gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
UPPER BOUNDS ON THE LOWER OPEN PACKING NUMBER OF A TREE (1998)

Abstract Let G be a graph and let v be a vertex of G. The open neigbourhood N(v) of v is the set of all vertices adjacent with v in G. An open packing of G is a set of vertices whose open neighbourhoods are pairwise disjoint. The lower open packing number of G, denoted ρ° L(G), is the minimum cardinality of a maximal open packing of G while the (upper) open packing number of G, denoted ρ°(G), is the maximum cardinality among all open packings of G. It is known (see [7]) that if G is a connected graph of order n ≥3, then ρ°(G) ≤ 2n/3 and this bound is sharp (even for trees). As a consequence of this result, we know that ρ° L(G) ≤ 2n/3. In this paper, we improve this bound when G is a tree. We show that if G is a tree of order n with radius 3, then ρ° L(G) ≤ n/2 + 2 √n-1, and this bound is sharp, while if G is a tree of order n with radius at least 4, then ρ° L(G) is bounded above by 2n/3—O√n).
Vibrio cholerae and cholera : molecular to global perspectives (1994)

Introduction The bacterium Vibrio cholerae, Isolation and identification of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae 01 from fecal specimens Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in food and water Detection of cholera toxin genes Detection of toxins of Vibrio cholerae 01 and non-01 Non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae 01 infections in the United States Molecular basis for O-antigen biosynthesis in Vibrio cholerae 01 Ogawa-Inaba switching Non-O group 1 Vibrio cholerae Vibrios in the environment Serologic diagnosis of Vibrio cholerae 01 infection Virulence factors Toxins of Vibrio cholerae 01 Regulation of toxin (CT) expressions The toxin-coregulated pilus: biogenesis and function Animal models in cholera research Cholera: the disease Cholera: pathophysiology Immunity to Vibrio cholerae infection Host susceptibility Epidemiology and surveillance Cholera before 1970 The African epidemic 1970-92 Endemic cholera in Australia and the United States The Latin American epidemic Transmission of cholera Molecular epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae 01 Cholera surveillance Vaccines Polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines for prevention of cholera Molecular recombinant cholera vaccines Protective oral cholera vaccine based on a combination of cholera toxin B subunit and inactivated Cholera vibrios Public health consideration for the use of cholera vaccines in cholera control programs Cholera: the future Cholera: unanswered questions
A mathematical model of electrophysiological activity in a bullfrog atrial cell (1990)

We have developed a model of cardiac atrial electrical activity based on voltage-clamp measurements obtained from single cells isolated from the bullfrog atrium. These measurements have allowed us to simulate a number of processes thought to be important in action potential initiation, repolarization, and the excitation-contraction (EC) coupling process. In this atrial model, the cell membrane contains both channel-mediated (Na+, Ca2+, inward rectifier K+, delayed rectifier K+, linear background leak) and transporter-mediated (Na(+)-K+ pump, Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger, Ca2+ pump) currents. The cell is surrounded extracellularly by a diffusion-limited space. The intracellular volume contains Ca2(+)-binding proteins (calmodulin, troponin). The model makes several important predictions. 1) Incomplete inactivation of the Ca2+ current provides an inward current the maintains the plateau of the action potential. 2) Activation of the delayed rectifier K+ current initiates repolarization. 3) Due to Ca2+ buffering by myoplasmic proteins the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger current is relatively small and has little influence on repolarization. 4) The Na(+)-K+ pump current does not play a major role in repolarization. 5) K+ accumulation and Ca2+ depletion may occur in the extracellular spaces. 6) Modulation of EC coupling is governed by interactions between the myoplasmic Ca2(+)-binding proteins; specifically, the inotropic "positive staircase effect" may be explained by interactions between Ca2+ and Mg2+ at a competitive binding site on troponin. When considered in conjunction with the results of our model of primary pacemaking in the sinus venosus [Rasmusson et al., Am. J. Physiol. 259 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 28): H352-H369, 1990], this atrial model shows how the presence or absence of certain transmembrane currents can change action potential characteristics and consequently alter the relative influence of the various transporter-mediated and channel-mediated currents.
Defect-Tolerant and Directional Wet-Etch Systems for Using Monolayers as Resists (2002)

