gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Two Chiral Azobenzene-Containing Copolymers (2001)

Two copolymers, poly{4‘-[[[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]ethyl]amino]-4-nitroazobenzene}-co-[(methacryloyloxy)-4-nitrophenyl-(S)-prolinol] (poly(DR1M-co-(S)-NPPMMA)) and poly{4-[2-methacryloyloxy)ethyl]azobenzene-co-[(methacryloyloxy)-4-nitrophenyl-(S)-prolinol] (poly(MEA-co-(S)-NPPMMA)), were synthesized and characterized. They contain side chain azobenzene chromophores (DR1 and MEA, respectively) and a prolinol-based chiral side chain group (NPP). Photoinduced birefringence, polarized absorption spectroscopy, and chiroptical properties (optical rotation and circular dichroism) in films were measured, and the results are discussed in relation to the structure of these copolymers. Cooperative motion of the chiral structural unit is observed for the photoinduced birefringence. Chirality is, however, not transmitted from the chiral structural unit to the azobenzene structural unit at the 1:1 compositions investigated here.
FORCED OSCILLATION OF SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH MIXED NONLINEARITIES (2011)

This article is concerned with the oscillation of the forced second order differential equation with mixed nonlinearities a(t) x ′ (t) γ′ + p 0 (t) x γ (g 0 (t)) + n i =1 p i (t) | x (g i (t)) | α i sgn x (g i (t)) = e(t), where γ is a quotient of odd positive integers, α i > 0, i = 1, 2, ··· , n, a, e, and p i ∈ C ([0, ∞ ) , R), a (t) > 0, gi : R → R are positive continuous functions on R with lim t →∞ g i (t) = ∞ , i = 0, 1, ··· , n. Our results generalize and improve the results in a recent article by Sun and Wong [29].
Optical image encryption based on input plane and Fourier plane random encoding (1995)

We propose a new optical encoding method of images for security applications. The encoded image is obtained by random-phase encoding in both the input and the Fourier planes. We analyze the statistical properties of this technique and show that the encoding converts the input signal to stationary white noise and that the reconstruction method is robust.
Interleukin 6 Underlies Angiotensin II–Induced Hypertension and Chronic Renal Damage (2011)

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent life-threatening disease frequently associated with hypertension, progression to renal fibrosis, and eventual renal failure. Although the pathogenesis of CKD remains largely unknown, an increased inflammatory response is known to be associated with the disease and has long been speculated to contribute to disease development. However, the causative factors, the exact role of the increased inflammatory cascade in CKD, and the underlying mechanisms for its progression remain unidentified. Here we report that interleukin 6 (IL-6) expression levels were significantly increased in the kidneys collected from CKD patients and further elevated in CKD patients characterized with hypertension. Functionally, we determined that angiotensin II is a causative factor responsible for IL-6 induction in the mouse kidney and that genetic deletion of IL-6 significantly reduced hypertension and key features of CKD, including renal injury and progression to renal fibrosis in angiotensin II-infused mice. Mechanistically, we provide both human and mouse evidence that IL-6 is a key cytokine functioning downstream of angiotensin II signaling to directly induce fibrotic gene expression and preproendothelin 1 mRNA expression in the kidney. Overall, both the mouse and human studies reported here provide evidence that angiotensin II induces IL-6 production in the kidney, and that, in addition to its role in hypertension, increased IL-6 may play an important pathogenic role in CKD by inducing fibrotic gene expression and ET-1 gene expression. These findings immediately suggest that the IL-6 signaling is a novel therapeutic target to manage this devastating disorder affecting millions worldwide.
Characteristics of compounds that cross the blood-brain barrier (2009)

