gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ethanol Fermentation of Various Pretreated and Hydrolyzed Substrates at Low Initial pH (2007)

Lignocellulosic materials represent an abundant feedstock for bioethanol production. Because of their complex structure pretreatment is necessary to make it accessible for enzymatic attack. Steam pretreatment with or without acid catalysts seems to be one of the most promising techniques, which has already been applied for large variety of lignocellulosics in order to improve enzymatic digestibility. During this process a range of toxic compounds (lignin and sugar degradation products) are formed which inhibit ethanol fermentation. In this study, the toxicity of hemicellulose hydrolysates obtained in the steam pretreatment of spruce, willow, and corn stover were investigated in ethanol fermentation tests using a yeast strain, which has been previously reported to have a resistance to inhibitory compounds generated during steam pretreatment. To overcome bacterial contamination, fermentations were carried out at low initial pH. The fermentability of hemicellulose hydrolysates of pretreated lignocellulosic substrates at low pH gave promising results with the economically profitable final 5 vol% ethanol concentration corresponding to 85% of theoretical. Adaptation experiments have shown that inhibitor tolerance of yeast strain can be improved by subsequent transfer of the yeast to inhibitory medium.
Bispecific Antibody Targeting of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Glycoprotein 41 to Human Macrophages through the Fe IgG Receptor I Mediates Neutralizing Effects in HIV-1 Infection (1992)

Human monocyte-derived macrophages that express the CD4 molecule and the Fc receptor for IgG (Fc gamma R) play a major role in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To explore this possibility further, human monoclonal antibody to glycoprotein 41 (gp41) was produced, and a heterobifunctional antibody composed of F(ab') x F(ab')2 fragments of monoclonal anti-gp41 and anti-Fc gamma RI 22.2 were constructed. Both antibodies were analyzed for neutralizing effects, and the role of the CD4 molecule in HIV infection was studied with human monocyte-derived macrophages. The bispecific antibody exhibited strong neutralizing properties, in contrast to the monoclonal anti-gp41 antibody. Moreover, in the presence of monoclonal anti-Leu-3a antibody, viral production was completely inhibited. These findings demonstrate the necessity of the CD4 molecule in HIV infection of human macrophages and emphasize the usefulness of such heterobifunctional antibody directed to virus and monocyte-derived macrophage Fc receptors in prevention of HIV infection.
Prolonged storage of red cells at 4° C (1986)

One of the events associated with red cell storage at 4 degrees C is the development of an increasing proportion of echinocytes. Vesicles also may bud off the spicules, presumably leading to a decreased surface-to-volume ratio and decreased deformability. Pursuing the hypothesis that increasing the surface tension of the cells by increasing their volume might reduce the tendency toward echinocytosis and extend refrigerated storage time, packed red cells were resuspended in a solution hypotonic (210 mOsm) with respect to solutes that do not penetrate the cell. Since a reduced ionic concentration results in increased membrane permeability for cations, normal ionic concentration was maintained by the addition of NH4C1, which readily penetrates red cells and therefore contributes no osmotic support. Adenine, glucose, mannitol, citrate, and phosphate also were included. Unexpectedly, the predominant effect of red cell storage in this solution was a remarkable elevation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). At 4, 8, and 10 weeks, (ATP) levels averaged 165, 135, and 110 percent of initial values, respectively. At 16 weeks, ATP still averaged 50 percent of initial values. Twenty-four-hour in vivo survival of red cells measured at 12 to 18 weeks ranged between 70 and 80 percent, and hemolysis ranged from 0.3 to 7.1 percent. Both the hypotonicity and the ammonium salt appear to be necessary for the high ATP.
Microfluidic components in LIGA technique (1994)

