gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FLO11, a yeast gene related to the STA genes, encodes a novel cell surface flocculin (1996)

We report the characterization of a gene encoding a novel flocculin related to the STA genes of yeast, which encode secreted glucoamylase. The STA genes comprise sequences that are homologous to the sporulation-specific glucoamylase SGA and to two other sequences, S2 and S1. We find that S2 and S1 are part of a single gene which we have named FLO11. The sequence of FLO11 reveals a 4,104-bp open reading frame on chromosome IX whose predicted product is similar in overall structure to the class of yeast serine/threonine-rich GPI-anchored cell wall proteins. An amino-terminal domain containing a signal sequence and a carboxy-terminal domain with homology to GPI (glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol) anchor-containing proteins are separated by a central domain containing a highly repeated threonine- and serine-rich sequence. Yeast cells that express FLO11 aggregate in the calcium-dependent process of flocculation. Flocculation is abolished when FLO11 is disrupted. The product of STA1 also is shown to have flocculating activity. When a green fluorescent protein fusion of FLO11 was expressed from the FLO11 promoter on a single-copy plasmid, fluorescence was observed in vivo at the periphery of cells. We propose that FLO11 encodes a flocculin because of its demonstrated role in flocculation, its structural similarity to other members of the FLO gene family, and the cell surface location of its product. FLO11 gene sequences are present in all yeast strains tested, including all standard laboratory strains, unlike the STA genes which are present only in the variant strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. diastaticus. FLO11 differs from all other yeast flocculins in that it is located near a centromere rather than a telomere, and its expression is regulated by mating type. Repression of FLO11-dependent flocculation in diploids is conferred by the mating-type repressor al/alpha2.
Leukotriene synthesis during respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: Influence of age and atopy (2005)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants and an important risk factor for the development of recurrent wheezing and asthma. Cysteinyl leukotrienes were implicated in the pathophysiology of these diseases, and are being targeted for their diagnosis and therapy. We measured urinary leukotriene E4 (LTE4) in infants with RSV bronchiolitis in comparison with controls without respiratory infection, and investigated whether medical and family history, age, and passive exposure to tobacco smoke are related to urinary leukotriene excretion. We studied 33 infants with bronchiolitis and 25 controls, 1-12 months of age. Demographic and historical data were obtained from informed-consent forms and questionnaires completed by the parents. RSV was detected in nasal secretions by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Urine samples were collected on day of admission and were analyzed for LTE4 with an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Urinary LTE4 was 8-fold higher in infants with bronchiolitis than in controls. Leukotriene excretion was significantly higher in infected infants <6 months of age with a medical history of eczema or dry cough and/or family history of asthma. Multivariate analysis revealed that eczema and dry cough are independently associated with high LTE4 excretion during bronchiolitis. Exposure to tobacco smoke did not affect urinary LTE4. Our study shows that leukotriene synthesis during bronchiolitis is particularly elevated in younger infants with an atopic/asthmatic background. Urinary LTE4 may become a valuable, noninvasive marker for the identification of patients who will benefit most from therapy with leukotriene modifiers for management of bronchiolitis.
Use of Synthetic Polymer Gels for Artificial Carious Lesion Preparation (1987)

Synthetic polymer gels have been examined as decalcifying media for the preparation of artificial carious lesions in tooth enamel. Enamel specimens were demineralized in lactic acid/calcium phosphate buffers containing 0.1–0.5% (w/w) polyacrylic acid (Carbopol C907, MW = 450,000 daltons) to act as a surface-protective agent. The rate, histology and physical characteristics of lesions were characterized by surface microhardness, polarized light, and microradiographic analyses. Following demineralization, selected lesions were remineralized in solutions supersaturated with respect to fluoroapatite. The results show that polyacrylic acid is extremely useful and effective as a surface-protective agent for artificial carious lesion preparation. The histology of lesions formed in C907 gels can be carefully controlled by adjusting the undersaturation of the demineralization medium with respect to tooth mineral salts. Lesions formed in C907 gels are extremely reactive towards remineralization and the rate and histology of mineral repair are not noticeably influenced by the resin content in solution. The use of synthetic polymer gels is recommended for the systematic reproducible preparation of artificial carious lesions in dental enamel.
Preparation of High-Tc Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Superconducting Thin Films by AC Sputtering (1988)

