gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Defining promiscuous MHC class II helper T-cell epitopes for the HER2/neu tumor antigen. (2000)

It is accepted that both helper and CTLs play a critical role in immune antitumor responses. Thus, the design of effective immune-based therapies for cancer relies in the identification of relevant tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) capable of eliciting strong helper and cytotoxic T-cell responses against tumor cells. The product of the HER2/neu oncogene is considered as a prototype TAA, because it is found overexpressed in a large variety of malignancies, whereas normal cells only produce low levels of this product. Several cytotoxic T-cell epitopes for HER2/neu have been identified that enable the design of peptide-based therapeutic vaccines for tumors expressing this TAA. Nevertheless, it is expected that inclusion of peptide epitopes capable of eliciting HER2/neu-specific T helper responses into these vaccines may enhance their effectiveness in the clinic. We describe here a strategy to identify helper T-cell epitopes for HER2/neu that focuses on peptides predicted to bind to numerous histocompatibility alleles (promiscuous epitopes), which would encourage their use in therapeutic vaccines for the general cancer patient population. Following this approach, we successfully identified several peptides that elicited T helper (CD4+) proliferative responses to peptides derived from HER2/neu. Most of the T-cell responses appeared to reflect a low affinity for antigen, which could be the result of immune tolerance because HER2/neu is expressed in low levels in normal cells and possibly including lymphocytes and monocytes. Interestingly, one of these peptides, HER2(883), was recognized by T cells in the context of either HLA-DR1, HLA-DR4, HLA-DR52, and HLA-DR53, indicating a high degree of histocompatibility promiscuity. Furthermore, T cells that reacted with peptide HER2(883) could also recognize antigen-presenting cells that process HER2/neu recombinant protein. These results may be relevant for the design of more effective therapeutic vaccines for tumors expressing the HER2/neu oncogene product.
Systemic alendronate prevents resorption of necrotic bone during revascularization. A bone chamber study in rats (2002)

Systemic alendronate treatment prevents resorption of necrotic bone during revascularization. In patients with osteonecrosis, bisphosphonates may therefore prevent collapse of the necrotic bone.
Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor levels correlate with the ability of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line to grow in scid mice (2001)

MDA-MB-231 (MDA-231) human breast cancer cells have a high proliferation rate, lack the estrogen receptor, express the intermediate filament vimentin, the hyaluronan receptor CD44, and are able to form tumors in nude mice. The MDA-231 cell line has been used in our laboratory to examine the role of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) in the progression of cancer. During these studies 2 populations of MDA-231 cells were subcloned based on the levels of PBR. The subclones proliferated at approximately the same rate, lacked the estrogen receptor, expressed vimentin and CD44, and had the same in vitro chemoinvasive and chemotactic potential. Both restriction fragment length polymorphism and comparative genomic hybridization analyses of genomic DNA from these cells indicated that both subclones are of the same genetic lineage. Only the subclone with high PBR levels, however, was able to form tumors when injected in SCID mice. These data suggest that the ability of MDA-231 cells to form tumors in vivo may depend on the amount of PBR present in the cells.
Homogeneously staining chromosomal regions contain amplified copies of an abundantly expressed cellular oncogene (c-myc) in malignant neuroendocrine cells from a human colon carcinoma. (1983)

Two human neuroendocrine tumor cell lines derived from a colon carcinoma contain either numerous double minute chromosomes (COLO 320 DM) or a homogeneously staining marker chromosome (COLO 320 HSR). We found amplification and enhanced expression of the cellular oncogene c-myc in both COLO 320 DM and HSR cells, and we were able to show that the homogeneously staining regions of the COLO 320 HSR marker chromosome contain amplified c-myc. From previous and present karyotypes, it appears that the homogeneously staining regions reside on a distorted X chromosome. Therefore, amplification of c-myc has been accompanied by translocation of the gene from its normal position on chromosome 8 (8q24). Because double minute chromosomes were features of primary cultures from the original tumor, it seems reasonable to suspect that amplification of c-myc may have contributed to tumorigenesis.
Luminescent oxygen channeling immunoassay: measurement of particle binding kinetics by chemiluminescence. (1994)

A method for monitoring formation of latex particle pairs by chemiluminescence is described. Molecular oxygen is excited by a photosensitizer and an antenna dye that are dissolved in one of the particles. 1 delta gO2 diffuses to the second particle and initiates a high quantum yield chemiluminescent reaction of an olefin that is dissolved in it. The efficiency of 1 delta gO2 transfer between particles is approximately 3.5%. The technique permits real-time measurement of particle binding kinetics. Second-order rate constants increase with the number of receptor binding sites on the particles and approach diffusion control. By using antibody-coated particles, a homogeneous immunoassay capable of detecting approximately 4 amol of thyroid-stimulating hormone in 12 min was demonstrated. Single molecules of analyte produce particle heterodimers that are detected even when no larger aggregates are formed.
Taxol: an important new drug in the management of epithelial ovarian cancer. (1992)

