gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effects of lithium ion and other agents on the activity of myo-inositol-1-phosphatase from bovine brain. (1980)

myo-Inositol-1-phosphatase has been partially purified from bovine brain. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 58,000. Both L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate and D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate are hydrolyzed by the enzyme as well as (-)-chiro-inositol 3-phosphate and 2'-AMP. Triphosphoinositide is not a substrate. The phosphatase is completely dependent on Mg2+, which has a Km of 1 mM. Calcium and manganese ions are competitive inhibitors of Mg2+ binding with Ki values of 18 microM and 2 microM, respectively. Lithium chloride inhibits the hydrolysis of both L- and D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate to the extent of 50% at a concentration of 0.8 mM. The phosphatase from testis is similarly inhibited by lithium. Lithium ion is a noncompetitive inhibitor of Mg2+ binding and an uncompetitive inhibitor of myo-inositol 1-phosphate binding. Because lithium chloride administration elicits both an increase in the levels of myo-inositol 1-phosphate and a decrease in the levels of myo-inositol in rat brain (Allison, 1978), and because these actions are blocked by anticholinergic agents, we examined the effects of cholinergic agonists and antagonists on the enzyme and found none. The possibility that the inhibition of this enzyme by lithium ion is related to the pharmacological actions of lithium is discussed.
Usher: an extensible framework for managing custers of virtual machines (2007)

Usher is a virtual machine management system designed to impose few constraints upon the computing environment under its management. Usher enables administrators to choose how their virtual machine environment will be configured and the policies under which they will be managed. The modular design of Usher allows for alternate implementations for authentication, authorization, infrastructure handling, logging, and virtual machine scheduling. The design philosophy of Usher is to provide an interface whereby users and administrators can request virtual machine operations while delegating administrative tasks for these operations to modular plugins. Usher's implementation allows for arbitrary action to be taken for nearly any event in the system. Since July 2006, Usher has been used to manage virtual clusters at two locations under very different settings, demonstrating the flexibility of Usher to meet different virtual machine management requirements.
Oligodeoxyribonucleotide Uptake in Primary Human Hematopoietic Cells Is Enhanced by Cationic Lipids and Depends on the Hematopoietic Cell Subset (1998)

The use of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODN) is a potential method to switch off gene expression. The poor cellular uptake of ODN in primary cells still is a limiting factor that may contribute to the lack of functional efficacy. Various forms of cationic lipids have been developed for efficient delivery of nucleic acids into different cell types. We examined the two cationic lipids DOTAP and DOSPER to improve uptake of ODN into primary human hematopoietic cells. Using a radiolabeled 23-mer, ODN uptake into blood-derived mononuclear cells could be increased 42- to 93-fold by DOTAP and 440- to 1,025-fold by DOSPER compared with application of ODN alone. DOTAP was also effective for delivery of ODN into leukocytes within whole blood, which may resemble more closely the in vivo conditions. As assessed by fluorescein isothiocyanate–conjugated ODN both cationic lipids enhanced cytoplasmic accumulation of ODN in endosome/lysosome-like structures with a partial shift of fluorescence to the whole cytoplasm and the nucleus following an incubation of 24 hours. ODN uptake by cationic lipids into different hematopoietic cell subsets was examined by dual-color immunofluorescence analysis with subset-specific monoclonal antibodies. We found a cell type–dependent delivery of ODN with greatest uptake in monocytes and smallest uptake in T cells. CD34+ cells, B cells, and granulocytes took up ODN at an intermediate level. Uptake of ODN into isolated CD34+cells could be increased 100- to 240-fold using cationic lipids compared with application of ODN alone. Stimulation of CD34+ cells by interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6, and stem cell factor did not significantly improve cationic lipid-mediated ODN delivery. Sequence-specific antisense effects in clonogenic assays could be shown by transfection of bcr-abl oncogene-directed antisense ODN into primary cells of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia using this established protocol. In conclusion, cationic lipids may be useful tools for delivery of antisense ODN into primary hematopoietic cells. These studies provide a basis for clinical protocols in the treatment of hematopoietic cells in patients with hematologic malignancies and viral diseases by antisense ODN.
Earthquake displacement fields mapped by very precise correlation. Complementarity with radar interferometry (2002)

