gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation ofN-Tosylaldimines (1994)

N-Tosylaldimines are prepared under neutral conditions by heating aldehydes and p-toluenesulfonamide in the presence of tetraethyl orthosilicate.
Super Dielectric Materials (2014)

Evidence is provided here that a class of materials with dielectric constants greater than 10⁵ at low frequency (<10<sup>-2</sup> Hz), herein called super dielectric materials (SDM), can be generated readily from common, inexpensive materials. Specifically it is demonstrated that high surface area alumina powders, loaded to the incipient wetness point with a solution of boric acid dissolved in water, have dielectric constants, near 0 Hz, greater than 4 × 10⁸ in all cases, a remarkable increase over the best dielectric constants previously measured for energy storage capabilities, ca. 1 × 10⁴. It is postulated that any porous, electrically insulating material (e.g., high surface area powders of silica, titania, <i>etc.</i>), filled with a liquid containing a high concentration of ionic species will potentially be an SDM. Capacitors created with the first generated SDM dielectrics (alumina with boric acid solution), herein called New Paradigm Super (NPS) capacitors display typical electrostatic capacitive behavior, such as increasing capacitance with decreasing thickness, and can be cycled, but are limited to a maximum effective operating voltage of about 0.8 V. A simple theory is presented: Water containing relatively high concentrations of dissolved ions saturates all, or virtually all, the pores (average diameter 500 Å) of the alumina. In an applied field the positive ionic species migrate to the cathode end, and the negative ions to the anode end of each drop. This creates giant dipoles with high charge, hence leading to high dielectric constant behavior. At about 0.8 V, water begins to break down, creating enough ionic species to "short" the individual water droplets. Potentially NPS capacitor stacks can surpass "supercapacitors" in volumetric energy density.
Mechanical property enhancement of semicrystalline polymers—A review (1988)

Abstract Processing plastics below their melting points has been shown to be an effective way to significantly enhance the mechanical, chemical, and physical properties of semi‐crystalline thermoplastics. A number of techniques have been developed that are capable of producing highly oriented fibers, films, and shapes. In general, these techniques can be classified as drawing, extrusion, arid rolling, with some very specific modifications having been made to each, that affects the performance of the process. Of particular interest is the rate of production, the range of thicknesses achievable, the uniformity of properties in the product, and the extent, if any, of biaxiality in the product. In recent years, the productivity of such forming processes has been increased by reducing the level of molecular entanglement among neighboring molecules. As an alternate to these orientation processes, techniques have been developed which rely on strain Induced crystallization to enhance the modulus of molded parts and extrudates from a melt. This paper constitutes a review of these techniques with emphasis on the process parameters, polymers investigated, and properties of the resulting materials.
Diabetes and Hypertension: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association (2017)

Hypertension is common among patients with diabetes, with the prevalence depending on type and duration of diabetes, age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, history of glycemic control, and the presence of kidney disease, among other factors (1-3). Furthermore, hypertension is a strong risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), heart failure, and microvascular complications. ASCVDddefined as acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction (MI), angina, coronary or other arterial revascularization, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or peripheral arterial disease presumed to be of atherosclerotic origindis the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for individuals with diabetes and is the largest contributor to the direct and indirect costs of diabetes. Numerous studies have shown that antihypertensive therapy reduces ASCVD events, heart failure, and microvascular complications in people with diabetes (4-8). Large benefits are seen when multiple risk factors are addressed simultaneously (9). There is evidence that ASCVD morbidity and mortality have decreased for people with diabetes since 1990 (10,11) likely due in large part to improvements in blood pressure control This Position Statement is intended to update the assessment and treatment of hypertension among people with diabetes, including advances in care since the American Diabetes Association (ADA) last published a Position Statement on this topic in 2003 (3).
Evaluation of VTP‐50469, a menin‐MLL1 inhibitor, against Ewing sarcoma xenograft models by the pediatric preclinical testing consortium (2020)

In contrast to its high level of activity against MLL1-rearranged leukemia xenografts, VTP-50469 shows little activity against EwS models.
Development and Characterization of a Gene Expression Reporter System for Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 (1999)

