gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Conjugated Polymers with Main Chain Chirality. 2. Synthesis of Optically Active Polyarylenes (1996)

An optically active polyarylene, (R)-3, has been prepared from the palladium-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling of an optically active binaphthyl molecule, (R)-2,2‘-bis(hexyloxy)-1,1‘-binaphthyl-6,6‘-diboronic acid, (R)-2, with 1,4-dibromobenzene. GPC analysis of (R)-3 shows Mw = 41 000 and Mn = 20 000 (PDI = 2.0). The specific optical rotation of (R)-3 is [α]D = −289.4° (c = 0.5, THF). The UV spectrum of the polymer displays a strong absorption at λmax = 328 nm. Maximum emissions at 388 and 407 nm are observed in the fluorescence spectrum of (R)-3. The polymer emits strong blue light under a UV lamp. Another optically active polyarylene, (R)-4, was also obtained by the polymerization of (R)-2 with 4,4‘-dibromobiphenyl. GPC analysis shows its molecular weight is Mw = 47 000 and Mn = 14 000 (PDI = 3.4). The specific optical rotation is [α]D = −275° (c = 0.22, CH2Cl2). Polymers rac-3 and rac-4 were synthesized by the polymerization of the racemic monomer rac-2 with either 1,4-dibromobenzene or 4,4‘-dibromobiphenyl. Atomic force microscopic study on the polymer films spin-coated on mica shows interesting surface morphology. Pits and pinholes are observed; however, none of the polymers has long-range order.
Pulsed optoacoustic spectroscopy of condensed matter (1981)

The authors discuss the theory and experiments dealing with the pulsed optoacoustic effect (i.e., generation of a transient acoustic wave by absorption of an optical pulse) in condensed matter. Their primary interest lies in the measurement of small absorption coefficients (\ensuremath{\ll}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$). At present an experimental capability of measuring absorption coefficients as small as ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ has been demonstrated, and further improvement is foreseen. The pulsed optoacoustic absorption measurement technique has been applied to the following linear spectroscopic studies: (1) precise measurements of the optical absorption spectra of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O; (b) accurate determination of absorption strengths and profiles of high harmonics ($n=6, 7, \mathrm{and} 8$) of vibrational modes in transparent organic liquids (e.g., benzene); (c) quantitative absorption spectra of thin (\ensuremath{\sim} 1-10 \ensuremath{\mu}m) liquid films; and (d) quantitative absorption spectra of solids and finely powdered crystals. The usefulness of the pulsed optoacoustic technique to nonlinear spectroscopy has been demonstrated in the following studies: (a) quantitative two-photon absorption spectroscopy of the weak two-photon ($^{1}B_{2\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\leftarrow}^{1}A_{1g}$) transition in benzene; and (b) optoacoustic Raman-gain spectra for a variety of liquids where an ability to measure Raman gains as small as ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ has been demonstrated. In addition to reviewing the above studies the authors discuss future possible applications and compare the pulsed optoacoustic spectroscopy technique with other optoacoustic absorption measurement techniques.
Antireflection coating design for series interconnected multi-junction solar cells (2000)

Antireflection coating design for multi-junction solar cells can be more challenging than in the single-junction case. Reasons for this are discussed. Analytical expressions used to optimize antireflection (AR) coatings for single junction solar cells are extended for use in monolithic, series interconnected multi-junction solar cell AR coating design. The result is an analytical expression which relates the solar cell performance (through Jsc) directly to the AR coating design through the device reflectance. It is also illustrated how AR coating design can be used to provide an additional degree of freedom for current matching multi-junction devices. Published in 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing Tooling for CNC Turning (1983)

The potential savings in manufacturing costs attainable by CNC turning centres are often offset by unnecessarily long set-up times. This is of particular importance with the introduction of CNC turning into a company manufacturing repeated orders of small batches.
A Low-Toxicity IL-2–Based Immunocytokine Retains Antitumor Activity Despite Its High Degree of IL-2 Receptor Selectivity (2011)

The qualities of low toxicity and single-agent efficacy shown suggest that NHS-IL2LT is a good candidate for therapeutic approaches combining standard cytotoxic and immune therapies. In fact, this molecule (also known as Selectikine or EMD 521873) is currently in phase I clinical trial.
Therapeutic efficacy of a doxorubicin immunoconjugate in a preclinical model of spontaneous metastatic human melanoma. (1995)

