gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of carboxymethyl cellulose acrylate for various biomedical applications (2006)

The purpose of this work is to prepare a pH-sensitive hydrogel membrane of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose acrylate for drug delivery and other biomedical applications. The hydrogel was made by esterification of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) and acryloyl chloride (ACl). The esterified product was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and XRD. Swelling, hemocompatibility, water vapor transmission rate, contact angle and diffusional studies were also done. Biocompatibility of the membrane was established by quantification of cell growth of L929 cells and mice splenocytes. The FTIR spectrum of the hydrogel suggested the formation of ester bonds between the hydroxyl groups of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and the carbonyl group of acryloyl chloride. Water vapor transmission rate, hemocompatibility, contact angle and swelling studies indicated that the hydrogel can be tried as a wound dressing material. The hydrogel showed pH-dependent swelling behavior arising from the acidic pendant group in the polymer network. The permeability of the hydrogel membrane produced, as shown by salicylic acid diffusion, increased in response to an increase in pH of the external medium. The hydrogel membrane was permeable to salicylic acid at pH 7.2 but not at pH 2.0 (0.01N HCl). The effect of changes of pH on the hydrogel's permeability was found to be reversible. The hydrogel membrane was found to be compatible with the L929 mice fibroblast cell line and mice splenocytes. The esterified product of SCMC and ACl swells on increase of pH indicating its possible use in a pH-sensitive drug delivery system and as a wound dressing material.
Extension of the Self-Consistent Spectrophotometric Basicity Scale in Acetonitrile to a Full Span of 28 pKa Units:  Unification of Different Basicity Scales (2005)

The earlier compiled self-consistent spectrophotometric basicity scale in acetonitrile (AN) was expanded to range from 3.8 to 32.0 pK(a) units, that is 28 orders of magnitude. Altogether 54 new relative basicity measurements (DeltapK(a) measurements) were carried out and 37 new compounds were introduced to the scale (it now includes altogether 89 bases). The relative basicity of any two bases in the scale can be obtained by combining at least two independent sets of measurements. Multiple overlapping measurements make the results more reliable. The overall consistency (as defined earlier) of the measurements is s = 0.03 pK(a) units. Thorough analysis of all of our experimental data (DeltapK(a) values of this and earlier works) and experimental pK(a) data in AN available in the literature (works from the groups of Coetzee and Padmanabhan, Kolthoff and Chantooni, Jr., the Schwesinger group, Bren' et al. and some others, altogether 19 papers) was carried out. On the basis of this analysis the anchor point of the scale-pyridine-was shifted upward by 0.20 pK(a) units thereby also revising the absolute pK(a) values of all the bases on the scale. This way very good agreement between our relative data and the absolute pK(a) values of the abovementioned authors was obtained. The revised basicity scale was interconnected with the earlier published self-consistent acidity scale by DeltapK(a) measurements between acids and bases. The rms deviation between the directly measured DeltapK(a) values and the absolute pK(a) values of the compounds was 0.10 pK(a) units.
Induction of the polyamine-biosynthetic enzymes in mouse epidermis by tumor-promoting agents. (1975)

A single topical application of 1.0 mg of crotol oil or 17 nmoles of 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) resulted in a rapid, transient stimulation of mouse epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity. The activity reached a peak (230-fold greater than control after TPA) at 4 to 5 hr after croton oil or TPA treatment and returned to control level by 12 hr. The stimulation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase activity was less pronounced, reaching a peak of activity (6- to 7-fold greater than control) at 9 to 12 hr after TPA or croton oil and slowly declining to control level. The stimulation of both enzyme activities was dependent on the dose of TPA applied and correlated well with the promoting ability of these doses on mouse skin. Phorbol, the nonpromoting parent alcohol of TPA, did not affect the enzymes activities. Cycloheximide pretreatment abolished the increase in enzyme activities after TPA application. By measuring the decline of enzyme activity following cycloheximide treatment, enzyme half-lives of 17 and 41 min were obtained for ornithine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase, respectively. 5-Azacytidine pretreatment prevented the stimulation of enzyme activities by TPA, while actinomycin D had no effect. Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) partially blocked the rise in enzyme activities.
Aphidicolin resistance in herpes simplex virus type 1 appears to alter substrate specificity in the DNA polymerase (1989)

