gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Neuropsychological Assessment of the Effects of Chronic Ketamine Exposure in a Rodent Model of Drug Abuse (2013)

While used as paediatric and veterinary anaesthetic and for pain management, the nonselective NMDA (N-methyl-Daspartate) antagonist ketamine also remains popular among recreational users. As such, there is legitimate concern about the psychological and physiological consequences associated with chronic abuse of this drug. The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the impact of chronic exposure to ketamine following a period of abstinence in a rodent model of ketamine abuse. In the present experiment, rats were given repeated injections of saline, 5 mg/kg, or 40 mg/kg of ketamine. Beginning at 111 days of age, the animals were tested for retention of an aversive outcome on a step-down avoidance task and assessed for general levels of activity. In addition, the animals were trained on a series of tasks with spatial components of various levels of difficulty, a spatial learning set task, and a nonspatial response learning task. On early trials with water maze tasks of varying difficulty, the ketamine-treated rats were impaired relative to controls, with dose-dependent effects observed on many of the tasks. On probe trials the drug-treated animals spent significantly less time in the target quadrant. In addition, the performance of the drug-treated rats was inferior to that of the control animals on a spatial learning set task, and a response learning task suggesting some difficulty in adapting their responses to changing task demands. The results suggest that chronic exposure to this NMDA receptor antagonist in young adult rats is capable of producing a variety of changes that affect nonspatial learning and memory performance in adulthood, well after the drug exposure period.
Luminescence and charge transfer. Part 4. ‘On–off’ fluorescent PET (photoinduced electron transfer) sensors with pyridine receptors: 1,3-diaryl-5-pyridyl-4,5-dihydropyrazoles (1995)

1,3-Diaryl-5-pyridyl-4,5-dihydropyrazoles, some of which have been previously synthesized for use as optical brighteners, satisfy the design criteria for fluorescent PET pH sensors by a proton-induced ‘switching off’ of fluorescence. In practice, they are the first family of ‘on–off’ fluorescent PET pH sensors whose signals cover most of the visible spectrum. They also show significant absorptiometric pH sensing action due to the coupling of the protonatable pyridine with the ICT (internal charge transfer) excited state of the 1,3-diaryl-4,5-dihydropyrazole. Experimentally identical pKa values arise from the fluorimetric and absorptiometric pH dependences. The examination of 2-, 3- and 4-pyridyl regioisomers shows understandable differences in pKa and maximum fluorescene quantum yield [φF(base)] values, but show no significant variations in fluorescence switching factors (FE).
Rift Valley Fever Virus Lacking the NSs and NSm Genes Is Highly Attenuated, Confers Protective Immunity from Virulent Virus Challenge, and Allows for Differential Identification of Infected and Vaccinated Animals (2008)

Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus is a mosquito-borne human and veterinary pathogen associated with large outbreaks of severe disease throughout Africa and more recently the Arabian peninsula. Infection of livestock can result in sweeping "abortion storms" and high mortality among young animals. Human infection results in self-limiting febrile disease that in approximately 1 to 2% of patients progresses to more serious complications including hepatitis, encephalitis, and retinitis or a hemorrhagic syndrome with high fatality. The virus S segment-encoded NSs and the M segment-encoded NSm proteins are important virulence factors. The development of safe, effective vaccines and tools to screen and evaluate antiviral compounds is critical for future control strategies. Here, we report the successful reverse genetics generation of multiple recombinant enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged RVF viruses containing either the full-length, complete virus genome or precise deletions of the NSs gene alone or the NSs/NSm genes in combination, thus creating attenuating deletions on multiple virus genome segments. These viruses were highly attenuated, with no detectable viremia or clinical illness observed with high challenge dosages (1.0 x 10(4) PFU) in the rat lethal disease model. A single-dose immunization regimen induced robust anti-RVF virus immunoglobulin G antibodies (titer, approximately 1:6,400) by day 26 postvaccination. All vaccinated animals that were subsequently challenged with a high dose of virulent RVF virus survived infection and could be serologically differentiated from naïve, experimentally infected animals by the lack of NSs antibodies. These rationally designed marker RVF vaccine viruses will be useful tools for in vitro screening of therapeutic compounds and will provide a basis for further development of RVF virus marker vaccines for use in endemic regions or following the natural or intentional introduction of the virus into previously unaffected areas.
Mammalian Trithorax and Polycomb -group homologues are antagonistic regulators of homeotic development (1999)

