gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploiting resistive cross-point array for compact design of physical unclonable function (2015)

This work presents the optimized design of a physical unclonable function (PUF) primitive based on the cross-point resistive random access memory (RRAM) array. The randomness of the PUF comes from the resistance variation of RRAM cells in the array. A four-cell selection scheme is proposed to create a large number of challenge-response pairs necessary for achieving a high security level. To analyze the performance of the PUF with respect to uniqueness and reliability, the RRAM cross-point array is fabricated and the device parameters are calibrated from the experimental data. Our study shows that the RRAM PUF can function properly across a wide temperature range without degradation in the performance. However, IR drop due to the interconnect resistance in the array can potentially hamper the performance. To mitigate the effect of IR drop, a reverse scaling rule on the feature size (F) is proposed for RRAM PUF. While this increases the area of the RRAM PUF, it improves the PUF performance significantly. Compared to a conventional SRAM PUF in 45nm node, a RRAM PUF array size of 1024×1024 with relaxed F=200nm has -45% lower area, while offering better robustness against invasive and side-channel attacks.
Probabilistic Vehicle Trajectory Prediction over Occupancy Grid Map via Recurrent Neural Network (2017)

In this paper, we propose an efficient vehicle trajectory prediction framework based on recurrent neural network. Basically, the characteristic of the vehicle's trajectory is different from that of regular moving objects since it is affected by various latent factors including road structure, traffic rules, and driver's intention. Previous state of the art approaches use sophisticated vehicle behavior model describing these factors and derive the complex trajectory prediction algorithm, which requires a system designer to conduct intensive model optimization for practical use. Our approach is data-driven and simple to use in that it learns complex behavior of the vehicles from the massive amount of trajectory data through deep neural network model. The proposed trajectory prediction method employs the recurrent neural network called long short-term memory (LSTM) to analyze the temporal behavior and predict the future coordinate of the surrounding vehicles. The proposed scheme feeds the sequence of vehicles' coordinates obtained from sensor measurements to the LSTM and produces the probabilistic information on the future location of the vehicles over occupancy grid map. The experiments conducted using the data collected from highway driving show that the proposed method can produce reasonably good estimate of future trajectory.
Elevation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase EphA2 Mediates Resistance to Trastuzumab Therapy (2009)

One arising challenge in the treatment of breast cancer is the development of therapeutic resistance to trastuzumab, an antibody targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), which is frequently amplified in breast cancers. In this study, we provide evidence that elevated level of the receptor tyrosine kinase Eph receptor A2 (EphA2) is an important contributor to trastuzumab resistance. In a screen of a large cohort of human breast cancers, we found that EphA2 overexpression correlated with a decrease in disease-free and overall survival of HER2-overexpressing patients. Trastuzumab-resistant cell lines overexpressed EphA2, whereas inhibiting EphA2 restored sensitivity to trastuzumab treatment in vivo. Notably, trastuzumab treatment could promote EphA2 phosphorylation by activating Src kinase, leading in turn to an amplification of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in resistant cells. Our findings offer mechanistic insights into the basis for trastuzumab resistance and rationalize strategies to target EphA2 as a tactic to reverse trastuzumab resistance.
Programmed Cell Death 1 (PD-1) and Its Ligand (PD-L1) in Common Cancers and Their Correlation with Molecular Cancer Type (2014)

