gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silicon nanopore membrane technology for an implantable artificial kidney (2009)

High performance silicon nanoporous membranes have been developed to investigate the feasibility of an implantable bioartificial kidney. The nanoscale pore size is defined by the thickness of a sacrificial layer of silicon dioxide (SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ), which is grown by thermal oxidation down to 5 nm with 1% variation. Standardized test protocols to examine biocompatibility revealed that silicon and related MEMS materials did not exhibit any evidence of cytotoxicity or hemolysis. Surface modification with polyethylene glycol (PEG) monolayers reduced adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto MEMS surfaces to ~4% of positive control. PEG-modified membranes exhibited size-dependent rejection of Ficoll 70, a spherical probe solute, dissolved in bovine whole blood. Prolonged hemofiltration revealed constant membrane flux and consistent molecular selectivity for >72 hours.
Frequency and spectrum of c-Ki-ras mutations in human sporadic colon carcinoma, carcinomas arising in ulcerative colitis, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. (1991)

Sporadic colon carcinomas, carcinomas arising in chronic ulcerative colitis, and pancreatic adenocarcinomas have been analyzed for the presence of c-Ki-ras mutations by a combination of histological enrichment, cell sorting, polymerase chain reaction, and direct sequencing. Although 60% (37/61) of sporadic colon carcinomas contained mutations in codon 12, only 1 of 17 specimens of dysplasia or carcinoma from ulcerative colitis patients contained c-Ki-ras mutations, despite a high frequency of aneuploid tumors. In contrast, a higher percentage (16/20 = 80%) of pancreatic adenocarcinomas contained mutations in c-Ki-ras 2, despite a lower frequency of DNA aneuploidy in these neoplasms. Moreover, the spectrum of mutations differed between sporadic colon carcinoma, where the predominant mutation was a G to A transition, and pancreatic carcinomas, which predominantly contained G to C or T transversions. These results suggest that the etiology of ras mutations is different in these three human neoplasms.
Structural Investigations of a New Familial Dysalbuminemic Hyperthyroxinemia Genotype (1999)

The K(d) values for l-thyroxine bound to R218P and R218H HSA determined in this study were similar. The extremely high serum total-thyroxine concentrations reported previously for R218P FDH patients (10-fold higher than those reported for R218H FDH patients) are not consistent with the K(d) values determined in this study. Possible explanations for these discrepancies are discussed.
ICDAR 2011 Robust Reading Competition Challenge 2: Reading Text in Scene Images (2011)

Recognition of text in natural scene images is becoming a prominent research area due to the widespread availablity of imaging devices in low-cost consumer products like mobile phones. To evaluate the performance of recent algorithms in detecting and recognizing text from complex images, the ICDAR 2011 Robust Reading Competition was organized. Challenge 2 of the competition dealt specifically with detecting/recognizing text in natural scene images. This paper presents an overview of the approaches that the participants used, the evaluation measure, and the dataset used in the Challenge 2 of the contest. We also report the performance of all participating methods for text localization and word recognition tasks and compare their results using standard methods of area precision/recall and edit distance.
The Treatment of Thin Wire and Coaxial Structures in Lossless and Lossy Media in FDTD by the Modification of Assigned Material Parameters (2006)

It has been shown recently that the use of modified assigned material parameters (MAMPs) within the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method provides a systematic, readily extensible, accurate, and efficient approach to the electromagnetic analysis of microstrip structures. In this paper, it is shown that this technique can also be applied with equal effect to lossless and lossy coaxial lines, wires in a lossy medium such as earthing grids, and more complex structures which include coaxial feeds and shorting posts. The modified parameters are calculated directly from the known asymptotic fields near the wire and do not rely on the concept of "equivalent radius." Results are given which show equal or superior performance compared to those obtained using other methods but with the added advantage of flexibility and rigor
[The First Switched Time of PML/RARα Fusion Gene in Patients with Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia and Its Clinical Significance]. (2015)

