gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chronic inflammation and cancer. (2002)

A substantial body of evidence supports the conclusion that chronic inflammation can predispose an individual to cancer, as demonstrated by the association between chronic inflammatory bowel diseases and the increased risk of colon carcinoma. Chronic inflammation is caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, chemical irritants, and nondigestible particles. The longer the inflammation persists, the higher the risk of associated carcinogenesis. This review describes some of the underlying causes of the association between chronic inflammation and cancer. Inflammatory mediators contribute to neoplasia by inducing proneoplastic mutations, adaptive responses, resistance to apoptosis, and environmental changes such as stimulation of angiogenesis. All these changes confer a survival advantage to a susceptible cell. In this article, we discuss the contribution of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates, prostaglandins, and inflammatory cytokines to carcinogenesis. A thorough understanding of the molecular basis of inflammation-associated neoplasia and progression can lead to novel approaches to the prevention and treatment of cancer.
The longer term outcome of children born to mothers with epilepsy (2004)

This study identifies valproate as a drug carrying potential risks for developmental delay and cognitive impairment and is the first to suggest that frequent tonic-clonic seizures have a similar effect. Our results need to be interpreted with caution given their retrospective nature. Women with epilepsy need careful counselling about individual risk benefit of AED treatment before pregnancy.
Specificity of Hydrolysis of Phytic Acid by Alkaline Phytase from Lily Pollen (1994)

Phytases are the primary enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of phytic acid, myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate (I-1,2,3,4,5,6-P6). A number of phytases with varying specificities, properties, and localizations hydrolyze phytic acid present in cells. The specificity of hydrolysis of phytic acid by alkaline phytase from lily (Lilium longiflorum L.) pollen is described. Structures of the intermediate inositol phosphates and the final product were established by a variety of nuclear magnetic resonance techniques (1H-, 31P-, and 31P-1H-detected multiple quantum coherence spectroscopy, and total correlation spectroscopy). On the basis of the structures identified we have proposed a scheme of hydrolysis of phytic acid. Initial hydrolysis of the phosphate ester occurs at the D-5 position of phytic acid to yield the symmetrical I-1,2,3,4,6-P5. The two subsequent dephosphorylations occur adjacent to the D-5 hydroxyl group to yield I-1,2,3-P3 as the final product. Alkaline phytase differs from other phytases in the specificity of hydrolysis of phosphate esters on the inositol ring, its high substrate specificity for phytic acid, and biochemical properties such as susceptibility to activation by calcium and inhibition by fluoride. The physiological significance of alkaline phytase and the biological role of I-1,2,3-P3 remain to be identified.
Silicon Photonics (2006)

After dominating the electronics industry for decades, silicon is on the verge of becoming the material of choice for the photonics industry: the traditional stronghold of III-V semiconductors. Stimulated by a series of recent breakthroughs and propelled by increasing investments by governments and the private sector, silicon photonics is now the most active discipline within the field of integrated optics. This paper provides an overview of the state of the art in silicon photonics and outlines challenges that must be overcome before large-scale commercialization can occur. In particular, for realization of integration with CMOS very large scale integration (VLSI), silicon photonics must be compatible with the economics of silicon manufacturing and must operate within thermal constraints of VLSI chips. The impact of silicon photonics will reach beyond optical communication-its traditionally anticipated application. Silicon has excellent linear and nonlinear optical properties in the midwave infrared (IR) spectrum. These properties, along with silicon's excellent thermal conductivity and optical damage threshold, open up the possibility for a new class of mid-IR photonic devices
Construction and characterization of Moloney murine leukemia virus mutants unable to synthesize glycosylated gag polyprotein. (1983)

