gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Induction of Apoptosis by ASK1, a Mammalian MAPKKK That Activates SAPK/JNK and p38 Signaling Pathways (1997)

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades are activated in response to various extracellular stimuli, including growth factors and environmental stresses. A MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), termed ASK1, was identified that activated two different subgroups of MAP kinase kinases (MAPKK), SEK1 (or MKK4) and MKK3/MAPKK6 (or MKK6), which in turn activated stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK, also known as JNK; c-Jun amino-terminal kinase) and p38 subgroups of MAP kinases, respectively. Overexpression of ASK1 induced apoptotic cell death, and ASK1 was activated in cells treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Moreover, TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis was inhibited by a catalytically inactive form of ASK1. ASK1 may be a key element in the mechanism of stress- and cytokine-induced apoptosis.
Resonance–Free Light Recycling in Waveguides (2017)

We demonstrate an approach based on mode conversion to recycle light within a waveguide without relying on resonance. The broadband approach enables a seven fold increase in the optical path of compact integrated interferometers.
A second-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation approach to the treatment of focal articular cartilage defects (2007)

Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is the most widely used cell-based surgical procedure for the repair of articular cartilage defects. Challenges to successful ACI outcomes include limitation in defect size and geometry as well as inefficient cell retention. Second-generation ACI procedures have thus focused on developing three-dimensional constructs using native and synthetic biomaterials. Clinically significant and satisfactory results from applying autologous chondrocytes seeded in fibrin within a biodegradable polymeric material were recently reported. In the future, third-generation cell-based articular cartilage repair should focus on the use of chondroprogenitor cells and biofunctionalized biomaterials for more extensive and permanent repair.
Influence of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Mixture, Apparent Viscosity, and Tablet Hardness on Drug Release Using a 23Full Factorial Design (2002)

This study investigates the effects of three factors: (1) use of a mixture of two different grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), (2) apparent viscosity, and (3) tablet hardness on drug release profiles of extended-release matrix tablets. The lot-to-lot apparent viscosity difference of HPMC K15M on in vitro dissolution was also investigated. Four test formulations were made, each containing 10% of a very water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), 32% HPMC K15M, or a mixture of HPMC K100LV and HPMC K100M, 56% diluents, and 2% lubricants. Each formulation was made at two hardness levels. A 2(3) full factorial design was used to study various combinations of the three factors using eight experiments conducted in a randomized order. Dissolution studies were performed in USP apparatus I. The values of t50% (time in which 50% drug is released) and tlag (lag time, the time taken by the matrix tablet edges to get hydrated and achieve a state of quasi-equilibrium before erosion and the advance of solvent front through the matrix occur) were calculated from each dissolution profile. The similarity factor (f2) was also calculated for each dissolution profile against the target dissolution profile. A simple Higuchi-type equation was used to analyze the drug release profiles. Statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and similarity factor (f2) values calculated from the data indicated no significant difference among the t50% values and dissolution profiles respectively for all formulations. Within the 3.3-6 kp hardness range investigated, dissolution rates were found to be independent of tablet hardness for all the formulations. Although significantly shorter lag times were observed for the tablets formulated with low- and high-viscosity HPMC mixtures in comparison to those containing a single grade of HPMC, this change had no significant impact on the overall dissolution profiles indicated by the similarity factor f2 values. From this study it can be concluded that lot-to-lot variability in apparent viscosity of HPMC should not be a concern in achieving similar dissolution profiles. Also, results indicated that within the viscosity range studied (12,000-19,500 cps) an HPMC mixture of two viscosity grades can be substituted for another HPMC grade if the apparent viscosity is comparable. Also, the drug release is diffusion-controlled and depends mostly on the viscosity of the gel layer formed.
Possible Involvement of Atypical Protein Kinase C(PKC) in Glucose-Sensitive Expression of the Human Insulin Gene: DNA-Binding Activity and Transcriptional Activity of Pancreatic and Duodenal Homeobox Gene-1(PDX-1) Are Enhanced via Calphostin C-Sensitive but Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate(PMA) and Goe 6976-Insensitive Pathway. (1999)

Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene-1 (PDX-1) is a transcription factor which regulates the insulin gene expression. In this study, we tried to elucidate the role of PDX-1 in the glucose-induced transcriptional activation of the human insulin gene promoter in MIN6 cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assay demonstrated that both DNA-binding activity and transcriptional activity of PDX-1 were increased with 20 mmol/l glucose more than with 2 mmol/l glucose. The DNA-binding activity of PDX-1 induced by high glucose was blocked by phosphatase treatment, suggesting the involvement of PDX-1 phosphorylation in this event. In an in vitro phosphorylation study, PDX-1 was phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC), but not by cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Furthermore, increased PDX-1 function induced by high glucose was blocked by calphostin C, an inhibitor of all PKC isoforms, but unaffected by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an activator of classical and novel PKC, or Gö 6976, an inhibitor of classical and novel PKC, which suggested that the PKC family which activated PDX-1 in MIN6 cells was atypical PKC. Western blot and immunocytochemical studies with anti-PKC zeta antibody confirmed the presence of PKC zeta, one of the isoforms of atypical PKC, in MIN6 cells. Furthermore, PKC zeta activity was significantly increased by glucose stimulation. These results suggest that high glucose increased DNA-binding activity of PDX-1 by activating atypical PKC including PKC zeta, resulting in transcriptional activation of the human insulin gene promoter.
A Port Injection Process for Improved Resin Delivery and Flow Control in Vacuum-Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (2006)

Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) is used to produce high quality composite parts at lower cost than other manufacturing methods. However, traditional VARTM injection methods are incapable of accounting for variations in preform permeability within a mold. As a result, creating complex components is a labor intensive and expensive process often requiring a trial and error approach to insure complete infusion of the preform fibers. To address this limitation, a new system for delivering resin to a VARTM mold using a series of ports in the tooling surface rather than traditional injection lines has been developed. A port injection process has been designed that utilizes a closed loop control system of ports and sensors built into the mold. Finite element models of this new process indicate complete infusion can consistently be achieved, even for mold lay-ups with large variations in permeability. Results indicate the system is capable of identifying and accounting for preform variability, and correctly delivering resin to low permeability regions usually unfilled with conventional VARTM. In addition, this new technique significantly reduces lay-up time and total time to infuse a part. Experiments with a prototype lab-scale mold have been used to validate the performance of this new injection process. Unlike a conventional VARTM setup, the innovative port injection process can deliver resin to any location within the mold, thus reducing the potential for dry regions and improving part quality and consistency.
The effect of the gastrointestinal hormones on colonic mucosal blood flow (1994)

The effect of intravenous administration of various gastrointestinal hormones or peptides on the colonic mucosal blood flow was investigated by a reflex spectrum apparatus (TS-200, Sumitomo Denko Co). Various gastrointestinal hormones (pentagastrin, secretin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) were administered via the femoral vein at different doses. The hormones were administered over 30 minutes using a chronofuser at a rate of 0.1 ml/min. Serial measurements of cecal mucosal blood flow were performed. Saline was administered to the control group. 1) Pentagastrin was administered at doses of 1μg/kg/hr, 50μg/kg/hr, 100μg/kg/hr, and 200μg/kg/hr. Cecal mucosal blood flow decreased when the dose of pentagastrin was increased. The intravascular supply of oxygen also decreased in a dose dependent manner. Each dose of the gastrointestinal hormone caused a reduction in blood pressure. 2) Secretin was administered at doses of 5μg/kg/hr, 50μg/ kg/hr, and 100μg/kg/hr. Each tested dose of this gastrointestinal hormone acted to maintain cecal mucosal blood flow. The blood pressure remained unchanged throughout the experiment. 3) Substance P was administered at doses of 1μg/kg/hr and 5μg/kg/hr. Cecal mucosal blood flow and the intravascular oxygen supply increased after administration of this gastrointestinal hormone. The blood pressure decreased transiently at the start of administration, but later gradually returned to the baseline values. 4) Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was administered at doses of 1μg/kg/hr, 5μg/kg/hr, and 10μg/kg/hr. VIP caused the cecal mucosal blood flow to increase in a dosedependent manner. The intravascular oxygen, supply also increased signific antly after administration of this gastrointestinal hormone. The blood pressure initially de creased after administration of each test dose of VIP, after which it gradually started to increase. 5) To identify the factors responsible for the increase in cecal mucosal blood flow at the start of VIP administration at a dose of 5μg/kg/h of VIP, the blood concentrations of VIP, cyclic AMP, phospholipase, prostaglandin E_2, prostaglandin: E, and 6 keto-prostaglandin:F_1α were examined at regular intervals. However, no significant changes with regard to these substances were noted.
Specific roles of the αVβ1, αVβ3 and αVβ5 integrins in avian neural crest cell adhesion and migration on vitronectin (1994)

