gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Breast and Ovarian Tumor Growth through Multiple Signaling Pathways by Using Retrovirus-mediated Small Interfering RNA against Her-2/neu Gene Expression (2004)

The Her-2/neu oncogene is overexpressed in approximately 30% of breast and ovarian cancer cases and often indicates a poor prognosis. Therapeutic agents against Her-2/neu have been intensively sought over the past decade. Here we show that small interfering RNA (siRNA) can silence the expression of Her-2/neu in models of human breast or ovarian cancer through retrovirus-mediated transfer of an siRNA against Her-2/neu. Cells infected with retrovirus expressing anti-Her-2/neu siRNA exhibit slower proliferation, increased apoptosis, increased G0/G1 arrest, and decreased tumor growth. Changes in cell cycle-associated factors included decreased levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, pAkt, and cyclin D1 and increased levels of p27 and phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein. Knockdown of Her-2/neu expression by siRNA is also associated with increased expression of the anti-angiogenic factor thrombospondin-1 and decreased expression of the pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor, suggesting that Her-2/neu stimulates tumor growth at least in part by regulating angiogenesis. siRNA-mediated gene silencing of Her-2/neu and increasing the expression of thrombospondin-1 may be a useful therapeutic strategy for Her-2/neu-over-expressing breast or ovarian cancer.
A bipotential precursor population for pancreas and liver within the embryonic endoderm (2001)

The pancreas emerges independently from dorsal and ventral domains of embryonic gut endoderm. Gene inactivation experiments in mice have identified factors required for dorsal pancreas development, but factors that initiate the ventral pancreas have remained elusive. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that the emergence of the ventral pancreas is related to the emergence of the liver. We find that the liver and ventral pancreas are specified at the same time and in the same general domain of cells. Using embryo tissue explantation experiments, we find that the default fate of the ventral foregut endoderm is to activate the pancreas gene program. FGF signalling from the cardiac mesoderm diverts this endoderm to express genes for liver instead of those for pancreas. No evidence was found to indicate that the cell type choice for pancreas or liver involves a selection for growth or viability. Cardiac mesoderm or FGF induces the local expression of sonic hedgehog, which in turn is inhibitory to pancreas but not to liver. The bipotential precursor cell population for pancreas and liver in embryonic development and its fate selection by FGF has features that appear to be recapitulated in the adult pancreas and are reflected in the evolution of these organs.
Glycine‐based polymeric surfactants with varied polar head group: II. Chemical selectivity in micellar electrokinetic chromatography using linear solvation energy relationships (2005)

A series of four acyl and four alkenoxy glycinates (i.e., mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraderivatives of polysodium N-undecenoyl glycinate (poly-SUGs) as well as polysodium N-undecenoxy carbonyl glycinates (poly-SUCGs)) were compared for simultaneous separation of nonhydrogen bonding (NHB), hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA), and hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) solutes. An increase in the number of glycine units in the polar head group of polymeric surfactant decreases both the retention and the migration window of all solutes with some changes in separation selectivity. The poly(sodium N-undecenoxy carbonyl-glycinate) (poly-SUCG1) with one glycine unit was the least polar surfactant and has the lowest phase ratio, but this monoglycinate surfactant provided the best simultaneous separation of 10-NHBs and 8-HBAs. On the other hand, 9-HBDs were well separated using any of the six mono-, di-, and triglycinate surfactants compared to the two tetraglycinates. Linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs) and separation of the geometrical isomers studies were also performed to further envisage the selectivity differences. From LSER studies, the phase ratio and hydrogen-bond-donating strength of the poly-SUG series of surfactant were found to increase with an increase in the size of the head group, but no clear trends were observed for poly-SUCG surfactants. The cohesiveness for all poly-SUG and poly-SUCG was positive, but the values were generally lower (with exception of the poly(sodium N-undecenoyl glycyl-glycyl-glycinate)) at a higher number of glycine units. Finally, the poly(sodium N-undecenoyl glycinate) and poly-SUCG1 were found to be the two best polymeric surfactants as they provided relatively higher shape selectivity for separation of two of the three sets of geometrical isomers.
Control of Cardiac Gene Expression by Mechanical Stress (1993)

