gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipid A and Immunotherapy (1984)

Endotoxin isolated from Re mutants of Salmonella typhimurium or Salmonella minnesota and consisting only of 3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonic acid (KDO) and lipid A synergistically enhances the ability of mycobacterial cell wall skeleton (CWS) to regress transplantable, line-10 tumor (hepatocellular carcinoma) in syngeneic guinea pigs. Tumor regression is rapid, and systemic tumor immunity concomitantly develops when as little as 50 micrograms of each of these two components is combined and injected intralesionally. Selective removal of KDO from endotoxin yields diphosphoryl lipid A, which retains its toxic properties. Subsequent selective removal of the phosphate moiety at the reducing end of the diphosphoryl lipid A molecule yields nontoxic, monophosphoryl lipid A (determined by lethality for chick embryos). Like the parent endotoxin or toxic diphosphoryl lipid A, monophosphoryl lipid A retains the ability to synergistically enhance the antitumor activity of mycobacterial CWS adjuvant. Both di- and monophosphoryl lipid A contain mixtures of a series of structural analogs. They can be separated chromatographically into single components that differ in number, type, and position of ester-linked fatty acids. Comparison of chromatographic fractions reveals that components of toxic and nontoxic lipid A can be paired according to structure. Each component of the pair has the same molecular structure, with the exception of an additional phosphate group in the toxic component. The toxicity of "lipid A's" liberated from endotoxin by acid hydrolysis appears to be determined by the proportion of di- and monophosphoryl lipid A in the hydrolysis mixture. Structural analogs of monophosphoryl lipid A, which differ in degree of O-acylation and type and distribution of fatty acids, have comparable antitumor activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TCP byte counting refinements (1999)

TCP's delayed acknowledgment algorithm has been shown to hurt TCP performance. One method of gaining the performance lost by reducing the number of acknowledgments sent is to use a limited byte counting algorithm. However, we show that as outlined in [All98], limited byte counting is too aggressive in some situations. This paper defines an appropriate byte counting algorithm to fix this aggressiveness. This paper shows that appropriate byte counting is a better overall algorithm. In addition, a scaled version of the appropriate byte counting algorithm, which provides finer-grained control over the aggressiveness of the algorithm, is outlined. In addition, unlike previous work this paper considers the impact of byte counting flows on competing traffic and shows that it is not fundamentally unfair to competing flows that do not use the new algorithm.
The IBM RISC System/6000 processor: Hardware overview (1990)

A highly concurrent superscalar second-generation family of RISC workstations and servers is described. The RISC System/6000* family is based on the new IBM POWER (Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC) architecture; the hardware implementation takes advantage of this powerful RISC architecture and employs sophisticated design techniques to achieve a short cycle time and a low cycles-per-instruction (CPI) ratio. The RS/6000 CPU features multiple-instruction dispatch, multiple functional units that operate concurrently, separate instruction and data caches, and zero-cycle branches. In this superscalar implementation, at a given cycle the equivalent of five operations can be executed simultaneously (a branch, a condition-register operation, and a floating-point multiple-add). The RS/6000 family supports the IBM Micro Channel architecture as well as high-speed serial optical links to provide a high-bandwidth I/O subsystem.
DOGS AND THEIR PEOPLE (1991)

This article reports a case study of dogs' contributions to interaction and the development of relationships among unacquainted persons. The study examines dynamics of inclusion among dog owners at a public park and is based on participant observation of those processes. That examination reveals that dogs expose their human companions in public places to encounters with strangers, facilitate interaction among the previously unacquainted, and help establish trust among the newly acquainted. It also demonstrates that dogs' participation in public life is of some importance to their human participants.
Model for intracellular folding of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 (1989)

The intracellular folding of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 has been assessed by analyzing the ability of the glycoprotein to bind to the viral receptor CD4. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that the glycoprotein was initially produced in a conformation that was unable to bind to CD4 and that the protein attained the appropriate tertiary structure for binding with a half-life of approximately 30 min. The protein appears to fold within the rough endoplasmic reticulum, since blocking of transport to the Golgi apparatus by the oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone did not appear to perturb the folding kinetics of the molecule. The relatively lengthy folding time was not due to modification of the large number of N-linked glycosylation sites on gp120, since inhibition of the first steps in oligosaccharide modification by the inhibitors deoxynojirimycin or deoxymannojirimycin did not impair the CD4-binding activity of the glycoprotein. However, production of the glycoprotein in the presence of tunicamycin and removal of the N-linked sugars by endoglycosidase H treatment both resulted in deglycosylated proteins that were unable to bind to CD4, suggesting in agreement with previous results, that glycosylation contributes to the ability of gp120 to bind to CD4. Interestingly, incomplete endoglycosidase H treatment revealed that a partially glycosylated glycoprotein could bind to the receptor, implying that a subset of glycosylation sites, perhaps some of those conserved in different isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, might be important for binding of the viral glycoprotein to the CD4 receptor.
Analysis of the Transcription Factor WUSCHEL and Its Functional Homologue in Antirrhinum Reveals a Potential Mechanism for Their Roles in Meristem Maintenance (2006)

