gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effects ofEscherichia coliHeat‐Stable Enterotoxin in Renal Sodium Tubular Transport (1992)

To compare the function of sodium transport between intestine and renal tubule, we studied the effect of E. coli STa enterotoxin and 8-bromo cyclic GMP in perfused rat kidneys. Infusion of STa enterotoxin (0.017 and 0.1 micrograms/ml) caused a dose and time dependent decrease in total renal sodium tubular transport. The major site of STa effect was at the renal proximal tubule. Similar to Sta enterotoxin, 8-bromo cyclic GMP (10(-5) M) caused a significant decrease of fractional renal sodium proximal tubule transport. In contrast to STa enterotoxin, infusion of 8-bromo cyclic GMP resulted in a significant but short lasting (30 min.) increase in glomerular filtration rate. STa enterotoxin also decreased significantly the renal tissue potassium. This STa effect was related to a significant decrease in renal potassium tubular transport, resulting also in an increase of urinary potassium excretion. These studies demonstrate the specific functional effect of STa enterotoxin in promoting the decrease in renal proximal tubular sodium transport, similar to 8-bromo cyclic GMP. In perfused rat kidneys STa also decreased tissue potassium, mainly by a decrease in potassium transport and increase in urinary potassium excretion. These effects suggest the existence of an endogenous peptide resembling STa enterotoxin, that regulates the function of renal sodium tubular transport.
Evolved Glyphosate Resistance in Plants: Biochemical and Genetic Basis of Resistance (2006)

Resistance to the herbicide glyphosate is currently known in at least eight weed species from many countries. Some populations of goosegrass from Malaysia, rigid ryegrass from Australia, and Italian ryegrass from Chile exhibit target site–based resistance to glyphosate through changes at amino acid 106 of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene. Mutations change amino acid 106 from proline to either serine or threonine, conferring an EPSPS weakly resistant to glyphosate. The moderate level of resistance is sufficient for commercial failure of the herbicide to control these plants in the field. Conversely, a nontarget site resistance mechanism has been documented in glyphosate-resistant populations of horseweed and rigid ryegrass from the United States and Australia, respectively. In these resistant plants, there is reduced translocation of glyphosate to meristematic tissues. Both of these mechanisms are inherited as a single, nuclear gene trait. Although at present only two glyphosate-resistance mechanisms are known, it is likely that other mechanisms will become evident. The already very large and still increasing reliance on glyphosate in many parts of the world will inevitably result in more glyphosate-resistant weeds, placing the sustainability of this precious herbicide resource at risk.
Report On The Nomenclature Of The IGF Binding Proteins (1990)

Journal Article Report On The Nomenclature Of The IGF Binding Proteins Get access The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 70, Issue 3, 1 March 1990, Pages 817–818, https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-70-3-817 Published: 01 March 1990
An 800MHz to 5GHz Software-Defined Radio Receiver in 90nm CMOS (2006)

A 90nm CMOS RX operates over the 800MHz to 5GHz band uses a passive FET mixer driven by a capacitively coupled RF transconductor, and a combination of CT and DT analog FIR and MR filters to achieve >100dB of programmable anti-aliasing. The RX chain has 5 to 5.5dB NF, -3.5dBm IIP3, 39dBm IIP2, 10 to 66dB of gain, and draws 11.4mA from 2.5V and 8 to 28mA (depending on RX mode) from 1V
Pathways of the early propagation of virulent and avirulent rabies strains from the eye to the brain (1985)

Penetration of the central nervous system of the adult rat by the CVS strain of rabies virus and its two avirulent derivatives Av01 and Av02 has been studied by inoculation of the virus into the anterior chamber of the eye. The primary sites of penetration of CVS were (i) the intraocular parasympathetic oculomotor fibers, (ii) the retinopetal fibers of pretectal origin, and (iii) the intraocular fibers of the ophthalmic nerve. The mutant strains, however, lost the capacity to invade the two former groups of fibers, although their penetration into the trigeminal system was not impaired. Neither strain CVS nor the mutants infected primarily the intraocular adrenergic terminals and the optic nerve. Mutant strains, but not CVS, were able to infect the lens. These results indicate that the cholinergic receptor may not be the only receptor for rabies virus and that rabies virus is conveyed in the nervous system by retrograde axoplasmic flow. Strain CVS spread throughout the brain and propagated eventually back to the retina. The mutants penetrated the brain as well, but the infection was slow, involved different cerebral structures, and cleared up completely in 3 weeks, probably because of an efficient immune response.
Targeting BTK with Ibrutinib in Relapsed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (2013)

Ibrutinib was associated with a high frequency of durable remissions in patients with relapsed or refractory CLL and small lymphocytic lymphoma, including patients with high-risk genetic lesions. (Funded by Pharmacyclics and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01105247.).
NGF as a mediator of inflammatory pain (1996)

