gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Firing Patterns and Correlations of Spontaneous Discharge of Pallidal Neurons in the Normal and the Tremulous 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine Vervet Model of Parkinsonism (2000)

To investigate the role of the basal ganglia in parkinsonian tremor, we recorded hand tremor and simultaneous activity of several neurons in the external and internal segments of the globus pallidus (GPe and GPi) in two vervet monkeys, before and after systemic treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and development of parkinsonism with tremor of 5 and 11 Hz. In healthy monkeys, only 11% (20/174) of the GPe cells and 3% (1/29) of the GPi cells displayed significant 3-19 Hz oscillations. After MPTP treatment, 39% (107/271) of the GPe cells and 43% (26/61) of the GPi cells developed significant oscillations. Oscillation frequencies of single cells after MPTP treatment were bimodally distributed around 7 and 13 Hz. For 10% of the oscillatory cells that were recorded during tremor periods, there was a significant tendency for the tremor and neuronal oscillations to appear simultaneously. Cross-correlation analysis revealed a very low level of correlated activity between pallidal neurons in the normal state; 95.6% (477/499) of the pairs were not correlated, and oscillatory cross-correlograms were found in only 1% (5/499) of the pairs. After MPTP treatment, the correlations increased dramatically, and 40% (432/1080) of the cross-correlograms had significant oscillations, centered around 13-14 Hz. Phase shifts of the cross-correlograms of GPe pairs, but not of GPi, were clustered around 0 degrees. The results illustrate that MPTP treatment changes the pattern of activity and synchronization in the GPe and GPi. These changes are related to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease and especially to the parkinsonian tremor.
Significance of calcium ions in the regulation of myocardial contractility (1986)

Calcium ions (Ca2+) represent the most important of the intracellular messengers in excitable cells. This messenger function occurs when a rise in cytosolic Ca2+ transmits a signal generated at the cell surface to an effector system within the cell. While Ca2+ can be viewed essentially as “universal” intracellular messenger, the signals that lead to the appearance of messenger Ca2+ inside the cell, the sources of this Ca2+, and the receptors that recognize messenger Ca2+ can all differ among various cell types in the body. Specialized adaptations in these three aspects of the processes of excitation-contraction and stimulus-secretion coupling give rise to a complex and fascinating series of regulatory patterns in different tissues and organs of the body.
Recombinator Networks: Learning Coarse-to-Fine Feature Aggregation (2016)

Deep neural networks with alternating convolutional, max-pooling and decimation layers are widely used in state of the art architectures for computer vision. Max-pooling purposefully discards precise spatial information in order to create features that are more robust, and typically organized as lower resolution spatial feature maps. On some tasks, such as whole-image classification, max-pooling derived features are well suited, however, for tasks requiring precise localization, such as pixel level prediction and segmentation, max-pooling destroys exactly the information required to perform well. Precise localization may be preserved by shallow convnets without pooling but at the expense of robustness. Can we have our max-pooled multilayered cake and eat it too? Several papers have proposed summation and concatenation based methods for combining upsampled coarse, abstract features with finer features to produce robust pixel level predictions. Here we introduce another model - dubbed Recombinator Networks - where coarse features inform finer features early in their formation such that finer features can make use of several layers of computation in deciding how to use coarse features. The model is trained once, end-to-end and performs better than summation-based architectures, reducing the error from the previous state of the art on two facial keypoint datasets, AFW and AFLW, by 30% and beating the current state-of-the-art on 300W without using extra data. We improve performance even further by adding a denoising prediction model based on a novel convnet formulation.
The secondary structure of echistatin from 1H‐NMR, circular‐dichroism and Raman spectroscopy (1991)

