gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polysaccharide Hydrolysis Accelerated by Adding Carbon Dioxide under Hydrothermal Conditions (2005)

Polysaccharides such as agar, guar gum, starch, and xylan were hydrolyzed to produce mono- and oligosaccharides under hydrothermal conditions with and without carbon dioxide in a small batch reactor. The molecular weight distributions of the polysaccharide hydrolyzates shifted to lower molecular weights by increasing the carbon dioxide load, corresponding to higher pressures of carbon dioxide. For example, the yield of glucose produced from the hydrolysis of starch at 200 degrees C was increased significantly from 3.7% to 53.0% (on a carbon weight basis) of the initial polysaccharide by increasing carbon dioxide load in a reaction time of 15 min. Carbonic acid generated from water and carbon dioxide appeared to lower the pH of high-temperature and high-pressure water. Polysaccharide hydrolysis under hydrothermal conditions in the presence of carbon dioxide is an environmentally benign method to produce mono- and oligosaccharides because the process does not require the use of conventional acids and bases followed by neutralization and separation.
Protection Level of the Trimble RTX Positioning Engine for Autonomous Applications (2021)

The Trimble RTX correction service provides state-of-the-art PPP augmentation services in terms of accuracy and fast convergence time. The Trimble RTX technology is based on the estimation of precise satellite orbits, satellite clocks, satellite biases and ionosphere models computed from the data of a worldwide network of GNSS reference stations. This correction data is transmitted to the user via L-band signals from geostationary satellites or the internet. The system supports all current GNSS: GPS, GLONASS, QZSS, BeiDou and Galileo. An accuracy of 2.5 cm (95%) is achieved after a convergence time typically less than 1 minute, by using regional ionospheric and tropospheric models. Since 2019, the corrections also include the integrity functionality required for safety-critical and autonomous applications. For high-integrity applications, the position computed by the end-user needs to provide the protection level at a given integrity risk. The protection level of the combined RTX corrections and positioning engine developed by Trimble, are evaluated in this paper using an integrity risk of 10-7/h. For this purpose, an extensive amount of data is used which includes the following: 1) Static data collected at reference stations, which provide a benchmark for our algorithms under best possible conditions. 2) Real kinematic GNSS data has been gathered from more than 450 test drives using seven different combinations of automotive-grade receivers and antennas and from a variety of highway, urban and rural environments. 3) Simulated observation data, where specific errors have been injected into it in order to stress test the positioning engine. The real- and simulated data have been processed and analyzed to validate the Trimble RTX server and rover positioning technology using only GNSS measurements. Additionally, initial results will be presented including IMU and DMI sensors, which significantly improve the positioning and protection level performance in GNSS challenging environments.
Aperture-Collimated Double-Gated Silicon Field Emitter Arrays (2007)

We report the fabrication and characterization of aperture-collimated double-gated silicon field emitter arrays (FEAs) with conical tips below the gate aperture. Electrical measurements show that the anode current is relatively independent of the focus voltage consistent with numerical simulation of the structure using finite-element modeling. Optical measurements show that the device produces a small beam spot, which is roughly the same size as the silicon FEA footprint with an estimated beam divergence between 0.1deg and 0.4deg that is independent of the focus voltage. The experimental results are consistent with numerical simulation of the double-gated field emitter structure with the tip below the gate. Both experimental and numerical simulation results show that the focus field factor beta <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</sub> is much smaller than the gate field factor beta <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G </sub> . Numerical simulation of other structures with the tip above the gate and the tip in-plane with the gate show that beta <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</sub> is much higher than beta <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</sub> or has a comparable value to beta <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</sub>
Effect of Latanoprost on Hair Growth in the Bald Scalp of the Stump-tailed Macacque: A Pilot Study (2002)

