gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The transmission capacity of multibeam communication satellites (1981)

The transmission capacity which can be provided by a geosynchronous multiple-beam satellite employing frequency reuse is studied. Like all communication channels, satellite capacity is limited by available power, transmission bandwidth, and noise. In addition, factors peculiar to satellite links include cochannel interference among neighboring beams, channel nonlinearity, nonuniformly distributed traffic, and for satellites operating at frequencies above 10-GHz, rain attenuation. The effects of these factors upon the capacity of a satellite system are examined in detail. Results for a 12/14-GHz system with assumed satellite parameters compatible with a space shuttle launch and small 5 m earth station antennas show that a capacity of about 30 Gbit/s can be provided if the unavailability due to rain outage is no greater than 0.1 percent, and that about 10 Gbit/s can be provided for an unavailability no greater than 0.01 percent. Efficient utilization of the geosynchronous arc is also explored, and current trends in communication satellites are discussed.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome wasting, functional performance, and quality of life. (2000)

Unintentional loss of weight and lean body mass (wasting) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Patients with AIDS wasting (AW) often experience reductions in lean body mass, muscle strength, and the ability to perform functions of daily living. Dependence on assistance with activities of daily living may be associated with a lower quality of life (QOL) and higher risk of mortality. These factors suggest that slowing or reversing the loss of lean body mass in AW can improve well-being. Nutritional support or appetite stimulants in the absence of exercise therapy or growth hormone supplementation can increase fat without improving body composition, whereas appropriate exercise programs, androgen therapy, and recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy may increase lean body mass in patients with AW. Resistance exercise programs can increase muscle strength and lean body mass. In addition, both resistance and endurance (aerobic) exercise augment endogenous growth hormone levels, decrease depression, enhance self-esteem, and may improve immune response. Randomized, double-blind trials have shown that rhGH therapy increases total body weight, lean body mass, exercise capacity, and QOL. In summary, interventions that improve exercise capacity and functional performance may enhance QOL in patients with AW and may reduce mortality in this group.
Increased atherosclerosis in myeloperoxidase-deficient mice (2001)

Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a heme enzyme secreted by activated phagocytes, generates an array of oxidants proposed to play critical roles in host defense and local tissue damage. Both MPO and its reaction products are present in human atherosclerotic plaque, and it has been proposed that MPO oxidatively modifies targets in the artery wall. We have now generated MPO-deficient mice, and show here that neutrophils from homozygous mutants lack peroxidase and chlorination activity in vitro and fail to generate chlorotyrosine or to kill Candida albicans in vivo. To examine the potential role of MPO in atherosclerosis, we subjected LDL receptor-deficient mice to lethal irradiation, repopulated their marrow with MPO-deficient or wild-type cells, and provided them a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 14 weeks. White cell counts and plasma lipoprotein profiles were similar between the two groups at sacrifice. Cross-sectional analysis of the aorta indicated that lesions in MPO-deficient mice were about 50% larger than controls. Similar results were obtained in a genetic cross with LDL receptor-deficient mice. In contrast to advanced human atherosclerotic lesions, the chlorotyrosine content of aortic lesions from wild-type as well as MPO-deficient mice was essentially undetectable. These data suggest an unexpected, protective role for MPO-generated reactive intermediates in murine atherosclerosis. They also identify an important distinction between murine and human atherosclerosis with regard to the potential involvement of MPO in protein oxidation.
Targeted therapy of human immunodeficiency virus‐related disease (1991)

Since the discovery of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as a pathogenic retrovirus linked to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a number of potentially useful strategies for antiretroviral therapy of AIDS and its related diseases have emerged. One such strategy involves use of the broad family of 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides, to which 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT) belongs. AZT has been shown to reduce the replication of HIV in vivo and to confer significant clinical benefits in patients in both early and advanced stages of infection. Other members of the family, 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC), 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI), and 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (d4T), have also been reported to be active against HIV in short-term clinical trials. The armamentarium of antiretroviral agents is rapidly growing. Various nonnucleoside agents have recently been identified to be active against HIV in vitro. HIV-1 protease inhibitors are notable as possible new therapies for HIV-1-related diseases. However, we have faced several new challenges in the antiretroviral therapy in AIDS. These include long-term drug-related toxicities; emergence of drug-resistant HIV variants; and development of various cancers, particularly as effective therapies prolong survival. Progress in understanding structure-activity relations and clinical effectiveness will continue with dideoxynucleoside analogs. However, it seems certain that a variety of nonnucleoside analogs affecting multiple steps in viral replication will become available before long, and combination therapies using multiple antiretroviral drugs will be available. Such therapies will exert major effects against the moribidity and mortality caused by HIV.
Identification and characterization of GABA, proline and quaternary ammonium compound transporters from Arabidopsis thaliana (1999)