One of the most significant features of plant development is the way in which it can be elaborated and modulated throughout the life of the plant, an ability that is conferred by meristems. The Arabidopsis thaliana WUSCHEL gene (WUS), which encodes a homeodomain transcription factor, is required to maintain the stem cells in the shoot apical meristem in an undifferentiated state. The mechanism by which WUS prevents the differentiation of stem cells is unknown. We have characterized a meristem maintenance mutant in Antirrhinum majus and shown that it arises from a defect in the WUS orthologue ROSULATA (ROA). Detailed characterization of a semidominant roa allele revealed an essential role for the conserved C-terminal domain. Expression of either ROA or WUS lacking this domain causes a failure of meristem maintenance. The conserved domain mediates an interaction between WUS and two members of a small family of corepressor-like proteins in Arabidopsis. Our results suggest that WUS functions by recruiting transcriptional corepressors to repress target genes that promote differentiation, thereby ensuring stem cell maintenance.
A CRISPR/Cas9-Based System for Reprogramming Cell Lineage Specification (2014)

Gene activation by the CRISPR/Cas9 system has the potential to enable new approaches to science and medicine, but the technology must be enhanced to robustly control cell behavior. We show that the fusion of two transactivation domains to Cas9 dramatically enhances gene activation to a level that is necessary to reprogram cell phenotype. Targeted activation of the endogenous Myod1 gene locus with this system led to stable and sustained reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts into skeletal myocytes. The levels of myogenic marker expression obtained by the activation of endogenous Myod1 gene were comparable to that achieved by overexpression of lentivirally delivered MYOD1 transcription factor.
A Distinct Potassium Channel Polypeptide Encoded by the Drosophila eag Locus (1991)

Many of the signaling properties of neurons and other electrically excitable cells are determined by a diverse family of potassium channels. A number of genes that encode potassium channel polypeptides have been cloned from various organisms on the basis of their sequence similarity to the Drosophila Shaker (Sh) locus. As an alternative strategy, a molecular analysis of other Drosophila genes that were defined by mutations that perturb potassium channel function was undertaken. Sequence analysis of complementary DNA from the ether à go-go (eag) locus revealed that it encodes a structural component of potassium channels that is related to but is distinct from all identified potassium channel polypeptides.
Pim2 is required for maintaining multiple myeloma cell growth through modulating TSC2 phosphorylation (2013)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy. Despite recent treatment advances, it remains incurable. Here, we report that Pim2 kinase expression is highly elevated in MM cells and demonstrate that it is required for MM cell proliferation. Functional interference of Pim2 activity either by short hairpin RNAs or by a potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor leads to significant inhibition of MM cell proliferation. Pim inhibition results in a significant decrease of mammalian target of rapamycin C1 (mTOR-C1) activity, which is critical for cell proliferation. We identify TSC2, a negative regulator of mTOR-C1, as a novel Pim2 substrate and show that Pim2 directly phosphorylates TSC2 on Ser-1798 and relieves the suppression of TSC2 on mTOR-C1. These findings support Pim2 as a promising therapeutic target for MM and define a novel Pim2-TSC2-mTOR-C1 pathway that drives MM proliferation.
Structure/Property Relationships in Erodible Multilayered Films:  Influence of Polycation Structure on Erosion Profiles and the Release of Anionic Polyelectrolytes (2005)

We have investigated the influence of polymer structure on the erosion profiles of multilayered polyelectrolyte assemblies fabricated from sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (SPS) and three different hydrolytically degradable polyamines. We synthesized three structurally related poly(beta-amino ester)s (polymers 1-3) having systematic variations in both charge density and hydrophobicity. These changes in structure did not influence film thickness significantly, but polymer structure was found to play an important role in defining the rates at which multilayered assemblies fabricated from these materials eroded in physiologically relevant media. Films 60 nm thick fabricated from polymer 1 and SPS eroded completely in 50 h when incubated in PBS buffer at 37 degrees C, as determined by ellipsometry. Analogous films fabricated from polymers 2 and 3 eroded and released SPS into solution over significantly longer time periods ranging from approximately 150 h (ca. 6 days) to 370 h (ca. 15 days), respectively. These differences are consistent with a systematic increase in the hydrophobicity of polymers 1-3 as well as the relative rates at which these polymers degrade hydrolytically. This work demonstrates that it is possible to tailor the rates at which thin, multilayered polyelectrolyte assemblies release incorporated anionic polyelectrolytes over a large range of time periods simply by changing the structure of the degradable polyamine used to fabricate a film. The principles reported here may therefore contribute to the design of multilayered assemblies that permit a broad range of spatial and temporal control over the release of therapeutic agents from coated surfaces.
Protecting public health in the age of bioterrorism surveillance: is the price right? (2005)

