gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chimeric Human Papillomavirus Type 16 (HPV-16) L1 Particles Presenting the Common Neutralizing Epitope for the L2 Minor Capsid Protein of HPV-6 and HPV-16 (2003)

Both the Human papillomavirus (HPV) major (L1) and minor (L2) capsid proteins have been well investigated as potential vaccine candidates. The L1 protein first oligomerizes into pentamers, and these capsomers assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) that are highly immunogenic. Here we examine the potential of using HPV type 16 (HPV-16) L1 subunits to display a well-characterized HPV-16 L2 epitope (LVEETSFIDAGAP), which is a common-neutralizing epitope for HPV types 6 and 16, in various regions of the L1 structure. The L2 sequence was introduced by PCR (by replacing 13 codons) into sequences coding for L1 surface loops D-E (chideltaC-L2), E-F (chideltaA-L2), and an internal loop C-D (chideltaH-L2); into the h4 helix (chideltaF-L2); and between h4 and beta-J structural regions (chideltaE-L2). The chimeric protein product was characterized using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that bind to conformational and linear epitopes, as well as a polyclonal antiserum raised to the L2 epitope. All five chimeras reacted with the L2 serum. ChideltaA-L2, chideltaE-L2, and chideltaF-L2 reacted with all the L1 antibodies, chideltaC-L2 did not bind H16:V5 and H16:E70, and chideltaH-L2 did not bind any conformation-dependent MAb. The chimeric particles elicited high-titer anti-L1 immune responses in BALB/c mice. Of the five chimeras tested only chideltaH-L2 did not elicit an L2 response, while chideltaF-L2 elicited the highest L2 response. This study provides support for the use of PV particles as vectors to deliver various epitopes in a number of locations internal to the L1 protein and for the potential of using chimeric PV particles as multivalent vaccines. Moreover, it contributes to knowledge of the structure of HPV-16 L1 VLPs and their derivatives.
Transformation of a human poliovirus receptor gene into mouse cells. (1986)

The first step in poliovirus replication is binding of virus to a cellular receptor. Mouse L cells, which are resistant to poliovirus infection because they do not bear a poliovirus receptor, were transformed with HeLa cell (human) DNA to poliovirus sensitivity at a frequency of approximately 1 in 50,000 transformants. Monoclonal antibody directed against the HeLa cell poliovirus receptor site was used in rosette assays to identify poliovirus-sensitive L-cell transformants in a background of L-cell tk+ transformants. A cloned cell line, CM-1, was isolated that displayed a surface component recognized by the anti-poliovirus receptor antibody. CM-1 cells were susceptible to infection with all three poliovirus serotypes, and infection could be blocked by the antireceptor antibody. Poliovirus formed plaques in CM-1 and HeLa cells with equal efficiency. CM-1 and HeLa cells produced infectious poliovirus at a similar rate, although yield of virus in CM-1 cells was about 33% less than the yield in HeLa cells. These results suggest that DNA encoding the HeLa cell poliovirus receptor has been introduced into mouse cells, resulting in the expression of the receptor and susceptibility to poliovirus infection.
A DNA Polymorphism Discovery Resource for Research on Human Genetic Variation: Table 1. (1998)

perform association analysis on many affected and unaffected individuals, which would require hundreds of thousands of variants spread over the entire genome (Risch and Merikangas 1996). Such a large number of variants is currently not available. The DNA Polymorphism Discovery Resource is designed to promote their discovery. About 90% of sequence variants in humans are differences in single bases of DNA, called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPs in the coding regions of genes (cSNPs) or in regulatory regions are more likely to cause functional differences than SNPs elsewhere. Although most SNPs do not affect gene function, a large number of mapped SNPs will be valuable as markers throughout the genome for finding SNPs that do affect gene function, as linkage disequilibrium over tens to hundreds of kilobases is expected to be found in many regions of the human genome. Both SNPs and cSNPs can be identified by using the DNA Polymorphism Discovery Resource. When two random chromosomes are
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Selective Monofluorination of Benzoic Acids Using a Practical Auxiliary: A Weak‐Coordination Approach (2011)

Finally, a choice! A highly selective palladium(II)-catalyzed ortho-monofluorination reaction has been achieved for the first time through a weak coordination (see scheme; Ar=2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl). Simple modification of this protocol allows for a choice between mono- and difluorination. The mono- and difluorinated benzoic acid derivatives are valuable in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Language and education in Latin America : an overview (1994)

