gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cloning of an Epithelial Chloride Channel from Bovine Trachea (1995)

We have isolated and cloned a novel epithelial Cl- channel protein from a bovine tracheal cDNA expression library using an antibody probe. The antibody (alpha p38) was raised against a 38-kDa component of a homopolymeric protein that behaves as a Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II-, DIDS-, and dithiothreitol (DTT)-sensitive, anion-selective channel when incorporated into planar lipid bilayers. The full-length cDNA is 3001 base pairs long and codes for a 903-amino acid protein. The clone does not show any significant homology to any other previously reported Cl- channel sequence. Northern analysis of bovine tracheal mRNA with a cDNA probe corresponding to the cloned sequence revealed a band at 3.1 kilobases, suggesting that close to the full-length sequence has been cloned. The full-length open reading frame (2712 base pairs) has been expressed in Xenopus oocytes and in mammalian COS-7 cells. In oocytes, expression of the clone was associated with the appearance of a novel DIDS-, and DTT-sensitive, anion-selective conductance that was outwardly rectified and exhibited a reversal potential close to 0 mV. Whole-cell patch clamp studies in COS-7 cells transfected with the clone identified an ionomycin-, and DTT-sensitive chloride conductance that was not apparent in mock-transfected or control cells. In vitro translation studies have shown that the primary transcript codes for a protein migrating at 140 kDa under reduced conditions, significantly larger than the polypeptide recognized by alpha p38. We therefore suggest that either the 140-kDa translated product is a prepro form of the 38-kDa subunit of the previously identified bovine tracheal anion channel and that the primary transcript is post-translationally cleaved to yield the final product, or that the cloned channel and the previously identified bovine tracheal anion channel protein share an epitope that is recognized by the alpha p38 antibody.
A New Means of Inducibly Inactivating a Cellular Protein (1988)

This paper presents a general means of eliminating the function of a single protein without relying on genetic alterations in its structure or level of synthesis. The strategy is based on the inducible cellular expression of neutralizing antibody to inactivate the protein selectively. The feasibility of this approach is illustrated by using alcohol dehydrogenase I (ADH I) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model. Heavy- and light-chain cDNAs were isolated from a hybridoma secreting an antibody which neutralizes yeast ADH I. The cDNAs were characterized with respect to their length and identity, their signal sequences were removed, and synthetic translation initiation codons were joined to them. These truncated sequences were then inserted into an inducible expression vector and shown to be expressed as stable heavy and light chains, which assemble and bind antigen. The sequences were introduced into yeast mutants containing different levels of ADH activity, and evidence is provided that the antibodies produce limited neutralization of enzyme activity in vivo. In principle, the approach can be used for any cell type in which functional antibody can be inducibly expressed.
Human Galanin Secretion is Increased Upon Normal Exercise Test in Middle-Age Individuals (2000)

Galanin, a neuropeptide, is found in the central nervous system and in a number of nonbrain areas including adrenal sympathetic medullar tissue and pancreas. Several studies involve galanin in the regulation of GH, which responds to stressful stimuli. This study refers to the investigation of the effect of a 20-min exercise on plasma human galanin (hGAL) and GH in middle-aged healthy volunteer adults. Thirteen individuals, 5 males and 8 females aged 40-50 years (44.7 +/- 2.95) were selected on the basis of normal body mass index (22.5 +/- 2.3 kg/m2) and the absence of endocrine or any other abnormality. Basal concentrations of GH and hGAL were measured between 0800 and 0900h after an overnight fast. Post exercise levels were recorded after termination of the stressful test and 15 min thereafter. GH and hGAL were determined by an immunoradiometric and radioimmunoassay, respectively. The exercise-potentiated GH response in all subjects with post-exercise levels significantly higher (11.09 +/- 1.8 ng/ml vs 1.27 +/- 0.7 ng/ml, p<0.0001, F=32.44) with the peak in the hormone level detected 15 min after the end of exercise (12.09 +/- 1.96 ng/ml). Plasma hGAL levels were also substantially affected by the acute exercise test, in that post exercise peripheral blood concentration was significantly higher from the basal values (21.51 +/- 9.94 vs 13.46 +/- 7.2 pg/ml, p<0.02, F=5.50). Again the hGAL values peaked 15 min after the end of exercise (24.0 +/- 10.5 pg/ml, P<0.015, F = 4.68). However, the time-correlation of the increments of GH and hGAL did not reach a statistically significant level (20 min: r=0.41, p=0.161., 35 min: r=-0.095, P=0.758). These results clearly show an independence of the two hormones. The responsivity of hGAL of middle-aged individuals to the exercise stimulus might be due to the higher releasable pool of the hormone.
Categorical Data Analysis (2010)

