gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: EFFECT OF THE NATURE OF BRIDGING CARBON ATOM GROUPS ON THE FORMATION OF ENDO,ENDO‐ AND ENDO,EXO‐ANHYDRIDES AND ‐IMIDES DERIVED FROM 3,6‐EPOXYTRICYCLO(6.2.1.02,7)UNDECENE (1980)

Abstract Die Konfiguration des Anhydrid‐ bzw. Imid‐Ringes an Tricycloundecen der Typen (III), (VI), (IX) und (XII)‐(XIV) wird offenbar weitgehend von der Art der Substituenten an der C‐1 1‐Brücke bestimmt.
Determination of cellular fatty acid compositions of various yeasts by gas-liquid chromatography (1982)

The cellular fatty acid composition of 51 cultures of various species of yeasts was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Analysis was done with a fused-silica gas-liquid chromatography capillary column, with resolution of all components including mono-, di-, and tri-unsaturated 18-carbon acids. The cultures were placed into one of four distinct gas-liquid chromatography groups on the basis of large quantitative differences in fatty acids. Group I contained only Saccharomyces species and group II only Torulopsis glabrata. Most Candida species were placed into group III, and group IV contained only basidiomycetous yeasts.
Monolithic germanium SWIR imaging array (2008)

NoblePeak Vision has developed monolithic visible to short-wave infrared (SWIR) imaging arrays. An innovative growth technique is used to integrate germanium islands with the silicon transistors and metal layers of a CMOS process. Imaging arrays of 128x128 pixels at a 10 &mu;m pitch were designed and fabricated, with the silicon photodiodes of a conventional CMOS imager replaced by germanium photodiodes. Broadband response from 400 nm to 1650 nm has been measured. Imaging die have been packaged with a Peltier cooler and built into a camera evaluation kit.
Potential Role of Drug Transporters in the Pathogenesis of Medically Intractable Epilepsy (2005)

The pathogenesis underlying pharmacoresistance in epilepsy is unclear. One of the candidate mechanisms that has attracted growing interest is the limitation of antiepileptic drug (AED) access to the seizure focus by a range of efflux transporters, the prototype of which is P-glycoprotein (P-gp). P-gp is encoded by the multidrug resistance (MDR1 or ABCB1) gene. Predominantly expressed in organs with excretory functions and at blood-tissue barriers, P-gp is thought to act as a physiologic defense by extruding xenobiotics from mammalian cells and affording protection of sensitive organs. The high level of P-gp in the cerebrovascular endothelium is believed to contribute to the functionality of the blood-brain barrier. Overexpression of P-gp causes multidrug resistance in certain cancers. It has been hypothesized that overexpression of P-gp and other efflux transporters in the cerebrovascular endothelium, in the region of the epileptic focus, also may lead to drug resistance in epilepsy. This hypothesis is supported by the findings of elevated expression of efflux transporters in epileptic foci in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, induction of expression by seizures in animal models, and experimental evidence that some commonly used AEDs are substrates. Conflicting reports suggest a possible association between variants of the MDR1 gene and medical intractability in epilepsy. Further studies to delineate the exact role, if any, of P-gp and other efflux transporters in drug-resistant epilepsy are warranted.
Double-stranded DNA and double-stranded RNA induce a common antiviral signaling pathway in human cells (2007)

Virus infection triggers IFN immune defenses in infected cells in part through viral nucleic acid interactions, but the pathways by which dsDNA and DNA viruses trigger innate defenses are only partially understood. Here we present evidence that both retinoic acid-induced gene I (RIG-I) and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) are required for dsDNA-induced IFN-beta promoter activation in a human hepatoma cell line (Huh-7), and that activation is efficiently blocked by the hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease, which is known to block dsRNA signaling by cleaving MAVS. These findings suggest that dsDNA and dsRNA share a common pathway to trigger the innate antiviral defense response in human cells, although dsDNA appears to trigger that pathway upstream of the dsRNA-interacting protein RIG-I.
Towards Multiverse Databases (2019)

A multiverse database transparently presents each application user with a flexible, dynamic, and independent view of shared data. This transformed view of the entire database contains only information allowed by a centralized and easily-auditable privacy policy. By enforcing the privacy policy once, in the database, multiverse databases reduce programmer burden and eliminate many frontend bugs that expose sensitive data.
Salivary kallikrein in Sjögren's syndrome. (1988)

