gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of biofertilizer on soybean seed vigor and field emergence (2009)

To study the effect of biofertilizer on soybean seed vigor under water deficit stress, two experiments were conducted under field and laboratory conditions. Field study was done as split factorial RCBD and laboratory experiment was conducted as a factorial CRD with 4 replications. The seeds were evaluated by cold test. Experimental factors were biofertilizer (seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium japonicum + Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bradyrhizobium japonicum + Glomus mosseae), cultivar (Zalta Zalha and line Clark×Hobbit) and water deficit stress (irrigation after 50 [normal irrigation], 100 [mild stress] and 150 [intense stress] mm evaporation from pan Class A in parents field). Water deficit stress had negative effect on seed quality. Under field condition, the co-inoculation of the seeds with B. japonicum and P. fluorescens improved final field emergence and field emergence index under water deficit stress. Under lab condition, biofertilizer application was effective on all attributes. In the condition of normal irrigation, the inoculation of ‘Zalta Zalha ’ seeds with B. japonicum and B. japonicum and seeds of Clark×Hobbit line with G. mosseae increased final germination percent and seedling vigor index. In mild stress, B. japonicum and G. mosseae inoculation of ‘Zalta Zalha ’ and B. japonicum inoculation of Clark×Hobbit line increased primary stem length and seedling vigor index. In the condition of intense stress, the inoculation of Zalta Zalha cultivar with B. japonicum and G. mosseae and Clark×Hobbit line with B. japonicum and P. fluorescens increased primary stem length. Final germination percent, number of normal seedlings and seedling vigor index had significant and positive correlation with finally field emergence. Key words: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Glomus mosseae, seedling vigor index.
Effects of Amino Acids on Melanoma Targeting and Clearance Properties of Tc-99m-Labeled Arg-X-Asp-Conjugated α-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Peptides (2013)

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of amino acids on melanoma targeting and clearance properties of new (99m)Tc-labeled Arg-X-Asp-conjugated α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) peptides. RSD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH {c[Arg-Ser-Asp-DTyr-Asp]-Lys-Cys-Cys-Glu-His-dPhe-Arg-Trp-Cys-Arg-Pro-Val-NH2}, RNleD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH, RPheD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH, and RdPheD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH peptides were synthesized and evaluated for their melanocortin-1 (MC1) receptor binding affinities in B16/F1 melanoma cells. The biodistribution of (99m)Tc-RSD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH, (99m)Tc-RFD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH, and (99m)Tc-RfD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH were determined in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. The substitution of Gly with Ser, Phe, and dPhe increased the MC1 receptor binding affinities of the peptides, whereas the substitution of Gly with Nle decreased the MC1 receptor binding affinity of the peptide. (99m)Tc-RSD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH exhibited the highest melanoma uptake (18.01 ± 4.22% ID/g) and the lowest kidney and liver uptake among these (99m)Tc-peptides. The B16/F1 melanoma lesions could be clearly visualized by SPECT/CT using (99m)Tc-RSD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH as an imaging probe. It is desirable to reduce the renal uptake of (99m)Tc-RSD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH to facilitate its potential therapeutic application.
Nitroalkene Fatty Acids Mediate Activation of Nrf2/ARE-Dependent and PPARγ-Dependent Transcription by Distinct Signaling Pathways and with Significantly Different Potencies (2011)

