gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protection of mice against experimental cryptococcosis by anti-Cryptococcus neoformans monoclonal antibody (1987)

Humoral immunity does not play a prominent role during experimental cryptococcosis. However, previous studies have shown that immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-Cryptococcus neoformans antibodies can mediate cell-dependent yeast killing in vitro. Therefore, the protective effect of a previously described monoclonal IgG1 anti-C. neoformans antibody (E1) administered intraperitoneally 24 h before intravenous infection with a C. neoformans serotype A strain was evaluated in mice. Heavily infected (3 X 10(6) cells) untreated mice died in 2.9 +/- 0.5 (standard deviation) days. Survival time was 17.9 +/- 1.6 days for mice treated with 100 micrograms of E1 and 3.0 +/- 0.7 days for mice treated with 100 micrograms of a monoclonal IgG1 anti-thyroglobulin antibody used as a control. Protection was dose dependent and required at least 10 micrograms of E1 (mean antibody concentration in serum +/- standard deviation, 6.6 +/- 2.3 micrograms/ml). Insufficient concentrations of IgG anti-C. neoformans antibody could explain previous negative results obtained with polyclonal immune serum. After infection with a smaller inoculum (5 X 10(3) to 5 X 10(4)), the protective effect of E1 was confirmed by the presence of fewer CFUs in the spleens and brains of treated mice than in those of controls. CFU were still detected in the brains of protected mice 5 days after infection, although soluble antigen was negative in sera. These results suggest that passive serotherapy with monoclonal IgG antibodies could participate in the prevention or treatment of experimental cryptococcosis.
Eine einfache Methode zur Reduktion von Alkoholen zu Kohlenwasserstoffen (1974)

Abstract Alkohole Können mit sehr guten Ausbeuten durch katalytische Hydrierung der entsprechenden O ‐ Alkylisoharnstoffe in Kohlenwasserstoffe übergeführt werden. Die Hydrogenolyse des O ‐Isobornylisoharnstoffs verläft unter gleichzeitiger Gerüstumlagerung.
The New Routing Algorithm for the ARPANET (1980)

The new ARPANET routing algorithm is an improvement over the old procedure in that it uses fewer network resources, operates on more realistic estimates of network conditions, reacts faster to important network changes, and does not suffer from long-term loops or oscillations. In the new procedure, each node in the network maintains a database describing the complete network topology and the delays on all lines, and uses the database describing the network to generate a tree representing the minimum delay paths from a given root node to every other network node. Because the traffic in the network can be quite variable, each node periodically measures the delays along its outgoing lines and forwards this information to all other nodes. The delay information propagates quickly through the network so that all nodes can update their databases and continue to route traffic in a consistent and efficient manner. An extensive series of tests were conducted on the ARPANET, showing that line overhead and CPU overhead are both less than two percent, most nodes learn of an update within 100 ms, and the algorithm detects congestion and routes packets around congested areas.
Receptor and Antibody Epitopes in Human Growth Hormone Identified by Homolog-Scanning Mutagenesis (1989)

A strategy, termed homolog-scanning mutagenesis, was used to identify the epitopes on human growth hormone (hGH) for binding to its cloned liver receptor and eight different monoclonal antibodies (Mab's). Segments of sequences (7 to 30 residues long) that were derived from homologous hormones known not to bind to the hGH receptor or Mab's, were systematically substituted throughout the hGH gene to produce a set of 17 chimeric hormones. Each Mab or receptor was categorized by a particular subset of mutant hormones was categorized by a particular subset of mutant hormones that disrupted binding. Each subset of the disruptive mutations mapped within close proximity on a three-dimensional model of hGH, even though the residues changed within each subset were usually distant in the primary sequence. The mapping analysis correctly predicted those Mab's which could or could not block binding of the receptor to hGH and further suggested (along with other data) that the folding of these chimeric hormones is like that of HGH. By this analysis, three discontinuous polypeptide determinants in hGH--the loop between residues 54 and 74, the central portion of helix 4 to the carboxyl terminus, and to a lesser extent the amino-terminal region of helix 1--modulate binding to the liver receptor. Homolog-scanning mutagenesis should be of general use in identifying sequences that cause functional variation among homologous proteins.
Extracting support data for a given task (1995)

