gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Motion of Apology to Australia's Indigenous Peoples (2008)

Kevin Rudd, the Prime Minister of Australia moved a motion of apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples. The main reason for offering the apology to the Indigenous peoples was the mistreatment handed out to them in the past.
Regulation by glutathione of interleukin-4 activity on cytotoxic T cells. (1992)

We have previously shown that cellular glutathione (GSH) regulates the T-cell proliferative activity of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Here, we examined whether and how GSH affects the activity of interleukin-4 (IL-4) on murine cytotoxic T cells. CT.4R, a T-cell line that is responsive to both IL-4 and IL-2, was used as a model. Although GSH alone had little effect on the thymidine incorporation of CT.4R cells, it enhanced the response of CT.4R to IL-4 and increased the level of thymidine incorporation up to more than 60-fold in a concentration-dependent manner. GSH affected the binding of IL-4 to cellular receptors. Scatchard plot analysis showed that GSH treatment did not change the dissociation constant significantly; however, it increased the receptor number from 1173 +/- 126 to 2112 +/- 492 molecules per cell. Internalization and degradation studies of IL-4 showed that the amount of IL-4 internalized and degraded in the GSH-treated cells was about twofold higher than those in the cells without GSH treatment. These results suggest that GSH regulates the binding, internalization, degradation and T-cell proliferative activity of IL-4; alteration of cellular GSH levels may thus affect the growth and replication of cytotoxic T cells through growth stimulating cytokines such as IL-2 and IL-4.
The Healing Touch: Tools and Challenges for Smart Grid Restoration (2014)

Effective system restoration is an important step toward a self-healing smart grid. in the future energy paradigm, with a high penetration of renewable resources and responsive demands, variability and uncertainty will affect power system operating and recovery technologies. Smart restoration provides an adaptive and optimized strategy with which to make restoration decisions, one that will reduce restoration time while maintaining system integrity. With the implementation of such decision support tools, the power grid will be better prepared and equipped to handle extreme events. They enable the streamlining of communication among all stakeholders, and they preserve knowledge and experience for future engineers.
A Survey of Shape Similarity Assessment Algorithms for Product Design and Manufacturing Applications (2003)

Shape similarity assessment is a fundamental geometric reasoning problem that finds application in several different product design and manufacturing applications. A computationally efficient way to assess shape similarity is to first abstract 3D object shapes into shape signatures and use shape signatures to perform similarity assessment. Several different types of shape signatures have been developed in the past. This paper provides a survey of existing algorithms for computing and comparing shape signatures. Our survey consists of a description of the desired properties of shape signatures, a scheme for classifying different types of shape signatures, and descriptions of representative algorithms for computing and comparing shape signatures. This survey concludes by identifying directions for future research.
Expression of TNF-α, April and BCMA in Behcet’s Disease (2014)

Patients have significantly higher levels of TNF family members' (TNF-α, BAFF, APRIL, and BCMA) compared to controls which might contribute to the pathogenesis of BD.
Mediators of ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat lung. (1997)

In rats, we characterized the mediators of lung reperfusion injury after ischemia. Animals underwent left lung ischemia. After 90 minutes of ischemia, reperfusion for up to 4 hours was evaluated. Lung injury, as determined by vascular leakage of serum albumin, increased in ischemic-reperfused animals when compared with time-matched sham controls. Injury was biphasic, peaking at 30 minutes and 4 hours of reperfusion. The late but not the early phase of reperfusion injury is known to be neutrophil dependent. Bronchoalveolar lavage of ischemic-reperfused lungs at 30 minutes and 4 hours of reperfusion demonstrated increased presence of serum albumin, indicative of damage to the normal vascular/airway barrier. Lung mRNA for rat monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha peaked very early (between 0.5 and 1.0 hour) during the reperfusion process. Development of injury was associated with a decline in serum complement activity and progressive intrapulmonary sequestration of neutrophils. Administration of superoxide dismutase before reperfusion resulted in reduction of injury at 30 minutes of reperfusion. Complement depletion decreased injury at both 30 minutes and 4 hours of reperfusion. Requirements for tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 for early injury were shown whereas only tumor necrosis factor-alpha was involved at 4 hours. We propose that acute (30-minute) lung injury is determined in large part by products of activated lung macrophages whereas the delayed (4-hour) injury is mediated by products of activated and recruited neutrophils.
Hospitalizations and Outcomes for Diabetic Gastroparesis in North Carolina (2002)

