gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast and automated generation of attack signatures (2005)

Large-scale attacks, such as those launched by worms and zombie farms, pose a serious threat to our network-centric society. Existing approaches such as software patches are simply unable to cope with the volume and speed with which new vulnerabilities are being discovered. In this paper, we develop a new approach that can provide effective protection against a vast majority of these attacks that exploit memory errors in C/C++ programs. Our approach, called COVERS, uses a forensic analysis of a victim server's memory to correlate attacks to inputs received over the network, and automatically develop a signature that characterizes inputs that carry attacks. The signatures tend to capture characteristics of the underlying vulnerability (e.g., a message field being too long) rather than the characteristics of an attack, which makes them effective against variants of attacks. Our approach introduces low overheads (under 10%), does not require access to source code of the protected server, and has successfully generated signatures for the attacks studied in our experiments, without producing false positives. Since the signatures are generated in tens of milliseconds, they can potentially be distributed quickly over the Internet to filter out (and thus stop) fast-spreading worms. Another interesting aspect of our approach is that it can defeat guessing attacks reported against address-space randomization and instruction set randomization techniques. Finally, it increases the capacity of servers to withstand repeated attacks by a factor of 10 or more.
The Richards type II patellofemoral arthroplasty: 26 cases followed for 1-20 years (2001)

We followed 26 Richards type II patellofemoral arthroplasties in 24 patients (19 women) for a mean of 11 (1-20) years. Their mean age was 59 (22-90) years. The preoperative diagnoses were primary patellofemoral arthrosis in 17 cases and secondary arthrosis in 9 (8 malalignment, 1 patellar fracture). Patellectomy was later performed for persistent pain or patellar malalignment in 3 cases and a conversion to a total knee arthroplasty for progressive tibio-femoral degeneration or patella malalignment in 2. The mean Knee Society knee score for 21 knees at follow-up was 90 (65-100) points. The patients rated the results of surgery in 9 knees as excellent, 7 good, 4 improved, and 1 unimproved at follow-up. None of the implants showed signs of loosening or infection. The Richards type II patellofemoral arthroplasty yields acceptable long-term results in patients with isolated end-stage patellofemoral osteoarthrosis. Patient selection and patella alignment are important.
Template-directed polymerization of oligoadenylates using cyanogen bromide (1986)

Cyanogen bromide (BrCN) condensed oligoadenylates [oligo(A)] on a poly(uridylic acid) [poly(U)] template in an aqueous solution. Imidazole and divalent metal ions such as Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+ were required for the condensation. Chain length of oligo(A) and reaction temperature affected the coupling yield. Hexaadenylate [(pA)6] was converted to (pA)12, (pA)18, (pA)24, (pA)30, (pA)36, (pA)42, and (pA)48 in a 68% overall yield for 20 h at 25 degrees C. The coupling yield increased with increase in the poly(U) concentration. Five- to sevenfold molar excess of uridylyl residues of poly(U) to adenylyl residues of oligo(A) gave the best yield (68%). Metal ions affected the formation of linkage isomers of the phosphate bonds: The 2',5'- and 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds were predominant in the presence of Co2+, Zn2+, and Ni2+ and the 5',5'-pyrophosphate bond was predominant in the presence of Mn2+. In particular, Ni2+ gave the highest ratio of the 3',5'-phosphodiester bond (30%). N-Cyanoimidazole (1), N,N'-iminodiimidazole (2), and N-carboxamidoimidazole (3) were formed in a reaction of imidazole with BrCN in an aqueous solution. 1 and 2 had much the same condensing activity for the polymerization of adenylates as BrCN. A reaction pathway was proposed in which 1 and 2 are not only intermediates for the production of 3 but also the true condensing agent in the coupling reaction of oligo(A). Phosphorimidazolide derivative was detected in a reaction of 5'-AMP with either 1 or 2. The condensation would proceed by way of N-cyanoimidazole-phosphate adduct, the phosphorimidazolide derivative, or both.
Physical study of laser-produced plasma in confined geometry (1990)

