gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasma Clearance of Hemoglobin and Haptoglobin in Mice and Effect of CD163 Gene Targeting Disruption (2012)

In conclusion, mouse Hp does not promote high-affinity binding of mouse Hb to CD163, and noncomplexed mouse Hb has a higher CD163 affinity than human Hb has. Moreover, CD163-mediated uptake in mice seems to only account for a part of the Hb clearance. The new data further underscore the fact that the Hp system in man seems to have a broader and more sophisticated role. This has major implications in the translation of data on Hb metabolism from mouse to man.
Preparation of a Photoacid Generating Monomer and Its Application in Lithography (2001)

A photoacid generating (PAG) monomer containing a sulfonium group was synthesized and its polymerization behavior was investigated by conducting homopolymerization and copolymerization with various methacrylates found in chemically amplified photoresists. The PAG homopolymer itself acted as a high sensitivity negative resist. The PAG/methacrylates copolymers functioned as novel chemically amplified (CA) resists with PAGs incorporated in the polymer chain. Due to absence of phase separation, the resists exhibited excellent film formation behavior. Preliminary results have shown that acid generation efficiency remained almost the same regardless of remarkably differing components and compositions in the PAG/methacrylates copolymers. Finally, their imaging properties were investigated by exposure to 248 nm deep-ultraviolet (DUV) radiation.
Magnetic fields alter electrical properties of solutions and their physiological effects (1994)

Calcium chloride and snail physiological salt solutions were exposed to static magnetic fields (2.3-350 mT), and the physical properties of the solutions as well as their biologic effects were studied. Our preliminary observations show that these fields alter physicochemical properties of CaCl2 solutions and the functional effects of physiological solutions. Experiments on CaCl2 solutions demonstrated field-dependent changes of electrical conductivity, with the magnitude and the direction of conductivity change being a function of both concentration and field intensity. The changes in conductivity were maintained for periods in excess of 1 h after exposure. Conductivity changes were not found after exposure of physiological solutions to static magnetic fields, but changes of biological consequence did occur. Other experiments showed that there were several changes in cellular function observed in ganglia and isolated neurons of Helix pomatia when the perfusing medium was changed from the normal physiologic solution to the same solution after exposure to magnetic fields. These changes include membrane depolarization and increased action potential discharge, reduced uptake of Ca into cells, altered content of cyclic nucleotides in ganglia, and increased volume of isolated cell bodies. A change in hydration of calcium ions may be one of the consequences of magnetic-field exposure, and in physiological solutions this change may have functional consequences.
On the Interaction of Reform,Development,Stability and Harmony (2009)

In the contemporary socialist practice in China,the reform,development,stability,and harmony,as the theme of the course of history,each highlights step by step.They,in a certain historic stage,become the subject of practice,and then become the subject of the theory.In 30 years,China's society shows that reform promotes development,reform and development maintain stability,and then reform,development and stability require harmony.It is not only our actual historical practice,but also the evolution of corresponding theory.Reform,development,stability,and harmony mutually promote and restrict in the main line of development that relies people are people-orientated in the long run.The interaction mechanism of reform,development stability,and harmony adhering to be people-oriented is not only innovated in socialistic theory and practice by Chinese people,but also the logical deepening and development of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
An in-system reprogrammable 32 K*8 CMOS flash memory (1988)

The authors describe the design and performance of a 192-mil/sup 2/ 256 K (32 K*8) flash memory targeted for in-system reprogrammable applications. Developed from a 1.5 mu m EPROM base technology with a one-transistor 6*6- mu m/sup 2/ cell, the device electrically erases all cells in the array matrix in 200 ms and electrically programs at the rate of 100 mu s/byte typical. The read performance is equivalent to comparable-density CMOS EPROM devices with a chip-enable access time of 110 ns at 30-mA active current consumption. A command-port interface facilitates microprocessor-controlled reprogramming capability. Device reliability has been increased over byte-alterable EEPROMs by reducing the program power supply to 12 V. Cycling endurance experiments have demonstrated that the device is capable of more than 10000 erase/program cycles.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Altered psychomotor behaviors in mice lacking pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) (2001)

