gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differences in the stimulating capacity of immobilized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies: variable dependence on interleukin-1 as a helper signal for T-cell activation. (1991)

Monoclonal antibodies to the CD3 antigen on human T lymphocytes have been shown to induce accessory cell-dependent T-cell activation. One function of the accessory cells is cross-linking of CD3 by Fc receptor-binding of the anti-CD3 antibodies. Whether additional accessory signals are still required when anti-CD3 is presented in immobilized form is controversial. In the present study we stimulated purified human T cells with several anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies, which were immobilized by coating the culture wells with goat anti-mouse IgG. A first group of immobilized anti-CD3 antibodies (anti-Leu-4, UCHT1, anti-T3, WT32 and 64.1) induced vigorous T-cell proliferation in the complete absence of monocytes, even when anti-interleukin-1 beta antiserum was added to the cultures. Other immobilized anti-CD3 antibodies (OKT3, WT31) required interleukin-1 beta in order to induce T-cell proliferation. However, when OKT3 was immobilized by direct coating of the culture wells with OKT3, it was also able to induce accessory cell-independent production of interleukin-2 and T-cell proliferation. Interleukin-1 beta further enhanced the interleukin-2-dependent proliferative response and it could provide help to induce proliferation at doses of immobilized OKT3 which, by themselves, were insufficient for full T-cell activation. We conclude that the requirement for interleukin-1 beta to induce interleukin-2-dependent proliferation of T cells when stimulated with anti-CD3 antibodies is not absolute, but depends on the CD3 epitope recognized, on the way of antibody presentation, on the antibody concentration and on other, still undefined, characteristics of the monoclonal antibodies used.
Serially concatenated systems : an iterative coding approach with application to continuous phase modulation (1999)

Iterative methods for concatenated coding and modulation in digital communication systems are considered. It is assumed that the code and modulation can be described by finite-state machines (FSM). An iterative decoder for such a system typically consists of a posteriori probability (APP) algorithms for the constituent FSMs. Starting with a detailed examination of these algorithms, it is found that their initialization values can be formally justified. Then, possible iterative methods such as fix-point iteration, Jacobi over-relaxation, damped substitution, and Newton’s method are presented and evaluated. The result is that fix-point iteration seems to be the best choice in most situations. As an application of iterative decoding in serially concatenated systems, coded and interleaved continuous phase modulation (CPM) is investigated. An APP algorithm (or maximum APP (MAP) detector) for CPM is derived, based on the classic APP algorithm for channel codes. It is then shown that a good suboptimal algorithm can be obtained using only a small set of receiver filters, which are optimal with respect to the size of the set. The resulting system is analyzed with the aim to determine the main parameters affecting performance. The weight spectrum for coded and interleaved minimum shift keying (MSK) is computed, resulting in a transfer function bound. This is cumbersome for a general CPM system; instead only the most significant error events contributing to the weight spectrum are identified, resulting in a new performance measure. Extensive computer simulations show good coherence with theory, and also remarkably good performance for some simple systems. Finally, the power spectral density and bandwidth are computed, allowing for a bandwidth/performance comparison of different combinations.
Mutation of the Androgen-Receptor Gene in Metastatic Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer (1995)

Most metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancers express high levels of androgen-receptor gene transcripts. Mutations in androgen-receptor genes are not uncommon and may provide a selective growth advantage after androgen ablation.
A chimeric IgG4 monoclonal antibody directed against CD18 reduces infarct size in a primate model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (1995)

Inhibition of neutrophil sequestration with CLB54 administered before reperfusion reduces infarct size, preserves ischemic zone microvascular perfusion and minimizes the decline of regional wall motion.
Piloted search and recommendation with social tag cloud-based navigation (2010)

We investigate the generation of tag clouds using Bayesian models and test the hypothesis that social network information is better than overall popularity for ranking new and relevant information. We propose three tag cloud generation models based on popularity, topics and social structure. We conducted two user evaluations to compare the models for search and recommendation of music with social network data gathered from ”Last.fm”. Our survey shows that search with tag clouds is not practical whereas recommendation is promising. We report statistical results and compare the performance of the models in generating tag clouds that lead users to discover songs that they liked and were new to them. We find statistically significant evidence at 5 % confidence level that the topic and social models outperform the popular model. 1.
Protease inhibitor antipain suppresses 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induction of plasminogen activator in transformable mouse embryo fibroblasts (1981)