Millions of dollars have been spent improving the bioterrorism surveillance capabilities of the public health system. Yet relatively little attention has been paid to the benefits that such expenditures yield. To assess the impact of an aerosol release of Bacillus anthracis, this article collects the available evidence on the potential benefits of environmental detection relative to the costs of a bioterrorist attack like the one in 2001, which occurred in the absence of any such detection. The cost-benefit model shows that biological surveillance that reduces time to treatment to 48 hours yields economic benefits that range from $1.11 billion to $50.74 billion depending on the nature of the release and the value of statistical life one assigns. The author collected annual costs of the current biological surveillance system, BioWatch, for the cost-benefit analysis. The costs of BioWatch are justified when the probability of a biological threat exceeds 1.26 percent.
The vaccinia virus A40R gene product is a nonstructural, type II membrane glycoprotein that is expressed at the cell surface (1999)

Gene A40R from vaccinia virus (VV) strain Western Reserve has been characterized. The open reading frame (ORF) was predicted to encode a 159 amino acid, 18152 Da protein with amino acid similarity to C-type animal lectins and to the VV A34R protein, a component of extracellular enveloped virus (EEV). Northern blotting and S1 nuclease mapping showed that gene A40R is transcribed early during infection from a position 12 nucleotides upstream of the ORF, producing a transcript of approximately 600 nucleotides. Rabbit anti-sera were raised against bacterial fusion proteins containing parts of the A40R protein. These were used to identify an 18 kDa primary translation product and N- and O-glycosylated forms of 28, 35 and 38 kDa. The A40R proteins were detected early during infection, formed higher molecular mass complexes under non-reducing conditions and were present on the cell surface but absent from virions. The proteins partitioned with integral membrane proteins in Triton X-114. Canine pancreatic microsomal membranes protected in vitro-translated A40R from proteinase K digestion, suggesting the A40R protein has type II membrane topology. A mutant virus with the A40R gene disrupted after amino acid 50, so as to remove the entire lectin-like domain, and a revertant virus were constructed. Disruption of the A40R gene did not affect virus plaque size, in vitro growth rate and titre, EEV formation, or virus virulence in a murine intranasal model.
Luc genes: Introduction of colour into bioluminescence assays (1990)

Luminescence assays are generally based on measurements of light intensity alone. Inclusion of colour as an additional parameter of the assay could increase the information content. Colour variation in luminescence is particularly prevalent among beetle luciferases. To study the relationship between enzyme structure and colour, luciferases from a Jamalcan click beetle were examined as a model system. These luciferases emit light ranging from green to orange, though their amino acid sequences differ by less than 5%. Through mutation of their respective cDNA clones, the amino acids responsible for the colour variation were identified. These specific amino acids are few, and they act upon colour independently with respect to the enzyme structure. Analysis of their effects indicates that the potential for colour variation among beetle luciferases is greater than is evident among the click beetle luciferase. Because of the subtle changes of enzyme structure that effect colour, luciferases that emit different colours may be useful as paired genetic reporters. They should interact equivalently with the intracellular environment of a host, but could be distinguished by colour in their assay. Such paired reporters could be used to observed simultaneous events, or to provide internal control for luminescence measurements.
Polymer-Based Optical Waveguides: Materials, Processing, and Devices (2002)

Polymer optical waveguide devices will play a key role in several rapidly developing areas of broadband communications, such as optical networking, metropolitan/access communications, and computing systems due to their easier processibility and integration over inorganic counterparts. The combined advantages also makes them an ideal integration platform where foreign material systems such as YIG (yttrium iron garnet) and lithium niobate, and semiconductor devices such as lasers, detectors, amplifiers, and logic circuits can be inserted into an etched groove in a planar lightwave circuit to enable full amplifier modules or optical add/drop multiplexers on a single substrate. Moreover, the combination of flexibility and toughness in optical polymers makes it suitable for vertical integration to realize 3D and even all-polymer integrated optics. In this review, a survey of suitable optical polymer systems, their processing techniques, and the integrated optical waveguide components and circuits derived from these materials is summarized. The first part is focused on discussing the characteristics of several important classes of optical polymers, such as their refractive index, optical loss, processibility/mechanical properties, and environmental performance. Then, the emphasis is placed on the discussion of several novel passive and active (electro-optic and thermo-optic) polymer systems and versatile processing techniques commonly used for fabricating component devices, such as photoresist-based patterning, direct lithographic patterning, and soft lithography. At the end, a series of compelling polymer optical waveguide devices including optical interconnects, directional couplers, array waveguide grating (AWG) multi/demultiplexers, switches, tunable filters, variable optical attenuators (VOAs), and amplifiers are reviewed. Several integrated planar lightwave circuits, such as tunable optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs), photonic crystal superprism waveguides, digital optical switches (DOSs) integrated with VOAs, traveling-wave heterojunction phototransistors, and three-dimensionally (3D) integrated optical devices are also highlighted.
Ceria Nanoparticles that can Protect against Ischemic Stroke (2012)

