gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Time-reversal symmetry-breaking states near grain boundaries betweend-wave superconductors (1998)

In this paper we study the order parameter and density of states near a grain boundary between two ${d}_{{x}^{2}{\ensuremath{-}y}^{2}}$ superconductors. We examine broken time-reversal symmetry near the interface. In particular we show that, under suitable circumstances, time-reversal symmetry must be broken even when the order parameter is purely ${d}_{{x}^{2}{\ensuremath{-}y}^{2}}$ everywhere in space.
Differential Chemoprotection against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Latentiated l-Cysteines (1998)

Novel thiazolidine prodrugs were prepared by the condensation of L-cysteine with aldose disaccharides. Using a disaccharide in prodrug construction allows for a terminal cyclic sugar moiety to be present on the prodrug, which may allow the delivery of the agent to specific receptors, such as the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) of hepatocytes, that require specific structural motifs for recognition. Three L-cysteine prodrugs were synthesized with a pendant cyclic galactose moiety; two related glucose-bearing prodrugs were synthesized for comparison. The prodrugs were designed to release L-cysteine, which is then available to support glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and provide cytoprotection against a variety of toxic insults. Protection studies in Swiss-Webster mice used acetaminophen (575 mg/kg), a well-documented hepatotoxin which depletes GSH at overdose. Three prodrugs performed exceptionally well against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity, as measured by increased survival and improved histological profiles of liver tissue after 48 h. In further experimentation, two of the disaccharide-based prodrugs, prepared from alpha- and beta-lactose, were compared with the monosaccharide-based compound prepared from ribose. Co-administration of the selected prodrugs with a 400 mg/kg dose of acetaminophen to Swiss-Webster mice prevented the short-term depletion in hepatic GSH and also reduced hepatotoxicity as determined by histological damage and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase. A single dose of the prodrugs alone had no effect on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes [glutathione S-transferase (GST), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (QOR), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), and cytochrome P450], but, concordant with the reduction of hepatotoxicity, the latentiated forms prevented the significant elevation in QOR activity and mRNA and GST mRNA elicited by acetaminophen itself. GST activity, UGT activity and mRNA, and cytochrome P450 concentration were all unaffected by acetaminophen or the prodrugs. These studies identified novel L-cysteine prodrugs with potentially useful hepatoprotective activity. However, no structure-activity relationships were obvious. In addition, the occurrence of targeted delivery to hepatocytes remains ambiguous.
Crystallization of blood coagulation factor XIII by an automated procedure (1990)

Both recombinant blood coagulation factor XIII alpha-chain and factor XIII isolated from human placenta have been crystallized using a novel robotic system for the automatic screening of crystallization conditions. The monoclinic and orthorhombic crystals obtained are suitable for X-ray analysis.
Safety, tolerability and preliminary evidence for antidepressant efficacy of theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with major depression (2010)

The aim of this open study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (TBS) and to assess preliminarily its therapeutic efficacy in patients with major depression. A total of 33 patients were assigned to receive one of four TBS protocols for 10 consecutive work days. TBS consisted of triple-pulse 50-Hz bursts given at a rate of 5 Hz to the left or right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at different stimulation parameters. Severity of depression was assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Our results indicate that TBS as applied in this study is safe and well tolerated in depressed patients and seems to have antidepressant properties. Increase of stimulation parameters is not associated with more side-effects and adds to its therapeutic effect.
Immunization against a dominant tumor antigen abrogates immunogenicity of the tumor. (2002)

To study the role of subdominant epitopes in tumor rejection we have used EL4 tumor cells and their ovalbumin (OVA)-transfected counterpart E.G7. Immunization of mice with irradiated EL4 cells conferred protection against challenge with EL4 and E.G7. Surprisingly, immunization with irradiated E.G7 cells did not protect against a subsequent challenge with EL4 or E.G7. Growth of E.G7 tumors in E.G7 immunized mice was not due to loss of expression of OVA or MHC I by the tumor cells in vivo. Adoptive transfer of OVA-specific transgenic T cells, immunization of mice with native or heat-denatured OVA or infection with a recombinant virus expressing OVA also failed to induce rejection of E.G7 tumors. Lack of immunogenicity of the OVA-expressing tumor could not be overcome by combination of a CD40 activating antibody with immunization against E.G7 or OVA. Our results suggest that immunization against subdominant epitopes is more effective than vaccination against dominant epitopes.
我们说什么?我们对谁去说?(续)——在美国地理学家协会1987年年会上的讲话 (1991)

