gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microenvironmental pH Is a Key Factor for Exosome Traffic in Tumor Cells (2009)

Exosomes secreted by normal and cancer cells carry and deliver a variety of molecules. To date, mechanisms referring to tumor exosome trafficking, including release and cell-cell transmission, have not been described. To gain insight into this, exosomes purified from metastatic melanoma cell medium were labeled with a lipid fluorescent probe, R18, and analyzed by spectrofluorometry and confocal microscopy. A low pH condition is a hallmark of tumor malignancy, potentially influencing exosome release and uptake by cancer cells. Using different pH conditions as a modifier of exosome traffic, we showed (i) an increased exosome release and uptake at low pH when compared with a buffered condition and (ii) exosome uptake by melanoma cells occurred by fusion. Membrane biophysical analysis, such as fluidity and lipid composition, indicated a high rigidity and sphingomyelin/ganglioside GM3 (N-acetylneuraminylgalactosylglucosylceramide) content in exosomes released at low pH. This was likely responsible for the increased fusion efficiency. Consistent with these results, pretreatment with proton pump inhibitors led to an inhibition of exosome uptake by melanoma cells. Fusion efficiency of tumor exosomes resulted in being higher in cells of metastatic origin than in those derived from primary tumors or normal cells. Furthermore, we found that caveolin-1, a protein involved in melanoma progression, is highly delivered through exosomes released in an acidic condition. The results of our study provide the evidence that exosomes may be used as a delivery system for paracrine diffusion of tumor malignancy, in turn supporting the importance of both exosomes and tumor pH as key targets for future anti-cancer strategies.
COMPARISON OF THE STOMACH CONTENTS OF SOUTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS, MIROUNGA LEONINA, AT MACQUARIE AND HEARD ISLANDS (1993)

Abstract: There are three major breeding populations of southern elephant seals centered on Macquarie Island, Kerguelen‐Heard Islands and South Georgia‐Antarctic Peninsula. The composition of the diet differs between these populations based on published data from Signy Island and data presented here from Macquarie and Heard Islands. These differences in diet appear to be linked to the location at which seals were sampled ranging from the least Antarctic (Macquarie Island) to the most Antarctic (Signy Island). The major food remains consisted of cephalopod beaks and fish eye lenses. More benthic material was found at Heard Island than at Macquarie Island. The diet at Macquarie Island differed between summer and winter and between young animals and adults. The difficulty in collecting dietary samples of southern elephant seals near their main foraging areas makes the study of the feeding ecology of this species extremely difficult in comparison with other Southern Ocean species.
Cow and Calf Performance and Economic Considerations of Early Weaning of Fall-Born Beef Calves2 (1987)

Ninety-six crossbred calves from 66 fall-calving cows were utilized to evaluate differences in cow and calf performance and to determine economic differences between cows that weaned calves at approximately 110 or 222 d. No significant differences existed in cow weight or condition score at normal weaning, but differences in cow weight at early weaning were significant between cows with early- and normal-weaned calves. Cows with early-weaned calves gained 2.5 ± 3.3 kg, while cows with normal-weaned calves lost 18.2 ± 2.9 kg between early and normal weaning (P<.01). No significant differences existed between early- and normal-weaned calves for average daily gain from birth to early weaning or weight at early weaning. Early-weaned calves were 25.2 ± 4.4 kg heavier at normal weaning and gained 29.0 ± 3.0 kg more from early to normal weaning than normal-weaned calves. Compared with normal-weaned calves, early-weaned calves were lower (P=.05) in condition score at early weaning, had greater (P<.05) improvement in condition score from early to normal weaning but similar (P=.30) condition scores at time of normal weaning. Cows with early-weaned calves consumed 45.3% less (P=.13) hay, on total digestible nutrients basis, than cows with normal-weaned calves. Early-weaned cow-calf pairs consumed 20.4% (P=.36) less total digestible nutrients than normal weaned cow-calf pairs. The early-weaned cow-calf pairs were 43.0% more (P=.01) efficient in converting total digestible nutrients into calf gain than were normal-weaned cow-calf pairs.
Direct visualization of volume data (1992)

