gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactive polymers in diagnostics: Syntheses and characterizations of nucleic acid probes and maleic anhydride-co-methyl vinyl ether polymers (1997)

Maleic anhydride-co-methyl vinyl ether copolymers were used as reactive polymers to link oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODN) to make oligonucleotide-copolymer conjugates of potential applications in diagnostics. The anhydride moieties of the copolymers were used for the covalent binding, via the formation of a peptide bond, on reaction with DNA probes that were amino modified at the 5′ position. The best coupling yields were obtained by carrying out the reaction in a DMSO-borate buffer (95/5 volume ratio) mixture at high ionic strength. Copolymers and ODN-copolymer conjugates were characterized by size exclusion chromatography and multiangle laser light scattering detection. The average molecular weights of the formed conjugates were relatively high, in the 106 g/mol range, resulting from the crosslinking of several copolymer molecules during coupling. Coupling DNA probes onto smaller molecular weight polymers did not result in the formation of very high molecular weight conjugates showing that copolymer chain interpenetration was a determining factor of the crosslinking process that occurs during the coupling reaction. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65: 2567–2577, 1997
Determinants of epithelial differentiation during early nephrogenesis. (1990)

Organogenesis from undifferentiated progenitor cells and initiation of a society's new journal are developmental processes which share common elements. Both initially require a potent inducing stimulus followed in relatively rapid sequence by the appearance of organ-specific differentiation markers. These events are prerequisites to subsequent proliferation and maturation. Insofar as many postnatal forms of renal disease (e.g., hereditary glomerulopathies, infantile and adult forms of polycystic kidney disease, congenital dysplasias) owe their origins ultimately to disordered nephrogenesis, it is my belief that research in this area of nephrology should expand. It is further hoped that JASN will adopt this particular differentiation marker and serve as a forum for reporting the much-needed new knowledge to be gained. To "induce" the Journal's activity in this area I have summarized current knowledge and suggest directions in need of further investigation.
Polyol Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles:  Control of Morphology with Sodium Nitrate (2004)

Morphological control over platinum nanoparticles was realized by varying the amount of NaNO3 added to a polyol process, where H2PtCl6 was reduced by ethylene glycol to form PtCl42- and Pt0 at 160 °C. As the molar ratio between NaNO3 and H2PtCl6 was increased from 0 to 11, the morphology of Pt nanoparticles evolved from irregular spheroids with rounded profiles to tetrahedra and octahedra with well-defined facets. Absorption spectroscopy studies suggest that nitrate was reduced to nitrite by PtCl42- in the early stage of the synthesis, and the nitrite could then form stable complexes with both Pt(II) and Pt(IV) species. As a result, the reduction of Pt precursors by ethylene glycol was greatly slowed. This change in reaction kinetics altered the growth rates associated with different crystallographic directions of the Pt nanocrystals and ultimately led to the formation of different morphologies.
A Latex Bead-Based Flow Cytometric Immunoassay Capable of Simultaneous Typing of Multiple Pneumococcal Serotypes (Multibead Assay) (2000)

A simple and rapid method of simultaneously determining 15 Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes was developed. Fifteen latex beads of different sizes and different red fluorescence levels were coated with 1 of 15 serotypes (1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9N, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, and 23F) of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PS). The bead mixture was incubated with individual pneumococcal lysate, a pool of rabbit antisera capable of binding the 15 serotypes, and fluorescein (green fluorescence)-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody. Bead size, red fluorescence, and green fluorescence were measured in a single flow cytometer run. The green fluorescence of the beads was inhibited only when there was a serotypic match between PS on the bead and PS in the pneumococcal lysate. This method distinguished cross-reactive serotypes and correctly identified the serotypes in 100% of 86 pneumococcal isolates tested.
Direct reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts to neural progenitors (2011)

