gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition by KF17837 of adenosine A2A receptor‐mediated modulation of striatal GABA and ACh release (1994)

1. The effect of the A2A adenosine receptor agonist, 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethyl-amino-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680) on the potassium evoked release of [3H]-gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]-GABA) from nerve terminals derived from the caudate-putamen and the globus pallidus of the rat was compared. In both preparations CGS 21680 (1 nM) inhibited the [3H]-GABA release evoked by 15 mM KCl but had no effect on that evoked by 30 mM KCl. 2. The ability of CGS 21680 (1 nM) to inhibit the release of [3H]-GABA from striatal nerve terminals was unaffected by the presence of the GABA receptor antagonists, bicuculline (10 microM), phaclofen (100 microM) and 2-hydroxysaclofen (100 microM). Similarly the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (10 microM), the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, 40 nM), and the cholinoceptor antagonists, mecamylamine (10 microM) and atropine (100 nM) had no effect on this inhibition. 3. The ability of CGS 21680 (0.1 nM) to stimulate the release of [3H]-acetylcholine ([3H]-ACh) from striatal nerve terminals was unaffected by the presence of bicuculline (10 microM), 2-hydroxysaclofen (100 microM), phaclofen (100 microM), naloxone (10 microM) and DPCPX (4 nM). 4. The novel A2A receptor antagonist, (E)-8-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)-1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine (KF 17837), blocked the CGS 21680 (1 nM)-induced inhibition of [3H]-GABA efflux with an EC50 of approximately 30 nM and also antagonized the CGS 21680 (0.1 nM)-induced stimulation of [3H]-ACh release with an EC50 of approximately 0.3 nM. 5. It is concluded that the A2A adenosine receptor is present on both GABAergic and cholinergic nerve terminals of the rat striatum and that in both the caudate-putamen and the globus pallidus this receptor inhibits [3H]-GABA release. No evidence was seen for a difference in the ligand binding sites of this receptor in the two groups of nerve terminals.
AIM-2: A Novel Tumor Antigen is Expressed and Presented by Human Glioma Cells (2004)

Antigen isolated from Immunoselected Melanoma-2 (AIM-2) was recently identified using melanoma-reactive CD8 T cells. AIM-2 antigen is expressed in a wide variety of tumor types, including neuroectodermal tumors, as well as breast, ovarian and colon carcinomas. In this study, we analyzed AIM-2 expression in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) in primary cultured cells and established GBM cell lines. We found that the primary GBM cell lines expressed 88.4% and 93.0% of non-spliced and spliced AIM-2, respectively. Five out of seven of the established GBM cell lines expressed both non-spliced and spliced AIM-2. Furthermore, the C9 CTL clone, which is specific for AIM-2 peptide (RSDSGQQARY), efficiently recognized GBM tumor cells in an antigen-specific and HLA-A1 restricted manner. IFN-gamma treatment of the GBM tumor cells dramatically increased HLA-A1 expression levels and, consequently, increased CTL recognition of the treated tumor cells. More importantly, seven out of 12 HLA-A1 and AIM-2 positive patients from our dendritic cell clinical trial generated AIM-2 specific CTL activity in their PBMC after vaccinations. These data indicate that AIM-2 could be used as a tumor antigen target for monitoring vaccine trials or to develop antigen specific active immunotherapy for glioma patients.
[Mutation of p53 and overexpression of STK15 in laryngeal squamous-cell carcinoma]. (2005)

There is significant association between p53 gene mutation and STK15 over-expression in laryngeal squamous-cell carcinoma.
The α subunit cytoplasmic domain regulates the assembly and adhesiveness of integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (1997)