Doxorubicin (DOX) was conjugated to a monoclonal antibody (mAb 425) directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor. The immunoreactivity of these conjugates, with an average of six to eight molecules of DOX per antibody, was largely conserved, and their in vitro cytotoxicity against metastatic human melanoma cells (M24 met) was improved over that of free DOX. An evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of mAb 425-DOX indicated that this immunoconjugate suppressed the growth of primary and secondary M24 met tumors in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency and prolonged the life span of these animals, whereas an equivalent dose of free DOX was ineffective. Conjugation of DOX to an irrelevant mAb also increased its antitumor effect over that of equivalent amounts of free drug but to a lesser extent than that achieved by the mAb 425-DOX conjugate. These results demonstrate targeted delivery and striking antitumor activity of DOX immunoconjugates in a preclinical model of spontaneous, metastatic human melanoma that was insensitive to free DOX.
Register allocation by priority-based coloring (1984)

The classic problem of global register allocation is treated in a heuristic and practical manner by adopting the notion of priorities in node-coloring. The assignment of priorities is based on estimates of the benefits that can be derived from allocating individual quantities in registers. Using the priorities, the exponential coloring process can be made to run in linear time. Since the costs involved in register allocation are taken into account, the algorithm does not over-allocate. The algorithm can be parameterized to cater to different fetch characteristics and register configurations among machines. Measurements indicate that the register allocation scheme is effective on a number of target machines. The results confirm that, using priority-based coloring, global register allocation can be performed practically and efficiently.
Association of the parainfluenza virus fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoproteins on cell surfaces (1997)

We previously observed that cell fusion caused by human parainfluenza virus type 2 or type 3 requires the expression of both the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoproteins from the same virus type, indicating that a type-specific interaction between F and HN is needed for the induction of cell fusion. In the present study we have further investigated the fusion properties of F and HN proteins of parainfluenza virus type 1 (PI1), type 2 (PI2), and type 3 (PI3), Sendai virus (SN), and simian virus 5 (SV5) by expression of their glycoprotein genes in HeLa T4 cells using the vaccinia virus-T7 transient expression system. Consistent with previous results, cell fusion was observed in cells transfected with homotypic F/HN proteins; with one exception, coexpression of any combination of F and HN proteins from different viruses did not result in cell fusion. The only exception was found with the closely related PI1 HN and SN HN glycoproteins, either of which could interact with SN F to induce cell fusion upon coexpression as previously reported. By specific labeling and coprecipitation of proteins expressed on the cell surface, we observed that anti-PI2 HN antiserum coprecipitated PI2 F when the homotypic PI2 F and PI2 HN were coexpressed, but not the F proteins of other paramyxoviruses when heterotypic F genes were coexpressed with PI2 HN, suggesting that the homotypic F and HN proteins are physically associated with each other on cell surfaces. Furthermore, we observed that PI3 F was found to cocap with PI3 HN but not with PI2 HN, also indicating a specific association between the homotypic proteins. These results indicate that the homotypic F and HN glycoproteins are physically associated with each other on the cell surface and suggest that such association is crucial to cell fusion induced by paramyxoviruses.
Validation of executive function tasks with young children (1991)

A multitrait‐multimethod paradigm was used to assess the stability, discriminant validity, and convergent validity of two commonly used tasks of executive functioning in a sample of 96 normal children in preschool and kindergarten. Memory served as the discriminant construct, and each construct was measured verbally and nonverbally. Results of a matrix of cross‐validated, Pearson product‐moment correlation coefficients did not fully support the construct validity of the tasks. Instead, the pattern of derived coefficients suggested that variance due to traits and to measurement methods were roughly equivalent. Research and clinical implications are delineated.
Preliminary experience with medical applications of rapid prototyping by selective laser sintering (1997)

Rapid prototyping techniques, originally developed for building components from computer aided designs in the motor industry, are now being applied in medicine to build models of human anatomy from high resolution multiplanar imaging data such a computed tomography (CT). The established technique of stereolithography and the more recent selective laser sintering (SLS), both build up an object layer by layer. Models have applications in surgical planning, for the design of customised implants and for training. Preliminary experience of using the SLS technique for medical applications is described, addressing questions regarding image processing, data transfer and manufacture. Pilot models, built from nylon, included two skills (a child with craniosynoslosis and an adult with hypertetorism) and a normal femur which was modelled for use in a bioengineering test of an artificial hip. The dimensions of the models were found to be in good agreement with the CT data from which they were built-for the child's skull the difference between the model and the CT data was less than 1.0 +/- 0.5 mm in each direction. Our experience showed that, with care, a combination of existing software packages may be used for data conversion. Ideally, image data of high spatial resolution should be used. The pilot models generated sufficient clinical interest for the technique to be pursued in the orthopaedic field.
Substrate noise reduction using active guard band filters in mixed-signal integrated circuits (2002)