地理学家的演讲与他们运用文字、图象所作的交流同样值得重视.美国的地理学可以通过下述途径得到加强,即围绕地点、地区和全球联系发展实质性演讲,促进自然地理的发展,恢复地理生态的传统.地理信息系统(geographic information systems)对于完成上述任务,对于改进地理学科以满足不断出现的需要,将是一个非常有用的工具.如果我们能够避免自己拆自己的台,避免不现实的空想,避免玩弄语言技巧,而是坚持在大学里进行高质量的教学,并在教师和从事地理实践工作的人员之间开展学术交流,那么地理学将会变得更加有效.我们有一个前所未有的机会来帮助改进美国的中小学地理教育.
Anti-NeuGcGM3 Antibodies, Actively Elicited by Idiotypic Vaccination in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Patients, Induce Tumor Cell Death by an Oncosis-Like Mechanism (2011)

1E10 is a murine anti-idiotypic mAb specific for an idiotypic mAb that reacts with NeuGc-containing gangliosides, sulfatides, and Ags expressed in some human tumors. In melanoma, breast, and lung cancer patients, this anti-idiotypic Ab was able to induce a specific Ab response against N-glycosylated gangliosides, attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy as these glycolipids are not naturally expressed in humans. A clinical study with nonsmall cell lung cancer patients showed encouraging clinical benefits. Immunological studies performed in 20 of these patients suggested a correlation between the induction of Abs against NeuGcGM3 and longer survival times. The induced anti-NeuGcGM3 Abs recognized and directly killed tumor cells expressing the Ag, by a mechanism independent of complement activation. In the present work, we show that this cytotoxicity differs from apoptosis because it is temperature independent, no chromatin condensation or caspase 3 induction are detected, and the DNA fragmentation induced has a different pattern than the one characteristic for apoptosis. It is a very quick process and involves cytosqeleton reorganization. The Abs induce cellular swelling and the formation of big membrane lesions that allow the leakage of cytoplasm and the loss of the cell membrane integrity. All of these characteristics resemble a process of oncotic necrosis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the active induction in cancer patients of NeuGcGM3-specific Abs able to induce complement independent oncotic necrosis to tumor cells. These results contribute to reinforcing the therapeutic potential of anti-idiotypic vaccines and the importance of NeuGcGM3 ganglioside as antitumor target.
Multisite and hierarchal protein phosphorylation (1991)

Multisite phosphorylation is a prevalent form of protein modification whose full implications are just beginning to be understood. Multiple protein modifications expand the repertoire of structural changes that can be elicited in proteins and permit more intricate regulatory circuits to operate.
Biosensor for Direct Determination of Organophosphate Nerve Agents Using RecombinantEscherichia coliwith Surface-Expressed Organophosphorus Hydrolase. 1. Potentiometric Microbial Electrode (1998)

A potentiometric microbial biosensor for the direct measurement of organophosphate (OP) nerve agents was developed by modifying a pH electrode with an immobilized layer of Escherichia coli cells expressing organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) on the cell surface. OPH catalyzes the hydrolysis of organophosporus pesticides to release protons, the concentration of which is proportional to the amount of hydrolyzed substrate. The sensor signal and response time were optimized with respect to the buffer pH, ionic concentration of buffer, temperature, and weight of cells immobilized using paraoxon as substrate. The best sensitivity and response time were obtained using a sensor constructed with 2.5 mg of cells and operating in pH 8.5, 1 mM HEPES buffer. Using these conditions, the biosensor was used to measure as low as 2 microM of paraoxon, methyl parathion, and diazinon. The biosensor had very good storage and multiple use stability. The use of cells with the metabolic enzyme expressed on cell surface as a biological transducer provides advantages of no resistances to mass transport of the analyte and product across the cell membrane and low cost due to elimination of enzyme purification, over the conventional microbial biosensors based on cells expressing enzyme intracellularly and enzyme-based sensors, respectively.
Parallel QR Factorization on a Block Data Flow Architecture (2005)