Despite some limitations, these data indicate that diabetic gastroparesis is not uncommon, but can be treated effectively.
Pulmonary hypertension: the science behind the disease spectrum (2012)

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complex, multifactorial disorder divided into five major subtypes according to pathological, pathophysiological and therapeutic characteristics. Although there are distinct differences between the PH categories, a number of processes are common to the pathology of all subtypes. Vasoconstriction, as a result of endothelial dysfunction and an imbalance in the levels of vasoactive mediators, is a well-characterised contributory mechanism. Excessive cell proliferation and impaired apoptosis in pulmonary vessels leading to structural remodelling is most evident in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and several factors have been implicated, including mitochondrial dysfunction and mutations in bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2. Inflammation plays a key role in the development of PH, with increased levels of many cytokines and chemokines in affected patients. Exciting insights into the role of angiogenesis and bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells in disease progression have also recently been revealed. Furthermore, there is increasing interest in changes in the right ventricle in PH and the role of metabolic abnormalities. Despite considerable progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PH, further research is required to unravel and integrate the molecular changes into a better understanding of the pathophysiology of PH, particularly in non-PAH, to put us in a better position to use this knowledge for improved treatments.
Sorafenib Induces Growth Arrest and Apoptosis of Human Glioblastoma Cells through the Dephosphorylation of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3 (2010)

Glioblastoma is the most common type of primary brain tumor and is rapidly progressive with few treatment options. Here, we report that sorafenib (< or =10 micromol/L) inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in two established cell lines (U87 and U251) and two primary cultures (PBT015 and PBT022) from human glioblastomas. The effects of sorafenib on these tumor cells were associated with inhibiting phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3; Tyr705). Expression of a constitutively activated STAT3 mutant partially blocked the effects of sorafenib, consistent with a role for STAT3 inhibition in the response to sorafenib. Phosphorylated Janus-activated kinase (JAK)1 was inhibited in U87 and U251 cells, whereas phosphorylated JAK2 was inhibited in primary cultures. Sodium vanadate, a general inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases, blocked the inhibition of phosphorylation of STAT3 (Tyr705) induced by sorafenib. These data indicate that the inhibition of STAT3 activity by sorafenib involves both the inhibition of upstream kinases (JAK1 and JAK2) of STAT3 and increased phosphatase activity. Phosphorylation of AKT was also reduced by sorafenib. In contrast, mitogen-activated protein kinases were not consistently inhibited by sorafenib in these cells. Two key cyclins (D and E) and the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 were downregulated by sorafenib in both cell lines and primary cultures. Our data suggest that inhibition of STAT3 signaling by sorafenib contributes to growth arrest and induction of apoptosis in glioblastoma cells. These findings provide a rationale for potential treatment of malignant gliomas with sorafenib. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(4); 953-62. (c)2010 AACR.
A domain-specific programming language for secure multiparty computation (2007)

We present a domain-specific programming language for Secure Multiparty Computation (SMC).
Characterization of diphtheria fusion proteins targeted to the human interleukin-3 receptor (2000)