The chapter reviews some of recent evidence which suggests that one neurotrophin, nerve growth factor (NGF), is a peripherally produced mediator of some persistent pain states, notably those associated with inflammation. The evidence for this proposal is as follows. 1. The endogenous production of NGF regulates the sensitivity of nociceptive systems. Behavioural and electrophysiological studies have shown that sequestration of constitutively produced NGF leads to decrease nociceptor sensitivity. 2. In a wide variety of experimental inflammatory conditions NGF levels are rapidly increased in the inflamed tissue. 3. The high-affinity NGF receptor, trkA, is selectively expressed by nociceptive sensory neurons particularly those containing sensory neuropeptides such as substance P and CGRP. 4. The systematic or local application of exogenous NGF produces a rapid and prolonged behavioural hyperalgesia in both animals and humans. Exogenous NGF has also been found to activate and sensitize fine calibre sensory neurons. 5. In a number of animal models, much of the hyperalgesia associated with experimental inflammation is blocked by pharmacological "antagonism' of NGF. The mechanisms by which NGF up-regulation in inflamed tissues might lead to sensory abnormalities is also discussed. In particular, evidence is reviewed which suggests that increased NGF levels leads to both peripheral sensitization of nociceptors and central sensitization of dorsal horn neurons responding to noxious stimuli.
Interferon-gamma induces receptor dimerization in solution and on cells. (1993)

The extracellular domain (ECD) of the human interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) receptor was stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells and purified to homogeneity. Scatchard analysis of 125I-IFN gamma binding to ECD preparations revealed the formation of a ligand-receptor complex which displayed a Ka of 6.4 +/- 0.9 x 10(8) M-1. Two types of complexes were identified by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The stoichiometry of the major ECD-ligand complex was determined by high performance liquid chromatography gel filtration. When IFN gamma was incubated with a 2-fold molar excess of ECD, a 190-kDa complex was isolated that contained 2 mol of ECD per 1 mol of IFN gamma. IFN gamma also induced dimerization of IFN gamma receptors expressed at the cell surface as detected by chemically cross-linking receptor bound ligand and analyzing cell lysates by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Finally, labeled forms of ECD bound to cells preincubated at 4 degrees C with excess amounts of IFN gamma indicating that the ligand could associate with more than one receptor molecule in the absence of chemical cross-linking agents. These results demonstrate that IFN gamma effects dimerization of its receptor under physiologic conditions and suggest that IFN gamma receptor dimerization may be an important event in inducing IFN gamma-dependent biologic responses.
A mutate-and-map strategy accurately infers the base pairs of a 35-nucleotide model RNA (2011)

We present a rapid experimental strategy for inferring base pairs in structured RNAs via an information-rich extension of classic chemical mapping approaches. The mutate-and-map method, previously applied to a DNA/RNA helix, systematically searches for single mutations that enhance the chemical accessibility of base-pairing partners distant in sequence. To test this strategy for structured RNAs, we have carried out mutate-and-map measurements for a 35-nt hairpin, called the MedLoop RNA, embedded within an 80-nt sequence. We demonstrate the synthesis of all 105 single mutants of the MedLoop RNA sequence and present high-throughput DMS, CMCT, and SHAPE modification measurements for this library at single-nucleotide resolution. The resulting two-dimensional data reveal visually clear, punctate features corresponding to RNA base pair interactions as well as more complex features; these signals can be qualitatively rationalized by comparison to secondary structure predictions. Finally, we present an automated, sequence-blind analysis that permits the confident identification of nine of the 10 MedLoop RNA base pairs at single-nucleotide resolution, while discriminating against all 1460 false-positive base pairs. These results establish the accuracy and information content of the mutate-and-map strategy and support its feasibility for rapidly characterizing the base-pairing patterns of larger and more complex RNA systems.
How is mRNA expression predictive for protein expression? A correlation study on human circulating monocytes (2008)

A key assumption in studying mRNA expression is that it is informative in the prediction of protein expression. However, only limited studies have explored the mRNA-protein expression correlation in yeast or human tissues and the results have been relatively inconsistent. We carried out correlation analyses on mRNA-protein expressions in freshly isolated human circulating monocytes from 30 unrelated women. The expressed proteins for 71 genes were quantified and identified by 2-D electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry. The corresponding mRNA expressions were quantified by Affymetrix gene chips. Significant correlation (r=0.235, P<0.0001) was observed for the whole dataset including all studied genes and all samples. The correlations varied in different biological categories of gene ontology. For example, the highest correlation was achieved for genes of the extracellular region in terms of cellular component (r=0.643, P<0.0001) and the lowest correlation was obtained for genes of regulation (r=0.099, P=0.213) in terms of biological process. In the genome, half of the samples showed significant positive correlation for the 71 genes and significant correlation was found between the average mRNA and the average protein expression levels in all samples (r=0.296, P<0.01). However, at the study group level, only five studied genes had significant positive correlation across all the samples. Our results showed an overall positive correlation between mRNA and protein expression levels. However, the moderate and varied correlations suggest that mRNA expression might be sometimes useful, but certainly far from perfect, in predicting protein expression levels.
The Gab1 PH Domain Is Required for Localization of Gab1 at Sites of Cell-Cell Contact and Epithelial Morphogenesis Downstream from the Met Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (1999)

