gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-level overexpression of the Arabidopsis HsfA2 gene confers not only increased themotolerance but also salt/osmotic stress tolerance and enhanced callus growth (2007)

Heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) are the central regulators of the heat shock (HS) stress response in all eukaryotic organisms. HsfA2 is one of the Arabidopsis class A Hsfs, and the induction of HsfA2 expression in response to HS stress is highest among all 21 Arabidopsis Hsfs. In this study, it is reported that basal and acquired thermotolerance was significantly enhanced in high-level HsfA2-overexpressed transgenic lines (El2Omega::HsfA2) in comparison with wild-type plants. By contrast, the dominant negative mutants of HsfA2 (El2Omega::HsfA2DeltaC264) plants displayed reduced thermotolerance. These results indicate that the HsfA2 gene plays a role in the HS stress response. Microarray analysis of the El2Omega::HsfA2 plants identified putative target genes, which included HS stress-inducible genes and other stress-responsive genes. Salt and osmotic stress induced HsfA2 gene expression. In fact, the El2Omega::HsfA2 plants showed enhanced tolerance to these stresses, suggesting that HsfA2 was involved in multiple stress tolerance. El2Omega::HsfA2 plants showed accelerated callus growth from root explants compared with the wild type, unlike the El2Omega::HsfA2DeltaC264 plants whose growth was delayed. These observations suggest that HsfA2 plays, in addition to its role in stress tolerance, an important role in cell proliferation.
Genotype and Environment Influence on Protein Components of Soybean (2003)

The quality of some soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] food products has been associated with the content of some components of the protein fraction of the seed. The objective of this study was to determine the role of genotype, environment, and genotype × environment interactions on the components of β‐conglycinin (βc) and glycinin (G). The traits were measured on 14 cultivars of Maturity Group II grown in three replications at each of eight locations throughout Iowa in 1998, 1999, and 2000. Cultivars were significantly different for all traits, except the A 3 subunit of G. No significant interactions were found for cultivars with years or locations for βc, G, or the G/βc ratio, which indicated that the relative performance of cultivars across environments was consistent. No significant differences were expressed among years or locations for βc, G, and the G/βc ratio; however, there were significant differences for the three traits among the 24 environments. There was a significant phenotypic correlation of −0.92 between the βc and G contents of the 14 cultivars averaged across environments, but no significant correlations of βc, G, or the G/βc ratio with protein and oil content. It should be possible to breed for desired levels of the protein components in a cultivar development program and to select among cultivars for the traits in commercial grain production.
Monoclonal antibody rat 401 recognizes schwann cells in mature and developing peripheral nerve (1990)

Monoclonal antibody Rat 401 recognizes subsets of cells in the developing central and peripheral nervous systems. Previous studies have shown that in the central nervous system (CNS) Rat 401 immunoreactivity diminishes sharply with cellular differentiation. Here we have examined the time course, cellular localization, and biochemical nature of the Rat 401 antigen in the rat peripheral nerve. In contrast to the CNS, in the periphery Rat 401 immunoreactivity is maintained into adulthood. Rat 401 staining is restricted to Schwann cells in mature peripheral nerve. Myelin-related Schwann cells are intensely immunoreactive, whereas nonmyelin-related Schwann cells are weakly immunoreactive. Unlike many Schwann cell markers, Rat 401 staining is maintained in cultured Schwann cells that lack axon contact. Biochemical analyses show that the antigen recognized by Rat 401 in the peripheral nerve is identical to that in embryonic CNS. The results demonstrate that the capacity for maintained Rat 401 immunoreactivity is restricted to Schwann cells as these cells are stained in adult animals as well as in embryos. In contrast, the same antigens are lost from the CNS at an early stage of development.
Reduction of Antibody Response to an 11-Valent Pneumococcal Vaccine Coadministered with a Vaccine Containing Acellular Pertussis Components (2004)

In pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), polysaccharide antigens are often conjugated to protein carriers related to other common vaccines. It is therefore important to test PCV interaction with other pediatric vaccines when administered simultaneously. We assessed the immune response to an 11-valent PCV conjugated to diphtheria and tetanus carriers (PncD/T11), administered concomitantly, but in separate sites, with a combined vaccine containing epitopes related antigenically to the carriers: polyribosylribitol phosphate-tetanus tox oid (PRP-T), diphtheria toxoid (DT), and tetanus toxoid (TT). In addition, these combinations contained inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and either whole-cell pertussis (wP) or acellular pertussis (aP) components. After coadministration of PncD/T11 with the combined vaccine containing wP (DTwP/IPV/PRP-T), the responses to all polysaccharides in the PncD/T11 were satisfactory. In contrast, when coadministered with an aP-containing combination (DTaP/IPV/PRP-T), the response to all seven pneumococcal conjugates to TT was significantly reduced after primary and booster immunization. The pneumococcal conjugates to DT were not significantly reduced after the primary series, but were somewhat reduced after booster. It is likely that some suppression of the tetanus-mediated response occurred even when the PncD/T11 was coadministered with wP, but this suppression was masked by the adjuvant effect of wP. By replacing wP with aP, this adjuvant effect was removed, unmasking the suppression of the tetanus-mediated response. With the increasing use of multiple aP-containing vaccines in infancy, novel approaches to adjuvants and carrier protein technology are likely to be required.
HIPAA on Privacy: Its Unintended and Intended Consequences (2002)

The single most conspicuous growth industry in Washington D.C. is regulation and the administrative structure it spawns. The number of programs in Washington that start big is relatively small. The dominant strategy in all cases is to identify some failure in the private sector and then to propose some well-tailored government program to combat it. At the stage of inception, everyone is sensitive to the risks of overreaching through regulation. But the mood shifts on implementation of the program. The key question is what attitude is brought to the two kinds of error that must be confronted by any system of social control: too much or too little. Within this new context, the risks of under inclusion are always high on the agenda. The risks of over inclusion tend to be neglected. To give but one example, the 1964 Civil Rights Act was sold as a statute that was intended to remove a particular form of irrationality in the market place by refusing to allow employers to make invidious distinctions on grounds of race, sex, and national origin. At the time everyone disclaimed any effort to impose prohibitions when employers did not resort to conscious differences in treatment. No one thought that employers could be held responsible for the background conditions in society at large that contributed to differential levels of preparation of, for example, black and white
Improving cell affinity of poly(D,L‐lactide) film modified by anhydrous ammonia plasma treatment (2002)

Abstract Anhydrous ammonia gaseous plasma treatment was used for improving cell affinity of the poly( D , L ‐lactide) film surface. The contact angle was measured and the surface energy was calculated through harmonic mean equations. The surface chemical composition of the sample was identified by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. It was demonstrated that the O‐containing and N‐containing groups such as hydroxyl and amine were incorporated onto the surface of films. The effect of preserving methods for maintaining the hydrophilicity was also investigated. The result indicated that preserving at low temperature (0–4 °C) was sufficient to maintain the improvements. It could resolve the problem of hydrophilicity being partially lost with preserving time after plasma treatment. Mouse 3T3 fibroblast cells were used as model cells to compare the cell affinity of the modified films and control. The ammonia plasma treatment could promote the cells attachment and cells growth. After 4 days culture, the plasma treated films yielded almost two magnitude cells compared with the control. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence and Determinants of Troponin T Elevation in the General Population (2006)

In the general population, cTnT elevation is rare in subjects without CHF, LVH, CKD, or DM, suggesting that the upper limit of normal for the immunoassay should be <0.01 microg/L. Even minimally increased cTnT may represent subclinical cardiac injury and have important clinical implications, a hypothesis that should be tested in longitudinal outcome studies.
Sub-typing depression, III. Development of a clinical algorithm for melancholia and comparison with other diagnostic measures (1995)