We developed strategies based on self-assembly principles to etch substrates patterned with monolayer resists with high selectivity and etch directionality. Our strategies exploit the defined composition and order of these ultrathin resists and overcome their imperfections. Defects in a monolayer can be healed by additives present in an etch bath. Alternatively, large molecules that cannot diffuse through defects can be employed as etchants. It is also possible to taper structures using the competition between etching and the side-growth of a self-assembling etch barrier, nucleating from the originally patterned monolayer. The application of these concepts lets defect-sensitive monolayers become robust and versatile resists, which should promote their acceptance and use in microtechnology.
Intelligent network routing using CCS7 and ISDN (2002)

With the advent of integrated services digital network (ISDN) and common channel signaling system 7 (CCS7) protocols, call-related information is now transported in the network. By using this information, the networks have taken on increased intelligence in their methods of routing and offering telecommunication services. The authors discuss how ISDN and CCS7 protocols in call- and non-call-associated modes support the intelligent networking of services. The benefits, i.e., resource savings, of intelligent networking are discussed with specific examples of services such as intelligent networked automatic call distribution.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A recombinant pseudotyped lentivirus expressing the envelope glycoprotein of Hantaan virus induced protective immunity in mice (2013)

The results indicated the potential of using a pseudotyped lentivirus as a delivery vector for a hantavirus vaccine immunogen.
Comparison between monopolar and tripolar configurations in chronically implanted nerve cuff electrodes (2002)

Nerve cuff electrodes have been shown to be safe and able to activate selectively specific fascicles in a nerve trunk. Selectivity has been shown using a cuff with four radially placed tripoles thus requiring twelve contacts and twelve lead wires. This study evaluates a simplified cuff electrode, consisting of four radially placed monopole electrodes, requiring only four lead wires, and compares the results to the tripolar electrode configuration. Experiments were performed on two cats, each with an electrode that was implanted for over six months. Results from a correlation analysis and a torque vector likeness measure indicated that the recruitment characteristics of the two configurations were similar in 6 of 8 cases.
Finger gesture interaction on large tabletop for sharing digital documents among multiple users (2008)

Sharing digital documents among multiple users on large tabletop is one of the typical application scenarios for tabletop systems. In this paper, we elaborate the guidelines of designing user interface for this application scenario. A set of finger gestures are then defined into the interface which includes single finger operation for selecting, moving and delivering a digital document among multiple users, double finger operation for resizing and rotating a digital document, trajectory operation for creating and deleting a user working area, creating, deleting and copying a digital document. A prototype tabletop application called JuTable is developed to explore these gestures. At last, we make a discussion on learnability, usability and naturalness of our interface design for this application scenario.
Directed evolution of subtilisin E in Bacillus subtilis to enhance total activity in aqueous dimethylformamide (1996)

Sequential rounds of error-prone PCR to introduce random mutations and screening of the resultant mutant libraries have been used to enhance the total catalytic activity of subtilisin E significantly in a non-natural environment, aqueous dimethylformamide (DMF). Seven DNA substitutions coding for three new amino acid substitutions were identified in a mutant isolated after two additional generations of directed evolution carried out on 10M subtilisin E, previously "evolved' to increase its specific activity in DMF. A Bacillus subtilis-Escherichia coli shuttle vector was developed in order to increase the size of the mutant library that could be established in B.subtilis and the stringency of the screening process was increased to reflect total as well as specific activity. This directed evolution approach has been extremely effective for improving enzyme activity in a non-natural environment: the resulting-evolved 13M subtilisin exhibits specific catalytic efficiency towards the hydrolysis of a peptide substrate succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide in 60% DMF solution that is three times that of the parent 10M and 471 times that of wild type subtilisin E. The total activity of the 13M culture supernatant is enhanced 16-fold over that of the parent 10M.
Genetics and Regulation of Chitobiose Utilization in Borrelia burgdorferi (2001)

