gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of the promoter for human immunoglobulin γ3 germ-line transcription and its interaction with the 3'α enhancer (2000)

The mechanism underlying the differential regulation of switching to human IgG subclasses is still largely unknown. We demonstrate that the region upstream of the initiation sites for gamma3 germ-line (GL) transcripts contains a functional promoter which is synergistically induced by IL-4, antibody to CD40 and phorbol dibutyrate in transient transfection assays in the human DG75 cell line. Linker-scanning mutations identified multiple elements in the 3' half of the evolutionarily conserved sequence that are required for inducibility. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that Stat6 and NF-kappaB p50 / p65 are induced after stimulation, and bind to specific sequence motifs within the promoter. Overexpression of Stat6, NF-kappaB p50 / p65 and C / EBPgamma synergistically induced the GL gamma3 promoter. Insertion of DNA segments from the human 3' IgH regions, which may function as a locus control region for switch recombination, greatly activated the promoter in an orientation-independent manner. Duplication of the enhancer fragments resulted in a further increase of promoter activity. The greater enhancement of the HS1,2 fragment from the 3' alpha1 rather than the alpha2 locus may suggest a mechanistic explanation for the differential expression of various isotypes.
Generation of Metastatic Variants in Populations of Mutator and Aniplificator Mutants (1989)

Genetic instability has been hypothesized by P. C. Nowell and other investigators to be an important aspect of tumor progression that leads to the generation of metastatic variants. In this study we examined the rate of generation of metastatic variants in mutant cell lines having increased rates of spontaneous mutation and gene amplification. Parallel clonal populations of the spontaneous mutation rate mutant thy-49 and the gene amplification mutants YMP1 and YMP7 and their respective wild types were generated and grown to a critical population size. The number of metastatic variants in each clonal population was then determined following iv injection into nude mice. Lung tumors were scored 3-4 weeks after injection of cells, and the mean number per clonal population was determined. Analysis of the means with the Luria-Delbruck fluctuation test showed no significant differences in the rate of generation of metastatic variants produced in the genetically unstable lines compared to their normal counterparts. This study suggests that increased spontaneous mutation and gene amplification rates in mammalian cells are not sufficient on their own to increase the rate of generation of metastatic variants.
Serum Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor, Interleukin-6, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Levels in Children with Celiac Disease: Response to Treatment (2002)

The serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor and interleukin-6 levels may be used as a noninvasive measure of celiac disease activity and response to treatment.
Phase Diagram and Oxygen‐Ion Conductivity in the Y 2 O 3 ‐Nb 2 O 5 System (1998)

The phase equilibria in the Y 2 O 3 ‐Nb 2 O 5 system have been studied at temperatures of 1500° and 1700°C in the compositional region of 0‐50 mol% Nb 2 O 5 . The solubility limits of the C‐type Y 2 O 3 cubic phase and the YNbO 4 monoclinic phase are 2.5 (±1.0) mol% Nb 2 O 5 and 0.2 (±0.4) mol% Y 2 O 3 , respectively, at 1700°C. The fluorite (F) single phase exists in the region of 20.1‐27.7 mol% Nb 2 O 5 at 1700°C, and in the region of 21.1‐27.0 mol% Nb 2 O 5 at 1500°C, respectively. Conductivity of the Y 2 O 3 ‐ x mol% Nb 2 O 5 system increases as the value of x increases, to a maximum at x = 20 in the compositional region of 0 ≤ x ≤ 20, as a result of the increase in the fraction of F phase. In the F single‐phase region, the conductivity decreases in the region of 20‐25 mol% Nb 2 O 5 , because of the decrease in the content of oxygen vacancies, whereas the conductivity at x = 27 is larger than that at x = 25. The conductivity decreases as the value of x increases in the region of 27.5 ≤ x ≤ 50, because of the decrease in the fraction of F. The 20 mol% Nb 2 O 5 sample exhibits the highest conductivity and a very wide range of ionic domain, at least up to log p O 2 =−20 (where p O 2 is given in units of atm), which indicates practical usefulness as an ionic conductor.
Reliability of Scoring Respiratory Disturbance Indices and Sleep Staging (1998)

