gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An N-acyl glycyltaurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid in the biliary bile acids of the rabbit (1998)

jj biliary bile acid composition of the adult and neonatal domestic rabbit, as well as that of the adult brush rabbit, was characterized. In adult domestic rabbits, the dominant bile acid present was deoxycholic acid (88% of total bile acids), a secondary bile acid formed by the bacterial 7-dehydroxylation of cholic acid. Although most of the bile acids present were conjugated with glycine, two exceptions were observed. About 3% of deoxycholic acid was conjugated, in N-acyl linkage, with glycyl-taurine. Chenodeoxycholic acid, which composed <1% of wile acids, was conjugated solely with taurine. The bile of neonatal rabbits contained a greater percentage of primary bile acids, and bile acids were conjugated to a much greater extent with taurine. The adult brush rabbit had a bile acid composition similar to that of the domestic rabbit, but about one-third of all bile acids were conjugated with taurine. In addition, lithocholic acid was present as its sulfated amidate, whereas in the domestic rabbit, lithocholic acid was conjugated solely with glycine. The biliary bile acid composition of rabbits appears to be unique both in terms of the predominant steroid moiety, as well as in the modes of conjugation.
Efficacy of Erythropoietin Combined With Enteral Nutrition for the Treatment of Anemia in Crohn's Disease (2012)

EPO combined with EN can improve the hemoglobin level in anemic CD patients.
Ocular immune privilege (2010)

The eye attempts to limit local immune and inflammatory responses to preserve vision. This phenomenon, known as ocular immune privilege, is mediated by a combination of local and systemic mechanisms. While immune privilege is believed to protect the eye from day-to-day inflammatory insults, it is not absolute and its mechanisms are still incompletely understood.
Modulation of Thermoelectric Power of Individual Carbon Nanotubes (2003)

Thermoelectric power (TEP) of individual single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been measured at mesoscopic scales using a microfabricated heater and thermometers. Gate electric field dependent TEP modulation has been observed. The measured TEP of SWNTs is well correlated to the electrical conductance across the SWNT according to the Mott formula. Strong modulations of TEP were observed in the single-electron conduction limit. In addition, semiconducting SWNTs exhibit large values of TEP due to the Schottky barriers at SWNT-metal junctions.
Urine-derived stem cells: A novel and versatile progenitor source for cell-based therapy and regenerative medicine (2014)

Engineered functional organs or tissues, created with autologous somatic cells and seeded on biodegradable or hydrogel scaffolds, have been developed for use in individuals with tissue damage suffered from congenital disorders, infection, irradiation, or cancer. However, in those patients, abnormal cells obtained by biopsy from the compromised tissue could potentially contaminate the engineered tissues. Thus, an alternative cell source for construction of the neo-organ or functional recovery of the injured or diseased tissues would be useful. Recently, we have found stem cells existing in the urine. These cells are highly expandable, and have self-renewal capacity, paracrine properties, and multi-differentiation potential. As a novel cell source, urine-derived stem cells (USCs) provide advantages for cell therapy and tissue engineering applications in regeneration of various tissues, particularly in the genitourinary tract, because they originate from the urinary tract system. Importantly, USCs can be obtained via a non-invasive, simple, and low-cost approach and induced with high efficiency to differentiate into three dermal cell lineages.
Sequence-Based Genotyping for Marker Discovery and Co-Dominant Scoring in Germplasm and Populations (2012)

