gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Validation of the in vivo CD1 mouse splenocyte micronucleus test (1994)

In order to validate the in vivo micronucleus test in mouse splenocytes using the cytokinesis block method, 14 compounds with various mechanisms of action were tested: three direct alkylating agents (mitomycin C, ethylnitrosourea, beta-propiolactone), seven indirect alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide, benzo[a]pyrene, diethylnitrosamine, dimethylnitrosamine, 4-aminophenol, 4-aminobiphenyl, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine), two intercalating agents (acridine orange, ethidium bromide) and two spindle poisons (vincristine, colchicine). Male mice were dosed once with the compound, and spleen samples were taken 2 or 14 days after treatment. A significant increase in the binucleated micronucleated splenocyte rate was observed with all the alkylating and intercalating agents at at least one sampling time. In contrast, no increase in the binucleated micronucleated splenocyte rate was observed with the spindle poisons. In conclusion, under these experimental conditions, this in vivo test seems appropriate for the detection of clastogenic compounds including compounds that cannot be detected in the bone marrow micronucleus test. The limit of this test, as expected, is the lack of detection of aneugenic compounds.
A SCN9A gene-encoded dorsal root ganglia sodium channel polymorphism associated with severe fibromyalgia (2012)

In this ethnic group; a disabling form of FM is associated to a particular SCN9A sodium channel gene variant. These preliminary results raise the possibility that some patients with severe FM may have a dorsal root ganglia sodium channelopathy.
Interlaboratory standardization of glycated hemoglobin determinations. (1986)

As the clinical utility of glycated hemoglobin (gHb) measurement increases, so does the need for standardization of values between different methods and different laboratories. Using three different methods, we examined the feasibility of interlaboratory standardization of gHb measurement. A liquid-chromatographic (HPLC) system from our research laboratory was designated the reference method. For gHb standards we used erythrocyte hemolysates prepared from blood samples from nondiabetic and diabetic subjects. Values assigned to each standard were based on the mean of multiple gHb determinations by the HPLC method. A clinical laboratory routinely prepared hemolysates and assayed gHb by commercially available ion-exchange ("mini column") and affinity chromatographic methods. For each assay a standard curve was constructed and gHb values were derived from these curves. Samples analyzed in the clinical laboratory were also analyzed in the research laboratory and the curve-derived values were compared with the HPLC-measured values, to determine the accuracy of our interlaboratory standardization procedure. Correlations were excellent (r = 0.99). The lack of significant differences between calculated and HPLC-measured values indicates that interlaboratory standardization is feasible.
Biomarkers for apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease (2005)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects millions of people worldwide and the number of AD cases will increase with increased life expectancy. Today there is no cure for this devastating and always lethal disease and therefore it is of great interest for patients, relatives and societies to find new drugs that can hinder the disease process. During the progression of AD a substantial amount of neurons degenerate in the brain. The mechanisms of cell death involved in AD have not been fully elucidated. However, there are several reports showing that neurons die partly by apoptosis in the AD brain. Drugs blocking apoptosis could therefore be potentially useful for early prevention of neuronal cell death. Biomarkers for apoptosis should be important tools in the evaluation of drug effects and in the diagnostics of AD. Here we review the current knowledge in the field and discuss potential biomarkers for apoptosis in AD.
New monoclonal antibodies in CD59: use for the analysis of peripheral blood cells from paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) patients and for the quantitation of CD59 on normal and decay accelerating factor (DAF)-deficient erythrocytes. (1992)

