gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combined XRD, EXAFS, and Mossbauer Studies of the Reduction by Lithium of α-Fe[sub 2]O[sub 3] with Various Particle Sizes (2003)

The electrochemical reduction of hematite with various particle sizes by metallic lithium has been studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) Mössbauer and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Previous in situ XRD analysis coupled with electrochemical data showed that lithium can be inserted in the nanosized sample up to 1 Li per whereas bulk material undergoes an irreversible Li-driven transformation from an hexagonal anionic packing to a close cubic packed framework as soon as 0.03 Li is inserted in the corundum structure. The present data show that only 0.6 Li per formula unit are actually inserted in the structure of small particles. The remaining lithium (0.4) is engaged in irreversible reduction of surface groups, or capacitive behavior. Beyond the solid solution domains, both samples are multiphase, and consist of clusters (10-15 Å) and inserted which proportions are used to calculate the mean iron oxidation state in the electrode as the reaction proceeds. From these data, we found that electrolyte decomposition can occur at very different steps of the reduction depending on the texture of the active materials. In addition, during the reduction process, we evidenced a reaction of disproportionation an intense electrochemical grinding of the hematite particles and the formation of extremely fine metallic surface clusters. For the first time, the EXAFS/X-ray absorption near-edge structure signature of the divalent intermediate phase is obtained. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Relationship of ketamine's antidepressant and psychotomimetic effects in unipolar depression. (2013)

The substantial relationship between ketamine's antidepressant and psychotomimetic effects was found. This relationship could be mediated by the initial steps of ketamine's action, trough NMDA receptors, shared by both ketamine's clinical effects.
A Leakage-Resilient Scheme for the Measurement of Stabilizer Operators in Superconducting Quantum Circuits (2014)

Superconducting qubits, while promising for scalability and long coherence times, contain more than two energy levels, and therefore are susceptible to errors generated by the leakage of population outside of the computational subspace. Such leakage errors constitute a prominent roadblock towards fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) with superconducting qubits. FTQC using topological codes is based on sequential measurements of multiqubit stabilizer operators. Here, we first propose a leakage-resilient procedure to perform repetitive measurements of multiqubit stabilizer operators, and then use this scheme as an ingredient to develop a leakage-resilient approach for surface code quantum error correction with superconducting circuits. Our protocol is based on swap operations between data and ancilla qubits at the end of every cycle, requiring read-out and reset operations on every physical qubit in the system, and thereby preventing persistent leakage errors from occurring.
ATX-LPA receptor axis in inflammation and cancer (2009)

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, 1- or 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate) mediates a plethora of physiological and pathological activities via interactions with a series of high affinity G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Both LPA receptor family members and autotaxin (ATX/LysoPLD), the primary LPA-producing enzyme, are aberrantly expressed in many human breast cancers and several other cancer lineages. Using transgenic mice expressing either an LPA receptor or ATX, we recently demonstrated that the ATX-LPA receptor axis plays a causal role in breast tumorigenesis and cancer-related inflammation, further validating the ATX-LPA receptor axis as a rich therapeutic target in cancer.
SWIFT image slicer: large format, compact, low scatter image slicing (2006)

We present the SWIFT image slicer and its novel de-magnifying design. It is based on the MPE-3D and SPIFFI image slicers, uses plane mirrors to slice the input field, but achieves a considerable de-magnification through the use of a mosaic of spherical lenses. As only plane and spherical surfaces are used in the design, classical polishing techniques can be applied to achieve very high surface accuracy and quality. This reduces aberrations and scattered light, mandatory for an image slicer working at optical wavelengths and behind an adaptive optics system. Except for the lens mosaic, the SWIFT slicer is built entirely from Zerodur and is assembled using optical contacting. We present a detailed description of the design as well as results of the early stages of its fabrication.
Recommendations for the use of cardiac troponin measurement in acute cardiac care (2010)

