gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proatherogenic immune responses are regulated by the PD-1/PD-L pathway in mice (2007)

T lymphocyte responses promote proatherogenic inflammatory events, which are influenced by costimulatory molecules of the B7 family. Effects of negative regulatory members of the B7 family on atherosclerosis have not been described. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2 are B7 family members expressed on several cell types, which inhibit T cell activation via binding to programmed death-1 (PD-1) on T cells. In order to test whether the PD-1/PD-L pathway regulates proatherogenic T cell responses, we compared atherosclerotic lesion burden and phenotype in hypercholesterolemic PD-L1/2(-/-)LDLR(-/-) mice and LDLR(-/-) controls. PD-L1/2 deficiency led to significantly increased atherosclerotic burden throughout the aorta and increased numbers of lesional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Compared with controls, PD-L1/2(-/-)LDLR(-/-) mice had iliac lymphadenopathy and increased numbers of activated CD4(+) T cells. Serum levels of TNF-alpha were higher in PD-L1/2(-/-)LDLR(-/-) mice than in controls. PD-L1/2-deficient APCs were more effective than control APCs in activating CD4(+) T cells in vitro, with or without cholesterol loading. Freshly isolated APCs from hypercholesterolemic PD-L1/2(-/-)LDLR(-/-) mice stimulated greater T cell responses than did APCs from hypercholesterolemic controls. Our findings indicate that the PD-1/PD-L pathway has an important role in downregulating proatherogenic T cell response and atherosclerosis by limiting APC-dependent T cell activation.
Oral nicorandil recaptures the waned protection from preconditioning in vivo (2003)

1. Protection from preconditioning (PC) wanes and is eventually lost when multiple bouts of short ischemia or a prolonged reperfusion interval precedes the following sustained ischemia. The activation of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels plays a pivotal role in the intracellular signaling of PC. We tested whether the K(ATP) channel opener nicorandil (nic) preserves the given protection from PC in conditions where this benefit decays and is lost. 2. Eight groups of rabbits were divided into two equal series of experiments, one without nic (placebo) and one with nic treatment. Nic was given orally for 5 consecutive days in a dose of 5 mg kg(-1) d(-1). In a second step, four additional groups were treated with nic plus the K(ATP) channel blocker 5HD and 1 additional control group with nitroglycerin only. All the animals were anesthetized and then subjected to 30 min of myocardial ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion with one of the following interventions before the sustained ischemia: Control groups to no intervention; 3PC groups to three cycles of 5-min ischemia-10-min reperfusion; 8PC groups to eight cycles of 5-min ischemia - 10-min reperfusion; and 3PC90 groups to the same interventions as the 3PC groups but with a prolonged (90 min) intervening reperfusion interval before the sustained ischemia. The infarcted and the risk areas were expressed in percent. 3. There was no significant change in infarct size between the placebo, the nic and the 5HD-nic in the control groups (41.5+/-4.7, 43.9+/-7.1 and 48.7+/-6.4%) and 3PC groups (10.3+/-3.4, 12.2+/-3.9 and 12.6+/-4.5%). However, there was a significant decrease after nic treatment in groups 8PC (47.7+/-8.8% vs 13.0+/-2.6%, P<0.01) and 3PC90 (37.3+/-6.0% vs 14.2+/-2.4%, P<0.01), which was abrogated (38.2+/-4.7 and 42.7+/-4.4%, respectively, for 8PC and 3PC90 groups). Nitroglycerin had no effect on infarct size (39.1+/-3.1%, P=NS vs other controls). 4. Oral treatment with nic recaptures the waned protection of PC, both after repetitive bouts of short ischemia or after a prolonged reperfusion interval, preserving the initially obtained benefit. Nic by itself is insufficient to initiate PC in vivo.
Bioprinting living structures (2007)

Present efforts in tissue engineering are aimed at building living structures by employing the self-organizing properties of cells and tissues and automated technologies. One such technology is bioprinting that utilizes three-dimensional delivery devices for the rapid and accurate placement of biological materials into biocompatible environments, where post-printing self-assembly takes place. This Application article summarizes the scientific basis of this approach and some of the recent developments.
Nonstandard Hydrogen Bonding in Duplex Oligonucleotides. The Base Pair between an Acceptor-Donor-Donor Pyrimidine Analog and a Donor-Acceptor-Acceptor Purine Analog (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNonstandard Hydrogen Bonding in Duplex Oligonucleotides. The Base Pair between an Acceptor-Donor-Donor Pyrimidine Analog and a Donor-Acceptor-Acceptor Purine AnalogJohannes J. Voegel and Steven A. BennerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 15, 6929–6930Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00094a055https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00094a055research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views296Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Development of Sodium Contamination in Semiconductor Oxidation Atmospheres at 1000°C (1977)

