gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gold Nanocages: From Synthesis to Theranostic Applications (2011)

Gold nanostructures have garnered considerable attention in recent years for their potential to facilitate both the diagnosis and treatment of cancer through their advantageous chemical and physical properties. The key feature of Au nanostructures for enabling this diverse array of biomedical applications is their attractive optical properties, specifically the scattering and absorption of light at resonant wavelengths due to the excitation of plasmon oscillations. This phenomenon is commonly known as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and is the source of the ruby red color of conventional Au colloids. The resonant wavelength depends on the size, shape, and geometry of the nanostructures, providing a set of knobs to manipulate the optical properties as needed. For in vivo applications, especially when optical excitation or transduction is involved, the LSPR peaks of the Au nanostructures have to be tuned to the transparent window of soft tissues in the near-infrared (NIR) region (from 700 to 900 nm) to maximize the penetration depth. Gold nanocages represent one class of nanostructures with tunable LSPR peaks in the NIR region. These versatile nanostructures, characterized by hollow interiors and ultrathin, porous walls, can be prepared in relatively large quantities using a remarkably simple procedure based on the galvanic replacement between Ag nanocubes and aqueous chloroauric acid. The LSPR peaks of Au nanocages can be readily and precisely tuned to any wavelength in the NIR region by controlling their size, wall thickness, or both. Other significant features of Au nanocages that make them particularly intriguing materials for biomedical applications include their compact sizes, large absorption cross sections (almost five orders of magnitude greater than those of conventional organic dyes), and their bio-inertness, as well as a robust and straightforward procedure for surface modification based on Au-thiolate chemistry. In this Account, we present some of the most recent advances in the use of Au nanocages for a broad range of theranostic applications. First, we describe their use as tracers for tracking by multiphoton luminescence. Gold nanocages can also serve as contrast agents for photoacoustic (PA) and mutimodal (PA/fluorescence) imaging. In addition, these nanostructures can be used as photothermal agents for the selective destruction of cancerous or diseased tissue. Finally, Au nanocages can serve as drug delivery vehicles for controlled and localized release in response to external stimuli such as NIR radiation or high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).
Repair of a specific double-strand break generated within a mammalian chromosome by yeast endonuclease I-Scel (1994)

We established a mouse Ltk- cell line that contains within its genome a herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene (tk) that had been disrupted by the insertion of the recognition sequence for yeast endonuclease I-SceI. The artificially introduced 18 bp I-SceI recognition sequence was likely a unique sequence in the genome of the mouse cell line. To assess whether an induced double-strand break (DSB) in the genomic tk gene would be repaired preferentially by gene targeting or non-homologous recombination, we electroporated the mouse cell line with endonuclease I-SceI alone, one of two different gene targeting constructs alone, or with I-SceI in conjunction with each of the two targeting constructs. Each targeting construct was, in principle, capable of correcting the defective genomic tk sequence via homologous recombination. tk+ colonies were recovered following electroporation of cells with I-SceI in the presence or absence of a targeting construct. Through the detection of small deletions at the I-SceI recognition sequence in the mouse genome, we present evidence that a specific DSB can be introduced into the genome of a living mammalian cell by yeast endonuclease I-SceI. We further report that a DSB in the genome of a mouse Ltk- cell is repaired preferentially by non-homologous end-joining rather than by targeted homologous recombination with an exogenous donor sequence. The potential utility of this system is discussed.
Developmental regulation of sterol biosynthesis inZea mays (1995)

Sixty-one sterols and pentacyclic triterpenes have been isolated and characterized by chromatographic and spectral methods from Zea mays (corn). Several plant parts were examined; seed, pollen, cultured hypocotyl cells, roots, coleoptiles (sheaths), and blades. By studying reaction pathways and mechanisms on plants fed radiotracers ([2-(14)C]mevalonic acid, [2-(14)C]acetate, and [2-(3)H]acetate), and stable isotopes (D2O), we discovered that hydroxymethylgutaryl CoA reductase is not "the" rate-limiting enzyme of sitosterol production. Additionally, we observed an ontogenetic shift and kinetic isotope effect in sterol biosynthesis that was associated with the C-24 alkylation of the sterol side chain. Blades synthesized mainly 24 alpha-ethyl-sterols, sheaths synthesized mainly 24-methyl-sterols, pollen possessed an interrupted sterol pathway, accumulating 24(28)-methylene-sterols, and germinating seeds were found to lack an active de novo pathway. Shoots, normally synthesizing (Z)-24(28)-ethylidine-cholesterol, after incubation with deuterated water, synthesized the rearranged double-bond isomer, stigmasta-5,23-dien-3 beta-ol. Examination of the mass spectrum and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the deuterated 24-ethyl-sterol indicated the Bloch-Cornforth route originating with acetyl-CoA and passing through mevalonic acid to sterol was not operative at this stage of development. An alternate pathway giving rise to sterols is proposed.
The Role of Thiols and Disulfides on Protein Stability (2009)

