gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Blind separation of independent sources for virtually any source probability density function (1999)

The blind source separation (BSS) problem consists of the recovery of a set of statistically independent source signals from a set of measurements that are mixtures of the sources when nothing is known about the sources and the mixture structure. In the BSS scenario, of two noiseless real-valued instantaneous linear mixtures of two sources, an approximate maximum-likelihood (ML) approach has been suggested in the literature, which is only valid under certain constraints on the probability density function (pdf) of the sources. In the present paper, the expression for this ML estimator is reviewed and generalized to include virtually any source distribution. An intuitive geometrical interpretation of the new estimator is also given in terms of the scatter plots of the signals involved. An asymptotic performance analysis is then carried out, yielding a closed-form expression for the estimator asymptotic pdf. Simulations illustrate the behavior of the suggested estimator and show the accuracy of the asymptotic analysis. In addition, an extension of the method to the general BSS scenario of more than two sources and two sensors is successfully implemented.
STARTS-2 (2014)

http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00159874 (extension study of NCT00149913). Unique identifier: NCT00159874.
Keratinocyte-Associated B7-H1 Directly Regulates Cutaneous Effector CD8+ T Cell Responses (2010)

Keratinocytes (KCs) may play important roles for maintenance of peripheral tolerance in the upper layers of the skin. Coinhibitory signals mediated via the programmed death (PD)-1 and its ligand B7-H1 (PD-L1/CD274) are crucial for the downregulation of T cell immune responses and for the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. In this study, to investigate the role of KC-expressed B7-H1 in the regulation of T cell immune responses, we generated transgenic (tg) mice overexpressing B7-H1 under the control of keratin 14 (K14) promoter (K14-B7-H1 tg). K14-B7-H1 tg mice displayed impaired contact hypersensitivity (CH) responses to primary and secondary hapten challenges. The K14-B7-H1 tg mice did not exhibit substantial impairment of cutaneous dendritic cell migration after sensitization and of hapten-specific proliferation and IFN-gamma production of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the draining lymph nodes, suggesting that overexpression of B7-H1 on KCs did not affect the induction phase of the CH response. The systemic or s.c. injection of hapten-sensitized T cells into the K14-B7-H1 tg mice did not efficiently induce the CH response. IFN-gamma expression and apoptosis of KCs in the challenged ears were impaired in K14-B7-H1 tg mice. IFN-gamma production by presensitized CD8(+) T cells stimulated with hapten-pulsed KCs was markedly impaired for the KCs obtained from the K14-B7-H1 tg mice but was restored by the addition of an anti-B7-H1 mAb. These results suggest that KC-associated B7-H1 directly downregulates the effector function of CD8(+) T cells by associating with PD-1 at local inflammatory sites and that it plays a role in peripheral T cell tolerance against exogenous Ags.
Prediction of Total Dietary Fiber in Cereal Products Using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (1996)

The Nutritional Labeling and Education Act of 1990 has increased the need for more rapid, efficient, and nonpolluting techniques of analyzing the nutrients in foods, particularly dietary fiber. The use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the prediction of total dietary fiber content of cereal products was investigated in this study. Cereal and grain products, including breakfast cereals, flours, brans, crackers, and samples containing commercial oat and wheat fibers, were selected for analysis. Products (n = 91) were dry milled, and total dietary fiber was measured by the AOAC (991.43) enzymatic-gravimetric method. Total dietary fiber values ranged from <1 to 52% of dry weight. Milled cereal products (n = 91) were scanned from 1100 to 2498 nm with a NIRSystems 6500 monochromator. Using ISI software for scanning and data analysis, a dietary fiber calibration was obtained with partial least squares as the regression method. The standard error of cross validation and multiple coefficient of determination were 1.58% and 0.99, respectively. For equation validation, an independent group of cereal products (n = 31) was dry milled, and total dietary fiber was determined. The samples were scanned, and total dietary fiber was predicted by NIRS. Samples were predicted with a standard error of performance of 1.51%, coefficient of determination of 0.99, bias of −0.38, and slope of 1.06. This study shows that NIRS can be used to rapidly and accurately predict total dietary fiber content in a wide range of cereal products. Keywords: Dietary fiber; near-infrared spectroscopy; nutrition labeling
A multicenter trial of recombinant human interferon gamma in patients with systemic sclerosis: effects on cutaneous fibrosis and interleukin 2 receptor levels. (1996)

rIFN-gamma may be beneficial for some patients with SSc, but the benefit appears marginal for most individuals and the side effects frequent. Although sIL-2R was elevated in many of the patients with SSc, it did not appear to be correlated with activity of cutaneous disease or response to therapy.
Kernel Set and Flower Synchrony within the Ear of Maize : II. Plant Population Effects (1997)

