gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Caries prevention and reversal based on the caries balance. (2006)

The science behind caries prevention and reversal is well understood. A recent clinical trial has confirmed that reducing caries risk results in a reduction in dental decay. Dental caries progression or reversal depends upon the balance between demineralization and remineralization and can be visualized for clinical purposes as the "caries balance." This balance is determined by the relative weights of the sums of pathological factors and protective factors. A structured caries risk assessment should be carried out based upon the concept of the caries balance. Following the risk assessment, a treatment plan is devised which leads to the control of dental caries for the patient. The balance between pathological and preventive factors can be swung in the direction of caries intervention and prevention by the active role of the dentist and his/her auxiliary staff.
Backlash compensation in nonlinear systems using dynamic inversion by neural networks (2003)

A dynamic inversion compensation scheme is presented for backlash. The compensator uses the backstepping technique with neural networks (NN) for inverting the backlash nonlinearity in the feedforward path. The technique provides a general procedure for using NN to determine the dynamic pre-inverse of an invertible dynamical system. A tuning algorithm is presented for the NN backlash compensator which yields a stable closed-loop system.
ACCELERATION OF THE DIELS-ALDER REACTION BY ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTACCELERATION OF THE DIELS-ALDER REACTION BY ALUMINUM CHLORIDEPeter Yates and Philip EatonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 16, 4436–4437Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01501a085https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01501a085research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4321Altmetric-Citations285LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Monocyte migration into the subendothelial space of a coculture of adult human aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells. (1988)

Human aortic endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC) were isolated and used to form a multilayer of EC-SMC separated by a layer of collagen. SMC and/or collagen layers exerted minimal effects on Na+ transport but impeded the transport of LDL. The presence of an endothelial monolayer markedly reduced the transport of Na+ and LDL. When monocytes were presented to the complete coculture, in the absence of added chemoattractant, one monocyte entered the subendothelial space for every one to three EC present. In contrast, neither collagen nor SMC plus collagen nor EC plus collagen induced comparable monocyte migration. Despite massive migration of monocytes into the coculture, no significant alteration in Na+ transport was observed. LDL transport into the preparation during massive monocyte migration increased modestly, but this was far less than the amount of LDL transported in the absence of an endothelial monolayer. We conclude that (a) the endothelial monolayer was the principal permeability barrier, (b) a substantial migration of monocytes occurred in the absence of added chemoattractant when both EC and SMC were present in the coculture, (c) endothelial barrier function was largely maintained after monocyte migration; and (d) these experiments indicate the need to study all three cell types (monocytes, EC, and SMC) together to understand the complex interactions that occur between these cells.
Peptide Specificity in the Recognition of MHC Class I by Natural Killer Cell Clones (1995)

Recognition by natural killer (NK) cells of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on target cells inhibits NK-mediated lysis. Here, inhibition of NK clones by HLA-B*2705 molecules mutated at single amino acids in the peptide binding site varied among HLA-B*2705-specific NK clones. In addition, a subset of such NK clones was inhibited by only one of several self peptides loaded onto HLA-B*2705 molecules expressed in peptide transporter-deficient cells, showing that recognition was peptide-specific. These data demonstrate that specific self peptides, complexed with MHC class I, provide protection from NK-mediated lysis.
Rural roads and poverty alleviation in Morocco (2004)

About half of Morocco's 30 million people, and more than 70 percent of the poor, live in rural areas. Through investments in rural roads and other infrastructure and social programs, the government is making efforts to improve the lot of the rural population. Until the mid-1990s, the focus of highway planning and investment was on the main roads that connect large cities and carry the heaviest traffic. This approach responded to clear economic priorities and represented a sound allocation of resources. However, the increase in rural poverty in the 1990s and the limited progress in improving rural accessibility indicated the need for a strategy to address these two issues simultaneously.
Murine B cell differentiation lineages. (1984)

Subpopulations of mouse B cells express different amounts of two antigens (BLA-1 and BLA-2) recognized by rat monoclonal antibodies (53-10.1 and 30-E2). Two-color immunofluorescence analysis on the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) shows that the 53-10.1 monoclonal antibody reacts with a similar proportion of splenic B cells from normal and CBA/N (xid) mice, whereas 30-E2 reacts with most CBA/N B cells but with only a fraction of normal B cells. Data from three- and four-color immunofluorescence analyses with xid, athymic (nude), and normal mice suggest that the order in which these antigens are lost during B cell differentiation distinguishes two B cell lineages: immature B cells express both antigens, intermediate-stage B cells of one or the other lineage express only BLA-1 or only BLA-2, respectively, and mature resting B cells express neither. CBA/N mice lack one of the putative intermediate populations (BLA-1+,2-); thus, this population apparently gives rise to the predominant mature B cell population, which is present in normal adult spleen and lymph node but is missing in CBA/N. The other putative intermediate population (BLA-1-,2+) is decreased by two- to threefold in spleens from nude mice compared with strain-matched controls. Both BLA-1 and BLA-2 antigens rapidly reappear after specific (antigen) or nonspecific (lipopolysaccharide) B cell activation. IgM plaque-forming cells (PFC) derived from such activated cells continue to express both antigens while IgG PFC express only BLA-1.
Inhibition of Neointimal Proliferation With Low-Dose Irradiation From a β-Particle–Emitting Stent (1996)

