gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3‐Hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitors reduce serum triglyceride levels through modulation of apolipoprotein C‐III and lipoprotein lipase (1999)

Statins are hypolipidemic drugs which not only improve cholesterol but also triglyceride levels. Whereas their cholesterol-reducing effect involves inhibition of de novo biosynthesis of cellular cholesterol through competitive inhibition of its rate-limiting enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, the mechanism by which they lower triglycerides remains unknown and forms the subject of the current study. Treatment of normal rats for 4 days with simvastatin decreased serum triglycerides significantly, whereas it increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol moderately. The decrease in triglyceride concentrations after simvastatin was caused by a reduction in the amount of very low density lipoprotein particles which were of an unchanged lipid composition. Simvastatin administration increased the lipoprotein lipase mRNA and activity in adipose tissue and heart. This effect on lipoprotein lipase was accompanied by decreased mRNA as well as plasma levels of the lipoprotein lipase inhibitor apolipoprotein C-III. These results suggest that the triglyceride-lowering effect of statins involves a stimulation of lipoprotein lipase-mediated clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.
Free-space optical interconnections with liquid-crystal microprism arrays (1995)

Liquid-crystal microprism arrays are shown to be useful for providing electrically controlled alignment of optical beams and fixed various free-space optical interconnections. They can deflect closely spaced micro-optical beams individually to any position with high transmittance (95%), high deflection angle (~10°), and low voltage (<2.8 V(rms)). Various fixed optical interconnections can be made simply by changes in the voltages applied to the microprism.
Analytical Techniques to Characterize the Structure, Properties, and Assembly of Virus Capsids (2018)

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On the Reaction of Thiazole‐2,4‐diamines with Isothiocyanates – Preparation and Transformation of 2,4‐Diaminothiazole‐5‐carbothioamides (2003)

Abstract In the reaction of thiazole‐2,4‐diamines 8 with isothiocyanates 1 , 2,4‐diaminothiazole‐5‐carbothioamides 9, 10, 18 , and 19 as well as thiazolo[4,5‐ d ]pyrimidine‐7(6 H )‐thiones 21 were formed. The carbothioamides 9, 10 , and 18 were transformed by reaction with different types of monofunctional and bifunctional electrophiles into hitherto unknown acceptor‐substituted 4,4′‐([2,5′‐bithiazole]‐2′,4′‐diyl)bis[morpholines] 24 and 29 , the 2′,4′‐bis(dialkylamino)[2,5′‐bithiazol]‐4‐(5 H )‐ones 30 , and the 4‐substituted 2′,4′‐bis(dialkylamino)‐2,5′‐bithiazoles 31 . From 30 and 31 new 4‐mono‐ or 4,5‐disubstituted 2′,4′‐bis(dialkylamino)‐2,5′‐bithiazoles 34, 35, 38 , and 39 as well as 5‐substituted 2′,4′‐bis(dialkylamino)[2,5′‐bithiazol]‐4(5 H )‐ones 33, 36 , and 37 were prepared.
FDA Approval: Siltuximab for the Treatment of Patients with Multicentric Castleman Disease (2015)

On April 22, 2014, the FDA granted full approval to siltuximab (SYLVANT for injection; Janssen Biotech, Inc.), a chimeric human-mouse monoclonal antibody to IL6, for the treatment of patients with multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negative and human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) negative. The approval was primarily based on the results of a randomized, double-blind trial in which 79 symptomatic patients with MCD were allocated (2:1) to siltuximab plus best supportive care (BSC) or to placebo plus BSC. The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients in each arm achieving a durable tumor and symptomatic response that persisted for a minimum of 18 weeks without treatment failure. Tumor response was based on independent review of CT scans using the revised Response Criteria for Malignant Lymphoma, and symptomatic response was defined as complete resolution or stabilization of 34 MCD-related signs and symptoms as reported by the investigator. Thirty-four percent of patients in the siltuximab arm and no patients in the placebo arm met the primary endpoint (P = 0.0012). The most common adverse reactions (>10% compared with placebo) during treatment with siltuximab were pruritus, increased weight, rash, hyperuricemia, and upper respiratory tract infection.
Optimizations of Defect Filter Layers for 1.3-μm InAs/GaAs Quantum-Dot Lasers Monolithically Grown on Si Substrates (2016)

