gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evidence for clonal outgrowth of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells from androgen-dependent tumors through a two-step process. (1999)

Prostate cancers require androgen for growth but progress to an androgen-independent stage under the selective pressure of androgen ablation therapy. Here we describe a novel human prostate cancer xenograft (LAPC-9) propagated by serial passage in male severe combined immunodeficient mice that expresses prostate-specific antigen and wild-type androgen receptor. In response to castration, LAPC-9 cells undergo growth arrest and persist in a dormant, androgen-responsive state for at least 6 months. After prolonged periods of androgen deprivation, spontaneous androgen-independent outgrowths develop. Thus, prostate cancers progress to androgen independence through two distinct stages, initially escaping dependence on androgen for survival and, subsequently, for growth. Through the use of serial dilution and fluctuation analysis, we provide evidence that the latter stage of androgen independence results from clonal expansion of androgen-independent cells that are present at a frequency of about 1 per 10(5)-10(6) androgen-dependent cells. We conclude that prostate cancers contain heterogeneous mixtures of cells that vary in their dependence on androgen for growth and survival and that treatment with antiandrogen therapy provides selective pressure and alters the relative frequency of these cells, thereby leading to outgrowths of androgen-independent cancers.
The in vivo mitochondrial two-step maturation of human frataxin (2008)

Deficiency in the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein frataxin causes Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associating spinocerebellar ataxia and cardiomyopathy. Although the exact function of frataxin is still a matter of debate, it is widely accepted that frataxin is a mitochondrial iron chaperone involved in iron-sulfur cluster and heme biosynthesis. Frataxin is synthesized as a precursor polypeptide, directed to the mitochondrial matrix where it is proteolytically cleaved by the mitochondrial processing peptidase to the mature form via a processing intermediate. The mature form was initially reported to be encoded by amino acids 56-210 (m(56)-FXN). However, two independent reports have challenged these studies describing two different forms encoded by amino acids 78-210 (m(78)-FXN) and 81-210 (m(81)-FXN). Here, we provide evidence that mature human frataxin corresponds to m(81)-FXN, and can rescue the lethal phenotype of fibroblasts completely deleted for frataxin. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that the migration profile of frataxin depends on the experimental conditions, a behavior which most likely contributed to the confusion concerning the endogenous mature frataxin. Interestingly, we show that m(56)-FXN and m(78)-FXN can be generated when the normal maturation process of frataxin is impaired, although the physiological relevance is not clear. Furthermore, we determine that the d-FXN form, previously reported to be a degradation product, corresponds to m(78)-FXN. Finally, we demonstrate that all frataxin isoforms are generated and localized within the mitochondria. The clear identification of the N-terminus of mature FXN is an important step for designing therapeutic approaches for FRDA based on frataxin replacement.
Murine candidiasis: Cell‐mediated immune responses correlate directly with susceptibility and resistance to infection (1990)

Cell-mediated immune responses were evaluated after immunization in two inbred mouse strains, CBA/H and BALB/c, that are respectively susceptible and resistant to infection with the yeast Candida albicans. Local immune responses, as measured by leucocytic infiltration into the draining lymph node, were similar; however, both delayed-type hypersensitivity responses and candida-specific lymphocyte proliferation in vitro were significantly stronger in the resistant strain. The response was controlled by genes mapping outside the major histocompatibility complex. A possible explanation for the down regulation of the immune response in CBA/H mice is discussed.
A Novel Membrane Glycoprotein, SHPS-1, That Binds the SH2-Domain-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-2 in Response to Mitogens and Cell Adhesion (1996)

