gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular Physiology of P2X Receptors (2002)

P2X receptors are membrane ion channels that open in response to the binding of extracellular ATP. Seven genes in vertebrates encode P2X receptor subunits, which are 40-50% identical in amino acid sequence. Each subunit has two transmembrane domains, separated by an extracellular domain (approximately 280 amino acids). Channels form as multimers of several subunits. Homomeric P2X1, P2X2, P2X3, P2X4, P2X5, and P2X7 channels and heteromeric P2X2/3 and P2X1/5 channels have been most fully characterized following heterologous expression. Some agonists (e.g., alphabeta-methylene ATP) and antagonists [e.g., 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-ATP] are strongly selective for receptors containing P2X1 and P2X3 subunits. All P2X receptors are permeable to small monovalent cations; some have significant calcium or anion permeability. In many cells, activation of homomeric P2X7 receptors induces a permeability increase to larger organic cations including some fluorescent dyes and also signals to the cytoskeleton; these changes probably involve additional interacting proteins. P2X receptors are abundantly distributed, and functional responses are seen in neurons, glia, epithelia, endothelia, bone, muscle, and hemopoietic tissues. The molecular composition of native receptors is becoming understood, and some cells express more than one type of P2X receptor. On smooth muscles, P2X receptors respond to ATP released from sympathetic motor nerves (e.g., in ejaculation). On sensory nerves, they are involved in the initiation of afferent signals in several viscera (e.g., bladder, intestine) and play a key role in sensing tissue-damaging and inflammatory stimuli. Paracrine roles for ATP signaling through P2X receptors are likely in neurohypophysis, ducted glands, airway epithelia, kidney, bone, and hemopoietic tissues. In the last case, P2X7 receptor activation stimulates cytokine release by engaging intracellular signaling pathways.
Clinical Inhibition of the Seven-Transmembrane Thrombin Receptor (PAR1) by Intravenous Aprotinin During Cardiothoracic Surgery (2004)

This study demonstrates that platelet PAR1 activation by thrombin can be inhibited by aprotinin. Our results extend the clinical mechanism of action of aprotinin and provide the first proof of principle that PAR1 can be inhibited clinically. This has implications beyond cardiac surgery for the development of therapeutic PAR1 blockade.
Synthesis of Sialyl Lewis X Ganglioside Analogs Containing A Variable Length Spacer Between the Sugar and Lipophilic Moieties (1998)

Abstract Five sialyl Lew is X ganglioside analogs containing 4-(2-tetradecylhexadecanoylamino)benzyl group in place of ceramide and a variety of lengths of ethylene glycol chains as the spacer, have been synthesized. Glycosidation of O-(methyl 5-acetamido-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-α-D-glacto-2-nonulopyranosylonate)-(2→3)-O-(4-O-acetyl-2,6-di-O-benzoyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1→4)-O-[(2,3,4-tri-O-acetylα-L-fucopyranosyl)-(1→3)]-2,4-di-O-benzoyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (13) with oligo ethyleneglycol monobenzyl ether derivatives 9, 10, 11 and 12, prepared from the corresponding oligo ethyleneglycols by 4-nitrobenzylation, reduction and N-acylation with 2-tetradecylhexadecanoic acid, using boron trifluoride etherate gave the corresponding glycolipid derivatives 14, 15, 16 and 17. A similar glycosidation of 13 with 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol gave the 4-nitrobenzyl glycoside 18, which was converted via reduction of nitro group and N-acylation into the corresponding glycolipid derivative 19. Compounds 14-17 and 19 were transformed into the title compounds by O-deacylation and hydrolysis of methyl ester group in good yields.
The CAP filing system (1977)

The filing system for the CAP is based on the idea of preservation of capabilities: if a program has been able to obtain some capability then it has an absolute right to preserve it for subsequent use. The pursuit of this principle, using capability-oriented mechanisms in preference to access control lists, has led to a filing system in which a preserved capability may be retrieved from different directories to achieve different access statuses, in which the significance of a text name depends on the directory to which it is presented, and in which filing system 'privilege' is expressed by possession of directory capabilities.
Anticonvulsant Action of Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists (1982)