Diphtheria fusion proteins are chimeric proteins consisting of the catalytic and translocation domains of diphtheria toxin (DT(388)) linked through an amide bond to one of a variety of peptide ligands. The ligand targets the molecule to cells and the toxin enters the cell, inactivates protein synthesis and induces cell death. Diphtheria fusion proteins directed to human myeloid leukemic blasts are a novel class of therapeutics for patients with chemotherapy refractory myeloid leukemia. Because of the presence of interleukin-3 (IL3) receptors on myeloid leukemic progenitors and its absence from mature myeloid cells, we synthesized four bacterial expression vectors encoding DT(388) fused to human IL3. Different molecules were engineered to assess the effects of modifications on yield, purity and potency of product. The constructs differed in the size of the linker peptide between the DT(388) and IL3 domains and in the presence or absence of an oligohistidine tag on the N- or C-terminus. Escherichia coli were transformed and recombinant protein induced and purified from inclusion bodies. Similar final yields of 3-6 mg of purified protein per liter of bacterial culture were obtained with each of the four molecules. Purity ranged from 70 to 90% after partial purification by anion-exchange, size-exclusion chromatography and/or nickel affinity chromatography. Proteins were soluble and stable at 4 degrees C and -80 degrees C in phosphate-buffered saline at 0.03-0.5 mg/ml. The fusion proteins showed predicted molecular weights by SDS-PAGE, HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry and had full ADP-ribosylating activities. Each was immunoreactive with antibodies to DT(388) and IL3. Each of the fusion proteins with the exception of the one with an N-terminal oligohistidine tag showed full IL3 receptor binding affinity (K:(d) = 3 nM) and potent and selective cytotoxicity to IL3 receptor positive human myeloid leukemia cell lines (IC(50) = 5-10 pM). In contrast, the N-terminal histidine-tagged fusion protein bound IL3 receptor with a 10-fold lower affinity and was 10-fold less cytotoxic to IL3 receptor positive blasts. Thus, we report a series of novel, biologically active DT(388)IL3 fusion proteins for potential therapy of patients with receptor positive myeloid leukemias.
Anti‐IL‐31 receptor antibody is shown to be a potential therapeutic option for treating itch and dermatitis in mice (2014)

Anti-IL-31 receptor α is a potential novel therapeutic approach for escaping from the itch-scratch cycle and also a treatment for dermatitis in AD.
Cryptic Self-association Sites in Type III Modules of Fibronectin (1997)

The first type III module of fibronectin (Fn) contains a cryptic site that binds Fn and its N-terminal 29 kDa fragment and is thought to be important for fibril formation (Morla, A., Zhang, Z., and Ruoslahti, E. (1994) Nature 367, 193-196; Hocking, D. C., Sottile, J. , and McKeown-Longo, P. J. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 19183-19191). A synthetic 31-mer peptide (NAPQ ... TIPG) derived from the middle of domain III1 was also shown to bind Fn, but the site of its interaction was not determined (Morla, A., and Ruoslahti, E. (1992) J. Cell Biol. 118, 421-429). By affinity chromatography on peptide-agarose, we tested a set of fragments representing the entire light chain of plasma Fn. Only 40-kDa Hep-2 (III12-15) failed to bind. The concentration of urea required for peak elution of Fn and the other fragments decreased in the order Fn > 42-kDa GBF (I6II1-2I7-9) > 19-kDa Fib-2 (I10-12) > 110-kDa CBF(III2-10) > 29-kDa Fib-1 (I1-I5). Neither Fn nor any of the fragments bound immobilized intact III1, confirming the cryptic nature of this activity. In an effort to detect interactions between other Fn domains, all fragments were coupled to Sepharose, and each fragment was tested on each affinity matrix before and after denaturation. The only interaction detected was that of fluid phase III1 with immobilized denatured 110-kDa CBF and 40-kDa Hep-2, both of which contain type III domains. Analysis of subfragments revealed this activity to be dominated by domains III7 and III15. Fn itself did not bind to the denatured fragments. Thus, domain III1 contains two cryptic "self-association sites," one that is buried in the core of the fold but recognizes many Fn fragments when presented as a peptide and another that is concealed in Fn but exposed in the native isolated domain and recognizes cryptic sites in two other type III domains. These interactions between type III domains could play an important role in assembly of Fn multimers in the extracellular matrix.
Autoimmune Kidney Disease in MRL/lpr Mice Inhibited by OK-432; II. Effect of Indomethacin. (1992)