The simple yet powerful technique of induced pluripotency may eventually supply a wide range of differentiated cells for cell therapy and drug development. However, making the appropriate cells via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) requires reprogramming of somatic cells and subsequent redifferentiation. Given how arduous and lengthy this process can be, we sought to determine whether it might be possible to convert somatic cells into lineage-specific stem/progenitor cells of another germ layer in one step, bypassing the intermediate pluripotent stage. Here we show that transient induction of the four reprogramming factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) can efficiently transdifferentiate fibroblasts into functional neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) with appropriate signaling inputs. Compared with induced neurons (or iN cells, which are directly converted from fibroblasts), transdifferentiated NPCs have the distinct advantage of being expandable in vitro and retaining the ability to give rise to multiple neuronal subtypes and glial cells. Our results provide a unique paradigm for iPSC-factor-based reprogramming by demonstrating that it can be readily modified to serve as a general platform for transdifferentiation.
Development, differentiation, and maturation of Kupffer cells (1997)

Primitive macrophages first develop in the murine and human yolk sac and then differentiate into fetal macrophages. Primitive or fetal macrophages enter the blood stream and migrate into the fetal liver. Fetal macrophages possess a high proliferative capacity and express antigens and peroxidase activity of resident macrophages with the progress of gestation; they become mature and then transform into Kupffer cells. In contrast, myelopoiesis and monocytopoiesis are not active in yolk sac hematopoiesis and in the early stages of hepatic hematopoiesis. Precursor cells of primitive or fetal macrophages exist and granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming cells develop in the yolk sac and in the early stages of fetal liver development, whereas macrophage colony-forming cells emerge and increase later in fetal liver development. In vitro, similar colonies were formed from each fetal hematopoietic cell in the presence of different macrophage growth factors. During culturing of the yolk sac cells and hepatic hematopoietic cells on a monolayer of mouse stromal cell line, ST2, primitive or fetal macrophage colonies developed before the formation of monocyte colonies, suggesting the existence of a direct pathway of differentiation from primitive macrophages into fetal macrophages during ontogeny. In severely monocytopenic mice induced by the administration of strontium-89, Kupffer cells have a proliferative capacity and are maintained by self-renewal. In macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-deficient (op/op) mice, the number of Kupffer cells is reduced, and they are characterized by immature morphology and a proliferative potential similar to that of primitive or fetal macrophages during ontogeny. Immediately after the administration of M-CSF to op/op mice, Kupffer cells start proliferating and become mature. This finding indicates that M-CSF plays an important role in the differentiation and proliferation of Kupffer cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 39:350– 364, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
RAD51 Is Required for the Repair of Plasmid Double-Stranded DNA Gaps from Either Plasmid or Chromosomal Templates (2000)

DNA double-strand breaks may be induced by endonucleases, ionizing radiation, chemical agents, and mechanical forces or by replication of single-stranded nicked chromosomes. Repair of double-strand breaks can occur by homologous recombination or by nonhomologous end joining. A system was developed to measure the efficiency of plasmid gap repair by homologous recombination using either chromosomal or plasmid templates. Gap repair was biased toward gene conversion events unassociated with crossing over using either donor sequence. The dependence of recombinational gap repair on genes belonging to the RAD52 epistasis group was tested in this system. RAD51, RAD52, RAD57, and RAD59 were required for efficient gap repair using either chromosomal or plasmid donors. No homologous recombination products were recovered from rad52 mutants, whereas a low level of repair occurred in the absence of RAD51, RAD57, or RAD59. These results suggest a minor pathway of strand invasion that is dependent on RAD52 but not on RAD51. The residual repair events in rad51 mutants were more frequently associated with crossing over than was observed in the wild-type strain, suggesting that the mechanisms for RAD51-dependent and RAD51-independent events are different. Plasmid gap repair was reduced synergistically in rad51 rad59 double mutants, indicating an important role for RAD59 in RAD51-independent repair.
Adaptor-tagged competitive PCR: a novel method for measuring relative gene expression (1997)

