gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional implications of myocardial scar structure (1997)

During healing after myocardial infarction, scar collagen content and stiffness do not correlate. We studied regional mechanics and both area fraction and orientation of large collagen fibers 3 wk after coronary ligation in the pig. During passive inflation of isolated, arrested hearts, the scar tissue demonstrated significantly less circumferential strain but similar longitudinal and radial deformation in comparison with noninfarcted regions of the same hearts. The observed selective resistance to circumferential deformation was consistent with the finding that most of the large collagen fibers in the scar were oriented within 30 degrees of the local circumferential axis. Furthermore, data from a previous study indicate that during ventricular systole these scars resist circumferential stretching, whereas they deform similarly to noninfarcted myocardium in the longitudinal and radial directions. We conclude that large collagen fiber structure is an important determinant of scar mechanical properties and that scar anisotropy allows the scar to resist circumferential stretching while deforming compatibly with adjacent noninfarcted myocardium in the longitudinal and radial directions.
Leakage-proof program partitioning (2002)

Due to limited available memory (of the order of Kilobytes) on embedded devices (such as smart cards), we undertake an approach of partitioning a whole program. The program partitions are down-loaded from the server on demand into the embedded device just before execution. We devise a novel method of partitioning the code and data of the program such that no information regarding the control flow and behavior of the program is leaked out. In other words, by observing the program partitions that are down-loaded from the server, one is unable to guess which branches are taken in the program. The partitioning scheme generates minimal safe program regions which do not reveal the control flow information when transmitted on demand but any further partitioning of which will reveal such an information. Minimal safe regions allow minimal usage of memory on the embedded device and thus enable maximal number of multiple applications to simultaneously reside on the embedded device. The minimal safe regions can be merged on demand to create larger safe regions to improve runtime efficiency. The larger the number of regions to be downloaded on the device, the lower is the performance of the application and vice-versa. Our approach handles this tradeoff between the number of simultaneous applications that would reside on the embedded device and the performance of each application. This approach is scalable both to the number of simultaneous applications and to the amount of memory available. The worst case performance degradation is shown to be below 10% with the benefit of allowing arbitrarily large/multiple applications to be deployed.
High energy particle tracking using scintillating fibers and solid state photomultipliers (1989)

The Solid State Photomultiplier (SSPM) recently developed at the Rockwell International Science Center, coupled with fast scintillating fibers can have a rate capacity of 10/sup 8/ tracks per second per cm/sup 2/ of fiber cross section in systems for tracking of high energy ionizing particles. Relative to other approaches the SSPM can provide substantial improvements in spatial and temporal tracking accuracy. Results of preliminary experiments with 0.225 /times/ 0.225 mm/sup 2/ cross section step-index-of-refraction fiber exposed to electrons from a beta source are presented. The experiments involved pulse height analysis of SSPM photon detection pulses induced by coincident scintillations in two adjacent fibers traversed by the same electron. The data for two different scintillating fibers tested indicate that meter long fibers of this type, optimally coupled to SSPMs, will be effective in detecting minimum ionizing particles. 4 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Defining the Structure of Irregular Nucleic Acids: Conventions and Principles (1989)

The algorithm "Curves", that we have recently presented in this journal (J. Biolmol. Str. Dynam. 6, 63-91 (1988], is updated to take into account the conventions developed at the Cambridge meeting on DNA curvature (September 1988) and extended to the calculation of local parameters. In addition, the principles which govern the choices made in establishing the Curves algorithm are compared with the approaches adopted by other authors.
Nitrosoimidazoles: highly bactericidal analogs of 5-nitroimidazole drugs (1988)

It is believed that metronidazole and related 5-nitroimidazoles are activated by reduction of the nitro group and that the active species has a nitrogen functionality of intermediate oxidation state. However, the preparation and isolation of the active forms of the 5-nitroimidazoles used therapeutically have proven elusive. To pursue this problem we have prepared both 1-methyl-4-phenyl-5-nitrosoimidazole (3) and 1-methyl-4-nitroso-5-phenylimidazole (5) from 4(5)-nitroso-5(4)-phenylimidazole (1). We have also prepared the homologous nitroimidazoles. Escherichia coli mutants with defects in DNA repair were found to be sensitive to both 1-methyl-4-phenyl-5-nitroimidazole (4) and metronidazole, but fairly resistant to 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-phenylimidazole (6), a finding in accord with the relative biological activity of 4- and 5-nitroimidazoles examined previously. In contrast, all three nitroso compounds are considerably more bactericidal than their analogous nitro compounds under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, a finding that provides direct evidence that reduction of the nitro group is responsible for activation of the nitroimidazoles. Further evidence is also consistent with the possibility that the nitrosoimidazoles are themselves biologically active species derived from nitroimidazoles, although a more conservative interpretation is simply that they are more facilely converted to such active species.
Hypothesis: Galactosyl and N‐acetylgalactosaminyl homeostasis: A function for mammalian asialoglycoprotein receptors (1994)

