gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Positive and Negative Regulation of Human T Cell Activation Mediated by the CTLA-4/CD28 Ligand CD80 (1998)

CD28 and CTLA-4 are related receptors that differentially regulate T cell activation. Despite the fact that they bind the same ligands, CD28 is a classical costimulator enhancing proliferation whereas CTLA-4 appears to perform negative regulatory functions. In this study, we have utilized the natural ligand for CD28 and CTLA-4 (CD80) to determine under what circumstances positive and negative effects are operative. We show here that the stimulation of purified human T cells with phorbol ester and ionomycin is inhibited in the presence of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing CD80. This inhibition is reversed by blocking with both anti-CD80 or Fab fragments of anti-CTLA-4 but also requires CD28 engagement. Furthermore, we show that the inhibitory function of CD80 requires elevated intracellular calcium since inhibition was observed only in the presence of ionomycin. In the absence of intracellular calcium elevation, CTLA-4 was not expressed at the cell surface, and CD80 acted positively as a costimulator of T cells, via CD28. These results demonstrate that the natural ligand CD80 can either costimulate or inhibit T cell responses depending on the conditions of T cell stimulation.
Housing for health in a post‐welfare state (1997)

Abstract The theory and practice of social welfare has been radically redefined in every part of the developed world in the past 20 years. However, associated changes in welfare provision vary from state to state. In Britain, housing policy has played a key role in the process of welfare restructuring, spearheading the privatisation programme, promoting the quasi‐market and embracing the welfare alliance. This paper explores the welfare alliance at the interface of housing, health and social care. Specifically, the paper assesses the capacity of a restructured housing system to meet some goals of a recently reorganised health service by supplying accommodation and support for people with health and mobility problems. Drawing on surveys of local authorities and housing associations, public health professionals and housing applicants, the paper outlines the strengths and limitations of using housing provision to meet health needs. The results suggest that housing interventions may secure health gains and so advance the restructuring of health and social care. This role is limited, though, by the impact of an earlier phase of neo‐liberalisation on the social role of housing.
Targeting of multiple emulsions to the lungs. (1996)

The conventional W/O/W emulsions are readily taken up by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) so that it is necessary to develop either stealth type or tissue specific multiple emulsion for effective targeting. A multiple emulsion system W/O/W containing rifampicin as encapsulant (W/O/W) was prepared. The droplet size was kept small to study targeting independent of passive embolism of larger droplets in the lung capillaries. It was characterised in vitro for drug release through a treated cellophane membrane. A prolonged first order drug release was observed. The W/O/W multiple emulsion system was coated with an o-palmitoyl derivative of mannan (mol.wt. 20,000) to assess its toxicity in vitro and its distribution behaviour in vivo. The multiple emulsion was found to be non toxic at 0.2 ml formulation/10(6) cells level in presence or absence of serum. An intravenous injection of the polysaccharide coated multiple emulsion was given and the tissue distribution of the drug after 1 h and 24 h was investigated. A significant enhancement in lung uptake and a decreased internalisation by spleen was noticed.
Molecular Analysis of tlrB, an Antibiotic-resistance Gene from Tylosin-producing Streptomyces fradiae, and Discovery of a Novel Resistance Mechanism. (1999)

The tlrB gene, which confers inducible resistance to a range of macrolide antibiotics including biosynthetic precursors of tylosin, was isolated and sequenced. In the genome of Streptomyces fradiae, it lies between pbp, which encodes a putative penicillin-binding protein, and tylN, encoding a glycosyltransferase involved in tylosin biosynthesis. The TlrB protein was produced in E. coli as a fusion to MalE. The fusion protein, but not MalE alone, inactivates macrolides in the presence of S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) but the modified product(s) has not been characterised.
[Prevalence and correlation factors of carotid atherosclerosis among the middle and old aged workers in an iron and steel corporation, Chongqing]. (2009)

The prevalence of CAS among the iron and steel workers was higher than those in ordinary people of the same age. Age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, HsCRP, TC and LDL-C were independent risk factors related to CAS. The prevalence of CAS was increasing parallel to the number of correlation factors.
A New Generation of Digital Microwave Radios for U.S. Military Telephone Networks (1979)

