gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Potency of Michael reaction acceptors as inducers of enzymes that protect against carcinogenesis depends on their reactivity with sulfhydryl groups (2001)

Induction of phase 2 enzymes and elevations of glutathione are major and sufficient strategies for protecting mammals and their cells against the toxic and carcinogenic effects of electrophiles and reactive forms of oxygen. Inducers belong to nine chemical classes and have few common properties except for their ability to modify sulfhydryl groups by oxidation, reduction, or alkylation. Much evidence suggests that the cellular "sensor" molecule that recognizes the inducers and signals the enhanced transcription of phase 2 genes does so by virtue of unique and highly reactive sulfhydryl functions that recognize and covalently react with the inducers. Benzylidene-alkanones and -cycloalkanones are Michael reaction acceptors whose inducer potency is profoundly increased by the presence of ortho- (but not other) hydroxyl substituent(s) on the aromatic ring(s). This enhancement correlates with more rapid reactivity of the ortho-hydroxylated derivatives with model sulfhydryl compounds. Proton NMR spectroscopy provides no evidence for increased electrophilicity of the beta-vinyl carbons (the presumed site of nucleophilic attack) on the hydroxylated inducers. Surprisingly, these ortho-hydroxyl groups display a propensity for extensive intermolecular hydrogen bond formation, which may raise the reactivity and facilitate addition of mercaptans, thereby raising inducer potencies.
Chat circles (1999)

Although current online chat environments provide new opportunities for communication, they are quite constrained in their ability to convey many important pieces of social information, ranging from the number of participants in a conversation to the subtle nuances of expression that enrich face to face speech. In this paper we present Chat Circles, an abstract graphical interface for synchronous conversa-tion. Here, presence and activity are made manifest by changes in color and form, proximity-based filtering intuitively breaks large groups into conversational clusters, and the archives of a conversation are made visible through an integrated history interface. Our goal in this work is to create a richer environment for online discussions.
Protection against aspirin-induced gastric lesions by lansoprazole: Simultaneous evaluation of functional and morphologic responses (1992)

The protective effect of lansoprazole, a new proton pump inhibitor, against aspirin-induced gastric lesions was studied in a double-blind crossover trial with a simultaneous measure of the functional capacities of the mucosal barrier (by a recording of the gastric potential difference) and of the morphologic changes in the mucosa (by gastric endoscopy). After 1 week of treatment with lansoprazole (30 mg per day) or placebo, each healthy volunteer received 1 gm aspirin by mouth. Recording of the gastric potential difference lasted for 3 hours and was followed by gastric endoscopy. Morphologic lesions induced by aspirin were effectively prevented by lansoprazole: Lanza score was 0.67 +/- 0.98 (mean +/- SD) versus 2.25 +/- 1.1 with placebo (p < 0.005, ANOVA). Conversely, the decrease in the gastric potential difference was similar. The inhibition of acid secretion induced by lansoprazole was therefore sufficient to prevent aspirin-induced mucosal lesions without reinforcing the defense capacities of the mucosa. This simple pharmacologic model makes it possible to simultaneously evaluate the functional and morphologic effects of aspirin intake on the gastric mucosa.
Low-loss spiral waveguides with ultra-small footprint on a micron scale SOI platform (2014)

We have recently characterized spirals waveguides based on 4 μm thick strip waveguides with suitably designed lowloss micron scale bends. Different bends and different lengths have been tested to extrapolate propagation losses and bending losses. In particular lowest bending losses have been found to be smaller than 0.01 dB per turn, while propagation losses are about 0.15 dB/cm. Very small footprint is achieved thanks to a novel bend concept combined to waveguide pitches of a few microns. The unique properties of our waveguides make our platform the ideal one for low loss long spiral waveguides with very small footprint.
Essential Role for Neutrophil Recruitment to the Liver in Concanavalin A-Induced Hepatitis (2004)

