gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vivo fluorescence of human skin. A potential marker of photoaging (1988)

• Fluorescence is a feature of elastin and collagen, both major compounds of human dermis that are altered by age and photoexposure. We studied the intrinsic fluorescence of skin in vivo in 28 human volunteers to determine whether photoaging and chronologic aging of the skin could be evaluated by this noninvasive technique. We demonstrate that the excitation of skin autofluorescence by laser ultraviolet radiation yields characteristic tissue fluorescence spectra that are unrelated to age, pigmentation, or skin thickness. The differences in skin autofluorescence appear to be related to photoexposure. Thus, laser-induced fluorimetry, a noninvasive technique, may be adaptable as a marker of photoaging. (<i>Arch Dermatol</i>1988;124:1514-1518)
Gene Mapping Goes from FISH to Surfing the Net (2003)

The arrival of the second millennium will usher in unsurpassed information and knowledge of our genetic constitution, and will promise to revolutionize basic research and molecular medicine. The road toward a complete understanding of our genetic makeup is largely the fruit of the Human Genome Project that has initiated, advanced, and made major strides in constructing genetic and physical maps of humans and other model organisms. Already entire genomic sequences of a few prokaryotic organisms have become available with efforts toward completion of the budding yeast not too far behind. Gene mapping and identification are critical steps in this ambitious undertaking. Unfortunately, the identification of genes, especially those responsible for the vast majority of inherited human disorders, must often proceed without any knowledge of then biochemical functions. To wit, positional cloning (1) has taken center stage toward the initial steps in the molecular characterization of the estimated 100,000 genes in the human genome. This approach has garnered over 60 “diseased” genes thus far, with many more to come as the process becomes more streamlined. Despite having achieved in the last several years a framework of genetic and physical maps of the human genome, nonetheless the efficient and comprehensive isolation of transcribed sequences within large targeted genomic intervals remains a formidable task. The numerous chapters in this book document the creativity and ingenuity of various investigators and laboratories in this global effort. Our aim in this introductory chapter is to give an overview of gene mapping and assess where approaches in gene isolation are headed in the near future.
Local Laplacian filters (2011)

The Laplacian pyramid is ubiquitous for decomposing images into multiple scales and is widely used for image analysis. However, because it is constructed with spatially invariant Gaussian kernels, the Laplacian pyramid is widely believed as being unable to represent edges well and as being ill-suited for edge-aware operations such as edge-preserving smoothing and tone mapping. To tackle these tasks, a wealth of alternative techniques and representations have been proposed, e.g., anisotropic diffusion, neighborhood filtering, and specialized wavelet bases. While these methods have demonstrated successful results, they come at the price of additional complexity, often accompanied by higher computational cost or the need to post-process the generated results. In this paper, we show state-of-the-art edge-aware processing using standard Laplacian pyramids. We characterize edges with a simple threshold on pixel values that allows us to differentiate large-scale edges from small-scale details. Building upon this result, we propose a set of image filters to achieve edge-preserving smoothing, detail enhancement, tone mapping, and inverse tone mapping. The advantage of our approach is its simplicity and flexibility, relying only on simple point-wise nonlinearities and small Gaussian convolutions; no optimization or post-processing is required. As we demonstrate, our method produces consistently high-quality results, without degrading edges or introducing halos.
Virological Response and HIV Drug Resistance 12 Months After Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation at 2 Clinics in Nigeria (2012)

This report describes a pilot study, conducted in Nigeria, of the World Health Organization protocol for monitoring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance (HIVDR) and associated program factors among patients receiving first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART). In 2008, 283 HIV-infected patients starting ART were consecutively enrolled at 2 ART clinics in Abuja. Twelve months after ART initiation, 62% were alive and on first-line ART, 3% had died, 1% had transferred out of the program, and 34% were lost to follow-up. Among patients on first-line ART at 12 months, 90% had viral suppression. However, in view of the high loss to follow-up rate (34%), strategies for patient retention and tracking are critical to minimize possible HIVDR and optimize treatment outcomes.
Use of Canonical Variates Analysis in Differentiation of Bacteria by Pyrolysis Gas-Liquid Chromatography (1978)

