gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast photoacoustic imaging system based on 320-element linear transducer array (2004)

A fast photoacoustic (PA) imaging system, based on a 320-transducer linear array, was developed and tested on a tissue phantom. To reconstruct a test tomographic image, 64 time-domain PA signals were acquired from a tissue phantom with embedded light-absorption targets. A signal acquisition was accomplished by utilizing 11 phase-controlled sub-arrays, each consisting of four transducers. The results show that the system can rapidly map the optical absorption of a tissue phantom and effectively detect the embedded light-absorbing target. By utilizing the multi-element linear transducer array and phase-controlled imaging algorithm, we thus can acquire PA tomography more efficiently, compared to other existing technology and algorithms. The methodology and equipment thus provide a rapid and reliable approach to PA imaging that may have potential applications in noninvasive imaging and clinic diagnosis.
The amino acid sequence of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase from bakers' yeast. (1980)

The complete amino acid sequence of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase from bakers' yeast has been determined.Computerized comparison with the known sequence of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase from bovine erythrocytes reveals 55% identity and an extraordinarily high degree of overall homology, suggesting that the copper-zinc class of dismutases has evolved as slowly as have the cytochromes c.An examination of the location of the amino acid replacements within the known three-dimensional structure of bovine dismutase reveals strict conservation of all metal ligands and the half-cystine residues of the intrachain disulfide bond.While these similarities suggest that the conformations and catalytic mechanisms of bovine and yeast dismutases are very much alike, certain amino acid substitutions are more radical in nature and may be related to the known difference in their stability to denaturing agents.The sequence of yeast dismutase, shown below, was derived through characterization of peptides obtained from the S-carboxymethylated protein by cleavage with cyanogen bromide, or by enzymatic hydrolysis with trypsin (phthalylated polypeptide), Staphylococcus aureus protease, or a-chymotrypsin.1 10 V ~l -G l ~-A l ~-V ~l -A l ~-V ~l -L ~~-L y ~-G l ~A ~~A l ~-G ~y -V ~l -S ~~-G l y -V ~l -V ~l -L y ~-P h ~G l ~
Evaluation of the toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and local tolerance of recombinant factor IX Fc fusion protein in animals (2015)

rFIXFc was well tolerated in toxicology studies and demonstrated a low thrombogenic potential. These results are consistent with phase 1/2a and phase 3 clinical studies of rFIXFc in people with hemophilia B.
Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions (1965)

Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation L. A. Artsimovich, A. C. Kolb, K. S. Pease, Harold P. Furth; Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions. Physics Today 1 May 1965; 18 (5): 75–78. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3047432 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentPhysics Today Search Advanced Search
Mobile code security (1998)

Sandboxes, code signing, firewalls, and proof carrying code are all techniques that address the inherent security risks of mobile code. The article summarizes the relative merits of each. It is concluded that each of these techniques offers something different, and the best approach is probably a combination of security mechanisms. The sandbox and code signing approaches are already being hybridized. Combining these with firewalling techniques such as the playground gives an extra layer of security. The PCC approach is not yet ready for prime time, but the ability to prove safety properties of code is an important element in the arsenal available for securing mobile code. None of the techniques can do much to protect users from social engineering attacks, where a user is somehow fooled into revealing something they shouldn't reveal. For example, JavaScript can be employed in a way that fools a user into revealing passwords to a remote server. Java applets could be used to do this as well, even under the strictest security policy. User education is the only way to combat mobile code attacks that are based on social engineering.
Effects of Precursor and Cross-linking Parameters on the Properties of Dextran-Allyl Isocyanate-Ethylamine/Poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate) Biodegradable Hydrogels and Their Release of Ovalbumin (2009)

In this paper, we studied the effects of molecular weight of poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate) (PEGDA) precursor, the degree of substitution (DS) of both allyl isocyanate (AI) and amine groups in dextran-based precursor (Dex-AE), and photoinitiator concentration on Dex-AE/PEGDA hydrogel formation and its ovalbumin (OVA) release. FT-IR spectra showed chemical bond interaction between amine and urethane groups of the hydrogel carriers with OVA. The increase in PEGDA molecular weight led to a faster OVA release because of a more open gel network structure. The study on the DS of AI in Dex-AE precursor showed that an increase in AI did not result in a prominent gel network structure difference. However, the urethane groups in Dex-AE precursor showed some interactions with OVA and, thus, resulted in a slower release rate. The incorporation of amine group into Dex-AE precursor did not affect the gel network structure, but reduced the OVA release rate, and the level of reduction increased with an increasing amine group substitution into the Dex-AE precursor. This reduction could be attributed to the interaction between the amine groups in the gel carrier and OVA. An increase in the photoinitiator concentration showed no effect on the gel network structure or OVA release.
MyD88 is critical for the development of innate and adaptive immunity during acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection (2005)

