gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Serine Protease Inhibitors against Cryptosporidium parvum Infection in a Bovine Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cell Culture System (1996)

The anticryptosporidial potential of the protease inhibitors alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), antipain, aprotinin, leupeptin, methoxysuccinyl-ala-ala-pro-valine chloromethylketone (MAAPVCK), soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) was evaluated in a bovine fallopian tube epithelial (BFTE) cell culture system. Protease inhibitor concentrations of 5, 10, 50, 100, and 500 micrograms/ ml (PMSF at 1, 2, and 3 mM) in RPMI medium were mixed with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and used to inoculate BFTE cell monolayers. At 24 hr postinoculation (candlejar/37 C), cells were rinsed with RPMI medium, fixed in methanol, and stained with Giemsa. Parasites were enumerated in cell monolayers by brightfield microscopy. The mean number of parasites counted in each protease inhibitor treatment group was expressed as a percentage of the mean number of parasites counted in an infection control group. Leupeptin and SBTI reduced parasite numbers to 40-50% of the control mean at 500 micrograms/ml: AAT, antipain, and aprotinin reduced parasite numbers to 10-15% at the same concentration. PMSF reduced parasite numbers to 40% of the control mean at 3 mM. MAAPVCK did not significantly inhibit cryptosporidial infection. These findings suggest that a protease component of C. parvum may be essential for host cell infection.
Building Neural Representations of Habits (1999)

Memories for habits and skills ("implicit or procedural memory") and memories for facts ("explicit or episodic memory") are built up in different brain systems and are vulnerable to different neurodegenerative disorders in humans. So that the striatum-based mechanisms underlying habit formation could be studied, chronic recordings from ensembles of striatal neurons were made with multiple tetrodes as rats learned a T-maze procedural task. Large and widely distributed changes in the neuronal activity patterns occurred in the sensorimotor striatum during behavioral acquisition, culminating in task-related activity emphasizing the beginning and end of the automatized procedure. The new ensemble patterns remained stable during weeks of subsequent performance of the same task. These results suggest that the encoding of action in the sensorimotor striatum undergoes dynamic reorganization as habit learning proceeds.
Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy (1991)

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging is best known for its spectacular use in medical tomography. However, the method has potential applications in biology, materials science, and chemical physics, some of which have begun to be realized as laboratory NMR spectrometers have been adapted to enable small scale imaging. NMR microscopy has available a rich variety of contrast including molecular specificity and sensitivity to molecular dynamics. In NMR imaging the signal is acquired in k-space, a dimension which bears a Fourier relationship with the positions of nuclear spins. A dynamic analogue of k-space imaging is the Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo (PGSE) experiment in which the signal is acquired in q-space, conjugate to the distances moved by the spins over a well-defined time interval. q-space microsocpy provides images of the nuclear self-correlation function with a resolution some two orders of magnitude better than is possible in imaging the nuclear density. As well as revealing the spectrum of molecular motion, PGSE NMR can be used to study morphology in porous systems through the influence of motional boundaries. This book explores principles and common themes underlying these two variants of NMR Microscopy, providing many examples of their use. The methods discussed here are of importance in fundamental biological and physical research, as well as having applications in a wide variety of industries, including those concerned with petrochemicals, polymers, biotechnology, food processing, and natural product processing.
The Antiapoptotic Protein BAG3 Is Expressed in Thyroid Carcinomas and Modulates Apoptosis Mediated by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (2006)

BAG3 downmodulates the apoptotic response to TRAIL in human neoplastic thyroid cells. The protein is specifically expressed in thyroid carcinomas and not in normal thyroid tissue or goiter.
Carotid Plaque Composition Differs Between Ethno-Racial Groups (2005)

This pilot study suggests that composition and morphology of atherosclerotic lesions in symptomatic carotid disease differ between ethno-racial groups. Quantitative MRI-based review of carotid atherosclerosis comparing plaque morphology and composition between ethno-racial groups is feasible, and future MRI studies may improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease.
Decentralized Group Hierarchies in UNIX: An Experiment and Lessons Learned (1998)

