gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient transfer and sustained high expression of the human glucocerebrosidase gene in mice and their functional macrophages following transplantation of bone marrow transduced by a retroviral vector. (1992)

A recombinant retroviral vector (MFG-GC) was used to study the efficiency of transduction of the human gene encoding glucocerebrosidase (GC; D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.45), in mouse hematopoietic stem cells and expression in their progeny. Transfer of the GC gene to CFU-S (spleen cell colony-forming units) in primary and secondary recipients was virtually 100%. In mice 4-7 months after transplantation, highly efficient transfer of the human gene to bone marrow cells capable of long-term reconstitution was confirmed by detection of one or two copies per mouse genome in hematopoietic tissues and in cultures of pure macrophages. Expression of the human gene exceeded endogenous activity by several fold in primary and secondary CFU-S, tissues from long-term reconstituted mice, and explanted macrophages cultures. These studies are evidence of the feasibility of efficient transfer of the GC gene to hematopoietic stem cells and expression in their progeny for many months after reconstitution. The results of this study strengthen the rationale for gene therapy as a treatment for Gaucher disease.
Determination of helix-helix interactions in membranes by rotational resonance NMR. (1995)

Dimerization of human glycophorin A in erythrocyte membranes is mediated by specific interactions within the helical transmembrane domain of the protein. Rotational resonance NMR provides a unique approach for obtaining high-resolution structural data in membrane systems and has been used to establish intermolecular contacts in the glycophorin A dimer by using hydrophobic peptides that correspond to the transmembrane sequence. Magnetization exchange rates were measured between [13C]methyl labels in the hydrophobic sequence -G79-V80-M81-A82-G83-V84- located in the middle of the transmembrane domain and specific [13C]carbonyl labels along the peptide backbone across the dimer interface. Significant magnetization exchange was observed only between V80 (13CH3) and G79 (13C = O) and between V84 (13CH3) and G83 (13C = O), indicating that these residues are packed in the dimer interface in a "ridges-ingrooves" arrangement.
One-Flask Synthesis of Acyl Azides from Carboxylic Acids; A Facile Route to Iminophosphoranes (1994)

Abstract Carboxylic acids react with a mixture of N-chlorosuccinimide, triphenylphosphine and sodium azide at -30°C to form acyl azides in high yields. When two equivalents of triphenylphosphine are applied and the temperature allowed to raise, the reaction yields directly α-carbonyl stabilized iminophosphoranes via Staudinger reaction of the phosphine with the intermediate acyl azide.
Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Scope,and Impact of Spinal Pain (2009)

Persistent pain interfering with daily activities is common. Chronic pain has been defined in many ways. Chronic pain syndrome is a separate entity from chronic pain. Chronic pain is defined as, "pain that persists 6 months after an injury and beyond the usual course of an acute disease or a reasonable time for a comparable injury to heal, that is associated with chronic pathologic processes that cause continuous or intermittent pain for months or years, that may continue in the presence or absence of demonstrable pathologies; may not be amenable to routine pain control methods; and healing may never occur." In contrast, chronic pain syndrome has been defined as a complex condition with physical, psychological, emotional, and social components. The prevalence of chronic pain in the adult population ranges from 2% to 40%, with a median point prevalence of 15%. Among chronic pain disorders, pain arising from various structures of the spine constitutes the majority of the problems. The lifetime prevalence of spinal pain has been reported as 54% to 80%. Studies of the prevalence of low back pain and neck pain and its impact in general have shown 23% of patients reporting Grade II to IV low back pain (high pain intensity with disability) versus 15% with neck pain. Further, age related prevalence of persistent pain appears to be much more common in the elderly associated with functional limitations and difficulty in performing daily life activities. Chronic persistent low back and neck pain is seen in 25% to 60% of patients, one-year or longer after the initial episode. Spinal pain is associated with significant economic, societal, and health impact. Estimates and patterns of productivity losses and direct health care expenditures among individuals with back and neck pain in the United States continue to escalate. Recent studies have shown significant increases in the prevalence of various pain problems including low back pain. Frequent use of opioids in managing chronic non-cancer pain has been a major issue for health care in the United States placing a significant strain on the economy with the majority of patients receiving opioids for chronic pain necessitating an increased production of opioids, and escalating costs of opioid use, even with normal intake. The additional costs of misuse, abuse, and addiction are enormous. Comorbidities including psychological and physical conditions and numerous other risk factors are common in spinal pain and add significant complexities to the interventionalist's clinical task. This section of the American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP)/Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) guidelines evaluates the epidemiology, scope, and impact of spinal pain and its relevance to health care interventions.
Characterization of signal transduction through the TCR-zeta chain following T cell stimulation with analogue peptides of type II collagen 260-267. (1998)