Taxol, an antineoplastic agent isolated from the Pacific yew, has been demonstrated in three phase 2 clinical trials to have major activity (30 percent overall response rate) in patients with ovarian cancer refractory to cisplatin. The major toxicities associated with the agent are neutropenia (dose-limiting), hypersensitivity reactions, peripheral sensory neuropathy, and cardiac arrhythmias. A recently reported phase 1 trial of the combination of cisplatin and taxol has defined acceptable doses for the two-drug combination to be tested against cisplatin and cyclophosphamide as frontline therapy of advanced ovarian cancer. Taxol has also been examined for intraperitoneal administration in patients with ovarian cancer, with a major pharmacokinetic advantage for peritoneal cavity exposure being demonstrated. Unfortunately, any future development of taxol as an antineoplastic agent in the management of ovarian cancer will be dependent on the finding of an alternative source of the drug, as the current method of obtaining taxol from the bark of the Pacific yew provides insufficient quantities for large-scale clinical use.
Corticosteroid Treatment and Intensive Insulin Therapy for Septic Shock in Adults (2010)

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00320099.
Plasma Homocysteine as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (2002)

An increased plasma homocysteine level is a strong, independent risk factor for the development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Antral follicle count, anti‐mullerian hormone and inhibin B: predictors of ovarian response in assisted reproductive technology? (2005)

Delta inhibin B had the best positive association with the number of eggs collected and basal AMH is the single best predictor of poor response. AFC has a significant association with the number of eggs collected and is predictive of clinical pregnancy. It is evident that a single parameter is of limited value in predicting ovarian response. However, we have demonstrated a cumulative score using all the above markers could be useful in predicting poor response.
Optical and Microwave Properties of Trivalent Chromium inβ-Ga2O3 (1965)

Optical absorption, fluorescence, and paramagnetic-resonance experiments on single crystals of $\ensuremath{\beta}$-${\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ doped with chromium were performed from room temperature down to a few degrees Kelvin. All the important low-lying energy levels have been identified from the optical data. The average positions of the three sets of sharp lines (doublet transitions) are almost identical to those of ruby, whereas the two prominent bands (quartet transitions) are broadened and shifted to the red for ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Comparison of the 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K absorption data with octahedral crystal-field calculations for the ${d}^{3}$ configuration yielded the values $B=700$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and $\frac{\mathrm{Dq}}{B}=2.35$. Fluorescence is observed from the $^{2}E$ to $^{4}A_{2}$ transition with a room-temperature lifetime of 0.23 msec. At 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K these emission peaks occur at 6885 and 6956 \AA{}. The fluorescence efficiency of crystals grown from different starting materials varied considerably, but the factors that give rise to this variation are only partly understood. The spin Hamiltonian parameters for the $^{4}A_{2}$ ground state were determined from $X$-band paramagnetic-resonance measurements and are: $D=\ensuremath{-}14.01$ kMc/sec, $E=+6.14$ kMc/sec, ${g}_{x}=1.978$, ${g}_{y}=1.978$, and ${g}_{z}=1.983$ for the z axis along [010]. The zero-field ground-state splitting was observed at a frequency of 35.18 kMc/sec. Calculations for the angular spectrum using this spin Hamiltonian are in excellent agreement with the $X$-band measurements. The possibility of using ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ in ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ as the active material in an optical or microwave maser is briefly discussed.
The internal structure of self-assembled peptide amphiphiles nanofibers (2007)

The self-assembly of peptide amphiphiles (PAs) into nanofibers and their bioactivity as well as physical properties have been investigated by our laboratory over the past few years. We report here on the use of transmission infrared spectroscopy (IR) and polarization modulation-infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) to characterize the internal structure of the nanofibers. Depositing nanofibers flat on surfaces, and using the surface selection rules in PM-IRRAS, we demonstrate that peptide amphiphiles form β-sheets oriented parallel to the long-axis of nanofibers that pack radially from the nanofiber core. We show also that the extent of internal order depends on the molecular architecture and peptide sequence of PAs, with branched PAs yielding nanofibers with the lowest degree of internal order. Measurements of intensity and spectral position of the alkyl bands suggest that the hydrophobic core of these nanofibers can have internal order to an extent that correlates with order in their peptidic domains. We expect that bioactivity and physical properties will be controlled by the degree of internal order in these self-assembling nanostructures.
Induction of functional follicular dendritic cell development in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Influence of B and T cells (1993)