III-V semiconductors monolithically grown on Si substrates are expected to be an ideal solution to integrate highly efficient light-emitting devices on a Si platform. However, the lattice mismatch between III-V and Si generates a high density of threading dislocations (TDs) at the interface between III-V and Si. Some of these TD will propagate into the III-V active region and lead to device degradation. By introducing defect filter layers (DFLs), the density of TDs propagating into the III-V layers can be significantly reduced. In this paper, we present an investigation on the development of InGaAs/GaAs strained-layer superlattices as DFLs for 1.3-μm InAs/GaAs quantum-dot lasers monolithically grown on a Si substrate. We compare two broad-area InAs/GaAs quantum-dot lasers with non-optimized and optimized InGaAs/GaAs DFLs. The laser device with optimal DFLs has a lower room-temperature threshold current density of 99 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and higher maximum operation temperature of 88 °C, compared with 174 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 68 °C for the reference laser.
FAS-Mediated Apoptosis and Its Relation to Intrinsic Pathway Activation in an Experimental Model of Retinal Detachment (2004)

The FAS-mediated apoptosis pathway becomes activated and transcriptionally upregulated after retinal detachment. The peak of FAS activation precedes that of the intrinsic pathway, and inhibition of FAS activation can decrease caspase-9 activity.
Spinal Anesthesia in Infant Rats (2011)

Spinal anesthesia is technically feasible in infant rats and appears benign in terms of neuroapoptotic and neuromotor sequelae.
Rapid Evaluation and Screening of Interfacial Reactions on Self-Assembled Monolayers (2007)

This paper reports 16 chemical reactions for elaborating the structures of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiolates on gold. This work takes advantage of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to rapidly characterize the products and yields of reactions that occur with molecules attached to monolayers. The paper also describes a method for screening reaction conditions, wherein monolayers are treated with an array of reactants and mass spectrometry is used to identify those regions that undergo reactions to give new, and unanticipated, products in high yield. These examples serve to increase the collection of reactions that can be used to elaborate the structures, and therefore the properties, of self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold and to introduce label-free methods for screening interfacial reactions.
Structure and function of “metalloantibiotics” (2003)

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."
GlycoSuiteDB: a curated relational database of glycoprotein glycan structures and their biological sources. 2003 update (2003)

GlycoSuiteDB is an annotated and curated relational database of glycan structures reported in the literature. It contains information on the glycan type, core type, linkages and anomeric configurations, mass, composition and the analytical methods used by the researchers to determine the glycan structure. Native and recombinant sources are detailed, including species, tissue and/or cell type, cell line, strain, life stage, disease, and if known the protein to which the glycan structures are attached. There are links to SWISS-PROT/TrEMBL and PubMed where applicable. Recent developments include the implementation of searching by 2D structure and substructure, disease and reference. The database is updated twice a year, and now contains over 7650 entries. Access to GlycoSuiteDB is available at http://www.glycosuite.com.
Mutualism : A Factor in Ecological Succession Through its Influence on Nutrient Resource Ratios (1994)

Changing resource availabilities and requirements are an important factor in successional sequences. In aggrading ecosystems beginning on bare rock. carbon may be the first limiting resource. In secondary succession. nitrogen usually is the first nutrient element which ceases to become limiting. and on nutrient poor soils. it is followed by sulfur. and then phosphorus. In degrading ecosystems. the sequence may be reversed. The changes in resource abundance during aggradation come about in part through the influence of microbial activity. Microbes depend on the autotrophs for their energy supply. while autotrophs depend on microbes for their nutrient supply. This mutualistic relationship appears to be an important regulator of ecosystem function. and of ecological succession on nutrient poor soils. Mutualism as well as competition is important in succession. Plant communities change the resource base upon which they survive through mutualistic interaction with microbes. The changing resource base in turn causes a change in the plant communities which depend on the resources. When a series of these interactions begins on a nutrient-poor substrate. the ratio of resources often changes in a regular and predictable sequence. The resultant change in plant communities may be considered to be succession.
Direct matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometric analysis of proteins immobilized on nylon-based membranes (1994)