Leukocyte infiltration into the liver is paramount to the development of liver injury in hepatitis. Hepatitis occurring after the administration of Con A in mice is felt to be a T lymphocyte-mediated disease. In this study, we report that neutrophils are the key initiators of lymphocyte recruitment and liver injury caused by Con A. The objectives of this study were to investigate the involvement of neutrophils in Con A-induced hepatitis in vivo via intravital microscopy. After Con A administration, we observed a significant increase in leukocyte rolling flux, a decrease in rolling velocity, and an increase in leukocyte adhesion to the hepatic microvasculature. Fluorescence microscopy identified that within 4 h of Con A administration only a minority of the recruited leukocytes were T lymphocytes. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry showed a significant increase in neutrophils recruited to the liver post-Con A treatment in association with liver cell damage, as reflected by elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Using flow cytometry, we observed that Con A could bind directly to neutrophils, which resulted in a shedding of L-selectin, an increase in beta(2)-integrin expression, and the production of reactive oxidants. Following neutrophil depletion, a significant inhibition of Con A-induced CD4+ T lymphocyte recruitment to the liver resulted and complete reduction in hepatic injury, as assessed by serum alanine aminotransferase levels. In summary, the present data support the concept that neutrophils play an important and previously unrecognized role in governing Con A-induced CD4+ T cell recruitment to the liver and the subsequent development of hepatitis.
Minicell-forming mutants of Escherichia coli: suppression of both DicB- and MinD-dependent division inhibition by inactivation of the minC gene product (1990)

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the minB operon of 10 min mutants of Escherichia coli, characterized by impaired inhibition of polar divisions. These mutants were either sensitive or resistant to the division inhibitor DicB. All the mutations were found to lie in minC or minD, confirming the requirement of both gene products in the process of inhibition of polar sites. Mutations conferring resistance to inhibitor DicB were found exclusively in minC. In agreement with de Boer et al. (P. A. J. de Boer, R. E. Crossley, and L. I. Rothfield, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1129-1133, 1990), these results provide evidence that, in addition to promoting division inhibition with MinD, protein MinC acts in concert with DicB to inhibit division by a second, MinD-independent process.
Paying Attention to Your Acetylcholine, Part 2: The Function of Nicotinic Receptors (2000)

Article AbstractIn this second part of a 2-part series, we present the role of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in regulating neurotransmission and in mediating cognitive functions in health and disease. Last month, we discussed the structure of nicotinic cholinergic receptors.
Tunability of electron spin coherence in III–V quantum wells (2002)

We have calculated both T1 and T2 for (110)-oriented GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells near room temperature. The altered symmetry of (110)-oriented quantum wells leads to an increase in calculated spin coherence times (T1) compared to those of similar (100)-oriented quantum wells, exceeding 1 ns at room temperature. We have also studied the electron spin coherence times as a function of applied electric field in (100)- and (110)-oriented GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. T1 is considerably more responsive to the growth-direction electric field in (110)-oriented quantum wells than in (100)-oriented quantum wells, whereas the response of T2 is similar for both growth directions.
A Double-blind, Cross-over, Study of Oral N-Acetylcysteine in Sjögren’s Syndrome (1986)

Twenty-six patients with primary or secondary Sjögren's syndrome were treated in a double-blind, cross-over trial for a four week period with oral N-Acetylcysteine and placebo. Before treatment there were significantly elevated salivary lactoferrin levels in the patients when compared to 51 healthy controls (p = 0.0005), and significantly decreased levels of tear lysozyme when compared to 24 controls (p = 0.0003). Salivary sodium, potassium, inorganic phosphate, amylase and immunoglobulin G, A or M levels were not significantly different from control values. After treatment with N-Acetylcysteine, Sjögren's syndrome patients reported improvements in ocular soreness (p = 0.004), ocular irritability (p = 0.006), halitosis (p = 0.033) and daytime thirst (p = 0.033). N-Acetylcysteine, but not placebo improved the van Bijsterveld score (p = 0.026), but neither agent improved the Schirmer test, the tear break up time or any of the laboratory tests. These results suggest that N-Acetylcysteine may have a true therapeutic effect on the ocular symptoms of Sjögren's syndrome and be worthy of a longer study.
Immunological factors which influence response to immunotherapy in malignant melanoma. (1970)