Background. Based on recent basic and clinical investigations, the extract of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf has been revealed to be used for hepatoprotective and cholesterol reducing purposes. We aimed to assess the therapeutic effects of artichoke on biochemical and liver biomarkers in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Methods. In a randomized double blind clinical trial, 60 consecutive patients suffering NASH were randomly assigned to receive Cynara scolymus extract (as 6 tablets per day consisting of 2700 mg extract of the herb) as the intervention group or placebo as the control group for two months. Results. Comparing changes in study markers following interventions showed improvement in liver enzymes. The levels of triglycerides and cholesterol were significantly reduced in the group treated with Cynara scolymus when compared to placebo group. To compare the role of Cynara scolymus use with placebo in changes in study parameters, multivariate linear regression models were employed indicating higher improvement in liver enzymes and also lipid profile particularly triglycerides and total cholesterol following administration of Cynara scolymus in comparison with placebo use. Conclusion. This study sheds light on the potential hepatoprotective activity and hypolipidemic effect of Cynara scolymus in management of NASH. This clinical trial is registered in the IRCT, Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, by number IRCT2014070218321N1.
Optimization of Sound Spatialization Resource Management through Clustering (1999)

Chronic stress and its concomitant neurobiological consequences are, in all probability, provocateurs of mental disease in humans. To gain some insight into the provocative effects of stress on hormonally dependent conditions, we developed a rat model that combines social subordinate housing (SSH) with withdrawal from combined progesterone (P) and estradiol (E) treatment (PEWD). At the start of the experiment, male Wistar rats were housed in triads consisting of one younger rat (35 days old) and two older rats (55 days old), with the intent of producing subordination stress in the younger animals. Triads containing three 35-day-old rats were used as age controls. Subordination stress was assessed with the elevated plus maze (EPM) and by corticosterone (CORT) analysis. Social rank within the triads was determined using a food competition test (FCT) and a tube test (TT). The younger rats (subordinate) and the dominant rats were assigned to 10 days of treatment with 5mg/kg P combined with 10 μg/kg E, or placebo (vehicle). Twenty-four hours after the last injection, the subordinate and dominant animals were tested in an open-field test (OFT) and a social challenge test (SCT). The SCT consisted of a 10-min exposure to three unfamiliar rats. SSH increased baseline CORT levels and reduced EPM open-arm time and post-EPM CORT levels compared to age-control rats. Only in the subordinate animals did PEWD increase locomotor activity and digging behavior, and reduce wrestling and pinning behavior. The behavioral results indicate an interaction between the effects of the lasting social subordinate stress and PEWD.
Photonic interaction between quantum dots and gold nanoparticles in discrete nanostructures through DNA directed self-assembly (2009)

Discrete nanostructures of CdSe@ZnS QDs and Au NPs were prepared and the photonic interactions between the QDs and Au NPs were systematically investigated. We found that the Au/QD ratio, separation distances between Au NPs and QDs, and the size of the Au NPs in a given discrete nanostructure all affect the interaction between Au NPs and QDs.
Oblivious transfer with a memory-bounded receiver (2002)

We propose a protocol for oblivious transfer that is unconditionally secure under the sole assumption that the memory size of the receiver is bounded. The model assumes that a random bit string slightly larger than the receiver's memory is broadcast (either by the sender or by a third party). In our construction, both parties need memory of size in /spl theta/(n/sup 2-2/spl alpha//) for some /spl alpha/< 1/2 , when a random string of size N=n/sup 2-/spl alpha/-/spl beta// is broadcast, for /spl alpha/>/spl beta/>0, whereas a malicious receiver can have up to /spl gamma/N bits of memory for any /spl gamma/<1. In the course of our analysis, we provide a direct study of an interactive hashing protocol closely related to that of M. Naor et al. (1998).
Soybean Protein Products as Regulators of Liver Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptors. II. α−α‘ Rich Commercial Soy Concentrate and α‘ Deficient Mutant Differently Affect Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Activation (1998)

