gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The dual diaphragm pump (2002)

This paper reports a major advancement in gas pumping at micro- and meso-scale, made possible by the newly developed, electrostatically actuated, dual-diaphragm pump (DDP). The DDP uses a conformal pumping chamber and two electrostatically actuated, structured diaphragms, to achieve perfect rectification. The DDP demonstrates flow rates of about 30 ml/min and a power consumption of about 8 mW at an overall pump volume of about 1.5/spl times/1.5/spl times/0.1 cm/sup 3/. The DDP is fully symmetrical, having true bidirectional operation; has essentially zero dead space; and is fully scalable. For increased throughput the individual pumping channels can be built in 1D, 2D and 3D arrays. This feature allows the optimization of the individual pumping channel for best performance under electrostatic actuation, but allows scaling of the pumping rate to the desired level. Arrays of 2/spl times/3/spl times/5 pumps have been successfully demonstrated. A DDP array pumping 4 liters per minute will be about 4 times smaller in volume and will use about 4 times less power than the most advanced commercially available air pumps.
Efficient context-based entropy coding for lossy wavelet image compression (2002)

We present an adaptive image coding algorithm based on novel backward-adaptive quantization/classification techniques. We use a simple uniform scalar quantizer to quantize the image subbands. Our algorithm puts the coefficient into one of several classes depending on the values of neighboring previously quantized coefficients. These previously quantized coefficients form contexts which are used to characterize the subband data. To each context type corresponds a different probability model and thus each subband coefficient is compressed with an arithmetic coder having the appropriate model depending on that coefficient's neighborhood. We show how the context selection can be driven by rate-distortion criteria, by choosing the contexts in a way that the total distortion for a given bit rate is minimized. Moreover the probability models for each context are initialized/updated in a very efficient way so that practically no overhead information has to be sent to the decoder. Our results are comparable or in some cases better than the recent state of the art, with our algorithm being simpler than most of the published algorithms of comparable performance.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-poly(n-butyl acrylate)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) Copolymers by Two-Step Controlled Radical Polymerization (ATRP) Catalyzed by NiBr2(PPh3)2, 1 (1999)

Poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-poly(n-butyl acrylate)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) triblock copolymers (MnBM) have been synthesized by the sequential controlled radical polymerization (atom transfer radical polymerization, ATRP) of n-butyl acrylate (n-BuA) followed by methyl methacrylate (MMA). The polymerization of n-BuA has been first initiated by the difunctional (diethyl meso-2,5-dibromoadipate) initiator in the presence of the NiBr2(PPh3)2 catalyst. After isolation, the α,ω-dibromo poly(n-butyl acrylate) chains have been used as macroinitiators for the polymerization of either n-BuA or MMA leading to chain extension or to the desired triblock copolymers, respectively. The kinetic study of the two-step process has shown that the initiation of the MMA polymerization by the poly(n-BuA) macroinitiator is slow and leads to PMMA outer blocks of broad polydispersity. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) have confirmed the two-phase morphology of the triblocks. Finally, DMA and tensile testing of these copolymers have emphasized poor mechanical properties in possible relation to the broad polydispersity of the PMMA outer blocks.
종설 : 어려운 천식 (2005)

Five ten per cent of asthmatics remain symptomatic despite high-dose treatment. Difficult asthma must be distinguished from severe asthma. Difficult asthma was defined as persistence of symptoms despite treatment at step wise recommended. It is then important in patients with suspected difficult asthma to ensure that the diagnosis is correct, and that if the patient has asthma that the attributed symptoms are indeed all genuinely due to the asthma and not to coexisting physical or psychogenic respiratory conditions. It is also important to be alert to recognize both poor perceivers and over-reactors. Asthma may be difficult for the patient, for the clinician or both because of disease factors, doctor or nurse therapist factors, and/or patient factors. Investigation requires access to the full range of respiratory, imaging and allergy tests. There remains a small number of patients with genuine steroid-resistant asthma, brittle asthma and asthma with airway remodeling. The anti-inflammatory effects of GCs are mediated through receptors that modulate inflammatory gene expression. GC resistance results from an interaction between susceptibility genes, the host`s environment, and immunologic factors. The management of these patients requires a systematic approach to rule out underlying conditions that lead to GC resistance or treatment failure, as well as the use of alternative strategies to inhibit tissue inflammation.
Lewis Acid Mediated Hydrosilylation on Porous Silicon Surfaces (1999)

