gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) Acid (PLGA)-Based Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering (2014)

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) has attracted considerable interest as a base material for biomedical applications due to its: (i) biocompatibility; (ii) tailored biodegradation rate (depending on the molecular weight and copolymer ratio); (iii) approval for clinical use in humans by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA); (iv) potential to modify surface properties to provide better interaction with biological materials; and (v) suitability for export to countries and cultures where implantation of animal-derived products is unpopular. This paper critically reviews the scientific challenge of manufacturing PLGA-based materials with suitable properties and shapes for specific biomedical applications, with special emphasis on bone tissue engineering. The analysis of the state of the art in the field reveals the presence of current innovative techniques for scaffolds and material manufacturing that are currently opening the way to prepare biomimetic PLGA substrates able to modulate cell interaction for improved substitution, restoration, or enhancement of bone tissue function.
Label- and marker-free gene detection based on hybridization-induced conformational flexibility changes in a ferrocene–PNA conjugate probe (2007)

We report a strategy for label-free and marker-free gene detection transducing the hybridization event to an electrochemical signal based on the hybridization-induced conformational flexibility change in probe structure. The probe structure was designed to possess a ferrocene moiety as a reporter part and a cysteine moiety as an anchor part at each end of a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) as a recognition part. Electrochemical examination of probe-modified gold electrodes revealed that the ferrocene moiety was placed at the flexible end of the linear probe chain. Upon hybridization with a complementary target DNA, the resultant rigid duplex restricted the ferrocene motion to the electrode surface, causing a decrease in the observed current. The target DNA was detected with the detection limit of 1.44 x 10(-11) M. Thus the probe functioned as a 'self-reporting probe' and detection of the target DNA was demonstrated without the need for external indicators. Moreover, the sensor electrode was able repeatedly to detect the target DNA by the process of regeneration and could discriminate a mismatched DNA.
Nutritional Influences on the Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants (1974)

Nutritional factors influence the toxicity of some environmental pollutants. Pollutants of importance in such interactions are some pesticides, a number of minerals, and oxidant air pollutants. Nutritional factors of importance in these interactions are dietary protein, especially sulfur-containing amino acids, trace minerals, and vitamins A, C, D, and E. Agricultural and geographical factors and food processing procedures affect the interactions. Pathophysiological mechanisms seem to exist that suggest that common air pollutants and pesticides may act in a combined or synergetic fashion to pose an even greater threat to human health than has been recognized.
Iodine as an aerial disinfectant. (1946)

1. Iodine vapour at a readily tolerable concentration of 0·1 mg./cu.ft. of air gives a rapid kill of freshly sprayed salivary organisms at humidities above 50 %. 2. At the same concentration dry bacteria are not as readily killed, the killing rate only becoming appreciable above 70 % R.H.
A 310 K pixel bipolar imager (BASIS) (1990)

The BASIS (base-stored image sensor) bipolar imaging device, which consists of a bipolar phototransistor in a capacitor-loaded emitter-follower circuit, is discussed. The device is used in an imager with 310 K pixels (640 H*490 V) in a 2/3-in optical format. The imager exhibits excellent performance characteristics, such as a high aperture ratio of 60%, an image lag less than 0.1%, and good linearity with a dynamic range of 76 dB. The read out and reset operation, antiblooming capability, and total system circuit and FPN cancellation are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Digital Parametric Equalizer Design with Prescribed Nyquist-Frequency Gain (1997)

A new type of second-order digital parametric equalizer is proposed whose frequency response matches closely that of its analog counterpart throughout the Nyquist interval and does not suffer from the prewarping effect of the bilinear transformation near the Nyquist frequency. Closed-form design equations and direct-form and lattice realizations are derived.
Autonomous Flight in Unknown Indoor Environments (2009)