Latanoprost, a selective FP prostanoid receptor agonist used in the treatment of glaucoma, has a hypertrichotic side effect. Using the macaque model of androgenetic alopecia, we examined the effect of latanoprost on hair growth. Eight monkeys were divided into 2 groups; one group received a daily topical application of 50 microg/ml of latanoprost for 5 months; a control group had a daily application of vehicle. For an additional 3 months, 2 monkeys from each group were given 500 microg/ml latanoprost, while the remaining monkeys continued with the previous treatment. Hair growth was evaluated by monthly photographs and phototricho-graphic analysis. Fifty microg/ml of latanoprost caused minimal hair growth. Latanoprost at 500 microg/ml induced moderate to marked hair regrowth with 5-10% conversion of vellus hairs to intermediary or terminal hairs. The vehicle group showed no effect. Further evaluation of latanoprost as an agent for treatment of human androgenetic alopecia is indicated.
Involvement of Rel, Fos, and Jun proteins in binding activity to the IL-2 promoter CD28 response element/AP-1 sequence in human T cells (1997)

CD28 is an important costimulatory molecule in the activation of human T cells. Costimulation of T cells through both the Ag receptor and CD28 leads to high level IL-2 production, which is vital to the development of an immune response in vivo. Previous reports have suggested the CD28 stimulation contributes to the activation of the IL-2 promoter by up-regulating the activity of several transcription factors, including AP-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)/Rel family members as well as an uncharacterized transcription factor called CD28 response complex. While several lines of investigation have suggested that NF-kappaB/Rel family members make up the CD28 response complex transcription factor, other work has not supported this conclusion. Recent studies suggest that the CD28 response element (CD28RE) does not function independently but works instead in conjunction with the adjacent promoter proximal AP-1-binding site and this hypothesis is confirmed here. Also in the current study, binding activity to the CD28RE/AP-1 sequence of the IL-2 promoter is evaluated. Although four specific complexes can be detected binding to this sequence, only one of these complexes is specific for both the CD28RE and the adjacent AP-1 site. Of the NF-kappaB/Rel family members tested, this CD28RE/AP-1-specific complex contains predominantly c-Rel, despite the fact that both p50 and RelA can efficiently bind to the CD28RE. c-Fos and c-Jun are also found in this CD28RE/AP-1-specific complex. These data indicate that functional complexes encompassing both the CD28RE and the AP-1-binding sites influence IL-2 promoter activity in CD28-costimulated T cells.
Identification of PN1, a predominant voltage-dependent sodium channel expressed principally in peripheral neurons (1997)

Membrane excitability in different tissues is due, in large part, to the selective expression of distinct genes encoding the voltage-dependent sodium channel. Although the predominant sodium channels in brain, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle have been identified, the major sodium channel types responsible for excitability within the peripheral nervous system have remained elusive. We now describe the deduced primary structure of a sodium channel, peripheral nerve type 1 (PN1), which is expressed at high levels throughout the peripheral nervous system and is targeted to nerve terminals of cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. Studies using cultured PC12 cells indicate that both expression and targeting of PN1 is induced by treatment of the cells with nerve growth factor. The preferential localization suggests that the PN1 sodium channel plays a specific role in nerve excitability.
Enhancement of phosphoprotein analysis using a fluorescent affinity tag and mass spectrometry (2005)

Abstract A fluorescent affinity tag (FAT) was synthesized and was utilized to selectively modify phosphorylated serine and threonine residues via beta‐elimination and Michael addition chemistries in a ‘one‐step’ reaction. This labeling technique was used for covalent modification of both phosphoproteins and phosphopeptides, allowing identification of these molecular species by fluorescence imaging after solution‐ or gel‐based separation methods. In addition to the strong fluorescence of the rhodamine tag, a commercially available antibody can be used to enrich low‐abundance post‐labeled phosphopeptides present in complex mixtures. Application of this methodology to phosphorylation‐site mapping has been evaluated for a phosphoprotein standard, bovine beta‐casein. Initial results demonstrated low femtomole detection limits after fluorescence image analysis of FAT‐labeled proteins or peptides. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Giant Macrocycles Composed of Thiophene, Acetylene, and Ethylene Building Blocks (2006)