The integrin LFA-1 mediates activation-dependent leukocyte adhesion. The beta subunit cytoplasmic domain has been demonstrated previously to modulate the adhesiveness of LFA-1. To investigate whether the alpha subunit cytoplasmic domain is also involved in the regulation of LFA-1-adhesive function, we stably expressed cytoplasmic domain truncated forms of the alpha subunit in a Jurkat mutant (Jurkat-beta2.7) deficient in the endogenous LFA-1 alpha subunit and in K562 cells. Clones expressing similar levels of cell surface LFA-1 were tested for their ability to bind to immobilized ICAM-1. Truncation of the alpha subunit cytoplasmic domain before, but not after, the conserved GFFKR sequence motif resulted in constitutive ICAM-1 binding of both Jurkat-beta2.7 and K562 transfectants. However, truncation after the GFFKR motif reduced sensitivity to stimulation by PMA or stimulatory Abs. Internal deletion of the GFFKR motif, or point mutations of the Gly (G), the two Phe (F), or the Arg (R) in the GFFKR motif to Ala (A) rendered LFA-1 constitutively active. Mutation of the Lys (K) did not affect LFA-1 adhesion to ICAM-1. These findings indicate that the GFFKR motif maintains the low adhesive state of LFA-1, possibly by restraining the receptor conformation. We further demonstrate that the alpha subunit cytoplasmic domain and the conserved GFFKR motif are also required for efficient formation of LFA-1 alphabeta heterodimers.
ISOPRENE SYNTHASE GENES FORM A MONOPHYLETIC CLADE OF ACYCLIC TERPENE SYNTHASES IN THE TPS-B TERPENE SYNTHASE FAMILY (2012)

Many plants emit significant amounts of isoprene, which is hypothesized to help leaves tolerate short episodes of high temperature. Isoprene emission is found in all major groups of land plants including mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms; however, within these groups isoprene emission is variable. The patchy distribution of isoprene emission implies an evolutionary pattern characterized by many origins or many losses. To better understand the evolution of isoprene emission, we examine the phylogenetic relationships among isoprene synthase and monoterpene synthase genes in the angiosperms. In this study we identify nine new isoprene synthases within the rosid angiosperms. We also document the capacity of a myrcene synthase in Humulus lupulus to produce isoprene. Isoprene synthases and (E)-β-ocimene synthases form a monophyletic group within the Tps-b clade of terpene synthases. No asterid genes fall within this clade. The chemistry of isoprene synthase and ocimene synthase is similar and likely affects the apparent relationships among Tps-b enzymes. The chronology of rosid evolution suggests a Cretaceous origin followed by many losses of isoprene synthase over the course of evolutionary history. The phylogenetic pattern of Tps-b genes indicates that isoprene emission from non-rosid angiosperms likely arose independently.
The Major Histocompatibility Complex–related Fc Receptor for IgG (FcRn) Binds Albumin and Prolongs Its Lifespan (2003)

The inverse relationship between serum albumin concentration and its half-life suggested to early workers that albumin would be protected from a catabolic fate by a receptor-mediated mechanism much like that proposed for IgG. We show here that albumin binds FcRn in a pH dependent fashion, that the lifespan of albumin is shortened in FcRn-deficient mice, and that the plasma albumin concentration of FcRn-deficient mice is less than half that of wild-type mice. These results affirm the hypothesis that the major histocompatibility complex-related Fc receptor protects albumin from degradation just as it does IgG, prolonging the half-lives of both.
CCL3 and CCL20-recruited dendritic cells modified by melanoma antigen gene-1 induce anti-tumor immunity against gastric cancer ex vivo and in vivo (2010)

CCL3 and CCL20-recruited DCs modified by adenovirus-trasnsduced, tumor-associated antigen, MAGE-1, can stimulate anti-tumor immunity specific to gastric cancer ex vivo and in vivo. This system may prove to be an efficient strategy for anti-tumor immunotherapy.
Deficits in E2-Dependent Control of Feeding, Weight Gain, and Cholecystokinin Satiation in ER-α Null Mice (2001)

