gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Direct-Write Three-Dimensional Bioassembly Tool for Regenerative Medicine (2005)

Tissue loss and end-stage organ failure caused by disease or injury are two of the most costly problems encountered in modern medicine. To combat these problems, a relatively new field, called tissue engineering, has emerged. This field combines the medical and engineering fields in hopes of establishing an effective method to restore, maintain, or improve damaged tissue. In order to best replace the diseased tissue, many approaches to fabricating new tissue have focused on trying to replicate native tissue. The overall hypothesis of this dissertation is that a direct-write, BioAssembly Tool (BAT) can be utilized to fabricate viable constructs of cells and matrix that have a specified spatial organization and are truly three-dimensional (3D). The results of the studies within this dissertation demonstrate that the BAT can generate viable, spatially organized constructs comprised of cells and matrix by carefully controlling the environmental parameters of the system. A joint hypothesis associated with this dissertation is that 3D microscopy and image processing techniques can be combined to generate accurate representative stacks of images of the tissue within 3D, tissue engineered constructs. The results of the studies examining this hypothesis demonstrate that by taking into account the attenuation with depth in the imaged construct as well as by looking at the intensity and gradient of each voxel, accurate and reproducible thresholding can be achieved. Furthermore, this tool can be utilized to aid in the characterization of 3D tissue engineered constructs. Based on these studies, 3D microscopy and image processing shows promise in accurately representing the cellular volume within a tissue. More importantly, 3D, direct-write technology, specifically the BioAssembly Tool, could be used in the fabrication of viable, spatially organized constructs that can then be implanted into a patient to provide healthy tissue in the place of diseased or damaged tissue.
Dominant forces in protein folding (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDominant forces in protein foldingKen A. DillCite this: Biochemistry 1990, 29, 31, 7133–7155Publication Date (Print):August 7, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 7 August 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00483a001https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00483a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views13527Altmetric-Citations3046LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Surgery for obesity (2001)

As were most types of gastrointestinal surgery, antiobesity surgery was dominated by the development of laparoscopic techniques during the last decade. The feasibility of performing any primary antiobesity operation safely laparoscopically was convincingly demonstrated during the last 2 years. This represents a significant continued improvement in the perioperative safety of "bariatric" surgery. However, antiobesity surgery entails very much more than technique. Unfortunately, little progress has been made in optimizing patient selection, improving follow-up, and devising strategies for reoperative antiobesity surgery. The latest publications in the field are mainly confirmatory, demonstrating durable medically significant weight loss resulting in comorbidity reduction with increased life expectancy. The most interesting contribution of this surgery is provision of "experimental models" using gastrointestinal physiology to study the pathophysiology of obesity and undernutrition by guaranteeing substantial weight loss maintained long-term. It is unfortunate that surgery for obesity is seriously underutilized.
Multi-Parametric MRI and Texture Analysis to Visualize Spatial Histologic Heterogeneity and Tumor Extent in Glioblastoma (2015)

Multi-parametric MRI and texture analysis can help characterize and visualize GBM's spatial histologic heterogeneity to identify regional tumor-rich biopsy targets.
TTT System (50 Mbits/s PCM-TDMA System With Time Preassignment and TASI) and Its Satellite Test Results (1972)

An experimental 50 Mbits/s pulse-code modulation-time-division multiple access (PCM-TDMA) system with time preassignment and time-assignment speech interpolation (TASI) features (called the TTT system) was built for use in a satellite test. This system was designed for application in the INTELSAT IV network and has the channel capacity of more than 700 telephone channels. This capacity can be increased up to twice when pulse-code modulation-time-assignment speech interpolation (PCM-TASI) is adopted. The field test was conducted via INTELSAT III in 1970 and satisfactory results were obtained, which encourages the introduction of the TDMA system for commercial use.
[Severe complications and mortality in mental eating disorders in adolescence. On 99 hospitalized patients]. (1993)

