gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Remodeling of Carotid Arteries Detected with MR Imaging: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Carotid MRI Study (2010)

Atherosclerotic thickening in the ICA appears to be accommodated for vessels with a maximum wall thickness of less than 1.5 mm. Beyond this threshold, greater thickness is associated with a smaller lumen. The CCA appears to accommodate a wall thickness of less than 2.0 mm. These estimates indicate that the carotid arteries are able to compensate for a greater degree of thickening than are the coronary arteries.
Optical control of molecular dynamics: Molecular cannons, reflectrons, and wave-packet focusers (1993)

We consider the control of molecular dynamics using tailored light fields, based on a phase space theory of control [Y. J. Yan et al., J. Phys. Chem. 97, 2320 (1993)]. This theory enables us to calculate, in the weak field (one-photon) limit, the globally optimal light field that produces the best overlap for a given phase space target. We present as an illustrative example the use of quantum control to overcome the natural tendency of quantum wave packets to delocalize on excited state potential energy curves. Three cases are studied: (i) a ‘‘molecular cannon’’ in which we focus an outgoing continuum wave packet of I2 in both position and momentum, (ii) a ‘‘reflectron’’ in which we focus an incoming bound wave packet of I2, and (iii) the focusing of a bound wave packet of Na2 at a turning point on the excited state potential using multiple light pulses to create a localized wave packet with zero momentum. For each case, we compute the globally optimal light field and also how well the wave packet produced by this light field achieves the desired target. These globally optimal fields are quite simple and robust. While our theory provides the globally optimal light field in the linear, weak field regime, experiment can in reality only provide a restricted universe of possible light fields. We therefore also consider the control of molecular quantum dynamics using light fields restricted to a parametrized functional form which spans a set of fields that can be experimentally realized. We fit the globally optimal electric field with a functional form consisting of a superposition of subpulses with variable parameters of amplitude, center time, center frequency, temporal width, relative phase, and linear and quadratic chirp. The best fit light fields produce excellent quantum control and are within the range of experimental possibility. We discuss relevant experiments such as ultrafast spectroscopy and ultrafast electron and x-ray diffraction which can in principle detect these focused wave packets.
Holographic display for see-through augmented reality using mirror-lens holographic optical element (2016)

A holographic display system for realizing a three-dimensional optical see-through augmented reality (AR) is proposed. A multi-functional holographic optical element (HOE), which simultaneously performs the optical functions of a mirror and a lens, is adopted in the system. In the proposed method, a mirror that is used to guide the light source into a reflection type spatial light modulator (SLM) and a lens that functions as Fourier transforming optics are recorded on a single holographic recording material by utilizing an angular multiplexing technique of volume hologram. The HOE is transparent and performs the optical functions just for Bragg matched condition. Therefore, the real-world scenes that are usually distorted by a Fourier lens or an SLM in the conventional holographic display can be observed without visual disturbance by using the proposed mirror-lens HOE (MLHOE). Furthermore, to achieve an optimized optical recording condition of the MLHOE, the optical characteristics of the holographic material are measured. The proposed holographic AR display system is verified experimentally.
Acute Toxicity in Rats of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Given via the Intratracheal Route (1992)

1. The approximate lethal dose (ALD) of six chlorinated hydrocarbons via the intratracheal route has been determined in rats and compared with published oral LD50 values. 2. The compounds tested in this study were dichloromethane, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and ethylene dichloride. 3. A method of administering the materials intratracheally to unanaesthetized animals was developed. 4. The intratracheal ALD of the chlorinated hydrocarbons ranged from 3.1 to 17.5% of the oral LD50 and death was peracute. 5. Aspiration of chlorinated hydrocarbons may present more of a hazard than oral toxicity and should be considered when rendering first aid or emergency medical treatment.
Impact of host cell line choice on glycan profile (2017)

