gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fingerprints in the Ether: Using the Physical Layer for Wireless Authentication (2007)

The wireless medium contains domain-specific information that can be used to complement and enhance traditional security mechanisms. In this paper we propose ways to exploit the fact that, in a typically rich scattering environment, the radio channel response decorrelates quite rapidly in space. Specifically, we describe a physical-layer algorithm that combines channel probing (M complex frequency response samples over a bandwidth W) with hypothesis testing to determine whether current and prior communication attempts are made by the same user (same channel response). In this way, legitimate users can be reliably authenticated and false users can be reliably detected. To evaluate the feasibility of our algorithm, we simulate spatially variable channel responses in real environments using the WiSE ray-tracing tool; and we analyze the ability of a receiver to discriminate between transmitters (users) based on their channel frequency responses in a given office environment. For several rooms in the extremities of the building we considered, we have confirmed the efficacy of our approach under static channel conditions. For example, measuring five frequency response samples over a bandwidth of 100 MHz and using a transmit power of 100 mW, valid users can be verified with 99% confidence while rejecting false users with greater than 95% confidence.
Glycosylimidate, 12 Direkte Synthese von O‐α‐ und O‐β‐Glycosyl‐imidaten (1984)

Abstract 1‐ O ‐Unsubstituierte Kohlenhydrate reagieren unter Basenkatalyse mit halogenaktivierten Nitrilen in überwiegend sehr guten Ausbeuten zu stabilen, isolierbaren O ‐α‐ und O ‐β‐Glycosyl‐imidaten. Untersuchungen an der 2,3,4,6‐Tetra‐ O ‐benzyl‐ und ‐acetylglucose ( 1a, b ) mit Trichloracetonitril und mit Trifluoracetonitril und NaH bzw. K 2 CO 3 als Base zeigten, daß das β‐Glucopyranosyl‐1‐oxido‐Sauerstoffatom deutlich nucleophiler (rasche Bildung der Imidate 3a‐β, 3b ‐β, 4a‐β und 4b ‐β) ist als das α‐Glucopyranosyl‐1‐oxido‐Sauerstoffatom. Aufgrund der Reversibilität dieser Reaktionen entstanden jedoch – bedingt durch den anomeren Effekt – letztlich ausschließlich die thermodynamisch stabileren α‐Imidate 3a ‐α, 3b ‐α, 4a ‐α und 4b ‐α. Damit ist eine Produktlenkung wahlweise zu den β‐ und α‐Imidaten möglich. – Trichloracetonitril wurde auch mit anderen 1‐ O ‐unsubstituierten Kohlenhydraten zu stabilen Imidaten ( 7 ‐α– 13‐β ) umgesetzt. – Weniger aktivierte Nitrile (Chloracetonitril, Dichloracetonitril) haben sich in der direkten Imidat‐bildung nicht oder nicht in gleichem Maße bewährt. – N ‐Arylierte Ketenimine konnten ebenfalls erfolgreich in die direkte, basenkatalysierte O ‐Glycosyl‐imidat‐Bildung eingesetzt werden. Aufgrund der Irreversibilität dieser Reaktion wurde jedoch dabei ausschließlich kinetische Produkt‐bildung beobachtet (Synthese der β‐Imidate 14a ‐β– 14d ‐β und 15d ‐β). Selbst 1 ‐ O ‐unsubstituierte Mannose führte ausschließlich zum β‐Imidat 16d ‐β.
Polymers in Microlithography (1989)

The evolution in microelectronics technology has progressed at an astonishing rate during the past decade. This is particularly true of microlithographic technology which is the technology used to generate the high resolution circuit elements characteristic of today's integrated circuits. While almost all of these commercial devices are made by photolithographic techniques that utilize 365-436nm UV radiation, within the next 3-8 years, new lithographic strategies will be required. These technological alternatives, such as deep-UV, e-beam and x-ray lithography, will require new polymeric resist materials and processes. A brief overview of the current trends in microlithography is presented along with an examination of the varied chemistries that can be applied to this technology. The reader is referred to alternate sources for detailed reviews of the field.
A paramagnetic contrast agent with myeloperoxidase-sensing properties (2006)

