gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A common pathway of sulfide oxidation by sulfate-reducing bacteria (1996)

The pathway of sulfide oxidation with oxygen as electron acceptor was studied with five strains of freshwater, marine and alkaliphilic sulfate-reducing bacteria.Electrode measurements with washed cells indicated that all strains oxidized sulfide to elemental sulfur.In a second step, the elemental sulfur formed was disproportionated to sulfate and sulfide.During this phase, most of the disappeared sulfide was formed back.Since oxygen could be replaced by nitrate or nitrite as electron acceptor, the described biphasic reaction was independent of molecular oxygen.With Desuljobulbuspropionicus and the alkaliphilic strain Z-7935, sulfide back-formation started after oxygen was consumed completely.By contrast, with the freshwater strains Desufivibrio desulfuricuns CSN (DSM 9104) and Essex 6 (DSM 2032) and the marine strain PlB, sulfide back-formation already started before oxygen was consumed.The addition of hydrogen as electron donor increased simultaneously the rate of aerobic respiration and sulfide back-formation.Both reactions stopped when the oxygen was consumed, indicating that the electron transport to oxygen and sulfur was coupled.Sulfide-oxidizing activity (84 nmol Oa mm-' (mg protein)-l) was found in the periplasmic fraction prepared by osmotic shock treatment of suspensions of D. desulfuricans CSN.This fraction oxidized sulfide with oxygen to elemental sulfur.It is concluded that in different sulfate-reducing bacteria sulfide oxidation proceeds via a common pathway with the formation of elemental sulfur as intermediate and its disproportionation to sulfate and sulfide.The process is independent of molecular oxygen.
Digital activism in the Middle East: mapping issue networks in Egypt, Iran, Syria and Tunisia (2010)

The shocking image of the young student Neda Salehi dying, after appearing to have been shot by the Iranian government's Security Forces, dominated the global news and online platforms during the 2009 ‘Iran election crisis’. Iranian protestors took to the streets, internet, blogosphere and Twitter to express their discontent about the re-election of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. In the days following the election, the global news attention shifted from the situation on the ground to the role of Twitter in ‘the Iran crisis’. With headlines such as: ‘Iran's Protests: Why Twitter is the Medium of the Movement’ content organisers such as Twitter increasingly become part of reality and the web becomes a space for analysis. Unique to the web and content organizers is that they mediate the formation of online networks and make these networks traceable. Using natively digital research tools, this paper mapped issue networks of digital activism in the Middle East to understand if the internet mediates the organisation of activism for social change in repressive environments. Digital activists are individuals, sometimes organized in social organizations, that actively express or engage online for development and social change.
Sodium–glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors: an emerging new class of oral antidiabetic drug (2008)

The sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) is a low-affinity transport system that is specifically expressed in the kidney and plays an important role in renal glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule. Competitive inhibition of SGLT2 therefore represents an innovative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hyperglycaemia and/or obesity in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose and energy loss through the urine. The observation that individuals with familial renal glycosuria maintain normal long-term kidney function provides some reassurance that this mode of action will not adversely affect renal function. Intense research in this therapeutic area has led to the discovery of novel SGLT2 inhibitors, each with different chemical, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles. This review outlines the biology, expression and pleotropic activity of the SGLT system and the pharmacological profile of SGLT2 inhibitors and provides a summary of preclinical and limited clinical data available to characterize the efficacy, safety and potential clinical utility of SGLT2 inhibitors in the management of diabetes.
Binding of mycoplasmas to solid phase adsorbents (2005)

The capture of mycoplasmas (M. hominis, M. buccale, M. fermentans, M. bovis, M. synoviae, M. gallisepticum and M. arthritidis) based on lipid structures and adhesion molecules present in the mycoplasmal membrane was tested using different chromatographic resins (ActiClean Etox, ClarEtox, Heparin-Actigel, Sulfated Hiflow and SulfEtox). All of the resins efficiently reduced mycoplasma concentrations in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and in Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) by 3-8 logs in a few minutes. This technology could be used for removing mycoplasmas from tissue culture components such as serum, and for concentrating mycoplasmas in vaccine production.
Molecular simulation and drug design. (1991)

