gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Co–C–N Oxygen Reduction Catalysts Prepared by Combinatorial Magnetron Sputter Deposition (2007)

Thin-film libraries of (, ) were prepared by combinatorial magnetron sputter deposition in an gas mixture followed by subsequent heat-treatment at 700, 800, or in atmosphere. By increasing the nitrogen partial pressure during sputtering, the nitrogen content was increased significantly in the as-sputtered libraries and more nitrogen remained in the libraries after heat-treatment. The catalytic activities of the libraries towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were studied using the rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) technique. libraries heat-treated at with and showed good catalytic activities towards ORR in solution at room temperature. The heating temperature that induces the onset of catalytic activity coincides with the temperature at which both substantial nitrogen release from the originally amorphous films and the formation of graphitic carbon and β-Co occurs. This temperature varies significantly with both the Co and N content in the films. The production of and the corrosion stability of the libraries are also discussed.
Polymerization of Type I and III Collagens Is Dependent On Fibronectin and Enhanced By Integrins α11β1and α2β1 (2002)

Polymerization of the ECM proteins fibronectin and laminin has been shown to take place in close vicinity to the cell surface and be facilitated by beta(1) integrins (Lohikangas, L., Gullberg, D., and Johansson, S. (2001) Exp. Cell Res. 265, 135-144 and Wennerberg, K., Lohikangas, L., Gullberg, D., Pfaff, M., Johansson, S., and Fassler, R. (1996) J. Cell Biol. 132, 227-238). We have studied the role of collagen receptors, integrins alpha(11)beta(1) and alpha(2)beta(1), and fibronectin in collagen polymerization using fibronectin-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines. In contrast to the earlier belief that collagen polymerization occurs via self-assembly of collagen molecules we show that a preformed fibronectin matrix is essential for collagen network formation and that collagen-binding integrins strongly enhance this process. Thus, collagen deposition is regulated by the cells, both indirectly through integrin alpha(5)beta(1)-dependent polymerization of fibronectin and directly through collagen-binding integrins.
High-density lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease: 2010 update (2010)

High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) is a continuous inverse cardiovascular risk factor. The mechanisms by which HDLs protect against atherosclerosis are multiple. The major effect is thought to be reverse cholesterol transport, the mechanism by which excess cellular cholesterol is returned to the liver for excretion in the bile. HDLs also have pleiotropic roles: they decrease inflammation, prevent low-density lipoprotein oxidation, vascular endothelial cell apoptosis and thrombosis, and improve vascular endothelial function. Recent studies suggest that nascent HDL particles are metabolized rapidly and that their components (Apo AI, cholesterol and phospholipids) are rapidly exchanged within lipoprotein classes. There are many causes of HDL-C deficiency. Using Mendelian randomization, several groups have concluded that many genetic forms of HDL deficiency do not increase cardiovascular risk. This raises the controversial issue of the causality of low HDL-C as a cardiovascular risk factor, rather than a marker of cardiovascular health. This is reflected in the importance of lifestyle in determining HDL-C levels. The treatment of low HDL-C remains controversial, in part because the only currently available effective medication, niacin, is relatively poorly tolerated and outcomes studies on cardiovascular disease prevention are still pending.
Ultrabroad-band Raman amplifiers pumped and gain-equalized by wavelength-division-multiplexed high-power laser diodes (2001)

This paper reviews recent progress in broad-band Raman amplifiers for wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) applications. After the fundamentals of Raman amplifiers are discussed in contrast to erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, a new technique called "WDM pumping" is introduced to obtain ultrabroad and flat gain in Raman amplifiers only using WDM diode pumps. The design issues of this technique are then developed to realize outstanding performances such as 100 nm of flat gain bandwidth, 0.1 dB flatness over 80 nm, and so forth.
Kinetics of a Frictional Granular Motor (2011)

Within the framework of a Boltzmann-Lorentz equation, we analyze the dynamics of a granular rotor immersed in a bath of thermalized particles in the presence of a frictional torque on the axis. In numerical simulations of the equation, we observe two scaling regimes at low and high bath temperatures. In the large friction limit, we obtain the exact solution of a model corresponding to asymptotic behavior of the Boltzmann-Lorentz equation. In the limit of large rotor mass and small friction, we derive a Fokker-Planck equation for which the exact solution is also obtained.
Identification and removal of ribosomal RNA sequences from metatranscriptomes (2011)

