gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interaction of ras p21 Proteins with GTPase Activating Protein (1988)

ras genes are expressed in all types of eukaryotic cells, and the products of these genes are thought to be involved in the regulation of cell growth (for review, see Barbacid 1987). The products of mammalian ras genes are referred to as p21 proteins: These proteins bind GDP and GTP with high affinity and possess a low intrinsic GTPase activity. Point mutations within the guanine-nucleotide-binding site can activate the biological activity of ras proteins, enabling them to contribute to the process of malignant transformation. The mechanisms by which these mutations cause oncogenic activation are discussed below.
Murine leukemia virus (MLV) replication monitored with fluorescent proteins (2004)

Fluorescently labeled MLVs are excellent tools for the study of factors that influence viral replication and can be used to optimize MLV-based replication-competent viruses or vectors for gene therapy.
An 80-Gb/s 2/sup 31/-1 pseudorandom binary sequence generator in SiGe BiCMOS technology (2005)

A 2/sup 31/-1 pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) generator with adjustable output data rates up to 80 Gb/s is reported in a production 130-nm BiCMOS process with 150-GHz f/sub T/ SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT). The pseudorandom sequence is generated at 20 Gb/s using a linear feedback shift register (FSR), which is then multiplexed up to 80 Gb/s with a 4:1 multiplexer. A BiCMOS logic family combining MOSFETs and SiGe HBTs on high-speed paths is employed throughout the PRBS generator to maximize building block switching speed. Adjustable delay cells are inserted into critical clock paths to improve timing margins throughout the system. The PRBS generator consumes 9.8 W from a 3.3-V supply and can deliver an output voltage swing of up to 430 mV single-ended at 80 Gb/s.
Mutations in the third alpha-helix of bovine growth hormone dramatically affect its intracellular distribution in vitro and growth enhancement in transgenic mice (1991)

To investigate the relationship between the secondary structure of the third alpha-helix (amino acids 109-126) of bovine growth hormone (bGH) and the biological activity of the molecule, proline or glycine residues have been used as substitutes for native amino acids at positions 114, 118, 121, and 126, respectively. Mutations at the positions 114, 118, and 121 resulted in a dramatic decrease in bGH secretion by transiently transfected mouse L cells whereas the substitution of glycine for glutamate at position 126 (bGH-E126G) did not affect secretion. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that those nonsecretory bGH mutations possessed a different intracellular location as compared with wild-type bGH or the mutated secretory forms of bGH. Similar results were seen in the distribution of these mutated bGH molecules in transfected rat GH-3 cells. Transgenic mice that express wild-type bGH or bGH-E126G grew to approximately 1.6 times the mass of nontransgenic littermates. Transgenic mice that express two nonsecretory forms of mutated bGHs were found to lack the enhanced mouse growth phenotype in spite of elevated levels of serum bGH. These results suggest that the secondary structure in the third alpha-helix of bGH may be important for efficient intracellular targeting in vitro and in growth promotion in transgenic mice.
Some properties of poly(ethylene oxide)1 in aqueous solution (1959)

Abstract High polymers of ethylene oxide have been shown to have a number of unique properties in water solution. In this study, these properties have been investigated from the view of the behavior of large neutral molecules in media of high dielectric constant. Predictably, these high polymers of ethylene oxide undergo salting‐out effects which are reflected in changes of solution viscosity with salt concentration. Salts vary in effectiveness in a manner similar to that observed in the case of small neutral solute molecules. The salting‐out and viscosity effects are paralleled by the inverse solubility‐temperature relationship in water. Above a minimum molecular weight of about 50,000, the precipitation temperature (the temperature at which polymer separates from solution as a separate phase as the temperature is raised) becomes essentially independent of molecular weight. For these very high polymers the upper temperature limit of solubility in water is independent of polymer concentration over a wide range of concentration. These effects are discussed in terms of the balance of hydrophilic and hydrophobic character in the polymer structure which can be altered by increasing the hydrocarbon content of the polymer through copolymerization of ethylene oxide with other olefin oxides such as propylene oxide. This investigation permits the development of an interpretation of the unusual rheology of high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) in water solution.
One Day/One Trial or a One Week Term of Jury Service: The Misleading Marketing of Modern Jury Management Systems (1980)