Activation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors has been decribed in a human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2) exposed to the 7S globulin from soy (Lovati et al. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998, 46, 2474−2480). This in vitro model supports a direct activity of soy protein component(s) in lowering LDL cholesterolemia. To ascertain whether α or α‘ subunits from 7S globulin, or both, are responsible for the biochemical effect, a mutant soy cultivar, devoid of the α‘ subunit (Keburi), was evaluated in the same model. A commercial isoflavone-poor, heat-hydrolyzed soy preparation found effective in human hypercholesterolemia (Croksoy) was also tested. While Croksoy proved to have a similar activity as the whole 7S globulin, the α‘-free Keburi variant showed no effect on LDL receptor activation. These findings support the reliability of the human liver cell model in predicting a human hypocholesterolemic activity and suggest that specific peptide(s) may be responsible. Furthermore, they indicate that some soy cultivars may be best suited for the preparation of products for human nutritional purposes. Keywords: LDL receptor up regulation; Keburi variant; 7S soybean globulins; Croksoy; Hep G2 cells
Forests and Insects (1997)

List of contributors. Preface. Introduction. Part One: Colonization of trees by insects. 1. Adaptations of phytophagous insects to life on trees, with particular reference to aphids A.F.G. Dixon. 2. Host specificity in forest insects S.M. Fraser. Part Two: Temporal and spatial population ecology. 3. Population dynamics of forest insects: Are they governed by single or multiple factors? T. Royama. 4. The impact of parasitoids and predators on forest insect populations N.A.C. Kidd, M.A. Jervis. 5. Herbivore-induced responses in treees: Internal vs. external explanations E. Haukioja, T. Honkanen. 6. Incorporating variation in plant chemistry into a spatially explicit ecology of phytophagous insects M.D. Hunter. 7. Forest structure and the spatial pattern of parasitoid attack J. Roland, et al. Part Three: Insects in forest ecosystems. 8. Termites as mediators of carbon fluxes in tropical forest: Budgets for carbon dioxide and methane emissions D.E. Bignell, et al. 9. Herbivory in forests: From centimetres to megametres M.D. Lowman. Part Four: Forest pests. 10. Comparative analysis of patterns of invasion and spread of related lymantriids P. Barbosa, P.W. Schaefer. 11. Threats to forestry by insect pests in Europe K.R. Day, S.R. Leather. 12. Forest pests in the tropics: Current status and future threats M.R. Speight. 13. The impacts of climate change and pollution on forest pests M. Docherty, et al. Part Five: Insect diversity. 14. Patterns of use of large moth caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae and Sphingidae) by ichneumonid parasitoids (Hymenoptera) in Costa Rican dry forest D.H. Janzen, I.D. Gauld. 15. Impact of forest loss and regeneration on insect abundance and diversity A.D. Watt, et al. 16. Beetle abundance and diversity in a boreal mixed-wood forest J.R. Spence, et al. 17. An overview of invertebrate responses to forest fragmentation R.K. Didham. 18. Impact of forest and woodland structure on insect abundance and diversity P. Dennis. 19. Ficus: A resource for arthropods in the tropics, with particular reference to New Guinea Y. Basset, et al. Part Six: Insect conservation. 20. Arthropods of coastal old-growth Sitka spruce forests: Conservation of biodiversity with special reference to the Staphylinidae N.N. Winchester. 21. Conservation corridors and rain forest insects C.J. Hill. 22. Insect conservation T.E. Lovejoy, et al. Index.
Future of the Particle Replication in Nonwetting Templates (PRINT) Technology (2013)

Particle replication in nonwetting templates (PRINT) is a continuous, roll-to-roll, high-resolution molding technology which allows the design and synthesis of precisely defined micro- and nanoparticles. This technology adapts the lithographic techniques from the microelectronics industry and marries these with the roll-to-roll processes from the photographic film industry to enable researchers to have unprecedented control over particle size, shape, chemical composition, cargo, modulus, and surface properties. In addition, PRINT is a GMP-compliant (GMP=good manufacturing practice) platform amenable for particle fabrication on a large scale. Herein, we describe some of our most recent work involving the PRINT technology for application in the biomedical and material sciences.
A regularized, model‐based approach to phase‐based conductivity mapping using MRI (2016)

