gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Maternal choline intake alters the epigenetic state of fetal cortisol‐regulating genes in humans (2012)

The in utero availability of methyl donors, such as choline, may modify fetal epigenetic marks and lead to sustainable functional alterations throughout the life course. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates cortisol production and is sensitive to perinatal epigenetic programming. As an extension of a 12-wk dose-response choline feeding study conducted in third-trimester pregnant women, we investigated the effect of maternal choline intake (930 vs. 480 mg/d) on the epigenetic state of cortisol-regulating genes, and their expression, in placenta and cord venous blood. The higher maternal choline intake yielded higher placental promoter methylation of the cortisol-regulating genes, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH; P=0.05) and glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1; P=0.002); lower placental CRH transcript abundance (P=0.04); lower cord blood leukocyte promoter methylation of CRH (P=0.05) and NR3C1 (P=0.04); and 33% lower (P=0.07) cord plasma cortisol. In addition, placental global DNA methylation and dimethylated histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2) were higher (P=0.02) in the 930 mg choline/d group, as was the expression of select placental methyltransferases. These data collectively suggest that maternal choline intake in humans modulates the epigenetic state of genes that regulate fetal HPA axis reactivity as well as the epigenomic status of fetal derived tissues.
Beneficial Effects of Adenosine Triphosphate on Nutritional Status in Advanced Lung Cancer Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2002)

The inhibition of weight loss by ATP infusions in patients with advanced NSCLC is attributed to counteracting the loss of both metabolically active and inactive tissues. These effects are partly ascribed to maintenance of energy intake.
Invited Review: Biophysical properties of sodium channels in lung alveolar epithelial cells (2002)

Amiloride-sensitive sodium channels in the lung play an important role in lung fluid balance. Particularly in the alveoli, sodium transport is closely regulated to maintain an appropriate fluid layer on the surface of the alveoli. Alveolar type II cells appear to play an important role in this sodium transport, with the role of alveolar type I cells being less clear. In alveolar type II cells, there are a variety of different amiloride-sensitive, sodium-permeable channels. This significant diversity appears to play a role in both normal lung physiology and in pathological states. In many epithelial tissues, amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) are formed from three subunit proteins, designated alpha-, beta-, and gamma-ENaC. At least part of the diversity of sodium-permeable channels in lung arises from the assembling of different combinations of these subunits to form channels with different biophysical properties and different mechanisms for regulation. This leads to epithelial tissue in the lung, which has enormous flexibility to alter the magnitude and regulation of salt and water transport. In this review, we discuss the biophysical properties and occurrence of these various channels and some of the mechanisms for their regulation.
Preclinical safety evaluation of 18F-FHBG: a PET reporter probe for imaging herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) or mutant HSV1-sr39tk's expression. (2006)

Acute toxicity evaluation of FHBG at 100 times the expected human dose does not indicate harm to organ function or tissues. The Food and Drug Administration has approved FHBG as an Investigational New Drug.
A class of partial response systems for increasing storage density in magnetic recording (1987)

A class of partial response systems of the form P <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</inf> (D) = (1 - D)(1 + D) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> , where D is the delay operator and n is a non-negative integer, is described for the spectral shaping of the readback signal to achieve higher recording densities. The properties of the desired response at the detector input are examined. It is shown that the use of higher values of n can result in higher recording densities without excessive noise enhancement, or, equivalently, pulse slimming. The cost for increased density is higher complexity in the required maximum likelihood detector.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Lipid Accumulation in the Human Diaphragm during Mechanical Ventilation (2012)

Our data suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction lies at the nexus between oxidative stress and the impaired diaphragmatic contractility that develops during MV. Energy substrate oversupply relative to demand, resulting from diaphragmatic inactivity during MV, could play an important role in this process.
Microbial Electrodialysis Cell for Simultaneous Water Desalination and Hydrogen Gas Production (2010)