Direct analysis of proteins adsorbed onto the surface of nylon membranes has been performed at the picomole level by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Nylon-66 and positive charge-modified nylon (Zetabind) membranes fixed to MALDI probe tips were successfully employed to analyze picomole quantities of sample that were adsorbed onto these inert supports prior to adding a matrix-containing solution. Proteins and peptides are readily solubilized from these types of membrane with conventional matrix solvents and cocrystallize with the matrix on the membrane surface. Because solubilization of membrane-adsorbed protein is necessary for successful sample preparation, nylon membranes are more suitable for use with MALDI-MS than other protein transfer membranes such as polyvinylidene difluoride or nitrocellulose. When compared to samples prepared conventionally, no apparent loss of sensitivity or resolution is observed when analysis by MALDI-MS is performed from nylon-66 or positive charge-modified nylon membranes. Detection limits and resolution are not apparently affected by the membrane immobilization/washing procedure, and no change in the mass accuracy is observed when analysis is performed on the nylon surface. However, there is a time shift (increase) in ion flight time when analysis by MALDI-time-of-flight-MS is performed directly from the membrane fixed to the probe tip (about 200 ns for an ion of mass 379.3). To maintain mass accuracy, the use of internal standards or external calibration performed on a membrane support was necessary. The immobilization of proteins on nylon membranes can be used to facilitate removal of water-soluble contaminants because the sample is retained when the membrane is immersed in water prior to adding the matrix solution. The feasibility of performing both chemical and enzymatic modifications of proteins adsorbed onto inert nylon supports prior to analysis by MALDi-MS is also demonstrated.
Dynamic V/sub t/ SRAM: a leakage tolerant cache memory for low voltage microprocessors (2002)

This paper presents a Dynamic V/sub t/ SRAM (DTSRAM) architecture to reduce the subthreshold leakage in cache memories. The V/sub t/ of each cache line is controlled separately by means of body biasing. In order to minimize the energy and delay overhead, a cache line is switched to high V/sub t/ only when it is not likely to be accessed anymore. Simulation results from the SimpleScalar framework show that even after considering the energy overhead, the DTSRAM can save 72% of the cache leakage with a performance loss less than 1%. Layout of the DTSRAM shows that the area penalty is minimal.
Two-step synthesis of high aspect ratio gold nanorods (2006)

Abstract We describe a very simple, two-step synthetic method to prepare gold nanorods with extremely high aspect ratios (&gt; 20) and average lengths of more than 1000 nm. The method is based on a seed-mediated growth in presence of the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The length and aspect ratios of the nanorods can be manipulated by varying the surfactant concentration.
Nitric oxide donors protect murine myocardium against infarction via modulation of mitochondrial permeability transition (2004)

Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pores have recently been implicated as a potential mediator of myocardial ischemic injury. Nitric oxide (NO) donors induce a powerful late phase of cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury; however, the cellular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. The role of MPT pores as a target of cardioprotective signaling pathways activated by NO has never been explored in detail. Thus mice were administered the NO donor diethylenetriamine (DETA)/NO (4 doses of 0.1 mg/kg i.v. each) 24 h before 30 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Infarct size was significantly reduced in DETA/NO-treated mice (30 +/- 2% of risk region in treated mice vs. 50 +/- 2% in control mice; P < 0.05), which demonstrates powerful cardioprotection. To examine the role of MPT pores, mice were administered atractyloside (Atr; 25 mg/kg i.v.), which induces adenine nucleotide translocase-dependent MPT, 20 min before ischemia. Atr blocked the infarct-sparing effects of DETA/NO (infarct size, 58 +/- 1 vs. 30 +/- 2% of risk region in DETA/NO; P < 0.05), whereas Atr alone had no effect. Mitochondria isolated from DETA/NO-treated mice exhibited increased resistance to Ca(2+)-induced swelling by 20 micromol/l CaCl(2) or by the higher concentration of 200 micromol/l, which suggests that cardioprotection involves decreased propensity for MPT. Preincubation of mitochondria from control hearts with 30 nmol/l of the pore inhibitor cyclosporin A prevented swelling by 200 micromol/l CaCl(2), thereby confirming that Ca(2+) induces mitochondrial swelling via MPT. In accordance with the effects on infarct size, administration of Atr to the mice significantly abrogated DETA/NO-induced protection against Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial swelling. These phenotypic alterations were associated with an increase in the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, which suggests that the underlying mechanisms may involve inhibition of cell death by Bcl-2. These data suggest that a critical process during NO donor-induced cardioprotection is to prevent MPT pore opening potentially via targeting of the adenine nucleotide translocator.
Analysis of bovine β‐casein tryptic digest by continuous‐flow fast‐atom bombardment mass spectrometry (1991)

Liquid chromatography/fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry was used to partially confirm the amino-acid sequence of the protein, beta-casein. The study demonstrates that the technique is capable of the rapid and accurate identification of peptide fragments from tryptic digests and that chromatographic integrity is maintained during the analysis. The power of the technique derives from the ability to determine both the retention time and the molecular weight of the eluting components. Each of the components yields a prominent pseudo-molecular ion (MH+), the majority exhibiting sufficient fragmentation to confirm their structure unambiguously.
The outlook for primary commodities, 1984 to 1995 (1984)

In the next two years, prices of non-fuel primary commodities are expected to grow at less than the rate of growth of international inflation. This expectation is based on a continuation of the strict monetary control exercised in industrial countries, no revival of inflationary expectations and persistence of excess capacity in the production of the metals/minerals commodities. For the longer period to 1995, non-fuel commodity prices are expected to increase about 16 percent in real terms, with the main increases expected from rice, sugar and the metals/minerals commodities. Rice prices are presently trading at levels well below their historical relationship to wheat prices. Sugar prices will recover from their present very low levels as consumption regains its growth momentum and stocks are reduced. The excess capacity in the metals/minerals industries is expected to be substantially reduced by 1990, and prices of these commodities should increase somewhat over the period 1990-95. Supplies of petroleum from non-OPEC producers are expected to peak by about 1990. However, after that, non-OPEC supplies should decline and OPEC production will have to increase. Therefore, petroleum prices are expected to grow at about 4 percent per annum.
High‐Strain Shape‐Memory Polymers (2009)

Abstract Shape‐memory polymers (SMPs) are self‐adjusting, smart materials in which shape changes can be accurately controlled at specific, tailored temperatures. In this study, the glass transition temperature ( T g ) is adjusted between 28 and 55 °C through synthesis of copolymers of methyl acrylate (MA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and isobornyl acrylate (IBoA). Acrylate compositions with both crosslinker densities and photoinitiator concentrations optimized at fractions of a mole percent demonstrate fully recoverable strains at 807% for a T g of 28 °C, at 663% for a T g of 37 °C, and at 553% for a T g of 55 °C. A new compound, 4,4′‐di(acryloyloxy)benzil (referred to hereafter as Xini) in which both polymerizable and initiating functionalities are incorporated in the same molecule, was synthesized and polymerized into acrylate shape‐memory polymers, which were thermomechanically characterized yielding fully recoverable strains above 500%. The materials synthesized in this work were compared to an industry standard thermoplastic SMP, Mitsubishi's MM5510, which showed failure strains of similar magnitude, but without full shape recovery: residual strain after a single shape‐memory cycle caused large‐scale disfiguration. The materials in this study are intended to enable future applications where both recoverable high‐strain capacity and the ability to accurately and independently position T g are required.
Expression and functional significance of an additional ligand for CTLA-4. (1993)

