gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two-handed direct manipulation on the responsive workbench (1997)

We have built a systemthatallows usersto naturallymanipulatevirtual 3D models with both hands on the Responsive Workbench, a tabletop VR device. Our design is largely based upon Guiard's observations of how humans distribute work between the two hands in the real world. We show how to apply these principles for the workbench environment and describe many issues encountered during the design. We first develop a framework for two-handed interaction and then explore a variety of two-handed 3D tools and interactive techniques. Related issues include how constraints are implemented and controlled by the two hands and how transitions between one-handedand two-handed tasks occur seernlessly. Informal observations of the system in practice show that users can perform navigation and manipulation tasks easily and with little training using the two-handed environment. One of our interesting findings was that users often performed two-handed manipulations by combining two otherwise independent one-handed tools in a synergistic fashion. In these cases, we did not program two-handed behaviors explicitly into the system; instead they emerged naturally.
Thyroid Cancer in the Thyroid Nodules Evaluated by Ultrasonography and Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology (2005)

Thyroid nodule is common disorder in endocrine clinics. In Taiwan, thyroid ultrasonography with fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the first-line examination procedure. Data in large series on the incidence of thyroid malignancy presenting with thyroid nodules are lacking in this area. To determine the incidence of malignancy in thyroid nodules and compare the results with other populations, this investigation retrospectively reviewed 21,748 subjects who were examined in one medical center from January 1986 to December 1999. All patients underwent thyroid ultrasonography studies using a real-time ultrasonographic machine and a 10-MHz transducer. Fine-needle aspirations were made in the suspected thyroid nodule and stained using the Romanowsky- based method developed by Liu. By the end of 2002, some 3629 patients (16.7%) had thyroid nodules after surgical treatment. This group comprised 3011 women with a mean age of 41.5 +/- 13.9 years, and 618 men with a mean age of 45.7 +/- 14.9 years. Of patients undergoing surgical treatment, 2761 (76.1%) patients were diagnosed with benign nodules, 858 (23.6%) with malignant nodules, and 10 (0.3%) with atypical adenoma (7 follicular and 3 Hürthle cells). The percentages of thyroid malignancy in each age group revealed two peaks in both genders, namely in patients aged 20 to 29 years and in elderly patients (aged over 65 years). The peak age for thyroid malignancy in both genders was 41 to 60 years (male) and 21 to 40 years (female). The highest ratio of malignancy occurred in the elderly group (37.2%) receiving surgical treatment. In young patients (below 19 years) the percentage of malignancy was no greater than for the whole age group (20.2% versus 25.6%). Anaplastic and metastatic cancers affecting the thyroid were the main subjects in the age group. The present results demonstrated a younger distribution for well-differentiated thyroid cancer, particularly papillary thyroid carcinoma, compared to previous studies. This outcome may have resulted from the routine application of ultrasonography with FNAC in assessing the thyroid nodules, possibly helping to achieve more timely detection. The incidence of thyroid malignancy in young patients was no higher than in adults. Early detection of thyroid malignancy may be the main reason for this phenomenon. Male subjects with thyroid nodules displayed a higher incidence of this malignancy than females. Aging subjects with thyroid nodules suffered a higher rate of malignancy and were poorly differentiated. In conclusion, this retrospective large-series study demonstrated that 3.9% (858/21,748 cases) of patients with thyroid nodules showed histopathologically proven malignancy. Thyroid cancer detected by ultrasonography with FNAC occurred an average of 10 years younger than in prior studies.
Recent Developments in Macrolide Antimicrobial Research (2003)

Clarithromycin and azithromycin, which are more acid-stable than erythromycin A (EM), have been widely prescribed for the treatment of respiratory tract infections because of their high efficacy and safety. However, these macrolide antibiotics are only weakly active against pathogens with an efflux gene (mef) and are inactive against pathogens with a methyltransferase-inducible gene (erm) and constitutively resistant organisms. To address the drug resistance issue, tremendous efforts have been devoted to the modification of the macrolide structure. As a consequence, several types of decladinosyl derivatives, such as ketolide and acylides, have been recognized to be effective against mef-type resistant streptococci and methylase-inducible staphylococci. It has also been recognized that derivatives containing certain 11-, 6- or 4 -tethered aryl substituents, such as telithromycin (HMR 3647), cethromycin (ABT-773) and CP-544372, are effective against erm(B)-type resistant streptococci. Telithromycin was recently approved in several European countries for the treatment of respiratory tract infections and cethromycin is now in the final stage of clinical study. Macrolide antibiotics have been modified to address the issues of acid-instability and inactivity against resistant strains. In this review, we will summarize the progress in the macrolide research area and discuss the desirable features of the next generation macrolide antibiotics.
Clinical trial of a humanized anti‐IL‐2/IL‐15 receptor β chain in HAM/TSP (2019)

