gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple sclerosis- diagnosis, management and prognosis. (2011)

Multiple sclerosis usually starts with an acute episode of neurological disturbance, termed a 'clinically isolated syndrome', followed by an illness phase punctuated by relapses and remissions which may transition after 10 years to a phase of progressive accumulation of disability without relapses. Fifteen to 20% of patients will have a progressive course from the onset. There is significant interpatient variability in prognosis. The main diagnostic criteria are clinical, supported by investigations including magnetic resonance imaging and lumbar puncture and evoked potentials. First line disease modifying agents for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis include interferon-ß and glatiramer. First line treatment for relapses is usually intravenous methylprednisolone for 3 days. Troublesome symptoms may include spasticity, parasthesias, tremor, erectile dysfunction, depression and anxiety, fatigue and pain. After excluding differential diagnoses, symptomatic management includes pharmacological agents, allied health consultation and continence strategies. Although pregnancy reduces disease activity, there is a higher risk of relapse in the postpartum period.
Production of galacto-oligosaccharide from lactose by Sterigmatomyces elviae CBS8119 (1995)

Our stock cultures were screened for microorganisms that can produce galacto-oligosaccharide (Gal-OS) from lactose. Of the 574 strains of bacteria and yeasts tested, Sterigmatomyces elviae CBS8119, Rhodotorula minuta IFO879, and Sirobasidium magnum CBS6803 were found to be efficient producers of Gal-OS from lactose and S. elviae CBS8119 was selected as a representative, high-level producing strain. With toluene-treated resting S. elviae CBS8119 cells, 135 mg of Gal-OS per ml was produced from 360-mg/ml lactose. During this reaction, the by-product glucose was found to inhibit Gal-OS production. Therefore, in order to remove the glucose from the reaction mixture, a culture method in which cell growth followed the enzymatic reaction was devised, which increased the yield of Gal-OS considerably because of the consumption of glucose for cell growth. Under such conditions, 232 mg of Gal-OS per ml was produced from 360-mg/ml lactose after incubation at 30 degrees for 60 h. The structure of the major product was identified as O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1--&gt;4)-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1--&gt;4)-D- glucopyranose (4'-galactosyl-lactose) by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
CHAPTER V (2013)

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Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) specifically kills BRCA2-deficient tumor cells (2012)

Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), removes poly(ADP-ribose) subunits from proteins that have previously been modified by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerse. This ensures that modification is transient, and it is suggested that removal of poly(ADP-ribose) is essential for some types of DNA repair. Here we show increased γH2AX foci formation and increased homologous recombination when PARG is inhibited. These effects are reduced when replication is inhibited, suggesting that in the absence of PARG activity, replication forks collapse, and homologous recombination is induced for repair. Consistent with this, we show that cells deficient in the homologous recombination protein BRCA2 are sensitive to PARG depletion or inhibition. These data raise the exciting possibility that PARG inhibitors may be used to specifically kill BRCA2 and other homologous recombination-deficient tumors.
Creation of Templated Complex Topological Morphologies in Colloidal Silica (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCreation of Templated Complex Topological Morphologies in Colloidal SilicaSong-Yuan Chang, Lei Liu, and Sanford A. AsherCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 15, 6745–6747Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00094a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00094a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views545Altmetric-Citations69LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Clemmensen reduction. Part III. αβ-Unsaturated ketones (1966)

Further studies on the Clemmensen reduction of αβ-unsaturated ketones support the suggestion that cyclopropanols are intermediates in this reaction. A variety of approaches to, and the successful synthesis of, a hitherto unknown bicyclo[3,1,0]hexan-1-ol are described. Clemmensen reduction of cholest-4-en-3-one gives 5β-cholest-3-ene which has been synthesised by an alternative route. The behaviour of some cyclohex-2-enols under Clemmensen conditions has been investigated.
Shape Control of Colloidal Metal Nanocrystals (2008)

Abstract Colloidal metal nanoparticles are emerging as key materials for catalysis, plasmonics, sensing, and spectroscopy. Within these applications, control of nanoparticle shape lends increasing functionality and selectivity. Shape‐controlled nanocrystals possess well‐defined surfaces and morphologies because their nucleation and growth are controlled at the atomic level. An overall picture of shaped metal particles is presented, with a particular focus on solution‐based syntheses for the noble metals. General strategies for synthetic control are discussed, emphasizing key factors that result in anisotropic, nonspherical growth such as crystallographically selective adsorbates and seeding processes.
The effect of a heat and moisture exchanger on humidity in a low‐flow anaesthesia system (1997)