Fully conjugated giant macrocyclic oligothiophenes with 60pi, 90pi,120pi, 150pi, and 180pi frames (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) have been designed, and their butyl-substituted derivatives (1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, and 5a) have been synthesized using modified Sonogashira and McMurry coupling reactions as key steps. The 60-180pi systems 1-5 are circular with 1.8-6 nm inner cavities and 3.3-7.5 nm outside molecular diameters. Compound 1a containing ten 3,4-dibutyl-2,5-thienylene, eight ethynylene, and two vinylene units has been converted into macrocyclic oligo(3,4-dibutyl-2,5-thienylene-ethynylene) 6a using bromination/dehydrobromination procedure. Giant macrocycles 1a-6a exhibit a red shift of their absorption spectra and a fairly strong fluorescence with a large Stokes shift as compared to a linear conjugated counterpart having five thiophene rings. Compounds 1a-6a exhibit multistep reversible redox behaviors with fairly low first oxidation potentials, reflecting their cyclic conjugation. Furthermore, chemical oxidation of 1a-6a with FeCl3 shows drastic changes of spectroscopic properties due to intramolecular and intermolecular pi-pi interactions. Doping of 1a-3a with iodine forms semiconductor due to its pi-donor properties and pi-pi stacking ability. X-ray analysis of 1a confirmed a round, planar structure with nanoscale inner cavity, and revealed host ability for alkanes and unique packing structure. Interestingly, 2a and 3a self-aggregate in the solid state to form "molecular wires," which are about 200 nm thick and more than 1 mm long. The internal structures of fibrous aggregates have been investigated by optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses.
Security refresh (2010)

Phase change memory (PCM) is an emerging memory technology for future computing systems. Compared to other non-volatile memory alternatives, PCM is more matured to production, and has a faster read latency and potentially higher storage density. The main roadblock precluding PCM from being used, in particular, in the main memory hierarchy, is its limited write endurance. To address this issue, recent studies proposed to either reduce PCM's write frequency or use wear-leveling to evenly distribute writes. Although these techniques can extend the lifetime of PCM, most of them will not prevent deliberately designed malicious codes from wearing it out quickly. Furthermore, all the prior techniques did not consider the circumstances of a compromised OS and its security implication to the overall PCM design. A compromised OS will allow adversaries to manipulate processes and exploit side channels to accelerate wear-out. In this paper, we argue that a PCM design not only has to consider normal wear-out under normal application behavior, most importantly, it must take the worst-case scenario into account with the presence of malicious exploits and a compromised OS to address the durability and security issues simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a novel, low-cost hardware mechanism called Security Refresh to avoid information leak by constantly migrating their physical locations inside the PCM, obfuscating the actual data placement from users and system software. It uses a dynamic randomized address mapping scheme that swaps data using random keys upon each refresh due. The hardware overhead is tiny without using any table. The best lifetime we can achieve under the worst-case malicious attack is more than six years. Also, our scheme incurs around 1% performance degradation for normal program operations.
Photoreactivation of UV-irradiated Legionella pneumophila and other Legionella species (1985)

Shortwave UV light was assessed as a feasible modality for the control of Legionnaires disease bacterium in water. The results of this study show that Legionella pneumophila and six other Legionella species are very sensitive to low doses of UV. However, all Legionella species tested effectively countered the germicidal effect of UV when subsequently exposed to photoreactiving light.
Kinetics of CO2 Hydrogenation on a K-Promoted Fe Catalyst (2001)

