gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MEMS techniques applied to the fabrication of anti-scatter grids for X-ray imaging (2002)

This paper reports a promising method for the fabrication of lead collimators for X-ray radiology applications. The fabrication method is based on arrays of macropores etched into a silicon wafer using an electrochemical process. The macropores are filled with lead and the silicon substrate is removed subsequently. The macroporous silicon structure thereby acts as a sacrificial layer. The use of MEMS techniques enables us to decrease the size of the structure by one order of magnitude compared to conventional collimators, thus increasing the optical resolution of the X-ray system.
Regulatory role of osteogenic growth polypeptides in bone formation and hemopoiesis. (1993)

Osteogenic growth polypeptides such as the osteogenic growth peptide (OGP), fragments of the parathyroid hormone (PTH), and insulin-like growth factors (IGF) regulate bone cell activity in vitro and may affect in vivo osteoblastic functions in an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manner. Several growth polypeptides capable of regulating osteogenesis circulate in the blood in an inactive form, complexed to parent molecules or binding proteins. During postablation bone marrow regeneration these factors may be activated, released from the blood clot, and together with locally produced polypeptides mediate the initial intramedullary/systemic osteogenic phase of this process. Then osteogenic growth polypeptides expressed by osteoblasts and other stromal cells have the potential to promote the second phase of regeneration that consists of osteoclastogenesis, resorption of the transient intramedullary bone, and hemopoiesis. This is probably an indirect effect inasmuch as these polypeptides can regulate the stromal cell expression of hemopoietic factors such as macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and the stem cell factor (SCF). The postablation marrow regeneration model is suitable for studying the expression and activity of osteogenic growth polypeptides and already has been used to assess the effect of aging on these parameters. Clinically, the osteogenic growth polypeptides and marrow regeneration have a potential role in osteoporosis therapy, implant and corrective bone surgery, and bone marrow transplantation.
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Current State of the Art (2010)

A specific systemic regimen cannot yet be recommended. Moreover, only a few data are available on which treatment selection can be based. Use of the existing cytotoxic agents can be optimized for this patient subgroup by investigating the proliferative signals and the suitability of these signals as therapeutic targets, besides assessing the BRCA1-pathway in this subgroup as regards treatment. A greater understanding of the pathologic and molecular characteristics of this phenotype may lead to customized treatment for these patients.
Cytokines in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2001)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic obstruction of expiratory flow affecting peripheral airways, associated with chronic bronchitis (mucus hypersecretion with goblet cell and submucosal gland hyperplasia) and emphysema (destruction of airway parenchyma), together with fibrosis and tissue damage, and inflammation of the small airways. Cytokines are extracellular signalling proteins. Increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-8 have been measured in sputum, with further increases during exacerbations, and the bronchiolar epithelium over-expresses monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and IL-8. IL-8 can account for some chemotactic activity of sputum, and sputum IL-8 levels correlate with airway bacterial load and blood myeloperoxidase levels. The expression of chemokines such as regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) may underlie the airway eosinophilia observed in some COPD patients. Cytokines may be involved in tissue remodelling. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta stimulate macrophages to produced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and bronchial epithelial cells to produce extracellular matrix glycoproteins such as tenascin. Increased expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) and of epidermal growth factor (EGF) occurs in the epithelium and submucosal cells of patients with chronic bronchitis. TGFbeta and EGF activate proliferation of fibroblasts, while activation of the EGF receptor leads to mucin gene expression. The cytokine profile seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is different from that observed in asthma. The role of these cytokines needs to be defined and there is a potential for anticytokine therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Semantics in Multimedia Systems (1994)

Introduction Semantics is essential for both synchronous and asynchronous communications. Communication requires an agent that has something to communicate and a recipient that is interested in understanding what is being communicated. Semantics is a discipline developed by Alfred Korzybski that proposes to improve human behavioral responses through a more critical use of words and symbols. This field studies relationship between signs and symbols and what they represent. This was considered an essential discipline for facilitating communication, particularly asynchronous communication, using archived media like books.
Comparison between MBE-based SiGe/Si HBT and Si-based bipolar transistor technologies (2002)