A combination of segmentation tools and fast volume renderers that provides an interactive exploration environment for volume visualization is discussed. The tools and renderers include mechanisms that distribute volume data across multiple processors, as well as image compositing techniques and solutions to representation problems in the selection and display of subregions within bounding volumes. A volume visualization technique using the interactive control of images rendered directly from volume data coupled with a user-controlled semantic classification tool is described. The variations of parallel volume rendering being explored on the Pixel-Planes 5 system and the region-of-interest selection methods and the interactive tools used by the system are presented. The flexibility and power of combining volume rendering with region-of-interest selection techniques are demonstrated using examples of medical imaging applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
DNA-Directed Assembly of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (2007)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTDNA-Directed Assembly of Single-Wall Carbon NanotubesYi Chen, Haipeng Liu, Tao Ye, Junghwa Kim, and Chengde MaoView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 28, 8696–8697Publication Date (Web):June 23, 2007Publication History Received23 April 2007Published online23 June 2007Published inissue 1 July 2007https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja072838thttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja072838trapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2007 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2436Altmetric-Citations117LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Aggregation,Carbon nanotubes,Genetics,Hybridization,Metal nanoparticles Get e-Alerts
Molecular Imaging with Theranostic Nanoparticles (2011)

Nanoparticles (NPs) offer diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities not available with small molecules or microscale tools. As the field of molecular imaging has emerged from the blending of molecular biology with medical imaging, NP imaging is increasingly common for both therapeutic and diagnostic applications. The term theranostic describes technology with concurrent and complementary diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. Although NPs have been FDA-approved for clinical use as transport vehicles for nearly 15 years, full translation of their theranostic potential is incomplete. However, NPs have shown remarkable success in the areas of drug delivery and magnetic resonance imaging. Emerging applications include image-guided resection, optical/photoacoustic imaging in vivo, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and thermoablative therapy. Diagnosis with NPs in molecular imaging involves the correlation of the signal with a phenotype. The location and intensity of NP signals emanating from a living subject indicate the disease area's size, stage, and biochemical signature. Therapy with NPs uses the image for resection or delivery of a small molecule or RNA therapeutic. Ablation of the affected area is also possible via heat or radioactivity. The ideal theranostic NP includes several features: (1) it selectively and rapidly accumulates in diseased tissue; (2) it reports biochemical and morphological characteristics of the area; (3) it delivers an effective therapeutic; and (4) it is safe and biodegrades with nontoxic byproducts. Such a system contains a central imaging core surrounded by small molecule therapeutics. The system targets via ligands such as IgG and is protected from immune scavengers by a cloak of protective polymer. Although no NP has achieved all of the above criteria, many NPs possess one or more of these features. While the most clinically translatable NPs have been used in the field of magnetic resonance imaging, other types in development are quickly becoming more biocompatible through methods that modify their toxicity and biodistribution profiles. In this Account, we describe diagnostic imaging and therapeutic uses of NPs. We propose and offer examples of five primary types of nanoparticles with concurrent diagnostic and therapeutic uses.
Clustered multi-channel dereverberation for ad-hoc microphone arrays (2015)

A novel unsupervised multi-channel dereverberation approach in ad-hoc microphone arrays context based on removing microphones with relatively higher level of reverberation from the array and applying the dereverberation method on a subset of microphones with lower level of reverberation is proposed in this paper. This approach does not require any prior information about the number of microphones and their relative locations, however based on kurtosis of Linear Prediction (LP) residual signals, microphones located close to the active source are detected and utilized for the dereverberation process. The proposed method is a clustered enhancement method which can be applied with any dereverberation algorithm. The proposed method is not dependent on the recording setup so it requires no predefined threshold and it can be applied to unknown rooms with unseen speakers. Dereverberation results suggest that regardless of the applied dereverberation method, using a consciously chosen subset of microphones always yield better dereverberation results compared to blind use of all microphones.
Defective phenotype of mesenchymal stem cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (2010)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been considered as stem cell disorder. The objective of this study was to examine the phenotype, growth and immunomodulatory effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from SLE patients compared with those from age- and sex-matched healthy donors. MSCs were expanded from bone marrow aspirate and were examined for morphological appearance, quantified in different passages to determine growth rate and evaluated for ability of adipogenesis and osteogenesis. Telomerase activity was measured by telomerase repeat amplification protocol. The immunomodulatory effect of MSCs was evaluated by mixed lymphocyte reaction. MSCs from SLE patients were found to be bigger and flattened in appearance after passage 3 and demonstrated slower growth rate compared with fibroblast-like MSCs from normal controls. These cells were not able to reach confluence after passage 4. Telomerase activity was upregulated in five SLE patients mostly with active disease compared with two with negative expression with lesser activity. MSCs from SLE patients were, otherwise, comparable to normal controls in terms of their surface marker (CD73, CD90 and CD105) expression and extent of suppression on proliferation of allogeneic T lymphocytes. In conclusion, MSCs from SLE demonstrated early signs of senescence which may be a corollary of active lupus or a contributory factor to disease pathogenesis. Lupus (2010) 19, 850-859.
Long-term histological and electrophysiological results of an inactive epiretinal electrode array implantation in dogs. (1999)