Naturally occurring nitroalkene fatty acids (NAs) derived from oleic (NO(2)-OA) and linoleic (NO(2)-LA) acids mediate a variety of cellular responses. We examined the signaling pathways involved in NA activation of Nrf2/ARE-dependent versus PPARγ/PPRE-dependent transcription in human MCF7 breast cancer cells. Additionally, we compared the relative potencies of NO(2)-OA and NO(2)-LA in activating these two transcriptional programs. Here it is demonstrated that, in addition to the direct adduct formation of NA with the Nrf2 inhibitory protein, Keap1, shown by others, NA activation of Nrf2/ARE-mediated transcription results from increased nuclear Nrf2 levels and depends upon activation of the PI3K/AKT and PKC, but not ERK and JNK MAPK, signaling pathways. Examination of the relationship between NA stimulation of the Nrf2/ARE versus PPARγ/PPRE transcriptional programs revealed concentration-dependent activation of distinct signaling pathways that were readily distinguished by selective attenuation of Nrf2/ARE-dependent, but not PPARγ-dependent, transcription by inhibitors of PI3K and PKC. Moreover, measurable, statistically significant activation of PPARγ/PPRE-dependent transcription occurred at nanomolar concentrations of NAs-the 12-NO(2) isomer of NO(2)-LA showing the most potent activity-whereas significant activation of Nrf2/ARE-dependent transcription occurred at much higher NA concentrations (≥3 μM) with the NO(2)-OA isomers the most potent. These findings have implications for the physiological roles of NAs, suggesting that, at concentrations likely to be encountered in vivo, their direct activation of PPARγ transcription will dominate over their electrophilic activation of Nrf2 antioxidant/protective responses.
Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty: Antegrade transseptal vs. conventional retrograde transarterial approach (2005)

Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) has been limited predominantly to a palliative treatment for poor surgical candidates with critical aortic stenosis and multiple high-risk or comorbid conditions. The most commonly used technique for BAV is the retrograde approach, in which the balloon is passed via the femoral artery using 12-14 Fr sheaths. We compared an antegrade transseptal approach using the Inoue balloon vs. the retrograde transarterial approach using conventional balloons. The antegrade group had an improved acute hemodynamic outcome, including 20% additional increase of aortic valve area and 20% greater reduction of transaortic valve gradient compared to the retrograde approach. Preclosure with the Perclose device was used for the 14 Fr venous access sites, resulting in immediate hemostasis, minimizing the need for transfusion, and diminishing the period of bed rest. The improved acute efficacy and relative ease of venous access for the antegrade approach facilitate BAV by eliminating the need for large-caliber arterial access sheaths. The antegrade approach also incorporates technical elements necessary for percutaneous aortic valve replacement and may have expanded applications as an adjunct to this developing therapy. The impact of improved acute results on the long-term clinical outcome for this patient group will require further study.
Sucrose Concentration in Blood: A New Method for Assessment of Gastric Permeability in Horses with Gastric Ulceration (2006)

Abstract A urine sucrose test has recently been reported to be a reliable method of detecting gastric ulcers in horses; however, technical difficulties associated with urine collection have limited the practical value of the test. The objective of this pilot study was to determine whether gastric sucrose permeability, as evaluated by serum sucrose concentration, could be used to detect gastric mucosal injury in horses. Twelve adult horses with naturally acquired gastric ulceration were studied. After a 20-hour nonfeeding period, each horse was dosed with 250 g of sucrose via nasogastric intubation. Blood samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes, and horses underwent gastroscopy 4 hours later. The severity of gastric ulceration in each horse was defined by means of a 4-point ulcer-scoring system, and the relationship with serum sucrose concentration was analyzed by means of a linear mixed-effects model. Serum sucrose concentration was measured by liquid chromatography operating in tandem with electrospray mass spectrometry. After nasogastric administration of table sugar, horses with moderate to severe gastric ulceration had significant increase in serum sucrose concentration at 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes, relative to earlier times (P &amp;lt; .05). Peak sucrose concentration was observed at 45 minutes, and was correlated with ulcer severity (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = 0.898, P &amp;lt; .05). These data indicate that determination of sucrose concentration in equine serum may be a useful test for identifying horses with endoscopically visible gastric ulceration and has potential use as a noninvasive method for screening and monitoring horses engaged in racing training and other performance-related disciplines.
Comparison of intravenous ephedrine with phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. (2010)

