gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Trinexapac‐ethyl and Paclobutrazol Affect Kentucky Bluegrass Single‐Leaf Carbon Exchange Rates and Plant Growth (2007)

ABSTRACT Trinexapac‐ethyl (TE) [4‐(cyclopropyl‐α‐hydroxy‐methylene)‐3,5‐dioxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester] and paclobutrazol (PAC) [(2 RS ,3 RS )‐1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐4,4‐dimethyl‐2‐(1 H ‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)pentan‐3‐ol] are routinely used to suppress clipping production. Single‐leaf turfgrass C exchange rates (CERs) in response to plant growth regulator (PGR) treatment have not been characterized. Individual Kentucky bluegrass (KBG, Poa pratensis L.) plants received label rates of TE or PAC and were placed in growth chambers at 23/18 or 30/25°C. Photosynthetic efficiency and CER measurements were recorded every 4 d for 44 d. Total root length (TRL), root surface area (SA), and average root diameter were measured at the end of the study. Reductions in CERs of TE‐ or PAC‐treated plants were short lived with CERs suppressed 17 to 29% of control (POC) at 4 and 12 days after treatment (DAT), respectively. Plants treated at 23/18°C with PGRs typically had short‐lived increases in CERs following CER suppression. A similar pattern of CER response to PGR treatment was observed at the 30/25°C temperature regime. Quantum efficiency was unaffected, but plants treated with PGRs had reduced root growth. PAC caused the greatest reduction in TRL and SA while increasing root diameter. A decline in TRL and SA in conjunction with increased tillering indicates that PGR reduced TRL and SA on a tiller basis. Changes in single‐leaf CERs do not fully explain PGR‐induced changes in plant growth.
Clinical benefit of INCB7839, a potent and selective ADAM inhibitor, in combination with trastuzumab in patients with metastatic HER2+ breast cancer. (2010)

3025 Background: In HER2+ breast cancer, the HER2 protein is cleaved by the metalloproteinase ADAM10 resulting in release of the HER2 extracellular domain (ECD) into the serum while the truncated HER2 receptor (p95) remains in the membrane as a constitutively active kinase. Studies have shown that the presence of p95 is associated with poor clinical outcome, including resistance to trastuzumab-based therapy. Therefore, inhibition of HER2 cleavage by the ADAM inhibitor INCB7839 may enhance the clinical efficacy of trastuzumab in HER2+ breast cancer patients. Methods: This study was initiated as a single arm modified dose escalation open label trial of INCB7839 + trastuzumab in women with HER2+ metastatic breast cancer, naïve to chemotherapy. Three doses of INCB7839 were studied (100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg BID) with an expansion arm at the 300 mg dose. Trastuzumab was administered on a Q3 week schedule. Pharmacokinetics, plasma HER2 ECD levels and p95 expression in tumor tissue were assessed in addition to clinical response and safety. The study has been further expanded to evaluate the addition of docetaxel to INCB7839 + trastuzumab. Results: To date, 51 HER2+ patients have been enrolled in the study. INCB7839 administration results in a dose-dependent reduction in plasma HER2 ECD. With the INCB7839 + trastuzumab combination, the currentoverall response rate is 50% (13/26 evaluable patients) with a higher response rate (9/14 or 64%) observed in patients with INCB7839 plasma concentrations above the IC50 for HER2 cleavage. Importantly, INCB7839 increases the clinical response rate and time to progression in p95+ patients, with equivalent responses observed in the p95+ and p95− patients. Thirteen patients have initiated addition of docetaxel and the combination of the three agents has been generally safe and well tolerated. Conclusions: Biomarker and clinical data from this trial demonstrate that INCB7839 can markedly reduce HER2 cleavage in patients with HER2+ breast cancer, and suggest that INCB7839 can improve the response to trastuzumab and render a subpopulation of HER2+ patients, who are p95+ and are predicted to be trastuzumab resistant, responsive to trastuzumab therapy. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Position Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Incyte Incyte
Leidenfrost Evaporation of Liquid Nitrogen Droplets (1994)

