gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Obesity and Diabetes: The Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Type‐2 Diabetes (2009)

Weight gain and obesity are driving the global epidemic of type-2 diabetes through metabolic and inflammatory pathways that cause insulin resistance and impair pancreatic beta-cell function, the two important factors that are directly responsible for the development of this disease in susceptible populations. Lifestyle methods and modest weight loss are powerful at preventing and managing type-2 diabetes, but sustaining substantial weight loss is problematic. Bariatric surgery provides exceptional sustained weight loss and remission of type-2 diabetes in 50-85% of subjects, especially if treated early before irreparable beta-cell damage has occurred. In addition, there is substantial evidence that bariatric surgery provides additional comorbidity and quality-of-life improvements and reduces mortality in patients with type-2 diabetes. There is an association between the extent of weight loss and remission of type-2 diabetes. Diversionary bariatric procedures such as gastric bypass and biliopancreatic diversion induce a rapid non-weight-loss-associated improvement in glycemic control. Several mechanisms have been proposed for this exciting and novel effect that may provide key insights into the pathogenesis of type-2 diabetes. A range of novel surgical, endoluminal procedures/devices, and pharmacologic therapies are likely to evolve when we better understand how bariatric surgery enables long-term changes in energy balance and non-weight-related metabolic improvements. Bariatric surgery should be considered for adults with BMI >or= 35 kg/m(2) and type-2 diabetes, especially if the diabetes is difficult to control with lifestyle and pharmacologic therapy. Although all bariatric procedures produce exceptional results in the management of type-2 diabetes, choice of procedure requires a careful risk-benefit analysis for the individual patient.
Cooperative Dual Catalysis:  Application to the Highly Enantioselective Conjugate Cyanation of Unsaturated Imides (2004)

Cooperative heterobimetallic catalysis was used as a design principle to achieve a highly reactive system for the enantioselective conjugate addition of cyanide to α,β-unsaturated imides. A dual-catalyst pathway involving chiral (salen)Al complex 1b and chiral (pybox)Er complex 4b provides measurable improvements in rates and enantioselectivities relative to single-catalyst systems. Mechanistic studies point to a cooperative bimetallic mechanism involving activation of the imide by the Al complex and activation of cyanide by the Er complex.
A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation (2012)

The aim of this review paper is to summarize recent developments in the field of wearable sensors and systems that are relevant to the field of rehabilitation. The growing body of work focused on the application of wearable technology to monitor older adults and subjects with chronic conditions in the home and community settings justifies the emphasis of this review paper on summarizing clinical applications of wearable technology currently undergoing assessment rather than describing the development of new wearable sensors and systems. A short description of key enabling technologies (i.e. sensor technology, communication technology, and data analysis techniques) that have allowed researchers to implement wearable systems is followed by a detailed description of major areas of application of wearable technology. Applications described in this review paper include those that focus on health and wellness, safety, home rehabilitation, assessment of treatment efficacy, and early detection of disorders. The integration of wearable and ambient sensors is discussed in the context of achieving home monitoring of older adults and subjects with chronic conditions. Future work required to advance the field toward clinical deployment of wearable sensors and systems is discussed.
Influence of the steric barrier activity of amphipathic poly(ethyleneglycol) and ganglioside GM1 on the circulation time of liposomes and on the target binding of immunoliposomes in vivo (1991)

A series of dioleoyl N ‐(monomethoxy polyethyleneglycol succinyl)phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG‐PE) of different polymer chain length was used in this study. Both the activity of PEG‐PE in prolonging the circulation time of liposomes and the relative steric barrier activity of amphipathic polymer, measured by a liposome agglutination assay, were found to be directly proportional to the chain length of PEG‐PE (PEG5000‐PE &gt; PEG2000‐PE &gt; PEG750‐PE). However, PEG5000‐PE caused a reduced target binding of immunoliposomes in mice due to its overly strong steric barrier activity. The best PEG‐PE species supporting the target binding of immunoliposomes was PEG2000‐PE, the activity of which was compatible to that of ganglioside GM 1 . However, GM 1 only showed a weak steric barrier activity, suggesting a different mechanism for this glycolipid.
Identification and Partial Purification of Human Double Strand RNase Activity (1998)

