gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
VHL, the story of a tumour suppressor gene (2014)

Since the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease tumour suppressor gene VHL was identified in 1993 as the genetic basis for a rare disorder, it has proved to be of wide medical and scientific interest. VHL tumour suppressor protein (pVHL) plays a key part in cellular oxygen sensing by targeting hypoxia-inducible factors for ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. Early inactivation of VHL is commonly seen in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), and insights gained from the functional analysis of pVHL have provided the foundation for the routine treatment of advanced-stage ccRCC with novel targeted therapies. However, recent sequencing studies have identified additional driver genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of ccRCC. As our understanding of the importance of VHL matures, it is timely to review progress from its initial description to current knowledge of VHL biology, as well as future prospects for novel medical treatments for VHL disease and ccRCC.
Importance of spondin 1 and cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1 in the clinical diagnosis of ovarian cancer. (2013)

Our results thus demonstrate that spondin 1 is a useful marker for ovarian cancer; additionally, the high percentages of tumors that are positive for spondin 1 make it an ideal target for therapy. CRABP-1 was not expressed at high levels in any subtype of ovarian cancer, making it a poor marker.
Effects of a Novel Chitosan Gel on Mucosal Wound Healing Following Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in a Sheep Model of Chronic Rhinosinusitis (2008)

In the sheep model of chronic sinusitis, CD significantly improves microscopic wound healing and reduces adhesion formation after ESS.
Treatment and Prevention of Rat Glioblastoma by Immunogenic C6 Cells Expressing Antisense Insulin-Like Growth Factor I RNA (1993)

Rat C6 glioma cells express insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and form rapidly growing tumors in syngeneic animals. When transfected with an episome-based vector encoding antisense IGF-I complementary DNA, these cells lost tumorigenicity. Subcutaneous injection of IGF-I antisense-transfected C6 cells into rats prevented formation of both subcutaneous tumors and brain tumors induced by nontransfected C6 cells. The antisense-transfected cells also caused regression of established brain glioblastomas when injected at a point distal to the tumor. These antitumor effects result from a glioma-specific immune response involving CD8+ lymphocytes. Antisense blocking of IGF-I expression may reverse a phenotype that allows C6 glioma cells to evade the immune system.
Wortmannin, a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. (1994)

Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase is an important enzyme for intracellular signaling. The microbial product wortmannin and some of its analogues have been shown to be potent inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. The 50% inhibitory concentration for inhibition by wortmannin is 2 to 4 nM. Kinetic analysis demonstrates that wortmannin is a noncompetitive, irreversible inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, with inactivation being both time- and concentration-dependent. Wortmannin has previously been reported to be an inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase but with an inhibitory concentration of 0.2 microM. Wortmannin was found not to be an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase, protein kinase C, or protein tyrosine kinase. Wortmannin inhibited the formation of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphates in intact cells. The results of the study suggest that wortmannin and its analogues may have utility as pharmacological probes for studying the actions of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase.
Neomycin is a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) antagonist that allows discrimination of PDGF alpha- and beta-receptor signals in cells expressing both receptor types. (1992)

The aminoglycoside neomycin has recently been found to affect certain platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) responses in C3H/10T1/2 C18 fibroblasts. Using porcine aortic endothelial cells transfected with PDGF alpha- or beta-receptors, we explored the possibility that neomycin interferes with the interaction between the different PDGF isoforms and their receptors. We found that neomycin (5 mM) inhibited the binding of 125I-PDGF-BB to the alpha-receptor with only partial effect on the binding of 125I-PDGF-AA; in contrast, the binding of 125I-PDGF-BB to the beta-receptor was not affected by the aminoglycoside. Scatchard analyses showed that neomycin (5 mM) decreased the number of binding sites for PDGF-BB on alpha-receptor-expressing cells by 87%. Together with cross-competition studies with 125I-labeled PDGF homodimers, the effect of neomycin indicates that PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB bind to both common and unique structures on the PDGF alpha-receptor. Neomycin specifically inhibited the autophosphorylation of the alpha-receptor by PDGF-BB, with less effect on the phosphorylation induced by PDGF-AA and no effect on the phosphorylation of the beta-receptor by PDGF-BB. Thus, neomycin is a PDGF isoform- and receptor-specific antagonist that provides a possibility to compare the signal transduction pathways of alpha- and beta-receptors in cells expressing both receptor types. This approach was used to show that activation of PDGF beta-receptors by PDGF-BB mediated a chemotactic response in human fibroblasts, whereas activation of alpha-receptors by the same ligand inhibited chemotaxis.
Purification and properties of human coagulation factor VII. (1980)

