gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proinflammatory Macrophage-activating Properties of the Novel Phospholipid Diacylglycerol Pyrophosphate (1999)

We have found that the novel phospholipid diacylglycerol pyrophosphate (DGPP), identified in bacteria, yeast, and plants, but not in mammalian cells, is able to potently activate macrophages for enhanced secretion of arachidonate metabolites, a key event in the immunoinflammatory response of leukocytes. Macrophage responses to DGPP are specific and are not mediated by its conversion into other putative lipid mediators such as phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidic acid, or diacylglycerol. The responses to DGPP are compatible with a receptor-recognition event because they are blocked by suramin. Intracellular signaling initiated by DGPP includes phosphorylation and activation of the Group IV cytosolic phospholipase A2 and of the extracellular-signal regulated p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p44 MAPK, and membrane translocation of the protein kinase C isoenzymes alpha, epsilon, delta. These results establish DGPP as a novel macrophage-activating factor and suggest a potential role for this compound in triggering homeostatic cellular responses.
A Simple and Fast Method for the Simultaneous Detection of Nine Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 Mutations in Bladder Cancer and Voided Urine (2005)

We have developed a fast, easy to use assay for the simultaneous detection of FGFR3 mutations, which can be of assistance in clinical decision-making and as an alternative for the follow-up of patients by invasive cystoscopy for the detection of recurrences in urine.
The Synthesis of Some 4-Quinolinols and 4-Chloroquinolines by the Ethoxymethylenemalonic Ester Method1 (1946)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis of Some 4-Quinolinols and 4-Chloroquinolines by the Ethoxymethylenemalonic Ester Method1Byron Riegel, Gerald R. Lappin, Bernard H. Adelson, Richard I. Jackson, Charles J. Albisetti Jr., R. M. Dodson, and Robert H. BakerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68, 7, 1264–1266Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1946Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1946https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01211a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01211a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views690Altmetric-Citations57LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Selection and amplification of a bone marrow cell population and its induction to the chondro-osteogenic lineage by rhOP-1: an in vitro and in vivo study (2001)

The differentiation and maturation of osteoprogenitor cells into osteoblasts are processes which are thought to be modulated by transforming growth factors-beta (TGF-beta) as well as by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1, also known as BMP-7) is a member of the BMP family, and it is considered to have important regulatory roles in skeletal embryogenesis and bone healing. Rat bone marrow cells were cultured in vitro in a collagen-gel medium containing 0.5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 10 days in the presence of 40 ng/ml recombinant human OP-1 (rhOP-1). Under these conditions, survival of the bone marrow cell population was dependent on the presence of rhOP-1. Subsequently, the selected cells were cultured-for 6 days in medium containing 40 ng rhOP-1 and 10% FBS. During the last 2 days, dexamethasone (10(-8) M) and beta-glycerophosphate (2 mM) were added to potentiate osteoinduction. Concomitant with an up-regulation of cell proliferation, DNA synthesis levels, colony number and size were determined. Chondro-osteogenic differentiation in vitro was evaluated in terms of the expression of alkaline phosphatase, the production of osteocalcin and the formation of mineralized matrix. After culturing in vitro, cells were placed inside diffusion chambers or inactivated demineralized bone matrix (DBM) cylinders and implanted subdermically into the backs of old rats for 28 days. Biochemical, histological and immunocytochemical analyses provided evidence of cartilage and osteoid tissue inside the diffusion chambers, whereas bone was also observed inside the DBM implants. In conclusion, this experimental procedure is capable of selecting a cell population from bone marrow which, in the presence of rhOP-1, achieves skeletogenic potential under in vitro as well as in vivo environments.
The formalin test in mice: dissociation between inflammatory and non-inflammatory pain (1987)

The formalin test in mice is a valid and reliable model of nociception and is sensitive for various classes of analgesic drugs. The noxious stimulus is an injection of dilute formalin (1% in saline) under the skin of the dorsal surface of the right hindpaw. The response is the amount of time the animals spend licking the injected paw. Two distinct periods of high licking activity can be identified, an early phase lasting the first 5 min and a late phase lasting from 20 to 30 min after the injection of formalin. In order to elucidate the involvement of inflammatory processes in the two phases, we tested different classes of drugs in the two phases independently. Morphine, codeine, nefopam, and orphenadrine, as examples of centrally acting analgesics, were antinociceptive in both phases. In contrast, the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin and naproxen and the steroids dexamethasone and hydrocortisone inhibited only the late phase, while acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and paracetamol were antinociceptive in both phases. The results demonstrate that the two phases in the formalin test may have different nociceptive mechanisms. It is suggested that the early phase is due to a direct effect on nociceptors and that prostaglandins do not play an important role during this phase. The late phase seems to be an inflammatory response with inflammatory pain that can be inhibited by anti-inflammatory drugs. ASA and paracetamol seem to have actions independent of their inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and they also have effects on non-inflammatory pain.
Accelerated Restitution of Endothelial Integrity and Endothelium-Dependent Function After phVEGF 165 Gene Transfer (1996)