In this paper, we introduce a block dataflow architecture (BDFA) which is very efficient for some computational intensive multidimensional digital signal processing and matrix algorithms. We demonstrate the advantages of this architecture by using the Givens rotations of a dense matrix as an example. The BDFA eliminates the requirement for global data communications and significantly reduces the time required for hand shaking for data transmission by using block dataflow. In this paper, we discuss the implementation of the orthogonal transformation of a dense matrix using Givens rotations on the BDFA.
The effect of glutamine administration on urinary ammonium excretion in normal subjects and patients with renal disease (1972)

The effect of acute changes in the delivery rate of glutamine to the kidney on urinary ammonium excretion was studied in man. Healthy subjects and patients with intrinsic renal disease were studied under three different acid-base conditions: unaltered acid-base balance; NH(4)Cl-induced acidosis; and NaHCO(3)-induced alkalosis. Anhydrous L-glutamine was administered orally in a single dose of 260 mmoles during each of these three acid-base states. We found that endogenous venous plasma glutamine concentration fell during acidosis and rose during alkalosis in both healthy subjects and patients with renal disease. In healthy subjects, orally administered glutamine raised plasma glutamine concentration markedly over a 2-3 hr period. This was accompanied by an increase in urinary ammonium excretion and a rise in urine pH under normal acid-base conditions and during metabolic acidosis. No increase in ammonium excretion occurred when glutamine was administered during metabolic alkalosis in spite of an equivalent rise in plasma glutamine concentration. In patients with renal disease, endogenous venous plasma glutamine concentration was lower than in healthy subjects, perhaps as a result of mild metabolic acidosis. Acute oral glutamine loading failed to increase urinary ammonium excretion significantly during either unaltered acid-base conditions or after NH(4)Cl-induced acidosis, even though plasma glutamine rose as high as in healthy subjects. We conclude from these observations that glutamine delivery to the kidney is a rate-limiting factor for ammonium excretion in healthy subjects, both before and after cellular enzyme adaptation induced by metabolic acidosis. In contrast, in patients with renal disease, glutamine delivery is not rate-limiting for ammonium excretion. Presumably other factors, such as surviving renal mass and the activity of intracellular enzymes necessary for ammonia synthesis limit ammonium excretion in these patients.
Determination of volumetric cerebrospinal fluid absorption into extracranial lymphatics in sheep (1998)

We estimated the volumetric clearance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through arachnoid villi and extracranial lymphatics in conscious sheep. Catheters were inserted into both lateral ventricles, the cisterna magna, multiple cervical lymphatics, thoracic duct, and jugular vein. Uncannulated cervical vessels were ligated. 125I-labeled human serum albumin (HSA) was administered into both lateral ventricles. 131I-HSA was injected intravenously to permit calculation of plasma tracer loss and tracer recirculation into lymphatics. From mass balance equations, total volumetric absorption of CSF averaged 3.37 +/- 0.38 ml/h, with 2.03 +/- 0.29 ml/h (approximately 60%) removed by arachnoid villi and 1.35 +/- 0.46 ml/h (approximately 40%) cleared by lymphatics. With projected estimates for noncannulated ducts, total CSF absorption increased to 3.89 +/- 0.33 ml/h, with 1.86 +/- 0.49 ml/h (48%) absorbed by lymphatics. Additionally, we calculated total CSF drainage to be 3.48 +/- 0.52 ml/h, with 54 and 46% removed by arachnoid villi and lymphatics, respectively, using previously published mass transport data from our group. We employed estimates of CSF tracer concentrations that were extrapolated from relationships observed in the study reported here. We conclude that 40-48% of the total volume of CSF absorbed from the cranial compartment is removed by extracranial lymphatic vessels.
A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Fingolimod in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (2010)

As compared with placebo, both doses of oral fingolimod improved the relapse rate, the risk of disability progression, and end points on MRI. These benefits will need to be weighed against possible long-term risks. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00289978.)
An RNA-binding protein gene, TLS/FUS, is fused to ERG in human myeloid leukemia with t(16;21) chromosomal translocation. (1994)

