gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selection and reproductive success in males of the dragonfly, Orthetrum japonicum (Odonata: Libellulidae) (1997)

Abstract Reproductive success, copulation success, and mating success were measured for a population of male dragonflies, Orthetrum japonicum. Copulation success explained the greatest variation in reproductive success. The proportion of copulations followed by oviposition was positively correlated with the number of oviposited eggs per mating. Directional selection on four morphological characters was estimated. The effect of selection on correlated traits was comparable to that of direct selection. Directional selection varied between traits and between episodes in a single trait. The probability that the observed directional selection on the four morphological traits was expected under the condition of the selective neutrality of traits was not smaller than 5%.
Geologic setting and natural gas potential of Niobrara formation, Williston Basin (1985)

Chalk units in the Niobrara Formation (Upper Cretaceous) have potential for generation and accumulation of shallow, biogenic gas in the central and eastern Williston basin. Similar to area of Niobrara gas production in the eastern Denver basin, Niobrara chalks in South and North Dakota were deposited on carbonate ramps sloping westward off the stable eastern platform of the Western Interior seaway. Within the Williston basin, the Niobrara of the western Dakotas, eastern North Dakota, and central South Dakota has different stratigraphic relationships. These three areas can be further subdivided and ranked into six areas that have different exploration potential. The south margin of the Williston basin in central South Dakota is the most attractive exploration area. Niobrara chalk reservoirs, source rocks, and structural traps in the southern Williston basin are similar to those in the eastern Denver basin. Chalk porosities are probably adequate for gas production, although porosity is controlled by burial depth. Organic carbon content of the chalk is high and shows of biogenic gas are reported. Large, low-relief structural features, which could serve as traps, are present.
Ion Transport in Nanofluidic Channels (2003)

Theoretical modeling of ionic distribution and transport in silica nanotubes, 30 nm in diameter and 5 μm long, suggest that when the diameter is smaller than the Debye length, a unipolar solution of counterions is created within the nanotube and the coions are electrostatically repelled. By locally modifying the surface charge density through a gate electrode, the ion concentration can be depleted under the gate and the ionic current can be significantly suppressed. It is proposed that this could form the basis of a unipolar ionic field-effect transistor.
Characterization of a novel liver-specific enhancer in the human prothrombin gene. (1991)

The 5'-flanking sequence of the human prothrombin gene was isolated by screening a human liver phage library with a human prothrombin cDNA as a hybridization probe. A phage was identified that contained 3 kilobase pairs of DNA upstream of the initiator methionine codon. Primer extension studies showed that the major transcription initiation sites were located 23 and 36 base pairs upstream of the initiator codon. DNA sequences in the 5'-flanking region of the human prothrombin gene were then analyzed for cis-activating transcriptional activity by a transient expression system using the human growth hormone gene as the reporter gene. The chimeric expression vector was introduced into HepG2 cells, and secreted human growth hormone was monitored by using a radio-immunoassay. These studies showed that the 3-kilo-base pair fragment contained sequences that were sufficient for the initiation of transcription in HepG2 cells. Subsequent deletion studies showed that the 3-kilobase pair fragment contained two elements: a weak promoter in the region immediately upstream of the mRNA coding sequence and an enhancer located between nucleotides -860 and -940. The enhancer element was active at a distance and in either orientation. In addition, the enhancer was liver cell-specific and acted on heterologous promoters including the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter and the mouse metallothionein I promoter. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of the enhancer with a DNA sequence data base showed the enhancer sequence to be unique. The enhancer sequence is flanked by an inverted repeat 5' CCTCCC 3' and contains a putative binding site for hepatic nuclear factor 1. Deoxyribonuclease I footprint analysis and linker scanning mutagenesis showed that the enhancer contains multiple protein binding motifs. Mutagenesis of the 3' boundary CCTCCC sequence eliminated the enhancer activity. Comparison with other liver genes showed the presence of the CCTCCC sequence in the hepatitis B virus enhancer, the alpha 1-antitrypsin promoter, and the fibrinogen beta-chain promoter, suggesting a functional role for this motif.
Peanut and tree nut allergy (2000)

