gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robust video coding for packet networks with feedback (2002)

Robustness to packet loss is a critical requirement for video communication over packet switched networks. Intra-coding is an important tool to mitigate the effects of packet loss by limiting error propagation. This work proposes an algorithm for intra/inter coding mode selection, while utilizing the feedback channel that carries acknowledgement information about received packets. The overall distortion in frame reconstruction at the decoder due to quantization, error concealment (after packet loss) and error propagation is estimated at pixel-level precision, and is dynamically refined based on the feedback information. The estimate is then integrated into a rate-distortion (RD) framework for optimal selection of coding mode for each macroblock. Simulation results demonstrate that precise distortion estimation enables the coder to achieve substantial and consistent gain in PSNR over known state-of-the-art feedback-based mode selection modes.
Breaking the limit of maximum effective area for robust single-mode propagation in optical fibers (2005)

We propose and demonstrate a novel approach in optical fiber design in which the optical waveguide is formed by a ring of large air holes surrounding a solid silica core. With an appropriate choice of the geometrical configuration, robust single-transverse-mode propagation with a record effective area of 1417 microm2, verified by various methods, was demonstrated. A breakthrough was made toward the development of practical ultra-high-power fiber lasers as we observed negligible loss of the fiber at bending diameters as small as 15 cm.
A reputation-based approach for choosing reliable resources in peer-to-peer networks (2002)

Peer-to-peer (P2P) applications have seen an enormous success, and recently introduced P2P services have reached tens of millions of users. A feature that significantly contributes to the success of many P2P applications is user anonymity. However, anonymity opens the door to possible misuses and abuses, exploiting the P2P network as a way to spread tampered with resources, including Trojan Horses, viruses, and spam. To address this problem we propose a self-regulating system where the P2P network is used to implement a robust reputation mechanism. Reputation sharing is realized through a distributed polling algorithm by which resource requestors can assess the reliability of a resource offered by a participant before initiating the download. This way, spreading of malicious contents will be reduced and eventually blocked. Our approach can be straightforwardly piggybacked on existing P2P protocols and requires modest modifications to current implementations.
Cutting Edge: Biasing Immune Responses by Directing Antigen to Macrophage Fcγ Receptors (2002)

An immune response can deviate toward either a Th1- or Th2-like response. In this work we examine the contribution that activated macrophages and IgG Abs make toward this deviation. The use of activated macrophages as APCs resulted in a strong polarized T cell response that was predominated by IFN-gamma. However, when Ag was targeted to FcgammaRs on these macrophages, the T cell response was reversed and biased toward a Th2-like response. This Th2-like phenotype was stable and was retained when the T cells were subsequently restimulated under nonbiasing conditions. The T cell biasing and its reversal via FcgammaR was also observed in vivo. Mice vaccinated with IgG-opsonized OVA made high levels of IgG Ab of the IgG1 isotype. These studies demonstrate that the ligation of FcgammaR on activated macrophages can reverse the Th1 biasing that occurs as a result of innate immune responses to microbial products.
Channel Capacity and Capacity-Range of Beamforming in MIMO Wireless Systems Under Correlated Fading With Covariance Feedback (2004)

We study the optimal transmission strategy of a single-user multiple-input/multiple-output communication system with covariance feedback. We consider the situation with correlated receive and correlated transmit antennas in Rayleigh flat fading. Furthermore, we assume that the receiver has perfect channel state information, while the transmitter knows only the transmit correlation matrix and the receive correlation matrix. We show that transmitting in the direction of the eigenvectors of the transmit correlation matrix is the optimal transmission strategy. In addition to this, the optimal power allocation is studied and a necessary and sufficient condition for optimality of beamforming is derived. All theoretical results are illustrated by numerical simulations.
Long-acting preparations of exenatide (2013)

