gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New methods for the analysis of repeated utterances (2009)

This paper proposes three novel and effective procedures for jointly analyzing repeated utterances. First, we propose repetition-driven system switching, where repetition triggers the use of an independent backup system for decoding. Second, we propose a cache language model for use with the second utterance. Finally, we propose a method with which the acoustics from multiple utterances not necessarily exact repetitions of each other can be combined to into a composite that increases accuracy. The combination of all methods produces a relative increase in sentence accuracy of 65.7% for repeated voice-search queries.
The effect of single base‐pair mismatches on the duplex stability of d(T‐A‐T‐T‐A‐A‐T‐A‐T‐C‐A‐A‐G‐T‐T‐G) · d(C‐A‐A‐C‐T‐T‐G‐A‐T‐A‐T‐T‐A‐A‐T‐A) (1984)

The stabilitye and dynamics of the duplex d(T-A-T-T-A-A--T-A-T-C-A-A-G-T-T-G) . d(C-A-A-C-T-T-G-A-T-A-T-T-A-A-T-A) has been studied by means of ultraviolet-melting, temperature-jump relaxation kinetics, stopped-flow and NMR spectroscopy. In addition, the influence of the mismatches A . A, G . T, A .C and T . C,-incorporated in this double helix through the introduction of non-complementary bases in the second strand, on these parameters has been investigated. The thermodynamic parameters characterizing the melting of the duplexes have been determined. Interestingly, a substantial decrease was observed for the values of the melting enthalpy when proceeding from 0.015 M to 0.1 M NaCl solutions. All duplexes that contain mismatches have melting temperatures below that of the totally complementary double helix. On the basis of NMR experiments and differences in the free enthalpy values between the totally complementary double helix and the duplexes with mismatches, it could be concluded that some degree of stacking of the two mispaired bases between the neighbouring base pairs is maintained. At 1 M NaCl the enthalpy and entropy of the helix-to-coil transition of the totally complementary double helix are in good agreement with values calculated on the basis of the thermodynamic data of Borer et al. [Borer, Ph. N., Dengler, B. & Tinoco, I. (1974) J. Mol. Biol. 86, 843--853] which were derived for RNA. The kinetics of the complementary duplex and duplexes with G . T and A . C mismatches were studied by means of stopped-flow and temperature-jump techniques. The rate constants of formation are the same for the three double helices. The decrease in stability of the duplexes with mismatches is therefore entirely due to an increase of the dissociation constant. In temperature-jump experiments very often a fast relaxation process is observed in addition to the relaxation characterizing the disruption of the double helix. This fast relaxation process is customarily attributed to base destacking in the single helix. By combining temperature-jump relaxation kinetics with NMR melting experiments, it is shown that at the low temperature side of the melting transition this fast relaxation process is caused by rapid changes in the double-helical structure.
Identification of Two Genes in the Unique Short Region of Pseudorabies Virus; Comparison with Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella-zoster Virus (1990)

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of two genes in the unique short region of the genome of pseudorabies virus (PRV). Near the internal repeat, upstream of the gene encoding glycoprotein gX, we identified an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of 390 amino acids. We designated this gene PK because the predicted protein contains most of the conserved motifs of a eukaryotic protein kinase. The protein shares amino acid homology with the protein kinases encoded by gene US3 of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and gene 66 of varicella-zoster virus. Near the terminal repeat, downstream of a gene encoding an 11K protein, we identified an ORF encoding a protein of 256 amino acids. We designated this gene 28K, the Mr of the predicted protein. Part of the amino acid sequence of 28K is homologous to the predicted US2 protein of HSV-1. Northern blot analysis revealed a 2.7 kb mRNA encoding the putative protein kinase and a 1.2 kb mRNA encoding the 28K protein in PRV-infected cells. The 5' ends of the mRNAs were mapped by primer extension. Two transcriptional start sites were identified for the PK mRNA: a minor start site immediately upstream of the ORF and a major start site (greater than 95% of the mRNA) within the ORF, 64 nucleotides upstream of an internal ATG codon. A single transcriptional start site was identified for the 28K mRNA immediately upstream of the ORF. Immunoblot analysis with anti-peptide sera revealed that, in cells infected with PRV, the PK gene was translated into two proteins with Mrs of 53K and 41K, and the 28K gene into a single protein with an Mr of 28K.
Electronic Properties of the Interface between Si and TiO2 Deposited at Very Low Temperatures (1986)