There has been a tremendous increase in the number of approved drugs derived from recombinant proteins; however, their development as potential drugs has been hampered by their instability that causes difficulty to formulate them as therapeutic agents. It has been shown that the reactivity of thiol and disulfide functional groups could catalyze chemical (i.e., oxidation and beta-elimination reactions) and physical (i.e., aggregation and precipitation) degradations of proteins. Because most proteins contain a free Cys residue or/and a disulfide bond, this review is focused on their roles in the physical and chemical stability of proteins. The effect of introducing a disulfide bond to improve physical stability of proteins and the mechanisms of degradation of disulfide bond were discussed. The qualitative/quantitative methods to determine the presence of thiol in the Cys residue and various methods to derivatize thiol group for improving protein stability were also illustrated.
Nanoshell-Enabled Photothermal Cancer Therapy: Impending Clinical Impact (2008)

Much of the current excitement surrounding nanoscience is directly connected to the promise of new nanoscale applications in cancer diagnostics and therapy. Because of their strongly resonant light-absorbing and light-scattering properties that depend on shape, noble metal nanoparticles provide a new and powerful tool for innovative light-based approaches. Nanoshellsspherical, dielectric core, gold shell nanoparticleshave been central to the development of photothermal cancer therapy and diagnostics for the past several years. By manipulating nanoparticle shape, researchers can tune the optical resonance of nanoshells to any wavelength of interest. At wavelengths just beyond the visible spectrum in the near-infrared, blood and tissue are maximally transmissive. When nanoshell resonances are tuned to this region of the spectrum, they become useful contrast agents in the diagnostic imaging of tumors. When illuminated, they can serve as nanoscale heat sources, photothermally inducing cell death and tumor remission. As nanoshell-based diagnostics and therapeutics move from laboratory studies to clinical trials, this Account examines the highly promising achievements of this approach in the context of the challenges of this complex disease. More broadly, these materials present a concrete example of a highly promising application of nanochemistry to a biomedical problem. We describe the properties of nanoshells that are relevant to their preparation and use in cancer diagnostics and therapy. Specific surface chemistries are necessary for passive uptake of nanoshells into tumors and for targeting specific cell types by bioconjugate strategies. We also describe the photothermal temperature increases that can be achieved in surrogate structures known as tissue phantoms and the accuracy of models of this effect using heat transport analysis. Nanoshell-based photothermal therapy in several animal models of human tumors have produced highly promising results, and we include nanoparticle dosage information, thermal response, and tumor outcomes for these experiments. Using immunonanoshells, infrared diagnostic imaging contrast enhancement and photothermal therapy have been integrated into a single procedure. Finally, we examine a novel "Trojan horse" strategy for nanoparticle delivery that overcomes the challenge of accessing and treating the hypoxic regions of tumors, where blood flow is minimal or nonexistent. The ability to survive hypoxia selects aggressive cells which are likely to be the source of recurrence and metastasis. Treatment of these regions has been incredibly difficult. Ultimately, we look beyond the current research and assess the next challenges as nanoshell-based photothermal cancer therapy is implemented in clinical practice.
Feature selection for classification (1997)

Feature selection has been the focus of interest for quite some time and much work has been done. With the creation of huge databases and the consequent requirements for good machine learning techniques, new problems arise and novel approaches to feature selection are in demand. This survey is a comprehensive overview of many existing methods from the 1970's to the present. It identifies four steps of a typical feature selection method, and categorizes the different existing methods in terms of generation procedures and evaluation functions, and reveals hitherto unattempted combinations of generation procedures and evaluation functions. Representative methods are chosen from each category for detailed explanation and discussion via example. Benchmark datasets with different characteristics are used for comparative study. The strengths and weaknesses of different methods are explained. Guidelines for applying feature selection methods are given based on data types and domain characteristics. This survey identifies the future research areas in feature selection, introduces newcomers to this field, and paves the way for practitioners who search for suitable methods for solving domain-specific real-world applications.
The Effects of Texture and Strain on the R-Value of Heavy Gauge Tantalum Plate (1994)

