gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highly Specific Gene Silencing by Artificial miRNAs in Rice (2008)

Our results not only show that amiRNAs can efficiently trigger gene silencing in a monocot crop, but also that amiRNAs can effectively modulate agronomically important traits in varieties used in modern breeding programs. We provide all software tools and a protocol for the design of rice amiRNA constructs, which can be easily adapted to other crops. The approach is suited for candidate gene validation, comparative functional genomics between different varieties, and for improvement of agronomic performance and nutritional value.
REVIEWS Religions en transition dans la seconde moitié du XVIII e siécle. Textes présentés par CHÀTELLIERLOUIS ( SVEC , 2000: 02). Oxford, Voltaire Foundation, 2000. 300 pp. 4 plates. Pb £40.00: $65.00. (2001)

REVIEWS Religions en transition dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siécle. Textes présentés par LOUIS CHÀTELLIER (SVEC, 2000: 02). Oxford, Voltaire Foundation, 2000. 300 pp. 4 plates. Pb £40.00: $65.00. DAVID WILLIAMS DAVID WILLIAMS UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French Studies, Volume LV, Issue 4, October 2001, Pages 547–548, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/LV.4.547 Published: 01 October 2001
Manipulation of rovibrational wave packet composition in the Li2 E(1Σg+) shelf state using intermediate state selection and shaped femtosecond laser pulses (1997)

The composition of a rovibrational wave packet in the E(1Σg+) state of Li2 is controlled using a combination of intermediate state selection and femtosecond optical pulse shaping techniques. Intermediate state selection is accomplished using a cw laser to prepare a steady state population of a single rovibrational level in the A(1Σu+) state of Li2, which acts as the initial state for subsequent ultrafast pump/probe studies in the “shelf” region of the E(1Σg+) state. An initial set of relative amplitudes of the wave packet eigenstates is defined by the intermediate level. Femtosecond optical pulse shaping, performed using a grating pair and a mechanical amplitude mask, is then used to further alter the wave packet composition. Quantitative changes in the Fourier transform of the pump/probe transient demonstrate that combining these two techniques can be a facile approach to manipulating wave packet composition, with the ultimate goal of controlling wave packet evolution into a desired final form.
Identification of clinically important ascomycetous yeasts based on nucleotide divergence in the 5' end of the large-subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene (1997)

Clinically important species of Candida and related organisms were compared for extent of nucleotide divergence in the 5' end of the large-subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene. This rDNA region is sufficiently variable to allow reliable separation of all known clinically significant yeast species. Of the 204 described species examined, 21 appeared to be synonyms of previously described organisms. Phylogenetic relationships among the species are presented.
Comparative Evaluation of Zinc Sulfadiazine aims Silver Sulfadiazine in Burn Wound Infection (1990)

One percent silver sulfadiazine has been commonly used as a topical antimicrobial agent after a burn injury. Incidence of burn wound colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in patients treated with silver sulfadiazine has spurred research for other agents. A topical preparation that contains zinc and sulfadiazine (Zad-G) was evaluated for in vitro antibacterial spectrum and in vivo efficacy. Muscle biopsy specimens of rats treated with Zad-G appear to have fewer colonies of S. aureus than groups treated with silver sulfadiazine. Topical therapy with Zad-G for patients with burns was comfortable, reduced wound infection, and was comparable to therapy with silver sulfadiazine. A topical Zad-G preparation that contains zinc sulfadiazine appears to be an effective alternative to silver sulfadiazine in the treatment of burn wounds.
The influence of anti-inflammatory medication on exercise-induced myogenic precursor cell responses in humans (2007)

The consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is widespread among athletes when faced with muscle soreness or injury, but the effects of NSAIDs on satellite cell activity in humans are unknown. To investigate this, 14 healthy male endurance athletes (mean peak oxygen consumption 62 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) volunteered for the study, which involved running 36 km. They were divided into two groups and received either 100 mg indomethacin per day or placebo. Muscle biopsies collected before the run and on days 1, 3, and 8 afterward were analyzed for satellite cells by immunohistochemistry with the aid of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and fetal antigen-1 (FA1) antibodies. Muscle biopsies were also collected from untrained individuals for comparison. Compared with preexercise levels, a 27% increase in the number of NCAM+ cells was observed on day 8 postexercise in the placebo group (P < 0.05), while levels remained similar at all time points in the NSAID group. No change was seen in the proportion of FA1+ cells, although lower levels were found in the muscle of endurance-trained athletes compared with untrained individuals (P < 0.05). These results suggest that ingestion of anti-inflammatory drugs attenuates the exercise-induced increase in satellite cell number, supporting the role of the cyclooxygenase pathway in satellite cell activity.
Natural Killer Cells for Immunotherapy – Advantages of the NK-92 Cell Line over Blood NK Cells (2016)