Blood coagulation Factor VII was purified 100,000-fold from fresh frozen human plasma to apparent homogeneity with a yield of 30% based on coagulation assay. The molecular weight estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 48,000. Factor VII is composed of a single polypeptide chain with the NH2-terminal sequence Ala-Asn-Ala-Phe-Leu-(Gla)-(Gla)-Leu-(Arg)-Pro. It is converted to a two-chain form (Factor VIIa) connected by disulfide bonds by the action of Factor Xa, in the presence of phospholipids and calcium, and by Factor XIIa without additional cofactors. This conversion is associated with a 20- to 25-fold increase in coagulation assay activity. Factors VII and VIIa were inhibited by 15 mM diisopropyl fluorophosphate with 50% inactivation in 160 and 60 min, respectively. The presence of tissue factor and CaCl2 accelerated the inactivation by approximated 5-fold. Neither Factor VII nor VIIa were inhibited by antithrombin III in the absence of heparin. However, with the addition of heparin, Factor VIIa was inhibited at a rate approximately 25 times that of Factor VII.
Dispersion of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Polystyrene (2002)

Polystyrene nanocomposites with functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), prepared by the in-situ generation and reaction of organic diazonium compounds, were characterized using melt-state linear dynamic viscoelastic measurements. These were contrasted to the properties of polystyrene composites prepared with unfunctionalized SWNTs at similar loadings. The functionalized nanocomposites demonstrated a percolated SWNT network structure at concentrations of 1 vol % SWNT, while the unfunctionalized SWNT-based composites at twice the loading of SWNT exhibited viscoelastic behavior comparable to that of the unfilled polymer. This formation of the SWNT network structure for the functionalized SWNT-based composites is because of the improved compatibility between the SWNTs and the polymer matrix and the resulting better dispersion of the SWNT.
Molecular Weight and Density Distributions of Asphaltenes from Crude Oils (2013)

Asphaltenes self-associate, and the molecular weight and density distributions are a factor in asphaltene precipitiation. To determine these distributions, heptane-extracted asphaltenes from four crude oils were fractionated into solubility cuts. The asphaltenes were dissolved in toluene and then partially precipitated at specified ratios of heptane/toluene to generate sets of light (soluble) and heavy (insoluble) cuts. The molecular weight and density were measured for each cut. The asphaltenes were found to include both associating and non-associating asphaltenes. The content of non-associating components was up to 15 wt % of the asphaltenes. The density distributions were determined directly from the data. The molecular weight data were fitted with a self-association model to predict the distributions at any given concentration. Then, a guideline was developed to represent the molecular weight distribution of non-associated and associated asphaltenes with a Γ distribution function. Finally, the density of asphaltene cuts was correlated to their molecular weight. This correlation fit the data with an average absolute deviation of 11 kg/m3.
Inhibitor-Resistant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator: An Improved Thrombolytic Agent In Vitro (1994)