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases), such as SHP-1 and SHP-2, that contain Src homology 2 (SH2) domains play important roles in growth factor and cytokine signal transduction pathways. A protein of approximately 115 to 120 kDa that interacts with SHP-1 and SHP-2 was purified from v-src-transformed rat fibroblasts (SR-3Y1 cells), and the corresponding cDNA was cloned. The predicted amino acid sequence of the encoded protein, termed SHPS-1 (SHP substrate 1), suggests that it is a glycosylated receptor-like protein with three immunoglobulin-like domains in its extracellular region and four YXX(L/V/I) motifs, potential tyrosine phosphorylation and SH2-domain binding sites, in its cytoplasmic region. Various mitogens, including serum, insulin, and lysophosphatidic acid, or cell adhesion induced tyrosine phosphorylation of SHPS-1 and its subsequent association with SHP-2 in cultured cells. Thus, SHPS-1 may be a direct substrate for both tyrosine kinases, such as the insulin receptor kinase or Src, and a specific docking protein for SH2-domain-containing PTPases. In addition, we suggest that SHPS-1 may be a potential substrate for SHP-2 and may function in both growth factor- and cell adhesion-induced cell signaling.
The Harvest Information Discovery and Access System (1995)

It is increasingly difficult to make effective use of Internet information, given the rapid growth in data volume, user base, and data diversity. In this paper we introduce Harvest, a system that provides a scalable, customizable architecture for gathering, indexing, caching, replicating, and accessing Internet information.
Cytochalasin B reversibly increases outflow facility in the eye of the cynomolgus monkey. (1977)

In cynomolgus monkeys, intracameral infusion of 0.2 to 5.0 mug of cytochalasin B caused an increase in outflow facility, as measured by two-level constant pressure perfusion. Cytochalasin B had its full effect in eyes which had undergone surgical disinsertion of the ciliary muscle from the scleral spur, and were therefore insensitive to pilocarpine. The cytochalasin effect was apparent in less than 20 min. and was largely reversible over a few hours. Thirty to 50 days after the infusion, facility was normal, and a second reaction could be elicited. No early or late damage to anterior segment structures was apparent by routine biomicroscopy during or after the single administration.
A PNIPAM-based fluorescent nanothermometer with ratiometric readout (2010)

A novel molecular thermometer with ratiometric fluorescence readout was designed and synthesized. Within a sensing temperature range of 33 to 41 °C, the fluorescence color of the nanothermometer changes from blue to green. The ratiometric change magnitude is about 8.7-fold, rendering the visual differentiation of color by the naked eyes feasible.
A flexible hardware-oriented fast algorithm for motion estimation (2002)

This paper discusses the design of a fast algorithm for motion estimation with emphasis on hardware cost considerations, real-time application, network adaptation, and flexibility. To achieve the best trade-off among hardware cost, computational complexity, and distortion performance, we propose a multi-stage pixel-subsampling motion estimation algorithm. The algorithm has a lower hardware cost than Liu's subsampling algorithm and the three-step hierarchical search algorithm (3SHS) in terms of data flow control, I/O bandwidth, and regularity. Its computational complexity is close to that of 3SHS and its distortion performance, which is better than that of Liu's algorithm and 3SHS, is close to that of full search.
Advances in Cytokinesis Research. Role of Chromosomal Passenger Complex in Chromosome Segregation and Cytokinesis. (2001)

Chromosomal passenger proteins associate with chromosomes early in mitosis and transfer to the spindle at ana/telophase. Recent results show that aurora B/AIM-1 (aurora and Ipl1-like midbody-associated protein kinase), which is responsible for mitotic histone H3 phosphorylation, INCENP (Inner Centromere protein) and Survivin/BIR are in a macromolecular complex as novel chromosomal passenger proteins. Aurora B/AIM-1 can bind to Survivin and the C-terminal region of INCENP, respectively, and colocalizes with both proteins to the centromeres, midzone and midbody. Disruption of either aurora B/AIM-1 or INCENP function leads to sever defects in chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. Moreover, the formation of the central spindle through anaphase to cytokinesis is also disrupted severely. These data suggest that chromosomal passenger complex is required for proper chromosome segregation by phosphorylating histone H3, and cytokinesis by ensuring the correct assembly of the midzone and midbody microtubule. Chromosomal passenger protein complex may couple chromosome segregation with cytokinesis.
Management training for SHOs and registrars (1986)

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CD28 ligation prevents bacterial toxin-induced septic shock in mice by inducing IL-10 expression (1997)