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an essential component of inflammatory response in norm and pathology. With an ultimate goal of non-invasive imaging of MPO we used a gadolinium-chelating bis(5-hydroxytrytamide) derivative of diethylenetetraamine pentaacetic acid (L1-Gd3+ salt) as a paramagnetic sensor of enzymatic activity. We tested whether L1-Gd3+ is active in reducing the oxidized form of myeloperoxidase, generated as a result of hydrogen peroxide reduction by the enzyme. We expected that upon activation by MPO/H2O2 L1-Gd3+ would not only oligomerise but also bind to other macromolecules present in the media and that the overall process will give rise to a net T1-weighted MRI signal increase.
A Study Investigating a Possible Link Between Lens Protein in the Vitreous Fluid of Eyes After Uncomplicated Cataract Surgery and Chronic Cystoid Macular Edema (2013)

Aquaporin 0 is found in some eyes with chronic CME after uncomplicated cataract surgery, suggesting contamination of the vitreous by lens protein may have a role in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
Animal Models of Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder (2008)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) occurs with high prevalence, and the drugs used to treat OCD are limited in efficacy and have side-effect issues. The discovery of improved medicines for OCD has been hampered in part by the lack of predictive in vivo models. This unit provides a brief overview of two methods that might have such predictive utility. Marble burying and nestlet shredding are two behaviors that occur spontaneously with high frequency and repetitiveness in mice. These acute in vivo assays are relatively easy to conduct. Selective serotonin uptake inhibitors decrease these behaviors without producing motor side effects, as assessed by the behavior of walking on a rotating rod. In contrast, some other drugs (e.g., benzodiazepine anxiolytics) only affect marble burying and nestlet shredding at motor-impairing doses. The present methods might therefore provide one piece of in vivo information for the discovery of novel chemical treatment solutions for the symptoms of OCD.
GRF-induced feeding: Evidence for protein selectivity and opiate involvement (1994)

Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) is a hypothalamic peptide named for its ability to induce release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary. GRF also acts as a neurotransmitter in the suprachiasmatic nucleus/medial preoptic area (SCN/MPOA) to stimulate food intake. The purpose of this series of experiments was to explore the nature of GRF-induced feeding, with a particular emphasis on macronutrient selectivity, and to examine the role of opiate activity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Chow intake stimulated by GRF microinjection (1 pmol/0.5 microliters) into the SCN/MPOA was blocked by injection of methyl-naltrexone (3 micrograms/0.5 microliters) into the PVN. In animals habituated to macronutrient diets (Teklad, WI), GRF preferentially stimulated intake of protein at 2 and 4 h postinjection, whereas it had no effect on carbohydrate intake. Further, this effect was blocked by injection of naloxone (40 nmol/0.5 microliters) into the PVN. Microinjection of morphine (0, 1, 10, and 17 micrograms/0.5 microliter) into the PVN also specifically stimulated protein intake at 2 and 4 h postinjection. These results suggest that feeding derived from GRF actions in the SCN/MPOA is macronutrient selective, and is dependent on PVN opiate activity for expression.
Features of di George syndrome in a child with 45,XX,-3,-22,+der(3),t(3;22)(p25;q11). (1987)

A child with an unbalanced translocation resulting in monosomy for chromosomes 22 (q11----pter) and 3(p25----pter) is described. Although no immunological dysfunction could be demonstrated, the abnormalities found are similar to those seen in the di George syndrome which has been associated with monosomy for the same region of chromosome 22.
Catalyzed Relaxation of a Metastable DNA Fuel (2006)

Practically all of life's molecular processes, from chemical synthesis to replication, involve enzymes that carry out their functions through the catalytic transformation of metastable fuels into waste products. Catalytic control of reaction rates will prove to be as useful and ubiquitous in nucleic-acid-based engineering as it is in biology. Here we report a metastable DNA "fuel" and a corresponding DNA "catalyst" that improve upon the original hybridization-based catalyst system (Turberfield et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 118102-1-118102-4) by more than 2 orders of magnitude. This is achieved by identifying and purifying a fuel with a kinetically trapped metastable configuration consisting of a "kissing loop" stabilized by flanking helical domains; the catalyst strand acts by opening a helical domain and allowing the complex to relax to its ground state by a multistep pathway. The improved fuel/catalyst system shows a roughly 5000-fold acceleration of the uncatalyzed reaction, with each catalyst molecule capable of turning over in excess of 40 substrates. With k(cat)/K(M) approximately 10(7)/M/min, comparable to many protein enzymes and ribozymes, this fuel system becomes a viable component enabling future DNA-based synthetic molecular machines and logic circuits. As an example, we designed and characterized a signal amplifier based on the fuel-catalyst system. The amplifier uses a single strand of DNA as input and releases a second strand with unrelated sequence as output. A single input strand can catalytically trigger the release of more than 10 output strands.
Circulating hormone levels in menopausal women receiving different hormone replacement therapy regimens. A comparison. (1995)