Previous work by other researches suggest that the r-values measured from thick-gauge tantalum plate do not correspond to the predicted r-values calculated from ODF coefficients. To understand this behavior, bulk texture analysis using neutron diffraction techniques was conducted on annealed samples of Ta and Ta-2.5W plate: the pure tantalum exhibited a primary {l_brace}111{r_brace} type texture whereas the alloy contained a cube texture. For the pure tantalum, the r-values calculated from the texture of as-annealed and the deformed specimens were similar and correlated well with measured data. The r-value of the Ta-2.5W exhibited a greater degree of strain-sensitivity, such that the calculated r-values based on the initial texture did not represent those calculated or measured after tensile deformation. Strain sensitivity of r-values in Ta and Ta-2.5W plates is related to the generation of a fiber texture during deformation.
Separate analysis of complementary strands of restriction enzyme-digested DNA. An application of restriction fragment mass mapping by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (1998)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF-MS) of a restriction endonuclease digest determines the molecular mass of PCR-amplified DNA more easily than measurement of undigested DNA. With this method, a 664 bp region from the FAS gene could be analyzed and a two-nucleotide deletion in the L1CAM gene was detected in a restriction fragment of 105 nucleotides. Furthermore, the analysis of smaller fragments allowed separate detection of single-stranded oligonucleotides comprising individual digested fragments. This mixture analysis of restriction enzyme digests improves the resolution, sensitivity and accuracy of MALDI/TOF-MS of DNA and is thus expected to facilitate its application to genetic diagnosis.
Specificity of oligonucleotide synthesis directed by polyuridylic acid. (1968)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
A novel design and analysis of a 3-DOF parallel manipulator for micro/nano manipulation (2008)

This paper presents a novel macro/micro 3-DOF parallel platform for micro/nano positioning applications. The kinematics model of the dual parallel mechanism system is established via the stiffness model of individual wide-range flexure hinge and vector-loop equation. The inverse kinematics is analyzed and simulated on a parallel mechanism with real parameters. Whereafter, the reachable and usable workspace of the macro motion and micro motion of the mechanism are plotted. Finally, the influence of load acted on the moving platform is discussed. The investigations of this paper will provide suggestions to improve the structure and control algorithm optimization for the dual parallel mechanism in order to achieve the feature of both larger workspace and higher motion precision.
An Overview on the Clinical Development of Tau-Based Therapeutics (2018)

Tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration, or progressive supranuclear palsy constitute a group of brain disorders defined by neurodegeneration and the presence of tau aggregates in the affected brains regions. Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that accumulates in the cytosol under pathological conditions, steering the formation of aggregates or inclusions thought to be involved in the degeneration and neuronal death associated with these diseases. Despite a substantial and unmet medical need for novel, more effective disease-modifying therapies for the treatment of AD and tauopathies, the last couple of decades have seen numerous drug development undertakings primarily focused on β-amyloid, with disappointing results to date. On the other hand, tau-focused approaches have not received much attention until recently, notwithstanding that the presence of extensive tau pathology is fundamental for the disease and tau pathology shows a better correlation with impaired cognitive function than with amyloid pathology in AD patients. The last few years have brought us advances in our comprehension of tau biological functions beyond its well-established role as a microtubule-associated protein, unveiling novel physiological tau functions that may also be involved in pathogenesis and thus provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention. This review describes several emerging, encouraging therapeutic approaches aimed at tackling the underlying causes of tau pathology in AD and other tauopathies that have recently reached the clinical development stage.
Automated people counting at a mass site (2008)

Reliable estimation of people in public areas is an important problem in visual surveillance. Although there is a lot of research on people counting in recent years, most of them consider a small crowd of people without many serious occlusions. Some of them have a lot of particular requirements, like people are moving, the background is smooth or the image resolution is high. This paper aims to estimate the number of people in a complicated scenario, which has around one hundred persons in an outdoors event. Several people counting methods based on crowd density are considered to find the relationship between the foreground pixels and the number of people in the large crowd. The best estimation result is from the method that considers two types of foreground pixels: those that come from relatively stationary crowd, and those that come from moving people. In an evaluation of three developed methods over 51 cases, the best average error is around 10%. All the proposed methods do not have any special requirements on the resolution of the input video.
Quantitative assessment of antioxidant properties of natural colorants and phytochemicals: carotenoids, flavonoids, phenols and indigoids. The role of β‐carotene in antioxidant functions (2001)

