gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Introductory Algebraic Number Theory (2003)

Algebraic number theory is a subject which came into being through the attempts of mathematicians to try to prove Fermat's last theorem and which now has a wealth of applications to diophantine equations, cryptography, factoring, primality testing and public-key cryptosystems. This book provides an introduction to the subject suitable for senior undergraduates and beginning graduate students in mathematics. The material is presented in a straightforward, clear and elementary fashion, and the approach is hands on, with an explicit computational flavour. Prerequisites are kept to a minimum, and numerous examples illustrating the material occur throughout the text. References to suggested reading and to the biographies of mathematicians who have contributed to the development of algebraic number theory are given at the end of each chapter. There are over 320 exercises, an extensive index, and helpful location guides to theorems and lemmas in the text.
Transforming Growth Factor-β Mediates Balance Between Inflammation and Fibrosis During Plaque Progression (2002)

The transition from stable to rupture-prone and ruptured atherosclerotic plaques involves many processes, including an altered balance between inflammation and fibrosis. An important mediator of both is transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and a pivotal role for TGF-beta in atherogenesis has been postulated. Here, we determine the in vivo effects of TGF-beta inhibition on plaque progression and phenotype in atherosclerosis. Recombinant soluble TGF-beta receptor II (TGFbetaRII:Fc), which inhibits TGF-beta signaling, was injected in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice for 12 weeks (50 microg, twice a week intraperitoneally) as early treatment (treatment age 5 to 17 weeks) and delayed treatment (age 17 to 29 weeks). In the early treatment group, inhibition of TGF-beta signaling treatment resulted in a prominent increase in CD3- and CD45-positive cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Most profound effects were found in the delayed treatment group. Plaque area decreased 37.5% after TGFbetaRII:Fc treatment. Moreover, plaque morphology changed into an inflammatory phenotype that was low in fibrosis: lipid cores were 64.6% larger, and inflammatory cell content had increased 2.7-fold. The amount of fibrosis decreased 49.6%, and intraplaque hemorrhages and iron and fibrin deposition were observed frequently. TGFbetaRII:Fc treatment did not result in systemic effects. These results reveal a pivotal role for TGF-beta in the maintenance of the balance between inflammation and fibrosis in atherosclerotic plaques.
Expression of a murine polyclonal T cell receptor marker correlates with the use of specific members of the V beta 8 gene segment subfamily. (1987)

A series of murine T lymphocyte clones were examined for reactivity with the KJ16-133 and F23.1 mAbs. Clones that were KJ16-133+,F23.1+ and KJ16-133-,F23.1+ were identified, but no KJ16-133+,F23.1- clones were observed. Within our panel of clones, therefore, the KJ16-133 antibody identifies a subset of F23.1+ cells. All F23.1+ clones examined express members of the V beta 8 subfamily of beta chain variable region genes; clones expressing V beta 8.1 or V beta 8.2 reacted with both KJ16-133 and F23.1, while clones expressing V beta 8.3 reacted only with F23.1. Thus, the differential reactivity of the KJ16-133 and F23.1 antibodies with cloned T cells correlates with the V beta gene expression of each clone. Reactivity with these antibodies should therefore be of utility for predicting the V beta gene expression in some T cell clones.
Autism and Asperger syndrome: coexistence with other clinical disorders (2000)

Comorbidity is to be expected in autism spectrum disorders -directly or indirectly. Comorbid conditions may be markers for underlying pathophysiology and suggest a more varied treatment approach. There is a great need for in-depth research into this area, meaning that the exclusion criteria of current diagnostic manuals, i.e. those that rule out a diagnosis of autism in some disorders, and a diagnosis of certain other disorders in autism may have to be revised.
Combination oral antiangiogenic therapy with thalidomide and sulindac inhibits tumour growth in rabbits (1998)

