gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expression of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and diazepam binding inhibitor in human astrocytomas: relationship to cell proliferation. (1995)

The expression of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) and diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) were studied in human astrocytic tumors using immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. Both PBR and DBI were prominently expressed in neoplastic cells, whereas in normal brain their amount was low or undetectable. Immunocytochemical double staining demonstrated that PBR and DBI were present in the same cells, suggesting that DBI may act in an autocrine manner in these cells. Analysis of 86 cases showed that PBR expression was statistically significantly associated with tumor malignancy grade (P = 0.004) and the proliferative index as determined by immunocytochemistry with the MIB-1 antibody (P = 0.004). Patients having tumors with high levels of PBR-immunoreactive cells had a shorter life expectancy than patients whose tumors showed lower PBR contents (P = 0.024). In conclusion, these results show that PBR expression is higher in neoplastic cells than in normal brain tissue. They also suggest that PBR immunocytochemistry might be useful in evaluating malignancy in brain tumors.
256-Mb DRAM circuit technologies for file applications (1993)

256-Mb DRAM circuit technologies characterized by low power and high fabrication yield for file applications are described. The newly proposed and developed circuits are a self-reverse-biasing circuit for word drivers and decoders to suppress the subthreshold current to 3% of the conventional scheme, and a subarray-replacement redundancy technique that doubles chip yield and consequently reduces manufacturing costs. An experimental 256-Mb DRAM has been designed and fabricated by combining the proposed circuit techniques and a 0.25- mu m phase-shift optical lithography, and its basic operations are verified. A 0.72- mu m/sup 2/ double-cylindrical recessed stacked-capacitor (RSTC) cell is used to ensure a storage capacitance of 25 fF/cell. A typical access time under a 2-V power supply voltage was 70 ns. With the proper device characteristics, the simulated performances of the 256-Mb DRAM operating with a 1.5-V power supply voltage are a data-retention current of 53 mu A and an access time of 48 ns.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cloning embryos by nuclear transfer. (1990)

Nuclear transfer has been used to study the differentiation process in embryogenesis, as well as a method to produce multiple identical individuals. When nuclei are transferred to activated, enucleated oocytes the nuclei swell in diameter, synthesize DNA, acquire cytoplasmic proteins and release nuclear proteins. This protein exchange is thought to result in specific genomic modifications resulting in the transferred nucleus behaving as a zygotic nucleus. The limitations of development observed with relatively differentiated nuclei are thought to result from asynchronies in the length of the cell cycle between the donor cell and the recipient cytoplasm, as well as insufficient genomic modifications. This results in incomplete DNA synthesis and incomplete reprogramming before the first cell division. These nuclear modifications are discussed with data from amphibians and mammals.
Measurement of Flow with NMR Imaging Using a Gradient Pulse and Phase Difference Technique (1984)

A method for determining flow by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging is described. A conventional spin-echo imaging sequence is employed with the addition of balanced gradient pulses on either side of the pi radiofrequency pulse. Flow velocities in the direction orthogonal to the image plane are determined by the phase shifts in the NMR image. Experimental validation of the technique in vitro was achieved with a phantom designed to give a continuous flow of water. The flow rate measured by NMR agreed well with the volume flow rate through the phantom. In vivo, NMR flow measurements on the carotid and femoral arteries of two volunteers were compared with Doppler ultrasound results. Velocity measurements were in general agreement. Rapid changes in flow are difficult to follow with the NMR method unless particular care is taken in gradient profile design. The technique can readily be used in existing NMR imaging machines and may have a useful clinical role.
NMR Evidence for Ethyl Cation and Protonated Ethanol in the Pseudoliquid Phase of H3PW12O40 (1988)

Abstract In the pseudoliquid phase of H3PW12O40, an ethyl cation and two protonated ethanol species (monomer and dimer) have been detected by solid-state MAS NMR of 1H, 13C, and 31P; these species are most probable reaction intermediates of dehydration of ethanol.
A dendrite method for cluster analysis (1974)