The PML/RARα fusion gene in newly diagnosed APL patients was first switched to be negative in about 4 months after treatment. The first switched time of PML/RARα fusion gene can objectively reflect the reduction of leukemia cells, and the differences among different subtypes of PML/RARα fusion gene may have some suggestions for the treatment, but without important significance for the evaluation of prognosis and recurrence for APL patients. In addition, minimal residual disease (MRD) can be dynamically monitored by detecting PML/RARα fusion gene, thus having an important clinical significance for analysis of APL recurrence.
Thin film microcalorimeter for heat capacity measurements from 1.5 to 800 K (1994)

A new microcalorimeter for measuring heat capacity of thin films in the range 1.5–800 K is described. Semiconductor processing techniques are used to create a device with an amorphous silicon nitride membrane as the sample substrate, a Pt thin film resistor for temperatures greater than 40 K, and either a thin film amorphous Nb–Si or a novel boron-doped polycrystalline silicon thermometer for lower temperatures. The addenda of the device, including substrate, is 4×10−6 J/K at room temperature and 2×10−9 J/K at 4.3 K, approximately two orders of magnitude less than any existing calorimeter used for measuring thin films. The device is capable of measuring the heat capacity of thin film samples as small as a few micrograms.
The Groshong catheter: initial experience and early results of imaging-guided placement. (1992)

Fifty Groshong catheters were placed in 50 patients with use of ultrasound (US) and fluoroscopic guidance in the radiology suite: 49 were placed via the subclavian vein and one was placed via the left internal jugular vein. All (100%) attempts at catheter placement were successful. Imaging guidance affected the placement of catheters in 12 cases (24%), including four patients (8%) in whom vascular access would not have been possible with blinded percutaneous venipuncture or surgical cutdown. After a four-case learning curve period, during which one pneumothorax (2%) and two arterial punctures (4%) occurred, there were no further venipuncture-related complications. One catheter was removed because of infection (2%) and one because of allergic reaction (2%) to the antimicrobial cuff. Four patients with cutaneous infections and one with catheter-related sepsis were successfully treated with antibiotics. Results demonstrate the initial promise of imaging-guided placement of central venous access catheters when performed in the radiology suite.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Enhances Its Own Expression in Sympathetic Neurons after Injury (1998)

Neurons in the adult rat superior cervical sympathetic ganglion (SCG) dramatically increase their content of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and its mRNA after axotomy in vivo and after explantation. Because the VIP gene contains a functional cAMP response element, the effects of cAMP-elevating agents on VIP expression were examined. VIP, forskolin, or isoproterenol increased cAMP accumulation in explanted ganglia. Secretin, a peptide chemically related to VIP, or forskolin increased VIP levels above those seen in ganglia cultured in control medium, whereas treatment with VIP or secretin increased the level of peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), a peptide coded for by the same mRNA that encodes VIP. VIP or forskolin also increased VIP-PHI mRNA. In contrast, isoproterenol did not alter levels of VIP, PHI, or VIP-PHI mRNA. Although VIP or forskolin increased cAMP levels in both dissociated neurons and in non-neuronal cells, isoproterenol significantly stimulated cAMP accumulation only in the latter. VIP6-28 was an effective antagonist of the actions of exogenous VIP on cAMP and VIP-PHI mRNA in neuron-enriched cultures. When adult SCG explants were cultured in defined medium, endogenous VIP immunoreactivity was released. When VIP6-28 was added to such cultures, it significantly inhibited the increase in VIP-PHI mRNA that normally occurs. These data indicate that VIP, or a closely related molecule, produced by adult neurons after injury can enhance the expression of VIP. Such a mechanism may prolong the period during which VIP is elevated after axonal damage. The possibility is also discussed that, because VIP is present in preganglionic neurons in normal animals, its release during periods of increased sympathetic nerve activity could alter VIP expression in the SCG.
NotePals (1999)

NotePals is a lightweight note sharing system that gives group members easy access to each others experiences through their personal notes. The system allows notes taken by group members in any context to be uploaded to a shared repository. Group members view these notes with browsers that allow them to retrieve all notes taken in a given context or to access notes from other related notes or documents. This is possible because NotePals records the context in which each note is created (e.g., its author, subject, and creation time). The system is lightweight because it fits easily into group members regular note- taking practices, and uses informal, ink-based user interfaces that run on portable, inexpensive hardware. In this paper we describe NotePals, show how we have used it to share our notes, and present our evaluations of the system.
Prophylactic Use of Chloroquine to Prevent Skin Cancer (1963)

