gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Key Odorants in a Thermally Treated Solution of Ribose and Cysteine by Aroma Extract Dilution Techniques (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEvaluation of the Key Odorants in a Thermally Treated Solution of Ribose and Cysteine by Aroma Extract Dilution TechniquesThomas Hofmann and Peter SchieberleCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1995, 43, 8, 2187–2194Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00056a042https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00056a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1619Altmetric-Citations182LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Protecting (even) Naïve Web Users, or: Preventing Spoofing and Establishing Credentials of Web Sites (2004)

In spite of the use of standard web security measures, swindlers often clone sensitive web sites and/or present false credentials, causing substantial damages to individuals and corporations. We believe that, to large extent, this is due to the difficulty of noticing when a sensitive web page has incorrect location or is simply unprotected. In fact, we show that several of the largest web sites, ask users for passwords in unprotected pages, making them easy targets; apparently, even the designers did not notice the lack of protection. Several papers presented web spoofing attacks, but mostly focused on advanced attacks trying to mislead even a careful expert; some also suggested countermeasures, mostly by improved browser user interface. However, we argue that these countermeasures are inappropriate to most non-expert web users; indeed, they are irrelevant to most practical web-spoofing attacks, which focus on naive users. In fact, even expert users could be victim of these practical, simple spoofing attacks, resulting in identity theft or other fraud. We present the trusted credentials area, a simple and practical browser UI enhancement, which allows secure identification of sites and validation of their credentials, thereby preventing web-spoofing, even for nave users. The trusted credentials area is a fixed part of the browser window, which displays only authenticated credentials, and in particular logos, icons and seals. In fact, we recommend that web sites always provide credentials (e.g. logo) securely, and present them in the trusted credentials area; this will help users to notice the absence of secure logo in spoofed sites. This follows the established principle of branding. Logos and credentials may be certified by trusted Certificate Authorities, or by pee...
Rapid polymerase chain reaction and melting analysis (2009)

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is conceptually divided into three reactions, each usually assumed to occur over time at a single temperature. Such an “equilibrium paradigm” of PCR is naïve, but widely accepted. It is easy to think of three reactions (denaturation, annealing, and extension) occurring at three temperatures over three time periods in each cycle (Figure 4–1, left). However, this equilibrium paradigm does not fit well with physical reality. Instantaneous temperature changes do not occur; it takes time to change the sample temperature. Furthermore, individual reaction rates vary with temperature, and after primer annealing occurs, polymerase extension immediately follows. More accurate is a kinetic paradigm for PCR in which reaction rates and the temperature are always changing (Figure 4–1, right). Holding the temperature constant during PCR is not necessary as long as the products denature and the primers anneal. Under the kinetic paradigm of PCR, product denaturation, primer annealing, and polymerase extension may temporally overlap and their rates continuously vary with temperature. Under the equilibrium paradigm, three temperatures each held for finite time periods define a cycle, whereas the kinetic paradigm requires transition rates and target temperatures.
A possible therapeutic target for Lou Gehrig's disease (2004)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Towards Quantitative In Situ Hybridization (1997)

In situ hybridization analysis of tissue mRNA concentrations remains to be accepted as a quantitative technique, even though exposure of tissue sections to photographic emulsion is equivalent to Northern blot analysis. Because of the biological importance of in situ quantification of RNA sequences within a morphological context, we evaluated the quantitative aspects of this technique. In calibrated microscopic samples, autoradiographic signal (density of silver grains) was proportionate to the radioactivity present, to the exposure time, and to time of development of the photographic emulsion. Similar results were obtained with tissue sections, showing that all steps of the in situ hybridization protocol, before and including the detection of the signal, can be reproducibly performed. Furthermore, the integrated density of silver grains produced in liver and intestinal sections by the in situ hybridization procedure using 35S-labeled riboprobes is directly proportionate to the signal obtained by quantitative Northern blot analysis. The significance of this finding is that in situ quantification of RNA can be realized with high sensitivity and with the additional advantage of the possibility of localizing mRNA within the cells of interest. Application of this procedure on fetal and adult intestinal tissue showed that the carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CPS)-expressing epithelial cells of both tissues accumulated CPS mRNA to the same level but that whole-organ CPS mRNA levels decreased four-to fivefold in the same period, owing to a comparable decrease in the number of CPS-expressing cells in total intestinal tissue.
Survey of image-based representations and compression techniques (2003)

