gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of three-dimensional memory die stack packages using polymer insulated sidewall technique (2000)

A newly designed three dimensional (3-D) memory die stack package has been established, and the prototype of the 3-D package using mechanical dies has been successfully demonstrated. Fabrication processes of the 3-D package consist of: (1) wafer cutting into die segments; (2) die passivation including sidewall insulation; (3) via opening on the original I/O pads; (4) I/O redistribution from center pads to sidewall; (5) bare die stacking using polymer adhesive; (6) sidewall interconnection; and (7) solder balls attachment. There are several significant improvements in this new 3-D package design compared with the current 3-D package concept. The unique feature of this newly developed package is the sidewall insulation of dies prior to the I/O redistribution of dies, which produces (1) better chip-to-wafer yields and (2) significant process simplification during subsequent fabrication steps. According to this design, 100% of die yields on a conventional wafer design can be obtained without any neighboring die losses which usually occur during the I/O redistribution processes of conventional 3-D package design. Furthermore, the new 3-D package design can simplify the following processes such as I/O redistribution, sidewall insulation, sidewall interconnection, and package formation. It is proven that the mechanical integrity of the prototype 3-D stacked package meets requirements of the JEDEC Level III and 85/spl deg/C/85% test.
Performance Study of a Multifuel Engine Operating Simultaneously with CNG and Ethanol in Various Proportions (2008)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The technological development of automotive engines is focused on alternative energy sources and optimized use of conventional fuels. The current flexible engines in Brazil can operate with gasohol and ethanol blends in any proportion, but the flexibility is restricted to liquid fuels. The present investigation consists on the use of electronic injection systems for ethanol and for CNG, allowing the use of these fuels simultaneously. The objective of this work is to determine the best proportion of CNG-ethanol mixture in order to maximize the use of the natural gas, fuel which offers the lowest BSFC on conventional SI engines. The low volumetric efficiency inherent in the use of CNG is compensated by the injection of a small quantity of ethanol. The latent heat of vaporization of the alcohol is used to take heat from the intake air and increase its mass, taking advantage from the high latent heat of vaporization of the ethanol and the low BSFC of the CNG. The present investigation is a pioneer study concerning the simultaneous use of CNG and ethanol and is a breakthrough in the development of new management strategies on a flexible engine. The ethanol-CNG mixture proportion and the stoichiometry could be set according to the torque demand but always giving priority to the CNG, with results on low BSFC (compared to the exclusive use of ethanol).&lt;/div&gt;
Distinct PKC isoforms mediate the activation of cPLA2 and adenylyl cyclase by phorbol ester in RAW264.7 macrophages (1998)

The modulatory effects of protein kinase C (PKC) on the activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and adenylyl cyclase (AC) have recently been described. Since the signalling cascades associated with these events play critical roles in various functions of macrophages, we set out to investigate the crosstalk between PKC and the cPLA2 and AC pathways in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages and to determine the involvement of individual PKC isoforms. The cPLA2 and AC pathways were studied by measuring the potentiation by the phorbol ester PMA of ionomycin-induced arachidonic acid (AA) release and prostagladin E1 (PGE1)-stimulated cyclic AMP production, respectively. PMA at 1 microM caused a significant increase in AA release both in the presence (371%) and absence (67%) of ionomycin induction, while exposure of RAW 264.7 cells to PMA increased PGE1 stimulation of cyclic AMP levels by 208%. Treatment of cells with staurosporine and Ro 31-8220 inhibited the PMA-induced potentiation of both AA release and cyclic AMP accumulation, while Go 6976 (an inhibitor of classical PKC isoforms) and LY 379196 (a specific inhibitor of PKCbeta) inhibited the AA response but failed to affect the enhancement of the cyclic AMP response by PMA. Long term pretreatment of cells with PMA abolished the subsequent effect of PMA in potentiating AA release, but only inhibited the cyclic AMP response by 42%. Neither PD 98059, an inhibitor of MEK, nor genistein, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinases, had any effect on the ability of PMA to potentiate AA or cyclic AMP production. The potentiation of AA release, but not of cyclic AMP formation, by PMA was sensitive to inhibition by wortmannin. This effect was unrelated to the inhibition of PKC activation as deduced from the translocation of PKC activity to the cell membrane. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of eight PKC isoforms (alpha, betaI, betaII, delta, epsilon, mu, lambda and xi) in RAW 264.7 cells and PMA was shown to induce the translocation of the alpha, betaI, betaII, delta, epsilon and mu isoforms from the cytosol to the cell membrane within 2 min. Pretreatment of cells with PMA for 2-24 h resulted in a time-dependent down-regulation of PKCalpha, betaI, betaII, and delta expression, while the levels of the other four PKC isozymes were unchanged after PMA treatment for 24 h. A decrease in the potentiation of AA release by PMA was observed, concomitant with the time-dependent down-regulation of PKC. These results indicate that PKCbeta has a crucial role in the mediation of cPLA2 activation by the phorbol ester PMA, whereas PMA utilizes PKC epsilon and/or mu to up-regulate AC activity.
Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation. (1990)