Detailed biophysical studies have been carried out on echistatin, a member of the disintegrin family of small, cysteine-rich, RGD-containing proteins, isolated from the venom of the saw-scaled viper Echis carinatus. Analysis of circular-dichroism spectra indicates that, at 20 degrees C, echistatin contains no alpha-helix but contains mostly beta-turns and beta-sheet. Two isobestic points are observed as the temperature is raised, the conformational changes associated with that observed between 40 degrees C and 72 degrees C being irreversible. Raman spectra also indicate considerable beta-turn and beta-sheet (20%) structure and an absence of alpha-helical structure. Three of the four disulphide bridges are shown to be in an all-gauche conformation, while the fourth adopts a trans-gauche-gauche conformation. The 1H-NMR spectrum of echistatin has been almost fully assigned. A single conformation was observed at 27 degrees C with the four proline residues adopting only the trans conformation. A large number of backbone amide protons were found to exchange slowly, but no segments of the backbone were found to be in either alpha-helical or beta-sheet conformation. A number of turns could be characterised. An irregular beta-hairpin contains the RGD sequence in a mobile loop at its tip. Two of the four disulphide cross-links have been identified from the NMR spectra. The data presented in this paper will serve to define the structure of echistatin more closely in subsequent studies.
Variation of semen quality in normal men (1991)

To examine the amount of variability in semen analysis results and whether there is any effect of season, 673 specimens provided by seven normal, healthy men (61-205 specimens/subject) over 72-324 weeks were assessed for sperm concentration, ejaculate volume, motility and motility index. Noticeable sample to sample variations were found. The largest proportion of the overall variance was due to within-subject differences, e.g., sperm concentration (54%), ejaculate volume (59%), percentage motility (96%) and motility index (74%). Although changes in semen-analysis results occurred over the year, no consistent trend was seen. No evidence was found to suggest that the differences were due to modifications of the methods employed by the laboratory, or to the change of season.
Recommendations-based location privacy control (2013)

In this paper, we propose and investigate a user-centric device-cloud architecture for intelligently managing user data. The architecture allows users to keep their (private) data on their mobile devices and decide what to share with the service providers on the cloud, based on their individual privacy preferences, in order to get personalized services. Our architecture strives to help ease users' burden on managing privacy by giving automatic recommendations on how to configure their privacy profiles on devices. One focused contribution of this paper is that we instantiate this proposed general architecture to location-based service due to the privacy sensitivity of location data. We derive and validate our location-sharing recommendations using online user experiments. Our results show that the recommendations are accurate, and that they help users with the decisions involved in the privacy profile configuration process. Our results also demonstrate that the quality of personalized location-based services can be maintained even when the increased user privacy control leads to a situation where not all location data is shared with the service provider. These results lead the way to powerful location-based and other personalized services that improve user privacy.
Effect of xylitol on growth of nasopharyngeal bacteria in vitro (1995)

Xylitol is known to reduce caries by inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans. We hypothesized that xylitol could also affect the growth of other nasopharyngeal bacterial flora, which could be important when considering respiratory infections caused by these bacteria. We studied this in vitro by adding xylitol to the medium and observed that 1 and 5% xylitol reduced markedly the growth of alpha-hemolytic streptococci, including S. pneumoniae. It reduced slightly the growth of beta-hemolytic streptococci but not that of Haemophilus influenzae or Moraxella catarrhalis. The inhibitory growth pattern was similar to that previously seen with S. mutans, which may indicate a similarity in the enzymatic processing of five-carbon sugars such as xylitol. This sugar alcohol is a widely used sweetener, and the concentrations used in our experiments are easily achieved in the oral cavity. If xylitol reduces the growth of S. pneumoniae in the nasopharynx, it could also reduce the carriage of this pathogen and thus have clinical significance in the prevention of pneumococcal diseases.
Evidence From Human Myectomy Samples That MYBPC3 Mutations Cause Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Through Haploinsufficiency (2009)

The absence of any detectable truncated MyBP-C argues against its incorporation in the myofiber and any dominant negative effect. In contrast, the lowered relative level of full length protein in both truncation and missense MYBPC3 mutations argues strongly that haploinsufficiency is sufficient to cause the disease.
Association of complement factor H Y402H polymorphism with phenotype of neovascular age related macular degeneration in Israel. (2008)