We describe novel mutants of herpes simplex virus which are resistant to aphidicolin. Their mutant phenotypes suggest that they encode DNA polymerases with altered substrate recognition. This conclusion is based on their abnormal sensitivity to polymerase inhibitors and to the abnormal mutation rates exhibited by two of the mutants.
Myocardial T1 and T2 Mapping: Techniques and Clinical Applications (2017)

Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is widely used in various medical fields related to cardiovascular diseases. Rapid technological innovations in magnetic resonance imaging in recent times have resulted in the development of new techniques for CMR imaging. T1 and T2 image mapping sequences enable the direct quantification of T1, T2, and extracellular volume fraction (ECV) values of the myocardium, leading to the progressive integration of these sequences into routine CMR settings. Currently, T1, T2, and ECV values are being recognized as not only robust biomarkers for diagnosis of cardiomyopathies, but also predictive factors for treatment monitoring and prognosis. In this study, we have reviewed various T1 and T2 mapping sequence techniques and their clinical applications.
Similarities and differences between MPTP-induced parkinsonsim and Parkinson's disease. Neuropathologic considerations. (1993)

The MPTP monkey model for PD has continued to display similarities as well as differences from the human disease, also in respect to its neuropathology. In 65 MPTP-treated squirrel monkeys with survival for more than 2 days, the main similarities consisted of nerve cell degeneration, not only of SN, but also, in the majority of cases, of the LC. In 13 animals that survived for from 1 to 7 years after their first exposure to MPTP, the nerve cells in the ventrolateral portion of the SN compacta were particularly vulnerable, just as in PD. The principal differences were the lack of progression of the disease process in these long-term animals (although this has yet to be systematically tested) and the absence of formation of typical Lewy bodies in the SN, LC, and other predilection sites for Lewy bodies. Since inclusion bodies, now observed in 16 monkeys, could be produced fairly consistently in aged MPTP-treated squirrel monkeys, they appeared to represent a bridge between these similarities and differences. They had some features, especially their location in predilection sites for Lewy bodies, such as the SN, in common with Lewy bodies, but did not display the fully convincing morphological and immunocytochemical features, characteristics of the human inclusion bodies in PD. Overall, these studies continue to provide tantalizing hints that this model could lead to important new insights into the pathologic process that underlies PD.
Cancer Malignancy Is Enhanced by Glyceraldehyde-Derived Advanced Glycation End-Products (2010)

The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGEs) is associated with the malignancy of cancer. A recent study has suggested that glyceraldehyde-derived AGEs (Glycer-AGEs) enhanced the malignancy of melanoma cells, but glucose-derived AGEs did not. However, the effects of Glycer-AGEs on other cancer cells remain poorly understood, and the molecular mechanisms behind the above-mentioned effect have not been clarified. The present paper aimed to examine the effect of Glycer-AGEs on cultured lung cancer A549 cells. RAGE was expressed in A549 cells. Glycer-AGEs significantly attenuated cell proliferation. Furthermore, Glycer-AGEs enhanced the migration capacity of the cells by activating Rac1 via ROS and also increased their invasion capacity. We demonstrated that Glycer-AGEs enhanced the migration and invasion of A549 cells rather than their proliferation. These results suggest that Glycer-AGEs play a critical role in the malignancy of cancer rather than its proliferation and are potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
Three‐Dimensional Porous Silicon Particles for Use in High‐Performance Lithium Secondary Batteries (2008)

Particle-larly good! Thermal annealing and etching of physical composite butyl-capped Si gels and SiO2 nanoparticles at 900 °C under an Ar atmosphere is a versatile method for the formation of 3D porous bulk Si particles (see picture). Complete etching of the SiO2 from the SiO2/carbon-coated Si (c-Si) composite results in the retention of the remaining c-Si as a highly porous but interconnected structure, which preserves the starting morphology.
Gradient-index microlens formed by ion-beam sputtering (1992)