CD59 is a widely expressed cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked glycoprotein which acts as an inhibitor of the assembly of the membrane attack complex of autologous complement. Four new monoclonal antibodies to CD59 (2/24, 1B2, BRIC 229, BRIC 257) are described. Competitive binding experiments using these antibodies, two known CD59 antibodies (MEM-43, YTH 53.1) and a previously described antibody LICR-LON-Fib75.1 demonstrated that all seven antibodies see related epitopes on human erythrocyte CD59. In common with other GPI-linked proteins, CD59 (as defined by antibody 2/24) was sensitive to treatment with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) on lymphocytes and monocytes but not on erythrocytes. Flow cytometric analysis using antibody 2/24 identified two populations (CD59 positive and CD59 deficient) of lymphocytes, monocytes and erythrocytes in peripheral blood from a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH). The abundance of CD59 on normal erythrocytes was determined as 21,000 copies/cell when radioiodinated BRIC 229 was used. Other CD59 antibodies gave values of 10,000 (IF5) and 15,000 (2/24) against the same target cells. Radioiodinated Fab fragments of BRIC 229 gave a value of 39,000 copies/cell. Erythrocytes from two individuals with a rare inherited deficiency of decay accelerating factor (DAF), known as the Inab phenotype, expressed normal levels of CD59.
Oxidant Tone Regulates RANTES Gene Expression in Airway Epithelial Cells Infected with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (2001)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) produces intense pulmonary inflammation, in part, through its ability to induce chemokine synthesis in infected airway epithelial cells. RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cells expressed and secreted) is a CC chemokine which recruits and activates monocytes, lymphocytes, and eosinophils, all cell types present in the lung inflammatory infiltrate induced by RSV infection. In this study we investigated the role of reactive oxygen species in the induction of RANTES gene expression in human type II alveolar epithelial cells (A549), following RSV infection. Our results indicate that RSV infection of airway epithelial cells rapidly induces reactive oxygen species production, prior to RANTES expression, as measured by oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein. Pretreatment of airway epithelial cells with the antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), as well a panel of chemically unrelated antioxidants, blocks RSV-induced RANTES gene expression and protein secretion. This effect is mediated through the ability of BHA to inhibit RSV-induced interferon regulatory factor binding to the RANTES promoter interferon-stimulated responsive element, that is absolutely required for inducible RANTES promoter activation. BHA inhibits de novo interferon regulator factor (IRF)-1 and -7 gene expression and protein synthesis, and IRF-3 nuclear translocation. Together, these data indicates that a redox-sensitive pathway is involved in RSV-induced IRF activation, an event necessary for RANTES gene expression.
Binding studies of cationic thymidyl deoxyribonucleic guanidine to RNA homopolynucleotides. (1995)

Deoxyribonucleic guanidine is a potential antisense agent that is generated via the replacement of the negative phosphodiester linkages of DNA [--O--(PO2-)--O--] with positively-charged guanidinium (g) linkages [--NH--C(==NH2+)--NH--]. A pentameric thymidyl deoxyribonucleic guanidine molecule [d(Tg)4T-azido] has been shown to base pair specifically to poly(rA) with an unprecedented affinity. Both double and triple strands consisting of one and two equivalents of d(Tg)4T-azido paired with one equivalent of poly(rA) are indicated by thermal denaturation experiments. At an ionic strength of 0.22, the five bases of d(Tg)4T-azido are estimated to dissociate from a double helix with poly(rA) at > 100 degrees C! The effect of ionic strength on thermal denaturation is very pronounced, with stability greatest at low ionic strengths. The method of continuous variation indicates that there is an equilibrium complex with a molar ratio of d(Tg) to r(Ap) or d(Ap) of 2:1. Based on this evidence, models of the structures of d(Tg)9T-azido bound to r(Ap)9A are proposed.
A Comparison of Techniques for Estimating Block Motion in Image Sequence Coding (1989)

Block motion estimation for motion compensation is a key component of a wide variety of video coding schemes. Applications range from real-time low bit rate teleconferencing codecs to moderate bit rate methods currently being proposed for the coding of video on CD-ROM&apos;s. The criteria used for evaluating the performance of block motion estimation algorithms vary significantly with the application. While low computational complexity is critical for real-time codec applications, it is only a secondary consideration for video coding on CD-ROM&apos;s where the encoding is performed off-line. Similarly, while consistency of motion estimates is not an important performance criteria in some applications, it is important in applications using motion interpolation to reduce the temporal frame rate. This paper compares five motion estimation algorithms in terms of three performance criteria: energy of the displaced frame difference (DFD), computational complexity, and entropy of the motion field. The energy of the DFD is a measure of the bit rate needed to reconstruct the current frame after motion compensation. The entropy of the motion field is a measure of the bit rate needed to send motion vectors. In addition, it is usually reasonable to assume that most moving objects in an image produce smooth variations in the motion field across the pixels representing those objects. Since smoothly varying motion fields have low entropy, this assumption leads to an interpretation of the entropy of the motion field as a measure of the consistency of the motion estimate. This interpretation is supported by simulation results.
Human herpesvirus 8 encodes a homolog of interleukin-6 (1997)

Kaposi's sarcoma is a multifocal lesion that is reported to be greatly influenced by cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and oncostatin M. DNA sequences of a novel human gammaherpesvirus, termed human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) or Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, have been identified in all epidemiological forms of Kaposi's sarcoma with high frequency. The presence of HHV-8 DNA is also clearly associated with certain B-cell lymphomas (body cavity-based lymphomas) and multicentric Castleman's disease. Sequence analysis of a 17-kb fragment revealed that adjacent to a block of conserved herpesvirus genes (major DNA-binding protein, glycoprotein B, and DNA polymerase), the genome of HHV-8 encodes structural homolog of IL-6. This cytokine is involved not only in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma but also in certain B-cell lymphomas and multicentric Castleman's disease. The viral counterpart of IL-6 (vIL-6) has conserved important features such as cysteine residues involved in disulfide bridging or an amino-terminal signal peptide. Most notably, the region known to be involved in receptor binding is highly conserved in vIL-6. This conservation of essential features and the remarkable overlap between diseases associated with HHV-8 and diseases associated with IL-6 disregulation clearly suggest that vIL-6 is involved in HHV-8 pathogenesis.
Synthesis and Evaluation of a Prototypal Artificial Red Cell (1985)

