gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurements of EGFR Expression on Circulating Tumor Cells are Reproducible Over Time in Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients (2008)

Aims: Studies of EGFR expression in breast cancer have shown inconsistent results due in part to a large range of methods used. Anti-EGFR therapy trials have often not used patient selection because of this. We describe the use of the CellSearch™ system (Veridex LLC, NJ, USA) to enumerate and measure EGFR expression on the surface of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), derived from the peripheral blood of individuals with metastatic breast cancer over time. Materials & methods: The CellSearch system was used to quantify CTCs and EGFR measurement was performed on all samples. The specificity of EGFR phenotyping was further examined by spiking with cell lines with increased and low (or absent) levels of EGFR expression using the CellSearch system to enrich and phenotype the CTCs. Results: Serial samples were obtained from 33 individuals with metastatic breast cancer. CTCs derived from these individuals had consistent levels of EGFR expression at different time points, and none of the patients ‘switched’ from a positive to negative EGFR phenotype or vice versa. The specificity of EGFR phenotyping by the CellSearch system was verified by staining of EGFR only being present in a high EGFR expressing EGFR cell line (MDA-MB-468), as confirmed by Western blotting. Conclusions: Measurement of EGFR on the surface of CTCs, derived from individuals with metastatic breast cancer patients is possible using the CellSearch system and showed consistent positivity over time. The use of this system will now be validated in a prospective study aiming to identify patients for anti-EGFR therapy based on the expression profile of CTCs.
Purine-specific Nucleoside N-Ribohydrolase from Trypanosoma brucei brucei (1996)

Trypanosomes have no de novo purine biosynthesis and thus depend upon salvage pathways to obtain purines for their metabolic pathways and for the biosynthesis of nucleic acids. An inosine-adenosine-guanosine preferring nucleoside hydrolase (IAG-nucleoside hydrolase) from the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei brucei represents approximately 0.2% of the soluble protein in this organism. The enzyme has been purified over 400-fold to >95% homogeneity from the bloodstream form of this parasite. IAG-nucleoside hydrolase is a dimer of Mr 36,000 subunits. The kcat/Km for inosine, adenosine, and guanosine are 1.9 x 10(6), 1.2 x 10(6), and 0.83 x 10(6) M -1 s-1, respectively. The kinetic mechanism with inosine as substrate is rapid equilibrium with random product release. The turnover rate for inosine at 30 degrees C is 34 s-1. Pyrimidine nucleosides are poor substrates with kcat/Km values of approximately 10(3) M -1 s-1. Deoxynucleosides are also poor substrates with kcat/Km values near 10(2) M -1 s-1. AMP is not a detectable substrate and there is no measurable purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity. 3-Deazaadenosine, 7-deazaadenosine (tubercidin), and formycin B are competitive inhibitors with Kis of 1.8, 59, and 13 microM, respectively. The Km shows a slight dependence on pH with a pH optimum around 7. The Vmax/Km data indicate there are two ionizable enzymatic groups, pKa 8.6, required for the formation of the Michaelis complex. The Vmax data indicate three ionizable groups involved in catalysis. Two essential groups exhibit pKa values of 8.8, and a third group with a pKa of 6.5 increases the Vmax an additional 10-fold. All three groups must be protonated for optimum catalytic activity.
Associative processing and processors (1994)

Associative memory concerns the concept that one idea may trigger the recall of a different but related idea. Traditional computers, however, rely upon a memory design that stores and retrieves data by its address rather than its content. In such a search, every accessed data word must travel individually between the processing unit and the memory. The simplicity of this retrieval-by-address approach has ensured its success, but has also produced some inherent disadvantages. One is the von Neumann bottleneck, where the memory-access path becomes the limiting factor for system performance. A related disadvantage is the inability to proportionally increase the size of a unit transfer between the memory and the processor as the size of the memory scales up. Associative memory, in contrast, provides a naturally parallel and scalable form of data retrieval for both structured data (e.g. sets, arrays, tables, trees and graphs) and unstructured data (raw text and digitized signals). An associative memory can be easily extended to process the retrieved data in place, thus becoming an associative processor. This extension is merely the capability for writing a value in parallel into selected cells.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Role of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase-1 in the Response of Alveolar Macrophages to Lipopolysaccharide (2004)

