gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prevention and Treatment of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by CNI-1493, a Macrophage-Deactivating Agent (1998)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are characterized by episodic neurologic dysfunction, perivascular mononuclear cell inflammation occurring mainly in white matter, and demyelination. Strong circumstantial evidence supports the conclusion that macrophage activation and local production of proinflammatory cytokines are necessary for disease induction and lesion formation. We now report that CNI-1493, a small m.w. compound, which inhibits macrophage activation and subsequent proinflammatory cytokine production, suppresses EAE induced in the genetically susceptible SJL/J mouse. Treatment with 5 mg/kg/day completely suppressed mild disease (clinical index of 1.6 +/- 0.5 in the untreated group as compared with 0.0 +/- 0.0 for the treated group) and significantly reduced acute disease (clinical index of 4.3 +/- 0.7 in the untreated group as compared with 0.5 +/- 0.3 for the treated group). Suppression of clinical manifestations of the disease correlated with a significant decrease in histopathology and proinflammatory cytokine expression at the lesion site. Moreover, drug treatment during the chronic phase resulted in amelioration of clinical signs. The data presented here should prove useful in developing novel chemotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of MS.
cDNA cloning and expression of rat and human protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I. (1994)

Protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I (GGTase-I) transfers a geranylgeranyl group to the cysteine residue of candidate proteins containing a carboxyl-terminal CAAX (C, cysteine; A, aliphatic amino acid; X, any amino acid) motif in which the "X" residue is leucine. The enzyme is composed of a 48-kilodalton alpha subunit and a 43-kilodalton beta subunit. Peptides isolated from the alpha subunit of GGTase-I were shown to be identical with the alpha subunit of a related enzyme, protein farnesyltransferase. Overlapping cDNA clones containing the complete coding sequence for the beta subunit of GGTase-I were obtained from rat and human cDNA libraries. The cDNA clones from both species each predicted a protein of 377 amino acids with molecular masses of 42.4 kilodaltons (human) and 42.5 kilodaltons (rat). Amino acid sequence comparison suggests that the protein encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene CDC43 is the yeast counterpart of the mammalian GGTase-I beta subunit. Co-expression of the GGTase-I beta subunit cDNA together with the alpha subunit of protein farnesyltransferase in Escherichia coli produced recombinant GGTase-I with electrophoretic and enzymatic properties indistinguishable from native GGTase-I.
Alertness, mood and performance rhythm disturbances associated with circadian sleep disorders in the blind (2008)

Blind people report disturbances in alertness, mood and performance. In laboratory studies, these waking functions can only be maintained when the wake-dependent deterioration is opposed by appropriately-timed endogenous circadian rhythms. We aimed to quantify whether variations in waking function experienced by blind people living in society were dependent on the phase relationship between the sleep-wake cycle and the circadian pacemaker. The time course of alertness, mood and performance was assessed in 52 blind subjects with and without circadian rhythm disorders every 2 h for 2 days per week for 4 weeks. Sleep-wake timing and circadian phase were assessed from diaries and weekly measurements of urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin rhythms, respectively. In those subjects who woke at either a normal circadian phase (n = 26) or abnormally early (n = 5), alertness, mood and performance deteriorated significantly with increased time awake (P < 0.05). In 17 non-entrained ('free-running') subjects, waking function varied significantly with circadian phase such that subjects rated themselves most sleepy (P = 0.03) and most miserable (P = 0.02) when they were awake during the time of peak melatonin production. The internal phase relationship between sleep-wake behaviour and the circadian melatonin rhythm in entrained subjects contributed to predictable differences in the daily profile of alertness, mood and performance. Disruption of this phase relationship in non-entrained blind individuals with circadian rhythm sleep disorders resulted in impaired waking function during the day equivalent to that usually only experienced when awake during the night. Treatment for circadian rhythm disorders should be targeted in normalizing these phase relationships.
Linkage analysis and identification of deletion in Alagille syndrome gene (1997)

