gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
City of Lorain Slum and Blight Analysis: Final Report (2020)

The City of Lorain engaged the CSU Center for Community Planning and Development to assist with developing a rationale for defining Blighted Properties and Blighted Areas within the City. These definitions will be incorporated into the City’s Code of Ordinances in order to provide criteria for allocating funds from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Community Development Block Grant Program (CDBG). The criteria and analysis method can also be useful to the City in prioritizing neighborhoods at the block group level which are in need of rehabilitation. The full report outlines the key issues, and explores alternative approaches for defining Blighted Properties and Blighted Areas based on property condition. This analysis was conducted using GIS to conduct spatial analysis of property condition data.
A Mosquito Salivary Protein Inhibits Activation of the Plasma Contact System by Binding to Factor XII and High Molecular Weight Kininogen (2002)

The salivary glands of female mosquitoes contain a variety of bioactive substances that assist their blood-feeding behavior. Here, we report a salivary protein of the malarial vector mosquito, Anopheles stephensi, that inhibits activation of the plasma contact system. This factor, named hamadarin, is a 16-kDa protein and a major component of the saliva of this mosquito. Assays using human plasma showed that hamadarin dose-dependently inhibits activation of the plasma contact system and subsequent release of bradykinin, a primary mediator of inflammatory reactions. Reconstitution experiments showed that hamadarin inhibits activation of the plasma contact system by inhibition of the reciprocal activation of factor XII and kallikrein. Direct binding assays demonstrated that this inhibitory effect is due to hamadarin binding to both factor XII and high molecular weight kininogen and interference in their association with the activating surface. The assays also showed that hamadarin binding to these proteins depends on Zn(2+) ions, suggesting that hamadarin binds to these contact factors by recognizing their conformational change induced by Zn(2+) binding. We propose that hamadarin may attenuate the host's acute inflammatory responses to the mosquito's bites by inhibition of bradykinin release and thus enable mosquitoes to take a blood meal efficiently and safely.
Addressing Hate Messages at the University of Montana: Regulating and Educating (1992)

With one exception, these incidents occurred during the last year at the University of Montana. 7 The University of Montana, like universities around the country, is experiencing a rising tide of racism, sexism, anti-Semitism, and heterosexism. 8Many universities have sought to understand the causes of these events with task force studies, 9 striving to stem their tide with educational programs on cultural, ethnic, racial, and gender diversity.To protect students in target groups" a from this 7. News reports of incidents of hate messages at the University of Montana, and of responses from members of the university community to those incidents, have appeared in the local news media.See, e.g., Dave Zelio, Homosexuals Say No to Stereotypes, MONTANA
Whole ricin and recombinant ricin A chain idiotype-specific immunotoxins for therapy of the guinea pig L2C B cell leukemia. (1987)

The therapeutic efficacy of whole ricin, or recombinant ricin A chain, coupled to a monoclonal antibody that reacts with the idiotype of the surface IgM expressed on guinea pig L2C lymphoblasts, was assessed. In vitro studies were done to characterize the immunotoxins (IT) and to demonstrate their specificity before use in vivo. The concentration of whole ricin IT (M6-Ricin) that inhibited protein synthesis by 50% (IC50) in L2C cells was 1.4 X 10(-9) M, in a 5-hr assay, in the presence of lactose to block non-antibody-directed toxicity. M6-Ricin did not inhibit protein synthesis in two control guinea pig cell lines that did not express the idiotype, nor did a whole ricin IT prepared with an isotype-matched monoclonal antibody of irrelevant specificity inhibit protein synthesis in L2C cells. Two recombinant ricin A chain IT, which differed from one another by a factor of 2 to 3 in the number of A chains conjugated per antibody molecule, were less effective in vitro than M6-Ricin (IC50 of greater than 5 X 10(-8) M). For in vivo experiments, the IT were given by the i.p. route 24 hr after the i.p. inoculation of 1 X 10(5) L2C cells. The highest doses of M6-Ricin and M6-Ricin A chain IT tested, 30 micrograms/kg and 3000 micrograms/kg, respectively, were within fourfold to fivefold of their maximum tolerated doses; no deaths or ill effects due to ricin toxicity were noted. These doses increased the median survival time of L2C-bearing guinea pigs to 31 to 34 days, compared with 15 days for untreated animals. This magnitude of increase in survival indicates that 99.999% (5 logs) of injected tumor cells were eliminated, thus accounting for the 12% long-term survival rate obtained. Median survival times for guinea pigs treated with 30 micrograms/kg of the A chain IT were 18 and 21 days for the two conjugates tested, and the median survival for guinea pigs treated with 3000 micrograms/kg of unconjugated antibody was 18 days. Our data demonstrate that recombinant A chain IT are active in vivo and that the B chain of ricin can potentiate IT activity in vivo. Although the potency differs by 100-fold, the therapeutic index of the intact ricin IT is similar to that of the ricin A chain IT.
The synthesis of lignans and related structures using quinodimethanes and isobenzofurans: approaches to the podophyllins (1984)

