gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural characterization of zinc bicarbonate compounds relevant to the mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase (2012)

The tris(3-t-butyl-5-methylpyrazolyl)hydroborato and tris(2-pyridylthio)methyl derivatives, [TpBut,Me]ZnOCO2H and [κ4-Tptm]ZnOCO2H, are the first pair of terminal zinc bicarbonate complexes to be structurally characterized by using X-ray diffraction. In both cases, the bicarbonate ligand coordinates in a unidentate manner, comparable to that in human carbonic anhydrase I. While the bicarbonate complex [κ4-Tptm]ZnOCO2H is obtained by treatment of {[κ3-Tptm]Zn(μ–OH)}2 with CO2 in the presence of water, the bridging carbonate complex [Tptm]Zn(μ-CO3)Zn[Tptm] is obtained in the absence of water. The reactivity of {[κ3-Tptm]Zn(μ–OH)}2 towards CO2 is sufficiently high that the carbonate complex is obtained upon exposure to air.
Development and Validation of an Exogenous Metabolic Activation System for FETAX (1997)

Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay: Xenopus (FETAX) is a 96-hour, whole-embryo bioassay designed to detect potential developmental toxicants. The primary goal of this research was to improve the predictability and increase the overall utility of FETAX as a screen for developmental toxicants that pose a hazard to human health. The first specific aim was to explore the use of phenobarbital, B-naphthoflavone, and isoniazid-induced rat liver microsomes as an exogenous metabolic activation system. This particular inducing system supplanted the presently-used Aroclor 1254 system which was recently proven to be somewhat unreliable. Post-isolation mixtures of these microsomes represented a broader spectrum of P-450 isozymes, and thus, bioactivated/inactivated a wider range of compounds. The second specific object was to develop and evaluate a standardized metabolic activation system test kit for FETAX which could be used by other FETAX users, including the U.S. Army. The findings from this research demonstrated that the post-isolation mixed microsomes were highly effective and that the test kits provided a reliable standardized means of routinely using the exogenous activation system with FETAX.
The Toxoplasma Acto-MyoA Motor Complex Is Important but Not Essential for Gliding Motility and Host Cell Invasion (2014)

Apicomplexan parasites are thought to actively invade the host cell by gliding motility. This movement is powered by the parasite's own actomyosin system, and depends on the regulated polymerisation and depolymerisation of actin to generate the force for gliding and host cell penetration. Recent studies demonstrated that Toxoplasma gondii can invade the host cell in the absence of several core components of the invasion machinery, such as the motor protein myosin A (MyoA), the microneme proteins MIC2 and AMA1 and actin, indicating the presence of alternative invasion mechanisms. Here the roles of MyoA, MLC1, GAP45 and Act1, core components of the gliding machinery, are re-dissected in detail. Although important roles of these components for gliding motility and host cell invasion are verified, mutant parasites remain invasive and do not show a block of gliding motility, suggesting that other mechanisms must be in place to enable the parasite to move and invade the host cell. A novel, hypothetical model for parasite gliding motility and invasion is presented based on osmotic forces generated in the cytosol of the parasite that are converted into motility.
Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling by direct binding of cyclopamine to Smoothened (2002)

The steroidal alkaloid cyclopamine has both teratogenic and antitumor activities arising from its ability to specifically block cellular responses to vertebrate Hedgehog signaling. We show here, using photoaffinity and fluorescent derivatives, that this inhibitory effect is mediated by direct binding of cyclopamine to the heptahelical bundle of Smoothened (Smo). Cyclopamine also can reverse the retention of partially misfolded Smo in the endoplasmic reticulum, presumably through binding-mediated effects on protein conformation. These observations reveal the mechanism of cyclopamine's teratogenic and antitumor activities and further suggest a role for small molecules in the physiological regulation of Smo.
Arginine-Specific Protease fromPorphyromonas gingivalisActivates Protease-Activated Receptors on Human Oral Epithelial Cells and Induces Interleukin-6 Secretion (2001)

