gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular weight distribution of cellulose as its tricarbanilate by high performance size exclusion chromatography (1989)

Abstract Cellulose tricarbanilates (CTCs) were prepared from a range of cellulose samples (cotton linters, wood pulps, Avicel, amorphous cellulose, and cellulose II) for molecular weight distribution (MWD) studies by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The HPSEC columns were calibrated using CTC standards with the aid of a microcomputer. CTCs were prepared by reaction of cellulose samples with phenylisocyanate in pyridine at 80°C. For some samples, e.g., cellulose II, activation with liquid ammonia and pyridine was necessary prior to reaction in pyridine. All samples tested were also derivatised in dimethylsulfoxide at 70°C, although for high molecular weight (MW) cellulose samples some MW reduction occurred in this solvent. Conditions were determined for optimum precipitation of CTCs in aqueous methanol without coprecipitation of low MW impurities.
Structure−Property Relationships of Copolymers Obtained by Ring-Opening Polymerization of Glycolide and ε-Caprolactone. Part 1. Synthesis and Characterization (2004)

A series of copolymers with various compositions were synthesized by bulk ring-opening polymerization of glycolide and epsilon-caprolactone, using stannous (II) octoate or zirconium (IV) acetylacetonate as initiator. Reaction time and temperature were varied so as to induce different chain microstructures. The resulting copolymers were characterized by (1)H NMR, SEC, DSC, and X-ray diffraction. The average lengths of glycolyl (L(G)) and caproyl sequences (L(C)) and the degree of randomness (R) were calculated and compared to the values of completely random chains. The concentration of CGC sequences was also obtained which resulted from transesterification reactions. Data showed that stannous (II) octoate leads to less transesterification than zirconium (IV) acetylacetonate, and lower temperatures lead to less transesterification than higher ones. The copolymers exhibited a more or less blocky chain structure because of the reactivity difference between glycolide and epsilon-caprolactone. The crystalline structure and thermal properties depend on both the composition and the chain microstructure. PGA- and PCL-type crystallites were obtained for copolymers with intermediate compositions.
Bioisosterism in Agrochemicals (1995)

A difficulty which agrochemists responsible for new agrochemical exploration meet during their practical experimental process, is lead optimization and how to systematically synthesize many diversified derivatives starting from a certain lead structure. The concept of 'Bioisosterism' is one of the sophisticated optimizations found useful for designing new qualified structures that has been applied in various field of agrochemicals. This principle has proved to be useful as shown by a large numbers of successes in molecular optimization. This chapter reviews bioisosterism in agrochemicals and introduces some examples of its successful applications for practical exploration of new agrochemicals.
PI3K pathway regulates survival of cancer stem cells residing in the perivascular niche following radiation in medulloblastoma in vivo (2008)

Medulloblastomas are brain tumors that arise in the cerebellum of children and contain stem cells in a perivascular niche thought to give rise to recurrence following radiation. We used several mouse models of medulloblastomas in parallel to better understand how the critical cell types in these tumors respond to therapy. In our models, the proliferating cells in the tumor bulk undergo radiation-induced, p53-dependent apoptotic cell death. Activation of Akt signaling via PTEN loss transforms these cells to a nonproliferating extensive nodularity morphology. By contrast, the nestin-expressing perivascular stem cells survive radiation, activate PI3K/Akt pathway, undergo p53-dependent cell cycle arrest, and re-enter the cell cycle at 72 h. Furthermore, the ability of these cells to induce p53 is dependent on the presence of PTEN. These cellular characteristics are similar to human medulloblastomas. Finally, inhibition of Akt signaling sensitizes cells in the perivascular region to radiation-induced apoptosis.
Rotation-induced superstructure in slow-light waveguides with mode-degeneracy: optical gyroscopes with exponential sensitivity (2007)

