gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Age and Sex on N -Methyl- d -Aspartate Antagonist-Induced Neuronal Necrosis in Rats (1996)

The results indicate a major sex difference in neuronal cytotoxicity caused by NMDA antagonists and a minor increase in susceptibility with increasing age in females. The findings may be relevant to development of drugs with NMDA antagonist properties for use in human stroke.
Simultaneous Determination of the Major Organic Acids, Sugars, Glycerol, and Ethanol by HPLC in Grape Musts and White Wines (1996)

A method to simultaneously identify and quantitate the major carboxylic acids, sugars, glycerol, and ethanol in wines and grape musts is proposed. The technique involves isocratic separation, an ion-exchange column, and refractive index and UV detection (at 214 nm) without sample preparation. Statistical evaluation shows that the high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is highly reproducible and reliable. The results of the HPLC analyses and the data obtained by standard methods are compared.
Characterization of the genes encoding beta-ketoadipate: succinyl-coenzyme A transferase in Pseudomonas putida (1992)

beta-Ketoadipate:succinyl-coenzyme A transferase (beta-ketoadipate:succinyl-CoA transferase) (EC 2.8.3.6) carries out the penultimate step in the conversion of benzoate and 4-hydroxybenzoate to tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in bacteria utilizing the beta-ketoadipate pathway. This report describes the characterization of a DNA fragment from Pseudomonas putida that encodes this enzyme. The fragment complemented mutants defective in the synthesis of the CoA transferase, and two proteins of sizes appropriate to encode the two nonidentical subunits of the enzyme were produced in Escherichia coli when the fragment was placed under the control of a phage T7 promoter. DNA sequence analysis revealed two open reading frames, designated pcaI and pcaJ, that were separated by 8 bp, suggesting that they may comprise an operon. A comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of the P. putida CoA transferase genes with the sequences of two other bacterial CoA transferases and that of succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase from pig heart suggests that the homodimeric structure of the mammalian enzyme may have resulted from a gene fusion of the bacterial alpha and beta subunit genes during evolution. Conserved functional groups important to the catalytic activity of CoA transferases were also identified.
Supercontinuum self-Q-switched ytterbium fiber laser (1997)

We have discovered a new mechanism for passive Q switching of fiber lasers. 10-kW peak power pulses with ~2-ns pulse widths are reported from a diode-pumped ytterbium-doped fiber laser. The laser generates a high-brightness Raman-dominated supercontinuum spectrum covering the complete window of transparency of silica fiber in the infrared from 1.06 to 2.3 mum.
Fungus-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Immobilization in the Mycelial Matrix: A Novel Biological Approach to Nanoparticle Synthesis (2001)

A novel biological method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Verticillium is reported. Exposure of the fungal biomass to aqueous Ag+ ions resulted in the intracellular reduction of the metal ions and formation of silver nanoparticles of dimensions 25 ± 12 nm. Electron microscopy analysis of thin sections of the fungal cells indicated that the silver particles were formed below the cell wall surface, possibly due to reduction of the metal ions by enzymes present in the cell wall membrane. The metal ions were not toxic to the fungal cells and the cells continued to multiply after biosynthesis of the silver nanoparticles.
Cytotoxicity of momordin-folate conjugates in cultured human cells. (1992)

We have shown previously that macromolecules can be nondestructively delivered into cultured cells via folate receptor-mediated endocytosis if the macromolecules are conjugated to folic acid prior to addition to receptor-bearing cells (Leamon, C.P., and Low, P. S. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 88, 5572-5576). Although an intracellular destination of the folate-linked proteins could be easily documented, the spatial resolution of the earlier data was insufficient to evaluate whether any endocytosed material was delivered into the cytosol. To resolve this issue, a folate-toxin conjugate was constructed using the impermeable ribosome-inactivating protein, momordin. Diminution of [3H]leucine incorporation into newly synthesized protein was then employed as a quantitative measure of the entry of the toxin into the cytosol. In studies with both HeLa and KB cells, cellular protein synthesis was found to be inhibited in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by the momordin-folate conjugate, but not by the underivatized toxin. IC50 values centered around 10(-9) M for the folate-linked samples. These observations provide direct evidence that folate conjugates not only reach the cytosol, but do so in a functionally active form.
Ligation of CD28 on resting T cells by its ligand B7 results in the induction of both Th1- and Th2-type cytokines. (1994)