Thin films of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductors were prepared on a polycrystalline YSZ substrate by the 50 Hz ac sputtering method. A pair of targets with various compositions were used in this apparatus. The films deposited without intentional heating were amorphous insulators. When the films were annealed at temperatures ranging from 750°C to 900°C, X-ray diffraction analysis showed that they had highly oriented periodic superstructures with various planar spacings. A specimen annealed at 800°C for 120 min has T c (onset) and T c (zero resistive) of 115 K and 73 K, respectively.
Automated traffic enforcement which respects "driver privacy" (2005)

At many intersections in downtown Los Angeles, cameras take pictures of the license plates of vehicles which run red lights. This information is used to automatically mail tickets to offenders. It seems likely that such systems becomes increasingly widespread in the near future, as they are perceived to be effective in cutting down on traffic infractions, boosting governmental revenues, and freeing law enforcement officials for other tasks. However, a network of cameras poses dramatic threats to the privacy of motorists - if kept continuously running, such a network could be used to track detailed driving habits of specific individuals. Speculative proposals involving state-monitored GPS transmitters in every registered vehicles pose even greater threats to "driver privacy". This situation is an example of the standard tension between citizen privacy and law enforcement. In this paper, we discuss the design of a novel camera-free protocol for traffic monitoring involving EZ-pass-like transponders. Our system uses cryptographic algorithms to guarantee that the state is able to detect and identify violators of a wide variety of traffic laws (light violations, speeding, illegal turns, and so forth) without having the ability to track the movements of motorists. That is, we design a traffic monitoring system with the property that no matter how it is misused, it is impossible to reconstruct the driving paths of specific cars. On the other hand, the system also guarantees that specific information about motorists who commit traffic infractions can be recovered. In addition, this protocol can be easily adapted for sophisticated and nuanced anonymous toll-collection. The system is fairly easy to implement and is immune to a variety of attacks and cheats.
Expression and Functional Activity of the IL-8 Receptor Type CXCR1 and CXCR2 on Human Mast Cells (1998)

To further elucidate mechanisms involved in mast cell accumulation at sites of cutaneous inflammation, we have studied the ability of human leukemic mast cells (HMC-1 cells) to express functionally active IL-8 receptors. Expression of mRNA for both types of IL-8 receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2) was demonstrated by PCR and of both proteins by flow cytometry. Binding and competition studies with 125I-labeled IL-8 and its homologue melanoma growth stimulating activity (125I-labeled MGSA) revealed two specific binding sites for IL-8, K1 = 1.1 x 10(11) M(-1) and K2 = 5 x 10(7) M(-1); and for MGSA, K1 = 2.8 x 10(10) M(-1) and K2 = 5 x 10(7) M(-1). This finding was supported by a dose-dependent rise of cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) induced by both chemokines and to a lesser extent by the homologue neutrophil-activating peptide-2 (NAP-2). A significant migratory response of human leukemic mast cells (HMC-1) was observed with all three chemokines at a range from 10(-8) M to 10(-9) M. Moreover, the formation of cellular F-actin was induced in a rapid, dose-dependent fashion, with a maximally 1.7-fold increase at 10(-7) M. Using postembedding immunoelectron microscopy, we could show the expression of CXCRI on the cytoplasmatic membrane of isolated human skin mast cells whereas CXCR2 was located in mast cell-specific granules. These findings demonstrate for the first time the functional expression of both types of IL-8 receptors on human mast cells, suggesting a role for their ligands during mast cell activation and recruitment.
Deoxythymidine kinase induced in HeLa TK- cells by herpes simplex virus type I and type II. II. Purification and characterization. (1976)

