gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques (2nd edition) (2006)

The book Knowledge Discovery in Databases, edited by Piatetsky-Shapiro and Frawley [PSF91], is an early collection of research papers on knowledge discovery from data. The book Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, edited by Fayyad, Piatetsky-Shapiro, Smyth, and Uthurusamy [FPSSe96], is a collection of later research results on knowledge discovery and data mining. There have been many data mining books published in recent years, including Predictive Data Mining by Weiss and Indurkhya [WI98], Data Mining Solutions: Methods and Tools for Solving Real-World Problems by Westphal and Blaxton [WB98], Mastering Data Mining: The Art and Science of Customer Relationship Management by Berry and Linofi [BL99], Building Data Mining Applications for CRM by Berson, Smith, and Thearling [BST99], Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques by Witten and Frank [WF05], Principles of Data Mining (Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning) by Hand, Mannila, and Smyth [HMS01], The Elements of Statistical Learning by Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman [HTF01], Data Mining: Introductory and Advanced Topics by Dunham, and Data Mining: Multimedia, Soft Computing, and Bioinformatics by Mitra and Acharya [MA03]. There are also books containing collections of papers on particular aspects of knowledge discovery, such as Machine Learning and Data Mining: Methods and Applications edited by Michalski, Brakto, and Kubat [MBK98], and Relational Data Mining edited by Dzeroski and Lavrac [De01], as well as many tutorial notes on data mining in major database, data mining and machine learning conferences.
A Comparison Between Square and Hexagonal Sampling Methods for Pipeline Image Processing (1990)

The majority of machine vision systems derive their input data by digitising an image to produce a square grid of sampled points. However, other sampling techniques can represent equal picture information in a smaller number of samples, with a consequent reduction in data rate. Several workers have looked at regular hexagonal sampling of images which produces optimum data rates for a given information content. Previous work on hexagonal sampling by the authors and others, has shown that image processing operators are computationally more efficient, and as accurate, as their square counterparts. Historically, one factor which has lead to the predominance of square sampling in vision systems, is that this produces images which are more visually pleasing to human observers. This paper describes an investigation of machine vision systems performing industrial inspection tasks, which suggests that in such applications, hexagonal systems out-perform square systems. In particular hexagonal operators can follow tight curves more accurately, allowing better surface defect detection. A surprising observation of this work was that with such images, hexagonal sampling also gave images which were more visually pleasing to human operators. The paper presents a study of sampling point geometry and operator design. Details are given of an implementation of a set of hexagonal, grey-scale operators for use in pipeline or other image processing systems, and a comparison of square and hexagonal techniques has been made. Results of operations on real and simulated surface defect images are given for both sampling systems and the requirement for a defect detection figure of merit identified.
Understanding plant response to nitrogen limitation for the improvement of crop nitrogen use efficiency (2010)

Development of genetic varieties with improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is essential for sustainable agriculture. Generally, NUE can be divided into two parts. First, assimilation efficiency involves nitrogen (N) uptake and assimilation and second utilization efficiency involves N remobilization. Understanding the mechanisms regulating these processes is crucial for the improvement of NUE in crop plants. One important approach is to develop an understanding of the plant response to different N regimes, especially to N limitation, using various methods including transcription profiling, analysing mutants defective in their normal response to N limitation, and studying plants that show better growth under N-limiting conditions. One can then attempt to improve NUE in crop plants using the knowledge gained from these studies. There are several potential genetic and molecular approaches for the improvement of crop NUE discussed in this review. Increased knowledge of how plants respond to different N levels as well as to other environmental conditions is required to achieve this.
The Interaction of Value and Momentum Strategies (1997)

Value and momentum strategies both have demonstrated power to predict the cross-section of stock returns, but are these strategies related? Measures of momentum and value are negatively correlated across stocks, yet each is positively related to the cross-section of average stock returns. We examine whether the marginal power of value or momentum differs depending upon the level of the other variable. Value strategies work, in general, but are strongest among low-momentum (loser) stocks and weakest among high-momentum (winner) stocks. The momentum strategy works, in general, but is particularly strong among low-value (expensive) stocks. These results hold despite finding comparable spreads in value measures among stocks with different levels of momentum and comparable spreads in the momentum measure among stocks with different levels of value. Any explanation for why value and momentum work must explain this interaction.
Phase Separation of Carbon Nanotubes and Turbostratic Graphite Using a Functional Organic Polymer (2000)

Nanotubes are rich in potential applications, but they are very difficult to purify, and yields are often less than 1 %. The solution presented here is to suspend nanotubes in a polymer matrix, which then acts as a filtration system. Incorporation is achieved by sonication, followed by a period of settling, during which the amorphous material falls out, leaving a highly pure sample of nanotubes (see Figure) that contains virtually no other carbonaceous material.
Near-field optical scanning microscopy in reflection (1988)

