gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development and Testing of Unconventional Micro Air Vehicle Configurations (2003)

The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is developing a group of micro air vehicle (MAV) concepts intended for operation in urban or other confined environments. Primary flight requirements for these MAVs are low speed maneuverability, vertical or near vertical takeoff and landing, the potential for hovering, and compatibility with ground operation as a “perched” sensor platform. The additional requirement for such MAVs to be small enough (wingspans of less than 150 mm) to operate unobtrusively has focused attention on flapping foil propulsion and other unconventional configurations. In the low Reynolds number (2,000 ≤ Re ≤ 30,000) and low speed (2-5 m/s) regimes applicable to such tiny aircraft, airfoil performance degradation significantly reduces propeller efficiency as size decreases. Flapping wings can be dynamically advantageous for propulsion under these conditions. While many flapping wing vehicles such as ornithopters attempt to mimic the flight of birds or insects, it is possible to use flapping foil propulsion in ways that are inspired by biological flight but do not copy it directly. “Aerial swimming” vehicles use a flapping wing that resembles a boat’s sail with the mast running horizontally, driven by a central oscillating beam. The wing’s camber reverses on each half cycle. Three configurations have flown successfully: a vehicle with a fixed forward wing and a rear flapping wing; a tandem fixed-wing design with a third flapping wing that claps down atop the rear fixed surface on each stroke; and a vehicle with tandem pairs of biplane configured flapping wings, in which each pair moves in opposition so as to alternately clap together and separate. This latter vehicle, which does not employ fixed lifting surfaces, has the advantage of being dynamically balanced in flight so that its center of mass
Basic issues on dynamic allocation of PRMA carriers (2002)

The growing development of the personal communication networks (PCN) entails a strong demand for increasing spectrum efficiency. Therefore, a large number of new techniques are being proposed in the view of the third generation of mobile systems. A major requirement of these new techniques is that they result a natural evolution of the already developed second generation techniques, so that it is possible to take advantage of the already existing software and hardware and to gradually introduce the new techniques. One of the most successful second generation standard is the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) which is based on a frequency division multiplex/time division multiple access (FDM/TDMA) technique. Two very promising ways of enhancing such a technique in order to improve spectrum efficiency, are dynamic channel allocation (DCA) strategies and packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) techniques. This paper deals with some basic problems of DCA and PRMA. The following problems are tackled: (i) the coordination among base stations (BSs) in order to avoid, in the framework of a DCA strategy, conflicting acquisitions of a same carrier from two BSs located at a distance lower than the reuse distance; in that respect, a new asynchronous technique is proposed; (ii) the strategy to be followed by the BSs in order to select the carrier to be acquired (or the carrier to be released); and (iii) the determination of a short-term parameter for determining the link quality of a PRMA carrier: as such a quality goes down a given threshold the DCA mechanism starts.
A High Capacity Nano-Si Composite Anode Material for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries (1999)

A composite material (NSCM) has been prepared by mixing nanometer‐scale pure powder and carbon black. The electrochemical performance of NSCM anodes for lithium rechargeable batteries exhibited an extremely high reversible capacity, over , at the tenth cycle. The voltage profile is flat and smooth ranged from 0.4 to vs. . In addition, the cyclic performance is good even at larger current densities. Consequently, NSCM can be used as a novel high capacity anode material for lithium‐ion batteries. ©1999 The Electrochemical Society
Contemporary issues: diseases with a food vector (1988)

Foodborne disease has become a contemporary issue. Several large, well-publicized outbreaks of foodborne disease have heightened public awareness that harmful microorganisms may be present in food and that chronic as well as acute disease may be caused by foodborne microbes. The field of food microbiology has likewise experienced a resurgence of interest. New tools, such as recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid technology and monoclonal antibody production, used to elucidate microbial virulence factors have facilitated identification of disease-causing microbes once thought to be harmless and demonstrated the complexity of individual virulence mechanisms previously considered to be well understood. Foodborne pathogens are also causing disease via some surprising food vectors, such as chopped, bottled garlic and sauteed onions. In addition to acute gastrointestinal disturbances, certain microorganisms may, through complex interactions with the human immune response, cause chronic diseases that affect several major organ systems. These microbes are serving as models in studies of molecular mimicry and genetic interrelatedness of procaryotes and eucaryotes. Other recently recognized attributes of foodborne microorganisms, such as the heat shock phenomenon and the possible nonculturability of some bacteria, may affect their ability to cause disease in humans. Because foodborne disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, the study of these diseases and their causative microorganisms presents a unique challenge to many professionals in the subdisciplines of microbiology, epidemiology, and clinical medicine.
Relative reactivity of co-ordinated ligands in the dienyltricarbonyl-ruthenium cation, [(dienyl)Ru(CO)3]+ (1969)

