gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pricing of financial derivatives via simulation (1995)

The word "derivative" has led a ubiquitous existence in the news in recent years. This paper gives a tutorial on financial derivatives and the use of Monte Carlo simulation techniques for their pricing. We provide the basic financial terminology and key concepts in the field, focusing on options pricing, in particular. Although no prior knowledge of finance is assumed in the exposition, previous experience with stochastic simulations-generation of random inputs and basic statistical output analysis-is requisite.
Constitutively active mutants of the β1‐adrenergic receptor (1999)

We provide the first evidence that point mutations can constitutively activate the beta(1)-adrenergic receptor (AR). Leucine 322 of the beta(1)-AR in the C-terminal portion of its third intracellular loop was replaced with seven amino acids (I, T, E, F, C, A and K) differing in their physico-chemical properties. The beta(1)-AR mutants expressed in HEK-293 cells displayed various levels of constitutive activity which could be partially inhibited by some beta-blockers. The results of this study might have interesting implications for future studies aiming at elucidating the activation process of the beta(1)-AR as well as the mechanism of action of beta-blockers.
Development of the Mayo Investigational Neuromodulation Control System: toward a closed-loop electrochemical feedback system for deep brain stimulation (2013)

Here, the authors report a series of proof-of-principle tests in the rat brain demonstrating MINCS to be a reliable and flexible stimulation device that, when used in conjunction with WINCS, performs wirelessly controlled stimulation concurrent with artifact-free neurochemical recording. These findings suggest that the integration of neurochemical recording with neurostimulation may be a useful first step toward the development of a closed-loop DBS system for human application.
Efficient and convenient synthesis of 1-methylcyclopropene (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEfficient and convenient synthesis of 1-methylcyclopropeneRonald M. Magid, Thomas C. Clarke, and Charles D. DuncanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1971, 36, 9, 1320–1321Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00808a041https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00808a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views699Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Chaperoning erythropoiesis (2008)

Multisubunit complexes containing molecular chaperones regulate protein production, stability, and degradation in virtually every cell type. We are beginning to recognize how generalized and tissue-specific chaperones regulate specialized aspects of erythropoiesis. For example, chaperones intersect with erythropoietin signaling pathways to protect erythroid precursors against apoptosis. Molecular chaperones also participate in hemoglobin synthesis, both directly and indirectly. Current knowledge in these areas only scratches the surface of what is to be learned. Improved understanding of how molecular chaperones regulate erythropoietic development and hemoglobin homeostasis should identify biochemical pathways amenable to pharmacologic manipulation in a variety of red blood cell disorders including thalassemia and other anemias associated with hemoglobin instability.
Activation of the Sphingomyelin Signaling Pathway in Intact EL4 Cells and in a Cell-Free System By IL-1β (1993)

The mechanism of interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling is unknown. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha uses a signal transduction pathway that involves sphingomyelin hydrolysis to ceramide and stimulation of a ceramide-activated protein kinase. In intact EL4 thymoma cells, IL-1 beta similarly stimulated a rapid decrease of sphingomyelin and an elevation of ceramide, and enhanced ceramide-activated protein kinase activity. This cascade was also activated by IL-1 beta in a cell-free system, demonstrating tight coupling to the receptor. Exogenous sphingomyelinase, but not phospholipases A2, C, or D, in combination with phorbol ester replaced IL-1 beta to stimulate IL-2 secretion. Thus, IL-1 beta signals through the sphingomyelin pathway.
Pentoxifylline: a potential treatment for thrombosis associated with abnormal tissue factor expression by monocytes and endothelial cells. (1995)

Tissue factor (TF) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that acts as the cell receptor for factor VII and activated factor VII (VIIa) and as the co-factor for VIIa. Because binding of factor VII/VIIa to its receptor is the first step in the activation of the coagulation process, TF is not normally expressed by circulating cells. Monocytes and endothelial cells are, however, capable of producing TF in response to diverse stimuli. TF expression is believed to be responsible for thrombotic complications associated with certain diseases. In vitro, pentoxifylline (PTX) inhibits monocyte production of TF in response to endotoxin, as well as endothelial cell production of TF in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). In vivo, injection of PTX into primates prevents the activation of coagulation by endotoxin. The potential benefit of this treatment in patients with septic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation, as well as in other clinical conditions in which TF expression is increased, remains to be determined in well-designed clinical trials.
Robust method of digital image stabilization (2008)

