gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stomatal control by chemical signalling and the exploitation of this mechanism to increase water use efficiency in agriculture (2002)

Stomatal behaviour of plants in drying soil can be regulated by (long distance) chemical signals that provide the shoot with some measure of water availability. Although much emphasis has been placed on the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) as a central component of the signalling process, soil drying will modify the delivery to the shoot of a range of potential chemical signals. Here we consider the role that changes in the xylem sap pH might play in determining the access that ABA has to sites of action on the guard cells. We also show how redistribution of inorganic ions between different compartments in the leaf (localized chemical signalling) can provide sensitive control of stomata and water loss in response to potentially damaging changes in leaf temperature. Partial root zone drying is an irrigation technique that has been developed to allow exploitation of the plant's long distance signalling system. When the system is optimized, stomatal behaviour, shoot water status and leaf growth can be regulated such that water use efficiency (fruit yield/water used) can be significantly increased. We show how an understanding of the drought stress physiology of the whole plant can lead to substantial saving of irrigation water in agriculture.
Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of β2-adrenergic receptor gene in rat liver during sepsis (1999)

Changes in beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)-AR) gene expression in the rat liver during different phases of sepsis were studied. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Septic rats exhibit two metabolically distinct phases: an initial hyperglycemic (9 h after CLP; early sepsis) followed by a hypoglycemic phase (18 h after CLP; late sepsis). The [(3)H]dihydroalprenolol binding studies show that the density of beta(2)-AR was decreased by 12 and 35% during the early and late phases of sepsis, respectively. Western blot analyses depict that the beta(2)-AR protein level was reduced by 37 and 72% during early and late sepsis, respectively. The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analyses reveal that the steady-state level of beta(2)-AR mRNA was decreased by 37% during early phase and 77% during late phase of sepsis. Nuclear run-off assays show that the rate of transcription of beta(2)-AR mRNA was reduced by 36% during early sepsis and 64% during late sepsis. The stability assays indicate that the half-life of beta(2)-AR mRNA was shortened by 21 and 50% during the early and late phases of sepsis, respectively, indicating that the rate of degradation of beta(2)-AR mRNA was progressively enhanced during sepsis. These findings demonstrate that the beta(2)-AR gene was underexpressed in the liver during the progression of sepsis, and, furthermore, the underexpression of the beta(2)-AR gene was the result of a reduction in the rate of transcription coupled with an enhancement in the rate of degradation of beta(2)-AR gene transcripts. Thus our findings that the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of beta(2)-AR gene associated with decreases in beta(2)-AR number and its protein expression may provide a molecular mechanistic explanation for the development of hypoglycemia during the late stage of sepsis.
Clone-forming ability and differentiation potential of migratory neural crest cells. (1988)

The neural crest of vertebrate embryos gives rise to a variety of differentiated cell types, including neuronal and non-neuronal cells of peripheral ganglia (sensory and autonomic), pigment cells, and mesectodermal derivatives. Neural crest cells were taken from quail embryos at the level encompassing mesencephalon and metencephalon and the developmental potentials were evaluated by culturing them as single cells on 3T3 feeder layers. Such conditions proved to be particularly favorable for survival, proliferation, and differentiation of quail neural crest cells. Two hundred and forty-three clones that contained from 1 to greater than 20,000 cells were analyzed after 7-10 days of culture. Phenotype analysis provided evidence for the existence of cells with extremely diverse developmental potencies. A few committed neuron progenitors were observed as well as some pluripotent cells, able to differentiate into several types of neurons, non-neuronal cells, and melanocytes, and many cells with intermediate developmental potencies. These cloning experiments revealed the striking heterogeneity of migrating neural crest cells in terms of their capacity for differentiation and their potential for proliferation.
Application of high‐performance tangential flow filtration (HPTFF) to the purification of a human pharmaceutical antibody fragment expressed in Escherichia coli (2008)

High-performance tangential flow filtration (HPTFF) is shown to successfully enable concentration, purification and formulation in a single unit operation. This is illustrated with feedstreams comprising recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli). Using positively charged cellulosic membranes of 100 kDa molecular weight cut-off and operating under a selected range of buffer pH and ionic strength at a filtrate flux of 100 L m(-2) h(-1), a 10-fold removal of E. coli host cell proteins (HCP) was obtained with an overall process yield of 98%. The HPTFF performance was shown to be robust and reproducible. In addition, the novel charged membrane was regenerated and re-used seven times without loss of selectivity or throughput. When compared with a conventional purification scheme, the proposed process results in the elimination of one chromatographic step, a 12% yield improvement and a significant reduction in purification cost of goods.
cAMP concentrations, cAMP dependent protein kinase activity, and phospholamban in non-failing and failing myocardium (1994)