The release of cardiomyocyte components, i.e. biomarkers, into the bloodstream in higher than usual quantities indicates an ongoing pathological process. Thus, detection of elevated concentrations of cardiac biomarkers in blood is a sign of cardiac injury which could be due to supply-demand imbalance, toxic effects, or haemodynamic stress. It is up to the clinician to determine the most probable aetiology, the proper therapeutic measures, and the subsequent risk implied by the process. For this reason, the measurement of biomarkers always must be applied in relation to the clinical context and never in isolation. There are a large number of cardiac biomarkers, but they can be subdivided into four broad categories, those related to necrosis, inflammation, haemodynamic stress, and/or thrombosis. Their usefulness is dependent on the accuracy and reproducibility of the measurements, the discriminatory limits separating pathology from physiology, and their sensitivity and specificity for specific organ damage and/or disease processes. In recent years, cardiac biomarkers have become important adjuncts to the delivery of acute cardiac care. Therefore, the Working Group on Acute Cardiac Care of the European Society of Cardiology established a committee to deal with ongoing and newly developing issues related to cardiac biomarkers. The intention of the group is to outline the principles for the application of various biomarkers by clinicians in the setting of acute cardiac care in a series of expert consensus documents. The first of these will focus on cardiac troponin, a pivotal marker of cardiac injury/necrosis.
Body area network security: robust key establishment using human body channel (2012)

In order for two sensors within a body area network to determine they are on the same body, e.g., for security purposes, extensive prior work considers the use of physiological values. We study the practicality of using body physiological values for securely exchanging messages for sharing keys. Due to its popularity in the literature, we use electrocardiography (ECG) signals, and show that cardiac physiology is incompatible with such schemes, due to the sensitivity to a node's deployment location on the body and the outsiders' capability to remotely sense the physiological value.

As a solution for key sharing, we inject an artificial voltage signal to build a communication channel secure against an outsider. By implementing our scheme on a dead mouse and analyzing the human body channel characteristic with empirical data, we demonstrate the practicality of our scheme for body area network applications.
A randomized controlled study comparing rofecoxib, diclofenac sodium, and placebo in post-bunionectomy pain (2004)

Rofecoxib 50 mg was significantly more effective than placebo on all measures of treatment of post-bunionectomy pain. Rofecoxib 50 mg was significantly more effective than diclofenac sodium 100 mg based on Day 1 endpoints of total pain relief, onset time, and duration of response. All study medications were generally well tolerated.
Proteasome inhibition by paired helical filament‐tau in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (2003)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized neuropathologically by intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formed of tau-based paired helical filaments (PHFs) and extracellular beta-amyloid plaques. The degree of Alzheimer dementia correlates with the severity of PHFs and NFTs. As an intraneuronal accumulation of oxidatively damaged proteins has been found in the brains of patients with AD, a dysfunction of the proteasomal system, which degrades damaged proteins, has been assumed to cause protein aggregation and therefore neurodegeneration in AD. In this study, we revealed that such proteasome dysfunction in AD brain results from the inhibitory binding of PHF-tau to proteasomes. We analysed the proteasome activity in brains from patients with AD and age-matched controls, and observed a significant decrease to 56% of the control level in the straight gyrus of patients with AD. This loss of activity was not associated with a decrease in the proteasome protein. PHF-tau co-precipitated during proteasome immunoprecipitation and proteasome subunits could be co-isolated during isolation of PHFs from AD brain. Furthermore, the proteasome activity in human brains strongly correlated with the amount of co-precipitated PHF-tau during immunoprecipitation of proteasome. Incubation of isolated proteasomes with PHF-tau isolated from AD brain, and with PHFs after in vitro assembly from human recombinant tau protein, resulted in a distinct inhibition of proteasome activity by PHF-tau. As this inhibition of proteasome activity was sufficient to induce neuronal degeneration and death, we suggest that PHF-tau is able directly to induce neuronal damage in the AD brain.
Expression and targeting of human fibroblast activation protein in a human skin/severe combined immunodeficient mouse breast cancer xenograft model. (2003)

