gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Resonant Micromachined Magnetic Field Sensor (2007)

The design, modeling, and simulation of a novel micromachined magnetic field sensor are discussed. The sensor uses an electrostatic resonator whose fundamental resonant frequency is modified by a Lorentz force generated from the interaction of the sensor structure and the present magnetic field. The sensor was fabricated in a standard bulk micromachining process without the need for any additional processing steps. Since the sensor does not employ any magnetic materials, it does not exhibit hysteresis. A comprehensive model of the sensor behavior is derived which encompasses the interactions of the involved physical domains. Validity of the modeling results was verified by finite-element simulations, and later, through experiments. The sensitivities of the fabricated sensors are in the range of 48-87 Hz/T, depending on sensor structure and dimensions. The design of the sensor allows for its fabrication in many standard microelectromechanical system processes and is compatible with CMOS processes. The theoretical minimum detectable signal with current devices is on the order of 217 nT. Methods to improve the sensitivity of the current sensors are suggested. A linear response to a wide range of magnetic fields makes this design suitable for applications where large fields need to be measured with high resolution.
Single molecule analysis of RNA polymerase elongation reveals uniform kinetic behavior (2002)

By using single-molecule measurements, we demonstrate that the elongation kinetics of individual Escherichia coli RNA polymerase molecules are remarkably homogeneous. We find no evidence of distinct elongation states among RNA polymerases. Instead, the observed heterogeneity in transcription rates results from statistical variation in the frequency and duration of pausing. When transcribing a gene without strong pause sites, RNA polymerase molecules display transient pauses that are distributed randomly in both time and distance. Transitions between the active elongation mode and the paused state are instantaneous within the resolution of our measurements (<1 s). This elongation behavior is compared with that of a mutant RNA polymerase that pauses more frequently and elongates more slowly than wild type.
STRONTIUM “ RICKETS ” : BONE, CALCIUM AND STRONTIUM CHANGES (1961)

Summary When rats were fed increasing levels of strontium in the diet, inhibition of calcification was shown by increased width of epiphyseal cartilage, presence of uncalcified bone matrix and decreased ash weight of bone. When ash weight was used as an indicator of mineralization, inhibition of calcification became greater as the dietary strontium level increased. This inhibition became most obvious when the calcium‐strontium ratio in serum, expressed on a molar basis, became less than 10 : 1. In contrast to ash weight, the percentage ash in bone was a less sensitive indicator of rhachitic change, because both mineral and organic weight decreased proportionately, and consequently the percentage ash remained unchanged until high dietary levels of strontium were reached. The incorporation of strontium into bone varied, not with dietary strontium levels, but with the ratio of calcium to strontium. The two ions were treated similarly, for the decrease in calcium‐strontium ratio in the bone was almost directly proportional to that in diet for both young and old rats. In growing animals, addition of new bone crystals was probably the most important mechanism whereby strontium became incorporated into ash, while in slowly‐growing rats ion exchange assumed a more important role. At low dietary levels of strontium, bone matrix formation decreased roughly proportionately to inhibition of calcification, but at higher levels uncalcified bone matrix became prominent. These results may be of significance to the problem of osteoporosis, for they demonstrate that disorder of calcification can be associated with decreased growth of bone matrix. This suggests that “ osteomalacic ” and “ anti‐anabolic ” mechanisms are not mutually exclusive, but may be interrelated factors in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.
Structure of Heterogeneous Networks (2009)

Heterogeneous networks play a key role in the evolution of communities and the decisions individuals make. These networks link different types of entities, for example, people and the events they attend. Network analysis algorithms usually project such networks unto simple graphs composed of entities of a single type. In the process, they conflate relations between entities of different types and loose important structural information.We develop a mathematical framework that can be used to compactly represent and analyze heterogeneous networks that combine multiple entity and link types. We generalize Bonacich centrality, which measures connectivity between nodes by the number of paths between them, to heterogeneous networks and use this measure to study network structure. Specifically, we extend the popular modularity maximization method for community detection to use this centrality metric. We also rank nodes based on their connectivity to other nodes. One advantage of this centrality metric is that it has a tunable parameter we can use to set the length scale of interactions. By studying how rankings change with this parameter allows us to identify important nodes in the network.We apply the proposed method to analyze the structure of several heterogeneous networks. We show that exploiting additional sources of evidence corresponding to links between, as well as among, different entity types yields new insights into network structure.
Consequences of neuropathic pain: quality-of-life issues and associated costs. (2006)

