gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An efficient synthesis of the naphthalene subunits of the protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin C (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAn efficient synthesis of the naphthalene subunits of the protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin CRobert S. Coleman and Eugene B. GrantCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 4, 1357–1359Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00004a006https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00004a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views408Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Hydrocarbon Bond Dissociation Energies (1982)

The best available values for homolytic bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of various classes of neutral compounds are considered in this review. (BDEs in ionic species is a legitimate subject that is touched on briefly and could easily be included in a longer review. The same can be said for heterolytic BDEs, which are not reviewed as such, although some of the ionic thermochemical data discussed yield values for these processes.) The major emphasis is on hydrocarbons and their nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, halogen, and silicon-containing derivations, but limited data for inorganic molecules are included. The focus is particularly on prototypical radicals whose heats of formation, formerly thought to be well in hand, have recently been called into serious question. The intent is to include all the major types of sigma bonds, if not all specific cases where known or estimatable heats of formation allow bond dissociation energies to be generated. This review attempts to acknowledge all the standard techniques for measuring BDEs in polyatomic molecules and to offer critical analysis of selected portions of the literature. This leaves values that the authors recommend as the most likely to be correct at the time of this writing. 246 references, 9 tables.
Equation-of-State-Based Downhole Fluid Characterization (2010)

Summary Downhole fluid analysis (DFA), together with focused-sampling techniques and wireline-formation-tester (WFT) tools, provides real-time measurements of reservoir-fluid properties such as the compositions of four or five hydrocarbon components/groups and gas/oil ratio (GOR). With the introduction of a new generation of DFA tools that analyze fluids at downhole conditions, the accuracy and reliability of the DFA measurements are improved significantly. Furthermore, downhole measurements of live-fluid densities are integrated into the new tools. Direct pressure and temperature measurements of the flowline ensure capture of accurate fluid conditions. To enhance these advanced features further, a new method of downhole fluid characterization based on the equation-of-state (EOS) approach is proposed in this work. The motivation for this work is to develop a new approach to maximize the value of DFA data, perform quality assurance or quality control of DFA data, and establish a fluid model for DFA log predictions along with DFA fluid profiling. The basic inputs from DFA measurements are weight percentages of CO2, C1, C2, C3–C5 and C6+, along with live-fluid density and viscosity. A new method was developed in this work to delump and characterize the DFA measurements of C3–C5 (or C2–C5) and C6+ into full-length compositional data. The full-length compositional data predicted by the new method were compared with the laboratory-measured gas chromatograph data up to C30+ for more than 1,000 fluids, including heavy oil, conventional black oil, volatile oil, rich gas condensate, lean gas condensate, and wet gas. These fluids have a GOR range of 8–140,000 scf/STB and a gravity range from 9 to 50°API. A good agreement was achieved between the delumped and gas-chromatograph compositions. In addition, on the basis of the delumped and characterized full-length compositional data, EOS models were established that can be applied to predict fluid-phase behavior and physical properties by virtue of DFA data as inputs. The EOS predictions were validated and compared with the laboratory-measured pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) properties for more than 1,000 fluids. The GOR, formation-volume factor, density, and viscosity predictions were in good agreement with the laboratory measurements. The established EOS model then was able to predict other PVT properties, and the results were compared with the laboratory measurements in good agreement. Consequently, the established EOS models have laid a solid foundation for DFA log predictions in DFA fluid profiling, which has been integrated successfully with DFA measurements in real time to delineate compositional and asphaltene gradients in oil columns and to determine reservoir connectivity. The latter results are beyond the scope of this work and have been given in separate technical papers.
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles as systems for controlled release of proteins -- preparation and characterization. (2004)

Poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PDLLGA) and poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLLGA) copolymers were prepared by bulk ring opening polymerization of lactide and glycolide and characterized by GPC, FTIR, 1H NMR and DSC. Copolymers with different molar masses at a constant lactide/glycolide ratio were used for preparation of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-loaded microparticles by the double emulsion w/o/w method. The influence of the copolymer molar mass and composition on the microparticle morphology, size, yield, degradation rate, BSA-loading efficiency and BSA release profile were studied. For microparticles prepared from PDLLGA copolymers, a biphasic profile for BSA release was found and for those made from PLLGA copolymers the release profile was typically triphasic; both of them were characterized by high initial burst release. Possible reasons for such behavior are discussed.
Compiling and using finite-state syntactic rules (1992)