Protein glycosylation is post-translational modification (PTM) which is important for pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity of recombinant glycoprotein therapeutics. As a result of variations in monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkages and glycan branching, glycosylation introduces considerable complexity and heterogeneity to therapeutics. The host cell line used to produce the glycoprotein has a strong influence on the glycosylation because different host systems may express varying repertoire of glycosylation enzymes and transporters that contributes to specificity and heterogeneity in glycosylation profiles. In this review, we discuss the types of host cell lines currently used for recombinant therapeutic production, their glycosylation potential and the resultant impact on glycoprotein properties. In addition, we compare the reported glycosylation profiles of four recombinant glycoproteins: immunoglobulin G (IgG), coagulation factor VII (FVII), erythropoietin (EPO) and alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) produced in different mammalian cells to establish the influence of mammalian host cell lines on glycosylation.
Nestin Expression in Adult and Developing Human Kidney (2007)

Nestin is considered a marker of neurogenic and myogenic precursor cells. Its arrangement is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), which is expressed in murine podocytes. We investigated nestin expression in human adult and fetal kidney as well as CDK5 presence in adult human podocytes. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that adult glomeruli display nestin immunoreactivity in vimentin-expressing cells with the podocyte morphology and not in cells bearing the endothelial marker CD31. Glomerular nestin-positive cells were CDK5 immunoreactive as well. Western blotting of the intermediate filament-enriched cytoskeletal fraction and coimmunoprecipitation of nestin with anti-CDK5 antibodies confirmed these results. Nestin was also detected in developing glomeruli within immature podocytes and a few other cells. Confocal microscopy of experiments conducted with antibodies against nestin and endothelial markers demonstrated that endothelial cells belonging to capillaries invading the lower cleft of S-shaped bodies and the immature glomeruli were nestin immunoreactive. Similar experiments carried out with antibodies raised against nestin and alpha-smooth muscle actin showed that the first mesangial cells that populate the developing glomeruli expressed nestin. In conclusion, nestin is expressed in the human kidney from the first steps of glomerulogenesis within podocytes, mesangial, and endothelial cells. This expression, restricted to podocytes in mature glomeruli, appears associated with CDK5.
Hypophosphorylation of Aqueous Humor sCD44 and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (2005)

POAG aqueous is characterized by posttranslational change in the pI of sCD44 and hypophosphorylation, which clearly distinguished POAG from normal aqueous humor. The high toxicity and low HA-binding affinity of hypophosphorylated sCD44 may represent specific pathophysiologic features of the POAG disease process.
Multi-document abstractive summarization using ILP based multi-sentence compression (2016)

Abstractive summarization is an ideal form of summarization since it can synthesize information from multiple documents to create concise informative summaries. In this work, we aim at developing an abstractive summarizer. First, our proposed approach identifies the most important document in the multi-document set. The sentences in the most important document are aligned to sentences in other documents to generate clusters of similar sentences. Second, we generate K-shortest paths from the sentences in each cluster using a word-graph structure. Finally, we select sentences from the set of shortest paths generated from all the clusters employing a novel integer linear programming (ILP) model with the objective of maximizing information content and readability of the final summary. Our ILP model represents the shortest paths as binary variables and considers the length of the path, information score and linguistic quality score in the objective function. Experimental results on the DUC 2004 and 2005 multi-document summarization datasets show that our proposed approach outperforms all the baselines and state-of-the-art extractive summarizers as measured by the ROUGE scores. Our method also outperforms a recent abstractive summarization technique. In manual evaluation, our approach also achieves promising results on informativeness and readability.
Human peripheral blood dendritic cell subsets. Isolation and characterization of precursor and mature antigen-presenting cells. (1994)

