gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of tilt sensors in functional electrical stimulation (1996)

Tilt sensors, or inclinometers have been investigated for the control of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) to improve the gait of persons who had a stroke or incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). Different types of tilt sensors were studied for their characteristics and their performance in measuring the angular displacement of leg segments during gait. Signal patterns of the lower leg with inertial tilt sensors were identified with control subjects and subjects with footdrop who are being stimulated during level walking. To minimize acceleration responses when the foot swings or hits the ground, we use low-pass filtering (1.5-2 Hz). A finite state approach allows the sensor fixed on the shank to effectively detect the step intention in a population of stroke and incomplete SCI subjects and to control the FES. When the lower leg tilts backward, the common peroneal nerve is stimulated to bring the foot up and forward. We have designed a miniature footdrop stimulator with a magnetoresistive tilt sensor built in, so no external sensor cables are required. The thresholds to turn the stimulator on and off can be adjusted, as well as the maximum period of stimulation and the minimum interval between periods of stimulation. This device features several important advantages over traditional AFO's or stimulators controlled by foot switches. Initial trials with stroke and SCI subjects have demonstrated substantial gait improvement for some subjects, while most liked the good cosmesis and ease of using the device with a tilt sensor.
Přednáška prof. Wilhelma Braunedera o vzniku Rakouské republiky (1995)

Dne ll. října 1994 navštívil právnic­kou fakultu Masarykovy univerzity v Br­ně prof. Dr. Wilhelm Brauneder z Ústa­vu pro rakouské a německé právní ději­ny Univerzity ve Vídni, aby zde proslovil přednášku na téma "Vznik Rakouské re­publiky roku 1918".
Activated Coagulation Factors: In‐Vivo and in‐Vitro Studies (1969)

Summary: In the course of serial coagulation studies on patients with acute leukaemia, defibrination was frequently encountered in the lymphoblastic, myeloblastic and promyelocytic varieties of the disease. Factor‐VIII levels were often high and varied very considerably, a particular phenomenon being the association at times of very high one‐stage levels with decreased two‐stage levels. In one patient heparin infusion was associated with a rise in the two‐stage Factor‐VIII level and cessation of the infusion with a prompt drop in level. Less frequently, gross elevation of one‐stage Factor‐XI activity occurred compared with two‐stage (eluate test) levels. In order to study possible mechanisms for the phenomena observed, the effect of adding various pro‐coagulants to normal plasma on the one‐ and two‐stage methods for measuring Factors VIII, IX and XI was studied. Thrombin caused a marked rise in one‐stage Factor‐VIII activity and a much smaller rise in one‐stage Factor IX and XI measurements. Two‐stage Factor‐VIII activity was reduced and Factors IX and XI little affected. These findings simulate some of the findings in vivo . The effect of activated Factors IX, X and XI on the one‐stage activity of Factors VIII, IX and XI may be explained by assuming that an activated product increases the one‐stage activity of any factor which participates in the clotting reaction sequence at a stage preceding the formation of the product. The actual findings were that an activated Factor‐X preparation increased one‐stage Factors VIII, IX and XI measurements; an activated Factor‐IX preparation considerably increased one‐stage Factor IX and XI measurements but affected Factor‐VIII activity only when used at very high concentrations; an activated Factor‐XI preparation did not affect Factor VIII, IX or XI one‐stage activity. None of these three activated products influenced the two‐stage measurements of Factors VIII, IX and XI. Tissue thromboplastin increased one‐stage Factor VIII, IX and XI activity to a similar extent, did not influence two‐stage Factor VIII and IX measurements and slightly increased two‐stage Factor‐XI activity.
Regulation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene in Glial Cells (2006)

