gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chronic Arsenic Toxicity: Clinical Features, Epidemiology, and Treatment: Experience in West Bengal (2003)

Chronic arsenic toxicity due to drinking arsenic-contaminated water has been one of the worst environmental health hazards affecting eight districts of West Bengal since the early eighties. Detailed clinical examination and investigation of 248 such patients revealed protean clinical manifestations of such toxicity. Over and above hyperpigmentation and keratosis, weakness, anaemia, burning sensation of eyes, solid swelling of legs, liver fibrosis, chronic lung disease, gangrene of toes, neuropathy, and skin cancer are some of the other manifestations. A cross-sectional survey involving 7683 participants of all ages was conducted in an arsenic-affected region between April 1995 and March 1996. Out of a population of 7683 surveyed, 3467 and 4216 people consumed water containing As below and above 0.05 mg/L, respectively. Except pain abdomen the prevalence of all other clinical manifestations tested (e.g., pigmentation, keratosis, hepatomegaly, weakness, nausea, lung disease and neuropathy) were found to be significantly higher in As exposed people (water As > 0.05 mg/L) compared to control population (water As level < 0.05 mg/L). The prevalence of pigmentation and keratosis, hepatomegaly, chronic respiratory disease and weakness rose significantly with increasing arsenic concentrations in drinking water. The respiratory effects were most pronounced in individuals with high arsenic water concentrations who also had skin lesion. Therapy with chelating agent DMSA was not found to be superior to placebo effect. However, therapy with DMPS caused significant improvement of clinical condition of chronic arsenicosis patients as evidenced by significant reduction of total clinical scores from 8.90 +/- 2.84 to 3.27 +/- 1.73; p < 0.0001. Efficacy of specific chelation therapy for patients suffering from chronic As toxicity has further need to be fully substantiated. However, supportive treatment could help in reducing many symptoms of the patients. Treatment in hospital with good nutritious diet has been found to reduce symptom score in a subset of placebo treated patients in West Bengal during the course of DMSA and DMPS trial. People should be advised to stop drinking As contaminated water or exposure to As from any other source. The various clinical manifestations should be treated symptomatically.
Impaired hepatic glycogen synthesis in glucokinase-deficient (MODY-2) subjects. (1996)

All glucokinase gene mutations identified to date have been localized to exons that are common to the pancreatic and hepatic isoforms of the enzyme. While impaired insulin secretion has been observed in glucokinase-deficient subjects the consequences of this mutation on hepatic glucose metabolism remain unknown. To examine this question hepatic glycogen concentration was measured in seven glucokinase-deficient subjects with normal glycosylated hemoglobin and 12 control subjects using 13C nuclear magnetic spectroscopy during a day in which three isocaloric mixed meals were ingested. The relative fluxes of the direct and indirect pathways of hepatic glycogen synthesis were also assessed using [1-13C]glucose in combination with acetaminophen to noninvasively sample the hepatic UDP-glucose pool. Average fasting hepatic glycogen content was similar in glucokinase-deficient and control subjects (279+/-20 vs 284+/-14 mM; mean+/-SEM), and increased in both groups after the meals with a continuous pattern throughout the day. However, the net increment in hepatic glycogen content after each meal was 30-60% lower in glucokinase-deficient than in the control subjects (breakfast, 46% lower, P < 0.02; lunch, 62% lower, P = 0.002; dinner; 30% lower, P = 0.04). The net increment over basal values 4 h after dinner was 105 +/-18 mM in glucokinase-deficient and 148+/-11 mM in control subjects (P = 0.04). In the 4 h after breakfast, flux through the gluconeogenic pathway relative to the direct pathway of hepatic glycogen synthesis was higher in glucokinase-deficient than in control subjects (50+/-2% vs 34+/-5%; P = 0.038). In conclusion glucokinase-deficient subjects have decreased net accumulation of hepatic glycogen and relatively augmented hepatic gluconeogenesis after meals. These results suggest that in addition to the altered beta cell function, abnormalities in liver glycogen metabolism play an important role in the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia in patients with glucokinase-deficient maturity onset diabetes of young.
Scanning fiber endoscopy with highly flexible, 1 mm catheterscopes for wide‐field, full‐color imaging (2010)

In modern endoscopy, wide field of view and full color are considered necessary for navigating inside the body, inspecting tissue for disease and guiding interventions such as biopsy or surgery. Current flexible endoscope technologies suffer from reduced resolution when device diameter shrinks. Endoscopic procedures today, using coherent fiber-bundle technology on the scale of 1 mm, are performed with such poor image quality that the clinician's vision meets the criteria for legal blindness. Here, we review a new and versatile scanning fiber-imaging technology and describe its implementation for ultrathin and flexible endoscopy. This scanning fiber endoscope (SFE) or catheterscope enables high-quality, laser-based, video imaging for ultrathin clinical applications, while also providing new options for in vivo biological research of subsurface tissue and high resolution fluorescence imaging.
T Cell-targeted Immunofusion Proteins from Escherichia coli (1995)