A method for identifying clusters of points in a multidimensional Euclidean space is described and its application to taxonomy considered. It reconciles, in a sense, two different approaches to the investigation of the spatial relationships between the points, viz., the agglomerative and the divisive methods. A graph, the shortest dendrite of Florek etal. (1951a), is constructed on a nearest neighbour basis and then divided into clusters by applying the criterion of minimum within cluster sum of squares. This procedure ensures an effective reduction of the number of possible splits. The method may be applied to a dichotomous division, but is perfectly suitable also for a global division into any number of clusters. An informal indicator of the "best number" of clusters is suggested. It is a"variance ratio criterion" giving some insight into the structure of the points. The method is illustrated by three examples, one of which is original. The results obtained by the dendrite method are compared with those obtained by using the agglomerative method or Ward (1963) and the divisive method of Edwards and Cavalli-Sforza (1965).
Catalytic Acid−Base Groups in Yeast Pyruvate Decarboxylase. 2. Insights into the Specific Roles of D28 and E477 from the Rates and Stereospecificity of Formation of Carboligase Side Products (2001)

Yeast pyruvate decarboxylase (YPDC), in addition to forming its metabolic product acetaldehyde, can also carry out carboligase reactions in which the central enamine intermediate reacts with acetaldehyde or pyruvate (instead of the usual proton electrophile), resulting in the formation of acetoin and acetolactate, respectively (typically, 1% of the total reaction). Due to the common mechanism shared by the acetaldehyde-forming and carboligase reactions through decarboxylation, a detailed analysis of the rates and stereochemistry of the carboligase products formed by the E477Q, D28A, and D28N active center YPDC variants was undertaken. While substitution at either position led to an approximately 2-3 orders of magnitude lower catalytic efficiency in acetaldehyde formation, the rate of acetoin formation by the E477Q and D28N variants was higher than that by wild-type enzyme. Comparison of the steady-state data for acetaldehyde and acetoin formation revealed that the rate-limiting step for acetaldehyde formation by the D28A, H114F, H115F, and E477Q variants is a step post-decarboxylation. In contrast to the wild-type YPDC and the E477Q variant, the D28A and D28N variants could synthesize acetolactate as a major product. The lower overall rate of side-product formation by the D28A variant than wild-type enzyme attests to participation of D28 in steps leading up to and including decarboxylation. The results also provide insight into the state of ionization of the side chains examined. (R)-Acetoin is produced by the variants with greater enantiomeric excess than by wild-type YPDC. (S)-Acetolactate is the predominant enantiomer produced by the D28-substituted variants, the same configuration as produced by the related plant acetolactate synthase.
A low-voltage triggering SCR for on-chip ESD protection at output and input pads (1991)

A novel silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) structure for on-chip protection against electrostatic discharge (ESD) stress at output or input pads is presented. The SCR switches to an ON state at a trigger voltage determined by the gate length of an incorporated nMOS-like structure. Thus, the new SCR can be designed to consistently trigger at a voltage low enough to protect nMOS transistors from ESD. The capability of a protection circuit using the new SCR design is experimentally demonstrated. The tunability of the SCR trigger voltage with reference to the nMOS breakdown voltage is exploited to improve the human body model (HBM) ESD failure threshold of an output buffer from 1500 to 5000 V.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Molecular Biology of Interleukin-1 (1986)

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) was first described more than a decade ago as lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) for its ability to costimulate mitogen-activated mouse thymocyte proliferation (Gery et al. 1971). Since this initial observation, it has become clear that IL-1 has a number of other biological activities and that there are at least two major types of IL-1 proteins produced by activated macrophages and by other cell types. Some of the activities ascribed to IL-1 include the ability to stimulate B-cell function, fibroblast proliferation, muscle proteolysis, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and collagenase production by rheumatoid synovial cells, hepatic acute-phase protein synthesis, and to induce fever (for review, see Dinarello 1984). Although its activities are numerous and diverse, it has been suggested that IL-1 plays an important role in stimulating immune and inflammatory responses in the body's defense against infection and other forms of trauma. IL-1 is also believed to contribute to the pathology observed...
Software Protection Against Third Parties in Belgium, 14 J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 661 (1996) (1996)

