gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effective vaccination of mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection with a soluble mixture of secreted mycobacterial proteins (1994)

An experimental vaccine that was based on secreted proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was investigated in a mouse model of tuberculosis. I used a short-term culture filtrate (ST-CF) containing proteins secreted from actively replicating bacteria grown under defined culture conditions. The immunogenicity of the ST-CF was investigated in combination with different adjuvants, and peak proliferative responses were observed when ST-CF was administered with the surface-active agent dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride. The immunity induced by this vaccine was dose dependent, and, in the optimal concentration, the vaccine induced a potent T-helper 1 response which efficiently protected the animals against a subsequent challenge with virulent M. tuberculosis. Antigenic targets for the T cells generated were mapped by employing narrow-molecular-weight fractions of ST-CF. The experimental vaccine primed a broadly defined T-cell repertoire directed to multiple secreted antigens present in ST-CF. A vaccination with viable Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), in contrast, induced a restricted T-cell reactivity directed to two secreted protein fractions with molecular masses of 5 to 12 and 25 to 35 kDa. The protective efficacy of the ST-CF vaccine was compared with that of a BCG standard vaccine, and both induced a highly significant protection of equal magnitude. The vaccination with ST-CF gave rise to a population of long-lived CD4 cells which could be isolated 22 weeks after the vaccination and could adoptively transfer acquired resistance to T-cell-deficient recipients. My results confirm the hypothesis that M. tuberculosis cells release protective antigens during growth. The high efficacy of a subunit vaccine observed in the present study is discussed as a possible alternative to a live recombinant vaccine carrier.
Age and Sex Distribution of Subclinical Aortic Atherosclerosis (2002)

Autopsy data demonstrate a correlation between subclinical aortic atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, noninvasive cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) of subclinical atherosclerosis may provide a novel measure of cardiovascular risk, but it has not been applied to an asymptomatic population-based cohort to establish age- and sex-specific normative data. Participants in the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort who were free of clinically apparent coronary disease were randomly sampled from strata of sex, quartiles of age, and quintiles of Framingham Coronary Risk Score. Subjects (n=318, aged 60+/-9 years, range 36 to 78 years, 51% women) underwent ECG-gated T2-weighted black-blood thoracoabdominal aortic CMR scanning. CMR evidence of aortic atherosclerosis was noted in 38% of the women and 41% of the men. Plaque prevalence and all measures of plaque burden increased with age group and were greater in the abdomen than in the thorax for both sexes and across all age groups. In addition, the Framingham Coronary Risk Score was significantly correlated with all plaque prevalence and burden measures for women but only for men after age adjustment. These noninvasive CMR data extend the prior autopsy-based prevalence estimates of subclinical atherosclerosis and may help to lay the foundation for future studies of risk stratification and treatment of affected individuals.
Inhibition of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activity and Proliferation of an Early Osteoblast Cell Line (MBA 15.4) by Dexamethasone: Role of Protein Phosphatases* (1998)

Chronic glucocorticoid therapy causes rapid bone loss and clinical osteoporosis. We found that although the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, stimulated osteoblast maturation, it also inhibited proliferation of a preosteoblastic cell line, MBA-15.4. The dexamethasone-induced decline in preosteoblast proliferation correlated with a 30-40% reduction in protein kinase C/TPA-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. These steroid effects only became evident after 6-24 h treatment, implying that dexamethasone acts on de novo synthesis of proteins. Because MAPK is inactivated by dephosphorylation of tyrosine and threonine residues, cells were treated concomitantly for 24 h with dexamethasone and inhibitors of tyrosine (sodium orthovanadate) and/or serine/threonine phosphatases (sodium fluoride). MAPK activity and cell proliferation were restored when MBA-15.4 cells were treated with vanadate, suggesting that dexamethasone up-regulates tyrosine phosphatase activity. Inactivation of serine/threonine phosphatases with sodium fluoride had no effect. Inhibition of the PKA pathway (which is growth inhibitory in mature osteoblasts) with H-89 did not reverse the effects of dexamethasone. Pretreatment with dexamethasone inhibited both peak- and extended activation plateau-phases of MAPK activity. Both phases were fully restored by pretreatment with vanadate, implicating more than one tyrosine phosphatase. Cycloheximide, alone or in combination with dexamethasone, prevented drop-off from plateau to basal levels, suggesting that an inducible dual-specificity phosphatase regulates the plateau-phase. We conclude that dexamethasone may inhibit preosteoblast growth via a novel tyrosine phosphatase pathway.
Multitarget Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Assay Detects Transitional Cell Carcinoma in the Majority of Patients with Bladder Cancer and Atypical or Negative Urine Cytology (2003)