Elevated levels of NO produced within the central nervous system (CNS) are associated with the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative human diseases such as multiple sclerosis, HIV dementia, brain ischemia, trauma, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Resident glial cells in the CNS (astroglia and microglia) express inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and produce high levels of NO in response to a wide variety of proinflammatory and degenerative stimuli. Although pathways resulting in the expression of iNOS may vary in two different glial cells of different species, the intracellular signaling events required for the expression of iNOS in these cells are slowly becoming clear. Various signaling cascades converge to activate several transcription factors that control the transcription of iNOS in glial cells. The present review summarizes different results and discusses current understandings about signaling mechanisms for the induction of iNOS expression in activated glial cells. A complete understanding of the regulation of iNOS expression in glial cells is expected to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention in NO-mediated neurological disorders.
Novel Agents in the Management of Lung Cancer (2010)

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Survival remains poor as approximately 80% of cases present with advanced stage disease. However, new treatments are emerging which offer hope to patients with advanced disease. Insights into cell biology have identified numerous intracellular and extracellular peptides that are pivotal in cancer cell signalling. Disrupting the function of these peptides inhibits intracellular signal transduction and diminishes uncontrolled proliferation, resistance to apoptosis and tumour angiogenesis. The most widely studied signalling pathway is the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) pathway. EGF signalling can be disrupted at numerous points. Blockade of the cell surface receptor is achieved by the monoclonal antibody cetuximab; intracellular tyrosine kinase activity is inhibited by erlotinib. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) regulates another pathway important for tumour growth. Inhibition of VEGF impairs angiogenesis and disrupts metastatic spread. Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to VEGF and blocks interaction with its cell surface receptor. Clinical trials have demonstrated that disruption of these signalling pathways can improve survival in advanced lung cancer. New compounds including folate antimetabolites such as pemetrexed, proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib, modified glutathione analogues such as TLK286, and other agents such as epothilones and other small molecules are currently being evaluated in patients with lung cancer. As more and more signalling peptides are targeted for manipulation, it is hoped that a new era is dawning in the treatment of advanced stage lung cancer. This review will focus on emerging new therapies in the management of lung cancer.
Use of Macrophages to Target Therapeutic Adenovirus to Human Prostate Tumors (2011)

New therapies are required to target hypoxic areas of tumors as these sites are highly resistant to conventional cancer therapies. Monocytes continuously extravasate from the bloodstream into tumors where they differentiate into macrophages and accumulate in hypoxic areas, thereby opening up the possibility of using these cells as vehicles to deliver gene therapy to these otherwise inaccessible sites. We describe a new cell-based method that selectively targets an oncolytic adenovirus to hypoxic areas of prostate tumors. In this approach, macrophages were cotransduced with a hypoxia-regulated E1A/B construct and an E1A-dependent oncolytic adenovirus, whose proliferation is restricted to prostate tumor cells using prostate-specific promoter elements from the TARP, PSA, and PMSA genes. When such cotransduced cells reach an area of extreme hypoxia, the E1A/B proteins are expressed, thereby activating replication of the adenovirus. The virus is subsequently released by the host macrophage and infects neighboring tumor cells. Following systemic injection into mice bearing subcutaneous or orthotopic prostate tumors, cotransduced macrophages migrated into hypoxic tumor areas, upregulated E1A protein, and released multiple copies of adenovirus. The virus then infected neighboring cells but only proliferated and was cytotoxic in prostate tumor cells, resulting in the marked inhibition of tumor growth and reduction of pulmonary metastases. This novel delivery system employs 3 levels of tumor specificity: the natural "homing" of macrophages to hypoxic tumor areas, hypoxia-induced proliferation of the therapeutic adenovirus in host macrophages, and targeted replication of oncolytic virus in prostate tumor cells.
Advances in prostate cancer (1999)

