gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cellular pharmacology of 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine, a nucleoside analog active against human immunodeficiency virus (1989)

2',3'-Dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine (D4T) is a thymidine nucleoside analog which has potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity in vitro. We have studied its metabolism in cells to assist in determining its mechanism of action. D4T is metabolized in cells to the mono-, di-, and triphosphate nucleotides. Our data suggest that the initial conversion to the monophosphate is catalyzed by thymidine kinase. This enzyme has an affinity for D4T 600-fold lower than for thymidine and catalyzes the rate-limiting step in production of the triphosphate. Nevertheless, intracellular concentrations of the triphosphate approximately equal to the reported Ki for human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase are attained with extracellular concentrations of free drug as low as 0.05 microM. The pattern of phosphorylation is different from that of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), which has an affinity for thymidine kinase equivalent to that of thymidine and is easily phosphorylated. The rate-limiting step in formation of AZT triphosphate is conversion of mono- to diphosphate, and thus the monophosphate accumulates. On removal of D4T or AZT from the media, both triphosphates have an intracellular half-life of about 200 min, and this rate ultimately controls the rate of elimination of the drugs from cells. The differences in metabolism of D4T and AZT observed in vitro may be responsible for the differences in toxicity seen in vitro and in vivo and support the exploration of the clinical utility of D4T as an anti-human immunodeficiency virus agent.
On the Asymptotic Variance of Higher Order Crossings with Special Reference to a Fast White Noise Test (1986)

The rate of decrease in the variance of higher order crossings is obtained for stationary m-dependent Gaussian sequences. This result provides a quick approximation to the variance of the number of axis-crossings of m-dependent processes, and is applied in determining approximate probability limits for the higher order crossings of white noise. The limits are used in testing for white noise in simulated and also real data examples.
The impact on outcome of the addition of all-trans retinoic acid to intensive chemotherapy in younger patients with nonacute promyelocytic acute myeloid leukemia: overall results and results in genotypic subgroups defined by mutations in NPM1, FLT3, and CEBPA (2009)

We investigated the benefit of adding all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to chemotherapy for younger patients with nonacute promyelocytic acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome, and considered interactions between treatment and molecular markers. Overall, 1075 patients less than 60 years of age were randomized to receive or not receive ATRA in addition to daunorubicin/Ara-C/thioguanine chemotherapy with Ara-C at standard or double standard dose. There were data on FLT3 internal tandem duplications and NPM1 mutations (n = 592), CEBPA mutations (n = 423), and MN1 expression (n = 195). The complete remission rate was 68% with complete remission with incomplete count recovery in an additional 16%; 8-year overall survival was 32%. There was no significant treatment effect for any outcome, with no significant interactions between treatment and demographics, or cytarabine randomization. Importantly, there were no interactions by FLT3/internal tandem duplications, NPM1, or CEBPA mutation. There was a suggestion that ATRA reduced relapse in patients with lower MN1 levels, but no significant effect on overall survival. Results were consistent when restricted to patients with normal karyotype. ATRA has no overall effect on treatment outcomes in this group of patients. The study did not identify any subgroup of patients likely to derive a significant survival benefit from the addition of ATRA to chemotherapy.
Biochemical and antitumor effects of the combination of thymidine and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine against leukemia L1210. (1981)

Exposure of L1210 cells in culture to 5.6, 60, 150, and 350 µm thymidine (dThd) led to 0, 33, 50, and 71% inhibition of their rates of steady-state growth. Following treatment with 0.04 µm 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), this dThd treatment produced an increase in the apparent rates of 1-β-d-arabinosylcytosine triphosphate (ara-CTP) incorporation into nucleic acids amounting to 6-, 36-, 48-, and 60-fold, respectively, that observed in control cells. Equivalentfold increases in the corresponding intracellular concentrations of ara-CTP also occurred. At higher ara-C concentrations (to 3.0 µm), the enhancement of analog incorporation in dThd-treated cells relative to control cells was greatly reduced (to 2- to 4-fold). In addition, the dThd-induced increase in the concentration of ara-CTP did not parallel the increase in apparent rate of ara-CTP incorporation into nucleic acid at the higher concentrations of ara-C. Addition of deoxycytidine and cytidine to the medium prevented both the growth inhibition and the enhanced ara-CTP incorporation observed in the presence of dThd. Pretreatment of L1210 cells with 150 µm dThd for 24 hr before their exposure to dThd and ara-C resulted in a one-log increase in cytotoxicity, relative to the effects of ara-C alone in previously untreated cells. These cell culture observations prompted an evaluation of the chemotherapeutic potential of this combination in mice bearing leukemia L1210. dThd concentrations comparable to those inhibiting the growth rate of L1210 cells in culture by 50% were achieved and maintained in mouse plasma by the continuous i.v. infusion of dThd at 5 g/kg/day. Alternating 24-hr infusion of this dose of dThd with 24-hr infusion of ara-C at 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg/day for a total of 6 days increased the mean survival of mice bearing leukemia L1210 by 35, 203 (plus 33% long-term survivors), and 19% relative to untreated mice. Simultaneous continuous infusion of optimal doses of dThd (5 g/kg/day) and ara-C (2 mg/kg/day) for 5 days resulted in an increased life span of 101% as compared to an 87% increased life span obtained with ara-C alone. The administration of dThd at either less than or greater than the optimal dose simultaneous with ara-C resulted in survival well below that obtained with ara-C alone. These results suggest that the efficacy of simultaneous continuous infusion of dThd and ara-C is only slightly greater than that of the continuous infusion of ara-C alone. However, pretreatment by dThd followed by ara-C is superior to that achieved with the optimal schedule of ara-C alone against this murine leukemia.
SOS-induced DNA polymerases enhance long-term survival and evolutionary fitness (2002)