Previous investigations with plain radiography, myelography, and computed tomography have shown that degenerative disease of the cervical spine frequently occurs in the absence of clinical symptoms. We studied the magnetic resonance-imaging scans of sixty-three volunteers who had no history of symptoms indicative of cervical disease. The scans were mixed randomly with thirty-seven scans of patients who had a symptomatic lesion of the cervical spine, and all of the scans were interpreted independently by three neuroradiologists. The scans were interpreted as demonstrating an abnormality in 19 per cent of the asymptomatic subjects: 14 per cent of those who were less than forty years old and 28 per cent of those who were older than forty. Of the subjects who were less than forty, 10 per cent had a herniated nucleus pulposus and 4 per cent had foraminal stenosis. Of the subjects who were older than forty, 5 per cent had a herniated nucleus pulposus; 3 per cent, bulging of the disc; and 20 per cent, foraminal stenosis. Narrowing of a disc space, degeneration of a disc, spurs, or compression of the cord were also recorded. The disc was degenerated or narrowed at one level or more in 25 per cent of the subjects who were less than forty years old and in almost 60 per cent of those who were older than forty. The prevalence of abnormal magnetic-resonance images of the cervical spine as related to age in asymptomatic individuals emphasizes the dangers of predicating operative decisions on diagnostic tests without precisely matching those findings with clinical signs and symptoms.
Object recognition through scattering media using convolutional neural network (2019)

When coherent light propagates through scattering media, it is scattered by the uneven particles in scattering media, resulting in a seemingly random speckle pattern. However, researchers have demonstrated that the information of the object is still preserved in the speckle pattern. In this paper, the convolutional neural network (CNN), which has a powerful ability to automatically extract nonlinear features, was used to recognize phase objects displayed on the spatial light modulator through scattering media. The experimental results showed that the CNN architecture can recognize faces images hidden by ground glass with a recognition accuracy of 97%. In addition to applying CNN to binary classification problems, we also verified that CNN could be effectively applied to multi-classification tasks, and the classification accuracy of handwritten digital data sets reached 95%.
Efficacy of Hospital Cleaning Agents and Germicides Against EpidemicClostridium difficileStrains (2007)

These results highlight differences in the activity of cleaning agents and germicides against C. difficile spores and the potential for some of these products to promote sporulation.
Ability of Mature Dendritic Cells to Interact with Regulatory T Cells Is Imprinted during Maturation (2008)