We investigated the roles of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in the course of a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and revealed the following: (i) studies of transfected cells and murine peritoneal macrophages demonstrated that TLR2 and MyD88 are essential for the initial pro-inflammatory cytokine response (human IL-8, mouse IL-6) to LCMV; (ii) TLR2 knockout (KO) mice and MyD88 KO mice challenged with LCMV produced less IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in the serum than wild-type mice; (iii) in contrast to inflammatory cytokines, the production of type 1 IFN (IFN-alpha) in response to LCMV was MyD88 independent; (iv) MyD88 plays an essential role in antiviral CD8(+) T cell responses, CD8(+) T cells in MyD88 KO mice were defective in their expression of intracellular antiviral cytokines; and (v) the failure of MyD88 KO mice to activate CD8(+) T cells was accompanied by persistent viral infection in MyD88 KO mice. We demonstrate that TLR-mediated responses are important in the innate immune response to LCMV and that MyD88 is essential for the control of the LCMV infection and the maturation/activation of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells.
Gemini Pyridinium Surfactants:  Synthesis and Conductometric Study of a Novel Class of Amphiphiles1 (2003)

A new series of pyridinium cationic gemini surfactants was prepared by quaternization of the 2,2'-(alpha,omega-alkanediyl)bispyridines with N-alkylating agents, whose reactivity is briefly discussed. Particularly useful was the use of long-chain alkyl triflates (trifluoromethanesulfonates) for both overcoming the sterical hindrance in the pyridines and obtaining higher synthetic yields. Well-known 4,4'-(alpha,omega-alkanediyl)bis(1-alkylpyridinium) structures showed narrow temperature ranges for practical applications, due to their high Krafft points, while the new 2,2'-(alpha,omega-alkanediyl)bis(1-alkylpyridinium) series, accounted for good surface active properties. Due to the Krafft points below 0 degrees C, they could be exploited as solutions in water at any temperature. The characterization of the behavior of the series was performed by conductivity measurements. Some of the proposed structures exhibited unusual surface active behavior, which was interpreted in terms of particular conformational arrangements.
Automatic segmentation for 3D dental reconstruction (2015)

Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is one of the favorite imaging technologies in dentistry because if offers 3D images in conditions of reduced irradiation. High quality 3D imaging is essential for first-rate diagnostic and treatment, despite the rather low quality images, with low contrast and high noise. The paper presents an automatic method for 3D reconstruction of the oral cavity. We analyze the existing state of the art in the field and propose a segmentation method that uses the domain knowledge related to mouth and teeth to reduce the computational load and to provide good results in an automatic procedure. The method is based on a Canny type edge detector, that was found to offer better control than active contour methods.
Fenretinide stimulates the apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells and ameliorates hepatic fibrosis in mice (2009)

Further studies using malondialdehyde measurement, Western blot, antioxidant, inhibitors for p53, caspase 8 and 9 - as well as anti-Fas neutralizing antibody - have shown that in HSC-T6, fenretinide-induced apoptosis involves a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generated, P53-independent, mitochondria-associated intrinsic pathway, whereas in hepatocytes (BRL-3A), a ROS-generated, P53-dependent, Fas-related extrinsic pathway is triggered only at high concentration.
Reactions of potassium fluoride in glacial acetic acid with chlorocarboxylic acids, amides, and chlorides. The effect of very strong hydrogen bonding on the nucleophilicity of the fluoride anion (1975)

Although KF is very soluble in glacial acetic acid, the nucleophilicity of the fluoride ion therein is much reduced by the very strong hydrogen bonding which occurs between it and the solvent. The fluoride is in effect enhancing the nucleophilicity of the hydroxyl oxygen atom of the carboxylic acid group. Reaction of chlorocarboxylic acids and their derivatives with this reagent produces acetoxy- instead of the anticipated fluoro-derivatives. The acid chlorides Cl(CH2)nCOCl, acids Cl(CH2)nCO2H, and some amides Cl(CH2)nCONH2(n= 1,2,3, etc.) have been investigated and their reactions with KF in acetic acid elucidated. In addition to substitution, lactonization and elimination reactions may also occur. Some new products have been isolated and characterized. Related reactions involving KF alone are reported; in some of these polymerization takes place.
Ultrasound-induced cell detachment and gene transfection in adherent cells (2005)

The effect of 1-MHz cw ultrasound (0.36 MPa in pressure amplitude) on cell detachment and gene transfection in adherent HeLa cells was investigated. Cell detachment, cell injury, and gene transfection (up to 50%) in surviving populations were found to increase progressively with exposure duration (0–20 s). However, with respect to the total exposed cells, gene transfection efficiency in the adherent cells (3%) was significantly lower than its counterpart without detachment (15%). Cell detachment by ultrasound exposure was accompanied by significantly reduced proliferation rate with greatly increased apoptosis in the surviving detached cell population.
Delineation of an extended surface contact area on human CD4 involved in class II major histocompatibility complex binding. (1993)

