gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Joint Adaptive Communications System (JACS) Concept Validation Study. (1997)

Abstract : The Concept Validation Study of Joint Adaptive Communication System (JACS), conducted by David Sarnoff Research Center (Sarnoff) under contract to Air Force, focused on evaluation of network algorithms for a self-organizing, self-routing, self-maintaining and automatically reconfigurable communications network based on randomly scattered, inexpensive, disposable, rugged and air/ground-vehicle deployable nodes. JACS is capable of achieving the requirements of the network described above. JACS has a wide range of applications such as (a) downed pilot communications; (b) sensor array configurations; (c) special operations at the forward edge of battle; (d) tactical Internet and (e) Ad-Hoc network communications between multiple UAV's. During this study simulation network models for JACS were developed. The test network models are operational. The call set-up and routing algorithms work. The Call Set-up performance and End-to-end packet delay performance in JACS were evaluated using the network simulation models developed. Major performance characterizations have been obtained. The JACS concept is algorithmically feasible. Next steps include expanded validation of the JACS concept with reference to related radio progagation issues, phototyping and operational validation.
Time Course of Early Metabolic Changes following Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats as Detected by 1 H NMR Spectroscopy (2007)

Experimental models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) provide a useful tool for understanding the cerebral metabolic changes induced by this pathological condition. Here, we report on the time course of changes in cerebral metabolites after TBI and its correlation with early brain morphological changes using a combination of high-resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to closed head impact and examined by MRI at 1, 9, 24, 48, and and 72 h after the injury. Extracts from funnel frozen rat brains were then obtained and analyzed quantitatively by high-resolution (1)H MRS. Finally, statistical multivariate analysis was carried out to identify the combination of cerebral metabolites that best described the time evolution of diffuse TBI. The temporal changes observed in the concentration of cerebral metabolites followed three different patterns. The first pattern included taurine, threonine, and glycine, with concentrations peaking 24 h after the injury. The second pattern included glutamate, GABA, and alanine, with concentrations remaining elevated between 24 and 48 h post-injury. The third one involved creatine-phosphocreatine, N-acetylaspartate, and myo-inositol, with concentrations peaking 48 h after the injury. A multivariate stepwise discriminant analysis revealed that the combination of the organic osmolytes taurine and myo-inositol allowed optimal discrimination among the different time groups. Our findings suggest that the profile of some specific brain molecules that play a role as organic osmolytes can be used to follow-up the progression of the early diffuse brain edema response induced by TBI.
Naturally occurring peptides associated with HLA-A2 in ovarian cancer cell lines identified by mass spectrometry are targets of HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T cells (2003)

Identifying naturally occurring peptides bound to HLA class I molecules recognized by HLA-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) is both relevant and central to the development of effective immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer. Several cancer-related genes have been reported for ovarian cancer, but very few are known to be naturally processed T cell epitopes. In the present study we used mass spectrometry to identify 16 novel HLA-A2-bound peptides from HLA-A2(+) ovarian cancer cell lines. All 16 peptides are derived from source proteins with diverse functions and marked homology to known proteins found in public databases. Synthetic peptide analogues of identified sequences were found to stabilize HLA-A2.1, albeit with varying affinities. The peptides were found to be antigenic in that a primary CD8(+) CTL response could be elicited from normal donor blood. The CTL generated were not only peptide specific, but failed to recognize targets pulsed with control peptides. In addition, recognition of shared HLA-A2-restricted epitopes by these CTL is suggested by their reactivity with a subset of HLA-A2(+) tumor lines and freshly isolated cancer cells or cell lines established from peritoneal ascites. These results were further corroborated by competitive inhibition of lysis of an otherwise susceptible cell line in the presence of cold peptide-pulsed targets. Furthermore, lack of recognition of several HLA-A2(+) control cell lines or cells isolated from normal ovaries suggests that these peptides are cancer related. These findings broaden the list of CTL-defined antigens that could lead to the development of multi-epitope vaccines for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Pro-hepcidin: expression and cell specific localisation in the liver and its regulation in hereditary haemochromatosis, chronic renal insufficiency, and renal anaemia (2004)