The transport of small amounts of fluids and gases must be controlled with a view to automated drug dosage, chemical analysis with microsensors, and hydraulic as well as pneumatic microactuators. Components for microfluidic systems have been developed at Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center which are manufactured by the LIGA technique. Micropumps have been fabricated by combining thermoplastic molding with membrane techniques. It is envisaged to integrate these micropumps into a module for handling gases and liquids. The module can then be coupled with different sensor modules to form microsystems, e.g. for the detection of toxic chemicals in the environment or for bedside analysis in hospitals. Microvalve systems and fluidic beam amplifiers have been developed for hydraulic and pneumatic actuators. These devices are capable of controlling a liquid or gas stream and may be used to steer e.g. instruments in a catheter tip for minimally invasive surgery.
Continuous program optimization: Design and evaluation (2001)

This paper presents a system in which the already executing user code is continually and automatically reoptimized in the background, using dynamically collected execution profiles as a guide. Whenever a new code image has been constructed in the background in this manner, it is hot-swapped in place of the previously executing one. Control is then transferred to the new code and construction of yet another code image is initiated in the background. Two new runtime optimization techniques have been implemented in the context of this system: object layout adaptation and dynamic trace scheduling. The former technique constantly improves the storage layout of dynamically allocated data structures to improve data cache locality. The latter increases the instruction-level parallelism by continually adapting the instruction schedule to predominantly executed program paths. The empirical results presented in this paper make a case in favor of continuous optimization, but also indicate some of the pitfalls and current shortcomings of continuous optimization. If not applied judiciously, the costs of dynamic optimizations outweigh their benefit in many situations so that no break-even point is ever reached. In favorable circumstances, however, speed-ups of over 96 percent have been observed. It appears as if the main beneficiaries of continuous optimization are shared libraries in specific application domains which, at different times, can be optimized in the context of the currently dominant client application.
Distinct Annealing Temperature in Polymer:Fullerene:Polymer Ternary Blend Solar Cells (2009)

A distinct thermal annealing temperature exhibiting a maximum efficiency was observed for polymer solar cells with a ternary blend film that consists of one soluble fullerene and two kinds of conjugated polymer (electron-donating polymer and electron-accepting polymer). The distinct sharp shape trend of device performance with annealing temperature has been assigned primarily to the influence of the electron-accepting polymer [poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT)], since the glass transition temperature of F8BT was exactly the same as with the best annealing temperature. The performance of the best ternary blend solar cell made in this work was poorer than the well-optimized binary blend with the higher content (donor:acceptor = 1:1) of electron-donating polymer. However, it was slightly better than the comparative binary blend solar cell with the same content of electron-donating polymer (donor:acceptor = 1:2), indicative of further improvement in the performance of ternary blend solar cells through the control of blend composition and/or thickness.
Data-intensive Question Answering (2001)

Data-driven methods have proven to be powerful techniques for natural language processing. It is still unclear to what extent this success can be attributed to specific techniques, versus simply the data itself. For example, in [Banko and Brill 2001] it was demonstrated that for confusion set disambiguation, a prototypical disambiguation-instring -context problem, the amount of data used far dominates the learning method employed in improving labeling accuracy. The more training data that is used, the greater the chance that a new sample being processed can be trivially related to samples appearing in the training data, thereby lessening the need for any complex reasoning that may be beneficial in cases of sparse training data. The idea of allowing the data, instead of the methods, do most of the work is what motivated our particular approach to the TREC Question Answering task. One of the biggest challenges in TREC-style QA is overcoming the surface string mismatch betw
Biomechanical and ultrastructural comparison of cryopreservation and a novel cellular extraction of porcine aortic valve leaflets (1995)