Preferential activation of regulatory T (Treg) cells limits autoimmune tissue damage during chronic immune responses but can also facilitate tumor growth. Here, we show that tissue-produced inflammatory mediators prime maturing dendritic cells (DC) for the differential ability of attracting anti-inflammatory Treg cells. Our data show that prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), a factor overproduced in chronic inflammation and cancer, induces stable Treg-attracting properties in maturing DC, mediated by CCL22. The elevated production of CCL22 by PGE(2)-matured DC persists after the removal of PGE(2) and is further elevated after secondary stimulation of DC in a neutral environment. This PGE(2)-induced overproduction of CCL22 and the resulting attraction of FOXP3(+) Tregs are counteracted by IFN alpha, a mediator of acute inflammation, which also restores the ability of the PGE(2)-exposed DC to secrete the Th1-attracting chemokines: CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL5. In accordance with these observations, different DCs clinically used as cancer vaccines show different Treg-recruiting abilities, with PGE(2)-matured DC, but not type 1-polarized DC, generated in the presence of type I and type II IFNs, showing high Treg-attracting activity. The current data, showing that the ability of mature DC to interact with Treg cells is predetermined at the stage of DC maturation, pave the way to preferentially target the regulatory versus proinflammatory T cells in autoimmunity and transplantation, as opposed to intracellular infections and cancer.
Mean intracranial pressure monitoring by a non-invasive audiological technique: a pilot study. (1989)

Intracranial pressure is normally transmitted to the perilymph of the cochlea via the cochlear aqueduct. The relationship between perilymphatic pressure, indirectly measured by tympanic membrane displacement, and mean intracranial pressure defined either clinically or by direct measurement has been examined in 58 patients (aged 5-77 years), with hydrocephalus, benign intracranial hypertension, intracranial tumours, subarachnoid haemorrhage and head injuries. The most consistent results were obtained in young patients with hydrocephalus and benign intracranial hypertension. However, the technique was not suitable when the stapedial reflex was absent as a result of middle ear/brainstem dysfunction and did not reflect intracranial pressure when the cochlear aqueduct was not patent. This pilot study suggests that the tympanic membrane displacement technique may provide a useful non-invasive method for serial monitoring of intracranial pressure in young patients with hydrocephalus or benign intracranial hypertension.
Platelets deficient in glycoprotein IIIb aggregate normally to collagens type I and III but not to collagen type V (1993)

The aggregation of platelets induced by collagens is considered an important step in primary hemostasis. Glycoprotein (GP) IIIb (GPIIIb, GPIV, CD36) has been proposed as a blood platelet receptor for collagen. Platelets from three healthy blood donors were shown to be clearly deficient in GPIIIb. These platelets aggregated normally in response to type I and III collagens. In addition, platelet factor 4, beta-thromboglobulin, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) secretion in response to type I and III collagens was normal. The findings indicate that GPIIIb is not the major, essential collagen receptor for type I and III collagens. This would explain why all individuals with GPIIIb-deficient platelets examined so far are healthy and, in particular, show no apparent evidence of hemostatic problems. However, in contrast to control platelets, no aggregation and impaired platelet factor 4, beta-thromboglobulin, and ATP secretion was observed in response to type V collagen. Therefore, it is postulated that for type V collagen-induced aggregation both GPIa/IIa and GPIIIb are essential.
Polymer-Free Fluid for Fracturing Applications (1999)

Summary Polymer residues that stay in the fracture after fracturing can limit the treatment effectiveness. A new and easy-to-prepare, surfactant-based polymer-free fluid, ClearFRAC™, that consists of a quaternary ammonium salt derived from a long-chain fatty acid is described. In brine, it builds fluid viscosity and viscoelasticity due to the formation of highly entangled worm-like micelles. The micelles have a gross structure similar to a polymer chain. Since the viscosity of the fluid depends on the nature of micelles, the fluid can be broken by changing this micellar structure. The breaking occurs when the fluid is exposed to hydrocarbons or diluted with formation water. Therefore, conventional breakers are not required, and the produced oil or gas can act as breakers for this fluid system. The structural characteristics of this viscoelastic surfactant-based fluid to its chemical and physical properties are correlated in this article. Structure, rheology, fluid loss, and conductivity of this surfactant fluid together with its case histories are presented.
Quadriceps strength assessed by magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve in normal subjects (2004)

Magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve is a new technique for assessment of quadriceps strength by measurement of twitch tension (TwQ), a test that is independent of subject motivation. In this study, we sought to establish better define normal values by measurement of TwQ in 45 normal subjects. Supramaximal stimulation, as judged by TwQ, was achieved in 43 of 45 subjects at a mean of 90% of maximum stimulator output. The mean TwQ was 7.3 kilograms force (kgf) (SD 2.3) for women and 9.8 kgf (SD 2.5) for men. The mean maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force was 48.0 kgf (SD 9.2) for women and 70.1 kgf (15.2) for men. The mean TwQ/MVC ratio was 0.15 for both women and men. Significant correlations were observed between TwQ and weight (r = 0.33, P<0.03) and height (r = 0.32, P<0.03) but these were weak and only partially explained observed variance. Our data confirm that magnetic femoral nerve stimulation is generally acceptable to naive subjects. Values are provided as a function of weight in normal subjects.
Expression of bioluminescence by Escherichia coli containing recombinant Vibrio harveyi DNA (1987)

When isogenic strains of Escherichia coli, RR1 (rec+) and HB101 (recA), were transformed with mapped recombinant plasmids known to contain Vibrio harveyi luciferase genes and large regions of DNA flanking on both sides, a small percentage (0.005%) of the colonies expressed high levels of luminescence (up to 10(12) quanta s-1 ml-1) in the absence of added aldehyde. The altered ability to express light was found to be due to a mutation in the host and not to an alteration in the recombinant DNA. When these bright colonies were cured of plasmid, they could be retransformed with cloned V. harveyi gene fragments in cis and in trans to yield luminescent colonies at 100% frequency. The maximum length of V. harveyi DNA required to produce light-emitting E. coli was shorter (6.3 kilobase pairs) than that required for expression of the V. fischeri system in E. coli. Cell extracts from bright clones contained wild-type levels of activity for the heteropolymeric (alpha beta) luciferase; fatty acid labeling revealed the presence of the three acylated polypeptides of the fatty acid reductase system which is involved in aldehyde biosynthesis for the luminescence reaction. The increased light emission in the mutant bacteria appeared to arise in part from production of higher levels of polycistronic mRNAs coding for luciferase.
Targeted accumulation of polyethylene glycol‐coated immunoliposomes in infarcted rabbit myocardium (1992)

The less than optimal accumulation of immunoliposome-associated reagents at target sites has often been attributed to the rapid in vivo clearance of immunoliposomes from the blood. In an attempt to overcome the drawback of rapid clearance and use the targeting potential of immunoliposomes, we have prepared long-circulating, 111In-labeled immunoliposomes. Targeting properties and enhanced circulation times were demonstrated in a rabbit model of acute experimental myocardial infarct. The specificity of liposomes for newly exposed intracellular cardiac myosin at the necrotic sites was achieved by incorporating monoclonal antimyosin antibody. Extended circulation times were achieved by cocoating the antimyosin-liposomes with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The half-life of the immunoliposomes was 40 min, which increased to 200 min with 4% mol PEG and to approximately 1000 min with 10% mol PEG. The degree of binding of modified immunoliposomes at the target sites was also dependent on the concentration of PEG incorporated at the liposome surface. This study demonstrates the accumulation of long-circulating targeted liposomes at the area of acute rabbit experimental myocardial infarction.
AutoMPR: Automatic detection of standard planes in 3D echocardiography (2008)

3D echocardiography is one of the emerging real-time imaging modalities that is increasingly used in clinical practice to assess cardiac functions. It provides a more complete heart representation for evaluation in comparison to conventional 2D echocardiography. However, one of the drawbacks is the time it takes clinicians to navigate the 3D volumes to the anatomy of interest and to obtain standardized views that are similar to the 2D acquisitions. We propose an automated supervised learning method to detect standard multiplanar reformatted planes (MPRs) from a 3D echocardiographic volume. Extensive evaluations on a database of 326 volumes show performance comparable to intra-user variability and the execution time of the algorithm is about 2 seconds.
Protein refolding assisted by self‐assembled nanogels as novel artificial molecular chaperone (2003)

