gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CD152 Ligation by CD80 on T Cells Is Required for the Induction of Unresponsiveness by Costimulation-Deficient Antigen Presentation (2000)

Abstract Two apparently contradictory observations have been made concerning peripheral T cell tolerance; costimulation-deficient Ag presentation leads to unresponsiveness, and CTLA4 (CD152) ligation is required for unresponsiveness to be induced. This issue was addressed using a CD80− CD86low B cell line to present Ag to DO.11.10 naive CD4+ T cells. Proliferation was substantially enhanced by anti-CD80 or anti-CD152, but was inhibited by anti-CD86. Furthermore, anti-CD80 partially, and anti-CD152 totally protected cloned DO.11.10 T cells from the induction of unresponsiveness following culture with peptide and Chinese hamster ovary H2-Ad+ CD80− CD86− cells. Fab of anti-CD80 caused similar enhancement, and coimmobilized anti-CD80 failed to costimulate the anti-CD3 response of purified T cells, indicating that direct signaling by anti-CD80 was not responsible for these effects. The possibility that anti-CD80 liberated CD28 molecules that were sequestered by the T cell-expressed CD80, enabling them to coaggregate with TCR:CD3 complexes was excluded by finding that anti-CD80 and anti-CD152 individually caused maximal enhancement, rather than having additive effects. These data suggest that T cell-expressed CD80 has a regulatory function and plays a key role in the induction of unresponsiveness due to costimulation-deficient Ag presentation by the ligation of CD152 on neighboring, or even the same, T cell.
Immunosuppressive effect of danazol on lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity toward human endometrial stromal cells (1994)

The influence of danazol on the expression of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity toward the stromal component of the endometrium was examined. Stromal cells were isolated from endometrial biopsy specimens of nine women without endometrial pathology and 12 patients with endometriosis. A cytotoxicity assay by 51Cr release was performed to determine the effect of danazol on natural killer lymphocyte lytic activity. A significant suppression of spontaneous cytotoxicity against stromal cell targets of both study subjects was observed when effectors were pretreated for 48 h with danazol at a concentration of 5 x 10(-6) mol/l. The time-course of the danazol effect indicated that drug activity was detectable as early as 24 h after the addition of the drug and increase up to 72 h. These findings confirm that danazol may influence the immune system at many levels. In particular, they demonstrate that the drug is also able to inhibit the natural immunity toward the stromal component of the endometrium.
Additive bone‐protective effects of anabolic treatment when used in conjunction with RANKL and tumor necrosis factor inhibition in two rat arthritis models (2005)

The bone-protective effects resulting from RANKL or TNF antagonism can be further improved by the addition of a bone anabolic agent.
Gold Nanoparticle Self-Similar Chain Structure Organized by DNA Origami (2010)

Here we demonstrate Au nanoparticle self-similar chain structure organized by triangle DNA origami with well-controlled orientation and <10 nm spacing. We show for the first time that a large DNA complex (origami) and multiple AuNP conjugates can be well-assembled and purified with reliable yields. The assembled structure could be used to generate high local-field enhancement. The same method can be used to precisely localize multiple components on a DNA template for potential applications in nanophotonic, nanomagnetic, and nanoelectronic devices.
Research on fast solid state DC breaker based on a natural current zero-crossing point (2014)

The DC fault characteristics of voltage source converter based high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) systems are analyzed in this paper. The phenomenon whereby the capacitor on DC side discharges quickly during a DC fault contributes to a large short-circuit fault current. Neither traditional DC breakers nor DC switches can cut off the fault current under this condition. A fast solid state DC breaker design method is proposed in this paper. This method is based on the fault current characteristics of the inverter in multi-terminal HVDC systems (MTDC), where a fault current appears at the natural zero-crossing point near the inverter. At this point, by coordinating the AC breakers near the rectifier, the DC breaker could reliably cut off the DC fault current and protect the system. A detailed model for this fast solid state DC breaker and its operation sequence are studied, based on this design method. Simulations modeling a five-terminal meshed DC grid and a fast DC breaker were carried out with PSCAD/EMTDC using this design method. The results from the simulations confirmed the validity of the design method.
UV-curable epoxy based nanocomposite adhesive for applications in integrated optics (1999)

UV-curable epoxy based adhesive was filled with nansize SiO2-particles with particle diameters of about 10 nm (SiO2-content in the composite adhesives up to 35 wt.-%). Viscosities of the filled uncured adhesives were kept low at about 1000 mPa-s to 2000 mPa-s by surface modification of the particles. Volume shrinkage rate was reduced from 5.0% (unfilled system) to 3.6 % in the case of a composite material with 20 wt.-% (approx. 12 vol.-%) nanosized SiO2. Hence the coefficient of thermal expansion in a temperature range from -50°C to 100°C, was reduced from 70.10(-6) K-1 to 57.10(-6) K-1. The refractive index decreased from 1.525 to 1.514 at a wavelength of 644 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations demonstrate that the nanosized SiO2-particles are not agglomerated in the cured material.
Interferon-alpha-n1 and continuous infusion vinblastine for treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. (1990)

