gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a Novel Immunoradiometric Assay Exclusively for Biologically Active Whole Parathyroid Hormone 1–84: Implications for Improvement of Accurate Assessment of Parathyroid Function (2001)

We developed a novel immunoradiometric assay (IRMA; whole parathyroid hormone [PTH] IRMA) for PTH, which specifically measures biologically active whole PTH(1-84). The assay is based on a solid phase coated with anti-PTH(39-84) antibody, a tracer of 125I-labeled antibody with a unique specificity to the first N-terminal amino acid of PTH(1-84), and calibrators of diluted synthetic PTH(1-84). In contrast to the Nichols intact PTH IRMA, this new assay does not detect PTH(7-84) fragments and only detects one immunoreactive peak in chromatographically fractionated patient samples. The assay was shown to have an analytical sensitivity of 1.0 pg/ml with a linear measurement range up to 2,300 pg/ml. With this assay, we further identified that the previously described non-(1-84)PTH fragments are aminoterminally truncated with similar hydrophobicity as PTH(7-84), and these PTH fragments are present not only in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (2 degrees -HPT) of uremia, but also in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (1 degrees -HPT) and normal persons. The plasma normal range of the whole PTH(1-84) was 7-36 pg/ml (mean +/- SD: 22.7 +/- 7.2 pg/ml, n = 135), whereas over 93.9% (155/165) of patients with 1 degrees -HPT had whole PTH(1-84) values above the normal cut-off. The percentage of biologically active whole PTH(1-84) (pB%) in the pool of total immunoreactive "intact" PTH is higher in the normal population (median: 67.3%; SD: 15.8%; n = 56) than in uremic patients (median:53.8%; SD: 15.5%; n = 318; p < 0.001), although the whole PTH(1-84) values from uremic patients displayed a more significant heterogeneous distribution when compared with that of 1 degrees -HPT patients and normals. Moreover, the pB% displayed a nearly Gaussian distribution pattern from 20% to over 90% in patients with either 1 degrees-HPT or uremia. The specificity of this newly developed whole PTH(1-84) IRMA is the assurance, for the first time, of being able to measure only the biologically active whole PTH(1-84) without cross-reaction to the high concentrations of the aminoterminally truncated PTH fragments found in both normal subjects and patients. Because of the significant variations of pB% in patients, it is necessary to use the whole PTH assay to determine biologically active PTH levels clinically and, thus, to avoid overestimating the concentration of the true biologically active hormone. This new assay could provide a more meaningful standardization of future PTH measurements with improved accuracy in the clinical assessment of parathyroid function.
The Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Cardiovascular Safety (2012)

The dipeptidyl peptidase–4 (DPP–4) inhibitors are a relatively new class of oral antidiabetic agents that improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. These agents differ in structure, but all act by inhibiting the DPP–4 enzyme. Dipeptidyl peptidase–4 inhibition increases levels of the incretin hormones glucagon–like peptide–1 and glucose–dependent insulinotropic peptide, which in turn stimulate insulin secretion in a glucose–dependent fashion. Clinical trials have shown that DPP–4 inhibitors provide significant reductions in glycated hemoglobin levels, with a low risk of hypoglycemia. Animal model experiments and proof–of–concept studies suggest that the incretins favorably affect the cardiovascular system; it is possible that these same effects may be conveyed by DPP–4 inhibitor therapy. Pooled and meta–analyses of DPP–4 inhibitor clinical trial data have shown no increase in major adverse cardiovascular events, and, in fact, suggest a potential cardiovascular benefit to such therapy. Long–term cardiovascular safety trials are currently underway to more fully define and understand the cardiovascular impact of DPP–4 therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Leaky wave room-temperature double heterostructure GaAs:GaAlAs diode laser (1976)

Operation of a new cleaved facet room-temperature double heterostructure GaAs:GaAlAs laser utilizing leaky wave coupling through the substrate is reported. The coupling mechanism is analogous to that of prism coupling from a waveguide, but no external components are used. The laser produces a highly collimated output beam with approximately 2°×8° divergence. The peak pulsed beam power at 2 times threshold is 1.5 W from one end with approximately one-third of this power in the collimated beam. The total external differential quantum efficiency is on the order of 35%. These desirable characteristics are obtained at the expense of threshold current increases of approximately 30%.
Stereostructure–activity studies on agonists at the AMPA and kainate subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors (2003)