Virtually any citizen who has been called for jury duty would agree that courts have, for far too long, uncritically accepted and relied upon woefully antiquated systems of jury management.As instigators and managers of such systems, courts have burdened jurors' schedules with terms of service ranging from weeks to months. 1 As a result, the general public tends to view jury service as a frustrating waste of time. 2 Wasted time and resources burden court budgets as well, particularly during the litigation explosion of contemporary times.It is not surprising that advocates for modernizing archaic systems of jury management 3 have moved from backstage to limelight in recent
Morphological changes during survival, cellular transformation, and calcification of the embryonic mouse: Meckel's cartilage transplanted into heterotopic sites. (1994)

Meckel's cartilages obtained from 18-day-old embryonic mice were transplanted into heterotopic sites to examine their site-specific effects on cellular modification, calcification, and long-term survival. The explants were isografted into the liver, subcutaneous tissue, anterior chamber of the eye, kidney, peritoneal cavity, and intrafemoral muscle of mouse for up to 2 weeks. In addition, Meckel's cartilages were wrapped in a Nucleopore filter and transplanted into the spleen. Grafted Meckel's cartilages were observed by light and electron microscopy, including application of von Kossa's reaction and osmium-potassium ferrocyanide fixation. It was demonstrated by von Kossa's reaction that when Meckel's cartilage was grafted in liver parenchyma, initial calcification appeared on the territorial matrix as spotted deposits. The chondrocytes gradually transformed into small ovoidal cells and showed a morphology closely resembling that of osteocytes. Transplants in the kidney subcapsular site contained active surviving chondrocytes, and subcutaneously grafted Meckel's cartilage revealed three types of chondrocytes: nonhypertrophic and calcification-inducing hypertrophic chondrocytes, as well as cells showing osteocytelike phenotypes. Intraocular and Nucleopore filter-wrapped explants showed degenerative changes, and peritoneal-cavity transplants showed cellular hypertrophy, but calcified precipites were not observed. The present investigation demonstrated that in blood-rich tissues Meckel's cartilage showed long-term survival and could modulate calcified precipitation. Thus, this adaptation of Meckel's cartilage to the environment of various heterotopic sites suggests that it has the ability to induce calcification.
Nucleosides with a Twist. Can Fixed Forms of Sugar Ring Pucker Influence Biological Activity in Nucleosides and Oligonucleotides? (1996)

The sugar moiety of nucleosides in solution is known to exist in a rapid dynamic equilibrium between extreme Northern and Southern conformations as defined in the pseudorotational cycle. In the present work, we describe how the bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane template fixes the ring pucker of 2‘-deoxy-methanocarba-nucleosides 1−5 and 12 to values corresponding to either one of these two extreme conformations that are typical of nucleosides. The syntheses of the fixed Northern conformers 1−5 were performed by Mitsunobu coupling of the heterocyclic bases with the chiral carbocyclic alcohol 6 [(1R,2S,4R,5S)-1-[(benzyloxy)methyl]-2-(tert-butyloxy)-4-hydroxybicyclo[3.1.0]hexane], while the synthesis of the Southern conformer, (S)-methanocarba-T (12), was reported earlier. Carbocyclic thymidine (carba-T, 13) was used as a reference, flexible carbocyclic nucleoside. Antiviral evaluation of these compounds revealed a very potent antiherpetic activity associated with the Northern thymidine analogue 2, which was more powerful than the reference standard acyclovir against both HSV-1 and HSV-2. (N)-Methanocarba-T (2) was further evaluated as a component of a short oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) phosphorothioate (5‘-CTTCATTTTTTCTTC-3‘) where all thymidines were replaced by 2. The expected thermodynamic stability resulting from the preorganization of the pseudosugar rings into a Northern conformation, typical of A-DNA, was evident by the increase in Tm of the corresponding DNA/RNA heteroduplex. However, the rigid A-tract ODN caused loss of RNase H recruitment. A detailed conformational analysis of (N)-methanocarba-T (2) and (S)-methanocarba-T (12), as representative examples of conformationally rigid pseudorotational antipodes, revealed that in addition to their different forms of ring pucker, (S)-methanocarba-T appears to be a rather stiff molecule with fewer low-energy conformational states available compared to (N)-methanocarba-T. The syn/anti-energy barrier for these nucleoside analogues is 5−6 kcal/mol higher than for common nucleosides.
The Path from β-Carotene to Carlactone, a Strigolactone-Like Plant Hormone (2012)

