gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Positive force feedback in human walking (2007)

The objective of this study was to determine if load receptors contribute to the afferent-mediated enhancement of ankle extensor muscle activity during the late stance phase of the step cycle. Plantar flexion perturbations were presented in late stance while able-bodied human subjects walked on a treadmill that was declined by 4%, inclined by 4% or held level. The plantar flexion perturbation produced a transient, but marked, presumably spinally mediated decrease in soleus EMG that varied directly with the treadmill inclination. Similarly, the magnitude of the control step soleus EMG and Achilles' tendon force also varied directly with the treadmill inclination. In contrast, the ankle angular displacement and velocity were inversely related to the treadmill inclination. These results suggest that Golgi tendon organ feedback, via the group Ib pathway, is reduced when the muscle-tendon complex is unloaded by a rapid plantar flexion perturbation in late stance phase. The changes in the unload response with treadmill inclination suggest that the late stance phase soleus activity may be enhanced by force feedback.
GABA and Its Agonists Improved Visual Cortical Function in Senescent Monkeys (2003)

Human cerebral cortical function degrades during old age. Much of this change may result from a degradation of intracortical inhibition during senescence. We used multibarreled microelectrodes to study the effects of electrophoretic application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the GABA type a (GABAa) receptor agonist muscimol, and the GABAa receptor antagonist bicuculline, respectively, on the properties of individual V1 cells in old monkeys. Bicuculline exerted a much weaker effect on neuronal responses in old than in young animals, confirming a degradation of GABA-mediated inhibition. On the other hand, the administration of GABA and muscimol resulted in improved visual function. Many treated cells in area V1 of old animals displayed responses typical of young cells. The present results have important implications for the treatment of the sensory, motor, and cognitive declines that accompany old age.
Regeneration of T cell subpopulations after bone marrow transplantation: cytomegalovirus infection and lymphoid subset imbalance. (1982)

Immune reconstitution was studied serially by using T lymphocyte cell surface differentiation antigens in 37 individuals receiving bone marrow transplants. Antigen expression was assessed by immunofluorescence analysis using monoclonal antibodies to T lymphocytes including Leu-3, which defines a T lymphocyte subpopulation in healthy individuals with T helper or inducer activity (L3+), and Leu-2, which defines a T lymphocyte subpopulation in healthy individuals with T helper or inducer activity (L3+), and Leu-2, which defines a T lymphocyte subpopulation with suppressor or cytotoxic activity (L2+). These studies demonstrated that the L2+ subpopulation regenerated more rapidly after transplant than did the L3+ subpopulation. Imbalances between these two T lymphocyte subpopulations, indicated by a decreased L3/L2 ratio, persisted for periods up to 12 mo post-transplant. Expression of a cell surface antigen associated with immature lymphocytes (OKT-10), and of HLA-DR (Ia-like) antigens was markedly increased during the post-transplant period. HLA-DR antigen expression did not appear related to immune activation in that increased reactivity was not detected with a monoclonal antibody (anti-TAC) specific for activated T cells. These observations in bone marrow transplant recipients and other disorders characterized by lymphoid restoration or immaturity indicate that inversion of the normal L3/L2 ratio and increased expression of OKT-10 and HLA-DR antigens may be features of a regenerating immune system. Furthermore, serial observation of individual patients indicated that infection with cytomegalovirus was associated with a progressive decrease in the L3/L2 ratio.
A New Soluble Poly(p-phenylene) with Tetrahydropyrene Repeating Units (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA New Soluble Poly(p-phenylene) with Tetrahydropyrene Repeating UnitsMartin Kreyenschmidt, Frank Uckert, and Klaus MuellenCite this: Macromolecules 1995, 28, 13, 4577–4582Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00117a030https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00117a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views418Altmetric-Citations77LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer (2012)

To characterize somatic alterations in colorectal carcinoma, we conducted a genome-scale analysis of 276 samples, analysing exome sequence, DNA copy number, promoter methylation and messenger RNA and microRNA expression. A subset of these samples (97) underwent low-depth-of-coverage whole-genome sequencing. In total, 16% of colorectal carcinomas were found to be hypermutated: three-quarters of these had the expected high microsatellite instability, usually with hypermethylation and MLH1 silencing, and one-quarter had somatic mismatch-repair gene and polymerase ε (POLE) mutations. Excluding the hypermutated cancers, colon and rectum cancers were found to have considerably similar patterns of genomic alteration. Twenty-four genes were significantly mutated, and in addition to the expected APC, TP53, SMAD4, PIK3CA and KRAS mutations, we found frequent mutations in ARID1A, SOX9 and FAM123B. Recurrent copy-number alterations include potentially drug-targetable amplifications of ERBB2 and newly discovered amplification of IGF2. Recurrent chromosomal translocations include the fusion of NAV2 and WNT pathway member TCF7L1. Integrative analyses suggest new markers for aggressive colorectal carcinoma and an important role for MYC-directed transcriptional activation and repression.
PRODRUG AS A NOVEL APPROACH OF DRUG DELIVERY- A REVIEW (2015)

