gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Breathing pattern and gas exchange at peak exercise in COPD patients with and without tidal flow limitation at rest (2001)

Expiratory flow limitation (FL) at rest is frequently present in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. It promotes dynamic hyperinflation with a consequent decrease in inspiratory capacity (IC). Since in COPD resting IC is strongly correlated with exercise tolerance, this study hypothesized that this is due to limitation of the maximal tidal volume (VT,max) during exercise by the reduced IC. The present study investigated the role of tidal FL at rest on: 1) the relationship of resting IC to VT,max; and 2) on gas exchange during peak exercise in COPD patients. Fifty-two stable COPD patients were studied at rest, using the negative expiratory pressure technique to assess the presence of FL, and during incremental symptom-limited cycling exercise to evaluate exercise performance. At rest, FL was present in 29 patients. In the 52 patients, a close relationship of VT,max to IC was found using non-normalized values (r=0.77; p < 0.0001), and stepwise regression analysis selected IC as the only significant predictor of VT,max. Subgroup analysis showed that this was also the case for patients both with and without FL (r=0.70 and 0.76, respectively). In addition, in FL patients there was an increase (p < 0.002) in arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure at peak exercise, mainly due to a relatively low VT,max and consequent increase in the physiological dead space (VD)/VT ratio. The arterial oxygen partial pressure also decreased at peak exercise in the FL patients (p < 0.05). In conclusion, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients the maximal tidal volume, and hence maximal oxygen consumption, are closely related to the reduced inspiratory capacity. The flow limited patients also exhibit a significant increase in arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure and a decrease in arterial oxygen partial pressure during peak exercise.
A dorsolateral prefrontal cortex semi-automatic segmenter (2006)

Structural, functional, and clinical studies in schizophrenia have, for several decades, consistently implicated dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in the etiology of the disease. Functional and structural imaging studies, combined with clinical, psychometric, and genetic analyses in schizophrenia have confirmed the key roles played by the prefrontal cortex and closely linked "prefrontal system" structures such as the striatum, amygdala, mediodorsal thalamus, substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area, and anterior cingulate cortices. The nodal structure of the prefrontal system circuit is the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), or Brodmann area 46, which also appears to be the most commonly studied and cited brain area with respect to schizophrenia.<sup>1, 2, 3, 4</sup> In 1986, Weinberger et. al. tied cerebral blood flow in the DLPFC to schizophrenia.<sup>1</sup> In 2001, Perlstein et. al. demonstrated that DLPFC activation is essential for working memory tasks commonly deficient in schizophrenia. 2 More recently, groups have linked morphological changes due to gene deletion and increased DLPFC glutamate concentration to schizophrenia.<sup>3, 4</sup> Despite the experimental and clinical focus on the DLPFC in structural and functional imaging, the variability of the location of this area, differences in opinion on exactly what constitutes DLPFC, and inherent difficulties in segmenting this highly convoluted cortical region have contributed to a lack of widely used standards for manual or semi-automated segmentation programs. Given these implications, we developed a semi-automatic tool to segment the DLPFC from brain MRI scans in a reproducible way to conduct further morphological and statistical studies. The segmenter is based on expert neuroanatomist rules (Fallon-Kindermann rules), inspired by cytoarchitectonic data and reconstructions presented by Rajkowska and Goldman-Rakic.<sup>5</sup> It is semi-automated to provide essential user interactivity. We present our results and provide details on our DLPFC open-source tool.
Sublingual testosterone replacement improves muscle mass and strength, decreases bone resorption, and increases bone formation markers in hypogonadal men--a clinical research center study (1996)

