gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanical percolation in cellulose whisker nanocomposites (1997)

Abstract Nanocomposites obtained by casting a mixture of a latex and an aqueous suspension of cellulose whiskers have been studied. Their mechanical properties (e.g. shear modulus) are found to increase by more than three orders of magnitude in the rubbery state of the polymer matrix, when the whisker content is 6 wt%. This large and unusual effect is discussed on the basis of different types of mechanical models, including semi‐phenomenological and numerical finite element calculations. It is concluded that cellulose whiskers form a rigid network linked by hydrogen bonds. The formation of this network is assumed to be governed by a percolation mechanism.
Direct Preconditioning of Cardiac Myocytes via Opioid Receptors and KATPChannels (1999)

Previous studies demonstrated that opioid receptor activation mimics the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning via KATP channels in the intact heart. However, it is unknown whether this beneficial effect is exerted at the level of the cardiac myocyte or coronary vasculature or is mediated via the sarcolemmal or the mitochondrial KATP channel. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether opioid receptor stimulation could mimic the cardioprotective effect of preconditioning in a cardiac myocyte model of simulated ischemia. Cardiac ventricular myocytes cultured from chick embryos 14 days in ovo were used as an in vitro model for ischemic preconditioning. A 5-minute exposure of the myocytes to the opioid receptor agonist morphine protected the myocytes during a subsequent 90-minute period of simulated ischemia, which was manifested as a pronounced reduction in the percentage of cardiac cells killed and the amount of creatine kinase released during ischemia. The preconditioning-like effect of morphine was concentration-dependent, reached a maximal effect at 1 micromol/L, and was reversed by naloxone (0.1 to 10 micromol/L). When KATP channel antagonists, such as glibenclamide, or the mitochondrial selective inhibitor 5-hydroxydecanoic acid were present during preexposure to morphine, they abolished the protective effect of morphine. Thus, cardiac myocytes express functional opioid receptors, and their activation mimics the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning. These results provide direct evidence that the preconditioning-like effect of morphine in the intact heart can be exerted at the level of cardiac myocytes and is most likely the result of mitochondrial KATP channel activation.
As tests evolve and costs of cancer care rise: reappraising stool‐based screening for colorectal neoplasia (2008)

As novel biological therapies increase colorectal cancer treatment costs, faecal occult blood testing and faecal immunochemical testing could become cost-saving. The cost-effectiveness of faecal DNA testing compared with no screening has improved, but faecal occult blood testing and faecal immunochemical testing are preferred to faecal DNA testing when patient adherence is high. Faecal immunochemical testing may be comparable to colonoscopy every 10 years in persons adhering to yearly testing.
Identification of H‐2Kb Binding and Immunogenic Peptides from Human Papilloma Virus Tumour Antigens E6 and E7 (1995)

Peptides can be used to induce MHC class I restricted cytotoxic T cells (CTL) through in vivo immunization. This approach may enable the development of peptide vaccination schemes for immunization against viral infection in humans. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of a few viruses associated with human cancer and the development of an anti-cancer vaccine seems possible. As a model approach, we searched the E6 and E7 proteins of the human papillomavirus type 16 for possible murine MHC class I restricted peptide epitopes. We utilized the mouse H2-Kb peptide binding motif which consists of phenylalanine or tyrosine at position five and leucine at the carboxy-terminus with the modification that leucine could be replaced by other aliphatic but non-aromatic amino acids. Four peptide sequences from E6 and two from E7 were selected. These peptides were tested for their ability to bind and stabilize Kb and for their immunogenicity in vivo. It was shown that one peptide from E6, E6.1 (50-57), bound Kb, but was not able to prime mice in vivo. In contrast, the two selected E7 peptides E7.1 (21-28) and E7.2 (48-55) bound Kb and were immunogenic in vivo. The peptide induced CTL lysed syngeneic EL-4 cells transfected with the open reading frame of E7 but not vector only transfectants. This implies that both peptides were naturally processed and presented by Kb on the surface of target cells. MHC class I peptide binding motifs therefore appear to be an effective and useful tool to predict peptide epitopes of proteins associated with cancer.
Establishment of 2-mercaptoethanol-dependent differentiated insulin-secreting cell lines. (1992)