Cardiac growth can be divided into two categories: normal growth in the developmental process and cardiac hypertrophy induced by hemodynamic overload. Since cardiac myocytes are terminally differentiated and lose their ability to duplicate soon after birth, they respond to increased workload only by an increase in cell size (hypertrophy), not by an increase in cell number (hyperplasia). Moreover, the induction of specific gene expression is observed in cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiac hypertrophy induced by hemodynamic overload has two important aspects. The first is a medical issue. Cardiac hypertrophy and the resulting heart failure due to valvular disease and hypertension are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in humans. Although cardiac hypertrophy by a chronic overload per se is not a pathological but rather a physiological response of the heart to pathological states, heart failure as a final form of hypertrophy is an obvious disease. To know the mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy by overload might pave the way to understand the mechanisms of heart failure. The second aspect of cardiac hypertrophy is of biological interest. Cardiac myocytes respond to overload not only by an increase in cell volume, but also by altered expressions of specific genes. The myocardium has an extraordinary plasticity at the biochemical level as well as at the physiological level, and the regulation of gene expression is dynamic in the heart. There are many examples that show external physical (mechanical) stimuli to have significant effects on
Spontaneous heat shock protein synthesis by alveolar macrophages in interstitial lung disease associated with phagocytosis of eosinophils (1993)

Synthesis of heat shock proteins (HSPs) is induced in all cells and tissues after exposure to elevated temperatures, or a variety of other types of injury, including oxidative injury. We have previously reported that stress proteins are induced in monocytes-macrophages during phagocytosis of red blood cells. Receptor-mediated phagocytosis is associated with activation of the respiratory burst, generation of the lipid mediators of inflammation, and increased production of cytokines. Similar activation events have been described in the alveolar macrophage (AM) during pulmonary fibrosis. We therefore analysed the pattern of proteins synthesized by human AMs recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in interstitial lung disease, both under basal conditions and after in vitro exposure to heat or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In two out of the 17 cases studied, we observed a high alveolar eosinophilia (10 and 24%, respectively) and phagocytosis, by the AMs, of eosinophilic material. Whereas exposure to heat or H2O2 induced in all AMs the synthesis of the classical HSPs, in these two cases, we found spontaneous synthesis of HSPs and of a 32 kD oxidation-specific stress protein, haeme oxygenase (HO). Exposure of AM to purified eosinophil-derived proteins, such as major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), alone or in combination, did not induce stress protein synthesis, further suggesting that phagocytosis is involved in this induction. Stress protein synthesis by AMs may represent a new cellular marker of pulmonary injury and eosinophilic inflammation, and an autoprotective mechanism against oxidative stress.
Next-generation of virtual personal assistants (Microsoft Cortana, Apple Siri, Amazon Alexa and Google Home) (2018)

One of the goals of Artificial intelligence (AI) is the realization of natural dialogue between humans and machines. in recent years, the dialogue systems, also known as interactive conversational systems are the fastest growing area in AI. Many companies have used the dialogue systems technology to establish various kinds of Virtual Personal Assistants(VPAs) based on their applications and areas, such as Microsoft's Cortana, Apple's Siri, Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, and Facebook's M. However, in this proposal, we have used the multi-modal dialogue systems which process two or more combined user input modes, such as speech, image, video, touch, manual gestures, gaze, and head and body movement in order to design the Next-Generation of VPAs model. The new model of VPAs will be used to increase the interaction between humans and the machines by using different technologies, such as gesture recognition, image/video recognition, speech recognition, the vast dialogue and conversational knowledge base, and the general knowledge base. Moreover, the new VPAs system can be used in other different areas of applications, including education assistance, medical assistance, robotics and vehicles, disabilities systems, home automation, and security access control.
Chromatin Insulators (2006)

Active and silenced chromatin domains are often in close juxtaposition to one another, and enhancer and silencer elements operate over large distances to regulate the genes in these domains. The lack of promiscuity in the function of these elements suggests that active mechanisms exist to restrict their activity. Insulators are DNA elements that restrict the effects of long-range regulatory elements. Studies on different insulators from different organisms have identified common themes in their mode of action. Numerous insulators map to promoters of genes or have binding sites for transcription factors and like active chromatin hubs and silenced loci, insulators also cluster in the nucleus. These results bring into focus potential conserved mechanisms by which these elements might function in the nucleus.
Immobilization of denatured DNA to macroporous supports: I. Efficiency of different coupling procedures (1982)

Methods commonly used for covalent immobilization of single stranded DNA have been applied to several solid supports (Sephadex G-25 and Cellex 410) as well as to a number of macroporous materials (Sepharose C1-6B, C1-2B; Sephacryl S-500 and S-1000). Coupling efficiencies and stability of covalently bound DNA are compared for both classes of materials. The yields of the immobilization reaction for sonicated DNA are only 10-40% for G-25 and Cellex 410 in contrast to 60-80% for C1-6B and S-500. Under optimal conditions, up to 0.5 mg of DNA can be coupled initially per g of wet macroporous material. The immobilized DNAs are lost from the supports in a biphasic manner, with about 10-20% loss per day during the first 2-3 days at 45 degrees C, followed by only about 1% loss per day at the same temperature thereafter. The influence of the coupling procedure on the generation of mismatch effects has been studied in 2.4 M tetraethylammonium chloride solution for the hybrid formation between immobilized and mobile DNA. The degree of mismatch ranged from 0-3% and depended on the method of immobilization. The unspecific absorption of DNA on macroporous materials is sufficiently low to allow efficient hybrid selection. No size limitations have been observed when plastid mRNAs are selected by cloned fragments of plastid DNA immobilized to macroporous Sephacryl S-500.
Simultaneous inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2 by mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 induces autophagy and cell death in cancer cells (2010)