Dendritic cells (DC) are the major APC capable of stimulating resting T cells in human peripheral blood (PB). Recent evidence suggested that various subsets of DC and monocytes might circulate in human PB, but their exact phenotype and function had not been delineated. We have previously characterized a population of human PB DC precursors that express the myeloid marker CD33, but not the monocyte marker CD14. To identify and characterize further functional myeloid APC subsets, triple color FACS analysis and sorting was used. A CD33dimCD14dimCD16+ monocyte subset, with similar APC function but less efficient accessory function than CD14bright monocytes, was isolated. In addition to the CD33+CD14dimCD16- DC precursors, a smaller population (0.1 to 0.2% of PBMC) of CD33brightCD14dimCD16- cells with potent APC function was identified. This DC population expressed greater amounts of MHC class II, adhesion, and accessory molecules, and demonstrated a greater costimulatory capacity when freshly isolated than CD33dimCD14dim DC precursors, and therefore had the characteristics of mature, possibly tissue-derived DC. When freshly isolated, however, these DC did not express B7, and up-regulation of accessory function occurred after in vitro differentiation. These data demonstrate multiple circulating myeloid accessory and APC subsets in human PB. Phenotypic and functional differences suggest that they are at different stages of differentiation, and have specialized roles in Ag presentation in vivo. Furthermore, full functional DC differentiation, associated with B7 expression and the capacity to activate T cells maximally, is likely to occur only in specific physiologic circumstances.
Endocardial vagal atrioventricular node stimulation in humans: reproducibility on 18-month follow-up (2010)

Ventricular rate control during AF was obtained under HFS 18 months after implantation in patients with the atrial lead positioned at a location suitable for AVNS. The pacing outputs needed to achieve the dromotropic effect were comparable to those measured on implantation.
The design of peptidyldiazomethane inhibitors to distinguish between the cysteine proteinases calpain II, cathepsin L and cathepsin B (1988)

A series of peptidyldiazomethanes was synthesized and tested as inactivators of the cysteine proteinases calpain II, cathepsin L and cathepsin B. Inactivators that react rapidly and that show a degree of selectivity between the enzymes were identified. Z-Tyr(I)-Ala-CHN2 (where Z represents benzyloxycarbonyl) reacts rapidly with cathepsin L and more slowly with cathepsin B, but does not inhibit calpain II. Z-Leu-Leu-Tyr-CHN2 reacts rapidly with cathepsin L and calpain II but very slowly with cathepsin B. Boc-Val-Lys(epsilon-Z)Leu-Tyr-CHN2 (where Boc represents t-butyloxycarbonyl) reacts more rapidly with calpain II than with cathepsin L or cathepsin B. The discriminating inhibitory effects of these compounds make them potentially useful for investigation of enzyme functions in vivo. The data presented also provide insights into the subsite specificity of calpain.
Structure and Expression of the Chinese Hamster Thymidine Kinase Gene (1986)

My colleagues and I have cloned a nearly full-length Chinese hamster thymidine kinase (TK) cDNA in a lambda gt10 vector and characterized this cDNA by nucleotide sequencing. The hamster TK protein is encoded in this cDNA by a 702-base-pair open reading frame which specifies a 25,625-dalton protein closely homologous to the previously described human and chicken TK proteins. Using cDNA nucleotide sequence data in conjunction with sequence data derived from selected subclones of the hamster TK gene recombinant phage lambda HaTK.5, we have resolved the structure of the TK gene, finding the 1,219 base pairs of the cDNA sequence to be distributed through 11.2 kilobases of genomic DNA in at least seven exon segments. In addition, we have constructed a variety of Chinese hamster TK minigenes and exonuclease III-S1 derivatives of these genes which have permitted us to define the limits of the Chinese hamster TK gene promoter and demonstrate that efficient TK transformation of Ltk- cells by TK minigenes depends on the presence of both TK intervening sequences and sequences 3' to the site of mRNA polyadenylation.
Changes in the Intracellular Concentration of Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA in Relation to the Carbon and Energy Metabolism of Escherichia coli K12 (1988)

