gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SYNTHESES OF DIDEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSYNTHESES OF DIDEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDESH. G. Khorana, W. E. Razzell, P. T. Gilham, G. M. Tener, and E. H. PolCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 4, 1002–1003Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01561a065https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01561a065research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views358Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fabrication of Nb3Sn Shell-Type Coils with Pre-Preg Ceramic Insulation (2004)

Insulation is one of the critical components for high‐field Nb3Sn magnets that follow wind‐and‐react approach. The insulation material has to withstand high bending stresses while winding the coil and high heat‐treatment temperatures under pressure during coil reaction. At Fermilab we have developed a procedure and tested successfully the dry ceramic insulation tape with inorganic liquid binder to wind and cure the coils. Recently we have extended this to a pre‐preg ceramic insulation tape, which would minimize and control the amount of binder in the coil. Several coils with various insulation patterns have been fabricated and tested at Fermilab. This paper discusses the fabrication issues of the coils with different types of cable insulation including the pre‐preg ceramic insulation.
Intracellular calcium increases with hyperactivation in intact, moving hamster sperm and oscillates with the flagellar beat cycle. (1993)

At some time before fertilization, mammalian sperm undergo a change in movement pattern, termed hyperactivation. There is evidence that hyperactivation offers an advantage to sperm for detaching from the oviductal mucosa, for penetrating viscoelastic substances in the oviduct, and for penetrating the zona pellucida. Hyperactivation is known to require extracellular calcium, but little else is known about the mechanisms by which calcium affects sperm movement. The calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye indo-1 was used to follow intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i) in individual moving sperm. Sperm were loaded with 10 microM of the acetoxymethyl ester form of the dye and then rinsed. The dye was excited at 340 nm by using a filtered xenon stroboscope, and images at the 405-nm and 490-nm excitation maxima were simultaneously digitized at 30 per sec for 2.1 sec. [Ca2+]i was significantly higher in the acrosomal and postacrosomal regions of the head and in the flagellar midpiece (the principal piece could not be measured) in hyperactivated than in nonhyperactivated sperm (P < 0.0001). [Ca2+]i oscillations were detected in the proximal half of the midpiece that were identical in frequency to the flagellar-beat-cycle frequency in 12 of 17 hyperactivated sperm (median, 3.5 Hz). Rapid [Ca2+]i oscillations were also detected in the acrosomal and postacrosomal regions, as well as in the distal midpiece. Oscillations were not eliminated by dampening the flagellar bending with methyl cellulose. The [Ca2+]i oscillations detected in sperm are significantly more rapid than oscillations detected in other cell types.
Surface street traffic estimation (2007)

In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective method of identifying traffic conditions on surface streets given location traces collected from on-road vehicles---this requires only GPS location data, plus infrequent low-bandwidth cellular updates. Unlike other systems, which simply display vehicle speeds on the road, our system characterizes unique traffic patterns on each road segment and identifies unusual traffic states on a segment-by-segment basis. We developed and evaluated the system by applying it to two sets of location traces. Evaluation results show that higher than 90% accuracy in characterization can be achieved after ten or more traversals are collected on a given road segment. We also show that traffic patterns on a road are very consistent over time, provided that the underlying road conditions do not change. This allows us to use a longer history in identifying traffic conditions with higher accuracy.
Multinozzle Emitter Arrays for Nanoelectrospray Mass Spectrometry (2011)

