gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Specific inhibition of Huntington's disease gene expression by siRNAs in cultured cells. (2003)

Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by an abnormally expanded CAG repeats in exon 1 of HD gene, and consequently its gene product, huntingtin, contains an abnormally long glutamine tract. It is generally accepted that the mutant huntingtin selectively kills striatal neurons. As a first step for the development of a radical therapy toward HD, here we have investigated the effects of siRNAs directed against the HD gene in order to knock down its expression in cultured cells. Results showed that, although efficiencies of three siRNA molecules tested were slightly different from each other with cell types and origins, one siRNA (named siRNA-HDexon1), targeted against a region at immediately upstream of CAG repeats, can efficiently and specifically inhibit the expression of huntingtin exon 1-EGFP fusion construct, whereas the other two had moderate or minor effects. The siRNA-HDexon1 did also efficiently suppress the endogenous huntingtin expression in cells of human origin.(Communicated by Masanori OTSUKA, M. J. A., Dec. 12, 2003)
Diagnosis and epidemiology of community-acquired respiratory virus infections in the immunocompromised host (2001)

Infections due to community-acquired respiratory viruses are important causes of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients. Respiratory syncytial virus, influenza viruses, and parainfluenza viruses are the most frequent causes of serious lower respiratory tract infections in this patient population. Early diagnosis, often possible with the use of rapid detection assays, is essential for optimal management and prevention of the spread of these serious infections to other vulnerable patients.
Birefringent device converts a standard scanning microscope into a STED microscope that also maps molecular orientation (2010)

Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy usually employs a scanning excitation beam that is superimposed by a donut-shaped STED beam for keeping the fluorophores at the periphery of the excitation spot dark. Here, we introduce a simple birefringent device that produces a donut-shaped focal spot with suitable polarization for STED, while leaving the excitation spot virtually intact. The device instantly converts a scanning (confocal) microscope with a co-aligned STED beam into a full-blown STED microscope. The donut can be adapted to reveal, through the resulting fluorescence image, the orientation of fluorophores in the sample, thus directly providing subdiffraction resolution images of molecular orientation.
Peripheral and central antinociceptive action of Na+–K+–2Cl− cotransporter blockers on formalin-induced nociception in rats (2005)

The possible local peripheral and spinal (intrathecal) antinociceptive effect of Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC) inhibitors was investigated in the rat formalin test. Nociceptive flinching behavior induced by formalin (1%) injection in the hind paw was assessed following administration of cotransporter inhibitors. Local peripheral pretreatment in the ipsilateral paw with bumetanide (ED(30), 27.1+/-12.7 microg/paw), piretanide (ED(30), 109.2+/-21.6 microg/paw) or furosemide (ED(30), 34.3+/-5.0 microg/paw), but not vehicle (DMSO 100%), produced dose-dependent antinociception in phase 2 of the test. Local bumetanide had the greatest effect (approximately 70% antinociception). Bumetanide also inhibited formalin-induced flinching behavior during phase 1 (ED(30), 105.6+/-99.1 microg/paw). Spinal intrathecal pretreatment with bumetanide (ED(30), 194.6+/-97.9 microg), piretanide (ED(30), 254.4+/-104.9 microg) or furosemide (ED(30), 32.0+/-6.9 microg), but not vehicle (DMSO 100%), also produced antinociception in phase 2. In this case, only intrathecal furosemide reduced flinching behavior during phase 1 (ED(30), 99.4+/-51.4 microg) and had the maximal antinociceptive effect in phase 2 (approximately 65% antinociception). The opioid receptor-antagonist naloxone (2 mg/kg, s.c.) did not reverse antinociception induced by either peripheral or spinal administration of NKCC blockers. Our data suggest that the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter localized in sensory neurons at intraspinal and peripheral sites is involved in formalin-induced nociception.
An enhancing effect on the saltiness of sodium chloride of added amino acids and their esters. (1989)

In a search for new salty compounds, sensory analyses of ornithyl-β-alanine (OBA), some amino acid methyl ester hydrochlorides and most amino acids were carried out. OBA was found not only to exhibit saltiness in the presence of a small excess of hydrogen chloride, but also to enhance the saltiness of sodium chloride. Glycine methyl and ethyl ester hydrochlorides were also found to exhibit good saltiness and enhancing effects. Basic and acidic amino acids were found to enhance the saltiness of sodium chloride, although they did not exhibit saltiness by themselves. We found that the intake of sodium ions can be cut by 75%, 50%, and 25% by using OBA, glycine esters and amino acids, respectively.
Ldr2Hdr (2007)