Strigolactones, phytohormones with diverse signaling activities, have a common structure consisting of two lactones connected by an enol-ether bridge. Strigolactones derive from carotenoids via a pathway involving the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases 7 and 8 (CCD7 and CCD8) and the iron-binding protein D27. We show that D27 is a β-carotene isomerase that converts all-trans-β-carotene into 9-cis-β-carotene, which is cleaved by CCD7 into a 9-cis-configured aldehyde. CCD8 incorporates three oxygens into 9-cis-β-apo-10'-carotenal and performs molecular rearrangement, linking carotenoids with strigolactones and producing carlactone, a compound with strigolactone-like biological activities. Knowledge of the structure of carlactone will be crucial for understanding the biology of strigolactones and may have applications in combating parasitic weeds.
Cerebral blood flow, oxygenation, and carbohydrate metabolism in immature fetal sheep in utero (1989)

Studies of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism in fetal sheep have been largely confined to late gestation, a time when brain development in this species is largely complete. Few studies have been done at a time when the fetal sheep brain is in the midst of rapid differentiation and development. We studied seven fetal sheep in utero at 91 days of gestation (term = 145-150 days) 24 h after catheters were placed into the sagittal sinus, axillary artery, and inferior vena cava. We measured CBF by the microsphere method and used arteriovenous differences of O2, lactate, and glucose to calculate cerebral O2 consumption (CMRo2), fractional O2 extraction, glucose consumption, O2-glucose index (OGI), and cerebral lactate production. Compared with near-term fetal sheep, we found lower CBF (33.9 +/- 5.3 ml.100 g-1.min-1), lower glucose consumption (8.5 +/- 1.25 mumol.100 g-1.min-1), and lower CMRo2 (41.8 +/- 8.8 mumol.100 g-1.min-1). Fractional O2 extraction was 0.29 +/- 0.04, which is similar to near-term fetal sheep. There was consistent cerebral lactate production (2.45 +/- 1.58 mumol.100 g-1.min-1). The OGI was 81 +/- 16%, i.e., oxidative metabolism could account for 81% of glucose uptake. Lactate production accounts for virtually all glucose uptake exceeding that required for oxidation.
Novel therapeutic strategies for colorectal cancer. (1998)

Advanced colorectal cancer is a significant cause of cancer mortality in industrialized countries. 5-fluorouracil has remained the principal drug used in treating this disease, and although it has tangibly improved patient outcome, further gains can potentially be made. This review focuses on the current development of novel therapeutic agents which have potential in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
Variant Genotypes of the Low-Affinity Fcγ Receptors in Two Control Populations and a Review of Low-Affinity Fcγ Receptor Polymorphisms in Control and Disease Populations (1999)

Fcgamma-receptors (FcgammaR) provide a critical link between humoral and cellular immunity. The genes of the low-affinity receptors for IgG and their isoforms, namely, FcgammaRIIa, FcgammaRIIb, FcgammaRIIIa, FcgammaRIIIb, and SH-FcgammaRIIIb, are located in close proximity on chromosome 1q22. Variant alleles may differ in biologic activity and a number of studies have reported the frequencies of variant FcgammaR alleles in both disease and control populations. No large study has evaluated the possibility of a nonrandom distribution of variant genotypes. We analyzed 395 normal individuals (172 African Americans [AA] and 223 Caucasians [CA]) at the following loci: FcgammaRIIa, FcgammaRIIIa, and FcgammaRIIIb, including the SH-FcgammaRIIIb. The genotypic distributions of FcgammaRIIa, FcgammaRIIIa, and FcgammaRIIIb conform to the Hardy-Weinberg law in each group. There was no strong evidence that combinations of 2-locus genotypes of the 3 loci deviated from random distributions in these healthy control populations. The distribution of SH-FcgammaRIIIb is underrepresented in CA compared with AA (P < .0001) controls. A previously reported variant FcgammaRIIb was not detected in 70 normal individuals, indicating that this allele, if it exists, is very rare (<1%). In conclusion, we present data that should serve as the foundation for the interpretation of association studies involving multiple variant alleles of the low-affinity FcgammaR.
Mécanismes d’action d’un médicament détourné : le γ-hydroxybutyrate (2005)

