gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, optical properties, crystal structures and phase behaviour of selectively fluorinated 1,4-bis(4?-pyridylethynyl)benzenes, 4-(phenylethynyl)pyridines and 9,10-bis(4?-pyridylethynyl)anthracene, and a Zn(NO3)2 coordination polymer (2004)

A series of selectively fluorinated and non-fluorinated rigid rods based on the 4-pyridylethynyl group, namely 1,4-bis(4′-pyridylethynyl)benzene (1a), 1,4-bis(4′-pyridylethynyl)tetrafluorobenzene (1b), 1,4-bis(2′,3′,5′,6′-tetrafluoropyridylethynyl)benzene (1c), 1,4-bis(2′,3′,5′,6′-tetrafluoropyridylethynyl)tetrafluorobenzene (1d), 9,10-bis(4′-pyridylethynyl)anthracene (2), 4-(pentafluorophenylethynyl)pyridine (3a) and 4-(phenylethynyl)tetrafluoropyridine (3b) were prepared in good yields using Pd/Cu-catalysed Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions and/or lithium chemistry involving nucleophilic aromatic substitution. UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra for 1a–d and 2 are reported. The X-ray crystal structures of 1b, 1c, 2, 3a and 3b show a variety of packing motifs, none of which involve arene–perfluoroarene stacking. The phase behaviour of 1a–1c has been studied by differential thermal analysis and transmitted polarised light microscopy. Compound 1b exhibits an ordered phase between 227.6 and 272.5 °C which is either hexatic B or crystal B. A 1 ∶ 1 complex (4) between 1b and Zn(NO3)2 has been prepared; its crystal structure consists of zig-zag polymer chains held together by hydrogen bonds.
Detection of Pancreatic Carcinomas by Imaging Lactose-Binding Protein Expression in Peritumoral Pancreas Using [18F]Fluoroethyl-Deoxylactose PET/CT (2009)

We have demonstrated the feasibility of detection of early pancreatic tumors by non-invasive imaging with [(18)F]FEDL PET/CT of tumor biomarker HIP/PAP over-expressed in peritumoral pancreatic tissue. Non-invasive non-invasive detection of early pancreatic carcinomas with [(18)F]FEDL PET/CT imaging should aid the guidance of biopsies and additional imaging procedures, facilitate the resectability and improve the overall prognosis.
Serum methionine depletion without side effects by methioninase in metastatic breast cancer patients. (1997)

The growth dependence of human tumors on elevated levels of methionine has been shown in preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies to be a frequently occurring, highly effective, tumor-selective therapeutic target. High purity endotoxin-free methioninase was produced from Pseudomonas putida in order to develop anti-methionine chemotherapy targeting of human tumors. A pilot Phase I clinical trial has been initiated in order to determine methioninase toxicity, the pharmacokinetics of methioninase and methionine-depletion and maximum tolerated dose. A two hour i.v. infusion of 5,000 units (0.4 g) and 10,000 units (0.8 g) and a ten hour i.v. infusion of 20,000 units (1.6 g) of methioninase was administered to patient-1, patient-2, and patient-3, respectively. All patients had advanced breast cancer. Blood and urine samples were obtained at frequent intervals between 0 and 24 hours. The toxicity evaluations were carried out according to FDA criteria. Pharmacokinetics data were obtained for both methioninase and methionine levels in the serum. No acute clinical toxicity was observed for all the toxicity criteria measured in patient-1, patient-2 and patient-3. The depletion of serum methionine started within 30 minutes of the infusion, and was maintained for 4 hours after the infusion was completed in patient-1 and patient-2. The lowest serum methionine levels were 35% and 19% of the pretreatment level, respectively, in patient-1 and patient-2. Patient-3 received a ten hour i.v. infusion of 20,000 units of methioninase without any signs of side effects. Patient-3 maintained serum levels of methioninase as high as 50% of the maximum level for a subsequent 6 hours after infusion. Methionine was depleted over 200-fold from 23.1 microM to 0.1 microM by the 10-hour infusion of patient-3. No clinical toxicity was observed whatsoever in all the toxicity criteria measured in patient-3. The results of the methioninase pilot Phase 1 clinical trial suggested that i.v. infusion of the methioninase is safe and effectively depletes serum methionine without any signs of side effects. Clinical studies are continuing to determine the maximum length of time complete serum methionine depletion can be tolerated.
The Role of Tissue Engineering in Articular Cartilage Repair and Regeneration (2009)