The thermodynamic equilibria established in fused silica oxidation tubes operated at 1000°C are analyzed. Transparent fused silica tubes used for thermal oxidation of silicon contain about 10 ppm sodium impurity. At oxidation temperatures sodium diffuses in fused silica, evaporates into the oxidation ambient, and reacts with residual water contaminating the oxidation atmosphere. During the oxidation cycle enough sodium is incorporated into the growing oxide film to be detected later by capacitance measurements in metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) structures. Reactions taking place during currently used in situ furnace cleaning procedures are analyzed. Calculations indicate that the amount of sodium removed from the fused silica tube wall through chlorine or hydrogen chloride cleaning is substantial. The reaction rate is regulated by diffusion of sodium in the fused silica. The use of iodine and hydrogen iodide as cleaning agents is discussed.
Analogs of farnesylcysteine induce apoptosis in HL‐60 cells (1998)

S-Farnesyl-thioacetic acid (FTA), a competitive inhibitor of isoprenylated protein methyltransferase, potently suppressed the growth of HL-60 cells and induced apoptosis, as evidenced by the development of increased annexin-V binding, decreased binding of DNA dyes and internucleosomal DNA degradation. FTA did not impair the membrane association of ras proteins, conversely, it brought about a decrease in the proportion of ras present in the cytosolic fraction. Farnesylated molecules which are weak inhibitors of the methyltransferase also induced DNA laddering and reduced the proportion of cytosolic ras. These findings suggest that neither inhibition of isoprenylated protein methylation nor impairment of ras membrane association are essential for apoptosis induced by farnesylcysteine analogs.
Antigen delivery systems (2004)

Many vaccine candidates are highly purified, sometimes monomeric antigens and as a result, not very immunogenic. Antigen delivery systems optimize the presentation of antigens. They also play a major role in solving the problem of there being an increasing number of vaccines but limited opportunities in which to include these vaccines in immunization programs. The number of injections is restricted and combining vaccines may lead to immunological and physicochemical incompatibility. In this review, the current status with respect to parenteral and mucosal delivery systems is discussed. These include lipid-based systems such as liposomes and immunostimulating complexes, as well as polymeric microspheres. In addition, developments in needle-free, dermal delivery devices such as jet injectors, microneedles and patches are presented.
Injection with methylprednisolone proximal to the carpal tunnel: randomised double blind trial (1999)

A single injection with steroids close to the carpal tunnel may result in long term improvement and should be considered before surgical decompression.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Single Biomolecules (1999)

Recent advances in single-molecule detection and single-molecule spectroscopy at room temperature by laser-induced fluorescence offer new tools for the study of individual macromolecules under physiological conditions. These tools relay conformational states, conformational dynamics, and activity of single biological molecules to physical observables, unmasked by ensemble averaging. Distributions and time trajectories of these observables can therefore be measured during a reaction without the impossible need to synchronize all the molecules in the ensemble. The progress in applying these tools to biological studies with the use of fluorophores that are site-specifically attached to macromolecules is reviewed.
Tivozanib Versus Sorafenib As Initial Targeted Therapy for Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results From a Phase III Trial (2013)

Tivozanib demonstrated improved PFS, but not OS, and a differentiated safety profile, compared with sorafenib, as initial targeted therapy for metastatic RCC.
Large-Scale MIMO Transmitters in Fixed Physical Spaces: The Effect of Transmit Correlation and Mutual Coupling (2013)

We explore the performance of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transmitters in correlated channels where increasing numbers of antenna elements are fitted in a fixed physical space. As well investigated in the literature, two main effects emerge in such a design: transmit spatial correlation and mutual antenna coupling. In contrast to the literature however, here we investigate the combined effect of reducing the distance between the antenna elements with increasing the number of elements in a fixed transmitter space. In other words, towards the implementation of large-scale MIMO transmitters in limited physical spaces, we investigate the joint effect of two contradicting phenomena: the reduction of spatial diversity due to reducing the separation between antennas and the increase in transmit diversity by increasing the number of elements. Within this context, we analytically approximate the performance of two distinct linear precoding designs. The theoretical analysis and simulations show the somewhat surprising result that for a given number of receivers the improved transmit diversity dominates the performance of practical linear precoders. Consequently, important benefits in the system sum rate can be gleaned by fitting more antenna elements in a fixed space by employing separations smaller than the wavelength of the transmit frequency.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Maintains Bone Cell Activity, and Parathyroid Hormone Modulates Bone Cell Number in Dogs* (1986)

