gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relaxation Mechanism of Thermal Stresses in the Heterostructure of GaN Grown on Sapphire by Vapor Phase Epitaxy (1993)

Thermal strains and stresses due to the thermal expansion coefficient difference in GaN(0001)/α-Al 2 O 3 (0001) layered structures are studied by varying the film thickness of GaN from 0.6 to 1200 µm. The strain in GaN is greater in films of less than a few microns thickness. It is decreased in films of thickness from several to about a hundred microns, and is almost completely relaxed in those thicker than 100 µm. The stresses and strains in the heterostructure are calculated using a model in which relaxation due to cracking in the sapphire is considered. Three relaxation mechanisms of the thermal strain are found for different film thicknesses as follows: (a) only lattice deformation (&lt;4 µm), (b) enhancement of interface defects such as “microcracks” and/or dislocations (4-20 µm), and (c) generation of “macrocracks” in sapphire (&gt;20 µm).
Solution reduction synthesis of surface stabilized silicon nanoparticles (2002)

This paper describes the preparation of air and moisture stable octanol derivatized crystalline silicon nanoparticles by room temperature sodium naphthalenide reduction of silicon halides.
Lipid based particulate formulations for the delivery of antigen (2005)

Particulate adjuvant systems are largely classified according to their functional characteristics, such as the nature of the typical immune response they induce, or their perceived mode of action. From a formulation science perspective, it is practical to classify antigen delivery systems according to the physical nature of the formulations. This article discusses lipid based particulate systems, grouped according to the nature of their predominant lipid constituent.
High impedance fault detection on radial distribution and utilization systems (2002)

The paper presents a simple relaying detection scheme for high impedance faults (HIF) in radial utilization and distribution feeders. The scheme is based on the concept of quasistatic ripple harmonics, sub and super harmonic frequencies usually associated with low level currents during arcing faults due to high impedance type (HIF) faults.
Single-Dose, Therapeutic Vaccination of Mice with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Expressing Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E7 Protein (2008)

We are developing recombinant attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) as a vaccine vector to generate humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Here, we explore the use of VSV vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy targeting high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) lesions has the potential to benefit HPV-infected individuals and cervical cancer patients by generating cytotoxic T cells that kill tumor cells that express viral antigens. A single dose of VSV expressing the HPV type 16 (HPV16) E7 oncogene was used for therapeutic vaccination of mice bearing TC-1 syngeneic tumors, which express HPV16 E7. HPV16 E7-specific T cells were generated and displayed cytotoxic activity against the tumor cells. By 14 days postvaccination, average tumor volumes were 10-fold less in the vaccinated group than in mice that received the empty-vector VSV, and regression of preexisting tumors occurred in some cases. This antitumor effect was CD8 T-cell dependent. Our results demonstrate antitumor responses to HPV16 E7 and suggest that recombinant-VSV-based vaccination should be explored as a therapeutic strategy for cervical carcinoma and other HPV-associated cancers.
Reprogramming of B Cells into Regulatory Cells with Engineered Fusokines (2012)

B cells play a pivotal role in host adaptive immunity against pathogenic microorganisms, but may also maladaptively contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In contrast, distinct B cell subsets have the capacity to regulate host immune response, and suppress inflammation. B regulatory cells are a rare population of endogenous Blymphocytes defined in part by production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Although "natural" B regulatory cells exist in vivo, the low frequency of B regulatory cells may be a limiting factor on their impact in autoimmune ailments. In answer to this unmet need, we have developed a novel strategy for alternate lymphoid activation: fusokines. These wholly engineered chimeric leukines fuse two functionally unrelated cytokines for the purpose of alternate immune modulation. The GM-CSF- and IL-15-derived fusokine: GIFT15, possesses entirely novel and unheralded immune modulating properties mediated through the IL15 receptor which reprograms naive B cells into B regulatory cells (Bregs). In this article, we review the current approaches to generate Bregs in vitro, and highlight gain-of-function mechanisms by which GIFT15- induced Bregs abrogate pathogenic autoimmunity in mice. We also demonstrate that the human equivalent of inducible Bregs may also serve as a new potent therapeutic tool for treatment of autoimmune disease.
A Spur Suppression Technique for Phase-Locked Frequency Synthesizers (2006)