This paper describes the fabrication and characteristics of a gradient-index microlens by using a low-stress, high-transmittance film that is deposited by ion-beam sputtering. The key techniques in forming this film are sputtering with N(2) gas, performing ion-beam irradiation during deposition, and stabilizing the deposition acceleration current. An integrated device consisting of the microlens and a laser diode is demonstrated. The focusing spot size is 2 microm x 3 microm at a distance of 11 microm from the lens facet.
Cooperative software development: concepts, model and tools (2003)

The development of large software systems demands intensive cooperation among multiple project team members with different responsibilities. The development process is often distributed across time and space and takes place within and between specialized workgroups. This necessitates finding appropriate answers to questions related to division of labor, to communication, and to coordination and cooperation in the planning, development and maintenance of software systems. Development environments that explicitly support group work are an important prerequisite for the production of high quality software systems. Most of the software development environments in use today support primarily technical aspects and have shortcomings in the area of organizational support. The paper describes a model for cooperative work processes in software projects and a corresponding development environment that provides balanced support for both organizational and technical aspects of software development. The work toward the conception of the model and the implementation of the development environment have been completed, and the evaluation of the proposed approach has begun. Experience to date with using the developed environment confirms the assumption that the cooperative, cluster oriented development improves both productivity and quality. The presented approach excels primarily in its easily understandable model, the intuitive usability of the tools and the comprehensible presentation of process- and product-related information.
Learning Temporal Regularity in Video Sequences (2016)

Perceiving meaningful activities in a long video sequence is a challenging problem due to ambiguous definition of 'meaningfulness' as well as clutters in the scene. We approach this problem by learning a generative model for regular motion patterns (termed as regularity) using multiple sources with very limited supervision. Specifically, we propose two methods that are built upon the autoencoders for their ability to work with little to no supervision. We first leverage the conventional handcrafted spatio-temporal local features and learn a fully connected autoencoder on them. Second, we build a fully convolutional feed-forward autoencoder to learn both the local features and the classifiers as an end-to-end learning framework. Our model can capture the regularities from multiple datasets. We evaluate our methods in both qualitative and quantitative ways - showing the learned regularity of videos in various aspects and demonstrating competitive performance on anomaly detection datasets as an application.
Deletion of Complement Factor H–Related Genes CFHR1 and CFHR3 Is Associated with Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (2007)

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is associated with defective complement regulation. Disease-associated mutations have been described in the genes encoding the complement regulators complement factor H, membrane cofactor protein, factor B, and factor I. In this study, we show in two independent cohorts of aHUS patients that deletion of two closely related genes, complement factor H-related 1 (CFHR1) and complement factor H-related 3 (CFHR3), increases the risk of aHUS. Amplification analysis and sequencing of genomic DNA of three affected individuals revealed a chromosomal deletion of approximately 84 kb in the RCA gene cluster, resulting in loss of the genes coding for CFHR1 and CFHR3, but leaving the genomic structure of factor H intact. The CFHR1 and CFHR3 genes are flanked by long homologous repeats with long interspersed nuclear elements (retrotransposons) and we suggest that nonallelic homologous recombination between these repeats results in the loss of the two genes. Impaired protection of erythrocytes from complement activation is observed in the serum of aHUS patients deficient in CFHR1 and CFHR3, thus suggesting a regulatory role for CFHR1 and CFHR3 in complement activation. The identification of CFHR1/CFHR3 deficiency in aHUS patients may lead to the design of new diagnostic approaches, such as enhanced testing for these genes.
Synthesis, characterization, and crosslinking of methacrylate‐telechelic PDMAAm‐b‐PDMS‐b‐PDMAAm copolymers (2007)

Abstract The synthesis and molecular characterization of a new amphiphilic conetwork (APCN) designed for silicone hydrogel use is described. The synthesis strategy, outlined in Scheme 1 , calls for the preparation, by the RAFT technique, of a new methacrylate‐telechelic amphiphilic pentablock, MA‐PHEA‐ b ‐PDMAAM‐ b ‐PDMS‐ b ‐PDMAAm‐ b ‐PHEA‐MA, and its crosslinking to the target APCN. The sketch shows the architecture of the APCN (dotted lines, PDMAAm; solid lines, PDMS; clusters, MA‐based crosslinking sites; see Fig. 3 ). All six synthesis steps proceed smoothly and efficiently, and the products are optically clear, colorless membranes exhibiting properties appropriate for ophthalmic use. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4284–4290, 2007
VOICE-DRIVEN INFORMATION ACCESS IN THE AUTOMOBILE (1998)