Heart valve substitutes of biological origin often fail by degenerative mechanisms. Many authors have hypothesized that mechanical fatigue and structural degradation are instrumental to in vivo failure. Since the properties of the structural matrix at implantation may predetermine failure, we have examined the ultrastructure, fracture, mechanics, and uniaxial high-strain-rate viscoelastic properties of: (1) fresh, (2) cryopreserved, and (3) cellular extracted porcine aortic valve leaflets. The cellular extraction process is being developed in order to reduce immunological attack and calcification. Cryopreservation causes cellular disruption and necrotic changes throughout the tissue, whereas extraction removes all cells and lipid membranes. Both processes leave an intact collagen and elastin structural matrix and preserve the high-strain-rate viscoelastic characteristics of the fresh leaflets. Extraction does cause a 20% reduction in the fracture tension and increases tissue extensibility, with the percent strain at fracture rising to 45.3 +/- 4 (mean +/- SEM) from 31.5 +/- 3 for fresh leaflets. However, extraction does preserve matrix structure and mechanics over the physiological loading range. Glutaraldehyde fixation produces increased extensibility, increased elastic behavior, and, when applied to extracted leaflets, it causes a marked drop in fracture tension, to 50% of that for fresh leaflets. The combination of extraction and fixation may lead to early degenerative failure. The cellular extraction technique alone may be a useful alternative to glutaraldehyde fixation in preparing bioprosthetic heart valves.
The development of intracavitary ultrasonic applicators for hyperthermia: A design and experimental study (1990)

This study investigated the design concepts and development of a multielement intracavitary ultrasound applicator for use in hyperthermia. A necessary condition imposed on these applicators is that each transducer element be separately powered and produce collimated beams. This way, the power deposition within the target volume can be controlled by varying the power to each element. Theoretical computer simulations (acoustic and thermal) and bench experiments were used to determine the constraints on the transducer element size and the spacing between them. These have shown that the length of the cylindrical segments (or subsections of) must be greater than approximately 10 lambda for proper collimation and that the spacing between them must be less than approximately 1.5 mm for uniform heating. With these design principles in mind, applicators were constructed using sections of cylindrical transducers (wall-thickness resonance). These were surrounded by temperature-controlled circulating water which was enclosed by a latex membrane. This allowed for acoustic coupling and additional control over the depth of the maximum temperature from the cavity wall. This depth could be varied between the cavity surface and up to 1.5 cm for circulating water temperatures between 5 and 42 degrees C, respectively. These applicators were tested in vivo and were able to induce controlled transrectal heating, at depths of 2-3 cm, in the canine rectum and prostate gland.
Design and fabrication of multilayer reflective filters for a Ritchey‐Chretien Lyman‐α telescope (1996)

We report the design and fabrication of multilayer reflective
filters for the self-filtering cameras of a Ritchey-Chretien Lyman-a (Ly-a)
telescope that uses reflecting multilayer mirrors, polarizers, and filters.
The Ly-a telescope is designed to measure the linear polization of hydrogen
Ly-a line (121.6 nm) emissions from the solar corona. A key
element of the filter design includes the development of p multilayers
optimized to provide maximum reflectance at 121.6 nm for the respective
cameras without significant angular variation from 0 to 15-deg incident
angles. We applied self-filtering concepts to design Ly-a telescope filters
that are composed of two reflective mirrors. The calculated value of the
net throughput is 28.38% with a 4-nm bandwidth at a center wavelength
of 121.6 nm. The measured value is 27.35% with a less than 6-nm bandwidth
at incidence angle 10 deg.
Cdkn2a suppresses metastasis in squamous cell carcinomas induced by the gain‐of‐function mutant p53R172H (2016)