Intracellular concentrations of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA in Escherichia coli K12 were determined by a malonyl-CoA: acetyl-CoA cycling technique. Under aerobic growth conditions with glucose the acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA concentrations varied over a range of 0.05-1.5 nmol (mg dry wt)-1 (20-600 microM) and 0.01-0.23 nmol (mg dry wt)-1 (4-90 microM), respectively. The intracellular concentration of acetyl-CoA was highest in exponentially growing cells and it fell rapidly to less than 5% of the maximum level when the organism entered stationary phase after exhaustion of glucose. A linear relationship was observed between the intracellular concentration of total acyl-CoA and the logarithm of the concentration of glucose in the medium. Consequently, the acetyl-CoA/malonyl-CoA ratios also varied drastically, in a range of 0.6-41.7, under different conditions. Of several carbon sources tested, glucose was the most effective for promoting the synthesis of cellular acetyl-CoA. For cells grown on glycerol or acetate the maximum concentrations of total acyl-CoA were significantly lower. In cells incubated with citrate (not used as a carbon source by E. coli), the level was consistent with that in cells starved for exogenous carbon sources.
Excellent Emission Characteristics of Tunneling Oxides Formed Using Ultrathin Silicon Films for Flash Memory Devices (1996)

A novel technique using oxidized ultrathin rugged polysilicon films on silicon substrates has been appied to significantly improve the tunneling efficiency of thin oxides. As compared with oxidized amorphous silicon films, these rugged polysilicon films can achieve a higher emission current. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was used to observe the atomic-scale microtips at the SiO 2 /Si and polysilicon/ SiO 2 interfaces. According to the extracted geometry parameters of the microtips, a two-dimensional numerical simulator based on the finite difference method using the curved emitting surface of microtips can well explain the remarkable current asymmetry of the dielectrics. This suggests that the oxidized rugged polysilicon films can form higher microtips and smaller tip angles, resulting in better emission characteristics that will enable potential applications to future 5-V-only nonvolatile memories.
Concise Review: Wharton's Jelly-Derived Cells Are a Primitive Stromal Cell Population (2007)

Here, the literature was reviewed to evaluate whether a population of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from Wharton's jelly cells (WJCs) is a primitive stromal population. A clear case can be made for WJCs as a stromal population since they display the characteristics of MSCs as defined by the International Society for Cellular Therapy; for example, they grow as adherent cells with mesenchymal morphology, they are self-renewing, they express cell surface markers displayed by MSCs, and they may be differentiated into bone, cartilage, adipose, muscle, and neural cells. Like other stromal cells, WJCs support the expansion of other stem cells, such as hematopoietic stem cells, are well-tolerated by the immune system, and they have the ability to home to tumors. In contrast to bone marrow MSCs, WJCs have greater expansion capability, faster growth in vitro, and may synthesize different cytokines. WJCs are therapeutic in several different pre-clinical animal models of human disease such as neurodegenerative disease, cancer, heart disease, etc. The preclinical work suggests that the WJCs are therapeutic via trophic rescue and immune modulation. In summary, WJCs meet the definition of MSCs. Since WJCs expand faster and to a greater extent than adult-derived MSCs, these findings suggest that WJCs are a primitive stromal cell population with therapeutic potential. Further work is needed to determine whether WJCs engraft long-term and display self-renewal and multipotency in vivo and, as such, demonstrate whether Wharton's jelly cells are a true stem cell population.
Metabolic energy metabolism in diabetes: therapeutic implications. (2001)

