gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microarray Expression Analyses of Arabidopsis Guard Cells and Isolation of a Recessive Abscisic Acid Hypersensitive Protein Phosphatase 2C Mutant[W] (2004)

Oligomer-based DNA Affymetrix GeneChips representing about one-third of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes were used to profile global gene expression in a single cell type, guard cells, identifying 1309 guard cell-expressed genes. Highly pure preparations of guard cells and mesophyll cells were isolated in the presence of transcription inhibitors that prevented induction of stress-inducible genes during cell isolation procedures. Guard cell expression profiles were compared with those of mesophyll cells, resulting in identification of 64 transcripts expressed preferentially in guard cells. Many large gene families and gene duplications are known to exist in the Arabidopsis genome, giving rise to redundancies that greatly hamper conventional genetic and functional genomic analyses. The presented genomic scale analysis identifies redundant expression of specific isoforms belonging to large gene families at the single cell level, which provides a powerful tool for functional genomic characterization of the many signaling pathways that function in guard cells. Reverse transcription-PCR of 29 genes confirmed the reliability of GeneChip results. Statistical analyses of promoter regions of abscisic acid (ABA)-regulated genes reveal an overrepresented ABA responsive motif, which is the known ABA response element. Interestingly, expression profiling reveals ABA modulation of many known guard cell ABA signaling components at the transcript level. We further identified a highly ABA-induced protein phosphatase 2C transcript, AtP2C-HA, in guard cells. A T-DNA disruption mutation in AtP2C-HA confers ABA-hypersensitive regulation of stomatal closing and seed germination. The presented data provide a basis for cell type-specific genomic scale analyses of gene function.
A new synthesis and characterization of magnesium-aluminium hydroxides (1980)

Summary A new synthesis of Mg-Al double hydroxides is described, that gives products relatively low (0.8–1.0%) in CO 2 . The general formula [Mg 1−x Al x (OH) 2 ][(OH) x (H 2 O) 0.81−x ] with 0.23 ≤ x ≤ 0.33 is proposed. Cell parameters and thermal data are given. The c -axial length decreases with Al-content; this is attributed to increased electrostatic attraction between layers.
Cutting Edge: The Related Molecules CD28 and Inducible Costimulator Deliver Both Unique and Complementary Signals Required for Optimal T Cell Activation (2001)

Optimal T cell activation requires engagement of CD28 with its counterligands B7-1 and B7-2. Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is the third member of the CD28/CTLA4 family that binds a B7-like protein, B7RP-1. Administration of ICOS-Ig attenuates T cell expansion following superantigen (SAg) administration, but fails to regulate either peripheral deletion or anergy induction. ICOS-Ig, but not CTLA4-Ig, uniquely regulates SAg-induced TNF-alpha production, whereas IL-2 secretion is modulated by CTLA4-Ig, but not ICOS-Ig. In contrast, both ICOS and CD28 are required for complete attenuation of IL-4 production. Our data suggest that ICOS and CD28 regulate T cell expansion and that ligation of either CD28 or ICOS can either uniquely regulate cytokine production (IL-2/TNF-alpha) or synergize for optimal cytokine production (IL-4) after SAg administration.
Thrombospondin binds and activates the small and large forms of latent transforming growth factor-beta in a chemically defined system. (1994)

