gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Atom Transfer Polymerization Mediated by Solid-Supported Catalysts (2000)

Atom transfer polymerization of methyl methacrylate mediated by heterogeneous supported catalyst is described. Primary amino functional silica and crosslinked polystyrene are transformed to supported Schiff base ligands by reaction with 2-pyridine carbaldehyde. These supported ligands react with copper(I) bromide to produce active catalysts for living polymerization of methyl methacrylate with an activated alkyl bromide initiator. All catalysts lead to efficient polymerization with a linear increase in Mn with conversion, acceptable values of Mn and polymerization following first order kinetics, as is typical for this chemistry. Molecular masses are higher than targeted and PDi is approximately 1.6-2.0 and 1.4-1.6 for both silica and polystyrene supported catalysts respectively. Block co-polymers have been prepared using a macro-initiator approach. In all cases there are undetectable levels of copper present in the products and the catalyst may be re-used in subsequent polymerization reactions.
ARMILLARIA TRAPPING IN A PINUS KORAIENSIS PLANTATION IN NORTHEAST CHINA (1992)

Trap bags were used to assess the presence of an Armillaria species in a Pinus koraiensis plantation in Heilongjiang,China.216 trap bags containing bark were p1aced in three plots at 2×2m spacing.Afer 10 weeks,the presence of Armillaria was determined from the growth of rhizomorphs in the trap bags.The trap bag method proved successful in determining the presence of viable Armillaria rhizomorphs where only a few dead trees showed signs of the diseade.The distribution of positive traps corresponded generally with the presence of rhizomorphs in the soil taken from the trap holes.However,the trap bags were superior to soil samples for evaluating the presence of viable rhizomorphs.The fresh,abundant rhizomorphs were easily identified by persons inexperienced in the assessment of Armillaria root rot.Several practical problems need to solved before the method is applicable in general forest manage-ment in China.
A design of a capacitorless 1T-DRAM cell using gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) current for low-power and high-speed embedded memory (2004)

A capacitorless 1T DRAM cell using gate-induced drain leakage (GIRL) current for write operation was demonstrated for the first time. Compared with the conventional write operation with impact ionization current, write operation with GIDL current provides low-power and high-speed operation. The capacitorless 1T-DRAM is the most promising technology for high performance embedded DRAM LSI.
Cloning, characterization, and expression of the dapE gene of Escherichia coli (1992)

The dapE gene of Escherichia coli encodes N-succinyl-L-diaminopimelic acid desuccinylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of LL-diaminopimelic acid, one of the last steps in the diaminopimelic acid-lysine pathway. The dapE gene region was previously purified from a lambda bacteriophage transducing the neighboring purC gene (J. Parker, J. Bacteriol. 157:712-717, 1984). Various subcloning steps led to the identification of a 2.3-kb fragment that complemented several dapE mutants and allowed more than 400-fold overexpression of N-succinyl-L-diaminopimelic acid desuccinylase. Sequencing of this fragment revealed the presence of two closely linked open reading frames. The second one encodes a 375-residue, 41,129-M(r) polypeptide that was identified as N-succinyl-L-diaminopimelic acid desuccinylase. The first one encodes a 118-residue polypeptide that is not required for diaminopimelic acid biosynthesis, as judged by the wild-type phenotype of a strain in which this gene was disrupted. Expression of the dapE gene was studied by monitoring amylomaltase activity in strains in which the malPQ operon was under the control of various fragments located upstream of the dapE gene. The major promoter governing dapE transcription was found to be located in the adjacent orf118 gene, while a minor promoter allowed the transcription of both orf118 and dapE. Neither of these two promoters is regulated by the lysine concentration in the growth medium.
Chemisty of water treatment. Second edition (1998)

This books focuses on the chemical aspects of water quality and water treatment that influence the design of treatment processes. The information in the book covers the removal of organic and inorganic compounds, heavy metals, particulate matter, pathogenic bacteria, protozoans, and viruses from water. In addition, a new chapter is included on aeration technology.
Curvature-driven smoothing: a learning algorithm for feedforward networks (1993)

