gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Attenuation of tobacco smoke-induced lung inflammation by treatment with a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (2005)

Changes in the lungs due to smoking include inflammation, epithelial damage, and remodeling of the airways. Airway inflammation is likely to play a critical role in the genesis and progression of tobacco smoke-induced airway disease. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is involved in the metabolism of endogenous chemical mediators that play an important role in inflammation. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) have demonstrated antiinflammatory properties, and hydrolysis of these epoxides by sEH is known to diminish this activity. To examine whether acute tobacco smoke-induced inflammation could be reduced by a sEH inhibitor, 12-(3-adamantane-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid n-butyl ester was given by daily s.c. injection to spontaneously hypertensive rats exposed to filtered air or tobacco smoke for a period of 3 days (6 h/day). Acute exposure to tobacco smoke significantly increased by 3.2-fold (P <0.05) the number of cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage. The sEH inhibitor significantly decreased total bronchoalveolar lavage cell number by 37% in tobacco smoke-exposed rats with significant reductions noted in neutrophils, alveolar macrophages, and lymphocytes. A combination of sEH inhibitor and EETs was more significant in its ability to further reduce tobacco smoke-induced inflammation compared with the sEH inhibitor alone. The sEH inhibitor led to a shift in some plasma epoxides and diols that are consistent with the hypothetical action of these compounds. We conclude that an sEH inhibitor, in the presence or absence of EETs, can attenuate, in part, inflammation associated with acute exposure to tobacco smoke.
Increased Survival in Sepsis by In Vivo Adenovirus-Induced Expression of IL-10 in Dendritic Cells (2002)

The dendritic cell (DC) is the most potent APC of the immune system, capable of stimulating naive T cells to proliferate and differentiate into effector T cells. Recombinant adenovirus (Adv) readily transduces DCs in vitro allowing directed delivery of transgenes that modify DC function and immune responses. In this study we demonstrate that footpad injection of a recombinant Adv readily targets transduction of myeloid and lymphoid DCs in the draining popliteal lymph node, but not in other lymphoid organs. Popliteal DCs transduced with an empty recombinant Adv undergo maturation, as determined by high MHC class II and CD86 expression. However, transduction with vectors expressing human IL-10 limit DC maturation and associated T cell activation in the draining lymph node. The extent of IL-10 expression is dose dependent; transduction with low particle numbers (10(5)) yields only local expression, while transduction with higher particle numbers (10(7) and 10(10)) leads additionally to IL-10 appearance in the circulation. Furthermore, local DC expression of human IL-10 following in vivo transduction with low particle numbers (10(5)) significantly improves survival following cecal ligation and puncture, suggesting that compartmental modulation of DC function profoundly alters the sepsis-induced immune response.
Nuclear Lamin-A Scales with Tissue Stiffness and Enhances Matrix-Directed Differentiation (2013)

Tissues can be soft like fat, which bears little stress, or stiff like bone, which sustains high stress, but whether there is a systematic relationship between tissue mechanics and differentiation is unknown. Here, proteomics analyses revealed that levels of the nucleoskeletal protein lamin-A scaled with tissue elasticity, E, as did levels of collagens in the extracellular matrix that determine E. Stem cell differentiation into fat on soft matrix was enhanced by low lamin-A levels, whereas differentiation into bone on stiff matrix was enhanced by high lamin-A levels. Matrix stiffness directly influenced lamin-A protein levels, and, although lamin-A transcription was regulated by the vitamin A/retinoic acid (RA) pathway with broad roles in development, nuclear entry of RA receptors was modulated by lamin-A protein. Tissue stiffness and stress thus increase lamin-A levels, which stabilize the nucleus while also contributing to lineage determination.
Emerging insights on intestinal dysbiosis during bacterial infections (2014)