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a potent growth regulatory protein normally secreted by cells in a latent form. Primary regulation of TGF-beta activity occurs through factors which control the processing of the latent to the biologically active molecule. Thrombospondin (TSP), a platelet alpha-granule and extracellular matrix protein, forms specific complexes with active TGF-beta in platelet releasate and activates endogenous latent TGF-beta secreted by endothelial cells via a cell- and protease-independent mechanism. In order to better understand TSP-mediated activation of cell-secreted latent TGF-beta, we examined the consequences of interactions of the large (platelet-derived) and small (recombinant) forms of latent TGF-beta with TSP in a chemically defined system. Data from these studies show that interactions between TSP and both forms of latent TGF-beta result in the generation of biologically active TGF-beta as assayed by the ability of NRK-49F cells to form colonies in soft agar, by the ability to compete for binding to TGF-beta receptors on endothelial cells, and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay selective for the active form of TGF-beta. Activation of latent TGF-beta by TSP stripped of associated TGF-beta activity (sTSP) is time- and concentration-dependent, but temperature-independent. The mechanism whereby sTSP activates latent TGF-beta appears to involve the direct binding of sTSP to the latent molecule as shown by gel permeation chromatography. In addition, a polyclonal antibody specific for the amino-terminal region of the latency-associated peptide (amino acids 81-94) inhibits sTSP-mediated activation of latent TGF-beta in both the chemically defined system and in endothelial cell conditioned medium. These data and the observation that similar concentrations of sTSP activate latent TGF-beta in both the chemically defined system and in the endothelial cell system indicate that there is a common mechanism by which TSP activates the small, large, and endothelial cell-derived latent TGF-beta complexes. The ability of TSP to convert latent TGF-beta to biologically active TGF-beta suggests that TSP is a major regulatory factor in the control of TGF-beta activity.
Physicochemical Classification and Formulation Development Of Solid Dispersion Of Poorly Water Soluble Drugs: An Updated Review (2010)

It is commonly recognized in the pharmaceutical industry that more than 40% newly discovered drug candidates are poorly water soluble. The solubility behaviour of drugs remains one of the most challenging aspects in formulation development and also complicating the delivery of poorly water soluble drugs. To improve such poor solubility issues, solid dispersion techniques are widely applied to increase the apparent solubility or enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs. Inspite of tremendous potential for improving drug solubility, only few products have been marketed since the development of this technology 40 years ago. This article begins with various types of solid dispersion systems including simple eutectic mixture, solid solutions, glass solutions, and amorphous precipitation in a crystalline carrier. The remaining portion of this article is devoted to the various formulation and development techniques for solid dispersion.
Video telephony for end-consumers (2012)

Video telephony requires high-bandwidth and low-delay voice and video transmissions between geographically distributed users. It is challenging to deliver high-quality video telephony to end-consumers through the best-effort Internet. In this paper, we present our measurement study on three popular video telephony systems on the Internet: Google+, iChat, and Skype. Through a series of carefully designed active and passive measurements, we are able to unveil important information about their key design choices and performance, including application architecture, video generation and adaptation schemes, loss recovery strategies, end-to-end voice and video delays, resilience against random and bursty losses, etc. Obtained insights can be used to guide the design of applications that call for high-bandwidth and low-delay data transmissions under a wide range of "best-effort" network conditions.
Control of precancer cell transformation into cancer cells: its relevance to cancer prevention. (1996)

It is well known that following the action of various carcinogens (chemical, physical, biological) on normal cells, a long period (latency) of several months to years (approximately 10 months approximately 30 years) in humans or one-half to two-thirds of the life span of laboratory animals occurs between development of precancer cells and their transformation into cancer cells. However, the molecular and biological events that take place within the precancer cells during this quiescent stage are not yet fully understood. The main purpose of this review is to evaluate the data from literature as well as my own findings regarding the preneoplastic cells and their progression into neoplastic cells. Recent studies reveal that preneoplastic cell development and transformation into cancer cells is determined initially by genetic (oncogenes, antioncogenes), with sequential multiple somatic mutations, and later by epigenetic or environmental cell factors such as hormones, growth factors (GFs), cytokines, vitamins, and prostaglandins (PGs). These factors can markedly change the evolution of preneoplastic cells by enhancing, retarding, or inhibiting their transformation into cancer cells, or even reversing them to a normal phenotype. These agents act on DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, as well as on cell replication, cell cycles, cell surfaces, and intercellular communications. DNA, oncogenes, ultrastructural cell surface, and antigenic determination used as biomarkers are essential for early detection of preneoplastic cells and premalignant lesions. Further investigations regarding the precancer cell biology and metabolism will have a paramount significance for designing effective strategies for cancer prevention and treatment.
Computer-based image analysis of nucleoli in prostate carcinoma. (1998)