Using a chromogenic substrate (H-D-Val-Leu-Arg-pNA) salivary kallikrein levels were measured in whole saliva samples from patients suffering from Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Compared to healthy control individuals, SS patients, especially those without corticosteroid medication, exhibited significantly elevated kallikrein levels. A diurnal variation was found with the highest kallikrein activities in morning saliva. No correlation between kallikrein levels and extension of the inflammation in labial salivary glands (focus score), salivary flow rates or diagnosis (primary versus secondary SS) could be observed. A pathogenic mechanism for kallikrein in autoimmune sialadenitis is discussed.
Escherichia coli msbB Gene as a Virulence Factor and a Therapeutic Target (1999)

A mutation in the msbB gene of Escherichia coli results in the synthesis of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that lacks the myristic acid moiety of lipid A. Although such mutant E. coli cells and their purified LPS have a greatly reduced ability to stimulate human immune cells, a minor reduction in the mouse inflammatory response is observed. When the msbB mutation is transferred into a clinical isolate of E. coli, there is a significant loss in virulence, as assessed by lethality in BALB/c mice. When a cloned msbB gene is provided to functionally complement the msbB mutant, virulence returns, providing direct evidence that the msbB gene product is an important virulence factor in a murine model of E. coli pathogenicity. In the genetic background of the clinical E. coli isolate, the msbB mutation also results in filamentation of the cells at 37 degrees C but not at 30 degrees C, a reduction in the level of the K1 capsule, an increase in the level of complement C3 deposition, and an increase in both opsonic and nonopsonic phagocytosis of the msbB mutant, phenotypes that can help to explain the loss in virulence. The demonstration that the inhibition of msbB gene function reduces the virulence of E. coli in a mouse infection model warrants further investigation of the msbB gene product as a novel target for antibiotic therapy.
Major Susceptibility Locus for Prostate Cancer on Chromosome 1 Suggested by a Genome-Wide Search (1996)

Despite its high prevalence, very little is known regarding genetic predisposition to prostate cancer. A genome-wide scan performed in 66 high-risk prostate cancer families has provided evidence of linkage to the long arm of chromosome 1 (1q24-25). Analysis of an additional set of 25 North American and Swedish families with markers in this region resulted in significant evidence of linkage in the combined set of 91 families. The data provide strong evidence of a major prostate cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 1.
Multiple splice variants of lactate dehydrogenase C selectively expressed in human cancer. (2002)

We applied a combined data mining and experimental validation Approach for the discovery of germ cell-specific genes aberrantly expressed in cancer. Six of 21 genes with confirmed germ cell specificity were detected in tumors, indicating that ectopic activation of testis-specific genes in cancer is a frequent phenomenon. Most surprisingly one of the genes represented lactate dehydrogenase C (LDHC), the germ cell-specific member of the lactate dehydrogenase family. LDHC escapes from transcriptional repression, resulting in significant expression levels in virtually all tumor types tested. Moreover, we discovered aberrant splicing of LDHC restricted to cancer cells, resulting in four novel tumor-specific variants displaying structural alterations of the catalytic domain. Expression of LDHC in tumors is neither mediated by gene promotor demethylation, as previously described for other germ cell-specific genes activated in cancer, nor induced by hypoxia as demonstrated for enzymes of the glycolytic pathway. LDHC represents the first lactate dehydrogenase isoform with restriction to tumor cells. In contrast to other LDH isoenzymes, LDHC has a preference for lactate as a substrate. Thus LDHC activation in cancer may provide a metabolic rescue pathway in tumor cells by exploiting lactate for ATP delivery.
Usefulness of Anthropometry and DXA in Predicting Intra‐abdominal Fat in Obese Men and Women (2000)

The prediction of IAF in obese subjects was highly dependent on sex more than in non-obese persons. Anthropometry and DXA were equally useful in obese women, whereas anthropometry had no predictive power and DXA was the only acceptable predictor of IAF in obese men.
Structure-Based Mutagenesis of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA Attachment Site: Effects on Integration and cDNA Synthesis (1999)

