gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vitro change in mechanical strength of β‐tricalcium phosphate/copolymerized poly‐L‐lactide composites and their application for guided bone regeneration (2002)

Abstract Novel composites of bioactive β‐tricalcium phosphate [Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ] and biodegradable copolymerized poly‐ L ‐lactide (CPLA) were prepared by a heat‐kneading method. The mechanical and chemical changes of the composites were evaluated in vitro by soaking in physiological saline and Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline. When soaked in physiological saline, the 3‐point mechanical strength decreased rapidly from 60 to 30 MPa in the initial 4 weeks and then gradually reached a plateau; the initial decrease in the mechanical strength was ascribed to the dissolution of β‐tricalcium phosphate from the surface. The mechanical properties evident at 8–12 weeks were sufficient for the composites to be used as a biodegradable material for regeneration of bone because the hydrolysis of CPLA was inhibited in both physiological saline and phosphate‐buffered saline as a result of a pH‐buffering effect. Composite membranes 250‐μm thick were used to regenerate large bone defects in beagle dogs: 10 × 10 × 10 mm 3 in volume in the mandible and 20 mm in length in the tibia. The afflicted areas covered with the composite membranes were almost perfectly filled with new bone 12 weeks after the operation, whereas those covered with a CPLA membrane or without any membranes were invaded by soft tissue. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 62: 265–272, 2002
Boson Sampling on a Photonic Chip (2012)

Although universal quantum computers ideally solve problems such as factoring integers exponentially more efficiently than classical machines, the formidable challenges in building such devices motivate the demonstration of simpler, problem-specific algorithms that still promise a quantum speedup. We constructed a quantum boson-sampling machine (QBSM) to sample the output distribution resulting from the nonclassical interference of photons in an integrated photonic circuit, a problem thought to be exponentially hard to solve classically. Unlike universal quantum computation, boson sampling merely requires indistinguishable photons, linear state evolution, and detectors. We benchmarked our QBSM with three and four photons and analyzed sources of sampling inaccuracy. Scaling up to larger devices could offer the first definitive quantum-enhanced computation.
Hydrodynamic diameter of fish antifreeze molecules by quasi-elastic light scattering (1994)

Measurements are reported of the hydrodynamic diameter of two classes of fish antifreeze molecule determined by quasi-elastic light scattering, as a function of temperature from 18 degree C to -2 degree C. The smallest antifreeze glycopeptide AFGP8 from the Antarctic nototheniid Dissostichus mawsoni was found to reduce in size as the temperature was lowered. The Type 111 antifreeze peptide, Ab1, from the Antarctic zoarcid Austrolycicthys brachycephalus did not change diameter when cooled.
Building Environmental Assessment Schemes for Rating of IAQ in Sustainable Buildings (2011)

This paper provides a review of the building environmental schemes for rating of indoor air quality which could have an important impact on health and wellbeing of occupants in sustainable homes and buildings. The majority of the building environmental assessment schemes introduced in different countries of the world are based on the BREEAM and LEED model. BREEAM has a major emphasis on energy efficiency whereas ‘‘Indoor Environmental Quality’’ and ‘‘Health and Wellbeing’’ are the most central issues for LEED. The criteria included in BREEAM, LEED and HK BEAM rating systems for assessment of indoor air quality (IAQ) are illustrated. There should be an IAQ management plan for any housing or building development, which should include a certification of the IAQ of the living spaces prior to occupancy and that low emitting materials should be used in the new build. There should also be an ongoing maintenance of the ventilation and HVAC system for the building and this should be part of an IAQ management plan for the building operation and maintenance.
Age- and Sex-Related Differences in Clinical Manifestations in Patients With Congenital Long-QT Syndrome (1998)

Among LQTS patients, the risk of cardiac events was higher in males until puberty and higher in females during adulthood. The same pattern was evident among LQT1 gene carriers. Unknown sex factors modulate QT duration and arrhythmic events, with preliminary evidence of gene-specific differences in age-sex modulation.
Properties of polymers: their correlation with chemical structure; their numerical estimation and prediction from additive group contributions (1991)