Pain is the primary reason for patients seeking healthcare, and it has been estimated to result in more than dollar 100 billion per year in direct medical costs. Neuropathic pain (NP) alone has been associated with an approximately 3-fold increase in use of healthcare resources. The indirect costs associated with chronic pain result from increased absenteeism and decreased productivity at work, and they also have been estimated to total dollar 100 billion each year in the United States. NP contributes substantially to these costs. Results from one study indicated that employment was affected in 43% of patients with NP. Quality of life is also significantly reduced in such patients. Patients with chronic pain also have difficulty in initiating and maintaining sleep, and sleep deprivation has the potential to exacerbate pain. Sleep deprivation is also associated with both anxiety and depression, and both of these conditions can exacerbate sleep disturbances. Effective management of the patient with chronic pain, including NP, requires assessment and, if necessary, treatment of all comorbidities associated with this condition.
A spontaneous sarcoma dependent on host tumor‐specific immune lymphocytes (1989)

The immune surveillance theory postulates that spontaneous tumors are normally rejected by the immune system and appear only when they override host-immune recognition and rejection mechanisms. The present mini-review describes a spontaneous tumor system, the reticulum cell sarcomas (RCS) in SJL/J mice, that is dependent on host tumor-specific immune lymphocytes for growth. This continuous tumor-specific response results in tumor progression and death of the host. This tumor system contradicts the basic concept of immune surveillance. We propose as an explanation that some highly antigenic tumors, like the RCS, may have evolved in a non-autonomous fashion but, nevertheless, have lost regulatory controls of cell proliferation. In the RCS system, the tumor expresses Class II MHC I-E like specificities that are not expressed on the host cells and which selectively stimulate a subpopulation of I-E specific T cells, the V beta 17 a+ clonotype, leading to their expansion and continuous nurturing of the tumor via secreted lymphokines. This neoantigenic stimulation bypasses the tumor regulatory response that might have resulted if the tumor had not expressed neoantigens. Furthermore, passive administration of anti-clonotypic antibody to tumor-bearing mice results in tumor regression and long-term survival through removal of the tumor reactive T cells. Thus, in this tumor system, immunosuppressive treatments are the prescription for tumor rejection.
Oligonucleotide technologies: synthesis, production, regulations and applications (2001)

The two-day meeting 'Oligonucleotide technologies', organised by IBC Global Conferences Limited and chaired by M Gait (Medical Research Council, UK), was the first event of this type in Europe. It covered a wide range of oligonucleotide-based approaches useful for the identification and validation of new therapeutic targets as well as for the creation of novel oligonucleotide-based drugs. Recent progress in the preclinical and clinical development of new oligonucleotide-based therapeutics as well as new platforms and systems for DNA microarrays, allowing massively parallel gene expression studies, were discussed. Furthermore, new approaches for overcoming challenges in the large scale synthesis and functionalisation of oligonucleotides were revealed. The following meeting highlights are focussed on contributions devoted to the development of novel oligonucleotide-based drugs, such as antisense oligonucleotides, immunostimulatory CpG oligonucleotides and spiegelmers. Drug candidates discussed here are related to various indications, including cancer, infectious diseases and asthma. Besides highlighting of specific clinical candidates, emphasis is put on the basic principles of oligonucleotide-based drugs and approaches towards the improvement of their properties.
Regulation of NAD+ glycohydrolase activity by NAD+-dependent auto-ADP-ribosylation (1996)

NAD+ glycohydrolase (NADase; EC 3.2.2.5) is an enzyme that catalyses hydrolysis of NAD+ to produce ADP-ribose and nicotinamide. Its physiological role and the regulation of its enzymic activity have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, the mechanism of self-inactivation of NADase by its substrate, NAD+, was investigated by using intact rabbit erythrocytes and purified NADase. Our results suggest that inactivation of NADase was due an auto-ADP-ribosylation reaction. ADP-ribosylated NADase of rabbit erythrocytes was deADP-ribosylated when incubated without NAD+, and thus enzyme activity was simultaneously restored. These findings suggest that reversible auto-ADP-ribosylation of NADase might regulate the enzyme's activity in vivo.
Topology optimized mode conversion in a photonic crystal waveguide fabricated in silicon-on-insulator material (2014)

We have designed and for the first time experimentally verified a topology optimized mode converter with a footprint of ~6.3 μm × ~3.6 μm which converts the fundamental even mode to the higher order odd mode of a dispersion engineered photonic crystal waveguide. 2D and 3D topology optimization is utilized and both schemes result in designs theoretically showing an extinction ratio larger than 21 dB. The 3D optimized design has an experimentally estimated insertion loss lower than ~2 dB in an ~43 nm bandwidth. The mode conversion is experimentally confirmed in this wavelength range by recording mode profiles using vertical grating couplers and an infrared camera. The experimentally determined extinction ratio is > 12 dB and is believed to be limited by the spatial resolution of our setup.
Wave‐equation Hessian by phase encoding (2008)

