gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monoclonal Antibodies—Immunotherapy for the Critically Ill (1993)

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have revolutionised many areas of medicine, particularly research and diagnostics. Murine, human and humanized mAb have all been developed. The most important clinical applications to date have been in the fields of transplantation and oncology. Experimental and limited clinical trials suggest mAb are emerging as a new therapeutic strategy in the critically ill. Antibodies against a variety of bacteria or their products are potentially useful in gram-positive and gram-negative shock. Anti-cytokine and anti-neutrophil adhesion molecule mAb may be effective not only in septic shock but also in other conditions associated with acute inflammation and cytokine release, e.g., acid aspiration, ischaemia/reperfusion injury (myocardial infarction, haemorrhagic shock, aortic aneurysm repair). Antibodies inhibiting neutrophil adhesion may also be efficacious in asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, meningitis and cerebral malaria. The use of these and other mAb in intensive care is an exciting prospect and future clinical studies will determine the extent of their role in the management of the critically ill.
Atomic Structure of Ferredoxin-NADP + Reductase: Prototype for a Structurally Novel Flavoenzyme Family (1991)

The three-dimensional structure of spinach ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (NADP+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) has been determined by x-ray diffraction at 2.6 angstroms (A) resolution and initially refined to an R factor of 0.226 at 2.2 A resolution. The model includes the flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) prosthetic group and the protein chain from residue 19 through the carboxyl terminus at residue 314 and is composed of two domains. The FAD binding domain (residues 19 to 161) has an antiparallel beta barrel core and a single alpha helix for binding the pyrophosphate of FAD. The NADP binding domain (residues 162 to 314) has a central five-strand parallel beta sheet and six surrounding helices. Binding of the competitive inhibitor 2'-phospho-AMP (AMP, adenosine monophosphate) places the NADP binding site at the carboxyl-terminal edge of the sheet in a manner similar to the nucleotide binding of the dehydrogenase family. The structures reveal the key residues that function in cofactor binding and the catalytic center. With these key residues as a guide, conclusive evidence is presented that the ferredoxin reductase structure is a prototype for the nicotinamide dinucleotide and FAD binding domains of the enzymes NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, NADPH-sulfite reductase, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, and NADH-nitrate reductase. Thus this structure provides a structural framework for the NADH- or NADPH-dependent flavoenzyme parts of five distinct enzymes involved in photosynthesis, in the assimilation of inorganic nitrogen and sulfur, in fatty-acid oxidation, in the reduction of methemoglobin, and in the metabolism of many pesticides, drugs, and carcinogens.
9-Hydroxyfurodysinin-O-ethyl Lactone: A New Sesquiterpene Isolated from the Tropical Marine Sponge Dysidea arenaria (2005)

A new sesquiterpene, 9-hydroxyfurodysinin-O-ethyl lactone, has been isolated from a New Caledonian Dysidea arenaria, along with three known compounds. The possible incorporation of the ethyl ether from the extraction solvent is discussed.
Study of the atomic models of three donorlike defects in silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor structures from their gate material and process dependencies (1984)

The atomic models of the generation and annealing of three donorlike defects [the bulk compensating donor, the donorlike interface density-of-state (DOS) peak, and the positive turn-around charge] in silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors (MOSC) are investigated by studying their dependencies on the gate materials and process conditions. Starting thermal oxides used in this study include 1000 C dry oxides on 〈100〉 p-Si substrates and 750 C high-pressure steam oxides on 〈111〉 p-Si substrates. Gate materials include aluminum, gold, and LPCVD (low-pressure chemical-vapor-deposition) polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) with several doping methods. The densities of these donors generated during avalanche electron injection in MOSC’s with boron in situ doped LPCVD poly-Si gates are smaller compared with those with aluminum gates. High temperature (&amp;gt;900 C) processes (diffusion or anneal) in dry inert gas after the poly-Si gate deposition inhibit the generation of all three donors. After the inhibition, the donor species can be reintroduced into the MOSC by replacing the poly-Si gate with metal gate using a wet etch process at room temperature, or by a post–aluminum-metallization anneal in water vapor at 400 C. All the experimental results are consistent with a proposed model based on hydrogen. This model consists of four steps: (1) The release of atomic hydrogen from SiO-H and Si-H in the bulk SiO2 and at the SiO2/Si interface, as well as from AlO-H and Al-H at the Al/SiO2 interface by ionizing radiation or energetic electrons or holes; (2) the migration of atomic hydrogen across the oxide, which involves multiple bond-breaking/diffusion/bond-forming processes; (3) the modification of the SiO2/Si interface which gives the buildup and reduction of the donorlike interface DOS peak and the positive turn-around charge; and (4) the formation of the electrically inactive B−H+ pair in the silicon surface space-charge layer.
Imaging Characteristics of Multi-Phase-Shifting and Halftone Phase-Shifting Masks (1991)

