gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of a multiphase osteochondral scaffold. I. Control of chemical composition (2009)

This is the first in a series of articles that describe the design and development of a family of osteochondral scaffolds based on collagen-glycosaminoglycan (collagen-GAG) and calcium phosphate technologies, engineered for the regenerative repair of defects in articular cartilage. The osteochondral scaffolds consist of two layers: a mineralized type I collagen-GAG scaffold designed to regenerate the underlying subchondral bone and a nonmineralized type II collagen-GAG scaffold designed to regenerate cartilage. The subsequent articles in this series describe the fabrication and properties of a mineralized scaffold as well as a two-layer (one mineralized, the other not) osteochondral scaffold for regeneration of the underlying bone and cartilage, respectively. This article describes a technology through which the chemical composition-particularly the calcium phosphate mass fraction-of triple coprecipitated nanocomposites of collagen, glycosaminoglycan, and calcium phosphate can be accurately and reproducibly varied without the need for titrants or other additives. Here, we describe how the mineral:organic ratio can be altered over a range that includes that for articular cartilage (0 wt % mineral) and for bone (75 wt % mineral). This technology achieves the objective of mimicking the composition of two main tissue types found in articular joints, with particular emphasis on the osseous compartment of an osteochondral scaffold. Exclusion of titrants avoids the formation of potentially harmful contaminant phases during freeze-drying steps crucial for scaffold fabrication, ensuring that the potential for binding growth factors and drugs is maintained.
The effects of macrophage depletion on the clinical and pathologic expression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. (1981)

Abstract The selective toxicity of silica quartz dust for macrophages was used to assess the role of these cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. A single dose of 200 mg silica dust given to Lewis rats 8 days post-sensitization caused a delay in onset of clinical signs and a reduction in the severity of the disease. Animals given a 2nd injection of silica on day 11 showed a further delay in onset of symptoms and a further reduction in the clinical incidence of disease such that 80% of the animals were not paralyzed and remained asymptomatic for at least 4 wk after the injection of the silica. To test for the role of the macrophage as an effector cell in EAE, some animals were not challenged with silica until after the onset of early clinical signs. Intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg caused a remarkable arrest in the progression of clinical and pathologic signs. The conclusion that i.p. injection of silica dust protects against EAE by the depletion of macrophages, and not by a direct effect on the function of the sensitized lymphocyte, is supported by the following results; 1) i.p. challenge with thioglycolate broth failed to stimulate an adherent cell population in silica-treated animals; 2) the lysosomal stabilizing agent poly-2-vinylpyridine N-oxide, which has been shown to protect macrophages against the toxic effect of silica, partially abrogated the protection afforded by silica; and 3) functionally reactive lymphocytes could be demonstrated in the lymph nodes by proliferative responses to the sensitizing antigens BP and PPD, and in the spleen by successful passive transfer of disease to normal animals after in vitro stimulation with Con A. These results strongly support the conclusion that cells of the monocyte-macrophage series function as effector cells in the clinical and pathologic expression of an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease.
Inducible expression of herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein gene gG-2 in a mammalian cell line (1988)

The gG-2 glycoprotein gene of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) was cloned into the mammalian expression vector pMSG under the control of the inducible mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. Transfection of this cloned gG-2 construct into NIH 3T3 cells resulted in the stable expression of gG-2 upon induction with dexamethasone. In addition, the 104,000-molecular-weight (104K) and 72K gG-2 precursors as well as the 34K secreted component were generated in the transformed cells. The synthesis of gG-2 in these transformed cells appeared to follow the same cleavage-processing pathway as gG-2 synthesis during an HSV-2 infection. These results indicate that the processing of gG-2 can occur in the absence of an HSV-2 infection.
Interleukin 2-diphtheria toxin fusion protein can abolish cell-mediated immunity in vivo. (1988)

