gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical Absorption Enhancement in Amorphous Silicon Nanowire and Nanocone Arrays (2008)

Hydrogenated amorphous Si (a-Si:H) is an important solar cell material. Here we demonstrate the fabrication of a-Si:H nanowires (NWs) and nanocones (NCs), using an easily scalable and IC-compatible process. We also investigate the optical properties of these nanostructures. These a-Si:H nanostructures display greatly enhanced absorption over a large range of wavelengths and angles of incidence, due to suppressed reflection. The enhancement effect is particularly strong for a-Si:H NC arrays, which provide nearly perfect impedance matching between a-Si:H and air through a gradual reduction of the effective refractive index. More than 90% of light is absorbed at angles of incidence up to 60 degrees for a-Si:H NC arrays, which is significantly better than NW arrays (70%) and thin films (45%). In addition, the absorption of NC arrays is 88% at the band gap edge of a-Si:H, which is much higher than NW arrays (70%) and thin films (53%). Our experimental data agree very well with simulation. The a-Si:H nanocones function as both absorber and antireflection layers, which offer a promising approach to enhance the solar cell energy conversion efficiency.
An Update on Autoinflammatory Diseases (2013)

Autoinflammatory diseases area group of clinical conditions other than autoimmune diseases, characterized by recurrent inflammatory episodes. From apathogenetic point of view they are determined by a dys regulation of innate immunity, without involvement of specific immunity (auto reactive T cells and auto antibodies). Recently, the increased knowledge in the field of auto inflammation highlighted shared immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of both classical monogenetic and multifactorial auto inflammatory diseases and a broad spectrum of chronic age-related inflammatory pathologies. The current increase in the prevalence of chronic inflammatory diseases makes this subject of topical interest. In the light of these considerations, we propose an update of auto inflammatory diseases and a new interpretation of auto inflammation with both theoretical and clinical implications.
Manipulation and detection of a trappedYb+hyperfine qubit (2007)

We demonstrate the use of trapped ytterbium ions as quantum bits for quantum information processing. We implement fast, efficient state preparation and state detection of the first-order magnetic field-insensitive hyperfine levels of $^{171}\mathrm{Yb}^{+}$, with a measured coherence time of $2.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$. The high efficiency and high fidelity of these operations is accomplished through the stabilization and frequency modulation of relevant laser sources.
The Basic Science of Human Knee Menisci (2011)

An understanding of the normal anatomy and biomechanics of the menisci is a necessary prerequisite to understanding the pathogenesis of disorders involving the knee.
Inhibition of T Cell and Promotion of Natural Killer Cell Development by the Dominant Negative Helix Loop Helix Factor Id3 (1997)

Bipotential T/natural killer (NK) progenitor cells are present in the human thymus. Despite their bipotential capacity, these progenitors develop predominantly to T cells in the thymus. The mechanisms controlling this developmental choice are unknown. Here we present evidence that a member(s) of the family of basic helix loop helix (bHLH) transcription factors determines lineage specification of NK/T cell progenitors. The natural dominant negative HLH factor Id3, which blocks transcriptional activity of a number of known bHLH factors, was expressed in CD34+ progenitor cells by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Constitutive expression of Id3 completely blocks development of CD34+ cells into T cells in a fetal thymic organ culture (FTOC). In contrast, development into NK cells in an FTOC is enhanced. Thus, the activity of a bHLH transcription factor is necessary for T lineage differentiation of bipotential precursors, in the absence of which a default pathway leading to NK cell development is chosen. Our results identify a molecular switch for lineage specification in early lymphoid precursors of humans.
The passive mechanical properties of the extensor digitorum longus muscle are compromised in 2- to 20-mo-old mdx mice (2011)

Muscle rigidity and myotendinous junction (MTJ) deficiency contribute to immobilization in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a lethal disease caused by the absence of dystrophin. However, little is known about the muscle passive properties and MTJ strength in a diseased muscle. Here, we hypothesize that dystrophin-deficient muscle pathology renders skeletal muscle stiffer and MTJ weaker. To test our hypothesis, we examined the passive properties of an intact noncontracting muscle-tendon unit in mdx mice, a mouse model for DMD. The extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle-tendon preparations of 2-, 6-, 14-, and 20-mo-old mdx and normal control mice were strained stepwisely from 110% to 160% of the muscle optimal length. The stress-strain response and failure position were analyzed. In support of our hypothesis, the mdx EDL preparation consistently developed higher stress before muscle failure. Postfailure stresses decreased dramatically in mdx but not normal preparations. Further, mdx showed a significantly faster stress relaxation rate. Consistent with stress-strain assay results, we observed significantly higher fibrosis in mdx muscle. In 2- and 6-mo-old mdx and 20-mo-old BL10 mice failure occurred within the muscle (2- to 14-mo-old BL10 preparations did not fail). Interestingly, in ≥14-mo-old mdx mice the failure site shifted toward the MTJ. Electron microscopy revealed substantial MTJ degeneration in aged but not young mdx mice. In summary, our results suggest that the passive properties of the EDL muscle and the strength of MTJ are compromised in mdx in an age-dependent manner. These findings offer new insights in studying DMD pathogenesis and developing novel therapies.
GSK1265744 Pharmacokinetics in Plasma and Tissue After Single-Dose Long-Acting Injectable Administration in Healthy Subjects (2014)