A new approach to water desalination is to use exoelectrogenic bacteria to generate electrical power from the biodegradation of organic matter, moving charged ions from a middle chamber between two membranes in a type of microbial fuel cell called a microbial desalination cell. Desalination efficiency using this approach is limited by the voltage produced by the bacteria. Here we examine an alternative strategy based on boosting the voltage produced by the bacteria to achieve hydrogen gas evolution from the cathode using a three-chambered system we refer to as a microbial electrodialysis cell (MEDC). We examined the use of the MEDC process using two different initial NaCl concentrations of 5 g/L and 20 g/L. Conductivity in the desalination chamber was reduced by up to 68 ± 3% in a single fed-batch cycle, with electrical energy efficiencies reaching 231 ± 59%, and maximum hydrogen production rates of 0.16 ± 0.05 m(3) H(2)/m(3) d obtained at an applied voltage of 0.55 V. The advantage of this system compared to a microbial fuel cell approach is that the potentials between the electrodes can be better controlled, and the hydrogen gas that is produced can be used to recover energy to make the desalination process self-sustaining with respect to electrical power requirements.
THE RATIONALE FOR DRUG COMBINATIONS IN AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (2009)

The strategies for improving control of age-related macular degeneration with combination therapies are evolving. The focus on more effective blockade of choroidal neovascularization has shifted to include control of additional processes implicated in disease progression, such as neural death, inflammation, or fibrosis. Although there is likely to be a strong interrelationship between choroidal neovascularization and inflammation that contributes to advanced stages of disease progression, including fibrosis, combining treatment strategies may enlarge the opportunity to prevent both early and late vision loss.
Mapping Whiteness and Sport: Introduction to the Special Issue (2005)

This introductory essay maps a context from which to understand the explosion in the analysis of whiteness, white identities and white privilege in the 1990s and 2000s. The current proliferation?including this special issue devoted to the study of whiteness and sport?is not a new phenomenon because people of color have long critiqued and challenged the mythologies perpetuating racism and white supremacy. Contemporary interdisciplinary scholarship works within and against this legacy suggesting that the articles in this special issue constitute an epistemologically divided knowledge project that is further implicated in contemporary power relations, racial performances, and struggles over meaning.
Free and total cefazolin plasma and interstitial fluid concentrations at steady state during continuous infusion (2002)

Free and total concentrations of cefazolin were compared in plasma and interstitial fluid during continuous intravenous infusion therapy. Seven patients, median age 53 (25-74) years, were administered a constant infusion of cefazolin at a mean (+/-S.D.) dose of 3.5 g (+/-1.1) per 24 h for > or = 5 days. Four blisters were induced on the forearm of each patient for sampling of interstitial fluid. Free concentrations in plasma and interstitial fluid were similar, and correlated better than total concentrations (r(2) = 0.82, P = 0.005 versus r(2) = 0.54, P = 0.056). In all patients, the free concentrations in the interstitial fluid were at least two-fold the MIC(90) for Staphylococcus aureus.
Corticosteroids significantly delay the onset of docetaxel-induced fluid retention: final results of a randomized study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Investigational Drug Branch for Breast Cancer. (1997)

Docetaxel, at this dose and schedule, has definite antitumor activity in pretreated MBC patients. Moreover, this is the first randomized trial to show that corticosteroids have a favorable impact on docetaxel-induced FR.
Keratinocyte gene therapy for systemic diseases. Circulating interleukin 10 released from gene-transferred keratinocytes inhibits contact hypersensitivity at distant areas of the skin. (1998)