Murine leukemia virus (MuLV) encodes two independent pathways for expression of the gag gene. One pathway results in processing and cleavage of the precursor Pr65gag to yield the internal capsid proteins of the virion and is analogous to gag polyprotein precursors for all classes of retroviruses. The other pathway, which is not encoded by several other classes of retroviruses, begins with a glycosylated polyprotein gPr80gag . gPr80gag is synthesized independently of Pr65gag; it contains Pr65gag peptides and additional amino-terminal protein. It is modified by further addition of carbohydrate, exported to the cell surface, and released from the cell but does not appear in virus particles. To investigate the role of glycosylated gag in MuLV infection, two mutants of Moloney MuLV (M-MuLV) deficient for synthesis of gPr80gag but able to synthesize Pr65gag were constructed. The mutants were obtained by substitution into a molecular clone of M-MuLV DNA by DNA from two acutely transforming viruses, Ableson MuLV (Ab-MuLV) and Moloney murine sarcoma virus (M-MSV). Both Ab-MuLV and M-MSV are derived from M-MuLV and they express M-MuLV gag sequences, but some strains do not synthesize glycosylated gag protein. For Ab-MuLV, a 177-base-pair Pst I fragment from the P90 strain containing the initiation codon for Pr65gag was substituted for the equivalent fragment in M-MuLV DNA. For M-MSV, 1.5 kilobases at the 5' end of the genome was substituted. Transfection of the recombined DNAs onto NIH-3T3 cells produced infectious M-MuLV, although the infected cells did not produce gPr80gag. Therefore glycosylated gag is not absolutely required for MuLV replication. Deletion of the glycosylated gag pathway did not significantly reduce the level of virus production, although a minor difference in XC plaque morphology was observed.
Preventing false positives: quantitative evaluation of three protocols for inactivation of polymerase chain reaction amplification products (1993)

False-positive results because of carryover contamination by previously amplified nucleic acids are currently the greatest impediment to routine implementation of nucleic acid amplification protocols. We evaluated three methods for inactivation of a 156-bp Borrelia burgdorferi polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product: (i) post-PCR cross-linking with isopsoralen (IP), (ii) pre-PCR treatment of a dU-containing PCR product with uracil N-glycosylase (UNG), and (iii) post-PCR alkaline hydrolysis (primer hydrolysis) of PCR products synthesized by using primers containing 3' ribose residues. The sensitivities of the PCR performed under the conditions of each protocol were comparable. Inactivation of amplified DNA was highly efficient for all three protocols; the IP and UNG protocols eliminated at least to 3 x 10(9) copies of the product. The primer hydrolysis protocol varied in efficiency depending on the number and position of the 3' ribose residues, but inactivation ranged from 10(4) to 10(9) copies. We conclude that with some modifications, all three systems are effective for eliminating amplified DNA products. Routine implementation of at least one method should help to avoid false-positive results because of carryover contamination.
IDH1 Gene Mutations: A New Paradigm in Glioma Prognosis and Therapy? (2010)

The manuscript examines the role of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and the IDH1 gene in the prognosis and therapy of glial tumors.
Inter-vehicle communications protocol for group cooperative driving (1999)

Inter-vehicle communications technology for group cooperative driving has been studied by the Association of Electric Technology for Automobile Traffic and Driving (Japan) (JSK) since 1980. This paper presents the recent results, including an actual field test, of the group cooperative driving and the future plan for research and development of JSK.
Dibenzothiophene-Based Phosphine Oxide Host and Electron-Transporting Materials for Efficient Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Diodes through Compatibility Optimization (2015)

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) organic light-emitting diodes arise from the development of high-performance host materials and carrier transporting materials fitting for TADF dyes with optimized respective properties and interplays, making simultaneous performance improvement and device structure simplification feasible. In this work, a highly efficient blue TADF diode with simplified four-layer structure was successfully achieved by utilizing bis[4-(9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine)phenyl]sulfone (DMAC-DPS) as blue emitter, 4,6-bis(diphenylphosphoryl)dibenzothiophene (DBTDPO) as host, and 4,6-bis(diphenylphosphoryl)dibenzothiophene sulfone (46DBSODPO) as electron-transporting layer. The compatibilities between DBTDPO and DMAC-DPS and DBTDPO and 46DBSODPO were optimized with respect to configuration, polarity, energy level, and interfacial interaction, resulting in the unchanged roughness of ∼0.25 nm before and after doping, high photoluminescence quantum yield over 85%, and reduced interfacial exciplex emissions. With the similar triplet excited energy (T1) of ∼3.0 eV but inferior electrical properties compared to its analogues 28DBSODPO and 37DBSODPO, besides the homogeneity with DBTDPO, 46DBSODPO suppressed the formation of interfacial exciplex and dipole for efficient exciton confinement and electron injection and transportation, in virtue of the steric effects of its ortho-substituted phosphine oxide groups. Consequently, DBTDPO and 46DBSODPO endowed their DMAC-DPS based four-layer devices with the state-of-the-art performance, for example, the maximum external quantum efficiency over 16%, which was more than two-fold of those of conventional electron-transporting material 1,3,5-tri[(3-pyridyl)-phen-3-yl]benzene (TmPyPB). This design strategy about material compatibility could pave a way for developing high-performance blue TADF diodes with simplified configurations.
The Design of Buoyant Ball Sealer Treatments (1984)

