gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonmagnetic semiconductors as read-head sensors for ultra-high-density magnetic recording (2002)

A mesoscopic nonmagnetic magnetoresistive read-head sensor based on the recently reported extraordinary magnetoresistance (EMR) effect has been fabricated from a narrow-gap Si-doped InSb quantum well. The sensor has a conservatively estimated areal-density of 116 Gb/in.2 with a 300 K EMR of 6% and a current sensitivity of 147 Ω/T at a relevant field of 0.05 T and a bias of 0.27 T. Because this sensor is not subject to magnetic noise, which limits conventional sensors to areal densities of order 100 Gb/in.2, it opens a pathway to ultra-high-density recording at areal densities of order 1 Tb/in.2.
Assembly and characterization of five-arm and six-arm DNA branched junctions (1991)

DNA branched junctions have been constructed that contain either five arms or six arms surrounding a branch point. These junctions are not as stable as junctions containing three or four arms; unlike the smaller junctions, they cannot be shown to migrate as a single band on native gels when each of their arms contains eight nucleotide pairs. However, they can be stabilized if their arms contain 16 nucleotide pairs. Ferguson analysis of these junctions in combination with three-arm and four-arm junctions indicates a linear increase in friction constant as the number of arms increases, with the four-arm junction migrating anomalously. The five-arm junction does not appear to have any unusual stacking structure, and all strands show similar responses to hydroxyl radical autofootprinting analysis. By contrast, one strand of the six-arm junction shows virtually no protection from hydroxyl radicals, suggesting that it is the helical strand of a preferred stacking domain. Both junctions are susceptible to digestion by T4 endonuclease VII, which resolves Holliday junctions. However, the putative helical strand of the six-arm junction shows markedly reduced cleavage, supporting the notion that its structure is largely found in a helical conformation. Branched DNA molecules can be assembled into structures whose helix axes form multiply connected objects and networks. The ability to construct five-arm and six-arm junctions vastly increases the number of structures and networks that can be built from branched DNA components. Icosahedral deltahedra and 11 networks with 432 symmetry, constructed from Platonic and Archimedean solids, are among the structures whose construction is feasible, now that these junctions can be made.
A second type II restriction endonuclease fromThermus aquaticuswith an unusual sequence specificity (1984)

A type II restriction endonuclease activity free of TaqI was prepared from Thermus Aquaticus YT. The fraction contains two endonucleolytic components with apparently different specificities, however the major activity is sufficiently dominant to allow partial digestion analysis of the position of recognition sites. A precise determination of the location of cleavage sites in pBR322 DNA and a computer-aided search for regions of homology in the vicinity of the cut sites indicate that this enzyme recognizes the nonpalindromic sequences GACCGA or CACCCA. Other related sequences are not cleaved, in particular, GACCCA and CACCGA, indicating that the enzyme requires the identity of nucleotides in the first and fifth positions, a type of specificity that has not been previously reported. The position of cleavage is located outside of the site and is represented as: (Formula: see text).
Compact dual-mode filters for HTS satellite communication systems (1998)

Novel compact dual-mode narrow bandpass microstrip filters using degenerate modes in multizigzag arms of square loop resonators were analyzed as realized in superconducting 2- and 4-pole versions and found to have high performance, selectivity, and substantial size reduction, compared with current designs. A 2-pole copper filter, scaled nearly eight times larger to operate at a center frequency of 142 MHz and bandwidth of 1.4%, was fabricated, tested, and compared with the prediction of a CAD tool to validate predictions for other analyzed designs. The agreement was found to be good.
New Ion Channel May Yield Clues to Hearing (2000)