Kernel number (KN) per plant declines with increasing plant population (PP) in maize ( Zea mays L.) and controversy exists about the critical period for spikelet abortion. In this work, the effect of PP (5 and 9 plants m −2 ) on floral differentiation and kernel set was analyzed for two genotypes of contrasting prolificacy at Grignon, France, (48°51′N). Kernel set variability was tested at Balcarce (37°45′S), Argentina, with three PP (2, 8, and 16 plants m −2 ) and athinning treatment (from 16 to 2 plants m −2 ) at silking. Plants were grown with no water or nutrient restrictions. At 9 plants m −2 , floral differentiation was delayed in apical ears but almost all spikelets started silk elongation. In subapical ears, 17% of the spikelets of the nonprolific hybrid and 19% of the prolific hybrid had not completed development at silking. At 5 plants m −2 these proportions were reduced to 6%. Significant (P &lt; 0.01) differences were detected in apical ear length after the onset of rapid ear growth (silking −20 d), resulting in reduced ear biomass at silking at high PP. Barrenness occurred at 16 plants m −2 (0.5 ears plant −1 ), but spikelet abortion took place in all apical ears after silking, except at 2 plants m −2 (control). Kernel number per plant was not related to the degree of floral differentiation reached at silking, but to the amount of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (KN = 149.5 + 204.6 MJ plant −1 d −1 , r 2 = 0.92) when the silking −15‐d period was included in the calculations. Presilking limitations to ear growth appear to reduce ear sink strength.
The extracellular hemoglobin of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris. Determination of subunit stoichiometry (1993)

The giant extracellular hemoglobin of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, has four major O2-binding chains, a, b, and c (forming a disulfide-linked trimer) and d ("monomer"). Participation of additional "linker" chains L1, L2, and L3 is necessary for the assembly of the approximately 3,900+ kDa two-tiered hexagonal structure. We have determined the proportions of linker chains, trimer, and chain d in the hemoglobin by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography which resolves all of the components and also permits simultaneous determination of the heme content. The proportions of components were determined by two independent procedures: integration of the absorbance peaks at 220 nm and amino acid analysis of the peak fractions. The results indicate that the weight proportion of linker chains is 0.163 +/- 0.023. This value, together with molecular masses determined both by amino acid sequence analysis and by matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry, gives a molar ratio of abcd chains to linkers of 8:1, corresponding to the minimal unit (abcd)2.L. This ratio suggests that 24 (abcd)2 units and 24 linker chains form the complete structure with a total calculated mass of polypeptide of 3,975 kDa with hemes on chains a, b, c and d and on one linker. The calculated heme content is 3.1% not including carbohydrate. This accounts for a measured heme content of 3.0% on a polypeptide basis. Additional mass (approximately 133 kDa, 3.4%), attributed to carbohydrate, brings the total mass to 4,108 kDa with a minimum molecular mass/heme of 20,500 Da. The presence of equimolar quantities of three unique linker chains means that the apparent one-twelfth structural units seen by electron microscopy cannot all be identical.
Calculating the reflectance map (1979)

It appears that the development of machine vision may benefit from a detailed understanding of the imaging process. The reflectance map, showing scene radiance as a function of surface gradient, has proved to be helpful in this endeavor. The reflectance map depends both on the nature of the surface layers of the objects being imaged and the distribution of light sources. Recently, a unified approach to the specification of surface reflectance in terms of both incident and reflected beam geometry has been proposed. The reflecting properties of a surface are specified in terms of the bidirectional reflectance-distribution function (BRDF). Here we derive the reflectance map in terms of the BRDF and the distribution of source radiance. A number of special cases of practical importance are developed in detail. The significance of this approach to the understanding of image formation is briefly indicated.
Transition-metal dialkylamides and disilylamides (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleTransition-metal dialkylamides and disilylamidesDonald C. Bradley and Malcolm H. ChisholmCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1976, 9, 7, 273–280Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1976https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50103a005RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1019Altmetric-Citations188LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Classification of voluntary cough sound and airflow patterns for detecting abnormal pulmonary function (2009)

A novel system for classifying coughs has been developed. This automated classification system is capable of accurately detecting abnormal lung function based on the combination of the airflow and acoustic properties of voluntary cough.
A Highly Selective Fluorescent Chemosensor for Lead Ions (2002)

A simple fluorescent chemosensor 1 exhibits a 40-fold fluorescence enhancement upon addition of lead ion and yet is insensitive to most of univalent and divalent metal ions. The high affinity of 1 toward Pb2+ presumably results from the cooperative binding behaviors of two potential metal binding sites: the dicarbonyl and the 15-monoazacrown-5 ether.
Wedge displays as cameras (2006)