A 4.8GHz integer-N frequency synthesizer with distributed phase-frequency detectors and charge pumps moves spurious tones to higher frequencies and reduces the spur levels. PPM is used to relax the analog circuit accuracy requirement. The circuit is fabricated in a 0.18μm CMOS technology, dissipates 18mW from a 1.8V supply and suppresses sidebands by 10dB
Susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in vitro and antioxidant capacity in familial combined hyperlipidemia: comparison of patients with different lipid phenotypes (2002)

LDL from FCHL patients irrespectively of lipid phenotypes is more susceptible to oxidation in vitro than LDL from healthy controls. This increased susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in vitro seems to be attributed to the abundance of small dense LDL particles and not to the defect of antioxidant capacity in FCHL
The design and implementation of INGRES (1976)

The currently operational (March 1976) version of the INGRES database management system is described. This multiuser system gives a relational view of data, supports two high level nonprocedural data sublanguages, and runs as a collection of user processes on top of the UNIX operating system for Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 11/40, 11/45, and 11/70 computers. Emphasis is on the design decisions and tradeoffs related to (1) structuring the system into processes, (2) embedding one command language in a general purpose programming language, (3) the algorithms implemented to process interactions, (4) the access methods implemented, (5) the concurrency and recovery control currently provided, and (6) the data structures used for system catalogs and the role of the database administrator. Also discussed are (1) support for integrity constraints (which is only partly operational), (2) the not yet supported features concerning views and protection, and (3) future plans concerning the system.
A Study on the early 20s Chinese Women's lower Body Types - Focused on the Residents in Beijing and Shanghai - (2006)

The purpose of this study was provide for the useful fundamental data by developing an lower appeal sizing system according to body types for early 20s Chinese women. The subjects were 348 women whose ages were between 19 and 24 to live in Beijing and Shanghai, China. Out of total, 341 women with no abnormal numbers were taken as the sample of research. This study was to characterize lower body type of the Chinese women in their early 20s by classifying them into groups according to drop measurement suggested by GB. This study investigated body types of the Chinese women in their early 20s depending upon regions (Beijing and Shanghai) according to each factor. This study made use of 46 kinds of indirect measures from June 23, 2004 to August 7, 2004. SPSS WIN 13.0 Program was used. And, correlation analysis, factor analysis, ANOVA(t-test and F-test) and duncan's multiple test, etc were done. The average of the early 20s Chinese women's stature is 160.0cm, waist circumference 66.4cm, hip circumference 89.8cm, weight 52.1kg. The result of analysis about the early 20s Chinese women's lower body size which are total 62 items come to 6 factors. The Chinese women in their early 20s were divided into 3 groups depending upon waist circumference and drops of hip circumference.
Multiple Complete Responses in a Phase 1 Dose-Escalation Study of the Antibody-Drug Conjugate SGN-35 in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory CD30-Positive Lymphomas. (2008)