These data suggest 744 LA injection has potential application as a monthly or less frequent HIV treatment or prevention agent.
Use of Combined Anticholinergic Medication and Sacral Neuromodulation in the Treatment of Refractory Overactive Bladder (2011)

: A subset of patients had improved therapeutic response with combined SNM and ACH therapy. The only factor associated with supplemental ACH use was body mass index.
Detection of pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 by a hybrid microfluidic SPR and molecular imaging cytometry device (2008)

Current methods to screen for bacterial contamination involve using costly reagents such as antibodies or PCR reagents or time-costly growth in cultures. There is need for portable, real-time, multiplex pathogen detection technology that can predict the safety of food. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging is a sensitive, label-free method that can detect the binding of an analyte to a surface by the changes in refractive index that occur upon binding. We have designed a hybrid microfluidic biochip to perform multiplexed detection of single-celled pathogens using a combination of SPR and fluorescence imaging. The device consists of an array of gold spots, each functionalized with a capture biomolecule targeting a specific pathogen. This biosensor array is enclosed by a polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic flow chamber that delivers a magnetically concentrated sample to be tested. The sample is imaged by SPR on the bottom of the biochip and epi-fluorescence on the top. The prototype instrument was successfully able to image antibody-captured E. coli O157:H7 bacteria by SPR and fluorescence imaging. The efficiency of capture of these bacteria by the magnetic particles was determined using spectrophotometric ferric oxide absorbance measurements. The binding of the E. coli to each spot was quantified by measuring the percent of the gold spot area upon which the bacteria was bound and analyzed using NIH ImageJ software. This hybrid imaging approach of pathogenic E. coli detection coupled with an estimate of relative infectivity is shown to be a working example of a testing device for potential foodborne pathogens.
Immunotherapy of Malignant Melanoma in a SCID Mouse Model Using the Highly Cytotoxic Natural Killer Cell Line NK-92 (1999)

In this work, we evaluated the potential of the natural killer (NK) cell line NK-92 and its IL-2-independent variants NK-92MI and CI, as immunotherapy for melanoma. In vitro, we found that NK-92 was much more cytotoxic to a number of human melanoma cell lines than lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, particularly at low effector/target (E:T) ratios. In vivo treatment of mice challenged with MEWO melanoma cells with i.v. administered NK-92 and NK-92-MI resulted in a 1.5-2.5-fold increase in average length of survival. NK-92, MI, and CI were also effective against the WM1341 cell line, causing a 2-5-fold increase in survival when administered before the malignant cells. With s.c. injection, MEWO and WM1341 caused a primary tumor mass, secondary tumors, and metastatic cells. NK-92 cells reduced WM1341 primary tumor size by 40-90% and MEWO tumors by 30-75%. Similar results were seen with NK-92MI and CI. These data show that NK-92 cells are highly cytotoxic to human melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo and suggest that treatment with NK-92 cells may be a potentially effective immunotherapeutic modality in melanoma.
Efficient visible and UV generation by frequency conversion of a mode-filtered fiber amplifier (2003)

We have generated the second, third, fourth, and fifth harmonics of the output of a Yb-doped fiber amplifier seeded by a passively Q-switched Nd:YAG microchip laser. The fiber amplifier employed multimode fiber (25 &mu;m core diameter, V ~ 7.4) to provide high-peak-power pulses, but diffraction-limited beam quality was obtained by use of bend-loss-induced mode filtering. The amplifier output had a pulse duration of 0.97 ns and smooth, transform-limited temporal and spectral profiles (~500 MHz linewidth). We obtained high nonlinear conversion efficiencies using a simple optical arrangement and critically phase-matched crystals. Starting with 320 mW of average power at 1064 nm (86 µJ per pulse at a 3.7 kHz repetition rate), we generated 160 mW at 532 nm, 38 mW at 355 nm, 69 mW at 266 nm, and 18 mW at 213 nm. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with calculations. Significantly higher visible and UV powers will be possible by operating the fiber amplifier at higher repetition rates and pulse energies and by further optimizing the nonlinear conversion scheme.
Effects of human colony-stimulating factor on the uptake and destruction of a pathogenic parasite (Trypanosoma cruzi) by human neutrophils. (1986)

