gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel type-specific lipooligosaccharides from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1991)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain Canetti) is characterized by the presence of two novel glycolipids of the alkali-labile, trehalose-containing lipooligosaccharide class. Their structures were established by permethylation, partial acid hydrolysis, infrared and high-field NMR spectroscopy, and electron-impact and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of the native glycolipids and hydrolysis products. The trehalose substituent is unique in that it is methylated at the 6'-position. The structure of the simpler of the two glycolipids is 2-O-Me-alpha-L-Fucp(1----3)-beta-D-Glcp(1----3)-2-O-Me- alpha-L-Rhap(1----3)-2-O-Me-alpha-L- Rhap(1----3)-beta-D-Glcp(1----3)-4-O-Me-alpha-L-Rhap(1----3) -6-O-Me-alpha-D- Glc. Further glycosylation of the octaglycosyl unit of this nonantigenic glycolipid by an incompletely defined N-acyl derivative of a 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-Galp residue results in the second, highly antigenic nonasaccharide-containing glycolipid. Application of two-dimensional proton correlation spectroscopy demonstrated that the fatty acyl substituents are located on the 2,3,6 and 3,4,6 hydroxyl groups of the terminal glucosyl unit in the proportions of 2:3. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and optical rotation measurement allowed identification of the fatty acyl esters as primarily 2L-, 4L-dimethylhexadecanoate, 2L-,4L-,6L-,8L-tetramethyloctadecanoate, and 2-methyl-3-hydroxyeicosanoate. The relationship of these glycolipids to different morphological forms of M. tuberculosis and to virulence is discussed.
The Principles of Quantum Mechanics (1958)

We are now going to put some order in our ideas and do theoretical physics. During the years 1925 to 1927, quantum mechanics took shape and accumulated successes. But three persons, and not the least, addressed the question of its structure. In Zürich there was Erwin Schrödinger, in Göttingen David Hilbert, and in Cambridge Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac.KeywordsHilbert SpaceQuantum MechanicScalar ProductState VectorComplex Vector SpaceThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Actitudes de los estudiantes de la salud de la Universidad de Chile hacia las personas con discapacidad (2007)

El estudio de las actitudes hacia las personas con discapacidad es un tema de interés para los futuros profesionales del área de la salud que de forma directa o indirecta estarán en contacto con este colectivo de personas. El presente trabajo aporta información sobre las actitudes que tienen 258 estudiantes de 7 escuelas de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile, se aplicó una Escala de Actitudes hacia las Personas con Discapacidad. Los resultados muestran variación en los alumnos de las diversas escuelas, identificándose actitudes positivas en la Escuela de Terapia Ocupacional en factores relacionados con la interacción, el reconocimiento de derechos y la atribución de rasgos de personalidad, se destacan también resultados positivos obtenidos por los estudiantes de otras escuelas. Al comparar las actitudes de estudiantes de escuelas de rehabilitación no se encuentran evidencias de mejores actitudes , por el contrario una de ellas tiene actitudes más negativas. Las diferencias encontradas nos estimulan a conocer las causas y a implementar programas de formación centrados en la valoración de la diferencia y la integración social de las personas con discapacidad que serán atendidos por los futuros profesionales de la salud.
Chronic Vagus Nerve Stimulation Improves Alertness and Reduces Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Patients Affected by Refractory Epilepsy (2003)

Our data demonstrate major effects of vagus nerve stimulation on both daytime alertness (which is improved) and nocturnal rapid eye movement sleep (which is reduced). These effects could be interpreted as the result of a destabilizing action of vagus nerve stimulation on neural structures regulating sleep-wake and rapid eye movement/non-rapid eye movement sleep cycles. Lower intensity vagus nerve stimulation seems only to improve alertness; higher intensity vagus nerve stimulation seems able to exert an adjunctive rapid eye movement sleep-attenuating effect.
Linkage of autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia with mental impairment and thin corpus callosum to chromosome 15q13-15 (2000)

To date, three loci for autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia (ARHSP) linked to chromosomes 8p12-q13, 16qter, and 15q13-15 have been characterized. We have clinically characterized 13 Japanese ARHSP families and performed genetic linkage analyses. All 13 families were classified as having the "complicated" form, which manifests with mental impairment and thin corpus callosum. Linkage to the 8p12-q13 and 16qter loci was excluded, although 10 of the 13 families showed marker data consistent with linkage to the 15q13-15 locus. The multipoint LOD score of the 10 families linked to chromosome 15 was above 9.00 in the 3-centimorgan segment flanked by D15S994 and D15S659, with a maximum multipoint LOD score of 9.68 at a position 1.2 centimorgans telomeric from D15S994 to D15S659. We have shown that ARHSP with thin corpus callosum, a subtype of recessive spastic paraplegia, maps to chromosome 15q13-15.
The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. (1982)