A new, versatile digital microwave radio has been developed for the U.S. Government under the Digital Radio and Multiplexer Acquisition (DRAMA) Program, which will convert transmission facilities of the Defense Communication System from analog to digital signal format. The radio can be configured for either space or frequency diversity in either the 4 or 8 GHz military bands. A choice of quadriphase shift keying or quadrature partial response signaling provides bandwidth efficiencies of 1.0 and 1.9 bits/s/Hz of occupied RF bandwidth. The design of the radio is presented through detailed descriptions of the multiplexer, modem, RF, protection, and timing subsystems. Major tradeoffs leading to the selection of the modulation types and spectral filtering method are discussed.
Antibodies to Transcobalamin II Block In Vitro Proliferation of Leukemic Cells (1997)

The plasma protein transcobalamin II (TCII) binds and delivers cobalamin (Cbl; vitamin B12) to all cells, which internalize the TCII/Cbl complex by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Congenital deficiency of TCII results in intracellular Cbl deficiency, one effect of which is to disrupt DNA synthesis, leading to megaloblastic anemia. We report here an in vitro culture system in which cell growth is dependent on delivery of Cbl to cells by TCII. Recombinant human holo-TCII was shown to support in dose-dependent manner the growth of the human erythroleukemic cell line K562 and the murine lymphoma cell line BW5147. Free Cbl also supported cell growth; however, at 100- to 1,000-fold higher concentrations than those effective in the presence of apo-TCII. To determine if cellular depletion of Cbl could be achieved by interfering with interactions between TCII/Cbl and its cell-surface receptor, several monoclonal antibodies raised against human TCII were studied. Three antibodies, found to compete for the same binding site on TCII, proved to be effective inhibitors of TCII/Cbl-dependent cell growth. Our results suggest that monoclonal anti-TCII antibodies that block the function of this protein may prove useful in antitumor therapies.
Acute leukemia associated with the t(4;11) chromosome rearrangement: ultrastructural and immunologic characteristics (1982)

The acute leukemia associated with the t(4;11) chromosome rearrangement is characterized by relatively consistent clinical features: occurrence primarily in young individuals, hyperleukocytosis, and poor response to therapy. This study describes the morphological, ultrastructural, and immunologic characteristics of the leukemic cells from ten patients with this type of leukemia. The morphological features of the leukemic blasts vary from lymphoid-appearing to monocytic. Ultrastructurally and cytochemically, some of the lymphoid-appearing blasts possess features of myeloid origin. The immunologic phenotype is characteristically E- SIg- CALLA- BA-1- BA-2+ HLA-DR+ and TdT+. These findings suggest that the t(4;11)-associated acute leukemia represents a proliferation of an early myeloid progenitor cell.
The Digestive Food Vacuole of the Malaria Parasite Is a Dynamic Intracellular Ca2+ Store (2003)

The acidic food vacuole of Plasmodium falciparum has been the subject of intense scientific investigation in the 40 years since its role in the digestion of host hemoglobin was first suggested. This proposed role has important implications for the complex host-parasite inter-relationship and also for the mode of action of several of the most effective antimalarial drugs. In addition, adaptive changes in the physiology of this organelle are implicated in drug resistance. Here we show that in addition to these functions, the digestive food vacuole of the malaria parasite is a dynamic internal store for free Ca2+, a role hitherto unsuspected. With the aid of live-cell laser scanning confocal imaging, spatiotemporal studies revealed that maintenance of elevated free Ca2+ in the digestive food vacuole (relative to cytosolic levels) is achieved by a thapsigargin (and cyclopiazonic acid)-sensitive Ca2+-pump in cooperation with a H+-dependent Ca2+ transporter. Redistribution of free cytosolic and vacuolar Ca2+ during parasite growth also suggests that vacuolar Ca2+ plays an essential role in parasite morphogenesis. These data imply that the digestive food vacuole of the malaria parasite is functionally akin to the vacuole of plants (tonoplast) and the small electron-dense granules of some parasites (acidocalcisomes) whereby H+-coupled Ca2+ transport is involved in ion transport, Ca2+ homeostasis, and signal transduction. These findings have significant implications for parasite development, antimalarial drug action, and mechanisms of drug resistance.
Chemistry with Graphene and Graphene Oxide—Challenges for Synthetic Chemists (2014)

