gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aided/Automatic Target Detection Using Reflective Hyperspectral Imagery for Airborne Applications (1998)

This paper presents an algorithm to support airborne, real-time automatic target detection using combined EO/IR spatial and spectral discriminants for remote sensing surveillance and reconnaissance applications. The algorithm presented in this paper is sufficiently robust and optimized to accommodate high throughput, real-time, sub-pixel, hyperspectral target detection, and can also be used to support man-in-the loop or automatic target detection. The essence of this algorithm is the ability to select the adaptive endmember spectral signatures in real-time, regardless of target, background, and system related effects such as atmospheric conditions, calibration or sensor artifacts. Based on the selected endmembers, the spectral angle of the endmembers is used as the discriminant for target detection or terrain identification. The detection performance and false alarm rate (FAR) including the performances of different combinations of individual bands will be quantified. Statistical analysis including class distributions, various moments of hyperspectral data, and the endmember spectral signatures is examined. The Forest Radiance I database is collected with the HYDICE hyperspectral sensor (reflective spectral band of 0.4um to 2.5um) at Aberdeen U. S. Army Proving Ground in Maryland. The data set covers an area of about 10 sq km.
Serum Ferritin and Risk of the Metabolic Syndrome in U.S. Adults (2004)

Elevated iron stores were positively associated with the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and with insulin resistance.
Nonreciprocal plasmonics enables giant enhancement of thin-film Faraday rotation (2013)

Light propagation is usually reciprocal. However, a static magnetic field along the propagation direction can break the time-reversal symmetry in the presence of magneto-optical materials. The Faraday effect in magneto-optical materials rotates the polarization plane of light, and when light travels backward the polarization is further rotated. This is applied in optical isolators, which are of crucial importance in optical systems. Faraday isolators are typically bulky due to the weak Faraday effect of available magneto-optical materials. The growing research endeavour in integrated optics demands thin-film Faraday rotators and enhancement of the Faraday effect. Here, we report significant enhancement of Faraday rotation by hybridizing plasmonics with magneto-optics. By fabricating plasmonic nanostructures on laser-deposited magneto-optical thin films, Faraday rotation is enhanced by one order of magnitude in our experiment, while high transparency is maintained. We elucidate the enhanced Faraday effect by the interplay between plasmons and different photonic waveguide modes in our system.
Tumour necrosis factor and PI3-kinase control oestrogen receptor alpha protein level and its transrepression function (2004)

Oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) is an oestrogen-activated transcription factor, which regulates proliferation and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells by activating or repressing gene expression. ERalpha is a critical prognostic indicator and a therapeutic target for breast cancer. Patients with tumours that express higher level of ERalpha have better prognosis than patients with tumours that are ERalpha negative or express lower level of ERalpha. Better prognosis in ERalpha-positive patients is believed to be due to repression of proinvasive gene expression by ERalpha. Oestrogen receptor alpha represses gene expression by transrepressing the activity of the transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappaB or by inducing the expression of transcriptional suppressors such as MTA3. In this report, we show that ERalpha transrepresses the expression of the proinvasive gene interleukin 6 (IL-6) in ERalpha-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells stably overexpressing ERalpha. Using these cells as well as ERalpha-positive MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 cells, we show that tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-kinase) modulate transrepression function of ERalpha by reducing its stability. From these results, we propose that TNFalpha expression or PI3-kinase activation lead to reduced levels of ERalpha protein in cancer cells and corresponding loss of transrepression function and acquisition of an invasive phenotype.
A susceptible mouse model for Zika virus infection (2016)

Abstract Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen which has recently spread beyond Africa and into Pacific and South American regions. Despite first being detected in 1947, very little information is known about the virus and its spread has been associated with increases in Guillain-Barre syndrome and microcephaly. There are currently no known vaccines or antivirals against ZIKV infection. Progress in assessing interventions will require the development of animal models to test efficacies; however, there are only limited reports on in vivo studies. The only susceptible murine models have involved intracerebral inoculations or juvenile animals, which do not replicate natural infection. Our report has studied the effect of ZIKV infection in type-I interferon receptor deficient (A129) mice and the parent strain (129Sv/Ev) after subcutaneous challenge in the lower leg to mimic a mosquito bite. A129 mice developed severe symptoms with viral RNA being detected widespread in the blood, brain, spleen, liver and ovaries. Histological changes were also striking in these animals. 129Sv/Ev mice developed no clinical symptoms or histological changes, despite viral RNA being detectable in the blood, spleen and ovaries, albeit at lower levels to those seen in A129 mice. Our results identify A129 mice as being highly susceptible to ZIKV and thus a suitable small animal model for the testing of vaccines and antivirals which are urgently required. Author summary Since first being recognised in 1947, Zika virus (ZIKV) has mainly been a mild illness with symptoms including a limited fever and rash. In 2007 the virus spread from Africa into French Polynesia and then onwards across Pacific regions and into South America. In these new regions, ZIKV has been associated with more severe clinical conditions including Gullain-Barre syndrome and microcephaly. There are no currently approved antivirals or vaccines available with proven activity against ZIKV, and the World Health Organisation declared the spread of ZIKV as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Here, we have used a mouse strain with a deficiency in the type-I interferon receptor (A129) and shown that they are susceptible to ZIKV infection after inoculation that closely resembles the natural route via mosquito bite. Although A129 mice are deficient in the innate interferon response, they retain their adaptive immunity and thus have successfully been used as suitable models for the testing of vaccinations and antivirals. Our study provides details on a suitable model for the testing of future interventions against ZIKV.
Complete Recovery after Normothermic Hemorrhagic Shock and Profound Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest of 60 Minutes in Dogs (1996)

