gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monoclonal Antibodies and Synthetic Tumor-Associated Glycoconjugates in the Study of the Expression of Thomsen-Friedenreich-Like and Tn-Like Antigens on Human Cancers<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref> (1987)

Synthetic carbohydrate haptens, which are conjugated to carrier human serum albumin molecules [synthetic tumor-associated glycoconjugates (S-TAGs)], were used to immunize mice for monoclonal antibody (MoAb) production. Two of the S-TAGs were composed of haptens related to the Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen, and their structures are beta Gal(1----3)-beta GalNAc (TF-beta) and beta Gal(1----3) alpha GalNAc (TF-alpha) (Gal = galactose; GaNAc = N-acetylgalactosamine). The third S-TAG was made up of Tn hapten groups of the structure alpha GalNAc-O-serine. MoAbs specific for TF-alpha and Tn were able to be generated. All MoAbs generated against TF-beta cross-reacted with TF-alpha but not with Tn. None of the TF-alpha-specific MoAbs reacted with human carcinomas, whereas several TF-beta and Tn MoAbs were found to react with most human lung, colon, and breast carcinomas. It is believed that this is the first report of the use of synthetic carbohydrate cancer antigens for the production of anticancer MoAbs.
Protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit is methyl-esterified at its carboxyl terminus by a novel methyltransferase. (1993)

In eukaryotic cells a number of different proteins with important regulatory functions are reversibly methyl-esterified at carboxyl-terminal prenylcysteine residues. These proteins include the low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins, the gamma-subunit of the heterotrimeric G-proteins, and the nuclear lamins. The methylating enzymes that catalyze this type of carboxyl methylation reaction are integral membrane proteins, and the methylated protein products tend to be membrane-associated. Analyses of protein carboxyl methylation in a wide range of vertebrate tissues revealed a major carboxyl-methylated protein that was clearly distinct from those that are modified at prenylcysteine groups (Volker, C., Miller, R.A., McCleary, W.R., Rao, A., Poenie, M., Backer, J.M., and Stock, J.B. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 21515-21522). This M(r) = 36,000 protein is localized to the cytosol. Unlike the prenylcysteine methyltransferases, the enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of the 36-kDa protein is found in the cytosol. The 36-kDa methylated protein has been purified from bovine brain. Sequence analysis of several peptides clearly shows that the protein is the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A. A soluble 40-kDa methyltransferase that catalyzes the reaction has also been purified.
Highly Sensitive Detection and Localization of Maternally Acquired Human Cytomegalovirus in Placental Tissue by In Situ Polymerase Chain Reaction (2005)

Transplacental transmission of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) can result in congenital malformations, although details on the mechanisms of transmission and the location of CMV in infected placentae need to be described.METHODS. Placental tissue from term (third trimester) deliveries was screened for CMV infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in situ PCR (IS-PCR), and IS reverse-transcriptase PCR (IS RT-PCR).RESULTS. CMV DNA was detected in tissue samples from 11 placentae that had been determined to be negative for CMV during routine pathological examination. IS-PCR demonstrated the presence of CMV DNA in all cell types within placental villi, and IS RT-PCR further defined this result by identifying viral transcripts from all stages of replication. CMV DNA and RNA were shown to be highly concentrated in placental trophoblast cells. The infecting viruses were detected with primers specific for the major immediate early section of the genome (UL122/123), the UL21.5 virion gene, and the glycoprotein B (gB) gene and were determined to be predominantly genotype gB2. Therefore, maternal and fetal host factors, as well as viral load and possibly viral genotype, may all affect the outcome of placental CMV infection.CONCLUSION. Placental villi are involved in the transfer of blood from maternal to fetal circulation. Infection and replication of CMV within placental trophoblasts suggests that these structures may be involved in the transmission of CMV.
Emerging drugs for the therapy of primary and post essential thrombocythemia, post polycythemia vera myelofibrosis (2009)

