gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits (2004)

Evidence suggests that a diet high in fruits and vegetables may decrease the risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, and phytochemicals including phenolics, flavonoids and carotenoids from fruits and vegetables may play a key role in reducing chronic disease risk. Apples are a widely consumed, rich source of phytochemicals, and epidemiological studies have linked the consumption of apples with reduced risk of some cancers, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and diabetes. In the laboratory, apples have been found to have very strong antioxidant activity, inhibit cancer cell proliferation, decrease lipid oxidation, and lower cholesterol. Apples contain a variety of phytochemicals, including quercetin, catechin, phloridzin and chlorogenic acid, all of which are strong antioxidants. The phytochemical composition of apples varies greatly between different varieties of apples, and there are also small changes in phytochemicals during the maturation and ripening of the fruit. Storage has little to no effect on apple phytochemicals, but processing can greatly affect apple phytochemicals. While extensive research exists, a literature review of the health benefits of apples and their phytochemicals has not been compiled to summarize this work. The purpose of this paper is to review the most recent literature regarding the health benefits of apples and their phytochemicals, phytochemical bioavailability and antioxidant behavior, and the effects of variety, ripening, storage and processing on apple phytochemicals.
Structural features of multiple nifH-like sequences and very biased codon usage in nitrogenase genes of Clostridium pasteurianum (1986)

The structural gene (nifH1) encoding the nitrogenase iron protein of Clostridium pasteurianum has been cloned and sequenced. It is located on a 4-kilobase EcoRI fragment (cloned into pBR325) that also contains a portion of nifD and another nifH-like sequence (nifH2). C. pasteurianum nifH1 encodes a polypeptide (273 amino acids) identical to that of the isolated iron protein, indicating that the smaller size of the C. pasteurianum iron protein does not result from posttranslational processing. The 5' flanking region of nifH1 or nifH2 does not contain the nif promoter sequences found in several gram-negative bacteria. Instead, a sequence resembling the Escherichia coli consensus promoter (TTGACA-N17-TATAAT) is present before C. pasteurianum nifH2, and a TATAAT sequence is present before C pasteurianum nifH1. Codon usage in nifH1, nifH2, and nifD (partial) is very biased. A preference for A or U in the third position of the codons is seen. nifH2 could encode a protein of 272 amino acid residues, which differs from the iron protein (nifH1 product) in 23 amino acid residues (8%). Another nifH-like sequence (nifH3) is located on a nonadjacent EcoRI fragment and has been partially sequenced. C. pasteurianum nifH2 and nifH3 may encode proteins having several amino acids that are conserved in other proteins but not in C. pasteurianum iron protein, suggesting a possible role for the multiple nifH-like sequences of C. pasteurianum in the evolution of nifH. Among the nine sequenced iron proteins, only the C. pasteurianum protein lacks a conserved lysine residue which is near the extended C terminus of the other iron proteins. The absence of this positive charge in the C. pasteurianum iron protein might affect the cross-reactivity of the protein in heterologous systems.
Component Commonality with Service Level Requirements (1988)

This paper extends recent results of Baker et al. (Baker, K. R., M. J. Magazine, H. L. W. Nuttle. 1986. The effect of commonality on safety stocks in a simple inventory model. Management Sci. 32 982–988.) in understanding the impact of component commonality on stocking levels under service level constraints. A model is formulated for an arbitrary number of products with general joint demand distribution. The results obtained are not all intuitive. While utilizing commonality is beneficial, nothing general can be said about the resulting change in the components' stock levels. When the cost structure is of a particular simple form, though, some interesting general patterns do emerge. We also discuss the case of using a service-level measure where rationing of common components might be required, and characterize the implied rationing rule.
Predominant TH2-like Bronchoalveolar T-Lymphocyte Population in Atopic Asthma (1992)

Atopic asthma is associated with activation in the bronchi of the interleukin-3, 4, and 5 and GM-CSF gene cluster, a pattern compatible with predominant activation of the TH2-like T-cell population.
Progressive authentication: deciding when to authenticate on mobile phones (2012)

Mobile users are often faced with a trade-off between security and convenience. Either users do not use any security lock and risk compromising their data, or they use security locks but then have to inconveniently authenticate every time they use the device. Rather than exploring a new authentication scheme, we address the problem of deciding when to surface authentication and for which applications. We believe reducing the number of times a user is requested to authenticate lowers the barrier of entry for users who currently do not use any security. Progressive authentication, the approach we propose, combines multiple signals (biometric, continuity, possession) to determine a level of confidence in a user’s authenticity. Based on this confidence level and the degree of protection the user has configured for his applications, the system determines whether access to them requires authentication. We built a prototype running on modern phones to demonstrate progressive authentication and used it in a lab study with nine users. Compared to the state-of-theart, the system is able to reduce the number of required authentications by 42 % and still provide acceptable security guarantees, thus representing an attractive solution for users who do not use any security mechanism on their devices. 1
Preparation and properties of fibers containing mixed polymers. III. Polyacrylonitrile‐silk fibers (1956)

