gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Imaging human atherosclerosis with 99mTc-labeled low density lipoproteins. (1988)

The feasibility of localizing human atherosclerotic plaques by gamma scintillation camera external imaging with technetium-99m-labeled low density lipoproteins (99mTc-LDL) was tested in 17 patients who had atherosclerosis. Imaging demonstrated focal accumulation of radiolabel consistent with 99mTc-LDL sequestration by plaques in the carotid, iliac, or femoral vessels of four patients 8 to 21 hours after intravenous injection of the radiopharmaceutical. Focal accumulation of 99mTc-LDL also appeared in the location of coronary lesions in four patients, but this accumulation could not be distinguished with certainty from residual blood pool radioactivity. When carotid endarterectomy specimens from six patients who received 99mTc-LDL 1 day before endarterectomy were examined, the specimens had focal accumulations of radiolabel, with two to four times greater radioactivity in some regions of each specimen than in others; this occurred whether or not the lesions were detected on the gamma camera images. Lesion composition may have determined whether accumulation was quantitatively sufficient to produce an external image. Histologically, the imaged carotid specimen had abundant foam cells and macrophages and poorly organized intramural blood consistent with a plaque hemorrhage; in contrast, nonimaged endarterectomy specimens were mature, fibrocalcific plaques. We conclude that: 1) 99mTc-LDL did accumulate in human atherosclerotic plaques; 2) in some patients, the accumulation of 99mTc-LDL was sufficient for detection by gamma camera imaging; 3) the amount of LDL that accumulated appeared to depend on lesion composition; and 4) the design of new radiopharmaceuticals with reduced residual blood pool activity relative to plaque accumulation should lead to improved external imaging of atherosclerosis.
Polyethers, Ethylene Oxide Polymers (2000)

Abstract Ethylene oxide polymers are high molecular weight ( \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${{\rm{&gt;}}100,000}$\end{document} ) water‐soluble thermoplastic polymers. This article reviews the effect of shear, pH, salt, and temperature on the physical and chemical properties of poly(ethylene oxide) solutions and melts. Industrial uses of the unique properties of poly(ethylene oxide) in fields such as flocculation, pharmaceutical excipients, adhesives, coatings, and personal care are summarized.
AUTOLOGOUS CHONDROCYTE IMPLANTATION AND OSTEOCHONDRAL CYLINDER TRANSPLANTATION IN CARTILAGE REPAIR OF THE KNEE JOINT (2003)

Both treatments resulted in a decrease in symptoms. However, the improvement provided by the autologous chondrocyte implantation lagged behind that provided by the osteochondral cylinder transplantation. Histologically, the defects treated with autologous chondrocyte implantation were primarily filled with fibrocartilage, whereas the osteochondral cylinder transplants retained their hyaline character, although there was a persistent interface between the transplant and the surrounding original cartilage. Limitations of our study included the small number of patients, the relatively short (two-year) follow-up, and the absence of a control group.
T Cell Costimulatory and Inhibitory Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Inducing Anti-Tumor Immunity (2007)

Central to the normal function of the immune system is its ability to distinguish between self and non-self since failure to do so could provoke the onset of autoimmune disease. To avoid this possibility, the immune system employs several processes that include, negative selection, peripheral tolerance, and limiting DC antigen priming of naïve T cells to the lymph nodes. Naïve T cells must receive two independent signals from these antigen-presenting cells (APC) that other cells cannot provide if they are to become productively activated. The first is antigen-specific and occurs when T cell antigen receptors encounter the appropriate antigen-MHC complex on the APC--Signal 1. A second, antigen-independent signal is delivered through a T cell costimulatory molecule that engages its APC-expressed ligands--Signal 2. In the absence of a costimulatory signal T cells typically enter a state of anergy. Furthermore, the extent to which T cell activation occurs can be held in check through specific inhibitory receptors expressed on T cells. Understanding the basic mechanisms of how T cell activation is regulated has led to the development of therapeutic approaches for targeting T cell costimulatory and inhibitory pathways for turning on, or preventing the turning off immune responses in subjects with cancer. In this review we will discuss several T cell costimulatory and inhibitory pathways known to influence the development of anti-tumor immunity and how experimental manipulation of these signaling pathways has led to the generation of protective, or curative anti-tumor immunity in mice and humans.
Comparative Structure‐Function Analysis of VEGFR‐1 and VEGFR‐2 (2003)

Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 and -2 (VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2) plays a critical role in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. However, the mechanism by which activation of VEGFRs elicits these cellular events is not fully understood. We recently constructed chimeric receptors containing the extracellular domain of human CSF-1R/c-fms fused with the entire transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of murine VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. Selective activation of chimeric VEGFR-2, but not chimeric VEGFR-1, stimulated endothelial cell growth, migration, and differentiation. Stimulation of cells coexpressing chimeric VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 suppressed VEGFR-2-mediated endothelial cell growth. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that tyrosines 799 and 1173 are required for VEGFR-2-mediated endothelial cell growth and activation of PI3 kinase. Further site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that tyrosine 1212, located in the carboxyl tail of VEGFR-2, is required for the ligand-dependent autophosphorylation of the receptor and its ability to activate signaling proteins. Collectively, our results suggest that activation of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 differentially regulates endothelial cell function and angiogenesis. Second, activation of VEGFR-2 is associated with many endothelial cell functions, including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Third, activation of PI3 kinase by VEGFR-2 regulates endothelial cell proliferation.
Splenic Macrophages From Tumor-Bearing Mice Co-Expressing MAC-1 and MAC-2 Antigens Exert Immunoregulatory Functions Via Two Distinct Mechanisms (1991)

Tumor burden has been shown to induce a variety of phenotypic and functional changes in the cellular constituents of the host's immune system. These changes have been implicated as mechanisms by which tumors avoid rejection. Studies of BALB/c mice bearing a D1-DMBA-3 mammary adenocarcinoma showed alterations of the splenocyte populations. There was a five-fold increase of macrophages (M phi) that were phenotypically and functionally analyzed to establish their role in tumor-induced modifications of the host's immune response. Monoclonal antibody staining defined a Mac-1+2+ population which comprised up to 20% of the splenocytes in tumor-bearers (TB), but is negligible in spleens from normal mice. These Mac-1+2+ M phi were found to mediate down-regulation of both polyclonal and antigen-specific T and B cell responses in vitro and in vivo. Although B cell responses were suppressed via prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by the TB M phi, T cell responses were relatively refractory to PGE2-mediated down-regulation. Instead, they were suppressed by a contact-dependent T cell-M phi interaction. Furthermore, tumor-derived factors such as granulocyte-M phi colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) seem to play an important role in the induction and expansion of the Mac-1+2+ M phi. These cells appear to mediate down-regulation of the host immune responses by at least two distinct mechanisms: 1) PGE2 production and 2) a cell contact-dependent, but non-major-histocompatibility-complex-specific, interaction.
Variable region expression in the antibody responses of infants vaccinated with Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-protein conjugates. Description of a new lambda light chain-associated idiotype and the relation between idiotype expression, avidity, and vaccine formulation. The Collaborative Vaccine Study Group. (1993)

Haemophilus influenzae b polysaccharide (Hib PS)-protein conjugate vaccines differ chemically and immunologically. To determine whether anti-Hib PS variable region expression might differ according to vaccine formulation, infants were vaccinated at 2, 4, and 6 mo of age with Hib PS coupled to either meningococcal outer membrane protein complex (Hib PS-OMPC) or tetanus toxoid (Hib PS-T), or Hib PS oligomers coupled to a mutant diphtheria toxin (Oligo-CRM). Two anti-Hib PS idiotypes were measured in sera obtained after the third injection: HibId-1, expressed by anti-Hib PS antibodies having the kappa II-A2 variable region, and HibId-2, a newly defined cross-reactive idiotype associated with a subset of anti-Hib PS antibodies having lambda VII variable regions. HibId-1 was present in 33, 68, and 64% of infants given either Hib PS-OMPC, Oligo-CRM, or Hib PS-T, respectively (P < 0.001). The respective values for HibId-2 were 47, 18, and 10% (P = 0.001). Subjects who were vaccinated with Hib PS-OMPC or Hib PS-T and who produced detectable HibId-1-positive antibody, had significantly higher mean antibody avidity than subjects who did not produce HibId-1 positive antibodies. In contrast, Oligo-CRM evoked high avidity anti-Hib PS antibodies, irrespective of the idiotypic profile. These findings indicate fundamental differences in both variable region content and antibody quality elicited by different Hib PS conjugate vaccines.
Chemical Synthesis, Isolation and Characterization of α-N-Fattyacyl Colistin Nonapeptide with Special Reference to the Correlation between Antimicrobial Activity and Carbon Number of Fattyacyl Moiety (1974)

