gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of laser spot shapes on polar-direct-drive implosions on the National Ignition Facility (2015)

Ongoing polar-direct-drive (PDD) implosions on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [J. D. Lindl and E. I. Moses, Phys. Plasmas 18, 050901 (2011)] use existing NIF hardware, including indirect-drive phase plates. This limits the performance achievable in these implosions. Spot shapes are identified that significantly improve the uniformity of PDD NIF implosions; outer surface deviation is reduced by a factor of 7 at the end of the laser pulse and hot-spot distortion is reduced by a factor of 2 when the shell has converged by a factor of ∼10. As a result, the neutron yield increases by approximately a factor of 2. This set of laser spot shapes is a combination of circular and elliptical spots, along with elliptical spot shapes modulated by an additional higher-intensity ellipse offset from the center of the beam. This combination is motivated in this paper. It is also found that this improved implosion uniformity is obtained independent of the heat conduction model. This work indicates that significant improvement in performance can be obtained robustly with the proposed spot shapes.
Polarization-dependent coupling to plasmon modes on submicron gold wire in photonic crystal fiber (2008)

We present experimental results on coupling to surface plasmon modes on gold nanowires selectively introduced into polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fibers. Highly polarization- and wavelength-dependent transmission is observed. In one sample 24.5 mm long, the transmission on and off resonance differs by as much as 45 dB. Near-field optical images of the light emerging from such a gold-filled fiber show light guided on the wire at surface plasmon resonances. Finite element simulations are in good agreement with the experimental results. These gold-filled fibers can be potentially used as in-fiber wavelength-dependent filters and polarizers and as near-field tips for sub-wavelength-scale imaging.
Fast and Efficient Parallel Solution of Sparse Linear Systems (1993)

This paper presents a parallel algorithm for the solution of a linear system $A{\bf x} = {\bf b}$ with a sparse $n \times n$ symmetric positive definite matrix A, associated with the graph $G(A)$ that has n vertices and has an edge for each nonzero entry of A. If $G(A)$ has an $s(n)$-separator family and a known $s(n)$-separator tree, then the algorithm requires only $O(\log ^3 n)$ time and $(|E| + {{M(s(n)))} / {\log n}}$ processors for the evaluation of the solution vector ${\bf x} = A^{ - 1} {\bf b}$, where $|E|$ is the number of edges in $G(A)$ and $M(n)$ is the number of processors sufficient for multiplying two $n \times n$ rational matrices in time $O(\log n)$. Furthermore, for this computational cost the algorithm computes a recursive factorization of A such that the solution of any other linear system $A{\bf x} = {\bf b}'$ with the same matrix A requires only $O(\log ^2 n)$ time and $({{|E|} / {\log n}}) + s(n)^2 $ processors.
Steady-State Performance Analysis of Cascade Boost Converters (2006)

This paper presents a systemic analysis for the steady-state, performance of novel cascade boost converters based on a developed switching signal flow graph (SFG) method. The effects caused by parasitic parameters are considered. The general guidelines for drawing switching SFG and the derivation of steady-state information are provided. With the applications to the examples, the proposed graphical analytical method shows the advantages of high convenience and practicability to the cascade boost converters. Both the circuit simulation and experimental results are provided to support the theoretical analysis.
Overactive bladder: treatment options for the aging woman. (2005)

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common, chronic, and debilitating condition that is most often observed in the elderly population. It has a profound impact on the quality of life of patients, affecting many aspects of daily living, social interaction, and self-perception of health status. Possible neurological, muscular, and metabolic causes have been proposed, but in most cases the exact pathophysiology remains unclear. The management of OAB can be initiated conservatively with behavioral modification and antimuscarinics. For refractory cases, neuromodulation, denervation techniques, and bladder augmentation may be indicated. Not all patients are cured, but most may be improved with appropriate individualized therapy.
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (1999)