These findings show that the reduction of cAMP formation is the predominant alteration in heart failure, but cAMP dependent protein kinase and phospholamban are evidently unchanged.
Potential of mesenchymal stem cells in gene therapy approaches for inherited and acquired diseases (2005)

The intriguing biology of stem cells and their vast clinical potential is emerging rapidly for gene therapy. Bone marrow stem cells, including the pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and possibly the multipotent adherent progenitor cells (MAPCs), are being considered as potential targets for cell and gene therapy-based approaches against a variety of different diseases. The MSCs from bone marrow are a promising target population as they are capable of differentiating along multiple lineages and, at least in vitro, have significant expansion capability. The apparently high self-renewal potential makes them strong candidates for delivering genes and restoring organ systems function. However, the high proliferative potential of MSCs, now presumed to be self-renewal, may be more apparent than real. Although expanded MSCs have great proliferation and differentiation potential in vitro, there are limitations with the biology of these cells in vivo. So far, expanded MSCs have failed to induce durable therapeutic effects expected from a true self-renewing stem cell population. The loss of in vivo self-renewal may be due to the extensive expansion of MSCs in existing in vitro expansion systems, suggesting that the original stem cell population and/or properties may no longer exist. Rather, the expanded population may indeed be heterogeneous and represents several generations of different types of mesenchymal cell progeny that have retained a limited proliferation potential and responsiveness for terminal differentiation and maturation along mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal lineages. Novel technology that allows MSCs to maintain their stem cell function in vivo is critical for distinguishing the elusive stem cell from its progenitor cell populations. The ultimate dream is to use MSCs in various forms of cellular therapies, as well as genetic tools that can be used to better understand the mechanisms leading to repair and regeneration of damaged or diseased tissues and organs.
Synthesis and Properties of Oligo-para-phenylene Substituted Porphyrins (1997)

Abstract A series of oligo-para-phenylene (OPP) substituted new porphyrins was prepared by the combinations of aryl coupling reactions and Lindsey’s pyrrole condensation reactions. Low field shifts of OPP protons in 1H-NMR spectra became larger when the protons locate closer to the center of the molecule.
Experimental and DFT studies on the transmission mechanisms of analogous NMR JCH and JCC couplings in 1‐X‐ and 1‐X‐3‐methylbicyclo[1.1.1]‐pentanes (2007)

The main aim of this work is to compare the transmission mechanisms for the Fermi contact term of spin-spin couplings, SSCCs, in series 1-X-bicyclo[1.1.1]-pentane, (1), and 1-X-3-methylbicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, (2), and from that comparison to gain insight into some subtle aspects of the FC transmission. To this end, 18 members of the latter series were isotopically enriched in (13)C at the methyl position and the following couplings were measured; 1JC3CMe, 3JC1CMe and 4JCXCMe. These three types of SSCCs in (2) are compared, respectively, with 1JC3H3, 3JC1H3 and 4JCXH in (1); these latter values were taken from previous works. Since electron delocalization plays an important role in the transmission of the FC interaction, the natural bond orbital (NBO) method is employed to quantify electron delocalization interactions within selected members of series (1) and (2). It is found that 1JC3H3 SSCCs in (1) is more efficiently transmitted than 1JC3CMe SSCCs in (2). On the other hand, 3JC1H3 and 4JCXH SSCCs in (1) are notably less efficiently transmitted than 3JC1CMe and 4JCXCMe SSCCs in (2), although substituent effects on these two SSCCs show the opposite trends. These different efficiencies are rationalized in terms of different sigma-hyperconjugative interactions in both series of compounds.
Radiation-Induced Erectile Dysfunction Using Prostate-Confined Modern Radiotherapy in a Rat Model (2011)

We demonstrated time-dependent ED following image-guided stereotactic RT. Our results imply that reduction of neuronal NOS expression in cavernous nerve could trigger consecutive reduction of smooth muscle content as well as blood perfusion in CC that resulted in corporal veno-occlusive dysfunction. Present study could be a cornerstone to future research that may bring comprehensive scientific understanding of radiation-induced ED.
Novel Preparation Method of Macroporous Lime from Limestone for High-Temperature Desulfurization (1997)

In order to develop a highly active calcium oxide high-temperature desulfurization sorbent, macroporous calcium oxides were directly prepared from limestone. This method is composed of two steps: swelling of the limestone in the gas phase followed by drying and calcination of the swelled samples. The swelling was found when limestone was exposed to a vapor of aqueous acetic acid. The swelling of the sample resulted from an increase of calcium acetate formation in the sample. It was then converted to macroporous calcium oxides by heating the sample to 850 °C. The reactivity of the macroporous calcium oxide for the removal of SO2 or H2S under coexisting H2O vapor was higher than that of the calcined raw limestone. In particular, its SO2 removal capacity and oxidative character of CaS to CaSO4 and CaO were greatly improved by the swelling method.
Full circuit calculation for electromagnetic pulse transmission in a high current facility (2014)