A new process allows microencapsulation of purified human hemoglobin and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate to form neohemocytes. The microcapsule membrane is composed of phospholipids and cholesterol. Neohemocytes are substantially smaller than erythrocytes, contain 15.1 grams per decaliter of hemoglobin, and have a P50 value (the partial pressure of oxygen at which the hemoglobin is half-saturated) of 24.0 torr. All rats given 50-percent exchange transfusions survived with only limited evidence of reversible toxicity. Normal serum glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase values at 1, 7, and 30 days after transfusion were consistent with minimal hepatotoxicity. The concentration of blood urea-nitrogen was elevated by 35 percent after 1 day but returned to normal by day 7. However, histopathology revealed normal kidneys on day 1 as well as on days 7 and 30. Neohemocytes cleared from the circulation of transfused rats with an apparent half-life of 5.8 hours.
mGlu3 receptor and astrocytes: Partners in neuroprotection (2012)

Astrocytes are currently studied intensively because of their now highlighted relevance as key players with neurons that modulate a wide range of central functions, from synaptic plasticity and synaptogenesis to regulation of metabolic and neuroinflammatory processes. Since the discovery of mGlu3 receptors on astrocytes, accumulating evidence supports a role of these receptors not only in maintaining synaptic homeostasis and treating psychiatric disorders but also in promoting astrocyte survival in several pathologic conditions. This review focuses on providing up-to-date knowledge regarding effects of activating astroglial mGlu3 receptors on psychiatric disorders, astrocyte and neuronal survival, and neurodegenerative diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors'.
Biologic-free mechanically induced muscle regeneration (2016)

Severe skeletal muscle injuries are common and can lead to extensive fibrosis, scarring, and loss of function. Clinically, no therapeutic intervention exists that allows for a full functional restoration. As a result, both drug and cellular therapies are being widely investigated for treatment of muscle injury. Because muscle is known to respond to mechanical loading, we investigated instead whether a material system capable of massage-like compressions could promote regeneration. Magnetic actuation of biphasic ferrogel scaffolds implanted at the site of muscle injury resulted in uniform cyclic compressions that led to reduced fibrous capsule formation around the implant, as well as reduced fibrosis and inflammation in the injured muscle. In contrast, no significant effect of ferrogel actuation on muscle vascularization or perfusion was found. Strikingly, ferrogel-driven mechanical compressions led to enhanced muscle regeneration and a ∼threefold increase in maximum contractile force of the treated muscle at 2 wk compared with no-treatment controls. Although this study focuses on the repair of severely injured skeletal muscle, magnetically stimulated bioagent-free ferrogels may find broad utility in the field of regenerative medicine.
Hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: embolization of arterioportal shunts. (1997)

Transcatheter arterial embolization of arterioportal shunts is a useful treatment for improving quality of life in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Wide-band statistical characterisation of an over-the-sea experimental transhorizon link (1996)

This paper describes a wide-band experimental system designed to analyse an 11.647 GHz transhorizon communication channel subject to troposcatter and anomalous propagation conditions. The salient features of the experimental equipment and the advanced signal processing techniques are described. Preliminary results describing the statistical characterisation of the channel are presented.
Active Audition for Humanoid (2000)

In this paper, we present an active audition system for humanoid robot “SIG the humanoid”. The audition system of the highly intelligent humanoid requires localization of sound sources and identification of meanings of the sound in the auditory scene. The active audition reported in this paper focuses on improved sound source tracking by integrating audition, vision, and motor movements. Given the multiple sound sources in the auditory scene, SIG actively moves its head to improve localization by aligning microphones orthogonal to the sound source and by capturing the possible sound sources by vision. However, such an active head movement inevitably creates motor noise. The system must adaptively cancel motor noise using motor control signals. The experimental result demonstrates that the active audition by integration of audition, vision, and motor control enables sound source tracking in variety of conditions.
Comparison of NaI(Tl), CdTe, and HgI2 surgical probes: Physical characterization (1991)