A language-independent framework for syntactic finite-state parsing is discussed. The article presents a framework, a formalism, a compiler and a parser for grammars written in this formalism. As a substantial example, fragments from a nontrivial finite-state grammar of English are discussed.The linguistic framework of the present approach is based on a surface syntactic tagging scheme by F. Karlsson. This representation is slightly less powerful than phrase structure tree notation, letting some ambiguous constructions be described more concisely.The finite-state rule compiler implements what was briefly sketched by Koskenniemi (1990). It is based on the calculus of finite-state machines. The compiler transforms rules into rule-automata. The run-time parser exploits one of certain alternative strategies in performing the effective intersection of the rule automata and the sentence automaton.Fragments of a fairly comprehensive finite-state grammar of English are presented here, including samples from non-finite constructions as a demonstration of the capacity of the present formalism, which goes far beyond plain disambiguation or part of speech tagging. The grammar itself is directly related to a parser and tagging system for English created as a part of project SIMPR using Karlsson's CG (Constraint Grammar) formalism.
Analysis of the Structural Specificity of the Lactose Permease Toward Sugars (1989)

The sugar specificity properties of the lactose permease were investigated. Free galactose was shown to competitively inhibit the lactose permease yielding a Ki value of 7.4 mM. This value was severalfold higher than the observed Km for lactose (1.3 mM). A variety of other monosaccharides also showed significant inhibition of lactose transport. With regard to -OH groups along the galactose ring it appears that the relative importance is OH-3 greater than OH-4 greater than OH-6 greater than OH-2 greater than OH-1. In general, galactosides with alpha-linkages exhibited significantly higher affinities compared with their beta-linked counterparts. An optimal size for the aglycone portion of the galactoside was reached with aglycones containing hexose residues or a benzene ring. The preferred size of the aglycone appears to be hexose, benzene ring greater than methyl group greater than no aglycone much greater than disaccharide greater than trisaccharide. However, neither the specific structure of the aglycone nor its relative hydrophobicity appeared to be important factors in permease recognition. For example, the hydrophobic beta-nitrophenyl-galactosides had lower affinities compared with lactose (a beta-galactoside), whereas the alpha-nitrophenylgalactosides generally had higher affinities compared with melibiose (an alpha-galactoside). In addition, no consistent preference was seen when considering the location of the nitro group on the benzene ring. From this work, a model is presented which depicts the binding of galactosides to the lactose permease.
Effect of structural arrest on Poisson’s ratio in nanoreinforced elastomers (2007)

We evaluate the strain amplitude (gamma) dependence of the dynamic storage and loss moduli for polybutadiene elastomers containing carbon black particles of varied size at a constant volume fraction of 0.18. Measurements of the low-strain hysteretic softening (Payne effect or unjamming transition) in both shear and uniaxial extension modes allow the gamma dependence of Poisson's ratio (nu) to be determined. For elastomers with a fully agglomerated filler network, the breakup of the jammed state with increasing strain induces a transition from nu approximately 0.35 to the limiting value for an incompressible material, nu=0.5 . This transition is more marked for samples containing smaller filler particles. The effect is similar to the change caused by temperature in the glass transition zone of amorphous polymers, reflecting the parallel between deformation in jammed systems and temperature (and the volume changes associated with it) in glasses; thus, the Payne effect resembles the glass transition in polymers and molecular liquids. We also show herein that the alleviation of structural arrest in filled rubber occurs at a constant value of strain energy, independent of the size of the reinforcing particles or the nature of the strain (shear vs tension). Contrary to the results for shear or tensile deformation, under hydrostatic pressure (volumetric strain) a value of nu=0.5 is maintained for all magnitudes of strain. Along with the absence of hysteresis in cyclic pressure-volume measurements, this demonstrates the distinct behavior of the filler network for hydrostatic compression, in which there is no relative displacement of polymer and filler.
The HIV lipidome: A raft with an unusual composition (2006)

The lipids of enveloped viruses play critical roles in viral morphogenesis and infectivity. They are derived from the host membranes from which virus budding occurs, but the precise lipid composition has not been determined for any virus. Employing mass spectrometry, this study provides a quantitative analysis of the lipid constituents of HIV and a comprehensive comparison with its host membranes. Both a substantial enrichment of the unusual sphingolipid dihydrosphingomyelin and a loss of viral infectivity upon inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis in host cells are reported, establishing a critical role for this lipid class in the HIV replication cycle. Intriguingly, the overall lipid composition of native HIV membranes resembles detergent-resistant membrane microdomains and is strikingly different from that of host cell membranes. With this composition, the HIV lipidome provides strong evidence for the existence of lipid rafts in living cells.
Hybrid Approach for Emotion Classification of Audio Conversation Based on Text and Speech Mining (2015)

