gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cellular Consequences of the Association of ApoB Lipoproteins With Proteoglycans (1997)

Many of the discussed results come from empirical experiments performed with in vitro models whose relevance to the complex environment of the intima is limited. However, they are consistent with the line of reasoning that intima PGs interact specifically with apoB lipoproteins and contribute to their retention. This could provide the residence time and the initial alterations of the lipoproteins that favor their further modifications by oxidative processes and hydrolytic enzymes. Products of such modifications, and the modified particles, may be stimuli for changes in the functionality of endothelium, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. The focal synthesis of PGs with high affinity for apoB lipoproteins could make the phenomena chronic. Clinical and laboratory studies indicate that dense LDL, poor in surface polar lipids, is associated with an atherogenic phenotype. Particles with these properties may contribute to the disease via its high affinity for arterial PGs. This affinity can be modulated by diet, lifestyle, and lipid-lowering drugs.
Volumetric NMR imaging with time‐varying gradients (1985)

A novel generalized processing system is described whereby, using time-varying gradients, simultaneous data acquisition can be provided for all points in a volume. This is in sharp distinction to the sensitive-point method where only the null region is imaged. It is shown that time-varying gradients systems provide unique phase modulation functions which, when appropriately decoded, enable every point in the volume to be simultaneously imaged from a single FID signal. Methods are shown using the technique to provide simultaneously acquired, localized NMR spectra. Alternative gradient signals are considered including both periodic and aperiodic waveforms.
Human Peripheral γδ T Cells Potentiate the Early Proinflammatory Cytokine Response to Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin–1 (2004)

Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST)-1 is a superantigen known to profoundly induce proinflammatory cytokines by activation of V beta -specific alpha beta T cells, but its effect on gamma delta T cells, which normally constitute 1%-5% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that TSST-1 induced significantly higher levels of interferon (IFN)- gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- alpha, and interleukin (IL)-2, and a lower level of IL-10 in human PBMCs when the gamma delta subpopulation has been primed by isopentylpyrophosphate, compared with that in control PBMCs. Furthermore, depletion of the gamma delta subpopulation completely abrogated this effect. Thus, peripheral gamma delta T cells markedly modulate both the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses of TSST-1.
Comparison of different protocols for telomere length estimation by combination of quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (Q-FISH) and flow cytometry in human cancer cell lines. (2005)

The most important steps of the flow-FISH technique, namely the fixative procedure, as well as the hybridization and the fixation times, were investigated. Considering the latter, suitable protocols were set up for routine and fast telomere length estimation in the cancer cell lines.
Environmental Loading on Offshore Structures (1993)

The assessment of combined wave and current loads on offshore structures continues to be a time consuming process. The authors have written a PC based software package that allows easy entry of structural data, selection from a variety of commonly used wave theories, and specification of marine roughness, to rapidly calculate member loads, structure base shear and overturning moments. Forces are calculated through 3 dimensional application of the Morrison equation for in-line forces and associated equations for lift forces. Verification of the simulation package has been done through comparisons with physical model tests performed on a 1/33 scale model of the North Rankin platform. Results from the package were within several percent of physical model measurements. The paper presents details of both the package and the items it incorporates.
NMR – this other method for protein and nucleic acid structure determination (1995)

For a quarter of a century X-ray diffraction in single crystals was unique in its ability to solve three-dimensional structures of proteins and nucleic acids at atomic resolution. The situation changed in 1984 with the completion of a protein structure determination by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in solution, and today NMR is a second widely used method for biomacromolecular structure determination. This review describes the method of NMR structure determination of biological macromolecules, and attempts to place NMR structure determination in perspective with X-ray crystallography. NMR is most powerful for studies of relatively small systems with molecular weights up to about 30000, but these structures can be obtained in near-physiological milieus. The two techniques have widely different time scales which afford different insights into internal molecular mobility as well as different views of protein or nucleic acid molecular surfaces and hydration. Generally, in addition to information on the average three-dimensional structure, NMR provides information on a wide array of short-lived transient conformational states. Combining information from the two methods can yield a more detailed insight into the structural basis of protein and nucleic acid functions, and thus provide a more reliable platform for rational drug design and the engineering of novel protein functions.
Expression of ssDNA in Mammalian Cells (2003)

