gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cytokine Modulators as Novel Therapies for Asthma (2002)

Cytokines play a critical role in orchestrating and perpetuating inflammation in asthmatic airways and several specific cytokine and chemokine inhibitors are now in development for the treatment of asthma. Inhibition of IL-4 with soluble IL-4 receptors has shown promising early results in asthma. Anti-IL-5 antibody is very effective at inhibiting peripheral blood and airway eosinophils but does not appear to be effective in symptomatic asthma. Inhibitory cytokines, such as IL-10, interferons, and IL-12 are less promising because systemic delivery produces intolerable side effects. Inhibition of TNF-alpha may be useful in severe asthma. Many chemokines are involved in the inflammatory response of asthma, and small-molecule inhibitors of chemokine receptors are in development. CCR3 antagonists are now in clinical development for the treatment of asthma. Because so many cytokines are involved in asthma, drugs that inhibit the synthesis of multiple cytokines may prove to be more useful. Several such classes of drug are now in clinical development, and the risk of side effects with these nonspecific inhibitors may be reduced by the inhaled route of delivery.
Motion-compensated generic coding of video based on a multiresolution data structure (1993)

We present a generic video codec, which is able to compress image sequences efticiently regardless of their input formats. In addition, this codec supports a wide range of bit rates, without significant changes in its main architecture. A multiresolution representation of the data is generated by a Gabor-like wavelet transform. The motion estimation is performed by a locally adaptive multigrid block-matching technique. This codec can handle both interlaced and progressive input sequences, the temporal redundancies being exploited by interframe/interfield coding. A perceptual quantization of the resulting coefficients is then performed, followed by adaptive entropy coding. Simulations using different test sequences demonstrate a reconstructed signal of good quality for a wide range of bit rates. Thereby demonstrating that this codec can perform generic coding with reduced complexity and high efficiency.
Temperature Dependence of Up-Conversion Luminescence and Photoluminescence of Mn<SUP>2+</SUP> in ZnS:Mn<SUP>2+</SUP> Nanoparticles (2001)

The photoluminescence (excited at both 300 nm and 383.5 nm) and up-conversion luminescence (excited at 767 nm) of the Mn2+ 4T1-->6A1 transition in both bulk and ZnS:Mn2+ nanoparticles have been measured as a function of temperature. The Mn2+ emission spectra shift monotonically to longer wavelengths at lower temperatures, whereas the intensity change of the luminescence is more complex. The complicated temperature behavior is explained by considering the processes of nonradiation relaxation via phonon coupling, exciton thermal dissociation (binding energy), energy transfer, carrier trapping, and the temperature change of the absorption spectra. The fact that the temperature dependence of the 767 nm excited up-conversion luminescence is the same as the 383.5 nm excited photoluminescence in both bulk and nanoparticles supports the conclusion that the up-conversion luminescence is due to two-photon absorption.
Preparation and Characterization of the Lower Equilibrated Phenylsilsesquioxanes (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and Characterization of the Lower Equilibrated PhenylsilsesquioxanesJohn F. Brown, Lester H. Vogt, and Paul I. PrescottCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 6, 1120–1125Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1964https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01060a033RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1528Altmetric-Citations242LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (867 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Oral Antihyperglycemic Agents and Renal Disease (2005)

The results of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and UK Prospective Diabetes Study trials in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively, have proved the importance of intensive glucose management in the prevention of microvascular complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy). Both trials showed encouraging trends for a decrease in macrovascular complications, and this is being pursued in new studies. These findings have led to more strict goals for glucose control. As glucose levels are aimed to be closer to the normal range, the risk for hypoglycemia also increases dramatically. The choice of the agent therefore is more influenced currently by the risk for hypoglycemia. There are presently four classes of oral antihyperglycemic agents. These agents differ greatly in terms of mechanisms of action, efficacy, side effect profiles, and cost. Except for Acarbose, all classes decrease the glycosylated hemoglobin by a similar magnitude: 1.0 to 1.5%. In chronic renal failure, the oral agents that can be used therefore include the insulin secretagogues repaglinide and nateglinide and the thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) with caution. Insulin also can be used safely in renal failure.
A test structure advisor and a coupled, library-based test structure layout and testing environment (2002)

A new test chip design environment, based on commercial tools, containing a test structure advisor and a coupled, library-based layout and testing environment has been developed. This environment results in a tenfold increase in productivity. The test structure advisor uses cross-sections of devices to recommend a comprehensive list of diagnostic and parametric test structures. These test structures can then be retrieved from the libraries of parameterized structures, customized, and placed in a design to rapidly generate customized test chips. Coupling the layout and test environments enables the automatic generation of a vast majority of the parametric test software. Using this environment, a new test chip, which would normally have taken over 1.5 weeks, was designed in 6 hours.
Stimulated emission at 281.8 nm from XeBr (1975)

