gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbon‐13 NMR of polybutadiene (1972)

Abstract By using the carbon‐13 NMR technique, it is shown that there are no cis ‐1,4– trans ‐1,4 linkages in a n ‐BuLi‐catalyzed polybutadiene. The polymer consists of “blocks” of cis ‐1,4 units and trans ‐1,4 units separated by isolated vinyl units. Preliminary evidence suggests this might also be true for other types of 1,3‐diene polymerization. Some of the implications of this finding on the mechanism of polymerization are discussed. Tacticity triad distributions are readily determined in polybutadienes with high 1,2 addition contents.
Molecular diversity in the adenylylcyclase family. Evidence for eight forms of the enzyme and cloning of type VI. (1992)

The conservation of amino acid sequence among types I-IV adenylylcyclase has made it possible to apply the polymerase chain reaction to examine the extent of the molecular diversity within this family of enzymes. cDNA templates from rat heart, liver, kidney, guinea pig brain and testes, and mouse skeletal muscle were amplified with primers specific to adenylylcyclase sequences. Evidence was obtained for a total of eight distinct gene products divisible into five subfamilies. Five of the products correspond to regions from cloned forms of adenylylcyclase, while three are previously unidentified. As many as seven different adenylylcyclases are expressed in rat heart, liver, and kidney based on this analysis. Two newly identified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were utilized to screen a rat cDNA library from H35 Reuber hepatoma cells. A 6080-nucleotide cDNA contains an open reading frame encoding the 1166-amino acid type VI protein which has a predicted topography similar to that of other adenylylcyclases. The type VI message is abundantly expressed in rat heart, kidney, and brain. Human embryonal kidney cells stably expressing the cDNA showed an enhanced response to isoproterenol that could be inhibited by carbachol in intact cells. Increases in intracellular Ca2+ contribute to the inhibitory effect of carbachol.
Effect of interferon therapy on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and mortality of patients with chronic hepatitis C: A retrospective cohort study of 738 patients (2000)

The effect of interferon on the long-term clinical outcome of patients with chronic hepatitis C remains unclear. This study included 594 patients with chronic hepatitis C who received interferon-alpha therapy (Interferon group) and 144 patients with chronic hepatitis C who did not receive interferon (Control group). The patients in the Interferon group were classified into the following three groups based on the response of the serum aminotransaminase level of the patient during and after completion of the therapy protocol: sustained responders (n = 175), transient responders (n = 165), and non-responders (n = 254). The age, sex, serum aminotransaminase level, platelet count, histological staging, hepatitis C virus (HCV) subtype, and HCV concentration at baseline were adjusted with the Cox proportional hazards model. The length of follow-up for assessment of the risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was 57.2 +/- 13.9 months in the Interferon group and 67.7 +/- 28.7 months in the Control group. Multivariate analysis showed that interferon therapy decreased the risk for developing HCC by 48% compared with that in the Control group (P = 0.064). The older the age, being male, having a low platelet count, and higher histological stage were independent factors associated with the development of HCC. The hazard rate ratio for development of HCC in the sustained responders, transient responders, and non-responders was 0.16 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.04-0.62), 0.27 (95% CI: 0. 09-0.79), and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.37-1.48), respectively. During follow-up, 18 patients in the Interferon group died (10 from liver-related diseases) and 17 patients in the Control group died (10 from liver-related diseases). No sustained responder or transient responder in the Interferon group died of liver-related disease. The cumulative survival rates of the Interferon and Control groups were nearly identical during the first 5 years following diagnosis. Thereafter, the cumulative survival rate of the Control group declined, resulting in an 8-year survival rate in the Interferon and Control groups of 97% and 81%, respectively (P = 0. 061). Similar trends were seen in the survival analysis of those who had died of liver disease: the 8-year survival rates of the Interferon and Control groups were 98% and 88%, respectively (P = 0. 32). Our study demonstrated that interferon therapy significantly lowered the incidence of HCC among patients with chronic hepatitis C who showed sustained normalization and among patients who showed transient normalization of the serum aminotransferase level after completion of interferon therapy. The survival analyses and determination of cause of death suggested that interferon therapy improves the long-term survival of chronic hepatitis C patients who respond to this therapy, possibly by decreasing mortality from liver-related diseases.
Disorganization and restoration of thymic medullary epithelial cells in T cell receptor‐negative scid mice: Evidence that receptor‐bearing lymphocytes influence maturation of the thymic microenvironment (1991)

