gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The metal ion catalyzed decomposition of nucleoside diphosphate sugars (1976)

&lt;P&gt;Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN) is an omnibus survey that collects data on a range of subjects commissioned by both the ONS internally and external clients (limited to&amp;nbsp;other government departments, charities, non-profit organisations and academia).&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Data are collected from one individual aged 16&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;over,&amp;nbsp;selected from each sampled private household. Personal data include data on the individual, their family, address, household, income and education, plus responses and opinions on a variety of subjects within commissioned modules.&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;The questionnaire collects timely data for research and policy analysis evaluation on the social impacts of recent topics of national importance, such as the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and the cost of living, on individuals and households in Great Britain.&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;From April 2018 to November 2019, the design of the OPN changed from face-to-face to a mixed-mode design (online first with telephone interviewing where necessary). Mixed-mode collection allows respondents to complete the survey more flexibly and provides a more cost-effective service for customers.&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;In March 2020, the OPN was adapted to become a weekly survey used to collect data on the social impacts of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on the lives of people of Great Britain. These data are held in the Secure Access study, SN 8635,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;ONS Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, Covid-19 Module, 2020-2022: Secure Access.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;Other Secure Access OPN data cover modules run at various points from 1997-2019, on Census religion (SN 8078), cervical cancer screening (SN 8080), contact after separation (SN 8089), contraception (SN 8095), disability (SNs 8680 and 8096), general lifestyle (SN 8092), illness and activity (SN 8094), and non-resident parental contact (SN 8093).&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;From August 2021, as coronavirus (COVID-19) restrictions were lifting across Great Britain, the OPN moved to fortnightly data collection, sampling around 5,000 households in each survey wave to ensure the survey remains sustainable.&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;The OPN has since expanded to include questions on other topics of national importance, such as health and the cost of living. For more information about the survey and its methodology, see the ONS&amp;nbsp;&lt;a title="OPN Quality and Methodology Information" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthandlifeexpectancies/methodologies/opinionsandlifestylesurveyqmi"&gt;OPN Quality and Methodology Information&lt;/a&gt; webpage.&lt;/p&gt;
Some Characteristics of a Plant Growth Promoting &lt;i&gt;Enterobacter&lt;/i&gt; sp. Isolated from the Roots of Maize (2012)

Some properties of an Enterobacter sp. isolated from the roots of maize are described. Isolation was carried out using the semisolid enrichment culture technique and subsequent plating, both on nitrogen free biotin medium. Morphological, biochemical and phylogenetic characterization using the MicroSeqTM 16S rDNA technique were employed in identification of isolate, which was revealed to be closest matched at 99.4% with Enterobacter asburiae. The isolate possessed properties of plant growth promoting bacteria. Thus, it produced indole-3-acetic, plant polymer hydrolyzing enzymes, pectinase and cellulase as well as ammonia in vitro. The isolate grew well in the presence of both 3% NaCl and 10 μg of streptomycin. In plate bioassays, isolate promoted the germination of both maize and rice seeds as well as root and lateral root growth resulting in weight increases of seedlings over their controls. Experiments to quantify ability of isolate to promote plant growth was performed using hydroponics solutions and as appropriate, an inoculum of the isolate. Pot experiments were also employed. Results from these studies showed that isolate enhanced nitrogen accumulation and significantly (p < 0.05), improved the growth of maze seedlings over controls. Isolate has potential for utilizetion as inocula for sustainable production of cereals.
Evolution of Resistance to Targeted Anti-Cancer Therapies during Continuous and Pulsed Administration Strategies (2009)

The discovery of small molecules targeted to specific oncogenic pathways has revolutionized anti-cancer therapy. However, such therapy often fails due to the evolution of acquired resistance. One long-standing question in clinical cancer research is the identification of optimum therapeutic administration strategies so that the risk of resistance is minimized. In this paper, we investigate optimal drug dosing schedules to prevent, or at least delay, the emergence of resistance. We design and analyze a stochastic mathematical model describing the evolutionary dynamics of a tumor cell population during therapy. We consider drug resistance emerging due to a single (epi)genetic alteration and calculate the probability of resistance arising during specific dosing strategies. We then optimize treatment protocols such that the risk of resistance is minimal while considering drug toxicity and side effects as constraints. Our methodology can be used to identify optimum drug administration schedules to avoid resistance conferred by one (epi)genetic alteration for any cancer and treatment type.
Protection for the Thiol Group (1999)

Protection for the thiol group is important in many areas of organic research, particularly in peptide and protein syntheses. The synthesis of coenzyme A requires the use of thiol protective groups. A free –SH group can be protected as a thioether or a thioester, or oxidized to a symmetrical disulfide, from which it is regenerated by reduction. This chapter discusses some synthetically useful thiol protective groups. Some of the more useful groups are included in Reactivity Chart 7 (Chapter 10).
Is large myelinated fiber loss associated with hyperalgesia in a model of experimental peripheral neuropathy in the rat? (1993)

