gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Validation of Nasal Pressure for the Identification of Apneas/Hypopneas during Sleep (2002)

The reference standard for identifying apneas and hypopneas is a pneumotachograph, but using this can disrupt sleep. Nasal airflow estimation by measuring nasal pressure via nasal prongs is better tolerated by patients. However, nasal pressure has not been validated, using an event-by-event analysis, for detecting apneas/hypopneas during sleep. Eleven patients undergoing polysomnography wore a nasal mask capable of measuring nasal airflow (via pneumotachograph) and nasal pressure simultaneously. Each study was screened for respiratory disturbances, and from these 550 were randomly selected and blindly scored as an apnea/hypopnea or no event each using the pneumotachograph, nasal pressure, square root nasal pressure, and respiratory inductance sum signals independently. Agreement was measured using Cohen's kappa statistic. Intermeasurement agreements between the pneumotachograph and nasal pressure, square root nasal pressure, and respiratory inductance plethysmography sum were 0.76, 0.73, and 0.50, respectively. Inter- and intrarater agreements were, respectively, 0.68 and 0.60 for the pneumotachograph, 0.66 and 0.82 for nasal pressure, 0.61 and 0.78 for square root nasal pressure, and 0.47 and 0.76 for respiratory inductance plethysmography sum. These results indicate that nasal pressure has excellent agreement compared with a pneumotachograph and very good inter-/intrarater agreement. Square root transformation of the nasal pressure signal does not improve these levels of agreement, indicating that it is unnecessary in routine clinical practice for scoring apneas/hypopneas.
Sacral neuromodulation in the treatment of the unstable bladder (1998)

Sacral neuromodulation as a treatment for urge incontinence in patients with an unstable bladder is the subject of ongoing clinical studies. Although approximately 75% of the patients treated with a permanent sacral foramen electrode implant have experienced significant improvements, it is now also clear that there is an initial failure rate of about 25%. Recent studies have pointed out the importance of improved patient selection on the basis of sex differences, urodynamic parameters and psychological factors. Also, newer forms of test stimulation and permanent electrode implantation are being explored in an effort to improve on the present results.
Silica Aerogel: Synthesis and Applications (2010)

Silica aerogels have drawn a lot of interest both in science and technology because of their low bulk density (up to 95% of their volume is air), hydrophobicity, low thermal conductivity, high surface area, and optical transparency. Aerogels are synthesized from molecular precursors by sol‐gel processing. Special drying techniques must be applied to replace the pore liquid with air while maintaining the solid network. Supercritical drying is most common; however, recently developed methods allow removal of the liquid at atmospheric pressure after chemical modification of the inner surface of the gels, leaving only a porous silica network filled with air. Therefore, by considering the surprising properties of aerogels, the present review addresses synthesis of silica aerogels by the sol‐gel method, as well as drying techniques and applications in current industrial development and scientific research.
Microfluidics-a review (1993)

An overview is given of research activities in the field of fluid components or systems built with microfabrication technologies. This review focuses on the fluidic behaviour of the various devices, such as valves, pumps and flow sensors as well as the possibilities and pitfalls related to the modelling of these devices using simple flow theory. Finally, a number of microfluidic systems are described and comments on future trends are given.
Presence of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in urine of cancer patients and its possible clinical relevance. (1999)

High levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) are expressed in various types of cancer. Recent studies showed that cancer patients may have increased levels of soluble (s)uPAR in their serum. In the present study, we show that urine samples from healthy volunteers contain measurable amounts of suPAR. suPAR/creatinine levels from healthy controls showed only little variation over the day and were even stable during a month of continued monitoring. Importantly, urinary suPAR/creatinine levels were highly correlated with serum suPAR concentrations. Urinary suPAR levels were elevated in patients with different types of cancer. Interestingly, part of the urinary suPAR seemed to be present in a cleaved form, as has been found in tumor tissue extracts. Together with the recently established, cell migration-promoting effect of certain cleaved fragments of suPAR, the present data suggest that the measurement of urinary suPAR and/or its cleaved forms might have clinical implications.
Cytoplasmic Dynein (ddlc1) Mutations Cause Morphogenetic Defects and Apoptotic Cell Death in Drosophila melanogaster (1996)