Deoxythymidine kinase activities were induced in HeLa TK- (deoxythymidine kinase-deficient) cells infected with either herpes simplex virus type I or herpes simplex virus type II. The herpes simplex virus type I-induced enzyme was found in the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of the infected cells, whereas the herpes simplex type II-induced deoxythymidine kinase could only be found in the cytoplasm. Herpes simplex virus type I and II specific deoxythymidine kinases were purified by affinity column chromatography. Both purified deoxythymidine kinases retained the deoxycytidine kinase activity present in the crude preparation. The purified herpes simplex virus type I deoxythymidine kinase had a different mobility on electrophoresis, but the same sedimentation rate on a glycerol gradient as the corresponding unpurified enzyme, whereas the purified herpes simplex virus type II deoxythymidine kinase had the same mobility and sedimentation rate as the corresponding unpurified enzyme. In the presence of Mg2+ATP and dithiothreitol, herpes simplex virus type II deoxythymidine kinase was more stable than herpes simplex virus type I deoxythymidine kinase at both 45 degrees and 4 degrees. The deoxycytidine kinase activity present in the purified preparations was inactivated at the same rate as the deoxythymidine kinase activity. In the presence of the other substrate, deoxythymidine, herpes simplex virus type I deoxythymidine kinase was more stable than herpes simplex virus type II kinase. The purified herpes simplex virus type I and II deoxythymidine kinase had different activation energies when Mg2+ATP and deoxythymidine were used as substrates, but showed the same sensitivity toward ammonium sulfate inhibition.
Ligand-induced dimerization of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (1989)

The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor is a single membrane-spanning polypeptide of 180,000 daltons with a ligand-stimulatable tyrosine kinase site. We have investigated changes in the structure and association state of the receptor that are induced by ligand binding, but which precede autophosphorylation. Chemical cross-linking of PDGF-bound 32P-labeled receptor and 125I-PDGF-labeled receptor resulted in the generation of a radiolabeled cross-linked complex of 370-390 kDa. This band, as well as the 180-190-kDa PDGF receptor band, were recognized by a PDGF receptor-specific antipeptide antibody. The appearance of the 370-390-kDa band was PDGF-dependent and was seen irrespective of whether the receptor was membrane-bound, solubilized, or highly (approximately 90%) purified. Sedimentation analysis of the 125I-PDGF cross-linked receptor showed that both 180-190- and 370-390-kDa labeled species sedimented as a single peak at about 11.5 S, a position expected of a receptor dimer, demonstrating that the liganded receptor exists essentially as a dimer. In contrast, unliganded receptors sedimented as a single species at 7 S, a position consistent with a monomeric structure. The monomer-dimer interconversion was absolutely ligand-dependent and occurred independent of autophosphorylation. These results demonstrate and intimate correlation between PDGF binding and inter-receptor bond formation, and raise the possibility that the phenomenon may be causally linked to the process of kinase activation.
Conformation and intermolecular interactions of carbohydrate chains (1977)

Abstract For consideration of their conformations and interactions, carbohydrate chains can conveniently be divided into 3 classes on the basis of their covalent structure; namely periodic (a), interrupted periodic (b), and aperiodic (c) types. In aqueous solution carbohydrate chains often exist as highly disordered random coils. Under appropriate conditions, however, polysaccharides of types (a) and (b) can adopt a variety of ordered conformations. Physical methods, and in particular optical rotation, circular dichroism, and nuclear magnetic resonance, provide sensitive probes for the study of the mechanism and specificity of these disorder‐order transitions in aqueous solution. Intermolecular interactions between such polysaccharide chains arise from co‐operative associations of long structurally regular regions which adopt the ordered conformations. For acidic polysaccharides these cooperative associations may involve alignment of extended ribbons with cations sandwhiched between them. In other systems the interactions involve double belices which may then aggregate further, and geometric “matching” of different polysaccharide chains can also occur. These ordered, associated regions are generally terminated by deviations from structural regularity or by “kinks” which prevent complete aggregation of the molecules. The complex carbohydrate chains which occur at the periphery of animal cells have very different, aperiodic structures and although their conformations are as yet poorly understood, preliminary indications are considered.
Roebling Suspension Bridge. I: Finite-Element Model and Free Vibration Response (2004)

