gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms for the acquisition of habitual bipedality: are there biomechanical reasons for the acquisition of upright bipedal posture? (2004)

Morphology and biomechanics are linked by causal morphogenesis ('Wolff's law') and the interplay of mutations and selection (Darwin's 'survival of the fittest'). Thus shape-based selective pressures can be determined. In both cases we need to know which biomechanical factors lead to skeletal adaptation, and which ones exert selective pressures on body shape. Each bone must be able to sustain the greatest regularly occurring loads. Smaller loads are unlikely to lead to adaptation of morphology. The highest loads occur primarily in posture and locomotion, simply because of the effect of body weight (or its multiple). In the skull, however, it is biting and chewing that result in the greatest loads. Body shape adapted for an arboreal lifestyle also smooths the way towards bipedality. Hindlimb dominance, length of the limbs in relation to the axial skeleton, grasping hands and feet, mass distribution (especially of the limb segments), thoracic shape, rib curvatures, and the position of the centre of gravity are the adaptations to arboreality that also pre-adapt for bipedality. Five divergent locomotor/morphological types have evolved from this base: arm-swinging in gibbons, forelimb-dominated slow climbing in orangutans, quadrupedalism/climbing in the African apes, an unknown mix of climbing and bipedal walking in australopithecines, and the remarkably endurant bipedal walking of humans. All other apes are also facultative bipeds, but it is the biomechanical characteristics of bipedalism in orangutans, the most arboreal great ape, which is closest to that in humans. If not evolutionary accident, what selective factor can explain why two forms adopted bipedality? Most authors tend to connect bipedal locomotion with some aspect of progressively increasing distance between trees because of climatic changes. More precise factors, in accordance with biomechanical requirements, include stone-throwing, thermoregulation or wading in shallow water. Once bipedality has been acquired, development of typical human morphology can readily be explained as adaptations for energy saving over long distances. A paper in this volume shows that load-carrying ability was enhanced from australopithecines to Homo ergaster (early African H. erectus), supporting an earlier proposition that load-carrying was an essential factor in human evolution.
Therapeutic hypothermia for spinal cord injury (2009)

In this article, the role of modest hypothermia for the treatment of experimental and clinical spinal cord injury (SCI) is discussed. While early investigations evaluated the beneficial effects of more profound levels of local hypothermia treatment following SCI, recent studies have concentrated on the benefits of mild hypothermia in protecting and promoting functional recovery in established animal models. In this regard, using preclinical models of both thoracic and cervical contusive SCI, early cooling strategies using systemically administered mild hypothermia (33 degrees C) have been reported to improve locomotive function as well as forelimb gripping strength and coordination. Recently, the effects of modest hypothermia in severely injured SCI patients have also been tested. Modest systemic hypothermia was reported to be both safe and achievable in severely injured SCI patients. This evidence-based review summarizes both experimental and clinical data to support the use of modest hypothermia in the acute SCI setting.
Structural and Biologic Properties of a Human Aspartic Acid-126 Interleukin-2 Analog (1993)

Point mutations at position 141 in the murine interleukin-2 (IL-2) sequence have been reported to generate proteins with full antagonist activity on some IL-2-dependent cell lines. To evaluate the potential therapeutic utility of this observation, we have prepared recombinant human IL-2 with a point mutation at the corresponding position (Asp for Gln 126) and examined its structural and biologic properties. This mutation apparently induces minor changes in tertiary conformation accompanied by an increased sensitivity to changes in pH. The biologic activity of this analog is greatly reduced, primarily as a result of decreased affinity to the beta/gamma IL-2 receptor complex; however, it is only weakly antagonistic to the IL-2 response of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes.
Connecting Long Distance: Semantic Distance in Analogical Reasoning Modulates Frontopolar Cortex Activity (2009)

Solving problems often requires seeing new connections between concepts or events that seemed unrelated at first. Innovative solutions of this kind depend on analogical reasoning, a relational reasoning process that involves mapping similarities between concepts. Brain-based evidence has implicated the frontal pole of the brain as important for analogical mapping. Separately, cognitive research has identified semantic distance as a key characteristic of the kind of analogical mapping that can support innovation (i.e., identifying similarities across greater semantic distance reveals connections that support more innovative solutions and models). However, the neural substrates of semantically distant analogical mapping are not well understood. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activity during an analogical reasoning task, in which we parametrically varied the semantic distance between the items in the analogies. Semantic distance was derived quantitatively from latent semantic analysis. Across 23 participants, activity in an a priori region of interest (ROI) in left frontopolar cortex covaried parametrically with increasing semantic distance, even after removing effects of task difficulty. This ROI was centered on a functional peak that we previously associated with analogical mapping. To our knowledge, these data represent a first empirical characterization of how the brain mediates semantically distant analogical mapping.
Nonmetal-Catalyzed Iodination of Arenes with Iodide and Hydrogen Peroxide (2004)

