gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiological Roles of Endothelin-1 in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Hypertension (1999)

The purpose of the present experiment was to study the pathophysiological roles of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in salt-sensitive hypertension with the use of Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) and salt-resistant (DR) rats. PreproET-1 mRNA expression was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In the kidney, expression of preproET-1 mRNA was greater in DS rats on a normal salt diet compared with DR rats of the same age. In DS rats, the level of preproET-1 mRNA expression in kidney had a significant correlation with systolic blood pressure. The expression of preproET-1 mRNA in aorta and kidney was increased by 3-week high salt intake in DS rats but not in DR rats. Expression of preproET-1 mRNA and ET-1 levels in left ventricle was exaggerated by high salt intake in DS rats. However, there was no significant difference in plasma ET-1 levels between DS and DR rats regardless of salt intake. Pressor response curves for ET-1 in DS rats with or without high salt intake were significantly shifted to the left compared with those in DR rats. A single oral dose (3 to 10 mg/kg) of J-104132 (L-753 037), a potent, orally active mixed endothelin A and B (ET(A)/ET(B)) receptor antagonist, reduced blood pressure to normotensive levels in DS rats with high salt intake, and its action was maintained for >/=24 hours. In DS rats with normal salt intake, J-104132 (10 mg/kg) slightly but significantly decreased blood pressure. DR rats did not show obvious depressor responses to J-104132 (10 mg/kg) regardless of salt intake. These results suggest that ET-1 acts as one of the pathophysiological factors in the development and maintenance of salt-sensitive hypertension, and a mixed ET(A)/ET(B) receptor antagonist could be useful in the treatment for salt-sensitive hypertension.
Broad-area diode-pumped 1 W femtosecond fiber system (1996)

Summary form only given. High-average-power 310-fs pulses were obtained with an all-fiber chirped pulse amplification (CPA) system. Both the oscillator and the power amplifier are based on Er/Yb-doped fiber for cladding-pumping with broad-area laser diodes. A single 10-cm-long fiber grating is employed in the CPA system as a compact femtosecond-pulse stretcher/compressor.
Is niacin ineffective? Or did AIM-HIGH miss its target? (2012)

The AIM-HIGH trial (Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome With Low HDL/High Triglycerides: Impact on Global Health Outcomes) found, in an interim analysis, no cardiovascular benefit from taking extended-release niacin (Niaspan). In fact, there was a trend toward a greater risk of ischemic stroke, which did not reach statistical significance. But questions remain about this complex trial, which included intensive statin therapy in the active-treatment group and the control group.
Management of Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer (2011)

The management of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has taken several leaps forward in the last 2 years, with the demonstration of improved overall survival with three novel agents (sipuleucel-T, cabazitaxel, and abiraterone acetate), and a significant delay in skeletal-related events observed with denosumab. The pipeline of systemic therapies in prostate cancer remains strong, as multiple agents with a diverse array of mechanisms of action are demonstrating preliminary signs of clinical benefit, leading to more definitive phase III confirmatory trials. In this review, we will discuss the evolving landscape of treatment options for men with CRPC, with a particular focus on currently approved and emerging treatment options for these patients. Knowledge of these evolving standards will help to optimize delivery of care and long term outcomes in men with advanced CRPC.
Antigenic properties and cellular localization of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein H synthesized in a mammalian cell expression system (1989)

Herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein H (HSV-1 gH) was synthesized in an inducible mammalian cell expression system, and its properties were examined. The gH coding sequence, together with the stable 5' untranslated leader sequence from xenopus beta-globin, was placed under control of the strong promoter from the human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early gene in an amplifiable plasmid which contains the simian virus 40 (SV40) virus origin for replication (ori). This expression vector was transfected into ts COS cells constitutively expressing a temperature-sensitive SV40 T antigen which allows utilization of the SV40 ori at permissive temperatures. The results of transient expression assays at the permissive temperature showed that HSV-1 gH could be synthesized in greater amounts than those produced by a high-multiplicity virus infection. The proteins produced were detected in Western blots (immunoblots) with a HSV-1 gH-specific polyclonal serum raised against a TrpE-gH fusion protein. The transfected gH had an apparent molecular weight of approximately 105,000, intermediate in size to those of the precursor (100,000) and fully processed forms (110,000) of HSV-1 gH from infections. Antigenicity was investigated by reactions with three virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies specific for conformational epitopes on gH. Only one of these monoclonal antibodies could immunoprecipitate the synthesized gH. However, equal recognition of the transfected gH was achieved by superinfection with virus. In addition, detectable amounts of gH were not expressed on the cell surface unless the cells were superinfected with virus. Studies with a temperature-sensitive mutant, ts1201, defective in encapsidation showed that the changes in antigenic structure and cell surface expression caused by superinfection with virus were not due simply to incorporation of gH into virions. These results suggest that gH requires additional virus gene products for cell surface localization and formation of an antigenic structure important for its function in mediating infectivity.
Comprehensive study of rapid, low-cost silicon surface passivation technologies (2000)

A comprehensive and systematic investigation of low-cost surface passivation technologies is presented for achieving high-performance silicon devices such as solar cells. Most commercial solar cells today lack adequate surface passivation, while laboratory cells use conventional furnace oxides (CFO) for high-quality surface passivation involving an expensive and lengthy high-temperature step. This investigation tries to bridge the gap between commercial and laboratory cells by providing fast, low-cost methods for effective surface passivation. This paper demonstrates for the first time, the efficacy of TiO/sub 2/, thin (<10 nm) rapid thermal oxide (RTO), and PECVD SiN individually and in combination for (phosphorus diffused) emitter and (undiffused) back surface passivation. The effects of emitter sheet resistance, surface texture, and three different SiN depositions (two direct PECVD systems and one remote plasma system) were investigated. The effects of post-growth/deposition treatments such as forming gas anneal (FGA) and firing of screen printed contacts were also examined. This study reveals that the optimum passivation scheme consisting of a thin RTO with a SiN cap followed by a very short 730/spl deg/C anneal can 1) reduce the emitter saturation current density, J/sub 0e/, by a factor of >15 for a 90 /spl Omega//sq. emitter, 2) reduce J/sub 0e/ by a factor of >3 for a 40 /spl Omega//sq, emitter, and 3) reduce S/sub back/ below 20 cm/s on 1.3 /spl Omega/cm p-Si. Furthermore, this double-layer RTO+SiN passivation is relatively independent of the deposition conditions (direct or remote) of the SiN film and is more stable under heat treatment than SiN or RTO alone. Model calculations are also performed to show that the RTO+SiN surface passivation scheme may lead to 17%-efficient thin screen-printed cells even with a low bulk lifetime of 20 /spl mu/s.
Immunomodulatory activity of oligopeptides related to interleukin 1 receptor antagonist sequence. (1997)

We examined the immunomodulatory properties of peptides from interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) with regard to the humoral (plaqueforming cells-PFC) and cellular (delayed type hypersensitivity-DTH) immune response and GvH reaction. It was found that peptide RKSSK (II) from the N-terminal part of IL-1Ra, although inactive with regard to the inhibition of IL-1-IL-1 receptor interaction, reduces immune response in a manner similar to cyclosporin A (DTH, PFC in vivo). Peptide GRKSSK (III) was even more potent, whereas peptides from respective fragment of mouse IL-1Ra were weaker immunosuppressants than II. Peptide VTKFYF (VII) from the C-terminal part of IL-1Ra, very active as IL-1 inhibitor, and its analog VIII with Asp residue, characteristic for IL-1, instead of Lys from IL-1Ra, showed only limited activity despite the previously observed competition with IL-1 for the cellular receptor. Thus, no correlation between the inhibitory and immunomodulatory properties of peptides derived from IL-1Ra was observed.
Reduction of mixed cochannel interference in microcellular shared time-division duplexing (STDD) systems (1998)