Abstract Fibers containing both polyacrylonitrile and silk have been spun using an aqueous solution of ZnCl 2 (56% ZnCl 2 by weight) as solvent. The relative polymer proportions ranged from 100% polyacrylonitrile to 20% polyacrylonitrile. The conditions under which the fibers were spun are discussed, as are the results of various measurements on the fibers. The x‐ray diffraction patterns, optical appearance, absorptive capacity for water and an acid dye, electrical resistivity, and mechanical properties of the fibers were studied. A few measurements on the compatibility of the polymers in solution are also reported. The results suggest that the fibers contain small, discrete regions of each polymer which are neither highly crystalline nor strongly oriented.
Structuring Coherent Explanation: The Use of Diagnostic Strategies in an Expert Critiquing System. (1988)

Diagnostic strategies were used internally by INTERNIST to direct its questioning based on how well it could separate competing diagnoses. The present paper explores how a critiquing expert system can use similar diagnostic strategies in order to coherently structure its prose output. Four such strategies have been implemented in ICON, an expert system that critiques radiologic diagnosis. The strategies used by ICON are named PURSUE, RULE-IN-RULE-OUT, CONFLICT and NOT-ENOUGH-INFORMATION. After analyzing each case on the basis of its rule-based knowledge, ICON chooses one of the above strategies. This strategy then influences both the choice of the comments used to construct the critique as well as its overall structure and tone. Thus, ICON adapts the form of its critique to its content, producing natural, readable prose that enables one to clearly percieve how far the system has resolved competing diagnoses.
Experimental study of Fractue of Glass: II, Experimental Data (1954)

Original studies and experiments that support the concept of the close association between fracture origin and flaws in glass are presented. The effect of temporary overstresses, fracture velocities during the later development of the process, and evaluation of the critical stress are discussed. Data are presented which show that temporary overstresses may weaken glass permanently and that this effect results from the slow propagation of fracture flaws. The study of fracture surfaces reveals that the velocity of the fracture crack across the section is not necessarily uniform and that the velocity characteristics of each individual fracture are determined by factors such as degree of load relaxation occurring during the dynamic phase of the process. The critical stress is estimated to be between 2.5 and 5 million lb. per sq. in., and, for any particular glass, this stress is independent of test conditions.
Texture optimization for example-based synthesis (2005)

We present a novel technique for texture synthesis using optimization. We define a Markov Random Field (MRF)-based similarity metric for measuring the quality of synthesized texture with respect to a given input sample. This allows us to formulate the synthesis problem as minimization of an energy function, which is optimized using an Expectation Maximization (EM)-like algorithm. In contrast to most example-based techniques that do region-growing, ours is a joint optimization approach that progressively refines the entire texture. Additionally, our approach is ideally suited to allow for controllable synthesis of textures. Specifically, we demonstrate controllability by animating image textures using flow fields. We allow for general two-dimensional flow fields that may dynamically change over time. Applications of this technique include dynamic texturing of fluid animations and texture-based flow visualization.
Approximating the Minimum Equivalent Digraph (1995)

The minimum equivalent graph (MEG) problem is as follows: given a directed graph, find a smallest subset of the edges that maintains all reachability relations between nodes. This problem is NP-hard; this paper gives an approximation algorithm achieving a performance guarantee of about 1.64 in polynomial time. The algorithm achieves a performance guarantee of 1.75 in the time required for transitive closure. The heart of the MEG problem is the minimum strongly connected spanning subgraph (SCSS) problem—the MEG problem restricted to strongly connected digraphs. For the minimum SCSS problem, the paper gives a practical, nearly linear-time implementation achieving a performance guarantee of 1.75. The algorithm and its analysis are based on the simple idea of contracting long cycles. The analysis applies directly to 2-Exchange, a general “local improvement” algorithm, showing that its performance guarantee is 1.75.
Afro-Caribbean Philosophy (1993)