Recently it has been shown that placement of 4 loose chromic gut sutures around the rat sciatic nerve produces hyperalgesia. A possible mechanism underlying this hyperalgesia is a preferential loss of large myelinated fibers. A difficulty, however, is that neuropathic symptoms are not static and the time course of the axon loss has not been determined. To remedy this deficit, the present study relates axonal changes to the behavior of the animal at various times after induction of the neuropathy. The findings are that a loss of all axon types, with a preferential loss of large myelinated axons, is associated with the development of heat hyperalgesia. As the axon loss progresses, however, the hyperalgesia lessens. In addition, at 28 days post surgery there are essentially no large myelinated axons in the distal segment, but the signs of hyperalgesia have almost resolved. These findings indicate that the onset of the hyperalgesia is accompanied by a preferential loss of large fibers and by a lesser but still substantial loss of small myelinated and unmyelinated axons. The subsequent course of the hyperalgesia, however, is not in any obvious way related to the proportions of large myelinated fibers in the affected nerve.
Protein Splicing and Related Forms of Protein Autoprocessing (2000)

Protein splicing is a form of posttranslational processing that consists of the excision of an intervening polypeptide sequence, the intein, from a protein, accompanied by the concomitant joining of the flanking polypeptide sequences, the exteins, by a peptide bond. It requires neither cofactors nor auxiliary enzymes and involves a series of four intramolecular reactions, the first three of which occur at a single catalytic center of the intein. Protein splicing can be modulated by mutation and converted to highly specific self-cleavage and protein ligation reactions that are useful protein engineering tools. Some of the reactions characteristic of protein splicing also occur in other forms of protein autoprocessing, ranging from peptide bond cleavage to conjugation with nonprotein moieties. These mechanistic similarities may be the result of convergent evolution, but in at least one case-hedgehog protein autoprocessing-there is definitely a close evolutionary relationship to protein splicing.
Mechanisms of arrythmogenic cardiac alternans (2007)

T-wave alternans, a powerful marker for the risk of sudden cardiac death is directly related to alternans of the cellular action potential. When action potential alternans is first initiated, it occurs with identical phase in all cells of a particular region of the heart. However, above a critical heart rate threshold, action potential alternans switches phase in some cells but not in others, such that some cells undergo a prolongation of action potential duration (APD), whereas neighbouring cells undergo APD shortening on the same beat (i.e. discordant alternans). Discordant alternans is linked to a mechanism of arrhythmogenesis because when ventricular action potentials from neighbouring cells are alternating out of phase, repolarization gradients are amplified, producing conduction block and re-entrant excitation. In this review, we discuss potential mechanisms which may underlie discordant alternans in the heart, including (i) conduction velocity restitution, (ii) spatial heterogeneities of calcium cycling and the sarcolemmal ionic currents which govern repolarization, and (iii) intercellular uncoupling.
The pathogenesis of influenza in humans (2001)

The rapid evolution of influenza A and B viruses contributes to annual influenza epidemics in humans. In addition, pandemics of influenza are also caused by influenza A viruses, whereas influenza B does not have the potential to cause pandemics because there is no animal reservoir of the virus. Study of the genetic differences between influenza A and influenza B viruses, which are restricted to humans, may be informative in understanding the factors that govern mammalian adaptation of influenza A viruses. Aquatic birds provide the natural reservoir for influenza A viruses, but in general, avian influenza is asymptomatic in feral birds. Occasionally, however, highly pathogenic strains of influenza cause serious systemic infections in domestic poultry. The pathogenicity of these strains is related to the presence of a polybasic cleavage sequence in the precursor of the surface glycoprotein haemagglutinin, which makes the glycoprotein susceptible to activation by ubiquitous proteases such as furin and PC6. However, the mechanism of pathogenicity may differ in highly pathogenic strains of human influenza, such as the H1N1 pandemic strain of 1918 and the H5N1 strain involved in the outbreak in Hong Kong in 1997. Binding of host proteases by the viral neuraminidase to assist activation of the haemagglutinin, shortening of the neuraminidase and substitutions in the polymerase gene, PB2, have all been suggested as alternative molecular correlates of pathogenicity of human influenza viruses. Additionally, systemic spread in humans of pathogenic subtypes has not been demonstrated and host factors such as interferons may be crucial in preventing the spread of the virus outside the respiratory tract.
Cdc42p GTPase Is Involved in Controlling Polarized Cell Growth in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1994)

