gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 20-kilodalton protein is required for efficient production of the Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis 27-kilodalton crystal protein in Escherichia coli (1989)

The 27-kilodalton (kDa) mosquitocidal protein gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis has been cloned as a 10-kilobase (kb) HindIII fragment from plasmid DNA; efficient expression in Escherichia coli KM1 depends on a region of DNA located approximately 4 kb upstream (K. McLean and H. R. Whiteley, J. Bacteriol. 169:1017-1023, 1987). We have cloned the upstream DNA region and show that it contains a complete open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein with a molecular mass of 19,584 Da. Sequencing of adjacent stretches of DNA revealed two partial ORFs: one has 55.2% identity in an overlap of 319 amino acids to the putative transposase of IS231 of B. thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis, and the other, a 78-codon partial ORF, may be the carboxyl terminus of the 67-kDa protein previously observed in maxicells of strain KM1. A 0.8-kb fragment containing only the 20-kDa protein gene greatly enhanced the expression of the 27-kDa protein in E. coli. The introduction of nonsense codons into the 20-kDa protein gene ORF abolished this effect, indicating that the gene product, not the mRNA or DNA, is required for the enhancement. The effect of the 20-kDa protein gene on various fusions of lacZ to the 27-kDa protein gene suggests that the 20-kDa protein acts after the initiation of translation of the 27-kDa protein gene.
Demonstration of resistance against methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas in the primary autochthonous host. (1960)

Summary Host resistance against methylcholanthrene (MC)-induced sarcomas, demonstrated by previous authors after transplantation to isologous recipients, could also be shown to occur in the primary autochthonous host, whose tumor had been operatively removed. The autochthonous mice, together with groups of isologous animals, were pretreated with irradiated sarcoma cells and subsequently challenged with increasing doses of viable cells, also inoculated into untreated isologous controls. An increased resistance could be demonstrated with twelve out of sixteen tumors in the autochthonous and nineteen out of 22 tumors in the isologous host. Resistance was relative rather than absolute and broke down when the dose of viable cells was progressively increased. It was usually stronger in isologous than in autochthonous mice, but this was not a general rule. Isologous mice pretreated with irradiated normal tissues and subsequently challenged with viable sarcoma cells showed either no increase in resistance or a slight increase that exceeded the control level but did not reach the level found in isologous hosts pretreated with irradiated cells of the same sarcoma. Isologous, untreated mice that had received total-body irradiation before being challenged with viable sarcoma cells supported the growth of small viable inocula better than did unirradiated isologous hosts. In the cases tested, resistance against a given sarcoma did not lead to cross-resistance against a different sarcoma, induced in the same genotype by MC. Serial treatment with homologous, MC-induced sarcoma tissue did not reduce the yield of primary sarcomas obtained after application of MC. Lymph node cells, but not serum, of isologous mice pretreated with heavily irradiated sarcoma cells, could neutralize the sarcoma cells wholly or partially upon incubation in vitro. Lymph node cells of untreated animals and preimmunized lymph node cells killed by freezing and thawing had no effect.
Enumeration of Vibrio cholerae O1 in Bangladesh waters by fluorescent-antibody direct viable count (1987)

A field trial to enumerate Vibrio cholerae O1 in aquatic environments in Bangladesh was conducted, comparing fluorescent-antibody direct viable count with culture detection by the most-probable-number index. Specificity of a monoclonal antibody prepared against the O1 antigen was assessed and incorporated into the fluorescence staining method. All pond and water samples yielded higher counts of viable V. cholerae O1 by fluorescent-antibody direct viable count than by the most-probable-number index. Fluorescence microscopy is a more sensitive detection system than culture methods because it allows the enumeration of both culturable and nonculturable cells and therefore provides more precise monitoring of microbiological water quality.
Appropriateness measurement with polychotomous item response models and standardized indices (1985)

