gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cell-penetrating Peptides as Nucleic Acid Delivery Systems: From Biophysics to Biological Applications (2013)

The increasing knowledge on the genetic basis of disease has allowed the development of promising gene-targeted therapies that can be applied to numerous diseases. Such genetic-based approaches involve the use of nucleic acids as therapeutic agents, either for the insertion or repair and regulation of specific genes. However, the clinical application of these large and charged molecules remains highly dependent on the development of delivery systems capable of mediating efficient cellular uptake. Since the first observations, two decades ago, that some protein-derived domains can translocate across biological membranes, a wide group of peptides called cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been considered one of the most promising tools to improve non-invasive cellular delivery of therapeutic molecules. The mechanistic basis of CPP and CPP conjugate cellular uptake remains controversial. However, biophysical studies on the interactions of CPPs with membrane models have contributed to unravel the mechanisms underlying CPP membrane translocation as well as to propose relationships between those mechanisms and CPP efficiency in mediating cargo delivery. In this review, representative examples of CPPs were gathered from the most recent literature in order to emphasize the contributions of chemists, biophysicists and cell biologists towards the rational design of increasingly more efficient delivery systems. In this context, the present review aims at giving an overview of some of the most significant CPP families and their biological applications as nucleic acid delivery systems.
Yield Model for Productivity Optimization of VLSI Memory Chips with Redundancy and Partially Good Product (1980)

A model with mixed Poisson statistics has been developed for calculating the yield for memory chips with redundant lines and for partially good product. The mixing process requires two parameters which are readily obtained from product data. The product is described in the model by critical areas which depend on the circuit's sensitivity to defects, and they can be determined in a systematic way. The process is represented in the model by defect densities and gross yield losses. These are measured with defect monitors independently of product type. This paper shows how the yield for any product can be calculated given the critical areas, defect density, and mixing parameter. Future yields are forecast by using expected improvements in defect densities. Examples show good agreement between actual and calculated yields.
Near IR and UV Enhanced Photoresponse of C60-Doped Semiconducting Polymer Photodiode (1999)

The efficient photoinduced charge transfer between conducting polymers and C60 makes this donor–acceptor system an attractive target for use in optoelectronic devices. These authors have fabricated a semiconducting polymer photodiode synthesized from a new C60-doped semiconducting disilanylene–thienylene polymer. The device shows high spectral sensitivity that extended far below the absorption edge into the near infrared region. The absorption spectra are analyzed and discussed in terms of the polymer structure, and in terms of electron–hole mobilities.
A miniature microsurgical instrument tip force sensor for enhanced force feedback during robot-assisted manipulation (2003)

This paper reports the development of a new miniature force sensor designed to measure contact forces at the tip of a microsurgical instrument in three dimensions, and its application to scaled force feedback using a cooperatively manipulated microsurgical assistant robot. The principal features of the sensor are its small size of 12.5 mm in diameter and 15 mm in height, a novel configuration of flexure beams and strain gauges in order to measure forces isotropically at the instrument tip 40 mm from the sensor body, and sub-mN three-axis force-sensing resolution.
Genome-Wide Quantitative Enhancer Activity Maps Identified by STARR-seq (2013)

Genomic enhancers are important regulators of gene expression, but their identification is a challenge, and methods depend on indirect measures of activity. We developed a method termed STARR-seq to directly and quantitatively assess enhancer activity for millions of candidates from arbitrary sources of DNA, which enables screens across entire genomes. When applied to the Drosophila genome, STARR-seq identifies thousands of cell type-specific enhancers across a broad continuum of strengths, links differential gene expression to differences in enhancer activity, and creates a genome-wide quantitative enhancer map. This map reveals the highly complex regulation of transcription, with several independent enhancers for both developmental regulators and ubiquitously expressed genes. STARR-seq can be used to identify and quantify enhancer activity in other eukaryotes, including humans.
An Electrophysiological Study of Retinal Function in the Diabetic Female Rat (2006)

The results suggest that changes in the GABA-signaling pathway may be the underlying cellular mechanism for altered ERG responses in STZ-induced diabetes in rats. Recognition of these early neurosensory defects would enable a better understanding of the pathophysiological basis of diabetic retinopathy.
Correlating Capacity Loss of Stoichiometric and Nonstoichiometric Lithium Manganese Oxide Spinel Electrodes with Their Structural Integrity (1999)