The chemical production of graphene as well as its controlled wet chemical modification is a challenge for synthetic chemists. Furthermore, the characterization of reaction products requires sophisticated analytical methods. In this Review we first describe the structure of graphene and graphene oxide and then outline the most important synthetic methods that are used for the production of these carbon-based nanomaterials. We summarize the state-of-the-art for their chemical functionalization by noncovalent and covalent approaches. We put special emphasis on the differentiation of the terms graphite, graphene, graphite oxide, and graphene oxide. An improved fundamental knowledge of the structure and the chemical properties of graphene and graphene oxide is an important prerequisite for the development of practical applications.
Tissue engineering methods and protocols (1999)

Jeffrey Morgan and Martin Yarmush bring together in Tissue Engineering the first major collection of cutting-edge methods developed and used by leading researchers in the tissue engineering field. These hands-on experts describe easily reproducible protocols for the production and evaluation of polymers, scaffolds, and composites, as well as methods for the isolation, culture, and analysis of cells, including the combination of cells with a variety of materials or devices. Quantitative methods designed to assess cell performance and cell function that will also illuminate our understanding of cellular processes and the cellular response to the chemical and mechanical environment of a functional organ/tissue are also offered. Tissue Engineering provides researchers with detailed methods and protocols covering a comprehensive range of key technologies and techniques used by leaders in tissue engineering research. Its interdisciplinary methods-drawn from the life sciences, engineering, and clinical medicine-are already making a significant contribution to the development of new and effective treatments for both organ and tissue defects
Histones trigger sterile inflammation by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome (2013)

Sterile cell death mediated inflammation is linked to several pathological disorders and involves danger recognition of intracellular molecules released by necrotic cells that activate different groups of innate pattern recognition receptors. Toll-like receptors directly interact with their extrinsic or intrinsic agonists and induce multiple proinflammatory mediators. In contrast, the NLRP3 inflammasome is rather thought to represent a downstream element integrating various indirect stimuli into proteolytic cleavage of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Here, we report that histones released from necrotic cells induce IL-1β secretion in an NLRP3-ASC-caspase-1-dependent manner. Genetic deletion of NLRP3 in mice significantly attenuated histone-induced IL-1β production and neutrophil recruitment. Furthermore, necrotic cells induced neutrophil recruitment, which was significantly reduced by histone-neutralizing antibodies or depleting extracellular histones via enzymatic degradation. These results identify cytosolic uptake of necrotic cell-derived histones as a triggering mechanism of sterile inflammation, which involves NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion via oxidative stress.
Chronic hepatitis B and C (1992)

Chronic hepatitis remains difficult to treat. Use of interferon has been successful against both hepatitis B and C viruses, but the outcome of long-term administration has yet to be determined. Not all patients respond to interferon, however, and some have side effects that cause them to discontinue therapy. Dr Wright discusses the results of studies to evaluate therapy with alpha, beta, and gamma interferon as well as with other agents, such as ribavirin, thymosin, and ursodeoxycholic acid.
Exploiting virtual synchrony in distributed systems (1987)

We describe applications of a virtually synchronous environment for distributed programming, which underlies a collection of distributed programming tools in the ISIS 2 system. A virtually synchronous environment allows processes to be structured into process groups , and makes events like broadcasts to the group as an entity, group membership changes, and even migration of an activity from one place to another appear to occur instantaneously — in other words, synchronously. A major advantage to this approach is that many aspects of a distributed application can be treated independently without compromising correctness. Moreover, user code that is designed as if the system were synchronous can often be executed concurrently. We argue that this approach to building distributed and fault-tolerant software is more straightforward, more flexible, and more likely to yield correct solutions than alternative approaches.
Analysis of the startup method for building up DC voltage via body diode rectifying in Dual Active Bridge converter (2014)

