gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving health-care delivery in low-resource settings with nanotechnology (2017)

In the two decades after 1990, the rates of child and maternal mortality dropped by over 40% and 47%, respectively. Despite these improvements, which are in part due to increased access to medical technologies, profound health disparities exist. In 2015, a child born in a developing region is nearly eight times as likely to die before the age of 5 than one born in a developed region and developing regions accounted for nearly 99% of the maternal deaths. Recent developments in nanotechnology, however, have great potential to ameliorate these and other health disparities by providing new cost-effective solutions for diagnosis or treatment of a variety of medical conditions. Affordability is only one of the several challenges that will need to be met to translate new ideas into a medical product that addresses a global health need. This article aims to describe some of the other challenges that will be faced by nanotechnologists who seek to make an impact in low-resource settings across the globe.
Intravitreal delivery of oligonucleotides by sterically stabilized liposomes. (2002)

The intravitreal injection of a phosphodiester oligonucleotide encapsulated within liposomes is a new way of delivering intact oligonucleotide to the eye in a controlled manner. This offers interesting prospects for the treatment of retinal diseases.
Migrating bone marrow edema syndrome: a cause of recurring knee pain (2011)

Bone marrow edema syndrome is a condition of unknown etiology, presenting with painful limping. It is characterized by normal radiographs, but magnetic resonance imaging findings change with bone marrow edema. When there is osteopenia in the radiographs, the condition is called transient osteoporosis. The term migratory bone marrow edema syndrome is used when there is involvement of another joint, or another compartment in the same joint, which typically occurs within 6 months of onset of primary symptoms. Here, a case of migratory bone marrow edema syndrome in a 47-year-old male patient, which was conservatively managed, is reported.
Geological formation - drill string dynamic interaction finite-element program (GEODYN). Phase 1. Theoretical description (1984)

The Theoretical Description for the GEODYN interactive finite-element computer program is presented. The program is capable of performing the analysis of the three-dimensional transient dynamic response of a Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Bit-Bit Sub arising from the intermittent contact of the bit with the downhole rock formations. The program accommodates nonlinear, time-dependent, loading and boundary conditions.
Photonic integrated circuits fabricated using ion implantation (1998)

Intermixing the wells and barriers of quantum-well (QW) laser heterostructures generally results in an increase in the bandgap energy and is accompanied by changes in the refractive index. A technique, based on ion implantation-induced QW intermixing, has been developed to enhance the quantum-well intermixing (QWI) rate in selected areas of a wafer. Such processes offer the prospect of a powerful and simple fabrication route for the integration of discrete optoelectronic devices and for forming photonic integrated circuits.
Merging molecular imaging and RNA interference: Early experience in live animals (2008)

The rapid development of non-invasive imaging techniques and imaging reporters coincided with the enthusiastic response that the introduction of RNA interference (RNAi) techniques created in the research community. Imaging in experimental animals provides quantitative or semi-quantitative information regarding the biodistribution of small interfering RNAs and the levels of gene interference (i.e., knockdown of the target mRNA) in living animals. In this review we give a brief summary of the first imaging findings that have potential for accelerating the development and testing of new approaches that explore RNAi as a method for achieving loss-of-function effects in vivo and as a promising therapeutic tool.
356. The formation of large ring monosulphides from halogenated sulphides with extended carbon chains (1938)

G. M. Bennett and H. Gudgeon, J. Chem. Soc., 1938, 1891 DOI: 10.1039/JR9380001891
The History of Power Transmission by Radio Waves (1984)

The history of power transmission by radiowaves is reviewed from Heinrich Hertz to the present time with emphasis upon the free-space microwave power transmission era beginning in 1958. The history of the technology is developed in terms of its relationship to the intended applications. These include microwave powered aircraft and the Solar Power Satellite concept.
Formation of Some Cysteine-Containing Peptide Monolayers on Au Electrodes and Their Applications for Metal Ion Sensing and Electrocatalytic Reactions (2008)