It is known that stoichiometric spinel, , when used as a lithium‐ion battery cathode, exhibits significant capacity fade on cycling at room temperature, whereas by making the spinel slightly nonstoichiometric the capacity retention on cycling is improved to a great extent. To help understand this difference in performance, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) was used to investigate the spinel structure during lithium extraction and reinsertion. The stoichiometric spinel shows degradation during the first lithium extraction which becomes more severe at high rates. The XRD pattern measured at the end of 50 cycles showed significant loss of structural integrity, with several prominent peaks that were not present prior to cycling. In contrast, the nonstoichiometric spinel showed no evidence of degradation up to at least 300 cycles, even at high rates. It is suggested that in the case of stoichiometric spinel, , which forms upon extraction of lithium, accumulates during cycling and, because it becomes disconnected from the active electrode, capacity fade is significant. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry of Fullerene Derivatives: Laser-Induced Fragmentation and Coalescence Reactions (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEArticleNEXTLaser Desorption Mass Spectrometry of Fullerene Derivatives: Laser-Induced Fragmentation and Coalescence ReactionsRainer D. Beck, Patrick Weis, Andreas Hirsch, and Iris LamparthCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 39, 9683–9687Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100090a001https://doi.org/10.1021/j100090a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views149Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Secrets (2001)

Diagnostic Approach to Anemia in Childhood Disorders of Hemoglobin, Normal Development Sickle Cell Syndromes Thalassemia Syndromes Anemia Secondary to Enzyme Deficiencies Anemia Secondary to Membrane Disorders Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Anemia Secondary to Nutritional Deficiencies Neonatal Anemia Normal Hemostasis Neonatal Hemostasis Disorders of Coagulation Disorders of Platelets Disorders of the Immune System Disorders of Granulocyte Function and Granulopoiesis Storage Disorders Hematologic Manifestations of Systemic Disease Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes Principles and Practice of Childhood Cancer Genetics, Molecular Genetrics Principles of Chemotherapy Principles of Surgical Oncology Principles of Radition Oncology for Pediatric Malignancy Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Myeloproliferative Disorders Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Hodgkin's Disease Lymphoproliferative Disorders Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Tumors of the Central Nervous System Retinoblastoma Hepatic Tumors Wilms' Tumor Neuroblastoma Soft Tissue Sarcomas Bone Tumors Germ Cell Tumors Oncologic Emergencies Bone Marrow Transplant/PBSC Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutic Supportive Care Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Psycho-social Aspects of Care of the child with Cancer Palliative Care Management of the Dying Child
Complementary DNA sequences of two 14.5 kDa subunits of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase from bovine heart mitochondria Completion of the primary structure of the complex? (1992)

The amino acid sequences of two nuclear-encoded subunits of complex I from bovine heart mitochondria have been determined. Both proteins have an apparent molecular weight of 14.5 kDa and their N-alpha-amino groups are acetylated. They are known as subunits B14.5a and B14.5b. Neither protein is evidently related to any known protein and their functions are obscure. A total of 34 nuclear-encoded subunits of bovine complex I have now been sequenced and it is thought that the primary structure of the complex is now complete, although with such a complicated structure it is difficult to be certain that there are no other subunits remaining to be sequenced. Seven additional hydrophobic subunits of the enzyme are encoded in mitochondrial DNA, and therefore bovine heart complex I is an assembly of about 41 different proteins. If it is assumed that there is one copy of each protein in the assembly, these polypeptides contain 7,955 amino acids in their sequences, more than are found in the Escherichia coli ribosome, which contains 7,336 amino acids in its 32 polypeptides.
Successful treatment of human chronic lymphocytic leukemia xenografts with combination biological agents auristatin PE and bryostatin 1. (1998)

We tested the activity of dolastatin 10 (a natural product derived from the shell-less marine mollusk, Dolabella auricularia, a sea hare) and its structural modification, auristatin PE, alone and in combination with bryostatin 1 (a protein kinase C activator derived from the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina) on a human B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell line (WSU-CLL) and in a severe combined immune deficient (SCID) mouse xenograft model bearing this cell line. WSU-CLL cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 at a concentration of 2 x 10(5)/ml using a 24-well plate. Agents were added to triplicate wells, and cell count, viability, mitosis, and apoptosis were assessed after 24 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. Results showed that dolastatin 10 had no apparent inhibition of cell growth at concentrations less than 500 pg/ml. Auristatin PE, on the other hand, showed significant growth inhibition at concentrations as low as 50 pg/ml. Auristatin PE-treated cultures, at this concentration, exhibited 27 and 4.5% mitosis and apoptosis, respectively. Dolastatin 10, at the same concentration, did not exert any effect and was comparable with that of control cultures. In the WSU-CLL-SCID mouse xenograft model, the efficacy of these agents alone and in combination with bryostatin 1 was evaluated. Tumor growth inhibition (T/C), tumor growth delay (T-C), and log10 kill for dolastatin 10, auristatin PE, and bryostatin 1 were 14%, 25 days, and 1.98; 2%, 25 days, and 1.98; 19%, 13 days, and 1.03, respectively. Auristatin-PE produced cure in three of five mice, whereas dolastatin 10 showed activity but no cures. When given in combination, auristatin PE + bryostatin 1-treated animals were all free of tumors (five of five) for 150 days and were considered cured. Dolastatin 10 + bryostatin 1-treated animals produced cure in only two of five mice. We conclude that: (a) auristatin-PE is more effective in this model than dolastatin 10; (b) auristatin PE can be administered at a concentration 10 times greater than dolastatin 10; (c) there is a synergetic effect between these agents and bryostatin 1, which is more apparent in the bryostatin 1 + auristatin PE combination. The use of these agents should be explored clinically in the treatment of CLL.
THE NEXT BIG STEP: COMPUTER TO COMPUTER EXCHANGE (1977)