Precise mapping of co- and post-seismic displacement fields is a key issue of the understanding and the modeling of tectonics. Small displacements over large areas, as happen during earthquakes, have been already successfully mapped, at CNES, by radar interferometry. However, mapping them using optical images, with a very high precision also provides useful information. Thanks to a better comprehension of the sampling theory, and therefore to better interpolation capabilities, the correlation technique is now able to provide a local displacement measure with a precision of a hundredth of a pixel. Making images well sampled, choosing the better interpolation techniques, and applying the technique to SPOT images has allowed us to precisely map images of the displacement fields over Landers (California) in 1997 and Izmit (Turkey), where major earthquakes have taken place. The complementarity of this measurement with the radar interferometric measurement is also discussed in the paper.
Evaluation of factors affecting mortality rate after sepsis in a murine cecal ligation and puncture model. (1983)

A murine model was used to test the effects of various therapeutic modalities on the rate of death following intra-abdominal sepsis as produced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). There were no deaths among sham-operated control mice after ether anesthesia, whereas CLP produced a mortality rate of 100% by 24 hours. When CLP was followed at 16 hours by excision of the cecum and saline peritoneal lavage (CLPE), the mortality rate was 20% at 24 hours and 60% at 72 hours. The therapeutic modalities consisted of gentamicin (1.5 mg/kg) alone or in combination with methylprednisolone (50 mg/kg) or tuftsin (1 mg/kg) administered before CLP and at 16 and 24 hours after CLP. Separate groups of animals also received only methylprednisolone or tuftsin, a tetrapeptide produced by the spleen. Compared with the mortality rate in the CLPE group, mortality at 24 and 72 hours was decreased for gentamicin alone (0% and 10%, respectively), tuftsin alone (10%, 40%), or the two in combination (0%, 20%). As compared with CLPE, methylprednisolone led to increased mortality rates at 24 and 72 hours (70%, 80%). The data (significant at P less than 0.01, X2 analysis) suggest that gentamicin and tuftsin may improve the rate of early survival after intra-abdominal sepsis in this Model. Steroids do not seem to be beneficial and may, in fact, be harmful.
The Rachitic Tooth (2014)

Teeth are mineralized organs composed of three unique hard tissues, enamel, dentin, and cementum, and supported by the surrounding alveolar bone. Although odontogenesis differs from osteogenesis in several respects, tooth mineralization is susceptible to similar developmental failures as bone. Here we discuss conditions fitting under the umbrella of rickets, which traditionally referred to skeletal disease associated with vitamin D deficiency but has been more recently expanded to include newly identified factors involved in endocrine regulation of vitamin D, phosphate, and calcium, including phosphate-regulating endopeptidase homolog, X-linked, fibroblast growth factor 23, and dentin matrix protein 1. Systemic mineral metabolism intersects with local regulation of mineralization, and factors including tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase are necessary for proper mineralization, where rickets can result from loss of activity of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase. Individuals suffering from rickets often bear the additional burden of a defective dentition, and transgenic mouse models have aided in understanding the nature and mechanisms involved in tooth defects, which may or may not parallel rachitic bone defects. This report reviews dental effects of the range of rachitic disorders, including discussion of etiologies of hereditary forms of rickets, a survey of resulting bone and tooth mineralization disorders, and a discussion of mechanisms, known and hypothesized, involved in the observed dental pathologies. Descriptions of human pathology are augmented by analysis of transgenic mouse models, and new interpretations are brought to bear on questions of how teeth are affected under conditions of rickets. In short, the rachitic tooth will be revealed.
Characteristics, Perceived Side Effects and Benefits of Electronic Cigarette Use: A Worldwide Survey of More than 19,000 Consumers (2014)

The results of this worldwide survey of dedicated users indicate that ECs are mostly used to avoid the harm associated with smoking. They can be effective even in highly-dependent smokers and are used as long-term substitutes for smoking. High levels of nicotine are used at initiation; subsequently, users try to reduce nicotine consumption, with only a small minority using non-nicotine liquids. Side effects are minor and health benefits are substantial, especially for those who completely substitute smoking with EC use. Further population and interventional studies are warranted.
PCA versus LDA (2001)