The pathogenesis of septic shock is due mainly to bacterial toxin stimulation of the immune system, resulting in an excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines. TNF-alpha has been implicated as a major mediator in septic shock. Coinjection of D-galactosamine and LPS or staphylococcal enterotoxin B induced a rapid-onset, low-dose form of septic shock syndrome and ultimately led to death. We found that both the septic shock syndrome and death could be prevented by administration of anti-CD28 Ab. The protection induced by anti-CD28 Ab was associated with a decrease in TNF-alpha levels in the circulation. In addition, serum from anti-CD28 Ab-treated mice was capable of inhibiting the production of TNF-alpha by bone marrow-derived macrophages following treatment with LPS, indicating that anti-CD28 Ab induced production of soluble factors that subsequently inhibited the production of TNF-alpha. We confirmed that one of the factors present in serum was IL-10, because anti-CD28 Ab treatment stimulated the expression of IL-10, both in splenocytes and in T cell lines. Furthermore, injection of anti-IL-10 Abs could abolish the protective effect of anti-CD28 Ab on septic shock. Anti-IL-10 Ab could also suppress the anti-CD28 Ab-induced inhibition of TNF-alpha production, either in vivo or in vitro. Thus, we conclude that ligation of CD28 induces expression of IL-10, which in turn suppresses TNF-alpha production and prevents septic shock.
The glossy1 Locus of Maize and an Epidermis-Specific cDNA from Kleinia odora Define a Class of Receptor-Like Proteins Required for the Normal Accumulation of Cuticular Waxes (1997)

Mutations at the glossy1 (gl1) locus of maize (Zea mays L.) quantitatively and qualitatively affect the deposition of cuticular waxes on the surface of seedling leaves. The gl1 locus has been molecularly cloned by transposon tagging with the Mutator transposon system. The epi23 cDNA was isolated by subtractive hybridization as an epidermis-specific mRNA from Senecio odora (Kleinia odora). The deduced amino acid sequence of the GL1 and EPI23 proteins are very similar to each other and to two other plant proteins in which the sequences were deduced from their respective mRNAs. These are the Arabidopsis CER1 protein, which is involved in cuticular wax deposition on siliques, stems, and leaves of that plant, and the protein coded by the rice expressed sequence tag RICS2751A. All four proteins are predicted to be localized in a membrane via a common NH2-terminal domain, which consists of either five or seven membrane-spanning helices. The COOH-terminal portion of each of these proteins, although less conserved, is predicted to be a water-soluble, globular domain. These sequence similarities indicate that these plant orthologs may belong to a superfamily of membrane-bound receptors that have been extensively characterized from animals, including the HIV co-receptor fusin (also termed CXCR4).
Ultra-Wideband Mitigation of Simultaneous Switching Noise Using Novel Planar Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures (2006)

A novel design of power/ground plane with planar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures for suppressing simultaneous switching noise (SSN) is presented. The novel design is based on using meander lines to increase the effective inductance of EBG patches. A super cell EBG structure, comprising two different topologies on the same board, is proposed to extend the lower edge of the band. Both novel designs proposed here are validated experimentally. A -28dB suppression bandwidth starting at 250MHz and extending to 12GHz and beyond is achieved
Properties of hydrogen in crystalline silicon under compression and tension (1989)

Employing first-principles calculations, we have studied the behavior of hydrogen in crystalline silicon under compression and tension. The stable site for hydrogen is found to depend critically on both the pressure and on the hydrogen charge state. In particular, as a function of pressure, hydrogen undergoes a transition from an energy minimum at the tetrahedral interstitial site to one at the bond-center site. This results has implications for the behavior of hydrogen in the stress fields of dislocations, grain boundaries, and crack tips.
Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes and Their Application to Flower Color Modification through Sense Suppression (1995)

Malus Arabidopsis sativum hybrida vulgaris sativa domestica thaliana A. majus 59.1 64.9 61.8 61.7 66.2 63.1 A. thaliana 53.9 60.3 57.6 55.2 65.8 M. domestica 59.7 67.3 59.9 62.0 M. sativa 82.4 58.0 80.0 P. vulgaris 75.2 60.5 P. hybrida 57.9 z
Adult neural stem cells —Functional potential and therapeutic applications* (2004)