Articular cartilage repair and regeneration continue to be largely intractable because of the poor regenerative properties of this tissue. The field of articular cartilage tissue engineering, which aims to repair, regenerate, and/or improve injured or diseased articular cartilage functionality, has evoked intense interest and holds great potential for improving articular cartilage therapy. This review provides an overall description of the current state of and progress in articular cartilage repair and regeneration. Traditional therapies and related problems are introduced. More importantly, a variety of promising cell sources, biocompatible tissue engineered scaffolds, scaffoldless techniques, growth factors, and mechanical stimuli used in current articular cartilage tissue engineering are reviewed. Finally, the technical and regulatory challenges of articular cartilage tissue engineering and possible future directions are also discussed.
Fluorescence detection in capillary electrophoresis: evaluation of derivatizing reagents and techniques (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFluorescence detection in capillary electrophoresis: evaluation of derivatizing reagents and techniquesMichael. Albin, Robert. Weinberger, Edwin. Sapp, and Stephen. MoringCite this: Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 5, 417–422Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00005a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00005a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views832Altmetric-Citations169LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Lipopolysaccharide induces activation of the Raf-1/MAP kinase pathway. A putative role for Raf-1 in the induction of the IL-1 beta and the TNF- alpha genes. (1994)

Bacterial LPS is a potent macrophage activator. The early steps in LPS signal transduction involve the tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of a number of kinases of the src family, and inhibition of this pathway causes a severe impairment in the production of the cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta. We find that LPS-induced macrophages activation also involves the Raf-1 kinase, a key component in mitogenic signal transduction. Treatment of BAC-1.2F5 macrophages with LPS causes phosphorylation and activation of Raf-1. This is paralleled by the stimulation of MEK-1 and MAP-kinase activity and by the phosphorylation of the transcription factor Elk-1, a nuclear target of MAP-kinase. Activation of the Raf/MAP-kinase pathway was inhibited upon pretreatment of the cells with genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Raf-1 must thus lie downstream of tyrosine kinase in LPS signal transduction. However, Raf-1 is not a direct substrate of a LPS-induced tyrosine kinase, because Raf-1 immunoisolated from LPS-induced cells contains only phosphoserine. This resembles the situation after CSF-1-stimulation of macrophages, in which Raf-1 clearly transduces a signal generated by the CSF-1 receptor kinase, but is phosphorylated exclusively in serine. Phosphopeptide maps of Raf-1 immunoprecipitated from LPS- or CSF-1-treated cells are indistinguishable, suggesting that these agents activate Raf-1 by similar mechanisms. Finally, v-raf-infected BAC-1.2F5 macrophages were found to constitutively express low levels of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. These data argue that Raf-1 functions downstream of tyrosine kinases in LPS-mediated macrophage activation and cytokine production.
Apolipoprotein B and AI distributions in the United States, 1988-1991: results of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III). (1997)