We survey the techniques for image-based rendering (IBR) and for compressing image-based representations. Unlike traditional three-dimensional (3-D) computer graphics, in which 3-D geometry of the scene is known, IBR techniques render novel views directly from input images. IBR techniques can be classified into three categories according to how much geometric information is used: rendering without geometry, rendering with implicit geometry (i.e., correspondence), and rendering with explicit geometry (either with approximate or accurate geometry). We discuss the characteristics of these categories and their representative techniques. IBR techniques demonstrate a surprising diverse range in their extent of use of images and geometry in representing 3-D scenes. We explore the issues in trading off the use of images and geometry by revisiting plenoptic-sampling analysis and the notions of view dependency and geometric proxies. Finally, we highlight compression techniques specifically designed for image-based representations. Such compression techniques are important in making IBR techniques practical.
2D Gaze Estimation Based on Pupil-Glint Vector Using an Artificial Neural Network (2016)

Gaze estimation methods play an important role in a gaze tracking system. A novel 2D gaze estimation method based on the pupil-glint vector is proposed in this paper. First, the circular ring rays location (CRRL) method and Gaussian fitting are utilized for pupil and glint detection, respectively. Then the pupil-glint vector is calculated through subtraction of pupil and glint center fitting. Second, a mapping function is established according to the corresponding relationship between pupil-glint vectors and actual gaze calibration points. In order to solve the mapping function, an improved artificial neural network (DLSR-ANN) based on direct least squares regression is proposed. When the mapping function is determined, gaze estimation can be actualized through calculating gaze point coordinates. Finally, error compensation is implemented to further enhance accuracy of gaze estimation. The proposed method can achieve a corresponding accuracy of 1.29°, 0.89°, 0.52°, and 0.39° when a model with four, six, nine, or 16 calibration markers is utilized for calibration, respectively. Considering error compensation, gaze estimation accuracy can reach 0.36°. The experimental results show that gaze estimation accuracy of the proposed method in this paper is better than that of linear regression (direct least squares regression) and nonlinear regression (generic artificial neural network). The proposed method contributes to enhancing the total accuracy of a gaze tracking system.
Autocidal Biological Control: A General Strategy for Insect Control Based on Genetic Transformation with a Highly Conserved Gene (1995)

Notch60g11 is a sex-linked mutation in Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) that causes dominant, cold-sensitive lethality in heterozygous embryos. A population of normal D. melanogaster was driven to extinction by adding an equal number of homozygous Notch60g11 mutants to each of 3 successive generations at 18°C. Notch60g11 homozygotes raised at 26°C showed normal viability and mating success, even in competition with a wild-type insect population, presumably because of the developmental stage-specificity of the Notch60g11 mutation. The Notch60g11 mutants used in this test were intended to model the transgenic insects that may be produced in other species by genetic transformation with a genetically engineered mutant gene similar to Notch60g11. Therefore, our mutant strain carried not only 2 copies of the Notch60g11 mutant gene on one pair of chromosomes, but also 2 copies of the normal Notch gene on another pair of chromosomes. Because Notch60g11 is a frame shift mutation in a gene that is highly conserved in arthropods and vertebrates, this autocidal biological control strategy could be used in any insect species that reproduces sexually and lives in a temperate climate.
Lactotransferrin immunocytochemistry in Alzheimer and normal human brain. (1993)

Lactotransferrin (LF) expression was investigated immunocytochemically in postmortem brain tissues of normal controls and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The antibody to LF stained some neurons weakly in young adult brains, but it stained many neurons as well as the glia of all types in elderly brains. LF expression was greatly up-regulated in both neurons and glia in affected AD tissue. It was very strongly associated with such extracellular pathological entities as diffuse and consolidated amyloid deposits and extracellular neurofibrillary tangles. In addition, it was identified in a minority of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads, and degenerative neurites. LF is an iron scavenger and a complement inhibitor. Up-regulation may be a defense mechanism in AD-affected brain tissue.
Genes 1 and 2 of pneumonia virus of mice encode proteins which have little homology with the 1C and 1B proteins of human respiratory syncytial virus (1991)

Genes 1 and 2 of pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) consist of 410 and 571 nucleotides and encode proteins of 113 and 156 amino acids respectively. The proteins show no extensive (gene 1 analogous to 1C) or low (gene 2 analogous to 1B) homology to their presumed counterparts in human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). The strongest homology is between regions of approximately 35 amino acids located near the carboxy termini of the gene 2 product and the 1B protein with 29% identity, although a lower level of homology can be detected throughout much of these proteins (18% identity overall). These observations contrast with the conservation of 1C and 1B proteins between subgroups of HRSV and with the conservation of nucleocapsid proteins between HRSV and PVM.
The KUKA-DLR Lightweight Robot arm - a new reference platform for robotics research and manufacturing (2010)