Conventional marker-based genotyping platforms are widely available, but not without their limitations. In this context, we developed Sequence-Based Genotyping (SBG), a technology for simultaneous marker discovery and co-dominant scoring, using next-generation sequencing. SBG offers users several advantages including a generic sample preparation method, a highly robust genome complexity reduction strategy to facilitate de novo marker discovery across entire genomes, and a uniform bioinformatics workflow strategy to achieve genotyping goals tailored to individual species, regardless of the availability of a reference sequence. The most distinguishing features of this technology are the ability to genotype any population structure, regardless whether parental data is included, and the ability to co-dominantly score SNP markers segregating in populations. To demonstrate the capabilities of SBG, we performed marker discovery and genotyping in Arabidopsis thaliana and lettuce, two plant species of diverse genetic complexity and backgrounds. Initially we obtained 1,409 SNPs for arabidopsis, and 5,583 SNPs for lettuce. Further filtering of the SNP dataset produced over 1,000 high quality SNP markers for each species. We obtained a genotyping rate of 201.2 genotypes/SNP and 58.3 genotypes/SNP for arabidopsis (n = 222 samples) and lettuce (n = 87 samples), respectively. Linkage mapping using these SNPs resulted in stable map configurations. We have therefore shown that the SBG approach presented provides users with the utmost flexibility in garnering high quality markers that can be directly used for genotyping and downstream applications. Until advances and costs will allow for routine whole-genome sequencing of populations, we expect that sequence-based genotyping technologies such as SBG will be essential for genotyping of model and non-model genomes alike.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Activity Is Inversely Correlated with HIV Type 1 Viral Load in HIV Type 1-Infected Long-Term Survivors (1999)

HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) activity has been suggested to correlate with protection from progression to AIDS. We have examined the relationship between HIV-specific CTL activity and maintenance of peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocyte counts and control of viral load in 17 long-term survivors (LTSs) of HIV-1 infection. Longitudinal analysis indicated that the LTS cohort demonstrated a decreased rate of CD4+ T cell loss (18 cells/mm3/year) compared with typical normal progressors (approximately 60 cells/mm3/year). The majority of the LTSs had detectable, variable, and in some individuals, quite high (>10(4) RNA copies/ml) plasma viral load during the study period. In a cross-sectional analysis, HIV-specific CTL activity to HIV Gag, Pol, and Env proteins was detectable in all 17 LTSs. Simultaneous analysis of HIV-1 Gag-Pol, and Env-specific CTLs and virus load in protease inhibitor-naive individuals showed a significant inverse correlation between Pol-specific CTL activity and plasma HIV-1 RNA levels (p = 0.001). Furthermore, using a mixed linear effects model the combined effects of HIV-1 Pol- and Env-specific CTL activity on the viral load were significantly stronger than the effects of HIV-1 Pol-specific CTL activity alone on predicted virus load. These data suggest that the presence of HIV-1-specific CTL activity in HIV-1-infected long-term survivors is an important component in the effective control of HIV-1 replication.
A comparison of intrathecal dexmedetomidine, clonidine, and fentanyl as adjuvants to hyperbaric bupivacaine for lower limb surgery: A double blind controlled study (2013)

Intrathecal dexmedetomidine is associated with prolonged motor and sensory block, hemodynamic stability, and reduced demand of rescue analgesics in 24 h as compared to clonidine, fentanyl, or lone bupivacaine.
Activator protein 1 suppresses antitumor T-cell function via the induction of programmed death 1 (2012)

T cells play a critical role in tumor immunosurveillance by eliminating newly transformed somatic cells. However, tumor cell variants can escape from immunological control after immunoediting, leading to tumor progression. Whether and how T cells respond to tumor growth remain unclear. Here, we found that tumor-infiltrating T cells exhibited persistently up-regulated expression of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) subunit c-Fos during tumor progression. The ectopic expression of c-Fos in T cells exacerbated tumor growth, whereas the T-cell-specific deletion of c-Fos reduced tumor malignancy. This unexpected immunosuppressive effect of c-Fos was mediated through the induced expression of immune inhibitory receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1) via the direct binding of c-Fos to the AP-1-binding site in the Pdcd1 (gene encoding PD-1) promoter. A knock-in mutation of this binding site abrogated PD-1 induction, augmented antitumor T-cell function and repressed tumor growth. Taken together, these findings indicate that T-cell c-Fos subsequently induces PD-1 expression in response to tumor progression and that disrupting such induction is essential for repression of tumor growth.
Total synthesis of complex heterocyclic natural products (2008)