Abstract The adult brain has been thought traditionally as a structure with a very limited regenerative capacity. It is now evident that neurogenesis in adult mammalian brain is a prevailing phenomenon. Neural stem cells with the ability to self-renew, differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes reside in some regions of the adult brain. Adult neurogenesis can be stimulated by many physiological factors including pregnancy. More strikingly, newborn neurons in hippocampus integrally function with local neurons, thus neural stem cells might play important rolesin memory and learning function. It seems that neural stem cells could transdifferentiate into other tissues, such as blood cells and muscles. Although there are some impediments in this field, some attempts have been made to employ adult neural stem cells in the cell replacement therapy for traumatic and ischemic brain injuries. Keywords: adult neural stem cellneurogenesisbrain injurytransplantation Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 30270434 and 30170996), and the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (Grant No. CB509907) Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 30270434 and 30170996), and the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (Grant No. CB509907) Notes Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 30270434 and 30170996), and the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (Grant No. CB509907)
AINTEGUMENTA, an APETALA2-like gene of Arabidopsis with pleiotropic roles in ovule development and floral organ growth. (1996)

To understand better the role of genes in controlling ovule development, a female-sterile mutant, aintegumenta (ant), was isolated from Arabidopsis. In ovules of this mutant, integuments do not develop and megasporogenesis is blocked at the tetrad stage. As a pleiotropic effect, narrower floral organs arise in reduced numbers. More complete loss of floral organs occurs when the ant mutant is combined with the floral homeotic mutant apetala2, suggesting that the two genes share functions in initiating floral organ development. The ANT gene was cloned by transposon tagging, and sequence analysis showed that it is a member of the APETALA2-like family of transcription factor genes. The expression pattern of ANT in floral and vegetative tissues indicates that it is involved not only in the initiation of integuments but also in the initiation and early growth of all primorida except roots.
Immunomodulation with granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 2 in an experimental model of sepsis (2000)

Abstract Background Previous studies have demonstrated that immunomodulation with granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) reduces the mortality rate in an experimental model of sepsis, decreases levels of tumour necrosis factor in the serum and in the liver, and enhances neutrophil activity. It was also demonstrated recently that immunoprophylaxis with interleukin (IL) 2 can reduce the mortality rate in rats that have undergone caecal ligature and puncture (CLP). In fact, IL-2 is the major activator of the specific immune response (B and T lymphocytes). The aim of this study was to investigate whether IL-2 and GM-CSF together might further decrease the mortality rate in an experimental model of peritonitis in rats, which resembles the clinical situation of bowel perforation and mixed bacterial peritonitis. Methods Peritonitis was induced by CLP in four groups of Sprague–Dawley male rats (250 g). Each group included 30 rats. Group 1 underwent CLP and postoperative antibiotic therapy with tobramycin and clindamycin (12·5 μg g−1 day−1 and 4 mg g−1 day−1 respectively for 72 h after operation). Group 2 underwent preoperative intraperitoneal IL-2 injection (1.000.000 units), then CLP and postoperative antibiotic therapy with the same regimen. Group 3 underwent CLP and intraperitoneal GM-CSF injection (l ng g−1 day−1 for 48 h after operation). Group 4 received IL-2, CLP and GM-CSF with the same regimen and antibiotic therapy. Deaths were recorded within 72 h after CLP. Results After CLP group 1 (antibiotics) had a mortality rate of 70 per cent; group 4 (IL-2, GM-CSF, antibiotics) had a mortality rate of only 3 per cent which was significantly lower than in that in group 2 (IL-2 and antibiotics) and group 3 (GM-CSF and antibiotics), 33 and 25 per cent respectively (P &amp;lt; 0·0001). Conclusion Only one of 30 rats that had CLP and were treated with IL-2, GM-CSF and antibiotics died. Immunomodulation offers a new option in the treatment of sepsis related to peritonitis; in this experimental model treatment with IL-2 and GM-CSF enhanced host resistance to sepsis and decreased the mortality rate.
Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding the entire glycoprotein from the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus (1983)