A relative motion between the camera and the scene during the image integration time results in a degradation of the image quality, known as motion blur. The objective of image stabilization is either to prevent or to remove this type of image degradation. In this paper we propose an image stabilization method based on fusing multiple short exposed image frames of the same scene. Due to their short exposure, the individual frames are corrupted by sensor noises (e.g. photon-shot noise, readout noise), but, on the other hand, they are less affected by motion blur. By registering and fussing the individual frames we obtain the equivalent of a long exposed image of the scene without motion blur. The paper addresses the main requirements for each component of an image stabilization system, presenting our own solution. Various natural images acquired with camera phones have been used to evaluate the proposed image stabilization system. The results reveal the ability of the system to improve the image quality by simulating longer exposure times. In addition the system has the ability to reduce the effect of noise, out of focus blur, and outliers present in the individual short exposed frames.
Influence of Various Types of Inorganic Salts on Dispersion Mechanisms of Comb-Type Polymer Containing Grafted Polyethylene Oxides Chains. (2000)

This paper discusses the influences of various types of inorganic salts on the fluidity of inorganic particle suspensions with comb-type polymer. By addition of anion which form insoluble salt with Ca2+, the fluidity of suspension with polymer and the amounts of polymer adsorbed on CaCO3 were remarkably reduced. It is thought that the adsorption of polymer is related to the concentration of Ca2+ in the liquid phase. When the concentration of Ca2+ in the liquid phase is reduced, the adsorbed amount of Ca2+ on the surface of CaCO3 decreases. By addition of soluble Ca salts or CaO, the fluidity of suspension with polymer and inorganic electrolytes containing anions which form insoluble salt with Ca2+ could be greatly improved, up to almost the same value of a suspension without inorganic electrolytes. This is because almost all the anions precipitated as insoluble Ca salts or the concentration of Ca2+ or cations such as Al3+ in the liquid phase increased and, as a result, the adsorption site of polymer increased.
Coaxial continuous flow fast atom bombardment for higher-molecular-weight peptides: Comparison with static fast atom bombardment and electrospray ionization (1991)

A comparison of coaxial continuous flow fast atom bombardment (FAB) with static FAB and with electrospray ionization (ESI) for the analysis of 'high'-mass peptides (Mr = 3000-4000) is presented. Sensitivities of the peptides by coaxial continuous flow FAB is nearly an order of magnitude better than by static FAB. Single-scan spectra with good signal-to-noise can be obtained from as little as 200 fmol (by flow injection analysis). Detection limits by ESI mass spectrometry were found to be equivalent to 20 times higher than by coaxial continuous flow FAB on a per mole basis, but 4-20 times lower on a concentration basis, owing to the greater flow per unit time employed in the ESI mass spectrometric experiments.
Generating Incremental ETL Processes Automatically (2006)

Incremental ETL processes are used for the incremental maintenance of data warehouses, which is generally designed by users with ETL tools. Using existing methods of incremental maintenance of materialized views for reference, we put forward an approach to generate an incremental ETL process automatically from the full ETL process in this paper. Existing researches are focused on the incremental maintenance of materialized views in such circumstances which involve the operators of selection, projection, join and aggregation but difference operators excluded. Since difference operators are used frequently in an ETL process, we first discuss incremental maintenance of materialized views defined with difference operators in detail
Studies on castor oil. I. Fatty acid composition of castor oil (1956)

Summary Methyl esters of castor oil were prepared by saponifying the oil with potassium hydroxide in methanol, splitting the potassium soaps in situ with an excess of hydrochloric acid, and esterifying at room temperature. The esters had hydroxyl values comparable with those of the parent oils. The methyl esters were quantitatively resolved into hydroxy and nonhydroxy esters after reacting with succinic anhydride in toluene. The composition of castor oil was calculated from a) amount of nonhydroxy esters, b) methyl linoleate content of methyl esters determined spectro‐photometrically, c) iodine value of the methyl esters determined by the Wijs method at 15–20°C., and d) iodine value of the nonhydroxy esters determined by the Woburn method. This composition was confirmed by the estimation of saturated acids in one sample and dihydroxystearic acid in all. Castor oil was readly hydrogenated with Raney nickel in alcohol at room temperature (30–33°C.) without any hydrogenolysis of the hydroxyl groups. Methyl dihydroxystearate content of the methyl esters of this hydrogenated oil was determined by reaction with 80–100% excess periodic acid at 15–20°C.
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia and striatal signaling pathways (2009)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Combination of Oxaliplatin Plus Irinotecan in Patients With Gastrointestinal Tumors: Results of Two Independent Phase I Studies With Pharmacokinetics (1999)