The use of biological molecules that already exist in nature offers advantages over using artificially made molecules in developing biosensors or electrocatalysts. Since those molecules have already been best adopted by nature to carry out specific functions, a lot of practical benefit could be acquired by utilizing or mimicking them rather than synthesizing complex molecules. In this regard, amino acids and peptides are favorite systems in metal ion sensing in a sense that they can act as very effective and often specific ligands for a variety of metal ions. While amine and carboxyl groups of amino acids participate in complexation, an amide nitrogen atom is also involved in complexation in the case of peptides. This often forms a chelate and a peptide-metal ion binding becomes significantly stronger as a result. Detailed accounts have been treated by Sigel and Martin and other authors. Despite the fact that amino acids and peptides readily form complexes with metal ions, electrochemical study of those complexes is scarce. It was not until recently when a first report by Yang et al. appeared for the electrochemical metal ion detection. They synthesized a tripeptide system, GlyGly-His, on top of an alkanethiol self-assembled Au electrode to detect copper ions. Since then, many papers regarding various electrochemical aspects of a peptide-metal binding have been published. Here we present our preliminary results of metal ion sensing and electrocatalytic reactions using cysteine-containing simple peptide monolayers constructed on a Au surface. Cysteine was chemisorbed on the Au surface via Au-S bonding and other amino acids were formed by the usual peptide synthesis method. This way two types of peptide monolayers were prepared: With a Au/ GSH-His system (GSH: glutathione, γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine), copper ions of nano molar concentration were detected by accumulating Cu on the peptide monolayer. With a Au/Cys-Cys-Cys/M(M = Cu, Fe) system, electrocatalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA) and reduction of hydrogen peroxide were performed. Figure 1 shows cyclic voltammograms of a Au/GSH-His/ Cu system after immersing a Au/GSH-His electrode in a Cu-containing solution and transferring into the Cu-free electrolyte. Fairly stable voltammograms were obtained. Without copper ion, no faradaic current was observed. Redox peaks at +0.33 and +0.010 V are assigned to the 1-e− redox reactions of a Cu/Cu couple as indicated in other studies. With only GSH layer on Au, current slightly decreased upon multi potential cycling. This means copper ions form a more stable complex with histidine in which imidazole moiety of histidine is involved in complexation. Full copper ion accumulation was complete after ca. 10 min. Treating the Au/GSH-His/Cu electrode with EDTA solution, copper ions were completely removed from the modified
Differential physiologic responses of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to β‐amyloid1–40 and β‐amyloid1–42 (2003)

The beta-amyloid peptides (Abeta), Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42), have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Although Abeta(1-42) is generally considered to be the pathological peptide in AD, both Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42) have been used in a variety of experimental models without discrimination. Here we show that monomeric or oligomeric forms of the two Abeta peptides, when interact with the neuronal cation channel, alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (alpha7nAChR), would result in distinct physiologic responses as measured by acetylcholine release and calcium influx experiments. While Abeta(1-42) effectively attenuated these alpha7nAChR-dependent physiology to an extent that was apparently irreversible, Abeta(1-40) showed a lower inhibitory activity that could be restored upon washings with physiologic buffers or treatment with alpha7nAChR antagonists. Our data suggest a clear pharmacological distinction between Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42).
Conversion of Fibrinogen to Fibrin:  Mechanism of Exposure of tPA- and Plasminogen-Binding Sites (2000)

Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin results in the exposure of cryptic interaction sites and modulation of various activities. To elucidate the mechanism of this exposure, we tested the accessibility of the Aalpha148-160 and gamma312-324 fibrin-specific epitopes that are involved in binding of plasminogen and its activator tPA, in several fragments derived from fibrinogen (fragment D and its subfragments) and fibrin (cross-linked D-D fragment and its noncovalent complex with the E(1) fragment, D-D. E(1)). Neither D nor D-D bound tPA, plasminogen, or anti-Aalpha148-160 and anti-gamma312-324 monoclonal antibodies, indicating that their fibrin-specific epitopes were inaccessible. The Aalpha148-160 epitope became exposed only upon proteolytic removal of the beta- and gamma-modules from D. At the same time, both epitopes were accessible in the D-D.E(1) complex, indicating that the DD.E interaction resulted in their exposure. This exposure was reversible since the dissociation of the D-D.E(1) complex made the sites unavailable, while reconstitution of the complex made them exposed. The results indicate that upon fibrin assembly, driven primarily by the interaction between complementary sites of the D and E regions, the D regions undergo conformational changes that cause the exposure of their plasminogen- and tPA-binding sites. These changes may be involved in the regulation of fibrin assembly and fibrinolysis.
In Planta AgrobacteriumMediated Transformation of Adult Arabidopsis thaliana Plants by Vacuum Infiltration (1998)

