gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effects of chromatic aberration on the performance of GaInP/GaAs/Ge concentrator solar cells from Fresnel optics (2005)

Results are reported for the effects of chromatic aberration on the electrical performance of triple junction (3J), GalnP/GaAs/Ge concentrator solar cells for indoor measurements. A Fresnel lens was moved away from the solar cell such that the concentration level increased, and then decreased while the lens-to-cell distance continued to increase. From such movement, the FF exhibited a series of minima and maxima in the region where light is apparently focused as determined by the naked eye. These effects are due to chromatic aberrations that affect the FF, and to some extent, the subcell short circuit currents in the 3J stack. Aberrations can drive the 3J device in a top cell-or middle cell-limited mode, and make the top cell FF become more predominant than the middle cell FF, or vice versa with the 3J FF influenced more by either subcell FF. It is shown that the multijunction celt power output is also affected, and the gain in power depends on the size of the solar cell relative to the size of the beam waist, and the focal length of blue light relative to that of red light.
Effects of self-association of ornithine aminotransferase on its physicochemical characteristics (1981)

Previous work in this laboratory [e.g., Peraino, C., Bunville, L. G., & Tahmisian, T. N. (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 2241--2249, and Morris, J. E., Peraino, C., & Strayer, D. (1974) Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 147, 707--709] has shown that the molecular weight of ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) is concentration dependent. In the present study this property of OAT was further characterized by using sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation to determine the molecular weight of OAT in a range of enzyme concentrations. It was shown that OAT aggregates in a two-stage process as its concentration increases. The first stage involves the association of enzymatically active monomers into trimers, with association of the trimers into higher order aggregates occurring in the second stage. Decreasing the pH or raising the ionic strength enhances aggregation while raising the pH inhibits aggregation; however, the two-stage nature of the aggregation process was not affected by changes in pH and ionic strength. Kinetic analyses of purified enzyme showed that aggregation results in an increase in the kM for both substrates with the Vmax remaining constant, indicating that aggregation of monomers sterically hinders substrate binding. Increased Km values were also obtained for OAT sequestered in mitochondria from rats fed a high-protein diet to increase mitochondrial OAT levels. The higher Km values suggest that the elevation of OAT in vivo is accompanied by aggregation of the enzyme within the mitochondrion. We propose that the aggregation-dependent increase of Km in vivo has adaptive value in that it spares ornithine for use in the urea cycle.
Local expression of IGF‐1 accelerates muscle regeneration by rapidly modulating inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (2007)

Muscle regeneration following injury is characterized by myonecrosis accompanied by local inflammation, activation of satellite cells, and repair of injured fibers. The resolution of the inflammatory response is necessary to proceed toward muscle repair, since persistence of inflammation often renders the damaged muscle incapable of sustaining efficient muscle regeneration. Here, we show that local expression of a muscle-restricted insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 (mIGF-1) transgene accelerates the regenerative process of injured skeletal muscle, modulating the inflammatory response, and limiting fibrosis. At the molecular level, mIGF-1 expression significantly down-regulated proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta, and modulated the expression of CC chemokines involved in the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages. Analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms revealed that mIGF-1 expression modulated key players of inflammatory response, such as macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), high mobility group protein-1 (HMGB1), and transcription NF-kappaB. The rapid restoration of injured mIGF-1 transgenic muscle was also associated with connective tissue remodeling and a rapid recovery of functional properties. By modulating the inflammatory response and reducing fibrosis, supplemental mIGF-1 creates a qualitatively different environment for sustaining more efficient muscle regeneration and repair.
Structural Requirements for the Adherence ofPlasmodium falciparum-infected Erythrocytes to Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans of Human Placenta (2000)