In accordance with findings from the majority of previous study populations, the Tyr402His variant of CFH is associated with NVAMD in Israel. However, heterogeneity in clinical manifestations of NVAMD and in its response to PDT is not underlined by this CFH variant and may be accounted for by other genetic and environmental factors.
Expression of HLA-B27 in transgenic mice is dependent on the mouse H-2D genes. (1990)

HLA-B27 transgenic mice in the context of various H-2 haplotypes were produced. A high expression of the HLA-B27 antigen was observed in mice homozygous for H-2b, H-2f, H-2s, H-2p, H-2r, and H-2k haplotypes. Mice of the H-2v haplotype expressed HLA-B27 at an intermediate level. Expression of HLA-B27 was minimal in mice of the H-2q and H-2d haplotypes. This was observed both on the B10 background and in DBA/2 or BALB/c mice. Only minimal expression of HLA-B27 could be detected in B10.PL (KuDd) or B10.RKDB (KkSkDdLb) mice, indicating that the low level of HLA-B27 expression maps to the H-2D gene or a very closely linked gene. Integration and transcription of the HLA-B27 gene does not appear to be different between high-expressing haplotypes and low-expressing haplotypes as determined by Southern and Northern blot analysis. However, expression of HLA-B27 on the cell surface correlated with the amount of HLA-B27 and beta 2M that could be immunoprecipitated with an anti-B27 antibody. Therefore, the association of the B27 heavy chain with endogenous beta 2M and subsequent expression on the cell surface are disrupted in mice with some class I H-2D genes. Possible mechanisms that might contribute to this defect in assembly, transport, and expression of class I molecules are discussed.
Properties of YBa2Cu3O7−δ thick films on flexible buffered metallic substrates (1995)

We report superconducting and mechanical properties of YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) thick films on Ni-based alloys with a textured yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) buffer layer. The YBCO and YSZ layers were deposited by pulsed laser deposition and ion beam assisted deposition, respectively. It was found that the transport critical current density (Jc) correlates very well with the YBCO mosaic spread. Jc over 1×10 6 A/cm2 at 75 K and ∼1×107 A/cm2 at 4 K were obtained in the 1-μm thick YBCO films. Zero field critical current of 120 amps at 75 K was obtained in a 2-μm-thick and 1-cm-wide YBCO film. Angular dependence measurement revealed Jc peaks for both H∥c and H∥a-b. The peak for H∥c implies additional pinning due to defects such as small angle grain boundaries or twin boundaries. Bending tests at 75 K showed that the YBCO thick films on the metallic substrates could sustain a strain of 0.4% and over 1% for tension and compression, respectively.
Mimicking the Escherichia coli cytoplasmic environment activates long‐lived and efficient cell‐free protein synthesis (2004)

Cell-free translation systems generally utilize high-energy phosphate compounds to regenerate the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) necessary to drive protein synthesis. This hampers the widespread use and practical implementation of this technology in a batch format due to expensive reagent costs; the accumulation of inhibitory byproducts, such as phosphate; and pH change. To address these problems, a cell-free protein synthesis system has been engineered that is capable of using pyruvate as an energy source to produce high yields of protein. The "Cytomim" system, synthesizes chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) for up to 6 h in a batch reaction to yield 700 microg/mL of protein. By more closely replicating the physiological conditions of the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli, the Cytomim system provides a stable energy supply for protein expression without phosphate accumulation, pH change, exogenous enzyme addition, or the need for expensive high-energy phosphate compounds.
Biosynthesis and glycosylation of p150,95 and related leukocyte adhesion proteins. (1987)

