gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Peritoneal Dialysis for Heart Failure (2015)

Heart failure (HF) is a common and important cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly, imposing a significant burden on healthcare systems. Better management of ischemic heart disease has resulted in increased survival and growth in the number of prevalent heart failure patients, but co-existing renal impairment complicates management and limits traditional therapeutic options. Ultrafiltration (UF) techniques have shown promise in the treatment of diuretic-resistant HF, but the early successes of extracorporeal treatments has not been confirmed by randomized trials. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) may be cheaper and provide more effective UF therapy in selected patients and this review examines the issues surrounding the use of PD for such patients. Whist many nephrologists are enthusiastic about the use of this technique, making a more cogent case for PD in this setting for cardiologists is likely to need a combined strategy of demonstrating improvement in individual cases and further study of potential medicoeconomic benefits.
Synthesis and phosphorus–sulphur bond cleavage of 3′-thiothymidylyl(3′-5′)thymidine (1988)

The title compound is readily prepared from 5'-O-monomethoxytrityl-3'-thiothymidine (5); cleavage of the P–S bond can be accomplished by mild oxidative hydrolysis.
Analog peak detector and derandomizer for high-rate spectroscopy (2002)

A compact and accurate readout system has been developed for high-rate spectroscopy with multi-element detectors. The fully self-triggered system multiplexes the signals from 32 detectors into a novel peak detector, which also serves as a derandomizer. The captured pulse heights are stored as analog samples before being presented to the ADC along with the corresponding channel addresses. The peak detector incorporates a new two-phase configuration that cancels offsets and other errors found in conventional designs. Offset cancellation gives the peak detector rail-to-rail sensing and driving capability and permits two or more peak detectors to be operated in parallel to serve as a data-driven analog memory. First experimental results on the new peak detector and derandomizer (PDD) circuit, fabricated in 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technology, include a 0.2% absolute accuracy for pulses with 500-ns peaking time, 2.7-V linear-input range, 3.5-mW power dissipation, 250-mV/s droop rate, and negligible dead time. We have tested the system with 32 CZT detectors and a /sup 241/Am source. The spectra collected from the 32-channel system show that the noise performance of the preamp/shaper is not degraded by the multiplexing, peak detecting, and derandomizing operations.
Castor‐Oil‐Based Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersions Cured with an Aziridine‐Based Crosslinker (2011)

Abstract Castor‐oil‐based anionic PU dispersions are post‐cured using a multiaziridine‐based crosslinker CX‐100. Thermal and mechanical properties of the resulting films are studied by DMA, DSC, TGA, and tensile tests. Mechanical properties are dramatically improved by the crosslinker. For example, the Young's modulus and tensile strength increase from 14.5 to 125 MPa and 13.1 to 18.1 MPa, respectively, when the aziridine fraction increases from 0 to 100%. The onset decomposition temperature of the films, T 5 , increases from 162 to 209 °C, indicating a significant increase in the thermal stability as the amount of aziridine is increased. This work provides an effective way of curing biorenewable anionic PU dispersions to prepare high performance, environmentally friendly coatings. magnified image
An evaluation of Naive Bayesian anti-spam filtering (2000)

It has recently been argued that a Naive Bayesian classifier can be used to filter unsolicited bulk e-mail ("spam"). We conduct a thorough evaluation of this proposal on a corpus that we make publicly available, contributing towards standard benchmarks. At the same time we investigate the effect of attribute-set size, training-corpus size, lemmatization, and stop-lists on the filter's performance, issues that had not been previously explored. After introducing appropriate cost-sensitive evaluation measures, we reach the conclusion that additional safety nets are needed for the Naive Bayesian anti-spam filter to be viable in practice.
Extreme Oxygen Sensitivity of Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes (2000)

The electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes are shown here to be extremely sensitive to the chemical environment. Exposure to air or oxygen dramatically influences the nanotubes' electrical resistance, thermoelectric power, and local density of states, as determined by transport measurements and scanning tunneling spectroscopy. These electronic parameters can be reversibly "tuned" by surprisingly small concentrations of adsorbed gases, and an apparently semiconducting nanotube can be converted into an apparent metal through such exposure. These results, although demonstrating that nanotubes could find use as sensitive chemical gas sensors, likewise indicate that many supposedly intrinsic properties measured on as-prepared nanotubes may be severely compromised by extrinsic air exposure effects.
Triterpenes of Lantana tiliaefolia . 24-Hydroxy-3-oxours-12-en-28-oic acid, a new triterpene (1983)