The Inverse Laplacian method calculates conductivity maps with less noise and more accurate values near boundaries. Improving the accuracy of conductivity maps is integral for advancing the applications of conductivity mapping. Magn Reson Med 78:2011-2021, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
The Efficacy of aSalmonella typhiVi Conjugate Vaccine in Two-to-Five-Year-Old Children (2001)

The Vi-rEPA conjugate typhoid vaccine is safe and immunogenic and has more than 90 percent efficacy in children two to five years old. The antibody responses and the efficacy suggest that this vaccine should be at least as protective in persons who are more than five years old.
Hepatocyte nuclear factor‐4α interacts with other hepatocyte nuclear factors in regulating transthyretin gene expression (2010)

Transthyretin is a negative acute phase protein whose serum level decreases during the acute phase response. Transthyretin gene expression in the liver is regulated at the transcriptional level, and is controlled by hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-4α and other HNFs. The site-directed mutagenesis of HNF-4, HNF-1, HNF-3 and HNF-6 binding sites in the transthyretin proximal promoter dramatically decreases transthyretin promoter activity. Interestingly, the mutation of the HNF-4 binding site not only abolishes the response to HNF-4α, but also reduces significantly the response to other HNFs. However, mutation of the HNF-4 binding site merely affects the specific binding of HNF-4α, but not other HNFs, suggesting that an intact HNF-4 binding site not only provides a platform for specific interaction with HNF-4α, but also facilitates the interaction of HNF-4α with other HNFs. In a cytokine-induced acute phase response cell culture model, we observed a significant reduction in the binding of HNF-4α, HNF-1α, HNF-3β and HNF-6α to the transthyretin promoter, which correlates with a decrease in transthyretin expression after injury. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of the negative transcriptional regulation of the transthyretin gene after injury caused by a decrease in the binding of HNFs and a modulation in their coordinated interactions.
Finding soon-to-fail disks in a haystack (2012)

This paper presents a detector of soon-to-fail disks based on a combination of statistical models. During opera-tion the detector takes as input a performance signal from each disk and sends and alarm when there is enough evidence (according to the models) that the disk is not healthy. The parameters of these models are automati-cally trained using signals from healthy and failed disks. In an evaluation on a population of 1190 production disks from a popular customer-facing internet service, the de-tector was able to predict 15 out of the 17 failed disks (88.2 % detection) with 30 false alarms (2.56 % false pos-itive rate). 1
Meta-Learning with Temporal Convolutions. (2017)

Deep neural networks excel in regimes with large amounts of data, but tend to struggle when data is scarce or when they need to adapt quickly to changes in the task. Recent work in meta-learning seeks to overcome this shortcoming by training a meta-learner on a distribution of similar tasks; the goal is for the meta-learner to generalize to novel but related tasks by learning a high-level strategy that captures the essence of the problem it is asked to solve. However, most recent approaches to meta-learning are extensively hand-designed, either using architectures that are specialized to a particular application, or hard-coding algorithmic components that tell the meta-learner how to solve the task. We propose a class of simple and generic meta-learner architectures, based on temporal convolutions, that is domain- agnostic and has no particular strategy or algorithm encoded into it. We validate our temporal-convolution-based meta-learner (TCML) through experiments pertaining to both supervised and reinforcement learning, and demonstrate that it outperforms state-of-the-art methods that are less general and more complex.
Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of a Recombinantly Produced Plasmodium falciparum Circumsporozoite Protein-Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Subunit Vaccine (1995)