Borrelia burgdorferi spends a significant proportion of its life cycle within an ixodid tick, which has a cuticle containing chitin, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). The B. burgdorferi celA, celB, and celC genes encode products homologous to transporters for cellobiose and chitobiose (the dimer subunit of chitin) in other bacteria, which could be useful for bacterial nutrient acquisition during growth within ticks. We found that chitobiose efficiently substituted for GlcNAc during bacterial growth in culture medium. We inactivated the celB gene, which encodes the putative membrane-spanning component of the transporter, and compared growth of the mutant in various media to that of its isogenic parent. The mutant was no longer able to utilize chitobiose, while neither the mutant nor the wild type can utilize cellobiose. We propose renaming the three genes chbA, chbB, and chbC, since they probably encode a chitobiose transporter. We also found that the chbC gene was regulated in response to growth temperature and during growth in medium lacking GlcNAc.
Release of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors from polymorphonuclear cells of breast cancer patients. (1997)

The release of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (sTNF-Rs): soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I (sTNF-RI) and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II (sTNF-RII) by polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) derived from patients with breast cancer were measured. Serum levels of sTNF-RII and sTNF-RII in patients group were also determined. Significantly higher values of sTNF-RI and sTNF-RII released by PMNs of patients were observed than those in the healthy subjects. There was no significant differences in the serum levels of sTNF-RI and sTNF-RII between breast cancer patients and healthy control. Presented study demostrate that the tumor bearing state, involving breast cancer, may induce an altered soluble cytokine receptors release from the peripheral blood PMNs characterized by increased concentrations of sTNF-RI and sTNF-RII in the culture supernatants of these cells in vitro.
Pilot study of the 5-HT2AR agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction (2014)

Despite suggestive early findings on the therapeutic use of hallucinogens in the treatment of substance use disorders, rigorous follow-up has not been conducted. To determine the safety and feasibility of psilocybin as an adjunct to tobacco smoking cessation treatment we conducted an open-label pilot study administering moderate (20 mg/70 kg) and high (30 mg/70 kg) doses of psilocybin within a structured 15-week smoking cessation treatment protocol. Participants were 15 psychiatrically healthy nicotine-dependent smokers (10 males; mean age of 51 years), with a mean of six previous lifetime quit attempts, and smoking a mean of 19 cigarettes per day for a mean of 31 years at intake. Biomarkers assessing smoking status, and self-report measures of smoking behavior demonstrated that 12 of 15 participants (80%) showed seven-day point prevalence abstinence at 6-month follow-up. The observed smoking cessation rate substantially exceeds rates commonly reported for other behavioral and/or pharmacological therapies (typically <35%). Although the open-label design does not allow for definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy of psilocybin, these findings suggest psilocybin may be a potentially efficacious adjunct to current smoking cessation treatment models. The present study illustrates a framework for future research on the efficacy and mechanisms of hallucinogen-facilitated treatment of addiction.
Mechanisms and Regulation of the Gene-Expression Response to Sepsis (2010)

Sepsis is defined as the systemic inflammatory response of the human host that is triggered by an invading pathogen. Despite tremendous advances in both our knowledge of and treatment strategies for this syndrome, sepsis remains among the major causes of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Thus, we hypothesize that an improved mechanistic understanding obtained via basic and translational science will continue to identify novel therapeutic targets and approaches. As a result, given the central importance of the alterations in gene expression in regulating the human host's physiologic response to a pathogen, we review the complex factors-genetics, transcriptional expression, and epigenetics-that regulate unique gene-expression patterns in pediatric sepsis and septic shock. We anticipate that emerging data from genetic, genomic, and other translation studies in pediatric sepsis will advance our biological understanding of this response and undoubtedly identify targets for newer therapies.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Dihydropyrans. Catalysis of Hetero Diels−Alder Reactions by Bis(oxazoline) Copper(II) Complexes (2000)