In the paper, the comparison between MBE-based SiGe/Si heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT) technologies and Si bipolar transistors technologies is made. The SiGe/Si film used in the present work was grown by solid source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system. 3 /spl mu/m process technology was used to develop SiGe HBT devices. The experimental results indicate that both the direct current (DC) characteristics and the cutoff frequency of SiGe HBT are satisfactory. The current gain /spl beta/ of HBT devices is 50, when the collector voltage V/sub C/=2 V and the collector current I/sub C/=5 mA. The cutoff frequency f/sub T/=5.1 GHz, and the uniformity of the cutoff frequency of HBT is quite good. With the same layout, 3 /spl mu/m process technology was used to develop Si bipolar transistor devices. The measured results show that the cutoff frequency f/sub T/ of the Si devices is 1.5 GHz.
KRP-203, a Novel Synthetic Immunosuppressant, Prolongs Graft Survival and Attenuates Chronic Rejection in Rat Skin and Heart Allografts (2005)

These findings demonstrated that KRP-203 prolonged skin and heart allograft survival and significantly attenuated chronic rejection and bradycardia as an adverse effect. Therefore, KRP-203 offers considerable potential as a novel therapeutic immunosuppressant in patients with organ transplantation.
Nitric oxide dilates tight junctions and depletes ATP in cultured Caco-2BBe intestinal epithelial monolayers (1995)

We tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) modulates the permeability of tight junctions in a model intestinal epithelium (Caco-2BBe monolayers). Incubation with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) resulted in time- and concentration-dependent decreases in transepithelial resistance. Permeability to fluorescein sulfonic acid increased during incubation for 24 h in the presence of 1.25 mM SNP, 5 mM S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), or 1% NO gas. SNP-induced hyperpermeability was not due to loss of cell viability, as confirmed by intact ultrastructure, unaltered lactate dehydrogenase release, and ability to recover baseline permeability. Incubation with SNP increased permeability but only minimally increased intracellular levels of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). Incubation with Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin greatly increased cGMP levels with only a minimal effect on permeability. Cellular ATP levels decreased after incubation with SNP, SNAP, or gaseous NO. Incubation with SNP led to diminished fluoresceinphalloidin staining of junctional actin (confocal microscopy) and widened tight junctions (electron microscopy). We conclude that NO reduces ATP levels and reversibly increases the permeability of tight junctions in cultured Caco-2BBe cells.
Derivation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2011)

In the 1980's and 1990's, many groups further demonstrated that culture-adherent MSCs present in the marrow stroma were capable of differentiation into bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon, and fat for multiple species such as canine, chicken, rabbit, rat, and mouse (Jaiswal et al., 1997).Using the expertise gained from these culture systems, MSCs were then isolated and propagated from human adult bone marrow (hMSCs) (Bab et al., 1988); (Krebsbach et al., 1997).Human MSCs were then used with site-specific delivery vehicles to repair bone, cartilage, and other connective tissues (Haynesworth et al., 1992a; Haynesworth et al., 1992b).Additionally, a series of monoclonal antibodies were developed to identify characteristic surface markers on hMSCs, which would prove to be beneficial to researchers interested in not only identifying MSCs, but also subpopulations of osteoprogenitor cells www.intechopen.com
An approach to the synthesis of 7β‐amino estrogens (1983)

