gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cell and Molecular Biology of the Incretin Hormones Glucagon-Like Peptide-I and Glucose-Dependent Insulin Releasing Polypeptide (1995)

THE presence of intestinal factors regulating the function of endocrine secretion from the pancreas was first described in 1906 by Moore and colleagues (1). The idea that humoral factors secreted from the gut might act in this way arose after the recognition of “secretin” as a regulator of pancreatic secretion. Later it became evident that the hypoglycemic intestinal factor(s) is/are not “secretin” and the names “incretin” and “duodenin” were introduced in the 1920s and 1930s to describe these putative mediators (2–4). For several decades the nature of this/these factor(s) remained largely unknown (5–8) and before the first incretin hormone was chemically characterized, several other hormones produced in the gastrointestinal tract were discovered. The connection between the gastrointestinal tract and the endocrine pancreas was shown in the 1960s when insulin became measurable in plasma. In these classic studies, the insulin response to oral glucose and intravenous glucose, resulting in nearly identical plasma glucose levels, was compared (9–11). A much higher insulin secretion was found after oral glucose. It was calculated that up to 50% of the insulin release after oral glucose is triggered by the “entero-insular-axis,” a term introduced in 1969 (12).
Polarized Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering from Aligned Silver Nanowire Rafts (2004)

Flat arrays (rafts) of aligned silver nanowires were fabricated by electrodepositing silver in the nanopores of highly ordered anodic alumina templates and then releasing the silver nanowires and depositing them on an oxidized, single-crystal silicon surface. SERS spectra were recorded from Rhodamine 6G molecules adsorbed onto the rafts. The SERS spectra showed striking polarization dependence according to the relative disposition of the E-vector with respect to the nanowires' axes. The observations can be adequately described by the classical electromagnetic (EM) response of the strongly interacting metal nanowires to the optical fields when surface plasmon resonances are induced. The discussion relates these observations to the origin of the giant surface enhanced Raman effect with single-molecule detectivity as well as to possible strategies that one might use to construct systems that predictably and repeatedly produce such giant EM fields.
Anti-CD4-targeted Gold Nanoparticles Induce Specific Contrast Enhancement of Peripheral Lymph Nodes in X-ray Computed Tomography of Live Mice (2010)

Antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles have been applied as a biologically targeted contrast agent in live mice for one of the most widely used medical imaging methods, X-ray computed tomography. Such nanoprobes directed toward the CD4 receptor lead to distinctly enhanced X-ray contrast of peripheral lymph nodes. This study demonstrates the general feasibility of biologically specific X-ray imaging in living animals and discusses basic requirements for the use of nanoparticles as a targeted X-ray contrast agent.
The competition solution: the bipartisan secret behind American prosperity (2005)

The 1990s were an era of unexpected and, in some ways, unprecedented prosperity. Economist Paul A. London examines history of America's economy over last several decades and sources of our recent success, and comes to surprising conclusions about what we can learn from it. London argues that prosperity in 1990s was result of political struggles over several decades that opened up markets and increased competition within them, rather than changes in monetary or tax policy that most economists focus on. Competition, not Federal Reserve, ended inflation by making it impossible for businesses to raise prices; competition, not tax cuts, spurred investment by forcing companies to make investments that enabled them to cut costs and expand. The Competition Solution contrasts vibrant, competition-driven American economy of 1990s with oligopolistic, inflation-prone one of 1970s. London uses anecdotes and examples to show how both Republicans and Democrats helped bring down oligopolies and monopolies by backing open trade, supporting antitrust, and ending price fixing in key industries. He tells story of how courts and politicians helped competitors challenge Big Three auto companies and United Auto Workers; Big Steel and steelworkers union; airlines and their unions; ATT trucking companies and Teamsters; established eastern financial institutions; and even powerful local retailing interests. Our future prosperity, London argues, will require political leaders who are willing to take on these kinds of fights. Just as prosperity of 1990s was driven by more intense competition, London argues that future prosperity will depend less on tax cuts and monetary policy than on having political courage to maintain competition where it is strong and expand it in industries with still-rising costs, such as health care and education. Local monopolies dominate these two industries, making it hard to apply the competition solution, but London suggests ways to promote competition in both.
Identifying and Targeting ROS1 Gene Fusions in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2012)

ROS1 inhibition may be an effective treatment strategy for the subset of patients with NSCLC whose tumors express ROS1 fusion genes.
The source-gated amorphous silicon photo-transistor (1997)

