gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tree Sequence Kernel for Natural Language (2011)

We propose Tree Sequence Kernel (TSK), which implicitly exhausts the structure features of a sequence of subtrees embedded in the phrasal parse tree. By incorporating the capability of sequence kernel, TSK enriches tree kernel with tree sequence features so that it may provide additional useful patterns for machine learning applications. Two approaches of penalizing the substructures are proposed and both can be accomplished by efficient algorithms via dynamic programming. Evaluations are performed on two natural language tasks, i.e. Question Classification and Relation Extraction. Experimental results suggest that TSK outperforms tree kernel for both tasks, which also reveals that the structure features made up of multiple subtrees are effective and play a complementary role to the single tree structure.
[Problems of androgen deficiency associated with somatic diseases in vibration disease patients]. (2014)

The article deals with new scientific data on influence of industrial vibration on prevalence of androgen deficiency in vibration disease pateints, correlation between androgen deficiency level and general somatic diseases in vibration disease patients, criteria of early diagnosis of the combined pathology.
The Fake vs Real Goods Problem (2017)

Counterfeiting of physical goods is a global problem amounting to nearly 7% of world trade. While there have been a variety of overt technologies like holograms and specialized barcodes and covert technologies like taggants and PUFs, these solutions have had a limited impact on the counterfeit market due to a variety of factors - clonability, cost or adoption barriers. In this paper, we introduce a new mechanism that uses machine learning algorithms on microscopic images of physical objects to distinguish between genuine and counterfeit versions of the same product. The underlying principle of our system stems from the idea that microscopic characteristics in a genuine product or a class of products (corresponding to the same larger product line), exhibit inherent similarities that can be used to distinguish these products from their corresponding counterfeit versions. A key building block for our system is a wide-angle microscopy device compatible with a mobile device that enables a user to easily capture the microscopic image of a large area of a physical object. Based on the captured microscopic images, we show that using machine learning algorithms (ConvNets and bag of words), one can generate a highly accurate classification engine for separating the genuine versions of a product from the counterfeit ones; this property also holds for "super-fake" counterfeits observed in the marketplace that are not easily discernible from the human eye. We describe the design of an end-to-end physical authentication system leveraging mobile devices, portable hardware and a cloud-based object verification ecosystem. We evaluate our system using a large dataset of 3 million images across various objects and materials such as fabrics, leather, pills, electronics, toys and shoes. The classification accuracy is more than 98% and we show how our system works with a cellphone to verify the authenticity of everyday objects.
Observational Studies (1998)

Observational studies are important methodologies to evaluate exposures and risk factors that are not amenable to experimental trials. They offer the advantage of being more generalizable to our patients, as these studies may have more liberal inclusion criteria than the typical randomized trial. Their disadvantage is their susceptibility to biases and their inability to control for unknown factors that may impact on the outcome of interest. Establishing causality of an association noted in observational studies is an intricate process that requires careful assessment. Clinicians and researchers should be familiar with observational studies so they may better evaluate a proposed causal relationship and the quality of reports claiming such relationships. Only then can they determine if the findings are valid and applicable to their patient population.
A Survey of Peptides with Effective Therapeutic Potential in Alzheimer’s Disease Rodent Models or in Human Clinical Studies (2012)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia. Today, only palliative therapies are available. The pathological hallmarks of AD are the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques, mainly composed of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), in the brains of the patients. Several lines of evidence suggest that the increased production and/or decreased cleavage of Aβ and subsequent accumulation of Aβ oligomers and aggregates play a fundamental role in the disease progress. Therefore, substances which bind to Aβ and influence aggregation thereof are of great interest. A wide range of Aβ binding peptides were investigated to date for therapeutic purposes. Only very few were shown to be effective in rodent AD models or in clinical studies. Here, we review those peptides and discuss their possible mechanisms of action.
The ingestible telemetric body core temperature sensor: a review of validity and exercise applications (2006)