Categorical data analysis , Categorical data analysis , کتابخانه الکترونیک و دیجیتال - آذرسا
Comparison of density measurement techniques for additive manufactured metallic parts (2011)

Purpose In the optimisation of processing parameters for additive manufactured parts using, e.g. selective laser melting (SLM) or electron beam melting, the measurement of the part densities is essential and of high interest. However, there is no common standard. Different institutes and system providers are using their own principles and guidelines. This study investigates the accuracies of the three measurement principles: Archimedes method, microscopic analysis of cross sections and X‐ray scanning. Design/methodology/approach A total of 15 test samples on five density levels (densities between 90 and 99.5 per cent) were produced using the SLM process. The samples are analysed regarding the accuracy of the measurement principles and their reproducibility taking into account influencing parameters like the buoyancy of a sample in air (Archimedes method) or different magnifications of a cross section. Findings The Archimedes method shows a very high accuracy (±0.08 per cent for high densities) and repeatability (±&lt;0.1 per cent) on all density levels. In contrast to the Archimedes method, taking a micrograph of a specific cross section allows to influence the resulting density and the coefficient of variation reaches values&gt;4 per cent. However, for low porosities, mean densities are comparable to the results of the Archimedes method even though calculated densities are typically somewhat too high. The advantage of the image guided analysis (2D and 3D) is getting more information about the distribution, size and form of pores in the part. Originality/value The findings do not only refer to metallic parts but generally to all parts having a specific porosity. The study is a contribution to the American Society for Testing and Materials initiative F42 “Additive Manufacturing Technology” and especially to the subcommittee “test methods”.
Cat lateral suprasylvian cortex: Y-cell inputs and corticotectal projection (1985)

Retinal Y-cells activate most cells in the deep layers of the cat's superior colliculus via an indirect pathway involving the occipital cortex. The lateral suprasylvian area seems to be an important source of visual input to the deep collicular strata but it is unclear whether Y-cell influences reach this extrastriate area and, hence, whether this area participates in the indirect Y-cell pathway. In this study, retinal influences on the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area (PMLS) were studied in anesthetized cats. Responses to electrical stimulation of the optic disk (OD) and optic chiasm (OX) were recorded in single units in PMLS and in neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) that were antidromically driven from PMLS. Virtually all PMLS cells (99%; 99/100) exhibited small differences (less than or equal to 0.8 ms) between OD- and OX-activation latency, indicating that they were driven by a pathway originating in rapidly conducting Y-cell axons. A small number of PMLS cells (17%; 20/118) had very short activation latencies (less than or equal to 3.2 ms from OX), comparable to those of cells in areas 17 and 18 receiving monosynaptic inputs from geniculate Y-cells. Further, LGNd cells with latency behaviors typical of Y-cells could be antidromically driven from PMLS, confirming that geniculate Y-cells project directly to PMLS. Most PMLS cells (83%; 98/118), though exhibiting small OD-OX latency differences, had absolute latencies too long to be attributed to direct inputs from geniculate Y-cells (3.3-8.5 ms from OX). Thus Y-cells in the LGNd influence most PMLS cells by way of a multisynaptic pathway. PMLS cells antidromically activated from the superior colliculus were driven only by this multisynaptic Y-cell input. Total conduction time from the retina through PMLS to the colliculus corresponds closely to the latency of the indirect Y-cell activation observed in the deep collicular layers. These results support the view that the lateral suprasylvian cortex constitutes an important source of visual input to the cat's deep collicular layers and, more generally, that the extrastriate visual cortex may figure prominently in the cortical control of gaze.
Functional Rice Centromeres Are Marked by a Satellite Repeat and a Centromere-Specific Retrotransposon (2002)