These well-known complications are more common in anorexic than in bulimic patients. Their prevention requires rigorous and continuous medical supervision.
Collagenolytic cysteine proteinases of bone tissue. Cathepsin B, (pro)cathepsin L and a cathepsin L-like 70 kDa proteinase (1991)

The aim of the work was to identify and characterize the cysteine proteinases of bone tissue, as these enzymes appear necessary for bone resorption. Three cysteine-dependent proteolytic activities were separated from a homogenate of mouse calvaria by a fractionation procedure involving (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The first two are typical cathepsins B and L with respect to (1) their reactivity with anti-(cathepsin B) and anti-(cathepsin L) antibodies respectively, (2) their relative rate constants for inhibition by benzyloxycarbonyl-Phe-Phe-CHN2 and L-3-carboxy-trans-2,3-epoxypropionyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanid ino)butane and (3) their enzymic properties, such as the higher activities of cathepsin L against collagen and gelatin as compared with cathepsin B, and the fact that benzyloxycarbonyl-Arg-Arg 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide is hydrolysed only by cathepsin B. Cathepsin L was mainly recovered in its precursor form, as indicated by its apparent 40 kDa molecular mass and its relative stability at pH 7.2. The third enzyme is a cathepsin L-like proteinase with an apparent molecular mass of 70 kDa. It is immunoprecipitated by anti-(cathepsin L) antibodies, and appears as the 25 kDa band of mature cathepsin L in Western blots. It further resembles (pro)cathepsin L with regard to its activities against synthetic substrates and proteins such as collagen, and with regard to its response to various inhibitors. However, unlike (pro)cathepsin L, it is eluted as a 70 kDa protein on gel filtration (even in the presence of 1% Brij or 1 M-NaCl), it is stable at pH values as high as 9, and it exhibits stronger affinity for phenyl-Sepharose. It might thus result from a strong complex between mature cathepsin L and another entity that confers stability at alkaline pH and favours hydrophobic interactions. This 70 kDa activity was also detected in mouse muscle and long bones of Ca(2+)-deficient chicks but not in mouse liver, spleen or kidney.
Parameters affecting tumor-specific delivery of anti-CD5 antibody-ricin A chain immunotoxins in vivo. (1990)

The tumor localization of various anti-CD5 immunotoxins (ITs) was studied in vivo in BALB/c nude mice bearing human ascitic Ichikawa tumor cells. Plasma and ascitic clearance of IT as well as the number of intact IT molecules taken up per tumor cell was measured with a highly sensitive immunoenzymometric assay. This assay allowed the quantification of as few as 400 molecules per cell, either bound to cell surface antigens or internalized. Tumor cell localization of an i.v.-administered IT composed of a whole IgG linked by a disulfide bond to native ricin A chain (RTA) was extremely small. The highest binding level of this IT to ascitic cells did not exceed 1,600 molecules per cell, whereas up to 25,000 molecules per cell were quantified after i.p. injection. To improve IT localization after i.v. injection, both the size of the monoclonal antibody moiety and glycosylation of the ricin A chain were examined. Two major additive improvements were obtained by (a) Fc removal and (b) partial deglycosylation of RTA. The localization of F(ab')2-deglycosylated RTA IT was 5.5 times greater than that of IgG-RTA IT, resulting from reduced plasma clearance and better extravasation of the conjugate. However, the IT targeting observed in vivo after i.v. administration was unexpectedly lower than the theoretical number of bound IT molecules, calculated from the concentration of soluble IT molecules in the ascitic fluid. This discrepancy was found to be related to a dramatic decrease in the antigen binding capacity of the antibody moiety in ascitic fluid.
[Development and practical use of new experimental models of the various forms of herpetic infection]. (1986)