Novel routes to 1-aryl-5,6-dialkoxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c]thiophene 2,2-dioxides (13) and to the corresponding benzo[c]furan (8) have been developed; these species yield quinodimethanes (12)via thermal extrusion of SO2 and isobenzofurans (5c) in an acid-catalysed process, respectively, which then react with various dienophiles to provide structural analogues of the aryltetralin and arylnaphthalene lignans.
ERK1/2 Activation Mediates Aβ Oligomer-induced Neurotoxicity via Caspase-3 Activation and Tau Cleavage in Rat Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures (2006)

In this study, we investigated the molecular basis for the altered signal transduction associated with soluble amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) oligomer-mediated neurotoxicity in the hippocampus, which is primarily linked to cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer disease (AD). As measured by media lactate dehydrogenase levels, and staining with propidium iodide, acute exposure to low micromolar concentrations of the Abeta1-42 oligomer significantly induced cell death. This was accompanied by activation of the ERK1/2 signal transduction pathway in rat organotypic hippocampal slices. Notably, this resulted in caspase-3 activation by a process that led to proteolytic cleavage of Tau, which was recently confirmed to occur in AD brains. Tau cleavage likely occurred in the absence of overt synaptic loss, as suggested by the preserved levels of synaptophysin, a presynaptic marker. Moreover, among the pharmacological agents tested to inhibit several kinase cascades, only the ERK inhibitor significantly attenuated Abeta1-42 oligomer-induced toxicity concomitant with the reduction of activation of ERK1/2 and caspase-3 to a lesser extent. Importantly, the caspase-3 inhibitor also decreased Abeta oligomer-induced cell death, with no appreciable effect on the ERK signaling pathway, although such treatment was effective in reducing caspase-3 activation and Tau cleavage. Therefore, these results suggest that local targeting of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway to reduce Tau cleavage, as occurs with the inhibition of caspase-3 activation, may modulate the neurotoxic effects of soluble Abeta oligomer in the hippocampus and provide the rationale for symptomatic treatment of AD.
온청음 물 추출물의 세포독성, 피부재생, 주름개선, 미백 및 보습 효과 (2016)