From the detection of pro-hepcidin in human serum, we conclude that the prohormone may be involved in the regulation of iron metabolism in HH. Decreased pro-hepcidin levels could play an important role in the pathogenesis of HH.
Negative Regulation of Phagocytosis in Macrophages by the CD47-SHPS-1 System (2005)

Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP) substrate-1 (SHPS-1) is a transmembrane protein that is expressed predominantly in macrophages. Its extracellular region interacts with the transmembrane ligand CD47 expressed on the surface of adjacent cells, and its cytoplasmic region binds the protein tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2. Phagocytosis of IgG- or complement-opsonized RBCs by peritoneal macrophages derived from mice that express a mutant SHPS-1 protein that lacks most of the cytoplasmic region was markedly enhanced compared with that apparent with wild-type macrophages. This effect was not observed either with CD47-deficient RBCs as the phagocytic target or in the presence of blocking Abs to SHPS-1. Depletion of SHPS-1 from wild-type macrophages by RNA interference also promoted FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis of wild-type RBCs. Ligation of SHPS-1 on macrophages by CD47 on RBCs promoted tyrosine phosphorylation of SHPS-1 and its association with SHP-1, whereas tyrosine phosphorylation of SHPS-1 was markedly reduced in response to cross-linking of FcgammaRs. Treatment with inhibitors of PI3K or of Syk, but not with those of MEK or Src family kinases, abolished the enhancement of FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis apparent in macrophages from SHPS-1 mutant mice. In contrast, FcgammaR-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk, Cbl, or the gamma subunit of FcR was similar in macrophages from wild-type and SHPS-1 mutant mice. These results suggest that ligation of SHPS-1 on macrophages by CD47 promotes the tyrosine phosphorylation of SHPS-1 and thereby prevents the FcgammaR-mediated disruption of the SHPS-1-SHP-1 complex, resulting in inhibition of phagocytosis. The inhibition of phagocytosis by the SHPS-1-SHP-1 complex may be mediated at the level of Syk or PI3K signaling.
Electron spin resonance of nitrogen-vacancy centers in optically trapped nanodiamonds (2012)

Using an optical tweezers apparatus, we demonstrate three-dimensional control of nanodiamonds in solution with simultaneous readout of ground-state electron-spin resonance (ESR) transitions in an ensemble of diamond nitrogen-vacancy color centers. Despite the motion and random orientation of nitrogen-vacancy centers suspended in the optical trap, we observe distinct peaks in the measured ESR spectra qualitatively similar to the same measurement in bulk. Accounting for the random dynamics, we model the ESR spectra observed in an externally applied magnetic field to enable dc magnetometry in solution. We estimate the dc magnetic field sensitivity based on variations in ESR line shapes to be approximately 50 μT/√Hz. This technique may provide a pathway for spin-based magnetic, electric, and thermal sensing in fluidic environments and biophysical systems inaccessible to existing scanning probe techniques.
Animal models for muscular dystrophy: valuable tools for the development of therapies (2000)

Since the identification of dystrophin as the causative factor in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, an increasing amount of information on the molecular basis of muscular dystrophies has facilitated the division of these heterogeneous disorders into distinct groups. As more light is being shed on the genes and proteins involved in muscular dystrophy, diagnosis of patients has improved enormously. In addition to naturally occurring animal models, a number of genetically engineered murine models for muscular dystrophy have been generated. These animal models have provided valuable clues to the understanding of the pathogenesis of these disorders. Furthermore, as therapeutic approaches are being developed, mutant animals represent good models in which they can be tested. The present review focuses on the recent advancements of gene transfer-based strategies, with a special emphasis on animal models for Duchenne and limb-girdle muscular dystrophies.
Analysis of Outpatient Surgery Center Safety Using an Internet-Based Quality Improvement and Peer Review Program (2004)