Eighteen patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma were treated with human lymphoblastoid interferon (Wellferon) and continuous fusion vinblastine. All patients received vinblastine as a continuous infusion at a dose of 1.5 mg/m2/day on days 1 to 5. The interferon was given by daily intramuscular injections on days 1 to 10. Three patients were treated with a dose escalation scheme that reached a maximum daily dose by day 3 of 5 X 10(6) units/m2/day and that was then continued until day 10. Fifteen patients received 3 X 10(6) units/m2/day on day, 1, and 5 X 10(6) units/m2/day on days 3 to 10. Treatments were repeated every 28 days. Neutropenia (less than 1,500/mm3) occurred in 14 of 18 patients. Transient increases in serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase levels to greater than four times baseline were noted in nine patients. Thrombocytopenia (less than 100,000 platelets/mm3) occurred in one patient. Fatigue, lethargy, and decline in performance status were marked in four of the patients. None of the patients in the low-dose interferon group and only 1 of the 15 patients in the high-dose interferon group had an objective response (7%, with a 95% confidence interval of 0 to 31%). Of the 12 patients completing at least two courses of therapy, 10 were in the high-dose group, which included the 1 objective (partial) response. This response noted at the start of the fourth course. Ten others developed progressive disease and one stopped treatment because of neurologic toxicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Laser production of large nuclear-spin polarization in frozen xenon (1990)

The nuclei of gaseous $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ atoms are polarized by spin exchange with optically pumped Rb vapor. The Xe gas is subsequently frozen. The nuclear polraizations of up to 25% are largely unaffected by freezing. The spin-lattice relaxation time ${\mathit{T}}_{1}$ was measured as a function of temperature, magnetic field, and isotopic composition. At 77 K and 1800 G, ${\mathit{T}}_{1}$ is limited to about 3 h by a new relaxation mechanism. The potential for accumulating large samples with even higher polarizations makes laser-polarized Xe ice promising for a wide variety of new experiments.
Regulation of T Cell Activation In Vitro and In Vivo by Targeting the OX40-OX40 Ligand Interaction: Amelioration of Ongoing Inflammatory Bowel Disease with an OX40-IgG Fusion Protein, But Not with an OX40 Ligand-IgG Fusion Protein (1999)

OX40 is a member of the TNFR superfamily, and is found predominantly on activated CD4-positive T cells. In vitro an OX40-IgG fusion protein inhibits mitogen- and Ag-driven proliferation and cytokine release by splenocytes and lymph node T cells. In contrast, an OX40 ligand-IgG fusion protein enhanced proliferative responses. In normal mice, OX40-positive cells are observed only in lymphoid tissues, including Peyer's patches of the gut. In mice with hapten-induced colitis or IL-2 knockout mice with spontaneous colitis, OX40-positive cells are found infiltrating the lamina propria. Administration of the OX40-IgG fusion protein to mice with ongoing colitis (but not the OX40 ligand-IgG) ameliorated disease in both mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease. This was evidenced by a reduction in tissue myeloperoxidase; reduced transcripts for TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-12, and IFN-gamma; and a reduction in the T cell infiltrate. Targeting OX40 therefore shows considerable promise as a new strategy to inhibit ongoing T cell reactions in the gut.
Fast-Dissolve Drug Delivery Systems (2000)

Fast-dissolve drug delivery is a rapidly growing area in the pharmaceutical industry. This paper defines the technology, discusses its benefits, and reviews and compares various fast-dissolve technologies currently available on the market.
Molecular sieving by polymer solutions: dependence on particle and polymer size, independence of polymer entanglement. (1995)

The previous postulate of collision and displacement mechanisms of molecular sieving based on a biphasic plot of retardation coefficient vs particle radius ("R-plot") was extended and modified in four ways: i) A wider size range of particles and polymers confirmed the biphasic nature of the R-plot and, in addition, revealed a third mechanistic phase in the largest size range of particles and polymers which exhibits a positive slope in plots of retardation coefficient vs log (particle or polymer size), presumably denoting a collision mechanism. ii) Peaks of retardation in polyethyleneglycol (PEG) solutions were found with a particle M(r) of 10(7) independently of the M(r) of PEG, and with a PEG M(r) of 4 x 10(5) independently of particle M(r), showing that the retardation mechanism is not qualitatively a function of the particle/polymer size ratio as postulated previously, although quantitatively retardation is directly related to the size of particle and polymer. iii) Items i) and ii) were confirmed using band width in lieu of mobility measurement. iv) The entanglement threshold, c*, was found to decrease monotonically across the entire polymer size range in which the triphasic retardation takes place. Thus c* cannot be the sole cause for a non-monotonic change of retardation or normalized relative bandwidth with polymer size and particle size. Moreover, Ferguson plots across c* do not reflect it in any way.
A role for caveolae in cell migration (2004)