Catheter-mediated, site-specific arterial gene transfer of phVEGF165 can accelerate rET at local and remote sites, leading to inhibition of neointimal thickening, reduction in thrombogenicity, and restoration of endothelium-dependent vasomotor reactivity. These findings support the notion that gene transfer encoding for an EC-specific mitogen may be useful for preventing the complications, including restenosis, of balloon angioplasty.
Regulation of HMG-CoA reductase activity in plants. (1994)

This brief review summarizes the current literature on the regulation of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) in plants. The mevalonate pathway, which starts with the synthesis of mevalonate by HMGR, has more branch pathways in plants than in most other organisms, leading to a tremendous variety of isoprenoid products. Evidence suggests that HMGR is an important control point for the synthesis of many of these plant isoprenoids, including some that are vital for primary metabolism and pest resistance. Plant HMGR activity responds in vivo to a variety of developmental and environmental signals, such as cell division, light, and infection. Plants regulate HMGR activity at the level of mRNA by differential induction of HMGR gene family members, and posttranslationally by enzyme modification. Calcium, calmodulin, and proteolytic degradation may also have a role in regulation of plant HMGR.
Nano-electronic circuits as quantum bits (2002)

Quantum information processing systems can be used in a variety of applications. Among proposed realizations of quantum bits nano-electronic circuits appear most promising for integration in electronic circuits and large-scale applications. We discuss Josephson junction circuits in two regimes where they can be used for quantum computing. In one limit, two logic states of the quantum bit differ by a Cooper pair charge, 2e, on a superconducting island. In the other limit different magnetic fluxes penetrate a superconducting loop in two states. Single-qubit and two-qubit logic operations can be performed by means of voltage or current pulses. Weak coupling to the environment allows a series of these elementary steps before the phase coherence is lost. To read out the result of the computation a quantum measurement is needed. For charge qubits this can be accomplished by coupling a single-electron transistor (SET) capacitively to the qubit. Monitoring the current in the transistor one can extract the information about the state of the qubit. We discuss recent experiments and present a suitable set of circuit parameters available with the present-day technology.
Chemistry and Biology of Taxol (1994)

Abstract One can view plants as a reference library of compounds waiting to be searched by a chemist who is looking for a particular property. Taxol, a complex polyoxygenated diterpene isolated from the Pacific Yew, Taxus brevifolia , was discovered during extensive screening of plant materials for antineoplastic agents during the late 1960s. Over the last two decades, interest in and research related to taxol has slowly grown to the point that the popular press now seems poised to scoop each new development. What was once an obscure compound, of interest only to the most masochistic of synthetic chemists and an equally small number of cellular biologists, has become one of the few organic compounds, which, like benzene and aspirin, is recognizable by name to the average citizen. In parallel, the scientific study of taxol has blossomed. Physicians are currently studying its effects on nearly every known neoplasm. Biologists are using taxol to study the mechanisms of cell function by observing the effects of its interactions with the cellular skeletal systems. Synthetic chemists, absorbed by the molecule's unique and sensitive structure and functionality, are exploring seemingly every available pathway for its synthesis. Indeed, the demand for taxol has risen so in the last five years that alternative sources to the extraction of T. brevifolia are being vigorously pursued. Because of the rapidly expanding scope of research in the multifaceted study of taxol, those who are interested in the field may find acquisition of a reasonable base of knowledge an arduous task. For this reason, this account attempts to bring together, for the first time, in a cogent overview the chemistry and biology of this unique molecule.
Gigabit rate packet pattern-matching using TCAM (2004)

In today's Internet, worms and viruses cause service disruptions with enormous economic impact. Current attack prevention mechanisms rely on end-user cooperation to install new system patches or upgrade security software, yielding slow reaction time. However, malicious attacks spread much faster than users can respond, making effective attack prevention difficult network-based mechanisms, by avoiding end-user coordination, can respond rapidly to new attacks. Such mechanisms require the network to inspect the packet payload at line rates to detect and filter those packets containing worm signatures. These signature sets are large (e.g., thousands) and complex. Software-only implementations are unlikely to meet the performance goals. Therefore, making a network-based scheme practical requires efficient algorithms suitable for hardware implementations. This work develops a ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) based multiple-pattern matching scheme. The scheme can handle complex patterns; such as arbitrarily long patterns, correlated patterns, and patterns with negation. For the ClamAv virus database with 1768 patterns whose sizes vary from 6 bytes to 2189 bytes, the proposed scheme can operate at a 2 Gbps rate with a 240 KB TCAM.
The Neisseria meningitidis haemoglobin receptor: its role in iron utilization and virulence (1995)