Platelet-rich clots are inefficiently lysed by current fibrinolytic agents. Platelets contain a great deal of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), the principal endogenous inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). We have tested whether PAI-1 resistant t-PAs would be more effective thrombolytic agents in an in vitro model of platelet-rich clots. Clots were formed with recalcified human plasma without or with the addition of platelets. The lysis of these clots was followed by the release of incorporated 125I-fibrinogen. Mutant and wild-type t-PA were almost equally effective against clots lacking platelets but the mutant was twice as effective at lysing platelet-rich clots. A mechanism for this effect is suggested by the demonstration that a complex between wild-type t-PA and extruded platelet contents resembles that between purified t-PA and PAI-1 and that the PAI-1 resistant t-PA does not interefer with formation of this adduct. Because of its enhanced ability to lyse platelet-rich clots in vitro, further in vivo work may find that PAI-1 resistant t-PA is a more efficacious therapeutic agent than wild-type t-PA in situations where platelets contribute to the failure of thrombolysis.
Normalization of B Cell Counts and Subpopulations after Antiretroviral Therapy in Chronic HIV Disease (2008)

Normalization of B cell counts and subpopulations may help to explain the improvement in humoral immunity reported to occur after an ART-induced decrease in HIV viremia.
Drugs, bugs, and esophageal pH profiles. (2000)

Until relatively recently, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was thought to be a relatively trivial problem, and pharmaceutical companies initially had remarkably little interest in clinical trials for GERD. Over the last ten years, GERD therapy has become the subject of intense interest, since reflux disease is now recognized as a major market for antisecretory and prokinetic drugs. Even low-technology antacids are now known to effectively neutralize esophageal acid prevent acid reflux for up to 90 minutes. Esophageal pH profiling is known to be an excellent surrogate for clinical efficacy of GERD drugs, particularly in erosive esophagitis. Years ago, famotidine normalized esophageal mucosal exposure to pH < 4.0 only when administered in doses of 40 mg twice a day. Subsequent studies confirmed that multiple daily dosing of histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) was mandatory for GERD treatment, with clear dose-response relationships for each agent. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have each been carefully assessed in terms esophageal and gastric pH profiles. Omeprazole has a particularly flat dose response curve, making it difficult to differentiate pH or clinical effects of 20 vs. 40 mg doses. Improved rapidity of onset and/or enhanced potency is demonstrable in pH data obtained with lansoprazole, rabeprazole and pantoprazole. Such differences will translate to improved clinical efficacy, based on the meta-analyses of Richard Hunt and his group in Canada that correlate pH effects and symptom relief/healing. PPI's have dependably surpassed H2RAs and prokinetic drugs in management of the more severe grades of esophagitis. Helicobacter pylori has a peculiar relationship to GERD. There has been some concern that PPIs given to patients with H. pylori might accelerate development of severe atrophic gastritis. It is also now known that eradication of H. pylori may increase symptomatic GERD (possibly as a result of increased gastric acid secretion once the bacteria have been eliminated). New data confirm nocturnal breakthrough of acid secretion and esophageal acid exposure in three-fourths of patients on omeprazole 20 mg twice daily. This nocturnal acidity can be controlled more effectively with a nighttime dose of an H2RA than with a third dose of omeprazole. Control of acid secretion and improved gastric and esophageal pH profiles are goals of modern GERD therapy, and the product that most cost effectively normalizes esophageal acid exposure will have a substantial advantage in the ever-growing GERD marketplace.
Taking the Edge off with Espresso (2017)

We present the design of Espresso, Google's SDN-based Internet peering edge routing infrastructure. This architecture grew out of a need to exponentially scale the Internet edge cost-effectively and to enable application-aware routing at Internet-peering scale. Espresso utilizes commodity switches and host-based routing/packet processing to implement a novel fine-grained traffic engineering capability. Overall, Espresso provides Google a scalable peering edge that is programmable, reliable, and integrated with global traffic systems. Espresso also greatly accelerated deployment of new networking features at our peering edge. Espresso has been in production for two years and serves over 22% of Google's total traffic to the Internet.
Deposition of aluminum in brain tissues of rats exposed to inhalation of aluminum acetylacetonate. (1993)