Abstract Figure Figure Background: The antibody-drug conjugate SGN-35 is being developed as a targeted therapy for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and other CD30-expressing hematologic malignancies. SGN-35 binds to CD30 and is internalized into the tumor cell, with subsequent release of the antitubulin agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE). Binding of released MMAE to tubulin disrupts the microtubule network, prompting cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Methods: A multicenter phase 1 dose-escalation study was conducted in 45 patients with refractory or recurrent CD30-positive hematologic malignancies, including HL (n=42), systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (sALCL; n=2), and angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma (n=1). Median age was 36 (range 20–87) and most patients (93%) had an ECOG performance status of 0/1. Patients had a median of 3 prior chemotherapy regimens (range 1–7); 73% of patients previously received an autologous stem cell transplant. SGN- 35 dose levels ranged from 0.1 to 3.6 mg/kg (2-hr outpatient IV infusion, premedications not required) every 3 weeks. Patients with stable disease or better after 2 doses were eligible to receive additional doses of SGN-35. The study has completed enrollment and a weekly SGN-35 dosing regimen is currently being investigated. Results: The most common adverse events (occurring in ≥20% of patients) were fatigue, pyrexia, nausea, and diarrhea. Dose-related neutropenia was observed. The maximum tolerated dose was 1.8 mg/kg every 3 weeks. One patient treated at 3.6 mg/kg developed febrile neutropenia and presumed sepsis and died 14 days after the 1st dose of SGN-35. Exposure to SGN-35 increased relative to dose level, and the terminal elimination half-life was 5.0 ± 1.8 days at 1.8 mg/kg. Approximately 75% of patients reporting B symptoms at baseline experienced symptom resolution on study. Most patients (86%) had reductions in target lesion size. Among 28 evaluable patients treated at doses ≥1.2 mg/kg, the objective response rate (CR+PR) was 46% (n=13) and the complete remission rate was 25% (n=7). Two additional PRs were observed in the 0.6 mg/kg cohort. Median response duration to date is 22 weeks (range, 0.1+ to 38+ weeks). Thirteen patients continue on study. Conclusions: The antibody-drug conjugate SGN-35 induced durable objective responses in heavily pretreated Hodgkin lymphoma and systemic ALCL patients at well-tolerated doses, providing evidence of selective tumor targeting. Pivotal studies with SGN-35 are planned.
Shared time division duplexing: an approach to low-delay high-quality wireless digital speech communications (1994)

Various strategies to provide low-delay high-quality digital speech communications in a high-capacity wireless network are examined. Various multiple access schemes based on time-division and packet reservation are compared in terms of their statistical multiplexing capabilities, sensitivity to speech packet dropping, delay, robustness to lossy packet environments, and overhead efficiency. In particular, a low-delay multiple access scheme, called shared time-division duplexing (STDD) is proposed. This scheme allows both the uplink and downlink traffic to share a common channel, thereby achieving high statistical multiplexing gain even with a low population of simultaneous conversations. The authors also propose a choice of low delay, high quality speech coding and digital modulation systems based on adaptive DPCM, with QDPSK or pseudo-analog transmission (skewed DPSK), for use in conjunction with the STDD multiple access protocol. The choice of the alternative systems depends on required end-to-end delay, recovered speech quality and bandwidth efficiency. Typically, with a total capacity of 1 MBaud, 2 ms frame and 8 kBaud speech coding rate, low delay STDD is able to support 48 pairs of users compared to 38, 35, and 16 for TDMA with speech activity detection, basic TDMA and PRMA respectively. This corresponds to respective gains of 26%, 37% and 200%.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A simulation study of IP switching (1997)

Recently there has been much interest in combining the speed of layer-2 switching with the features of layer-3 routing. This has been prompted by numerous proposals, including: IP Switching [1], Tag Switching [2], ARIS [3], CSR [4], and IP over ATM [5]. In this paper, we study IP Switching and evaluate the performance claims made by Newman et al in [1] and [6]. In particular, using ten network traces, we study how well IP Switching performs with traffic found in campus, corporate, and Internet Service Provider (ISP) environments. Our main finding is that IP Switching will lead to a high proportion of datagrams that are switched; over 75% in all of the environments we studied. We also investigate the effects that different flow classifiers and various timer values have on performance, and note that some choices can result in a large VC space requirement. Finally, we present recommendations for the flow classifier and timer values, as a function of the VC space of the switch and the network environment being served.
Observation of large subunit protein complexes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (1995)

Abstract Mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization and a magnetic sector instrument was used to detect multiply charged molecules for the non‐covalently bound dimeric subunit protein complexes of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase ( M r ∼ 80 000) and the tetrameric complexes of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase ( M r ∼ 147 000) and rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase ( M r ∼ 232 000). Ions for the pyruvate kinase complex represent one of the largest intact protein complexes resolved by mass spectrometry. Solvation of the large gas phase complexes is indicated by the mass spectrometric results.
Low-Level Detection of Viral Pathogens by a Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Based Immunoassay (2005)