The centromere of eukaryotic chromosomes is essential for the faithful segregation and inheritance of genetic information. In the majority of eukaryotic species, centromeres are associated with highly repetitive DNA, and as a consequence, the boundary for a functional centromere is difficult to define. In this study, we demonstrate that the centers of rice centromeres are occupied by a 155-bp satellite repeat, CentO, and a centromere-specific retrotransposon, CRR. The CentO satellite is located within the chromosomal regions to which the spindle fibers attach. CentO is quantitatively variable among the 12 rice centromeres, ranging from 65 kb to 2 Mb, and is interrupted irregularly by CRR elements. The break points of 14 rice centromere misdivision events were mapped to the middle of the CentO arrays, suggesting that the CentO satellite is located within the functional domain of rice centromeres. Our results demonstrate that the CentO satellite may be a key DNA element for rice centromere function.
Target Frequency and Integration Pattern for Insertion and Replacement Vectors in Embryonic Stem Cells (1991)

Gene targeting has been used to direct mutations into specific chromosomal loci in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells. The altered locus can be studied in vivo with chimeras and, if the mutated cells contribute to the germ line, in their offspring. Although homologous recombination is the basis for the widely used gene targeting techniques, to date, the mechanism of homologous recombination between a vector and the chromosomal target in mammalian cells is essentially unknown. Here we look at the nature of gene targeting in ES cells by comparing an insertion vector with replacement vectors that target hprt. We found that the insertion vector targeted up to ninefold more frequently than a replacement vector with the same length of homologous sequence. We also observed that the majority of clones targeted with replacement vectors did not recombine as predicted. Analysis of the recombinant structures showed that the external heterologous sequences were often incorporated into the target locus. This observation can be explained by either single reciprocal recombination (vector insertion) of a recircularized vector or double reciprocal recombination/gene conversion (gene replacement) of a vector concatemer. Thus, single reciprocal recombination of an insertion vector occurs 92-fold more frequently than double reciprocal recombination of a replacement vector with crossover junctions on both the long and short arms.
Ultrabroadband Mirror Using Low-Index Cladded Subwavelength Grating (2004)

We report a novel subwavelength grating that has a very broad reflection spectrum and very high reflectivity. The design is scalable for different wavelengths. It facilitates monolithic integration of optoelectronic devices at a wide range of wavelengths from visible to far infrared.
Role of Hyphal Formation in Interactions of Candida albicans with Endothelial Cells (2000)

The ability to change from yeast to hyphal morphology is a major virulence determinant of Candida albicans. Mutants with defined defects in filamentation regulatory pathways have reduced virulence in mice. However, is it poorly understood why hyphal formation is critical for C. albicans to cause hematogenously disseminated infections. We used recently constructed mutants to examine the role of hyphal formation in the interactions of C. albicans with endothelial cells in vitro. These interactions included the ability of the mutants to invade and injure endothelial cells. Because the formation of hyphae may influence the host inflammatory response to C. albicans, we also investigated the capacity of these mutants to stimulate endothelial cells to express E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule 1. We infected endothelial cells with C. albicans strains containing homozygous null mutations in the following filamentation regulatory genes: CLA4, CPH1, EFG1, and TUP1. Whereas the wild-type strain formed true hyphae on endothelial cells, we found that neither the Deltaefg1 nor the Deltacph1 Deltaefg1 double mutant germinated. The Deltatup1 mutant formed only pseudohyphae. We also found that the Deltaefg1, Deltacph1 Deltaefg1, and Deltatup1 mutants had significantly reduced capacities to invade and injure endothelial cells. Therefore, Efg1p and Tup1p contribute to virulence by regulating hyphal formation and the factors that enable C. albicans to invade and injure endothelial cells. With the exception of the Deltacph1 Deltaefg1 mutant, all other mutants stimulated endothelial cells to express at least one of the leukocyte adhesion molecules. Therefore, the combined activities of Cph1p and Efg1p are required for C. albicans to stimulate a proinflammatory response in endothelial cells.
Water‐Assisted Growth of Aligned Carbon Nanotube–ZnO Heterojunction Arrays (2006)