A local, continuous source of low-dose endovascular irradiation via a beta-particle-emitting stent inhibits neointimal formation in porcine arteries. This low dose of local irradiation did not prevent endothelialization of the stents. This novel technique offers promise for the prevention of restenosis and warrants further investigation.
Hypomethylation of pericentromeric DNA in breast adenocarcinomas (1998)

Drug-induced DNA demethylation in normal human cells and inherited localized hypomethylation in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes from patients with a rare recessive disease (ICF: immunodeficiency, centromeric region instability, facial anomalies) are associated with karyotypic instability. This chromosomal recombination is targeted to heterochromatin in the vicinity of the centromere (pericentromeric region) of human chromosome 1. Pericentromeric rearrangements in this chromosome as well as overall genomic hypomethylation are frequently observed in many kinds of cancer, including breast adenocarcinoma. We found that almost half of 25 examined breast adenocarcinomas exhibited hypomethylation in satellite 2 DNA, which is located in the long region of heterochromatin adjacent to the centromere of chromosome 1 and is normally highly methylated. One of the 19 examined non-malignant breast tissues displaying fibrocystic changes was similarly hypomethylated in this satellite DNA. We also looked at an opposing type of methylation alteration in these cancers, namely, hypermethylation in a tumor-suppressor gene region that is frequently hypermethylated in breast cancers. We found that increased methylation in the E-cadherin promoter region and decreased methylation in satellite 2 DNA were often present in the same breast cancers. While hypermethylation in certain tumor-suppressor gene regions may favor tumorigenesis by repressing transcription, demethylation of other DNA sequences may predispose to cancer-promoting chromosomal re-arrangements.
In vivotreatment of rats with monoclonal antibodies against gamma interferon: effects on experimental allergic neuritis (1989)

To elucidate the role of gamma interferon in experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) a mouse monoclonal antibody (DB-1) directed against rat gamma interferon was used to treat rats during different phases of the development of experimental allergic neuritis (EAN). The effects of this treatment were followed by clinical evaluation, and in some instances by immunohistochemical analysis of lymphoid organs and affected nerves for presence of MHC class II antigens and various T cell subsets. DB-1 treatment given after onset of clinical symptoms (Day 15 after immuniozation with myelin) shortened disease duration, compared with non-treated EAN controls. Affected nerves of DB-1 treated animals showed reduced expression of MHC class II antigens and lower numbers of T lymphocytes within the affected nerves. In contrast, when DB-1 treatment was given on the day of immunization (Day 0), the disease duration increased, and when given before onset of the disease (Day 9) the clinical course was not significantly affected. The results support an important role for gamma interferon in the pathogenesis of EAN.
Oral triazolam pretreatment for intravenous sedation. (1993)

This double-blind, controlled clinical trial assessed the anxiety relief provided by oral triazolam given before intravenous sedation. Twenty-two healthy adults undergoing third-molar surgery with intravenous sedation were enrolled in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 0.25 mg of triazolam p.o. or an identically appearing placebo 45 to 60 min before venipuncture. Immediately before test drug administration, subjects completed the Corah Anxiety Scale, a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) assessing state anxiety, and the Interval Scale of Anxiety Response (ISAR). The VAS and ISAR were repeated immediately before venipuncture. Intravenous sedation medications consisted of fentanyl, midazolam, and methohexital. At 24 hr, assessments of the venipuncture and global experience were obtained. Results indicated that the characteristics of the triazolam and placebo patients were similar at baseline. With triazolam pretreatment, both the VAS and ISAR scores decreased significantly. Dose requirements for conscious sedation medications were decreased in the triazolam group. Patients rated the venipuncture experience significantly less unpleasant when pretreated with triazolam, and global ratings of the overall surgical experience favored triazolam. An oral-intravenous combination sedation technique using 0.25 mg of triazolam may have a significant therapeutic advantage for outpatient oral surgery.
Renewable bioresources : scope and modification for non-food applications (2004)

