gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exact routing with search space reduction (2003)

The layout problem in VLSI-design can be broken up into the subtasks partitioning, floorplanning, placement, and routing. In the routing phase, a large number of connections between the blocks and cells have to be established, while intersections lead to short circuits and, therefore, have to be avoided. We present an approach for exact routing of multiterminal nets that complements traditional routing techniques. It is particularly well suited for an application to dense problem instances and the completion of routing in subregions, which turn out to be difficult for routing tools based on heuristic methods. The exact router proposed uses symbolic methods, i.e., MDDs (multivalued decision diagrams) for representation of the routing space. For the necessary computations of routing solutions, we profit considerably from the efficient basic operations on MDDs. All possible solutions to the routing problem are represented by one single MDD and, once this MDD is given, routability can be decided within constant time. To reduce the search space of possible routing solutions, so-called forced cells are computed. Experimental results are given to show the feasibility and the practicability of the approach.
Parameters affecting pharyngeal response to genioglossus stimulation in sleep apnoea (2010)

Chronic stimulation of the hypoglossus nerve may provide a new treatment modality for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). In previous studies we observed large differences in response to stimulation of the genioglossus (GG). We hypothesised that both individual patient characteristics and the area of the GG stimulated are responsible for these differences. In the present study, we compared the response to GG electrical stimulation at the anterior area (GGa-ES), which activates the whole GG and the posterior area (GGp-ES), which activates preferentially the longitudinal fibres. Studies were performed in 14 propofol-sedated OSA patients. The parameters evaluated included cephalometry, pressure-flow relationship and pharyngeal shape and compliance assessed by pharyngoscopy. Compared with GGa-ES, GGp-ES resulted in significantly larger decreases in the critical value of end-expiratory pressure (P(crit)) (from 3.8 ± 2.2 to 2.9 ± 3.3 and -2.0 ± 3.9 cmH(2)O, respectively (p<0.001)). Both tongue size and velopharyngeal shape (anteroposterior to lateral ratio) correlated significantly with the decrease in P(crit) during GGp-ES (R = 0.53 and -0.66, respectively; p<0.05). In the patients with the larger tongue size (n = 7), the decrease in P(crit) reached 8.0 ± 2.2 cmH(2)O during GGp-ES. We conclude that directing stimulation to longitudinal fibres of the GG improves the flow-mechanical effect. In addition, patients with large tongues and narrow pharynx tend to respond better to GGp-ES.
Determining Image Origin and Integrity Using Sensor Noise (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In this paper, we provide a unified framework for identifying the source digital camera from its images and for revealing digitally altered images using photo-response nonuniformity noise (PRNU), which is a unique stochastic fingerprint of imaging sensors. The PRNU is obtained using a maximum-likelihood estimator derived from a simplified model of the sensor output. Both digital forensics tasks are then achieved by detecting the presence of sensor PRNU in specific regions of the image under investigation. The detection is formulated as a hypothesis testing problem. The statistical distribution of the optimal test statistics is obtained using a predictor of the test statistics on small image blocks. The predictor enables more accurate and meaningful estimation of probabilities of false rejection of a correct camera and missed detection of a tampered region. We also include a benchmark implementation of this framework and detailed experimental validation. The robustness of the proposed forensic methods is tested on common image processing, such as JPEG compression, gamma correction, resizing, and denoising. </para>
Multiple expression of Ig lambda-chain encoding RNA species in murine plasmacytoma cells. (1981)

The murine plasmacytoma MOPC 315, which synthesizes a complete IgA molecule containing lambda 2 light chains, is shown to synthesize a polypeptide related to the lambda 1 light chain. The abnormal lambda 1 polypeptide (m.w. approximately equal to 18,000) is encoded by a shorter polyA+ mRNA than the lambda 1 mRNAs of lambda 1-producing plasmacytomas. Polypeptides containing lambda 1-specific antigenic determinants have been found to be synthesized both in vitro by translations of RNA and in intact cells. HOPC-1, a lambda 1-producing plasmacytoma, was found to synthesize, in addition to the normal lambda 1-encoding mRNA, a lambda 2 RNA of normal length. A lambda 2-producing hybridoma does not appear to synthesize RNA encoding lambda 1 sequences. The results presented here show that more than 1 light chain gene may be transcribed within a single plasmacytoma cell. Although more than 1 light chain gene may be transcribed, the product of only 1 gene appears to be utilized for the synthesis of complete immunoglobulin molecules. This suggests novel mechanisms for the control of immunoglobulin expression.
Mutation screening in 86 known X-linked mental retardation genes by droplet-based multiplex PCR and massive parallel sequencing (2009)