The treatment with Hu-Mikβ1 had a number of immunological effects on HAM/TSP patients although no clinical efficacy was observed. We also did not see any dose-related toxicity.
Molded Monolithic Rod of Macroporous Poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) as a Separation Medium for HPLC of Synthetic Polymers:  “On-Column” Precipitation−Redissolution Chromatography as an Alternative to Size Exclusion Chromatography of Styrene Oligomers and Polymers (1996)

A process for the separation of styrene oligomers and polymers by size and composition using a novel separation medium has been demonstrated. The process involves precipitation of the macromolecules on the molded macroporous rod columns, followed by progressive elution utilizing a simple gradient of the mobile phase. Molded macroporous rod columns are ideally suited for this technique because convection through the large pores of the rod enhances the mass transport of large analyte molecules and accelerates the separation process. Styrene oligomers and polymers are separated in a 50-mm x 8-mm-i.d. column using a solvent gradient composed of a poor solvent such as water, methanol, or acetonitrile and increasing amounts of a good solvent, tetrahydrofuran. Excellent separations are obtained, demonstrating that precipitation-redissolution can be a suitable alternate to size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of some polymers. Compared to SEC, the gradient elution separation can be achieved at higher flow rates in a much shorter time. Precipitation-redissolution with gradient elution can also be used for the separation of copolymers, for which the process is controlled not only by molecular weight but also by the composition of the copolymers.
Reduced cortical inhibition in a mouse model of familial childhood absence epilepsy (2007)

Mutations in the GABA(A) receptor gamma2 subunit are associated with childhood absence epilepsy and febrile seizures. To understand better the molecular basis of absence epilepsy in man, we developed a mouse model harboring a gamma2 subunit point mutation (R43Q) found in a large Australian family. Mice heterozygous for the mutation demonstrated behavioral arrest associated with 6-to 7-Hz spike-and-wave discharges, which are blocked by ethosuximide, a first-line treatment for absence epilepsy in man. Seizures in the mouse showed an abrupt onset at around age 20 days corresponding to the childhood nature of this disease. Reduced cell surface expression of gamma2(R43Q) was seen in heterozygous mice in the absence of any change in alpha1 subunit surface expression, ruling out a dominant-negative effect. GABA(A)-mediated synaptic currents recorded from cortical pyramidal neurons revealed a small but significant reduction that was not seen in the reticular or ventrobasal thalamic nuclei. We hypothesize that a subtle reduction in cortical inhibition underlies childhood absence epilepsy seen in humans harboring the R43Q mutation.
Halofuginone inhibits NF-κB and p38 MAPK in activated T cells (2006)

Halofuginone, a low molecular weight plant alkaloid, inhibits collagen alpha1 (I) gene expression in several animal models and in patients with fibrotic disease, including scleroderma and graft-versus-host disease. In addition, halofuginone has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis and tumor progression. It was demonstrated recently that halofuginone inhibits transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), an important immunomodulator. The present study was undertaken to explore the effects of halofuginone on activated T cells. Peripheral blood T cells were activated by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies in the absence and presence of halofuginone and assessed for nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activity, production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), T cell apoptosis, chemotaxis, and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). A delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) model was applied to investigate the effect of halofuginone on T cells in vivo. Preincubation of activated peripheral blood T cells with 10-40 ng/ml halofuginone resulted in a significant dose-dependent decrease in NF-kappaB activity (80% inhibition following incubation with 40 ng halofuginone, P = 0.002). In addition, 40 ng/ml halofuginone inhibited secretion of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and TGF-beta (P < 0.005). Similarly, halofuginone inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and apoptosis in activated T cells (P = 0.0001 and 0.005, respectively). In contrast, T cell chemotaxis was not affected. Halofuginone inhibited DTH response in mice, indicating suppression of T cell-mediated inflammation in vivo. Halofuginone inhibits activated peripheral blood T cell functions and proinflammatory cytokine production through inhibition of NF-kappaB activation and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. It also inhibited DTH response in vivo, making it an attractive immunomodulator and anti-inflammatory agent.
An Overview of Gibberellin Metabolism Enzyme Genes and Their Related Mutants in Rice (2004)