Mass spectrometry (MS) is the enabling technology for proteomics and metabolomics. However, dramatic improvements in both sensitivity and throughput are still required to achieve routine MS-based single cell proteomics and metabolomics. Here, we report the silicon-based monolithic multinozzle emitter array (MEA) and demonstrate its proof-of-principle applications in high-sensitivity and high-throughput nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry. Our MEA consists of 96 identical 10-nozzle emitters in a circular array on a 3 in. silicon chip. The geometry and configuration of the emitters, the dimension and number of the nozzles, and the micropillar arrays embedded in the main channel can be systematically and precisely controlled during the microfabrication process. Combining electrostatic simulation and experimental testing, we demonstrated that sharpened-end geometry at the stem of the individual multinozzle emitter significantly enhanced the electric fields at its protruding nozzle tips, enabling sequential nanoelectrospray for the high-density emitter array. We showed that electrospray current of the multinozzle emitter at a given total flow rate was approximately proportional to the square root of the number of its spraying-nozzles, suggesting the capability of high MS sensitivity for multinozzle emitters. Using a conventional Z-spray mass spectrometer, we demonstrated reproducible MS detection of peptides and proteins for serial MEA emitters, achieving sensitivity and stability comparable to the commercial capillary emitters. Our robust silicon-based MEA chip opens up the possibility of a fully integrated microfluidic system for ultrahigh-sensitivity and ultrahigh-throughput proteomics and metabolomics.
In Vivo Behavior of Genetically Engineered Herpes Simplex Viruses R7017 and R7020. II. Studies in Immunocompetent and Immunosuppressed Owl Monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) (1990)

The genetically engineered herpes simplex virus strains R7017 and R7020 were tested in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) previously shown to model herpetic diseases of immunocompromised patients and neonates. In contrast to the lethal disease seen in monkeys receiving 100-1,000 plaque-forming units (pfu) of wild-type virus, inoculation of greater than or equal to 10(6) pfu of recombinant viruses produced local lesions and viral shedding but not disseminated disease. Latent recombinant viruses were recovered from some ganglia innervating the sites of inoculation. Monkeys protected from lethal infection with wild-type virus exhibit recurrent lesions that increase in frequency and severity after total lymphoid gamma irradiation (TLI). In contrast, monkeys immunosuppressed by TLI and inoculated with R7020 could not be differentiated from irradiated controls with respect to morbidity or mortality. Moreover, the virus was not transmitted from immunosuppressed infected females to normal male cage mates.
Interleukin 2 receptor-targeted cytotoxicity. Interleukin 2 receptor-mediated action of a diphtheria toxin-related interleukin 2 fusion protein. (1988)

The IL-2 toxin-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis in high affinity IL-2-R-positive murine and human T cell lines has been examined. Both excess free IL-2 and mAb to the Tac epitope of the p55 subunit of IL-2-R are shown to block the action of IL-2 toxin; whereas, agents that interact with other receptors or antigens on the T cell surface have no effect. We show that IL-2 toxin, like diphtheria toxin, must pass through an acidic vesicle in order to intoxicate target T cells. Finally, we demonstrate that the IL-2 toxin-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis in both human and murine T cells that bear the high affinity IL-2-R is due to the classic diphtheria toxin fragment A-catalyzed ADP ribosylation of elongation factor 2.
Genetic engineering of a quantitative trait: metabolic and genetic parameters influencing the accumulation of laurate in rapeseed (1996)

Laurate can be produced in the seed reserve oil of Brassica napus (rapeseed) by the expression of an heterologous lauroyl acyl‐carrier protein thioesterase under the control of a napin seed‐storage protein promoter. Analysis of a large number of transgenic events, and their progeny after self‐pollination, shows that laurate can accumulate to nearly 60% of the triglyceride acyl groups. Up to 40 mol% laurate the phenotype is correlated positively with the number of thioesterase gene copies. The use of a tandem gene construct elevates the average laurate content. This effect correlates with an increased average number of T‐DNA insertions per event; no cis ‐inactivation of tandem genes is apparent. Above 40 mol% laurate other factors apparently limit the phenotype. The expression timing conferred by the napin promoter is unlikely to be limiting, as it covers almost the entire period of oil deposition. A more significant limitation resides in the second acylation reaction of oil biosynthesis, as shown by the very low incorporation of laurate at the sn ‐2 acyl group. The novel, high‐laurate oil is consequently rich in sn ‐1,3‐dilauroyl triglycerides, but its unusual composition appears to pose no problems for mobilization during seed germination.
Enhanced NAD(P)H:Quinone Reductase Activity Prevents Glutamate Toxicity Produced by Oxidative Stress (1991)