In order to assess the possible role of lymphoid cells in the development of thymic epithelium, we compared the organization and maturation of thymic epithelium in scid mice lacking T cell receptor (TcR)-positive cells with that in scid mice containing TcR+ cells. Immunohistologic examination revealed that thymi from TcR- scid mice were deficient in thymic medullary epithelial cells recognized by the monoclonal antibody ER-TR5, and that the few thymic medullary epithelial cells present were not organized into discrete medullary areas. In contrast, thymi from scid mice containing TcR+ cells possessed ER-TR5+ thymic medullary epithelial cells and these cells were organized normally into discrete medullary regions. Thus, normal organization and maturation of thymic medullary epithelial cells did not occur in the absence of TcR+ cells, but did occur upon introduction of TcR+ cells. We conclude that lympho-stromal cell interactions in the thymus are not unidirectional, and that a symbiotic relationship exists between maturing epithelial cells and developing lymphocytes.
Specular–diffraction Imaging by Directional Angle Decomposition (2010)

This work presents a new seismic imaging system for generating amplitude preserved, three dimensional directional gathers. The proposed directional angle decomposition enables the implementation of both specular and diffraction imaging in real 3D isotropic/anisotropic geological models, leading to simultaneous emphasis on both continuous structural surfaces and discontinuous objects, such as faults and small-scale fractures. Structural attributes at each subsurface point, e.g., dip, azimuth and continuity, can be derived directly from the directional angle gathers. The proposed system is most effective for imaging and analysis below complex structures, such as sub-salt and sub-basalt, high-velocity carbonate rocks, shallow velocity anomalies, and others.
Induction of autoantibodies to mouse CCR5 with recombinant papillomavirus particles (1999)

The vertebrate immune system has evolved to respond vigorously to microbial infection but to ignore self-antigens. Evidence has emerged that B cell responses to viruses are initiated by immune recognition of ordered arrays of antigen on the viral surface. To test whether autoantibodies against a self-antigen can be induced by placing it in a context that mimics the ordered surface of a viral particle, a peptide representing an extracellular loop of the mouse chemokine receptor CCR5 was incorporated into an immunodominant site of the bovine papillomavirus virus L1 coat protein, which self-assembles into virus-like particles. Mice inoculated with chimeric L1-CCR5 particles generated autoantibodies that bound to native mouse CCR5, inhibited binding of its ligand RANTES, and blocked HIV-1 infection of an indicator cell line expressing a human-mouse CCR5 chimera. These results suggest a general method for inducing autoantibodies against self-antigens, with diverse potential basic research and clinical applications.
Overexpression of Wild-Type Heat Shock Protein 27 and a Nonphosphorylatable Heat Shock Protein 27 Mutant Protects Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in a Transgenic Mouse Model (2004)

These results indicate that in a tg mouse model, overexpression of either wild-type hsp27 or a nonphosphorylatable hsp27 mutant was equally capable of protecting the heart from I/R injury. Furthermore, the phosphorylation status of hsp27 may influence its ability to decrease oxidative stress.
<title>Multi-modal netted sensor fence for homeland security</title> (2005)

Potential terrorists/adversaries can exploit a wide range of airborne threats against civilian and military targets. Currently there is no effective, low-cost solution to robustly and reliably detect and identify low observable airborne vehicles such as small, low-flying aircraft or cruise missiles that might be carrying chemical, biological or even nuclear weapons in realistic environments. This paper describes the development of a forward-based fence that contains a multi-modal mix of various low cost, low power, netted sensors including unsophisticated radar, acoustic and optical (Infrared and visible) cameras to detect, track and discriminate such threats. Candidate target (Cessna, Beech Craft, crop duster, and cruise missile) signature phenomenologies are studied in detail through either theoretical, numerical simulation or field experiment. Assessments for all three modalities (Radar, acoustic and IR) indicate reasonable detectability and detection range. A multi-modal kinematic tracker is employed to predict the location, the speed and the heading of the target. Results from a notional, template based classification approach reveal reasonable discrimination between different aircraft tested in the field experiments.
Characterization of XET-Related Genes of Rice (2000)