Compounds that antagonize neuronal excitation induced by dicarboxylic amino acids were tested in two animal models of epilepsy, namely sound-induced seizures in DBA/2 mice and threshold pentylenetetrazol seizures in Swiss mice. Sound-induced seizures could be prevented by intracerebroventricular injection of compounds that block excitation due to N-methyl-D-aspartic acid. The most potent such compound, 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid, was anticonvulsant in both test systems when given either intraperitoneally or intracerebroventricularly. Specific antagonists of excitation that is caused by amino acids provide a new class of anticonvulsant agents.
An essential regulatory role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor in T-cell activation. (1996)

The protein known as macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was one of the first cytokines to be discovered and was described 30 years ago to be a T-cell-derived factor that inhibited the random migration of macrophages in vitro. A much broader role for MIF has emerged recently as a result of studies that have demonstrated it to be released from the anterior pituitary gland in vivo. MIF also is the first protein that has been identified to be secreted from monocytes/macrophages upon glucocorticoid stimulation. Once released, MIF acts to "override" or counter-regulate the suppressive effects of glucocorticoids on macrophage cytokine production. We report herein that MIF plays an important regulatory role in the activation of T cells induced by mitogenic or antigenic stimuli. Activated T cells produce MIF and neutralizing anti-MIF antibodies inhibit T-cell proliferation and interleukin 2 production in vitro, and suppress antigen-driven T-cell activation and antibody production in vivo. T cells also release MIF in response to glucocorticoid stimulation and MIF acts to override glucocorticoid inhibition of T-cell proliferation and interleukin 2 and interferon gamma production. These studies indicate that MIF acts in concert with glucocorticoids to control T-cell activation and assign a previously unsuspected but critical role for MIF in antigen-specific immune responses.
Absorption of Heparin from the Intestine. (1959)

Sodium heparin is partially absorbed from the lumen of a washed duodenal loop in the dog following addition of acid buffer of pH 4.
Transformation of Kluyveromyces lactis by killer plasmid DNA (1983)

Some strains of Kluyveromyces lactis contain two linear double-stranded DNA plasmids, k1 and k2. The presence of the two plasmids confer on the cell a "killer" character, due to the production of a toxin that kills the sensitive cells. We have used one of these linear DNA molecules as a gene vector to transform K. lactis cells. Hybrid plasmids containing parts of the k1 plasmid and the URA3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been constructed. We have found that the hybrid plasmids were able to transform a uracil-requiring strain of K. lactis (uraA mutant) to a prototrophic form. The transformed phenotype cosegregated with the hybrid plasmids. The transforming plasmids contained the sequence of one or both ends of the linear k1 DNA, but they were integrated into a circular molecule.
Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase of Escherichia coli. Properties of the purified enzyme and primary structure of the prs gene. (1986)

Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (P-Rib-PP) synthetase of Escherichia coli has been purified to near homogeneity from a strain harboring the prs gene, encoding P-Rib-PP synthetase, on a multicopy plasmid. Analysis of the enzyme showed that it required inorganic phosphate for activity and for stability. Magnesium ions were required both as a complex with the substrate ATP and as a free cation. P-Rib-PP synthetase activity was inhibited strongly by ADP. Kinetic analysis indicated multiple sites of action of ADP. In addition apparent substrate inhibition was exerted by ribose 5-phosphate in the presence of ADP. The nucleotide sequence of the E. coli prs gene has been determined and the coding segment established. The deduced amino acid sequence of P-Rib-PP synthetase contained 314 amino acid residues and the molecular weight was calculated as 34,060. The initiation site of transcription was determined. This site was preceded by well conserved -10 and -35 consensus sequences (pdT-dA-dG-dA-dA-dT and pdT-dT-dG-dA-dT-dG, respectively). The transcription initiation site preceded the potential translation initiation site by 302 nucleotides. Transcription terminated approximately 35 nucleotides downstream from the UAA translation stop codon, within a Thy-rich region following an inverted repeat sequence, indicative of an rho-independent transcription terminator.
Dendritic Cell-specific MHC Class II Transactivator Contains a Caspase Recruitment Domain That Confers Potent Transactivation Activity (2001)

