunosuppressant drugs, cyclosporin A and FK506, in the presence of their respective cytoplasmic immunophilin proteins, cyclophilin and FK506-binding protein. Many studies have used these immunosuppressant drugs and/or modern genetic techniques to disrupt calcineurin in model organisms such as yeast, filamentous fungi, plants, vertebrates, and mammals to explore its biological function. Recent advances regarding calcineurin structure include the determination of its three-dimensional structure. In addition, biochemical and spectroscopic studies are beginning to unravel aspects of the mechanism of phosphate ester hydrolysis including the importance of the dinuclear metal ion cofactor and metal ion redox chemistry, studies which may lead to new calcineurin inhibitors. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the biological roles of calcineurin and reviews aspects related to its structure and catalytic mechanism.