This document specifies a protocol which allows the Point to Point Protocol (PPP) to be tunneled through an IP network. PPTP does not specify any changes to the PPP protocol but rather describes a new vehicle for carrying PPP. A client-server architecture is defined in order to decouple functions which exist in current Network Access Servers (NAS) and support Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). The PPTP Network Server (PNS) is envisioned to run on a general purpose operating system while the client, referred to as a PPTP Access Concentrator (PAC) operates on a dial access platform. PPTP specifies a call-control and management protocol which allows the server to control access for dial-in circuit switched calls originating from a PSTN or ISDN or to initiate outbound circuit-
Bridging Category-level and Instance-level Semantic Image Segmentation (2016)

We propose an approach to instance-level image segmentation that is built on top of category-level segmentation. Specifically, for each pixel in a semantic category mask, its corresponding instance bounding box is predicted using a deep fully convolutional regression network. Thus it follows a different pipeline to the popular detect-then-segment approaches that first predict instances' bounding boxes, which are the current state-of-the-art in instance segmentation. We show that, by leveraging the strength of our state-of-the-art semantic segmentation models, the proposed method can achieve comparable or even better results to detect-then-segment approaches. We make the following contributions. (i) First, we propose a simple yet effective approach to semantic instance segmentation. (ii) Second, we propose an online bootstrapping method during training, which is critically important for achieving good performance for both semantic category segmentation and instance-level segmentation. (iii) As the performance of semantic category segmentation has a significant impact on the instance-level segmentation, which is the second step of our approach, we train fully convolutional residual networks to achieve the best semantic category segmentation accuracy. On the PASCAL VOC 2012 dataset, we obtain the currently best mean intersection-over-union score of 79.1%. (iv) We also achieve state-of-the-art results for instance-level segmentation.
Biochemical and Metabolic Abnormalities in Articular Cartilage from Osteo-Arthritic Human Hips (1970)

Articular cartilage of the proximal end of the femur from twenty-four patients with osteo-arthritis and twenty "normal" controls with fractures of neck of the femur was obtained at the time of surgical replacement of the femoral head and studied by histologic, histochemical, biochemical, and metabolic (isotopic) techniques. The data obtained demonstrated: 1. A decrease in the intensity of staining with safranin-O (a special stain for acid mucopolysaccharides) which correlated roughly with the severity of the osteo-arthritic process. 2. Essentially no change in the collagen content in the osteo-arthritic cartilage and a slight increase in the DNA and slight decrease in the hexosamine concentrations, neither of which were statistically significant. 3. A marked increase in the rates of DNA, protein and polysaccharide synthesis without significant change in the rate of RNA synthesis. 4. An inverse correlation of moderately high significance between the rates of polysaccharide synthesis and the levels of hexosamine. On the basis of these studies, it is postulated that the chondrocyte, under conditions of chronic stress as occurs in osteo-arthritis, seems to revert to a chondroblastic state and is capable of making new cells and matrix at a much more rapid rate than is normally seen.
Thrombosed synthetic hemodialysis access fistulas: failure of fibrinolytic therapy. (1985)

Seven episodes of acute thrombosis occurring in five patients with polytetrafluoroethylene dialysis fistulas were treated with local infusions of low-dose streptokinase. Bleeding from previous dialysis puncture sites necessitated stopping the infusion in six out of seven patients, although in one of these six, the graft reopened. The seventh patient had never been dialyzed through the graft and thrombolysis was achieved without incident. Surgery was avoided in only one patient. The authors contend that in these patients the risks of fibrinolytic therapy outweigh the benefits. Surgical thrombectomy, coupled with intraoperative angiography and possible angioplasty, is the preferred method of treating these patients. Venography prior to the creation of the fistula helps the surgeon avoid diseased vessels and may avert early failure of the fistula.
Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (2006)