The authors have evaluated the nucleoli in 37 cases of prostatic carcinoma. The increase in Gleason's grade 1 correlated with an increase in the percentage of nucleolated nuclei. The increase in the percentage of bi- and trinucleolated nuclei was accompanied by a decrease of the uninucleated nuclei. The values of morphometrical parameters studied in the individual nucleoli (area, perimeter, diameters) increased in Gleason grade 2 tumors as compared with grade 1 tumors. In tumors higher grades there was, however, a progressive decrease of these values.
Antigenic differentiation of strains of Turkey rhinotracheitis virus using monoclonal antibodies (1993)

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were prepared against one UK isolate of turkey rhinotracheitis virus (TRTV). Those which were virus-neutralizing were selected and used, together with polyclonal antisera raised to each isolate in turkeys, in cross-neutralization tests against TRTV strains isolated in the UK and elsewhere. Whilst the polyclonal antisera showed that there was some diversity between them, all strains examined belonged to one serotype. The TRTV strains isolated in the UK could clearly be differentiated from those isolated elsewhere by some of the mAbs. Isolates of TRTV made in South Africa in 1978 and UK in 1985 were more closely related than were isolates made in UK and France within a few months. TRTV strains isolated from turkeys and chickens could not be differentiated. Some mAbs were found to be group-specific in that they neutralized all TRTV strains examined. All mAbs were of either the IgGl or IgG2a isotype and recognized the surface G glycoprotein.
Exosomes Derived From Pericytes Improve Microcirculation and Protect Blood–Spinal Cord Barrier After Spinal Cord Injury in Mice (2019)

Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to severe and permanent paralysis and places a heavy burden on individuals, families, and society. Until now, the therapy of SCI is still a big challenge for the researchers. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a hot spot for the treatment of SCI, but many problems and risks have not been resolved. Some studies have reported that the therapeutic effect of MSCs on SCI is related to the paracrine secretion of cells. The exosomes secreted by MSCs have therapeutic potential for many diseases. There are abundant pericytes which possess the characteristics of stem cells in the neurovascular unit. Due to the close relationship between pericytes and endothelial cells, the exosomes of pericytes can be taken up by endothelial cells more easily. There are fewer studies about the therapeutic potential of the exosomes derived from pericytes on SCI now. In this study, exosomes of pericytes were transplanted into the mice with SCI to study the restoration of motor function and explore the underlying mechanism. We found that the exosomes derived from pericytes could reduce pathological changes, improve the motor function, the blood flow and oxygen deficiency after SCI. In addition, the exosomes could improve the endothelial ability to regulate blood flow, protect the blood-spinal cord barrier, reduce edema, decrease the expression of HIF-1α, Bax, Aquaporin-4, and MMP2, increase the expression of Claudin-5, bcl-2 and inhibit apoptosis. The experiments <i>in vitro</i> proved that exosomes derived from pericytes could protect the barrier of spinal cord microvascular endothelial cells under hypoxia condition, which was related to PTEN/AKT pathway. In summary, our study showed that exosomes of pericytes had therapeutic prospects for SCI.
Human Cytomegalovirus Activates Inflammatory Cytokine Responses via CD14 and Toll-Like Receptor 2 (2003)

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised people. An understanding of how CMV induces and circumvents host immunity is of critical importance in efforts to design effective therapeutics. It was recently discovered that mere cell contact by CMV particles leads to profound modulation of cellular gene expression, including induction of inflammatory cytokines and interferon-stimulated genes characteristic of innate immune detection. These findings suggest that a membrane receptor recognizes a CMV envelope protein(s), leading to innate immune activation. Here, we show that the pattern recognition receptors Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and CD14 recognize CMV virions and trigger inflammatory cytokine production. Induction of inflammatory cytokines is mediated via TLR2-dependent activation of NF-kappa B. Since many of the pathological processes associated with CMV disease are facilitated or directly mediated by inflammatory cytokines, identification of the host membrane detection machinery may ultimately lead to improved therapeutics.
Influence of acute upper respiratory tract infection on the absorption of inhaled insulin using the AERx® insulin Diabetes Management System (2005)

