gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The optimal class size for object-oriented software (2002)

A growing body of literature suggests that there is an optimal size for software components. This means that components that are too small or too big will have a higher defect content (i.e., there is a U-shaped curve relating defect content to size). The U-shaped curve has become known as the "Goldilocks Conjecture." Recently, a cognitive theory has been proposed to explain this phenomenon and it has been expanded to characterize object-oriented software. This conjecture has wide implications for software engineering practice. It suggests 1) that designers should deliberately strive to design classes that are of the optimal size, 2) that program decomposition is harmful, and 3) that there exists a maximum (threshold) class size that should not be exceeded to ensure fewer faults in the software. The purpose of the current paper is to evaluate this conjecture for object-oriented systems. We first demonstrate that the claims of an optimal component/class size (1) above) and of smaller components/classes having a greater defect content (2) above) are due to a mathematical artifact in the analyses performed previously. We then empirically test the threshold effect claims of this conjecture (3) above). To our knowledge, the empirical test of size threshold effects for object-oriented systems has not been performed thus far. We performed an initial study with an industrial C++ system and repeated it twice on another C++ system and on a commercial Java application. Our results provide unambiguous evidence that there is no threshold effect of class size. We obtained the same result for three systems using four different size measures. These findings suggest that there is a simple continuous relationship between class size and faults, and that, optimal class size, smaller classes are better and threshold effects conjectures have no sound theoretical nor empirical basis.
Nonlinear color image restoration using extended radial basis function networks (2002)

We investigate a nonlinear technique for restoration of images distorted in color and space, using a class of extended radial basis function networks called the Gaussian mixture basis function networks (GMBFN). We report computer simulation results that indicate usefulness of this new approach.
Molecular Characterization of American Cockroach Tropomyosin ( Periplaneta americana Allergen 7), a Cross-Reactive Allergen (1999)

Inhalation of allergens produced by the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) induces IgE Ab production and the development of asthma in genetically predisposed individuals. The cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of P. americana tropomyosin allergen have been achieved. The protein shares high homology with other arthropod tropomyosins (80% identity) but less homology with vertebrate ones (50% identity). The recombinant allergen was produced in E. coli as a nonfusion protein with a yield of 9 mg/l of bacterial culture. Both natural and recombinant tropomyosins were purified by isoelectric precipitation. P. americana allergen 1 (Per a 1) and Per a 7 (tropomyosin) are to date the only cross-reacting allergens found in cockroaches. ELISA and Western blot inhibition experiments, using natural and recombinant purified tropomyosins from shrimp and cockroach, showed that tropomyosin induced cross-reactivity of IgE from patients allergic to these allergens, suggesting that this molecule could be a common allergen among invertebrates.
Language independent phoneme mapping for foreign TTS. (2004)

Local invasion of NPC was characterized by continuous invasion from proximal to distal sites. The eccentric and central lesions showed different invasion features. Individual CTV delineation should be based on the distribution characteristics of tumors. The eccentric lesions had a very low probability of invasion into the contralateral tissue; thus routine prophylactic radiation of contralateral parapharyngeal space and skull base foramina may not be necessary.
Rekursive Codes mit der Plotkin-Konstruktion und ihre Decodierung (2002)