We describe a detailed mapping of the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding site using site-directed mutagenesis in conjunction with high-resolution CD4 structural data. Residues on all lateral surfaces of domain 1 and the neighboring portions of domain 2 participate in contacting class II MHC. Thus, in addition to the C'C" ridge that forms the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 binding site, apparent MHC contacts extend over the BED face of domain 1 and across the interdomain groove onto the FG loop of domain 2. Several models of the CD4/class II MHC interaction accounting for the extent of the CD4 surface involved are discussed, including the possibility that CD4 may contact more than one class II MHC molecule using different surfaces.
Input impedance of rectangular microstrip patch antenna with iso/anisotropic substrate-superstrate (2001)

The modified Wolff model (MWM), which is an improved version of the cavity model, is presented to compute the resonance frequency and input impedance of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna under the isotropic/anisotropic substrate-superstrate configuration. The model has accuracy better than 1.5% for both the resonance frequency and resonant resistance, as compared against the results of the method of moments (MOM) and experimental results.
Use of radio-frequency ablation for the palliative treatment of sacral chordoma. (2004)

Chordomas are the most common sacrococcygeal tumors in adults. They have a high recurrence rate, are locally aggressive, and are resistant to radiation therapy. Radio frequency is a relatively new therapeutic technique, used primarily in the treatment of liver tumors; however, its application has widened to include other neoplasms. We report its use in the palliative treatment of chordomas in two patients for debulking and control of pain, with good results and low morbidity.
Pivotal Role of Akt Activation in Mitochondrial Protection and Cell Survival by Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 Inhibition in Oxidative Stress (2005)

According to the classical view, the cytoprotective effect of inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) in oxidative stress was based on the prevention of NAD+ and ATP depletion, thus the attenuation of necrosis. Our previous data on PARP inhibitors in an inflammatory model suggested that PARP-catalyzed ADP-ribosylations may affect signaling pathways, which can play a significant role in cell survival. To clarify the molecular mechanism of cytoprotection, PARP activity was inhibited pharmacologically by suppressing PARP-1 expression by a small interfering RNA (siRNA) technique or by transdominantly expressing the N-terminal DNA-binding domain of PARP-1 (PARP-DBD) in cultured cells. Cell survival, activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)/Akt system, and the preservation of mitochondrial membrane potential were studied in hydrogen peroxide-treated WRL-68 cells. Our data showed that suppression of the single-stranded DNA break-induced PARP-1 activation by pharmacological inhibitor, siRNA, or by the transdominant expression of PARP-DBD protected cells from oxidative stress and induced the phosphorylation and activation of Akt. Furthermore, prevention of Akt activation by inhibiting PI3-kinase counteracted the cytoprotective effect of PARP inhibition. Microscopy data showed that PARP inhibition-induced Akt activation was responsible for protection of mitochondria in oxidative stress because PI3-kinase inhibitors diminished the protective effect of PARP inhibition. Similarly, Src kinase inhibitors, which decrease Akt phosphorylation, also counteracted the protection of mitochondrial membrane potential supporting the pivotal role of Akt in cytoprotection. These data together with the finding that PARP inhibition in the absence of oxidative stress induced the phosphorylation and activation of Akt indicate that PARP inhibition-induced Akt activation is dominantly responsible for the cytoprotection in oxidative stress.
Oncogenic microRNAs (OncomiRs) as a new class of cancer biomarkers (2010)

Small non-coding RNAs (microRNAs or miRs) represent one of the most fertile areas of cancer research and recent advances in the field have prompted us to reconsider the traditional concept of cancer. Some miRs exert negative control over the expression of numerous oncoproteins in normal cells and consequently their deregulation is believed to be an important mechanism underlying cancer development and progression. Owing to their distinct patterns of expression associated with cancer type, remarkable stability and presence in blood and other body fluids, miRs are considered to be highly promising cancer biomarkers. The identification of "miR signatures" associating cancer cell phenotypes with disease outcome and specific risk factor exposures will undoubtedly open new avenues for early diagnosis and therapy of cancer, as well as for the development of novel strategies for cancer prevention.
Ionic Liquids for and by Analytical Spectroscopy (2007)