(S)-Glutamic acid (Glu), the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, operates through ionotropic as well as metabotropic receptors and is considered to be involved in certain neurological disorders and degenerative brain diseases that are currently without any satisfactory therapeutic treatment. Until recently, development of selective Glu receptor agonists had mainly been based on lead compounds, which were frequently naturally occurring excitants structurally related to Glu. These Glu receptor agonists generally contain heterocyclic acidic moieties, which has stimulated the use of bioisosteric replacement approaches for the design of subtype-selective agonists. Furthermore, most of these leads are conformationally restricted and stereochemically well-defined Glu analogs. Crystallization of the agonist binding domain of the GluR2 subunit of the (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptor subtype of ionotropic Glu receptors in the presence or absence of an agonist has provided important information about ligand-receptor interaction mechanisms. The availability of these binding domain crystal structures has formed the basis for rational design of ligands, especially for the AMPA and kainate subtypes of ionotropic Glu receptors. This mini-review will focus on structure-activity relationships on AMPA and kainate receptor agonists with special emphasis on stereochemical and three-dimensional aspects.
Continuous sorting of magnetic cells via on-chip free-flow magnetophoresis (2006)

The ability to separate living cells is an essential aspect of cell research. Magnetic cell separation methods are among some of the most efficient methods for bulk cell separation. With the development of microfluidic platforms within the biotechnology sector, the design of miniaturised magnetic cell sorters is desirable. Here, we report the continuous sorting of cells loaded with magnetic nanoparticles in a microfluidic magnetic separation device. Cells were passed through a microfluidic chamber and were deflected from the direction of flow by means of a magnetic field. Two types of cells were studied, mouse macrophages and human ovarian cancer cells (HeLa cells). The deflection was dependent on the magnetic moment and size of the cells as well as on the applied flow rate. The experimentally observed deflection matched well with calculations. Furthermore, the separation of magnetic and non-magnetic cells was demonstrated using the same microfluidic device.
Effects of hemorrhage and resuscitation on bacterial antigen-specific pulmonary plasma cell function (1991)

Hemorrhage, even if resuscitated, results in alterations in bacterial antigen-specific pulmonary B-cell function and secretory IgA production that are profound, long lasting, and associated with increased susceptibility to infection at this mucosal surface. Because these effects on pulmonary B-cell function do not occur immediately after hemorrhage, immunization techniques able to enhance bacterial antigen-specific secretory IgA titers at pulmonary surfaces may be able to increase resistance to nosocomial pneumonia if administered shortly after injury and blood loss.
Analysis, design and use of a Fourier-transform spectrometer for near infrared glucose absorption measurement (1999)

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1999.
Atomic Resolution Imaging of Nanoscale Structural Ordering in a Complex Metal Oxide Catalyst (2012)

The determination of the atomic structure of a functional material is crucial to understanding its “structure-to-property” relationship (e.g., the active sites in a catalyst), which is however challenging if the structure possesses complex inhomogeneities. Here, we report an atomic structure study of an important MoVTeO complex metal oxide catalyst that is potentially useful for the industrially relevant propane-based BP/SOHIO process. We combined aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy with synchrotron powder X-ray crystallography to explore the structure at both nanoscopic and macroscopic scales. At the nanoscopic scale, this material exhibits structural and compositional order within nanosized “domains”, while the domains show disordered distribution at the macroscopic scale. We proposed that the intradomain compositional ordering and the interdomain electric dipolar interaction synergistically induce the displacement of Te atoms in the Mo–V–O channels, which determines the geometry of the multifunctional metal oxo-active sites.
Gating individual nanotubes and crosses with scanning probes (2000)

Atomic force microscopy tips are used to apply point-like local gates to manipulate the electrical properties of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) contacted by Ti electrodes. Depleting a semiconducting SWNT at a local point along its length leads to orders of magnitude decrease of the nanotube conductance, whereas local gating to metallic SWNTs causes no change in the conductance of the system. These results shed light into gating effects on metal-tube contacts. Electrical properties of SWNT crosses are also investigated. Scanning-probe gating is used to identify the metallic or semiconducting nature of the nanotube components in the crosses.
The 1000 Genomes Project: new opportunities for research and social challenges (2010)

The 1000 Genomes Project, an international collaboration, is sequencing the whole genome of approximately 2,000 individuals from different worldwide populations. The central goal of this project is to describe most of the genetic variation that occurs at a population frequency greater than 1%. The results of this project will allow scientists to identify genetic variation at an unprecedented degree of resolution and will also help improve the imputation methods for determining unobserved genetic variants that are not represented on current genotyping arrays. By identifying novel or rare functional genetic variants, researchers will be able to pinpoint disease-causing genes in genomic regions initially identified by association studies. This level of detailed sequence information will also improve our knowledge of the evolutionary processes and the genomic patterns that have shaped the human species as we know it today. The new data will also lay the foundation for future clinical applications, such as prediction of disease susceptibility and drug response. However, the forthcoming availability of whole genome sequences at affordable prices will raise ethical concerns and pose potential threats to individual privacy. Nevertheless, we believe that these potential risks are outweighed by the benefits in terms of diagnosis and research, so long as rigorous safeguards are kept in place through legislation that prevents discrimination on the basis of the results of genetic testing.
1',1'-Dimethylheptyl-delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol-11-oic acid: a novel, orally effective cannabinoid with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. (1999)