The causes of prostate cancer reflect a complex interaction between environmental and genetic factors. Improvement in screening has reduced the incidence of prostate cancer, and risk assessment schemata have enhanced therapy, both for localized disease and for locally recurrent prostate cancer. The use of hormone therapy has been further evaluated, as primary therapy for locally advanced cancers, for lymph node-positive cancers, and for de novo metastatic cancer. Modest inroads have been made in the treatment and understanding of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Advances have been made in the understanding of the risk factors, genetic and environmental, associated with the development and progression of prostate cancer; in screening; and in optimizing therapy for localized, locally recurrent, and advanced disease. This article reviews the most salient observations reported between November 1, 1997 and October 31, 1998.
Systems of Monomolecular Layers—Assembling and Physico‐Chemical Behavior (1971)

Abstract Systems of monomolecular layers can form functional units having properties not exhibited by the individual layers. On UV irradiation, for example, an energy transfer takes place from a sensitizer (S) layer to an acceptor (A) layer and results in fluorescence of A. S and A may be cyanine dyes. Monomolecular layers can be manipulated in many ways and combined to construct novel systems; the energy transfer method can be used to establish whether the desired structure has in fact been produced. The monolayer assembling technique can also be used for the investigation of the deactivation of excited molecules; an interesting example is the spectral sensitization of the photographic process.
Demosthenes, Or. VI: KATA ΦΙΛΙΠΠOY B 6–9; 13–15 (1982)

Das Fragment, ein Ausschnitt aus einem Kodexblatt, ist auf beiden Seiten mit einer leicht nach rechts geneigten, schönen Buchschrift des 3. Jh. n. Chr. beschrieben, bei der besonders die schwungvolle Unterlänge des Ypsilon und der bis unter den folgenden Buchstaben hinübergezogene Abstrich des Kappa ins Auge fallen.
miR-155 augments CD8 + T-cell antitumor activity in lymphoreplete hosts by enhancing responsiveness to homeostatic γ c cytokines (2014)

Lymphodepleting regimens are used before adoptive immunotherapy to augment the antitumor efficacy of transferred T cells by removing endogenous homeostatic "cytokine sinks." These conditioning modalities, however, are often associated with severe toxicities. We found that microRNA-155 (miR-155) enabled tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells to mediate profound antitumor responses in lymphoreplete hosts that were not potentiated by immune-ablation. miR-155 enhanced T-cell responsiveness to limited amounts of homeostatic γc cytokines, resulting in delayed cellular contraction and sustained cytokine production. miR-155 restrained the expression of the inositol 5-phosphatase Ship1, an inhibitor of the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt, and multiple negative regulators of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5), including suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (Socs1) and the protein tyrosine phosphatase Ptpn2. Expression of constitutively active Stat5a recapitulated the survival advantages conferred by miR-155, whereas constitutive Akt activation promoted sustained effector functions. Our results indicate that overexpression of miR-155 in tumor-specific T cells can be used to increase the effectiveness of adoptive immunotherapies in a cell-intrinsic manner without the need for life-threatening, lymphodepleting maneuvers.
Alterations in the vascular extracellular matrix of granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) ‐deficient mice (2003)

GM-CSF takes part in the cytokine network regulating the metabolism of extracellular matrix (ECM) during atherogenesis. Since data also point to an effect of GM-CSF on the vascular ECM in general, the vascular collagenous matrix was studied in wild-type and GM-CSF-deficient mice. Histological examination revealed a disorganized vascular ECM in GM-CSF-deficient mice involving the collagenous matrix and elastic fiber system. As shown by electron microscopy, collagen bundles were disrupted and reduced. The diameter of fibrils varied widely. mRNA expression of collagens and related molecules was studied. Fibrillar collagens were markedly reduced, alpha1(I)procollagen to 16.5% of control levels alpha1(III)procollagen was abolished whereas the expression level of network-forming alpha1(VIII)procollagen was not altered. As shown by in situ hybridization, the number of collagen-expressing cells was reduced. Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitor 1 were not affected by GM-CSF deficiency. Our studies demonstrate that GM-CSF plays a major role in the cytokine network regulating the metabolism of vascular collagens. GM-CSF deficiency leads to an altered composition of the vascular collagenous matrix, i.e., reduced amount of fibrillar collagen, altered ratio of fibrillar and network-forming collagen, and failures in the fibrillogenesis. We suggest that GM-CSF is a basic requirement for the maintenance of vessel wall integrity and resilience.
Quercetin induces type‐II estrogen‐binding sites in estrogen‐receptor‐negative (MDA‐MB231) and estrogen‐receptor‐positive (MCF‐7) human breast‐cancer cell lines (1993)

