gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface Relaxation Mechanisms of Laser-Polarized129Xe (1995)

We have determined the dominant mechanism for nuclear spin relaxation of laser-polarized ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ in silicone coated cells. The ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ relaxation rate is found to be strongly dependent on magnetic field, which indicates that ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ becomes trapped in the coating for extraordinarily long times ( $\ensuremath{\tau}&gt;10\ensuremath{\mu}$s). Relaxation is caused by dipolar coupling between the trapped ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ and the protons in the coating, which we confirm with a novel double resonance scheme. This result should aid the development of improved coatings, and offers new possibilities for using laser-polarized ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ as a probe of other polymer and biological systems.
An Experimental Itch Model in Monkeys (2000)

These data indicate that intrathecal morphine-induced scratching and antinociception are mediated by opioid receptors. The magnitude of nalmefene antagonism of intrathecal morphine is consistent with microL opioid receptor mediation. This experimental itch model is useful for evaluating different agents that may suppress scratching without interfering with antinociception. It may also facilitate the clarification of mechanisms underlying these phenomena.
Three-dimensional motifs from the SCOR, structural classification of RNA database: extruded strands, base triples, tetraloops and U-turns (2004)

Release 2.0.1 of the Structural Classification of RNA (SCOR) database, http://scor.lbl.gov, contains a classification of the internal and hairpin loops in a comprehensive collection of 497 NMR and X-ray RNA structures. This report discusses findings of the classification that have not been reported previously. The SCOR database contains multiple examples of a newly described RNA motif, the extruded helical single strand. Internal loop base triples are classified in SCOR according to their three-dimensional context. These internal loop triples contain several examples of a frequently found motif, the minor groove AGC triple. SCOR also presents the predominant and alternate conformations of hairpin loops, as shown in the most well represented tetraloops, with consensus sequences GNRA, UNCG and ANYA. The ubiquity of the GNRA hairpin turn motif is illustrated by its presence in complex internal loops.
The good and the bad faces of STAT1 in solid tumours (2015)

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 is part of the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT signalling cascade and is best known for its essential role in mediating responses to all types of interferons (IFN). STAT1 regulates a variety of cellular processes, such as antimicrobial activities, cell proliferation and cell death. It exerts important immune modulatory activities both in the innate and the adaptive arm of the immune system. Based on studies in mice and data from human patients, STAT1 is generally considered a tumour suppressor but there is growing evidence that it can also act as a tumour promoter. This review aims at contrasting the two faces of STAT1 in tumourigenesis and providing an overview on the current knowledge of the underlying mechanisms or pathways.
The lateral amygdaloid nucleus: sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning (1990)

Previous work has implicated projections from the acoustic thalamus to the amygdala in the classical conditioning of emotional responses to auditory stimuli. The purpose of the present studies was to determine whether the lateral amygdaloid nucleus (AL), which is a major subcortical target of projections from the acoustic thalamus, might be the sensory interface of the amygdala in emotional conditioning. Lesions were placed in AL of rats and the effects on emotional conditioning were examined. Lesions of AL, but not lesions of the striatum above or the cortex adjacent to the AL, interfered with emotional conditioning. Lesions that only partially destroyed AL or lesions placed too ventrally that completely missed AL had no effect. AL lesions did not affect the responses elicited following nonassociative (random) training. AL is thus an essential link in the circuitry through which auditory stimuli are endowed with affective properties and may function as the sensory interface of the amygdala during emotional learning.
Experimental Demonstration of 28.2% Thermophotovoltaic Conversion Efficiency (2018)

Efficient luminescence extraction enables us to use the photovoltaic band gap as the spectral filter for thermophotovoltaics. Using this concept, we demonstrate a 28.2% conversion efficiency, higher than the previously reported value for the range of the emitter temperature (700oC–1250oC) used.
Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylases Have a Function during the Formation of Secondary Cell Walls of Vascular Tissues (2002)