Shared time-division duplexing (STDD) is an attractive candidate for high-quality low-delay multiple access in microcellular systems. STDD provides a considerable increase in capacity over conventional time-division systems with conventional speech activity detection (SAD). By sharing time slots in both directions of transmission, large statistical multiplexing gains are obtained, even with a moderate number of users per carrier. We show by means of theory that STDD is superior to conventional time-division multiple access (TDMA) as well as TDMA/TDD/SAD in terms of capacity. We furthermore demonstrate how a type of mixed cochannel interference particular to STDD can be reduced or almost eliminated by means of directional antennas at the base stations for both reception and transmission, combined with appropriate organization of the time burst. The concept of partially shared TDD (PSTDD) is also introduced, and the tradeoff between capacity gains by means of statistical multiplexing and packets dropped due to interference is studied by means of analysis. To illustrate the introduced concepts and methodology of evaluation, a number of numerical results are given for a frame length of 2 ms. Statistical multiplexing gains of the order of 100% over TDMA are obtained with 40 speech slots per frame and a packet dropping rate of 0.1%.
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9: A proximal biomarker for cardiac remodeling and a distal biomarker for inflammation (2013)

Adverse cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI) remains a significant cause of congestive heart failure. Additional and novel strategies that improve our ability to predict, diagnose, or treat remodeling are needed. Numerous groups have explored single and multiple biomarker strategies to identify diagnostic prognosticators of remodeling progression, which will improve our ability to promptly and accurately identify high-risk individuals. The identification of better clinical indicators should further lead to more effective prediction and timely treatment. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) is one potential biomarker for cardiac remodeling, as demonstrated by both animal models and clinical studies. In animal MI models, MMP-9 expression significantly increases and is linked with inflammation, diabetic microvascular complications, extracellular matrix degradation and synthesis, and cardiac dysfunction. Clinical studies have also established a relationship between MMP-9 and post-MI remodeling and mortality, making MMP-9 a viable candidate to add to the multiple biomarker list. By definition, a proximal biomarker shows a close relationship with its target disease, whereas a distal biomarker exhibits non-targeted disease modifying outcomes. In this review, we explore the ability of MMP-9 to serve as a proximal biomarker for cardiac remodeling and a distal biomarker for inflammation. We summarize the current molecular basis and clinical platform that allow us to include MMP-9 as a biomarker in both categories.
Radiation‐Induced Alteration of Pain‐Related Signals in an Animal Model with Bone Invasion from Cancer (2004)