Cancer cells expressing PD-1 ligands (PD-L1/PD-L2) inhibit immune-modulatory T-cell activation facilitating disease progression. Preliminary clinical trials exploring interruption of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling showed benefit in several cancer types. We analyzed the distribution of PD-1-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and cancer cells' expression of PD-L1 in a molecularly profiled cohort of 437 malignancies (380 carcinomas, 33 sarcomas, and 24 melanomas). We showed that the presence of PD-1(+) TILs significantly varied among cancer types (from 0% in extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas to 93% in ovarian cancer), and was generally associated with the increased number of mutations in tumor cells (P = 0.029). Cancer cell expression of PD-L1 varied from absent (in Merkel cell carcinomas) to 100% (in chondro- and liposarcomas), but showed the inverse association with the number of detected mutations (P = 0.004). Both PD-1 and PD-L1 expression were significantly higher in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) than in non-TNBC (P < 0.001 and 0.017, respectively). Similarly, MSI-H colon cancers had higher PD-1 and PD-L1 expression than the microsatellite stable tumors (P = 0.002 and 0.02, respectively). TP53-mutated breast cancers had significantly higher PD-1 positivity than those harboring other driver mutations (e.g., PIK3CA; P = 0.002). In non-small cell lung cancer, PD-1/PD-L1 coexpression was identified in 8 cases (19%), which lacked any other targetable alterations (e.g., EGFR, ALK, or ROS1). Our study demonstrated the utility of exploring the expression of two potentially targetable immune checkpoint proteins (PD-1/PD-L1) in a substantial proportion of solid tumors, including some aggressive subtypes that lack other targeted treatment modalities.
Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 13 on fetal cells obtained from maternal blood after minor enrichment (1998)

In a pilot study to establish fetal nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) detection in maternal blood, trisomy 13 was diagnosed by FISH analysis at 11 weeks' gestation. The NRBCs were detected after a single-step ficoll density gradient enrichment. In blood samples taken both before and after CVS, 52 and 80 NRBCs, respectively, were found to be positive for fetal haemoglobin. In 47 per cent of these cells, FISH analysis for X and Y chromosomes confirmed the fetal sex. Moreover, 48 per cent of these NRBCs showed three fluorescent signals for a chromosome 13 probe, which confirmed the diagnosis of trisomy 13, previously detected at CVS karyotyping. This is the first report of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 13, i.e. pre-CVS, in the first trimester. The high number of fetal NRBCs detected indicates a connection with aneuploidy, probably due to early impairment of the feto-maternal barrier. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vaccination of hormone‐refractory prostate cancer patients with peptide cocktail‐loaded dendritic cells: Results of a phase I clinical trial (2006)

The described protocol represents a safe and feasible concept for the induction of clinical and immunological responses. The application of a peptide cocktail-derived from different antigens as a novel treatment modality is supposed to allow for the genetic and biologic heterogeneity of PCa.
IL-12 prevents mortality in mice infected with Histoplasma capsulatum through induction of IFN-γ (1995)

Histoplasma capsulatum is a pathogenic fungus found in discrete geographic locations throughout the world. The fungus invades the reticuloendothelial organs such as the spleen and liver of immunocompetent hosts where it is usually controlled. However, in individuals with immune deficiency, histoplasmosis is a severe and potentially fatal disease. Resistance to this infection is due primarily to a cellular immune response mediated by T cells and macrophages. Moreover, IFN-gamma is critical in activating macrophages to kill the organism. Herein we study the regulation of cytokine induction in mice infected with H. capsulatum and the effects of IL-12 in the course of infection. Mice infected with H. capsulatum and treated with neutralizing Abs to IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, or IL-12 experienced accelerated mortality, indicating that endogenous production of these cytokines plays an important role in response to infection. In contrast, mice treated with IL-12 or a neutralizing Ab to IL-4 at the initiation of infection had substantially diminished mortality. Moreover, mice infected and treated with IL-12 show a two- to threefold increase in the amount of IFN-gamma following in vitro stimulation with specific H. capsulatum Ag compared with the control infected mice. The protective effect of IL-12 could be abrogated if a neutralizing Ab to IFN-gamma was given at the same time, demonstrating that the role of IL-12 in protection was mediated by IFN-gamma. Additionally, infected mice treated with IL-12 had a severalfold decrease in the colony counts of H. capsulatum in spleen cells after 5 days of infection as compared with control animals. Lastly, spleen cells from infected animals treated with IL-12 showed a striking decrease in their proliferative response to mitogen or H. capsulatum Ag. Responses could be restored by adding inhibitors of IFN-gamma or of nitric oxide to the in vitro cultures. The above observations suggest that IL-12 may be useful in immunologic intervention against this opportunistic pathogen.
Contribution of phenazine antibiotic biosynthesis to the ecological competence of fluorescent pseudomonads in soil habitats (1992)