Abstract Massive parallel sequencing has revolutionized the search for pathogenic variants in the human genome, but for routine diagnosis, re-sequencing of the complete human genome in a large cohort of patients is still far too expensive. Recently, novel genome partitioning methods have been developed that allow to target re-sequencing to specific genomic compartments, but practical experience with these methods is still limited. In this study, we have combined a novel droplet-based multiplex PCR method and next generation sequencing to screen patients with X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) for mutations in 86 previously identified XLMR genes. In total, affected males from 24 large XLMR families were analyzed, including three in whom the mutations were already known. Amplicons corresponding to functionally relevant regions of these genes were sequenced on an Illumina/Solexa Genome Analyzer II platform. Highly specific and uniform enrichment was achieved: on average, 67.9% unambiguously mapped reads were derived from amplicons, and for 88.5% of the targeted bases, the sequencing depth was sufficient to reliably detect variations. Potentially disease-causing sequence variants were identified in 10 out of 24 patients, including the three mutations that were already known, and all of these could be confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The robust performance of this approach demonstrates the general utility of droplet-based multiplex PCR for parallel mutation screening in hundreds of genes, which is a prerequisite for the diagnosis of mental retardation and other disorders that may be due to defects of a wide variety of genes.
Altered NKG2D function in NK cells induced by chronic exposure to NKG2D ligand–expressing tumor cells (2005)

NKG2D is an activation receptor that allows natural killer (NK) cells to detect diseased host cells. The engagement of NKG2D with corresponding ligand results in surface modulation of the receptor and reduced function upon subsequent receptor engagement. However, it is not clear whether in addition to modulation the NKG2D receptor complex and/or its signaling capacity is preserved. We show here that the prolonged encounter with tumor cell-bound, but not soluble, ligand can completely uncouple the NKG2D receptor from the intracellular mobilization of calcium and the exertion of cell-mediated cytolysis. However, cytolytic effector function is intact since NKG2D ligand-exposed NK cells can be activated via the Ly49D receptor. While NKG2D-dependent cytotoxicity is impaired, prolonged ligand exposure results in constitutive interferon gamma (IFNgamma) production, suggesting sustained signaling. The functional changes are associated with a reduced presence of the relevant signal transducing adaptors DNAX-activating protein of 10 kDa (DAP-10) and killer cell activating receptor-associated protein/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (KARAP/DAP-12). That is likely the consequence of constitutive NKG2D engagement and signaling, since NKG2D function and adaptor expression is restored to normal when the stimulating tumor cells are removed. Thus, the chronic exposure to tumor cells expressing NKG2D ligand alters NKG2D signaling and may facilitate the evasion of tumor cells from NK cell reactions.
Hybrid Multi-Objective Optimization Models for Managing Pavement Assets (2008)

Increasingly tighter budgets, changes in government role/function, declines in staff resources, and demands for increased accountability in the transportation field have brought unprecedented challenges for state transportation officials at all management levels. Systematic methodologies for effective management of a specific type of infrastructure (e.g., pavement and bridges) as well as for holistically managing all types of infrastructure assets are being developed to approach these challenges. In particular, the intrinsic characteristics of highway system make the use of multi-objective optimization techniques particularly attractive for managing highway assets. Recognizing the need for effective tradeoff tools and the limitations of state-of-practice analytical models and tools in highway asset management, the main objective of this dissertation was to develop a performance-based asset management framework that uses multi-objective optimization techniques and consists of stand-alone but logically interconnected optimization models for different management levels. Based on a critical review of popular multi-objective optimization techniques and their applications in highway asset management, a synergistic integration of complementary multi-criteria optimization techniques is recommended for the development of practical and efficient decision-supporting tools. Accordingly, the dissertation first proposes and implements a probabilistic multi-objective model for performance-based pavement preservation programming that uses the weighting sum method and chance constraints. This model can handle multiple incommensurable and conflicting objectives while considering probabilistic constraints related to the available budget over the planning horizon, but is found more suitable to problems with small number of objective functions due to its computational intensity. To enhance the above model, a hybrid model that requires less computing time and systematically captures the decision maker's preferences on multiple objectives is developed by combining the analytic hierarchy process and goal programming. This model is further extended to also capture the relative importance existent within optimization constraints to be suitable for allocations of funding across multiple districts for a decentralized state department of transportation. Finally, as a continuation of the above proposed models for the succeeding management level, a project selection model capable of incorporating qualitative factors (e.g. equity, user satisfaction) into the decision making is developed. This model combines k-means clustering, analytic hierarchy process and integer linear programming. All the models are logically interconnected in a comprehensive resource allocation framework. Their feasibility, practicality and potential benefits are illustrated through various case studies and recommendations for further developments are provided.
Electrochemistry of Titanium and the Electrodeposition of Al-Ti Alloys in the Lewis Acidic Aluminum Chloride–1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Melt (2003)