Plant genetic transformation was initiated and developed m the 80s thanks to the convergence of constant progress m the protocol of regeneratton from tissue culture, molecular techniques leading to well-expressed marker genes after transfer m plant cells, and the dtverslficatlon of DNA delivery methods.
Preclinical drug trials in the mdx mouse: Assessment of reliable and sensitive outcome measures (2009)

The availability of animal models for Duchenne muscular dystrophy has led to extensive preclinical research on potential therapeutics. Few studies have focused on reliability and sensitivity of endpoints for mdx mouse drug trials. Therefore, we sought to compare a wide variety of reported and novel endpoint measures in exercised mdx and normal control mice at 10, 20, and 40 weeks of age. Statistical analysis as well as power calculations for expected effect sizes in mdx preclinical drug trials across different ages showed that body weight, normalized grip strength, horizontal activity, rest time, cardiac function measurements, blood pressure, total central/peripheral nuclei per fiber, and serum creatine kinase are the most effective measurements for detecting drug-induced changes. These data provide an experimental basis upon which standardization of preclinical drug testing can be developed. Muscle Nerve, 2008.
Prostate attenuated replication competent adenovirus (ARCA) CN706: a selective cytotoxic for prostate-specific antigen-positive prostate cancer cells. (1997)

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a widely used marker for the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. Minimal enhancer/promoter constructs derived from the 5' flank of the human PSA gene (prostate-specific enhancer) were inserted into adenovirus type 5 DNA so as to drive the E1A gene, thereby creating a prostate-specific enhancer-containing virus, CN706. E1A was expressed at high levels in CN706-infected human PSA-producing LNCaP cells but not in CN706-infected DU145 cells, which are human prostate cells that do not express PSA. The titer of CN706 was significantly higher in LNCaP cells compared to several human cell lines that do not produce PSA (HBL100, PANC-1, MCF-7, DU145, and OVCAR3). Furthermore, in LNCaP cells, the yield of CN706 was dependent on exogenous androgen (R1881). CN706 destroyed large LNCaP tumors (1 x 10(9) cells) and abolished PSA production in nu/nu mouse xenograft models with a single intratumoral injection.
Mechanisms Identified in the Transcriptional Control of Epithelial Gene Expression (1996)

Epithelium-specific gene expression is fundamental in both embryogenesis and the maintenance of adult tissues, and impairment of epithelial characteristics contributes to diseases such as cancer. We have here analyzed the 5'-region of the epithelial (E-) cadherin gene in order to understand mechanisms of epithelium-specific transcription and loss of expression during epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. The regulatory region of the mouse epithelial cadherin gene is composed of a promoter (from position -94 to the transcription start site) and a 150-base pair enhancer located in the first intron. The 5'-promoter consists of positive regulatory elements (a CCAAT-box and two AP-2 binding sites in a GC-rich region) and the palindromic element E-Pal that activates and represses transcription in epithelial and mesenchymal cells, respectively. The enhancer of the first intron stimulates the activity of heterologous promoters exclusively in epithelial cells. This epithelium-specific enhancer consists of three elements (E I to E III; E II and E III bind AP-2) that are necessary and sufficient for activity. We thus propose two regulatory mechanisms by which epithelial specificity of epithelial cadherin expression is determined: suppression of promoter activity in mesenchymal cells by E-Pal and enhancement of activity in epithelial cells by both E-Pal and the epithelium-specific enhancer.
Intrinsic Piezoelectric Response in Perovskite Alloys: PMN-PT versus PZT (1999)