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been conserved remarkably during evolution and is widely expressed in the mammalian brain. In Drosophila, mutation of the PACAP homologue results in behavioral defects, including impaired olfaction-associated learning and changes in ethanol sensitivity. Here, we report the generation of mice lacking the PACAP gene (PACAP(-/-)). PACAP(-/-) mice were born in the expected Mendelian ratios but had a high early-mortality rate. The surviving adult PACAP(-/-) mice displayed remarkable behavioral changes; they exhibited hyperactive and explosive jumping behaviors in an open field, increased exploratory behavior, and less anxiety in the elevated plus maze, emergence, and novel-object tests. Analysis of PACAP(-/-) mice brains revealed that the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was slightly decreased in the cortex and striatum compared with wild-type mice. The present study provides evidence that PACAP plays a previously uncharacterized role in the regulation of psychomotor behaviors.
Middle East in Oil Clamp: The Case of Libyan Civil War (2018)

Bu çalışma 2011 uluslararasılaşmış Libya sivil savaşının ve Kaddafi rejiminin çöküşünün nedenlerini açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır. Buna karşın, bu çalışmanın öncelikli amacı, sivil savaş ve uluslararası müdahalenin açıklanmasında ihmal edilmiş iki teori olan rantar devlet teorisi ve kaynak laneti teorisinin yararlılığını değerlendirmektir. Rantar devlet teorisi doğal kaynakların kontrolünün ve dağıtımının devlet gücü açısından önemli olduğunu savunur; ama rantar devletler özellikle uluslararası ekonomik değişimlerle yüz yüze geldiğinde uzun süreçte kırılgan ve kalıplaşmış özellikler sergilemektedir. Kaynak laneti teorisi, kaynak zengini ülkelerin devlet içinde bulunan zengin kaynakları yüzünden kaçınılmaz şekilde zayıfladığını savunur. Bu zengin kaynaklar, üzerlerinde kontrol elde edebilmek amacı taşıyan iç ve dış mücadeleler oluşturmaktadır. Detaylandırılarak ve kritik edilerek bu iki teori dünyadaki petrol zengini ülkelerden biri olan Libya üzerine uygulanacaktır. 1969’dan beri Kaddafi yönetiminde ki uzun ve kalıcı rejimin çökmesi kaynak laneti teorisi ile açıklanabilir mi? Kaddafi rejimi nasıl ve niye çöktü? Libya’nın deneyimleriyle şekillenen iç ve dış dinamikler test edilerek bu soruların olası cevapları irdelenecektir. DİKKAT! Metin Econder sitesinde belirtilmiş Econder Şablon 'u içerisine Mizanpaj 'da belirtilen usüllere göre düzenlenmiştir.
Organometallic chemical vapor deposition of tungsten metal, and suppression of carbon incorporation by codeposition of platinum (1992)

Highly reflecting, amorphous, thin films of tungsten are obtained by the decomposition of bis-cyclopentadienyltungstendihydride, (η-C5H5)2WH2, in 1 atm of hydrogen at 350 °C. Auger depth profiling reveals that the carbon and oxygen content of the films are 25.1 and 3.1 at. %, respectively. Simultaneous chemical vapor deposition of tungsten with a small amount of platinum reduces the carbon and oxygen content of the film to 5.3 and 1.8 at. %. The platinum is deposited from cyclopentadienylplatinumtrimethyl, (η-C5H5)Pt(CH3)3, and its concen- tration in the film is 3.3%. Annealing at 750 °C in hydrogen converts the tungsten into a polycrystalline deposit which exhibits an x-ray diffraction pattern characteristic of the metal. The sheet resistivities of the amorphous films are 52±4 μΩ cm.
THE [14C]DEOXYGLUCOSE METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF LOCAL CEREBRAL GLUCOSE UTILIZATION: THEORY, PROCEDURE, AND NORMAL VALUES IN THE CONSCIOUS AND ANESTHETIZED ALBINO RAT1 (1977)