We study in this paper the different physical processes involved in laser-produced plasma in confined geometry. With this technique, a laser irradiates a target at an intensity of a few GW/cm2, and the produced plasma is confined by a transparent overlay to the laser which covers this target. This configuration has appeared necessary for example for metallurgical applications where, for a given laser energy, enhanced pressures must be realized in order to achieve high shock pressures. Therefore, a physical study of this method is useful in order to optimize this technique. We have first developed an analytical model which describes the different steps involved in this process, points out the interest of this technique, and compares it to the direct ablation regime. In the first stage, during the laser heating, the generated pressure is typically 4–10 times greater than the corresponding one obtained in direct ablation. The second step begins after the switch-off of the laser and is characterized by an adiabatic cooling of the plasma which maintains the applied pressure over a period which is about 2 times the laser-pulse duration. Finally, the third stage concerns also the adiabatic cooling of the recombined plasma, but during this period the exerted pressure is too small to realize a plastic deformation of the material. We show that the impulse momentum given to the target is mainly generated during this step. This model allows us to also determine the velocities of thin foils accelerated with confined plasmas, and we show that very high hydrodynamic efficiencies can be achieved by this technique. Experimentally, we measured with quartz gauges, the pressures obtained in confined geometry, for 30-, 3-, and 0.6-ns laser-pulse duration. This study shows that short pulse durations are sensitive to the initial roughness of the interface, and such an effect should be suppressed by using a liquid confinement. Then, we conclude that a large fraction of the absorbed laser energy (80%–90%) is used for the ionization of the medium in these conditions of irradiation. Finally, we experimentally point out that the laser-induced breakdown of the confining medium is the main mechanism which limits the generated pressure and show the influence of the laser-pulse duration on this effect.
Absence of a desmopressin response after therapeutic expression of factor VIII in hemophilia A dogs with liver-directed neonatal gene therapy (2005)

Hemophilia A (HA) is a bleeding disorder caused by factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency. FVIII replacement therapy can reduce bleeding but is expensive, inconvenient, and complicated by development of antibodies that inhibit FVIII activity in 30% of patients. Neonatal hepatic gene therapy could result in continuous secretion of FVIII into blood and might reduce immunological responses. Newborn HA mice and dogs that were injected i.v. with a retroviral vector (RV) expressing canine B domain-deleted FVIII (cFVIII) achieved plasma cFVIII activity that was 139 +/- 22% and 116 +/- 5% of values found in normal dogs, respectively, which was stable for 1.5 yr. Coagulation tests were normalized, no bleeding had occurred, and no inhibitors were detected. This is a demonstration of long-term fully therapeutic gene therapy for HA in a large animal model. Desmopressin (DDAVP; 1-deamino-[d-Arg(8)]vasopressin) is a drug that increases FVIII activity by inducing release of FVIII complexed with von Willebrand factor from endothelial cells. It has been unclear, however, if the FVIII is synthesized by endothelial cells or is taken up from blood. Because the plasma cFVIII in these RV-treated dogs derives primarily from transduced hepatocytes, they provided a unique opportunity to study the biology of the DDAVP response. Here we show that DDAVP did not increase plasma cFVIII levels in the RV-treated dogs, although von Willebrand factor was increased appropriately. This result suggests that the increase in FVIII in normal dogs after DDAVP is due to release of FVIII synthesized by endothelial cells.
Synthesis and Characterization of Strongly Luminescing ZnS-Capped CdSe Nanocrystals (1996)

We describe the synthesis of ZnS-capped CdSe semiconductor nanocrystals using organometallic reagents by a two-step single-flask method. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and optical absorption are consistent with nanocrystals containing a core of nearly monodisperse CdSe of 27−30 Å diameter with a ZnS capping 6 ± 3 Å thick. The ZnS capping with a higher bandgap than CdSe passivates the core crystallite removing the surface traps. The nanocrystals exhibit strong and stable band-edge luminescence with a 50% quantum yield at room temperature.
Structured light patterns for robot mobility (1988)