One of the greatest challenges in speech technology is estimating the speaker's emotion. Most of the existing approaches concentrate either on audio or text features. In this work, we propose a novel approach for emotion classification of audio conversation based on both speech and text. The novelty in this approach is in the choice of features and the generation of a single feature vector for classification. Our main intention is to increase the accuracy of emotion classification of speech by considering both audio and text features. In this work we use standard methods such as Natural Language Processing, Support Vector Machines, WordNet Affect and SentiWordNet. The dataset for this work have been taken from Semval -2007 and eNTERFACE’05 EMOTION Database.
Neurovirulence in Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Neonatal Cats Is Viral Strain Specific and Dependent on Systemic Immune Suppression (1998)

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that causes immune suppression and neurological disease in cats. Among animal viruses, individual viral strains have been shown to be neurovirulent, but the role of viral strain specificity among lentiviruses and its relationship to systemic immune suppression in the development of neurological disease remains uncertain. To determine the extent to which different FIV strains caused neurological disease, FIV V1CSF and Petaluma were compared in ex vivo assays and in vivo. Both viruses infected and replicated in macrophage and mixed glial cell cultures at similar levels, but V1CSF induced significantly greater neuronal death than Petaluma in a neurotoxicity assay. V1CSF-infected animals showed significant neurodevelopmental delay compared to the Petaluma-infected and uninfected animals. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of frontal cortex revealed significantly reduced N-acetyl aspartate/creatine ratios in the V1CSF group compared to the other groups. Cyclosporin A treatment of Petaluma-infected animals caused neurodevelopmental delay and reduced N-acetyl aspartate/creatine ratios in the brain. Reduced CD4(+) and CD8(+) cell counts were observed in the V1CSF-infected group compared to the uninfected and Petaluma-infected groups. These findings suggest that neurodevelopmental delay and neuronal injury is FIV strain specific but that systemic immune suppression is also an important determinant of FIV-induced neurovirulence.
FILTER-PAPER BLOOD SAMPLES FOR ELISA DETECTION OF BRUCELLA ANTIBODIES IN CARIBOU (2011)

We evaluated blood collected on Nobuto filter-paper (FP) strips for use in detecting Brucella spp. antibodies in caribou. Whole blood (for serum) and blood-saturated FP strips were obtained from 185 killed arctic caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus). Sample pairs (serum and FP eluates) were simultaneously tested in duplicate using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and indirect ELISA (i-ELISA) for Brucella spp. Prior work based on isolation of Brucella spp. revealed sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of 100% and 99%, respectively, for both these serum assays in caribou. Infection status of the animals in the current study was unknown but recent sampling had revealed clinical brucellosis and >40% Brucella antibody prevalence in the herd. To assess the performance of FP relative to serum in these assays, serum was used as the putative gold standard. On both assays, the findings for duplicate runs (A and B) were similar. For c-ELISA run A, the FP Brucella prevalence (47%) was lower than serum prevalence (52%), with SE 89% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 82-95%) and SP 99% (97-100%). For i-ELISA run A, serum and FP Brucella prevalence rates were identical (43%), and the SE and SP of FP testing were 100% and 99% (97-100%), respectively. The findings suggest better FP test performance with i-ELISA than with c-ELISA; however, i-ELISA does not distinguish cross-reacting antibodies induced by Brucella vaccination or exposure to certain other Gram-negative pathogens. Results for duplicate FP eluates (prepared using separate FP strips from each animal) were strongly correlated for both protocols (r=0.996 and 0.999 for c-ELISA and i-ELISA, respectively), indicating minimal variability among FPs from any individual caribou. Dried caribou FP blood samples stored for 2 mo at room temperature are comparable with serum for use in Brucella spp. c-ELISA and i-ELISA. Hunter-based FP sampling can facilitate detection of disease exposure in remote regions and under adverse conditions, and can expand wildlife disease surveillance across temporospatial scales.
Universal SNP Genotyping Assay with Fluorescence Polarization Detection (2001)