In dieser Arbeit werden Codes betrachtet, die allein durch rekursive Anwendung der |u|u+v|-Konstruktion, auch als PLOTKIN-Konstruktion bezeichnet, generiert werden. Der Schwerpunkt liegt hier sowohl auf der Konstruktion als auch auf der Decodierung von Codes dieser Klasse, die die Klasse der REED-MULLER (RM) Codes enthält. Bezüglich der auftretenden Störungen werden nur die beiden Sonderfälle des binären symmetrischen Kanals (BSC) und des additiven weißen gaußschen Rauschkanals (AWGN) betrachtet. Alle hier vorgestellten Codes sind Untercodes von RM-Codes und lassen sich als verallgemeinert verkettete Codes beschreiben. Für die zur Decodierung notwendige Zuverlässigkeitsübergabe an die Decoder der äußeren Codes wird neben der optimalen auch eine suboptimale Methode beschrieben und bewertet. Aufbauend auf diesen Methoden wird sowohl ein neues sequentielles als auch ein listengestütztes Decodierverfahren vorgeschlagen, die für alle Codes dieser Klasse geeignet sind. Es können damit beim AWGN-Kanal mit geringem Aufwand alle RM-Codes bis zu einer Länge von N = 128 Codesymbolen annähernd optimal decodiert werden. Speziell für RM-Codes wird darüber hinaus auch eine kombinierte Listen- und Permutationsdecodierung vorgeschlagen, womit beim AWGN-Kanal auch für alle Codes der Länge N = 256 und beim BSC bis zur Länge N = 512 nahezu optimale Wortfehlerwahrscheinlichkeiten erzielt werden. Um auch bei größeren Codelängen ebenfalls gute Decodierergebnisse zu erzielen, werden zwei verschiedene Methoden zur Anpassung des Codes an die verwendeten Decoder vorgestellt. Beide Methoden ermöglichen für Codelängen N = 2m die Konstruktion von Codes beliebiger Raten K/N, K ∈ {1, 2, ... , N}. Unter anderem die Berücksichtigung der bei Multilevel-Codes bekannten Ergebnisse führt so zu Codes, die zusammen mit dem hier vorgestellten Listendecodierverfahren auch bei deutlich über der Cutoff-Rate liegenden Coderaten kleine Fehlerwahrscheinlichkeiten ermöglichen.
NXG02-3: Bandwidth Allocation over EPONs: A Controllability Perspective (2006)

This paper addresses the issue of bandwidth allocation over Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs). We develop a state space model to evaluate the controllability of available bandwidth allocation schemes. We show that the predictor-based scheme is completely controllable when the loaded network traffic changes dynamically, while other schemes are either partially controllable or uncontrollable.
Batch transfer integration of RF microrelays (2000)

This letter presents the first implementation of batch-transferred microrelays for a broad range of RF applications and substrates. The transferred relays include two types of electrostatic pull-down structures for series and shunt switching of a CPW. The batch-transfer methodology allows integration of optimized microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) in RF systems on substrates such as sapphire, GaAs, and even CMOS. Gold-to-gold contact series microrelays with insertion loss of <0.3 dB, and isolation better than 15 dB at frequencies from 100 MHz to 50 GHz are demonstrated, as well as shunt switches with >45 dB of isolation and <0.3 dB insertion loss in that frequency range.
Fertility-related research needs among women at the margins (2015)

Fertility-related research encompasses fertility intentions, preconception care, research amongst pregnant women, and post-partum outcomes of mothers and children. However, some women remain under-represented within this domain of study. Women frequently missing within fertility-related research include those who are already the most vulnerable to health disparities, including female sex workers, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender women, women living with HIV, and women who use drugs. Yet characterization of the needs of these women is important, given their unique fertility-related concerns, including risks and barriers to care emanating from social stigmas and discrimination. This synthesis provides an overview of fertility-related evidence, highlighting where there are clear research gaps among marginalized women and the potential implications of these data shortfalls. Overall, research among marginalized women to date has addressed pregnancy prevention and in some cases fertility intentions, but the majority of studies have focused on post-conception pregnancy safety and the well-being of the child. However, among female sex workers specifically, data on pregnancy safety and the well-being of the child are largely unavailable. Within each marginalized group, preconception care and effectiveness of conception methods are consistently understudied. Ultimately, the absence of epidemiologic, clinical and programmatic evidence limits the availability and quality of reproductive health services for all women and prevents social action to address these gaps.
A novel series of selective leukotriene antagonists: exploration and optimization of the acidic region in 1,6-disubstituted indoles and indazoles (1990)