The evaporation of a single droplet of liquid nitrogen, levitated during film boiling above a solid, impervious surface, was studied experimentally. The droplet initial diameter (1.9 mm), surface temperature (~20°C), ambient temperature (~20°C), and ambient pressure (~0.1 MPa) were held constant. The principal parameters varied were the surface material (copper or glass), and roughness (0.35 to 50 μm). Measurements were made of the droplet diameter evolution and the surface temperature variation during droplet impact. Predictions from existing models of droplets in Leidenfrost evaporation agree well with measurements of the droplet evaporation rate. The droplet lifetime was found to be slightly longer on the glass surface than it was on the copper surface, corresponding to the greater cooling of the glass surface during droplet impact. The droplet evaporation rate was unchanged by small increases in surface roughness. However, ridges on the surface with a height of the same magnitude as the thickness of the vapor film under the drop caused vapor bubble nucleation in the droplet, and significantly reduced the droplet evaporation time.
Effects of overconfidence and dependence on aggregated probability judgments (2012)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how expert overconfidence and dependence affect the calibration of aggregated probability judgments obtained by various linear opinion‐pooling models. Design/methodology/approach The authors used a large database containing real‐world expert judgments, and adopted the leave‐one‐out cross‐validation technique to test the calibration of aggregated judgments obtained by Cooke's classical model, the equal‐weight linear pooling method, and the best‐expert approach. Additionally, the significance of the effects using linear models was rigorously tested. Findings Significant differences were found between methods. Both linear‐pooling aggregation approaches significantly outperformed the best‐expert technique, indicating the need for inputs from multiple experts. The significant overconfidence effect suggests that linear pooling approaches do not effectively counteract the effect of expert overconfidence. Furthermore, the second‐order interaction between aggregation method and expert dependence shows that Cooke's classical model is more sensitive to expert dependence than equal weights, with high dependence generally leading to much poorer aggregated results; by contrast, the equal‐weight approach is more robust under different dependence levels. Research limitations/implications The results suggest that methods involving broadening of subjective confidence intervals or distributions may occasionally be useful for mitigating the overconfidence problem. An equal‐weight approach might be more favorable when the level of dependence between experts is high. Although it was found that the number of experts and the number of seed questions also significantly affect the calibration of the aggregated distribution, further research to find the minimum number of questions or experts is required to ensure satisfactory aggregated performance would be desirable. Furthermore, other metrics or probability scoring rules should be used to check the robustness and generalizability of the authors' conclusion. Originality/value The paper provides empirical evidence of critical factors affecting the calibration of the aggregated intervals or distribution judgments obtained by linear opinion‐pooling methods.
Adenine Nucleotide Levels in the Cytosol, Chloroplasts, and Mitochondria of Wheat Leaf Protoplasts (1982)

Recently, a new method has been described, in which membrane filtration is used to allow the levels of adenine nucleotides in the chloroplast stroma, the cytosol, and the mitochondrial matrix to be measured. This method is now used to investigate the effect of illumination, of respiratory inhibitors, and of uncouplers on the distribution of ATP, ADP, and AMP in wheat (Triticum aestivum var. ;Timmo') leaf protoplasts. (a) The adenine nucleotides are apparently equilibrated by adenylate kinase in the stroma and the cytosol, but not in the mitochondrial matrix. (b) The ATP/ADP quotient in the cytosol is considerably higher than that in the mitochondrial matrix or the chloroplast stroma. (c) A large gradient exists between the ATP/ADP quotients in the cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix in the dark, with a very low ATP/ADP quotient in the mitochondria. This gradient is lowered by uncouplers or respiratory inhibitors showing that, as in animal tissues, it reflects the energization of the mitochondria. (d) In the dark, the stromal ATP/ADP is lower than in the light, and appears to be maintained, at least in part, by import from the cytosol. (e) The cytosolic ATP/ADP, however, actually decreases in the light. This contradicts the widespread assumption, that export of photosynthetically produced ATP from the chloroplast leads to an increase in the cytosolic ATP/ADP, which then inhibits oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. (f) The mitochondrial ATP/ADP increases in the light, and the gradient between the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix falls. This is also difficult to understand in terms of an inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation in the light due to a lack of ADP in the cytosol. (g) The significance of the measured variations in the adenine nucleotide pools are discussed with respect to the diurnal carbohydrate metabolism in a leaf, and to the metabolic function of the chloroplast, the cytosol and the mitochondria.
Twenty-four-hour mean plasma testosterone concentration declines with age in normal premenopausal women. (1995)