Antisense therapy involves the use of antisense oligonucleotides for altering targeted gene function. However, the low efficiency of cell delivery of antisense oligonucleotides has limited the efficacy of antisense therapeutic approaches. RNA-based antisense or ribozyme oligonucleotides can be either synthesized endogenously (e.g., by a viral vector) or delivered exogenously. However, there is presently no vector delivery system available for DNA-based oligonucleotides. Recently, a novel ssDNA expression vector that can generate intracellularly any ssDNA molecule, such as antisense oligonucleotide or DNA enzyme, has been developed in our laboratory. Here we describe an improved expression vector based on the first-generation two-vector system. To test this new expression vector, we chose to express a single-stranded "10-23" DNA enzyme targeting c-raf mRNA in the human lung carcinoma A549 cell line. After introduction into cells by transient transfection, c-raf-cleaving DNA enzymes produced by this expression vector can significantly suppress the expression of c-raf mRNA. Furthermore, the expressed c-raf DNA enzymes induced cell apoptosis, as indicated by genomic DNA fragmentation assay. Our study further demonstrates the feasibility of using this novel ssDNA expression technology to produce intracellularly any sequence of interest, including antisense oligonucleotides and DNA enzyme molecules.
Human platelet-derived growth factor. Purification and resolution into two active protein fractions. (1981)

Human platelets secrete a factor that stimulates cultured human cells to initiate DNA synthesis and to divide. This human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been purified congruent to 100,000-fold into two equally active homogeneous fractions, PDGF I (Mr congruent to 31,000) and PDGF II (Mr congruent to 28,000). The amino acid compositions of each are similar, highly basic, and show 18 half-cystine residues. Both PDGF I and II are glycoproteins, but differ in their carbohydrate compositions. The data suggest that PDGF II may be a proteolytic cleavage product of PDGF I but do not rule out that the proteins may be separate but very similar gene products. Purified PDGF is active in stimulating DNA synthesis at 0.2 ng/ml.
Evidence for neurotoxic activity of tat from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (1991)

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome codes for a trans-activating regulatory protein, tat. Using chemically synthesized tat, it was found that 125I-tat and 125I-tat38-86 specifically bound to rat brain synaptosomal membranes with moderate affinity (K0.5 = 3 microM). Interaction of tat with nerve cells was also revealed by flow cytometry, which showed its binding to rat glioma and murine neuroblastoma cells, using both direct fluorescence with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled tat and indirect immunofluorescence assays. This interaction was investigated with electrophysiology using isolated excitable frog muscle fibers and cockroach giant interneuron synapses. tat acted on the cell membrane and induced a large depolarization, accompanied by a decrease in membrane resistance, thereby modifying cell permeability. The neurotoxicity of tat was further demonstrated in vitro, on glioma and neuroblastoma cell growth, as well as by a 51Cr release assay in both tumor cell lines. Interestingly, no hemolytic activity of tat for human erythrocytes was found even when tat was tested at its highly neurotoxic concentration. Experiments in vivo showed that synthetic tat is a potent and lethal neurotoxic agent in mice. The use of tat peptide derivatives showed that basic region from 49 to 57 is necessary and sufficient for binding to cell membranes and toxicity.
Allogeneic tumor-cell-based vaccines secreting endoplasmic reticulum chaperone gp96 (2007)

Heat-shock proteins are chaperones for proteins including tumor antigens. Heat-shock protein gp96, also known as glucose-regulated protein grp94, is the primary chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum and a natural adjuvant for priming the innate and adaptive immune system. By transfecting tumor cells with a genetically modified secretory form of gp96, the tumor cells are transformed into vaccine cells. Gp96 vaccines in murine studies trigger robust innate and antigen-specific cellular immune responses and cause tumor rejection followed by long-lasting tumor immunity. The authors briefly review here the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses by gp96 and the most up to date clinical data in the use of gp96-based cancer vaccines.
Tyrosine-phosphorylation of tubulin during monocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells (1993)

We have demonstrated that the 53- and 55-kDa proteins were markedly phosphorylated at tyrosine residues during tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA)-induced monocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells and that the inhibition of such phosphorylation resulted in suppression of the differentiation. Western blotting, using antiphosphotyrosine antibody PY-20, of antitubulin immunoprecipitate from the lysate of TPA-treated HL-60 cells revealed that tubulin was tyrosine-phosphorylated in TPA-treated HL-60 cells, but not in nontreated HL-60 cells. The tyrosine-phosphorylated 53- and 55-kDa proteins in TPA-treated HL-60 cells were absorbed with antitubulin antibody indicating that the predominantly tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins during the monocytic differentiation were tubulins. By combination of immunoprecipitation and in vitro kinase assay, the protein tyrosine kinases, Fyn and Lyn, which were abundantly induced during monocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells, were demonstrated to be associated with tubulin in the cells. The reorganization of microtubules was observed by immunostaining using rhodamine-conjugated anti-mouse Ig and mouse anti-alpha-tubulin mAb. These data suggest that tyrosine-phosphorylation of tubulin, in which Fyn and Lyn might involve, regulate monocytic differentiation through alteration of microtubule assembly.
Digital mammography for screening and diagnosis of breast cancer: an overview. (2007)