A systematic structure-activity exploration of the carboxylic acid region in a series of indole- or indazole-derived leukotriene antagonists 1 led to several discoveries. Use of the 3-methoxy-p-tolyl fragment (illustrated in acid 1) for connecting the indole and the acidic site provides the most potent carboxylic acids 1, tetrazoles 20, and aryl sulfonimides 21. The aryl sulfonimides are 5-500 times more potent (in vitro and/or in vivo) than the corresponding carboxylic acids 1. The o-tolyl sulfonimides such as 114 show greater oral potency than the phenyl sulfonimides at a given level of in vitro activity. Acidic keto sulfone derivatives 10 (Nu = CH-(CO2CH3)SO2Ph) mimic the activity of the sulfonimides.
Sparse category labels obstruct generalization of category membership (2012)

Studies of human category learning typically focus on situations where explicit category labels accompany each example (supervised learning) or on situations were people must infer category structure entirely from the distribution of unlabeled examples (unsupervised learning).However, real-world category learning likely involves a mixture of both types of learning (semi-supervised learning).Surprisingly, a number of recent ndings suggest that people have difficulty learning in semisupervised tasks.To further explore this issue, we devised a category learning task in which the distribution of labeled and unlabeled items suggested alternative organizations of a category.is design allowed us to determine whether learners combined information from both types of episodes via their patterns of generalization at test.In contrast with the prediction of many models, we nd little evidence that unlabeled items inuenced categorization behavior when labeled items were also present.
Nuclear Retention Elements of U3 Small Nucleolar RNA (1999)

The processing and methylation of precursor rRNA is mediated by the box C/D small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). These snoRNAs differ from most cellular RNAs in that they are not exported to the cytoplasm. Instead, these RNAs are actively retained in the nucleus where they assemble with proteins into mature small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particles and are targeted to their intranuclear site of action, the nucleolus. In this study, we have identified the cis-acting sequences responsible for the nuclear retention of U3 box C/D snoRNA by analyzing the nucleocytoplasmic distributions of an extensive panel of U3 RNA variants after injection of the RNAs into Xenopus oocyte nuclei. Our data indicate the importance of two conserved sequence motifs in retaining U3 RNA in the nucleus. The first motif is comprised of the conserved box C' and box D sequences that characterize the box C/D family. The second motif contains conserved box sequences B and C. Either motif is sufficient for nuclear retention, but disruption of both motifs leads to mislocalization of the RNAs to the cytoplasm. Variant RNAs that are not retained also lack 5' cap hypermethylation and fail to associate with fibrillarin. Furthermore, our results indicate that nuclear retention of U3 RNA does not simply reflect its nucleolar localization. A fragment of U3 containing the box B/C motif is not localized to nucleoli but retained in coiled bodies. Thus, nuclear retention and nucleolar localization are distinct processes with differing sequence requirements.
Fixed gantry tomosynthesis system for radiation therapy image guidance based on a multiple source x‐ray tube with carbon nanotube cathodes (2009)

The authors present the design and simulation of an imaging system that employs a compact multiple source x-ray tube to produce a tomosynthesis image from a set of projections obtained at a single tube position. The electron sources within the tube are realized using cold cathode carbon nanotube technology. The primary intended application is tomosynthesis-based 3D image guidance during external beam radiation therapy. The tube, which is attached to the gantry of a medical linear accelerator (linac) immediately below the multileaf collimator, operates within the voltage range of 80-160 kVp and contains a total of 52 sources that are arranged in a rectilinear array. This configuration allows for the acquisition of tomographic projections from multiple angles without any need to rotate the linac gantry. The x-ray images are captured by the same amorphous silicon flat panel detector employed for portal imaging on contemporary linacs. The field of view (FOV) of the system corresponds to that part of the volume that is sampled by rays from all sources. The present tube and detector configuration provides an 8 x 8 cm2 FOV in the plane of the linac isocenter when the 40.96 x 40.96 cm2 imaging detector is placed 40 cm from the isocenter. Since this tomosynthesis application utilizes the extremities of the detector to record image detail relating to structures near the isocenter, simultaneous treatment and imaging is possible for most clinical cases, where the treated target is a small region close to the linac isocenter. The tomosynthesis images are reconstructed using the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique, which is accelerated using a graphic processing unit. The authors present details of the system design as well as simulated performance of the imaging system based on reprojections of patient CT images.
High-Speed 985 nm Bottom-Emitting VCSEL Arrays for Chip-to-Chip Parallel Optical Interconnects (2007)