Abstract Reactive oxygen species are potentially damaging molecules. An important function of antioxidants is to intercept harmful triplet states, in order to prevent the formation of singlet oxygen, or to quench singlet oxygen directly. However, antioxidants are also reactive towards other active oxygen species such as the hydroxyl radical, the superoxide anion and the non‐excited oxygen ground state in the presence of radical initiators. It is well known that flavonoids and carotenoids show strong antioxidant properties. Polyenes and carotenoids are the best known among the compounds that quench singlet oxygen by efficient energy transfer. A large number of modified, synthetic analogues and derivatives have been synthesised to prepare even better quenchers than the natural carotenoids. Phenols are also excellent chain‐breaking antioxidants. Recently, many indigoid dyes (including bacterial indigoids) were studied, with the remarkable result that most, but not all, members of this class of chromophores quench singlet oxygen at the diffusion limit and some of them are excellent radical traps. It has been shown in this study that a quantitative assessment of antioxidant properties of flavonoids, carotenoids, phenols and natural indigoids can be achieved using the following three assays: (1) oxygen pressure dependence; (2) peroxide formation; (3) singlet oxygen quenching. Reactivities towards both excited states and ground state radicals can be properly described by these assays. The remarkable role of β‐carotene as an ‘unusual antioxidant’ (Burton GW and Ingold KU, Science 224 : 569–573 (1984)) in reactions using various oxygen pressures becomes clearer. The so‐called ‘pro‐oxidant effects’ concern primarily the antioxidant itself and its degradation, since no or very little damage to the substrate occurs in this type of experiment. Three main categories of antioxidants may be classified: (1) excellent antioxidants that perfectly quench excited states as well as ground state radicals (eg actinioerythrol, astaxanthin); (2) good antioxidants that strongly inhibit peroxide formation but are less efficient in quenching excited states (eg flavonols, tocopherols) or lead to considerable degradation of the antioxidant itself (eg β‐carotene, lycopene); (3) moderate antioxidants that fail to excel in both reactivities (eg ζ‐carotene, flavone). © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
RAxML-III: a fast program for maximum likelihood-based inference of large phylogenetic trees (2004)

stamatak@cs.tum.edu.
The role of immunotherapy in acute myelogenous leukemia. (1983)

The use of immunotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is controversial. Twenty-four trials have been reported in which 1,491 patients with AML received various forms of immunotherapy, including BCG, methanol extract residue (MER) of BCG, or Corynebacterium parvum. Some patients were immunized with allogeneic or autologous leukemia blast cells. In only four of the 24 trials was a significant prolongation of remission reported. Pooled data from all 24 studies were analyzed further. No statistically significant difference in duration of remission between patients who received maintenance chemotherapy alone and those who received maintenance chemotherapy plus immunotherapy was found. A significant survival advantage for those patients who received BCG and chemotherapy for maintenance therapy was detected. A beneficial biologic effect for the patients treated with BCG is suggested but this was not a disease-free survival advantage, and had no impact on cure of patients with AML. Immunotherapy, as currently conceived, seems to have no substantial benefit for patients with AML receiving optimal chemotherapy.
Report of the committee on chromosome changes in neoplasia (1990)

Review Articles| June 16 2010 Report of the committee on chromosome changes in neoplasia Subject Area: Genetics F. Mitelman; F. Mitelman Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Y. Kaneko; Y. Kaneko Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar J.M. Trent; J.M. Trent Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar S. Mercer S. Mercer Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics (1990) 55 (1-4): 358–386. https://doi.org/10.1159/000133022 Article history Published Online: June 16 2010 Content Tools Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation F. Mitelman, Y. Kaneko, J.M. Trent, S. Mercer; Report of the committee on chromosome changes in neoplasia. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 31 December 1990; 55 (1-4): 358–386. https://doi.org/10.1159/000133022 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsCytogenetic and Genome Research Search Advanced Search This content is only available via PDF. 1990Copyright / Drug Dosage / DisclaimerCopyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.