gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Continuous Low-Level Vagus Nerve Stimulation Reduces Stellate Ganglion Nerve Activity and Paroxysmal Atrial Tachyarrhythmias in Ambulatory Canines (2011)

Left-sided low-level vagus nerve stimulation suppresses stellate ganglion nerve activities and reduces the incidences of paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias in ambulatory dogs. Significant neural remodeling of the left stellate ganglion is evident 1 week after cessation of continuous LL-VNS.
Compact beam expander with linear gratings (2002)

Novel compact beam expanders that could be useful for applications such as providing light to flat panel displays are presented. They are based on a planar configuration in which three spatially linear gratings are recorded on one transparent substrate, so as to expand a narrow incoming beam in two dimensions. We present the design and recording procedures along with results, showing a relatively uniform intensity of the wide output beam. Such expanders can serve for illuminating flat panel displays.
Pharmacokinetics of THC in brain and testis, male gametotoxicity and premature apoptosis of spermatozoa (2002)

An earlier report described the pharmacokinetics of delta-9 THC and the resulting brain function responses. In the present studies the pharmacokinetics of THC in plasma, brain and testis were related to impairment of spermatogenesis. THC- containing preparations, whatever their route of administration, were associated with the induction of gametotoxicity in all species studied including man. The pharmacokinetics and molecular binding of THC is similar in all experimental models. Concentrations of THC in plasma, fat, testis, brain and spleen were measured following administration of tracer amounts of C(14) delta-8 THC labelled at the C(11) position. Rats were administered 2 microCi of the tracer by i.m. injection, and killed at regular intervals after a single or multiple dose of the label. After a single dose, the maximal radioactivity was reached in brain after 2 and 4 h and amounted to 0.06% of the administered dose. In the testis, the concentration did not exceed 0.023% of the administered dose. In epididymal fat, the total radioactivity after 4 h was five times higher than in the brain and after 24 h it was eight times greater. After multiple injections of C(14) THC, concentrations of the drug remained low in the plasma, brain and testis not exceeding 2-7 ng/g, but the epididymal fat tracer concentration was 40-80 times higher. Plasma concentrations of C(14) THC were of the same magnitude as those measured by GCMS in the plasma of men exposed to marihuana smoke or THC, and in whom alterations of spermatogenesis were observed. In these studies, plasma THC ranged from 9.5x10(12) M to 2.4x10(14) M. These data illustrate the efficiency of the blood-brain barrier and blood-testicular barrier in limiting the storage of THC into brain and testis. During chronic exposure to THC the pharmacokinetic molecular mechanisms which limit the storage of THC in the brain and testis are not sufficient to prevent a persistent deregulation of membrane signalling and the induction of functional and morphological changes which reflect a premature apoptosis of spermatogenic cells. Long term, longitudinal epidemiological studies have reported decreased spermatogenesis in healthy, fertile adult males. But no study has been initiated to relate the oligospermia of this population to the consumption of widely used psychoactive drugs.
The document lens (1993)

based on a common strategy for understanding paper documents when their structure is not known, whiclh is to lay the pages of a document in a rectangular array on a large table where the overall structure and distinguishing features can be seen. Given such a presentation, the user wants to quickly view parts of the presentation in detail while remaining in context.
A widespread riboswitch candidate that controls bacterial genes involved in molybdenum cofactor and tungsten cofactor metabolism (2008)

We have identified a highly conserved RNA motif located upstream of genes encoding molybdate transporters, molybdenum cofactor (Moco) biosynthesis enzymes, and proteins that utilize Moco as a coenzyme. Bioinformatics searches have identified 176 representatives in gamma-Proteobacteria, delta-Proteobacteria, Clostridia, Actinobacteria, Deinococcus-Thermus species and DNAs from environmental samples. Using genetic assays, we demonstrate that a Moco RNA in Escherichia coli associated with the Moco biosynthetic operon controls gene expression in response to Moco production. In addition, we provide evidence indicating that this conserved RNA discriminates against closely related analogues of Moco. These results, together with extensive phylogenetic conservation and typical gene control structures near some examples, indicate that representatives of this structured RNA represent a novel class of riboswitches that sense Moco. Furthermore, we identify variants of this RNA that are likely to be triggered by the related tungsten cofactor (Tuco), which carries tungsten in place of molybdenum as the metal constituent.
Global regulation of quorum sensing and virulence by VqsR in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2004)

Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is controlled to a major extent by the two quorum-sensing systems las and rhl. The previously uncharacterized gene PA2591 was identified as a major virulence regulator, vqsR, in the quorum-sensing hierarchy. vqsR is a member of the LuxR family and possesses a las box in its upstream region. Transposon inactivation of vqsR abrogated the production of N-acylhomoserine lactones and the secretion of exoproducts and diminished bacterial virulence for Caenorhabditis elegans. Cytotoxicity towards macrophages was not affected. vqsR mRNA was expressed more strongly in the presence of human serum and oxidative stress than under standard growth conditions. High-density oligonucleotide microarrays were used to compare the global expression profile of a wild-type strain and a vqsR mutant. One-hundred-and-fifty-one and 113 genes were significantly differentially expressed in the presence of H(2)O(2) and human serum, respectively. The disruption of vqsR repressed the expression of genes that are known to be promoted by quorum sensing and activated the expression of genes that are known to be repressed by quorum sensing. Moreover, the vqsR mutant harboured less mRNA transcript for the production of siderophores and membrane-bound elements of antibiotic resistance. The protein encoded by PA2591 regulates several traits of pathogenicity; hence, the name vqsR ('virulence and quorum-sensing regulator') was assigned to PA2591.
Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease: diagnosis and treatments update (2010)

To uphold visual acuity, an early, fast and accurate diagnosis is necessary, followed by an aggressive and lengthy immunosuppressive treatment.
Attenuation of the self-renewal of transit-amplifying osteoblast progenitors in the murine bone marrow by 17β-estradiol (2001)

In agreement with evidence that estrogens slow the rate of bone remodeling by suppressing the production of both osteoclasts and osteoblasts, loss of estrogens leads to an increase in the number of osteoclast as well as early osteoblast progenitors (CFU-osteoblasts; CFU-OBs) in the murine bone marrow. Here we show that CFU-OBs are early transit-amplifying progenitors, i.e., dividing cells capable of limited self-renewal, and that 17 beta-estradiol acts in vivo and in vitro to attenuate their self-renewal by approximately 50%. Consistent with a direct receptor-mediated action of estrogens on early mesenchymal cell progenitors, anti-estrogen receptor-alpha (anti-ER alpha) Ab's stain a small number of marrow cells that exhibit characteristics of primitive undifferentiated cells, including a high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio and lack of lineage-specific biochemical markers; the effect of 17 beta-estradiol on CFU-OB self-renewal is absent in mice lacking ER alpha. Because both osteoblasts and the stromal/osteoblastic cells that are required for osteoclast development are derived from CFU-OBs, suppression of the self-renewal of this common progenitor may represent a key mechanism of the anti-remodeling effects of estrogens.
Controlling seed development and seed size in Vicia faba: a role for seed coat‐associated invertases and carbohydrate state (1996)