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is mainly known because of its popularity as a drug of abuse among young individuals. However this substance increases slow-wave deep sleep and the secretion of growth hormone and besides its role in anaesthesia, it is used in several therapeutic indications including alcohol withdrawal, control of daytime sleep attacks and cataplexy in narcoleptic patients and is proposed for the treatment of fibromyalgia. GHB is also an endogenous substance present in several organs, including brain where it is synthesized from GABA in cells containing glutamic acid decarboxylase, the marker of GABAergic neurons. GHB is accumulated by the vesicular inhibitory aminoacid transporter (VIAAT) and released by depolarization via a Ca2+ dependent-mechanism. A family of GHB receptors exists in brain which possesses hyperpolarizing properties through Ca2+ and K+ channels. These receptors--one of them has been recently cloned from rat brain hippocampus--are thought to regulate GABAergic activities via a subtle balance between sensitized/desensitized states. Massive absorption of GHB desensitize GHB receptors and this modification, together with a direct stimulation of GABAB receptors by GHB, induce a perturbation in GABA, dopamine and opiate releases in several region of the brain. This adaptation phenomenon is probably responsible for the therapeutic and recreative effects of exogenous GHB.
Time-Varying Coherence Function for Atrial Fibrillation Detection (2013)

We introduce a novel method for the automatic detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) using time-varying coherence functions (TVCF). The TVCF is estimated by the multiplication of two time-varying transfer functions (TVTFs). The two TVTFs are obtained using two adjacent data segments with one data segment as the input signal and the other data segment as the output to produce the first TVTF; the second TVTF is produced by reversing the input and output signals. We found that the resultant TVCF between two adjacent normal sinus rhythm (NSR) segments shows high coherence values (near 1) throughout the entire frequency range. However, if either or both segments partially or fully contain AF, the resultant TVCF is significantly lower than 1. When TVCF was combined with Shannon entropy (SE), we obtained even more accurate AF detection rate of 97.9% for the MIT-BIH atrial fibrillation (AF) database (n = 23) with 128 beat segments. The detection algorithm was tested on four databases using 128 beat segments: the MIT-BIH AF database, the MIT-BIH NSR database ( n = 18), the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database ( n = 48), and a clinical 24-h Holter AF database ( n = 25). Using the receiver operating characteristic curves from the combination of TVCF and SE, we obtained a sensitivity of 98.2% and specificity of 97.7% for the MIT-BIH AF database. For the MIT-BIH NSR database, we found a specificity of 99.7%. For the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database, the sensitivity and specificity were 91.1% and 89.7%, respectively. For the clinical database (24-h Holter data), the sensitivity and specificity were 92.3% and 93.6%, respectively. We also found that a short segment (12 beats) also provided accurate AF detection for all databases: sensitivity of 94.7% and specificity of 90.4% for the MIT-BIH AF, specificity of 94.4% for the MIT-BIH-NSR, the sensitivity of 92.4% and specificity of 84.1% for the MIT-BIH arrhythmia, and sensitivity of 93.9% and specificity of 84.4% for the clinical database. The advantage of using a short segment is more accurate AF burden calculation as the timing of transitions between NSR and AF are more accurately detected.
33&#x003BC;m Core Effectively Single-Mode Chirally-Coupled-Core Fiber Laser at 1064-nm (2008)

The first fiber laser is demonstrated at 1064-nm using a novel index-guiding-core single- mode fiber (chirally-coupled-core) with V ≫2.405. Robust single-mode operation achieved at all power levels (up-to ~40W) independently of beam excitation and fiber coiling conditions.
An alternative strategy for targeted gene replacement in plants using a dual-sgRNA/Cas9 design (2016)