New generations of display devices promise to provide significantly improved dynamic range over conventional display technology. In the long run, evolving camera technology and file formats will provide high fidelity content for these display devices. In the near term, however, the vast majority of images and video will only be available in low dynamic range formats. In this paper we describe a method for boosting the dynamic range of legacy video and photographs for viewing on high dynamic range displays. Our emphasis is on real-time processing of video streams, such as web streams or the signal from a DVD player. We place particular emphasis on robustness of the method, and its ability to deal with a wide range of content without user adjusted parameters or visible artifacts. The method can be implemented on both graphics hardware and on signal processors that are directly integrated in the HDR displays.
Effect of inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism on corneal neovascularization in the rat. (1989)

We used computerized image analysis to evaluate quantitatively the ability of topically applied corticosteroids (dexamethasone sodium phosphate, prednisolone acetate), cyclooxygenase inhibitors (flurbiprofen, indomethacin, ketorolac), lipoxygenase inhibitors (REV 5901, esculetin, quercetin), and dual cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitors (BW 755C, BW A540C) to reduce corneal neovascularization in the rat induced by silver/potassium nitrate cauterization. Significant decreases in the neovascular response were found with corticosteroids and cyclooxygenase inhibitors. A complete dose-response curve was performed for a representative compound from each class. Dexamethasone was found to be superior to flurbiprofen in its ability to reduce neovascularization in this model, while no significant inhibition was noted with either REV 5901 or BW 755C, even at high doses. We conclude that the corneal angiogenic response in this model can be reduced by inhibition of cyclooxygenase as well as by other mechanisms that are steroid-dependent but are, as yet, poorly defined.
A 60 GHz dual-mode power amplifier with 17.4 dBm output power and 29.3% PAE in 40-nm CMOS (2012)

A 60 GHz dual-mode power amplifier (PA) is implemented in 40-nm bulk CMOS technology. The PA consists of two unit PAs with a transformer-based power combiner at the output. To reduce the power consumption and hence extend battery life time, one unit PA is tuned off in low-power mode. A switch is employed to short the output of this off-state unit PA and thus improves the back-off efficiency. The PA achieves a saturated output power (P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SAT</sub> ) of 17.4 dBm with 29.3% PAE in high-power mode and a P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SAT</sub> of 12.6 dBm with 19.6% PAE in low-power mode. The PA with the power combiner only consumes an active area of 0.074 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The reliability measurements are also performed and the PA has an estimated lifetime of 80613 hours.
Diagnostic accuracy of a rapid whole-blood test for detection of Helicobacter pylori (1997)

In this study, we evaluated a rapid whole-blood test, BM-test Helicobacter pylori, for detection of H. pylori infection in 144 and 48 patients with other gastrointestinal symptoms and with gastric cancer, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of the test correlated well with the standards used for the calculation, i.e., serology by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or culture and histology.
Extending FRET cascades on linear DNA photonic wires (2014)

Photonic wires were constructed by sequentially arranging up to 7 fluorophores along a concatenated DNA scaffold. This yielded nanostructures displaying from one- to six-energy transfer steps where end-to-end efficiency reflected the multiple underlying photophysical processes and the ability of long-range interactions to compensate for localized non-ideal dye behaviour.
Folate receptor α: A storied past and promising future in immunotherapy (2011)

Folate receptor alpha (FR α) is a membrane-bound transport protein with several features which make it an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. FR α is largely shielded from the immune system in normal tissue but exposed while expressed on a variety of malignancies; it is functionally active in cancer pathogenesis; and it is immunogenic. A variety of different immunotherapeutic methods targeting FR α are being explored to treat cancer. Passive immunotherapy includes monoclonal antibodies, antibodies modified to deliver treatments, and modified T cell therapy. Active immunotherapy has focused on using FR α to increase the immunogenicity of cancer or to generate active FR α-directed immunity through a range of vaccination techniques. We will review the rationale behind targeting immunotherapy to FR α and cover the various techniques designed to do this. Folate receptor alpha (FRα) is a unique tumor-associated antigen (TAA) with many characteristics that make it an attractive target for immunotherapy in cancer. Many different immunotherapeutic modalities utilizing FRα are being explored to treat cancer. The research is in various stages: some are just beyond conception, others have been tried and abandoned, and others still are progressing through human clinical trials. This review will cover immunotherapeutic methods, both active and passive, that target FRα.
Laser Raman Spectrometer for Process Control (1973)

An interference filter laser Raman spectrometer has been assembled and tested. Sensitivity and linearity of response have been demonstrated for a number of gases, volatile liquids, and mixtures thereof. It has been demonstrated that the bread-board device will function with less than 1 W of laser power, with a consequent tradeoff in sensitivity. It is felt that this device has demonstrated the principles required for implementation of the design and construction of a prototype process control instrument.
Improved Diagnosis of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Using Haptoglobin and Serum Amyloid A in a Panel Screen (2008)