Alagille syndrome (AGS) is a genetic disease and the responsible gene has already been mapped at 20p12. To more accurately detect the region of the AGS gene on the linkage map of chromosome 20p, 14 yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones were screened to construct a YAC contig in the candidate region and 13 locus markers and 2 sequence-tagged sites (STS) were ordered. Combining all of the analyses, a 1.3 Mb critical region from D20S507 to D20S61 for the AGS gene was identified. As the human Jagged 1 gene (JAG1) lies just in this region and is responsible for the AGS disease, the genomic DNA in an AGS family without a visible deletion were analyzed by single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and direct DNA sequencing, and a 2-bp (CT) deletion mutation at exon 26 of the JAG1 was identified.
The effect of film‐forming anti‐transpirants on leaf rust and powdery mildew incidence on wheat (1987)

Various film‐forming anti‐transpirants effectively controlled leaf rust and powdery mildew on wheat in the field. Two applications of anti‐transpirant emulsions applied after flag leaf emergence were sufficient to suppress leaf rust and powdery mildew on wheat leaves. When applied before, but not after, inoculation anti‐transpirant polymers also reduced leaf rust on seedling plants in a growth room experiment.
Natural and induced cytotoxicity of oligodendrocytes by microglia is inhibitable by TGFβ (1991)

Blood macrophages and brain macrophages (microglia) have been implicated in demyelination and destruction of the oligodendrocyte in multiple sclerosis (MS), a disease affecting primarily white matter of the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we demonstrate that at high effector to target cell ratios, normal rat microglia exhibit a natural cytotoxicity against normal rat oligodendrocytes in vitro. The killing is not mediated by the release of soluble factors. The cytotoxic activity is upregulated by pretreatment of microglia with interferon gamma (IFN gamma) or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Both the natural and induced cytotoxicities are inhibitable by transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta). The increase in numbers and apposition of primed or activated microglia to oligodendrocytes in MS lesions may give rise to natural or induced killing from which oligodendrocytes may be protected by TGF beta.
The effect of factor X level on thrombin generation and the procoagulant effect of activated factor VII in a cell-based model of coagulation (2000)

We used a cell-based, in-vitro model of normal hemostasis and hemophilia to address the question of whether factor (F) X concentration affects the hemostatic response to high-dose activated factor VII (FVIIa). Under conditions designed to mimic normal tissue factor-initiated hemostasis in vivo, we found that only a very small amount of FX -- equivalent to about 3% of the normal plasma level -- was required to support a 'normal' level of thrombin generation. This suggests that, under normal conditions in vivo, the level of FX does not significantly affect hemostatic function. By contrast, in experiments designed to mimic the hemophilic condition, the level of FX had a significant effect on the level of thrombin generated in the presence of high-dose FVIIa. This finding suggests that the plasma level of FX could affect the hemostatic response of hemophilic patients to high-dose FVIIa therapy.
Tumour incidence, spectrum and ploidy in mice with a large deletion in the p53 gene. (1994)

In human tumourigenesis the tumour suppressor gene most commonly affected by mutation, inactivation or allele loss is p53. Loss of p53 function is associated both with failure to maintain a normal diploid status and inability to delete cells by apoptosis following DNA damage. To investigate further the role of p53 we have generated mice carrying a large deletion within the gene. All animals homozygous for this deletion develop spontaneous tumours, predominantly lymphomas, by the age of 6 months. 10% of heterozygotes develop a range of neoplasms, with a lower predisposition towards lymphoma, by 9 months. Both tumour incidence and spectrum in heterozygotes differ from those previously reported in another p53 mutant stock, suggesting either difference in exposure to carcinogens between the two stocks, or a role for modulating genes within different genetic backgrounds. Tumours showed frequent loss of diploid status, and the majority of those arising in heterozygotes showed loss of the wild type allele. These findings are consistent with the concept that p53 acts as a tumour suppressor by preventing the propagation of DNA damage to daughter cells.
Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy To Measure the Association of Detergents with Self-Assembled Monolayers of Hexadecanethiolate on Gold (1997)

