gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bioengineering Research Partnerships (2004)

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recognize that many of today's biomedical problems are best addressed using a multidisciplinary approach that transcends traditional biological and clinical sciences. Compared to traditional engineering disciplines, bioengineering is relatively new and integrates principles from a diversity of technical and biomedical fields. Given this, the creativity of interdisciplinary teams whose members come with diverse technical and clinical expertise is an excellent strategy to enhance creativity and productivity in biomedical research. In 1997, the Bioengineering Consortium (BECON) was established as a focus for bioengineering activities at the NIH. One result of the annual BECON symposium is the formulation of the new Bioengineering Research Partnerships (BRPs) program announcement (PAR-04-023) in November 2003. As applied to this program, a partnership is a multidisciplinary research team that applies an integrative systems approach to develop knowledge and/or methods to prevent, detect, diagnose, or treat disease or to understand health and behavior. The BRPs program differs from prior PA's in that it can involve a large group of investigators from academia, national laboratories, and industry. The primary objective of this PA is to encourage basic, applied, and translational bioengineering research that could make a significant contribution to improving human health. In addition, this PA also encourages collaborations and partnerships among the allied quantitative and biomedical disciplines. The projects may be either hypothesis driven or discovery driven. Research relevant to neurosurgeons often involves multidisciplinary research teams. The scope of possibilities cover all the neurosurgical subspecialty interests, including spine, trauma, vascular, tumors, pediatrics, and functional. Certainly, neurosurgeons could make important contributions as members of BRPs, bringing considerable clinical and basic neuroscience expertise accumulated through formal training and practical experience. In addition, a considerable fraction of the research effort of neurosurgeons already involves industrial partnerships. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is one of fourteen participating institutes in this announcement. The mechanism of support is the RO1 award. This PA is slated to expire on August 22, 2006. Approaching deadlines include a letter of intent due by November 20, 2004, and applications are due by January 20, 2005. More information about the Bioengineering Research Partnerships PA can be found at http://www.grants2.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-04-023.html. CHARLES LIU, M.D., PH.D. CONTRACTS AND GRANTS
Lignin oxidation by laccase isozymes from Trametes versicolor and role of the mediator 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) in kraft lignin depolymerization (1995)

Two laccase isozymes (I and II) produced by the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor were purified, and their reactivities towards various substrates and lignins were studied. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of these enzymes were determined and compared to other known laccase sequences. Laccase II showed a very high sequence similarity to a laccase which was previously reported to depolymerize lignin. The reactivities of the two isozymes on most of the substrates tested were similar, but there were some differences in the oxidation rate of polymeric substrates. We found that the two laccases produced similar qualitative effects on kraft lignin and residual lignin in kraft pulp, with no evidence of a marked preference for depolymerization by either enzyme. However, the presence of the mediator 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) prevented and reversed the polymerization of kraft lignin by either laccase. The delignification of hardwood and softwood kraft pulps with the two isozymes and the mediator was compared; either laccase was able to reduce the kappa number of pulp, but only in the presence of 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate).
Polyamides, Fibers (2001)

Abstract Polyamide fibers are melt spun from linear semicrystalline thermoplastic polymers having recurring amide groups made from diamines and dicarboxylic acids or lactams. Poly(hexamethyleneadipamide), designated as nylon‐6,6, and poly(caprolactam), nylon‐6, account for 98% of the 4 million metric tons of the worldwide annual production of nylon fiber. The attributes of nylon such as high strength, durability, abrasion resistance, resilience, moderate hydrophilicity, ease of dyeability, and low specific gravity have been recognized since its introduction in 1938. Both the inherent properties and those properties that can be engineered into the fiber manufacturing and ultimately into the fabric in downstream mill processing combined with reasonable market pricing account for the diverse end uses and market longevity of nylon. Nylon fiber is offered in the forms of continuous flat and textured filaments, staple, tow and flock for hosiery, apparel, home, flooring, industrial and transportation fabric applications. The physical appearance, functionality, and end‐use performance of nylon fibers can be modified by incorporating additives, eg, delusterants, colorants, antioxidants, or antistats in the polymer, by designing a spinneret hole configuration to impart a desired luster, surface effect or specific dtex‐per‐filament, by spinning bicomponent or biconstituent fibers, and by chemically or mechanically treating the surface of the fiber or fabric.
Field controlled light scattering from nematic microdroplets (1986)