Managing patients with myelofibrosis (MF) (both those with primary myelofibrosis or having evolved from an antecedent polycythemia vera or essential thrombocythemia) present many challenges to the hematologist. MF patients suffer from a variable, but severe range of disease manifestations including massive splenomegaly, cytopenias, significant constitutional symptoms, possible transformation to blast phase and premature death. Cure is achievable through allogeneic stem cell transplantation; yet, this therapy is either inappropriate or not an option for most patients. Current available therapies are palliative, but can sometimes be of significant value to MF patients. The discovery of the JAK2-V617F mutation, and other pathogenetic insights into the pathophysiology of myeloproliferative neoplasms, has ushered in an era of potential new therapies for MF. Over a dozen JAK2 inhibitors are in development, with the leading compounds such as INCB018424, TG101348 and others showing promising early results particularly for control of disease associated splenomegaly and symptoms. Parallel trials with immunomodulatory therapy for MF associated anemia and stromal manifestations of the disease are continuing. The future may well see the approval of a range of agents for MF patients, with differing mechanisms of action, efficacy and toxicity profiles.
Identifying Hierarchical Structure in Sequences: A linear-time algorithm (1997)

SEQUITUR is an algorithm that infers a hierarchical structure from a sequence of discrete symbols by replacing repeated phrases with a grammatical rule that generates the phrase, and continuing this process recursively. The result is a hierarchical representation of the original sequence, which offers insights into its lexical structure. The algorithm is driven by two constraints that reduce the size of the grammar, and produce structure as a by-product. SEQUITUR breaks new ground by operating incrementally. Moreover, the method's simple structure permits a proof that it operates in space and time that is linear in the size of the input. Our implementation can process 50,000 symbols per second and has been applied to an extensive range of real world sequences.
Cell proliferation in the small intestine and colon of intravenously fed rats: effects of urogastrone‐epidermal growth factor (1992)

There is marked intestinal hypoplasia in the intestine of intravenously fed (TPN) rats. Recombinant urogastrone-epidermal growth factor (URO-EGF) reversed these changes by significantly increasing the length of the intestinal crypts. Crypt diameter, however, was not affected to the same extent. Few differences in labelling indices were seen between the orally fed and TPN groups, however, this was the consequence of the concomitant changes in crypt population. The number of mitoses and labelled cells per crypt, and thus the crypt cell production rates, were significantly decreased in the TPN group when compared to the orally fed. URO-EGF significantly increased both proliferative indices and the number of dividing cells per crypt. Crypt cell production in the small intestine was restored to those levels seen in the orally fed rats, moreover, labelling per crypt in the colon was increased to more than twice that of orally fed rats. The location of the mean labelling position and the half maximum labelling position followed the changes in crypt length in the small intestine, but to a lesser extent; thus the growth fraction was significantly increased in the TPN rats in comparison with the orally fed and the URO-EGF treated groups. Similar changes in these positions were seen in the colon, but the growth fraction was much reduced in the URO-EGF treated rats, as a consequence of the large increase in crypt length without a concomitant alteration in label distribution.
Joseph Smith and the United Firm: The Growth and Decline of the Church's First Master Plan of Business and Finance, Ohio and Missouri, 1832-1834 (2007)

The United Firm was a business management company established by Joseph Smith (founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) that oversaw both the Church's economic pursuits, such as maintaining properties, and some spiritual matters, such as publishing revelations and planning the city of Zion. Its board of managers essentially fulfilled roles later taken on by Church leaders when quorums were created. The term "United Firm" does not appear in the scriptures, and therefore the organization's role has been misunderstood and underestimated. One of Joseph Smith's pseudonyms for the United Firm was the United Order, but the United Order of Utah later started by Brigham Young functioned differently. This article sheds light on the enigmatic and vital role of Joseph Smith's United Firm in early LDS Church history.
RFID Technology for the Health Care Sector (2008)