We study wave propagation in a rotating slow-light structure with mode degeneracy. The rotation, in conjunction with the mode degeneracy, effectively induces superstructure that significantly modifies the structure's dispersion relation. It is shown that a rotation-dependent stop band is formed in the center of the slow-light waveguide transmission curve. A light signal of frequency within this stop band that is excited in a finite-length section of such a waveguide decays exponentially with the rotation speed and with the coupled resonator optical waveguide's total length or total number of degenerate microcavities. This effect can be used for optical gyroscopes with exponential-type sensitivity to rotation.
Electron Transport Properties of a Carotene Molecule in a Metal−(Single Molecule)−Metal Junction (2003)

Using a recently developed method for tethering gold contacts to single molecules, we have measured current versus voltage (I−V) data for single carotenedithiol molecules with a total length of 28 carbons (18 in the conjugated alkene chain). The molecules are inserted into a docosanethiol monolayer (C22H45SH) on Au(111), and a Au nanoparticle is tethered to each molecule via the protruding thiol group. Electrical contact is made by placing a gold-coated AFM probe in contact with the nanoparticle. The I−V curves are relatively insensitive to contact probe force and cluster around integer multiples of a fundamental curve, suggesting that members of the smallest set correspond to data obtained from a single molecule. First principles calculations based on tunnel transport yield results that are remarkably close (within a factor of 4) to the measured data. The remaining small discrepancy can be well accounted for by taking account of the effects of charging caused by a probe-to-gold particle contact resistance. Thus, it appears that electron tunneling dominates transport even in this 3-nm-long molecule. The carotenoid is a better conductor than a saturated n-alkane of equivalent length by a very large factor and is significantly more conductive than 2,5-di(phenylethynyl-4'-thioacetyl)benzene, another candidate "molecular wire".
Identification and functional characterization in vivo of a novel splice variant of LDLR in rhesus macaques (2011)

In the course of developing a low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene therapy treatment for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH), we planned to examine the efficacy in a nonhuman primate model, the rhesus macaque heterozygous for an LDL receptor mutation fed a high-fat diet. Unexpectedly, our initial cDNA sequencing studies led to the identification of a heretofore unidentified splicing isoform of the rhesus LDLR gene. Compared with the publicly available GenBank reference sequence of rhesus LDLR, the novel isoform contains a 21 bp in frame insertion. This sequence coincides with part of exon 5 and creates a site for the restriction enzyme MscI. Using this site as a marker for the 21 bp in-frame insertion, we conducted a restriction enzyme screen to examine for the prevalence of the novel isoform in rhesus liver tissue cDNA and its homolog in human liver tissue cDNA. We found that the novel isoform is the predominant LDLR cDNA found in rhesus liver and the sole LDLR cDNA found in human liver. Finally, we compared the in vivo functionality of the novel and previously identified rhesus LDLR splicing isoforms in a mouse model of HoFH.
Histamine effect on human cutaneous blood flow: regional variations. (1994)

Since coherence of laser light is not necessary for photodynamic therapy of skin lesions, attempts have been made to construct incoherent lamps. A recent development is the PDT 1200 (Waldmann Medizintechnik/Germany), a light source consisting of a 1200 watt metal halogen lamp. Emission of 600 to 800 nm radiation is achieved by using cut-off filters. Power density can be varied from 30 mW/cm2 to 200 mW/cm2 in an area from 100 to 300 cm2. Biological effectiveness was proved by comparison with the radiation of an argon-pumped dye laser (Kiton red) emitting light at 630 nm. Three human cell lines were incubated with photofrin at different concentrations. After irradiation, cell viability was tested (MTT assay). Results proved biological effectiveness of the light source PDT 1200. No significant difference in cell viability was detected using either concentration of sensitizer. Therefore, we believe that PDT 1200 is a promising new light source for photodynamic therapy of skin lesions.
Expression of prostate specific membrane antigen and three alternatively spliced variants of PSMA in prostate cancer patients (2003)

Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a folate gamma glutamyl carboxypeptidase that is oriented on the plasma membrane of normal and prostate cancer cells. A cytosolic version of PSMA, PSM', results from alternative splicing of the PSMA gene. Two additional alternatively spliced variants of PSMA, PSM-C and PSM-D, have been described recently. The ratio of PSMA to PSM' mRNA was higher in a small number of prostate cancer specimens compared to normal prostate cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy (Su et al. Cancer Res 1995;55:1441). The intent of our study was to measure the gene expression of PSMA and the 3 PSMA splice variants in a large number of patient's tissues. A real-time, quantitative PCR assay was developed to quantify PSMA, PSM', PSM-C and PSM-D. Discrimination among the variants was achieved by designing unique primers and TaqMan probes for each gene. Amplification and detection was specific for the desired splice variant and was sensitive to one gene copy per reaction. The assay was used to quantify the gene expression in specimens of normal, benign, primary and metastatic prostate cancer from 72 patients. The mean PSMA expression (relative to 18S rRNA) was 2- to 3-fold lower in normal prostate (n = 4) compared to primary (n = 55, p = 0.31) and metastatic (n = 20, p = 0.33) prostate cancer. There was no difference in the PSMA expression between benign and cancerous prostate tissue from the same patients (n = 35). The ratio of PSMA to PSM' was lowest in the normal prostate and increased with increasing Gleason score (p < 0.001). The increased ratio in these tissues was a reflection of both increasing PSMA levels and decreasing PSM' mRNA. The expression of PSM-C did not differ in any of the tissue categories studied. The expression of PSM-D was similar in normal and primary prostate cancer but was 2-fold higher in lymph node (p < 0.005) and bone metastases (p < 0.05) compared to the primary tumors. Our results of the first detailed quantitative analysis of PSMA mRNA expression in patient's tissues demonstrate that PSMA and the 3 PSMA splice variants are expressed in normal, benign, cancerous and metastatic prostate cancer. We note increased PSMA expression in some malignant tissues, however, these increases are modest in magnitude. We also report that the expression of a novel splice variant, PSM-D, is elevated in prostate cancer metastases.
VLAM‐G: Interactive Data Driven Workflow Engine for Grid‐Enabled Resources (2007)

Grid brings the power of many computers to scientists. However, the development of Grid‐enabled applications requires knowledge about Grid infrastructure and low‐level API to Grid services. In turn, workflow management systems provide a high‐level environment for rapid prototyping of experimental computing systems. Coupling Grid and workflow paradigms is important for the scientific community: it makes the power of the Grid easily available to the end user. The paradigm of data driven workflow execution is one of the ways to enable distributed workflow on the Grid. The work presented in this paper is carried out in the context of the Virtual Laboratory for e‐Science project. We present the VLAM‐G workflow management system and its core component: the Run‐Time System (RTS). The RTS is a dataflow driven workflow engine which utilizes Grid resources, hiding the complexity of the Grid from a scientist. Special attention is paid to the concept of dataflow and direct data streaming between distributed workflow components. We present the architecture and components of the RTS, describe the features of VLAM‐G workflow execution, and evaluate the system by performance measurements and a real life use case.
GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations (2008)

Guidelines are inconsistent in how they rate the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations. This article explores the advantages of the GRADE system, which is increasingly being adopted by organisations worldwide
Clinical Year in Review I: Diagnostic Imaging, Asthma, Lung Transplantation, and Interventional Pulmonology (2006)

sensitivity for individual readers was 50%, and when double reading was applied this increased to 63%. CAD algorithm allowed a mean sensitivity increase to 76%. The authors conclude that CAD algorithms compliment individual readers by detecting individual nodules more effectively than did a second reader.
Data selection for support vector machine classifiers (2000)

The problem of extracting a minimal number of data points&#13;\nfrom a large dataset, in order to generate a support vector&#13;\nmachine (SVM) classi er, is formulated as a concave minimization&#13;\nproblem and solved by a nite number of linear&#13;\nprograms. This minimal set of data points, which is the&#13;\nsmallest number of support vectors that completely characterize&#13;\na separating plane classi er, is considerably smaller&#13;\nthan that required by a standard 1-norm support vector machine&#13;\nwith or without feature selection. The proposed approach&#13;\nalso incorporates a feature selection procedure that&#13;\nresults in a minimal number of input features used by the&#13;\nclassi er. Tenfold cross validation gives as good or better&#13;\ntest results using the proposed minimal support vector machine&#13;\n(MSVM) classi er based on the smaller set of data&#13;\npoints compared to a standard 1-norm support vector machine&#13;\nclassi er. The reduction in data points used by an&#13;\nMSVM classi er over those used by a 1-norm SVM classi er&#13;\naveraged 66% on seven public datasets and was as high as&#13;\n81%. This makes MSVM a useful incremental classi cation&#13;\ntool which maintains only a small fraction of a large dataset&#13;\nbefore merging and processing it with new incoming data.
Immunity in the female genital tract after intravaginal vaccination of mice with an attenuated strain of herpes simplex virus type 2 (1984)