We describe the development of a clinical algorithm to differentiate melancholic from non-melancholic depression, using refined sets of 'endogeneity' symptoms together with clinician-rated CORE scores assessing psychomotor disturbance. Assignment by the empirically developed algorithm is contrasted with assignment by DSM-III-R and with several other melancholia sub-typing indices. Both the numbers of 'melancholics' assigned by the several systems and their capacity to distinguish 'melancholics' on clinical, demographic and a biological index test (the DST) varied across the systems with the algorithm being as 'successful' as several systems that include inter-episode and treatment response variables. Analyses provide information on the criteria set developed for DSM-IV definition of 'melancholia'.
KAP-1, a novel corepressor for the highly conserved KRAB repression domain. (1996)

The KRAB repression domain is one of the most widely distributed transcriptional effector domains yet identified, but its mechanism of repression is unknown. We have cloned a corepressor, KAP-1, which associates with the KRAB domain but not with KRAB mutants that have lost repression activity. KAP-1 can enhance KRAB-mediated repression and is a repressor when directly tethered to DNA. KAP-1 contains a RING finger, B boxes, and a PHD finger; the RING-B1-B2 structure is required for KRAB binding and corepression. We propose that KAP-1 may be a universal corepressor for the large family of KRAB domain-containing transcription factors.
Interactive Isosurface Ray Tracing of Large Octree Volumes (2006)

We present a technique for ray tracing isosurfaces of large compressed structured volumes. Data is first converted into a lossless-compression octree representation that occupies a fraction of the original memory footprint. An isosurface is then dynamically rendered by tracing rays through a min/max hierarchy inside interior octree nodes. By embedding the acceleration tree and scalar data in a single structure and employing optimized octree hash schemes, we achieve competitive frame rates on common multicore architectures, and render large time-variant data that could not otherwise be accommodated
Addressing polyspecificity of antibodies selected from an in vitro yeast presentation system: a FACS-based, high-throughput selection and analytical tool (2013)

Low expression, poor solubility, and polyspecificity are significant obstacles that have impeded the development of antibodies discovered from in vitro display libraries. Current biophysical characterization tools that identify these 'developability' problems are typically only applied after the discovery process, and thus limited to perhaps a few hundred candidates. We report a flow cytometric assay using a polyspecificity reagent (PSR) that allows for the identification and counter selection of polyspecific antibodies both during and after the selection process. The reported assay correlates well with cross-interaction chromatography, a surrogate for antibody solubility, as well as a baculovirus particle enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a surrogate for in vivo clearance. However, unlike these assays, PSR labeling is compatible both with screening of individual antibodies as well as selections of large antibody libraries. To this end, we demonstrate the ability to counter-select against polyspecificity while enriching for antigen affinity from a diverse antibody library, which enables simultaneous evolution of both antigen binding and superior non-target-related properties during the discovery process.
Tumor necrosis factor-α decreases sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase expressions via the promoter methylation in cardiomyocytes* (2009)

TNF-alpha increased DNA methyltransferase levels, thus enhancing the methylation in the SERCA2a promoter region with a result of reducing SERCA2a. These findings suggest that inhibition of hypermethylation may be a novel treatment strategy for cardiac dysfunction.
THE CONDENSATION OF FURAN AND SYLVAN WITH SOME CARBONYL COMPOUNDS (1956)