C2-symmetric bis(oxazoline)−Cu(II) complexes 1 and 2 catalyze the inverse electron demand hetero Diels−Alder reaction of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (heterodiene) with electron-rich olefins (heterodienophile) in high diastereo- and enantioselectivity. α,β-Unsaturated acyl phosphonates and β,γ-unsaturated α-keto esters and amides are effective heterodienes, while enol ethers and sulfides function as heterodienophiles. A range of substitution patterns is possible on the heterodiene: terminal alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, and thioether substituents are all tolerated. The enantioselective synthesis of dihydropyrans by this method has been shown to be straightforward: cycloadditions may be conducted with as little as 0.2 mol % of the chiral catalyst and are readily run on multigram scale. The reactions exhibit a favorable temperature−enantioselectivity profile, with selectivities exceeding 90% even at room temperature. A simple reaction protocol that employs a solid air-stable catalyst, convenient reaction temperatures, and low catalyst loadings is described. The utility of the derived cycloadducts in the preparation of chiral building blocks is demonstrated. Models for asymmetric induction are discussed considering product stereochemistry, X-ray crystallographic data for the solid catalysts, and mechanistic studies.
Nanoheteroepitaxial lateral overgrowth of GaN on nanoporous Si(111) (2006)

Nanoheteroepitaxial (NHE) lateral overgrowth of GaN on nanoporous Si(111) substrates has been demonstrated. Nanopore arrays in Si(111) surfaces were fabricated using anodized aluminum oxide templates as etch masks, resulting in an average pore diameter and depth of about 60 and 160–180nm, respectively. NHE growth of AlN and GaN was found to result in a significant reduction in the threading dislocation density (&amp;lt;108cm−2) compared to that on flat Si(111). Most dislocations that originate at the Si interface bent to lie in the GaN (0001) basal plane during lateral growth over the pore openings. E2 phonon blueshifts in the Raman spectra indicate a significant relaxation of the tensile stress in the coalesced GaN films, due to three-dimensional stress relaxation mechanisms on porous substrates. Our results show that a single step lateral overgrowth of GaN on nanopatterned Si(111) substrates without a dielectric mask is a simple way to improve the crystalline quality of GaN layers for microelectronic applications.
Frequency of Patent Foramen Ovale and Migraine in Patients With Cryptogenic Stroke (2018)

In patients with cryptogenic stroke who have migraine, there is a high prevalence (79%) of PFO with right-to-left shunt. The timing of the stroke in migraineurs is usually not related to a migraine attack. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanism of stroke in migraineurs is most likely because of a paradoxical embolus. Future cryptogenic stroke classification schemes should consider including PFO as a separate etiologic category.
Activation of human dendritic cells following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1997)

Dendritic cells (DC) play an essential role in the initiation of primary T cell responses to foreign Ag. It is likely that these potent APC are critical in the initiation of immune responses to pathogens, such as bacteria or parasites. However, little is known about the interaction of these important APC with pathogens. To address this issue, the interaction of the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis with human DC was studied. DC generated from human peripheral blood by short term culture in medium containing recombinant human cytokines granulocyte-macrophage-CSF and IL-4 were capable of phagocytosing M. tuberculosis. Infection of DC with live M. tuberculosis bacilli resulted in increased APC surface expression of the costimulatory molecules CD54, CD40, and B7.1, as well as MHC class I molecules. In addition, infected DC secreted elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-alpha, IL-1, and IL-12. M. tuberculosis-infected human monocytes also secreted inflammatory cytokines, but exhibited no enhancement of costimulatory or MHC class I molecule expression. These data indicate that infection with M. tuberculosis results in the direct activation and maturation of these DC. In vivo, such activation may facilitate migration to the lymph nodes, and enhance presentation of Ag to T cells, thereby facilitating the induction of the immune response against this pathogen.
Modulation of Ion Transport in Cultured Rabbit Tracheal Epithelium by Lipoxygenase Metabolites (1992)