Substances cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by a variety of mechanisms. These include transmembrane diffusion, saturable transporters, adsorptive endocytosis, and the extracellular pathways. Here, we focus on the chief characteristics of two mechanisms especially important in drug delivery: transmembrane diffusion and transporters. Transmembrane diffusion is non-saturable and depends, on first analysis, on the physicochemical characteristics of the substance. However, brain-to-blood efflux systems, enzymatic activity, plasma protein binding, and cerebral blood flow can greatly alter the amount of the substance crossing the BBB. Transport systems increase uptake of ligands by roughly 10-fold and are modified by physiological events and disease states. Most drugs in clinical use to date are small, lipid soluble molecules that cross the BBB by transmembrane diffusion. However, many drug delivery strategies in development target peptides, regulatory proteins, oligonucleotides, glycoproteins, and enzymes for which transporters have been described in recent years. We discuss two examples of drug delivery for newly discovered transporters: that for phosphorothioate oligonucleotides and for enzymes.
Delivery of therapeutic proteins to the mucosa using genetically modified microflora (2005)

Drug delivery through mucosal surfaces offers a panorama of opportunities. The advantages are clear and include safety, ease of administration and higher social acceptance, although the major disadvantages are drug availability and appropriate drug targeting. Most mucosa are well equipped to manage the presence of bacteria and many are actually permanently colonised with a specific microflora. Such microbiota may become attractive tools for the delivery of a specific niche of protein therapeutics. These proteins can be produced from genetically modified microbes that are common to the mucosa, and their delivery to the host tissues has been demonstrated. This concept is being developed for the delivery of proteins to the intestine, but has also been applied in delivery to the vagina, nose and mouth.
Comparative assessment of blue hydrogen from steam methane reforming, autothermal reforming, and natural gas decomposition technologies for natural gas-producing regions (2022)

Interest in blue hydrogen production technologies is growing. Some researchers have evaluated the environmental and/or economic feasibility of producing blue hydrogen, but a holistic assessment is still needed. Many aspects of hydrogen production have not been investigated. There is very limited information in the literature on the impact of plant size on production and the extent of carbon capture on the cost and life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of blue hydrogen production through various production pathways. Detailed uncertainty and sensitivity analyses have not been included in most of the earlier studies. This study conducts a holistic comparative cost and life cycle GHG emissions’ footprint assessment of three natural gas-based blue hydrogen production technologies – steam methane reforming (SMR), autothermal reforming (ATR), and natural gas decomposition (NGD) to address these research gaps. A hydrogen production plant capacity of 607 tonnes per day was considered. For SMR, based on the percentage of carbon capture and capture points, we considered two scenarios, SMR-52% (indicates 52% carbon capture) and SMR-85% (indicates 85% carbon capture). A scale factor was developed for each technology to understand the hydrogen production cost with a change in production plant size. Hydrogen cost is 1.22, 1.23, 2.12, 1.69, 2.36, 1.66, and 2.55 $/kg H2 for SMR, ATR, NGD, SMR-52%, SMR-85%, ATR with carbon capture and sequestration (ATR-CCS), and NGD with carbon capture and sequestration (NGD-CCS), respectively. The results indicate that when uncertainty is considered, SMR-52% and ATR are economically preferable to NGD and SMR-85%. SMR-52% could outperform ATR-CCS when the natural gas price decreases and the rate of return increases. SMR-85% is the least attractive pathway; however, it could outperform NGD economically when CO2 transportation cost and natural gas price decrease. Hydrogen storage cost significantly impacts the hydrogen production cost. SMR-52%, SMR-85%, ATR-CCS, and NGD-CCS have scale factors of 0.67, 0.68, 0.54, and 0.65, respectively. The hydrogen cost variation with capacity shows that operating SMR-52% and ATR-CCS above hydrogen capacity of 200 tonnes/day is economically attractive. Blue hydrogen from autothermal reforming has the lowest life cycle GHG emissions of 3.91 kgCO2eq/kg H2, followed by blue hydrogen from NGD (4.54 kgCO2eq/kg H2), SMR-85% (6.66 kgCO2eq/kg H2), and SMR-52% (8.20 kgCO2eq/kg H2). The findings of this study are useful for decision-making at various levels.
Proteomic Analysis of Ubiquitin Ligase KEAP1 Reveals Associated Proteins That Inhibit NRF2 Ubiquitination (2013)