Xenon with 0.10–4% Br2 was excited by an e-beam device over the range 10–3000 Torr. Stimulated emission was observed on the transition XeBr*→Xe+Br+hν (281.8 nm). Proof of laser emission and mechanistic details are discussed.
Intravenous pretreatment with A1-selective adenosine analogues protects the heart against infarction. (1992)

These results indicate that stimulation of adenosine A1-receptors causes the heart to become resistant to ischemia and that this protection can be achieved with intravenous administration of A1-selective agents.
Active Printed Materials for Complex Self-Evolving Deformations (2014)

We propose a new design of complex self-evolving structures that vary over time due to environmental interaction. In conventional 3D printing systems, materials are meant to be stable rather than active and fabricated models are designed and printed as static objects. Here, we introduce a novel approach for simulating and fabricating self-evolving structures that transform into a predetermined shape, changing property and function after fabrication. The new locally coordinated bending primitives combine into a single system, allowing for a global deformation which can stretch, fold and bend given environmental stimulus.
RAFT Synthesis of Branched Acrylic Copolymers (2007)

We report the synthesis of branched acrylic copolymers based on 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate using reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in tert-butanol at 80 °C. Three branching comonomers were investigated in this study: ethylene glycol diacrylate, bisphenol A ethoxylated diacrylate and a disulfide-based diacrylate. The latter comonomer allows chemical degradation of the branched acrylic copolymers to produce thiol-functionalized primary chains. Gel permeation chromatography analysis of these degraded copolymer chains indicated low polydispersities (Mw/Mn < 1.22), which confirmed that the living character of the RAFT chemistry was retained under branching conditions. RAFT allows significantly more than one branching agent per primary chain to be used in the copolymerization without causing gelation. This result was obtained with all three branching comonomers and differs from the near-ideal copolymerizations previously reported for the ATRP synthesis of branched methacrylic copolymers (Macromolecules 2006, 39, 7483−7492). Detailed HPLC analysis of the RAFT copolymerization of 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate with bisphenol A ethoxylated diacrylate indicates near-statistical incorporation of the latter comonomer. We suggest that intramolecular cyclization is the primary reason for the apparent violation of classical Flory−Stockmayer gelation theory. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that substantially more ethylene glycol diacrylate than bisphenol A ethoxylated diacrylate can be tolerated in such branching copolymerizations without causing gelation.
Silk (1997)

A number of recent reviews and books on silkworm and spider silks have been published and the historical aspects of the field are reviewed therein (Livengood, 1990; Robson, 1985; Asakura and Kaplan, 1995; Kaplan et al., 1991, 1992b, 1994). Silks can be defined as externally spun fibrous protein secretions. Of the natural fibers, silks represent the only ones that are spun by the producing organism. These fibers are remarkable materials when considering their biosynthesis, processing, and functional properties. These proteins are produced within specialized glands by a variety of organisms including silkworms (and most other lepidoptera larvae), spiders, scorpions, mites, and flies. Silks differ in properties, composition, and morphology depending on the source, and in many spiders different silks are synthesized for different functions.
α-PNA:  A Novel Peptide Nucleic Acid Analogue of DNA (1997)

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) analogues of DNA have attracted interest as potential pharmacological regulators of gene expression since they have the capacity to invade duplex DNA forming Watson−Crick base paired PNA:DNA heteroduplexes. Unfortunately, strand invasion is limited to homopurine and homopyrimidine sequences and there is the need to explore further PNA analogues for the purpose of expanding the strand invasion alphabet. Accordingly, we have designed a true peptide mimic of DNA (designated α-PNA) involving novel l-α-amino acids, with side chains comprising the four DNA bases attached via an ethylene linkage, interspaced with glycine. The four base-containing amino acids have been synthesized from N-Boc-l-homoserine, via alkylation of the appropriate base with the key intermediate (S)-2-(N-Boc-amino)-4-bromobutyric acid methyl ester followed by hydrolysis. These amino acids have been incorporated into α-PNA oligomers using both solution and solid phase methods.
Motion estimation and compensation for fisheye warped video (2015)