The resolution of near-field optical scanning microscopy (NFOS) is determined by the dimensions of the microscopic light source rather than the diffraction limit. To demonstrate NFOS in reflection, intensity changes in the (backward) scattering from a 70–100 nm diam hole in a metal film were recorded while the sample was scanned in close proximity to this aperture. Raster-scan images of a planar metal test pattern yield a resolution comparable to the size of the aperture.
High-Throughput Multiplex Sequencing to Discover Copy Number Variants in Drosophila (2009)

Copy number variation (CNV) contributes in phenotypically relevant ways to the genetic variability of many organisms. Cost-effective genomewide methods for identifying copy number variation are necessary to elucidate the contribution that these structural variants make to the genomes of model organisms. We have developed a novel approach for the identification of copy number variation by next generation sequencing. As a proof of concept our method has been applied to map the deletions of three Drosophila deficiency strains. We demonstrate that low sequence coverage is sufficient for identifying and mapping large deletions at kilobase resolution, suggesting that data generated from high-throughput sequencing experiments are sufficient for simultaneously analyzing many strains. Genomic DNA from two Drosophila deficiency stocks was barcoded and sequenced in multiplex, and the breakpoints associated with each deletion were successfully identified. The approach we describe is immediately applicable to the systematic exploration of copy number variation in model organisms and humans.
PDGF and FGF stimulate wound healing in the genetically diabetic mouse. (1990)

To examine the effects of recombinant growth factors in vivo, impaired wound healing was studied in genetically diabetic C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. Large full-thickness skin wounds made on the backs of these mice exhibited significant delays in the entry of inflammatory cells into the wound, the formation of granulation tissue, and in wound closure when compared to their nondiabetic littermates. Recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor (rPDGF-BB, 1 or 10 micrograms), recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (rbFGF, 1 micrograms), or combinations of both were applied topically to the wounds for 5 to 14 days after wounding. Diabetic mouse wounds treated with rPDGF-BB or rbFGF had many more fibroblasts and capillaries in the wound bed at 10 and 21 days than did wounds treated with the vehicle alone. The animals treated with growth factors also had significantly greater wound closure at 21 days than those treated with the vehicle. Combinations of rPDGF-BB and rbFGF improved all parameters of healing but not to a greater extent than either growth factor alone. The effectiveness of rPDGF-BB and rbFGF suggest that recombinant growth factors may be useful in the treatment of patients with deficient wound repair.
Acquired Ichthyosis in a Patient With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (1990)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Skin lesions occur in up to 85% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The most common lesions include malar butterfly rash and photosensitivity dermatitis.<sup>1,2</sup>Uncommon manifestations include porphyria, lichen planus, and psoriasis.<sup>1</sup>We describe a patient who developed an acquired ichthyosis at the same time that symptoms of SLE began, and disappeared when lupus manifestations regressed under treatment. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 31-year-old woman who was 20 weeks pregnant presented with a 1-month history of fever, polyarthritis, and pericarditic chest pain. She had skin changes that began at the onset of her disease. Family and personal history were unremarkable. Her temperature was 38.3°C, skin and mucous membranes were pale, and mouth ulcers were present. There were dry, hyperpigmented, well-demarcated scaly areas on her trunk, arms, and thighs, as well as a fine diffuse scaling. Her lungs were normal, and there was a pericardial
β-amyloid-Derived Free Radical Oxidation (1997)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) research has progressed greatly since the first description of AD by Alzheimer (1) very early in this century. Three pathological hallmarks of AD are: 1. The presence in certain brain regions of senile plaques (SP), entities composed of aggregated β-amyloid surrounded by dystrophic neurites and other moieties; 2. Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), primarily composed of phosphorylated τ, a cytoskeletal protein, and other moieties; and 3. Loss of synapses (2–4).
Induced pluripotent stem cells: epigenetic memories and practical implications (2010)