Serum apolipoproteins (apo) B and AI were measured in a probability sample of the noninstitutionalized US civilian population, ages > or = 4 years, which included non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican-Americans. Apo B concentrations were the same in males and females, lower in black males than in other males, low in childhood (approximately 0.80 g/L) and increasing to approximately 1.2 g/L in adults, and higher in younger women on hormones. Apo AI was higher in females than males, higher in blacks than in others, remained constant from childhood to adulthood (approximately 1.35 g/L) in males, but increased with age (approximately 1.30 g/L to approximately 1.55 g/L) in females, and was higher in women taking hormones. These are the first national probability estimates of apo B and apo AI in the US and are referable to the WHO-IFCC First International Reference Materials for apo AI and B.
Salsola tuberculatiformisBotschantzev and an Aziridine Precursor Analog Mediate thein VivoIncrease in Free Corticosterone and Decrease in Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin in Female Wistar Rats (1999)

Salsola tuberculatiformis Botschantzev causes prolonged gestation in sheep and contraception in rats. An active fraction isolated from the shrub, containing a highly labile hydoxyphenyl aziridine or precursor, and a more stable analog, compound A, inhibits sheep adrenal cytochrome P450c11. In addition, compound A has been shown to bind to and be stabilized by corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG). Binding may result in concomitant displacement of endogenous steroids, which could contribute to the biological effects of these compounds. The present study was undertaken to establish which mechanism would predominate in female rats. Compound A significantly (P < 0.01) displaced glucocorticoids, but not progesterone, from rat CBG in vitro, whereas in vivo the percentage of free plasma corticosterone in both S. tuberculatiformis (P < 0.05)- and compound A (P < 0.01)-treated rats was also significantly higher due to displacement from CBG. In addition, both ACTH and CBG concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than control values. The levels of the gonadotropins were also reduced during treatment, but only LH values significantly (P < 0.05) so. These results suggest that binding of the test substances to CBG in female rat plasma and concomitant displacement of endogenous corticosterone could be part of the contraceptive mechanism of S. tuberculatiformis and the aziridine precursor, compound A.
Effects of Raloxifene on Serum Lipids and Coagulation Factors in Healthy Postmenopausal Women (1998)

Raloxifene favorably alters biochemical markers of cardiovascular risk by decreasing LDL-C, fibrinogen, and lipoprotein(a), and by increasing HDL2-C without raising triglycerides. In contrast to HRT, raloxifene had no effect on HDL-C and PAI-1, and a lesser effect on HDL2-C and lipoprotein(a). Further clinical trials are necessary to determine whether these favorable biochemical effects are associated with protection against cardiovascular disease.
Neutral and Cationic Tetracoordinated Aluminum Complexes Featuring Tridentate Nitrogen Donors:  Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Activity for the Ring-Opening Polymerization of Propylene Oxide and (d,l)-Lactide (1998)

The dilithium salts of N,N‘,N‘‘-tris(trimethylsilyl)diethylenetriamine (1), N-methyl-N‘,N‘‘-bis(trimethylsilyl)diethylenetriamine (2), and N-methyl-N‘,N‘‘-bis(diisopropyl)diethylenetriamine (3) reacted in THF, at −40 °C, with AlCl3 affording monomeric aluminum chloride derivatives 4 (55% yield), 5 (76% yield), and 6 (71% yield), respectively. Addition of 1 equiv of AlMe3 to the amine 2 gave rise to the five-coordinate dimethylaluminum derivative 9 (67% yield); heating a toluene solution of 9 overnight at 80 °C induces a loss of methane giving rise to the four-coordinate methylaluminum compound 10 (50% yield). The amine 2 also reacted at low temperature with LiAlH4 affording derivative 11 (38% yield). Compounds 4−6 reacted subsequently in toluene with 1 equiv of HCl and 1 equiv of AlCl3 to afford the first chiral tetracoordinated aluminum cations 12 (94% yield), 13 (93% yield), and 14 (90% yield), respectively. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of derivatives 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, and 15 have been carried out. They revealed that the tridentate nitrogen donors enforce an approximately trigonal-monopyramidal coordination geometry for neutral and cationic four-coordinate aluminum complexes. All cationic aluminum derivatives 12−14 and the neutral aluminum chloride 4 brought about the oligomerization of propylene oxide (PO). Low molecular weight polymers having narrow molecular weight distributions were obtained. The 13C NMR spectra of these polymers indicate that they consist exclusively of head-to-tail linkages and that these macromolecules are rich in meso diad and isotactic triad sequences. Due to the presence of a free axial site, a new mechanism for PO polymerization is proposed. Methyl- and hydridoaluminum derivatives 10 and 11, as well as aluminum alkoxide, prepared in situ by reacting derivative 13 with PO, initiated the polymerization of (d,l)-lactide in benzene at 80 °C. High molecular weight polymers of broad molecular weight distributions were obtained in good yields.
Stimulation of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Biosynthetic Pathways Delays Axonal Degeneration after Axotomy (2006)

