gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Chemical Permeation Enhancers on Nerve Blockade (2008)

Chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) have the potential to improve access of local anesthetics to the nerve, thereby improving nerve block performance. We assessed the effects of six CPEs on nerve blockade from tetrodotoxin (TTX) and from bupivacaine. Each of the six surfactants, representing three CPE subgroups (anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants) was coinjected with TTX or bupivacaine at the sciatic nerve of Sprague-Dawley rats. Myotoxicity of CPEs, alone and with TTX, was assessed in vitro in C2C12 myotubes and in vivo via histological analysis. All enhancers produced marked concentration-dependent improvements in the frequency and duration of block with TTX but not bupivacaine. An in vitro toxicity assay showed a wide range of CPE myotoxicity, but in vivo histological assessment showed no signs of muscle or nerve damage at concentrations of CPEs that produced a half-maximal increase in the duration of block of TTX (except in the case of the cationic surfactant DDAB). This study demonstrates that CPEs can provide marked prolongation of nerve blockade from TTX but not bupivacaine, without apparent local tissue toxicity. These results may enhance the clinical applicability of TTX for prolonged-duration local anesthesia.
A 5mm2 40nm LP CMOS 0.1-to-3GHz multistandard transceiver (2010)

The trend in wireless communication where terminals give their users ubiquitous access to a multitude of services drives the development of Software-Defined Radio (SDR) in deeply scaled CMOS. This is enhanced with the advent of LTE, a standard that is inherently so flexible that an SDR is its most economical implementation. This work presents an answer to that need with the development of a complete transceiver with RF, baseband and data converter circuits in 40nm LP CMOS.
Abstractive Sentence Summarization with Attentive Recurrent Neural Networks (2016)

Abstractive Sentence Summarization generates a shorter version of a given sentence while attempting to preserve its meaning. We introduce a conditional recurrent neural network (RNN) which generates a summary of an input sentence. The conditioning is provided by a novel convolutional attention-based encoder which ensures that the decoder focuses on the appropriate input words at each step of generation. Our model relies only on learned features and is easy to train in an end-to-end fashion on large data sets. Our experiments show that the model significantly outperforms the recently proposed state-of-the-art method on the Gigaword corpus while performing competitively on the DUC-2004 shared task.
Analysis of ammonia loss mechanisms in microbial fuel cells treating animal wastewater (2007)

Ammonia losses during swine wastewater treatment were examined using single- and two-chambered microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Ammonia removal was 60% over 5 days for a single-chamber MFC with the cathode exposed to air (air-cathode), versus 69% over 13 days from the anode chamber in a two-chamber MFC with a ferricyanide catholyte. In both types of systems, ammonia losses were accelerated with electricity generation. For the air-cathode system, our results suggest that nitrogen losses during electricity generation were increased due to ammonia volatilization with conversion of ammonium ion to the more volatile ammonia species as a result of an elevated pH near the cathode (where protons are consumed). This loss mechanism was supported by abiotic tests (applied voltage of 1.1 V). In a two-chamber MFC, nitrogen losses were primarily due to ammonium ion diffusion through the membrane connecting the anode and cathode chambers. This loss was higher with electricity generation as the rate of ammonium transport was increased by charge transfer across the membrane. Ammonia was not found to be used as a substrate for electricity generation, as intermittent ammonia injections did not produce power. The ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea was found on the cathode electrode of the single-chamber system, supporting evidence of biological nitrification, but anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were not detected by molecular analyses. It is concluded that ammonia losses from the anode chamber were driven primarily by physical-chemical factors that are increased with electricity generation, although some losses may occur through biological nitrification and denitrification.
A Case Study Using Automatic Performance Tuning for Large-Scale Scientific Programs (2006)