The need for rapid, highly sensitive, and versatile diagnostic tests for viral pathogens spans from human and veterinary medicine to bioterrorism prevention. As an approach to meet these demands, a diagnostic test employing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for the selective extraction of viral pathogens from a sample in a chip-scale, sandwich immunoassay format has been developed using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) as a readout method. The strengths of SERS-based detection include its inherent high sensitivity and facility for multiplexing. The capability of this approach is demonstrated by the capture of feline calicivirus (FCV) from cell culture media that is exposed to a gold substrate modified with a covalently immobilized layer of anti-FCV mAbs. The surface-bound FCVs are subsequently coupled with an extrinsic Raman label (ERL) for identification and quantification. The ERLs consist of 60-nm gold nanoparticles coated first with a layer of Raman reporter molecules and then a layer of mAbs. The Raman reporter molecule is strategically designed to chemisorb as a thiolate adlayer on the gold nanoparticle, to provide a strong and unique spectral signature, and to covalently link a layer of mAbs to the gold nanoparticle. The last feature provides a means to selectively tag substrate-bound FCV. This paper describes the development of the assay, which uses cell culture media as a sample matrix and has a linear dynamic range of 1 x 10(6)-2.5 x 10(8) viruses/mL and a limit of detection of 1 x 10(6) viruses/mL. These results reflect the findings from a detailed series of investigations on the effects of several experimental parameters (e.g., salt concentration, ERL binding buffer, and sample agitation), all of which were aimed at minimizing nonspecific binding and maximizing FCV binding efficiency. The performance of the assay is correlated with the number of captured FCV, determined by atomic force microscopy, as a means of method validation.
Sulforaphane treatment protects skeletal muscle against damage induced by exhaustive exercise in rats (2009)

Sulforaphane (SF), one of the most important isothiocyanates in the human diet, present in cruciferous vegetables, is known to have chemopreventive activities in different tissues. No data are available on its effects in the prevention of skeletal muscle damage. In this study, we investigated the potential protective effects of SF treatment on muscle damage and oxidative stress induced by an acute bout of exhaustive exercise in rats. Male Wistar rats were treated with SF (25 mg/kg body wt ip) for 3 days before undergoing an acute exhaustive exercise protocol in a treadmill (+7% slope and 24 m/min). Acute exercise resulted in a significant increase in plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activities. It also resulted in a significant increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, in a significant decrease in tissue total antioxidant capacity, and in a significant decrease in NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) expression and activity in vastus lateralis muscle. SF treatment significantly increased muscle NQO1, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione reductase expression and activity, with no effect on glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase. The observed SF-induced upregulation of phase II enzymes was accompanied by a significant increase in nuclear erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 expression and correlated with a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity and a decrease in plasma LDH and CPK activities. Our data demonstrate that SF acts as an indirect antioxidant in skeletal muscle and could play a critical role in the modulation of the muscle redox environment, leading to the prevention of exhaustive exercise-induced muscle damage.
Isolation and characterization of an Ehrlichia sp. from a patient diagnosed with human ehrlichiosis (1991)

A new disease was recognized in the United States in 1986. The etiologic agent, although not previously isolated from a human, appeared to be serologically related to Ehrlichia canis, a canine leukotropic rickettsia. We obtained blood specimens from 27 febrile patients with a history of tick exposure. Leukocytes from 24 patients not treated with tetracycline were placed onto a monolayer of DH82 cells. We performed indirect immunofluorescence on sera from all 27 febrile patients as well as sera from 12 patients with previously diagnosed ehrlichiosis. Intractoplasmic inclusions were first observed in culture 35 days after the addition of infected blood from one patient. Partial sequencing of the rRNAs from the human isolate and E. canis indicated that they are 98.7% related. Positive indirect immunofluorescence reactions to the human isolate were obtained for all 12 previously diagnosed patients and for 33% of the 27 febrile patients. Two patients were seropositive for the human isolate but not for E. canis. No sera were positive for E. canis and negative for the human isolate. We report the isolation of a previously unrecognized Ehrlichia sp. that appears to be the etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis. Serologic data (range of antibody titers, 256 to 32,768) in combination with rRNA sequencing indicated that the newly isolated Ehrlichia sp. is similar, but not identical, to E. canis.
Reconstitution of stretch-activated cation channels by expression of the α-subunit of the epithelial sodium channel cloned from osteoblasts (1997)