Mammalian livers express endocytic cell surface receptors that specifically bind natural or synthetic molecules containing terminal galactosyl or N-acetylgalactosaminyl sugars. One of these hepatocyte receptors is the asialoglycoprotein receptor, which mediates the endocytosis and subsequent lysosomal degradation of these glyco-molecules. Although the receptor was discovered almost 30 years ago, the physiological reason why mammals have this receptor is still unknown. At the cellular level, the basic molecular function of the receptor is to mediate the uptake and ultimate degradation of galactosyl/N-acetylgalactosaminyl-containing molecules (ligands). At the organism level, however, the physiological function is uncertain. The identity of the natural ligands and the reasons for this elaborate receptor system to remove these ligands are both unknown. This article proposes an explanation for the purpose of this asialoglycoprotein receptor and its role in regulating the dynamic flux of galactosyl/N-acetylgalactosaminyl glycoconjugates in mammals.
The 5′ flanking region of the rat LAP (C/EBPβ) gene can direct high-level, position-independent, copy number dependent expression in multiple tissues in transgenic mice (1994)

The efficiency and tissue-specificity of transgene expression in animals is usually subject to the position of integration into the host chromatin. We have discovered that a 2.8kbp fragment flanking the rat gene encoding the transcription factor LAP (C/EBP beta) directs position-independent, copy number-dependent expression in transgenic-mouse livers. Concomitantly, the DNAse I hypersensitivity pattern normally observed in the liver is established in the integrated transgene construct demonstrating that this region is capable of creating chromatin structures equivalent to the endogenous situation. These observations are reminiscent of the locus control regions (LCR) described for several genes. Additionally, this LAP element functions with both intron-less and intron-containing genes. The tissue specificity of this element, however, is not restricted to liver. The 2.8kbp region is capable of allowing position-independent, copy number-dependent expression in brain, kidney, heart, spleen, and lung, but in a construct-dependent manner. This is, to our knowledge, the first transcription factor gene with which a cis-linked LCR-like element has been associated.
The application of flow cytometry to the study of bacterial responses to antibiotics (1993)

Summary Experiments were performed to determine whether a modern flow cytometer could be used to study bacterial populations in suspension, with particular reference to their morphological characteristics and their responses to antibiotics. The FACScan, a commercial benchtop flow cytometer fitted with an air-cooled laser, designed primarily for the study of eukaryotic peripheral blood mononuclear cells, yielded reproducible data relating to bacterial shape and internal architecture. It was sensitive enough to detect changes in bacterial morphology on entry into the growth cycle and after exposure to antibiotics. Antibiotic-induced morphological changes affecting subpopulations of bacteria were sufficiently specific to allow differentiation between antibiotics with different cell-wall enzyme targets. Simultaneously, the effect of such antibiotics on the integrity of the outer cell membrane of Escherichia coli was assessed by measurement of the association of the nucleic acid-binding dye propidium iodide with the bacteria. These experiments demonstrated complex patterns of probable cell-wall leakage, related to the modes of action of the antibiotics. The FACScan is a useful and sensitive tool for the study of the morphology and physiology of bacterial populations in suspension, and is especially applicable to the study of antibiotic action.
Rates of amphotericin B and filipin association with sterols. A study of changes in sterol structure and phospholipid composition of vesicles. (1985)

The influence of structural modifications in sterols and phospholipids on the rate of polyene antibiotic-sterol interaction was studied. For filipin and amphotericin B association with sterols in vesicles, a preferential interaction was found with sterols whose side chain length is close to that of cholesterol. Introduction of trans double bonds into the sterol side chain did not alter the rate of interaction in vesicles. The delta 7-bond of the sterol appears to be of critical importance in amphotericin B-sterol interaction, whereas the delta 5-bond is not essential. These observations are relevant to the well-known effects of amphotericin B on cell membranes containing ergosterol compared with those containing cholesterol. The dependence of the rates of sterol-polyene antibiotic interaction on the phospholipid composition of the vesicles indicates that phospholipid vesicles may be an inadequate model for reaching a comprehensive understanding of the effects exerted on biological membranes by these agents.
Reduced Corticotropin Releasing Factor Binding Sites in the Frontal Cortex of Suicide Victims (1988)