The UroVysion FISH assay provides high sensitivity and specificity to detect transitional cell carcinoma in cytologically equivocal and negative urine samples. These results emphasize the important role of this assay in the management of bladder cancer.
Siva-1 binds to and inhibits BCL-XL-mediated protection against UV radiation-induced apoptosis (2002)

We previously cloned Siva-1 by using the cytoplasmic tail of CD27, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, as the bait in the yeast two-hybrid system. The Siva gene is organized into four exons that code for the predominant full-length Siva-1 transcript, whereas its alternate splice form, Siva-2, lacks exon 2 coding sequence. Various groups have demonstrated a role for Siva-1 in several apoptotic pathways. Interestingly, the proapoptotic properties of Siva-1 are lacking in Siva-2. The fact that Siva-1 is partly localized to mitochondria despite the absence of any mitochondrial targeting signal, it harbors a 20-aa-long putative amphipathic helical structure that is absent in Siva-2, and that its expression is restricted to double-positive (CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+)) thymocytes like BCL-X(L), prompted us to test for a potential interaction between Siva-1 and BCL-X(L). Here, we show that Siva-1 binds to and inhibits BCL-X(L)-mediated protection against UV radiation-induced apoptosis. Indeed, the unique amphipathic helical region (SAH) present in Siva-1 is required for its binding to BCL-X(L) and sensitizing cells to UV radiation. Natural complexes of Siva-1/BCL-X(L) are detected in HUT78 and murine thymocyte, suggesting a potential role for Siva-1 in regulating T cell homeostasis.
Production and Purification of a Recombinant Elastomeric Polypeptide, G‐(VPGVG)19‐VPGV, from Escherichia coli (1992)

An elastomeric polypeptide was produced, with the sequence G-(VPGVG)19-VPGV, as a fusion to glutathione S-transferase using the vector pGEX-3X. The fusion protein was expressed to high levels in Escherichia coli as indicated by SDS-PAGE analysis of induced cells. The fusion protein was affinity purified and cleaved with protease factor Xa, and the elastomeric polypeptide was recovered to a high degree of purity as indicated by SDS-PAGE followed by staining with CuCl2. The physical characterizations of carbon-13 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance and of the temperature profile for turbidity formation for the inverse temperature transition of hydrophobic folding and assembly attest to the successful microbial synthesis of the polypentapeptide of elastin. The results of these studies provide the initial progress toward achieving a more economical and practical means of producing material for elastic protein-based polymer research and applications.
Inferring a Serialization Order for Distributed Transactions (2006)

Data partitioning is often used to scale-up a database system. In a centralized database system, the serialization order of commited update transactions can be inferred from the database log. To achieve this in a shared-nothing distributed database, the serialization order of update transactions must be inferred from multiple database logs. We describe a technique to generate a single stream of updates from logs of multiple database systems. This single stream represents a valid serialization order of update transactions at the sites over which the database is partitioned.
Newer Lumbar Interbody Fusion Techniques (2013)

The purpose of this review is to update the reader on more recent, less invasive lumbar interbody fusion procedures. The article contains a brief history on the development of lumbar interbody fusion methods, as well as the indications and descriptions of the various open and minimally invasive procedures, their complications, and outcomes. In contrast to the more traditional open methods of performing anterior and posterior interbody fusions, surgeons doing the less invasive techniques of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, extreme lateral and direct lateral interbody fusion, and the presacral axial approach are reporting less morbidity, shorter hospital stays, high rates of fusion, and improved patient outcomes. Although each technique has a different anatomical plane of approach, the goal is to achieve a solid interbody fusion of the pain generating segment(s) without complications.
A review of recent advances in wind turbine condition monitoring and fault diagnosis (2009)