Active Harmony is an automated runtime performance tuning system. In this paper we describe several case studies of using Active Harmony to improve the performance for scientific libraries and applications. We improved the tuning mechanism so it can work iteratively with benchmarking runs. By tuning the computation and data distribution, Active Harmony helps applications that utilize the PETSc library to achieve better load balance and to reduce the execution time up to 18%. For the climate simulation application POP using 480 processors, the tuning results show that by changing the block size and parameter values, the execution time is reduced up to 16.7%. Active Harmony is able to improve GS2, a plasma physics code, up to a factor of 5.1 times faster. The experiment results show that the Active Harmony system is a feasible and useful tool to automated performance tuning for scientific libraries and applications
Hyaluronidase-induced periodic modulation of the interstitial fluid pressure increases selective antibody uptake in human osteosarcoma xenografts. (2001)

Periodic modulation of the elevated interstitial fluid pressure might improve filtration and uptake of tumor-targeting macromolecules (e.g. radioimmunoconjugates) in solid tumors. Cycling of the tumor interstitial fluid pressure was initiated by intratumoral injections of bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH, 1,600 U) in osteosarcoma-bearing nude mice. BTH injection was repeated at 3-day intervals up to 9 days, in conjunction with tail vein injections of 125I-labeled TP-3 monoclonal antibody against an osteosarcoma-associated antigen (n = 9) or non-specific 125I-labeled UPC-10 antibody (n = 9). Control mice received intratumoral injections of phosphate buffered saline (n = 18). The radioactivities of tumor and normal tissues (blood, liver, kidney and spleen) were measured and compared between the different groups. BTH injections increased the tumor uptake of specific 125I-labeled TP-3 significantly by approximately 70% in mice receiving 3 fractions compared to 1-2 fractions of the antibody (p < 0.05). The tumor/normal tissue ratio in mice receiving 3 fractions of 125I-labeled TP-3 (n = 5) was significantly higher for all tissues, compared with mice receiving 1-2 fractions (n = 4) (p < 0.05). Control injections did not affect the tumor/blood ratio, but increased the uptake of 125I-labeled TP-3 significantly in kidney and spleen (p < 0.05). Also, BTH reduced the uptake of 125I-labeled UPC-10 in tumor and liver by approximately 20% compared with controls (p < 0.05). The results indicate that periodic lowering of the tumor interstitial fluid pressure might increase the specificity of blood-borne monoclonal antibodies to solid tumors in vivo.
CODING FOR CONTENT-BASED RETRIEVAL (2005)

We define a data structure called a web together with an algorithm to choose scale-space atoms for representing an image. The corresponding wavelet coefficients (of the atoms chosen using this method) have useful properties which lead to (i) the definition of a stochastic process for representing images and (ii) an efficient image compression algorithm. The advantage of our image compression algorithm is that the computational requirement is very low. The stochastic process is useful in a theoretical sense because it gives us a framework in which to understand images and certain image compression algorithms.
Comparison of mobility-limiting mechanisms in high-mobility Si1−xGex heterostructures (1993)

Relaxed Si1−xGex buffers on Si have yielded record low-temperature mobilities for both electrons and holes in the Si–Ge system. We analyze various limitations on this mobility, including scattering from remote dopants, background impurities, interface roughness, alloy fluctuations, and the specific strain, morphology, and threading dislocations expected for relaxed alloy buffers. Comparison with experiments eliminates all but the first four as potential limitations on the mobility.
High-radix modular multiplication for cryptosystems (2002)

Two algorithms for modular multiplication with very large moduli are analyzed specifically for their applicability when a high radix is used for the multiplier. Both algorithms perform modulo reductions interleaved with the addition of partial products; one algorithm is using the standard residue system, whereas the other utilizes a nonstandard system using reductions modulo a power of the base. The emphasis is on situations, as in cryptosystems, where modular exponentiation is to be realized by many repeated modular multiplications on very large operands, e.g., for cryptosystems with key lengths of 500-1000 b.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Purification and characterization of placental heparanase and its expression by cultured cytotrophoblasts (1996)

