gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bestrophin, the product of the Best vitelliform macular dystrophy gene ( VMD2 ), localizes to the basolateral plasma membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium (2000)

Best vitelliform macular dystrophy is a dominantly inherited, early onset, macular degenerative disease that exhibits some histopathologic similarities to age-related macular degeneration. Although the vitelliform lesion is common in the fundus of individuals with Best disease, diagnosis is based on a reduced ratio of the light peak to dark trough in the electrooculogram. Recently, the VMD2 gene on chromosome 11q13, encoding the protein bestrophin, was identified. The function of bestrophin is unknown. To facilitate studies of bestrophin, we produced both rabbit polyclonal and mouse monoclonal antibodies that proved useful for Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunocytochemistry. To characterize bestrophin, we initially probed the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-derived cell lines ARPE-19, D407, and RPE-J. All of the cell lines expressed bestrophin mRNA by reverse transcription-PCR, but not on Western blots. Bestrophin in human RPE partitioned in the detergent phase during Triton X-114 extraction and could be modified by biotin in intact cells, indicative of a plasma membrane localization. Immunocytochemical staining of macaque and porcine eyes indicated that bestrophin is localized at the basolateral plasma membrane of RPE cells. When expressed in RPE-J cells by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer, bestrophin again was determined by confocal microscopy and cell surface biotinylation to be a basolateral plasma membrane protein. The basolateral plasma membrane localization of bestrophin suggests the possibility that bestrophin plays a role in generating the altered electrooculogram of individuals with Best disease.
An Introduction to Synthesis Using Organocopper Reagents (1980)

Describes organocopper chemistry in a fast, easily readable and introductory fashion that is both authoritative and critical. Also describes the strategy of organic synthesis in a clear, introductory fashion. Examines organocopper reactions in terms of substances synthesized since 1970, including food flavors and dyes, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic steroid drugs, perfume fragrances, prostraglandins, and anticancer compound, a sugar, hashish, vitamin E, insect growth-regulators, and insect sex attractants. Retrosynthetic analysis is used to illustrate the strategy of organic synthesis.
Vaccination against pleuropneumonia of pigs caused by Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae. (1981)

A strain of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae was isolated from a pig with pleuropneumonia from a herd where this condition was frequent. A formalin inactivated culture of this isolate was used as antigen in two vaccine preparations: A and B. Vaccine A had peanut oil + arlacel 80 + tween 80 as adjuvant and vaccine B had aluminum hydroxide gel as adjuvant. Twenty pigs were vaccinated twice with vaccine A and 19 with vaccine B. Twenty additional pigs were not vaccinated. All pigs were transferred to the herd. Eleven pigs in the nonvaccinated group developed pneumonia and seven of these died within eight days after exposure. None of the vaccinated pigs had signs of pneumonia. It is concluded that the vaccines prevented the acute form of pleuropneumonia due to H. pleuropneumoniae.
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2 study of bemarituzumab combined with modified FOLFOX6 (mFOLFOX6) in first-line (1L) treatment of advanced gastric/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (FIGHT). (2021)