Axonal degeneration occurs in many neurodegenerative diseases and after traumatic injury and is a self-destructive program independent from programmed cell death. Previous studies demonstrated that overexpression of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (Nmnat1) or exogenous application of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) can protect axons of cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from degeneration caused by mechanical or neurotoxic injury. In mammalian cells, NAD can be synthesized from multiple precursors, including tryptophan, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and nicotinamide riboside (NmR), via multiple enzymatic steps. To determine whether other components of these NAD biosynthetic pathways are capable of delaying axonal degeneration, we overexpressed each of the enzymes involved in each pathway and/or exogenously administered their respective substrates in DRG cultures and assessed their capacity to protect axons after axotomy. Among the enzymes tested, Nmnat1 had the strongest protective effects, whereas nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase and nicotinic acid phosphoribosyl transferase showed moderate protective activity in the presence of their substrates. Strong axonal protection was also provided by Nmnat3, which is predominantly located in mitochondria, and an Nmnat1 mutant localized to the cytoplasm, indicating that the subcellular location of NAD production is not crucial for protective activity. In addition, we showed that exogenous application of the NAD precursors that are the substrates of these enzymes, including nicotinic acid mononucleotide, nicotinamide mononucleotide, and NmR, can also delay axonal degeneration. These results indicate that stimulation of NAD biosynthetic pathways via a variety of interventions may be useful in preventing or delaying axonal degeneration.
Combination therapy with insulin glargine and exenatide: real-world outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes (2012)

Combined therapy with insulin glargine and exenatide resulted in A1C reductions in T2DM patients with poor glycemic control without a significantly increased risk of hypoglycemia irrespective of treatment order. Limitations of this study are the between-cohort differences at baseline, lack of a comparator group, and small n number, particularly in the GLA + EXE cohort.
An overview of resist processing for deep-UV lithography. (1991)

Continued advances in microelectronic fabrication are trying the limits of conventional lithographic technologies [1]. The traditional diazonaphthoquinone/novolac resist materials are not suitable for use with the deep-UV exposure tools both from the absorption and sensitivity considerations [2]. New resist materials and processes are necessary to fully utilize the potential of deep-UV microlithography, a more promising technology for the production of sub-0.5m geometries.
Low-Pressure Positive Discography in Subjects Asymptomatic of Significant Low Back Pain Illness (2006)

The analysis shows that the rate of low-pressure painful injections in subjects without chronic LBP illness is approximately 25%, and correlates with both anatomic and psychosocial factors. In certain subgroups, this may represent an unacceptable risk of false-positive results.
Differential expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in melanocytic lesions demonstrated by in situ hybridization. Implications for tumor progression. (1994)

