gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DNA synthesis is induced in adult neurons after expression of E2F1 and E1A (1994)

Differentiated neurons in several brain regions express the retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor gene. Changing the tumor suppressor function of Rb by expressing transcription factor E2F1 and viral oncoprotein E1A in cerebellar granular neurons in vitro and in cerebral cortical neurons in vivo results in the induction of DNA synthesis in these neurons. Immunoliposome-mediated transfection of E1A and E2F1 cDNAs into the adult cortical neurons of rats in vivo results in initiation of DNA synthesis in 5-15% of the transfected neurons. These results indicate that expression of Rb may be necessary to prevent induction of differentiated neurons to proliferate since many mitogenic growth factors are expressed in the brain.
Expression of TTK, a novel human protein kinase, is associated with cell proliferation. (1992)

We have isolated the full-length sequence for a unique human kinase, designated TTK. TTK was initially identified by screening of a T cell expression library with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. The kinases most closely related to TTK are the SPK1 serine, threonine and tyrosine kinase, the Pim1, PBS2, and CDC2 serine/threonine kinases, and the TIK kinase which was also identified through screening of an expression library with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. However, the relationships are distant with less than 25% identity. Nevertheless, TTK is highly conserved throughout phylogeny with hybridizing sequences being detected in mammals, fish, and yeast. TTK mRNA is present at relatively high levels in testis and thymus, tissues which contain a large number of proliferating cells, but is not detected in most other benign tissues. Freshly isolated cells from most malignant tumors assessed expressed TTK mRNA. As well, all rapidly proliferating cell lines tested expressed TTK mRNA. Escherichia coli expressing the complete kinase domain of TTK contain markedly elevated levels of phosphoserine and phosphothreonine as well as slightly increased levels of phosphotyrosine. Taken together, these findings suggest that expression of TTK, a previously unidentified member of the family of kinases which can phosphorylate serine, threonine, and tyrosine hydroxyamino acids, is associated with cell proliferation.
Guiding an Oil Tanker Into Renewable Waters (2007)

LONDON--
 Steven Koonin gave up academic life in California for the harsh realities of the energy industry, and he9s having a whale of a time. (Read more.)
A Global Geometric Framework for Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction (2000)

Scientists working with large volumes of high-dimensional data, such as global climate patterns, stellar spectra, or human gene distributions, regularly confront the problem of dimensionality reduction: finding meaningful low-dimensional structures hidden in their high-dimensional observations. The human brain confronts the same problem in everyday perception, extracting from its high-dimensional sensory inputs-30,000 auditory nerve fibers or 10(6) optic nerve fibers-a manageably small number of perceptually relevant features. Here we describe an approach to solving dimensionality reduction problems that uses easily measured local metric information to learn the underlying global geometry of a data set. Unlike classical techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and multidimensional scaling (MDS), our approach is capable of discovering the nonlinear degrees of freedom that underlie complex natural observations, such as human handwriting or images of a face under different viewing conditions. In contrast to previous algorithms for nonlinear dimensionality reduction, ours efficiently computes a globally optimal solution, and, for an important class of data manifolds, is guaranteed to converge asymptotically to the true structure.
Facilitating level three cache studies using set sampling (2000)

We discuss some of the difficulties present in trace collection and trace-driven cache simulation. We then describe our multiprocessor tracing technique and verify that it accurately collects long traces. We propose sampling as a method to reduce required disk space, enable simulations to run faster, and effectively enlarge the trace buffer of our hardware monitor, decreasing trace distortion. To this end, we investigate time sampling and two types of set sampling. We conclude that the second set sampling technique achieves the most accurate results. The miss rate for the second set sampling method is calculated as the number of misses to sampled sets divided by the total number of references scaled by the sample size. We determined that a 10% sample size was the most accurate while still reducing required disk space.
Identification of high risk groups in breast cancer (1971)

In addition to a brief review of earlier work on the epidemiology of breast cancer, recently observed genetic, socioeconomic, and viral associations with this disease are discussed here.
Hypoxic Culture Induces Expression of Sialin, a Sialic Acid Transporter, and Cancer-Associated Gangliosides Containing Non–Human Sialic Acid on Human Cancer Cells (2006)