Sequences at the ends of linear retroviral cDNA important for integration define the viral DNA attachment (att) site. Whereas determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase important for replication in T lymphocytes have been extensively characterized, regions of the att site important for viral spread have not been thoroughly examined. Previous transposon-mediated footprinting of preintegration complexes isolated from infected cells revealed enhanced regions of bacteriophage Mu insertion near the ends of HIV-1 cDNA, in the regions of the att sites. Here, we identified the subterminal cDNA sequences cleaved during in vitro footprinting and used this structure-based information together with results of previous work to construct and characterize 24 att site mutant viruses. We found that although subterminal cDNA sequences contributed to HIV-1 replication, the identities of these bases were not critical for integration. In contrast, the phylogenetically conserved CA dinucleotides located at the ends of HIV-1 contributed significantly to virus replication and integration. Mutants containing one intact CA end displayed delays in peak virus growth compared to the wild type. In contrast, double mutant viruses lacking both CAs were replication defective. The A of the CA appeared to be the most critical determinant of integration, because two different U5 mutant viruses containing the substitution of TG for CA partially reverted by changing the G back to A. We also identified a U5 deletion mutant in which the CA played a crucial role in reverse transcription.
Haemodialysis catheter-related bloodstream infections: current treatment options and strategies for prevention (2005)

Regardless of the repeated reservations raised by countless researchers with reference to the use of catheters as vascular access for haemodialysis (HD), central venous catheters (CVCs) remain irreplaceable tools of the modern dialysis delivery system as a reliable option for the clinical situations requiring instant access to circulation, for various reasons. Patients on long-term haemodialysis are therefore at a significantly high risk for catheterrelated bloodstream infections (CRBSI) and ensuing serious complications. Although early systemic antibiotic treatment should include the coverage for Staphylococcus aureus, the pathogen with most devastating consequences including bacterial endocarditis; optimal treatment of CRBSI while preserving the catheter site, remains contentious. Nonetheless, catheter exchange over a guide wire and antimicrobial-anticoagulant "locks" have shown promising results as novel access salvage techniques. Despite the fact that a number of novel potentially useful strategies for the prevention of CRBSI are in the pipeline; equally essential however, remains the role of rigorous implementation of standard infection control measures for hygiene and aseptic handling of CVCs in long-term HD patients. The policy of increasing the AVF (arteriovenous fistula) prevalence beyond 50% while minimising the use of CVCs, dependent largely upon the timely referrals and prudently implemented pre-ESRD program - ought to have a positive impact on long-term HD outcomes.
Nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry using non-metalized, tapered (50 → 10 μm) fused-silica capillaries (1998)

Nanoelectrospray emitter tips, pulled from fused-silica capillaries requiring no chemical treatment or metal coating, have been operated using remote coupling of the electrospray voltage. Using common laboratory implements, 50 μm i.d. fused-silica capillaries were pulled to ca. 10 μm, and attached to a stainless steel capillary via a teflon coupler for the production of nanoelectrospray (i.e. nL/min flowrates). Using a variety of different tips, flowrates were determined to range from 30 to 80 nL/min. Spectra of bovine insulin (ca. 6 kDa) and Angiotensin III (ca. 1 kDa) produced signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios of ca.500 and ca.100, respectively; each analysis consuming ca. 10 femtomoles of sample. Radical cation formation, in addition to the monoprotonated molecule was also observed during nanoelectrospray of angiotensin III which implies that this nanoelectrospray source should be applicable to trace amounts of non-polar compounds. The stability of the ion source is demonstrated by measuring the current of the electrosprayed ions at the shutter of the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer as a function of time. Overall stability of the nanoelectrospray for angiotensin III, using no pressure to initialize or stabilize the electrospray, was determined as 23 pA ± 0.97 pA (4.2 % relative standard deviation) over a 30 minute period. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES WITH α‐METALATED ISOCYANIDES, XXXI. 2‐OXAZOLINES FROM α‐METALATED ISOCYANIDES AND CARBONYL COMPOUNDS. A NEW SYNTHEIS OF β‐AMINO ALCOHOLS (1976)