Osteoblasts respond to repetitive strain by activating stretch-activated, nonselective cation channels (SA-CAT) and increasing matrix protein production. SA-CAT channels are thought to be responsible for mechano-transduction in osteoblasts, although the molecular identity of the SA-CAT channel has previously been unknown. We have demonstrated that both the UMR-106 osteoblast-like cell line and human osteoblasts in primary culture express the alpha-subunit of the epithelial sodium channel (alpha-ENaC). The ENaC gene product is closely related to a class of proteins that confer touch sensitivity to Caenorhabditis elegans and are referred to as degenerins. A cDNA clone was obtained of the entire coding region of rat alpha-ENaC (alpha-rENaC). Sequence analysis indicated that the osteoblast clone's sequence was identical to that originally cloned from rat colon. The alpha-rENaC cDNA was cloned into an expression plasmid and transfected into LM(TK-) cells, a null cell for SA-CAT activity. Stable transfectants expressed mRNA and the expected 74-kDa protein corresponding to alpha-rENaC. Reconstitution of alpha-rENaC resulted in the expression of a 24.2 +/- 1.0 psec SA-CAT channel (P(Na):P(K) = 1.1 +/- 0.1). The channel is calcium permeable (P(Na):P(Ca) = 1.4 +/- 0.1) and highly selective for cations over anions (P(Na):P(Cl) >> 20). The channel is only active after negative pressure is applied to cell attached patches, cell swelling, or patch excision. These results represent the first heterologous expression of an SA-CAT channel in a mammalian cell system and provide evidence that the ENaC/degenerin family of proteins are capable of mediating both transepithelial sodium transport and are involved in signal transduction by mechano-sensitive cells such as osteoblasts.
Insulin Resistance in Essential Hypertension (1987)

High blood pressure is prevalent in obesity and in diabetes, both conditions with insulin resistance. To test whether hypertension is associated with insulin resistance independently of obesity and glucose intolerance, we measured insulin sensitivity (using the euglycemic insulin-clamp technique), glucose turnover (using [3H]glucose isotope dilution), and whole-body glucose oxidation (using indirect calorimetry) in 13 young subjects (38 +/- 2 years [+/- SEM]) with untreated essential hypertension (165 +/- 6/112 +/- 3 mm Hg), normal body weight, and normal glucose tolerance. In the postabsorptive state, all measures of glucose metabolism were normal. During steady-state euglycemic hyperinsulinemia (about 60 microU per milliliter), hepatic glucose production and lipolysis were effectively suppressed, and glucose oxidation and potassium disposal were normally stimulated. However, total insulin-induced glucose uptake was markedly impaired (3.80 +/- 0.32 vs. 6.31 +/- 0.42 mg per minute per kilogram of body weight in 11 age- and weight-matched controls, P less than 0.001). Thus, reduced nonoxidative glucose disposal (glycogen synthesis and glycolysis) accounted for virtually all the defect in overall glucose uptake (1.19 +/- 0.24 vs. 3.34 +/- 0.44 mg per minute per kilogram, P less than 0.001). Total glucose uptake was inversely related to systolic or mean blood pressure (r = 0.76 for both, P less than 0.001). These results provide preliminary evidence that essential hypertension is an insulin-resistant state. We conclude that this insulin resistance involves glucose but not lipid or potassium metabolism, is located in peripheral tissues but not the liver, is limited to nonoxidative pathways of intracellular glucose disposal, and is directly correlated with the severity of hypertension.