Among foods causing allergic reactions in children, peanut (a legume) and tree nuts (ie, walnut, hazel nut, Brazil nut, pecan) have attracted considerable attention for several reasons. Allergies to these foods are common, frequently have an onset in the first few years of life, generally persist, and account for severe and potentially fatal allergic reactions. Furthermore, the ubiquity of these foods in the diet makes avoidance difficult and accidental ingestions, with reactions, common. This review discusses recent and emerging information on the prevalence, clinical characteristics, natural history, genetic basis, and current treatment of these allergies. In addition, recent advances in the molecular and immunologic characteristics of these allergens, and novel therapeutic options under investigation in animal models, are reviewed.
Nanoliter Segmented-Flow Sampling Mass Spectrometry with Online Compartmentalization (2014)

We report a microfluidic device, using segmented flow in a two-phase system of immiscible liquids, which delivers aqueous droplets into a modified commercial mass spectrometer. The interface coupling the microfluidics to the mass spectrometer achieves up to 96% sample transfer efficiency to the vacuum chamber. Sample ionization is assisted by multipass infrared laser beam in the interface. The system achieves low femtomole detection limits of several analytes ranging from drugs to proteins. Sample ionization in this segmented-flow sampling was found to be remarkably insensitive to the presence of buffer salts and other matrices.
Reverse genetics of negative-strand RNA viruses: Closing the circle (1999)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Transfection of normal human and Chinese hamster DNA corrects diepoxybutane-induced chromosomal hypersensitivity of Fanconi anemia fibroblasts. (1987)

Cultured cells from individuals affected with Fanconi anemia (FA) exhibit spontaneous chromosome breakage and hypersensitivity to the cell killing and clastogenic effects of the difunctional alkylating agent diepoxybutane (DEB). We report here the correction of both of these DEB-hypersensitivity phenotypes of FA cells achieved by cotransfection of normal placental or Chinese hamster lung cell DNA and the plasmid pSV2-neo-SVgpt. Transfectants were selected for clonogenic survival after treatment with DEB at a dose of 5 micrograms/ml. At this dose of DEB, the clonogenicity of normal fibroblasts was reduced to 50% and that of FA fibroblasts was reduced to zero. DEB-resistant (DEBr) colonies selected in this system exhibited a normal response to DEB-induced chromosome breakage and resistance to repeated DEB treatment. The neo and gpt sequences were detected by Southern blot analysis of DNA from one of four DEBr colonies independently derived from transfection of human DNA and one of three DEBr colonies independently derived from transfection of Chinese hamster DNA. In addition, Alu-equivalent hamster sequences were detected in three of seven additional independently derived colonies from transfection of Chinese hamster DNA. The DEBr phenotype of these colonies was stably maintained over several subcultures. Our results demonstrate that DNA sequences that complement the two hallmark cellular phenotypes (cellular and chromosomal hypersensitivity to alkylating agents) of FA are present in human as well as Chinese hamster DNA. The cloning of these genes using transfection strategies can be expected to enable molecular characterization of FA.
Characterization and Molecular Evolution of a Vertebrate Hyaluronan Synthase Gene Family (1998)