We describe herein for the first time a full circuit model for electromagnetic pulse transmission in the Primary Test Stand (PTS)---the first TW class pulsed power driver in China. The PTS is designed to generate 8--10 MA current into a $z$-pinch load in nearly 90 ns rise time for inertial confinement fusion and other high energy density physics research. The PTS facility has four conical magnetic insulation transmission lines, in which electron current loss exists during the establishment of magnetic insulation. At the same time, equivalent resistance of switches and equivalent inductance of pinch changes with time. However, none of these models are included in a commercially developed circuit code so far. Therefore, in order to characterize the electromagnetic transmission process in the PTS, a full circuit model, in which switch resistance, magnetic insulation transmission line current loss and a time-dependent load can be taken into account, was developed. Circuit topology and an equivalent circuit model of the facility were introduced. Pulse transmission calculation of shot 0057 was demonstrated with the corresponding code FAST (full-circuit analysis and simulation tool) by setting controllable parameters the same as in the experiment. Preliminary full circuit simulation results for electromagnetic pulse transmission to the load are presented. Although divergences exist between calculated and experimentally obtained waveforms before the vacuum section, consistency with load current is satisfactory, especially at the rising edge.
V. Mitochondrial dysfunction in steatohepatitis (2002)

Rich diet and lack of exercise are causing a surge in the prevalence of obesity and hepatic steatosis, which causes "primary" steatohepatitis in some patients. Ultrastructural mitochondrial lesions, decreased activity of respiratory chain complexes, and impaired ability to synthesize ATP are observed in these patients. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may increase tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production and also oxidize fat deposits. TNF-alpha and lipid peroxidation products impair the flow of electrons along the respiratory chain, causing overreduction of respiratory chain components and enhanced mitochondrial ROS formation. Steatohepatitis can also be due to alcohol, drugs, or other causes that either directly increase ROS formation or first impair respiration, which secondarily increases ROS formation. Higher ROS formation in secondary steatohepatitis could cause more lipid peroxidation, cytokine induction, and fibrogenesis than in primary steatohepatitis.
The Cascades Framework for Query Optimization. (1995)

This paper describes a new extensible query optimization framework that resolves many of the shortcomings of the EXODUS and Volcano optimizer generators. In addition to extensibility, dynamic programming, and memorization based on and extended from the EXODUS and Volcano prototypes, this new optimizer provides (i) manipulation of operator arguments using rules or functions, (ii) operators that are both logical and physical for predicates etc., (iii) schema-specific rules for materialized views, (iv) rules to insert ”enforcers ” or ”glue operators, ” (v) rule-specific guidance, permitting grouping of rules, (vi) basic facilities that will later permit parallel search, partially ordered cost measures, and dynamic plans, (vii) extensive tracing support, and (viii) a clean interface and implementation making full use of the abstraction mechanisms of C++. We describe and justify our design choices for each of these issues. The optimizer system described here is operational and will serve as the foundation for new query optimizers in Tandem’s NonStop SQL product and in Microsoft’s SQL Server product. 1
An Osmosensing Signal Transduction Pathway in Mammalian Cells (1994)

The osmotic balance between the cytoplasmic and extracellular compartments of cells is critical for the control of cell volume. A mammalian protein kinase, Jnk, which is a distant relative of the mitogen-activated protein kinase group, was activated by phosphorylation on threonine and tyrosine in osmotically shocked cells. The activation of Jnk may be relevant to the biological response to osmotic shock because the expression of human Jnk in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae rescued a defect in growth on hyper-osmolar media. These data indicate that related protein kinases may mediate osmosensing signal transduction in yeast and mammalian cells.
Delayed release pancrelipase for treatment of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency associated with chronic pancreatitis (2009)

Pancreatic enzyme supplements (PES) are used in chronic pancreatitis (CP) for correction of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) as well as pain and malnutrition. The use of porcine pancreatic enzymes for the correction of exocrine insufficiency is governed by the pathophysiology of the disease as well as pharmacologic properties of PES. Variability in bioequivalence of PES has been noted on in vitro and in vivo testing and has been attributed to the differences in enteric coating and the degree of micro-encapsulation. As a step towards standardizing pancreatic enzyme preparations, the Food and Drug Administration now requires the manufacturers of PES to obtain approval of marketed formulations by April 2010. In patients with treatment failure, apart from evaluating drug and dietary interactions and compliance, physicians should keep in mind that patients may benefit from switching to a different formulation. The choice of PES (enteric coated versus non-enteric coated) and the need for acid suppression should be individualized. There is no current standard test for evaluating adequacy of therapy in CP patients and studies have shown that optimization of therapy based on symptoms may be inadequate. Goals of therapy based on overall patient presentation and specific laboratory tests rather than mere correction of steatorrhea are needed.
The Embodiment and Discourses of a Taboo: #brelfie (2017)

