gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[A clinical study of the effect of wuzi yanzong solution in retarding aging process]. (1992)

Eighty men ranging from 60 to 80 years old were selected, in whom no disease was found through a thorough check-up except for some senility manifestation diagnosed as deficiency of the kidney. They were randomly divided into two groups, wuzi yanzong solution (WYS) being administered in 50 cases and placebo in 30. After 5 weeks' treatment, symptoms such as hypomnsis, tinnitus, and aching of the back and legs, dribbling after urinary voiding, and nocturia were remarkably improved in the WYS group, but they remained as before in the placebo group. Before the treatment, plasma lipid peroxide (LPO), erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), plasma testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) levels were determined. In comparison with the results obtained in 33 young men in their twenties, LPO, FSH, LH level and E2/T ratio in the aged were greatly elevated, and SOD, GSH-Px and T markedly lowered. After the treatment, there was remarkable reduction of LPO and E2/T, and increase of SOD and T in the WYS group, but no significant change in the placebo group. The above results not only indicate the beneficial effect of WYS in retarding the aging process, but also suggest the possible mechanism of reducing the peroxidation of fatty acids by enhancing the antioxidant enzymes to inhibit free radical activity.
A Spin Echo Chemical Shift MR Imaging Technique (1985)

A new method is described that produces images of either the fat or water component in tissues in magnetic resonance imaging. Only a single scan is required, with scan times of a few minutes. Chemical shift selectivity is achieved in the spin echo process by controlling the spectral content of the 180 degree pulse that induces the spin echoes. A theoretical analysis of the selective spin echo process for the case of a radio frequency pulse of constant amplitude shows that spin echoes will be suppressed for certain values of offset frequency that are similar to, but different from, the frequencies at which the Fourier spectrum of the pulse vanishes. The theory was confirmed by experiment on a water phantom. The imaging technique was tested on both a phantom of oil and water and on a human forearm. Excellent suppression of the water signal was found in the fat images, and the small fat component seen in the water images is attributable to components of the triglyceride molecule for which spectral lines overlap those of water. The forearm images also showed blood flow effects in the water image that were not visible in the fat image. The relationship of this method to other proposed methods of chemical shift imaging is discussed.
Hecke Module Structure of Quaternions (2018)

<!-- *** Custom HTML *** --> The arithmetic of quaternions is recalled from a constructive point of view. A Hecke module is introduced, defined as a free abelian group on right ideal classes of a quaternion order, together with a natural action of Hecke operators. An equivalent construction in terms of Shimura curves is then introduced, and the quaternion construction is applied to the analysis of specific modular and Shimura curves.
Characterizing overlay registration of concentric 5X and 1X stepper exposure fields using interfield data (1997)

the cost advantages associated with implementing a mix-and- match photolithography process have led to a dramatic increase in the interest and development of these manufacturing environments. This is especially true for older fabs with high production lithography tools already in place but technology that has increased beyond the capability of the tools. For he process engineer the challenge is to define a method of optimizing the exposure field registration between each of the different imaging systems. In this paper a procedure used to evaluate intrafield and interfield overlay errors between six ASML 5X steppers and sixteen Ultratech 1X steppers is described. With this technique reticle data, stage registration and a commercially available software analysis package are used to model pattern displacement of each stepper within this population. Wafers from each steppes are first patterned with nine fields, each consisting f a 9 by 9 array of ASML alignment marks. The X and Y stage coordinate of each alignment mark is then measured using a standard ASML 5500/60 intrafield analysis routine. Spreadsheeting the resulting stage registration data, subtracting the expected or 'ideal' stage position and correcting for any reticle pattern shifts, grid and intrafield data are obtained. Using this process a data sheet for each stepper was developed and, once formatted properly, loaded onto the software analysis package for registration modeling. Use of multiple exposure fields per wafer enabled the software to characterize both intrafield and interfield registration by first modeling the grid errors, subtracting these values, and then performing intrafield analysis of the remaining data. Further, by collapsing the intrafield data into a single field a 'lens fingerprint' of each stepper lens was derived. Using vector subtraction a direct comparison was made between the lenses of each stepper and an indexed table of exposure field translation errors created. The stepper lenses were also sorted from best to worst matches. This approach generated the required 231 paired data sets needed to match each stepper to all others while exposing and measuring only 44 wafers and required no artifact wafers. Measured evaluation results will be reviewed and expansion of this procedure to mapping 1X wide field lenses and matching of non-concentric exposure fields discussed.
EIa-mediated transactivation of the adenovirus EIIa early promoter is restricted in undifferentiated F9 cells. (1990)

