gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glycoprotein hormones: glycobiology of gonadotrophins, thyrotrophin and free α subunit (1995)

Chorionic gonadotrophin and pituitary luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone comprise the family of glycoprotein hormones, which regulate major metabolic and reproductive functions of the body. These are heterodimeric glycoproteins composed of a common alpha subunit and a hormone-specific beta subunit. The N-linked oligosaccharides of these hormones are necessary for proper folding, assembly, secretion, metabolic clearance and biological activity. The free alpha subunit, which is shown to have a physiological function, is maintained in the uncombined form due to its glycan structures. The N-glycans of the glycoprotein hormones contain a variety of terminal residues, which are responsible for the differential targeting and clearance of the hormones. Glycosylation of these hormones is regulated by a variety of physiological and pathological conditions, leading to subtle alterations in their bioactivities. Recent studies on the structures and specific functions of different glycans of natural and recombinant glycoprotein hormones have provided valuable insight into the glycobiology of these hormones. This information will be useful in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic applications of the glycoprotein hormones.
Polycation-based DNA complexes for tumor-targeted gene deliveryin vivo (1999)

For systemic application, the physical and colloidal parameters of the transfection complexes, such as particle size, stability, and surface charge, determine DNA biodistribution, toxicity, and transfection efficacy. By controlling these parameters, DNA biodistribution and gene expression can be targeted to different organs.
Influenza virus site recognized by a murine helper T cell specific for H1 strains. Localization to a nine amino acid sequence in the hemagglutinin molecule. (1983)

The functional helper T cell line Vir-2, derived from a PR8 (H1N1) influenza virus-immunized BALB/c mouse, proliferates in response to syngeneic antigen-presenting cells and naturally occurring strains of subtype H1 human influenza virus from 1934-1957 and 1977-1980 isolates. A conserved region of the hemagglutinin molecule around amino acid position 115 in the heavy chain (HA1) was implicated as being important in this recognition by the lack of stimulatory activity associated with a glutamic acid to lysine substitution at position 115 in the laboratory mutant RV6, derived from wild-type PR8. Characterization of the stimulatory determinant on the wild-type hemagglutinin molecule was then undertaken using cleavage products and synthetic peptides. Vir-2 cells recognized the reduced and alkylated purified HA1 of PR8 virus, and this reactivity was retained after cleavage at methionine and tryptophan residues. High-pressure liquid chromatography separation of cleavage fragments indicated that a short sequence of the HA1 containing residue 115 was being recognized. This recognition was localized to a nine amino acid segment (positions 111-119) by assaying stimulation with synthetic peptide homologues of different lengths from that region. As with native hemagglutinin, Vir-2 cells responded to active peptides when presented by H-2d but not H-2k antigen-presenting cells.
Molecular Cloning of a Chondroitin Polymerizing Factor That Cooperates with Chondroitin Synthase for Chondroitin Polymerization (2003)

We recently cloned human chondroitin synthase (ChSy) exhibiting the glucuronyltransferase-II (GlcATII) and N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-II (GalNAcTII) activities responsible for the biosynthesis of repeating disaccharide units of chondroitin sulfate, but chondroitin polymerization was not demonstrated in vitro using the recombinant ChSy. We report here that the chondroitin polymerizing activity requires concomitant expression of a novel protein designated chondroitin polymerizing factor (ChPF) with ChSy. The human ChPF consists of 775 amino acids with a type II transmembrane protein topology. The amino acid sequence displayed 23% identity to that of human ChSy. The expression of a soluble recombinant form of the protein in COS-1 cells produced a protein with little GlcAT-II or GalNAcT-II activity. In contrast, coexpression of the ChPF and ChSy yielded markedly augmented glycosyltransferase activities, whereas simple mixing of the two separately expressed proteins did not. Moreover, using both UDP-glucuronic acid (GlcUA) and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) as sugar donors, chondroitin polymerization was demonstrated on the so-called glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region tetrasaccharide sequence of alpha-thrombomodulin. These results suggested that the ChPF acts as a specific activating factor for ChSy in chondroitin polymerization. The coding region of the ChPF was divided into four discrete exons and localized to chromosome 2q35-q36. Northern blot analysis revealed that the ChPF gene exhibited a markedly different expression pattern among various human tissues, which was similar to that of ChSy. Thus, the ChPF is required for chondroitin polymerizing activity of mammalian ChSy.
Band-structure-corrected local density approximation study of semiconductor quantum dots and wires (2005)