The chemical and electrochemical behavior of titanium was examined in the Lewis acidic aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride molten salt at 353.2 K. Dissolved Ti(II), as was stable in the 66.7-33.3% mole fraction (m/o) composition of this melt, but slowly disproportionated in the 60.0-40.0 m/o melt. At low current densities, the anodic oxidation of Ti(0) did not lead to dissolved Ti(II), but to an insoluble passivating film of At high current densities or very positive potentials, Ti(0) was oxidized directly to Ti(IV); however, the electrogenerated Ti(IV) vaporized from the melt as As found by other researchers working in Lewis acidic Ti(II) tended to form polymers as its concentration in the melt was increased. The electrodeposition of Al-Ti alloys was investigated at Cu rotating disk and wire electrodes. Al-Ti alloys containing up to ∼19% atomic fraction (a/o) titanium could be electrodeposited from saturated solutions of Ti(II) in the 66.7-33.3 m/o melt at low current densities, but the titanium content of these alloys decreased as the reduction current density was increased. The pitting potentials of these electrodeposited Al-Ti alloys exhibited a positive shift with increasing titanium content comparable to that observed for alloys prepared by sputter deposition. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Intrinsic Period and Light Intensity Determine the Phase Relationship between Melatonin and Sleep in Humans (2005)

The internal circadian clock and sleep-wake homeostasis regulate the timing of human brain function, physiology, and behavior so that wakefulness and its associated functions are optimal during the solar day and that sleep and its related functions are optimal at night. The maintenance of a normal phase relationship between the internal circadian clock, sleep-wake homeostasis, and the light-dark cycle is crucial for optimal neurobehavioral and physiological function. Here, the authors show that the phase relationship between these factors-the phase angle of entrainment (psi)-is strongly determined by the intrinsic period (tau) of the master circadian clock and the strength of the circadian synchronizer. Melatonin was used as a marker of internal biological time, and circadian period was estimated during a forced desynchrony protocol. The authors observed relationships between the phase angle of entrainment and intrinsic period after exposure to scheduled habitual wakefulness-sleep light-dark cycle conditions inside and outside of the laboratory. Individuals with shorter circadian periods initiated sleep and awakened at a later biological time than did individuals with longer circadian periods. The authors also observed that light exposure history influenced the phase angle of entrainment such that phase angle was shorter following exposure to a moderate bright light (approximately 450 lux)-dark/wakefulness-sleep schedule for 5 days than exposure to the equivalent of an indoor daytime light (approximately 150 lux)-dark/wakefulness-sleep schedule for 2 days. These findings demonstrate that neurobiological and environmental factors interact to regulate the phase angle of entrainment in humans. This finding has important implications for understanding physiological organization by the brain's master circadian clock and may have implications for understanding mechanisms underlying circadian sleep disorders.
Concept, Realization, and First In Vitro Testing of an Intraarterial Microaxial Blood Pump (1995)

Intravascular operating microaxial pumps have been clinically introduced (Hemopump 21; Hemopump 14) and have proven to be useful tools for cardiac assist. Due to device-related complications that are associated with the drive concept of an extracorporeal motor and a flexible drive shaft cable, a new pump concept is presented and has been refined in the development process. The cable is replace by a proximally attached drive unit and an extracorporeal power supply. In addition to ongoing hydrodynamic studies of the flow inside the pump and improvements of the overall hydraulic performance, a microelectric motor was realized and integrated. In vitro tests revealed the feasibility of such a concept.
The Application of MapReduce in the Cloud Computing (2011)

Hadoop provides a sophisticated framework for cloud platform programmers, which, MapReduce is a programming model for large-scale data sets of parallel computing. By MapReduce distributed processing framework, we are not only capable of handling large-scale data, and can hide a lot of tedious details, scalability is also wonderful. This paper analyzes the Hadoop architecture and MapReduce Working principle, described how to perform a MapReduce job in the cloud platform, how to write Mapper and Reducer classes, and how to use the object, proposed a program based on the MapReduce framework that enables distributed programming, Comparison results show that use of MapReduce architecture simplifies distributed programming.
Interleukin-10 and nerve growth factor have reciprocal upregulatory effects on intestinal epithelial cells (2003)