In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through NCBI's Web site. NCBI resources include Entrez, the Entrez Programming Utilities, My NCBI, PubMed, PubMed Central, Entrez Gene, the NCBI Taxonomy Browser, BLAST, BLAST Link(BLink), Electronic PCR, OrfFinder, Spidey, Splign, RefSeq, UniGene, HomoloGene, ProtEST, dbMHC, dbSNP, Cancer Chromosomes, Entrez Genome, Genome Project and related tools, the Trace and Assembly Archives, the Map Viewer, Model Maker, Evidence Viewer, Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs), Viral Genotyping Tools, Influenza Viral Resources, HIV-1/Human Protein Interaction Database, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Entrez Probe, GENSAT, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA), the Molecular Modeling Database (MMDB), the Conserved Domain Database (CDD), the Conserved Domain Architecture Retrieval Tool (CDART) and the PubChem suite of small molecule databases. Augmenting many of the Web applications are custom implementations of the BLAST program optimized to search specialized data sets. These resources can be accessed through the NCBI home page at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
Techniques for Design and Implementation of Secure Reconfigurable PUFs (2009)

Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) provide a basis for many security and digital rights management protocols. PUF-based security approaches have numerous comparative strengths with respect to traditional cryptography-based techniques, including resilience against physical and side channel attacks and suitability for lightweight protocols. However, classical delay-based PUF structures have a number of drawbacks including susceptibility to guessing, reverse engineering, and emulation attacks, as well as sensitivity to operational and environmental variations. To address these limitations, we have developed a new set of techniques for FPGA-based PUF design and implementation. We demonstrate how reconfigurability can be exploited to eliminate the stated PUF limitations. We also show how FPGA-based PUFs can be used for privacy protection. Furthermore, reconfigurability enables the introduction of new techniques for PUF testing. The effectiveness of all the proposed techniques is validated using extensive implementations, simulations, and statistical analysis.
Synthesis of Water-Soluble Chiral DOTA Lanthanide Complexes with Predominantly Twisted Square Antiprism Isomers and Circularly Polarized Luminescence (2019)

One-step cyclization of a tetraazamacrocycle 5 with 70% yield in a 25-g scale was performed. Its chiral DOTA derivatives, L4, has ∼93% of TSAP coordination isomer in its Eu(III) and Yb(III) complexes in aqueous solution. [GdL4]5– exhibits a high relaxivity, making it a promising and efficient MRI contrast agent. High luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) values of 0.285 (ΔJ = 1) for [TbL3]– and 0.241 (ΔJ = 1) for [TbL4]5– in buffer solutions were recorded.
Fourier transform spectrometer with a self-scanning photodiode array (1984)

A Fourier transform spectrometer with no mechanical moving parts is described. The interferogram is generated spatially by a triangle common-path interferometer and is detected by a self-scanning photodiode array. The spectrum is reconstructed by fast Fourier transform in a microcomputer system. Since no moving part is used and a common-path interferometer is employed for simple, stable, and easy alignment, this spectrometer may be built in a relatively small size and with moderate cost. The self-scanning photodiode array as a multichannel detector may lead this spectrometer to the application to time-resolved spectroscopy. The optical throughput is much larger than that of a multichannel dispersion-type spectrometer, because in the system neither a slit nor an aperture is necessary. The emission spectra of a low pressure mercury lamp and a LED are shown to demonstrate the system performance.
Comparative study on the growth and yield of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom on different lignocellulosic by-products (2003)

Eight lignocellulosic by-products were evaluated as substrates for cultivation of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus ( Jacq. ex. fr) Kummer. The yields of mushroom on the different substrates were 183.1, 151.8, 111.5, 87.8, 49.5, 23.3, 13.0 and 0.0 g for composted sawdust of Triplochiton scleroxylon, rice straw, banana leaves, maize stover, corn husk, rice husk, fresh sawdust, and elephant grass, respectively. The biological efficiency (BE) followed the same pattern and ranged from 61.0% for composted sawdust to 0.0% for elephant grass. The yield of mushroom was positively correlated to cellulose ( r(2) =0.6), lignin ( r(2) =0.7) and fibre ( r(2) =0.7) contents of the substrates. Based on the yield and BE of the substrates tested, rice straw appeared to be the best alternate substrate for growing oyster mushrooms.
Breakers of advanced glycation end products restore large artery properties in experimental diabetes (1998)