Previous studies have provided evidence that corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is hypersecreted in patients with major depression. This CRF hypersecretion is believed to contribute at least in part to hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in depressed patients. If CRF is chronically hypersecreted in depressed patients, then, due to down-regulation, a reduced number of CRF receptor binding sites should be present in patients with profound depressive disorder. To test this hypothesis, we measured the number and affinity of CRF binding sites in the frontal cortex of 26 suicide victims and 29 controls who died of a variety of causes. There was a marked (23%) reduction in the number of CRF binding sites in the frontal cortex of the suicide victims compared with the controls. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that CRF is hypersecreted in depression.
P162 Induction of clinical and endoscopic remission with budesonide MMX in mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis: Pooled data from two phase 3 studies (2012)

Poster presentations about the use of CAM services, CAM products, and CAM techniques from adult patients attending an outpatient clinic at 14 hospitals in Norway. In addition, demographic and clinical variables were obtained. Results: A total of 430 patients were included of whom 50% were female, 241 with Crohn's disease (CD) and 189 with ulcerative colitis (UC). The mean age of all patients was 40.7 years (range 18 79, SD 12.4), (CD 39.4 years/UC 42.2 years, p = 0.212). Mean disease duration was 10.8 years (SD 8.8), CD 12.7 years/UC 8.4 years (p = 0.004). Overall, 57.4% (247/430) had used CAM the last 12 months. When categorizing CAM into CAM services, CAM products, and CAM techniques the use was 43.7%, 68.8%, and 49%, respectively. The total exceeds 100% as many of the patients used more than one CAM modality. In total, significantly more women (67.9%) than men (47.5%) (p < 0.001) used CAM, but there were no gender differences in regard to CAM modality. When comparing the CAM users and non-users there were no significant differences regarding demographic variables including mean age and marital status, or clinical variables including disease type (CD/UC), use of medical therapy, disease duration and previous surgery. The most common CAM service was acupuncture (16.6%). Dietary supplements (55.8%) were the most common CAM products, and 21.3% used herbs. Preferred CAM technique was relaxation techniques (19.7%). Ninety-one percent reported that they had used CAM alongside their medical treatment. Conclusions: Half of the patients had used CAM the last 12 months, and they used it as a complement to ordinary medical treatment. We found no differences between CAM users and non-users regarding demographic or clinical variables. The high use of dietary supplements indicates the importance of addressing this issue with the patients in clinical practice.
Noninvasive three‐dimensional assessment of femoroacetabular impingement (2006)

A CT-based method ("HipMotion") for the noninvasive three-dimensional assessment of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) was developed, validated, and applied in a clinical pilot study. The method allows for the anatomically based calculation of hip range of motion (ROM), the exact location of the impingement zone, and the simulation of quantified surgical maneuvers for FAI. The accuracy of HipMotion was 0.7 +/- 3.1 degrees in a plastic bone setup and -5.0 +/- 5.6 degrees in a cadaver setup. Reliability and reproducibility were excellent [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.87] for all measures except external rotation (ICC = 0.48). The normal ROM was determined from a cohort of 150 patients and was compared to 31 consecutive hips with FAI. Patients with FAI had a significantly decreased flexion, internal rotation, and abduction in comparison to normal hips (p < 0.001). Normal hip flexion and internal rotation are generally overestimated in a number of orthopedic textbooks. HipMotion is a useful tool for further assessment of impinging hips and for appropriate planning of the necessary amount of surgical intervention, which represents the basis for future computer-assisted treatment of FAI with less invasive surgical approaches, such as hip arthroscopy.
Receptors for PTH and PTHrP: their biological importance and functional properties (1999)

The type 1 receptor (PTH1R) for parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is highly expressed in bone and kidney and mediates in these tissues the PTH-dependent regulation of mineral ion homeostasis. The PTH1R also mediates the paracrine actions of PTHrP, which play a particularly vital role in the process of endochondral bone formation. These important functions, the likely involvement of the PTH1R in certain genetic diseases affecting skeletal development and calcium homeostasis, and the potential utility of PTH in treating osteoporosis have been the driving force behind intense investigations of both the receptor and its peptide ligands. Recent lines of work have led to the identification of constitutively active PTH1Rs in patients with Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, the demonstration of inverse agonism by certain ligand analogs, and the discovery of the PTH-2 receptor subtype that responds to PTH but not PTHrP. As reviewed herein, a detailed exploration of the receptor-ligand interaction process is currently being pursued through the use of site-directed mutagenesis and photoaffinity cross-linking methods; ultimately, such work could enable the development of novel PTH receptor ligands that have therapeutic value in treating diseases such as osteoporosis and certain forms of hypercalcemia.
Medium- and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase gene and protein families (2008)