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting oral tissues. Oral epithelial cells represent the primary barrier against bacteria causing the disease. We examined the responses of such cells to an arginine-specific cysteine proteinase (RgpB) produced by a causative agent of periodontal disease, Porphyromonas gingivalis. This protease caused an intracellular calcium transient in an oral epithelial cell line (KB), which was dependent on its enzymatic activity. Since protease-activated receptors (PARs) might mediate such signaling, reverse transcription-PCR was used to characterize the range of these receptors expressed in the KB cells. The cells were found to express PAR-1, PAR-2, and PAR-3, but not PAR-4. In immunohistochemical studies, human gingival epithelial cells were found to express PAR-1, PAR-2, and PAR-3 on their surface, but not PAR-4, indicating that the cell line was an effective model for the in vivo situation. PAR-1 and PAR-2 expression was confirmed in intracellular calcium mobilization assays by treatment of the cells with the relevant receptor agonist peptides. Desensitization experiments strongly indicated that signaling of the effects of RgpB was occurring through PAR-1 and PAR-2. Studies with cells individually transfected with each of these two receptors confirmed that they were both activated by RgpB. Finally, it was shown that, in the oral epithelial cell line, PAR activation by the bacterial protease-stimulated secretion of interleukin-6. This induction of a powerful proinflammatory cytokine suggests a mechanism whereby cysteine proteases from P. gingivalis might mediate inflammatory events associated with periodontal disease on first contact with a primary barrier of cells.
Effect of vaccination with a pentavalent leptospiral vaccine on Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis infection of pregnant cattle (1989)

Effectiveness of a pentavalent leptospiral vaccine to protect cattle from infection and reproductive problems caused by Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis was evaluated. Seven cows were vaccinated once and 8 cows were vaccinated twice with a USDA-licensed pentavalent leptospiral vaccine. Five cows were maintained as nonvaccinated controls. Cows were bred 1 to 2 months after the last vaccination. During the 4th to 6th month of gestation, all cows were challenge exposed on 4 occasions by conjunctival instillation of 10(8) serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis organisms and on 3 occasions by conjunctival instillation of urine from a cow shedding hardjo-bovis. All control cows and 13 of 15 vaccinated cows became infected and shed leptospires in the urine. Leptospires were detected in fewer urine samples collected from vaccinated cows, compared with those collected from control cows. Four stillborn calves and 3 weak calves were born to control and vaccinated cows. Leptospires were detected in the kidneys of 11 apparently healthy calves born to vaccinated and control cows. Agglutinating antibodies were not detected in the precolostral serum of these calves.
Fundamentals of Solid-State Electronics — Study Guide (1994)

This companion to Fundamentals of Solid-State Electronics provides a helpful summary of the main text for students and lecturers alike. The clear typeface, large font, and point form layout, are designed to produce viewgraphs for lectures and to provide ample margins for study notes.This Study Guide comes complete with a detailed description of two one-semester solid-state electronics core courses, taught to about 80-100 sophomore-junior students each time, four years apart. It links the contents of the one-semester lecture course to the textbook.
The Relative Strengths of Some Hydrocarbon Derivatives of Boric Acid (1934)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Relative Strengths of Some Hydrocarbon Derivatives of Boric AcidDavid L. Yabroff, G. E. K. Branch, and Bernard BettmanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1934, 56, 9, 1850–1857Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1934Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1934https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01324a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01324a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views402Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Transient elevation of glycolysis confers radio-resistance by facilitating DNA repair in cells (2015)

These findings suggest that enhanced glycolysis generally observed in cancer cells may be responsible for the radio-resistance, partly by enhancing the repair of DNA damage.
Respiratory timing during NREM sleep in patients with occlusive sleep apnea (1986)

To study respiratory timing mechanisms in patients with occlusive apnea, inspiratory and expiratory times (TI and TE) were calculated from the diaphragmatic electromyogram obtained in seven patients during non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep. Peak diaphragmatic activity (EMGdi) had a curvilinear relationship with TI during the ventilatory and occlusive phases such that TI shortened as EMGdi decreased during the ventilatory phase (r = 0.87, P less than 0.05) and it prolonged as EMGdi increased during the occlusive phase (r = 0.89, P less than 0.02). However, EMGdi vs. TI for the occlusive phase was shifted to the right of that for the ventilatory phase, reflecting the relatively longer TI during upper airway occlusion. TI also had a linear relationship with pleural pressure (r = 0.94, P less than 0.001) that remained unchanged during the ventilatory and occlusive phases such that it prolonged as negative inspiratory pressure increased. These results indicate that respiratory timing is continuously modified in patients with occlusive apnea as inspiratory neural drive fluctuates during NREM sleep and suggest that this modification is due to the net effects of changing inspiratory neural drive and afferent input predominantly from upper airway mechanoreceptors.
3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine resistance suppressed by a mutation conferring human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (1992)

Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRT) inhibitors (R82913; (+)-S-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-9-chloro-5-methyl-6-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)- imidazo[4,5,1-jk][1,4]-benzodiazepin-2(1H)-thione; Cl-TIBO; and BI-RG-587, nevirapine) were used to select resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants by passage in cell cultures of wild-type or 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (zidovudine; AZT)-resistant strains. Similar to other NNRT inhibitors, Cl-TIBO induced a single mutation (Y181 to C) in reverse transcriptase (RT) that accounted for the resistance. BI-RG-587 induced a different mutation (V106-->A) in AZT resistance backgrounds. A series of viable HIV-1 variants was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis of the RT, which harbored multiple drug resistance mutations, including Y181 to C. HIV-1 that was co-resistant to NNRT inhibitors and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine resulted when a 2',3'-dideoxyinosine resistance mutation (L74 to V) was also present in RT. By contrast, however, the Y181 to C mutation in an AZT resistance background significantly suppressed resistance to AZT, while it conferred resistance to NNRT inhibitors. However, the V106-->A substitution did not cause suppression of preexisting AZT resistance. Since certain combinations of nucleoside analogs and NNRT inhibitors might result in the development of co-resistance, careful analysis of clinical isolates obtained during combination therapy will be needed to determine the potential significance of these observations.
BoxSup: Exploiting Bounding Boxes to Supervise Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentation (2015)

Recent leading approaches to semantic segmentation rely on deep convolutional networks trained with human-annotated, pixel-level segmentation masks. Such pixel-accurate supervision demands expensive labeling effort and limits the performance of deep networks that usually benefit from more training data. In this paper, we propose a method that achieves competitive accuracy but only requires easily obtained bounding box annotations. The basic idea is to iterate between automatically generating region proposals and training convolutional networks. These two steps gradually recover segmentation masks for improving the networks, and vise versa. Our method, called "BoxSup", produces competitive results (e.g., 62.0% mAP for validation) supervised by boxes only, on par with strong baselines (e.g., 63.8% mAP) fully supervised by masks under the same setting. By leveraging a large amount of bounding boxes, BoxSup further yields state-of-the-art results on PASCAL VOC 2012 and PASCAL-CONTEXT [26].
Full wave model versus transmission line representation of Tesla's wave propagation: 155 th anniversary of birth of Nikola Tesla (2011)

The paper deals with two models of Tesla's propagation concept of wireless transmission of energy. A transmission line (TL) approximation and antenna model approaches are both implemented to analyze the Tesla's propagation concept. The Tesla's propagation path through the ground has been represented by an equivalent conductor excited at one end by the current source. The current distribution and the voltage have been calculated analytically. In particular, the voltage is calculated from standard TL equation and Generalized Telegrapher's equation formulation. Results for the voltage and generated power are presented in the paper.
Characterization and fat migration of palm kernel stearin as affected by addition of desiccated coconut used as base filling centre in dark chocolate (2001)

The characterization and fat migration of palm kernel stearin (PKS) and desiccated coconut, used as base filling centre in dark chocolate were studied. C36 and C38 triglycerides of PKS decreased by 11% and 9.6% respectively, whereas C32 and C34 increased by 97% and 48% respectively. The change in the triglycerides composition of PKS shift the melting point of PKS from 33.2 to 31.4 degrees C. Solid fat content (SFC) of PK reduced by 40% at 30 degrees C. The rate of fat migration was very slow at 18 degrees C storage compared to 30 degrees C. The rate of change of C36 in the chocolate layer was 0.1% week-1 and 1.2% week-1 at 18 and 30 degrees C respectively. Chocolate stored at 18 degrees C showed post hardening during storage period and withstood bloom during the storage period, whereas that stored at 30 degrees C became soft and bloomed faster after 3 weeks of storage.
Assessing a virtual reality surgical skills simulator. (1996)

The Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) was contracted to perform a military standard task analysis of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and to study the effectiveness of a virtual reality surgical skills simulator as a tool for surgical training and as a method for recording psychomotor behavior. This report describes the purpose of the study, its design, initial results, and implications for the field of medical education.
Ligand Abstraction in the Reaction of Aryldiazonium Ions with some Iron Complexes Containing Coordinated Cysteine, Maleonitriledithiol, or Triarylphosphine (1974)

The reactions of selected aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates with Fe(CO) 3 (PR 3 ) 2 , [Fe(mnt) 2 ] − , [Fe(cystH) 2 ] 2+ , and [Fe(CO) 2 (cyst) 2 ] (mnt = S 2 C 2 (CN) 2 , cyst = SCH 2 CH(NH 2 )CO 2 H ) result in abstraction of the ligand to yield arenediazophosphonium ions, S-(arenediazo)cysteine or the dinitrogen extrusion product ArS(CN)C=C(CN)SAr. Arylazo complexes of iron were not obtained. The products have been characterized and compounds related to S-(arenediazo)cysteine, namely S-(arenediazo)triphenylmethyl mercaptan and S-(arenediazo)sulfones, have been synthesized for a detailed comparison of their Raman spectra. Assignments of ν(N=N) are made on the basis of 15 N- and 2 H-substitution experiments. The possible involvement of nucleophilic sulfur as a site for the activation and or reduction of complexed dinitrogen in biological nitrogen fixation is proposed.
ABSORPTION OF DRUGS BY THE LUNG (1976)