All the observed changes in hormone levels are to be expected after HRT except for the decrease in PRL levels. Finally, although MPA dosage was not the focus of the present study, our results suggest that the dosage of 2.5 mg/d of MPA in sequential regimens is clearly inadequate to protect the endometrium from hyperplastic changes.
Microfabricated Monolithic Multinozzle Emitters for Nanoelectrospray Mass Spectrometry (2007)

Mass spectrometry is the enabling technology for proteomics. To fully realize the enormous potential of lab-on-a-chip in proteomics, a major advance in interfacing microfluidics with mass spectrometry is needed. Here, we report the first demonstration of monolithic integration of multinozzle electrospray emitters with a microfluidic channel via a novel silicon microfabrication process. These microfabricated monolithic multinozzle emitters (M3 emitters) can be readily mass-produced from silicon wafers. Each emitter consists of a parallel silica nozzle array protruding out from a hollow silicon sliver with a conduit size of 100 x 10 mum. The dimension and number of freestanding nozzles can be systematically and precisely controlled during the fabrication process. Once integrated with a mass spectrometer, M3 emitters achieved sensitivity and stability in peptide and protein detection comparable to those of commercial silica-based capillary nanoelectrospray tips. These M3 emitters may play a role as a critical component in a fully integrated silicon/silica-based micro total analysis system for proteomics.
Genetic and immunological basis of autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse. (2000)

The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is an animal model of human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Most NOD mice show insulitis at several weeks of age, and 60-90% of the female mice develop overt diabetes after 20-30 weeks of age. NOD mice share many features of human IDDM. As in human IDDM, the disease development in NOD mice is controlled by a number of disease susceptibility or resistant genes (Idds), including the major histocompatibility complex locus. Cumulative evidence suggests that Thl CD4+ T cells play a critical role in the autoimmune process leading to beta cell destruction. In addition to CD4+ T cells, CD8+ cells and B cells also participate in the pathogenesis. There are several candidate antigens recognized by autoreactive T cells such as glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), insulin and heat shock protein (HSP) 60. Treatment by these antigens suppresses IDDM development in NOD mice, suggesting that they may initiate the autoimmune process of NOD mice.
Daptomycin may attenuate experimental tobramycin nephrotoxicity by electrostatic complexation to tobramycin (1994)

The lipopeptidic antibiotic daptomycin is reported to reduce experimental tobramycin nephrotoxicity (D. Beauchamp, M. Pellerin, P. Gourde, M. Pettigrew and M. G. Bergeron, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34:139-147, 1990; C. A. Wood, H. C. Finkbeiner, S. J. Kohlhepp, P. W. Kohnen, and D. C. Gilbert, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33:1280-1285, 1989). In an attempt to explain these results, the in vivo and in vitro interactions between daptomycin and tobramycin were studied. Tobramycin alone and preincubated with negatively charged phospholipid bilayers (liposomes) was dialyzed against increasing concentrations of daptomycin in buffer at pH 5.4. A significant drop in the concentration of tobramycin was observed when daptomycin was added to the opposite half cells. Furthermore, daptomycin induced a concentration-dependent release of lipid-bound tobramycin. Gold labeling experiments showed that daptomycin could be incorporated into phospholipid layers. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with daptomycin alone, with tobramycin alone, or with the combination over 2 to 10 days. Levels of daptomycin and tobramycin in serum were similar in all groups. The levels of tobramycin in the renal cortex increased significantly with time and, on day 10, reached values of 654 +/- 122 and 844 +/- 298 micrograms/g of tissue (mean +/- standard deviation; not significant) in animals treated with tobramycin and the combination of daptomycin-tobramycin, respectively. No significant difference was observed in the levels of tobramycin in the kidneys between animals treated with tobramycin or the daptomycin-tobramycin combination at any time. By contrast, daptomycin levels were significantly higher in the renal cortexes of animals treated with daptomycin-tobramycin in comparison with those in the renal cortexes of animals treated with daptomycin alone on days 6,8, and 10 (P < 0.01). For immunogold labeling studies, animals were killed 4 h after a single injection of daptomycin alone or daptomycin in combination with tobramycin. Daptomycin was found throughout the matrixes of the lysosomes of proximal tubular cells of animals treated with daptomycin alone. In animals treated with the combination of daptomycin and tobramycin, daptomycin was associated with intralysosomal myeloid bodies. Our results suggest that daptomycin might attenuate experimental aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity by interacting with the aminoglycoside, perhaps electrostatically, and thereby protecting intracellular targets of toxicity.
Homologous pairing proteins encoded by the Escherichia coii recE and recT genes (1994)