Plasmodium falciparum infection during pregnancy results in the accumulation of infected red blood cells (IRBCs) in the placenta, leading to poor pregnancy outcome. In the preceding paper (Achur, R. N., Valiyaveettil, M., Alkhalil, A., Ockenhouse, C. F., and Gowda, D. C. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 40344-40356), we reported that unusually low sulfated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in the intervillous spaces of the placenta mediate the IRBC adherence. In this study, we report the structural requirements for the adherence and the minimum chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S) structural motif that supports IRBC adherence. Partially sulfated C4Ss with varying sulfate contents were prepared by solvolytic desulfation of a fully sulfated C4S. These and other nonmodified C4Ss, with different proportions of 4-, 6-, and nonsulfated disaccharide repeats, were analyzed for inhibition of IRBC adherence to the placental CSPG. C4Ss containing 30-50% 4-sulfated and 50-70% nonsulfated disaccharide repeats efficiently inhibited IRBC adherence; C6S had no inhibitory activity. Oligosaccharides of varying sizes were prepared by the partial depolymerization of C4Ss containing varying levels of 4-sulfation, and their ability to inhibit the IRBC adherence was studied. Oligosaccharides with six or more disaccharide repeats inhibited IRBC adherence to the same level as that of the intact C4Ss, indicating that a dodecasaccharide is the minimum structural motif required for optimal IRBC adherence. Of the C4S dodecasaccharides, only those with two or three sulfate groups per molecule showed maximum IRBC inhibition. These data define the structural requirements for the IRBC adherence to placental CSPGs with implications for the development of therapeutics for maternal malaria.
TCSC controller design for damping interarea oscillations (1998)

The thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), a prominent FACTS device, can rapidly modulate the impedance of a transmission line, resulting in improvement of power system performance. The purpose of the work reported in this paper is to design a controller to damp interarea oscillations. The authors have applied the residue method to linearized power system equations and obtained a generalized form which is suitable for different controller input/output channels and therefore suitable for different control devices. This method, together with modal sensitivities, is applied to TCSCs to determine the location, feedback signal and controller design. The damping result is illustrated by comparing changes in damping ratio and identifying the increase of transfer capacity.
CD40-stimulated B lymphocytes pulsed with tumor antigens are effective antigen-presenting cells that can generate specific T cells. (2003)

Although they are considered as antigen-presenting cells, the role of antigen-unspecific B lymphocytes in antigen presentation and T-lymphocyte stimulation remains controversial. In this paper, we tested the capacity of normal human peripheral activated B cells to stimulate T cells using melanoma antigens or melanoma cell lysates. B lymphocytes activated through CD40 ligation and then pulsed with tumor antigens efficiently processed and presented MHC class II-restricted peptides to specific CD4(+) T-cell clones. This suggests that CD40-activated B cells have the functional and molecular competence to present MHC class II epitopes when pulsed with exogenous antigens, thereby making them a relevant source of antigen-presenting cells to generate T cells. To test this hypothesis, CD40-activated B cells were pulsed with a lysate prepared from melanoma cells and used to stimulate peripheral autologous T cells. Interestingly, T cells specific to melanoma antigens were generated. Additional analysis of these T-cell clones revealed that they recognized MHC class II-restricted epitopes from tyrosinase, a known melanoma tumor antigen. The efficient antigen presentation by antigen-unspecific activated B cells was correlated with a down-regulation in the expression of HLA-DO, a B cell-specific protein known to interfere with HLA-DM function. Because HLA-DM is important in MHC class II peptide loading, the observed decrease in HLA-DO may partially explain the enhanced antigen presentation after B-cell activation. Results globally suggest that when they are properly activated, antigen-unspecific B-lymphocytes can present exogenous antigens by MHC class II molecules and stimulate peripheral antigen-specific T cells. Antigen presentation by activated B cells could be exploited for immunotherapy by allowing the in vitro generation of T cells specific against antigens expressed by tumors or viruses.
The distal airways: are they important in asthma? (1999)