We have identified a double strand RNase (dsRNase) activity that can serve as a novel mechanism for chimeric antisense oligonucleotides comprised of 2'-methoxy 5' and 3' "wings" on either side of an oligoribonucleotide gap. Antisense molecules targeted to the point mutation in codon 12 of Harvey Ras (Ha-Ras) mRNA resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in Ha-Ras RNA. Reduction in Ha-Ras RNA was dependent on the oligoribonucleotide gap size with the minimum gap size being four nucleotides. An antisense oligonucleotide of the same composition, but containing four mismatches, was inactive. When chimeric antisense oligonucleotides were prehybridized with 17-mer oligoribonucleotides, extracts prepared from T24 cells, cytosol, and nuclei resulted in cleavage in the oligoribonucleotide gap. Both strands were cleaved. Neither mammalian nor Escherichia coli RNase HI cleaved the duplex, nor did single strand nucleases. The dsRNase activity resulted in cleavage products with 5'-phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl termini. Partial purification of dsRNase from rat liver cytosolic and nuclear fractions was effected. The cytosolic enzyme was purified approximately 165-fold. It has an approximate molecular weight of 50,000-65,000, a pH optimum of approximately 7.0, requires divalent cations, and is inactivated by approximately 300 mM NaCl. It is inactivated by heat, proteinase K, and also by a number of detergents and several organic solvents.
Automatic verbal information verification for user authentication (2000)

Traditional speaker authentication focuses on speaker verification (SV) and speaker identification, which is accomplished by matching the speaker's voice with his or her registered speech patterns. In this paper, we propose a new technique, verbal information verification (VIV), in which spoken utterances of a claimed speaker are verified against the key (usually confidential) information in the speaker's registered profile automatically; to decide whether the claimed identity should be accepted or rejected. Using the proposed sequential procedure involving three question-response turns, we achieved an error-free result in a telephone speaker authentication experiment with 100 speakers. We further propose a speaker authentication system by combining VIV with SV. In the system, a user is verified by VIV in the first four to five accesses, usually from different acoustic environments. During these uses, one of the key questions pertains to a pass-phrase for SV. The VIV system collects and verifies the pass-phrase utterance for use as training data for speaker model construction. After a speaker-dependent model is constructed, the system then migrates to SV. This approach avoids the inconvenience of a formal enrollment procedure, ensures the quality of the training data for SV, and mitigates the mismatch caused by different acoustic environments between training and testing. Experiments showed that the proposed system improved the SV performance by over 40% in equal-error rate compared to a conventional SV system.
High power neodymium-doped single transverse mode fibre laser (1993)

A 5W CW single transverse mode neodymium-doped fibre laser operating in the 1.06μm region is reported. The silica-based double clad fibre laser routinely achieves 51% slope efficiency when pumped at 807 nm by a fibre-coupled multimode laser diode bar pump source.
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in human periodontal disease (1985)