The state-of-the-art advancement in wind turbine condition monitoring and fault diagnosis for the recent several years is reviewed. Since the existing surveys on wind turbine condition monitoring cover the literatures up to 2006, this review aims to report the most recent advances in the past three years, with primary focus on gearbox and bearing, rotor and blades, generator and power electronics, as well as system-wise turbine diagnosis. There are several major trends observed through the survey. Due to the variable-speed nature of wind turbine operation and the unsteady load involved, time-frequency analysis tools such as wavelets have been accepted as a key signal processing tool for such application. Acoustic emission has lately gained much more attention in order to detect incipient failures because of the low-speed operation for wind turbines. There has been an increasing trend of developing model based reasoning algorithms for fault detection and isolation as cost-effective approach for wind turbines as relatively complicated system. The impact of unsteady aerodynamic load on the robustness of diagnostic signatures has been notified. Decoupling the wind load from condition monitoring decision making will reduce the associated down-time cost.
Use of modulated excitation signals in medical ultrasound. Part I: basic concepts and expected benefits (2005)

This paper, the first from a series of three papers on the application of coded excitation signals in medical ultrasound, discusses the basic principles and ultrasound-related problems of pulse compression. The concepts of signal modulation and matched filtering are given, and a simple model of attenuation relates the matched filter response with the ambiguity function, known from radar. Based on this analysis and the properties of the ambiguity function, the selection of coded waveforms suitable for ultrasound imaging is discussed. It is shown that linear frequency modulation (FM) signals have the best and most robust features for ultrasound imaging. Other coded signals such as nonlinear FM and binary complementary Golay codes also have been considered and characterized in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and sensitivity to frequency shifts. Using the simulation program Field II, it is found that in the case of linear FM signals, a SNR improvement of 12 to 18 dB can be expected for large imaging depths in attenuating media, without any depth-dependent filter compensation. In contrast, nonlinear FM modulation and binary codes are shown to give a SNR improvement of only 4 to 9 dB when processed with a matched filter. Other issues, such as depth-dependent matched filtering and use of filters other than the matched filter (inverse and Wiener filters) also are addressed.
Reduction of dark current and unintentional background doping in InGaAsN photodetectors by ex situ annealing (2010)

InGaAsN is a promising material system to enable low-cost GaAs-based detectors to operate in the telecommunication spectrum, despite the problems posed by the low growth temperature required for nitrogen incorporation. We demonstrate that InGaAsN p<sup>+</sup>-i-n<sup>+</sup> structures with nominal In and N fraction of 10% and 3.8%, grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) under non-optimal growth conditions, can be optimized by post growth thermal annealing to match the performance of optimally grown structures. We report the findings of an annealing study by comparing the photoluminescence spectra, dark current and background concentration of the as-grown and annealed samples. The dark current of the optimally annealed sample is approximately 2 &mu;A/cm<sup>2</sup> at an electric field of 100 kV/cm, and is the lowest reported to date for InGaAsN photodetectors with a cut-off wavelength of 1.3 &mu;m. Evidence of lower unintentional background concentration after annealing at a sufficiently high temperature, is also presented.
Use of a rapid, efficient inoculation method to induce papillomas by cottontail rabbit papillomavirus DNA shows that the E7 gene is required. (1991)