R. J. H. Cowles, B. F. G. Johnson, P. L. Josty and J. Lewis, J. Chem. Soc. D, 1969, 392a DOI: 10.1039/C2969000392A
Current Applications and Safety of Autologous Fat Grafts: A Report of the ASPS Fat Graft Task Force (2009)

TASK FORCE STATEMENT: In 2007, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons formed a task force to conduct an assessment regarding the safety and efficacy of autologous fat grafting, specifically to the breast, and to make recommendations for future research. The task force formulated specific issues regarding fat grafting and then compiled them to focus on five broad-based questions: 1. What are the current and potential applications of fat grafting (specifically breast indications, and if data are available, other cosmetic and reconstructive applications)? 2. What risks and complications are associated with fat grafting? 3. How does technique affect outcomes, including safety and efficacy, of fat grafting? 4. What risk factors need to be considered for patient selection at this level of invasiveness? 5. What advancements in bench research/molecular biology potentially impact current or future methods of fat grafting? To answer these questions, the task force reviewed the scientific literature, critically appraised the information available, and developed evidence-based practice recommendations. Although the primary issue of interest was fat grafting to the breast, other aspects of fat grafting were evaluated.
CIDADANIAS CIENTIFICAS: auto-representacoes dos publicos de xenotransplante (2014)

A maior parte da literatura sobre a Compreensão Pública de Ciência (CPC) tem focado as formas pelas quais as instituições científicas se dirigem ao público, e tem examinado criticamente os modelos tácitos de público que informam tais interações. Em contraste, o presente artigo, ao mesmo tempo em que, certamente, contribui com esse tipo de análise, também examina como os membros do público representam o próprio público. Através do exame de dados retirados da controvérsia acerca do xenotransplante, nós consideramos como os públicos se constituem a si próprios no contexto de atividades das instituições científicas.
Renal catabolism of human glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2 (1990)

The renal catabolism of [125I]glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and [125I]glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) has been studied both in vivo, by the disappearance of these peptides from the plasma of bilaterally nephrectomized (BNX), ureteral-ligated (BUL) or normal rats, and in vitro, analyzing their catabolism by the isolated, perfused rat kidney. Results from in vivo studies demonstrated that half-disappearance time for both peptides was lower in controls than in BUL rats, and this value in BUL rats was not significantly different from that in BNX rats. In addition, metabolic clearance rate of GLP-1 was higher in control rats than in the other two groups of animals. Urinary clearance rate of both peptides was negligible. In isolated kidney experiments, values for organ clearance of both [125I]GLP-1 and [125I]GLP-2 were similar to those of inulin clearance, which represents the glomerular filtration rate. Urinary clearance of trichloroacetic acid precipitable radioactivity represented less than 1% of total clearance. In conclusion, these results demonstrate a significant role for the kidney in the plasma removal of [125I]GLP-1 and [125I]GLP-2 by a mechanism that involves glomerular filtration and tubular catabolism.
Multicasting on certain self-similar networks (2002)

Both the linear recursive networks and the hypercubic networks are known to be self-similar in their interconnection topologies. Here it is shown that multicasting can be efficiently performed on these networks.
Powers Inherent in Sovereignty: Indians, Aliens, Territories, and the Nineteenth Century Origins of Plenary Power over Foreign Affairs (2002)

Does the United States have powers inherent in sovereignty? At least since the 1819 decision in McCulloch v. Maryland, conventional wisdom has held that national government is one of limited, enumerated powers and exercises “only the powers granted to it” by the Constitution and those implied powers “necessary and proper” to the exercise of the delegated powers. All powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states and to the people. In the 1936 decision in United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., however, the Supreme Court asserted that federal authority over foreign relations operated independently of the Constitution and was inherent in the United States’ existence as a sovereign, independent nation. Specifically, the Court, at the height of its pre-1937 scrutiny of federal authority, held that a joint resolution delegating to the President authority to criminalize foreign arms sales did not violate the non-delegation doctrine. This was true, Justice Sutherland wrote for the Court, because:\n[t]he broad statement that the federal government can exercise no powers except those specifically enumerated in the Constitution, and such implied powers as are necessary and proper to carry into effect the enumerated powers, is categorically true only in respect of our internal affairs.\nThe foreign affairs powers existed prior to and independent of the Constitution, as essential sovereign powers:\n[T]he investment of the federal government with the powers of external sovereignty did not depend upon the affirmative grants of the Constitution. The powers to declare and wage war, to conclude peace, to make treaties, to maintain diplomatic relations with other sovereignties, if they had never been mentioned in the Constitution, would have vested in the federal government as necessary concomitants of nationality.
Molecular dissection of the signaling and costimulatory functions of CD150 (SLAM): CD150/SAP binding and CD150-mediated costimulation (2002)