The test scores of some examinees on a multiple choice test may not provide satisfactory measures of their abilities. The goal of appropriateness measurement is to identify such individuals. Earlier theoretical and experimental work considered examinees answering all, or almost all, test items. This article reports research that extends appropriateness measurement methods to examinees with moderately high non‐response rates. These methods treat non‐response as if it were a deliberate option choice and then attempt to measure the ‘appropriateness’ of the pattern of option choices. Earlier studies used only the dichotomous pattern of ‘right’ and ‘not right’ answers. A general polychotomous model is introduced along with a technique called ‘standardization’ designed to reduce the observed confounding between measured appropriateness and ability. A standardized appropriateness index based on a polychotomous model yielded higher rates of detection of simulated spuriously low examinees than the analogous index based on a dichotomous model. However, the converse was true for simulated spuriously high examinees. Standardization was found to reduce greatly the interaction between ability and measured appropriateness.
Applications of Polymers as Pharmaceutical Excipients in Solid Oral Dosage Forms (2016)

Over the last few decades, polymers have been extensively used as pharmaceutical excipients in drug delivery systems. Pharmaceutical polymers evolved from being simply used as gelatin shells comprising capsule to offering great formulation advantages including enabling controlled/slow release and specific targeting of drugs to the site(s) of action (the "magic bullets" concept), hence hold a significant clinical promise. Oral administration of solid dosage forms (e.g., tablets and capsules) is the most common and convenient route of drug administration. When formulating challenging molecules into solid oral dosage forms, polymeric pharmaceutical excipients permit masking undesired physicochemical properties of drugs and consequently, altering their pharmacokinetic profiles to improve the therapeutic effect. As a result, the number of synthetic and natural polymers available commercially as pharmaceutical excipients has increased dramatically, offering potential solutions to various difficulties. For instance, the different polymers may allow increased solubility, swellability, viscosity, biodegradability, advanced coatings, pH dependency, mucodhesion, and inhibition of crystallization. The aim of this article is to provide a wide angle prospect of the different uses of pharmaceutical polymers in solid oral dosage forms. The various types of polymeric excipients are presented, and their distinctive role in oral drug delivery is emphasized. The comprehensive know-how provided in this article may allow scientists to use these polymeric excipients rationally, to fully exploit their different features and potential influence on drug delivery, with the overall aim of making better drug products.
Superplasticity of Spray Deposited 5083 Al-Mg Alloy (2004)

The superplasticity of spray deposited and thermomechanical processed 5083 Al-Mg alloy is investigated in this paper. The results show that spray deposited 5083 A1 exhibits an equiaxed grain morphology with an average size of 15μm and porosity in the range of 0.1 vol. % to 5 vol. %. Two distinct TMP procedures are employed to close porosity and refine grain size: extrusion plus rolling and direct rolling. The material processed using the former method exhibits a relatively high superplasticity with a maximum superplastic elongation of 465%, whereas that processed using the latter method exhibits a maximum superplastic elongation of 295%. Materials processed using extrusion plus rolling and direct rolling both exhibit similar stress-strain behavior and strain rate sensitivity factors. The strain rate factors are in the 0.3 to 0.5 range. The difference in their superplastic elongation is possibly the result of differences in grain size and available cavity nucleation sites provided by closed gas pores.
Protection of a T-Cell Line from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication by the Stable Expression of a Short Antisense RNA Sequence Carried by a Shuttle RNA Molecule (1995)

Adenovirus VA1 gene is efficiently transcribed by RNA polymerase III and gives rise to a small highly ordered RNA. To inhibit replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a chimeric VA1 RNA molecule was designed that contained a short antisense RNA sequence complementary to a conserved region of the HIV-1 rev encoding mRNA (28 nucleotides). This sequence, which was inserted into a projecting loop of the VA1 RNA central domain, was mainly single stranded and available for binding with its complementary sequence. The chimeric VA1 antisense was abundantly expressed in human cells constituting 3% of mRNA and promoted strong and specific inhibition of HIV-1 gene replication. The stable expression of antisense RNA in human T cells (CEM) protected these cells from HIV-1 multiplication for at least 3 months. No side effects were detected because of the lack of antisense effect upon replication of the closely related HIV-2. The VA1 gene may provide a suitably compact gene cassette for the intracellular expression of short antisense RNA directed against HIV.
Efficient photoinduced charge transfer in TiO2nanorod/conjugated polymer hybrid materials (2006)

