gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Cyanate In Vitro on Red Blood Cell Metabolism and Function in Sickle Cell Anemia (1972)

Cyanate, which is in equilibrium with urea, combines with the alpha-amino group of the aminoterminal valine of hemoglobin in an irreversible, specific carbamylation reaction. Partial carbamylation (0.72 residues/hemoglobin tetramer) as determined by cyanate-(14)C incorporation or hydantoin analysis diminishes the in vitro sickling phenomenon. Since cyanate may react not only with hemoglobin but also with functional groups of other red blood cell proteins, the in vitro effect of cyanate was studied on sickle cells. Cells were incubated with 10 mM KCl (control) or 10 mM KNCO (carbamylated) for 1 hr, washed, and resuspended in autologous plasma. Glycolysis, ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (DPG) stability, autohemolysis, and osmotic fragility were not affected by carbamylation. Potassium loss in carbamylated cells (2.8 mmol/liter) was less than in control cells (9.0 mmol/liter). Pyruvate kinase activity of carbamylated cells was decreased ( approximately 25%) but the activities of other glycolytic enzymes were similar to those of control cells. Oxygen affinity of carbamylated sickle, normal, and DPG-depleted normal cells increased, and was a sensitive index of the degree and duration of reaction with cyanate. The reactivity of carbamylated cells to DPG was similar to control cells. DPG-depleted carbamylated cells regenerated DPG and increased the P(50) when incubated with pyruvate, inosine, and phosphate. The Bohr effect of normal and of sickle cells was not affected (Deltalog P(50)/Delta pH=-0.48 and -0.53, respectively) after carbamylation. The reserve buffering capacity of plasma offset the slightly diminished ( approximately 15%) CO(2) capacity of carbamylated cells so that whole blood CO(2) capacity, pH, and P(CO2) were normal. These studies provide further support for the potential clinical use of cyanate in treating and preventing the anemia and painful crises of sickle cell disease.
Sphingolipid Metabolites and the Cellular Phenotype. (1997)

スフィンゴ脂質は普遍的に存在する複合脂質で、膜構造の維持に寄与している。ここ数年、スフィンゴ脂質誘導体は細胞内情報伝達分子として同定されてきた (1-3)。スフィンゴミエリンの連続的な異化作用によって生じる代謝産物は、生物学的に正反対の作用を示す。つまり、セラミドは細胞分裂を抑制し、スフィンゴシンは細胞増殖を促進する。これらの作用を伝達する細胞内情報伝達経路は、現在でも不明のままである。この総説では、特にスフィンゴ脂質由来のセカンドメッセンジャーによる細胞内キナーゼカスケードの制御に重点を置き、スフィンゴ脂質が関与する情報伝達系における最近の進歩に焦点を合わせたいと考えている。スフィンゴ脂質代謝産物によるMAPK(mitogen-activated protein kinase) カスケードの選択的活性化は、部分的にではあるが、細胞の表現型を決めるかもしれない。
Inward-rectifying potassium channels in retinal glial (Muller) cells (1993)

