gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intraventricular Fibrinolysis with Tissue Plasminogen Activator is Associated with Transient Cerebrospinal Fluid Inflammation: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2015)

Locally administered tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) accelerates clearance of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), but its impact on neurologic outcomes remains unclear and preclinical research suggests it may have pro-inflammatory effects. We randomly allocated patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms and IVH, treated with endovascular coiling and ventricular drainage, to receive either 2-mg intraventricular TPA or placebo every 12 hours. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum cytokine and white blood cell (WBC) concentrations were measured before drug administration and daily for 72 hours. Cerebrospinal fluid D-dimer levels were assessed 6 and 12 hours after administration to quantify fibrinolysis. Six patients were randomized to each group. Patients treated with TPA developed higher CSF cytokine concentrations compared with placebo-treated patients (P<0.05 for tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6), as well as higher CSF WBC counts (P=0.03). Differences were greatest after 24 hours and decreased over 48 to 72 hours. The magnitude of the inflammatory response was significantly associated with peak CSF D-dimer concentration and extent of IVH clearance. We conclude that intraventricular TPA administration produces a transient local inflammatory response, the severity of which is strongly associated with the degree of fibrinolysis, suggesting it may be induced by release of hematoma breakdown products, rather than the drug itself.
Reverse Hashing for High-Speed Network Monitoring: Algorithms, Evaluation, and Applications (2006)

A key function for network traffic monitoring and analysis is the ability to perform aggregate queries over multiple data streams. Change detection is an important primitive which can be extended to construct many aggregate queries. The recently proposed sketches (Krishnamurthy, 2003) are among the very few that can detect heavy changes online for high speed links, and thus support various aggregate queries in both temporal and spatial domains. However, it does not preserve the keys (e.g., source IP address) of flows, making it difficult to reconstruct the desired set of anomalous keys. In an earlier abstract we proposed a framework for a reversible sketch data structure that offers hope for efficient extraction of keys (Schweller, 2004). However, this scheme is only able to detect a single heavy change key and places restrictions on the statistical properties of the key space. To address these challenges, we propose an efficient reverse hashing scheme to infer the keys of culprit flows from reversible sketches. There are two phases. The first operates online, recording the packet stream in a compact representation with negligible extra memory and few extra memory accesses. Our prototype single FPGA board implementation can achieve a throughput of over 16 Gbps for 40-byte-packet streams (the worst case). The second phase identifies heavy changes and their keys from the representation in nearly real time. We evaluate our scheme using traces from large edge routers with OC-12 or higher links. Both the analytical and experimental results show that we are able to achieve online traffic monitoring and accurate change/intrusion detection over massive data streams on high speed links, all in a manner that scales to large key space size. To the best of our knowledge, our system is the first to achieve these properties simultaneously.
Fatty Acid-Induced Insulin Resistance in Adipocytes* (1997)

Elevated serum-free fatty acid (FFA) levels induce insulin resistance in whole animals and humans. To understand the direct mechanism by which FFAs impact insulin-responsive tissue, we have used our previously developed in vitro model of long-chain saturated fatty acids (LCSFA)-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes. In addition to explanted rat adipocytes, we now demonstrate that overnight exposure of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to 1 mM individually of the LCSFA palmitate, myristate, and stearate, leads to an approximately 50% inhibition of insulin-induced glucose transport. Insulin resistance can be accomplished at 0.3 mM palmitate, which is within the range ofpalmitate found in diabetic and obese individuals. This inhibition was noted within 4 h of exposure to FFA, which is comparable to in vivo lipid infusion studies. Initial LCSFA-induced resistance is specific to glucose transport and does not affect insulin stimulation of glucose incorporation into glycogen. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes overexpressing the EGF receptor, LCSFA exposure also specifically inhibited EGF-induced GLUT4-mediated glucose transport, but not EGF-induced glycogen synthesis. We find that LCSFA treatment did not impair insulin stimulation of GLUT4 translocation or exofacial presentation on the cell surface as determined by trypsin accessibility. Our results suggest that the initial direct effect of elevated LCSFA is to impair activation of GLUT4 transporter activity and that this effect is specific for glucose transport.
A Model of Human Muscle Energy Expenditure (2003)

A model of muscle energy expenditure was developed for predicting thermal, as well as mechanical energy liberation during simulated muscle contractions. The model was designed to yield energy (heat and work) rate predictions appropriate for human skeletal muscle contracting at normal body temperature. The basic form of the present model is similar to many previous models of muscle energy expenditure, but parameter values were based almost entirely on mammalian muscle data, with preference given to human data where possible. Nonlinear phenomena associated with submaximal activation were also incorporated. The muscle energy model was evaluated at varying levels of complexity, ranging from simulated contractions of isolated muscle, to simulations of whole body locomotion. In all cases, acceptable agreement was found between simulated and experimental energy liberation. The present model should be useful in future studies of the energetics of human movement using forward dynamic computer simulation.
Segmentation of Optic Nerve Head using Warping and RANSAC (2007)