Uniform TiO 2 thin films with a large ε r (up to 86) were prepared at low temperatures (200-400°C) by CVD. The films deposited at 200°C were amorphous and those at high temperatures were polycrystalline structures of anatase. The electronic properties of a TiO 2 /Si interface were analyzed in detail using metal-insulator-semiconductor structures. The minimum interface state density in the bandgap was as low as 2×10 11 cm -2 eV -1 , showing the usefulness of the TiO 2 films for the gate insulators of MIS diodes. An anomalous behavior of photo-induced current observed for the first time is also presented.
Improving the reliability of internet paths with one-hop source routing (2004)

Recent work has focused on increasing availabilityin the face of Internet path failures. To date, proposed solutions have relied on complex routing and path-monitoring schemes, trading scalability for availability among a relatively small set of hosts. This paper proposes a simple, scalable approach to re-cover from Internet path failures. Our contributions are
Naphthylpiperazines and tetralylpiperazines: Synthesis and pharmacological properties (1975)

Heating of 1- and 2-naphthylamine hydrochlorides and of 5- and 6-tetralylamine hydrochlorides with diethanolamine hydrochloride produced naphthylpiperazines la and Ila and tetralylpiperazines Ilia and IVa. These secondary amines were treated with ethyl chloroformate or with acetic anhydride and then reduced; or underwent an addition of methyl acrylate or acrylonitrile and then were reduced; or finally underwent alkylation by 4-methoxyphen acyl bromide and 4-chloro^-fluorobutyrophenone to the corresponding N-alkyl derivatives which were evaluated pharmacologically. l-(6-Tetralyl)-4-methylpiperazine ( IVd) displayed a marked antireserpine effect in the test of eyelid ptosis in mice, 4-[3-(4-fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-l-(6-tetralyl)piperazine (IVk) was active neuroleptically. 1-Arylpiperazine derivatives have been often reported as neurotropic and cardiovascular agents; for the case that the aryl substituent is phenyl or a substituted phenyl, several examples of this type were reported recently1. The aryl in these compounds can also be bicyclic or tricyclic and can contain heteroatoms; thus, e.g., l-(2-pyridyl)piperazine derivative azaperone is a sedative used in veterinary practice2, the l-(2-pyrimidyl)piperazine derivative piribedil has the properties of a peripheral vasodilatant and a potential antiparkinsonic3 , l-(2-quinolyl) piperazine is the quipazine4 with serotoninergic and antitremorine activity, the l-(2-purinyl)piperazines are central depressants5, l-(thieno [2,3-d] pyrimidine-4-yl)piperazines show antihistamine activity6, l-(5-methyl-5if-pyrimido [3,4-6]-l,4-benzoxazin-3-yl)-4-methylpiperazine is the antidepressant agent azaphene7; on the other hand, l-(2- and 3-phenothiazinyl)piperazines displayed no interesting pharmacodynamic activity8. Little attention has been devoted to the napThthylpiperazines; patents9,10 report a central depressant activity for l-(l-aryl-2-propyl)-4-(naphthyl)piperazines and a sedative, myorelaxant and analgesic activity for l-(dihydronaphthyl)piperazines. The present communication contributes to the present knowledge of the pharmacodynamics of naphthylpiperazines and tetralylpiperazines. Prelog and Blazek11 described the preparation of l-(l-naphthyl )piperazine (la) and l-(2-naphthyl)piperazine (II a) by reactions of naphthylamine s with bis(2-bromo
Molecular cloning and regulated expression of the human c-myc gene in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae: comparison of the protein products. (1985)