For chip-scale interconnection, 4 times 12 vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays have been optimized. Each flip-chip bondable bottom-emitting oxide-confined 985 nm VCSEL have integrated backside lenses, and is capable of modulation at >20 Gb/s with a low current density of only 9.9 kA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . An aggregate data rate of 960 Gb/s was obtained from a chip area of only 1.4 mm times 3.75 mm, or 18.3 Tb/(sldrcm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ).
Some aspects of predatory behavior (1978)

Predatory behavior is conceived of as a loose chain of responses including searching for relevant stimuli, hunting or chasing potential prey, capturing or attacking prey, and killing and feeding on prey. These aspects, which may occur independently, are described and discussed separately with an emphasis on mammalian species of carnivores. Particular attention is paid to opportunism in prey selection, specific searching images with their possible antecedents, the role of hunger in prey attack, and the phenomenon of surplus killing. Finally a discussion of mouse killing by rats attempts to show similarities between this and other more traditional examples of predation.
MOISE: A Prototype Multiparameter Ocean-Bottom Station (2001)

Multiple geophysical datasets were recorded during the international cooperative pilot experiment, Monterey Bay Ocean Bottom International Seismic Experiment (MOISE). This experiment, conducted from June to September 1997, demonstrated the feasibility of installing, operating, and recovering different geophysical sensors (seismometers, electromagnetometers and environmental sensors).

The seismic noise level was stable throughout the experiment. The noise level was comparable to a high noise model for periods below 15 sec and showed strong diurnal variations at longer periods. We demonstrate that these diurnal variations can be removed from the vertical component by subtracting the effect of the horizontal components, decreasing the vertical noise level by up to 40 db. We investigate possible coherence between long-period seismic, electromagnetic, and environmental data. The coherence between the vertical seismic signal and pressure and current speed is close to unity between 2 × 10-5 and 10-4 Hz. In particular, there is a peak of coherence at 2.3 × 10-5 Hz (12 hr), which is a consequence of tidal effects. No significant high coherence is observed with the vertical magnetic field.

The MOISE experiment demonstrates that permanent broadband seismic and geophysical observatories can now be installed on the seafloor. It also illustrates the importance of installing various kinds of geophysical sensors in order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of seismic data, validating the concept of multiparameter ocean-bottom stations.

Manuscript received 9 March 2000.
Plasma Neuropeptide Y Concentrations in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors (1989)

In order to develop an immunoradiometric assay for human neuropeptide (hNPY), a recently discovered and potent vasoconstrictor 36-amino-acid peptide, we used hNPY and some of its subpeptides to prepare monoclonal anti-NPY antibodies. Two monoclonal antibodies with high affinity for hNPY, that is affinity constants in the range of 10(10) mol/L-1, which respectively, reacted with the 9-18 portion and the 32-36 portion of hNPY were used in the immunoradiometric system. The assay was highly specific, NPY-related peptides such as pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY not being detected. The lower limit of sensitivity was 0.5 pmol/L. In 303 normal subjects, plasma NPY concentrations were less than 0.5 pmol/L in 67%, 0.5 to 5.0 pmol/L in 25% and 5.1 to 30 pmol/L in the remaining 8%. A value of 7.5 pmol/L (95th percentile value in the normal group) was considered as the upper limit of normal. Among 111 patients with various neuroendocrine tumors, elevated plasma NPY concentrations were found in patients with pheochromocytomas and neuroblastomas, the highest plasma levels being found in patients with malignant pheochromocytomas. We conclude that patients with neuroendocrine tumors, especially secreting and or malignant tumors of the sympathochromaffin system, often have elevated plasma NPY concentrations.
Expression of <i>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinu</i><i>s</i> Allergen, <i>Der </i><i>p</i> II, in <i>Escherichia col</i><i>i</i> and the Binding Studies with Human IgE (1990)

