gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of a Series of Cyclopenta[b]naphthalene Solvatochromic Fluorophores (2012)

The synthesis and photophysical properties of a series of naphthalene-containing solvatochromic fluorophores are described within. These novel fluorophores are prepared using a microwave-assisted dehydrogenative Diels-Alder reaction of styrene, followed by a palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reaction to install an electron donating amine group. The new fluorophores are structurally related to Prodan. Photophysical properties of the new fluorophores were studied and intriguing solvatochromic behavior was observed. For most of these fluorophores, high quantum yields (60-99%) were observed in methylene chloride in addition to large Stokes shifts (95-226 nm) in this same solvent. As the solvent polarity increased, so did the observed Stokes shift with one derivative displaying a Stokes shift of ~300 nm in ethanol. All fluorophore emission maxima, and nearly all absorption maxima were significantly red-shifted when compared to Prodan. Shifting the absorption and emission maxima of a fluorophore into the visible region increases its utility in biological applications. Moreover, the cyclopentane portion of the fluorophore structure provides an attachment point for biomolecules that will minimize disruptions of the photophysical properties.
Compressive SD-OCT: the application of compressed sensing in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (2010)

We applied compressed sensing (CS) to spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) and studied its effectiveness. We tested the CS reconstruction by randomly undersampling the k-space SD OCT signal. We achieved this by applying pseudo-random masks to sample 62.5%, 50%, and 37.5% of the CCD camera pixels. OCT images are reconstructed by solving an optimization problem that minimizes the l(1) norm of a transformed image to enforce sparsity, subject to data consistency constraints. CS could allow an array detector with fewer pixels to reconstruct high resolution OCT images while reducing the total amount of data required to process the images.
Kinetics of activation of human plasminogen by different activator species at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. (1980)

A revised and expanded mathematical model for studying plasminogen activation kinetics was developed.The general equation (see Equation 16in the "Appendix") will accommodate all plasminogen activator species and is a modified version of that previ-
Vision 20/20: Perspectives on automated image segmentation for radiotherapy (2014)

Due to rapid advances in radiation therapy (RT), especially image guidance and treatment adaptation, a fast and accurate segmentation of medical images is a very important part of the treatment. Manual delineation of target volumes and organs at risk is still the standard routine for most clinics, even though it is time consuming and prone to intra- and interobserver variations. Automated segmentation methods seek to reduce delineation workload and unify the organ boundary definition. In this paper, the authors review the current autosegmentation methods particularly relevant for applications in RT. The authors outline the methods' strengths and limitations and propose strategies that could lead to wider acceptance of autosegmentation in routine clinical practice. The authors conclude that currently, autosegmentation technology in RT planning is an efficient tool for the clinicians to provide them with a good starting point for review and adjustment. Modern hardware platforms including GPUs allow most of the autosegmentation tasks to be done in a range of a few minutes. In the nearest future, improvements in CT-based autosegmentation tools will be achieved through standardization of imaging and contouring protocols. In the longer term, the authors expect a wider use of multimodality approaches and better understanding of correlation of imaging with biology and pathology.
Insulating tethered bilayer lipid membranes to study membrane proteins (2007)

Tethered bilayer lipid membranes are stable and promising model systems that mimic several properties of biological membranes. They provide an electrically insulating platform for the incorporation and study of functional membrane proteins, especially ion channels. Covalently linked to a solid support, they also offer enhanced stability compared with other model architectures. If the support can be used as an electrode, electrical characterisation of the system is possible and biosensing applications can be envisioned.Here, we will review some tethered bilayer structures developed in the past and show some examples of functional protein incorporation, both on oxide and gold substrates.
Surface antigens of metacyclic trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi (1983)

The surface antigen makeup of metacyclic trypomastigote forms of strain G of Trypanosoma cruzi, which produce a subpatent infection in mice, differed from those of the virulent strains Y and CL. A 100,000-molecular-weight protein, barely detectable on the Y or CL cell surface, appeared as the main surface antigen of the G metacyclic trypomastigotes. In addition, the G metacyclic forms differed from those of the virulent strains in their susceptibility to complement-mediated immunolysis.
Total synthesis of prostaglandins. II. Prostaglandin E1 (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTotal synthesis of prostaglandins. II. Prostaglandin E1Charles J. Sih, Philip Price, Rattan Sood, Robert G. Salomon, George Peruzzotti, and Martha CaseyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 10, 3643–3644Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00765a073https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00765a073research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views514Altmetric-Citations69LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Effectiveness of Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol Combination Delivered via the Diskus Device in the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2002)