Abstract— A method has been developed for the simultaneous measurement of the rates of glucose consumption in the various structural and functional components of the brain in vivo. The method can be applied to most laboratory animals in the conscious state. It is based on the use of 2‐deoxy‐D‐[ 14 C]glucose ([ 14 C]DG) as a tracer for the exchange of glucose between plasma and brain and its phosphorylation by hexokinase in the tissues. [ 14 C]DG is used because the label in its product, [ 14 C]deoxyglucose‐6‐phosphate, is essentially trapped in the tissue over the time course of the measurement. A model has been designed based on the assumptions of a steady state for glucose consumption, a first order equilibration of the free [ 14 C]DG pool in the tissue with the plasma level, and relative rates of phosphorylation of [ 14 C]DG and glucose determined by their relative concentrations in the precursor pools and their respective kinetic constants for the hexokinase reaction. An operational equation based on this model has been derived in terms of determinable variables. A pulse of [ 14 C]DG is administered intravenously and the arterial plasma [ 14 C]DG and glucose concentrations monitored for a preset time between 30 and 45min. At the prescribed time, the head is removed and frozen in liquid N 2 ‐chilled Freon XII, and the brain sectioned for autoradiography. Local tissue concentrations of [ 14 C]DG are determined by quantitative autoradiography. Local cerebral glucose consumption is calculated by the equation on the basis of these measured values. The method has been applied to normal albino rats in the conscious state and under thiopental anesthesia. The results demonstrate that the local rates of glucose consumption in the brain fall into two distinct distributions, one for gray matter and the other for white matter. In the conscious rat the values in the gray matter vary widely from structure to structure (54‐197 μmol/100 g/min) with the highest values in structures related to auditory function, e.g. medial geniculate body, superior olive, inferior colliculus, and auditory cortex. The values in white matter are more uniform (i.e. 33–40 μmo1/100 g/min) at levels approximately one‐fourth to one‐half those of gray matter. Heterogeneous rates of glucose consumption are frequently seen within specific structures, often revealing a pattern of cytoarchitecture. Thiopental anesthesia markedly depresses the rates of glucose utilization throughout the brain, particularly in gray matter, and metabolic rate throughout gray matter becomes more uniform at a lower level.
Design of a New Multifunctionalized PAMAM Dendrimer with Hydrazide-Terminated Spacer Arm Suitable for Metal−Carbonyl Multilabeling of Aldehyde-Containing Molecules (2007)

We describe herein the synthesis of generation 4 (G4) poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers bearing (1) a nitroaniline derivative as an NMR probe, (2) (η5-cyclopentadienyl)iron dicarbonyl succinimidato complexes as infrared probes for carbonyl metallo immunoassay, (3) acetamide groups for increased solubility, and (4) hydrazide functions at the extremity of five-carbon atom spacer arms for the labeling of aldehyde-containing molecules. The step-by-step building of these multifunctionalized dendrimers was monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Substitution of terminal amine groups of PAMAM dendrimers with appropriate functional groups provides complex dendrimeric structures with a wide range of applications. The final goal of this study is the development of new reagents suitable for the metal−carbonyl multilabeling of immunological reagents such as antibodies.
Pharmacokinetic factors affecting antidepressant drug clearance and clinical effect: evaluation of doxepin and imipramine--new data and review. (1988)