De novo expression of the interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) is a critical and pivotal event in initiation of an immune response. Targeting the low-affinity IL-2-binding p55 subunit of the high-affinity IL-2R with the rat anti-mouse IgM monoclonal antibody M7/20 suppresses a variety of T-cell-mediated reactions, including transplant rejection, autoimmunity, and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). A hybrid IL-2-toxin gene was constructed from the diphtheria toxin gene by replacing the DNA encoding the diphtheria toxin receptor-binding domain with the DNA encoding the receptor-binding domain of IL-2, and the fusion protein encoded by the hybrid gene was expressed in Escherichia coli [Williams, D.P., Parker, K., Bacha, P., Bishai, W., Borowski, M., Genbauffe, F., Strom, T.B. & Murphy, J.R. (1987) Protein Eng. 1, 493-498]. We examined the action of the chimeric IL-2-toxin fusion protein on an in vivo T-cell mediated response, DTH. The IL-2-toxin fusion protein was found to be a potent immunosuppressive agent. Treatment of mice with the IL-2-toxin blocks DTH and prevents expansion of IL-2R+ T cells. Indeed, IL-2-toxin treatment targets IL-2R+ T cells in vivo and is shown to selectively eliminate their appearance in draining lymph nodes. DTH suppression was observed even in mice possessing high titers of antibodies to diphtheria toxoid.
The course of radiologic damage during the first six years of rheumatoid arthritis (2000)

Radiologic damage progresses at a constant rate. In advanced disease, monitoring the progression of previously existing damage is as important as assessing new abnormalities in previously undamaged joints. Radiographs of the feet should be included in assessments of radiologic damage that are used in clinical intervention trials and daily practice.
Oxidized ATP. An irreversible inhibitor of the macrophage purinergic P2Z receptor. (1993)

The effects of oxidized ATP (oATP) on responses triggered by extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATPe) were investigated in the mouse macrophage-like cell line J774. ATPe induced in this cell line two kinds of responses mediated by two different P2 purinergic receptors: 1) an early permeabilization of the plasma membrane to extracellular hydrophilic markers of M(r) up to 900 mediated by P2Z receptors; and 2) a fast mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores mediated by P2Y receptors. Low oATP concentrations (100 microM) completely blocked the first response without affecting the second. ATPe-dependent cell swelling, vacuolization, and lysis were also inhibited. Antagonism developed slowly, as an incubation at 37 degrees C for at least 2 h in the presence of oATP was needed and was irreversible, thus suggesting that the inhibitory action was due to covalent modification of the receptor. The rate of hydrolysis of exogenous ATP was slightly decreased by oATP, indicating a minor blocking effect of this compound on plasma membrane ecto-ATPases in the concentration range tested. These observations suggest that oATP may be a potentially very useful tool for isolation and characterization of the P2Z purinergic receptor.
The Effect of the 21-Aminosteroid U74006F in a Rabbit Model of Thromboembolic Stroke (1992)

U74006F, A NOVEL 21-aminosteroid, is an inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation that is devoid of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid side effects. The efficacy of U74006F in reducing cerebral infarct size was investigated in a rabbit model of thromboembolic stroke. Each animal received either U74006F (3.0 mg/kg immediately before and 2 hr after embolization, n = 8) or vehicle control (n = 10). Hematocrit, mean arterial pressure, PCO2, PO2, and pH were measured and controlled both before and after the administration of an autologous clot into one internal carotid artery. Regional cerebral blood flow (in ml/100 g/min, mean ± SEM) measured by hydrogen clearance was similar in both groups, being reduced from 68.2 ± 9.6 to 5.2 ± 1.9 in the control group immediately after clot embolization and from 73.3 ± 14.9 to 7.0 ± 1.7 in the U74006F group. Four hours after embolization the brain was harvested and cerebral infarct size was determined using the triphenyltetrazolium chloride technique (% hemisphere, mean ± SEM). In the U74006F-treated group, the infarct size was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) to 14.8 ± 6.4 from a control value of 36.0 ± 6.4. Additionally, cerebral blood flow values after embolization were consistently higher in the U74006F group, although the differences were not statistically significant. This data suggests that the 21-aminosteroid U74006F may have a protective effect in cerebral ischemia.
Cyto-Chex BCT, Not Cyto-Chex, Should Be Used for Preservation of CD4 Cell Counts (2006)