Natural killer (NK) cells are potent cytotoxic effector cells for cancer therapy and potentially for severe viral infections. However, there are technical challenges to obtain sufficient numbers of functionally active NK cells from a patient's blood since they represent only 10% of the lymphocytes and are often dysfunctional. The alternative is to obtain cells from a healthy donor, which requires depletion of the allogeneic T cells to prevent graft-versus-host reactions. Cytotoxic cell lines have been established from patients with clonal NK-cell lymphoma. Those cells can be expanded in culture in the presence of IL-2. Except for the NK-92 cell line, though, none of the other six known NK cell lines has consistently and reproducibly shown high antitumor cytotoxicity. Only NK-92 cells can easily be genetically manipulated to recognize specific tumor antigens or to augment monoclonal antibody activity through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. NK-92 is also the only cell line product that has been infused into patients with advanced cancer with clinical benefit and minimal side effects.
The history of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine development: dose selection (2013)

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) differ in polysaccharide (PS) dose, carrier protein and conjugation method. PCV development proceeded initially upon principles successfully proven in Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine development. However, the need to successfully incorporate multiple serotypes while minimizing the total PS dose and total carrier protein load saw some early vaccine candidates fail. Dose-range studies of individual serotypes indicated that much lower PS doses were needed compared with Hib conjugate vaccines, although subsequent studies confirmed that lower Hib PS doses were possible. Furthermore, the immune response to individual serotype doses was carrier protein dependent. A 'one-size fits most' approach has characterized PS dose selection, but peculiarities of individual serotypes are increasingly apparent, raising the question whether re-formulation of PCVs to maximize individual serotype performance is needed.
The Gut as a Portal of Entry for Bacteremia Role of Protein Malnutrition (1987)

The current studies were performed to determine the influence of malnutrition alone or in combination with endotoxemia in promoting bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract. Bacterial translocation did not occur in control, starved (up to 72 hours), or protein-malnourished (up to 21 days) mice not receiving endotoxin. Bacterial translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) occurred in 80% of control mice 24 hours after receiving endotoxin (p less than 0.01). However, the combination of malnutrition plus endotoxin was associated with a higher incidence of translocation to the systemic organs (p less than 0.01), and higher numbers of bacteria per organ (p less than 0.01), than was seen in normally nourished mice receiving endotoxin. Additionally, mice that were protein malnourished were more susceptible to the lethal effects of endotoxin than were control animals, and the mortality rate was directly related to the degree of malnutrition (R2 = 0.93) (p less than 0.05). Histologically, endotoxin in combination with protein malnutrition resulted in mechanical damage to the gut mucosal barrier to bacteria. Thus, in the mice that were protein malnourished the spread of bacteria from the gut could not be controlled nor could translocated bacteria be cleared as well as normally nourished mice receiving endotoxin. These results support the concept that under certain circumstances the gut may serve as a clinically important portal of entry for bacteria.
Transgenic Dairy Cattle: Genetic Engineering on a Large Scale (1997)

Amid the explosion of fundamental knowledge generated from transgenic animal models, a small group of scientists has been producing transgenic livestock with goals of improving animal production efficiency and generating new products. The ability to modify mammary-specific genes provides an opportunity to pursue several distinctly different avenues of research. The objective of the emerging gene "pharming" industry is to produce pharmaceuticals for treating human diseases. It is argued that mammary glands are an ideal site for producing complex bioactive proteins that can be cost effectively harvested and purified. Consequently, during the past decade, approximately a dozen companies have been created to capture the US market for pharmaceuticals produced from transgenic bioreactors estimated at $3 billion annually. Several products produced in this way are now in human clinical trials. Another research direction, which has been widely discussed but has received less attention in the laboratory, is genetic engineering of the bovine mammary gland to alter the composition of milk destined for human consumption. Proposals include increasing or altering endogenous proteins, decreasing fat, and altering milk composition to resemble that of human milk. Initial studies using transgenic mice to investigate the feasibility of enhancing manufacturing properties of milk have been encouraging. The potential profitability of gene "pharming" seems clear, as do the benefits of transgenic cows producing milk that has been optimized for food products. To take full advantage of enhanced milk, it may be desirable to restructure the method by which dairy producers are compensated. However, the cost of producing functional transgenic cattle will remain a severe limitation to realizing the potential of transgenic cattle until inefficiencies of transgenic technology are overcome. These inefficiencies include low rates of gene integration, poor embryo survival, and unpredictable transgene behavior.
Large-Scale Integrated Silicon Photonic Circuits for Optical Phased Arrays (2014)