In the context of the appearance-based paradigm for object recognition, it is generally believed that algorithms based on LDA (linear discriminant analysis) are superior to those based on PCA (principal components analysis). In this communication, we show that this is not always the case. We present our case first by using intuitively plausible arguments and, then, by showing actual results on a face database. Our overall conclusion is that when the training data set is small, PCA can outperform LDA and, also, that PCA is less sensitive to different training data sets.
Null Mutation of the Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate–Oxidase Subunit p67 phox Protects the Dahl-S Rat From Salt-Induced Reductions in Medullary Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate (2014)

Null mutations in the p67(phox) subunit of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase confer protection from salt sensitivity on Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Here, we track the sequential changes in medullary blood flow (MBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urinary protein, and mean arterial pressure in SSp67(phox) null rats and wild-type littermates during 21 days of 4.0% NaCl high-salt (HS) diet. Optical fibers were implanted in the renal medulla and MBF was measured in conscious rats by laser Doppler flowmetry. Separate groups of rats were prepared with femoral venous catheters and GFR was measured by the transcutaneous assessment of fluorescein isothiocyanate-sinistrin disappearance curves. Mean arterial blood pressure was measured by telemetry. In wild-type rats, HS caused a rapid reduction in MBF, which was significantly lower than control values by HS day-6. Reduced MBF was associated with a progressive increase in mean arterial pressure, averaging 170±5 mm Hg by HS salt day-21. A significant reduction in GFR was evident on day-14 HS, after the onset of hypertension and reduced MBF. In contrast, HS had no significant effect on MBF in SSp67(phox) null rats and the pressor response to sodium was blunted, averaging 150±3 mm Hg on day-21 HS. GFR was maintained throughout the study and proteinuria was reduced. In summary, when p67(phox) is not functional in the salt-sensitive rats, HS does not cause reduced MBF and salt-sensitive hypertension is attenuated, and consequently renal injury is reduced and GFR is maintained.
Plant Sterols as Anticancer Nutrients: Evidence for Their Role in Breast Cancer (2013)

While many factors are involved in the etiology of cancer, it has been clearly established that diet significantly impacts one's risk for this disease. More recently, specific food components have been identified which are uniquely beneficial in mitigating the risk of specific cancer subtypes. Plant sterols are well known for their effects on blood cholesterol levels, however research into their potential role in mitigating cancer risk remains in its infancy. As outlined in this review, the cholesterol modulating actions of plant sterols may overlap with their anti-cancer actions. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy affecting women and there remains a need for effective adjuvant therapies for this disease, for which plant sterols may play a distinctive role.
Fig-Seed Predation and Dispersal by Birds (1983)

Observations of birds eating the figs of a single Ficus continifolia (H.B.K.) tree in Costa Rican lowland deciduous forest indicate that a crop of ca 100,000 figs was exhausted in five days, of which 95,000 were removed during the first three days. Birds processed an estimated average of 20,828 figs/day (65. 1% of the total daily consumption), and the difference (34.9%) represented fruits consumed by mammals and/or those falling to the ground. Parrots were responsible for 78 percent of the total taken by birds and 50.6 percent of the figs leaving the tree per day. Use by these seed predators represents fruit (and seed) waste. The true avian dispersers (e.g., orioles, tanagers, trogons, flycatchers) took only ca 4600 figs/day. An estimated 4.42 X 106 fig seeds were lost each day, 36.2 percent of them to parrots and 63.8 percent to destruction by invertebrates (mostly agaonid wasps). Only 6.3 percent of the seeds leaving the tree per day are actually dispersed undamaged by birds. FIGS HAVE LONG BEEN RECOGNIZED as an important food for vertebrate frugivores in tropical habitats (Hladik et al. 1971, Leck 1972, Fleming et al. 1977, Bonaccorso 1979). In spite of being a prominent element in tropical woody vegetation, the relative contribution of the various consumer organisms to the seed shadow is poorly known (Janzen 1979b). I report here observations of birds eating the fruits of a single Ficus cotinifolia (H.B.K.) tree in the lowland deciduous forest of Santa Rosa National Park (Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica). A description of study area may be found in Fleming et al. (1977). The study tree was located close to the park's access road, on the border between a dry-deciduous forest stand and a large area covered with African pasture grass, Hyparrhenia rufa, Stapf., and scattered shrubs (e.g., Acacia collinsii, Safford; Eugenia sp.). The tree was 10 m high, and horizontal crown protection was approximately 15 m in diameter. At the time of observation, the crown was leafless and bore numerous figs. New leaves started to flush when the fig crop had been exhausted by frugivores.
Erythrocyte Membrane Vesiculation and Changes in Membrane Composition during Storage in Citrate‐Phosphate‐Dextrose‐Adenine‐1 (1984)