The selection of a starting dose for an antidepressant, and subsequent clinical titration to an appropriate therapeutic dosage, should be based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles. In the past decade, therapeutic monitoring of antidepressant drugs and use of pharmacokinetic principles have been shown to be an improvement over the dose-response approach. Endogenous (e.g., genetic metabolic phenotype, hepatic blood flow, and protein binding) and exogenous factors (e.g., smoking, dietary habits, concurrent medications) are capable of influencing physiological and pharmacokinetic variables in patients, accounting for the marked interindividual differences in the clearance rates of cyclic antidepressants. Interpatient variability for steady-state concentrations in plasma (Cpss) greater than 20-fold are observed at a fixed dose of imipramine (r2 = 0.525, df = 346, t = 19.541, P less than 0.0001) or doxepin (r2 = 0.506, df = 128, t = 11.403, P less than 0.0001). Analysis of doxepin in plasma vs estimated in oral clearance for 61 patients demonstrates a significant decline in oral clearance as a function of Cpss. At doses approaching the upper range recommended for the treatment of depression, Cpss appear to approach, in at least a few individuals, the maximum metabolic capacity of the patient (Vmax), leading to greater-than-expected increases in concentrations for a given dosage increment. Significant alterations in oral clearance are observed when medications are administered concomitantly. A greater-than-threefold difference in mean oral doxepin clearance rates is observed between two groups of patients receiving additional medications that are either inducers or inhibitors (P less than 0.0001, df = 32, t = 6.687). Pharmacokinetic principles defining and explaining the determinants of oral clearance can provide the clinician with a greater insight into the reasons for therapeutic failure and toxicity.
Pulsed injection MOCVD of functional electronic oxides (2000)

A new source has been developed in LMGP and in Vilnius University for the generation of active gases for chemical vapour deposition of layers. The principle is a sequential injection of micro amounts (few milligrams) of a solution of organic precursors into an evaporator, where a flash volatilization occurs. The system is very different from the other liquid sources currently used for the MOCVD process, the main advantages are: For a fixed injection parameter, the thickness of the layer is only determined by the number of drops injected (‘digital growth’). The system uses a flash evaporation: only one source containing a solution of the different precursors in an organic solvent is required for the synthesis of complex compounds, but, of course, it is possible to use one source for each element. Multilayers or superlattices of complex compounds are obtained with several injection sources connected to the same reactor and working alternately. A wide variety of compounds and multilayers have already been grown using this new CVD source. In the field of high-temperature superconductors, high-quality YBa2Cu3O7 epitaxial layers have been recently obtained on 3 inch LaAlO3 single-crystal substrate (Tc=92.1 K, δTc=0.15 K, Jc(77K)=4–6 MA/cm2 over the whole surface). This demonstrates that the large amount of carbon existing in the gas phase does not affect the properties of the superconductor. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrical conductivity in ionic complexes of poly(ethylene oxide) (1975)

Abstract The temperature dependence of d.c. conductivity of poly(ethylene oxide) complexes with sodium iodide and the thiocyanates of sodium, potassium and ammonium has been investigated. In each case a transition to a lower activation energy at higher temperatures was observed. For the sodium complexes this transition occurs at ca 55°C which is well below the crystalline melting points at 200°C. For the potassium and ammonium complexes however, the transitions coincide with the melting points at ca 100 and 70°C respectively. It is proposed that at the transitions, thermal disintegration of complexes in the amorphous regions occurs. The complexes involve coordination of the cations to the ether oxygen atoms in the polymer backbone.
Interleukin‐4 and Interferon‐Gamma Production by Leishmania Stimulated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Nonexposed Individuals (1995)

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) production by Leishmania reactive peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from non-exposed individuals was investigated. IFN-gamma was measured in culture supernatants after antigen stimulation. For the measurement of IL-4, antigen stimulated cells were pulsed with PMA and ionomycin before IL-4 release was measured. L. donovani and L. major antigens induced IL-4 production (105-1748 pg/ml) in 13 and seven cultures, and IFN-gamma production (1.7 - > 66 IU/ml) in 14 and 11 of 20 cultures, respectively. IL-4 production rose steeply after 6 days of antigen stimulation suggesting a response due to antigen recognition. Both IL-4 and IFN-gamma production was abrogated by depletion of CD2+ or CD4+ but not CD8+ cells. CD2+ or CD4+ but not CD8+ enriched cultures produced cytokines as unseparated PBMC. Thus, in non-exposed individuals circulating Leishmania reactive CD4+ T cells could be demonstrated. The cells from different individuals showed different patterns of IFN-gamma and/or IL-4 production upon antigenic stimulation. In experimental leishmaniasis the early balance between IFN-gamma and IL-4 is important for the clinical outcome. Our findings call for studies of the importance of cytokine production by cross-reactive T cells for the outcome of L. donovani infections in humans and show that the method for IL-4 detection is useful for this purpose.
Complete structure of the human gene for 92-kDa type IV collagenase. Divergent regulation of expression for the 92- and 72-kilodalton enzyme genes in HT-1080 cells. (1991)