First-principles supercell calculations and the modern theory of polarization are used to compute the ${e}_{33}$ piezoelectric coefficients of $\mathrm{Pb}({\mathrm{Zr}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})$ (PZT) and $0.60\mathrm{Pb}({\mathrm{Mg}}_{1/3}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{2/3}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}+0.40{\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ (PMN-PT) alloys. A drastic enhancement by a factor of 2.7 is found for ${e}_{33}$ when going from PZT to PMN-PT. The huge value of ${e}_{33}$ in PMN-PT comes from the large response of the internal coordinates of Pb, Ti, Nb, and O atoms to a macroscopic strain. On the other hand, the Mg atoms contribute little to the piezoelectricity for dielectric and elastic reasons.
<title>Sequential and fused optical filters for clutter reduction and detection</title> (1993)

For practical computer vision applications using optical processors, filters to reduce clutter and detect candidate regions of interest (ROIs) in a scene are necessary before the class of an object can be determined. We discuss new morphological wavelet, Gabor, and rank-order filters to achieve clutter reduction, object detection, and image enhancement. All operations (and hence all low, medium, and high level computer vision operations) can be performed on the same optical correlator architecture with such new filters.
Dioxiranes Generated in Situ from Pyruvates and Oxone as Environmentally Friendly Oxidizing Agents for Disinfection (2005)

Dioxiranes generated in situ from pyruvates (alpha-keto esters) and Oxone have been found to be environmentally friendly oxidizing agents for disinfection. These oxidizing agents were highly effective for destruction of various strains of bacteria, fungi, and bacterial endospores in a wide temperature range with exceptional stability. Notably, by using an aqueous solution of methyl pyruvate (1a) and Oxone/NaHCO3, complete destruction of bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and fungus Penicillium corylophilum was achieved within 5 min at 20 degrees C at neutral pH. Highly chemical-resistant bacterial endospores of Bacillus cereus could also be destroyed. The high antibacterial activity of 1a could be attributed to its strong electron-withdrawing alpha-ester group.
Extrusion-spin coating: an efficient photoresist coating process for wafers (2003)

Coating photoresist onto semiconductor wafers is a critical step in the microlithography process. As the critical dimension of semiconductor devices becomes smaller, the process of coating wafers with photoresist must improve as well; the coating must be thinner, more uniform, and have fewer defects to yield satisfactory results. Spin coating is the typical method used to apply a thin coat of photoresist to semiconductor wafers. Although spin coating has basically met the coating uniformity, thickness, cycle time, and defect level requirements of the current industry standard, it has done so at the cost of wasting most of the photoresist applied to the wafers. Extrusion-spin coating, a newly developed coating method, has the potential to reduce the amount of photoresist used in the process while maintaining the other desirable attributes of spin coating. Our experimental results indicate that by using the extrusion-spin coating method, the coating efficiency can be improved to over 33% or better as compared to the efficiency of 12% achievable by the spin coating method.
B7-H3 and B7x are highly expressed in human prostate cancer and associated with disease spread and poor outcome (2007)

B7-H3 and B7x are recently discovered members of the B7-CD28 family thought to dampen peripheral immune responses via negative costimulation. We evaluated their potential expression in human prostate cancer using a large cohort of patients with 7 years of follow-up. We identified 823 patients with tissue available treated with radical prostatectomy between 1985 and 2003. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue microarray sections using anti-B7-H3 and -B7x. The percentage and intensity of immunoreactivity by tumor cells were blindly evaluated by two urological pathologists, and outcome analyses were conducted. Both B7-H3 and B7x were highly expressed; 93% and 99% of tumors had aberrant expression, respectively. The median percentage of tumor cells staining positive was 80% for each molecule. Strong intensity for B7-H3 and B7x was noted in 212 (26%) and 120 (15%) patients, respectively. Patients with strong intensity for B7-H3 and B7x were significantly more likely to have disease spread at time of surgery (P < 0.001 and P = 0.005, respectively). Additionally, patients with strong intensity for B7-H3 and B7x were at significantly increased risk of clinical cancer recurrence (P < 0.001 and P = 0.005) and cancer-specific death (P = 0.004 and P = 0.04, respectively). To our knowledge, we present the largest investigation of B7 family molecules in a human malignancy and a previously undescribed evaluation of B7x in prostate cancer. B7-H3 and B7x are abundantly expressed in prostate cancer and associated with disease spread and poor outcome. Given the proposed immune-inhibitory mechanisms of B7-H3 and B7x, these molecules represent attractive targets for therapeutic manipulation in prostate cancer.
Discovery of Two Cyanobacterial Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyases:  Kinetic and Structural Characterization, (2007)