These data demonstrate that haptoglobin and SAA are useful for discriminating PA from benign conditions as well as healthy controls when used in a diagnostic screening panel. This study supports the use of combined biomarkers for improved accuracy in the diagnosis of PA.
Composite steel beams with precast hollow core slabs: behaviour and design (2002)

Abstract This article reviews the design and behaviour of composite beams with precast hollow core slabs in multi‐storey buildings for gravity loading. A brief history of composite construction and introduction to precast–composite construction is given, followed by an overview of recent research work on various factors affecting the design. This includes the push‐off test procedure, the load–slip characteristic of the headed shear studs and the design procedures for this type of construction. Finite element modelling of the headed stud shear connectors and the composite beams with precast hollow core slabs are presented. Finally, recommendations and future research work is also suggested.
Cell Receptors in Disease (1977)

Intercellular transfer of information is frequently accomplished through receptors that recognize specific chemical signals such as hormones or neurotransmitters and respond to their presence by initiating a chain of events leading to an appropriate biologic response.1 Recognition results from specific, high-affinity binding of the chemical signal. At present, the mechanisms by which binding results in propagation of the signal are obscure. Even the widely held belief that the most immediate response to β-adrenergic binding is activation of adenylate cyclase must be questioned because of evidence that an earlier response may intervene between these two events.2 , 3 It is clear that failure . . .
The B subunit of Escherichia coli heat‐labile toxin alters the development and antigen‐presenting capacity of dendritic cells (2015)

Abstract Escherichia coli 's heat‐labile enterotoxin (Etx) and its non‐toxic B subunit (EtxB) have been characterized as adjuvants capable of enhancing T cell responses to co‐administered antigen. Here, we investigate the direct effect of intravenously administered EtxB on the size of the dendritic and myeloid cell populations in spleen. EtxB treatment appears to enhance the development and turnover of dendritic and myeloid cells from precursors within the spleen. EtxB treatment also gives a dendritic cell ( DC ) population with higher viability and lower activation status based on the reduced expression of MHC ‐II, CD 80 and CD 86. In this respect, the in vivo effect of EtxB differs from that of the highly inflammatory mediator lipopolysaccharide. In in vitro bone marrow cultures, EtxB treatment was also found to enhance the development of DC from precursors dependent on Flt3L. In terms of the in vivo effect of EtxB on CD 4 and CD 8 T cell responses in mice, the interaction of EtxB directly with DC was demonstrated following conditional depletion of CD 11c + DC . In summary, all results are consistent with EtxB displaying adjuvant ability by enhancing the turnover of DC in spleen, leading to newly mature myeloid and DC in spleen, thereby increasing DC capacity to perform as antigen‐presenting cells on encounter with T cells.
Therapeutic Potential of Ex Vivo Expanded Endothelial Progenitor Cells for Myocardial Ischemia (2001)

Ex vivo expanded EPCs incorporate into foci of myocardial neovascularization and have a favorable impact on the preservation of left ventricular function.
Development of MPS IVA mouse (Galnstm(hC79S·mC76S)slu) tolerant to human N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (2005)

Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS) deficiency. In recent studies of enzyme replacement therapy for animal models with lysosomal storage diseases, cellular and humoral immune responses to the injected enzymes have been recognized as major impediments to effective treatment. To study the long-term effectiveness and side effects of therapies in the absence of immune responses, we have developed an MPS IVA mouse model, which has many similarities to human MPS IVA and is tolerant to human GALNS protein. We used a construct containing both a transgene (cDNA) expressing inactive human GALNS in intron 1 and an active site mutation (C76S) in adjacent exon 2 and thereby introduced both the inactive cDNA and the C76S mutation into the murine Galns by targeted mutagenesis. Affected homozygous mice have no detectable GALNS enzyme activity and accumulate glycosaminoglycans in multiple tissues including visceral organs, brain, cornea, bone, ligament and bone marrow. At 3 months, lysosomal storage is marked within hepatocytes, reticuloendothelial Kupffer cells, and cells of the sinusoidal lining of the spleen, neurons and meningeal cells. The bone storage is also obvious, with lysosomal distention in osteoblasts and osteocytes lining the cortical bone, in chondrocytes and in the sinus lining cells in bone marrow. Ubiquitous expression of the inactive human GALNS was also confirmed by western blot using the anti-GALNS monoclonal antibodies newly produced, which resulted in tolerance to immune challenge with human enzyme. The newly generated MPS IVA mouse model should provide a good model to evaluate long-term administration of enzyme replacement.
Melanoma growth stimulatory activity: Isolation from human melanoma tumors and characterization of tissue distribution (1988)