Herpes simplex virus type 2 is a common human venereal pathogen which causes lethal neurological illness after intravaginal inoculation into BALB/cJ mice. To investigate whether an attenuated, nonlethal strain of this virus would confer immunity after inoculation of mice, we constructed a strain containing a partial deletion of the thymidine kinase gene, which is necessary for viral replication and spread in sensory ganglia. Unlike its wild-type counterpart, this deletion-containing strain of herpes simplex virus type 2 caused mild clinical disease and was not lethal when studied in an age-dependent murine model of intravaginal infection. Furthermore, after intravaginal infection, the deletion-containing strain could not be isolated from sensory ganglia at a time when wild-type virus was abundant. Of greater significance, intravaginal inoculation with the deletion-containing strain rendered mice completely resistant to rechallenge with a 10-fold 50% lethal dose of wild-type virus. These results suggest that a strain of herpes simplex virus type 2 containing a deletion of the thymidine kinase gene will be useful in studying the cellular basis of mucosal immunity in the genital tract.
NMR Structure of a de Novo Designed, Peptide 33mer with Two Distinct, Compact β-Sheet Folds (1997)

A de novo designed 33-residue polypeptide folds as a compact beta-sheet sandwich tetramer in aqueous solution. NMR structural analysis shows that although monomer subunits have the same three-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet fold, two equally populated conformational states are identified. Conformational heterogeneity arises from formation of two distinct dimer folds. Each dimer is formed by continuing the monomer beta-sheet into a six-stranded sheet similar to that found in alpha-chemokines. Dimer heterogeneity arises primarily from a two-residue shift in the alignment of interfacial strands. NOE-based conformational modeling has yielded well-defined structures for both dimer types. While the tetramer beta-sheet sandwich most probably results from association of hydrophobic surfaces from two amphipathic dimers, dimers could combine to form either two types of homotetramers and/or one heterotetramer composed of both dimer types. Even though interdimer NOEs could not be unambiguously identified to resolve this point, thermodynamic arguments based on observation of equal populations of both dimer types favor formation of heterotetramers.
Impact of beneficial bacteria supplementation on the gut microbiota, colony development and productivity of Apis mellifera L. (2018)

Honey bees are important pollinators of several crops and ecosystems, having a great ecological and economic value. In Europe, the restricted use of chemicals and therapeutic agents in the beekeeping sector has stimulated the search for natural alternatives with a special focus on gut symbionts. The modulation of the gut microbiota has been recognised as a practical and successful approach in the entomological field for the management of insect-related problems. To date, only a few studies have investigated the effect of bacterial supplementation on the health status of colonies, colony productivity and gut symbionts. To this purpose, a preparation of sugar syrup containing bifidobacteria and lactobacilli isolated from bee gut was sprayed on the frames of an apiary located in open field once a week for four weeks. Treated and control hives were monitored for two months for brood extension, honey and pollen harvest. The presence of beneficial gut microorganisms within bee gut was investigated with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and next generation sequencing. The administered bacteria led to a significant increase of brood population (46.2%), pollen (53.4%) and harvestable honey in honey supers (59.21%). Analysis of the gut microbiota on the new generation of bees in treated hives showed an increase in relative abundance of Acetobacteraceae and Bifidobacterium spp., which are known to be involved in bee nutrition and protection.
Electrodynamic trapping and manipulation of particle clouds (1997)

