gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calcium Channel Blockers for Hypertension Dissecting the Evidence for Adverse Effects (1997)

Safety in the drug treatment of hypertension can only be seen in relation to efficacy, which has now come to mean not just blood pressure (BP) reduction but improvements in hard end points including mortality. Information on safety can come from a variety of sources, in an ascending hierarchy, which is as follows: case-control studies, cohort studies, randomized control trials (RCTs), and metaanalyses based on good RCTs. Only in the case of metaanalyses are definite criteria for acceptability established, but evaluation of case-control and cohort studies remains subjective. Despite these reserves about the data sources, it is proposed that the case-control study pointing to the risk of acute myocardial infarction during therapy with short-acting calcium channel blockers (CCBs) can be balanced out by another better more recent study, and by a large cohort study from Israel. In a very elderly population, a well-designed cohort study strongly suggests that short-acting nifedipine can be linked to increased mortality and that the specific links may be with a high dose and when the initial BP is less than 160/90 mm Hg. However, initial BP was only available in an unspecified number of patients. The risk of using short-acting verapamil was no more than that of beta-blockade. These differences can be attributed at least in part to the low catecholamine profile of verapamil and the marked rapid adrenergic activation with short-acting nifedipine, which could also explain the adverse effects found when this agent is given to patients with acute coronary syndromes. During the chronic use of long-acting dihydropyridine (DHP) CCBs, most evidence suggests that there is little or no catecholamine activation, or in the case of amlodipine, even a decrease in plasma catecholamine levels. These differences may explain why the expected regression of left ventricular hypertrophy is obtained with long- but not short-acting DHPs. At present the results of several large randomized controlled trials with long-acting CCBs are awaited. In the meantime, when the decision has been made to use a CCB, the preferential choice is for the use of a non-DHP for hypertension with clinical ischemia or for postinfarct hypertension, for a long-acting CCB for the control of left ventricular hypertrophy, and for the DHP amlodipine when there is associated depression of myocardial function.
The ciliary body in accommodation. (1986)

The ciliary muscle ring contracts about 0.8 mm in radius during maximum accommodation and this change in radius does not significantly alter as the eye ages between 15 and 45 years. Despite this constant movement of the ciliary muscle ring, the force of contraction steadily increases over the same age period from 0.8 to 1.2 gms. The force of contraction of the ciliary muscle per dioptre--the myodioptre--changes both during the act of accommodation and as the eye ages. In the first case as the amplitude of accommodation increases, the myodioptre also increases in direct proportion to the amplitude. In the second case, as the eye ages an additional increase occurs at all amplitudes of accommodation. This increase is initially quite small but between the ages of 40 and 45 it becomes very much greater. As age advances this increased force of contraction is matched by a decrease in movement of the equator of the lens so that the zonule which is attached to both the ciliary body and the lens becomes increasingly stretched during accommodation and so can transmit the increased force of contraction. The zonular fibres between the ages of 15 and 45 do not appear to change in their extensile properties so the elasticity modulus remains constant with a value of 3.5 X 10(5)Nm-2. This Young's modulus is some 10 to 900 times less than the elasticity modulus respectively of lens capsule or tendon collagen but almost the same as aortic elastin.
Comparison of the efficacy and safety of 1.5 compared with 3.0 g oral slow-release mesalazine (Pentasa) in the maintenance treatment of ulcerative colitis (1995)

There is a trend for high doses of oral mesalazine to be more effective in prevention of relapse of ulcerative colitis. These higher doses are not associated with a higher incidence of adverse reactions.
The INTERSPEECH 2011 speaker state challenge (2011)

While the first open comparative challenges in the field of paralinguistics targeted more 'conventional' phenomena such as emotion, age, and gender, there still exists a multiplicity of not yet covered, but highly relevant speaker states and traits.The INTERSPEECH 2011 Speaker State Challenge thus addresses two new sub-challenges to overcome the usually low compatibility of results: In the Intoxication Sub-Challenge, alcoholisation of speakers has to be determined in two classes; in the Sleepiness Sub-Challenge, another two-class classification task has to be solved.This paper introduces the conditions, the Challenge corpora "Alcohol Language Corpus" and "Sleepy Language Corpus", and a standard feature set that may be used.Further, baseline results are given.
Postoperative Patient-Controlled Analgesia with Tramadol: Analgesic Efficacy and Minimum Effective Concentrations (1990)