Glutamate toxicity in the N18-RE-105 neuronal cell line results from the inhibition of high-affinity cystine uptake, which leads to a depletion of glutathione and the accumulation of oxidants. Production of superoxides by one-electron oxidation/reduction of quinones is decreased by NAD(P)H:quinone reductase, an enzyme with DT-diaphorase activity. Using glutamate toxicity in N18-RE-105 cells as a model of neuronal oxidative stress, we report that the degree of glutamate toxicity observed is inversely proportional to quinone reductase activity. Induction of quinone reductase activity by treatment with t-butylhydroquinone reduced glutamate toxicity by up to 80%. In contrast, treatment with the quinone reductase inhibitor dicumarol potentiated the toxic effect of glutamate. Measurement of cellular glutathione indicates that increases in its levels are not responsible for the protective effect of t-butylhydroquinone treatment. Because many types of cell death may involve the formation of oxidants, induction of quinone reductase may be a new strategy to combat neurodegenerative disease.
Pharmacokinetic Aspects of Biliary Excretion. Dose Dependency of Riboflavin in Rat (1970)

In order to know the kinetic aspects of the enterohepatic circulation, the excretion in bile and the elimination from blood of riboflavin were studied in rat. Three riboflavin derivatives, i. e. free riboflavin (FR), flavin-5'-phosphate (FMN), and flavin adenin dinucleotide (FAD) were used. (1) Biliary Excretion 1) Irrespective of the kinds of administered riboflavin derivatives, FR was the major and FAD was the minor excreted in bile, but no FMN was found. 2) A remarkable dose dependency of biliary excretion was found. When high doses (1-10 μmole) were administered, the rapid excretion occurred instantaneously and excretion was proceeded to 80% within 2 hr, and the excretion time course was described with two rate processes of rate constants k1 and k2. On the other hand, when low doses (0.05-0.1 μmole) were administered, the excretion was slow and proceeded to only 50% after 4-5 hr, and the time course was described with one rate process of rate constant k'. It was an interesting result that k' had the similar value to that of k2. 3) Some kinetic model for the dose dependency were discussed. (2) Elimination from Blood 1) FMN and FAD were found to be dephosphorylyzed very rapidly in blood. 2) The elimination of riboflavin from blood after i. v. administered was very fast and obeyed the two compartmental model. 3) The blood concentration time course of i. v. injected riboflavin was compared between a normal and a cannulated rat. The reabsorption of riboflavin could not be ascertained.
Selective stimulation of T helper 2 cytokine responses by the anti‐psoriasis agent monomethylfumarate (1996)

Type 2 cytokines are thought to have a protective role in psoriasis vulgaris by dampening the activity of T helper 1 (Th1) lymphocytes. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of monomethylfumarate (MMF), the most active metabolite of the new anti-psoriatic drug Fumaderm, on the production of cytokines and the development of Th subsets. MMF was found to enhance interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 production by CD2/CD8 monoclonal antibody-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in a dose-dependent manner. Maximal effects of MMF were found at a concentration of 200 microM and resulted in tenfold enhanced levels of IL-4 and IL-5 production. MMF did not affect the levels of IL-2 production, interferon (IFN)-gamma production or proliferative T cell responses in these cultures. Similar effects of MMF were observed in cultures of purified peripheral blood T cells indicating that this compound can act directly on T cells. MMF did not influence cytokine production by purified CD4+CD45RA+ (unprimed) T cells, but greatly enhanced IL-4 and IL-5 production without affecting IFN-gamma production by purified CD4+CD45RO+ (primed) T cells. Furthermore, MMF also augmented IL-4 and IL-5 production in established Th1/Th0 clones that were stimulated with CD2/CD28 monoclonal antibody. Finally, when PBMC were challenged with Mycobacterium tuberculosis that typically induces Th1 recall responses with strong IFN-gamma secretion, MMF again appeared to induce high levels of IL-4 and IL-5 secretion while IFN-gamma production was unaffected. These results may be relevant for the development of therapeutic regimens designed to correct inappropriate Th1 subset development in immunopathologic conditions.
Determination of pathogenic bacteria by CZE with surface‐modified capillaries (2008)