To identify potentially important extracellular matrix adhesive molecules in neural crest cell migration, the possible role of vitronectin and its corresponding integrin receptors was examined in the adhesion and migration of avian neural crest cells in vitro. Adhesion and migration on vitronectin were comparable to those found on fibronectin and could be almost entirely abolished by antibodies against vitronectin and by RGD peptides. Immunoprecipitation and immunocytochemistry analyses revealed that neural crest cells expressed primarily the alpha V beta 1, alpha V beta 3 and alpha V beta 5 integrins as possible vitronectin receptors. Inhibition assays of cellular adhesion and migration with function-perturbing antibodies demonstrated that adhesion of neural crest cells to vitronectin was mediated essentially by one or more of the different alpha V integrins, with a possible preeminence of alpha V beta 1, whereas cell migration involved mostly the alpha V beta 3 and alpha V beta 5 integrins. Immunofluorescence labeling of cultured motile neural crest cells revealed that the alpha V integrins are differentially distributed on the cell surface. The beta 1 and alpha V subunits were both diffuse on the surface of cells and in focal adhesion sites in association with vinculin, talin and alpha-actinin, whereas the alpha V beta 3 and alpha V beta 5 integrins were essentially diffuse on the cell surface. Finally, vitronectin could be detected by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry in the early embryo during the ontogeny of the neural crest. It was in particular closely associated with the surface of migrating neural crest cells. In conclusion, our study indicates that neural crest cells can adhere to and migrate on vitronectin in vitro by an RGD-dependent mechanism involving at least the alpha V beta 1, alpha V beta 3 and alpha V beta 5 integrins and that these integrins may have specific roles in the control of cell adhesion and migration.
Pubertal growth and development (2008)

The menarche is an important event in a girl's life and one that has special significance in many cultures. There has been a gradual reduction in the age of menarche in the UK over the 20th century, with a decrease of about 3–4 months per decade, which has been thought to be due to improvements in health and nutrition. The average age of the menarche in 1840 was 16.5 years and is presently 12.8 years (with a normal range of 10.0–16.5 years). There has been a recent upturn in the age of menarche in the UK for reasons that are not clear, although it has been suggested that an increase in exercise and the desire to be slim may be factors. This reversal in the age of menarche has also occurred in other countries, including Iceland, Poland, Italy and Sweden but not Germany.
Demonstration of Diameter-Selective Reactivity in the Sidewall Ozonation of SWNTs by Resonance Raman Spectroscopy (2004)

Strategies for single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) separation are critical to developing nanotubes as useful nanoscale building blocks. Herein, we demonstrate that solution-phase ozonolysis of SWNTs fosters diameter selectivity in SWNTs. The main conclusion of our work is that in this sidewall addition reaction, smaller diameter tubes react more extensively than larger diameter tubes, which provides experimental validation for theoretical predictions on the role of pyramidalization and π-orbital misalignment in nanotube reactivity.
Cytokines and therapy in COPD: a promising combination? (2002)