Oxidative iodination of arenes was carried out with one equivalent of KI and two equivalents of 30% hydrogen peroxide in MeOH in the presence of strong acid. Reactions of various substituted anisoles, phenols and anilines, as well as mesitylene and uracil, were selective and effective with very good yields of isolated halogenated aromatic molecules.
Crystallographic orientation of silicon on an amorphous substrate using an artificial surface-relief grating and laser crystallization (1979)

Uniform crystallographic orientation of silicon films, 500 nm thick, has been achieved on amorphous fused-silica substrates by laser crystallization of amorphous silicon deposited over surface-relief gratings etched into the substrates. The gratings had a square-wave cross section with a 3.8-μm spatial period and a 100-nm depth. The 〈100〉 directions in the silicon were parallel to the grating and perpendicular to the substrate plane. We propose that orientation of overlayer films induced by artificial surface patterns be called graphoepitaxy.
CSF-1 deficiency in mice results in abnormal brain development (1996)

Colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) was initially identified as a growth factor for mononuclear phagocytes. This study examines the role of CSF-1 in the development of the central nervous system (CNS). CSF-1 treatment of neurons cultured from embryonic brain promoted survival and process outgrowth in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, CSF-1 treatment of neurons cultured from the osteopetrotic (op/op) mouse, a null mutant for CSF-1, promoted significantly less process outgrowth, suggesting that there are neural abnormalities in op/op animals. Nuclease protection assays were used to determine whether CSF-1 and its receptor are expressed at times appropriate to regulate neural development. Both CSF-1 and its receptor are expressed in developing mouse brain, with a unique pattern of CSF-1 mRNA splice variant expression encoding secreted, and not membrane-bound, growth factor. To determine whether brain function is altered by null mutation of CSF-1, op/op mice were examined using electrophysiologic assays. Brainstem auditory and visual evoked potentials were both abnormal in op/op mice. Further, intracortical recordings revealed aberrant neuronal function within visual cortex and alterations in the cortical circuitry that balances excitation and inhibition. Daily CSF-1 injection of postnatal op/op mice largely rescued the abnormal neural phenotype, confirming that the absence of CSF-1 during development is responsible for the abnormalities. The effects of CSF-1 on cultured embryonic neural cells, the developmentally appropriate expression of CSF-1 and its receptor, and the neurological abnormalities in op/op mice suggest a role for CSF-1 in brain development.
Evolution of Human Influenza A Viruses Over 50 Years: Rapid, Uniform Rate of Change in NS Gene (1986)

Variation in influenza A viruses was examined by comparison of nucleotide sequences of the NS gene (890 bases) of 15 human viruses isolated over 53 years (1933 to 1985). Changes in the genes accumulate with time, and an evolutionary tree based on the maximum parsimony method can be constructed. The evolutionary rate is approximately 2 X 10(-3) substitution per site per year in the NS genes, which is about 10(6) times the evolutionary rate of germline genes in mammals. This uniform and rapid rate of evolution in the NS gene is a good molecular clock and is compatible with the hypothesis that positive selection is operating on the hemagglutinin (or perhaps some other viral genes) to preserve random mutations in the NS gene.
Metastability and Instability of Organic Crystalline Substances (2008)

Discovery of an unexpected and thermodynamically paradoxical transition from a crystalline state to an amorphous dense glassy state induced in pure organic substances by a direct absorption of a quantity of heat under atmospheric pressure and its detailed analysis performed with the use of a sensitive scanning transitiometer are described. The obtained results present first experimental precise evidence for understanding the mechanism of such a structural instability of crystalline substances in the form of c-a transition. The observed c-a transition is a purely physical phenomenon, occurring between two nonequilibrium states, a metastable crystalline phase and a dense glass, occurring through a local transient phenomenon of virtual melting. The metastable state of a crystalline substance can be caused by existence of a number of crystalline imperfections created either during crystallization or by external actions. By measuring extremely sensitive energetic effects, we found the present method to be helpful for quantitative determination of the critical number of imperfections in a crystalline solid, which make it metastable and for an indication under which conditions such a metastable crystalline form becomes unstable. By performing the transitiometric analysis of c-a transitions with two polymorphs of rosiglitazone maleate, we demonstrated to what extent this analysis is important in investigation of stability of crystalline components of drugs.
The Role of Interleukin 13 in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (2002)

The Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) produce several cytokines, which are thought to account for the unique clinical and pathologic features of this disease. We previously identified interleukin (IL)-13 expression as a common feature of cHL and have studied the potential role of this cytokine as an autocrine growth factor for RS cells. IL-13 and the IL-13-specific receptor chain (IL-13R alpha1) are frequently expressed in cHL-derived cell lines and in RS cells from biopsies of cHL tissues. In contrast, IL-13 expression in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is uncommon. Neutralization of IL-13 in cultures of cHL-derived cell lines HDLM-2 and L-1236 leads to a dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation, and is associated with increased apoptosis in L-1236 cells. IL-13 neutralization also decreased activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)6, an important mediator of IL-13 function. Moreover, STAT6 is often activated in RS cells from primary tumor samples, implying that IL-13 signaling is occurring in these cells in vivo. This review will describe the biologic activities of IL-13 in the immune system, and summarize the evidence implicating IL-13 as an autocrine growth factor for RS cells in cHL. Finally, we will discuss the potential influence of IL-13 on the reactive inflammatory infiltrate that is characteristic of cHL.
Cardiovascular regenerative therapeutics via synthetic paracrine factor modified mRNA (2014)

The heart has a limited capacity for regeneration following injury. Recent strategies to promote heart regeneration have largely focused on autologous and allogeneic cell-based therapy, where the transplanted cells have been suggested to secrete unknown paracrine factors that are envisioned to promote endogenous repair and/or mobilization of endogenous heart progenitors. Here, we discuss the importance of paracrine mechanisms in facilitating replication of endogenous epicardial progenitor cells in the adult heart and signaling their subsequent reactivation and de novo differentiation into functional cell types such as endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. Moreover, we discuss the use of a novel modified RNA technology in delivering such therapeutic paracrine factors into myocardium following injury. These studies suggest that modified mRNA may be a valuable experimental tool for the precise in vivo identification of paracrine factors and their downstream signaling that may promote heart repair, cardiac muscle replication, and/or heart progenitor mobilization. In addition, these studies lay the foundation for a new clinically tractable technology for a cell-free approach to promote heart regeneration.
Critically ill polyneuropathy: electrophysiological studies and differentiation from Guillain-Barre syndrome. (1986)

A polyneuropathy of varying severity has been observed in association with sepsis and critical illness in 15 patients. Since clinical evaluation is often difficult, electrophysiological studies provided definitive evidence for polyneuropathy. These revealed reductions in the amplitudes of compound muscle and sensory nerve action potentials, the most marked abnormality. Near-nerve recordings confirmed such reductions for sensory fibres. Needle electromyography revealed signs of denervation of limb muscles. Phrenic nerve conduction and needle electromyographic studies of chest wall muscles suggested that the polyneuropathy partially explained difficulties in weaning patients from the ventilator, an early clinical sign. No defect in neuromuscular transmission was demonstrated, despite the use of aminoglycoside antibiotics in some patients. In those who survived the critical illness, clinical and electrophysiological improvement occurred. The 15 critically ill polyneuropathy patients were compared with 16 Guillain-Barré syndrome patients observed during the same period. The analysis showed that the two polyneuropathies are likely to be separate entities that can be distinguished in most instances by the predisposing illness, electrophysiological features and cerebrospinal fluid results.
The activation of ERK1/2 MAP kinases in glioblastoma pathobiology and its relationship with EGFRamplification (2008)

The ERK1/2 activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a critical signaling system that mediates ligand-stimulated signals for the induction of cell proliferation, differentiation and survival, involved in malignant transformation. The purpose of this study was to determine the activation of ERK1/2 in this tumor, and to determine the relationship of ERK1/2 activation with the amplification/overexpression of EGFR as well as with 9p21 locus gene alterations, both of which are genetic factors frequently associated with glioblastoma. We used immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis to analyze the activation of ERK1/2 in 22 patients with glioblastoma, and we studied the amplification/overexpression of EGFR; as well as the molecular alterations in 9p21 locus genes. Positive immunostaining ERK1/2 was observed in 86.4% of the tumors, displaying mainly nuclear immunolocalization; and by immunoblotting, ERK1/2 was activated in 68% of the cases. The 70% of cases with EGFR amplification presented activated ERK1/2. The joint presence of amplified EGFR and alterations in the 9p21 genes was observed in 50% of the cases, whereas the simultaneous occurrence of these two phenomena with the activation of ERK1/2 was observed in 40% of the cases. Our results suggest that the activation of ERK1/2 is implicated in the pathobiology of glioblastoma. This activation of ERK1/2 is probably related in part to the amplification of EGFR as well as to alterations in 9p21 locus genes (homozygous deletion and promoter methylation). However, the activation of ERK1/2 also involves pathways that are independent of the EGFR.
The Journal of Biological Chemistry after seventy-five years. (1980)