Implantation of an electrode array on the epiretinal side (i.e., side closest to the ganglion cell layer) is surgically feasible, with insignificant damage to the underlying retina. The platinum and silicone arrays as well as the metal tacks are biocompatible. With the success of implanting an electrically inactive device onto the retinal surface for prolonged periods, the effects of long-term retinal electrical stimulation are now ready to be tested as the next step toward developing a prototype retinal prosthesis for human use.
Interactive acquisition, analysis, and visualization of sonographic volume data (1997)

This article discusses the design features of an interactive system for acquiring, analyzing, and displaying volume sonographic patient data. Methods for reprojection of two-dimensional (2D) sonographic image data into a volume matrix are discussed. We describe an intuitive, easy-to-use graphical user interface that facilitates physician operation of a system incorporating an interactive volume renderer for optimization of viewing orientation and data presentation and incorporates stereoscopic viewing. Visualization methods are described that permit the operator interactively to extract tissues or organs of interest from the rest of the volume scanned. Selected examples of clinical images are given to demonstrate system capability. The system represents a cost-effective 3D ultrasound system integrating clinical scanners and graphics workstations. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 8: 26–37, 1997
A monoclonal antibody recognizing CD43 (leukosialin) initiates apoptosis of human hematopoietic progenitor cells but not stem cells (1996)

CD43 (the major sialoglycoprotein of leukocytes) is an adhesion molecule broadly expressed on hematopoietic cells. A monoclonal antibody recognizing this molecule induces apoptosis of lineage marker-negative bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) that express CD34 at a high density (CD34hiLIN-). However, not all cells within this population undergo apoptosis on stimulation via CD43. Dividing progenitor cells are most highly affected, whereas more primitive quiescent cells survive anti-CD43 monoclonal antibody treatment. These surviving cells (1) are enriched for cobblestone area-forming cells, (2) repopulate fragments for human fetal bone implanted into C.B-17 scid/scid mice, (3) have a potential to differentiate in vivo to myeloid and lymphoid cells, and (4) have a high proliferative potential in long-term stromal cell-free liquid culture. These data indicate that cells with hematopoietic stem cell characteristics are relatively resistant to CD43-mediated apoptosis as compared with HPCs. Thus, CD43 may be specifically involved in the regulation of HPC proliferation.
Identifying the high-risk carotid plaque. (2014)

With the benefit of hindsight, most symptomatic (67%) and most asymptomatic patients (88%) who were treated medically in the randomized trials were never destined to suffer a stroke. As a consequence of a growing awareness that only a relative minority of patients actually benefit from surgery or stenting, there has been much debate about how contemporary imaging and serum biomarkers might be used to identify the patient with the "high-risk for stroke" plaque in whom to target surgery or stenting in the future. This is particularly important for patients with asymptomatic carotid disease in whom 95% of carotid surgical procedures are ultimately unnecessary. Even if the procedural risk could be reduced to zero, 93% of all interventions would still prove to be unnecessary. This paper reviews the rationale underlying the need to identify "high-risk for stroke" patients in whom to target invasive therapies. It reviews the pathophysiology of the unstable carotid plaque and how such a lesion might be identified using contemporary imaging modalities and serum biomarkers.
Human Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of an Interleukin‐4 and Interleukin‐13 Dual Antagonist in Asthma (2009)

Pitrakinra, a 15-kDa recombinant human interleukin-4 mutein, targets allergic Th2 inflammation by competitively binding to interleukin-4 receptor alpha to interfere with interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 action. The authors characterized pitrakinra pharmacokinetics using data from 96 atopic patients, then compared pharmacokinetics with pharmacological response in asthma following subcutaneous versus inhalation dosing. A 1-compartment systemic model with site-specific absorption describes pitrakinra pharmacokinetics following subcutaneous, nebulization, and inhalation powder delivery. Typical CL/F and V/F, referenced to subcutaneous administration, are 15.5 L/h and 67.5 L, yielding a 3.0-hour half-life of plasma decline. Absorption into the blood (half-life <or=1.0 hour, lag <or=18 minutes) is more rapid than elimination. Relative to subcutaneous injection, systemic availability of the first inhaled dose is <or=3%. Subcutaneous injection produced variable efficacy despite high systemic exposure, suggesting inadequate exposure at the site of action in some participants. Inhalation produced consistent pharmacodynamic response despite low systemic exposure. The lung appears as the primary site of pitrakinra's antiasthmatic action, supporting direct administration to the lung for the treatment of asthma.
Amino acid residues essential for biological activity of a peptide derived from a major histocompatibility complex class I antigen. (1993)

