gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RF sensing of grain and seed moisture content (2001)

A brief review is presented on the electrical properties of cereal grains and their use in sensing moisture content of grain and seed. The basic principles are described for using radio-frequency (RF) (including high frequencies and microwaves) dielectric properties, or permittivity, of grain for sensing moisture through their correlation with moisture content. The development of density-independent functions of the permittivity is explained. The findings of recent research are summarized, which indicate that reliable density-independent moisture content determinations can be realized by on-line RF measurements. Development of these techniques will provide useful instruments for on-line monitoring of moisture content in flowing grain and other particulate materials to manage moisture content, prevent spoilage in storage and transport, improve processing, and provide information important for yield determinations in precision agriculture applications.
Simple, quantitative primer-extension PCR assay for direct monitoring of microRNAs and short-interfering RNAs (2005)

There has been a surge of interest in the biology of microRNAs and the technology of RNA interference. We describe a simple, robust, inexpensive assay for quantitative analysis of microRNAs and short-interfering RNAs. The method relies on primer extension conversion of RNA to cDNA by reverse transcription followed by quantitative, real-time PCR. Technical parameters critical to the success of the assay are presented. Measurements of microRNA levels are sensitive, with most assays allowing measurements in the femtomolar range, which corresponds to tens of copies per cell or less. The assay has a high dynamic range and provides linear readout over differences in microRNA concentrations that span 6-7 orders of magnitude. The assay is capable of discriminating between related microRNA family members that differ by subtle sequence differences. We used the method for quantitative analysis of six microRNAs across 12 tissue samples. The data confirm striking variation in the patterns of expression of these noncoding regulatory RNAs.
Dynamic Analyses of the Expression of the HISTONE::YFP Fusion Protein in Arabidopsis Show That Syncytial Endosperm Is Divided in Mitotic Domains (2001)

During early seed development, nuclear divisions in the endosperm are not followed by cell division, leading to the development of a syncytium. The simple organization of the Arabidopsis endosperm provides a model in which to study the regulation of the cell cycle in relation to development. To monitor nuclear divisions, we constructed a HISTONE 2B::YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN gene fusion (H2B::YFP). To validate its use as a vital marker for chromatin in plants, H2B::YFP was expressed constitutively in Arabidopsis. This enabled the observation of mitoses in living root meristems. H2B::YFP was expressed specifically in Arabidopsis syncytial endosperm by using GAL4 transactivation. Monitoring mitotic activity in living syncytial endosperm showed that the syncytium was organized into three domains in which nuclei divide simultaneously with a specific time course. Each mitotic domain has a distinct spatiotemporal pattern of mitotic CYCLIN B1;1 accumulation. The polar spatial organization of the three mitotic domains suggests interactions between developmental mechanisms and the regulation of the cell cycle.
A high-power multitransistor-inverter uninterruptable power supply system (1988)

The active and reactive load distribution between n paralleled single-phase uninterruptible power supply (UPS) inverters is equalized by virtue of n-1 load-sharing control loops. The approach permits the construction of UPS systems of any desired power rating at maximum utilization of the power components. The method of harmonic cancellation decreases the switching frequency of the power devices while maintaining good dynamic performance. The design details of a 45 kVA UPS inverter system with 150% steady-state overload capability are presented. The performance under various operating conditions is illustrated by oscillograms.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Template-Directed Oligomerization Catalyzed by a Polynucleotide Analog (1989)

A pyrophosphate-linked analog of polycytidylic acid has been synthesized and shown to catalyze the oligomerization of the complementary monomer 2'-deoxyguanosine 3',5'-bisphosphoimidazolide. Analogs of polynucleotides are of interest in studies of the origins of life as possible precursors of the first RNA molecules. These results demonstrate that such molecules are capable of serving as templates for further synthesis.
Role of 4-1BB ligand in costimulation of T lymphocyte growth and its upregulation on M12 B lymphomas by cAMP. (1995)