ABSTRACT The success of well stimulation treatments is often strongly dependent on selective placement of treating fluids into low permeability or damaged zones and away from high permeability or undamaged zones. A previous investigation conclusively demonstrated through laboratory and field tests that buoyant ball sealers can provide highly effective diversion. Buoyant balls have been shown to exhibit 100% seating efficiency provided they can be transported down the casing to the perforations. A field-tested design methodology has been developed to maximize and optimize the benefits realized from the use of buoyant ball sealers. Positive-displacement ball injectors effect reliable introduction of buoyant balls into the treating fluid, and ball catchers have been designed and used to recover the balls following the treatment. In lieu of ball retrieval, the controlled-density ball sealer process can be employed in which the balls are buoyant in the treating fluids but are nonbuoyant in any subsequently produced or injected fluids. Calculation of ball and fluid transport times to the perforations determines minimum job/stage volumes and ball injection schedules. Buoyant ball sealer technology can be applied in ultralow flowrate treatments by the use of a special transport technique in which the balls are confined at the interface or in the mixing region formed by two fluids of different densities. Similar fluid staging techniques promote highly effective ball sealer diversion in deviated wells by neutralizing the gravity force and by minirnizing the ball-to-perforation travel distance. All of the objectives of a multicomponent, multistage, sandstone acidizing treatment can be accomplished by strategic placement of buoyant ball sealers in one or more of the various treating fluid stages.
A magnetized coaxial source facility for the generation of energetic plasma flows (1995)

The design features and characterization of a new magnetized coaxial plasma source facility for the generation of energetic plasma stream flows are presented. Careful, yet simple design of a low-inductance (<or approximately=200 nH) external power delivery system provides high-current (>or approximately=130 kA) pulses to the plasma source with fast rise ( approximately 26 mu s). This allows for the production and acceleration of dense ( approximately 2*1015 cm-3), high-quality (10-40 eV), self-field plasmas to approximately 105 m s-1. We are then afforded the laboratory study of plasma streams with a wide variety of applications including, but not limited to, advanced thrusters for electric propulsion, astrophysical jets, critical ionization velocity, magnetic fusion, large-scale plasma etching and deposition, etc. Comparison to an ideal MHD model is made indicating reasonably good agreement in these self-field discharges, while elucidating the advantages of strong applied magnetization to provide nozzling in a magnetically constricted flow.
Targeting Angiogenesis and Tumor Microenvironment in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Role of Aflibercept (2014)

In the last decades, we have progressively observed an improvement in therapeutic options for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treatment with a progressive prolongation of survival. mCRC prognosis still remains poor with low percentage of 5-year survival. Targeted agents have improved results obtained with standard chemotherapy. Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in colorectal cancer growth, proliferation, and metastasization and it has been investigated as a potential target for mCRC treatment. Accordingly, novel antiangiogenic targeted agents bevacizumab, regorafenib, and aflibercept have been approved for mCRC treatment as the result of several phase III randomized trials. The development of a tumor permissive microenvironment via the aberrant expression by tumor cells of paracrine factors alters the tumor-stroma interactions inducing an expansion of proangiogenic signals. Recently, the VELOUR study showed that addition of aflibercept to FOLFIRI regimen as a second-line therapy for mCRC improved significantly OS, PFS, and RR. This molecule represents a valid second-line therapeutic option and its peculiar ability to interfere with placental growth factor (PlGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) axis makes it effective in targeting angiogenesis, inflammatory cells and in overcoming resistances to anti-angiogenic first-line treatment. Here, we discuss about Aflibercept peculiar ability to interfere with tumor microenvironment and angiogenic pathway.
<title>Spatial-spectral optical pattern recognition using an acousto-optic tunable filter preprocessor</title> (1993)