Forty patients (ASA status I-III) recovering from major orthopedic or gynecological operations were investigated to evaluate analgesic efficacy and threshold concentrations of tramadol and its main metabolite O-demethyltramadol (M1) in serum during the early postoperative period, using patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) by means of the Abbott Lifecare Infuser. Following an individualized intravenous loading dose of 97.5 +/- 42.3 mg (mean, SD), tramadol demand doses were 20 mg with a limit of 500 mg within 4 h; the lockout time was set to 5 min. The duration of PCA was 20.5 +/- 4.8 h. During this time 8.0 +/- 5.0 demands per patient were recorded, resulting in an average tramadol consumption of 257.5 +/- 102.8 mg (including loading dose). Analgesia was mostly judged good to excellent. Side effects were only of minor intensity and never gave rise to concern. There were no statistically significant differences between the types of surgery. Tramadol proved to be about 1/6 to 1/10 as potent an analgesic as morphine when both intensity and duration of effect were considered. Minimum effective tramadol serum concentration (MEC) varied greatly and could be best described by a log-normal distribution (range 20.2-986.3 ng/ml, median 287.7 ng/ml). Intraindividual MEC variability was lower than intersubject variability (38.2 vs 59.1%). Median M1 concentrations were 36.2 ng/ml.
Monte-Carlo simulation of brain activity response for intense NIR radiation (2005)

The main idea of our work is studying of human brain activity for intense NIR-radiation, cold stress or visual stimulation. For the first part of solution we need to find the power density, which needed for brain response observation. For this, we created Monte-Carlo simulation software and make a comparing with out experimental data.
Combinatorial Synthesis of Substituted Biaryls and Heterocyclic Arylamines (2004)

In this paper, we report very general conditions that enable palladium-mediated coupling reactions on the solid support. A wide variety of biaryls and arylamines (including pyrimidines) have been synthesized using this protocol. The chemistry facilitates a combinatorial approach to the production of large numbers of medicinally relevant heterocyclic structures.
Multifunctional grating couplers for bidirectional incoupling into planar waveguides (2000)

A novel type of grating coupler for coupling light from free space into a planar waveguide was designed. Compared to a conventional grating coupler which can couple light into one main direction, this new design enables simultaneous coupling into two opposite main directions. This leads to increased flexibility in integrated optics design and may also increase the overall coupling efficiency. We demonstrate experimentally devices for bidirectional incoupling with additional beam splitting and focusing capabilities.
In vitro antiviral activity of dermaseptins against herpes simplex virus type 1* (2001)

The in vitro antiviral activity of dermaseptins (S1-S5) against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) was investigated. These peptides were incubated with the virus and its target cells under various conditions, and their effects were examined by the cytopathic effect inhibition assay or by reduction in virus yield in Hep-2 cell cultures as well as by direct immunofluorescence. Dermaseptin S4 displayed the strongest antiviral effect against HSV1, at micromolar doses. Experiments including acyclovir as a reference antiviral agent were performed to investigate the mode of action of this dermaseptin. In contrast to acyclovir, dermaseptin S4 showed its inhibitory effect only when applied to the virus before, or during virus adsorption to the target cells. This suggested that the activity of this dermaseptin was exerted at a very early stage of the viral multiplication cycle, most likely at the virus-cell interface.
Nucleocytoplasmic Partitioning of the Plant Photoreceptors Phytochrome A, B, C, D, and E Is Regulated Differentially by Light and Exhibits a Diurnal Rhythm (2002)

The phytochrome family of plant photoreceptors has a central role in the adaptation of plant development to changes in ambient light conditions. The individual phytochrome species regulate different or partly overlapping physiological responses. We generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing phytochrome A to E:green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins to assess the biological role of intracellular compartmentation of these photoreceptors in light-regulated signaling. We show that all phytochrome:GFP fusion proteins were imported into the nuclei. Translocation of these photoreceptors into the nuclei was regulated differentially by light. Light-induced accumulation of phytochrome species in the nuclei resulted in the formation of speckles. The appearance of these nuclear structures exhibited distinctly different kinetics, wavelengths, and fluence dependence and was regulated by a diurnal rhythm. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the import of mutant phytochrome B:GFP and phytochrome A:GFP fusion proteins, shown to be defective in signaling in vivo, is regulated by light but is not accompanied by the formation of speckles. These results suggest that (1) the differential regulation of the translocation of phytochrome A to E into nuclei plays a role in the specification of functions, and (2) the appearance of speckles is a functional feature of phytochrome-regulated signaling.
Chemistry and Analysis of Phytocannabinoids and Other Cannabis Constituents (2007)

The Cannabis plant and its products consist of an enormous variety of chemicals. Some of the 483 compounds identified are unique to Cannabis, for example, the more than 60 cannabinoids, whereas the terpenes, with about 140 members forming the most abundant class, are widespread in the plant kingdom. The term “cannabinoids” [note: “ ” represents a group of C21 terpenophenolic compounds found until now uniquely in Cannabis sativa L. (). As a consequence of the development of synthetic cannabinoids (e.g., nabilone [2], HU-211 [dexanabinol; ref. (3), or ajulemic acid [CT-3; ref. 4]) and the discovery of the chemically different endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligands (“endocannabinoids,” e.g., anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol) (5,6), the term ’“phytocannabinoids’” was proposed for these particular Cannabis constituents (7).
Distant freehand pointing and clicking on very large, high resolution displays (2005)