To The Editor: The recent article by Truett et al.1 addresses the challenges of collecting samples in resource-poor countries for measurement of CD4+ cell counts. One of the products described by the authors, Cyto-Chex®, is manufactured by Streck, Inc. (Omaha, NE). The product used by them is not the product that we manufacture for storage and transport that is called Cyto-Chex® Blood Collection Tube (BCT) (Streck, Inc.). Cyto-Chex® BCT is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-cleared blood collection tube for preserving HIV-positive specimens for white blood cell (WBC) epitope analysis at elevated temperatures. The authors used Cyto-Chex® (not Cyto-Chex® BCT) as a means to stabilize samples from HIV-infected donors for CD4 cell counts. This product will stabilize WBCs and bone marrow at 6°C as indicated by the authors. It is not intended for CD4 counts under the circumstances used because (i) dilution results in inaccuracy, and (ii) it does not provide the high level of stability that Cyto-Chex® BCT does. The report on Cyto-Chex® BCT for this purpose was presented at the 2004 Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) meeting (9/30/2004; Poster 827) describing the use of the new BCT.2 It was designed specifically to stabilize the WBCs in a whole blood specimen for up to 7 days at room temperature (18-22°C) before analysis by flow cytometry. The poster and subsequent article3 showed that samples from HIV-infected and normal donors gave accurate CD4 counts as measured by flow cytometric analysis for up to 7 days when stored at room temperature. Follow-up testing has revealed that samples stored in Cyto-Chex® BCT for 7 days at 30°C and 3 days at 37°C also preserved CD4 counts (Table 1).TABLE 1: CD4 Absolute Count/mL of Whole Blood Collected in Cyto-Chex_BCT and Stored at 30(C for 7 Days and 37(C for 3 Days*A large amount of effort is being directed toward the diagnosis and treatment of HIV-infected individuals in resource-poor settings. Maintaining sample integrity is one of the challenges in this endeavor that may be improved by new products such as Cyto-Chex® BCT. Dominic Warrino, PhD Research Scientist Streck, Inc. Omaha, NE
Role of epigenetic effectors in maintenance of the long-term persistent bystander effect in spleen in vivo (2007)

Radiation therapy is a primary treatment modality for brain tumors, yet it has been linked to the increased incidence of secondary, post-radiation therapy cancers. These cancers are thought to be linked to indirect radiation-induced bystander effect. Bystander effect occurs when irradiated cells communicate damage to nearby, non-irradiated 'bystander' cells, ultimately contributing to genome destabilization in the non-exposed cells. Recent evidence suggests that bystander effect may be epigenetic in nature; however, characterization of epigenetic mechanisms involved in bystander effect generation and its long-term persistence has yet to be defined. To investigate the possibility that localized X-ray irradiation induces persistent bystander effects in distant tissue, we monitored the induction of epigenetic changes (i.e. alterations in DNA methylation, histone methylation and microRNA (miRNA) expression) in the rat spleen tissue 24 h and 7 months after localized cranial exposure to 20 Gy of X-rays. We found that localized cranial radiation exposure led to the induction of bystander effect in lead-shielded, distant spleen tissue. Specifically, this exposure caused the profound epigenetic dysregulation in the bystander spleen tissue that manifested as a significant loss of global DNA methylation, alterations in methylation of long interspersed nucleotide element-1 (LINE-1) retrotransposable elements and down-regulation of DNA methyltransferases and methyl-binding protein methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2). Further, irradiation significantly altered expression of miR-194, a miRNA putatively targeting both DNA methyltransferase-3a and MeCP2. This study is the first to report conclusive evidence of the long-term persistence of bystander effects in radiation carcinogenesis target organ (spleen) upon localized distant exposure using the doses comparable with those used for clinical brain tumor treatments.
Intelligent Power IC with Partial SOI Structure (1995)