This paper presents results of ab initio accuracy thousand atom calculations of colloidal quantum dots and wires using the charge patching method. We have used density functional theory under local density approximation (LDA), and we have corrected the LDA bulk band structures by modifying the nonlocal pseudopotentials, so that their effective masses agree with experimental values. We have systematically studied the electronic states of group III-V (GaAs, InAs, InP, GaN, AlN, and InN) and group II-VI (CdSe, CdS, CdTe, ZnSe, ZnS, ZnTe, and ZnO) systems. We have also calculated the electron-hole Coulomb interactions in these systems. We report the exciton energies as functions of the quantum dot sizes and quantum wire diameters for all the above materials. We found generally good agreements between our calculated results and experimental measurements. For CdSe and InP, the currently calculated results agree well with the previously calculated results using semiempirical pseudopotentials. The ratios of band-gap-increases between quantum wires and dots are material-dependent, but a majority of them are close to 0.586, as predicted by the simple effective-mass model. Finally, the size dependence of $1{S}_{e}\text{\ensuremath{-}}1{P}_{e}$ transition energies of CdSe quantum dots agrees well with the experiment. Our results can be used as benchmarks for future experiments and calculations.
Involvement of Proteasome α-Subunit PSMA7 in Hepatitis C Virus Internal Ribosome Entry Site-Mediated Translation (2001)

Ribozymes are small catalytic RNA molecules that can be engineered to enzymatically cleave RNA transcripts in a sequence-specific fashion and thereby inhibit expression and function of the corresponding gene product. With their simple structures and site-specific cleavage activity, they have been exploited as potential therapeutic agents in a variety of human disorders, including hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We have designed a hairpin ribozyme (Rz3'X) targeting the HCV minus-strand replication intermediate at position 40 within the 3'X tail. Surprisingly, Rz3'X was found to induce ganciclovir (GCV)-resistant colonies in a bicistronic cellular reporter system with HCV internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent translation of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (TK). Rz3'X-transduced GCV-resistant HeLa reporter cells showed substantially reduced IRES-mediated HCV core protein translation compared with control vector-transduced cells. Since these reporter systems do not contain the HCV 3'X tail sequences, the results indicate that Rz3'X probably exerted an inhibitory effect on HCV IRES activity fortuitously through another gene target. A novel technique of ribozyme cleavage-based target gene identification (cleavage-specific amplification of cDNA ends) (M. Krüger, C. Beger, P. J. Welch, J. R. Barber, and F. Wong-Staal, Nucleic Acids Res. 29:e94, 2001) revealed that human 20S proteasome alpha-subunit PSMA7 mRNA was a target RNA recognized and cleaved by Rz3'X. We then showed that additional ribozymes directed against PSMA7 RNA inhibited HCV IRES activity in two assay systems: GCV resistance in the HeLa IRES TK reporter cell system and a transient transfection assay performed with a bicistronic Renilla-HCV IRES-firefly luciferase reporter in Huh7 cells. In contrast, ribozymes were inactive against IRES of encephalomyocarditis virus and human rhinovirus. Additionally, proteasome inhibitor MG132 exerted a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on HCV IRES-mediated translation but not on cap-dependent translation. These data suggest a principal role for PSMA7 in regulating HCV IRES activity, a function essential for HCV replication.
Environmental Fluid Catalytic Cracking Technology (1998)

Abstract The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process converts heavy oil into voluable fuel products and petrochemical feedstocks. Environmental regulations are a key driving force for reducing FCC process air-pollutant emissions and for changing the composition of fuel products. Environmental considerations are affecting the design and operation of the FCC and are providing opportunities for the development of in-process additives. The present article reviews developments in these environmental technologies.
The expression and role of tyrosine kinase ETK/BMX in renal cell carcinoma (2014)

Our study suggests that the overexpression of ETK is associated with the malignancy and disease progression of RCC. Since ETK is also involved in RCC cell biological function and VEGF-ETK-STAT3 loop, ETK may be used as a potential therapeutic target for RCC.
Metal-Assisted Organization of Shortened Carbon Nanotubes in Monolayer and Multilayer Forest Assemblies (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTMetal-Assisted Organization of Shortened Carbon Nanotubes in Monolayer and Multilayer Forest AssembliesDebjit Chattopadhyay, Izabela Galeska, and Fotios PapadimitrakopoulosView Author Information Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory Department of Chemistry, Polymer Program Institute of Materials Science University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 38, 9451–9452Publication Date (Web):August 28, 2001Publication History Received16 April 2001Published online28 August 2001Published inissue 1 September 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja0160243https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0160243rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1315Altmetric-Citations116LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Carbon nanotubes,Colloids,Monolayers,Thickness,Thin films Get e-Alerts
Ultrastructural parameters of limbic microvasculature in human psychomotor epilepsy. (1983)