The light scattering and electro-optic response of new material with display potential are investigated. The materials consist of microdroplets of nematic liquid crystals which are spontaneously formed in a solid polymer at the time of its polymerization. Droplet size, spacing, and distribution are readily controlled in these materials to allow optimization of displays based upon electrically controlled light scattering from the liquid crystal droplets. Preliminary experimental and theoretical studies of the light scattering properties show these materials to offer new features suitable for many display applications.
Myotonic dystrophy: RNA-mediated muscle disease (2007)

The genetic lesion in myotonic dystrophy does not eliminate an essential muscle protein. Instead, it induces a defect of RNA processing that is potentially reversible. The nature of this disease process raises the possibility that myotonic dystrophy, among genetic disorders, may be unusually susceptible to treatment using non-gene-therapy approaches.
Spectral properties of multiorder diffractive lenses (1995)

Diffractive lenses have been traditionally designed with the first diffracted order. The spectral characteristics of diffractive lenses operating in higher diffracted orders differ significantly from the first-order case. Multiorder diffractive lenses offer a new degree of freedom in the design of broadband and multispectral optical systems that include diffractive optical elements. It is shown that blazing the surface-relief diffractive lens for higher diffraction orders enables the design of achromatic and apochromatic singlets. The wavelength-dependent optical transfer function and the associated Strehl ratio are derived for multiorder diffractive lenses. Experiments that illustrate lens performance in two spectral bands are described, and the results show excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Compensation of x‐ray beam penumbra in conformal radiotherapy (2000)

In radiotherapy, the gross tumor volume is surrounded by a clinically defined margin to allow for the presence of undetected malignant cells. Additional margins are added to accommodate positioning uncertainties and organ motion, creating a planning target volume, or PTV. Finally, a margin is included in the beam apertures surrounding the PTV to account for the dose fall-off at the beam edges (i.e., the "penumbra"). For higher energy beams and for low density tissues adjacent to the PTV, the beam aperture margin should be increased to account for the increased range of scattered photons and electrons. However, increased margins also increase the volume of normal tissue irradiated. In this work, the beam aperture margin is reduced by using filters and multileaf collimator (MLC) techniques to create compensating rinds of increased beam intensity. These compensation techniques were evaluated for 6 and 18 MV x rays by calculating penumbral widths as a function of the increased beam intensity in the rind, the rind width, and tissue density. Dose calculations were performed using a 3D superposition algorithm, which includes an extrafocal source model. Calculations were validated experimentally with film dosimetry. Results show the distance between the 95%-50% isodose lines is reduced from 11 mm to 4 mm for 6 MV x rays in the lung phantom, when the beam intensity is increased by 20% in a 10 mm wide rind. At 18 MV, this distance is reduced from 16 mm to 6 mm with a 20% increase in rind intensity, but a 15 mm wide rind is required. In all cases, penumbra compensation did not result in any appreciable increase in scatter dose outside the field boundaries. These results suggest that penumbra compensation is a practical means of controlling the beam aperture margin.
Synthesis and kinetics of decomposition of tungsten(VI) and molybdenum(VI) 2-oxametallacyclobutane complexes and the x-ray structure of trans-Mo[CH(tert-Bu)CH(C6F5)O](NAr)(O-tert-Bu)2 (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and kinetics of decomposition of tungsten(VI) and molybdenum(VI) 2-oxametallacyclobutane complexes and the x-ray structure of trans-Mo[CH(tert-Bu)CH(C6F5)O](NAr)(O-tert-Bu)2Guillermo C. Bazan, Richard R. Schrock, and Marie B. O'ReganCite this: Organometallics 1991, 10, 4, 1062–1067Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00050a043https://doi.org/10.1021/om00050a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views252Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
NUTRITIONAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF SAPONINS: A REVIEW (1971)

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Organization of genes encoding two outer membrane proteins of the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi within a single transcriptional unit (1986)

OspA and OspB are major outer membrane proteins and antigens of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. We examined the organization of ospA and ospB, the genes encoding these proteins. The location and direction of transcription of each osp gene was determined by subcloning, deletion analysis, and transposon Tn5 mutagenesis. Transposon Tn5 insertions within the ospA gene abrogated expression of ospB, suggesting that these genes are transcribed from a common promoter. Northern blot analysis of mRNA from B. burgdorferi with two DNA probes individually specific for ospA or ospB identified a 2.2-kilobase transcript that hybridized with each probe. These studies indicate that the two osp genes of B. burgdorferi constitute a single transcriptional unit.
La Prière eucharistique hispano-gallicane et l'antique liturgie de l'Afrique romaine (2013)