An ingestible telemetric temperature sensor for measuring body core temperature (Tc) was first described 45 years ago, although the method has only recently gained widespread use for exercise applications. This review aims to (1) use Bland and Altman's limits of agreement (LoA) method as a basis for quantitatively reviewing the agreement between intestinal sensor temperature (Tintestinal), oesophageal temperature (Toesophageal) and rectal temperature (Trectal) across numerous previously published validation studies; (2) review factors that may affect agreement; and (3) review the application of this technology in field-based exercise studies. The agreement between Tintestinal and Toesophageal is suggested to meet our delimitation for an acceptable level of agreement (ie, systematic bias <0.1 degrees C and 95% LoA within +/-0.4 degrees C). The agreement between Tintestinal and Trectal shows a significant systematic bias >0.1 degrees C, although the 95% LoA is acceptable. Tintestinal responds less rapidly than Toesophageal at the start or cessation of exercise or to a change in exercise intensity, but more rapidly than Trectal. When using this technology, care should be taken to ensure adequate control over sensor calibration and data correction, timing of ingestion and electromagnetic interference. The ingestible sensor has been applied successfully in numerous sport and occupational applications such as the continuous measurement of Tc in deep sea saturation divers, distance runners and soldiers undertaking sustained military training exercises. It is concluded that the ingestible telemetric temperature sensor represents a valid index of Tc and shows excellent utility for ambulatory field-based applications.
Effects of polyethylene molecular structure on peroxide crosslinking of low density polyethylene (1992)

Abstract The effects of molecular structure on the dicumyl peroxide crosslinking of two low density polyethylenes have been studied. Peroxide efficiency was determined largely by the content of terminal vinyls in the two polymers. Differences in molecular weight distribution and branch content had comparatively little influence on the gel content but hot creep resistance of the vulcanized materials was affected. Scorching was affected, also, by the presence of vinyl unsaturations in the polymer.
Active THz medical imaging using broadband direct detection (2013)

Research in THz imaging is generally focused on three primary application areas: medical, security, and nondestructive evaluation (NDE). While work in THz security imaging and personnel screening is populated by a number of different active and passive system architectures, research in medical imaging in is generally performed with THz time-domain systems. These systems typically employ photoconductive or electro-optic source/detector pairs and can acquire depth resolved data or spectrally resolved pixels by synchronously sampling the electric field of the transmitted/reflected waveform. While time-domain is a very powerful scientific technique, results reported in the literature suggest that desired THz contrast in medical imaging may not require the volume of data accessible from time-resolved measurements and that a simpler direct detection, active technique may be sufficient for specific applications. In this talk we discuss an active direct detection reflectometer system architecture operating at a center frequency of ~ 525 GHz that uses a photoconductive source and schottky diode detector. This design takes advantage or radar-like pulse rectification and novel reflective optical design to achieve high target imaging contrast with significant potential for high speed acquisition time. Results in spatially resolved hydration mapping of burn wounds are presented and future outlooks discussed.
Functional Assignment of the ORF2-iscS-iscU-iscA-hscB-hscA-fdx-0RF3 Gene Cluster Involved in the Assembly of Fe-S Clusters in Escherichia coli (1999)

Fe-S cluster, the nonheme-iron cofactor essential for the activity of many proteins, is incorporated into its target protein by an unknown mechanism. In Escherichia coli, genes in the ORF1-ORF2-iscS-iscU-iscA-hscB-hsc A-fdx-ORF3 cluster (the isc gene cluster) should be involved in the assembly of the Fe-S cluster since its coexpression with the reporter ferredoxin (Fd) dramatically increases the production of holoFd [Nakamura, M., Saeki, K., and Takahashi, Y. (1999) J. Biochem. 126, 10-18]. In this study we addressed the functional roles of the proteins encoded by the isc gene cluster with respect to the assembly of Fe-S clusters in four reporter Fds. Plasmids were constructed in which eight ORFs in the isc gene cluster were individually inactivated either by truncating the coding region or by introducing an oligonucleotide linker containing stop codons. By coexpressing these plasmids with reporter Fds, we show the iscS, iscA, hscA, and fdx genes to be required for the assembly of the Fe-S clusters. When these genes were absent from the coexpression plasmid, no overproduction was achieved in any reporter Fds examined. The inactivation of ORF2 and hscB had a partial but appreciable effect on the production of some Fds. Deletion of ORF1 produced no difference from the coexpression with the intact isc gene cluster. We also examined coexpression using the fdx gene in the isc gene cluster as a reporter Fd and identified iscS, hscB, hscA, and ORF3 as being involved in the assembly of the [2Fe-2S] cluster in this protein. We propose a model in which the fdx gene product functions as an intermediate site for Fe-S cluster assembly.
A New Method for the Introduction of Trifluoromethyl Groups (1977)