1',1'-Dimethylheptyl-Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol-11-oic acid (CT-3) is a novel cannabinoid that is under development by Atlantic Pharmaceuticals as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of CT-3 on overt symptom complex (Irwin's test), nociception, gastrointestinal (GI) ulceration, and pharmacological availability after intragastric (i.g.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration. Analgesic studies were assessed in the hot-plate (55 degrees C) and the tail clip tests in mice and in the tail clip test in rats. In addition, pharmacological interaction of CT-3 with the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was investigated in rats. In mice, CT-3 decreased spontaneous motor activity and induced dose-dependent, analgesic activity in the tail clip and hot-plate tests, with potency similar to morphine sulfate after i.g. and i.p. administration. However CT-3 showed more prolonged duration of analgesic action than morphine. In rats, CT-3 showed marked analgesia in the tail clip test and had similar i.p. and i.g. median effective dose (ED(50) values; 5 mg/kg). CT-3 was devoid of GI ulceration when administered with DMSO either acutely at doses below 100 mg/kg or chronically at a dosage of 30 mg/kg/day for 5 days. In contrast, indomethacin induced GI ulceration and deaths. The concurrent use of DMSO with CT-3 decreased its analgesic action, increased its adverse central nervous system effects, and induced GI ulceration. The evidence indicates that CT-3 exhibits a large dissociation between its anti-inflammatory/analgesic effects and its ulcerogenic actions. CT-3 warrants clinical development as a novel anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug.
Imaging neurons : a laboratory manual (1999)

Microscopes, image acquisition and the basics of fluorescence imaging confocal microscopy multiphoton microscopy photoactivation calcium imaging imaging other aspects of neuronal function genetically engineered fluorescent probes.
ANTIBODY IMMUNITY TO PROSTATE CANCER ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS CAN BE DETECTED IN THE SERUM OF PATIENTS WITH PROSTATE CANCER (2000)

These findings suggest that prostate cancer is an immunogenic tumor. Moreover, for PSA and HER-2/neu the prevalence of antibody immunity was higher in patients with androgen independent disease, indicating that even patients with advanced stage prostate cancer can have an immune response to their tumor.
The preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces of hierarchical silicon nanowire structures (2008)

Superhydrophobic surfaces are prepared by fabricating silicon nanowires to enhance the surface roughness and then modifying the chemical nature of the surface with a self-assembled octadecyltrichlorosilane monolayer to lower the surface energy. All the processes are performed near room temperature. The dynamic contact angle data demonstrate that the water droplet on these surfaces of nanowires can exhibit a transition from the Wenzel state to the Cassie state by simply controlling the etching time. The hierarchical structure is constructed by fabricating the nanopillars (i.e. nanowires) on top of the regular pillar-like silicon wafers. As a consequence, superhydrophobicity could be achieved much more effectively by applying the hierarchical structure.
Isolation, immortalization, and characterization of a human breast epithelial cell line with stem cell properties (2002)

The epithelial compartment of the human breast comprises two distinct lineages: the luminal epithelial and the myoepithelial lineage. We have shown previously that a subset of the luminal epithelial cells could convert to myoepithelial cells in culture signifying the possible existence of a progenitor cell. We therefore set out to identify and isolate the putative precursor in the luminal epithelial compartment. Using cell surface markers and immunomagnetic sorting, we isolated two luminal epithelial cell populations from primary cultures of reduction mammoplasties. The major population coexpresses sialomucin (MUC(+)) and epithelial-specific antigen (ESA(+)) whereas the minor population has a suprabasal position and expresses epithelial specific antigen but no sialomucin (MUC(-)/ESA(+)). Two cell lines were further established by transduction of the E6/E7 genes from human papilloma virus type 16. Both cell lines maintained a luminal epithelial phenotype as evidenced by expression of the tight junction proteins, claudin-1 and occludin, and by generation of a high transepithelial electrical resistance on semipermeable filters. Whereas in clonal cultures, the MUC(+)/ESA(+) epithelial cell line was luminal epithelial restricted in its differentiation repertoire, the suprabasal-derived MUC(-)/ESA(+) epithelial cell line was able to generate itself as well as MUC(+)/ESA(+) epithelial cells and Thy-1(+)/alpha-smooth muscle actin(+) (ASMA(+)) myoepithelial cells. The MUC(-)/ESA(+) epithelial cell line further differed from the MUC(+)/ESA(+) epithelial cell line by the expression of keratin K19, a feature of a subpopulation of epithelial cells in terminal duct lobular units in vivo. Within a reconstituted basement membrane, the MUC(+)/ESA(+) epithelial cell line formed acinus-like spheres. In contrast, the MUC(-)/ESA(+) epithelial cell line formed elaborate branching structures resembling uncultured terminal duct lobular units both by morphology and marker expression. Similar structures were obtained by inoculating the extracellular matrix-embedded cells subcutaneously in nude mice. Thus, MUC(-)/ESA(+) epithelial cells within the luminal epithelial lineage may function as precursor cells of terminal duct lobular units in the human breast.
Nitric Oxide Stimulates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Production in Cardiomyocytes Involved in Angiogenesis (2006)