Assessing the quality of care delivered in office-based outpatient surgery centers is difficult because formerly there was no central data collection system. The American Association for Accreditation of Ambulatory Surgery Facilities (AAAASF), in its ongoing effort to assess and improve patient care, has developed an Internet-based quality improvement and peer review program to analyze outcomes for surgery centers it accredits. Reporting is mandatory for all surgeons operating in AAAASF-accredited facilities. Each surgeon must report all unanticipated sequelae and at least six random cases reviewed by an accepted peer review group biannually. A total of 411,670 procedures were analyzed during a 2-year period (from 2001 to 2002). There were 2597 sequelae reported during this period. The most common sequela was hematoma formation following breast augmentation. Infection occurred in 388 cases. Deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and intraoperative cardiac arrhythmias were found to occur in a frequency consistent with previous reports. Significant complications (hematoma, hypertensive episode, wound infection, sepsis, and hypotension) were infrequent. A total of 1378 significant sequelae were reported for 411,670 procedures. This calculates to one unanticipated sequela in 299 procedures (an incidence of 0.33 percent). Seven deaths were reported. A death occurred in one in 58,810 procedures (0.0017 percent). The overall risk of death was comparable whether the procedure was performed in an AAAASF-accredited office surgery facility or a hospital surgery facility. This study documents an excellent safety record for surgical procedures performed in accredited office surgery facilities by board-certified surgeons.
The gauze hammock sling operation in the treatment of stress incontinence (1983)

Moir's gauze hammock sling operation for stress incontinence is described with minor modifications, and a series of 105 consecutive patients with independent follow up from 6 months to 9 years is presented. Patients were selected for operation on clinical grounds, urodynamic investigations only becoming available at the end of the series. In 48 patients the operation was a primary procedure. The outcome was determined by clinical review in 93 patients and by case note review in a further 10 with only two patients being lost to follow up. Of the 103 patients assessed, 62 were continent, 26 improved and there were 15 failures. There were two vesico-vaginal fistulas. The results compare favourably with other suprapubic operations for stress incontinence.
Membrane proteins specified by herpes simplex viruses. III. Role of glycoprotein VP7(B2) in virion infectivity (1979)

Experiments done with a temperature"sensitive mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) have revealed that one of the virisn glycoproteins, designated VP7(B2), is apparently not required for the production of enveloped virus particles, whereas it does play a critical role in virion infectivity. The mutant, designated HSV-1[HFEM]tsB5, fails to accumulate VP7(B2) at nonpermissive temperature and produces virions that lack detectable quantities of this glycoprotein and that have very low specific infectivity. The poor infectivity of the virions is most readily explained by failure of penetration into the host cell rather than by failure of adsorption to cells because it was shown that the VP7(B2)-deficient virions can bind to cells and that polyethylene glycol, an agent known to promote membrane fusion, can significantly enhance infectivity of the adsorbed virions.
Relaxed SiGe-on-insulator fabricated via wafer bonding and etch back (2002)

Relaxed SiGe-on-insulator (SGOI) was fabricated using a bond/etch-back process. Ultrahigh-vacuum chemical vapor deposition was used to grow a SiGe graded buffer on a Si substrate, creating a relaxed Si0.75Ge0.25 virtual substrate. The SiGe graded buffer surface was then polished, and a second ultrahigh-vacuum chemical vapor deposition growth was performed to deposit a strained Si etch stop layer followed by a Si0.75Ge0.25 layer. The wafers were bonded to oxidized Si handle wafers, and the wafer pairs were annealed. The backsides of the SiGe virtual substrates were ground and etched in KOH. Since the KOH etch stops at the 20% Ge region in the graded layer, the remaining SiGe was then removed using a HF:H2O2:CH3COOH (1:2:3) solution. The resulting SGOI structure was characterized using transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy; in addition, etch-pit density measurements revealed a threading dislocation density of about 105 cm−2.
DNA Separations by Slab Gel, and Capillary Electrophoresis: Theory and Practice (1995)