Fusion proteins between cell-targeting domains and cytotoxic proteins should be particularly effective therapeutic reagents. We constructed a family of immunofusion proteins linking humanized Fab, F(ab')2, or single chain antibody forms of the H65 antibody (which recognizes the CD5 antigen on the surface of human T cells) with the plant ribosome-inactivating protein gelonin. We reasoned that such an immunofusion would kill human target cells as efficiently as the previously described chemical conjugates of H65 and gelonin (Better M., Bernhard, S. L., Fishwild, D. M., Nolan, P. A., Bauer, R. J., Kung, A. H. C., and Carroll, S. F. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 9644-9650) if both the recognition and catalytic domains remained active, and a proper linkage between domains could be found. Immunofusion proteins were produced in Escherichia coli as secreted proteins and were recovered directly from the bacterial culture supernatant in an active form. All of the immunofusion proteins were purified by a common process and were tested for cytotoxicity toward antigen-positive human cells. A 20-60-fold range of cytotoxic activity was seen among the fusion family members, and several fusion proteins were identified which are approximately as active as effective chemical conjugates. Based on these constructs, immunofusion avidity and potency can be controlled by appropriate selection of antibody domains and ribosome-inactivating protein.
Construction of Flocculent Yeast Cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by Mating or Protoplast Fusion Using a Yeast Cell Containing the Flocculation GeneFL05 (1990)

Journal Article Construction of Flocculent Yeast Cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by Mating or Protoplast Fusion Using a Yeast Cell Containing the Flocculation Gene FL05 Get access Junji Watari, Junji Watari Brewing Research Laboratories, Sapporo Breweries Ltd., 10 Okatohme, Yaizu-shi, Shizuoka 425, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Masayoshi Kudo, Masayoshi Kudo Okayama Winery, Sapporo Wines Ltd., 1556 Higashikarube, Akaiwa-gun, Okayama 701-22, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Norio Nishikawa, Norio Nishikawa Brewing Research Laboratories, Sapporo Breweries Ltd., 10 Okatohme, Yaizu-shi, Shizuoka 425, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Minoru Kamimura Minoru Kamimura Brewing Research Laboratories, Sapporo Breweries Ltd., 10 Okatohme, Yaizu-shi, Shizuoka 425, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 54, Issue 7, 1 July 1990, Pages 1677–1681, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1990.10870222 Published: 01 July 1990 Article history Received: 10 January 1990 Published: 01 July 1990
The first x-ray lithography beamline at Hefei National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (1990)

An x-ray lithography beamline, the first of six planned at Hefei National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (HESYRL), was completed and installed in the summer of 1989. A scanning mirror, the key optical component of the beamline, is used to cut off shorter wavelength light and to expand the vertical dimension of the exposure beam. It is oscillated by a stepping motor, while an in situ Moiré fringe grating system measures the uniformity of the motor speed. Downstream after the front end section of the beamline, a Be window is used to block longer wavelength light. A laser alignment system is used to align the beamline with a He-Ne laser. A special exposure shutter controlled by a second stepping motor can define the exposure time. An exposure chamber in which the vacuum can reach 5×10−7 Torr is located 7 m downstream from the synchrotron radiation source. Since the chamber does not include a vacuum window, a differential pumping system has been installed upstream from the exposure chamber. Test results of simulation experiments are presented and a plan for the first XRL experiments is given in the paper.
DNA methylation analysis by digital bisulfite genomic sequencing and digital MethyLight (2008)

Alterations in cytosine-5 DNA methylation are frequently observed in most types of human cancer. Although assays utilizing PCR amplification of bisulfite-converted DNA are widely employed to analyze these DNA methylation alterations, they are generally limited in throughput capacity, detection sensitivity, and or resolution. Digital PCR, in which a DNA sample is analyzed in distributive fashion over multiple reaction chambers, allows for enumeration of discrete template DNA molecules, as well as sequestration of non-specific primer annealing templates into negative chambers, thereby increasing the signal-to-noise ratio in positive chambers. Here, we have applied digital PCR technology to bisulfite-converted DNA for single-molecule high-resolution DNA methylation analysis and for increased sensitivity DNA methylation detection. We developed digital bisulfite genomic DNA sequencing to efficiently determine single-basepair DNA methylation patterns on single-molecule DNA templates without an interim cloning step. We also developed digital MethyLight, which surpasses traditional MethyLight in detection sensitivity and quantitative accuracy for low quantities of DNA. Using digital MethyLight, we identified single-molecule, cancer-specific DNA hypermethylation events in the CpG islands of RUNX3, CLDN5 and FOXE1 present in plasma samples from breast cancer patients.
Herbicide Resistance: Definition and Management Strategies (2000)