Cdc42p is a highly conserved low-molecular-weight GTPase that is involved in controlling cellular morphogenesis. We have isolated the Cdc42p homolog from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe by its ability to complement the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc42-1ts mutation. S. pombe Cdc42p is 85% identical in predicted amino acid sequence to S. cerevisiae Cdc42p and 83% identical to the human Cdc42p homolog. The Cdc42p protein fractionates to both soluble and particulate fractions, suggesting that it exists in two cellular pools. We have disrupted the cdc42+ gene and shown that it is essential for growth. The cdc42 null phenotype is an arrest as small, round, dense cells. In addition, we have generated three site-specific mutations, G12V, Q61L, and D118A, in the Cdc42p GTP-binding domains that correspond to dominant-lethal mutations in S. cerevisiae CDC42. In contrast to the S. cerevisiae cdc42 mutations, the S. pombe cdc42 mutant alleles were not lethal when overexpressed. However, the cdc42 mutants did exhibit an abnormal morphological phenotype of large, misshapen cells, suggesting that S. pombe Cdc42p is involved in controlling polarized cell growth.
Restoration of cytomegalovirus antigen presentation by gamma interferon combats viral escape (1994)

An immediate-early protein of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), pp89, elicits an immunodominant and protective major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I Ld-restricted CD8+ T-lymphocyte response. Remarkably, presentation of the naturally processed peptide of pp89, the nonapeptide YPHFMPTNL, is abolished during permissive MCMV infection in vitro. This defect in pp89 presentation is due to the expression of MCMV early gene functions that specifically block the transport of peptide-charged MHC class I complexes to the cell surface (M. Del Val, H. Hengel, H. Häcker, U. Hartlaub, T. Ruppert, P. Lucin, and U. H. Koszinowski, J. Exp. Med. 176:729-738, 1992). Here, we demonstrate that MCMV-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes can reconstitute pp89 presentation in a parakrine fashion. The lymphocytes mediate the restoration of antigen presentation by MCMV-infected cells by releasing gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). IFN-gamma has no effect on synthesis and stability of the viral antigen pp89 nor does it interfere with the expression of viral early genes and their inhibitory effect on MHC class I molecular maturation. IFN-gamma results in a 25-fold increase in the synthesis of MHC class I molecules and a similar increase in the abundance of pp89-derived peptide. Many of the MHC molecules remain retained by the viral effect, but a surplus of MHC molecules escapes the effect and provides the effective surface presentation of the peptide. Adoptive cell transfer studies demonstrate the IFN-gamma dependence of CD8+ T-lymphocyte function in vivo. Altogether, these data reconcile the paradoxical findings of an impaired pp89 presentation in vitro in parallel with pp89-specific CD8+ T-cell protection in vivo. The results also imply a role of IFN-gamma in the T-lymphocyte-mediated control of cytomegalovirus infection. The known propensity of cytomegalovirus to cause serious disease in the immunocompromised host is discussed in the light of these findings.
T‐cell cytokine profiles are altered in childhood asthma exacerbation (2009)

IL-13, rather than IL-4, may play a pro-inflammatory role during acute severe asthma, whereas IFN-gamma responses were associated with recovery from acute severe asthma. These results suggest that altered T-cell cytokine profiles may contribute to the pathogenesis of and recovery from asthma exacerbations.
Inhibition of influenza virus production in virus-infected mice by RNA interference (2004)

Influenza A virus infection is a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Because the effectiveness of existing vaccines and antiviral drugs is limited, development of new treatment modalities is needed. Here, we show that short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) specific for conserved regions of influenza virus genes can prevent and treat influenza virus infection in mice. Virus production in lungs of infected mice is reduced by siRNAs given either before or after initiating virus infection, by using slow i.v. administration of small volumes containing siRNAs in complexes with a polycation carrier. Similar effects also are observed when mice are given DNA vectors i.v. or intranasally, from which siRNA precursors can be transcribed. Development of delivery systems that may be compatible with human use demonstrates the potential utility of siRNAs for prophylaxis and therapy of influenza virus infections in humans.
Accurate measurement of transgene copy number in crop plants using droplet digital PCR (2017)

Genetic transformation is a powerful means for the improvement of crop plants, but requires labor- and resource-intensive methods. An efficient method for identifying single-copy transgene insertion events from a population of independent transgenic lines is desirable. Currently, transgene copy number is estimated by either Southern blot hybridization analyses or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) experiments. Southern hybridization is a convincing and reliable method, but it also is expensive, time-consuming and often requires a large amount of genomic DNA and radioactively labeled probes. Alternatively, qPCR requires less DNA and is potentially simpler to perform, but its results can lack the accuracy and precision needed to confidently distinguish between one- and two-copy events in transgenic plants with large genomes. To address this need, we developed a droplet digital PCR-based method for transgene copy number measurement in an array of crops: rice, citrus, potato, maize, tomato and wheat. The method utilizes specific primers to amplify target transgenes, and endogenous reference genes in a single duplexed reaction containing thousands of droplets. Endpoint amplicon production in the droplets is detected and quantified using sequence-specific fluorescently labeled probes. The results demonstrate that this approach can generate confident copy number measurements in independent transgenic lines in these crop species. This method and the compendium of probes and primers will be a useful resource for the plant research community, enabling the simple and accurate determination of transgene copy number in these six important crop species.
Toward Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography on a Chip (2011)