The complete structure of the human gene for 92-kDa type IV collagenase was determined. Two overlapping genomic clones spanning 26 kilobases (kb) of genomic DNA were shown to contain the entire 7.7-kb structural gene together with 15 and 3.5 kb of 5'-end and 3'-end flanking regions, respectively. The 92-kDa type IV collagenase gene contains 13 exons as does the 72-kDa type IV collagenase gene. All intron locations of the 92-kDa enzyme gene coincided with intron locations in the 72-kDa enzyme gene. Exons 5, 6, and 7 which were 174, 174, and 177 base pairs long, respectively, each encoded one complete internal repeat which resembles the collagen-binding domains of fibronectin. The sequence coding for a unique 48-residue segment in the 92-kDa type IV collagenase that has no counterpart in other metalloproteinases was not present in a separate exon, but was contained in exon 9 which also codes for sequences with homology to the other metalloproteinases. The initiation site for transcription was determined by primer extension analysis. Sequencing analysis of 599 base pairs of the 5'-end flanking region showed that the promoter does not have a TATA motif, but a TTAAA sequence at position -29 to -25. A CAAT motif was not observed but there was one GC box. Two putative 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) response elements, that might serve as binding sites for the transcription factor AP-1 and a consensus sequence of a transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) inhibitory element were found in the promoter region. Gelatinase assay of enzyme secreted by cultured human fibrosarcoma cells (HT-1080) revealed only low levels of 92-kDa type IV collagenase activity, whereas considerable activity of the 72-kDa enzyme was present. Northern hybridization analysis confirmed these findings. Treatment of the HT-1080 cells with TPA resulted in induction of the secretion of 92-kDa type IV collagenase activity. This induction could not be significantly inhibited by concomitant incubation with TGF-beta 1. TPA and TGF-beta 1 did not markedly affect the activities of the 72-kDa enzyme. The activities of the secreted 92- and 72-kDa enzymes by HT-1080 cells correlated with the amounts of mRNA as estimated by Northern analyses.
Toxicophores: groups and metabolic routes associated with increased safety risk. (2002)

Drugs and chemicals can be metabolized in living organisms in an effort to remove them from the body. During this excretion process, certain chemicals can be transformed into unstable, highly reactive species. This can result in the overwhelming of cellular defense, allowing the reactive metabolite to bind to cellular macromolecules, and leading to abnormal cellular function. It is widely accepted that this process can lead to clinically observed toxicities in the form of idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions. However, it is currently impossible to predict which chemical species will cause these reactions. This review focuses on drugs from which reactive metabolites have been detected and reiterates the need for a more thorough understanding of basic drug metabolism before attempting to relate chemical species formation to biological function.
Effect of O Acetylation of Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup A Capsular Polysaccharide on Development of Functional Immune Responses (2002)

The importance of O-acetyl groups to the immunogenicity of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A polysaccharide (PS) was examined in studies using human sera and mouse immunization. In 17 of 18 postimmunization human sera, inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that the majority of antibodies binding to serogroup A PS were specific for epitopes involving O-acetyl groups. Studies with mice also showed an essential role for O-acetyl groups, where serum bactericidal titers following immunization with de-O-acetylated (de-O-Ac) conjugate vaccine were at least 32-fold lower than those following immunization with O-Ac PS-conjugate vaccine and 4-fold lower than those following immunization with native capsular PS. Inhibition studies using native and de-O-Ac PS confirmed the specificity of murine antibodies to native PS. The dramatic reduction in immunogenicity associated with removal of O-acetyl groups indicates that O acetylation is essential to the immunogenic epitopes of serogroup A PS. Since levels of bactericidal antibodies are correlated with protection against disease, O-acetyl groups appear to be important in protection.