Antimelanoma antibodies previously demonstrated in the serum of melanoma patients by immunofluorescence have now been detected by a sensitive and quantitative complement fixation technique. The melanoma-specific antibodies detected by both of these techniques show a remarkable correlation with the stage of disease. Study of serums from 63 melanoma patients showed that both the incidence and titer of antibodies to the tumor antigens of malignant melanoma were found to be higher in patients with localized melanoma than in those with widespread metastatic disease. Furthermore, study of serial serum specimens on melanoma patients revealed a drop in antibody titer to undetectable levels with advancing metastatic disease. Additional evidence for the importance of immunological factors in this disease came from studies of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in melanoma patients. All patients with localized melanoma were capable of being sensitized to DNCB, whereas all patients who could not manifest delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to this chemical had widespread metastatic disease. Eight melanoma patients were treated with immunotherapy using BCG as an immunological adjuvant. This therapy produced a rising titer of antimelanoma antibody and temporary tumor regression in five patients. However, only one of these patients has had a complete regression and remains free of disease at two years following treatment. There was a good correlation between the patient's immunological competence and his response to immunotherapy. All patients who could be sensitized to DNCB or tuberculin and developed a fourfold rise in antibody titer had some response to immunotherapy, whereas anergic patients failed to respond to this therapy. These studies indicate that the host immune response to malignant melanoma is an important factor in controlling the progression of this disease. Therefore, immunotherapy may become a useful adjunct to the primary surgical therapy of malignant melanoma.
Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by T Lymphocytes (1997)

Physical disruption of an atheromatous lesion often underlies acute coronary syndromes. Matrix-degrading enzymes, eg, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), may cause loss in mechanical integrity of plaque tissue that favors rupture. T lymphocytes accumulate at sites where atheromata rupture, but the mechanisms by which these immune cells may contribute to plaque destabilization are unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that the T-lymphocyte surface molecule CD40 ligand (CD40L), recently localized in atherosclerotic plaques, regulates the expression of MMPs in human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), the most numerous cell type in arteries. We report here that stimulated human T lymphocytes induced the expression of the matrix-degrading enzymes, ie, interstitial collagenase (MMP-1), stromelysin (MMP-3), gelatinase B (MMP-9), and activated gelatinase A (MMP-2), in human vascular SMCs by cell contact via CD40 ligation, as demonstrated by Western blot analysis, zymography, and antibody neutralization. Recombinant human CD40L (rCD40L) induced de novo synthesis of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 on vascular SMCs and stimulated the expression of these enzymes to a greater extent than did maximally effective concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-1beta, established agonists of MMP expression. Interferon gamma, another T-lymphocyte- derived cytokine, inhibited the induction of MMPs by rCD40L. Immunohistochemical analysis of human coronary atheromata colocalized MMP-1 and MMP-3 with CD40-positive SMCs. These results demonstrated that CD40 ligand, expressed on T lymphocytes, promoted the expression of matrix-degrading enzymes in vascular SMCs and thus established a new pathway of immune-modulated destabilization in human atheromata.
Self-Biased Differential Dual Spin Valve Readers for Future Magnetic Recording (2011)