Although the airways of <2 mm in diameter have been dubbed the "quiet zone", they do not appear to be so in asthma. Physiological and pathological evidence suggests that the small airways and lung parenchyma participate in asthma pathogenesis, and may explain many of the clinical observations noted. This review presents this evidence, beginning with physiological evidence, followed by pathology and last by imaging studies that evaluate the distal lung. Seminal physiological studies date back to the 1960s, with significant progress in the area of airway smooth muscle and its contribution to airways responsiveness noted over the last several years. The use of bronchoscopy in clinical studies has complemented the autopsy studies in advancing knowledge about airway structural changes appreciated in asthma in the small airways and lung parenchyma. These pathological studies have allowed validation of the physiological, and more recently the imaging studies performed to evaluate this compartment of the lung in asthma. Thus, the evidence suggests that the small airways and parenchyma contribute significantly to asthma pathogenesis. The challenge now lies in evaluating this compartment in the context of its value as a therapeutic target in asthma.
Multiple neural networks using the reduced input dimension (2002)

An ensemble of neural networks with competitive learning and consensus schemes is proposed. Conventional learning methods utilize all the dimensions of the original input patterns. However, a particular attribute of the input patterns does not necessarily contribute to classification. In this paper, we use the reduced input dimension for learning a neural network. We have developed three consensus schemes so as to judge the classification using multiple neural networks. The experimental results with remote sensing data indicate the improved performance of the networks when applying the proposed method to the conventional competitive learning algorithms.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Amplitude-versus-offset variations in gas sands (1989)

Abstract Seismic reflections from gas sands exhibit a wide range of amplitude-versus-offset (AVO) characteristics. The two factors that most strongly determine the AVO behavior of a gas-sand reflection are the normal incidence reflection coefficient R 0 and the contrast in Poisson's ratio at the reflector. Of these two factors, R 0 is the least constrained. Based on their AVO characteristics, gas-sand reflectors can be grouped into three classes defined in terms of R 0 at the top of the gas sand.Class 1 gas sands have higher impedance than the encasing shale with relatively large positive values for R 0 . Class 2 gas sands have nearly the same impedance as the encasing shale and are characterized by values of R 0 near zero. Class 3 sands have lower impedance than the encasing shale with negative, large magnitude values for R 0 . Each of these sand classes has a distinct AVO characteristic.An example of a gas sand from each of the three classes is presented in the paper. The Class 1 example involves a Hartshorn channel sand from the Arkoma Basin. The Class 2 example considers a Miocene gas sand from the Brazos offshore area of the Gulf of Mexico. The Class 3 example is a Pliocene gas sand from the High Island offshore area of the Gulf of Mexico.
Raman Spectroscopy Studies of Metabolic Concentrations in Aqueous Solutions and Aqueous Humor Specimens (1995)

Individual concentrations of glucose, lactic acid, and urea down to 0.1 wt % have been investigated in aqueous solutions by the Raman scattering technique. These measurements have been conducted with three different laser excitation wavelengths at 514.5, 632.8, and 751.8 nm in conjunction with a single-grating spectrometer and a liquid nitrogen-cooled charge-coupled device (CCD). Rabbit and human aqueous humor specimens have also been studied by this method. In addition to a water background, the large fluorescence structure in the Raman spectra resulting from these aqueous humor specimens has been subtracted out by being fitted to a first-degree polynomial. Raman peaks similar to the stretching vibrations of methylene and methyl groups associated with glucose and lactate, respectively, were observed in the human specimens within the region from 2800 to 3050 cm −1 . Similar structure was observed from the rabbit specimens. In addition, a Raman peak, indicative of the carbon-nitrogen stretching mode of urea and various amino acids, was observed at 1006 cm −1 in all aqueous humor specimens. However, some of the Raman peaks in the rabbit specimens may have resulted from the euthanasia process.
Evidence for WT1 as a Wilms tumor (WT) gene: intragenic germinal deletion in bilateral WT. (1991)