mRNA from human HL-60 cells was used to prepare a cDNA library, from which two full-length clones that encompass the complete c-myc coding region were isolated. One clone, pM1-11, contains all three exons of human c-myc. The second clone, pM4-10, represents a relatively rare transcript that initiated in the first intron and includes the coding exons 2 and 3. The cDNA insert in pM1-11 was used to express the human c-myc protein in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Insertion of the coding sequences in exons 2 and 3 into the appropriate expression vectors yielded detectable c-myc protein in Escherichia coli lacking the Lon protease and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae upon induction. The protein produced in E. coli has an apparent size of 60 kDa and appears to be unmodified, as it is identical in size to the protein synthesized in an in vitro system. In contrast, yeast cells synthesize two myc proteins, of 60 kDa and 62 kDa. The difference in apparent molecular mass between the two proteins appears to be due, in part, to phosphorylation. Subcellular fractionation of yeast cells showed that the c-myc phosphoprotein is located predominantly in the nuclear fraction.
Transglutaminase-catalyzed matrix cross-linking in differentiating cartilage: identification of osteonectin as a major glutaminyl substrate. (1995)

The expression of tissue transglutaminase in skeletal tissues is strictly regulated and correlates with chondrocyte differentiation and cartilage calcification in endochondral bone formation and in maturation of tracheal cartilage (Aeschlimann, D., A. Wetterwald, H. Fleisch, and M. Paulsson. 1993. J. Cell Biol. 120:1461-1470). We now demonstrate the transglutaminase reaction product, the gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine cross-link, in the matrix of hypertrophic cartilage using a novel cross-link specific antibody. Incorporation of the synthetic transglutaminase substrate monodansylcadaverine (amine donor) in cultured tracheal explants reveals enzyme activity in the pericellular matrix of hypertrophic chondrocytes in the central, calcifying areas of the horseshoe-shaped cartilages. One predominant glutaminyl substrate (amine acceptor) in the chondrocyte matrix is osteonectin as revealed by incorporation of the dansyl label in culture. Indeed, nonreducible osteonectin-containing complexes of approximately 65, 90, and 175 kD can be extracted from mature tracheal cartilage. In vitro cross-linking of osteonectin by tissue transglutaminase gives similar products of approximately 90 and 175 kD, indicating that the complexes in cartilage represent osteonectin oligomers. The demonstration of extracellular transglutaminase activity in differentiating cartilage, i.e., cross-linking of osteonectin in situ, shows that tissue transglutaminase-catalyzed cross-linking is a physiological mechanism for cartilage matrix stabilization.
The large ectodomains of CD45 and CD148 regulate their segregation from and inhibition of ligated T-cell receptor (2013)

T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering results in a cascade of intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation events that ultimately leads to T-cell activation. It is dependent on changes in the relative activities of membrane-associated tyrosine kinases and phosphatases near the engaged TCR. CD45 and CD148 are transmembrane tyrosine phosphatases with large ectodomains that have activatory and inhibitory effects on TCR triggering. This study investigates whether and how the ectodomains of CD45 and CD148 modulate their inhibitory effect on TCR signaling. Expression in T cells of forms of these phosphatases with truncated ectodomains inhibited TCR triggering. In contrast, when these phosphatases were expressed with large ectodomains, they had no inhibitory effect. Imaging studies revealed that truncation of the ectodomains enhanced colocalization of these phosphatases with ligated TCR at the immunological synapse. Our results suggest that the large ectodomains of CD45 and CD148 modulate their inhibitory effect by enabling their passive, size-based segregation from ligated TCR, supporting the kinetic-segregation model of TCR triggering.
Alginate Overproduction Affects Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Structure and Function (2001)

ABSTRACT During the course of chronic cystic fibrosis (CF) infections, Pseudomonas aeruginosa undergoes a conversion to a mucoid phenotype, which is characterized by overproduction of the exopolysaccharide alginate. Chronic P. aeruginosa infections involve surface-attached, highly antibiotic-resistant communities of microorganisms organized in biofilms. Although biofilm formation and the conversion to mucoidy are both important aspects of CF pathogenesis, the relationship between them is at the present unclear. In this study, we report that the overproduction of alginate affects biofilm development on an abiotic surface. Biofilms formed by an alginate-overproducing strain exhibit a highly structured architecture and are significantly more resistant to the antibiotic tobramycin than a biofilm formed by an isogenic nonmucoid strain. These results suggest that an important consequence of the conversion to mucoidy is an altered biofilm architecture that shows increasing resistance to antimicrobial treatments.
Arsenic-induced skin lesions among Atacameño people in Northern Chile despite good nutrition and centuries of exposure. (2000)

