gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Long-term cultivation of a human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, in a chemically defined medium. Effect of estradiol. (1986)

The human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, has been adapted to long-term growth in chemically defined medium without loss of estrogen and progesterone receptors or tumorigenicity in athymic mice. An estrogen reversible inhibition of cell proliferation is exerted by newborn calf serum (NCS) 10%, athymic mouse serum (AMS) 2% or tamoxifen 0.1 to 1.0 microM. The mamma-related hormones, hydrocortisone, progesterone, prolactin, and insulin could not mimic this growth inhibitory effect, and estradiol alone or combined with these hormones did not stimulate cell proliferation in chemically defined medium.
New Zealand Epidemic Strain Meningococcal B Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccine in Children Aged 16–24 Months (2007)

The New Zealand candidate vaccine administered to these 16-24-month-old children in 3 doses was safe and elicited a promising immune response against the candidate vaccine strain NZ98/254 (N. meningitidis B:4:P1.7b,4) contributing to vaccine licensure for this age group.
Lin-28 binds IGF-2 mRNA and participates in skeletal myogenesis by increasing translation efficiency (2007)

Lin-28 is a highly conserved, RNA-binding, microRNA-regulated protein that is involved in regulation of developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans. In mammals, Lin-28 is stage-specifically expressed in embryonic muscle, neurons, and epithelia, as well as in embryonic carcinoma cells, but is suppressed in most adult tissues, with the notable exception of skeletal and cardiac muscle. The specific function and mechanism of action of Lin-28 are not well understood. Here we used loss-of-function and gain-of-function assays in cultured myoblasts to show that expression of Lin-28 is essential for skeletal muscle differentiation in mice. In order to elucidate the specific function of Lin-28, we used a combination of biochemical and functional assays, which revealed that, in differentiating myoblasts, Lin-28 binds to the polysomes and increases the efficiency of protein synthesis. An important target of Lin-28 is IGF-2, a crucial growth and differentiation factor for muscle tissue. Interaction of Lin-28 with translation initiation complexes in skeletal myoblasts and in the embryonic carcinoma cell line P19 was confirmed by localization of Lin-28 to the stress granules, temporary structures that contain stalled mRNA-protein translation complexes. Our results unravel novel mechanisms of translational regulation in skeletal muscle and suggest that Lin-28 performs the role of "translational enhancer" in embryonic and adult cells and tissues.
Progression of fibrosis in hepatitis C with and without schistosomiasis (2006)

Serial liver biopsies are the gold standard by which the progression of fibrosis is evaluated. This longitudinal cohort study assessed the different rates in the progression of fibrosis using serial liver biopsies and serum fibrosis markers YKL-40 and PIIINP and the cytokines, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNuF-alpha). A 10-year cohort study was performed in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) alone or HCV and schistosomiasis. Patients were enrolled at the time of acute HCV infection and prospectively evaluated with two liver biopsies (at entry and end of follow-up), and true rates in the progression of fibrosis were calculated per year. Serum YKL-40, N-terminal propeptide of collagen III (PIIINP), TGF-beta, and TNF-alpha were measured, as well as the expression of TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, and YKL-40 mRNA in liver tissue. A significant increase in the progression rates of fibrosis occurred in the coinfected group (0.61 +/- 0.13) compared with the HCV monoinfection group (0.1 +/- 0.06; P < .001)). The progression of fibrosis rate/year had a direct linear correlation for YKL-40 (r = 0.892, P < .001) and for PIIINP (r = 0.577, P < .01). YKL-40 showed a linear correlation with TGF-beta (r = 0.897, P < .001). Hepatic mRNA levels of YKL-40 and TGF-beta correlated with the serum levels, confirming a hepatic source for the elevated serum levels. In conclusion, serial cytokine and fibrosis markers can accurately determine the rate at which fibrosis is progressing, identifying both those with rapid fibrosis and those with stable disease.
Roles and regulation of Thy‐1, a context‐dependent modulator of cell phenotype (2009)

