gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unarmed, tumor-specific monoclonal antibody effectively treats brain tumors (2000)

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is often amplified and rearranged structurally in tumors of the brain, breast, lung, and ovary. The most common mutation, EGFRvIII, is characterized by an in-frame deletion of 801 base pairs, resulting in the generation of a novel tumor-specific epitope at the fusion junction. A murine homologue of the human EGFRvIII mutation was created, and an IgG2a murine mAb, Y10, was generated that recognizes the human and murine equivalents of this tumor-specific antigen. In vitro, Y10 was found to inhibit DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation and to induce autonomous, complement-mediated, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Systemic treatment with i.p. Y10 of s.c. B16 melanomas transfected to express stably the murine EGFRvIII led to long-term survival in all mice treated (n = 20; P < 0.001). Similar therapy with i.p. Y10 failed to increase median survival of mice with EGFRvIII-expressing B16 melanomas in the brain; however, treatment with a single intratumoral injection of Y10 increased median survival by an average 286%, with 26% long-term survivors (n = 117; P < 0.001). The mechanism of action of Y10 in vivo was shown to be independent of complement, granulocytes, natural killer cells, and T lymphocytes through in vivo complement and cell subset depletions. Treatment with Y10 in Fc receptor knockout mice demonstrated the mechanism of Y10 to be Fc receptor-dependent. These data indicate that an unarmed, tumor-specific mAb may be an effective immunotherapy against human tumors and potentially other pathologic processes in the "immunologically privileged" central nervous system.
Atomic force microscopic analysis of the influence of the molecular weight of poly(L)lysine on the size of polyelectrolyte complexes formed with DNA. (1996)

We are developing self-assembling micellar vehicles based on multifunctional block copolymers as well-defined synthetic vehicles suitable for safe in vivo delivery of DNA. As a first stage, DNA expression vectors (6 kb) were condensed with poly(L)lysine of different molecular weights (3970-224 500) to form polyelectrolyte complexes and analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Discrete complexes were formed in every case, although the highest molecular weight poly(L)lysine preparation (224 500) produced large complexes with significant polydispersity (diameters ranging from 120-300 nm), while the smallest poly(L)lysine (3970) produced more homogeneous complexes with diameters ranging from 20-30 nm. Poly (L)lysine preparations of molecular weight 53 700 and 23 800 produced complexes of intermediate size and poly-dispersity. The mean volumes of the complexes formed using poly(L)lysine 224 500 and 3970 were 606 000 nm3 and 3700 nm3, respectively. Polyelectrolyte complexes formed using low molecular weight poly(L)lysine also showed significantly decreased cytotoxicity. Given restrictions of access to many cellular targets and the need for good biocompatibility, synthetic vectors based on DNA condensed with low molecular weight polycations may be more appropriately developed for general use.
A study of precise road feature localization using mobile mapping system (2007)

In the near future, precise digital map data is said to be applied to the next generation car navigation system as well as ITS to increase the driving safety. It is important to maintain digital map data's freshness and accuracy. A MMS (Mobile Mapping System) can acquire this highway database, while offering unbeatable productivity with the combination of navigation and videogrammetry tools. The proposed MMS, featuring a GPS/DR combined navigation system, a GPS-Gyro/IMU, nearly horizontal cameras, laser scanners, high sampling rate road data measurement logger, and the network-based RTK-GPS PAStrade can acquire road feature location like snow-poles, guard-rails, road signs and road line precisely at normal cruising speed considering 3D road surface model. The carrier phased D-GPS/DR combined navigation system and GPS-Gyro/IMU performs highly accurate positioning performance at a few centimeter and posture estimation at 0.073 [deg rms] for heading and 0.064 [deg rms] for pitching, and 0.116 [deg rms] for rolling. Furthermore, the proposed road feature digitizing method, featuring 2D camera image projection to the 3D road surface model, allows users to understand complicated 3D point-cloud data intuitively and to designate desired road feature with few mistakes. The accuracy comparison between the static RTK-GPS/Total-Station measurement with the dynamic MMS mobile measurement reveal that the system allows 0.3 [m] road feature measurement accuracy with unbeatable productivity when sufficient GPS visibility is obtained.
Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy (2015)