We discuss the effect of scaling the thickness of the a-Si:H layer on the performance of photo-transistors. We show that reducing the a-Si:H layer thickness to 0.05 /spl mu/m, in order to increase the speed of pixel-switching thin-film transistors (TFTs), causes a large drop in the photo-transistor's dynamic range. We then propose, fabricate and test the Source-Gated Photo-Transistor, a new a-Si:H photo-transistor which allows the use of thin a-Si:H layers while boosting the dynamic range of the phototransistor. Our experimental results show that the source-gated photo-transistor improves the dynamic range of photo-transistors with thin a-Si:H layers (0.05 /spl mu/m) by more than 30 times. This increased dynamic range is obtained by increasing the illumination current and reducing the dark current. Illumination current is improved by doubling the optical path and increasing the photo-generated carriers lifetime within the a-Si:H layer. Dark current is reduced by pinning the gap-region to a constant potential. Finally, we confirm the principle of photo-generated carriers separation in our source-gated photo-transistor by conducting optical and bias stress measurements on conventional and source-gated photo-transistors.
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Adherence and Persistence (1987)

Journal Article Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Adherence and Persistence Get access Paul G. Quie, Paul G. Quie Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota Please address requests for reprints to Dr. Paul G. Quie, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Box 483 UMHC, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Kiran K. Belani Kiran K. Belani Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 156, Issue 4, October 1987, Pages 543–547, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/156.4.543 Published: 01 October 1987
In vitro platelet adhesion to nonionic and ionic hydrogels with different water contents (1996)

To investigate in vitro platelet adhesion to hydrogels, using electron-beam irradiation, polymer reaction, and radical polymerization, hydrogels were synthesized to have a wide range of water content. The nonionic synthesized hydrogels include polyacrylamide (PAAm), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), and poly(methoxy-PEG methacrylate) while the ionic hydrogels were crosslinked poly(AAm-acrylic acid) and poly(AAm-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) copolymers. Adhesion of washed rabbit platelets to these hydrogels were studied in phosphate-buffered saline for 30 min. In the case of PVA and PAAm hydrogels, platelet adhesion also was conducted in the presence of proteins. The protein sorption into PVA hydrogel was studied by fluorescent spectroscopy. It was found that all the nonionic hydrogels exhibited a lower level of platelet adhesion than did conventional hydrophobic polymers, such as medical-grade poly(vinyl chloride), polyurethane, and silicone, and they exhibited the minimum platelet adhesion at a water content of around 90%. PAAm and PEG hydrogels had the weakest interaction with platelets when the water content was lower than 90%. PVA hydrogel showed the highest platelet adhesion in the low-water-content region, but the platelet adhesion was greatly reduced in the presence of proteins. Significant protein sorption was noted when the water content of PVA hydrogel was as high as 80%. Introduction of a positive charge into the PAAm hydrogel promoted platelet adhesion whereas the negative charge introduced into the hydrogel slightly reduced the number of adhered platelets.
Structural health monitoring using scanning laser vibrometry: III. Lamb waves for fatigue crack detection (2005)

Guided ultrasonic waves have shown great potential for structural health monitoring. Various types of transducer can be used for actuating and sensing of these waves. This includes non-contact approaches such as optical/laser techniques. Classical laser methods usually involve high energy interferometers. The paper demonstrates that a commercial laser vibrometer, designed for vibration/modal analysis, can be used for crack detection in metallic structures. The study involves a simple fatigue test in order to initiate and grow a crack. Lamb waves generated by one bonded piezoceramic transducer were sensed using a multi-point scanning laser vibrometer. The results demonstrate the potential of laser vibrometry for simple, rapid and robust detection of fatigue cracks in metallic structures.
Full-Thickness Skin Grafting in Nasal Reconstruction (2013)

Skin grafting in nasal reconstruction, long used by dermatologists, can provide superior results and can well be the "go to" procedure for nasal reconstruction. The upper two-thirds of the nose is composed of both flattened, featureless and often thin skin that is well recreated with defect-only full-thickness grafting. Skin grafting for the lower third of the nose has been practiced for years by dermatologists; over the last 4 to 5 years, it has been embraced by plastic surgeons. The patient and donor site selection is critical. Meticulous attention to graft selection, utilization of a no-touch technique during graft harvest and placement of surgical bolsters with through-and-through tacking sutures are essential to ensure 100% graft take and a successful aesthetic result.
RMDP: A Dedicated Package For 131 I SPECT Quantification, Registration and Patient-Specific Dosimetry (2003)