This paper provides an overview of bilingual education in several Latin American countries: Mexico, Guatemala, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil. Bilingual education is defined in this paper as instruction to minority groups through the use of their mother language and, progressively, and mainstream language, such as Spanish or Portuguese. Studies have shown that the combination of providing education to minority groups in their own language and using teachers from the same group is highly effective. A bilingual program also increases learning when the group's history and perspective are included in the school curriculum. Other investigations show that bilingual education can have contradictory effects in the education process, depending on the child's language and socioeconomic status. Immersion programs -- such as the highly successful French Canadian immersion program -- are positive for middle-class students whose maternal language is prestigious; conversely, the immersion model is negative for lower-class students who speak a language of lower prestige. Bilingual education appears to offer a solution to the problem of repetition, dropout and low educational attainment among indigenous children.
Accurate and efficient cleavage of the human insulin proreceptor by the human proprotein-processing protease furin. Characterization and kinetic parameters using the purified, secreted soluble protease expressed by a recombinant baculovirus. (1994)

Maturation of the insulin proreceptor in a late Golgi compartment requires cleavage at an Arg-Lys-Arg-Arg processing site, suggesting involvement of furin, a transmembrane serine protease of the Kex2 family of processing enzymes. A genetically engineered secreted, soluble form of human furin (ss-furin), expressed by infection of insect cells with a recombinant baculovirus, was purified to near homogeneity. ss-Furin exhibited rapid and efficient cleavage of both isoforms of the human insulin proreceptor in solubilized extracts of cultured mammalian cells expressing preproreceptor cDNA. Proreceptor cleavage occurred at the physiological processing site as judged by the effects of mutations in this site on cleavage by purified ss-furin. Moreover, purified ss-furin exhibited specificity for proreceptor cleavage identical to that of the endogenous insulin proreceptor-processing enzyme. Furin thus displays the properties expected of an insulin proreceptor-processing enzyme in that it (i) cleaves the proreceptor efficiently and at the correct site; (ii) exhibits the same specificity in processing variant proreceptors as the endogenous enzyme; (iii) appears to be localized in the correct secretory compartment; and (iv) has the same broad pattern of tissue distribution as the insulin proreceptor.
Real-time light-driven dynamics of the fluorescence emission in single green fluorescent protein molecules (2000)

Real-time single-molecule fluorescence detection using confocal and near-field scanning optical microscopy has been applied to elucidate the nature of the "on-off" blinking observed in the Ser-65 --> Thr (S65T) mutant of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Fluorescence time traces as a function of the excitation intensity, with a time resolution of 100 micros and observation times up to 65 s, reveal the existence of a nonemissive state responsible for the long dark intervals in the GFP. We find that excitation intensity has a dramatic effect on the blinking. Whereas the time during which the fluorescence is on becomes shorter as the intensity is increased, the off-times are independent of excitation intensity. Statistical analysis of the on- and off-times renders a characteristic off-time of 1.6 +/- 0.2 s and allows us to calculate a transition yield of approximately 0.5 x 10(-5) from the emissive to the nonemissive state. The saturation excitation intensity at which on- and off-times are equal is approximately 1.5 kW/cm(2). On the basis of the single-molecule data we calculate an absorption cross section of 6.5 x 10(-17) cm(2) for the S65T mutant. These results have important implications for the use of the GFP to follow dynamic processes in time at the single-molecular level.
Melanoma and sun exposure: An overview of published studies (1997)

To assess the association between the incidence of cutaneous melanoma; intermittent, occupational and total sun exposure; and history of sunburn at different ages, we conducted a systematic review using results of all published case-control studies which have assessed incident melanoma, sun exposure and sunburn. Twenty-nine studies contributed data on sun exposure and 21 on sunburn. Overall, there was a significant positive association (odds ratio [OR] = 1.71) for intermittent exposure, a significantly reduced risk for heavy occupational exposure (OR = 0.86) and a small, marginally significant excess risk for total exposure (OR = 1.18). There was a significantly increased risk with sunburn at all ages or in adult life (OR = 1.91) and similarly elevated relative risks for sunburn in adolescence (OR = 1.73) and in childhood (OR = 1.95). There was significant heterogeneity with all of these estimates except that of all ages or adult sunburn. These results show the specificity of the positive association between melanoma risk and intermittent sun exposure, in contrast to a reduced risk with high levels of occupational exposure. The association with sunburn also is likely to reflect intermittent exposure; the results do not suggest any strong relationship to age at sunburn. These associations are similar to those reported for basal cell skin cancer but different from those reported for squamous cell cancer. The mechanisms by which intermittent exposure increases risk, while other patterns of exposure do not, remain to be elucidated.
Photoelectric Detection of Electromagnetic Radiation (1987)