Transforming research results into marketable products requires considerable endurance and a strong sense of entrepreneurship. The KUKA Lightweight Robot (LWR) is the latest outcome of a bilateral research collaboration between KUKA Roboter, Augsburg, and the Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics at the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wessling. The LWR has unique characteristics including a low mass-payload ratio and a programmable, active compliance which enables researchers and engineers to develop new industrial and service robotics applications with unprecedented performance, making it a unique reference platform for robotics research and future manufacturing. The stages of product genesis, the most innovative features and first application examples are presented.
A practical hybrid mechanism for peer discovery (2007)

Peer discovery is a basic service of P2P applications. It enables peers in a P2P application to locate one another so they can interact. The connectivity of a P2P system depends on the efficiency of the peer discovery mechanism adopted. There are three categories of peer discovery mechanisms. Most P2P applications implement one of them. They will work perfectly in a transparent net work, where peers can communicate freely. On the Internet, peers behind NAT gateways have very poor connectivity. They are often discriminated as 'second' or even cannot interact within their residing sub-network. In order to make use of all possible peer resources, this paper describes a hybrid discovery mechanism. Furthermore, by making full use of the local IP interface in addition, every potential connection within a sub-network is unearthed. The simulation results also prove the efficiency of the presented mechanism.
Tandem mass spectrometry: A primer (1996)

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) employs two stages of mass analysis in order to examine selectively the fragmentation of particular ions in a mixture of ions. The various types of instruments which can be used to perform this experiment are described, including those based on separation of the mass-analysis events in time and those based on measurements in physically separate analysers. The several MS/MS scan types—product scans, precursor scans and neutral loss scans—are presented and examples of their applications are provided. These include the characterization of individual compounds and the recognition of groups of compounds with specified functional groups. Applications are shown to the determination of compounds present in complex mixtures. The improvement in signal-to-noise ratio achieved by MS/MS when compounds are ionized by methods which produce high chemical noise is illustrated for choline derivatives. Fundamental aspects of collisional activation in the low and high collision energy range are reviewed.
Elevation Beamforming With Full Dimension MIMO Architectures in 5G Systems: A Tutorial (2019)

Full dimension (FD) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology has attracted substantial research attention from both wireless industry and academia in the last few years as a promising technique for next-generation wireless communication networks. FD-MIMO scenarios utilize a planar 2-D active antenna system (AAS) that not only allows a large number of antenna elements to be placed within feasible base station (BS) form factors, but also provides the ability of adaptive electronic beam control over both the elevation and the traditional azimuth dimensions. This paper presents a tutorial on elevation beamforming analysis for cellular networks utilizing FD massive MIMO antenna arrays. In contrast to existing works that focus on the standardization of FD-MIMO in the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP), this tutorial is distinguished by its depth with respect to the theoretical aspects of antenna array and 3-D channel modeling. In an attempt to bridge the gap between industry and academia, this preliminary tutorial introduces the relevant array and transceiver architecture designs proposed in the 3GPP Release 13 that enable elevation beamforming. Then it presents and compares two different 3-D channel modeling approaches that can be utilized for the performance analysis of elevation beamforming techniques. The spatial correlation in FD-MIMO arrays is characterized and compared based on both channel modeling approaches and some insights into the impact of different channel and array parameters on the correlation are drawn. All these aspects are put together to provide a mathematical framework for the design of elevation beamforming schemes in single-cell and multi-cell scenarios. Simulation examples associated with comparisons and discussions are also presented. To this end, this paper highlights the state-of-the-art research and points out future research directions.
Prospective Analysis of Parametric Response Map–Derived MRI Biomarkers: Identification of Early and Distinct Glioma Response Patterns Not Predicted by Standard Radiographic Assessment (2011)

Inclusion of PRM(ADC+) and PRM(rCBV-) into a single imaging biomarker metric provided early identification of patients resistant to standard chemoradiation. In comparison to the current standard of assessment of response at 10 weeks (Macdonald criteria), the composite PRM biomarker potentially provides a useful opportunity for clinicians to identify patients who may benefit from alternative treatment strategies.
How to generate and exchange secrets (1986)