The ability of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-H) to modulate human neutrophil functions was studied by using an in vitro system in which this cell type interacted with intracellular (amastigote [AMA]) forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. The presence of CSF-H during the 30-min period of neutrophil incubation with the AMA markedly enhanced parasite internalization. This effect was evidenced by significant increases in both the percentage of neutrophils incorporating AMA and the average number of AMA per 100 neutrophils with respect to mock-treated neutrophils. Pretreatment of the neutrophils with CSF-H reproduced the enhancement effect, whereas pretreatment of the AMA had no detectable consequence. The minimal neutrophil CSF-H pretreatment period required to significantly increase the number of AMA per 100 neutrophils was 20 min--suggesting that CSF-H induced time-dependent events ultimately leading to the manifestation of the noted effect--but neutrophil treatment with CSF-H for longer periods of time (up to 60 min) caused a much greater enhancement. Consistent with the notion of a regulatory action of CSF-H on neutrophils was the fact that the enhancing effect subsided gradually after removal of the factor and was no longer detectable after 16 hr. When 3H-labeled AMA were used, CSF-H-treated neutrophils released greater amounts of radiolabeled substances than mock-treated cells, indicating a stimulatory effect of CSF-H on the killing capacity of neutrophils. This was confirmed by the fact that untreated neutrophils that had internalized 3H-AMA killed the parasites at a faster rate when subsequently incubated with CSF-H. Catalase, but not superoxide dismutase, mannitol, benzoate, or histidine, inhibited neutrophil killing of the 3H-AMA whether the granulocytes had been exposed to CSF-H or not. This indicated that the cytotoxic mechanism involved the production of hydrogen peroxide in both cases, but possibly at a higher rate in the CSF-H-treated neutrophils. These results point to a regulatory effect of CSF-H on neutrophils that promotes cellular activities that might be relevant to the mechanisms of clearance of T. cruzi in vivo.
Multilevel converters as a utility interface for renewable energy systems (2002)

Multilevel inverter structures have been developed to overcome shortcomings in solid-state switching device ratings so that they can be applied to high-voltage electrical systems. The general function of the multilevel inverter is to synthesize a desired AC voltage from several levels of DC voltages. For this reason, multilevel inverters are ideal for connecting either in series or in parallel an AC grid with renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics or fuel cells or with energy storage devices such as capacitors or batteries. In this paper the cascaded H-bridges multilevel inverter is described.
On Detection of Advertising Images (2007)

Online advertising has enjoyed exponential growth in recent years, and many advertisements appear in the form of images. Although it makes considerable profit, these advertisements tend to disturb the Internet surfing of normal users. Moreover, they always bring extra burden in indexing to commercial image search engines. Therefore, it is necessary to automatically detect those advertising images on the Web. In this paper, a classification based approach is proposed for advertising image detection, in which comprehensive features are exploited and effectively combined. Those features include visual content, link, text and visual layout in hosting Web pages. Promising experimental results are obtained on images collected from about 480 Web sites.
High-efficiency, low-voltage phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode devices with mixed host (2008)

We report high-efficiency, low-voltage phosphorescent green and blue organic light-emitting diode (PHOLED) devices using mixed-host materials in the light-emitting layer (LEL) and various combinations of electron-injecting and electron-transporting layers. The low voltage does not rely on doping of the charge-transport layers. The mixed LEL architecture offers significantly improved efficiency and voltage compared to conventional PHOLEDs with neat hosts, in part by loosening the connection between the electrical band gap and the triplet energy. Bulk recombination in the LEL occurs within ∼10 nm of the interface with an electron-blocking layer. A “hole-blocking layer” need not have hole- or triplet-exciton-blocking properties. Optical microcavity effects on the spectrum and efficiency were used to locate the recombination zone. The effect of layer thickness on drive voltage was used to determine the voltage budget of a typical device. The behavior of undoped devices was investigated, and the electroluminescence is attributed to an exciplex of the two host materials. Electrically detected electron paramagnetic resonance was used to study the behavior of doped and undoped PHOLED devices from 20 to 200 K, which largely mimics the behavior of the same devices at room temperature.
Self Calibration for the DigitalDesk (1993)