The immunodominant T cell determinant of type II collagen (CII) recognized by DBA/1 mice (I-Aq) is CII 260-267. The aims of this study were to determine the role of the amino acid residues within CII 245-270 in T cell signal transduction. To that end, we utilized I-Aq-restricted, CII-specific T cell hybridomas and examined tyrosine phosphorylation of TCR-zeta following stimulation with either wild-type CII 245-270 or a panel of analogue peptides. A variety of patterns occurred, ranging from increased phosphorylation of TCR-zeta to either partial or a complete abrogation of phosphorylation. Critical substitutions also completely abrogated the phosphorylation of ZAP70, a downstream molecule in TCR-zeta signaling. Evaluation of the supernatants of the T cell hybridomas for cytokine production in response to the peptides revealed a close correlation between the induction of phosphorylation of TCR-zeta and the amount of cytokine induced. Selected analogue peptides were tested as tolerogens in neonatal mice. Analogues that did not induce the phosphorylation of zeta chain, such as B3 (CII 251-270s263F-->N), were completely unable to induce tolerance, while analogues that caused a partial phosphorylation, such as B6 (CII 251-270s267Q-->T) and A3 (CII 245-270s269P-->A), induced partial tolerance judged by intermediate degrees of suppression of arthritis. We conclude that discrete alterations in specific amino acid residues of antigenic peptides had profound effects on T cell signaling and that the signaling correlated with T cell cytokine secretion and T cell function in the induction of tolerance and suppression of arthritis.
Fast kinetic studies of dioxygen-derived species and their metal complexes (1985)

The role of metals in the reactivity of HO2/O2- with compounds of biological interest is discussed. A scheme that illustrates the various reactions that a transition metal complex can undergo when reacting with HO2/O2- is presented in terms of ligand and pH effects. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide catalysed by ferrous ion is reviewed in terms of new rate data for the reactions of ferric ion with perhydroxyl (HO2) and superoxide (O2-) radicals. The new results support a mechanism proposed by Barb and his coworkers (W.G. Barb, J.H. Baxendale, P. George & K.R. Hargrave, Trans. Faraday Soc. 47, 462-500 (1951] and negates the occurrence of the Haber-Weiss reaction in this system. In the presence of MnII complexes, O2- reacts to form MnO2+ transients and MnIII complexes. Their reactivities with ascorbate, Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) and NADH-NADPH is discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation of the Reaction of 1,3‐Dihydro‐3‐(2‐phenyl‐2‐ oxoethylidene)indol‐2(H)‐ones with 3‐Amino‐1‐phenyl‐2‐pyrazolin‐5‐one. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Isolation and regional localization of 35 unique anonymous DNA markers for human chromosome 22 (1991)

Thirty-five new, unique, DNA probes have been isolated and each has been assigned to one of five regions on chromosome 22. The distribution of probes along the chromosome is what would be expected based on the estimated size of each region with the exception of the short arm (22p). RFLP analysis was performed using 13 different restriction enzymes and over 50% of the probes were found to have useful polymorphisms. Probes mapping to 22q11 were further characterized by pulsed-field gel analysis and it has been possible to link several on large restriction fragments. These 35 new probes will be useful reagents for producing genetic and physical maps of chromosome 22.
Utopia: A load sharing facility for large, heterogeneous distributed computer systems (1993)