We previously provided evidence that seed coat‐associated invertase is involved in controlling the carbohydrate state of developing seeds and, by this way, triggering developmental processes (Weber et al . (1995) Plant Cell , 7, 1835–1846). To verify our postulate, we compared seed development of two genotypes of Vicia faba differing in seed weight. The seed coat of the large‐seeded genotype formed a higher number of parenchymatous cell layers and matured later. VfCWINV1 encoding a cell wall‐bound invertase is expressed in the unloading zone of the seed coat. mRNA levels peaked later in ‘large’ coats and mRNA was present in more cell layers over a longer time period. Cell wall‐bound invertase activity revealed a similar accumulation pattern, obviously generating the high hexose conditions present in the endospermal cavity bathing the premature cotyledons and thus controlling their carbohydrate state. High hexose conditions were correlated with an extended mitotic activity of the ‘large’ cotyledons. In ‘large’ and ‘small’ cotyledons, sucrose levels rose when hexoses decreased apparently terminating cell divisions and initiating differentiation and storage activities. This developmental switch was delayed in ‘large’ embryos. To prove the outlined relationship, sucrose was added in vitro to mitotically active cotyledons. This treatment favoured nuclear expansion and starch accumulation over cell division. In contrast, a hexose‐based medium maintained cell divisions. We conclude that development of the embryo is coordinately regulated with that of the maternal seed coat which controls, by metabolic signals, the phase of cell division of the embryo and consequently also seed size.
Molecular biology of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (1996)

The prion, the transmissible agent that causes spongiform encephalopathies such as scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, is believed to be devoid of nucleic acid and identical with PrPSc, a modified form of the normal host protein PrPC which is encoded by the single copy gene Prnp. The 'protein only' hypothesis proposes that PrPSc, when introduced into a normal host, causes the conversion of PrPC into PrPSc; it therefore predicts that an animal devoid of PrPC should be resistant to prion diseases. We generated homozygous Prnp(olo) ('PrP knockout') mice and showed that, after inoculation with prions, they remained free of scrapie for at least 2 years while wild-type controls all died within 6 months. There was no propagation of prions in the Prnp(olo) animals. Surprisingly, heterozygous Prnp(ol+) mice, which express PrPC at about half the normal level, also showed enhanced resistance to scrapie disease despite high levels of infectious agent and PrPSc in the brain early on. After introduction of murine PrP transgenes Prnp(olo) mice became highly susceptible to mouse but not to hamster prions, while the insertion of Syrian hamster PrP transgenes rendered them susceptible to hamster but to a much lesser extent to mouse prions. These complementation experiments paved the way to the application of reverse genetics. We have prepared animals transgenic for genes encoding PrP with amino terminal deletions of various lengths and have found that PrP lacking 48 amino proximal amino acids, which comprise four of the five octa repeats of PrP, is still biologically active.
Leukemia Mediated Endothelial Cell Activation Modulates Leukemia Cell Susceptibility to Chemotherapy through a Positive Feedback Loop Mechanism (2013)

In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the chances of achieving disease-free survival are low. Studies have demonstrated a supportive role of endothelial cells (ECs) in normal hematopoiesis. Here we show that similar intercellular relationships exist in leukemia. We demonstrate that leukemia cells themselves initiate these interactions by directly modulating the behavior of resting ECs through the induction of EC activation. In this inflammatory state, activated ECs induce the adhesion of a sub-set of leukemia cells through the cell adhesion molecule E-selectin. These adherent leukemia cells are sequestered in a quiescent state and are unaffected by chemotherapy. The ability of adherent cells to later detach and again become proliferative following exposure to chemotherapy suggests a role of this process in relapse. Interestingly, differing leukemia subtypes modulate this process to varying degrees, which may explain the varied response of AML patients to chemotherapy and relapse rates. Finally, because leukemia cells themselves induce EC activation, we postulate a positive-feedback loop in leukemia that exists to support the growth and relapse of the disease. Together, the data defines a new mechanism describing how ECs and leukemia cells interact during leukemogenesis, which could be used to develop novel treatments for those with AML.
Evaluation of recombinant factor VIII (Kogenate®) stability for continuous infusion using a minipump infusion device (1998)