The role of different extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading enzymes in the normal functioning of the placenta is well documented. Heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) is an integral constituent of the placental and decidual ECM. Because this proteoglycan specifically interacts with various macromolecules in the ECM, its degradation may disassemble the matrix. Hence, in the case of the placenta, this may facilitate normal placentation and trophoblast invasion. Crude placental specimens were collected from first and third trimester placentas. Heparanase (endo-beta-glucuronidase) was isolated and purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by sequential chromatographies on carboxymethyl-, heparin- and ConA-Sepharose columns. The placental enzyme was further characterized for its molecular weight and specific inhibition by heparin, and was shown to resemble heparanase expressed by highly metastatic tumor cells and activated cells of the immune system. In order to locate the source of heparanase activity in the placenta, primary cytotrophoblast cultures were established. Intact cells, as well as conditioned medium and cell lysates, were analysed for heparanase activity using metabolically sulphate-labelled ECM as a natural substrate. Heparanase was highly active in lysates of cytotrophoblasts. This activity was also expressed by intact cytotrophoblasts seeded on ECM, but no activity could be detected in the culture medium. Incubation of the cytotrophoblasts in contact with ECM resulted in release of ECM-bound basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). We propose that the cytotrophoblastic heparanase facilitates placentation, through cytotrophoblast extravasation and localized neovascularization.
Detection and treatment of dysfunctional hemodialysis access grafts: effect of a surveillance program on graft patency and the incidence of thrombosis. (1996)

The hemodialysis graft surveillance program resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of graft thrombosis. Although primary patency rates after PTA were low, repeated PTA of detected stenoses allowed good primary assisted patency rates.
Overexpressed HER2 in NSCLC is a possible therapeutic target of EGFR inhibitors. (2011)

HER2 seems to be a valid therapeutic target of EGFR inhibitors in HER2-addicted lung carcinomas, and soluble HER2 may be an effective biomarker to guide the appropriate treatment of such cancer cells.
Major histocompatibility complex heavy chain accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum of oligodendrocytes results in myelin abnormalities (2000)

The immune cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is believed to be a key agent in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated demyelinating disorders. We have examined the possibility that one effect of this cytokine involves overloading the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of oligodendrocytes through the induction of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I heavy chain (HC) gene expression. For these studies, we have utilized several genetic mouse models that yield different subcellular localizations of HC in oligodendrocytes. We show that transgenic mice that ectopically express HC in oligodendrocytes (MBP/MHC class I mice) fail to transport HC past the ER. These mice are hypomyelinated and have a tremoring phenotype. When oligodendrocytes deficient in beta-2 microglobulin (β2m), which is required for MHC class I assembly and transport, were treated with IFN-γ in vitro, HC was transported past the ER to the trans-Golgi network but not onto the cell surface. When an asymptomatic line of mice that expresses MHC class I in the CNS due to transgene-derived IFN-γ (MBP/IFN-γ mice) was crossed onto the β2m-/- background, the resulting mice were asymptomatic. In contrast, increasing the amount of MHC class I protein transported through the ER in MBP/MHC class I transgenic mice, by crossing them to the asymptomatic MBP/IFN-γ mice, exacerbated their phenotype. Taken together, these data indicate that the ER is a sensitive site in oligodendrocytes for accumulation of MHC class I HC and suggest a molecular mechanism for IFN-γ's deleterious effects on these cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 2:160–169, 2000 © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Allergen‐antibody complexes can efficiently prevent seasonal rhinitis and asthma in grass pollen, hypersensitive patients (1991)