K46J B lymphomas express a T cell costimulatory activity that is not inhibited by CTLA-4Ig, anti-B7-1, anti-B7-2, anti-intercellular adhesion molecule 1 or antibodies to heat stable antigen. In this paper we report that this costimulatory activity is mediated at least in part by 4-1BB ligand, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene family that binds to 4-1BB, a T cell activation antigen with homology to the TNF/nerve growth factor receptor family. A fusion protein between 4-1BB and alkaline phosphatase (4-1BB-AP) blocks T cell activation by K46J lymphomas in both an antigen-specific system and with polyclonally (anti-CD3) activated T cells. 4-1BB-AP also blocks antigen presentation by normal spleen cells. When the antigen-presenting cells express B7 molecules as well as 4-1BB ligand, we find that B7 molecules and 4-1BB-AP both contribute to T cell activation. These data suggest that 4-1BB ligand plays an important role in costimulation of IL-2 production and proliferation by T cells. The B lymphoma M12 expresses low levels of 4-1BB-L but can be induced to express higher levels by treatment of the B cells with cAMP, which also induces B7-1 and B7-2 in these cells. Thus cAMP appears to coordinately induce several costimulatory molecules on B cells.
The Power of Functional Resins in Organic Synthesis (2008)

While many books cover solid phase synthesis and combinatorial synthesis, this one is unique in its exclusive coverage of the other aspects of solid-phase synthesis. As such, it contains everything you need to know -- from supported reagents, to scavengers, resins, and the synthesis of biomolecules and natural products. An invaluable companion for all chemists and biochemists working in university research and industry.
Reconfigurable optoelectronic wavelength translation based on an integrated electroabsorption modulated laser array (1998)

Reconfigurable optoelectronic wavelength conversion to 11 100-GHz spaced wavelengths is achieved using a wavelength selectable laser array with an integrated electroabsorption (EA) modulator at a bit rate of 2.5 Gb/s. Wide dynamic range at the input from -24.2 to -6.5 dBm is achieved and uniform back-to-back transmission performance is measured for all wavelengths.
Induction of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor by Hypoxia Is Modulated by a Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling Pathway in Ha-ras-Transformed Cells Through a Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 Transcriptional Element (1997)

Tumor angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels, is a highly regulated process that is controlled genetically by alterations in oncogene and tumor suppressor gene expression and physiologically by the tumor microenvironment. Previous studies indicate that the angiogenic switch in Ras-transformed cells may be physiologically promoted by the tumor microenvironment through the induction of the angiogenic mitogen, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this report, we show Ras-transformed cells do not use the downstream effectors c-Raf-1 or mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) in signaling VEGF induction by hypoxia as overexpression of kinase-defective alleles of these genes does not inhibit VEGF induction under low oxygen conditions. In contrast to the c-Raf-1/MAP kinase pathway, hypoxia increases phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) activity in a Ras-dependent manner, and inhibition of PI 3-kinase activity genetically and pharmacologically results in inhibition of VEGF induction. We propose that hypoxia modulates VEGF induction in Ras-transformed cells through the activation of a stress inducible PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway and the hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) transcriptional response element.
Calculation of the Loudness of Complex Noise (1956)