The performance of feedforward neural networks in real applications can often be improved significantly if use is made of a priori information. For interpolation problems this prior knowledge frequently includes smoothness requirements on the network mapping, and can be imposed by the addition to the error function of suitable regularization terms. The new error function, however, now depends on the derivatives of the network mapping, and so the standard backpropagation algorithm cannot be applied. In this letter, we derive a computationally efficient learning algorithm, for a feedforward network of arbitrary topology, which can be used to minimize such error functions. Networks having a single hidden layer, for which the learning algorithm simplifies, are treated as a special case.
Overview of the STanford Real-time Information Processor (STRIP) (1996)

We believe that the greatest growth potential for soft real-time databases is not as isolated monolithic databases but as components in open systems consisting of many heterogenous databases. In such environments, the flexibility to deal with unpredictable situations and the ability to cooperate with other databases (often non-real-time databases) is just as important as the guarantee of stringent timing constraints. In this paper, we describe a database designed explicitly for heterogeneous environments, the STanford Real-time Information Processor (STRIP). STRIP, which runs on standard Posix Unix, is a soft real-time main memory database with special facilities for importing and exporting data as well as handling derived data. We will describe the architecture of STRIP, its unique features, and its potential uses in overall system architectures.
Graphene‐Based Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, Properties, and Applications (2011)

Graphene, a two-dimensional, single-layer sheet of sp(2) hybridized carbon atoms, has attracted tremendous attention and research interest, owing to its exceptional physical properties, such as high electronic conductivity, good thermal stability, and excellent mechanical strength. Other forms of graphene-related materials, including graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and exfoliated graphite, have been reliably produced in large scale. The promising properties together with the ease of processibility and functionalization make graphene-based materials ideal candidates for incorporation into a variety of functional materials. Importantly, graphene and its derivatives have been explored in a wide range of applications, such as electronic and photonic devices, clean energy, and sensors. In this review, after a general introduction to graphene and its derivatives, the synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications of graphene-based materials are discussed.
American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation Guide to Warfarin Therapy (2003)

HomeCirculationVol. 107, No. 12American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation Guide to Warfarin Therapy
New 4‐Amino‐7,8‐dimethoxy‐5h‐pyrimido[5,4‐b]indole Derivatives: Synthesis and Studies as Inhibitors of Phosphodiesterases (1993)

A series of 4-amino-7,8-dimethoxy-5H-pyrimido[5,4-b]indole derivatives has been synthesized. These compounds resemble carbazeram and other pyridazino compounds with activity in the cardiovascular system. Some of these new compounds possess inotropic activity (Table 2), with a complementary effect on the inhibition of different CGI-PDE (Table 3). The most active compounds 5, 6d, and 7 also possess activity as vasodilators (Table 4). Some of these new compounds inhibit blood platelet aggregation induced by ADP and AA and are active as inhibitors of human platelet PDEs (Tables 5 and 6).
Neurophysiologic Intraoperative Monitoring of the Glossopharyngeal and Vagus Nerves (2011)

Neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring (NIOM) of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves (CN IX and X) is often used during surgeries involving the lower brain stem. Although both of these nerves contain sensory, autonomic, and motor fibers, it is the motor fibers that are most amenable to NIOM. CN IX supplies the stylopharyngeus muscle, and CN X supplies striated muscles in the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx. Monitoring of these CN can be performed by monitoring free running and stimulated electromyography (EMG) from the stylopharyngeus muscle (CN IX) and the vocal cords (CN X). Various surface and needle electrodes can be used to monitor these muscle groups. When CN IX is monitored, CN X should also be monitored, as it is often needed to differentiate when CN IX is selectively activated. Data are accumulating noting the use of monitoring these CN in tumor surgeries involving the lower brain stem.
MEKK1 Activation of Human Estrogen Receptor α and Stimulation of the Agonistic Activity of 4-Hydroxytamoxifen in Endometrial and Ovarian Cancer Cells (2000)