Abstract The synthesis of 7β‐amino‐1,3,5(10)‐estratriene‐3,17β‐diol ( 1 ) has been accomplished using a sequence of transformations proceeding through the 6α,7α‐epoxy‐1,3,5(10)‐estratriene‐3.17β‐diol dibenzyl ether ( 6 ). This latter compound is reduced by LiAlH 4 to give the 7α‐hydroxy compound 7, which, upon subsequent treatment with tosyl chloride (to give 8 ), followed by reaction with NaN 3 , provided the 7β‐azido‐1,3,5(10)‐estratriene‐3,17β‐diol dibenzyl ether ( 9 ). Reduction of 9 with LiAlH 4 , followed by catalytic removal of the benzyl ethers, gave 1 . Attempts to obtain an epoxide from 1,3,5(10),6‐estratetraene‐2,3–17β‐triol tribenzyl ether ( 17 ) failed, and led to the isolation of the corresponding 6α,7α‐diol ( 19 ) and 6β,7α‐diol ( 20 ). A novel transformation, viz. subsequent treatment of either 19 or 20 with SOCl 2 and LiAlH 4 , selectively provided 1,3,5(10)‐estratriene‐2,3,7α,17β‐tetraol 2,3,17‐tribenzyl ether ( 21 ). Further treatment of 21 , as delineated for 7 , provided the required 7β‐amino‐1,3,5(10)‐estratriene‐2,3,17β‐triol ( 2 ).
MetaTM/TxLinux: Transactional Memory for an Operating System (2008)

Hardware transactional memory can reduce synchronization complexity while retaining high performance. MetaTM models changes to the x86 architecture to support transactional memory for user processes and the operating system. TxLinux is an operating system that uses transactional memory to facilitate synchronization in a large, complicated code base, where the burdens of current lock-based approaches are most evident.
Corrosion Cost and Corrosion Map of Korea -Based on the Data From 2005 to 2010 (2011)

Corrosion of metallic materials occurs by the reaction with corrosive environment such as atmosphere, marine, soil, urban, high temperature etc. In general, reduction of thickness and cracking and degradation are resulted from corrosion. Corrosion in all industrial facilities and infrastructure causes large economic losses as well as a large number of accidents. Economic loss by corrosion has been reported to be nearly 1-6% of GNP or GDP. In order to reduce corrosion damage of industrial facilities, corrosion map as well as a systematic investigation of the loss of corrosion in each industrial sector is needed. The Corrosion Science Society of Korea in collaboration with 15 universities and institutes has started to survey on the cost of corrosion and corrosion map of Korea since 2005. This work presents the results of the survey on cost of corrosion by Uhlig, Hoar, and input-output methods, and the evaluation of atmospheric corrosion rate of carbon steel, weathering steel, galvanized steel, copper, and aluminum in Korea. The total corrosion cost was estimated in terms of the percentage of the GDP of industry sectors and the total GDP of Korea. According to the result of Input/output method, corrosion cost of Korea was calculated as 2.9% to GDP (2005). Time of wetness was shown to be categories 3 to 4 in all exposure areas. A definite seasonal difference was observed in Korea. In summer and fall, time of wetness was higher than in other seasons. Because of short exposure period (12 months), significant corrosion trends depending upon materials and exposure corrosion environments were not revealed even though increased mass loss and decreased corrosion rate by exposure time.
Constitutive Fragile Sites and Cancer (1984)

Breaks were observed at 51 sites in homologous chromosomes in lymphocytes from ten humans and two great apes when cells were deprived of thymidine. The incidence of breaks was enhanced by caffeine, a substance that inhibits DNA repair in replicating cells. The locations of 20 sites were correlated with breakpoints that have been related to human malignancy.
Recommendations on Disease Management for Patients With Advanced Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2–Positive Breast Cancer and Brain Metastases: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline (2014)

Patients with brain metastases should receive appropriate local therapy and systemic therapy, if indicated. Local therapies include surgery, whole-brain radiotherapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery. Treatments depend on factors such as patient prognosis, presence of symptoms, resectability, number and size of metastases, prior therapy, and whether metastases are diffuse. Other options include systemic therapy, best supportive care, enrollment onto a clinical trial, and/or palliative care. Clinicians should not perform routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to screen for brain metastases, but rather should have a low threshold for MRI of the brain because of the high incidence of brain metastases among patients with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer.
Pig Heart CoA Transferase Exists as Two Oligomeric Forms Separated by a Large Kinetic Barrier (2000)