Glucose and other reducing sugars react with proteins by a nonenzymatic, posttranslational modification process called nonenzymatic glycation. The formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on connective tissue and matrix components accounts largely for the increase in collagen crosslinking that accompanies normal aging and which occurs at an accelerated rate in diabetes, leading to an increase in arterial stiffness. A new class of AGE crosslink "breakers" reacts with and cleaves these covalent, AGE-derived protein crosslinks. Treatment of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes with the AGE-breaker ALT-711 for 1-3 weeks reversed the diabetes-induced increase of large artery stiffness as measured by systemic arterial compliance, aortic impedance, and carotid artery compliance and distensibility. These findings will have considerable implications for the treatment of patients with diabetes-related complications and aging.
Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer and Gene Therapy (1999)

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a defective, non-pathogenic human parvovirus that depends for growth on coinfection with a helper adenovirus or herpes virus. Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) have attracted considerable interest as vectors for gene therapy. In contrast to other gene delivery systems, rAAVs lack all viral genes and show long-term gene expression in vivo without immune response or toxicity. Over the past few years, many applications of rAAVs as therapeutic agents have demonstrated the utility of this vector system for long-lasting genetic modification and gene therapy in preclinical models of human disease. New production methods have increased rAAV vector titers and eliminated contamination by adenovirus. In addition, vectors for regulatable gene expression and vectors retargeted to different cells have been engineered. These advancements are expected to accelerate and facilitate further animal model studies, providing validation for use of rAAVs in human clinical trials.
Free-Induction Decays in Solids (1957)

A beat structure has been found on free-induction decays associated with the pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance of nuclei in rigid lattices. A general quantum-mechanical theory is developed for the shapes of induction decays. The theory is specialized to the case of rigid solids and applied to the magnetic dipolar interactions among the ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ nuclei in a fluorite (Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$) crystal. It is also shown rigorously that, except at very low temperatures, a free-induction decay is the Fourier transform of the corresponding steady-state resonance line shape. The calculation of the shape of an induction decay in Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ thus corresponds to the calculation of the shape of the ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ resonance line for the crystal. It is demonstrated that the resonance line shape for an ordered rigid lattice is not Gaussian.
Rabbit corneal endothelial cells in vitro: effects of EGF. (1986)

Rabbit corneal endothelial cells were grown in tissue culture. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) increased the mitotic rate during the growth phase by 70% over control without affecting the plating efficiency. Within 48 hr of exposure to EGF, the endothelial cells became spindle-shaped. This morphological change was quantitated by morphometry; cells treated with EGF had a major axis 1.5 X larger than that of non-EGF treated cells. The spindle-shaped morphological change did not occur in response to other growth factors, was not related to cell density, and was reversible within 24 hr after removal of EGF from the media or subculture in the absence of EGF. The addition of 5-fluorouracil blocked cell division but did not affect the EGF-induced morphological change. The appearance of the endothelial cells following EGF stimulation is similar to migrating cells closing a wound in vivo.
EFFECT OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION ON THE TRANSPORT OF THIAMINE FROM PLASMA TO DIFFERENT BRAIN REGIONS OF THE RAT (1988)

The effect of ethanol (4.7 g/kg body wt intragastrically as a single dose or once daily for 35 days) on the transport of thiamine from plasma to four brain regions (cerebellum, cerebral cortex, pons and medulla) was studied in albino rats. Animals were given an intravenous injection of labelled thiamine with a sampling procedure which allowed the determination of regional blood flow and tissue thiamine uptake. Regional blood flow was found to be enhanced after acute, but non chronic, ethanol administration. The magnitude of increase ranged from 13 to 35% depending on the brain region being considered. Thiamine was transferred from plasma to cerebral tissue by a saturable process with a non-saturable component prevailing at thiamine concentrations above 10-15 microM. Three main modifications in the thiamine transport were found as a result of ethanol treatment: a reduction in affinity for the carrier (Km increased), an increase in maximal transport rate (Jmax) and an increase in non-saturable diffusion (KD constant increased). The effects were more pronounced after acute ethanol administration. As a consequence of these modifications both acute and chronic ethanol treatment caused an increase in thiamine transport rate at high plasma concentrations. On the contrary, at low (physiological) plasma concentrations, thiamine transport was little increased by acute ethanol administration and virtually unaffected by chronic ethanol intoxication.
Front Cover (2019)