Five normal and two isofattyacyl colistin nonapeptides, of which carbon numbers of acyl moiety ranged in 9~14, were synthesized in addition to those as previously reported, and characterized on their chemical, physicochemical and biological natures. These derivatives obtained in hydrochloride salt indicated clear melting point at 200~225°C, easily dissolved in water and their optical activities were levorotatory like colistin nonapeptide and colistin. Antimicrobial spectra of the n-fattyacyl derivatives were extended in kinds of susceptible organisms to gram positive bacteria, thus n-undecanoyl, n-dodecanoyl and n-tetradecanoyl derivatives inhibited all of test organisms except Seratia marcescens and four Proteus species. As compared with antimicrobial activity of colistin, that of α-N-fattyacyl derivatives was considerably weakened to extents of 1/4~1/8 against gram negative bacteria while enforced 2~8 times against gram positive bacteria. In two isofattyacyl derivatives synthesized, their antimicrobial activities were inferior to those of corresponding normal fattyacyl derivatives. Moreover, correlation between antimicrobial activity against each test organism employed and carbon number of acyl moiety in ten α-N-fattyacyl derivatives synthesized hitherto, was investigated, and normal fattyacyl derivatives in their fattyacyl moieties of carbon number in 8~12, or rather in the range more than 10 apparently exhibited a characteristic antimicrobial profiles against gram negative and positive bacteria. Against colistin-insensitive gram negative bacteria such as S. marcescens and four Proteus species, all of α-N-fattyacyl colistin nonapeptides so far were inactive at the concentration of 100μg/ml.
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in rosacea (2007)

Expression of VEGF receptors, both by vascular endothelium and infiltrating mononuclear cells, is observed in rosacea. Although not expressed by endothelium, VEGF is present in epidermis and epithelium, and is expressed by infiltrating cells. VEGF receptor-ligand binding may contribute to the vascular changes and cellular infiltration that occurs in rosacea.
Lower Clinical Effectiveness of Oseltamivir against Influenza B Contrasted with Influenza A Infection in Children (2006)

Oseltamivir is much less effective against influenza B virus infection in young children, probably because of the low sensitivity of influenza B viruses to oseltamivir. The effectiveness of oseltamivir against influenza B is influenced by age and host immunity. A few oseltamivir-resistant influenza B strains were isolated before the start of oseltamivir therapy.
Multi-speaker Sequence-to-sequence Speech Synthesis for Data Augmentation in Acoustic-to-word Speech Recognition (2019)

The acoustic-to-word (A2W) automatic speech recognition (ASR) realizes very fast decoding with a simple architecture and achieves state-of-the-art performance. However, the A2W model suffers from the out-of-vocabulary (OOV) word problem and cannot use text-only data to improve the language modeling capability. Meanwhile, sequence-to-sequence neural speech synthesis has also been developed and achieved naturalness comparable to human speech. We investigate leveraging sequence-to-sequence neural speech synthesis to augment training data for the ASR system in a target domain. While speech synthesis model is usually trained with single speaker data, ASR needs to cover a variety of speakers. In this work, we extend the speech synthesizer so that it can output speech of many speakers. The multi-speaker speech synthesizer is trained with a large corpus in the source domain, then used to generate acoustic features from texts of the target domain. These synthesized speech features are combined with real speech features of the source domain to train an attention-based A2W model. Experimental results show that the A2W model trained with the multi-speaker model achieved a significant improvement over the baseline and the single speaker model.
Effect of combinations of cytokines and hormones on synthesis of serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein in Hep 3B cells (1991)