Short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs) constitute a large family of NAD(P)(H)-dependent oxidoreductases, sharing sequence motifs and displaying similar mechanisms. SDR enzymes have critical roles in lipid, amino acid, carbohydrate, cofactor, hormone and xenobiotic metabolism as well as in redox sensor mechanisms. Sequence identities are low, and the most conserved feature is an alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta sheet flanked by 2 - 3 alpha-helices from each side, thus a classical Rossmannfold motif for nucleotide binding. The conservation of this element and an active site, often with an Asn-Ser-Tyr-Lys tetrad, provides a platform for enzymatic activities encompassing several EC classes, including oxidoreductases, epimerases and lyases. The common mechanism is an underlying hydride and proton transfer involving the nicotinamide and typically an active site tyrosine residue, whereas substrate specificity is determined by a variable C-terminal segment. Relationships exist with bacterial haloalcohol dehalogenases, which lack cofactor binding but have the active site architecture, emphasizing the versatility of the basic fold in also generating hydride transfer-independent lyases. The conserved fold and nucleotide binding emphasize the role of SDRs as scaffolds for an NAD(P)(H) redox sensor system, of importance to control metabolic routes, transcription and signalling.
연구논문(硏究論文) : 2011년 가족법의 개정 동향 -친권,후견을 중심으로- (2011)

2011년 상반기에는 가족법과 관련된 세 가지 법률이 국회에서 통과되었다. 4월 29일에 친권법 개정안이, 이어서 6월 29일에는 입양특례법 개정안과 아동복지법 개정안이 국회를 통과하였다. 입양특례법과 아동복지법이 개정되면서 이 법률들에 각각 포함되어 있던 친권 및 후견에 관한 규정도 큰 폭으로 개정되었다. 이 논문에서는 위의 세 가지 가족법 관련 법률 중에서 친권과 후견 분야에 대하여 집중적으로 살펴보았다. 그 결과 주목할 만한 변화의 흐름을 발견할 수 있었는데, 그것은 한마디로 요약하면, 과거에 ``부모 중심``으로 구성되어 있었던 법이 ``자녀의 복리를 우선적으로 고려하는 방향``으로 변화하고 있다는 점이다. 구체적으로 살펴보면, 우선 현재의 실무는 이혼 시 단독친권자로 정해진 부모의 일방이 사망한 경우에 생존친이 자동으로 친권자가 된다는 태도를 취하고 있어서(친권자동부활론) 자녀의 복리를 침해하는 여러 가지 문제를 야기하고 있는데, 개정 친권법은 단독친권자로 정해진 부모의 일방이 사망한 경우에는 생존친이 법원의 심판을 거쳐 친권자가 될 수 있게 함으로써 이러한 문제를 해결하였다. 현행 아동복지법은 친권상실선고의 청구권자를 행정기관으로 제한하고 있어서 부모가 자녀를 학대하는 사례가 있어도 실제로 대부분의 경우에 친권상실선고가 청구되지 않는다는 문제가 있다. 개정 아동복지법은 친권상실선고를 청구할 수 있는 청구권자의 범위를 확대하여, 일정한 경우에는 아동보호전문기관의 장, 학교장 등 현장에서 일차적으로 아동학대사례를 접하게 되는 기관의 장에 대해서도 친권상실선고를 청구할 수 있는 권한을 인정하였다. 이로써 부모가 자녀를 학대하는 사례가 발생하는 경우에 보다 신속하게 학대행위자인 부모의 친권을 상실시키고 자녀를 보호하는 조치를 취할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 현행「입양촉진 및 절차에 관한 특례법」은 부모가 입양에 동의할 때 친권을 포기하도록 하고, 입양기관의 장이 아동의 후견인이 되어 입양절차를 진행한다는 방식을 취하고 있다. 그러나 친권은 부모가 임의로 포기할 수 있는 성질의 것이 아니므로, 포기의 의사표시에 의해서 친권이 소멸되는 것으로 의제하여 입양기관의 장이 후견인이 되는 것은 우리 법체계와 모순된다는 비판이 있었다. 개정 입양특례법은 ``친권행사의 정지``라는 제도를 새로 도입하여, 부모가 입양에 동의하면서 입양기관에 자녀를 인도하는 경우에는 부모의 친권행사가 정지되는 것으로 규정하였다. 그리고 부모가 입양의 동의를 철회하면(개정 입양특례법에 의하면 부모는 법원의 입양허가가 있기 전까지는 입양의 동의를 철회할 수 있다), 다시 친권을 행사할 수 있는 것으로 함으로써 현행법의 문제를 해결하였다. 2011년에 국회에서 통과된 가족법 분야의 개정법률은 부모의 권리보호에 지나치게 치우쳐 자녀의 보호라는 측면에서 문제를 야기하고 있는 법률을 개정하는 한편(``친권자동부활론``의 폐기, 친권상실선고의 청구에 관한 규정의 개정), 부모의 권리를 부당하게 침해하는 동시에 자녀의 복리에도 부정적인 영향을 미치는 제도를 개선(``친권의 포기``를 ``친권행사의 정지``로 대체한 입양특례법의 개정)함으로써 부모의 권리와 자녀의 복리를 균형있게 보호하는 방향으로 한 걸음 크게 나아갔다고 평가할 수 있을 것이다.
EWOD in Coplanar Electrode Configurations (2010)