The critical level of hypotension during 60 minutes normothermic HS that is compatible with survival in dogs is a MAP of between 30 and 40 mm Hg. After otherwise survivable severe normothermic HS of 60 minutes, PHCA of 60 minutes does not add brain damage or mortality, and may allow survival from injuries that would otherwise be irreparable.
Relation of Cerebral Energy Metabolism and Extracellular Nitrite and Nitrate Concentrations in Patients after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (2001)

In a prospective clinical investigation on neurochemical intensive care monitoring, the authors' aim was to elucidate the temporal profile of nitric oxide metabolite concentrations-that is, nitrite and nitrate (NO(x))--and compounds related to energy-metabolism in the cerebral interstitium of patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). During aneurysm surgery, microdialysis probes were implanted in cerebral white matter of the vascular territory most likely affected by vasospasm. Temporal profiles of NO(x) were analyzed in a subset of 10 patients (7 female, 3 male, mean age = 47 +/- 14 years). Microdialysis was performed for 152 +/- 63 hours. Extracellular metabolites (glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glutamate) were recovered from the extracellular fluid of the cerebral parenchyma. NO(x) was measured using a fluorometric assay. After early surgery, SAH patients revealed characteristic decreases of NO(x) from initial values of 46.2 +/- 34.8 micromol/L to 23.5 +/- 9.0 micromol/L on day 7 after SAH (P < 0.05). Decreases in NO(x) were seen regardless of development of delayed ischemia (DIND). Overall NO(x) correlated intraindividually with glucose, lactate, and glutamate (r = 0.58, P < 0.05; r = 0.32, P < 0.05; r = 0.28, P < 0.05; respectively). After SAH, cerebral extracellular concentrations of NO metabolites decrease over time and are associated with concomitant alterations in energy-or damage-related compounds. This could be related to reduced NO availability, potentially leading to an imbalance of vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive factors. On the basis of the current findings, however, subsequent development of DIND cannot be explained by a lack of vasodilatory NO alone.
Rapid Communication : Robot-Assisted NOTES Nephrectomy: Initial Report (2008)

A robot-assisted NOTES nephrectomy was accomplished in a porcine model using the daVinci S robot. Additional testing on survival animals is necessary to further explore this approach.
Two novel patterns of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) binding to cell surface proteins are dependent upon the binding of TGF-beta 1 and indicate a mechanism of positive cooperativity. (1992)

Three isoforms of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family, TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, and TGF-beta 3, bind specifically and with high affinity to several cell surface components known as type I, type II, and type III proteins. The type I and II proteins may serve as biological receptors, whereas the type III protein does not appear to be associated with TGF-beta-mediated cell responses, and its function remains unknown. Binding data on confluent monolayers of rat skeletal myoblasts of the L6 cell line reveals two novel patterns of TGF-beta 1 binding. Saturation of the type I receptor with native TGF-beta 2 induces a 7-fold increase in binding of radiolabeled TGF-beta 1 at the type II protein. No induction of type II receptor binding was observed on subconfluent cells indicating a density-dependent phenomenon. The data suggest that the type I and type II proteins may interact during ligand binding in a manner which may be indicative of a regulatory role that is activated by the phase of cell growth or differentiation. A second observation is the binding of TGF-beta to a glycoprotein of 180 kDa and referred to here as the "type VI" binding protein. This protein is not related to previously described TGF-beta binding proteins, and its distribution appears universal among cell types. The level of TGF-beta 1 binding to this protein is dependent on the presence of TGF-beta 2. It is not known whether this protein transmits biological information or whether it serves as an accessory protein of a TGF-beta receptor complex.
Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers, Revised and Expanded (2001)

Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers, Second Edition discusses the essential principles, operating characteristics, and current technology of the main fiber laser and amplifier devices based on rare-earth-doped silica and fluorozirconate fibers. Covering all aspects of this revolutionary technology, the book reviews fiber fabrication methods and the basic spectroscopic properties of rare-earth ions in glasses, concentrates on the most important fiber laser sources, examines several advances in fiber amplifiers, and analyzes new findings and improvements in single-frequency operation, frequency tenability, broadband fiber sources, and blue-green and far-infrared fiber lasers.
A Personal Handheld Multi-Modal Shopping Assistant (2006)

We describe a personal handheld multi-modal shopping assistant that we have developed to aid the everyday consumer in one of the most routine tasks, grocery shopping. The shopping assistant provides the user with the ability to create a shopping list with up-to-date prices and item images, search for items in a store database, suggest recipes based on items in the shopping list, and display a store map with the items in the shopping list highlighted to make them easier to find. The user can interact with the personal handheld shopping assistant using speech, graphics, and text. We not only describe the shopping assistant but also demonstrate its many useful features
Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells via Vapor-Assisted Solution Process (2013)

Hybrid organic/inorganic perovskites (e.g., CH3NH3PbI3) as light absorbers are promising players in the field of third-generation photovoltaics. Here we demonstrate a low-temperature vapor-assisted solution process to construct polycrystalline perovskite thin films with full surface coverage, small surface roughness, and grain size up to microscale. Solar cells based on the as-prepared films achieve high power conversion efficiency of 12.1%, so far the highest efficiency based on CH3NH3PbI3 with the planar heterojunction configuration. This method provides a simple approach to perovskite film preparation and paves the way for high reproducibility of films and devices. The underlying kinetic and thermodynamic parameters regarding the perovskite film growth are discussed as well.
CoMFA and CoMSIA 3D QSAR Models for a Series of Cyclic Imides with Analgesic Activity (2009)

Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D-QSAR) were performed for a series of analgesic cyclic imides using the CoMFA and CoMSIA methods. Significant correlation coefficients (CoMFA, r2 = 0.95 and q2 = 0.72; CoMSIA, r2 = 0.96 and q2 = 0.76) were obtained, and the generated models were externally validated using test sets. The final QSAR models as well as the information gathered from 3D contour maps should be useful for the design of novel cyclic imides having improved analgesic activity.
Apolipoprotein C-I Is Crucially Involved in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Atherosclerosis Development in Apolipoprotein E–Knockout Mice (2007)

We conclude that apoCI is crucially involved in LPS-induced atherosclerosis in apoe-/- mice, which mainly relates to an increased inflammatory response toward LPS. We anticipate that apoCI plasma levels contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis development in individuals who have chronic infection.
Concise Review: Human Cell Engineering: Cellular Reprogramming and Genome Editing (2011)

Cell engineering is defined here as the collective ability to both reset and edit the genome of a mammalian cell. Until recently, this had been extremely challenging to achieve as nontransformed human cells are significantly refractory to both these processes. The recent success in reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells that are self-renewable in culture, coupled with our increasing ability to effect precise and predesigned genomic editing, now readily permits cellular changes at both the genetic and epigenetic levels. These dual capabilities also make possible the generation of genetically matched, disease-free stem cells from patients for regenerative medicine. The objective of this review is to summarize the key enabling developments on these two rapidly evolving research fronts in human cell engineering, highlight unresolved issues, and outline potential future research directions.
Application of QR Two-dimension Code Technology in Credits Certification System (2013)

To solve the problem of the low efficiency and poor results of the credit certification system, some universities have introduced QR two-dimension code, used MMS as the carrier and combined the QR two-dimension code and credit certification system together. The encrypted data in credits certification websites are put to the QR two-dimension code generation system and then generates QR Code, QR Code and then convert to the image in the form of MMS which to send to mobile phone users. Recognizing the QR two-dimension code image by a dedicated identification device, transferring back the result to two-dimension code generation system by GPRS wireless and then completing the credit certification in site background. Giving full play to the superiorities of QR Code, so that this new certification system and recognition technology can be well applied in credit certification system.
Toxicity profiles of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. (1991)

The toxicity profiles of 7 disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) (hydroxychloroquine, intramuscular (im) gold, D-penicillamine, oral gold, methotrexate (MTX), azathioprine and cyclophosphamide) were evaluated in 2,479 patients with rheumatoid arthritis consecutively enrolled at 5 centers in the Arthritis, Rheumatism and Aging Medical Information System (ARAMIS) program. Incidence rates for side effects are reported as events/1000 patient-years. Our descriptive study revealed an individual profile of prevalent toxicities for each drug. Oral gold was characterized by substantial lower gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity (diarrhea 391 events/1000 patient-years, loose bowel movement 148, lower abdominal pain 76), MTX by hepatotoxicity (47) while D-penicillamine had the only clinically significant incidence of altered taste (40). MTX users reported the most mucosal ulcers (87), followed by oral gold (76), im gold (55) and D-penicillamine (38). Rash was frequently seen with gold compounds and D-penicillamine, while upper GI toxicity was common with immunosuppressive agents. Cyclophosphamide had 48% discontinuations within 6 months. MTX had the lowest discontinuation rate in the first 6 months, but then showed little difference from im gold. A preliminary similarity index was developed to compare the toxicity profiles of various DMARD. Close similarities were found between toxicity profiles of im gold and D-penicillamine, and between azathioprine and MTX. Oral gold had a unique toxicity pattern. Knowledge of these different toxicity patterns can enable more appropriate selection of agents for particular patients.
Anti‐CD30‐IL‐12 antibody‐cytokine fusion protein that induces IFN‐γ secretion of T cells and NK cell‐mediated lysis of Hodgkin's lymphoma‐derived tumor cells (2003)

