gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective activation of muscle groups in the feline hindlimb through electrical microstimulation of the ventral lumbo-sacral spinal cord (2000)

Selective activation of muscle groups in the feline hindlimb by electrical stimulation of the ventral lumbo-sacral spinal cord was investigated. Spinal cord segments L5 to S1 were mapped using a penetrating tungsten needle electrode. Locations that produced isolated contraction of quadriceps, tibialis anterior or triceps surae/plantaris muscles when stimulated with a current of 40 microA or less, and in which spread of activity to other muscles was not detected after increasing the stimulus to at least twice the threshold level, were defined as belonging to the target muscle's "activation pool." The quadriceps activation pool was found to extend from the beginning of L5 to the middle of L6. The tibialis anterior activation pool extended from the beginning of L6 to the middle of L7, and the triceps surae/plantaris activation pool extended from the caudal end of L6 to the beginning of S1. The three activation pools were located in Rexed motor lamina IX and their spatial organization was found to correspond well with that of the anatomically defined motor pools innervating the same muscles. The spatial and functional segregation of motor pools manifested at the spinal cord level can have direct applications in the areas of functional electrical stimulation and motor control.
High speed silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator based on interleaved PN junctions (2012)

A high speed silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator is proposed based on interleaved PN junctions. This doping profile enabled both high modulation efficiency of V(π)L(π) = 1.5~2.0 V·cm and low doping-induced loss of ~10 dB/cm by applying a relatively low doping concentration of 2 × 10(17) cm(-3). High speed operation up to 40 Gbit/s with 7.01 dB extinction ratio was experimentally demonstrated with a short phase shifter of only 750 μm.
Presidential Address: National Unity and the Politics of Political History (2006)

The latest lengthy round of constitutional discussions has once again highlighted Canadians' desire and need to know their history. But which history? In the opinion of some historians, Canadianists have done a disservice to their compatriots by forsaking national political history in favour of increasingly specialized research into areas such as women's history, regional history, working class history and ethnic history. This call for a renewed emphasis on national political history raises the central issue of how to produce a history that accurately represents the experience of the diverse elements which constitute the Canadian community. An examination of some selected themes from women's history suggests that a reconceptualization of political history and its relationship to social history would result in a more integrated and meaningful approach to our collective past.
Does voice matter? : for public accountability, yes (1994)

Recent theory posits that accountability in public service can be enhanced by the use of"exit"and a"voice"mechanisms. With exit mechanisms, users of public services can choose alternative sources of supply. Exit mechanisms are viable when there is competition. They are not viable for essential services for which government is the sole provider. Voice mechanisms are the more likely option when the service providers is a monopoly. With voice mechanisms - for example, public meetings, local representation on public committees, or collective action by user groups - the public seeks better performance from public service providers without opting for alternative sources of supply. Considerable research has been done on how and whether exit mechanisms improve organizations'performance and accountability. Little research has been dome on whether voice mechanisms make service providers more accountable. The author addresses that issue by investigating whether providers of irrigation services in Indonesia were more accountable when the public used voice mechanisms. The author asked these questions: Did the use of voice improve public accountability in irrigation services? If accountability improved, did service outcomes also improve? The author focused on how voice works and the mechanisms through which it influences accountability. The author found that water user associations did make providers of irrigation services more accountable and that crop intensity increased as a result.
Abstract 1380: Engineered toxin bodies with specific activity against EGFR and HER2 expressing cells (2011)

