gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effectively prioritizing tests in development environment (2002)

Software testing helps ensure not only that the software under development has been implemented correctly, but also that further development does not break it. If developers introduce new defects into the software, these should be detected as early and inexpensively as possible in the development cycle. To help optimize which tests are run at what points in the design cycle, we have built Echelon, a test prioritization system, which prioritizes the application's given set of tests, based on what changes have been made to the program.Echelon builds on the previous work on test prioritization and proposes a practical binary code based approach that scales well to large systems. Echelon utilizes a binary matching system that can accurately compute the differences at a basic block granularity between two versions of the program in binary form. Echelon utilizes a fast, simple and intuitive heuristic that works well in practice to compute what tests will cover the affected basic blocks in the program. Echelon orders the given tests to maximally cover the affected program so that defects are likely to be found quickly and inexpensively. Although the primary focus in Echelon is on program changes, other criteria can be added in computing the priorities.Echelon is part of a test effectiveness infrastructure that runs under the Windows environment. It is currently being integrated into the Microsoft software development process. Echelon has been tested on large Microsoft product binaries. The results show that Echelon is effective in ordering tests based on changes between two program versions.
The kinetics of emergence and loss of mediator T lymphocytes acquired in response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (1987)

Mice infected i.v. with the virulent Erdman strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis exhibited three distinct phases of infection within the spleen. These consisted of a primary phase, characterized by the progressive growth of the organism; a secondary phase, in which the viable organism was progressively eliminated; and a tertiary phase, characterized by a chronic or slowly recrudescing disease state. Passive transfer experiments, in which T cell-enriched spleen cells from immune donors were infused into T cell-deficient recipients and were measured for their capacity to adoptively protect these mice from challenge with M. tuberculosis, provided evidence that at least three separate populations of protective T cells were acquired in response to the infection within the time frame of the experiments. These populations of T cells could be distinguished in that they differed in their expression of the L3T4 and Lyt-2 cell surface molecules, in terms of their kinetic profiles of emergence and loss, and (c) in terms of their susceptibility to cyclophosphamide. The results may suggest that different populations of protective T cells can be generated at different times during the infection as various classes of antigens (for example, metabolic or structural antigens) become available for presentation by host macrophages. It is hypothesized, furthermore, that the kinetics of emergence and loss of these various populations may reflect switching in the mode of immunity being expressed, particularly during the chronic phase of the infection, from that of a state of active immunity to one of immunologic memory.
Intracavity wavelength conversions employing a MgO-doped LiNbO_3 quasi-phase-matched waveguide and an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (2003)

Intracavity sum-frequency generation and cascaded χ(2) wavelength conversions in a fiber ring resonator using a MgO-doped LiNbO3 quasi-phase-matched waveguide and an erbium-doped fiber amplifier were proposed and demonstrated. In the proposed configuration, the resonator enhances the pump light, and efficient wavelength conversion is realized. Dependence of converted signal power upon the position of a coupler used to couple a signal into the resonator and upon the round-trip loss of the resonator was studied in detail. The proposed configuration provides efficient wavelength conversion over a wide range of input signal power and resonator round-trip loss. The configuration provides a cost-effective solution to enhance pump power, thus increasing wavelength-conversion efficiency for practical system applications.
Corpus Linguistics: Quantitative Methods (2012)

Abstract Ever since technological development has made it possible to search large corpora in a very short time, corpus linguists have done a lot of interesting work in linguistics in general, and in applied linguistics in particular.
Nightcap: Laboratory and home‐based evaluation of a portable sleep monitor (1995)

In this paper, we describe the first field tests of a home-based sleep monitoring system, the Nightcap, which uses eyelid and body movement sensors to discriminate wake, NREM, and REM sleep automatically. Ten normal young adults were studied in the sleep laboratory and at home to allow comparison of Nightcap-derived measures with those obtained by traditional polysomnography. The agreement between the two techniques was 87% based on 1-min epochs--93% for NREM, 80% for REM, and 72% for wake. When the values for sleep latency, REM latency, wake time, NREM time, and REM time calculated from polysomnograph records were compared with the values calculated from Nightcap data, no significant differences were seen. In cases of extremely poor sleep, objective sleep efficiency estimates correlated well with subjective reports, suggesting that the Nightcap is sensitive to clinically relevant changes in the quality of sleep. This new device should prove useful to researchers wishing to study the psychophysiology and pathophysiology of sleep in more naturalistic and cost-effective paradigms than possible in the traditional sleep laboratory.
A preliminary report on continuous recording of salivary pH using telemetry in an edentulous patient. (2000)

The developed system was shown to successfully record salivary pH, and it functioned as expected in a single test subject.
Chromatin-like organization of the adenovirus chromosome. (1976)