The degree of fluorescence polarization (FP) of a fluorescent molecule is a reflection of its molecular weight (Mr). FP is therefore a useful detection methodfor homogeneous assays in which the starting reagents and products differ significantly in Mr. We have previously shown that FP is a good detection method for the single-base extension and the 5'-nuclease assays. In this report, we describe a universal, optimized single-base extension assay for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This assay, which we named the template-directed dye-terminator incorporation assay with fluorescence polarization detection (FP-TDI), uses four spectrally distinct dye terminators to achieve universal assay conditions. Even without optimization, approximately 70% of all SNP markers tested yielded robust assays. The addition of an E. coli ssDNA-binding protein just before the FP reading significantly increased FP values of the products and brought the success rate of FP-TDI assays up to 90%. Increasing the amount of dye terminators and reducing the number of thermal cycles in the single-base extension step of the assay increased the separation of the FP values benveen the products corresponding to different genotypes and improved the success rate of the assay to 100%. In this study the genomic DNA samples of 90 individuals were typed for a total of 38 FP-TDI assays (using both the sense and antisense TDI primers for 19 SNP markers). With the previously described modifications, the FP-TDI assay gave unambiguous genotyping data for all the samples tested in the 38 FP-TDI assays. When the genotypes determined by the FP-TDI and 5'-nuclease assays were compared, they were in 100% concordance for all experiments (a total of 3420 genotypes). The four-dye-terminator master mixture described here can be used for assaying any SNP marker and greatly simplifies the SNP genotyping assay design.
Application of Permeation Enhancers in Oral Delivery of Macromolecules: An Update (2019)

The application of permeation enhancers (PEs) to improve transport of poorly absorbed active pharmaceutical ingredients across the intestinal epithelium is a widely tested approach. Several hundred compounds have been shown to alter the epithelial barrier, and although the research emphasis has broadened to encompass a role for nanoparticle approaches, PEs represent a key constituent of conventional oral formulations that have progressed to clinical testing. In this review, we highlight promising PEs in early development, summarize the current state of the art, and highlight challenges to the translation of PE-based delivery systems into safe and effective oral dosage forms for patients.
Synthetic stereo acoustic echo cancellation structure for multiple participant VoIP conferences (2001)

This paper proposes a novel acoustic echo cancellation structure intended for multiple participant, full-duplex, hands-free voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) conferencing. A synthetic stereo image is generated through the use of spatialization functions, which are used to assist the near-end user in distinguishing between far-end talkers. The proposed synthetic stereo structure, which uses a single echo canceler per spatial region, is compared to structures with a single echo canceler per channel and to stereophonic echo cancelers. The proposed structure does not suffer from correlation of the reference signals, which can cause system misconvergence in structures that use a single canceler per channel. Correlation of the reference signals is eliminated since monaural signals are transmitted at the far-end and static spatialization functions are used at the near-end to allocate each participant to a spatial region.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) stimulates adenylate cyclase and promotes proliferation of mouse primordial germ cells (1996)

During migration and for about 2 days after their arrival in the gonadal ridges, primordial germ cells (the embryonic precursors of gametes of the adult animal) proliferate actively. Certain growth factors, such as stem cell factor and leukemia inhibitory factor, seem to be essential for survival, proliferation and possibly differentiation of mouse primordial germ cell in vivo and/or in vitro. Similarly, increase in intracellular cAMP is followed by a marked enhancement of primordial germ cell proliferation, at least in culture. In the present study, we show that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptides (PACAP-27 and PACAP-38), two neuropeptides of the secretin-glucagon-vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-GH-releasing hormone family, stimulate in vitro proliferation of mouse primordial germ cells, bind to primordial germ cells and gonadal somatic cells (possibly to type I PACAP receptor) and activate adenylate cyclase in the same cells. Moreover, PACAP-like immunoreactivity was found in gonadal ridges, mostly on germ cell surface. In conclusion, evidence is provided that PGC proliferation can be stimulated by certain bioactive polypeptides, thus suggesting a novel regulatory role for such compounds in early gonad development.
Scaling Properties of Gold Nanocluster Chemiresistor Sensors (2006)

The effect of geometric scaling on the performance of metal-insulator metal-ensemble (MIME) chemiresistors based on gold nanoclusters is investigated. The ultrasmall size of the nanoclusters is shown to enable extreme scaling of the sensors with reductions in area of at least a factor of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> over conventional MIME devices. If the operating voltage is held constant, the absolute sensitivity of the devices is found to remain essentially unchanged by the geometric scaling. Interestingly, this occurs despite the fact that contact resistance appears to play a significant role in the smallest devices. The detection limit of the sensors is set by a signal-to-noise ratio, and because 1/f noise tends to dominate, reduction in sensor size raises the noise floor, leading to a degradation in the detection limit. Because of the importance of the 1/f noise, optimal performance will be obtained by operating the sensors under ac conditions with filtering. Despite the degradation in performance that results from scaling, nanocluster-based chemiresistors of reduced size can still be advantageous because of the possibility of achieving vapor-sensing systems of substantially reduced size, power, complexity, and cost, as well as new applications, e.g., for sensor arrays