Our findings support the effect of MMN supplements with iron and folic acid in improving birth outcomes. The findings, consistently observed in several systematic evaluations of evidence, provide a strong basis to guide the replacement of iron and folic acid with MMN supplements containing iron and folic acid for pregnant women in developing countries where MMN deficiencies are common among women of reproductive age. Efforts should be focused on the integration of this intervention in maternal nutrition and antenatal care programs in developing countries.
Block Copolymers Build‐up of Electron and Hole Transport Materials (2004)

Abstract Summary: In this article we describe the synthesis of various monomers modified with triphenyl‐1,3,5‐triazine side groups as electron transport moieties. By nitroxide‐mediated polymerization with a TEMPO unimer it was possible to obtain polymers with a narrow polydispersity. Furthermore, by living radical polymerization block copolymers were obtained from these monomers. Therefore, microphase separated structures are accessible which possess hole conducting moieties in one phase and electron conducting moieties in the other phase. General build‐up of the copolymers consisting of hole and electron conductor. magnified image General build‐up of the copolymers consisting of hole and electron conductor.
Selective localization of a radioiodinated phospholipid ether analog in human tumor xenografts. (1993)

Administration of [125I]-rac-1-O-[12-(m-iodophenyl)dodecyl-2-O-methylglycero-3- phosphocholine (NM-294) to athymic mice implanted with human tumors of several histologies, including adenocarcinoma of the ovary and colon, melanoma and small-cell carcinoma of the lung, resulted in excellent images of the tumors by gamma camera scintigraphy. Images of the tumor were obtained at 5 days or more postinjection, by which time nearly all background activity had cleared from the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Tumor-to-blood ratios at this time were quite high and ranged from approximately 8:1 (melanoma) to 30:1 (ovarian carcinoma), which is consistent with the scintigraphic images obtained in all human tumor models. Lipid extraction of the liver and tumor at 13 days postinjection showed that most of the radioactivity in these tissues remained associated with the parent compound, with only a small amount retained by the liver. Appropriately radioiodinated NM-294 has substantial potential as a tumor-avid radiopharmaceutical.
In Vitro Characterization of Somatostatin Receptors in the Human Thymus and Effects of Somatostatin and Octreotide on Cultured Thymic Epithelial Cells (1999)

Somatostatin (SS) and its analogs exert inhibitory effects on secretive and proliferative processes of various cells via high affinity SS receptors (SS-R). SS analogs bind with different affinity to the five cloned SS-R subtypes. Octreotide, an octapeptide SS analog, binds with high affinity to the SS-R subtype 2 (sst2). SS-R have been demonstrated in vivo and in vitro on cells from endocrine and immune systems. Among the lymphatic tissues, the thymus has been shown to contain the highest amount of SS, suggesting a local functional role of the peptide. We investigated the SS distribution and SS-R expression pattern in the normal human thymus using autoradiography, membrane homogenate binding studies, and RT-PCR. In addition, the effect of SS and octreotide on growth of cultured thymic epithelial cells (TEC) was studied. By autoradiography, binding of [125I-Tyr0]-SS-28 and [125I-Tyr3]-octreotide was detected in all seven thymuses studied. Specific [125I-Tyr3]-octreotide binding was shown on membrane preparations from thymuses, while not from cultured thymocytes. RT-PCR showed the expression of sst1, sst2A and sst3 messenger RNA (mRNA) in the thymic tissue, whereas sst1 and sst2A mRNAs were found in isolated TEC. SS mRNA was present in thymic tissue and in isolated TEC. SS and octreotide significantly inhibited 3H-thymidine incorporation in 3 of 3 and 6 of 6 TEC cultures, respectively. The percent inhibition ranged from 38.8 to 66.8% for SS and from 19.1 to 59.5% for octreotide. In conclusion, SS mRNA and sst1, sst2A, and sst3 mRNAs are expressed in the normal human thymus. Cultured TEC selectively express sst1 and sst2A mRNA and respond in vitro to SS and octreotide administration with an inhibition of cell proliferation. These data suggest a paracrine/autocrine role of SS and its receptors in the regulation of cell growth in thymic microenvironment.
Percutaneous posterolateral discectomy. Anatomy and mechanism. (1987)