This study has examined the systemic effects of a circulating gene product, human interleukin 10 (IL-10), released from transduced keratinocytes. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine which has an inhibitory effect on contact hypersensitivity (CHS). An expression vector (phIL-10) was constructed for human IL-10 and was injected into the dorsal skin of hairless rats. Local expression of IL-10 mRNA and protein was detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the amount of IL-10 in the local keratinocytes and in the circulation increased with the dose of phIL-10 transferred. To determine whether circulating IL-10 could inhibit the effector phase of CHS at a distant area of the skin, various doses of phIL-10 were injected into the dorsal skin of sensitized rats before challenge on the ears. Our results showed that the degree of swelling of the ears of phIL-10- treated rats was significantly lower than that in the negative control animals. These results suggest that IL-10 released from transduced keratinocytes can enter the bloodstream and cause biological effects at distant areas of the skin. This study demonstrates that it may be possible to treat systemic disease using keratinocyte gene therapy.
Growth of multiwall carbon nanotubes in an inductively coupled plasma reactor (2002)

A high density plasma from a methane–hydrogen mixture is generated in an inductively coupled plasma reactor, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are grown on silicon substrates with multilayered Al/Fe catalysts. The nanotubes are vertically aligned, and the alignment is better than the orientation commonly seen in thermally grown samples. A detailed parametric study varying inductive power, pressure, temperature, gas composition, catalyst thickness, and power to the substrate is undertaken. Transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy are used to characterize the nanotubes. Emission spectroscopy and a global model are used to characterize the plasma. The power in the lower electrode holding the substrate influences the morphology and results in a transition from MWNTs to nanofibers as the power is increased.
Feline atopic dermatitis: a retrospective study of 45 cases (2001–2012) (2014)

The prevalence of feline AD was higher than previously suggested, and breed predispositions were confirmed. Severe nonseasonal pruritus was most common, with a varied spectrum of lesions affecting a range of body areas.
Synthesis of All Low-Energy Stereoisomers of the Tris(pyrrolidinoindoline) Alkaloid Hodgkinsine and Preliminary Assessment of Their Antinociceptive Activity (2007)

The previously unknown stereoisomers 3, 4, ent-1, and ent-4 of the tris(pyrrolidinoindoline) alkaloids hodgkinsine (1) and hodgkinsine B (2) were prepared by stereocontrolled total synthesis. In each synthesis, a catalyst-controlled intramolecular Heck reaction was the key step in appending a third cis-pyrrolidinoindoline ring to a hexacyclic chimonanthine precursor. Results of the preliminary evaluation of these hodgkinsine stereoisomers in the tail flick and capsaicin pain models are reported.
COSMIC: exploring the world's knowledge of somatic mutations in human cancer (2014)

COSMIC, the Catalogue Of Somatic Mutations In Cancer (http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk) is the world's largest and most comprehensive resource for exploring the impact of somatic mutations in human cancer. Our latest release (v70; Aug 2014) describes 2 002 811 coding point mutations in over one million tumor samples and across most human genes. To emphasize depth of knowledge on known cancer genes, mutation information is curated manually from the scientific literature, allowing very precise definitions of disease types and patient details. Combination of almost 20,000 published studies gives substantial resolution of how mutations and phenotypes relate in human cancer, providing insights into the stratification of mutations and biomarkers across cancer patient populations. Conversely, our curation of cancer genomes (over 12,000) emphasizes knowledge breadth, driving discovery of unrecognized cancer-driving hotspots and molecular targets. Our high-resolution curation approach is globally unique, giving substantial insight into molecular biomarkers in human oncology. In addition, COSMIC also details more than six million noncoding mutations, 10,534 gene fusions, 61,299 genome rearrangements, 695,504 abnormal copy number segments and 60,119,787 abnormal expression variants. All these types of somatic mutation are annotated to both the human genome and each affected coding gene, then correlated across disease and mutation types.
Differential Levels of Diabetogenic Stress in Two New Mouse Models of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (2004)