The first general trifluoromethylation of alkanes has now been discovered. The CF 3 substituent provides a means of making unstable molecules isolable; in addition, CF 3 derivatives often exhibit enhanced pharmacological activity. equation image
Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell treatment for refractory luminal Crohn's disease: results of a phase I study (2010)

Administration of autologous bone marrow derived MSCs appears safe and feasible in the treatment of refractory Crohn's disease. No serious adverse events were detected during bone marrow harvesting and administration.
Motion Planning in Dynamic Environments Using Velocity Obstacles (1998)

This paper presents a method for robot motion planning in dynamic environments. It consists of selecting avoidance maneuvers to avoid static and moving obstacles in the velocity space, based on the cur rent positions and velocities of the robot and obstacles. It is a first- order method, since it does not integrate velocities to yield positions as functions of time. The avoidance maneuvers are generated by selecting robot ve locities outside of the velocity obstacles, which represent the set of robot velocities that would result in a collision with a given obstacle that moves at a given velocity, at some future time. To ensure that the avoidance maneuver is dynamically feasible, the set of avoidance velocities is intersected with the set of admissible velocities, defined by the robot's acceleration constraints. Computing new avoidance maneuvers at regular time intervals accounts for general obstacle trajectories. The trajectory from start to goal is computed by searching a tree of feasible avoidance maneuvers, computed at discrete time intervals. An exhaustive search of the tree yields near-optimal trajectories that either minimize distance or motion time. A heuristic search of the tree is applicable to on-line planning. The method is demonstrated for point and disk robots among static and moving obstacles, and for an automated vehicle in an intelligent vehicle highway system scenario.
Vascular endothelial growth factor gene transfection to enhance the repair of avascular necrosis of the femoral head of rabbit. (2003)

Transfection of the VEGF gene enhances bone tissue angiogenesis. Repair of osteonecrosis could be accelerated accordingly, thus providing a potential method for therapy of osteonecrosis.
Antiestrogen potentiation of antiproliferative effects of vitamin D3 analogues in breast cancer cells. (1996)

[3H]thymidine incorporation and DNA content were used to investigate the antiproliferative effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and four analogues [16-ene-1,25(OH)2D3 (16-ene)]; 16-ene,23-yne-1,25(0H)2,D3; EB1089; and 22 oxa-1,25(OH)2D3] on MCF-7, BT-474, and MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cell lines. 1,25(OH)2D3 and the analogues elicited a biphasic response from MCF-7 and BT-474 estrogen receptor (ER)-positive cells, in the presence of estradiol (E2), with lower doses (between 10(-12) and 10(-10) M) tending to stimulate proliferation and higher doses (between 10(-9) and 10(-6) M) inhibiting proliferation by as much as 65%. In the absence of E2, the stimulatory effect was abrogated. Proliferation of MDA-MB-453, estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) cells, was stimulated by these compounds only at 10(-12) M, and inhibited by all higher doses, by as much as 83%. All three cell lines were shown to be vitamin D receptor (VDR) positive, and 1,25(OH)2D3 and all four analogues bound to the VDR with high affinities in each cell line. The antiestrogen ICI 164,384 inhibited the proliferation of all three cell lines. ICI 164,384 at 10(-8) M in combination with 1,25(OH)2D, or EB1089 converted biphasic response of the ER+ cells to one resembling the response of the ER- cells, by eliminating the stimulatory response elicited by 1,25(OH)2D3 at low doses and enhancing the antiproliferative effects of higher doses by as much as 1000-fold. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that E2 in the ER+ cells blocks the antiproliferative effects of the analogues and suggest the potential usefulness of combined antiestrogen and 1,25(OH)2D3 analogues in ER+ breast tumors, whereas 1,25(OH)2D3 analogues alone might suffice in ER- breast tumors.
In Vivo Generation of Immature Inner Hair Cells in Neonatal Mouse Cochleae by Ectopic Atoh1 Expression (2014)

Regeneration of auditory hair cells (HCs) is a promising approach to restore hearing. Recent studies have demonstrated that induced pluripotent stem cells/embryonic stem cells or supporting cells (SCs) adjacent to HCs can be converted to adopt the HC fate. However, little is known about whether new HCs are characteristic of outer or inner HCs. Here, we showed in vivo conversion of 2 subtypes of SCs, inner border cells (IBs) and inner phalangeal cells (IPhs), to the inner HC (IHC) fate. This was achieved by ectopically activating Atoh1, a transcription factor necessary for HC fate, in IBs/IPhs at birth. Atoh1+ IBs/IPhs first turned on Pou4f3, another HC transcription factor, before expressing 8 HC markers. The conversion rate gradually increased from ∼ 2.4% at 1 week of age to ∼ 17.8% in adult. Interestingly, new HCs exhibited IHC characteristics such as straight line-shaped stereociliary bundles, expression of Fgf8 and otoferlin, and presence of larger outward currents than those of outer HCs. However, new HCs lacked the terminal differentiation IHC marker vGlut3, exhibited reduced density of presynaptic Cbtp2 puncta that had little postsynaptic GluR2 specialization, and displayed immature IHC outward currents. Our results demonstrate that the conversion rate of IBs/IPhs in vivo by Atoh1 ectopic expression into the IHC fate was higher and faster and the conversion was more complete than that of the 2 other SC subtypes underneath the outer HCs; however, these new IHCs are arrested before terminal differentiation. Thus, IBs/IPhs are good candidates to regenerate IHCs in vivo.
Polymorphism in the 5′ Flanking Region of the Human Insulin Gene: A Genetic Marker for Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes (1983)

We sought to determine whether differences in the human insulin gene or its immediate flanking sequences could be found in diabetes. Peripheral leukocyte DNA from 217 unrelated persons, including blacks, whites, and Pima Indians, was analyzed by restriction-enzyme digestion, blotting to nitrocellulose filters, and hybridization to cloned [32P]insulin-gene probes. A region of length variation including deletions (0.1 to 0.2 kilobase pairs) or insertions (0.6 to 5.5 kb) of DNA was found only in the immediate 5' flanking region in 33 per cent of the genes examined. A 1.6-kb insertion accounted for 80 per cent of the polymorphism. This variant was found more often in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes than in nondiabetics, regardless of race (P = 0.011). Length polymorphism in the 5' flanking region of the insulin gene may provide a genetic marker for non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
Biologic Features of HIV-1 That Correlate with Virulence in the Host (1988)

Individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) may be asymptomatic or have AIDS-related complex or the acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Little is known about the factors that influence progression of infection to AIDS. In this study of isolates of HIV-1 obtained at intervals during the infection of four individuals, the development of disease was found to be correlated with the emergence of HIV-1 variants that were more cytopathic in vitro as the disease progressed and that replicated more efficiently in a wide variety of different human cells. The biologic properties of HIV-1 in vitro thus appear to reflect its virulence in the host. Further studies of such sequentially isolated viruses may lead to the identification of viral genes that govern pathogenesis.
Novel Anticaries and Remineralizing Agents (2012)

Although the use of fluorides has been successful in reducing dental caries, the need remains to develop and evaluate new approaches and promising products for caries prevention. Comprehensive caries-prevention protocols should encompass fluoride and other agents affecting the de-/remineralization balance but also antimicrobial strategies. Different from the traditional restorative approach, the current opinion is that caries should be detected and monitored in its earliest stages, when a nonsurgical reversal can still be achieved. This paradigm shift has implications for methods of caries diagnosis, the choice of preventative materials and the design of randomized clinical trials. This article summarizes the highlights of a special conference dedicated to the topic of novel anticaries and remineralizing agents (ICNARA 2), and identifies the current consensus and remaining questions on pivotal issues in this field.
The function of human NK cells is enhanced by β‐glucan, a ligand of CR3 (CD11b/CD18) (1991)