We have previously shown that induction of synthesis of the two major human acute phase proteins, serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP), can be accomplished in the human hepatoma cell line Hep 3B, in the presence of dexamethasone, either by conditioned medium from LPS-stimulated monocytes or by the combination of IL-6 and IL-1. Neither of these cytokines alone caused significant induction of either SAA or CRP. In the present study we extended our earlier observations by evaluating the role of dexamethasone, the effect of different concentrations of IL-6 and IL-1 alpha in combination, and the possible role of TNF-alpha in regulating synthesis of SAA and CRP. Dexamethasone alone had no effect on induction of SAA or CRP. Incubation of Hep 3B cells with conditioned medium from LPS-stimulated monocytes, in the absence of dexamethasone, led to modest induction of SAA or CRP, but addition of dexamethasone potentiated this response in a dose-dependent manner. Similar results were obtained for the effect of dexamethasone on the induction of SAA by IL-6 plus IL-1 alpha. Checkerboard titration of IL-6 and IL-1 alpha revealed that increases in concentration of either cytokine led to dose-related increases in synthesis of both SAA and CRP as long as a minimal amount of the other cytokine was present. TNF-alpha alone had no significant effect on synthesis of either SAA or CRP, but the combination of IL-6 plus TNF-alpha led to substantial induction of SAA. This combination was less effective than the combination of IL-6 plus IL-1 alpha. No detectable effect of IL-6 plus TNF-alpha was observed on CRP synthesis. Both combinations of cytokines, IL-6 plus IL-1 alpha, and IL-6 plus TNF-alpha, caused increased SAA mRNA accumulation that roughly paralleled increase in synthesis. These data indicate that IL-6, IL-1 alpha, TNF-alpha, and dexamethasone in various combinations are all capable of influencing synthesis of SAA in Hep 3B cells, whereas only IL-6, IL-1 alpha, and dexamethasone can influence CRP synthesis.
A Novel mre11 Mutation Impairs Processing of Double-Strand Breaks of DNA during Both Mitosis and Meiosis (1998)

Using complementation tests and nucleotide sequencing, we showed that the rad58-4 mutation was an allele of the MRE11 gene and have renamed the mutation mre11-58. Two amino acid changes from the wild-type sequence were identified; one is located at a conserved site of a phosphodiesterase motif, and the other is a homologous amino acid change at a nonconserved site. Unlike mre11 null mutations, the mre11-58 mutation allowed meiosis-specific double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) to form at recombination hot spots but failed to process those breaks. DSB ends of this mutant were resistant to lambda exonuclease treatment. These phenotypes are similar to those of rad50S mutants. In contrast to rad50S, however, mre11-58 was highly sensitive to methyl methanesulfonate treatment. DSB end processing induced by HO endonuclease was suppressed in both mre11-58 and the mre11 disruption mutant. We constructed a new mre11 mutant that contains only the phosphodiesterase motif mutation of the Mre11-58 protein and named it mre11-58S. This mutant showed the same phenotypes observed in mre11-58, suggesting that the phosphodiesterase consensus sequence is important for nucleolytic processing of DSB ends during both mitosis and meiosis.
Meta-analysis of the efficacy of psychological and medical treatments for binge-eating disorder. (2018)

This comprehensive meta-analysis demonstrated the efficacy of psychotherapy, structured self-help treatment, and pharmacotherapy for patients with BED. More high quality research on treatments for BED is warranted, with a focus on long-term maintenance of therapeutic gains, comparative efficacy, mechanisms through which treatments work, and complex models of care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
Circadian and seasonal variations of hematopoiesis in cord blood. (1998)

Cord blood hematopoietic progenitors undergo circadian and seasonal variations. The lowest values are obtained between 4:00 and 12:00, as well as between May and August. This represents the first observation of such rhythms before birth.
Multiple sequences from downstream of the Jκ cluster can combine to recruit somatic hypermutation to a heterologous, upstream mutation domain (1998)

Recruitment of somatic hypermutation to the Ig kappa locus has previously been shown to depend on the enhancer elements, Ei/MAR and E3'. Here we show that these elements are not sufficient to confer mutability. However, hypermutation is effectively targeted to a chimeric beta-globin/Ig kappa transgene whose 5' end is composed of the human beta-globin gene (promoter and first two exons) and whose 3' end consists of selected sequences derived from downstream of the J kappa cluster (Ei/MAR, C kappa + flank and E3'). Thus, multiple downstream Ig kappa sequences (all derived from 3' of the J kappa cluster) can combine to recruit mutation to a heterologous mutation domain. The location of this hypermutation domain is defined by the position of the transcription start site and this applies even if the Ig kappa Ei/MAR is positioned upstream of the promoter. Hotspots within the mutation domain are, however, defined by local DNA sequence as evidenced by a new hotspot being created within the beta-globin domain by a mutation within the transgene. We propose that multiple, moveable Ig kappa sequences (that are normally located downstream of the transcription start site) cooperate to bring a hypermutation priming factor to the transcription initiation complex; a mutation domain is thereby created downstream of the promoter but the local sequence defines the detailed pattern of mutation within that domain.
Solubility Parameters: Theory and Application (1984)