We report a novel possibility for extracting a small subset of a data base which contains all the information necessary to solve a given classification task: using the Support Vector Algorithm to train three different types of handwritten digit classifiers, we observed that these types of classifiers construct their decision surface from strongly overlapping small (ß 4%) subsets of the data base. This finding opens up the possibility of compressing data bases significantly by disposing of the data which is not important for the solution of a given task. In addition, we show that the theory allows us to predict the classifier that will have the best generalization ability, based solely on performance on the training set and characteristics of the learning machines. This finding is important for cases where the amount of available data is limited. Introduction in: U. M. Fayyad and R. Uthurusamy (eds.): Proceedings, First International Conference on Knowledge Discovery &amp;amp; Data Mining. AAA...
Optimization and stabilization of visibility in interferometric fiber-optic sensors using input-polarization control (1988)

The effects of input polarization on the output fringe visibility of two-beam interferometric fiber-optic sensors are investigated, and an analysis which predicts the existence of input states of polarization of eigenmodes of the interferometer for which optimum output visibility is obtained is presented. Experimental results obtained using both a bulk-optic and a fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer are reported that verify this analysis. Active feedback stabilization of the output fringe visibility of an interferometric sensor using automatic input-polarization control is demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Development and characterization of an Fv-1-sensitive retrovirus-packaging system: single-hit titration kinetics observed in restrictive cells (1989)

We have constructed an RNA-packaging-deficient mutant of N-tropic murine leukemia virus WN1802N by removal of 330 nucleotides located between the upstream long terminal repeat and the start of the gag gene region. Transfection into mink CCL64 cells produced a cell line capable of packaging retrovirus vectors into ecotropic, Fv-1 N-tropic virions. Using retrovirus vectors that confer resistance to the antibiotic G418, we demonstrated that the magnitude of restriction in BALB/3T3 and SIM.R cells (both Fv-1b/b) and in RFM/3T3 cells (Fv-1nr/nr) is approximately 100-fold compared with that in AKR or NIH 3T3 cells (both Fv-1n/n). Furthermore, titration kinetics were single hit in restrictive cells. Colonies of antibiotic-resistant cells recovered after infection of genotypically restrictive cultures were phenotypically restrictive when reinfected, ruling out selection of stably nonrestrictive subpopulations. These results suggest that the ability to infect some fraction of cells in a genotypically restrictive culture does not require specific abrogation and that multihit kinetics may not be an essential feature of Fv-1 restriction.
Microstructure and Dynamics of the Water-in-Oil CTAB/n-Pentanol/n-Hexane/Water Microemulsion:  A Spectroscopic and Conductivity Study (1996)

Quaternary water-in-oil microemulsion of a cationic surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB), n-hexane, water, and n-pentanol has been investigated using conductivity, quasi-elastic light scattering, near-infrared absorption spectroscopy, and pulsed field gradient spin-echo NMR measurements. The conductivity behavior shows features characteristic of the migration of charged droplets. Consequently, using the charge fluctuation model, the conductivity data were correlated with the droplet radius obtained from self-diffusion coefficients for different obstruction factors. Conductivity and self-diffusion measurements were found to be self-consistent for spherical droplets with hard-sphere interactions. Comparison between collective diffusion and self-diffusion coefficients fully supports this conclusion. The average head-group area of CTAB, the amount of water free in the organic bulk, and the fraction of alcohol present into the aggregates were evaluated together with the thickness of both the interfacial film and the bound water layer providing a full microscopic picture of the system.
The IgG Fc receptor, FcγRIIB, is a target for deregulation by chromosomal translocation in malignant lymphoma (2000)

