gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuronal nicotinic receptors as targets for novel analgesics (2005)

The potential use of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists has been the subject of a number of recent reviews. Despite the promises of better things to come, few new compounds have been identified that circumvent the issues hindering the widespread use of the previously described nicotinic analgesics, mainly a narrow therapeutic window between analgesic efficacy and toxicity, and a lack of knowledge of native nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression. However, several recent developments have potentially opened new windows of opportunity in the use of nicotinic agents for analgesia. A small number of laboratories have reported that peripheral nerve injury alters the pharmacology of nicotinic receptors, resulting in a leftward shift of analgesic potency but not of toxicity. Another important development in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain is the reliance of nerve injury-induced behavioural hypersensitivity on both peripheral and central neural immune interactions. Finally, the reported neuroprotective effects of nicotine following spinal cord injury may provide an opportunity for the development of selective nicotinic agonists that are capable of attenuating chronic pain. The current review will attempt to highlight these recent developments and outline key findings that demonstrate further opportunity for the development of nicotinic agonists as novel analgesics.
Cobalt(II) octanoate and cobalt(II) perfluorooctanoate catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene in toluene and fluorous media—A versatile route to catalyst recycling and oligomer formation (2005)

Abstract Cobalt(II) perfluorooctanoate‐catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reverse ATRP were developed to prepare oligostyrenes ( M n &lt; 2500) with low polydispersities M w / M n &lt; 1.5. Fluorous biphase catalysis was applied for effective recycling of catalyst and fluorous solvent. The homogeneous polymerization reaction was performed at 90 °C in toluene/cyclohexane/perfluorodecalin mixture (1:1:1) and fluorine‐free solvents. Temperature‐induced phase separation of this fluorous solvent mixture occurred at room temperature and proved to be the key for the very effective separation of the cobalt(II) perfluorooctanoate from the oligostyrene and fluorine‐free solvents. Both the fluorine‐tagged cobalt catalysts and the fluorous media were recycled and reused up to three times without encountering catalyst activity losses. The roles of cobalt catalysts, fluorous media, and monomer/initiator ratio were examined with respect to the polymerization kinetics. Fluorine‐containing and fluorine‐free cobalt(II) octanoate catalyzed controlled styrene oligomerization according to the ATRP mechanism. The molar mass control range was limited in fluorous biphase catalysis most likely because of precipitation of high molar mass polystyrenes in the fluorous reaction medium. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time temperature‐induced phase separation of fluorous and fluorine‐free solvents has been successfully applied to polymerization processing. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3804–3813, 2005
The Axicon: A New Type of Optical Element (1954)

A search for a universal-focus lens has led to a new class of optical elements. These are called axicons. There are many different kinds of axicons but probably the most important one is a glass cone. It may be either transmitting or reflecting. Axicons form a continuous straight line of images from small sources.One application is in a telescope. The usual spherical objective is replaced by a cone. This axicon telescope is in focus for targets from a foot or so to infinity without the necessity of moving any parts. It can be used to view simultaneously two or more small sources placed along the line of sight.If a source of light is suitably added to the telescope it becomes an autocollimator. Like ordinary autocollimators it can be used to determine the perpendicularity of a mirror. In addition, it can simultaneously act as a telescope for a point target which may be an illuminated pinhole in the mirror.The axicon autocollimator is also a projector which projects a straight line of images into space.
Requirement for transglutaminase in the activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta in bovine endothelial cells. (1993)