A double-blind study was undertaken in man to determine if chloroquine could inhibit cutaneous carcinogenesis. Via a random sampling technique over 200 tumor prone individuals were placed on chloroquine, 250 mg. per day, or an identical appearing placebo. After 11 months, the patients taking chloroquine, when compared to the placebo group, developed fewer new tumors. This was demonstrated in the total number of new tumors and also in the percentage of individuals developing one or more new tumors. Statistically significant figures were found in the 6-17 month time period; however, the results were not significant at the .05 level at any other time period. The findings from this study suggest that chloroquine may have a moderate suppressive effect upon carcinogenesis.
Conformational Flexibility of Three-Way DNA Junctions Containing Unpaired Nucleotides (1996)

Time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer has been used to examine the global structure and conformational flexibility of three-way DNA junctions containing unpaired bases at the branch point. Three-way junctions were prepared with donor (fluorescein) and acceptor (tetramethyl-rhodamine) dyes attached to the ends of different helical arms in various pairwise combinations. The time-resolved fluorescence decay of the donor in each labeled junction was measured by time-correlated single photon counting. The distributions of donor-acceptor (D-A) distances present between each pair of labeled helices were recovered from analysis of the donor decay profiles using a Gaussian distribution model. The recovered D-A distance distributions reveal the mean distance between each pair of helices, as well as the range of distances that exists between each pair. For the junction lacking unpaired bases, the three mean interarm distances are similar, indicating an extended structure. In addition, a relatively broad range of distances is present between each pair of helices, showing that the structure is flexible. The addition of unpaired bases causes the junction to fold into a different structure, with one interarm distance being shorter than the other two. The change in overall geometry of the junction appears to be primarily due to the repositioning of one of the helices flanking the bulge. In bulged junctions containing unpaired thymine, cytosine, or adenine bases, the helix containing the 3' portion of the bulged strand appears to undergo the greatest change in its mean position relative to the other helices. In contrast, in the bulged junction containing unpaired guanine bases, the helix containing the 5' portion of the bulged strand is displaced. In all bulged junctions, there is a wide range of distances between the perturbed helix and the other two helices, indicating high mobility for the perturbed arm. These results indicate that the overall structure and conformational flexibility of three-way DNA junctions are sensitive to the presence of unpaired bases at the branch point of the junction and that the precise effect of a bulge depends on the nature of the unpaired bases.
Advantages and Challenges of Dried Blood Spot Analysis by Mass Spectrometry Across the Total Testing Process. (2016)

DBS analysis using MS applications is now broadly applied, with drug monitoring for both therapeutic and toxicological analysis being the most extensively reported. Several parameters can affect the accuracy of DBS measurement and further bridge experiments are required to develop adjustment rules for comparability between dried blood spot measures and the equivalent serum/plasma values. Likewise, the establishment of independent reference intervals for dried blood spot sample matrix is required.
The let-7 MicroRNA Represses Cell Proliferation Pathways in Human Cells (2007)

MicroRNAs play important roles in animal development, cell differentiation, and metabolism and have been implicated in human cancer. The let-7 microRNA controls the timing of cell cycle exit and terminal differentiation in Caenorhabditis elegans and is poorly expressed or deleted in human lung tumors. Here, we show that let-7 is highly expressed in normal lung tissue, and that inhibiting let-7 function leads to increased cell division in A549 lung cancer cells. Overexpression of let-7 in cancer cell lines alters cell cycle progression and reduces cell division, providing evidence that let-7 functions as a tumor suppressor in lung cells. let-7 was previously shown to regulate the expression of the RAS lung cancer oncogenes, and our work now shows that multiple genes involved in cell cycle and cell division functions are also directly or indirectly repressed by let-7. This work reveals the let-7 microRNA to be a master regulator of cell proliferation pathways.
Intragastric acid control in non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug users: comparison of esomeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole (2006)

At the doses studied, esomeprazole treatment provides significantly greater gastric acid suppression than lansoprazole or pantoprazole in patients receiving non-selective or cyclo-oxygenase-2-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
BinaryAgrobacteriumvectors for plant transformation (1984)