Neovascularization facilitates tumour growth and metastasis formation. In our laboratory, we attempt to identify clinically available oral efficacious drugs for antiangiogenic activity. Here, we report which non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can inhibit corneal neovascularization, induced by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This antiangiogenic activity may contribute to the known effects of NSAIDs on gastric ulcers, polyps and tumours. We found that sulindac was one of the most potent antiangiogenic NSAIDs, inhibiting bFGF-induced neovascularization by 50% and VEGF-induced neovascularization by 55%. Previously, we reported that thalidomide inhibited growth factor-induced corneal neovascularization. When we combined sulindac with thalidomide, we found a significantly increased inhibition of bFGF- or VEGF-induced corneal neovascularization (by 63% or 74% respectively) compared with either agent alone (P < 0.01). Because of this strong antiangiogenic effect, we tested the oral combination of thalidomide and sulindac for its ability to inhibit the growth of V2 carcinoma in rabbits. Oral treatment of thalidomide or sulindac alone inhibited tumour growth by 55% and 35% respectively. When given together, the growth of the V2 carcinoma was inhibited by 75%. Our results indicated that oral antiangiogenic combination therapy with thalidomide and sulindac may be a useful non-toxic treatment for cancer.
The CORBA connection (1998)

article Free Access Share on The CORBA connection Author: Krishnan Seetharaman General DataComm, Middlebury, CT General DataComm, Middlebury, CTView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 41Issue 10Oct. 1998 pp 34–36https://doi.org/10.1145/286238.286245Published:01 October 1998Publication History 17citation676DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations17Total Downloads676Last 12 Months14Last 6 weeks1 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Efforts toward Expansion of the Genetic Alphabet:  DNA Polymerase Recognition of a Highly Stable, Self-Pairing Hydrophobic Base (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTEfforts toward Expansion of the Genetic Alphabet: DNA Polymerase Recognition of a Highly Stable, Self-Pairing Hydrophobic BaseDustin L. McMinn, Anthony K. Ogawa, Yiqin Wu, Jianquan Liu, Peter G. Schultz, and Floyd E. RomesbergView Author Information Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, California 92037 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 49, 11585–11586Publication Date (Web):November 25, 1999Publication History Received16 July 1999Published online25 November 1999Published inissue 1 December 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja9925150https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9925150rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1768Altmetric-Citations243LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Genetics,Hydrophobicity,Nucleic acids,Nucleobases,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
Dynamics of Ongoing Activity: Explanation of the Large Variability in Evoked Cortical Responses (1996)

Evoked activity in the mammalian cortex and the resulting behavioral responses exhibit a large variability to repeated presentations of the same stimulus. This study examined whether the variability can be attributed to ongoing activity. Ongoing and evoked spatiotemporal activity patterns in the cat visual cortex were measured with real-time optical imaging; local field potentials and discharges of single neurons were recorded simultaneously, by electrophysiological techniques. The evoked activity appeared deterministic, and the variability resulted from the dynamics of ongoing activity, presumably reflecting the instantaneous state of cortical networks. In spite of the large variability, evoked responses in single trials could be predicted by linear summation of the deterministic response and the preceding ongoing activity. Ongoing activity must play an important role in cortical function and cannot be ignored in exploration of cognitive processes.
Will It Be Feasible to Insert Endoprostheses Under Interventional MRI? (1996)

Insertion of this type of endoprosthesis under interventional MRI guidance is feasible. The convenience and improved safety provided by interventional MR systems and "real-time" imaging capabilities are expected to make this technology an attractive alternative to X-ray imaging techniques.
Predicting Domain Generation Algorithms with Long Short-Term Memory Networks (2016)