The heat and humidity in a low-flow breathing system was measured in order to study the inherent humidifying properties of the system at low fresh gas flows (< 1 and 21.min-1) and whether a heat and moisture exchanger could compensate for the loss of heat and humidification occurring at higher fresh gas flows (51.min-1) in these systems. Sixty patients were randomly divided into three groups (< 1, 2 and 51.min-1 fresh gas flows) with a heat and moisture exchanger and three groups without a heat and moisture exchanger in the breathing system. Thirty minutes after the start of anaesthesia a control measurement was performed, after which a heat and moisture exchanger was inserted into the breathing system of the three groups randomly allocated to have one. Three more measurements were performed at 10, 30 and 60 min after control. At low fresh gas flows the humidifying properties of the low-flow breathing system are adequate (i.e. provide an absolute humidity > 20 mg.l-1) but at a fresh gas flow of 51.min-1 there is a need for a heat and moisture exchanger for adequate humidification of the inspired gas.
Content-based book recommending using learning for text categorization (2000)

Recommender systems improve access to relevant products and information by making personalized suggestions based on previous examples of a user's likes and dislikes. Most existing recommender systems use collaborative filtering methods that base recommendations on other users' preferences. By contrast,content-based methods use information about an item itself to make suggestions.This approach has the advantage of being able to recommend previously unrated items to users with unique interests and to provide explanations for its recommendations. We describe a content-based book recommending system that utilizes information extraction and a machine-learning algorithm for text categorization. Initial experimental results demonstrate that this approach can produce accurate recommendations.
Recent Progress on the Total Synthesis of Natural Products in China (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Replicating Rather than Nonreplicating Adenovirus-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Recombinant Vaccines Are Better at Eliciting Potent Cellular Immunity and Priming High-Titer Antibodies (2005)

A major challenge in combating the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic is the development of vaccines capable of inducing potent, persistent cellular immunity and broadly reactive neutralizing antibody responses to HIV type 1 (HIV-1). We report here the results of a preclinical trial using the chimpanzee model to investigate a combination vaccine strategy involving sequential priming immunizations with different serotypes of adenovirus (Ad)/HIV-1(MN)env/rev recombinants and boosting with an HIV envelope subunit protein, oligomeric HIV(SF162) gp140deltaV2. The immunogenicities of replicating and nonreplicating Ad/HIV-1(MN)env/rev recombinants were compared. Replicating Ad/HIV recombinants were better at eliciting HIV-specific cellular immune responses and better at priming humoral immunity against HIV than nonreplicating Ad-HIV recombinants carrying the same gene insert. Enhanced cellular immunity was manifested by a greater frequency of HIV envelope-specific gamma interferon-secreting peripheral blood lymphocytes and better priming of T-cell proliferative responses. Enhanced humoral immunity was seen in higher anti-envelope binding and neutralizing antibody titers and better induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. More animals primed with replicating Ad recombinants mounted neutralizing antibodies against heterologous R5 viruses after one or two booster immunizations with the mismatched oligomeric HIV-1(SF162) gp140deltaV2 protein. These results support continued development of the replicating Ad-HIV recombinant vaccine approach and suggest that the use of replicating vectors for other vaccines may prove fruitful.
The control of septum formation in fission yeast (1997)

If cell division is to produce two daughter cells that are viable, faithful copies of the parent cell, the landmark events of the cell division cycle, S phase, mitosis, and cytokinesis, must be executed in the correct order and with high fidelity. Though considerable advances have been made toward understanding the mechanisms that control the onset of S phase and mitosis, regulation of the events that occur at the end of the cell cycle, such as the reorganization of the cytoskeleton and the initiation of cell separation or cytokinesis, are less well understood. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe provides a simple eukaryotic model for the study of cytokinesis. S. pombe cells are rod shaped, grow mainly by elongation at their ends, and divide by binary fission after forming a centrally placed division septum. Study of S. pombe mutants has begun to shed light on how septum formation and cytokinesis are regulated both spatially and temporally, to achieve proper co-ordination with mitosis. Some of the genes defined by these mutants have been functionally conserved through eukaryotic evolution, suggesting that aspects of this control will be common to all eukaryotic cells.
Mechanisms of Resistance to Endocrine Therapy in Breast Cancer: Focus on Signaling Pathways, miRNAs and Genetically Based Resistance (2012)

Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy diagnosed in women. Approximately 70% of breast tumors express the estrogen receptor (ER). Tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are the most common and effective therapies for patients with ERα-positive breast cancer. Alone or combined with chemotherapy, tamoxifen significantly reduces disease progression and is associated with more favorable impact on survival in patients. Unfortunately, endocrine resistance occurs, either de novo or acquired during the course of the treatment. The mechanisms that contribute to hormonal resistance include loss or modification in the ERα expression, regulation of signal transduction pathways, altered expression of specific microRNAs, balance of co-regulatory proteins, and genetic polymorphisms involved in tamoxifen metabolic activity. Because of the clinical consequences of endocrine resistance, new treatment strategies are arising to make the cells sensitive to tamoxifen. Here, we will review the current knowledge on mechanisms of endocrine resistance in breast cancer cells. In addition, we will discuss novel therapeutic strategies to overcome such resistance. Undoubtedly, circumventing endocrine resistance should help to improve therapy for the benefit of breast cancer patients.
CD4+CD25+ Immunoregulatory T Cells (2002)

CD4(+)CD25(+) immunoregulatory T cells play a pivotal role in preventing organ-specific autoimmune diseases and in tolerance induction to allogeneic organ transplants. We investigated whether these cells could also control graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), the main complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Here, we show that the few CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells naturally present in the transplant regulate GVHD because their removal from the graft dramatically accelerates this disease. Furthermore, the addition of freshly isolated CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells at time of grafting significantly delays or even prevents GVHD. Ex vivo-expanded CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells obtained after stimulation by allogeneic recipient-type antigen-presenting cells can also modulate GVHD. Thus, CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells represent a new therapeutic tool for controlling GVHD in allogeneic HSCT. More generally, these results outline the tremendous potential of regulatory T cells as therapeutics.
Cross-linking of polythene by pile radiation (1952)

Abstract Polythene subjected to irradiation in the Harwell B.E.P.O. pile becomes cross-linked, and a new type of plastic is produced which does not melt at about 115° C, nor dissolve in hot organic compounds. The mechanical properties are also altered, especially above 115° C, when the plastic shows rubber-like elasticity. The paper is mainly confined to a study of the relationship between the degree of cross-linking and the amount of incident radiation causing cross-linking. Possible mechanisms of cross-linking are briefly considered. Cross-linking is shown to arise primarily from the fracture of C ̶ H bonds, and the liberation of hydrogen. The weight changes ΔM of a specimen of weight M , and surface area A, subjected to radiation R is found to be represented by the equation ΔM = —α1MR+α2MR2+β1AR2—β2AR2. These terms are considered to arise from hydrogen evolution from the bulk of the polymer, methane, ethane, etc., evolution from near the surface, and surface oxidation. From the hydrogen-loss term α1 the efficiency of cross-linking is deduced as 1 % of carbons cross-linked per unit radiation defined as 1017 thermal neutrons/cm2, and the associated fast neutrons and gammas. Microchemical analysis reveals a reduction in H/C ratio with radiation. The cross-linking ratio deduced is 1.1 % of carbon cross-linked per unit radiation. The corresponding figure deduced from the amount of radiation required to render cross-linked polythene insoluble is 1.1 to 1.4 %. For paraffin wax the figure is 0.9 %. From the volume of gas evolved a value of 1.16% is obtained. The effects of different forms of radiation are considered. It is concluded that γ-radiation as well as fast and thermal neutrons are responsible. The energy required to break a C—H bond is found to be of the order of 25 eV. The value of this physical method of producing cross-linking in polythene and in other long-chain polymers under accurately controllable conditions, without the incorporation of other chemical compounds and without heat treatment, is discussed. Since the mechanism of polymerization is different, a range of new polymers can be envisaged, of which the physical properties can be studied as a function of the degree of cross-linking.
Double emulsion microencapsulation of proteins as model antigens using polylactide polymers : effect of emulsifier on the microsphere characteristics and release kinetics (1996)

Polylactide and polylactide-co-glycolide microspheres containing a model protein, bovine serum albumin, were prepared by a double-emulsion, solvent evaporation process. Using scanning electron microscopy, the surface characteristics of the particles were examined together with the particle size distribution. Particles were approximately 1 μm in diameter with a narrow size range. The zeta potential and hydrophobicity of the surfaces were also investigated as was the crystallinity of the polymer and the microspheres, using differential scanning calorimetry. Drug encapsulation efficiency was highest (>90%) at theoretical loadings of 10% w/w. The surfactants used during preparation of the microspheres influenced the surface properties and loading of the particles as well as the release behaviour of the protein. Keeping all other variables constant, particles were manufactured using polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinylpyrrolidone during formation of the primary emulsion phase. Those formulated with polyvinylpyrrolidone resulted in significantly higher loadings (15.2% w/w vs. 11.3% w/w at 25% w/w theoretical loading) and also exhibited a marked reduction in the burst release of protein (12% vs. 35%), thereby significantly extending the protein release period with 30% released in one week.
Preparation of Monodisperse and Spherical Zirconia Powders by Heating of Alcohol–Aqueous Salt Solutions (1995)