Phase-shifting masks and imaging characteristics are discussed and compared with those of conventional transmission masks. Then, new phase-shifting masks with intermediate values of phase shifting or transmittance are proposed, and their imaging characteristics are investigated. A phase-shifting mask with a 90° phase difference can ease the restrictions on pattern geometries used in phase-shifting technology but does not increase the focus latitude. It is also suggested that a halftone phase-shifting mask is suitable for printing isolated patterns and it gives wider focus latitude than conventional mask technology.
The rate and the type of orthodontic tooth movement is influenced by bone turnover in a rat model (2000)

The influence of bone metabolism on both the rate and the type of orthodontic tooth movement was investigated. A rat model in which high (n = 16) and low (n = 17) bone turnover was pharmacologically induced was used. A non-pharmacologically treated group (n = 19) served as the control. A mesially directed constant single force of 25 cN was applied to the upper left first molar for a period of 3 weeks. The study was performed as a split-mouth design, the contralateral side of each animal serving as its control. The displacement of the molar crown was measured with an electronic calliper, while changes in inclination of the teeth were measured from micro-CT scans of the excised maxillae. The bone turnover significantly affected the rate of tooth movement. In the case of high turnover, the rate of tooth movement was increased while it was reduced in the case of low turnover. A controlled mesial tipping in all three groups was observed, but the actual location of the centre of rotation seemed to be influenced by the metabolic state of the bone. Based on the results it can be concluded that deviations in bone turnover influence the response to orthodontic forces, and should be taken into consideration when planning orthodontic treatment in patients with metabolic bone disease or those on chronic medication influencing bone metabolism.
S-troponin T in suspected ischemic myocardial injury compared with mass and catalytic concentrations of S-creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (1991)

In a multicenter study we compared three tests for ischemic myocardial injury (IMI): a new, automated enzyme immunoassay for S-troponin T (S-TNT; Boehringer Mannheim) and two S-creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme MB assays (mass and catalytic concentrations). For critical evaluation of clinical sensitivity, we studied 243 cases with an IMI prevalence of 43% and an 18% prevalence of cases with unstable angina. Relative peak values of S-TNT and S-CK-MB (mass) after onset of pain were four- to fivefold higher than S-CK-MB (catalytic) results. Increases of S-TNT and S-CK-MB (mass), even though still within their reference ranges, indicated minor myocardial damage in about one-third of the cases primarily classified as unstable angina. The diagnostic window for S-TNT ranged from hours to weeks after the acute episode. The time courses were frequently biphasic, with the initial S-TNT peak closely paralleling that of the mass concentrations of S-CK-MB. With a biological half-life for S-TNT of 2 h, the prolonged increases in S-TNT indicate a continuous release of S-TNT from necrotizing cells. Clinical specificities of S-TNT and S-CK-MB (mass) were greater than that of S-CK-MB (catalytic), even in the presence of 30% to 40% severe skeletal muscle injuries. The combination of S-TNT and S-CK-MB (mass) is excellent for detection of acute IMI, including minor myocardial damage.
Peptide quantitation using primary amine selective metal chelation labels for mass spectrometry (2010)