Recent evidence implicates Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in the etiology of localized juvenile periodontitis. This paper reviews the morphological, biochemical and serological charcteristics of A. actinomycetemcomitans, evidence incriminating it as a periodontopathogen, its importance in human nonoral infections, and virulence factors which may be involved in the pathogenesis of A. actinomycetemcomitans infections. A. actinomycetemcomitans is a non-motile, gram-negative, capnophilic, fermentative coccobacillus which closely resembles several Haemophilus species but which does not require X or V growth factors. The organism has been categorized into 10 biotypes based on the variable fermentation of dextrin, maltose, mannitol, and xylose and into 3 serotypes on the basis of heat stable, cell surface antigens. A. actinomycetemcomitans' primary human ecologic niche is the oral cavity. It is found in dental plaque, in periodontal pockets, and buccal mucosa in up to 36% of the normal population. The organism can apparently seed from these sites to cause severe infections throughout the human body such as brain abscesses and endocarditis. There is a large body of evidence which implicates A. actinomycetemcomitans as an important micro-organism in the etiology of localized juvenile periodontitis including: (1) an increased prevalence of the organism in almost all localized juvenile periodontitis patients and their families compared to other patient groups; (2) the observation that localized juvenile periodontitis patients exhibit elevated antibody levels to A. actinomycetemcomitans in serum, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid; (3) the finding that localized juvenile periodontitis can be successfully treated by eliminating A. actinomycetemcomitans from periodontal pockets; (4) histopathologic investigations showing that A. actinomycetemcomitans invades the gingival connective tissue in localized juvenile periodontitis lesions; (5) the demonstration of several pathogenic products from A. actinomycetemcomitans including factors which may: (a) facilitate its adherence to mucosal surfaces such as capsular polysaccharides; (b) inhibit host defense mechanisms including leukotoxin, a polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis inhibiting factor, and a lymphocyte suppressing factor (c) cause tissue destruction such as lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, a bone resorption-inducing toxin, acid and alkaline phosphatases, collagenase, a fibroblast inhibiting factor and an epitheliotoxin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Review of donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine and memantine for the treatment of dementia in Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down syndrome: implications for the intellectual disability population (2004)

The management of dementia in Alzheimer's disease has dramatically changed since the development of anti-dementia drugs. However, there is limited information available regarding the bio-medical aspects of the differing drugs; particularly relating to adults with intellectual disability. Indeed the information available for the intellectual disabled population is limited to adults with Down syndrome. This review highlights the important pharmacological and clinical aspects of donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine and memantine and supports the view that such drugs play an important part in the management of dementia in adults with intellectual disability. Future clinical and research issues are discussed.
On the Possible Use of Microwave-Active Imaging for Remote Thermal Sensing (1983)

Recent results have demonstrated the feasibility of quasi-real-time, active as well as harmless microwave imaging for biomedical purposes. Such a process allows tomographic reconstructions based on differences in the complex permittivity of tissues, the temperature dependence of which can be used for remote thermal sensing. A basic experiment conducted in water at 3-GHz yielded information on spatial resolution and temperature sensitivity. Discussion is devoted to potential capabilities and limitations of this remote-sensing approach in more complicated situations.
Three-dimensional Interaction of Phi29 pRNA Dimer Probed by Chemical Modification Interference, Cryo-AFM, and Cross-linking (2001)

Six pRNAs (p for packaging) of bacterial virus phi29 form a hexamer complex that is an essential component of the viral DNA translocating motor. Dimers, the building block of pRNA hexamer, assemble in the order of dimer --> tetramer --> hexamer. The two-dimensional structure of the pRNA monomer has been investigated extensively; however, the three-dimensional structure concerning the distance constraints of the three stems and loops are unknown. In this report, we probed the three-dimensional structure of pRNA monomer and dimer by photo affinity cross-linking with azidophenacyl. Bases 75-81 of the left stem were found to be oriented toward the head loop and proximate to bases 26-31 in a parallel orientation. Chemical modification interference indicates the involvement of bases 45-71 and 82-91 in dimer formation. Dimer was formed via hand-in-hand contact, a novel RNA dimerization that in some aspects is similar to the kissing loops of the human immunodeficiency virus. The covalently linked dimers were found to be biologically active. Both the native dimer and the covalently linked dimer were found by cryo-atomic force microscopy to be similar in global conformation and size.
Terminal Differentiation, Advanced Organotypic Maturation, and Modeling of Hypertrophic Growth in Engineered Heart Tissue (2011)

This study documents the propensity of immature cardiomyocytes to terminally differentiate and mature in EHT in a remarkably organotypic manner. It moreover provides the rationale for the utility of the EHT technology as a methodological bridge between 2D cell culture and animal models.
The Antibiotic Resistome: Challenge And Opportunity For Therapeutic Intervention (2012)