Digital mammography is an emerging technique for the evaluation of the breast. Unless the low spatial resolution, the systems performs very well in diagnostic imaging because they improve lesion conspicuity through their better efficiency of absorption of x-ray photons and a linear response over a wide range of radiation intensities and the inherent high contrast resolution. With digital imaging, separation of the process of x-ray detection from the image display and storage is possible and makes optimization of each of these steps possible. In this regard, applying image processing can have a high impact on image quality. Different clinical trials are available to evaluate the accuracy of digital mammography. To control the image quality, dedicated quality parameters are developed and approved by the European Commission. However, unless the experience in diagnostic imaging with digital mammography, introduction in a screening environment still has difficulties. As telemammography is an advantage of digital imaging, practical implementation of different imaging systems in one large screening network is not solved yet. The radiologist also must be aware with the different kind of images coming from the different systems. The disadvantage of digital imaging is the high cost and the sharing of digital images with other facilities which not have a similar technology. Future technology is tomosynthesis, dual energy mammography and cone beam CT of the breast.
Optimized conditions for successful transfection of human endothelial cells with in vitro synthesized and modified mRNA for induction of protein expression (2014)

The synthesis of stabilized mRNA and the high transfection efficiency will enable the mRNA engineering of ECs as well as other somatic cells. The delivery of synthetic exogenous mRNA into cells allows the transient expression of desired proteins, which would be normally not expressed by the cells.
The Addition of Olefinic Esters to Maleic Anhydride (1946)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Addition of Olefinic Esters to Maleic AnhydrideJohn Ross, Arthur I. Gebhart, and J. Fred GerechtCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68, 7, 1373–1376Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1946Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1946https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01211a084https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01211a084research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views255Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
MICROBIAL BIOCATALYSIS IN THE GENERATION OF FLAVOR AND FRAGRANCE CHEMICALS (1994)

Microbial biocatalysis is used in the commercial production of many flavor and fragrance chemicals. Bulk flavoring chemicals such as citric acid, high fructose corn syrup, and glutamic acid are produced in millions of pounds annually using microbial processes. In the past few years, biocatalysis has also begun to play an increasingly important role in the production of many flavor and fragrance aroma chemicals. Microbial processes have traditionally played an integral role in the development of complex mixtures of flavor and aroma chemicals since the discovery of beer, wine, cheese, and soy sauce thousands of years ago. Today, contemporary microbiological techniques are being increasingly applied to enhance the efficiency of many microbial biocatalysts for the production of specific flavor and fragrance chemicals. However, to ensure commercial implementation of these new microbial processes, much more needs to be learned about the basic biochemistry and genetics of these novel biocatalysts.
Increased synthesis of high-molecular-weight cPLA2 mediates early UV-induced PGE2 in human skin (1996)

Ultraviolet light (UV) B-induced inflammation is characterized by dramatic increases in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis due to enhanced arachidonate deacylation from the membrane. Therefore, the effect of UV on sythesis, mass, and distribution of the high-molecular-weight phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in cultured human keratinocytes and human skin was studied. The 105-kDa cPLA2 was demonstrated to be the critical enzyme in UV-induced PGE2 synthesis and erythema in the first 6 h postirradiation. Immunoprecipitation of 35S-labeled protein showed cPLA2 synthesis increased three- to fourfold 6 h after irradiation. Immunoprecipitated 32P-labeled cPLA2 demonstrated phosphorylation of cPLA2 was concurrently induced, suggesting that UV also activates cPLA2. This increase in cPLA2 synthesis and activation also closely correlated with increased PGE2 synthesis and [3H]arachidonic acid release and was effectively blocked by both an S-oligonucleotide antisense to cPLA2 and methyl arachidonate fluorophosphate, a specific inhibitor of cPLA2. Biopsy and histochemical examination of erythematous sites expressed increased amounts of cPLA2 whereas nonerythematous irradiated sites did not. In contrast, cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in cultures and skin explants were unaffected 6 h post-UV, and no change in cyclooxygenase activity was observed at this time. These results suggest that increased cPLA2 synthesis occurs only when skin is exposed to UV doses that are sufficient to cause erythema and indicate expression of cPLA2 participates in acute UV inflammation.
Interleukin-12 Is Capable of Generating an Antigen-Specific Th1-Type Response in the Presence of an Ongoing Infection-Driven Th2-Type Response (1999)