It has been well documented that cross-linking CD28 with mAb can provide a potent costimulatory signal to T cells for the production of IL-2, IL-6, IFN-gamma, GM-CSF and TNF-alpha. Much less is known about the role of the CD28 molecule in the induction of Th2-type lymphokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. So far, only limited data are available about the secretion of IL-2, IL-6, IFN-gamma, and GM-CSF by T cells when using B7 as the natural ligand for CD28. We investigated whether B7-CD28 ligation can result in the secretion of Th2-type cytokines using 3T6 mouse fibroblasts transfected with human CD32 (Fc gamma RIIa high-responder allele, 3T6-CD32 cells) or with both CD32 and B7 (3T6-CD32/B7 cells). It was found that upon stimulation through the TCR/CD3 complex, B7-CD28 interaction not only results in the production of cytokines of the Th1 type, but also gives rise to the production of large amounts of Th-2 type cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10. In contrast to the production of IL-2, IFN-gamma, GM-CSF, and TNF-alpha, the production of IL-4 after co-stimulation with B7-CD28 interaction was restricted to CD45RO+ memory T cells. In addition, the production of IL-4 after co-stimulation by B7-CD28 interaction was not influenced by the addition of IFN-gamma. The production of IFN-gamma was not affected by IL-4, but was slightly inhibited by IL-10.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topological optimization for designing patient-specific large craniofacial segmental bone replacements (2010)

Restoring normal function and appearance after massive facial injuries with bone loss is an important unsolved problem in surgery. An important limitation of the current methods is heuristic ad hoc design of bone replacements by the operating surgeon at the time of surgery. This problem might be addressed by incorporating a computational method known as topological optimization into routine surgical planning. We tested the feasibility of using a multiresolution three-dimensional topological optimization to design replacements for massive midface injuries with bone loss. The final solution to meet functional requirements may be shaped differently than the natural human bone but be optimized for functional needs sufficient to support full restoration using a combination of soft tissue repair and synthetic prosthetics. Topological optimization for designing facial bone tissue replacements might improve current clinical methods and provide essential enabling technology to translate generic bone tissue engineering methods into specific solutions for individual patients.
Effect of Valence and Chemical Species of Added Electrolyte on Polyelectrolyte Conformations and Interactions (2003)

The effect of added electrolyte (AE) valence and species on polyelectrolytes was studied using automatic, continuous mixing (ACM), allowing measurements over composition gradients. The second virial coefficient A2 was decomposed into contributions from an electrostatically sensitive mean-square gyration radius 〈S2〉 and an external electrostatic field. 〈S2〉 matched predictions of combined electrostatic persistence length and excluded-volume theories, without adjustable parameters. A2 was modeled via an equivalent, soft-core, expansible, charged sphere. Whereas the scaling behavior of 〈S2〉, intrinsic viscosity [η], and A2 was the same for all AE, the prefactors strongly depended on AE symmetry and valence. At given ionic strength 〈S2〉, [η], A2, effective linear charge density, and expansible sphere surface potential are less for divalent than monovalent AE. Different ion species for a given valence class showed second-order effects following a Hoffmeister series. ACM should also prove valuable for investigating AE-induced phase transitions in polyelectrolytes like DNA and proteins.
Single-stranded nucleic acid-induced helical self-assembly of alkynylplatinum(II) terpyridyl complexes (2006)