The singular and combined effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] and PTH on bone were evaluated in a long term in vivo study in dogs. Dogs were rendered deficient in 1,25-(OH)2D and PTH by five sixths nephrectomy and parathyroidectomy. A control group was sham operated. Various combinations in status of 1,25-(OH)2D and PTH were produced by daily sc injections of 1,25-(OH)2D (1.25) and/or continuous infusion of 1-34 bovine PTH. These were 1.25+/PTH+, 1.25-/PTH-, 1.25+/PTH-, 1.25-/PTH+. Serum calcium levels were kept in the normal range by the administration of one or two of the hormones or by oral supplementation of calcium lactate. Histomorphometric evaluation of static and dynamic parameters of bone after 8 months of experimental observation revealed that deficiency in 1,25-(OH)2D and PTH resulted in decreased number and activity of bone-forming and resorbing cells. Administration of 1,25-(OH)2D increased the activity but not the number of bone cells. In contrast, administration of PTH increased the number but not the activity of bone cells. Tissue level activity was decreased when one or both hormones were deficient, and normal tissue level activity was found only when both hormones were given. These data are relevant for understanding and management of diseases with perturbations in vitamin D and/or PTH.
A computational analysis of sequence features involved in recognition of short introns (2001)

Splicing of short introns by the nuclear pre-mRNA splicing machinery is thought to proceed via an "intron definition" mechanism, in which the 5' and 3' splice sites (5'ss, 3'ss, respectively) are initially recognized and paired across the intron. Here, we describe a computational analysis of sequence features involved in recognition of short introns by using available transcript data from five eukaryotes with complete or nearly complete genomic sequences. The information content of five different transcript features was measured by using methods from information theory, and Monte Carlo simulations were used to determine the amount of information required for accurate recognition of short introns in each organism. We conclude: (i) that short introns in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans contain essentially all of the information for their recognition by the splicing machinery, and computer programs that simulate splicing specificity can predict the exact boundaries of approximately 95% of short introns in both organisms; (ii) that in yeast, the 5'ss, branch signal, and 3'ss can accurately identify intron locations but do not precisely determine the location of 3' cleavage in every intron; and (iii) that the 5'ss, branch signal, and 3'ss are not sufficient to accurately identify short introns in plant and human transcripts, but that specific subsets of candidate intronic enhancer motifs can be identified in both human and Arabidopsis that contribute dramatically to the accuracy of splicing simulators.
p53 and E2F-1 cooperate to mediate apoptosis. (1994)

The tumor-suppressor protein p53 appears to function at the G1 phase of the cell cycle as a checkpoint in response to DNA damage. Mutations in the p53 gene lead to an increased rate of genomic instability and tumorigenesis. The E2F-1 transcription factor is a protein partner of the retinoblastoma-susceptibility gene product, RB. E2F-1 appears to function as a positive regulator or signal for entry into S phase. To explore possible interactions of p53 and E2F-1 in the cell cycle, a human E2F-1 expression plasmid was introduced into a murine cell line containing a temperature-sensitive p53 allele which produces a p53 protein in the wild-type conformation at 32 degrees C and the mutant form at 37.5 degrees C. Coexpression of the wild-type p53 protein and E2F-1 in these cells resulted in a rapid loss of cell viability through a process of apoptosis. Thus, the cell cycle utilizes an interacting or communicative pathway between RB-E2F-1 and p53.
Broad Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in the Human Central Nervous System (2002)

The family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) plays a key role in controlling innate immune responses to a wide variety of pathogen-associated molecules. In this study we investigated expression of TLRs in vitro by purified human microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, and in vivo by immunohistochemical examination of brain and spinal cord sections. Cultured primary microglia were found to express mRNA encoding a wide range of different TLR family members while astrocytes and oligodendrocytes primarily express TLR2 and TLR3. Comparisons between microglia derived from a series of control subjects and neurodegenerative cases indicate distinct differences in levels of mRNA encoding the different TLRs indifferent microglia samples. Interestingly, expression of TLR proteins in cultured microglia as revealed by immunocytochemistry was restricted to intracellular vesicles, whereas in astrocytes they were exclusively localized on the cell surface. Finally, in vivo expression of TLR3 and TLR4 was examined by immunohistochemical analysis of brain and spinal cord sections from both control and multiple sclerosis brains, revealing enhanced expression of either TLR in inflamed CNS tissues. Together, our data reveal broad and regulated expression of TLRs both in vitro and in vivo by human glia cells.
Lower Extremity Exoskeleton Reduces Back Forces in Lifting (2009)