On June 30, 1994, Belgium became the first nation in Europe that incorporated Directive 91/250/EEC into a specific law, the "Software Act." Unlike many other countries that deal with copyright issues involving software, Belgium enacted the Software Act to satisfy the practical and specific need to protect software. In this introductory article on Belgium’s protection of software, the author discusses the main provisions of the Software Act while making reference to the Copyright Act since computer programs are also protectable through patent, trademark or unfair competition laws. In furthering its commitment under the Berne Convention, Belgium enacted the Software Act to grant copyright protection to computer programs. That protection covers all computer program source code, object code and mediums of use, including ROM, user manuals and other computer system descriptions. The Act also defines ownership rights in different settings while creating fair use and other exceptions. In terms of remedies, the Act provides both civil and criminal remedies for infringements. In addition to the Software Act, Belgium’s patent, trademark and semiconductor topographies acts also protect software and computer programs. Of course, the author realizes that with the rapid development in the software industry, the new Act may not always be the source for answers.
Spectroscopy scales new peaks (2002)

When nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was discovered over half a century ago by Ed Purcell and Felix Bloch, neither could have possibly predicted that it would make an impact on nearly every area of science imaginable. Magnetic resonance is now the fundamental analytical tool in synthetic chemistry and also plays a leading role in proteomics and biomedical research. It has revolutionized modern radiology and neurology, and its applications outside the laboratory or clinic are as diverse as oil-well logging, food analysis and the detection of explosives. Moreover, during all this energetic engagement with the world outside, NMR has remained a valuable tool in basic physics research, notably in condensed matter and, most recently, as a test-bed for new ideas in quantum computing (see Physics World April 2002 pp21–22).
Characterization of reactions after transfusion of cellular blood components that are white cell reduced before storage (1996)

FNHTRs, but not allergic reactions, were less common after transfusion of RBCs that were WBC reduced before storage than after the transfusion of those WBC reduced after storage at the bedside by filtration. The level of IL-6 in implicated cellular blood components that were WBC reduced before storage was inversely correlated with the length of storage before transfusion. Further studies are needed to determine whether the transfusion of cellular blood components that were WBC reduced before storage can both diminish the incidence of adverse reactions and improve outcome.
Combined equalization and coding using precoding (1991)

Recently developed techniques that achieve the joint objectives of increasing the signaling rate so as to use the maximum possible channel bandwidth, and then using powerful equalization techniques to cope with the resulting distortion are reviewed. These techniques generalize the Tomlinson-Harashima precoding techniques, which were proposed more than 20 years ago. The principal classes of classical equalization techniques are described, and Tomlinson-Harashima precoding is introduced. It is shown that precoding combines nicely with coded modulation and with a technique known as shaping. It is also shown that, in principle, optimized combinations of coding, shaping, and precoding can achieve nearly the channel capacity of any strictly band-limited, high-SNR Gaussian channel, and in practice can approach capacity within about 3 dB or less.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Delivery of School-Based Clinical Services To Minority Children: a Systems Approach (1991)

Minority students have been characterized by poor academic achievement and a high rate of school failure. Moreover, educators are finding that minority students are overrepresented in special education classes and are frequently labelled learning disabled. It is argued that inappropriate school based clinical services, based on the medical model, contribute to the current state of affairs. This article proposes a shift from the assumption that academic problems primarily reflect student deficits, to a more broadly based assumption which emphasizes the educational context and non-optimal conditions of instruction. An alternative model of service delivery of clinical services to school children is discussed. This model endorses a systems approach where the various systems which impact upon "at risk" children are taken into consideration and included in the intervention.
Bacterial Colonization of Particles: Growth and Interactions (2003)