We have prepared antigen-antibody complexes from grass pollen allergens and autologous specific antibodies isolated by immunoadsorption from the serum of allergic patients. These complexes were inoculated into patients in a double-blind trial to evaluate their effect on grass pollen-related rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Thirty-eight grass pollen-hypersensitive patients were allocated to three groups; patients in the first two groups were treated with antigen-antibody complexes at different ratios and dosages and were compared with the third group who received the placebo carrier buffer alone. In addition, we treated a fourth group who had already received antigen-antibody complex inoculation during the previous pollen season. Injections were given every 2 weeks during the pollen season, starting 5 weeks prior to it. Tolerance was excellent with no signs of local or systemic side effects. The treatment prevented nasal symptoms while enabling the patients to reduce antihistamine intake. Bronchial asthma was virtually absent in the treated groups even though no bronchodilators or corticosteroids had to be taken. Specific IgE antibodies did not increase during the pollen season nor did IgG "blocking" antibodies. Inoculation of allergen-antibody complexes could provide a valuable alternative for the treatment of immediate hypersensitivity to airborne allergens as it appears to be safe and rapidly efficacious. This treatment offers several advantages compared to conventional hyposensitization and is characterized by the absence of an increase in specific IgG antibodies.
Enzyme-Replacement Therapy in Mucopolysaccharidosis I (2001)

In patients with mucopolysaccharidosis I, treatment with recombinant human alpha-L-iduronidase reduces lysosomal storage in the liver and ameliorates some clinical manifestations of the disease.
Residual breast cancers after conventional therapy display mesenchymal as well as tumor-initiating features (2009)

Some breast cancers have been shown to contain a small fraction of cells characterized by CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) cell-surface antigen profile that have high tumor-initiating potential. In addition, breast cancer cells propagated in vitro as mammospheres (MSs) have also been shown to be enriched for cells capable of self-renewal. In this study, we have defined a gene expression signature common to both CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) and MS-forming cells. To examine its clinical significance, we determined whether tumor cells surviving after conventional treatments were enriched for cells bearing this CD44(+)/CD24(-/low)-MS signature. The CD44(+)/CD24(-/low)-MS signature was found mainly in human breast tumors of the recently identified "claudin-low" molecular subtype, which is characterized by expression of many epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT)-associated genes. Both CD44(+)/CD24(-/low)-MS and claudin-low signatures were more pronounced in tumor tissue remaining after either endocrine therapy (letrozole) or chemotherapy (docetaxel), consistent with the selective survival of tumor-initiating cells posttreatment. We confirmed an increased expression of mesenchymal markers, including vimentin (VIM) in cytokeratin-positive epithelial cells metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), in two separate sets of postletrozole vs. pretreatment specimens. Taken together, these data provide supporting evidence that the residual breast tumor cell populations surviving after conventional treatment may be enriched for subpopulations of cells with both tumor-initiating and mesenchymal features. Targeting proteins involved in EMT may provide a therapeutic strategy for eliminating surviving cells to prevent recurrence and improve long-term survival in breast cancer patients.
A central role for spinal dorsal horn neurons that express neurokinin-1 receptors in chronic itch (2015)

We investigated roles for spinal neurons expressing the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) and/or gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) in a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced chronic atopic dermatitis. Mice receiving repeated topical application of OVA exhibited atopic-like skin lesions and behavioral signs of chronic itch including spontaneous scratching, touch-evoked scratching (alloknesis), and enhancement of chloroquine-evoked scratching (hyperknesis). Substance P-saporin (SP-SAP) and bombesin-saporin (BB-SAP) were intrathecally injected into OVA-sensitized mice to neurotoxically ablate NK1R- or GRPR-expressing spinal neurons, respectively. SP-SAP diminished the expression of NK1R in the superficial spinal dorsal horn and significantly attenuated all behavioral signs of chronic itch. BB-SAP reduced the spinal dorsal horn expression of GRPR and significantly attenuated hyperknesis, with no effect on spontaneous scratching or alloknesis. To investigate whether NK1R-expressing spinal neurons project in ascending somatosensory pathways, we performed a double-label study. The retrograde tracer, Fluorogold (FG), was injected into either the somatosensory thalamus or lateral parabrachial nucleus. In the upper cervical (C1-2) spinal cord, most neurons retrogradely labeled with FG were located in the dorsomedial aspect of the superficial dorsal horn. Of FG-labeled spinal neurons, 89% to 94% were double labeled for NK1R. These results indicate that NK1R-expressing spinal neurons play a major role in the expression of symptoms of chronic itch and give rise to ascending somatosensory projections. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-expressing spinal neurons contribute to hyperknesis but not to alloknesis or ongoing itch. NK1R-expressing spinal neurons represent a potential target to treat chronic itch.
CMOS DNA Sensor Array With Integrated A/D Conversion Based on Label-Free Capacitance Measurement (2006)