Staphylococcal nuclease (nucleate 3'-oligonucleotidohydrolase; EC 3.1.4.7) cleaved DNA within disrupted adenovirus particles into a regular series of fragments with a repeat unit of 200 base pairs. Since this pattern did not eppear when DNA alone was digested, we postulate that the orderly arrangement of core polypeptides protects discrete regions of DNA from nuclease attack. The 23 X 10(6) dalton adenovirus DNA molecule can accommodate 180 units of roughly 200 base pairs. Based on the stoichiometry of core polypeptides, we calculate that each repeat unit contains six copies of polypeptide VII and a single copy of polypeptide V. This model is bases on proposals for the structure of eukaryotic chromatin. Very brief nuclease digestion generated 1800 base pair fragments (1/20 of the adenovirus chromosome). This result is discussed in terms of a higher order folding of viral DNA within the virus particle.
Role of two flagellin genes in Campylobacter motility (1991)

Campylobacter coli VC167 T2 has two flagellin genes, flaA and flaB, which share 91.9% sequence identity. The flaA gene is transcribed from a o-28 promoter, and the flaB gene from a o-54 promoter. Gene replacement mutagenesis techniques were used to generate flaA+ flaB and flaA flaB+ mutants. Both gene products are capable of assembling independently into functional filaments. A flagellar filament composed exclusively of the flaA gene product is indistinguishable in length from that of the wild type and shows a slight reduction in motility. The flagellar filament composed exclusively of the flaB gene product is severely truncated in length and greatly reduced in motility. Thus, while both flagellins are not necessary for motility, both products are required for a fully active flagellar filament. Although the wild-type flagellar filament is a heteropolymer of the flaA and flaB gene products, immunogold electron microscopy suggests that flaB epitopes are poorly surface exposed along the length of the wild-type filament.
The integrin alpha 4 beta 1 (VLA-4) as a therapeutic target. (1995)

Disease models in animals demonstrate that the leukocyte integrin alpha 4 beta 1 (VLA-4) is a suitable target for therapy in a number of chronic inflammatory disorders. While in vivo studies have concentrated on the use of anti-alpha 4 antibodies as proof of concept tools, repeated administration to combat human chronic inflammatory conditions is likely to require small antagonists of alpha 4 beta 1. We have developed low molecular weight alpha 4 beta 1 inhibitors which have shown therapeutic promise in animal models of chronic inflammation.
Schottky barrier diodes for millimeter wave detection in a foundry CMOS process (2005)

CoSi <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -Si Schottky barrier diodes on an n-well and on a p-well/substrate are fabricated without a guard ring in a 130-nm foundry CMOS process. The nand p-type diodes with an area of 16×0.32×0.32 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> achieve cutoff frequencies of /spl sim/1.5 and /spl sim/1.2 THz at 0-V bias, respectively. These are the highest cutoff frequencies for Schottky diodes fabricated in foundry silicon processes. The leakage currents at 1.0-V reverse bias vary between 0.4 to 10 nA for the n-type diodes. The break down voltage for these diodes is around 15 V. It should be possible to use these in millimeter wave and far infrared detection.
Native Molecular State of Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors Revealed by Single-Molecule Sequencing (2011)

The single-stranded genome of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors is one of the key factors leading to slow-rising but long-term transgene expression kinetics. Previous molecular studies have established what is now considered a textbook molecular model of AAV genomes with two copies of inverted tandem repeats at either end. In this study, we profiled hundreds of thousands of individual molecules of AAV vector DNA directly isolated from capsids, using single-molecule sequencing (SMS), which avoids any intermediary steps such as plasmid cloning. The sequence profile at 3' ends of both the regular and oversized vector did show the presence of an inverted terminal repeat (ITR), which provided direct confirmation that AAV vector packaging initiates from its 3' end. Furthermore, the vector 5'-terminus profile showed inconsistent termination for oversized vectors. Such incomplete vectors would not be expected to undergo canonical synthesis of the second strand of their genomic DNA and thus could function only via annealing of complementary strands of DNA. Furthermore, low levels of contaminating plasmid DNA were also detected. SMS may become a valuable tool during the development phase of vectors that are candidates for clinical use and for facilitating/accelerating studies on vector biology.
Systemic Signaling in Tomato Plants for Defense against Herbivores (2003)