A simple and reliable PCR-based method to quantitate gene expression is described. Following the digestion of double-stranded cDNA by a restriction enzyme, an adaptor is ligated to a cDNA from a first RNA sample, and another adaptor to a second RNA sample. The two adaptors share a common sequence at the outer region, but differ in size. Equal amounts of the ligated samples are mixed, and amplified by an adaptor-primer and a primer specific to the gene of interest. Products derived from the two sources differ in size, and can be separated by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The ratio of the two products reveals the relative level of gene expression. Since the technique avoids the need to construct internal standards, it is especially useful for the analysis of many different gene transcripts.
Attempted Skeletal Rearrangements in the Lanostane Series (1970)

Abstract The conversion of a lanostane skeleton into a cucurbitane (C‐9β‐Me) has been explored. Several derivatives with an oxirane ring in the appropriate location to induce a methyl migration (while having an adjacent oxygen function as required in the cucurbitacins) have been treated with SnCl 4 . The reaction took however, a different course and the products have been analysed and identified. During treatment with SnCl 4 of the epoxy‐lanostane derivative having a diosphenol system in ring A, an acid stable organo‐tin complex was observed to be formed. Base hydrolysis of this complex produced compounds similar to those obtained in the previous examples.
Anemia of inflammation: the cytokine-hepcidin link (2004)

The anemia of inflammation, commonly observed in patients with chronic infections, malignancy, trauma, and inflammatory disorders, is a well-known clinical entity. Until recently, we understood little about its pathogenesis. It now appears that the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 induces production of hepcidin, an iron-regulatory hormone that may be responsible for most or all of the features of this disorder.
Temperature dependence of elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties of “single crystalline’’ films of vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene copolymer (1997)

Elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric constant matrix elements of a “single crystalline’’ (SC) film of vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene copolymer, P(VDF/TrFE), in which the orthorhombic [001] and [110] axes of fully extended chain crystals are preferentially oriented parallel to the stretching axis and normal to the surface, respectively, were measured at temperatures ranging from 10 K to the Curie point (402–404 K) by using a piezoelectric resonance method. All of the electromechanical coupling factors (k31, k32, k33, k24, and k15) are larger than those of conventional lamellar crystalline films. Some of the matrix elements for a P(VDF/TrFE) single crystal are derived from the measured values of constant matrix elements for the SC film. Some features characteristic of the SC film are revealed. The SC film has a large Young’s modulus for the stretching direction (1/s11) (121 GPa at 10 K). The properties related to the molecular motions along the chain axis, such as 1/s11, shear stiffness constant c55, shear piezoelectric constant e15, etc., exhibit strong relaxations around 250 K. The origin of these relaxations in the crystalline phase is discussed.
Physician-Directed Patient Self-Management of Left Atrial Pressure in Advanced Chronic Heart Failure (2010)

Physician-directed patient self-management of left atrial pressure has the potential to improve hemodynamics, symptoms, and outcomes in advanced heart failure. Clinical Trial Registration Information- URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00547729.
Additive Attenuation of Virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Mutation of the Genes Encoding Pneumolysin and Other Putative Pneumococcal Virulence Proteins (2000)

Although the polysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae has been recognized as a sine qua non of virulence, much recent attention has focused on the role of pneumococcal proteins in pathogenesis, particularly in view of their potential as vaccine antigens. The individual contributions of pneumolysin (Ply), the major neuraminidase (NanA), autolysin (LytA), hyaluronidase (Hyl), pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), and choline-binding protein A (CbpA) have been examined by specifically mutagenizing the respective genes in the pneumococcal chromosome and comparing the impact on virulence in a mouse intraperitoneal challenge model. Mutagenesis of either the ply, lytA, or pspA gene in S. pneumoniae D39 significantly reduced virulence, relative to that of the wild-type strain, indicating that the respective gene products contribute to pathogenesis. On the other hand, mutations in nanA, hyl, or cbpA had no significant impact. The virulence of D39 derivatives carrying a ply deletion mutation as well as an insertion-duplication mutation in one of the other genes was also examined. Mutagenesis of either nanA or lytA did not result in an additional attenuation of virulence in the ply deletion background. However, significant additive attenuation in virulence was observed for the strains with ply-hyl, ply-pspA, and ply-cbpA double mutations.
Superconducting Gantry Design for Proton Tomography (2017)

