gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of walking speed on center of mass displacement (2004)

The movement of the center of mass (COM) during human walking has been hypothesized to follow a sinusoidal pattern in the vertical and mediolateral directions. The vertical COM displacement has been shown to increase with velocity, but little is known about the mediolateral movement of the COM. In our evaluation of the mediolateral COM displacement at several walking speeds, 10 normal subjects walked at their self-selected speed and then at 0.7, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.6 m/s in random order. We calculated COM location from a 15-segment, full-body kinematic model using segmental analysis. Mediolateral COM displacement was 6.99 +/- 1.34 cm at the slowest walking speed and decreased to 3.85 +/- 1.41 cm at the fastest speed (p < 0.05). Vertical COM excursion increased from 2.74 +/- 0.52 at the slowest speed to 4.83 +/- 0.92 at the fastest speed (p < 0.05). The data suggest that the relationship between the vertical and mediolateral COM excursions changes substantially with walking speed. Clinicians who use observational gait analysis to assess walking problems should be aware that even normal individuals show significant mediolateral COM displacement at slow speeds. Excessive vertical COM displacement that is obvious at moderate walking speeds may be masked at slow walking speeds.
Visualization of Brain Microstructure Through Spherical Harmonics Illumination of High Fidelity Spatio-Angular Fields (2014)

Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) is gaining rapid adoption in the medical imaging community due to its ability to measure the non-Gaussian property of water diffusion in biological tissues. Compared to traditional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), DKI can provide additional details about the underlying microstructural characteristics of the neural tissues. It has shown promising results in studies on changes in gray matter and mild traumatic brain injury where DTI is often found to be inadequate. The DKI dataset, which has high-fidelity spatio-angular fields, is difficult to visualize. Glyph-based visualization techniques are commonly used for visualization of DTI datasets; however, due to the rapid changes in orientation, lighting, and occlusion, visually analyzing the much more higher fidelity DKI data is a challenge. In this paper, we provide a systematic way to manage, analyze, and visualize high-fidelity spatio-angular fields from DKI datasets, by using spherical harmonics lighting functions to facilitate insights into the brain microstructure.
Weighing one protein with light (2018)

A light-scattering method allows rapid measurement of the mass of individual proteins
Human plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. Association with lipoprotein particles and role in the degradation of platelet-activating factor. (1987)

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a bioactive phospholipid (1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) synthesized by a variety of mammalian cell types. PAF induces hypotension, and activates neutrophils and platelets, among other actions. Removal of the acetyl moiety abolishes biological activity, so this reaction may regulate the concentration of PAF and its physiological effects. We have studied the significance of this reaction, which is catalyzed in vitro by an acetylhydrolase present in mammalian plasma, blood cells, and tissues. We have shown that the plasma PAF-acetylhydrolase is responsible for the degradation of PAF in whole human blood and that alternate pathways for PAF degradation in plasma or blood cells are negligible. Human plasma PAF-acetylhydrolase is associated with low and high density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL with apoE). We have confirmed that the activity is a stable component of these particles by density gradient ultracentrifugation, chromatography on heparin-agarose, and immunoprecipitation. The LDL-associated activity accounts for most or all of the PAF degradation that occurs in plasma ex vivo, while the HDL-associated activity contributes little to this process. However, the two activities likely are due to a single protein since the HDL- and LDL-associated PAF-acetylhydrolase activities can transfer from one lipoprotein to the other. These transfer processes are pH-dependent and specific, since they only occur from LDL to a well characterized subclass of HDL (apoE-containing HDL) and vice versa. We discuss the equilibrium between the two particles and the role that this process may have in vivo.
Cyclometalated Complexes of Palladium(II) and Platinum(II):  cis-Configured Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Compounds with Aromatic C⌒N Ligands (1996)

The palladium(II) and platinum(II) bis-homoleptic complexes M(C&arcraise;N)(2), where C&arcraise;N is benzo[h]quinoline (H-bhq), 2-phenylpyridine (H-phpy), 2-(2'-benzothienyl)pyridine (H-bthpy), 2-(2'-thienyl)quinoline (H-thq), and 2-(2'-thienyl)pyridine (H-thpy), were prepared by metal exchange of the lithiated ligands C&arcraise;N with M(Et(2)S)(2)Cl(2). The palladium(II) bis-heteroleptic complexes, Pd(C&arcraise;N)(C'&arcraise;N'), were synthesized from Pd(C&arcraise;N)(2) bis-homoleptic complexes, which were converted by HCl into the dichloro-bridged compounds [Pd(C&arcraise;N)Cl](2). By addition of Et(2)S, the Pd(C&arcraise;N)(Et(2)S)Cl complexes were formed, which were allowed to react with Li(C'&arcraise;N'), yielding M(C&arcraise;N)(C'&arcraise;N') compounds. An alternative way for obtaining the bis-heteroleptic molecules is by ligand exchange, according to the equilibrium M(C&arcraise;N)(2) + M(C'&arcraise;N')(2) = 2M(C&arcraise;N)(C'&arcraise;N'). The crystal structures of Pt(bhq)(2) (1) and Pt(thq)(2) (3) present an important distortion of the square planar (SP-4) geometry toward a two-bladed helix. Bis-homoleptic and some bis-heteroleptic complexes of palladium(II) have also been synthesized. In both cases, the steric interactions between the two ligands cause again a helical distortion rather than yielding trans compounds. For cis-bis(benzo[h]quinoline)platinum(II) (1), in the crystal (monoclinic, space group P2(1)/n, a = 13.728(3) Å, b = 6.9537(15) Å, c = 19.701(5) Å, beta = 106.17(2) degrees, Z = 4, rho(calcd) = 2.028 g.cm(-)(3); diffractometer measurements, block-matrix least-squares refinement, R = 0.043, R(w) = 0.047) the average Pt-N and Pt-C distances are 2.151(6) and 1.988(7) Å, respectively. One benzo[h]quinoline ligand is significantly less planar than the other. For cis-bis[2-(2'-thienyl)quinoline]platinum(II) (3), in the crystal (trigonal, space group P3(2)21, a = b = 9.373(1) Å, c = 20.152(3) Å, Z = 3, rho(calcd) = 2.022 g.cm(-)(3); diffractometer measurements, full-matrix least-squares refinement, R = 0.010, R(w) = 0.010) the molecule has C(2) symmetry and is chiral. The Pt-N and Pt-C bond lengths are 2.156(2) and 1.984(3) Å, respectively. The quinoline moitey is not planar but bent about the fused bond by 6.8 degrees. The thiophene moiety is inclined to the best plane through the quinoline moiety by 24.4 degrees.
Audio data hiding with application to surround sound (2003)

There has been a lot of interest recently in applying channel coding with side information (CCSI) concepts to data hiding. Part of the interest stems from the fact that information theoretic bounds can be derived for such systems. In this paper, we model the audio data embedding problem as a parallel CCSI problem. This is done by dividing the audio spectrum into frequency bins and then treating each bin as a separate CCSI channel. A perceptual mask is derived from the audio signal to determine the amount of power to use in each channel. It acts as a "water-filling" formula by determining the amount of distortion that can be introduced into each frequency bin without introducing audible distortion. As a result, our data embedding scheme will be imperceptible to the human ear. An exciting application for our audio data embedding solution is to embed data within the audio signal that will enable surround sound at the receiver. The resulting surround sound system will be better than existing surround sound systems that are based on manipulating two stereo channels to derive the other surround channels.
An Exploratory Study of Parents' Perceived Educational Needs for Parenting a Child with Learning Disabilities (2013)

Our findings indicate a few important educational needs of parents in caring for a child with SLD that might be underestimated by mental health professionals and teachers, such as psychological support and information needs. To facilitate effective parenting, holistic and individualized needs assessment and education should be provided to address each parent's biopsychosocial and cultural needs in relation to caregiving.
The Role of CD40-CD154 Interactions in the Regulation of Cell Mediated Immunity (2000)

CD40 is expressed on a diverse array of cell types from the hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic compartments. Within the hematopoietic compartment, CD40 is found constitutively expressed on B cells, dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages. The function of CD40 in B cells has been documented as being essential in the control of humoral immunity. In DCs and macrophages, CD40 has been shown to be important in the induction of antigen-presenting cell (APC) maturation and effector function. CD40 is also expressed on non-hematopoietic cells like keratinocytes, epithelial cells, and vascular endothelial cells and has been shown to be functionally important on these cell types.
p16INK4a Immunohistochemistry Improves Interobserver Agreement in the Diagnosis of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (2002)

It has been repeatedly shown that there is a substantial lack of interobserver reproducibility in the histologic diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), which might be improved by a more specific diagnostic biomarker. Cervical cancer and CIN, but not other cervical epithelia, express high levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16, suggesting that staining for this marker could help to more precisely identify CIN in tissue sections and therefore reduce variation in interpretation of cervical lesions. To test this hypothesis, 194 cervical cone biopsy samples were selected from a routine histopathology laboratory. Two consecutive sections from each biopsy were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and with a p16 -specific monoclonal antibody, respectively. Five experienced cervical pathologists examined the slides. The agreement in the diagnosis between pairs or groups of observers was calculated by kappa statistics. Significant discrepancies were observed in the diagnostic interpretation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides, particularly for low-grade lesions (kappa value 0.60 [95% confidence interval 0.58-0.63]). There was significantly better agreement in the interpretation of p16 expression (kappa value 0.91 [95% confidence interval 0.84-0.99]). Expression of p16 was restricted to CIN 2/CIN 3, CIN 1 associated with high-risk human papillomavirus, or cervical cancer. p16 immunostaining allowed precise identification of even small CIN or cervical cancer lesions in biopsy sections and helped to reduce interobserver variation in the histopathologic interpretation of cervical biopsy specimens. Thus, p16 immunohistochemistry can reduce false-negative and false-positive biopsy interpretation and thereby significantly improve cervical (pre)-cancer diagnosis.
Sleep-related breathing disorder.2. Pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnoea. (1995)

Sleep-related breathing disorders * 2 Pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnoea
Association Between Obesity and Psychiatric Disorders in the US Adult Population (2006)

Obesity is associated with an approximately 25% increase in odds of mood and anxiety disorders and an approximately 25% decrease in odds of substance use disorders. Variation across demographic groups suggests that social or cultural factors may moderate or mediate the association between obesity and mood disorder.
Spectral index method applied to coupled rib waveguides (1989)

The spectral index method is applied to closely coupled rib waveguides. Analytical expressions in terms of the propagation constant β are given for symmetric and antisymmetric polarised modes. The calculated coupling lengths are in excellent agreement with those obtained by mainframe programs.
A REPORT ON THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DIAPHRAGM WALLS IN WESTERN EUROPE, 1979 (1980)

In recent years, considerable interest has developed in the design and construction of slurry trench walls, also known as diaphragm walls. This type of wall construction is applied in several types of subsurface construction, including highway and tunnel projects, as ground support for deep excavations. The diaphragm wall may also serve as an impermeable cut-off wall and also as an integral part of the permanent underground structure. Diaphragm walls have been utilized in the United States for many years, but the technique has been applied much more extensively and for a wider range of purposes in Europe. In order to explore the reasons for this disparity, the International Road Federation organized a study team to conduct an in-depth review of current practice dealing with the design, contracting, and construction of slurry trench walls in Western Europe. The review involved: (1) discussions with designers, constructors, government agencies and university professors; and (2) inspection of the sites of diaphragm walls which have been, or are being built in several Western European countries. In all, 26 projects in five countries were reviewed. This report is a summary of the findings of the study team with regards to the use of diaphragm walls in Western Europe. Each of the 26 projects is described and appropriate illustrations are included.
Survival of Mammals Breathing Organic Liquids Equilibrated with Oxygen at Atmospheric Pressure (1966)

Because oxygen and carbon dioxide are very soluble in certain silicone oils and fluorocarbon liquids, these liquids will support respiration of mammals. Mice and cats respiring silicone oil die shortly after return to air breathing, while those breathing fluorocarbon survive for weeks. The respiration of mice is optimally supported by these organic liquids at about 20 degrees C. In cats, arterial oxygenation is excellent, but there is some impairment of carbon dioxide elimination. All animals have suffered some pulmonary damage from breathing fluorocarbon liquids. Continued investigation of organic fluid respiration may lead to development of a safe method to support the respiration of man by liquids equilibrated with gases at atmospheric pressure.
Efficient DNA-Mediated Gene Transfer into Primary Cultures of Adult Rat Hepatocytes (1989)

An efficient, simple, and reproducible DNA-mediated gene transfer procedure has been developed for primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Calcium phosphate-DNA precipitate is formed in complete culture medium during 5 hr incubation with cells. Unabsorbed precipitate is then washed out, and 40 hr later gene expression is measured. Under optimal conditions, up to 20-25% of cells in cultures transfected with the beta-galactosidase (lacZ) gene stain positively for this activity, and cells transfected with the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene, fused to a strong promoter, express CAT activities of 10-14 nmoles/min per mg protein. Five conditions were optimized based on transfection efficiency, CAT expression, and cell viability. (i) Medium composition: the presence of protein, such as fetal bovine serum or bovine serum albumin, in the medium was essential. (ii) Cell substratum: tissue culture plastic was superior to calf skin collagen and Matrigel. (iii) Cell density: 0.5-1.0 X 10(6) cells/60-mm dish were superior to higher densities. (iv) Duration of exposure to calcium phosphate-DNA: 5-8 hr was better than shorter or longer times. (v) Length of time hepatocytes were maintained in culture before initiating transfection: 2-3 days was superior to earlier times. This procedure was successful with reporter genes linked to three different eukaryotic promoters. These included a chimeric promoter containing the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-responsive enhancer of the cytochrome P450c gene (CYP1A1), which was shown to confer upon the CAT gene responsiveness to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons comparable to that of the native P450c gene. This transfection procedure should be of considerable use for the study of liver-specific gene expression in primary hepatocyte cultures.
Rapid expression of the CD69 antigen on T cells and natural killer cells upon antigenic stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell suspensions (1997)

The CD69 antigen has been identified as the earliest activation marker on the surface of cytokine- or mitogen-activated lymphocytes. The expression of this molecule may be a useful early marker of antigen- or allergen-specific activation of lymphocytes in vitro. We evaluated the expression of the CD69 and CD25 antigens on antigen- or allergen-stimulated lymphocytes and the proliferative responses as detected by thymidine incorporation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of allergic patients sensitized to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, bovine casein, or nickel sulfate were cultured in the absence or presence of clinically relevant allergens, tetanus toxoid, or recombinant interleukin (IL)-2. The respective binding of CD69 or CD25 antibodies to PBMC and thymidine incorporation were measured. An early expression of CD69, but not of CD25, antigen was detectable after 24-72 h of stimulation on up to 80% of natural killer (NK) cells and up to 10% of CD4+ T cells in PBMC cultures. Anti-IL-2 antibodies inhibited these increases of CD69 on NK cells and T cells by up to 60%. After 6 days of antigenic stimulation, the rates of both CD25+ and CD69+ lymphocytes were higher. Seventy-four percent of the CD25+ PBMC but only 55% of the CD69+ cells were CD3+ T lymphocytes at this time. No qualitative differences were detectable in allergen- or tetanus-toxoid-stimulated PBMC from allergic patients. The high expression of CD69 on NK cells in antigen-stimulated cultures suggests that these cells are easily activated by cytokines from antigen-stimulated T cells. CD69+ NK cells may serve as early-indicator cells in cultures with antigen- or allergen-stimulated mononuclear cells.
Serological Prevalence of Salmonella Enterica Serovars Enteritidis and Pullorum in Different Types of Chickens in Taiwan During 2005 (2007)