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a disulfide-linked p40-p35 heterodimeric cytokine and plays a key role in linking innate cellular immunity to an adaptive Th1 response against pathogens and tumor cells and in counteracting a Th2 immune response. The pathogenesis of Hodgkin's disease (HD) is partially attributed to a Th2 dominance associated with functional anergy of T cells that accumulate in the near vicinity to the malignant Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (H/RS) cells. To revert Th2 polarization in the tumor lesion, we generated an anti-CD30-IL-12 antibody-cytokine fusion protein that binds to CD30 on H/RS cells and is composed of a CD30 binding domain (HRS3-scFv) linked to p40-p35 murine single chain IL-12. The HRS3-scFv-hi-IL-12 fusion protein is expressed as a 110 kD polypeptide, can be purified by affinity chromatography, and has binding specificities to both the CD30 antigen and the IL-12 receptor. After binding to CD30(+) H/RS cells, the fusion protein stimulates T cells to secrete IFN-gamma, a predominant Th1 cytokine, and induces NK cells to lyse CD30(+) cells with high efficiency. These properties make the HRS3-scFv-hi-IL-12 fusion protein suitable for the specific immunotherapy of Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Is Wegener’s granulomatosis an autoimmune disease? (2000)

Wegener's granulomatosis is a multisystem disease characterized by granulomata of the respiratory tract and systemic necrotising vasculitis. There is a strong and specific association with autoantibodies directed against proteinase 3, a constituent of neutrophril azurophilic granules. Antibody titers correlate with clinical disease activity and predict relapses. The disease responds favorably to immunosuppressive therapy. The pathogenicity of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), however, remains unproven. In vitro, the expression of proteinase-3 and other ANCA antigens on the surface of neutrophils and monocytes can be induced by priming with proinflammatory cytokines. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies are then able to activate these leukocytes, stimulating degranulation, the production of reactive oxygen species, and the secretion of further cytokines. Neutrophils activated by ANCA, and possibly ANCA alone, directly damage endothelial cells in vitro. An animal model of proteinase 3-ANCA-induced vasculitis has not been found. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies directed against another antigen, myeloperoxidase, are not sufficient to cause vasculitis but they promote damage in certain animal models. Thus, a considerable amount of evidence supports the notion that Wegener's granulomatosis is an autoimmune disease.
Things that go buzz in the night, or day (2012)

Bites and stings from insects can merely be a nuisance, or they can cause severe local reactions and even life-threatening consequences. Many insects are vectors for serious infections, such as malaria and yellow fever. Although, ideally, contact with these insects should be avoided, this may not be practical. This article will discuss how to minimise the risks and complications associated with commonly encountered bites and stings.
Replication in Ficus distributed file systems (2002)

Ficus is a replicated general filing environment for Unix intended to scale to very large (nationwide) networks. The system uses an optimistic one copy availability model in which conflicting updates to the file system's directory information are automatically reconciled, while conflicting file updates are reliably detected and reported. The system architecture is based on a stackable layers methodology which permits a high degree of modularity and extensibility of file system services. The motivations for replication are presented, and the case for optimistic concurrency control for large-scale distributed file systems is summarized. A brief description of the Ficus file system is presented and a number of outstanding issues which must be addressed are outlined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Lichen planus pemphigoides (1991)

Lichen planus pemphigoides is a rare condition characterized by blisters arising on normal or erythematous skin in a patient with concurrent lichen planus. It must be distinguished from bullous lichen planus, in which, as a consequence of severe basal cell hydropic degeneration, blisters arise within lichenoid papules or plaques. We present a clinicopathological study of nine cases of lichen planus pemphigoides, and report histological, immunofluorescent, ultrastructural and immuno-electronmicroscopical observations. We distinguish lichen planus pemphigoides from bullous lichen planus and consider the differential diagnosis. We propose that lichen planus pemphigoides does not represent a homogeneous condition: it may represent a number of bullous dermatoses that develop as a consequence of exposure of different basement membrane antigens following severe damage to the epidermal basement membrane as part of the lichenoid inflammatory process.