Single-stranded nucleic acids, which carry multiple negative charges in an aqueous medium at near neutral pH, are found to induce the aggregation and self-assembly of the positively charged alkynylplatinum(II) terpyridyl complexes via electrostatic binding of the platinum complexes to the single-stranded nucleic acids, as revealed by the appearance of new UV-vis absorption and emission bands upon addition of single-stranded nucleic acids to a buffer solution of the complex. Changes in the intensity and pattern of circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy are also observed, many of which are consistent with the assembly of the platinum complexes into helical structures, via metal...metal and pi...pi stacking interactions. The induced spectroscopic property changes are found to depend on the structural properties of the nucleic acids.
Growth of Immature Articular Cartilage in Vitro : Correlated Variation in Tensile Biomechanical and Collagen Network Properties (2003)

Articular cartilage biochemical composition and mechanical properties evolve during in utero and in vivo growth, with marked differences between fetus, newborn, and young adult. The objectives of this study were to test whether in vitro growth of bovine fetal and newborn calf articular cartilage explants resulted in changes in biochemical and tensile properties during up to 6 weeks of free-swelling culture in serum-supplemented medium. During this culture period, both fetal and calf cartilage grew markedly in size, increasing in dry and wet mass by 150-270%. This was due in part to increases in sulfated glycosaminoglycan (+248%), collagen (+96%), and pyridinoline cross-link (+133%). This was accompanied by an increase in water content so that the concentration of matrix components decreased, despite the overall net increase in mass. The ratio of pyridinoline cross-link to collagen remained low and characteristic of immature tissue. The equilibrium and dynamic tensile moduli and strength of both fetal and calf cartilage decreased during the culture period. The biochemical and biomechanical properties of the cartilage explants were correlated, such that the low values of modulus and strength were associated with low concentrations of collagen and pyridinoline. Thus, the tested culture conditions supported growth and maintenance cartilage in an immature state, but did not induce biomechanical or collagen network maturation.
Proteome analysis of glycoforms: A review of strategies for the microcharacterisation of glycoproteins separated by two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1997)

Preparative two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) is a method of separation which for the first time allows protein isoforms to be readily purified for subsequent analysis. The profile of the 2-D separation of the protein complement (proteome) of eukaryotic cells and tissues typically contains obvious 'trains' of spots which differ in pI and/or apparent molecular mass. These are usually isoforms of the same protein and result from post-translational modifications. There is growing evidence that alterations to the glycosylation and/or phosphorylation of a protein can be correlated with developmental and pathological changes; these changes can be visualised on the 2-D separation. It is not clear, however, how these modifications alter the structural properties of the protein and affect their migration in this mode of separation. Strategies need to be developed to obtain a more detailed understanding of the reason for the appearance of isoforms as discrete spots on 2-D PAGE. Standard proteins, fetuin and ovalbumin, were used to monitor the effect of the removal of glycans and phosphates on the migration of the glycoproteins in the 2-D system. The isoforms were not simply explained by the presence or absence of a single modification. To further investigate the reasons for the different migration of the isoforms it is necessary to characterise the modifications in more detail. Unlike protein analysis, until recently the available methodology for the analysis of the glycans attached to proteins has not been sensitive enough to allow analysis of single spots in gels or blots resulting from 2-D electrophoresis. In this paper we review current and future strategies for characterisation of protein modifications using single spots from 2-D gels.
Akciová společnost jako pozitivněprávní pojem českého soukromého práva (1994)

V právní vědě se často stává, že pracuje s pojmy, jimž se nejednou ppřikládá ustálený význam, přejímaný buď ze starší literatury, anebo i jen intuitivně chápaný. Pak ale není věci na škodu, čas od času se na takové pojmy podívat podrobněji a jejich pojmový obsah podrobit detailnějšímu rozboru. Pokud jde o akciovou společnost, nepochybně každý z právníků ví, co termín "akciová společnost" obnáší. Přesto si však myslím, že ani v tomto ohledu nebude nelúčelné podívat se na pozitivněprávní význam toho pojmu a na některé jeho obecnější souvislosti s důrazem na některé opomíjené detaily.
On the use of deep learning for computational imaging (2019)