Prodrugs are bioreversible derivatives of drug molecules that undergo an enzymatic and/or chemical transformation in vivo to release the active parent drug, which can then exert the desired pharmacological effect. Prodrug design is a choice of approach in solving many of the problems like stability, toxicity, solubility, permeability and drug targeting that affect drug discovery and development. Prodrug design is fruitful approach for drug targeting by changing the physiochemical, biopharmaceutical or pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. About 10-14% of drugs approved worldwide can be classified as prodrugs. The present article takes a review of introduction, classification, applications of prodrug design in various areas of drug development and basic functional groups that are amenable to prodrug design.Keywords: Prodrugs, objectives, classification, application, functional groups, limitation.
Characterization of interleukin-7 and interleukin-7 receptor in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (2011)

We have identified, for the first time, regulators of IL-7 and IL-7R expression in RA fibroblasts, RA peripheral blood in vitro-differentiated macrophages, and endothelial cells. Our results document a novel role of IL-7 in RA angiogenesis.
Synchronized motion by multiple mobile robots using communication (2002)

This paper addresses a method for synchronizing motion by multiple autonomous mobile robots using radio communication. The autonomous and decentralized robot system, ACTRESS, is a multi-agent robotic system including multiple autonomous mobile robots. The autonomous mobile robots are developed so as not only to act individually, but also to cooperate with the other robots if they cannot accomplish the task alone. The synchronized motion is sometimes required to execute such cooperative tasks. Every agent of ACTRESS is equipped with the communication system, which enables a message passing between any robotic agents. The prototype ACTRESS system is introduced, and cooperation among multiple robotic agents is discussed. A method for synchronization using the communication system is proposed. The method is applied to the prototype system, and side-by-side motion on the actual mobile robots is implemented as a example of synchronized motion.
Natural β-sheet proteins use negative design to avoid edge-to-edge aggregation (2002)

The fact that natural beta-sheet proteins are usually soluble but that fragments or designs of beta structure usually aggregate suggests that natural beta proteins must somehow be designed to avoid this problem. Regular beta-sheet edges are dangerous, because they are already in the right conformation to interact with any other beta strand they encounter. We surveyed edge strands in a large sample of all-beta proteins to tabulate features that could protect against further beta-sheet interactions. beta-barrels, of course, avoid edges altogether by continuous H-bonding around the barrel cylinder. Parallel beta-helix proteins protect their beta-sheet ends by covering them with loops of other structure. beta-propeller and single-sheet proteins use a combination of beta-bulges, prolines, strategically placed charges, very short edge strands, and loop coverage. beta-sandwich proteins favor placing an inward-pointing charged side chain on one of the edge strands where it would be buried by dimerization; they also use bulges, prolines, and other mechanisms. One recent beta-hairpin design has a constrained twist too great for accommodation into a larger beta-sheet, whereas some beta-sheet edges are protected by the bend and reverse twist produced by an Lbeta glycine. All free edge strands were seen to be protected, usually by several redundant mechanisms. In contrast, edge strands that natively form beta H-bonded dimers or rings have long, regular stretches without such protection. These results are relevant to understanding how proteins may assemble into beta-sheet amyloid fibers, and they are especially applicable to the de novo design of beta structure. Many edge-protection strategies used by natural proteins are beyond our current abilities to constrain by design, but one possibility stands out as especially useful: a single charged side chain near the middle of what would ordinarily be the hydrophobic side of the edge beta strand. This minimal negative-design strategy changes only one residue, requires no backbone distortion, and is easy to design. The accompanying paper [Wang, W. & Hecht, M. H. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 2760-2765] makes use of the inward-pointing charge strategy with great success, turning highly aggregated beta-sandwich designs into soluble monomers.
Location based services in a wireless WAN using cellular digital packet data (CDPD) (2001)

This paper shows how a standard mobile data technology, Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), can be used to localize mobile data users, and provide location based services. We present a location determination system that is handset-based. Using CDPD and modem protocols, this system extracts the location of the users up to the cell site coverage in the network; it also exposes this location information to the application layer. We have implemented a prototype of the entire system; it works nationwide with mobile laptop and Pocket PC users. The system is adequate for providing personalized location based service such as finding close businesses of interest, or business services such as tracking and fleet management, or traffic and re-routing applications, among others.
Progesterone and Mifepristone Regulate L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 2 and 4F2 Heavy Chain Expression in Uterine Leiomyoma Cells (2009)