Health care is the linchpin of a developed society. The general trend in developed countries is to increase public spending to improve the quality of health care. However, the economic model applied to the health care sector varies from one country to another. There are models in which health care costs are mainly supported by governments. On the contrary, there are other economic models such as the “fee-for-service” model in which patients pay for the services like in any other service industry. Whichever model is used, technology can help increase the efficiency of the service and the reliability of the diagnoses. Specially, Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technology can drastically improve the processing times associated to medical records retrieval, dispensing of medications, personnel management, etc. In this article, we explore some of the most relevant patents, which propose the use of the RFID technology in the health care sector. We provide an overview of the field and a classification of the patents in several categories, being the aim to facilitate the task of researchers, practitioners and managers when looking for patents in this field. Moreover, we analyse a recent and relevant patent application from Kodak™ that provides a system for monitoring the ingestion of medicines by means of digestible RFID tags attached to the medicines. Keywords: RFID, Health Care
Electroorganic chemistry. 82. .beta.-Amino acid esters from .alpha.-methoxycarbamates and ketene silyl acetals; cyclization to .beta.-lactams (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectroorganic chemistry. 82. .beta.-Amino acid esters from .alpha.-methoxycarbamates and ketene silyl acetals; cyclization to .beta.-lactamsTatsuya Shono, Kenji Tsubata, and Nobuyuki OkinagaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 6, 1056–1059Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00180a020https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00180a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views679Altmetric-Citations42LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Regulation of theHoxa4 andHoxa5 genes in the embryonic mouse lung by retinoic acid and TGF?1: Implications for lung development and patterning (2000)

We have previously described a 5; cis-acting retinoic acid response element that is required for a subset of Hoxa4 expression, including the midgestation mouse lung. As both retinoids and Hox genes have been implicated in lung development and patterning, we have examined Hoxa4 expression in the developing mouse lung and extended our work on its regulation. At E12.5, a Hoxa4/lacZ transgene is expressed in the mesenchymal compartment of the lung. Later in development expression is restricted to the proximal mesenchyme and is also observed in smooth muscle cells, subepithelial fibroblasts, and alveolar cells. We show that both Hoxa4 and Hoxa5 are upregulated when cultured in the presence of all-trans retinoic acid. In addition, retinoic acid extends the domain of Hoxa4 and Hoxa5 expression to the periphery of the explants where the distal epithelia are developing. Interestingly, the effect of retinoic acid on Hoxa5 expression was not observed in a Hoxa4 mutant background. In contrast, TGFbeta1 was found to downregulate both Hoxa4 and Hoxa5 expression in cultured lung explants. We also establish that retinoic acid has the effect of proximalizing the mouse lung when cultured in a serum-free medium, as evidenced by reduced expression of the distal marker surfactant protein-C. Lungs from Hoxa4 mutant embryos exhibited a similar response to retinoic acid, suggesting that Hoxa4 alone is not required for the proximalizing effect. Based on their retinoid-dependent expression, we conclude that members of the group 4 and/or group 5 Hox genes are likely to be involved in patterning of the mouse lung. Dev Dyn 2000;217:62-74.
Bioinformatic Comparison of Bacterial Secretomes (2009)

The rapid increasing number of completed bacterial genomes provides a good opportunity to compare their proteomes. This study was undertaken to specifically compare and contrast their secretomes-the fraction of the proteome with predicted N-terminal signal sequences, both type I and type II. A total of 176 theoretical bacterial proteomes were examined using the ExProt program. Compared with the Gram-positives, the Gram-negative bacteria were found, on average, to contain a larger number of potential Sec-dependent sequences. In the Gram-negative bacteria but not in the others, there was a positive correlation between proteome size and secretome size, while there was no correlation between secretome size and pathogenicity. Within the Gram-negative bacteria, intracellular pathogens were found to have the smallest secretomes. However, the secretomes of certain bacteria did not fit into the observed pattern. Specifically, the secretome of Borrelia burgdoferi has an unusually large number of putative lipoproteins, and the signal peptides of mycoplasmas show closer sequence similarity to those of the Gram-negative bacteria. Our analysis also suggests that even for a theoretical minimal genome of 300 open reading frames, a fraction of this gene pool (up to a maximum of 20%) may code for proteins with Sec-dependent signal sequences.
Chemoselective Ligation and Modification Strategies for Peptides and Proteins (2008)