Arabidopsis thaliana grows efficiently on GABA as the sole nitrogen source, thereby providing evidence for the existence of GABA transporters in plants. Heterologous complementation of a GABA uptake-deficient yeast mutant identified two previously known plant amino acid transporters, AAP3 and ProT2, as GABA transporters with Michaelis constants of 12.9 +/- 1.7 and 1.7 +/- 0.3 mM at pH 4, respectively. The simultaneous transport of [1-14C]GABA and [2,3-3H]proline by ProT2 as a function of pH, provided evidence that the zwitterionic state of GABA is an important parameter in substrate recognition. ProT2-mediated [1-14C]GABA transport was inhibited by proline and quaternary ammonium compounds.
Mannosylated Lipoarabinomannans Inhibit IL-12 Production by Human Dendritic Cells: Evidence for a Negative Signal Delivered Through the Mannose Receptor (2001)

IL-12 is a key cytokine in directing the development of type 1 Th cells, which are critical to eradicate intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we report that mannose-capped lipoarabinomannans (ManLAMs) from Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin and Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, the LPS-induced IL-12 production by human dendritic cells. The inhibitory activity was abolished by the loss of the mannose caps or the GPI acyl residues. Mannan, which is a ligand for the mannose receptor (MR) as well as an mAb specific for the MR, also inhibited the LPS-induced IL-12 production by dendritic cells. Our results indicate that ManLAMs may act as virulence factors that contribute to the persistence of M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin and M. tuberculosis within phagocytic cells by suppressing IL-12 responses. Our data also suggest that engagement of the MR by ManLAMs delivers a negative signal that interferes with the LPS-induced positive signals delivered by the Toll-like receptors.
Recognition of axial ligands by a zinc porphyrin host on the basis of nonpolar interligand interaction (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRecognition of axial ligands by a zinc porphyrin host on the basis of nonpolar interligand interactionHiroyasu Imai, Shigeo Nakagawa, and Eishin KyunoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 17, 6719–6723Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00043a016https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00043a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views603Altmetric-Citations55LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
A Point Set Generation Network for 3D Object Reconstruction from a Single Image (2017)

Generation of 3D data by deep neural networks has been attracting increasing attention in the research community. The majority of extant works resort to regular representations such as volumetric grids or collections of images; however, these representations obscure the natural invariance of 3D shapes under geometric transformations, and also suffer from a number of other issues. In this paper we address the problem of 3D reconstruction from a single image, generating a straight-forward form of output - point cloud coordinates. Along with this problem arises a unique and interesting issue, that the groundtruth shape for an input image may be ambiguous. Driven by this unorthodox output form and the inherent ambiguity in groundtruth, we design architecture, loss function and learning paradigm that are novel and effective. Our final solution is a conditional shape sampler, capable of predicting multiple plausible 3D point clouds from an input image. In experiments not only can our system outperform state-of-the-art methods on single image based 3d reconstruction benchmarks; but it also shows strong performance for 3D shape completion and promising ability in making multiple plausible predictions.
Metabolic Pathway Analysis: Basic Concepts and Scientific Applications in the Post-genomic Era (1999)

This article reviews the relatively short history of metabolic pathway analysis. Computer-aided algorithms for the synthesis of metabolic pathways are discussed. Important algebraic concepts used in pathway analysis, such as null space and convex cone, are explained. It is demonstrated how these concepts can be translated into meaningful metabolic concepts. For example, it is shown that the simplest vectors spanning the region of all admissible fluxes in stationary states, for which the term elementary flux modes was coined, correspond to fundamental pathways in the system. The concepts are illustrated with the help of a reaction scheme representing the glyoxylate cycle and adjacent reactions of aspartate and glutamate synthesis. The interrelations between pathway analysis and metabolic control theory are outlined. Promising applications for genome annotation and for biotechnological purposes are discussed. Armed with a better understanding of the architecture of cellular metabolism and the enormous amount of genomic data available today, biochemists and biotechnologists will be able to draw the entire metabolic map of a cell and redesign it by rational and directed metabolic engineering.
A network of tufted layer 5 pyramidal neurons (1997)

