gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Potent, Versatile Disulfide-Reducing Agent from Aspartic Acid (2012)

Dithiothreitol (DTT) is the standard reagent for reducing disulfide bonds between and within biological molecules. At neutral pH, however, >99% of DTT thiol groups are protonated and thus unreactive. Herein, we report on (2S)-2-amino-1,4-dimercaptobutane (dithiobutylamine or DTBA), a dithiol that can be synthesized from l-aspartic acid in a few high-yielding steps that are amenable to a large-scale process. DTBA has thiol pK(a) values that are ~1 unit lower than those of DTT and forms a disulfide with a similar E°' value. DTBA reduces disulfide bonds in both small molecules and proteins faster than does DTT. The amino group of DTBA enables its isolation by cation-exchange and facilitates its conjugation. These attributes indicate that DTBA is a superior reagent for reducing disulfide bonds in aqueous solution.
Antitumoral Activity of Liposomes and Immunoliposomes Containing 5-Fluorouridine Prodrugs (1997)

Liposomes and immunoliposomes containing cytotoxic agents may be highly efficacious in intracavity therapy of malignancies confined principally to the peritoneal cavity. To assess the feasibility of this locoregional treatment, we prepared two derivatives of 5-fluorouridine (5-FUR), a highly cytotoxic metabolite of 5-fluorouracile, and incorporated them into REV liposomes, prepared with the reverse phase evaporation method. Encapsulation efficiency, drug leakage, and stability were determined, and size analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were carried out to evaluate the drug delivery potential of liposomes containing 5'-palmitoyl-5-FUR, 5'-succinyl-5-FUR, or the parent drug 5-FUR. The most suitable drug for encapsulation, in terms of minimum leakage and encapsulation efficiency, was 5'-palmitoyl-5-FUR, which differential scanning calorimetry indicated as being firmly anchored to the lipid bilayer. Thus, 5'-palmitoyl-5-FUR was chosen to prepare a chemotherapeutic liposome-monoclonal antibody conjugate (immunoliposome). The covalent linkage between antibody and liposome was realized by coupling the thiolated monoclonal antibody AR-3 with REV liposomes, containing N-[4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyryl]phosphatidylethanolamine. The cytotoxic activity of drug-bearing liposomes and immunoliposomes was evaluated on the HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line; the immunoliposomes had higher cytotoxicity than liposomes or 5-FUR. To explore the potential of these drug formulations in anticancer therapy, we ip injected liposomes or immunoliposomes into athymic mice ip grafted with human HT-29 cell line. In this mouse model, the immunoliposome containing 5'-palmitoyl-5-FUR displayed the best antitumoral activity, since on day 27 postgraft only 5% of residual tumor mass was present, compared to control mice; there was a close relationship between exposure time of tumor tissue to the drug and antitumor potency.
Side Effects of Adjuvant Treatment of Breast Cancer (2001)

Women with primary invasive breast cancer receive both local and systemic treatment. Surgery and radiation therapy are local treatments given to reduce the risk of recurrent cancer in the breast, chest wall, and regional lymph nodes. In some cases, these local treatments may prevent the dissemination of cancer and may reduce mortality from breast cancer. Cytotoxic chemotherapy and hormonal therapy are systemic treatments given after local treatment to reduce systemic recurrences and overall mortality from breast cancer. Recent guidelines from the National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference, the National Comprehensive Cancer Center Network, and other groups recommend adjuvant chemotherapy, tamoxifen, . . .
Extremely Stretchable Strain Sensors Based on Conductive Self‐Healing Dynamic Cross‐Links Hydrogels for Human‐Motion Detection (2016)

<b>Extremely stretchable self-healing strain sensors based on conductive hydrogels</b> are successfully fabricated. The strain sensor can achieve autonomic self-heal electrically and mechanically under ambient conditions, and can sustain extreme elastic strain (1000%) with high gauge factor of 1.51. Furthermore, the strain sensors have good response, signal stability, and repeatability under various human motion detections.
Structure and Expression of the Mouse Necdin Gene (1996)