This paper analyzes the necessity of establishing the dc bus voltage of the Dual Active Bridge (Dual Active Bridge, DAB) converter when starting up. And the startup method that the DC-bus voltage is built up only by high-voltage-side body diode of the DAB converter rectifying is proposed in the paper. The detailed steps and the software realization method are elaborated. The saturation phenomenon of the inductor and the current surge can be effectively avoided in this way and the method presented in this paper implemented only by digital control, so this method does not need to add extra hardware. Finally, the experimental results verify the method.
Experimental study of transformer-coupled toroidal discharge in mercury vapour (2007)

Experimental investigations of the transformer-coupled toroidal discharge (TCTD) in a mixture of argon and mercury vapour were carried out for a wide range of discharge parameters: mercury vapour pressure (0.1–40 000 Pa), discharge current (1–260 A), diameter of a gas-discharge tube (20–75 mm) and current frequency (10–250 kHz). New experimental data on electric field strength and emission yield to visible and UV-range were obtained as functions of the discharge parameters. It was proved that the dependences of electrical and optical characteristics of TCTD on the discharge current, vapour pressure and tube diameter are close to those of dc arc discharges in mercury vapour. The possible reasons for parameter deviations were considered. Also, the effect of the reduction of emissivity for the visible triplet of mercury spectrum (404.7, 435.8, 546.1 nm) with the excitation potential of 7.73 eV was discovered under certain conditions: mercury vapour pressure is higher than 10 kPa, and the specific power is above 50 W cm −1 .
Control of BEK and K-SAM splice sites in alternative splicing of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 pre-mRNA. (1993)

The fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene pre-mRNA can be spliced by using either the K-SAM exon or the BEK exon. The exon chosen has a profound influence on the ligand-binding specificity of the receptor obtained. Cells make a choice between the two alternative exons by controlling use of both exons. Using fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 minigenes, we have shown that in cells normally using the K-SAM exon, the BEK exon is not used efficiently even in the absence of the K-SAM exon. This is because these cells apparently express a titratable repressor of BEK exon use. In cells normally using the BEK exon, the K-SAM exon is not used efficiently even in the absence of a functional BEK exon. Three purines in the K-SAM polypyrimidine tract are at least in part responsible for this, as their mutation to pyrimidines leads to efficient use of the K-SAM exon, while mutating the BEK polypyrimidine tract to include these purines stops BEK exon use.
Stopping and storing light coherently (2005)

We present a general analysis for the criteria to stop and store light coherently. We show that a light pulse can be stopped in any physical system, provided that (i) the system bandwidth can be compressed to zero; (ii) the system has sufficient degrees of freedom to accommodate the pulse, and the bandwidth compression occurs while the pulse is in the system; and (iii) the bandwidth compression is done reversibly in an adiabatic fashion that preserves the phase space and the information in the original photon pulse during the entire duration of the stopping process. Based upon this general criterion, we present a brief discussion of stopping-light schemes using atomic resonances, and a detailed analysis of the all-optical scheme that we recently proposed. We show that the all-optical scheme can achieve arbitrarily small group velocities for large bandwidth pulses, and opens up new opportunities in both fundamental sciences and technological applications.
High-Sensitivity Immunoassay with Surface Plasmon Field-Enhanced Fluorescence Spectroscopy Using a Plastic Sensor Chip: Application to Quantitative Analysis of Total Prostate-Specific Antigen and GalNAcβ1–4GlcNAc-Linked Prostate-Specific Antigen for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis (2014)