This special issue of the CLR James Journal focuses on a highly neglected area of Caribbean cultural life: its philosophy. Although philosophy has been an integral part of much of the writing done in the region, very little effort has been devoted to analyzing its nature and identity. A cursory look at our patterns of discursive use will reveal the hiddeness and neglect that characterize our philosophical practice. Caribbean philosophy has existed and continues to exist as the under-thematized, pre-theoretica l foundations of creative work in more established disciplines such as economics, political science, literature, history and the arts. We are yet to release our philosophy from this implicit subterranean existence and explicitly recognize its place and status in the division of labor between our disciplines. The essays in this issue examine aspects of the philosophy of CLR James, and link them to a number of broader issues such as authenticity, traditional African philosophy, and Marxism. In taking up this philosophical project, we are fulfilling one of the promised goals of this journal: to be a forum for the general ideas (not only James's) that inform and cut across the intellectual and social practices of Caribbean people. At a minimum, philosophy is an activity of discursive understanding in which information is organized, arguments made, and conclusions reached via the exercise of the human faculty of reason. Philosophy gives us the timeless view of the world as disclosed by reason and is a celebration of reason. However, in spite of its quest for universal and ahistorical truths, philosophical production, like all discursive production, is rooted in history and shaped by the cultural context in which it is practiced. Consequently, in some societies (or in different periods of the same society)
Mice lacking alpha 1 (IX) collagen develop noninflammatory degenerative joint disease. (1994)

Type IX collagen is a nonfibrillar collagen composed of three gene products, alpha 1(IX), alpha 2(IX), and alpha 3(IX). Type IX molecules are localized on the surface of type II-containing fibrils and consist of two arms, a long arm that is crosslinked to type II collagen and a short arm that projects into the perifibrillar space. In hyaline cartilage, the alpha 1(IX) collagen transcript encodes a polypeptide with a large N-terminal globular domain (NC4), whereas in many other tissues an alternative transcript encodes an alpha 1(IX) chain with a truncated NC4 domain. It has been proposed that type IX molecules are involved in the interaction of fibrils with each other or with other components of the extracellular matrix. To test this hypothesis, we have generated a mouse strain lacking both isoforms of the alpha 1(IX) chain. Homozygous mutant mice are viable and show no detectable abnormalities at birth but develop a severe degenerative joint disease resembling human osteoarthritis.
Pharmacological Modification of Bradykinin Induced Breakdown of the Blood-brain Barrier (1986)

Internal carotid artery infusion of bradykinin caused extensive breakdown of the blood-brain barrier to protein as demonstrated by the extravasation of the marker, horseradish peroxidase, into vessel walls and the adjacent parenchyma. Pretreatment of the animals with indomethacin, trifluoperazine, or imidazole significantly reduced the quantity of abnormally permeable vessels as determined by light microscopy. By electron microscopy, it was determined that bradykinin caused an intense increase in the number of pinocytotic vesicles in the permeable segments, but no change in the interendothelial junctions. After imidazole pretreatment, although the extent of the permeability change was markedly reduced, the intensity of pinocytotic activity in the involved areas was not altered.
Differential ability of heparan sulfate proteoglycans to assemble the fibroblast growth factor receptor complex in situ (2000)

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) require heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) as cofactors for signaling. The heparan sulfate chains (HS) mediate stable high affinity binding of FGFs to their receptor tyrosine kinases (FR) and may specifically regulate FGF activity. A novel in situ binding assay was developed to examine the ability of HSPGs to promote FGF/FR binding using a soluble FR fusion construct (FR1-AP). This fusion protein probe forms a dimer in solution, simulating the dimerization or oligomerization that is thought to occur at the cell surface physiologically. In frozen sections of human skin, FGF-2 binds to keratinocytes and basement membranes of epidermis and dermal blood vessels. In contrast, in skin preincubated with FGF-2, FR1-AP binds avidly to FGF-2 immobilized on keratinocyte cell surfaces, but fails to bind to basement membranes at the dermo-epidermal junction or dermal microvessels despite the fact that these structures bind large amounts of FGF-2. Apparently, basement membrane and cell surface HSPGs differ in their ability to mediate the assembly of a FGF/FR signaling complex presumably due to structural differences of the heparan sulfate chains.
NLRC5 Deficiency Does Not Influence Cytokine Induction by Virus and Bacteria Infections (2010)

Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine rich repeat containing gene family receptors (NLRs) are cytosolic proteins that respond to a variety of pathogen and host components to induce inflammatory cytokines. NLRC5 is a recently identified member of the NLR family that has been implicated in positive and negative regulation of antiviral innate immune responses. To clarify whether NLRC5 controls antiviral innate immunity in vivo, we generated NLRC5-deficient mice. Macrophages and dendritic cells derived from NLRC5-deficient mice induced relatively normal levels of IFN-β, IL-6, and TNF-α after treatment with RNA viruses, DNA viruses, and bacteria. The serum cytokine levels after polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid infection were also comparable between control and NLRC5-deficient mice. NLRC5 overexpression promoted IL-1β production via caspase-1, suggesting that NLRC5 constitutes an inflammasome. However, there was no reduction of IL-1β in NLRC5-deficient cells in response to known inflammasome activators, suggesting that NLRC5 controls IL-1β production through an unidentified pathway. These findings indicate that NLRC5 is dispensable for cytokine induction in virus and bacterial infections under physiologic conditions.
Extracellular role of HMGB1 in inflammation and sepsis (2004)