Previously we demonstrated that recombinant murine interleukin-12 (rmIL-12) administration can promote a primary Th1 response while suppressing the Th2 response in mice primed with 2,4, 6-trinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (TNP-KLH). The present studies examined the capacity of rmIL-12 to drive a Th1 response to TNP-KLH in the presence of an ongoing Th2-mediated disease. To establish a distinct Th2 response, we used a murine model of leishmaniasis. Susceptible BALB/c mice produce a strong Th2 response when infected with Leishmania major and develop progressive visceral disease. On day 26 postinfection, when leishmaniasis was well established, groups of mice were immunized with TNP-KLH in the presence or absence of exogenous rmIL-12. Even in the presence of overt infection, TNP-KLH-plus-rmIL-12-immunized mice were still capable of generating KLH-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) as well as corresponding TNP-specific immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) titers. In addition, the KLH-specific IL-4 was suppressed in infected mice immunized with rmIL-12. However, parasite-specific IL-4 and IgG1 production with a lack of parasite-specific IFN-gamma secretion were maintained in all infected groups of mice including those immunized with rmIL-12. These data show that despite the ongoing infection-driven Th2 response, rmIL-12 was capable of generating an antigen-specific Th1 response to an independent immunogen. Moreover, rmIL-12 administered with TNP-KLH late in infection did not alter the parasite-specific cytokine or antibody responses.
Communication Overhead on the Intel Paragon, IBM SP2 and Meiko CS-2. (1995)

Interprocessor communication overhead is a crucial measure of the power of parallel computing systems-its impact can severely limit the performance of parallel programs. This report presents measurements of communication overhead on three contemporary commercial multicomputer systems: the Intel Paragon, the IBM SP2 and the Meiko CS-2. In each case the time to communicate between processors is presented as a function of message length. The time for global synchronization and memory access is discussed. The performance of these machines in emulating hypercubes and executing random pairwise exchanges is also investigated. It is shown that the interprocessor communication time depends heavily on the specific communication pattern required. These observations contradict the commonly held belief that communication overhead on contemporary machines is independent of the placement of tasks on processors. The information presented in this report permits the evaluation of the efficiency of parallel algorithm implementations against standard baselines.
Brachytherapy Using Injectable Seeds That Are Self-Assembled from Genetically Encoded Polypeptides In Situ (2012)

Brachytherapy is a common clinical technique involving implantation of sealed radioactive "seeds" within a tumor to selectively irradiate the tumor mass while minimizing systemic toxicity. To mitigate the disadvantages associated with complex surgical implantation and subsequent device removal procedures, we have developed an alternative approach using a genetically encoded peptide polymer solution composed of a thermally responsive elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) radiolabeled with (131)I that self-assembles into radionuclide seeds upon intratumoral injection. The formation of these nontoxic and biodegradable polymer seeds led to prolonged intratumoral retention (~85% ID/tumor 7 days postinjection) of the radionuclide, elicited a tumor growth delay in 100% of the tumors in two human xenografts (FaDu and PC-3), and cured more than 67% of tumor-bearing animals after a single administration of labeled ELP. These results suggest that in situ self-assembly of biodegradable and injectable radionuclide-containing polypeptide seeds could be a promising therapeutic alternative to conventional brachytherapy.
Bead-based Fiber-Optic Arrays (2000)

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Learning with limited numerical precision using the cascade-correlation algorithm (1992)

A key question in the design of specialized hardware for simulation of neural networks is whether fixed-point arithmetic of limited numerical precision can be used with existing learning algorithms. An empirical study of the effects of limited precision in cascade-correlation networks on three different learning problems is presented. It is shown that learning can fail abruptly as the precision of network weights or weight-update calculations is reduced below a certain level, typically about 13 bits including the sign. Techniques for dynamic rescaling and probabilistic rounding that allow reliable convergence down to 7 bits of precision or less, with only a small and gradual reduction in the quality of the solutions, are introduced.