Effective T-cell activation requires antigen/major histocompatibility complex engagement by the T-cell receptor complex in concert with one or more costimulatory molecules. Recent studies have suggested that the B7 molecule, expressed on most antigen presenting cells, functions as a costimulatory molecule through its interaction with CD28 on T cells. Blocking the CD28/B7 interaction with CTLA4Ig inhibits T-cell activation in vitro and induces unresponsiveness. We demonstrate that another molecule(s), termed B7-2, is expressed constitutively on dendritic cells, is differentially regulated on B cells, and costimulates naive T cells responding to alloantigen. B7-2 is up-regulated by lipopolysaccharide in < 6 hr and is maximally expressed on the majority of B cells by 24 hr. In contrast, B7 is detected only on a subset of activated B cells late (48 hr) after stimulation. In addition, Con A directly induces B7-2 but not B7 expression on B cells. Finally, although both anti-B7 monoclonal antibodies and CTLA4Ig blocked T-cell proliferation to antigen-expressing B7 transfectants, only CTLA4Ig had any significant inhibitory effect on T-cell proliferation to antigens expressed on natural antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells. Thus, B7 is not the only costimulatory molecule capable of initiating T-cell responses since a second ligand, B7-2, can provide a necessary second signal for T-cell activation.
Na-Pi cotransport in flounder: same transport system in kidney and intestine (1996)

The cloning of a renal Na-Pi contransport in system from winter flounder (P eudopleuronectes americanus) has recently been reported. We used this information to answer the questions 1) what is the distribution of the transport protein along the nephron? and 2) how are renal and intestinal transporters related? The distribution of the flounder NaPi-II protein was tested using two antisera raised against partial sequences (amino acids 1-14 and 388-441) of the transporter. Antibody-specific fluorescence was detected at the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells in the proximal tubular segment PII. Two clones corresponding to the renal Na-Pi cotransporter were isolated from a flounder intestinal cDNA library. Their functional properties were determined using Xenopus laevis oocytes. The apparent affinities for Pi [Michaelis constant (K(m)) = 0.063 mM] and Na (K(m) = 45.3 mM), as well as the pH dependency (increasing transport activity with increasing pH), showed the same characteristics in both intestinal and the renal systems. Sequence analysis revealed that the two intestinal clones were 100% homologous to the renal cDNA, Flounder NaPi-II-specific immunofluorescence was observed predominantly at the apical membrane on intestinal cross sections. We report the cloning and expression of the first intestinal Na-Pi cotransport system. This transporter belongs to the small group of proteins that exhibit the same function in the apical and the basolateral membranes of different cells.
Blockage of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor inhibits the growth of Ewing's sarcoma in athymic mice. (1998)

Innovative, more effective treatment modalities are needed for Ewing's sarcoma (ES), a neoplasm with a disappointingly low survival rate despite the use of aggressive multimodal therapeutic approaches. We have previously shown (K. Scotlandi et al, Cancer Res., 56: 4570-4574, 1996) the existence and the pathogenetic relevance of an autocrine loop that is mediated by the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) and is crucial for the survival and proliferation of ES cells in vitro. In this study, we report that the IGF-IR-blocking monoclonal antibody alphaIR3 may also significantly inhibit ES cell growth in vivo. In particular, in almost one-half of the animals tested, after s.c. inoculation with TC-71 ES cells, the blockage of IGF-IR by alphaIR3 induced a complete regression of tumors that developed, which suggests that IGF-IR is valuable as a specific target for novel therapeutic strategies. In addition, suramin, a drug that can interfere with growth factor binding with their receptors, inhibited the tumorigenic and the metastatic ability of TC-71 cells and, therefore, is a promising agent to be combined with conventional cytotoxic drugs for the design of more effective therapeutic regimens.