A representation and interpretation of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve obtained by the "rating" method, or by mathematical predictions based on patient characteristics, is presented. It is shown that in such a setting the area represents the probability that a randomly chosen diseased subject is (correctly) rated or ranked with greater suspicion than a randomly chosen non-diseased subject. Moreover, this probability of a correct ranking is the same quantity that is estimated by the already well-studied nonparametric Wilcoxon statistic. These two relationships are exploited to (a) provide rapid closed-form expressions for the approximate magnitude of the sampling variability, i.e., standard error that one uses to accompany the area under a smoothed ROC curve, (b) guide in determining the size of the sample required to provide a sufficiently reliable estimate of this area, and (c) determine how large sample sizes should be to ensure that one can statistically detect differences in the accuracy of diagnostic techniques.
Hypothermia and cerebral vascular lesions. II. Experimental middle cerebral artery interruption followed by induction of hypothermia. (1957)

Introduction In Part I of this study, it was postulated that the process of cerebral infarction would be modified or prevented if body temperature were reduced at the time of arterial occlusion.1To test this hypothesis, the middle cerebral artery of the dog was interrupted at normal body temperature and during hypothermia. Each normothermic dog developed a cerebral infarct. When interruption of the artery occurred at 22-24 C, either no infarct developed or lesions were found which were small in size and restricted to relatively silent areas. It was concluded, therefore, that hypothermia protects against cerebral infarction in the dog. The present set of experiments was undertaken to ascertain whether hypothermia would have a similar effect if the artery were interrupted at normal body temperature and then hypothermia were induced. It was hoped that such a study would provide data and, perhaps, a therapeutic technique which would be of
Induction of Premature Senescence by Hsp90 Inhibition in Small Cell Lung Cancer (2010)

We conclude that: (1) Hsp90 inhibition primarily induces premature senescence, rather than cell death, in small cell lung cancer cells; (2) small cell lung cancer cells can bypass this senescence through further genetic alterations; (3) Hsp90 inhibitor-induced cell death in small cell lung cancer cells is due to inhibition of a target other than cytosolic Hsp90. These results have implications with regard to how these inhibitors will behave in clinical trials and for the design of future inhibitors in this class.
SOX9 is required for maintenance of the pancreatic progenitor cell pool (2007)

The factors necessary to maintain organ-specific progenitor cells are poorly understood and yet of extreme clinical importance. Here, we identify the transcription factor SOX9 as the first specific marker and maintenance factor of multipotential progenitors during pancreas organogenesis. In the developing pancreas, SOX9 expression is restricted to a mitotically active, Notch-responsive subset of PDX1(+) pluripotent progenitors and is absent from committed endocrine precursors or differentiated cells. Similar to Notch mutations, organ-specific Sox9 inactivation in mice causes severe pancreatic hypoplasia resulting from depletion of the progenitor cell pool. We show that Sox9 maintains pancreatic progenitors by stimulating their proliferation, survival, and persistence in an undifferentiated state. Our finding that SOX9 regulates the Notch-effector HES1 suggests a Notch-dependent mechanism and establishes a possible genetic link between SOX factors and Notch. These findings will be of major significance for the development of in vitro protocols for cell replacement therapies.
Multiple Myeloma (2004)

Multiple myeloma, a plasma-cell neoplasm characterized by skeletal destruction, renal failure, anemia, and hypercalcemia, remains incurable. However, recent advances in its treatment, in particular, the use of thalidomide and such new drugs as bortezomib and CC-5013, are promising. This article discusses current therapy for multiple myeloma.
Development of enzyme-labeled oligonucleotide probe for detection of mecA gene in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (1994)

A DNA hybridization method with an enzyme-labeled oligonucleotide probe (mecA-ELONP) was developed to detect the methicillin-resistant gene (mecA) in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. For rapid identification, bacterial colonies were transferred from agar plates directly onto nylon membranes. Lysis of cells, denaturation of DNA, and hybridization were performed on the membranes. These procedures required only 3 h for completion. The results obtained by this test closely corresponded with those obtained by determining the MICs of oxacillin against S. aureus. The results of the mecA-ELONP also correlated well with those of a commercially available PCR test. Thus, mecA-ELONP proved to be a reliable and convenient method for the rapid identification of methicillin-resistant S. aureus, which could be useful in clinical microbiology laboratories.
Designing a Bluetooth-Based Wireless Network for Distributed Shipboard Monitoring and Control Systems (2003)