In the integration of power devices and control circuits, temperature rise caused by the heat dissipation of power devices and electric interference between power devices and control circuits are important problems. In this report, the following was demonstrated by using the partial silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure with shielding layers. The partial SOI structure has the Si directly bonded areas where power devices are formed and SOI areas where control circuits are formed. Firstly, the temperature rise was reduced to about a half that in the complete SOI structure, and the latch-up occurrence in the control circuit was prevented by the insertion of shielding layers. Secondly, at the condition of 150° C and 16 V, the normal operation of an intelligent power IC consisting of multichannel power devices and a 1-bit microcomputer was accomplished.
TNF α is localized to nasal mucosal mast cells and is released in acute allergic rhinitis (1995)

Allergic mucosal inflammation is characterized by tissue infiltration with eosinophils, and associated activation of mast cells and T lymphocytes. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha/cachectin is a candidate cytokine relevant to the pathogenesis of these events through its capacity to upregulate the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules, mediate granulocyte chemoattraction, and activate eosinophils, mast cells and T cells. To investigate the presence and localization of TNF alpha in the nasal mucosa in allergic rhinitis, nasal biopsies from perennial rhinitic (n = 13) and non-rhinitic volunteers (n = 11) were embedded in glycol methacrylate and immunostained with a monoclonal antibody directed against TNF alpha, and adjacent 2 microns sections stained for tryptase, CD3 and eosinophil cationic protein. This identified positive immunostaining for TNF alpha in the submucosa of both the rhinitic and normal subjects (median cell counts 13 and 23 cells/mm2 respectively, P = 0.24) with cellular localization to mast cells but not to T-lymphocytes or eosinophils. In a subsequent study of seven atopic subjects, nasal allergen challenge produced increases in lavage levels of histamine and albumin, which was associated with significant release of TNF alpha as early as 2 min post-allergen when compared with the saline control day (P = 0.05). This difference was also apparent when studying the area under the curve both at 30 and 60 min post-challenge t-test (P = 0.015 and 0.02 respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Shell Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid/Polylysine Layer-by-Layer Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules Prepared by Removal of Reducible Hyaluronic Acid Microgel Cores (2007)

Shell cross-linked hollow polyelectrolyte microcapsules composed of hyaluronic acid (HA) and poly- l-lysine (PLL) were prepared by layer-by-layer (LBL) adsorption and subsequent core removal by a reductive agent. Disulfide cross-linked HA microgels were used as template core materials for the LBL deposition on the surface and removed by treatment of dithiothreitol at neutral pH condition. HA/PLL polyelectrolyte multilayers on the shell were chemically cross-linked via carbodiimide chemistry, and their physicochemical properties and drug release behaviors were investigated. Shell cross-linked HA/PLL polyelectrolyte microcapsules exhibited far enhanced physical stability against freeze-thaw cycles and acidic pH conditions compared to the un-cross-linked ones. The cross-linked HA/PLL multilayer shell also demonstrated pH responsive permeability, which became more permeable at low pH than at neutral pH. When bovine serum albumin (BSA), as a model protein drug, was loaded inside using the pH-dependent permeability, BSA release profiles from the microcapsules could be readily modulated by varying medium pH values or adding an HA digesting enzyme (hyaluronidase) in the incubation medium.
Synthesis and Biodegradation of Nanogels as Delivery Carriers for Carbohydrate Drugs (2007)

Biodegradable nanogels loaded with rhodamine B isothiocyanate-dextran (RITC-Dx) as a model for water-soluble biomacromolecular drugs were prepared using atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in a cyclohexane inverse miniemulsion in the presence of a disulfide-functionalized dimethacrylate cross linker. UV-vis spectroscopy was used to characterize the extent of incorporation of RITC-Dx into the nanogels. The loading efficiency of RITC-Dx into the nanogels exceeded 80%. These nanogels were degraded into polymeric sols in a reducing environment to release the encapsulated carbohydrate drugs. The released carbohydrate biomolecules specifically interacted with concanavalin A in water, suggesting that the biodegradable nanogels could be used as carriers to deliver carbohydrate drugs that can be released upon degradation to bind to pathogens based on lectins.
Biotin amplification of biotin and horseradish peroxidase signals in histochemical stains. (1992)