Ten patients undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy had radioisotopically labelled drugs put directly into their bronchi; two received sodium cromoglycate, two salbutamol, three salmefamol and three rimiterol. All four drugs were rapidly absorbed but higher peak plasma levels per unit dose were seen with sodium cromoglycate and salbutamol than with the other two drugs. It is suggested that the lung metabolizes salmefamol and rimiterol but does not metabolize salbutamol or sodium cromoglycate.
Detecting unexpected obstacles for self-driving cars: Fusing deep learning and geometric modeling (2017)

The detection of small road hazards, such as lost cargo, is a vital capability for self-driving cars. We tackle this challenging and rarely addressed problem with a vision system that leverages appearance, contextual as well as geometric cues. To utilize the appearance and contextual cues, we propose a new deep learning-based obstacle detection framework. Here a variant of a fully convolutional network is proposed to predict a pixel-wise semantic labeling of (i) free-space, (ii) on-road unexpected obstacles, and (iii) background. The geometric cues are exploited using a state-of-the-art detection approach that predicts obstacles from stereo input images via model-based statistical hypothesis tests. We present a principled Bayesian framework to fuse the semantic and stereo-based detection results. The mid-level Stixel representation is used to describe obstacles in a flexible, compact and robust manner. We evaluate our new obstacle detection system on the Lost and Found dataset, which includes very challenging scenes with obstacles of only 5 cm height. Overall, we report a major improvement over the state-of-the-art, with a performance gain of 27.4%. In particular, we achieve a detection rate of over 90% for distances of up to 50 m. Our system operates at 22 Hz on our self-driving platform.
Resource allocation for multimedia streaming over the Internet (2001)

This paper addresses the resource allocation problem for multiple media streaming over the Internet. First, we present an end-to-end transport architecture for multimedia streaming over the Internet. Second, we propose a new multimedia streaming TCP-friendly protocol (MSTFP), which combines forward estimation of network conditions with information feedback control to optimally track the network conditions. Third, we propose a novel resource allocation scheme to adapt media rate to the estimated network bandwidth using each media's rate-distortion function under various network conditions. By dynamically allocating resources according to network status and media characteristics, we improve the end-to-end quality of services (QoS). Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed schemes.
Zwitterionic and monofunctional block copolymers in a selective solvent: Model macromolecular surfactants (2008)

Solutions of block copolymers containing ionic groups at the chain end in a selective solvent condition are investigated using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The self-assembling as a consequence of the competition between electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions is studied in those model macromolecular surfactants. The influence of the position of the ionic group on the block-copolymer chain on the structure and size of the aggregates is considered. Dilute solutions containing spherical micelles are investigated. The molecules considered are polystyrene-polyisoprene (PS-b-PI) block-copolymers in di-methyl acetamide which is a very bad solvent for the PI block. At low concentrations, block-copolymer micelles with a PI core are formed. At ambient temperature, the PI core is liquid and this ensures thermodynamic equilibrium. Three charged systems are studied: (1) sample S — polystyrene-polyisoprene (PS-PI) block copolymers containing a sulfonate ionic group at the PI end (non-soluble block); (2) sample Q — another monofunctional PS-b-PI containing, this time, a quaternized amine at the PS end (swollen polymer shell) and (3) sample Z — zwitterionic (PS-b-PI) with ionic groups of opposite charges at each chain end. It is found that the aggregation number of the charged micelles is smaller than that of the neutral micelles. Micelles formed by zwitterionic copolymers (sample Z) present an aggregation number which is similar to that observed for micelles formed by monofunctional block copolymers containing ionic groups at the core (sample S). The zwitterionic (Z) and the monofunctionalized (S) samples exhibits a soft correlation maximum at dilute concentrations, while sample Q, behaves much more like a colloidal particle with a pronounced structure factor.
A Synthesis of Methyl 3-O-(β-d-Mannopyranosyl)-α-d-mannopyranoside from Sulfonate Intermediates (1986)

Abstract Methyl 3-O-(β-d-mannopyranosyl)-α-d-mannopyranoside was synthesized by the reaction of 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-O-benzylsulfonyl-1-O-tresyl-d-mannopyranose with methyl 2,4,6-tri-O-benzyl- and 2,4,6-tri-O-(p-bromobenzyl)-α-d-mannopyranoside, followed by deprotection. The corresponding 1-O-(β-tolylsulfonyl)derivative gave better yield and stereoselectivity in the reaction with methanol, but was not sufficiently reactive to couple with a hindered secondary alcohol. The 2-O-benzylsulfonyl group is comparable in β-directing effect to 2-O-methylsulfonyl group, but its stereoselectivity is dependent on the structure of the reactant alcohol. It can be selectively removed by the reaction with sodium amide in N,N-dimethylformamide.