The limitations of traditional targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) dosimetry can be overcome by using voxel-based techniques. All dosimetry techniques are reliant on a sequence of quantitative emission and transmission data. The use of 131I, for example, with NaI or mIBG, presents additional quantification challenges beyond those encountered in low-energy NM diagnostic imaging, including dead-time correction and additional photon scatter and penetration in the camera head. The Royal Marsden Dosimetry Package (RMDP) offers a complete package for the accurate processing and analysis of raw emission and transmission patient data. Quantitative SPECT reconstruction is possible using either FBP or OS-EM algorithms. Manual, marker- or voxel-based registration can be used to register images from different modalities and the sequence of SPECT studies required for 3-D dosimetry calculations. The 3-D patient-specific dosimetry routines, using either a beta-kernel or voxel S-factor, are included. Phase-fitting each voxel's activity series enables more robust maps to be generated in the presence of imaging noise, such as is encountered during late, low-count scans or when there is significant redistribution within the VOI between scans. Error analysis can be applied to each generated dose-map. Patients receiving 131I-mIBG, 131I-NaI, and 186Re-HEDP therapies have been analyzed using RMDP. A Monte-Carlo package, developed specifically to address the problems of 131I quantification by including full photon interactions in a hexagonal-hole collimator and the gamma camera crystal, has been included in the dosimetry package. It is hoped that the addition of this code will lead to improved 131I image quantification and will contribute towards more accurate 3-D dosimetry.
The effect of enhanced α‐helicity on the activity of a winter flounder antifreeze polypeptide (1991)

The antifreeze polypeptide (AFP) from the winter flounder displays partial alpha-helix formation at lower temperatures. To investigate the relationship between antifreeze activity and alpha-helical structure, we designed and then chemically synthesized an AFP analog with enhanced alpha-helicity, and compared its conformation and antifreeze properties with those of the native AFP. The synthetic analog was more helical than the native AFP; however, the antifreeze activity of both peptides were identical. The antifreeze activity of the peptides displayed a strong pH dependence, which paralleled pH-induced changes in helix content. At pH 8.5, the antifreeze activity of both peptides displayed identical concentration dependences. In addition to antifreeze activity measurements, the effects of the peptides on the rate of ice crystal growth were also measured. While both peptides affected the a- and c-axis growth rates of ice crystals, the highly helical analog was able to exert its effect on ice crystal growth rates at 7-8-fold lower concentrations than the native AFP. These data indicate that there is a direct but complex relationship between alpha-helicity and antifreeze activity.
Local Deep Implicit Functions for 3D Shape (2020)

The goal of this project is to learn a 3D shape representation that enables accurate surface reconstruction, compact storage, efficient computation, consistency for similar shapes, generalization across diverse shape categories, and inference from depth camera observations. Towards this end, we introduce Local Deep Implicit Functions (LDIF), a 3D shape representation that decomposes space into a structured set of learned implicit functions. We provide networks that infer the space decomposition and local deep implicit functions from a 3D mesh or posed depth image. During experiments, we find that it provides 10.3 points higher surface reconstruction accuracy (F-Score) than the state-of-the-art (OccNet), while requiring fewer than 1\% of the network parameters. Experiments on posed depth image completion and generalization to unseen classes show 15.8 and 17.8 point improvements over the state-of-the-art, while producing a structured 3D representation for each input with consistency across diverse shape collections.
Selectivity of the Parkinsonian Neurotoxin MPTP: Toxic Metabolite MPP + Binds to Neuromelanin (1986)

Methylphenyltetrahydropyridine (MPTP) selectively destroys neuronal cell bodies in the melanin-containing substantia nigra of humans and other primates. We show that methylphenylpyridine (MPP+), an active metabolite of MPTP which is accumulated intraneuronally by the catecholamine uptake system, binds with high affinity to melanin and neuromelanin. MPP+ bound intracellularly to neuromelanin may be released gradually, resulting in subsequent damage to the neurons of the substantia nigra.
A V region mutation in a phosphocholine-binding monoclonal antibody results in loss of antigen binding (1991)

A V region mutant producing an antibody that had lost the ability to bind phosphocholine was isolated from a hybridoma producing a germline encoded T15 antibody. The mutation resulted in a single aspartic acid to asparagine substitution at residue 95 of the H chain V region. This confirms that the aspartic acid at residue 95 plays a major role in Ag binding. The results also suggest that somatic cell genetic techniques can be used to generate mAb with useful changes in Ag binding.
3D Macroporous Graphene Frameworks for Supercapacitors with High Energy and Power Densities (2012)