The SHHS achieved a high degree of intrascorer and interscorer reliability for the scoring of sleep stage and RDI in unattended in-home PSG studies.
Purification and properties of haloalkane dehalogenase from Corynebacterium sp. strain m15-3 (1987)

A haloalkane dehalogenase was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from cell extracts of a 1-chlorobutane-utilizing strain, m15-3, which was identified as a Corynebacterium sp. The enzyme hydrolyzed C2 to C12 mono- and dihalogenated alkanes, some haloalcohols, and haloacids. The Km value of the enzyme for 1-chlorobutane was 0.18 mM. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 36,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 33,000 by gel filtration. The isoelectric point was pH 4.5. The optimum pH for enzyme activity was found to be 9.4, and the optimum temperature was 30 to 35 degrees C. The enzyme was stable for 1 h at temperatures ranging from 4 to 30 degrees C but was progressively less stable at 40 and 50 degrees C.
Intensity Discrimination of Fluctuating Signals (1966)

In this paper, the theoretical aspects of the fluctuations inherent in random noise are discussed, insofar as these influence detection of random signals. Brief elucidations of the fundamentals of statistical detection theory and of sampling theory are given. The model developed for the detection process closely follows a proposal by Green, but with the major exception that a kind of internal noise is supposed to be involved in the process. The auditory mechanism is assumed to measure the average intensity of the signal presented over a certain time T. In doing so, the evaluation is hampered by random activity so that the measurement is carried out less accurately than possible. The detection finally involves a likelihood-ratio decision procedure. The theory explains experimental thresholds of random-noise signals very well. Agreement with data on thresholds of very short noise bursts is less convincing. Finally, the theory explains very elegantly why experimental psychometric functions for wide-band signals have the same slope as those for narrow-band signals. Instances in which higher slopes are reported for experimental psychometric functions for wide-band signals can most likely be traced down to having involved experimental procedures that leave too much uncertainty in the listener's observations.
Rendering of virtual environments based on polygonal & point-based models (2002)

Real-time rendering for large-scale, complex dynamic virtual scenes is a challenging problem in computer graphics. In this paper, we propose a hybrid rendering algorithm of dynamic virtual environments that seamlessly fuses the point-based scheme and polygon-based scheme. In our algorithm, the scene is organized into a BSP-tree. Objects in the leaf-nodes of the BSP tree are further subdivided into a quad-tree hierarchy, which contains both the sample points and polygon rendering information at each level. The accelerated rendering algorithm integrates the hierarchical occlusion map technique, image caching technique and BSP technique to fast render complex dynamic scenes. During navigation, our system adaptively determines the rendering mode and the level of details of objects, and achieves smooth transition between the two rendering modes by effectively controlling the rendering precision. The dynamic objects can be processed in the system uniformly. Our experimental results have demonstrated the satisfactory performance of the proposed hybrid-rendering scheme for the dynamic virtual environments.
Extraction and separation of Am(III) and Sr(II) by N,N,N´,N´-tetraoctyl-3-oxapentanediamide (TODGA) (2004)

Summary By using an extractant, N,N,N´,N´-tetraoctyl-3-oxapentanediamide (TODGA), extraction and separation of Sr(II) from Am(III) were investigated for the partitioning of high level liquid waste (HLLW). Both metal ions, accompanied with the counter anion, NO 3 - , and HNO 3 without dissociation, were extracted by TODGA. We used two distinct methods for the separation of Am(III) and Sr(II). A mixture of TODGA and monoamide reduced the distribution ratio D of Sr(II) compared to that without monoamide, whereas D (Am) was still high value under the identical condition. After extraction of Am(III) by TODGA and monoamide, Sr(II) remaining in HLLW can be extracted by using enough concentration of TODGA at the next step. In the other method, Sr(II) was coextracted with Am(III) by TODGA. It was observed that D (Sr) decreased with an increase of HNO 3 from 3 M to 6 M HNO 3 at the same TODGA concentration, while D (Am) increased until 6 M HNO 3 . By using 6 M HNO 3 , Am(III) and Sr(II) were separated after coextraction.
Microcins, gene-encoded antibacterial peptides from enterobacteria (2007)