Tufted layer 5 (TL5) pyramidal neurons are important projection neurons from the cerebral cortex to subcortical areas. Recent and ongoing experiments aimed at understanding the computational analysis performed by a network of synaptically connected TL5 neurons are reviewed here. The experiments employed dual and triple whole-cell patch clamp recordings from visually identified and preselected neurons in brain slices of somatosensory cortex of young (14- to 16-day-old) rats. These studies suggest that a local network of TL5 neurons within a cortical module of diameter 300 microns consists of a few hundred neurons that are extensively inter-connected with reciprocal feedback from at least first-, second- and third-order target neurons. A statistical analysis of synaptic innervation suggests that this recurrent network is not randomly arranged and hence each neuron could be functionally unique. Synaptic transmission between these neurons is characterized by use-dependent synaptic depression which confers novel properties to this recurrent network of neurons. First, a range of rates of depression for different synaptic connections enable each TL5 neuron to receive a unique mixture of information about the average firing rates and the temporally correlated action potential (AP) activity in the population of presynaptic TL5 neurons. Second, each AP generated by any neuron in the network induces a change (defined as an iteration step) in the functional coupling of the neurons in the network (defined as network configuration). It is proposed that the network configuration is iterated during a stimulus to achieve an optimally orchestrated network response. Hebbian, anti-Hebbian and neuromodulatory-induced modifications of neurotransmitter release probability change the rates of synaptic depression and thereby alter the iteration step size. These data may be important to understand the dynamics of electrical activity within the network.
On the molecular genetic etiology of osteosarcoma : gene expression in osteoblasts, osteosarcoma cell lines and osteosarcoma tumours (2006)

Een bottumor, een ‘osteosarcoom’, komt meestal voor bij jonge kinderen en tieners. Marga Wilkens wist in haar promotieonderzoek meer inzicht te krijgen in de achterliggende genetische afwijkingen die ten grondslag liggen aan de ontwikkeling van botkanker. Bij botkanker ondergaan de cellen die normaal het bot moeten vormen - de zogeheten osteoblasten - een kwaadaardige verandering. De promovendus kweekte osteoblasten uit botfragmenten en vergeleek vervolgens gezonde cellen met kankercellen. De verschillen lijken vooral te worden veroorzaakt door genen die een rol spelen bij ontstekingsprocessen en de aanmaak van nieuwe bloed- en lymfevaten. Wilkens ontdekte bovendien een aantal opvallende afwijkingen in de chromosomen van bottumorcellen. Het is nog onduidelijk in welke volgorde de geconstateerde veranderingen van osteoblast tot kankercel optreden, maar wanneer ook dat onderzocht wordt, zal duidelijk worden welke verandering dit proces in gang zet.
Spectral- and frequency-encoded fluorescence imaging (2005)

A method for obtaining fluorescence images with a high number of resolvable points by using spectral and frequency encoding is presented. Broadband excitation light is encoded with a wavelength-dependent frequency modulation and dispersed onto the sample with a grating to simultaneously illuminate an entire image line. The Fourier transform of the frequency-encoded fluorescence emission provides one line of the image. Mechanical scanning along a direction orthogonal to the wavelength-encoded axis allows creation of the two-dimensional fluorescent image. This method is applicable for developing submillimeter diameter endoscopes. The principles of the technique are validated by imaging indocyanine green fluorescence in microfluidic channels.
Selective Targeting of Antitumor Immune Responses with Engineered Live-Attenuated Listeria monocytogenes (2006)

Improved immunization and ex vivo T-cell culture strategies can generate larger numbers and more potent tumor-specific effector cells than previously possible. Nonetheless, the capacity of these cells to eliminate established tumors is limited by their ability to efficiently enter tumor-bearing organs and mediate their effector function. In the current study, we show that the administration of an engineered organ-homing microbe selectively targets tumor-specific immune responses to metastases within that organ. Specifically, an attenuated Listeria monocytogenes strain, which preferentially infects the liver following systemic administration, dramatically enhances the activity of a cancer vaccine against liver metastases but not metastases in the lung. This enhanced activity results from both local recruitment of innate immune effectors as well as concentration and increased activation of vaccine-induced antitumor T cells within the liver. These findings show a general approach to focus systemic cancer immunotherapies to specific organs bearing tumor metastases by taking advantage of differential tropisms and the proinflammatory nature of microbes.
Driving an improved CAR for cancer immunotherapy (2016)