Thy-1 or CD90 is a glycophosphatidylinositol-linked glycoprotein expressed on the surface of neurons, thymocytes, subsets of fibroblasts, endothelial cells, mesangial cells and some hematopoietic cells. Thy-1 is evolutionarily conserved, developmentally regulated, and often has dramatic effects on cell phenotype; however, the effects vary between and in some cases within cell types and tissues, and between similar tissues in different species, indicating that the biological role of Thy-1 is context-dependent. Thy-1 exists in soluble form in some body fluids; however, the mechanisms of its shedding are unknown. In addition, Thy-1 expression can be regulated by epigenetic silencing. Because Thy-1 modulates many basic cellular processes and is involved in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, it is important to better understand its regulation.
Low-complexity and high-throughput fully dct-based motion-compensated video coders (1996)

Many video coding standards such as H.261, MPEG1, MPEG2, HDTV and H.263, are based on the hybrid motion-compensated DCT approach. The common implementations adopt the conventional DCT-based motion-compensated video coder structure in which every raw video bit must go before being encoded through the performance- critical feedback loop consisting of a DCT, an Inverse DCT (IDCT) and a spatial-domain motion estimation/compensation. This heavily loaded feedback loop not only increases the overall complexity of the coder but also limits the throughput and becomes the bottleneck of a real-time high-end digital video system. In this dissertation, we propose a fully DCT-based motion-compensated video coder structure which eliminates IDCT and moves DCT out of the loop, resulting in a simple feedback loop with only one major component: Transform-Domain Motion Estimation/Compensation. Furthermore, different components can be jointly optimized if they operate in the same transform domain. Based on pseudo phases and sinusoidal orthogonal principles, we develop DCT Pseudo Phase Techniques to estimate displacement directly from the DCT coefficients of shifted signals/images. We develop the DCT-based motion estimation (DXT-ME) algorithm with the computational complexity, O(N2), compared to O(N4) for the full search block matching approach (BKM-ME). Simulation shows that the DXT-ME algorithm performs as well as, BKM-ME and other fast search approaches in terms of mean-square-error per pel (MSE) and bits per sample (BPS). Furthermore it has inherently highly parallel operations in computing the pseudo phases, suitable for VLSI implementation.<P>We develop DCT-based subpixel motion estimation algorithms without the need of image interpolation as required by conventional methods, resulting in significant reduction in computations and data flow and flexible fully DCT-based coder design because the same hardware can support different levels of required accuracy. Simulation demonstrates comparable and even better performance of the DCT-based approach than BKM-ME in terms of MSE and BPS.<P>We devise the DCT-based motion compensation schemes via the bilinear and cubic interpolation without any increase in computations to achieve more accurate approximation and better visual quality for motion- compensated pictures. Less computations are required in DCT domain because of sparseness and block alignment of DCT blocks and use of fast DCT to reduce computations.
Enzyme-based lactic acid detection using AlGaN∕GaN high electron mobility transistors with ZnO nanorods grown on the gate region (2008)

The detection of lactic acid with ZnO nanorod-gated AlGaN∕GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) was demonstrated. The array of ZnO nanorods provided a large effective surface area with a high surface-to-volume ratio and a favorable environment for the immobilization of lactate oxidase. The HEMT drain-source current showed a rapid response when various concentrations of lactic acid solutions were introduced to the gate area of the HEMT sensor. The HEMT could detect lactic acid concentrations from 167nM to 139μM. Our results show that portable, fast response, and wireless-based lactic acid detectors can be realized with AlGaN∕GaN HEMT based sensors.
Tunable Solid-state Laser. Fiber Bragg Grating. (1995)

A fiber Bragg grating, with periodical perturbation of the refractive index in the fiber core, is a very attractive optical device. The fiber Bragg grating functions as a wavelength selective reflection filter in an optical line. Because of its excellent optical properties and easy integration into fiber optic systems, the fiber Bragg grating is expected to find many applications. In this article, the mechanism of refractive index changes in the fiber core, fiber Bragg grating fabrication techniques and some applications of fiber Bragg grating are described.
Fundamentals of beer and hop chemistry (2000)