This paper describes the use of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy to measure the rates and extents of association of four detergentssodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), β-octyl glucoside, Triton X-100, and Tween 20to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiolates on gold. SAMs presenting hexaethylene glycol groups resisted the adsorption of all four detergents. These same detergents associated with hydrophobic SAMs presenting methyl groups; the concentration of detergent molecules on the surface was 120−280 pmol/cm2. The associations of the detergents with the hydrophobic SAM were described well by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The dissociation constants Kd (M) for the desorption of the detergents from the surface correlated with the critical micelle concentration (cmc, M) of the detergents in solution, and followed the relationship cmc ≈ 7 (±2)Kd. The efficacy of SDS in removing the protein fibrinogen adsorbed on a hydrophobic SAM depended strongly on the concentration of detergent. SDS at a concentration three times greater than the cmc removed (or displaced) the adsorbed layer of protein in seconds; SDS at a concentration three times smaller than the cmc did not desorb it even after several minutes. This paper shows that SPR is a useful analytical technique for characterizing the interactions of detergentsand other molecules having low molecular weightwith the well-defined surfaces of SAMs.
Stability and Electronic Properties of Atomistically-Engineered 2D Boron Sheets (2007)

First principles calculations based on generalized-gradient approximation to density functional theory are performed to study structural and electronic properties of the 2D sheets consisting of the elemental boron. The results find that the boron sheet can be stable and can possess metallic or semiconducting character depending on its atomistic configuration. The unique features present in the electronic properties of the buckled {1212} and reconstructed {1221} sheets would lead to a significant variation on electronic and mechanical properties of the corresponding single-walled boron nanotubes.
CD8 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are predictive of survival in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (2007)

Tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (TILs), including CD8 TILs, have been associated with favorable clinical outcomes in multiple tumor types. Tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression in urothelial carcinoma (UC) have not been previously reported. Most immune responses are mediated by local cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8 T cells), which can eradicate tumor cells by recognizing tumor-associated antigens presented by MHC class I molecules. Here we analyzed the presence of intratumoral CD8 T cells, the expression of MHC class I antigen, and the expression of the NY-ESO-1 tumor antigen in UC samples and correlated our findings with clinical outcome. Immunohistochemical staining for intratumoral CD8 T cells in tissue samples from 69 patients with UC showed that patients with advanced UC (pT2, pT3, or pT4) and higher numbers of CD8 TILs within the tumor (> or =8) had better disease-free survival (P < 0.001) and overall survival (P = 0.018) than did patients with similar-staged UC and fewer intratumoral CD8 TILs. We conclude that the extent of intratumoral CD8 TILs is an important prognostic indicator in advanced UC.
Mutants of a Temperature-Sensitive Two-P Domain Potassium Channel (2000)

Within the Caenorhabditis elegans genome there exist at least 42 genes encoding TWK (two-P domain K(+)) channels, potassium channel subunits that contain two pore regions and four transmembrane domains. We now report the first functional characterization of a TWK channel from C. elegans. Although potassium channels have been reported to be activated by a variety of factors, TWK-18 currents increase dramatically with increases in temperature. Two mutant alleles of the twk-18 gene confer uncoordinated movement and paralysis in C. elegans. Expression of wild-type and mutant TWK-18 channels in Xenopus oocytes showed that mutant channels express much larger potassium currents than wild-type channels. Promoter-green fluorescent protein fusion experiments indicate that TWK-18 is expressed in body wall muscle. Our genetic and physiological data suggest that the movement defects observed in mutant twk-18 animals may be explained by an increased activity of the mutant TWK-18 channels.
Regional Responsiveness of the Tibia to Intermittent Administration of Parathyroid Hormone as Affected by Skeletal Unloading (1997)