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are critical mediators of innate immune responses. In response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), MAP kinases are rapidly activated and play an important role in the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Although a number of MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs) have been identified, their roles in the control of cytokine production have not been well defined. In the present report, we investigated the role of MKP-1 in alveolar macrophages stimulated with LPS. We found that LPS triggered transient activation of three MAP kinase subfamilies, ERK, JNK, and p38, in both immortalized and primary murine alveolar macrophages. MKP-1 was rapidly induced by LPS, and its induction correlated with the dephosphorylation of these MAP kinases. Blocking MKP-1 with triptolide prolonged the activities of both JNK and p38 in immortalized alveolar macrophages. Stimulation of primary alveolar macrophages isolated from MKP-1-deficient mice with LPS resulted in a prolonged p38 phosphorylation compared with wild type alveolar macrophages. Accordingly, these MKP-1-deficient alveolar macrophages also mounted a more robust and rapid tumor necrosis factor alpha production than their wild type counterparts. Adenovirus-mediated MKP-1 overexpression significantly attenuated tumor necrosis factor alpha production in immortalized alveolar macrophages. Finally, MKP-1 was induced by a group of corticosteroids frequently prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases, and the anti-inflammatory potencies of these drugs closely correlated with their abilities to induce MKP-1. Our studies indicated that MKP-1 plays an important role in dampening the inflammatory responses of alveolar macrophages. We speculate that MKP-1 may represent a novel target for therapeutic intervention of inflammatory lung diseases.
Genomic sequence of hst, a transforming gene encoding a protein homologous to fibroblast growth factors and the int-2-encoded protein. (1987)

hst is a transforming gene first identified from transformed NIH 3T3 cells that were transfected with DNA of a human stomach cancer. A genomic fragment of hst obtained directly from a human genomic library also has transforming activity. This fragment has a coding sequence identical to that of the hst cDNA prepared from an NIH 3T3 transformant induced by DNA from a stomach cancer. The deduced amino acid sequence of the hst protein is 43%, 38%, and 40% homologous, respectively, to human basic fibroblast growth factor, human acidic fibroblast growth factor, and mouse int-2 protein in selected regions. This suggests that hst encodes a protein related to fibroblast growth factors, which are wide-spectrum mitogens, and to the int-2 protein, a potential oncogene product implicated in murine mammary carcinogenesis.
Quantitation of MHC tetramer‐positive cells from whole blood: Evaluation of a single‐platform, six‐parameter flow cytometric method (2003)

The method is highly reliable and can be standardized for multiple experiments. It is therefore suitable for the direct ex vivo analysis of antigen-specific T cells in a variety of clinical settings such as infectious, autoimmune, or neoplastic diseases and can be implemented as a tool for multicenter studies.
InGaN-based blue laser diodes (1997)

The continuous-wave (CW) operation of InGaN multiquantum-well (MQW) structure laser diodes (LDs) was demonstrated at room temperature (RT) with a lifetime of 100 h. The threshold current and the voltage of the LDs were 50 mA and 5 V, respectively. The threshold current density was 8.8 kA/cm/sup 2/. The carrier lifetime and the threshold carrier density were estimated to be 3.5 ns and 1.8/spl times/10/sup 20//cm/sup 3/, respectively. The Stokes shift of the energy difference between the absorption and the emission energy of the InGaN MQW LD's were 140 meV. Both spontaneous and stimulated emission of the LD's originated from this deep localized energy state which is equivalent to a quantum dot-like state. From the measurements of gain spectra and an external differential quantum efficiency dependence on the cavity length, the differential gain coefficient, the transparent carrier density, threshold gain and internal loss were estimated to be 5.8/spl times/10/sup -17/ cm/sup 2/, 9.3/spl times/10/sup 19/ cm/sup -3/, 5200 cm/sup -1/, and 43 cm/sup -1/ respectively.
The protein C pathway (2000)