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Screening and Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Where Do We Stand (2016)

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is defined as any glucose intolerance with the onset or first recognition during pregnancy. This definition helps for diagnosis of unrecognized pre-existing Diabetes also. Hyperglycemia in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and prenatal outcome. It is important to screen, diagnose and treat Hyperglycemia in pregnancy to prevent an adverse outcome. There is no international consensus regarding timing of screening method and the optimal cut-off points for diagnosis and intervention of GDM. DIPSI recommends non-fasting Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) with 75g of glucose with a cut-off of ≥ 140 mg/dl after 2-hours, whereas WHO (1999) recommends a fasting OGTT after 75g glucose with a cut-off plasma glucose of ≥ 140 mg/dl after 2-hour. The recommendations by ADA/IADPSG for screening women at risk of diabetes is as follows, for first and subsequent trimester at 24-28 weeks a criteria of diagnosis of GDM is made by 75 g OGTT and fasting 5.1mmol/l, 1 hour 10.0mmol/l, 2 hour 8.5mmol/l by universal glucose tolerance testing. Critics of these criteria state that it causes over diagnosis of GDM and unnecessary interventions, the controversy however continues. The ACOG still prefer a 2 step procedure, GCT with 50g glucose non-fasting if value > 7.8mmol/l followed by 3-hour OGTT for confirmation of diagnosis. In conclusion based on Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study as mild degree of dysglycemia are associated with adverse outcome and high prevalence of Type II DM to have international consensus It recommends IADPSG criteria, though controversy exists. The IADPSG criteria is the only outcome based criteria, it has the ability to diagnose and treat GDM earlier, thereby reducing the fetal and maternal complications associated with GDM. This one step method has an advantage of simplicity in execution, more patient friendly, accurate in diagnosis and close to international consensus. Keeping in the mind the diversity and variability of Indian population, judging international criteria may not be conclusive, thus further comparative studies are required on different diagnostic criteria in relation to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Nucleolar Localization of myc Transcripts (1993)

In situ hybridization has revealed a striking subnuclear distribution of c-myc RNA transcripts. A major fraction of the sense-strand nuclear c-myc transcripts was localized to the nucleoli. myc intron 1-containing RNAs were noticeably absent from nucleoli, accumulating instead in the nucleoplasm. The localization of myc RNA to nucleoli was shown to be common to a number of diverse cell types, including primary Sertoli cells and several cell lines. Furthermore, nucleolar localization was not restricted to c-myc and N-myc and myoD transcripts also displayed this phenomenon. In contrast, gamma-actin or lactate dehydrogenase transcripts did not display nucleolar localization. These observations suggest a new role for the nucleolus in transport and/or turnover of potential mRNAs.
The Arabidopsis IRX10 and IRX10‐LIKE glycosyltransferases are critical for glucuronoxylan biosynthesis during secondary cell wall formation (2008)

Arabidopsis IRX10 and IRX10-LIKE (IRX10-L) proteins are closely related members of the GT47 glycosyltransferase family. Single gene knock-outs of IRX10 or IRX10-L result in plants with either a weak or no mutant phenotype. However irx10 irx10-L double mutants are severely affected in their development, with a reduced rosette size and infrequent formation of a small infertile inflorescence. Plants homozygous for irx10 and heterozygous for irx10-L have an intermediate phenotype exhibiting a short inflorescence compared with the wild type, and an almost complete loss of fertility. Stem sections of the irx10 homozygous irx10-L heterozygous or irx10 irx10-L double mutants show decreased secondary cell-wall formation. NMR analysis shows that signals derived from the reducing end structure of glucuronoxylan were detected in the irx10 single mutant, and in the irx10 homozygous irx10-L heterozygous combination, but that the degree of polymerization of the xylan backbone was reduced compared with the wild type. Additionally, xylans from irx10 stem tissues have an almost complete loss of the GlcUA side chain, whereas the level of 4-O-Me-GlcUA was similar to that in wild type. Deletion of the predicted signal peptide from the N terminus of IRX10 or IRX10-L results in an inability to rescue the irx10 irx10-L double mutant phenotype. These findings demonstrate that IRX10 and IRX10-L perform a critical function in the synthesis of glucuronoxylan during secondary cell-wall formation, and that this activity is associated with the formation of the xylan backbone structure. This contrasts with the proposed function of the tobacco NpGUT1, which is closely related to the Arabidopsis IRX10 and IRX10-L proteins, in rhamnogalacturonan II biosynthesis.
Ovarian Carcinoma Subtypes Are Different Diseases: Implications for Biomarker Studies (2008)