Infection of the gastrointestinal tract is commonly linked to pathological imbalances of the resident microbiota, termed dysbiosis. In recent years, advanced high-throughput genomic approaches have allowed us to examine the microbiota in an unprecedented manner, revealing novel biological insights about infection-associated dysbiosis at the community and individual species levels. A dysbiotic microbiota is typically reduced in taxonomic diversity and metabolic function, and can harbour pathobionts that exacerbate intestinal inflammation or manifest systemic disease. Dysbiosis can also promote pathogen genome evolution, while allowing the pathogens to persist at high density and transmit to new hosts. A deeper understanding of bacterial pathogenicity in the context of the intestinal microbiota should unveil new approaches for developing diagnostics and therapies for enteropathogens.
Atom transfer radical polymerizations of methyl methacrylate and styrene with an iniferter reagent as the initiator (2007)

Abstract Three novel iniferter reagents were synthesized and used as initiators for the polymerizations of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (St) in the presence of copper(I) bromide and N,N,N ′, N ″, N ″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine at 90 and 115°C, respectively. All the polymerizations were well controlled, with a linear increase in the number‐average molecular weights during increased monomer conversions and relatively narrow molecular weight distributions (weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight ≤ 1.36) throughout the polymerization processes. The polymerization rate of MMA was faster in bulk than that in solution and was influenced by the different polarities of the solvents. A slight change in the chemical structures of the initiators had no obvious effect on the polymerization rates of MMA and St. The initiator efficiency toward MMA was lower than that toward St. The results of 1 H‐NMR, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrum analysis, and chain‐extension experiments demonstrated that well‐defined poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene bearing photolabile groups could be obtained via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with three iniferter reagents as initiators. The polymerization mechanism for this novel initiation system was a common ATRP process. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
An architecture framework for application-managed scaling of cloud-hosted relational databases (2012)

Scaling relational database in the cloud is one of the critical factors in the migration of applications to the cloud. It is important that applications can directly monitor fine-grained scaling performance (such as consistency-related replication delays and query-specific response time) and specify application-specific policies for autonomic management of the scaling. However, there is no general mechanism and reusable framework and infrastructures to help this. The current facilities in cloud-hosted relational databases are also very limited in providing fine-grained and consumer-centric monitoring data. The situation is exacerbated by the complexity of the different underlying cloud technologies and the need to separate scaling policy from business logic. This paper presents an architecture framework to facilitate a consumer-centric, application-managed autonomic scaling of relational databases in cloud. The architecture framework includes a new consumer-centric monitoring infrastructure and customisable components for sensing, monitoring, analysing and actuation according to application-level scaling policies without modifying an existing application. We evaluated our framework using a modified Web 2.0 application benchmark. The results demonstrate the framework's ability to provide application-level flexibility in achieving improved throughput, data freshness (different levels of consistency) and monetary saving.
Combination therapy with vemurafenib (PLX4032/RG7204) and metformin in melanoma cell lines with distinct driver mutations (2011)

The combination of vemurafenib and metformin tended to have stronger anti-proliferative effects on BRAFV600E mutant cell lines. However, determinants of vemurafenib and metformin synergism or antagonism need to be understood with greater detail before any potential clinical utility of this combination.
High‐efficiency solar cells from III‐V compound semiconductors (2006)

Today's most efficient technology for the generation of electricity from solar radiation is the use of multi-junction solar cells made of III-V compound semiconductors. Efficiencies up to 39% have already been reported under concentrated sunlight. These solar cells have initially been developed for powering satellites in space and are now starting to explore the terrestrial energy market through the use of photovoltaic concentrator systems. This opens a huge potential market for the application of compound semiconductor materials due to the large areas that are necessary to harvest sufficient amounts of energy from the sun. Concentrator systems using III-V solar cells have shown to be ecological and could play an important role for the sustainable energy generation of the future. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Variable-Stride Multi-Pattern Matching For Scalable Deep Packet Inspection (2009)