The mechanisms of photoinduced charge transfer in composites of TiO 2 nanorods with a conjugated polymer (poly(2-methoxy-5-(2 -ethyl)(hexyloxy) 1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) have been investigated by steady-state, time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectroscopy.Efficient charge separation takes place at the TiO 2 -nanorod/polymer interfaces when the polymer is excited, leading to quenching of the photoluminescence efficiency η and shortening of the measured lifetime τ PL .In addition, the low-temperature absorption and photoluminescence spectra show that the inclusion of TiO 2 nanorods in polymer can reduce disorder in conformation and enhance conjugation in the polymer chain.A photovoltaic solar cell device based on the MEH-PPV/TiO 2 -nanorod composite material is also presented, which shows a two order increase in short-circuit current J SC compared to that based on the pristine MEH-PPV.
AACR Cancer Progress Report 2016 (2016)

* This author contributed to the development and review of this manuscript but is unable to endorse the request for NIH funding .























It is a tremendously exciting time for the cancer community. Thanks to research, we are making significant progress against the many diseases we
Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Risk (1993)

There is substantial evidence that high estrogen levels in postmenopausal women are associated with an increase in breast cancer risk, but such a relation has not yet been established in premenopausal women, despite biologic evidence that breast epithelial cell division rates are high during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle when estradiol and progesterone levels are high. The lack of total consistency among studies that have assessed estrogen differences, whether in breast cancer patients versus controls or in subgroups of the population characterized by different risk profiles for breast cancer, is not unexpected given the extraordinarily complex methodological issues that must be addressed in these studies. There has been a clear evolution over time in the level of sophistication of these types of studies, further decreasing the likelihood of finding consistent patterns in the literature. Other hormones may play an important role in breast cancer development as well. Experimental data are particularly compelling for a role of progesterone and prolactin, but hormonal studies in women are not entirely convincing regarding the role of these two hormones, nor is the literature nearly as extensive as it is for the estrogens. Studies of various androgens are even less consistent. Moreover, such studies suffer from a lack of precise hypotheses regarding how these hormones might directly alter risk.
Scavenging and Reclaiming Phosphines Associated with Group 10 Metal-Mediated Couplings (2004)

[reaction: see text] Exposure of any of several mono- or bidentate phosphines to CuCl leads to quick removal of unwanted ligands from solution. Most phosphines, if desired, can be easily recovered.
Cyclotides as natural anti‐HIV agents (2007)

Cyclotides are disulfide rich macrocyclic plant peptides that are defined by their unique topology in which a head-to-tail cyclized backbone is knotted by the interlocking arrangement of three disulfide bonds. This cyclic cystine knot motif gives the cyclotides exceptional resistance to thermal, chemical, or enzymatic degradation. Over 100 cyclotides have been reported and display a variety of biological activities, including a cytoprotective effect against HIV infected cells. It has been hypothesized that cyclotides from one subfamily, the Möbius subfamily, may be more appropriate than bracelet cyclotides as drug candidates given their lower toxicity to uninfected cells. Here, we report the anti-HIV and cytotoxic effects of three cyclotides, including two from the Möbius subfamily. We show that Möbius cyclotides have comparable inhibitory activity against HIV infection to bracelet cyclotides and that they are generally less cytotoxic to the target cells. To explore the structure activity relationships (SARs) of the 29 cyclotides tested so far for anti-HIV activity, we modeled the structures of the 21 cyclotides whose structures have not been previously solved. We show that within cyclotide subfamilies there is a correlation between hydrophobicity of certain loop regions and HIV inhibition. We also show that charged residues in these loops impact on the activity of the cyclotides, presumably by modulating membrane binding. In addition to providing new SAR data, this report is a mini-review that collates all cyclotide anti-HIV information reported so far and provides a resource for future studies on the therapeutic potential of cyclotides as natural anti-HIV agents.
Internal tracts of telomeric DNA act as silencers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1994)