textabstractCOPD is a major health problem, with patients showing a progressively
 declining, largely irreversible, change in lung function. This is
 associated with chronic airways inflammation and structural remodeling,
 including loss of alveolar walls, and goblet cell metaplasia with mucus
 hypersecretion. Inflammatory cells may contribute to the airway remodeling
 via secretion of proteases, fibrotic or mitogenic growth factors, and
 cytokines. In turn, airway remodeling may contribute to the clinical
 symptoms of COPD. Currently available therapies are directed to
 improvement of clinical symptoms and reduction of the airways
 inflammation. The commonly used glucocorticosteroids are expected to
 reduce the inflammation by acting on kinases or transcription factors
 necessary for expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines or chemokines.
 However, several long-term and short-term studies showed that
 glucocorticosteroids are rather ineffective in improving lung function and
 reducing the airway inflammation in patients with COPD. New therapeutic
 strategies may reduce the inflammation and alleviate the clinical symptoms
 of COPD. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-8, and monocyte
 chemoattractant protein-1 are important chemotactic proteins for
 macrophages and neutrophils, the predominant inflammatory cells associated
 with COPD. As lung levels of these cytokines are higher in COPD compared
 to non-COPD patients, they may represent targets for novel therapies.
Heat‐ or Water‐Driven Malleability in a Highly Recyclable Covalent Network Polymer (2014)

A catalyst-free malleable network polymer that can be reprocessed by application of either water or heat is prepared through imine chemistry. This material is recycled from a fine powder to a coherent solid with >100% recycling efficiency through several generations. It is also reprocessed at ambient temperature using only water, thus potentially leading to energy-neutral green processing of the material.
Promoter switch in the Escherichia coli pts operon. (1994)

The ptsH operon of Escherichia coli is controlled by two promoters P0 and P1, each of which is regulated by cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) complexed with cAMP (CRP.cAMP). We have studied the in vitro as well as in vivo transcriptional regulation of these two promoters. Each promoter exhibits a switching mechanism in vitro, where, depending upon the presence or absence of CRP.cAMP, transcription is initiated from different start sites termed a and b. P0 (P0a) is affected by supercoiling: when the template is linear, transcription initiation is switched to a site 3 base pairs upstream (P0b) and becomes more CRP.cAMP dependent. Transcription from the P1 promoter (P1a) switches initiation sites to 7 base pairs downstream (P1b) in the presence of CRP.cAMP. Most transcription in vivo was from P1a, and P0b could not be detected in vivo. Glucose has independent positive effects on pts expression in vivo. The results indicate that the two different regulatory mechanisms (one through CRP.cAMP, the other through glucose) are working together for fine control of pts expression.
A strategy toward constructing a bifunctionalized MOF catalyst: post-synthetic modification of MOFs on organic ligands and coordinatively unsaturated metal sites (2012)

A new strategy toward constructing bifunctionalized MOFs has been developed based on post-synthetic modification of MOFs on organic ligands and coordinatively unsaturated metal sites, respectively. Based on this strategy, an organo-bifunctionalized MOF catalyst has been synthesized for the first time and successfully applied in one-pot tandem reaction.
The SCN1A gene variants and epileptic encephalopathies (2013)

The voltage-gated sodium channels are fundamental units that evoke the action potential in excitable cells such as neurons. These channels are integral membrane proteins typically consisting of one α-subunit, which forms the larger central pore of the channel, and two smaller auxiliary β-subunits, which modulate the channel functions. Genetic alterations in the SCN1A gene coding for the α-subunit of the neuronal voltage-gated sodium ion channel, type 1 (NaV 1.1), is associated with a spectrum of seizure-related disorders in human, ranging from a relatively milder form of febrile seizures to a more severe epileptic condition known as the Dravet syndrome. Among the epilepsy genes, the SCN1A gene perhaps known to have the largest number of disease-associated alleles. Here we present a meta-analysis on the SCN1A gene variants and provide comprehensive information on epilepsy-associated gene variants, their frequency, the predicted effect on the protein, the ethnicity of the affected along with the inheritance pattern and the associated epileptic phenotype. We also summarize our current understanding on the pathophysiology of the SCN1A gene defects, disease mechanism, genetic modifiers and their clinical and diagnostic relevance.
Depleted hole conductor-free lead halide iodide heterojunction solar cells (2013)