Marine particles in the ocean are exposed to diverse bacterial communities, and colonization and growth of attached bacteria are important processes in the degradation and transformation of the particles. In an earlier study, we showed that the initial colonization of model particles by individual bacterial strains isolated from marine aggregates was a function of attachment and detachment. In the present study, we have investigated how this colonization process was further affected by growth and interspecific interactions among the bacteria. Long-term incubation experiments showed that growth dominated over attachment and detachment after a few hours in controlling the bacterial population density on agar particles. In the absence of grazing mortality, this growth led to an equilibrium population density consistent with the theoretical limit due to oxygen diffusion. Interspecific interaction experiments showed that the presence of some bacterial strains ("residents") on the agar particles either increased or decreased the colonization rate of other strains ("newcomers"). Comparison between an antibiotic-producing strain and its antibiotic-free mutant showed no inhibitory effect on the newcomers due to antibiotic production. On the contrary, hydrolytic activity of the antibiotic-producing strain appeared to benefit the newcomers and enhance their colonization rate. These results show that growth- and species-specific interactions have to be taken into account to adequately describe bacterial colonization of marine particles. Changes in colonization pattern due to such small-scale processes may have profound effects on the transformation and fluxes of particulate matter in the ocean.
Phaseolin Gene from Bean Is Expressed After Transfer to Sunflower Via Tumor-Inducing Plasmid Vectors (1983)

Sequences coding for the bean seed protein phaseolin were inserted into transferred DNA regions of tumor-inducing plasmids. Constructions were devised in which the coding region of phaseolin was fused in the correct reading frame with the coding region of octopine synthase and placed under the transcriptional control of the octopine synthase promoter. Other plasmids were prepared to permit expression of the phaseolin-encoding sequences from the flanking phaseolin promoter region. The RNA transcribed in sunflower cells transformed with these constructions was characterized by hybridization procedures, SI nuclease mapping, and by translation in vitro of extracted RNA. These tests showed that the genomic intervening sequences were correctly excised. Immunoreactive phaseolin polypeptides were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by antibody hybridization to electrophoretically separated protein extracts of sunflower tissues isolated from crown gall tumors and of transformed sunflower cells grown in tissue culture. These results demonstrate the expression of a plant gene after transfer to a taxonomically distinct botanical family.
Low switching noise and load-adaptive output buffer design techniques (2001)

Switching noise due to di/dt is becoming severe as technology states, resulting in a great need for noise-suppression techniques. Several techniques to reduce the switching noise caused by output buffers in CMOS chips are described. An ac/dc output buffer design technique is proposed that includes an innovative feedback mechanism to reduce switching noise and output signal ringing while at the same time maintains timing and dc current requirement. Also, a technique of adaptively separated simultaneous switching noise is proposed that can increase the number of simultaneously switching outputs per V/sub DD/ and GND pair. Measurement results show that the ac/dc buffer can reduce the output ringing by 2.5/spl times/ and VDD/GND line bounce by 1.7/spl times/ and the ASN can double the number of simultaneous switching outputs under the same conditions as compared to the weighted and distributed buffer.
Pegylated Arginine Deiminase Treatment of Patients With Metastatic Melanoma: Results From Phase I and II Studies (2005)

PK and PD studies indicated that a dose of 160 U/m2 lowered plasma arginine from a resting level of approximately 130 micromol/L to less than 2 micromol/L for at least 7 days; nitric oxide levels also were lowered. There were no grade 3 or 4 toxicities directly attributable to the drug. Six of 24 phase I to II patients responded to treatment (five partial responses and one complete response; 25% response rate) and also had prolonged survival. CONCLUSION Elimination of all detectable plasma arginine in patients with metastatic melanoma was well tolerated and may be effective in the treatment of this cancer. Further testing of ADI-SS PEG 20,000 mw in a larger population of individuals with metastatic melanoma is warranted.
Enhanced expression of the tie receptor tyrosine kinase in endothelial cells during neovascularization (1992)