The protein C anticoagulant pathway is a major mechanism in controlling microvascular thrombosis. Protein C deficiency that can occur in sepsis facilitates thrombin generation in the microvasculature, probably augmenting inflammatory responses and contributing to endothelial cell dysfunction. Animal studies and preliminary clinical results suggest that protein C/activated protein C supplementation may be useful in reversing microvascular dysfunction.
Smart Phone Based Forward Collision Warning Messages in Work Zones to Enhance Safety and Reduce Emissions (2015)

Collisions in work zones have always been a contributing factor in compromising safety on urban roadways. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and State Transportation Authorities have implemented many safety countermeasures to reduce forward collision in work zones. However, due to the complexity of traffic in a work zone, traditional countermeasures often fail to prevent crashes. As such, smart warning systems can be applied to notify motorists about upcoming conditions in work zones. In this study, a smartphone-based warning system was designed to investigate effectiveness in reducing forward collisions thru advanced warning and notifications about a work zone. Four different warning messages were generated (visual, sound, male voice and female voice) to alert drivers. Driving simulator tests with eighteen participants with ninety rounds thru work zones were conducted to investigate the impact of smart-phone based warnings on performance measures such as: headway distance, headway time, speed deceleration, and emissions. Statistical results show that, with the help of voice (either female or male) warnings on forward collisions, acceleration and speed was reduced, and headway time and distance increased. Results also showed that sound and voice warnings also reduced total vehicle emissions. Moreover, participants found the notification system user friendly and felt it helped to avoid rear-end crashes in work zones. Overall, this low- cost and effective smartphone application should be tested in real road conditions with similar safety measures as employed in this paper.
High power 405nm diode laser fiber-coupled single-mode system with high long-term stability (2013)

Fiber-coupled 405 nm diode laser systems are rarely used with fiber output powers higher than 50 mW. A quick degradation of fiber-coupled high power modules with wavelengths in the lower range of the visible spectrum is known for several years. Meanwhile, the typical power of single-mode diode lasers around 400 nm is in the order of 100 to 300 mW, leading to single-mode fiber core power densities in the 1 MW/cm<sup>2</sup> range. This is three magnitudes of order below the known threshold for optical damage. Our profound investigations on the influence of 405 nm laser light irradiation of single-mode fibers found the growth of periodic surface structures in the form of ripples responsible for the power loss. The ripples are found on the proximal and distal fiber end surfaces, negatively impacting power transmission and beam quality, respectively. Important parameters in the generation of the surface structures are power density, surface roughness and polarization direction. A fiber-coupled high-power 405 nm diode laser system with a high longterm stability will be introduced and described.
Cryosurgery of Headache (1978)

The use of cryosurgery applied to the sphenopalatine area (artery and ganglion) plus the superficial temporal and occipital branches of the external carotid artery has proven worthwhile in a majority of patients in whom this procedure has been used since 1968. Experience includes almost 700 procedures in more than 500 patients who have answered to follow-up. The procedure is not a major operation, is repeatable and, until the ideal drug is discovered, offers a better than average change for definite improvement in vascular headache.
Direct Synthesis of Amphiphilic Random and Block Copolymers of p-Hydroxystyrene and p-Methoxystyrene via Living Cationic Polymerization with BF3OEt2/ROH Systems (2000)