A simple inoculation method to induce papillomas efficiently with cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) DNA is described. Using a jet injector, recombinant CRPV DNA is easily delivered to 100 or more sites per rabbit and induces typical epithelial papillomas in approximately 50% of those sites. Papillomas begin to form by 3 weeks and continue to develop for up to 7 weeks, a pattern similar to that reported following infection with intact virus. This system readily lends itself to investigation of viral gene function by delivering mutant viral genomes into an immunologically intact host. Two mutations in the E7 open reading frame were introduced into the complete CRPV genome and analyzed by this method. One was a frameshift mutation encoding just nine amino-terminal amino acids of the E7 protein; the other was an in-frame insertion mutation at position 9. Both E7 mutations were in a region of homology to the 300-kDa protein binding domain of adenovirus E1A protein. Neither mutant construct was able to induce papillomas, thereby demonstrating that the E7 gene participates in this biologic function. Exploitation of this approach, which demonstrates that a papillomavirus E7 gene is involved in the induction of papillomas in vivo, should permit detailed studies into molecular mechanisms involved in papilloma induction, malignant conversion, and host immune response. The high efficiency of papilloma induction with recombinant CRPV DNA suggests that the jet injector can also be used to study the biologic effects of other genetic elements in rabbits or in other species.
Synthesis of 3-methylisoguanine [6-amino-3-methylpurin-2(3H)-one] (1971)

The first synthesis of 3-methylisoguanine is reported. Methylation of 4,6-diamino-2-hydroxypyrimidine (I) at pH 11·6 gave the 1-methyl derivative (II), which on nitrosation and reduction yielded 4,5,6-triamino-1-methylpyrimidin-2(1H)-one (IV). Cyclisation either via the 5-formamido-derivative (VII) or directly by use of diethoxymethyl acetate [or, preferably, formic acid–formamide (77% yield)] gave 3-methylisoguanine (V) exclusively. Its structure was established by deamination to 3-methylxanthine, no 1-methylxanthine being obtained.
Quasi-ballistic carbon nanotube array transistors with current density exceeding Si and GaAs (2016)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are tantalizing candidates for semiconductor electronics because of their exceptional charge transport properties and one-dimensional electrostatics. Ballistic transport approaching the quantum conductance limit of 2G 0 = 4e (2)/h has been achieved in field-effect transistors (FETs) containing one CNT. However, constraints in CNT sorting, processing, alignment, and contacts give rise to nonidealities when CNTs are implemented in densely packed parallel arrays such as those needed for technology, resulting in a conductance per CNT far from 2G 0. The consequence has been that, whereas CNTs are ultimately expected to yield FETs that are more conductive than conventional semiconductors, CNTs, instead, have underperformed channel materials, such as Si, by sixfold or more. We report quasi-ballistic CNT array FETs at a density of 47 CNTs μm(-1), fabricated through a combination of CNT purification, solution-based assembly, and CNT treatment. The conductance is as high as 0.46 G 0 per CNT. In parallel, the conductance of the arrays reaches 1.7 mS μm(-1), which is seven times higher than the previous state-of-the-art CNT array FETs made by other methods. The saturated on-state current density is as high as 900 μA μm(-1) and is similar to or exceeds that of Si FETs when compared at and equivalent gate oxide thickness and at the same off-state current density. The on-state current density exceeds that of GaAs FETs as well. This breakthrough in CNT array performance is a critical advance toward the exploitation of CNTs in logic, high-speed communications, and other semiconductor electronics technologies.
Characterization of a Previously Unidentified Viral Protein in Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Infected Cells and Its Role in Virus-Induced Apoptosis (2005)

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs. In this study, transcription and translation of a novel viral gene (termed ORF3 here) was detected during productive infection of PCV2 in PK15 cells. The results of infection with ORF3-deficient PCV2 by site-directed mutagenesis indicated that the protein is not essential for viral replication. To investigate the underlying mechanism of cell death caused by replication of PCV2, apoptosis characterized by chromosomal condensation and fragmentation, formation of apoptotic bodies, and significant increase in hypodiploids were detected in infected cells. We further demonstrated that PCV2-induced apoptosis required the activation of caspase-8 but not caspase-9. The activation of caspase-8 results in the activation of caspase-3 as shown by an increase in the cleavage of the caspase substrate in the infected cells. To determine whether ORF3 protein could trigger apoptosis, ORF3 as well as ORF1 and ORF2 genes were transiently expressed in PK15 and Cos-7 cells for apoptotic activity assay. Transfection of cells with the ORF3 alone induced apoptosis using a pathway similar to that described in the context of viral infection. This is further confirmed by a significant decrease in apoptotic activity of infected cells in the absence of the ORF3 expression, suggesting that the protein plays a major role in the induction of virus-induced apoptosis. Altogether, these results indicate that ORF3 is a novel PCV2 protein that is not essential for viral replication in cultured cells but is involved in PCV2-induced apoptosis by activating caspase-8 and caspase-3 pathways.
Complete nucleotide sequence of a mouse VL30 retro-element. (1988)