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is common in hospitalized patients. Its occurrence is associated with an increased hospitalization stay and cost, morbidity and mortality. Thus, preventives strategies remain a major issue. Patients that are referred for cardiac catheterization are among the most vulnerable to develop CIN due to their comorbidities. Moreover, in some cases, such preventives measures cannot be introduced due to emergent clinical settings. After a summary regarding the properties of iodinated contrast medium, the aim of this work was to review the definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis and preventive strategies related to CIN.
Diabetes Insipidus in Uricase-Deficient Mice: A Model for Evaluating Therapy with Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Modified Uricase (2001)

Uricase-deficient mice develop uric acid nephropathy, with high mortality rates before weaning. Urate excretion was quantitated and renal function was better defined in this study, to facilitate the use of these mice as a model for evaluating poly(ethylene glycol)-modified recombinant mammalian uricases (PEG-uricase) as a potential therapy for gout and uric acid nephropathy. The uric acid/creatinine ratio in the urine of uricase-deficient mice ranges from 10 to >30; on a weight basis, these mice excrete 20- to 40-fold more urate than do human subjects. These mice consistently develop a severe defect in renal concentrating ability, resulting in an approximately sixfold greater urine volume and a fivefold greater fluid requirement, compared with normal mice. This nephrogenic diabetes insipidus leads to dehydration and death of nursing mice but, with adequate water replacement, high urine flow protects adults from progressive renal damage. Treatment of uricase-deficient mice with PEG-uricase markedly reduced urate levels and, when initiated before weaning, preserved the renal architecture (as evaluated by magnetic resonance micros-copy) and prevented the loss of renal concentrating function. PEG-uricase was far more effective and less immunogenic than unmodified uricase. Retention of uricase in most mammals and its loss in humans and some other primates may reflect the evolution of renal function under different environmental conditions. PEG-uricase could provide an effective therapy for uric acid nephropathy and refractory gout in human patients.
Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of a Peptide Nucleic Acid After Intravenous Administration (2002)

Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are DNA analogs that hybridize to complementary nucleic sequences with high affinity and stability. In our previous work, we showed that a PNA complementary to a 12-base pair (bp) sequence of the coding region of the rat neurotensin receptor (rNTR1) mRNA is effective in significantly blocking a rat's central responses to neurotensin (NT), even when the PNA is injected intraperitoneally (i.p.). Using a novel gel shift detection assay to detect PNA, we have now used this same PNA sequence to derive its pharmacokinetic variables and its tissue distribution in the rat. The PNA has a distribution half-life of 3 +/- 3 minutes and an elimination half-life of 17 +/- 3 minutes. The total plasma clearance and volume of distribution of this PNA were 3.4 +/- 0.9 ml/min x kg and 60 +/- 30 ml/kg. Two hours after dosing, the PNA was found at detectable but low levels in all organs examined-in order of decreasing concentration: kidney, liver, heart, brain, and spleen. Approximately 90% of the PNA dose was recovered as unchanged parent compound in the urine 24 hours after administration.
Antibodies to watch in 2019 (2018)