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness, and the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defect is the early sign of the glaucomatous optic nerve damage. To evaluate the RNFL, segmentation of the optic nerve head on the RNFL photograph should be the first step. This paper presents segmentation of optic nerve head using warping and random sample consensus (RANSAC). Sensitivity and positive predictability of the proposed method were 91% and 78% respectively.
Selection of barrier materials from molecular structure (1980)

Abstract A prediction technique for gas permeability from polymer structure has been developed on the basis of a specific free volume diffusion theory. In this theory, the free volume available per unit mass in a polymer structure controls the rate of gas diffusion and, hence, its rate of permeation. The smaller this specific free volume is, the more difficult the gas diffusion and, thus, the better its barrier to gases becomes. Specifically, the theory predicts a linear relationship between log (permeability) and (−1/specific volume). A number of existing polymers covering six orders of magnitude in CO 2 permeability and O 2 permeability were found to follow this correlation. The specific free volume in a polymer was obtained from group contribution calculations. As a result, the gas permeabilities become predictable from the specific volume in a polymer which, in turn, varies with its molecular structure. The advent of this specific free volume theory for gas permeation simplifies greatly the selection of barrier materials for packaging applications. For a given barrier application, a critical specific free volume is first defined from its gas barrier requirement. The polymer structures having specific free volumes smaller than the critical value are then identified. These are the polymers that would have the necessary barrier performance. By this theory, molecular structures, with string polar‐to‐polar interactions and hydrogen‐bonding forces are found to be good barriers to CO 2 and O 2 .
Towards CMOS-compatible nanophotonics: Ultra-compact modulators using alternative plasmonic materials (2013)

We propose several planar layouts of ultra-compact plasmonic modulators that utilize alternative plasmonic materials such as transparent conducting oxides and titanium nitride. The modulation is achieved by tuning the carrier concentration in a transparent conducting oxide layer into and out of the plasmon resonance with an applied electric field. The resonance significantly increases the absorption coefficient of the modulator, which enables larger modulation depth. We show that an extinction ratio of 46 dB/µm can be achieved, allowing for a 3-dB modulation depth in much less than one micron at the telecommunication wavelength. Our multilayer structures can be integrated with existing plasmonic and photonic waveguides as well as novel semiconductor-based hybrid photonic/electronic circuits.
Investigations into the Origin of the Molecular Recognition of Several Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors (2010)

Inhibitors of adenosine deaminase (ADA, EC 3.5.4.4) are potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of various health disorders. Several highly potent inhibitors were previously identified, yet they exhibit unacceptable toxicities. We performed a SAR study involving a series of C2 or C8 substituted purine-riboside analogues with a view to discover less potent inhibitors with a lesser toxicity. We found that any substitution at C8 position of nebularine resulted in total loss of activity toward calf intestinal ADA. However, several 2-substituted-adenosine, 8-aza-adenosine, and nebularine analogues exhibited inhibitory activity. Specifically, 2-Cl-purine riboside, 8-aza-2-thiohexyl adenosine, 2-thiohexyl adenosine, and 2-MeS-purine riboside were found to be competitive inhibitors of ADA with K(i) values of 25, 22, 6, and 3 μM, respectively. We concluded that electronic parameters are not major recognition determinants of ADA but rather steric parameters. A C2 substituent which fits ADA hydrophobic pocket and improves H-bonding with the enzyme makes a good inhibitor. In addition, a gg rotamer about C4'-C5' bond is apparently an important recognition determinant.
Modular Synthesis of Novel Chiral Phosphorous Triamides Based on (S)‐N‐(Pyrrolidin‐2‐ylmethyl)aniline and Their Application in Asymmetric Catalysis (2009)

Abstract A set of new P‐chiral phosphorous triamides (PTAs) based on the ( S )‐ N ‐(pyrrolidin‐2‐ylmethyl)aniline backbone was prepared by modular synthetic procedures. The chirality at phosphorus can be controlled to a large extent by the synthetic route, and high diastereomeric purities were achieved for most of the reported ligands. This ligand family was evaluated in the copper‐catalysed Michael addition of diethylzinc to cyclohex‐2‐enone, and moderate enantioselectivities were achieved. In the asymmetric nickel‐catalysed hydrovinylation of styrene, good conversions and chemoselectivities, together with promising enantioselectivities of up to 60 %, were obtained with the new PTA ligands even at relatively high reaction temperatures.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Functional analysis of mononuclear cells infiltrating into tumors: lysis of autologous human tumor cells by cultured infiltrating lymphocytes. (1987)