Beer brewing is an intricate process encompassing mixing and further elaboration of four essential raw materials, including barley malt, brewing water, hops and yeast. Particularly hops determine to a great extent typical beer qualities such as bitter taste, hoppy flavour, and foam stability. Conversely, hop-derived bitter acids account for an offending lightstruck flavour, which is formed on exposure of beer to light. These various processes are presented in detail, while due emphasis is placed on state-of-the-art hop technology, which provides brewers with efficient means to control bitterness, foam, and light-stability thereby allowing for the production of beers with consistent quality.
Wnt pathway regulation of intestinal stem cells (2016)

Wnt signalling is involved in multiple aspects of embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis, notably via controlling cellular proliferation and differentiation. Wnt signalling is subject to stringent positive and negative regulation to promote proper development and homeostasis yet avoid aberrant growth. Such multi-layer regulation includes post-translational modification and processing of Wnt proteins themselves, R-spondin (Rspo) amplification of Wnt signalling, diverse receptor families, and intracellular and extracellular antagonists and destruction and transcription complexes. In the gastrointestinal tract, Wnt signalling is crucial for development and renewal of the intestinal epithelium. Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) undergo symmetric division and neutral drift dynamics to renew the intestinal epithelium. Sources of Wnts and Wnt amplifers such as R-spondins are beginning to be elucidated as well as their functional contribution to intestinal homeostasis. In this review we focus on regulation of ISCs and intestinal homeostasis by the Wnt/Rspo pathway, the potential cellular sources of Wnt signalling regulators and highlight potential future areas of study.
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose: The Basics (2002)

Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is an important component of modern therapy for diabetes mellitus. SMBG has been recommended for people with diabetes and their health care professionals in order to achieve a specific level of glycemic control and to prevent hypoglycemia. The goal of SMBG is to collect detailed information about blood glucose levels at many time points to enable maintenance of a more constant glucose level by more precise regimens. It can be used to aid in the adjustment of a therapeutic regimen in response to blood glucose values and to help individuals adjust their dietary intake, physical activity, and insulin doses to improve glycemic control on a day-to-day basis.

SMBG can aid in diabetes control by:



Numerous trials have been carried out to determine the true impact of SMBG on glycemic control. Some, including randomized, controlled trials, have demonstrated the efficacy of SMBG. Among patients with type 1 diabetes, SMBG has been associated with improved health outcomes.1 Specifically, increasing frequency of SMBG was linearly correlated with reductions in HbA1c …
Novel cAMP PDE III inhibitors: imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-ones and thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-ones and their analogs (1994)

The transformation of milrinone to 1,3-dihydro-5-methyl-6-(4-pyridinyl)-2H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one (13a), 5-methyl-6-(4-pyridinyl)thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one (51), and 7-methyl-6-(4-pyridinyl)-1,8-naphthyridin-2(1H)-one (22) resulted in very potent cAMP PDE III inhibitors with in vitro activity in the nanomolar range. 1,3-Dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ones 13 were prepared from 2-aminopyridine-3-carboxylic acids (7, 10) via Curtius rearrangement. 1,8-Naphthyridin-2(1H)-one 22 and the corresponding 3,4-dihydro derivative 28 were prepared from 5-bromo-2-methyl[3,4'-bipyridin]-6-amine (21) and 5-bromo-2-methyl[3,4-bipyridin]-6(1H)-one (24), respectively, via Heck reaction. Thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-ones 35 were prepared from 6-bromo[3,4'-bipyridin]-6-amines 30 and 32 via a four-step sequence. Treatment of 6-amino-2-methyl[3,4'-bipyridine]-5-thiol (59) with ethyl bromoacetate and ethyl bromodifluoroacetate gave pyridothiazinones 60 and 61, respectively.
Replication of smooth muscle cells in vascular disease. (1986)

Smooth muscle proliferation has been recognized as central to the pathology of both major forms of vascular disease: atherosclerosis and hypertension. Recent advances in our knowledge of mechanisms of control of proliferation suggest that events occurring in adult animals may recapitulate portions of the developmental biology of the smooth muscle cell. This review attempts to consider the current state of knowledge of the mechanisms controlling smooth muscle proliferation in these two diseases, to put that knowledge into the context of what is known about smooth muscle biology, and to offer two hypotheses on the possible roles of smooth muscle developmental biology in manifestations of atherosclerosis and hypertension in adult humans.
Oncogenic transformation by the tax gene of human T-cell leukemia virus type I in vitro. (1990)