Charts and formulas are presented for the calculation of the loudness of noises having approximately continuous spectra. By means of direct loudness matches it is shown that the loudnesses in octave bands can be combined according to the formula St = Sm+0.3(ΣS − Sm), where St is the loudness (in sones) of the total noise, Sm is the loudness of the loudest band, and ΣS is the sum of the loudnesses of all the bands. The loudnesses of the octave bands can be determined from measurements of their sound pressure levels by means of a chart based upon a new determination of the equal loudness contours for bands of noise. Other charts and formulas are presented for half- and third-octave band widths. Measurements were also made of the dependence of loudness on such factors as (a) separation between noncontiguous bands, (b) width of very narrow bands, and (c) rate and level of square wave modulation.
Alzheimer's disease: the pros and cons of pharmaceutical, nutritional, botanical, and stimulatory therapies, with a discussion of treatment strategies from the perspective of patients and practitioners. (2010)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by dysfunctional intracellular and extracellular biochemical processes that result in neuron death. This article summarizes hypotheses regarding cell dysfunction in AD and discusses the effectiveness of, and problems with, different therapies. Pharmaceutical therapies discussed include cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, antihypertensive drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, secretase inhibitors, insulin resistance drugs, etanercept, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and immunization. Nutritional and botanical therapies included are huperzine A, polyphenols, Ginkgo, Panax ginseng, Withania somnifera, phosphatidylserine, alpha-lipoic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, acetyl L-carnitine, coenzyme Q10, various vitamins and minerals, and melatonin. Stimulatory therapies discussed are physical exercise, cognitive training, music, and socialization. Finally, treatment strategies are discussed in light of the benefits and drawbacks of different therapeutic approaches. It is concluded that potential risks of both approved and non-approved therapies should be weighed against the potential benefits and certain consequences of disease progression. Approaches that target several dysfunctions simultaneously and that emphasize nutritional, botanical, and stimulatory therapies may offer the most benefit at this time.
Chemical Vapor Deposition on Chabazite (CHA) Zeolite Membranes for Effective Post-Combustion CO2 Capture (2014)

Chabazite (CHA) zeolites with a pore size of 0.37 × 0.42 nm2 are expected to separate CO2 (0.33 nm) from larger N2 (0.364 nm) in postcombustion flue gases by recognizing their minute size differences. Furthermore, the hydrophobic siliceous constituent in CHA membranes can allow for maintaining the CO2/N2 separation performance in the presence of H2O in contrast with the CO2 affinity-based membranes. In an attempt to increase the molecular sieving ability, the pore mouth size of all silica CHA (Si-CHA) particles was reduced via the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of a silica precursor (tetraethyl orthosilicate). Accordingly, an increase of the CVD treatment duration decreased the penetration rate of CO2 into the CVD-treated Si-CHA particles. Furthermore, the CVD process was applied to siliceous CHA membranes in order to improve their CO2/N2 separation performance. Compared to the intact CHA membranes, the CO2/N2 maximum separation factor (max SF) for CVD-treated CHA membranes was increased by ∼2 fold under dry conditions. More desirably, the CO2/N2 max SF was increased by ∼3 fold under wet conditions at ∼50 °C, a representative temperature of the flue gas stream. In fact, the presence of H2O in the feed disfavored the permeation of N2 more than that of CO2 through CVD-modified CHA membranes and thus, contributed to the increased CO2/N2 separation factor.
A Preliminary Study of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation by Circumferential Compression of the Chest with Use of a Pneumatic Vest (1993)

In this preliminary study, vest CPR, despite its late application, successfully increased aortic pressure and coronary perfusion pressure, and there was an insignificant trend toward a greater likelihood of the return of spontaneous circulation with vest CPR than with continued manual CPR. The effect of vest CPR on survival, however, is currently unknown and will require further study.
Species distribution models in climate change scenarios are still not useful for informing policy planning: an uncertainty assessment using fuzzy logic (2010)

We compared the effect of general circulation models and greenhouse gas emission scenarios on the uncertainty associated with models predicting changes in areas favourable to animal species. Given that mountain species are particularly at risk due to climate warming, we selected one amphibian (Baetic midwife toad), one reptile (Lataste's viper), one bird (Bonelli's eagle), and one mammal (Iberian wild goat) present in Spanish mountains to model their distributional response to climate change during this century. Climate forecasts for the whole century were provided by the Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET; National Meteorological Agency) of Spain, which adapted the general circulation models CGCM2 and ECHAM4 and produced expected temperature and precipitation values for Spain according to the A2 and B2 emission scenarios. We constructed separate models of the species response to spatial, topographic, human, and climate variables using current values of the corresponding variables. We predicted future areas favourable to the species by replacing the current climate values with those expected according to each climate change scenario, while keeping spatial, topographic and human variables constant. Fuzzy logic was used to compute the coincidence between predictions for different emission scenarios in the same global circulation model, and the consistency between predictions for the same emission scenario applying different general circulation models. In general, coincidences were higher than consistencies and, thus, discrepancies between predictions were more attributable to uncertainty in global circulation models, i.e. our insufficient knowledge concerning the effect of the oceans and atmosphere on climate, than to the putative effect of different emission scenarios on future climates. Our conclusion is that species distribution models in climate warming scenarios are still not useful for informing emission policy planning, although they have great potential as tools once consistencies become higher than coincidences.
DNA binding specificity of proteins derived from alternatively spliced mouse p53 mRNAs (1997)