A hitherto unknown function for transglutaminase (TGase; R-glutaminyl-peptide: amine gamma-glutamyltransferase, EC 2.3.2.13) was found in the conversion of latent transforming growth factor-beta (LTGF-beta) to active TGF-beta by bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). The cell-associated, plasmin-mediated activation of LTGF-beta to TGF-beta induced either by treatment of BAECs with retinoids or by cocultures of BAECs and bovine smooth muscle cells (BSMCs) was blocked by seven different inhibitors of TGase as well as a neutralizing antibody to bovine endothelial cell type II TGase. Control experiments indicated that TGase inhibitors and/or a neutralizing antibody to TGase did not interfere with the direct action of TGF-beta, the release of LTGF-beta from cells, or the activation of LTGF-beta by plasmin or by transient acidification. After treatment with retinoids, BAECs expressed increased levels of TGase coordinate with the generation of TGF-beta, whereas BSMCs and bovine embryonic skin fibroblasts, which did not activate LTGF-beta after treatment with retinoids, did not. Furthermore, both TGase inhibitors and a neutralizing antibody to TGase potentiated the effect of retinol in enhancing plasminogen activator (PA) levels in cultures of BAECs by suppressing the TGF-beta-mediated enhancement of PA inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression. These results indicate that type II TGase is a component required for cell surface, plasmin-mediated LTGF-beta activation process and that increased expression of TGase accompanies retinoid-induced activation of LTGF-beta.
A Wearable Sensor for Measuring Sweat Rate (2010)

Wearable sensors present a new frontier in the development of monitoring techniques. They are of great importance in sectors such as sport and healthcare as they enable physiological signals and biological fluids, such as human sweat, to be continuously monitored. Until recently this could only be carried out in specialized laboratories using cumbersome and often expensive devices. Sweat monitoring sensors integrated onto textile substrates are not only innovative but they also represent the first attempt to use such an idea in a system that will be worn directly on the body. This study outlines the development of a wearable sweat-rate sensor integrated onto a textile.
Transcriptional Regulation of the mdm2 Oncogene by p53 Requires TRRAP Acetyltransferase Complexes (2002)

The p53 tumor suppressor regulates the cellular response to genetic damage through its function as a sequence-specific transcription factor. Among the most well-characterized transcriptional targets of p53 is the mdm2 oncogene. Activation of mdm2 is critical in the p53 pathway because the mdm2 protein marks p53 for proteosome-mediated degradation, thereby providing a negative-feedback loop. Here we show that the ATM-related TRRAP protein functionally cooperates with p53 to activate mdm2 transcription. TRRAP is a component of several multiprotein acetyltransferase complexes implicated in both transcriptional regulation and DNA repair. In support of a role for these complexes in mdm2 expression, we show that transactivation of the mdm2 gene is augmented by pharmacological inhibition of cellular deacetylases. In vitro analysis demonstrates that p53 directly binds to a TRRAP domain previously shown to be an activator docking site. Furthermore, transfection of cells with antisense TRRAP blocks p53-dependent transcription of mdm2. Finally, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate direct p53-dependent recruitment of TRRAP to the mdm2 promoter, followed by increased histone acetylation. These findings suggest a model in which p53 directly recruits a TRRAP/acetyltransferase complex to the mdm2 gene to activate transcription. In addition, this study defines a novel biochemical mechanism utilized by the p53 tumor suppressor to regulate gene expression.
Enzymes in organic synthesis. 22. Effects of organic solvents on horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed reduction (1982)

The effects have been evaluated of up to 30% (v/v) of methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, tert-butylalcohol, dimethylsulfoxide, sulfolane, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, hexamethylphosphoramide, tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxymethane, diglyme, and dioxane on horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed reduction of the representative ketone cyclohexanone. The most viable solvents are those shown in italics on the above list.
Molecular characterization of the yeast PRT1 gene in which mutations affect translation initiation and regulation of cell proliferation. (1987)