To elucidate the mechanism of internodal elongation in rice (Oryza sativa L.), we analyzed genes encoding xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET), a cell wall-loosening enzyme essential for cell elongation. Four rice XET-related (XTR) genes, OsXTR1, OsXTR2, OsXTR3, and OsXTR4, were isolated and their expression patterns in rice plants determined. The expression of the four XTR genes showed different patterns of organ specificity and responses to several plant hormones. OsXTR1 and OsXTR3 were up-regulated by gibberellin and brassinosteroids, whereas OsXTR2 and OsXTR4 showed no clear response to these hormones. Expression of the four XTR genes was also investigated in elongating internodes at different developmental stages. OsXTR1 and OsXTR3 were preferentially expressed in the elongating zone of internodes, while OsXTR2 and OsXTR4 were expressed in nodes and in the divisional and elongating zones of internodes. In three genetic mutants with abnormal heights, the expression of OsXTR1 and OsXTR3 correlated with the height of the mutants, whereas no such correlation was observed for OsXTR2 and OsXTR4. Based on these observations, we discuss the roles that OsXTR1 and OsXTR3 may play in internodal elongation in rice.
Expression of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Receptors in Human Prostate Cancer (1998)

We studied the expression and function of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor in the human prostate carcinoma cell line LNCaP and looked for its presence in normal and neoplastic human prostatic tissue. The GM-CSF receptor is composed of two subunits, α and β. While the isolated α subunit binds GM-CSF at low-affinity, the isolated β subunit does not bind GM-CSF by itself; but complexes with the α subunit to form a high-affinity receptor. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed expression of mRNAs encoding the α and β subunits of the GM-CSF receptor in LNCaP cells, and the presence of the α and β proteins was confirmed by immunolocalization with anti-α and anti-β antibodies. Receptor binding studies using radiolabeled GM-CSF showed that LNCaP cells have about 150 high-affinity sites with a kd of 40 pmol/L and approximately 750 low-affinity sites with a kd of 2 nmol/L. GM-CSF signaled, in a time- and dose-dependent manner, for protein tyrosine phosphorylation and induced the proliferation of the LNCaP cells. Immunolocalization studies showed low level expression of GM-CSF α and β subunits in normal prostate tissue, with substantial expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prominent expression in neoplastic prostate tissue. Maximal expression of both subunits was observed in prostatic carcinomas metastatic to lymph node and bone. Tumor cells that stained positively with anti-α subunit antibodies were also reactive with anti-β subunit antibodies, indicating that they express high-affinity GM-CSF receptors. Our data show that the LNCaP cells express functional GM-CSF receptors and that prostatic carcinomas have prominent GM-CSF receptor expression. These findings imply that both hyperplastic and neoplastic prostatic tissues may be responsive to GM-CSF.
Recombinant oncostatin M stimulates the production of acute phase proteins in HepG2 cells and rat primary hepatocytes in vitro (1992)

Acute inflammation is characterized by increased liver output of acute phase proteins (APP). Several cytokines including IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, and IL-11 are capable of stimulating APP synthesis by hepatocytes and hepatoma cells. We have tested the activity of a separate and unique cytokine oncostatin M (OM) and have found potent APP-inducing activity of human recombinant OM on hepatocytes. OM acted in a dose-dependent fashion (ED50 5 to 10 ng/ml) in stimulating APP synthesis in human HepG2 cells, rat H35 cells, and primary rat hepatocyte cultures, but not human Hep3B cells. Human OM induced equivalent to or greater responses than IL-6 in HepG2 cells, however, it was less effective than human IL-6 in stimulating rat cells. Northern analysis showed that OM stimulated mRNA levels of haptoglobin and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin in HepG2 cells. OM induced CAT activity in HepG2 cells transfected with CAT constructs containing IL-6-responsive elements, suggesting that OM induces transcription of native proteins through mechanisms involving IL-6-responsive element-like sequences in gene promoters. OM was also shown to act additively with IL-6 or leukemia inhibitory factor and synergistically with glucocorticoid or IL-1 in the induction of specific APP. These results suggest that OM plays a role as a mediator of APP synthesis in inflammatory responses.
High-Temperature Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxial Growth of AlN on Sapphire by Multi Transition Growth Mode Method Varying V/III Ratio (2006)