Rearrangement of chromosomal bands 1q21–23 is one of the most frequent chromosomal aberrations observed in hematological malignancy. The genes affected by these rearrangements remain poorly characterized. Typically, 1q21–23 rearrangements arise during tumor evolution and accompany disease-specific chromosomal rearrangements such as t(14;18) ( BCL2 ) and t(8;14) ( MYC ), where they are thus thought to play an important role in tumor progression. The pathogenetic basis of this 1q21–23-associated disease progression is currently unknown. In this setting, we surveyed our series of follicular lymphoma for evidence of recurring 1q21–23 breaks and identified three cases in which a t(14;18)(q32;q21) was accompanied by a novel balanced t(1;22)(q22;q11). Molecular cloning of the t(1;22) in a cell line (B593) derived from one of these cases and detailed fluorescent in situ hybridization mapping in the two remaining cases identified the FCGR2B gene, which encodes the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif-bearing IgG Fc receptor, FcγRIIB, as the target gene of the t(1;22)(q22;q11). We demonstrate deregulation of FCGR2B leading to hyperexpression of FcγRIIb2 as the principal consequence of the t(1;22). This is evidence that IgG Fc receptors can be targets for deregulation through chromosomal translocation in lymphoma. It suggests that dysregulation of FCGR2B may play a role in tumor progression in follicular lymphoma.
Numerical Simulation of Two and Three Dimensional Circulation Control Problems (2005)

The flows about 2-D and 3-D bluff trailing edge circulation control (CC) airfoils are computed using steady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) methods. The 2-D foil is the NCCR 1510-7067 elliptical CC airfoil with circular and logarithmic spiral trailing edge geometries. The free stream Reynolds number, based on chord, is 5.45 × 10 5 , with a free stream Mach number of 0.12. For the circular trailing edge the slot height, blowing rate and angle of attack are varied, while for the logarithmic spiral only the blowing rate is varied. The 3-D foil is a semi-span wing with an elliptical cross section. It is run with a chord-based Reynolds number of 2 × 10 6 and two blowing rates. The 2-D flows are computed using the compressible, segregated solver, Fluent. 2-D results show that the full-Reynolds stress turbulence model (FRSM) predicts the correct jet detachment behavior for the circular trailing edge although the integrated lift forces are consistently underpredicted. The coanda jet detachment point for the logarithmic spiral trailing edge is predicted correctly for a lower blowing rate, but as blowing rate increases, the jet does not detach until it has wrapped around to the pressure side. We show additional 2-D results using mesh refinement via grid adaption and isotropic eddy viscosity turbulence models. The 3-D simulations use the incompressible segregated Fluent solver applying the k −ω SST turbulence model. Results show a slight attachment of the the coanda jet on the pressure side, but the results are generally encouraging.
Bone and cartilage differentiation (1994)

Recent progress in the study of regulation of bone and cartilage differentiation has come from the isolation, cloning, and expression of genes encoding bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). BMPs initiate cartilage and bone formation in a sequential cascade. Their pleiotropic effects on chemotaxis, mitosis, and differentiation are based on concentration-dependent thresholds. The existence of multiple members of the BMP family raises issues concerning functional redundancy. Current work in progress in different laboratories has revealed that BMP-2 or BMP-4 gene knockout by homologous recombination results, surprisingly, in embryonic lethality. Cartilage and bone differentiation during endochondral development involves a continuum of steps: initiation, promotion, maintenance, modeling, and termination. The signaling factors for initiation and maintenance are being defined at the molecular level, and future studies will focus on the gene regulation of initial signaling molecules such as BMPs. Critical progress in the determination of the role of BMPs in bone development has been accomplished by systematic study of skeletal mutations such as short ear and brachypodism in mice. The accelerating pace of advance in this area augurs well for the resolution of the molecular basis of morphogenesis of bone and cartilage.
A NEW CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY DISORDER: THE NIJMEGEN BREAKAGE SYNDROME (1981)