We present evidence that progesterone and its antagonist mifepristone regulate the amino acid transporter system LAT2/4F2hc in leiomyoma tissues and cells. Our findings suggest that products of the LAT2/4F2hc genes may play important roles in leiomyoma cell proliferation. We speculate that critical ratios of LAT2 to 4F2hc regulate leiomyoma growth.
On Capacity of Large-Scale MIMO Multiple Access Channels with Distributed Sets of Correlated Antennas (2012)

In this paper, a deterministic equivalent of ergodic sum rate and an algorithm for evaluating the capacity-achieving input covariance matrices for the uplink large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna channels are proposed. We consider a large-scale MIMO system consisting of multiple users and one base station with several distributed antenna sets. Each link between a user and an antenna set forms a two-sided spatially correlated MIMO channel with line-of-sight (LOS) components. Our derivations are based on novel techniques from large dimensional random matrix theory (RMT) under the assumption that the numbers of antennas at the terminals approach to infinity with a fixed ratio. The deterministic equivalent results (the deterministic equivalent of ergodic sum rate and the capacity-achieving input covariance matrices) are easy to compute and shown to be accurate for realistic system dimensions. In addition, they are shown to be invariant to several types of fading distribution.
RNA-RNA recombination in Sindbis virus: roles of the 3' conserved motif, poly(A) tail, and nonviral sequences of template RNAs in polymerase recognition and template switching (1997)

Sindbis virus (SIN), a mosquito-transmitted animal RNA virus, carries a 11.7-kb positive-sense RNA genome which is capped and polyadenylated. We recently reported that the SIN RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) could initiate negative-strand RNA synthesis from a 0.3-kb 3'-coterminal SIN RNA fragment and undergo template switching in vivo (M. Hajjou, K. R. Hill, S. V. Subramaniam, J. Y. Hu, and R. Raju, J. Virol. 70:5153-5164, 1996). To identify and characterize the viral and nonviral sequences which regulate SIN RNA synthesis and recombination, a series of SIN RNAs carrying altered 3' ends were tested for the ability to produce infectious virus or to support recombination in BHK cells. The major findings of this report are as follows: (i) the 3'-terminal 20-nucleotides (nt) sequence along with the abutting poly(A) tail of the SIN genome fully supports negative-strand synthesis, genome replication, and template switching; (ii) a full-length SIN RNA carrying the 3'-terminal 24 nt but lacking the poly(A) tail is noninfectious; (iii) SIN RNAs which carry 3' 64 nt or more without the poly(A) tail are infectious and regain their poly(A) tail in vivo; (iv) donor templates lacking the poly(A) tail do not support template switching; (v) full-length SIN RNAs lacking the poly(A) tail but carrying 3' nonviral extensions, although debilitated to begin with, evolve into rapidly growing poly(A)-carrying mutants; (vi) poly(A) or poly(U) motifs positioned internally within the acceptor templates, in the absence of other promoter elements within the vicinity, do not induce the jumping polymerase to reinitiate at these sites; and (vii) the junction site selection on donor templates occurs independently of the sequences around the acceptor sites. In addition to furthering our understanding of RNA recombination, these studies give interesting clues as to how the alphavirus polymerase interacts with its 3' promoter elements of genomic RNA and nonreplicative RNAs. This is the first report that an in vitro-synthesized alphavirus RNA lacking a poly(A) tail can initiate infection and produce 3' polyadenylated viral genome in vivo.
Serum beta-enolase in acute myocardial infarction. (1987)

The enzyme beta-enolase (alpha beta and beta beta forms) is present in skeletal and heart muscle and catalyses the glycolysis of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate. The enzyme was measured in serum samples from patients with acute myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, and idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Serum concentrations of beta-enolase were significantly increased in acute myocardial infarction but not in the other cardiovascular diseases. Activity peaked approximately 12 to 14 hours after an acute attack of chest pain, and then gradually decreased as the patient recovered. The rise and fall in beta-enolase concentration were faster and steeper than those of creatine kinase activity, particularly in patients in whom activities of both these enzymes were less high. The assay of beta-enolase, which is highly specific and sensitive, has considerable advantages for the early diagnosis of myocardial infarction and the diagnosis of a second episode of myocardial infarction because beta-enolase concentration increases very early and rapidly and clears quickly. These data imply that serum beta-enolase may be a more effective marker for early myocardial infarction, particularly in milder cases, than measurement of creatine kinase activity.
Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Pain of Spinal Origin (2002)

The ultimate efficacy of spinal cord stimulation remains to be determined, primarily because of limitations associated with the published literature. However, on the basis of the current evidence, it may represent a valuable treatment option, particularly for patients with chronic pain of predominantly neuropathic origin and topographical distribution involving the extremities. The potential treatment of other pain topographies and etiologies by spinal cord stimulation continues to be studied.
Radiation treatment of carcinoma of the cervix. (1982)

