gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Treatment of human cancer with mumps virus (1974)

Based on confirmation that slightly toxic mumps virus having a strong affinity with mankind has a carcinostatic effect, it was used in cancer. As priority was put not on healing but on reconfirmation of its effectiveness against human cancer and on its mode of administration, patients mostly received only small amounts of the virus. Of 90 patients with terminal cancer of various kinds, treatment was assessed as very good in 37, and good in 42, excluding 11 patients who had been near death. Administration of mumps virus produced few side-effects. The initial antineoplastic effect of the mumps virus therapy seemed to occur rapidly and strongly in proportion to swiftness in proliferation of cancer cells. Patients retaining physical strength often showed continuously suppressed growth of remaining tumors even after the disappearance of the initial effect, indicating a possible participation of tumor immunity in the present virus therapy.
Transcription antitermination during influenza viral template RNA synthesis requires the nucleocapsid protein and the absence of a 5' capped end. (1986)

The first step in the replication of influenza virion RNAs is the synthesis of full-length transcripts of these RNAs. The synthesis of these transcripts, or template RNAs, requires: unprimed initiation rather than the capped RNA-primed initiation used during viral mRNA synthesis, and antitermination at the polyadenylylation site used during mRNA synthesis. To determine the mechanism of template RNA synthesis, we prepared nuclear extracts from infected cells that were active in the synthesis of both template RNAs and viral mRNAs. By providing the dinucleotide ApG as primer, we circumvented the inefficient unprimed initiation catalyzed by these extracts and, as a consequence, were able to focus on the antitermination step. Antitermination, and hence template RNA synthesis, occurred when ApG but not a capped RNA was used as primer, indicating that the presence of a 5' capped end blocked antitermination at the 3' end of the transcript. Ultracentrifugation of the nuclear extract yielded a pellet fraction that contained viral nucleocapsids active in viral mRNA synthesis but not template RNA synthesis and a supernatant fraction that contained the antitermination factor. When the supernatant, which had essentially no activity by itself, was added to the pellet in the presence of ApG, template RNA synthesis was restored. Depletion experiments in which this supernatant was incubated with protein A-Sepharose containing antibodies to individual viral proteins demonstrated that the viral nucleocapsid protein was required for antitermination. The implications of these results for the control of viral RNA replication are discussed.
Multiple modes of activation of latent human fibroblast collagenase: evidence for the role of a Cys73 active-site zinc complex in latency and a "cysteine switch" mechanism for activation. (1990)

Latent human fibroblast collagenase (HFC) can be activated by a variety of seemingly disparate means. In addition to the well-characterized activation by trypsin and organomercurial compounds, the enzyme can be activated to various extents by surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, by chaotropic ions such as SCN-, by disulfide compounds such as oxidized glutathione, by sulfhydryl alkylating agents such as N-ethylmaleimide, and by oxidants such as NaOCl. The underlying basis for these activations is the modification, exposure, or proteolytic release of the Cys73 residue from its habitat in the latent enzyme where it is thought to be complexed to the active-site zinc atom. This residue is not accessible for reaction with small molar excesses of dithionitrobenzoate in native, latent HFC. However, on addition of EDTA, this residue becomes fully exposed and is quantitatively labeled. All modes of activation of latent HFC are believed to involve the dissociation of Cys73 from the active-site zinc atom and its replacement by water, with the concomitant exposure of the active site. This is thought to be the primary event that precedes the well-known autolytic cleavages that are observed following the appearance of collagenase activity. The dissociation of Cys73 from the zinc atom in the latent enzyme "switches" the role of the zinc from a noncatalytic to a catalytic one. This "cysteine switch" mechanism of regulation may be applicable to the entire collagenase gene family.
Simultaneous Sorption and Mechanical Entrapment During Polymer Flow Through Porous Media (2015)