The intestinal mucosa is in a constant state of controlled inflammation, but the processes whereby this occurs are poorly understood. The aims of this study were to look at the role of IL-10 and nerve growth factor (NGF) in intestinal epithelial cell regulation. The human colon epithelial cell lines T84, HT-29, and CACO-2 were used. RT-PCR, flow cytometry analysis, and immunohistochemistry were applied to measure the cytokine changes in epithelial cells induced by recombinant cholera toxin and its B subunit, IL-10, and NGF. Cholera toxin B subunit caused selective dose-dependent increased mRNA for IL-10 in T84 cells and the protein in T84, HT-29, and CACO-2 cells. IL-10 dose dependently selectively increased NGF mRNA in T84 cells and intracellular protein synthesis in all three epithelial cell lines. The effect of NGF was reciprocal, selective, and dose dependent because it increased mRNA for IL-10 and IL-10 synthesis. Our results suggest that the epithelium may actively participate in downregulation through innate mechanisms involving IL-10 and NGF. The reciprocal interaction suggests for the first time that NGF may be involved in local downregulation by mucosal epithelium and thus may play a potent protective role in response to injury, by prevention of undue inflammation.
Specific complexation of glucose with a diphenylmethane-3,3′-diboronic acid derivative: correlation between the absolute configuration of mono- and di-saccharides and the circular dichroic activity of the complex (1993)

For the development of receptor molecules that can precisely recognize sugar molecules, we recently synthesized bis-(6-methoxyphenyl)methane-3,3′-diboronic acid 2. This compound forms 1 :1 complexes with mono- and di-saccharides and gives circular dichroism (CD) spectra specific to each saccharide. It was shown on the basis of 1H NMR spectroscopy that the complex with D-glucose is a macrocyclic compound formed by the reaction of the two boronic acids with cis-1,2-diol and trans-4-OH, 5-CH2OH moieties. Thus, compound 2 becomes CD-active because of asymmetric immobilization of the two chromophoric benzene rings by ring closure with chiral saccharides. The association constants were in the following order: D-glucose (19000 dm3 mol–1)D-talose > D-galactose > D-mannose > D-fructose (= 0 dm3 mol–1) for monosaccharides, and D-maltose (100dm3mol–1) > D-cellobiose > D-lactose > D-saccharose (= 0 dm3mol–1) for disaccharides. In particular, compound 2 showed a very high affinity toward D-glucose. D-Glucose gave a CD spectrum with positive exciton coupling whereas L-glucose gave a CD spectrum with negative exciton coupling. D-Galactose gave a CD spectrum with negative exciton coupling, whereas all other D-mono- and D-disaccharides tested herein gave CD spectra with positive exciton coupling. The results indicate that the absolute configuration of saccharides can be conveniently predicted from the sign and the strength of the CD spectra of their complex with compound 2. This means that the CD spectroscopic method using compound 2 as a receptor probe serves as a new sensory system for sugar molecules.
The Decorrelation of Audio Signals and Its Impact on Spatial Imagery (1995)

As used here, the term refers to a process whereby an audio source signal is transformed into multiple output signals with waveforms that appear different from each other, but which sound the same as the source. In the experience of most sound professionals, decorrelation occurs as a by-product of other acoustic or electronic processes that often change the sound of the source. In acoustic performances, decorrelation occurs as a by-product of reverberation and chorusing, and in digital signal processing, stereoized reverberation and chorusing achieve the same effect. Decorrelation occurs in sound synthesis when there are slight differences between the sounds synthesized for the output channels. That often happens with granular synthesis, but can also happen with frequency modulation or additive synthesis if the composer takes special care in designing the algorithms. In the audio industry, there is a long tradition of devices for the home or studio that stereoize monophonic signals, and they too typically decorrelate the output channels. Numerous settings on effects processors for flanging, combing, etc. produce decorrelated output. In recording studios, vocal artists sometimes are recorded twice on separate tracks so that the micro-variations in the two performances create decorrelation. Why focus on decorrelation as a separate aspect of these processes? In the field of spatial hearing, signal decorrelation is known to have dramatic impact on the perception of sound imagery. The degree to which sounds are decorrelated has proven to be a significant predictor of perceptual effects, both in natural environments and in audio reproduction. Therefore, all of the diverse processes mentioned above are related to each other by the impact of decorrelation on the spatial imagery of the sound. While there is a considerable literature on spatial sound processing, this literature is usually concerned with one of two goals: (1) positioning sound images at a particular location in three-dimensional space, or (2) creating three-dimensional simulated environments. These goals are important, but there are obviously many other creative potentials for spatial sound processing, and other kinds of practical problems to solve. For example, decorrelation can produce sound images with the width, depth, and spaciousness typical of natural environments while circumventing the computational burden of a full environmental simulation.
Molecular Cloning of Endo-β- d -1,4-Glucanase Genes, rce1 , rce2 , and rce3 , from Rhizopus oryzae (2003)

Three endoglucanase genes, designated the rce1, rce2, and rce3 genes, were isolated from Rhizopus oryzae as the first cellulase genes from the subdivision ZYGOMYCOTA: All the amino acid sequences deduced from the rce1, rce2, and rce3 genes consisted of three distinct domains: cellulose binding domains, linker domains, and catalytic domains belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 45. The rce3 gene had two tandem repeated sequences of cellulose binding domains, while rce1 and rce2 had only one. rce1, rce2, and rce3 had various lengths of linker sequences.