Abstract Antibody approaches that abrogate signaling from the HER2 or EGFR receptors have been proven effective in patients with breast or colorectal cancer, respectively. These antibodies do not have an effect however in colorectal patients with KRAS mutations or breast cancer patients that lack HER2 gene amplification as signal interruption is not sufficient to induce cell death. Here we identify several novel compounds that specifically recognize and kill HER2 and EGFR expressing cells irrespective of receptor signaling. These compounds were identified from a screen of a novel biologic library derived from a de-immunogenized Shiga-like toxin 1 A subunit (SLT1A); SLT1A has no intrinsic binding ability of its own but can drive internalization, retrograde transport to the cytosol, and enzymatic inhibition of ribosome activity. This modified library of engineered toxin bodies (ETBs) was created through the insertion of random amino acids near the C-terminus of the SLT1A scaffold to confer binding ability to SLT1A while preserving the therapeutic PK and ADME profile of the scaffold. HER2 and EGFR specific ETBs have been identified that exhibit potent cell-kill activity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1380. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1380
Nocturnal Dexamethasone versus Hydrocortisone for the Treatment of Children with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (2010)

&lt;p/&gt; &lt;p&gt;Classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia affects approximately 1 in 15,000 children. Current treatment strategies using multiple daily doses of hydrocortisone lead to suboptimal outcomes. We tested the hypothesis that nocturnal administration of dexamethasone will suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis more effectively than standard hydrocortisone treatment by blocking the inherent diurnal secretion of ACTH. We performed a pilot study of five prepubertal patients comparing CAH control during two 24-hour hospitalizations, one on hydrocortisone and the other on dexamethasone. The patterns of adrenal suppression differed markedly between hydrocortisone and nocturnal dexamethasone, with significant suppression of the morning rise in ACTH, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione while on dexamethasone. On hydrocortisone therapy, there is a marked variation in ACTH and adrenal hormones depending on time of day and timing of hydrocortisone administration. Longer-term studies are needed to investigate the lowest effective dose and potential toxicity of nocturnal dexamethasone to determine its utility as a therapy for CAH.&lt;/p&gt;
A Technology for Integrating Active Photonic Devices on SOI Wafers (2006)

We present an integration technology for building active photonic devices on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) based platform by using plasma assisted wafer bonding of III-V quantum wells to passive devices fabricated on SOI. Using this technique we have demonstrated an optically pumped silicon evanescent laser operating continuous wave (CW) up to 60degC. The lasers emit at 1.5 mum with a minimum threshold of ~25 mW and a maximum single-sided fiber-coupled CW output power at room temperature of 4.5 mW
Correlation of Early Metastatic Response by123I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine Scintigraphy With Overall Response and Event-Free Survival in Stage IV Neuroblastoma (2003)

Semiquantitative MIBG score early in therapy provides valuable prognostic information for overall response and EFS, which may be useful in tailoring treatment.
Age-dependent roles of peroxisomes in the hippocampus of a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (2013)

Overall, our data support functional and biogenetic relationships linking peroxisomes to mitochondria and suggest peroxisomal proteins as biomarkers/therapeutic targets in pre-symptomatic AD.
Influence of cross-linked hyaluronic acid hydrogels on neurite outgrowth and recovery from spinal cord injury (2007)

The use of a cross-linked HA scaffold promoted robust neurite outgrowth. Although there was no benefit from the polymer in a rodent spinal cord injury model, the findings in this study represent an early step in the development of semisynthetic extracellular matrice scaffolds for the treatment of neuronal injury.
KINETIC AND CHEMICAL MECHANISM OF EPOXIDE HYDROLASE* (1999)

Epoxide hydrolases (EC 3.3.2.3) catalyze the trans-antiperiplanar addition of water to epoxides and arene oxides generated in the oxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbons [1][2][3]. As a consequence, ...
Analysis of CRP-CytR interactions at the Escherichia coli udp promoter (1996)

