gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RELATIVE EASE OF CYCLIZATION OF 2-, 3-, AND 4-AMINOPYRIDINE DERIVATIVES. SYNTHESIS OF NAPHTHYRIDINES1 (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRELATIVE EASE OF CYCLIZATION OF 2-, 3-, AND 4-AMINOPYRIDINE DERIVATIVES. SYNTHESIS OF NAPHTHYRIDINES1CHARLES R. HAUSER and GEORGE A. REYNOLDSCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1950, 15, 6, 1224–1232Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1950https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01152a016RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1556Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (547 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Platelet-Activating Factor Mediates CD40-Dependent Angiogenesis and Endothelial-Smooth Muscle Cell Interaction (2003)

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether stimulation of CD40 expressed by endothelial or smooth muscle cells triggers the synthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF), an inflammatory mediator with angiogenic properties, and whether PAF contributes to CD40-induced neoangiogenesis. The results obtained indicate that the interaction of CD40 with soluble CD154 or with CD154 expressed on the membrane of leukocytes (CD154-transfected J558 cells) or of activated platelets, stimulated the synthesis of PAF by endothelial cells but not by smooth cells. The synthesis of PAF triggered by activated platelets was inhibited by a soluble CD40-murine Ig fusion protein that prevents the interaction between membrane CD40 and CD154. Studies with specific inhibitors and evaluation of protein phosphorylation indicated the involvement in PAF synthesis of two intracellular signaling pathways leading to cytosolic phospholipase A(2) activation: a phospholipase Cgamma-protein kinase C-Raf-p42/p44-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and a MAPK kinase-3/6-dependent activation of p38 MAPK. PAF synthesized by endothelial cells after CD40 stimulation was instrumental in the in vitro migration and vessel-like organization of endothelial cells, and in the interaction between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, as inferred by the inhibitory effect of two different PAF receptor antagonists, WEB2170 and CV3988. In vivo, blockade of PAF receptors prevented the angiogenic effect triggered by CD40 stimulation in a murine model of s.c. Matrigel implantation. In conclusion, these observations indicate that PAF synthesis induced by stimulation of endothelial CD40 contributes to the formation and organization of new vessels. This may be relevant in the vascular remodeling associated with tumor and inflammatory neoangiogenesis.
Effect of Fumaric Acid, Its Dimethylester, and Topical Antipsoriatic Drugs on Epidermal Differentiation in the Mouse Tail Model (1996)

Fumaric acid, fumaric acid dimethylester, and the dithranol derivative C4-lactone were studied in the mouse tail test to evaluate their effects on epidermal cell differentiation compared with other topical antipsoriatic drugs, such as betamethasone, calcipotriol, and dithranol. Mouse tails were treated for 2 weeks and longitudinal histological sections prepared of the tail skin. The length of the orthokeratotic regions (stratum granulosum) was measured on 10 sequential scales per tail and expressed as percentage of the full length of the scale. In addition, epidermal thickness was measured and the efficacy of the various compounds evaluated. In comparison to 2% salicylic acid ointment, all tested compounds except fumaric acid significantly (p < or = 0.05) increased the proportion of the orthokeratotic region. C4-lactone and calcipotriol were less effective than dithranol, fumaric acid dimethylester only moderately influenced cell differentiation, and betamethasone showed the least potent effect. Dithranol was the most potent substance inducing orthokeratosis without increasing epidermal thickness.
Fundamentals of Human Hair Science (1997)

Protein chemistry the chemistry of some proteins relevant to human hair protein synthesis and analysis conformation of hair proteins the hair follicle structure of the fully-formed hair shaft the hair's outer surface mechanical properties of hair cosmetic treatments of hair.
Quantum Limits in Interferometric Measurements (1990)

Quantum noise limits the sensitivity of interferometric measurements. It is generally admitted that it leads to an ultimate sensitivity, the ``standard quantum limit''. Using a semi-classical analysis of quantum noise, we show that a judicious use of squeezed states allows one in principle to push the sensitivity beyond this limit. This general method could be applied to large scale interferometers designed for gravitational wave detection.
Low ejection fraction is not a contraindication to off-pump coronary artery surgery. (2001)

Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and severe left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) have a bleak prognosis despite recent advances in medical therapy, with an estimated two-year survival rate of only 30% [Isom 1975, Cosgrove 1984]. Although cardiac transplantation is an effective treatment for end stage cardiomyopathy, limited donor availability and high mortality among patients on the waiting list make transplantation an increasingly limited option. Myocardial revascularization prevents further ischemic injury to functional myocardium, restores function to hibernating myocardium, and has been shown to improve survival in patients with moderate to severe LVD [Isom 1975, Faulkner 1977]. Three large control trials of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) versus medical management have shown that patients with three vessel CAD and mild to moderate LVD (35%-50%) have better survival with CABG [Faulkner 1977, Tyras 1984, CASS 1983]. Cohort studies [Bounous 1988] of patients with LVEF of < 35% have shown that it is exactly this population of patients who will benefit most from revascularization, particularly if they have symptoms of angina. It is difficult to predict the actual operative mortality in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction who undergo CABG. When only patients with LVEF, less than 35% are considered. Results of CABG are confusing because mortality rates range from 1.6% to almost 40%
Suppressor of hairless directly activates transcription of enhancer of split complex genes in response to Notch receptor activity. (1995)

We have investigated the functional relationships among three loci that are required for multiple alternative cell fate decisions during adult peripheral neurogenesis in Drosophila: Notch (N), which encodes a transmembrane receptor protein, Suppressor of Hairless [Su(H)], which encodes a DNA-binding transcription factor, and the Enhancer of split gene complex [E(spl)-C], which includes seven transcription units that encode basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) repressor proteins. We describe several lines of evidence establishing that Su(H) directly activates transcription of E(spl)-C genes in response to N receptor activity. Expression of an activated form of the N receptor leads to elevated and ectopic E(spl)-C transcript accumulation and promoter activity in imaginal discs. We show that the proximal upstream regions of three E(spl)-C genes contain multiple specific binding sites for Su(H). The integrity of these sites, as well as Su(H) gene activity, are required not only for normal levels of expression of E(spl)-C genes in imaginal disc proneural clusters, but also for their transcriptional response to hyperactivity of the N receptor. Our results establish Su(H) as a direct regulatory link between N receptor activity and the expression of E(spl)-C genes, extending the known linear structure of the N cell-cell signaling pathway.
A Family of Insulin-Like Growth Factor II mRNA-Binding Proteins Represses Translation in Late Development (1999)

Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is a major fetal growth factor. The IGF-II gene generates multiple mRNAs with different 5' untranslated regions (5' UTRs) that are translated in a differential manner during development. We have identified a human family of three IGF-II mRNA-binding proteins (IMPs) that exhibit multiple attachments to the 5' UTR from the translationally regulated IGF-II leader 3 mRNA but are unable to bind to the 5' UTR from the constitutively translated IGF-II leader 4 mRNA. IMPs contain the unique combination of two RNA recognition motifs and four hnRNP K homology domains and are homologous to the Xenopus Vera and chicken zipcode-binding proteins. IMP localizes to subcytoplasmic domains in a growth-dependent and cell-specific manner and causes a dose-dependent translational repression of IGF-II leader 3 -luciferase mRNA. Mouse IMPs are produced in a burst at embryonic day 12.5 followed by a decline towards birth, and, similar to IGF-II, IMPs are especially expressed in developing epithelia, muscle, and placenta in both mouse and human embryos. The results imply that cytoplasmic 5' UTR-binding proteins control IGF-II biosynthesis during late mammalian development.
Interface between tauopathies and synucleinopathies: A tale of two proteins (2006)

Neurodegenerative diseases are often classified based on the abnormal accumulation of synuclein or tau. Traditionally, these disorders have been viewed as distinct clinical and pathological entities. However, advances in molecular genetics and protein biochemistry have shown intriguing overlaps. The most common synucleinopathy, Parkinson's disease, is characterized by extrapyramidal motor dysfunction, whereas the most common tauopathy, Alzheimer's disease, is defined by dementia. Yet there is overlap of clinical features; Parkinson's disease patients frequently have dementia, and Alzheimer's disease patients often manifest parkinsonism. Dementia with Lewy bodies exemplifies the existence of a continuum among these diseases. This overlap extends to the neuropathological findings; the pathognomonic hallmark for one set of disorders, Lewy bodies or neurofibrillary tangles, is present more often than expected in the other set. Moreover, mutations in LRRK2 known to cause parkinsonism are associated not only with dopaminergic neuronal degeneration, but also with the accumulation of synuclein, tau, neither, or both proteins. Other shared genetic features between tauopathies and synucleinopathies also exist. Finally, the known protein interactions between tau and synuclein further highlight the interface. Evidence for the intersection of tauopathies and synucleinopathies indicates the need for an updated disease classification scheme and may have important implications for therapeutic development.
Mechanism and Kinetics of Electrochemical Hydrogen Entry and Degradation of Metallic Systems (1990)