Video captured through fisheye lens is becoming very prevalent due to applications such as surveillance, automotive driver assistance systems, and recreational sports. Virtual reality applications such as 360 degrees video also use fish-eye lens video cameras to capture the 360 degree view. The main advantage of fisheye lenses is that they increases the field of view, however they also introduce warping distortion in the captured video. Due to the warping, the motion in the video is typically non-translational and traditional block motion compensation techniques are not fully effective for such video. This paper presents a warping motion compensation technique that models the fish-eye lens distortion to efficiently code warped video. Given the fisheye lens parameters (e.g., transmitted at a video sequence level), the warping model is implicitly derived in both the encoder and decoder and no block-level warping parameters are transmitted. The proposed approach was integrated into HEVC HM-14.0 and initial results on simulated fish-eye lens distorted video show promise especially when the global motion in the video is fast.
Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA Sequence Using Plasmonics Nanoprobes (2005)

This paper describes the use of plasmonics-based nanoprobes that act as molecular sentinels for DNA diagnostics. The plasmonics nanoprobe comprises a metal nanoparticle and a stem−loop DNA molecule tagged with a Raman label. The nanoprobe utilizes the specificity and selectivity of the DNA hairpin probe sequence to detect a specific target DNA sequence of interest. In the absence of target DNA, the stem−loop configuration maintains the Raman label in proximity to the metal nanoparticle, inducing an intense surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect that produces a strong Raman signal upon laser excitation. Upon hybridization of a complementary target DNA sequence to the nanoprobe, the stem−loop configuration is disrupted, causing the Raman label to physically separate from the metal nanoparticle, thus quenching the SERS signal. The usefulness and potential application of the plasmonics nanoprobe for diagnosis is demonstrated using the gag gene sequence of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We successfully demonstrated the specificity and selectivity of the plasmonics nanoprobes to detect PCR amplicons of the HIV gene. The potential for combining the spectral selectivity and high sensitivity of the SERS process with inherent molecular specificity of DNA hairpins to diagnose molecular target sequences in homogeneous solutions is discussed.
Plans to Live on a Reservation Following College Among American Indian Students: An Examination of Transculturation Theory (2011)

This paper focuses on American Indian college students and uses transculturation theory to examine factors related to self-reported plans to live on a reservation following completion of college. Transculturation theory assumes a strong cultural identity is fundamental to academic success. The author uses the basic premise of this perspective to consider an extension to its assumptions. Findings indicate that an implied assumption of the transculturation perspective is that American Indians closely aligned with traditional culture tend to seek careers in which they serve Native communities and more likely plan to live on a reservation after college.
Real-Time Imaging of Astrocyte Response to Quantum Dots:  In Vivo Screening Model System for Biocompatibility of Nanoparticles (2007)

Astrocytes are the principle macroglial brain cells. They are activated by different stressors and brain injuries. Quantum dots (QDs) can cause oxidative stress. This study shows a real-time imaging of primary cortical cultures and assessment of QD-induced activation of astrocytes in the brains of transgenic mice with the luciferase gene driven by the murine astrocyte promoter. This approach may be widely applicable for assessing the astroglia/tissue response to nanoparticles in live animals.
AKA and Authorization Scheme for 4G Mobile Networks Based on Trusted Mobile Platform (2006)

Future 4G mobile communication networks are expected to provide all IP-based services for heterogeneous wireless access technologies. Security service for mobile user as a major challenge in developing such 4G networks becomes more complicated to handle. Since the mobile equipment (ME) becomes ever more powerful but still remain open to possible attacks, the neglect of the security of ME in developing traditional security scheme for mobile networks will remain many risks in the coming 4G systems. In this paper we associate Trusted Computing (TC) with PKI to provide a considerable robust platform for user's access to sensitive service and data in the scenario of 4G systems. Then over the Trusted Mobile Platform (TMP) we present an hybrid AKA (authentication and key agreement) and authorization scheme, in which password is in combination with fingerprint as well as public key to achieve mutual authentication among user/ME/USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity Module) and that among user/AN (accessed network)/HE (home environment). Compared with other AKA for future mobile networks and 3G AKA, our scheme with well scalability and acceptable efficiency is more robust and secure to resist potential attacks on/from ME and attacks in heterogeneous network infrastructure.
The Cell Cycle and Differentiation in Stem Cells (2013)