It has been suggested that the indigenous Atacameño people in Northern Chile might be protected from the health effects of arsenic in drinking water because of many centuries of exposure. Here we report on the first intensive investigation of arsenic-induced skin lesions in this population. We selected 11 families (44 participants) from the village of Chiu Chiu, which is supplied with water containing between 750 and 800 microg/L inorganic arsenic. For comparison, 8 families (31 participants) were also selected from a village where the water contains approximately 10 microg/L inorganic arsenic. After being transported to the nearest city for blind assessment, participants were examined by four physicians with experience in studying arsenic-induced lesions. Four of the six men from the exposed village, who had been drinking the contaminated water for more than 20 years, were diagnosed with skin lesions due to arsenic, but none of the women had definite lesions. A 13-year-old girl had definite skin pigmentation changes due to arsenic, and a 19-year-old boy had both pigmentation changes and keratoses on the palms of his hands and the soles of his feet. Family interviews identified a wide range of fruits and vegetables consumed daily by the affected participants, as well as the weekly intake of red meat and chicken. However, the prevalence of skin lesions among men and children in the small population studied was similar to that reported with corresponding arsenic drinking water concentrations in both Taiwan and West Bengal, India--populations in which extensive malnutrition has been thought to increase susceptibility.
Continuum Regression: Cross-Validated Sequentially Constructed Prediction Embracing Ordinary Least Squares, Partial Least Squares and Principal Components Regression (1990)

SUMMARY The paper addresses the evergreen problem of construction of regressors for use in least squares multiple regression. In the context of a general sequential procedure for doing this, it is shown that, with a particular objective criterion for the construction, the procedures of ordinary least squares and principal components regression occupy the opposite ends of a continuous spectrum, with partial least squares lying in between. There are two adjustable ‘parameters’ controlling the procedure: ‘alpha’, in the continuum [0, 1], and ‘omega’, the number of regressors finally accepted. These control parameters are chosen by cross-validation. The method is illustrated by a range of examples of its application.
Quantum generative adversarial networks (2018)

Quantum machine learning is expected to be one of the first potential general-purpose applications of near-term quantum devices. A major recent breakthrough in classical machine learning is the notion of generative adversarial training, where the gradients of a discriminator model are used to train a separate generative model. In this work and a companion paper, we extend adversarial training to the quantum domain and show how to construct generative adversarial networks using quantum circuits. Furthermore, we also show how to compute gradients---a key element in generative adversarial network training---using another quantum circuit. We give an example of a simple practical circuit ansatz to parametrize quantum machine learning models and perform a simple numerical experiment to demonstrate that quantum generative adversarial networks can be trained successfully.
Molecular genetic analysis of the pullalanase B gene of Bacillus acidopullulyticus (1994)

A fragment from Bacillus acidopullulyticus strain 294-16 encoding a pullunase activity has been cloned into Bacillus subtilis. The nucleotide sequence of the 3972 base pairs (bp) fragment has been determined and shown to include only one complete open reading frame (ORF) of 863 codons. The deduced amino acid sequence of this ORF, denoted pulB, shows homology to a number of amylolytic enzymes. Primary and secondary structure analysis indicates that the central region of the protein forms the catalytic domain in a characteristics (β/α)8 barrel. Three carboxylic acid residues essential for catalysis were identified. Regions within the catalytic domain proposed to be involved in substrate binding have been identified by homology.
Anticachectic Effects of Formoterol (2004)