Low-resolution pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography (p.g.l.c.) can differentiate genera of aerobic food spoilage bacteria. Multivariate statistical techniques were applied but neither principal components nor furthest neighbour cluster analysis produced a consistent differentiation although both confirmed the reproducibility of p.g.l.c. When the distance between genera was redefined in terms of Mahalanobis D2- a generalized concept taking into account scatter around the mean-good differentiation was observed and could be displayed graphically by plotting the genus group means relative to the first two canonical variate axes. The coefficients of the canonical variates provide a strategy for discriminating between the genus groups. Some practical problems in the identification of unknowns using this technique are discussed.
Clusterin inhibition using OGX-011 synergistically enhances antitumour activity of sorafenib in a human renal cell carcinoma model (2012)

Combined use with OGX-011 may be useful in enhancing the cytotoxic effect of sorafenib on RCC by inducing apoptosis and inactivating major signal transduction pathways.
Linkage of Plasma Aβ42 to a Quantitative Locus on Chromosome 10 in Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Pedigrees (2000)

Plasma Abeta42 (amyloid beta42 peptide) is invariably elevated in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD), and it is also increased in the first-degree relatives of patients with typical late-onset AD (LOAD). To detect LOAD loci that increase Abeta42, we used plasma Abeta42 as a surrogate trait and performed linkage analysis on extended AD pedigrees identified through a LOAD patient with extremely high plasma Abeta. Here, we report linkage to chromosome 10 with a maximal lod score of 3.93 at 81 centimorgans close to D10S1225. Remarkably, linkage to the same region was obtained independently in a genome-wide screen of LOAD sibling pairs. These results provide strong evidence for a novel LOAD locus on chromosome 10 that acts to increase Abeta.
The Anticancer Agent Chaetocin Is a Competitive Substrate and Inhibitor of Thioredoxin Reductase (2008)

We recently reported that the antineoplastic thiodioxopiperazine natural product chaetocin potently induces cellular oxidative stress, thus selectively killing cancer cells. In pursuit of underlying molecular mechanisms, we now report that chaetocin is a competitive and selective substrate for the oxidative stress mitigation enzyme thioredoxin reductase-1 (TrxR1) with lower Km than the TrxR1 native substrate thioredoxin (Trx; chaetocin Km = 4.6 ± 0.6 μM, Trx Km = 104.7 ± 26 μM), thereby attenuating reduction of the critical downstream ROS remediation substrate Trx at achieved intracellular concentrations. Consistent with a role for TrxR1 targeting in the anticancer effects of chaetocin, overexpression of the TrxR1 downstream effector Trx in HeLa cells conferred resistance to chaetocin-induced, but not to doxorubicin-induced, cytotoxicity. As the TrxR/Trx pathway is of central importance in limiting cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS)—and as chaetocin exerts its selective anticancer effects via ROS imposition—the inhibition of TrxR1 by chaetocin has potential to explain its selective anticancer effects. These observations have important implications not just with regard to the mechanism of action and clinical development of chaetocin and related thiodioxopiperazines, but also with regard to the utility of molecular targets within the thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin pathway in the development of novel candidate antineoplastic agents. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 11, 1097–1106.
Bovine gamma/delta T cells bind E-selectin via a novel glycoprotein receptor: first characterization of a lymphocyte/E-selectin interaction in an animal model. (1993)