Computer simulation techniques have become a major tool in the analysis of biomolecular properties and behaviour. These techniques are used extensively in drug and protein design projects, because they can provide information that is complementary to experimental data. Molecular mechanics methods such as energy minimization and molecular dynamics are among the most commonly used simulation techniques for the study of biomolecules. We present here a brief description of some molecular mechanics methods and a few applications examples for biomacromolecules and biomolecular complexes.
Type II collagen oral tolerance; mechanism and role in collagen-induced arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (2009)

Oral tolerance means a diminished immune response to previously fed antigens. Repeated oral administrations of type II collagen (CII) induce oral tolerance and inhibit the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Dendritic cells (DCs) in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) take up the CII and then present it to T cells to generate regulatory T cells (Tregs), which induce systemic immune tolerance to CII. Inhibitory cytokines, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and interleukin (IL)-10, and several immune regulatory molecules, including indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and retinoic acid, play an important role in Treg generation. Each DC subset may play different roles, and CD11c+CD11b+DCs and IDO+DCs are important in the generation of antigen-inducible Tregs in CII oral tolerance. Upon stimulation with the antigen involved in its generation, Treg is activated and regulates the immune response through inhibitory cytokine production, cell-to-cell contact-dependent mechanisms, DC modification, and bystander suppression. The DCs and Tregs are deeply involved in oral tolerance through reciprocal interactions. Several clinical trials have been conducted in RA patients to examine the efficacy of CII oral tolerance. An understanding the mechanism of oral tolerance to CII would give clinicians new insights into the development of natural immune tolerance and new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Rapamycin and Dietary Restriction Induce Metabolically Distinctive Changes in Mouse Liver (2014)

Dietary restriction (DR) is the gold standard intervention used to delay aging, and much recent research has focused on the identification of possible DR mimetics. Energy sensing pathways, including insulin/IGF1 signaling, sirtuins, and mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), have been proposed as pathways involved in the antiaging actions of DR, and compounds that affect these pathways have been suggested to act as DR mimetics, including metformin (insulin/IGF1 signaling), resveratrol (sirtuins), and rapamycin (mTOR). Rapamycin is a promising DR mimetic because it significantly increases both health span and life span in mice. Unfortunately, rapamycin also leads to some negative effects, foremost among which is the induction of insulin resistance, potentially limiting its translation into humans. To begin clarifying the mechanism(s) involved in insulin resistance induced by rapamycin, we compared several aspects of liver metabolism in mice treated with DR or rapamycin for 6 months. Our data suggest that although both DR and rapamycin inhibit lipogenesis, activate lipolysis, and increased serum levels of nonesterified fatty acids, only DR further activates β-oxidation of the fatty acids leading to the production of ketone bodies.
Deguonies įsotinimo ypatybės sergant obstrukcine miego apnėja (2005)

Tyrimo tikslas. Nustatyti, kurie faktoriai yra svarbūs deguonies desaturacijos gyliui sergantiesiems obstrukcine miego apnėja miego metu ir įvertinti, ar desaturacija yra susijusi su mieguistumu dieną. Į tyrimą įtraukta 190 ligonių, sergančių obstrukcine miego apnėja (135 vyrai, amžiaus vidurkis – 52,59±11,31 metų ir 55 moterys, amžiaus vidurkis – 58,93±8,85 metų). Nustatyta, kad desaturacijos lygmuo priklausė nuo pradinės saturacijos nemiegant, kūno masės indekso (koreliacija didesnė nei 0,5). Nustatyta ir statistiškai reikšminga, tačiau nedidelė (p&lt;0,5) sąsaja su Epworth mieguistumo skale. Vienveiksnės analizės duomenimis, didelio mieguistumo tikimybė, sergant obstrukcine miego apnėja, didėjo vyrams (šansų santykis (ŠS) 3,52), taip pat kai mikroprabudimų indeksas didesnis nei 30 (ŠS 6,12), apnėjos ir hipopnėjos indeksas didesnis nei 35 (ŠS 4,25), vidutinė desaturacija mažiau 90 proc. (ŠS 4,09), maksimali desaturacija – mažiau 80 proc. (ŠS 3,06), bendrasis desaturacijos indeksas didesnis nei 36 per valandą (ŠS 2,86), desaturacijos indeksas neparadoksinio miego metu didesnis nei 38 per valandą (ŠS 3,2). Daugiaveiksnės analizės duomenimis, tik mikroprabudimų indeksas didesnis nei 30 per valandą didino didelio mieguistumo dieną tikimybę (ŠS 4,97). \nIšvados. Hipoksemijos gylis naktį yra svarbus faktorius mieguistumui dieną, sergant obstrukcine miego apnėja, bet svarbiausias yra mikro¬prabudimų indeksas. Hipoksemijos gylis priklauso nuo deguonies pradinės saturacijos dydžio bei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The Two-Domain NK1 Fragment of Plasminogen:  Folding, Ligand Binding, and Thermal Stability Profile (2002)