Abstract In this review we evaluate existing experimental methods for the electrophoretic size separation of nucleic acids, including both slab gel electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis (CE). First, we briefly discuss some important applications of DNA electrophoresis in molecular biology. We then focus on the theory and the practice of DNA separations by slab gel electrophoresis and CE, emphasizing the different practical limitations of the two techniques. In particular, we review new developments in CE, a technique which is evolving rapidly.
Acrolein, a Toxicant in Cigarette Smoke, Causes Oxidative Damage and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in RPE Cells: Protection by (R)-α-Lipoic Acid (2006)

These results show that acrolein is a mitochondrial toxicant in RPE cells and that acrolein-induced oxidative mitochondrial dysfunction is reduced by lipoic acid. The similar sensitivity of the ARPE-19 and hfRPE cells suggests that both models are useful for studying RPE toxicity and protection. These experiments indicate that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants such as lipoic acid may be an effective strategy for reducing or preventing chronic oxidant-induced RPE degeneration in vivo from a variety of sources, including cigarette smoke.
Brain Tumor Stem Cells (2006)

Brain tumors are among the most devastating and tractable tumors in humans. Recent studies indicate that there is a small subpopulation of cells in brain tumors resembling neural stem cells; only these critical cells can maintain the growth of brain tumors,which are called brain tumor stem cells (BTSC). In this review,we expound the content of this hypothesis,probe into the evidences indicating existence of BTSC and its likely origin. The value and future of this study are analyzed as well.
Raman spectroscopy of lignin (1996)

Although in the past visible-laser-excited Raman spectroscopy has been used to study lignin and lignocellulosics, only limited information could be obtained due to poor signal-to-background ratios in the spectra. Laser-induced fluorescence of lignin caused the background which frequently overwhelmed Raman spectral features. However, with the development of FT Raman spectroscopy wherein 1064 nm laser light is used for sample excitation, the fluorescence problem has been eliminated (for most samples) and the time required to obtain a spectrum has been significantly reduced. Lignin related Raman information has been generated through studies that focused on identifying lignin`s Raman contributions, comparing Raman features of native, milled-wood, and enzyme lignins, and studies of lignin-models. In addition to this foundation work, Raman spectroscopy is being used to obtain new information in a number of research programs, e.g. quantification of lignin in wood and pulps, photoyellowing in mechanical pulps, ultrastructure of woody tissues, characterization of chemically modified lignins and lignocellulosics, and studies of mechanical pulp containing papers.
Gene expression from both intronless and intron-containing Rous sarcoma virus clones is specifically inhibited by anti-sense RNA. (1985)

To distinguish the inhibitory effect of anti-sense RNA on translation from the effect on splicing, a plasmid (pLC32) was constructed from a cDNA clone of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) envelope gene (env) mRNA. Transcription of this plasmid results in the synthesis of RNA identical to the RSV env gene mRNA which does not require splicing to be expressed. Plasmids derived from pLC32 were also constructed in which the env gene coding sequence and 5' noncoding leader sequences were inserted in the opposite orientation relative to the RSV long terminal repeats (LTRs). pLC32 DNA transfected by the calcium phosphate coprecipitation technique efficiently rescued infectious virus from quail cells infected with an RSV mutant deleted in the env gene [R(-)Q cells], indicating that the intron sequences are dispensable in env gene expression. When the inverted constructs were cotransfected with pLC32, significantly less infectious virus was produced. The extent of the inhibition depended upon the concentration ratio of the two plasmids. The maximum inhibition (80%) occurred when the ratio of inverted constructs to pLC32 was 12:1. The inhibition is specific for the inverted orientation since cotransfection of pLC32 with several other plasmids containing viral LTRs and defective src and env genes at similar concentrations did not inhibit the production of infectious virus. In addition, the inverted constructs did not interfere with the expression of an LTR-driven chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. When cotransfected with a wild-type Prague A RSV DNA plasmid (pJD100), the inverted constructs also greatly inhibited expression and replication of virus in R(-)Q quail cells. These data suggest that the specific inhibition is caused by hybridization of complementary RNA transcribed from the inverted constructs to the env mRNA, thereby blocking its expression. The fact that expression of both intron-containing and intronless clones are inhibited to the same extent suggest that inhibition by anti-sense RNA from the env exon regions does not act at the level of RNA splicing.
Regulatory elements of the erythropoietin gene (1991)