An herbicide ceases to be a useful tool for farmers when its target weeds develop resistance to its effects. This publication helps you understand resistance: what causes it, and how you can slow or prevent its development.
Ray Tracing on the Cell Processor (2006)

Over the last three decades, higher CPU performance has been achieved almost exclusively by raising the CPU's clock rate. Today, the resulting power consumption and heat dissipation threaten to end this trend, and CPU designers are looking for alternative ways of providing more compute power. In particular, they are looking towards three concepts: a streaming compute model, vector-like SIMD units, and multi-core architectures. One particular example of such an architecture is the cell broadband engine architecture (CBEA), a multi-core processor that offers a raw compute power of up to 200 GFlops per 3.2 GHz chip. The cell bears a huge potential for compute-intensive applications like ray tracing, but also requires addressing the challenges caused by this processor's unconventional architecture. In this paper, we describe an implementation of realtime ray tracing on a cell. Using a combination of low-level optimized kernel routines, a streaming software architecture, explicit caching, and a virtual software-hyperthreading approach to hide DMA latencies, we achieve for a single cell a pure ray tracing performance of nearly one order of magnitude over that achieved by a commodity CPU
Fireball: a forensic ballistics imaging system (2002)

Characteristic markings on the cartridge and projectile of a bullet are produced when a gun is fired. Over thirty different features within these markings can be distinguished, which in combination produce a "fingerprint" for identification of a firearm. This paper will describe an investigation into the development of an imaging system for Police Services which can store, analyse, retrieve, and match high resolution digital images of cartridge cases. A computerised imaging system for ballistics identification will produce efficiencies in time and personnel, and permit a more precise audit of firearms within a country. The project has produced good quality high resolution digitised images of cartridge cases for the identification function. The development of the optical system to optimise image quality has been crucial for the image identification phase. By classifying cartridge image attributes, it is possible to store the unique "signatures" of cartridge cases for identification. Appropriate image processing provides the signatures for the image library. The Fireball forensic ballistics interactive database incorporates a Graphics User Interface (GUI) to obtain precise ballistics metrics of cartridge case class characteristics. Features of the Fireball forensic ballistics database will be presented, together with a description of the major applications of this ballistics imaging system.
High resolution methylation analysis of the FMR1 gene trinucleotide repeat region in fragile X syndrome (1993)

Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation in man. The disease is associated with expansion in the number of tandem CGG trinucleotide repeats in the 5' untranslated region of the human FMR1 gene. Transmitting males, individuals who are unaffected carriers of the disease, show a moderate increase in the number of repeat units, while fully penetrant males show a major expansion in repeat number. Major expansion of the repeat in affected males is correlated with methylation of certain restriction enzyme recognition sites in the 5' CpG island containing the trinucleotide repeat in these patients. Phenotypic expression of the mutation appears to be due to transcriptional silencing of the FMR1 gene. We now report direct high resolution methylation analysis of the trinucleotide repeat and its flanking regions using ligation-mediated PCR genomic sequencing. We find the cytosine residue of all CpG dinucleotides examined within and surrounding the FMR1 trinucleotide repeat to be unmethylated in the DNA of normal male leukocytes and transmitting male lymphoblasts; these same cytosines are methylated in affected male lymphoblasts, in a somatic cell hybrid containing a fragile X chromosome from an affected male, and in a somatic cell hybrid containing a normal inactive X chromosome. The methylation pattern of the FMR1 5' CpG island in affected patients as determined by genomic sequencing is remarkably similar to that seen for the X-linked human phosphoglycerate kinase and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene 5' CpG islands on the inactive human X chromosome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Atmospheric Pressure Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2000)

A novel ionization source for biological mass spectrometry is described that combines atmospheric pressure (AP) ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). The transfer of the ions from the atmospheric pressure ionization region to the high vacuum is pneumatically assisted (PA) by a stream of nitrogen, hence the acronym PA-AP MALDI. PA-AP MALDI is readily interchangeable with electrospray ionization on an orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight (oaTOF) mass spectrometer. Sample preparation is identical to that for conventional vacuum MALDI and uses the same matrix compounds, such as alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid. The performance of this ion source on the oaTOF mass spectrometer is compared with that of conventional vacuum MALDI-TOF for the analysis of peptides. PA-AP MALDI can detect low femtomole amounts of peptides in mixtures with good signal-to-noise ratio and with less discrimination for the detection of individual peptides in a protein digest. Peptide ions produced by this method generally exhibit no metastable fragmentation, whereas an oligosaccharide ionized by PA-AP MALDI shows several structurally diagnostic fragment ions. Total sample consumption is higher for PA-AP MALDI than for vacuum MALDI, as the transfer of ions into the vacuum system is relatively inefficient. This ionization method is able to produce protonated molecular ions for small proteins such as insulin, but these tend to form clusters with the matrix material. Limitations of the oaTOF mass spectrometer for singly charged high-mass ions make it difficult to evaluate the ionization of larger proteins.
Radio determination satellite service (1990)