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) catalyzes the deamination of phenylalanine to cinnamate and ammonia. While PALs are common in terrestrial plants where they catalyze the first committed step in the formation of phenylpropanoids, only a few prokaryotic PALs have been identified to date. Here we describe for the first time PALs from cyanobacteria, in particular, Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 and Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133, identified by screening the genome sequences of these organisms for members of the aromatic amino acid ammonia lyase family. Both PAL genes associate with secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters as observed for other eubacterial PAL genes. In comparison to eukaryotic homologues, the cyanobacterial PALs are 20% smaller in size but share similar substrate selectivity and kinetic activity toward L-phenylalanine over L-tyrosine. Structure elucidation by protein X-ray crystallography confirmed that the two cyanobacterial PALs are similar in tertiary and quatenary structure to plant and yeast PALs as well as the mechanistically related histidine ammonia lyases.
Efficacy and safety of tabalumab, an anti-BAFF monoclonal antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis and inadequate response to TNF inhibitors: results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study (2015)

Background Tabalumab is a human monoclonal antibody that neutralises B-cell activating factor. Objectives To evaluate tabalumab efficacy and safety in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods This phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated 456 patients with active RA after 24-week treatment with subcutaneous tabalumab (120 mg every 4 weeks (120/Q4W) or 90 mg every 2 weeks (90/Q2W)) versus placebo, with loading doses (240 or 180 mg) at week 0. Patients were allowed background disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and previously discontinued ≥1 tumour necrosis factor α inhibitors for lack of efficacy/intolerance. Primary end point was American College of Rheumatology 20% (ACR20) response at 24 weeks. This study was terminated early due to futility. Results Most patients had moderate-to-high baseline disease activity. There was no significant difference in week 24 ACR20 responses between 120/Q4W, 90/Q2W, and placebo (17.6%, 24.3%, 20%) per non-responder imputation analysis. Mean percent changes in CD20+ B-cell count (−10.8%, −9.6%, +10.9%) demonstrated expected pharmacodynamic effects. Treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) were similar (59.5%, 51.7%, 52.6%), as were AE discontinuations (2.6%, 2.7%, 2.6%), serious AEs (4.6%, 4.1%, 3.9%), serious infectious events (1.3%, 0, 0) and events of interest: infections (23.5%, 25.9%, 24%), injection site reactions (13.1%, 25.8%, 11%) and allergy/hypersensitivity (3.9%, 4.1%, 3.9%) reports. Incidence of treatment-emergent antidrug antibodies was similar to placebo (3.9%, 4.8%, 3.9%). No deaths or new/unexpected safety findings were reported. Conclusions Tabalumab did not demonstrate clinical efficacy in patients with RA in this phase 3 study, despite evidence of biological activity. There were no notable differences in safety parameters between tabalumab treatment groups and placebo. Trial registration number: NCT01202773.
USAP: a unifying dynamic distributed multichannel TDMA slot assignment protocol (2002)

USAP is a distributed TDMA slot assignment protocol for mobile multi-hop broadcast packet radio networks. It allows a transmitter to choose one or more slots from the pool of unassigned slots in its neighborhood, coordinate the announcement and confirmation of the assignment with the neighboring nodes up to two hops away, and detect and resolve conflicting assignments that result from unfortunate timing and the mobility of the nodes. It can form the foundation of many types of dynamic TDMA architectures by providing common support for different higher level heuristics, hence the term "unifying". The TDMA schedule established by USAP is contention-free, all conflicts are detected and resolved, and no livelock can occur.