Pig heart CoA transferase (EC 2.8.3.5) has been shown previously to adopt a homodimeric structure, in which each subunit has a molecular weight of 52 197 and consists of N- and C-domains linked by a hydrophilic linker or "hinge". Here we identify and characterize a second oligomeric form constituent in purified enzyme preparations, albeit at low concentrations. Both species catalyze the transfer of CoA with similar values for k(cat) and K(M). This second form sediments more rapidly than the homodimer under the conditions of conventional sedimentation velocity and active enzyme centrifugation. Apparent molecular weight values determined by sedimentation equilibrium and gel filtration chromatography are 4-fold greater than the subunit molecular weight, confirming that this form is a homotetramer. The subunits of both oligomeric forms are indistinguishable with respect to molecular mass, far-UV CD, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, and equilibrium unfolding. Dissociation of the homotetramer to the homodimer occurs very slowly in benign solutions containing high salt concentrations (0.25-2.0 M KCl). The homotetramer is fully converted to homodimer during refolding from denaturant at low protein concentrations. Disruption of the hydrophilic linker between the N- and C-domains by mutagenesis or mild proteolysis causes a decrease in the relative amount of the larger conformer. The homotetramer is stabilized by interactions involving the helical hinge region, and a substantial kinetic barrier hinders interconversion of the two oligomeric species under nondenaturing conditions.
Emerging Physical Unclonable Functions With Nanotechnology (2016)

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are increasingly used for authentication and identification applications as well as the cryptographic key generation. An important feature of a PUF is the reliance on minute random variations in the fabricated hardware to derive a trusted random key. Currently, most PUF designs focus on exploiting process variations intrinsic to the CMOS technology. In recent years, progress in emerging nanoelectronic devices has demonstrated an increase in variation as a consequence of scaling down to the nanoregion. To date, emerging PUFs with nanotechnology have not been fully established, but they are expected to emerge. Initial research in this area aims to provide security primitives for emerging integrated circuits with nanotechnology. In this paper, we review emerging nanotechnology-based PUFs.
White Blood Cells Telomere Length Is Shorter in Males With Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria (2007)

Subjects with type 2 diabetes and MA have shorter TRF length and increased arterial stiffness than those without MA. Additionally, TRF length is associated with age, AER, and nitrosative stress. As shorter TRF length indicates older biological age, the increased arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes who have MA may be due to the more pronounced "aging " of these subjects.
Epitope Mapping of the Major Capsid Protein of Type 2 Porcine Circovirus (PCV2) by Using Chimeric PCV1 and PCV2 (2004)

Type 2 porcine circovirus (PCV2) is associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs, whereas the genetically related type 1 PCV (PCV1) is nonpathogenic. In this study, seven monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against PCV2-ORF2 capsid protein were generated, biologically characterized, and subsequently used to map the antigenic sites of PCV2 capsid protein by using infectious PCV DNA clones containing PCV1/PCV2-ORF2 chimeras. The PCV1/PCV2-ORF2 chimeras were constructed by serial deletions of PCV2-ORF2 and replacement with the corresponding sequences of the PCV1-ORF2. The reactivities of chimeric PCV1/PCV2 clones in transfected PK-15 cells with the seven MAbs were detected by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The chimera (r140) with a deletion of 47 amino acids at the N terminus of PCV2-ORF2 reacted strongly to all seven MAbs. Expanding the deletion of PCV2-ORF2 from residues 47 to 57 (r175) abolished the recognition of MAb 3B7, 3C11, 4A10, 6H2, or 8F6 to the chimera. Further deletion of PCV2-ORF2 to 62 residues disrupted the binding of this chimera to all seven MAbs. IFA reactivities with all MAbs were absent when residues 165 to 233 at the C terminus of PCV2-ORF2 was replaced with that of PCV1-ORF2. Extending the sequence of PCV2-ORF2 from residues 165 (r464) to 185 (r526), 200 (r588), or 224 (r652) restored the ability of the three chimeras to react with MAbs 3C11, 6H2, 9H7, and 12G3 but not with 8F6, 3B7, or 4A10. When the four amino acids at the C terminus of r588 were replaced with that of PCV2-ORF2, the resulting chimera (r588F) reacted with all seven MAbs. The results from this study suggest that these seven MAbs recognized at least five different but overlapping conformational epitopes within residues 47 to 63 and 165 to 200 and the last four amino acids at the C terminus of the PCV2 capsid protein.
VITAMIN D IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: Vitamin D for Health and in Chronic Kidney Disease (2005)