The known triterpenes ursonic acid, oleanonic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and 24-hydroxy-3-oxoolean-12-en-28-oic acid occur in Lantana tiliaefolia Cham., together with a new triterpene,24-hydroxy-3-oxours-12-en-28-oic acid. A detailed 13C n.m.r. study has been made of a number of olean-12-enes and urs-12-enes, and the 1H n.m.r. signals from the secondary methyl groups in urs-12-enes have been investigated. N.m.r. evidence shows significant conformational differences in ring A between a number of 3-oxo derivatives that differ in their ring A substituents. Methyl ursonate and methyl oleanonate have been separated on columns of Spherosorb A5Y alumina.
Valorisation of palm by‐products as functional components (2007)

Abstract Valorisation of palm by‐products increases business opportunities for stakeholders in the palm oil industry. The approach also paves the way for structuring an eco‐efficient industry that recognises the importance of sustainable development for continued growth and competitiveness. Research underway in the palm oil industry has revealed a range of bioactives that can be used as functional components for food products that enhance health. Crude palm oil with 500–700 mg/kg of carotenes is one of the richest plant sources of provitamin A. Tocopherols and tocotrienols are also present in the oil at significant levels of between 600 and 1000 mg/kg. Besides the oil, by‐products of palm oil milling and refining also contain bioactives. Tocopherols and tocotrienols are concentrated in the palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), a by‐product of physical refining of palm oil. Sterols and squalene can also be recovered from PFAD. Palm pressed fibres contain extractable phytochemicals such as sterols, vitamin E, carotenoids, phospholipids, squalene and phenolics. Water‐soluble palm phenolics have been successfully extracted from aqueous by‐products generated from the mill. These palm extracts show superior antioxidant potential and are earmarked for applications in functional foods, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals and cosmeticeuticals.
A fibronectin self-assembly site involved in fibronectin matrix assembly: reconstruction in a synthetic peptide. (1992)

The active form of fibronectin is its extracellular matrix form, which allows for the attachment of cells and influences both the growth and migration of cells. The matrix form is assembled by cells; however, many cells are defective in this regard. Several regions within fibronectin have been shown to play a role in matrix assembly by cells. One such region has been localized into the first type III repeat of fibronectin (Chernousov, M. A., F. J. Fogerty, V. E. Koteliansky, and D. F. Mosher. J. Biol. Chem. 266:10851-10858). We have identified this site as a fibronectin-fibronectin binding site and reproduced it as a synthetic peptide. This site is contained in a 14-kD fragment that corresponds to portions of the first two type III repeats. The 14-kD fragment was found to bind to cell monolayers and to inhibit fibronectin matrix assembly. The 14-kD fragment only slightly reduced the binding of fibronectin to cell surfaces but it significantly inhibited the subsequent incorporation of fibronectin into the extracellular matrix. The 14-kD fragment also bound to purified fibronectin and inhibited fibronectin-fibronectin binding. A synthetic 31-amino acid peptide (P1) representing a segment of the 14-kD fragment retained the ability to inhibit fibronectin-fibronectin binding. Peptide P1 specifically bound fibronectin from plasma in affinity chromatography, whereas a column containing another peptide from the 14-kD fragment did not. These results define a fibronectin-fibronectin binding site that appears to promote matrix assembly by allowing the assembly of fibronectin molecules into nascent fibrils. The 14-kD fragment and the P1 peptide that contain this site inhibit matrix assembly by competing for the fibronectin-fibronectin binding.
Why Do Cultured Transplanted Myoblasts Die in Vivo? DNA Quantification Shows Enhanced Survival of Donor Male Myoblasts in Host Mice Depleted of CD4 + and CD8 + Cells or NK1.1 + Cells (2000)