The three mammalian hyaluronan synthase (HAS) genes and the related Xenopus laevis gene, DG42, belong to a larger evolutionarily conserved vertebrate HAS gene family. We have characterized additional vertebrate HAS genes from chicken (chas2 and chas3) and Xenopus (xhas2, xhas3, and a unique Xenopus HAS-related sequence, xHAS-rs). Genomic structure analyses demonstrated that all vertebrate HAS genes share at least one exon-intron boundary, suggesting that they evolved from a common ancestral gene. Furthermore, the Has2 and Has3 genes are identical in structure, suggesting that they arose by a gene duplication event early in vertebrate evolution. Significantly, similarities in the genomic structures of the mouse Has1 and Xenopus DG42 genes strongly suggest that they are orthologues. Northern analyses revealed a similar temporal expression pattern of HAS genes in developing mouse and Xenopus embryos. Expression of mouse Has2, Has3, and Xenopus Has1 (DG42) led to hyaluronan biosynthesis in transfected mammalian cells. However, only mouse Has2 and Has3 expressing cells formed significant hyaluronan-dependent pericellular coats in culture, implying both functional similarities and differences among vertebrate HAS enzymes. We propose that vertebrate hyaluronan biosynthesis is regulated by a comparatively ancient gene family that has arisen by sequential gene duplication and divergence.
Epidemiology and traumatology of injuries in soccer (1989)

A prospective investigation of soccer injuries among 123 players participating at various competition levels was undertaken in a Danish soccer club. The injury incidence during games was highest at division level (18.5/1000 hours) and lowest at series level (11.9/1000 hours), whereas the distribution of the incidences during practice was reversed. The youth section (16 to 18 years) had incidences that could be compared to the highest senior level. The lower extremity was involved in 84% of the injuries, including 34% of overuse injuries. Ankle sprains were most common (36%) and equally found at all levels, whereas half of all overuse injuries were seen among division players. Contact injuries during tackling occurred most often in lower series and youths (45%). Players participating at high levels had only 30% of the injuries during tackling and 54% during running. More than half of 20 knee injuries were caused by tackling. Thirty-five percent of injured players were absent from soccer for more than 1 month; 28% had complaints 12 months after the end of the season with knee injuries the most serious. The study shows that the injury incidence, the pattern of injury, and the traumatology varied between players participating at different levels of soccer competition.
MR microscopy of lung airways with hyperpolarized 3He (1998)

A technique using hyperpolarized (HP) 3He to image the small airways of the lung by using moderate flip angles and a short scanning period during early inspiration is demonstrated. Flip angles (alpha) ranging from 10-90 degrees were used in guinea pig experiments with scanning during the entire inspiration period. A second series acquired data throughout a short window of the ventilatory cycle with alpha = 45 degrees. The success of the animal studies has motivated implementation of similar imaging techniques in the clinical arena. Human studies involved imaging over the total inspiration period with alpha approximately 10 degrees. The first series of guinea pig experiments demonstrated that larger flip angles (50-90 degrees) destroy the magnetization before it reaches the smaller airways. At moderate flip angles (20-40 degrees), airway branching down to the fourth generation was apparent. Fifth-order branchings were seen in the images of the second series. The trachea down to fourth generation pulmonary airway branching, along with some distal air spaces, was seen in the human lung images.
rhVEGF and Experimental Rat Skin Flaps: Systemic or Local Administration and Morphological Characteristics (2001)

Skin flap survival is a significant problem in skin surgery; in particular, inadequate arterial or venous blood supply results in necrosis of the distalmost portion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) of modifying the morphological features of skin flaps. Bilateral epigastric skin flaps were raised in 16 Wistar male rats. The epigastric artery and vein of the left flaps were clamped and then injected with rhVEGF (8 rats) or saline (8 rats). The right flaps were not clamped and received rhVEGF or saline systemically. The rats were euthanized on the seventh day and flap skin samples collected. Tissue fragments were subject to immunohistochemical (rhVEGF, VEGFr, VIII factor, CD34 antibodies), ultrastructural and morphostructural investigations. The results showed that rhVEGF improved the condition of flaps and that systemic administration was effective in promoting the development of an adequate vascular network.
The Biological Role of the Carboxyl-Terminal Extension of Human Chorionic Gonadotroin β-Subunit (1990)