The murine embryonal carcinoma (EC) F9 cells express an adenovirus EIa-like activity which is abolished after differentiation of these cells. We have examined the ability of the adenovirus EIa gene products to transactivate the viral early EIIa (EIIaE) promoter in this cell system. Surprisingly, as shown both by infection and transfection experiments, the EIIaE promoter was refractory to viral EIa-mediated activation in the undifferentiated F9 EC cells, EIa-responsiveness being recovered only after differentiation of these cells. This EC-cell-specific restriction did not correspond to a lack of EIa gene expression, nor to a deficiency of any of the major transcription factors involved in EIIaE basal promoter activity. In these differentiated F9 cells, EIIaE promoter activation correlates with a modification of E2F resulting in its ability to cooperatively interact with the promoter. Our observation that such a modification neither occurs in uninfected F9 EC cells (Jansen-Durr et al., 1989, EMBO J., 8, 3365), nor at early times after infection of these cells suggests that a viral product is required together with the EIa-like activity to induce this modification of E2F. The implication of an EIV gene product in this effect is discussed.
Limited value of morphological assessment at days 1 and 2 to predict blastocyst development potential: A prospective study based on 4042 embryos (2007)

The combination of all four parameters allowed the prediction of blastocyst development with an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.688, which represents a fairly low prediction of embryo viability. Such results indicate that it is necessary to search for additional criteria, including the ability of the blastocyst to develop.
Carbonylative Sonogashira Coupling in the Synthesis of Ynones: A Study of “Boomerang” Phenomena (2013)

Abstract The behaviour of several organophosphino‐palladium complexes immobilized on mesoporous silica during the palladium‐catalyzed synthesis of propynone by carbonylative Sonogashira coupling was studied, particularly concerning leaching/redeposition phenomena. The results demonstrated that this cross‐coupling reaction is catalyzed by soluble species. Furthermore, it is shown that the palladium leaching is not initiated by the oxidative addition step but rather by palladium‐decoordination from grafted ligand. Despite this decoordination, catalyst performance after recycling is adequate. Additionally, several parameters linked either to catalyst preparation or reaction procedures were shown to reduce leaching allowing one to achieve metal contamination levels close to the recommendation of the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Interestingly, this heterogeneous palladium‐catalyzed procedure is fully selective toward the formation of ynones, allowing the preparation of various target compounds. magnified image
Biophysically Based Modeling of the Interstitial Cells of Cajal: Current Status and Future Perspectives (2011)

Gastrointestinal motility research is progressing rapidly, leading to significant advances in the last 15 years in understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying motility, following the discovery of the central role played by the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). As experimental knowledge of ICC physiology has expanded, biophysically based modeling has become a valuable tool for integrating experimental data, for testing hypotheses on ICC pacemaker mechanisms, and for applications in in silico studies including in multiscale models. This review is focused on the cellular electrophysiology of ICC. Recent evidence from both experimental and modeling domains have called aspects of the existing pacemaker theories into question. Therefore, current experimental knowledge of ICC pacemaker mechanisms is examined in depth, and current theories of ICC pacemaking are evaluated and further developed. Existing biophysically based ICC models and their physiological foundations are then critiqued in light of the recent advances in experimental knowledge, and opportunities to improve these models are identified. The review concludes by examining several potential clinical applications of biophysically based ICC modeling from the subcellular through to the organ level, including ion channelopathies and ICC network degradation.
Current-based online bearing fault diagnosis for direct-drive wind turbines via spectrum analysis and impulse detection (2012)