Ag injected into immune mice immediately complexes with specific antibody. Immune complexes not phagocytosed by macrophages are transported by Ag transport cells to lymph node follicles for trapping by follicular dendritic cells (FDC). These FDC serve as a long term repository of unprocessed Ag that is believed to maintain both B cell memory and the secondary antibody response. Severe combined immunodeficiency mice lack functional B cells and T cells. Consequently, this mutation also appears to affect the ability to produce Ag-retaining FDC. to assess B and T cell requirements for FDC development and function, severe combined immunodeficiency mice were reconstituted with BM, or mature B and T cells. The development of a FDC reticulum, a three-dimensional network produced by the intertwining of FDC dendrites was assessed by Ag trapping on FDC using the histochemically detectable Ag horseradish peroxidase and quantitated by morphometry. The results showed that bone marrow transplants or B and T cells transferred together supply the required elements for the development of severe combined immunodeficiency FDC reticula that function in Ag trapping and the induction of the germinal center. In contrast, B cells or T cells injected separately induced a minimal development of FDC reticulum. The B and T cell requirements demonstrated here strongly indicate that B-T cell collaboration and the factors these cells produce are essential for FDC development.
Dialkylacetyl Biurets (1940)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDialkylacetyl BiuretsArthur J. Hill and William M. DegnanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62, 6, 1595–1596Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1940Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1940https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01863a073https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01863a073research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views203Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Transport Sector : A Laboratory for Good Practices in Capacity Development? (2006)

As articulated in the Paris Declaration&#13;\n on Aid Effectiveness (2005), country capacity is at the core&#13;\n of sustainable development. The concepts of capacity and&#13;\n capacity development (CD) are so all-encompassing, however,&#13;\n that practitioners have often found it difficult to make&#13;\n operational sense of them. Practitioners should focus on the&#13;\n specific capacities needed to reach well-defined goals,&#13;\n while keeping in mind several basic principles: (a) capacity&#13;\n development is a long-term process and requires a long-term&#13;\n view, (b) it must be country led, (c) donors should&#13;\n coordinate their CD support activities, (d) good diagnostics&#13;\n should inform the program design, and (e) learning&#13;\n activities must be comprehensive. This brief looks at how&#13;\n three ongoing World Bank projects in the transport sector&#13;\n worked to put these ideas into practice. Within very&#13;\n different country contexts, all incorporate three or more of&#13;\n these core principles. All are country led and based on good&#13;\n diagnostics; all are being carried out in a five-year period&#13;\n with ample time and budget for capacity development; all&#13;\n focus on developing capacity simultaneously at the&#13;\n individual, organizational, and institutional levels; and&#13;\n all use local expertise, including private sector expertise,&#13;\n wherever possible.
Protective Immunity Elicited by Vaccination with DNA Encoding for a B Cell and a T Cell Epitope of the A/PR/8/34 Influenza Virus (1997)

Numerous reports have demonstrated that immunization with plasmids bearing influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) or nucleoprotein (NP) genes elicits humoral and cellular protective responses. Herein we describe the generation of a plasmid (pVH-TB) encoding for a VH region of a self-Ig in which both the major B cell epitope HA150-159 and the immunodominant CD4 T cell epitope HA110-120 of HA of the A/PR/8/34 influenza virus were genetically inserted in the CDR2 and CDR3 loops, respectively. Our results demonstrate unequivocally that i.m. injection of pVH-TB plasmid in BALB/c mice elicited specific cellular and humoral immune responses able to protect against infection with lethal doses of A/PR/8/34 influenza virus.
Role of aldehydes in collagen fibrillogenesis in vitro (1980)

Abstract The process of in vitro fibrillogenesis of type I collagen from bovine tendon has been studied with particular attention to the events occurring in the lag phase. From the conditions under which those events can be reversed or stabilized and from the effects of reduction on the length of the lag phase, we conclude that one event is the reaction of aldehydes on the molecules. However, we have been unable to detect the products of these reactions or any physical changes in the solution, so the change most probably involves the inter‐ or intramolecular reaction of a very small fraction of the molecules. In particular, the viscosity appears unchanged in solutions in which nucleation‐promoting structures have been stabilized, and so measurable numbers of polymers are not formed in this process.
Reflection in the systemic arterial system: effects of aortic and carotid occlusion (1976)