Uniform 3 nm-sized ceria nanoparticles can protect against ischemic stroke by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing apoptosis. PEGylated ceria nanoparticles showed protective effects against ROS-induced cell death in vitro. Optimal doses of ceria nanoparticles reduced infarct volumes and the rate of ischemic cell death in vivo.
Single molecular wire shown to be conductive (1996)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTSingle molecular wire shown to be conductiveRON DAGANICite this: Chem. Eng. News 1996, 74, 13, 7Publication Date (Print):March 25, 1996Publication History Published online12 November 2010Published inissue 25 March 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v074n013.p007https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v074n013.p007newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views13Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Molecular engineering,Wires Get e-Alerts
Dirty Basins, Dirty Disciples, and Beautiful Crosses: The Politics of Footwashing (2004)

We believe that Jesus Christ calls us to serve one another in love as he did. Rather than seeking to lord it over others, we are called to follow the example of our Lord, who chose the role of a se...
An Adaptive Cache Management Using Dual LRU Stacks to Improve Buffer Cache Performance (2008)

Cache plays an essential role in modern computer systems to smooth the performance gap between memory and CPU. Most existing cache replacement algorithms use three stacks: recency stack, frequency stack and history stack. The balance and design of those stacks is a key to achieve high hit ratio, thus improving the buffer cache efficiency. In this paper we propose a new cache replacement algorithm, adaptive dual LRU, or AD-LRU for short, to efficiently utilize the buffer cache pages. Instead of using one LRU stack, we use two LRU stacks: one LRU stack LR to catch the accesses of pages with low recency, and the other LRU stack HR to catch the accesses of pages with high recency. The idea is to adaptively adjust the sizes of the history stack, recency and frequency stacks, an overall buffer cache efficiency in terms of hit ratio will be improved. Simulations results show that AD-LRU demonstrates higher hit ratio compared to existing popular algorithms such as LRU, ARC, and LIRS.
A Candidate Gene for theamnionlessGastrulation Stage Mouse Mutation Encodes a TRAF-Related Protein (1996)

We report the identification of a new recessive prenatal lethal insertional mutation, amnionless (amn). amn mutant embryos first appear abnormal during the Early Streak stage, between E6.5 and E7.0, when they initiate mesoderm production. Subsequently, the amn mutants become developmentally arrested between the Mid and Late Streak stages of gastrulation and they die and are resorbed between E9.5 and E10.5. While extraembryonic structures, including the chorion, yolk sac blood islands, and allantois appear to develop normally, the small embryonic ectoderm remains undifferentiated and generates no amnion. In addition, the embryonic mesoderm that is produced does not become organized into node, notochord, and somites and there is no morphological evidence of neural induction. Interspecific backcross and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses map the transgene insertion, and thus the amn mutation, to the distal region of mouse chromosome 12, which has synteny with human chromosome 14q32. A gene encoding a 7.5-kb transcript has been identified at a junction between the integrated transgene and host chromosome 12 sequences that meets three criteria expected of a candidate amn gene. This gene maps to the site of transgene insertion; it is transcribed during gastrulation, and its expression is disrupted in amn mutant embryos. Nucleotide sequencing studies show that the 567 amino acid protein encoded by the 7.5-kb transcript is a member of the newly defined family of putative signal transducing proteins, TRAFs, that associate with the cytoplasmic domains of members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily. Thus, we have named the gene encoding the 7. 5-kb transcript TRAFamn. TRAFamn is identical to a recently reported protein (CD40bp, CAP-1, CRAF1, LAP1) that can bind the cytoplasmic domains of CD40 and the lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTbetaR), both of which are known members of the TNF receptor superfamily. The implications of these findings regarding a possible role for the TNF receptor superfamily during gastrulation are discussed.
Oxygenates for reformulated gasoline (1990)

This paper discusses how the petroleum industry is now moving forward in understanding how gasoline reformulation can reduce gasoline related emissions. Thought reductions in carbon monoxide (CO) are predominately a combustion enleanment phenomena, there appears to be some benefit from reducing fuel carbon content. Reducing tailpipe hydrocarbons and NO{sub x} is a more complicated process, and the influences of other gasoline properties are being studied. Based on available knowledge, it appears ethers have the most favorable properties for modifying or reformulating gasoline.