Somatic mutations in the KEAP1 ubiquitin ligase or its substrate NRF2 (NFE2L2) commonly occur in human cancer, resulting in constitutive NRF2-mediated transcription of cytoprotective genes. However, many tumors display high NRF2 activity in the absence of mutation, supporting the hypothesis that alternative mechanisms of pathway activation exist. Previously, we and others discovered that via a competitive binding mechanism, the proteins WTX (AMER1), PALB2, and SQSTM1 bind KEAP1 to activate NRF2. Proteomic analysis of the KEAP1 protein interaction network revealed a significant enrichment of associated proteins containing an ETGE amino acid motif, which matches the KEAP1 interaction motif found in NRF2. Like WTX, PALB2, and SQSTM1, we found that the dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (DPP3) protein binds KEAP1 via an "ETGE" motif to displace NRF2, thus inhibiting NRF2 ubiquitination and driving NRF2-dependent transcription. Comparing the spectrum of KEAP1-interacting proteins with the genomic profile of 178 squamous cell lung carcinomas characterized by The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed amplification and mRNA overexpression of the DPP3 gene in tumors with high NRF2 activity but lacking NRF2 stabilizing mutations. We further show that tumor-derived mutations in KEAP1 are hypomorphic with respect to NRF2 inhibition and that DPP3 overexpression in the presence of these mutants further promotes NRF2 activation. Collectively, our findings further support the competition model of NRF2 activation and suggest that "ETGE"-containing proteins such as DPP3 contribute to NRF2 activity in cancer.
Subcutaneous 5-Azacitidine Treatment of Naturally Occurring Canine Urothelial Carcinoma: A Novel Epigenetic Approach to Human Urothelial Carcinoma Drug Development (2011)

Subcutaneous 5-azacitidine showed promising clinical activity in a canine invasive urothelial carcinoma model, thus meriting further development in humans with urothelial carcinoma.
Progress in cancer stem cell research. (2010)

At present,cancer is the leading cause of human death.While cancer treatment has made great progress,but its high recurrence rate will still lead to death.Continuous One possible reason for treatment failure is the residual malignant cells similar to stem cell differentiation potential,this way we can re-formation of tumors and lesions caused by the transfer.Cancer stem cells(cancer stem cell,CSC) hypothesis that there is some tissue with Self-renewal ability,unlimited proliferation and tumor-forming ability of a small part of the tumor cells,in recent years,with the blood tumors and solid tumors have been discovered in the CSC existence of relevant evidence,to CSC's continued in-depth understanding of the biological characteristics of tumor recurrence,tumor metastasis,drug resistance has also been the formation of new ideas and research directions,the current study focused on the isolation and identification of its stage in recent years,this paper to this area of research are reviewed.
Ultrathin Silicon Circuits With Strain‐Isolation Layers and Mesh Layouts for High‐Performance Electronics on Fabric, Vinyl, Leather, and Paper (2009)

We present various stretchable high-performance CMOS circuit demonstrations on unconventional substrates, such as fabric, vinyl, leather, and paper. Electronics on such substrates, especially paper, open up new and important application possibilities for electronics. Theoretical analysis reveals the underlying mechanics of these systems; electrical tests under mechanical cycling demonstrate the robustness of the designs.
Suicide rate following attendance at an accident and emergency department with deliberate self harm. (1996)

There is a significant association between suicide and a previous attendance at A&E with deliberate self harm. Appropriate assessment of these patients is an efficient way of managing self harm.
Ligase Detection Reaction/Hybridization Assays Using Three-Dimensional Microfluidic Networks for the Detection of Low-Abundant DNA Point Mutations (2005)