Cells responsible for the natural killer (NK) effect in the human blood can be collected in the low-density lymphocyte subset and the majority of them express CR3. In addition to the iC3b binding site the CR3 molecules possess an epitope which binds beta-glucan. Ligands of this site can deliver activation signals to CR3-carrying monocytes and neutrophils. We found that the function of NK cells was also potentiated by preincubation with beta-glucan. The treatment increased the proportion of target-binding lymphocytes and of the damaged target cells in the conjugates. The monoclonal antibody OKM-1, directed to the beta-glucan-binding site of CR3, abrogated this effect. Another CR3-reactive monoclonal antibody, M522, known to activate monocytes and neutrophils, enhanced the NK function.
Enterotoxigenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with and without genes encoding thermostable direct hemolysin (1992)

Vibrio parahaemolyticus produces a thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diarrheal disease caused by this organism. However, previous studies attempting to demonstrate the contribution of the hemolysin to virulence have been inconclusive. We investigated this putative virulence factor by using an isogenic TDH-negative (TDH-) strain constructed by specifically inactivating the two copies of the tdh gene encoding TDH. The enterotoxigenicities of the parent strain (AQ3815) and the mutant strain were tested by adding sterile culture supernatants to rabbit ileal tissue mounted in Ussing chambers. The culture filtrate of the parent strain produced a significant increase in short-circuit current (Isc), compared with the change induced by the TDH- mutant. The capacity of the culture filtrate of AQ3815 to increase the Isc was reduced by neutralization with anti-TDH serum, and the return of the cloned tdh gene to the TDH- mutant restored the ability to increase the Isc. These results were corroborated by rabbit ileal loop assays in which AQ3815 caused fluid accumulation but the TDH- mutant did not. No microscopic damage was seen in mucosal tissues exposed to the culture filtrate of either strain. These results indicate that TDH has an enterotoxigenic effect on rabbit small intestine and could be responsible for the watery diarrhea seen with V. parahaemolyticus.
High-Efficiency Cellular Power Amplifiers Based on a Modified LDMOS Process on Bulk Silicon and Silicon-On-Insulator Substrates With Integrated Power Management Circuitry (2012)

An RF high-voltage CMOS technology is presented for cost-effective monolithic integration of cellular RF transmit functions. The technology integrates a modified LDMOS RF power transistor capable of nearly comparable linear and saturated RF power characteristics to GaAs solutions at cellular frequency bands. Measured results for multistage cellular power amplifier (PA) designs processed on bulk-Si and silicon-on-insulator on high-resistivity Si substrates (1 kΩ·cm ) are presented. The low-band multistage PA achieves greater than 60% power-added efficiency (PAE) with more than 35.5-dBm output power. The high-band PA achieves 45%-53% PAE across the band with greater than 33.4-dBm output power. Measured linearity performance is presented using an EDGE modulation source. A dc/dc buck converter was also integrated in the PA die as the power management circuitry. Measured results for the output power, PAE, and spurious emissions in the receive band while the dc/dc converter is biasing the PA and running at different modes are reported.
Membrane separation processes: Current relevance and future opportunities (2001)

Abstract During the last 35 years membranes have evolved from a laboratory tool to industrial products with significant technical and commercial impact. Today, membranes are used for desalination of sea and brackish water and for treating industrial effluents. They are efficient tools for the concentration and purification of food and pharmaceutical products and the production of base chemicals. Furthermore, membranes are key components in artificial organs, drug delivery devices, and energy conversion systems. In combination with conventional techniques membranes often provide cleaner and more energy‐efficient production routes for high‐quality products. Fundamental aspects of membranes and membrane processes are discussed, as well as technically and economically effective applications. The present and future membrane market is assessed and new developments and future research needs are discussed.