A conventional optical pattern recognition system such as the optical correlator is based on template matching between the input target and the filter. However, automatic target recognition, in a heavily camouflaged environment, requires additional spectral information to enable effective target discrimination. In this paper, an innovative spatial-spectral pattern recognition system is introduced. An acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) imaging spectrometer is used as the spatial-spectral preprocessor to enhance the camouflaged target image against its background. A cascaded correlator is then used for target recognition and tracking. An overview of the AOTF imaging spectrometer developed at JPL is provided. Experimental demonstrations of camouflaged target recognition from a foliage background are also provided.
Creating Directed Double-strand Breaks with the Ref Protein (2010)

The bacteriophage P1-encoded Ref protein enhances RecA-dependent recombination in vivo by an unknown mechanism. We demonstrate that Ref is a new type of enzyme; that is, a RecA-dependent nuclease. Ref binds to ss- and dsDNA but does not cleave any DNA substrate until RecA protein and ATP are added to form RecA nucleoprotein filaments. Ref cleaves only where RecA protein is bound. RecA functions as a co-nuclease in the Ref/RecA system. Ref nuclease activity can be limited to the targeted strands of short RecA-containing D-loops. The result is a uniquely programmable endonuclease activity, producing targeted double-strand breaks at any chosen DNA sequence in an oligonucleotide-directed fashion. We present evidence indicating that cleavage occurs in the RecA filament groove. The structure of the Ref protein has been determined to 1.4 Å resolution. The core structure, consisting of residues 77-186, consists of a central 2-stranded β-hairpin that is sandwiched between several α-helical and extended loop elements. The N-terminal 76 amino acid residues are disordered; this flexible region is required for optimal activity. The overall structure of Ref, including several putative active site histidine residues, defines a new subclass of HNH-family nucleases. We propose that enhancement of recombination by Ref reflects the introduction of directed, recombinogenic double-strand breaks.
Lipolytic activity in free and immobilized cells of Phoma glomerata (1997)

Abstract The lipolytic activity of free and immobilized whole cells of the pathogenic fungus Phoma glomerata was demonstrated, and several properties of the lipase involved were determined. Free fungal cells and small pieces of immobilized cells, prepared by spontaneous colonization on a solid surface or entrapped in calcium alginate, were incubated with triolein in buffered medium. Different incubation conditions were assayed to optimize the reaction, to determine the effects of heating and time on stability of the immobilized preparations and the time course of the reactions. Although the enzyme cleaves all ester bonds of triolein, it shows some preference for the outer bonds. An optimal pH of 7.5–8.0, optimal temperature of 45°C for free and 50°C for immobilized cell preparations, the necessity for substrate emulsifiers, and reaction independence from calcium and magnesium were demonstrated. Results suggest that immobilized whole cells of P. glomerata would be a suitable tool to study its lipid physiology and to explore further the possible biotechnological use of its lipase activity.
Trialkylsulfonium- and Trialkylselenoniumhydroxides for the Pyrolytic Alkylation of Acidic Compounds (1982)

Abstract Trialkylsulfonium- and trialkylselenoniumhydroxides are pyrolytic alkylation reagents that derivatize acidic compounds quantitatively inside the injector of the gas chromatograph. Trimethyl-sulfoniumhydroxide and Triethylsulfoniumhydroxide, the analogues of selenium respectively are stable in cool methanol solution for at least 6 months. The reagents are easy to handle and the byproducts formed are very volatile. Therefore the application of ternary sulfonium- and selenoniumhydroxides is equivalent or even superior to the use of the well known quartary ammoniumhydroxides.
Does preconditioning protect the coronary vasculature from subsequent ischemia/reperfusion injury? (1993)