Control of cell identity during development is specified in large part by the unique expression patterns of multiple homeobox-containing (Hox) genes in specific segments of an embryo. Trithorax and Polycomb-group (Trx-G and Pc-G) proteins in Drosophila maintain Hox expression or repression, respectively. Mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) is frequently involved in chromosomal translocations associated with acute leukemia and is the one established mammalian homologue of Trx. Bmi-1 was first identified as a collaborator in c-myc-induced murine lymphomagenesis and is homologous to the Drosophila Pc-G member Posterior sex combs. Here, we note the axial-skeletal transformations and altered Hox expression patterns of Mll-deficient and Bmi-1-deficient mice were normalized when both Mll and Bmi-1 were deleted, demonstrating their antagonistic role in determining segmental identity. Embryonic fibroblasts from Mll-deficient compared with Bmi-1-deficient mice demonstrate reciprocal regulation of Hox genes as well as an integrated Hoxc8-lacZ reporter construct. Reexpression of MLL was able to overcome repression, rescuing expression of Hoxc8-lacZ in Mll-deficient cells. Consistent with this, MLL and BMI-I display discrete subnuclear colocalization. Although Drosophila Pc-G and Trx-G members have been shown to maintain a previously established transcriptional pattern, we demonstrate that MLL can also dynamically regulate a target Hox gene.
Detectability of Vasopressin in Continuous Venovenous Hemodialysis Effluent of Patients with Vasodilatory Shock Treated with Exogenous Arginine Vasopressin (2011)

To determine whether vasopressin is detectable in the continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD) effluent of patients receiving exogenous arginine vasopressin, and to determine whether treatment-specific factors are associated with vasopressin levels in CVVHD effluent. DESIGN. Prospective observational study. SETTING. Intensive care units of a tertiary care academic medical center. PATIENTS. Twenty-seven adults with vasodilatory shock who received a stable-dose continuous intravenous infusion of arginine vasopressin with concomitant uninterrupted CVVHD for at least 4 hours between September 2008 and May 2010. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS. Vasopressin levels in CVVHD effluent were assessed by radioimmunoassay. Statistical analysis was performed with analysis of variance and Pearson correlation. A multivariate linear regression was used to assess for independent factors associated with vasopressin levels in CVVHD effluent. The CVVHD effluent of all patients was assessed for vasopressin levels. The median exogenous arginine vasopressin dose was 0.03 unit/minute (range 0.02-0.18 unit/min), whereas the median CVVHD effluent flow rate was 22.6 ml/kg/hour (interquartile range [IQR] 21.5-26.8 ml/kg/hr). Vasopressin was detectable in all effluent samples (median 88.8 pg/ml, IQR 36.4-113.7 pg/ml). There were no significant differences in CVVHD effluent vasopressin levels among CVVHD filter types (p=0.39). The CVVHD effluent vasopressin levels correlated with exogenous arginine vasopressin dose (r2=0.49, p<0.001). After adjustment for CVVHD effluent flow rate and administration of corticosteroids, with multivariate linear regression, only exogenous arginine vasopressin dose was independently associated with CVVHD effluent vasopressin level. CONCLUSION. Vasopressin is detectable in CVVHD effluent, suggesting that it is removed by CVVHD. In addition, exogenous arginine vasopressin infusion dose is independently associated with CVVHD effluent vasopressin level.
Rapid and simple prenatal diagnosis of common chromosome disorders: advantages and disadvantages of the molecular methods FISH and QF-PCR (2003)

Molecular techniques have been developed for prenatal diagnosis of the most common chromosome disorders (trisomies 21, 13, 18 and sex chromosome aneuploidies) where results are available within a day or two. This involves fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and microscopy analysis of fetal cells or quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) on fetal DNA. Guidance is provided on the technological pitfalls in setting up and running these methods. Both methods are reliable, and the risk for misdiagnosis is low, although slightly higher for FISH. FISH is also more labour intensive than QF-PCR, the latter lending itself more easily to automation. These tests have been used as a preamble to full chromosome analysis by microscopy. However, there is a trend to apply the tests as 'stand-alone' tests for women who are at relatively low risk of having a baby with a chromosome disorder, in particular that associated with advanced age or results of maternal serum screening programmes. These women comprise the majority of those currently offered prenatal diagnosis with respect to fetal chromosome disorders and if introduced on a larger scale, the use of FISH and QF-PCR would lead to substantial economical savings. The implication, on the other hand, is that around one in 500 to one in 1000 cases with a mentally and/or physically disabling chromosome disorder would remain undiagnosed.
The HISCORE camera a real time three dimensional and color camera (2002)