The author calls for data exchange between railroads via computer-to-computer hookups and for railroads to look at distributed processing of information, relying solely neither on central nor local computer setups. The Southern Railway's approach to some of these data processing problems is described.
Congruent Strategies for Carbohydrate Sequencing. 3. OSCAR:  An Algorithm for Assigning Oligosaccharide Topology from MSn Data (2005)

This is the third in a sequence of reports devoted to the development of congruent strategies for carbohydrate sequencing. Two previous reports outlined the strategies for observing structural detail from MSn data and introduced tools that compile, search, and compare fragment spectra in a bottom-up approach to oligosaccharide sequencing. In this third report, we introduce the operational details of an algorithm that we define as the Oligosaccharide Subtree Constraint Algorithm (OSCAR). This algorithm assimilates analyst-selected MSn ion fragmentation pathways into oligosaccharide topology (branching and linkage) using what may be considered a top-down sequencing strategy. Guided by a series of logical constraints, this de novo algorithm provides molecular topology without presumed biosynthetic constraints or external comparisons. In this introductory study, OSCAR is applied to a series of permethylated oligomers and isomeric glycans, and topologies are assigned in a few hundredths of a second.
Clathrin-dependent and -independent internalization of plasma membrane sphingolipids initiates two Golgi targeting pathways (2001)

Sphingolipids (SLs) are plasma membrane constituents in eukaryotic cells which play important roles in a wide variety of cellular functions. However, little is known about the mechanisms of their internalization from the plasma membrane or subsequent intracellular targeting. We have begun to study these issues in human skin fibroblasts using fluorescent SL analogues. Using selective endocytic inhibitors and dominant negative constructs of dynamin and epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate clone 15, we found that analogues of lactosylceramide and globoside were internalized almost exclusively by a clathrin-independent ("caveolar-like") mechanism, whereas an analogue of sphingomyelin was taken up approximately equally by clathrin-dependent and -independent pathways. We also showed that the Golgi targeting of SL analogues internalized via the caveolar-like pathway was selectively perturbed by elevated intracellular cholesterol, demonstrating the existence of two discrete Golgi targeting pathways. Studies using SL-binding toxins internalized via clathrin-dependent or -independent mechanisms confirmed that endogenous SLs follow the same two pathways. These findings (a) provide a direct demonstration of differential SLs sorting into early endosomes in living cells, (b) provide a "vital marker" for endosomes derived from caveolar-like endocytosis, and (c) identify two independent pathways for lipid transport from the plasma membrane to the Golgi apparatus in human skin fibroblasts.
Modulating the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response with trans-4,5-Dihydroxy-1,2-Dithiane Prevents Chemically Induced Renal Injury In Vivo (2005)

Agents that disrupt functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induce expression of ER stress-response genes including ER chaperones. Increased expression of the major ER chaperone, Grp78, protects cells, including renal epithelial cells, from chemically induced injury and death in vitro. In this study, we determined if pharmacological manipulation of the ER stress-response gene is an effective strategy to protect the kidney from chemical stress in vivo. Treatment with trans-4,5-dihydroxy-1,2-dithiane (DTTox), a novel inducer of ER stress proteins, stimulated a time-and dose-dependent increase in Grp78 expression in the kidney, but it did not cause detectable injury. Furthermore, prior treatment with DTTox protected the proximal tubular epithelium against a subsequent challenge with the nephrotoxicant S-(1,1,2,2,-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine (TFEC). In contrast, activating a heat shock response did not have a protective effect. Prior treatment with DTTox did not reduce covalent binding of radiolabeled reactive metabolites of (35)S-TFEC to renal proteins, indicating that protection was not due to an effect on the metabolic activation of TFEC to the reactive metabolite(s) responsible for renal injury. Antisense grp78 expression in the renal epithelial cell line LLC-PK1 blocked the DTTox-induced Grp78 increase and ablated the protective effect against TFEC damage, indicating that the induction of grp78 expression and the ER stress response were critical for the protective effect of DTTox. These findings suggest that increased expression of Grp78 plays a major role in the protection of renal epithelial cells from reactive intermediate-induced chemical injury in vivo and that pharmacological manipulation is an effective strategy to prevent damage by some classes of nephrotoxicants.
Enhanced Oil Recovery: Aqueous Flow Tracer Measurement (2009)