A procedure is described for intensifying histochemical reactions by amplification of biotinylated sites. This is achieved by deposition of biotinylated tyramine on the tissue through the enzymatic action of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The amplified biotin sites are subsequently visualized by binding them to avidin, to which a marker is attached. This amplification greatly increases the sensitivity of staining procedures that employ HRP (and/or biotin) in tissue. For neuroanatomical pathway tracing methods, the procedure greatly increases the detectability of the injected tracer. For lectin histochemistry and immunohistochemistry, the amplification requires that the lectin or primary antibody be greatly diluted. This dilution results in less background staining and yet strong signals are produced even when very dilute reagents are used. Alternatively, the amplification permits much shorter incubations in primary antibodies when dilutions are used that would ordinarily be used with conventional bridge techniques. The procedure is also useful for amplifying very weak signals, such as those of immunoreactions in glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue. The amplification procedure, together with the availability of avidin probes labeled with fluorochromes, colloidal gold, or enzyme systems other than HRP, provides a means of greatly increasing the versatility of a variety of histochemical reactions, including those for detecting in situ hybridization probes, in addition to increasing the sensitivity of the reactions.
Isolation of Native Human Monoclonal Autoantibodies to Breast Cancer (2002)

Using a unique fusion partner cell line, MFP-2, and B-lymphocytes from breast cancer patients, we developed a set of fully human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that bind with high specificity and sensitivity to breast cancer cells. Immunofluorescent staining of normal tissues, primary tumors, and metastatic lymph nodes demonstrates that these antibodies are specific for breast cancer of autologous and allogeneic origin. We have also determined that many of the antibodies selected based on specific binding to breast cancer cells and tissue also bind prostate cancer cells and tissue with high specificity and sensitivity. The targets of these antibodies have been localized to the cytoplasm and membrane. Biological assays for internalization and cytotoxicity demonstrated the ability of three antibodies to rapidly internalize. Our study demonstrates that isolation of native human MAbs from the natural antibody repertoire, targeted to cancer cells, is feasible and may provide a source of tools for immunotherapy.
Shewanella marinintestina sp. nov., Shewanella schlegeliana sp. nov. and Shewanella sairae sp. nov., novel eicosapentaenoic-acid-producing marine bacteria isolated from sea-animal intestines (2003)

Three novel Shewanella species are described on the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic studies. A total of six novel halophilic, aerobic organisms with the ability to produce eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were isolated from various sea animals in Japan. Cells of all six isolates were Gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile by means of polar flagella. They were able to produce large amounts of EPA (about 20% of the total fatty acids) and had isoprenoid quinones Q-7 and Q-8 as major components. Analysis of the nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequences of the novel isolates showed that they are very close phylogenetically (sequence similarity > 99%) and the closest species was Shewanella pealeana, with 97% sequence similarity. However, analysis of gyrB sequences indicated that the novel isolates were divided into three groups at sufficient phylogenetic distance to indicate that they are different species (< 90% sequence similarity). DNA-DNA hybridization experiments supported this conclusion. The first group (three strains) had positive reactions for lipase, DNase, ONPG and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) reduction and had G + C contents of 43 mol% (determined by HPLC). The second group (two strains) was positive for urease, DNase, ONPG and TMAO reduction but not lipase. Their G + C content was 45 mol%. The third group (one strain) was negative for ONPG, DNase and TMAO reduction and had a G + C content of 43 mol%. Strains of the second group, but not those of the first or third groups, grew at 32 degrees C. On the basis of the polyphasic taxonomic data, the novel strains isolated from intestines of sea animals are placed in three novel species of the genus Shewanella: Shewanella marinintestina sp. nov. (type strain: JCM 11558T =LMG 21403T), Shewanella schlegeliana sp. nov. (type strain: JCM 11561T =LMG 21406T) and Shewanella sairae sp. nov. (type strain: JCM 11563T =LMG 21408T).
AN EFFICIENT GLUCOSYLATION OF ALCOHOL USING 1-THIOGLUCOSIDE DERIVATIVE (1979)

Abstract Glucosides and disaccharides were prepared in good yields from 2-benzothiazolyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-1-thio-d-glucopyranoside and alcohols including sterically hindered secondary alcohols in the presence of cupric triflate. α-Glucosides were obtained predominantly by this method.