The nucleotide sequence of the mRNA encoding the glycoprotein from the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was determined from a cDNA clone containing the entire coding region. The sequence of 12 5'-terminal noncoding nucleotides present in the mRNA but not in the cDNA clone was determined from a primer extended to the 5' terminus of the mRNA. The mRNA is 1,573 nucleotides long (excluding polyadenylic acid) and encodes a protein of 517 amino acids. Only six nucleotides occur between the translation termination codon and the polyadenylic acid. Short homologies between the untranslated termini of this mRNA and the mRNAs of the Indiana serotype were found. The predicted protein sequence was compared with that of the glycoprotein of the Indiana serotype of VSV and with the glycoprotein of rabies virus, using a computer program which determines optimal alignment. An amino acid identity of 50.9% was found for the two VSV serotypes. Approximately 20% identity was found between the rabies virus and VSV New Jersey glycoproteins. The positions and sizes of the transmembrane domains, the signal sequences, and the glycosylation sites are identical in both VSV serotypes. Two of five serine residues which were possible esterification sites for palmitate in the glycoprotein from the Indiana serotype are changed to glycine residues in the glycoprotein from the New Jersey serotype. Because the glycoprotein of the New Jersey serotype does not contain esterified palmitate, we suggest that one or both of these residues are the probable esterification sites in the glycoprotein from the Indiana serotype.
Adsorption/Deposition of the Ligands 9,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione and 9,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-diol and Their Metal Complexes on Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes (1998)

Metal complexes of the electroactive ligand 9,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione (pdon) are receiving extensive study because of their demonstrated potential as electrocatalysts for the oxidation of NADH and other substrates. In aqueous media, the reduced ligand, 9,10-phenanthroline-5,6-diol (pdol), and its complexes with transition metals are only slightly soluble and tend to accumulate on the surfaces of electrodes, where they are generated by reduction of pdon. The adsorbed (or precipitated) molecular layers can interfere with the continued electroreduction of the more soluble, oxidized precursors from which they are generated. The use of freshly cleaved basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrodes allowed the surface coordination chemistry and electrochemistry of pdon, pdol, and their complexes to be inspected in more detail than in previous studies. The results revealed several general trends: (i) Coordination of pdon to transition metals shifts its reduction potential to more positive values. (ii) The affinity of the dipositive form of transition metal redox couples for pdon is greater than that of the tripositive form by a factor that exceeds the corresponding affinities for 9,10-phenanthroline. (iii) Pdol and its complexes are much less soluble in aqueous media than are pdon and its complexes. (iv) Complexes of pdon are much less strongly adsorbed on graphite than is the free ligand in both its protonated and unprotonated forms.
Effect of Chelate Ring Expansion on Jahn–Teller Distortion and Jahn–Teller Dynamics in Copper(II) Complexes (2012)

The expanded ligand N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dipyridin-2-yl-pyridin-2,6-diamine (ddpd) coordinates to copper(II) ions in a meridional fashion giving the dicationic complex mer-[Cu(ddpd)(2)](BF(4))(2) (1). In the solid state at temperatures below 100 K the cations of 1 localize in Jahn-Teller elongated CuN(6) polyhedra with the longest Cu-N bond pointing in the molecular x or y directions while the z axis is constrained by the tridentate ddpd ligand. The elongated polyhedra are ordered in an antiferrodistortive way giving an idealized zincblende structure. At higher temperature dynamically averaged (fluxional) polyhedra in the molecular x/y directions are observed by multifrequency variable temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and by variable temperature X-ray diffraction studies. Compared to [Cu(tpy)(2)](2+) (tpy = 2,2';6',2″-terpyridine) the Jahn-Teller splitting 4δ(1) of 1 is larger. This is very probably caused by the much more favorable orbital overlap in the Cu-N bonds in 1 which results from the larger bite angle of ddpd as compared to tpy. The "freezing-in" of the Jahn-Teller dynamics of 1 (T ≈ 100 K) occurs at higher temperature than observed for [Cu(tpy)(2)](2+) (T < 77 K) which is also probably due to the larger Jahn-Teller distortion of 1 resulting in a larger activation barrier.