Hypotension is a major concern of the anaesthetists whenever subarachnoid block is performed especially in obstetric patients. Vasopressors have been shown to be more effective at limiting spinal hypotension than other treatment of hypotension like preloading and left uterine displacement. The aim of the study is to compare the effect of bolus intravenous Ephedrine with Phenylephrine for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. This was a randomized, double blind, controlled study of sixty two healthy parturients American Society of Anesthesiologists' (ASA) status 1 and 2 at term with singleton pregnancy who consented to subarachnoid block at University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. The parturients were preloaded with 10 ml per kg of crystalloid before the induction of spinal anaesthesia with injection of 2.5 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric Bupivacaine at L3/L4 levels. Ephedrine 5 mg (group A; n = 31) or phenylephrine 100 ug (group B; n = 31) was given for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure. Results showed that the incidence of hypotension in the 62 patients was 24.2%. Both vasopressors effectively restored both the systolic and the diastolic blood pressure. There was significant difference in heart rate between the two groups. Nausea occurred in both groups and was found in hypotensive patients, no patient vomited during the procedure. The mean APGAR Scores were similar for the two groups; no baby had Apgar score of < 8 in either group. We concluded that phenylephrine is safe and can be used as effectively as Ephedrine. Its administration results in higher blood pressure than Ephedrine in parturients undergoing Caesarean Section under spinal anaesthesia.
DNA Ligase IV from HeLa Cell Nuclei (1996)

A human cDNA encoding a previously unrecognized DNA ligase IV has been identified (Wei, Y.-F., Robins, P., Carter, K., Caldecott, K., Pappin, D. J. C., Yu, G.-L., Wang, R.-P., Shell, B. K., Nash, R. A., Schär, P., Barnes, D. E., Haseltine, W. A., and Lindahl, T. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 3206-3216). Antibodies have been raised against predicted peptide sequences of DNA ligase IV and used to identify the enzyme during purification from HeLa cell nuclei. The 96-kDa DNA ligase IV and the 103-kDa DNA ligase III co-migrate during SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and have similar column fractionation properties, which complicates the distinction between the two enzymes, but they have been separated by Mono S liquid chromatography. During initial size fractionation by gel chromatography in 1 M NaCl, DNA ligase IV elutes in the same position as the DNA ligase III-XRCC1 protein complex, indicating that DNA ligase IV is also bound to another protein or occurs as a dimer. DNA ligase IV has been purified free from other DNA ligases, and its enzymatic properties have been examined. The purified protein effectively joins single-strand breaks in a double-stranded polydeoxynucleotide in an ATP-dependent reaction. The substrate specificity of DNA ligase IV differs from those of the other two cloned human DNA ligases, I and III, with regard to their ability to join the hybrid substrates oligo(dT).poly(rA) and oligo(rA).poly(dT). DNA ligase IV occurs in part as an enzyme-adenylate complex in HeLa cell nuclear extracts.
Dysregulation of IFN-γ Signaling Pathways in the Absence of TGF-β1 (2002)

Deficiency of TGF-beta1 is associated with immune dysregulation and autoimmunity as exemplified by the multifocal inflammatory lesions and early demise of the TGF-beta1 null mice. Elevated NO metabolites (nitrite and nitrate) in the plasma of these mice suggest a participatory role of NO in the pathogenic inflammatory response. To determine the mechanism for this dysregulation, we examined upstream elements that could contribute to the overexpression of NO, including inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and transcription factors Stat1alpha and IFN-regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1). The coincident up-regulation of IFN-gamma, an iNOS inducer, and iNOS, before the appearance of inflammatory lesions, suggests that failed regulation of the IFN-gamma signaling pathway may underlie the immunological disorder in TGF-beta1 null mice. In fact, IFN-gamma-driven transcription factors IRF-1 and Stat1alpha, both of which act as transcriptional activators of iNOS, were elevated in the null mice. Treatment of mice with a polyclonal anti-IFN-gamma Ab reduced expression and activity not only of transcription factors Stat1alpha and IRF-1 but also of iNOS. Furthermore, anti-IFN-gamma treatment delayed the cachexia normally seen in TGF-beta1 null mice and increased their longevity. The global nature of immune dysregulation in TGF-beta1 null mice documents TGF-beta1 as an essential immunoregulatory molecule.
Prestel The World's First Public Viewdata Service (1979)

It should be explained that the name Prestel* has been adopted by the British Post Office as the trade name for its development of viewdata. This paper describes both the conceptual and international aspects of viewdata as well as summarising specific details of the Prestel service now embarked upon in the United Kingdom.
Immunological studies of aging. IX. Impaired proliferation of T lymphocytes detected in elderly humans by flow cytometry. (1984)