This authoritative, widely cited book has been used all over the world. The fourth edition incorporates the latest developments in the field while maintaining the core objectives of previous editions: to correlate properties with chemical structure and to describe methods that permit the estimation and prediction of numerical properties from chemical structure, i.e. nearly all properties of the solid, liquid, and dissolved states of polymers. This title extends coverage of critical topics such as electrical and magnetic properties, rheological properties of polymer melts, and environmental behavior and failure. It discusses liquid crystalline polymers across chapters 6, 15, and 16 for greater breadth and depth of coverage. It increases the number of supporting illustrations from approximately 250 (in the previous edition) to more than 400 to further aid in visual understanding.
Immune Stimulatory Receptor CD40 Is Required for T-Cell Suppression and T Regulatory Cell Activation Mediated by Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Cancer (2009)

Immune tolerance to tumors is often associated with accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and an increase in the number of T-regulatory cells (Treg). In tumor-bearing mice, MDSCs can themselves facilitate the generation of tumor-specific Tregs. In this study, we demonstrate that expression of the immune stimulatory receptor CD40 on MDSCs is required to induce T-cell tolerance and Treg accumulation. In an immune reconstitution model, adoptive transfer of Gr-1+CD115+ monocytic MDSCs derived from CD40-deficient mice failed to recapitulate the ability of wild-type MDSCs to induce tolerance and Treg development in vivo. Agonistic anti-CD40 antibodies phenocopied the effect of CD40 deficiency and also improved the therapeutic efficacy of IL-12 and 4-1BB immunotherapy in the treatment of advanced tumors. Our findings suggest that CD40 is essential not only for MDSC-mediated immune suppression but also for tumor-specific Treg expansion. Blockade of CD40-CD40L interaction between MDSC and Treg may provide a new strategy to ablate tumoral immune suppression and thereby heighten responses to immunotherapy.
Trilobites Agnósticos del Cámbrico Medio de la Sierra de Córdoba (1985)

Various industrial activities release heavy metal ions into the environment, which represent one of the major toxic pollutants owing to their severe effects on the environment, humans, and all living species. Despite several technological advances and breakthroughs, wastewater treatment remains a critical global issue. Traditional techniques are dedicated to extracting heavy metal ions from diverse wastewater origins, encompassing coagulation/flocculation, precipitation, flotation, and ion exchange. Their cost, side toxicity, or ineffectiveness often limit their large-scale use. Due to their adaptable design, simple operation, and reasonable cost, membrane filtration and adsorption have proven their efficiency in removing metals from wastewater. Recently, adsorption-based filters have appeared promising in treating water. Within this range, filters incorporating natural, synthetic, or hybrid adsorbents present an appealing alternative to conventional approaches. This review aims to list and describe the conventional and advanced wastewater treatment methods by comparing their efficiency, cost, and environmental impact. Adsorption-based filters were highlighted due to the significant advantages they can provide.
The Consistently Inconsistent "Instance and Expense" Test: An Injustice to Comic Books, 14 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 91 (2014) (2014)

Joe Simon once said that “we always felt, we wuz robbed.” He is not alone. This article will discuss Jack Kirby’s estate’s case against Marvel and how the current state of the law robs creators of the rights to their own works. The evaluation of case law will show that the application of the ‘instance and expense’ test creates an injustice of inconsistent results in litigation, where creators attempt to regain control of their works. If the court continues to inconsistently apply the law to these work-for-hire cases, then the Supreme Court or Congress needs to address the intended purpose of this section of the Copyright Act. As this article will address, it is troubling to see a continuous strain of inconsistent decisions coming from our court system. This problem needs to be addressed and inevitably needs to be resolved.
Apoptosis of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer patients (2004)

The different observed stages of tumor cell degradation or apoptosis varied greatly between patients and were not found in blood of normal donors. Enumeration of CTCs and identification of CTCs undergoing apoptosis may provide relevant information to evaluate the response to therapy in cancer patients.
Charisma, Conductors, and the Affective Communication Test (2011)