This study shows that BF3OEt2 induces living cationic polymerization of p-alkoxystyrenes and their living copolymerization with p-hydroxystyrene (pHS) without protection of the phenolic group. Similar to pHS, controlled cationic polymerizations of p-methoxystyrene (pMOS) and p-tert-butoxystyrene (tBOS) were achieved by combination of the water adduct of pMOS [1; CH3CH(C6H4-p-OCH3)OH] and BF3OEt2 in the presence of a fairly large amount of water (equimolar to the monomer or 100 molar excess over BF3OEt2) in a CH3CN/CH2Cl2 mixture solvent (4/1 v/v) at 0 °C. The 1/BF3OEt2 initiating system also induced living random copolymerization of pHS and pMOS, where the Mn of the products increased in direct proportion to polymer yield with relatively narrow molecular weight distribution (MWDs) (Mw/Mn ∼ 1.4). The copolymer compositions agreed with the calculated values from the monomer feed ratios and the conversion of each monomer. MALDI-TOF-MS analysis revealed that each monomer unit was distributed almost randomly. Sequential block copolymerization of unprotected pHS and pMOS with 1/BF3OEt2 gave well-defined amphiphilic diblock copolymers with controlled molecular weight and relatively narrow MWDs (Mw/Mn ∼ 1.3).
Biological Evaluation of Chitosan Salts Cross-Linked to Genipin as a Cell Scaffold for Disk Tissue Engineering (2005)

Degenerative disc disease has been implicated as a major component of spine pathology. However, although biological repair of the degenerate disk would be the ideal treatment, there is no universally accepted scaffold for tissue engineering of the intervertebral disk. To help remedy this, we investigated the gelation kinetics of various concentrations (2.5 to 10%) of two water-soluble chitosan chlorides (low molecular weight Protasan UP CL113 and high molecular weight Protasan UP CL213) and two chitosan glutamates (low molecular weight Protasan UP G113 and high molecular weight Protasan UP G213). Various concentrations (5 to 20%) of genipin, a naturally occurring cross-linking reagent used in herbal medicine and in the fabrication of food dyes, were used to prepare cross-linked chitosan hydrogels. The results show that 2.5% Protasan UP G213 cross-linked to 5% genipin was the best candidate. This formulation gelled fastest at 37 degrees C, and maintained 95% viability of encapsulated cultured disk cells. The gel did not produce an inflammatory reaction when injected subcutaneously into C57BL/6 mice and is therefore biocompatible. Most importantly, when injected into the degenerated nucleus pulposus of human cadaveric intervertebral disk, the gel flowed into the clefts without leakage. This study demonstrates that 2.5% Protasan UP G213 cross-linked to 5% genipin might be a promising scaffold for disk tissue engineering.
Synthesis of 2&#946;-Hydroxyursolic Acid and Other Ursane Analogs From Ursonic Acid (1993)

Synthesis of the natural product 2ß-hydroxyursolic acid (6) has been achieved through reaction of ursonic acid (1) with SeO2, and subsequent stereospecific reduction of the 2,3-diketo derivative (3) and its tautomer diosphenol (4), with NaBH4 under mild reaction conditions. Several other analogues (2), (5), (7) and (8) of the ursane series have also been obtained during these reactions.
Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy by Microneedle Patch-Assisted Delivery of Anti-PD1 Antibody (2016)

Despite recent advances in melanoma treatment through the use of anti-PD-1 (aPD1) immunotherapy, the efficacy of this method remains to be improved. Here we report an innovative self-degradable microneedle (MN) patch for the sustained delivery of aPD1 in a physiologically controllable manner. The microneedle is composed of biocompatible hyaluronic acid integrated with pH-sensitive dextran nanoparticles (NPs) that encapsulate aPD1 and glucose oxidase (GOx), which converts blood glucose to gluconic acid. The generation of acidic environment promotes the self-dissociation of NPs and subsequently results in the substantial release of aPD1. We find that a single administration of the MN patch induces robust immune responses in a B16F10 mouse melanoma model compared to MN without degradation trigger or intratumoral injection of free aPD1 with the same dose. Moreover, this administration strategy can integrate with other immunomodulators (such as anti-CTLA-4) to achieve combination therapy for enhancing antitumor efficacy.
EXPRESSION OF ECTONUCLEOTIDE PYROPHOSPHATASE/PHOSPHODIESTERASE 1 IN HUMAN OVARY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (2008)