To study the effects of androgen replacement therapy on muscle mass and strength and bone turnover markers in hypogonadal men, we administered sublingual testosterone (T) cyclodextrin (SLT; 5 mg, three times daily) to 67 hypogonadal men (baseline serum T, < 8.4 nmol/L) recruited from 4 centers in the U.S.: Torrance (n = 34), Durham (n = 12), New York (n = 9), and Salem (n = 12). Subjects who had received prior T therapy were withdrawn from injections for at least 6 weeks and from oral therapy for 4 weeks. Body composition, muscle strength, and serum and urinary bone turnover markers were measured before and after 6 months of SLT. We have shown previously that this regimen for 60 days will maintain adequate serum T levels and restore sexual function. Total body (P = 0.0104) and lean body mass (P = 0.007) increased with SLT treatment in the 34 subjects in whom body composition was assessed. There was no significant change in total body fat or percent fat. The increase in lean body mass was mainly in the legs; the right leg lean mass increased from 8.9 +/- 0.3 kg at 0 months to 9.2 +/- 0.3 kg at 6 months (P = 0.0008). This increase in leg lean mass was associated with increased leg muscle strength, assessed by leg press (0 months, 139.0 +/- 4.0 kg; 6 months, 147.7 +/- 4.2 kg; P = 0.0038). SLT replacement in hypogonadal men led to small, but significant, decreases in serum Ca (P = 0.0029) and the urinary calcium/creatinine ratio (P = 0.0066), which were associated with increases in serum PTH (P = 0.0001). At baseline, the urinary type I collagen-cross linked N-telopeptides/creatinine ratio [75.6 +/- 7.9 nmol bone collagen equivalents (BCE/mmol] was twice the normal adult male mean (41.0 +/- 3.6 nmol BCE/mmol) and was significantly decreased in response to SLT treatment at 6 months (68.2 +/- 7.7 nmol BCE/mmol; P = 0.0304) without significant changes in urinary creatinine. Serum skeletal alkaline phosphatase did not change. In addition, SLT replacement caused significant increases in serum osteocalcin (P = 0.0001) and type I procollagen (P = 0.0012). Bone mineral density did not change during the 6 months of SLT treatment. We conclude that SLT replacement therapy resulted in increases in lean muscle mass and muscle strength. Like estrogen replacement in hypogonadal postmenopausal females, androgen replacement therapy led to decreased bone resorption and urinary calcium excretion. Moreover, androgen replacement therapy may have the additional benefit of increasing bone formation. A longer term study for several years duration would be necessary to demonstrate whether these changes in bone turnover marker levels will result in increased bone mineral density decreased fracture risks, and reduced frailty in hypogonadal men.
Immunohistochemical Study to DemonstrateSarcocystis Neuronain Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (1993)

A 5-year (1985-1989) retrospective immunohistochemical study was conducted using an avidin-biotin complex (ABC) immunoperoxidase method to demonstrate Sarcocystis neurona in histologically suspect cases of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Primary antibodies against S. neurona and S. cruzi were utilized for the ABC technique. The findings were compared with those from cases in which the organisms were detected by examination of hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained neuronal sections. HE-stained sections detected the presence of the organisms in 20% of the suspect cases; whereas the ABC technique confirmed the presence of S. neurona in 51% and 67% of the cases by S. neurona and S. cruzi antibodies, respectively. A review of clinical case histories showed that 21/47 (45%) of the EPM horses with parasites in the tissue sections had prior treatment with antiprotozoal drugs and/or steroids. Using the test results of S. neurona and S. cruzi as a standard reference, HE test sensitivity based on examination of up to 30 neuronal sections per case was only 25%, and test specificity was 91%.
Highland Lake Water Management in Great Asian Mountains: Significance, Challenges and Knowledge Gaps (2004)

Highland lake water management in the Great Asian Mountains is an emerging issue that needs immediate attention. This paper firstly elaborates the significant environmental services of highland lakes, in particular, the significance of water resources in those lakes. Secondly, the author analyses the challenges of water resource management in highland lakes, attributing to both global climate change and anthropogenic causes. Through the analysis of all the challenges, knowledge gaps are identified and future research activities suggested.
Separation of Oil and Water in Oil Spill Recovery Operations (1999)

Abstract The separation of water from oil that is collected in any oil spill recovery operation is a continuing and necessary requirement during every stage of the effort. Its importance is reflected in the cost of transport and storage of large volumes of oily water, the salvage value of separated oil and the added labor costs associated with long-term recovery operations. This paper addresses the effects of weathering and emulsion generation which increase the problems normally associated with water extraction. Separation theory, practical separation technology and recommendations for the future direction of research and development are presented.
Investigation on the Removal of NO from SO2-Containing Simulated Flue Gas by an Ultraviolet/Fenton-Like Reaction (2012)