We report the molecular and genetic characterization of the cytoplasmic dynein light-chain gene, ddlc1, from Drosophila melanogaster. ddlc1 encodes the first cytoplasmic dynein light chain identified, and its genetic analysis represents the first in vivo characterization of cytoplasmic dynein function in higher eucaryotes. The ddlc1 gene maps to 4E1-2 and encodes an 89-amino-acid polypeptide with a high similarity to the axonemal 8-kDa outer-arm dynein light chain from Chlamydomonas flagella. Developmental Northern (RNA) blot analysis and ovary and embryo RNA in situ hybridizations indicate that the ddlc1 gene is expressed ubiquitously. Anti-DDLC1 antibody analyses show that the DDLC1 protein is localized in the cytoplasm. P-element-induced partial-loss-of-function mutations cause pleiotropic morphogenetic defects in bristle and wing development, as well as in oogenesis, and hence result in female sterility. The morphological abnormalities found in the ovaries are always associated with a loss of cellular shape and structure, as visualized by a disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Total-loss-of-function mutations cause lethality. A large proportion of mutant animals degenerate during embryogenesis, and the dying cells show morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis, namely, cell and nuclear condensation and fragmentation, as well as DNA degradation. Cloning of the human homolog of the ddlc1 gene, hdlc1, demonstrates that the dynein light-chain 1 is highly conserved in flies and humans. Northern blot analysis and epitope tagging show that the hdlc1 gene is ubiquitously expressed and that the human dynein light chain 1 is localized in the cytoplasm. hdlc1 maps to 14q24.
Conjugative interaction in the orthogonal enamine, 1-azabicyclo[3.2.2]non-2-ene (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConjugative interaction in the orthogonal enamine, 1-azabicyclo[3.2.2]non-2-eneW. von E. Doering, Ludmila Birladeanu, D. W. Andrews, and M. PagnottaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 2, 428–432Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00288a025https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00288a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views349Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Bisphosphonates in oncology: evidence for the prevention of skeletal events in patients with bone metastases (2008)

Bone metastases frequently occur in patients with advanced solid tumors, particularly breast and prostate cancers, and nearly all patients with multiple myeloma have some degree of skeletal involvement. The strides made in treating these primary tumors have extended median survival times and thereby increased patient risk for skeletal-related events (SREs), including pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression, need for palliative radiation therapy or surgery to bone, and hypercalcemia. Bisphosphonates, inhibitors of osteoclastic bone resorption that were first established as treatment of osteoporosis, have been shown to prevent and/or delay SREs related to malignancy. The results of a large, randomized phase 3 study comparing zoledronic acid and pamidronate in breast cancer or multiple myeloma patients with osteolytic lesions showed that the incidence of SREs, time to first SRE, and risk of developing a SRE were similar between treatment groups. However, in patients with solid tumors (excluding breast or prostate cancer) metastatic to the bone, only zoledronic acid has demonstrated clinical efficacy. Although bone turnover marker levels, such as N-telopeptide of type I collagen, have been shown to correlate with clinical response, additional studies are needed to validate their ability to predict response to bisphosphonate therapy.
Expression pattern of CXC chemokine receptor-4 is correlated with lymph node metastasis in human invasive ductal carcinoma (2003)

The expression pattern of CXCR4 was significantly correlated with the degree of lymph node metastasis in breast cancers. Our data suggest that CXCR4 might be particularly important in facilitating metastasis through the lymphatic system.
The Clinical Pharmacology of L-Arginine (2001)