Estrogens are mitogens that stimulate the growth of both normal and transformed epithelial cells of the female reproductive system. The effect of estrogens is mediated through the estrogen receptors, which are ligand-regulated transcription factors. Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, functions as an estrogen receptor antagonist in breast but an agonist in uterus. In the current study, we show that coexpression of a constitutively active MEKK1, but not RAF or MEKK2, significantly increases the transcriptional activity of the receptor in endometrial and ovarian cancer cells. The expression of wild-type MEKK1 and an active Rac1, which functions upstream of MEKK1, also increased the activity of the receptor while coexpression of dominant negative MEKK1 blocked the Rac1 induction, indicating that endogenous MEKK1 is capable of activating the receptor. Additional experiments demonstrated that the MEKK1-induced activation was mediated through both Jun N-terminal kinases and p38/Hog1 and was independent of the known phosphorylation sites on the receptor. p38, but not Jun N-terminal kinases, efficiently phosphorylated the receptor in immunocomplex kinase assays, suggesting a differential involvement of the two kinases in the receptor activation. More importantly, the expression of the constitutively active MEKK1 increased the agonistic activity of 4-hydroxytamoxifen to a level comparable to that of 17beta-estradiol and fully blocked its antagonistic activity. These findings suggest that the uterine-specific agonistic activity of the tamoxifen compound may be determined by the status of kinases acting downstream of MEKK1.
Description and characterization of the novel hyperthermia‐ and thermoablation‐system for clinical magnetic fluid hyperthermia (2004)

Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) is a new approach to deposit heat power in deep tissues by overcoming limitations of conventional heat treatments. After infiltration of the target tissue with nanosized magnetic particles, the power of an alternating magnetic field is transformed into heat. The combination of the 100 kHz magnetic field applicator and the magnetofluid (MF), which both are designed for medical use, is investigated with respect to its dosage recommendations and clinical applicability. We found a magnetic field strength of up to 18 kA/m in a cylindrical treatment area of 20 cm diameter and aperture height up to 300 mm. The specific absorption rate (SAR) can be controlled directly by the magnetic field strength during the treatment. The relationship between magnetic field strength and the iron normalized SAR is only slightly depending on the concentration of the MF and can be used for planning the target SAR. The achievable energy absorption rates of the MF distributed in the tissue is sufficient for either hyperthermia or thermoablation. The fluid has a visible contrast in therapeutic concentrations on a CT scanner and can be detected down to 0.01 g/l Fe in the MRI. The system has proved its capability and practicability for heat treatment in deep regions of the human body.
Successful therapy of collagen-induced arthritis with TNF receptor-IgG fusion protein and combination with anti-CD4. (1995)

We have previously shown that anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) monoclonal antibody (mAb) ameliorates established collagen-induced arthritis and that the efficacy of this form of treatment can be enhanced by concurrent anti-CD4 treatment. Here we assess the efficacy of a human p55 TNF receptor-IgG fusion protein (p55-sf2), given alone or with anti-CD4 mAb. TNF receptor-IgG fusion protein (100 micrograms) suppressed paw swelling and limb recruitment in established arthritis and reduced the incidence of erosions in the proximal interphalangeal joints from 92% to 50%, which was comparable to 41% erosions using anti-TNF mAb. Methylprednisolone acetate (4.2 mg/kg/week) reduced clinical signs of inflammation in a manner comparable to TNF blockade but had little effect on the incidence of erosions. Co-administration of anti-CD4 and TNF receptor-IgG led to an even greater therapeutic effect than TNF receptor-IgG alone, with the incidence of erosions being reduced from 100% to 17%. Serological analyses showed that the beneficial effects of anti-CD4 and TNF receptor-IgG could be partly explained by the ability of anti-CD4 to prevent a neutralizing antibody response. These results confirm the importance of TNF in destructive inflammatory arthritis and demonstrate the feasibility of therapeutically targeting TNF with a form of TNF receptor. Finally, the findings confirm the beneficial effects of TNF-targeted therapy coupled with anti-CD4 therapy.
Transfer of beta-amyloid precursor protein gene using adenovirus vector causes mitochondrial abnormalities in cultured normal human muscle. (1996)