Several temperature-sensitive cell division cycle (cdc) mutations differentially affect the regulatory step for cell proliferation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We recently found that one of these mutations, cdc63-1, resides in a gene called PRT1; other mutations in this gene had been previously shown to affect translation initiation. Here we report the molecular cloning and characterization of the PRT1 gene from yeast. Our results show that the PRT1 gene is an essential, single-copy gene which encodes a 2500-nucleotide polyadenylated transcript. The nucleotide sequence indicates that the gene could code for a protein product of Mr 88,000, which bears no overall amino acid sequence similarity to any other known protein but which contains similarity over a limited region to amino acid sequences involved in nucleotide binding.
Preparation of a mixture of nucleoside triphosphates from yeast RNA: use in enzymic synthesis requiring nucleoside triphosphate regeneration and conversion to nucleoside diphosphate sugars (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of a mixture of nucleoside triphosphates from yeast RNA: use in enzymic synthesis requiring nucleoside triphosphate regeneration and conversion to nucleoside diphosphate sugarsChi Huey Wong, Sharon L. Haynie, and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 1, 115–117Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00339a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00339a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views148Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
又一艘沉船——《怒海骄阳》(《WHITE SQUALL》 (2003)

“流氓兔”又向我们推荐一部影片《怒海骄阳》,我看了一眼碟片的封皮,马上说:“这是讲海上生活的。” “流氓兔”接着问:“还有呢?” “‘骄阳’”的‘骄’是值得骄傲的意思,‘阳’嘛,指男人。” “流氓兔”拍打了我一下道:“有你的呀,猜得还挺到位。” 我说:“中国的文字广博丰富,所以在片名翻译上很能显出译者的才气。比如《廊桥遗梦》,一个‘遗’字点出要死人;又如《乱世佳人》,一个‘乱’字说明有战事;再如《人鬼情未了》,多有诗意,比英文名‘GHOST(幽灵)’听起来舒服多了。” 急性子的“芭比娃娃”看到封皮上有一对男女,就断定片中还有爱情,便催着“流氓兔”快放碟。
β-Arrestin: a Protein that Regulates β-adrenergic Receptor Function (1990)

Homologous or agonist-specific desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptors is thought to be mediated by a specific kinase, the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK). However, recent data suggest that a cofactor is required for this kinase to inhibit receptor function. The complementary DNA for such a cofactor was cloned and found to encode a 418-amino acid protein homologous to the retinal protein arrestin. The protein, termed beta-arrestin, was expressed and partially purified. It inhibited the signaling function of beta ARK-phosphorylated beta-adrenergic receptors by more than 75 percent, but not that of rhodopsin. It is proposed that beta-arrestin in concert with beta ARK effects homologous desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptors.
The in vitro adsorption of some antibiotics on antacids. (1976)

The adsorption of the antiepileptics sulthiame, phenytoin, mephenytoin, mesuximide, phensuximide, ethosuximide, and primidone on various antacids or adsorbents was studied at 37 degrees C. The antacids or adsorbents used were magnesium trisilicate, aluminium hydroxide, bismuth oxidcarbonate, magnesium oxide, talc, kaolin and calcium carbonate. Magnesium trisilicate was found to be the strongest adsorbent for most of the antiepileptics tested. The other antacids or adsorbents were without an appreciable effect. Sulthiame exhibited the highest degree of interaction with magnesium trisilicate. Mesuximide, phensuximide and primidone showed intermediate adsorption properties. Mephenytoin and phenytoin had lower adsorption characters, while ethosuximide was the least adsorbed antiepileptic tested. The extent of elution was found to be inversely proportional to adsorption. Alkaline solution gave relatively higher eluting power than acid solution. The mechanism of adsorption of the various antiepileptics on antacids was discussed. The effect of magnesium trisilicate on the bioavailability of coadministered antiepileptics has still to be confirmed by in vivo testing.
The Healing of Rat Skin Wounds (1965)

LEVENSON, S. M. M.D.; GEEVER, E. F. M.D., PH.D.; CHOWLEY, L. V. LT. COL., MSC; OATES, J. F. III, M.D.; BERARD, C. W. M.D.; ROSEN, H. PH.D. Author Information
Imagining the Future in Children with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (2018)