An 18-amino acid peptide in tomato leaves called systemin is a primary signal released at wound sites in response to herbivory that systemically signals the activation of defense genes throughout the plants. We report here the isolation of three hydroxyproline-rich glycopeptides from tomato leaves, of 20, 18, and 15 amino acids in length, that signal the activation of defense genes, similar to the activity of the systemin peptide. The three new peptides cause an alkalinization of suspension-cultured cells and induce the synthesis of defensive proteinase inhibitor proteins when supplied at fmol levels to young tomato plants through their cut stems. This suggests that they are part of the wound signaling of tomato plants that activates defense against herbivores and pathogens. Isolation of cDNAs coding for the tomato peptides revealed that they are all derived from the same pre-proprotein precursor that is systemically wound-inducible. The peptides are considered members of the functionally characterized systemin family of defense signals from plants that are synthesized both in wounded leaves and in distal, unwounded leaves in response to herbivory or other mechanical wounding. The precursor deduced from the cDNA exhibits a leader sequence, indicating that it is synthesized through the secretory pathway, where it is hydroxylated and glycosylated. The amino acid sequence of the precursor exhibited weak identity to the precursor of two hydroxyproline-rich defense signals recently found in tobacco, suggesting that the two pre-protein precursors have evolved from a common ancestral protein. The identification of hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein systemins in tomato indicates that the initiation of wound signaling is more complex than previously thought and appears to involve multiple peptide signals.
Encapsulation of Uncharged Water-Insoluble Organic Substance in Polymeric Membrane Capsules via Layer-by-Layer Approach (2008)

We report a general and versatile method for the encapsulation of electrically uncharged organic substance in polymeric capsules by using a layer-by-layer (LbL) approach. Electrical charge was induced on the surface of pyrene (uncharged organic substance) with an amphiphilic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) by micellar solubilization. The SDS micellar solution of pyrene in water was then deposited on a flat substrate as well as colloidal particles with chitosan as an oppositely charged polyelectrolyte. Pyrene was used as a model drug because it displayed intrinsic fluorescence that allowed us to monitor LbL growth by fluorescence and under confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). To examine the proof of concept, multilayers were coated on the planar support by the LbL method. UV-vis spectroscopy showed regular growth of each layer deposited. Thin film formation was evidenced by scanning electron microscopy. The LbL method was extended to particles where fluorescence spectroscopy revealed LbL growth and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provided evidence of particle coating. The quantification of dye in each deposited layer further proved LbL growth. The removal of sacrificial core provided thin capsules. The capsules were characterized by TEM and CLSM. The capsules showed potential as a drug delivery system, which is suggested by the slow release of entrapped dye by concentration-dependent diffusion in isotonic saline solution. The kinetics of desorption of pyrene from this thin film was modeled by a pseudo-second-order model.
Measurement of the local optical properties of turbid media by differential path-length spectroscopy (2004)

We report on the development of an optical-fiber-based diagnostic tool with which to determine the local optical properties of a turbid medium. By using a single fiber in contact with the medium to deliver and detect white light, we have optimized the probability of detection of photons scattered from small depths. The contribution of scattered light from greater depths to the signal is measured and subtracted with an additional fiber, i.e., a collection fiber, to yield a differential backscatter signal. Phantoms demonstrate that, when photons have large mean free paths compared with the fiber diameter, single scattering dominates the differential backscatter signal. When photons have small mean free paths compared with the fiber diameter, the apparent path length of the photons that contribute to the differential backscatter signal becomes approximately equal to 4/5 of the fiber diameter. This effect is nearly independent of the optical properties of the sample under investigation.
MKK7 is an essential component of the JNK signal transduction pathway activated by proinflammatory cytokines (2001)

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are activated by phosphorylation on Thr and Tyr by MAPK kinases. Two MAPK kinases (MKK4 and MKK7) can activate the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) group of MAPK in vitro. JNK is phosphorylated preferentially on Tyr by MKK4 and on Thr by MKK7. Targeted gene-disruption studies in mice were performed to examine the role of MKK4 and MKK7 in vivo. Simultaneous disruption of the Mkk4 and Mkk7 genes was required to block JNK activation caused by exposure of cells to environmental stress. In contrast, disruption of the Mkk7 gene alone was sufficient to prevent JNK activation caused by proinflammatory cytokines. These data demonstrate that MKK4 and MKK7 serve different functions in the JNK signal transduction pathway.
Synthesis and characterization of a series of novel rhodium and iridium complexes containing polypyridyl bridging ligands: potential uses in the development of multimetal catalysts for carbon dioxide reduction (1990)