Xyloglucan transglycosylases (XETs) have been implicated in many aspects of cell wall biosynthesis, but their function in vascular tissues, in general, and in the formation of secondary walls, in particular, is less well understood. Using an in situ XET activity assay in poplar stems, we have demonstrated XET activity in xylem and phloem fibers at the stage of secondary wall formation. Immunolocalization of fucosylated xylogucan with CCRC-M1 antibodies showed that levels of this species increased at the border between the primary and secondary wall layers at the time of secondary wall deposition. Furthermore, one of the most abundant XET isoforms in secondary vascular tissues (PttXET16A) was cloned and immunolocalized to fibers at the stage of secondary wall formation. Together, these data strongly suggest that XET has a previously unreported role in restructuring primary walls at the time when secondary wall layers are deposited, probably creating and reinforcing the connections between the primary and secondary wall layers. We also observed that xylogucan is incorporated at a high level in the inner layer of nacreous walls of mature sieve tube elements.
Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of P23H Line 1 Rat Model (2015)

Rod-cone dystrophy, also known as retinitis pigmentosa (RP), is the most common inherited degenerative photoreceptor disease, for which no therapy is currently available. The P23H rat is one of the most commonly used autosomal dominant RP models. It has been created by incorporation of a mutated mouse rhodopsin (Rho) transgene in the wild-type (WT) Sprague Dawley rat. Detailed genetic characterization of this transgenic animal has however never been fully reported. Here we filled this knowledge gap on P23H Line 1 rat (P23H-1) and provide additional phenotypic information applying non-invasive and state-of-the-art in vivo techniques that are relevant for preclinical therapeutic evaluations. Transgene sequence was analyzed by Sanger sequencing. Using quantitative PCR, transgene copy number was calculated and its expression measured in retinal tissue. Full field electroretinography (ERG) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) were performed at 1-, 2-, 3- and 6-months of age. Sanger sequencing revealed that P23H-1 rat carries the mutated mouse genomic Rho sequence from the promoter to the 3' UTR. Transgene copy numbers were estimated at 9 and 18 copies in the hemizygous and homozygous rats respectively. In 1-month-old hemizygous P23H-1 rats, transgene expression represented 43% of all Rho expressed alleles. ERG showed a progressive rod-cone dysfunction peaking at 6 months-of-age. SD-OCT confirmed a progressive thinning of the photoreceptor cell layer leading to the disappearance of the outer retina by 6 months with additional morphological changes in the inner retinal cell layers in hemizygous P23H-1 rats. These results provide precise genotypic information of the P23H-1 rat with additional phenotypic characterization that will serve basis for therapeutic interventions, especially for those aiming at gene editing.
Sustained interleukin‐6 signalling leads to the development of lymphoid organ‐like structures in the lung (2003)

A variety of pathological changes are seen in lymphoproliferative disorders of the lung but the histogenesis of these abnormalities is not yet fully understood. We previously showed that adenovirus vector-mediated transient expression of both the human interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) genes, but not the IL-6 gene alone, in the rat lung induced lymphocytic alveolitis. In the present study, we explored the lung pathology of human IL-6 and IL-6R double transgenic mice to elucidate the effects of prolonged IL-6 signalling on the lung. The transgenic animals developed mononuclear cell accumulation in peribronchovascular regions, but little infiltration into alveolar spaces. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the cellular accumulations contained not only mixtures of inflammatory cells but also lymphoid tissue-like structures. As the expression of CXCL13/BLC, the indispensable chemokine for lymphoid organogenesis, was recognized in the B cell follicles of the pulmonary lesions, we speculate that this chemokine plays an inductive role in the development of the lymphoid tissue-like structures. These structures were distinguished from bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (BALTs) by their location and by the lack of lymphoepithelium, which is a characteristic of BALT. These findings imply that IL-6 signalling may play a role in the pathogenesis of lymphoproliferative disorders of the lung.
Plastic Electrochromic Devices:  Electrochemical Characterization and Device Properties of a Phenothiazine-Phenylquinoline Donor−Acceptor Polymer (2003)

We describe the morphological, electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical characterization, and electrochromic device properties of films of poly(2,2‘-[10-methyl-3,7-phenothiazylene]-6,6‘-bis[4-phenylquinoline]) (PPTZPQ). Cyclic voltammograms of PPTZPQ polymer films showed reversible electrochemical oxidation accompanied with a color change that was switchable as a function of the potential. However, the reduction behavior of PPTZPQ was unstable and caused a loss of the electrochromic effect. The spectroelectrochemical behavior of PPTZPQ was interpreted as the combination of the properties of the constituent donor and acceptor moieties. Two PPTZPQ solid-state electrochromic devices were constructed using indium tin oxide (ITO) deposited on polyester and poly(ethylene oxide) as a polymeric electrolyte. The electrochromic active materials were PPTZPQ as the primary electrode and ladder poly(benzobisimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) or vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) as the secondary electrode. The PPTZPQ−BBL and PPTZPQ−V2O5 devices showed black-red and yellow-red color changes, respectively, during potential cycling.
Expression of human fetal brain antigens by human tumors of neuroectodermal origin as defined by monoclonal antibodies. (1982)