Exenatide has been widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, its short plasma half-life of 2.4 hours has limited its clinical application. The exenatide products on the market, twice-daily Byetta™ and once-weekly Bydureon™ (both Amylin Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA), are still not perfect. Many researchers have attempted to prolong the acting time of exenatide by preparing sustained-release dosage forms, modifying its structure, gene therapies, and other means. This review summarizes recent advances in long-acting exenatide preparations.
Targeted mutagenesis induced by AID (144.10) (2010)

Abstract Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is an essential enzyme for immunoglobulin somatic hypermutation, gene conversion, and class switch recombination in immune cells. Somatic hypermutation is induced by AID mediated cytidine deamination around the V regions of immunoglobulin genes in germinal center B cells. It has been shown that AID also can induce somatic mutations outside Ig loci and in non-lymphoid cells. Our present study attempts to use AID as a target specific mutagen. We propose to confine the mutagenesis function of AID in certain DNA regions by fusing AID with a specific DNA binding protein. We choose the Cre recombinase as the DNA binding protein in the test system. It is hypothesized that Cre-AID fusion protein should promote AID mediated mutagenesis around the loxp site, the binding site of Cre. A reporter system was built by placing a single loxp site next to a GFP expression cassette, which contains stop condon in the middle of GFP coding sequence. If the stop codon is reversely mutated into non-stop codon by AID, GFP signal can be detected. This reporter system would allow us to evaluate whether Cre mediated DNA binding could enhance AID mediated mutagenesis around the loxp site. This experimental strategy has the potential to be used in the directed mutagenesis when Cre is further modified to inactivate the recombinase activity but retain loxp DNA binding activity.
Click4BuildingID@NTU: Click for Building Identification with GPS-enabled Camera Cell Phone (2007)

A working prototype of a building identification service which can be used on any camera cell phones equipped with GPS capability has been developed. Users can simply snap photos of architectures and send them, together with the corresponding GPS coordinates, via MMS to a remote server. The server will match the photos with the stored, GPS-tagged images using a combination of scale saliency algorithm for feature matching and earth movers distance measure for scene matching. The estimated location and other information are then sent back to the users via MMS. This prototype will have better accuracy than systems which rely solely on photo recognition given the exploitation of GPS information. Moreover, it is computationally lighter since the recognition engine only needs to compare stored images which lie within the GPS coordinates error range. It is relatively inexpensive as no special phones or subscriptions to telecommunication providers for provision of GPS equivalent location data (i.e.cell location) are needed.
Reliability and Validity of NINCDS-ADRDA Criteria for Alzheimer's Disease (1994)

The results support the reliability and validity of NINCDS-ADRDA criteria and show that the consensus process may improve diagnostic accuracy. The cases are reviewed with a focus on the sources of diagnostic disagreements and errors and possible changes that might improve the accuracy of the criteria.
Politics and Science Clash on African AIDS (1985)

Political sensitivity has hindered efforts to determine the prevalence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Africa. Not a single case of AIDS has officially been reported from Central Africa presumably because government fear that adverse publicity about AIDS could discourage tourism and disrupt their economies. At a 1985 International Symposium of African AIDS held in Brussels several African researchers cancelled their presentations and rebutted claims that AIDS originated in Africa. Nonetheless there is evidence that new cases of AIDS are showing up at increasing rate in Africa especially in some urban areas of Central Africa. The disease seems to be spreading largely through heterosexual contact. 51% of serum samples collected from prostitutes in Kenya in 1984 compared to 7% in 1980 contained antibodies to the AIDS virus. In Rwanda 29 of 33 prostitues tested in 1984 had antibodies to the virus and 27 were showing symptoms of generalized lymphadenopathy. Another study in Rwanda indicated that 10.5% of a sample of 258 blood donations contained antibodies to AIDS. It has been estimated that 12% of European AIDS cases involve African patients from 21 different countries. Physicians have reported finding a new form of Kaposis sarcoma that tends to afflict younger people than the classic form of the disease and is more aggressive. It is likely that many cases of AIDS will to be diagnosed as other diseases because the spectrum of opportunistic infections is different in Africa from that in the US and Europe. For example Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is infrequent in African AIDS patients while skin diseases cryptococcal meningitis and intestinal complications occur more frequently.
Aberrant Accumulation of Fibulin-3 in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Leads to Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response and VEGF Expression (2005)