This report describes how the system supports the ability to indicate a specific point or region precisely in the frame-grabber&amp;apos;s coordinate system through a pointing device and projected display. Relative pointing devices such as a mouse or trackball allow the user indirectly to position a cursor and make selections on the screen. The absolute position of the pointing device does not matter because the user dynamically calibrates it with the display by superimposing the cursor on desired screen points. With absolute pointing devices, such as a transparent digitizing tablet or touch screen, the user points directly to the screen, so the pointing device must be calibrated to map the pen or finger position to screen coordinates. The DigitalDesk uses absolute pointing devices because it aims to be as much like an ordinary desk as possible. When we use paper documents on an ordinary desk, we do not need to look at a video monitor to see where we are pointing: we simply point directly at the paper. The DigitalDesk requires a two step calibration process. First, absolute positions of the digitizing tablet must be mapped to positions on the display (e.g. to provide feedback when the user points at something). Second, positions on the display must be mapped to corresponding positions in the frame grabber (e.g. to support grabbing of selected areas on the desk). If finger tracking is used for pointing instead of a tablet, however, then only the second step is necessary. There are two ways to calibrate an absolute pointing device to the display: let us call them dynamic and static. A dynamic approach is only possible with certain device-display combinations; it continuously adjusts the pointer to the display, much as a person does when positioning a cursor on screen with a mouse....
Evidence for Living Radical Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate with Ruthenium Complex:  Effects of Protic and Radical Compounds and Reinitiation from the Recovered Polymers (1997)

The effects of additives such as methanol, water, and radical scavengers (TEMPO and galvinoxyl) were studied in the living polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with the PhCOCHCl2/RuCl2(PPh3)3/Al(OiPr)3 initiating system in toluene at 80 °C. Upon addition of these additives at about 45% conversion, TEMPO and galvinoxyl completely terminated the polymerization, whereas methanol and water did not affect it at all in terms of rate, polymer molecular weight, and its narrow distribution. Living polymerization also occurred even in the presence of relatively high concentrations of methanol (40−1000 mM). The polymers that were recovered after quenching the living polymerization and subsequent purification under atmospheric conditions quantitatively possessed a carbon−chlorine terminal, and they served as a macroinitiator for the living polymerization of MMA in conjunction with RuCl2(PPh3)3 and Al(OiPr)3 to induce further molecular weight growth. These results indicate that the living polymerization proceeds via a radical pathway and that the polymer terminal is robust under atmospheric conditions and in the presence of protic compounds, though it readily generates an active end in the presence of the ruthenium and aluminum components.
Fabrication of nanoscale gratings with reduced line edge roughness using nanoimprint lithography (2003)

Line edge roughness is an important factor contributing to the problem of performance degradation in various nanoscale devices. We have developed two smoothing techniques based on nanoimprint lithography for the fabrication of nanoscale gratings with significantly reduced line edge roughness. Compared with other smoothing techniques reported before, our methods are low-cost, effective, and easy to implement. These technologies have been used for the fabrication of smooth nanochannels for stretching and separating double-stranded DNA molecules. They are also compatible with a wide range of materials and applications, including subwavelength optics, bioanalysis and micro/nano-fluidic systems.
Identification of a Primary Target of Thalidomide Teratogenicity (2010)

Half a century ago, thalidomide was widely prescribed to pregnant women as a sedative but was found to be teratogenic, causing multiple birth defects. Today, thalidomide is still used in the treatment of leprosy and multiple myeloma, although how it causes limb malformation and other developmental defects is unknown. Here, we identified cereblon (CRBN) as a thalidomide-binding protein. CRBN forms an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex with damaged DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1) and Cul4A that is important for limb outgrowth and expression of the fibroblast growth factor Fgf8 in zebrafish and chicks. Thalidomide initiates its teratogenic effects by binding to CRBN and inhibiting the associated ubiquitin ligase activity. This study reveals a basis for thalidomide teratogenicity and may contribute to the development of new thalidomide derivatives without teratogenic activity.
Doubly helical, chiral crown thioether fully preorganized for planar coordination (1995)

Optically active 18-membered quadridentate crown thioethers with double helicity, (+)-(R,R)- and (–)-(S,S)-bitol2Me4[18]S4 and the non-helical meso-compound are prepared and their reactions with ruthenium(II) give trans-[RuCl2{(+)-(R,R)-bitol2Me4[18]S4}] and the meso-analogue of D2 and C2h, symmetries, respectively; free (+)-(R,R)-bitol2Me4[18]S4 and the racemic ruthenium(II) complex have been structurally characterized.
Ignoring Limits to Growth (1993)

In 1968, 30 scientists, educators, economists, industrialists, and government officials from 10 countries met at the Academia dei Lincei in Rome to discuss the present and future predicament of mankind. The first project of the Club of Rome examined the consequences of unchecked growth. A computer model developed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology seemed to confirm that existing growth patterns could not be sustained. There were absolute physical limits which, if ignored, would lead to sudden collapse and to global catastrophe within a hundred years. These results were published as the book The Limits to Growth (1972). A reexamination of this project is discussed. It is concluded that the world has generally been following the patterns of growth forecast and that the implicit warning about continued growth has largely been ignored in the quest for sustainable development.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>