We explore the design space of freehand pointing and clicking interaction with very large high resolution displays from a distance. Three techniques for gestural pointing and two for clicking are developed and evaluated. In addition, we present subtle auditory and visual feedback techniques to compensate for the lack of kinesthetic feedback in freehand interaction, and to promote learning and use of appropriate postures.
Binding, internalization, and lysosomal association of 125I-human growth hormone in cultured human lymphocytes: a quantitative morphological and biochemical study. (1980)

125I-human growth hormone (125I-hGH) binds specifically to receptors on cultures human lymphocytes (IM-9). When this process is studied by use of quantitative EM radioautography, under conditions of incubation at 15 degrees C for 5 min, the ligand is localized to the plasma membrane of the cell. At 30 degrees and 37 degrees C, however, 125I-hGH is progressively internalized by the cell as a function of time. The internalized ligand is found predominantly in the Golgi region of the cells, with a five-fold preferential localization to membrane-bounded structures with the morphological and cytochemical characteristics of lysosomes. Up to 59% of these lysosome-like structures are positive for the acid phosphatase reaction under the conditions of incubation at 37 degrees C for 120 min. When the cell associated radioactivity after 15-120 min of incubation at 37 degrees C is extracted in 1 M acetic acid and filtered on a Sephadex G-100 column, 58-73% of the material elutes as intact hGH. When cells are incubated with 125I-hGH at 37 degrees C for 15-120 min, separated from the incubation medium, and washed and diluted 100-fold, the percent 125I-hGH dissociable decreases as a function of increasing time of incubation. When cells are incubated with 125I-hGH for 15 min at 37 degrees C and the radioactivity that dissociates from the cells during 15-90 min is studied, the labeled material appearing in the incubation medium is progressively degraded as a function of time of incubation. When the dissociation process is studied radioautographically, grains are found both in plasma membrane and intracelluar compartments after 30 min of association, but after 30 and 120 min of dissociation a higher proportion of grains are in the intracellular compartment. After 120 min of association, there is less dissociation from either compartment and a preferential increase of grains in the intracellular compartment. These data suggest that receptor-linked internalization of a polypeptide hormone provides a mechanism that couples degradation of the ligand with loss of the cell surface receptor.
Immunoexpressions of p21, Rb, mcl-1 and bad gene products in normal, hyperplastic and carcinomatous human prostates. (2002)

A comparative study of the expression of p21, Rb, mcl-1, and bad gene products, which are involved in the control of the cell cycle, was performed in normal, hyperplastic, and carcinomatous human prostates by means of a semiquantitative immunochemical study. This included Western blot, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry procedures. In normal prostates, immunoexpression of the four gene products was scanty or absent. In men with benign prostatic hyperplasia, immunoreactions to the four proteins studied were found in many epithelial cells and some stromal cells. In prostatic carcinoma, the immunostaining pattern was as in hyperplastic prostates but the numbers of both epithelial and stromal cells were higher. Present results indicate that immunoexpression of p21, Rb (both the phosphorylated and dephosphorylated forms), mcl-1, and bad gene products are markedly increased in prostates with proliferative alterations but that these proteins do not discriminate between benignant (hyperplasia) and malignant (adenocarcinoma) prostatic tumours, although immunoexpression is higher in prostatic carcinoma.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenesis and Neuroprotection (2010)

Mitochondria are vitally important organelles involved in an array of functions. The most notable is their prominent role in energy metabolism, where they generate over 90% of our cellular energy in the form of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria are involved in various other processes including the regulation of calcium homeostasis and stress response. Mitochondrial complex I impairment and subsequent oxidative stress have been identified as modulators of cell death in experimental models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Identification of specific genes which are involved in the rare familial forms of PD has further augmented the understanding and elevated the role mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to have in disease pathogenesis. This paper provides a review of the role mitochondria may play in idiopathic PD through the study of experimental models and how genetic mutations influence mitochondrial activity. Recent attempts at providing neuroprotection by targeting mitochondria are described and their progress assessed.
Experimental Method for Determining Surface Energy Anisotropy and Its Application to Magnesia (2000)

An experimental technique has been developed to determine the surface energy anisotropy of crystalline solids. The technique is based on atomic force microscopy measurements, which are used to quantify the geometry of thermal grooves, and electron backscattered diffraction pattern measurements, which are used to specify crystallographic orientations. Observations are made at circumferential thermal grooves, where it is assumed that Herring's local equilibrium condition for a triple junction holds and that the grain‐boundary energy is independent of its boundary plane. A truncated double Fourier series is used to approximate the surface energy, and the unknown coefficients of the series are determined by fitting the observations to the local equilibrium condition. The method, which should be applicable to most polycrystalline materials, has been tested on magnesia that has been thermally grooved at 1400°C in air. The maximum of the best‐fit surface energy function is at (111) and the minimum is at (100). The relative surface energies of the low‐index planes are γ 110 /γ 100 = 1.040 ± 0.008 and γ 111 /γ 100 = 1.072 ± 0.010.
Ubiquitin-based sperm assay for the diagnosis of male factor infertility (2001)