For future magnetic recording, one challenge is that the shield to shield spacing (SSS) of readers cannot be scaled down to achieve the linear density requirement. A differential dual spin valve (DDSV) has been proposed to improve the linear resolution as it does not rely on the magnetic shields to diminish the interference from adjacent bits. The side reading becomes more and more challenging as the track width shrinks to below SSS to accommodate high track density, in particular for a DDSV reader in which no magnetic shield or larger SSS is used. A self-biased DDSV structure is proposed to replace the conventional abutted junction stabilization scheme. In the self-biased DDSV readers, two side shields are put at the both sides of the sensor across the track direction in the replacement of the hard bias (HB). The stray fields from the two free layers in the DDSV sensor bias each other to stabilize the domain structure of the free layers. Preliminary analysis shows that the self-bias DDSV is also robust against the spin torque-induced magnetic instability. Simulation results indicate that the self-biased DDSV reader has much better reading sensitivity for the opposing fields generated by magnetic transitions than HB-stabilized sensor. It is found that for DDSV readers, the mag-noise is less significant due to a larger signal field and thicker free layer. Current perpendicular to the plane (CPP)-DDSV sensors have been fabricated and show very good differential effect in the real operating mode. The magnetoresistance performance of individual spin valve in CPP-DDSV sensors has been obtained through measurements with applied field and pinning field parallel to the easy axis of the free layer.
Real and pseudo oxygen gradients in Ca‐alginate beads monitored during polarographic Po2‐measurements using Pt‐needle microelectrodes (1994)

Polarographic microcoaxial needle electrodes were used to measure internal profiles of dissolved oxygen tension (Po(2)) within single Ca-alginate beads of different diameter containing entrapped cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For the investigations, single beads coming from variable growing conditions and distinct cultivation stages were fixed in a special holding device. In dependence on microbial growth steep oxygen gradients were observed. The Oxygen penetration depth at steady state lay between 50 and 100 microm. After 8 h of cultivation time, the anaerobic space within the beads (phi 2 mm; cultivation in a packed bed reactor) is beginning at approximately 130 microm, whereas the anaerobic space within the beads (phi 2 mm) coming from the shaker flask culture is located approximately 440 microm below the bead surface. Surprisingly, steep gradients were also observed, when recording profiles from cell-free Ca-alginate beads of different diameter and alginate concentrations. The steep oxygen gradients apparently had to be interpreted as pseudo-Po(2)-gradients. These results were borne by several effects, such as formation of artifacts and diffusion barriers in front of the electrode tip or oxygen "availability" at the tip and consumption of oxygen by the electrode itself. These phenomena could be documented by microscopic observation and photography. Thus, to obtain real Po(2)-profiles it is important to be exactly informed about the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the material to be investigated. Furthermore, it is necessary to apply a special stepwise puncture technique with distinct step-in/step-out movements of the electrode: e.g., unidirectional or contradirectional puncture techniques.
Cytokine production in a whole-blood assay after Epstein-Barr virus infection in vivo (1995)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has a marked tropism for cells of the immune system, and infection can result in profound immunomodulatory effects. In order to examine the role of cytokines during the acute phase of infectious mononucleosis, we studied the levels of different interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), and the soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) in serum samples of 20 patients. We found elevated levels of IL-2, IL-6, sIL-2R, and IFN-gamma. Whereas the peak of IL-2 and IL-6 concentration occurred during the first week (P < 0.01), the largest amounts of sIL-2R were measured during the second week (P < 0.01). IFN-gamma levels were only enhanced during the first week. In addition, we investigated the ability to produce cytokines in response to mitogenic stimulation in a whole-blood assay of 11 patients compared with healthy blood donors. In the whole-blood assay of patients compared with controls after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, we measured more than 10-fold elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (P < 0.01), 3-fold elevated levels of IL-1 beta (P < 0.01), and about 2-fold increased amounts of IL-6 (P < 0.01). A significant enhancement in sIL-2R and IFN-gamma concentration was found in the assay after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin after 24 h of incubation (P < 0.01). Collectively, our data seem to indicate that monocytes are strongly activated during infectious mononucleosis. Monocytes and monocyte-derived factors may play an important role in the pathogenesis of infectious mononucleosis and, together with T lymphocytes, may be partly responsible for clinical symptoms.
Higher order bilateral filters and their properties (2007)