A Bluetooth based network has been developed for monitoring and controlling power systems on board US Navy Vessels. This network is intended for distributed measurement and control and is ideally suited for controlling individual slave nodes. The slave nodes are individual electronic systems which collect information from many sensors and make appropriate control decisions based on the occurrence of well-defined events. Bluetooth is a low-cost, low-power wireless standard, which boasts a theoretical maximum baud rate of approximately 750 kbps. The Bluetooth standard allows networking of several slave nodes. An important advantage of this system is that it can be configured for many shipboard applications. This wireless standard uses a spread-spectrum modulation scheme that allows reliable communication between devices within several sub-networks (piconets) in the same physical vicinity. A robust wireless network has been designed to maintain reliable connectivity among nodes even when the communication channels are adversely affected by the opening and closing of watertight doors. For testing the throughput of the Bluetooth network a low-level C++ program has been designed. The program establishes a Bluetooth piconet and records transmission times for several different size files. Experimental performance data have been collected using several different Bluetooth packet types and network topologies. Initial tests were completed in a long hallway to provide baseline control data. In addition, shipboard testing was done on board the ex-USS America. These tests have proved the practicability of using a Bluetooth network for shipboard control and monitoring systems.
Indexing by latent semantic analysis (1990)

A new method for automatic indexing and retrieval is described. The approach is to take advantage of implicit higher-order structure in the association of terms with documents (“semantic structure”) in order to improve the detection of relevant documents on the basis of terms found in queries. The particular technique used is singular-value decomposition, in which a large term by document matrix is decomposed into a set of ca. 100 orthogonal factors from which the original matrix can be approximated by linear combination. Documents are represented by ca. 100 item vectors of factor weights. Queries are represented as pseudo-document vectors formed from weighted combinations of terms, and documents with supra-threshold cosine values are returned. Initial tests find this completely automatic method for retrieval to be promising. © 1990 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The molecular basis of cooperativity in protein folding. Thermodynamic dissection of interdomain interactions in phosphoglycerate kinase (1992)

In the presence of guanidine hydrochloride, phosphoglycerate kinase from yeast can be reversibly denatured by either heating or cooling the protein solution above or below room temperature [Griko, Y. V., Venyaminov, S. Y., & Privalov, P. L. (1989) FEBS Lett. 244, 276-278]. The heat denaturation of PGK is characterized by the presence of a single peak in the excess heat capacity function obtained by differential scanning calorimetry. The transition curve approaches the two-state mechanism, indicating that the two domains of the molecule display strong cooperative interactions and that partially folded intermediates are not largely populated during the transition. On the contrary, the cold denaturation is characterized by the presence of two peaks in the heat capacity function. Analysis of the data indicates that at low temperatures the two domains behave independently of each other. The crystallographic structure of PGK has been used to identify the nature of the interactions between the two domains. These interactions involve primarily the apposition of two hydrophobic surfaces of approximately 480 A2 and nine hydrogen bonds. This information, in conjunction with experimental thermodynamic values for hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding interactions and statistical thermodynamic analysis, has been used to quantitatively account for the folding/unfolding behavior of PGK. It is shown that this type of analysis accurately predicts the cooperative behavior of the folding/unfolding transition and its dependence on GuHCl concentration.
Neuregulin Mediates F-actin-driven Cell Migration through Inhibition of Protein Kinase D1 via Rac1 Protein (2012)

Neuregulin (NRG; heregulin) is overexpressed in ∼30% of breast cancers and mediates various processes involved in tumor progression, including tumor cell migration and invasion. Here, we show that NRG mediates its effects on tumor cell migration via PKD1. Downstream of RhoA, PKD1 can prevent directed cell migration through phosphorylation of its substrate SSH1L. NRG exerts its inhibitory effects on PKD1 through Rac1/NADPH oxidase, leading to decreased PKD1 activation loop phosphorylation and decreased activity toward SSH1L. The consequence of PKD1 inhibition by NRG is decreased binding of 14-3-3 to SSH1L, localization of SSH1L to F-actin at the leading edge, and increased cofilin activity, resulting in increased reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and cell motility. Our data provide a mechanism through which the Rho GTPase Rac1 cross-talks with PKD1 signaling pathways to facilitate directed cell migration.
Visceral Obesity in Men: Associations With Glucose Tolerance, Plasma Insulin, and Lipoprotein Levels (1992)

The relations of regional adipose tissue (AT) distribution measured by computed tomography (CT) to plasma insulin-glucose homeostasis and lipoprotein-lipid levels were studied in 58 obese and 29 lean control men. In the group of obese men, the visceral AT area measured by CT was positively correlated with fasting plasma triglyceride and insulin levels and with glucose and insulin areas under the curves measured during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Visceral AT area was also negatively associated with plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and HDL2 cholesterol levels. The relative accumulation of abdominal fat, estimated by the ratio of abdominal to femoral AT areas obtained by CT, was also a significant correlate of indices of carbohydrate metabolism and was the best univariate correlate of plasma lipoprotein levels. No significant associations were observed between the visceral AT area, the ratio of abdominal to femoral AT areas, and indices of carbohydrate and lipoprotein metabolism in the group of lean men. On the other hand, the subcutaneous abdominal AT area was a significant correlate of the glucose area under the curve in both groups of men, but this association was not independent from the percentage of total body fat. No relationship was observed between the femoral AT area and indices of carbohydrate metabolism in either lean or obese groups. In obese men, however, the femoral AT area was negatively correlated with plasma triglyceride concentration and positively correlated with plasma HDL and HDL2 cholesterol levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes: rescue, augmentation, and replacement of beta-cell function. (2004)