Abstract Physical adsorption and mechanical entrapment are two major causes of polymer retention in porous media. Physical adsorption is believed to be an equilibrium process and is often modelled by assuming a Langmuir isotherm. The outcome is steady-state pressure response because the permeability reduction is also accounted for by adsorption. However, some experimental data show gradual increase of pressure with time implying that polymer retention is a kinetically-controlled process. In this paper, we discuss simultaneous effect of sorption and mechanical retention on the polymer retention in porous media. An exact solution for 1-D flow problem for the case of constant filtration coefficient and Langmuir sorption isotherm, including explicit formulae for breakthrough concentration and pressure drop across the core is derived. The general model with varying filtration coefficient was successfully matched with coreflood data confirming the occurrence of simultaneous sorption with deep bed filtration. In the absence of mechanical entrapment, the physical adsorption causes delay in the polymer front and does not affect the polymer concentration behind the front. Addition of mechanical entrapment results in very slow recovery of the injected concentration at the outlet (for varying filtration coefficient) or reaching to a steady-state concentration, which is only a fraction of the injected concentration (for a constant filtration coefficient). The results indicate that the accurate assessment of polymer retention requires both pressure and effluent concentration data at the outlet of the porous medium. In many cases, the kinetics involved in the mechanical entrapment could be very slow. In such cases, the experiments with few pore-volumes of injected polymer can be misleading and should not be directly used for field simulations.
A Randomized, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of Amantadine and Oseltamivir Administered Alone and in Combination (2007)

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00416962.
Production of uniform-sized liquid droplets (1965)

A method for producing a stream of uniform-sized liquid droplets and individual droplets is discussed in detail. The method is based on the principle that a cylinder of liquid (jet) is dynamically unstable under the action of surface tension. When a capillary wave of a prescribed wavelength is applied to the jet, the jet will disintegrate into a stream of uniform-sized droplets. Since the droplet size depends on the capillary tube through which the liquid flows, the size can be easily varied. A piezoelectric transducer is used to produce the capillary wave on the jet. The apparatus discussed will produce droplets in a range between 25 and 350 μm in radius. The method is unique in that the droplet size can be precisely controlled and individual droplets can be produced at will.
Comprehensive Invasive and Noninvasive Approach to the Right Ventricle–Pulmonary Circulation Unit (2009)

And I ask, as the lungs are so close at hand, and in continual motion, and the vessel that supplies them is of such dimensions, what
A serum-dependent defect of neutrophil function in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. (1980)

Investigations into the immunological functions of three patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis were carried out. Phagocytosis of Candida albicans, nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction, complement, and immunoglobulin levels were normal. Candidacidal assays using the neutrophils of the patients in autologous serum showed significant decreases below normal levels. This decrease in kill could be corrected by incubating the patients' cells in normal control or human AB serum. Cross-over serum studies also showed that the patients' sera had inhibitory effects on the candidacidal capacity of normal neutrophils. These changes in kill were related to candida antibody levels.
High f max n -type Si/SiGeMODFETs (1997)

The authors report on the fabrication of 0.18 µm gate length n-type Si/Si60Ge40 modulation-doped field-effect transistors (MODFETs) with improved RF performance. The 2D electron gas channel, a strained Si layer grown on a relaxed 2 µm thick graded Si60Ge40 buffer shows high mobility (μ = 1190 cm2/Vs at room temperature). High DC transconductances (up to 270 mS/mm at room temperature), high saturation currents (260 mA/mm) due to reduced parasitic series resistances (RS ≤ 0.2 Ωmm) and high carrier densities (ns = 1.9 × 1012 cm-2) are achieved. Very good RF characteristics have been found for the non-recessed device structure with cutoff frequencies up to fT = 46 GHz and a record of fmax = 81 GHz at low supply voltages around 1.5 V.
Performance degradation of Jaumann absorbers due to curvature (1980)

The normal-incidence flat-plate performance of radar absorbers can seldom be realized when the absorbers are used on cylindrical structures. This is also true of Jaumann absorbers, which consist of alternating layers of resistive sheets and light-weight spacers. A method based on Richmond's stepping theory [4] is used to predict the performance more accurately for cylindrical structures.
Selection of high-affinity RNA ligands to reverse transcriptase: Inhibition of cDNA synthesis and RNase H activity (1994)