The 24-h mean plasma concentration of total testosterone (T) was measured in 33 healthy, regularly cycling, nonobese women between 21 and 51 yr of age. Percent free T was measured in 17 of them. Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) were measured in 24 of them, and the DHEA-to-T and DHEAS-to-T ratios were calculated. It was found that the concentration of total T showed a steep decline with age; the regression equation was: T (nanomoles per L) = 37.8 x age-1.12 (r = -0.54; P < 0.003). According to this equation, the expected T concentration of a woman of 40 would be 0.61 nmol/L, about half that of a woman of 21 (1.3 nmol/L). The percent free T did not vary significantly with age, so free T concentration likewise showed a steep decline with age. The DHEA-to-T and DHEAS-to-T ratios were both age invariant, clearly because the levels of DHEA and DHEAS also decline steeply with age, as previously reported.
Enzymic Preparation of

L

-β-Lysine (1973)

Abstract L-β-Lysine is prepared from L-lysine by the action of an enzyme, L-lysine-2, 3-aminomutase, present in extracts of lysine-fermenting Clostridia. 1The basic amino acids in the reaction mixture are adsorbed on a cation exchange resin, and β-lysine is separated from residual lysine by differential elution at pH 3.0. The β-lysine is desalted by adsorbing it on a cation exchange resin, washing the resin with water and eluting the 8-lysine with ammonia. Ammonia is removed and the β-lysine is converted to the sulfate and crystallized from aqueous methanol. The yield is 123 milli-moles or 61% based on the initial amount of lysine.
Light-responsive gene expression in cyanobacteria (1995)

Free access1 April 1995 Share on Light-responsive gene expression in cyanobacteriaAuthor: S S GoldenAuthors Info & AffiliationsDOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.177.7.1651-1654.1995 PDF/EPUB
Unifying mechanism for different fibrotic diseases (2017)

Fibrotic diseases are not well-understood. They represent a number of different diseases that are characterized by the development of severe organ fibrosis without any obvious cause, such as the devastating diseases idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and scleroderma. These diseases have a poor prognosis comparable with endstage cancer and are uncurable. Given the phenotypic differences, it was assumed that the different fibrotic diseases also have different pathomechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that many endstage fibrotic diseases, including IPF; scleroderma; myelofibrosis; kidney-, pancreas-, and heart-fibrosis; and nonalcoholic steatohepatosis converge in the activation of the AP1 transcription factor c-JUN in the pathologic fibroblasts. Expression of the related AP1 transcription factor FRA2 was restricted to pulmonary artery hypertension. Induction of c-Jun in mice was sufficient to induce severe fibrosis in multiple organs and steatohepatosis, which was dependent on sustained c-Jun expression. Single cell mass cytometry revealed that c-Jun activates multiple signaling pathways in mice, including pAkt and CD47, which were also induced in human disease. αCD47 antibody treatment and VEGF or PI3K inhibition reversed various organ c-Jun-mediated fibroses in vivo. These data suggest that c-JUN is a central molecular mediator of most fibrotic conditions.
Dawson Heteropolyacid: A Green, Eco-Friendly, and Reusable Catalyst for One-Pot Synthesis of 4-Aminoquinazolines (2012)

A new multicomponent synthesis of 4-aminoquinazolines from the reaction of anthranilonitrile, acylchlorides, and ammonium acetate in the presence of catalytic amounts of Dawson-type heteropolyacids (HPAs) is reported. The catalytic performance of different forms of Dawson-type HPAs, H6 P2M18O62 (M = WVI, MoVI) and mixed addenda forms (M = CoII, CuII, NiII, MnIII) were compared and in all cases, maximum of yield was observed by using H6P2W18O62 as catalyst. The plausible mechanism was estimated. In all cases, the Dawson catalyst was easily recovered and recycled with retention of their initial structure and activity. The effects of reaction conditions have been studied and the results showed yields of reaction are good to excellent.
Machine Comprehension Using Match-LSTM and Answer Pointer (2016)