Phenazine antibiotics produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 and Pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84, previously shown to be the principal factors enabling these bacteria to suppress take-all of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, also contribute to the ecological competence of these strains in soil and in the rhizosphere of wheat. Strains 2-79 and 30-84, their Tn5 mutants defective in phenazine production (Phz-), or the mutant strains genetically restored for phenazine production (Phz+) were introduced into Thatuna silt loam (TSL) or TSL amended with G. graminis var. tritici. Soils were planted with three or five successive 20-day plant-harvest cycles of wheat. Population sizes of Phz- derivatives declined more rapidly than did population sizes of the corresponding parental or restored Phz+ strains. Antibiotic biosynthesis was particularly critical to survival of these strains during the fourth and fifth cycles of wheat in the presence of G. graminis var. tritici and during all five cycles of wheat in the absence of take-all. In pasteurized TSL, a Phz- derivative of strain 30-84 colonized the rhizosphere of wheat to the same extent that the parental strain did. The results indicate that production of phenazine antibiotics by strains 2-79 and 30-84 can contribute to the ecological competence of these strains and that the reduced survival of the Phz- strains is due to a diminished ability to compete with the resident microflora.
Comparative Single- and Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Levodopa and 3-O-Methyldopa following a New Dual-Release and a Conventional Slow-Release Formulation of Levodopa and Benserazide in Healthy Volunteers (2002)

The objective was to assess the single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of levodopa and 3-O-methyldopa following administration of a new dual-release and conventional slow-release formulation of levodopa/benserazide in the dose ratio of 4:1. In an open-label, two-way cross-over study, 20 healthy volunteers were randomized to receive first either Madopar DR or Madopar HBS for 8 days. Then they crossed over to the other formulation. A first dose of 200 mg levodopa and 50 mg benserazide ('250' mg) was given on day 1, '125' mg t.i.d. on the subsequent 6 days (days 2-7), followed by '250' mg on day 8. The two treatment periods of 8 days were separated by a wash-out period of at least 7 days. Blood samples were taken at specific times over a 12-hour period (day 1) or a 36-hour period (day 8). Plasma concentrations of levodopa and 3-O-methyldopa were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography for pharmacokinetic evaluation. The pharmacokinetics of levodopa after a single-dose administration (day 1) of Madopar DR and Madopar HBS were significantly different as reflected by the respective mean values of maximum plasma concentration (C(max) 1.99 vs. 0.82 mg x l-1), time to reach maximum concentration (t(max) 0.7 vs. 2.6 h) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0- infinity ) 4.52 vs. 3.18 mg x h x l-1). The respective values after multiple doses (day 8) were: C(max) 1.98 vs. 0.93 mg x l-1, t(max) 0.7 vs. 2.3 h and AUC(0-infinity ) 4.84 vs. 3.96 mg x h x l-1. The relative bioavailability (Madopar DR vs. Madopar HBS) was 1.73 on day 1 and 1.32 on day 8. Bioequivalence could not be demonstrated for log-transformed data of AUC and C(max) within a predefined range of 80-125 and 70-143%, respectively. In conclusion, the observed differences in C(max), t(max) and AUC are consistent with a faster rate and higher extent of levodopa absorption after administration of Madopar DR. Statistical evaluation of these kinetic data showed that Madopar DR is not bioequivalent to Madopar HBS.
Down‐Regulation of CD40 Gene Expression and Inhibition of Apoptosis with Danshensu in Endothelial Cells (2008)

Danshen is commonly used in China for the treatment of atherosclerosis-related disorders such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Research shows that it also has immunostimulation properties. The present study evaluates the protective effect of danshensu, an active water-extractable component isolated from danshen, on an endothelial cell line (CRL-1730) treated with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Danshensu significantly inhibited endothelial cell viability induced by H(2)O(2). The treatment of endothelial cells with danshensu resulted in most cells being arrested in the S and G(2)/M phases of the cell cycle. The fraction of cells in G(0)/G(1) phase was markedly decreased by danshensu treatment compared to the control groups. The apoptosis was also markedly decreased after danshensu treatment. Additionally, danshensu restrains decreased nitric oxide level, increased the release of lactate dehydrogenase and expression of cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40) significantly. These results suggest that danshensu protects endothelial cells from the damage induced by H(2)O(2) through its CD40 anti-inflammatory approach and cell apoptosis inhibition.
A FORMULA FOR PREDICTING READABILITY (1948)