The MHC class II transactivator (CIITA) is a critical transcription factor that regulates genes involved in antigen presentation function. At least three functional forms of CIITA gene products are transcribed from three different promoters. The CIITA gene expressed in dendritic cells (DC-CIITA) has a unique first exon encoding an extended N-terminal region of CIITA. Here, we show that the N terminus of DC-CIITA has high homology to a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) found in components of apoptosis and nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathways. However, DC-CIITA does not regulate cell death, nor does it induce nuclear factor-kappaB activity. Instead, DC-CIITA is transcriptionally a more potent activator of the MHC class II gene than the form expressed in B cells. A single amino acid substitution in the CARD of DC-CIITA, predicted to disrupt CARD-CARD interactions, diminished the transactivation potential of DC-CIITA. These results indicate that the CARD in the context of CIITA serves as a regulatory domain for transcriptional activity and may function to selectively enhance MHC class II gene expression in dendritic cells.
Role of transforming growth factor ‐α in human prostate cancer cell growth (1989)

Because of the influence of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha) on the cell growth in other cancer cell systems, we investigated the growth-regulatory role of TGF alpha in human prostate cancer cells. TGF alpha (5 ng/ml) stimulated LNCaP cell growth in monolayer to 60% of the level seen with dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Both DHT and TGF alpha increased cloning in soft agar twofold above that in controls. Metabolism of thymidine and uridine was also increased as evidenced by increased uptake of these macromolecule precursors. In addition, intracellular signalling as indicated by phosphatidyl inositol turnover was also increased by TGF alpha and DHT. Conditioned media contained TGF alpha by radioimmunoassay (RIA), transforming activity by rat kidney fibroblast (NRK) colony formation, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor competable activity by radioreceptor assay. EGF receptors were present by binding assay and immunoprecipitation. These data demonstrate the presence of an autostimulatory growth loop in hormone-responsive human prostate cancer cells.
Histopathologic features of liver biopsy specimens in sickle cell disease. (1988)

Liver biopsy results and clinical records from 13 patients with sickle cell anemia were reviewed to assess the relative importance of local ischemia or of factors unrelated to sickling as a cause of their liver disease. Two of the biopsy specimens were normal and one showed cirrhosis. Nine patients had received multiple blood transfusions and nine had cholelithiasis, of whom two also had choledocholithiasis. Seven had both risk factors. Five had lobular cholestasis and four had acute or chronic hepatitis. One biopsy specimen showed changes of the Budd-Chiari syndrome. Another showed clear portal tract changes of large bile duct obstruction but no mechanical blockage of the biliary system; this suggests the thickened bile as postulated by Muirhead. Otherwise the changes observed were those to be expected in a heavily transfused population with a high prevalence of gallstones.
A survey of practice preferences and attitudes to the New Zealand Guidelines for the Management of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (2002)

There has been a change in prescribing patterns since 1995 among specialist and general practitioners and family planning doctors in New Zealand in accordance with the Guidelines for the Management of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding. Further attention to reducing barriers should focus on increasing access to ultrasound scanning, specialist services and subsidising the levonorgestrel intrauterine system.
A Novel Acidic Allergen, Hev b 5, in Latex (1996)

Latex allergy is recognized as a serious health problem among health care workers and children with spina bifida. A number of IgE-reactive proteins have been identified in natural and processed latex products. One of the most acidic proteins in the cytoplasm of lacticifer cells of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) is demonstrated to be a potent allergen in eliciting allergic reactions in humans. This protein, with pI = 3.5, has a molecular mass of 16 kDa with a blocked N terminus and an unusual amino acid composition. This acidic protein was found in extracts prepared from latex gloves, which were shown to be allergenic. The purified protein elicits histamine release from human basophils passively sensitized with serum from latex-allergic individuals in a dose-dependent manner. From a latex cDNA library, the cDNA coding for this protein was isolated and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence shows a high degree of homology to another acidic protein identified in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa). The sequence homology (47% sequence identity) between these two acidic proteins suggests a molecular explanation for the high frequency of fruit hypersensitivity in latex-allergic patients.
Design Strategies and Applications of Tissue Bioadhesives (2012)