Abstract Load sharing in large, heterogeneous distributed systems allows users to access vast amounts of computing resources scattered around the system and may provide substantial performance improvements to applications. We discuss the design and implementation issues in Utopia, a load sharing facility specifically built for large and heterogeneous systems. The system has no restriction on the types of tasks that can be remotely executed, involves few application changes and no operating system change, supports a high degree of transparency for remote task execution, and incurs low overhead. The algorithms for managing resource load information and task placement take advantage of the clustering nature of large‐scale distributed systems; centralized algorithms are used within host clusters, and directed graph algorithms are used among the clusters to make Utopia scalable to thousands of hosts. Task placements in Utopia exploit the heterogeneous hosts and consider varying resource demands of the tasks. A range of mechanisms for remote execution is available in Utopia that provides varying degrees of transparency and efficiency. A number of applications have been developed for Utopia, ranging from a load sharing command interpreter, to parallel and distributed applications, to a distributed batch facility. For example, an enhanced Unix command interpreter allows arbitrary commands and user jobs to be executed remotely, and a parallel make facility achieves speed‐ups of 15 or more by processing a collection of tasks in parallel on a number of hosts.
Human macrophages can express the Hodgkin's cell-associated antigen Ki-1 (CD30). (1989)

The normal precursor of the neoplastic cell in Hodgkin's lymphoma is still unknown. Previous reports on the expression of the Hodgkin's cell-associated antigen Ki-1, CD30, on normal cells have been limited to activated lymphocytes. This study demonstrates, however, that cells of the macrophage lineage also are able to express the Ki-1 antigen. The Ki-1 antigen is absent from normal blood monocytes but expressed on up to 85% of macrophage-type cells developed during subsequent in vitro differentiation on Teflon membranes. Unlike other maturation-associated antigens, Ki-1 is found only at late stages of the macrophage primary cultures. Its expression can be enhanced by human interferon-gamma in a fashion similar to that of HLA-DR molecules. In addition, freshly explanted tumor cells from three patients with histopathologic and clinical features consistent with the diagnosis of true histiocytic lymphoma or malignant histiocytosis as well as the permanent cell line SU-DHL-1 could be demonstrated to express the Ki-1 antigen. The phenotype of histiocytic malignancy was further evaluated to be HLA-DR+MAX.26+CD25+-EMA+OKT9+Ki-1+. The results could indicate either that Hodgkin's lymphoma may arise not only from the lymphocyte but also from the macrophage lineage or may emphasize a macrophage involvement in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Novel transcripts from the Ultrabithorax domain of the bithorax complex. (1987)

We present a detailed analysis of the transcriptional products of the bithoraxoid (bxd) region of the Ultrabithorax domain in the bithorax complex of Drosophila melanogaster. This region is transcribed twice during development: between 3 and 6 hr of embryogenesis, a set of early transcripts, 1.1 to 1.3 kb in size, is synthesized; from the midthird larval instar through the adult stages, a late 0.8-kb transcript is synthesized. We have sequenced five cloned cDNAs representing early transcripts and three cDNAs representing the late transcript and have located their exons within the 40 kb of DNA comprising the bxd region. S1 nuclease protection and primer extension of both the early and late transcripts were used to further elucidate their structure. The early RNAs are produced by complex differential splicing of a series of exons derived from a 26-kb primary transcript. Curiously, these RNAs do not possess significant protein coding potential. The late bxd RNA comprises a single exon transcribed from an intronic region of the early transcription unit. This RNA, by contrast, possesses excellent coding potential and, if translated, would yield a 101-amino-acid polypeptide.
Cancer Occurrence (2008)

In this chapter, we describe the variability of cancer occurrence by using measures of incidence, mortality, prevalence, and survival, according to demographic characteristics such as age, sex, socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity, as well as geographic location and time period. We also discuss the variability of cancer occurrence in relation to changes in risk factors, screening rates, and improved treatments. The variation according to risk factors provides strong evidence that much of cancer is caused by environmental factors and is potentially avoidable.
U-turn Alternates for IP/LDP Fast-Reroute (2006)