EVERAL months ago editor of Wall Street Journal ran a full-page advertisement in one of leading literary magazines, announcing two honors recently awarded to it. One of these honors was a statement made by Robert P. Gunning that Wall Street Journal had the readable front page in country. How did Mr. Gunning come to this conclusion? Did he actually sample a cross section of readers, have them read front pages of leading newspapers, and then compare their ability to read and understand various front pages? No. He used an accepted short cut. He predicted reading difficulty of various front pages by using a readability formula and found that Wall Street Journal was most readable.
A micromachined Stoneley acoustic wave system for continuous flow particle manipulation in microfluidic channels (2010)

Particle manipulation utilizing interface acoustic waves (IAWs) is proposed for the first time. An IAW-based manipulation system has been designed, micromachined and tested. This work addresses the issue of particle manipulation in microfluidic channels with particular emphasis on particles with submicron dimensions. The subject is of significant relevance for a range of bio-technological applications and in particular for lab-on-chip ones. Submicron particle manipulation in continuous flow has been demonstrated.
Therapeutic focus. Minocycline in the treatment of acne. (1989)

Minocycline has an established place in the oral therapy of acne. Prolonged courses of therapy have an acceptable safety profile. Where therapy with oxytetracycline has failed, minocycline is still likely to prove effective. The twice-daily dosage and ease of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract offer significant advantages over other tetracyclines. The simpler minocycline regime and early onset of clinical improvement are likely to result in better patient compliance, and hence optimise therapeutic response. There is therefore justification for the use of minocycline as first-line oral therapy, but, whether as a first- or second-line therapy, minocycline is a valuable drug in the treatment of this very distressing disorder. The earlier effective therapy is used in a patient with acne, the less physical and psychological scarring will remain thereafter.
Effects of overexpression of the liver subunit of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase on the metabolism of a cultured mammalian cell line (2000)

Overexpression of the liver subunit of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase in Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells was shown to increase the steady-state level of the enzyme's product, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and to produce a small but significant decrease in the concentration of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, which is an allosteric activator of the enzyme. However, overexpression of the enzyme had no effect on glycolytic flux under a variety of different substrate conditions. This latter observation is consistent with similar studies in fungi and in potato tubers which indicate that 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase has very little control over flux in glycolysis.
Squalene Synthase:  Steady-State, Pre-Steady-State, and Isotope-Trapping Studies (2000)

Squalene synthase catalyzes two consecutive reactions in sterol biosynthesis-the condensation of two molecules of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to form the cyclopropylcarbinyl intermediate presqualene diphosphate (PSPP) and the subsequent rearrangement and reduction of PSPP to form squalene. Steady-state and pre-steady-state kinetic studies, in combination with isotope-trapping experiments of enzyme.substrate complexes, indicate that two molecules of FPP add to the enzyme before NADPH and that PSPP is converted directly to squalene without dissociating from the enzyme under normal catalytic conditions. In addition, formation of PSPP or a prior conformational change in squalene synthase is the rate-limiting step for synthesis of squalene from FPP via PSPP in the presence of NADPH and for synthesis of PSPP in the absence of NADPH. Squalene synthase is inhibited at high concentrations of FPP. Inhibition is specific for the formation of squalene, but not PSPP, and is competitive with respect to NADPH. In addition, the binding of either NADPH or a third, nonreacting molecule of FPP stimulates the rate of PSPP formation. A kinetic mechanism is proposed to account for these observations.
Transcytosis: Crossing Cellular Barriers (2003)

Transcytosis, the vesicular transport of macromolecules from one side of a cell to the other, is a strategy used by multicellular organisms to selectively move material between two environments without altering the unique compositions of those environments. In this review, we summarize our knowledge of the different cell types using transcytosis in vivo, the variety of cargo moved, and the diverse pathways for delivering that cargo. We evaluate in vitro models that are currently being used to study transcytosis. Caveolae-mediated transcytosis by endothelial cells that line the microvasculature and carry circulating plasma proteins to the interstitium is explained in more detail, as is clathrin-mediated transcytosis of IgA by epithelial cells of the digestive tract. The molecular basis of vesicle traffic is discussed, with emphasis on the gaps and uncertainties in our understanding of the molecules and mechanisms that regulate transcytosis. In our view there is still much to be learned about this fundamental process.
The Role of the CD28 Receptor During T Cell Responses To Antigens (1993)