Accelerating multi-pattern matching is a critical issue in building high-performance deep packet inspection systems. Achieving high-throughputs while reducing both memory-usage and memory-bandwidth needs is inherently difficult. In this paper, we propose a pattern (string) matching algorithm that achieves high throughput while limiting both memory-usage and memory-bandwidth. We achieve this by moving away from a byte-oriented processing of patterns to a block-oriented scheme. However, different from previous block-oriented approaches, our scheme uses variable-stride blocks. These blocks can be uniquely identified in both the pattern and the input stream, hence avoiding the multiplied memory costs which is intrinsic in previous approaches. We present the algorithm, tradeoffs, optimizations, and implementation details. Performance evaluation is done using the Snort and ClamAV pattern sets. Using our algorithm, the throughput of a single search engine can easily have a many-fold increase at a small storage cost, typically less than three bytes per pattern character.
Superconductivity in the high-TcBi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O system: Phase identification (1988)

Four phases are observed in superconducting Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O samples. The superconducting phase, with onset temperature near 120 K, is a 15.4-A\r{}-layered compound with composition near ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{9}$ and an A-centered orthorhombic unit subcell 5.41\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}5.44\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}30.78 A${\r{}}^{3}$. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy data are consistent with a structure of alternating perovskite and ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ layers. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images reveal a b-axis superstructure of 27.2 A\r{}, numerous (001) stacking faults, and other defects.
Enzyme sensors based on an ion-sensitive field effect transistor coated with Langmuir-Blodgett membranes. Use of polyethyleneimine as a spacer for immobilizing .ALPHA.-chymotrypsin. (1989)

A highly branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) was used as a spacer for immobilizing alpha-chymotrypsin on the surface of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) membranes which were deposited on the gate of an ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET). alpha-Chymotrypsin could be covalently immobilized through the glutaraldehyde-activated PEI on the LB membrane-coated ISFET. The alpha-chymotrypsin-modified ISFET showed a potentiometric response to the substrate at concentrations of more than 0.1 mM. Some performance characteristics of the sensor, such as pH response, response time, and long-term stability were examined.
Drug binding to higher ordered DNA structures: netropsin complexation with a nucleic acid triple helix. (1992)

We have used a combination of spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques to characterize how netropsin, a ligand that binds in the minor groove of DNA, influences the properties of a DNA triple helix. Specifically, our data allow us to reach the following conclusions: (i) netropsin binds to the triplex without displacing the major-groove-bound third strand; (ii) netropsin binding to the triplex exhibits a lower saturation binding density (7.0 base triplets per netropsin bound) than netropsin binding to the corresponding duplex (5.5 base pairs per netropsin bound); (iii) the netropsin-free and the netropsin-bound triplexes each melt in two well-resolved transitions, initial conversion of the triplex to the duplex state followed by duplex melting to the component single-stranded states; (iv) netropsin remains bound to DNA as the triplex melts to the duplex state; (v) netropsin binding thermally destabilizes the triplex in equilibrium with duplex equilibrium dramatically, while thermally stabilizing the duplex to single-strand equilibrium; (vi) netropsin binding to the triplex is enthalpically 4 times more favorable (more exothermic) than netropsin binding to the corresponding duplex; (vii) netropsin binding to the triplex decreases the cooperativity of the triplex----duplex melting event. These results demonstrate that occupancy of the minor groove of a triplex by a ligand such as netropsin can exert a profound impact on the properties of the host triplex, particularly with regard to the equilibrium in which the third strand is expelled from the major groove. Thus, our results reveal considerable major groove/minor groove crosstalk. Such knowledge may prove of practical importance by providing an approach for modulating the affinity and specificity of major-groove-binding third strands in triplex-forming protocols designed to target specific duplex domains. Fundamentally, our results provide insights into the crosstalk that can result when ligands bind to the two major receptor sites of duplex DNA--namely, the major and minor grooves.
Inverse scattering from arbitrary two-dimensional objects in stratified environments via a Green’s operator (1997)