A substrate noise reduction technique using an "active guard band filter", is developed for analog and digital mixed-signal integrated circuits. A noise cancellation signal generated by operational amplifiers is actively input into a guard band to cancel substrate noise. In a 0.8 /spl mu/m CMOS test chip, substrate noise was experimentally suppressed to less than 1% of the original non-canceled noise for frequencies below 1 MHz by using this technique.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in inflammatory bowel disease: gene polymorphisms, animal models, and potential for anti-TNF therapy. (1997)

The inflammatory bowel diseases frequently require surgery because of intestinal complications. Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease, in particular those that histopathologically resemble Crohn's disease, are characterized by increased mucosal TNF production, and anti-TNF antibodies have shown efficacy in decreasing disease activity. These data have provided a rationale for immunotheraphy of Crohn's disease. Administration of anti-TNF antibodies to patients with Crohn's disease not responding to standard immunosuppressive treatment rapidly induced complete remissions, and healing of intestinal ulceration. A rapid reduction of circulating IL-6, CPR, and sPLA2 levels was observed in all patients, as well as a reduction of mucosal cells expressing RANTES and MIP-1. Short-term treatment with anti-TNF antibodies was not associated with significant toxicity, but results from long-term administration are still lacking. These data indicate that TNF is a pivotal and central inflammatory mediator in this disease. Further characterization of the precise mechanism of action of anti-TNF antibody therapy may further unravel the cause of immune dysregulation in Crohn's disease.
Fast multi-tau real-time software correlator for dynamic light scattering (2001)

We present a PC-based multi-tau software correlator suitable for processing dynamic light-scattering data. The correlator is based on a simple algorithm that was developed with the graphical programming language LabVIEW, according to which the incoming data are processed on line without any storage on the hard disk. By use of a standard photon-counting unit, a National Instruments Model 6602-PCI timer-counter, and a 550-MHz Pentium III personal computer, correlation functions can be worked out in full real-time over time scales of ~5 mus and in batch processing down to time scales of ~300 ns. The latter limit is imposed by the speed of data transfer between the counter and the PC's memory and thus is prone to be progressively reduced with future technological development. Testing of the correlator and evaluation of its performances were carried out by use of dilute solutions of calibrated polystyrene spheres. Our results indicate that the correlation functions are determined with such precision that the corresponding particle diameters can be recovered to within an accuracy of a few percent rms.
The association between glutathione S-transferase M1 genotype and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in breast tissue. (2000)

A major goal in molecular epidemiology is to identify preventable environmental risk factors and susceptible subpopulations. In a hospital-based molecular epidemiological case-control study of breast cancer, we investigated the relationship between DNA damage from exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and susceptibility attributable to inherited deletion of the xenobiotic detoxifying gene, glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1). Prior to breast surgery, women (n = 227) were enrolled and interviewed and donated a blood sample. PAH-DNA adduct levels were measured by immunohistochemistry in breast tissue samples retrieved from pathology blocks, and GSTM1 genotype was determined by PCR using WBC DNA. The GSTM1 analysis included 95 cases and 87 benign breast disease controls. GSTM1 genotype was not associated with breast cancer case-control status (odds ratio = 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.37-1.44). However, the GSTM1 null genotype predicted PAH-DNA adduct levels in malignant (beta = 0.407; P = 0.003) and nonmalignant (beta = 0.243; P = 0.05) breast tissue from cases. This relationship was not seen in tissue from controls (beta = 0.095; P = 0.341). When tissue from controls was compared with tumor tissue from cases, there was a significant case-control difference in PAH-DNA adduct levels among women who were GSTM1 null. There was no such case-control difference among women who were homozygous or heterozygous for GSTM1. There was an interaction between GSTM1 and case-control status on adduct levels in breast tissue (P = 0.002). The results suggest that genetic susceptibility to the formation of PAH-DNA adducts in breast tissue may play a role in breast cancer development.
Preparation, characterization, and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-protein conjugates. (1980)

A method is presented for covalently bonding Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide (HIB Ps) to several proteins. The method is efficient and relies upon the use of adipic dihydrazide as a spacer between the capsular polysaccharide and the carrier protein. In contrast to the poor immunogenicity of the purified HIB Ps in mice and rabbits, the HIB Ps-protein conjugates induced serum anti-type b antibodies having bactericidal activity at levels shown to be protective in humans when low doses were injected subcutaneously in a saline solution. The antibody response in mice was related to the dose of the conjugates, increased with the number of injections, and could be primed by the previous injection of the carrier protein. The HIB Ps-protein conjugates were immunogenic in three different mouse strains. The importance of the carrier molecule for the enhanced immunogenicity of the HIB Ps-protein conjugates was shown by the failure of HIB Ps hybrids prepared with either the homologous polysaccharide or pneumococcus type 3 polysaccharide to induce antibodie in mice. Rabbits injected with the HIB Ps-protein conjugates emulsified in Freund's adjuvant produced high levels of serum anti-type b antibodies which induced a bactericidal effect upon H. influenzae type b organisms. It is proposed that the HIB Ps component of the polysaccharide protein conjugates has been converted to a thymic-dependent immunogen. This method may be used to prepare protein-polysaccharide conjugates with HIB Ps and other polysaccharides to be considered for human use.
Pharmacokinetics of erythropoietin in genetically anemic mice. (1998)