To determine whether the acute inhibition of bone formation and deficit in bone mineral induced by skeletal unloading can be prevented, we studied the effects of intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) administration (8 micrograms/100 g/day) on growing rats submitted to 8 days of skeletal unloading. Loss of weight bearing decreased periosteal bone formation by 34 and 51% at the tibiofibular junction and tibial midshaft, respectively, and reduced the normal gain in tibial mass by 35%. Treatment with PTH of normally loaded and unloaded animals increased mRNA for osteocalcin (+58 and +148%, respectively), cancellous bone volume in the proximal tibia (+41 and +42%, respectively), and bone formation at the tibiofibular junction (+27 and +27%, respectively). Formation was also stimulated at the midshaft in unloaded (+47%, p < 0.05), but not loaded animals (-3%, NS). Although cancellous bone volume was preserved in PTH-treated, unloaded animals, PTH did not restore periosteal bone formation to normal nor prevent the deficit in overall tibial mass induced by unloading. We conclude that the effects of PTH on bone formation are region specific and load dependent. PTH can prevent the decrease in cancellous bone volume and reduce the decrement in cortical bone formation induced by loss of weight bearing.
Animal Models: The Pig (2015)

Studies using swine models during the past three decades have contributed to a better understanding of human atherosclerosis. It is beyond the limits of this article to review all of these reports
Expression and characterization of recombinant anti-Rh(D) antibodies on filamentous phage: a model system for isolating human red blood cell antibodies by repertoire cloning (1994)

The production of human anti-red blood cell (RBC) Igs in vitro from immunized individuals would greatly facilitate the genetic analysis of the human immune response to RBC antigens and also provide useful serologic reagents. Technical difficulties inherent in human B-cell immortalization have led to the development of molecular approaches that bypass the need for cell transformation. By cloning human Ig gene segments into bacterial expression vectors, libraries are created of filamentous phage particles displaying Fab fragments on their surfaces. Libraries have been screened with purified, soluble antigen and selected clones genetically manipulated in Escherichia coli to produce soluble Fab fragments. Our goal has been to adapt this technique to the study of RBC autoantibodies and alloantibodies that have specificities against unpurifiable membrane-bound antigens. To test the feasibility of this approach, two sets of phage were created, one set expressing a human anti-Rh(D) Ig and the other expressing a human antitetanus toxoid Ig. After verifying the presence of functional phage-displayed Fabs through biochemical, flow cytometric, and electron microscopic analyses, a model library was constructed comprising one anti-Rh(D)- expressing phage per 10(4) antitetanus toxoid-expressing phage. A method was developed for screening the library with intact Rh(D)- positive RBCs. After four rounds of panning, anti-Rh(D) specificity was enriched more than 10,000-fold to a final frequency of approximately 100%. Plasmid DNA derived from anti-Rh(D) phage was used to produce milligram quantities of soluble recombinant anti-Rh(D) Fabs purified by nitrogen cavitation and nickel-chelation affinity chromatography. The authenticity of the Fabs was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, which showed bands with molecular weights of approximately 50 kD and 26 kD under nonreducing and reducing conditions, respectively. Binding of recombinant anti-Rh(D) Fabs to Rh(D)-positive RBCs was demonstrated by flow cytometry and by an agglutination assay. Our results suggest that repertoire cloning by cell-surface enrichment may have broad application to the study of the human immune response to erythroid antigens in addition to membrane-bound antigens present on other hematopoietic cells.
Chronic rhinosinusitis and biofilms (2005)

This is the first documentation of biofilms in association with chronic rhinosinusitis. Further investigation is warranted, especially with control research subjects.
Desktop mic array for teleconferencing (2002)