A 10-year-old boy with microcephaly, stunted growth, mental retardation, café-au-lait spots and immunodeficiency is described. An older brother of the patient had the same clinical symptoms and a more severe immunodeficiency. Cytogenetic studies in the proband revealed a typical form of chromosome instability with multiple rearrangements of chromosomes 7 and 14. Such abnormalities were also present, though in very low frequencies, in the father and three of the phenotypically normal sibs. The similarity of the symptoms in the two sibs, the close consanguinity of their parents and the results of the cytogenetic studies in the family favour the hypothesis that the disorder is an inherited one. The clinical features and the chromosome aberrations as present in the proband are usually found in chromosomal breakage syndromes, but it was possible to exclude each of the classical chromosomal breakage syndromes on clinical and/or cytogenetic grounds.
Clinical management of low ovarian response to stimulation for IVF: a systematic review (2003)

Poor response is not a rare occurrence in ovarian stimulation. Although not fully accepted, the most dominant criteria for poor ovarian response are small numbers of follicles developed or oocytes retrieved, and low estradiol (E2) levels after the use of a standard stimulation protocol. There is no ideal predictive test as the poor responder is revealed only during ovulation induction; however, increased levels of day 3 FSH and E2 as well as decreased levels of inhibin B can be used to assess ovarian reserve. Several protocols have been proposed for clinical management of low ovarian response in IVF. Although high doses of gonadotrophins have been used by the vast majority of authors, results have been controversial and prospective randomized studies have shown little or no benefit. The few available relevant studies do not indicate that recombinant FSH improves outcome. Flare-up GnRH agonist protocols (including all dosage varieties) produce better results than standard long luteal protocols. Luteal initiation GnRH agonist 'stop' protocols were shown to improve ovarian response according to prospective studies with historical controls, but this was not confirmed by well-designed prospective, randomized, controlled studies. The few available data obtained with GnRH antagonists have not shown any benefits. Adjuvant therapy with growth hormone (GH) or GH-releasing factors results in no significant improvement. The use of corticosteroids reduces the incidence of poor ovarian response in women undergoing IVF treatment. The limited data obtained with nitric oxide donors are encouraging. Pretreatment with combined oral contraceptives prior to stimulation may help ovarian response. No benefit was observed with standard use of ICSI or assisted hatching of zona pellucida. Finally, natural cycle IVF has produced results which are comparable with those obtained with stimulated cycles in true poor responders. Well-designed, large-scale, randomized, controlled trials are needed to assess the efficacy of these different management strategies.
Training issues and channel equalization techniques for the construction of telephone acoustic models using a high-quality speech corpus (1994)

We describe an approach for the estimation of acoustic phonetic models that will be used in a hidden Markov model (HMM) recognizer operating over the telephone. We explore two complementary techniques to developing telephone acoustic models. The first technique presents two new channel compensation algorithms. Experimental results on the Wall Street Journal corpus show no significant improvement over sentence-based cepstral-mean removal. The second technique uses an existing "high-quality" speech corpus to train acoustic models that are appropriate for the switchboard credit card task over long-distance telephone lines. Experimental results show that cross-database acoustic training yields performance similar to that of conventional task-dependent acoustic training.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
cis-Acting components of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA replication: linker substitution analysis of the HPV type 11 origin (1995)

Papillomavirus DNA replication requires the viral trans-acting factors E1 and E2 in addition to the host cell's general replication machinery. The origins of DNA replication in bovine and human papillomavirus genomes have been localized to a specific part of the upstream regulatory region (URR) which includes recognition sites for E1 and E2 proteins. To fine map cis-acting elements influencing human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) DNA replication and to determine the relative contributions of such sites, we engineered consecutive linker substitution mutations across a region of 158 bp in the HPV-11 origin and tested mutant origins for replication function in a cell-based transient replication assay. Our results both confirm and extend the findings of others. E2 binding sites are the major cis components of HPV-11 DNA replication, and there is evidence for synergy between these sites. Differential capacity of the three E2 binding sites within the origin to affect replication may be attributed, at least in part, to context. At least one E2 binding site is essential for replication. The imperfect AT-rich palindrome of the E1 helicase binding site is not essential since replication occurs even in the absence of this sequence. However, replication is enhanced by the presence of the palindromic sequence in the HPV-11 origin. Sequence components adjacent to the E1 and E2 binding sites, comprising AT-rich and purine-rich elements and the consensus TATA box sequence, probably contribute to the overall efficiency of replication, though they are nonessential. None of the other cis elements of the HPV-11 origin region analyzed seems to influence replication significantly in the system described. The HPV-11 origin of DNA replication therefore differs from those of the other papovaviruses, simian virus 40 and polyomavirus, inasmuch as an intact helicase binding site and adjacent AT-rich components, while influential, are not absolutely essential.
Uptake and intracellular survival of Bordetella pertussis in human macrophages (1992)

