gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biodegradable chitosan scaffolds containing microspheres as carriers for controlled transforming growth factor-β1 delivery for cartilage tissue engineering (2007)

Background Natural articular cartilage has a limited capacity for spontaneous regeneration. Controlled release of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) to cartilage defects can enhance chondrogenesis. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of using biodegradable chitosan microspheres as carriers for controlled TGF-β1 delivery and the effect of released TGF-β1 on the chondrogenic potential of chondrocytes. Methods Chitosan scaffolds and chitosan microspheres loaded with TGF-β1 were prepared by the freeze-drying and the emulsion-crosslinking method respectively. In vitro drug release kinetics, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was monitored for 7 days. Lysozyme degradation was performed for 4 weeks to detect in vitro degradability of the scaffolds and the microspheres. Rabbit chondrocytes were seeded on the scaffolds containing TGF-β1 microspheres and incubated in vitro for 3 weeks. Histological examination and type II collagen immunohistochemical staining was performed to evaluate the effects of released TGF-β1 on cell adhesivity, proliferation and synthesis of the extracellular matrix. Results TGF-β1 was encapsulated into chitosan microspheres and the encapsulation efficiency of TGF-β1 was high (90.1%). During 4 weeks of incubation in lysozyme solution for in vitro degradation, the mass of both the scaffolds and the microspheres decreased continuously and significant morphological changes was noticed. From the release experiments, it was found that TGF-β1 could be released from the microspheres in a multiphasic fashion including an initial burst phase, a slow linear release phase and a plateau phase. The release amount of TGF-β1 was 37.4%, 50.7%, 61.3%, and 63.5% for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days respectively. At 21 days after cultivation, type II collagen immunohistochemical staining was performed. The mean percentage of positive cells for collagen type II in control group (32.7%±10.4%) was significantly lower than that in the controlled TGF-β1 release group (92.4%±4.8%, P<0.05). Both the proliferation rate and production of collagen type II in the transforming growth factor-β1 microsphere incorporated scaffolds were significantly higher than those in the scaffolds without microspheres, indicating that the activity of TGF-β1 was retained during microsphere fabrication and after growth factor release. Conclusion Chitosan microspheres can serve as delivery vehicles for controlled release of TGF-β1, and the released growth factor can augment chondrocytes proliferation and synthesis of extracellular matrix. Chitosan scaffolds incorporated with chitosan microspheres loaded with TGF-β1 possess a promising potential to be applied for controlled cytokine delivery and cartilage tissue engineering.
Pharmacodynamic Study on"Shiunko."I. : Antibacterial Effect of"Shiunko" (1972)

"Shiunko"is an old Japanese medicinal prescription and is an effective purple ointment from Lithospermi (or Macrotomiae) Radix, Angelicae Radix, Oleum Sesami, Cera Flava, and Adeps Suillus. This ointment have been used for suppurative skin diseases such as eczema, haemorrhoids, pimple, dermatophytosis, callus. Antibacterial substances in"Shiunko"were found to be coloring compounds contained in"Nanshikon" (a kind of Shikon). These compounds were extracted and isolated. Five naphthoquinone derivatives, β, β-dimethylacryl-shikonin (II), acetyl-shikonin (III), teracryl-shikonin (IV), shikonin (V), and β-hydroxyisovaleryl-shikonin (VI) were obtained and their antibacterial action tested. All the pigments inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Sarcina lutea, but not that of Escherichia coli.
Micromanipulation of retinal neurons by optical tweezers. (1998)

Micromanipulation by optical tweezers has been tested in cultures of mature isolated retinal cells to determine its potential for use in creating synaptic circuits in vitro. Rod and cone photoreceptors as well as other retinal nerve cell types could be optically trapped with a 980 nm diode laser mounted on an inverted light microscope using a 40x oil immersion objective numerical aperture of 1.3. Manipulation was done under sterile conditions using transparent culture dishes. To form cell groups, one half of a culture dish was made less adhesive by application of a thin layer of silicone elastomer. Unattached cells were trapped and relocated next to cells lying on an adhesive culture substrate. Optical trapping did not affect the ability of neurons to subsequently attach to the culture substrate. Up to 60% of trapped cells survived for 2 or more days. The pattern and rate of process outgrowth for manipulated cells was comparable to unmanipulated cells and by 2 days, cell-cell contacts were observed. Cultures were fixed at 2 and 5 days for electron microscopy. Organelle, nuclear and cytoplasmic structure of manipulated cells was completely normal and in photoreceptors, synaptic vesicles and ribbons were intact. Optical tweezers, therefore, provide a benign technique with which to micromanipulate whole neurons. The procedures also bestow increased precision to the study of cell-cell interactions by allowing the selection of potentially interacting cell types at a single cell level.
Distonias: aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos em 64 pacientes (1996)