The two-domain fragment N+K1 (rNK1) [Glu(1)-Glu(163)] of human plasminogen was expressed in E. coli as a hexahistidine-tagged fusion protein and chromatographically purified. The (1)H NMR spectrum supports proper folding of the K1 component within the refolded rNK1 construct (rNK1/K1). The functional properties of rNK1/K1 were investigated via intrinsic fluorescence titration with kringle-specific omega-aminocarboxylic acid ligands. The affinities closely match those previously measured for the isolated K1, which indicates that the N-domain does not significantly affect the interaction of ligands with the lysine binding site of K1. Far-UV CD spectra recorded for the N-domain suggest conformational plasticity and flexibility for the module. Two classes of spectra, referred to as types A and B, were identified with the type A spectrum reflecting a higher secondary structure content than that estimated for the type B spectrum. Subtracting the CD spectrum of rK1 from that of rNK1 yields a spectrum (Delta) which reflects the conformation of the N-domain within the rNK1 construct (rNK1/N). Delta resembles the type A spectrum, suggesting that rNK1/N adopts a relatively more ordered conformation, stabilized by the adjacent rNK1/K1 domain. In contrast, thermal unfolding curves determined via CD indicate that the rNK1/N slightly lowers the melting temperature (T(m)) of rNK1/K1. Independence of the two domains within rNK1 was tested by monitoring the thermal unfolding of rNK1/K1 when in the presence of the kringle-specific ligand AMCHA, which left the rNK1/N T(m) essentially unaffected, while increasing that of the rNK1/K1 by approximately 10 degrees C.
Pulse treatment of human vascular endothelial cells with high doses of tumor necrosis factor and interferon-gamma results in simultaneous synergistic and reversible effects on proliferation and morphology (1998)

Regional administration of high doses of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon gamma (IFNgamma) and melphalan to patients with advanced cancers of the limbs, results in rapid and specific tumor necrosis, while the normal adjacent tissues remain unaffected. The tumor vasculature is selectively destroyed by this treatment, and neovascular endothelial cells appear to be an early and specific target of TNF and IFNgamma. To further understand some of the cellular events underlying these in vivo effects, we have investigated the response of human macro- and microvascular endothelial cells in vitro, after exposure to high doses of TNF and IFNgamma (up to 40 x 10(3) U/ml each). TNF and IFNgamma synergistically inhibited endothelial-cell proliferation by up to 80% after 72 hr of treatment. Achievement of synergy required the simultaneous presence of both cytokines. A cytokine pulse as short as 30 min was sufficient to induce maximal growth inhibition measured after 48 hr. Both cytokines also induced progressive and dose-dependent elongation of the endothelial-cell morphology. The effects on endothelial-cell proliferation and morphology were reversible upon removal of the cytokines. Moreover, replating of treated cells onto a fresh substrate immediately resulted in re-acquisition of their normal shape. In contrast to the effect on cell proliferation, there was little or no effect on the rate of endothelial-cell apoptosis. The presented data extend reports on the effects of TNF and IFNgamma on human endothelial cells in vitro, and suggest that the in vivo disruption of the tumor vasculature caused by high doses of TNF and IFNgamma is not due to a direct cytotoxic effect on endothelial cells but occurs through an indirect mechanism.
The Acute Treatment of Migraine in Adults: The A merican H eadache S ociety Evidence Assessment of Migraine Pharmacotherapies (2015)