Plasminogen activator (PA) activity was analyzed in normal and transformed 10T1/2 mouse fibroblasts treated with the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and the protease inhibitors antipain, leupeptin, and soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). TPA induced PA activity in normal 10T1/2 cells was inhibited by antipain. Transformed 10T1/2 cells maintained high levels of PA activity which were not further stimulated by the addition of TPA. Similarly, antipain inhibited the PA activity of the transformed cultures. Leupeptin and SBTI had no effect. These findings, in light of the fact that antipain has been shown to suppress the promotional effect of TPA in X-ray induced malignant transformation, may suggest a definite role for proteases in the transformational event or maintenance of the transformed state.
Chemical reactions of the chlorites with carbohydrates (1941)

Interest in the chemistry of the chlorites has recently been stimulated by the commercial production of sodium chlorite. Until just a few months ago the literature afforded only meager information about the general chemistry of the chlorites, and knowledge of their chemical behavior with the carbohydrates was limited to the fact that sodium chlorite bleaches the obj ectionable colored substances in paper and cotton textile materials without weakening the cellulose fibers. A reagent possessing the desirable properties of sodium chlorite should find extensive use in the field of carbohydrate chemistry. To provide a guide for the application of the reagent and to determine how the characteristic groups and structures occurring in the carbohydrates react with chlorites, the authors undertook a systematic investigation of the reactions of chlorites with carbohydrate material of diverse character.
Study on Feature Selection Algorithm in Topic Tracking (2010)

Text classification is the key technology for topic tracking, and vector space model (VSM) is one of the most simple and effective model for topics representation. Feature selection algorithm in VSM is an important means of data pre-processing, and it can reduce vector space dimension and improve the generalization ability of the algorithm. Therefore, it is necessary for feature selection algorithms to be in-depth and extensive research. So we study how feature space dimension and feature selection algorithm affect topic tracking. Then we get the variation law that they affect topic tracking, and add up their optimal values in topic tracking. Finally, TDT evaluation methods prove that optimal topic tracking performance based on weight of evidence for text increases by 8.762% more than mutual information.
Home Automation System Ontology for Digital Building Twin (2019)

The paper dwells upon creating the ontologies for a digital building twin. The topic is home automation system ontology design. This is a modular ontology comprising set basic ontologies. The design uses the existing home automation, smart home, and Internet of things ontologies. The paper describes the classes of this subject area and their interclass relations. Ontologies greatly facilitate data exchange between the embedded models and the service programs of the digital twin, as well as between the digital twin and external agents, users or other software.
A Non-Oxidative Approach toward Chemically and Electrochemically Functionalizing Si(111) (2006)

A general method for the non-oxidative functionalization of single-crystal silicon(111) surfaces is described. The silicon surface is fully acetylenylated using two-step chlorination/alkylation chemistry. A benzoquinone-masked primary amine is attached to this surface via Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition ("click" chemistry). The benzoquinone is electrochemically reduced, resulting in quantitative cleavage of the molecule and exposing the amine terminus. Molecules presenting a carboxylic acid have been immobilized to the exposed amine sites. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and contact angle goniometry were utilized to characterize and quantitate each step in the functionalization process. This work represents a strategy for providing a general platform that can incorporate organic and biological molecules on Si(111) with minimal oxidation of the silicon surface.
The Folding and Structural Integrity of the First LIN-12 Module of Human Notch1 Are Calcium-Dependent (1999)

Notch1 is a member of a conserved family of large modular type 1 transmembrane receptors that control differentiation in multicellular animals. Notch function is mediated through a novel signal transduction pathway involving successive ligand-induced proteolytic cleavages that serve to release the intracellular domain of Notch, which then translocates to the nucleus and activates downstream transcription factors. The extracellular domain of all Notch receptors have three iterated LIN-12 modules that appear to act as negative regulatory domains, possibly by limiting proteolysis. Each LIN-12 module contains three disulfide bonds and three conserved aspartate (D) or asparagine (N) residues. To begin to understand the structural basis for LIN-12 function, the first LIN-12 module of human Notch1 (rLIN-12.1) has been expressed recombinantly in Escherichia coli and purified in a reduced form. In redox buffers, rLIN-12.1 forms only one disulfide isomer in the presence of millimolar Ca2+ concentrations, whereas multiple disulfide isomers are observed in the presence of Mg2+ and EDTA. Further, mutation of conserved residues N1460, D1475, and D1478 to alanine abolishes Ca2+-dependent folding of this module. Mass spectrometric analysis of partially reduced rLIN-12.1 has been used to deduce that disulfide bonds are formed between the first and fifth (C1449-C1472), second and fourth (C1454-C1467), and third and sixth (C1463-C1479) cysteines of this prototype module. This arrangement is distinct from that observed in other modules, such as EGF and LDL-A, that also contain three disulfide bonds. One-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance shows that Ca2+ induces a dramatic increase in the extent of chemical shift dispersion of the native rLIN-12.1 amide protons, as seen for the Ca2+-binding LDL-A modules. We conclude that Ca2+ is required both for proper folding and for the maintenance of the structural integrity of Notch/LIN-12 modules.
Influence of a Bias Voltage on the Characteristics of Surface Discharges in Dry Air (2005)