The removal process of NO from SO2-containing simulated flue gas using an ultraviolet (UV)/Fenton-like reaction in a photochemical reactor was investigated. The effects of several operating parameters, such as the H2O2 concentration, Cu2+ concentration, solution pH, NO concentration, solution temperature, gas flow, SO2 concentration, and O2 concentration on NO removal were studied using a single-factor method. The liquid anions were measured by ion chromatography, and the material balances for NO and SO2 were also calculated. The results show that, with the increase in the Cu2+ concentration, NO removal efficiency significantly increases. With the increase in the H2O2 concentration, NO removal efficiency increases, but the changes gradually become smaller. NO removal efficiency greatly reduces with an increasing gas flow and NO concentration. An increasing solution temperature or SO2 concentration slightly decreases NO removal efficiency. An increase in the O2 concentration can promote the removal of NO. The anions in the liquid phase are mainly SO42– and NO3–. The calculated values of SO42– and NO3– are overall in agreement with the measured values.
Learning an efficient model of hand shape variation from depth images (2015)

We describe how to learn a compact and efficient model of the surface deformation of human hands. The model is built from a set of noisy depth images of a diverse set of subjects performing different poses with their hands. We represent the observed surface using Loop subdivision of a control mesh that is deformed by our learned parametric shape and pose model. The model simultaneously accounts for variation in subject-specific shape and subject-agnostic pose. Specifically, hand shape is parameterized as a linear combination of a mean mesh in a neutral pose with a small number of offset vectors. This mesh is then articulated using standard linear blend skinning (LBS) to generate the control mesh of a subdivision surface. We define an energy that encourages each depth pixel to be explained by our model, and the use of a smooth subdivision surface allows us to optimize for all parameters jointly from a rough initialization. The efficacy of our method is demonstrated using both synthetic and real data, where it is shown that hand shape variation can be represented using only a small number of basis components. We compare with other approaches including PCA and show a substantial improvement in the representational power of our model, while maintaining the efficiency of a linear shape basis.
Isolation of anti-HIV-1 lignans from Larrea tridentata by counter-current chromatography (1996)

Several lignans, mostly new, were isolated from Larrea tridentata by assay-guided counter-current chromatography (CCC). Using the secreted alkaline phosphatase bioassay of HIV Tat transactivation and the two-phase hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water solvent system, two major components (Gr and Lo) were identified as anti-HIV active principles. The chemical structures of the constituents of Gr (G1-G4) and Lo (L1-L4) were determined by GC-MS and NMR. After optimization of isolation conditions, a large-scale isolation with the chloroform-methanol-water system yielded five constituents (FB1-FB5). The most predominant anti-HIV compound FB2 (denoted Malachi 4:5-6 or mal.4), which occurs in 0.23% yield, was separated from its FB1 isomer (0.13% yield). Compound FB4 and two tricyclic lignans (FB3 and FB5) were also isolated in a substantial amount for further testing of their anti-HIV activities. These compounds may represent a new class of anti-HIV agents with important clinical relevance.
Gas transport properties of 6FDA-durene/1,4-phenylenediamine (pPDA) copolyimides (2000)