The capabilities and measured performance of a geosynchronous satellite-based service called the radio determination satellite service (RDSS), which operates at radio frequencies allocated by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and is licensed in the United States by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), are discussed. Plans for both improvement in capability and expansion to nearly global coverage are described. Since RDSS can also provide radio navigation, some comparisons of this service with the Global Positioning System (GPS) are made.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Yeast telomerase RNA: A flexible scaffold for protein subunits (2004)

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, distinct regions of the 1.2-kb telomerase RNA (TLC1) bind to the catalytic subunit Est2p and to accessory proteins. In particular, a bulged stem structure binds the essential regulatory subunit Est1p. We now show that the Est1p-binding domain of the RNA can be moved to three distant locations with retention of telomerase function in vivo. We present the Est1p relocation experiment in the context of a working model for the secondary structure of the entire TLC1 RNA, based on thermodynamic considerations and comparative analysis of sequences from four species. The model for TLC1 has three long quasihelical arms that bind the Ku, Est1p, and Sm proteins. These arms emanate from a central catalytic core that contains the template and Est2p-binding region. Deletion mutagenesis provides evidence that the Sm arm exists in vivo and can be shortened by 42 predicted base pairs with retention of function; therefore, precise positioning of Sm proteins, like Est1p, is not required within telomerase. In the best-studied ribonucleoprotein enzyme, the ribosome, the RNAs have specific three-dimensional structures that orient the functional elements. In the case of yeast telomerase, we propose that the RNA serves a very different function, providing a flexible tether for the protein subunits.
Toward an understanding of the biochemical and pharmacological complexity of the saliva of a hematophagous sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (1999)

The saliva of blood-sucking arthropods contains powerful pharmacologically active substances and may be a vaccine target against some vector-borne diseases. Subtractive cloning combined with biochemical approaches was used to discover activities in the salivary glands of the hematophagous fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Sequences of nine full-length cDNA clones were obtained, five of which are possibly associated with blood-meal acquisition, each having cDNA similarity to: (i) the bed bug Cimex lectularius apyrase, (ii) a 5'-nucleotidase/phosphodiesterase, (iii) a hyaluronidase, (iv) a protein containing a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD), and (v) a RGD-containing peptide with no significant matches to known proteins in the BLAST databases. Following these findings, we observed that the salivary apyrase activity of L. longipalpis is indeed similar to that of Cimex apyrase in its metal requirements. The predicted isoelectric point of the putative apyrase matches the value found for Lutzomyia salivary apyrase. A 5'-nucleotidase, as well as hyaluronidase activity, was found in the salivary glands, and the CRD-containing cDNA matches the N-terminal sequence of the HPLC-purified salivary anticlotting protein. A cDNA similar to alpha-amylase was discovered and salivary enzymatic activity demonstrated for the first time in a blood-sucking arthropod. Full-length clones were also found coding for three proteins of unknown function matching, respectively, the N-terminal sequence of an abundant salivary protein, having similarity to the CAP superfamily of proteins and the Drosophila yellow protein. Finally, two partial sequences are reported that match possible housekeeping genes. Subtractive cloning will considerably enhance efforts to unravel the salivary pharmacopeia of blood-sucking arthropods.
Pulmonary changes in rats following administration of 3-methylindole in cremophore EL. (1988)

3-methylindole (3-MI) dissolved in the lipophilic carrier Cremophore EL was administered intraperitoneally to male, twelve-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Gross and histopathologic changes in the lungs were studied using light microscopy at three time-periods following administration: 16, 24, and 46 hours. Both 3-MI and Cremophore caused changes in bronchiolar epithelium at 16 hours. By 46 hours, Cremophore-injected rats showed no effects of the carrier; whereas, 3-MI rats showed severe lung changes characterized by airway epithelial and pulmonary vascular endothelial necrosis and sloughing, cellular infiltration by lymphocytes and macrophages, perivascular edema, alveolar edema, and lymph stasis. Grossly, the controls showed no effect of the carrier and none died during the studies. In contrast, 3-MI injected rats quickly became lethargic and displayed tachypnea, anorexia, and progressive respiratory distress. Two of five 3-MI rats in the final group died just prior to 46 hours. All of this group had grossly congested lungs and marked pleural effusion. The lesions and time course showed similarities to those observed in ruminants and mice. We conclude that 3-MI in Cremophore causes an acute progressive pneumonitis in rats and suggest that the rats may be a suitable model for 3-MI-induced and similar toxic lung diseases in domestic animals and people.