Lasers in Chemical Analysis (1981)

Section One Lasers and Laser Optics.- 1 Laser Fundamentals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Optical Amplifier.- 2.1. Thermal Energy Distribution.- 2.2. Absorption of Radiation.- 2.3. Spontaneous Emission of Radiation.- 2.4. Stimulated Emission of Radiation.- 2.5. Kinetic Picture of a Two-Level System.- 2.6. Inclusion of Losses.- 2.7. Transition Bandwidth.- 2.8. Saturated Gain.- 3. The Excited-State Pump.- 3.1. Optically Pumping a Three-Level System.- 3.2. Optically Pumping a Four-Level System.- 3.3. Pumping by a Gas Discharge.- 3.4. Pumping by a Chemical Reaction.- 3.5. Pumping in a Semiconductor.- 4. The Optical Resonator.- 4.1. Gains and Losses in an Oscillator.- 4.2. Diffraction in the Resonator.- 4.3. Resonator Modes.- 4.4. Polarization.- 2 Tunable Laser Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Dye Lasers.- 2.1. Gain Media.- 2.2. Pump Sources.- 2.3. Resonator Characteristics.- 3. Other Tunable lasers.- 3.1. F-Center Lasers.- 3.2. Diode Lasers.- 3.3. Free Electron Lasers.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3 Pulsed Laser Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodology of Pulsed Lasers.- 2.1. Pulsed Excitation.- 2.2. Q-Switching.- 2.3. Cavity Dumping.- 2.4. Mode-Locking.- 3. Characterization of the Pulsed Lasers.- References.- 4 Nonlinear Optics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nonlinear Polarization Effects.- 2.1. Second-Order Optical Effects.- 2.2. Third-Order Optical Effects.- 3. Nonlinear Raman Processes.- 3.1. CARS, CSRS, and HORSES.- 3.2. Raman Gain and Loss Spectroscopy.- 3.3. Phase Matching in Nonlinear Raman Methods.- 3.4. Stimulated Raman Scattering.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Section Two Methods Based on Absorption of Laser Radiation.- 5 The Optogalvanic Effect.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical and Contemporary Perspectives.- 2.1. Pre-Laser Manifestations of the OGE.- 2.2. Selective Ionization with Tunable Lasers.- 3. Applications of the Optogalvanic Effect.- 3.1. Calibration of Tunable Lasers.- 3.2. Spectroscopy and Discharge Diagnostics.- 3.3. Trace Analysis.- 4. Laser-Enhanced Ionization Spectrometry in Flames.- 4.1. Experimental Method.- 4.2. Analytical Results.- 5. Theory.- 5.1. Ion Production.- 5.2. Signal Collection.- 6. Analytical Method Development.- 6.1. Advantage.- 6.2. Problem Areas.- 6.3. Avenues for Improvement.- 6.4. Future Directions.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 6 Potential Analytical Aspects of Laser Multiphoton Ionization Mass Sectrometry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The REMPI Process.- 3. Typical Results: Vibronic/Mass Spectra.- 4. Sensitivity of Laser MPI Mass Spectrometry.- 5. Possible Practical Applications and Future Potentials of LAMS.- Acknowledgment.- References.- 7 Analytical Aspects of Thermal Lensing Spectroscopy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Observation of the Thermal Lens Effect.- 3. Measurement of Small Absorption.- 4. Model of the Thermal Lens Effect.- 5. Application of the Thermal Lens to Absorption Spectroscopy.- 6. Application of the Thermal Lens to Analytical Chemistry.- 7. Other Thermo-Optical Techniques.- 8. Conclusion.- References.- Section Three Methods Based on Laser-Induced Fluorescence.- 8 Laser-Excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Overview of Lasers and AFS.- 2.1. LEAFS Process.- 2.2. Laser and AFS Link.- 2.3. Criteria in Choosing an Excitation Source for AFS.- 3. Fundamental Considerations.- 3.1. Types of Atomic Fluorescence Transitions.- 3.2. Spectral Interferences.- 3.3. Optimization of Optical Transfer.- 3.4. Fluorescence Radiance Expressions.- 4. Experimental Considerations.- 5. Experimental Results.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- 9 Laser-Excited Fluorescence Spectroscopy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Laser-Excited Atomic Fluorescence.- 3. Laser-Excited Molecular Fluorescence.- 4. Probe-Ion Methods.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 10 Laser-Excited Matrix-Isolation Molecular Fluorescence Spectrometry.- 1. Matrix Isolation Spectroscopy.- 2. How Can Laser Excitation Increase the Analytical Utility of MI Fluorimetry?.- 3. Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy.- 4. Pseudo-Shpolskii and Site-Selection Fluorimetry.- 5. MI Fluorescence for High-Resolution Gas Chromatographic Detection.- 6. Conclusion.- Acknowledgment.- References.- 11 Laser-Induced Fluorimetric Analysis of Drugs in Biological Fluids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental.- 2.1. Instrumentation.- 2.2. Reagents.- 2.3. Compounds Examined.- 3. Results and Discussion.- Acknowledgment.- References.- 12 New Laser-Based Methodologies for the Determination of Organic Pollutants Via Fluorescence.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theory.- 2.1. Fluorescence Line-Narrowing Spectroscopy.- 2.2. Gas Chromatography-Rotationally Cooled Fluorescence.- 3. Experimental.- 3.1. Fluorescence Line-Narrowing Spectroscopy.- 3.2. Gas Chromatography-Rotationally Cooled Fluorescence.- 4. Results and Discussion.- 4.1. Fluorescence Line-Narrowing Spectroscopy.- 4.2. Gas Chromatography-Rotationally Cooled Fluorescence.- Acknowledgment.- References.- 13 Trace Analysis of Nonfluorescent Ions by Association with a Fluorescent Probe in the Solid State.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental.- 3. Site Equilibria and Application to Chemical Analysis.- 4. Interferences.- Acknowledgment.- References.- Section Four Lasers in Analytical Instrumentation.- 14 Laser-Based Detectors for Liquid Chromatography.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Laser Properties Relevant to HPLC Detector Design.- 2.1. Collimation.- 2.2. Monochromaticity.- 2.3. Power.- 2.4. Temporal Resolution.- 3. Some Laser-Based HPLC Detectors.- 3.1. Fluorescence.- 3.2. Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence.- 3.3. Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS).- 3.4. Light Scattering.- 4. Future Developments.- 4.1. Optical Activity.- 4.2. Raman-Induced Kerr-Effect Spectroscopy.- 4.3. Refractive Index (RI).- 4.4. Thermal Lensing.- 5. Summary.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 15 Lasers and Analytical Polarimetry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Principles of Polarimetry.- 3. Sensitivity Enhancement.- 4. Accuracy Improvement.- 5. Conclusion.- References.