The stimulatory activity of peptides from the alpha 1 domain of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen on adipose cell glucose transport was previously shown to require a preformed, ordered conformation of the peptide. The two peptides studied previously were Dk-(61-85) (ERETQIAKGNEQSFRVDLRTLLRYY) and Dk-(69-85). We now show that systematic alanine substitution in Dk-(69-85) identifies residues that are essential for biological activity. Ordered structure of the peptides, estimated by circular dichroism, was found in all peptides with activity, but with a complex variety of spectra. Inactive peptides were in either a random coil or an ordered structure. Ordered structure, therefore, is not sufficient for activity. The peptides self-interact in the absence of cells and form aggregates that precipitate upon centrifugation. The tendency to aggregate is correlated with biological potency. Only MHC class I molecules have significant homology to the peptides studied here. The peptide self-interaction suggests that the biological effects in cells, which result from inhibition of receptor and transporter internalization, may be due to the binding (tantamount to self-interaction) of the peptide to the homologous sequences in the alpha 1 domain of the MHC class I molecule.
Application of human mesenchymal and pluripotent stem cell microcarrier cultures in cellular therapy: Achievements and future direction (2013)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have recently made significant progress with multiple clinical trials targeting modulation of immune responses, regeneration of bone, cartilage, myocardia, and diseases like Metachromatic leukodystrophy and Hurler syndrome. On the other hand, the use of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in clinical trials is rather limited mainly due to safety issues. Only two clinical trials, retinal pigment epithelial transplantation and treatment of spinal cord injury were reported. Cell doses per treatment can range between 50,000 and 6 billion cells. The current 2-dimensional tissue culture platform can be used when low cell doses are needed and it becomes impractical when doses above 50 million are needed. This demand for future cell therapy has reinvigorated interests in the use of the microcarrier platform for generating stem cells in a scalable 3-dimensional manner. Microcarriers developed for culturing adherent cell lines in suspension have been used mainly in vaccine production and research purposes. Since MSCs grow as monolayers similar to conventional adherent cell lines, adapting MSCs to a microcarrier based expansion platform has been progressing rapidly. On the other hand, establishing a robust microcarrier platform for hPSCs is more challenging as these cells grow in multilayer colonies on extracellular matrices and are more susceptible to shear stress. This review describes properties of commercially available microcarriers developed for cultivation of anchorage dependent cells and present current achievements for expansion and differentiation of stem cells. Key issues such as microcarrier properties and coatings, cell seeding conditions, medium development and improved bioprocess parameters needed for optimal stem cell systems are discussed.
fgf20 Is Essential for Initiating Zebrafish Fin Regeneration (2005)

Epimorphic regeneration requires the presence or creation of pluripotent cells capable of reproducing lost organs. Zebrafish fin regeneration is mediated by the creation of blastema cells. Here, we characterize the devoid of blastema (dob) mutant that fails fin regeneration during initial steps, forms abnormal regeneration epithelium, and does not form blastema. This mutation has no impact on embryonic survival. Dob results from an fgf20a null mutation, Y148S. Fgf20a is expressed during initiation of fin regeneration at the epithelial-mesenchymal boundary and later overlaps with the blastema marker msxb. Thus, fgf20a has a regeneration-specific requirement, initiating fin regeneration, and controlling blastema formation.
Synthesis of Reversed Magainin 2 Analogs Enhanced Antibacterial Activity. (1997)

Magainin 2 is an antimicrobial peptide found in the skin of Xenopus laevis. To find a reversed peptide comparable to the antibacterial activity of magainin 2 analogs, we have synthesized three reversed analogs, the peptide 53D, 87-ISM and A87-ISM, corresponding to the normal peptide D35, MSI-78 and MSI-78A, respectively. We examined their ability to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Among the analogs, the A87-ISM, that is, the reverse of MSI-78A enhanced the amphiphilicity and the alpha-helical tendency of magainin 2, showed not only almost the same antibacterial activity against the bacteria as MSI-78A, but also stronger activity than other magainin 2 analogs. In addition, at the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) value, A87-ISM shows no hemolysis to human red blood cells, while both MSI-78 and MSI-78A cause strong hemolysis at the MIC value. This result indicates that a novel reversed peptide comparable or superior to normal magainin 2 analogs is available.