gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterizing Environmental Factors that Impact the Viability of Tissue-Engineered Constructs Fabricated by a Direct-Write Bioassembly Tool (2007)

Tissue engineering combines the fields of medicine and engineering to build replacement tissue capable of restoring, maintaining, or improving damaged tissue. Researchers have recently developed techniques to fabricate tissue in which both the cells and matrix have a carefully defined architecture. This report details studies evaluating the use of a direct-write, 3-dimensional (3D) bioassembly tool (BAT) capable of extruding cells and matrix into spatially organized, 3D constructs. This system has been characterized by its ability to fabricate viable 2-dimensional and 3D constructs containing up to 2 separate cellular solutions suspended in type I collagen. The effects of various environmental factors, such as extrusion pressure, humidity, and stage heating, were examined with respect to the viability of the extruded cells. The data indicate that the system parameters required to extrude cells suspended in collagen do not adversely affect the viability of those cells. Maintaining a high humidity, especially when stage heat was applied, is critical in maintaining the viability of the printed cells. These results demonstrate that the BAT is capable of spatially organizing separate cellular solutions into a defined architecture; however, when cells were extruded in a supporting matrix of 3.0 mg/mL type I collagen, it was not possible to consistently generate adjacent, touching, but nonoverlapping lines of separate solutions. Thus, when a fabrication system such as BAT is used to generate complex, 3D viable constructs, the supporting matrix for the cells should be carefully chosen on the basis of such characteristics as its rate of polymerization and stiffness.
Long-Term Efficacy of Postpartum Intravenous Iron Therapy (2014)

Despite lower baseline haemoglobin, intravenous iron carboxymaltose was superior to oral iron alone in replenishing iron stores in moderate postpartum anaemia and may prove similarly beneficial in mild postpartum anaemia.
Detecting social interactions of the elderly in a nursing home environment (2007)

Social interaction plays an important role in our daily lives. It is one of the most important indicators of physical or mental changes in aging patients. In this article, we investigate the problem of detecting social interaction patterns of patients in a skilled nursing facility using audio/visual records. Our studies consist of both a “Wizard of Oz” style study and an experimental study of various sensors and detection models for detecting and summarizing social interactions among aging patients and caregivers. We first simulate plausible sensors using human labeling on top of audio and visual data collected from a skilled nursing facility. The most useful sensors and robust detection models are determined using the simulated sensors. We then present the implementation of some real sensors based on video and audio analysis techniques and evaluate the performance of these implementations in detecting interactions. We conclude the article with discussions and future work.
Structural analysis of urate oxidase in complex with its natural substrate inhibited by cyanide: Mechanistic implications (2008)

The X-ray structure of this compulsory ternary complex led to a number of mechanistic evidences that support a sequential mechanism in which the two reagents, dioxygen and a water molecule, process through a common site located 3.3 A above the mean plane of the ligand. This site is built by the side chains of Asn 254, and Thr 57, two conserved residues belonging to two different subunits of the homo-tetramer. The absence of a ternary complex between the enzyme, a competitive inhibitor, and cyanide suggests that cyanide inhibits the hydroxylation step of the reaction, after the initial formation of a hydroperoxyde type intermediate.
New waveguide-to-coplanar waveguide transition for centimetre and millimetre wave applications (1990)

A novel waveguide-to-coplanar waveguide adaptor useful for microwave and millimetre wave applications is described. The feasibility of the adaptor has been established through tests performed on X-band and Ka-band prototype structures. Satisfactory operation above 100 GHz is anticipated.
Active-vision-based multisensor surveillance - an implementation (2006)