We have reported that OK-432 (a streptococcal preparation) prevents the development of autoimmune kidney disease in MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) mice and prolongs their survival time. In the present study, to clarify the mechanism of this action of OK-432, we examined whether the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (IND) affects this inhibition by OK-432. It was reconfirmed that OK-432 prevented the development of autoimmune kidney disease and prolonged the survival time. This OK-432 effect was counteracted when IND was coadministered. Furthermore, OK-432 produced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and prostaglandin (PG) E2 in the peritoneal fluids in this strain of mice. The coadministration of IND suppressed the PGE2 but not the TNF-alpha production. These results suggest the possibility that the inhibition of autoimmune kidney disease by OK-432 might be due to the induction of cyclooxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid.
Media for Interactive Communication (1983)

To characterize a system as interactive there must be 3 actions: a statement question request or other message from communicant A to communicant B; a response from B to A based on what A has just said; and a response or reaction from A to B based on Bs response. Of these 3 actions the 2nd and 3rd are always required in interaction. The 1st action is dispensable. Only at the beginning of an interchange is the 1st action necessary or at the start of a new subject of discussion. The remainder of the time the 2 communicants respond to each other. This is the best definition of interactive communication and the one used in this book i.e. interactive communication is the situation in which each of 2 (or more) communicants responds to the other. The essential component of this book is found in part III the section devoted to system design features the issues and problems that characterize these features the analysis of causes for success and failure and design suggestions for future systems. The books 2nd part is an extended section on what is termed quasi-interactive media systems. These relatively new systems bring information in alphamerica and graphic form into the home or office transmitted in between the video frames on standard broadcast channels or fed via regular telephone circuits. The interactive media systems described in this section are all based on words either spoken or written. This is because almost the entire content of interactive communication is cognitive and for cognitive information transmission words are the most important means. Thus for the taxonomy the interactive media will be divided between those that are based on the spoken word for which the technical medium of transmission or recording is audio; and the written word the general medium for which is called alphameric. Only the audio media (radio telephone tape and so on) and the alphameric media (telex twx teletype and other telemetry) are often used in their pure and simple form. The 1st audio-based systems to be described in this section are examples of the audiovisual medial combination called television. 2 chapters describe the so-called audio system and another chapter describes the computer conferencing alphameric system. The descriptions of example systems provided are brief and factual without evaluation.
Diabetic Nephropathy Amelioration by a Low-Dose Sitagliptin in an Animal Model of Type 2 Diabetes (Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rat) (2011)

This study was performed to assess the effect of chronic low-dose sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, on metabolic profile and on renal lesions aggravation in a rat model of type-2 diabetic nephropathy, the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat. Diabetic and obese ZDF (fa/fa) rats and their controls ZDF (+/+) were treated for 6 weeks with vehicle (control) or sitagliptin (10 mg/kg/bw). Blood/serum glucose, HbA1c, insulin, Total-c, TGs, urea, and creatinine were assessed, as well as kidney glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions (interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy), using a semiquantitative rating from 0 (absent/normal) to 3 (severe and extensive damage). Vascular lesions were scored from 0-2. Sitagliptin in the diabetic rats promoted an amelioration of glycemia, HbA1c, Total-c, and TGs, accompanied by a partial prevention of insulinopenia. Furthermore, together with urea increment prevention, renal lesions were ameliorated in the diabetic rats, including glomerular, tubulointerstitial, and vascular lesions, accompanied by reduced lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, chronic low-dose sitagliptin treatment was able to ameliorate diabetic nephropathy, which might represent a key step forward in the management of T2DM and this serious complication.
The antigenic landscape of multiple myeloma: mass spectrometry (re)defines targets for T-cell–based immunotherapy (2015)