As every biology student learns, the sense of hearing depends on the operation of the hair cells in the inner ear. These cells bear microscopically fine projections, the hairs or cilia, that bend in response to passing sound waves, setting off nerve impulses that the brain recognizes as sounds—a clap of thunder, say, or a hushed whisper. But even though neuroscientists have learned a great deal about hair cells, they have been unable to track down a key element needed for the cells' operation—the ion channel that opens when the hairs bend to produce the electrical signal. Now, working with a seemingly different system, they've made a discovery that may help them get their hands on the elusive channel.
Numerical study of thermoviscous effects in ultrasound-induced acoustic streaming in microchannels (2014)

We present a numerical study of thermoviscous effects on the acoustic streaming flow generated by an ultrasound standing-wave resonance in a long straight microfluidic channel containing a Newtonian fluid. These effects enter primarily through the temperature and density dependence of the fluid viscosity. The resulting magnitude of the streaming flow is calculated and characterized numerically, and we find that even for thin acoustic boundary layers, the channel height affects the magnitude of the streaming flow. For the special case of a sufficiently large channel height, we have successfully validated our numerics with analytical results from 2011 by Rednikov and Sadhal for a single planar wall. We analyzed the time-averaged energy transport in the system and the time-averaged second-order temperature perturbation of the fluid. Finally, we have made three main changes in our previously published numerical scheme to improve the numerical performance: (i) The time-averaged products of first-order variables in the time-averaged second-order equations have been recast as flux densities instead of as body forces. (ii) The order of the finite-element basis functions has been increased in an optimal manner. (iii) Based on the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS 1995, 2008, and 2011), we provide accurate polynomial fits in temperature for all relevant thermodynamic and transport parameters of water in the temperature range from 10 to 50 °C.
Protein Structure in the Lyophilized State: A Hydrogen Isotope Exchange/NMR Study with Bovine Pancreatic Trypsin Inhibitor (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProtein Structure in the Lyophilized State: A Hydrogen Isotope Exchange/NMR Study with Bovine Pancreatic Trypsin InhibitorUmesh R. Desai, John J. Osterhout, and Alexander M. KlibanovCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 21, 9420–9422Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1994https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00100a002RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views227Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (410 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Etretinate (Tigason®) and Betamethasone Valerate (Celeston Valerate®) in the Treatment of Psoriasis (1982)

A randomized trial with 146 psoriatic patients studied the relative merits of (1) oral etretinate (daily dose approximately 1 mg/kg body weight); (2) 0,1% betamethasone valerate cream twice daily, and (3) a combination of treatments 1 and 2. The combined treatment was the best and betamethasone valerate alone was on the whole inferior.
Ways to escape catch-22 (2004)

Even with careful selection, LT for patients with CARDS was associated with significant morbidity; however, 1-year survival of recipients with CARDS was comparable to that of matched hospitalized recipients with RLD.
Synthetic genes for glycoprotein design and the elucidation of hydroxyproline- O -glycosylation codes (1999)

Design of hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) offers an approach for the structural and functional analysis of these wall components, which are broadly implicated in plant growth and development. HRGPs consist of multiple small repetitive "glycomodules" extensively O-glycosylated through the Hyp residues. The patterns of Hyp-O-glycosylation are putatively coded by the primary sequence as described by the Hyp contiguity hypothesis, which predicts contiguous Hyp residues to be attachment sites of small arabinooligosaccharides (1-5 Ara residues/Hyp); while clustered, noncontiguous Hyp residues are sites of arabinogalactan polysaccharide attachment. As a test, we designed two simple HRGPs as fusion proteins with green fluorescent protein. The first was a repetitive Ser-Hyp motif that encoded only clustered noncontiguous Hyp residues, predicted polysaccharide addition sites. The resulting glycoprotein had arabinogalactan polysaccharide O-linked to all Hyp residues. The second construct, based on the consensus sequence of a gum arabic HRGP, contained both arabinogalactan and arabinooligosaccharide addition sites and, as predicted, gave a product that contained both saccharide types. These results identify an O-glycosylation code of plants.
Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Metabolic, Genetic and Immunological Basis (2014)

Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is a significant cause of acute liver failure and is usually the primary reason that therapeutic drugs are removed from the commercial market. Multiple mechanisms can culminate in drug hepatotoxicity. Metabolism, genetics and immunology separately and in concert play distinct and overlapping roles in this process. This review will cover papers we feel have addressed these mechanisms of drug-induced hepatotoxicity in adults following the consumption of commonly used medications. The aim is to generate discussion around "trigger point" papers where the investigators generated new science or provided additional contribution to existing science. Hopefully these discussions will assist in uncovering key areas that need further attention.
Digital optical switch (1988)

We propose and demonstrate a novel 2×2 digital electrooptic switch where the light output exhibits a steplike response to the switching voltage. This response characteristic eliminates the need for precise voltage control for switching, and it, therefore, enables the operation of many such elements by a single voltage source, as required for switching arrays. Moreover, the new device can switch both polarization components simultaneously and is insensitive to the precise wavelength of light. The performance of this switch does not depend critically on any design parameter, and, therefore, it is quite tolerant to variation in the fabrication process. Most electrooptic switches are interferometric in nature; i.e., they require a precise phase shift to achieve a switched state with low crosstalk. It is very difficult to switch the two orthogonal polarization components simultaneously due to the difference in the induced phase shift. An interferometric switch is also wavelength dependent and, therefore, incompatible with wavelength multiplexed signals.
Dataflow Tomography (2012)

It is not uncommon for modern systems to be composed of a variety of interacting services, running across multiple machines in such a way that most developers do not really understand the whole system. As abstraction is layered atop abstraction, developers gain the ability to compose systems of extraordinary complexity with relative ease. However, many software properties, especially those that cut across abstraction layers, become very difficult to understand in such compositions. The communication patterns involved, the privacy of critical data, and the provenance of information, can be difficult to find and understand, even with access to all of the source code. The goal of Dataflow Tomography is to use the inherent information flow of such systems to help visualize the interactions between complex and interwoven components across multiple layers of abstraction. In the same way that the injection of short-lived radioactive isotopes help doctors trace problems in the cardiovascular system, the use of “data tagging” can help developers slice through the extraneous layers of software and pin-point those portions of the system interacting with the data of interest. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach we have developed a prototype system in which tags are tracked both through the machine and in between machines over the network, and from which novel visualizations of the whole system can be derived. We describe the system-level challenges in creating a working system tomography tool and we qualitatively evaluate our system by examining several example real world scenarios.
Hydrogen-Bonded Porphyrinic Solids:  Supramolecular Networks of Octahydroxy Porphyrins (1997)

Symmetrically substituted octahydroxy porphyrins, tetrakis(3‘,5‘-dihydroxyphenyl)porphyrin, H2T(3‘,5‘-DHP)P, tetrakis(2‘,6‘-dihydroxyphenyl)porphyrin, H2T(2‘,6‘-DHP)P, and their Zn(II) and Mn(III) derivatives have been developed as building blocks for supramolecular hydrogen-bonded networks. The crystal structures of a series of these porphyrins exhibit unique structural features through assembly of porphyrin networks by means of directional hydrogen bonding. The position of the peripheral hydroxyl groups, the choice of metallo- or free base porphyrin, and the nature of the solvate (i.e., guest) dramatically influence structural features. A one-dimensional, columnar structure is found for H2T(3‘,5‘-DHP)P·5EtOAc. With benzonitrile as solvate, the structure of H2T(3‘,5‘-DHP)P·7C6H5CN changes substantially to a three-dimensional corrugated-sheet structure in order to accommodate a larger pore size. When the hydroxyl substituents are simply changed from the m- to the o-phenyl positions, an essentially two-dimensional layered structure is formed for H2T(2‘,6‘-DHP)P·4EtOAc. Zn[T(2‘,6‘-DHP)P](EtOAc)2·2EtOAc has a two-dimensional layered structure, similar to that of its free base H2T(2‘,6‘-DHP)P interaction between the aryl rings of the adjacent layers. The crystal structures of both Zn[T(3‘,5‘-DHP)P] and Mn[T(3‘,5‘-DHP)P](Cl) exhibited three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding features. Zn[T(3‘,5‘-DHP)P](THF)2·2THF·3CH2Cl2 has a three-dimensional interconnected layered structure with metalloporphyrins arranged in a slipped stack orientation within the layers. In the structure of Mn[T(3‘,5‘-DHP)P](THF)2·Cl·2THF·5C6H5CH3, a chloride anion dictates the three-dimensional packing by bridging four metalloporphyrin molecules through Cl···HO bonding interactions. In all of these structures, large solvate-filled channels are present with cross-sections as large as 42 Å2. The pore volumes of these channels are exceptionally large: as much as 67% of the unit cell volume.
Polymerization of Cyclic Monomers, 10, (2003)