The physical properties of solvents and the concept of hildebrand solubility parameters are described in detail. Application of these properties to solvent mixtures is touched upon. Other solubility scales, 2 and 3 component parameters, hansen parameters, fractional parameters and the teas graph are described. The use of all this information when choosing solvents for dissolving resins and the possibility also of choosing the solvent mixture least hazardous to the conservator are covered.
Comparison of Different Methods for Estimating Cardiac Timings: A Comprehensive Multimodal Echocardiography Investigation (2019)

Cardiac time intervals are important hemodynamic indices and provide information about left ventricular performance. Phonocardiography (PCG), impedance cardiography (ICG), and recently, seismocardiography (SCG) have been unobtrusive methods of choice for detection of cardiac time intervals and have potentials to be integrated into wearable devices. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy and precision of beat-to-beat extraction of cardiac timings from the PCG, ICG and SCG recordings in comparison to multimodal echocardiography (Doppler, TDI, and M-mode) as the gold clinical standard. Recordings were obtained from 86 healthy adults and in total 2,120 cardiac cycles were analyzed. For estimation of the pre-ejection period (PEP), 43% of ICG annotations fell in the corresponding echocardiography ranges while this was 86% for SCG. For estimation of the total systolic time (TST), these numbers were 43, 80, and 90% for ICG, PCG, and SCG, respectively. In summary, SCG and PCG signals provided an acceptable accuracy and precision in estimating cardiac timings, as compared to ICG.
Prion isolate specified allotypic interactions between the cellular and scrapie prion proteins in congenic and transgenic mice. (1994)

Different prion isolates, often referred to as "strains," present an enigma because considerable evidence argues that prions are devoid of nucleic acid. To investigate prion diversity, we inoculated three "strains" of prions into congenic and transgenic mice harboring variable numbers of two different alleles, designated a and b, of the prion protein (PrP) structural gene, Prn-p. The length of the incubation time was inversely related to the number of Prn-p(a) genes in mice inoculated with the Rocky Mountain Laboratory (RML) prion strain. Results with mice lacking this locus (Prn-p0/0) and transgenic mice argue that long incubation times are not a dominant trait as thought for many years, but rather they are due to reduced levels of the substrate PrPC-A (cellular isoform of PrP, allotype A) in (Prn-p(a) x Prn-pb)F1 mice. In contrast, the Prn-p(a) gene extended incubation times in mice inoculated with the 87V and 22A prion strains, whereas the Prn-pb gene was permissive. Experiments with the 87V isolate suggest that a genetic locus distinct from Prn-p controls deposition of the scrapie isoform of PrP (PrPSc) and attendant neuropathology. Each prion isolate produced distinguishable patterns of PrPSc accumulation in brain; of note, the patterns in Prn-p(a) and Prn-pb congenic mice inoculated with RML prions were more different than those in congenic Prn-pb mice with RML or 22A prions. Our results suggest that scrapie "strain-specific" incubation times can be explained by differences in the relative efficiency of allotypic interactions that lead to conversion of PrPC into PrPSc.
Retinol-Binding Protein 4 and Insulin Resistance in Lean, Obese, and Diabetic Subjects (2006)

RBP4 is an adipocyte-secreted molecule that is elevated in the serum before the development of frank diabetes and appears to identify insulin resistance and associated cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with varied clinical presentations. These findings provide a rationale for antidiabetic therapies aimed at lowering serum RBP4 levels.
Cross-Sectional and Prospective Associations Between Proinsulin and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in a Population Experiencing Rapid Cultural Transition (2001)

These results confirm previously reported cross-sectional associations between proinsulin and lipid concentrations. In addition, an unexpected association between baseline lipids and proinsulin change was documented.