160 Background: Bemarituzumab (bema), a first-in-class humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody, selectively binds to FGFR2b, inhibits ligand binding and mediates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. A phase 1 study of bema monotherapy in solid tumors had no dose-limiting toxicities and a confirmed objective response rate (ORR) of 18% in patients (pts) with refractory FGFR2b+ gastric cancer (GC). Methods: The FIGHT study (NCT03343301) is a global, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Pts with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic GC that was not HER2+ were eligible if their tumor was positive for FGFR2b overexpression by centrally performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) or for FGFR2 amplification by circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). Pts were treated with mFOLFOX6 and randomized 1:1 to bema 15mg/kg or placebo (pbo) every 2 weeks with 1 additional 7.5mg/kg bema/pbo dose on day 8. Treatment was continued until disease progression, intolerable toxicity, or death. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS) and key secondary endpoints include overall survival (OS), overall response rate (ORR), and frequency of adverse events. Statistical significance (2-sided a of 0.2) was tested sequentially for PFS, OS and ORR. Results: Of 910 1L GC pts whose tumors were evaluated 275 (30%) were FGFR2b+. Of 155 pts randomized, 77 to bema+mFOLFOX6 and 78 to pbo+mFOLFOX6, 149 were FGFR2b+ by IHC and 26 by ctDNA. The primary endpoint was met with an improvement in median PFS of 9.5 mo (bema) vs 7.4 mo (pbo) (hazard ratio [HR], 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44-1.04; p=0.07). The secondary endpoint of OS was met; median not reached in the bema arm vs 12.9 mo for pbo (HR, 0.58, 95% CI, 0.35-0.95; p=0.03). Among patients with measurable disease, ORR improved from 40% (pbo) to 53% (bema). Improved efficacy was observed across all 3 endpoints (PFS, OS, ORR) with increasing levels of overexpression of FGFR2b on tumor cells. Grade ≥3 AEs were reported in 83% of pts in the bema arm vs 74% pts in the pbo arm with serious AEs in 32% and 36% respectively. Stomatitis was higher in the bema arm (31.6% vs 13.0%) and corneal AEs were more common in the bema arm (67% vs 10%). There were no reported AEs of retinal detachment or hyperphosphatemia in the bema arm. Conclusion: Approximately 30% of 1L pts with advanced GC not HER2+, were identified to be FGFR2b+, primarily by IHC. In this randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind phase 2 study, the addition of bema to mFOLFOX6 led to clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvements in PFS, OS and ORR. An increase in corneal AEs and stomatitis was associated with bema. These results support a prospective randomized phase 3 study in GC and the evaluation of bema in other FGFR2b+ tumor types. Clinical trial information: NCT03694522.
Digital contact tracing technologies in epidemics: a rapid review (2020)

The effectiveness of digital solutions is largely unproven as there are very few published data in real-world outbreak settings. Modelling studies provide low-certainty evidence of a reduction in secondary cases if digital contact tracing is used together with other public health measures such as self-isolation. Cohort studies provide very low-certainty evidence that digital contact tracing may produce more reliable counts of contacts and reduce time to complete contact tracing. Digital solutions may have equity implications for at-risk populations with poor internet access and poor access to digital technology. Stronger primary research on the effectiveness of contact tracing technologies is needed, including research into use of digital solutions in conjunction with manual systems, as digital solutions are unlikely to be used alone in real-world settings. Future studies should consider access to and acceptability of digital solutions, and the resultant impact on equity. Studies should also make acceptability and uptake a primary research question, as privacy concerns can prevent uptake and effectiveness of these technologies.
Schizophrenia and Glutamatergic Transmission (1998)

Schizophrenia is a human brain disease with well-defined symptoms and a lifelong disease course, but without a current biological explanation. Several observations implicate brain glutamatergic abnormalities in the pathophysiology of this illness. This evidence includes both human neurochemical and clinical pharmacologic data. Furthermore the psychotomimetic action of phencyclidine, the noncompetitive NMDA-sensitive glutamate receptor antagonist, suggests the association between human psychosis and NMDA receptor blockade. This paper reviews basic aspects of glutamatergic transmission in animal and human brain with particular attention to its putative role in schizophrenia. Consideration is given to other glutamate-related human brain diseases and their purported mechanisms. Evidence of glutamatergic abnormalities in schizophrenia is critically reviewed, including data using postmortem neurochemistry, in vivo human brain imaging, clinical pharmacology, and animal models. The current theoretical formulations based on these studies are articulated. We propose a "working" glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia which postulates a diminished glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampal glutamate-mediated efferent pathways and cerebral dysfunction in the hippocampus and its target areas, especially the anterior cingulate cortex. Considerable work remains to be done in this area to formulate and test a comprehensive hypothesis.
Optical properties of coupled metallic nanorods for field-enhanced spectroscopy (2005)