In order to develop energy storage devices with high power and energy densities, electrodes should hold well-defined pathways for efficient ionic and electronic transport. Herein, we demonstrate high-performance supercapacitors by building a three-dimensional (3D) macroporous structure that consists of chemically modified graphene (CMG). These 3D macroporous electrodes, namely, embossed-CMG (e-CMG) films, were fabricated by using polystyrene colloidal particles as a sacrificial template. Furthermore, for further capacitance boost, a thin layer of MnO(2) was additionally deposited onto e-CMG. The porous graphene structure with a large surface area facilitates fast ionic transport within the electrode while preserving decent electronic conductivity and thus endows MnO(2)/e-CMG composite electrodes with excellent electrochemical properties such as a specific capacitance of 389 F/g at 1 A/g and 97.7% capacitance retention upon a current increase to 35 A/g. Moreover, when the MnO(2)/e-CMG composite electrode was asymmetrically assembled with an e-CMG electrode, the assembled full cell shows remarkable cell performance: energy density of 44 Wh/kg, power density of 25 kW/kg, and excellent cycle life.
The Spread of the Obesity Epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998 (1999)

Obesity continues to increase rapidly in the United States. To alter this trend, strategies and programs for weight maintenance as well as weight reduction must become a higher public health priority.
Targeting Tregs in Malignant Brain Cancer: Overcoming IDO (2013)

One of the hallmark features of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common adult primary brain tumor with a very dismal prognosis, is the accumulation of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). Regulatory T cells (Tregs) segregate into two primary categories: thymus-derived natural Tregs (nTregs) that develop from the interaction between immature T cells and thymic epithelial stromal cells, and inducible Tregs (iTregs) that arise from the conversion of CD4(+)FoxP3(-) T cells into FoxP3 expressing cells. Normally, these Treg subsets complement one another's actions by maintaining tolerance of self-antigens, thereby suppressing autoimmunity, while also enabling effective immune responses toward non-self-antigens, thus promoting infectious protection. However, Tregs have also been shown to be associated with the promotion of pathological outcomes, including cancer. In the setting of GBM, nTregs appear to be primary players that contribute to immunotherapeutic failure, ultimately leading to tumor progression. Several attempts have been made to therapeutically target these cells with variable levels of success. The blood brain barrier-crossing chemotherapeutics, temozolomide, and cyclophosphamide (CTX), vaccination against the Treg transcriptional regulator, FoxP3, as well as mAbs against Treg-associated cell surface molecules CD25, CTLA-4, and GITR are all different therapeutic approaches under investigation. Contributing to the poor success of past approaches is the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO), a tryptophan catabolizing enzyme overexpressed in GBM, and critically involved in regulating tumor-infiltrating Treg levels. Herein, we review the current literature on Tregs in brain cancer, providing a detailed phenotype, causative mechanisms involved in their pathogenesis, and strategies that have been used to target this population, therapeutically.
Application of Genome Editing Techniques in Immunology (2018)

The idea of using the effector immune cells to specifically fight cancer has recently evolved into an exciting concept of adoptive cell therapies. Indeed, genetically engineered T cells expressing on their surface recombinant, cancer-targeted receptors have been shown to induce promising response in oncological patients. However, in addition to exogenous expression of such receptors, there is also a need for disruption of certain genes in the immune cells to achieve more potent disease-targeted actions, to produce universal chimeric antigen receptor-based therapies or to study the signaling pathways in detail. In this review, we present novel genetic engineering methods, mainly TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 systems, that can be used for such purposes. These unique techniques may contribute to creating more successful immune therapies against cancer or prospectively other diseases as well.
Breast lesions: correlation of contrast medium enhancement patterns on MR images with histopathologic findings and tumor angiogenesis. (1996)

The density and distribution of microvessels may play major roles in the determination of the initial rate of contrast medium uptake and the heterogeneity of tumor enhancement.
A generalized processor sharing approach to flow control in integrated services networks-the single node case (1992)

The problem of allocating network resources to the users of an integrated services network is investigated in the context of rate based flow control. The authors propose the use of a packet service discipline at the nodes of the network that is based on a multiplex scheme called generalized processor sharing (GPS). This service discipline is combined with leaky bucket rate admission control to provide flexible, efficient and fair use of the links. A single server GPS system is analyzed exactly, and tight bounds on worst case packet delay, output burstiness and backlog are derived for each session, when the sources are constrained by leaky buckets. The analysis yields a simple resource assignment scheme that allows the server to make worst case delay and rate guarantees to every session in the system. Extensions of this work to arbitrary topology networks are also discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>