The authors describe some of the important operational considerations and image processing tasks required to utilize a nonscanning structured-light range sensor in path planning for robot mobility. The efforts have concentrated on the geometric design of the projectional grid with regard to smoothing of fine-scale range texture, and the development of image processing techniques in order to extract the deformed grid from the image. Particular emphasis is placed on the issues of operating in ambient lighting, smoothing of range texture, grid pattern selection, albedo normalization, grid extraction, and coarse registration of images to the projected grid. Once the grid is extracted, its global order allows intersections to be labeled, and disparities assigned and converted to range data. This range map can then be converted to a 'topography map' to be used for planning short-range paths through the environment while avoiding obstacles.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Identification of miR-26 as a key mediator of estrogen stimulated cell proliferation by targeting CHD1, GREB1 and KPNA2 (2014)

We have identified a novel estrogen/MYC/miR-26 axis that mediates estrogen stimulated cell growth via CHD1, GREB1 and KPNA2.
Trick-Play Optimization for H.264 Video Decoding (2010)

Abstract. Supporting digital Video Cassette Recording (VCR) trick-play functionalities (e.g. random access, fast-forward play, fast-reverse play) is desirable for compressed video streams. However, due to strong Inter-frame dependencies introduced by motion compensated prediction (MCP), the computational complexity and memory requirement is drastically increased. In this paper, we address the problem of digital VCR trick-play functionalities by investigating different prediction schemes. Specifically, we propose prediction schemes named G-Group and Binary Reference GOP Structure (BRGS), for the H.264/AVC video coding standard to achieve the trick-play functionalities while keeping low decoder complexity and memory requirement. We show that different prediction schemes represent different tradeoffs between the prediction distance (which affects the video quality) and the decoder complexity. We also address the problem of how to compare different prediction schemes by formulating it into an unconstrained optimization problem so that the minimal costs of different schemes can be compared. By comparing the solutions offered by G-Group and BRGS to the convex-hull of the operation points, we show that G-Group and BRGS are close to the global optimal solutions. The same approach can be used to evaluate other prediction schemes. Our proposed approaches are flexible and general, and can be easily adapted to evaluate and to achieve a good tradeoff between compression performance and complexity saving for the trick play modes.
Release of norethindrone from poly(ortho esters) (1981)

Abstract The release of norethindrone from a poly(ortho ester) derived from 3,9‐bis(methylene)2,4,8,10‐tetraoxaspiro[5,5] undecane and 1,6‐hexanediol was studied. Thin circular devices containing incorporated drug and a water soluble salt, such as sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, or sodium chloride, were placed in water buffered at pH 7.4 at 37°C, and release of drug was followed spectrophotometrically. It was found that rate of drug release was close to zero order for long periods of time and that release of the drug from the hydrophobic matrix occurred as a consequence of osmotic imbibing of water driven by the water soluble salt. Thus, a swelling front moves at a slow and constant rate through the solid device and drug release takes place by rapid diffusion of the drug from the swelling front. Polymer erosion lags behind drug release, and no erosion takes place with basic salts such as sodium carbonate when mechanical properties of the matrix are adequate to accommodate osmotic swelling.
Isotopic Deconvolution of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectra for Substance-Class Specific Analysis of Complex Samples (2001)

The theoretical isotopic pattern and its variance was determined for peptides and other substance classes. The mass-dependent mean pattern was used to isotopically deconvolute matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) spectra and MALDI post-source decay (PSD) spectra from complex peptide samples. Application of a slightly modified algorithm to electrospray ionization spectra will be described in a later paper. The method was found to be especially useful in suppressing noise and signals from other substance classes, and in separating overlapping isotopic patterns in highly complex samples. The method can be used for automatic determination of monoisotopic masses in, for example, proteomics work and the improvement of graphical quality and clarity in presentation and manual evaluation of mass spectra. A fast computer algorithm was developed to demonstrate the efficiency of the method in data filtering and spectra deconvolution for the case of MHC(major histocompatibility complex) peptide identification and PSD analysis. The method has some advantages over other approaches, especially due to its simplicity, universality and processing speed.
A novel approach to sub-pixel corner detection of the grid in camera calibration (2010)