New experimental models of neurological herpes in cotton rats and genital herpes in male guinea pigs have been developed which are more adequate to the corresponding human diseases, and models of ophthalmic herpes in rabbits and guinea pigs have been improved. These models may be used for screening and evaluation of the effectiveness of drugs for herpes. A high activity against herpes of bromovinyldeoxyuridine and acyclovir has been verified, a marked therapeutic effect of Soviet monophosphates ara-A, ara-C, and original silur preparation in some forms of herpes infection has been demonstrated.
COLEYʼS TOXINS, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR, AND CANCER RESEARCH—A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1993)

Journal of Immunotherapy with Emphasis on Tumor Immunology: January 1993 - Volume 13 - Issue 1 - p 73
Amino-terminal Deletions Enhance Aggregation of β-Amyloid Peptides in Vitro (1995)

beta-Amyloid protein, which assembles into pathological aggregates deposited in Alzheimer's disease brain tissue, exhibits N-terminal heterogeneity both in vitro and in vivo. To investigate the effects of this N-terminal heterogeneity on the assembly characteristics and biophysical properties of beta-amyloid, we synthesized a series of peptides with progressively shortened N termini (initial residues at positions beta 1, beta 4, beta 8, beta 12, and beta 17) and C termini extending to residue beta 40 or beta 42. We report that peptides with N-terminal deletions exhibit enhanced peptide aggregation relative to full-length species, as quantitatively assessed by sedimentation analyses. Overall, sedimentation levels were greater for peptides terminating at residue beta 42 than for those terminating at residue beta 40. To determine if established biophysical features of the full-length protein were maintained in the truncated peptides, structural and bioactive properties of these peptides were examined and compared. Full-length and truncated peptides exhibiting aggregation showed circular dichroism spectra consistent with predominant beta-sheet conformation, fibrillar morphology under transmission electron microscopy, and significant toxicity in cultures of rat hippocampal neurons. These data demonstrate that N-terminal deletions enhance aggregation of beta-amyloid into neurotoxic, beta-sheet fibrils and suggest that such peptides may initiate and/or nucleate the pathological deposition of beta-amyloid.
A novel vascular endothelial growth factor-directed therapy that selectively activates cytotoxic prodrugs (2003)

We have generated fusion proteins between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the bacterial enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) that can activate the prodrug 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-mesyloxyethyl)amino]benzoyl-L-glutamic acid (CMDA). Three asparagine residues of CPG2 were mutated to glutamine (CPG2(Q)3) to prevent glycosylation during secretion, and truncations of VEGF(165) were fused to either the C- or N-terminal of CPG2. The K(m) of the fusion proteins (37.5 microM) was similar to that of secreted CPG2(Q)3 (29.5 microM) but greater than that of wild-type CPG2 (8 microM). The affinity of the fusion proteins for VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) (K(d)=0.5-1.1 nM) was similar to that of [(125)I]VEGF (K(d)=0.5 nM) (ELISA) or slightly higher (K(d)=1.3-9.6 nM) (competitive RIA). One protein, VEGF(115)-CPG2(Q)3-H(6), possessed 140% of the enzymic activity of secreted CPG2(Q)3, and had a faster half-maximal binding time for VEGFR2 (77 s), than the other candidates (330 s). In vitro, VEGF(115)-CPG2(Q)3-H(6) targeted CMDA cytotoxicity only towards VEGFR-expressing cells. The plasma half-life of VEGF(115)-CPG2(Q)3-H(6) in vivo was 3 h, comparable to equivalent values observed in ADEPT. We conclude that enzyme prodrug therapy using VEGF as a targeting moiety represents a promising novel antitumour therapy, with VEGF(115)-CPG2(Q)3-H(6) being a lead candidate.
Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2010)

Mass spectrometric ionization methods that operate under ambient conditions and require minimal or no sample pretreatment have attracted much attention in such fields as biomedicine, food safety, antiterrorism, pharmaceuticals, and environmental pollution. These technologies usually involve separate ionization and sample-introduction events, allowing independent control over each set of conditions. Ionization is typically performed under ambient conditions through use of existing electrospray ionization (ESI) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) techniques. Rapid analyses of gas, liquid, and solid samples are possible with the adoption of various sample-introduction methods. This review sorts different ambient ionization techniques into two main subcategories, primarily on the basis of the ionization processes, that are further differentiated in terms of the approach used for sampling.
Cell culture of rabbit meniscal fibrochondrocytes: Proliferative and synthetic response to growth factors and ascorbate (1985)