Diabetic alterations of myocardial metabolism result mainly from malfunctions of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, carnitine-palmitoyl-transferase-I and pyruvate-dehydrogenase inducing an overshoot of fatty acid oxidation that inhibits glucose oxidation. Gene expression of pyruvate-dehydrogenase and glucose transporters and depression of the third step of the mitochondrial respiratory chain also contribute to the diabetic alterations of myocardial metabolism. Ischaemic cardiovascular alterations are common and treatment is rarely successful in cases of diabetes since fatty acid oxidation is the costliest metabolic pathway for oxygen. Thus, in diabetes, aerobic glycolysis gradually shifts to anaerobic glycolysis under ischaemia, with accumulation of lactate and acid metabolites that in turn induce myocardial deterioration, Animal experiments have demonstrated that elective depression of activity of carnitine-palmitoyl-transferase-I enzyme-activity promotes glucose oxidation and early rapid recovery of myocardial contractility, especially under diabetic conditions. To reduce diabetic alterations of myocardial metabolism, anti-diabetic treatment must be switched to insulin during the acute ischaemic and post-ischaemic period of coronary diseases. Trimetazidine optimizes energy metabolism by selectively inhibiting action of the 3-ketoacyl-coenzyme A thiolase enzyme involved in beta-oxidation and inhibiting the overshoot of fatty oxidation. Trimetazidine, as the first 3-ketoacyl-coenzyme A thiolase inhibitor, therefore provides permanent myocardial cytoprotection in stable angina pectoris. However, in our experience, this beneficial anti-anginal effect is only observed in well-controlled situations.
Chemically Induced Gene Expression (1980)

We have developed a non-enzymatic acetylating procedure, closely resembling the situation in vivo, utilizing acetyl adenylate, an acetylating agent in vivo, that mimics the enzymatic hyperacetylation of specific histone species. Analysis of the acetylated species of calf thymus histones produced from reaction with soluble chromatin yielded the same species generated in vivo and observed during active gene transcription. Four species of histone H4 and three of histone H3 occur with no alteration in histones H2A or H2B. This procedure has been utilized to hyperacetylate simian virus 40 (SV40) minichromatin in vitro in order to study the effect of acetylated compared to non-acetylated minichromatin in cellular transformation of cultured Balb/3T3 cells. Transformed cell foci appeared only in the cultures infected with hyperacetylated SV40 minichromatin. To select for cellular transformation, foci were transferred to agar-lined culture flasks and grown in the suspension of 1% methylcellulose. The selected cells were plated on slides and analyzed for the presence of T-antigen by indirect immunofluorescence. The hyperacetylated-minichromatin-infected cells exhibited T-antigen-specific fluorescence, while non-acetylated-minichromatin-treated cells and normal cells showed no specific fluorescence. These results suggest a major role for histone hyperacetylation in the mechanism of SV40 viral transformation.
Dual Inhibition of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Phosphorylation by AEE788 Reduces Growth and Metastasis of Human Colon Carcinoma in an Orthotopic Nude Mouse Model (2005)

We studied growth factors and their receptors in tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells as the therapeutic targets in colon cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis of 13 surgical specimens of human colon adenocarcinoma revealed that both tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells in 11 of the 13 specimens expressed the epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha), EGF receptor (EGFR), phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor (VEGFR), and phosphorylated VEGFR (pVEGFR). HT29 human colon cancer cells growing orthotopically in the cecum of nude mice expressed a high level of EGF, EGFR, pEGFR, VEGF, VEGFR, and pVEGFR. Double-immunofluorescence staining found that tumor-associated mouse endothelial cells also expressed pEGFR and pVEGFR. Tumors in mice treated for 5 weeks with oral AEE788 (an inhibitor of EGFR and VEGFR tyrosine kinase) as a single agent or with CPT-11 alone were smaller (>50%) than those in control mice. Mice treated with the combination of AEE788 and CPT-11 had significantly smaller tumors (P < 0.01) and complete inhibition of lymph node metastasis. AEE788 alone or in combination with CPT-11 inhibited pEGFR, pVEGFR, and phosphorylated Akt expression on tumor-associated endothelial cells as well as on tumor cells. The combination therapy also significantly decreased microvessel density and tumor cell proliferation and increased the level of apoptosis in both tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells. Collectively, these data suggest that the dual inhibition of EGFR and VEGFR signaling pathways in tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells in combination with chemotherapy can provide a new approach to the treatment of colon cancer.