In order to improve the precision of camera calibration in the field of computer vision, we have to detect the points of the calibration pattern precisely. A new approach to sub-pixel corner detection of a grid is proposed in this paper, which is based on the combination of Hough Transform and least square fit. The procedure of the approach is as follows: (1) The image is divided into small regions to avoid the influence of camera lens distortion on linear fitting and each region has only one corner definitely. Edges of the grid in each region are detected by the Canny arithmetic operator. (2) Straight lines in each region are detected by Hough Transform. (3) Two straight lines with a certain separation angle are selected arbitrarily in each region as initial location. Then, edge-points are searched and recorded in the neighborhoods of each straight line in view of that the results of Hough Transform may not be sufficient for the edge location in practice. (4) Four straight lines are fitted by least square using the edge-points detected in each region. Center of the quadrilateral formed by the straight lines is calculated as the sub-pixel corner location. Finally, experimental results show that sub-pixel corner location of the grid can be obtained correctly and precisely, and none of them are missed. Consequently, it has been proved that this approach is feasible in the application of sub-pixel corner detection of a grid.
Delineation of the Hydroxyapatite-nucleating Domains of Bone Sialoprotein (2003)

Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a highly modified, anionic phosphoprotein that is expressed almost exclusively in mineralizing connective tissues and has been shown to be a potent nucleator of hydroxyapatite (HA). Two polyglutamic acid (poly[E]) regions, predicted to be in an alpha-helical conformation and located in the amino-terminal half of the molecule, are believed to be responsible for this activity. Using a prokaryotic expression system, full-length rat BSP was expressed and tested for HA nucleating activity in a steady-state agarose gel system. The unmodified protein is less potent than native bone BSP, indicating a role for the post-translational modifications in HA nucleation. Site-directed mutagenesis of the poly[E] regions in full-length BSP was performed, replacing the poly[E] with either polyaspartic acid (poly[D]) or polyalanine (poly[A]) to examine role of charge and conformation, respectively, in HA nucleation. Replacement of single domains with either poly[A] or poly[D] did not alter nucleating activity nor did replacement of both domains with poly[D]. Replacement of both domains with poly[A], however, significantly decreased nucleating activity. In addition, two recombinant peptides, each encompassing one of the two poly[E] domains, were expressed and tested for nucleating activity. Whereas the peptide encompassing the second poly[E] domain was capable of nucleating HA, the first domain peptide showed no activity. The conformation of the wild-type and mutated proteins and peptides were studied by circular dichroism and small angle x-ray scattering, and no secondary structure was evident. These results demonstrate that a sequence of at least eight contiguous glutamic acid residues is required for the nucleation of HA by BSP and that this nucleating "site" is not alpha-helical in conformation.
Formulation andin vitrocharacterization of spray-dried antisense oligonucleotide to NF-κB encapsulated albumin microspheres (2009)

The aim of this study was to formulate and characterize microspheres containing antisense oligonucleotide to NF-kappaB using bovine serum albumin as the polymer matrix. Microspheres were prepared by spray-drying technique with 5, 10 and 15% drug loading. Glutaraldehyde was used as a cross-linking agent. The particle sizes ranged from 3-5 microm. Microspheres were smooth and spherical in shape, as determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The yield of microspheres ranged from 70-75% and the encapsulation efficiencies were found to be in the range of 59-60%, as determined by a novel HPLC method. Zeta potential of the microspheres ranged between -39 to -53 mV, thus indicating good suspension stability in water. In-vitro release studies performed using phosphate buffer saline demonstrated extended drug release up to 72 h. Kinetic model fitting showed high correlation with the Higuchi model, suggesting that the drug release was primarily diffusion controlled.
PolyHIPEs — Porous Polymers from High Internal Phase Emulsions (2010)