In the past two decades tissue adhesives and sealants have revolutionized bleeding control and wound healing. This paper focuses on existing tissue adhesive design, their structure, functioning mechanism, and their pros and cons in wound management. It also includes the latest advances in the development of new tissue adhesives as well as the emerging applications in regenerative medicine. We expect that this paper will provide insightful discussion on tissue bioadhesive design and lead to innovations for the development of the next generation of tissue bioadhesives and their related biomedical applications.
Assembly and Secretion of Fibrinogen (1996)

Fibrinogen is a dimer with each half-molecule composed of three different chains (A alpha, B beta, gamma). Previous studies showed that amino-terminal disulfide bonds, as well as the disulfide rings that flank the "coiled-coil" region, are necessary for chain assembly and secretion (Zhang, J.Z., and Redman, C.M. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 652-658). We now determine whether other amino-terminal domains are involved in linking the half-molecules. Fibrinogen chains, with deletions at the amino terminus, were co-expressed in COS cells together with normal fibrinogen chains. Elimination of the first 8 amino acids of the B beta chain did not affect dimer assembly, but deletion of amino acid residues 9-72 had a small inhibitory effect on dimer formation. Deletion of the first 72 amino acids of the B beta chain further inhibited dimer formation and resulted in nearly equal amounts of half-molecule and dimeric fibrinogen being formed and secreted. Deletion of the first 80 residues, which includes the cysteine residues that form the amino-terminal disulfide ring, completely eliminated dimer formation, and only half-molecules were secreted. By contrast deletion of the fist 41 amino acid residues of the A alpha chain or the first 15 residues of the gamma chain, which correspond to B beta delta 1-72, did not affect chain assembly and secretion. However, co-expression of both A alpha delta 1-41 and gamma delta 1-15 with normal B beta, inhibited dimer formation. Taken together, these results indicate that in addition to disulfide bonds, noncovalent interactions of other amino-terminal amino acid residues in the three fibrinogen chains also participate in dimer formation.
Cobalt-doped carbon nanotubes: Preparation, texture, and magnetic properties (1996)

The nested carbon nanotubes discovered by Ijima and co-workers as a by-product of fullerene production extended the dimension and geometries of fullerenes into the domain of nanoparticles. These nanotubes are fiberlike structures consisting of concentric graphite sheets nested along the axis extending as long as several micrometers, and diameters of these nanotubes are limited to less than 100 nm. In this paper we report preparation, structural and magnetic properties of cobalt-doped carbon nanotubes. We observed a tubular structure made of coaxial graphite sheets. The inside, of these carbon nanotubes, was filled with cobalt particles. The magnetic properties of the Co-doped nanotubes were measured using a SQUID magnetometer. The undoped (pure) carbon nanotubes exhibit diamagnetic behavior. The Co-doped nanotubes exhibit superparamagnetic behavior with saturation of magnetization at about 0.5 T and coercive field of 750 G.
Room temperature vacuum sealing using surface activated bonding method (2004)

We have demonstrated that room temperature bonding of Si/Si and Si/Cu using surface activated bonding (SAB) method could be successfully applied to vacuum sealing of microcavities. This method will make it possible to seal various MEMS devices on silicon or non-silicon substrates in vacuum by bonding of silicon cap wafers, because the method can be applied to diverse combinations of materials including silicon, metal films and compound semiconductors. In addition, the SAB vacuum sealing can overcome the problem that the sealed cavity pressure increases during heating due to the accumulation of gaseous products originating at the bonding interface. In this study, the quality of vacuum sealing by SAB is examined by estimating the pressure of the sealed cavity; for that, resonant quality factors of microcanti-levers placed in the vacuum-sealed cavity are measured. As a result, the cavities sealed with Si/Si bonding have a good sealing quality with the pressure increase rate of around 2/spl times/10/sup -15/ Pa m/sup 3//sec and their pressure is being maintained at less than 3 Pa. Also, it has been found that the pressure increase rate of Si/Cu sealing is larger than that of Si/Si sealing and is estimated as about 2/spl times/10/sup -14/ Pa m/sup 3//sec.
Carbon Nanotube Schottky Diodes Using Ti−Schottky and Pt−Ohmic Contacts for High Frequency Applications (2005)