The association of biomarker expression with survival varies substantially between subtypes, and can easily be overlooked in whole cohort analyses. To avoid this effect, each subtype within a cohort should be analyzed discretely. Ovarian carcinoma subtypes are different diseases, and these differences should be reflected in clinical research study design and ultimately in the management of ovarian carcinoma.
Fecal microbiota transplantation in relapsing Clostridium difficile infection (2012)

Clostridium difficile infection rates are Climbing in frequency and severity, and the spectrum of susceptible patients is expanding beyond the traditional scope of hospitalized patients receiving antibiotics. Fecal microbiota transplantation is becoming increasingly accepted as an effective and safe intervention in patients with recurrent disease, likely due to the restoration of a disrupted microbiome. Cure rates of > 90% are being consistently reported from multiple centers. Transplantation can be provided through a variety of methodologies, either to the lower proximal, lower distal, or upper gastrointestinal tract. This review summarizes reported results, factors in donor selection, appropriate patient criteria, and the various preparations and mechanisms of fecal microbiota transplant delivery available to clinicians and patients.
Mitochondrial signaling in cell death via the Bcl-2 family (2010)

Apoptosis is a critical process for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and prevention of tumorigenesis. The members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins are the central regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Within the Bcl-2 family, the BH3-only subfamily of proteins is tasked with sensing a broad range of apoptotic stimuli and transmitting this signal to other Bcl-2 proteins to initiate programmed cell death. This family of proteins is highly regulated at both transcriptional and post-translational levels, as well as by prominent protein-protein interactions among the family members. Bcl-2 family proteins are often deregulated in cancer, with overexpression of antiapoptotic members, as well as mutations or defects in proapoptotic members. These proteins have been the subject of intensive study for many years and the complex relationships between their regulation and tumorigenesis have spawned a new thinking about cancer treatment. New generations of small molecule Bcl-2 family inhibitors and BH3 and SMAC mimetics have brought new optimism to the pursuit of more individualized and effective cancer therapies.
Mass spectrometric characterization of gelsolin isoforms (2010)

Gelsolin is the most widely expressed member of the actin capping and severing family of proteins. There are two isoforms of gelsolin: isoform 1, a secretory (plasma) protein that is 51 amino acids longer than isoform 2, a cytosolic protein, at the N-terminus; the first 27 amino acids is a signal sequence. Both isoforms are coded by a single gene and differ as a result of alternative initiation site/splicing. The level of gelsolin in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is altered in many diseases including amyloidoses and other neurodegenerative disorders. Although quantitative analysis of gelsolin has been reported, lack of suitable antibodies makes it impossible to differentiate these two isoforms by immunodetection techniques and no other technique is available. Therefore, ambiguity exists whether gelsolin present in circulation is isoform 1 or also isoform 2 released from lysed cells. We report in this communication a mass spectrometric approach to identify isoform 1 of gelsolin immunopurified from human plasma and CSF. Recombinant isoform 1 was used as reference.
1,3,5-Triazine derivatives as new electron transport–type host materials for highly efficient green phosphorescent OLEDs (2009)