Since their inception in the 1930–1960s, the research disciplines of computational imaging and machine learning have followed parallel tracks and, during the last two decades, experienced explosive growth drawing on similar progress in mathematical optimization and computing hardware. While these developments have always been to the benefit of image interpretation and machine vision, only recently has it become evident that machine learning architectures, and deep neural networks in particular, can be effective for computational image formation, aside from interpretation. The deep learning approach has proven to be especially attractive when the measurement is noisy and the measurement operator ill posed or uncertain. Examples reviewed here are: super-resolution; lensless retrieval of phase and complex amplitude from intensity; photon-limited scenes, including ghost imaging; and imaging through scatter. In this paper, we cast these works in a common framework. We relate the deep-learning-inspired solutions to the original computational imaging formulation and use the relationship to derive design insights, principles, and caveats of more general applicability. We also explore how the machine learning process is aided by the physics of imaging when ill posedness and uncertainties become particularly severe. It is hoped that the present unifying exposition will stimulate further progress in this promising field of research. ©2019 Optical Society of America.
How Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Membrane Proteins Are Made (1995)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Digital algorithm for dispersion correction in optical coherence tomography for homogeneous and stratified media (2003)

The resolution of optical coherence tomography (OCT) often suffers from blurring caused by material dispersion. We present a numerical algorithm for computationally correcting the effect of material dispersion on OCT reflectance data for homogeneous and stratified media. This is experimentally demonstrated by correcting the image of a polydimethyl siloxane microfludic structure and of glass slides. The algorithm can be implemented using the fast Fourier transform. With broad spectral bandwidths and highly dispersive media or thick objects, dispersion correction becomes increasingly important.
Expression of neurotrophic factors in the dorsal root ganglion in a rat model of lumbar disc herniation (2002)

A variety of molecules released by inflammatory reactions in the dorsal root and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) may play important roles in the pathology of neuronal abnormalities in lumbar disc herniation. In order to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of painful radiculopathy, secondary to lumbar disc herniation, we evaluated pain-related behavior and the change of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the DRG and dorsal root using a rat model of lumbar disc herniation. In the nucleus pulposus (NP) group, the left L4/5 nerve roots were exposed after hemilaminectomies and autologous intervertebral discs, which were obtained from coccygeal intervertebral discs, were implanted on each of the exposed nerve roots without mechanical compression. Rats in the NP group, but not the sham-operated rats, developed mechanical allodynia on the ipsilateral hind paw for 1 day after surgery and showed a significant increase in the number of NGF-immunoreactive (IR) cells in the nerve root and DRG. NGF-IR cells in the nerve root and DRG included macrophages and Schwann cells, because these cells were labeled for NGF and ED-1 or glial fibrillary acid protein by dual immunostaining. A significant increase in the percentage of BDNF-IR neurons in the DRG was observed in the NP group at 3 days after surgery and the increase in BDNF mRNA expression was confirmed using in situ hybridization histochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. We also injected NGF into the endoneurial space of the normal rat spinal nerve root and found that the NGF injection produced dose-dependent mechanical allodynia on the ipsilateral hind paw at 1 day after surgery and an increase in the percentage of BDNF-IR neurons in the DRG at 3 days after surgery compared to the group receiving saline injection. These findings suggest that in the lumbar disc herniation model, i.e. neuritis of the nerve root, increased NGF produced by the inflammatory responses in the dorsal root and DRG tissues may affect the production of BDNF in the DRG and may play important roles in the modulation of the dorsal horn neurons. These changes in neurotrophic factors in the primary afferents may be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of neuropathic pain produced by lumbar disc herniation.
Prostate-specific antigen, a serine protease, facilitates human prostate cancer cell invasion. (1995)