Multiprotein complexes regulate the transcription of certain bacterial genes in a sensitive, physiologically responsive manner. In particular, the transcription of genes needed for utilization of nucleosides in Escherichia coli is regulated by a repressor protein, CytR, in concert with the cyclic AMP (cAMP) activated form of cAMP receptor protein (CRP). We studied this regulation by selecting and characterizing spontaneous constitutive mutations in the promoter of the udp (uridine phosphorylase) gene, one of the genes most strongly regulated by CytR. We found deletions, duplications, and point mutations that affect key regulatory sites in the udp promoter, insertion sequence element insertions that activated cryptic internal promoters or provided new promoters, and large duplications that may have increased expression by udp gene amplification. Unusual duplications and deletions that resulted in constitutive udp expression that depended on the presence of CytR were also found. Our results support the model in which repression normally involves the binding of CytR to cAMP-CRP to form a complex which binds to specific sites in the udp promoter, without direct interaction between CytR protein and a specific operator DNA sequence, and in which induction by specific inducer cytidine involves dissociation of CytR from cAMP-CRP and the RNA polymerase interaction with cAMP-CRP bound to a site upstream of then transcription start point. The stimulation of udp expression by CytR in certain mutants may reflect its stabilization of cAMP-CRP binding to target DNA and illustrates that only modest evolutionary changes could allow particular multiprotein complexes to serve as either repressors or transcriptional activators.
Mechanisms of non-contact ACL injuries (2007)

In soccer one of the most common knee injuries is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear, which usually occurs through non-contact mechanisms. Female soccer players are at higher risk of sustaining non-contact ACL injuries than male soccer players. A good understanding of ACL loading mechanisms is the basis for a good understanding of the mechanisms of non-contact ACL injuries, which in turn is essential for identifying risk factors and developing prevention strategies. Current literature demonstrates that sagittal plane biomechanical factors, such as small knee flexion angle, great posterior ground reaction force and great quadriceps muscle force, are the major ACL loading mechanisms. A great posterior ground reaction force may be associated with a great quadriceps muscle force, which would cause great anterior draw force at the knee. A small knee flexion is associated with a large patella tendon-tibia shaft angle and ACL elevation angle, which would result in great ACL loading. Current literature also demonstrates that the ACL is not the major structure of bearing knee valgus-varus moment and internal-external rotation loadings. Knee valgus-varus moment and internal-external rotation moment alone are not likely to result in isolated ACL injuries without injuring other knee structures.
Taking the Human Out of the Loop: A Review of Bayesian Optimization (2015)

Big Data applications are typically associated with systems involving large numbers of users, massive complex software systems, and large-scale heterogeneous computing and storage architectures. The construction of such systems involves many distributed design choices. The end products (e.g., recommendation systems, medical analysis tools, real-time game engines, speech recognizers) thus involve many tunable configuration parameters. These parameters are often specified and hard-coded into the software by various developers or teams. If optimized jointly, these parameters can result in significant improvements. Bayesian optimization is a powerful tool for the joint optimization of design choices that is gaining great popularity in recent years. It promises greater automation so as to increase both product quality and human productivity. This review paper introduces Bayesian optimization, highlights some of its methodological aspects, and showcases a wide range of applications.
Bicarbonate enhances the in vitro antibiotic activity of kanamycin in Escherichia coli (2015)

Bicarbonate at a low concentration enhanced the in vitro antibiotic activity of kanamycin and gentamicin. Even though the action mechanism of bicarbonate is hitherto unknown, it seems worthwhile to explore further its capacity to improve the efficacy of aminoglycosides. Clearly, the well-known harmful side-effects of aminoglycosides are a concern. However, it has recently been shown in a fish model that bicarbonate may protect ciliary cells against the damage caused by aminoglycosides. So, it seems possible that bicarbonate could help reduce aminoglycoside dosage at the same time that it might help lessen the damage to auditory ciliary cells in humans.
Indolicidin, a novel bactericidal tridecapeptide amide from neutrophils. (1992)

A potent and structurally novel antimicrobial peptide was purified from the cytoplasmic granules of bovine neutrophils. Suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were virtually sterilized by the peptide at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml. The peptide was found to be comprised of 13 amino acids, 5 of which were tryptophan residues, and the carboxyl-terminal arginine was carboxamidated. The primary structure of the peptide, which we have named indolicidin, is H-Ile-Leu-Pro-Trp-Lys-Trp-Pro-Trp-Trp-Pro-Trp-Arg-Arg-NH2. The mole percent of tryptophan in indolicidin is the highest observed among known protein sequences. The multiple tryptophan residues presumably play an important role in the function of this unique antibiotic peptide.
Differential Effect of Cytokine Treatment on Fcα Receptor I- and Fcγ Receptor I-Mediated Tumor Cytotoxicity by Monocyte-Derived Macrophages (2000)