Abstract Bei der Synthese der Oxazoline (VI) wird nach drei Methoden verfahren, die sich in den für die Metallierung der mäßig CH‐aciden Isocyanide verwendeten Basen (M + Base ‐ ) unterscheiden.
Stimulation of PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4 protects cultured neurons against oxidative stress and cell death following β‐amyloid exposure (2005)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with gliosis, neuroinflammation and higher levels of prostaglandins. Conflicting roles for cyclooxygenases and prostaglandins in the etiopathology of AD have been reported. We hypothesized that PGE2 signaling through EP2 and EP4 G-protein-coupled receptors could protect against amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) neurotoxicity by increasing the cAMP signaling cascade. Using primary neuronal cultures, we investigated the presence of EP receptors (EP1-4) and the action of PGE2 and EP receptor agonists on neuronal susceptibility to Abeta1-42 toxicity. Low concentrations (1 microm) of PGE2, butaprost (EP2 agonist), and 1-hydroxy-PGE1 (EP4/EP3 agonist) were neuroprotective against Abeta1-42 toxicity, while sulprostone (EP3/EP1 agonist) at similar doses had no detectable effects. EP2 and EP4 receptor-mediated neuroprotection would involve changes in cAMP levels, as both EP2 and EP4 agonists increased intracellular cAMP concentration by approximately doubling basal levels, and both exhibited neuroprotective actions against Abeta-induced toxicity. The protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor RpcAMPS significantly attenuated the neuroprotection by butaprost, but not that by 1-hydroxy-PGE1, implying differences between EP2 and EP4 receptor protective mechanisms. Additionally, the increase in reactive oxygen species generated following exposure to Abeta was reduced by stimulation of both EP2 and EP4 receptors. Together, these results indicate that PGE2 can protect neurons against Abeta toxicity by acting on given receptors and stimulating a cascade of intracellular events, including the cAMP-PKA pathway. We propose that development and testing of specific PGE2 receptor agonists downstream of cyclooxygenase could lead to therapeutic applications.
Predicting progression from normal cognition to mild cognitive impairment for individuals at 5 years (2017)

Recent evidence indicates that measures from cerebrospinal fluid, MRI scans and cognitive testing obtained from cognitively normal individuals can be used to predict likelihood of progression to mild cognitive impairment several years later, for groups of individuals. However, it remains unclear whether these measures are useful for predicting likelihood of progression for an individual. The increasing focus on early intervention in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease emphasizes the importance of improving the ability to identify which cognitively normal individuals are more likely to progress over time, thus allowing researchers to efficiently screen participants, as well as determine the efficacy of any treatment intervention. The goal of this study was to determine which measures, obtained when individuals were cognitively normal, predict on an individual basis, the onset of clinical symptoms associated with a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease. Cognitively normal participants (n = 224, mean baseline age = 57 years) were evaluated with a range of measures, including: cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β and phosphorylated-tau, hippocampal and entorhinal cortex volume, cognitive tests scores and APOE genotype. They were then followed to determine which individuals developed mild cognitive impairment over time (mean follow-up = 11 years). The primary outcome was progression from normal cognition to the onset of clinical symptoms of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease at 5 years post-baseline. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic analyses examined the sensitivity and specificity of individual measures, and combinations of measures, as predictors of the outcome. Six measures, in combination, were the most parsimonious predictors of transition to mild cognitive impairment 5 years after baseline (area under the curve = 0.85; sensitivity = 0.80, specificity = 0.75). The addition of variables from each domain significantly improved the accuracy of prediction. The incremental accuracy of prediction achieved by adding individual measures or sets of measures successively to one another was also examined, as might be done when enrolling individuals in a clinical trial. The results indicate that biomarkers obtained when individuals are cognitively normal can be used to predict which individuals are likely to develop clinical symptoms at 5 years post-baseline. As a number of the measures included in the study could also be used as subject selection criteria in a clinical trial, the findings also provide information about measures that would be useful for screening in a clinical trial aimed at individuals with preclinical Alzheimer's disease.
Trop-2 is a novel target for solid cancer therapy with sacituzumab govitecan (IMMU-132), an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)* (2015)