The following study analyzed results of ensemble conductors of the Big-10, Big-12, and Pac-10 athletic conferences (N = 96) taking the Affective Communication Test (ACT) of nonverbal expressivity or charisma. Results indicate that conductors fall into two ‘clusters ’ of charisma – those that appear to be lower than the general population norm and those that score significantly (p &amp;lt;.01) higher than the norm. Further analyses revealed a trend for men to score higher on the ACT than women but no differences in charisma scores between conductors of choirs, orchestras, and wind bands. There also appears to be a weak, yet significant, trend (r =.28, p &amp;lt;.01) for conductors with higher charisma to believe more strongly in the importance of a conductor’s charisma.
Clostridium perfringensin poultry: an emerging threat for animal and public health (2004)

The incidence of Clostridium perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis in poultry has increased in countries that stopped using antibiotic growth promoters. Necrotic enteritis and the subclinical form of C. perfringens infection in poultry are caused by C. perfringens type A, producing the alpha toxin, and to a lesser extent type C, producing both alpha toxin and beta toxin. Some strains of C. perfringens type A produce an enterotoxin at the moment of sporulation and are responsible for foodborne disease in humans. The mechanisms of colonization of the avian small intestinal tract and the factors involved in toxin production are largely unknown. It is generally accepted, however, that predisposing factors are required for these bacteria to colonize and cause disease in poultry. The best known predisposing factor is mucosal damage, caused by coccidiosis. Diets with high levels of indigestible, water-soluble non-starch polysaccharides, known to increase the viscosity of the intestinal contents, also predispose to necrotic enteritis. Standardized models are being developed for the reproduction of colonization of poultry by C. perfringens and the C. perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis. One such model is a combined infection with Eimeria species and C. perfringens. Few tools and strategies are available for prevention and control of C. perfringens in poultry. Vaccination against the pathogen and the use of probiotic and prebiotic products has been suggested, but are not available for practical use in the field at the present time. The most cost-effective control will probably be achieved by balancing the composition of the feed.
Echothiophate, Pilocarpine, and Open-Angle Glaucoma (1973)

In 44 patients with open-angle glaucoma under treatment with echothiophate, tensions were compared with and without simultaneous treatment with pilocarpine. In most cases, echothiophate is as effective alone as in combination with pilocarpine. This finding is described with reference to current views on the nature of the cholinergic receptor.
Exploration with Deep Transient Electromagnetics (1992)

1. Introduction. The role of electromagnetic methods in exploration. Historical development of LOTEM. Electrical conductivity / resistivity in exploration. 2. Basic Theoretical Background. Physical principles. Theoretical background. Apparent resistivity. All time apparent resistivity. Image presentation of the data. 3. Distortions of the Signal and their Compensation. The field problem. Deconvolution of the system response. Recursive digital filters. Selective stacking methods. Calibration factor. Prestack and poststack processing. 4. Data Interpretation. One-dimensional inversion. Interpretation of distorted transients ( reversals ). Three-dimensional modeling. 5. The Field System and Field Procedures. System concepts. Field procedures. Survey techniques. 6. Survey Feasibility Studies. Survey design based on well logs. Resolving a deep carbonate unit. High resolution feasibility study. Feasibility study over a two-dimensional structure. 7. General Case Histories. Field survey north of the Ruhr district, FRG. Geological calibration of the technique in the Denver - Julesburg Basin, USA. First field tests in Australia ( Sydney Basin ). 3-D Interpretation case history Munsterland Basin, FRG. 8. Case Histories: Resolving Resistive Layers with LOTEM. Extension of the physical concept to resistive layers. European case history. Canning Basin, Australia, case history. Tai Xing area, PRC, case history. 9. Case Histories: Deep Crustal Applications. Historical case histories. The first demonstration for deep crustal applications in FRG. Black Forest survey. Urach geothermal area. Test survey over the Kaapvaal Craton, R.S.A. Test measurements in China for the application of LOTEM for earthquake prediction. Discussions. Appendix 1 - Derivations. Proof of the iterative deconvolution. Singular value decomposition. Solution of Maxwell's equations using scalar potentials. Appendix 2 - Data Format Standards. Introduction. File formats. File header. Trace header structure. Appendix 3 - Useful Information. Glossary. Operator's log - single site receiver system. Clock drift measurement log. LOTEM transmitter record sheet. Inversion statistics. Appendix 4 - Documentation of the Forward Modeling Program MODALL. Software installation. Description of the menus. Examples. Appendix 5 - List of Figures, Tables, Symbols and References. List of figures. List of tables. Conventions and list of symbols. References. Appendix 6 - Subject Index. Appendix 7 - Color Figures. INSERT: FLOPPY DISKETTE with SOFTWARE.
Induction of complete wound healing in recalcitrant ulcers by low‐intensity laser irradiation depends on ulcer cause and size (1999)