This paper deals with ElectroWetting-On-Dielectric using AC voltage (AC EWOD) in both open and closed configuration. The open configuration is more convenient for fundamental studies and observations of electrowetting associated phenomena whereas the closed configuration is particularly adapted for practical use in a Digital lab-on-chips (DLC). Software developed for the study of electrowetting and droplet oscillations in coplanar electrode configuration are presented. Particular features of electrowetting are outlighted. Droplet oscillations and hydrodynamic induced flows in open coplanar configuration are considered and applications for DLC are illustrated in closed configuration.
A formal framework for component deployment (2006)

Software deployment is a complex process, and industrial-strength frameworks such as .NET, Java, and CORBA all provide explicit support for component deployment. However, these frameworks are not built around fundamental principles as much as they are engineering efforts closely tied to particulars of the respective systems. Here we aim to elucidate the fundamental principles of software deployment, in a platform-independent manner. Issues that need to be addressed include deployment unit design, when, where and how to wire components together, versioning, version dependencies, and hot-deployment of components. We define the application buildbox as the place where software is developed and deployed, and define a formal Labeled Transition System (LTS) on the buildbox with transitions for deployment operations that include build, install, ship, and update. We establish formal properties of the LTS, including the fact that if a component is shipped with a certain version dependency, then at run time that dependency must be satisfied with a compatible version. Our treatment of deployment is both platform- and vendor-independent, and we show how it models the core mechanisms of the industrial-strength deployment frameworks.
Scaffold protein harmonin (USH1C) provides molecular links between Usher syndrome type 1 and type 2 (2005)

Usher syndrome (USH) is the most frequent cause of combined deaf-blindness in man. USH is clinically and genetically heterogeneous with at least 11 chromosomal loci assigned to the three USH types (USH1A-G, USH2A-C, USH3A). Although the different USH types exhibit almost the same phenotype in human, the identified USH genes encode for proteins which belong to very different protein classes and families. We and others recently reported that the scaffold protein harmonin (USH1C-gene product) integrates all identified USH1 molecules in a USH1-protein network. Here, we investigated the relationship between the USH2 molecules and this USH1-protein network. We show a molecular interaction between the scaffold protein harmonin (USH1C) and the USH2A protein, VLGR1 (USH2C) and the candidate for USH2B, NBC3. We pinpoint these interactions to interactions between the PDZ1 domain of harmonin and the PDZ-binding motifs at the C-termini of the USH2 proteins and NBC3. We demonstrate that USH2A, VLGR1 and NBC3 are co-expressed with the USH1-protein harmonin in the synaptic terminals of both retinal photoreceptors and inner ear hair cells. In hair cells, these USH proteins are also localized in the signal uptaking stereocilia. Our data indicate that the USH2 proteins and NBC3 are further partners in the supramolecular USH-protein network in the retina and inner ear which shed new light on the function of USH2 proteins and the entire USH-protein network. These findings provide first evidence for a molecular linkage between the pathophysiology in USH1 and USH2. The organization of USH molecules in a mutual 'interactome' related to the disease can explain the common phenotype in USH.