The evacuation and decompression of the herniated lumbar disc through a sheath inserted dorsolaterally represents a new concept in the treatment of radiculopathy associated with disc herniation. Only a small portion of the spinal nerve before its decent and positioning anterior to the transverse process is subject to insult by an instrument introduced into the intervertebral disc through a posterolateral approach. The chance of injury to the spinal nerve is further minimized when the instruments are introduced a distance of approximately 9-10 cm from the midline, parallel to the vertebral plates, and penetrating the annulus at 10 o'clock or 2 o'clock. The rapid decline of intradiscal pressure after dorsolateral fenestration of the annulus appears to be an important factor in the relief of sciatic pain following percutaneous posterolateral discectomy. The evacuation and decompression of an extruded intervertebral disc with a straight instrument may not be possible. Patients with sequestered disc require laminectomy.
Determination of Instantaneous and Average Blood Flow Rates from Digital Angiograms of Vessel Phantoms Using Distance-Density Curves (1991)

We have developed a new method for quantitation of blood flow rates based on determination of the spatial shift of the distribution of contrast material in opacified vessels in digital angiograms that are acquired while the contrast material proceeds through the vessel. The distance that the contrast material travels during the time between image acquisitions is determined by comparison of density-vs.-distance curves, which represent the distribution of contrast material along the length of the vessel in the respective images. The flow rate between image acquisitions is calculated by multiplication of the distance traveled by the frame rate and the vessel cross-sectional area. Therefore, for high-frame-rate acquisitions, "instantaneous" flow rates can be determined. In these vessel-phantom studies, the root-mean-square (RMS) difference between instantaneous flow rates measured with our technique and those measured with an electromagnetic method was 2.9 ml/sec; the RMS difference for average flow rates was 0.8 ml/sec.
Furuncle‐like Lesions in Mouse Experimental Skin Infections with Staphylococcus aureus (1993)

The pathomechanism of furuncle has not been fully elucidated and should be investigated using an appropriate animal model. We observed the invasion of Staphylococcus aureus cells into hair follicles in mice, using a strain of S. aureus isolated from human furunculosis. Light microscopical examination revealed that S. aureus cells attached to corneocytes at 6 h after inoculation, proliferated around the ostium of the hair follicle and invaded the hair follicle at 12 h after inoculation. Electron microscopically, S. aureus cells attached to the horny layer of hair follicle with long, thick, string-like structures. At 12 h after inoculation, S. aureus cells invaded in a file between the inner root sheath and outer root sheath. We could not induce direct invasion from the follicle ostium. Our findings suggest that there are some regions of the hair follicle through which S. aureus cells can relatively easily invade deeper into the follicle. The most important question is what confines the invasion and inflammation of S. aureus to the hair follicle. We suggest that there is some locus minoris for invasion into hair follicles by S. aureus, such as an interface between the two sheaths.
Functional activity of CD40 antibodies correlates to the position of binding relative to CD154 (2001)