We present several optical phased arrays enabled by state-of-the-art large-scale silicon photonic integration which could find potential applications in optical switching, optical communications, light detection and ranging, and holography.
Identification of a second aryl phosphate-binding site in protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B: A paradigm for inhibitor design (1997)

The structure of the catalytically inactive mutant (C215S) of the human protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has been solved to high resolution in two complexes. In the first, crystals were grown in the presence of bis-(para-phosphophenyl) methane (BPPM), a synthetic high-affinity low-molecular weight nonpeptidic substrate (Km = 16 microM), and the structure was refined to an R-factor of 18. 2% at 1.9 A resolution. In the second, crystals were grown in a saturating concentration of phosphotyrosine (pTyr), and the structure was refined to an R-factor of 18.1% at 1.85 A. Difference Fourier maps showed that BPPM binds PTP1B in two mutually exclusive modes, one in which it occupies the canonical pTyr-binding site (the active site), and another in which a phosphophenyl moiety interacts with a set of residues not previously observed to bind aryl phosphates. The identification of a second pTyr molecule at the same site in the PTP1B/C215S-pTyr complex confirms that these residues constitute a low-affinity noncatalytic aryl phosphate-binding site. Identification of a second aryl phosphate binding site adjacent to the active site provides a paradigm for the design of tight-binding, highly specific PTP1B inhibitors that can span both the active site and the adjacent noncatalytic site. This design can be achieved by tethering together two small ligands that are individually targeted to the active site and the proximal noncatalytic site.
[Pharmacology and toxicology of Spirulina alga]. (1996)

Spirulina, a unicellular filamentous blue-green alga has been consumed by man since ancient times in Mexico and central Africa. It is currently grown in many countries by synthetic methods. Initially the interest in Spirulina was on its nutritive value: it was found almost equal to other plant proteins. More recently, some preclinical testing suggests it has several therapeutic properties such as hypocholesterolemic, immunological, antiviral and antimutagenic. This has led to more detailed evaluations such as nucleic acid content and presence of toxic metals, biogenic toxins and organic chemicals: they have shown absence or presence at tolerable levels according to the recommendations of international regulatory agencies. In animal experiments for acute, subchronic and chronic toxicity, reproduction, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity the algae did not cause body or organ toxicity. In all instances, the Spirulina administered to the animals were at much higher amounts than those expected for human consumption. On the other hand there is scant information of the effects of the algae in humans. This area needs more research.
The effect of flexible cognitive–behavioural therapy and medical treatment, including antidepressants on post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in traumatised refugees: pragmatic randomised controlled clinical trial (2015)

In a pragmatic clinical setting, there was no effect of flexible CBT and antidepressants on PTSD, and there was a small-to-moderate effect of antidepressants and psychoeducation on depression in traumatised refugees.
Protacs: Chimeric molecules that target proteins to the Skp1–Cullin–F box complex for ubiquitination and degradation (2001)

The intracellular levels of many proteins are regulated by ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. One of the best-characterized enzymes that catalyzes the attachment of ubiquitin to proteins is a ubiquitin ligase complex, Skp1-Cullin-F box complex containing Hrt1 (SCF). We sought to artificially target a protein to the SCF complex for ubiquitination and degradation. To this end, we tested methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2), which covalently binds the angiogenesis inhibitor ovalicin. A chimeric compound, protein-targeting chimeric molecule 1 (Protac-1), was synthesized to recruit MetAP-2 to SCF. One domain of Protac-1 contains the I kappa B alpha phosphopeptide that is recognized by the F-box protein beta-TRCP, whereas the other domain is composed of ovalicin. We show that MetAP-2 can be tethered to SCF(beta-TRCP), ubiquitinated, and degraded in a Protac-1-dependent manner. In the future, this approach may be useful for conditional inactivation of proteins, and for targeting disease-causing proteins for destruction.
Robust adaptive photon tracing using photon path visibility (2011)

We present a new adaptive photon tracing algorithm which can handle illumination settings that are considered difficult for photon tracing approaches such as outdoor scenes, close-ups of a small part of an illuminated region, and illumination coming through a small gap. The key contribution in our algorithm is the use of visibility of photon path as the importance function which ensures that our sampling algorithm focuses on paths that are visible from the given viewpoint. Our sampling algorithm builds on two recent developments in Markov chain Monte Carlo methods: adaptive Markov chain sampling and replica exchange. Using these techniques, each photon path is adaptively mutated and it explores the sampling space efficiently without being stuck at a local peak of the importance function. We have implemented this sampling approach in the progressive photon mapping algorithm which provides visibility information in a natural way when a photon path contributes to a measurement point. We demonstrate that the final algorithm is strikingly simple, yet effective at sampling photons under lighting conditions that would be difficult for existing Monte Carlo ray tracing-based methods.
The Ataxia Telangiectasia-Mutated and Rad3-Related Protein Is Dispensable for Retroviral Integration (2005)