Wedge projection enables big slim screens at low cost, but wedge panels also work in reverse as cameras. Eye-limited resolution can be seen through a panel and since cameras are not subject to the etendu limit of projectors, there is the potential to make panels particularly slim. .
GROWTH FACTORS: ROLES IN ANDROLOGY (2001)

Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions are extremely important during growth and development and in the functional cytodifferentiation of male sex accessory organs. Interactions between mesenchyme and epithelium occur mainly through a paracrine action that is mediated by various growth factors. The role of androgens is very important for these organs and the androgenic effect is mediated by paracrine interactions. A number of growth factors have been studied in prostate and seminal vesicles from mice, rats, and humans because they are potent mediators of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and death. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about growth factors involved in the development of male sex accessory organs, with particular emphasis on the prostate.
Development of a packaging cell line for propagation of replication-deficient adenovirus vector (2001)

A human embryonic kidney cell line 293 is widely used for adenovirus production and propagation. With this cell line, however, replication-competent virus (RCV) is frequently generated, especially during large-scale production and successive propagation because 293 cells contain not only E1 gene but also non-E1 adenovirus gene. Homologous recombination between non-E1 region of 293 genomic DNA and its homologous region in the recombinant adenoviral vector generate RCV. To overcome this problem, we developed a new packaging cell line, Hela-E1, which contains minimum E1 region and from which non-E1 adenoviral region that is homologous with recombinant adenovirus vector was excluded. No RCV was detected during adenovirus propagation in Hela-E1 compared to in 293. In addition, adenovirus-p53 produced in HeLa-E1 was able to overexpress p53 protein when introduced into an ovarian cancer cell line, SKOV3. These results may have a significant impact on the development of packaging cell lines for replication-deficient adenovirus production.
Virologic Response of Zidovudine, Lamivudine, and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Combination in Antiretroviral-Naive HIV-1-Infected Patients (2006)

The combination of ZDV/3TC + TDF in treatment-naive HIV-infected subjects induces a rapid and sustained HIV-1 RNA decrease and is associated with a good immunologic response. No severe adverse events occurred. This triple-NRTI combination needs to be evaluated further.
Effects of Introducing Linseed in Livestock Diet on Blood Fatty Acid Composition of Consumers of Animal Products (2002)

Reducing the ratio between essential fatty acids: C18:2 n-6/C18:3 n-3 down to 5 is recommended by Nutritional Guidelines. We studied the fatty acid (FA) changes in consumers' plasma following changes in livestock diet. First, a zootechnical study introduced 5% of extruded linseed into the diet of livestock to replace other oleaginous ingredients, and on an iso-nutritional values basis. The products from linseed-fed animals contained more n-3 fatty acids (precursor alpha-linolenic and derivatives obtained by elongations and desaturations) than control animal products (issued from animals fed without linseed), and more conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). The n-6/n-3 ratio was reduced by 54% in butter, 60% in meat and 86% in eggs. Following this, a double-blind, randomised, cross-over clinical study involving 75 healthy volunteers compared plasma and erythrocyte FA profiles in consumers of animal products (from livestock fed the linseed diet or from livestock fed standard diet). It showed modifications in the FA composition of the experimental human regimen with more C18:3 n-3 (1.65 vs. 0.75 g/day), and more n-3 derivatives. The C18:2 n-6/C18:3 n-3 ratio decreased (7 vs. 15). In volunteers' plasma, C18:3 n-3 increased in the essay group (0.93 vs. 0.44% of the FA), so did n-3 derivatives and CLA. The n-6/n-3 ratio decreased from 14.3 to 10.2. In erythrocytes, C20:5 n-3 increased in the essay group (0.59 vs. 0.45%) and so did C22:6 n-3. The n-6/n-3 ratio decreased in parallel from 4.2 to 3.8. Without any changes in consumers' eating habits, foodstuffs from animals fed linseed diets induced significant modifications of human plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid composition (comparable to that noted under the 'Cretan' diet) and a sharp increase in CLA.
Physiological and biochemical studies on germinating fungal spores. VII. Chemical composition of cell walls in conidia of Cochliobolus miyabeanus. (1985)

The chemical structure and composition of conidial cell walls of Cochliobolus miyabeanus were studied. Analyses by means of gas liquid chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, enzymatic digestion and nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared absorption spectroscopy revealed that the acid-soluble neutral polysaccharide was composed of β-1, 6-and β-1, 3-linked glucosyl residues in the ratio of 2 : 3, that the branched units connected through C6 or C3 of the main-chain glucan, and that nonreducing termini existed in the ratio of one residue to five glycosyl residues. Amino acid analysis indicated the presence of glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, serine, leucine, glutamic acid, proline and threonine in decreasing order of contents. The acid-alkaliinsoluble polysaccharide was identified as chitin by enzymatic digestion, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectral analyses.
Cortical Hand Bone Porosity and Its Association with Distal Radius Fracture in Middle Aged and Elderly Women (2013)