Telomeric position effect (TPE) refers to the ability of telomeres to repress the transcription of genes in their vicinity. Internal stretches of C1-3A DNA, the sequence found at Saccharomyces telomeres, also repressed transcription of nearby genes. This repression, hereafter called C1-3A-based silencing, was observed at several chromosomal loci, including on a circular chromosome. The magnitude of C1-3A-based silencing was increased by both proximity to a telomere and increased length of the C1-3A tracts. C1-3A-based silencing was affected by many of the same genes and conditions that influence TPE and acted in an orientation-independent manner. Thus, in yeast, an expanded array of a simple repetitive DNA, C1-3A, is sufficient to promote the assembly of a transcriptionally silent chromosomal domain.
Direct, Catalytic Hydroaminoalkylation of Unactivated Olefins with N-Alkyl Arylamines (2007)

[Image: see text] A tantalum-catalyzed addition of N-alkylarylamine α-C–H bonds across olefins is reported. These reactions occur with mono- and 2,2-disubstituted olefins to form the branched insertion products in high yield and regioselectivity. The reactions encompass additions of the α-C–H bonds of cyclic and acyclic amines, as well as intramolecular additions. NMR studies indicate that the starting homoleptic, Ta(NMe(2))(5)precatalyst converts to bis- and tris(N-methylanilide) complexes (amongst others) in solution. Deuterium-labeling studies suggest that reversible ortho-metalation of the arene substituent occurs under the reaction conditions. However, several experiments imply that this ortho-metalation does not lie on the reaction pathway. Instead, these complexes are proposed to eliminate amine to form N-aryl imine complexes, which insert olefins into the Ta–C bond and undergo protonolysis to regenerate the active catalyst and eliminate the addition product.
Coexpression by vaccinia virus recombinants of equine herpesvirus 1 glycoproteins gp13 and gp14 results in potentiated immunity (1990)

The equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein 14 (EHV-1 gp14) gene was cloned, sequenced, and expressed by vaccinia virus recombinants. Recombinant virus vP613 elicited the production of EHV-1-neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs and was effective in protecting hamsters from subsequent lethal EHV-1 challenge. Coexpression of EHV-1 gp14 in vaccinia virus recombinant vP634 along with EHV-1 gp13 (P. Guo, S. Goebel, S. Davis, M. E. Perkus, B. Languet, P. Desmettre, G. Allen, and E. Paoletti, J. Virol. 63:4189-4198, 1989) greatly enhanced the protective efficacy in the hamster challenge model over that obtained with single recombinants. The inoculum doses (log10) required for protection of 50% of hamsters were 6.1 (EHV-1 gp13), 5.2 (EHV-1 gp14), and less than 3.6 (vaccinia virus recombinant expressing both EHV-1 glycoproteins [gp13 and gp14]).
Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. (1980)

We describe a new basis for the construction of a genetic linkage map of the human genome. The basic principle of the mapping scheme is to develop, by recombinant DNA techniques, random single-copy DNA probes capable of detecting DNA sequence polymorphisms, when hybridized to restriction digests of an individual's DNA. Each of these probes will define a locus. Loci can be expanded or contracted to include more or less polymorphism by further application of recombinant DNA technology. Suitably polymorphic loci can be tested for linkage relationships in human pedigrees by established methods; and loci can be arranged into linkage groups to form a true genetic map of "DNA marker loci." Pedigrees in which inherited traits are known to be segregating can then be analyzed, making possible the mapping of the gene(s) responsible for the trait with respect to the DNA marker loci, without requiring direct access to a specified gene's DNA. For inherited diseases mapped in this way, linked DNA marker loci can be used predictively for genetic counseling.
Protein Ultrafiltration (2010)