E-Selectin is an inducible adhesion protein expressed by endothelial cells and recognized by leukocytes during their extravasation from the blood into inflamed tissues. Originally, E-selectin was defined as a myeloid cell-specific adhesion protein, but recent studies have shown it to be recognized by human lymphocytes as well. These lymphocytes represent a memory T cell subset and have been shown to express the HECA-452 carbohydrate epitope (CLA+ lymphocytes). We extend these findings and show that ruminant gamma/delta T cells bind E-selectin as well; and we provide preliminary evidence that this interaction is mediated by a novel glycoprotein receptor on the lymphocyte. Unlike conventional T cells (alpha/beta T cells), gamma/delta T cells from neonatal and mature animals bind E-selectin, suggesting that prior antigen stimulation and differentiation to a memory lymphocyte are not required for this interaction. Neuraminidase treatment of the gamma/delta T cells or addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to the assay abrogates binding, demonstrating the importance of sialic acid and divalent cations, which is consistent with other E-selectin-mediated adhesion events. However, previously defined E-selectin carbohydrate ligands, such as sialyl Lewis x on neutrophils and the HECA-452 epitope on human memory lymphocytes, are antigenically different than the carbohydrates on ruminant gamma/delta T cells since the mAbs CSLEX and HECA-452 do not recognize these cells. Protease treatment of gamma/delta T cells significantly inhibits their binding to E-selectin; however, previously characterized adhesion glycoproteins, such as L-selectin, CD44, and CD18, are not involved in the adhesive event. An E-selectin affinity column purifies a single glycoprotein of 250 kD (280 kD under reducing conditions) from gamma/delta T cell detergent lysates. Neuraminidase digestion of the 250-kD product as well as EDTA abolishes binding to E-selectin. Finally, E-selectin expression in vivo appears to mediate gamma/delta T cell accumulation. Stimulation of bovine skin with tumor necrosis factor alpha induced an increase in E-selectin expression that was associated with an influx of gamma/delta T cells at the same site.
An epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three connecticut communities (1977)

An epidemic form of arthritis has been occurring in eastern Connecticut at least since 1972, with the peak incidence of new cases in the summer and early fall. Its identification has been possible because of tight geographic clustering in some areas, and because of a characteristic preceding skin lesion in some patients. The authors studied 51 residents of three contiguous Connecticut communities -- 39 children and 12 adults -- who developed an illness characterized by recurrent attacks of asymmetric swelling and pain in a few large joints, especially the knee. Attacks were usually short (median: 1 week) with much longer intervening periods of complete remission (median: 2.5 months), but some attacks lasted for months. To date the typical patient has had three recurrences, but 16 patients have had none. A median of 4 weeks (range: 1-24) before the onset of arthritis, 13 patients (25%) noted an erythematous papule that developed into an expanding, red, annular lesion, as much as 50 cm in diameter. Only 2 of 159 family members of patients had such a lesion and did not develop arthritis (P less than 0.000001). The overalll prevalence of the arthritis was 4.3 cases per 1,000 residents, but the prevalence among children living on four roads was 1 in 10. Six families had more than 1 affected member. Nine of 20 symptomatic patients had low serum C3 levels, compared to none of 31 asymptomatic patients (P less than 0.005); no patient had iridocyclitis or a positive test for antinuclear antibodies. Neither cultures of synovium and synovial fluid nor serologic tests were positive for agents known to cause arthritis. "Lynne arthritis" is thought to be a previously unrecognized clinical entity, the epidemiology of which suggests transmission by an arthropod vector.
Age-dependent silencing of globin transgenes in the mouse (1996)

Variegation of transgene expression, a heterocellular or mosaic pattern of expression seen in all mice in a given transgenic line, is a frequently observed but unexplained phenomenon. We have encountered variegation with globin transgenes; when lacZ expression is driven by globin control elements a proportion of erythrocytes express beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), while the remaining erythrocytes express none. The percentage of expressing cells is constant within each line (at any particular developmental stage), but varies between lines. Such variation may account for much of the line-to-line variability which has been reported in the expression of a transgene construct. We have now extended these observations by studying expression of several globin/lacZ transgenes with increasing age. Expression of beta-gal is variegated in all lines in adult mice, including those made with a beta-globin promoter and locus control region driving lacZ. The extent of variegation differs widely between lines, but in all lines there is a marked decline in the number of erythrocytes expressing beta-gal with increasing age. Progression of silencing continues long past the point at which globin switching is complete, suggesting that it is not related to this process. We observe that age-dependent silencing is most severe in high copy number animals. Increasing variegation of transgene expression with ageing of mice is likely to complicate interpretation of the developmental regulation of transgenes. We speculate that it reflects a general mechanism of epigenetic regulation.
Chronic pain and opioid misuse: a review of reviews (2017)