This combination is feasible, with activity in 5-FU-resistant CRC patients. Phase I studies that explore the every-2-weeks schedule, in addition to phase II studies of this schedule (as well as in combination with 5-FU) as second-line therapy of metastatic CRC, are ongoing.
Use of Most Bothersome Symptom as a Coprimary Endpoint in Migraine Clinical Trials: A Post‐Hoc Analysis of the Pivotal Z OTRIP Randomized, Controlled Trial (2018)

In this study, the use of MBS was feasible and seemed to compare favorably to the previously required 4 co-primary endpoints.
Hemochromatosis and Iron-Overload Screening in a Racially Diverse Population (2005)

The C282Y mutation is most common in whites, and most C282Y homozygotes have elevations in serum ferritin levels and transferrin saturation. The C282Y mutation does not account for high mean serum ferritin levels and transferrin saturation values in nonwhites.
Commentary Targeting the interleukin-15/interleukin-15 receptor system in inflammatory autoimmune diseases (2013)

Interleukin (IL)-15 is a dangerous inflammatory cytokine that induces tumor-necrosis factor-α, IL-1β and inflammatory chemokines. It inhibits self-tolerance mediated by IL-2 mediated activation-induced cell death and facilitates maintenance of CD8 + memory T-cell survival including that of self-directed memory cells. Disordered IL-15 expression has been reported in patients with an array of inflammatory autoimmune diseases. A series of therapeutic agents that inhibit IL-15 action have been introduced,
Modification of protein transfer across blood/cerebrospinal fluid barrier in response to altered plasma protein composition during development (2010)

A developmentally regulated protein-specific transfer mechanism across choroid plexus epithelial cells has previously been proposed to contribute to the characteristically high concentration of protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the immature brain. Here we demonstrate that this mechanism is sensitive to protein variations in plasma resulting in changed numbers of transferring cells for individual proteins and altered transfer into the CSF. Pups of Monodelphis domestica at postnatal day (P)9, P65 and P110 were injected intraperitoneally with either adult Monodelphis plasma or exogenous bovine fetuin. Samples of CSF, blood and brain were collected from terminally anaesthetized animals 3-48 h later. The concentration of total protein was measured and levels of albumin, hemopexin, α-fetoprotein and bovine fetuin were estimated by western blotting. Numbers of lateral ventricular choroid plexus cells positive for total and individual plasma proteins were counted in paraffin sections of brains stained with appropriate antibodies. Following intraperitoneal injections, the content of proteins in the CSF increased at all three ages, but the concentration increased only in the CSF of older animals. The total numbers of plexus cells positive for plasma protein did not change significantly, but cells positive for individual proteins did. Fetuin was detected in all protein-positive cells, but apparently displaced α-fetoprotein and, to a lesser degree, hemopexin. The results indicate that protein transfer across the blood/CSF barrier appears to be regulated by a molecular recognition mechanism that is probably saturable but may not be as specific for individual proteins as previously suggested.
Application of a Short, Disordered N-Terminal Flagellin Segment, a Fully Functional Flagellar Type III Export Signal, to Expression of Secreted Proteins (2009)

Recently, we have demonstrated that the 26-47 segment of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium flagellin is capable of mediating flagellar export. In order to reveal whether other parts of the N-terminal region have any significant influence on secretion, a series of plasmids were constructed containing the lac promoter followed by the 26-47, 2-65, or 2-192 portion of Salmonella flagellin, to which various heterologous proteins of different size were fused (18 constructs overall). Essentially, all three segments could drive protein export; however, the nature of the attached polypeptide also had a significant effect on secretion efficiency. When low export efficiency was observed, it was mainly caused by inclusion body formation. Our data provide strong support for the idea that a short segment within the disordered N-terminal region of axial proteins is recognized by the flagellar type III export machinery. The 26-47 segment of flagellin contains all of the necessary information to direct translocation of attached polypeptide chains. This short (positions 26 to 47) flagellin segment attached to recombinant proteins can be used for secreted protein expression. Certain fusion proteins that are easily degraded within the cells were found to be intact in the medium, implying a potential application of this expression system for proteins with high proteolytic susceptibility.
Hypersensitivity reactions and deaths associated with intravenous iron preparations (2005)

These findings confirm a higher risk for AE, especially serious type 1 reactions, with ID therapy than with newer intravenous iron products and also suggest that IS carries the lowest risk for hypersensitivity reactions.
PPARs in Neuroinflammation (2008)