Melanoma growth stimulatory activity (MGSA) is an acid and heat stable, auto-stimulatory growth factor which was first isolated from culture medium conditioned by the Hs294T human melanoma cell line. In this report, we describe the purification of MGSA from acid ethanol extracts of Hs294T tumors grown in nude mice using a series of Bio-Gel P30, reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography and heparin-sepharose steps. This modified procedure provides a 10-fold improved yield of MGSA over previously published procedures. Purified MGSA-stimulated melanoma cell growth in both 3H-thymidine and cell number assays over a concentration range of 0.06 to 6 ng/ml. The MGSA bioactivity was primarily associated with fractions which exhibited molecular weights of 16 and 13-14 Kd based upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in combination with TGF beta did not stimulate 3H-thymidine incorporation in Hs294T cells under the conditions used for MGSA bioassay. Monoclonal antibody to MGSA was used to screen melanoma and benign nevus cultures as well as fixed sectioned tissue for MGSA. The majority of the melanoma cultures were MGSA positive, while most nevus cultures were MGSA negative. However, when fixed sectioned tissue was screened for MGSA immunoreactivity, melanoma tissue was MGSA positive and three-fourths of the benign nevi were MGSA positive. In addition, epidermal keratinocytes and several tissues exhibiting proliferative disorders contained immunoreactive MGSA. These data suggest that MGSA may be a normal regulator of growth and that the microenvironment of the cell may regulate both production of MGSA and response to MGSA.
Bioreactor systems for the production of biopharmaceuticals from animal cells (2006)

The demand for biopharmaceutical products is set to see a significant increase over the next few years. As a consequence, the processes used to produce these products must be able to meet market requirements. The present paper reviews the current technologies available for animal cell culture and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each method, while also providing details of recent case studies. Processes are described for both suspension and anchorage-dependent cell lines.
SUPERB support for irregular scientific computations (2003)

Runtime support for parallelization of scientific programs is needed when some information important for decisions in this process cannot be accurately derived at compile time. This paper describes a project which integrates runtime parallelization with the advanced compile-time parallelization techniques of SUPERB. Besides the description of implementation techniques, language constructs are proposed, providing means for the specification of irregular computations. SUPERB is an interactive SIMD/MIMD parallelizing system for the Suprenum, iPSC/860 and Genesis-P machines. The implementation of the runtime parallelization is based on the Parti procedures developed at ICASE NASA.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
New functional multiaddress channel selective terminal using an arrayed waveguide grating multiplexer with cross-connect loopback paths (1995)

The authors propose and successfully demonstrate a new functional multiaddress channel selective (MACS) terminal for WDM ring networks. Its main component is a silica based 1.55 µm arrayed waveguide grating 16*16 multiplexer with unique loopback paths. The proposed MACS terminal can select desired channels with different daughter terminals by providing cross-connect loopback paths. A new concept is introduced on the basis of which the MACS terminal accommodates daughter terminals producing a mesh network topology on a physical layer. The authors clarify the fundamental operation of the new terminal which uses only one tunable laser source to select a desired channel. An important multiaddress channel selective function in the fabricated MACS terminal is realised, based on the spectral response in a discrete 4-channel selection and pulse signal transmissions in two selected channels.
Pd-Catalyzed Intermolecular Amidation of Aryl Halides:  The Discovery that Xantphos Can Be Trans-Chelating in a Palladium Complex (2002)

A general method for the intermolecular coupling of aryl halides and amides using a Xantphos/Pd catalyst is described. This system displays good functional group compatibility, and the desired C-N bond forming process proceeds in good to excellent yields with 1-4 mol % of the Pd catalyst. Additionally, the arylation of sulfonamides, oxazolidinones, and ureas is reported. The efficiency of these transformations was found to be highly dependent on reaction concentrations and catalyst loadings. A Pd complex resulting from oxidative addition of 4-bromobenzonitrile, (Xantphos)Pd(4-cyanophenyl)(Br) (II), was prepared in one step from Xantphos, Pd(2)(dba)(3), and the aryl bromide. Complex II proved to be an active catalyst for the coupling between 4-bromobenzonitrile and benzamide. X-ray crystallographic analysis of II revealed a rare trans-chelating bisphosphine-Pd(II) structure with a large bite angle of 150.7 degrees.
A built-in parametric timing measurement unit (2004)

On-chip timing-measurement units are needed because accessibility to internal nodes in SoCs is very limited, and performing time interval measurements using automatic test equipment is very difficult and expensive. We present a parametric timing measurement solution, which uses self-timed techniques and delivers high linearity and improved accuracy, at low risk of measurement error. Performing the time-to-digital conversion via built-in circuitry allows accurate measurement of short time intervals and setup/hold time. This circuitry coordinates well with low-cost ATE. To achieve this solution, researchers have used techniques such as delay matrices, phase-locked loops (PLLs), and dual-slope conversion.