We have synthesized three star-shaped 1,3,5-triazine derivatives—2,4,6-tris(biphenyl-3-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (T2T), 2,4,6-tris(triphenyl-3-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (T3T), and 2,4,6-tris(9,9′-spirobifluorene-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (TST)—as new electron transport (ET)-type host materials for green phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices. The morphological, thermal, and photophysical properties and the electron mobilities of these ET-type host materials are influenced by the nature of the aryl substituents attached to the triazene core. The meta–meta linkage between the 1,3,5-triazine core and the peripheral aryl moieties in T2T and T3T limited the effective extension of their π conjugation, leading to high triplet energies of 2.80 and 2.69 eV, respectively. Time-of-flight mobility measurements revealed the good electron mobilities for these compounds (each > 10−4 cm2V−1 s−1), following the order T3T > TST > T2T. The device incorporating T2T as the host, doped with (PPy)2Ir(acac) and 1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimidizol-2-yl)benzene (TBPI) as the ET layer, achieved a high external quantum efficiency (ηext) of 17.5% and a power efficiency (ηp) of 59.0 lm W−1. For the same device configuration, the T3T-based device provided values of ηext and ηp of 14.4% and 50.6 lm W−1, respectively; the TST-based device provided values of 5.1% and 12.3 lm W−1, respectively. We ascribe the superior performance of the T2T-based devices to balanced charge recombination; we ascribe the poor efficiencies of the TST-based devices to its relatively low triplet energy (2.54 eV), which did not allow efficient confinement of the triplet excitons on the green phosphorescent emitter (PPy)2Ir(acac).
Heart rate responses to selective stimulation of cardiac vagal C fibres in anaesthetized cats, rats and rabbits. (1995)

1. The contribution of cardiac vagal C fibres to vagal chronotropic control in anaesthetized cats, rats and rabbits was analysed using electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve with a selective anodal block technique. 2. After bilateral vagotomy and pretreatment with atenolol, 10 Hz continuous selective stimulation of unmyelinated fibres in the cut peripheral end of the cervical vagus evoked a bradycardia in anaesthetized rats, cats and rabbits. With this stimulation protocol the three species exhibited a similar lengthening of the heart period (R-R interval) when expressed as a percentage of their basal cardiac interval. 3. The mechanism of action of the selective blocking technique was analysed by recording eighty-nine single A- (n = 12), B- (n = 22) and C-fibre (n = 55) vagal-projecting neurones in the medulla of the rat. This demonstrated that the technique can selectively block conduction in myelinated fibres and that 'break excitation' is seen mainly in unmyelinated fibres. Although thirty C fibres showed break excitation sixteen did not and this difference could not be correlated with their axonal conduction velocity, chronaxie or initial segment frequency following. 4. Using the anodal block technique the vagal effects on heart rate were reanalysed in the cat by incorporating a collision technique. B fibres were activated orthodromically to evoke cardioinhibition and simultaneously antidromically to collide with errant B-fibre spikes activated at the electrode producing anodal block. With this protocol it was noted that the B- and C-fibre bradycardias were not additive. Using a double anodal block and collision technique, it was demonstrated that this phenomenon was likely to be due to occlusion of the effects of B and C fibres. 5. In conclusion, in addition to the well-defined effects of vagal B fibres on heart rate, selective stimulation of vagal C fibres also had a cardioinhibitory effect in all three species studied. However, since the effects of cardiac C fibres on heart rate was small, these neurones alone cannot account for the cardioinhibition of the pulmonary chemoreflex. It is likely that activation of both B- and C-fibre cardiac vagal preganglionic neurones accounts for this reflex cardioinhibition.
Structure, chromosome location, and expression of the human gamma-actin gene: differential evolution, location, and expression of the cytoskeletal beta- and gamma-actin genes. (1988)

The accumulation of the cytoskeletal beta- and gamma-actin mRNAs was determined in a variety of mouse tissues and organs. The beta-isoform is always expressed in excess of the gamma-isoform. However, the molar ratio of beta- to gamma-actin mRNA varies from 1.7 in kidney and testis to 12 in sarcomeric muscle to 114 in liver. We conclude that, whereas the cytoskeletal beta- and gamma-actins are truly coexpressed, their mRNA levels are subject to differential regulation between different cell types. The human gamma-actin gene has been cloned and sequenced, and its chromosome location has been determined. The gene is located on human chromosome 17, unlike beta-actin which is on chromosome 7. Thus, if these genes are also unlinked in the mouse, the coexpression of the beta- and gamma-actin genes in rodent tissues cannot be determined by gene linkage. Comparison of the human beta- and gamma-actin genes reveals that noncoding sequences in the 5'-flanking region and in intron III have been conserved since the duplication that gave rise to these two genes. In contrast, there are sequences in intron III and the 3'-untranslated region which are not present in the beta-actin gene but are conserved between the human gamma-actin and the Xenopus borealis type 1 actin genes. Such conserved noncoding sequences may contribute to the coexpression of beta- and gamma-actin or to the unique regulation and function of the gamma-actin gene. Finally, we demonstrate that the human gamma-actin gene is expressed after introduction into mouse L cells and C2 myoblasts and that, upon fusion of C2 cells to form myotubes, the human gamma-actin gene is appropriately regulated.
Software defined enterprise passive optical network (2014)