This document defines and describes the use of U-turn alternates to
provide local protection for IP unicast and/or LDP traffic in the
event of a single failure, whether link, node or shared risk link
group (SRLG). When a topology change occurs, a router S pre-computes
for each prefix an alternate next-hop that can be used if the primary
next-hop fails. An acceptable alternate can be either a loop-free
alternate or a U-turn alternate. A U-turn alternate uses a neighbor,
whose primary next-hop to the prefix is router S itself and which has
itself a loop-free node-protecting alternate, which thus does not go
through router S to reach the destination prefix.
Nevirapine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus: kinetics of replication and estimated prevalence in untreated patients (1996)

The nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor nevirapine rapidly selects for mutant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vivo. The most common mutation occurs at amino acid residue 181 in patients receiving monotherapy. After the initiation of nevirapine therapy, plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples were collected at frequent intervals and assayed for HIV RNA levels and the proportion of virus containing a mutation at residue 181. HIV RNA levels remained stable for the first 24 h after initiation of therapy and rapidly declined between 1 and 7 days. There was a consistent maximum decrease of 2 log10 HIV RNA copies per ml of plasma (range, 1.96 to 2.43) from baseline after 2 weeks in all monotherapy subjects. The estimated median half-life of HIV RNA was 1.11 days (range, 0.63 to 1.61). After 14 days of therapy, HIV RNA levels began to increase and 181 mutant virus was detected. The estimated doubling time of the emerging virus population ranged from 1.80 to 5.73 days. Viral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells turned over from wild type to the mutant with a mutation at residue 181 significantly more slowly than did HIV RNA in plasma. In two subjects, the calculated prevalence of the 181 mutant virus prior to treatment was 7 and 133 per 10,000 copies of plasma HIV RNA.
Understanding the performance of TCP pacing (2002)

Many researchers have observed that TCP's congestion control mechanisms can lead to bursty traffic flows on modern high-speed networks, with a negative impact on overall network efficiency. A proposed solution to this problem is to evenly space, or "pace", data sent into the network over an entire round-trip time, so that data is not sent in a burst. In this paper, we quantitatively evaluate this approach. Pacing offers better fairness, throughput, and lower drop rates in some situations. However, we show that contrary to intuition, pacing often has significantly worse throughput than regular TCP because it is susceptible to synchronized losses and it delays congestion signals. We propose and evaluate approaches for eliminating this effect.
Carbon nanofibers synthesized by decomposition of alcohol at atmospheric pressure (2002)

In the present study, we fabricated the carbon nanofibers (CNFs) by decomposition of methyl alcohol at atmospheric pressure. The CNFs were grown on Ni/Si substrates using simplified hot-filament chemical vapor deposition equipment. The deposits mainly consist of the semicrystalline CNFs, in which a few of carbon nanotubes are included. On the 30-nm-thick Ni/Si substrates, the mean length of the CNFs is 2–3 μm, and their average diameter is less than 100 nm. The as-deposited CNFs were evaluated by both scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The field-electron-emission properties of CNFs were characterized as well.
Biology of the Bed Bugs (Cimicidae) (2006)

The cimicids, or bed bugs, belong to a highly specialized hematophagous taxon that parasitizes primarily humans, birds, and bats. Their best-known member is the bed bug, Cimex lectularius. This group demonstrates some bizarre but evolutionarily important biology. All members of the family Cimicidae show traumatic insemination and a suite of female adaptations to this male trait. Cimicids therefore constitute an ideal model system for examining the extreme causes and consequences of sexual selection. Our dual goal in re-examining the extensive literature on this group is to identify issues relevant to pest control, such as dispersal ecology and the recent global spread, and to understand the selective forces that have shaped the unique aspects of this insect's biology.
Tetracyclines in the control of gene expression in eukaryotes (2001)