New insulin-secreting cell lines (INS-1 and INS-2) were established from cells isolated from an x-ray-induced rat transplantable insulinoma. The continuous growth of these cells was found to be dependent on the reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol. Removal of this thiol compound caused a 15-fold drop in total cellular glutathione levels. These cells proliferated slowly (population doubling time about 100 h) and, in general, showed morphological characteristics typical of native beta-cells. Most cells stained positive for insulin and did not react with antibodies against the other islet hormones. The content of immunoreactive insulin was about 8 micrograms/10(6) cells, corresponding to 20% of the native beta-cell content. These cells synthesized both proinsulin I and II and displayed conversion rates of the two precursor hormones similar to those observed in rat islets. However, glucose failed to stimulate the rate of proinsulin biosynthesis. In static incubations, glucose stimulated insulin secretion from floating cell clusters or from attached cells. Under perifusion conditions, 10 mM but not 1 mM glucose enhanced secretion 2.2-fold. In the presence of forskolin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, increase of glucose concentration from 2.8-20 mM caused a 4-fold enhancement of the rate of secretion. Glucose also depolarized INS-1 cells and raised the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+. This suggests that glucose is still capable of eliciting part of the ionic events at the plasma membrane, which leads to insulin secretion. The structural and functional characteristics of INS-1 cells remained unchanged over a period of 2 yr (about 80 passages). Although INS-2 cells have not been fully characterized, their insulin content was similar to that of INS-1 cells and they also remain partially sensitive to glucose as a secretagogue. INS-1 cells retain beta-cell surface antigens, as revealed by reactivity with the antigangloside monoclonal antibodies R2D6 and A2B5. These findings indicate that INS-1 cells have remained stable and retain a high degree of differentiation which should make them a suitable model for studying various aspects of beta-cell function.
Methylated circulating tumor DNA in blood: power in cancer prognosis and response (2016)

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in the plasma or serum of cancer patients provides an opportunity for non-invasive sampling of tumor DNA. This 'liquid biopsy' allows for interrogations of DNA such as quantity, chromosomal alterations, sequence mutations and epigenetic changes, and can be used to guide and improve treatment throughout the course of the disease. This tremendous potential for real-time 'tracking' in a cancer patient has led to substantial research efforts in the ctDNA field. ctDNA can be distinguished from non-tumor DNA by the presence of tumor-specific mutations and copy number variations, and also by aberrant DNA methylation, with both DNA sequence and methylation changes corresponding to those found in the tumor. Aberrant methylation of specific promoter regions can be a very consistent feature of cancer, in contrast to mutations, which typically occur at a wide range of sites. This consistency makes ctDNA methylation amenable to the design of widely applicable clinical assays. In this review, we examine ctDNA methylation in the context of monitoring disease status, treatment response and determining the prognosis of cancer patients.
The development of monosomy 19 mouse embryos. (1982)

In general, autosomal monosomy is lethal much earlier in mammalian development than autosomal trisomy. In an attempt to understand why monosomy is so deleterious, we have begun to characterize the development of mouse embryos monosomic for chromosome 19. A dramatic loss of monosomy 19 embryos was found to occur between days 3 and 4 of development. This loss occurred both in vivo and in vitro and with intact blastocysts or isolated inner cell masses. Experiments with inbred strains showed that this loss was not due to the expression of recessive lethal genes. While monosomic embryos were found to have fewer cells than normal and trisomic litter-mates beginning at the early morula stage, the ability to form blastocysts is not interfered with. Electron microscopy revealed no difference in the cellular ultrastructure of monosomic when compared with diploid embryos. Furthermore, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis did not reveal any differences in the proteins synthesized by monosomic, trisomic or diploid litter-mates when examined at day 3 of development. These results indicate a lack of gross genomic disturbances in monosomic embryos. When monosomy in equilibrium diploid chimaeras were made, viable monosomic cells were found in day-9 post-implantation embryos, well past the lethal period. Thus, in chimaeric embryos, the normal cells appear to be able to provide whatever is lacking, suggesting that monosomy 19 is not a cell lethal. Instead, death may be due to a dosage alteration in specific gene products needed during early development.
Super‐resolution of images: Algorithms, principles, performance (1995)