As in Alzheimer-disease (AD) brain, vacuolated muscle fibers of inclusion-body myositis (IBM) contain abnormally accumulated beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP), including its beta-amyloid protein epitope, and increased beta APP-751 mRNA. Other similarities between IBM muscle and AD brain phenotypes include paired helical filaments, hyperphosphorylated tau protein, apolipoprotein E, and mitochondrial abnormalities, including decreased cytochrome-c oxidase (COX) activity. The pathogenesis of these abnormalities in IBM muscle and AD brain is not known. We now report that direct transfer of the beta APP gene, using adenovirus vector, into cultured normal human muscle fibers causes structural abnormalities of mitochondria and decreased COX activity. In this adenovirus-mediated beta APP gene transfer, we demonstrated that beta APP overproduction can induce mitochondrial abnormalities. The data suggest that excessive beta APP may be responsible for mitochondrial and COX abnormalities in IBM muscle and perhaps AD brain.
The effect of thermal history during crystal growth on oxygen precipitation in Czochralski-grown silicon (1992)

The effect was studied of crystal growth conditions on oxygen precipitation in silicon crystals with uniform oxygen distribution and concentration of (1.1-1.2)*1018 cm-3. Following annealing at 800-1000 degrees C X-ray topographs were obtained and the concentration of precipitated oxygen was measured. The results show that the process of formation of oxygen precipitation centres during crystal growth has several stages and intrinsic point defects play a decisive role in all these stages. The type of dominating intrinsic point defects, their concentration, the crystal cooling rate at the stage of grown-in microdefect formation and the duration of low-temperature stage are all critical. A qualitative model for the formation of oxygen precipitation centres is proposed which takes into account the crystal cooling curve, type of intrinsic point defects, their concentration and distribution in the crystal volume. Depending on the crystal growth conditions different types of oxygen precipitation centres may arise. In the case of the 'interstitial' regime ( xi < xi t, where xi =V/G0, V is crystal growth rate, G0 is longitudinal temperature gradient near the interface, xi t=3.3*105 cm2 s-1 K-1) these are grown-in-B defects. In crystals grown in the 'vacancy' regime ( xi > xi t) centres of two kinds may coexist: high-temperature oxygen microprecipitates (grown-in A' defects) and low-temperature centres. Nucleation of A' defects occurs at 1150-1000 degrees C (depending upon the crystal pulling rate), the low-temperature centres are formed in the range 760-610 degrees C. The low-temperature centres have been found to depend on the high-temperature ones. The dependence is hypothesized to be due to vacancy supersaturation established at the onset of the low-temperature stage.
The transcriptional landscape and mutational profile of lung adenocarcinoma (2012)

All cancers harbor molecular alterations in their genomes. The transcriptional consequences of these somatic mutations have not yet been comprehensively explored in lung cancer. Here we present the first large scale RNA sequencing study of lung adenocarcinoma, demonstrating its power to identify somatic point mutations as well as transcriptional variants such as gene fusions, alternative splicing events, and expression outliers. Our results reveal the genetic basis of 200 lung adenocarcinomas in Koreans including deep characterization of 87 surgical specimens by transcriptome sequencing. We identified driver somatic mutations in cancer genes including EGFR, KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, MET, and CTNNB1. Candidates for novel driver mutations were also identified in genes newly implicated in lung adenocarcinoma such as LMTK2, ARID1A, NOTCH2, and SMARCA4. We found 45 fusion genes, eight of which were chimeric tyrosine kinases involving ALK, RET, ROS1, FGFR2, AXL, and PDGFRA. Among 17 recurrent alternative splicing events, we identified exon 14 skipping in the proto-oncogene MET as highly likely to be a cancer driver. The number of somatic mutations and expression outliers varied markedly between individual cancers and was strongly correlated with smoking history of patients. We identified genomic blocks within which gene expression levels were consistently increased or decreased that could be explained by copy number alterations in samples. We also found an association between lymph node metastasis and somatic mutations in TP53. These findings broaden our understanding of lung adenocarcinoma and may also lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
MikeTalk: a talking facial display based on morphing visemes (2002)