Lead halide perovskite is an excellent candidate for use as a light harvester in solar cells. Our work presents a depleted hole conductor free CH3NH3PbI3/TiO2 heterojunction solar cell using a thick CH3NH3PbI3 film. The CH3NH3PbI3 formed large crystals which function simultaneously as light harvesters and as hole transport materials. We performed capacitance voltage measurements, which show a depletion region which extends to both n and p sides. The built-in field of the depletion region assists in the charge separation and suppresses the back reaction of electrons from the TiO2 film to the CH3NH3PbI3 film. This depleted hole conductor free CH3NH3PbI3/TiO2 heterojunction solar cell provides a power conversion efficiency of 8% with a current density of 18.8 mA cm−2, the highest efficiency achieved to date for perovskite based solar cells without a hole conductor.
Enzyme Injection as a Nonoperative Treatment for Dupuytren's Disease (1996)

Clostridial collagenase has shown potential efficacy in vitro as an agent for clinical enzymatic fasciotomy for the nonoperative treatment of Dupuytren's disease, a fixed flexion contracture deformity of the hand caused by increased collagen deposition. In this study, the effects of clostridial collagenase (enzyme) injection into rat tail tendons were investigated in vivo for safety to assess potential adverse extravasation from the injection site to adjacent collagen containing structures. Results indicate that, at doses of 150 and 300 units purified clostridial collagenase, there was no adverse extravasation from the sacrocaudalis ventralis lateralis rat tail tendon injection site to adjacent tissue, including muscle, nerve, other tendons, vessels, bone, and skin. Clostridial collagenase appears safe as a nonoperative treatment for Dupuytren's disease but will require future clinical testing for efficacy.
Object views: Extending the vision (2002)

A mechanism for producing views in an object-oriented system is presented. The results are analogous to database views in traditional database systems, except that the object views presented hide or expose methods as well as data. The mechanism is based on the object model's built-in facilities for defining data and procedural abstractions and for constructing new types and objects. It uses the type system and the query language of the model to support arbitrary transformations of the underlying representations in defining database views, without introducing any new mechanism specifically to support views. Careful use of the query language allows one to define updatable views. Also indicated are how abstraction and view mapping capabilities can be used to support federation of heterogeneous software and databases.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Inhibition of angiogenesis by 15-deoxyspergualin. (1991)

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, plays an important role in several physiological and phathological conditions, including embryonic development, tumor development, diabetic retinopathy and psoriasis. Thus, treatment with angiogenesis inhibitors might be a novel strategy for managing diseases accompanied by uncontrolled angiogenesis. Previous studies have shown that medroxyprogesterone acetate inhibits the angiogenic response triggered by a rat mammary tumor induced by 7, 12-dimethylbenz[fl]anthracene, probably re-
Membrane-Based Electrochemical Nanobiosensor for Escherichia coli Detection and Analysis of Cells Viability (2011)

A sensitive and selective membrane-based electrochemical nanobiosensor is developed for specific quantitative label-free detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells and analysis of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) E. coli cells which remain mostly undetected using current methods. The sensing mechanism relies on the blocking of nanochannels of a nanoporous alumina-membrane modified electrode, upon the formation of immune complexes at the nanoporous membrane. The resulting obstacle to diffusive mass transfer of a redox probe in the analysis solution to the underlying platinum electrode reduces the Faradaic signal response of the biosensor, measured using cyclic voltammetry. Antibody loading under conditions of varying antibody concentrations and pHs are optimized. The biosensor gives a low detection limit of 22 cfu mL(-1) (R(2) = 0.999) over a wide linear working range of 10 to 10(6) cfu mL(-1). It is specific toward E. coli with minimal cross-reactivity to two other pathogenic bacteria (commonly found in waters). Relative standard deviation (RSD) for triplicate measurements of 2.5% indicates reasonably useful level of reproducibility. Differentiation of live, VBNC, and dead cells are carried out after the cell capture and quantitation step, by simple monitoring of the cells' enzyme activity using the same redox probe in the analysis solution, in the presence of glucose.