Antigens and receptors that are highly expressed on tumor stromal cells, such as fibroblast activation protein (FAP), are attractive targets for antibody-based therapies because the supporting stroma and vessel network is essential for a solid neoplasm to grow beyond a size of 1-2 mm. The in vivo characterization of antibodies targeting human stromal or vessel antigens is hindered by the lack of an appropriate mouse model system because xenografts in standard mouse models express stromal and vessels elements of murine origin. This limitation may be overcome by the development of a human skin/mouse chimeric model, which is established by transplanting human foreskin on to the lateral flank of severe combined immunodeficient mice. The subsequent inoculation of breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells within the dermis of the transplanted human skin resulted in the production of xenografts expressing stromal and vessel elements of human origin. Widespread expression of human FAP-positive reactive stromal fibroblasts within xenografts was seen up to 2 months posttransplantation and postinjection of cells. Human blood vessel antigen expression also persisted at 2 months posttransplantation and postinjection of cells with murine vessels coexisting with the human vascular supply. The model was subsequently used to evaluate the biodistribution properties of an iodine-131-labeled humanized anti-FAP monoclonal antibody (BIBH-7). The results showed high specific targeting of the stromal compartment of the xenograft, indicating that the model provides a useful and novel approach for the in vivo assessment of the immunotherapeutic potential of molecules targeting human stroma and angiogenic systems.
Fos and jun cooperate in transcriptional regulation via heterologous activation domains. (1990)

The products of c-fos and c-jun (Fos and Jun) function in gene regulation by interacting with the AP-1 binding site. Here we have examined the contribution of Fos and Jun toward transcriptional activity by using Fos and Jun polypeptides purified from Escherichia coli. Fos contained a transcriptional activation domain as well as a region which exerted a negative influence on transcriptional activity in vitro. Moreover, distinct activation domains in both Fos and Jun functioned cooperatively in transcriptional stimulation. Thus, regulation of gene expression by Fos and Jun results from an integration of several functional domains in a bimolecular complex.
Development of human anti‐murine antibody (HAMA) response in patients (1990)

Human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) response was determined in the serum of 67 patients who received subcutaneously administered radiolabelled murine monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) (50 micrograms-3 mg) for immunolymphoscintigraphy and of 10 patients with advanced colorectal cancer who received murine MoAb-N-acetyl melphalan (MoAb-N-AcMEL) conjugates (amount of MoAb ranged from 120 mg/m2 body surface area to 1000 mg/m2 body surface area) as therapy. A pre-existing low level of apparent human anti-mouse antibody reactivity could be detected in the serum of normal subjects and patients prior to administration of murine MoAb. Subcutaneous administration of low doses of murine MoAb, as used in immunolymphoscintigraphy, was associated with a low incidence (4/67 or 6%) of elevated HAMA response; the use of F(ab')2 fragments was associated with the development of elevated HAMA response in one of three patients. By contrast, therapy with hepatic artery infusion of murine MoAb-N-AcMEL conjugates in three repetitive daily doses (each infusion lasting 2 h) elicited elevated HAMA responses in 10/10 (100%) patients, usually 1-3 weeks after the start of therapy. The HAMA response of patients in the therapy group was higher than those in the immunolymphoscintigraphy study and the use of steroids did not prevent the development of the HAMA response. Further administration of MoAb-N-AcMEL conjugates to a patient, who had already developed HAMA, led to 'serum sickness'-type symptoms and a transient reduction in the HAMA titres. The elevated HAMA response was polyclonal, containing increased levels of both immunoglobulin M and G (IgM and IgG) and was directed against mouse-specific determinant, the isotype (presumed to be the Fc portion), the F(ab')2 and the 'idiotype' of mouse immunoglobulins.
Full-thickness skin wound explants in tissue culture: a mechanical evaluation of healing. (1992)