To give the optimal treatment to each individual with cancer of the cervix, there must be very close cooperation and professional rapport between the radiation oncologist and gynecologic oncologist. Patients should be evaluated together with a review of the pertinent pathology and diagnostic roentgenograms in order to determine the optimal, individualized treatment plan for each patient. In the radiotherapeutic management of patients with cervical cancer, meticulous care must be taken in the treatment setups for external radiotherapy and the intracavitary radium applications. External fields should be carefully shaped to minimize the amount of normal tissue treated. Radium applications must be carefully reviewed with attention to and correction of minor deviations in the radium geometry, which could give rise to "hot" or "cold" spots in the radium dosage. With attention paid to the above factors, radiotherapy in the treatment of cervical cancer can be extremely rewarding. The majority of the patients treated will be cured and will be able to return to normal, functional lives. Most of the patients seen with cervical cancer do not have other major medical illnesses that will limit their lifespan, and as a result, 10-, 20-, and 30-yr survivals after treatment are being reported.
Direct Synthesis of 4-Fluoroisoxazoles through Gold-Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization–Fluorination of 2-Alkynone O-Methyl Oximes (2014)

A tandem protocol for the synthesis of fluorinated isoxazoles has been developed via catalytic intramolecular cyclizations of 2-alkynone O-methyl oximes and ensuing fluorination. The reactions proceed smoothly at room temperature in the presence of 5 mol % of (IPr)AuCl, 5 mol % of AgOTs, 2.5 equiv of Selectfluor, and 2 equiv of NaHCO3. This process features an efficient one-pot cascade route to fluoroisoxazoles with high yields and high selectivity under mild reaction conditions.
Forty-eight-week evaluation of lopinavir/ritonavir, a new protease inhibitor, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children (2003)

The liquid coformulation of lopinavir/ritonavir demonstrated durable antiviral activity and was safe and well-tolerated after 48 weeks of treatment in HIV-infected children.
The Role of Preassembled Cytoplasmic Complexes in Assembly of Flagellar Dynein Subunits (1998)

Previous work has revealed a cytoplasmic pool of flagellar precursor proteins capable of contributing to the assembly of new flagella, but how and where these components assemble is unknown. We tested Chlamydomonas outer-dynein arm subunit stability and assembly in the cytoplasm of wild-type cells and 11 outer dynein arm assembly mutant strains (oda1-oda11) by Western blotting of cytoplasmic extracts, or immunoprecipitates from these extracts, with five outer-row dynein subunit-specific antibodies. Western blots reveal that at least three oda mutants (oda6, oda7, and oda9) alter the level of a subunit that is not the mutant gene product. Immunoprecipitation shows that large preassembled flagellar complexes containing all five tested subunits (three heavy chains and two intermediate chains) exist within wild-type cytoplasm. When the preassembly of these subunits was examined in oda strains, we observed three patterns: complete coassembly (oda 1, 3, 5, 8, and 10), partial coassembly (oda7 and oda11), and no coassembly (oda2, 6, and 9) of the four tested subunits with HCbeta. Our data, together with previous studies, suggest that flagellar outer-dynein arms preassemble into a complete Mr approximately 2 x 10(6) dynein arm that resides in a cytoplasmic precursor pool before transport into the flagellar compartment.
Mild Copper-Mediated Fluorination of Aryl Stannanes and Aryl Trifluoroborates (2013)

This communication describes a mild copper-mediated fluorination of aryl stannanes and aryl trifluoroborates with N-fluoro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium triflate. This protocol demonstrates broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance, and does not require the use of any noble metal additives. The reaction is proposed to proceed via an arylcopper(III) fluoride intermediate.
NMR spatial structure of α‐conotoxin ImI reveals a common scaffold in snail and snake toxins recognizing neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors1 (1999)

A 600 MHz NMR study of alpha-conotoxin ImI from Conus imperialis, targeting the alpha7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), is presented. ImI backbone spatial structure is well defined basing on the NOEs, spin-spin coupling constants, and amide protons hydrogen-deuterium exchange data: rmsd of the backbone atom coordinates at the 2-12 region is 0.28 A in the 20 best structures. The structure is described as a type I beta-turn (positions 2-5) followed by a distorted helix (positions 5-11). Similar structural patterns can be found in all neuronal-specific alpha-conotoxins. Highly mobile side chains of the Asp-5, Arg-7 and Trp-10 residues form a single site for ImI binding to the alpha7 receptor. When depicted with opposite directions of the polypeptide chains, the ImI helix and the tip of the central loop of long chain snake neurotoxins demonstrate a common scaffold and similar positioning of the functional side chains, both of these structural elements appearing essential for binding to the neuronal nAChRs.