To enhance our understanding of GA metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa), we intensively screened and identified 29 candidate genes encoding the following GA metabolic enzymes using all available rice DNA databases: ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (CPS), ent-kaurene synthase (KS), ent-kaurene oxidase (KO), ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase (KAO), GA 20-oxidase (GA20ox), GA 3-oxidase (GA3ox), and GA 2-oxidase (GA2ox). In contrast to the Arabidopsis genome, multiple CPS-like, KS-like, and KO-like genes were identified in the rice genome, most of which are contiguously arranged. We also identified 18 GA-deficient rice mutants at six different loci from rice mutant collections. Based on the mutant and expression analyses, we demonstrated that the enzymes catalyzing the early steps in the GA biosynthetic pathway (i.e. CPS, KS, KO, and KAO) are mainly encoded by single genes, while those for later steps (i.e. GA20ox, GA3ox, and GA2ox) are encoded by gene families. The remaining CPS-like, KS-like, and KO-like genes were likely to be involved in the biosynthesis of diterpene phytoalexins rather than GAs because the expression of two CPS-like and three KS-like genes (OsCPS2, OsCPS4, OsKS4, OsKS7, and OsKS8) were increased by UV irradiation, and four of these genes (OsCPS2, OsCPS4, OsKS4, and OsKS7) were also induced by an elicitor treatment.
Google's Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translation (2016)

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is an end-to-end learning approach for automated translation, with the potential to overcome many of the weaknesses of conventional phrase-based translation systems. Unfortunately, NMT systems are known to be computationally expensive both in training and in translation inference. Also, most NMT systems have difficulty with rare words. These issues have hindered NMT's use in practical deployments and services, where both accuracy and speed are essential. In this work, we present GNMT, Google's Neural Machine Translation system, which attempts to address many of these issues. Our model consists of a deep LSTM network with 8 encoder and 8 decoder layers using attention and residual connections. To improve parallelism and therefore decrease training time, our attention mechanism connects the bottom layer of the decoder to the top layer of the encoder. To accelerate the final translation speed, we employ low-precision arithmetic during inference computations. To improve handling of rare words, we divide words into a limited set of common sub-word units ("wordpieces") for both input and output. This method provides a good balance between the flexibility of "character"-delimited models and the efficiency of "word"-delimited models, naturally handles translation of rare words, and ultimately improves the overall accuracy of the system. Our beam search technique employs a length-normalization procedure and uses a coverage penalty, which encourages generation of an output sentence that is most likely to cover all the words in the source sentence. On the WMT'14 English-to-French and English-to-German benchmarks, GNMT achieves competitive results to state-of-the-art. Using a human side-by-side evaluation on a set of isolated simple sentences, it reduces translation errors by an average of 60% compared to Google's phrase-based production system.
A highly stereoselective glycosylation of 2-(phenylselenenyl)-2,3-dideoxyribose derivative with thymine: synthesis of 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine and 3'-deoxythymidine (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA highly stereoselective glycosylation of 2-(phenylselenenyl)-2,3-dideoxyribose derivative with thymine: synthesis of 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine and 3'-deoxythymidineChung K. Chu, J. Ramesh Babu, J. Warren Beach, Soon K. Ahn, Haoqiang Huang, Lak S. Jeong, and Sang J. LeeCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 5, 1418–1420Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00292a006https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00292a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views388Altmetric-Citations59LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An amino-modified Zr-terephthalate metal–organic framework as an acid–base catalyst for cross-aldol condensation (2010)

After controlled pretreatment, some Zr-terephthalate metal-organic frameworks are highly selective catalysts for the cross-aldol condensation between benzaldehyde and heptanal. The proximity of Lewis acid and base sites in the amino-functionalized UiO-66(NH(2)) material further raises the reaction yields.
Mitigation of Inrush Currents in Network Transformers by Reducing the Residual Flux With an Ultra-Low-Frequency Power Source (2011)

A methodology for the reduction of the residual flux in network transformers is proposed in this paper. The purpose is the mitigation of large inrush currents taken by numerous transformers when a long feeder is energized. Time-domain simulations are used to prove that a small-power device can substantially reduce the residual flux of all transformers simultaneously. The device consists of a low-voltage dc source, a suitable power-electronic switching unit, and a simple controller. Before a feeder is re-energized, the residual flux is reduced to a minimum and, as a consequence, the large inrush currents are reduced to an acceptable level. This greatly enhances the probability for the feeder to be successfully energized when otherwise a false trip would have occurred. Inrush current reductions of more than 60% are obtained at the head of the feeder.
Keratinocyte growth factor protects against elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice (2007)