The potential to conditionally alter the activity of individual genes in complex genetic systems and to observe accompanying phenotypic changes has provided new insights into numerous biological processes hitherto not amenable to genetic dissection. The most widely applied approach makes use of a transcriptional regulation system which allows stringent control of gene expression by tetracycline (Tc) or its derivative doxycycline (Dox). The various versions of the “Tet regulatory system” were successfully incorporated into a variety of cultured cells but, most interestingly, they were also shown to function in many biological model organisms such asS. cerevisiae Dictyostelium Drosophila Arabidopsismice and rats. Thus they have developed into an efficient tool for the study of gene functionin vivo. In particular for the mouse, which has become a widely used model for mammalian genetics thanks to transgenesis and embryonic stem cell technology, the advent of a generally applicable conditional gene expression system adds another level of sophistication for the dissection of gene function [1 2]. Indeed, exploiting the Tet regulatory systemsin vivo is beginning to provide fundamental insights into such complex biological processes as development, disease and behaviour [3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10]. Moreover, as tetracyclines are non-toxic compounds extensively used in human and animal medicine, the Tet regulatory systems may even hold promise in gene therapy.
Prothrombinase assembly on an enveloped virus: evidence that the cytomegalovirus surface contains procoagulant phospholipid (1994)

In contrast to quiescent cells, we currently report that purified cytomegalovirus (CMV), strain AD169, constitutively expresses phosphatidylserine (PS)-like procoagulant activity. Initial evidence for this came from the observation of a CMV-dependent decrease in factor Xa clotting times. In a purified system, the assembly of a functional complex between factor Xa and the cofactor Va to form prothrombinase was found to be dependent on the addition of CMV. The corresponding dense bodies (DB) and noninfectious enveloped particles had similar activity. Quantification of the total virion and DB phospholipid, and comparison of prothrombin conversion rates to experiments conducted using known concentrations of PS-containing vesicles showed that 8.5% and 7.2% of the CMV and DB phospholipid, respectively is procoagulant. Direct binding studies of 125I-labeled factor Xa, active site-blocked factor Xa, or the zymogen factor X, with virions or DB showed a single class of Ca(2+)-dependent sites with dissociation constants in the order of 10(-7) MOL/l. Immunogold electron microscopy confirmed the specificity of the CMV/factor Xa association. Cumulatively, these data suggest that the CMV surface contains the necessary procoagulant phospholipid for coagulation enzyme complex assembly. This may enable CMV (and possibly other enveloped viruses) to bypass an important physiologic regulatory mechanism for the production of thrombin.
Identification of the gene loci that predispose to rheumatoid arthritis. (1998)

We have searched the human genome for genes that predispose to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using fluorescence-based microsatellite marker analysis and affected sib-pair linkage study. A panel of 41 Japanese families, each with at least two affected siblings, was typed for genome-wide 358 polymorphic microsatellite marker loci. Markers were amplified by the PCR using fluorescence-tagged primers and sized based on the difference of CA repeats on DNA. Linkage analysis was made using maximum lod score (MLS). The MLS for D1S214 and D8S556 was 3.27 and 3.33, while the MLS for the HLA-DRB1 region was <3.0. According to detailed analysis by single-point analysis using MAPMAKER/SIBS, the MLS for D1S253 and D1S214 was 3.77 and 3.58. The MLS by multipoint analysis was 6.13 for D1S253. The MLS for D8S556 by single-point analysis was 4.20. The MLS for DXS1232 was 2.35 by single-point analysis, whereas the MLS for the region 2 cM right to DXS1232 and the region between DXS1227 and DXS1200 was 3.03 and 2.93 by multi-point analysis. Three principal chromosome regions of linkage, D1S253/214, D8S556 and DXS1232, have been identified which we call RA1, RA2 and RA3 for RA disease loci.
The TLS Protocol Version 1.0 (1999)

This document specifies Version 1.0 of the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. The TLS protocol provides communications privacy over the Internet. The protocol allows client/server applications to communicate in a way that is designed to prevent eavesdropping, tampering, or message forgery. Table of Contents Cryptographic computations 8.1. Computing the master secret 8.1.1. RSA 8.1.2. Diffie-Hellman 9. Mandatory Cipher Suites 10. Application data protocol A. Protocol constant values A.1. Record layer A.2. Change cipher specs message A.3. Alert messages A.4. Handshake protocol A.4.1. Hello messages A.4.2. Server authentication and key exchange messages A.4.3. Client authentication and key exchange messages A.4.4. Handshake finalization message A.5. The CipherSuite A.6. The