two corresponding journals.Herter, eight years younger than Abel, grew up in a cultivated family in New York City, graduated with distinction from the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University at the age of 18 and, after some further clinical training in Europe, practiced medicine in New York.He equipped a laboratory in his own house, at 819 Madison Avenue, a t fwst primarily to aid the study of his patients, and later with a deepening interest in fundamental biochemical problems.He engaged a number of well-trained chemists to work with him, and in association with them trained himself in chemistry.The most notable of these associates was Henry Drysdale Dakin, who joined the Herter Laboratory in 1905 at the age of 25, and was to play an important role both in his notable research and in the management of the JBC.His monograph "Oxidatio ,s and Reductions in the Animal Body" was highly influential in its time, though the reactions discussed in it turned out later to have generally little to do with the actual course of intermediary metabolism (4).Herter became Professor of Pathological Chemistry, in 1898, at
Synthesis of 2,2'-Bis-[5(4H)-oxazolones] (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of 2,2'-Bis-[5(4H)-oxazolones]Charles S. Cleaver and Burt C. PrattCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 6, 1544–1546Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01611a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01611a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views338Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Las nuevas formas culturales en la comunicación e información y su impacto territorial en la República Argentina (2006)

El actual proceso de transformaciones socio-culturales vinculado con las nuevas tecnologías de comunicación e información ha impactado territorialmente en la República Argentina en forma muy distinta según las jurisdicciones provinciales. Los datos censales del año 2001 referidos al equipamiento de los hogares muestran heterogeneidades, reflejo de una nueva forma de fragmentación social y cultural representada por el elevado porcentaje de población que no cuenta con el equipamiento de las recientes tecnologías de comunicación e información y los escasos porcentajes de la población que está incluida en las redes del ciberespacio.
Amniotic cell culture during different ages of gestation for karyotype analysis in bovine (2000)

A cariotipagem em bovinos é uma importante ferramenta diagnóstica. Pode ser utilizada no período prenatal para diagnóstico de várias anormalidades cromossômicas, tais como translocações Robertsonianas, síndrome da feminilização testicular, disgenesia gonadal e síndrome de Klinefelter. O fluido amniótico é uma importante fonte de células para cariotipagem e tem sido extensivamente utilizado para humanos mas não para bovinos, apesar de seu valor diagnóstico. Uma vez que pequena porcentagem dessas células é viável, suas condições de crescimento, assim como o processamento do material, devem ser otimizadas para se assegurar uma análise bem sucedida. Para tanto, comparamos a eficiência de crescimento de amniócitos bovinos em dois meios de cultura, usando células de 10 a 14 semanas de gestação. Os amniócitos foram cultivados no meio Amniomax (Gibco-BRL/ Life Technologies, Rockville, MD USA) durante onze dias e no meio RPMI (Gibco-BRL) durante dezesseis dias a 37ºC e 5% CO2, fixados e corados de acordo com a técnica GTG de bandeamento. Todas as culturas no meio RPMI apresentaram baixo crescimento celular, independente da idade gestacional. Das amostras cultivadas em Amniomax, uma apresentou 100% de confluência celular no 11ºdia de cultivo (10 semanas de gestação) e as outras apresentaram proliferação maior em relação àquelas cultivadas em RPMI. O líquido amniótico proveniente de gestações entre 10 e 12 semanas deve ser utilizado para se assegurar uma boa qualidade de material para cariotipagem. Além disso, deve-se atentar para os passos durante o processamento para melhor visualização das metáfases - choque hipotônico e tempo de tripsina.
OAuth 2.0 Assertion Profile (2011)

This specification provides a general framework for the use of
assertions as client credentials and/or authorization grants with
OAuth 2.0. It includes a generic mechanism for transporting assertions
during interactions with a token endpoint, as wells as rules for the
content and processing of those assertions. The intent is to provide
an enhanced security profile by using derived values such as
signatures or HMACs, as well as facilitate the use of OAuth 2.0 in
client-server integration scenarios where the end-user may not be
present. This specification only defines abstract messsage flow and
assertion content. Actual use requires implementation of a companion
protocol binding specification. Additional profile documents provide
standard representations in formats such as SAML and JWT.