Precise proton therapy planning can be assisted by augmenting conventional medical imaging techniques with proton computed tomography (pCT). For adults this requires an incident proton energy up to around 330 MeV, requiring superconducting magnets if an imaging gantry is to replace a conventional 230-250 MeV gantry in the same space. Here we present optics considerations for a superconducting gantry to deliver 330 MeV protons within the context of the future Christie Hospital proton therapy centre, where it is proposed to increase the proton energy in the future with a booster linac.
Identification of Tyrosine Phosphatases That Dephosphorylate the Insulin Receptor (2000)

Many pharmacologically important receptors, including all cytokine receptors, signal via tyrosine (auto)phosphorylation, followed by resetting to their original state through the action of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Establishing the specificity of PTPs for receptor substrates is critical both for understanding how signaling is regulated and for the development of specific PTP inhibitors that act as ligand mimetics. We have set up a systematic approach for finding PTPs that are specific for a receptor and have validated this approach with the insulin receptor kinase. We have tested nearly all known human PTPs (45) in a membrane binding assay, using "substrate-trapping" PTP mutants. These results, combined with secondary dephosphorylation tests, confirm and extend earlier findings that PTP-1b and T-cell PTP are physiological enzymes for the insulin receptor kinase. We demonstrate that this approach can rapidly reduce the number of PTPs that have a particular receptor or other phosphoprotein as their substrate.
Light‐induced cytochrome P450‐dependent enzyme in indole alkaloid biosynthesis: tabersonine 16‐hydroxylase (1999)

Vinblastine and vincristine are two medically important bisindole alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle). Attempts at production in cell cultures failed because a part of the complex pathway was not active, i.e. from tabersonine to vindoline. It starts with tabersonine 16-hydroxylase (T16H), a cytochrome P450-dependent enzyme. We now show that T16H is induced in the suspension culture by light and we report the cloning of the cDNA. The enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli as translational fusion with the P450 reductase from C. roseus, and the reaction product was identified by mass spectrometry. The protein (CYP71D12) shares 47-52% identity with other members of the CYP71D subfamily with unknown function. The induction by light was strongly enhanced by a nutritional downshift (transfer into 8% aqueous sucrose). We discuss the possibility that the entire pathway to bisindoles can be expressed in suspension cultures.
Operation of 350 kW of Amonix High Concentration PV Systems at Arizona Public Service (2003)

Amonix has manufactured and installed over 350 kW of their 5th generation high concentration PV systems for Arizona Public Service (APS). This paper describes the power and energy performance of the system since the start of installation in May 2000 and describes the operating characteristics that make this system attractive for both on-grid and off-grid use. The performance of a unit with the latest design revisions is compared to the performance of one of the first manufactured units, and the reasons for the improvements are discussed. Data are also presented that show the Amonix system will produce more annual energy per installed kW than will a conventional fixed-flat plate system. The current construction status of the largest concentrating PV plant in the world is also discussed.
Assessment of accessory pathway and atrial refractoriness by transoesophageal and intracardiac atrial stimulation (1999)

Despite adequate reproducibility, TAS fails to predict the AP-ERP by ICS. Differences in stimulus latency is responsible, in part, for the disagreement. Invasive ICS cannot be replaced by TAS for risk stratifying WPW patients.
A delay line loop for frequency synthesis of de-skewed clock (2002)

For microprocessors operating at 50 MHz or more, it is important to generate the internal clock (CLK) signal with minimal skew relative to the system clock, XCLK. In addition, speed improvements of silicon technology enable internal microprocessor clocking at a faster rate than the external bus. In this paper a fully-integrated delay line loop (DLL) clock generator circuit is used to perform frequency synthesis multiplication by N(f/sub CLK/=N/spl middot/f/sub XCLK/) of a de-skewed 50% duty-cycle CLK. The DLL offers mostly-digital implementation of an analog function with robustness and simplicity. The first version of the DLL was fully integrated on a RISC microprocessor chip and, later, on a cache-controller chip.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Dissociation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and dedifferentiation in infarct border zones (2002)