Tumor hypoxia figures heavily in malignant progression by altering the intracellular glucose metabolism and inducing angiogenic factor production, thus, selecting and expanding more aggressive cancer cell clones. Little is known, however, regarding hypoxia-induced antigenic changes in cancers. We investigated the expression of N-glycolyl sialic acid (NeuGc)-G(M2), a cancer-associated ganglioside containing non-human sialic acid, NeuGc, in human cancers. Cancer tissues prepared from patients with colon cancers frequently expressed NeuGc-G(M2), whereas it was virtually absent in nonmalignant colonic epithelia. Studies on cultured cancer cells indicated that the non-human sialic acid was incorporated from culture medium. Hypoxic culture markedly induced mRNA for a sialic acid transporter, sialin, and this accompanied enhanced incorporation of NeuGc as well as N-acetyl sialic acid. Transfection of cells with sialin gene conferred accelerated sialic acid transport and induced cell surface expression of NeuGc-G(M2). We propose that the preferential expression of NeuGc-G(M2) in cancers is closely associated with tumor hypoxia. Hypoxic culture of tumor cells induces expression of the sialic acid transporter, and enhances the incorporation of non-human sialic acid from the external milieu. A consequence of this is the acquisition of cancer-associated cell surface gangliosides, typically G(M2), containing non-human sialic acid (NeuGc), which is not endogenously synthesized through CMP-N-acetyl sialic acid hydroxylase because humans lack the gene for the synthetic enzyme. As hypoxia is associated with diminished response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, NeuGc-G(M2) is a potential therapeutic target for hypoxic cancer cells.
A novel vein graft model: adaptation to differential flow environments (2004)

Accelerated intimal hyperplasia in response to altered flow environment is critical to the process of vein bypass graft failure. Lack of a reproducible animal model for dissecting the mechanisms of vein graft (VG) remodeling has limited progress toward solving this clinically significant problem. Combining a cuffed anastomotic technique with other surgical manipulations, we developed a well-defined, more robust method for studying hemodynamic factors in VG arterialization. VG with fistula placement, complete occlusion, or partial distal branch ligation (DBL) was performed in the carotid artery of 56 rabbits. Extensive hemodynamic and physiological analyses were performed to define the hemodynamic forces and histological adaptations of the wall at 1-28 days. Anastomotic time averaged 12 min, with 100% patency of bilateral grafts and unilateral grafts plus no adjunct or delayed fistula. Bilateral VG-DBL resulted in an immediate disparity in wall shear (0.8 +/- 0.1 vs. 12.4 +/- 1.1 dyn/cm2, ligated vs. contralateral graft). Grafts exposed to low shear stress responded primarily through enhanced intimal thickening (231 +/- 35 vs. 36 +/- 18 microm, low vs. high shear). High-shear-stress grafts adapted through enhanced outward remodeling, with a 24% increase in lumen diameter at 28 days (3.0 +/- 0.1 vs. 3.7 +/- 0.2 mm, low vs. high shear). We have taken advantage of the cuffed anastomotic technique and combined it with a bilateral VG-DBL model to dissect the impact of hemodynamic forces on VG arterialization. This novel model offers a robust, clinically relevant, statistically powerful small animal model for evaluation of high- and low-shear-regulated VG remodeling.
Macromolecular crowding allows blunt-end ligation by DNA ligases from rat liver or Escherichia coli. (1983)

In the presence of high concentrations of any of several types of macromolecules, DNA ligase preparations from rat liver nuclei or from Escherichia coli actively catalyze the blunt-end ligation of DNA. This is in contrast to the lack of activity on such substrates by these enzymes under conventional assay conditions. In addition, the previously established activity of T4 DNA ligase on blunt-ended molecules is greatly increased in the presence of high concentrations of macromolecules. Because such crowded solutions may well be a more adequate model for intracellular conditions than assays in dilute solutions, we suggest that blunt-end ligation may be a widely occurring reaction in vivo.
Prolonged Phenotypic, Functional, and Molecular Change in Group I Burkitt Lymphoma Cells on Short-Term Exposure to CD40 Ligand (1998)

Group I Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cell lines (L3055, Elijah, Louckes, BL2, and BL29) retaining the original biopsy phenotype were found to undergo prolonged phenotypic, functional, and molecular change on short-term exposure to soluble recombinant CD40L trimer. Sensitivity to, extent of, and duration of change appeared to reflect passage number in that the earliest passaged lines, L3055 and BL29, were generally the most susceptible. Culture of group I BL lines with CD40L resulted in significant growth arrest (without apoptosis) that, for L3055 cells, was sustained for 7 to 9 days after 72 hours of exposure. This was accompanied by the formation of large homotypic aggregates together with gross changes in individual cell morphology and a concomitant upregulation of CD54 (ICAM-1). Three of the five group I BL lines exhibited rapid downregulation of the hallmark CD77 surface antigen, which, for L3055 cells, was maintained for at least 12 days after 72 hours of incubation with CD40L. With the exception of BL2, all group I BL lines were induced to express CD40 homodimers on CD40-stimulation, whereas only monomers were detected in unstimulated cells. Experiments using CD40-transfected Rat-1 fibroblasts showed that the ability to signal for dimer formation required Thr234of CD40. For L3055 and BL29 cells, an initial 72 hours of exposure to CD40L resulted in the maintenance of homodimers for up to 14 and 10 days, respectively. There was a close correlation between the induction and duration of CD40 homodimers and the appearance of Bcl-2. For L3055 cells, which are sensitive to apoptosis-induction on BCR-engagement, exposure to CD40L for 72 hours was found to provide considerable protection from anti-IgM, which was still significant to 20 days. The implications of such sustained effects on relatively short-term exposure of tumor B cells to CD40L are discussed. © 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.
Germline‐specific expression of the Oct‐4/green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene in mice (1999)