Sperm morphology is correlated with fertility in men, yet the existing, subjective sperm morphology assays provide only a limited insight into patients' infertility. Here, we provide the experimental background for a new, objective and automated semen assay, based on the cross-reactivity of defective human spermatozoa with antibodies against a proteolytic marker peptide, ubiquitin. Using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, we screened the spermatozoa from 17 infertility patients and two fertile donors for their cross-reactivity with anti-ubiquitin antibodies. Thirteen out of 17 patients, but neither of two fertile donors, displayed an increased binding of anti-ubiquitin antibodies to sperm surface, that reflected the occurrence of abnormalities in these samples and was corroborated by available clinical data. Highest correlation coefficient (r = -0.432) was obtained with the cleavage rate after IVF. The contribution of male factor was revealed in several couples previously diagnosed with idiopathic infertility. Ubiquitin-cross-reactive sperm-surface proteins thus seem to be a universal marker of semen abnormalities, including sperm head and tail defects and semen contaminants such as spermatids, leukocytes and cellular debris. We propose that the sperm-ubiquitin tag immunoassay (SUTI) may be a valuable diagnostic tool in treatment of male factor and idiopathic infertility.
Trends in Alcoholic Hepatitis-related Hospitalizations, Financial Burden, and Mortality in the United States (2014)

AH-related hospitalization continued to increase during the study period, despite the decrease in the in-hospital mortality rate. Substantial increases in health care cost and utilization among hospitalized AH patients were observed.
A Novel Role for Non-Neutralizing Antibodies against Nucleoprotein in Facilitating Resistance to Influenza Virus (2008)

Current influenza vaccines elicit Abs to the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase envelope proteins. Due to antigenic drift, these vaccines must be reformulated annually to include the envelope proteins predicted to dominate in the following season. By contrast, vaccination with the conserved nucleoprotein (NP) elicits immunity against multiple serotypes (heterosubtypic immunity). NP vaccination is generally thought to convey protection primarily via CD8 effector mechanisms. However, significant titers of anti-NP Abs are also induced, yet the involvement of Abs in protection has largely been disregarded. To investigate how Ab responses might contribute to heterosubtypic immunity, we vaccinated C57BL/6 mice with soluble rNP. This approach induced high titers of NP-specific serum Ab, but only poorly detectable NP-specific T cell responses. Nevertheless, rNP immunization significantly reduced morbidity and viral titers after influenza challenge. Importantly, Ab-deficient mice were not protected by this vaccination strategy. Furthermore, rNP-immune serum could transfer protection to naive hosts in an Ab-dependent manner. Therefore, Ab to conserved, internal viral proteins, such as NP, provides an unexpected, yet important mechanism of protection against influenza. These results suggest that vaccines designed to elicit optimal heterosubtypic immunity to influenza should promote both Ab and T cell responses to conserved internal proteins.
Copy number variation characteristics in subpopulations of patients with autism spectrum disorders (2010)

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders with a complex genetic etiology. We used high-resolution whole genome array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) to screen 223 ASD patients for gene dose alterations associated with susceptibility for autism. Clinically significant copy number variations (CNVs) were identified in 18 individuals (8%), of which 9 cases (4%) had de novo aberrations. In addition, 20 individuals (9%) were shown to have CNVs of unclear clinical relevance. Among these, 13 cases carried rare but inherited CNVs that may increase the risk for developing ASDs, while parental samples were unavailable in the remaining seven cases. Classification of all patients into different phenotypic and inheritance pattern groups indicated the presence of different CNV patterns in different patient groups. Clinically relevant CNVs were more common in syndromic cases compared to non-syndromic cases. Rare inherited CNVs were present in a higher proportion of ASD cases having first- or second-degree relatives with an ASD-related neuropsychiatric phenotype in comparison with cases without reported heredity (P = 0.0096). We conclude that rare CNVs, encompassing potential candidate regions for ASDs, increase the susceptibility for the development of ASDs and related neuropsychiatric disorders giving us further insight into the complex genetics underlying ASDs.
New nonlinear optical crystals for UV and VUV harmonic generation (1995)

Among the nonlinear optical (NLO) materials , second harmonic generators are important because of their applications in extending the limited frequencies available from lasers. A theory is presented that makes it possible to design and synthesize new NLO materials according to need, based on an understanding of the structure–property relationships. Four inorganic NLO crystals serve as an illustration of the success of this method.