CD150 signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM), a T/B/dendritic cell surface glycoprotein, is a costimulatory receptor involved in T-cell activation and is also a receptor for measles virus. CD150-induced signal transduction is controlled by SAP/SH2D1A, the gene that is aberrant in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease and familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. This report shows that CD150 colocalizes with the T-cell receptor (TCR) following CD3 triggering in human peripheral blood T cells and is rapidly and reversibly tyrosine phosphorylated on TCR cross-linking. The Src-like kinases Lck and Fyn phosphorylate tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic tail of CD150. The results demonstrate that the SAP protein has 2 modes of binding to CD150. Binding to the motif Thr-Ile-Tyr281Ala-Gln-Val occurs in a phosphotyrosine-independent fashion and to the motif Thr-Val-Tyr327Ala-Ser-Val in a phosphotyrosine-dependent manner. Within both SAP binding motifs the threonine residue at position -2 to tyrosine is essential to stabilize the interaction irrespective of tyrosine phosphorylation, a feature unique to the SAP SH2 domain. A leucine residue, Leu278, further stabilizes nonphospho binding of SAP to Tyr281 of CD150. SAP blocking of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 occurs primarily on Tyr281 of CD150 because SHP-2 requires both Tyr281 and Tyr327 for binding to CD150, and SAP binds to nonphosphorylated Tyr281. CD150 exhibits lateral mobility, segregating into intercellular contacts. The lateral mobility and homophilic clustering of CD150 between neighboring cells is not dependent on SAP/CD150 interaction.
Blood flow measurements and clot detection with nearinfrared spectroscopy (2006)

Detecting impeded blood flow and locating the clot causing it is a major challenge in neurosurgery. We propose an instrument that uses near -infrared spectroscopy to simultaneously detect clots and measure blood flow.
Laser Control of Atomic Motion inside Diatomic Molecules (1998)

Globally optimal solution describing a phase conjugated field of Raman scattering on the resonant B ← X transition of iodine I2 is studied. Maximum optical coherence is found as a top eigenvalue problem. A reversibility theorem has been stated. This provides sufficient conditions for a tightly localized waveform and molecular hologram to exist. A noisy picosecond pulse has been computed to show how femtosecond polarization is regained at target time.
Computer Aided Design of New Type PMSM Based on ISAD (2014)

Integrated starter alternator damper (ISAD) system requires motor: high-efficient, high-power density, low-ripple torque. Halbach motor is a new type of PMSM: unique permanent magnet structure makes motor have a sinusoidal magnetic field, can increase magnetic flux density of air gap and decrease magnetic flux density of rotor, which could enhance the power density and efficiency of motor as well as reduce its size. Software of Halbach motor design is given, also with the finite element analysis software with ANSYS language. Experiment proves the advantage of Halbach motor in ISAD system.
Mutant SOD1 in cell types other than motor neurons and oligodendrocytes accelerates onset of disease in ALS mice (2008)

Dominant mutations in ubiquitously expressed superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause familial ALS by provoking premature death of adult motor neurons. To test whether mutant damage to cell types beyond motor neurons is required for the onset of motor neuron disease, we generated chimeric mice in which all motor neurons and oligodendrocytes expressed mutant SOD1 at a level sufficient to cause fatal, early-onset motor neuron disease when expressed ubiquitously, but did so in a cellular environment containing variable numbers of non-mutant, non-motor neurons. Despite high-level mutant expression within 100% of motor neurons and oligodendrocytes, in most of these chimeras, the presence of WT non-motor neurons substantially delayed onset of motor neuron degeneration, increasing disease-free life by 50%. Disease onset is therefore non-cell autonomous, and mutant SOD1 damage within cell types other than motor neurons and oligodendrocytes is a central contributor to initiation of motor neuron degeneration.
Mutations in the DJ-1 Gene Associated with Autosomal Recessive Early-Onset Parkinsonism (2003)

The DJ-1 gene encodes a ubiquitous, highly conserved protein. Here, we show that DJ-1 mutations are associated with PARK7, a monogenic form of human parkinsonism. The function of the DJ-1 protein remains unknown, but evidence suggests its involvement in the oxidative stress response. Our findings indicate that loss of DJ-1 function leads to neurodegeneration. Elucidating the physiological role of DJ-1 protein may promote understanding of the mechanisms of brain neuronal maintenance and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (2011)

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a non-invasive and safe alternative to change cortical excitability. The effects of one session of tDCS can last for several minutes, and its effects depend on polarity of stimulation, such as that cathodal stimulation induces a decrease in cortical excitability, and anodal stimulation induces an increase in cortical excitability that may last beyond the duration of stimulation. These effects have been explored in cognitive neuroscience and also clinically in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders--especially when applied over several consecutive sessions. One area that has been attracting attention of neuroscientists and clinicians is the use of tDCS for modulation of pain-related neural networks. Modulation of two main cortical areas in pain research has been explored: primary motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Due to the critical role of electrode montage, in this article, we show different alternatives for electrode placement for tDCS clinical trials on pain; discussing advantages and disadvantages of each method of stimulation.
Klf4 reverts developmentally programmed restriction of ground state pluripotency (2009)