Abstract A new facet of image restoration research has begun to emerge in recent years: super‐resolution of images, which we define as the processing of an image so as to recover object information from beyond the spatial frequency bandwidth of the optical system that formed the image. Simple Fourier analysis would indicate that super‐resolution is not possible. Therefore, it is important to reconcile this simplistic view with the existing algorithms that have been demonstrated to achieve super‐resolution. In this article, we consider some of the algorithms that have demonstrated super‐resolution and discuss the common principles that they share which makes it possible for them to recover some of the lost bandwidth of the object. We also consider the question of super‐resolution performance, which is the measure of how much lost bandwidth can be recovered from a super‐resolution algorithm, and how the performance is related to the algorithm principles that allow super‐resolution to occur. We conclude with examples of super‐resolution.
Biochemical Markers and Risk Factors of Alzheimers Disease (2005)

As the spectrum of therapeutic options broadens, the possibility of an early and accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), or even isolation of a group at high risk of subsequent cognitive decline, is focusing widespread attention. Therefore, biological markers or risk factors of AD are highly desirable. In this work, we give an overview of the most extensively studied AD biomarkers, namely beta-amyloid, tau protein, and phosphorylated tau-protein, alone or in combination. Moreover, we describe the role of inflammatory markers (cytokines, acute phase proteins), oxidative stress markers (isoprostanes, 8-hydroxyguanine, 3-nitrotyrosine, plasma antioxidants, redox transition metals), homocysteine and related vitamins, cholesterol and 24S-hydroxycholesterol in the diagnostic process or prediction of AD. We briefly review less popular, though promising markers of AD - markers of apoptosis, neuronal thread protein, acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase, sulfatide, kallikreins, matrix-degrading metalloproteinases, and novel isoforms of beta-amyloid and tau. Finally, we discuss the clinical applicability of AD-related biological markers.
Genomic Views of the Immune System (2000)

Genomic-scale experimentation aims to view biological processes as a whole, yet with molecular precision. Using massively parallel DNA microarray technology, the mRNA expression of tens of thousands of genes can be measured simultaneously. Mathematical distillation of this flood of gene expression data reveals a deep molecular and biological logic underlying gene expression programs during cellular differentiation and activation. Genes that encode components of the same multi-subunit protein complex are often coordinately regulated. Coordinate regulation is also observed among genes whose products function in a common differentiation program or in the same physiological response pathway. Recent application of gene expression profiling to the immune system has shown that lymphocyte differentiation and activation are accompanied by changes of hundreds of genes in parallel. The databases of gene expression emerging from these studies of normal immune responses will be used to interpret the pathological changes in gene expression that accompany autoimmunity, immune deficiencies, and cancers of immune cells.
The Organization and Use of Parallel Memories (1971)

As computer CPUs get faster, primary memories tend to be organized in parallel banks. The fastest machines now being developed can fetch of the order of 100 words in parallel. Unless memory and compiler designers are careful, serious memory conflicts and resulting performance degradation may result. Some of the important questions of design and use of such memories are discussed.
Curcumin labels amyloid pathology in vivo , disrupts existing plaques, and partially restores distorted neurites in an Alzheimer mouse model (2007)

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by senile plaques and neurodegeneration although the neurotoxic mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. It is clear that both oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in the illness. The compound curcumin, with a broad spectrum of anti‐oxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐fibrilogenic activities may represent a promising approach for preventing or treating AD. Curcumin is a small fluorescent compound that binds to amyloid deposits. In the present work we used in vivo multiphoton microscopy (MPM) to demonstrate that curcumin crosses the blood–brain barrier and labels senile plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Moreover, systemic treatment of mice with curcumin for 7 days clears and reduces existing plaques, as monitored with longitudinal imaging, suggesting a potent disaggregation effect. Curcumin also led to a limited, but significant reversal of structural changes in dystrophic dendrites, including abnormal curvature and dystrophy size. Together, these data suggest that curcumin reverses existing amyloid pathology and associated neurotoxicity in a mouse model of AD. This approach could lead to more effective clinical therapies for the prevention of oxidative stress, inflammation and neurotoxicity associated with AD.
Reflection of a Beam of Finite Size from a Corrugated Waveguide (1989)

Abstract The paper is concerned with the influence of the finite size of an incident beam upon both the anomalous-reflection spectrum and the shape of the energy distribution in a reflected beam. It is proved experimentally that the use of corrugated waveguides as a laser-resonator selective mirror improves the spatial coherence of radiation.
Interpretation of urine quantitative 11-nor-delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid to determine abstinence from marijuana smoking (1989)