The relationship between cellular proliferation and differentiation is a major topic in cell biology. What we know comes from models of somatic cell differentiation, where it is widely viewed that cycling and differentiation are coupled, antagonistic phenomena linked at the G1 phase. The extension of this view to stem cells, however, is unclear. One potential possibility is that stem cells also tightly link their G1 phase with their differentiation, indicating a similarity between the differentiation of stem cells and the differentiation of more mature somatic cells. On the other hand, stem cells may utilize different mechanisms or adaptations that confer on them some aspect of uniqueness or "stemness." In this case, stem cells will not exhibit the same coupling with the cell cycle as in many somatic cell models. In this thesis, we examined mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), a stem cell that is pluripotent and rapidly cycling with a highly condensed G1 phase. Direct extension of the somatic view posits that elongation of their G1 phase to somatic lengths by cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity inhibition should induce or increase differentiation of these stem cells. Evidence supporting this claim has been contradictory. We show that elongation of the cell cycle and elongation of G1 to somatic lengths is fully compatible with the pluripotent state of mESCs. Multiple methods that lengthen the cell cycle and that target CDK activity or that trigger putative downstream mechanisms (i.e. Rb and E2F activity) all fail to induce differentiation on their own or even to facilitate differentiation. These results indicates that the model of linkage between the G1 phase and differentiation in mESCs is incorrect and leads us to propose that "stemness" may have a physiological basis in the decoupling of cell cycling and differentiation. In summary, we provide evidence that there is a resistance of mESCs to differentiation induced by lengthening G1 and/or the cell cycle. This could allow for separate control of these events and provide new opportunities for investigation and application.
Peripheral nerve regeneration through nerve guides seeded with adult Schwann cells (1997)

This study tested the usefulness of Schwann cells in the repair of a severed nerve with a biosynthetic bridge or guide. Reinforced collagen nerve guides were used to bridge an 18 mm gap in the sciatic nerve of 21 young adult rats. The animals were divided into three groups and the guides were filled with: (i) more than 0.5 x 10(6) cultured syngeneic adult Schwann cells (group L, n = 12); (ii) less than 0.5 x 10(6) Schwann cells (Group S, n = 6); and (iii) phosphate buffered saline (control, n = 3). Schwann cells were pre-labelled with Hoechst dye. Regeneration was assessed functionally and histologically at 1, 2, 3 and 6 + months after surgery. Group L animals showed numerous regenerated axons surrounded by implanted Schwann cells within the first month. The total number of myelinated fibers (12.5 x 10(3)) remained above normal unoperated values (7 x 10(3)) in long-term animals. Regenerated axons were found in Group S in the third month, but no Hoechst labelled cells were found. The number of myelinated fibers (3.9 x 10(3)) remained below normal values in long-term animals. Control guides failed to support axonal regeneration. Functional recovery was evident at week 20 (Group L) and week 30 (Group S) after surgery, with no difference in function between the two groups by the end of the study. Supplementing guides with Schwann cells enhances regeneration of peripheral axons over a distance normally prohibitive. This effect is greatest in the early stages of regeneration (1-3 months) and is dependent on the number of cells implanted.
Mitosis arrested by deuterium oxide. Light microscopic, immunofluorescence and ultrastructural characterization. (1990)

Dynamics and correctness of mitotic division of PtK1 cells grown in vitro in the presence of deuterium oxide were assessed by morphological criteria. Incubation of PtK1 monolayers for 2 h in media supplemented with 25% to 75% D2O retarded in a dose-dependent manner the interphase/prophase transition, thus substantially decreasing the fraction of prophase cells. The progression of mitosis was also arrested at the metaphase/anaphase transition resulting in an accumulation of prometaphase and metaphase cells. After a prolonged incubation (12-24 h) in 75% D2O, prophase cells reappeared, often displaying a peculiar, "overmatured" pattern of chromosome condensation. In the presence of D2O an "overmatured" prophase cell is able to transform into a prometaphase cell and then directly into a multinucleate/micronucleate cell. Arrested prometaphase and metaphase cells developed restitution nuclei when incubated up to 24 h in the media containing 25% to 75% of heavy water. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopic studies revealed that the treatment with deuterium oxide profoundly disturbed development of the mitotic spindle. On the basis of these observations, a possible mechanism of the antimitotic action of deuterium oxide is discussed. We postulate that centrosomally controlled transformation of the microtubular cytoskeleton into the mitotic spindle is impaired by D2O. This delays the progression of prophase and disturbs congression of chromosomes into a regular metaphase plate.
Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Among US Adults (2002)

These results from a representative sample of US adults show that the metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent. The large numbers of US residents with the metabolic syndrome may have important implications for the health care sector.
High-throughput, high-performance OFDM via pseudo-orthogonal carrier interferometry coding (2002)

OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is susceptible to poor probability of error performance in fading channels. To enhance OFDM's performance, many architectures utilize channel coding. The addition of coding, adds both redundancy and frequency diversity, but comes at a cost of reduced overall throughput (typically by a factor of 2). This paper introduces a novel carrier interferometry phase coding to enhance the performance in OFDM systems without bandwidth expansion or decreased throughput. It is shown that at a bit error rate of 10/sup 3/, this method gains 14 dB over OFDM, equaling the performance of COFDM. A system is now available demonstrating the benefits of coded OFDM, which maintains the throughput of OFDM. The cost is one of increased receiver complexity.