We show that flavonoids positively regulate type-II estrogen-binding site (type-II EBS) levels both in MCF-7 (ER-positive) and in MDA-MB231 (ER-negative) breast-cancer cells. Type-II EBS were measured by a whole-cell assay at 4 degrees C for 2.5 hr using [3H]-estradiol as tracer. In both cell lines the effect of quercetin (Q) was dose-related and already evident after 12 hr of Q treatment. The increase of type-II EBS levels after Q exposure requires both RNA and protein synthesis, since actinomycin D and cycloheximide completely abolished the stimulatory effect. The ability of flavonoids in inducing type-II EBS is well correlated with their relative binding affinity for type-II EBS. The flavonoid-induced enhancement of type-II EBS levels is accompanied by increased sensitivity of cancer cells to the inhibitory effect of low Q concentrations. Our data suggest that type-II EBS are ligand-regulated receptors.
Isolation of Intracellular Proteinase Inhibitors Derived from Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins by Genetic Screening (2006)

The specific intracellular inhibition of protein activity at the protein level is a highly valuable tool for the validation or modulation of cellular processes. We demonstrate here the use of designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) as tailor-made intracellular proteinase inhibitors. Site-specific proteolytic processing plays a critical role in the regulation of many biological processes, ranging from basic cellular functions to the propagation of viruses. The NIa(pro) proteinase of tobacco etch virus, a major plant pathogen, can be functionally expressed in Escherichia coli without harming the bacterium. To identify inhibitors of this proteinase, we first selected binders to it from combinatorial libraries of DARPins and tested this pool with a novel in vivo screen for proteinase inhibition. For this purpose, a hybrid protein consisting of the omega subunit of E. coli RNA polymerase was covalently fused to a DNA-binding protein, the lambdacI repressor, containing an NIa(pro) cleavage site in the linker between the two proteins. Thus, this transcriptional activator is inactivated by site-specific proteolytic cleavage, and inhibitors of this cleavage can be identified by the reconstitution of transcription of a reporter gene. Following this two-step approach of selection and screening, we could rapidly isolate NIa(pro) proteinase inhibitors active inside the cell from highly diverse combinatorial DARPin libraries. These findings underline the great potential of DARPins for modulation of protein functionality in the intracellular space. In addition, our novel genetic screen can help to select and identify tailor-made proteinase inhibitors based on other protein scaffolds or even on low molecular weight compounds.
Electrochemical Oxidation of Benzene to Phenol (2011)

Gas-phase electrochemistry: The direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol was investigated using an electrochemical cell. The production of phenol over a VO(x) anode was found to be significant at 50 °C. The resultant current efficiency for phenol production and selectivity toward phenol reached 76.5 and 94.7 %, respectively.
Four-photon mixing and high-speed WDM systems (1995)

The trend toward higher bit rates in lightwave communications has increased interest in dispersion-shifted fiber to minimize dispersion penalties. At the same time optical amplifiers have increased interest in wavelength multiplexing. These two methods of increasing system capacity, if used together, can result in severe degradation due to fiber nonlinearity. This paper discusses the impact of the principal nonlinearity, four-photon mixing, and describes strategies that allow simultaneous use of high bit rates and WDM.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Urinary Excretion of Cocaine and Metabolites in Humans: A Kinetic Analysis of Published Data* (1985)