The present paper reports data concerning aluminum accumulation and compartmentation in the central nervous system from rats exposed by inhalation to aluminum acetylacetonate [Al(acac)3] for two weeks. The complex Al(aca)3 was chosen for being neutral, hydrolytically stable and lipophilic. After animals treatment, Al(III) was identified fluorimetrically by using morin (3,5,7',2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone) that gives a specific green-yellow fluorescence when complexed to the metal. Al(III) was observed to be accumulated in the brain cortex, hippocampus, enthorinal area, olfactory bulb as well as in the Purkinje cells of cerebellum, and in the white matter.
STRESS HORMONES IN CHRONIC MIGRAINE ARE MODULATED BY BOTULINUM TOXIN -TYPE A (2006)

Summary Failures in chronic migraine (CM) treatments are often due to superimposed medication overuse headaches (MOH), a new form of secondary headache which is defined as excessive medication use in a susceptible patient. In order to increase personal well-being investigate potential natural preventive measures, the aim of the present research was to study hypothalamus-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis activity in patients severely affected by chronic migraines and MOH after subcutaneous treatment with botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A). The HPA axis activity was specifically monitored by measuring cortisol, testosterone and DHEA-S in saliva, thus allowing the stressful event of venipuncture to be avoided. One month after the MOH rehabilitation procedure, the cortisol level was significantly higher than controls in CM patients. With regard to the cortisol to DHEA-S ratio, an inverse marker of psycho-physical well-being, the CM group showed significantly higher values than controls. Moreover, testosterone levels, as well as testosterone to cortisol ratios (anabolic/catabolic index of physical performance) were significantly lower than controls in CM patients. Further studies are required to elucidate the clinical relevance of HPA derangement in CM: the increase in cortisol level can be considered a trigger factor of migraine attacks but may also appear as a reaction to chronic migraine attacks. Treatment with BoNT-A counteracted the CM-induced increase in cortisol levels. Moreover the treatment produced a significant reduction, in comparison to placebo, of DHEA-S and testosterone and not significant variations of their ratio to cortisol. Therefore, despite the encouraging results reported in the present research, the inclusion of BoNT-A treatment to counteract CM-induced derangement of the HPA axis and/or as preventive treatment in patients suffering from MOH needs to be more clearly established in future studies.
Use of Reconstructed, Non-Orthogonal Plane, High-Resolution Computed Tomography of the Temporal Bone in the Planning of Temporal Bone Surgery (2003)

The reformatted images in non-orthogonal planes were superior to the axial and coronal series because they condensed critical relationships into a single perspective which promoted an intuitive understanding of the surgical approach. These reconstructed images show wide differences in quantitative measurements between surgically relevant landmarks. The protocol can be easily implemented in the clinical setting and is a potentially valuable educational tool. We recommend that non-orthogonal reconstructed images be routinely included with orthogonal temporal bone HRCT scans.
Numerical investigations of Coandă lift on a double curvature super circulated ramp (2011)

The paper relies on Henri Coanda’s observations of very thin flows over curved surfaces in the late 1930’s in which it became apparent that such an arrangement would yield more lift than the thrust of a jet having the same mass flow. Since then various experiments have been carried out culminating with the development of super circulation aircraft such as the Antonov An-71 and the Boeing YC-14. Those aircraft however do not fully take advantage of effect, relying mostly on diverting the fan flow downwards trough gapless flaps. In this paper we try to investigate numerically the lifting properties of thin jets, at various velocities in the subsonic regime. The method used is a 2D computational fluid dynamic, Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes with a k-epsilon two equation viscosity model. The results obtained indicate that, indeed such thin flows generate higher lift than if the flow were to be directed downwards. Efficiency and effectiveness parameters have been defined in order to estimate the feasibility of further real life applications of this effect per se in aircraft wings or turbo machinery blades. The findings are encouraging however they still require experimental validations.
Experimental measurements of Colloid Thruster plumes in the ion-droplet mixed regime (2002)