Abstract Total synthesis campaigns toward complex heterocyclic natural products are a prime source of inspiration for the design and execution of complex cascade sequences, powerful reactions, and efficient synthetic strategies. We highlight selected examples of such innovations in the course of our total syntheses of diazonamide A, azaspiracid-1, thiostrepton, 2,2'- epi -cytoskyrin A and rugulosin, abyssomycin C, platensimycin, and uncialamycin.
Assessing mitochondrial dysfunction in cells (2011)

Assessing mitochondrial dysfunction requires definition of the dysfunction to be investigated. Usually, it is the ability of the mitochondria to make ATP appropriately in response to energy demands. Where other functions are of interest, tailored solutions are required. Dysfunction can be assessed in isolated mitochondria, in cells or in vivo, with different balances between precise experimental control and physiological relevance. There are many methods to measure mitochondrial function and dysfunction in these systems. Generally, measurements of fluxes give more information about the ability to make ATP than do measurements of intermediates and potentials. For isolated mitochondria, the best assay is mitochondrial respiratory control: the increase in respiration rate in response to ADP. For intact cells, the best assay is the equivalent measurement of cell respiratory control, which reports the rate of ATP production, the proton leak rate, the coupling efficiency, the maximum respiratory rate, the respiratory control ratio and the spare respiratory capacity. Measurements of membrane potential provide useful additional information. Measurement of both respiration and potential during appropriate titrations enables the identification of the primary sites of effectors and the distribution of control, allowing deeper quantitative analyses. Many other measurements in current use can be more problematic, as discussed in the present review.
Microcavity effect in a single‐layer polymer light‐emitting diode (1995)

The luminescence of conjugated polymers is of great interest both as a tool for the investigation of electronic processes in these materials and ecause of its significance for applications in light‐emitting devices. The first demonstration of an electroluminescence‐pumped microcavity using a conjugated polymer is reported, representing the first step towards the development of an electrically or optically pumped organic laser.
Multidimensional Holography by Persistent Spectral Hole Burning (2002)

Persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB) in organic molecules doped in a polymer matrix at low temperatures allows optical recording of information in the dimensions of frequency and time, as well as in space and externally applied electric field. We use this special property to demonstrate new types of holograms, which extend conventional spatial-domain optical data storage into the new dimensions. Basic aspects of recording and playback of holograms by persistent spectral hole burning, including relation between frequency- and time-domain response function, is discussed. This paper is elucidating inherent relations between the time- and frequency-domain versions of PSHB holography. We show that by multiplexing holograms in the frequency dimension, we can store a large number (up to 12 000) of image holograms using a single spectral hole burning sample. In the time domain, we show storage and reproduction of ultrashort time-space images on the scale of 10-12−10-13 s. Experiments demonstrating unusual hologram properties, such as causality-related asymmetry of diffraction, inversion of time coordinate, and ultrafast processing, are presented.
$L^2$-FIELDS PRESERVING THE RICCI FIELD (1995)

The following result is well-known ([1]) : Let (M, g) be a connected, orientable and compact Riemannian manifold without boundary, and let Ric be the Ricci tensor field on M. If a conformal (or, projective) vector field Y on M satisfies $\Theta(Y)$Ric = 0, then Y is a Killing vector field on M, where $\Theta(Y)$ denotes the Lie differentiation with respect to Y. We consider the case of that M is a complete non-compact Riemannian manifold, and we have the following theorems :
Nanotoxicity: An Interplay of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Cell Death (2015)