A vector molecule for the efficient transformation of higher plants has been constructed with several features that make it efficient to use. It utilizes the trans acting functions of the vir region of a co-resident Ti plasmid in Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer sequences bordered by left and right T-DNA border sequences into the nuclear genome of plants. The T-region contains a dominant selectable marker gene that confers high levels of resistance to kanamycin, and a lac alpha-complementing region from M13mp19 that contains several unique restriction sites for the positive selection of inserted DNA.
TSF3, a global regulatory protein that silences transcription of yeast GAL genes, also mediates repression by alpha 2 repressor and is identical to SIN4. (1993)

TSF3 encodes one of six (TSF1 to TSF6) recently identified global negative regulators of transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutant tsf3 strains exhibit defects in transcriptional silencing of the GAL1 promoter, allow expression from upstream activation sequence-less promoters, and exhibit pleiotropic defects in cell growth and development. Here we show that TSF3 is involved in transcriptional silencing mediated by the alpha 2 repressor and demonstrate that specific systems of transcriptional silencing may depend on the more global role of TSF3. Cloning and sequencing of TSF3 allowed us to predict a 974-amino-acid gene product identical to SIN4, a negative regulator of transcription of the HO (homothallism) mating type switching endonuclease. TSF3 disruptions are not lethal but result in phenotypes similar to those of the originally isolated alleles. Our results, together with those of Y. W. Jiang and D. J. Stillman (Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:4503-4514, 1992), suggest that TSF3 (SIN4) affects the function of the basal transcription apparatus, and this effect in turn alters the manner in which the latter responds to upstream regulatory proteins.
Multiplicity of cerebrospinal fluid functions: New challenges in health and disease (2008)

1 Overview2 CSF formation2.1 Transcription factors2.2 Ion transporters2.3 Enzymes that modulate transport2.4 Aquaporins or water channels2.5 Receptors for neuropeptides3 CSF pressure3.1 Servomechanism regulatory hypothesis3.2 Ontogeny of CSF pressure generation3.3 Congenital hydrocephalus and periventricular regions3.4 Brain response to elevated CSF pressure3.5 Advances in measuring CSF waveforms4 CSF flow4.1 CSF flow and brain metabolism4.2 Flow effects on fetal germinal matrix4.3 Decreasing CSF flow in aging CNS4.4 Refinement of non-invasive flow measurements5 CSF volume5.1 Hemodynamic factors5.2 Hydrodynamic factors5.3 Neuroendocrine factors6 CSF turnover rate6.1 Adverse effect of ventriculomegaly6.2 Attenuated CSF sink action7 CSF composition7.1 Kidney-like action of CP-CSF system7.2 Altered CSF biochemistry in aging and disease7.3 Importance of clearance transport7.4 Therapeutic manipulation of composition8 CSF recycling in relation to ISF dynamics8.1 CSF exchange with brain interstitium8.2 Components of ISF movement in brain8.3 Compromised ISF/CSF dynamics and amyloid retention9 CSF reabsorption9.1 Arachnoidal outflow resistance9.2 Arachnoid villi vs. olfactory drainage routes9.3 Fluid reabsorption along spinal nerves9.4 Reabsorption across capillary aquaporin channels10 Developing translationally effective models for restoring CSF balance11 Conclusion.
Self-assembling complexes for gene delivery : from laboratory to clinical trial (1998)