High-quality AlN layers were grown on c -plane sapphire substrates by high-temperature metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy. AlN layers of about 9 µm in thickness with an atomically flat surface were obtained without cracks. Multiple modulation of the V/III ratio during growth led to a reduction in the number of dislocations during the growth transition period. The dislocation density of the AlN layers was found to be less than 3×10 8 cm -2 .
Comparison of buccal and nasal dexmedetomidine premedication for pediatric patients (2012)

These results suggest that intranasal administration of 1 μg·kg(-1) dexmedetomidine is more effective than buccal administration of 1 μg·kg(-1) dexmedetomidine for premedication in children.
On the Role of Melanoma-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Immunity in Disease Progression of Advanced-Stage Melanoma Patients (2004)

Cytotoxic T-cell immunity directed against melanosomal differentiation antigens is arguably the best-studied and most prevalent form of tumor-specific T-cell immunity in humans. Despite this, the role of T-cell responses directed against melanosomal antigens in disease progression has not been elucidated. To address this issue, we have related the presence of circulating melanoma-specific T cells with disease progression and survival in a large cohort of patients with advanced-stage melanoma who had not received prior treatment. In 42 (68%) of 62 patients, melanoma-specific T cells were detected, sometimes in surprisingly large numbers. Disease progression during treatment was more frequent in patients with circulating melanoma-specific T cells, and mean survival of patients with circulating melanoma-specific T cells was equal to the survival of patients without melanoma-specific T cells. These data suggest that the induction of melanosomal differentiation antigen-specific T-cell reactivity in advanced stage melanoma is a late event most likely due to antigen load and spreading and is not accompanied by a clinically significant antitumor effect. These melanoma-specific T cells may be functionally distinct from T cells raised during spontaneous regression or up vaccination.
Purification and Structural Identification of an Autoinducer for the Luminescence System of Vibrio harveyi (1989)

An autoinducer required for the growth-dependent development of luminescence in Vibrio harveyi has been purified, structurally identified, and chemically synthesized. The autoinducer, which is excreted by the cells, was extracted with chloroform from conditioned media in which V. harveyi cells had been grown. The concentrated extract was separated on a silica gel column and the autoinducer activity further purified by thin layer, paper, and high performance liquid chromatography. The structure of the partially purified autoinducer was identified by 1H NMR and mass spectrometry as N-(beta-hydroxybutyryl)homoserine lactone. This compound was chemically synthesized by condensation of beta-hydroxybutyrate with alpha-amino-gamma-butyrolactone hydrobromide using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide as a carboxyl group activator. The pure synthetic autoinducer gave the characteristic NMR and mass spectra, co-migrated with the natural autoinducer on thin layer plates, and specifically stimulated induction of luminescence of V. harveyi. Light emission of a regulatory dark mutant of V. harveyi could be stimulated over 1000-fold by the addition of N-(beta-hydroxybutyryl)homoserine lactone, reaching intensities comparable to that of the native strain. The similarity in structure of the autoinducer of V. harveyi to that of Vibrio fischeri suggests that the regulation of luminescence induction in these bacteria may be related in spite of their differences in lux gene organization.
Murine dendritic cells pulsed with whole tumor lysates mediate potent antitumor immune responsesin vitroandin vivo (1998)