The genetic basis for the more common forms of human obesity predisposing to insulin resistance and development of type 2 diabetes is multigenic rather than monogenic in origin. New mouse "diabesity" models have been created by combining independent diabetes risk-conferring quantitative trait loci from two unrelated parental strains: New Zealand Obese (NZO/HlLt) and Nonobese Nondiabetic (NON/Lt). F1 hybrid males, heterozygous at all polymorphic autosomal loci distinguishing the two parental strains, are driven to obesity-induced diabetes (diabesity) at high frequencies. This review focuses on two new recombinant congenic strains (RCSs) developed by introgressing multiple NZO/HlLt chromosomal segments into the nominally diabesity-resistant NON/Lt strain background. Both RCSs gain more weight than NON animals. Although exhibiting comparable weight gain and adiposity, only one of the two RCSs develops diabetes. Hence, these two RCSs will be instructive in elucidating genetic and pathophysiological differences underlying uncomplicated obesity syndromes versus diabetogenic obesity (diabesity) syndromes. Unlike mice with null mutations in a single gene producing morbid obesity, the new models develop a more moderate obesity produced by the interaction of numerous genes with relatively small effects. These RCSs are differentially sensitive to adverse side effects of thiazolidinediones and thus should be particularly useful for pharmacogenetic analyses.
Optical switch fabrics for ultra-high-capacity IP routers (2003)

Next-generation switches and routers may rely on optical switch fabrics to overcome scalability problems that arise in sizing traditional electrical backplanes into the terabit regime. In this paper, we present and discuss several optical switch fabric technologies. We describe a promising approach based on arrayed waveguide gratings and fast wavelength tuning and explain the challenges with respect to technical and commercial viability. Finally, we demonstrate an optical switch fabric capable of 1.2-Tb/s throughput and show packet switching with four ports running at 40 Gb/s each.
ACE1 regulates expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae metallothionein gene. (1988)

Copper resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated, in large part, by the CUP1 locus, which encodes a low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich metal-binding protein. Expression of the CUP1 gene is regulated at the level of transcriptional induction in response to high environmental copper levels. This report describes the isolation of a yeast mutant, ace1-1, which is defective in the activation of CUP1 expression upon exposure to exogenous copper. The ace1-1 mutation is recessive and lies in a genetic element that encodes a trans-acting CUP1 regulatory factor. The wild-type ACE1 gene was isolated by in vivo complementation and restores copper inducibility of CUP1 expression and copper resistance to the otherwise copper-sensitive ace1-1 mutant. Linkage analysis and gene deletion experiments verified that this gene represents the authentic ACE1 locus. ACE1 maps to the left arm of chromosome VII, 9 centimorgans centromere distal to lys5. The ACE1 gene appears to play a direct or indirect positive role in activation of CUP1 expression in response to elevated copper concentrations.
Cholesterol domains in biological membranes (1995)

Membrane cholesterol is distributed asymmetrically both within the cell or within cellular membranes. Elaboration of intracellular cholesterol trafficking, targeting and intramembrane distribution has been spurred by both molecular and structural approaches. The expression of recombinant sterol carrier proteins in L-cell fibroblasts has been especially useful in demonstrating for the first time that such proteins actually elicit intracellular and intraplasma membrane redistribution of sterol. Additional advances in the use of native fluorescent sterols allowed resolution of transbilayer and lateral cholesterol domains in plasma membranes from cultured fibroblasts, brain synaptosomes and erythrocytes. In all three cell surface membranes, cholesterol is enriched in the inner, cytofacial leaflet. Up to three different cholesterol domains have been identified in the lateral plane of the plasma membrane: a fast exchanging domain comprising less than 10% of cholesterol, a slowly exchanging domain comprising about 30% of cholesterol, and a very slowly or non-exchangeable sterol domain comprising 50-60% of plasma membrane cholesterol. Factors modulating plasma membrane cholesterol domains include polyunsaturated fatty acids, expression of intracellular sterol carrier proteins, drugs such as ethanol, and several membrane pathologies (systemic lupus erythematosus, sickle cell anaemia and aging). Disturbances in plasma membrane cholesterol domains alter transbilayer fluidity gradients in plasma membranes. Such changes are associated with decreased Ca(2+)-ATPase and Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity. Thus, the size, dynamics and distribution of cholesterol domains within membranes not only regulate cholesterol efflux/influx but also modulate plasma membrane protein functions and receptor-effector coupled systems.
Nanoparticles and microparticles as vaccine-delivery systems (2007)