The physical properties of three surgical probes containing different radiation detectors are compared: a NaI(Tl) scintillator with a flexible, fiber-optic light guide, and two semiconductor detectors that operate at room temperature, CdTe and HgI2. Also compared are spectra, energy resolutions, and counting efficiencies measured at a variety of gamma-ray energies between 30 and 1000 keV. The energy resolution of the NaI probe is substantially poorer than that of either semiconductor probe due in part to light losses in coupling the scintillator to the fiber optics. The semiconductor probes have complex spectral response due to charge-carrier trapping and K x-ray escape, and not all photoelectric interactions in these detectors contribute to the useful part of the photopeak. Above 120 keV the counting efficiency for the NaI probe is an order of magnitude higher than for the CdTe and HgI2 probes. Both energy resolution and counting efficiency are slightly better for the HgI2 probe than for the CdTe probe.
Hyperthyroidism in the Cat: Ten Cases (1980)

In ten neutered crossbred cats 10 to 14 years old and of both sexes, hyperthyroidism was evidenced by hyperactivity, weight loss despite increased appetite, frequent defecation with bulky stools, thirst, polyuria, moderately elevated temperature, increased heart rate and size, sometimes with murmurs and arrhythmias, and palpable enlargement of one or both thyroid lobes. The diagnosis of hyperthyroidism was confirmed on the basis of high serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). In seven cats (6 treated by total thyroidectomy, 1 studied at necropsy), both thyroid lobes were variably enlarged, mottled, cystic, or nodular; in three cats, only one lobe required removal. Adenomatous goiter was diagnosed microscopically in all. In two, there also were foci of adenocarcinoma and in two others, foci suggestive of adenocarcinoma. Three of the nine cats having surgery were treated preoperatively to stabilize cardiac function. Most cats recovered from surgery rapidly and without complications but although every effort was made to spare at least one parathyroid gland in cats having bilateral thyroidectomies, two cats had transient signs of hypoparathyroidism, requiring careful monitoring of serum electrolytes and treatment with calcium and vitamin D2. All having bilateral thyroidectomies were subsequently maintained on treatment with l-thyroxine or, in one case, liothyronine (triiodothyronine).
Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis in diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarker research (2008)

#### Take-home messages

From a clinical perspective, biomarkers may have a variety of functions, which correspond to different stages (table 1) in disease development, such as in the progression in cancer or cardiovascular disease.1 2 Biomarkers can assist in the care of patients who are asymptomatic (screening biomarkers), those who are suspected to have the disease (diagnostic biomarkers) and those with overt disease (prognostic biomarkers) for whom therapy may or may not have been initiated. Biomarkers can also be used for treatment response (predictive biomarkers) or surveillance after therapy (monitoring biomarkers). Fundamental for the use of biomarkers in all situations is biomarker accuracy—the ability to correctly classify one condition and/or outcome from another (eg, healthy versus diseased).

View this table:

Table 1 Clinical use of biomarkers: rationale and objectives for use of cancer biomarkers

For the clinician, diagnostic testing plays a fundamental role in clinical practice. For instance, daily surgical decision making is based on the correct classification by pathology, radiology and/or clinical chemistry reports involving tissue and/or image evaluation and interpretation of disease conditions—in many decisions the interpretation is based on results in the “grey-area” although requiring “black-and-white” answers for choice of treatment (fig 1). Further, predictive modelling to estimate expected outcomes such as mortality or adverse events based on patient risk characteristics is common in any type of clinical research. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) …
The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics (2005)

INTRODUCTION A theory of classical quantum mechanics (CQM), derived from frst principles, successfully applies physical laws on all scales. The classical wave equation is solved with the constraint that a bound electron cannot radiate energy. The mathematical formulation for zero radiation based on Maxwell&amp;apos;s equations follows from a derivation by Haus. 2 The function that describes the motion of the electron must not possess spacetime Fourier components that are synchronous with waves traveling at the speed of light. CQM gives closed form solutions for the atom, including the stability of the n=l state and the instability of the excited states, the equation of the photon and electron in excited states, the equation of the free electron, and photon which predict the wave particle duality behavior of particles and light. The current and charge density functions of the electron may be directly physically interpreted. For example, spin angular momentum results from the motion of negative
Autoimmunity in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome: Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Outcome in a Single-Center Cohort of 55 Patients (2003)

High serum IgM concentration before splenectomy was identified as a risk factor for autoimmune hemolytic anemia; however, it must be confirmed. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and severe thrombocytopenia recurring after splenectomy were 2 indicators of a poor prognosis. Those results suggest that patients with WAS and IgM levels more than mean + 2 standard deviations before splenectomy should be placed under strict surveillance. Furthermore, severe autoimmune complications should lead, as early as possible, to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using the best available donor.