Using water-assisted chemical vapor deposition, aligned CNT–ZnO (CNT: carbon nanotube) heterojunctions are formed on a Zn substrate. The aligned CNT heterojunctions with intimately connected ZnO particles/rods show interesting optoelectronic properties of practical significance. This cost-effective and efficient approach can be scaled up for the production of large-area heterojunction arrays (see figure).
Economic forecasting and policy (2012)

Introduction Overview Business Cycle Analysis Real Sector Building Blocks Financial Sector Dynamics Public Finances Medium and Long-Run Projections Risks and Accuracy Policymaking and Forecasts Appendix: A Tour of the Forecasting Institutions Annex I: The Data Annex II: Time Series Methods Annex III: Macroeconomic Models Bibliography Index
Expression of early growth response genes in human prostate cancer. (1998)

Early growth-response (EGR) genes are nuclear transcription factors that are implicated in regulating cell proliferation. Because these genes show divergent expression in various human tumors, we sought to determine their expression in nonmalignant and malignant prostate tissues. Total RNA extracted from prostate tissues was probed with EGR-1, EGR-2, and EGR-alpha cDNA for Northern blots and digoxigenin-labeled cRNA for in situ hybridization. Both Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses demonstrated increased EGR-1, but not EGR-2 or EGR-alpha expression, in malignant prostate tissue as compared with weak expression in nonmalignant tissue. EGR-1 mRNA was quantified in 96 prostate specimens (86 adenocarcinomas representing different Gleason scores and 10 benign tissues showing no histological manifestation of benign prostatic hypertrophy) using in situ hybridization with an 35S-labeled cRNA probe. EGR-1 mRNA was expressed at significantly higher levels in cancer than in normal prostate (P < 0.001). In cancer with Gleason scores 8-10, the expression of EGR-1 was higher compared with those of lower Gleason scores (P < 0.005). Immunohistochemical staining showed predominately basal cell nuclear EGR-1 protein in prostatic acini. Nuclear staining was weak in nonmalignant tissues, more intense in moderately differentiated carcinoma, and most intense in poorly differentiated carcinoma. These results show that EGR-1 is overexpressed in prostate cancer and suggest a role for EGR-1 in prostate cancer growth.
Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors: clinical development of anticancer agents (2003)

Numerous small molecule synthetic tyrosine kinase inhibitors are in clinical development for the treatment of human cancers. These fall into three broad categories: inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase family (e.g., Iressa™ and Tarceva™), inhibitors of the split kinase domain receptor tyrosine kinase subgroup (e.g., PTK787/ZK 222584 and SU11248) and inhibitors of tyrosine kinases from multiple subgroups (e.g., Gleevec™). In addition, agents targeting other tyrosine kinases implicated in cancer, such as Met, Tie-2 and Src, are in preclinical development. As experience is gained in the clinic, it has become clear that unleashing the full therapeutic potential of tyrosine kinase inhibitors will require patient preselection, better assays to guide dose selection, knowledge of mechanism-based side effects and ways to predict and overcome drug resistance.
Suppression of ammonia‐induced astrocyte swelling by cyclosporin A (2003)