Recent reports have demonstrated that Bordetella pertussis has invasive behavior in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we investigated the ability of a virulent strain, avirulent mutants, and mutants deficient in specific virulence factors to enter and survive intracellularly in human macrophages in vitro. Uptake of virulent B. pertussis was dose dependent and occurred in the absence of serum or specific antibody, with entry occurring via a microfilament-dependent phagocytic process. The virulent wild-type parental strain was internalized and persisted intracellularly over the 3 days of experiments, as determined by transmission electron microscopy and by recovery of viable plate counts. This is the first report of long-term survival of B. pertussis in human macrophages. Avirulent mutants entered macrophages, but at only an average of 1.5% of virulent parental levels, and did not survive intracellularly. Mutants which did not express adenylate cyclase toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, or pertussis toxin had decreased abilities to enter and to survive inside macrophages. The results suggest that the internalization process, as well as intracellular survival, is virulence dependent and that mutations which inactivate expression of virulence factors may affect both. The ability of B. pertussis to enter and persist inside macrophages may be important not only for survival of the bacteria but also in the pathogenesis of whooping cough.
Li 6 ALa 2 Nb 2 O 12 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba): A New Class of Fast Lithium Ion Conductors with Garnet‐Like Structure (2005)

Garnet‐like structured metal oxides with the general formula Li 6 ALa 2 Nb 2 O 12 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba) have been prepared by solid‐state reaction using appropriate amounts of corresponding metal oxides, nitrates, and hydroxides. The powder X‐ray diffraction data reveal that Li 6 ALa 2 Nb 2 O 12 compounds are isostructural with the parent compound Li 5 La 3 Nb 2 O 12 . The cubic lattice parameter was found to increase with increasing size of the alkaline earth ions. The grain size decreases considerably with the substitution of La by the alkaline earth elements under the same preparation conditions. The Ca‐substituted compound exhibits both bulk and major grain boundary contributions to the total resistance, while the Sr‐ and Ba‐substituted compounds show mainly bulk resistance with a rather small grain boundary contribution (∼14% of the total resistance at 20°C) with further decrease with increasing temperature. In comparison, the ionic conductivity decreases with decreasing ionic radius of the alkaline earth elements. Among the investigated compounds, the Ba‐compound Li 6 BaLa 2 Nb 2 O 12 shows the highest ionic conductivity of 6 × 10 −6 S/cm at room temperature (22°C) and lowest activation energy of 0.44 eV compared with 0.55 and 0.50 eV for the corresponding Ca‐ and Sr‐ compounds, respectively. The ionic conductivity is comparable with that of parent Li 5 La 3 Nb 2 O 12 and other fast lithium ion conductors known so far.
MOF-Supported Selective Ethylene Dimerization Single-Site Catalysts through One-Pot Postsynthetic Modification (2013)

The one-pot postfunctionalization allows anchoring a molecular nickel complex into a mesoporous metal-organic framework (Ni@(Fe)MIL-101). It is generating a very active and reusable catalyst for the liquid-phase ethylene dimerization to selectively form 1-butene. Higher selectivity for 1-butene is found using the Ni@(Fe)MIL-101 catalyst than reported for molecular nickel diimino complexes.