Specific, high-affinity RNA ligands to avian myeloblastosis virus and Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptases were isolated from a combinatorial RNA library using the SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) procedure. The selected RNA ligands bound their respective reverse transcriptases with approximately nanomolar dissociation constants. The ligands did not exhibit primary sequence conservation from selections against different target enzymes. Moreover, the selected ligands competed with the binding of template/primer complex and inhibited both the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and the RNase H activities of the cognate reverse transcriptase. SELEX can yield both high-affinity and high-specificity oligonucleotide antagonists against specific members of a protein family.
Improvements on the electrical and luminescent properties of reactive molecular beam epitaxially grown GaN films by using AlN-coated sapphire substrates (1983)

The electrical and luminescent properties of the GaN epitaxial films grown on AlN-coated sapphire by reactive molecular beam epitaxy have been studied. The GaN films on AlN epitaxial films have larger Hall mobilities and show more intense cathodoluminescence peaks at a wavelength of 360 nm than those of the GaN films grown directly on sapphire, which suggests that the crystal qualities of GaN films are improved by use of AlN-coated sapphire as substrates. The lattice matching and small difference of the thermal expansion coefficients between GaN and AlN are considered to result in the improvements.
A new advance in alternative splicing databases: from catalogue to detailed analysis of regulation of expression and function of human alternative splicing variants (2007)

In addition to identifying the transcripts produced by human and mouse genes, fast DB http://www.fast-db.com provides tools for analyzing the putative functions of these transcripts and the regulation of their expression. Therefore, fast DB has achieved an advance in alternative splicing databases by providing resources for the functional interpretation of splicing variants for the human and mouse genomes. Because gene expression studies are increasingly employed in clinical analyses, our web interface has been designed to be as user-friendly as possible and to be readily searchable and intelligible at a glance by the whole biomedical community.
Systematic knockdown of morphine pathway enzymes in opium poppy using virus‐induced gene silencing (2011)

Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) remains the sole commercial source for several pharmaceutical alkaloids including the narcotic analgesics codeine and morphine, and the semi-synthetic drugs oxycodone, buprenorphine and naltrexone. Although most of the biosynthetic genes have been identified, the post-transcriptional regulation of the morphinan alkaloid pathway has not been determined. We have used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) as a functional genomics tool to investigate the regulation of morphine biosynthesis via a systematic reduction in enzyme levels responsible for the final six steps in the pathway. Specific gene silencing was confirmed at the transcript level by real-time quantitative PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and at the protein level by immunoblot analysis using antibodies raised against salutaridine synthase (SalSyn), salutaridine reductase (SalR), salutaridine 7-O-acetyltransferase (SalAT), thebaine 6-O-demethylase (T6ODM), codeinone reductase (COR), and codeine O-demethylase (CODM). In some cases, silencing a specific biosynthetic gene resulted in a predictable accumulation of the substrate for the corresponding enzyme. Reduced SalSyn, SalR, T6ODM and CODM protein levels correlated with lower morphine levels and a substantial increase in the accumulation of reticuline, salutaridine, thebaine and codeine, respectively. In contrast, the silencing of genes encoding SalAT and COR resulted in the accumulation of salutaridine and reticuline, respectively, which are not the corresponding enzymatic substrates. The silencing of alkaloid biosynthetic genes using VIGS confirms the physiological function of enzymes previously characterized in vitro, provides insight into the biochemical regulation of morphine biosynthesis, and demonstrates the immense potential for metabolic engineering in opium poppy.
Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. V. Purification of spleen dendritic cells, new surface markers, and maintenance in vitro. (1979)