The cover image is based on the Research Article Multi-objective optimization of solar-aided coal-fired power generation system under off-design work conditions by Jianxing Wang et al., DOI: 10.1002/ese3.280. Image Credit: Hongjuan Hou, North China Electric Power University (NCEPU).
Near-UV stress in Salmonella typhimurium: 4-thiouridine in tRNA, ppGpp, and ApppGpp as components of an adaptive response (1988)

We have examined the role of 4-thiouridine in the responses of Salmonella typhimurium to near-UV irradiation. Mutants lacking 4-thiouridine (nuv) and mutants defective in the synthesis of ppGpp (guanosine 5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate) (relA) were found to be sensitive to killing by near-UV. Near-UV induced the synthesis of a set of proteins that were not induced in the nuv mutant. Some of these proteins were identified as oxidative defense proteins, and others were identified as ppGpp-inducible proteins. Over 100-fold increases in ApppGpp (adenosine 5', 5"'-triphosphoguanosine-3"'-diphosphate, the adenylylated form of ppGpp) were observed in wild-type cells after near-UV irradiation but not in the 4-thiouridine-deficient mutant. These data support a model in which ppGpp and ApppGpp, a dinucleotide proposed to be synthesized by tRNA-aminoacyl synthetases as a response to the cross-linking of 4-thiouridine in tRNA by near-UV, induce the synthesis of proteins necessary for resistance to near-UV irradiation.
The impacts of Internet knowledge on college students' intention to continue to use the Internet (2008)

Introduction.Examines the effect of Internet knowledge on college students' intention to continue using the Internet. 
Method. Students at four public institutions in Wuhan, China, were surveyed. They completed a questionnaire during the class hours. 
Analysis. Psychometric analysis was performed to assess the internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity of the Internet knowledge construct. Path analysis was carried out with the structural equation program package EQS 6.1, to test the hypothesised causal paths among the constructs and the goodness of fit of the research model. 
Results. Internet knowledge is shown to be a reliable and valid construct, distinguished from Internet experience and Internet self-efficacy beliefs and has a significant effect on intention to continue to use the Internet. 
Conclusions. This study supplements the technology acceptance model with social learning theory and disentangles the relationships among Internet knowledge, experience and self-efficacy. The technology acceptance model is extended from a concern with adoption to continuous use of technology. The construct of Internet knowledge offers an opportunity to connect the technology acceptance model with knowledge gap and digital divide research, which are useful to inform future studies of technology acceptance.
Ternäre Halogenide vom Typ A3MX6. IV. [1]. Ternäre Halogenide des Scandiums mit Natrium, Na3ScX6 (X = F, Cl, Br): Synthese, Strukturen, Ionenleitfähigkeit (1996)

Abstract Röntgenographische Untersuchungen an Einkristallen von Na 3 ScF 6 und Na 3 ScBr 6 ergaben, daß Na 3 ScF 6 im Kryolith‐Typ (monoklin, P2 1 /n, Z = 2, a = 560,16(9), b = 580,31(8), c = 812,1(2)pm, β = 90,720(14)°) und Na 3 ScBr 6 als bisher einziges ternäres Bromid der Selten‐Erd‐Elemente mit Natrium im Na 3 CrCl 6 ‐Typ (trigonal, P 3 1c, Z = 2, a = 728,95(7), c = 1309,29(17)pm) kristallisieren. An Pulverproben von Na 3 ScF 6 und Na 3 ScBr 6 sowie an Na 3 ScCl 6 wurden Leitfähigkeitsuntersuchungen mittels Impedanzspektroskopie vorgenommen und aus den Ergebnissen die Aktivierungsenergien für den Leitungsprozeß zu 1,22 eV, 0,80 eV und 0,71 eV für das Fluorid, Chlorid bzw. Bromid bestimmt. Die Unterschiede werden aus den Kristallstrukturen sowie durch die Größen und Polarisierbarkeiten der Anionen erklärt.