Although radiotherapy is highly effective in relieving bone pain from cancer invasion, the mechanism of pain relief remains unclear. To explore the mechanism of radiotherapy-induced analgesia, we have developed an animal model of bone pain resulting from cancer invasion. Using this animal model system, radiation-induced pain response and pain-related signals in the spinal cord were analyzed. The hind paw model of bone pain from cancer invasion was developed by injecting transplantable hepatocellular carcinoma, HCa-1, into the periosteal membrane of the foot dorsum in C3H/HeJ mice. Bony invasion from HCa-1 cells was confirmed by histopathological examinations. We also measured the development of pain-associated behaviors. In this model, changes in the objective level of pain response after irradiation of the tumor were analyzed. Expression of pain-related host signals in the spinal cord, such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P, and c-fos, was investigated with immunohistochemical staining. In the histopathological examinations, bone invasion from HCa-1 cells was seen from day 7 and was evident at day 14 after injection. Measurable pain-associated behaviors were developed from day 7. In this model, mice treated with radiotherapy showed decreased objective levels of pain with a higher threshold to graded mechanical stimulation than did control mice from day 3 after irradiation. After irradiation of tumors, significant decreases in the expression of CGRP were shown in the spinal cord, whereas neither substance P nor c-fos showed any alteration. We developed a novel hind paw model of bone pain from cancer invasion that was confirmed by histopathological examination and measurable pain-associated behaviors. Radiotherapy decreased the objective level of pain and the underlying mechanism involved in the alteration of pain-related host signal, CGRP, in the spinal cord.
Collaborative Localization With Received-Signal Strength in Wireless Sensor Networks (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In this paper, we present an in-depth study of two collaborative-localization methods, called the multidimensional scaling (MDS) and maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE), for wireless sensor networks. From theoretical analysis, it is shown that MLE is more appropriate than MDS, given the underlying assumption of statistical signal models of the received-signal-strength-based localization problem. We also show that MDS can approximately achieve asymptotic efficiency with appropriate weighting schemes in some scenarios. From extensive simulation results, it is noted that the nonlinear least square algorithms that are commonly used to determine MLE are not as efficient as the iterative MDS algorithms. Thus, we propose a new integrated method MDS–MLE to effectively benefit from the strength of both methods. In the new method, MDS is used as an initialization method for MLE. With the solution of MDS as an initial value, MLE converges much faster and achieves significantly better performance than with random initial values. Superior performance of the new method is clearly demonstrated through simulation results. The effects of the deployment density of sensor nodes and reference nodes (RNs), as well as the deployment structure of RNs, are also studied through various simulations. </para>
Inhibitory Effect of RNA Pool Complexity on Stimulatory Capacity of RNA-pulsed Dendritic Cells (2008)

Tumor cells that show downregulation of their tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) may be able to escape immune-mediated elimination. Therefore, efficient vaccine strategies attempt to target multiple TAAs simultaneously. This is easily achieved in dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines by introducing antigens in the form of RNA. Although insufficient message may hinder adequate expression of individual TAAs when using total-tumor RNA, high amounts of individual RNAs as pools yield DCs presenting high numbers of specific peptide-major histocompatibility complex ligands with epitopes derived from different TAAs. We used the transfer of RNAs encoding the well-defined melanoma TAAs tyrosinase, Melan-A, CDK4mut, gp100, SNRP116mut, and GPNMBmut to characterize DCs at the levels of transfected RNA, expressed protein and peptide-major histocompatibility complex ligand presentation. TAA-encoding RNA was rapidly degraded in the DCs, allowing only a single surge in protein expression shortly after transfection. We compared the functional capacity of DCs transfected with pools of 3 versus 6 RNAs. Whereas functional assays demonstrated a decrease in stimulatory capacity of DCs transfected with a pool of 3 RNAs by only 30% as compared with single RNAs, a 60% loss was seen with 6 RNAs. We conclude that larger RNA pools result in diminished presentation of individual epitopes and suggest that smaller pools of RNA be transfected into separate DC populations which are then pooled to create multiplex vaccines.
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) copolymerization of fluoroalkyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (F-POSS) macromers (2013)

Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization techniques were used to copolymerize an F-POSS macromer with methyl methacrylate (MMA) to produce novel copolymers that possess excellent wetting-resistant behaviour and are the first examples of covalently bound F-POSS nanocomposites for improved surface robustness. These F-POSS/MMA copolymers have also been used to coat cotton fabrics, resulting in both superhydrophobic and oleophobic behaviour.
Synthesis and Properties of Seven Ionic Liquids Containing 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium or 1-Butyl-4-methylpyridinium Cations (2006)

Syntheses are reported for ionic liquids containing 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium or 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium cations and trifluoromethyl sulfonate, dicyanamide, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, or nonafluorobutyl sulfonate anions. Densities, melting points, glass-transition temperatures, solubilities in water, and polarities have been measured. Ionic liquids containing pyridinium cations exhibit higher melting points, lower solubility in water, and higher polarity than those containing imidazolium cations.
Goals and challenges of the DARPA GloMo program [global mobile information systems] (1996)