Necdin is a 325 amino acid residue protein encoded by a cDNA clone isolated from neurally differentiated embryonal carcinoma cells. In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that necdin mRNA-containing cells in vivo coincided with postmitotic neurons in the mouse brain from early periods of neurogenesis until adulthood. To study the regulation of necdin gene expression, we have isolated and characterized the necdin gene from a mouse genomic DNA library. The necdin gene contains no intron, and its upstream region lacks canonical TATA and CAAT boxes. To assess promoter activity, the 5'-flanking sequence (844 base pairs) of the necdin gene was fused to the LacZ reporter gene and transiently transfected into retinoic acid-treated P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Most of the transfectants expressing high levels of LacZ immunoreactivity were postmitotic neurons differentiated from P19 cells. Deletion analysis using luciferase reporter genes demonstrated that a neuron-restrictive core promoter is localized to positions -80 to -35, in which a G+C-rich domain and a putative binding site for transcription factors with PAS (per, arnt, and single-minded) dimerization domain are comprised. These results suggest that postmitotic neuron-restrictive expression of the necdin gene is mediated by the specific cis-acting elements and that this promoter is applicable to postmitotic neuron-targeted expression of various transgenic systems.
XPS study of oxides formed on the surface of high‐purity iron exposed to air (2000)

Angle-resolved XPS and micro-XPS have been used for characterizing reaction products consisting of oxide and oxyhydroxide formed on the surface of high-purity iron exposed to air at room temperature for a long time. Angle-resolved measurements of O 1s XPS spectra have shown that an oxyhydroxide layer covers a native oxide layer in the nanometric thickness range formed on the iron surface. Moreover, imaging by micro-XPS has indicated that fine reaction products, which are oxyhydroxides, are heterogeneously formed on the iron surface by exposure to air for a long time. Based on these results, it is considered that initial oxidation occurs on the iron surface uniformly, and the fine reaction products nucleate at some areas and grow during further air exposure. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative lineage tracing strategies to resolve multipotency in tissue-specific stem cells (2016)

Lineage tracing has become the method of choice to study the fate and dynamics of stem cells (SCs) during development, homeostasis, and regeneration. However, transgenic and knock-in Cre drivers used to perform lineage tracing experiments are often dynamically, temporally, and heterogeneously expressed, leading to the initial labeling of different cell types and thereby complicating their interpretation. Here, we developed two methods: the first one based on statistical analysis of multicolor lineage tracing, allowing the definition of multipotency potential to be achieved with high confidence, and the second one based on lineage tracing at saturation to assess the fate of all SCs within a given lineage and the "flux" of cells between different lineages. Our analysis clearly shows that, whereas the prostate develops from multipotent SCs, only unipotent SCs mediate mammary gland (MG) development and adult tissue remodeling. These methods offer a rigorous framework to assess the lineage relationship and SC fate in different organs and tissues.
Leukocytes in blood transfusion: adverse effects and their prevention. (1999)

Leukocyte contamination during blood transfusion can cause many adverse effects, such as the transmission of cell-associated infectious agents, febrile non-haemolytic reactions, graft-versus-host disease, and immunosuppression. While using leukodepleted blood components can minimise some of these adverse effects, the leukodepletion of all cellular blood components is costly. A more cost-effective alternative would be to supply leukodepleted blood components to at-risk patients only.
Fast mode decision algorithm for inter-layer intra prediction in SVC (2011)

The flexibility of video transmission and decoding has been greatly enhanced by Scalable video coding (SVC). But the coding complexity is also increased because of the inter-layer prediction mechanism. To solve this problem, we propose a fast mode decision algorithm for intra prediction. First, we simplify the process of inter-layer intra prediction using the statistical mode distribution of the enhancement layer, then we further accelerate the encoder by optimizing the process INTRA_BL. Results are shown using four resolution layers (1080p, 720p, VGA and QVGA), two temporal layers and two quality layers. It is found that the proposed algorithm can reduce the computational complexity significantly while improving the encoder efficiency.
Highly parallel direct RNA sequencing on an array of nanopores (2016)