Microcins are gene-encoded antibacterial peptides, with molecular masses below 10 kDa, produced by enterobacteria. They are secreted under conditions of nutrient depletion and exert potent antibacterial activity against closely related species. Typical gene clusters encoding the microcin precursor, the self-immunity factor, the secretion proteins and frequently the post-translational modification enzymes are located either on plasmids or on the chromosome. In contrast to most of the antibiotics of microbial origin, which are non-ribosomally synthesized by multimodular enzymes termed peptide synthetases, microcins are ribosomally synthesized as precursors, which are further modified enzymatically. They form a restricted class of potent antibacterial peptides. Fourteen microcins have been reported so far, among which only seven have been isolated and characterized. Despite the low number of known representatives, microcins exhibit a diversity of structures and antibacterial mechanisms. This review provides an updated overview of microcin structures, antibacterial activities, genetic systems and biosyntheses, as well as of their mechanisms of action.
Growth Inhibition of Human Prostate Cancer Cells in Human Adult Bone Implanted into Nonobese Diabetic/Severe Combined Immunodeficient Mice by a Ligand-Specific Antibody to Human Insulin-Like Growth Factors (2004)

Advanced prostate cancer frequently involves the bone that has the largest content of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). However, the role of bone-derived IGFs in bone metastasis of prostate cancer has not been studied extensively because of the lack of a reliable animal model. Therefore, we investigated whether a novel antibody directed against human IGF-I and IGF-II (KM1468) could inhibit the development of new bone tumors and the progression of established bone tumors in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice implanted with human adult bone. We first confirmed that KM1468 bound specifically to human IGF-I, human IGF-II, and mouse IGF-II but not to insulin. It also blocked autophosphorylation of the type I IGF receptor induced by the binding of IGFs in human-type I IGF receptor-overexpressing BALB/c 3T3 cells, and it inhibited the IGF-stimulated growth of MDA PCa 2b cells in vitro. Then mice were injected intraperitoneally with KM1468 once weekly for 4 weeks either immediately or 4 weeks after inoculation of MDA PCa 2b cells. KM1468 markedly and dose-dependently suppressed the development of new bone tumors and the progression of established tumor foci, as determined by histomorphometry, and it also decreased serum prostate-specific antigen levels, compared with the control. This is the first report of an IGF ligand-specific inhibitory antibody that suppresses the growth of human prostate cancer cells in human adult bone. These results indicate that the IGF signaling axis is a potential target for prevention and treatment of bone metastases arising from prostate cancer.
Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Infections: Current Concepts (2002)

PURPOSE To offer an educational experience that will help improve the participant's understanding of diabetic foot ulcers and infections. TARGET AUDIENCE This CME/CE activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in the prevention and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers and infections. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe the factors that put a diabetic patient's foot at risk for ulceration. Identify the components of optimal treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Explain the roles of vascular and orthopaedic surgery in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers and infections.
Advertising and the World Wide Web (1999)

From the Publisher:
In this edited volume, the authors have provided readers with a comprehensive view of advertising on the World Wide Web. The chapters reflect new ways of applying theory and methodology, and provide exposure to varied types of advertising and promotion, novelty, personality, societal issues, and legal ramifications. Readers also get a look at the practitioner's point of view. With the advent of such a potentially powerful medium, readers need to be aware of the Web's benefits as well as its dark side. This book will appeal to all who are interested in consumer psychology, advertising, marketing, and telecommunication.
Metamorphic testing of driverless cars (2019)