This randomized controlled trial examined the benefits of combining an inhaled corticosteroid, fluticasone propionate (F), with an inhaled long-acting beta(2)-agonist, salmeterol (S), to treat the inflammatory and bronchoconstrictive components of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A total of 691 patients with COPD received the combination of F and S (FSC), S (50 mcg), F (500 mcg), or placebo twice daily via the Diskus device for 24 weeks. A significantly greater increase in predose FEV(1) at the endpoint was observed after FSC (156 ml) compared with S (107 ml, p = 0.012) and placebo (-4 ml, p < 0.0001). A significantly greater increase in 2-hour postdose FEV(1) at the endpoint was observed after treatment with FSC (261 ml) compared with F (138 ml, p < 0.001) and placebo (28 ml, p < 0.001). There were greater improvements in the Transition Dyspnea Index with FSC (2.1) compared with F (1.3, p = 0.033), S (0.9, p < 0.001), and placebo (0.4, p < 0.0001). The incidence of adverse effects (except for an increase in oral candidiasis with FSC and F) was similar among the treatment groups. We conclude that FSC improved lung function and reduced the severity of dyspnea compared with individual components and placebo.
Improved detection Of the MUC1 cancer antigen CA 15-3 by ALYGNSA fluorimmunoassay (2011)

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancerrelated deaths in women worldwide; a prime cancer biomarker to aid in the diagnosis, directed treatment, clinical management, and reoccurrence of this cancer is a MUC1 peptide fragment: cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3). Herein, an immuno-fluorescence assay for CA 15-3 was developed; this ALYGNSA system consists of a protein biolinker (Protein G’) adsorbed onto Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The unique interaction of Protein G’ with PMMA, a thermo-plastic polymer has been demonstrated to improve human IgG capture antibody alignment/ orientation and result in greater assay sensitivity. Indeed a previous report (HEALTH 1 325 - 329, 2009) on the shed extracellular domain of HER-2/neu revealed a 10-fold increase in sensitivity of the ALYGSNA assay over a control ELISA assay. Results from this ALYGNSA assay study revealed that a 16-fold increase in detection (≤0.94 U/mL) of CA 15-3 was found in comparison to a commercial control ELISA kit (≤15 U/mL). In conclusion, this enhanced sensitivity of the ALYGNSA assay for CA 15-3, may provide insights into the role/function of this biomarker in normal, as well as, breast cancer and other epithelial cancers.
Multiple sclerosis: Immune mechanism and update on current therapies (1995)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) afflicting approximately 250,000 individuals in the United States. This inflammatory disease has variable clinical manifestations, ranging from a relapsing-remitting course to a chronic progressive disease. Approximately one third of MS patients have chronic progressive disease often leading to severe impairment of mobility, paralysis, poor vision, and disturbances of bladder and bowel function. Although the etiology and pathogenesis remain unknown, accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that exposure to an as-yet-unidentified infectious agent(s) triggers an aberrant immune response against self nervous tissue in genetically susceptible individuals. The tenfold higher concordance rate for MS in monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins, the increased incidence of MS in women compared to men (2:1), and the familial and racial occurrence of MS provide strong evidence that genetic factors influence susceptibility to MS. The major predisposing genes in MS are the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules, DR15 and DQw6, molecularly defined as HLA-DRB1, 1501-DQA1 0102-DQB1 0602. In certain ethnic groups, MS susceptibility is more strongly associated with other DR molecules. Environmental factors are also believed to play a role, as suggested by the unique worldwide prevalence, migration effects, and epidemiological studies. Increased serum and cerebrospinal fluid antibody titers to numerous viruses have been reported; however, there have been no confirmed studies detecting viral RNA or antigen in MS brain tissue. At the present time, no known treatment can significantly alter the progression of MS. Based on the postulate that MS is an autoimmune disease associated with abnormalities in immunoregulation, a number of different immunosuppressive and immunomodulating agents have been tested as therapeutic modalities. In this article, we review the circumstantial evidence suggesting that immune system abnormalities are associated with the disease process, and provide an update on current therapies used in MS.
Expression and Characterization of the Chemokine Receptors CCR2 and CCR5 in Mice (2001)

The chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5 play important roles in the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages and T cells. To better understand the role of both receptors in murine models of inflammatory diseases and to recognize potential problems when correlating these data to humans, we have generated mAbs against murine CCR2 and CCR5. In mice CCR2 is homogeneously expressed on monocytes and on 2--15% of T cells, closely resembling the expression pattern in humans. In contrast to humans, murine NK cells are highly CCR5 positive. In addition, CCR5 is expressed on 3--10% of CD4 and 10--40% of CD8-positive T cells and is weakly detectable on monocytes. Using a model of immune complex nephritis, we examined the effects of inflammation on chemokine receptor expression and found a 10-fold enrichment of CCR5(+) and CCR2(+) T cells in the inflamed kidneys. The activity of various chemokines and the antagonistic properties of the mAbs were measured by ligand-induced internalization of CCR2 and CCR5 on primary leukocytes. The Ab MC-21 (anti-CCR2) reduced the activity of murine monocyte chemotactic protein 1 by 95%, whereas the Ab MC-68 (anti-CCR5) blocked over 99% of the macrophage-inflammatory protein 1alpha and RANTES activity. MC-21 and MC-68 efficiently blocked the ligand binding to CCR2 and CCR5 with an IC(50) of 0.09 and 0.6--1.0 microg/ml, respectively. In good correlation to these in vitro data, MC-21 almost completely prevented the influx of monocytes in thioglycollate-induced peritonitis. Therefore, both Abs appear as useful reagents to further study the role of CCR2 and CCR5 in murine disease models.
Precision Polymer Design in Microstructured Flow Reactors: Improved Control and First Upscale at Once (2016)

Continuous flow synthesis techniques have in recent years conquered laboratory scale synthesis, yet within the field of precision polymer synthesis its use is still not fully established despite the large advantages that can be gained from switching from classical batch‐wise chemistry to flow chemistry, often already by using relatively simple chip‐based or cheap tubular micro‐ and mesoscaled reactors. Translating a polymerization from batch to continuous flow marks not only a mere change in reactor engineering, but also leads to numerous advantages in the polymerization with respect to kinetics of processes and especially product quality. In flow, polymerizations are not only speed up, they also provide materials with better dispersities and higher chain end fidelities when conditions are chosen accordingly. The underpinning effects causing these improvements are demonstrated and discussed. Further, also information on required laboratory equipment and recent developments in online reaction monitoring are highlighted to give newcomers to the field an idea about the potential of continuous flow polymerization. image
Murine monoclonal antibodies to type Ib polysaccharide of group B streptococci bind to human milk oligosaccharides (1992)

The chemical structures of the repeating units of the type Ib polysaccharide of group B streptococci and of the desialylated form of this antigen are almost identical to those of some oligosaccharides in human milk and certain fetal antigens. The structural similarities suggested that the molecules may be immunologically cross-reactive. Mouse monoclonal antibodies to the sialylated and nonsialylated forms of the type Ib polysaccharide were produced and tested for their ability to bind to immobilized human milk oligosaccharides. One antibody, SMB19, reacted specifically with the sialylated form of the type Ib polysaccharide and was also bound by an affinity column containing immobilized sialyllacto-N-tetraose a. The antibody was eluted from the affinity column with EDTA, since its binding to the antigen was calcium dependent. A second monoclonal antibody. SIbD2, bound specifically to the nonsialylated form of the type Ib polysaccharide and also to immobilized lacto-N-tetraose. The antibody was eluted from the affinity column at an acidic pH and retained immunologic activity. These results further extend our previous observations that certain antibodies raised against group B streptococci can also react with normal human glycoconjugates.
[Study of the biochemical and radiochemical effects of the agent MTDQ (author's transl]. (1978)