Escherichia coli encodes three SOS-induced DNA polymerases: pol II, pol IV, and pol V. We show here that each of these polymerases confers a competitive fitness advantage during the stationary phase of the bacterial life cycle, in the absence of external DNA-damaging agents known to induce the SOS response. When grown individually, wild-type and SOS pol mutants exhibit indistinguishable temporal growth and death patterns. In contrast, when grown in competition with wild-type E. coli, mutants lacking one or more SOS polymerase suffer a severe reduction in fitness. These mutants also fail to express the "growth advantage in stationary phase" phenotype as do wild-type strains, instead expressing two additional new types of "growth advantage in stationary phase" phenotype. These polymerases contribute to survival by providing essential functions to ensure replication of the chromosome and by generating genetic diversity.
Current-matched triple-junction solar cell reaching 41.1% conversion efficiency under concentrated sunlight (2009)

A metamorphic Ga0.35In0.65P/Ga0.83In0.17As/Ge triple-junction solar cell is shown to provide current-matching of all three subcells and thus composes a device structure with virtually ideal band gap combination. We demonstrate that the key for the realization of this device is the improvement of material quality of the lattice-mismatched layers as well as the development of a highly relaxed Ga1−yInyAs buffer structure between the Ge substrate and the middle cell. This allows the metamorphic growth with low dislocation densities below 106 cm−2. The performance of the approach has been demonstrated by a conversion efficiency of 41.1% at 454 suns (454 kW/m2, AM1.5d ASTM G173–03).
Characterization of Iris Pigment Epithelial Cell for Auto Cell Transplantation (1999)

To establish auto iris pigment epithelial (IPE) transplantation, we characterized the properties of IPE cells and the method of culture using auto serum. Monkey and human IPE cells were obtained and cultured in several conditions, using auto, mouse, rabbit, bovine, or human serum. Immunocytochemical study was performed to confirm that the cells were epithelial in origin. The proliferation rate of the IPE was also calculated from fresh human IPE cells, which were obtained during filtering glaucoma surgery. Proliferation rate was also compared to that of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Reverse-transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction for melanogenesis was performed, and the amount of pigment in the IPE cells was also calculated. Mouse and rabbit sera were not effective for the monkey IPE cell culture. Conversely, the cells grew well in the medium with auto, bovine, or human serum. Human IPE cells grew exponentially by the described methods and reached to 60,000 cells after about 4-5 weeks. When we compared them by proliferation rate, IPE cells were less proliferative than RPE cells. The gene expression for melanogenesis and the amount of pigment in the IPE gradually decreased through successive passages. Transplantation has been tried for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration using RPE from fetus or from eye bank eyes. However, focal rejection may play an important role in the clinical results. The establishment of auto IPE cell transplantation may improve the problem of rejection. In the present study, we established auto IPE cell culture using auto serum. The cultured IPE cell showed pigment epithelial cell properties until around five passages in both human and monkey.
Self-migration of operating systems (2004)

This paper is about on-the-fly migration of entire operating systems between physically different host computers. Resource allocation is often static; using migration allows applications to dynamically change bindings between programs and physical hosts as to improve utilisation. We first survey different approaches to migration and then present two prototypes that allow migration not only of an application but also of the operating system running the application. One of the prototypes includes a novel approach, self-migration, to operating system migration. Performance numbers show that migration can be done with merely subsecond suspension of the application.
Clock/data recovery PLL using half-frequency clock (1997)