The importance of electromigration techniques in molecular biology and medicine is increasing rapidly, especially in systematic studies on proteomes and metabolomes. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are bacterial species most frequently encountered in human infections, and many serious illnesses can be observed in the hospital environment. In this contribution we proposed a CE method with different modification of internal capillary surface and with monolithic beds as a selective material for determination of bacteria in clinical samples. The electrophoretic separation depends on the differential mobility of bacteria in the capillary and selective interactions between bacterial cells and stationary phases (modified surface, monolithic beads). Proposed procedures could become an effective tool for diagnosis of certain diseases caused by S. aureus and E. coli as well as Proteus vulgaris.
Tumor therapy by deprivation of L-methionine: rationale and results. (1979)

Published reports indicate that normal rodent cells can grow in medium containing either L-methionine or L-homocysteine, whereas malignant rodent cells have an absolute requirement for L-methionine. Our studies with two normal human cell lines (fetal lung fibroblasts and bladder epithelial cells) exhibit equal growth in media containing either L-methionine or L-homocysteine. The same is true for five malignant human cell lines (carcinoma of the cervix [HeLa], adenocarcinoma of the breast [AlAb], acute lymphoblastic leukemia [MOLT-3], Wilms' tumor [SK-NEP-1], and reticulum cell sarcoma [T-77], whereas four other malignant cell lines (adenocarcinoma of the breast [SK-BR-2-III], the two lymphoblastic leukemias [CCRF-HSB-2 and CCRF-SB], and a neuroblastoma [SK-N-MC]) have absolute requirements for L-methionine. Two malignant cell lines, an adenocarcinoma of the lung (A549) and an adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (Capan-1), showed restricted growth under the experimental conditions used. L-Methionlinase (L-methionine-alpha-deamino-gamma-mercaptomethane-lyase, EC 4.4.1.11) at a concentration of 0.1 unit/ml leads to complete growth inhibition of cell cultures of both the normal human fetal lung fibroblasts (F-136-35-56) and the acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CCRF-HSB-2). L-Homocysteine-thiolactone in medium containing L-methioninase could partly "rescue" the normal but not the malignant cells.
CD4+ CD25+ Regulatory T Cells Control T Helper Cell Type 1 Responses to Foreign Antigens Induced by Mature Dendritic Cells In Vivo (2003)

Recent evidence suggests that in addition to their well known stimulatory properties, dendritic cells (DCs) may play a major role in peripheral tolerance. It is still unclear whether a distinct subtype or activation status of DC exists that promotes the differentiation of suppressor rather than effector T cells from naive precursors. In this work, we tested whether the naturally occurring CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) may control immune responses induced by DCs in vivo. We characterized the immune response induced by adoptive transfer of antigen-pulsed mature DCs into mice depleted or not of CD25+ cells. We found that the development of major histocompatibility complex class I and II-restricted interferon gamma-producing cells was consistently enhanced in the absence of Treg. By contrast, T helper cell (Th)2 priming was down-regulated in the same conditions. This regulation was independent of interleukin 10 production by DCs. Of note, splenic DCs incubated in vitro with Toll-like receptor ligands (lipopolysaccharide or CpG) activated immune responses that remained sensitive to Treg function. Our data further show that mature DCs induced higher cytotoxic activity in CD25-depleted recipients as compared with untreated hosts. We conclude that Treg naturally exert a negative feedback mechanism on Th1-type responses induced by mature DCs in vivo.
Inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase. 1. Identification and structure-activity relationships of a novel series of fatty acid anilide hypocholesterolemic agents (1992)