Vitamin D is taken for granted and is not appreciated for its importance in overall health and well-being. Vitamin D, known as the sunshine vitamin, is appreciated as being important for the prevention of rickets in children. It is now recognized that vitamin D is important for not only the growing skeleton, but for the maintenance of a healthy musculoskeletal system throughout life. Vitamin D deficiency in adults precipitates and exacerbates osteoporosis and causes the painful bone disease osteomalacia. The revelation that vitamin D is biologically inactive and requires sequential hydroxylations in the liver and kidney to form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D helps explain why patients with renal failure are often resistant to vitamin D and suffer from secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy. In addition to its role in maintaining calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, vitamin D is now being recognized as important for maintaining maximum muscle strength and for the prevention of many chronic diseases, including type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, hypertension, cardiovascular heart disease, and many common cancers. Vitamin D status is best determined by the measurement of circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Vigilance for maintaining a 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of at least 20 ng/ml and preferably 30-50 ng/ml has important benefits for both healthy children and adults, as well as children and adults suffering from chronic kidney disease.
Induction of monocyte procoagulant activity by murine hepatitis virus type 3 parallels disease susceptibility in mice. (1981)

The in vitro induction of procoagulant activity (PCA) in murine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) by murine hepatitis virus type 3 (MHV-3) correlates with the disease susceptibility in three strains of mice. PBM from BALB/c mice, a strain in which MHV-3 infection results in fatal acute fulminant hepatitis, responds to the virus with a robust PCA response, whereas PBM from C3H/St mice, a strain which develops mild acute hepatitis followed by chronic hepatitis, only exhibit a modest PCA response. In contrast, PBM from A/J mice, a strain fully resistant to MHV-3, generate no increase in PCA above control levels. The induction phase of MHV-3 PCA is rapid, with an increase within 1-1.5 h, with maximum activity at 18h, and it precedes MHV-3 replication in either 17 CL1 cells, a fully permissive cell line, or in monocytes from these strains of mice. The PCA response of BALB/c PBM exceeds the response to any other known stimulus. No induction occurs upon direct stimulation of monocytes by MHV-3, but in the presence of lymphocyte collaboration, the PCA response is observed first at a lymphocyte:monocyte ratio of 2:1 and reaches a maximum as the lymphocyte:monocyte ratio approaches 4:1. This response appears to provide a functional marker for susceptibility to MHV-3 infection in inbred strains of mice and could be important in the pathogenesis of MHV-3-induced disease.
Clinical significance of estrogen receptor phosphorylation (2010)

Multiple sites of phosphorylation on human estrogen receptor α (ERα) have been identified by a variety of methodologies. Now with the emerging availability of phospho-site-specific antibodies to ERα, the relevance of phosphorylation of ERα in human breast cancer in vivo is being explored. Multiple phosphorylated sites in ERα can be detected in multiple breast tumor biopsy samples, providing evidence of their relevance to human breast cancer in vivo. Published data suggest that the detection in primary breast tumors of phosphorylation at some sites in ERα is associated with a better clinical outcome while phosphorylation at other sites is associated with a poorer clinical outcome most often in patients who have been treated with tamoxifen. This suggests the hypothesis that phospho-profiling of ERα in human breast tumors to establish an 'ERα phosphorylation code', may be a more accurate marker of prognosis and/or response to endocrine therapy in human breast cancer.