A new real time 3D-data and color acquisition system for the mid-distance range (0.5-3 m) employing color-encoded structured light is presented. The system is integrated using low-cost components and allows the combination of 2D and 3D image processing algorithms since it provides a 2D-color image of the scene in addition to the range data. Its design is focused on enabling the system to operate reliably in real-world scenarios, i.e. in uncontrolled environments and with arbitrary scenes. To that end novel approaches for encoding and recognizing the projected light are used which make the system practically independent of intrinsic object colors and minimize the influence of the ambient light conditions. Experimental results obtained for the first applications of the system, 3D face and gesture recognition tasks, are presented.
Embedding robust labels into images for copyright protection (1995)

This paper describes a set of novel steganographic methods to secretly embed robust labels into image data for identifying image copyright holder and original distributor in digital networked environment. The embedded label is undetectable, unremovable and unalterable. Furthermore it can survive processing which does not seriously reduce the quality of the image, such as lossy image compression, low pass filtering and image format conversions. 1 Introduction The wide use of digitally formatted audio, video and printed information in network environment has been slowed down by the lack of adequate protection on them. Developers and publishers hesitate to distribute their sensitive or valuable materials because of the easiness of illicit copying and dissemination [3],[6],[7]. Compared to ordinary paper form information, digitized multimedia information (image, text, audio, video) provides many advantages, such as easy and inexpensive duplication and re-use, less expensive and more flexi...
Interaction between two cis‐acting elements, ABRE and DRE, in ABA‐dependent expression of Arabidopsis rd29A gene in response to dehydration and high‐salinity stresses (2003)

Many abiotic stress-inducible genes contain two cis-acting elements, namely a dehydration-responsive element (DRE; TACCGACAT) and an ABA-responsive element (ABRE; ACGTGG/TC), in their promoter regions. We precisely analyzed the 120 bp promoter region (-174 to -55) of the Arabidopsis rd29A gene whose expression is induced by dehydration, high-salinity, low-temperature, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments and whose 120 bp promoter region contains the DRE, DRE/CRT-core motif (A/GCCGAC), and ABRE sequences. Deletion and base substitution analyses of this region showed that the DRE-core motif functions as DRE and that the DRE/DRE-core motif could be a coupling element of ABRE. Gel mobility shift assays revealed that DRE-binding proteins (DREB1s/CBFs and DREB2s) bind to both DRE and the DRE-core motif and that ABRE-binding proteins (AREBs/ABFs) bind to ABRE in the 120 bp promoter region. In addition, transactivation experiments using Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts showed that DREBs and AREBs cumulatively transactivate the expression of a GUS reporter gene fused to the 120 bp promoter region of rd29A. These results indicate that DRE and ABRE are interdependent in the ABA-responsive expression of the rd29A gene in response to ABA in Arabidopsis.
Oxime Reactivation of Diethylphosphoryl Human Serum Cholinesterase (1967)

Abstract Reactivation of diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate inhibited human serum cholinesterase by pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide and isonitrosoacetophenone has been investigated as a function of reactivator concentration, pH, and temperature in boric acid-borax buffer and in salt solution. Constants shown were the dissociation constants of the diethylphosphoryl cholinesterase reactivator complex for the reactivation by pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide and the bimolecular rate constants for that by isonitrosoacetophenone. The protonation constants of the diethylphosphoryl cholinesterase were evaluated from the relationship between pH and the dissociation constants of the complex; they indicated a value of 8.4 in buffer medium and 7.8 in salt solution. Changes in reactivation rate and in apparent activation energy of reactivation due to the medium changes may be explained by the nature of the activated complex formed in the respective reactivation processes.
Epilepsy: Novel therapeutic targets. (2012)

Despite of established and effective therapy for epilepsy, 20-25% patients develop therapeutic failure; this encourages finding newer drugs. Novel approaches target receptors which remain unaffected by conventional therapy or inhibit epileptogenesis. AMPA receptor antagonists have shown faster and complete protection compared to diazepam. Protein kinase (PK) plays an important role in the development of epilepsy. PK inhibitors such as K252a, VID-82925, and Herbimycin A have been found effective in inhibition of spread of epileptiform activity and epileptogenesis. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are G protein-coupled receptors classified into three groups. Group 1 mGluRs antagonist and Groups 2 and 3 mGluRs agonists inhibited pentylenetetrazole-induced kindled seizures. Combined use of these agents has also shown favorable results. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a central role in multiple mechanisms of epileptogenesis. mTOR causes transcription, induction of proapoptotic proteins, and autophagy inhibition. Rapamycin was effective in suppression of recurrent seizures as well as in tuberous sclerosis and acute brain injury model. 5% CO(2) showed potent effects on cortical epileptiform activity and convulsions in animal epilepsy models and in humans with drug-resistant partial epilepsy. It is found to be rapidly acting, safe and cheap, thus it can be a good option in emergency for suppression of seizure. Neurosteroids are considered as fourth generation neuromessengers, they act as positive allosteric modulators of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors. Clinical trial of ganaxolone, an allopregnanolone analogue, has shown a beneficial role in pharmacoresistant epilepsy. However, most of these drugs are tested in early phases of development and the possible use and safety in epilepsy has to be proven in clinical trials.
An EPR study of Signal II in oriented photosystem II membranes (1986)