목 적: 본 연구에서는 한의학에서 다양한 피부질환과 대사질환에 빈번히 사용되고 있는 온청음 물 추출 동결건조물(수율=13.82%)의 피부 노화 개선 효과 평가의 일환으로 세포독성, 피부재생, 주름개선, 미백 및 보습 효과를 각각 평가하였다. 방 법: 본 연구에서는 human normal fibroblast(CRL-2076) 및 B16/F10 murinemelanoma(CRL-6475) 세포에 대한 온청음의 세포독성을 MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium Bromide) 방법으로 평가하였으며, 피부 재생 및 주름 개선 효과를 transforming growth factor(TGF)-β1와 비교한 fibroblast의 collagentype I 합성능, phosphoramidon disodium salt(PP)와 비교한 elastase 활성 억제, oleanolic acid(OA)와 비교한 hyaluronidase, collagenase 및 matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-1 활성 억제를 통해 각각 평가하였고, 미백효과를 B16/F10 murine melanomacells의 melanin 생성 억제 정도 및 tyrosinase 활성 억제를 통해 arbutin과 비교 평가하였으며, 모든 실험은 OCE의 농도별로 군을 나누어 농도에 따른 효과의 변화를 함께 분석하였다. 보습효과는 흰쥐의 피부 수분함량 변화를 통해 평가하였다. 결 과: 본 실험의 결과, 온청음은 human normal fibroblast 및 B16/F10 murinemelanoma 세포에 대해 의미 있는 세포독성을 나타내지 않았으며, fibroblast의 collagentype I 합성을 증가시켰고, 세포외 기질의 파괴에 관여한다고 알려진 hyaluronidase,elastase, collagenase 및 MMP-1 활성을 억제하였으며, 피부의 색을 결정하는 melanin의 생성에 관여하는 tyrosinase의 활성 및 B16/F10 murine melanoma cells의 melanin생성을 억제하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 이 반응의 효과들은 모두 농도에 비례하여 증가하였고, 이와 함께 정상 매체 대조군에 비해 흰쥐의 피부 수분 함량이 세 용량의 온청음 경구 투여군 모두에서 투여용량 의존적으로 의미 있는 증가를 보였다. 결 론: 이상의 결과에서, 온청음은 세포 독성 없이 비교적 우수한 피부 재생,주름개선, 미백 및 보습 효과를 나타내는 것으로 관찰되어, 차후 피부 노화 억제개선제 또는 기능성 화장품의 주요 소재로서 그 가치가 매우 높을 것으로 판단되나, 금후 개별 구성 약재 각각에 대한 효능 및 생리활성을 나타내는 화학성분의 검색과 더불어 다양한 방면으로 기전적인 연구와 피부 보호 효과에 대한 in vivo평가를 체계적으로 수행해야 할 것으로 판단된다.
Long-term B-Lymphocyte Depletion With Rituximab in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (2009)

Long-term therapy with rituximab appears safe and effective in some patients with RRMS. Our observation should be confirmed in controlled long-term trials.
Changes in the expression of FGFR3 in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia receiving transplants of allogeneic peripheral blood stem cells (2001)

Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR1-4) are implicated in various cellular events, including cell growth and transformation. Here, we showed that patients suffering from chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) express high levels of FGFR3 mRNA in white blood cells (WBCs). After stem cell transplantation and reconstitution of haematopoiesis, the expression of FGFR3 decreased and was maintained at low levels that are typical of healthy individuals. However, FGFR3 expression became upregulated again in those patients that had accelerated BCR/ABL rearrangement and underwent relapse of leukaemia. Our findings suggest that, in CML, the changing levels of FGFR3 transcripts in WBCs may have prognostic significance.
Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Treatment Targeting Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) G Protein Mediates Viral Clearance and Reduces the Pathogenesis of RSV Infection in BALB/c Mice (2009)

Because the G protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has a CX3C chemokine motif that has been associated with the ability of RSV G protein to modulate the virus-induced host immune response, we examined whether therapeutic treatment with an anti-RSV G monoclonal antibody (mAb), 131-2G, that blocks the CX3C-associated activity of RSV G protein might decrease the pulmonary inflammation associated with infection in BALB/c mice. The results show that treatment with mAb 131-2G on day 3 after RSV infection reduces both inflammation and RSV titer in the lungs. Later administration of anti-RSV G mAb (day 5 after RSV infection) effectively reduced the viral titer but had a minimal effect on pulmonary inflammation. This study suggests that an anti-RSV G mAb might be an effective antiviral, either alone or in combination with anti-RSV F protein neutralizing antibodies, for decreasing the virus-induced host response to infection and improve treatment outcome.
Antigenic Properties of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmembrane Glycoprotein during Cell-Cell Fusion (2002)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry is triggered by interactions between a pair of heptad repeats in the gp41 ectodomain, which convert a prehairpin gp41 trimer into a fusogenic three-hairpin bundle. Here we examined the disposition and antigenic nature of these structures during the HIV-mediated fusion of HeLa cells expressing either HIV(HXB2) envelope (Env cells) or CXCR4 and CD4 (target cells). Cell-cell fusion, indicated by cytoplasmic dye transfer, was allowed to progress for various lengths of time and then arrested. Fusion intermediates were then examined for reactivity with various monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against immunogenic cluster I and cluster II epitopes in the gp41 ectodomain. All of these MAbs produced similar staining patterns indicative of reactivity with prehairpin gp41 intermediates or related structures. MAb staining was seen on Env cells only upon exposure to soluble CD4, CD4-positive, coreceptor-negative cells, or stromal cell-derived factor-treated target cells. In the fusion system, the MAbs reacted with the interfaces of attached Env and target cells within 10 min of coculture. MAb reactivity colocalized with the formation of gp120-CD4-coreceptor tricomplexes after longer periods of coculture, although reactivity was absent on cells exhibiting cytoplasmic dye transfer. Notably, the MAbs were unable to inhibit fusion even when allowed to react with soluble-CD4-triggered or temperature-arrested antigens prior to initiation of the fusion process. In comparison, a broadly neutralizing antibody, 2F5, which recognizes gp41 antigens in the HIV envelope spike, was immunoreactive with free Env cells and Env-target cell clusters but not with fused cells. Notably, exposure of the 2F5 epitope required temperature-dependent elements of the HIV envelope structure, as MAb binding occurred only above 19 degrees C. Overall, these results demonstrate that immunogenic epitopes, both neutralizing and nonneutralizing, are accessible on gp41 antigens prior to membrane fusion. The 2F5 epitope appears to depend on temperature-dependent elements on prefusion antigens, whereas cluster I and cluster II epitopes are displayed by transient gp41 structures. Such findings have important implications for HIV vaccine approaches based on gp41 intermediates.
Monitoring hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity by assay of the stable bile acid intermediate 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in peripheral blood (2003)