We have determined the gas transport properties of He, H2, O2, N2, and CO2 for 6FDA-durene homopolymer and 6FDA-durene/pPDA copolyimides. The 6FDA-durene exhibits the highest permeability with the lowest selectivity. Permeability of copolymers decreases with increasing 6FDA–pPDA content, while permselectivity increases with an increase in 6FDA–pPDA content. 6FDA-durene/pPDA (50/50) and 6FDA-durene/pPDA (20/80) materials have O2 and CO2 permeabilities greater than those calculated from the addition rule of the semilogarithmic equation. These higher deviations from the additional rule of the semilogarithmic equation are mainly attributed to the fact that these copolyimides have higher solubility coefficients than those calculated from the additive rule. The Tg s of 6FDA-durene/pPDA copolyimides decrease with an increase in 6FDA–pPDA content. Tg s predicted from the Fox equation are lower than the experimental data, and the their difference increases with an increase in pPDA content, implying the copolyimides of 6FDA-durene/pPDA may have greater interstitial space among chains because of the conformation difference, and thus create more fraction free volume compared with the ideal case of simple volume addition. Density measurements also suggest these two copolymers have greater free volumes and the fractions of free volume, which supporting the gas transport results. The thermal stability and β-relaxation temperature have also been studied for these copolymers. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 2703–2713, 2000
Comparison of the [13C]Glucose Breath Test to the Hyperinsulinemic-Euglycemic Clamp When Determining Insulin Resistance (2004)

The [(13)C]glucose breath test may provide a useful noninvasive assessment of insulin sensitivity.
[Study on the compatibility of medicines of sini-tang by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy]. (2007)

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was applied to analyze the different sini-tang formulas. The findings indicated that the FTIR spectra of different formulas show certain regular changes. According to the identification and assignment of the characteristic peaks, it is clear how the interaction of each single drug in the compound and the administrated amount influence the formulas. This method offers a new thought for exploring the formulas research of traditional Chinese medicine.
Reactive Superhydrophobic Surface and Its Photoinduced Disulfide-ene and Thiol-ene (Bio)functionalization (2014)

Reactive superhydrophobic surfaces are highly promising for biotechnological, analytical, sensor, or diagnostic applications but are difficult to realize due to their chemical inertness. In this communication, we report on a photoactive, inscribable, nonwettable, and transparent surface (PAINTS), prepared by polycondensation of trichlorovinylsilane to form thin transparent reactive porous nanofilament on a solid substrate. The PAINTS shows superhydrophobicity and can be conveniently functionalized with the photoclick thiol-ene reaction. In addition, we show for the first time that the PAINTS bearing vinyl groups can be easily modified with disulfides under UV irradiation. The effect of superhydrophobicity of PAINTS on the formation of high-resolution surface patterns has been investigated. The developed reactive superhydrophobic coating can find applications for surface biofunctionalization using abundant thiol or disulfide bearing biomolecules, such as peptides, proteins, or antibodies.
Ferritin metabolism in reticulated-siderocytes (1970)

Reticulated-siderocytes (reticulocytes which contain siderotic granules), obtained from the circulation of pigs after vigorous phlebotomy, were incubated in vitro. A rapid disappearance of granules from the reticulocytes was observed over 24 hr. Simultaneously with the decrease in granules, soluble ferritin accumulated in the media and siderotic granules developed in monocytes. The disappearance of the granules from the reticulated-siderocytes was oxygen-dependent and the loss of granules and the accumulation of ferritin in the media were both prevented by the addition of cyanide or dinitrophenol. It is concluded that the ferritin aggregates in the granules of reticulated-siderocytes are dispersed intracellularly into soluble ferritin, that soluble ferritin is excreted from the cell, and that one or both of these steps is dependent upon oxidative metabolism. Blood monocytes are capable of taking up soluble ferritin from the media and converting this into siderotic granules. Thus, a reticulocyte to plasma to monocyte ferritin pathway has been described.
B-Raf Inhibits Programmed Cell Death Downstream of Cytochrome c Release from Mitochondria by Activating the MEK/Erk Pathway (1999)

Growth factor-dependent kinases, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) and Raf kinases, have been implicated in the suppression of apoptosis. We have recently established Rat-1 fibroblast cell lines overexpressing B-Raf, leading to activation of the MEK/Erk mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Overexpression of B-Raf confers resistance to apoptosis induced by growth factor withdrawal or PI 3-kinase inhibition. This is accompanied by constitutive activation of Erk without effects on the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway. The activity of MEK is essential for cell survival mediated by B-Raf overexpression, since either treatment with the specific MEK inhibitor PD98059 or expression of a dominant inhibitory MEK mutant blocks the antiapoptotic activity of B-Raf. Activation of MEK is not only necessary but also sufficient for cell survival because overexpression of constitutively activated MEK, Ras, or Raf-1, like B-Raf, prevents apoptosis after growth factor deprivation. Overexpression of B-Raf did not interfere with the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria after growth factor deprivation. However, the addition of cytochrome c to cytosols of cells overexpressing B-Raf failed to induce caspase activation. It thus appears that the B-Raf/MEK/Erk pathway confers protection against apoptosis at the level of cytosolic caspase activation, downstream of the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria.
Tuberin-heterozygous cell line TSC2ang1 as a model for tuberous sclerosis-associated skin lesions (2008)