Welcome to this special issue of PPAR Research dedicated to “PPARs in Neuroinflammation.” The central nervous system (CNS) was once thought to be an immune-privileged site void of significant inflammation. However, it is now clear that activated peripheral immune cells are capable or entering and functioning within the CNS. In addition, resident immune cells termed “microglia” protect the CNS through production of molecules which are toxic to pathogens. However, chronically activated microglia can produce molecules toxic to host CNS cells, potentially leading to neurodegeneration. Interestingly, a variety of CNS disorders are characterized by neuroinflammation and associated neurodegeneration. The role of PPARs in modulating lipid and glucose metabolism is well established. More recently, PPARs have been demonstrated to modulate inflammation. For example, PPAR agonists inhibit the production of proinflammatory molecules by peripheral immune cells as well as resident CNS glia. Furthermore, PPAR receptor agonists have proven effective in suppressing the development of animal models of CNS inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. This suggests that modulation of PPARs may be effective in treating the related human diseases.
Expression of transferrin receptor and ferritin H-chain mRNA are associated with clinical and histopathological prognostic indicators in breast cancer. (2001)

It is well known that iron plays an essential role in many biochemical reactions and that rapidly growing cells require more iron for their growth and metabolism than resting cells. Transferrin and its receptor are required for entry of iron into the cell. In contrast, ferritin is a cellular storage protein whose main function is to sequester excess ferric iron and thus prevent high concentrations of soluble ferric iron from becoming toxic to the cell. However, the clinical significance of both transferrin receptor and ferritin mRNA levels have not previously been described in tumors from breast cancer patients. In this study, tumor tissue mRNA levels of transferrin receptor and ferritin were quantitated on forty-two breast cancer patients. A highly sensitive non-radioisotopic cDNA polymerase chain reaction assay was used to quantitate expression of mRNA. The expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase served as the control. In the tumor tissue from the 42 breast cancer patients the transferrin receptor mRNA levels were significantly correlated to the ferritin H-chain mRNA levels (Spearman correlation r = 0.5433, p = 0.0002; Pearson correlation r = 0.6276, p < 0.0001). The level of amplified transferrin receptor complementary DNA was related to differentiation (ANOVA, p = 0.042) with poorly differentiated tumors having high levels of transferrin receptor mRNA. Further, the levels of amplified gene for ferritin heavy chain complementary DNA was directly related to axillary lymph nodes status (Student's t-test, p = 0.044), presence of metastatic disease (Student's t-test, p = 0.046) and clinical stage (stage I + stage II versus stage III + stage IV; Student's t-test, p = 0.0181). These results demonstrate that non-radioisotopic RT-PCR is a very sensitive method for determining mRNA levels in tumor tissue. Additionally, the quantitation of expression of transferrin receptor and ferritin heavy chain mRNA may be useful for assessing prognosis and guiding therapeutic decisions in breast cancer patients.
099 Erythrocyte entrapped thymidine phosphorylase (EE-TP) therapy for mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) (2012)

MNGIE is a fatal, autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in TYMP, a nuclear gene encoding thymidine phosphorylase (TP), leading to accumulation of thymidine (dThd) and deoxyuridine (dUrd) in all tissues. This impairs mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication and repair, causing mtDNA depletion and ultimately mitochondrial failure and the clinical features which include enteric neuromyopathy, peripheral polyneuropathy and progressive external ophthalmoplegia. We attempted treatment in three patients with TP encapsulated in autologous erythrocytes. Patient 1: at 3 days post infusion, the urinary excretion of dThd and dUrd decreased to 6% and 13%, respectively. This was not sustained but the results were encouraging, particularly as a low dose was administered. Patient 2: 31 treatment cycles were administered over 24 months. Pre-therapy plasma dThd and dUrd concentrations were reduced from 9.8 μmol/l and 20.0 μmol/l respectively to mid-cycle concentrations of 2.4–5.2 μmol/l and 6.2–10.6 μmol/lrespectively. Patient 3: six cycles have been administered. In cycle 5, the plasma concentrations of dThd and dUrd were zero. Clinical improvements were noted in patients 2 and 3. EE-TP is a promising prospective treatment for MNGIE.
Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of 4‐mercaptobenzoic acid on silver and gold substrates (2002)

Abstract Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra were recorded for p ‐mercaptobenzoic acid (PMBA) monolayers on Ag and Au surfaces. As evidenced by the relative intensities of the bands corresponding to the symmetric stretching COO − vibration and to the out‐of‐plane vibration of the phenyl ring, the molecules are at least tilted with respect to the surface and simultaneously bonded through the sulfur atom and COO − groups. This situation takes place when modification is carried out from aqueous solutions at natural or alkaline pH and at low concentrations of monomer. At higher concentration of the monomer (&gt;10 −3 ) and/or at acidic pH, carboxylic groups are protonated and PMBA molecules adopt a more vertical configuration. It was also found that rough Ag and Au surfaces that are applied in SERS experiments promote partial decarboxylation of PMBA. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.