In embolization induced microinfarcted tissue, dedifferentiated cardiomyocytes are preferentially spared to undergo apoptosis. It is hypothesized that dedifferentiated cardiomyocytes and apoptotic cardiomyocytes represent two different cell populations. The dedifferentiated cells can be considered as stable surviving cells.
Real power loss allocation using modified nodal equations for deregulated power system (2009)

This paper introduces a new method to allocate real power loss caused by generators and loads using modified nodal equations. Based on solved load flow results, the method partitions the Y-bus matrix to decompose the current of the load buses as a function of the generators' current and load voltages. Then it uses the modified admittance matrix to decompose the load voltage dependent term into components of generator dependent terms. By using these two decompositions of current and voltage terms, the real power loss allocations caused by the generators are obtained. Similarly, in case of real power loss allocations caused by the loads, the generator voltage dependent term can be decomposed into components of load dependent terms. Likewise, by using these two decompositions, the real power loss allocations caused by the loads are determined. The proposed method is illustrated on a simple 5-bus system and tested on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed methodology provides reasonable and accurate results to real power loss allocation. Conference title: 19th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference: Sustainable Energy Technologies and Systems 27-30 September 2009.
Shallow and deep traps in conjugated polymers of high intrachain order (1996)

We present measurements of thermally stimulated currents and photoinduced absorption (PIA) in a planarized form of poly(para-phenylene). Due to the high intrachain order of the samples and their narrow distribution of effective conjugation lengths the density of states shows a very steep onset at the band gap energy. This is the prerequisite for detecting distinct trap levels and to determine their concentration and depth. We show that charges trapped at depths of 0.1 and 0.4 eV govern the observed charge transport and change in the absorption upon photoexcitation and in particular that the temperature dependence of the PIA intensity in the millisecond range reflects thermal effects on transport processes. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Electrophysiological Effects of the Anti‐Cancer Drug Lapatinib on Cardiac Repolarization (2010)

Lapatinib is one of several tyrosine kinase inhibitors used against solid tumour cancers such as breast and lung cancer. Although lapatinib is associated with a risk of QT prolongation, the effects of the drug on cellular cardiac electrical properties and on action potential duration (APD) have not been studied. To evaluate the potential effects of lapatinib on cardiac repolarization, we investigated its electrophysiological effects using a whole-cell patch-clamp technique in transiently transfected HEK293 cells expressing human ether-à-go-go (hERG; to examine the rapidly activating delayed rectifier K(+) current, I(Kr)), KCNQ1/KCNE1 (to examine the slowly activating delayed rectifier K(+) current, I(Ks)), KCNJ2 (to examine the inwardly rectifying K(+) current, I(K1)), or SCN5A (to examine the inward Na(+) current, I(Na)) and in rat cardiac myocytes (to examine the inward Ca(2+) current, I(Ca)). We also examined its effects on the APD at 90% (APD(90)) in isolated rabbit Purkinje fibres. In ion channel studies, lapatinib inhibited the hERG current in a concentration-dependent manner, with a half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC(50)) of 0.8 +/- 0.09 microm. In contrast, at concentrations up to 3 microm, lapatinib did not significantly reduce the I(Na), I(K1) or I(Ca) amplitudes; at 3 microm, it did slightly inhibit the I(Ks) amplitude (by 19.4 +/- 4.7%; p < 0.05). At 5 microm, lapatinib induced prolongation of APD(90) by 16.1% (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the APD(90)-prolonging effect of lapatinib on rabbit Purkinje fibres is primarily a result of inhibition of the hERG current and I(Ks), but not I(Na), I(K1) or I(Ca).