Caveolae are specialized plasma membrane subdomains capable of transport and sophisticated compartmentalization of cell signaling. Numerous cell functions, including cell type-specific functions, involve caveolae and require caveolin-1, the major protein component of these organelles. Caveolae are particularly abundant in endothelial cells and participate in endothelial transcytosis, vascular permeability, vasomotor tone control, and vascular reactivity. Caveolin-1 drives the formation of plasma membrane caveolae and anchors them to the actin cytoskeleton, modulates cell interaction with the extracellular matrix, pulls together and regulates signaling molecules, and transports cholesterol. Via these functions, caveolin-1 might play an important role in cell movement through control of cell membrane composition and membrane surface expansion, polarization of signaling molecules and matrix proteolysis, and/or cytoskeleton remodeling. Caveolae and caveolin-1 are polarized in migrating endothelial cells, indicating they may play a role in cell motility. Several studies have shown that manipulation of caveolin-1 expression affects cell migration in a complex way. We are reviewing the current data and hypotheses in favor of an essential role for caveolae in cell migration.
Structural Characteristics of Lithium Nickel Phosphate Studied Using Analytical Electron Microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy (2006)

The structural characteristics of lithium nickel phosphate (LiNiPO4) prepared by solid-state chemical reaction have been studied in detail using the analytical electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy measurements. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction measurements indicate that the grown LiNiPO4 is well-crystallized in olivine structure without any indication of crystallographic defects such as dislocations or misfits. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry coupled with the elemental compositional mapping using high-angle angular dark field scanning electron microscopy confirms the chemical quality of the grown LiNiPO4 in terms of homogeneity and uniform elemental distribution characteristics. The local structure and chemical bonding between NiO6 octahedral and (PO4)3- tetrahedral groups probed by Raman spectroscopy also indicate the high-quality of LiNiPO4. Structural analysis of the delithiated Li0.09NiPO4 phase indicates lattice contraction and distortion upon lithium extraction. A detailed analysis and comparison of the pristine and delithiated phases is also reported.
Section Review Oncologic, Endocrine & Metabolic: Protein kinase C inhibitors as inducers of apoptosis for cancer therapy (1996)

The antitumour activity of many chemotherapeutic agents is a consequence of their induction of apoptosis. Apoptosis represents an active, energy dependent process in which the cell participates in its own destruction. Recent investigations into the elements that regulate apoptosis have provided evidence for the existence of a balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic signalling. This balance appears to be reciprocally regulated through the sphingomyelin signal transduction pathway that mediates the pro-apoptotic signals, and the activation of the phosphoinositide-protein kinase C (PKC) pathway that mediates the anti-apoptotic signals. Thus, inhibition of the phosphoi-nositide-PKC pathway by PKC specific inhibitors may be sufficient to tip the balance in favour of pro-apoptotic signals. Consequently, PKC presents a novel target for anti-cancer therapy. Members of the PKC family are characterised by a unique amino-terminal regulatory domain, which contains the phorbol ester binding site, and a car-boxyl-terminal catalytic domain, which contains an ATP-binding site. The catalytic domain of PKC is highly homologous to the catalytic domain of other protein kinases. The development of a PKC inhibitor for clinical trials will ultimately depend on an agent that is either highly specific for the catalytic domain of PKC or inhibits PKC by interfering with its unique regulatory site. A series of PKC inhibitors are now in Phase I clinical trial as single agents. These drugs include safingol (regulatory), UCN-01 (catalytic), flavopiridol (catalytic), and bryostatin 1 (regulatory). These agents have been shown in a series of in vitro models to enhance significantly the induction of apoptosis by chemotherapy. Based on these observations, clinical trials will soon be initiated that combine these agents with chemotherapy, as a means of substantially increasing the chemotherapeutic effect.
Chromium (2002)