Lewis acid mediated hydrosilylation of alkynes and alkenes on non-oxidized hydride-terminated porous silicon derivatizes the surface with alkenyl and alkyl functionalities, respectively. A very broad range of chemical groups may be incorporated, allowing for tailoring of the interfacial characteristics of the material. The reaction is shown to protect and stabilize porous silicon surfaces from atmospheric or direct chemical attack without compromising its valuable material properties such as high porosity, surface area and visible room-temperature photoluminescence. The reaction is shown to act on alkenes and alkynes of all possible regiochemistries (terminal and internal alkynes; mono-, cis- and trans-, di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted alkenes). FTIR as well as liquid- and solid-state NMR spectroscopies show anti-Markovnikov addition and cis stereochemistry in the case of hydrosilylated terminal alkynes. Material hydrosilylated with long-chain hydrophobic alkynes and alkenes shows a substantially slower surface oxidation and hydrolysis rate in air as monitored by long-term FTIR monitoring and chemography. BJH and BET measurements reveal that the surface area and average pore size of the material are reduced only slightly after hydrosilylation, indicating that the porous silicon skeleton remains intact. Elemental analysis and SIMS depth profiling show a consistent level of carbon incorporation throughout the porous silicon which demonstrates that the reaction occurs uniformly throughout the depth of the film. The effects of functionalization on photoluminescence were investigated and are shown to depend on the organic substituents.
Development of a new MPEG standard for advanced 3D video applications (2009)

An overview of available 3D video formats and standards is given. It is explained why none of these - although each useful in some particular sense, for some particular application - satisfies all requirements of all 3D video applications. Advanced formats currently under investigation, which have the potential to serve as generic, flexible and efficient future 3D video standard are explained. Then an activity of MPEG for development of such a new standard is described and an outlook to future developments is given.
Luminescence-Based Systems for Detection of Bacteria in the Environment (1996)

The development of techniques for detection and tracking of microorganisms in natural environments has been accelerated by the requirement for assessment of the risks associated with environmental release of genetically engineered microbial inocula. Molecular marker systems are particularly appropriate for such studies and luminescence-based markers have the broadest range of applications, involving the introduction of prokaryotic (lux) or eukaryotic (luc) genes for the enzyme luciferase. Lux or luc genes can be detected on the basis of unique DNA sequences by gene probing and PCR amplification, but the major advantage of luminescence-based systems is the ability to detect light emitted by marked organisms or by luciferase activity in cell-free extracts. Luminescent colonies can be detected by eye, providing distinction from colonies of indigenous organisms, and the sensitivity of plate counting can be increased greatly by CCD imaging. Single cells or microcolonies of luminescent organisms can also be detected in environmental samples by CCD image-enhanced microscopy, facilitating study of their spatial distribution. The metabolic activity of luminescence-marked populations can be quantified by luminometry and does not require extraction of cells or laboratory growth. Metabolic activity, and potential activity, of marked organisms therefore can be measured during colonization of soil particles and plant material in real time without disturbing the colonization process. In comparison with traditional activity techniques, luminometry provides significant increases in sensitivity, accuracy, and, most importantly, selectivity, as activity can be measured in the presence of indigenous microbial communities. The sensitivity, speed, and convenience of luminescence measurements make this a powerful technique that is being applied to the study of an increasingly wide range of ecological problems. These include microbial survival and recovery, microbial predation, plant pathogenicity, phylloplane and rhizosphere colonization and reporting of gene expression in environmental samples.
Interleukin-1β and transforming growth factor-β cooperate to induce neurosphere formation and increase tumorigenicity of adherent LN-229 glioma cells (2012)

