gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Purification and Characterization of Human Laminin-8 (2001)

Recently identified laminin isoforms containing the alpha4 chain have been shown to be expressed in the basement membrane of restricted organs such as heart, skeletal muscle, and blood vessels, especially those in embryos. We screened 38 human cell lines for the expression of the laminin alpha4 chain by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and found that T98G glioblastoma cells express only alpha4, but not other alpha chains. Laminin-8, an isoform containing the alpha4 and beta1 chains, was purified from conditioned medium of T98G cells by gel filtration and immunoaffinity chromatography using a monoclonal antibody against laminin beta1 chain. The purified laminin isoform was composed of disulfide-linked 230-, 220-, and 200-kDa subunits, which immunoblot analysis identified as the beta1, gamma1, and alpha4 chains. Purified laminin-8 had cell adhesive activity comparable to laminin-1 but significantly weaker than laminin-5 and laminin-10/11. T98G cells adhering to laminin-8 became more elongated than those adhering to other laminin isoforms and extended multiple pseudopods. Cell adhesion to laminin-8 was abolished by an antibody against the integrin beta1 subunit or a combination of antibodies against the integrin alpha3 and alpha6 subunits, but not by either anti-alpha3 or anti-alpha6 antibody alone, suggesting that both alpha3beta1 and alpha6beta1 integrins serve as adhesion receptors for laminin-8. Consistent with these observations, K562 erythroleukemic cells transfected with either integrin alpha3 or alpha6 cDNA were capable of adhering to laminin-8 when beta1 integrins were stimulated by the beta1-activating antibody 8A2. Despite its moderate cell adhesive activity, laminin-8 was significantly potent in promoting cell migration when compared with other laminin isoforms and fibronectin. Cell migration on laminin-8 was completely inhibited by a combination of antibodies against alpha3 and alpha6 integrins, and substantially inhibited by anti-alpha3 antibody alone, suggesting that laminin-8-mediated cell migration is predominantly mediated by alpha3beta1 integrin. Given its potency to stimulate cell migration and preferential localization to the basement membrane of capillaries and embryonic tissues, laminin-8 may play a role in processes requiring enhanced cell migration during development, wound healing, and angiogenesis.
Dendritic cells cross-present HIV antigens from live as well as apoptotic infected CD4 + T lymphocytes (2004)

A better understanding of the antigen presentation pathways that lead to CD8(+) T cell recognition of HIV epitopes in vivo is needed to achieve better immune control of HIV replication. Here, we show that cross-presentation of very small amounts of HIV proteins from apoptotic infected CD4(+) T lymphocytes by dendritic cells to CD8(+) T cells is much more efficient than other known HIV presentation pathways, i.e., direct presentation of infectious virus or cross-presentation of defective virus. Unexpectedly, dendritic cells also take up actively antigens into endosomes from live infected CD4(+) T lymphocytes and cross-present them as efficiently as antigens derived from apoptotic infected cells. Moreover, live infected CD4(+) T cells costimulate cross-presenting dendritic cells in the process. Therefore, dendritic cells can present very small amounts of viral proteins from infected T cells either after apoptosis, which is frequent during HIV infection, or not. Thus, if HIV expression is transiently induced while costimulation is enhanced (for instance after IL-2 and IFNalpha immune therapy), this HIV antigen presentation pathway could be exploited to eradicate latently infected reservoirs, which are poorly recognized by patients' immune systems.
Monoclonal antibodies in renal transplantation: a review (1992)