I demonstrate a method for computing wave‐equation Hessian operators, also known as resolution functions or point‐spread functions, under the Born approximation. The proposed method modifies the original explicit Hessian formula, enabling efficient computation of the operator. A particular advantage of this method is that it reduces or eliminates storage of Green's functions on the hard disk. The modifications, however, also introduce undesired crosstalk artifacts. I introduce two different phase‐encoding schemes, namely, plane‐wave phase encoding and random phase encoding, to suppress the cross‐talk. I applied the Hessian operator obtained by using random phase encoding to the Sigsbee2A synthetic data set, where a better subsalt image with higher resolution is obtained.
Plastic Heart, Black Box, Iron Cage (1996)

which ~ust always be within six feet of the patient, the length of the power Imes that emerge from just below Clark's rib cage. 1 What could this mean, this image of a man with plastic tubes stuck into his body, compressing air into a plastic pump implanted in his chest cavity?Where did this cyborg come from?What are we to make of him?And why did the experiment ultimately fail?These questions motivate public and scholarly interest in the artificial heart experiment.The answers to them are complex because the heart is a polyvalent symbol.The human heart has stood for, among other things, individuality and personhood, understanding and intellect, passion and romantic love, kinship and sociality, fallibility and eternal life. 2 It has been the interface between mind and body, an icon of embodiment in the face of Cartesian dualism.It is, was, might continue to be, the seat of life itself.The artificial heart experiment, if it did nothing else, placed all that in question.In this essay I want to examine the acculturation of a technoscientific experiment, believing with Paul Rabinow " ... that it is not quite true, as is so often asserted, that it is the 'newness' of contemporary technology that leaves us culturally unprepared.It is also the effacement of the 'oldness' of so many of the background assumptions and practices that lurk unexamined at the edges in these cases which contextualize the technology and form our questions and responses." 3 I want to explore the "background assumptions and practices" which framed the artificial heart experiment by first rendering an historical and quasi-ethnographic depiction of the development and use of the artificial heart. .In it, I will draw out some of the broader implications of the story, focusing on the themes of commercial interest, Christian values, and technoscientific inertia.Second, in attending to the cultural ramifications of the experiment, I will address a theory of scientific production, posed against culture, which might explain the Jarvik-7's ultimate failure: Bruno Latour's actor-network analysis.A Latourian account forms a test-case for considering the degree to which culture impinges on technoscience.I use Latour to illuminate the instrumentality of the technoscientific perspective.Third, I consider an opposed attempt to figure the development of technoscience: Donna Haraway's ironic but 1
The recruitment of Fas-associated death domain/caspase-8 in Ras-induced apoptosis. (2001)

Oncogenic Ras induces cells to undergo apoptosis after inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) activity. The integration of differential signaling pathways is required for full execution of apoptosis. In this study, we used Jurkat as well as Fas/FADD-defective cell lines expressing v-ras to determine the upstream elements required for activation of the caspase cascade in PKC/Ras-mediated apoptosis. During this Ras-induced apoptotic process, caspase-8 was activated, possibly through its binding to Fas-associated death domain (FADD), in Jurkat/ras and Jurkat/Fas(m)/ras cells but not in Jurkat/FADD(m)/ras cells. c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) was activated in all three cell lines expressing ras in response to apoptotic stimulation. Suppression of JNK by dn-JNK1 blocked the interaction of FADD and caspase-8 and partially protected Jurkat/ras and Jurkat/Fas(m)/ras cells from apoptosis. However, dn-JNK1 had no effect on PKC/Ras-induced apoptosis in Jurkat/FADD(m)/ras cells. The results indicate that FADD/caspase-8 signaling is involved in PKC/Ras-mediated apoptosis, and JNK may be an upstream effector of caspase activation.
Papillary mechanics and cardiac morphology of infarcted rat hearts after training (1987)

Infarction of the left ventricle was induced by ligation of the coronary artery in male Sprague-Dawley rats under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia. Three weeks after surgery, animals were assigned to a trained (n = 21; running at 20 m/min, 10% grade, 1 h/day, 5 days/wk) or nontrained group (n = 23) for an additional 8 wk. A third, sham-operated control group (n = 16) remained cage sedentary for 11 wk. Ventricular mass was greater in the trained and nontrained infarct groups [1,335 +/- 57.3 and 1,414 +/- 56.1 mg, respectively (mean +/- SE)] compared with the control group (1,155 +/- 50.9 mg) (P less than or equal to 0.05). The diameter of septal fibers was 13% greater in the trained and 17% greater in the nontrained infarct groups compared with control. The specific peak developed force and maximum rate of force development of left ventricular papillary muscle in vitro were 75 and 62% greater in both infarcted groups compared with the control group; these variables were unaffected by training. Myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase activity of septum was 20% lower in both infarct groups compared with sham-operated animals. We conclude that exercise training did not alter the magnitude of morphological and physiological adaptations to infarction.
Sulfhydryl Modification of the Yeast Wbp1p Inhibits Oligosaccharyl Transferase Activity (1995)