Abstract Summary: Surface discharges (SDs) in a three‐electrode system have been investigated. The electrode system consisted of an upper plane electrode (to apply a bias voltage) and a SD arrangement with metallic strip electrodes on the upper side of a dielectric plate, while the reverse side was covered with a metallic layer. When high voltage was applied to the metallic layer with grounded strip electrodes, SDs appeared in between the strips on the dielectric. The characteristics of SDs have been already the subject of a number of investigations with respect to different plasma technologies. In the present work, the influence of a dc bias voltage on the SD characteristics has been investigated, especially on current, active power, discharge structure and ozone formation in a flow of dry air. When applying dc voltages up to 20 kV of both polarities, a rising direct current appeared with densities up to more than 50 μA · cm −2 . This effect was more pronounced with negative polarity. An influence of the air flow rate on the direct current was also registered. The structure of the SD observed with a CCD camera became more diffuse with a dc bias voltage. Furthermore, it depended on the kind of dielectric material under investigation. With negative dc voltages of more than 7 to 9 kV, filamentary discharge structures appeared in the gap between the plates. The structure of these discharges and the conditions of their appearance also depended on the dielectric material. Image of discharges on a rough pyroceramic surface (the dark strips mark the position of the electrode). magnified image Image of discharges on a rough pyroceramic surface (the dark strips mark the position of the electrode).
Synthesis and biodistribution of [^131I]IMPY (2005)

The synthesis and biodistribution of β-amyloid plaques imaging agent [131I]-2- (4'-dimethylaminophenyl)-6-iodoimidazo[1,2-α] pyridine ([131I]IMPY) were reported. The chemical structure of the labeling precursor 2-(4'-dimethylaminophenyl)-6- (tributylstannyl) imidazo[1,2-α] pyridine and all its intermediates were verified by IR,HNMR and MS. The radioiodinated compound was prepared using iododestannylation reaction by hydrogen peroxide. Final radiochemical purity was above 95% determined by TLC. The in vivo biodistribution of [131I]IMPY in normal mice showed excellent brain uptake and washout, indicating this thioflavin-T based small molecular probe has potential for in vivo imaging amyloid deposits.
Nicotine reduces levodopa‐induced dyskinesias in lesioned monkeys (2007)

These data suggest that nicotine or selective nicotinic agonists may represent a useful treatment strategy to reduce levodopa-induced dyskinesias.
Advanced Chemical Methods in Melanin Determination (2002)

Among the biopolymers, melanins are unique in many respects. The other essential biopolymers - proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates - are chemically well characterized; their precursors (monomer units) and modes of connection between the monomer units are known, and sequences of their connection can be determined with well-established methodologies. In contrast, we still do not have a method to determine accurately the ratio of various units present in melanins. This is largely because of the chemical properties of melanins, such as their insolubility over a broad range of pH, the heterogeneity in their structural features, and also because of the lack of methods that can split melanin polymers into their monomer units (all other biopolymers can be hydrolysed to the corresponding monomer units). To overcome this difficulty, we developed a rapid and sensitive method for quantitatively analysing eumelanin and pheomelanin in biological samples by chemical degradation methods followed by HPLC determination. This HPLC microanalytical method for characterizing eumelanin and pheomelanin has become a useful tool for the study of melanogenesis. This review will summarize the usefulness and limitations of the various chemical and spectrophotometric methods used to analyse melanins at the biochemical, cellular, and tissue levels. Emphasis is given on the usefulness of 4-amino-3-hydroxyphenylalanine as a specific marker of pheomelanin.
EnzyNet: enzyme classification using 3D convolutional neural networks on spatial representation (2018)

During the past decade, with the significant progress of computational power as well as ever-rising data availability, deep learning techniques became increasingly popular due to their excellent performance on computer vision problems. The size of the Protein Data Bank (PDB) has increased more than 15-fold since 1999, which enabled the expansion of models that aim at predicting enzymatic function via their amino acid composition. Amino acid sequence, however, is less conserved in nature than protein structure and therefore considered a less reliable predictor of protein function. This paper presents EnzyNet, a novel 3D convolutional neural networks classifier that predicts the Enzyme Commission number of enzymes based only on their voxel-based spatial structure. The spatial distribution of biochemical properties was also examined as complementary information. The two-layer architecture was investigated on a large dataset of 63,558 enzymes from the PDB and achieved an accuracy of 78.4% by exploiting only the binary representation of the protein shape. Code and datasets are available at https://github.com/shervinea/enzynet.
Three-dimensional surface codes: Transversal gates and fault-tolerant architectures (2019)