A CMOS clock and data recovery PLL is described for serial nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) data transmission. The voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) works at half the data rate, which means for a 1-Gb/s data rate, the VCO runs at 500 MHz. A specially designed phase comparator uses a delay-locked loop (DLL) to generate the required sampling clocks to compare clock and data. The VCO can typically be tuned from 350 MHz to 890 MHz, and the phase-locked loop (PLL) locks between 720 Mb/s and 1.3 Gb/s. Data recovery is error free up to 1.2 Gb/s with a 9-b pseudorandom data sequence. The core consumes 85 mW (3.3 V) at 1 Gb/s.
Synthesis of Biologically Active Recombinant <i>Der </i><i>f</i> II (1991)

A cDNA library corresponding to mite protein was screened employing anti-Der f II antibody. Two possible clones containing plasmids pFL1 and pFL11 were obtained. The two plasmids had insertions of about 500 basepairs. The DNA sequences of the two insertions were determined, from which the amino acid sequences were deduced. The amino acid sequence of the purified native Der f II protein could be determined to 45 residues from the N terminus. As a result of comparison, we concluded that the cDNAs prepared from live Dermatophagoides farinae mite corresponded to the mite allergen Der f II. The recombinant Der f II was biologically active.
In vitro activities of ICI 194008 and ICI 193428, two new cephem antimicrobial agents (1987)

The in vitro activities of two new cephem antibiotics, ICI 193428 and ICI 194008, were compared with those of cefpirome, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and piperacillin. Essentially all strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae were inhibited by both study drugs at concentrations of less than or equal to 4 micrograms/ml. Both new cephems were comparable to ceftazidime against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC for 90% of strains, 8 micrograms/ml) and were the most active agents tested against Pseudomonas maltophilia (MIC for 90% of strains, 16 micrograms/ml).
Stimulation of Cell Invasion and Migration by Alcohol in Breast Cancer Cells (2000)

Increasing epidemiological studies suggest that alcohol consumption confers a high risk for development of breast cancer. In this study, we found that biologically relevant concentrations of alcohol elicited a significant stimulation of cell adhesion, migration, and invasion in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Moreover, the promotion of invasion and migration potential by alcohol was associated with the significant decrease of E-cadherin, alpha, beta, and gamma three major catenin, and BRCA1 expression. In addition, an enhanced expression of BRCA1 significantly blocked alcohol-stimulated cell invasion. Thus, our present study suggests that alcohol as a breast cancer risk factor plays an important role not only in carcinogenesis, but also in promotion of cell invasion and migration.
High‐Speed Roll‐to‐Roll Nanoimprint Lithography on Flexible Plastic Substrates (2008)

Nanograting structures in either thermally or UV curable resist are continuously fabricated on a flexible plastic substrate by a high-speed roll-to-roll nanoimprint apparatus (see figure). As an example of the applications of such a roll-to-roll imprinting process, a high-performance metal wire-grid polarizer is demonstrated.
Asymmetric digital subscriber line: interim technology for the next forty years (1996)

The Internet has surfaced as the dominant early market for residential broadband. ADSL, a transmission system capable of realizing rates from 1 to Mb/s over existing telephone lines, fits Internet access requirements perfectly, and offers telephone companies a tool for connecting virtually all Internet users at megabit rates before the next century. ADSL is asymmetric-high-speed downstream, lower-speed upstream-to counteract speed limitations imposed by line length and crosstalk. The transmission technology itself has two essential forms, single-carrier and multicarrier, which must press Shannon's limit to squeeze so many bits through so little bandwidth. With complicated line coding and other features such as integral forward error correction and ATM/Ethernet mode interfaces, ADSL will be the most complex modem ever attached to a telephone line. This will not prevent ADSL from reaching consumer-level pricing within the next two years. We can expect some commercial deployment in 1997 and virtually ubiquitous availability by the end of 1999.
The CoralReef Software Suite as a Tool for System and Network Administrators (2001)

Until now, system administrators have lacked a flexible real-time network traffic flow monitoring package. Such a package must provide a wide range of services but remain exible enough for rapid in-house customization. Existing passive data collection tools are typically narrow in scope, designed for specific tasks from packet capture (tcpdump [1]) to accounting (NeTraMet [2]). In response, CAIDA has created the CoralReef suite designed to provide network administrators and researchers with a consistent interface for a wide range of network analysis applications, from raw capture to ows analysis to real-time report generation. CoralReef provides a convenient set of passive data tools for a diverse audience.
Ground strain measuring system using optical fiber sensors (2000)

It is essential to study the dynamic behavior of the soil to make clear the characteristics of ground behavior during earthquake. However, the relationship between the dynamic characteristics and the strain of the soil is not completely studied, because there is no device to measure the strain of the real ground directly. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the ground strain measuring system which can be applied to the real ground. This study presents a system to measure the ground strain, using the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. Using optical fiber sensor makes the devices simple in mechanism and highly durable. We improve the strain measuring device which was proposed by Sato et al. and also develop a new strain measuring device based on a different mechanism. Their applicability is studied in the experiments. The results in the experiment indicate that it is possible to measure the ground strain by the presented systems with the same level of accuracy as that of the systems by Sato et al. It is also important to recognize the necessity to improve the accuracy.
Thermal Analysis Studies of Glass Dispersion Systems (1984)