In cancer cachexia both cardiac and skeletal muscle suffer an important protein mobilization as a result of increased proteolysis. Administration of the beta2-agonist formoterol to both rats and mice bearing highly cachectic tumors resulted in an important reversal of the muscle-wasting process. The anti-wasting effects of the drug were based on both an activation of the rate of protein synthesis and an inhibition of the rate of muscle proteolysis. Northern blot analysis revealed that formoterol treatment resulted in a decrease in the mRNA content of ubiquitin and proteasome subunits in gastrocnemius muscles; this, together with the decreased proteasome activity observed, suggest that the main anti-proteolytic action of the drug may be based on an inhibition of the ATP-ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic system. Interestingly, the beta2-agonist was also able to diminish the increased rate of muscle apoptosis (measured as DNA laddering as well as caspase-3 activity) present in tumor-bearing animals. The present results indicate that formoterol exerted a selective, powerful protective action on heart and skeletal muscle by antagonizing the enhanced protein degradation that characterizes cancer cachexia, and it could be revealed as a potential therapeutic tool in pathologic states wherein muscle protein hypercatabolism is a critical feature such as cancer cachexia or other wasting diseases.
SOPHOROSE AS AN INDUCER OF CELLULASE IN TRICHODERMA VIRIDE (1962)

Mandels, Mary (Quartermaster Research and Engineering Center, Natick, Mass.), Fredrick W. Parrish, and Elwyn T. Reese. Sophorose as an inducer of cellulase in Trichoderma viride. J. Bacteriol. 83:400-408. 1962.-The impurity in glucose responsible for cellulase induction in Trichoderma viride QM 6a has been isolated and characterized as sophorose (2-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-d-glucose). It is present at 0.0058% in reagent grade glucose. Sophorose is a very powerful inducer of cellulase for Trichoderma viride, being 2500 times as active as cellobiose. Modifications of sophorose, such as reduction or glycoside formation, destroy its inducing ability. The high activity of sophorose as an inducer is specific for T. viride.
Altered expression of DNA double‐strand break detection and repair proteins in breast carcinomas (2003)

The pattern of protein changes observed supports our hypothesis that alterations in DNA double-strand break repair capacity are involved in mammary carcinogenesis.
Interaction of C-reactive protein with artificial phosphatidylcholine bilayers and complement. (1981)

We have examined the interaction of C-reactive protein (CRP) with model membranes and complement. Binding of CRP to multilamellar liposomes or unilamellar vesicles of egg-phosphatidylcholine required the presence of lysophosphatide in the bilayer. The binding was Ca++-dependent, could be inhibited by phosphocholine, and resulted in activation of the classical complement pathway. A weak interaction between CRP and agarose was observed, which was also CA++-dependent and could be inhibited by phosphocholine and galactose. In addition, incorporation of galactocyl cerebroside in phosphatidylcholine:lysophosphatidylcholine liposomes enhanced the binding of CRP. Binding constants of 1.9 X 10(-5) M and 7.1 X 10(-5) M were calculated for liposomes containing and lacking the glycolipid, respectively. Furthermore, CRP bound to galactocyl cerebroside-containing liposomes bound approximately twice as much C1q as the same amount of CRP bound to liposomes lacking the glycolipid. We conclude that: 1) An alteration of the normal organization of phosphatidylcholine bilayers is necessary for binding of CRP. 2) The presence of galactosyl residues on the surface of the bilayer enhances the binding of CRP, perhaps through interaction with a putative secondary binding site on the protein.
Logical structure recognition of scientific bibliographic references (2002)

Presents an approach for the logical structure recognition of bibliographic references. The objective is to produce, for each reference (given in a display format such as Postscript), structured data containing the hierarchy of fields recognized. As a result of variation among bibliographic references (in the order and typographic format of fields, or writing style of the author, for example), we need a robust and tolerant system architecture. Thus, recognition is performed by a concept-oriented system that uses a model which is automatically built from a reference database. This model represents the reference fields and includes statistics on the occurrence of their terms. Recognition is achieved by a step-by-step activation of the more pertinent concepts. Each activated concept causes the execution of an appropriate searching agent. This architecture is robust and non-deterministic, allowing a solution even in difficult cases.
Dna Analysis by Mass Spectrometry: Applications in Dna Sequencing And Dna Diagnostics (1997)

Abstract Use of mass spectrometry to detect PCR amplified DNA from individuals infected with hepatitis B virus, to derive DNA sequence information through exo-nuclease based degradation or Sanger sequencing and a new format (PROBE) for the efficient determination of mutations is described.