These findings demonstrated that the expression of mutated fibulin-3 caused UPR activation and increased VEGF expression. Expression of mutant fibulin proteins may contribute to macular degeneration and choroidal neovascularization by causing ER stress leading to RPE dysfunction and increased VEGF expression.
Metabolic and molecular responses to leucine‐enriched branched chain amino acid supplementation in the skeletal muscle of alcoholic cirrhosis (2015)

Impaired mTOR1 signaling and increased autophagy in skeletal muscle of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis is acutely reversed by BCAA/LEU.
Synthesis and Applications of RuCl2(CHR‘)(PR3)2:  The Influence of the Alkylidene Moiety on Metathesis Activity (1996)

The reactions of RuCl2(PPh3)3 with a number of diazoalkanes were surveyed, and alkylidene transfer to give RuCl2(CHR)(PPh3)2 (R = Me (1), Et (2)) and RuCl2(CH-p-C6H4X)(PPh3)2 (X = H (3), NMe2 (4), OMe (5), Me (6), F (7), Cl (8), NO2 (9)) was observed for alkyl diazoalkanes RCHN2 and various para-substituted aryl diazoalkanes p-C6H4XCHN2. Kinetic studies on the living ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene using complexes 3−9 as catalysts have shown that initiation is in all cases faster than propagation (ki/kp = 9 for 3) and that the electronic effect of X on the metathesis activity of 3−9 is relatively small. Phosphine exchange in 3−9 with tricyclohexylphosphine leads to RuCl2(CH-p-C6H4X)(PCy3)2 10−16, which are efficient catalysts for ROMP of cyclooctene (PDI = 1.51−1.63) and 1,5-cyclooctadiene (PDI = 1.56−1.67). The crystal structure of RuCl2(CH-p-C6H4Cl)(PCy3)2 (15) indicated a distorted square-pyramidal geometry, in which the two phosphines are trans to each other, and the alkylidene unit lies in the Cl−Ru−Cl plane. The benzylidenes RuCl2(CHPh)(PR3)2 (R = Cy (cyclohexyl) (10), Cp (cyclopentyl) (17), i-Pr (18)) are quantitatively available via one-pot synthesis with RuCl2(PPh3)3, PhCHN2, and PR3 as reaction components. 10 is an efficient catalyst for metathesis of acyclic olefins: On reaction with excess ethylene, the methylidene complex RuCl2(CH2)(PCy3)2 (19) is formed quantitatively, and various alkylidene compounds RuCl2(CHR)(PCy3)3 (R = Me (20), Et (21), n-Bu (22)) are isolated as the kinetic products from the reaction of 10 with an excess of the corresponding terminal or disubstituted olefins. Metathesis of conjugated and cumulated olefins with 10 results in the formation of vinylalkylidene and vinylidene complexes, as shown by the synthesis of RuCl2(CHCHCH2)(PCy3)2 (23) and RuCl2(CCH2)(PCy3)2 (24) from 1,3-butadiene or 1,2-propadiene, respectively. Also, functional groups such as −OAc, −Cl, and −OH can be introduced into the alkylidene moiety via cross metathesis with the appropriate alkene.
Function and structure of parietal cells after H+-K+-ATPase blockade (1988)