Primary amine selective lanthanide metal chelating labels are demonstrated for enhancing the number of simultaneous relative peptide quantitation measurements that can be performed in mass spectrometry analyses.
D 1 and D 2 Dopamine Receptor-regulated Gene Expression of Striatonigral and Striatopallidal Neurons (1990)

The striatum, which is the major component of the basal ganglia in the brain, is regulated in part by dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra. Severe movement disorders result from the loss of striatal dopamine in patients with Parkinson's disease. Rats with lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway caused by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) serve as a model for Parkinson's disease and show alterations in gene expression in the two major output systems of the striatum to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. Striatopallidal neurons show a 6-OHDA-induced elevation in their specific expression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding the D2 dopamine receptor and enkephalin, which is reversed by subsequent continuous treatment with the D2 agonist quinpirole. Conversely, striatonigral neurons show a 6-OHDA-induced reduction in their specific expression of mRNAs encoding the D1 dopamine receptor and substance P, which is reversed by subsequent daily injections of the D1 agonist SKF-38393. This treatment also increases dynorphin mRNA in striatonigral neurons. Thus, the differential effects of dopamine on striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons are mediated by their specific expression of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor subtypes, respectively.
Immunologic memory to phosphorylcholine in vitro. I. Asymmetric expression of clonal dominance. (1981)

Abstract Anti-phosphorylcholine (PC) memory was elictied when spleen cells of primed BALB/c mice were challenged in vitro with PC-KLH. IgA, IgG, and IgM PFC were expressed in approximately equal proportions. Optimal responses for all immunoglobulin classes occurred when cultures received 10−3 to 10−1 μg/ml PC-KLH and were assayed on days 7 to 9. The anti-PC IgG response was expressed in all 4 subclasses although to the greatest extent in lgG1. Memory precursors for all 3 classes persisted in the spleen for at least 13 mo after priming. Analysis of PFC avidity by hapten inhibition and expression of the T15 idiotype by inhibition with a rabbit anti-T15 serum indicated that the 3 immunoglobulin classes differed in heterogeneity. IgM PFC were relatively homogeneous in avidity for PC, and the IgM hapten inhibition profile resembled that of TEPC 15. The IgA response also included PFC that were similar in avidity to TEPC 15, but in addition expressed a population of higher avidity PFC (inhibited by 10−6 M PC), which was undetected in the IgM response. Both IgM and IgA anti-PC PFC were dominated by the T15 idiotype whether antigen challenge occurred in vitro or in vivo. In contrast the avidity of IgG anti-PC PFC differed greatly from TEPC 15, consisting of PFC that were higher in avidity (inhibited by ≤ 10−6 M PC) and PFC that were lower in avidity (inhibited by &amp;gt; 10−3 M PC). Furthermore, neither in vitro nor in vivo generated IgG PFC were dominated by the T15 idiotype although expression of T15+ IgG PFC was greater in vivo than in vitro. This asymmetry in idiotype dominance may be due to a greater proportion of T15− clones among IgG precursors as compared to IgM and IgA, with the expression of these precursors being favored in vitro. These results suggest that 1) there may be a less rigorous maintenance of idiotype dominance among IgG memory precursors as compared to IgM and IgA memory precursors, or 2) idiotype by T15 memory precursors of the 3 isotypes may be affected by separate mechanisms.
PCR screening reveals considerable unexploited biosynthetic potential of ansamycins and a mysterious family of AHBA-containing natural products in actinomycetes (2013)

This work demonstrates that the AHBA-based screening method is a useful approach for discovering novel ansamycins and other AHBA-containing natural products from new microbial resources.
An ultraminiature solid-state pressure sensor for a cardiovascular catheter (1988)

An ultraminiature solid-state capacitive pressure sensor that can be mounted in a 0.5-mm OD catheter suitable for multipoint pressure measurements from within the coronary artery of the heart is described. The transducer consists of a silicon 290*550*1.5- mu m/sup 3/ microdiaphragm surrounded by a 12- mu m-thick silicon supporting rim, both defined by the boron etch-stop technique. The transducer process features a batch wafer-to-glass electrostatic seal followed by the silicon etch, which eliminates handling of individual small diaphragm structures until die separation and final packaging. A hybrid interface circuit chip provides a high-level output signal and allows the sensor to be compatible with use on a multisite catheter having only two leads.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Gender- and Age-Specific Changes in Motor Speed and Eye-Hand Coordination in Adults: Normative Values for the Finger Tapping and Grooved Pegboard Tests (1993)