We describe Chromium, a system for manipulating streams of graphics API commands on clusters of workstations. Chromium's stream filters can be arranged to create sort-first and sort-last parallel graphics architectures that, in many cases, support the same applications while using only commodity graphics accelerators. In addition, these stream filters can be extended programmatically, allowing the user to customize the stream transformations performed by nodes in a cluster. Because our stream processing mechanism is completely general, any cluster-parallel rendering algorithm can be either implemented on top of or embedded in Chromium. In this paper, we give examples of real-world applications that use Chromium to achieve good scalability on clusters of workstations, and describe other potential uses of this stream processing technology. By completely abstracting the underlying graphics architecture, network topology, and API command processing semantics, we allow a variety of applications to run in different environments.
Mouse Protection Tests in the Study of Pertussis Vaccine: A Comparative Series Using the Intracerebral Route for Challenge. (1947)

N early 1943, in connection with an investigation of the antigenicity of pertussis vaccines, particularly as measured by animal protection, a cooperative study was undertaken with a group of interested manufacturing laboratories. As a starting point, samples of vaccine were submitted for comparative density determinations. The findings indicated that a photometric method was reasonably. reliable and reproducible, under properly controlled conditions. For example, the calibration chart for each particular instrument should be based on a series of graded dilutions of a suspension of organisms having the size and morphology of smooth Hemophilus pertussis; the suspension must be of known density based on a series of di-
Chemical Attachment of Polystyrene-block-poly(methacrylic acid) Micelles on a Silicon Nitride Surface (1996)

Polystyrene-block-poly(methacrylic acid) micelles were chemically attached to an activated silicon nitride surface using a 1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide methiodide coupling reaction. It has been found that this attachment method is very efficient from mixed 1,4-dioxane−water solvents and less efficient in purely aqueous media. The modified surfaces were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Experimental conditions for surface attachment have been found such that no changes in micellar size or polydispersity occur. The SEM and AFM images allow an additional method for the evaluation of size distributions of micelles. A comparison with the quasi-elastic light scattering data from solutions shows that the distribution functions based on the SEM and AFM data for dried micelles fixed on the surface correlate reasonably well with the light scattering data on micelles in solutions.
A human colonic tumor cell line that maintains vectorial electrolyte transport (1984)

A human colonic epithelial cell line, T84, derived from a colonic carcinoma, has been examined both morphologically and functionally. The cells grew to confluence as a monolayer with the basolateral membrane attached to the surface of the culture dish and a microvillus-studded apical membrane facing the media. Tight junctions and desmosomes were demonstrated between adjacent cells. Confluent monolayer cultures conducted vectorial electrolyte transport that could be altered by a variety of secretagogues and antisecretagogues similar to isolated intestinal tissues. This cell line will serve as an excellent model system for the study of electrolyte transport processes and their regulation by peptide hormones and neurotransmitters.
Cytosolic pH regulation in mouse macrophages. Proton extrusion by plasma-membrane-localized H+-ATPase (1992)

Recent evidence indicates that H+ extrusion in macrophages is in part accomplished by a H(+)-ATPase of vacuolar type. The presence and plasma-membrane localization of such a mechanism in adherent resident macrophages was verified by inhibition of H+ extrusion, monitored by changes in both cytosolic pH (pHi) and extracellular pH, with low concentrations of the H(+)-ATPase inhibitors N-ethylmaleimide and 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. The H(+)-ATPase was operative at physiological pHi levels, thus contributing to maintenance of steady-state pHi. It was further shown to be sensitive to the plasma-membrane potential, with hyperpolarization being strongly inhibitory. In addition, H+ extrusion mediated by the H(+)-ATPase and the generation and release of lactic acid caused acidification of the pericellular space and could enable secreted lysosomal hydrolases to act extracellularly.
Partial volume effect compensation for quantitative brain SPECT imaging (2005)

Partial volume (PV) effects degrade the quantitative accuracy of SPECT brain images. In this paper, we extended a PV compensation (PVC) method originally developed for brain PET, the geometric transfer matrix (GTM) method, to brain SPECT using iterative reconstruction-based compensations. In the GTM method a linear transform between the true regional activities and the measured results was assumed. Elements of the GTM were calculated by projecting and reconstructing maps with uniform regions representing different structures. However, with iterative reconstruction methods, especially when reconstruction-based compensation for detector response was applied, we found that it was important to treat the region maps as a perturbation to the reconstructed image in the estimation of the GTM. This modified method, termed perturbation-based GTM (pGTM) was evaluated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulated and experimentally acquired data. Results showed great improvement of the quantitative accuracy in brain SPECT imaging. For MC simulated data, PVC using pGTM reduced the underestimation of striatal activities from 30% to less than 1.2%. For experimental data, PVC using pGTM reduced the underestimation of striatal activities from 36% to less than 7.8%. The underestimation of the striatum to background activity ratio was also improved from 31% to 2.7%.