Brain edema is a serious complication of hepatic encephalopathy associated with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). A major component of the edema seems to be cytotoxic, involving astrocyte swelling. Although the mechanism of brain edema in FHF is incompletely understood, it is generally believed that ammonia is involved critically in this process. Recent studies have shown that exposure of cultured astrocytes to ammonia results in the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), a phenomenon associated with mitochondrial failure and subsequent cellular dysfunction. The present study examined the potential role of the MPT in the astrocyte swelling associated with ammonia toxicity. Treatment of cultured astrocytes with ammonia (5 mM) caused a time-dependent increase in astrocyte cell volume (swelling), which was completely inhibited by the MPT inhibitor cyclosporin A (CsA). In this study, CsA also inhibited the ammonia-induced aquaporin 4 (AQP4) upregulation, which had been shown previously to be increased in cultured astrocytes by ammonia treatment. These findings suggest that the MPT plays a significant role in the ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling and may contribute to the brain edema associated with FHF.
The Usefulness of CD64, Other Monocyte-Associated Antigens, and CD45 Gating in the Subclassification of Acute Myeloid Leukemias with Monocytic Differentiation (1998)

Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry is widely used in the diagnosis and subclassification of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). CD14 is the monocyte-associated antigen most widely used to identify AML with monocytic differentiation (French-American-British classes M4 and M5); however, we observed that CD14 expression is frequently diminished or absent in such cases. To identify monocyte-associated antigens that might improve recognition of AML M4 and M5, we used 3-color flow cytometry and a panel of antibodies reported to distinguish cells of monocytic lineage in 44 cases of AML. In addition, CD45 vs logarithmic side scatter plots were analyzed in all cases. As expected, CD14 was highly specific but was only moderately sensitive for monocytic differentiation. CD64 had the best-combined sensitivity and specificity for AML M4 and M5. CD45 vs logarithmic side scatter analysis showed a higher percentage of monocytes in AML M4 and M5 compared with nonmonocytic AML. CD64 was expressed in 5 of 5 cases of acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML M3), but the intensity of staining was significantly less in AML M3 than in AML M4 and M5. Our findings show that addition of CD64 and CD45 vs logarithmic side scatter analysis to CD14 greatly improves flow cytometric detection of AML with monocytic differentiation and that CD64, also expressed in AML M3, may help distinguish AML M3 from other subtypes.
A double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway mediating stress-induced apoptosis (1997)

Apoptosis occurs in response to different cellular stresses, including viral infection, inflammatory cytokines, growth factor deprivation, and UV light, but it is unclear whether these inducers share a common mechanism of induction. The interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) has been implicated in processes that rely on apoptosis as control mechanisms in vivo, including antiviral activities, cell growth regulation, and tumorigenesis. Here we report that mouse embryo fibroblasts from mutant mice containing homozygous deletions in the PKR gene (Pkr(0/0) mice) were resistant to apoptotic cell death in response to double-stranded RNA, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, or lipopolysaccharide. The mechanism underlying the suppression of apoptosis in the Pkr(0/0) cells could be attributed to defects in the activation of DNA-binding activity for the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-1 and in Fas mRNA induction. Thus, these results provide genetic evidence implicating a requirement for PKR in mediating different forms of stress-related apoptosis.
Concatenation of space-time block codes and LDPC codes (2008)

Space-Time coding is widely used in wireless communication systems, in order to provide diversity gain and overcome fading effects of multipath propagation, also by using channel codes, such as Convolutional, Turbo and LDPC coding, we can increase coding gain and obtain performance result near to Shannon limit. In this paper, we consider the concatenation of LDPC coding as outer code and Alamouti'sG <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> space-time block codes as inner codes to achieve the benefits of both techniques; In addition the performance of proposed system is studied as a function of LDPC decoding parameters e. g. frame length, number of iteration, coding rate and constellation mapping over Rayleigh flat-fading and AWGN noisy channel.