In this study we describe the characterization of a panel of 12 anti-mouse CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Characterization was performed in terms of antibody-binding site relative to the CD154 ligand, and the relationship between position and functional outcome of binding. The antibodies divided into three groups. The first were strong inhibitors of CD154 binding, and induced strong proliferative and activation signals to B cells. Two antibodies gave intermediary inhibition and comparable levels of activation. The remaining antibodies were found to bind outside the CD154 binding site and were poor inducers of B-cell activation. Data presented show a strong correlation between location of mAb binding and the resultant activation signal delivered. This correlation is shown to be independent of the isotype of the antibody involved and of its affinity. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Nosocomial Group B Streptococcal Infections (1989)

Group B streptococci are the most frequent cause of life-threatening infections in newborn infants in the United States. The reservoir of this organism is thought to be the mother's vaginal or rectal microflora or both. Prevalence surveys have documented arriage rates ranging from 8% to 31%. Increased rates of vertical transmission are seen in infants born to women with dense vaginal colonization at delivery. In most cases, early onset group B streptococcal disease in neonates is diagnosed during the first day of life.' While the carrier rate may approach 30% in pregnant women, the incidence of serious disease in neonates is 0.2% to 0.4% with a mortality rate approaching 50% in some studies. Risk factors prominently associated with early onset group B streptococcal disease have been identified as premature labor, prolonged rupture of amniotic membranes and intrapartum fever.
Entropic Contributions to Rate Accelerations in Enzymic and Intramolecular Reactions and the Chelate Effect (1971)

It is pointed out that translational and (overall) rotational motions provide the important entropic driving force for enzymic and intramolecular rate accelerations and the chelate effect; internal rotations and unusually severe orientational requirements are generally of secondary importance. The loss of translational and (overall) rotational entropy for 2 --> 1 reactions in solution is ordinarily on the order of 45 entropy units (e.u.) (standard state 1 M, 25 degrees C); the translational entropy is much larger than 8 e.u. (corresponding to 55 M). Low-frequency motions in products and transition states, about 17 e.u. for cyclopentadiene dimerization, partially compensate for this loss, but "effective concentrations" on the order of 10(8) M may be accounted for without the introduction of new chemical concepts or terms.
Dynamics of Proteins and Nucleic Acids (1987)

This book is a self-contained introduction to the theory of atomic motion in proteins and nucleic acids. An understanding of such motion is essential because it plays a crucially important role in biological activity. The authors, both of whom are well known for their work in this field, describe in detail the major theoretical methods that are likely to be useful in the computer-aided design of drugs, enzymes and other molecules. A variety of theoretical and experimental studies is described and these are critically analyzed to provide a comprehensive picture of dynamic aspects of biomolecular structure and function. The book will be of interest to graduate students and research workers in structural biochemistry (X-ray diffraction and NMR), theoretical chemistry (liquids and polymers), biophysics, enzymology, molecular biology, pharmaceutical chemistry, genetic engineering and biotechnology.
Structural parsimony in endonuclease active sites: should the number of homing endonuclease families be redefined? (1999)

Homing endonucleases are classified into four families based on active site sequence motifs. Through structural comparisons we have found structural similarities between the endonuclease domain of colicin E9, an H-N-H motif-containing enzyme, and both the non-specific nuclease from Serratia and I-PpoI, a His-Cys box-containing homing endonuclease. Our comparison identifies conservation at the heart of all three enzyme active sites and so argues for a re-classification of H-N-H and His-Cys box homing endonucleases as a single family. We suggest the 'betabetaalpha-Me family' of homing enzymes to reflect the three elements of secondary structure and the metal ion that define the motif.
B.S., M.S., or Ph.D.? (2013)

Actually, the question of which degree to pursue is not as simple as the title of this article implies. The decision as to any degree beyond high school depends on what the individual wants to do and his or her personal interests, as well as the requirements for the starting position in the new career and for future growth opportunities. It should be noted that there are literally hundreds of thousands of jobs available today with a large number not requiring a degree of any kind. In some cases, a high school education may be the only requirement, while in others, some type of specialized training is necessary. In most of the latter cases, the schooling is limited to a one- or two-year program. It should also be noted that the following comments are more applicable to the educational system in the United States and may vary considerably in non-U.S. educational systems. Given that, what then might drive an individual to pursue a bachelor's, master's, or doctoral program?
Monoclonal antibodies that bind to distinct epitopes on Fc gamma RI are able to trigger receptor function. (1989)