The results suggest that insulin can be administered via AERx iDMS to nondiabetic subjects experiencing a URTI without any statistically significant changes in insulin pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics, and that the necessity for dose adjustments will not differ from subjects with an acute URTI who are receiving subcutaneous insulin.
REAL NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY (1951)

Journal Article REAL NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY Get access ANCEL KEYS, Ph.D., ANCEL KEYS, Ph.D. Laboratory of Human Nutrition Churchill HospitalOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar HUGH SINCLAIR, D.M. HUGH SINCLAIR, D.M. Laboratory of Human Nutrition Churchill HospitalOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar British Medical Bulletin, Volume 8, Issue 2-3, 1951, Pages 262–264, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a074118 Published: 01 January 1951
Low-complexity standard-compatible robust and scalable video streaming over lossy/variable bandwidth networks (2005)

We propose a robust and scalable transmission scheme based on multiple description coding (MDC). Each description is encoded using a standard video codec such as MPEG-2 or H.264. This scheme provides equal or better robustness with respect to other solutions such as forward error correction (FEC), at lower system complexity; also, it provides scalability by selectively dropping descriptions.
The low density lipoprotein receptor is not required for normal catabolism of Lp(a) in humans. (1995)

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an atherogenic lipoprotein which is similar in structure to low density lipoproteins (LDL). The role of the LDL receptor in the catabolism of Lp(a) has been controversial. We therefore investigated the in vivo catabolism of Lp(a) and LDL in five unrelated patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) who have little or no LDL receptor activity. Purified 125I-Lp(a) and 131I-LDL were simultaneously injected into the homozygous FH patients, their heterozygous FH parents when available, and control subjects. The disappearance of plasma radioactivity was followed over time. As expected, the fractional catabolic rates (FCR) of 131I-LDL were markedly decreased in the homozygous FH patients (mean LDL FCR 0.190 d-1) and somewhat decreased in the heterozygous FH parents (mean LDL FCR 0.294 d-1) compared with controls (mean LDL FCR 0.401 d-1). In contrast, the catabolism of 125I-Lp(a) was not significantly different in the homozygous FH patients (mean FCR 0.251 d-1), heterozygous FH parents (mean FCR 0.254 d-1), and control subjects (mean FCR 0.287 d-1). In summary, absence of a functional LDL receptor does not result in delayed catabolism of Lp(a), indicating that the LDL receptor is not a physiologically important route of Lp(a) catabolism in humans.
Evaluation of Spin-Transfer Switching in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (2005)

Current-induced magnetization switching was demonstrated on Co–Fe–B/MgO/Co–Fe–B magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), which exhibited giant tunnel magnetoresistance ratios of about 100%. Switching current density at a pulse duration of 100 ms was about 6×10 6 A/cm 2 at room temperature. The switching current density was reduced to one-third of the smallest value for the MgO-based MTJs reported to date. Dependence of the switching current on pulse duration and on the external magnetic field was discussed based on a theoretical model incorporating thermally activated spin-transfer switching. The spin-transfer switching in the MgO-based MTJs realizes low writing power consumption and a high read-out signal in high-density magnetoresistive random access memory.
Equine proliferative enteropathy: a cause of weight loss, colic, diarrhoea and hypoproteinaemia in foals on three breeding farms in Canada (2000)