The antigenic relationships between human tumors of neuroectodermal origin and fetal brain were investigated by the production of hybridoma antibodies derived from a fusion of P3-NS1/1-Ag 4-1 (NS1) myeloma cells with splenocytes from a mouse multiply immunized with an homogenate of second-trimester human fetal brain tissue. Two monoclonal antibodies (MAs), 4D2cl 6 and 7H10cl 4, were studied in detail by cell surface radioimmunoassay (CS-RIA), quantitative absorption, indirect immunofluorescence, and peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) immunohistology. MA 4D2cl 6 binds to 5 of 14 glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines, 1 of 2 melanoma cell lines, 1 of 3 neuroblastoma cell lines, and 1 of 5 fetal fibroblast lines by CS-RIA and to 13 of 13 GBM, 1 neuroblastoma, and fetal brain, liver, spleen, and adult spleen unfixed frozen tissue by PAP analysis. MA 7H10cl 4 binds to 13 of 14 GBM, 1 of 3 neuroblastoma, and 1 medulloblastoma cell line(s) by CS-RIA analysis and to 13 of 13 GBM, 1 neuroblastoma, fetal brain, liver, spleen, thymus, and adult spleen by PAP analysis. Control non-central nervous system tumors and normal adult tissue, including brain, were unreactive with both MAs by CS-RIA, PAP, and absorption analysis. Tissue distribution and localization analyses established that MAs 4D2cl 6 and 7H10cl 4 recognize specificities of shared fetal-neuroectodermal-lymphoid distribution which are operationally specific within the adult central nervous system and which are not related to previously described oncofetal or onconeural antigens.
DİABETİK HASTALARDA BEL VE BOYUN ÇEVRESİ ÖLÇÜMÜ İLE GLUKOZ, LİPİD VE HBA1C PARAMETRELERİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ (2015)

Aim: To evaluate the effect of Waist circumference (WC) and Neck circumference (NC) on glucose, HbA1C, lipid parameters and blood pressure in patients with diabetes.Method:Two hundred and ninety patients with Diabetes Mellitus were included in the study. Height, weight, WC, NC, glucose, HbA1c, HDL, LDL, triglyceride and blood pressure levels were noted. We assessed the correlation between these measurements and the levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, lipid parameters and blood pressure.Results: Study population was consisted of 141 female (53.4%) and 123 male (46.6%) patients. Mean age was 55.7 ± 10 year, body mass index (BMI) was 31.1 ± 5.5 kg/m², HbA1c was %8.7±2.4, FPG was 181±82 mg/dL, trigliserid was 182±111.7 mg/dL, HDL was 42.9±11.7 mg/dL, LDL was 111.8±34 mg/dL, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 81.6±12 mmHg, sistolic blood pressure (SBP) was 131±20 mmHg. Mean WC was 106±14 cm and NC was 36.2±2.8 cm in women, mean WC was 105.9±12.8 cm and NC was 37.9±5.1 cm in men. BMI was significantly correlated with WC, SBP and DBP individually in women and men (p<0.001 for each). NC was positively correlated with SBP, DBP and triglycerides (p<0.001, p<0.001, p =0.02) and negatively correlated with HDL (p = 0.09) in all patients. WC was positively correlated with SBP and DBP (p<0.001, p<0.001) and negatively correlated with HDL (p = 0.049) in male and female diabetic patients.Conclusion:Waist circumference and neck circumference measurements are important and simple physical examination methods and may reflect metabolic changes in diabetic patients
Fabrication of Patterned Sapphire Substrate by Wet Chemical Etching for Maskless Lateral Overgrowth of GaN (2006)