Objective Insulin resistance is a possible cause of polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).It is presumed that ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1(ENPP1) is associated with insulin resistance.The purpose of this study is to explore the expression of ENPP1 in granulosa cells of the ovary and its relationship with PCOS. Methods Twelve aliquots of follicular granulosa cells were isolated from 12 samples of the patients with PCOS and 22 aliquots from 22 samples of the patients without PCOS,respectively.ENPP1 expression was analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization.The relative expression of ENPP1 mRNA was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(real-time PCR). Results ENPP1 was expressed in granulosa cells of the ovary.ENPP1 expression's 2~(-ΔCt) in granulosa cells of PCOS was significantly higher than non-PCOS(1.67±0.89 vs.0.94±0.76,P=0.017).Conclusion ENPP1 expression plays a role in ovary function and may be closely associated with the development of PCOS.
Advances in implanted functional electrical stimulation (2011)

Implanted functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been successfully used in a large set of applications linked to organic deficiencies and sensory disabilities. More recent attempts have been made to use implanted FES for movements or functions restoration in para- and quadriplegic patients. Unfortunately, standing and walking still remain unsatisfactory at the moment. Although not optimal, FES systems remain the only products on offer for movement restoration in a daily use context. The main drawbacks of the technique are well known and include insufficient reliability, the complexity of the surgery, limited stimulation selectivity and efficiency, non-physiological recruitment of motor units and the complexity of muscle control. To improve this selectivity, both electrode geometry and current shape have to be explored. A programmable multidimensional stimulus waveform generator provides the opportunity to conduct research on artificial-to-natural interfaces in order to achieve efficient and minimally aggressive activation. Thus, our team has developed a new architecture for advanced implanted FES: we designed and prototyped the basic elements of a network of distributed stimulation and measurement units. We designed the architecture taking into account the a priori constraints and requirements in terms of performance, safety, stimulation sites, as well as diversity in the stimulation profiles to address selectivity issues in nerve fiber recruitment. We choose a power-efficient microstimulator design where the stimulation current generated by a single source is then distributed on the outputs according to programmable ratios. The prototype circuit based on current mirrors guarantees constant ratios between channels all over the dynamic range. It uses a high-voltage technology (0.35 μm AMS HV) and can deal with adaptive power supply up to 20 V.
Digital MDA for enumeration of total nucleic acid contamination (2010)

Multiple displacement amplification (MDA) is an isothermal, sequence-independent method for the amplification of high molecular weight DNA that is driven by ϕ29 DNA polymerase (DNAP). Here we report digital MDA (dMDA), an ultrasensitive method for quantifying nucleic acid fragments of unknown sequence. We use the new assay to show that our custom ϕ29 DNAP preparation is free of contamination at the limit of detection of the dMDA assay (1 contaminating molecule per assay microliter). Contamination in commercially available preparations is also investigated. The results of the dMDA assay provide strong evidence that the so-called ‘template-independent’ MDA background can be attributed to high-molecular weight contaminants and is not primer-derived in the commercial kits tested. dMDA is orders of magnitude more sensitive than PCR-based techniques for detection of microbial genomic DNA fragments and opens up new possibilities for the ultrasensitive quantification of DNA fragments in a wide variety of application areas using MDA chemistry and off-the-shelf hardware developed for digital PCR.
Some social and cultural issues of english as the global language: Everything is changing, everything is going, going, gone now (2024)

The purpose of this paper is to inquire into the ways in which e-language works, considering such issues as how language constructs culture, the global culture, globalization as colonization, and non-English-speaking cultures by addressing the question, 'In what ways is the English language implicated in globalization?' The paper is built upon postmodernist ideas of textuality and discourse with close reference to Gregory Ulmer's 'mystory'.
Asynchronous VLSI neural networks using pulse-stream arithmetic (1988)

The relationship between neural networks and VLSI is explored. An introduction to neural networks relates the Hopfield model and the Delta learning rule to S. Grossberg's (1968) description of neural dynamics. A computational style that mimics that of a biological neural network, using pulse-stream signaling and analog summation, is described. Digitally programmable weights allow learning networks to be constructed. Functional and structural forms of neural and synaptic functions are presented, along with simulation results. Finally a neural network implemented in 3- mu m CMOS is presented with preliminary measurements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>