Stimulation of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor tyrosine kinase, Met, induces mitogenesis, motility, invasion, and branching tubulogenesis of epithelial and endothelial cell lines in culture. We have previously shown that Gab1 is the major phosphorylated protein following stimulation of the Met receptor in epithelial cells that undergo a morphogenic program in response to HGF. Gab1 is a member of the family of IRS-1-like multisubstrate docking proteins and, like IRS-1, contains an amino-terminal pleckstrin homology domain, in addition to multiple tyrosine residues that are potential binding sites for proteins that contain SH2 or PTB domains. Following stimulation of epithelial cells with HGF, Gab1 associates with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. Met receptor mutants that are impaired in their association with Gab1 fail to induce branching tubulogenesis. Overexpression of Gab1 rescues the Met-dependent tubulogenic response in these cell lines. The ability of Gab1 to promote tubulogenesis is dependent on its pleckstrin homology domain. Whereas the wild-type Gab1 protein is localized to areas of cell-cell contact, a Gab1 protein lacking the pleckstrin homology domain is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm. Localization of Gab1 to areas of cell-cell contact is inhibited by LY294002, demonstrating that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity is required. These data show that Gab1 is an important mediator of branching tubulogenesis downstream from the Met receptor and identify phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the Gab1 pleckstrin homology domain as crucial for subcellular localization of Gab1 and biological responses.
In vitro liposome-mediated DNA transfection of epithelial cell lines using the cationic liposome DC-Chol/DOPE. (1995)

Clinical trials using cationic liposome-mediated DNA transfer have now been initiated for several disorders including cystic fibrosis. Previous studies have shown that the level of gene expression achieved may be dependent on the formulation of the DNA-liposome complex and the cell type transfected. We have investigated, in vitro, the effect of parameters such as DNA:liposome ratio, dose and concentration on the level of transgene expression in epithelial cell lines using the cationic liposome DC-Chol/1,2-dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). A narrow range of conditions was found to produce maximal level of transgene expression within a particular cell line, as detected using the reporter molecule beta-galactosidase (beta-gal). beta-Gal expression was significantly enhanced by formulation of the DNA-DC-Chol/DOPE complexes in physiological solution at pH 9.0. Under standard in vitro transfection conditions, increased incubation time of the DNA-liposome complexes with cells resulted in increased transgene expression. In contrast, at relatively high DNA and liposome dose and concentrations, beta-gal activity was maximal after only 1 h of incubation, with a subsequent decrease in expression with time. The maximum level of expression that could be produced using fully optimised transfection conditions, however, was still highly dependent on each cell type analysed. Correlation of these findings with similar studies in vivo are now critical to determine the optimal formulation of DNA-liposome complexes for clinical application.
NT-proBNP testing for diagnosis and short-term prognosis in acute destabilized heart failure: an international pooled analysis of 1256 patients (2005)

In this multi-centre, international study, NT-proBNP testing was valuable for diagnostic evaluation and short-term prognosis estimation in dyspnoeic subjects with suspected or confirmed acute HF and should establish broader standards for use of the NT-proBNP in dyspnoeic patients.
Chemical stability of Sin+ species in SiOx (x&lt;2) thin films (2001)

SiO x thin films have been prepared by evaporation of silicon monoxide powder in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber. The films are characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), synchrotron photoemission, and x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Si K edge. XPS shows that the films prepared by evaporation in ultrahigh vacuum have a SiO1.3 stoichiometry and are formed by Si3+(∼77%) and Si+(∼23%) species. Based on extended x-ray absorption fine structure analysis, the structure of these films has been described as formed by tetrahedra of the type Si–(Si, O3) and Si–(Si3, O), in agreement with the Si 2p photoelectron spectra. No significant amount of Si2+ species [i.e., Si–(Si2, O2)] tetrahedra) or elemental silicon were detected in these films. When SiOx thin films are prepared by evaporation of silicon monoxide in O2 atmosphere, the oxygen content in the film increases with the partial pressure of this gas. Under these conditions, Si4+ species are formed in detriment of the Si+ and Si3+ oxidation states. The relative concentration of the different oxidation states of silicon is discussed in connection with previous models existing in literature on the distribution of Sin+ states in SiOx thin films. An explanation based on molecular orbital calculations is proposed to justify the absence of Si2+ species in the film structure and the disproportionation reaction Si3+, (Si+)→Si4+, Si0 observed when the SiOx thin films are excited by exposure to the white light of the synchrotron radiation.
Analysis of the superantigenic activity of mutant and allelic forms of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (1996)