We examined the pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin (rh-EPO) in genetically anemic mice (W/Wv genotype) to clarify its disposition mechanism in hematopoietic injury such as occurs in aplastic anemia. After rh-EPO was administered to W/Wv and control (+/+ genotype) mice once a day for 1 week at different doses, both the hematocrit (Hct) and tissue uptake clearance (CLup) of 125I-rh-EPO by spleen and bone marrow in the femur were estimated on the eighth day. The hematocrit increased on eighth day, depending on the dose administered. Compared with +/+ mice 10 times more rh-EPO was needed in W/Wv mice to produce an almost equivalent pharmacological effect. In +/+ mice, the CLup of 125I-rh-EPO by spleen increased to 4-fold that of controls after treatment with rh-EPO, 4.8 microg/kg, whereas that by bone marrow remained unchanged, irrespective of the dose administered. On the other hand, the increase in both the Hct and CLup in spleen was minimal in W/Wv mice. The CLup by bone marrow and spleen in both types of mice showed saturation with similar Km values (389-619 pM), comparable with the dissociation constant of the EPO receptor. In addition, the Hct correlated with the sum of the CLup by bone marrow and spleen in both types of mice, and the correlation lines were superimposable. These results suggest that the pharmacological receptors govern the saturable tissue uptake not only in normal mice but also in those that are anemic.
Artificial backbone neuronal network for nano scale sensors (2011)

Communication between biological based nano scale devices is a crucial component of future applications in nanotechnology. This paper explores the creation of a backbone communication network for nano scale sensors using neurons. We investigate how neuron cell characteristics affect the performance of neuronal based network and highlight several key characteristics compared to conventional wire based networks. Finally, we investigate four network topologies through simulation.
Accurate design of megadalton-scale two-component icosahedral protein complexes (2016)

Nature provides many examples of self- and co-assembling protein-based molecular machines, including icosahedral protein cages that serve as scaffolds, enzymes, and compartments for essential biochemical reactions and icosahedral virus capsids, which encapsidate and protect viral genomes and mediate entry into host cells. Inspired by these natural materials, we report the computational design and experimental characterization of co-assembling, two-component, 120-subunit icosahedral protein nanostructures with molecular weights (1.8 to 2.8 megadaltons) and dimensions (24 to 40 nanometers in diameter) comparable to those of small viral capsids. Electron microscopy, small-angle x-ray scattering, and x-ray crystallography show that 10 designs spanning three distinct icosahedral architectures form materials closely matching the design models. In vitro assembly of icosahedral complexes from independently purified components occurs rapidly, at rates comparable to those of viral capsids, and enables controlled packaging of molecular cargo through charge complementarity. The ability to design megadalton-scale materials with atomic-level accuracy and controllable assembly opens the door to a new generation of genetically programmable protein-based molecular machines.
HER-2 Signaling and Inhibition in Breast Cancer (2009)

Amplification of the HER-2 gene occurs in approximately 25% of breast cancers, causing up-regulation of key signaling pathways which control cell growth and survival. In breast cancer patients, HER-2 overexpression correlates with an aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis. HER-2, therefore, has become the focus of many anti-cancer therapeutic approaches. Trastuzumab (Herceptin), a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of HER-2, was the first FDA-approved HER-2-targeted therapy for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. However, not all HER-2-overexpressing patients respond to trastuzumab and most that initially respond develop resistance within one year of treatment. Trastuzumab resistance has been studied in cell line models of resistance and several mechanisms of resistance have been proposed. More recent anti-HER-2 strategies involve targeting its tyrosine kinase domain; for example, lapatinib (Tykerb) is a dual HER-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor and has shown efficacy as a single agent and in combination with other therapeutics. A number of novel HER-2 antagonists are currently in preclinical or clinical development, including both monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors. Increased understanding of HER-2 signaling in breast cancer, and of response and resistance to HER-2 antagonists, will aid the development of strategies to overcome resistance to HER-2 targeted therapies.