Abstract Ribonucleic acid sequencing can allow us to monitor the RNAs present in a sample. This enables us to detect the presence and nucleotide sequence of viruses, or to build a picture of how active transcriptional processes are changing – information that is useful for understanding the status and function of a sample. Oxford Nanopore Technologies’ sequencing technology is capable of electronically analysing a sample’s DNA directly, and in real-time. In this manuscript we demonstrate the ability of an array of nanopores to sequence RNA directly, and we apply it to a range of biological situations. Nanopore technology is the only available sequencing technology that can sequence RNA directly, rather than depending on reverse transcription and PCR. There are several potential advantages of this approach over other RNA-seq strategies, including the absence of amplification and reverse transcription biases, the ability to detect nucleotide analogues and the ability to generate full-length, strand-specific RNA sequences. Direct RNA sequencing is a completely new way of analysing the sequence of RNA samples and it will improve the ease and speed of RNA analysis, while yielding richer biological information.
Catecholaminergic neurons result from intracerebral implantation of embryonal carcinoma cells. (1993)

A replication-defective retrovirus was used to introduce the marker gene nlsLacZ into the murine embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell line PCC7-S-aza-R-1009. Undifferentiated EC cells were implanted into the central nervous system of adult rats. One month later, the grafted cells continued to express the nlsLacZ gene. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of EC-derived neurons. These neurons were capable of expressing tyrosine hydroxylase and extended neurites into the host parenchyma. EC-derived glial cells could not be detected. There was no evidence of tumorigenicity. These results demonstrate the utility of EC cells for introduction of exogenous gene products into the central nervous system in experimental models of gene therapy.
Red cell vesiculation--a common membrane physiologic event. (1986)

Loss of red blood cell membrane material in the form of microvesicles has been noted in sickle cells, in Ca++-loaded and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-depleted normal red blood cells; and during storage of normal red blood cells. To further understand the vesiculation process, we have studied vesicles generated by a variety of perturbations of the red blood cell membrane. Vesicles were isolated by centrifugation at 30,000 X g from plasma of heparinized pathologic blood samples (sickle cell anemia, hemoglobin H disease, hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, and protein 4.1 deficiency) incubated overnight at 4 degrees C. Vesicle formation also was induced in normal erythrocytes by ATP depletion, by heating to 49 degrees C, by incubation at pH 5.4, and by incubation in 5 mmol/L diamide. Membrane protein composition was characterized on denaturing polyacrylamide gels and by immunoblot. The vesicles all contained band 3, glycophorin A, and band 4.1. Spectrin was depleted in all vesicles. Thiol disulfide exchange chromatography revealed evidence of oxidative cross-linking of spectrin in pathologic and normal red blood cells that had undergone vesiculation. This suggests that the mechanism of vesiculation may be related to cross-linking of membrane proteins. Membrane phospholipid composition of sickle cell and acid-induced vesicles was similar to that of normal red cells as determined by thin-layer chromatography. Possible pathophysiologic effects of vesiculation were assessed by using a modified Russell's viper venom assay. All vesicles examined shortened Russell's viper venom clotting time by 55% to 70% of control values. In addition, ektacytometer studies reveal that cells remaining after acid-induced vesiculation are rigid. These observations indicate that the vesicles may play a role in the hypercoagulation seen in some hemolytic disorders and that the process of vesiculation itself may contribute to increased rigidity of red cells and their subsequent removal from the circulation.
Regulation of mammary gland branching morphogenesis by the extracellular matrix and its remodeling enzymes (2003)

A considerable body of research indicates that mammary gland branching morphogenesis is dependent, in part, on the extracellular matrix (ECM), ECM-receptors, such as integrins and other ECM receptors, and ECM-degrading enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). There is some evidence that these ECM cues affect one or more of the following processes: cell survival, polarity, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and migration. Both three-dimensional culture models and genetic manipulations of the mouse mammary gland have been used to study the signaling pathways that affect these processes. However, the precise mechanisms of ECM-directed mammary morphogenesis are not well understood. Mammary morphogenesis involves epithelial 'invasion' of adipose tissue, a process akin to invasion by breast cancer cells, although the former is a highly regulated developmental process. How these morphogenic pathways are integrated in the normal gland and how they become dysregulated and subverted in the progression of breast cancer also remain largely unanswered questions.
Erythrocyte Membrane Lipid Peroxidation and Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Diabetes (1989)