#brelfie is an online social media trend that seeks to normalize public breastfeeding through exposure. “Brelfies” are “breastfeeding selfies”—in which a mother uploads an image of herself breastfeeding to social media. It is controversial even within the trend itself, as women disagree on how it potentially pressures women to perform motherhood. Much of Western culture views the female breast as a sexual organ, and thus creates norms about how breasts should be functioned and displayed in public. Yet, many others would argue that breastfeeding is the only legitimate use of the female breast and is therefore permissibly exhibited in public. In fact, images of breastfeeding have been around for centuries, and so #brelfies are merely one small piece in a wider puzzle concerning motherhood and body politics. This discourse analysis takes a sample of social media posts drawn using Radian6 analytics software, and analyzes these posts for descriptive themes. These themes relate to the culturally-situated functionality of breasts, the online arena of activism, and appreciate discourse as medium for self-empowerment, and as a means for constructing taboo/s.
Synthesis and antiretroviral activity of phospholipid analogs of azidothymidine and other antiviral nucleosides. (1990)

Treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with azidothymidine (AZT, zidovudine) reduces p24 antigenemia, increases CD4 lymphocyte counts, reduces the frequency and severity of opportunistic infections and prolongs life. However, AZT and other dideoxynucleosides do not diminish the ability to isolate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Failure to clear infectious virus may be due to inadequate inhibition of virus production by macrophages, a major reservoir of HIV infection. Cells of the macrophage lineage take up large amounts of parenterally administered liposomal material. To direct larger proportions of antiretroviral nucleosides to this important HIV reservoir, we synthesized phosphatidylAZT, AZT diphosphate dipalmitin, phosphatidylddC and phosphatidylddT, novel phospholipid prodrugs which are readily incorporated into phospholipid bilayers. These liposomal liponucleotides were shown to have antiretroviral activity in HIV-infected U937 and CEM cells. In vivo, it is anticipated that liposomes containing the antiretroviral liponucleotides will be taken up in large proportion by macrophages. This property would appear to make phosphatidylAZT and the related compounds promising candidate agents with a special potential to target drug to the macrophage reservoir of HIV infection, thereby reducing the toxicity of the antiviral nucleosides to other cells.
Amino acids mediate mTOR/raptor signaling through activation of class 3 phosphatidylinositol 3OH-kinase (2005)

During the evolution of metazoans and the rise of systemic hormonal regulation, the insulin-controlled class 1 phosphatidylinositol 3OH-kinase (PI3K) pathway was merged with the primordial amino acid-driven mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway to control the growth and development of the organism. Insulin regulates mTOR function through a recently described canonical signaling pathway, which is initiated by the activation of class 1 PI3K. However, how the amino acid input is integrated with that of the insulin signaling pathway is unclear. Here we used a number of molecular, biochemical, and pharmacological approaches to address this issue. Unexpectedly, we found that a major pathway by which amino acids control mTOR signaling is distinct from that of insulin and that, instead of signaling through components of the insulin/class 1 PI3K pathway, amino acids mediate mTOR activation by signaling through class 3 PI3K, hVps34.
Regulation of β-Catenin Structure and Activity by Tyrosine Phosphorylation (2001)

beta-Catenin plays a dual role as a key effector in the regulation of adherens junctions and as a transcriptional coactivator. Phosphorylation of Tyr-654, a residue placed in the last armadillo repeat of beta-catenin, decreases its binding to E-cadherin. We show here that phosphorylation of Tyr-654 also stimulates the association of beta-catenin to the basal transcription factor TATA-binding protein. The structural bases of these different affinities were investigated. Our results indicate that the beta-catenin C-terminal tail interacts with the armadillo repeat domain, hindering the association of the armadillo region to the TATA-binding protein or to E-cadherin. Phosphorylation of beta-catenin Tyr-654 decreases armadillo-C-terminal tail association, uncovering the last armadillo repeats. In a C-terminal-depleted beta-catenin, the presence of a negative charge at Tyr-654 does not affect the interaction of the TATA-binding protein to the armadillo domain. However, in the case of E-cadherin, the establishment of ion pairs dominates its association with beta-catenin, and its binding is greatly dependent on the absence of a negative charge at Tyr-654. Thus, phosphorylation of Tyr-654 blocks the Ecadherin-beta-catenin interaction, even though the steric hindrance of the C-tail is no longer present. These results explain how phosphorylation of beta-catenin in Tyr-654 modifies the tertiary structure of this protein and the interaction with its different partners.