Temporal lobe tissues from seven patients with drug refractory complex partial seizures were extensively examined using both light and electron microscopy in combination with certain computer techniques. Four of these cases had mesial sclerosis, whereas three cases had no demonstrable lesions in the hippocampus as determined by intermittent serial sections. Transverse sections of hippocampus were made and rapidly fixed in the operating theatre. Blocks were taken after orientation to a close-up photograph of the fixed unstained hippocampus. Cross sections of capillaries at a level where the nuclear outline was largest were photographed at low magnification in the electron microscope. Enlarged prints allowed the use of a computer-assisted planimetry and stereology system for determining capillary thickness, mean basal laminar thickness, mitochondrial incidence, and mitochondrial area of both endothelial and perithelial cells and numbers of light junctions occurring in the capillaries. Comparison of sclerotic tissues versus control showed a significant increase in laminar thickness of the sclerotic endothelia and perithelia. In endothelial cells of the disordered cortex there were fewer mitochondria than in controls; also these same endothelial cells had greater numbers of tight junctions. These changes are related to ongoing hippocampal neuron degeneration, dysregulations of the blood-brain barrier because of possible resistance to perfusion, and interference with transcapillary transport in relation to [K+] levels in neuronal milieu.
Structural Basis for a Functional Antagonist in the Transforming Growth Factor β Superfamily (2005)

Within the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, the agonist-antagonist relationship between activin and inhibin is unique and critical to integrated reproductive function. Activin acts in the pituitary to stimulate follicle-stimulating hormone, and is antagonized by endocrine acting, gonadally derived inhibin. We have undertaken a mutational analysis of the activin betaA subunit to determine the precise structural aspects that contribute to inhibin antagonism of activin. By substituting specific amino acid residues in the activin betaA subunit with similarly aligned amino acids from the alpha subunit, we have pinpointed the residues required for activin receptor binding and activity, as well as for inhibin antagonism of activin through its receptors. Additionally, we have identified an activin mutant with a higher affinity for the activin type I receptor that provides structural evidence for the evolution of ligand-receptor interactions within the transforming growth factor beta superfamily.
Comparative evaluation of various solubility enhancement strategies for furosemide. (2014)

Drugs with good solubility exhibit good oral absorption, and subsequently good bioavailability. Thus, most exigent phase of drug development practice particularly for oral dosage forms is the enhancement of drug solubility. This review describes various traditional and novel methodologies proposed for the solubility enhancement of furosemide. For furosemide, solubility and permeability are crucial rate limiting factors to achieve its desired level in systemic circulation for pharmacological response. Thus, problematic solubility of furosemide is one of the main challenges for dosage form developing researchers. Various procedures, illustrated in this review, have been successfully employed to improve the furosemide solubility; however successful improvement essentially depends on the assortment of technique. It is concluded from the results that dissolution rate of drug increases by increasing the quantity of solubility enhancer. Dissolution rate also depends upon the type of enhancer and dissolution medium. In order to achieve relatively enhanced percentage drug release after 30 min (DP30), complexation by solvent evaporation using β-cyclodextrin is the best method. Solid dispersion is found the best if polyethylene glycol is used as enhancer along with microcrystalline cellulose as hydrophilic adsorbent. All the approaches narrated in this article possess good perceptions for additional research i.e. in-vivo studies should be carried out focusing on delivery system development.
Experimental Arterial Thromboembolism in Baboons (1979)

A quantitative primate model of arterial thromboembolism has been characterized with respect to mechanism and usefulness in evaluating modifying variables. The model involved the kinetic measurements of (51)Cr-platelets and (125)I-fibrinogen consumption by femoral arteriovenous cannulae in chaired baboons. Cannula platelet consumption correlated directly with exposed cannular area for irradiated Silastic and polyurethane (correlation coefficients of 0.940 and 0.901, respectively; P < 0.001) and remained steady state for months. Nonirradiated Silastic was only minimally reactive with platelets. Despite increased rates of platelet consumption circulating fibrinogen was not measurably destroyed by any of the cannulae tested. Cannula platelet consumption was independent of cannula flow rate, platelet count, heparin anti-coagulation, and ancrod defibrinogenation.(111)In-platelet imaging of irradiated Silastic cannulae demonstrated luminal accumulation and subsequent embolization of irregular platelet masses. When irradiated Silastic cannulae were inserted as extension segments in the renal arteries of four animals the glomerular vessels became progressively occluded with nonfibrin-containing platelet thromboemboli. Nonirradiated Silastic cannulae in control arteries produced no significant vascular occlusion. Because the survival of platelets from animals with consumptive cannulae was not shortened in normal recipient animals we concluded that platelets were either irreversibly removed through thromboembolic consumption or unaffected in their viability. Oral administration of dipyridamole and sulfinpyrazone decreased cannula platelet consumption in a dose-dependent manner with complete interruption at 20 and 250 mumol/kg body wt per d (in three divided doses), respectively, whereas oral acetylsalicylic acid (10-330 mumol/kg per d) had no measurable effect on cannula platelet consumption. We conclude that this primate model simulates arterial thrombotic processes in man and that this model is suitable for the in vivo evaluation of biomaterials and of drugs that modify platelet behavior.
Advanced Modulator II (1974)