Tuberous sclerosis (TS), neurological disorder manifesting with the formation of tumors in numerous organ systems, is a disease associated with the upregulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. It has been found that in healthy individuals two tumor suppressor genes, TSC1 and TSC2, encoding proteins called hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are responsible for the control over mTOR kinase. Loss of one of these genes constitutes the genetic background of TS. In the current study, we aimed at evaluating the fitness of the only TS-associated sarcoma cell line deposited in American Tissue Culture Collection, TSC2ang1, for the in vitro studies on TS. We found that the line shows a stable chromosome pattern with typical Robertsonian translocations. Similarly to primary tumors from TS patients, TSC2ang1 cells respond to rapamycin-induced mTOR inhibition. The cells demonstrate activation of both Akt and Erk pathways, but inhibition of neither of them is as effective as mTOR suppression when considering proliferation potential. Based on these results we propose TSC2ang1 as a good and stable model for pathophysiological and pharmacological studies on skin lesions in TS.
Collaborative multi-paradigm exploratory search (2008)

New challenges for advanced web search interfaces and visualization tools arise as user needs shift from traditional lookup tasks towards more open ended search activities collectively described as exploratory search. Exploratory search opens new possibilities for employing social aspects for effective information retrieval. We facilitate exploratory search by providing users with an integrated search and navigation interface combining three search paradigms - full text search, view-based (faceted) search and content-based (query-by-example) search. Full text search is used for both domain data and metadata lookup, view-based search allows users to further refine/filter the respective result set, while content-based search orders or biases the results based on their similarity to a given set of sample results.
The Drosophila p70s6k homolog exhibits conserved regulatory elements and rapamycin sensitivity. (1996)

The protein p70s6k/p85s6k lies on a mitogen-stimulated signaling pathway and plays a key role in G1 progression of the cell cycle. Activation of this enzyme is mediated by a complex set of phosphorylation events, which has largely contributed to the difficulty in identifying the upstream kinases that mediate p70s6k activation. Genetics has proved a powerful complementary approach for such problems, providing an alternative means to identify components of signaling cascades and their functional end targets. As a first step toward implementing such an approach, we have cloned cDNAs encoding the Drosophila melanogaster p70s6k homolog (Dp70s6k). Dp70s6k is encoded by a single gene, which generates three mRNA transcripts and exhibits an overall identity of 78% in the catalytic domain with its mammalian counterpart. Importantly, this high identity extends beyond the catalytic domain to the N terminus, linker region, and the autoinhibitory domain. Furthermore, all the critical phosphorylation sites required for mammalian p70s6k activation are conserved within these same domains of Dp70s6k. Chief amongst these conserved sites are those associated with the selective rapamycin-induced p70s6k dephosphorylation and inactivation. Consistent with this observation, analysis of total S6 kinase activity in fractionated Drosophila Schneider line 2 cell extracts reveals two peaks of activity, only one of which is rapamycin sensitive. By employing a monospecific polyclonal antibody generated against Dp70s6k, we show that the cloned DP70s6k cDNA has identity with only the rapamycin sensitive peak, suggesting that this biological system would be useful in determining not only the mechanism of p70s6k activation, but also in elucidating the mechanism by which rapamycin acts to inhibit cell growth.
Synergistic effect of RhBMP–2 and bFGF on ectopic osteogenesis in mice (2015)

rhBMP-2 possesses the capacity to induce ectopic osteogenesis independently, but bFGF does not have this ability; the combined application of rhBMP-2 and bFGF can enhance the synergetic effect on inducing ectopic osteogenesis.