The complete nucleotide sequence of a mouse retro-element is presented. The cloned element is composed of 4,834 base pairs (bp) with long terminal repeats of 568 bp separated by an internal region of 3,698 bp. The element did not appear to have any open reading frames that would be capable of encoding the functional proteins that are normally produced by retro-elements. However, some regions of the genome showed some homology to retroviral gag and pol open reading frames. There was no region in VL30 corresponding to a retroviral env gene. This implies that VL30 is related to retrotransposons rather than to retroviruses. The sequence also contained regions that were homologous to known reverse transcriptase priming sites and viral packaging sites. These observations, combined with the known transcriptional capacity of the VL30 promoter, suggest that VL30 relies on protein functions of other retro-elements, such as murine leukemia virus, while maintaining highly conserved cis-active promoter, packaging, and priming sites necessary for its replication and cell-to-cell transmission.
Psychometric Properties of Impulsivity Measures: Temporal Stability, Validity and Factor Structure (1995)

Abstract Temporal stability, discriminant validity, and factor structure of an array of performance measures of impulsivity was assessed within samples of normal (N= 48) and behaviorally disordered children (N= 88) ages 6–16 (126 M, 10 F; mean age = 10.57 years; SD= 2.13). Using a relatively conservative standard for adequate temporal stability, 31% of the variables derived from these measures met criterion. Of these, 83% were able to discriminate groups after partialling out the effects of intellectual aptitude and age. Factor analysis yielded a two-factor solution interpreted as representing cognitive (inhibitory control) and motivational (insensitivity to punishment/nonreward) components of impulsivity.
Glycemic Effects and Safety of L-Glutamine Supplementation with or without Sitagliptin in Type 2 Diabetes Patients—A Randomized Study (2014)

ClincalTrials.gov NCT00673894.
Antibody-Maytansinoid Conjugates Designed to Bypass Multidrug Resistance (2010)

Conjugation of cytotoxic compounds to antibodies that bind to cancer-specific antigens makes these drugs selective in killing cancer cells. However, many of the compounds used in such antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) are substrates for the multidrug transporter MDR1. To evade the MDR1-mediated resistance, we conjugated the highly cytotoxic maytansinoid DM1 to antibodies via the maleimidyl-based hydrophilic linker PEG(4)Mal. Following uptake into target cells, conjugates made with the PEG(4)Mal linker were processed to a cytotoxic metabolite that was retained by MDR1-expressing cells better than a metabolite of similar conjugates prepared with the nonpolar linker N-succinimidyl-4-(maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC). In accord, PEG(4)Mal-linked conjugates were more potent in killing MDR1-expressing cells in culture. In addition, PEG(4)Mal-linked conjugates were markedly more effective in eradicating MDR1-expressing human xenograft tumors than SMCC-linked conjugates while being tolerated similarly, thus showing an improved therapeutic index. This study points the way to the development of ADCs that bypass multidrug resistance.
The Use of Texas Scottish-Rite Instrumentation in Idiopathic Scoliosis (1993)

The Texas Scottish-Rite instrumentation (TSRH) is a new system for the correction of spinal deformities that uses smooth rods and hooks stabilized to the rod with a three-point interference fit. This obviates the need for the break-off hex bolts and should make for easier removal and/or revision. Twenty-three patients with TSRH instrumentation were followed for an average of 18 months after surgery. The major scoliotic curve was corrected an average of 49% with the compensatory curve averaging 37% correction. Loss of thoracic kyphosis was less than 9 degrees although it increased on average 8 degrees in those patients where kyphosis was improved. There were no acute complications, but late complications included four cases of hook pull-out. Results are comparable to those found with the CD instrumentation. The TSRH instrumentation is an attractive alternative in scoliosis surgery, particularly because of the relative ease in which revision surgery may be performed.