Various families of malware use domain generation algorithms (DGAs) to generate a large number of pseudo-random domain names to connect to a command and control (C&amp;C) server. In order to block DGA C&amp;C traffic, security organizations must first discover the algorithm by reverse engineering malware samples, then generating a list of domains for a given seed. The domains are then either preregistered or published in a DNS blacklist. This process is not only tedious, but can be readily circumvented by malware authors using a large number of seeds in algorithms with multivariate recurrence properties (e.g., banjori) or by using a dynamic list of seeds (e.g., bedep). Another technique to stop malware from using DGAs is to intercept DNS queries on a network and predict whether domains are DGA generated. Such a technique will alert network administrators to the presence of malware on their networks. In addition, if the predictor can also accurately predict the family of DGAs, then network administrators can also be alerted to the type of malware that is on their networks. This paper presents a DGA classifier that leverages long short-term memory (LSTM) networks to predict DGAs and their respective families without the need for a priori feature extraction. Results are significantly better than state-of-the-art techniques, providing 0.9993 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for binary classification and a micro-averaged F1 score of 0.9906. In other terms, the LSTM technique can provide a 90% detection rate with a 1:10000 false positive (FP) rate---a twenty times FP improvement over comparable methods. Experiments in this paper are run on open datasets and code snippets are provided to reproduce the results.
CO2 Separation from Flue Gas Using Polyvinyl-(Room Temperature Ionic Liquid)–Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Composite Membranes (2011)

In this work, a vinyl-functionalized room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), 1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([vbim][Tf2N]), has been successfully synthesized. The RTIL was further polymerized and mixed with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([bmim][Tf2N]) to form the free-standing poly([vbim][Tf2N])–[bmim][Tf2N] composite films. The compositions of [bmim][Tf2N] in the composite membranes were designed at 15, 30, 45, and 60 wt %. The pristine poly([vbim][Tf2N]) and poly([vbim][Tf2N])–[bmim][Tf2N] composite membranes exhibit similar permeability selectivities as the standard [bmim][Tf2N] but permeabilities are enhanced up to 5 times higher than the equivalent polystyrene-RTIL and polyacrylate-RTIL membranes. An increase in [bmim][Tf2N] concentration of poly([vbim][Tf2N])–[bmim][Tf2N] composite membranes results in an increase in solubility, diffusivity, and permeability coefficients of CO2 and N2 but does not change the CO2/N2 selectivities of the solubility, diffusivity, and permeability. The CO2 permeability of the 60 wt % composite at 35 °C, 10 atm is 559 barrers in pure gas tests which is closer to 60% of the [bmim][Tf2N] permeability (i.e., 1344 barrers). In addition, the 60 wt % composite membrane exhibits a CO2 permeability of 491.2 barrers and a CO2/N2 selectivity of 20 in mixed gas tests using CO2/N2 (50:50) as the feed.
Synthesis, Conformational Analysis, and Bioassay of 9,10-Didehydroepothilone D (2002)

[reaction: see text] 9,10-Didehydroepothilone D was synthesized, its conformation was studied, and its tubulin polymerization and antiproliferative activity were compared with that of epothilone D and certain analogues.
Antibody-mediated stripping of CD4 from lymphocyte cell surface in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (2002)

Keliximab studies have provided evidence of the therapeutic potential of a non-depleting CD4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Clenoliximab, an immunoglobulin G4 derivative of keliximab, has substantially reduced potential to deplete CD4 cells. In initial studies of clenoliximab, we investigated the hypothesis that the decrease in cell surface CD4 is the result of antibody-mediated stripping from the cell surface.Patients received single or multiple intravenous infusions of clenoliximab as follows: 0.05, 0.2, 1, 5, 10 or 15 mg/kg (n=3-5/group); 150 or 350 mg weekly x 4; or 350 or 700 mg every other week x 2 (n=12/group). Blood was collected for up to 16 weeks and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessments were conducted using immunoassay and flow cytometry.CD4 count was largely unaffected by clenoliximab treatment. Dose-dependent CD4 coating, down-modulation and stripping were observed. Maximal down-modulation persisted for an increasing period as dose increased, while soluble CD4-clenoliximab complexes accumulated. The amount of CD4 in soluble complex was as much as 20 times the amount of cell-associated CD4. For the same total dose, administration of higher doses, less frequently, resulted in pharmacodynamic profiles similar to those of lower doses administered more frequently.Decrease in the density of CD4 on the T-lymphocyte surface is caused by antibody-mediated stripping.
Bacillus pseudomycoides sp. nov. (1998)