This paper presents our solution for enabling a quadrotor helicopter, equipped with a laser rangefinder sensor, to autonomously explore and map unstructured and unknown indoor environments. While these capabilities are already commodities on ground vehicles, air vehicles seeking the same performance face unique challenges. In this paper, we describe the difficulties in achieving fully autonomous helicopter flight, highlighting the differences between ground and helicopter robots that make it difficult to use algorithms that have been developed for ground robots. We then provide an overview of our solution to the key problems, including a multilevel sensing and control hierarchy, a high-speed laser scan-matching algorithm, an EKF for data fusion, a high-level SLAM implementation, and an exploration planner. 1 Finally, we show experimental results demonstrating the helicopter's ability to navigate accurately and autonomously in unknown environments.
Binding to DNA and the Retinoblastoma Gene Product Promoted by Complex Formation of Different E2F Family Members (1993)

The E2F family of transcription factors functions in the control of the mammalian cell cycle. Here it is shown that two family members, E2F-1 and DP-1, form specific heterodimers in vivo, a process that enhances DNA binding, transactivation, and the binding of the retinoblastoma gene product. These results suggest that heterodimerization regulates E2F function and contributes to cell cycle control.
Tumor apoptosis induced by ruthenium(II)‐ketoconazole is enhanced in nonsusceptible carcinoma by monoclonal antibody to EGF receptor (2004)

Ketoconazole (KTZ) has been used as a second-line agent in hormone-refractory cancer therapy. Since transition metal complexes including those of Ru(III), show important anticancer activity with limited toxicity, we investigated the potential antitumor efficacy of Ru(II) complexed to KTZ or clotrimazole (CTZ) compared to Ru(II) alone or uncomplexed azoles. RuCl2(KTZ)2 exerted greater apoptosis- associated caspase-3 activation than RuCl2(CTZ)2, KTZ, CTZ or RuCl2(MeCN)4 against several human tumor cell monolayers. PARP cleavage and a decrease in S+G2 cells were evident after RuCl2(KTZ)2 treatment in genetically matched C8161 melanoma monolayers with unequal p53 functional status. Release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and Mn-SOD suggest mitochondria as a target of RuCl2(KTZ)2. Treatment of WM164 melanoma monolayers with 25 microM of cisplatin or RuCl2(KTZ)2 showed that the latter is more effective than cisplatin at inducing PARP fragmentation and proapoptotic Bak expression. Such results suggest that these Ru(II) and Pt(II) metal complexes are unequally effective and act through alternative signaling pathways. In studies with multicellular spheroids, which frequently are more resistant to cytotoxic anticancer drugs than monolayers, those from wt p53 C8161 melanoma underwent PARP fragmentation in response to RuCl2(KTZ)2. In contrast, spheroids of mut p53 A431 carcinoma overexpressing EGF receptor were resistant to either RuCl2(KTZ)2 or anti-EGF receptor C225 MAb. However, joint treatment with both agents restored growth arrest and apoptosis in these spheroids. In contrast to the antitumor action of cisplatin, which is known to be hampered by p53 dysfunction, we show that RuCl2(KTZ)2 is active irrespective of p53 functional status against several adherent tumor cells and synergizes with anti-EGF receptor C225 MAb to kill tumor spheroids resistant to either agent.
Tracking of Stem Cells In Vivo (2011)

Clinical and basic studies of stem-cell-based therapies have shown promising results for cardiovascular diseases. Despite a rapid transition from animal studies to clinical trials, the mechanisms of action by which stem cells improve heart function remain largely unknown. To optimize stem cell therapies in patients, a method to noninvasively monitor stem cell delivery and to evaluate cell survival, biodistribution, and the fate of implanted cells in the same subject over time would be desirable. Many different methods have been adapted from histopathological cell labeling techniques to enable tracking of stem cells with noninvasive imaging. This chapter focuses on the most promising stem cell labeling techniques that can be combined with clinically available imaging modalities for the evaluation of cardiac function.
Endovascular renal denervation: a novel sympatholytic with relevance to chronic kidney disease (2013)

Endovascular renal denervation (sympathectomy) is a novel procedure developed for the treatment of resistant hypertension. Evidence suggests that it reduces both afferent and efferent sympathetic nerve activity, which may offer clinical benefit over and above any blood pressure-lowering effect. Studies have shown objective improvements in left ventricular mass, ventricular function, central arterial stiffness, central haemodynamics, baroreflex sensitivity and arrhythmia frequency. Benefits have also been seen in insulin resistance, microalbuminuria and glomerular filtration rate. In chronic kidney disease, elevated sympathetic activity has been causally linked to disease progression and cardiovascular sequelae. Effecting a marked reduction in sympathetic hyperactivity may herald a significant step in the management of this and other conditions. In this in-depth review, the pathophysiology and clinical significance of the sympatholytic effects of endovascular renal denervation are discussed.
Optimum Design of a Coded Mask X-ray Telescope for Rocket Applications (1976)