The Pic-1, Oct-1,2, Unc-86 (POU) transcription factor Oct-4 is specifically expressed in the germ cell line, and a previous study has indicated that the expression of the lacZ gene inserted into an 18 kb genomic fragment encompassing the Oct-4 gene can come close to mimicking the endogenous embryonic expression pattern of Oct-4 in transgenic mice. In the present study transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the germ cell line were generated using the same Oct-4 genomic fragments and the expression pattern was analyzed in detail through all stages of germ cell development. The GFP expressing primordial germ cells were first detected as early as 8.0 days post-coitum (d.p.c.; early head fold stage) at the base of the allantois in living embryos. The GFP expression was thereafter found in both male and female germ cells at all developmental stages except in male germ cells after differentiating into type A spermatogonia in the postnatal testis. There was also a lower level of expression in female germ cells in the prophase of the first meiotic division. These transgenic mice therefore proved to be powerful tools for isolating living germ cells at various developmental stages to study their nature and to isolate new genes.
MICE산업 이해관계자의 협력 네트워크 척도개발과 평가에 관한 연구 (2010)

A field survey was conducted between Dec. 10 2009 and J an. 7 2010 in order to develop cooperating networking among associate members of MICE industry. A total of 120 questionnaires were used to be analyzed from 123 distributed. The questionnaire was consist of 30 items measuring levels of cooperating network and other demographic questions. SEM, factor analysis and frequency test were used for analyzing the data. In the results, 5 factors solution(20 item); Information sharing, Support, Problem solving, Connection, Specialized center, was found to be valid and reliable. In the result of correlation test, all the five factors showed relatively high correlation each other that refers the validity of the scale.
Results with six "kit" radioimmunoassays for primary bile acids in human serum intercompared. (1980)

We examined six radioimmunoassay procedures for measuring primary bile acids in human serum (two 3H-labeled and four 125I-labeled). A significant (p < 0.01) correlation was observed between measurements in the assay both for cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, at low and high concentrations of serum bile acids. All kits were acceptable with respect to accuracy, precision, stability, and analytical recovery. All six procedures gave similar results for chenodeoxycholic and cholic acid in sera of 80 healthy subjects; the agreement was also close when the two primary bile acids were compared with their sum in serum. Normal values ranged from 0.4 to 2.5 mumol/L for conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid and from 0.3 to 1.5 mumol/L for conjugated cholic acid. The 125I assays do not require liquid-scintillation equipment but 125I induces a decrease in the affinity constant of antibody. The sensitivity of the assays was still adequate for measuring bile acids in the serum of healthy fasting persons and liver-disease patients.
Adapting Transmission Power for Optimal Energy Reliable Multi-hop Wireless Communication (2003)

Abstract — We define a transmission power adaptation-based routing technique that finds optimal paths for minimum energy reliable data transfer in multi-hop wireless networks. This optimal choice of the transmission power depends on the link distance between the two nodes and the channel characteristics. Typical energy efficient routing techniques use a transmission power such that the received signal power at the destination minimally exceeds a desired threshold signal strength level. In this paper we argue that such a choice of the transmission power does not always lead to optimal energy routes, since it does not consider differences in the receiver noise levels. We first analyze the optimal transmission power choices for both the ideal case from an information-theoretic perspective, and for realistic modulation schemes. Subsequently we define our technique for transmission power adaptation that can be used in existing routing protocols for multi-hop wireless networks. Our simulations show that current best-known schemes incur upto 10% more energy costs in low noise environments, and upto 165 % more energy costs in high noise environments compared to our proposed scheme. I.
264. Ionization constants of heterocyclic substances. Part II. Hydroxy-derivatives of nitrogenous six-membered ring-compounds (1956)