hCG is a member of a family of glycoprotein hormones which share a common alpha-subunit, but differ in their hormone-specific beta-subunits. The CG beta-subunit is unique in that it contains a hydrophilic carboxyl-terminal extension with four serine O-linked oligosaccharides. To examine the role of the O-linked oligosaccharides and the carboxyl-terminal extension of hCG beta on receptor binding, steroidogenesis in vitro, and ovulation induction in vivo, site-directed mutagenesis and gene transfer methods were used. Wild-type hCG alpha and hCG beta expression vectors were transfected into an O-glycosylation mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell line to produce intact dimer hCG lacking the beta-subunit O-linked oligosaccharide units. In addition, a mutant hCG beta gene (CG beta delta T) was generated which contained a premature termination signal at codon 115. This gene was cotransfected with the hCG alpha gene into Chinese hamster ovary cells to produce hCG dimer which lacked the carboxyl-terminal amino acids 115-145 of hCG beta (truncated hCG). The O-linked oligosaccharide deficient or truncated hCG derivatives were examined for their ability to bind to the mouse LH/hCG receptor and stimulate cAMP and steroidogenesis in vitro. These studies show that the O-linked oligosaccharides and carboxyl-terminal extension play a minor role in receptor binding and signal transduction. In contrast, comparison of the stimulatory effects of truncated and wild-type hCG in a rat ovulation assay in vivo via either intrabursal or iv injection revealed that the truncated derivative was approximately 3-fold less active than wild-type hCG. These findings indicate that the carboxyl-terminal extension of hCG beta and associated O-linked oligosaccharides are not important for receptor binding or in vitro signal transduction, but are critical for in vivo biological responses.
Guidelines for the Prevention of Infection After Combat-Related Injuries (2008)

Management of combat-related trauma is derived from skills and data collected in past conflicts and civilian trauma, and from information and experience obtained during ongoing conflicts. The best methods to prevent infections associated with injuries observed in military combat are not fully established. Current methods to prevent infections in these types of injuries are derived primarily from controlled trials of elective surgery and civilian trauma as well as retrospective studies of civilian and military trauma interventions. The following guidelines integrate available evidence and expert opinion, from within and outside of the US military medical community, to provide guidance to US military health care providers (deployed and in permanent medical treatment facilities) in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infections in those individuals wounded in combat. These guidelines may be applicable to noncombat traumatic injuries under certain circumstances. Early wound cleansing and surgical debridement, antibiotics, bony stabilization, and maintenance of infection control measures are the essential components to diminish or prevent these infections. Future research should be directed at ideal treatment strategies for prevention of combat-related injury infections, including investigation of unique infection control techniques, more rapid diagnostic strategies for infection, and better defining the role of antimicrobial agents, including the appropriate spectrum of activity and duration.
The Soluble NAD+-Reducing [NiFe]-Hydrogenase fromRalstonia eutrophaH16 Consists of Six Subunits and Can Be Specifically Activated by NADPH (2005)

The soluble [NiFe]-hydrogenase (SH) of the facultative lithoautotrophic proteobacterium Ralstonia eutropha H16 has up to now been described as a heterotetrameric enzyme. The purified protein consists of two functionally distinct heterodimeric moieties. The HoxHY dimer represents the hydrogenase module, and the HoxFU dimer constitutes an NADH-dehydrogenase. In the bimodular form, the SH mediates reduction of NAD(+) at the expense of H(2). We have purified a new high-molecular-weight form of the SH which contains an additional subunit. This extra subunit was identified as the product of hoxI, a member of the SH gene cluster (hoxFUYHWI). Edman degradation, in combination with protein sequencing of the SH high-molecular-weight complex, established a subunit stoichiometry of HoxFUYHI(2). Cross-linking experiments indicated that the two HoxI subunits are the closest neighbors. The stability of the hexameric SH depended on the pH and the ionic strength of the buffer. The tetrameric form of the SH can be instantaneously activated with small amounts of NADH but not with NADPH. The hexameric form, however, was also activated by adding small amounts of NADPH. This suggests that HoxI provides a binding domain for NADPH. A specific reaction site for NADPH adds to the list of similarities between the SH and mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I).
Entanglement distribution for a practical quantum-dot-based quantum processor architecture (2007)