Metamorphic testing can test untestable software, detecting fatal errors in autonomous vehicles' onboard computer systems.
Complexed Prostate Specific Antigen Improves Specificity for Prostate Cancer Detection: Results of a Prospective Multicenter Clinical Trial (2003)

The use of cPSA as a single test provided improved specificity over tPSA. Percent fPSA and percent cPSA offered little to no additional benefit in the differentiation of benign and malignant disease at clinically relevant cPSA concentrations.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Focus On Sitagliptin (2007)

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors represent a new class of oral antihyperglycemic agents to treat patients with type 2 diabetes. DPP-4 inhibitors improve fasting and postprandial glycemic control without hypoglycemia or weight gain. This article focuses on the physiology, clinical pharmacology, tolerability, and clinical utility of the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin in the management of type 2 diabetes.
Using fault model relaxation to diagnose real scan chain defects (2005)

Software-based scan chain fault diagnosis is typically composed of two steps. First, scan chain flush patterns are used to identify faulty chains and fault models. This is followed by chain diagnosis using scan patterns in the second step. In this paper, we target chain diagnosis on one special category of chain faults: intermittent scan chain faults. It is showed that these faults may not be modeled correctly in the first step. Hence, a novel diagnosis methodology based on scan chain fault model relaxation is proposed.
Adenovirus receptors: implications for tropism, treatment and targeting (2009)

Adenoviruses (Ads) are the most frequently used viral vectors in gene therapy and cancer therapy. Obstacles to successful clinical application include accumulation of vector and transduction in liver cells, coupled with poor transduction of target cells and tissues such as tumours. Many host molecules, including coagulation factor X, have been identified and suggested to serve as mediators of Ad liver tropism. This review summarises current knowledge concerning these molecules and the mechanisms used by Ads to bind to target cells, and considers the prospects of designing vectors that have been detargeted from the liver and retargeted to cells and tissues of interest in the context of gene therapy and cancer therapy.
Two-dimensional Rayleigh model of vapor bubble evolution (1999)

The understanding of vapor bubble generation in an aqueous tissue near a fiber tip has required advanced two dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic simulations. For 1D spherical bubble expansion a simplified and useful Rayleigh-type model can be applied. For 2D bubble evolution, such a model does not exist. The present work proposes a Rayleigh-type model for 2D bubble expansion that is faster and simpler than the 2D hydrodynamic simulations. The model is based on a flow potential representation of the hydrodynamic motion controlled by a Laplace equation and a moving boundary condition. We show that the 1D Rayleigh equation is a specific case of our model. The Laplace equation is solved for each time step by a finite element solver using a triangulation of the outside bubble region by a fast unstructured mesh generator. Two problems of vapor bubbles generated by short-pulse lasers near a fiber tip are considered: (1) the outside region has no boundaries except the fiber, (2) the fiber and the bubble are confined in a long channel, which simulates a fiber in a vessel wall. Our simulations for problems of type (1) include features of bubble evolution as seen in experiments, including a collapse away from the fiber tip. A different behavior was obtained for problems of type (2) when the channel boundary is close to the fiber. In this case the bubble's expansion and collapse are both extremely slow in the direction normal to this boundary and distortion of the bubble is observed.
Brain-metastatic triple-negative breast cancer cells regain growth ability by altering gene expression patterns. (2014)

Gene expression patterns in TNBC and BrM reflect cancer cell growth in regions of metastasis.
Massive MIMO and small cells: How to densify heterogeneous networks (2013)