Dendritic cells (DCs; 1) have been purified from mouse spleen in good yield. Spleen cell suspensions were floated on dense bovine plasma albumin (BPA) columns, and the low density fraction was adhered to glass (2). The adherent cells consisted of DCs and immature macrophages most of which eluted in a viable state from the culture dish after overnight incubation. The macrophages were then removed by selective rosetting with opsonized erythrocytes and recentrifugation on dense BPA. This protocol resulted in a purified DC fraction, containing 1--3 X 10(5) DCs/spleen, which was homogeneous and distinctive in its properties. All cells exhibited the phase contrast and transmission electron microscopy (EM) cytologic features that were previously described for freshly isolated adherent DCs. By scanning EM, most purified DCs exhibited a remarkable array of bulbous protrusions of varying length and shape, unlike any other lymphoid cell. All DCs expressed surface Ia and other major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-linked alloantigens. DCs, however, lacked surface Ig and T-cell antigens, and did not bind or interiorize opsonized erythrocytes. Purified DCs have been maintined in vitro for 3 days. Recovery of cultured purified cells was 70% or more of starting cell numbers. When [3H]uridine-tagged DCs were mixed with nonlabeled heterogeneous spleen cells, 70--80% of the labeled DCs were recovered as viable cells 2--3 days later. Purified DCs did not readhere to tissue culture surfaces and did not proliferate, even when cultured with mitogenic doses of concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide. Finally, DCs did not change their cytologic or surface properties after 3 days of culture. These observations extend the evidence that DCs are a novel cell type and provide useful properties and techniques for their further study.
Schema mediation in peer data management systems (2004)

Intuitively, data management and data integration tools should be well-suited for exchanging information in a semantically meaningful way. Unfortunately, they suffer from two significant problems: they typically require a comprehensive schema design before they can be used to store or share information, and they are difficult to extend because schema evolution is heavyweight and may break backwards compatibility. As a result, many small-scale data sharing tasks are more easily facilitated by nondatabase-oriented tools that have little support for semantics. The goal of the peer data management system (PDMS) is to address this need: we propose the use of a decentralized, easily extensible data management architecture in which any user can contribute new data, schema information, or even mappings between other peer's schemas. PDMSs represent a natural step beyond data integration systems, replacing their single logical schema with an interlinked collection of semantic mappings between peer's individual schemas. We consider the problem of schema mediation in a PDMS. Our first contribution is a flexible language for mediating between peer schemas, which extends known data integration formalisms to our more complex architecture. We precisely characterize the complexity of query answering for our language. Next, we describe a reformulation algorithm for our language that generalizes both global-as-view and local-as-view query answering algorithms. Finally, we describe several methods for optimizing the reformulation algorithm, and an initial set of experiments studying its performance.
Evaluation of Kinetic Light Scattering as an Approach to the Measurement of Specific Proteins with the Centrifugal Analyzer. II. Theoretical Considerations (1975)

Development of centrifugal analyzers capable of making light-scattering measurements has prompted the investigation of the application of this type of instrumentation to the measurement of specific proteins. Investigation of antigen/antibody complex dimension and the kinetics of the IgG/anti-IgG reaction as followed by light scattering are examined in relation to improved analytical methodology. The effect of nonspecific protein on the reaction rate has been investigated for IgM, and data are presented that provide insight into the mechanism of the effect of periodic mixing.
Synthesis and antitumor activity of 6-trifluoromethylcyclophosphamide and related compounds (1975)

In an attempt to increase the combined toxicity of the metabolic end-products [acrolein (4) and phosphoramide mustard (3)] from cyclophosphamide (1), the analog 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]tetrahydro-6-trifluoromethyl-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide (2, 6-trifluoromethylcyclophosphamide) was synthesized and its metabolism and antitumor activity studied. Following metabolism of 2 by rat liver microsomes the predicted formation of 4,4,4-trifluorocrotonaldehyde (5) was confirmed by isolation and identification, by mass spectrometry, of its dinitrophenylhydrazone. The therapeutic indices (LD50-/ID90) for 2 against the ADJ/PC6 mouse tumor and the Walker 256 tumor in the rat were 28.6 and 7.7, respectively, and were lower than the corresponding values for 1 (91.8 and 33.2, respectively) although the toxicities toward Walker cells in a bioassay system of 1 and 2 following microsomal metabolism were similar. In order to study the toxicities of 4 and 5 released under drug metabolizing conditions independently of the production of a toxic mustard the analogs 18 [2-(diethylamino)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide] and 6 [2-(diethylamino)tetrahydro-6-trifluoromethyl-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide] were also synthesized. The release of 5 from 6 following metabolism was confirmed and shown by use of the bioassay system to be an event of similar toxicity to release of 4 from 18; in vivo, however, 6 (LD50 330 mg/kg) was more toxic to mice than 18 (LD50 greater than 500 mg/kg).
Progesterone Inhibits Oxytocin- and Prostaglandin F2alpha-Stimulated Increases in Intracellular Calcium Concentrations in Small and Large Ovine Luteal Cells1 (2009)