Because the human hepatoma cell line Hep3B produces erythropoietin (Epo) in a regulated fashion, it can be used to investigate the cis-acting regulatory elements of the Epo gene. Comparison of primate and mouse sequences shows strong homology not only in the coding sequence but also within the 5' flanking region, the first intron, and the 3' flanking region. These portions of the Epo gene were inserted 5' and 3' to a reporter gene, human growth hormone (GH). 5A is a 1,192-base pair (bp) HindIII-Xbal fragment that extends from 378 bp 5' to the cap site through the first intron. To obviate the problem of false initiation of translation from the Epo ATG start codon, this site was changed to TAG by site-directed mutagenesis. 3A is a 255-bp Accl-BglII fragment that extends 67 bp upstream from the Epo termination codon and covers most of the 3' noncoding region of homology. The plasmid DNAs were transfected by electroporation into Hep3B cells with RSVCAT as an internal standard to correct for transfection efficiency. One aliquot of cells was exposed to 50 mumol/L CoCl2 or to 1% O2. At the end of the incubations, GH and Epo were measured in the cell media and the cell pellet was assayed for CAT. Production of GH was stimulated 1.7-fold by cobalt or hypoxia. Furthermore, addition of 3A to the GH gene, irrespective of orientation, stimulated GH production 2.6-fold with CoCl2 and 2.3-fold with hypoxia. Stable cell lines were produced by cotransfection of the above constructions, along with the selectable marker pSV-Neo. In two clones, exposure to hypoxia resulted in much more marked (16-fold) induction of GH. Stimulus of both GH and Epo production by hypoxia was partially abrogated by carbon monoxide. These results demonstrate the presence of promoter and enhancer elements within the human Epo gene that are appropriately responsive to hypoxia and cobalt.
Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation (2005)

From the Publisher:
This objective, referenced collection of over 300 articles will cover every aspect of medical devices and instrumentation in four volumes, totalling about 3,000 pages. The Encyclopedia will define the discipline by bringing together the core of knowledge from all the fields encompassed by the application of engineering, physics, and computers to problems in medicine. Some of the many areas covered will include: anaesthesiology; burns; cardiology; clinical chemistry and engineering; critical care medicine; dermatology; dentistry; endocrinology; genetics; gynecology; microbiology; oncology; pharmacology; psychiatry; radiology; surgery; and urology. Cross-references and index included.
Adaptive error control for packet video in the Internet (2002)

Anecdotal evidence suggests that the quality of many videoconferences in the Internet is mediocre because of high packet loss rates. This makes it important to design and implement mechanisms that minimize packet loss and its impact in video (and audio) applications. There are two such types of mechanisms. Rate control mechanisms attempt to minimize the amount of packet loss by matching the bandwidth requirements of a video flow to the capacity available in the network. However, they do not prevent packet loss altogether. Error control mechanisms attempt to minimize the visual impact of lost packets at the destinations. We provide motivation for using error control mechanisms based on forward error correction (FEC) and packet reconstruction. We examine a specific mechanism, and evaluate its cost as well as the benefit expected from using it. This mechanism can be augmented to obtain a joint source/channel coding scheme suitable for both the current and the future integrated services Internet.
The neuronal regulation of fracture healing: Effects of sciatic nerve resection in rat tibia (1994)

The effect of sciatic nerve resection on tibial fracture healing was studied in rats 25 days post-trauma. To prevent differences in loading between sham-operated and nerve-resected animals the fractured limbs were cast-immobilized. On radiograms 8 of 11 fractures in the sham-operated animals showed very little callus formation in contrast to only 1 of 8 fractures in the group with nerve resection. Measured by single-photon absorptiometry, animals with sciatic nerve resection had a higher bone mineral content than the sham-operated animals. However, the mechanical strength in three-point cantilever bending was not better in the nerve-resected rats, implying a defective organization of the large callus. These results suggest neural regulation plays a role in the type of fracture healing, primary or secondary, and in the amount and quality of the callus.