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, ...Read More
A Stable Voltage-Programmed Pixel Circuit for a-Si:H AMOLED Displays (2006)

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) active matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) displays are attractive given the potentially low manufacturing cost and ultimately low-temperature fabrication enabling using flexible substrates. Although the conventional two thin-film transistor (2-TFT) AMOLED voltage-programmed pixel circuit (VPPC) can provide high resolution and high yield, the 2-TFT VPPC is prone to image retention over time due to shift in the threshold voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> -shift) of a-Si:H TFTs. This paper presents a new driving scheme that not only preserves the simplicity of the 2-TFT VPPC, but also demonstrates high uniformity. Experimental results indicate that the current drop in the new driving scheme is less than 11% after 15 days of operation whereas it is over 50% for the conventional driving scheme. Moreover, the new driving scheme is less sensitive to temperature variations due to an internal feedback mechanism. After a 70% change in the temperature, the current in the conventional driving scheme increases by as much as 300%. However, the current in the driving scheme presented here is approximately constant
고령문학의 형성과 전개 양상 ; 남고(南皐) 박응형(朴應衡)의 삶과 시(詩) (2009)

南皐 朴應衡(1605~1658)은 불행한 시기에 태어나 불행한 삶을 살았던 경북 고령 출신의 처사이다. 명분과 절의를 숭상하던 국가는 오랑캐에게 굴복하여 자존을 상실하고, 명예와 벼슬을 이어오던 가문은 역모에 휘말려 멸문의 아픔을 겪어야 했다. 國破家亡의 시절에 죽을 수 없었던 남고는 이 치욕과 온 몸으로 마주치며 살아야 했다. 그래서 그에게는 늘 우수와 고독이 따라다녔다. 그 우수와 고독은 悲憤이 되었고, 그 비분은 國破를 구실로 忠憤으로 나타났다. 그러나 그 충분의 이면에는 늘 家亡의 아픔이 도사리고 있었다. 그러므로 그는 늘 외로웠다. 그는 이 외로움을 산야를 헤매며 시와 술로 달랬다. 그래서 그의 시는 忠憤詩라고 하지만 행간에는 가눌 길 없는 고독이 묻어있다. 사람들은 그의 이 외로움을 덮어 두고 충분을 드러내려 했다. 그래서 문집의 앞머리를 충분시로 덮었다. 家亡의 시기에 가문을 지키려 한 그의 속내를 알았기 때문이다. 역적의 집안에 충신이 나와야 하기 때문이다. 그러나 남고의 충분시도 훌륭하지만 시적 형상화에 성공을 거둔 작품들도 충분시보다는 이 고독을 노래한 시편들에 더욱 많다. 남고의 고독은 허무로 이어지고, 허무는 다시 초탈로 나아가 격조 높은 閒適詩가 되었다. 그래서 필자는 남고의 시가 가고 있는 이 충분과 고독, 허무와 초탈의 길을 따라가며 남고의 시세계를 살펴보았다. 남고의 시들이 모두가 주옥은 아니더라도 주옥같은 작품이 많다. 후속 연구가 기대된다.
Automatic real-time localization of frowning and smiling faces under head rotation variations (2008)

Abstract:- A new method for real-time face localization from a streaming color video was developed. The method consisted of three stages. First, the face-like skin-colored image region was segmented from the background and transformed into the grey scale representation. Second, the cropped image was convolved with Sobel operator in order to extract local oriented edges at 16 orientations. The extracted local oriented edges were grouped together to form regions of interest which represent landmark candidates. Further, the candidates were matched against edge orientation model to verify the existence of the landmark in the image. Finally, the located landmarks were next spatially arranged into the face–like constellations. The best face-like constellation of the landmark candidates was defined by a new scoring function. The test results demonstrated that the proposed method located expressive faces with high rates in real time from facial images under controlled head rotation variations.