Direct analysis of HLA-presented antigens by mass spectrometry provides a comprehensive view on the antigenic landscape of different tissues/malignancies and enables the identification of novel, pathophysiologically relevant T-cell epitopes. Here, we present a systematic and comparative study of the HLA class I and II presented, nonmutant antigenome of multiple myeloma (MM). Quantification of HLA surface expression revealed elevated HLA molecule counts on malignant plasma cells compared with normal B cells, excluding relevant HLA downregulation in MM. Analyzing the presentation of established myeloma-associated T-cell antigens on the HLA ligandome level, we found a substantial proportion of antigens to be only infrequently presented on primary myelomas or to display suboptimal degrees of myeloma specificity. However, unsupervised analysis of our extensive HLA ligand data set delineated a panel of 58 highly specific myeloma-associated antigens (including multiple myeloma SET domain containing protein) which are characterized by frequent and exclusive presentation on myeloma samples. Functional characterization of these target antigens revealed peptide-specific, preexisting CD8(+) T-cell responses exclusively in myeloma patients, which is indicative of pathophysiological relevance. Furthermore, in vitro priming experiments revealed that peptide-specific T-cell responses can be induced in response-naive myeloma patients. Together, our results serve to guide antigen selection for T-cell-based immunotherapy of MM.
PTENGene Targeting Reveals a Radiation-Induced Size Checkpoint in Human Cancer Cells (2004)

Following DNA damage, human cells arrest primarily in the G(1) and G(2) phases of the cell cycle. Here, we show that after irradiation, human cancer cells with targeted deletion of PTEN or naturally occurring PTEN mutations can exert G(1) and G(2) arrests but are unable to arrest in size. Pharmacological inhibition of phosphoinositol-3-kinase or mTOR in PTEN(-/-) cells restored the size arrest, whereas siRNA-mediated depletion of TSC2 in PTEN(+/+) cells attenuated the size arrest. Radiation treatment potentiated Akt activation in PTEN(-/-) but not PTEN(+/+) cells. Finally, abrogation of the size arrest via PTEN deletion conferred radiosensitivity both in vitro and in vivo. These results identify a new tumor suppressor gene-regulated, DNA damage-inducible arrest that occurs simultaneously with the G(1) and G(2) arrests but is genetically separable from them. We suggest that aberrant regulation of cell size during cell cycle arrest may be important in human cancer pathogenesis.
Pancreatic Islets of Obese Hyperglycemic Mice (ob/ob) (1992)

The development of the obesity-associated hyperglycemic syndrome in ob/ob mice, genetically determined, was observed over time by a combined functional and structural study of pancreatic islets. Islet areas increased with advancing age in ob/ob mice from 2 times at 1 month to 30 times at 6 months of age the size of lean mouse islets. Islet areas apparently increased more than pancreatic insulin content in ob/ob mice. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed to study in vivo responses to glucose and insulin, respectively, in 1-, 3-, and 6-month-old mice. With ob/ob mice, glucose tolerance tests revealed more elevation of plasma glucose than in lean mice, the lean mice revealing more elevated plasma insulin than the obese mice. In insulin tolerance tests, lean mice presented marked hypoglycemia, whereas ob/ob mice revealed slightly higher plasma glucose at 1 month of age but three to four times higher amounts than that of lean mice at 6 months of age. Thus, increasing insulin resistance in ob/ob mice older than 3 months is associated with progressively increasing islet area, which contains proportionally less insulin than that of lean mouse pancreas. The data suggest that insulin resistance in ob/ob mice progressively develops up to 6 months of age and that marked islet hyperplasia is likely in response to sustained hyperglycemia, leading to hyperinsulinemia and eventual marked obesity.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF STERICALLY HINDERED SECONDARY AMINES (1974)

Abstract Sterisch gehinderte sek. Amine (IV), die als starke Basen mit geringer Nucleophilie von Interesse sind, können in guten Ausbeuten durch Kondensation von geeigneten primären Aminen (I) mit Ketonen (II) zu Ketiminen (III) mit Hilfe von Titantetrachlorid als Katalysator in Benzol und nachfolgende Hydrierung über Platin hergestellt werden.