We propose a lower extremity exoskeleton device which adds a passive extensor moment (restoring moment) about the hips during squat lifting, thus reducing forces on the lower back by reducing the required extensor muscle force. Video sequences were recorded of normal speed sagittal squat lifting 44.5 N (10 lb) and 133.5 N (30 lb) packages for marker tracking. Calculations suggested that the device reduces maximum spine compressive forces by approximately 1300 N. Surface electromyography (EMG) was performed on 6 subjects supporting 44.5 N (10 lb) and 133.5 N (30 lb) packages in the static squat posture. With the device, back muscles demonstrated a 54% reduction in muscle activity. This exoskeleton device includes features not available on other devices including highly adjustable moment profile and elimination of high contact stress in the lower extremities by connecting directly with the ground.
The effects of a monoclonal antibody to interferon‐γ on experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT): prevention of disease and decrease of EAT‐specific T cells (1993)

CBA/J mice immunized with thyroglobulin (Tg) develop an experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) with lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid glands, autoantibodies to Tg and occurrence of EAT-specific T cells. When these mice were treated for 4 weeks after immunization with 1 mg/week of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that neutralizes the activity of interferon-gamma (IFN) a beneficial effect on the onset of EAT was observed. Characteristic features of EAT were significantly reduced, including the lymphocytic infiltrations of the thyroid glands and the serum levels of autoantibodies to Tg. Moreover, in lymphoid organs, mAb to IFN-gamma significantly reduced the percentages of Tg-specific CD8+ cells, labeled by the anti-clonotypic mAb AG7. These Tg-specific T cells seem responsible for thyroid damages and disease development, since EAT was simultaneously abrogated. These results show that IFN-gamma plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of EAT and suggest the possibility to treat autoimmune thyroid diseases with mAb to IFN-gamma or drugs able to antagonize the production and/or the action of this cytokine.
The Laplacian Pyramid as a Compact Image Code (1983)

We describe a technique for image encoding in which local operators of many scales but identical shape serve as the basis functions. The representation differs from established techniques in that the code elements are localized in spatial frequency as well as in space. Pixel-to-pixel correlations are first removed by subtracting a lowpass filtered copy of the image from the image itself. The result is a net data compression since the difference, or error, image has low variance and entropy, and the low-pass filtered image may represented at reduced sample density. Further data compression is achieved by quantizing the difference image. These steps are then repeated to compress the low-pass image. Iteration of the process at appropriately expanded scales generates a pyramid data structure. The encoding process is equivalent to sampling the image with Laplacian operators of many scales. Thus, the code tends to enhance salient image features. A further advantage of the present code is that it is well suited for many image analysis tasks as well as for image compression. Fast algorithms are described for coding and decoding.
Botulinum Neurotoxin Detection and Differentiation by Mass Spectrometry (2005)

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are proteases that cleave specific cellular proteins essential for neurotransmitter release. Seven BoNT serotypes (A-G) exist; 4 usually cause human botulism (A, B, E, and F). We developed a rapid, mass spectrometry-based method (Endopep-MS) to detect and differentiate active BoNTs A, B, E, and F. This method uses the highly specific protease activity of the toxins with target peptides specific for each toxin serotype. The product peptides derived from the endopeptidase activities of BoNTs are detected by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In buffer, this method can detect toxin equivalents of as little as 0.01 mouse lethal dose (MLD)50 and concentrations as low as 0.62 MLD50/mL. A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantifying active toxin, where the amount of toxin can be correlated to the amount of product peptides, is also described.
An Overview on Bioreactor Design, Prototyping and Process Control for Reproducible Three‐Dimensional Tissue Culture (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Important Aspects for Bioreactor Design Culture Systems and Bioreactors Used in Tissue Engineering The Operation of Bioreactors 3D Systems Used for Drug Testing Modeling of Bioreactor Systems for Tissue Engineering The Artificial Immune System Matrices Microenvironment Monitoring Conclusions References
HIGH-INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND SURGERY OF THE BRAIN (2009)

The field of magnetic resonance imaging-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) is a rapidly evolving one, with many potential applications in neurosurgery. The first of 3 articles on MRgFUS, this article focuses on the historical development of the technology and its potential applications in modern neurosurgery. The evolution of MRgFUS has occurred in parallel with modern neurological surgery, and the 2 seemingly distinct disciplines share many of the same pioneering figures. Early studies on focused ultrasound treatment in the 1940s and 1950s demonstrated the ability to perform precise lesioning in the human brain, with a favorable risk-benefit profile. However, the need for a craniotomy, as well as the lack of sophisticated imaging technology, resulted in limited growth of high-intensity focused ultrasound for neurosurgery. More recently, technological advances have permitted the combination of high-intensity focused ultrasound along with magnetic resonance imaging guidance to provide an opportunity to effectively treat a variety of central nervous system disorders. Although challenges remain, high-intensity focused ultrasound-mediated neurosurgery may offer the ability to target and treat central nervous system conditions that were previously extremely difficult to address. The remaining 2 articles in this series will focus on the physical principles of modern MRgFUS as well as current and future avenues for investigation.