A. Albert and J. N. Phillips, J. Chem. Soc., 1956, 1294 DOI: 10.1039/JR9560001294
Rapid Cycle DNA Amplification (1994)

DNA amplification requires temperature cycling of the sample. From the viewpoint of the sample, the only relevant characteristics of a temperature cycler are its speed and homogeneity. How fast the sample temperature can be changed largely determines the cycle time. How uniform the sample temperature is affects reproducibility. As cycle speed increases, it becomes harder to maintain homogeneous temperatures within and between samples. Standard commercial instrumentation usually completes 30 cycles (94, 55, 74°C) in about 2–4 hr. A new “high-performance” system requires about half as much time and is reported to run two temperature profiles (60, 94 °C) in a little over an hour (Haff et al., 1991). “Rapid cycle DNA amplification” as used here refers to completion of 30 cycles of amplification in 10–30 min.
The Protection of Hydroxyl Groups (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Protection of Hydroxyl GroupsWilliam E. Parham and E. L. AndersonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 12, 4187–4189Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01192a062https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01192a062research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2928Altmetric-Citations116LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Interleukin-11 promotes T cell polarization and prevents acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. (1998)

Administration of IL-11 prevented lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a murine bone marrow transplant (BMT) model (B6 --> B6D2F1) across MHC and minor H antigen barriers (survival at day 50: 90 vs 20%, P < 0.001). Surpisingly, IL-11 administration polarized the donor T cell cytokine responses to host antigen after BMT with a 50% reduction in IFNgamma and IL-2 secretion and a 10-fold increase in IL-4. This polarization of T cell responses was associated with reduced IFNgamma serum levels and decreased IL-12 production in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). In addition, IL-11 prevented small bowel damage and reduced serum endotoxin levels by 80%. Treatment with IL-11 also reduced TNFalpha serum levels and suppressed TNFalpha secretion by macrophages to LPS stimulation in vitro. IL-11 thus decreased GVHD morbidity and mortality by three mechanisms: (a) polarization of donor T cells; (b) protection of the small bowel; and (c) suppression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha. We conclude that brief treatment with IL-11 may represent a novel strategy to prevent T cell-mediated inflammatory processes such as GVHD.
Doxorubicin versus CYVADIC versus doxorubicin plus ifosfamide in first-line treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcomas: a randomized study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group. (1995)

In advanced soft tissue sarcomas of adults, single-agent doxorubicin is still the standard chemotherapy against which more intensive or new drug treatments should be compared. Combination chemotherapy cannot be recommended outside a controlled clinical trial with the exclusion of some subsets of sarcoma patients for whom significant tumor volume reduction may be an important end point of a chemotherapy regimen.
Grain yields with limited water (2004)

Plant reproduction is sensitive to water deficits, especially during the early phases when development may cease irreversibly even though the parent remains alive. Grain numbers decrease because of several developmental changes, especially ovary abortion in maize (Zea mays L.) or pollen sterility in small grains. In maize, the water deficits inhibit photosynthesis, and the decrease in photosynthate flux to the developing organs appears to trigger abortion. Abscisic acid also increases in the parent and may play a role, perhaps by inhibiting photosynthesis through stomatal closure. Recent work indicates that invertase activity is inhibited and starch is diminished in the ovaries or affected pollen. Also, sucrose fed to the stems rescues many of the ovaries otherwise destined to abort. The feeding restores some of the ovary starch and invertase activity. These studies implicate invertase as a limiting enzyme step for grain yields during a water deficit, and transcript profiling with microarrays has identified genes that are up- or down-regulated during water deficit-induced abortion in maize. However, profiling studies to date have not reported changes in invertase or starch synthesizing genes in water-deficient ovaries, perhaps because there were too few sampling times. The ovary rescue with sucrose feeding indicates either that the changes identified in the profiling are of no consequence for inhibiting ovary development or that gene expression reverts to control levels when the sugar stream recovers. Careful documentation of tissue- and developmentally specific gene expression are needed to resolve these issues and link metabolic changes to the decreased sugar flux affecting the reproductive organs.
Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralization techniques for measurement of antibody to respiratory syncytial virus: implications for parenteral immunization with live virus vaccine (1982)

The sensitivity of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect low levels of antibody to respiratory syncytial (RS) virus was compared with a tube dilution neutralization test (NEUT) on sera obtained from children who received a parenteral live RS virus vaccine. Among the children who developed antibody in response to live RS virus vaccine. ELISA was as sensitive as NEUT at detecting antibody increases. Some children who did not have detectable prevaccine ELISA antibody possessed NEUT antibody; these children were generally less than 12 months old, suggesting that they had low levels of maternal antibody. Low levels of NEUT or ELISA antibody were associated with the absence of antibody increases after injection of live RS virus vaccine. The quantity of antibody stimulated by this live RS virus vaccine was small compared with that which was stimulated by naturally acquired RS virus infection. We concluded that ELISA is a satisfactory test for determining antibody to RS virus in vaccine field trials, given the understanding that low levels of preexisting antibody are not detected in some instances.