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a 30 kDa nuclear and cytosolic protein widely studied as a transcription factor and growth factor, has recently been identified as a cytokine mediator of lethal systemic inflammation (e.g. endotoxaemia and sepsis), arthritis and local inflammation. It is released by activated macrophages, and serum levels increase significantly during endotoxaemia, sepsis and arthritis with significant delayed kinetics in comparison with tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1beta. Recently identified biological activities of HMGB1 include activation of macrophages/monocytes to release proinflammatory cytokines, upregulation of endothelial adhesion molecules, stimulation of epithelial cell barrier failure, and mediation of fever and anorexia. Passive immunization with anti-HMGB1 antibodies confers significant protection against lethal endotoxaemia, sepsis, arthritis and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury, even when antibody administration is delayed until after the early TNF responses have resolved. Strategies to inhibit HMGB1 activity and release are being investigated in these and other preclinical models of acute and chronic inflammation.
High-frequency reverse-time chaos generation using an optical matched filter (2016)

The optical reverse-time chaos is realized by modulating a binary pseudo-random bit sequence onto an optical carrier, and then driving an optical matched filter. The filter is demonstrated experimentally by using two fiber Bragg gratings and a Fourier-domain programmable optical processor. The complexity relationship between the binary input sequence and the output chaos signal is studied. This approach could be a novel way to generate a high speed repeatable and controllable optical chaos signal, which has the potential to be used in optical secure communication systems.
Unusual Magnetic State in Lithium-DopedMoS2Nanotubes (2003)

We report on the very peculiar magnetic properties of an ensemble of very weakly coupled lithium-doped MoS2 nanotubes. The magnetic susceptibility chi of the system is nearly 3 orders of magnitude greater than in typical Pauli metals, yet there is no evidence for any instability which would alleviate this highly frustrated state. Instead, the material exhibits peculiar paramagnetic stability down to very low temperatures, with no evidence of a quantum critical point as T-->0 in spite of clear evidence for strongly correlated electron behavior. The exceptionally weak intertube interactions appear to lead to a realization of a near-ideal one-dimensional state in which fluctuations prevent the system from reordering magnetically or structurally.
Lower-Category Benign Breast Disease and the Risk of Invasive Breast Cancer (2004)

Women with LC-BBD had a statistically significant increased risk of breast cancer. The elevation of breast cancer risk was especially evident in women 50 years of age and older. Furthermore, this risk was independent of that associated with key epidemiologic breast cancer risk factors.
Protein-Based Materials with a Profound Range of Properties and Applications: The Elastin ΔTt Hydrophobic Paradigm (1997)

The term protein-based polymer has its origin in a symposium containing that name organized by D.L. Kaplan, M.T. Marron, and D.A. Tirrell (1990). As the term is used here, it refers to polymers comprised of repeating peptide sequences in which the repeats may be as few as two residues or as many as hundreds of residues. In the latter case, properties of protein-based polymers and globular proteins naturally merge. For the former case, there are now known many examples of repeating peptide sequences in proteins. These occur most commonly in proteins that fill structural roles as opposed to the frequently discussed catalytic, transport, or transductional roles of globular proteins.KeywordsLower Critical Solution TemperatureHydrophobic ResidueMolecular MachineHydrophobic AssociationHydrophobic HydrationThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Time-constrained keyframe selection technique (2003)

In accessing large collections of digitized videos, it is often difficult to find both the appropriate video file and the portion of the video that is of interest. The paper describes a novel technique for determining keyframes that are different from each other and provide a good representation of the whole video. We use keyframes to distinguish videos from each other to summarize videos, and to provide access points into them. The technique can determine any number of keyframes by clustering the frames in a video and by selecting a representative frame from each cluster. Temporal constraints are used to filter out some clusters and to determine the representative frame for a cluster. Desirable visual features can be emphasized in the set of keyframes. An application for browsing a collection of videos makes use of the keyframes to support skimming and to provide visual summaries.
Synthesis, Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Activity and Esterase Lability of Some Novel Carboxylic Ester-Modified Phosphoramidate Derivatives of Stavudine (d4T) (1998)

We report the design, synthesis and antiviral evaluation of a series of lipophilic, masked phosphoramidate derivatives of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) nucleoside analogue d4T, designed to act as membrane-soluble prodrug forms for the free nucleotide. In particular, we report a series of 12 novel compounds with systematic variation in the structure of the carboxylate ester function. In order to rationalize the changes in antiviral action with variation of this moiety we applied our recently developed 31P NMR-based assay for carboxyesterase lability to this series. However, no clear positive correlation emerged, indicating that, at least within this series, factors other than simple esterase lability may be the major determinants of antiviral potency.