The voltage- and K(+)-dependent properties of Müller cell currents and channels were characterized in freshly dissociated salamander Müller cells. In whole-cell voltage-clamp experiments, cells with endfeet intact and cells missing endfeet both displayed strong inward rectification. The rectification was similar in shape in both groups of cells but currents were 9.2 times larger in cells with endfeet. Ba2+ at 100 microM reduced the inward current to 6.8% of control amplitude. Decreasing external K+ concentration shifted the cell current-voltage (I-V) relation in a hyperpolarizing direction and reduced current magnitude. In multichannel, cell-attached patch-clamp experiments, patches from both endfoot and soma membrane displayed strong inward rectification. Currents were 38 times larger in endfoot patches. In single-channel, cell-attached patch-clamp experiments, inward-rectifying K+ channels were, in almost all cases, the only channels present in patches of endfoot, proximal process, and soma membrane. Channel conductance was 27.8 pS in 98 mM external K+. Reducing external K+ shifted the channel reversal potential in a hyperpolarizing direction and reduced channel conductance. Channel open probability varied as a function of voltage, being reduced at more negative potentials. Together, these observations demonstrate that the principal ion channel in all Müller cell regions is an inward-rectifying K+ channel. Channel density is far higher on the cell endfoot than in other cell regions. Whole-cell I-V plots of cells bathed in 12, 7, 4, and 2.5 mM K+ were fit by an equation including Boltzmann relation terms representing channel rectification and channel open probability. This equation was incorporated into a model of K+ dynamics in the retina to evaluate the significance of inward-rectifying channels to the spatial buffering/K+ siphoning mechanism of K+ regulation. Compared with ohmic channels, inward-rectifying channels increased the rate of K+ clearance from the retina by 23% for a 1 mM K+ increase and by 137% for a 9.5 mM K+ increase, demonstrating that Müller cell inward-rectifying channels enhance K+ regulation in the retina.
The mechanisms controlling NK cell autoreactivity in TAP2-deficient patients (2003)

The killing of natural killer (NK) cells is regulated by activating and inhibitory NK receptors that recognize mainly class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. In transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP2)-deficient patients, killing of autologous cells by NK cells is therefore expected. However, none of the TAP2-deficient patients studied so far have suffered from immediate NK-mediated autoimmune manifestations. We have previously demonstrated the existence of a novel class I MHC-independent inhibitory mechanism of NK cell cytotoxicity mediated by the homophilic carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) interactions. Here, we identified 3 new siblings suffering from TAP2 deficiency. NK cells derived from these patients express unusually high levels of the various killer cell inhibitory receptors (KIRs) and the CEACAM1 protein. Importantly, the patients' NK cells use the CEACAM1 protein to inhibit the killing of tumor and autologous cells. Finally, we show that the function of the main NK lysis receptor, NKp46, is impaired in these patients. These results indicate that NK cells in TAP2-deficient patients have developed unique mechanisms to reduce NK killing activity and to compensate for the lack of class I MHC-mediated inhibition. These mechanisms prevent the attack of self-cells by the autologous NK cells and explain why TAP2-deficient patients do not suffer from autoimmune manifestations in early stages of life.
Electrical and optical properties of TiO2 anatase thin films (1994)

Electrical and optical spectroscopic studies of TiO2 anatase thin films deposited by sputtering show that the metastable phase anatase differs in electronic properties from the well-known, stable phase rutile. Resistivity and Hall-effect measurements reveal an insulator–metal transition in a donor band in anatase thin films with high donor concentrations. Such a transition is not observed in rutile thin films with similar donor concentrations. This indicates a larger effective Bohr radius of donor electrons in anatase than in rutile, which in turn suggests a smaller electron effective mass in anatase. The smaller effective mass in anatase is consistent with the high mobility, bandlike conduction observed in anatase crystals. It is also responsible for the very shallow donor energies in anatase. Luminescence of self-trapped excitons is observed in anatase thin films, which implies a strong lattice relaxation and a small exciton bandwidth in anatase. Optical absorption and photoconductivity spectra show that anatase thin films have a wider optical absorption gap than rutile thin films.
A ubiquitin ligase complex essential for the NF-kappa B, Wnt/Wingless, and Hedgehog signaling pathways (1999)

Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis by the proteasome plays an essential role in a number of key biological processes, including cell cycle progression, transcription, and signal transduction (for review, see Peters et al. 1998). In many cases the target protein is first marked for degradation or processing by phosphorylation. The phosphorylated protein is then recognized and ubiquitinated in a process that requires three proteins (Hershko et al. 1983; for review, see Hershko 1998; Peters et al. 1998). Ubiquitin is first attached to a ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) in an ATP-dependent reaction to form a highenergy thiolester bond. The ubiquitin is then transferred from the E1 protein to an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, which functions in conjunction with an E3 protein to link ubiquitin to lysine residues in the targeted protein. A specific lysine residue in the conjugated ubiquitin is then attached to a second ubiquitin, and reiteration of this process results in the assembly of a polyubiquitin chain. The polyubiquitinated protein can then be recognized by the 26S proteasome and degraded or processed.
Maneuvers recognition in laparoscopic surgery: Artificial Neural Network and hidden Markov model approaches (2012)