The grooved -plane sapphire substrates were first systematically investigated by wet chemical etching, with and a mixture as the etchants. The structural and morphological characteristics of the grooved sapphire with mask stripes along the and directions, respectively, were studied under different etching time and temperatures by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two kinds of groove shapes are obtained. One is a V-groove whose two sidewalls are both formed by a single facet. The other is a U-groove whose one sidewall consists of two or three facets, and the other sidewall is composed of a single facet. SEM cross-sectional images show symmetrical sidewall facets with stripes along the sapphire direction and asymmetrical sidewall facets with stripes along the sapphire direction. The etching depth is linear with the etching time. The activation energies of etching reaction are evaluated in the temperature range . It is confirmed that sapphire with stripes along the direction is suitable for lateral epitaxial overgrowth of low-threading-dislocation GaN films.
Characterization of a Labile Naloxone Binding Site (λ Site) in Rat Brain (1985)

A high-affinity binding site selective for naloxone and other 4,5-epoxymorphinans (lambda site) has been previously described in rat brain. Following homogenization of freshly dissected brain, the lambda sites convert from a high-affinity to a low-affinity state. When measured with [3H]naloxone, the decay is very rapid at 20 degrees C (t 1/2 less than 2 min), whereas it is progressively slowed at lower temperatures. Proteinase inhibitors, antoxidants, and sulfhydryl group-protecting agents failed to prevent this conversion. Kinetic measurements of mu and lambda binding at varying temperatures demonstrated that the decrease in lambda binding does not coincide with the concurrent increase in mu binding and that the loss of high-affinity lambda binding at 20 degrees C can be partially restored when the temperature is lowered to 0 degrees C. The low-affinity state of the lambda site is rather stable in the Tris buffer homogenates and is susceptible to digestion by a protease. The (-)-isomer of WIN 44,441, a benzomorphan drug, binds to lambda sites with moderate affinity (dissociation constant, KD = 63 nM), whereas the (+)-isomer does not (KD greater than 10,000 nM), thus establishing stereoselectivity of the binding process. Neither the high-affinity nor the low-affinity state of lambda binding is significantly affected by the presence of 100 mM sodium chloride or 50 microM Gpp(NH)p, (a GTP analog), which is in contrast to the dramatic effect of these agents on the established opioid receptor system. Naltrexone, naloxone, nalorphine, and morphine (in this order of decreasing potency) bind to the lambda site in vivo in intact rat brain over dosage ranges that are commonly employed in pharmacological studies.
Decreased Immunological Responses by Wortmannin- Containing Rice Culture ofFusarium Oxysporumand by Purified Wortmannin in Avian Species (1992)

Immunological assays were performed in young chicken and duck after they had been fed wortmannin-containing culture of Fusarium oxysporum or purified wortmannin for 2 weeks. The culture significantly decreased humoral response to sheep red blood cell, cell-mediated cutaneous hypersensitivity to phytohemagglutinin and phagocytic activity in isolated peritoneal exudate adherent cells, but only when the concentration was high enough to cause concurrent reduction in body weight gain and hematocrit. Increased dietary metabolizable energy and protein did not affect the toxicity of the culture. On the other hand, purified wortmannin (1 mg/kg diet) significantly inhibited the aforementioned immunological responses prior to the adverse effects on body growth and hematocrit. The data strongly indicate that wortmannin is an immunotoxic substance. The possibility that macrophage is the primary target cell type is discussed.
Genetic manipulation ofKluyveromyces lactislinear DNA plasmids: gene targeting and plasmid shuffles (1999)

Genetic manipulation of yeast linear DNA plasmids, particularly of k1 and k2 from the non-conventional dairy yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, has been advanced by the recent establishment of DNA transformation-mediated one-step gene disruption and allele replacement techniques. These methods provide the basis for a strategy for the functional analysis of plasmid genes and DNA elements. By use of double selection regimens, these single-gene procedures have been extended to effect disruption of individual genes on plasmid k2 and transplacement of a functional copy onto plasmid k1, resulting in the production of yeast strains with an altered plasmid composition. This cytoplasmic gene shuffle system facilitates the introduction of specifically modified alleles into k1 or k2 in order to study the function, expression (from UCS promoters) and regulation of cytoplasmic linear plasmid genes. Additionally, identification, characterization and localization of plasmid gene products of interest are made possible by shuffling GFP-, epitope- or affinity purification-tagged alleles between k2 and k1. The gene shuffle approach can also be used for vector development and heterologous protein expression in order to exploit the biotechnical potential of the K. lactis k1/k2 system in yeast cell factory research.
Indications and Outcomes for Surgical Treatment of Patients with Chronic Migraine Headaches Caused by Occipital Neuralgia (2009)