We propose a time division duplex (TDD) based network architecture where a macrocell tier with a “massive” multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) base station (BS) is overlaid with a dense tier of small cells (SCs). In this context, the TDD protocol and the resulting channel reciprocity have two compelling advantages. First, a large number of BS antennas can be deployed without incurring a prohibitive overhead for channel training. Second, the BS can estimate the interference covariance matrix from the SC tier which can be leveraged for downlink precoding. In particular, the BS designs its precoding vectors to transmit independent data streams to its users while being orthogonal to the subspace spanned by the strongest interference directions; thereby minimizing the sum interference imposed on the SCs. In other words, the BS “sacrifices” some of its antennas for interference cancellation while the TDD protocol allows for an implicit coordination across both tiers. Simulation results suggest that, given a sufficiently large number of BS antennas, the proposed scheme can significantly improve the sum-rate of the SC tier at the price of a small macro performance loss.
Effect of pure microsteatosis on transplant outcomes after living donor liver transplantation: A matched case-control study (2014)

Liver steatosis mostly exists in a mixed form of macrosteatosis (MaS) and microsteatosis (MiS). This coexistence is responsible for previous conflicting results regarding the importance of MiS in liver transplantation. We aimed to evaluate the independent effect of MiS on posttransplant outcomes with the exclusion of the confounding effect of MaS. Seventy-one living donors who had pure MiS (defined as an MiS degree > 5% without MaS) were matched 1:1 with control donors, and 66 recipients who received pure MiS grafts were matched 1:1 with control recipients on the basis of propensity scores. Matched variables included the donor age, remnant liver volume, cold ischemia time, graft-to-recipient weight ratio and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score. The degree of pure MiS ranged from 5% to 50%. Donors in the control and pure MiS groups were comparable with respect to peak postoperative transaminase concentrations [alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 194 versus 176 IU/L, P = 0.61] and postoperative complications. Recipients in the control and pure MiS groups were comparable with respect to recipient (P = 0.15) and graft survival rates (P = 0.56) as well as peak postoperative transaminase concentrations (ALT: 266 versus 281 IU/L, P = 0.88), and graft regeneration rates at 2 weeks (61% versus 59%, P = 0.73). The 2 groups were also comparable with respect to major complications, primary graft dysfunction/nonfunction, intensive care unit/hospital stays, and metabolic diseases. In conclusion, MiS alone does not seem to impair the posttransplant outcomes of living donors and their recipients. The interaction between MiS and MaS, and the effect of a greater degree of MiS are the next important topics to be further evaluated in the mixed steatosis population.
Lack of evidence of monomer/misfolded superoxide dismutase‐1 in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2009)

Although SEDI antibody does not necessarily label all misfolded forms of SOD1, these findings show a distinct difference between fALS1 and sALS, and do not support that monomer/misfolded SOD1 is a common disease entity linking all types of ALS. This is important to our understanding of ALS disease pathogenesis and to considerations of the applicability of using therapeutics that target misfolded SOD1 to non-SOD1-related cases. Ann Neurol 2009;66:75-80.
Analysis of Serum Cross-Reactivity and Cross-Protection Elicited by Immunization with DNA Vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae Expressing PspA Fragments from Different Clades (2002)

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of disease, especially in developing countries, and cost-effective alternatives to the currently licensed vaccines are needed. We constructed DNA vaccines based on pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), an antigen shown to induce protection against pneumococcal bacteremia. PspA fragments can be divided into three families, which can be subdivided into six clades, on the basis of PspA amino acid sequence divergence (S. K. Hollingshead, R. Becker, and D. E. Briles, Infect. Immun. 68:5889-5900, 2000). Since most clinical isolates belong to family 1 or family 2, PspA fragments from members of both of these families were analyzed. Vectors encoding the complete N-terminal regions of PspAs elicited significant humoral responses, and cross-reactivity was mainly restricted to the same family. DNA vaccines encoding fusions between PspA fragments from family 1 and family 2 were also constructed and were able to broaden the cross-reactivity, with induction of antibodies that showed reactions with members of both families. At least for the pneumococcal strains tested, the cross-reactivity of antibodies was not reflected in cross-protection. Animals immunized with DNA vaccines expressing the complete N-terminal regions of PspA fragments were protected only against intraperitoneal challenge with a strain expressing PspA from the same clade.