The work presented in this paper is focused on movement recognition as a first step to achieve the automation of a two-arm-surgical-robotic-system in the laparoscopic surgical environment. In order to accomplish coordination between the surgeon and the robotic assistant, a system able to recognize and differentiate between certain standard surgical maneuvers should be developed. Two different methodologies are proposed to model and identify several surgical maneuvers. The first method is based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), by codifying the movements through their Fourier spectra and the second one is based on HMMs which represents the interaction between the surgical tools. The proposed approaches will be tested through a set of experiments that mimic surgical movements as in tissue cutting, suturing and transporting. In this way, the recognition system is able to distinguish between the different maneuvers which have been modeled.
Using Boundary Management for More Effective Product Development (2013)

IntroductionCompetition in business is nothing new, and building a better product than your competitor has long been a key competitive edge. Over the past couple of decades, to achieve better competitiveness, product developers have put more focus on time, in particular, on rapid product development and timeliness. If developers can achieve rapid development, they can minimize
A Tubule Cell Line Established from Transgenic Mice Harboring Temperature‐sensitive Simian Virus 40 Large T‐Antigen Gene (1991)

Immortalization of cell lines with specific functions is important for examination of organ-specific functions in vitro. We established a kidney tubule cell line (TKC2) exhibiting a specific physiological response to hormone from the primary culture of kidneys of adult transgenic mice harboring temperature-sensitive SV40 large T-antigen gene. TKC2 cells showed temperature-sensitive growth in culture and exhibited characters of distal tubule cells such as dome formation at confluent culture and stimulation of cAMP synthesis by arginine vasopressin. These phenotypes are maintained after long passages in culture and may provide a new experimental system for studying renal physiology.
Fixation Methods for the Study of Lipid Droplets by Immunofluorescence Microscopy (2003)

The study of proteins associated with lipid droplets in adipocytes and many other cells is a rapidly developing area of inquiry. Although lipid droplets are easily visible by light microscopy, few standardized microscopy methods have been developed. Several methods of chemical fixation have recently been used to preserve cell structure before visualization of lipid droplets by light microscopy. We tested the most commonly used methods to compare the effects of the fixatives on cellular lipid content and lipid droplet structure. Cold methanol fixation has traditionally been used before visualization of cytoskeletal elements. We found this method unacceptable for study of lipid droplets because it extracted the majority of cellular phospholipids and promoted fusion of lipid droplets. Cold acetone fixation is similarly unacceptable because the total cellular lipids are extracted, causing collapse of the shell of lipid droplet-associated proteins. Fixation of cells with paraformaldehyde is the method of choice, because the cells retain their lipid content and lipid droplet structure is unaffected. As more lipid droplet-associated proteins are discovered and studied, it is critical to use appropriate methods to avoid studying artifacts.
<title>Automatized securing definition for laser therapy indications in cases of noncomplicated caries</title> (1995)

In this article we discuss the methods of definition of indication for laser therapy on the base of findings of a priori systematization of diagnostic caries signs with the purpose of reducing their volume and exposing the most informative of them used in the procedure of specified classification of biomedical objects conditions, forming graphic base of the recommendations in choice of treatment methods.
Vascular permeability factor gene expression in normal and neoplastic human ovaries. (1994)