Nanoparticles are emerging as a useful tool for a wide variety of biomedical, consumer and instrumental applications that include drug delivery systems, biosensors and environmental sensors. In particular, nanoparticles have been shown to offer greater specificity with enhanced bioavailability and less detrimental side effects as compared to the existing conventional therapies in nanomedicine. Hence, bionanotechnology has been receiving immense attention in recent years. However, despite the extensive use of nanoparticles today, there is still a limited understanding of nanoparticle-mediated toxicity. Both <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> studies have shown that nanoparticles are closely associated with toxicity by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and/or the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. The homeostatic redox state of the host becomes disrupted upon ROS induction by nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are also known to up-regulate the transcription of various pro-inflammatory genes, including tumor necrosis factor-α and IL (interleukins)-1, IL-6 and IL-8, by activating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. These sequential molecular and cellular events are known to cause oxidative stress, followed by severe cellular genotoxicity and then programmed cell death. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying nanotoxicity are not fully understood. This lack of knowledge is a significant impediment in the use of nanoparticles <i>in vivo</i>. In this review, we will provide an assessment of signaling pathways that are involved in the nanoparticle- induced oxidative stress and propose possible strategies to circumvent nanotoxicity.
Utilization of an alternative open reading frame of a normal gene in generating a novel human cancer antigen. (1996)

Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) derived from tumor-bearing patients recognize tumor-associated antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. The infusion of TIL586 along with interleukin (IL) 2 into an autologous patient with metastatic melanoma resulted in the objective regression of tumor. A gene encoding a tumor antigen recognized by TIL586 was recently isolated and shown to encode gp75. Here we report that an antigenic peptide, MSLQRQFLR, recognized by TIL586 was not derived from the normal gp75 protein. Instead, this nonamer peptide resulted from translation of an alternative open reading frame of the same gene. Thus, the gp75 gene encodes two completely different polypeptides, gp75 as an antigen recognized by immunoglobulin G antibodies in sera from a patient with cancer, and a 24-amino acid product as a tumor rejection antigen recognized by T cells. This represents the first demonstration that a human tumor rejection antigen can be generated from a normal cellular gene using an open reading frame other than that used to encode the normal protein. These findings revealed a novel mechanism for generating tumor antigens, which may be useful as vaccines to induce tumor-specific cell-mediated immunity against cancer.
In vitro and in vivo characterization of neural stem cells. (2004)

Neural stem cells are defined as clonogenic cells with self-renewal capacity and the ability to generate all neural lineages (multipotentiality). Cells with these characteristics have been isolated from the embryonic and adult central nervous system. Under specific conditions, these cells can differentiate into neurons, glia, and non-neural cell types, or proliferate in long-term cultures as cell clusters termed "neurospheres". These cultures represent a useful model for neurodevelopmental studies and a potential cell source for cell replacement therapy. Because no specific markers are available to unequivocally identify neural stem cells, their functional characteristics (self-renewal and multipotentiality) provide the main features for their identification. Here, we review the experimental and ultrastructural studies aimed at identifying the morphological characteristics and the antigenic markers of neural stem cells for their in vitro and in vivo identification.
Regional response leading to tumorigenesis after sulindac in small and large intestine of mice with Apc mutations (2003)

Sulindac and other NSAIDs have been widely studied as potential chemopreventive agents for colon cancer. Short-term studies have shown adenomatous polyps to regress in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). In this study the effect of sulindac on cancer as an endpoint was evaluated in ApcMin mice, a preclinical model of FAP with an Apc mutation in codon 850 that leads to gastrointestinal adenomas and carcinomas. Three groups of mice were studied all of which were fed AIN-76A diet: one group was fed AIN-76A diet alone, a second group received sulindac 200 p.p.m. premixed in the diet and a third group received sulindac 180 p.p.m. added in drinking water. ApcMin mice were killed 9 weeks after feeding was initiated. Mice receiving sulindac developed fewer tumors in the intestine overall; the major decrease in tumor development after sulindac was seen in the small intestine regardless of route of administration. In the large intestine, however, sulindac significantly increased the incidence, multiplicity and volume of tumors in the colon of ApcMin mice, a regional response to sulindac differing from previous reports. Quantitative measurements of apoptosis, Bax and Bcl-xL protein expression in the ApcMin mice revealed the ratio of Bax/Bcl-xL expression and apoptosis increased in the small intestine but decreased in the cecum, consistent with the regional tumorigenesis observed after sulindac. These findings thus suggest involvement of Bax and apoptosis in tumors developing after sulindac treatment in this mouse model.
In vitro rabbit articular cartilage organ model II. 35S incorporation in various oxygen tensions (1974)