Erythrocytes of diabetic patients have abnormal membrane properties. We examined in vivo membrane lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes of diabetic subjects and its possible relationship with hyperglycemia. Lipid peroxidation was assessed in fresh, untreated erythrocytes by quantitating thiobarbituric acid reactivity and an adduct of phospholipids and malonyldialdehyde (MDA), an end product of lipid peroxidation, with thin-layer chromatography of lipid extract of diabetic erythrocytes. There was a significantly increased membrane lipid peroxidation in diabetic erythrocytes compared with nondiabetic erythrocytes. The degree of membrane lipid peroxidative damage in erythrocytes was significantly correlated with the level of glycosylated hemoglobin, an index of mean glucose level for the preceding 3-4 mo. This suggests that peroxidation of membrane lipids and accumulation of MDA occurs in erythrocytes of diabetic patients.
Human tear glucose. (1982)

By means of a photometric method, the glucose concentrations of 875 human tear samples were analyzed. The arithmetic mean for the total population was 7.5 mg/dl, although significant differences in average concentration among individuals were found (3.4 to 12.7 mg/dl). Although the total population mode, 3.2 mg/dl, did fall within range limits often cited in the current literature, the higher arithmetic mean found here is attributed to special precautions taken to minimize reflex tear inclusion, to corrections made for effects of processing delay, and to the assembly of more extensive and time-balanced sample bases (an average of 73 specimens taken hourly throughout the waking periods of 5 days) for each individual studied. The population diurnal profile (i.e., the average of 60 individual profile days constructed here) was found to have some phase characteristics resembling those of serum glucose population profiles in the literature.
A Convenient and General Method for Pd-Catalyzed Suzuki Cross-Couplings of Aryl Chlorides and Arylboronic Acids (1998)

From only commercially available reagents a wide array of Suzuki cross-couplings of aryl chlorides with arylboronic acids can be effected in excellent yield [Eq. (a)]. This development provides a general solution to a long-standing limitation of this extremely powerful process-the poor reactivity of inexpensive and readily accessible aryl chlorides. dba=dibenzylideneacetone.
Dose Response of Combination Photorejuvenation Using Intense Pulsed Light–Activated Photodynamic Therapy and Radiofrequency Energy (2004)

The dose-response results defining the minimal erythema dose and the maximal tolerated dose of intense pulsed light-activated photodynamic therapy and radiofrequency energy have led to the development of 2 photorejuvenation protocols based on skin type and severity of photodamage.
The transition metal gallium disrupts Pseudomonas aeruginosa iron metabolism and has antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity (2007)

A novel antiinfective approach is to exploit stresses already imposed on invading organisms by the in vivo environment. Fe metabolism is a key vulnerability of infecting bacteria because organisms require Fe for growth, and it is critical in the pathogenesis of infections. Furthermore, humans have evolved potent Fe-withholding mechanisms that can block acute infection, prevent biofilm formation leading to chronic infection, and starve bacteria that succeed in infecting the host. Here we investigate a "Trojan horse" strategy that uses the transition metal gallium to disrupt bacterial Fe metabolism and exploit the Fe stress of in vivo environments. Due to its chemical similarity to Fe, Ga can substitute for Fe in many biologic systems and inhibit Fe-dependent processes. We found that Ga inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth and biofilm formation and kills planktonic and biofilm bacteria in vitro. Ga works in part by decreasing bacterial Fe uptake and by interfering with Fe signaling by the transcriptional regulator pvdS. We also show that Ga is effective in 2 murine lung infection models. These data, along with the fact that Ga is FDA approved (for i.v. administration) and there is the dearth of new antibiotics in development, make Ga a potentially promising new therapeutic for P. aeruginosa infections.
Functional Coupling Between Various Phospholipase A2s and Cyclooxygenases in Immediate and Delayed Prostanoid Biosynthetic Pathways (1999)