Online fault diagnosis is an effective means to improve wind turbine reliability and performance and reduce wind turbine operating and maintenance costs. Current-based fault diagnosis techniques have received more and more attention in academia and industry due to their nonintrusive character and economic advantages. This paper presents an algorithm based on power spectral density (PSD) analysis for bearing fault signature extraction of direct-drive wind turbines by only using stator current measurements. An impulse detection method is then applied to screen out the excitations in the PSD spectrum, where the excitations at the characteristic frequencies of the bearing fault are extracted as the fault signature. A median filter-based method is then designed to evaluate the physical condition of the wind turbine based on the extracted fault signature to determine whether maintenance is required. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for bearing faults diagnosis of a direct-drive wind turbine operating at variable-speed conditions.
Learning to Predict Driver Route and Destination Intent (2006)

For many people, driving is a routine activity where people drive to the same destinations using the same routes on a regular basis. Many drivers, for example, will drive to and from work along a small set of routes, at about the same time every day of the working week. Similarly, although a person may shop on different days or at different times, they will often visit the same grocery store(s). In this paper, we present a novel approach to predicting driver intent that exploits the predictable nature of everyday driving. Our approach predicts a driver's intended route and destination through the use of a probabilistic model learned from observation of their driving habits. We show that by using a low-cost GPS sensor and a map database, it is possible to build a hidden Markov model (HMM) of the routes and destinations used by the driver. Furthermore, we show that this model can be used to make accurate predictions of the driver's destination and route through on-line observation of their GPS position during the trip. We present a thorough evaluation of our approach using a corpus of almost a month of real, everyday driving. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach, achieving approximately 98% accuracy in most cases. Such high performance suggests that the method can be harnessed for improved safety monitoring, route planning taking into account traffic density, and better trip duration prediction
Receptor‐Specific Large‐Scale Purification of Cholera Toxin on Silica Beads Derivatized with LysoGM1 Ganglioside (1981)

1. A receptor-specific affinity chromatographic method for large-scale purification of cholera toxin is described. The receptor ganglioside for cholera toxin, GM1, is hydrolysed to lysoGM1 which is then covalently coupled, via stabilized Schiff's bases, to porous silica beads (Spherosil) onto which a layer of DEAE-dextran has been adsorbed and cross-linked before coupling. Columns of these Spherosil-DEAE-dextran-lysoGM1 beads, in contrast to particles derivatized with lysoGA1, bound the cholera toxin of Vibrio cholerae culture filtrates, after which the toxin could be eluted with the aid of an acid citrate buffer (pH 2.8). 2. The toxin-binding capacity was directly proportional to the amount of lysoGM1 in the column: 2.3 mg/mu mol lysoGM1. The yield of purified toxin after acid elution and pH neutralization was essentially quantitative (83-107%). 3. The affinity-purified toxin contained less than 5% impurities, but consisted of a mixture of predominantly intact holotoxin and B subunit protomer which could readily be separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. 4. Scaling up of the technique was possible: a 1 kg column enabled us to treat 1000-1 cultures of V. cholerae and thus to isolate 20 g of cholera toxin per cycle.
Vascular deconjugation of quercetin glucuronide: The flavonoid paradox revealed? (2011)

We propose that Q3GA behaves as a quercetin carrier in plasma, which deconjugates in situ releasing the aglycone which is the final effector.
Escape from Flatland 2: complexity and promiscuity (2012)