Serial studies were made of the membranes of the erythrocytes and the vesicles shed during storage of blood in polyvinyl chloride containers for 35 days in citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine anticoagulant. Special precautions were taken to eliminate artifacts created by contaminating leukocytes, platelets and red blood cell ghosts. A total of 15.6% of the cholesterol and 5.2% of the phospholipids of the membranes was lost with no gross change in the gel electrophoretic patterns. The quantity of vesicles found in the supernatant plasma increased during storage and their membranes were characterized by the absence of spectrin, ankyrin, and periodic acid Schiff bands 2 and 3. The ratio of lipids to protein in the vesicles increased as they accumulated perhaps reflecting a rearrangement of the erythrocyte membrane constituents during prolonged maintenance at 4 degrees C.
Mechanism of Enantioselective Ti-Catalyzed Strecker Reaction:  Peptide-Based Metal Complexes as Bifunctional Catalysts (2001)

Kinetic, structural, and stereochemical data regarding the mechanism of Ti-catalyzed addition of cyanide to imines in the presence of Schiff base peptide ligands are disclosed. The reaction is first order in the Ti-ligand complex; kinetic studies reveal DeltaS(dagger) = -45.6 +/- 4.1 cal K(-1) mol(-1), indicating a highly organized transition structure for the turnover-limiting step of the catalytic cycle. A mechanistic model consistent with the kinetic and stereochemical data is presented, where the Ti center is coordinated to the Schiff base unit of the ligand and the AA2 moiety of the peptidic segment of the chiral ligand associates and delivers HNC to the activated bound substrate. Thus, these studies illustrate that these non-C2-symmetric catalysts likely operate in a bifunctional fashion.
Méthodes nouvelles de colorations de la myéline (1935)

info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Targeting oncogenic Myc as a strategy for cancer treatment (2018)

The <i>MYC</i> family oncogene is deregulated in >50% of human cancers, and this deregulation is frequently associated with poor prognosis and unfavorable patient survival. Myc has a central role in almost every aspect of the oncogenic process, orchestrating proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and metabolism. Although Myc inhibition would be a powerful approach for the treatment of many types of cancers, direct targeting of Myc has been a challenge for decades owing to its "undruggable" protein structure. Hence, alternatives to Myc blockade have been widely explored to achieve desirable anti-tumor effects, including Myc/Max complex disruption, <i>MYC</i> transcription and/or translation inhibition, and Myc destabilization as well as the synthetic lethality associated with Myc overexpression. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in targeting oncogenic Myc, particularly for cancer therapeutic purposes.
Non-Endemic Burkitt's Lymphoma (1976)

To investigate the nature of non-endemic Burkitt's lymphoma, we examined neoplastic cells from eight American patients for receptors for sheep erythrocytes (E), complement (EAC), and Fc fragment of lgG (igGEA), and for surface immunoglobulins (Slg) and hydrolytic enzymes. In addition, we reviewed 47 biopsies and 17 autopsies from American patients to ascertain patterns of involvement by tumor in lymph nodes, spleens and Peyer's patches. Neoplastic cells in all cases studies bore monoclonal surface immunoglobulins of the igM class. Receptors for EAC and igGEA were identified on a minority of the cells. Little or no hydrolytic enzyme activity was demonstrable. These results indicate that, like Burkitt's lymphoma in Africans, this histologically identical tumor in American patients consists of B lymphocytes. In 10 biopsies and two autopsies, germinal centers were selectively involved by tumor, suggesting that these neoplastic cells may be related to some B lymphocytes of normal germinal centers.
5 S rRNA: structure and interactions (2003)