Despite the relevance of infectious disease as main causes of human morbidity and mortality, the development of new antibacterials is not among the highest priorities for pharmaceutical companies. Regulatory and economic issues, together with the lack of novel targets, might justify the reduced rate of discovery of new antimicrobials. With the increasing number of antibiotic resistant pathogens, the mechanisms of resistance appear as appealing alternatives for developing new drugs. Defining the elements that contribute to the characteristic phenotype of susceptibility to antibiotics of a given bacterial species, will serve to find those targets. Recent information on the elements forming part of bacterial intrinsic resistomes and on the inhibitors of resistance currently under development are presented. The possibility of developing new therapeutic procedures based on the administration, together with antibiotics of specific metabolic intermediates capable of increasing the susceptibility to antibiotics by altering bacterial physiology, are also discussed.
Critical Structural and Functional Roles for the N-Terminal Insertion Sequence in Surfactant Protein B Analogs (2010)

Super Mini-B shows enhanced surfactant activity, probably due to the self-assembly of monomer peptide into dimer Super Mini-B that mimics the functions and putative structure of native SP-B.
Roles of the Catalytic Domain and Two Cellulose Binding Domains of Thermomonospora fusca E4 in Cellulose Hydrolysis (1998)

Thermomonospora fusca E4 is an unusual 90.4-kDa endocellulase comprised of a catalytic domain (CD), an internal family IIIc cellulose binding domain (CBD), a fibronectinlike domain, and a family II CBD. Constructs containing the CD alone (E4-51), the CD plus the family IIIc CBD (E4-68), and the CD plus the fibronectinlike domain plus the family II CBD (E4-74) were made by using recombinant DNA techniques. The activities of each purified protein on bacterial microcrystalline cellulose (BMCC), filter paper, swollen cellulose, and carboxymethyl cellulose were measured. Only the whole enzyme, E4-90, could reach the target digestion of 4.5% on filter paper. Removal of the internal family IIIc CBD (E4-51 and E4-74) decreased activity markedly on every substrate. E4-74 did bind to BMCC but had almost no hydrolytic activity, while E4-68 retained 32% of the activity on BMCC even though it did not bind. A low-activity mutant of one of the catalytic bases, E4-68 (Asp55Cys), did bind to BMCC, although E4-51 (Asp55Cys) did not. The ratios of soluble to insoluble reducing sugar produced after filter paper hydrolysis by E4-90, E4-68, E4-74, and E4-51 were 6.9, 3.5, 1.3, and 0.6, respectively, indicating that the family IIIc CBD is important for E4 processivity.
A phase I trial of deep brain stimulation of memory circuits in Alzheimer's disease (2010)

There is an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches for AD. Modulating pathological brain activity in this illness with DBS merits further investigation.
Removal of Biological Stains from Aqueous Solution Using A Flow-Through Decontamination Procedure (1994)

Chromatography columns filled with Amberlite XAD-16 were used to decontaminate, using a continuous flow-through procedure, aqueous solutions of the following biological stains: acridine orange, alcian blue 8GX, alizarin red S, azure A, azure B, brilliant blue G, brilliant blue R, Congo red, cresyl violet acetate, crystal violet, eosin B, eosin Y, erythrosin B, ethidium bromide, Giemsa stain, Janus green B, methylene blue, neutral red, nigrosin, orcein, propidium iodide, rose Bengal, safranine O, toluidine blue O, and trypan blue. Adsorption was most efficient for stains of lower molecular weight (< 600). Adsorption of stain increased as the flow rate decreased; column diameter had little effect on adsorption. Adsorption of stain was greatest when finely ground resin was used, but if the resin particles were too small, column clogging occurred. Limited grinding of the resin gave increased adsorption while retaining good flow characteristics. Amberlite XAD-16 saturated with methylene blue was regenerated to its initial adsorption capacity by passing methanol through the column. The technique described provides an economical, rapid means of removing stains from aqueous solution.
Epitope Mapping by a Combination of Epitope Excision and MALDI-MS (2003)