L-Arginine (2-amino-5-guanidinovaleric acid) is the precursor of nitric oxide, an endogenous messenger molecule involved in a variety of endothelium-mediated physiological effects in the vascular system. Acute and chronic administration of L-arginine has been shown to improve endothelial function in animal models of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. L-Arginine also improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans with hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. The responsiveness to L-arginine depends on the specific cardiovascular disease studied, the vessel segment, and morphology of the artery. The pharmacokinetics of L-arginine have recently been investigated. Side effects are rare and mostly mild and dose dependent. The mechanism of action of L-arginine may involve nitric oxide synthase substrate provision, especially in patients with elevated levels of the endogenous NO synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine. Endocrine effects and unspecific reactions may contribute to L-arginine-induced vasodilation after higher doses. Several long-term studies have been performed that show that chronic oral administration of L-arginine or intermittent infusion therapy with L-arginine can improve clinical symptoms of cardiovascular disease in man.
The nonstructural proteins of the hepatitis C virus: structure and functions. (1997)

The hepatitis C virus is the major causative agent of nonA-nonB hepatitis worldwide. Although this virus cannot be cultivated in cell culture, several of its features have been elucidated in the past few years. The viral genome is a single-stranded, 9.5kb long RNA molecule of positive polarity. The viral genome is translated into a single polyprotein of about 3000 amino acids. The virally encoded polyprotein undergoes proteolytic processing by a combination of cellular and viral proteolytic enzymes in order to yield all the mature viral gene products. The gene order of HCV has been determined to be C-E1-E2-p7-NS2-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5A-NS5B. The mature structural proteins, C, E1 and E2 have been shown to arise from the viral polyprotein via proteolytic processing by host signal peptidases. Conversely, generation of the mature nonstructural proteins relies on the activity of viral proteases. Thus, cleavage at the NS2/NS3 junction is accomplished by a metal-dependent autoprotease encoded within NS2 and the N-terminus of NS3. The remaining cleavages downstream from this site are effected by a serine protease contained within the N-terminal region of NS3. Besides the protease domain, NS3 also contains an RNA helicase domain at its C-terminus. NS3 forms a heterodimeric complex with NS4A. The latter is a membrane protein that has been shown to act as a cofactor of the protease. Whereas the NS5B protein has been shown to be the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, no function has yet been attributed to NS4B and NS5A. The latter is a cytoplasmic phosphoprotein and appears to be involved in mediating the resistance of the hepatitis C virus to the action of interferon.
UNVEIL: a large-scale, automated approach to detecting ransomware (2016)

Although the concept of ransomware is not new (i.e., such attacks date back at least as far as the 1980s), this type of malware has recently experienced a resurgence in popularity. In fact, in the last few years, a number of high-profile ransomware attacks were reported, such as the large-scale attack against Sony that prompted the company to delay the release of the film Interview. Ransomware typically operates by locking the desktop of the victim to render the system inaccessible to the user, or by encrypting, overwriting, or deleting the user's files. However, while many generic malware detection systems have been proposed, none of these systems have attempted to specifically address the ransomware detection problem.

In this paper, we present a novel dynamic analysis system called UNVEIL that is specifically designed to detect ransomware. The key insight of the analysis is that in order to mount a successful attack, ransomware must tamper with a user's files or desktop. UNVEIL automatically generates an artificial user environment, and detects when ransomware interacts with user data. In parallel, the approach tracks changes to the system's desktop that indicate ransomware-like behavior. Our evaluation shows that UNVEIL significantly improves the state of the art, and is able to identify previously unknown evasive ransomware that was not detected by the antimalware industry.
A methylated human 9-kb repetitive sequence on acrocentric chromosomes is homologous to a subtelomeric repeat in chimpanzees. (1996)