We describe an accurate method for monitoring the enzymatic activity of hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (C7alphaOH; CYP7A1), the rate-limiting and major regulatory enzyme in the synthesis of bile acids. Assay of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4), an intermediate in bile acid synthesis, revealed that the level of C4 in peripheral blood serum or plasma showed a strong correlation to the enzymatic activity of hepatic C7alphaOH, both at steady-state conditions (r = 0.929) as well as during the rapid changes that occur during the diurnal phases. This assay should be of value in clarifying the regulation of bile acid synthesis in vivo in laboratory animals and humans since it allows for the monitoring of hepatic C7alphaOH activity using peripheral blood samples.
A Molecular Signature Predictive of Indolent Prostate Cancer (2013)

Many newly diagnosed prostate cancers present as low Gleason score tumors that require no treatment intervention. Distinguishing the many indolent tumors from the minority of lethal ones remains a major clinical challenge. We now show that low Gleason score prostate tumors can be distinguished as indolent and aggressive subgroups on the basis of their expression of genes associated with aging and senescence. Using gene set enrichment analysis, we identified a 19-gene signature enriched in indolent prostate tumors. We then further classified this signature with a decision tree learning model to identify three genes--FGFR1, PMP22, and CDKN1A--that together accurately predicted outcome of low Gleason score tumors. Validation of this three-gene panel on independent cohorts confirmed its independent prognostic value as well as its ability to improve prognosis with currently used clinical nomograms. Furthermore, protein expression of this three-gene panel in biopsy samples distinguished Gleason 6 patients who failed surveillance over a 10-year period. We propose that this signature may be incorporated into prognostic assays for monitoring patients on active surveillance to facilitate appropriate courses of treatment.
Protein kinase C alteration is an early biochemical marker in Alzheimer's disease (1991)

Neuritic (senile) plaques are a hallmark of the pathology found in the brain of patients afflicted with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuritic plaques have been considered to be composed of an amyloid core surrounded by dilated neurites, although the use of anti-beta/A4-protein antibody revealed the presence of diffuse plaques without a nuclear-like central mass or surrounding paired helical filament (PHF)-containing neuritic components. The presence of diffuse plaques without PHF-containing neuritic components strongly suggests that the formation of amyloid precedes the degeneration of neurites that surround amyloid. Diffuse plaques are thus considered to be an early marker of AD pathology. In this article, we report that diffuse plaques, possible markers of early AD pathology, are immunostained with anti-protein kinase C(beta II) [anti-PKC(beta II)] antibodies. The PKC(beta II)-immunoreacting components of the diffuse plaques extend from neurons embedded in the plaques. Immunoelectron microscopy of diffuse and mature neuritic plaques shows that PKC(beta II)-like immunoreactivity in the plaques is closely associated with membranous structures of fine neuronal processes apposed to the amyloid fibers. These fine neuronal processes are distinct from classical neurites found typically in mature neuritic plaques. Furthermore, biochemical analysis demonstrates that PKC abnormalities, but not other AD markers (ubiquitin and A68), were found in the neocortex of clinically nondemented individuals with cortical plaques. Therefore, the PKC alteration in neurons might be involved in the early pathophysiology of AD.
Cloning of Two Proximal Sequence Element-Binding Transcription Factor Subunits (γ and δ) That Are Required for Transcription of Small Nuclear RNA Genes by RNA Polymerases II and III and Interact with the TATA-Binding Protein (1996)