Machine comprehension of text is an important problem in natural language processing. A recently released dataset, the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD), offers a large number of real questions and their answers created by humans through crowdsourcing. SQuAD provides a challenging testbed for evaluating machine comprehension algorithms, partly because compared with previous datasets, in SQuAD the answers do not come from a small set of candidate answers and they have variable lengths. We propose an end-to-end neural architecture for the task. The architecture is based on match-LSTM, a model we proposed previously for textual entailment, and Pointer Net, a sequence-to-sequence model proposed by Vinyals et al.(2015) to constrain the output tokens to be from the input sequences. We propose two ways of using Pointer Net for our task. Our experiments show that both of our two models substantially outperform the best results obtained by Rajpurkar et al.(2016) using logistic regression and manually crafted features.
Formation and properties of a synthetic bone composite: Hydroxyapatite–collagen (1995)

Composites composed of microcrystalline calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (HAp) and collagen were formed at 38 degrees C via an acid-base reaction between calcium phosphate precursors in the presence of a collagen matrix. Formation of composites having HAp:collagen weight ratios of 4.5:1, 11:1, and 22:1, along with that of pure mineral were investigated. Isothermal calorimetry and X-ray diffraction indicated complete reaction within 5 h resulting in hardened monoliths. The rate of HAp formation increased with an increase in the proportion of collagen present. Electron microscopy indicated that the acceleratory effect of collagen was associated with the provision of nucleation sites for HAp crystallization. Analysis of the solution chemistry also showed that collagen affected the calcium and phosphate concentrations and the pH. While collagen was shown to effect the kinetics of HAp formation, the rate limiting step, as shown by X-ray diffraction and solution chemistry, was the dissolution of the acidic calcium phosphate precursor, CaHPO4. Preliminary mechanical data indicated that the Young's modulus, yield strength, and work to fracture were at the lower end of the range of those values reported for bone. The porosities observed in these composites suggest that they might be osteoinductive while their compositions should allow their eventual resorption. Thus, microstructure, kinetics, and mechanical data suggest that these composites might be suitable as bone substitutes which form in vivo.
Automated Critiquing of Medical Decision Trees (1989)

The authors developed a decision tree-critiquing program (called BUNYAN) that identifies potential modeling errors in medical decision trees. The program's critiques are based on the structure of a decision problem, obtained from an abstract description specifying only the basic semantic categories of the model's components. A taxonomy of node and branch types supplies the primitive building blocks for representing decision trees. Bunyan detects potential problems in a model by matching general pattern expressions that refer to these primitives. A small set of general principles justifies critiquing rules that detect four categories of potential structural problems: impossible strategies, dominated strategies, unaccountable violations of symmetry, and omission of apparently reasonable strategies. Although critiquing based on structure alone has clear limitations, principled structural analysis constitutes the core of a methodology for reasoning about decision models.
Development of Noviomimetics as C-Terminal Hsp90 Inhibitors (2015)

KU-32 and KU-596 are novobiocin-derived, C-terminal heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) modulators that induce Hsp70 levels and manifest neuroprotective activity. However, the synthetically complex noviose sugar requires 10 steps to prepare, which makes translational development difficult. In this study, we developed a series of "noviomimetic" analogues of KU-596, which contain noviose surrogates that can be easily prepared, while maintaining the ability to induce Hsp70 levels. Both sugar and sugar analogues were designed, synthesized, and evaluated in a luciferase reporter assay, which identified compound 37, a benzyl containing noviomimetic, as the most potent inducer of Hsp70.
Effect of Weed Management Strategy and Planting Date on Herbicide Use in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) (1990)