A gene expression reporter system (pHT3) for Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was developed by using the lacZ gene from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurogenes EM1 as the reporter gene. In order to test the reporter system, promoters of three key metabolic pathway genes, ptb (coding for phosphotransbutyrylase), thl (coding for thiolase), and adc (coding for acetoacetate decarboxylase), were cloned upstream of the reporter gene in pHT3 in order to construct vectors pHT4, pHT5, and pHTA, respectively. Detection of beta-galactosidase activity in time course studies performed with strains ATCC 824(pHT4), ATCC 824(pHT5), and ATCC 824(pHTA) demonstrated that the reporter gene produced a functional beta-galactosidase in C. acetobutylicum. In addition, time course studies revealed differences in the beta-galactosidase specific activity profiles of strains ATCC 824(pHT4), ATCC 824(pHT5), and ATCC 824(pHTA), suggesting that the reporter system developed in this study is able to effectively distinguish between different promoters. The stability of the beta-galactosidase produced by the reporter gene was also examined with strains ATCC 824(pHT4) and ATCC 824(pHT5) by using chloramphenicol treatment to inhibit protein synthesis. The data indicated that the beta-galactosidase produced by the lacZ gene from T. thermosulfurogenes EM1 was stable in the exponential phase of growth. In pH-controlled fermentations of ATCC 824(pHT4), the kinetics of beta-galactosidase formation from the ptb promoter and phosphotransbutyrylase formation from its own autologous promoter were found to be similar.
Stress-induced dislocations in silicon integrated circuits (1992)

Many of the processes used in the fabrication of silicon integrated circuits lead to the development of stress in the silicon substrate. Given enough stress, the substrate will yield by generating dislocations. We examine the formation of stress-induced dislocations in integrated circuit structures. Examples are presented from bipolar and MOS-based integrated circuit structures that were created during developmental studies. The underlying causes of oxidation-induced stress and the effect on such stress of varying oxidation conditions are discussed. The knowledge thus gained is used to explain dislocation generation during the formation of a shallow-trench isolation structure. The importance of ion-implantation processes in nucleating dislocations is illustrated using structures formed by a deep-trench isolation process and a process used to form a trench capacitor in a DRAM cell. The effect of device layout geometry on dislocation generation is also examined. We show how TEM observations can be used to provide more information than solely identifying those process conditions under which dislocations are generated. By combining TEM observations with stress analysis, we show how the sources of stress responsible for dislocation movement can be identified.
PIP 2 and PIP as Determinants for ATP Inhibition of K ATP Channels (1998)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels couple electrical activity to cellular metabolism through their inhibition by intracellular ATP. ATP inhibition of KATP channels varies among tissues and is affected by the metabolic and regulatory state of individual cells, suggesting involvement of endogenous factors. It is reported here that phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PIP) controlled ATP inhibition of cloned KATP channels (Kir6.2 and SUR1). These phospholipids acted on the Kir6.2 subunit and shifted ATP sensitivity by several orders of magnitude. Receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase C resulted in inhibition of KATP-mediated currents. These results represent a mechanism for control of excitability through phospholipids.
Preclinical Evaluation of 18F-LMI1195 for In Vivo Imaging of Pheochromocytoma in the MENX Tumor Model (2013)

(18)F-LMI1195 shows high and specific accumulation in pheochromocytomas. Its favorable biodistribution makes it a promising PET tracer for tumor imaging. Further studies are warranted to evaluate its clinical value in oncologic indications.
Top‐down control analysis of ATP turnover, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in rat hepatocytes (1999)