The protective effects of preconditioning do not extend to the coronary vasculature in this canine model: Preconditioning neither prevented the deterioration in resting myocardial perfusion nor blunted the loss in submaximal vasodilator reserve obs
Anti-Tac-H, a humanized antibody to the interleukin 2 receptor with new features for immunotherapy in malignant and immune disorders. (1990)

The Mr 55,000 interleukin 2 receptor peptide (Tac; CD25) is not expressed by normal resting T-cells but is markedly up-regulated in adult T-cell leukemia and other malignancies, as well as on T-cells activated in normal immune, autoimmune, allograft, and graft-versus-host settings. Anti-Tac is a mouse monoclonal antibody directed against the Tac peptide. Our prior attempts to use this antibody in humans for antitumor therapy and immune regulation have been limited by weak recruitment of effector functions and neutralization by antibodies to mouse immunoglobulins. To circumvent these difficulties, we prepared several chimeric "humanized" anti-Tac antibodies by genetic engineering, including one "hyperchimeric" antibody (anti-Tac-II) in which the molecule is human except for the small hypervariable segments of the complementarity-determining regions retained from the mouse antibody. These constructs maintain high affinities for antigen and abilities to block T-cell activation and demonstrate new capabilities to perform antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, absent in the mouse anti-Tac. Hence, humanized antibodies have been developed to a tumor-associated antigen and activated T-cell marker with significant features that offer new therapeutic possibilities for select neoplastic and immune disorders.
Direct copolymerization of L‐lactic acid with γ‐butyrolactone in the absence of catalysts (1989)

Abstract The copolymerization of L ‐lactic acid (LA) with γ‐butyrolactone (BL), performed without catalyst at 200°C under nitrogen in order to obtain a relatively low‐molecular‐weight copolymer, proceeds via direct condensation between linear LA and linear 4‐hydroxybutyric acid produced by hydrolysis of the cyclic BL. The copolymers were characterized with respect to the copolymerizability ( 13 C NMR spectroscopy), composition ( 1 H NMR spectroscopy), molecular weight (terminal group analysis and gel permeation chromatography), and crystallinity (differential scanning calorimetry). The copolymerizability of BL is low, e. g., the contents of BL units in the copolymers were found to be 12, 16, and 19 mol‐% for initial BL contents in the monomer feed of 30, 50, and 70 mol‐%, respectively, in which copoly(LA/BL) is composed of blocks of lactyl units separated by single γ‐oxybutyryl unit.
Mode-dependent fast separable KLT for block-based intra coding (2011)

In this paper, we derive separable KLTs for coding H.264/AVC intra prediction residuals, using a simple image correlation model. Our analysis shows that for some intra prediction modes, we can in fact just use the DCT for performing either the row-wise or column-wise transform. Furthermore, we also compute the KLT that should be used based on the image correlation model, which happens to have sinosuidal terms. The 4×4 transform also has a structure that can be exploited to reduce the operation count of the transform operation. In our simplified implementation of mode-dependent directional transforms (MDDT), we only need to make use of two matrices: the DCT and the derived KLT. Our experimental results show that in terms of coding efficiency, our proposed approach has similar performance when compared with MDDT. More importantly, compared to MDDT, our approach requires no training and has lower computational and storage costs.
Which biomarker predicts benefit from EGFR-TKI treatment for patients with lung cancer? (2007)

Subsets of patients with non-small cell lung cancer respond remarkably well to small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) specific for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) such as gefitinib or erlotinib. In 2004, it was found that EGFR mutations occurring in the kinase domain are strongly associated with EGFR-TKI sensitivity. However, subsequent studies revealed that this relationship was not perfect and various predictive markers have been reported. These include EGFR gene copy numbers, status of ligands for EGFR, changes in other HER family genes or molecules downstream to EGFR including KRAS or AKT. In this review, we would like to review current knowledge of predictive factors for EGFR-TKI. As all but one phase III trials failed to show a survival advantage of the treatment arm involving EGFR-TKIs, it is necessary to select patients by these biomarkers in future clinical trials. Through these efforts, it would be possible to individualise EGFR-TKI treatment for patients suffering from lung cancer.