The study aims to provide an updated assessment of the evidence for individual pharmacological therapies for acute migraine treatment. Pharmacological therapy is frequently required for acutely treating migraine attacks. The American Academy of Neurology Guidelines published in 2000 summarized the available evidence relating to the efficacy of acute migraine medications. This review, conducted by the members of the Guidelines Section of the American Headache Society, is an updated assessment of evidence for the migraine acute medications. A standardized literature search was performed to identify articles related to acute migraine treatment that were published between 1998 and 2013. The American Academy of Neurology Guidelines Development procedures were followed. Two authors reviewed each abstract resulting from the search and determined whether the full manuscript qualified for review. Two reviewers studied each qualifying full manuscript for its level of evidence. Level A evidence requires at least 2 Class I studies, and Level B evidence requires 1 Class I or 2 Class II studies. The specific medications - triptans (almotriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan [oral, nasal spray, injectable, transcutaneous patch], zolmitriptan [oral and nasal spray]) and dihydroergotamine (nasal spray, inhaler) are effective (Level A). Ergotamine and other forms of dihydroergotamine are probably effective (Level B). Effective nonspecific medications include acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen), opioids (butorphanol nasal spray), sumatriptan/naproxen, and the combination of acetaminophen/aspirin/caffeine (Level A). Ketoprofen, intravenous and intramuscular ketorolac, flurbiprofen, intravenous magnesium (in migraine with aura), and the combination of isometheptene compounds, codeine/acetaminophen and tramadol/acetaminophen are probably effective (Level B). The antiemetics prochlorperazine, droperidol, chlorpromazine, and metoclopramide are probably effective (Level B). There is inadequate evidence for butalbital and butalbital combinations, phenazone, intravenous tramadol, methadone, butorphanol or meperidine injections, intranasal lidocaine, and corticosteroids, including dexamethasone (Level C). Octreotide is probably not effective (Level B). There is inadequate evidence to refute the efficacy of ketorolac nasal spray, intravenous acetaminophen, chlorpromazine injection, and intravenous granisetron (Level C). There are many acute migraine treatments for which evidence supports efficacy. Clinicians must consider medication efficacy, potential side effects, and potential medication-related adverse events when prescribing acute medications for migraine. Although opioids, such as butorphanol, codeine/acetaminophen, and tramadol/acetaminophen, are probably effective, they are not recommended for regular use.
C‐type natriuretic peptide for reduction of restenosis: gene transfer is superior over single peptide administration (2006)

Periadventitial liposome-mediated CNP gene transfer in vivo resulted in a significant long-term reduction of neointima formation without compromising endothelial repair and was superior over single CNP peptide administration. Advantages of CNP are its physiological origin and simultaneous inhibition of VSMC proliferation and promotion of EC growth.
Salivary protein and solCD44 levels as a potential screening tool for early detection of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (2011)

Oral rinse levels of solCD44 and protein seem to hold promise for detection of HNSCC.
Enhanced cold-cathode emission using composite resin-carbon coatings (1988)

A new type of composite resin-carbon field-emitting cathode (FEC) is described which is found to switch on at applied fields as low as approximately 1.5 MV m-1, and subsequently has a reversible I-V characteristic with stable emission currents of >or=1 mA at moderate applied fields of typically <or approximately=8 MV m-1. A direct electron emission imaging technique has shown that the total externally recorded current stems from a high density of individual emission sites randomly distributed over the cathode surface. The observed characteristics have been qualitatively explained by a new hot-electron emission mechanism involving a two-stage switch-on process associated with a metal-insulator-metal-insulator-vacuum (MIMIV) emitting regime.
X-compact: an efficient response compaction technique for test cost reduction (2003)