In this paper we introduce a new tool for controlling the knowledge transfer process in cryptographic protocol design. It is applied to solve a general class of problems which include most of the two-party cryptographic problems in the literature. Specifically, we show how two parties A and B can interactively generate a random integer N = p·q such that its secret, i.e., the prime factors (p, q), is hidden from either party individually but is recoverable jointly if desired. This can be utilized to give a protocol for two parties with private values i and j to compute any polynomially computable functions f(i,j) and g(i,j) with minimal knowledge transfer and a strong fairness property. As a special case, A and B can exchange a pair of secrets sA, sB, e.g. the factorization of an integer and a Hamiltonian circuit in a graph, in such a way that sA becomes computable by B when and only when sB becomes computable by A. All these results are proved assuming only that the problem of factoring large intergers is computationally intractable.
Visions, Concepts and Strategies for Smart Nitinol Actuators and Complex Nitinol Structures Produced by Additive Manufacturing (2013)

This work covers different aspects of additive manufacturing of Nitinol parts. Firstly, requirements for the powder material and guidelines for the powder preparation are described in detail because the use of proper powder is essential for additive processing of high quality parts. Next, this work presents examples for Nitinol actuators, smart structures and devices which are produced by additive manufacturing. By demonstrating the functionality of these parts (e.g. shape recovery behavior after deformation), this work clearly points out a high potential for additive manufacturing of Nitinol. Moreover, additive manufacturing might even be able to open up new perspectives for Nitinol devices that have yet to be imagined.
Formation of Isoprostane-like Compounds (Neuroprostanes) in Vivo from Docosahexaenoic Acid (1998)

F2-isoprostanes are prostaglandin F2-like compounds that are formed nonenzymatically by free radical-induced oxidation of arachidonic acid. We explored whether oxidation of docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6omega3), which is highly enriched in the brain, led to the formation of F2-isoprostane-like compounds, which we term F4-neuroprostanes. Oxidation of docosahexaenoic acid in vitro yielded a series of compounds that were structurally established to be F4-neuroprostanes using a number of mass spectrometric approaches. The amounts formed exceeded levels of F2-isoprostanes generated from arachidonic acid by 3.4-fold. F4-neuroprostanes were detected esterified in normal whole rat brain and newborn pig cortex at a level of 7.0 +/- 1.4 ng/g and 13.1 +/- 8 ng/g, respectively. Furthermore, F4-neuroprostanes could be detected in normal human cerebrospinal fluid and levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease (110 +/- 12 pg/ml) were significantly higher than age-matched controls (64 +/- 8 pg/ml) (p < 0.05). F4-neuroprostanes may provide a unique marker of oxidative injury to the brain and could potentially exert biological activity. Furthermore, the formation of F4-neuroprostane-containing aminophospholipids might adversely effect neuronal function as a result of alterations they induce in the biophysical properties of neuronal membranes.
Base Pairing Properties of D- and L-Cyclohexene Nucleic Acids (CeNA) (2003)

Cyclohexene nucleic acids (CeNA) with a D-like configuration form very stable self-complementary duplexes and stable duplexes with RNA. An increased duplex stability with Delta T(m)/mod of +1.2 degrees C is observed. The duplex with DNA is less stable. Excellent mismatch discrimination has been observed as well for the duplex with DNA as for the duplex with RNA. The results obtained with mixed CeNA sequences warrant antisense studies with CeNA. The CeNAs of opposite chirality constitute a self-pairing system on their own, resembling L-RNA sequences.
A Universal Scheme for Patterning of Oxides via Thermal Nanoimprint Lithography (2012)

Abstract Direct patterning of oxides using thermal nanoimprint lithography is performed using either the sol‐gel or methacrylate route. The sol‐gel method results in resists with long shelf‐life, but with high surface energy and a considerable amount of solvent that affects the quality of imprinting. The methacrylate route, which is limited to certain oxides, produces polymerizable resists, leading to low surface energy, but suffers from the shorter shelf‐life of precursors. By combining the benignant elements from both these routes, a universal method of direct thermal nanoimprinting of oxides is demonstrated using precursors produced by reacting an alkoxide with a polymerizable chelating agent such as 2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl acetoacetate (MAEAA). MAEAA possesses β‐ketoester, which results in the formation of environmentally stable, chelated alkoxide with long shelf‐life, and methacrylate groups, which provide a reactive monomer pendant for in situ copolymerization with a cross‐linker during imprinting. Polymerization leads to trapping of cations, lowering of surface energy, strengthening of imprints, which enables easy and clean demolding over 1 cm × 2 cm patterned area with ≈100% yield. Heat‐treatment of imprints gives amorphous/crystalline oxide patterns. This alliance between two routes enables the successful imprinting of numerous oxides including Al 2 O 3 , Ga 2 O 3 , In 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , B 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , SnO 2 , ZrO 2 , GeO 2 , HfO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 , Ta 2 O 5 , V 2 O 5 , and WO 3 .