The inactivation of two alleles at a locus on the short arm of chromosome 11 (band 11p13) has been suggested to be critical steps in the development of Wilms tumor (WT), a childhood kidney tumor. Two similar candidate WT cDNA clones (WT33 and LK15) have recently been identified on the basis of both their expression in fetal kidney and their location within the smallest region of overlap of somatic 11p13 deletions in some tumors. These homozygous deletions, however, are large and potentially affect more than one gene. Using a cDNA probe to the candidate gene, we have analyzed DNA from both normal and tumor tissue from WT patients, in an effort to detect rearrangements at this locus. We report here a patient with bilateral WT who is heterozygous for a small (less than 11 kb) germinal deletion within this candidate gene. DNA from both tumors is homozygous for this intragenic deletion allele, which, by RNA-PRC sequence analysis, is predicted to encode a protein truncated by 180 amino acids. These data support the identification of this locus as an 11p13 WT gene (WT1) and provide direct molecular data supporting the two-hit mutational model for WT.
Induction of stress proteins in cultured myogenic cells. Molecular signals for the activation of heat shock transcription factor during ischemia. (1992)

Expression of major stress proteins is induced rapidly in ischemic tissues, a response that may protect cells from ischemic injury. We have shown previously that transcriptional induction of heat-shock protein 70 by hypoxia results from activation of DNA binding of a preexisting, but inactive, pool of heat shock factor (HSF). To determine the intracellular signals generated in hypoxic or ischemic cells that trigger HSF activation, we examined the effects of glucose deprivation and the metabolic inhibitor rotenone on DNA-binding activity of HSF in cultured C2 myogenic cells grown under normoxic conditions. Whole-cell extracts were examined in gel mobility shift assays using a 39-bp synthetic oligonucleotide containing a consensus heat-shock element as probe. ATP pools were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography and intracellular pH (pHi) was measured using a fluorescent indicator. Glucose deprivation alone reduced the cellular ATP pool to 50% of control levels but failed to activate HSF. However, 2 x 10(-4) M rotenone induced DNA binding of HSF within 30 min, in association with a fall in ATP to 30% of control levels, and a fall in pHi from 7.3 to 6.9. Maneuvers (sodium propionate and amiloride) that lowered pHi to 6.7 without ATP depletion failed to activate HSF. Conversely, in studies that lowered ATP stores at normal pH (high K+/nigericin) we found induction of HSF-DNA binding activity. Our data indicate that the effects of ATP depletion alone are sufficient to induce the DNA binding of HSF when oxidative metabolism is impaired, and are consistent with a model proposed recently for transcriptional regulation of stress protein genes during ischemia.
The potential role of Demodex folliculorum mites and bacteria in the induction of rosacea. (2012)

Rosacea is a common dermatological condition that predominantly affects the&#13;\ncentral regions of the face. Rosacea affects up to 3% of the world’s population and&#13;\na number of subtypes are recognized. Rosacea can be treated with a variety of&#13;\nantibiotics (e.g. tetracycline or metronidazole) yet no role for bacteria or microbes&#13;\nin its aetiology has been conclusively established. The density of Demodex mites&#13;\nin the skin of rosacea patients is higher than in controls, suggesting a possible&#13;\nrole for these mites in the induction of this condition. In addition, Bacillus&#13;\noleronius, known to be sensitive to the antibiotics used to treat rosacea, has been&#13;\nisolated from a Demodex mite from a patient with papulopustular rosacea and a&#13;\npotential role for this bacterium in the induction of rosacea has been proposed.&#13;\nStaphylococcus epidermidis has been isolated predominantly from the pustules of&#13;\nrosacea patients but not from unaffected skin and may be transported around&#13;\nthe face by Demodex mites. These findings raise the possibility that rosacea is&#13;\nfundamentally a bacterial disease resulting from the over proliferation of Demodex&#13;\nmites living in skin damaged as a result of adverse weathering, age or the&#13;\nproduction of sebum with an altered fatty acid content. This review surveys the&#13;\nliterature relating to the role of Demodex mites and their associated bacteria in&#13;\nthe induction and persistence of rosacea and highlights possible therapeutic&#13;\noptions.
Functional epitope mapping of human interleukin-1 beta by surface plasmon resonance. (1997)