We present a technique for compacting test response data using combinational logic circuits. Our compaction technique enables up to an exponential reduction in the number of pins required to collect test response from a chip. The combinational circuits require negligible area, do not add any extra delay during normal operation, guarantee detection of defective chips even in the presence of sources of unknown logic values (often referred to as Xs) and preserve diagnosis capabilities for all practical scenarios. The technique has minimum impact on current design and test flows, and can be used to reduce test time, test data volume, test-I/O pins and tester channels, and also to improve test quality.
A Simplified Clinical Procedure for Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Renal Plasma Flow. (1946)

The measurement of discrete renal functions by means of “clearance” technics has been of great value in the study of both normal and abnormal kidney physiology. However, the technics required for the accurate measurement of glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow and tubular function have several disadvantages, especially when applied to human subjects. Since inaccurate collection of urine constitutes the main source of error, an indwelling catheter, bladder washouts, and 3 or more serial collections of urine are required to yield reasonable accuracy. The amount of time devoted to the collection of blood and urine samples and to the chemical analyses prevents the standard method of measurement of the discrete renal functions from being a simple routine clinical procedure. Several investigators- have devised technics which make the collection of urine unnecessary. These methods depend upon the rate of disappearance of inulin (or mannitol) and diodrast (or p-amino hippuric acid) from the blood after intravenous injection. These technics require serial blood samples to insure accuracy, and are not suitable for repeated observations at intervals of less than one day. A simple procedure for the measurement. A of glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow has been devised that requires only a blankw plasma sample and a single plasma sample for each estimation of the renal functions. This procedure is based on the assumption that, at equilibrium, the amount of a non-metabolized substance injected intravenously per minuteshould equal the amount excreted by the kidney per minute; i.e. providing this is the only excretory route.
Pragmatic Reduction of the Binding Conditions with respect to Anaphora Interpretations in English (2005)

This paper argues in favor of using a set of Gricean maxims to account for preferred interpretations of English anaphora. The distribution of English reflexives has generally been explained in purely structural terms in Chomsky&amp;amp;apos;s binding theory. Chomsky&amp;amp;apos;s basic idea is that reflexives and pronouns are in complementary distribution. However, there has been a longstanding awareness of the fact that there are a large set of marginal occurrences of reflexives which are not directly predicted by the general typology of the binding theory. Well-known cases include picture-noun reflexives: &amp;amp;apos;long-distance reflexives: and &amp;amp;apos;reflexives with split antecedents.&amp;amp;apos; In this paper, we will show why we need to resort to semantic/pragmatic considerations to weigh the acceptability of the problematic cases mentioned above. Specifically, we will endeavor to make the following points: (i) that syntax, semantics, and pragmatics are interconnected to determine the distribution and interpretation of English anaphora; and (ii) that the distinctive and mysterious behavior of the problematic English reflexives can be accounted for straightforwardly by the systematic interaction of neo-Gricean pragmatic principles, such as the Q-, I-, M-principles.
Flow-induced birefringence: the hidden PSF killer in high performance injection-molded plastic optics (2006)

A 7-mm OD, NA = 1 water immersion injection-molded plastic endoscope objective has been fabricated for a laser scanning fiber confocal reflectance microscope (FCRM) system specifically designed for <i>in vivo</i> detection of cervical and oral pre-cancers. Injection-molded optics was selected for the ability to incorporate aspheric surfaces into the optical design and its high volume capabilities. Our goal is high performance disposable endoscope probes. This objective has been built and tested as a stand-alone optical system, a Strehl ratio greater than 0.6 has been obtained. One of the limiting factors of optical performance is believed to be flow-induced birefringence. We have investigated different configurations for birefringence visualization and believe the circular polariscope is most useful for inspection of injection-molded plastic optics. In an effort to decrease birefringence effects, two experiments were conducted. They included: (1) annealing of the optics after fabrication and (2) modifying the injection molding prameters (packing pressures, injection rates, and hold time). While the second technique showed improvement, the annealing process could not improve quality without physically warping the lenses. Therefore, to effectively reduce flow-induced birefringence, molding conditions have to be carefully selected. These parameters are strongly connected to the physical part geometry. Both optical design and fabrication technology have to be considered together to deliver low birefringence while maintaining the required manufacturing tolerances. In this paper we present some of our current results that illustrate how flow-induced birefringence can degrade high performance injection-molded plastic optical systems.