Overcoming the massive and rapid death of injected donor myoblasts is the primary hurdle for successful myoblast transfer therapy (MTT), designed as a treatment for the lethal childhood myopathy Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The injection of male myoblasts into female host mice and quantification of surviving male DNA using the Y-chromosome-specific (Y1) probe allows the speed and extent of death of donor myoblasts to be determined. Cultured normal C57BL/10Sn male donor myoblasts were injected into untreated normal C57BL/10Sn and dystrophic mdx female host mice and analyzed by slot blots using a 32P-labeled Y1 probe. The amount of male DNA from donor myoblasts showed a remarkable decrease within minutes and by 1 h represented only about 10-18% of the 2.5 x 10(5) cells originally injected (designated 100%). This declined further over 1 week to approximately 1-4%. The host environment (normal or dystrophic) as well as the extent of passaging in tissue culture (early "P3" or late "P15-20" passage) made no difference to this result. Modulation of the host response by CD4+/CD8+ -depleting antibodies administered prior to injection of the cultured myoblasts dramatically enhanced donor myoblast survival in dystrophic mdx hosts (15-fold relative to untreated hosts after 1 week). NK1.1 depletion also dramatically enhanced donor myoblast survival in dystrophic mdx hosts (21-fold after 1 week) compared to untreated hosts. These results provide a strategic approach to enhance donor myoblast survival in clinical trials of MTT.
Neutralizing Antibody Fails to Impact the Course of Ebola Virus Infection in Monkeys (2007)

Prophylaxis with high doses of neutralizing antibody typically offers protection against challenge with viruses producing acute infections. In this study, we have investigated the ability of the neutralizing human monoclonal antibody, KZ52, to protect against Ebola virus in rhesus macaques. This antibody was previously shown to fully protect guinea pigs from infection. Four rhesus macaques were given 50 mg/kg of neutralizing human monoclonal antibody KZ52 intravenously 1 d before challenge with 1,000 plaque-forming units of Ebola virus, followed by a second dose of 50 mg/kg antibody 4 d after challenge. A control animal was exposed to virus in the absence of antibody treatment. Passive transfer of the neutralizing human monoclonal antibody not only failed to protect macaques against challenge with Ebola virus but also had a minimal effect on the explosive viral replication following infection. We show that the inability of antibody to impact infection was not due to neutralization escape. It appears that Ebola virus has a mechanism of infection propagation in vivo in macaques that is uniquely insensitive even to high concentrations of neutralizing antibody.
Abnormality in catalase import into peroxisomes leads to severe neurological disorder (1998)

Peroxisomal disorders are lethal inherited diseases caused by either defects in peroxisome assembly or dysfunction of single or multiple enzymatic function(s). The peroxisomal matrix proteins are targeted to peroxisomes via the interaction of peroxisomal targeting signal sequences 1 and 2 (PTS1 or PTS2) with their respective cytosolic receptors. We have studied human skin fibroblast cell lines that have multiple peroxisomal dysfunctions with normal packaging of PTS1 and PTS2 signal-containing proteins but lack catalase in peroxisomes. To understand the defect in targeting of catalase to peroxisomes and the loss of multiple enzyme activities, we transfected the mutant cells with normal catalase modified to contain either PTS1 or PTS2 signal sequence. We demonstrate the integrity of these pathways by targeting catalase into peroxisomes via PTS1 or PTS2 pathways. Furthermore, restoration of peroxisomal functions by targeting catalase-SKL protein (a catalase fused to the PTS1 sequence) to peroxisomes indicates that loss of multiple functions may be due to their inactivation by H2O2 or other oxygen species in these catalase-negative peroxisomes. In addition to enzyme activities, targeting of catalase-SKL chimera to peroxisomes also corrected the in situ levels of fatty acids and plasmalogens in these mutant cell lines. In normal fibroblasts treated with aminotriazole to inhibit catalase, we found that peroxisomal functions were inhibited to the level found in mutant cells, an observation that supports the conclusion that multiple peroxisomal enzyme defects in these patients are caused by H2O2 toxicity in catalase-negative peroxisomes. Moreover, targeting of catalase to peroxisomes via PTS1 and PTS2 pathways in these mutant cell lines suggests that there is another pathway for catalase import into peroxisomes and that an abnormality in this pathway manifests as a peroxisomal disease.
A Novel Digital-Intensive Hybrid Polar-I/Q RF Transmitter Architecture (2018)