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by progressive beta-cell failure. Indications for exogenous insulin therapy in patients with this condition include acute illness or surgery, pregnancy, glucose toxicity, contraindications to or failure to achieve goals with oral antidiabetic medications, and a need for flexible therapy. Augmentation therapy with basal insulin is useful if some beta-cell function remains. Replacement therapy with basal-bolus insulin is required for beta-cell exhaustion. Rescue therapy using replacement regimens for several weeks may reverse glucose toxicity. Replacement insulin therapy should mimic normal release patterns. Basal insulin, using long-acting insulins (i.e., neutral protamine Hagedorn [NPH], ultralente, glargine) is injected once or twice a day and continued on sick days. Bolus (or mealtime) insulin, using short-acting or rapid-acting insulins (i.e., regular, aspart, lispro) covers mealtime carbohydrates and corrects the current glucose level. The starting dose of 0.15 units per kg per day for augmentation or 0.5 units per kg per day for replacement can be increased several times as needed. About 50 to 60 percent of the total daily insulin requirement should be a basal type, and 40 to 50 percent should be a bolus type. The mealtime dose is the sum of the corrective dose plus the anticipated requirements for the meal and exercise. Adjustments should be made systematically, starting with the fasting, then the preprandial and, finally, the postprandial glucose levels. Basal therapy with glargine insulin provides similar to lower A1C levels with less hypoglycemia than NPH insulin. Insulin aspart and insulin lispro provide similar A1C levels and quality of life, but lower postprandial glucose levels than regular insulin.
Antiviral activity, safety, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of dolutegravir as 10-day monotherapy in HIV-1-infected adults (2011)

Dolutegravir demonstrated potent antiviral activity, good short-term tolerability, low pharmacokinetic variability, and a predictable pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics relationship, which support once-daily dosing without a pharmacokinetic booster in integrase-naive patients in future studies.
Function of the Cloned Putative Neutral Sphingomyelinase as Lyso-platelet Activating Factor-Phospholipase C (1999)

Sphingolipids such as ceramide and sphingosine have been regarded as novel signal mediators in cells. However, the mechanisms of generation of these lipids upon various stimulation remain to be elucidated. Neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) is one of the key enzymes in the generation of ceramide, and recently the cloning of a putative N-SMase was reported. Because the function of the protein was unclear in the previous report, we investigated the role it plays in cells. N-SMase activity in cells overexpressing the protein with hexa-histidine tag was immunoprecipitated with anti-hexa-histidine antibody. The metabolism of ceramide and SM was not apparently affected in overexpressing cells. Radiolabeling experiments using [(3)H]palmitic acid or [(3)H]hexadecanol demonstrated an accumulation of 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycerol and a corresponding decrease of 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in overexpressing cells. In vitro studies showed that both 1-acyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lyso-PC) and 1-O-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lyso-platelet activating factor (lyso-PAF)) are good substrates of the protein. In further radiolabeling experiments, 1-acyl-lyso-PC was predominantly and equally metabolized into diacyl-PC in both vector and overexpressing cells. On the other hand, 1-O-alkyl-lyso-PC (lyso-PAF) was metabolized into both diradyl-PC and 1-O-alkyl-glycerol in overexpressing cells but only into diradyl-PC in vector cells. These results suggest that the protein acts as lyso-PAF-PLC rather than lyso-PC-PLC or N-SMase in cells.
Inactivation of viruses by coherent excitations with a low power visible femtosecond laser (2007)

Our experimental findings lay down the foundation for an innovative new strategy of using a very low power visible femtosecond laser to selectively inactivate viruses and other microorganisms while leaving sensitive materials unharmed by manipulating and controlling with the femtosecond laser system.
Susceptibilities of 201 anaerobes to erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and roxithromycin by oxyrase agar dilution and E test methodologies (1995)

The susceptibility of 201 anaerobes to erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and roxithromycin was tested by agar dilution and E test methods by using a commercially available plate and dish system (OxyDish) to provide anaerobic conditions. Plates were incubated for 48 h. MICs for 50% of strains tested and MICs for 90% of strains tested by agar dilution and E test methods corresponded within 1 doubling dilution for all compounds. When all antibiotics were considered together, agar and E test MICs were within 1 and 2 doubling dilutions of each other in 84 to 91% and > 99% of cases, respectively.