The proximal sequence element (PSE)-binding transcription factor (PTF) specifically recognizes the PSEs of both RNA polymerase II-and RNA polymerase III-transcribed small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes. We previously have shown that PTF purified from human HeLa cells is a multisubunit complex of four polypeptides designated PTF, -, -, and -. We now report the isolation and expression of cDNAs encoding PTF and PTF, as well as functional studies with cognate antibodies that recognize the native PTF complex in HeLa extracts. Immunoprecipitation studies confirm that the four PTF subunits originally found to copurify during conventional chromatography indeed form a tightly associated complex; they further show that the PTF so defined, including the and subunits specifically, is essential for transcription of both class II and class III snRNA genes. Immunoprecipitation assays also show a weak substoichiometric association of the TATAbinding protein (TBP) with PTF, consistent with the previous report of a PTF-related complex (SNAPc) containing substoichiometric levels of TBP and a component (SNAPc43) identical in sequence to the PTF reported here. Glutathione S-transferase pulldown assays further indicate relatively strong direct interactions of both recombinant PTF and PTF with TBP, consistent either with the natural association of TBP with PTF in a semistable TBP-TBP-associated factor complex or with possible functional interactions between PSEbound PTF and TATA-bound TBP during promoter activation. In addition, we show that in extracts depleted of TBP and TBP-associated factors, transcription from the U1 promoter is restored by recombinant TBP but not by TFIID or TFIIIB, indicating that transcription of class II snRNA genes requires a TBP complex different from the one used for mRNA-encoding genes.
On the Numerical Modeling of High-Speed Hydrodynamic Gas Bearings (1999)

A numerical study of high-speed hydrodynamic gas bearing performance is presented using both finite element and finite difference methods. Efficient numerical procedures are developed to analyze diffusive-convective thin film gas flows in some simple geometries. A novel direct finite element formulation employing a new class of shape functions is specially devised to solve the Reynolds equation for compressible fluids. The formulation is as computationally efficient as the classical upwind finite element schemes without introducing artificial diffusion into the solution. Bearing load-capacity, static stiffness coefficients and frequency-dependent force coefficients are calculated for gas-lubricated plane and Rayleigh step slider bearings. [S0742-4787(00)01701-X]
Clinical veterinary microbiology (1994)

General techniques laboratory safety collection and submission of diagnostic specimens essential equipment and reagents for a veterinary diagnostic microbiology laboratory diagnostic applications of immunological tests bacterial pathogens - microscopy, culture and identification the isolation and identification of viral pathogens antimicrobial agents bacteriology staphylococci streptococci corynebacteria and rhodococcus equi actinomycetes, myobacteria, listeria species erysipelothrix species bacillus species clostridia non spore-forming anaerobes enterobacteriaceae pseudomonas species aeromonas and plesiomonas species actinobacillus species pasteurella species francisella tuiarensis brucella species moraxella species miscellaneous non-fermenters spirochaetes miscellaneous gram-negative bacteria chlamydiae rickettsiae mycoplasma species mastitis food poisoning mycology - general aspects dermatophytes aspergillus species pathogenic yeasts dimorphic fungi zygomycetes miscellaneous pathogenic fungi mycotoxicoses virology viral diseases unconventional viruses (prions) kit-set tests available for virology zoonoses control of infectious diseases a systems approach to infectious diseases of domestic animals.
Nondiabetic Kidney Disease (2002)

A 66-year-old man without diabetes has worsening hypertension. He has a serum creatinine level of 1.8 mg per deciliter (159 μmol per liter), proteinuria (2+), and a fasting serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of 140 mg per deciliter (3.6 mmol per liter). He smokes half a pack of cigarettes per day. Ultrasonography reveals small, symmetric kidneys without hydronephrosis or cysts. How should this patient be evaluated and treated to slow the progression of kidney disease?