We present MikeTalk, a text-to-audiovisual speech synthesizer which converts input text into an audiovisual speech stream. MikeTalk is built using visemes, which are a set of images spanning a large range of mouth shapes. The visemes are acquired from a recorded visual corpus of a human subject which is specifically designed to elicit one instantiation of each viseme. Using optical flow methods, correspondence from every viseme to every other viseme is computed automatically. By morphing along this correspondence, a smooth transition between viseme images may be generated. A complete visual utterance is constructed by concatenating viseme transitions. Finally, phoneme and timing information extracted from a text-to-speech synthesizer is exploited to determine which viseme transitions to use, and the rate at which the morphing process should occur. In this manner, we are able to synchronize the visual speech stream with the audio speech stream, and hence give the impression, of a photorealistic talking face.
Efficacy of GSK461364, a selective Plk1 inhibitor, in human tumor xenograft models (2007)

5388 Human Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is essential for mitosis and regulates multiple stages of mitotic progression. In cancer, the expression of Plk1 is elevated in many tumor types and its critical role in cell cycle progression suggests that Plk1 inhibitors would prevent cancer cell proliferation. We have identified GSK461364, a potent and selective inhibitor of Plk1 kinase activity, which has been shown to cause mitotic arrest and inhibit the proliferation of >75 tumor cell lines at low nanomolar concentrations. In vivo effects were evaluated by phosphohistone H3 staining of fixed tumor sections or DNA content of tumor homogenates. In these studies, GSK461364 caused dose-dependent mitotic arrest in Colo205 xenografts, 24 hours after a single dose, ranging from 10 to 100 mg/kg . At the highest dose, the cell cycle effect involved a delay in G2 followed by mitotic entry and arrest. At lower doses that were capable of causing mitotic arrest, the G2 delay was not evident. In tumor growth studies, the Plk1 inhibitor was efficacious in Colo205 xenograft bearing mice on a variety of dosing schedules. The activity ranged from tumor growth delay using an intermittent schedule (100 mg/kg q4dx3), to complete regressions using a more frequent schedule (50 mg/kg q2dx12). In additional models, GSK461364 also demonstrated anti-tumor activity ranging from tumor growth delay to complete tumor growth inhibition. Based on these properties, GSK461364 has been selected for further evaluation as an anticancer agent.
Modelling the polarimetric variability of hot stars (2008)

Many hot stars exhibit stochastic polarimetric variability, thought to arise from clumping low in the wind. Here we investigate the wind properties required to reproduce this variability using analytic models, with particular emphasis on Luminous Blue Variables. We find that the winds must be highly structured, consisting of a large number of optically-thin clumps; while we find that the overall level of polarization should scale with mass-loss rate – consistent with observations of LBVs. The models also predict variability on very short timescales, which is supported by the results of a recent polarimetric monitoring campaign.
Characterization of cDNA encoding human placental anticoagulant protein (PP4): homology with the lipocortin family. (1988)

A cDNA library prepared from human placenta was screened for sequences encoding the placental protein 4 (PP4). PP4 is an anticoagulant protein that acts as an indirect inhibitor of the thromboplastin-specific complex, which is involved in the blood coagulation cascade. Partial amino acid sequence information from PP4-derived cyanogen bromide fragments was used to design three oligonucleotide probes for screening the library. From 10(6)independent recombinants, 18 clones were identified that hybridized to all three probes. These 18 recombinants contained cDNA inserts encoding a protein of 320 amino acid residues. In addition to the PP4 cDNA we identified 9 other recombinants encoding a protein with considerable similarity (74%) TO PP4, which was termed PP4-X. PP4 and PP4-X belong to the lipocortin family, as judged by their homology to lipocortin I and calpactin I.