We propose a quantum dot (QD) architecture for enabling universal quantum information processing. Quantum registers, consisting of arrays of vertically stacked self-assembled semiconductor QDs, are connected by chains of in-plane self-assembled dots. We propose an entanglement distributor, a device for producing and distributing maximally entangled qubits on demand, communicated through in-plane dot chains. This enables the transmission of entanglement to spatially separated register stacks, providing a resource for the realization of a sizeable quantum processor built from coupled register stacks of practical size. Our entanglement distributor could be integrated into many of the present proposals for self-assembled QD-based quantum computation (QC). Our device exploits the properties of simple, relatively short, spin-chains and does not require microcavities. Utilizing the properties of self-assembled QDs, after distribution the entanglement can be mapped into relatively long-lived spin qubits and purified, providing a flexible, distributed, off-line resource.
Thrombin neutralizes plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) that is complexed with vitronectin in the endothelial cell matrix. (1991)

Vitronectin endows plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), the fast-acting inhibitor of both tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), with additional thrombin inhibitory properties. In view of the apparent association between PAI-1 and vitronectin in the endothelial cell matrix (ECM), we analyzed the interaction between PAI-1 and thrombin in this environment. Upon incubating 125I-labeled alpha-thrombin with endothelial cell matrix (ECM), the protease formed SDS-stable complexes exclusively with PAI-1, with subsequent release of these complexes into the supernatant. Vitronectin was required as a cofactor for the association between PAI-1 and thrombin in ECM. Metabolic labeling of endothelial cell proteins, followed by incubation of ECM with t-PA, u-PA, or thrombin, indicated that all three proteases depleted PAI-1 from ECM by complex formation and proteolytic cleavage. Proteolytically inactive thrombin as well as anticoagulant thrombin, i.e., thrombin in complex with its endothelial cell surface receptor thrombomodulin, did not neutralize PAI-1, emphasizing that the procoagulant moiety of thrombin is required for a functional interaction with PAI-1. A physiological implication of our findings may be related to the mutual neutralization of both PAI-1 and thrombin, providing a new link between plasminogen activation and the coagulation system. Evidence is provided that in ECM, procoagulant thrombin may promote plasminogen activator activity by inactivating PAI-1.
[Expansion of human natural killer cells ex vivo]. (2008)

The described method is a simple and efficient way for the expansion of human NK cells.
Long-term Electrical Capsular Stimulation in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2003)

These observations indicate that capsular stimulation reduces core symptoms 21 months after surgery in patients with severe, long-standing, treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. The stimulation elicited changes in regional brain activity as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography.
The Replica Management System: a scheme for flexible and dynamic replication (2002)

The actual gains achieved by replication are a complex function of the number of replicas, the placement of those replicas, the replication protocol, the nature of the transactions performed on the replicas, and the availability and performance characteristics of the machines and networks composing the system. This paper describes the design and implementation of the Replica Management System, which allows a programmer to specify the quality of service required for replica groups in terms of availability and performance. From the quality of service specification, information about the replication protocol to be used, and data about the characteristics of the underlying distributed system, the RMS computes an initial placement and replication level. As machines and communications systems are detected to have failed or recovered, or performance characteristics change, the RMS can be re-invoked to compute an updated mapping of replicas which preserves the desired quality of service. The result is a flexible, dynamic and dependable replication system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Aldosterone in Congestive Heart Failure (2001)

The potent mineralocorticoid aldosterone has a multifaceted role in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure. In addition to its contribution to salt and water retention, it also promotes organ fibrosis. Although angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitors have important therapeutic benefit in heart failure, they do not eliminate the effects of aldosterone. Thus, recent studies have underscored the value of aldosterone-receptor antagonists, such as spironolactone, in the treatment of chronic heart failure. This review article gives an in-depth update on the mechanisms of action of aldosterone and their implications for therapy.