A novel digital-intensive hybrid transmitter (TX) architecture is presented, combining conventional inphase and quadrature (I/Q) with constrained phase modulation. The proposed architecture utilizes an RF-DAC with phase modulated RF clock and adjusted I/Q components. By incorporating phase modulation the quadrature component is kept small while the inphase component approaches the complex signal envelope. Compared to a digital-quadrature TX architecture this results in a significantly reduced average and peak RF-DAC cell utilization. Therefore, the RF-DAC can be operated in less back-off at higher average output power and drain efficiency. The phase modulation is constrained in order to relax the phase modulators system requirements. Compared to a digital polar TX architecture utilizing an RF digital phase-locked loop with two-point phase modulation, this results in reduced frequency modulation and digital-controlled oscillator tuning range requirements. In addition, the design effort is further shifted from analog to digital domain in order to better exploit the benefits of CMOS technology scaling.
Expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) and its receptors in endometrial carcinoma (1996)

These observations suggest that VPF/VEGF is an important angiogenic factor in endometrial carcinoma.
Discovery of a Novel and Rich Source of Gluten-Degrading Microbial Enzymes in the Oral Cavity (2010)

This is the first reported evidence for gluten-degrading microorganisms associated with the upper gastro-intestinal tract. Such microorganisms may play a hitherto unappreciated role in the digestion of dietary gluten and thus protection from celiac disease in subjects at risk.
Wearable IoT enabled real-time health monitoring system (2018)

As the age profile of many societies continues to increase, in addition to the increasing population of people affected by chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and so on, supporting health, both mentally and physically, is of increasing importance if independent living is to be maintained. Sensing, remote health monitoring, and, ultimately, recognising activities of daily living have been an promising solution. From a technical perspective, the Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining a rapidly growing attention in many disciplines, especially in personalised healthcare. Meanwhile, body area sensor network (BASN) under the IoT framework has been widely applied for ubiquitous health monitoring, for example. ECG monitoring has been commonly adopted as vital approach for diagnosing heart disease. The main contribution of this paper include the following: firstly, this paper presents a novel system, the WISE (Wearable IoT-cloud-baSed hEalth monitoring system), for real-time personal health monitoring. WISE adopts the BASN (body area sensor network) framework in the support of real-time health monitoring. Several wearable sensors have been embedded, including the heartbeat, body temperature, and the blood pressure sensors. Secondly, the majority of existing wearable health monitoring systems requisite a smart phone as data processing, visualisation, and transmission gateway, which will indeed impact the normal daily use of the smart phone. Whilst in WISE, data gathered from the BASN are directly transmitted to the cloud, and a lightweight wearable LCD can be embedded as an alternative solution for quick view of the real-time data.
Integrin-Blocking Antibodies Delay Keratinocyte Re-Epithelialization in a Human Three-Dimensional Wound Healing Model (2010)

The alpha6beta4 integrin plays a significant role in tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis through modulation of growth factor signaling, and is a potentially important therapeutic target. However, alpha6beta4-mediated cell-matrix adhesion is critical in normal keratinocyte attachment, signaling and anchorage to the basement membrane through its interaction with laminin-5, raising potential risks for targeted therapy. Bioengineered Human Skin Equivalent (HSE), which have been shown to mimic their normal and wounded counterparts, have been used here to investigate the consequences of targeting beta4 to establish toxic effects on normal tissue homeostasis and epithelial wound repair. We tested two antibodies directed to different beta4 epitopes, one adhesion-blocking (ASC-8) and one non-adhesion blocking (ASC-3), and determined that these antibodies were appropriately localized to the basal surface of keratinocytes at the basement membrane interface where beta4 is expressed. While normal tissue architecture was not altered, ASC-8 induced a sub-basal split at the basement membrane in non-wounded tissue. In addition, wound closure was significantly inhibited by ASC-8, but not by ASC-3, as the epithelial tongue only covered 40 percent of the wound area at 120 hours post-wounding. These results demonstrate beta4 adhesion-blocking antibodies may have adverse effects on normal tissue, whereas antibodies directed to other epitopes may provide safer alternatives for therapy. Taken together, we conclude that these three-dimensional tissue models provide a biologically relevant platform to identify toxic effects induced by candidate therapeutics, which will allow generation of findings that are more predictive of in vivo responses early in the drug development process.
DNA cross-linking as an indicator of sensitivity and resistance of mouse L1210 leukemia to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and L-phenylalanine mustard. (1981)