Apparatus and techniques were developed to electrodynamically trap and manipulate groups of microparticles. The equipment consists of a vibrating orifice aerosol generator, an inductive particle charger, a plenum chamber, and a double-ring electrodynamic balance. Salt particles (NaNO3) of controllable and measurable mass and charge were produced and introduced into the balance in nitrogen at flow rates up to 25 cm3/min. Ordered arrays of any number of particles up to 26 were assembled and manipulated. Methods for compressing the arrays are presented, and controlled ejection of single particles from a trapped array is demonstrated. Particles of opposite polarity were successfully levitated and kept apart, and aggregation of these particles was then induced by changing the electric field. Raman spectra were recorded for multiple salt particles, each having a diameter of 3.5 μm, by aligning them in a laser beam. The enhanced Raman signal is compared with that from a single particle isolated from the array. From the results, a detection limit of 0.4 pg per particle was estimated.
Carcinogenic properties of ortho-dianisidine. (1967)

Dangers of the Woulfe Bottle SIR,-I was interested to read the article by Dr. B. J. Freedman on the value of the Woulfe bottle for the humidification of oxygen ( 29
From the Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor Celecoxib to a Novel Class of 3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinase-1 Inhibitors (2004)

The blockade of Akt activation through the inhibition of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK-1) represents a major signaling mechanism whereby celecoxib mediates apoptosis. Celecoxib, however, is a weak PDK-1 inhibitor (IC(50), 48 microM), requiring at least 30 microM to exhibit discernable effects on the growth of tumor cells in vitro. Here, we report the structure-based optimization of celecoxib to develop PDK-1 inhibitors with greater potency in enzyme inhibition and growth inhibition. Kinetics of PDK-1 inhibition by celecoxib with respect to ATP suggest that celecoxib derivatives inhibit PDK-1 by competing with ATP for binding, a mechanism reminiscent to that of many kinase inhibitors. Structure-activity analysis together with molecular modeling was used to generate compounds that were tested for their potency in inhibiting PDK-1 kinase activity and in inducing apoptosis in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Docking of potent compounds into the ATP-binding site of PDK-1 was performed for lead optimization, leading to two compounds, OSU-03012 and OSU-03013, with IC(50) values in PDK-1 inhibition and apoptosis induction in the low microM range. Exposure of PC-3 cells to these agents led to Akt dephosphorylation and inhibition of p70 S6 kinase activity. Moreover, overexpression of constitutively active forms of PDK-1 and Akt partially protected OSU-03012-induced apoptosis. Screening in a panel of 60 cell lines and more extensive testing in PC-3 cells indicated that the mean concentration for total growth inhibition was approximately 3 microM for both agents. Considering the conserved role of PDK-1/Akt signaling in promoting tumorigenesis, these celecoxib analogs are of translational relevance for cancer prevention and therapy.
Simultaneous Disruption of Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 Defines Individual Roles in T Helper Cell Type 2–mediated Responses (1999)

Using a single vector targeting strategy, we have generated mice with a combined deficiency of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 to clarify their roles in T helper type 2 (Th2) cell responses. Using immunological challenges normally characterized by a Th2-like response, we have compared the responses of the double-deficient mice with those generated by wild-type, IL-4-deficient, and IL-13-deficient mice. Using a pulmonary granuloma model, induced with Schistosoma mansoni eggs, we demonstrate that although eosinophil infiltration, immunoglobulin E, and IL-5 production are reduced in the IL-4-deficient mice and IL-13-deficient mice, they are abolished only in the combined absence of both cytokines. Furthermore, IL-4/13-deficient animals are severely impaired in their ability to expel the gastrointestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Unexpectedly, N. brasiliensis-infected IL-4/13-deficient mice developed elevated IL-5 and eosinophilia, indicating that compensatory mechanisms exist for the expression of IL-5, although serum IgE remained undetectable. IL-4/13-deficient mice default to a Th1-like phenotype characterized by the expression of interferon gamma and the production of IgG2a and IgG2b. We conclude that IL-4 and IL-13 cooperate to initiate rapid Th2 cell-driven responses, and that although their functions overlap, they perform additive roles.