The investigation of biological processes by chemical methods, commonly referred to as chemical biology, often requires chemical access to biologically relevant macromolecules such as peptides and proteins. Building upon solid-phase peptide synthesis, investigations have focused on the development of chemoselective ligation and modification strategies to link synthetic peptides or other functional units to larger synthetic and biologically relevant macromolecules. This Review summarizes recent developments in the field of chemoselective ligation and modification strategies and illustrates their application, with examples ranging from the total synthesis of proteins to the semisynthesis of naturally modified proteins.
Ondergronds bouwen. Tunnelconstructies van staal-beton (2) (2000)

Vanaf 1995 verricht het Centrum Ondergronds Bouwen onderzoek om in Nederland grootschalig onder het maaiveld te kunnen bouwen. Een deel van het programma is gericht op tunnelconstructies in staal en staal-beton. Uit een eerste inventarisatie bleek dat er voor staal kansrijke toepassingen bestaan bij onder meer zink- en sleuftunnels met een kleine diameter en bij boortunnels. In een vervolgstudie zijn een aantal ontwerpaspecten van stalen tunnels nader onderzocht. In een vorig artikel kwamen de rekenregels voor staal-beton sandwichelementen en aspecten van duurzaamheid aan bod'. In dit vervolgartikel ligt het accent op het onderzoek naar brandveiligheid en de economische aspecten.
The Antimicrobial Peptide Cathelicidin Protects Mice from Escherichia coli O157:H7-Mediated Disease (2012)

This study investigated the role of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin in Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection and subsequent renal damage. Mouse and human cathelicidin, CRAMP and LL-37, respectively, killed E. coli O157:H7 in vitro. Intestines from healthy wild-type (129/SvJ) and cathelicidin-knock-out (Camp(-/-)) mice were investigated, showing that cathelicidin-deficient mice had a thinner colonic mucus layer compared with wild-type mice. Wild-type (n = 11) and cathelicidin-knock-out (n = 11) mice were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7. Cathelicidin-deficient animals exhibited higher fecal counts of E. coli O157:H7 and bacteria penetrated the mucus forming attaching-and-effacing lesions to a much higher extent than in wild-type animals. Cathelicidin knock-out mice developed symptoms (9/11) as well as anemia, thrombocytopenia and extensive renal tubular damage while all cathelicidin-producing mice remained asymptomatic with normal laboratory findings. When injected with Shiga toxin intraperitoneally, both murine strains developed the same degree of renal tubular damage and clinical disease indicating that differences in sensitivity to infection between the murine strains were related to the initial intestinal response. In conclusion, cathelicidin substantially influenced the antimicrobial barrier in the mouse colon mucosa. Cathelicidin deficiency lead to increased susceptibility to E. coli O157:H7 infection and subsequent renal damage. Administration of cathelicidin or stimulation of endogenous production may prove to be novel treatments for E. coli O157:H7-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome.
A Survey of Zero-Shot Learning (2019)

Most machine-learning methods focus on classifying instances whose classes have already been seen in training. In practice, many applications require classifying instances whose classes have not been seen previously. Zero-shot learning is a powerful and promising learning paradigm, in which the classes covered by training instances and the classes we aim to classify are disjoint. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of zero-shot learning. First of all, we provide an overview of zero-shot learning. According to the data utilized in model optimization, we classify zero-shot learning into three learning settings. Second, we describe different semantic spaces adopted in existing zero-shot learning works. Third, we categorize existing zero-shot learning methods and introduce representative methods under each category. Fourth, we discuss different applications of zero-shot learning. Finally, we highlight promising future research directions of zero-shot learning.
Dramatic Reduction of Surface Recombination by in Situ Surface Passivation of Silicon Nanowires (2011)