Early genetic analysis of alternate recombination pathways in Escherichia coli identified the RecE recombination pathway and the required exonuclease VIII encoded by the recE gene. Observations that not all recombination events promoted by the RecE pathway require recA suggest the existence of an additional homologous pairing protein besides RecA in E. coli. Genetic and biochemical analysis of the recE gene region indicates there are two partially overlapping genes, recE and recT, encoding at least two proteins: exoVIII and the RecT protein. Biochemical analysis has shown that the RecT protein, in combination with exoVIII, promotes homologous pairing and strand exchange in reactions containing linear duplex DNA and homologous, circular, singlestranded DNA as substrates. This reaction occurs in the absence of any high-energy cofactor. These two proteins, RecT and exoVIII, appear to be members of a second class of homologous pairing proteins that are required in genetic recombination and differ from the class of homologous pairing proteins that includes RecA. Members of this second class of proteins appear to include both bacteriophage-encoded proteins and proteins from eukaryotes and their viruses.
Quantum Photonic Interconnect (2015)

Integrated photonics has enabled much progress towards quantum technologies. Many applications, including quantum communication, sensing, and distributed and cloud quantum computing, will require coherent photonic interconnection between separate chip-based sub-systems. Large-scale quantum computing systems and architectures may ultimately require quantum interconnects to enable scaling beyond the limits of a single wafer and towards "multi-chip" systems. However, coherently interconnecting separate chips is challenging due to the fragility of these quantum states and the demanding challenges of transmitting photons in at least two media within a single coherent system. Distribution and manipulation of qubit entanglement between multiple devices is one of the most stringent requirements of the interconnected system. Here, we report a quantum photonic interconnect demonstrating high-fidelity entanglement distribution and manipulation between two separate chips, implemented using state-of-the-art silicon photonics. Path-entangled states are generated and manipulated on-chip, and distributed between the chips by interconverting between path-encoding and polarisation-encoding. We use integrated state analysers to confirm a Bell-type violation of $S$=2.638+-0.039 between two chips. With improvements in loss, this quantum interconnect will provide new levels of flexible systems and architectures for quantum technologies.
Phospholipid Interactions Protect the Milk Allergen α-Lactalbumin from Proteolysis during in Vitro Digestion (2005)

Interactions with food components may alter the resistance of food proteins to digestion, a property thought to play an important role in determining allergenic properties. The kinetics of breakdown of the bovine milk allergen alpha-lactalbumin during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion was found to be altered by interactions with physiologically relevant levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC), a surfactant that is abundant both in milk and is actively secreted by the stomach. Breakdown during gastric digestion was slowed in the presence of PC and accompanied by small alterations in the profile of resulting peptides, with little effect being observed during subsequent duodenal digestion. alpha-Lactalbumin was found to unfold at gastric (acid) pH, giving a CD spectrum similar to that obtained for the partially folded state it is known to adopt at pH values below its isoelectric point. Fluorescence polarization studies performed at low pH indicated that this partially unfolded form of the protein was able to penetrate into the PC vesicles. These interactions are probably responsible for the slowing of gastric digestion by reducing the accessibility of the protein to pepsin. These findings show that interactions with other food components, such as lipids, may alter the rate of breakdown of food proteins in the gastrointestinal tract. It underlines the importance of the food matrix in affecting patterns of food allergen digestion and hence presentation to the immune system and that in vitro digestion systems used for assessing digestibility of allergens must take account of surfactants.
Clinical Investigation of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (1987)