Control analysis was used to analyse the internal control of rat hepatocyte metabolism. The reactions of the cell were grouped into nine metabolic blocks linked by five key intermediates. The blocks were glycogen breakdown, glucose release, glycolysis, lactate production, NADH oxidation, pyruvate oxidation, mitochondrial proton leak, mitochondrial phosphorylation and ATP consumption. The linking intermediates were intracellular glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvate and ATP levels, cytoplasmic NADH/NAD ratio and mitochondrial membrane potential. The steady-state fluxes through the blocks and the levels of the intermediates were measured in the absence and presence of specific effectors of hepatocyte metabolism. Application of the multiple modulation approach gave the kinetic responses of each block to each intermediate (the elasticities). These were then used to calculate all of the control coefficients, which describe the degree of control each block had over the level of each intermediate, and over the rate of each process. Within this full description of control, many different interactions could be identified. One key finding was that the processes that consumed ATP had only 35% of the control over the rate of ATP consumption. Instead, the reactions that produced ATP exerted the most control over ATP consumption rate; particularly important were mitochondrial phosphorylation (30% of control) and glycolysis (19%). The rate of glycolysis was positively controlled by the glycolytic enzymes themselves (66% of control) and by ATP consumption (47%). Mitochondrial production of ATP, including oxidative, proton leak and phosphorylation processes, had negative control over glycolysis (-26%; the Pasteur effect). In contrast, glycolysis had little control over the rate of ATP production by the mitochondria (-10%; the Crabtree effect). Control over the flux through the mitochondrial phosphorylation block was shared between pyruvate oxidation (23%), ATP consumption (28%) and the mitochondrial phosphorylation block itself (64%).
Chemical modifiers of cancer treatment. (1988)

Chemical modification is a concept in cancer therapy in which the state of tumor cells or normal tissues is modified such that a therapeutic gain can be achieved using conventional therapeutic modalities. Hypoxic zones targeted as cells within them may be radiation resistant, poorly perfused by chemotherapeutic agents, and possibly drug resistant due to hypoxia-related gene amplification. Nitroimidazoles have gained particular attention as chemical modifiers because they can increase the radiation sensitivity of hypoxic cells, are cytotoxic to hypoxic cells, can increase sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents, and are useful for imaging hypoxic cells. While both radiosensitization and chemosensitization require hypoxia, the mechanism of the enhancement of each of the modalities is different. The 2-nitroimidazole hypoxic sensitizers SR 2508 and Ro-03-8799, which are less toxic than the prototype misonidazole (Miso), are in clinical trials, and dual function molecules that include a hypoxic sensitizer and alkylating function are being developed. The presence of both acutely and chronically hypoxic cells in animal tumors has been demonstrated by new imaging techniques. Oxygen delivery to tumors is being altered by the use of perfluorocarbons, and agents that alter hemoglobin affinity for oxygen. Compounds that are selectively toxic to hypoxic cells are being developed. Nonhypoxic modifiers are also being investigated. Thiol modification, particularly the alteration of glutathione concentration, has complex effects on the cell's biochemistry, in addition to affecting the competition between oxygen and thiol groups for the restoration and fixation of radiation-induced radicals. WR-2721 is being studied as a means of reducing the normal tissue toxicity of radiation and chemotherapy. Increased thiol concentration may be a mechanism of cross-resistance between certain chemotherapeutic agents and radiation.
Event-coupled hidden Markov models (2002)

Inferences from time series data can be greatly enhanced by taking into account multiple modalities. In some cases, such as audio of speech and the corresponding video of lip gestures, the different time series are tightly coupled. We are interested in loosely-coupled time series where only the onset of events are coupled in time. We present an extension of the forward-backward algorithm that can be used for inference and learning in event-coupled hidden Markov models and give results on a simplified multimedia indexing task where the objective is to detect an event whose onset is loosely coupled in audio and video.
Activated T lymphocytes bindin situ to stromal tissue of colon carcinoma but lack adhesion to tumor cells (2001)