We have implemented an approach for the detection of DNA alterations in cancer by means of computerized analysis of end-labeled genomic fragments, separated in two dimensions. Analysis of two-dimensional patterns of neuroblastoma tumors, prepared by first digesting DNA with the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme Not I, yielded a multicopy fragment which was detected in some tumor patterns but not in normal controls. Cloning and sequencing of the fragment, isolated from two-dimensional gels, yielded a sequence with a strong homology to a subtelomeric sequence in chimpanzees and which was previously reported to be undetectable in humans. Fluorescence in situ hybridization indicated the occurrence of this sequence in normal tissue, for the most part in the satellite regions of acrocentric chromosomes. A product containing this sequence was obtained by telomere-anchored PCR using as a primer an oligonucleotide sequence from the cloned fragment. Our data suggest demethylation of cytosines at the cloned Not I site and in neighboring DNA in some tumors, compared with normal tissue, and suggest a greater similarity between human and chimpanzee subtelomeric sequences than was previously reported.
Enhanced Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 (FH) via multi-carrier implementation of the physical layer (2003)

In this paper, we propose a novel FSK scheme that enhances the performance and throughput of Bluetooth and wireless LAN systems (based on the IEEE 802.11 (FH) standard). Specifically, we propose a novel FSK implementation where, rather than frequency f/sub 0/ representing bit '0' and f/sub 1/ representing bit '1', we transmit multiple, orthogonal, in-phase sub-carriers around f/sub 0/ or f/sub 1/ to represent the binary information. We demonstrate that this technique is spectrally efficient when compared to traditional GFSK. Moreover, performance benefits are also demonstrated in standard indoor wireless channels employing both non-coherent and novel coherent reception techniques. Finally, we show how, with coherent reception, pseudo-orthogonal transmission of information can be employed to enhance the data rates with no cost in bandwidth.
AI revolutions in biology (2021)

AlphaFold is the most ground-breaking application of AI in science so far; it will revolutionize structural biology, but caution is warranted.
T cell maturation: thymocyte and thymus migrant subpopulations defined with monoclonal antibodies to MHC region antigens. (1980)

The maturation sequences of thymocytes is known to some extent: A generative layer of subcapsular large lymphoblasts gives rise to a major population of small cortical thymocytes and a minor population of midsize medullary thymocytes. The relative contribution of these three populations to the peripheral T cell populations is not yet known. In this study, subcapsular lymphoblasts, cortical small cells, medullary cells, and thymic emigrant cells have all been analyzed by immunofluorescence for expression of the antigens H-2D, I-A, H-2K, and TL. H-2D is expressed brightly on all subcapsular large cells, dimly on cortical small cells, and brightly on all migrants, cortisone-resistant thymocytes (CRT), and peripheral T cells. I-A can be detected at low levels on 30 to 50% of cells in all the thymic subpopulations, and on 30 to 50% of migrants and peripheral T cells. Fifty to 80% of small cortical cells do not express detectable H-2K, but all the other subpopulations, both inside and outside the thymus, stain uniformly quite brightly. TL3 is expressed on 70 to 80% of subcapsular and cortical thymocytes, 30 to 40% of CRT, is undetectable on migrants but can be seen at low levels on 10 to 20% of spleen and lymph node T cells. The possibility that some or all of these antigens represent stable markers of separate lineages rather than unstable, stage-specific markers is discussed.
High-Resolution Serum Proteomic Profiling of Alzheimer Disease Samples Reveals Disease-Specific, Carrier-Protein–Bound Mass Signatures (2005)

Carrier-protein enrichment of disease biomarkers coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry and discriminant pattern analysis is a powerful technology for diagnostics and population screening. The mass fingerprint model successfully classified blinded AD patient and control samples with high sensitivity and specificity.
Deep Reinforcement Learning: An Overview (2017)