p53 (TP53) is the most frequently mutated gene in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the skin and head and neck. Certain p53 mutations are oncogenic and promote invasion and metastasis in SCCs. However, it is unclear how the oncogenic function of mutant p53 is modulated by other molecular alterations that co-exist in SCCs. Here, we show that deletion of the p53 gene and activation of an endogenous p53(R172H) gain-of-function mutation in the skin induce carcinomas with similar kinetics and penetrance. Deletion of p53 induced primarily well-differentiated SCCs. However, most of the tumours induced by p53(R172H) were poorly differentiated SCCs, the only metastatic tumours in this model. These tumours expressed higher levels of cyclin D1 than the well-differentiated SCCs and spindle carcinomas that developed in these mice. Unexpectedly, metastasis was not observed in mice that developed spindle carcinomas, which expressed high levels of the tumour suppressors p16(Ink4a) and p19(Arf) , encoded by Cdkn2a, a gene frequently deleted in human SCCs. Remarkably, deletion of the Cdkn2a gene in p53(R172H) -induced SCCs promoted a dramatic increase in metastasis rates and a shorter survival in mice that developed these tumours, compared with those observed in mice with tumours in which Cdkn2a was deleted in the presence of a p53 loss-of-function mutation or wild-type p53. Accordingly, the survival of patients with head and neck SCCs bearing co-occurring high-risk p53 mutations and CDKN2A homozygous deletions was much shorter than that of patients with tumours in which high-risk p53 mutations did not contain CDKN2A homozygous deletions, or that of patients with tumours in which homozygous CDKN2A deletions co-existed with either low-risk p53 mutations or potential loss-of-function mutations in p53. These findings genetically identify a population of SCC patients with worst outcomes and will help to predict outcomes according to the p53 status and alterations in CDKN2A. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ordered Mesoporous and Microporous Molecular Sieves Functionalized with Transition Metal Complexes as Catalysts for Selective Organic Transformations (2002)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrdered Mesoporous and Microporous Molecular Sieves Functionalized with Transition Metal Complexes as Catalysts for Selective Organic TransformationsDirk E. De Vos, Mieke Dams, Bert F. Sels, and Pierre A. JacobsView Author Information Center for Surface Chemistry & Catalysis, K. U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 10, 3615–3640Publication Date (Web):August 28, 2002Publication History Received31 January 2002Published online28 August 2002Published inissue 1 October 2002https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr010368uhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr010368uresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2002 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views9054Altmetric-Citations963LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Catalysts,Ligands,Organic reactions,Selectivity,Zeolites Get e-Alerts
High Osmolarity Extends Life Span in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a Mechanism Related to Calorie Restriction (2002)

Calorie restriction (CR) extends life span in many different organisms, including mammals. We describe here a novel pathway that extends the life span of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mother cells but does not involve a reduction in caloric content of the media, i.e., there is growth of yeast cells in the presence of a high concentration of external osmolytes. Like CR, this longevity-promoting response to high osmolarity requires SIR2, suggesting a common mechanism of life span regulation. Genetic and microarray analysis indicates that high osmolarity extends the life span by activating Hog1p, leading to an increase in the biosynthesis of glycerol from glycolytic intermediates. This metabolic shift likely increases NAD levels, thereby activating Sir2p and promoting longevity.
nmb, a novel gene, is expressed in low‐metastatic human melanoma cell lines and xenografts (1995)

From a subtractive cDNA library, we isolated several cDNA clones which showed differential expression between highly and lowly metastatic human melanoma cell lines. One clone, designated nmb, showed preferential expression in the low-metastatic cell lines and was chosen for further characterization. Sequence analysis revealed that this clone represents a novel gene, encoding a putative transmembrane glycoprotein which showed the highest homology to the precursor of pMEL17, a melanocyte-specific protein. nmb RNA expression was absent in most tumor-cell lines tested and not restricted to the melanocytic lineage. Transfection of a partial nmb cDNA into a highly metastatic melanoma cell line (BLM) resulted, in 2 of 3 transfectants, in slower subcutaneous tumor growth and, in 1 of 3 transfectants, in reduction of the potential for spontaneous metastasis in nude mice.
Pharmacokinetics of phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. (2001)