mTOR is a major biological switch, coordinating an adequate response to changes in energy uptake (amino acids, glucose), growth signals (hormones, growth factors) and environmental stress. mTOR kinase is highly conserved through evolution from yeast to man and in both cases, controls autophagy and cellular translation in response to nutrient stress. mTOR kinase is the catalytic component of two distinct multiprotein complexes called mTORC1 and mTORC2. In addition to mTOR, mTORC1 contains Raptor, mLST8 and PRAS40. mTORC2 contains mTOR, Rictor, mSIN1 and Protor-1. mTORC1 activates p70S6K, which in turn phosphorylates the ribosomal protein S6 and 4E-BP1, both involved in protein translation. mTORC2 activates AKT directly by phosphorylating Serine 473. pAKT(S473) phosphorylates TSC2 (tuberin) and inactivates it, preventing its association with TSC1 (hamartin) and the inhibition of Rheb, an activator of mTOR. pAKT also phosphorylates PRAS40, releasing it from the mTORC1 complex, increasing its kinase activity. Finally, AKT regulates FOXO3 phosphorylation, sequestering it in the cytosol in an inactive state.
Synthesis oftert-Butoxycarbonyl (Boc)-Protected Purines (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTSynthesis of tert-Butoxycarbonyl (Boc)-Protected PurinesSubhakar Dey and Philip GarnerView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7078 [email protected]Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 22, 7697–7699Publication Date (Web):October 10, 2000Publication History Received29 June 2000Published online10 October 2000Published inissue 1 November 2000https://doi.org/10.1021/jo000983iCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views5884Altmetric-Citations70LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (50 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Adenine,Amines,Guanine,Nucleic acids,Protective groups Get e-Alerts
The role of inflammatory cells in the pathogenesis of amyloidosis. (1977)

In the presence of amyloid enhancing factor, a variety of inflammatory stimuli, many of them nonantigenic, trigger amyloid deposition in 48 hours. There is a striking correlation between the extent of splenic amyloid deposition and the severity of inflammation at the injection site of the various irritants. Sublethal irradiation results in a parallel effect on the local inflammatory response and the accompanying extent of amyloid deposition produced in the spleen. Evidence that a product of local acute inflammatory responses is related to the deposition of amyloid is also presented. It is proposed that this product is a protease derived from the infiltrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Induction of Mitosis in Mature Neurons in Central Nervous System by Sustained Depolarization (1976)

DNA synthesis and mitosis have been induced in vitro in fully differentiated neurons from the central nervous system by depolarization with a variety of agents that produce a sustained rise in the intracellular sodium ion concentration and a decrease in the potassium ion concentration. Depolarization was followed in less than 1 hour by an increase in RNA synthesis and in 3 hours by initiation of DNA synthesis. Apparently normal nuclear mitosis ensued, but cytokinesis was not completed in most cells; this resulted in the formation of binucleate neurons. The daughter nuclei each contained the same amount of DNA as the diploid preinduction parental neurons; this implies that true mitogenic replication was induced.
New OFDM peak-to-average power reduction scheme (2002)

This paper describes a new peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). A time domain version of the OFDM signal is generated using an oversized inverse discrete Fourier transform (DFT). This results in trigonometric interpolation. The interpolated signal is clipped. To remove the resulting out-of-band components, the clipped signal is filtered through the use of a forward and inverse DFT. The filter passes the wanted in-band discrete frequencies while nulling the out-of-band components. The new scheme gives lower PAPR than other clipping techniques. Results are presented for the power spectral density and in-band distortion when the scheme is followed by a non-ideal amplifier. No change to the receiver is required so the scheme is compatible with existing communications standards.
Epigenetic mechanisms underlying the imprinting of the mouse H19 gene. (1993)

The expression of the H19 gene is governed by parental imprinting in mammals. H19, an unusual gene encoding an RNA with no known function, is exclusively expressed from the maternal chromosome. In mouse, it lies 90 kb downstream from the Igf2 gene, which encodes a fetal-specific growth factor, insulin-like growth factor II, and is expressed primarily from the paternally inherited chromosome. In this report we have utilized interspecific hybrid mice to identify male-specific DNA methylation of a 7- to 9-kb domain surrounding the H19 gene and its promoter. This allele-specific methylation could function as a mark to suppress transcription of the H19 paternal allele. Consistent with this proposal, the H19 promoter displayed an open chromatin conformation only on the relatively unmethylated active maternal allele. In contrast, a cell type-specific enhancer that lies outside the methylation domain is hypersensitive to restriction enzyme digestion in nuclei on both maternal and paternal chromosomes. That the allele-specific methylation domain, coupled to the two H19 enhancers, contains all the information necessary for its imprinting was tested by examining two transgenic lines containing an internally deleted H19 transgene. Both displayed paternal-specific methylation of the transgene and maternal-specific expression. Although neither line has been tested in an inbred genetic background, and therefore the action of complex modifiers cannot be formally excluded, the result suggests that the sequences necessary for the imprinting of H19 have been identified.
Balancing clinical benefits of vigabatrin with its associated risk of vision loss (2011)