Lymphocytes separated from surgically resected tumor tissue, uninvolved lung tissue, and peripheral blood of lung cancer patients were investigated for cytotoxic potential and analyzed for their phenotypes at the time of surgery and after having been propagated for 4 to 5 wk in the presence of interleukin-2. Most of the tumor lymphocyte infiltrates examined were shown to have a shift in favor of T8 subsets from those found in peripheral blood. No natural killer activity and low cytotoxicity against the autologous tumor were found to characterize the tumor-derived lymphocyte population. Propagation of lymphocytes from the different tissues of the cancer patient in the presence of interleukin-2 preparation induced widespread lytic activity against K562 cells, autologous and allogeneic tumors, but not autologous normal lung or lymphoblasts. However, cytotoxic activity against autologous tumor cells exerted by cultured tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes was found to be significantly higher than the activity of cultured lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood or uninvolved lung tissue of the same patient. The elevated lytic activity of cells derived from the tumor tissue indicates the accumulation at the tumor site of precursors of natural killer-like cells and specifically stimulated antitumor effectors. Our results suggest the coexistence of two types of anti-autotumor cytotoxic lymphocytes at the tumor site: natural killer-like and specific cytotoxic T-cells.
Wortmannin binds specifically to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase while inhibiting guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled receptor signaling in neutrophil leukocytes. (1994)

Wortmannin (WT) and its derivative 17-hydroxywortmannin (HWT) inhibit at nanomolar concentrations superoxide formation and exocytosis in neutrophils stimulated with chemotactic agonists. Treatment of neutrophils with radiolabeled [3H]HWT resulted in specific and saturable binding that paralleled the inhibition of the respiratory burst. Both half-maximal binding and half-maximal inhibition were observed at 5 nM, and > 90% of maximal binding and inhibition was observed at 20 nM HWT. Fluorography of subcellular fractions that were separated on NaDodSO4/PAGE showed that [3H]HWT binds covalently to a 110-kDa cytosolic protein. The WT-binding protein was purified from human neutrophils and bovine brain homogenates by column chromatography. The pure protein was eluted from gel filtration columns with an apparent molecular mass of 200 kDa and showed a heterodimeric structure on Coomassie-stained NaDodSO4/PAGE. In addition to the 110 kDa wortmannin binding protein an equally intense band was seen migrating at 85 kDa. This band was identified on Western blots as p85 alpha, the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase (ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.137). The purified protein contained PI 3-kinase activity that was enriched > 20,000-fold from human neutrophil cytosol during preparation. The data impose a key role for PI 3-kinase-mediated signal transduction through guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled receptors and suggest that 3-phosphorylated inositol phospholipids are important second messengers for immediate responses in neutrophils. Furthermore, the results show that WT is a powerful and selective tool to study the function of PI 3-kinase.
Structural and solvent effects evaluated from acidities measured in dimethyl sulfoxide and in the gas phase (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructural and solvent effects evaluated from acidities measured in dimethyl sulfoxide and in the gas phaseRobert W. Taft and Frederick G. BordwellCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1988, 21, 12, 463–469Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar00156a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00156a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1987Altmetric-Citations195LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
On the BICM Capacity (2010)

Optimal binary labelings, input distributions, and input alphabets are analyzed for the so-called bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) capacity, paying special attention to the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. For 8-ary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and for 0.75 bit/symbol, the folded binary code results in a higher capacity than the binary reflected gray code (BRGC) and the natural binary code (NBC). The 1 dB gap between the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) capacity and the BICM capacity with the BRGC can be almost completely removed if the input symbol distribution is properly selected. First-order asymptotics of the BICM capacity for arbitrary input alphabets and distributions, dimensions, mean, variance, and binary labeling are developed. These asymptotics are used to define first-order optimal (FOO) constellations for BICM, i.e. constellations that make BICM achieve the Shannon limit $-1.59 \tr{dB}$. It is shown that the $\Eb/N_0$ required for reliable transmission at asymptotically low rates in BICM can be as high as infinity, that for uniform input distributions and 8-PAM there are only 72 classes of binary labelings with a different first-order asymptotic behavior, and that this number is reduced to only 26 for 8-ary phase shift keying (PSK). A general answer to the question of FOO constellations for BICM is also given: using the Hadamard transform, it is found that for uniform input distributions, a constellation for BICM is FOO if and only if it is a linear projection of a hypercube. A constellation based on PAM or quadrature amplitude modulation input alphabets is FOO if and only if they are labeled by the NBC; if the constellation is based on PSK input alphabets instead, it can never be FOO if the input alphabet has more than four points, regardless of the labeling.
Disruption of the checkpoint kinase 1/cell division cycle 25A pathway abrogates ionizing radiation-induced S and G 2 checkpoints (2002)