The optical properties of coupled metallic nanorods are studied to investigate the use of coupled plasmonic structures in field-enhanced spectroscopies. Light scattering by coupled nanorods is calculated with the boundary element method, including retardation. The modes of coupled nanorod systems are calculated by the boundary charge method and discussed in terms of their symmetry. Similar scattering behavior for isolated nanorods and pairs of nanorods can mask the very different local responses that produce near-field enhancement. The response of isolated rods redshifts with increasing rod length because intrarod restoring forces are reduced. The near- and far-field responses increase monotonically with increasing rod length (increasing polarization along the rod). For coupled nanorods, coupling localizes charge at the gap between the rod ends and splits degenerate modes. The localized charge depolarizes the intrarod response and provides an additional redshift. Moreover, the near-field enhancement in the gap between the nanorods is dramatically increased by coupling-induced charge localization at the gap. For short nanorods, the near-field response in coupled systems is determined by the geometry of the rod ends that define the gap. For longer nanorods, the response in coupled systems is determined by the rod length. Changing the dimensions and geometry of the nanorods to modify the interrod coupling has a major effect on the local-field enhancement. The effects of the environment and the actual metallic material do not have as big an influence on the field enhancement.
Protecting-Group-Free Synthesis of Amines: Synthesis of Primary Amines from Aldehydes via Reductive Amination (2010)

New methodology for the protecting-group-free synthesis of primary amines is presented. By optimizing the metal hydride/ammonia mediated reductive amination of aldehydes and hemiacetals, primary amines were selectively prepared with no or minimal formation of the usual secondary and tertiary amine byproduct. The methodology was performed on a range of functionalized aldehyde substrates, including in situ formed aldehydes from a Vasella reaction. These reductive amination conditions provide a valuable synthetic tool for the selective production of primary amines in fewer steps, in good yields, and without the use of protecting groups.
A new stacked cell structure for giga-bit DRAMs using vertical ultra-thin SOI (DELTA) MOSFETs (2002)

The first stacked DRAM (dynamic RAM) cell using vertical ultra-thin SOI (silicon-on-insulator) MOSFET (DELTA, or fully depleted lean-channel transistor) is proposed. Since the ultra-thin SOI structure provides high noise immunity, the storage node capacitance can be reduced by more than 50%. Therefore, in the proposed DRAM cell a large storage capacitor need not be essential, and this will extend the DRAMs miniaturization to the gigabit levels. The cell structure schematic is shown and threshold voltage dependences on channel length of DELTA-, conventional NMOS-, and PMOS-FETs are demonstrated. DELTA shows good short channel characteristics compared to conventional NMOS.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Reduction of far off-resonance laser frequency drifts based on the second harmonic of electro-optic modulator detection in the optically pumped magnetometer (2017)

The frequency drifts of the probe laser could be coupled into the calibrated scale factor of the optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) and induce an error of the measurement accuracy. We propose a method to reduce the far off-resonance laser frequency drifts based on the second harmonic of the electro-optic modulator (EOM) detection system in the all-optical K-Rb hybrid pumping magnetometer. Adopting the closed-loop feedback by monitoring the second-harmonic component in real time, the frequency drift of the probe laser has been effectively reduced by about five times to ∼30 MHz/0.5 h at the detuning of 130 GHz and the cell temperature of 443 K. Besides, this technique has been demonstrated to be helpful for reducing the frequency drifts at different detuning points and temperatures. This method is not only suitable for the development of more compact, high-sensitivity OPMs due to the long-term stability improvement with no extra optical path, but also can be applied to other atomic devices and EOM detection systems for reducing the influence of the laser.
Evidence That C1t (Amyloid P-Component) Is Not a Subcomponent of the First Component of Complement (C1) (1977)

Summary The recent observation that plasma P-component/C1t binds to agarose in a calcium-dependent fashion provided an opportunity to demonstrate that specific and selective removal of this protein from serum had no effect on the hemolytic or molecular properties of serum C1 activity. Thus, it is concluded that this protein does not form part of the C1 macromolecular complex.
Small-Subthreshold-Swing and Low-Voltage Flexible Organic Thin-Film Transistors Which Use HfLaO as the Gate Dielectric (2009)