There is increasing evidence that the corpus luteum has an important role in regulating its own demise. A series of experiments was performed to study the effects of luteal concentrations of progesterone on the functions of steroidogenic luteal cells. In the first experiment, steroidogenic small luteal cells (SLCs) were separated from endothelial cells, and it was determined that it was the SLCs that contained receptors for oxytocin. Treatment with progesterone (95 muM) for as little as 1 h decreased (P < 0.05) the percentage of SLCs responding to oxytocin (10 muM) with an increase in intracellular concentrations of calcium, and this effect continued for the duration of the experiment. In a second experiment, the response to oxytocin was increased (P < 0.05) by 3 h (but not 1 h) following progesterone removal, with a further increase by 16 h. The ability of 1 muM prostaglandin F(2 alpha) (PGF(2 alpha)) to increase intracellular concentrations of calcium was also decreased (P < 0.05) by progesterone treatment. By 3 h following removal of progesterone, the percentage of steroidogenic large luteal cells (LLCs) responding to PGF(2 alpha) was increased and not different from that observed in cells 16 h after progesterone removal. Finally, cyclodextrins (methyl-beta cyclodextrin [M beta CD]) were used to remove cholesterol from the plasma membrane of luteal cells, and M beta CD loaded with cholesterol was used to put cholesterol back into the plasma membrane of progesterone-treated cells. Treatment with M beta CD reduced (P < 0.05) the responsiveness of SLCs to oxytocin and LLCs to PGF(2 alpha). Use of cholesterol-loaded M beta CD returned the responsiveness of both SLCs and LLCs treated with progesterone to that observed in vehicle (no progesterone)-treated controls. In summary, intraluteal concentrations of progesterone inhibit the ability of oxytocin to increase intracellular concentrations of calcium in SLCs and the ability of PGF(2 alpha) to increase intracellular concentrations of calcium in LLCs. The highest concentration of progesterone appears to act by influencing cholesterol content of the luteal cell membranes.
Bovine mannosidosis--a model lysosomal storage disease. (1975)

<P>Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.</P>The National Readership Surveys are conducted quarterly either by the British Market Research Bureau or by Research Services Ltd. (1956 - 1959 Research Services Ltd; 1960 - 1967 British Market Research Bureau; 1968 - 1973 Research Services Ltd; 1974 - 1976 British Market Research Bureau; from 1977 onwards Research Services Ltd.). These surveys are designed principally to provide detailed information about the newspaper and magazine reading habits of the British people.<br> The sponsors are virtually all the leading newspaper proprietors and advertising agencies in the country; many leading manufacturers were also consulted over the plan of the surveys.<br> All surveys are substantially the same in form and content. Further details are available from the Archive upon application.
Immunobiology of Human Cytomegalovirus: from Bench to Bedside (2009)

Following primary infection, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes lifelong latency and periodically reactivates without causing symptoms in healthy individuals. In the absence of an adequate host-derived immune response, this fine balance of permitting viral reactivation without causing pathogenesis is disrupted, and HCMV can subsequently cause invasive disease and an array of damaging indirect immunological effects. Over the last decade, our knowledge of the immune response to HCMV infection in healthy virus carriers and diseased individuals has allowed us to translate these findings to develop better diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. The application of these emerging technologies in the clinical setting is likely to provide opportunities for better management of patients with HCMV-associated diseases.