DXR derived porosity is associated with fracture at distal radius and might be a sensitive marker for skeletal fragility.
Measurement of the optical absorption spectra of epitaxial graphene from terahertz to visible (2008)

We present experimental results on the optical absorption spectra of epitaxial graphene from the visible to the terahertz frequency range. In the terahertz range, the absorption is dominated by intraband processes with a frequency dependence similar to the Drude model. In the near-IR range, the absorption is due to interband processes and the measured optical conductivity is close to the theoretical value of e2/4ℏ. We extract values for the carrier densities, the number of carbon atom layers, and the intraband scattering times from the measurements.
The mechanism of action of lymphokines. IX. The enzymatic basis of hydrogen peroxide production by lymphokine-activated macrophages. (1986)

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the biochemical basis of the enhanced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by guinea pig peritoneal macrophages (MP) cultured in lymphokine (LK)-containing medium. The markedly augmented H2O2 generation by these cells, demonstrable by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed oxidation of phenol red, is distinguished by its lack of dependence on a second stimulus. We demonstrate that H2O2 production is truly spontaneous and is not caused by a stimulant present among the H2O2 assay reagents. The principal candidate for such a role was HRP type II (a mixture of five isoenzymes) that was reported to be capable of eliciting an oxidative burst in MP. Four distinct HRP isoenzymes that were found incapable of provoking an oxidative response were nevertheless adequate for demonstrating H2O2 production by LK-activated MP. Blocking the MP receptor for mannose by the addition of mannan to the assay system resulted in enhanced detection of H2O2 by low concentrations of HRP type II and by three out of four HRP isoenzymes. Treatment of MP with LK-containing medium for 72 hr did not result in a significant change in the activity of cellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) compared with MP cultured for the same length of time in control medium. By using the specific inhibitor of copper, zinc-containing SOD, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), and the universal SOD inhibitor, sodium nitroprusside, we found that the predominant enzyme in guinea pig peritoneal MP is probably manganese-containing SOD. Incubation of LK-activated MP with nitroprusside resulted in almost total inhibition of H2O2 production and a simultaneous switch to superoxide (O2-) liberation. Similar exposure to DDC had no effect. These data indicate that H2O2 produced by LK-activated MP is derived exclusively by enzymatic dismutation of O2- mediated by a manganese-containing SOD. The increase in spontaneous H2O2 production induced by LK is therefore secondary to augmented O2- production that occurs at a cellular location where O2- is accessible to SOD. The enzymatic basis of the enhanced oxygen radical production was investigated by determining the kinetic parameters of the O2- -forming NADPH oxidase of resting LK-treated MP in a cellfree system in which O-2 production was induced by sodium dodecyl sulfate. The Km for NADPH and the Vmax of the enzyme of LK-treated MP were not different from those of the enzyme of MP incubated in control medium. We conclude that LK treatment of MP does not modulate the NADPH oxidase itself but, most likely, a process related to activation of the enzyme.
Probing the interaction between two single molecules: fluorescence resonance energy transfer between a single donor and a single acceptor. (1996)

We extend the sensitivity of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to the single molecule level by measuring energy transfer between a single donor fluorophore and a single acceptor fluorophore. Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) is used to obtain simultaneous dual color images and emission spectra from donor and acceptor fluorophores linked by a short DNA molecule. Photodestruction dynamics of the donor or acceptor are used to determine the presence and efficiency of energy transfer. The classical equations used to measure energy transfer on ensembles of fluorophores are modified for single-molecule measurements. In contrast to ensemble measurements, dynamic events on a molecular scale are observable in single pair FRET measurements because they are not canceled out by random averaging. Monitoring conformational changes, such as rotations and distance changes on a nanometer scale, within single biological macromolecules, may be possible with single pair FRET.
Succinylated wheat germ agglutinin lectin binding in intrahepatic vessels. A new histochemical tool. (1993)

Succinylated wheat germ agglutinin, specified by the amino sugar beta(4)-N-acetylglucosamine, bound frequently to the endothelial cells of the hepatic arterial branches and small vessels of the peribiliary capillary plexus, while it did not bind to the endothelial cells of venous vessels such as portal vein branches and hepatic venous radicles, nor to lymphatic vessels. Sinusoidal endothelial cells were also negative for succinylated wheat germ agglutinin. Proliferating small vessels in the enlarged portal tracts and fibrous septa in patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction or chronic active hepatitis with or without cirrhosis tended to be positive for succinylated wheat germ agglutinin. Such findings have not been previously reported, to the best of our knowledge. Thus, succinylated wheat germ agglutinin may be a new and useful histochemical tool in routinely processed tissue sections to discriminate intrahepatic vessels into several categories, particularly into two categories (arterial and other vessels), in normal as well as diseased livers.