CO2 hydrogenation on a K-promoted Fe catalyst was studied in a fixed-bed microreactor between 300 and 400 °C, at 1 MPa, and with modified residence times in the range of 0.042−21.4 g·s/cm3. For temperatures below 360 °C, organic products almost identical with those found in the traditional Fischer−Tropsch reaction with H2/CO were found (paraffins and α-olefins). At 400 °C, formation of carbon deposited on the catalyst became a major reaction. Concerning the mechanism of hydrocarbon formation, the effect of residence time resulted in catalyst particle selectivity values for hydrocarbons always higher than zero. This indicates that, besides the two-step reaction mechanism via CO, a direct hydrocarbon formation from CO2 can occur in principle. With a reaction scheme proposed from these experimental results, a kinetic model was developed using integration and regression features of ASPEN PLUS. Calculated values for CO2 conversion and CO and total hydrocarbon selectivities agree with the experimental data within a range of error less than 15%.
A Neural Conversational Model (2015)

Conversational modeling is an important task in natural language understanding and machine intelligence. Although previous approaches exist, they are often restricted to specific domains (e.g., booking an airline ticket) and require hand-crafted rules. In this paper, we present a simple approach for this task which uses the recently proposed sequence to sequence framework. Our model converses by predicting the next sentence given the previous sentence or sentences in a conversation. The strength of our model is that it can be trained end-to-end and thus requires much fewer hand-crafted rules. We find that this straightforward model can generate simple conversations given a large conversational training dataset. Our preliminary results suggest that, despite optimizing the wrong objective function, the model is able to converse well. It is able extract knowledge from both a domain specific dataset, and from a large, noisy, and general domain dataset of movie subtitles. On a domain-specific IT helpdesk dataset, the model can find a solution to a technical problem via conversations. On a noisy open-domain movie transcript dataset, the model can perform simple forms of common sense reasoning. As expected, we also find that the lack of consistency is a common failure mode of our model.
Effects of Formulation Variables and Post-compression Curing on Drug Release from a New Sustained-Release Matrix Material: Polyvinylacetate-Povidone (2001)

A new commercially available sustained-release matrix material, Kollidon SR, composed of polyvinylacetate and povidone, was evaluated with respect to its ability to modulate the in vitro release of a highly water-soluble model compound, diphenhydramine HCl. Kollidon SR was found to provide a sustained-release effect for the model compound, with certain formulation and processing variables playing an important role in controlling its release kinetics. Formulation variables affecting the release include the level of the polymeric material in the matrix, excipient level, as well as the nature of the excipients (water soluble vs. water insoluble). Increasing the ratio of a water-insoluble excipient, Emcompress, to Kollidon SR enhanced drug release. The incorporation of a water-soluble excipient, lactose, accelerated its release rate in a more pronounced manner. Stability studies conducted at 40 degrees C/75% RH revealed a slow-down in dissolution rate for the drug-Kollidon SR formulation, as a result of polyvinylacetate relaxation. Further studies demonstrated that a post-compression curing step effectively stabilized the release pattern of formulations containing > or = 47% Kollidon SR. The release mechanism of Kollidon-drug and drug-Kollidon-Emcompress formulations appears to be diffusion controlled, while that of the drug-Kollidon-lactose formulation appears to be controlled predominantly by diffusion along with erosion.
The role of the iris in accommodation of rhesus monkeys. (1990)

After unilateral total iridectomy, maximum accommodation inducible by corneal iontophoresis of carbachol in rhesus monkeys was approximately 40% less in the iridectomized than in the contralateral untouched eyes, irrespective of age. Ultrasonographically measured anterior chamber shallowing and lens thickening were also less in the iridectomized eyes. Neither submaximal accommodation induced by intramuscular pilocarpine infusion nor maximum accommodation inducible by midbrain stimulation differed in iridectomized and intact eyes. The authors hypothesize that at maximum cholinomimetic drug-induced contraction, the iris sphincter muscle pulls the ciliary body farther forward and inward than does maximum ciliary muscle contraction alone, allowing additional rounding of the lens and, consequently, additional accommodative power.
Growth factors in bone matrix. Isolation of multiple types by affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. (1986)