Our finding indicates that glioma cells without self-renewal capability in standard conditions could also contribute to glioma malignancy when cytokines, such as IL-1β and TGF-β, are present in the tumor environment. Targeting GSC-promoting cytokines that are highly expressed in glioblastomas may contribute to the development of more effective glioma therapies.
Effect of Environmental Conditions on Tear Dynamics in Soft Contact Lens Wearers (2004)

AT and RH apparently had no effect on the tear volume in the presence of SCLs. As AT and RH decreased, the tear film on the SCL became thinner, NIBUT became shorter, and dryness increased. Dryness was more pronounced in eyes with SCL of the higher water content.
Treatment with leflunomide slows radiographic progression of rheumatoid arthritis: Results from three randomized controlled trials of leflunomide in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (2000)

These are the first 6- and 12-month randomized placebo- and active drug-controlled trials to demonstrate retardation of radiographic progression by a new disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD), LEF, as well as 2 commonly used DMARDs, MTX and SSZ.
A Controlled Study of Adenoviral-Vector–Mediated Gene Transfer in the Nasal Epithelium of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis (1995)

In patients with cystic fibrosis, adenoviral-vector-mediated transfer of the CFTR gene did not correct functional defects in nasal epithelium, and local inflammatory responses limited the dose of adenovirus that could be administered to overcome the inefficiency of gene transfer.
Bile-salt-stimulated lipase and mucins from milk of ‘secretor’ mothers inhibit the binding of Norwalk virus capsids to their carbohydrate ligands (2006)

Breast-feeding-associated protection against calicivirus diarrhoea is associated with the presence of high levels of 2-linked oligosaccharides in mother's milk, and human calicivirus strains including the NV (Norwalk virus) use gut 2-linked fucosylated glycans as receptors, suggesting the presence of decoy receptors in milk. Our aim was to analyse the ability of human milk to inhibit the attachment of rNV VLPs (recombinant NV-like particles) to their carbohydrate ligands and to characterize potential inhibitors found in milk. Milk from women with the secretor phenotype was strongly inhibitory, unlike milk from women that are non-secretors, which is devoid of 2-linked fucosylated structures. At least two fractions in human milk acted as inhibitors for the NV capsid attachment. The first fraction corresponded to BSSL (bile-salt-stimulated lipase) and the second to associated mucins MUC1 and MUC4. These proteins present tandem repeat O-glycosylated sequences that should act as decoy receptors for the NV, depending on the combined mother/child secretor status.
Why 1149.1 (JTAG) really works (1994)

The IEEE 1149.1 boundary-scan standard (JTAG) has now been a reality for over four years, and has had a lot of success, not always in the ways that the pioneers anticipated. This paper gives an overview of the important things that the standard does; the ways that this has proved to be useful; the importance of standardized descriptions for the components; and some of the reasons why using boundary-scan is not always as delightful an experience as users would like.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Halohasta (2016)