Omeprazole was administered to rabbits as a single dose or daily for 1 wk. H+-K+-ATPase and isolated gastric glands were prepared from the oxyntic corpus mucosa and used for functional and quantitative morphological studies. Both 10 and 100 mumol omeprazole/kg increased the pH of the gastric content when measured at death. The stimulated oxygen uptake and the rate of aminopyrine (AP) uptake were both inhibited in the isolated gastric gland preparations. Morphometric studies of biopsy specimens taken from the corpus mucosa and isolated gastric glands showed that omeprazole treatment increased the volume density of the acid compartments. This expansion provides an increased accumulation space for AP. Therefore, an increased AP uptake might be seen in glands isolated from omeprazole-treated animals. Blockade of the H2-receptor by ranitidine transformed the morphology of the cell into a more resting type and, furthermore, reduced the omeprazole-induced increase in the volume density of the acid compartments in the parietal cell. The H+-K+-ATPase activity measured in membrane fractions from the omeprazole-treated animals was decreased dose dependently and inhibited by 95% after 100 mumol omeprazole/kg. However, the concentration of the enzyme in these fractions did not change. These results indicate a specific inhibitory action of omeprazole on the H+-K+-ATPase.
Half-pipe anchoring: an efficient technique for multiple connection handoff (2003)

We present half-pipe anchoring, a technique that enables multiple connection handoff mechanisms that are efficient and easy to implement. In a server cluster, these mechanisms result in better resource utilization and improved scalability. More importantly, half-pipe anchoring supports the only connection handoff mechanism that operates efficiently in heterogeneous clusters composed of specialized nodes. The key idea behind our approach is to decouple the two unidirectional half-pipes that make up a TCP connection between a client and a cluster. We anchor the unidirectional half-pipe from the client to the cluster at a designated server while allowing the half-pipe from the cluster to the client to migrate on a per-request basis to an optimal server where the request is best serviced We describe the design and implementation of a multiple connection handoff mechanism in the Linux kernel that demonstrates the benefits of our technique.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10) and branching morphogenesis in the embryonic mouse lung (1997)

During mouse lung morphogenesis, the distal mesenchyme regulates the growth and branching of adjacent endoderm. We report here that fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) is expressed dynamically in the mesenchyme adjacent to the distal buds from the earliest stages of lung development. The temporal and spatial pattern of gene expression suggests that Fgf10 plays a role in directional outgrowth and possibly induction of epithelial buds, and that positive and negative regulators of Fgf10 are produced by the endoderm. In transgenic lungs overexpressing Shh in the endoderm, Fgf10 transcription is reduced, suggesting that high levels of SHH downregulate Fgf10. Addition of FGF10 to embryonic day 11.5 lung tissue (endoderm plus mesenchyme) in Matrigel or collagen gel culture elicits a cyst-like expansion of the endoderm after 24 hours. In Matrigel, but not collagen, this is followed by extensive budding after 48-60 hours. This response involves an increase in the rate of endodermal cell proliferation. The activity of FGF1, FGF7 and FGF10 was also tested directly on isolated endoderm in Matrigel culture. Under these conditions, FGF1 elicits immediate endodermal budding, while FGF7 and FGF10 initially induce expansion of the endoderm. However, within 24 hours, samples treated with FGF10 give rise to multiple buds, while FGF7-treated endoderm never progresses to bud formation, at all concentrations of factor tested. Although exogenous FGF1, FGF7 and FGF10 have overlapping activities in vitro, their in vivo expression patterns are quite distinct in relation to early branching events. We conclude that, during early lung development, localized sources of FGF10 in the mesoderm regulate endoderm proliferation and bud outgrowth.
Chemokine receptor antagonists: a novel therapeutic approach in allergic diseases (2004)