Abstract Adult rabbit articular cartilage slice and plug explants were cultured in MEM/NCTC 109/fetal calf serum at 37°C in various oxygen tensions. In both the slice and plug explants, 35 SO 4 incorporation exhibited a broad tolerance to oxygen tensions varying from 5 (38 mm. Hg) to 60 (456 mm Hg) per cent. Significantly ( P 0.01) less 35 SO 4 was incorporated in 1 (7.6 mm Hg) and 90% (684 mm Hg) oxygen than in 21% (160 mm Hg) oxygen. No histologic or autoradiographic differences, and only slight histochemical differences, were discernible after seven days culture in the various oxygen tensions. It is suggested that low synovial fluid oxygen tension is detrimental to articular cartilage glycosaminoglycan metabolism.
Cellular Events in Radiation-induced Lymphomagenesis (1990)

Fractionated whole-body irradiation induces thymic lymphomas in most of treated C57Bl/Ka mice. The cellular events occurring during the latency period consist of the emergence of preleukaemic cells and of marked alterations to the T-cell lineage and the microenvironment within the thymus. The proportions of the various thymocyte subsets are modified, suggesting a blockage in the normal differentiation process. Thymic epithelial cells are functionally modified, leading to decreased interactions with immature thymocytes. Interestingly, bone marrow grafting early after irradiation, which inhibits the development of lymphomas, induces the disappearance of preleukaemic cells from the thymus, whereas thymocyte subpopulations and thymic epithelium are restored. Interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha also prevent the onset of lymphomas. Studies on the effect of bone marrow transplantation and cytokine inoculation in split-dose irradiated mice should allow characterization of the factors that modulate the progression of preleukaemic cells towards the neoplastic state.
Comparison of distributed fiber optic sensing methods for location and quantity information measurements (2002)

A state-of-the-art review of distributed optical fiber sensor technologies has been carried out. The studied methods include polarization-modulation-based, Brillouin-scattering-based, and frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) methods as well as optical coherence domain reflectometry (OCDR) and interferometric distributed sensing techniques. A classification of the methods with their main properties for measuring quantity information continuously from a long sensor fiber is carried out. The main emphasis is on the comparison of the methods with respect to their spatial resolution, measurement time, and measurement range. The FMCW methods are found to be the most versatile techniques for various applications, due to their short measurement times with measurement ranges extending up to tens of kilometers and location sensing resolution better than 0.1%. The OCDR methods are fast and compete with the FMCW methods in versaility, especially when the measurement range is shorter than 1 to 2 km.
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-Coated Luminescent/Magnetic Silica Microspheres:  Preparation, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications (2006)

Smart microstructures based on organic/inorganic hybrids were rationally designed to develop applications in the novel interdisciplinary research field “nanobioscience”. These multifunctional microspheres, combining several advances of photoluminescence and magnetic and temperature responses into one single entity, have been prepared via three steps. The first step involved magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) homogeneously incorporated into silica spheres using the modified Stöber method. Second, metal ions (Cd2+) were utilized to precipitate the differently sized thiol-capped CdTe nanocrystals onto the Fe3O4-dotted silica surface with negative charges, and then a thin silica shell was coated on them in favor of formation of a robust platform provided for anticorrosion of quantum dots. Third, the modified silica-coated Fe3O4@SiO2@CdTe microspheres were covered with the outer shell of thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) via template polymerization. These hybrid microspheres are desired as carriers for diagnostics, circulating drug-delivery systems, and treating cancer at its earliest stages.