Toxicity plays a major role in attrition in the clinic and promiscuity has been linked to toxicity. A number of molecular descriptors have been identified that contribute to promiscuity including ionization and logP. In this study we report on the relationship between complexity, as measured by two descriptors [fraction sp3 (Fsp3) where Fsp3 = (number of sp3 hybridized carbons/total carbon count) and chiral carbon count], and promiscuity as well as Cyp450 inhibition. We find that increasing complexity reduces promiscuity and Cyp450 inhibition. As an understanding of key property descriptors has helped the pharmaceutical industry to address some of the deficiencies of compounds as pertains to bioavailability, awareness of the descriptors that impact promiscuity should allow us to better address toxicity in the clinic.
A survey of styrene monomer levels in foods and plastic packaging by coupled mass spectrometry—automatic headspace gas chromatography (1983)

Abstract An extensive UK survey of styrene monomer levels in styrene based plastic packaging materials and their contained foods (133 samples) has been carried out, examining a wide range of retail foods of different brand names and including yogurts, creams, salads, coleslaws, soft cheeses, margarines, hot and cold beverages from dispensing machines, spreads, fresh and cooked meats, candied fruits, fresh strawberries, and take‐away ‘fast’ foods. Analysis by headspace gas chromatography of styrene levels in the plastic containers showed levels of monomer ranging from 16 to 1300 mg kg −1 although the majority of containers (73%) had styrene levels in the range 100–500 mg kg −1 and only five plastic tubs had levels exceeding 1000 mg kg −1 . Analysis of the food contents of the plastic containers by automated headspace gas chromatography with single ion monitoring mass spectrometric detection showed levels of the monomer ranging from &lt; 1 μg kg −1 to 200 μg kg −1 , although the majority of foods (77%) had styrene levels below 10 μg kg −1 , and 26% of the total number analysed had levels below 1 μg kg −1 .
A pilot investigation of continuum robots as a design alternative for upper extremity exoskeletons (2011)

Most existing exoskeletons have followed a similar design approach using articulated rigid links, despite the applications of strength augmentation or rehabilitation, which may have very different specifications. In order to address the urge for ergonomics in wearable assistive exoskeletons for rehabilitation, this paper proposed a design alternative using compliant continuum mechanisms. Design concepts were elaborated for an upper extremity exoskeleton for a shoulder joint. Design considerations were then detailed based on a general kinematics and statics model extended from previously published results. Construction, actuation and transmission schemes for a selected continuum structure were discussed and a preliminary prototype was constructed to demonstrate feasibility of the proposed idea.
Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields Enhance the Anti-tumour Effects of the mTOR Inhibitor Everolimus against Melanoma (2017)

The PI3K/mTOR/AKT pathway is activated in most melanomas, but mTOR inhibitors used singly have limited activity against advanced melanomas. The application of nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) is a promising cancer therapy approach. In this study, we evaluated the synergistic anti-tumour efficacy of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus in conjunction with nsPEFs against melanoma. The combined treatment of nsPEFs and everolimus gradually decreased cell growth concurrent with nsPEF intensity. nsPEFs alone or combined with everolimus could promote melanoma cell apoptosis, accompanied with a loss in cellular mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels. In vivo experiments showed that a combination of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus and nsPEFs improved the inhibitory effect, and all skin lesions caused by nsPEFs healed in 1 week without any observed adverse effect. Combination treatment induced caspase-dependent apoptosis through the upregulation of the pro-apoptotic factor Bax and downregulation of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2. Everolimus and nsPEFs synergistically inhibited angiogenesis by decreasing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor (VEGFR), and CD34. Our findings indicate that nsPEFs in combination with an mTOR inhibitor can be used as a potential treatment approach for advanced melanoma.
Molecular Cloning of a Developmentally Regulated N-Acetylgalactosamine α2,6-Sialyltransferase Specific for Sialylated Glycoconjugates (1996)