We present experimental results of a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography system based on an integrated optical spectrometer. A 195-channel arrayed-waveguide-grating (AWG) spectrometer with 0.4-nm channel spacing centered at 1300 nm and a 125-channel AWG with 0.16-nm channel spacing centered at 800 nm have been fabricated in silicon oxynitride waveguide technology. Interferometric distance measurements have been performed by launching light from a broadband source into a free-space Michelson interferometer, with its output coupled into the AWG. A maximum imaging depth of 1 mm and axial resolution of 25 and 20 μm in air are demonstrated for the 800- and 1300-nm ranges, respectively.
The insulation of genes from external enhancers and silencing chromatin (2002)

Insulators are DNA sequence elements that can serve in some cases as barriers to protect a gene against the encroachment of adjacent inactive condensed chromatin. Some insulators also can act as blocking elements to protect against the activating influence of distal enhancers associated with other genes. Although most of the insulators identified so far derive from Drosophila, they also are found in vertebrates. An insulator at the 5' end of the chicken beta-globin locus marks a boundary between an open chromatin domain and a region of constitutively condensed chromatin. Detailed analysis of this element shows that it possesses both enhancer blocking activity and the ability to screen reporter genes against position effects. Enhancer blocking is associated with binding of the protein CTCF; sites that bind CTCF are found at other critical points in the genome. Protection against position effects involves other properties that appear to be associated with control of histone acetylation and methylation. Insulators thus are complex elements that can help to preserve the independent function of genes embedded in a genome in which they are surrounded by regulatory signals they must ignore.
Postmortem Evidence of Structural Brain Changes in Schizophrenia (1986)

The brains of 232 patients with a case-note diagnosis of schizophrenia or affective disorder who died in one mental hospital over a period of 22 years were weighed, and were assessed in a coronal section at the level of the interventricular foramina. From this sample were eliminated the brains of patients whose illnesses did not meet the Washington University criteria for a diagnosis of definite schizophrenia or primary affective disorder and those brains that showed significant histopathologic evidence of Alzheimer's-type change or cerebrovascular disease. This left a sample of 41 patients with schizophrenia and 29 patients with affective disorder. With age, sex, and year of birth controlled for, the brains of the patients with schizophrenia were 6% lighter, had lateral ventricles that were larger in the anterior (by 19%), and particularly in the temporal, (by 97%) horn cross section, and had significantly thinner parahippocampal cortices (by 11%). The findings provide postmortem confirmation of reports of ventricular enlargement in radiological studies and suggest that such enlargement is associated with tissue loss in the temporal lobe. The changes in schizophrenia were of a lesser degree than those seen in a sample of brains of patients with Alzheimer's-type dementia and Huntington's chorea.
Screening, Nucleotide Sequence, and Biochemical Characterization of an Esterase from Pseudomonas fluorescens with High Activity towards Lactones (1999)

A genomic library of Pseudomonas fluorescens DSM 50106 in a lambdaRESIII phage vector was screened in Escherichia coli K-12 for esterase activity by using alpha-naphthyl acetate and Fast Blue RR. A 3.2-kb DNA fragment was subcloned from an esterase-positive clone and completely sequenced. Esterase EstF1 was encoded by a 999-bp open reading frame (ORF) and exhibited significant amino acid sequence identity with members of the serine hydrolase family. The deduced amino acid sequences of two other C-terminal truncated ORFs exhibited homology to a cyclohexanone monooxygenase and an alkane hydroxylase. However, esterase activity was not induced by growing of P. fluorescens DSM 50106 in the presence of several cyclic ketones. The esterase gene was fused to a His tag and expressed in E. coli. The gene product was purified by zinc ion affinity chromatography and characterized. Detergents had to be added for purification, indicating that the enzyme was membrane bound or membrane associated. The optimum pH of the purified enzyme was 7.5, and the optimum temperature was 43 degreesC. The showed highest purified enzyme activities towards lactones. The activity increased from gamma-butyrolactone (18.1 U/mg) to epsilon-caprolactone (21.8 U/mg) to delta-valerolactone (36.5 U/mg). The activities towards the aliphatic esters were significantly lower; the only exception was the activity toward ethyl caprylate, which was the preferred substrate.