Chemical labeling of the multimeric Saccharomyces cerevisiae oligosaccharyl transferase indicates that the 48 kDa Wbp1p subunit is an integral component of the catalytically active enzyme. The enzyme was purified following chromatography on concanavalin A agarose, heparin agarose, Q-Sepharose, and hydroxyapatite media. The enzyme activity copurified with a tetrameric complex of polypeptide subunits. Two of the subunits have been identified as the yeast proteins Wbp1p and Swp1p by amino-terminal residue sequencing. A third subunit was identified as a variably glycosylated polypeptide near 64 kDa; preliminary amino acid sequencing showed no identity to known yeast proteins. Modification of a cysteine residue by the reagent methyl methanethiolsulfonate (MMTS) caused time-dependent and concentration-dependent inactivation of the enzyme. To identify the modified subunit of the transferase complex, the labeling reagent S-[(N-biotinoylamino)ethyl] methanethiolsulfonate (BMTS) was synthesized. Like MMTS, BMTS inactivated the oligosaccharyl transferase in a time-dependent manner. Additionally, incubation with the substrate (dolichylpyrophosphoryl)-N,N'-diacetylchitobiose [Dol-PP(GlcNAc)2] protected the enzyme from BMTS inactivation. When the purified enzyme complex was incubated with BMTS, Wbp1p alone was specifically labeled, thereby associating this subunit with catalysis and the binding of the dolichylpyrophosphoryl oligosaccharide substrate in the transferase reaction.
Targeting Ras in Myeloid Leukemias (2008)

Ras proteins normally relay growth-promoting signals from many activated cell surface receptors, and they are altered by oncogenic point mutations in approximately 30% of human cancers. Activating KRAS and NRAS mutations are especially common in malignancies of the pancreas, lung, and colon, and in myeloid leukemia. Here, we discuss general strategies for targeting hyperactive Ras signaling in cancer cells with specific reference to myeloid malignancies.
Interconversion of components of the bacterial proton motive force by electrogenic potassium transport (1981)

The influence of K+ ions on the components of the transmembrane proton motive force (delta mu H+) in intact bacteria was investigated. In K+-depleted cells of the glycolytic bacterium STreptococcus faecalis the addition of K+ ions caused a depolarization of the membrane by about 60 mV. However, since the depolarization was compensated for by an increase in the transmembrane pH gradient (delta pH), the total proton motive force remained almost constant at about 120 mV. Half-maximal changes in the potential were observed at K+ concentrations at which the cells accumulated K+ ions extensively. In EDTA-treated, K+-depleted cells of Escherichia coli K-12, the addition of K+ ions to the medium caused similar, although smaller changes in the components of delta mu H+. Experiments with various E. coli K-12 K+ transport mutants showed that for the observed potential changes the cells required either a functional TrkA or Kdp K+ transport system. These data are interpreted to mean that the inward movement of K+ ions via each of these bacterial transport systems is electrogenic. Consequently, it leads to a depolarization of the membrane, which in its turn allows the cell to pump more protons into the medium.
High-Speed Cable Modems: Including IEEE 802.14 Standards (1997)

From the Publisher:
Get the inside story on high-speed cable modemsand the IEE HSM standardfrom a key member of the IEEE 802. 14 team! The Telecommunications Act of 1996 and the phenomenal growth of the Internet have combined to spark a new telecommunications revolution and an intensified worldwide bandwidth race. High-speed cable modems are a pivotal new technology for delivering the enormous bandwidth required to rapidly move full-motion video and other multimedia information across the Internet to and from homes and businesses around the world. 
Written by a key member of the IEEE HSM working group,this authoritative reference to high-speed cable modems and the IEEE 802. 14 standard is a must-read for every cable TV and telecommunications engineer and executive. It provides a wealth of technical information with which to plan the implementation of BroadBand services and gauge the impact of HSM technology on the network: overview of the HFC environmentits architecture,BroadBand services and transport medium,including the role of ATM in the HFC network; history and evolution of high-speed modems in the digital realm; detailed discussions of the HSM physical and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers,complete with performance evaluations of all proposals submitted to IEEE 802. 14; architecture and requirements to deliver POTS via HFC,plus new PCS opportunities; complete information on all standard bodies,security in the HFC environment,ADSL and other alternative technologies,and the current state of the HSM worldwide market.