Verification of abstinence from cannabinoid use after initial identification requires documentation of falling quantitative levels of urinary 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) over an extended time period. We present a case in which normalization of quantitative urinary THC-COOH results to urinary creatinine is required to correctly interpret a series of quantitative levels and confirm abstinence from marijuana smoking.
A Paper-Based Multiplexed Transaminase Test for Low-Cost, Point-of-Care Liver Function Testing (2012)

In developed nations, monitoring for drug-induced liver injury through serial measurements of serum transaminases [aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)] in at-risk individuals is the standard of care. Despite the need, monitoring for drug-related hepatotoxicity in resource-limited settings is often limited by expense and logistics, even for patients at highest risk. This article describes the development and clinical testing of a paper-based, multiplexed microfluidic assay designed for rapid, semiquantitative measurement of AST and ALT in a fingerstick specimen. Using 223 clinical specimens obtained by venipuncture and 10 fingerstick specimens from healthy volunteers, we have shown that our assay can, in 15 min, provide visual measurements of AST and ALT in whole blood or serum, which allow the user to place those values into one of three readout "bins" [<3× upper limit of normal (ULN), 3 to 5× ULN, and >5× ULN, corresponding to tuberculosis/HIV treatment guidelines] with >90% accuracy. These data suggest that the ultimate point-of-care fingerstick device will have high impact on patient care in low-resource settings.
STRUCTURAL EMPHYSEMA DOES NOT CORRELATE WITH LUNG COMPLIANCE: LESSONS FROM THE MOUSE SMOKING MODEL (2005)

The murine smoke-induced model produces histologic emphysema. The authors sought to assess whether the structural emphysema that occurred correlated with the development of compliance changes. The study exposed 2 strains of mice (CBA/J/J x C57BL/6J and A/J) to chronic cigarette smoke. Lung compliance and morphometry were measured. The smoking model generated significant emphysema in A/J mice in the absence of changes in compliance, lung matrix, or apoptosis. Importantly, there was no correlation between the emphysema measured by lung morphometry and pulmonary compliance. This lack of correlation suggests that the mechanisms involved in anatomic emphysema may be distinct from those that cause the loss of elastic recoil.
Uricase. Subunit composition and resistance to denaturants (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUricase. Subunit composition and resistance to denaturantsO. M. Pitts, D. G. Priest, and W. W. FishCite this: Biochemistry 1974, 13, 5, 888–892Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00702a009https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00702a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views134Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Embedded software streaming via block streaming (2004)

Downloading software from a server usually takes a noticeable amount of time, that is, noticeable to the user who wants to run the program. However, this issue can be mitigated by the use of streaming software. Software steaming is a means by which software can begin execution even while transmission of the full software program may still be in progress. Therefore, the application load time (i.e., the amount of time from when an application is selected for download to when the application can be executed) observed by the user can be significantly reduced. Moreover, unneeded software components might not be downloaded to the device, lowering memory and bandwidth usages. As a result, resource utilization such as memory and bandwidth usage may also be more efficient. Using our streaming method, an embedded device can support a wide range of applications which can be run on demand. Software streaming also enables small memory footprint devices to run applications larger than the physical memory by using our memory management technique.\nIn this dissertation, we present a streaming method we call block streaming to transmit stream-enabled applications, including stream-enabled file I/O. We implemented a tool to partition software into blocks which can be transmitted (streamed) to the embedded device. Our streaming method was implemented and simulated on an MBX860 board and on a hardware/software co-simulation platform in which we used the PowerPC architecture. We show a robotics application that, with our software streaming method, is able to meet its deadline. The application load time for this application also improves by a factor of more than 10X when compared to downloading the entire application before running it. The experimental results also show that our implementation improves file I/O operation latency; in our examples, the performance improves up to 55.83X when compared with direct download. Finally, we show a stream-enabled game application combined with stream-enabled file I/O for which the user can start playing the game 3.18X more quickly than using only the stream-enabled game program file alone.
Colorectal cancer--chemoprevention. (1998)

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer in The United States. During the last fifteen years, emphasis has been placed on identification of high risk patients and families and outline of appropriate surveillance regimens for normal and high risk patients for colorectal cancer. Parallel to this effort, abundant clinical data has been accumulated that chemoprevention of colorectal cancer with nonsteroidals and aspirin may be possible. Interruption of prostaglandin metabolism appears to be one of the mechanisms of action but not the only therapeutic arm. Currently, sulindac, aspirin, calcium and selenium supplementation are attractive recommendations to at risk patients awaiting results of clinical trials. Other agents in development add excitement to the concept of colorectal cancer chemoprevention.