The experience with 64 patients with dystonia seen at the Extrapyramidal Diseases Sector of the Neurology Department of the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho of the UFRJ is presented as well as the pertinent review of the literature. The five-and-a-half-year of follow-up showed that 33 were male and 31 female; 48 were white, 10 mulatto and 6 negro; the mean time of disease was 9 years and 8 months. According to the distribution of the movement disorder, 30 (46.9%) were focal, 17 (26.6%) segmental, 13 (20.3%) generalized, 3 (4.7%) hemidystonia and 1 (1.5%) multifocal. In 11 (17.2%) the age of onset was before 12 years old, in 6 (9.4%) between 13 and 20 years old, and in 47 (73.4%) after 20 years old. According to the etiology, 39 (60.9%) were idiopathic sporadic, 6 (9.4%) were idiopathic familial and 19 (29.7%) were symptomatic. The therapeutical approach used in these patients were anticholinergic drugs, dopaminergic agonists or antagonists and baclofen, alone or associated with anticholinergic drugs for generalized dystonia. The authors conclude that botulinum toxin type A is the most valuable therapeutic agent in the treatment of focal dystonia.
Engineering Artificially Split Inteins for Applications in Protein Chemistry:  Biochemical Characterization of the Split Ssp DnaB Intein and Comparison to the Split Sce VMA Intein (2006)

In protein trans-splicing, an intein domain split into two polypeptide chains mediates linkage of the flanking amino acid sequences, the N- and C-terminal exteins, with a native peptide bond. This process can be exploited to assemble proteins from two separately prepared fragments, e.g., for the segmental labeling with isotopes for NMR studies or the incorporation of chemical and biophysical probes. Split inteins can be artificially generated by genetic means; however, the purified inteinN and inteinC fragments usually require a denaturation and renaturation treatment to fold into the active intein, thus preventing their application to proteins that cannot be refolded. Here, we report that the purified fragments of the artificially split DnaB helicase of Synechocystis spp. PCC6803 (Ssp DnaB) intein are active under native conditions. The first-order rate constant of the protein trans-splicing reaction was 7.1 x 10(-4) s(-1). The previously described split vacuolar ATPase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sce VMA) intein is the only other artificially split intein that is active under native conditions; however, it requires induced complex formation of the intein fragments by auxiliary dimerization domains for efficient protein trans-splicing. In contrast, fusion of the dimerization domains to the split Ssp DnaB intein fragments had no effect on activity. This difference was also reflected by a higher thermostability of the split Ssp DnaB intein. Further investigations of the split Sce VMA intein under optimized conditions revealed a first-order rate constant of 9.4 x 10(-4) s(-1) for protein trans-splicing and 1.7 x 10(-3) s(-1) for C-terminal cleavage involving a Cys1Ala mutant. Finally, we show that the two split inteins are orthogonal, suggesting further applications for the assembly of proteins from more than two parts.
Opioid dependence treatment: options in pharmacotherapy (2009)

The development of effective treatments for opioid dependence is of great importance given the devastating consequences of the disease. Pharmacotherapies for opioid addiction include opioid agonists, partial agonists, opioid antagonists, and alpha-2-adrenergic agonists, which are targeted toward either detoxification or long-term agonist maintenance. Agonist maintenance therapy is currently the recommended treatment for opioid dependence due to its superior outcomes relative to detoxification. Detoxification protocols have limited long-term efficacy, and patient discomfort remains a significant therapy challenge. Buprenorphine's effectiveness relative to methadone remains a controversy and may be most appropriate for patients in need of low doses of agonist treatment. Buprenorphine appears superior to alpha-2 agonists, however, and office-based treatment with buprenorphine in the USA is gaining support. Studies of sustained-release formulations of naltrexone suggest improved effectiveness for retention and sustained abstinence; however, randomized clinical trials are needed.
Wnt Signaling Orchestration with a Small Molecule DYRK Inhibitor Provides Long-Term Xeno-Free Human Pluripotent Cell Expansion (2011)