To test the role of gene expression of the classical ER (ER alpha) in the inhibitory effects of E on food intake and body weight, we ovariectomized and administered E2 benzoate (75 pg/d) or vehicle to wild-type (WT) mice and mice with a null mutation of ER alpha (alpha ERKO). Mice were ovariectomized at age 9 wk, at which time there was no significant effect of genotype on food intake or body weight. During an 18-d test after recovery from ovariectomy, vehicle-treated WT mice increased daily food intake and gained more body weight than E2-treated WT mice, whereas food intake and body weight gain were not different in E2- and vehicle-treated alpha ERKO mice. Carcass analysis revealed parallel changes in body lipid content, but not water or protein content. Because an increase in the potency of the peripheral cholecystokinin (CCK) satiation-signaling system mediates part of E2's influence on feeding in rats, the influence of ip injections of 250 microg of the selective CCK(A) receptor antagonist devazepide was then tested. Devazepide increased 3-h food intake in E2-treated WT mice, but was ineffective in both groups of alpha ERKO mice. Furthermore, ip injections of 4 microg/kg CCK-8 increased the number of cells expressing c-Fos immunoreactivity in the nuclei of the solitary tract of E2-treated WT mice more than it did in vehicle-treated WT mice, whereas E2 had no such effect in alpha ERKO mice. Thus, ER alpha is necessary for normal responsivity of food intake, body weight, adiposity, and the peripheral CCK satiation-signaling system to E2 in mice, and ER beta is not sufficient for any of these effects. This is the first demonstration that ER alpha gene expression is involved in the estrogenic control of feeding behavior and weight regulation of female mice.
Identification of potential host plant mimics of CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE)‐like peptides from the plant‐parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii (2010)

In this article, we present the cloning of two CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE)-like genes, HsCLE1 and HsCLE2, from the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii, a plant-parasitic cyst nematode with a relatively broad host range that includes the model plant Arabidopsis. CLEs are small secreted peptide ligands that play important roles in plant growth and development. By secreting peptide mimics of plant CLEs, the nematode can developmentally reprogramme root cells for the formation of unique feeding sites within host roots for its own benefit. Both HsCLE1 and HsCLE2 encode small secreted polypeptides with a conserved C-terminal CLE domain sharing highest similarity to Arabidopsis CLEs 1-7. Moreover, HsCLE2 contains a 12-amino-acid CLE motif that is identical to AtCLE5 and AtCLE6. Like all other plant and nematode CLEs identified to date, HsCLEs caused wuschel-like phenotypes when overexpressed in Arabidopsis, and this activity was abolished when the proteins were expressed without the CLE motif. HsCLEs could also function in planta without a signal peptide, highlighting the unique, yet conserved function of nematode CLE variable domains in trafficking CLE peptides for secretion. In a direct comparison of HsCLE2 overexpression phenotypes with those of AtCLE5 and AtCLE6, similar shoot and root phenotypes were observed. Exogenous application of 12-amino-acid synthetic peptides corresponding to the CLE motifs of HsCLEs and AtCLE5/6 suggests that the function of this class of CLEs may be subject to complex endogenous regulation. When seedlings were grown on high concentrations of peptide (10 µm), root growth was suppressed; however, when seedlings were grown on low concentrations of peptide (0.1 µm), root growth was stimulated. Together, these findings indicate that AtCLEs1-7 may be the target peptides mimicked by HsCLEs to promote parasitism.
Dual-Capillary Backscatter Interferometry for High-Sensitivity Nanoliter-Volume Refractive Index Detection with Density Gradient Compensation (2005)

A simple, stable, ultrasensitive dual-capillary dual-bicell (DCDB) microinterferometic backscattering detection (MIBD) system was developed. In DCDB MIBD, a He-Ne laser beam passes through a half-wave plate onto the cross section of two capillaries, one for reference and another for sensing analyte. The position of the backscattered fringe from each capillary, which are in proximity or essentially identical thermal environments, was detected with matched bicell photodetectors. The configuration was found to effectively compensate for thermal drift, which is normally the major source of noise in refractive index (RI) detection systems. It is shown that passive environmental compensation leads to greatly enhanced signal in nanoscale refractometry preformed by MIBD. An order of magnitude improvement in detection limits over single channel configurations is possible. Performance reaches the 10(-9) RIU level for like solvents in the presence in extremely large thermally induced RI gradients. At this level of detectability, DCDB MIBD could facilitate nanoliter-volume, femtomole-level universal detection in applications ranging from mu-HPLC and on-chip CE to scanning microcalorimetry.
Sp1 Sites Mediate Activation of the Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Promoter by Glucose in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (1998)