Chronic skin ulcers still represent a therapeutic challenge in dermatology. Among the various non-invasive treatment modalities used for the improvement of impaired wound healing, low-intensity laser irradiations are gaining an increasing body of interest. We used low-intensity laser irradiations delivered by a 30 mW helium-neon laser at an energy density of 30 J/cm2 three times weekly for the induction of wound healing in ulcers of diverse causes. Twenty patients with the same number of ulcers, which had previously been treated by conventional wound care for a median period of 34 weeks (range: 3-120 weeks) without any significant evidence of healing, were included in the study. Concerning the underlying disorders, patients were divided into four groups: diabetes, arterial insufficiency, radio damage and autoimmune vasculitis. In all ulcers, complete epithelization could be induced by laser therapy. No amputation or any other surgical intervention was necessary and no adverse effects of any kind were noted during low-intensity laser treatment. Regarding the different diagnoses, a statistically significant difference was noted (P = 0.008): ulcers due to radio damage healed significantly faster than those caused by diabetes (6 weeks [range: 3-10 weeks] vs. 16 weeks [range: 9-45 weeks], P = 0.005). Wound healing in autoimmune vasculitis (24 weeks [range: 20-35 weeks]) required longer than in radiodermitis, although the difference was not significant. In addition to the diagnosis, wound size was found to be an important factor influencing the duration of wound closure (P = 0.028), whereas duration of previous conventional treatment (P = 0.24) and depth (P = 0.14) showed no effect. Our results indicate that low-intensity laser irradiation could be a valuable non-invasive tool for the induction of wound healing in recalcitrant ulcers, and that healing time is correlated with the ulcer cause and size.
ALT-946 and Aminoguanidine, Inhibitors of Advanced Glycation, Improve Severe Nephropathy in the Diabetic Transgenic (mREN-2)27 Rat (2002)

The severe diabetic nephropathy that develops in the hypertensive transgenic (mRen-2)27 rat with streptozotocin (STZ) diabetes has previously been considered angiotensin II-dependent. Because metabolic pathways are also activated in the diabetic kidney, the present study aimed to determine whether renoprotection could be afforded with inhibitors of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), ALT-946, and aminoguanidine (AG). At 6 weeks of age, nondiabetic control and STZ diabetic Ren-2 rats were randomized to receive vehicle, ALT-946 (1 g/l), or AG (1 g/l) and were studied for 12 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was unchanged with diabetes, ALT-946, or AG. Both kidney weight and glomerular filtration rate were increased with diabetes and unchanged with ALT-946 or AG. ALT-946 and AG equally ameliorated glomerulosclerosis and medullary pathology; however, ALT-946 did reduce cortical tubular degeneration to a greater extent than AG. Albumin excretion rate, which was elevated with diabetes, was reduced with ALT-946 but not AG. AGE immunolabeling was increased in glomeruli and reduced with ALT-946 and AG. These findings indicate that even in the context of renal injury presumed to be primarily blood pressure- and/or angiotensin II-dependent, approaches that interfere with metabolic pathways such as inhibitors of AGE formation can confer renal protection in experimental diabetes.
Achievability proof of some multiuser channel coding theorems using backward decoding (1989)