It is not entirely clear which adhesion molecules are responsible for the site-directed traffic of T cells within the tumor microenvironment. The present study investigated whether colon carcinoma tissue and normal colon differ in the expression of functionally relevant molecules. In addition, we identified adhesion molecules involved in the binding of activated T cells onto colon carcinoma in situ. Malignant colon epithelium expressed few adhesion receptors, i.e. CD44 (HERMES), CD49b (integrin alpha2) and CD162 (PSGL-1), whereas the stromal compartment within colon carcinoma was positive for numerous binding molecules, e.g. CD44, CD49a (integrin alpha1), CD49e (integrin alpha5), CD51 (integrin alpha(v)), CD54 (ICAM-1), CD99 (MIC2) and CD162. Lymphocytes infiltrating tumor stroma contrasted with lymphocytes within normal colon interstitium by lacking CD28, CD154 (CD40L), CD56 (NCAM) and CD98 (4F2). Normal activated T cells bound to the lymphocyte-rich areas within the stroma of colon carcinoma using CD44, CD50 (ICAM-3), CD99, CD102 (ICAM-2) and CD162 on the T lymphocytes. We conclude that lymphocytes within colon carcinoma stroma may lack several functionally crucial cell surface molecules. We present a panel of adhesion molecules that could mediate the migration of activated T lymphocytes into the stroma of colon carcinoma.
Heparin-like Polysaccharides Reduce Osteolytic Bone Destruction and Tumor Growth in a Mouse Model of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis (2012)

TGF-β regulates several steps in cancer metastasis, including the establishment of bone metastatic lesions. TGF-β is released from bone during osteoclastic bone resorption and it stimulates breast cancer cells to produce osteolytic factors such as interleukin 11 (IL-11). We conducted a cell-based siRNA screen and identified heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 2 (HS6ST2) as a critical gene for TGF-β-induced IL-11 production in highly bone metastatic MDA-MB-231(SA) breast cancer cells. HS6ST2 attaches sulfate groups to glucosamine residues in heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. We subsequently showed how heparin and a high-molecular-weight Escherichia coli K5-derived heparin-like polysaccharide (K5-NSOS) inhibited TGF-β-induced IL-11 production in MDA-MB-231(SA) cells. In addition, K5-NSOS inhibited bone resorption activity of human osteoclasts in vitro. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of K5-NSOS and fragmin in a mouse model of breast cancer bone metastasis. MDA-MB-231(SA) cells were inoculated into the left cardiac ventricle of athymic nude mice which were treated with fragmin, K5-NSOS, or vehicle once a day for four weeks. Both heparin-like glycosaminoglycans inhibited weight reduction, decreased osteolytic lesion area, and reduced tumor burden in bone. In conclusion, our data imply novel mechanisms involved in TGF-β induction and support the critical role of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans in cancer metastasis as well as indicate that K5-NSOS is a potential antimetastatic and antiresorptive agent for cancer therapy. This study illustrates the potential to translate in vitro siRNA screening results toward in vivo therapeutic concepts.
Enhanced Intake and Production of Cows Offered Ensiled Alfalfa with Higher Neutral Detergent Fiber Digestibility (1996)

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of forage fiber digestibility as part of a total mixed diet on intake and production of cows with intakes that were likely limited by rumen fill, using treatments that were not confounded by fiber source, concentrate, or ratio of forage to concentrate. Two alfalfa silages with similar NDF concentrations (40%) but different NDF digestibilities (40 vs. 45% after 24 h of in vitro fermentation) were harvested, mixed with concentrate to achieve diets containing 35% NDF, and offered to 12 multiparous cows (13 DIM) in a two-period balanced crossover design. Samples taken during silage feeding revealed that diets differed in both NDF digestibility (3 percentage units) and NDF content (1.8 percentage units), making interpretation of results difficult. Nonetheless, milk production (36.3 vs. 38.2 kg/d) and DMI (19.4 vs. 20.4 kg/d) were significantly higher with the higher NDF digestibility diet. Apparent in vivo DM and NDF digestibilities, total rumen VFA after feeding, and molar percentage of propionate were also higher with this diet. Equal NDF intake between diets suggested that higher DMI was due to the lower NDF content in the more digestible NDF diet. Higher NDF digestibility might also increase DMI; further experimentation is necessary with larger unconfounded differences in fiber digestibility at the time of feeding.
Mice Deficient in Lysosomal Acid Phosphatase Develop Lysosomal Storage in the Kidney and Central Nervous System (1997)