A review of the principles of current X-ray telescopes is made with particular emphasis on two-step imaging techniques involving coding masks. The merits and limitations of the various types of coding masks in use are examined in detail. The limitations are shown to arise from the finite nature of practical masks. By postulating periodicity, ‘optimum masks’ can be constructed with ideal imaging qualities. The theory for the design of such masks and the practical considerations involved in the design of a rocket-borne X-ray telescope system are discussed in full, with particular attention paid to resolution, field of view and image noise. The main emphasis throughout the paper is on one-dimensional masks but two-dimensional masks are also studied. It is concluded that optimum masks could prove very valuable in astronomical applications and also in other fields such as radiography, where high imaging quality coupled with high sensitivity and low cost are of utmost importance.
Cardiorespiratory activitirs of 3-formylamino-4-hydroxy-alpha-(n-1-methyl-2-p-methoxyphenethylaminomethyl)-benzylalcohol-hemifumarate(BD 40A) and some other beta-adrenoceptor stimulants in conscious guinea pigs. (1976)

The beta-stimulant activity of 3-formylamino-4-hydroxy-alpha-(N-1-methoxyphenethylaminomethyl)-benzylalcohol-hemifumarate (BD 40A) was compared with those of isoproterenol, orciprenaline, trimetoquinol and salbutamol in conscious guinea pigs. Bronchodilator effects of BD 40A were most potent among five agonists by s.c., oral and aerosol administration, and were lasting by oral and aerosol administration. BD 40A was similar to isoproterenol, more potent than trimetoquinol, orciprenaline and salbutamol in increasing heart rate by s.c. route. The cardiostimulating effect of BD 40A was more potent than that of isoproterenol, trimetoquinol and salbutamol orally. However, the order of bronchoselectivity (ratio between ED30 beats/min vs. ED50) in conscious guinea pigs was salbutamol greater than BD 40A = trimetoquinol greater than orciprenaline greater than isoproterenol by s.c. administration, and by oral administration the order was BD 40A = salbutamol greater than trimetoquinol = isoproterenol. Orciprenaline showed no beta-stimulating effect in guinea pigs orally. In guinea pigs, BD 40A, like salbutamol, seems to be a beta2-adrenoceptor stimulant.
Power versus Bandwidth Efficiency in Wireless Communications: from Economic Sustainability to Green Radio (2010)

The continuous investment in research and development, aimed at improving the utility and the efficiency of wireless communications networks, brings about a wealth of theoretical knowledge and practical engineering solutions. Remarkably. however,a widely accepted choice of a criterion characterizing the overall efficiency of a wireless network remains an open problem.
Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal cells from human fetal membranes (2007)

Bone marrow (BM) multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) present with multipotent differentiation potential and immunomodulatory properties. As an alternative to bone marrow, we have examined fetal membranes, amnion and chorion, of term human placenta as a potential source of multipotent MSCs. Here we show that amnion mesenchymal cells (AMCs) and chorion mesenchymal cells (CMCs), isolated by mechanical separation and subsequent enzymatic digestion, demonstrate plastic adherence and fibroblast-like morphology and are able to form colonies that could be expanded for at least 15 passages. By FACS analysis, AMCs and CMCs were shown to be phenotypically similar to BM-MSCs and, when cultured in differentiation media, they demonstrated high morphogenetic plasticity by differentiating into osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes. In an attempt to isolate cells with MSC characteristics from human fetal membranes, AMCs and CMCs expressing CD271 were enriched by immunomagnetic isolation and were demonstrated to possess higher clonogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential than CD271-depleted fractions. Based on these findings, amnion and chorion can be considered as a novel and convenient source of adult MSCs.
Detection of Diverse Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Peripheral Blood of Infected Persons by Screening for Responses to All Translated Proteins of HCV (2001)