This study was undertaken to determine whether the cells of the fibrocartilaginous meniscal substance are capable of proliferation and matrix synthesis. Cells were isolated from the fibrocartilaginous menisci of young New Zealand white rabbits, and grown in two alternative culture regimens differing only in the basal nutrient medium used to initiate primary monolayer growth. Under each culture regimen, the cells attached and proliferated both initially and after passage into secondary (2 degrees) culture. Differences were noted in cell morphology and time to reach confluence in primary (1 degrees) culture. Upon passage into 2 degrees culture, the fibrochondrocytes assumed two distinct morphologies depending upon the type of medium used for 1 degree culture. These morphological changes were accompanied by differences in the population doubling time and incorporation of 35SO4 into sulfated proteoglycans. The proliferation of both fibrochondrocyte subtypes was stimulated by the addition of either pituitary fibroblast growth factor (FGF) or human platelet lysate in a dose-dependent manner. Both FGF (10 ng/ml) and ascorbate (40 micrograms/ml) decreased 35-sulfate incorporation, whereas only ascorbate was found to alter the amount of sulfated glycosaminoglycan in the pericellular coat. We conclude that the fibrochondrocytes of the meniscal substance are capable of replication and synthesis of matrix macromolecules if given the proper stimuli. Additionally, there may be two subpopulations of fibrochondrocytes that can be distinguished by their in vitro behavior.
An Epiisopicropodophyllin Aza Analogue via Palladium-Catalyzed Pseudo-Domino Cyclization (2002)

A new aza analogue of epiisopicropodophyllin (the C-3 epimer of podophyllotoxin) has been synthesized exploiting two original strategic steps. Rings A/B and E are entered at an early stage via a cationic benzhydrylation process. A palladium-catalyzed pseudo-domino (Pd-PDOM) intramolecular process generates rings C/D in a single synthetic operation.
Using multiple feedback loops for object profiling, scheduling and migration in soft real-time distributed object systems (2003)

Complex soft real time distributed object systems require object profiling, scheduling and migration algorithms to respond to transient changes in the load or in the availability of the resources. We have developed a resource management system for a soft real time distributed object system that is based on a three level feedback loop which employs a profiling algorithm that monitors the usage of the resources, a least laxity scheduling algorithm that schedules the tasks, and hot spot and cooling algorithms that allocate and migrate objects to balance the load on the resources. The resource management system consists of a single (but possibly replicated and distributed) resource manager, and profilers and schedulers located on each of the processors in the distributed system.
How is Type I procollagen synthesis regulated at the gene level during tissue fibrosis (2003)

In response to tissue injury connective tissue synthesis occurs either normally or abnormally, which is mediated by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and other growth factors. This article will be primarily concerned with the response of injured tissues at the gene level of Type I procollagen synthesis in response to TGF-beta. This leads to provisional repair, which in turn may lead to involution, remodeling, regeneration, and ultimately repair. Alternately, continuation of provisional repair may lead to fibrosis and ultimately scarring. Scarring of internal organs such as the liver and the lung leads to loss of function and ultimately death. In the case of scarring of skin, this is a cosmetic problem and can be rectified by surgery. Type I procollagen is synthesized by two genes, proalpha1 (Type I) and proalpha2 (Type I) collagen genes. This article will focus on DNA binding sites on these two genes, which regulate the transcription of the specific gene. This article will also define specific cell signaling pathways for the turning on of the proalpha1 and proalpha2 (Type I) collagen genes. This article will address several questions. First, what is the major cytokine acting extracellularly which stimulates the transcription of the proalpha1 and proalpha2 (Type I) collagen genes during tissue fibrosis? Secondly, how are the signals transmitted by the extracellular profibrotic cytokine TGF-beta from the cellular membrane to the nucleus for transcription of the proalpha1 (Type I) and proalpha2 (Type I) collagen genes? Thirdly, what signaling pathways cross-talk with the signaling pathways resulting in the expression of the Type I collagen genes? Fourthly, how does TGF-beta affect extracellular matrix homeostasis? Fifthly, what are the nuclear factors corresponding to the DNA elements required for the promotion of the proalpha1 (Type I) and proalpha2 (Type I) collagen genes? Finally, how are the proalpha1 (Type I) and proalpha2 (Type I) collagen genes coordinately regulated? Strategies will also be presented for reducing fibrosis, which is the result of overexpression of TGF-beta.
Kinetics of insulin aggregation in aqueous solutions upon agitation in the presence of hydrophobic surfaces. (1991)