In this paper, a novel reconfigurable surveillance system that incorporates multiple active-vision sensors is presented. The proposed system has been developed for visual-servoing and other similar applications, such as tracking and state estimation, which require accurate and reliable target surveillance data. In the specific implementation case discussed herein, the position and orientation of a single target are surveyed at predetermined time instants along its unknown trajectory. Dispatching is used to select an optimal subset of dynamic sensors, to be used in a data-fusion process, and maneuver them in response to the motion of the object. The goal is to provide information of increased quality for the task at hand, while ensuring adequate response to future object maneuvers. Our experimental system is composed of a static overhead camera to predict the object's gross motion and four mobile cameras to provide surveillance of a feature on the object (i.e., target). Object motion was simulated by placing it on an xy table and preprogramming a path that is unknown to the surveillance system. The selected cameras are independently and optimally positioned to estimate the target's pose (a circular marker in our case) at the desired time instant. The target data obtained from the cameras, together with their own position and bearing, are fed to a fusion algorithm, where the final assessment of the target's pose is determined. Experiments have shown that the use of dynamic sensors, together with a dispatching algorithm, tangibly improves the performance of a surveillance system
Fibrillar Aggregates of the Tumor Suppressor p53 Core Domain (2003)

Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cystic fibrosis, prion diseases, and many types of cancer are considered to be protein conformation diseases. Most of them are also known as amyloidogenic diseases due to the occurrence of pathological accumulation of insoluble aggregates with fibrillar conformation. Some neuroblastomas, carcinomas, and myelomas show an abnormal accumulation of the wild-type tumor suppressor protein p53 either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus of the cell. Here we show that the wild-type p53 core domain (p53C) can form fibrillar aggregates after mild perturbation. Gentle denaturation of p53C by pressure induces fibrillar aggregates, as shown by electron and atomic force microscopies, by binding of thioflavin T, and by circular dichroism. On the other hand, heat denaturation produced granular-shaped aggregates. Annular aggregates similar to those found in the early aggregation stages of alpha-synuclein and amyloid-beta were also observed by atomic force microscopy immediately after pressure treatment. Annular and fibrillar aggregates of p53C were toxic to cells, as shown by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] reduction assay. Interestingly, the hot-spot mutant R248Q underwent similar aggregation behavior when perturbed by pressure or high temperature. Fibrillar aggregates of p53C contribute to the loss of function of p53 and seed the accumulation of conformationally altered protein in some cancerous cells.
Effect of Cryoprotectants on the Eutectic Crystallization of NaCl in Frozen Solutions Studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Broad-Line Pulsed NMR. (1995)

The effects of cryoprotectants (sugars and polymers) on the eutectic crystallization of NaCl/water systems were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and broad-line pulsed NMR. Thermal analysis of frozen NaCl solutions showed a melting peak of eutectic NaCl/water systems at around -21°C. The addition of various cryoprotectants inhibited the eutectic crystallization of the NaCl solution. The concentrations of polymers (dextran, polvinylpyrrolidone and Ficoll) required to inhibit eutectic crystallization were slightly higher than those of sugars (glucose, sucrose, trehalose and lactose). The proportions of liquid-phase protons present in frozen H2O and D2O sulutions, determined by broad-line pulsed NMR, showed that the addition of sugar inhibits eutectic crystallization of NaCl/water systems through the formation of an amorphous mixture containing NaCl, sugar and water between the ice crystals.
Multiple sclerosis and viruses (1980)

The evidence for a viral etiology of MS has been reviewed. The strongest evidence favoring a virus is based primarily on epidemiologic considerations. Less convincing evidence comes from pathologic studies, serology, lymphocyte reactivity to viral antigens, and reports of identification of virus in MS tissues. Animal models of viral demyelination exist, which may provide insight into possible etiologic agents and pathogenetic mechanisms. Considering all the data, it is clear that no agent can be convincingly linked to MS at the present time. If a single virus causes the majority of cases of MS, then a morbilliform virus--canine distemper--is a leading contender, because this agent is consistent with the epidemiologic and serologic findings and is highly neurovirulent for animals ranging from mice to primates. Since no virus fulfills the usual criteria for linking an infectious agent to a disease, other possibilities must be considered. If MS is caused by a single virus, it may be a common virus not presently considered as being associated with MS, or an agent as yet unidentified. It is also conceivable that multiple agents, acting alone or in concert, initiate the MS process, perhaps through a common immune-mediated pathway. In this regard, another human demyelinating disease--the Guillain-Barré syndrome--which may in some instances become a chronic remitting and relapsing disorder, is thought to be initiated by multiple infectious agents but to have an immunologic pathogenesis.
Molecular cloning of the yeast mitochondrial aconitase gene (ACO1) and evidence of a synergistic regulation of expression by glucose plus glutamate. (1990)