List of Contributors.List of Abbreviations.Foreword.Preface.Chapter 1. Green Chemistry and Sustainability (Jeffrey Hardy).Chapter 2. Socio-Economical Aspects and Policy of Renewable Resources (Liisa Tahvanainen and Christian V. Stevens).Chapter 3. Integral Valorization (Werner Praznik and Christian V. Stevens).Chapter 4. Primary Production of Raw Materials (Waldemar Rymowicz).Chapter 5. Energy from Renewable Resources (Bio-Energy) (Mehrdad Rymowicz).Chapter 6. Identification and Quantification of Renewable Crop Materials (Anton Huber and Werner Praznik).Chapter 7. Industrial Products from Carbohydrates, Wood and Fibres (Christian V. Stevens).Chapter 8. Occurrence, Functions and Biosynthesis of Non-Carbohydrate Biopolymers (Christian O. Bramer and Alexander Steinbuchel).Chapter 9. Industrial Products from Lipids and Proteins (Roland Verhe).Chapter 10. High Value Added Industries (Jan Demyttenaere and Jozef Poppe).Chapter 11. Renewable Resources: Back to the Future (Christian V. Stevens.Index.
α-Lipoic Acid and Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome (2007)

Insulin autoimmune syndrome, a relatively rare cause of hypoglycemia, is characterized by the production of autoantibodies to insulin in individuals who have not previously been injected with this hormone (1). Drug-induced autoimmunity appears to be important in the pathogenesis of this syndrome, given that ∼50% of affected individuals have taken certain drugs, most of which (such as methimazole, α-mercaptopropionyl glycine, or glutathione) contain the sulfydryl group, before its onset (1). We now report a case of insulin autoimmune syndrome likely induced by α-lipoic acid (ALA), a reduced form of which contains the sulfydryl group (2).

A 32-year-old Japanese woman visited Ishida Clinic on 1 June 2005 because of a feeling of weariness before lunch and dinner. This symptom, which first occurred on 23 May 2005, was relieved by ingestion of the meal. The patient had been well until the onset of the preprandial weariness, had never been injected with insulin, and had no family history of metabolic, hormonal, or autoimmune diseases. Her weight was 60 kg and height 155.4 cm.

The patient's plasma glucose levels during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (59, 154, 207, and 227 mg/dl at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min after glucose ingestion, respectively) performed on 3 June 2005 were consistent with a diagnosis of diabetes, whereas her A1C level was low (4.5%). Serum …
Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems and Anticancer Drugs (2018)

Cancer is a life-threatening disease contributing to ~3.4 million deaths worldwide. There are various causes of cancer, such as smoking, being overweight or obese, intake of processed meat, radiation, family history, stress, environmental factors, and chance. The first-line treatment of cancer is the surgical removal of solid tumours, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The systemic administration of the free drug is considered to be the main clinical failure of chemotherapy in cancer treatment, as limited drug concentration reaches the tumour site. Most of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) used in chemotherapy are highly cytotoxic to both cancer and normal cells. Accordingly, targeting the tumour vasculatures is essential for tumour treatment. In this context, encapsulation of anti-cancer drugs within the liposomal system offers secure platforms for the targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs for the treatment of cancer. This, in turn, can be helpful for reducing the cytotoxic side effects of anti-cancer drugs on normal cells. This short-review focuses on the use of liposomes in anti-cancer drug delivery.
Virus-induced atherosclerosis. (1978)

Of four groups of chickens, two (groups I and II) were infected with MDV and two were not (groups III and IV). Groups I and III were fed diets low in lipid, and groups II and IV were fed cholesterol-supplemented diets. Striking grossly visible atherosclerotic lesions were seen in large coronary arteries, aortas, and major aortic branches of infected normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic chickens (groups I and II). In contrast, grossly visible atherosclerotic lesions were not seen in uninfected normocholesterolemic chickens (group III), nor in uninfected hypercholesterolemic chickens (group IV). Microscopically, arterial changes in the infected animals were characterized by occlusive fibromuscular intimal thickening which formed fibrous caps overlying areas of atheromatous change. This change closely resembled chronic atherosclerosis in man. These results may have important bearing on our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of human arteriosclerosis since there is widespread and persistent infection of human populations with up to five different herpes-viruses.
A slightly shorter route to carbocyclic nucleosides. Synthesis of (±)‐trans‐1‐[2‐(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentylmethyl]uracil (1999)

Abstract (±)‐ trans ‐1‐[2‐(Hydroxymethyl)cyclopentylmethyl]uracil ( 1 ) was prepared in two steps and 56% yield from 2‐hydroxymethylcyclopentylmethylamine (7) and 3‐methoxy‐2‐propenoylisocyanate ( 6 ). Isocyanate 6 was prepared from methyl 3‐methoxy‐2‐propenoate in four steps and 38% overall yield.
An Encoded Particle Array Tool for Multiplex Bioassays (2003)