Lymphocytes from humans over the age of 65 incorporate approximately 50% less tritiated thymidine than do lymphocytes from young donors when cultured with phytohemagglutinin. Because lymphocytes from elderly humans are more sensitive to cell cycle arrest induced by tritiated thymidine, it was impossible to determine to what extent impaired thymidine incorporation reflected a defect in proliferation or the increased sensitivity to the radioactive isotope. Flow cytometry was used to measure the proliferative response of T cells from young and old donors in culture with PHA. It was found that 25 percent fewer lymphocytes from old as compared to young humans enter the G1 or complete the S phase of the cell cycle. However, the rate of progression through the cell cycle by activated cells from young and old humans is comparable. Thus, flow cytometry suggested that the difference in thymidine incorporation by lymphocytes from old and young donors is attributable equally to a proliferative defect and to cell cycle arrest induced by tritiated thymidine. This conclusion was supported by the fact that the relative impairment of thymidine incorporation by lymphocytes from old donors was only one-half as great when a 20-min instead of a 24-hr pulse of tritiated thymidine was used.
Micromachined circuits for Mm-wove applications (1993)

A novel transmission line which utilizes micromachining techniques in the development of circuits for millimeter-wave applications is presented. Micromachined circuits incorporate the fabrication of an upper-half shielding environment with the circuit geometry. The circuit development requires the use two silicon wafers where one has cavities that have been etched using anisotropic etching while the other one has the planar circuits which have been printed using standard photolithographic techniques. Afterwards, the two wafers are aligned and secured using bonding techniques to form a circuit that has an upper-half shielded cavity incorporated monolithically. This paper presents a detailed description the fabrication procedure necessary for upper-half shielded (UHS) circuits as well as for completely shielded (CS) circuits. Experimental results of the upper half shielded circuits will be presented as compared to theoretical results and conventional coplanar waveguide circuits of the same type.
The shikimic acid pathway and polyketide biosynthesis (1998)

The shikimic acid pathway, ubiquitous in microorganisms and plants, provides precursors for the biosynthesis of primary metabolites such as the aromatic amino acids and folic acid. Several branchpoints from the primary metabolic pathway also provide aromatic and, in some unusual cases, nonaromatic precursors for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. We report herein recent progress in the analysis of two unusual branches of the shikimic acid pathway in streptomycetes; the formation of the cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (CHC)-derived moiety of the antifungal agent ansatrienin and the dihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid (DHCHC) starter unit for the biosynthesis of the immunosuppressant ascomycin. A gene for 1-cyclohexenylcarbonyl-CoA reductase, chcA, which plays a role in catalyzing three of the reductive steps leading from shikimic acid to CHC has been characterized from Streptomyces collinus. A cluster of six open reading frames (ORFs) has been identified by sequencing in both directions from chcA and the putative role of these in CHC biosynthesis is discussed. The individual steps involved in the biosynthesis of DHCHC from shikimic acid in Streptomyces hygroscopicus var ascomyceticus has been delineated and shown to be stereochemically and enzymatically distinct from the CHC pathway. A dehydroquinate dehydratase gene (dhq) likely involved in providing shikimic acid for both DHCHC biosynthesis and primary metabolism has been cloned, sequenced and characterized.
Purification and characterization of bacteriophage gh-I-induced deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase from Pseudomonas putida. (1975)

Infection of Pseudomonas putida by the bacteriophage gh-L-induced the synthesis of a novel DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This gh-L-induced RNA polymerase was purified to near homogeneity. It was shown to be distinct from the host RNA polymerase (alpha-2 beta beta sigma) physically and in respect to many of its catalytic properties. The gh-L-induced RNA polymerase was composed of a single polypeptide of approximately 98,000 molecular weight. The divalent metal ion requirement for in vitro RNA synthesis by the gh-L-polymerase could be satisified with Mg-2+, but not with Mn-2+. Rna synthesis by the gh-L polymerase was highly resistant to inhibition by rifampicin and streptolydigin but could be inhibited by relatively low concentrations of KCl or the rifamycin derivative AF/013. The structural analog of ATP, 3'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate, inhibited both the gh-L-induced and the host RNA polymerases by competing for a single binding site with ATP. The phage polymerase was extremely sensitive to this inhibitor, exhibiting an apparent K-i value (2 times 10-8 M) approximately 100 times lower than that for the host RNA polymerase. The gh-L polymerase had a highly specific template requirement for DNA from the homologous gh-L phage. It would not efficiently utilize denatured DNA templates and had only low levels of activity with pyrimidine-containing polydeoxyribonucleotide homopolymers.
Highly Abundant and Stage-Specific mRNAs in the Obligate PathogenBremia lactucae (1990)