Overall, current systematic reviews have found a lack of high-quality evidence or consistent findings on the prevalence, risk factors, and optimal clinical assessment and treatment approaches related to concurrent chronic pain and substance misuse. Given the role of systematic reviews in guiding evidence-based medicine and health policy, there is an urgent need for high-quality primary research to guide future systematic reviews to address the escalating epidemic of harms related to chronic pain and substance misuse.
A Comparison of Genetic Segregation in Traditional and Microspore‐Derived Populations of Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss. (1993)

Abstract An isolated microspore culture procedure was used to produce doubled haploid lines of Brassica juncea from F 1 plants of reciprocal crosses between the cultivar‘RLM514’and a canola quality breeding line. The inheritance of two qualitative markers, seed color and leaf hairiness, was compared using traditional and microspore‐derived populations from these crosses. Chi‐square tests indicated that each trait is controlled by different sets of duplicate pairs of genes. Brown seeds or hairy leaves can result from the presence of either of two dominant alleles, whereas yellow seed or glabrous leaves are produced when alleles at both loci are recessive. The segregation of genes controlling seed color and leaf hairs in doubled haploid progeny did not differ significantly from that expected under random assortment, indicating that doubled haploids can be used in this species for genetic studies, and probably cultivar development as well.
Camera based visible light communication system for underwater applications (2017)

Visible light can be used to implement an underwater communication link, as an alternative for the current acoustic based communication methods. This paper presents the design and implementation of a unidirectional underwater visible light communication (VLC) system where a camera receiver is used. Specifically, data is transmitted from a submerged system to a floating body. In order to characterize the performance of this system, we first model the channel under zero water turbulence conditions for different transmission distances. Also algorithms and experimental results of detection are discussed. Our results show that, the proposed system can only achieve low data speeds compared to traditional VLC underwater systems, where photo detectors are used at the receiver. However, reasonable bit error rate performance can be achieved using the proposed VLC system design. Hence the proposed system can be developed further and can be used as a successful alternative for acoustic based under water communication systems.
Protective Role of Programmed Death 1 Ligand 1 (PD-L1)in Nonobese Diabetic Mice (2008)

Our results demonstrate the protective potential of transgenic PD-L1 in autoimmune diabetes and illustrate its role in downregulating diabetogenic T-cells in NOD mice.
Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery: Current State of the Art and Future Trends (2011)

Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery (EESBS) is undergoing a remarkable evolution as in the last two decades it shifted from pituitary surgery to a myriad of approaches extending from the cribriform plate to C2 and laterally to the petrous apex and to the infratemporal fossa.The collaboration with ENT surgeons, technological advances in the field of instrumentation and endoscopic systems, a better comprehension of the skull base anatomy as seen from below and recent innovations in reconstruction techniques have led to obvious improvements in the management of cranial base lesions.EESBS is now becoming the goldstandard approach to the sellar, retrosellar and clival regions; however, its role in the management of anterior skull base tumors is still debated.Through their experience of more than 400 endoscopic endonasal skull base procedures, the authors expose their modus operandi and discuss the current controversies as well as future trends. A brief history of endoscopic procedures in neurosurgeryEESBS represents the recent meeting of endoscopic techniques, developed mainly by urologists, and pituitary transsphenoidal surgery. First endoscopesEndoscopic explorations of hollow organs appeared during the 19 th century.A German physician, Philipp Bozzini (1773-1809), is considered as the inventor of the first endoscope which he named "Lichtleiter" (Figure 1, left).The latter was very difficult to handle and painful for the patients.Jean Desormeaux (1815-1894), a renowned French urologist, improved Bozzini's Lichtleiter using all the advances made during the second half of the 19 th century in the fields of lighting (Castelnuovo et al., 2010a; Leger, 2004).The development of www.intechopen.comAdvances in Endoscopic Surgery 4 optic lenses led to the ergonomy optimization and the manoeuvrability improvement of endoscopes used mainly by urologists such as Max Nitze (Herr, 2006;Litynski, 1999;Rathert, 1967).Paradoxically, the first ventricular neuroendoscopy with cauterization of choroid plexuses has been performed by an American urologist, Victor Darwin Lespinasse (Grant JA, 1996), followed during the first half of the 20 th century by Walter Dandy, one of the leading pioneers of neurosurgery (Dandy, 1926(Dandy, , 1932)).Numerous improvements of optical systems made during the first half of the 20 th century led to the modernization of endoscopic procedures.ENT surgeons like Messerklinger, Draf and Stammberger developed these endoscopic techniques in the management of paranasal sinuses diseases (Draf, 1973;Reuter, 2000;Wigand, 1981).After being used initially for cerebral third ventriculostomy, endoscopy changed dramatically the approach to the pituitary region at the end of the last century and initiated neurosurgeons to endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery.
A Tris‐Macrocycle with Proton Sponge Characteristics as Efficient Receptor for Inorganic Phosphate and Nucleotide Anions (2009)

Abstract Synthesis, characterisation and proton‐sponge behaviour of a new linear constrained tris‐macrocycle ( L ), containing three cyclen (cyclen = 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane) reinforced macrocycles connected by two 2,6‐pyridinediylbis(methylene) linkers, is reported. Protonated forms of L are efficient receptors for inorganic phosphate and nucleotide anions (ATP and ADP). The binding properties of L toward these substrates have been investigated in aqueous solution by means of potentiometric titrations, determining the stability constants of the adducts. The interaction mode was clarified by using 1 H and 31 P NMR measurements in aqueous solution and by means of molecular modelling calculations carried out on differently protonated species of L as well as on several nucleotide‐receptor adducts. The stability of the adducts is mainly due to charge‐charge and hydrogen bonding interactions between the polyphosphate chain of nucleotides and the ammonium groups of L .(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 by FCPR16 protects SH-SY5Y cells against MPP+-induced decline of mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative stress (2018)

Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is a promising target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the underlying mechanism has not yet been well elucidated. Additionally, most of current PDE4 inhibitors produce severe nausea and vomiting response in patients, which limit their clinical application. FCPR16 is a novel PDE4 inhibitor with little emetic potential. In the present study, the neuroprotective effect and underlying mechanism of FCPR16 against cellular apoptosis induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP<sup>+</sup>) were examined in SH-SY5Y cells. FCPR16 (12.5-50 μM) dose-dependently reduced MPP<sup>+</sup>-induced loss of cell viability, accompanied by reductions in nuclear condensation and lactate dehydrogenase release. The level of cleaved caspase 3 and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 were also decreased after treatment with FCPR16 in MPP<sup>+</sup>-treated cells. Furthermore, FCPR16 (25 μM) significantly suppressed the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), prevented the decline of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and attenuated the expression of malonaldehyde level. Further studies disclosed that FCPR16 enhanced the levels of cAMP and the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) in SH-SY5Y cells. Western blotting analysis revealed that FCPR16 increased the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and protein kinase B (Akt) down-regulated by MPP<sup>+</sup> in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of FCPR16 on the production of ROS and Δψm loss could be blocked by PKA inhibitor H-89 and Akt inhibitor KRX-0401. Collectively, these results suggest that FCPR16 attenuates MPP<sup>+</sup>-induced dopaminergic degeneration via lowering ROS and preventing the loss of Δψm in SH-SY5Y cells. Mechanistically, cAMP/PKA/CREB and Epac/Akt signaling pathways are involved in these processes. Our findings indicate that FCPR16 is a promising pre-clinical candidate for the treatment of PD and possibly other oxidative stress-related neuronal diseases.