Lysosomal acid phosphatase (LAP) is a tartrate-sensitive enzyme with ubiquitous expression. Neither the physiological substrates nor the functional significance is known. Mice with a deficiency of LAP generated by targeted disruption of the LAP gene are fertile and develop normally. Microscopic examination of various peripheral organs revealed progredient lysosomal storage in podocytes and tubular epithelial cells of the kidney, with regionally different ultrastructural appearance of the stored material. Within the central nervous system, lysosomal storage was detected to a regionally different extent in microglia, ependymal cells, and astroglia concomitant with the development of a progressive astrogliosis and microglial activation. Whereas behavioral and neuromotor analyses were unable to distinguish between control and deficient mice, approximately 7% of the deficient animals developed generalized seizures. From the age of 6 months onward, conspicuous alterations of bone structure became apparent, resulting in a kyphoscoliotic malformation of the lower thoracic vertebral column. We conclude from these findings that LAP has a unique function in only a subset of cells, where its deficiency causes the storage of a heterogeneously appearing material in lysosomes. The causal relationship of the enzyme defect to the clinical manifestations remains to be determined.
Comparison of Viral Vectors: Gene Transfer Efficiency and Tissue Specificity in a Bladder Cancer Model (2003)

The viral vectors examined in these experiments resulted in significantly different gene transfer in the orthotopic bladder cancer model, underscoring the importance of vector selection in gene therapy protocols.
Impact of a Process Variation on Nanowire and Nanotube Device Performance (2007)

In this paper, we present an in-depth analysis of the nanowire and nanotube device performance under process variability. Although every process parameter variation drastically affects the conventional MOSFET performance, we found that nanowire/nanotube FETs are significantly less sensitive to many process parameter variations due to their inherent device structures and geometric properties. It is observed that a two-input nand gate with nanowire or nanotube FETs shows a more than four times less performance variation than its bulk MOSFET counterpart and about two times less than FinFET devices at the 45 and 32 nm technologies, respectively. In other words, nanowire/nanotube FETs will have a larger margin for process parameter variations than bulk and FinFET devices for an allowable performance variation limit. While it is evident that process variations are going to be a major limiting factor for conventional MOSFET devices in future generations, this analysis is expected to further encourage nanowire and nanotube research for high-performance circuit applications.
Dehydrogenation of Substituted Alcohols to Aldehydes on Zinc Oxide-Chromium Oxide Catalysts (1992)

Sixteen primary alcohols of the structure RCH 2 OH (R = CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , (CH 3 ) 2 CH, (CH 3 ) 3 CCH 2 , HOCH 2 , CH 3 OCH 2 , C 6 H 5 , C 6 H 5 CH 2 , C 6 H 5 OCH 2 , ClCH 2 , BrCH 2 , F 3 C, CNCH 2 , (CH 3 ) 2 NCH 2 , (C 2 H 5 ) 2 NCH 2 and tetrahydrofurfuryl) were explored for the possibility of obtaining the corresponding aldehydes by dehydrogenation on solid catalysts. Various catalysts were tested and two zinc oxide-chromium oxide catalysts were selected for further work because their activity and selectivity was satisfactory; moreover, the selectivity could be improved by addition of sodium into the catalysts and of water into the feed. The reaction was performed in the temperature range 250-450 °C and at atmospheric pressure. 2-Chloroethanol, 2-bromoethanol, ethylene glycol, 2-cyanoethanol and 2-( N,N -diethylamino)ethanol decomposed and deactivated the catalyst. The other alcohols were studied from the point of kinetics of dehydrogenation, which was described by a Langmuir-Hinshelwood type rate equation ( 3 ), and of substituent effects on rate, which were correlated by Taft equation ( 1 ) with the slope ρ = -1.46. The preparative value of catalytic dehydrogenation for obtaining substituted aldehydes was confirmed by prolonged runs and isolation of the aldehydic product by distillation using as the feeds 2-methoxyethanol and 2-( N,N -dimethylamino)ethanol, respectively.
Naloxone in opioid poisoning: walking the tightrope (2005)

Acute opioid intoxication and overdose are common causes of presentation to emergency departments. Although naloxone, a pure opioid antagonist, has been available for many years, there is still confusion over the appropriate dose and route of administration. This article looks at the reasons for this uncertainty and undertakes a literature review from which a treatment algorithm is presented.