OKT3 is the first anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody available for treatment in humans. Over the last few years it has proven to be a very powerful immunosuppressive agent in renal transplantation. Clinical studies have shown that OKT3 is superior to high-dose steroids as first-line treatment for acute renal allograft rejection. Furthermore, it is comparable to antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in treating steroid-resistant rejection and is also effective as rescue treatment in ATG- and antilymphocyte globulin-(ALG-) resistant rejection. Despite its excellent rejection-reversal rate, OKT3 treatment is followed by a substantial percentage of re-rejections, most of which respond well to steroids. In the early post-transplantation period, a prophylactic course of OKT3 is very effective in preventing acute rejections, and in this respect it is probably equivalent to ATG. Indirect evidence exists that a prophylactic course of OKT3 may be beneficial in immunologically high-risk patients and in patients with delayed graft function. However, more clinical studies are required to answer the question whether OKT3 should be given as induction treatment, as first-line treatment, or as rescue treatment. To answer this question, the side effects of OKT3 should also be taken into account. First-dose-related side effects, although frequent and disturbing, are usually transient and seldom life-threatening, provided overhydration has been corrected and steroids have been given before the first administration. These side effects are attributed to the release of cytokines as a result of T-cell activation or lysis. After exposure of patients to OKT3 an increased incidence of infections and malignancies has been reported. However, it is not yet clear whether this is due to OKT3 as such, or whether it merely reflects the total burden of immunosuppression. Xeno-sensitization represents an important limitation to OKT3 treatment, although a second or third course can still be effective in patients with low antibody titers. The precise immunosuppressive mechanism of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies is yet unknown. Monitoring of patients treated with OKT3 revealed CD3 and/or T-cell antigen receptor depletion and immunological incompetence of remaining T cells. More clinical data are required to establish the correct dose and duration of OKT3 treatment. In conclusion, OKT3 is a powerful immunosuppressive agent but its real value in renal transplantation remains to be determined. A practical approach may be to reserve it for the treatment of steroid-resistant rejections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Air-Cushion Force-Sensitive Probe for Soft Tissue Investigation During Minimally Invasive Surgery (2009)

This probe could be used to characterize the force tissue deflection profile of soft tissues during minimally invasive surgery providing surgeons with enhanced haptic feedback.
Permeability and route of entry for lipid‐insoluble molecules across brain barriers in developing Monodelphis domestica (2001)

1. We have studied the permeability of blood-brain barriers to small molecules such as [(14)C]sucrose, [(3)H]inulin, [(14)C]L-glucose and [(3)H]glycerol from early stages of development (postnatal day 6, P6) in South American opossums (Monodelphis domestica), using a litter-based method for estimating steady-state cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/plasma and brain/plasma ratios of markers that were injected I.P. 2. Steady-state ratios for L-glucose, sucrose and inulin all showed progressive decreases during development. The rate of uptake of L-glucose into the brain and CSF, in short time course experiments (7-24 min) when age-related differences in CSF production can be considered negligible also decreased during development. These results indicate that there is a significant decrease in the permeability of brain barriers to small lipid-insoluble molecules during brain development. 3. The steady-state blood/CSF ratio for 3000 Da lysine-fixable biotin-dextran following I.P. injection was shown to be consistent with diffusion from blood to CSF. It was therefore used to visualise the route of penetration for small lipid-insoluble molecules across brain barriers at P0-30. The proportion of biotin-dextran-positive cells in the choroid plexuses declined in parallel with the age-related decline in permeability to the small-molecular-weight markers; the paracellular (tight junction) pathway for biotin-dextran appeared to be blocked, but biotin-dextran was easily detectable in the CSF. A transcellular route from blood to CSF was suggested by the finding that some choroid plexus epithelial cells contained biotin-dextran. 4. Biotin-dextran was also taken up by cerebral endothelial cells in the youngest brains studied (P0), but in contrast to the CSF, could not be detected in the brain extracellular space (i.e. a significant blood-brain barrier to small-sized lipid-insoluble compounds was already present). However, in immature brains (P0-13) biotin-dextran was taken up by some cells in the brain. These cells generally had contact with the CSF, suggesting that it is likely to have been the source of their biotin-dextran. Since the quantitative permeability data suggest that biotin-dextran behaves similarly to the radiolabelled markers used in this study, it is suggested that these markers in the more immature brains were also present intracellularly. Thus, brain/plasma ratios may be a misleading indicator of blood-brain barrier permeability in very immature animals. 5. The immunocytochemical staining for biotin-dextran in the CSF, in contrast to the lack of staining in the brain extracellular space, together with the quantitative permeability data showing that the radiolabelled markers penetrated more rapidly and to a much higher steady-state level in CSF than in the brain, suggests that lipid-insoluble molecules such as sucrose and inulin reach the immature brain predominantly via the CSF rather than directly across the very few blood vessels that are present at that time.
Use of wet wrap dressings in atopic eczema (1994)