Els estudis del P. Jordi Pinell han demostrat que la pregària eucarística llatina no romana depèn, en la seva part essencial, d?un model nordafricà del començament del segle III, en gran part testimoniat per Cebrià de Cartago. Aquesta tradició ofereix nombrosos paral·lels amb la tradició eucològica siríaca antiga, tal com es troba en l?«Eucaristia mística», la pretesa «Tradició apostòlica», i fins i tot per l?anàfona d?«Addai i de Mari», principalment en la seva doctrina cristològica.
Androgen receptor gene amplification and protein expression in hormone refractory prostate cancer (2003)

This study examined androgen receptor (AR) gene amplification and protein expression in 102 matched paired hormone sensitive and resistant tumours from 51 patients. AR gene amplification and X chromosome copy number were assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridisation, and protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. All tumours were stained for PSA protein expression. Significantly more tumours exhibited AR amplification following the development of hormone resistance (20%, 10 out of 49) compared to matched hormone-sensitive tumours from the same patient (2%, one out of 48) (P=0.0085). The level of AR expression was significantly higher in hormone-resistant tumours compared to matched hormone-sensitive tumours from the same patient (130, interquartile range, 55-167 vs 94.5 interquartile range, 55-120, P=0.019). AR expression levels in hormone-resistant tumours with and without AR amplification were not significantly different. However, an increase in AR expression was seen with the development of AR amplification in paired tumours. The rate of AR gene amplification and/or an increase in AR protein expression during androgen resistant is too low to wholly explain the development of androgen resistance. Alternative mechanisms for modulating the function of the AR, or other signalling pathways, must be considered as key factors in the development of hormone-resistant prostate.
Bile acid solubility and precipitation in vitro and in vivo: the role of conjugation, pH, and Ca2+ ions. (1992)

The principles governing the in vitro solubility of the common natural conjugated and unconjugated bile acids and salts in relation to pH, micelle formation, and Ca2+ concentration are considered from a theoretical standpoint and then correlated first with experimental observations on model systems and second with the formation of precipitates containing bile acids in health and disease. In vitro, taurine-conjugated bile acids are soluble at strongly acidic pH; glycine-conjugated bile acids are poorly soluble at moderately acidic pH; and many of the common, natural unconjugated bile acids are insoluble at neutral pH. For both glycine-conjugated and unconjugated bile acids, solubility rises exponentially, with increasing pH, until the concentration of the anion reaches the critical micellization concentration (CMC) when micelle formation occurs and solubility becomes practically unlimited. In vivo, in health, conjugated bile acids are present in micellar form in the biliary and intestinal tract. Unconjugated bile acids formed in the large intestine remain at low monomeric concentrations because of the acidic pH of the proximal colon, binding to bacteria, and absorption across the intestinal mucosa. In diseases in which proximal small intestinal content is abnormally acidic, precipitation of glycine-conjugated bile acids (in protonated form) occurs. Increased bacterial formation of unconjugated bile acids occurs with stasis in the biliary tract and small intestine; in the intestine, unconjugated bile acids precipitate in the protonated form. If the precipitates aggregate, an enterolith may be formed. In vitro, the calcium salts of taurine conjugates are highly water soluble, whereas the calcium salts of glycine conjugates and unconjugated bile acids possess limited aqueous solubility that is strongly influenced by bile acid structure. Precipitation occurs extremely slowly from supersaturated solutions of glycine-conjugated bile acids because of metastability, whereas super-saturated solutions of unconjugated bile acids rapidly form precipitates of the calcium salt. In systems containing Ca2+ ions and unconjugated bile acids, pH is important, since it is the key determinant of the anion concentration. For bile acids with relatively soluble calcium salts (or with a low CMC), the concentration of the anion will reach the CMC and micelles will form, thus precluding formation of the insoluble calcium salt. For bile acids, with relatively insoluble calcium salts (or with a high CMC), the effect of increasing pH is to cause the anion to reach the solubility product of the calcium salt before reaching the CMC so that precipitation of the calcium salt occurs instead of micelle formation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Exon and intron variants in the human tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase gene: potential association with Tourette syndrome, substance abuse and other disorders (1996)