Epithelial ovarian cancer is an aggressive malignancy with a generally poor outcome. To improve survival, novel therapeutic strategies for this disease are needed and require elucidation of the biological events that underlie transformation and tumor growth. Vascular permeability factor (VPF), also known as vascular endothelial growth factor, is a homodimeric glycoprotein that acts on vascular endothelium as a potent permeability-inducing agent and mitogen. The present study demonstrates for the first time the constitutive gene expression of VPF in normal and neoplastic human ovaries. Abundant levels of VPF have been identified by an immunoassay in the ascites of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (K-T. Yeo et al., Cancer Res., 53: 2912-2918, 1993). We have identified the malignant epithelium as one source of VPF in the ascites. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction has demonstrated the expression of the two secreted isoforms, VPF121 and VPF165, in normal and neoplastic ovaries. Western blotting and an endothelial cell proliferation assay confirmed secretion of a biologically active product. VPF may be an important mediator of ascites formation and tumor metastasis observed in neoplastic conditions of the ovary.
Likelihood normalization using an ergodic HMM for continuous speech recognition (2002)

In recent speech recognition technology, the score of a hypothesis is often defined on the basis of HMM likelihood. As is well known, however, direct use of the likelihood as a scoring function causes difficult problems, especially when the length of a speech segment varies depending on the hypothesis, as in word-spotting, and some kind of normalization is indispensable. In this paper, a new method of likelihood normalization using an ergodic HMM is presented, and its performance is compared with those of conventional ones. The comparison is made from three points of view: recognition rate, word-end detection power and mean hypothesis length. It is concluded that the proposed method gives the best overall performance.
Single-crystal X-ray structure analysis of the superionic conductor Li10GeP2S12 (2013)

Tetragonal Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS) is the best solid Li ion conductor known to date. So far, the structure of the electrolyte was only determined from powder diffraction and Rietveld refinement. Here, we present the first single-crystal structure analysis of the tetragonal LGPS structure. The reported structure is largely verified. However, an additional Li position is clearly identified which might have a significant impact on the Li ion dynamics. All Li positions are partially occupied--a prerequisite for Li superionic conductors--and form a network of interconnected Li diffusion pathways. Therefore, we suggest that Li diffusion in this record solid electrolyte is less anisotropic than previously claimed.
AMPA receptor blockade improves levodopa-induced dyskinesia in MPTP monkeys (2000)

AMPA receptor upregulation may contribute to the expression of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Conceivably, noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonists could be useful, alone or in combination with NMDA antagonists, in the treatment of PD, by enhancing the antiparkinsonian effects of levodopa without increasing and possibly even decreasing levodopa-induced dyskinesia.
Antiviral Sulfated Polysaccharide from Navicula directa, a Diatom Collected from Deep-Sea Water in Toyama Bay (2006)

A sulfated polysaccharide named naviculan was isolated from a diatom, Navicula directa (W. SMITH) RALFS, collected in deep sea water from Toyama Bay. The polysaccharide consisted of fucose, xylose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose and sulfate with an apparent molecular weight of 220000. It showed antiviral activities against herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2, and influenza A virus with selectivity indices (CC50/IC50) of 270, 510 and 32, respectively. Naviculan also showed an inhibitory effect on cell-cell fusion between CD4-expressing and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp160-expressing cells that was used as a model system of infection with HIV.
Exchangeable apolipoproteins of insects share a common structural motif. (1994)

Elucidation of the secondary structure of the exchangeable apolipoproteins has been hindered by the difficulty in producing crystals suitable for X-ray spectrographic analyses. Consequently, in order to analyze potential structure-function relationships in the family of insect exchangeable apolipoproteins, apolipophorins-III (apoLps-III), two apoLps-III cDNA clones, one from the palo verde beetle (Derobrachus geminatus) and one from the house cricket (Acheta domesticus), have been isolated and sequenced. Multiple sequence alignments of the deduced protein sequences with two previously reported apolipophorins-III from Manduca sexta and Locusta migratoria reveal low sequence identity, suggesting that these proteins are very old and are highly divergent. Computer-assisted predictions of protein structure and subsequent analyses, using the known secondary structure of Locusta migratoria apolipophorin-III as a control, indicate that these insect proteins are composed of five amphipathic helices with characteristics similar to those of the helical domains of the mammalian exchangeable apolipoproteins. Thus, although insect and vertebrate exchangeable apolipoproteins share a common function in assisting lipid transport, precise amino acid identity is less important than the common structural feature of multiple amphipathic helices. Moreover, because these proteins occur widely among insect species, even in those where flight is limited or absent, we hypothesize that apolipophorin-III has a more generalized function in lipid metabolism than had been previously proposed.
Muscarinic Receptors Modulate Dopamine‐Activated Adenylate Cyclase of Rat Striatum (1983)