We have isolated genomic clones complementing the aconitase-deficient strain (glu1-1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Identification of the aconitase gene was established by enzymatic assays and molecular analyses. The corresponding mRNA has been characterized, and its direction of transcription has been determined. The complete nucleotide sequence revealed strong amino acid homologies with the sequences of some peptides isolated from the mammalian protein. Disruption of the gene by deletion-insertion led to glutamate auxotrophy. Expression of the aconitase gene was sensitive to glucose repression and was synergistically down regulated by glucose and glutamate.
ONCOCIN: an expert system for oncology protocol management (1981)

We describe an oncology protocol management system, named ONCOCIN, that is designed to assist physicians in the treatment of cancer patients. The system is actually a set of programs, one of which is a rule-based reasoner that encompasses the necessary knowledge of cancer chemotherapy. Representation and control techniques are discussed, and ONCOCIN is contrasted with systems that could be built using EMYCIN. Of particular interest is the need to provide ONCOCIN with an interface that will make the system acceptable to oncologists. I
Effects of passive immunization in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (1988)

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is usually followed by a vigorous immune response that temporarily protects against disease progression. After a variable asymptomatic period, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related complex (ARC) and AIDS develop in most infected individuals. We have demonstrated that healthy HIV-1-infected individuals have neutralizing antibodies and a high titer of antiviral antibodies. In contrast, AIDS patients have undetectable levels of neutralizing antibodies, low titers of antiviral antibodies, and, frequently, HIV p24 antigenemia. These observations prompted us to attempt passive immunization in ARC and AIDS patients. Ten consistently viral-antigen-positive patients (mean, greater than 6 months) were treated, resulting in sustained clearance of p24 antigen. Patients either maintained or increased their antiviral antibody titers. The raised titers result from increased antibody synthesis by the recipients. Circulating CD4+ cell counts were unchanged after 2 months. By the third month none of these patients remained in hospital. As this treatment was of minimal toxicity, it merits wider evaluation in ARC and AIDS patients.
ZD1839 (Iressa) modifies the activity of key enzymes linked to fluoropyrimidine activity: rational basis for a new combination therapy with capecitabine. (2003)

These data demonstrate a strong synergistic interaction between ZD1839 and 5'-DFUR when ZD1839 is applied before or concurrently with 5'-DFUR. Such a drug combination would have two advantages: (a) the theoretical advantage of tumor selectivity of epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted therapy; and (b) the practical advantage of a combination therapy that could be administered p.o.
Association between type 1 diabetes and Hib vaccine (1999)

Effects of drug overdose in television drama on presentations for self poisoning Antifreeze poisonings give more insight into copycat behaviourEditor-Hawton et al highlight the effect of the media on influencing the incidence of deliberate self poisoning. 1However, they and other authors suggest that the changes noted are the result of spontaneous variation in the patterns of particular overdoses rather than a direct effect of the specific televised incident. 2 3One of the limitations of previous studies has been that the investigators have monitored the total numbers of deliberate self poisoning and, specifically, paracetamol overdoses, which are comparatively common.A clearer picture emerges for agents used less commonly for deliberate self harm, such as antifreeze, which commonly contains ethylene glycol or methanol.The figure shows the numbers of intentional and accidental cases of poisoning by ethylene glycol reported to the National Poisons Information Service (London) during two specific months and, for comparison, from January 1996 to January 1997.In April 1995 the Independent reported an inquest into an antifreeze poisoning, 4 which subsequently received further media coverage.On 15 February 1997 an episode of the BBC television drama Casualty depicted an incident of self harm with ingestion of antifreeze.The mean number of intentional antifreeze poisonings for 1996 was 2.0 per month (range 1-3 per month).Moreover, the mean number of cases reported during 1995 and 1997, excluding the incident months, was 1.9 and 1.8 respectively.For April 1995 and February 1997 the number of reported cases was 9 and 6-a significant increase (P = 0.016).Interestingly, all the cases of intentional ingestion of antifreeze during April 1995 and February 1997 occurred after the announcements in the media.Furthermore, in one specific case not only the agent but also the manner in which the antifreeze was taken (mixed with lemonade and drunk in a field) was identical with that reported.These data further support the concept that media portrayal of self poisoning influences subsequent self harm behaviour.
Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in older inpatients (PLACIDE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (2013)