For the past 10 years, the annual 'Antibodies to watch' articles have provided updates on key events in the late-stage development of antibody therapeutics, such as first regulatory review or approval, that occurred in the year before publication or were anticipated to occur during the year of publication. To commemorate the 10th anniversary of the article series and to celebrate the 2018 Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and in Physiology or Medicine, which were given for work that is highly relevant to antibody therapeutics research and development, we expanded the scope of the data presented to include an overview of all commercial clinical development of antibody therapeutics and approval success rates for this class of molecules. Our data indicate that: 1) antibody therapeutics are entering clinical study, and being approved, in record numbers; 2) the commercial pipeline is robust, with over 570 antibody therapeutics at various clinical phases, including 62 in late-stage clinical studies; and 3) Phase 1 to approval success rates are favorable, ranging from 17-25%, depending on the therapeutic area (cancer vs. non-cancer). In 2018, a record number (12) of antibodies (erenumab (Aimovig), fremanezumab (Ajovy), galcanezumab (Emgality), burosumab (Crysvita), lanadelumab (Takhzyro), caplacizumab (Cablivi), mogamulizumab (Poteligeo), moxetumomab pasudodox (Lumoxiti), cemiplimab (Libtayo), ibalizumab (Trogarzo), tildrakizumab (Ilumetri, Ilumya), emapalumab (Gamifant)) that treat a wide variety of diseases were granted a first approval in either the European Union (EU) or United States (US). As of November 2018, 4 antibody therapeutics (sacituzumab govitecan, ravulizumab, risankizumab, romosozumab) were being considered for their first marketing approval in the EU or US, and an additional 3 antibody therapeutics developed by Chinese companies (tislelizumab, sintilimab, camrelizumab) were in regulatory review in China. In addition, our data show that 3 product candidates (leronlimab, brolucizumab, polatuzumab vedotin) may enter regulatory review by the end of 2018, and at least 12 (eptinezumab, teprotumumab, crizanlizumab, satralizumab, tanezumab, isatuximab, spartalizumab, MOR208, oportuzumab monatox, TSR-042, enfortumab vedotin, ublituximab) may enter regulatory review in 2019. Finally, we found that approximately half (18 of 33) of the late-stage pipeline of antibody therapeutics for cancer are immune checkpoint modulators or antibody-drug conjugates. Of these, 7 (tremelimumab, spartalizumab, BCD-100, omburtamab, mirvetuximab soravtansine, trastuzumab duocarmazine, and depatuxizumab mafodotin) are being evaluated in clinical studies with primary completion dates in late 2018 and in 2019, and are thus 'antibodies to watch'. We look forward to documenting progress made with these and other 'antibodies to watch' in the next installment of this article series.
HiBRID-SoC: a multi-core SoC architecture for multimedia signal processing (2004)

The HiBRID-SoC multi-core system-on-chip architecture targets a wide range of multimedia applications with particularly high processing demands, including general signal processing applications, video encoding/decoding, image processing, or a combination of these tasks. For this purpose, the HiBRID-SoC integrates three fully programmable processor cores and various interfaces onto a single chip, all tied to a 64 bit AMBA AHB bus. The processor cores are individually optimized to the particular computational characteristics of different application fields, complementing each other to deliver high performance levels with high flexibility at reduced system cost. The HiBRID-SoC is fabricated in a 0.18 /spl mu/m 6LM standard-cell technology, occupies about 82 mm/sup 2/, and operates at 145 MHz. An MPEG-4 Advanced Simple Profile decoder in full TV resolution requires about 120 MHz for real-time performance on the HiBRID-SoC, utilizing only two of the three cores.
Brain age predicts mortality (2017)

Age-associated disease and disability are placing a growing burden on society. However, ageing does not affect people uniformly. Hence, markers of the underlying biological ageing process are needed to help identify people at increased risk of age-associated physical and cognitive impairments and ultimately, death. Here, we present such a biomarker, 'brain-predicted age', derived using structural neuroimaging. Brain-predicted age was calculated using machine-learning analysis, trained on neuroimaging data from a large healthy reference sample (N=2001), then tested in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (N=669), to determine relationships with age-associated functional measures and mortality. Having a brain-predicted age indicative of an older-appearing brain was associated with: weaker grip strength, poorer lung function, slower walking speed, lower fluid intelligence, higher allostatic load and increased mortality risk. Furthermore, while combining brain-predicted age with grey matter and cerebrospinal fluid volumes (themselves strong predictors) not did improve mortality risk prediction, the combination of brain-predicted age and DNA-methylation-predicted age did. This indicates that neuroimaging and epigenetics measures of ageing can provide complementary data regarding health outcomes. Our study introduces a clinically-relevant neuroimaging ageing biomarker and demonstrates that combining distinct measurements of biological ageing further helps to determine risk of age-related deterioration and death.