A panel of monoclonal antibodies to human IL-1 beta has been used to probe its conformational and functional characteristics. Real time antibody-protein interaction was assessed by surface plasmon resonance with a BIAcore apparatus, in order to determine the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the interaction and to map the recognition sites of the antibodies on the IL-1 beta surface. Topological analysis was thus compared to the inhibitory capacity of antibodies for IL-1 beta bioactivity and binding to the activating receptor IL-1RI. This functional mapping analysis allows the following hypothesis. At least two discrete areas of IL-1 beta, located within the sequences 133-147 and 177-186 (as defined by mAbs MhC1 and BRhD2, respectively), are apparently involved in IL-1RI-independent agonist activity, and thus possibly take part in the interaction with the receptor accessory protein IL-1RAcP. Another area in the 133-147 sequence (defined by mAb BRhC3) is involved in agonist binding to its receptor CDw121a (IL-1RI), whereas a site recognized by mAb BRhG5 within the sequence 218-243 is selectively responsible for non-agonist binding to the activating receptor. The loop between the 4th and the 5th beta-strand, at the open end of the IL-1 beta-barrel structure, may possibly take part in both non-agonist binding to IL-1RI and in the interaction with IL-1RAcP.
D(4) dopamine receptor differentially regulates Akt/nuclear factor-kappa b and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in D(4)MN9D cells. (2001)

The present study was designed to investigate the role of D(4) dopamine receptors in regulating the Akt/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. The D(4) dopamine receptor agonist PD168077 induced time- and dose-dependent activation of Akt and ERK in D(4)MN9D cells that stably express D(4) dopamine receptors. Maximal Akt and ERK stimulation was achieved at 1 microM PD168077. The agonist-mediated stimulations of Akt and ERK were abolished when cells were preincubated with 50 ng/ml PTX or with 1 microM L745,870, a D(4) dopamine receptor antagonist, indicating that activation of the Akt or ERK pathways is mediated by D(4) dopamine receptors and require a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. We also detected a time- and dose-dependent activation of NF-kappa B. Activation of NF-kappa B by 1 microM PD168077 was attenuated in D(4)MN9D cells that were transfected with a kinase-deficient Akt but not in cells transfected with a dominant negative Ras (N17Ras), suggesting that NF-kappa B activation requires Akt but is independent of Ras. In contrast, the transfection of N17Ras into D(4)MN9D cells blunted D(4) dopamine receptor-mediated ERK activation, indicating a Ras-dependent mechanism. Moreover, PP2 (20 nM), an inhibitor of Src, blocked D(4) receptor-mediated SHC phosphorylation and ERK activation. In contrast, transfection of a kinase-dead Akt did not alter D(4) receptor-stimulated ERK. However, PP2 and the mitogen activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor PD98059 did not change D(4) receptor-mediated Akt/NF-kappa B activation. All these indicate that distinct mechanisms mediate ERK and Akt/NF-kappa B activation by D(4) dopamine receptor stimulation. We also demonstrated that D(4) receptor-stimulated cell proliferation is mediated by the Src/SHC/Ras/ERK pathway.
Aortic input impedance in normal man and arterial hypertension: its modification during changes in aortic pressure (1982)

The purpose of this work was to study the factors determining aortic input impedance in hypertensive patients. Aortic input impedance (simultaneous measurements of aortic pressure and blood flow), mean (Wm) and pulsatile (Wp) powers and the Wp/Wm ratio were compared in normal subjects (n = 13) and hypertensive patients (n = 12) under basal conditions and during blood pressure manipulation--angiotensin infusion in five normal patients and nitroprusside infusion in six hypertensive patients. Pulse wave velocity (Möens-Korteweg equation; simultaneous measurement of aortic pressure and radius) was determined under basal conditions in normal subjects and in 11 hypertensive patients. The results show that: 1) the changes in impedance curves in hypertensive patients are related to increased peripheral resistance, pulse wave velocity, wave reflection and aortic radius; 2) in most hypertensive patients impedance curves are normalised when blood pressure is reduced, whereas the Wp/Wm ratio remains higher. This latter result demonstrates that pulsatile energy losses are greater in hypertensive patients and suggests either that the aortic wall remains stiffer, despite the reduction in aortic pressure, or that the flow wave becomes more pulsatile since impedance curves of hypertensive patients seen after lowering blood pressure are similar to those of normal subjects.