Normative values for the Finger Tapping and Grooved Pegboard Tests were developed on a sample of 360 normal volunteers stratified according to gender, three educational groups ranging from 7 to 22 years, and four age groups subdivided between the ages of 16 to 70 years. Retest reliability was estimated for both measures. The Finger Tapping Test showed significant gender differences, since women were substantially slower, particularly in the older age groups. On the Grooved Pegboard Test, a converse gender difference was noted, since women were substantially faster than men. A smaller effect with increasing age resulted, and better educated individuals performed faster. If these motor and visuomotor tests are to be applied, then stratified normative estimates need to be implemented to provide viable clinical judgements.
Neutral networks for tactile perception (2003)

The real-time solution to a basic inverse problem of tactile perception is investigated. Regularized solutions of this problem are obtained by a neural-analog network. Favorable setting times and noise immunity are observed in simulations and breadboard level experiments.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Acquisition of Past Tense in English/Norwegian Bilingual Children Single versus Dual Mechanisms (2004)

In a study of three Norwegian/English bilingual siblings, their strategies for acquiring past tense of verbs in both languages were examined. Elicitation tests were performed in both languages and the children’s performance and error patterns were examined. These results were then compared to data from monolingual English and Norwegian speaking children. The results are discussed within the framework of the Single Mechanism Account Hypothesis, a Connectionist approach, and the Dual Mechanism Account Hypothesis, a Generative Approach. The current study suggests support for the Dual Mechanism Approach Hypothesis. It seems that the children in the current study did in fact create rules for past tense which they could apply by default.
Isolation of primitive human hematopoietic progenitors on the basis of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (1999)

Because hematopoietic stem cells are rich in aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, we developed a fluorescent substrate for ALDH, termed BODIPY aminoacetaldehyde (BAAA), and tested its potential for isolating primitive human hematopoietic cells. A population of cells with low orthogonal light scattering and bright fluorescence intensity (SSC(lo)ALDH(br) cells) could be readily fractionated from human umbilical cord blood cells costained with BAAA and the multidrug-resistance inhibitor verapamil. The SSC(lo)ALDH(br) population was depleted of lineage-committed cells, 40-90% pure for CD34(+)CD38(lo/-) cells, and enriched 50- to 100-fold for primitive hematopoietic progenitors detected in short- and long-term culture analyses. Together, these observations indicate that fractionating human hematopoietic stem cells on the basis of ALDH activity using BAAA is an effective method for isolating primitive human hematopoietic progenitors. This technique may be useful for isolating stem cells from other tissues as well.
Detection of text regions from digital engineering drawings (1998)

An algorithm for text/graphics separation is presented in this paper. The basic principle of the algorithm is to erase nontext regions from mixed text and graphics engineering drawings, rather than extract text regions directly. This algorithm can be used to extract both Chinese and Western characters, dimensions, and symbols and has few limitations on the kind of engineering drawings and noise level. It is robust to text-graphics touching, text fonts, and written orientations.
Micro-calcification detection in digital tomosynthesis mammography (2006)

A novel technique for the detection and enhancement of microcalcifications in digital tomosynthesis mammography (DTM) is presented. In this method, the DTM projection images are used directly, instead of using a 3D reconstruction. Calcification residual images are computed for each of the projection images. Calcification detection is then performed over 3D space, based on the values of the calcification residual images at projection points for each 3D point under test. The quantum, electronic, and tissue noise variance at each pixel in each of the calcification residuals is incorporated into the detection algorithm. The 3D calcification detection algorithm finds a minimum variance estimate of calcification attenuation present in 3D space based on the signal and variance of the calcification residual images at the corresponding points in the projection images. The method effectively detects calcifications in 3D in a way that both ameliorates the difficulties of joint tissue/microcalcification tomosynthetic reconstruction (streak artifacts, etc.) and exploits the well understood image properties of microcalcifications as they appear in 2D mammograms. In this method, 3D reconstruction and calcification detection and enhancement are effectively combined to create a calcification detection specific reconstruction. Motivation and details of the technique and statistical results for DTM data are provided.
Palladium Catalyzed Conjugate 1,4-Addition of Organoboronic Acids to α,β-Unsaturated Ketones (2006)