The stability of protein-based pharmaceuticals (e.g., insulin) is important for their production, storage, and delivery. To gain an understanding of insulin's aggregation mechanism in aqueous solutions, the effects of agitation rate, interfacial interactions, and insulin concentration on the overall aggregation rate were examined. Ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and quasielastic light scattering analyses were used to monitor the aggregation reaction and identify intermediate species. The reaction proceeded in two stages; insulin stability was enhanced at higher concentration. Mathematical modeling of proposed kinetic schemes was employed to identify possible reaction pathways and to explain greater stability at higher insulin concentration.
Quantum networking with photons and trapped atoms (Invited) (2007)

Distributed quantum information processing requires a reliable quantum memory and a faithful carrier of quantum information. Atomic qubits have very long coherence times and are thus excellent candidates for quantum information storage, whereas photons are ideal for the transport of quantum information as they can travel long distances with a minimum of decoherence. We discuss the theoretical and experimental combination of these two systems and their use for not only quantum information transfer but also scalable quantum computation architectures.
Radiation therapy in the prevention of heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty. (1982)

The administration of radiation to prevent heterotopic bone formation after total hip arthroplasty has been highly successful in this prospective study. It was extremely effective in high-risk patients, including those with preexisting heterotopic ossification. No early deleterious effects were noted. Long-term follow-up is planned to observe for late tumor induction. No wound complications were encountered. Trochanteric nonunions did occur and may be in part related to the radiation. This study demonstrated the importance of the early initiation of treatment. Ninety-eight percent of high-risk patients who began treatment on the second to fourth day postoperatively were free of heterotopic bone after surgery. Meticulous technique is always employed to eliminate debris in the surgical wound, and soft tissues are handled carefully. The search continues for a more complete explanation of the pathogenesis of heterotopic bone formation. A current study has been constructed to demonstrate the minimum dose of radiation that will continue to be effective. Further evaluation of methods to more accurately identify the high-risk patient continues. The effectiveness of radiation therapy in the prevention of heterotopic bone following total hip replacement has been shown.
Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (2002)

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome during the course of acute or chronic liver disease. It is functional in nature, potentially reversible and precipitated by rather heterogeneous factors. At the neurophysiological level HE is characterized by a low frequent cortico-cortical electrical coupling, which may explain the cognitive deficits and a low frequent corticomuscular coupling, which may explain the fine motor deficits. Current evidence suggests that HE is the consequence of a low grade chronic glial edema with subsequent alterations of glioneuronal communication. Different factors, such as ammonia, benzodiazepines, inflammatory cytokines can induce or aggravate astrocyte swelling, which results in the activation of osmosignaling cascades, protein modifications, alterations in gene expression and neurotransmission. Among the protein modifications nitration of critical tyrosine residues in glial proteins may play an important role. Several proteins, which are nitrated in response to ammonia, benzodiazepines, hypoosmotic astrocyte swelling or inflammatory cytokines have been identified, including glutamine synthetase and the peripheral type benzodiazepine receptor.