Macrophages represent an important effector cell for Ab-mediated tumor therapy. Previous studies have documented that cytokines can influence Fc receptor (FcR) expression and function. In this study we examined the tumoricidal activities of the type I receptors for IgG (Fc gamma RI) and the IgA FcR (Fc alpha RI) on monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) cultured in the presence of IFN-gamma, M-CSF, or GM-CSF. Bispecific Abs were used to target a Her2/neu breast carcinoma cell line, SKBR-3, to Fc alpha RI or Fc gamma RI on MDM. Although Fc alpha RI and Fc gamma RI share a common signaling pathway contingent on association with the gamma-chain (FcR gamma subunit), a marked difference in their efficiency in mediating tumoricidal functions was seen in response to specific cytokines. M-CSF- and GM-CSF-treated MDM mediated efficient phagocytosis of SKBR-3 cells by Fc alpha RI and Fc gamma RI; however, IFN-gamma-treated MDM phagocytosed tumor cells only with the Fc gamma RI-directed bispecific Abs. Similarly, IFN-gamma-cultured MDM lysed tumor cells more efficiently via Fc gamma RI then by Fc alpha RI as measured in Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays. Conversely, GM-CSF-treated MDM mediated more efficient lysis of tumor cells via Fc alpha RI than Fc gamma RI, while M-CSF-cultured MDM were relatively less efficient in mediating Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity through either receptor. With the exception of IFN-gamma-mediated enhancement of Fc gamma RI expression and Fc gamma RI gamma-chain complexes, the regulation of Fc gamma RI- or Fc alpha RI-mediated activity occurred without significant change in either receptor expression or total complexes with gamma subunit. These data suggest that the efficiency of Ab-mediated tumor therapy, which depends on FcR effector cell functions, may be modified by the use of specific cytokines.
Plasma Homocysteine Levels and Mortality in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease (1997)

Plasma total homocysteine levels are a strong predictor of mortality in patients with angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease.
Formal verification of embedded systems based on CFSM networks (1996)

Both timing and functional properties are essential to characterize the correct behavior of an embedded system. Verication is in general performed either by simulation, or by bread-boarding. Given the safety requirements of such systems, a formal proof that the properties are indeed satised is highly desirable. In this paper, we present a formal verication methodology for embedded systems. The formal model for the behavior of the system used in POLIS is a network of Codesign Finite State Machines. This model is translated into automata, and veried using automatatheoretic techniques. An industrial embedded system is veried using the methodology. W e demonstrate that abstractions and separation of timing and functionality is crucial for the successful use of formal verication for this example. We also show that in POLIS abstractions and separation of timing and functionality can be done by simple syntactic modication of the representation of the system.
An evaluation of phrasal and clustered representations on a text categorization task (1992)

Syntactic phrase indexing and term clustering have been widely explored as text representation techniques for text retrieval. In this paper we study the properties of phrasal and clustered indexing languages on a text categorization task, enabling us to study their properties in isolation from query interpretation issues. We show that optimal effectiveness occurs when using only a small proportion of the indexing terms available, and that effectiveness peaks at a higher feature set size and lower effectiveness level for a syntactic phrase indexing than for word-based indexing. We also present results suggesting that traditional term clustering method are unlikely to provide significantly improved text representations. An improved probabilistic text categorization method is also presented.
Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Improves Insulin Action and Glucose Metabolism in Human Skeletal Muscle (2002)

Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 has been implicated in the regulation of multiple cellular physiological processes in skeletal muscle. Selective cell-permeable reversible inhibitors (INHs) of GSK-3 (CT98014 and CHIR98023 [Chiron, Emeryville, CA] and LiCl) were used to evaluate the role of GSK-3 in controlling glucose metabolism. Acute treatment (30 min) of cultured human skeletal muscle cells with either INH resulted in a dose-dependent activation of glycogen synthase (GS) with a maximally effective concentration of approximately 2 micromol/l. The maximal acute effect of either INH on GS (103 +/- 25% stimulation over basal) was greater than the maximal insulin response (48 +/- 9%, P < 0.05 vs. INH); LiCl was as effective as insulin. The GSK-3 inhibitor effect, like that of insulin, was on the activation state (fractional velocity [FV]) of GS. Cotreatment of muscle cells with submaximal doses of INH and insulin resulted in an additive effect on GS FV (103 +/- 10% stimulation, P < 0.05 vs. either agent alone). Glucose incorporation into glycogen was also acutely stimulated by INH. While prolonged (6-24 h) insulin exposure led to desensitization of GS, INH continued to activate GS FV for at least 24 h. Insulin and LiCl acutely activated glucose uptake, whereas INH stimulation of glucose uptake required more prolonged exposure, starting at 6 h and continuing to 24 h. Chronic (4-day) treatment with INH increased both basal (154 +/- 32% of control) and insulin-stimulated (219 +/- 74%) glucose uptake. Upregulation of uptake activity occurred without any change in total cellular GLUT1 or GLUT4 protein content. Yet the same chronic treatment resulted in a 65 +/- 6% decrease in GSK-3 protein and a parallel decrease (61 +/- 11%) in GSK-3 total activity. Together with the INH-induced increase in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, there was an approximately 3.5-fold increase (P < 0.05) in insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 protein abundance. Despite upregulation of IRS-1, maximal insulin stimulation of Akt phosphorylation was unaltered by INH treatment. The results suggest that selective inhibition of GSK-3 has an impact on both GS and glucose uptake, including effects on insulin action, using mechanisms that differ from and are additive to those of insulin.
Intranasal delivery of transforming growth factor-beta1 in mice after stroke reduces infarct volume and increases neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (2008)

Intranasal administration of TGF-beta1 reduces infarct volume, improves functional recovery and enhances neurogenesis in mice after stroke. Intranasal TGF-beta1 may have therapeutic potential for cerebrovascular disorders.
Regenerative Potential of Decellularized Porcine Nucleus Pulposus Hydrogel Scaffolds: Stem Cell Differentiation, Matrix Remodeling, and Biocompatibility Studies (2012)

Nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue regeneration has been proposed as an early stage interventional therapy to combat intervertebral disc degeneration. We have previously reported on the development and characterization of a novel biomimetic acellular porcine NP (APNP) hydrogel. Herein, we aimed to evaluate this material for use as a suitable scaffold for NP tissue regeneration. Human-adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) were cultured for 14 days on APNP hydrogels in chemically defined differentiation media and were analyzed for an NP-cell-like mRNA expression profile, evidence of hydrogel remodeling including hydrogel contraction measurements, extracellular matrix production, and compressive dynamic mechanical properties. The innate capacity of the hydrogel itself to induce stem cell differentiation was also examined via culture in media lacking soluble differentiation factors. Additionally, the in vivo biocompatibility of non-crosslinked and ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide and pentagalloyl glucose crosslinked hydrogels was evaluated in a rat subdermal model. Results indicated that hADSCs expressed putative NP-cell-positive gene transcript markers when cultured on APNP hydrogels. Additionally, glycosaminoglycan and collagen content of hADSC-seeded hydrogels was significantly greater than nonseeded controls and cell-seeded hydrogels exhibited evidence of contraction and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 production. The dynamic mechanical properties of the hADSC-seeded hydrogels increased with time in culture in comparison to noncell-seeded controls and approached values reported for native NP tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis of explants illustrated the presence of mononuclear cells, including macrophages and fibroblasts, as well as blood vessel infiltration and collagen deposition within the implant interstices after 4 weeks of implantation. Taken together, these results suggest that APNP hydrogels, in concert with autologous ADSCs, may serve as a suitable scaffold for NP tissue regeneration.