Pentacene organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) with a high-kappa HfLaO dielectric were integrated onto flexible polyimide substrates. The pentacene OTFTs exhibited good performance, such as a low subthreshold swing of 0.13 V/decade and a threshold voltage of -1.25 V. The field-effect mobility was 0.13 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vmiddots at an operating voltage as low as only 2.5 V. These characteristics are attractive for high-switching-speed and low-power applications.
The polymorphism of odd and even saturated single acid triglycerides, C8–C22 (1970)

Abstract The polymorphism of single fatty acid odd triglycerides, C 11 through C 17 has been reinvestigated, with extension of the study to C 9 , C 19 and C 21 . With study of the even glycerides C 8 , C 20 and C 22 it has been possible to review the whole series (odd and even) C 8 through C 22 . The odd glycerides resemble the even in showing three distinct melting levels. Lowest melting forms are α. Stable forms are β except for C 9 and C 11 which show a different structure type. Intermediate melting β′ forms of odd glycerides are substantially more stable than their even counterparts as well illustrated by differential thermal analysis. There are no vitreous forms. Alternation in mp (between odd and even) is confirmed for stable phases and nonalternation for α and (within experimental error) for β′. Both β′ and β long spacings show alternation but not α. Alternation is evident in the short spacings of β′ and β forms. While short spacings of β′ forms of even triglycerides are much alike especially for C 14 through C 22 , those of odd glycerides show a fortuitous 4‐carbon cycle. This appears to involve no significant structural variation as chain length increases but simply an approximate 4‐carbon cycle of variation in diffraction details derived from the presumed unvarying 0 ⊥ type subcell structure.
Entrapment and Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteinase by α2-Macroglobulin and Structural Changes in the Inhibitor1 (1993)

The inhibitory effect of alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M), a major plasma proteinase inhibitor, on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteinase was investigated. The activity of HIV proteinase toward the Moloney murine sarcoma virus-derived gag protein (a high-molecular-mass substrate) was found to be inhibited by alpha 2M at pH 5.5-7.4. On the other hand, the activity toward the B chain of oxidized insulin (a low-molecular-mass substrate) was scarcely inhibited. The complex of alpha 2M and HIV proteinase was isolated by gel filtration and the enzyme was shown to be significantly protected by the complex formation from autoinactivation under nonreducing conditions. The stoichiometry of the complex formation was found to be 2:1 (enzyme: alpha 2M, mol/mol). These results demonstrate the entrapment and concomitant inhibition of HIV proteinase by alpha 2M.
A Fourier Domain Directional Filterng Method for Analysis of Collagen Alignment in Ligaments (1987)

Collagen fibers and their component fibrils make up the protenaceous " backbone" of most tissues and provide the majority of their resistance to tensile loading. Spatial orientation of collagen fibrils is an important factor in determining tissue properties. This is particularly true in ligament tissue, since ligaments must be loose enough to allow joints to move but tight enough to prevent joint surfaces from separating. A method is presented here to reproducibly quantify this collagen arrangement, which should be useful in studies on ligament healing and growth.
Copy number variation detection and genotyping from exome sequence data (2012)

While exome sequencing is readily amenable to single-nucleotide variant discovery, the sparse and nonuniform nature of the exome capture reaction has hindered exome-based detection and characterization of genic copy number variation. We developed a novel method using singular value decomposition (SVD) normalization to discover rare genic copy number variants (CNVs) as well as genotype copy number polymorphic (CNP) loci with high sensitivity and specificity from exome sequencing data. We estimate the precision of our algorithm using 122 trios (366 exomes) and show that this method can be used to reliably predict (94% overall precision) both de novo and inherited rare CNVs involving three or more consecutive exons. We demonstrate that exome-based genotyping of CNPs strongly correlates with whole-genome data (median r(2) = 0.91), especially for loci with fewer than eight copies, and can estimate the absolute copy number of multi-allelic genes with high accuracy (78% call level). The resulting user-friendly computational pipeline, CoNIFER (copy number inference from exome reads), can reliably be used to discover disruptive genic CNVs missed by standard approaches and should have broad application in human genetic studies of disease.
Immunohistochemical detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus using colloidal gold. (1993)