Imagining future events is thought to rely on recombination and integration of past episodic memory traces into future events. Future and past events contain episodic and nonepisodic details. Children with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) were found to have impaired recall of past episodic (but not semantic) event details. Here, we examined whether severe TBI impairs construction of future events. Children with severe TBI (n = 15) and healthy controls (NC; n = 33) 1) completed tests of anterograde (narrative and relational) memory and executive skills, 2) recalled past events and generated future events, and 3) rated events' phenomenological qualities. Events were scored for episodic (internal) and semantic (external) details. The groups did not differ in generating details of future events, although children with TBI recalled significantly fewer past internal (but not external) events' details relative to NCs. Moreover, the number of past internal details relative to future internal details was significantly higher in the NC group, but not in the TBI groups. Significant correlations between past and future were found for 1) internal details in both groups and 2) external details in the NC group. The TBI group rated their events as being less significant than did the NC group. The groups did not differ on ratings of visual intensity and rehearsal. Our study has shown that children who have sustained severe TBI had impoverished recall of past, but not generation of future, events. This unexpected dissociation between past and future event construction requires further research.
Stereoisomere Aromastoffe, XII. 3‐Methyl‐4‐octanolid – „Quercuslacton, Whiskylacton” – Struktur und Eigenschaften der Stereoisomeren (1986)

Abstract Durch Umsetzung von Pentanal mit Crotonsäure‐ethylester wird 3‐Methyl‐4‐oxooctansäure‐ethylester ( 2 ) gebildet, der sich mit NaBH 4 reduzieren und in saurer Lösung zu racemischem cis / trans ‐3‐Methyl‐4‐octanolid 1 cyclisieren läßt. Das Synthesegemisch wird chromatographisch leicht in cis ‐ ( 1a · 1a′ ) und trans ‐Isomere ( 1a · 1b′ ) getrennt. Aus 1a · 1a′ und 1b · 1b′ werden die Diastereomeren (3 R ,4 R )‐, (3 S ,4 S )‐, (3 S ,4 R )‐ und (3 R ,4 S )‐4‐[( R )‐2‐Phenylpropionyloxy]‐3‐methyloctansäure‐isopropylester ( 3 – 6 ) sowie die Diastereomeren (3 R ,4 R )‐, (3 S ,4 S )‐, (3 S ,4 R )‐ und (3 R ,4 S )‐4‐[(1 S ,4 R )‐Camphanoyloxy]‐3‐methyloctansäure‐isopropylester ( 7 – 10 ) gebildet, die durch Flüssigkeitschromatographie getrennt werden. Aus den 1 H‐NMR‐Daten von 3 – 6 werden die absoluten Konfigurationen abgeleitet und nach racemisierungsfreier Hydrolyse und Recyclisierung der Drehsinn der optisch aktiven Lactone 1a, 1a′, 1b und 1b ′ ermittelt. Aus 7 – 10 . können 1a, 1a′, 1b und 1b′ optisch rein dargestellt werden. Die sensorischen Daten der Stereoisomeren werden mitgeteilt.
Microinjected fluorescent phalloidin in vivo reveals the F-actin dynamics and assembly in higher plant mitotic cells. (1990)

Endosperm mitotic cells microinjected with fluorescent phalloidin enabled us to follow the in vivo dynamics of the F-actin cytoskeleton. The fluorescent probe immediately bound to plant microfilaments. First, we investigated the active rearrangement of F-actin during chromosome migration, which appeared to be slowed down in the presence of phalloidin. These findings were compared with the actin patterns observed in mitotic cells fixed at different stages. Our second aim was to determine the origin of the actin filaments that appear at the equator during anaphase-telophase transition. It is not clear whether this F-actin is newly assembled at the end of mitosis and could control plant cytokinesis or whether it corresponds to a passive redistribution of broken polymers in response to microtubule dynamics. We microinjected the same cells twice, first in metaphase with rhodamine-phalloidin and then in late anaphase with fluorescein isothiocyanate-phalloidin. This technique enabled us to visualize two F-actin populations that are not co-localized, suggesting that actin is newly assembled during cell plate development. These in vivo data shed new light on the role of actin in plant mitosis and cytokinesis.
State of the Art of High Heat Flux Cooling Technologies (2007)