Vaccine-delivery systems are generally particulate (e.g., emulsions, microparticles and liposomes) and have comparable dimensions to the pathogens, which the immune system evolved to combat. Increasingly more sophisticated delivery systems are being developed in which immunostimulatory adjuvants may be incorporated with the antigen. The rationale for this approach is to ensure that both the antigen and adjuvant are delivered into the same population of antigen-presenting cells. Enhancement of adjuvant activity through the use of micro- and nanoparticulate delivery systems is particularly exciting, as synergistic effects are often seen resulting in immune responses stronger than those elicited by the adjuvant or delivery system alone. Micro- and nanoparticles also offer the possibility of enhancement of their uptake by appropriate cells through manipulation of their surface properties. The next important step in the development of many of the experimental microparticle- and nanoparticle-based technologies will be evaluation of effectiveness in human trials.
Spatio-temporal model-assisted compatible coding for low and very low bitrate videotelephony (2002)

We introduce the concept of spatio-temporal model-assisted compatible (STMAC) coding, a technique to selectively encode areas of different importance to the human eye in terms of space and time in moving images. For this, we use the fact that human "eye contact" and "lip synchronization" are very important in person-to-person communication. Several areas including the eyes and lips need different types of quality, since different areas have different perceptual significance to human observers. For example, for the eyes "high resolution" is needed for clear communication, while for the lips "frequent refresh" is needed. The approach provides a better rate-distortion tradeoff than conventional image coding technologies based on MPEG-1, MPEG-2, H.261, as well as H.263, since STMAC coding is applied on top of an encoder, taking full advantage of its core design. The decoder does not need to be changed in any way although the encoder's rate control unit is slightly modified. This characteristic leads to the name "compatible" in the proposed concept. Experimental results are given using ITU-T H.263, addressing very low bit rate compression (13-17 Kbps).
Role of DNA Mismatch Repair Defects in the Pathogenesis of Human Cancer (2003)

The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system is necessary for the maintenance of genomic stability. In a broad sense, all main functions of the MMR system, including the correction of biosynthetic errors, DNA damage surveillance, and prevention of recombination between nonidentical sequences serve this important purpose. Failure to accomplish these functions may lead to cancer. It is therefore not surprising that inherited defects in the MMR system underlie one of the most prevalent cancer syndromes in humans, hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC). In addition, acquired defects of the same system may account for 15% to 25%, or even a higher percentage, of sporadic cancers of different organs of the "HNPCC spectrum," including the colon and rectum, uterine endometrium, stomach, and ovaries. Recent studies indicate that the MMR genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of even a broader spectrum of tumors in one way or another. An updated review of the different features of the human MMR system will be provided, with the emphasis on their implications in cancer development.
Fast Three Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (1995)

To reduce the scan time in three-dimensional (3D) imaging, the authors consider alternative trajectories for traversing k-space. They differ from traditional 3D trajectories, such as 3DFT, in that they employ time-varying gradients allowing longer readouts and in turn a reduced scan time. Some of these trajectories reduce by an order of magnitude the number of excitations compared with 3DFT and provide flexibility for trading off signal-to-noise ratio for scan time. Other concerns are the minimum echo time and flow/motion properties. As examples, the authors show two applications: A 3D data set of the head (field of view of 30 x 30 x 7.5 cm and resolution of 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 mm) acquired in 56 s using a stack of spirals in 3D k-space; and a 3D movie of the heart (20 x 20 x 20 cm field of view, 2 x 2 x 2 mm resolution, and 16 time frames per cardiac cycle) acquired in 11 min using a cones trajectory.