Phosphorothioate (PS) oligodeoxynucleotides represent the class of antisense drugs most advanced in development and clinical testing. Exploitation of antisense oligonucleotide technology for development of rationally designed therapeutic drugs has presented a unique set of challenges, some of which relate to their pharmacokinetic behavior in vivo. Pharmacokinetic studies of PS oligodeoxynucleotides demonstrate that they are well absorbed from parenteral sites, rapidly distributed broadly to all peripheral tissues, do not cross the blood-brain barrier, and are eliminated primarily by slow metabolism in tissues. In general, the pharmacokinetic properties of this class of compounds appear to be largely driven by chemistry rather than sequence.
Precise mapping of an IGF-I-binding site on the IGF-1R (2006)

The IGF-1R [type 1 IGF (insulin-like growth factor) receptor] is activated upon binding to IGF-I and IGF-II leading to cell growth, survival and migration of both normal and cancerous cells. We have characterized the binding interaction between the IGF-1R and its ligands using two high-affinity mouse anti-IGF-1R mAbs (monoclonal antibodies), 7C2 and 9E11. These mAbs both block IGF-I binding to the IGF-1R but have no effect on IGF-II binding. Epitope mapping using chimaeras of the IGF-1R and insulin receptor revealed that the mAbs bind to the CR (cysteine-rich) domain of IGF-1R. The epitope was finely mapped using single point mutations in the IGF-1R. Mutation of Phe241, Phe251 or Phe266 completely abolished 7C2 and 9E11 binding. The three-dimensional structure showed that these residues cluster on the surface of the CR-domain. BIAcore analyses revealed that IGF-I and a chimaeric IGF-II with the IGF-I C-domain competed for the binding of both mAbs with the IGF-1R, whereas neither IGF-II nor a chimaeric IGF-I with the IGF-II C-domain affected antibody binding. We therefore conclude the IGF-I C-domain interacts with the CR (cysteine-rich) domain of the receptor at the cluster of residues Phe241, Phe251 and Phe266. These results allow precise orientation of IGF-I within the IGF-I-IGF-1R complex involving the IGF-I C-domain binding to the IGF-1R CR domain. In addition, mAbs 7C2 and 9E11 inhibited both IGF-I- and IGF-II-induced cancer cell proliferation, migration and IGF-1R down-regulation, demonstrating that targeting the IGF-1R is an effective strategy for inhibition of cancer cell growth.
Systemic Proteome Alterations Linked to Early Stage Pancreatic Cancer in Diabetic Patients (2020)

Proteomics-based multiplex biomarker panels improved the detection accuracy for diagnosis of early stage PDAC in diabetic patients.
Cancer chemotherapy and infusional scheduling. (1994)

The practice of infusional cancer chemotherapy has evolved over the past decade as our increased understanding of tumor cell kinetics and drug pharmacology has brought into focus the concentration x time formulation and its importance in tumor cell killing and host tolerance. Technologic advances have contributed substantially to the practical capability of infusional drug delivery, with improved vascular access and ambulatory infusion pumps. In the past 10 years, infusional schedules have been used for virtually every class of antineoplastic agent and have demonstrated an improved therapeutic index by reduced or altered toxicity (doxorubicin, fluorouracil, ifosfamide, platinum analogs) or increased tumor cell killing (fluorouracil, etoposide, cladribine). Although there are few phase III trials comparing infusion and bolus administration, the evidence is clear that toxicity is altered and therapeutic benefit is not diminished by infusional schedules of drug administration.
The Prophylactic Extraction of Third Molars: A Public Health Hazard (2007)

Ten million third molars (wisdom teeth) are extracted from approximately 5 million people in the United States each year at an annual cost of over $3 billion. In addition, more than 11 million patient days of "standard discomfort or disability"--pain, swelling, bruising, and malaise--result postoperatively, and more than 11000 people suffer permanent paresthesia--numbness of the lip, tongue, and cheek--as a consequence of nerve injury during the surgery. At least two thirds of these extractions, associated costs, and injuries are unnecessary, constituting a silent epidemic of iatrogenic injury that afflicts tens of thousands of people with lifelong discomfort and disability. Avoidance of prophylactic extraction of third molars can prevent this public health hazard.