The purpose of this literature review is to compare different cooling technologies currently in development in research laboratories that are competing to solve the challenge of cooling the next generation of high heat flux computer chips. Today, most development efforts are focused on three technologies: liquid cooling in copper or silicon micro-geometry heat dissipation elements, impingement of liquid jets directly on the silicon surface of the chip, and two-phase flow boiling in copper heat dissipation elements or plates with numerous microchannels. The principal challenge is to dissipate the high heat fluxes (current objective is 300 W/cm2) while maintaining the chip temperature below the targeted temperature of 85°C, while of second importance is how to predict the heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops of the cooling process. In this study, the state of the art of these three technologies from recent experimental articles (since 2003) is analyzed and a comparison of the respective merits and drawbacks of each technology is presented. The conclusion is that two-phase flow boiling in microchannels is the most promising approach; impingement cooling also has good prospects but single-phase liquid cooling is probably only a short-term solution. As an example of the state of the first technology, the Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne has already achieved 200 W/cm2 of cooling in a first prototype, with a low pumping power, good temperature uniformity, and at the required maximal operating temperature.
Bronchiolitis: The Pathologist's Perspective (2006)

The term "bronchiolitis" refers to a broad morphologic spectrum of inflammatory events that are centered on small conducting airways. Bronchiolitis may be an isolated pathologic finding, although it is often a secondary consequence of diseases affecting other parts of the conducting apparatus or pulmonary acinus. Divergent causes of bronchiolitis may have similar microscopic findings. Hence, a pathologic diagnosis is nonspecific and not clinically meaningful unless placed in the context of relevant clinical and radiographic findings. Etiologically, most cases of bronchiolitis are infectious in nature or related to smoking. Increasingly, other causes of bronchiolitis have been recognized, including collagen vascular disease, idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, or toxins/drugs. Many cases are idiopathic. Histologically, most examples of bronchiolitis demonstrate acute inflammation, usually corresponding to viral infection. Other well-defined histologic categories of bronchiolitis include bronchiolitis obliterans, in which there is fibroblast proliferation within airspaces, and follicular bronchiolitis, corresponding to lymphoid hyperplasia with formation of germinal centers. In recent years, several new forms of bronchiolitis have been recognized, including constrictive bronchiolitis, diffuse panbronchiolitis, and airway-centered fibrosis. This article highlights the clinical and pathologic features of these more recently described entities.
Effects of long-term Novacor artificial heart support on blood rheology. (1992)

This study presents characteristics of hemorheology for six patients during long-term support (85-144 days) on a Novacor left ventricular assist device (LVAD) as a bridge-to-cardiac transplantation. Results indicate that a certain "baseline" rheology can be identified in patients whose support was uneventful. However, in the patients who had one or more neurologic episodes during support, these events were associated with altered hemorheology, including increases in plasma and relative blood viscosity, and red cell rigidity.
An 8-bit 2-ns monolithic DAC (1988)

An 8-bit resolution ultrahigh-speed monolithic digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is fabricated using super self-aligned process technology. In order to improve dynamic accuracy, which is determined by settling speed, clock feedthrough noise, and glitch, a number of circuit technologies are developed including a rise- and fall-time control switch driver, a low-noise flip-flop, and a differential buffer configuration. In addition, a chip assembly technology using a multilayer ceramic substrate is developed. The DAC exhibits a settling time to 8-bit accuracy of about 2 ns, a maximum conversion rate of 1 GHz, a glitch energy of 2 ps-V, and a 10-bit linearity error accuracy without trimming.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>