Between 1979 and 1987 we documented the natural history of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in 170 patients, aged from 3 to 23 years, by making serial measurements in over 5000 individual evaluations. This database makes it possible to design and conduct therapeutic trials using natural history controls. Such trials do not replace the need for randomized placebo-controlled trials of promising agents but they do require fewer patients, are cost-effective, and permit the use of high-risk therapy where toxicity monitoring may be important. Natural history-controlled trials, therefore, may serve as a screening method for new therapeutic agents. Drugs showing a significant benefit can then be evaluated in a randomized controlled trial.
Longterm Safety of Patients Receiving Rituximab in Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trials (2010)

In this longterm safety update in RA clinical trial patients, rituximab remained well tolerated over multiple courses. SAE and infections remained stable over time and by treatment course.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) S protein production in plants: Development of recombinant vaccine (2005)

In view of a recent spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), there is a high demand for production of a vaccine to prevent this disease. Recent studies indicate that SARS-coronavirus (CoV) spike protein (S protein) and its truncated fragments are considered the best candidates for generation of the recombinant vaccine. Toward the development of a safe, effective, and inexpensive vaccine candidate, we have expressed the N-terminal fragment of SARS-CoV S protein (S1) in tomato and low-nicotine tobacco plants. Incorporation of the S1 fragment into plant genomes as well as its transcription was confirmed by PCR and RT-PCR analyses. High levels of expression of recombinant S1 protein were observed in several transgenic lines by Western blot analysis using specific antibodies. Plant-derived antigen was evaluated to induce the systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice. Mice showed significantly increased levels of SARS-CoV-specific IgA after oral ingestion of tomato fruits expressing S1 protein. Sera of mice parenterally primed with tobacco-derived S1 protein revealed the presence of SARS-CoV-specific IgG as detected by Western blot and ELISA analysis.
Macrophages and Dendritic Cells in Antigen‐Induced Arthritis (1987)

Two non-lymphoid cell types play an important role in the pathogenesis of arthritis, i.e. the 'classical' macrophage and the antigen-presenting dendritic cell. In the present study, the roles of both cell types are studied in antigen-induced arthritis of the rat knee joint. Cryostat sections of whole, unfixed, undecalcified knee joints were used for immunohistochemical staining of non-lymphoid cells and lymphocyte subsets. For the demonstration of the different types of non-lymphoid cells, monoclonal antibodies against rat macrophages (ED1, ED2, and ED3) and against Ia antigen were used with an immunoperoxidase method. The results show in an overall view of the arthritic joint the different sites of action of the classical macrophages on the one hand and the Ia-positive dendritic cells on the other. Classical macrophages were mainly found in the superficial layers of the synovium bordering joint space and articular cartilage. Dendritic cells and T cells of the helper phenotype were mainly found in clusters surrounding small blood vessels within the synovium. These clusters express the immunological background of the antigen-induced arthritis and may well be responsible for the continuation of the arthritic process.
Inactivated vaccines. 2. Laboratory indices of protectionPresented by the senior author before the symposium on Influenza Vaccines, London, 27 April 1972. (1973)

Summary The data from our 1968–69 influenza vaccine field trials are anlaysed and pre-challenge haemagglutinin and neuraminidase serum antibodies are evaluated as indices of protection. Prevention of flu-like disease, fever, confinement to bed, and/or seroconversion to Hong Kong was significantly related to post-vaccine A/Hong Kong/68(H3N2) haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titres. Prevention of disease was also related, although not significantly statistically in every category, to pre-challenge A/Hong Kong/68 neuraminidase inhibition (NI) titres. The trend was the same regardless of whether the origin of the NI antibody was through A/Aichi/68 or A/Japan/62 vaccines or through pre-Hong Kong influenza infections. In summarizing the data using fever as an index of disease, the attack rate (AR) among volunteers without Hong Kong NI or HI antibody was 45%. Presence of NI antibody, in the absence of HI antibody, significantly reduced the AR to 24%. Those with both NI and HI titres experienced a still lower AR of 14%. Those with HI and NI titres both &amp;gt; 1: 160 ran little risk of disease, with an AR of 7%.