Germinating spores of the obligate pathogen Bremia lactucae (lettuce downy mildew) contain several unusually abundant species of mRNA. Thirty-nine cDNA clones corresponding to prevalent transcripts were isolated from a library synthesized using poly(A)+ RNA from germinating spores; these clones represented only five distinct classes. Each corresponding mRNA accounted for from 0.4 to 9 percent by mass of poly(A)+ RNA from germinating spores and together represented greater than 20 percent of the mRNA. The expression of the corresponding genes, and a gene encoding Hsp70, was analyzed in spores during germination and during growth in planta. The Hsp70 mRNA and mRNA from one abundant cDNA clone (ham34) were expressed constitutively. Two clones (ham9 and ham12) hybridized only to mRNA from spores and germinating spores. Two clones (ham37 and ham27) showed hybridization specific to germinating spores. Quantification of the number of genes homologous to each cDNA clone indicated that four clones corresponded to one or two copies per haploid genome, and one hybridized to an approximately 11-member family of genes. A sequence of the gene corresponding to ham34 was obtained to investigate its function and to identify sequences conferring high levels of gene expression for use in constructing vectors for the transformation of B. lactucae.
Excitotoxic spinal cord injury: behavioral and morphological characteristics of a central pain model (1998)

Intraspinal injections of the AMPA-metabotropic receptor agonist quisqualic acid (QUIS) were made in an effort to simulate injury induced elevations of excitatory amino acids (EAAs), a well documented neurochemical change following spinal cord injury (SCI). The progressive pathological sequela associated with QUIS injections closely resembles the cascade of events described following ischemic and traumatic SCI and the pathogenesis of cavities in the clinical condition of post-traumatic syringomyelia. Using different injection parameters, i.e. depth and volume, to deliver QUIS into the cord the results have shown that the technique of intraspinal injection can be used to produce graded patterns of neuronal loss in specific regions of the spinal gray matter. Furthermore, neuronal loss in the dorsal horn, sparing the superficial laminae, results in the onset of spontaneous (excessive grooming behavior) and evoked (mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia) behaviors commonly associated with experimental models of chronic neuropathic pain. Thus, the present results provide a morphological correlate of spontaneous and evoked pain related behaviors following excitotoxic SCI. The behavioral characteristics combined with the similarities between QUIS induced injury and the clinical pathology of SCI support the use of the excitotoxic model in studies related to the central mechanism(s) of altered sensation, including pain, following spinal injury.
A Novel Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Assay Demonstrates that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Pr55 Gag I Domain Mediates Gag-Gag Interactions (2004)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) assembly takes place at the plasma membrane of cells and is directed by the Pr55(Gag) polyprotein (Gag). One of the essential steps in the assembly process is the multimerization of Gag. We have developed a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay for the detection of protein-protein interactions between Gag molecules. We demonstrate that Gag multimerization takes place primarily on cellular membranes, with the majority of these interactions occurring on the plasma membrane. However, distinct sites of Gag-Gag interaction are also present at punctate intracellular locations. The I domain is a functional assembly domain within the nucleocapsid region of Gag that affects particle density, the subcellular localization of Gag, and the formation of detergent-resistant Gag protein complexes. Results from this study provide evidence that the I domain mediates Gag-Gag interactions. Using Gag-fluorescent protein fusion constructs that were previously shown to define the minimal I domain within HIV-1 Pr55(Gag), we show by FRET techniques that protein-protein interactions are greatly diminished when Gag proteins lacking the I domain are expressed. Gag-Tsg101 interactions are also seen in living cells and result in a shift of Tsg101 to the plasma membrane. The results within this study provide direct evidence that the I domain mediates protein-protein interactions between Gag molecules. Furthermore, this study establishes FRET as a powerful tool for the detection of protein-protein interactions involved in retrovirus assembly.