The highly efficient nature of dendritic cells (DC) as antigen-presenting cells raises the possibility of uncovering in tumor-bearing hosts very low levels of T cell reactivity to poorly immunogenic tumors that are virtually undetectable by other means. Here, we demonstrate the in vitro and in vivo capacities of murine bone marrow-derived, cytokine-driven DC to elicit potent and specific anti-tumor responses when pulsed with whole tumor lysates. Stimulation of naive spleen-derived T cells by tumor lysate-pulsed DC generated tumor-specific proliferative cytokine release and cytolytic reactivities in vitro. In addition, in two separate strains of mice with histologically distinct tumors, s.c. injections of DC pulsed with whole tumor lysates effectively primed these animals to reject subsequent lethal challenges with viable parental tumor cells and, important to note, also mediated significant reductions in the number of metastases established in the lungs. Tumor rejection depended on host-derived CD8(+) T cells and, to a lesser extent, CD4(+) T cells. Spleens from mice that had rejected their tumors contained specific precursor cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The use of whole tumor lysates as a source of tumor-associated antigen(s) for pulsing of DC circumvents several limitations encountered with other methods as well as provides certain distinct advantages, which are discussed. These data serve as rationale for our recent initiation of a phase I clinical trial of immunization with autologous tumor lysate-pulsed DC in adult and pediatric cancer patients.
Cyclopropane-Derived Peptidomimetics. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel Ras Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors (2001)

Trisubstituted cyclopropanes have previously been established as rigid replacements of dipeptide arrays in several biological systems. Toward further evaluating the utility of these dipeptide mimics in the design of novel CA(1)A(2)X-based inhibitors of Ras farnesyltransferase (FTase), the conformationally constrained, diastereomeric pseudopeptides CAbuPsi[COcpCO]FM 7-9, the flexible analogue CAbuPsi[CHOHCH(2)]FM (10), and the tetrapeptide CAbuFM (6) were prepared. The orientations of the two peptide backbone substituents and the phenyl group on the cyclopropane rings in 7-9were specifically designed to probe selected topological features of the hydrophobic binding pocket of the A(2) subsite of FTase. The syntheses of the requisite trisubstituted cyclopropane carboxylic acid 22 and the diastereomeric cyclopropyl lactones 32a,b featured diastereoselective intramolecular cyclopropanations of chiral allylic diazoacetates and a new method for introducing side chains onto the C-terminal amino acid of cyclopropane-derived dipeptide replacements via the opening of an N-Boc-aziridine with an organocuprate. These cyclopropane intermediates were then converted into the targeted FTase inhibitors 7-9 by standard peptide coupling techniques. The pseudopeptides 7-9 were found to be competitive inhibitors of Ras FTase with IC(50)s of 1055 nM for 7, 760 nM for 8, and 7200 nM for 9. The flexible analogue 10 of these constrained inhibitors exhibited a IC(50) of 320 nM and hence was slightly more potent than 7 and 8. All of these pseudopeptides were less potent than the tetrapeptide parent CAbuFM (6), which had an IC(50) of 38 nM. Because 7 and 8 are approximately equipotent, it appears that the orientation of the peptide backbone substituents on the cyclopropane rings in 7 and 8 do not have any significant effect on binding affinity and that multiple binding modes are possible without significant changes in affinity. On the other hand, this flexibility does not extend to the orientation of the side chain of the A(2) residue as 7 and 8 were both nearly 1 order of magnitude more potent than 9. Comparison of the relative potencies of 6 and 10 suggests that the amide linkage between the A(1) and the A(2) residues of CA(1)A(2)X-derived FTase inhibitors is important.
Energy dissipation in tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (1998)

A method is presented to measure the energy dissipated by the tip–sample interaction in tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results show that if the amplitude of the cantilever is held constant, the sine of the phase angle of the driven vibration is then proportional to changes in the tip–sample energy dissipation. This means that images of the cantilever phase in tapping-mode AFM are closely related to maps of dissipation. The maximum dissipation observed for a 4 N/m cantilever with an initial amplitude of 25 nm tapping on a hard substrate at 74 kHz is about 0.3 pW.
The Re-Emergence of Celtic Christianity (2014)

For more than forty years renewed interest in Celtic Christianity has emerged both within the Churches and among Christians living on the fringes of the Churches. This paper identifies eight key themes that consistently shaped the renewed interest in Celtic Christianity. These themes all reflect a common concern for connecting contemporary life with the rural, remote and marginalised sources of inspiration attributed to the early Celtic Church. These themes are characterised as: connecting with personal roots; connecting with a purer spirituality; connecting with creation; connecting with the immanent God; connecting with women; connecting with Celtic saints; connecting with the sense of pilgrimage; and connecting with contemporary writers.