Several distinct phospholipase A2s (PLA2s) and two cyclooxygenases (COXs) were transfected, alone or in combination, into human embryonic kidney 293 cells, and their functional coupling during immediate and delayed prostaglandin (PG)-biosynthetic responses was reconstituted. Signaling PLA2s, i.e. cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) (type IV) and two secretory PLA2s (sPLA2), types IIA (sPLA2-IIA) and V (sPLA2-V), promoted arachidonic acid (AA) release from their respective transfectants after stimulation with calcium ionophore or, when bradykinin receptor was cotransfected, with bradykinin, which evoked the immediate response, and interleukin-1 plus serum, which induced the delayed response. Experiments on cells transfected with either COX alone revealed subtle differences between the PG-biosynthetic properties of the two isozymes in that COX-1 and COX-2 were favored over the other in the presence of high and low exogenous AA concentrations, respectively. Moreover, COX-2, but not COX-1, could turn on endogenous AA release, which was inhibited by a cPLA2 inhibitor. When PLA2 and COX were coexpressed, AA released by cPLA2, sPLA2-IIA and sPLA2-V was converted to PGE2 by both COX-1 and COX-2 during the immediate response and predominantly by COX-2 during the delayed response. Ca2+-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) (type VI), which plays a crucial role in phospholipid remodeling, failed to couple with COX-2 during the delayed response, whereas it was linked to ionophore-induced immediate PGE2 generation via COX-1 in marked preference to COX-2. Finally, coculture of PLA2 and COX transfectants revealed that extracellular sPLA2s-IIA and -V, but neither intracellular cPLA2 nor iPLA2, augmented PGE2 generation by neighboring COX-expressing cells, implying that the heparin-binding sPLA2s play a particular role as paracrine amplifiers of the PG-biosynthetic response signal from one cell to another.
What's Your Current Stress Level? Detection of Stress Patterns from GSR Sensor Data (2011)

The problem of job stress is generally recognized as one of the major factors leading to a spectrum of health problems. People with certain professions, like intensive care specialists or call-center operators, and people in certain phases of their lives, like working parents with young children, are at increased risk of getting overstressed. Stress management should start far before the stress start causing illnesses. The current state of sensor technology allows to develop systems measuring physical symptoms reflecting the stress level. In this paper we (1) formulate the problem of stress identification and categorization from the sensor data stream mining perspective, (2) consider a reductionist approach for arousal identification as a drift detection task, (3) highlight the major problems of dealing with GSR data, collected from a watch-style stress measurement device in normal (i.e. in non-lab) settings, and propose simple approaches how to deal with them, and (4) discuss the lessons learnt from the conducted experimental study on real GSR data collected during the recent field study.
Quantitative PCR-Enhanced Immunoassay for Measurement of Enteroviral Immunoglobulin M Antibody and Diagnosis of Aseptic Meningitis (2005)

A PCR-enhanced immunoassay (PIA) to detect enterovirus (EV) immunoglobulin M (IgM) for diagnosis of recent EV infection was recently developed. This test was compared with another EV IgM capture technique, the solid-phase reverse immunosorbent test (SPRIST). Fourteen of 43 serum samples from aseptic meningitis patients were positive by PIA, whereas 10 were positive by SPRIST. One of 39 control serum samples was weakly positive by PIA. A single-serum-dilution real-time PCR-based PIA for EV IgM (quantitative PIA [QPIA]) was also developed and evaluated against PIA, SPRIST, an EV IgM radioimmunoassay (RIA), and clinical data. A mixture of 12 EVs was used as the antigen. Results from investigating four groups of serum samples were as follows. (i) The nine PIA-positive serum samples in group 1 were all positive by QPIA. (ii) Group 2 consisted of 59 serum samples from aseptic meningitis patients. Nineteen of 30 serum samples (63%) taken at hospital admission were positive by QPIA. Of these, 17 were positive in EV PCR. (iii) None of the 30 control serum samples in group 3 were positive by QPIA. (iv) For the 24 serum samples in group 4, of which 11 were positive and 13 were negative by RIA, the QPIA results were completely concordant. The sensitivity and specificity of QPIA for diagnosis of EV infection were 70 and 80%, respectively. QPIA provides a rational strategy for the detection of EV IgM, allows the use of viral antigens with minimal purification, and needs no virus-specific reagents apart from those in the PCR. QPIA is a generally applicable method for the detection of viral IgM in IgM capture assays.