Nanowires have unique optical properties and are considered as important building blocks for energy harvesting applications such as solar cells. However, due to their large surface-to-volume ratios, the recombination of charge carriers through surface states reduces the carrier diffusion lengths in nanowires a few orders of magnitude, often resulting in the low efficiency (a few percent or less) of nanowire-based solar cells. Reducing the recombination by surface passivation is crucial for the realization of high-performance nanosized optoelectronic devices but remains largely unexplored. Here we show that a thin layer of amorphous silicon (a-Si) coated on a single-crystalline silicon nanowire, forming a core-shell structure in situ in the vapor-liquid-solid process, reduces the surface recombination nearly 2 orders of magnitude. Under illumination of modulated light, we measure a greater than 90-fold improvement in the photosensitivity of individual core-shell nanowires, compared to regular nanowires without shell. Simulations of the optical absorption of the nanowires indicate that the strong absorption of the a-Si shell contributes to this effect, but we conclude that the effect is mainly due to the enhanced carrier lifetime by surface passivation.
ChemInform Abstract: Methyl 2‐Methyldithiocarbazate in Heterocyclic Synthesis: Preparation of 2,5‐Disubstituted 1,3,4‐Thiadiazoles, Bis(1,3,4‐Thiadiazolium) Salts and Macrocycles Containing 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole Subunits. X‐Ray Crystal Structure of 2,2′‐Bis(4,5‐dihydro‐5‐(2‐hydroxyethylimino)‐4‐ methyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole). (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Synthesis of Shell Cross-Linked Micelles with pH-Responsive Cores Using ABC Triblock Copolymers (2002)

A series of well-defined poly[(ethylene oxide)-block-2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-block-2-(diethylamino) methacrylate] (PEO−DMA−DEA) triblocks were synthesized by successive ATRP polymerization of DMA and DEA monomers using PEO-based macroinitiators of different molecular weights. These triblock copolymers dissolved molecularly in aqueous solution at low pH; on addition of NaOH, micellization occurred at pH 7.1 to form three-layer “onionlike” micelles comprising DEA cores, DMA inner shells, and PEO coronas. Above pH 7.3, dynamic light scattering studies indicated unimodal, near-monodisperse populations, with mean micelle diameters of 27−84 nm depending on block compositions (for PEO113 triblock copolymers) and polydispersities typically less than 0.10. The average hydrodynamic diameter 〈Dh〉 of the micelles decreased as the solution pH was increased from pH 7.3 to pH 9.0, indicating that the micelles become more compact due to deprotonation of the tertiary amine residues in the DMA and DEA blocks. 1H NMR studies supported a three-layer micelle structure and also revealed changes in the hydrophilicity of the DMA chains in the inner shell during cross-linking, which was achieved by adding the bifunctional alkyl iodide, 1,2-bis(2-iodoethoxy)ethane (BIEE). Selective quaternization of the DMA residues by the BIEE leads to increased hydrophilicity and colloid stability for the shell cross-linked (SCL) micelles. The minimum amount of BIEE required to “lock-in” the micellar structure depended on the thickness of the PEO corona: shorter PEO chains led to enhanced cross-linking efficiency. At pH 8.5, the hydrodynamic diameter of un-cross-linked micelles increased rapidly above 40−50 °C due to the LCST behavior of the neutral DMA chains in the inner shell. In contrast, the dimensions of the SCL micelles in dilute aqueous solution are independent of temperature. These SCL micelles exhibit reversible swelling on varying the solution pH. At low pH, the DEA cores become protonated and hence hydrophilic. The effect of varying the block composition and the target degree of cross-linking on the structural stability and pH-dependent (de)swelling of the SCL micelles was systematically studied. Longer DEA blocks and lower target degrees of cross-linking led to increased swellability, as expected.