This paper presents a fully electronic label-free DNA chip in 0.5-mum CMOS technology, with 5-V supply voltage, suitable for low-cost highly integrated applications. The chip features an array of 128 sensor sites with gold electrodes and integrated measurement, conditioning, multiplexing and analog-to-digital conversion circuitry. The circuits measure capacitance variations due to DNA hybridization on the gold electrodes which are bio-modified by covalently attaching probes of known sequence. Specificity, repeatability and parallel detection capability of the fabricated chip are successfully demonstrated
A Review of Adverse Cutaneous Drug Reactions Resulting from the Use of Interferon and Ribavirin (2009)

Drug-induced cutaneous eruptions are named among the most common side effects of many medications. Thus, cutaneous drug eruptions are a common cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in hospital settings. The present article reviews different presentations of drug-induced cutaneous eruptions, with a focus on eruptions reported secondary to the use of interferon and ribavirin. Presentations include injection site reactions, psoriasis, eczematous drug reactions, alopecia, sarcoidosis, lupus, fixed drug eruptions, pigmentary changes and lichenoid eruptions. Also reviewed are findings regarding life-threatening systemic drug reactions.
A mechanism for the antiinflammatory effects of corticosteroids: the glucocorticoid receptor regulates leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and expression of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1. (1992)

Corticosteroids are the preeminent antiinflammatory agents although the molecular mechanisms that impart their efficacy have not been defined. The endothelium plays a critical role in inflammation by directing circulating leukocytes into extravascular tissues by expressing adhesive molecules for leukocytes [e.g., endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)]. We therefore determined whether corticosteroids suppress inflammation by inhibiting endothelial expression of adhesion molecules for neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes). Preincubation of endothelial cells with endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 1 microgram/ml] led to a 4-fold increase in subsequent adherence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (P < 0.0001, n = 10) to endothelial cells, an increase that was markedly attenuated when endothelial cells were treated with dexamethasone (IC50 < 1 nM, P < 0.0001, n = 6 or 7) during preincubation with LPS. Moreover, the steroid receptor agonist cortisol (10 microM), but not its inactive metabolite tetrahydrocortisol (10 microM), diminished LPS-induced endothelial cell adhesiveness. Further evidence that the action of dexamethasone was mediated through ligation of corticosteroid receptors [human glucocorticoid receptors (hGRs)] was provided by experiments utilizing the steroid antagonist RU-486. RU-486 (10 microM), which prevents translocation of ligated hGR to the nucleus by inhibiting dissociation of hGR from heat shock protein 90, completely aborted the effect of dexamethasone on adhesiveness of endothelial cells (P < 0.0005, n = 3). Treatment of endothelial cells with LPS (1 microgram/ml) stimulated transcription of ELAM-1, as shown by Northern blot analysis, and expression of membrane-associated ELAM-1 and ICAM-1, as shown by quantitative immunofluorescence (both P < 0.001, n = 9). Dexamethasone markedly inhibited LPS-stimulated accumulation of mRNA for ELAM-1 and expression of ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 (IC50 < 10 nM, both P < 0.001, n = 4-9); inhibition of expression by dexamethasone was reversed by RU-486 (both P < 0.005, n = 4-6). As in the adhesion studies, cortisol but not tetrahydrocortisol inhibited expression of ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 (both P < 0.005, n = 3 or 4). In contrast, sodium salicylate (1 mM) inhibited neither adhesion nor expression of these adhesion molecules. These studies suggest that antagonism by dexamethasone of endotoxin-induced inflammation is a specific instance of the general biological principle that the glucocorticoid receptor is a hormone-dependent regulator of transcription.