Furan and sylvan condense with aldehydes, chlorinated aldehydes and ketones, and keto acids, in the presence of hydrochloric acid. In most cases, the corresponding difurylalkane or difuryl-substituted acid is formed. In special cases the reaction stops at the furylcarbiriol stage.
Comparison of experimental mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease (2013)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is multifactorial and involves immunological, environmental and genetic factors. Although there are no animal models that effectively mimic human IBD, experimental models allow us to analyze the mechanisms of chronic intestinal inflammation. IBD can be induced in mice by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) or by a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)‑ethanol enema, which evoke immune responses and colitis. In this study, in order to compare the mechanisms of inflammatory response in mice, 3 distinct models of IBD were established: 2% TNBS-induced acute colitis, 4% DSS-induced acute colitis and 2% DSS-induced chronic colitis. In addition, to evaluate the effects of TNBS on inflammasome activation, we used caspase-1 knockout (KO) mice. Changes in both body weight and survival became prominent after day 1 in the 2% TNBS‑induced colitis model, and after day 5 in the 4% DSS-induced colitis model. The TNBS- and DSS-treated mice, but not the caspase-1 KO mice, showed a massive bowel edema and disruption of epithelial cells. The level of CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) was increased in all tested tissues of the TNBS- and DSS-treated groups, apart from the basal membrane (BM) in the DSS-induced colitis groups and the lamina propria (LP) in the DSS-induced chronic colitis group. We further analyzed different subsets of CD4(+) T cells in LP and found that the levels of interferon (IFN)γ‑secreting (IFNγ(+)), IL-17‑secreting (IL-17(+)), but not those of IL-4-secreting (IL-4(+)) T cells increased upon treatment with TNBS or DSS. In addition, discrepancies between the histopathologies of wild-type and caspase-1 KO mice indicated that the pathogenesis of IBD may be associated with the inflammasome pathway responses mediated by caspase‑1 in TNBS‑induced colitis.
Inhibition of NOTCH Signaling by Gamma Secretase Inhibitor Engages the RB Pathway and Elicits Cell Cycle Exit in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells (2009)

NOTCH signaling is deregulated in the majority of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALL) as a result of activating mutations in NOTCH1. Gamma secretase inhibitors (GSI) block proteolytic activation of NOTCH receptors and may provide a targeted therapy for T-ALL. We have investigated the mechanisms of GSI sensitivity across a panel of T-ALL cell lines, yielding an approach for patient stratification based on pathway activity and also providing a rational combination strategy for enhanced response to GSI. Whereas the NOTCH1 mutation status does not serve as a predictor of GSI sensitivity, a gene expression signature of NOTCH pathway activity does correlate with response, and may be useful in the selection of patients more likely to respond to GSI. Furthermore, inhibition of the NOTCH pathway activity signature correlates with the induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors CDKN2D (p19(INK4d)) and CDKN1B (p27(Kip1)), leading to derepression of RB and subsequent exit from the cell cycle. Consistent with this evidence of cell cycle exit, short-term exposure of GSI resulted in sustained molecular and phenotypic effects after withdrawal of the compound. Combination treatment with GSI and a small molecule inhibitor of CDK4 produced synergistic growth inhibition, providing evidence that GSI engagement of the CDK4/RB pathway is an important mechanism of GSI action and supports further investigation of this combination for improved efficacy in treating T-ALL.
Site-directed mutagenesis of the phosphocarrier protein. IIIGlc, a major signal-transducing protein in Escherichia coli. (1989)

The glucose-specific phosphocarrier protein (IIIGlc) of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:glycose phosphotransferase system (PTS) is a major signal transducer that mediates the intricate interplay among extracellular signals (PTS and non-PTS sugars), cytoplasmic and membrane proteins (PTS and non-PTS transporters), and adenylate cyclase. To further define the central role of IIIGlc in these multiplex signaling mechanisms, we have used site-directed mutagenesis to construct three mutant IIIGlc proteins containing single amino acid changes; Phe-3 was replaced with tryptophan [( Trp3]IIIGlc), and His-75 and the active-site His-90 were replaced with glutamine [( Gln75]IIIGlc and [Gln90]IIIGlc, respectively). [Trp3]IIIGlc resembles the wild-type protein in most properties and should be valuable for spectrophotometric experiments. In contrast, clear differences between mutant and wild-type proteins were observed with both [Gln75]IIIGlc and [Gln90]IIIGlc in in vitro sugar phosphorylation assays. As predicted, [Gln90]IIIGlc with a modified active site cannot be phosphorylated. Unexpectedly, [Gln75]IIIGlc accepts but cannot transfer phosphoryl groups, suggesting His-75 may also be a critical amino acid for IIIGlc-mediated signaling mechanisms. The physiological effects of these mutations are briefly described.
5‐HT1A RECEPTOR AGONIST PROPERTIES OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS DETERMINED BY [35S]GTPγS BINDING IN RAT HIPPOCAMPAL MEMBRANES (2007)