A photoelectric transducer is a device which converts an incoming light signal into a measurable electrical response. There are a number of photoelectric devices which are used in astronomy, including photoemissive cells, photomultipliers and image intensifiers. Photoelectric detectors provide the most accurate means of measuring the intensity of stellar radiation and also the most accurate means of analysing stellar spectra.
Three‐dimensional motion corrected sensitivity encoding reconstruction for multi‐shot multi‐slice MRI: Application to neonatal brain imaging (2017)

The proposed method addresses the problem of rigid motion in multi-shot multi-slice anatomical brain scans. Tests on a large collection of potentially corrupted datasets have shown a remarkable image quality improvement. Magn Reson Med 79:1365-1376, 2018. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Cloning by gene amplification of two loci conferring multiple drug resistance in Saccharomyces. (1990)

Yeast DNA fragments that confer multiple drug resistance when amplified were isolated. Cells containing a yeast genomic library cloned in the high copy autonomously replicating vector, YEp24, were plated on medium containing cycloheximide. Five out of 100 cycloheximide-resistant colonies were cross-resistant to the unrelated inhibitor, sulfometuron methyl, due to a plasmid-borne resistance determinant. The plasmids isolated from these resistant clones contained two nonoverlapping regions in the yeast genome now designated PDR4 and PDR5 (for pleiotropic drug resistant). PDR4 was mapped to chromosome XIII, 31.5 cM from LYS7 and 9 cM from the centromere. PDR4 was mapped to chromosome XV between ADE2 and H1S3. Genetic analysis demonstrated that at least three tightly linked genes (PDR5, PDR2 and SMR3) that mediate resistance to inhibitors are located in this region. Insertion mutations in the either PDR4 or PDR5 genes are not lethal, but the insertion in PDR5 results in a drug-hypersensitive phenotype.
Adaptive aperture control for image acquisition (2003)

Image processing strongly relies on the quality of the input images, as images of good quality can significantly decrease the development effort for image processing and analysis algorithms. A flexible acquisition system for image enhancement, which is able to operate in real time under changing brightness conditions, is suggested The system is based on controlling the aperture of the lens, which makes it useable in combination with all types of image sensors. The control scheme is based on an adaptive image quality estimator and can be used for full images and regions of interest within images. We demonstrate the real-time performance of our approach for different static and dynamic in- and outdoor test scenarios with and without region of interest.
Photochromic Polysulfones. 1. Synthesis of Polymeric Polysulfone Carrying Pendant Spiropyran and Spirooxazine Groups (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotochromic Polysulfones. 1. Synthesis of Polymeric Polysulfone Carrying Pendant Spiropyran and Spirooxazine GroupsAbraham Warshawsky, Nava Kahana, Frida Buchholtz, Alex Zelichonok, Judith Ratner, and Valeri KrongauzCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1995, 34, 8, 2825–2832Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00047a036https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00047a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views351Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
On human mobility predictability via WLAN logs (2017)

In this research, we conduct a comprehensive measurement study on the predictability of human mobility with respect to demographic differences. We leverage an extensive WLAN dataset collected on a large university campus. Specifically, our dataset includes over 41 million WLAN entries gathered from over 5,000 students (with demographic information) during a four-month period in 2015. We observed surprising patterns on large increases of long-term mobility entropy by age, and the impact of academic majors on students long-term mobility entropy. The distribution of long-term entropy follows a bimodal distribution, which is different from previous studies. We also find that the predictability of students' short-term (daily or weekly) mobility varies on different days of the week and with student gender. Because of the large campus size, our results can mimic people's mobility patterns in metropolitan areas. We also anticipate that our results will provide insight that guides academic administrators' decisions regarding facilities planning, emergency management, etc. on campus.
A 2.7 V GSM transceiver ICs with on-chip filtering (2002)