We have recently cloned a novel human receptor tyrosine kinase, tie, from human leukemia cells showing megakaryoblastoid differentiation. We report here that the 4.4-kb tie messenger RNA (mRNA) is present in all human fetal and mouse embryonic tissues. By in situ hybridization, the tie mRNA was localized to the endothelia of blood vessels and endocardium of 9.5- to 18.5-day mouse embryos. However, tie was not expressed by endothelial cells of developing hepatic sinusoids. Increased tie mRNA signal was seen in proliferating ovarial capillaries during hormone-induced superovulation. Only a weak tie signal was obtained from adult skin, except during wound healing, when the proliferating capillaries in the granulation tissue contained abundant tie RNA. These results suggest that tie may have a role in neovascularization.
A 45-nm SOI CMOS Integrate-and-Dump Optical Sampling Receiver (2013)

An integrate-and-dump receiver based on an active feedback integrator is demonstrated in a 45-nm SOI CMOS process. The integrate-and-dump receiver provides matched filtering for non-return-to-zero, return-to-zero, and pulse amplitude modulation digital modulation formats, resulting in high SINAD as well as inherent anti-aliasing/low-pass filtering for a 2 GS/s high linearity/high-dynamic-range optical sampling receiver. The measured SINAD is greater than 28 dBc with a sinusoidal input up to 1 GHz; the SNR is greater than 29 dBc. The 2-GS/s integrate-and-dump receiver consumes less than 100 mW. The chip area is 0.980×0.762 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> including the pads.
Drug resistance (1991)

Chemotherapy cures a minority of adult tumours (e.g. Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute leukaemia, teratoma) and the majority of childhood tumours. Prolongation of survival by chemotherapy has been shown for small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer and breast carcinoma (when used as an adjuvant). However, in the majority of solid tumours there is a less than 20% response to chemotherapy and even curable tumours may relapse and become resistant. Resistance may be de novo, acquired as a stable change within the cell, or be rapidly inducible within the cell after drug administration. Several mechanisms have been described including multidrug resistance, glutathione transferases and DNA repair. Understanding these mechanisms may help to improve the therapeutic ratio and develop new approaches.
Repeat Transduction in the Mouse Lung by Using Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors with Different Serotypes (2000)

Vectors derived from adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) promote gene transfer and expression in the lung; however, we have found that while gene expression can persist for at least 8 months in mice, it was reduced dramatically in rabbits over a period of 2 months. The efficiency and persistence of AAV2-mediated gene expression in the human lung have yet to be determined, but it seems likely that readministration will be necessary over the lifetime of an individual. Unfortunately, we have found that transduction by a second administration of an AAV2 vector is blocked, presumably due to neutralizing antibodies generated in response to the primary vector exposure. Here, we have explored the use of AAV2 vectors pseudotyped with capsid proteins from AAV serotypes 2, 3, and 6 for readministration in the mouse lung. We found that an AAV6 vector transduced airway epithelial and alveolar cells in the lung at rates that were at least as high as those of AAV2 pseudotype vectors, while transduction rates mediated by AAV3 were much lower. AAV6 pseudotype vector transduction was unaffected by prior administration of an AAV2 or AAV3 vector, and transduction by an AAV2 pseudotype vector was unaffected by prior AAV6 vector administration, showing that cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against AAV2 and AAV6 are not generated in mice. Interestingly, while prior administration of an AAV2 vector completely blocked transduction by a second AAV2 pseudotype vector, prior administration of an AAV6 vector only partially inhibited transduction by a second administration of an AAV6 pseudotype vector. Analysis of sera obtained from mice and humans showed that AAV6 is less immunogenic than AAV2, which helps explain this finding. These results support the development of AAV6 vectors for lung gene therapy both alone and in combination with AAV2 vectors.