The p150,95 cell surface protein is a member of a family of heterodimeric leukocyte adhesion proteins that have homologous alpha subunits, each noncovalently associated with a common beta subunit. In this report we have metabolically labeled the U937 cell line at various timepoints during its phorbol myristic acetate-induced maturation to examine the kinetics of synthesis of these proteins during monocytic differentiation, and their maturation and glycosylation. The p150,95 alpha subunit was immunoprecipitated with p150,95-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb), or an antiserum to the denatured, purified alpha X subunit. The glycosylation and polypeptide chain length of the p150,95, Mac-1, and lymphocyte function associated antigen (LFA-1) alpha and beta subunits were compared by immunoprecipitation with subunit specific MAb and antisera, and by digestion with Endo H and N-glycanase. The p150,95 alpha subunit is synthesized as a precursor of 146,000 Mr, has five to six N-linked oligosaccharides, and has a polypeptide chain backbone of 132,000 Mr. Over 50% of the carbohydrate on the mature alpha subunit of 150,000 Mr was sensitive to Endo H digestion. The p150,95 alpha and beta precursors can associate before maturation into the mature form. Conversion to the mature form was accompanied by loss of reactivity with the antiserum to the denatured alpha X subunit, suggesting a change in conformation. Mac-1 and LFA-1 alpha subunits have precursors of 160,000 Mr and 165,000 Mr, respectively, and contain N-linked carbohydrates. The polypeptide chain length for the Mac-1 alpha subunit is 137,000 Mr, and for LFA-1 is 149,000 Mr. Only 14% of the oligosaccharide on the mature LFA-1 alpha subunit was sensitive to Endo H, suggesting that unlike p150,95, most is converted to the complex type. The differences noted in the Mr of the three homologous alpha subunits are therefore due to differences in both polypeptide chain length and carbohydrate processing during biosynthesis.
Absolute ozone absorption cross section in the Huggins Chappuis minimum (350–470 nm) at 296 K (2011)

Abstract. We report the ozone absolute absorption cross section between 350–470 nm, the minimum between the Huggins and Chappuis bands, where the ozone cross section is less than 10−22 cm2. Ozone spectra were acquired using an incoherent broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer, with three channels centered at 365, 405, and 455 nm. The accuracy of the measured cross section is 2 %. Previous measurements vary by more than an order of magnitude in this spectral region. The measurements reported here provide much greater spectral coverage than the most recent measurements. We report a minimum absorption cross section of 3.4×10−24 cm2 at 381.8 nm, which is 22 % lower than the previously reported value. The effect of O3 concentration and water vapor partial pressure were investigated, however there were no observable changes in the absorption spectrum most likely due to the low optical density of the complex.
Re(bipy-tBu)(CO)3Cl−improved Catalytic Activity for Reduction of Carbon Dioxide: IR-Spectroelectrochemical and Mechanistic Studies (2010)

Five Re(bipy)(CO)(3)Cl complexes were prepared and studied where bipy was 4,4'-dicarboxyl-2,2'-bipyridine (1), 2,2'-bipyridine (2), 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (3), 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (4), and 4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'-bipyridine (5). From this group, a significantly improved catalyst, Re(bipy-tBu)(CO)(3)Cl (4), for the reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide was found. The complex shows two one-electron reductions under argon, one reversible at -1445 mV (vs SCE), and one irreversible at -1830 mV. Under CO(2) the second irreversible wave displays a large catalytic enhancement in current. Diffusion coefficients were determined using the Levich-Koutecky method (1.1 × 10(-5) cm(2)/s for the neutral complex and 8.1 × 10(-6) cm(2)/s for the singly reduced species), and a second order rate constant for the electrochemical reduction with CO(2) of 1000 M(-1) s(-1) was measured. Bulk electrolysis studies were performed to measure Faradaic efficiencies for the primary gaseous products, η(CO) = 99 ± 2% in acetonitrile.
The genetic and molecular bases of monogenic disorders affecting proteolytic systems (2005)

Complete and limited proteolysis represents key events that regulate many biological processes. At least 5% of the human genome codes for components of proteolytic processes if proteases, inhibitors, and cofactors are taken into account. Accordingly, disruption of proteolysis is involved in numerous pathological conditions. In particular, molecular genetic studies have identified a growing number of monogenic disorders caused by mutations in protease coding genes, highlighting the importance of this class of enzymes in development, organogenesis, immunity, and brain function. This review provides insights into the current knowledge about the molecular genetic causes of these disorders. It should be noted that most are due to loss of function mutations, indicating absolute requirement of proteolytic activities for normal cellular functions. Recent progress in understanding the function of the implicated proteins and the disease pathogenesis is detailed. In addition to providing important clues to the diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology of disease, functional characterisation of mutations in proteolytic systems emphasises the pleiotropic functions of proteases in the body homeostasis.
Basal cell carcinoma — molecular biology and potential new therapies (2012)