Health Technology Assessment programme; National Institute for Health Research, UK.
Predicting Drug Extraction in the Human Gut Wall: Assessing Contributions from Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporter Proteins using Preclinical Models (2016)

Intestinal metabolism can limit oral bioavailability of drugs and increase the risk of drug interactions. It is therefore important to be able to predict and quantify it in drug discovery and early development. In recent years, a plethora of models-in vivo, in situ and in vitro-have been discussed in the literature. The primary objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge in the quantitative prediction of gut-wall metabolism. As well as discussing the successes of current models for intestinal metabolism, the challenges in the establishment of good preclinical models are highlighted, including species differences in the isoforms; regional abundances and activities of drug metabolizing enzymes; the interplay of enzyme-transporter proteins; and lack of knowledge on enzyme abundances and availability of empirical scaling factors. Due to its broad specificity and high abundance in the intestine, CYP3A is the enzyme that is frequently implicated in human gut metabolism and is therefore the major focus of this review. A strategy to assess the impact of gut wall metabolism on oral bioavailability during drug discovery and early development phases is presented. Current gaps in the mechanistic understanding and the prediction of gut metabolism are highlighted, with suggestions on how they can be overcome in the future.
Molecular cloning of two (R)-specific enoyl-CoA hydratase genes from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their use for polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis (2000)

Two Pseudomonas aeruginosa genes, termed phaJ1Pa and phaJ2Pa, homologous to the Aeromonas caviae (R)-specific enoyl-CoA hydratase gene (phaJAc) were cloned using a PCR technique to investigate the monomer-supplying ability for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthesis from β-oxidation cycle. Two expression plasmids for phaJ1Pa and phaJ2Pa were constructed and introduced into Escherichia coli DH5α strain. The recombinants harboring phaJ1Pa or phaJ2Pa showed high (R)-specific enoyl-CoA hydratase activity with different substrate specificities, that is, specific for short chain-length enoyl-CoA or medium chain-length enoyl-CoA, respectively. In addition, co-expression of these two hydratase genes with PHA synthase gene in E. coli LS5218 resulted in the accumulation of PHA up to 14–29 wt% of cell dry weight from dodecanoate as a sole carbon source. It has been suggested that phaJ1Pa and phaJ2Pa products have the monomer-supplying ability for PHA synthesis from β-oxidation cycle.
MODULATIONS BY EXTERNAL PH ON ANODAL BREAK EXCITATION IN RABBIT SINO-ATRIAL NODAL CELLS (1994)

Effects of extracellular pH on anodal break excitation in rabbit sino-atrial (SA) nodal cells were investigated using the two-microelectrode voltage-clamp technique. The method of anodal break excitation was developed by Weidmann²⁸⁾，and is regarded as a measurement of the activity of the fast Na⁺ channel. Increasing external pH from 7.4 to 8.5 enhanced the maximum rate of depolarization by anodal break excitation，as compared with the values of control (at pH 7.4). In contrast，a decline of pH from 7.4 to 5.5 inhibited the maximum rate of depolarization，accompanied with depression in the activity. Acidification shifted the inactivation curves (h∞) of the fast Na⁺ current in the depolarizing\ndirection，and alkalinization shifted it in the hyperpolarizing direction. These results\nsuggest that proton would modulate the membrane surface charge of the SA nodal cells，resulting in alteration of the gating kinetics of ionic channels.
Proneurotrophin-3 may induce Sortilin-dependent death in inner ear neurons (2011)