Experiments were conducted in 1987 and 1988 at two locations each year to determine how two weed management strategies and three planting dates affected the cost and amount of herbicide needed to control weeds in peanuts. Weed management strategies used for each planting date included preventive, which duplicated a standard grower program, or an integrated weed management system. The least expensive strategy depended upon weed species composition, weed populations and planting date. In all cases, the integrated weed management strategy required less herbicide (acid equivalent or active ingredient) than the preventive strategy.
Integrated optical diffractive micrograting-based injection force sensor (2004)

We present a micrograting-based injection force sensor integrated with a surface micromachined silicon-nitride injector. The injector is supported by springs of known spring constant, and the injection force is determined from displacement measurements using a high-resolution, miniaturized optical encoder. The sensor exhibits configurable sensitivity and dynamic range, allowing monitoring over a wide range of forces. The periodicity of the encoder response can be used for calibration and to obtain information about the deformation of the target. We used an injector with a measured spring constant of 1.85 N/m for penetration experiments on Drosophila embryos, and found a penetration force of 52.5/spl plusmn/13.2% /spl mu/N and a membrane displacement of 58/spl plusmn/5.2% /spl mu/m.
Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission in Mammals (2006)

Eukaryotic cells maintain the overall shape of their mitochondria by balancing the opposing processes of mitochondrial fusion and fission. Unbalanced fission leads to mitochondrial fragmentation, and unbalanced fusion leads to mitochondrial elongation. Moreover, these processes control not only the shape but also the function of mitochondria. Mitochondrial dynamics allows mitochondria to interact with each other; without such dynamics, the mitochondrial population consists of autonomous organelles that have impaired function. Key components of the mitochondrial fusion and fission machinery have been identified, allowing initial dissection of their mechanisms of action. These components play important roles in mitochondrial function and development as well as programmed cell death. Disruption of the fusion machinery leads to neurodegenerative disease.
Fabrication trends for free-space microoptics (2005)

In this paper, we discuss likely trends for manufacturing of free-space microoptics, focusing primarily on diffractive and refractive components. A brief historical overview of microoptics fabrication is presented, followed by our predictions on the future of the field. Examples of future applications, technical challenges, and supporting technologies required for manufacturing of different types of microoptics are discussed.
New players in the cytokine orchestra of inflammatory bowel disease (2007)

In both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis, the pathologic process is almost certainly driven by an aberrant local immune response directed against normal components of the bacterial microflora. Mucosal immune cells interact with nonimmune cells such as epithelial cells and fibroblasts to promote tissue damage; cytokines are essential mediators of this cross talk. Accumulating evidence now suggests that interleukin-21 (IL-21), the newest member of the common gamma-chain-dependent cytokine family, is a key component of the inflammatory cascade. IL-21 is highly produced by activated CD4+ lymphocytes in the inflamed gut of patients with CD, where it contributes to sustaining the ongoing Th1 inflammation. IL-21 also increases the secretion of extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes by fibroblasts and of MIP-3alpha by epithelial cells. Two other cytokines, IL-27 and IL-32, may also be important in the inflammatory pathways that operate in IBD.
The Clinical Plasma Proteome: A Survey of Clinical Assays for Proteins in Plasma and Serum (2009)

An analysis of all US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals for protein-based assays through 2008 reveals 109 unique protein targets in plasma or serum, as well as 62 additional tests for peptides, protein posttranslational modifications, protein complexes, autoantibodies against endogenous proteins, and blood cell proteins. A further 96 unique protein targets are assayed in plasma by laboratory-developed tests available for clinical use in the US, yielding a total of 205 proteins that include products of approximately 211 genes (excluding immunoglobulins). These tests provide quantitative measurements for approximately 1% of the human protein gene products, defining a practical clinical plasma proteome. The rate of introduction of new protein analytes has remained essentially flat over the past 15 years, averaging 1.5 new proteins per year (median of 1 per year). This rate falls far short of that needed to support projected medical needs and indicates serious deficiencies in the protein biomarker pipeline, from which no proteomics-discovered analytes have yet emerged.
Efficient orange-red phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes using an in situ synthesized copper(i) complex as the emitter (2014)

Orange-red phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with inexpensive and eco-friendly luminescent Cu(<sc>i</sc>) complexes as the emitter are successfully realized by a codeposition method