New and simpler achievability proofs that are based on the backward decoding technique are presented for the well-known coding theorems for the multiple-access channel (MAC) with perfect feedback and the degraded relay channel. A class of MACs with different generalized feedback signals is also considered, and achievable-rate regions that are larger than those previously presented in the literature are established.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Development of Streptavidin-Based Nanocomplex for siRNA Delivery (2013)

In our previous study, we have identified a PCBP2 siRNA that exhibits antifibrotic activity in rat hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) by inhibition of αCP2, a protein responsible for stabilization of the collagen α1 (I) mRNA in alcoholic liver fibrosis. This study aims to develop a streptavidin-based nanocomplex that can efficiently deliver the PCBP2 siRNA to HSCs. Biotin-siRNA and biotin-cholesterol were mixed with streptavidin to form the streptavidin-biotin complex, which was further condensed electrostatically with positively charged protamine to form the final multicomponent siRNA nanocomplex in the size range of 150-250 nm. The siRNA nanocomplex does not induce cytotoxicity in rat HSCs as compared to commercially available transfection agents. The cellular uptake efficiency of the siRNA nanocomplex is higher in rat HSCs than other cell lines, such as Caco-2 and PC-3, indicating that receptor-mediated endocytosis mainly contributes to the cellular uptake of the siRNA nanocomplex. The siRNA nanocomplex exhibits more than 85% silencing effect on the PCBP2 mRNA in HSCs. Stability study indicates that the nanocomplex can efficiently protect siRNA from degradation in the serum. The streptavidin-based multicomponent siRNA nanocomplex provides a promising strategy to deliver the PCBP2 siRNA to HSCs. Moreover, the nanocomplex can be used as a platform for other diseases by changing the siRNA sequence and targeting ligand.
Effects of sodium chloride, guanidine hydrochloride, and sucrose on the viscoelastic properties of sodium hyaluronate solutions (1999)

Effects of sodium chloride (NaCl), guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl), or sucrose on the viscoelasticity of sodium hyaluronate (NaHA) solutions were studied. NaCl and GuHCl decreased both storage and loss moduli, while sucrose increased both moduli. The critical concentration C* was determined as an inflection point in the plot of zero shear specific viscosity vs concentration for NaHA solutions with and without NaCl, GuHCl, or sucrose. It is suggested that sodium ions or guanidinium ions shield the electrostatic repulsion of NaHA molecules, hence reduce the coil dimension, and C* shifted to higher concentrations. However, sucrose enhances the entanglement coupling between NaHA molecules and retards the disentanglement of molecular chains or promotes to create hydrogen bonds, and then C* for NaHA solutions with sucrose shifts to lower concentrations. This is in agreement with the results of light scattering measurements in the presence of 0.2M NaCl. Both the radius of gyration and hydrodynamic radius of NaHA were reduced in dilute solutions by the addition of sucrose, and added sucrose enhances the interaction between NaHA monomer units. In the case of concentrated NaHA solution, such interactions result to increase the storage and loss moduli because of the enhancement of temporary network formation. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 50: 23–34, 1999
2 + 3 MODEL: FRACTAL PROCESSES FOR KNOWLEDGE-BASED ENGINEERING DESIGN (1993)

A novel model, the 2 + 3 model, for the knowledge-based engineering design using fractal concepts is presented. In this model, a complex, large-scale engineering design problem is considered to be a fractal abject; the design process solving for this problem is considered to be a fractal process; the fractal process is organized by the basic 2 + 3 model in statistically self-affine way. The basic 2 + 3 model includes two basic processes supported by three basic operations. The two basic processes are search for the most promising possible solution subspace and search through the subspace for feasible solution. The three basic operations are pattern operation, symbolic operation, and numerical operation.