Lambda gt11 clones expressing the major house dust mite allergen, Der p II, have been reported to react with IgE in the serum of a high proportion of allergic patients. The clones described, however, only produced small quantities of protein which was not fused to the beta-galactosidase of the vector. A construct of the Der p II is described which produces a fusion of Der p II, minus its leader sequence, with the glutathione-S transferase in the pGEX vector. This could be readily isolated and was shown to react with IgE in 22 of 24 patient sera showing reactivity to native Der p II, the sera not reacting having low reactivity to native protein. Absorption analysis showed that the recombinant material removed most of the IgE reactivity of patients to native Der p II. The construct described, therefore, should be valuable for quantitative studies of a pure mite allergen.
DNA-methylation changes induced by salt stress in wheat Triticum aestivum (2009)

&nbsp; The present study was to assess DNA methylation alteration induced by salt stress in two wheat&nbsp;Triticum aestivum&nbsp;cultivars differing in salt tolerance (salt-tolerant Dekang-961 and sensitive Lumai-15), comparatively. The changes in the status of methylation of the CCGG sequence of the nuclear genome of the root DNA of plants exposed to different concentrations of NaCl compared with that of untreated plants were determined by methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) approach. The result showed that CCGG sequences of Dekang-961 control plants were more methylated than that of Lumai-15. NaCl treatment induced some CCGG sites demethylation and some hypermethylation both in Dekang-961 and Lumai-15, with the net result being genome-wide hypomethylation. These results showed a clear alteration of DNA methylation in plants as a response to salt stress and the effect was dose-dependent. These changes may suggest a mechanism for plants adaptation under salt stress. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;DNA methylation, MSAP, salt stress, wheat.
Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis in a domestic car engine using a neural network (1996)

The use of microelectronics in motor vehicle technology is well established, although a relatively recent innovation in comparison with the lengthy history of the motor car. In the automobile engine, the spark plug is in direct contact with the combustion processes and examination of the time varying voltage due to the spark ignition system at the spark plug provides a robust method of monitoring the engine. It has been shown that this waveform, subjected to neural network analysis, forms a mechanism which allows the monitoring of the engine for fault diagnosis or control. The technique potentially provides a convenient method of accurately sensing the /spl lambda/ of the engine. An investigation by the author and fellow researchers to demonstrate the feasibility of the technique has been described previously (R.J. Howlett et al., 1996); a summary of this work to date is presented.
(R,S)-anti-1-Amino-2-[18F]Fluorocyclopentyl-1-carboxylic Acid: Synthesis from Racemic 2-Benzyloxycyclopentanone and Biological Evaluation for Brain Tumor Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography (2010)

(R,S)-anti-1-amino-2-fluorocyclopentyl-1-carboxylic acid (2-FACPC, 4b) was radiolabeled in 39% yield starting from cyclic sulfamidate 12. The 9L gliosarcoma cells assays showed that 4b is mainly a substrate for the L-type amino acid transport with some affinity to the A-type. In rats bearing 9L gliosarcoma tumors, 4b displayed high tumor to brain ratio (10:1) at 120 min after injection. FACPC is an attractive candidate for imaging brain tumors with PET, and its isolated enantiomers are under investigation.
Nanoarchitectonics for Mesoporous Materials (2011)

Abstract Although mesoporous materials have well-defined pore structures, these fine materials can surprisingly be produced by employing a set of conventional and simple procedures such as mixing, heating, filtration, and washing, using low-cost materials. They can be regarded as easy-to-make bulk nanostructured materials. Mesoporous materials have great potential for use in both macroscopic applications and nanotechnology. In this account, we introduce examples of recent developments in mesoporous materials involving innovations in their components and structural designs and concentrating on our own recent progress. These examples include syntheses of mesoporous silica, metal oxides, semiconductive materials, metals, alloys, organic composites, biomaterial composites, carbon, carbon nitride, and boron nitride, as innovative components. As structural innovations for mesoporous materials, various film preparations, pore alignments, and hierarchic structures are described together with their related functions including sensing and controlled release of target molecules.