Precision DNA/gene replacement is a promising genome-editing tool that is highly desirable for molecular engineering and breeding by design. Although the CRISPR/Cas9 system works well as a tool for gene knockout in plants, gene replacement has rarely been reported. Towards this end, we first designed a combinatory dual-sgRNA/Cas9 vector (construct #1) that successfully deleted miRNA gene regions (MIR169a and MIR827a). The deletions were confirmed by PCR and subsequent sequencing, yielding deletion efficiencies of 20% and 24% on MIR169a and MIR827a loci, respectively. We designed a second structure (construct #2) that contains sites homologous to Arabidopsis TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) for homology-directed repair (HDR) with regions corresponding to the two sgRNAs on the modified construct #1. The two constructs were co-transformed into Arabidopsis plants to provide both targeted deletion and donor repair for targeted gene replacement by HDR. Four of 500 stably transformed T0 transgenic plants (0.8%) contained replaced fragments. The presence of the expected recombination sites was further confirmed by sequencing. Therefore, we successfully established a gene deletion/replacement system in stably transformed plants that can potentially be utilized to introduce genes of interest for targeted crop improvement.
In-situ combustion in the Tulare formation, South Belridge Field, Kern County, California (1977)

This study updates the original paper on the South Belridge Thermal Recovery Experiment by including 2 more years of performance (1958 and 1959). An analysis and interpretation of the results are presented showing (1) the correlation between sand volume burned and the oil displaced as determined by coring, and (2) the importance of gravitation during the in situ combustion operations in high-permeability heavy oil reservoirs. Design curves are presented for use in reservoirs with similar characteristics. Results from this experiment were used in designing a 164-acre field application of the in situ combustion process. This project was started in 1964 in the DandE zones on the southeast nose of the field and is continuing. Twelve years of performance of this commercial application is presented. The oil rate has been variable, often above 1,000 bpd, and currently is at its highest level of 1,425 pd in 12 yr with essentially no increase in air-oil ratio. The actual oil-recovery performance related to the burned volume, calculated from the volume of injected air and air required to burn an acre-foot, is close to the design curve determined from the original field experiment.
Conditional lethality of a yeast strain expressing human RHOA in place of RHO1. (1994)

The yeast RHO1 GTPase, which has 72% amino acid sequence identity with its human counterpart, RHOA, is essential for growth, although the reason has not been investigated. We report here that yeast strains that rely solely on expression of human RHOA in place of RHO1 are able to grow at 23 degrees C but grow neither at 37 degrees C nor in the presence of 300 mM CaCl2 even at 23 degrees C. Measurements of steady-state protein levels indicate that inability to grow at the restrictive temperature is not due to instability of the protein. Homolog scanning with the two GTPases identified a small, 27-residue region of RHO1 which, when substituted into RHOA, confers full function in yeast. This region corresponds to the alpha 3-helix loop 7 region of RAS; the same region was reported to determine specificity of function between GTPases of the RAB family, Sec4p and Ypt1p. By examining the phenotype of RHOA substitution strains at nonpermissive temperature, we found evidence suggesting that the normal function of RHO1 is to maintain osmotic integrity.
Mobility-enhancement technologies (2005)

Applying stress to induce appropriate strain in the channel region of metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) increases both electron and hole mobilities in the strained channel as stated in R. People (1986), J. J. Welser et al. (1994), C. K. Maiti et al. (1998) and D. J. Paul (2004). Furthermore, interest is driven by the possibility of creating electronic devices as well as integrating existing devices in different materials systems, leading to the production of integrated circuits with increased functionality and lower cost. In this article, we review various mobility enhancement techniques, such as substrate-enhancement, including stain, Ge/SiGe channels, orientations, process-induced strain, and package-strain (external mechanical strain).
Encapsulation of VIP into liposomes restores vasorelaxation in hypertension in situ (1996)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) elicits vasodilation in the in situ peripheral microcirculation of hamsters with spontaneous hypertension and whether encapsulation of VIP into liposomes modulates this response. Using intravital microscopy, we found that suffusion of VIP (0.05 and 0.1 nmol) alone over cheek pouch resistance arterioles of normotensive hamsters elicited significant vasodilation that was potentiated and prolonged by encapsulation of the peptide into liposomes (P < 0.05). By contrast, VIP (0.5 and 0.1 nmol) had no significant effects on arteriolar diameter in hamsters with spontaneous hypertension. However, encapsulation of VIP into liposomes restored its vasorelaxant effects in hypertensive animals, although the duration of vasodilation was significantly shorter in comparison with controls (P < 0.05). Empty liposomes had no significant effects on arteriolar diameter in either group. These data indicate that VIP-induced vasodilation in the peripheral microcirculation in situ is impaired in essential hypertension and that encapsulation of VIP into liposomes restores, in part, this response.