Lipoxygenase metabolites influence ion movement and fluid balance in the airways. We studied the effects of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a general inhibitor of the lipoxygenase pathway, on Na+ and Cl- secretion in cultured tracheal epithelial cells from adult rabbits through short-circuit current (Isc) and radioactive tracer flux experiments. NDGA inhibition of leukotriene release in freshly isolated rabbit tracheal epithelial cells was assayed by a 3H peptidyl-leukotriene radioimmunoassay. 3 microM NDGA resulted in a 91% reduction of leukotriene release. In unstimulated cultures, Cl- secretion (furosemide-inhibited fraction of Isc) was 11.1 +/- 2.8 muamp/cm2 (n = 10) and was unchanged in the presence of NDGA (n = 10). Epinephrine-stimulated Cl- secretion increased Isc by 12.2 +/- 2 muamp/cm2 (n = 10). This stimulation was unchanged by pretreatment with NDGA (n = 10), suggesting that inhibition of the lipoxygenase pathway did not affect Cl- secretion. In unstimulated cultures, Na+ absorption (amiloride-inhibited portion of Isc) was 10.7 +/- 3.3. muamp/cm2 (n = 10) and was reduced by 79% in the presence of NDGA (n = 10), suggesting that inhibition of the lipoxygenase pathway was associated with inhibition of Na+ absorption. Radioactive tracer flux experiments supported these findings. Exogenous LTD4 (n = 7) and LTC4 (n = 7) were added to cells pretreated with NDGA, and Na+ absorption was restored to 76% and 70% of control, respectively. In addition, LTD4 (n = 4) and LTC4 (n = 4) were added to cells without prior inhibition of the lipoxygenase pathway to NDGA and resulted in an increase in Cl- secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Characterization of Bacteria Isolated from Human Root Surface Carious Lesions (1974)

Carious lesions in the root surfaces of extracted human teeth were sampled qualitatively for the presence of bacterial forms. Streptococcus mutans was a predominant organism from this lesion. The filamentous organisms appeared typical of the genus Actinomyces. Bacterial strains from the advancing front of the lesions were aerobic gram-positive diphtheroids, with the key characteristics of the genus Arthrobacter.
Axial Flux PM Machines With Concentrated Armature Windings: Design Analysis and Test Validation of Wind Energy Generators (2010)

Some design and operation aspects of axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machines, wound with concentrated coils, are presented. Due to their high number of poles, compactness, and excellent waveform quality and efficiency, these machines show satisfactory operation at low speeds, both as direct drive generators and as motors. In this paper, after a general analysis of the model and design features of this kind of machine, the attention is focused on wind power generation: The main sizing equations are defined, and the most relevant figures of merit are examined by means of a suitable parametric analysis. Some experimental results obtained by testing a three-phase, 50-kW, and 70-rpm prototype are presented and discussed, validating the modeling theory and the design procedure.
Effect of Prophylactic Brimonidine on Bleeding Complications after Cataract Surgery (2005)

This study suggests that brimonidine administered before cataract surgery may significantly reduce subconjunctival hemorrhage in the general population. It has been shown to be beneficial in hypertensive patients. A strong statistical trend, but not significance has been found in diabetic patients or in patients treated with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs, but further studies are needed to reach conclusive results.
Identification of healthy elderly fallers and non-fallers by gait analysis under dual-task conditions (2006)

Dual tasks perturb walking in fallers, who exhibit deteriorated static balance. Consequently, walking under dual-task conditions plus a single leg balance test could be helpful in detecting walking disorders and planning physiotherapy to prevent falls.