A series of bis chelate rhodium(III) and iridium(III) complexes containing polypyridyl bridging ligands have been prepared. Complexes of the type [Rh(L)2Br2]+and [Ir(L)2CI2]+(where L = 2, 2′-bipyrimidine (bpm), 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine (dpp), 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)quinoxaline (dpq), or 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)benzoquinoxaline (dpb)) have been prepared, and their syntheses and characterization are reported herein. The complex [Rh(dpq)2Br2](PF6)-CH3CN and the ligand 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)quinoxaline have been crystallized and the crystal structures determined. [Rh(dpq)2Br2](PF6)·CH3CN crystallizes in the triclinic Pī space group with a = 12.3039 (32) Å,b = 12.8995 (28) Å, c = 13.6792 (34) Å, α = 98.856 (19)°, β = 105.344 (19)°, γ = 107.937 (18)°, Z = 2, R = 0.0773, and Rw= 0.0569. The ligand 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)quinoxaline crystallizes in the P21/cspace group with a = 6.2166 (11) Å, b = 15.0398 (30) Å, c = 15.4147 (28) Å, β = 98.911 (15)°, Z = 2, R = 0.0518, and Rw= 0.0436. The electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of these novel bridging ligand complexes differ considerably from those of the previously prepared (2,2′-bipyridine)rhodium and iridium complexes. All of the bridging ligands used are easier to reduce than bipyridine. Thus, the complexes reported here are easier to reduce and exhibit electronic transitions at lower energy. A number of these new polypyridyl bridging ligand rhodium and iridium complexes catalyze the reduction of carbon dioxide to formate. Remote nitrogens on the polypyridyl bridging ligands make these complexes ideal building blocks for the development of multimetal systems.
User-defined motion gestures for mobile interaction (2011)

Modern smartphones contain sophisticated sensors to monitor three-dimensional movement of the device. These sensors permit devices to recognize motion gestures - deliberate movements of the device by end-users to invoke commands. However, little is known about best-practices in motion gesture design for the mobile computing paradigm. To address this issue, we present the results of a guessability study that elicits end-user motion gestures to invoke commands on a smartphone device. We demonstrate that consensus exists among our participants on parameters of movement and on mappings of motion gestures onto commands. We use this consensus to develop a taxonomy for motion gestures and to specify an end-user inspired motion gesture set. We highlight the implications of this work to the design of smartphone applications and hardware. Finally, we argue that our results influence best practices in design for all gestural interfaces.
The regulation and cellular functions of phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis (1990)

Research Article| July 15 1990 The regulation and cellular functions of phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis M M Billah; M M Billah 1Department of Allergy and Inflammation, Schering–Plough Research, 60 Orange Street, Bloomfield, NJ 07003, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar J C Anthes J C Anthes 1Department of Allergy and Inflammation, Schering–Plough Research, 60 Orange Street, Bloomfield, NJ 07003, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1990) 269 (2): 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2690281 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation M M Billah, J C Anthes; The regulation and cellular functions of phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis. Biochem J 15 July 1990; 269 (2): 281–291. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2690281 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1990 London: The Biochemical Society1990 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
A comparison of EGF and MAb 528 labeled with 111In for imaging human breast cancer. (2000)

Our results suggest that the tumor uptake in vivo of receptor-binding radiopharmaceuticals is controlled to a greater extent by their elimination rate from the blood than by the level of receptor expression on the cancer cells. Radiolabeled anti-EGFR MAbs would be more effective for tumor imaging in cancer patients than peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals such as hEGF, because they exhibit higher tumor uptake at only moderately lower tumor-to-blood ratios.
Cytokine Expression and Cell Activation in Inflammatory Arthritis (1996)

This chapter focuses upon the expression and role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that is one of the most intensively studied and best characterized human inflammatory diseases. The study of cytokines in animal models of arthritis and in seronegative arthritis has revealed both similarities and differences with RA. The role of cytokines in animal models and in seronegative arthritis is discussed in the chapter in relation to their role in RA. Experiments with animal models of arthritis and clinical trials with RA patients suggesting that interventions aimed at inhibiting cytokines have significant therapeutic potential represent a particularly exciting development. Several potential problems with therapeutic blockade of cytokine activity include—potential lack of long term efficacy; problems with toxicity; potential need to inhibit multiple cytokines; immune responses against biopharmaceuticals, such as antibodies; unexpected consequences from perturbing cytokine networks; and difficulty in targeting therapy to sites of inflammation, thus avoiding generalized immunosuppression. Some of these problems may be overcome by targeting signaling pathways or transcription factors that are activated by cytokines and may be more amenable to inhibition by more conventional therapeutic agents. An example of a successful application of this approach is the prevention of LPS-induced lethal toxicity in mice by protein tyrosine kinases inhibitors. A greater understanding of which cytokines are the most important in pathogenesis and the mechanisms of cellular responses to these cytokines is useful in guiding the design of effective and safe therapies.
Energy-dispersive coherent scatter computed tomography (2006)

We present a reconstructive x-ray imaging technique that yields the spatially resolved coherent scatter form factor of macroscopic objects. High spectral resolution is obtained by the energy and angle analyses of coherently scattered photons. In comparison with transmission x-ray computed tomography structural information about the materials under investigation is obtained. The combination of the attenuation contrast and the scatter contrast obtained with this technique can be applied, e.g., in medical imaging or baggage inspection.