Defects in serotonin metabolism, and abnormalities in both blood serotonin and tryptophan levels, have been reported in many psychiatric disorders. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) is the rate limiting enzyme for the breakdown of tryptophan to N-formyl kenurenine. Functional variants of this gene could account for the observed simultaneous increases or decreases of both serotonin and tryptophan in various disorders. We have identified four different polymorphisms of the human TDO2 gene. Association studies show a significant association of one or more of these polymorphisms and Tourette syndrome (TS), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and drug dependence. The intron 6G-->T variant was significantly associated with platelet serotonin levels. Only the association with TS was significant with a Bonferroni correction (p = 0.005). Our purpose here is not to claim these associations are proven, but rather to report preliminary results and show that easily testable polymorphisms are available. We hope to encourage additional research into the potential role the TDO2 gene in these and other psychiatric disorders.
Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid is a potent activator of endothelial cells. (1994)

Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) is a synthetic double-stranded polyribonucleotide that elicits immune responses analogous to those observed during viral infection. It is also known to modulate the expression of certain autoimmune disorders including diabetes mellitus in the BB rat and NOD mouse. The mechanism underlying these immunomodulatory effects is not known, but it could involve activation of vascular endothelium. We now report that parenteral poly I:C induces rat pancreatic endothelium to hyperexpress intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (CD54). This is accompanied by a perivascular recruitment of mononuclear cells to the exocrine pancreas. Corollary in vitro studies demonstrated that poly I:C is a potent activator of both rat and human endothelial cells in culture. It upregulates endothelial expression of several leukocyte adhesion molecules, stimulates the release of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, and antagonizes interferon-gamma induction of major histocompatibility complex class II expression. We conclude that poly I:C activates endothelial cells to express surface molecules and cytokines in a pattern classically associated with leukocyte recruitment. These effects may in part contribute to the immunomodulatory effects of poly I:C in animal models of autoimmunity.
Comprehensive Site-Directed Mutagenesis of L-2-Halo Acid Dehalogenase to Probe Catalytic Amino Acid Residues1 (1995)

L-2-Halo acid dehalogenase catalyzes the stereospecific hydrolytic dehalogenation of L-2-halo acids, with inversion of the C2-configuration. Seven L-2-halo acid dehalogenases from various bacterial strains are significantly similar to one another in their amino acid sequences (36-70% identity), and they are supposed to catalyze the reaction through the same mechanism. To identify catalytically important residues, we mutated all the 36 highly conserved charged and polar amino acid residues of L-2-halo acid dehalogenase from Pseudomonas sp. YL, which consists of 232 amino acid residues, by replacement of D by N, E by Q, R by K, and vice versa, S and T by A, Y and W by F, M by L, and H by N. We found that the replacement of D10, K151, S175, D180, R41, S118, T14, Y157, and N177 led to a significant loss in the enzyme activity or an increase in the Km value for the substrate, showing their involvement in the catalysis. The roles of these residues are discussed.
Alterations of GABAA receptor subunit mRNA levels in the aging Fischer 344 rat inferior colliculus (1997)

The inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is critically involved in shaping neuronal responses to simple and complex acoustic stimuli in the central auditory structure, the inferior colliculus (IC). Studies in rat and human suggest that age-related changes in markers for GABA neurotransmission occur in the IC. In particular, these changes include findings indicative of an age-related increase in the efficacy/potency of GABA to inhibit ligand binding at the GABAA receptor picrotoxin site in the Fischer (F344) rat IC. Such changes in GABAA receptor modulation suggest the potential for an alteration in GABAA receptor subunit composition in the old rat IC. To test this idea, the present study used in situ hybridization to quantify age-related changes in GABAA receptor subunit mRNA levels in the three major subdivisions of the IC in the F344 rat: dorsal cortex (DCIC), external cortex (ECIC), and the central nucleus (CIC). In support of earlier findings of an age-related change in GABAA receptor modulation, the present study found: (1) GABAA receptor subunit mRNA levels were significantly altered in the IC of old rats, and (2) age-related changes in subunit levels appeared to be regionally selective and subunit specific. A highly significant increase in the level of the gamma 1 subunit mRNA was observed with little change in the levels of the alpha 1, beta 2, and gamma 2 subunit mRNAs. A nonstatistically significant increase in alpha 2 subunit mRNA was also observed. This observed increase in alpha 2 subunit mRNA could be important since previous expression studies have shown that the alpha 2 and gamma 1 subunits coassemble and are incorporated into GABAA receptors which appear to be more sensitive to GABA. If the observed changes in subunit mRNA levels with age correlate well with enhanced GABAA receptor function in the IC of old rats, this, in turn, may represent a compensatory mechanism in response to presynaptic GABAergic changes.