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is a causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). To elucidate the role of HTLV-I in leukemogenesis, we examined the biological activity of a defective HTLV-I provirus with the env-pX 3' long terminal repeat region cloned from leukemic cells of an ATL patient. Transfection experiments showed growth stimulation of NIH 3T3 cells--growing beyond the saturation density and growing in soft agar. Since the pX sequence is known to encode three proteins, Tax, Rex, and p21x, the biological activity of each pX gene was examined separately. The growth-stimulating activity was induced only by the tax gene in NIH 3T3 cells and Rat-1 cells. Furthermore, the tax gene induced tumorigenicity in nude mice when introduced into Rat-1 cells. Thus, a transcriptional transactivator gene of HTLV-I, tax, is clearly identified as a viral oncogene without a cellular homolog. The transforming activity of tax, possibly via a transcriptional deregulation of cell growth control, may play an important role in leukemogenesis of ATL in addition to its aberrant stimulation of the interleukin 2 system.
Meningeal and cortical grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis (2012)

Although historically considered a disease primarily affecting the white matter of the central nervous system, recent pathological and imaging studies have established that cortical demyelination is common in multiple sclerosis and more extensive than previously appreciated. Subpial, intracortical and leukocortical lesions are the three cortical lesion types described in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices of patients with multiple sclerosis. Cortical demyelination may be the pathological substrate of progression, and an important pathologic correlate of irreversible disability, epilepsy and cognitive impairment. Cortical lesions of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis patients are characterized by a dominant effector cell population of microglia, by the absence of macrophagic and leukocytic inflammatory infiltrates, and may be driven in part by organized meningeal inflammatory infiltrates. Cortical demyelination is also present and common in early MS, is topographically associated with prominent meningeal inflammation and may even precede the appearance of classic white matter plaques in some MS patients. However, the pathology of early cortical lesions is different than that of chronic MS in the sense that early cortical lesions are highly inflammatory, suggesting that neurodegeneration in MS occurs on an inflammatory background and raising interesting questions regarding the role of cortical demyelination and meningeal inflammation in initiating and perpetuating the disease process in early MS.
Use of transposon Tn916 to inactivate and isolate a mutacin-associated gene from Streptococcus mutans (1990)

Among the attributes thought to contribute to the virulence of Streptococcus mutans is its ability to elaborate bacteriocinlike substances, which may provide a selective force enhancing its colonization potential. One such inhibitory substance, mutacin II, is produced by certain plasmid-containing strains of S. mutans. We introduced insertional mutations into a mutacin II-producing strain of S. mutans (UA96) by transformation with a plasmid carrying Tn916, resulting in transformants bearing single inserts of the transposon at different sites within the chromosome. The insertions identify five different EcoRI fragments required for production of mutacin II (Bac phenotype; bac-1 to bac-5 genotypes). The EcoRI fragments, containing bac-1::Tn916 was ligated into a cosmid vector, pJC74, and transduced into Escherichia coli DH1, where Tn916 is known to be unstable. The loss of Tn916 resulted in a 30-kb plasmid, pPC974, containing approximately 15 kb of S. mutans DNA. A Bac-associated DNA fragment was then subcloned into the streptococcus-E. coli shuttle vector pVA838 and transformed into S. mutants, where it was capable of complementing the bac mutation in the Bac- parent. These findings suggest that we have isolated at least one gene associated with mutacin production.
Wide-bandwidth and long-distance WDM transmission using highly gain-flattened hybrid amplifier (1999)

A 1.5-dB gain-flatness over 67 nm is achieved with a novel hybrid amplifier comprised of a distributed Raman amplifier pumped at two wavelengths and an erbium-doped fluoride fiber amplifier. Fourteen 2.5-Gb/s signals spanning 65 nm are successfully transmitted over 900 km using the new amplifiers. Low-noise characteristics compared to the same transmission line with discrete erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are also confirmed.
Controlling Strongyle Parasites of Horses: A Mandate for Change (2009)