Abstract A large variety of porous polymers, generally known as polyHIPEs, have been synthesized using high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) as templates for the porous structure. HIPEs are formed by mixing two immiscible liquids in the presence of an emulsifier, usually a surfactant, such that the internal phase content is more than 74 %. PolyHIPE are synthesized through the polymerization of monomers in the external phase. The internal phase can be evacuated through holes that develop in the polymer walls, yielding a porous polymer. Hydrophobic polymers can be synthesized within water‐in‐oil emulsions and hydrophilic polymers can be synthesized within oil‐in‐water emulsions. The types of materials synthesized include copolymers, interpenetrating polymer networks, biodegradable materials, organic‐inorganic hybrids that can be pyrolyzed to porous inorganics, nanocomposites, and hydrophobic‐hydrophilic bicontinuous polymers. The large number of methods available to functionalize polyHIPEs have enhanced their utility for such applications as chemical synthesis, chromatography, ion exchange, separation, sensing, tissue engineering, and controlled drug delivery, to name but a few. This article describes HIPE formation and stability, polyHIPE synthesis and functionalization, polyHIPE morphology, polyHIPE properties, a variety of different polyHIPE‐based materials, and polyHIPE applications.
Interleukin 7 Transgenic Mice Develop Chronic Colitis with Decreased Interleukin 7 Protein Accumulation in the Colonic Mucosa (1998)

We have demonstrated that intestinal epithelial cells produce interleukin 7 (IL-7), and IL-7 serves as a potent regulatory factor for proliferation of intestinal mucosal lymphocytes expressing functional IL-7 receptor. To clarify the mechanism by which locally produced IL-7 regulates the mucosal lymphocytes, we investigated IL-7 transgenic mice. Here we report that transgenic mice expressing murine IL-7 cDNA driver by the SRalpha promoter developed chronic colitis in concert with the expression of SRalpha/IL-7 transgene in the colonic mucosa. IL-7 transgenic but not littermate mice developed chronic colitis at 4-12 wk of age, with histopathological similarity to ulcerative colitis in humans. Southern blot hybridization and competitive PCR demonstrated that the expression of IL-7 messenger RNA was increased in the colonic mucosal lymphocytes but not in the colonic epithelial cells. IL-7 protein accumulation was decreased in the goblet cell-depleted colonic epithelium in the transgenic mice. Immunohistochemical and cytokine production analysis showed that lymphoid infiltrates in the lamina propria were dominated by T helper cell type 1 CD4+ T cells. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that CD4+ intraepithelial T cells were increased, but T cell receptor gamma/delta T cells and CD8alpha/alpha cells were not increased in the area of chronic inflammation. Increased IL-7 receptor expression in mucosal lymphocytes was demonstrated in the transgenic mice. These findings suggest that chronic inflammation in the colonic mucosa may be mediated by dysregulation of colonic epithelial cell-derived IL-7, and this murine model of chronic colitis may contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease.
Triazenes: A Versatile Tool in Organic Synthesis (2002)

Triazenes (RN=N-NR'R") are a class of compounds that hold much promise in preparative chemistry as they are reactive groups which are both stable and adaptable to numerous synthetic transformations. Useful to scientists in pharmacology, total synthesis, polymer technology, and the construction of novel ring systems, to name a few areas, triazenes also have a tendency to surprise chemists with new reactions and increasing applicability. This review highlights some of the recent advances and diversity possible with these types of systems.
Two Phase Reverse Neural Network Based Human Vital Sign Prediction System (2006)

The objective of this paper is to propose a two phase reverse neural network (NN) model to predict sequential human bio signal data for decreasing the risk of acute and likely fatal diseases and syndromes in patients (e.g., COPD and hypertension) based on a simulated learning algorithm. Our approach uses a two phase sequential neural network with back-propagation learning. The modeling is done using time-varying inputs such as heart rate, SpO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , and blood pressure as measured and communicated by wireless devices. The output of the prediction system results into distinct classification levels for patient's condition through sequential points. Such a prediction facilitates an early detection of exacerbating risk factors thereby saving a sudden death and other high risk diseases. The system is plausible to be used for the prevention and management of high risk diseases.