A pair of low-power (2.7-6.6 V) ICs implements small GSM transceivers with a minimum of external components. Key aspects are the integration of the RF amplifiers, image rejection mixing, baseband channel selectivity filters and peripheral functions on-chip. 1.5 nF/mm/sup 2/ capacitors and both bipolar and CMOS devices are used in the 13 GHz f/sub T/ process to mix analog and digital functions. A single superhet architecture is used for both transmitter and receiver, one IC containing the RF and the other the IF circuitry. Both circuits and the common synthesizer and VCOs are time-multiplexed between transmit and receive. (GSM is a TDMA system.) An IF such as 400 MHz is envisaged for both transmit and receive to ease the filtering of spurious mixing products and allow applications in the 2 GHz band.
Metagenes and molecular pattern discovery using matrix factorization (2004)

We describe here the use of nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF), an algorithm based on decomposition by parts that can reduce the dimension of expression data from thousands of genes to a handful of metagenes. Coupled with a model selection mechanism, adapted to work for any stochastic clustering algorithm, NMF is an efficient method for identification of distinct molecular patterns and provides a powerful method for class discovery. We demonstrate the ability of NMF to recover meaningful biological information from cancer-related microarray data. NMF appears to have advantages over other methods such as hierarchical clustering or self-organizing maps. We found it less sensitive to a priori selection of genes or initial conditions and able to detect alternative or context-dependent patterns of gene expression in complex biological systems. This ability, similar to semantic polysemy in text, provides a general method for robust molecular pattern discovery.
Dasatinib Changes Immune Cell Profiles Concomitant with Reduced Tumor Growth in Several Murine Solid Tumor Models (2017)

Dasatinib, a broad-range tyrosine kinase inhibitor, induces rapid mobilization of lymphocytes and clonal expansion of cytotoxic cells in leukemia patients. Here, we investigated whether dasatinib could induce beneficial immunomodulatory effects in solid tumor models. The effects on tumor growth and on the immune system were studied in four different syngeneic mouse models (B16.OVA melanoma, 1956 sarcoma, MC38 colon, and 4T1 breast carcinoma). Both peripheral blood (PB) and tumor samples were immunophenotyped during treatment. Although in vitro dasatinib displayed no direct cytotoxicity to B16 melanoma cells, a significant decrease in tumor growth was observed in dasatinib-treated mice compared with vehicle-treated group. Further, dasatinib-treated melanoma-bearing mice had an increased proportion of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in PB, together with a higher amount of tumor-infiltrating CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. Dasatinib-mediated antitumor efficacy was abolished when CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells were depleted with antibodies. Results were confirmed in sarcoma, colon, and breast cancer models, and in all cases mice treated daily with dasatinib had a significant decrease in tumor growth. Detailed immunophenotyping of tumor tissues with CyTOF indicated that dasatinib had reduced the number of intratumoral regulatory T cells in all tumor types. To conclude, dasatinib is able to slow down the tumor growth of various solid tumor models, which is associated with the favorable blood/tumor T-cell immunomodulation. The assessment of synergistic combinatorial therapies with other immunomodulatory drugs or targeted small-molecule oncokinase inhibitors is warranted in future clinical trials. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(2); 157-69. ©2017 AACR.
Generalized Compact Knapsacks, Cyclic Lattices, and Efficient One-Way Functions (2007)

We investigate the average-case complexity of a generalization of the compact knapsack problem to arbitrary rings: given m (random) ring elements a 1,..., a m ∈ R and a (random) target value b ∈ R, find coefficients x 1, ..., x m ∈ S (where S is an appropriately chosen subset of R) such that ∑ a i · x i = b. We consider compact versions of the generalized knapsack where the set S is large and the number of weights m is small. Most variants of this problem considered in the past (e.g., when $$R={\mathbb{Z}}$$ is the ring of the integers) can be easily solved in polynomial time even in the worst case. We propose a new choice of the ring R and subset S that yields generalized compact knapsacks that are seemingly very hard to solve on the average, even for very small values of m. Namely, we prove that for any unbounded function m = ω(1) with arbitrarily slow growth rate, solving our generalized compact knapsack problems on the average is at least as hard as the worst-case instance of various approximation problems over cyclic lattices. Specific worst-case lattice problems considered in this paper are the shortest independent vector problem SIVP and the guaranteed distance decoding problem GDD (a variant of the closest vector problem, CVP) for approximation factors n 1+∈ almost linear in the dimension of the lattice. Our results yield very efficient and provably secure one-way functions (based on worst-case complexity assumptions) with key size and time complexity almost linear in the security parameter n. Previous constructions with similar security guarantees required quadratic key size and computation time. Our results can also be formulated as a connection between the worst-case and average-case complexity of various lattice problems over cyclic and quasi-cyclic lattices.