Abstract Methyl 2‐(bicyclo[3.1.0]hex‐1‐yl)acrylate ( 1 ) was synthesized from methyl 2‐(cyclopentene‐1‐yl)‐2‐hydroxyacetate by cyclopropanation, followed by oxidation to the corresponding bicyclic 2‐oxoacetate and Wittig olefination with methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide. Initiated with 2,2′‐azoisobutyronitrile at 65 °C in chlorobenzene, the radical homopolymerization of 1 occurred with opening of the cyclopropane ring leading to a polymer with a glass transition temperature of 90 °C. The reactivity of 1 in radical copolymerization was higher than that of methyl methacrylate. magnified image
In vitro expression and activity of lycopene cyclase and β‐carotene hydroxylase from Erwinia herbicola (1993)

The cyclisation of lycopene to beta-carotene and the hydroxylation of beta-carotene to zeaxanthin are common enzymatic steps in the biosynthesis of carotenoids in a wide range of bacteria, fungi, and plants. We have individually expressed in E. coli the two genes coding for these enzymatic steps in Erwinia herbicola. The cyclase and hydroxylase enzymes have apparent molecular weights of 43 kDa and 22 kDa, respectively, as determined by SDS-PAGE. Hydroxylase in vitro activity was obtained only in the cytoplasmic fraction. Cyclase also demonstrated enzyme activity in a crude cell-free lysate, although to a lesser extent.
Numerical Analysis of a Tape Spring Hinge Folded about Two Axes (2012)

The ability to fold and unfold large sensor structures in space using hinges is important for space-based sensor technology. Tape spring hinges have become common in deployable space structures due to their simplicity, repeatability and unique folding properties. The mechanical response of these hinges (i.e., momen-tcurvature, energy stored) is important for deployment accuracy, safety and low cost of the structure. Finite element software, AbaqusTM, was employed to analyze the folding and unfolding properties of a hinge using multidirectional bending. Uniform tape springs require a higher moment to overcome the curvature of the cross section when they are folded. In order to flatten the moment-curvature response of tape springs, a length of the middle segment of the hinge was first flattened, thereby removing the initial curvature about the long axis of the hinge. With the middle segment flattened, the hinge was subjected to opposite-sense bending about the hinge's short axis (axis perpendicular to the length of the tape spring). In addition to providing the means to determine stress (and potential damage) during folding and unfolding, the study determined the optimum method of hinge folding.
Cloning and expression of a γ-interferon-inducible gene in monocytes: a new member of a cytokine gene family (1989)