The mineralized matrix of osseous tissue harbors abundant mitogenic activity which is extractable by demineralizing solvents. In bovine bone powder free of blood and cartilage contamination, the volume concentration of mitogens is up to 20 times greater than in serum. Growth factor activity in bone extracts was quantitated on quiescent mouse BALB/c/3T3 fibroblasts, where [3H]thymidine incorporation for 48 h was stimulated up to 200-fold in a linear, dose-dependent manner. Six distinct bone-derived growth factors (BDGFs) have been resolved and partially purified (up to 44,000-fold) on heparin-Sepharose using NaCl gradient elution. Provisionally named by the NaCl molarity at which they elute, these BDGFs include BDGF-0.45 (25% of total activity). This factor is heat-stable and sensitive to dithiothreitol, and displaces 125I-labelled bovine platelet-derived growth factor in a radioreceptor assay. BDGF-0.45 (approximately 50 ng/g of bone) is closely related or identical to bovine platelet-derived growth factor. BDGF-1.1 (10%) has a pI of 5.2 and shows a 16,600-dalton doublet on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Western blots stained with antiserum to bovine anionic fibroblast growth factor. Two activities with high heparin affinity resemble cationic forms of fibroblast growth factor. BDGF-1.5 is the dominant factor in fetal membranous bone (50%), but is less abundant in adult bone (20%). BDGF-1.7, a 17,500-18,400-dalton triplet, is virtually absent in fetal bone (7%) but abundant (30%) in adult bone and may be related to cartilage derived growth factor. Two minor activities, BDGF-0.1 (10%) and BDGF-2.0 (7%) have not been characterized. Proliferation of bovine capillary endothelial cells was strongly supported by BDGFs 1.1, 1.5, and 1.7, but not by 0.45. These four purified BDGFs and the crude bone extract were also strongly mitogenic for rat osteoblasts while depressing alkaline phosphatase specific activity by 2-3-fold. Bone exhibits the most complex spectrum of growth factor activities of any tissue yet described. Bone cells and other indigenous cell types must be considered as possible sources of the BDGFs, in addition to sequestration from blood. Mechanisms for unmasking or release of BDGFs from the mineralized matrix resulting in local action on target cells are undoubtedly important for the development and maintenance of bone tissue.
PUFs in Security Protocols: Attack Models and Security Evaluations (2013)

In recent years, PUF-based schemes have not only been suggested for the basic security tasks of tamper sensitive key storage or system identification, but also for more complex cryptographic protocols like oblivious transfer (OT), bit commitment (BC), or key exchange (KE). In these works, so-called "Strong PUFs" are regarded as a new, fundamental cryptographic primitive of their own, comparable to the bounded storage model, quantum cryptography, or noisebased cryptography. This paper continues this line of research, investigating the correct adversarial attack model and the actual security of such protocols. In its first part, we define and compare different attack models. They reach from a clean, first setting termed the "stand-alone, good PUF model" to stronger scenarios like the "bad PUF model" and the "PUF re-use model". We argue why these attack models are realistic, and that existing protocols would be faced with them if used in practice. In the second part, we execute exemplary security analyses of existing schemes in the new attack models. The evaluated protocols include recent schemes from Brzuska et al. published at Crypto 2011 [1] and from Ostrovsky et al. [18]. While a number of protocols are certainly secure in their own, original attack models, the security of none of the considered protocols for OT, BC, or KE is maintained in all of the new, realistic scenarios. One consequence of our work is that the design of advanced cryptographic PUF protocols needs to be strongly reconsidered. Furthermore, it suggests that Strong PUFs require additional hardware properties in order to be broadly usable in such protocols: Firstly, they should ideally be "erasable", meaning that single PUF-responses can be erased without affecting other responses. If the area efficient implementation of this feature turns out to be difficult, new forms of Controlled PUFs [8] (such as Logically Erasable and Logically Reconfigurable PUFs [13]) may suffice in certain applications. Secondly, PUFs should be "certifiable", meaning that one can verify that the PUF has been produced faithfully and has not been manipulated in any way afterwards. The combined implementation of these features represents a pressing and challenging problem, which we pose to the PUF hardware community in this work.