Abstract The relationship between DNA cross-linking and cell killing by cis -diamminedichloroplatinum(II) ( cis -DDP) and l-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) was studied in L1210 cell culture lines and in mice bearing sensitive and resistant lines of L1210 leukemia. A line of L1210 mouse leukemia cells was developed which is resistant to cis -DDP in vitro . These cells, designated ZCR9, are cross-resistant to L-PAM. The effect of both drugs on the ZCR9 cells, compared to the parent L1210 K25 cells, was examined by DNA alkaline elution with and without the use of proteinase. The resistant line was similar to the normal line with regard to the kinetics of DNA cross-link formation and removal following treatment with cis -DDP or L-PAM. For both drugs, maximum cross-linking occurred after 6 hr; this is presumed to represent the time required for conversion of drug-DNA monoadducts to cross-links. In the resistant line, interstrand cross-linking by cis -DDP or L-PAM and DNA-protein cross-linking by cis -DDP were all reduced relative to the parent line. The interstrand cross-linking was reduced in approximately the same proportion as the cytotoxicity (in terms of dose modification factors). DNA-protein cross-linking by L-PAM, however, was similar in the two cell lines. The relationship between DNA cross-linking and cell killing by cis -DDP and L-PAM was also studied in mice bearing sensitive and resistant lines of L1210 leukemia. The cells were removed from untreated mice and tested in vitro for DNA cross-linking produced by the two drugs. Tumor sensitivity was assessed by comparing the survival of treated versus untreated mice which had been inoculated with the same cells used in cross-linking assays. A L1210 line which had been developed for resistance to cis -DDP exhibited marked reductions in both types of cross-linking by this drug when compared to its sensitive parent line. This line was not resistant to L-PAM and exhibited no significant depression in cross-linking by this drug. A second line, made resistant to L-PAM, showed marked reductions in L-PAM-induced cross-linking compared to its parent line. This line was cross-resistant to cis -DDP but showed only a modest reduction in cis -DDP-induced cross-linking. Thus, in three of the four cell-drug comparisons, DNA cross-linking and in vivo cell killing were well correlated. The reason for the deviation of the fourth case was investigated in preliminary studies, but no definitive answer was obtained. The results suggest that DNA cross-linking correlates with tumor sensitivity to bifunctional agents.
Photorealistic scene reconstruction by voxel coloring (2002)

A novel scene reconstruction technique is presented, different from previous approaches in its ability to cope with large changes in visibility and its modeling of intrinsic scene color and texture information. The method avoids image correspondence problems by working in a discretized scene space whose voxels are traversed in a fixed visibility ordering. This strategy takes full account of occlusions and allows the input cameras to be far apart and widely distributed about the environment. The algorithm identifies a special set of invariant voxels which together form a spatial and photometric reconstruction of the scene, fully consistent with the input images. The approach is evaluated with images from both inward- and outward-facing cameras.
Sparse Coding via Thresholding and Local Competition in Neural Circuits (2008)

While evidence indicates that neural systems may be employing sparse approximations to represent sensed stimuli, the mechanisms underlying this ability are not understood. We describe a locally competitive algorithm (LCA) that solves a collection of sparse coding principles minimizing a weighted combination of mean-squared error and a coefficient cost function. LCAs are designed to be implemented in a dynamical system composed of many neuron-like elements operating in parallel. These algorithms use thresholding functions to induce local (usually one-way) inhibitory competitions between nodes to produce sparse representations. LCAs produce coefficients with sparsity levels comparable to the most popular centralized sparse coding algorithms while being readily suited for neural implementation. Additionally, LCA coefficients for video sequences demonstrate inertial properties that are both qualitatively and quantitatively more regular (i.e., smoother and more predictable) than the coefficients produced by greedy algorithms.