The aim of this review is to give an overview of the role of chemokines, particularly ligands of the CC chemokine receptor CCR3, in allergic diseases and to show the new concept in the treatment of allergies using chemokine receptor antagonists. Allergic diseases such as allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis are characterized by a complex interaction of different cell types and mediators. Among this, Th2 cells, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils are found in the inflamed tissue due to the attraction of chemokines. Of all the known chemokine receptors, the chemokine receptor CCR3 seems to play the major role in allergic diseases which is supported by the detection of this receptor on the cell types mentioned above. Therefore, academic and industrial research focus on compounds to block this receptor. To date, certain chemokine receptor antagonists derived from peptides and small molecules exist to block the chemokine receptor CCR3. However, the in vivo data about these compounds and the mechanisms of receptor interaction are poorly understood, as yet. For the development of additional chemokine receptor antagonists, more details about the interaction between the ligands and their receptors are required. Therefore, additional studies will lead to the identification of novel CCR3 chemokine receptor antagonists, which can be therapeutically used in allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis.
The antigen 85 complex: a major secretion product of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1992)

The large number of different proteins synthesized by the mycobacterial cell are currently classified and studied in terms of groups of proteins with certain common properties such as physical and chemical characteristics, function, and localization in the mycobacterial cell. Proteins that are actively secreted during culture on synthetic media represent a particular group of great current interest. At least eight proteins secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been isolated and characterized to various extents. The genes coding for five proteins secreted from M. tuberculosis and/or Mycobacterium bovis BCG have been cloned and sequenced. All of them contain typical signal sequences. The proteins of the antigen 85 complex, which form the main subject of this review, are often the most common proteins in M. tuberculosis culture fluid. The constituents denoted 85A, 85B, and 85C are encoded by three genes located at different sites in the mycobacterial genome and show extensive cross-reactivity as well as homology at amino acid and gene levels. The proteins differ slightly in molecular mass in the 30- to 31-kDa region, and all of them are fibronectin-binding proteins, but the significance of the latter observation and the role of these proteins in mycobacterial physiology and interaction with the infected host remain to be elucidated. The antigen 85 complex proteins are strongly immunogenic in natural and experimental mycobacterial infections in terms of both induction of antibody synthesis and T-cell-mediated reactions. The well-recognized difference in the efficacy of live and dead mycobacterial vaccines should be considered in relation to the group of secreted antigens. After inoculation, live bacteria in vaccines such as BCG multiply in the host, probably releasing several constituents belonging to the class of secreted proteins and hence resulting in more efficient stimulation of the immune system. Secreted mycobacterial antigens are expected to be of particular significance in induction of various immune responses that are responsible for development of protective immunity in some individuals and for clinical symptoms and complications of the ensuing disease in others.
Bispecific antibody derivatives with restricted binding functionalities that are activated by proteolytic processing (2012)

We have designed bispecific antibodies that bind one target (anti-Her3) in a bivalent IgG-like manner and contain one additional binding entity (anti-cMet) composed of one V(H) and one V(L) domain connected by a disulfide bond. The molecules are assembled by fusing a V(H,Cys44) domain via flexible connector peptides to the C-terminus of one H-chain (heavy chain), and a V(L,Cys100) to another H-chain. To ensure heterodimerization during expression in mammalian cells, we introduced complementary knobs-into-holes mutations into the different H-chains. The IgG-shaped trivalent molecules carry as third binding entity one disulfide-stabilized Fv (dsFv) without a linker between V(H) and V(L). Tethering the V(H) and V(L) domains at the C-terminus of the C(H)3 domain decreases the on-rates of the dsFv to target antigens without affecting off-rates. Steric hindrance resolves upon removal of one side of the double connection by proteolysis: this improves flexibility and accessibility of the dsFv and fully restores antigen access and affinity. This technology has multiple applications: (i) in cases where single-chain linkers are not desired, dsFvs without linkers can be generated by addition of furin site(s) in the connector that are processed during expression within mammalian cells; (ii) highly active (toxic) entities which affect expression can be produced as inactive dsFvs and subsequently be activated (e.g. via PreScission cleavage) during purification; (iii) entities can be generated which are targeted by the unrestricted binding entity and can be activated by proteases in target tissues. For example, Her3-binding molecules containing linkers with recognition sequences for matrix metalloproteases or urokinase, whose inactivated cMet binding site is activated by proteolytic processing.