Two cytopathic agents were isolated on porcine alveolar macrophages following inoculation with homogenates of lung tissues from pigs showing respiratory problems. These isolates were identified as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus isolates by indirect immunofluorescence using a PRRS virus (PRRSV) specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) and were designated as LHVA-92-1 and LHVA-92-2. Immunogold electron microscopy using a porcine PRRS positive serum pool and protein A-gold resulted in an intense labelling of aggregates of viral particles. Dark specific cytoplasmic staining of porcine alveolar macrophages infected with both virus isolates could be observed by immunogold silver staining (IGSS) using the specific MAb. This method proved effective in detecting PRRSV antigens in several ethanol-fixed tissues of piglets intranasally inoculated with the supernatants of macrophages infected with each isolate. Immunogold silver staining was also successfully used for the detection of PRRSV antigens on sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lung tissues and on frozen sections of lungs. The present results indicate that colloidal gold may be useful for the identification and immunohistochemical detection of PRRSV in tissues.
Mechanical evaluation of gradient electrospun scaffolds with 3D printed ring reinforcements for tracheal defect repair (2016)

Tracheal stenosis can become a fatal condition, and current treatments include augmentation of the airway with autologous tissue. A tissue-engineered approach would not require a donor source, while providing an implant that meets both surgeons' and patients' needs. A fibrous, polymeric scaffold organized in gradient bilayers of polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) with 3D printed structural ring supports, inspired by the native trachea rings, could meet this need. The purpose of the current study was to characterize the tracheal scaffolds with mechanical testing models to determine the design most suitable for maintaining a patent airway. Degradation over 12 weeks revealed that scaffolds with the 3D printed rings had superior properties in tensile and radial compression, with at least a three fold improvement and 8.5-fold improvement, respectively, relative to the other scaffold groups. The ringed scaffolds produced tensile moduli, radial compressive forces, and burst pressures similar to or exceeding physiological forces and native tissue data. Scaffolds with a thicker PCL component had better suture retention and tube flattening recovery properties, with the monolayer of PCL (PCL-only group) exhibiting a 2.3-fold increase in suture retention strength (SRS). Tracheal scaffolds with ring reinforcements have improved mechanical properties, while the fibrous component increased porosity and cell infiltration potential. These scaffolds may be used to treat various trachea defects (patch or circumferential) and have the potential to be employed in other tissue engineering applications.
Structural, Optical, and Magnetic Characterization of Spinel Zinc Chromite Nanocrystallines Synthesised by Thermal Treatment Method (2014)

The present study reports the structural and magnetic characterization of spinel zinc chromite (ZnCr 2 O 4 ) nanocrystallines synthesized by thermal treatment method. The samples were calcined at different temperatures in the range of 773 to 973 K. Polyvinylpyrrolidone was used to control the agglomeration of the nanoparticles. The average particle size of the synthesized nanocrystals was determined by powder X‐ray diffraction which shows that the crystallite size increases from 19 nm at 773 K to 24 nm at 973 K and the result was in good agreement with the transmission electron microscopy images. The elemental composition of the samples was determined by energy dispersed X‐ray spectroscopy which confirmed the presence of Zn, Cr, and O in the final products. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy also confirmed the presence of metal oxide bands for all the samples calcined at different temperature. The band gap energy was calculated from UV‐vis reflectance spectra using the Kubelka‐Munk function and the band gap energy of the samples was found to decrease from 4.03 eV at 773 K to 3.89 eV at 973 K. The magnetic properties were also demonstrated by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, the presence of unpaired electrons was confirmed, and the resonant magnetic field and the g ‐factor of the calcined samples were also studied.