Two approaches have been used for the mass spectrometric identification of functional epitopes on antigens bound to antibodies: epitope extraction (1,2) and epitope excision (3,4). In epitope extraction, a protein is subjected to enzymatic digestion, and the fragments are then presented to either an immobilized antibody or an antibody in solution. In epitope excision, the enzymatic digestion is done while the protein is bound to the antibody. In theory, the antibody prevents either proteolysis (5), or chemical modification (6) of sites on the antigen that are situated in the antibody binding pocket. An important feature of this approach is that, because nondenaturing conditions are used, the antigen retains its native conformation so that conformational epitopes can be determined; it also offers the possibility of determining discontinuous epitopes, or epitopes that contain an enzymatic cleavage site Fig. 1.
Wearable ballistocardiogram and seismocardiogram systems for health and performance (2017)

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are prevalent in the US, and many forms of CVD primarily affect the mechanical aspects of heart function. Wearable technologies for monitoring the mechanical health of the heart and vasculature could enable proactive management of CVDs through titration of care based on physiological status as well as preventative wellness monitoring to help promote lifestyle choices that reduce the overall risk of developing CVDs. Additionally, such wearable technologies could be used to optimize human performance in austere environments. This review describes our progress in developing wearable ballistocardiogram (BCG)- and seismocardiogram-based systems for monitoring relative changes in cardiac output, contractility, and blood pressure. Our systems use miniature, low-noise accelerometers to measure the movements of the body in response to the heartbeat and novel machine learning algorithms to provide robustness against motion artifacts and sensor misplacement. Moreover, we have mathematically related wearable BCG signals-representing local, cardiogenic movements of a point on the body-to better understood whole body BCG signals, and thereby improved estimation of key health parameters. We validated these systems with experiments in healthy subjects, studies in patients with heart failure, and measurements in austere environments such as water immersion. The systems can be used in future work as a tool for clinicians and physiologists to measure the mechanical aspects of cardiovascular function outside of clinical settings, and to thereby titrate care for patients with CVDs, provide preventative screening, and optimize performance in austere environments by providing real-time in-depth information regarding performance and risk.
MRI and CSF biomarkers in normal, MCI, and AD subjects (2009)

MRI and CSF provide complimentary predictive information about time to conversion from amnestic mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease and combination of the 2 provides better prediction than either source alone. However, we found that MRI was a slightly better predictor of future clinical/functional decline than the CSF biomarkers tested.
Properties of Concentrated Suspensions (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Interparticle Interactions and Their Combination Definition of “Dilute,” “Concentrated,” and “Solid” Suspensions States of Suspension on Standing References
Authentic and chimeric full-length genomic cDNA clones of bovine viral diarrhea virus that yield infectious transcripts (1997)

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the most insidious and devastating viral pathogen of cattle in the United States. Disease control approaches must be based on detailed knowledge of virus biology. To develop reverse-genetic systems to study the molecular biology of the virus, we first constructed a plasmid containing the entire genome of BVDV cloned as cDNA. Subsequently, we showed that infectious BVDV was produced by cells transfected with uncapped RNA transcribed in vitro from the cDNA clone. This result defined functional 5' and 3' termini in viral genomic RNA and established the biological importance of the proposed internal ribosome entry site element in the 5' untranslated region of the viral genome. BVDV rescued from the infectious cDNA clone has an in vitro phenotype similar to that of the wild-type parent, the National Animal Disease Laboratory strain of BVDV. A deletion of a single codon in the full-length genomic BVDV cDNA clone, encoding glutamic acid at position 1600, gave rise to sequence-tagged virus easily identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of reverse transcription-PCR amplicons. Suitability of the molecular clone of BVDV for genomic manipulations was shown by substitution of the major envelope glycoprotein E2/gp53 with that of the Singer strain, giving rise to a chimeric virus. The predicted change in antigenic structure of the chimeric virus could be readily identified with strain-specific monoclonal antibodies by neutralization and immunofluorescence assays. Immediate applications of this system include development of safe and effective live vaccine strains possessing predetermined defined attenuating mutations.