A low detection limit analytical method was developed to measure a suite of benzoic acid and fluorinated benzoic acid compounds intended for use as tracers for enhanced oil recovery operations. Although the new high performance liquid chromatography separation successfully measured the tracers in an aqueous matrix at low part per billion levels, the low detection limits could not be achieved in oil field water due to interference problems with the hydrocarbon-saturated water using the system's UV detector. Commercial instrument vendors were contacted in an effort to determine if mass spectrometry could be used as an alternate detection technique. The results of their work demonstrate that low part per billion analysis of the tracer compounds in oil field water could be achieved using ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.
Antitumor activity of a polysaccharide fraction extracted from cultured fruiting bodies of Grifola frondosa. (1984)

Antitumor activity of a polysaccharide fraction (GF-1) extracted from cultured fruiting bodies of a fungus, Grifola frondosa, was examined on allogeneic and syngeneic tumors in mice. GF-1 had a marked inhibitory activity against the growth of subcutaneously (s.c.) inoculated Sarcoma 180 by the intraperitoneally (i.p.) injection at 0.5-5.0 mg/mouse for 10 successive days. A significant antitumor activity was also observed when GF-1 at 4.0 mg/mouse was i.p. injected successively on days +1-+5, +7-+11, +14-+18 or +21-+25 if the tumor cells were inoculated s.c. on day 0. Similar results were obtained by a single i.p. injection of GF-1 at 2.0 mg/mouse on day +1, +7, +14 or +21. When GF-1 was injected i.p., intravenously (i.v.) or intratumorally (i.t.), all of them showed an equivalent level of higher inhibitory activity (inhibition ratio; over 90%). However, the oral (p.o.) administration was not effective. The pretreatment of mice with GF-1 at 2.0 or 4.0 mg/mouse for 5 times before tumor inoculation did not show a significant antitumor activity. In addition, GF-1 administered i.p. at varying times before and/or after the tumor inoculation showed no antitumor activity against ascites form of Sarcoma 180. In the syngeneic systems, GF-1 exhibited an antitumor activity against solid form of Meth A fibrosarcoma in BALB/c mice and MM46 carcinoma in C3H/He mice.
Immune Effector Cells Produce Lethal DNA Damage in Cells Treated with a Thiopurine (2009)

Azathioprine, a widely used immunosuppressant, is also used in the control of inflammatory disorders. These are characterized by the local accumulation of immune effector cells that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). The DNA of azathioprine-treated patients contains 6-thioguanine (6-TG), a base analogue that is particularly susceptible to oxidation. Here, we show that 6-TG is vulnerable to ROS produced by chemical oxidants and that cells containing DNA 6-TG are hypersensitive to these oxidants. We also show that 6-TG incorporated into the DNA of macrophages sensitizes them to killing by endogenously produced ROS. ROS generated by macrophages are also a hazard for cocultured nonmacrophage cells containing DNA 6-TG. This bystander vulnerability of cells containing DNA 6-TG to oxidation by ROS generated by immune effector cells has implications for the long-term use of azathioprine in the management of inflammatory disorders.
Complementation analysis of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid mutations affecting oncogenicity (1982)

A wide host range cosmid vector has been constructed by insertion of the lambda cos site into the plasmid pRK2501. This cosmid, which is maintained in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and is compatible with the Ti plasmid, has been used to make a clone bank of the A. tumefaciens pTiA6 plasmid. Several pTiA6 cosmids have been used to complement Tn5-induced Ti plasmid mutations. Five avirulent mutations which map outside of the region of the plasmid maintained in plant tumours (T-DNA) could be complemented in a trans orientation. Two mutations which are located on a single HpaI restriction fragment outside of the T-DNA, as well as three mutations which map within the T-DNA region, could not be complemented in a trans orientation in a REC- host.
A VCO jitter performance comparison of frequency synthesizer with analog-HDL and SPICE modeling (2003)

We compared jitter performance of a VCO in PLL of a frequency synthesizer with analog-HDL and SPICE modeling. In this paper, the time domain performance comparison accomplished by an AHDL model and a SPICE model which can be used to predict the VCO jitter. All of the jitter cannot be easily simulated at Tr-level, which requires of lot of time to simulate the overall system. We show the jitter model of VCO in PLL of frequency synthesizer by analog-HDL and SPICE modeling which require much less time to simulate the phase noise of a VCO. The comparison results give the relationship of AHDL and SPICE model, which are used to design mixed-signal circuits.