An optimal culture system for human pluripotent stem cells should be fully defined and free of animal components. To date, most xeno-free culture systems require human feeder cells and/or highly complicated culture media that contain activators of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling pathways, and none provide for replacement of FGF/TGFβ ligands with chemical compounds. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in mouse embryonic stem cells in leukemia inhibitory factor-independent culture; however, the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human pluripotent stem cell is still poorly understood and controversial because of the dual role of Wnts in proliferation and differentiation. Building on our previous investigations of small molecules modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mouse embryonic stem cells, we identified a compound, ID-8, that could support Wnt-induced human embryonic stem cell proliferation and survival without differentiation. Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) is the target of the small molecule ID-8. Its role in human pluripotent cell renewal was confirmed by DYRK knockdown in human embryonic stem cells. Using Wnt and the DYRK inhibitor ID-8, we have developed a novel and simple chemically defined xeno-free culture system that allows for long-term expansion of human pluripotent stem cells without FGF or TGFβ activation. These culture conditions do not include xenobiotic supplements, serum, serum replacement, or albumin. Using this culture system, we have shown that several human pluripotent cell lines maintained pluripotency (>20 passages) and a normal karyotype and still retained the ability to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers. This Wnt-dependent culture system should provide a platform for complete replacement of growth factors with chemical compounds.
Morphological aspect of the thyroid ima artery in human fetuses. (2005)

Some morphological characteristics of the variable thyroid ima artery were investigated on the injected fetal arteries and explained on their 106 static images. Thyroid ima artery of different origin was proven in 18 (16.9%) cases. With respect to the vascular sources of the investigated artery, the branching of the brachiocephalic trunk and right common carotid artery was found in 72.1% of the cases. At the same time, the thyroid ima and superior or inferior thyroid arteries were obvious in all cases, as well as the presence of single or multiple variations and abnormalities of neighbouring arteries in 38.8% of the cases. No major anatomical difference was noted between the fetal form of the variable thyroid artery reported in this paper and the postnatal form reviewed from the literature. Thyroid ima artery probably represents an example of the arterial self-differentiation and induced differentiation of the unilateral vascular trunk.
Synthesis of Indomethacin Metabolites (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of Indomethacin MetabolitesR. G. Strachan, M. A. P. Meisinger, W. V. Ruyle, Ralph Hirschmann, and T. Y. ShenCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1964, 7, 6, 799–800Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00336a026https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00336a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views284Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Carbon, CAIs and chondrules (1994)

It has been shown that C is present in CAI's and chondrules. It can be distinguished from matrix C both by its thermal stability and isotopic composition, which implies that it was not introduced after parent body accretion. It is concluded that C must have been present in the chondrule and CAI precursor material. Therefore any models of chondrule and CAI formation and inferences drawn about solar system conditions during these events must take into account the consequences of the presence of C on inclusion chemistry, mineralogy, and oxidation state.
Blastocyst Axis Is Specified Independently of Early Cell Lineage But Aligns with the ZP Shape (2007)

The mechanisms controlling the establishment of the embryonic-abembryonic (E-Ab) axis of the mammalian blastocyst are controversial. We used in vitro time-lapse imaging and in vivo lineage labeling to provide evidence that the E-Ab axis of the mouse blastocyst is generated independently of early cell lineage. Rather, both the boundary between two-cell blastomeres and the E-Ab axis of the blastocyst align relative to the ellipsoidal shape of the zona pellucida (ZP), an extraembryonic structure. Lack of correlation between cell lineage and the E-Ab axis can be explained by the rotation of the embryo within the ZP.
Mouse insulin-responsive glucose transporter gene: characterization of the gene and trans-activation by the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein. (1990)

Adipose tissue and skeletal and heart muscle, which exhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, express a specific, insulin-responsive glucose transporter. Previously, a cDNA (GT2) encoding this protein was isolated from a mouse 3T3-L1 adipocyte library and was sequenced. Here we report the isolation and characterization of the corresponding mouse gene designated GLUT4. The GLUT4 gene spans 7 kilobases and consists of 11 exons and 10 introns. The start site of transcription was mapped 180 nucleotides upstream of the initial methionine codon. The GLUT4 promoter contains four potential binding sites for the nuclear transcription factor Sp1 as well as a CCAAT box. DNase I footprinting of the GLUT4 promoter with nuclear extracts from undifferentiated and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells revealed that a differentiation-specific nuclear factor binds in the region at position -258 relative to the start site of transcription. Purified CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) was found to bind at the same position. Transient cotransfection into 3T3-L1 preadipocytes of a GLUT4 promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene construct that contains the C/EBP binding site, together with a C/EBP expression vector, revealed that C/EBP trans-activates the GLUT4 promoter. We suggest that C/EBP plays an important role in tissue-specific, as well as metabolic, regulation of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter gene.
Hematopoietic cells and osteoblasts are derived from a common marrow progenitor after bone marrow transplantation (2004)