The detection of both gene function at the genomic scale and protein assays at a proteomic scale is developing into an essential tool in the discovery and development of new medicines. A wide variety of techniques have been used that allow the analyst to assess the information gathered from a SNP up to a fully developed immunoassay. Despite these advances, there remains an ongoing drive to keep the cost of research and development down to reduce the cost of bringing a new drug or diagnostic to market. The demand to carry out large-scale bioassay analysis using yet smaller reagent volume and at a very low cost per test is gaining much importance as seen in the growing need to perform multiplex bioassays. In this article, we describe an analytical system that is being developed to address such a need for multiplexing bioassays at a low, affordable cost providing a flexible alternative consumable to the current technologies. This novel system utilizes inexpensive fabricated polymeric material produced by standard MEMS technology, which allows the attachment, through a variety of coupling chemistries, of oligonucleotides, proteins, antibodies, and antigens. These can then be analyzed by simple scanning, with either a flow cytometer or a simple optical reader, providing a robust, sensitive microarray assay system.
Characterization of oil exhibiting high γ‐linolenic acid from a genetically transformed canola strain (2001)

Abstract The seed oil from a genetically transformed canola ( Brassica napus ) containing 43% (w/w) of γ‐linolenic acid (G, 18∶3n−6), 22% linoleic acid (L, 18∶2n−6), and 16% oleic acid (O, 18∶1n−9) was evaluated. In this high γ‐linolenic acid canola oil (HGCO), the predominant 18∶3n−6‐containing triacylglycerol (TG) molecular species were GGL (23%), GLO (20%), and GGG (11%). In the total TG, approximately 75% of the 18∶3n−6 was located at the sn ‐1,3 positions, while only 34% of linoleic acid was at the sn ‐1,3 positions. The GGL molecular species of HGCO contained approximately equal amounts of GLG and GGL positional isomers, while the GLO molecular species had 95% GOL and 5% GLO isomers. The general characteristics and the tocopherol and phytosterol contents were mostly similar between HGCO and nontransformed canola oil. No detectable amounts of amino acids and nucleotides were observed in the HGCO.
Validation of a Real-Time PCR–Based Qualitative Assay for the Detection of Methylated SEPT9 DNA in Human Plasma (2014)

The Epi proColon test is a simple, real-time PCR-based assay for the detection of methylated SEPT9 DNA in blood that may provide a noninvasive CRC screening alternative for people noncompliant with current CRC screening guidelines.
Synthesis and swelling behavior of polyurethane networks based on hyperbranched polymer (2011)

A series of six polyurethane (PU) networks was synthesized from BoltornR hydroxy-functional hyperbranched polyester (HBP) of the second pseudo generation as a crosslinking agent, ?,?- dihydroxy-(ethylene oxide-poly(dimethylsiloxane)-ethylene oxide) (EO-PDMS-EO) and 4,4?- methylenediphenyl diisocyanate, by a two-step polymerization in solution. Each sample of the prepared PUs had different EO-PDMS-EO content. The chemical structure of the synthesized networks was analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy. The influence of the EO-PDMS-EO content and type of the solvent on the swelling behavior of the PUs in 2-propanol and toluene was investigated. During the swelling measurements certain amount of sol fractions was extracted from the PUs by solvents. According to the 1H NMR results, sol fractions are mainly composed of the soluble hyperbranched PU, formed during the polymerization by partial modification of the end hydroxyl groups of HBP with NCO-terminated prepolymer synthesized in the first step of the reaction. Chains of the so reacted prepolymer can then fold back and form cyclic products by reaction of the free -NCO group from the NCO-terminated prepolymer with free -OH group of HBP. As the EO-PDMS-EO content increases the amount of the sol fractions and swelling degree also increased, indicating that networks with lower EO-PDMS-EO content are more crosslinked and have higher solvent resistance.
The identification of conserved interactions within the SH3 domain by alignment of sequences and structures (2000)

The SH3 domain, comprised of approximately 60 residues, is found within a wide variety of proteins, and is a mediator of protein-protein interactions. Due to the large number of SH3 domain sequences and structures in the databases, this domain provides one of the best available systems for the examination of sequence and structural conservation within a protein family. In this study, a large and diverse alignment of SH3 domain sequences was constructed, and the pattern of conservation within this alignment was compared to conserved structural features, as deduced from analysis of eighteen different SH3 domain structures. Seventeen SH3 domain structures solved in the presence of bound peptide were also examined to identify positions that are consistently most important in mediating the peptide-binding function of this domain. Although residues at the two most conserved positions in the alignment are directly involved in peptide binding, residues at most other conserved positions play structural roles, such as stabilizing turns or comprising the hydrophobic core. Surprisingly, several highly conserved side-chain to main-chain hydrogen bonds were observed in the functionally crucial RT-Src loop between residues with little direct involvement in peptide binding. These hydrogen bonds may be important for maintaining this region in the precise conformation necessary for specific peptide recognition. In addition, a previously unrecognized yet highly conserved beta-bulge was identified in the second beta-strand of the domain, which appears to provide a necessary kink in this strand, allowing it to hydrogen bond to both sheets comprising the fold.