Twenty malaria-naive volunteers received a recombinant Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine (RTS,S) containing 19 NANP repeats and the carboxy terminus (amino acids 210-398) of the circumsporozoite (CS) antigen coexpressed in yeast with hepatitis B surface antigen. Ten received vaccine adjuvanted with alum, and 10 received vaccine adjuvanted with alum plus 3-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). Both formulations were well tolerated and immunogenic. MPL enhanced CS antibody levels (measured by ELISA, immunofluorescence, and inhibition of sporozoite invasion assays). After sporozoite challenge, 6 of 6 in the alum group and 6 of 8 in the alum-MPL group developed patent malaria. Protected subjects had higher levels of CS antibody titers on day of challenge than did nonprotected subjects. After immunization, 1 protected subject had increased cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity against CS and recall of memory T cell responses to RTS,S and selected CS.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b antigen (1980)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b antigen was developed. It was able to detect purified polyribose phosphate at concentrations of greater than or equal to 1 ng/ml in cerebrospinal fluid. This was 50 times more sensitive than counterimmunoelectrophoresis with the same antiserum. The sensitivity for polyribose phosphate in urine was similar, but that in serum was about 10 times less. Nonspecific reactions were observed with blood-stained cerebrospinal fluid and some sera. These were differentiated from true positive reactions by a blocking test with unconjugated immune serum. A wide range of organisms was tested for cross-reactivity in the assay. With the exception of a protein A-rich strain of Staphylococcus aureus, they gave absorbances of < 8% of that of the homologous system. In a series of five cases of proven H. influenzae type b meningitis, the sensitivity of the assay with cerebrospinal fluid was confirmed to be at least 2(5) times greater than that of counterimmunoelectrophoresis. The results indicate that the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is highly sensitive and specific in detecting H. influenzae type b antigen. The necessity to perform the blocking assay on all sera limits its usefulness for the examination of these specimens. However, it should prove valuable for the detection of the antigen in cerebrospinal fluid and urine.
Sex Determination in Reptiles (1980)

Two factors in reptile sex determination have been studied: (1) the presence or absence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes, and (2) the influence of temperature. Recognizable sex chromosomes are common in snakes and lizards, but are apparently rare in turtles and absent in crocodilians and the tuatara. Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) is common in turtles and has been reported in two lizards and alligators; however, data on TSD are available for few non-turtle species. Present findings on TSD suggest that (1) temperature actually determines sex rather than simply causing differential mortality, and (2) temperature controls sex determination in nature as well as in the laboratory. Only one study, however, has convincingly demonstrated the latter. Sex determination by nest temperature is proposed to interfere with the evolution of sex chromosomes and live-bearing (ovoviviparity); a negative correlation should thus be observed between TSD and sex chromosomes/live-bearing. Present evidence is consistent with these predictions. Possible selective advantages and disadvantages of the different sex-determined mechanisms are discussed, and an attempt is made to deduce their ancestries.
Universal Quantum Information Compression (1998)

Suppose that a finite dimensional quantum source is known to have von Neumann entropy less than or equal to $S$ but is otherwise completely unspecified. We describe a method of universal quantum data compression which will faithfully compress the quantum information of any such source to $S$ qubits per signal (in the limit of large block lengths).
Identification of phosphorylated proteins from thrombin‐activated human platelets isolated by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis by electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) and liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MS) (1998)

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) is a powerful tool to separate complex protein mixtures including whole cell lysates. In combination with immunoblotting techniques or radioactive labeling techniques it is a fast and convenient way to demonstrate the presence of certain proteins or protein modifications. With the development of extremely sensitive analytical techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) or electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS, it has become possible to use 2-D gels not only as an analytical but also as a preparative tool. Starting with a number of spots excised from 2-D gels, a protein can be identified using different strategies involving enzymatic cleavage of the protein in the gel matrix, elution of the resulting peptides and analysis of these peptides by mass spectrometry. The obtained peptide mass fingerprint or fragment ion spectra from peptides can be used to screen protein or nucleic acid databases in order to identify the protein. We have used the techniques described above to identify proteins from human platelets which change their phosphorylation state following activation of platelets by thrombin. Platelets were radioactively labeled with [32P]orthophosphate and stimulated. Several protein spots in the observed range of 10-80 kDa and an isoelectric point of 3-10 showed a significant increase or decrease in phosphorylation. We present the results from the investigation of a spot group representing different isoforms and phosphorylation states of myosin light chain.