▪ Abstract The phase-field method has recently emerged as a powerful computational approach to modeling and predicting mesoscale morphological and microstructure evolution in materials. It describes a microstructure using a set of conserved and ...Read More
Molecular assays for the detection of microRNAs in prostate cancer (2009)

Research prototype real-time TMA assays for microRNAs provide accurate and reproducible quantitation using 10 nanograms of input total RNA. These assays can also be used directly with tissue specimens, without the need for a preanalytic RNA isolation step, and thus provide a high-throughput method of microRNA profiling in clinical specimens.
Soluble α-Klotho in Liver Cirrhosis and Alcoholism (2019)

Alcohol consumption in non-alcoholics is inversely related to sKl, but alcoholic cirrhotics showed higher-than-normal sKl values in association with liver function derangement. In hepatoma cells, the intensity of Klotho staining was related to faster tumor progression and a shortened life span. Among severe alcoholic cirrhotics sKl is directly related to serum TNF-α levels, and, inversely, to brain atrophy. Given the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrogenic effects of Klotho, perhaps the increase in cirrhosis (and in other inflammatory conditions, such as sepsis or cancer) reflects an attempt to regulate increased inflammation, but clinical and experimental research is urgently needed in this field.
Interaction of fibronectin and fibronectin binding protein (FnBP) ofStaphylococcus aureuswith murine phagocytes and lymphocytes (1992)

In the present study we examined the in vitro and in vivo interactions of a cloned staphylococcal fibronectin binding protein (FnBP) and plasma fibronectin (Fn) with polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and macrophages, and how antibodies against FnBP affect the phagocytosis process in vitro. Moreover, the interaction of FnBP and Fn coupled on latex beads as 'artificial bacteria' and 'artificially opsonized bacteria' with murine spleen cells and peritoneal macrophages was tested. The major finding of the present study is that antibodies against the FnBP of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and low concentration of antibodies recognized two IgG-binding domains of protein A (SpA) are effective in the promotion of phagocytosis in vitro. It was also observed that FnBP has a chemoattractant activity and causes accumulation of PMNs and macrophages in the mouse peritoneal cavity when injected 24 h before irritation of peritoneal exudate. It seems likely that this activity is connected with binding to Fn molecules since formalin inactivation of FnBP (60%) abolished it. In the in vitro phagocytosis assay in the presence of FnBP (in a medium supplemented with serum depleted of Fn), ingestion of bacteria by phagocytes was identical to assay carried out in the presence of BSA. However, addition of plasma fibronectin caused an increased uptake of bacteria by macrophages and to a lesser degree by PMNs. We observed that in a population of normal splenocytes, those cells that effectively bound FnBP- and Fn-coated latex beads were mostly those cells exhibiting macrophage and dendritic morphology. In populations of spleen cells of animal infected with S. aureus, T lymphocytes were also found to bind FnBP- and Fn-coated latex beads. These data suggest that FnBP may have the ability to promote aggregation of immune cells, either directly or by interaction with plasma Fn, which can be helpful in certain cell-cell interactions taking place at the initial stages of specific immune response.
Astrocyte‐derived kynurenic acid modulates basal and evoked cortical acetylcholine release (2009)

We tested the hypothesis that fluctuations in the levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA), an endogenous antagonist of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor, modulate extracellular ACh levels in the medial prefrontal cortex in rats. Decreases in cortical KYNA levels were achieved by local perfusion of S-ESBA, a selective inhibitor of the astrocytic enzyme kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II), which catalyses the formation of KYNA from its precursor L-kynurenine. At 5 mm, S-ESBA caused a 30% reduction in extracellular KYNA levels, which was accompanied by a two-threefold increase in basal cortical ACh levels. Co-perfusion of KYNA in the endogenous range (100 nm), which by itself tended to reduce basal ACh levels, blocked the ability of S-ESBA to raise extracellular ACh levels. KYNA perfusion (100 nm) also prevented the evoked ACh release caused by d-amphetamine (2.0 mg/kg). This effect was duplicated by the systemic administration of kynurenine (50 mg/kg), which resulted in a significant increase in cortical KYNA formation. Jointly, these data indicate that astrocytes, by producing and releasing KYNA, have the ability to modulate cortical cholinergic neurotransmission under both basal and stimulated conditions. As cortical KYNA levels are elevated in individuals with schizophrenia, and in light of the established role of cortical ACh in executive functions, our findings suggest that drugs capable of attenuating the production of KYNA may be of benefit in the treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
Dual sgRNAs facilitate CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated mouse genome targeting (2014)

The bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) system is a versatile RNA-guided mammalian genome modification system. One-step generation of mouse genome targeting has been achieved by co-microinjection of one-cell stage embryos with Cas9 mRNA and small/single guide (sg)RNA. Many studies have focused on enhancing the efficiency of this system. In the present study, we report that simultaneous use of dual sgRNAs to target an individual gene significantly improved the Cas9-mediated genome targeting with a bi-allelic modification efficiency of up to 78%. We further observed that the target gene modifications were characterized by efficient germline transmission and site-dependent off-target effects, and also that the apolipoprotein E gene knockout-mediated defects in blood biochemical parameters were recapitulated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated heritable gene modification. Our results provide a dual sgRNAs strategy to facilitate CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mouse genome targeting.
The TI:Sapphire Ring Laser Gyroscope (1999)

Abstract : This dissertation studied the Ti:sapphire laser as a pulsed ring laser gyroscope. Several new cavity designs were demonstrated, including a saturable absorber mode-locked laser gyroscope, a linear cavity laser, a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser gyroscope, and a solid-state mutual Kerr-lens mode-locked ring gyroscope. A solid-state ring laser gyroscope using a dye-jet saturable absorber was studied for the first time. This laser produced the lowest beat frequencies recorded in a pulsed laser (10 Hz with a 10 Hz bandwidth) and also the narrowest beat note bandwidth at 0.85 Hz. This low beat frequency bandwidth corresponds to a nonreciprocal change in optical path length of 7x10(exp -15) meters. A sensitive technique to measure the intensity dependent refractive index, n2, was developed using this laser. Null-bias dithering was demonstrated for the first time using an electro-optic modulator. A new method of extracting the average beat frequency from a dithered laser was discovered and the experimental result was verified with an analytic solution. A novel linear cavity with two pulses in the cavity was used for the first time to measure electro-optic coefficients. This laser can be analyzed as an extremely elongated ring laser with the difference being that the pulses are indistinguishable which implies no bias beat frequency. Kerr-lens mode-locking was demonstrated for the first time in a ring laser gyroscope. This laser employed both passive negative and positive feedback in the same Kerr element. Both continuous wave operation and Q-switched mode-locked operation were demonstrated without lock-in. A novel method of stabilizing the crossing point in a ring laser was demonstrated by using mutual Kerr-lens mode-locking which resulted in a bidirectional, solid-state ring laser. Finally a bidirectional OPO ring gyroscope was designed.
The UC Berkeley System for Interactive Visualization of Large Architectural Models (1996)

Realistic-looking architectural models with furniture may consist of millions of polygons and require gigabytes of data—far than today's workstations can render at interactive frame rates or store in physical memory. We have developed data structures and algorithms for identifying a small portion of a large model to load into memory and render during each frame of an interactive walkthrough. Our algorithms rely upon an efficient display database that represents a building model as a set of objects, each of which can be described at multiple levels of detail, and contains an index of spatial cells with precomputed cell-to-cell and cell-to-object visibility information. As the observer moves through the model interactively, a real-time visibility algorithm traces sightline beams through transparent cell boundaries to determine a small set of objects potentially visible to the observer. An optimization algorithm dynamically selects a level of detail and rendering algorithm with which to display each potentially visible object to meet a userspecified target frame time. Throughout, memory management algorithms predict observer motion and prefetch objects from disk that may become visible during imminent frames. This paper describes an interactive building walkthrough system that uses these data structures and algorithms to maintain interactive frame rates during visualization of very large models. So far, the implementation supports models whose major occluding surfaces are axis-aligned rectangles (e.g., typical buildings). This system is able to maintain over twenty frames per second with little noticeable detail elision during interactive walkthroughs of a building model containing over one million polygons.
Correlation of tolerogenicity of a viral antigen with its immunogenicity (1997)

Induction of B cell tolerance or activation was analyzed with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) glycoprotein (G) expressed as a neo-self Ag. A membrane form of VSV-G expressed in all tissues, including the bone marrow, induced unresponsiveness at both the Th and B cell level, whereas a soluble form of VSV-G expressed peripherally in liver and kidney did not tolerize B cells and only reversibly anergized Th cells. Interestingly, a similar correlation was found for activation of mature lymphocytes. When mature normal spleen cells were transferred into the two transgenic mouse lines, the membrane form of VSV-G was strongly immunogenic for both Th and B cells, and high VSV-G-specific IgG Ab titers were induced in these transgenic mice. In contrast, spleen cells transferred into mice expressing the soluble form of VSV-G were not activated, and no VSV-G specific Abs were induced. These results indicate that highly immunogenic Ags are strongly tolerogenic for both immature B and T cells.