A series of fatty acid anilides was prepared, and compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit the enzyme acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) in vitro and to lower plasma total cholesterol and elevate high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in cholesterol-fed rats in vivo. The compounds reported were found to fall into two subclasses with different anilide SAR. For nonbranched acyl analogues, inhibitory potency was found to be optimal with bulky 2,6-dialkyl substitution. For alpha-substituted acyl analogues, there was little dependence of in vitro potency on anilide substitution and 2,4,6-trimethoxy was uniquely preferred. Most of the potent inhibitors (IC50 less than 50 nM) were found to produce significant reductions in plasma total cholesterol in cholesterol-fed rats. Additionally, in vivo activity could be improved significantly by the introduction of alpha,alpha-disubstitution into the fatty acid portion of the molecule. A narrow group of alpha,alpha-disubstituted trimethoxyanilides, exemplified by 2,2-dimethyl-N-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)dodecanamide (39), was found to not only lower plasma total cholesterol (-60%) in cholesterol-fed rats but also elevate levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (+94%) in this model at the screening dose of 0.05% in the diet (ca. 50 mg/kg).
X-ray powder diffraction data for ammonium D -gluconate, C 6 H 11 O 7 − NH 4 + (2003)

The compound ammonium D -gluconate (C 6 H 11 O 7 − NH 4 + ) has been studied by X-ray powder diffraction. The powder diffraction pattern and data obtained at room temperature are presented (cell data and powder data summary).
Miniaturized Fiber Bragg Grating Interrogator based on an Arrayed Waveguide Grating in SOI platform (2015)

Within the European project SmartFiber we experimentally demonstrated a novel miniaturized Fiber-Bragg-Grating sensor interrogator, based on a tailored Arrayed-Waveguide-Grating (AWG) filter fabricated in the Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) platform. The measured interrogator resolution is 10pm on a 50nm operational bandwidth.
Poly(l-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) Assembled Monolayers on Niobium Oxide Surfaces:  A Quantitative Study of the Influence of Polymer Interfacial Architecture on Resistance to Protein Adsorption by ToF-SIMS and in Situ OWLS (2003)

Poly(l-lysine) grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG), a polycationic copolymer that is positively charged at neutral pH, spontaneously adsorbs from aqueous solution onto negatively charged surfaces, resulting in the formation of stable polymeric monolayers and rendering the surfaces protein-resistant to a degree related to the PEG surface density. A set of PLL-g-PEG polymers with different architectures was synthesized. The grafting ratio, g, of the polymer, defined as the ratio of the number of lysine monomers to the number of PEG side chains, was systematically varied between 2 and 23, and PEG molecular weights of 1, 2, and 5 kDa were used. The polymers were adsorbed onto niobium oxide-coated substrates, leading to highly different but well-controlled PEG surface densities with maximal values of 0.9, 0.5, and 0.3 chains/nm2 for the three PEG molecular weights, respectively. Time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used in conjunction with the in situ optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) technique to investigate the interface architecture. While ToF-SIMS provided surface-analytical data on the polymeric adlayer, OWLS allowed the quantitative determination of the adsorbed polymer mass. Extremely good correlations were established between the ToF-SIMS data (obtained in UHV) and the in situ OWLS results. The amount of serum adsorbed, determined quantitatively by OWLS, was found to depend systematically on the surface coverage in terms of the ethylene glycol (EG) density, controlled by both PEG molecular weight and grafting ratio, g. Serum adsorption dropped gradually from 590 ng/cm2 on bare Nb2O5 to <2 ng/cm2 (=detection limit of the OWLS technique) for EG densities ≥ 20 nm-2. The PLL-g-PEG technology shows itself to be an efficient, cost-effective, and robust tool for the immobilization of PEG chains onto metal oxide surfaces. The precise control over PEG surface density across a wide range allows for the production of tailored surfaces with controlled degrees of bio-interactiveness. Such surfaces are expected to have a substantial potential for applications in biomedical and bioanalytical devices.
Experiments of the EPR Type Involving CP -Violation Do not Allow Faster-than-Light Communication between Distant Observers (1988)

The proof that faster-than-light communication is not permitted by quantum mechanics derived some years ago by three of us is extended to cover the case of measurements which do not fit within the standard scheme based on sets of orthogonal projections. A detailed discussion of a recent proposal of superluminal transmission making resort to a CP-violating interaction is presented. It is shown that such a proposal cannot work.