The recent clinical success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy for B cell malignancies represents a paradigm shift in cancer immunotherapy. Unfortunately, application of CAR T cell-mediated therapy for solid tumors has so far been disappointing, and the reasons for this poor response in solid tumors remain unknown. In this issue of the JCI, Cherkassky and colleagues report on their use of a murine model of human pleural mesothelioma to explore potential factors that limit CAR T cell efficacy. Their studies have uncovered the importance of the tumor microenvironment in the inhibition of CAR T cell functions, revealed a critical role for the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway in CAR T cell exhaustion within the tumor microenvironment, and demonstrated improved antitumor effects with a CAR T cell-intrinsic PD-1 blockade strategy using a dominant negative form of PD-1. Together, the results of this study lay the groundwork for further evaluation of mechanisms underlying CAR T cell immune evasion within the tumor microenvironment for the improvement of CAR T cell-mediated therapy for solid tumors.
Clustering of non-major histocompatibility complex susceptibility candidate loci in human autoimmune diseases (1998)

Human autoimmune diseases are thought to develop through a complex combination of genetic and environmental factors. Genome-wide linkage searches of autoimmune and inflammatory/immune disorders have identified a large number of non-major histocompatibility complex loci that collectively contribute to disease susceptibility. A comparison was made of the linkage results from 23 published autoimmune or immune-mediated disease genome-wide scans. Human diseases included multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, familial psoriasis, asthma, and type-I diabetes (IDDM). Experimental animal disease studies included murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, rat inflammatory arthritis, rat and murine IDDM, histamine sensitization, immunity to exogenous antigens, and murine lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus; SLE). A majority (approximately 65%) of the human positive linkages map nonrandomly into 18 distinct clusters. Overlapping of susceptibility loci occurs between different human immune diseases and by comparing conserved regions with experimental autoimmune/immune disease models. This nonrandom clustering supports a hypothesis that, in some cases, clinically distinct autoimmune diseases may be controlled by a common set of susceptibility genes.
Neurochemical Evidence that Estrogen-Induced Suppression of Kappa-Opioid-Receptor-Mediated Regulation of Tuberoinfundibular Dopaminergic Neurons Is Prolactin-lndependent (1994)

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of estrogen and prolactin in determining the responsiveness of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons to kappa-opioid receptor blockade in female rats. TIDA neuronal activity was estimated by measuring either dopamine synthesis [accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) 30 min after the administration of the decarboxylase inhibitor NSD-1015] or metabolism [concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)] in terminals of these neurons in the median eminence. Blockade of kappa-opioid receptors with the selective kappa-antagonist norbinaltorphimine (NOR-BNI) increased the concentrations of DOPAC in the median eminence of ovariectomized rats but had no effect in gonadally intact rats, suggesting that loss of endogenous ovarian hormones following ovariectomy results in an increase in kappa-opioid-receptor-mediated inhibition of TIDA neurons. Estrogen administration ot ovariectomized rats blocked NOR-BNI-induced increases in median eminence DOPAC concentrations, whereas treatment of gonadally intact or ovariectomized, estrogen-treated rats with prolactin antiserum had no effect on the insensitivity of these neurons to NOR-BNI. Administration of antiserum to dynorphin A1-8 increased DOPA accumulation in the median eminence of ovariectomized but not estrogen-treated ovariectomized rats. Taken together, these results reveal that estrogen, acting via a prolactin-independent mechanism, suppresses kappa-opioid-receptor-mediated inhibition of the activity of TIDA neurons, possibly by decreasing the release of endogenous dynorphin.
Cloning and Overexpression of the 3-Hydroxyisobutyrate Dehydrogenase Gene fromPseudomonas putidaE23 (2003)

The structural gene for NAD+-dependent 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.31) from Pseudomonas putida E23 was cloned in Escherichia coli cells to obtain a large amount of the enzyme and its nucleotides were sequenced to study its structural relationship with other proteins. The gene encoded a polypeptide containing 295 amino acid residues and was in a cluster with the gene for methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Transformed E. coli cells overproduced 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, and the recombinant enzyme was purified to homogeneity with a high yield. Lysine and asparagine residues, which are important in catalysis of the 3-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family, are conserved in this enzyme.
Mobility enhancement through homogeneous nematic alignment of a liquid-crystalline polyfluorene (1999)

Homogeneous alignment of poly(9,9′-dioctylfluorene) films on rubbed polyimide results in a more than one order of magnitude increase in time-of-flight hole mobility normal to the alignment direction. We find μ=8.5±1×10−3 cm2/V s at an electric field of E=104 V/cm. Hole transport is found to be nondispersive, indicating a low degree of energetic disorder.