We investigated the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on the activation of adenylate cyclase by dopamine (DA) in a lysed synaptosomal preparation from rat striatum. ACh reduced both basal and the DA-activated adenylate cyclase with an apparent IC50 of approximately 1 microM. From a kinetic analysis it appeared that ACh reduced the Vmax for activation by DA but not the activation constant for DA. For most preparations the Vmax was reduced by 30-40%. The presence of atropine did not affect the activation of the enzyme by DA but it blocked the inhibition by ACh. Following 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway, the enzyme became supersensitive to activation by DA and also more sensitive to inhibition by ACh. Inhibition of adenylate cyclase by ACh appeared to be rather specific for activation by DA, as ACh had no effect on activation of adenylate cyclase by the adenosine analogue N6-(L-2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine. These results indicate that some striatal muscarinic and dopaminergic receptors are probably coupled to the same adenylate cyclase domain. Moreover, they suggest a biochemical model for the dynamic balance of cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons that innervate the striatum.
Composite implants for orthopedic applications: In vivo evaluation of candidate resins (1975)

Three resins which include poly (methyl methacrylate), surgical Simplex P, and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene were selected to be evaluated as candidate systems for a polymer based composite for hard tissue prosthesis. Characterization of the mechanical behavior of these polymers in different environments including in vitro and in vivo storage was accomplished. As a result, conclusions were made as to which material maintained the least amount of mechanical variance as influenced by environmental effects. In vivo studies of implanted materials provided for a study of soft tissue response to each material. Conclusions were then developed as to the varying degrees of tissue reaction initiated by each material, and which resin generated the greatest tissue response with respect to the others.
General acid-base catalysis of complex reactions in water (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGeneral acid-base catalysis of complex reactions in waterWilliam P. JencksCite this: Chem. Rev. 1972, 72, 6, 705–718Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60280a004https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60280a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2622Altmetric-Citations403LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Targeting of cancer with radiolabeled antibodies. Prospects for imaging and therapy. (1988)

This article reviews the current status, including problems and some proposed solutions, of the targeting of cancer with radioactive antibodies for use in antibody imaging (radioimmunodetection) and radioimmunotherapy. The problems and results are similar for purified polyclonal and murine monoclonal antibodies. Foremost among the problems are the low accretion of antibody (0.01% to 0.001% of injected dose per gram) in tumor and the nonspecific deposition of radiometals that are more ideal for imaging or therapy after antibody conjugation. Despite these limitations, radioimmunodetection appears to be a safe and useful method, even at this early stage of development. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rates of 80% to 90% have been achieved in some studies involving radioiodine labels and polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, whereas lower percentages have been achieved with indium 111 or technetium Tc 99m radioconjugates. Even at a usual tumor resolution of 1.5 to 2.0 cm, occult cancers have been disclosed by radioimmunodetection when missed by traditional detection measures, including computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Radioimmunotherapy is somewhat less developed as a treatment modality, but encouraging remissions have been observed, thus stimulating further active pursuit of this technology. These targeting results have been achieved with antibodies that are not truly cancer specific, but only exploit quantitative differences in antigen expression between tumor and adjacent normal tissues. Circulating target tumor antigens do not appear to prevent successful tumor targeting of the radioactive antibodies.