Broadly directed hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been identified from liver-infiltrating lymphocytes but have been more difficult to assess in peripheral blood of infected persons. To enhance the detection of CTL from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), we cocultured PBMC with autologous Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell lines that had been infected with recombinant vaccinia virus constructs so that they expressed the entire translated polyprotein of HCV-H, a type 1a strain. These stimulated cells from HCV-infected as well as exposed seronegative persons were then cloned at limiting dilution and tested for HCV-specific CTL activity using a standard (51)Cr release assay. HCV-specific CTL were detected in PBMC from seven of nine persons with chronic hepatitis, including five of seven in whom CTL had previously been detected from liver biopsy specimens but not PBMC. In a single person with chronic HCV infection, CTL directed against as many as five different epitopes were detected in peripheral blood and were similar in specificity to those detected in liver tissue. This technique was used to evaluate eight subjects identified to be at high risk for HCV exposure due to continued injection drug abuse; no evidence of CTL in PBMC was found. We conclude that CTL can be detected in PBMC from the majority of persons with chronic HCV infection but are present at lower levels or absent in exposed but persistently seronegative persons. The high degree of concordance of HCV epitopes identified from liver and PBMC suggests that this strategy is a reasonable alternative to liver biopsy for characterizing the CTL response to HCV in chronically infected persons.
Isolation of Fetal Nucleated Red Blood Cells from Maternal Blood in Normal and Aneuploid Pregnancies (2002)

Fetal nucleated red blood cells (NRBC) have been widely reported in maternal blood during pregnancy. However, there is no consensus with regard to their presence in all pregnancies. Therefore, the usefulness of developing a fetal NRBC-based noninvasive method suitable for clinical prenatal diagnosis remains uncertain. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method was used to evaluate the ability of one of our own monoclonal antibodies (mAb), 2B7.4, to isolate fetal NRBC from maternal blood by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS). Our mAb was able to isolate from 25 to 822 NRBC from all of the 45 maternal blood samples included in this study. A correct diagnosis was achieved in 21 out of 24 pregnancies carrying trisomic fetuses (87.5%), with a fetal/maternal NRBC frequency of 8.4%. In contrast, a significantly lower percentage of fetal NRBC (0.2%) was observed in 22% of pregnancies carrying a chromosomally normal male fetus, that were correctly predicted. In conclusion, using 2B7.4 mAb we succeeded in isolating NRBC from the maternal blood samples, but most of the isolated cells were maternal in origin. Nevertheless, a higher number of fetal NRBC was found in the peripheral blood of pregnant women carrying aneuploid fetuses, which could allow development of a screening method for prenatal diagnosis of fetal aneuploidies.
Neutralization of the CXC Chemokine, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-2, Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis (1999)

Few studies have addressed the importance of vascular remodeling in the lung during the development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. For fibroplasia and deposition of extracellular matrix to occur, there must be a geometric increase in neovascularization. We hypothesized that net angiogenesis during the pathogenesis of fibroplasia and deposition of extracellular matrix during bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis are dependent in part upon an overexpression of the angiogenic CXC chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2). To test this hypothesis, we measured MIP-2 by specific ELISA in whole lung homogenates in either bleomycin-treated or control CBA/J mice and correlated these levels with lung hydroxyproline. We found that lung tissue from mice treated with bleomycin, compared with that from saline-treated controls, demonstrated a significant increase in the presence of MIP-2 that was correlated to a greater angiogenic response and total lung hydroxyproline content. Neutralizing anti-MIP-2 Abs inhibited the angiogenic activity of day 16 bleomycin-treated lung specimens using an in vivo angiogenesis bioassay. Furthermore, when MIP-2 was depleted in vivo by passive immunization, bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis was significantly reduced without a change in the presence of pulmonary neutrophils, fibroblast proliferation, or collagen gene expression. This was also paralleled by a reduction in angiogenesis. These results demonstrate that the angiogenic CXC chemokine, MIP-2, is an important factor that regulates angiogenesis/fibrosis in pulmonary fibrosis.
Advances in the treatment of acute graft‐versus‐host disease (2013)