One of the leading quantum computing architectures is based on the two-dimensional (2D) surface code. This code has many advantageous properties such as a high error threshold and a planar layout of physical qubits where each physical qubit need only interact with its nearest neighbors. However, the transversal logical gates available in 2D surface codes are limited. This means that an additional (resource-intensive) procedure known as magic state distillation is required to do universal quantum computing with 2D surface codes. Here, we examine three-dimensional (3D) surface codes in the context of quantum computation. We introduce a picture for visualizing 3D surface codes which is useful for analyzing stacks of three 3D surface codes. We use this picture to prove that the CZ and CCZ gates are transversal in 3D surface codes. We also generalize the techniques of 2D surface-code lattice surgery to 3D surface codes. We combine these results and propose two quantum computing architectures based on 3D surface codes. Magic state distillation is not required in either of our architectures. Finally, we show that a stack of three 3D surface codes can be transformed into a single 3D color code (another type of quantum error-correcting code) using code concatenation.
Insect-model based microrobot with elastic hinges (1994)

This paper describes the new concept of making a microrobot based upon insects and its implementation using rigid plates and elastic hinges. One unique feature of an insect's structure is its deformable external skeleton, to which wings and legs are attached, forming a closed-loop mechanism. Frictionless deformation of elastic elements, instead of conventional rotational joints, allows for efficient actuation in the microscale. We propose three-dimensional micromechanisms based on an external skeleton and have fabricated several examples using polysilicon plates and polyimide hinges. By folding the polysilicon plates along the polyimide hinges just like paper, 3D structures can be constructed on silicon wafers. These structures can be easily actuated by electrostatic force. Closed-loop flapping mechanisms have been fabricated and electrostatically actuated to demonstrate the motion of the external skeleton system. Resonant vibration was observed in a frequency range of around 10 kHz. Actuation using electrostatic induction is also considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Estrogen receptor-binding affinity and cytotoxic activity of three new estrogen-nitrosourea conjugates in human breast cancer cell lines in vitro. (1987)

The hypothesis that more selective antitumor activity may be achieved by cytotoxic agents which selectively bind to estrogen receptors (ER) in human cancer cells was tested. We have synthesized three nitrosourea derivatives of estradiol or hexestrol, and compared the ER binding affinity and cytotoxic activity of these compounds against ER-positive and -negative breast cancer cell lines in vitro. Specific binding to ER in the cytosol of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells was demonstrated in these conjugates: 17 alpha-CNU greater than 17 beta-CNU greater than HEX-CNU greater than lomustine (CCNU). The order of cytotoxicity of these derivatives against human breast cancer cells appeared to correlate with their binding affinity to ER. All three estrogen nitrosourea conjugates were more cytotoxic than CCNU, a clinically useful antitumor nitrosourea which does not bind to ER. The contribution of the estrogen moiety to the cytotoxicity of 17 alpha-CNU was demonstrated by the greater activity of the conjugate than that of a combination of estrogen and CCNU. However, cytotoxicity of these compounds against the receptor-positive MCF-7 and receptor-negative Evsa-T human breast cancer cell lines was similar. The latter finding suggested that cytotoxicity of these conjugates may not be mediated through ER. The difference in stability of these nitrosourea conjugates in aqueous buffer may partly explain their differences in cytotoxicity.
Demonstration of improved transient response of inverters with steep slope strained Si NW TFETs by reduction of TAT with pulsed I-V and NW scaling (2013)

We present gate all around strained Si (sSi) nanowire array TFETs with high I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> (64μA/μm at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</sub> =1.0V). Pulsed I-V measurements provide small SS and record I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">60</sub> of 1×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> μA/μm at 300K due to the suppression of trap assisted tunneling (TAT). Scaling the nanowires to 10 nm diameter greatly suppresses the impact of TAT and improves SS and I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> . Transient analysis of complementary TFET inverters demonstrates experimentally for the first time that device scaling and improved electrostatics yields to faster time response.
Cerebral perfusion pressure in head-injured patients: a noninvasive assessment using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (1998)

Noninvasive estimation of CPP by using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography may be of value in situations in which monitoring relative changes in CPP is required without invasive measurement of intracranial pressure.