5 S rRNA is an integral component of the large ribosomal subunit in all known organisms. Despite many years of intensive study, the function of 5 S rRNA in the ribosome remains unknown. Advances in the analysis of ribosome structure that have revealed the crystal structures of large ribosomal subunits and of the complete ribosome from various organisms put the results of studies on 5 S rRNA in a new perspective. This paper summarizes recently published data on the structure and function of 5 S rRNA and its interactions in complexes with proteins, within and outside the ribosome.
Can China consume less coal? (1999)

China's biggest single consumer of coal and emitter of carbon dioxide is electric power generation. Among industrial users of energy, it accounts for about a third of CO/sub 2/ emissions, and among all users, about a quarter. In this paper, the authors argue that, although the electric power sector uses by far the most coal, better opportunities for reducing CO/sub 2/ emissions exist elsewhere in China.
p-type Ge-channel MODFETs with high transconductance grown on Si substrates (1993)

Modulation-doped FET (MODFET) structures with hole channels consisting of pure Ge were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on Si substrates. To overcome the relatively large lattice mismatch, between Si and Ge, a relaxed Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x /buffer layer with linearly graded Ge concentration and a final x value of around 70% was grown first. Hall mobilities of up to 1300 cm/sup 2//V-s at room temperature and 14000 cm/sup 2//V-s at 77 K were measured. Devices with and without gate recess were fabricated, which result in enhancement- and depletion-type FETs. Maximum extrinsic transconductances of 125 and 290 mS/mm at room temperature and 77 K, respectively, were found for gate lengths L/sub G/ around 1.2 mu m.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Peptaibols: models for ion channels (2001)

Peptaibols are membrane-active polypeptides isolated from fungal sources. They are characterized by the presence of an unusual amino acid, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, and a C-terminal hydroxylated amino acid. Peptaibols exhibit antibiotic activity against bacteria and fungi. Their amphipathic nature allows them to self-associate into oligomeric ion-channel assemblies which span the width of lipid bilayer membranes. Over 200 peptaibol sequences have been reported to date, which are compiled in the Peptaibol Database at http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/peptaibol. Alignments of these sequences have been carried out in order to define a series of related subfamilies (SFs) with common sequence features thought to be important for channel formation. Crystal structures determined for a number of peptaibols from the various SFs provide the bases both for modelling of the channel structures and for modelling structures of other members of the same SFs.
Identification of an Active Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme Encoded by a Human Endogenous HERV-K Retrovirus (1999)

Of the numerous endogenous retroviral elements that are present in the human genome, the abundant HERV-K family is distinct because several members are transcriptionally active and coding for biologically active proteins. A detailed phylogeny of the HERV-K family based on the partial sequence of the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene revealed a high incidence of an intact RT open reading frame within the HML-2 subgroup of HERV-K elements. In this study, we report the cloning of six full-length HML-2 RT genes, of which five contain an uninterrupted open reading frame. The RT enzymes were expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins in Escherichia coli, and several HERV-K RT enzymes demonstrated polymerase as well as RNase H activity. Several biochemical properties of the RT polymerase were analyzed, including the template requirements and optimal reaction conditions (temperature, type of divalent cation). Inspection of the nucleotide sequence of the HERV-K RT genes demonstrated a mosaic structure, suggesting that a high level of genetic recombination has occurred in this virus family, which is a hallmark of replication by means of reverse transcription. The selective pressure to maintain the RT coding potential is illustrated by the sequence of a particular HERV-K isolate that contains three 1-nucleotide deletions within a small RT segment, thus maintaining the open reading frame. These combined results may suggest that these endogenous RT enzymes still have a biological function. It is possible that the RT activity was involved in the spread of this major class of retroelements by retrotransposition, and in fact it cannot be excluded that this retrovirus group is still mobile. The endogenous RT activity may also have been involved in the shaping of the human genome, e.g., by formation of pseudogenes.