The objective of this program was to conduct exploratory development of a 1 Gbps single-pass single-unit (unmultiplexed) modulator for use with a mode-locked and frequency-doubled neodymium YAG laser in a space laser communication system. The exploratory effort was directed toward the investigation and solution of problems for Pulse Gated Binary Modulation (PGBM) modulator operation. The modulator was to operate at data rates up to 1 Gbps and be able to handle 0.53 micrometer laser power up to 0.25 watts while maintaining its specified operating characteristics. The performance goals were (1) a static extinction ratio of 100 to 1 or greater, (2) a worst case dynamic extinction ratio of 30 to 1 or greater with a 1 Gbps pseudorandom code input, and (3) a static optical transmission of at least 80%. This effort was to develop the Gbps 0.53 micrometer modulator and provide a driver in breadboard form to be used as a laboratory tool to demonstrate the feasibility of the 1 Gbps modulator design concept. Several breadboard modulator-driver combinations were fabricated and evaluated. No hardware delivery was required. The four modulator units developed and evaluated under this program used the baseband and digital Pulse Gated Binary Modulation (PGBM) format.
New objective distance measures for spectral discontinuities in concatenative speech synthesis (2002)

The quality of unit selection based concatenative speech synthesis mainly depends on how well two successive units can be joined together to minimise the audible discontinuities. The objective measure of discontinuity used when selecting units is known as the join cost. The ideal join cost measures perceived discontinuity, based on easily measurable spectral properties of the units being joined, in order to ensure smooth and natural-sounding synthetic speech. In this paper we describe a perceptual experiment conducted to measure the correlation between subjective human perception and various objective spectrally-based measures proposed in the literature. Also we report new objective distance measures derived from various distance metrics based on these spectral features, which have good correlation with human perception to concatenation discontinuities. Our experiments used a state-of-the art unit-selection text-to-speech system: rVoice from Rhetorical Systems Limited.
The Rat‐Based Neurovirulence Safety Test for the Assessment of Mumps Virus Neurovirulence in Humans: An International Collaborative Study (2005)

Because of the highly neurotropic and neurovirulent properties of wild-type mumps viruses, most national regulatory organizations require neurovirulence testing of virus seeds used in the production of mumps vaccines. Such testing has historically been performed in monkeys; however, some data suggest that testing in monkeys does not necessarily discriminate among the relative neurovirulent risks of mumps virus strains. To address this problem, a collaborative study was initiated by the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control in the United Kingdom and the Food and Drug Administration in the United States, to test a novel rat-based mumps virus neurovirulence safety test. Results indicate that the assay correctly assesses the neurovirulence potential of mumps viruses in humans and is robust and reproducible.
Digital Core Laboratory: Properties of Reservoir Core Derived from 3D Images (2004)

Abstract A facility for digital imaging, visualizing and calculation of reservoir rock properties in three dimensions (3D) is described. The facility includes a high resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography system capable of acquiring 3D images made up of 20003 voxels on core plugs up to 5 cm diameter with resolutions down to 2 µm. Subsets of four sandstone reservoir core plugs (5 mm in diameter) from a single well of a producing gas field are imaged in this study. The four cores exhibit a broad range of pore and grain sizes, porosity, permeability and mineralogy. Computational results made directly on the digitized tomographic images are presented for the pore size distribution, permeability, formation factor, NMR response and drainage capillary pressure. We show that data across a range of porosity can be computed from the suite of 5 mm plugs. Computations of permeability, formation factor and drainage capillary pressure are compared to data from a comprehensive SCAL laboratory study on 70 cores from the same well. The results are in good agreement. Empirical correlations between permeability and other petrophysical parameters are made and compared to common correlations. The results demonstrate the potential to predict petrophysical properties from core material not suited for laboratory testing (e.g., drill cuttings, sidewall core or damaged core) and the feasibility of combining digitized images with numerical calculations to predict properties and derive correlations for individual reservoir rock lithologies.