Reducing the noise and reverberance in sound pickup has been a problem ever since the microphone was invented. Solutions using multiple microphones in an array are an important avenue of research. Unfortunately, because of the computational/monetary cost of these approaches, they have not been widely implemented in products. In the present paper, an automatically steered mic array, which works by taking linear combinations of two dipole microphones, is presented whose cost is low enough to have been implemented in a videoconferencing product. The array is positioned centrally on the conference table and provides very reasonable pickup for people speaking within a 7 foot radius, adequate for most conferencing situations. While simple in structure, the array provides a large increase in convenience and performance compared to the common method of laying out multiple cardioid microphones on the table, where each participant must be within the pickup angle/range of a cardioid microphone.
Peripheral immune response in albino rats following cerebroventricular and intraperitoneal antigen challenge. (1995)

Success in neural tissue transplants at central nervous system suggest that the site may be immunologically privileged. However, this experimental study in which an antigen (Sheep Red Blood Cells) was administered into the third ventricle does not support the above concept. The antibody titre and soluble immune complex levels seen in these animals are similar to the levels seen in animals immunized with the same amount of antigen through the intraperitoneal route. Intraventricular immunization is rather a more potent modulator in decreasing the total WBC count (P < 0.05) and neutrophils (P < 0.001). Further a marked increase in lymphocytes (P < 0.01) in peripheral blood was observed in these animals. Intraventricular immunization also increased the killing power (NBT reduction) of the neutrophils (P < 0.05).
Current Flow Mechanism in Schottky-Barrier MOSFETs and Application to the 1T-DRAM (2008)

The current flow mechanism in Schottky-Barrier MOSFETs (SB- MOSFETs) is investigated. A method to examine the current flow mechanism is developed and verified through comparison of measurement results with simulation data. Using the developed method, it was found that the off-state current flow mechanism is changed from tunneling (TU) to thermionic emission (TE) as the back bias (Vbs) increases due to lowered Schottky barrier height. Finally, by using this mechanism, a novel operation scheme for the 1T- DRAM is provided. INTRODUCTION SB-MOSFETs have been considered as an alternative to conventional MOSFETs due to their excellent short-channel effect immunity and low parasitic components (1). The on-state transport mechanism has also been widely researched, whereas the off-state transport has seen relatively less studied. Since the mechanism for the off-state current in SB-MOSFETs is physically different from that in conventional MOSFETs, it is timely to study the current flow mechanism of the off-state. In this study, PMOS and NMOS by using PtSi and ErSi were fabricated. A refined effective extraction method of Schottky-Barrier-Height (SBH) is developed and then verified through comparison with numerical simulation data. The dominant transport in the off-state associated with the Vbs is investigated. Finally, the fabricated SB-MOSFETs are applied to the 1T-DRAM by using this mechanism. EXPERIMENTS A schematic of the device and process flow are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, respectively. Fig. 3 also shows a STEM image of SB- MOSFETs. The measured sheet resistance for PtSi and ErSi is 15 ohm/square, although the line width is narrower than 120nm. A numerical simulation is carried out with consideration of TU and TE transport models for analysis. Temperature characteristics were measured with a hot-chuck system from 300K to 450K.
Direct Production of the Fab Fragment Derived From the Sperm Immobilizing Antibody Using Polymerase Chain Reaction and cDNA Expression Vectors (1995)

This method enables the stable production of genuine Fab fragments of IgG in mammalian cells without any chemical treatment that may be time consuming and affect the quality of the Fab fragments.
Video mirroring and iconic gestures: enhancing basic videophones to provide visual coaching and visual control (1998)

In this paper we present concepts and architectures for mirroring and gesturing into remote sites when video conferencing. Mirroring enables those at one site to visually coach those at a second site by pointing at locally referenceable objects in the scene reflected back to the second site. Thus mirroring provides a way to train people at remote sites in practical tasks such as operating equipment and assembling or fixing things. We also discuss how video mirroring can be extended to enable visual control of remote mechanisms, even when using basic videophones, by using a visual interpreter at the remote site to process transmitted visual cues and derive intended control actions in the remote scene.