We have fabricated a flow-through biochip assembly that consisted of two different microchips: (1) a polycarbonate (PC) chip for performing an allele-specific ligation detection reaction (LDR) and (2) a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) chip for the detection of the LDR products using an universal array platform. The operation of the device was demonstrated by detecting low-abundant DNA mutations in gene fragments (K-ras) that carry point mutations with high diagnostic value for colorectal cancers. The PC microchip was used for the LDR in a continuous-flow format, in which two primers (discriminating primer that carried the complement base to the mutation being interrogated and a common primer) that flanked the point mutation and were ligated only when the particular mutation was present in the genomic DNA. The miniaturized reactor architecture allowed enhanced reaction speed due to its high surface-to-volume ratio and efficient thermal management capabilities. A PMMA chip was employed as the microarray device, where zip code sequences (24-mers), which were complementary to sequences present on the target, were microprinted into fluidic channels embossed into the PMMA substrate. Microfluidic addressing of the array reduced the hybridization time significantly through enhanced mass transport to the surface-tethered zip code probes. The two microchips were assembled as a single integrated unit with a novel interconnect concept to produce the flow-through microfluidic biochip. A microgasket, fabricated from an elastomer poly(dimethylsiloxane) with a total volume of the interconnecting assembly of <200 nL, was used as the interconnect between the two chips to produce the three-dimensional microfluidic network. We successfully demonstrated the ability to detect one mutant DNA in 100 normal sequences with the biochip assembly. The LDR/hybridization assay using the assembly performed the entire assay at a relatively fast processing speed: 6.5 min for on-chip LDR, 10 min for washing, and 2.6 min for fluorescence scanning (total processing time 19.1 min) and could screen multiple mutations simultaneously.
Excitatory amino acids : clinical results with antagonists (1997)

M. Schmutz, A. Arthur, H. Faleck, G. Karlsson, A. Kotake, L. Landwicki, L. LaRue, S. Markabi, D. Murphy, M. Powell, and D. Sauer, Selfotel. P. Herrling et al., D-CPPene (SDZ EAA-494) A Competitive NMDA Antagonist: Pharmacology and Results in Humans. J.D. Kristensen, Intrathecal Administration of a Competitive NMDA Receptor Antagonist for Pain Treatment. A.G. Knapp, L.I. Matthews, and E.R. Gamzu, Clinical Experience with the NMDA Ion-Channel Blocker, Aptiganel Hydrochloride (CEROSTAT). M.-L. Maccecchini, Development of ACPC: A Partial Agonist of the Glycine Site on the NMDA Receptor. Carter et al., Ifenprodil and Eliprodil: Neuroprotective NMDA Receptor Antagonists and Calcium Channel Blockers. D. Lodge and D.D. Schoepp, 3S, 8aR-6-[2-(1(2)H-tetrazole-5-y)ethyl] Decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic Acid (LY293558) and Its Racemate (LY215490): A Selective and Competitive AMPA/Kainate Receptor Agonist. L. Nordholm, M. Sheardown, and T. Honore, The NBQX Story. E. Louvel, Riluzole in Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis. G.C. Plamer and J.B. Hutchinson, Preclinical and Clinical Aspects of Remacemide Hydrochloride.
An Automated ECG Beat Classification System Using Convolutional Neural Networks (2016)

Classification of Electrocardiogram (ECG) plays an important role in clinical diagnosis of cardiac diseases. In this paper, we introduce an ECG beat classification system using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The proposed model integrates two main parts, feature extraction and classification, of ECG pattern recognition system. This model automatically learns a suitable feature representation from raw ECG data and thus negates the need of hand-crafted features. By using a small and patient-specific training data, the proposed classification system efficiently classified ECG beats into five different classes recommended by Association for Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI). ECG signal from 44 recordings of the MIT-BIH database are used to evaluate the classification performance and the results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves a significant classification accuracy and superior computational efficiency than most of the state-of-the-art methods for ECG signal classification.
Crystal Structure of Aurora-2, an Oncogenic Serine/Threonine Kinase (2002)

Aurora-2 is a key member of a closely related subgroup of serine/threonine kinases that plays important roles in the completion of essential mitotic events. Aurora-2 is oncogenic and amplified in various human cancers and could be an important therapeutic target for inhibitory molecules that would disrupt the cell cycle and block proliferation. We report the first crystal structure of Aurora-2 kinase in complex with adenosine. Analysis of residues in the active site suggests differences with structurally and biologically related protein kinases. The activation loop, which contains residues specific to the Aurora family of kinases, has a unique conformation. These results provide valuable insight into the design of selective and highly potent ATP-competitive inhibitors of the Aurora kinases.
Association of the tumour necrosis factor-308 variant with differential response to anti-TNF agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (2008)

Anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) agents have revolutionized the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These therapies are, however, expensive and 30% of patients fail to respond. In a large cohort of Caucasian RA patients treated with anti-TNF medications (total n = 1050, etanercept n = 455, infliximab n = 450), we investigated whether genotypes of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms in the region containing the TNF gene were associated with response to anti-TNF therapy. Linear regression analyses adjusted for baseline 28 joint disease activity score (DAS28), baseline health assessment questionnaire score, gender and concurrent disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug treatment were used to assess association of these polymorphisms with treatment response, defined by change in DAS28 after 6 months. Analyses were performed in the entire cohort, and also stratified by anti-TNF agent. Association between DAS28 response and TNF-308 (rs1800629) genotype (P = 0.001) was detected across the whole cohort. After stratification by anti-TNF agent, the rare TNF-308AA genotype was associated with a significantly poorer response compared with TNF-308GG in etanercept (P = 0.001, n = 7) but not infliximab (P = 0.8, n = 17) treated patients. Conversely, the GA genotype at TNF-238 (rs361525) was associated with a poorer response to infliximab (P = 0.028, n = 40), but not etanercept (P = 0.6, n = 33). Owing to the small numbers of patients in some of the genotype groups examined, our data must be regarded as preliminary and will require replication in further large cohorts of anti-TNF-treated patients. If confirmed, our findings suggest the potential for genotype at these markers to aid selection of anti-TNF agent in patients with RA.
Advanced Signal Processing and Digital Noise Reduction (1996)

Introduction to Signal Processing and Noise Reduction Stochastic Processes and Statistical Characterization of Signals Signal Transforms Bayesian Probabilistic Estimation Theory Wiener Filters and Kalman Filters Linear Prediction Models Sample-Adaptive Least Squared Error Filters Power Spectrum Estimation Finite-State Statistical Models for Non-stationary Stochastic Processes Interpolation of a Sequence of Samples Modelling, Detection and Removal of Impulsive Noise Spectral Subtraction Removal of Transient Noise Pulses Echo Cancellation and Multi-Input Adaptive Noise Reduction Adaptive Notch Filters Channel Equalization Noise Compensation for Speech Recognition in Adverse Environments.
The multifunctional 6‐methylsalicylic acid synthase gene of Penicillium patulum (1990)

6-Methylsalicylic acid synthase (MSAS) from Penicillium patulum is a homomultimer of a single, multifunctional protein subunit. The enzyme is induced, at the transcriptional level, during the end of the logarithmic growth phase. After approximately 150-fold purification, a homogeneous enzyme preparation was obtained exhibiting, upon SDS gel electrophoresis, a subunit molecular mass of 188 kDa. By immunological screening of a genomic P. patulum DNA expression library, the MSAS gene together with its flanking sequences was isolated; 7131 base pairs of the cloned genomic DNA were sequenced. Within this sequence the MSAS gene was identified as a 5322-bp-long open reading frame coding for a protein of 1774 amino acids and 190,731 Da molecular mass. Transcriptional initiation and termination sites were determined both by primer extension studies and from cDNA sequences specially prepared for the 5' and 3' portions of the gene. The same cDNA sequences revealed the presence of a 69-bp intron within the N-terminal part of the MSAS gene. The intron contains the canonical GT and AG dinucleotides at its 5'- and 3'-splice junctions. An internal TACTGAC sequence, resembling the TACTAAC consensus element of Saccharomyces cerevisiae introns is suggested to represent the branch point of the lariat splicing intermediate. When compared to other known polyketide synthases, distinct amino acid sequence similarities of limited lengths were observed with some, though not all, of them. A comparatively low degree of similarity was detected to the yeast and Penicillium FAS or to the plant chalcone and resveratrol synthases. In contrast, a significantly higher sequence similarity was found between MSAS and the rat fatty acid synthase, especially at their transacylase, 2-oxoacyl reductase, 2-oxoacyl synthase and acyl carrier protein domains. Besides several dissimilar, interspersed regions probably coding for MSAS- and FAS-specific functions, the sequential order of the similar domains was colinear in both enzymes. The low similarity between the two P. patulum polyketide synthases, MSAS and FAS, possibly supports a convergent rather than a divergent evolution of both multienzyme proteins.