Trop-2 is a novel target for ADC therapy because of its high expression by many solid cancers. The rational development of IMMU-132 represents a paradigm shift as an ADC that binds a well-known moderately-cytotoxic drug, SN-38, to the anti-Trop-2 antibody. In vitro and in vivo studies show enhanced efficacy, while there is a gradual release of SN-38 that contributes to the overall effect. IMMU-132 is most efficacious at a high drug:antibody ratio (DAR) of 7.6:1, which does not affect binding and pharmacokinetics. It targets up to 136-fold more SN-38 to a human cancer xenograft than irinotecan, SN-38's prodrug. IMMU-132 delivers SN-38 in its most active, non-glucuronidated form, which may explain the lower frequency of severe diarrhea than with irinotecan. Thus, this ADC, carrying a moderately-toxic drug targeting Trop-2 represents a novel cancer therapeutic that is showing promising activity in patients with several metastatic cancer types, including triple-negative breast cancer, non-small-cell and small-cell lung cancers.
Intraspecies transfer of a chloramphenicol-resistance plasmid of staphylococcal origin. (2003)

These results suggest that pMC524/MBM, without any modification is capable of transferring, maintaining, replicating and expressing itself in different clinical strains of S. aureus and hence may be responsible for the spread of C resistance.
19세기 과학적 발견의 학제간 연구 정신 -혈액 순환설을 둘러싼 하비 대 데카르트의 논쟁으로 본 그 역사적 기원- (2006)

혈액 순환설을 둘러싼 하비와 데카르트의 논쟁은 얼핏 보기에는 하나의 딜레마로 나타난다. 실험 자료에 함축된 사실들, 곧 실험적 사실들의 영역에서 둘의 논쟁을 접근할 때 하비의 심장 압축설은 아리스토텔레스 전통을 벗어난 것이다. 심장을 열 발효 기관에 유추한 데카르트의 심장 팽창설이 오히려 아리스토텔레스적으로 나타난다. 둘의 논쟁을 가설 발견의 배경이 되는 세계이해의 영역에서 접근할 때 하비의 입장은 아리스토텔레스적 생기론에, 데카르트의 입장은 기계론에 근거한다. 우리가 둘의 논쟁을 경험론 대 합리론 혹은 생기론 대 기계론의 철학적 대립 구도에서 벗어나 가설 생성 과정의 관점에서 파악한다면, 둘의 논쟁은 딜레마가 아니라 과학적 발견 구조의 한 패턴을 보여줄 뿐이다. 실험 자료와 가설의 연결성 추구에 의해 제한된 과학적 생활양식은 다양한 세계 이해에 대해 열려 있다. 가설 발견에 개입하는 세계이해가 17, 18세기 과학자들에게 이념으로 작용했다면, 19세기 과학자들에게 세계 이해는 방법론적 의미에서 점차 잠정적 그리고 선택적 지위를 갖게 된다. 19세기 중엽 이후 뚜렷해지는 이러한 변화의 양상 속에서 과학자들의 다양한 관심사는 연구 목적에 따라 자유롭게 이동할 수 있게 되었고, 그 결과는 과학적 발견의 학제간 연구 정신으로 나타났다.
Neurons and glia arise from a common progenitor in chicken optic tectum: demonstration with two retroviruses and cell type-specific antibodies. (1990)

We used a recombinant retrovirus to study cell lineage in the chicken optic tectum. The virus inserts the Escherichia coli lacZ (beta-galactosidase) gene into the genome of an infected cell; a histochemical stain marks the progeny of infected cells with a blue precipitate. We had previously shown that individual clones frequently contain diverse neuronal types. Now we asked whether individual clones contain glia as well as neurons. To this end, we constructed a virus in which lacZ is fused to a nuclear localization signal sequence from the simian virus 40 large tumor antigen. Cells infected with this virus are marked with blue nuclei instead of blue somata. In embryos injected with a mixture of the two retroviruses, individual clusters contained cells with only one label type (nuclear or cytoplasmic), thus verifying that clusters of cells were clones. Furthermore, it was possible to immunostain the somata of cells that had blue nuclei, whereas the blue cytoplasmic precipitate hampered immunostaining. Together, these methods allowed us to show that some clones contained neurons (neurofilament-positive) and two types of glia (glutamine synthetase-positive and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive). This result demonstrates the existence of a common progenitor for neurons and glia in optic tectum.