Bilateral filtering<sup>1, 2</sup> has proven to be a powerful tool for adaptive denoising purposes. Unlike conventional filters, the bilateral filter defines the closeness of two pixels not only based on geometric distance but also based on radiometric (graylevel) distance. In this paper, to further improve the performance and find new applications, we make contact with a classic non-parametric image reconstruction technique called kernel regression,<sup>3</sup> which is based on local Taylor expansions of the regression function. We extend and generalize the kernel regression method and show that bilateral filtering is a special case of this new class of adaptive image reconstruction techniques, considering a specific choice for weighting kernels and zeroth order Taylor approximation. We show improvements over the classic bilateral filtering can be achieved by using higher order local approximations of the signal.
Deformation and Rebounding Processes of a Water Droplet Impinging on a Flat Surface Above Leidenfrost Temperature (1996)

This paper treats numerical analyses of the deformation and rebounding processes of a water droplet impinging on a flat solid surface above the Leidenfrost temperature with a speed in the order of a few [m/s], as well as the flow field inside the droplet. These calculations were performed using the MAC-type solution method to solve a finite differencing approximation of the axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations governing incompressible fluid flows. Also, the whole dynamic process of a droplet from the moment of collision with a hot surface including the rebound from it was recorded by using a video camera equipped with a macro lens. First, the water film formed by the droplet impinging on the surface spreads radially in a fairly thin discoid-like shape until it reaches a maximum. Next, the water film begins to recoil backwards towards the center and the recoiling process continues to occur owing to the surface tension effect at the periphery. Subsequently, the center part of the liquid drop begins to elongate upwards and the liquid near the top of the drop pulls up the lower part of the remaining liquid. Finally, a vortical ring structure appearing at the bottom of the elongated droplet induces the rotative motion in such a way as to form the rising flow and the droplet rebounds from the surface as a bowling pin-shaped mass. The numerical model to predict the deformation and rebounding processes was built up by accounting for the presence of viscous and surface tension effects. The numerical results obtained by the model were compared with the experimental data and discussed from a practical point of view.
Self‐Powered High‐Resolution and Pressure‐Sensitive Triboelectric Sensor Matrix for Real‐Time Tactile Mapping (2016)

A triboelectric sensor matrix (TESM) can accurately track and map 2D tactile sensing. A self-powered, high-resolution, pressure-sensitive, flexible and durable TESM with 16 × 16 pixels is fabricated for the fast detection of single-point and multi-point touching. Using cross-locating technology, a cross-type TESM with 32 × 20 pixels is developed for more rapid tactile mapping, which significantly reduces the addressing lines from m × n to m + n.
Low-dose oral immunization with lyophilized tissue of herbicide-resistant lettuce expressing hepatitis B surface antigen for prototype plant-derived vaccine tablet formulation (2010)

Efficient immunization against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and other pathogens with plant-based oral vaccines requires appropriate plant expressors and the optimization of vaccine compositions and administration protocols. Previous immunization studies were mainly based on a combination of the injection of a small surface antigen of HBV (S-HBsAg) and the feeding with raw tissue containing the antigen, supplemented with an adjuvant, and coming from plants conferring resistance to kanamycin. The objective of this study was to develop a prototype oral vaccine formula suitable for human immunization. Herbicide-resistant lettuce was engineered, stably expressing through progeny generation micrograms of S-HBsAg per g of fresh weight and formed into virus-like particles (VLPs). Lyophilized tissue containing a relatively low, 100-ng VLP-assembled antigen dose, administered only orally to mice with a long, 60-day interval between prime and boost immunizations and without exogenous adjuvant, elicited mucosal and systemic humoral anti-HBs responses at the nominally protective level. Lyophilized tissue was converted into tablets, which preserved S-HBsAg content for at least one year of room temperature storage. The results of the study provide indications on immunization methodology using a durable, efficacious, and convenient plant-derived prototype oral vaccine against hepatitis B.