Our results suggest that cardiomyocytes produce VEGF through a nonhypoxic HIF-1alpha induction pathway activated by NO, resulting in angiogenesis.
Countering Adversarial Images using Input Transformations (2017)

This paper investigates strategies that defend against adversarial-example attacks on image-classification systems by transforming the inputs before feeding them to the system. Specifically, we study applying image transformations such as bit-depth reduction, JPEG compression, total variance minimization, and image quilting before feeding the image to a convolutional network classifier. Our experiments on ImageNet show that total variance minimization and image quilting are very effective defenses in practice, in particular, when the network is trained on transformed images. The strength of those defenses lies in their non-differentiable nature and their inherent randomness, which makes it difficult for an adversary to circumvent the defenses. Our best defense eliminates 60% of strong gray-box and 90% of strong black-box attacks by a variety of major attack methods
Synthesis of self-doped conducting polyaniline (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of self-doped conducting polyanilineJiang Yue and Arthur J. EpsteinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 7, 2800–2801Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00163a051https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00163a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3133Altmetric-Citations538LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
A Simple Millifluidic Benchtop Reactor System for the High-Throughput Synthesis and Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles with Different Sizes and Shapes (2013)

Despite the continuing interest in the applications of functionalized nanomaterials, the controlled and reproducible synthesis of many important functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) above the milligram scale continues to be a significant challenge. The synthesis of functionalized NPs in automated reactors provides a viable approach to circumvent some of the shortcomings of traditional nanomaterial batch syntheses, providing superior control over reagent addition, improved reproducibility, the opportunity to interface real-time product monitoring, and a viable high-throughput synthetic approach. Here, we demonstrate the construction and operation of a simple millifluidic reactor assembled entirely from commercially available components found in almost any chemical laboratory. This reactor facilitates the aqueous gram-scale synthesis of a variety of functionalized gold nanoparticles, including the synthesis of gold nanospheres with tightly controlled core diameters and gold nanorods with controlled aspect ratios between 1.5 and 4.0. The absolute dimensions (i.e., the transverse diameter) of gold nanorods synthesized within the reactor can also be tailored to produce different gold nanorod shapes, including "small" gold nanorods and gold nanocubes. In addition, we show that the reactor can interface with existing purification and monitoring techniques in order to enable the high-throughput functionalization/purification of gold nanorods and real-time monitoring of gold nanoparticle products for quality control. We anticipate that this millifluidic reactor will provide the blueprint for a versatile and portable approach to the gram-scale synthesis of monodisperse, hydrophilically functionalized metal NPs that can be realized in almost any chemistry research laboratory.
Abnormal accumulation of hyaluronan matrix diminishes contact inhibition of cell growth and promotes cell migration (2002)

Elevated hyaluronan biosynthesis and matrix deposition correlates with cell proliferation and migration. We ectopically expressed three isoforms of hyaluronan synthase (HAS1, HAS2, or HAS3) in nontransformed rat 3Y1 cells and observed a de novo, massive formation of a hyaluronan matrix that resulted in a partial loss of contact-mediated inhibition of cell growth and migration. All three HAS transfectants showed an enhanced motility in scratch wound assays, and a significant increase in their confluent cell densities. In high-density cultures, the HAS transfectants had a fibroblastic cell shape and markedly formed overlapping cell layers. This phenotype was more pronounced in the HAS2 transfectants than HAS1 or HAS3 transfectants, and occurred with significant alterations in the microfilament organization and N-cadherin distribution at the cell-cell border. Inhibition of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) pathway resulted in reacquisition of the normal phenotype of HAS2 transfectants, suggesting that the intracellular PI3-kinase signaling regulates diminution of contact inhibition induced by formation of the massive hyaluronan matrix. Our observations suggest that hyaluronan and its matrix can modulate contact inhibition of cell growth and migration, and provide evidence for functional differences between hyaluronan synthesized by the different HAS proteins.