Previous DNA relatedness studies showed that strains identified as Bacillus mycoides segregated into two genetically distinct yet phenotypically similar groups, one being B. mycoides sensu stricto and the other, an unclassified taxon. In the present study, the taxonomic position of this second group was assessed by measuring DNA relatedness and determining phenotypic characteristics of an increased number of B. mycoides strains. Also determined was the second group's 16S RNA gene sequence. The 36 B. mycoides strains studied segregated into two genetically distinct groups showing DNA relatedness of about 30%; 18 strains represented the species proper and 18 the second group with intragroup DNA relatedness for both groups ranging from 70 to 100%. DNA relatedness to the type strains of presently recognized species with G+C contents of approximately 35 mol% (Bacillus alcalophilus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus sphaericus) ranged from 22 to 37%. Although shown to be genetically distinct taxa, the two B. mycoides groups exhibited highly similar (98%) 16S RNA sequences. Phylogenetic analyses showed that both B. mycoides and the second group clustered closely with B. cereus. Although not distinguishable by physiological and morphological characteristics, the two B. mycoides groups and B. cereus were clearly separable based on fatty acid composition. The data established that the second B. mycoides group merits recognition as a new species for which the name Bacillus pseudomycoides is proposed. The type stain is NRRL B-617(T).
Bisulfite Patch PCR enables multiplexed sequencing of promoter methylation across cancer samples (2010)

Aberrant DNA methylation frequently occurs at gene promoters during cancer progression. It is important to identify these loci because they are often misregulated and drive tumorigenesis. Bisulfite sequencing is the most direct and highest resolution assay for identifying aberrant promoter methylation. Recently, genomic capture methods have been combined with next-generation sequencing to enable genome-scale surveys of methylation in individual samples. However, it is challenging to validate candidate loci identified by these approaches because an efficient method to bisulfite sequence more than 50 differentially methylated loci across a large number of samples does not exist. To address this problem, we developed Bisulfite Patch PCR, which enables highly multiplexed bisulfite PCR and sequencing across many samples. Using this method, we successfully amplified 100% of 94 targeted gene promoters simultaneously in the same reaction. By incorporating sample-specific DNA barcodes into the amplicons, we analyzed 48 samples in a single run of the 454 Life Sciences (Roche) FLX sequencer. The method requires small amounts of starting DNA (250 ng) and does not require a shotgun library construction. The method was highly specific; 90% of sequencing reads aligned to targeted loci. The targeted promoters were from genes that are frequently mutated in breast and colon cancer, and the samples included breast and colon tumor and adjacent normal tissue. This approach allowed us to identify nine gene promoters that exhibit tumor-specific DNA methylation defects that occur frequently in colon and breast cancer. We also analyzed single nucleotide polymorphisms to observe DNA methylation that accumulated on specific alleles during tumor development. This method is broadly applicable for studying DNA methylation across large numbers of patient samples using next-generation sequencing.
Hybrid Liquid-Crystalline Block Copolymers (1996)

The synthesis and some thermal properties of three series of block copolymers comprising both main-chain and side-chain liquid-crystalline (LC) blocks in the same macromolecular structure are described. The former block is a semiflexible LC polyester (block B), and the latter is an LC polymethacrylate (block A) containing a variously substituted mesogenic unit. The two structurally different blocks were partly phase-separated within the glassy and LC states and underwent distinct phase transitions. Significant deviations of the transitionenthalpies relative to those of the corresponding homopolymers suggest the occurrence of a more or less diffuse interphase which may depend on the nature of the mesophase formed.
Wireless Power Transmission Enabled by a Triboelectric Nanogenerator via a Magnetic Interaction (2019)