The precursor of the neurotrophin (NT) nerve growth factor (NGF) (proNGF) serves physiological functions distinct from its mature counterpart as it induces neuronal apoptosis through activation of a p75 NT receptor (p75(NTR) ) and Sortilin death-signalling complex. The NTs brain-derived nerve growth factor (BDNF) and NT3 provide essential trophic support to auditory neurons. Injury to the NT-secreting cells in the inner ear is followed by irreversible degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons with consequences such as impaired hearing or deafness. Lack of mature NTs may explain the degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons, but another mechanism is possible as unprocessed proNTs released from the injured cells may contribute to the degeneration by induction of apoptosis. Recent studies demonstrate that proBDNF, like proNGF, is a potent inducer of Sortilin:p75(NTR) -mediated apoptosis. In addition, a coincident upregulation of proBDNF and p75(NTR) has been observed in degenerating spiral ganglion neurons, but the Sortilin expression in the inner ear is unresolved. Here we demonstrate that Sortilin and p75(NTR) are coexpressed in neurons of the neonatal inner ear. Furthermore, we establish that proNT3 exhibits high-affinity binding to Sortilin and has the capacity to enhance cell surface Sortilin:p75(NTR) complex formation as well as to mediate apoptosis in neurons coexpressing p75(NTR) and Sortilin. Based on the examination of wildtype and Sortilin-deficient mouse embryos, Sortilin does not significantly influence the developmental selection of spiral ganglion neurons. However, our results suggest that proNT3 and proBDNF may play important roles in the response to noise-induced injuries or ototoxic damage via the Sortilin:p75(NTR) death-signalling complex.
Searching for land tenure security in Africa (1994)

The report is based on case studies in seven countries, and relies on new data to examine the relationship between land holding rights, and agricultural production. Land remains the most important source of economic livelihood, security, and social status in Sub-Saharan Africa. But the extent to which existing tenure rules, and practices influence agriculture, is unclear. The report further questions whether indigenous African land tenure systems, accord farmers sufficient security for long-term investment in agricultural production, and, examines as well the major effects of land registration and titling, on agricultural production. The study represent the first rigorous quantitative analysis of the relationship between land tenure security, and agricultural production in the context of contemporary political economies of African countries.
Differences in the nonreducing ends of heparan sulfates excreted by patients with mucopolysaccharidoses revealed by bacterial heparitinases: a new tool for structural studies and differential diagnosis of Sanfilippo's and Hunter's syndromes. (1996)

Enzymatic and chemical analyses of the structures of heparan sulfates excreted in the urine by patients with Sanfilippo's and Hunter's syndromes revealed that their nonreducing ends differ from each other and reflect the enzyme deficiency of the syndromes. The heparan sulfates from the different syndromes were treated with heparitinase II, crude enzyme extracts from Flavobacterium heparinum, and nitrous acid degradation. The heparan sulfates from patients with Sanfilippo A (deficient in heparan N-sulfatase) and Sanfilippo B (deficient in alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase) were degraded with heparitinase II producing, besides unsaturated disaccharides, substantial amounts of glucosamine N-sulfate and N-acetylglucosamine, respectively. The heparan sulfate from patients with Hunter's syndrome (deficient in iduronate sulfatase) were degraded by heparitinase II or crude enzyme extracts to several products, including two saturated disaccharides containing a sulfated uronic acid at their nonreducing ends. The heparan sulfate from patients with Sanfilippo's C syndrome (deficient in acetyl Co-A: alpha-glucosaminide acetyltransferase) produced, by action of heparitinase II, among other products, two sulfated trisaccharides containing glucosamine with a nonsubstituted amino group. In addition to providing a new tool for the differential diagnosis of the mucopolysaccharidoses, these results bring new insights into the specificity of the heparitinases from Flavobacterium heparinum.