Neurolysis of the greater occipital nerve appears to provide safe, durable pain relief in the majority of selected patients with chronic headaches caused by occipital neuralgia.
Pharmacological studies on Ginger. I. Pharmacological actions of pungent constituents, (6)-gingerol and (6)-shogaol. (1984)

General pharmacological studies were performed on (6)-gingerol and (6)-shogaol which are the pungent constituents of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Intravenous (i.v.) administration of (6)-gingerol (at 1.75-3.5 mg/kg) or (6)-shogaol (at 1.75-3.5 mg/kg) and oral administration of them (at 70-140 mg/kg) produced an inhibition of spontaneous motor activity, an antipyretic and analgesic effects, prolonged hexobarbital-induced sleeping time, and these effects of (6)-shogaol were mostly more intensive than that of (6)-gingerol. (6)-Shogaol showed an intense antitussive effect in comparison with dihydrocodeine phosphate. In the electro-encephalogram of cortex, the low amplitude fast wave pattern was observed for 5 min after i.v. administration of (6)-shogaol, and then changed to the drowsy pattern, which was restored after 60 min. In the gastro-intestinal system, (6)-shogaol intensively inhibited the traverse of charcoal meal through the intestine in contrast with (6)-gingerol after i.v. administration of 3.5 mg/kg, but (6)-shogaol facilitated such an intestinal function after oral administration of 35 mg/kg. Both (6)-shogaol and (6)-gingerol suppressed gastric contraction in situ, and the suppression by the former was more intensive than that by the latter. In the cardiovascular system, both (6)-shogaol and (6)-gingerol produced depressor response at lower doses on the blood pressure. At high doses, both drugs produced three phase pattern.
Analysis of the gene start and gene end signals of human respiratory syncytial virus: quasi-templated initiation at position 1 of the encoded mRNA (1997)

The gene start (GS) and gene end (GE) transcription signals of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) strain A2 were analyzed in helper-dependent monocistronic and dicistronic minireplicons which were complemented by a standard RSV strain. The GS signal, which is the start site for mRNA synthesis, is highly conserved for the first nine genes: 3'-CCCCGUUUA(U/C) (negative sense). This conserved version of the signal was analyzed by "saturation" mutagenesis, in which all 10 positions, as well as one downstream and one upstream position, were changed one at a time into each of the other three nucleotides. Most of the positions appear to contribute to the signal: positions 1, 3, 6, 7, and, in particular, 9 were the most sensitive, whereas position 5 was relatively insensitive. The effect of nucleotide substitution in the first position of the signal was examined further by cDNA cloning and sequence analysis of the residual mRNA which was produced. For the two mutants examined (1C to U, and 1C to A), the site of initiation was unchanged. However, the mRNAs were dimorphic with regard to the assignment of the 5'-terminal nucleotide: two-thirds contained the predicted mutant substitution, and one-third contained the parental assignment. Intracellular minigenome contained only the mutant assignment, indicating that the heterogeneity was at the level of transcription by the RSV polymerase. This suggests that the templated mutant assignment at position 1 can sometimes be overridden by an innate preference for the parental assignment, a phenomenon which we dubbed quasi-templated initiation. The GS signal of the L gene, encoding the 10th RSV mRNA, contains three differences (3'-CCCUGUUUUA) compared to the conserved version. It was shown to be equal in efficiency to the conserved version. This was unexpected, since the saturation mutagenesis described above indicated that U in place of A at position 9 should be highly inhibitory. Instead, the A at position 10 of the L GS signal was found to be critical for activity, indicating that an essential A residue indeed was present in both versions of the GS signal but that its spacing differed. The GE signal, which directs termination and polyadenylation, has more sequence diversity in nature than does the GS signal. The naturally occurring GE signals of strain A2 were compared by their individual incorporation into a dicistronic minigenome. They were similar in the ability to produce translatable mRNA except in the cases of NS1 and NS2, which were approximately 60% as efficient.