Abstract Protein ultrafiltration is a pressure‐driven membrane process used for the concentration and/or purification of protein solutions. Ultrafiltration membranes typically have mean pore size between 10 and 500 Å, which is intermediate between reverse osmosis and microfiltration. Although ultrafiltration has often been viewed as a purely size‐based separation, with species larger than the membrane pores being fully retained while smaller species pass freely, separation in ultrafiltration actually occurs because of differences in the rate of filtration of different components across the membrane in response to a given pressure driving force. Solute filtration rates, and thus the membrane selectivity, are determined by both thermodynamic (e.g. partitioning) and hydrodynamic (e.g. transport) interactions. Ultrafiltration is currently used throughout downstream processing for protein concentration, buffer exchange and desalting, protein purification, virus clearance, and clarification. Buffer exchange and desalting are typically accomplished using a diafiltration mode in which the low molecular weight components are washed away from the protein by simultaneously adding fresh buffer (or solvent) to the feed during ultrafiltration. Protein purification is accomplished using high performance tangential flow filtration, with the product collected in either the retentate or filtrate depending on the relative filtration rates. Virus filtration uses larger pore ultrafiltration membranes, which are permeable to protein but provide significant virus removal.
Angiogenesis in Embryos and Ischemic Diseases (1997)

Angiogenic growth factors and their endothelial receptors are thought to function as major regulators of blood vessel formation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors, Flt-1 (VEGFR-1) and Flk-1 (VEGFR-2), as well as Angiopoietin-1 and its receptor, Tie-2, represent key signal transduction systems involved in the regulation of embryonic vascular development. The expression of these molecules correlates with phases of blood vessel formation during embryogenesis. Inactivation of any of the genes encoding these molecules in mouse embryos results in defective vascular development and embryonic lethality around mid-gestation. In addition, the VEGF signal transduction system has been implicated in the regulation of pathological blood vessel growth during certain angiogenesis-dependent diseases that are often associated with tissue ischemia, such as proliferative retinopathy or solid tumor growth. This hypothesis is substantiated by experiments, in which the inhibition of VEGF signal transduction resulted in the the inhibition of neovascularization in these diseases. Thus, the VEGF signal transduction system represents a useful target for an anti-angiogenic therapy.
The Nuclear Envelope and Human Disease (2004)

Mutations in nuclear lamins A and C, intermediate filament proteins of the nuclear envelope, cause diseases affecting various tissues and the aging process. We review what is known about nuclear lamin function and the different diseases caused by mutations in lamins A and C and associated inner nuclear membrane proteins.
N-myc mRNA forms an RNA-RNA duplex with endogenous antisense transcripts. (1990)

Nuclear runoff transcription studies revealed nearly equivalent sense and antisense transcription across exon 1 of the N-myc locus. Antisense primary transcription initiates at multiple sites in intron 1 and gives rise to stable polyadenylated and nonpolyadenylated transcripts. This pattern of antisense transcription, which is directed by RNA polymerase II, is independent of gene amplification and cell type. The nonpolyadenylated antisense transcripts have 5' ends which are complementary to the 5' ends of the N-myc sense mRNA. We determined, by using an RNase protection technique designed to detect in vivo duplexes, that most of the cytoplasmic nonpolyadenylated antisense RNA exists in an RNA-RNA duplex with approximately 5% of the sense N-myc mRNA. Duplex formation appeared to occur with only a subset of the multiple forms of the N-myc mRNA, with the precise transcriptional initiation site of the RNA playing a role in determining this selectivity. Cloning of each strand of the RNA-RNA duplex revealed that most duplexes included both exon 1 and intron 1 sequences, suggesting that duplex formation could modulate RNA processing by preserving a population of N-myc mRNA which retains intron 1.