Abstract In this mini‐review we highlight two aspects of ionic liquids that to date have either no or limited studies. They are (1) exploitation of unique features of ionic liquids to develop novel spectroscopic methods and (2) development of novel spectroscopic methods, for the sensitive and accurate determination of thermal physical properties of ionic liquids. In the first category, we will describe several novel methods which were developed utilizing unique properties of ionic liquids for measurements which are not possible otherwise. They include the sensitive and accurate method to determine enantiomeric compositions of a variety of pharmaceutical products with different size, shape, and functional groups. This method is based on the use of a chiral IL which serves both as a solvent and also as a chiral selector. Ionic liquids have also been successfully used to substantially enhance the sensitivity of thermal lens measurements. In the second category, we will describe recent development in which transient grating technique and thermal lens technique have been successfully used for the sensitive, accurate, nondestructive determination of thermal physical properties of ILs. Keywords: Pharmaceutical productsionic liquidnear‐infraredfluorescencechiralenantiomeric excessthermal lenstransient gratingthermal physical properties Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank his present and former coworkers and collaborators whose work is cited in the references. Acknowledgment is made to NATO for financial support part of this work (through NATO Collaborative Linkage Grant, Grant CBP. EAP. CLG981394).
DNA-Drug Interaction. The Effects of Vitamin C on the Solution Structure of Calf-Thymus DNA Studied by FTIR and Laser Raman Difference Spectroscopy (1995)

The interaction of calf-thymus DNA with L-ascorbic acid was investigated in aqueous solution at pH=7.6 with drug/DNA(P)(P=phosphate) molar ratios (r) of 1/40, 1/20, 1/10, 1/5, 1/2, 1 and 2. Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) and laser Raman difference spectroscopic techniques were used to establish correlations between spectral modifications and drug binding mode, sequence specificity, DNA melting and conformational changes, as well as structural variations of drug-DNA complexes in aqueous solution. Infrared and Raman spectroscopic results showed that at low drug concentration (r = 1/40), a B to A-type conformational conversion occurs with minor drug-DNA interaction through A-T bases. At r=1/20, drug-PO2 binding was also observed with reduced intensity of DNA inplane vibrational frequencies, due to the increased base-stacking interaction and duplex stability. At r> 1/20, major perturbations of DNA bases were observed for both A-T and G-C base pairs in the major and minor grooves of the duplex. Evidence for this comes form the shift of the infrared and Raman vibrations of the A-T and G-C bases on drug interaction. At r>1/5, a minor helix destabilization occurred with participation of several DNA donor sites in drug complexation. The ascorbate anion interaction occurred mainly through H-bonding of the acid OH and C-O groups with DNA phosphate, bases and doxyribose donor atoms.
Targeted deletion of the ATP binding domain of left-right dynein confirms its role in specifying development of left-right asymmetries (1999)

Vertebrates develop distinct asymmetries along the left-right axis, which are consistently aligned with the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes. The mechanisms that direct this handed development of left-right asymmetries have been elusive, but recent studies of mutations that affect left-right development have shed light on the molecules involved. One molecule implicated in left-right specification is left-right dynein (LRD), a microtubule-based motor protein. In the LRD protein of the inversus viscerum (iv) mouse, there is a single amino acid difference at a conserved position, and the lrd gene is one of many genes deleted in the legless (lgl) mutation. Both iv and lgl mice display randomized left-right development. Here we extend the analysis of the lrd gene at the levels of sequence, expression and function. The complete coding sequence of the lrd gene confirms its classification as an axonemal, or ciliary, dynein. Expression of lrd in the node at embryonic day 7.5 is shown to be symmetric. At embryonic day 8.0, however, a striking asymmetric expression pattern is observed in all three germ layers of the developing headfold, suggesting roles in both the establishment and maintenance of left-right asymmetries. At later times, expression of lrd is also observed in the developing floorplate, gut and limbs. These results suggest function for LRD protein in both ciliated and non-ciliated cells, despite its sequence classification as axonemal. In addition, a targeted mutation of lrd was generated that deletes the part of the protein required for ATP binding, and hence motor function. The resulting left-right phenotype, randomization of laterality, is identical to that of iv and lgl mutants. Gross defects in ciliary structure were not observed in lrd/lrd mutants. Strikingly, however, the monocilia on mutant embryonic node cells were immotile. These results prove the identity of the iv and lrd genes. Further, they argue that LRD motor function, and resulting nodal monocilia movement, are required for normal left-right development.
Formation of an atomic hydrogen beam by a hot capillary (1998)

A beam of atomic hydrogen is produced by passing hydrogen gas through a tungsten capillary heated to 2600 K by electron impact. By means of a differentially pumped quadrupole mass analyzer the angular distribution of the atomic hydrogen is measured for different hydrogen feed pressures. The angular distribution is considerably more peaked than a cosine distribution and is narrower the lower the feed pressure is. Based on the theory of beam formation by molecular flow a simple analytical model is developed which assumes a spatially limited transparent flow at the end of the capillary. The measured angular distribution can be described by the model using the length of transparent flow as the only fitting parameter.