In the last few years, changing infrastructure and business requirements are forcing enterprises to rethink their networks. Enterprises look to passive optical networks (PON) for increased network efficiency, flexibility, and cost reduction. At the same time, the emergence of Cloud and mobile in enterprise networks calls for dynamic network control and management following a centralized and software-defined paradigm. In this context, we propose a software-defined edge network (SDEN) design that operates on top of PON. SDEN leverages PON benefits while overcoming its lack of dynamic control. This paper is a work-in-progress focusing on enabling key flow control functions over PON: dynamic traffic steering, service dimensioning and realtime re-dimensioning. We also discuss how SDEN edge network can integrate with core SDN solutions to achieve end-to-end manageability. Through case experiment studies conducted on a live PON testbed deployment, we show the practical benefits and potentials that SDEN can offer to enterprise networks redesign.
EXPRESSION OF MAJOR GAP JUNCTION CONNEXIN TYPES IN THE WORKING MYOCARDIUM OF EIGHT CHORDATES (1998)

The alpha1 connexin (connexin43) is regarded as the major gap junction protein of the myocardium because it predominates there in mammals. Here, we show that it is not the major connexin of the working myocardium in non-mammalian vertebrates, which instead express beta1-like connexins homologous to mammalian connexin32. A phylogenetic series of hearts was immunostained with seven antibodies raised against peptide sequences specific for three distinct members of the gap junction connexin family: alpha1, beta1 and alpha5 (mammalian connexin40/avian connexin42). Working myocardium from two ascidian chordates (Ciona and Mogula), a teleost (Carassius), a frog (Xenopus) and two reptiles (Anolis and Alligator) was found to express a beta1-like connexin, rather than an alpha1-like connexin. An alpha1-like connexin was nevertheless often detected in other cardiac tissues. In the chicken (by ancestry a reptile), the developing myocardium expressed a beta1-like connexin strongly on embryonic day 6 but less strongly at hatching, and minimally in the adult. Myocardial expression of alpha5 connexin increased during development, but remained strongest in the coronary vascular endothelial and cardiac conduction tissues. The arteriolar smooth muscle of the chicken expressed alpha1 connexin throughout development, but its myocardium did not. In contrast, the working myocardium of a marsupial mammal (the opossum Trichosurus) strongly expressed an alpha1 connexin just like placental mammals. These results imply that a shift from beta1 to alpha1 connexin expression in the heart occurred prior to the evolution of the opossums. The beta and alpha connexin subfamilies have different permeabilities and gating properties, and we discuss factors that might have made this shift beneficial.
17-Heteroaroyl esters of corticosteroids. 2. 11.beta.-Hydroxy series (1987)

The preparation and topical antiinflammatory potencies of a series of 17-furoyl and -thenoyl esters of 9 alpha-fluoro-11 beta-hydroxy-16 methyl and 9 alpha-chloro-11 beta-hydroxy-16-methyl corticosteroids are described. The 17 alpha-esters were introduced to the 9 alpha-fluoro 11-ketones or to the appropriate delta 9(11) compounds by direct acylation with the appropriate heteroaryl carbonyl chloride in the presence of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine. Functionalization of the C ring was completed by standard methods. The most extensively studied heterocyclic acyl group was 2-furoyl, but 3-furoyl and 2- and 3-thenoyl derivatives were also investigated. Antiinflammatory potencies were measured in mice by a 5-day modification of the Tonelli croton oil ear assay. The most potent topical antiinflammatory agents were 1e, dexamethasone 17-(2'-furoate) 21-propionate, and 2c, the 21-chloro 17-(2'-furoate) in the 9 alpha-chloro series, both being 6 times as potent as betamethasone 17-valerate. Several other 9 alpha-chloro-11 beta-hydroxy-17-heteroaryl carboxylates (2a, 2b, 2d, and 2g) were at least 4 times as potent as betamethasone 17-valerate. Evaluation of 2c in the clinic confirmed that the compound is a potent topical antiinflammatory agent in humans.