Future approaches to equine parasite control must seek greater sustainability by exploiting inherent host resistance and acquired immunity, implementing management procedures that reduce transmission, and using anthelmintic treatments much less frequently and only in selected members of a herd. Author’s address: East Tennessee Clinical Research, Inc., 80 Copper Ridge Farm Road, Rockwood, Tennessee 37854; e-mail: crr@easttenncr.com. © 2009 AAEP.
PERICONCEPTIONAL VITAMIN USE, DIETARY FOLATE, AND THE OCCURRENCE OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS (1995)

With a case-control study, we investigated whether periconceptional intake of supplemental or dietary folate reduced the risk of having a neural tube defect (NTD)-affected pregnancy. Mothers of 549 (88% of eligible) cases and 540 (88%) controls were interviewed in person about vitamin supplements used in either the 3 months before or the 3 months after conception and also about usual diet in the 3 months before conception. Women with any use of a folic acid-containing vitamin in the 3 months before conception had a lower risk of having an NTD-affected pregnancy [odds ratio (OR) = 0.65; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.45-0.94]. ORs were similar for 3 levels (< 0.4, 0.4-0.9, and > 0.9 mg per day) of average daily intake of folic acid. Any level of use in the first 3 months after conception resulted in a lowered risk as well (OR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.46-0.79). Reduced risks were less marked for Hispanics and were not observed among women who graduated from college. Modest reduced risks were noted among non-vitamin users whose estimated daily dietary intake of folate was more than 0.227 mg. We observed decreasing risk with increasing folate intake from combined dietary sources and vitamin supplements. A reduction in NTD risk associated with folate intake is consistent with other studies; however, the reduced risk may be particular to subsets of the population, primarily non-Hispanic women and women whose education does not exceed high school.
Identification of target antigens for the human cytotoxic T cell response to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): implications for the immune control of EBV-positive malignancies. (1992)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human herpes virus with oncogenic potential, persists in B lymphoid tissues and is controlled by virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) surveillance. On reactivation in vitro, these CTLs recognize EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) in an HLA class I antigen-restricted fashion, but the viral antigens providing target epitopes for such recognition remain largely undefined. Here we have tested EBV-induced polyclonal CTL preparations from 16 virus-immune donors on appropriate fibroblast targets in which the eight EBV latent proteins normally found in LCLs (Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen [EBNA] 1, 2, 3A, 3B, 3C, leader protein [LP], and latent membrane protein [LMP] 1 and 2) have been expressed individually from recombinant vaccinia virus vectors. Most donors gave multicomponent responses with two or more separate reactivities against different viral antigens. Although precise target antigen choice was clearly influenced by the donor's HLA class I type, a subset of latent proteins, namely EBNA 3A, 3B, and 3C, provided the dominant targets on a range of HLA backgrounds; thus, 15 of 16 donors gave CTL responses that contained reactivities to one or more proteins of this subset. Examples of responses to other latent proteins, namely LMP 2 and EBNA 2, were detected through specific HLA determinants, but we did not observe reactivities to EBNA 1, EBNA LP, or LMP 1. The bulk polyclonal CTL response in one donor, and components of that response in others, did not map to any of the known latent proteins, suggesting that other viral target antigens remain to be identified. This work has important implications for CTL control over EBV-positive malignancies where virus gene expression is often limited to specific subsets of latent proteins.
Development of 4-DOF manipulator using mechanical impedance adjuster (2002)

The objective of our study is to realize passive impedance of the robot joint by mechanical elements (MIA), and to develop an anthropomorphic multiple DOF manipulator using this mechanism. This mechanism has the advantage of a conventional method of force control in realizing high compliance. This paper presents the development of the 4-DOF MIA ARM which is an upper arm of the manipulator. This paper also describes the experimental evaluation of the 4-DOF MIA manipulator by means of step responses and circular trajectory. The experimental results show that the 4-DOF MIA ARM has high performance not only in force control but also in motion control.