Cocaine plasma levels and urinary excretion data from the literature were subjected to kinetic analysis. The objective was to present the available empirical data in a more useful form and provide a basis for interpretation of cocaine and/or metabolite concentrations in isolated urine samples. Cocaine disposition was modeled as a one-compartment open kinetic system exhibiting linearity within the usually encountered dose range. Model-predicted urine concentrations of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and ecgonine methyl ester after a 100-mg cocaine dose were compared with literature values to test the validity of the model, and to indicate the use of ratios of concentrations in isolated urine samples to estimate the time since the dose of cocaine. A nomogram relating BZ urine concentrations to cocaine doses was constructed.
The growth hormone-binding protein in rat serum is an alternatively spliced form of the rat growth hormone receptor. (1989)

A cDNA clone isolated from rat liver was demonstrated to encode a soluble, secreted growth hormone (GH)-binding protein consistent with the properties of the newly discovered serum GH-binding protein. The protein coding region of this cDNA was identical in sequence to the extracellular domain of the rat liver GH receptor up to three amino acids before the putative transmembrane domain. At this point, an additional 17 amino acids were encoded in the GH-binding protein before a stop codon was encountered. This cDNA clone was shown to be representative of the structure of the mRNA present in rat liver. These results suggest that the mechanism for production of the rat serum GH-binding protein is by alternative splicing of the gene for the rat GH receptor.
<title>Revolutionary impact of today's array detector technology on chemical analysis</title> (1991)

State-of-the-art array detector technology is having a profound impact on numerous types of chemical analysis. The unique capabilities of these detectors create unprecedented opportunities in the various domains of high resolution, ultra sensitive optical spectroscopy. These array detectors, including charge coupled devices (CCDs) and charge injection devices (CIDs) have found successful application in molecular fluorescence, chemiluminescence, and atomic emission spectroscopies. The potential of these detectors for spatial and spectral imaging has been realized in a variety of applications including thin layer chromatography and flow cytometry. Applications of array detectors to these areas are discussed along with the inherently unique methods of operation such as random access integration, time delay integration, and flat fielding.
Hadamard Transform Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry:  A High-Speed Detector for Capillary-Format Separations (2002)

This work demonstrates that with an intrinsic duty cycle of 50% and spectral storage speeds up to 277 spectra s(-1) Hadamard transform time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HT-TOFMS) is a promising detector for any capillary-format separation that can be coupled to MS by electrospray ionization. Complete resolution of the components of a nine-peptide standard was achieved by coupling pressurized-capillary electrophoresis (pCE) to HT-TOFMS. The addition of pressure to the separation capillary decreased analysis times and stabilized the electrospray ionization source. Pulsed-pressurized injection of reserpine was used to experimentally simulate narrower peaks than those obtained in the pCE. HT-TOFMS was able to sample peaks having widths in the millisecond range.
Third-Person Imitation Learning (2017)

Reinforcement learning (RL) makes it possible to train agents capable of achieving sophisticated goals in complex and uncertain environments. A key difficulty in reinforcement learning is specifying a reward function for the agent to optimize. Traditionally, imitation learning in RL has been used to overcome this problem. Unfortunately, hitherto imitation learning methods tend to require that demonstrations are supplied in the first-person: the agent is provided with a sequence of states and a specification of the actions that it should have taken. While powerful, this kind of imitation learning is limited by the relatively hard problem of collecting first-person demonstrations. Humans address this problem by learning from third-person demonstrations: they observe other humans perform tasks, infer the task, and accomplish the same task themselves. In this paper, we present a method for unsupervised third-person imitation learning. Here third-person refers to training an agent to correctly achieve a simple goal in a simple environment when it is provided a demonstration of a teacher achieving the same goal but from a different viewpoint; and unsupervised refers to the fact that the agent receives only these third-person demonstrations, and is not provided a correspondence between teacher states and student states. Our methods primary insight is that recent advances from domain confusion can be utilized to yield domain agnostic features which are crucial during the training process. To validate our approach, we report successful experiments on learning from third-person demonstrations in a pointmass domain, a reacher domain, and inverted pendulum.