Under the right conditions, colloid thruster plumes may be composed of a mixture of ions and droplets. Experimental techniques, including time-of-flight and stopping potential measurements are used to characterize plumes with large ion fraction. The energy distribution of these beams is very rich, indicating that individual components have different energies. Electrostatic focusing with an einzel lens is used to selectively observe charged particles that share a range of energies. Formamide doped with NaI is used as propellant. Measurements show that Na+ with 7 formamide molecules solvated on it is likely to be the ion emitted from the cone-jet structure. The remainder of the current in the beam is taken by droplets with a relatively high dispersion in specific charge.
Análisis del contenido del área de ciencias sociales en el ciclo medio de E.G.B (1990)

El trabajo parte de la hipotesis de que la ensenanza de las ciencias sociales en la E.G.B. puede mejorarse considerablemente. Para demostrarlo se pretende realizar un estudio de las caracteristicas psicopedagogicas de los alumnos en este nivel, asi como un analisis de los programas oficiales y del desarrollo real de la ensenanza a traves de la transcripcion de clases impartidas en tercero y quinto cursos. En la tercera parte de la investigacion se propone la utilizacion de las tecnicas del sociodrama y del psicodrama, tanto para el diagnostico de la relacion social como para la estimulacion del aprendizaje de actitudes y el mejoramiento de las formas de relacion interindividual y grupal. Tambien se propone el psicodrama como tecnica a utilizar en la formacion del profesorado.
p75 Neurotrophin Receptor-mediated Apoptosis in Sympathetic Neurons Involves a Biphasic Activation of JNK and Up-regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-converting Enzyme/ADAM17 (2010)

During the development of the sympathetic nervous system, the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) has a dual function: promoting survival together with TrkA in response to NGF, but inducing cell death upon binding pro or mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Apoptotic signaling through p75NTR requires activation of the stress kinase, JNK. However, the receptor also undergoes regulated proteolysis, first by a metalloprotease, and then by gamma-secretase, in response to pro-apoptotic ligands and this is necessary for receptor mediated neuronal death (Kenchappa, R. S., Zampieri, N., Chao, M. V., Barker, P. A., Teng, H. K., Hempstead, B. L., and Carter, B. D. (2006) Neuron 50, 219-232). Hence, the relationship between JNK activation and receptor proteolysis remains to be defined. Here, we report that JNK3 activation is necessary for p75NTR cleavage; however, following release of the intracellular domain, there is a secondary activation of JNK3 that is cleavage dependent. Receptor proteolysis and apoptosis were prevented in sympathetic neurons from jnk3(-/-) mice, while activation of JNK by ectopic expression of MEKK1 induced p75NTR cleavage and cell death. Proteolysis of the receptor was not detected until 6 h after BDNF treatment, suggesting that JNK3 promotes cleavage through a transcriptional mechanism. In support of this hypothesis, BDNF up-regulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE)/ADAM17 mRNA and protein in wild-type, but not jnk3(-/-) sympathetic neurons. Down-regulation of TACE by RNA interference blocked BDNF-induced p75NTR cleavage and apoptosis, indicating that this metalloprotease is responsible for the initial processing of the receptor. Together, these results demonstrate that p75NTR-mediated activation of JNK3 is required for up-regulation of TACE, which promotes receptor proteolysis, leading to prolonged activation of JNK3 and subsequent apoptosis in sympathetic neurons.
Molecular cloning of a possible excretion protein ofVibrio cholerae (1985)

The gene for a Vibrio cholerae protein of about kDa (kilodalton) has been cloned and its location within the 1.9-kb cloned DNA fragment determined by transposon insertion and deletion analyses. The proteins encoded within the various plasmids have been analyzed in Escherichia coli K-12 minicells. The 25-kDa protein when expressed in E. coli K-12 allows the release of the periplasmic deoxyribonuclease. It is a minor protein suggesting that the release of DNase is not an artefact due to membrane damage. It is possible that this protein functions as part of an excretion system. Results with transposon Tn1725 insertions suggest that it contains a termination site in one orientation and a promoter in the other.