This study was designed to characterize the direct effects of hyperglycemia on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Glucose induced dose- and time-dependent increases of PAI-1 mRNA expression in rat aortic smooth muscle (RASM) cells in vitro. Using a series of luciferase reporter gene constructs containing PAI-1 5'-flanking sequence (from -6.4 kilobase to -42 base pairs (bp)) transfected into RASM, we found that glucose (25 mM) consistently induced a 4-fold increase in luciferase activity, with the response localized to sequence between -85 and -42 bp. Mutagenesis of two putative Sp1-binding sites located in the region of interest essentially obliterated the glucose-response. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with radiolabeled oligonucleotides containing the two putative Sp1-binding sites from PAI-1 promoter and nuclear extracts from RASM cells revealed that glucose treatment markedly changed the mobility pattern of the major protein-DNA complexes. Supershift assay showed that transcription factor Sp1 was present in the complexes under control and hyperglycemic conditions. These results suggest that glucose regulates PAI-1 gene expression in RASM cells through an effect on two adjacent Sp1 sites located between -85 and -42 bp of the PAI-1 5'-flanking region and that the release of a transcriptional repressor from the Sp1 complexes may explain the activation of the PAI-1 gene under high glucose conditions in RASM cells.
The Effects of Androgen Deficiency on Murine Bone Remodeling and Bone Mineral Density Are Mediated via Cells of the Osteoblastic Lineage (1997)

Both estrogens and androgens act on bone marrow stromal/osteoblastic cells to inhibit the production of local factors that promote osteoclast development. Based on this and the evidence that loss of sex steroids up-regulates not only osteoclastogenesis but also osteoblastogenesis, we have hypothesized that cells of the osteoblastic lineage are the mediators of the adverse effects of sex steroid deficiency on bone. To test this hypothesis, we used the senescence-accelerated mouse (SAMP6), a model of defective osteoblast development, and examined the effects of orchidectomy on static and dynamic histological features of bone remodeling and on bone mineral density. After orchidectomy in SAMP6 mice, the expected increases in osteoblast precursors, cancellous osteoclasts and osteoblasts, frequency of remodeling events, trabecular spacing, and rate of bone formation were absent or greatly attenuated. Moreover, whereas bone mineral density decreased in orchidectomized controls, it did not change in SAMP6. Our data indicate that when osteoblast development is defective, orchidectomy fails to result in bone loss. This evidence suggests that cells of the osteoblastic lineage are essential mediators of the changes in the rate of bone remodeling and loss of bone mass that ensue following loss of androgens.
Stem Cells in Skin Regeneration, Wound Healing, and Their Clinical Applications (2015)

The skin is the largest organ of the body and has an array of functions. Skin compartments, epidermis, and hair follicles house stem cells that are indispensable for skin homeostasis and regeneration. These stem cells also contribute to wound repair, resulting in restoration of tissue integrity and function of damaged tissue. Unsuccessful wound healing processes often lead to non-healing wounds. Chronic wounds are caused by depletion of stem cells and a variety of other cellular and molecular mechanisms, many of which are still poorly understood. Current chronic wound therapies are limited, so the search to develop better therapeutic strategies is ongoing. Adult stem cells are gaining recognition as potential candidates for numerous skin pathologies. In this review, we will discuss epidermal and other stem cells present in the skin, and highlight some of the therapeutic applications of epidermal stem cells and other adult stem cells as tools for cell/scaffold-based therapies for non-healing wounds and other skin disorders. We will also discuss emerging concepts and offer some perspectives on how skin tissue-engineered products can be optimized to provide efficacious therapy in cutaneous repair and regeneration.
New HLA haplotype frequency reference standards: High‐resolution and large sample typing of HLA DR‐DQ haplotypes in a sample of European Americans (2003)