The antioxidant MTDQ exhibits a radiosensitizing effect and was used in pretreatment of radiation-resistant human tumors, e.g. synoviomas, sarcomas, von Recklinghausen disease. After this premedication and fractionated radiation therapy of different kinds a permanent regression of the tumors was observed. The radiosensitizing compound is non-toxic and selectively accumulates in tumorous tissues. The chemical structure (three functional groups) and in vitro tests make probable that the main factors in the mechanism of action are peroxide decomposition, hydrol formation, polymerization and, in the course of those reactions, the in situ release of oxygen.
Self-Tuning Sectorization: Deep Reinforcement Learning Meets Broadcast Beam Optimization (2019)

Beamforming in multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems is one of the key technologies for modern wireless communication. Creating appropriate sector-specific broadcast beams are essential for enhancing the coverage of cellular network and for improving the broadcast operation for control signals. However, in order to maximize the coverage, patterns for broadcast beams need to be adapted based on the users' distribution and movement over time. In this work, we present self-tuning sectorization: a deep reinforcement learning framework to optimize MIMO broadcast beams autonomously and dynamically based on user' distribution in the network. Taking directly UE measurement results as input, deep reinforcement learning agent can track and predict the UE distribution pattern and come up with the best broadcast beams for each cell. Extensive simulation results show that the introduced framework can achieve the optimal coverage, and converge to the oracle solution for both single sector and multiple sectors environment, and for both periodic and Markov mobility patterns.
Construction of a DNA-Truncated Octahedron (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConstruction of a DNA-Truncated OctahedronYuwen Zhang and Nadrian C. SeemanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5, 1661–1669Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00084a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00084a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2610Altmetric-Citations471LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ligand-induced Dimer-Tetramer Transition during the Activation of the Cell Surface Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-A Multidimensional Microscopy Analysis (2005)

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of the erbB tyrosine kinase family of receptors. For many years it has been believed that receptor activation occurs via a monomer-dimer transition that is associated with a conformational change to activate the kinase. However, little is known about the quaternary state of the receptor at normal levels of expression (<10(5) receptors/cell). We employed multidimensional microscopy techniques to gain insight into the state of association of the human EGFR, in the absence and presence of ligand, on the surface of intact BaF/3 cells (50,000 receptors/cell). Image correlation microscopy of an EGFR-enhanced green fluorescent protein chimera was used to establish an average degree of aggregation on the submicron scale of 2.2 receptors/cluster in the absence of ligand increasing to 3.7 receptors/cluster in the presence of ligand. Energy transfer measurements between mixtures of fluorescein isothiocyanate-EGF and Alexa 555-EGF were performed using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy as a function of the donor: acceptor labeling ratio to gain insight into the spatial disposition of EGFR ligand binding sites on the nanometer scale. In the context of a two-state Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)/non-FRET model, the data are consistent with a minimum transfer efficiency of 75% in the FRET population. The microscopy data are related to biophysical data on the EGFR in the A431 cell line and the three-dimensional structure of the ligated EGFR extracellular domain. In the context of a monomer-dimer-oligomer model, the biophysical data are consistent with a significant fraction of ligated EGFR tetramers comprising two dimers juxtaposed in a side-by-side (or slightly staggered) arrangement. Our data are consistent with a specific higher order association of the ligand-bound EGFR on the nanometer scale and indicate the existence of distinct signaling entities beyond the level of the EGFR dimer which could play an important role in receptor transactivation.
Animal Studies Raise Hopes for Spinal Cord Repair (2002)

NEUROSCIENCEIn the past few years, scientists have proved that they can regenerate damaged spinal nerves, at least in rodents, enabling the animals to walk more normally and regain some primitive forms of sensation. Aided by a much better understanding of the mechanisms that normally block neuronal regrowth, nearly a dozen research teams have recently reported in prominent journals ways of promoting such regeneration. Indeed, neurobiologists hope to take the next step--moving their findings to the clinic--although they caution that, with possibly one or two exceptions, it will be at least a few years before these therapies are tested in human patients.
Atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Corona discharge ion source for use in a liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer analytical system (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAtmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Corona discharge ion source for use in a liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer analytical systemD. I. Carroll, I. Dzidic, R. N. Stillwell, K. D. Haegele, and E. C. HorningCite this: Anal. Chem. 1975, 47, 14, 2369–2373Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60364a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60364a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1912Altmetric-Citations293LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts