gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Childhood exposure to external ionising radiation and solid cancer risk (2009)

The increasing use of ionising radiation for diagnostic purposes has raised concern about potential iatrogenic damage, especially in children. In this review, we discuss some aspects of radiation-induced cancer in relation to age at exposure and measures that should be taken for limiting exposure in this sensitive population.
A shiftless relaxation reagent for carbon-13 magnetic resonance of organometallic carbonyl compounds (1972)

The addition of small amounts of tris(acetyl-acetonato)chromium(III) to solutions of several metal carbonyls decreases their T1 relaxation times without causing chemical shifts, enabling 13C n.m.r. spectra to be obtained using Fourier Transform techniques.
Telomere length and cardiovascular aging (2012)

Telomeres are located at the end of chromosomes. They are composed of repetitive TTAGGG tandem repeats and associated proteins of crucial importance for telomere function. Telomeric DNA is shortened by each cell division until a critical length is achieved and the cell enters senescence and eventually apoptosis. Telomeres are therefore considered a 'biological clock' of the cell. Telomerase adds nucleotides to telomeric DNA thereby contributing to telomere maintenance, genomic stability, functions, and proliferative capacity of the cell. In certain rare forms of progeria, point mutations within the telomere lead to accelerated telomere attrition and premature aging. Endogenous factors causing telomere shortening are aging, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) shortening is inhibited by estrogen and endogenous antioxidants. Accelerated telomere attrition is associated with cardiovascular risk factors such as age, gender, obesity, smoking, sedentary life-style, excess alcohol intake, and even mental stress. Cardiovascular (CV) diseases and CV aging are usually but not invariably associated with shorter telomeres than in healthy subjects. LTL appears to be a biomarker of CV aging, reflecting the cumulative burden of endogenous and exogenous factors negatively affecting LTL. Whether accelerated telomere shortening is cause or consequence of CV aging and disease is not clear.
Evaluation of Artecoll Polymethylmethacrylate Implant for Soft-Tissue Augmentation: Biocompatibility and Chemical Characterization (1997)

Artecoll polymethylmethacrylate implant (Artecoll) is a combination of polymethylmethacrylate beads suspended in 3.5% atelocollagen and has been designed for use in soft-tissue augmentation applications. The biocompatibility and immunogenicity of Artecoll were evaluated to assess the safety of this product for use in the dermis. To characterize the collagen component, chemical analysis was performed including trypsin sensitivity, differential scanning calorimetry, and pepsin content. Particle size analysis was also performed on the polymethylmethacrylate beads. The ability of this material to elicit an immunologic response was measured in a sensitized and nonsensitized guinea pig intradermal model. In these studies, 24 guinea pigs were injected intradermally with either Artecoll or Zyderm, a bovine collagen product for soft-tissue augmentation. Six sites were evaluated for each material at 3, 7, and 28 days after injection. In the sensitized model, 60 guinea pigs were divided into five groups, and each group received a sensitizing dose (in conjunction with Freund's adjuvant) of Zyderm, Artecoll, or a nonsensitizing dose of the same materials. The fifth group served as a nontreatment control. After the animals were sensitized, they were challenged with intradermal injections of various antigens to evaluate delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. Chemical characterization indicated polymethylmethacrylate beads of varying sizes, including many less than 35 microns, and a vehicle of extensively denatured and impure collagen. In vivo evaluations indicated that Artecoll elicited an immune response in guinea pigs, including delayed type hypersensitivity and antibody reactions. Histological assessment demonstrated particle phagocytosis and transepidermal elimination. Following immunization with Artecoll, guinea pigs were also found to be sensitized to pepsin, an impurity found in the collagen carrier. The biocompatibility of this material was compared with that of bovine dermal collagen (Zyderm collagen implant), which is widely used and accepted as biocompatible. The results of this evaluation indicate that Artecoll polymethylmethacrylate implant has the potential to elicit an immune response in humans, and polymethylmethacrylate beads are susceptible to phagocytosis and elimination.
Comparing stress ECG enhancement algorithms (1996)

There are two predominant types of noise that contaminate the electrocardiogram (EGG) acquired during a stress test: the baseline wander noise (BW) and electrode motion artifact, and electromyogram-induced noise (EMG). BW noise is at a lower frequency, caused by respiration and motion of the subject or the leads. The frequency components of BW noise are usually below 0.5 Hz, and extend into the frequency range of the ST segment during a stress test. EMG noise, on the other hand, is predominantly at higher frequencies, caused by increased muscle activity and by mechanical forces acting on the electrodes. The frequency spectrum of the EMG noise overlaps that of the ECG signal and extends even higher in the frequency domain. In this article, the authors review some of the published ECG enhancing techniques to overcome the noise problems, and compare their performance on stress ECG signals under adverse noise scenarios. They also describe the filter bank-based ECG enhancing algorithm.
Securing Web servers against insider attack (2005)

Too often, "security of Web transactions" reduces to "encryption of the channel" - and neglects to address what happens at the server on the other end. This oversight forces clients to trust the good intentions and competence of the server operator - but gives clients no basis for that trust. In this paper, we apply secure coprocessing and cryptography to solve this real problem in Web technology. We present a vision: using secure coprocessors to establish trusted coservers at Web servers and moving sensitive computations inside these co-servers; we present a prototype implementation of this vision that scales to realistic workloads; and we validate this approach by building a simple E-voting application on top of our prototype. By showing the real potential of COTS secure coprocessing technology to establish trusted islands of computation in hostile environments - such as at Web servers with risk of insider attack - this work also helps demonstrate that "secure hardware" can be more than a synonym for "cryptographic accelerator".
Carbohydrate-containing membrane components of normal and virus-transformed mouse fibroblasts. I. Glucosamine-labeling patterns in 3T3, spontaneously transformed 3T3, and SV-40-transformed 3T3 cells (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbohydrate-containing membrane components of normal and virus-transformed mouse fibroblasts. I. Glucosamine-labeling patterns in 3T3, spontaneously transformed 3T3, and SV-40-transformed 3T3 cellsHenry C. Wu, Elias Meezan, Paul H. Black, and Phillips W. RobbinsCite this: Biochemistry 1969, 8, 6, 2509–2517Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00834a038https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00834a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views74Altmetric-Citations136LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
In Vitro Evaluation of Apixaban, a Novel, Potent, Selective and Orally Bioavailable Factor Xa Inhibitor. (2006)

Abstract Apixaban, previously known as BMS-562247, is a high affinity, highly selective, orally-active, reversible inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa (fXa), in clinical studies as a therapeutic agent for prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases. The in vitro characteristics of apixaban were evaluated in purified systems and in human blood from healthy volunteers. Detailed kinetic analysis of apixaban inhibition of human fXa showed that it is a readily reversible, potent and competitive inhibitor versus a synthetic tripeptide substrate with a Ki of 0.08 nM, an association rate of 2 × 107 M−1s−1and a dissociation half life of 3.4 min. Weak affinity (Ki ~3 μM) is observed for thrombin, plasma kallikrein, and chymotrypsin. Affinity for trypsin and all other serine proteases tested is negligible with Ki &amp;gt; 15 μM. Apixaban is an effective inhibitor of free fXa and of prothrombinase, in buffer, platelet poor plasma, and whole blood. The anticoagulant activity of apixaban was determined in platelet-poor human plasma. Apixaban causes concentration dependent prolongation of the fXa mediated clotting assays. The human plasma concentration required to produce a doubling of the clotting time is 3.6 μM for prothrombin time, 7.4 μM for activated partial thromboplastin time and 0.4 μM for HepTest. To support preclinical efficacy and safety studies purified fXa from rabbit, dog and rat plasma was also found to be inhibited by apixaban (0.17, 2.6, and 1.3 nM, respectively). In summary the in vitro properties of apixaban show that it is a highly selective and potentially potent antithrombotic agent for venous and arterial thrombotic diseases.
Autoantigens and Immune Pathways in Rheumatoid Arthritis (2002)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a major systemic autoimmune disease. A plethora of putative autoantigens has been described by the reactivity of antibodies present in the sera of patients. Despite this there is little evidence implicating most of them in its pathogenesis. Autoantigens fall into two major groups: first, those that are associated with the joint, such as collagen type II, human chondrocyte glycoprotein 39, and proteoglycans, for which a pathogenic role is easily understood; and second, those proteins not associated with the joint. Of these there are three groups: (1) highly conserved foreign antigens with human homologues, such as heat shock proteins (HSPs), in which the initiating antigenic stimulus may be through infection; (2) post-translationally altered proteins, such as citrullinated filaggrin, to which autoantibodies show high specificity but low sensitivity for RA and immunoglobulin G; and (3) ubiquitous proteins, such as glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, p205, and HSPs secreted during stress, such as BiP. The mechanisms by which such ubiquitous antigens cause pathology predominantly in the joints are difficult to understand. Autoantibodies, such as rheumatoid factors, that form immune complexes resulting in activation of phagocytic cells or the complement system, may cause joint pathology by deposition in the joints. Such an explanation, however, is not available for all of these autoantigens. It is possible that pathology may be the outcome of disturbed immunoregulation.
Design, synthesis, and properties of a photoactivatable membrane-spanning phospholipidic probe (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDesign, synthesis, and properties of a photoactivatable membrane-spanning phospholipidic probeJose M. Delfino, Stuart L. Schreiber, and Frederic M. RichardsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9, 3458–3474Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00062a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00062a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1003Altmetric-Citations63LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Chromatography, Liquid (2013)

Abstract Liquid chromatography is a separation technique with three main variants: column liquid chromatography, planar (thin‐layer) chromatography, and capillary electrochromatography. Separations are achieved by the distribution of sample components between a mobile liquid phase and (generally) a porous solid stationary phase. Selectivity differences result from the differences in adsorption, partition, size exclusion, molecular recognition, and electrostatic interactions in the two phases. Defined by mechanism, the main types of liquid chromatography are known as liquid–solid (normal‐phase), reversed‐phase, size‐exclusion, ion‐exchange, affinity, chiral, hydrophilic interaction, and hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography. These separation mechanisms are supported by a wide range of stationary phase materials whose surface chemistry and morphology are designed for optimum performance selected from porous inorganic oxide, porous organic polymers, porous graphitic carbon, chemically bonded inorganic oxides, and chemically modified porous polymers. Liquid chromatographic methods can also be classified by speed, separation performance, and scale. Here, system properties defined by instrumental parameters have to be considered simultaneously with the physical properties of the stationary phase. Analytical and preparative‐scale applications require different instrument platforms. The method used to control the mobile phase flow (capillary forces, pneumatic forces, or electroosmosis) are further important to design criteria. Liquid chromatographic methods are also sustained by a variety of detection possibilities based on the principles of bulk property and solute property methods employing spectroscopic, electrochemical, light scattering, and ion formation techniques.
The Effect of Tenidap on Cytokines, Acute‐Phase Proteins, and Virus Load in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)‐Infected Patients: Correlation between Plasma HIV‐1 RNA and Proinflammatory Cytokine Levels (1997)

Proinflammatory cytokines may be important in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease. Tenidap decreases interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and decreases IL-6 plasma levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients. In this randomized double-blind study, 43 HIV-1-infected patients received tenidap (120 mg) or placebo daily for 6 weeks and then crossed over to the alternative therapy for an additional 6 weeks. Mean entry CD4 cell count was 140/microL. Analyses were performed on cytokines, acute-phase proteins, virus load, and CD4 cell counts. With the exception of small differences in plasma TNF levels, tenidap had no significant effect on these indices. Significant correlations of plasma IL-6 and TNF levels with HIV-1 RNA were noted. Six patients discontinued tenidap due to rash. The effects of tenidap in HIV-1 infection contrast to results in arthritis patients, in whom tenidap decreased plasma levels of IL-6 and acute-phase proteins.
The Baboon as a Nonhuman Primate Model for the Study of the Genetics of Obesity (2003)

Given the physiological and developmental similarities between humans and baboons, along with the ability to collect data under well-controlled situations and the extensive pedigree data available in our colony, the baboon offers an extremely valuable nonhuman primate model for the study of obesity and its comorbidities.
Inhibition of Trypanosoma brucei Gene Expression by RNA Interference Using an Integratable Vector with Opposing T7 Promoters (2000)

RNA interference is a powerful method for inhibition of gene expression in Trypanosoma brucei (Ngo, H., Tschudi, C., Gull, K., and Ullu, E. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 14687-14692). Here we describe a vector (pZJM) for in vivo tetracycline-inducible synthesis of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in stably transformed cells. The dsRNA is synthesized from opposing T7 promoters. We tested the vector with genes involved in processes such as kinetoplast DNA replication, mitochondrial mRNA synthesis, glycosyl phosphatidylinositol biosynthesis, glycosome biogenesis, and polyamine biosynthesis. In most cases the induction of dsRNA caused specific and dramatic loss of the appropriate mRNA, and in many cases there was growth inhibition or cell death. One striking phenotype was the loss of kinetoplast DNA after interference with expression of a topoisomerase II. The gene being analyzed by this procedure need not even be fully sequenced. In fact, many of the genes we tested were derived from partial sequences in the T. brucei genome data base that were identified by homology with known proteins. It takes as little as 3 weeks from identification of a gene sequence in the data base to the appearance of a phenotype.
Influenza Immunization in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (1978)

Forty patients with systemic lupus erythematosus randomly received inactivated bivalent (A/NJ and A/Victoria) influenza vaccine or saline in a double-blind study. During 20 weeks of follow-up, no deterioration in major organ function or increase in disease flares was observed in the immunized group as compared with the group that received saline. Preimmunization antibody titers to A/Victoria were lower in the 40 patients with lupus erythematosus than in age-matched control subjects. Response to immunization, as measured by serum antibody titers, was also lower in the patients with lupus erythematosus, indicating that immune responses must be evaluated on an individual patient basis. Nevertheless, influenza vaccination can be safely carried out in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Thermal Annealing Effects on P-Type Mg-Doped GaN Films (1992)

Low-resistivity p-type GaN films were obtained by N 2 -ambient thermal annealing at temperatures above 700°C for the first time. Before thermal annealing, the resistivity of Mg-doped GaN films was approximately 1×10 6 Ω·cm. After thermal annealing at temperatures above 700°C, the resistivity, hole carrier concentration and hole mobility became 2 Ω·cm, 3×10 17 /cm 3 and 10 cm 2 /V·s, respectively. In photoluminescence measurements, the intensity of 750-nm deep-level emissions (DL emissions) sharply decreased upon thermal annealing at temperatures above 700°C, as did the change in resistivity, and 450-nm blue emissions showed maximum intensity at approximately 700°C of thermal annealing.
Optimal sequence alignments (1983)

Current theory is adequate to the task of finding an optimal alignment between two character strings such as nucleic acids. Most algorithms currently in use must fail to find the homologous alignment between a set of codons for the chicken alpha- and beta-hemoglobin sequence when it is in fact discoverable by a more general treatment of gaps. Fundamental reasons for this are discussed.
Downregulation of ABCD1 in Human Renal Cell Carcinoma (2009)

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the kidney. Delayed diagnosis may result in progression and metastasis. Markers for early detection of RCC are lacking. The ATP-binding cassette transporter D1 (ABCD1) is located in the human peroxisome membrane. Its mutation causes X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a peroxisomal disorder affecting lipid storage. The role of ABCD1 in human renal tumorigenesis was unclear. In this study, three pairs of RCC tissues were examined by cDNA microarray and data suggested that ABCD1 mRNA is downregulated. Downregulation of ABCD1 expression was confirmed by real-time PCR. ABCD1 expression was also downregulated in four renal cancer cell lines compared to immortalized benign renal tubular cells. ABCD1 mRNA and protein expression levels assessed by immunohistochemistry in the RCC tissues were similar between genders, tumor grades, and tumor stages. Immunohisto-chemical assays also showed that ABCD1 expression was significantly higher in normal than in cancerous tissues (p&lt;0.001). ABCD1 downregulation may be involved in human renal tumorigenesis.
Low-phytic-acid Grains (2000)

As one approach to the improvement of the nutritional quality of crops for both foods and feeds, low-phytic-acid (lpa) mutants of maize and other cereals have been isolated. An important advantage of lpa mutants is that the bioavailability of a range of minerals may be improved, although phytic acid can also function as an antioxidant. Livestock producers are primarily concerned with excretion of feed phytic acid phosphorus by livestock and fish. This contributes to water pollution and is a major environmental issue in developed countries. In these mutants, phytic acid phosphorus is reduced by 55% to 66%, which is matched by an equal increase in inorganic phosphorus. Greater reductions in phytic acid, as high as 95% to 99%, may be desirable and are possible. The first two studies of an lpa maize in human nutrition found increased fractional absorption of iron and zinc in the lpa maize as compared with the control maize. Yields of the best lpa lines, first developed in the mid-1990s, now range between 5% and 15% below those of the highest-yielding commercial varieties. Because of benefits for animal nutrition, lpa crops could become highly profitable for use as animal feeds. All lpa lines to date have been developed using classical genetic methods; these classically obtained mutants affect the expression of a given gene throughout the tissues and organs of a plant. BY using a biotechnology approach, it may be possible to achieve optimal levels of phytic acid reduction and target the desired effect to the seed, thereby reducing any undesirable agronomic effects of whole-plant mutants.
Inhibition of mesangial cell proliferation and matrix expansion in glomerulonephritis in the rat by antibody to platelet-derived growth factor. (1992)

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a potent mitogen for mesenchymal cells in culture, is expressed in vivo in a variety of inflammatory conditions associated with cell proliferation, including atherosclerosis, wound repair, pulmonary fibrosis, and glomerulonephritis. However, it is not known if PDGF mediates the fibroproliferative responses that characterize these inflammatory disorders. We administered neutralizing anti-PDGF IgG or control IgG to rats with mesangial proliferative nephritis. Inhibition of PDGF resulted in a significant reduction in mesangial cell proliferation, and largely prevented the increased deposition of extracellular matrix associated with the disease. This suggests that PDGF may have a central role in proliferative glomerular disease.