Proliferative enteropathy (PE) is a transmissible enteric disease caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. An outbreak of equine PE was diagnosed in foals from 3 breeding farms. Most foals had been weaned prior to the appearance of clinical signs, which included depression, rapid and marked weight loss, subcutaneous oedema, diarrhoea and colic. Poor body condition with a rough haircoat and a potbellied appearance were common findings in affected foals. Respiratory tract infection, dermatitis and intestinal parasitism were also found in some foals. Haematological and plasma biochemical abnormalities included hypoproteinaemia, transient leucocytosis, anaemia and increased serum creatinine kinase concentration. Postmortem diagnosis of PE was confirmed on 4 foals based on the presence of characteristic intracellular bacteria within the apical cytoplasm of proliferating crypt epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa, using silver stains, and by results of PCR analysis and immunohistochemistry. Antemortem diagnosis of equine PE was based on the clinical signs, hypoproteinaemia and the exclusion of common enteric infections. Faecal PCR analysis was positive for the presence of L. intracellularis in 6 of 18 foals tested while the serum of all 7 foals with PE serologically evaluated had antibodies against L. intracellularis. Most foals were treated with erythromycin estolate alone or combined with rifampin for a minimum of 21 days. Additional symptomatic treatments were administered when indicated. All but one foal treated with erythromycin survived the infection. This study indicates that equine PE should be included in the differential diagnosis of outbreaks of rapid weight loss, diarrhoea, colic and hypoproteinaemia in weanling foals.
Determination of a Small Quantity of Cystine in the Presence of a Large Amount of Cysteine (1999)

A procedure is described to precisely determine a very small amount of cystine in the presence of a large amount of cysteine. After completely modifying cysteine with N-ethylmaleimide, the remaining reagent was reacted with DL-homocysteine. Cystine was determined, after being reduced with dithiothreitol, by the reaction with ninhydrin carried out under acidic conditions. The procedure makes it possible to precisely determine the amount of cystine present with cysteine in a concentration ratio of 1:2,000. By employing this procedure, auto-oxidation of cysteine to cystine in a mixture for the L-cysteine α,β-elimination reaction was investigated.
Role of biofilms in the survival of Legionella pneumophila in a model potable-water system (2001)

Legionellae can infect and multiply intracellularly in both human phagocytic cells and protozoa. Growth of legionellae in the absence of protozoa has been documented only on complex laboratory media. The hypothesis upon which this study was based was that biofilm matrices, known to provide a habitat and a gradient of nutrients, might allow the survival and multiplication of legionellae outside a host cell. This study determined whether Legionella pneumophila can colonize and grow in biofilms with and without an association with Hartmannella vermiformis. The laboratory model used a rotating disc reactor at a retention time of 6.7 h to grow biofilms on stainless steel coupons. The biofilm was composed of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and a Flavobacterium sp. The levels of L. pneumophila cells present in the biofilm were monitored for 15 d, with and without the presence of H. vermiformis, and it was found that, although unable to replicate in the absence of H. vermiformis, L. pneumophila was able to persist.
Biomarkers and endogenous determinants of dofetilide‐induced torsades de pointes in α1‐adrenoceptor‐stimulated, anaesthetized rabbits (2010)

'Preceding' arrhythmias have characteristics that permit prediction of TdP occurrence: the more chaotic the ventricular rhythm, the greater the probability of TdP initiation. This suggests that complexity of the arrhythmic beats may play an important mechanistic role in TdP genesis. The electrical instability quantified by the novel 'absolute' variability and instability parameters correlates with the probability of TdP occurrence. Baroreflex may contribute to TdP genesis in vivo.
Effect of fibronectin on the adhesion of an established cell line to a surface reactive biomaterial (1982)

We have demonstrated that an established hamster cell line (NIL 8 M-2) will adhere to the bioceramic bioglass. The rate at which the NIL 8 M-2 cells assume a spread morphology on bioglass is density dependent and the morphology displayed by NIL 8 M-2 cells attached to bioglass is much more elongated than that displayed by NIL 8 M-2 cells attached to nonreactive glass. Precoating the bioglass with the plasma form of human fibronectin significantly reduces the density dependent nature of cell spreading. Coating the bioglass with fibronectin also reduces the time required for cell spreading and changes the morphology of the attached cells from an elongated to an extremely flattened shape. Our work raises the possibility that bone-implant adhesion might be improved by introducing molecules relevant to cell-substrate attachment into the biomaterial prior to implantation.