The Neisseria meningitidis haemoglobin receptor gene, hmbR, was cloned by complementation in a porphyrin-requiring Escherichia coli mutant. hmbR encodes an 89.5 kDa outer membrane protein which shares amino acid homology with the TonB-dependent receptors of Gram-negative bacteria. HmbR had the highest similarity to Neisseria transferrin and lactoferrin receptors. The utilization of haemoglobin as an iron source required internalization of the haemin moiety by the cell. The mechanism of haemin internalization via the haemoglobin receptor was TonB-dependent in E. coli. A N. meningitidis hmbR mutant was unable to use haemoglobin but could still use haemin as a sole iron source. The existence of a second N. meningitidis receptor gene, specific for haemin, was shown by the isolation of cosmids which did not hybridize with the hmbR probe, but which were able to complement an E. coli hemA aroB mutant on haemin-supplemented plates. The N. meningitidis hmbR mutant was attenuated in an infant rat model for meningococcal infection, indicating that haemoglobin utilization is important for N. meningitidis virulence.
Substituted Xanthines, Pteridinediones, and Related Compounds as Potential Antiinflammatory Agents. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Inhibitors of Tumor Necrosis Factor α (1996)

A series of analogues of pentoxifylline metabolites were prepared in the purine, pteridine, [1,2,5]-thiadiazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, and quinazoline ring systems and evaluated for their ability to inhibit the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) in human peripheral blood monocytes stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The more active compounds were also tested for inhibition of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase type IV (PDE IV) from human neutrophils in order to help determine their mechanism of action. Selected compounds which showed good activity in the in vitro TNF alpha assay were evaluated in an in vivo LPS-induced leukopenia model in mice. The most potent compounds in the TNF alpha assay, 6, 31, and 58, inhibited TNF alpha production at an IC50 of approximately 5 microM for each. Compound 58 was a very poor inhibitor of PDE IV but was the most active at preventing the leukopenia induced by TNF alpha in mice, providing more than 60% protection at 50 mg/kg. Thus, compounds such as 58, which are good inhibitors of TNF alpha production but are devoid of PDE IV inhibitory properties, may have potential as new antiinflammatory agents.
A New Crosslinked Foamed Fracturing Fluid (1983)

The technology of stabilizing foamed fracturing fluids has been extended to include the use of crosslinked gels as foam stabilizers. Gasified treating fluids prepared from these gels have unique properties which differentiate them from both traditional foams and gels. Traditional foams require that the gas/volume ratio be greater than 0.52 in order to obtain a stable foam structure. Such high gas ratios produce foams with low fluid densities and low proppant concentrations. Using crosslinked gelled fluid as the stabilizer for foams, very stable dispersions of gas in liquid can be prepared with almost any gas content. Stable foams having a gas/volume ratio (GVR) greater than 0.52 as well as stable energized fluids having a GVR of less than 0.52 can be prepared. Stable energized fluids containing less gas can have appreciably higher fluid densities and proppant concentrations. This paper describes the properties of foams stabilized with crosslinked gels, their broadened uses in stimulating wells and the results of treatments.
Induction of apoptosis in proliferating human endothelial cells by the tumor-specific antiangiogenesis agent combretastatin A-4. (1998)

The antiangiogenic, tubulin-binding drug combretastatin A-4 exhibits a selective toxicity for proliferating endothelial cells in vitro and induces vascular shutdown in tumor models in vivo. The mechanism of combretastatin A-4 cytotoxicity has now been investigated with cultured proliferating human umbilical vein endothelial cells by examining various markers of apoptosis. Incubation of cells with 0.1 mM combretastatin A-4 induced the conversion (first detected after 6 h) of the CPP32 proenzyme to active caspase-3, a cysteine protease that plays an important role in apoptosis in many cell types; the drug also increased caspase-3 activity. Another early event observed was the binding of annexin V to 50% of the cells 8 h after drug treatment. Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, another hallmark of apoptosis, was detected in cells incubated with 0.1 mM combretastatin A-4 for 24 h. Staining with Hoechst 33258 revealed that about 75% of cells exhibited a nuclear morphology characteristic of apoptosis after incubation with drug for 24 h. Incubation of cells for up to 8 h with combretastatin A-4 did not induce the release of lactate dehydrogenase or increase the uptake of propidium iodide, both indicators of membrane integrity. These results indicate that the selective cytotoxic effect of combretastatin A-4 is mediated by the induction of apoptosis rather than by necrosis and may provide an enhanced clinical strategy in cancer chemotherapy with this new agent.
Effect of adrenomedullin on hepatic pericytes (stellate cells) of the rat (1994)

When hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells, fat-storing cells) were incubated with adrenomedullin, they underwent relaxation as monitored by the silicone-rubber membrane method; 43%, 65% and 87% of stellate cells relaxed 5, 10 and 20 min, respectively, after addition of 10(-6) M adrenomedullin. Adrenomedullin also triggered the dissociation of F-actin and induced transformation of stellate cells to dendritic cell-like structure. When incubated with 10(-6) M of adrenomedullin for 30 min, cellular levels of cAMP increased from the basal value of 10.2 +/- 1.4 to 107 +/- 2.8 pmol/2 x 10(5) cells without affecting cGMP levels. The reaction occurred dose-dependently and was inhibited by an antagonist of calcitonin gene-related peptide. Adrenomedullin had negligible effects on DNA and protein synthesis in proliferating stellate cells. Thus, adrenomedullin is a potent relaxing peptide to hepatic stellate cells and may contribute to the regulation of sinusoidal microcirculation.
Characterization of the Helicase Activity of the Escherichia coli UvrAB Protein Complex (1989)

The requirement for nucleotide hydrolysis in the DNA repair mechanism of the Escherichia coli UvrABC protein complex has been analyzed. The DNA-activated UvrAB ATPase activity is part of a helicase activity exhibited by the UvrAB protein complex. The helicase acts only on short duplexes and, therefore, is unlike other helicases such as those involved in DNA replication that unwind long duplexes. The strand displacement activity occurs in the 5'----3' direction and requires either ATP or dATP. The helicase activity is inhibited by UV photoproducts. The absence of this activity in a complex formed with proteolyzed UvrB (UvrB*), a complex also deficient in the endonuclease activity, suggests that this activity is important in the repair mechanism. The UvrAB protein complex may remain bound to a damaged site and by coupling the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis, alter the DNA conformation around the damage site to one that is permissive for endonucleolytic events. The conformational changes may take the form of DNA unwinding.
Analysis of Effects of Hypothermia on Central Nervous System Responses (1957)

Progressive uniform cooling of the spinal cord and brain was found to produce a phase of hyperresponsiveness between temperatures of 35°C to 25°C. Below this level all recorded reactions were reduced in magnitude. During this phase of hyperresponsiveness the cerebral and cerebellar evoked potentials were increased in amplitude and duration; component waves of the electroencephalogram and electrocorticogram were not increased in frequency but increased in amplitude; all reflexly produced responses were greatly augmented in amplitude and duration; stimuli applied elicited responses from a greater number of elements. Conditioning stimuli which produced no propagated response became effective during the hyperresponsive phase of hypothermia; the following testing stimuli also elicited a greater reflex discharge. The duration but not the amplitude of the action potentials recorded intracellularly from the individual afferent fibers in the dorsal columns, dorsal roots, interneurons and motoneurons were increased during hypothermia. All elements of these potentials were prolonged by cooling the cord. The depressant action which developed as hypothermia progressed eventually abolished the soma-dendritic components of the antidromic and orthodromic single cell potentials but the NM and postsynaptic potentials persisted until lower temperature levels were attained. Fiber action potentials showed a similar diminution at very low temperatures. The longer duration of the signal (the afferent potential), the greater desynchronization of multiple elements involved in transmitting the excitatory process and a possible decrease in accommodation were considered to account for the augmentation in response during the early stages of progressive hypothermia. In hypothermia impulses entering the cord over muscle afferents which normally evoked only a monosynaptic reflex produced a polysynaptic response and a discharge out the spinal sympathetic pathways. There was a loss of specificity of reflex pathways.
Experimental Investigation of Miniature Three-Dimensional Flat-Plate Oscillating Heat Pipe (2009)

An experimental investigation on the effects of condenser temperatures, heating modes, and heat inputs on a miniature three-dimensional (3D) flat-plate oscillating heat pipe (FP-OHP) was conducted visually and thermally. The 3D FP-OHP was charged with acetone at a filling ratio of 0.80, had dimensions of 101.60×63.50×2.54 mm3, possessed 30 total turns, and had square channels on both sides of the device with a hydraulic diameter of 0.762 mm. Unlike traditional flat-plate designs, this new three-dimensional compact design allows for multiple heating arrangements and higher heat fluxes. Transient and steady-state temperature measurements were collected at various heat inputs, and the activation/start-up of the OHP was clearly observed for both bottom and side heating modes during reception of its excitation power for this miniature 3D FP-OHP. The neutron imaging technology was simultaneously employed to observe the internal working fluid flow for all tests directly through the copper wall. The activation was accompanied with a pronounced temperature field relaxation and the onset of chaotic thermal oscillations occurring with the same general oscillatory pattern at locations all around the 3D FP-OHP. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of these thermal oscillations, along with the presentation of the average temperature difference and thermal resistance, for all experimental conditions are provided. The novelty of the three-dimensional OHP design is its ability to still produce the oscillating motions of liquid plugs and vapor bubbles and, more importantly, its ability to remove higher heat fluxes.