A high-sensitivity immunoassay system with surface plasmon field-enhanced fluorescence spectrometry (SPFS) was constructed using a plastic sensor chip and then applied to the detection of total prostate-specific antigen (total PSA) and GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc-linked prostate-specific antigen (LacdiNAc-PSA) in serum, to discriminate between prostate cancer (PC) and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). By using this automated SPFS immunoassay, the detection limit for total PSA in serum was as low as 0.04 pg/mL, and the dynamic range was estimated to be at least five digits. A two-step sandwich SPFS immunoassay for LacdiNAc-PSA was constructed using both the anti-PSA IgG antibody to capture PSA and Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) for the detection of LacdiNAc. The results of the LacdiNAc-PSA immunoassay with SPFS showed that the assay had a sensitivity of 20.0 pg/mL and permitted the specific distinction between PC and BPH within the PSA gray zone. These results suggested that high-sensitivity automated SPFS immunoassay systems might become a powerful tool for the diagnosis of PC and other diseases.
Microchip Coulter particle counter (2002)

This paper presents a micro device employing the Coulter principle for counting and sizing of living cells and particles in liquid suspension. The microchip Coulter particle counter (/spl mu/CPC) has been employed in a planar silicon structure covered with glass, which enables detailed observation during operation. By sheathing of a nonconductive liquid on either side of an electrolyte, it is possible to optimize the sensitivity to a specific cell-size. A method for measuring the relative flow-rates between liquid phases with different conductivity is presented. The method utilizes the laminar flow and short contact time of liquids in microchannels. As a result, the width of the liquids can be controlled without knowing the actual flow rates. The /spl mu/CPC has been fabricated by standard microfabrication techniques, including RIE, wet silicon etching, metalization and anodic bonding.
From citizens to partners: the role of social media content in fostering citizen engagement (2018)

Purpose This paper examines the communication modalities on Twitter to broadcast content to citizens and measures the effectiveness of the posted content in activating the citizens’ political participation proposing an retweetability rate. Design/methodology/approach Through content analysis of the European Commissioners’ posts, this paper identifies the most used communication modalities to broadcast content to the citizens. A retweetability rate is proposed to measure the effectiveness of the posted content in activating the political citizens’ engagement. The methodology is applied to the tweets posted by European Commissioners, who are currently facing democracy legitimation issues and Euroscepticism. Findings Empirical results show that Twitter is not fully used yet as a citizen engagement tool. However, the paper highlights the potentiality of Twitter to broadcast contents of value and build a relationship of citizens and institutions. Practical implications Measuring citizen engagement based on the posted messages can help the institutions to evaluate the effectiveness of the posted social media content. Moreover, the paper gives suggestions regarding how governments might implement social media content capable of fostering a dialogic communication with citizens. Originality/value A measurement of citizen engagement permits the identification of which kinds of public communication stimulate the engagement and favor a closer bond between citizens and public institutions.
The Ability of Polyethylene Glycol Conjugated Bovine Hemoglobin (PEG-Hb) To Adequately Deliver Oxygen in Both Exchange Transfusion and Top-Loaded Rat Models (1999)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a six gram percent (g%) solution of the hemoglobin based oxygen carrier, polyethylene glycol conjugated bovine hemoglobin (PEG-Hb) could adequately deliver oxygen in both partial exchange transfusion and top-loaded rat models. This study measured tissue oxygen tension, circulatory retention and cardiovascular effects following both 30% exchange transfusion and 20 to 25 mL/kg top-loaded infusions of PEG-Hb. Oxygen delivery to rat tissues was determined using an oxygen dependent phosphorescence quenching method (Oxyspot). Telemetric intravascular blood pressure probes monitored heart rate and mean arterial pressure. In both models, six g% PEG-Hb (P50-15 torr) was shown to oxygenate tissue better than stroma-free bovine Hb (P50-26 torr), cross-linked bovine Hb (P50-48 torr) or simple plasma expanders. The mean circulatory half life of PEG-Hb was 15.0 +/- 2.3 hours and 17.4 +/- 1.6 hours for exchange transfusion and 25 mL/kg top-loaded rat models, respectively. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) in PEG-Hb treated rats was insignificantly different from sham controls undergoing a 30% exchange transfusion or following a top-loaded infusion. In conclusion, the PEG conjugated form of bovine Hb with its relatively long vascular persistence may possess characteristics that facilitate tissue oxygenation in the rat.