Continuing advances in high-speed computation, signal processing, and miniaturization are opening up new opportunities for advancing the state of the art in mobile, wireless, multimedia information systems technologies. Such technologies are critical to meeting the defense requirements for rapidly deployable and robust information systems. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated the Global Mobile Information Systems (GloMo) program in 1994 to develop and demonstrate technologies to support these requirements. The GloMo program leverages and integrates several previous related DARPA programs. It is a "vertically integrated" program, dealing with issues ranging from underlying radio and signal processing technology through middleware to support of mobile applications. The GloMo program supports a number of research projects at various organizations, with the scope of the projects ranging from concept development to demonstration of prototype systems. The GloMo research community is collaborating to link the individual research efforts within these diverse activities, collectively demonstrating major technological advances through a distributed digital wireless communications testbed being developed under the program. Such advances will be leveraged and demonstrated in specific user scenarios of interest in defense applications. The technologies developed are intended to serve as catalysts for new commercial wireless information systems and services, thereby making the technology accessible to the military through commercial products and services.
Implementation of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Beads for Surface Enhanced Raman Detection (2015)

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have a predesigned molecular recognition capability that can be used to build robust chemical sensors. MIP-based chemical sensors allow label-free detection and are particularly interesting due to their simple operation. In this work we report the use of thiol-terminated MIP microspheres to construct surfaces for detection of a model organic analyte, nicotine, by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The nicotine-imprinted microspheres are synthesized by RAFT precipitation polymerization and converted into thiol-terminated microspheres through aminolysis. The thiol groups on the MIP surface allow the microspheres to be immobilized on a gold-coated substrate. Three different strategies are investigated to achieve surface enhanced Raman scattering in the vicinity of the imprinted sites: (1) direct sputtering of gold nanoparticles, (2) immobilization of gold colloids through the MIP's thiol groups, and (3) trapping of the MIP microspheres in a patterned SERS substrate. For the first time we show that large MIP microspheres can be turned into selective SERS surfaces through the three different approaches of assembly. The MIP-based sensing surfaces are used to detect nicotine to demonstrate the proof of concept. As synthesis and surface functionalization of MIP microspheres and nanoparticles are well established, the methods reported in this work are handy and efficient for constructing label-free chemical sensors, in particular for those based on SERS detection.
Treatment for Postoperative Wound Pain in Gynecologic Laparoscopic Surgery: Topical Lidocaine Patches (2012)

Topical lidocaine patches at the laparoscopic port sites reduced postoperative pain, particularly postoperative wound pain after gynecological laparoscopic procedures.
Reductive cleavage of the C–O bond of acetals and orthoesters: reduction by silane in the presence of a Rh–PPh3 complex (2003)

Reductions of acetals to ethers and of orthoester to acetal by hydrosilane using rhodium catalyst are described.
Cholera (1973)

“It is an erroneous impression, fostered by sensational popular biography, that scientific discovery is often made by inspiration - a sort of coup defoudre - from on high. This is rarely the case. Even Archimedes' sudden inspiration in the bathtub; Newton's experience in the apple orchard; Descartes's geometrical discoveries in his bed; Darwin's flash of lucidity on reading a passage in Malthus; Kekulé's vision of the closed carbon ring which came to him on top of a London bus; and Einstein's brilliant solution of the Michelson puzzle in the patent office in Beme, were not messages out of the blue. They were the final coordinations, by minds of genius, of innumerable accumulated facts and impressions which lesser men could grasp only in their uncorrelated isolation, but which—by them - were seen in entirety and integrated into general principles. The scientist takes off from the manifold observations of predecessors, and shows his intelligence, if any, by his ability to discriminate between the important and the negligible, by selecting here and there the significant stepp ings tones that will lead across the difficulties to new understanding. The one who places the last stone and steps across to the terra finna of accomplished discovery gets all the credit. Only the initiated know and honor those whose patient integrity and devotion to exact observation have made the last step possible.”
Application of machine learning to epileptic seizure onset detection and treatment (2009)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 2009.