Vigabatrin is an effective and well-tolerated antiepileptic drug (AED) for the treatment of refractory complex partial seizures (rCPS) and infantile spasms (IS), but its benefits must be evaluated in conjunction with its risk of retinopathy with the development of peripheral visual field defects (pVFDs). Vigabatrin should be considered for rCPS if a patient has failed appropriate trials of other AEDs or is not a suitable candidate for other AEDs, is not an optimal surgical candidate, and continues to experience debilitating effects from seizures. Vigabatrin is indicated as monotherapy for pediatric patients with IS. Its efficacy in achieving improved seizure control should be apparent within 12 weeks in patients with rCPS and within 2-4 weeks after attaining appropriate dosage for patients with IS. Because 12 weeks is well less than the known time of onset of visual defects, the risk of developing pVFDs may be minimized by discontinuing vigabatrin early during the course of therapy for patients with inadequate response. Appropriate vision screening is recommended at baseline, every 3 months during continued vigabatrin treatment, and at 3-6 months after discontinuation (if therapy has spanned more than a few months). If a pVFD is detected at any point and the decision is made to discontinue therapy, the pVFD is not likely to progress after discontinuation of vigabatrin. Although some patients will be at risk of retinopathy, vigabatrin is an appropriate treatment option for patients who achieve substantial clinical benefit, especially given the severe consequences of rCPS and uncontrolled IS. While retinopathy with the development of pVFDs is a serious adverse event, it is not life-threatening and its risk can be effectively managed.
High-performance VLSI architecture for the Viterbi algorithm (1997)

The Viterbi (1967) algorithm (VA) is known to be an efficient method for the realization of maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding of convolutional codes. The VA is characterized by a graph, called a trellis, which defines the transitions between states. To define an area efficient architecture for the VA is equivalent to obtaining an efficient mapping of the trellis. We present a methodology that permits the efficient hardware mapping of the VA onto a processor network of arbitrary size. This formal model is employed for the partitioning of the computations among an arbitrary number of processors in such a way that the data are recirculated, optimizing the use of the PEs and the communications. Therefore, the algorithm is mapped onto a column of processing elements and an optimal design solution is obtained for a particular set of area and/or speed constraints. Furthermore, the management of the surviving path memory for its mapping and distribution among the processors was studied. As a result, we obtain a regular and modular design appropriate for its VLSI implementation in which the only necessary communications between processors are the data recirculations between stages.
A Carbon Nanotube-based Sensor for CO2 Monitoring (2001)

A carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor is fabricated by depositing a thin layer of a multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) – silicon dioxide (SiO2) composite upon a planar inductorcapacitor resonant circuit. By tracking the resonant frequency of the sensor the complex permittivity of the coating material can be determined. It is shown that the permittivity of MWNTs changes linearly in response to CO2 concentration, enabling monitoring of ambient CO2 levels. The passive sensor is remotely monitored with a loop antenna, enabling measurements from within opaque, sealed containers. Experimental results show the response of the sensor is linear, reversible with no hysteresis between increasing and decreasing CO2 concentrations, and with a response time of approximately 45 s. An array of three such sensors, comprised of an uncoated, SiO2 coated, and a MWNT-SiO2 coated sensors is used to self-calibrate the measurement for operation in a variable humidity and temperature environment. Using the sensor array CO2 levels can be measured in a variable humidity and temperature environment to a ± 3% accuracy.
[Immune responses to articular cartilage reconstruction using chondrocytes allograft transplant]. (1990)

Epiphyseal cartilage grown in vitro was transplanted using fibrin clot into a cartilage defect produced on the femoral articular surface of the knee joints in white New Zealand rabbits 5-6 months of age. The transplantation was successful for two weeks in 64% and for 3-24 weeks in 26%. Almost dead transplanted tissues were replaced by fibrous tissues to preserve the joint function. Immunological studies such as counting of inflammatory cells in the joint fluid, evaluation of the anti-allo antibody titer by passive hemagglutination inhibition, immunofluorescence studies, and assay of cytolytic reaction by 51Cr labelled allogenic target cells suggested that the transplanted cartilage began to degenerate from two or three weeks after the transplantation partially due to humoral immunity but more importantly on account of cellular immunity.