Checkpoint kinase (Chk)1 is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase that was first identified in fission yeast as an essential component of the DNA damage checkpoint. In mice, Chk1 provides an essential function in the absence of environmentally imposed genotoxic stress. Here we show that human cells lacking Chk1 exhibit defects in both the ionizing radiation (IR)-induced S and G(2) checkpoints. In addition, loss of Chk1 resulted in the accumulation of a hypophosphorylated form of the Cdc25A protein phosphatase, and Chk1-deficient cells failed to degrade Cdc25A after IR. The IR-induced S and G(2) checkpoints were partially restored in Chk1-deficient cells when Cdc25A accumulation was interfered with. Finally, Cdc25A was phosphorylated by Chk1 in vitro on similar sites phosphorylated in vivo, including serine-123. These findings indicate that Chk1 directly phosphorylates Cdc25A during an unperturbed cell cycle, and that phosphorylation of Cdc25A by Chk1 is required for cells to delay cell cycle progression in response to double-strand DNA breaks.
Effects of Injecting Calcium Chloride into in Vitro-Matured Porcine Oocytes1 (1996)

In vitro-matured porcine oocytes were given injections of 0.1 M CaCl2 and after 6 h evaluated for signs of early and late activation events. CaCl2 injection caused cortical granule exocytosis in 75% (3 of 4) of the oocytes tested. It also induced cell cycle resumption as monitored by the histone H1 kinase assay: the phosphorylation rate of histone H1 decreased to 36.7% of the original value. Treated oocytes completed meiosis, extruded the second polar body, and progressed to first interphase: 79.4% of them formed one or more pronuclei. The elevated intracellular Ca2+ level resulted in activation-related changes in the protein synthetic profile in 90% (9 of 10) of the oocytes. Furthermore, 14.7% (9 of 61) of the treated oocytes developed to the compact morula/early blastocyst stage after a 7-day culture in ligated porcine oviduct, and one blastocyst hatched from the zona pellucida. Control oocytes given injections of 0.1 M MgCl2 or carrier medium (10 mM Hepes) did not show the changes mentioned. The results strengthen the idea that Ca2+ is a cell messenger that plays a central part in oocyte activation; it is concluded that elevated intracellular Ca2+ level caused by a single injection of CaCl2 leads to both early and late events of porcine oocyte activation.
Integrated-optic Nd:glass laser fabricated by flame hydrolysis deposition using chelates (1991)

We have demonstrated an Nd:glass waveguide laser deposited on a silica substrate by flame hydrolysis deposition using chelates. Continuous-wave lasing at lambda = 1062 nm was verified with a threshold of 143 mW and a slope efficiency of 2.1% when the laser was pumped at 807 nm. The flame hydrolysis deposition process using rare-earth chelates produces low-loss films with high Nd concentration and is suitable for multiple rare-earth doping.
Induction of Uncoupling Protein 2 mRNA in β-Cells Is Stimulated by Oxidation of Fatty Acids But Not by Nutrient Oversupply (2002)

We tested for regulation of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2) in beta-cells in response to fatty acids and glucose. A 48-h culture with oleate (0.2 mM) at 5.5 or 11 mM glucose increased UCP-2 mRNA by 30-60% in INS-1 cells and in rat pancreatic islets. In contrast, oleate was ineffective after coculture at 27 mM glucose, P < 0.05 for difference 5.5 vs. 27 mM glucose. Also, culture with palmitate (0.1 mM) stimulated UCP-2 expression at 5.5 and 11 mM, but not at 27 mM glucose. Glucose per se failed to affect UCP-2 mRNA. Oxidation of [1-(14)C] oleate was increased by culture with oleate; however, this increase was attenuated by glucose during coculture, P < 0.05 for coculture at 5.5 vs. 27 mM glucose. Culture with aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside, an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase, decreased cellular triglycerides, increased postculture [1-(14)C] oleate oxidation, and increased UCP-2 mRNA. Etomoxir, an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, decreased the oleate-induced increase in UCP-2 mRNA. Rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand, affected neither UCP-2 mRNA nor [1-(14)C] oleate oxidation. Antioxidants (vitamin E and sodium selenite) did not affect oleate-induced UCP-2 mRNA. We conclude that: 1) UCP-2 mRNA is induced by fatty acid oxidation in beta-cells; and 2) glucose exerts a modulating effect that is coupled to inhibition of fatty acid oxidation
Melan-A–specific Cytotoxic T Cells Are Associated with Tumor Regression and Autoimmunity Following Treatment with Anti-CTLA-4 (2009)

Our results show that Melan-A may be a major target for both the autoimmune and antitumor reactions in patients treated with anti-CTLA-4, and describe for the first time the antigen specificity of CD8-positive T cells that mediate tumor rejection in a patient undergoing treatment with an anti-CTLA-4 antibody. These findings may allow a better integration of ipilimumab into other forms of immunotherapy.