Pulmonary emphysema is characterized by persistent inflammation and progressive alveolar destruction. The keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) favorably influences alveolar maintenance and repair and possesses anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to determine whether exogenous KGF prevented or corrected elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in vivo. Treatment with 5 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) KGF before elastase instillation prevented pulmonary emphysema. This effect was associated with 1) a sharp reduction in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid total protein and inflammatory cell recruitment, 2) a reduction in the pulmonary expression of the chemokines CCL2 (or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and CXCL2 (or macrophage inflammatory protein-2alpha) and of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, 3) a reduction in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activity at day 3, and 4) a major reduction in DNA damage detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) in alveolar cells at day 7. Treatment with KGF after elastase instillation had no effect on elastase-induced emphysema despite the conserved expression of the KGF receptor in the lungs of elastase-instilled animals as determined by immunohistochemistry. In vitro, KGF abolished the elastase-induced increase in CCL2, CXCL2, and ICAM-1 mRNA in the MLE-12 murine alveolar epithelial cell line. We conclude that KGF pretreatment protected against elastase-induced pulmonary inflammation, activation of MMPs, alveolar cell DNA damage, and subsequent emphysema in mice.
Cytokine networks in solid human tumors: regulation of angiogenesis (1994)

The isolation, purification, and molecular cloning of an increasing number of cytokines and their receptors have allowed major advances in our understanding of the relevance of these proteins to the pathobiology and treatment of such human diseases as neoplasia. Cytokines produced by the multiple cell types present within the microenvironment of solid tumors from a complex, dynamic network, in which they have overlapping properties, induce other cytokines and alter the expression of soluble and cell surface-bound cytokine receptors. A broad number of such intratumoral cytokines have multiple effects on tumor progression. These include direct and indirect effects both on tumor cell growth and metastatic behaviors and on such cells in the stromal compartment as fibroblasts, infiltrating immune cells, and endothelial cells in the microvasculature. Here, we review the sites of production and multifaceted role of several key cytokines in the stimulation of a new blood supply within growing neoplasms. The clinical implications and new therapeutic targets suggested by this rapidly emerging picture of the cellular and molecular mechanisms subserving tumor angiogenesis are also discussed.
Adaptive microcomputer control of an artificial knee in level walking (1983)

An experimental microcomputer controlled prosthesis is discussed, where knee damping is governed by kinematic signals, picked up from both legs. The control algorithm is based on division of the walking cycle into ten stages; each stage characterized by an appropriate damping level which governs the restraining moment at the knee, as functionally required. Stage identification is carried out by the kinematic inputs. The experimental prosthesis was tested on one amputee, the first author of this paper. The control system was found to be more advantageous than a conventional valve system in significantly reducing hip muscular effort on the prosthetic side. Gait symmetry is also improved.
Generation of core/shell iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles with polystyrene brushes by atom transfer radical polymerization (2007)

Abstract The functionalization of nanoparticle surfaces is required to improve the dispersion of an inorganic material inside an organic matrix. In this work, polystyrene (PS) brushes were grown on the surface of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles with atom transfer radical polymerization and a grafting‐from approach. After polymerization, the magnetic nanoparticles had a graft density of 0.9 PS chains/nm 2 . A sacrificial initiator was used to obtain a satisfactory result for the control of the polymerization, as its addition had to generate a sufficient concentration of persistent radicals (deactivator). A variety of techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, gel permeation chromatography, water contact‐angle measurements, and atomic force microscopy, were used to characterize the nanoparticles. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4744–4750, 2007
Spontaneous regression of pancreatic cancer (2004)

Background: Spontaneous tumor regression has been the object of considerable interest and speculation for hundreds, if not thousands of years. It has been reported following a wide diversity of infec-tions. We describe a case of spontaneous pancreatic cancer regression and review the relevant literature. Case report: A 50-year-old male presented with a history of weight loss, anorexia and discomfort after meals. Oncology workup revealed pancreatic adenocarcinoma (T2N1M0, stage IIIb). A two-week regimen of radiotherapy combined with seven weeks of gemcitabine failed to alter the progress of the disease. However, a subsequent perforated duodenal ulcer was followed by severe peritonitis, fever, and tumor regression. Conclusions: A review of the literature uncovered only three previous cases of spontaneous pancreatic can-cer regression. The authors discuss the importance of the acute febrile immune response, which appears to be an underappreciated mediator of tumor regression. Key words: fever•infection•leukocytes•pancreatic neoplasms•spontaneous regression
Construction and use of a replication-competent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) that expresses the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase enzyme. (1989)

The construction and properties of an infectious human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that expresses the bacterial gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase are described. This virus can be used in vitro to screen for drugs that inhibit HIV infection. The marked virus may also be used to trace the routes of infection from the site of inoculation in animal experiments.