Experiments were performed in seven closed-chest anaesthetized male dogs to determine the role of pulse wave reflection in the pattern of flow and pressure in the ascending aorta. Ten days after implantation of an electromagnetic flow transducer around the ascending aorta a balloon catheter was placed in the descending aorta via the femoral arteries. At the same time a tip manometer was introduced into the ascending aorta. Aortic occlusions at three different sites caused pressure pulses with secondary systolic rises and flow pulses with biphasic deceleration. Secondary rises occurred 45 +/- 9.0 ms after the initial pressure rise for high aortic occlusion; this time was 75 +/- 8.5 ms for occlusion at the level of the diaphragm and 114 +/- 16.5 ms for occlusion near the level of the renal arteries. These times approximate the times in which the pulse travels from the tip manometer to the inflated balloons and back. Forward and reflected pressure and flow waves were calculated from reflection coefficients. Aortic occlusion caused larger reflected waves and the recorded wave forms were caused by the summation of forward and backward waves, the latter contributing the secondary pressure rise and the increased flow deceleration. Occlusion of both carotid arteries showed no specific reflection site but reflected waves were larger. This increased reflection can probably be explained as the result of greater total reflection from distributed sites under increased peripheral resistance.
All-fibre Bragg grating strain-sensor demodulationtechnique using a wavelength division coupler (1994)

A simple all optical fibre wavelength shift detection scheme, for use with fibre Bragg grating sensing systems, is described. The system is based on the use of a wavelength division coupler designed to exhibit a monotonic dependence of the splitting ratio on wavelength over a 50 nm range.
Studies of the Commitment Step in the Germination of Spores of Bacillus Species (2010)

Spores of Bacillus species are said to be committed when they continue through nutrient germination even when germinants are removed or their binding to spores' nutrient germinant receptors (GRs) is both reversed and inhibited. Measurement of commitment and the subsequent release of dipicolinic acid (DPA) during nutrient germination of spores of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis showed that heat activation, increased nutrient germinant concentrations, and higher average levels of GRs/spore significantly decreased the times needed for commitment, as well as lag times between commitment and DPA release. These lag times were also decreased dramatically by the action of one of the spores' two redundant cortex lytic enzymes (CLEs), CwlJ, but not by the other CLE, SleB, and CwlJ action did not affect the timing of commitment. The timing of commitment and the lag time between commitment and DPA release were also dependent on the specific GR activated to cause spore germination. For spore populations, the lag times between commitment and DPA release were increased significantly in spores that germinated late compared to those that germinated early, and individual spores that germinated late may have had lower appropriate GR levels/spore than spores that germinated early. These findings together provide new insight into the commitment step in spore germination and suggest several factors that may contribute to the large heterogeneity among the timings of various events in the germination of individual spores in spore populations.
Monoclonal anti‐TNFα Antibody as a Probe of Pathogenesis and Therapy of Rheumatoid Disease (1995)

Rheumatoid arthritis is a common cause of chronic disability for which current therapies are of limited value in controlling the disease process and outcome. Our initial approach to understanding the pathogenesis of RA and defining a novel therapeutic target was to investigate the role of cytokines by blocking their action with antibodies on cultured synovial-derived mononuclear cells in vitro. These investigations suggested that neutralization of TNF alpha with antibodies significantly inhibited the generation of other pro-inflammatory cytokines also over-produced, such as, IL-1, GM-CSF, IL-6 and IL-8. The implication that blockade of a single cytokine, TNF alpha might have far-reaching effects on multiple cytokines and thereby exert significant anti-inflammatory and protective effects on cartilage and bone of joints, was tested in arthritic DBA/1 mice immunized with collagen II. Impressive amelioration of joint swelling and joint erosions in this model encouraged clinical trials with a monoclonal anti-TNF alpha antibody. The cA2 chimeric anti-TNF alpha high-affinity antibody was initially tested in an open-label study at a dose of 20 mg/kg on 20 patients, with substantial and universal benefit. Subsequently, a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial was performed on 73 patients comparing a single intravenous injection of placebo (0.1% human serum albumin) with two doses of cA2. Using a composite disease activity index, at 4 weeks post infusion, 8% of patients receiving placebo improved compared with 44% receiving 1 mg/kg cA/2 and 79% receiving 10 mg/kg. Between 2 to 4 repeated cycles of cA2 were administered to 7 patients and all patients showed improvement of a similar magnitude with each cycle. These data support our proposition that TNF alpha is implicated in the pathogenesis of RA, and is thus a key therapeutic target. Monoclonal anti-TNF alpha antibodies control disease flares and are candidate agents for longer-term control of RA, although repeated therapy with cA2 is associated with anti-idiotypic responses in 50% of patients and a trend toward shortening of the duration of response. In the DBA/1 arthritic mice, synergy of action of anti-TNF and anti-CD4 is observed together with suppression of an anti-globulin response, indicating one way in which benefit might be augmented in the future.