This first part of a two-part paper on the John A. Roebling suspension bridge (1867) across the Ohio River is an analytical investigation, whereas Part II focuses on the experimental investigation of the bridge. The primary objectives of the investigation are to assess the bridge’s load-carrying capacity and compare this capacity with current standards of safety. Dynamics-based evaluation is used, which requires combining finite-element bridge analysis and field testing. A 3D finite-element model is developed to represent the bridge and to establish its deformed equilibrium configuration due to dead loading. Starting from the deformed configuration, a modal analysis is performed to provide the frequencies and mode shapes. Transverse vibration modes dominate the low-frequency response. It is demonstrated that cable stress stiffening plays an important role in both the static and dynamic responses of the bridge. Inclusion of large deflection behavior is shown to have a limited effect on the member forces and bridge deflections. Parametric studies are performed using the developed finite-element model. The outcome of the investigation is to provide structural information that will assist in the preservation of the historic John A. Roebling suspension bridge, though the developed methodology could be applied to a wide range of cable-supported bridges.
Elucidating Gating Effects for Hydrogen Sorption in MFU‐4‐Type Triazolate‐Based Metal–Organic Frameworks Featuring Different Pore Sizes (2011)

A highly porous member of isoreticular MFU-4-type frameworks, [Zn(5)Cl(4)(BTDD)(3)] (MFU-4l(arge)) (H(2)-BTDD=bis(1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b],[4',5'-i])dibenzo[1,4]dioxin), has been synthesized using ZnCl(2) and H(2)-BTDD in N,N-dimethylformamide as a solvent. MFU-4l represents the first example of MFU-4-type frameworks featuring large pore apertures of 9.1 Å. Here, MFU-4l serves as a reference compound to evaluate the origin of unique and specific gas-sorption properties of MFU-4, reported previously. The latter framework features narrow-sized pores of 2.5 Å that allow passage of sufficiently small molecules only (such as hydrogen or water), whereas molecules with larger kinetic diameters (e.g., argon or nitrogen) are excluded from uptake. The crystal structure of MFU-4l has been solved ab initio by direct methods from 3D electron-diffraction data acquired from a single nanosized crystal through automated electron diffraction tomography (ADT) in combination with electron-beam precession. Independently, it has been solved using powder X-ray diffraction. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and variable-temperature X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) experiments carried out on MFU-4l indicate that it is stable up to 500 °C (N(2) atmosphere) and up to 350 °C in air. The framework adsorbs 4 wt % hydrogen at 20 bar and 77 K, which is twice the amount compared to MFU-4. The isosteric heat of adsorption starts for low surface coverage at 5 kJ mol(-1) and decreases to 3.5 kJ mol(-1) at higher H(2) uptake. In contrast, MFU-4 possesses a nearly constant isosteric heat of adsorption of ca. 7 kJ mol(-1) over a wide range of surface coverage. Moreover, MFU-4 exhibits a H(2) desorption maximum at 71 K, which is the highest temperature ever measured for hydrogen physisorbed on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs).
Variant Estrogen Receptor mRNA Species Detected in Human Breast Cancer Biopsy Samples (1989)

Thirty to 40% of estrogen receptor (ER) positive human breast tumors are resistant to endocrine therapy. To investigate the possibility that abnormal ER proteins may be associated with this endocrine resistant phenotype we have looked for the presence of abnormally sized ER mRNA in human breast tumor biopsies. Poly(A+) enriched RNA was isolated from 46 human breast tumor biopsies and analyzed by Northern blotting and hybridization with the human estrogen receptor OR-8 cDNA. Seventy percent of the tumors contained detectable 6.5 kilobase (kb) ER mRNA. Some tumors also contained smaller sized ER mRNA of approximately 3.8 and 2.4 kb. These variant sized transcripts were only detected in biopsies where the normal 6.5 kb mRNA was present. In some cases the abundance of the variant mRNAs was equal to or greater than the normal ER mRNA. The variant ER mRNAs were not due to nonspecific RNA degradation nor was there any evidence of gross alteration of the ER gene in tumors where variant mRNAs were detected. ER cDNA fragments representing only the E/F domain of the receptor showed little or no hybridization with the variant sized ER mRNAs, while a ER cDNA fragment covering the A/B, C and D domains hybridized to both the variant and normal ER mRNAs. This suggested that the smaller variant ER mRNAs may be missing some or all of the E/F domain which is thought to contain the steroid hormone binding domain of the receptor. It is hypothesized that if these intermediates were translated into viable proteins they may interfere with the normal ER function.
High speed monolithic WDM detector for 1.5 µmfibre band (1995)