The t(16;21)(p11;q22) translocation is a recurrent chromosomal abnormality found in several types of myeloid leukemia. We have previously demonstrated that the breakpoints of this translocation are clustered in a specific intron of the ERG gene on chromosome 21, which has recently been reported to be involved in Ewing's sarcoma. We show here that the TLS/FUS gene on chromosome 16 is fused with the ERG gene to produce the TLS/FUS-ERG chimeric transcript by this translocation. The TLS/FUS gene has been identified as a translocated gene in myxoid liposarcoma by the t(12;16)(q13;p11) translocation and encodes an RNA-binding protein that is highly homologous to the product of the EWS gene involved in Ewing's sarcoma. Thus, the TLS/FUS-ERG gene fusion in t(16;21) leukemia is predicted to produce a protein that is very similar to the EWS-ERG chimeric protein responsible for Ewing's sarcoma.
Cloning and sequence analysis of rat bone sialoprotein (osteopontin) cDNA reveals an Arg-Gly-Asp cell-binding sequence. (1986)

The primary structure of a bone-specific sialoprotein was deduced from cloned cDNA. One of the cDNA clones isolated from a rat osteosarcoma (ROS 17/2.8) phage lambda gt11 library had a 1473-base-pair-long insert that encoded a protein with 317 amino acid residues. This cDNA clone appears to represent the complete coding region of sialoprotein mRNA, including a putative AUG initiation codon and a signal peptide sequence. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA contains several Ser-Xaa-Glu sequences, possibly representing attachment points for O-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides and one Asn-Xaa-Ser sequence representing a likely site for the N-glycosidically linked oligosaccharide. An interesting observation is the Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser sequence, which is identical to the cell-binding sequence identified in fibronectin. The presence of this sequence prompted us to investigate the cell-binding properties of sialoprotein. The ROS 17/2.8 cells attached and attained a spread morphology on surfaces coated with sialoprotein. We could demonstrate that synthetic Arg-Gly-Asp-containing peptides efficiently inhibited the attachment of cells to sialoprotein-coated substrates. The results show that the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence also confers cell-binding properties on bone-specific sialoprotein. To better reflect the potential function of bone sialoprotein--we propose the name "osteopontin" for this protein.
Trie-Based Policy Representations for Network Firewalls (2005)

Network firewalls remain the forefront defense for most computer systems. These critical devices filter traffic by comparing arriving packets to a list of rules, or security policy, in a sequential manner. Unfortunately packet filtering in this fashion can result in significant traffic delays, which is problematic for applications that require strict quality of service (QoS) guarantees. Given this demanding environment, new methods are needed to increase network firewall performance. This paper introduces a new technique for representing a security policy that maintains policy integrity and provides more efficient processing. The policy is represented as an n-ary retrieval tree, also referred to as a trie. The worst case processing requirement for the policy trie is a fraction compared a list representation, which only considers rules individually (1/5 the processing for TCP/IP networks). Furthermore unlike other representations, the n-ary trie developed in this paper can be proven to maintain policy integrity. The creation of policy trie structures is discussed in detail and their performance benefits are described theoretically and validated empirically.
Preparation and Characterization of Substituted Polylactides (1999)

We report the bulk polymerization of ethylglycolide (3,6-diethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione), isobutylglycolide (3,6-diisobutyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione), and hexylglycolide (3,6-dihexyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione) to high molecular weight polymers. The glycolides were prepared by two routes: the reaction of 2-bromoacyl bromides and α-hydroxy acids and the acid-catalyzed oligomerization of 2-hydroxy acids followed by thermal depolymerization of the oligomers in the presence of ZnO. Both methods gave the substituted glycolides as a mixture of diastereomers. The monomers were melt-polymerized using Sn(2-ethylhexanoate)2, SnO, SnBr2, SnBr4, PbO, and Ph4Sn with alcohol initiators. The polymerization rates depend on the steric bulk of the monomer, and the kinetic data for polymerizations using Sn(2-ethylhexanoate)2 can be fit to an equilibrium model. High molecular weight poly(ethylglycolide), poly(isobutylglycolide), and poly(hexylglycolide) have Tg's of 12, 22, and −37 °C, respectively. These polymers are amorphous and decompose to monomer above 300 °C.
Mobile opportunistic commerce: mechanisms, architecture, and application (2008)