Abstract Ha.lo.has'ta. Gr. n. hals, halos salt; L. fem. n. hasta a rod; N.L. fem. n. Halohasta rod‐shaped cells living in salty conditions. The genus Halohasta , classified with the family Haloferacaceae , order Haloferacales , class Halobacteria , consists of red pigmented, extremely halophilic rods that lyse in distilled water. They are obligately aerobic heterotrophs able to grow in defined media with a number of sugars, organic acids, and amino acids. Acids may be produced from carbohydrates. Polar lipids are diphytanyl diether derivatives of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, the methyl ester of phosphatidylglycerol phosphate, phosphatidylglycerol sulfate, and one major glycolipid chromatographically identical to the sulfated diglycosyl diether lipid S‐ DGD ‐1. The phylogenetically closest related genus is Halonotius . Currently, the genus consists of two species, Halohasta litorea (the type species of the genus) and Halohasta litchfieldiae . The DNA G + C content is 58.9–62.9 mol%. Isolates of the species have been recovered from marine salterns and Deep Lake, Antarctica. DNA G + C content (mol%) : 58.9–62.9 (genome sequence and T m ). Type species : Halohasta litorea . Taxonomic and Nomenclature Notes According to the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN), the taxonomic status of the genus Halohasta is: correct name (last update, February 2025) * . LPSN classification: Archaea / Methanobacteriati / Methanobacteriota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Haloferacaceae / Halohasta The genus Halohasta can also be recovered in the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) as g__Halohasta (version v220) ** . GTDB classification: d__Archaea / p__Halobacteriota / c__Halobacteria / o__Halobacteriales / f__Haloferacaceae / g__Halohasta * Meier‐Kolthoff et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D801 – D807 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab902 ** Parks et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D785 – D794 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab776
New method of tracing blood hemoglobin concentration to hematocrit ratio for monitoring plasma dilution and osmotic origin shifts in blood. (2006)

Blood hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit are probably the most widely used parameters for outpatient and inpatient examination. In addition to their inherent significance for evaluation of blood viscosity and oxygen carrying capacity, these parameters are traditionally used as tracers of plasma dilution. Blood test derived results are conventionally recorded on multiple pages in patient's medical records making dynamical investigations tedious and time-consuming. In addition, research results describing plasma dilution by means of hemoglobin or hematocrit are presented in a clinically unpractical way. A new method, referred to as HBS Graphics (patent pending--USA serial # 60/712809) is introduced for the first time in this article. This method of evaluation of dynamical hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration value deploys interfering parameter shifts for the evaluation of plasma dilution in relation to osmotic dynamics. The HBS Graphics complements two coordinate systems--hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit--with incorporated mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration value specific trends referred to as radiating lines. Isosmotic plasma dilution and erythrocyte volume shifts follow radiating lines, while osmotic shifts induce intertrend shifts. This article also reviews other methods of tracing plasma dilution by means of blood hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit dynamics.
Discovery and characterization of a novel potent type II native and mutant BCR-ABL inhibitor (CHMFL-074) for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) (2016)

BCR gene fused ABL kinase is the critical driving force for the Philadelphia Chromosome positive (Ph+) Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) and has been extensively explored as a drug target. With a structure-based drug design approach we have discovered a novel inhibitor CHMFL-074, that potently inhibits both the native and a variety of clinically emerged mutants of BCR-ABL kinase. The X-ray crystal structure of CHMFL-074 in complex with ABL1 kinase (PDB ID: 5HU9) revealed a typical type II binding mode (DFG-out) but relatively rare hinge binding. Kinome wide selectivity profiling demonstrated that CHMFL-074 bore a high selectivity (S score(1) = 0.03) and potently inhibited ABL1 kinase (IC50: 24 nM) and PDGFR α/β (IC50: 71 nM and 88 nM). CHMFL-074 displayed strong anti-proliferative efficacy against BCR-ABL-driven CML cell lines such as K562 (GI50: 56 nM), MEG-01 (GI50: 18 nM) and KU812 (GI50: 57 nM). CHMFL-074 arrested cell cycle into the G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis in the Ph+ CML cell lines. In addition, it potently inhibited the CML patient primary cell's proliferation but did not affect the normal bone marrow cells. In the CML cell K562 inoculated xenograft mouse model, oral administration of 100 mg/kg/d of CHMFL-074 achieved a tumor growth inhibition (TGI) of 65% without exhibiting apparent toxicity. As a potential drug candidate for fighting CML, CHMFL-074 is under extensive preclinical safety evaluation now.
Cooperative Control of Mobile Sensor Networks: Adaptive Gradient Climbing in a Distributed Environment (2004)