Bone and bone marrow are closely aligned physiologic compartments, suggesting that these tissues may represent a single functional unit with a common bone marrow progenitor that gives rise to both osteoblasts and hematopoietic cells. Although reports of multilineage engraftment by a single marrow-derived stem cell support this idea, more recent evidence has challenged claims of stem cell transdifferentiation and therefore the existence of a multipotent hematopoietic/osteogenic progenitor cell. Using a repopulation assay in mice, we show here that gene-marked, transplantable marrow cells from the plastic-nonadherent population can generate both functional osteoblasts/osteocytes and hematopoietic cells. Fluorescent in situ hybridization for the X and Y chromosomes and karyotype analysis of cultured osteoblasts confirmed the donor origin of these cells and excluded their generation by a fusion process. Molecular analysis demonstrated a common retroviral integration site in clonogenic hematopoietic cells and osteoprogenitors from each of seven animals studied, establishing a shared clonal origin for these ostensibly independent cell types. Our findings indicate that the bone marrow contains a primitive cell able to generate both the hematopoietic and osteocytic lineages. Its isolation and characterization may suggest novel treatments for genetic bone diseases and bone injuries.
The HIT protein family: a new family of proteins present in prokaryotes, yeast and mammals (1992)

By comparing the sequence of a putative translation product from a Saccharomyces cerevisiae split gene with several data-bases, I have uncovered a new protein family. Members of this family are found in prokaryotes as well as in lower and higher eukaryotes. The function of these proteins is unknown but they share a characteristic histidine triad that may be involved in zinc binding. This group of protein has been named the HIT protein family.
Message delay in communication nets with storage (1963)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, 1963.
Sialyl Oligosaccharides in the Milk of Japanese Women: Changes in Concentration during the Course of Lactation (2003)

Abstract: The concentrations of the six major sialyl oligosaccharides found in the milk of 24 Japanese women were determined using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography of the 3-methyl-1-phenyl-5- pyrazolone derivatives of the oligosaccharides. The milk was collected at 4, 10, 30 and 100 days postpartum. The concentrations of all six oligosaccharides decreased during the course of lactation. The concentrations of 6'-sialyllactose, sialyllacto-N-tetraose b and disialyllacto-N-tetraose decreased only after 10 days postpartum, whereas those of sialyllacto-N-tetraose a and sialyllacto-N-neotetraose c as well as 3'-sialyllactose decreased from 4 days postpartum. Large differences were observed between present data and those previously reported for Italian women, both in terms of the content and in the variation pattern of each oligosaccharide during the course of lactation. These differences may be caused by the different ethnicity of the donors as well as the assay methods used in the studies.
IDENTIFICATION OF A NOVEL CELL TYPE IN PERIPHERAL LYMPHOID ORGANS OF MICE (1973)

A novel cell type has been identified in adherent cell populations prepared from mouse peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph node, Peyer's patch). Though present in small numbers (0.1-1.6% of the total nucleated cells) the cells have distinct morphological features. The nucleus is large, retractile, contorted in shape, and contains small nucleoli (usually two). The abundant cytoplasm is arranged in processes of varying length and width and contains many large spherical mitochondria. In the living state, the cells undergo characteristic movements, and unlike macrophages, do not appear to engage in active endocytosis. The term, dendritic cell, is proposed for this novel cell type.
Oxazolidinone Antibacterial Agents (1996)

The oxazolidinones are a new class of synthetic antibacterial agents. These compounds demonstrate potent in vitro and in vivo activity against important human pathogens, including multiple antibiotic-resistant strains of gram positive organisms including the staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci. The oxazolidinones have a novel mechanism of action, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis at a very early step prior to initiation. Literature disclosures have described the inability to detect in vitro bacterial resistance development to the oxazolidinones. Only the (S)-enantiomer is active; a new synthetic route yielding oxazolidinones with high optical purity has been reported. This paper will review the spectrum of activity, mechanism of action studies, toxicity issues, and structure activity relationships of the oxazolidinones.
Strand Displacement Amplification and the Polymerase Chain Reaction for Monitoring Response to Treatment in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis (1996)

Specific amplification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA was investigated as an alternative to conventional microbiologic follow-up in 31 cases of smear- and culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Strand displacement amplification (SDA) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were applied to 438 sequential sputum specimens: 67 (15%) were positive by culture, 248 (57%) by SDA, and 231 (53%) by PCR (chi2=3.94, P=.05). Of 200 specimens collected >180 days after treatment started, none yielded positive cultures, while 50 (25%), representing 16 patients, were positive by both DNA assays. A weak correlation was demonstrated between DNA persistence in sputum and duration of culture positivity (r=0.45, P=.01), although no correlation was found with the radiographic extent of disease. The inability to distinguish live and dead organisms precludes DNA amplification from use in therapeutic monitoring. For this purpose, quantitative RNA assays are needed if such techniques are to supplant conventional microbiology.