This study was designed to evaluate biomechanically defined wound healing in full-thickness skin explants in tissue culture. The requirement for preculture incubation of wounds in situ was characterized. Full-thickness skin incisions were made in 44 rats and closed immediately. Wounds were incubated in situ for 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, or 96 hours before harvesting and placement into tissue culture media for 6 weeks. Healing was evaluated by biomechanical criteria: tensiometric distraction to wound rupture generated true stress and energy absorption data. Burst-strength (maximum true stress) and toughness (energy absorption) were five times higher in the 48-hour group than in any other group; other groups were not different from each other. This study demonstrates long-term survival of full-thickness skin in culture and shows that full-thickness skin explants heal in tissue culture. Possible explanations for the narrow window of opportunity for harvest (48 hours, no more and no less) are discussed.
The discovery and development of onium salt cationic photoinitiators (1999)

The story of the discovery and development of onium salt photoinitiators for cationic polymerization is chronicled. The chemistry of the synthesis of these compounds is outlined, and the mechanisms of their initiation are discussed briefly. Among the most useful of these types of photoinitiators are diaryliodonium and triarylsulfonium salts, which are used widely for photoinduced cationic crosslinking reactions. From the very beginning, onium salt photoinitiated cationic polymerizations have found use in a multitude of practical applications. Specifically discussed in this article are the use of onium salts in coatings, adhesives, printing inks, release coatings, stereolithography, holographic recording, photocurable composites, and microelectronic photoresists. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 4241–4254, 1999
Rice Allergenic Protein and Molecular-genetic Approach for Hypoallergenic Rice (1996)

Allergenic proteins with a molecular mass of about 14 to 16 kDa were isolated from a rice salt-soluble fraction based on the reactivity with IgE antibodies from patients allergic to rice. cDNA clones encoding these allergenic proteins were isolated from a cDNA library of maturing rice seeds, and the deduced amino acid sequences showed considerable similarity to wheat and barley alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitors, which have recently been identified as major allergens associated with baker's asthma. An antisense RNA strategy was applied to repress the allergen gene expression in maturing rice seeds. Immunoblotting and ELISA analyses of the seeds using a monoclonal antibody to a 16-kDa allergen showed that allergen content of seeds from several transgenic rice plants was markedly lower than that of the seeds from parental wild type rice.
The Interaction Between Pathogens and the Host Coagulation System (2006)

There is mounting evidence that the hemostatic system is critical in host responses to bacterial infection. Invasive bacteria have evolved virulence strategies to interact with host hemostatic factors such as plasminogen and fibrinogen for infection. Furthermore, genetic variations in host hemostatic factors also influence host response to bacterial infection.
Enhanced primary dipole transitions in theY89(n,γ)reaction (1981)

Neutron capture $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays from a $^{89}\mathrm{Y}$ target have been studied for several resonances below 6 keV neutron energy employing a Ge(Li) detector and time-of-flight techniques. The primary $M1$ and $E1$ transitions leading to low-lying states in $^{90}\mathrm{Y}$ show some enhancements. The 3.38-keV resonance (suggested previously as $s$ wave on the basis of the smallness of the total radiation width) is definitely shown to be a $p$-wave resonance through neutron transmission measurements.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{89}\mathrm{Y}(n,\ensuremath{\gamma})$, ${E}_{n}=1\ensuremath{-}6$ keV, measured ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$; $^{89}\mathrm{Y}(n)$, ${E}_{n}=1\ensuremath{-}10$ keV, measured total $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$. $^{90}\mathrm{Y}$ deduced resonances, resonance parameters, levels, neutron separation energy. Ge(Li) detector.
Metabolic Stability of 3‐O‐Methyl‐d‐Glucose in Brain and Other Tissues (1990)