We present a stable control strategy for groups of vehicles to move and reconfigure cooperatively in response to a sensed, distributed environment. Each vehicle in the group serves as a mobile sensor and the vehicle network as a mobile and reconfigurable sensor array. Our control strategy decouples, in part, the cooperative management of the network formation from the network maneuvers. The underlying coordination framework uses virtual bodies and artificial potentials. We focus on gradient climbing missions in which the mobile sensor network seeks out local maxima or minima in the environmental field. The network can adapt its configuration in response to the sensed environment in order to optimize its gradient climb.
Exoplanet Exploration Program Analysis Group (ExoPAG) Report to Paul Hertz Regarding Large Mission Concepts to Study for the 2020 Decadal Survey (2015)

This is a joint summary of the reports from the three Astrophysics Program Analysis Groups (PAGs) in response to the "Planning for the 2020 Decadal Survey" charge given by the Astrophysics Division Director Paul Hertz. This joint executive summary contains points of consensus across all three PAGs. Additional findings specific to the individual PAGs are reported separately in the individual reports. The PAGs concur that all four large mission concepts identified in the white paper as candidates for maturation prior to the 2020 Decadal Survey should be studied in detail. These include the Far-IR Surveyor, the Habitable-Exoplanet Imaging Mission, the UV/Optical/IR Surveyor, and the X-ray Surveyor. This finding is predicated upon assumptions outlined in the white paper and subsequent charge, namely that 1) major development of future large flagship missions under consideration are to follow the implementation phases of JWST and WFIRST; 2) NASA will partner with the European Space Agency on its L3 Gravitational Wave Surveyor; 3) the Inflation Probe be classified as a probe-class mission to be developed according to the 2010 Decadal Survey report. If these key assumptions were to change, this PAG finding would need to be re-evaluated. The PAGs find that there is strong community support for the second phase of this activity - maturation of the four proposed mission concepts via Science and Technology Definition Teams (STDTs). The PAGs find that there is strong consensus that all of the STDTs contain broad and interdisciplinary representation of the science community. Finally, the PAGs find that there is community support for a line of Probe-class missions within the Astrophysics mission portfolio (condensed).
Fashion-MNIST: a Novel Image Dataset for Benchmarking Machine Learning Algorithms (2017)

We present Fashion-MNIST, a new dataset comprising of 28x28 grayscale images of 70,000 fashion products from 10 categories, with 7,000 images per category. The training set has 60,000 images and the test set has 10,000 images. Fashion-MNIST is intended to serve as a direct drop-in replacement for the original MNIST dataset for benchmarking machine learning algorithms, as it shares the same image size, data format and the structure of training and testing splits. The dataset is freely available at https://github.com/zalandoresearch/fashion-mnist
Spectroscopic and kinetic studies of lipases solubilized in reverse micelles (1993)

The conformation and activity of three different lipases have been studied in reverse micelles formed by sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) in isooctane. In the case of human pancreatic lipase, the conformation of the polypeptide chain--as judged from far-UV circular dichroism measurements--is only slightly altered after the enzyme is transferred from a bulk aqueous solution into the microenvironment of reverse micelles. Significant spectral changes in the near-UV circular dichroism and fluorescence spectrum indicate, however, that the solvation of aromatic amino acid side chains is considerably different in reverse micelles. Conversely, the circular dichroism spectra of the lipases from Candida rugosa and Pseudomonas sp. are considerably different in reverse micelles, compared with the spectra in aqueous solution, indicating that both enzymes loose the native structure at the water/AOT/oil interface. Bound substrate and/or product can prevent this denaturation. While Pseudomonas sp. and human pancreatic lipase are inhibited by tetrahydrolipstatin (THL), the lipase from Candida rugosa is not. These data, together with additional activity and inhibition data, indicate that the micellar microenvironment accentuates the difference between the different enzymes in terms of the relation structure/activity.