1. 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) receptors have attracted increasing attention as a promising target for antipsychotic therapy. Although many atypical antipsychotic drugs, including the prototype clozapine, have been reported to be partial agonists at 5-HT1A receptors, these results are often fragmental and derived mainly from experiments that used cultured cells. 2. In the present study, [35S]guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) ([35S]GTPgammaS) binding assay in rat hippocampal membranes was applied to a series of antipsychotic drugs, especially atypical antipsychotics. 3. Most, but not all, of atypical antipsychotic drugs and the classical antipsychotic drug nemonapride behaved as partial agonists at 5-HT1A receptors with varied potencies and relative efficacies. The most potent compound was perospirone with a mean EC50 of 27 nmol/L, followed by aripiprazole (45 nmol/L) > ziprasidone (480 nmol/L) > nemonapride (790 nmol/L) > clozapine (3900 nmol/L) > quetiapine (26,000 nmol/L). The maximal percentage increases over the basal binding (%Emax) for these antipsychotic drugs were 30-50%, with the exception of perospirone (approximately 15%), whereas 5-HT stimulated the binding to a mean %Emax of 105%. 4. Increasing concentrations of the selective and neutral 5-HT1A antagonist WAY100635 shifted the concentration-response curve of nemonapride-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding to the right and in parallel. 5. The relative efficacy or intrinsic activity of a compound was affected differently by the differing concentrations of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) in the assay buffer, which should be taken into consideration when determining the relative efficacies of these antipsychotics as 5-HT1A receptor agonists. 6. These results provide important information concerning the relevance of 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist properties in the treatment for schizophrenic patients with most, if not all, of atypical antipsychotic drugs.
Biochemical evidence that "new" influenza virus strains in nature may arise by recombination (reassortment). (1978)

Oligonucleotide analysis of two avian influenza A viruses (Hav6N2 and Hav6Nav4) isolated in nature showed identical or almost identical patterns for the corresponding M and HA genes; 24 of 25 and 13 of 13 large oligonucleotides were indistinguishable by two-dimensional gel analysis. On the other hand, remarkable differences in the oligonucleotide patterns of the remaining genes were observed. Only 2 of 11 oligonucleotide spots of the NS gene, 10 of 27 spots of the NA/NP genes, and 22 of 49 spots of the P genes were indistinguishable between the two strains. On the basis of this observation that at least two genes of these viruses are virtually identical whereas others show easily detectable differences, we conclude that the two avian strains are related to each other by a recombinational event. In addition, it was found that animals in nature can be doubly infected with influenza viruses. Both lines of evidence strongly suggest that recombination is at least one mechanism by which "new" influenza virus strains emerge in nature.
Darstellung und Stereochemie von 3‐(α‐Hydroxybenzyl)‐1,4‐diphenyl‐2‐azetidinonen (1983)

Abstract Die Aldol‐Addition von Benzaldehyden an 1,4‐Diphenyl‐2‐azetidinone 1 in Gegenwart von Lithium‐diisopropylamid führt in guten Ausbeuten und mit hoher Diastereoselektivität an drei Zentren zu den Titelverbindungen mit α S * ,3 S * ,4 R * ‐Konfiguration. Die gleiche Konfiguration wird bei Umsetzungen von 1 mit Acetaldehyd bevorzugt gebildet.
Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Small, Multiply Charged Oligonucleotides (1992)

Multiply charged anions derived from electrospray ionization of the sodium salts of various small oligonucleotides (n = 4-8) have been subjected to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in a quadrupole ion trap. All ions were observed to dissociate with high efficiencies even under conditions not ordinarily conducive for the observance of high MS/MS efficiency. Large fractions of the total product ion signal could be attributed to single-cleavage reactions with the parent ion charge shared among the two product ions in various combinations. In every case, the most facile reaction was observed to be the loss of the adenine anion. This reaction was then observed to be followed by cleavage of the 3' C-O bond of phosphodiester linkage of the sugar from which the adenine had been lost.