Rosemary Turnbull and David Atherton describe the use of a dressing technique for children with severe atopic eczema
Recent worms (2003)

In this paper, we present a broad overview of recent worm activity. Virus information repositories, such as the Network Associates' Virus Information Library, contain over 4500 different entries (through the first quarter of 2003). While many of these entries are interesting, a great number of them are now simply historical and a large percentage of them are completely derivative in nature. However, these virus information repositories are the best source of material on the breadth of malicious code, including worms.This paper is meant to provide worm researchers with a high-level roadmap to the vast body of virus and worm information. After sifting through hundreds of entries, we present only those that we considered breakthrough or novel, primarily from a technical perspective. As a result, we found ourselves omitting some of the most notorious worms simply because they lacked any original aspects. It is our hope that others in the community who need to get up to speed in the worm literature can benefit from this survey. While this study does not contain any original research, it provides an overview of worms using a truly breadth-first approach, which has been lacking in the existing worm literature.From this raw data, we have also extracted a number of broad quantitative and qualitative trends that we have found to be interesting. We believe that a workshop discussion of these, and other thoughts, will be engaging and informative.
Synthesis Of 3-Aryl-5-[Thien-3-Yl Methyl]-1,2, 4-Oxadiazoles (1999)

Abstract A convenient and efficient synthesis of eight new compounds 5a-h is described. The intermediates 4a-h have also been isolated and characterized the with help of spectroscopic data.
The ubiquitin ligase TRIM25 targets ERG for degradation in prostate cancer (2016)

Ets related gene (ERG) is a transcription factor that is overexpressed in 40% of prostate tumors due to a gene fusion between ERG and TMPRSS2. Because ERG functions as a driver of prostate carcinogenesis, understanding the mechanisms that influence its turnover may provide new molecular handles to target the protein. Previously, we found that ERG undergoes ubiquitination and then is deubiquitinated by USP9X in prostate cancer cells to prevent its proteasomal degradation. Here, we identify Tripartite motif-containing protein 25 (TRIM25) as the E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates the protein prior to its degradation. TRIM25 binds full-length ERG, and it also binds the N-terminally truncated variants of ERG that are expressed in tumors with TMPRSS2-ERG fusions. We demonstrate that TRIM25 polyubiquitinates ERG in vitro and that inactivation of TRIM25 resulted in reduced polyubiquitination and stabilization of ERG. TRIM25 mRNA and protein expression was increased in ERG rearrangement-positive prostate cancer specimens, and we provide evidence that ERG upregulates TRIM25 expression. Thus, overexpression of ERG in prostate cancer may cause an increase in TRIM25 activity, which is mitigated by the expression of the deubiquitinase USP9X, which is required to stabilize ERG.
A Novel Mechanism by Which Interferon-γ Can Regulate Interleukin (IL)-13 Responses (2002)

Interleukin (IL)-13 mediates its activities via a complex receptor system. Interleukin-13 receptor alpha-1 chain (IL-13Ralpha1) binds IL-13 with low affinity, but does not signal. However, when IL-13Ralpha1 combines with IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Ralpha), a signaling high affinity receptor complex for IL-13 is generated. In contrast, IL-13Ralpha2 alone binds IL-13 with high affinity, but does not signal and has been postulated to be a decoy receptor. Herein, we investigated the cellular localization of IL-13Ralpha2 and the regulation of its expression by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry in primary and cultured cells. Our results demonstrate that IL-13Ralpha2 is largely an intracellular molecule, which is rapidly mobilized from intracellular stores following treatment with interferon (IFN)-gamma. Up-regulation of IL-13Ralpha2 surface expression in response to IFN-gamma was rapid, did not require protein synthesis, and resulted in diminished IL-13 signaling. These results provide the first evidence that the IL-13Ralpha2 is predominantly an intracellular molecule and demonstrate a novel mechanism by which IFN-gamma can regulate IL-13 responses.
A 256K flash EEPROM using triple polysilicon technology (1985)