An important problem in geophysics, medical imaging, and nondestructive imaging today is the construction of a practical, accurate, and efficient means of imaging geophysical anomalies, tumours, or material defects in layered media. This paper discusses such a method. The use of a “stratified Green’s function” for the solution of the forward problem is detailed. This forward problem is then incorporated into an efficient and accurate inversion algorithm based on optimization. The method is nonperturbative, unlike diffraction tomography, which relies on linearization to make the problem tractable. In the inversion, a pair of Lippmann–Schwinger-like integral equations are solved simultaneously via the Galerkin procedure for the unknown total internal fields and speed distribution. The computational burden is high, but made manageable by utilizing BiConjugate gradients, fast fourier transforms, and “sinc” basis functions to speed up the solution of the forward problem. The size and contrasts for which the method converges are substantially beyond the Born or Rytov approximations, and other methods heretofore reported in the literature. The convolutional character of the layered Green’s function, and thus numerical efficiency, is preserved by careful construction based on known reflection coefficients.
Quantification of Bone Microarchitecture with the Structure Model Index (1997)

The deterioration of cancellous bone structure due to aging and disease is characterized by a conversion from plate elements to rod elements. Consequently the terms "rod-like" and "plate-like" are frequently used for a subjective classification of cancellous bone. In this work a new morphometric parameter called Structure Model Index (SMI) is introduced, which makes it possible to quantify the characteristic form of a three-dimensionally described structure in terms of the amount of plates and rod composing the structure. The SMI is calculated by means of three-dimensional image analysis based on a differential analysis of the triangulated bone surface. For an ideal plate and rod structure the SMI value is 0 and 3, respectively, independent of the physical dimensions. For a structure with both plates and rods of equal thickness the value lies between 0 and 3, depending on the volume ratio of rods and plates. The SMI parameter is evaluated by examining bone biopsies from different skeletal sites. The bone samples were measured three-dimensionally with a micro-CT system. Samples with the same volume density but varying trabecular architecture can uniquely be characterized with the SMI. Furthermore the SMI values were found to correspond well with the perceived structure type.
Influenza Vaccination as Secondary Prevention for Cardiovascular Disease (2006)

Evidence from cohort studies and a randomized clinical trial indicates that annual vaccination against seasonal influenza prevents cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality in patients with cardiovascular conditions. The American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology recommend influenza immunization with inactivated vaccine (administered intramuscularly) as part of comprehensive secondary prevention in persons with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease (Class I, Level B). Immunization with live, attenuated vaccine (administered intranasally) is not currently recommended [corrected] for persons with cardiovascular conditions. It is important to note that influenza vaccination coverage levels overall and in this population remain well below national goals and are marked by disparities across different age and ethnic groups. One of the barriers to vaccination for patients with cardiovascular disease is that cardiology practices frequently do not stock and administer influenza vaccine. Healthcare providers who treat individuals with cardiovascular disease can help improve influenza vaccination coverage rates by providing and strongly recommending vaccination to their patients before and throughout the influenza season.
[Improved perseveration with amantadine]. (1994)

We report here 3 patients who showed marked improvement of clonic and intentional perseverations following the administration of amantadine. Patient 1 had a subacute encephalitis of unknown etiology. Magnetic resonance imaging documented lesions predominantly in the bilateral putaminal and frontal subcortical areas, and positron emission tomography revealed frontal glucose hypometabolism. Daily amantadine hydrochloride of 200 mg with or without 10 mg of trihexyphenidyl, reduced his clonic and intentional perseverations. The diagnosis of patients 2 and 3 was vascular dementia with multiple subcortical ischemic lesions, and single photon emission CTs showed reduced cerebral blood flow in the frontal lobes. Their clonic perseveration subsided and intentional perseveration disappeared after the administration of 150 mg of daily amantadine hydrochloride. Associated Parkinsonism and confusional state also improved in patient 1, but not in patients 2 or 3. Amantadine increases the pre-synaptic synthesis and release of dopamine, and works as a dopamine system activator. Our findings suggest that the disturbance of dopamine system, especially meso-limbofrontal projection, has some contributions to the perseveration of these patients.
The multidrug resistance transporter ABCG2 (breast cancer resistance protein 1) effluxes Hoechst 33342 and is overexpressed in hematopoietic stem cells. (2002)