A novel method is demonstrated which yields a spherical ZrO 2 powder of narrow size distribution through heating of a zirconyl chloride solution with an alcohol–water mixture as the solvent. The kind and composition of the solvent mixture greatly influenced the behavior of the precipitation and the morphology of the resulting particles. When 1‐propanol or 2‐propanol was employed as the alcohol of the solvent mixture, the resulting particles had a spherical shape and a narrow size distribution. The particle size and the particle agglomeration level could be controlled by the amount of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) in the solution. As‐prepared amorphous powder was crystallized to a mixture of metastable tetragonal phase and monoclinic phase at about 460°C. The metastable tetragonal phase was converted to the monoclinic phase as the calcination temperature was increased. After calcination, the spherical shape of the zirconia powder was retained, while its particle size was decreased slightly.
Inducing cells to disperse nickel nanowires via integrin-mediated responses (2015)

We present non-cytotoxic, magnetic, Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-functionalized nickel nanowires (RGD-nanowires) that trigger specific cellular responses via integrin transmembrane receptors, resulting in dispersal of the nanowires. Time-lapse fluorescence and phase contrast microscopy showed that dispersal of 3 μm long nanowire increased by a factor of 1.54 with functionalization by RGD, compared to polyethylene glycol (PEG), through integrin-specific binding, internalization and proliferation in osteosarcoma cells. Further, a 35.5% increase in cell density was observed in the presence of RGD-nanowires, compared to an increase of only 15.6% with PEG-nanowires. These results promise to advance applications of magnetic nanoparticles in drug delivery, hyperthermia, and cell separation where uniformity and high efficiency in cell targeting is desirable.
Mixed‐chain phospholipids: Structures and chain‐melting behavior (2001)

It has long been established that diacyl phospholipids isolated from animal cell membranes are predominantly of a mixed-chain variety, meaning that the sn-1 and sn-2 acyl chains are saturated and unsaturated acyl chains, respectively. In general, monoenoic and dienoic acids are found in the sn-2 acyl chain of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), whereas polyenoic acids are in phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEth). These unsaturated chains contain only cis-double bonds, which are always methylene-interrupted. In recent years, the structures and the chain-melting behavior of mixed-chain PtdCho and PtdEth have been systematically studied in this laboratory. Specifically, we have examined the effects of chain unsaturation of the sn-2 acyl chain on the phase transition temperature (Tm) of many PtdCho and PtdEth by high-resolution differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The Tm values, for instance, obtained from all-unsaturated mixed-chain PtdEth derived from a common precursor can be grouped together according to their chemical formula to form a Tm-diagram. Hence, all the Tm values can be compared simply, systematically, and simultaneously using the Tm-diagram. In addition, the energy-minimized structures of mixed-chain phospholipids containing different numbers/positions of methylene-interrupted cis-double bonds have been simulated by molecular mechanics calculations (MM). In this review, the results of our MM and DSC studies carried out with various mixed-chain phospholipids are summarized. In addition, we emphasize that the combined approach of MM and DSC yields unique information that can correlate the various Tm-profiles seen in the Tm-diagram with the structural variation of mixed-chain lipids as caused by the introduction of different numbers/positions of methylene-interrupted cis-double bonds.
Inhibition of vascular endothelial cell growth factor activity by an endogenously encoded soluble receptor. (1993)

Vascular endothelial cell growth factor, a mitogen selective for vascular endothelial cells in vitro that promotes angiogenesis in vivo, functions through distinct membrane-spanning tyrosine kinase receptors. The cDNA encoding a soluble truncated form of one such receptor, fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor, has been cloned from a human vascular endothelial cell library. The mRNA coding region distinctive to this cDNA has been confirmed to be present in vascular endothelial cells. Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor mRNA, generated by alternative splicing of the same pre-mRNA used to produce the full-length membrane-spanning receptor, encodes the six N-terminal immunoglobulin-like extracellular ligand-binding domains but does not encode the last such domain, transmembrane-spanning region, and intracellular tyrosine kinase domains. The recombinant soluble human receptor binds vascular endothelial cell growth factor with high affinity and inhibits its mitogenic activity for vascular endothelial cells; thus this soluble receptor could act as an efficient specific antagonist of vascular endothelial cell growth factor in vivo.