Glass dispersion systems were examined using differential scanning calorimetry. The addition of a crystalline additive to a glassy vehicle resulted in a reduction of the vehicle's glass transition temperature. Mixtures of glassy materials were immiscible, partially miscible, or completely miscible. The results can be explained using the concept of miscibility among liquids. By combining two miscible glasses in the proper ratio, it was possible to obtain greater physical stability than with either of its glassy components. This was demonstrated with a 1:1 mixture of citric acid and acetaminophen which showed no changes in its thermogram after seven weeks of storage at 23°C. The glass transition of this mixture is about 18° C.
Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features (2005)

This paper describes a machine learning approach for visual object detection which is capable of processing images extremely rapidly and achieving high detection rates. This work is distinguished by three key contributions. The first is the introduction of a new image representation called the "integral image" which allows the features used by our detector to be computed very quickly. The second is a learning algorithm, based on AdaBoost, which selects a small number of critical visual features from a larger set and yields extremely efficient classifiers. The third contribution is a method for combining increasingly more complex classifiers in a "cascade" which allows background regions of the image to be quickly discarded while spending more computation on promising object-like regions. The cascade can be viewed as an object specific focus-of-attention mechanism which unlike previous approaches provides statistical guarantees that discarded regions are unlikely to contain the object of interest. In the domain of face detection the system yields detection rates comparable to the best previous systems. Used in real-time applications, the detector runs at 15 frames per second without resorting to image differencing or skin color detection.
Pathogenesis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in mid-gestation sows and fetuses. (1993)

Two experiments were undertaken to evaluate whether porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus was able to cross the placenta and infect midgestation fetuses following intranasal inoculation of sows and whether PRRS virus directly infected fetuses following in utero inoculation. In experiment 1, eight sows between 45 and 50 days of gestation were intranasally inoculated with PRRS virus (ATCC VR-2332), and four control sows were inoculated with uninfected cell culture lysate. Virus inoculated sows were viremic on postinoculation (PI) days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9, shed virus in their feces and nasal secretions, and became leukopenic. Sixty-nine of 71 fetuses from principal sows euthanized on PI day 7, 14 or 21 were alive at necropsy and no virus was isolated from any of the fetuses. Two principal sows that farrowed 65 and 67 days PI delivered 25 live piglets and three stillborn fetuses. The PRRS virus was isolated from two live piglets in one litter. In experiment 2, laparotomies were performed on five sows between 40 and 45 days of gestation and fetuses were inoculated in utero with either PRRS virus alone, PRRS virus plus a swine serum containing PRRS antibodies, or uninfected cell culture lysate. Three sows were euthanized on PI day 4 and two sows on PI day 11. Viral replication occurred in fetuses inoculated with virus alone and was enhanced in fetuses inoculated with virus plus antibody. No virus was isolated from control fetuses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Probiotic Therapy Fails to Improve Gut Permeability in a Hapten Model of Colitis (2000)

LP299/OF, when administered after TNBS instillation, does not reduce the severity of colitis or improve gut permeability in this hapten model of colitis.
Use of anticontamination primers in the polymerase chain reaction for the detection of human papilloma virus genotypes in cervical scrapes and biopsies (1989)

A reliable application of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of the human papilloma virus (HPV) genotypes in cervical smears and biopsies was developed. Primers flanking the HPV cloning site were used to avoid detection of cloned HPV plasmids. These anticontamination primers were used for the specific detection of HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, and 33 in cervical scrapes that had been tested previously for HPV with a combined modified filter in situ hybridization (modified FISH) and dot blotting procedure. The PCR appeared to be superior. Two groups of women were screened for HPV genotypes. Group A consisted of women belonging to a regularly screened population, and group B contained women attending a gynaecological clinic. It appeared that the overall prevalence of HPV in cytologically normal scrapes in the first group was 6%, whereas in the second group 12% was found. In scrapes with cytological dysplasia, the prevalence of HPV in group A and B was approximately 40% and 60%, respectively. HPV 16 was present predominantly. In biopsies of squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix uteri, an HPV prevalence rate of 90% was found, all of which contained only HPV 16 and 18. These data indicate an important role for HPV detection in the screening of cervical scrapes to identify women with an increased risk of cervical cancer.
Insulin-like growth factor I and its binding proteins 3 and 4 are increased in Human inflammatory synovial fluid. (1996)

The pattern of IGFBP in SF differs in inflammatory versus noninflammatory joints.