Human prostatic epithelial cells constitutively secrete prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a kallikrein-like serine protease, which is a normal component of the seminal plasma. PSA is currently used as a specific diagnostic marker for the early detection of prostate cancer. We demonstrate that PSA degrades extracellular matrix glycoproteins fibronectin and laminin and, thus, may facilitate invasion by prostate cancer cells. Blocking PSA proteolytic activity with PSA-specific mAb results in a dose-dependent decrease in vitro in the invasion of the reconstituted basement membrane Matrigel by LNCaP human prostate carcinoma cells which secrete high levels of PSA. A novel PSA-SDS-PAGE zymography method for the detection of matrix degrading ability of PSA is also described. We propose that: (a) because of the dysplastic cellular disorganization in early neoplastic lesions called prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), PSA may be secreted not only at the luminal end but also, abnormally, at the cell-basement membrane interface, causing matrix degradation and facilitating invasion; and (b) PSA, along with urokinase, another serine protease secreted by prostatic epithelium, may be involved in the proteolytic cascade during prostate cancer invasion and metastasis. The discovery of the extracellular matrix degrading ability of PSA not only makes it a marker for early detection but also a target for prevention and intervention in prostate cancer.
Human chromosomes 6 and 21 are required for sensitivity to human interferon gamma. (1987)

The human interferon gamma receptor has previously been assigned to chromosome 6. Chromosome 6 also encodes HLA, the human class I major histocompatibility antigens. However, the presence of chromosome 6 in hamster-human hybrids is by itself insufficient to confer sensitivity to human immune interferon as measured by the induction of human HLA. Human chromosome 21 was found to be the second chromosome essential for HLA inducibility. Similar results were found with mouse-human somatic cell hybrids. Thus, at least two steps are involved in the action of human interferon gamma: the binding of interferon gamma to its receptor coded by chromosome 6 and the linkage of this binding event through a factor coded by chromosome 21 to trigger biological action. Both of these steps are species-specific.
Pitfalls in the Measurement of Circulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (2001)

Future efforts should concentrate on the balance between free VEGF, total VEGF, and sFlt-1. Plasma, rather than serum, should be used for analysis.
Selective inhibition of IL-5 receptor alpha-chain gene transcription by IL-5, IL-3, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in human blood eosinophils. (1998)

High affinity receptor for IL-5 (IL-5R), a predominant eosinophil maturation factor, is composed of an IL-5-binding alpha-chain (IL-5R alpha) and a signal-transducing beta-chain that is shared by IL-3 and granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) receptors (IL-3R and GM-CSFR). By Northern blot analysis of mRNAs obtained from normal human blood eosinophils, we show in this report that the hematopoietic cytokines IL-5, IL-3, and GM-CSF down-regulate IL-5R alpha mRNA while up-regulating alpha-chain mRNAs for both IL-3R and GM-CSFR as well as the beta-chain mRNA. More detailed characterization reveals that the down-regulation of IL-5R alpha mRNA is specific to IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF; occurs very rapidly (reaching maximum inhibition within 2 h); is cytokine dose dependent; and does not require protein synthesis. Nuclear run-on and mRNA stability experiments demonstrate that cytokine-induced inhibition of IL-5R alpha mRNA accumulation occurs at the level of IL-5R alpha gene transcription, whereas enhanced accumulation of mRNAs for IL-3R alpha and the beta-chain results from reduced mRNA degradation. We suggest from these experiments that in human blood eosinophils, IL-5R alpha gene transcription and IL-5R alpha mRNA metabolism can be regulated by mechanisms that are distinct from those used for IL-3R alpha and GM-CSFR alpha.
Computer-based multimedia system on "computer organization and design" (2002)

A multimedia engineering/computer science system on "computer organization and design" is presented in this paper. The system, developed to include multimedia modules that are interactive and knowledge-based, will teach users about the basic aspects of computer organization and design. The domain knowledge for the system covers the basics of logic design, detailed description of the computer hardware/software aspects, control unit design, memory hierarchy, input/output units, interrupts, direct memory access, and parallel processing. The hypertext feature used throughout the system extends the capability of the user to navigate through the system, based on their level of understanding of the subject material.