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is an angiogenic and mitogenic polypeptide produced by diverse cell types including cell lines derived from malignant melanomas but not from normal melanocytes. However, there is no consensus concerning in vivo expression of bFGF in melanocytic lesions due in part to the small numbers of cases studied to date. To evaluate further the possible differential expression of bFGF in melanocytic lesions, we examined 110 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded metastatic and primary invasive melanomas, melanomas in situ, nevi with architectural disorder and cytological atypia, and ordinary benign melanocyte nevi by nucleic acid in situ hybridization. All metastatic and primary invasive melanomas studied expressed bFGF mRNA, whereas melanomas in situ and benign melanocyte nevi were negative. Melanomas in situ with features of tumor regression and a majority of nevi with architectural disorder and cytological atypia also contained bFGF mrNA. The results suggest that in vivo bFGF expression is not requisite for malignant transformation per se, but appears to correlate more with invasion or fibroblastic reactions adjacent to the melanocyte lesions.
The Generation of Clinical Grade Aspergillus Fumigatus (AF) Specific Immune Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy (2011)

Af is responsible for the majority of invasive fungal infections post-allogeneic HSCT due principally to transplant related neutropenia and impaired specific immunity. Murine models suggest that the latter may be amenable to correction with adoptive immunotherapy providing lymphocytes specific for Af. However, an efficient, reproducible and clinically acceptable method for the expansion of such cells in humans is not currently available. Specific T cell responses to fungi are thought to be mediated by CD4 cells of the Th1 and Th17 type. Recently, we developed a procedure that induces expansion of large numbers of Af specific T cells over a 21 day culture period. This procedure incorporates 2 stimulations using autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells pulsed with water-soluble antigen, and subsequent expansion of T cells using IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15. Our method satisfies clinical regulatory standards. Using water soluble antigen from an Af isolate (WMAfES001), we expanded T cells from PBMCs from 5 healthy donors. Median expansion was 38.3 fold following stimulation with WMAfES001 antigen pulsed DCs compared with 9.0 when stimulated with unpulsed DCs. The mean percentages of CD3, CD4 and CD8 T cells in WMAfES001 cultures were 96.3±4.6%, 94.4±3.3% and 4.3±3.0% respectively. The specificity of T cells in 4 cultures was assessed by cytokine production upon re-stimulation with DCs pulsed with WMAfES001 and expressed as a fold increase relative to cytokine levels in response to mock antigen. Median fold increases of 9.6 in IFNγ, 8.3 in TNFα, 11.0 in IL-2 and 3.7 in IL-17 were observed in the CD4 T cell subset of WMAfES001 expanded cultures. Amongst the Th1 cytokine producers, 51.1±3.2% produced a single cytokine, 40.7±9.7% produced double cytokines and 8.3±6.9% produced all three cytokines. Stimulation of Af expanded cells with antigen from a clinical Af isolate resulted in cytokine production similar to that we observed in our clinical grade WMAfES001 expanded cultures. No cytokine response was observed in CD8 lymphocytes from WMAfES001 cultures, unmanipulated PBMCs, or cultures expanded in the absence of WMAfES001 antigens. In conclusion, we have generated a clinically appropriate Af antigen preparation and a reliable procedure for the expansion of Af specific T cells for cell therapy purposes that results in high absolute numbers of specific Th1 and Th17 cytokine producing cells. These cells are ready to be tested clinically in situations of high Af risk.
Electronic Processes in Conjugated Diblock Oligomers Mimicking Low Band-Gap Polymers: Experimental and Theoretical Spectral Analysis (2010)

Conjugated oligomers containing a common central thienothiophene unit symmetrically connected to two identical thiophene oligomers were studied as model systems for a series of low bandgap organic diblock copolymers. The oligothiophene side chain fragments were varied in length as a means to tune the electronic coupling between the thienothiophene and oligothiophene moieties. The fragment length dependence of both the ground- and excited-state electronic and structural properties of a series of diblock oligomers were investigated in detail. The charge transfer character in these diblock oligomers, revealed by their optical absorption and fluorescence spectra, is responsible for their low band gap and energy gap tunability compared with their homooligomer counterparts. The electronic spectra and theoretical analysis indicate a partially localized central charge in the first excited state. Using experimental results and comparing them with theoretical calculations, we estimate that the electronic effects from a single thienothiophene unit spreads over seven to nine adjacent units through π-conjugation along the oligomers.