We present mechanisms, architectures, and an implementation addressing challenges with mobile opportunistic commerce centering on markets and mechanisms that support the procurement of goods and services in mobile settings. Our efforts seek to extend core concepts from research in electronic commerce to interactions between mobile buyers and brick and mortar businesses that have geographically situated retail offices. We focus on efficient mechanisms, infrastructure, and automation that can enable sellers and buyers to take joint advantage of the relationship of the locations of retail offices to the routes of mobile buyers who may have another primary destination. The methods promote automated vigilance about opportunities to buy and sell, and to support negotiations on the joint value to buyers and sellers including buyers' costs of divergence from their original paths to acquire services and commodities. We extend prior work on auction mechanisms to personal procurement settings by analyzing the dynamics of the cost to buyers based on preexisting plans, location, and overall context. We present mechanisms for auctions in single item, combinatorial, and multiattribute settings that take into consideration personal inconvenience costs within time-sensitive dynamic markets and challenges with privacy and fairness.
The Effect of Human Amniotic Membranes on the Bacterial Population of Infected Rat Burns (1973)

Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut 06510
The house dust mite allergen, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, promotes type 2 responses by modulating the balance between IL-4 and IFN-gamma. (1998)

A common property of allergens is their potential to generate type 2 cytokine responses. To understand the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon, we have evaluated the polarizing potential of a major allergen, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 1 (Der p 1), in an heterologous immunization system using the glutathione S-transferase of the parasite Schistosoma mansoni (Sm28-GST) as immunogen. In previous studies, we showed that immunization with the Sm28-GST emulsified in CFA induced a nonpolarized immune response. In contrast, when alum was used as adjuvant, a type 2 immune response was induced against Sm28-GST. Using this experimental model, we examined whether the administration of Der p 1 together with Sm28-GST influenced the nonpolarized and/or the Th2 profiles induced by the CFA or the alum immunization, respectively. Our results showed that the introduction of Der p 1 in the CFA immunization protocol was associated with diminished anti-Sm28-GST IgG2a Ab titers, reduced IFN-gamma mRNA expression, and frequency of IFN-gamma-producing cells. In contrast, the introduction of Der p 1 in the alum protocol did not affect IL-4 or Ig isotype responses. The effect of Der p 1 was specific, since coimmunization with tetanus toxin fragment C did not affect the profile of the response against Sm28-GST. Furthermore, inactivation of Der p 1 reduced its ability to modify the immune response profile, suggesting that its protease activity played an important role in deviating the immune response. Our results suggest that the Der p 1 has the ability to modify the profile of an immune response by modulating the balance between the polarizing cytokines IL-4 and IFN-gamma.
Mechanisms of DNA Excision Repair (1994)

DNA is constantly suffering damage, which ultimately causes 80 to 90 percent of human cancers (1). Usually, cells eliminate DNA lesions by molecular DNA repair, a process first described in 1949 by Kelner (2), who found that risible light protected microorganisms from the lethal effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In 1958 Rupert and co-workers (3) showed that this phenomenon, called photoreactivation, was catalyzed by an enzyme, photoreactivating enzyme (DNA photolyase). Photolyase reverses the major UV-caused lesions in DNA, pyrimidine dimers, by converting light energy into chemical energy (4). Photolvase, however, is not essential for species survival, as many species including humans lack the enzyme (5). In contrast, another DNA repair mechanism, excision repair, which was discovered
Memory efficient parallel matrix multiplication operation for irregular problems (2006)

Regular distributions for storing dense matrices on parallel systems are not always used in practice. In many scientific applicati RUMMA) [1] to handle irregularly distributed matrices. Our approach relies on a distribution independent algorithm that provides dynamic load balancing by exploiting data locality and achieves performance as good as the traditional approach which relies on temporary arrays with regular distribution, data redistribution, and matrix multiplication for regular matrices to handle the irregular case. The proposed algorithm is memory-efficient because temporary matrices are not needed. This feature is critical for systems like the IBM Blue Gene/L that offer very limited amount of memory per node. The experimental results demonstrate very good performance across the range of matrix distributions and problem sizes motivated by real applications.