Integration into the host cell DNA is an essential part of the retroviral life cycle and is required for the productive replication of a retrovirus. Retroviral integration involves cleavage of the host DNA and insertion of the viral DNA, forming an integration intermediate that contains two gaps, each with a viral 5' flap. The flaps are then removed, and the gap is filled by as yet unidentified nuclease and polymerase activities. It is thought that repair of these gaps flanking the site of retroviral integration is achieved by host DNA repair machinery. The ATM and Rad3-related protein (ATR) is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-related family of protein kinases that play a major role in sensing and triggering repair of DNA lesions in mammalian cells. In an effort to examine the role of ATR in retroviral integration, we used RNA interference to selectively downregulate ATR and measured integration efficiency. In addition, we examined the possible role that Vpr may play in enhancing integration and, in particular, whether activation of ATR by Vpr (Roshal et al., J. Biol. Chem. 278:25879-25886, 2003) will favor human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integration. We conclude that cells in which ATR has been depleted are competent for retroviral integration. We also conclude that the presence of Vpr as a virion-bound protein does not enhance integration of a lentivirus vector in dividing cells.
Ethnic distribution of slow acetylator mutations in the polymorphic N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) gene (1994)

The acetylation polymorphism may affect rates of activation or detoxification of common carcinogens, thereby influencing cancer risk. Our aim was to define the ethnic distribution of the major slow acetylator mutations in the polymorphic N-acetyltransferase gene, in order to provide background data for epidemiological studies. Our results contain new analyses on 803 individuals, including 365 new specimens and 438 specimens that had been partly characterized in an earlier study. Tests were done to establish the specificity and reproducibility (98%) of our PCR assays. The recognized slow acetylator mutations, 191A, 481T, 590A, and 857A (which correspond to alleles M4 and M4b; M1 and r3; M2/r2; and M3 and S3, respectively), accounted for nearly all slow acetylator alleles among blacks, whites, Asian Indians, Hispanics, Koreans, Japanese, Hong Kong Chinese, Taiwanese, Filipinos and Samoans. The ethnic distribution supports an interpretation that the acetylation polymorphism existed before Paleolithic splitting of human populations from Africa. We identified two additional NAT2 mutations, suggesting that other rare alleles are likely to be found.
Sonoelasticity of organs: shear waves ring a bell (1992)

Sonoelasticity is the use of ultrasonography to visualize, in real time, the hardness of stiffness of tissues and organs by depicting the tissue's motion in response to an applied vibration source. The applied vibration source is usually of low amplitude and low frequency (less than 0.1 mm displacement and less than 2000 Hz). Under these conditions, the natural vibration response of tissues and whole organs is revealed as a standing wave pattern determined by the low-frequency elastic constants of the tissues and their boundary conditions, factors that are not related to the ultrasonic echogenicity. As a result, hard or dense isoechoic tumors that are undetectable by conventional ultrasonography often can be visualized in sonoelasticity imaging by virtue of their altered vibration response. In this report, we demonstrate the appearance of organs such as the breast, liver, and kidney during real-time, in vivo sonoelasticity imaging. The results show that the shape and location of vibration patterns are dependent on the tissues and vibration frequencies; thus, information about the basic elastic properties of tissues should be obtainable.
Innovación, creatividad y riesgo. I+C+R, la estrategia de la excelencia (2012)

En la presente investigacion se explora la causalidad de un periodo convulso como
es el actual en el que nos vemos avocados al esfuerzo, la estrategia y la creatividad para
conseguir revertir la importante crisis en la que nos encontramos inmersos. En una
segunda fase tratamos de articular una serie de estrategias que nos permitan ser capaces
de, cultivando una cultura del esfuerzo, innovar hasta el punto de transformar la realidad,
no solo para que los actuales sistemas sociales, culturales, financieros y politicos retornen
a la senda previa a los anos de crisis, sino para que se transformen radicalmente
evolucionando hacia nuevos modelos que contribuyan al progreso de la humanidad
inspirada en la justicia social. Con frecuencia la respuesta mas simplista a la crisis se
construye desde el convencimiento de que para superarla hay que trabajar mas, hacer
mas con menos pero la profundidad de la misma nos hace pensar esa solucion es
insuficiente. Debemos de ser capaces de dejar de emplear estrategias de recorte que solo
contribuyen a redimensionar los problemas sin solucionarlos para conseguir trazar nuevas
estrategias que asuman el riesgo de innovar mediante la creatividad para ofrecer un
resultado excelente.