3-O-Methyl-D-glucose (methylglucose) is often used to study blood-brain barrier transport and the distribution spaces of hexoses in brain. A critical requirement of this application is that it not be chemically converted in the tissues. Recent reports of phosphorylation of methylglucose by yeast and heart hexokinase have raised questions about its metabolic stability in brain. Therefore, we have re-examined this question by studying the metabolism of methylglucose by yeast hexokinase and rat brain homogenates in vitro and rat brain, heart, and liver in vivo. Commercial preparations of yeast hexokinase did convert methylglucose to acidic products, but only when the enzyme was present in very large amounts. Methylglucose was not phosphorylated by brain homogenates under conditions that converted 97% of [U-14C]glucose to ionic derivatives. When [14C]methylglucose, labeled in either the methyl or glucose moiety, was administered to rats by an intravenous pulse or a programmed infusion that maintained the arterial concentration constant and total 14C was extracted from the tissues 60 min later, 97-100% of the 14C in brain, greater than 99% of the 14C in plasma, and greater than 90% of that in heart and liver were recovered as unmetabolized [14C]methylglucose. Small amounts of 14C in brain (1-3%), heart (3-6%), and liver (4-7%) were recovered in acidic products. Plasma glucose levels ranging from hypoglycemia to hyperglycemia had little influence on the degree of this conversion. The distribution spaces for methylglucose were found to be 0.52 in brain and heart and 0.75 in liver.
Independent deposition of collagen types II and IX at epithelial–mesenchymal interfaces (1989)

Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of type II collagen (in mature chickens predominantly a 'cartilage-specific' collagen) in a variety of embryonic extracellular matrices that separate epithelia from mesenchyme. In an immunohistochemical study using collagen type-specific monoclonal antibodies, we asked whether type IX collagen, another 'cartilage-specific' collagen, is coexpressed along with type II at such interfaces. We confirmed that, in the matrix underlying a variety of cranial ectodermal derivatives and along the ventrolateral surfaces of neuroepithelia, type II collagen is codistributed with collagen types I and IV. Type IX collagen, however, was undetectable at those sites. We observed immunoreactivity for type IX collagen only within the notochordal sheath, where it first appeared at a later stage than did collagen types I and II. We also observed type II collagen (without type IX) beneath the dorsolateral ectoderm at stage 16; this correlates with the period during which limb ectoderm has been reported to induce the mesoderm to become chondrogenic. Finally, in older hind limbs we observed subepithelial type II collagen that was not associated with subsequent chondrogenesis, but appeared to parallel the formation of feathers and scales in the developing limb. These observations suggest that the deposition of collagen types II and IX into interfacial matrices is regulated independently, and that induction of mesenchymal chondrogenesis by such matrices does not involve type IX collagen. Subepithelial type IX collagen deposition, on the other hand, correlates with the assembly of a thick multilaminar fibrillar matrix, as present in the notochordal sheath and, as shown previously, in the corneal primary stroma.
Blood Glucose: Measurement in the Point-of-Care Setting (2000)

This is the first article in a 4-part continuing education series on point-of-care testing
Lifting-based reversible color transformations for image compression (2008)

This paper reviews a set of color spaces that allow reversible mapping between red-green-blue and luma-chroma representations in integer arithmetic. The YCoCg transform and its reversible form YCoCg-R can improve coding gain by over 0.5 dB with respect to the popular YCrCb transform, while achieving much lower computational complexity. We also present extensions of the YCoCg transform for four-channel CMYK pixel data. Thanks to their reversibility under integer arithmetic, these transforms are useful for both lossy and lossless compression. Versions of these transforms are used in the HD Photo image coding technology (which is the basis for the upcoming JPEG XR standard) and in recent editions of the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video coding standard.
Inkjet printed, conductive, 25 μm wide silver tracks on unstructured polyimide (2009)

Abstract 25 μm wide, conductive silver tracks on untreated and unstructured polyimide have been produced by inkjet printing using standard 10 pL printheads. This was achieved by reducing the droplet size to ∼2 pL by tailoring the waveform and by heating the print cartridge and the substrate to 55 °C. A simple formula was used to predict the track width. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)