Partial table of contents: PRINCIPLES OF SELF-ASSEMBLY. Polymorphism of Lipids, Nucleic Acids, and their Interactions (D. Lasic, et al.). Self-Assembly of Bacteriophage (M. Burbea P. Prevelige). NATURAL MECHANISMS FOR GENE-DELIVERY TO CELLS. Endocytosis: An Overview (V. Slepnev P. De Camilli). NOVEL SYSTEMS USING CATIONIC LIPOSOMES. Novel Supramolecular Assemblies for Gene Delivery (F.-P. Yang L. Huang). POLYELECTROLYTE DNA COMPLEXES. Cationic Block Copolymers as Self-Assembling Vectors for Gene Delivery (L. Seymour, et al.). Cellular Internalization and Fate of Polycation-DNA Complexes (C. Pouton, et al.). SYSTEMIC BIODISTRIBUTION OF DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS. In Vitro and In Vivo Availability of Liposomes (V. Torchilin). TARGETING OF CONJUGATES FOR GENE DELIVERY. Polylysine-Conjugate Based DNA Delivery (E. Wagner). Peptides and Fusion Proteins as Modular DNA Carriers (W. Wels J. Fominaya). NEW APPORACHES TO GENE DELIVERY. Semi-Synthetic Systems for Gene Delivery (C. Hodgson, et al.). CLINICAL EVALUATION. Cystic Fibrosis Clinical Trials (D. Geddes E. Alton). Index.
Blue Ridge Blues: The Problems and Strengths of Rural Women (1988)

Rural women have many problems in common with urban women, including poverty, superwoman expectations, and domestic violence. However, geographic and social isolation make these problems even more devastating to rural women. What often results is endemic stress that is manifested in chronic low self-esteem. This article discusses mental health services to rural women with particular emphasis on the cultural components of chronic stress and low self-esteem. A ttention is also given to building support systems, networking with the larger community, and identifying the needs of agency staff members.
Div-Seq: Single-nucleus RNA-Seq reveals dynamics of rare adult newborn neurons (2016)

Visualizing gene expression in nuclei Gene expression can vary greatly within a single cell. Using techniques that they developed for sequencing single nuclei and labeling proliferating cells in vivo, Habib et al. performed RNA sequencing of 1402 single nuclei from the adult mouse hippocampus. Combining this approach with a clustering algorithm for single-cell and -nucleus RNA sequencing data delineated specific cell types during cell differentiation and development. By providing polyadenylated RNA from nuclei alone, as opposed to cytoplasmic RNA, these methods open the application of single-cell transcriptomics to tissues in which individual cells are difficult to isolate. Science , this issue p. 925
A single nucleotide difference that alters splicing patterns distinguishes the SMA gene SMN1 from the copy gene SMN2 (1999)

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a recessive disorder characterized by loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord. It is caused by mutations in the telomeric survival motor neuron 1 ( SMN1 ) gene. Alterations within an almost identical copy gene, the centromeric survival motor neuron 2 ( SMN2 ) gene produce no known phenotypic effect. The exons of the two genes differ by just two nucleotides, neither of which alters the encoded amino acids. At the genomic level, only five nucleotides that differentiate the two genes from one another have been reported. The entire genomic sequence of the two genes has not been determined. Thus, differences which might explain why SMN1 is the SMA gene are not readily apparent. In this study, we have completely sequenced and compared genomic clones containing the SMN genes. The two genes show striking similarity, with the homology being unprecedented between two different yet functional genes. The only critical difference in an approximately 32 kb region between the two SMN genes is the C->T base change 6 bp inside exon 7. This alteration but not other variations in the SMN genes affects the splicing pattern of the genes. The majority of the transcript from the SMN1 locus is full length, whereas the majority of the transcript produced by the SMN2 locus lacks exon 7. We suggest that the exon 7 nucleotide change affects the activity of an exon splice enhancer. In SMA patients, the loss of SMN1 but the presence of SMN2 results in low levels of full-length SMN transcript and therefore low SMN protein levels which causes SMA.
Simple and rapid sample preparation system for the molecular detection of antibiotic resistant pathogens in human urine (2016)

Antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infections (UTIs) can cause significant complications without quick detection and appropriate treatment. We describe a new approach to capture, concentrate and prepare amplification-ready DNA from antibiotic resistant bacteria in human urine samples. Klebsiella pneumoniae NCTC13443 (bla CTX-M-15 positive) spiked into filtered human urine was used as a model system. Bacteria were captured using anion exchange diaethylaminoethyl (DEAE) magnetic microparticles and concentrated 200-fold within ~3.5 min using a custom, valve-less microfluidic chip. Eight samples were processed in parallel, and DNA was released using heat lysis from an integrated resistive heater. The crude cell lysate was used for real time Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) of the bla CTX-M-15 gene. The end to end processing time was approximately 15 min with a limit of detection of 1000 bacteria in 1 mL urine.