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from pluripotent early epiblast contribute functionally differentiated progeny to all foetal lineages of chimaeras. By contrast, epistem cell (EpiSC) lines from post-implantation epithelialised epiblast are unable to colonise the embryo even though they express the core pluripotency genes Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog. We examined interconversion between these two cell types. ES cells can readily become EpiSCs in response to growth factor cues. By contrast, EpiSCs do not change into ES cells. We exploited PiggyBac transposition to introduce a single reprogramming factor, Klf4, into EpiSCs. No effect was apparent in EpiSC culture conditions, but in ground state ES cell conditions a fraction of cells formed undifferentiated colonies. These EpiSC-derived induced pluripotent stem (Epi-iPS) cells activated expression of ES cell-specific transcripts including endogenous Klf4, and downregulated markers of lineage specification. X chromosome silencing in female cells, a feature of the EpiSC state, was erased in Epi-iPS cells. They produced high-contribution chimaeras that yielded germline transmission. These properties were maintained after Cre-mediated deletion of the Klf4 transgene, formally demonstrating complete and stable reprogramming of developmental phenotype. Thus, re-expression of Klf4 in an appropriate environment can regenerate the naïve ground state from EpiSCs. Reprogramming is dependent on suppression of extrinsic growth factor stimuli and proceeds to completion in less than 1% of cells. This substantiates the argument that EpiSCs are developmentally, epigenetically and functionally differentiated from ES cells. However, because a single transgene is the minimum requirement to attain the ground state, EpiSCs offer an attractive opportunity for screening for unknown components of the reprogramming process.
Two Alternative Promoters Direct Neuron-Specific Expression of the Rat Microtubule-Associated Protein 1B Gene (1996)

Microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) is a major constituent of the neuronal cytoskeleton that is expressed at high levels during early brain development and plays a role in axonal growth and neuronal plasticity. Previous studies suggested that the regulation of its gene expression is primarily at the transcriptional level. Thus, the characterization of the promoter region should help to define regulatory elements that control neuron-specific and developmental expression of the MAP1B gene. We have isolated genomic clones containing up to 11 kb of the upstream region of the rat MAP1B gene, sequenced approximately 1.8 kb upstream from the translation start codon, and identified several consensus sequences. These sequences include a consensus element common to several neuronal genes, a TCC repeat, a cAMP response element, and two TATA boxes that were 134 nucleotides apart from each other. S1 nuclease and RNase protection assays identified two corresponding groups of transcription initiation sites that were used selectively in distinct regions of the nervous system and during different stages of development. Transient transfection assays with neuronal and non-neuronal cell lines demonstrated that each TATA sequence and its corresponding adjacent region could independently direct neuron-specific expression of a reporter gene. Furthermore, the transcription of the reporter gene was initiated from the same sites as those of the MAP1B gene in vivo. These results suggest that two alternative and overlapping promoters, one inducible and the other constitutive, regulate the temporal and tissue-specific expression of the rat MAP1B gene.
Necessity of Oligonucleotide Aggregation for Toll-like Receptor 9 Activation (2004)

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), a member of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors, is activated by unmethylated CpG-containing sequences in bacterial DNA or synthetic oligonucleotides (ODNs) in the endosomal compartment. The stimulation of an IL-1 response is thought to require the aggregation of its receptor. By analogy, we postulated that the potency of a TLR9 ligand should depend first on its ability to enter cells and gain access to TLR9 and second on its capacity to form a multimeric complex capable of cross-linking these receptors. Previously, we selected from a random library a series of phosphodiester ODNs with enhanced ability to permeate cells. Here, we studied the structural requirements for these penetrating ODNs to elicit a functional TLR9 response, as assessed by cytokine production from bone marrow-derived mouse mononuclear cells. The presence of a prototypic murine immunostimulatory DNA hexameric sequence (purine-purine-CG-pyrimidine-pyrimidine) in the ODNs was not sufficient for stimulation. In addition, the TLR9-activating ODNs had to have the ability to form aggregates and often to form secondary structures near the core CpG motifs. Multimerization was promoted by the presence of a guanine-rich 3'-terminus. The phosphodiester ODNs with CpG motifs that did not aggregate antagonized the effects of the multimeric TLR9 activators. These findings suggest that an optimal TLR9 agonist needs to contain a spatially distinct multimerization domain and a receptor binding CpG domain. This concept may prove useful for the design of new TLR9-modulating agents.