We give an overview of recent exciting achievements of deep reinforcement learning (RL). We discuss six core elements, six important mechanisms, and twelve applications. We start with background of machine learning, deep learning and reinforcement learning. Next we discuss core RL elements, including value function, in particular, Deep Q-Network (DQN), policy, reward, model, planning, and exploration. After that, we discuss important mechanisms for RL, including attention and memory, unsupervised learning, transfer learning, multi-agent RL, hierarchical RL, and learning to learn. Then we discuss various applications of RL, including games, in particular, AlphaGo, robotics, natural language processing, including dialogue systems, machine translation, and text generation, computer vision, neural architecture design, business management, finance, healthcare, Industry 4.0, smart grid, intelligent transportation systems, and computer systems. We mention topics not reviewed yet, and list a collection of RL resources. After presenting a brief summary, we close with discussions. Please see Deep Reinforcement Learning, arXiv:1810.06339, for a significant update.
Surface-exposed and antigenically conserved determinants of outer membrane proteins of Branhamella catarrhalis (1989)

The outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Branhamella catarrhalis were studied in an effort to identify surface-exposed determinants that are conserved among strains of the bacterium. Aliquots of polyclonal antiserum were absorbed individually by strains of B. catarrhalis. The absorbed antisera were tested in comparison with unabsorbed antiserum in an immunoblot assay against OMPs of the homologous strain. The absence of a band recognized by antibodies in the absorbed antiserum compared with the unabsorbed antiserum indicated that surface-exposed determinants of the absorbing strain cross-reacted with determinants on the homologous strain. Two antisera were absorbed individually by 20 strains of B. catarrhalis, and the absorbed sera were studied in this way in immunoblot assays. OMP E (molecular weight, ca. 56,000) expresses surface-exposed determinants that are shared among 17 of the 20 strains studied. Antibodies to OMP G (molecular weight, 28,000) were absorbed from both antisera by 14 of the 20 strains. These studies demonstrate that OMP E and OMP G express determinants that are exposed on the surface of the intact bacterium. Furthermore, these determinants are antigenically conserved among a majority of strains of B. catarrhalis. On the basis of these observations, OMPs E and G should be considered when bacterial antigens are evaluated as potential vaccine candidates.
Integrated Communications Architecture for Road Transport Informatics (1991)

The field of Road Transport Informatics (RTI) has spurred a substantial interest in the development and adaptation of a diverse range of technologies for vehicle-infrastructure communications. Candidate technologies for early implementation include FM RDS-TMC, short-range beacons and cellular mobile radio GSM. This paper reviews some of the major characteristics of these systems and debates some of the issues influencing the design and integration of communications technologies for RTI. Next, a possible integration framework which essentially acts to decouple RTI applications from communications networks is described. The aim is to facilitate end-to-end communications between any two application systems which need to communicate, regardless of the network to which each is attached. This concept leads to the notion of a virtual RTI network and is currently under investigation to determine its viability and applicability.
Multiple diagnosis based on photoplethysmography: hematocrit, SpO 2 , pulse, and respiration (2002)

Photo-plethysmography measure pulsatile blood flow in real-time and non-invasively.One of widely known application of PPG is a measurement of saturated oxygen in arterial blood (SpO2). In our work , using several wave length more than those used in a pulse oximeter, an algorithm and instrument have been developed to measure hematocrit, saturated oxygen pulse and respiratory rates simultaneously.To predict hemotocrit, a dedicated algorithm is developed based on scattering of RBC and a protocall for detecting outlier signal is used to increase accuracy and reliability.Digital filtering techniques are used to exart respiratory rate signal. Utilization of wave length under 1000nm and a multi-wavelength LED array chip and digital-oriented electronic enable us to make a compact device. Our preliminary clinical trails shown that the achived percent errors are±8.2% for hematocrit when tested with 594 person ,r2 for SpO fitting is 0.99985 when tested with a Bi-Tek pulse oximeter simulator and the SPO2 error for in vivo test is ±2.5% over the range of 75~100%. The error of pulse rates is less than ±5%. We obtained a positive predictive value of 96% for respiratory rates in qualitative analysis.