The human monocyte and macrophage Fc receptor that binds human IgG with high affinity is a surface glycoprotein with a relative molecular mass of approximately 70 kDa. This receptor (Fc gamma RI) has been partially characterized using mAb 32 which binds outside the Fc binding domain of the receptor, but nonetheless triggers Fc receptor-dependent functions. In this study, we describe the properties of four new antibodies with specificity for Fc gamma RI. Based on additivity and cross-blocking studies, we conclude that two of these antibodies (mAb 22 and 44) define a third epitope which is distinct from the binding sites for both mAb 32 and the Fc portion of human IgG. Each Fc gamma RI-specific hybridoma was selected for stable sublines expressing high levels of mAb on the cell surface, and then tested for the ability of this surface mAb to trigger antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. All sublines were killed by human monocytes when used as targets in a 51Cr-release assay, whereas hybridomas specific for myeloid Ag other than Fc gamma RI were not killed. We conclude that Fc receptor function is triggered through binding to each of the three epitopes of Fc gamma RI that we have defined. These mAb will be useful for additional characterization of Fc gamma RI, and may, when incorporated into tumor-directed heteroantibodies, enhance tumor cell killing by human monocytes and macrophages.
Concepts and comparisons in multidimensional separation (1987)

Abstract Multidimensional separation methodology provides a mechanism for a very substantial increase in the resolving power of chromatographic and related systems. After defining the conditions required for multidimensional separation and reviewing the origin of its high resolving power, a comparison is drawn between the two principal kinds of multidimensional systems, represented by continuous two‐dimensional operation and coupled column assemblies. It is shown that their roles are complementary. The two‐dimensional system gives a broad powerful overview of a sample while the coupled column system can be used flexibly to magnify and resolve selected regions of the sample space.
Scavenger Receptor Class B, Type I-mediated [3H]Cholesterol Efflux to High and Low Density Lipoproteins Is Dependent on Lipoprotein Binding to the Receptor (2000)

The murine scavenger receptor class B, type I (mSR-BI) is a receptor for high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and acetylated LDL (AcLDL). It mediates selective uptake of lipoprotein lipid and stimulates efflux of [(3)H]cholesterol to lipoproteins. SR-BI-mediated [(3)H]cholesterol efflux was proposed to be independent of ligand binding. In this study, using anti-mSR-BI antibody KKB-1 and two mSR-BI mutants with altered ligand binding properties, we demonstrated that SR-BI-mediated [(3)H]cholesterol efflux to lipoproteins was correlated with ligand binding and lipid uptake activities of the receptor. The KKB-1 antibody, which blocked lipoprotein binding without substantially altering the cholesterol oxidase-accessible cellular [(3)H]cholesterol, also blocked [(3)H]cholesterol efflux to HDL and LDL. One of the SR-BI mutants, which has a double substitution of arginines for glutamines at positions 402 and 418 (Q402R/Q418R), exhibited a high level of LDL binding and lipid uptake from LDL, but lost most of the corresponding HDL receptor activity. This mutant could mediate efficient [(3)H]cholesterol efflux to LDL, but not to HDL. Another mutant, M158R, with an arginine in place of methionine at position 158, exhibited reduced HDL and LDL receptor activities, but apparently normal AcLDL receptor activity. This mutant could mediate efficient [(3)H]cholesterol efflux to AcLDL, but not to HDL or LDL. These results suggest that SR-BI-stimulated [(3)H]cholesterol efflux to lipoproteins critically depends on ligand binding to this receptor and raise the possibility that the mechanisms of selective lipid uptake and [(3)H]cholesterol efflux may be intimately related.