To define activation-specific sequences in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), a cDNA library was constructed by subtractive hybridization using resting and stimulated PBL pairs. Stimulation of PBL was achieved by triggering with mitogenic anti-CD2 (T11) monoclonal antibodies. Differential library screening with cDNA probes derived from stimulated versus resting PBL led to identification of two novel sequences, termed HC11 and HC14. The predicted primary and secondary structure of HC11 deduced from the translated nucleotide sequence suggests that the gene encodes a secreted protein of 99 amino acids (aa), including a 23 aa residue leader sequence. Surprisingly, Northern blot analysis demonstrated that HC11 mRNA is induced predominantly in peripheral blood non-T cells. Subsequently, we observed that the HC11 mRNA is induced in macrophages and the monocytic line U-937 by gamma-IFN, raising the possibility that T cell-derived gamma-IFN induced upon anti-CD2 stimulation activated monocytes to express HC11 RNA. In support of this notion, neutralizing anti-gamma-IFN monoclonal antibody inhibits the induction of HC11 mRNA in PBL activated through anti-CD2 antibodies. These findings suggest that there is a molecular cascade involving T cell-produced lymphokines and monokines which serve as a means for intercellular communication. Transient expression of HC11 cDNA results in a readily detectable specific set of protein bands in SDS-PAGE analysis of supernatants from radio-labeled COS cells, consistent with HC11 encoding a secreted product(s). Protein sequence comparison reveals homology with other members of a recently described inducible cytokine family whose functions are yet to be defined.
The Rio file cache (1996)

One of the fundamental limits to high-performance, high-reliability file systems is memory's vulnerability to system crashes. Because memory is viewed as unsafe, systems periodically write data back to disk. The extra disk traffic lowers performance, and the delay period before data is safe lowers reliability. The goal of the Rio (RAM I/O) file cache is to make ordinary main memory safe for persistent storage by enabling memory to survive operating system crashes. Reliable memory enables a system to achieve the best of both worlds: reliability equivalent to a write-through file cache, where every write is instantly safe, and performance equivalent to a pure write-back cache, with no reliability-induced writes to disk. To achieve reliability, we protect memory during a crash and restore it during a reboot (a "warm" reboot). Extensive crash tests show that even without protection, warm reboot enables memory to achieve reliability close to that of a write-through file system. Adding protection makes memory even safer than a write-through file system while adding essentially no overhead. By eliminating reliability-induced disk writes, Rio performs 4-22 times as fast as a write-through file system, 2-14 times as fast as a standard Unix file system, and 1-3 times as fast as an optimized system that risks losing 30 seconds of data and metadata.
Improved Detection ofMycobacterium tuberculosisin Peruvian Children by Use of a Heminested IS6110 Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay (2003)

A novel heminested IS6110 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was evaluated as a tool for diagnosing tuberculosis in 222 children. In an analysis of 392 specimens (gastric aspirates, nasopharyngeal aspirates, and sputum samples), results of PCR were compared with those of 3 culture methods, acid-fast bacillus (AFB) staining, and clinical assessment by the Stegen-Toledo score. The sensitivity of PCR (67%) was comparable to that of the 3-culture method (71%) and was significantly higher than that of Löwenstein-Jensen culture (54%) or AFB stain (42%) for children with highly probable tuberculosis. PCR detection rates for culture-positive specimens were 100% for smear-positive samples and 76.7% for smear-negative samples. The specificity of PCR was 100% in control children. Compared with culture, PCR demonstrated a sensitivity of 90.4%, a positive predictive value of 89%, a specificity of 94%, and a negative predictive value of 95% (kappa=.85). With clinical assessment as the standard, PCR had a sensitivity of 71%, a positive predictive value of 92%, a specificity of 95%, and a negative predictive value of 79% (kappa=.67). PCR is a rapid and sensitive method for the early diagnosis of pediatric tuberculosis.
Improvement of the dideoxy chain termination method of DNA sequencing by use of deoxy-7-deazaguanosine triphosphate in place of dGTP (1986)

The dideoxy chain termination method using deoxy-7-deazaguanosine triphosphate (dc7GTP) in place of dGTP was found to be very useful. Sequencing of a part of the human N-myc gene having 85% GC content is impossible by the original method using dGTP, because of compression of bands. However, the nucleotide sequence of this part was unambiguously determined by analysis of both strands by the modified method. Use of dc7GTP is concluded to improve the dideoxy chain termination method for DNA sequencing.