A high speed monolithic WDM detector for 1.5 µm wavelength light is reported. Formed by integrating an InP planar-waveguide reflection-grating demultiplexer with a waveguide-fed pin detector array, the eight channel WDM detector displays a bandwidth of 10 GHz for signals spaced at 3.6 nm in the 1.5 µm wavelength fibre band.
Modelling of high-power supercontinuum generation in highly nonlinear, dispersion shifted fibers at CW pump (2005)

For the first time a remarkably exact match was achieved of the results from modelling of CW-pumped SC in a highly non-linear fibre with experiment (A.K. Abeeluck et al. Opt. Lett. 29, 2163-2165 (2004)) where a wide-band SC in the 1200-1780-nm range was reported. Our simulation results show that decay of CW pump radiation into a train of sub-picosecond pulses induced by the modulation instability leads to formation of optical solitons. Energy and carrier frequency of the solitons are random parameters because of quantum noise in the pump radiation. We found that a relatively smooth SC spectrum obtained by us from modelling and observed experimentally comes from averaging of a large number of soliton spectra and the spectrum of short-wavelength non-soliton radiation that is generated because of resonant pumping of energy from solitons.
Effect of Polycations, Polyanions, and Neuraminidase on the Infectivity of Trachoma-Inclusion Conjunctivitis and Lymphogranuloma Venereum Organisms in HeLa Cells: Sialic Acid Residues as Possible Receptors for Trachoma-Inclusion Conjunctivitis (1973)

The infectivity of trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC) organisms (TW-5) was enhanced by pretreatment of HeLa cell monolayers before inoculation with diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-dextran (30 mug/ml) and poly-l-lysine (10 mug/ml) and inhibited by dextran sulphate (250 mug/ml), fetuin (4%), ovomucoid (5%), N-acetyl neuraminic acid (0.5%), and Cholera vibrio neuraminidase (100 U/ml). The infectivity of lymphogranuloma venereum organisms (434) was not affected by DEAE-dextran, fetuin, and neuraminidase, was slightly inhibited by poly-l-lysine, and was inhibited by dextran-sulphate, ovomucoid, and N-acetyl neuraminic acid. The study suggested that sialic acid residues on the cell surface may be specific receptors for TRIC organisms. The receptors for TRIC organisms (TW-5 and TW-3) could be specifically blocked with inactivated (56 C for 30 min) TRIC organisms at the ratio of one live to 100 inactivated TRIC organisms, but not by inactivated lymphogranuloma venereum (434) or influenza virus (A(2)/Jap 305).
MyD88-dependent IL-1 receptor signaling is essential for gouty inflammation stimulated by monosodium urate crystals (2006)

While it is known that monosodium urate (MSU) crystals cause the disease gout, the mechanism by which these crystals stimulate this inflammatory condition has not been clear. Here we find that the Toll/IL-1R (TIR) signal transduction adaptor myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) is required for acute gouty inflammation. In contrast, other TIR adaptor molecules, TIRAP/Mal, TRIF, and TRAM, are not required for this process. The MyD88-dependent TLR1, -2, -4, -6, -7, -9, and -11 and IL-18 receptor (IL-18R) are not essential for MSU-induced inflammation. Moreover, MSU does not stimulate HEK cells expressing TLR1-11 to activate NF-kappaB. In contrast, mice deficient in the MyD88-dependent IL-1R showed reduced inflammatory responses, similar to those observed in MyD88-deficient mice. Similarly, mice treated with IL-1 neutralizing antibodies also showed reduced MSU-induced inflammation, demonstrating that IL-1 production and IL-1R activation play essential roles in MSU-triggered inflammation. IL-1R deficiency in bone marrow-derived cells did not affect the inflammatory response; however, it was required in non-bone marrow-derived cells. These results indicate that IL-1 is essential for the MSU-induced inflammatory response and that the requirement of MyD88 in this process is primarily through its function as an adaptor molecule in the IL-1R signaling pathway.