The mouse p53 gene generates two alternative splice products encoding p53 protein and a naturally occurring protein (p53as) with changes at the C-terminus. In p53as the negative regulatory region for DNA binding and PAb421 antibody binding site are replaced, and p53as is constitutively active for sequence-specific DNA binding. Using the technique of randomized synthetic oligonucleotide in cyclic amplification and selection of targets, we have found that p53as and p53 proteins have the same DNA binding specificities but that these specificities frequently diverge from the consensus of two copies of PuPuPuCATGPyPyPy. The importance of tetranucleotide CATG was confirmed but there was a less rigorous requirement for patterns of flanking or intervening sequences. In particular, the three purines upstream and three pyrimidines downstream of CATG are not required for p53 or p53as binding, 29 or more intervening nucleotides are tolerated, and one CATG is sufficient where adjacent nucleotides contain a region of homology with certain previously reported non-consensus p53 binding sequences. These results suggested further definition of the non-consensus motifs, and database searches with these uncovered additional candidate genes for p53 protein binding. We conclude that p53as and perhaps other activated forms of p53 exert their effects on the same genes and that differential activities of p53 protein forms are not due to inherently different sequence selectivities of DNA binding.
Magnolol attenuates sepsis-induced gastrointestinal dysmotility in rats by modulating inflammatory mediators (2008)

Magnolol prevents sepsis-induced suppression of intestinal motility in rats. The potential mechanism of this benefit of magnolol appears to be modulation of self-amplified inflammatory events and block of oxidative stress in the intestine.
A cost effective high speed railway for Australia (2002)

Rail currently has a small share of the interstate freight and passenger markets particularly for movements along the East Coast of Australia. Rail needs to match the performance of the competition to increase market share and a significant reduction in transit times is a fundamental requirement. The poor performance is a direct result of the inadequate alignment of the existing tracks. Various proposals for new rail infrastructure have been based on needs of either the freight or the passenger market. An approach that deals with both sections of the market has been lacking. This paper outlines a concept that could form the basis for renewal of the rail infrastructure to suit freight and passenger trains without compromising the performance of either. In addition to the greater potential revenue from the total transport market, the concept would be less expensive to construct and would be much more cost effective than separate systems for the two types of transport. The paper contains some key performance data for the trains and details of the track standards that allow the two types of train to use the same tracks.
Total Synthesis of Dehydrodidemnin B. Use of Uronium and Phosphonium Salt Coupling Reagents in Peptide Synthesis in Solution (1997)

New total syntheses of didemnin A and of dehydrodidemnin B are described. The latter didemnin has the highest antiproliferative activity of all members of this family of macrocyclic depsipeptides. It was produced on coupling the side chain Pyr-Pro-OH to didemnin A, which was itself synthesized by two novel routes. One of these was based on the elaboration of a linear heptadepsipeptide incorporating the first amino acid of the didemnin side chain, (R)-N(Me)-Leu. Deprotection of the amino and carboxyl terminii of this linear precursor followed by macrocyclization gave a protected derivative of didemnin A. The second route involved synthesis of the Boc-protected didemnin macrocycle from a linear hexadepsipeptide lacking (R)-N(Me)-Leu. Removal of the Boc group from the macrocycle followed by its coupling with Boc-(R)-N(Me)-Leu-OH then gave Boc-didemnin A. The overall yield was much higher for the second strategy (27% compared to 4% for the first synthesis), but both allowed synthetic didemnin A, identical with a natural sample, to be prepared. Extensive use was made of phosphonium and uronium salt-based coupling reagents, such as BOP, PyBrOP, PyAOP, HBTU, and HATU for the formation of both the secondary and tertiary amide bonds present in these complex depsipeptides.
Metal-assisted chemical etching for very high aspect ratio grooves inn-type silicon wafers (2014)

Metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) is an inexpensive, simple method for etching silicon structures, including the etching of high aspect ratio grooves. We improve on the best reported results in this area by etching grooves with aspect ratios of 65 (vertical depths 650 μm) in n-type silicon. The grooves maintain an excellent degree of verticality and show minimal width variation. We elucidate some limiting factors and demonstrate the effect of silicon surface roughness on the groove etching.
Attenuation correction in PET using consistency conditions and a three-dimensional template (2001)

Attenuation correction is required in positron emission tomography for accurate quantitation and to reduce artifacts. In previous work, the authors have shown that consistency information can be used to perform attenuation correction in the absence of any transmission measurements. In the previous work, a separate object was used for each slice and was transformed in two dimensions. Here, the authors introduce an extension that performs three-dimensional transformations on a single object over many slices. The aim is to produce a useful attenuation correction in situations where either it is impractical to acquire transmission data or there is significant misregistration between the transmission and emission data. Results are presented for simulated test cases with uniform and nonuniform attenuation and experimental cardiac phantom data. The algorithm as it stands is too unstable to allow for accurate attenuation correction without any transmission measurements. However, it may be useful for correcting misregistration, and may possibly be extended to perform coregistration.
Developmental and Hormonal Regulation of Transforming Growth Factor- 1 (TGF 1), -2, and -3 Gene Expression in Isolated Prostatic Epithelial and Stromal Cells: Epidermal Growth Factor and TGF Interactions (1998)

Growth factors are postulated to mediate stromal-epithelial interactions in the prostate to maintain normal tissue physiology. Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) has been shown to influence the prostate and probably mediate stromal-epithelial interactions. TGFβ1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression is stimulated after castration and can be suppressed by in vivo treatment with androgens. The hypothesis tested is that TGFβ is regulated not only by androgen, but also by a network of locally produced growth factors that influence prostatic growth and differentiation. Epithelial and stromal cells from 20-day-old rat ventral prostate were isolated and used to test this hypothesis. The expression of mRNA for TGFβ1, -2, and -3 was analyzed by a quantitative RT-PCR procedure. Observations from this assay demonstrate that both epithelial and stromal cells express the mRNA for TGFβ1, -2, and -3. TGFβ1 mRNA expression was constant during development of the prostate. TGFβ2 mRNA expression was elevated at birth, then declined and elevated again at 100 days of age. TGFβ3 mRNA expression was high during puberty and young adult ages then declined at 100 days of age. TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 expression are inversely related during prostate development. After castration of 60-day-old rats, both TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 mRNA were enhanced. Interestingly, TGFβ3 mRNA was significantly suppressed after castration. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulated TGFβ1 mRNA expression in stromal cells (6-fold increase), whereas keratinocyte growth factor stimulated TGFβ2 mRNA in epithelial cells. TGFβ inhibited both testosterone- and EGF-stimulated prostatic stromal and epithelial cell growth. EGF and TGFβ also inhibited prostatic ductal morphogenesis and growth in organ culture. Immunocytochemical localization of TGFβ in 20-day-old prostate demonstrated predominately stromal localization of the protein.
Randomized placebo‐controlled trial comparing fluticasone aqueous nasal spray in mono‐therapy, fluticasone plus cetirizine, fluticasone plus montelukast and cetirizine plus montelukast for seasonal allergic rhinitis (2004)

The results of this comparative study demonstrate that FPANS is highly effective for treating patients affected by allergic rhinitis, with efficacy exceeding that of CTZ plus MSK in combined therapy. In addition, the regular combined therapy of FPANS plus CTZ or plus MSK would not seem to offer substantial advantage with respect to FPANS in mono-therapy in patients affected by seasonal allergic rhinitis.