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin, the most common malignancy in individuals of mixed European descent, is increasing in incidence due to an aging population and sun exposure habits. The realization that aberrant activation of Hedgehog signaling is a pathognomonic feature of BCC development has opened the way for exciting progress toward understanding BCC biology and translation of this knowledge to the clinic. Genetic mouse models closely mimicking human BCCs have provided answers about the tumor cell of origin, and inhibition of Hedgehog signaling is emerging as a potentially useful targeted therapy for patients with advanced or multiple BCCs that have hitherto lacked effective treatment.
Efficacy and Tolerability of Long-Acting Injectable Naltrexone for Alcohol Dependence (2005)

Long-acting naltrexone was well tolerated and resulted in reductions in heavy drinking among treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent patients during 6 months of therapy. These data indicate that long-acting naltrexone can be of benefit in the treatment of alcohol dependence.
Sub-attonewton force detection at millikelvin temperatures (2001)

A 290-nm-thick single-crystal silicon cantilever has been cooled in vacuum to a temperature of 110 mK in order reduce its thermal motion and thereby improve the achievable force resolution. Since the thermal conductivity of the silicon cantilever is extremely low at millikelvin temperatures, an improved optical fiber interferometer was developed to measure the subangstrom thermal motion with optical powers as low as 2 nW. At the lowest temperature, the cantilever exhibited a quality factor of 150 000 and achieved a noise temperature of 220 mK, with a corresponding force noise of 820 zN in a 1 Hz bandwidth.
De Novo Neurogenesis in Adult Hypothalamus as a Compensatory Mechanism to Regulate Energy Balance (2010)

The ability to develop counter-regulatory mechanisms to maintain energy balance in response to environmental and physiologic insults is essential for survival, but the mechanisms underlying these compensatory regulations are poorly understood. Agouti-related peptide (AGRP) and Neuropeptide Y are potent orexigens and are coexpressed in neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Acute ablation of these neurons leads to severe anorexia and weight loss, whereas progressive degeneration of these neurons has minimal impact on food intake and body weight, suggesting that compensatory mechanisms are developed to maintain orexigenic drive. In this study, we show that cell proliferation is increased in the hypothalamus of adult mutant animals in which AgRP neurons undergo progressive neurodegeneration due to deletion of mitochondrial transcription factor A, and that a subset of these newly generated cells differentiate into AgRP neurons along with other resident neuronal subtypes. Furthermore, some of the newly generated cells are capable of responding to leptin, and a central blockade of cell proliferation in adult animals results in decreases in food intake and body adiposity in mutant but not in control animals. Our study indicates that neurons important for energy homeostasis can be regenerated in adult feeding centers under neurodegenerative conditions. It further suggests that de novo neurogenesis might serve as a compensatory mechanism contributing to the plastic control of energy balance in response to environmental and physiologic insults.
Vaccine-Induced Cross-Genotype Reactive Neutralizing Antibodies Against Hepatitis C Virus (2011)

We detected cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (NtAb) against hepatitis C virus (HCV) in chimpanzees vaccinated with HCV-1 (genotype 1a) recombinant E1/E2 envelope glycoproteins. Five vaccinated chimpanzees, protected following HCV-1 challenge, were initially studied using the heterologous H77 (genotype 1a) HCVpp assay. All animals had developed NtAb after the second vaccination; 4 animals had reciprocal titers of ≥200 at the time of challenge. Using genotypes 1a-6a HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpp) and cell culture-derived HCV (HCVcc) assays, cross-reactive NtAb were detected against 1a, 4a, 5a, and 6a, with limited reactivity against 2a and 3a. Our study provides encouragement for the development of a recombinant envelope-based vaccine against hepatitis C.