This report will cover a 256K Flash Electrically Erasable PROM with a single transistor cell. Chip size of 5.7×5.8mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> was achieved by using 2.0μ design rules and triple polysilicon technology.
Diffusion Model Coupled with the Flory–Huggins–Zuo Equation of State and Yen–Mullins Model Accounts for Large Viscosity and Asphaltene Variations in a Reservoir Undergoing Active Biodegradation (2015)

A very large monotonic variation of asphaltenes and viscosity has been measured by downhole fluid analysis (DFA) in crude oils in five-stacked sandstone reservoirs in the northern part of the Barmer Basin, northwest India, undergoing active biodegradation; each of the five-layered sand bodies shows overlaying fluid gradients with depth providing replicate validation of the measurements. Fluid data from four wells across the field shows that the gradients are uniform across the formation. The crude oil in the upper half of the oil column exhibits an equilibrium distribution of asphaltenes matching predictions of the Flory–Huggins–Zuo Equation of state (FHZ EoS) with the gravity term only using asphaltene nanoaggregates of the Yen–Mullins model. However, the bottom half of the reservoir reveals a large asphaltene gradient approximately three times larger than the equilibrium predictions from the FHZ EoS. This increase in asphaltenes creates a very large (8×) viscosity gradient and is a major production concern. In addition, these shallow reservoirs are undergoing active biodegradation at temperatures of 55–61 °C. A simple diffusive model coupled with the FHZ EoS is shown to account for the entire observed asphaltene distribution in each of the five sand layers. Alkanes (and some aromatics) are rapidly consumed at the oil–water contact at the base of the oil column. The rate-limiting step is the diffusion of these compounds to the oil–water contact. The loss of these oil components decreases the oil volume yielding an increase in asphaltene concentration and a significant increase in viscosity. The limited geologic time of the oil in the reservoir limits the vertical extent of the diffusive process accounting for the observation of asphaltene equilibrium at the top of the column. Specifically, petroleum system modeling of this basin indicates that the oil commenced undergoing biodegradation approximately 50 million years ago, and this duration matches the analysis using the diffusion model plus the FHZ-EoS. Gas chromatography applied to the oils from the top to the bottom of the oil column provides detailed compositional confirmation of the diffusive mechanism proposed. In particular, all measured compositional properties of the oil column are shown to be consistent with this simple diffusive model. The ability to account for asphaltene and viscosity variations in the five stacked sand layers with a simple diffusive model coupled with the FHZ EoS and the Yen–Mullins model provides a robust model for improving efficiency of reservoir engineering and oil production.
Neural and adaptive systems : fundamentals through simulations (2000)

Data Fitting with Linear Models. Pattern Recognition. Multilayer Perceptrons. Designing and Training MLPs. Function Approximation with MLPs, Radial Basis Functions, and Support Vector Machines. Hebbian Learning and Principal Component Analysis. Competitive and Kohonen Networks. Principles of Digital Signal Processing. Adaptive Filters. Temporal Processing with Neural Networks. Training and Using Recurrent Networks. Appendices. Glossary. Index.
Synthesis and functionalization of polypyrrole-Fe3O4 nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine (2007)

Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 particles are successfully encapsulated inside polypyrrole (PPY) via emulsion polymerization using polyvinyl alcohol as a surfactant. The thus-obtained PPY-Fe3O4 nanoparticles have distinct spherical shape and size (80–100 nm in diameter) and are superparamagnetic with high magnetization values and good electrical conductivities. By varying the starting Fe3O4 : pyrrole monomer mass ratio, nanoparticles with varying Fe3O4 content can be synthesized. These nanoparticles are also cyto-compatible, and due to the electrically conducting PPY they display enhanced specific power absorption rates on the basis of per unit weight of Fe as compared to the seed Fe3O4 particles. The surfaces of these nanoparticles can be further functionalized with cell-targeting molecules such as folic acid. The potential of using folic acid-functionalized PPY-Fe3O4 nanoparticles in cancer cell targeting was investigated and it was observed that the uptake of these nanoparticles by MCF-7 breast cancer cells is significantly enhanced as compared to non-functionalized ones. Such nanoparticles with cancer cell targeting capability and enhanced specific power absorption rates hold great promise for use in the intracellular hyperthermia treatment of cancer tumors.
Mice Lacking the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-B Gene ( Vegfb ) Have Smaller Hearts, Dysfunctional Coronary Vasculature, and Impaired Recovery From Cardiac Ischemia (2000)

Vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGF-B) is closely related to VEGF-A, an effector of blood vessel growth during development and disease and a strong candidate for angiogenic therapies. To further study the in vivo function of VEGF-B, we have generated Vegfb knockout mice (Vegfb(-/-)). Unlike Vegfa knockout mice, which die during embryogenesis, Vegfb(-/-) mice are healthy and fertile. Despite appearing overtly normal, Vegfb(-/-) hearts are reduced in size and display vascular dysfunction after coronary occlusion and impaired recovery from experimentally induced myocardial ischemia. These findings reveal a role for VEGF-B in the development or function of coronary vasculature and suggest potential clinical use in therapeutic angiogenesis.
Metal Oxide Gas Sensors: Sensitivity and Influencing Factors (2010)

Conductometric semiconducting metal oxide gas sensors have been widely used and investigated in the detection of gases. Investigations have indicated that the gas sensing process is strongly related to surface reactions, so one of the important parameters of gas sensors, the sensitivity of the metal oxide based materials, will change with the factors influencing the surface reactions, such as chemical components, surface-modification and microstructures of sensing layers, temperature and humidity. In this brief review, attention will be focused on changes of sensitivity of conductometric semiconducting metal oxide gas sensors due to the five factors mentioned above.
All-fiber femtosecond pulse amplification circuit using chirped Bragg gratings (1995)

In-fiber chirped Bragg gratings are used as stretchers and compressors for distortionless amplification of femtosecond pulses in chirped pulse amplification system. It is shown that using opposite directions of pulse propagation the effects of higher order dispersion and grating irregularities can be eliminated and the original pulse shape and duration can be recovered. Using these gratings a compact all-fiber system consisting of a mode-locked fiber oscillator and an erbium-doped fiber amplifier was built. 330 fs bandwidth-limited pulses from a fiber oscillator were stretched to 30 ps, amplified and recompressed back to 408 fs. The maximum energy of the pulses after the amplifier was 6 nJ and was at the threshold of nonlinear effects for a 30 ps stretched pulse.
Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Once-Daily Niacin for the Treatment of Dyslipidemia Associated With Type 2 Diabetes<subtitle>Results of the Assessment of Diabetes Control and Evaluation of the Efficacy of Niaspan Trial</subtitle> (2002)

Low doses of ER niacin (1000 or 1500 mg/d) are a treatment option for dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Infection of HIV-1 Transgenic Mice with Mycobacterium avium Induces the Expression of Infectious Virus Selectively from a Mac-1-Positive Host Cell Population (1999)

Infection of HIV-1-transgenic mice with Mycobacterium avium, a common opportunistic pathogen in AIDS patients, was shown to result in increased tissue expression of viral specific transcripts. Moreover, by coculturing splenocytes from the transgenic animals with human T cells it was possible to demonstrate that the elevation in HIV-1 mRNA triggered by M. avium infection reflects increased production of infectious virions. Viral immune activation was also shown to correlate with a marked elevation of p24 in supernatants of ex vivo-cultured tissues and, more importantly, in systemic increases in the HIV-1 protein in plasma. Interestingly, these tissue and systemic p24 responses were found to be differentially regulated. Thus, while in vitro p24 production by cultured splenocytes increased concurrently with bacterial loads during the first 6 wk of infection, levels of the Ag in plasma actually decreased. In situ localization experiments together with FACS analysis of HIV-1-expressing splenocytes indicated that virus production is restricted largely to cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Indeed, in vitro p24 expression by cells from noninfected transgenic mice was up-regulated by polyclonal stimulation of macrophages but not T cells. Together these results underscore the importance of the macrophage reservoir in persistent virus expression and establish a convenient and relevant animal model for studying the factors responsible for immune activation of HIV-1 induced by mycobacterial as well as other common coinfections encountered by AIDS patients.