Infections with Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus) can result in the recently described streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), which is characterized by rashes, hypotension, multiorgan failure, and a high mortality rate. S. pyogenes isolates associated with STSS usually produce streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA), a bacterial superantigen capable of stimulating host immune cells. Most of the symptoms of STSS are believed to result from cytokine release by the stimulated cells. To better understand the pathogenesis of STSS, we began studies on the SpeA-immune cell interaction. We generated 20 mutant forms of SpeA1 (SpeA encoded by allele 1), and the mutant toxins were analyzed for mitogenic stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, affinity for class II major histocompatibility complex molecules (DQ), and disulfide bond formation. Residues necessary for each of these functions were identified. There are four alleles of speA, and STSS strains usually contain either allele 2 or allele 3. The product of allele 2, SpeA2, had slightly higher affinity for the class II MHC molecule compared with SpeA1 but not significantly greater mitogenic activity. SpeA3, however, was significantly increased in mitogenic activity and affinity for class II MHC compared with SpeA1. Thus, we have evidence that the toxin encoded by some of the highly virulent S. pyogenes STSS-associated isolates is a more active form of SpeA.
Temporally and spectrally resolved amplitude and phase of coherent four-wave-mixing emission from GaAs quantum wells (1997)

We demonstrate that spectral interferometry can be used together with a well-characterized reference pulse to directly determine the spectral amplitude and spectral phase of coherent four-wave-mixing (FWM) emission from multiple quantum wells. The temporal amplitude and phase are then readily obtained by an inverse Fourier transformation. We illustrate that it is necessary to accurately determine the spectral phase, as well as the spectral amplitude, in order to correctly determine the temporal behavior. We subsequently use this technique to measure discontinuities in the temporal phase. Instabilities in the phase occur and phase jumps of $\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\pi}$ are produced when both the real and imaginary parts of the FWM field are zero. These jumps occur at the minima in the quantum beats, and this condition requires the excitation of approximately equal numbers of heavy- and light-hole excitons.
The influenza virus: Antigenic composition and immune response (1979)

The architecture and chemical composition of the influenza virus particle is described with particular reference to the protein constituents and their genetic control. The dominant role in infection of the surface proteins - haemagglutinins and neuraminidases - acting as antigens and undergoing variation in time known as antigenic drift and shift is explained. The immuno-diffusion technique has illuminated the interrelationships of the haemagglutinins of influenza A viruses recovered over long periods of time. The H0 and H1 haemagglutinins are now regarded as a single sub-type with H2 and H3 representing the haemagglutinins of the 1957 and 1968 sub-types. Animal influenza viruses of pigs, horses and birds are described. A relation to human influenza strains has been shown to exist in certain instances as is the capacity of some human strains to pass to the animal kingdom.
Digital Radio for Mobile Applications (1993)

The technology of time-division multiple-access (TDMA) and code-division multiple-access (CDMA) promises to significantly improve the capacity and operation of existing analog cellular networks. AT&T has been on the leading edge of these breakthroughs, developing trial and commercial systems for both of these advanced digital radio technologies. This paper describes TDMA and CDMA, their advantages, specific features, field test results, and speculations on their futures.
A HISTOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE SUBSYNOVIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN IDIOPATHIC CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME (2004)

These findings are similar to those after injury to skin, tendon, and ligament and suggest that patients with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome may have sustained an injury to the subsynovial connective tissue.
The Caenorhabditis elegans cell death gene ced-4 encodes a novel protein and is expressed during the period of extensive programmed cell death (1992)

Mutations in the gene ced-4 block almost all of the programmed cell deaths that normally occur during Caenorhabditis elegans development. We have cloned the ced-4 gene using a ced-4 mutation caused by the insertion of the transposon Tc4. When microinjected into a ced-4 animal, a 4.4 kb DNA fragment derived from the wild-type strain and corresponding to the region of the Tc4 insertion in the mutant ced-4(n1416) rescues the Ced-4 mutant phenotype. The ced-4 gene encodes a 2.2 kb RNA transcript. This mRNA is expressed primarily during embryogenesis, when most programmed cell deaths occur. The Ced-4 protein, as deduced from cDNA and genomic DNA clones, is 549 amino acids in length. Two regions of the putative Ced-4 protein product show some similarity to known calcium-binding domains.
Optically pumped GaAs surface laser with corrugation feedback (1973)

A GaAs distributed-feedback laser was fabricated and pumped optically. A narrow stimulated spectrum was obtained around 0.83 μ with threshold pumping power of ∼2 × 105 W/cm2.