We have demonstrated Schottky diodes using semiconducting single-walled nanotubes (s-SWNTs) with titanium Schottky and platinum Ohmic contacts for high-frequency applications. The diodes are fabricated using angled evaporation of dissimilar metal contacts over an s-SWNT. The devices demonstrate rectifying behavior with large reverse bias breakdown voltages of greater than -15 V. To decrease the series resistance, multiple SWNTs are grown in parallel in a single device, and the metallic tubes are burnt-out selectively. At low biases these diodes showed ideality factors in the range of 1.5 to 1.9. Modeling of these diodes as direct detectors at room temperature at 2.5 terahertz (THz) frequency indicates noise equivalent powers (NEP) potentially comparable to that of the state-of-the-art gallium arsenide solid-state Schottky diodes, in the range of 10(-13) W/ radical Hz.
Microbiome Selection Could Spur Next-Generation Plant Breeding Strategies (2016)

"<i>No plant is an island too</i>…" Plants, though sessile, have developed a unique strategy to counter biotic and abiotic stresses by symbiotically co-evolving with microorganisms and tapping into their genome for this purpose. Soil is the bank of microbial diversity from which a plant selectively sources its microbiome to suit its needs. Besides soil, seeds, which carry the genetic blueprint of plants during trans-generational propagation, are home to diverse microbiota that acts as the principal source of microbial inoculum in crop cultivation. Overall, a plant is ensconced both on the outside and inside with a diverse assemblage of microbiota. Together, the plant genome and the genes of the microbiota that the plant harbors in different plant tissues, i.e., the 'plant microbiome,' form the holobiome which is now considered as unit of selection: 'the holobiont.' The 'plant microbiome' not only helps plants to remain fit but also offers critical genetic variability, hitherto, not employed in the breeding strategy by plant breeders, who traditionally have exploited the genetic variability of the host for developing high yielding or disease tolerant or drought resistant varieties. This fresh knowledge of the microbiome, particularly of the rhizosphere, offering genetic variability to plants, opens up new horizons for breeding that could usher in cultivation of next-generation crops depending less on inorganic inputs, resistant to insect pest and diseases and resilient to climatic perturbations. We surmise, from ever increasing evidences, that plants and their microbial symbionts need to be co-propagated as life-long partners in future strategies for plant breeding. In this perspective, we propose bottom-up approach to co-propagate the co-evolved, the plant along with the target microbiome, through - (i) reciprocal soil transplantation method, or (ii) artificial ecosystem selection method of synthetic microbiome inocula, or (iii) by exploration of microRNA transfer method - for realizing this next-generation plant breeding approach. Our aim, thus, is to bring closer the information accrued through the advanced nucleotide sequencing and bioinformatics in conjunction with conventional culture-dependent isolation method for practical application in plant breeding and overall agriculture.
Campylobacter jejuni outer membrane proteins are antigenic for humans (1984)

All Campylobacter jejuni strains have a major outer membrane protein (OMP) that migrates between a molecular weight of 41,000 (41K) and 45K and represents more than 50% of protein present, plus several more minor bands. Using 125I-radiolabeled C. jejuni cells in a radioimmunoprecipitation procedure to assess whether the OMPs were antigenic, we studied serum from rabbits immunized with C. jejuni cells, from humans convalescent after C. jejuni infection, and from appropriate controls. In this assay, the major OMP was the major antigen for both homologously and heterologously immunized rabbits and infected humans but not for controls. Minor bands at 29K and 50K were also antigenic. We tested human and animal sera in a Western blot procedure using anti-immunoglobulin A (IgA), anti-IgG, or anti-IgM conjugates. Homologous and heterologous immune rabbit serum, but not control serum, recognized a large number of membrane proteins between 15K and 91K, including the major OMP. Both Campylobacter spp.-infected and healthy humans showed IgA, IgG, and IgM responses to the major OMP, although the response was more pronounced in the former group. Sera from infected humans recognized several minor bands to a significantly greater extent than control sera did. Our data suggest that there is antigenic similarity between the OMPs of different C. jejuni strains and that some of these OMPs recognized by infected animals and humans have vaccinogenic potential.