A collaborative study involving a large sample of European Americans was typed for the histocompatibility loci of the HLA DR-DQ region and subjected to intensive typing validation measures in order to accurately determine haplotype composition and frequency. The resulting tables have immediate application to HLA typing and allogeneic transplantation. The loci within the DR-DQ region are especially valuable for such an undertaking because of their tight linkage and high linkage disequilibrium. The 3798 haplotypes, derived from 1899 unrelated individuals, had a total of 75 distinct DRB1-DQA1-DQB1 haplotypes. The frequency distribution of the haplotypes was right skewed with haplotypes occurring at a frequency of less than 1% numbering 59 and yet constituting less than 12% of the total sample. Given DRB1 typing, it was possible to infer the exact DQA1 and DQB1 composition of a haplotype with high confidence (>90% likelihood) in 21 of the 35 high-resolution DRB1 alleles present in the sample. Of the DRB1 alleles without high reliability for DQ haplotype inference, only *0401, *0701 and *1302 were common, the remaining 11 DRB1 alleles constituting less than 5% of the total sample. This approach failed for the 13 serologically equivalent DR alleles in which only 33% of DQ haplotypes could be reliably inferred. The 36 DQA1-DQB1 haplotypes present in the total sample conformed to the known pattern of permissible heterodimers. Four DQA1-DQB1 haplotypes, all rare, are reported here for the first time. The haplotype frequency tables are suitable as a reference standard for HLA typing of the DR and DQ loci in European Americans.
Is the speed of convergence a good proxy for the transitional growth path (2005)

This paper compares transitional dynamics in two alternative RD one includes endogenous human capital, whereas the other does not. We show that focusing on the speed of convergence to discriminate between the two models can be misleading. Our analysis suggests that a better alternative to discriminate between different growth theories is studying the whole adjustment path predicted by them. In addition, we find that the introduction of human capital makes the speed of convergence predicted by the model much less sensitive to exogenous shocks. This last result offers theoretical support to the similar convergence speeds estimated by the literature in different samples.
Basiliximab, mechanism of action and pharmacological properties. (2004)

Basiliximab is a chimeric anti-intcrleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody. Basiliximab is a glycoprotein produced by recombinant technology. It is used to prevent white blood cells from acute renal transplantation rejection. It specifically binds to and blocks the alpha chain of interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2R alpha), also known as CD25 antigen, on the surface of activated T-lymphocytes. Due to its monoclonal nature it provides safer and more predictable therapeutic, that is, immunosuppressive response of the polyclonal antibodies. The most common adverse effects in adult patients are constipation, infections, pain, nausea, peripheral oedema, hypertension, anaemia, headache, hyperkalacmia, hypercholesterolemia, increase in serum creatinine, and hypophosphataemia.
Defining the Stressome ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisIn Vitro and in Naturally Infected Cows (2007)

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes an enteric infection in cattle, with a great impact on the dairy industry in the United States and worldwide. Characterizing the gene expression profile of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis exposed to different stress conditions, or shed in cow feces, could improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. In this report, the stress response of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis on a genome-wide level (stressome) was defined for the first time using DNA microarrays. Expression data analysis revealed unique gene groups of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis that were regulated under in vitro stressors while additional groups were regulated in the cow samples. Interestingly, acidic pH induced the regulation of a large number of genes (n=597), suggesting the high sensitivity of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis to acidic environments. Generally, responses to heat shock, acidity, and oxidative stress were similar in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, suggesting common pathways for mycobacterial defense against stressors. Several sigma factors (e.g., sigH and sigE) were differentially coregulated with a large number of genes depending on the type of each stressor. Subsequently, we analyzed the virulence of six M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis mutants with inactivation of differentially regulated genes using a murine model of paratuberculosis. Both bacterial and histopathological examinations indicated the attenuation of all gene mutants, especially those selected based on their expression in the cow samples (e.g., lipN). Overall, the employed approach profiled mycobacterial genetic networks triggered by variable stressors and identified a novel set of putative virulence genes. A similar approach could be applied to analyze other intracellular pathogens.
Phasic Changes in Human Nasal and Skin Blood Flow: Relationship with Autonomic Tone (1994)

To assess the autonomic control of the microcirculation in human skin and nasal mucosa, the spontaneous fluctuations of a laser Doppler signal recorded on forearm skin and nasal mucosa were compared with heart rate fluctuations and the respiratory signal in 11 healthy subjects by means of spectral analysis. Possible direct mechanical-thermal effects of airflow on the nasal mucosa were evaluated by comparing recordings obtained when the subjects were breathing through either the nose or the mouth. Comparison of the spectral analysis of the signal obtained for skin and nasal mucosa blood flow allowed us to define the characteristics of the autonomic tone of the microcirculation in these two areas. The skin is mainly influenced by sympathetic activity, and the nasal blood flow is regulated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.