Continuous infusion of recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) is desirable in clinical settings in order to maintain haemostatic levels in a cost-effective manner. This study was designed to determine rFVIII stability over time using a minipump set-up, which has been employed by clinicians for continuous infusion of rFVIII. Vials from three lots of Kogenate (Bayer Corporation) were reconstituted in sterile water for injection, pooled and transferred to minipump infusion sets composed of either polyvinylchloride (Medex # IPR86/tube volume 0.5 mL) or polyethylene (McGraw S5904-52, tube and adapter volume 2.1 mL), and held in temperature-controlled rooms at 5 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C. Additional bags of rFVII were prepared with heparin (4 U mL-1), and maintained at 30 degrees C. rFVIII was infused at a rate of 1.0 mL h-1. Samples were analysed for rFVIII activity over a 7-day period at 0, 1, 15, 24, 78 and 168 h. Prior to the start of the timed study, rFVIII activity was measured in the lot pools and in the polyvinylchloride or polyethylene bags, and in the first flush volumes through the tubing. There was no difference in rFVIII activity measured in the pools compared to the bags. rFVIII levels in the initial 3-mL infusion through the tubing showed a slight decrease in activity compared to the initial level which amounted to an insignificant loss of activity for the polyvinylchloride tubing but a significant loss in the polyethylene tubing (approximately 10 IU absolute loss in polyvinylchloride vs. 100 IU loss in polyethylene). After an initial flush of 1.0 mL for polyvinylchloride and 5.0 mL for polyethylene, activity returned to baseline and subsequently remained stable for all time points and temperatures from 5-30 degrees C over the 7-day period. We conclude that the standard polyvinylchloride in polyethylene minipump bags and tubing provide excellent delivery and stability of rFVIII for continuous infusion with or without heparin, and can be used in hospital and ambulatory settings.
Hepatic and renal contributions to valproic acid‐induced hyperammonemia (1988)

Valproic acid (VPA) consistently and reproducibly elevates arterial ammonia in rats injected with an amino acid load. The extent of the hyperammonemia is dependent on the dose of VPA injected or VPA plasma concentration and the amino acid dose. Bilaterally nephrectomized rats injected with VPA and an amino acid load also develop hyperammonemia, which overall approximates 75% of that achieved in non-nephrectomized animals. In non-nephrectomized animals injected with an amino acid load, valproic acid produces a marked reduction in baseline and activated hepatic mitochondrial carbamyl phosphate synthetase I activity. Our results suggest that VPA-induced hyperammonemia after an amino acid load results from inhibition of hepatic intramitochondrial citrullinogenesis with only a limited contribution from the kidneys.
Curcumin inhibits IL1 alpha and TNF-alpha induction of AP-1 and NF-kB DNA-binding activity in bone marrow stromal cells. (1998)

We have previously demonstrated that anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound curcumin (diferuloyl-methane) inhibits the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/JE) in bone marrow stromal cells by suppressing the transcriptional activity of the MCP-1/JE gene. Since both AP-1 (TRE) and NF-kB (kB) binding motifs are present in the promoter of MCP-1/JE gene, we examined the effect of curcumin on IL1 alpha- and TNF-alpha-induced activation of ubiquitous transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kB by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and Western blotting. IL1 alpha and TNF-alpha rapidly induced both AP-1 and NF-kB DNA binding activities in +/+(-)1.LDA11 stromal cells. However, treatment of these cells with curcumin blocked the activation of AP-1 and NF-kB by both cytokines. These data suggest that inhibition of MCP-1/JE transcription by curcumin involves blocking of AP-1 and NF-kB activation by IL1 alpha or TNF-alpha.
Bone Marrow–Allograft Rejection by T Lymphocytes Recognizing a Single Amino Acid Difference in HLA-B44 (1990)

BONE marrow from unrelated donors is increasingly being transplanted for the treatment of patients with leukemia, aplastic anemia, and lethal congenital disorders of hematopoiesis and immunologic function. National and international registries of HLA-typed volunteer donors have been developed to optimize HLA matching between unrelated donors and recipients.1 , 2 The fate of marrow grafts depends on many factors, including conditioning regimens, the composition of the cells in the graft, immunosuppression after transplantation, and the degree of histocompatibility between donor and recipient. Clinically serious graft-versus-host disease occurs in 20 to 50 percent of patients receiving marrow grafts from HLA-identical siblings, and some measure . . .
Adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography: optimizing visualization of microscopic retinal structures in three dimensions (2007)

Adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) permits improved imaging of microscopic retinal structures by combining the high lateral resolution of AO with the high axial resolution of OCT, resulting in the narrowest three-dimensional (3D) point-spread function (PSF) of all in vivo retinal imaging techniques. Owing to the high volumetric resolution of AO-OCT systems, it is now possible, for the first time, to acquire images of 3D cellular structures in the living retina. Thus, with AO-OCT, those retinal structures that are not visible with AO or OCT alone (e.g., bundles of retinal nerve fiber layers, 3D mosaic of photoreceptors, 3D structure of microvasculature, and detailed structure of retinal disruptions) can be visualized. Our current AO-OCT instrumentation uses spectrometer-based Fourier-domain OCT technology and two-deformable-mirror-based AO wavefront correction. We describe image processing methods that help to remove motion artifacts observed in volumetric data, followed by innovative data visualization techniques [including two-dimensional (2D) and 3D representations]. Finally, examples of microscopic retinal structures that are acquired with the University of California Davis AO-OCT system are presented.
[The comparative studies of the birth rates of opposite-sex twins between urban and rural areas in China]. (2002)

The birth records of twins in 1989 in China were used to analyze the effects of difference between urban and rural areas on the birth rate of opposite-sex twin (OSTBR) at different maternal childbearing age. The results show that the urban and rural populations have the similar changing model of OSTBR with maternal childbearing age, the difference between urban and rural areas has an apparent influence on the OSTBR. The OSTBR in urban areas is commonly higher than that in rural areas, but the degree of the influence is related with maternal childbearing age.
The effect of carbidopa on plasma and muscle levels of L‐dopa, dopamine, and their metabolites following L‐dopa administration to rats (1988)

Administration of L-dopa (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) (200 mg/kg p.o.) to rats produced elevated plasma and muscle concentrations of both L-dopa and 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD). This effect was potentiated by simultaneous administration of carbidopa (25 mg/kg p.o.). Both L-dopa and 3-OMD accumulated in muscle after administration of L-dopa with or without carbidopa. Elevated dopamine levels were detected in both muscle and plasma after treatment with L-dopa alone. Concurrent administration of carbidopa only diminished dopamine levels in plasma, and the duration of raised dopamine levels in muscle was increased. Carbidopa administration had no effect on the elevated plasma concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) caused by L-dopa administration. In muscle, carbidopa treatment tended to prolong the duration of raised metabolite levels. Muscle appears to accumulate L-dopa at a site where decarboxylation is not totally prevented by concurrent carbidopa administration, and where dopamine is not degraded as actively as in other tissues. The muscle sink for L-dopa may influence the plasma profile of the amino acid, which has implications for the therapeutic response to L-dopa in Parkinson's disease.
DNA computing: applications and challenges (2005)

DNA computing is a discipline that aims at harnessing individual molecules at the nanoscopic level for computational purposes. Computation with DNA molecules possesses an inherent interest for researchers in computers and biology. Given its vast parallelism and high-density storage, DNA computing approaches are employed to solve many combinatorial problems. However, the exponential scaling of the solution space prevents applying an exhaustive search method to problem instances of realistic size, and therefore artificial intelligence models are used in designing methods that are more efficient. DNA has also been explored as an excellent material and a fundamental building block for building large-scale nanostructures, constructing individual nanomechanical devices, and performing computations. Molecular-scale autonomous programmable computers are demonstrated allowing both input and output information to be in molecular form. This paper presents a review of recent advances in DNA computing and presents major achievements and challenges for researchers in the foreseeable future.