Molecular chaperone-like activity for protein refolding was investigated using nanogels of self-assembly of cholesterol-bearing pullulan. Nanogels effectively prevented protein aggregation (i.e. carbonic anhydrase and citrate synthase) during protein refolding from GdmCl denaturation. Enzyme activity recovered in high yields upon dissociation of the gel structure in which the proteins were trapped, by the addition of cyclodextrins. The nanogels assisted protein refolding in a manner similar to the mechanism of molecular chaperones, namely by catching and releasing proteins. The nanogels acted as a host for the trapping of refolded intermediate proteins. Cyclodextrin is an effector molecule that controls the binding ability of these host nanogels to proteins. The present nanogel system was also effective at the renaturation of inclusion body of a recombinant protein of the serine protease family.
Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 Activation by Aerobic Glycolysis Implicates the Warburg Effect in Carcinogenesis (2002)

Cancer cells display high rates of aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon known historically as the Warburg effect. Lactate and pyruvate, the end products of glycolysis, are highly produced by cancer cells even in the presence of oxygen. Hypoxia-induced gene expression in cancer cells has been linked to malignant transformation. Here we provide evidence that lactate and pyruvate regulate hypoxia-inducible gene expression independently of hypoxia by stimulating the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible Factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha). In human gliomas and other cancer cell lines, the accumulation of HIF-1alpha protein under aerobic conditions requires the metabolism of glucose to pyruvate that prevents the aerobic degradation of HIF-1alpha protein, activates HIF-1 DNA binding activity, and enhances the expression of several HIF-1-activated genes including erythropoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor, glucose transporter 3, and aldolase A. Our findings support a novel role for pyruvate in metabolic signaling and suggest a mechanism by which high rates of aerobic glycolysis can promote the malignant transformation and survival of cancer cells.
A thiol-reactive 18F-labeling agent, N-[2-(4-18F-fluorobenzamido)ethyl]maleimide, and synthesis of RGD peptide-based tracer for PET imaging of alpha v beta 3 integrin expression. (2006)

The new tracer 18F-FBEM-SRGD2 was synthesized with high specific activity via 18F-FBEM and the tracer exhibited high receptor-binding affinity, tumor-targeting efficacy, metabolic stability, as well as favorable in vivo pharmacokinetics. The new synthon 18F-FBEM developed in this study will also be useful for radiolabeling of other thiolated biomolecules.
Partially Phosphorylated T Cell Receptor ζ Molecules Can Inhibit T Cell Activation (1999)

The T cell receptor complex (TCR) zeta chain is constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated specifically at two of the six zeta immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) tyrosine residues in resting peripheral T cells. Further phosphorylation of zeta is induced by both agonist and antagonist ligands of the TCR, with agonists inducing complete phosphorylation of the zeta ITAM tyrosines. After antagonist stimulation, zeta phosphorylation is incomplete and generates discrete forms of partially phosphorylated ITAMs. Here, we mutate specific tyrosines in chimeric human CD8-zeta molecules to reflect phosphorylation in resting T cells as well as phosphorylation induced by agonist and antagonist ligands. We demonstrate that such partially phosphorylated TCR-zeta species can inhibit IL-2 production in T cell hybridomas and proliferation in T cell clones. This reveals a previously unrecognized, inhibitory function of partially phosphorylated ITAMs. These findings support the concept that TCR antagonism can arise through the generation of an inhibitory signal within the TCR complex and that constitutive zeta phosphorylation in resting T cells is an inhibitory signaling environment.
Human apoHpoprotetas AI, AII, CII and CIII. cDNA sequences and mRNA abundance (1984)

The structure and function of the genes encoding the polypeptide components of plasma lipoproteins are of interest because of the central role they play in the regulation of lipid metabolism. We have now completed our previous studies on the human apoAI gene and furthermore isolated and sequenced cDNA clones for apoAII , CII and CIII. The nucleotide sequences show the signal peptides of apoAII , CII and CIII to be 18, 22 and 20 amino acids in length, respectively, and in addition that prepro apoAII bears a classical propeptide structure of 5 amino acids. The amino acid homology detected between apoCII and pro- apoAI is discussed, as is the gene arrangement of the 5' non-coding region of apoAI mRNA. The relative liver mRNA levels of the 4 apolipoproteins analysed in this study have been estimated and compared with their corresponding plasma products. The data reported here provide an essential basis for further studies of structural and functional alleles of apo AI, AII, CII and CIII genes.