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may be obtained by direct reprogramming of different somatic cells to a pluripotent state by forced expression of a handful of transcription factors. It was generally assumed that iPSCs are functionally equivalent to their embryonic stem cell (ESC) counterparts. Recently, a number of research groups have demonstrated that this is not the case, showing that iPSCs retain 'epigenetic memory' of the donor tissue from which they were derived and display skewed differentiation potential. This raises the question whether such cells are fit for experimental, diagnostic or therapeutic purpose. A brief survey of the literature illustrates that differences at both epigenetic and transcriptome level are observed between various pluripotent stem cell populations. Interestingly, iPSC populations with perceived 'anomalies' can be coaxed to a more ESC-like cellular state either by continuous passaging--which attenuates these epigenetic differences--or treatment with small molecules that target the machinery responsible for remodelling the genome. This suggests that the establishment of an epigenetic status approximating an ESC counterpart is largely a passive process. The mechanisms responsible remain to be established. Meanwhile, other areas of reprogramming are rapidly evolving such as, trans-differentiation of one somatic cell type to another by the forced expression of key transcription factors. When it comes to assessing their practical usefulness, the same question will also apply.
Plasma desorption mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins adsorbed on nitrocellulose (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPlasma desorption mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins adsorbed on nitrocelluloseGunnar P. Jonsson, Allan B. Hedin, Per L. Hakansson, Bo U. R. Sundqvist, B. Goeran S. Saeve, Per F. Nielsen, Peter. Roepstorff, Karl Erik. Johansson, Ivan. Kamensky, and Maria S. L. LindbergCite this: Anal. Chem. 1986, 58, 6, 1084–1087Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00297a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00297a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views293Altmetric-Citations223LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Machine Learning-Assisted Discovery of Solid Li-Ion Conducting Materials (2018)

We discover many new crystalline solid materials with fast single crystal Li ion conductivity at room temperature, discovered through density functional theory simulations guided by machine learning-based methods. The discovery of new solid Li superionic conductors is of critical importance to the development of safe all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. With a predictive universal structure–property relationship for fast ion conduction not well understood, the search for new solid Li ion conductors has relied largely on trial-and-error computational and experimental searches over the last several decades. In this work, we perform a guided search of materials space with a machine learning (ML)-based prediction model for material selection and density functional theory molecular dynamics (DFT-MD) simulations for calculating ionic conductivity. These materials are screened from over 12 000 experimentally synthesized and characterized candidates with very diverse structures and compositions. When compared to a random search of materials space, we find that the ML-guided search is 2.7 times more likely to identify fast Li ion conductors, with at least a 44 times improvement in the log-average of room temperature Li ion conductivity. The F1 score of the ML-based model is 0.50, 3.5 times better than the F1 score expected from completely random guesswork. In a head-to-head competition against six Ph.D. students working in the field, we find that the ML-based model doubles the F1 score of human experts in its ability to identify fast Li-ion conductors from atomistic structure with a 1000-fold increase in speed, clearly demonstrating the utility of this model for the research community. In addition to having high predicted Li-ion conductivity, all materials reported here lack transition metals to enhance stability against reduction by the Li metal anode and are predicted to exhibit low electronic conduction, high stability against oxidation, and high thermodynamic stability, making them promising candidates for solid-state electrolyte applications on these several essential metrics.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling Pathway as an Emerging Target in Hematologic Malignancies (2001)

Angiogenesis is important in a variety of physiologic and pathologic disorders. It is a central element in embryogenesis, ovulation, wound healing, diabetic retinopathy, and rheumatoid arthritis and in the establishment and spread of malignant tumors. Angiogenic factors include direct angiogens, indirect angiogens, and integrins. Direct angiogens stimulate the formation of new blood vessels directly. Indirect angiogens promote neovascular formation by paracrine stimulation of direct angiogens. Integrins mediate interactions between the developing vessels and components of the extracellular matrix. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a principal direct angiogen. By binding to 1 of 3 receptors (VEGFR-1, -2, or -3), it influences vasculogenesis during embryogenesis, physiologic and neoplastic angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. Although the importance of angiogenesis in solid tumors has been recognized for some time, its exact significance in hematologic malignancies is less clear. Evidence now suggests that VEGF has a major role in the development and progression of hematologic malignancies such as acute leukemia, chronic leukemia, myelodysplasia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Potential therapeutic interventions to interrupt the VEGF signaling pathway of malignancy include antibodies that neutralize the growth factor and small molecules that inhibit the receptor tyrosine kinase activity of VEGF receptors.
Molecular Epidemiology of Norovirus in Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis in Southwest Germany from 2001 to 2004 (2006)