A cDNA encoding a novel sialyltransferase has been isolated employing the polymerase chain reaction using degenerate primers to conserved regions of the sialylmotif that is present in all eukaryotic members of the sialyltransferase gene family examined to date. The cDNA sequence revealed an open reading frame coding for 305 amino acids, making it the shortest sialyltransferase cloned to date. This open reading frame predicts all the characteristic structural features of other sialyltransferases including a type II membrane protein topology and both sialylmotifs, one centrally located and the second in the carboxyl-terminal portion of the cDNA. When compared with all other sialyltransferase cDNAs, the predicted amino acid sequence displays the lowest homology in the sialyltransferase gene family. Northern analysis shows this sialyltransferase to be developmentally regulated in brain with expression persisting through adulthood in spleen, kidney, and lung. Stable transfection of the full-length cDNA in the human kidney carcinoma cell line 293 produced an active sialyltransferase with marked specificity for the sialoside, Neu5Ac-alpha2,3Gal-beta1,3GalNAc and glycoconjugates carrying the same sequence such as G(M1b) and fetuin. The disialylated tetrasaccharide formed by reacting the sialyltransferase with the aforementioned sialoside was analyzed by one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and was shown to be the Neu5Ac-alpha2,3Gal-beta1,3(Neu5Ac-alpha2,6)GalNAc sialoside. This indicates that the enzyme is a GalNAc alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase. Since two other ST6GalNAc sialyltransferase cDNAs have been isolated, this sialyltransferase has been designated ST6GalNAc III. Of these three, ST6GalNAc III displays the most restricted acceptor specificity and is the only sialyltransferase cloned to date capable of forming the developmentally regulated ganglioside G(D1alpha) from G(M1b).
BUCKLING FLOWS: A NEW FRONTIER IN FLUID MECHANICS (1987)

The objective of this review is to draw attention to recent advances in a relatively new subfield of fluid mechanics research, namely, the study of the buckling or meandering tendency exhibited by some flows at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers. Buckling flows appear to be governed by a number of common features, the most important being the proportionality between the buckling wavelength and the transversal length scale of the stream. The experimental evidence on buckling flows is reviewed in the first part of the article. The photographic record suggests that the wavelength ~ thickness scaling law governs also the large scale meandering structure of high Reynolds number jets, wakes and plumes, in other words, that the large scale structure of turbulent streams can be regarded as the fingerprint of buckling. The theoretical attempts that have been made in order to explain the buckling phenomenon are reviewed as an invitation to continued research. The relationship between buckling flows and older fields is discussed along with potential engineering applications of known buckling scales. Overall, this review defines an entirely new research area that demands original and first-time contributions from the computational fluid mechanics community.
Peanut Maturity Method Evaluations. I. Southeast (1980)

Abstract Arginine maturity index, methanol extract, shellout, and seed-hull maturity index methods of determining peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) maturity were compared. Peanuts from four planting dates in 1978 were used. The comparisons showed that some of the methods are affected by date of planting and environmental factors, such as drought stress. Under the conditions of this test, the seed-hull maturity index and shellout were the most consistent indicators of the optimum yield period in 1978.
Chemically Modulated Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of MOF-74(Ni) and Preparation of Metal–Organic Framework-Matrix Based Membranes for Removal of Metal Ions from Aqueous Media (2016)

In this study, microwaves and chemical modulators were used in combination to improve the uniformity of synthesized MOF-74(Ni) materials. A segmented flow, microwave-assisted reactor was used where rapid nucleation in the microwave zone was separated from growth processes in an oil bath. High temperatures in the microwave zone induce fast nucleation, which can result in the formation of polydisperse products through agglomeration that reduces the available surface area. Benzoic acid was used as a chemical modulator where higher benzoic acid to Ni2+ concentration ratios resulted in a substantial increase in apparent reaction activation energies for short reaction times (∼1 s). Optimization of the synthetic process resulted in MOF-74(Ni) particles with high crystallinity, high surface area, and narrow particle size distributions. These synthesized MOF-74(Ni) particles were used to prepare metal–organic framework-Nafion matrix based membranes to investigate the removal of metal ions from aqueous solutions with high efficiencies.