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been widely used for the treatment of hematologic malignant and non-malignant hematologic diseases and other diseases. However, acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a life-threatening complication of allogeneic transplantation. Acute GVHD may occur in 30% of transplant recipients, which is a syndrome of erythematous skin eruption, cholestatic liver disease and intestinal dysfunction, resulting from the activation of donor T lymphocytes by host antigen-presenting cells, resulting in an immune-mediated inflammatory response. Recent scientific advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis involved in the development of acute GVHD and clinical investigation have provided more effective therapeutic strategies for acute GVHD. This review focuses on major scientific and clinical advances in the treatment of acute GVHD.
Formation of HNK-1 Determinants and the Glycosaminoglycan Tetrasaccharide Linkage Region by UDP-GlcUA:Galactose β1,3-Glucuronosyltransferases (1999)

While expression-cloning enzymes involved in heparan sulfate biosynthesis, we isolated a cDNA that encodes a protein 65% identical to the UDP-GlcUA:glycoprotein beta1, 3-glucuronosyltransferase (GlcUAT-P) involved in forming HNK-1 carbohydrate epitopes (3OSO3GlcUAbeta1,3Gal-) on glycoproteins. The cDNA contains an open reading frame coding for a protein of 335 amino acids with a predicted type II transmembrane protein orientation. Cotransfection of the cDNA with HNK-1 3-O-sulfotransferase produced HNK-1 carbohydrate epitopes in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and COS-7 cells. In vitro, a soluble recombinant form of the enzyme transferred GlcUA in beta-linkage to Galbeta1,3/4GlcNAcbeta-O-naphthalenemethanol, which resembles the core oligosaccharide on which the HNK-1 epitope is assembled. However, the enzyme greatly preferred Galbeta1, 3Galbeta-O-naphthalenemethanol, a disaccharide component found in the linkage region tetrasaccharide in chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate. During the course of this study, a human cDNA clone was described that was thought to encode UDP-GlcUA:Galbeta1,3Gal-R glucuronosyltransferase (GlcUAT-I), involved in the formation of the linkage region of glycosaminoglycans (Kitagawa, H., Tone, Y., Tamura, J., Neumann, K. W., Ogawa, T., Oka, S., Kawasaki, T., and Sugahara, K. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 6615-6618). The deduced amino acid sequences of the CHO and human cDNAs are 95% identical, suggesting that they are in fact homologues of the same gene. Transfection of a CHO cell mutant defective in GlcUAT-I with the hamster cDNA restored glycosaminoglycan assembly in vivo, confirming its identity. Interestingly, transfection of the mutant with GlcUAT-P also restored glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Thus, both GlcUAT-P and GlcUAT-I have overlapping substrate specificities. However, the expression of the two genes was entirely different, with GlcUAT-I expressed in all tissues tested and GlcUAT-P expressed only in brain. These findings suggest that, in neural tissues, GlcUAT-P may participate in both HNK-1 and glycosaminoglycan production.
A Survey of Text Similarity Approaches (2013)

Measuring the similarity between words, sentences, paragraphs and documents is an important component in various tasks such as information retrieval, document clustering, word-sense disambiguation, automatic essay scoring, short answer grading, machine translation and text summarization. This survey discusses the existing works on text similarity through partitioning them into three approaches; String-based, Corpus-based and Knowledgebased similarities. Furthermore, samples of combination between these similarities are presented.
Visualization of edge diffraction (2003)

The acoustics of a room can be visualized by plotting image sources at the positions where they occur. Recently, the image-source method has been extended to include edge diffraction. A visualization technique for image source method including diffraction is presented. As examples, first-order diffraction in a stage-house, and second-order diffraction around a loudspeaker enclosure are visualized.
Discovering Nature's Diverse Pathways to Vitamin B12:  A 35-Year Odyssey (2003)

The chronology of the discoveries along the pathway of vitamin B(12) biosynthesis is reviewed from a personal perspective, including discussion of the most recent finding that two pathways to B(12) exist-one aerobic and one anaerobic-which differ mainly in the ring contraction mechanisms that convert porphyrin to corrin.