Abstract 1,4-Addition of arylboronic acids to α,β-unsaturated ketones was smoothly catalyzed by palladium(0) phosphine complexes with chloroform in the presence of base. It is remarked that the palladium(0) complexes have no catalytic activity in the absence of chloroform. The reaction proceeded without β-hydride elimination.
Intratympanic administration of methylprednisolone reduces impact of experimental intensive impulse noise trauma on hearing (2008)

The ABR threshold value of IT-MP1 or IT-MP4 groups significantly decreased at 4 weeks as compared with the IT-NS (IT 0.9% physiological saline) group. The ABR threshold value of the group that received intramuscular administration of MP (IM-MP) also decreased at 4 weeks as compared with the IT-NS group. Significant hair cell loss was observed at the region 40-50% from the apex in the present model. Within this region, the residual hair cell number in the IT-MP1 or IT-MP4 groups was significantly greater than that in the IT-NS group.
Early Noninvasive Detection of Response to Targeted Therapy in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2018)

With the advent of precision oncology, there is an urgent need to develop improved methods for rapidly detecting responses to targeted therapies. Here, we have developed an ultrasensitive measure of cell-free tumor load using targeted and whole-genome sequencing approaches to assess responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with advanced lung cancer. Analyses of 28 patients treated with anti-EGFR or HER2 therapies revealed a bimodal distribution of cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) after therapy initiation, with molecular responders having nearly complete elimination of ctDNA (>98%). Molecular nonresponders displayed limited changes in ctDNA levels posttreatment and experienced significantly shorter progression-free survival (median 1.6 vs. 13.7 months, <i>P</i> < 0.0001; HR = 66.6; 95% confidence interval, 13.0-341.7), which was detected on average 4 weeks earlier than CT imaging. ctDNA analyses of patients with radiographic stable or nonmeasurable disease improved prediction of clinical outcome compared with CT imaging. These analyses provide a rapid approach for evaluating therapeutic response to targeted therapies and have important implications for the management of patients with cancer and the development of new therapeutics.<b>Significance:</b> Cell-free tumor load provides a novel approach for evaluating longitudinal changes in ctDNA during systemic treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and serves an unmet clinical need for real-time, noninvasive detection of tumor response to targeted therapies before radiographic assessment.<i>See related commentary by Zou and Meyerson, p. 1038</i>.
Measuring Serotonin Distribution in Live Cells with Three-Photon Excitation (1997)

Tryptophan and serotonin were imaged with infrared illumination by three-photon excitation (3PE) of their native ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence. This technique, established by 3PE cross section measurements of tryptophan and the monoamines serotonin and dopamine, circumvents the limitations imposed by photodamage, scattering, and indiscriminate background encountered in other UV microscopies. Three-dimensionally resolved images are presented along with measurements of the serotonin concentration ( approximately 50 mM) and content (up to approximately 5 x 10(8) molecules) of individual secretory granules.
Image Quality Assessment: From Error Measurement to Structural Similarity (2004)

Abstract—Objective methods for assessing perceptual im-age quality traditionally attempt to quantify the visibility of errors (differences) between a distorted image and a ref-erence image using a variety of known properties of the hu-man visual system. Under the assumption that human visual perception is highly adapted for extracting structural information from a scene, we introduce an alternative com-plementary framework for quality assessment based on the degradation of structural information. As a specific exam-ple of this concept, we develop a Structural Similarity Index and demonstrate its promise through a set of intuitive ex-amples, as well as comparison to both subjective ratings and state-of-the-art objective methods on a database of images compressed with JPEG and JPEG2000. A MatLab imple-mentation of the proposed algorithm is available online at