The identification and molecular epidemiology of norovirus in outbreaks of gastroenteritis were studied during a 3-year period in Germany. Specimens (n = 316) from 159 nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks from March 2001 to June 2004 were analyzed for the presence of noroviruses by reverse transcriptase PCR. Outbreaks were most frequent in elderly people's homes and care centers (43%), followed by hospitals (24%). Molecular analyses of strains from 148 outbreaks showed that there were up to 12 genotypes involved in the outbreaks. Genogroup II noroviruses were responsible for 95% of the outbreaks. Cocirculation of more than one strain in the same outbreak and cocirculation of genogroup I and II strains in the same place were observed. Genogroup II4 (Grimsby-like) was the most prevalent strain, accounting for 48% and 67% of the outbreaks in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The genogroup IIb (Castell/Suria) genotype was observed in all the years of the study. Epidemiological and molecular data indicated that there was a major shift of the predominant strain that coincided with the appearance of a new variant of genogroup II4 in 2002. By the application of reverse transcriptase PCR, this study has demonstrated the importance and dynamism of noroviruses in Germany.
Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized Organozinc Compounds by the Direct Insertion of Zinc into Organic Iodides and Bromides (2006)

Insider dealing: A wide range of polyfunctional (hetero)aromatic and aliphatic zinc reagents can be easily prepared in THF. The compounds are formed by a Zn insertion reaction mediated by the addition of LiCl (see scheme; All=allyl). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2006/z601450_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A Pre-RNA Candidate Revisited:  Both Enantiomers of Flexible Nucleoside Triphosphates are DNA Polymerase Substrates (2007)

One of the earliest proposed pre-RNA candidates is the flexible nucleic acid (FNA) structure based on the mixed acetal aminal of formyl glycerol. FNA achieves dramatic stereochemical simplification by formally deleting the 2‘-CHOH group of RNA, thereby replacing the four RNA stereocenters with a single (pro)stereocenter. Despite the documented inability of FNA to form stable duplexes with DNA, flexible nucleoside triphosphates (fNTPs) are substrates for DNA polymerases. Consistent with early predictions, FNA chirality is unimportant as polymerases accept both (S)- and (R)-fNTP antipodes. These results provide a renewed basis for positing FNA as a viable informational molecule.
El desarrollo de los estudios sobre Comunicación desde una perspectiva interdisciplinaria (2014)

Los estudios sobre comunicación han evolucionado desde mediados del siglo XX desde una forma estándar “emisor-receptor” a formas más complejas que revalorizan el papel del receptor inserto en el flujo comunicacional como mediador y productor de contenidos. Esta etapa destaca el papel de la interacción sobre aquella que privilegiaba meramente la trasmisión de información de unos pocos centros a una multiplicidad de receptores. No obstante, a este relevante paso adelante cabe incorporar la experiencia y el saber construido que proviene de diversas prácticas comunicacionales, inclui-das las artísticas, a efectos de considerar al fenómeno comunicacional desde la polifonía propia que lo caracteriza. Este proceso complejiza por cierto los abordajes del fenómeno comunicacional pero, a cambio, trata de percibirlo en su riqueza, en su evolución permanente y, fundamentalmente, a través de la creatividad que le es propia. Desde esta perspectiva se aspira a proporcionar una conceptualización del fenómeno que señale ...
Reduction of trans-4,5-Dihydroxy-1,2-dithiane by Cellular Oxidoreductases Activates gadd153/chop andgrp78 Transcription and Induces Cellular Tolerance in Kidney Epithelial Cells (1997)

trans-4,5-Dihydroxy-1,2-dithiane, the intramolecular disulfide form of dithiothreitol (DTTox) transcriptionally activates the stress-responsive genes gadd153(chop) and grp78. Herein, we used a renal epithelial cell line, LLC-PK1, to investigate the mechanism(s) whereby DTTox activates a molecular stress response. DTTox activated both grp78 and gadd153 transcriptionally, but gadd153 mRNA stability also increased suggesting that both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms are involved. DTTox did not activate hsp70 transcription indicating that a heat shock response was not induced. Structure-activity studies showed that DTTox analogues lacking the intramolecular disulfide were inactive. Furthermore, the ring-open intermolecular disulfide form of DTTox, 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide, was only a weak inducer of grp78 and gadd153 but was a strong inducer of hsp70 mRNA and a potent oxidant that lowered the NADPH/NADP+ ratio and depleted reduced glutathione (GSH). DTTox had little effect on the overall GSH and NADPH levels; thus cells were not undergoing oxidative stress; however, the NADPH/NADP+ ratio decreased slightly indicating that reducing equivalents were consumed. LLC-PK1 cells reduced DTTox to DTT, and the kinetics as well as the concentration dependence for reduction correlated with induction of both grp78 and gadd153 mRNA. Prior treatment with DTTox rendered cells tolerant to the potent nephrotoxicant S-(1,1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine. Bacitracin, an inhibitor of plasma membrane oxidoreductases, blocked DTTox reduction and gene activation as well as DTTox-induced tolerance. Thus, activation of stress genes and induction of cellular tolerance by DTTox is mediated by a novel mechanism involving cellular oxidoreductases.