Non‐contact wireless power transmission is considered as an ideal energy supply technology due to its convenience and safety. Herein, a subtle triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)–based non‐contact wireless energy transmission technique is invented via a dynamic magnetic field media. The electricity is first converted into the magnet's vibration. Through the interaction between a pair of magnets, TENG can then wirelessly receive the vibrational energy driven by an electrically induced magnetic field variation. The working principle and output performance of the designed device are explored by simulations and a series of demonstrations, respectively. By inserting different plates in the magnetic field and adjusting the configuration, the TENG exhibits excellent anti‐interference and desirable output performance, indicating that the energy conversion unit exhibits advantages of high efficiency and adaptability. A superior transmission and output performance of 1.5 μW can be achieved under low frequency and relatively large separation distance, at a load resistance of 80 MΩ. TENGs, which enable wireless energy transmission via magnetic field that can easily light up 12 light‐emitting diode (LED) bulbs and drive an electronic watch, provide a promising and feasible approach to energy conversion and energy supply and serve as an alternative power source for driving portable electronics.
Transcription Factor STAT5A Is a Substrate of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase in B Cells (2001)

STAT5A is a molecular regulator of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in lymphohematopoietic cells. Here we show that STAT5A can serve as a functional substrate of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). Purified recombinant BTK was capable of directly binding purified recombinant STAT5A with high affinity (K(d) = 44 nm), as determined by surface plasmon resonance using a BIAcore biosensor system. BTK was also capable of tyrosine-phosphorylating ectopically expressed recombinant STAT5A on Tyr(694) both in vitro and in vivo in a Janus kinase 3-independent fashion. BTK phosphorylated the Y665F, Y668F, and Y682F,Y683F mutants but not the Y694F mutant of STAT5A. STAT5A mutations in the Src homology 2 (SH2) and SH3 domains did not alter the BTK-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation. Recombinant BTK proteins with mutant pleckstrin homology, SH2, or SH3 domains were capable of phosphorylating STAT5A, whereas recombinant BTK proteins with SH1/kinase domain mutations were not. In pull-down experiments, only full-length BTK and its SH1/kinase domain (but not the pleckstrin homology, SH2, or SH3 domains) were capable of binding STAT5A. Ectopically expressed BTK kinase domain was capable of tyrosine-phosphorylating STAT5A both in vitro and in vivo. BTK-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of ectopically expressed wild type (but not Tyr(694) mutant) STAT5A enhanced its DNA binding activity. In BTK-competent chicken B cells, anti-IgM-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5 protein was prevented by pretreatment with the BTK inhibitor LFM-A13 but not by pretreatment with the JAK3 inhibitor HI-P131. B cell antigen receptor ligation resulted in enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5 in BTK-deficient chicken B cells reconstituted with wild type human BTK but not in BTK-deficient chicken B cells reconstituted with kinase-inactive mutant BTK. Similarly, anti-IgM stimulation resulted in enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5A in BTK-competent B cells from wild type mice but not in BTK-deficient B cells from XID mice. In contrast to B cells from XID mice, B cells from JAK3 knockout mice showed a normal STAT5A phosphorylation response to anti-IgM stimulation. These findings provide unprecedented experimental evidence that BTK plays a nonredundant and pivotal role in B cell antigen receptor-mediated STAT5A activation in B cells.
Functionalization of heterocyclic compounds using polyfunctional magnesium and zinc reagents (2011)

In this review we summarize the most important procedures for the preparation of functionalized organzinc and organomagnesium reagents. In addition, new methods for the preparation of polyfunctional aryl- and heteroaryl zinc- and magnesium compounds, as well as new Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, are reported herein. Experimental details are given for the most important reactions in the Supporting Information File 1 of this article.