Salmonella is a potential threat to public health. Although Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum (SP) have been isolated, no general surveillance in Taiwan has been reported. To understand the SE and SP prevalence in different chicken flocks was the purpose of this investigation. Four thousand, seven hundred and sixty-seven serum samples from 292 chicken farms including 66 broiler breeder, 33 broiler, 152 native chicken, and 41 layer flocks were tested for SE antibodies by ELISA and SP antibodies by rapid plate agglutination test in 2005. The results showed that the SE prevalence on a flock basis was 5% (3/66), 15% (5/33), 13% (20/152), 12% (5/41) in broiler breeders, broilers, native chickens, and layers, respectively. A total prevalence of 11% (33/292) was determined. The SP prevalence was 26% (17/66), 15% (5/33), 30% (46/152), and 54% (22/41) in different chicken types, respectively. A total prevalence of 31% (90/292) was determined. Both infections are common in Taiwan. Thus, controlling SE and SP should be applied to the poultry industry.
Segment-specific noncoding sequences of the influenza virus genome RNA are involved in the specific competition between defective interfering RNA and its progenitor RNA segment at the virion assembly step (1997)

The generation of influenza A virus defective interfering (DI) particles was studied by using an NS2 mutant which produces, in a single cycle of virus replication, a large amount of DI particles lacking the PA polymerase gene. The decrease in PA gene replication has been shown to occur primarily at the cRNA synthesis step, with preferential amplification of PA DI RNA species present in a marginal amount in the virus stock. In addition, at the assembly step the PA DI RNAs were preferentially incorporated into virions, resulting in selective reduction in the packaging of the PA gene into virions. Similarly, in cells dually infected with the NS2 mutant and wild-type viruses, packaging of the wild-type PA gene was also greatly suppressed. In contrast, incorporation of other RNA segments, i.e., the PB2 and NS genes, was not affected, suggesting that the PA DI RNAs competed only with the PA gene in a segment-specific manner. Experiments involving rescue of recombinant chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) RNA flanked by the noncoding regions of the PA (PA/CAT RNA) and PB2 (PB2/CAT RNA) genes into viral particles showed that only PA/CAT RNA was not rescued by infection with the NS2 mutant virus containing the PA DI RNAs. However, recombinant PA/CAT RNA in which either the 3' or 5' noncoding region was replaced with that of the PB2 gene was rescued by the NS2 mutant. These results suggest that the noncoding regions of the PA gene are responsible for the competition with PA DI RNA species at the virus assembly step and that coexistence of the both noncoding regions would be a prerequisite for this phenomenon. Decreased packaging of the progenitor RNA by the DI RNA, in addition to the suppression of cRNA synthesis, is likely involved in the production of DI particles.
The Dictionary of cell and molecular biology (2013)

over 10,000 entries in this comprehensive of Cell and Molecular Biology provide clear and concise definitions for anyone working in life sciences today. It incorporates related terms from neuroscience, genetics, microbiology, immunology, pathology, and physiology. This fourth revised edition reflects the enormous changes brought about by the explosion of new technologies, especially high throughput approaches and functional genomics. As a result, this edition is over 30 percent larger than the previous edition, with 3400 new entries. As with the prior edition, additions are reflective of online search queries performed by users of the dictionary.The entries in this authoritative work have been widely praised for their clarity, brevity, and accuracy throughout. The Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology features numerous tables and other useful features. It is thoroughly revised and expanded by over 30 percent with 3400 new entries. expanded coverage of areas are greatly impacted by genomics. It includes new terms that relate to the recent elucidation of underlying mechanisms of cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, relationship between mitochondria and disease, metabolic control, and stem cell biology. It consistently provides the most complete short definitions of technical terminology for anyone working in life sciences today. It is extensively cross-referenced. It provides multiple definitions, notes on word origins, and other useful features.
Differential Efficiency of Expression of Humanized Antibodies in Transient Transfected Mammalian Cells (1998)

Transient transfections are commonly used in the preliminary assessment of comparative levels of expression, biologic activity, and affinity of recombinant antibody molecules, but apparent expression levels can vary up to 200-fold. We have compared the expression levels of various humanized antibodies and "mixed and matched" heavy and light chains in transiently transfected CHO cells using replicate, small-scale transfections within single or replicate experiments to control for variation in transfection efficiency. We have found that each antibody is expressed with a characteristic efficiency, determined by a combination of factors including the level of light-chain synthesis, heavy- and light-chain "compatibility," and CDR/framework interactions to provide a compact Fv module.