The human ATP-binding cassette superfamily G (White) member 2 (ABCG2) gene and its murine homologue breast cancer resistance protein 1 (Bcrp1) are recently described ATP-binding cassette transporters associated with drug resistance in tumor cell lines, including the MCF-7 cell line, selected for its resistance to mitoxantrone (MCF-7/MitoR). Infection of MCF-7 cells with the retroviral vector containing ABCG2 cDNA (G1-ABCG2) resulted in cells (MCF-7/ABCG2) that were resistant to mitoxantrone at levels similar to those observed in MCF-7/MitoR cells. Previous studies have shown that pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells overexpress the multidrug-resistant transport (MDR1) gene and efflux rhodamine, a substrate for the MDR1 transporter. Other studies have identified a primitive hematopoietic stem cell population, or side population (SP) cells, which are identified by their efflux of the fluorescent dye, Hoechst 33342. In an attempt to identify the transport genes responsible for this phenotype, we examined the uptake of Hoechst 33342 into MCF-7, MCF-7/MitoR, and MCF-7 cells infected with a retroviral vector expressing the ABCG2 gene (MCF-7/ABCG2). MCF-7/MitoR cells as well as MCF-7/ABCG2 cells demonstrated lower levels of Hoechst 33342 uptake compared with the parental MCF-7 cells. We also examined the level of the mouse Bcrp1 RNA in SP cells and non-SP cells isolated from mouse hematopoietic cells. Mouse SP cells expressed relatively high levels of Bcrp1 mRNA relative to non-SP cells. These results suggest that Hoechst 33342 is a substrate for the ABCG2 transporter and that ABCG2/Bcrp1 expression may serve as a marker for hematopoietic stem cells in hematopoietic cells.
IR gas imaging in an industrial setting (2010)

Uncooled thermal cameras using microbolometer focal plane arrays may be used in the long wave infrared (LWIR) for the optical detection of hydrocarbon gas leaks. The strong absorption of hydrocarbon gases in the LWIR may be used to advantage along with the LWIR optical transmission window of the atmosphere. Improvements in the detection algorithm and more robust electronic hardware have produced a gas imager that is well adapted to the detection of large hydrocarbon leaks. The new imaging system relies on a single set of filters to identify a growing list of gases, up to four of them simultaneously. The new detection algorithm reduces the incidence of false alarms by masking portions of the field of view. Because of the camera's long detection range (2 km) and wide field of view, the system is particularly suitable for the supervision of large industrial zones. Results from a field test of leaking gas at a refinery and natural gas processing facility are presented.
Structure and thickness dependence of p–n heterojunction solar cells based on copper phthalocyanine and perylene pigments (2004)

The p–n junction solar cells consisting of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and perylenetetra caboxylic-acid dibenzimidazole (PV) show stronger structure and thickness dependence. The devices with the structure of ITO/CuPc/PV/Ag possess better properties than devices with the structure ITO/PV/CuPc/Au. The reason is because the absorption peak of PV is located just in the absorption window of CuPc, which makes the CuPc/PV structures have higher absorption efficiency than the PV/CuPc structures. It is a fact that the photo-absorbance near the p–n interface determines all the properties of the solar cell, which is the active centre of the devices. The length of the active centre is centred in the p–n interface within a 24 nm region. The thickness dependence further enhanced the conclusions. Moreover, in different structures the thickness dependence follows different rules because of the difference in absorbed photons in the active centre of the solar cells.