Signal II EPR Orientation Hyperfine coupling
VEGF mRNA is Stabilized by Ras and Tyrosine Kinase Oncogenes, as well as by UV Radiation—Evidence for Divergent Stabilization Pathways (1997)

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is a pivotal endothelial cell mitogen that mediates both normal and pathological angiogenesis. Although expressed at very low levels in cells not undergoing vascularization, VEGF mRNA is transiently upregulated and stabilized by a variety of extracellular stimuli, and is persistently upregulated and stabilized in many human tumor cell lines (White et al., 1995). Here we demonstrate that oncogenic activation of tyrosine protein kinases and Ras proteins induce a 6- to 16-fold increase in the abundance of VEGF mRNA and a 3- to 5-fold increase in the stability of VEGF mRNA, suggesting that persistent activation of signaling pathways induced by these oncoproteins accounts for overexpression of VEGF in a significant fraction of human tumors. In addition to these oncoproteins, ultraviolet (UV) radiation upregulated and stabilized VEGF mRNA 15- and 5-fold, respectively. While the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, blocked VEGF upregulation by activated tyrosine protein kinases, and the Ras inhibitor, N-Acetyl-S-trans-farnesyl-L-cysteine (AFC), eliminated VEGF expression in cells transformed by v-Ras, neither agent blocked upregulation by hypoxia or UV radiation. These data argue that multiple divergent pathways upregulate and stabilize VEGF mRNA.
ADAPTIVE: a flexible and adaptive transport system architecture to support lightweight protocols for multimedia applications on high-speed networks (2003)

This paper describes a high-performance transport system architecture called ADAPTIVE, 'A Dynamically Assembled Protocol Transformation, Integration, and Validation Environment'. The authors are developing ADAPTIVE to support multimedia applications running on high-speed networks. ADAPTIVE is a transformational system providing policies and mechanisms that automatically specify and configure a flexible adaptive transport system. In addition, it provides a controlled prototyping environment for monitoring, analyzing, and experimenting with the effects of different transport system designs and implementations on application performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Isolation of Gastric Vitamin B12-binding Proteins Using Affinity Chromatography (1973)

Abstract Human intrinsic factor has been isolated from gastric juice. The protein was purified 853-fold with a yield of 85% utilizing affinity chromatography on vitamin B12-Sepharose as the sole purification technique. The final preparation was homogeneous based on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation. The isolated protein (20 µg) corrected vitamin B12 malabsorption when given to a patient with pernicious anemia in a standard Schilling test. Human intrinsic factor binds 30.1 µg of vitamin B12 per mg of protein and contains a single vitamin B12-binding site with an association constant for vitamin B12 of 1.5 x 1010 m-1. The molecular weight determined by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation was 45,200 to 47,700 while that determined by amino acid and carbohydrate analyses was 44,200. The protein contains 15.0% carbohydrate which accounts for the elevated molecular weight values (59,000 to 66,000) obtained using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. In the presence of vitamin B12, human intrinsic factor aggregates to form dimers and higher molecular weight oligomers. When vitamin B12 binds to human intrinsic factor, the spectral maximum for vitamin B12 shifts from 361 nm to 362 nm and the absolute absorbance at 361 nm increases by 32%.
The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer consensus statement on immunotherapy for the treatment of prostate carcinoma (2016)

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States. In recent years, several new agents, including cancer immunotherapies, have been approved or are currently being investigated in late-stage clinical trials for the management of advanced prostate cancer. Therefore, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) convened a multidisciplinary panel, including physicians, nurses, and patient advocates, to develop consensus recommendations for the clinical application of immunotherapy for prostate cancer patients. To do so, a systematic literature search was performed to identify high-impact papers from 2006 until 2014 and was further supplemented with literature provided by the panel. Results from the consensus panel voting and discussion as well as the literature review were used to rate supporting evidence and generate recommendations for the use of immunotherapy in prostate cancer patients. Sipuleucel-T, an autologous dendritic cell vaccine, is the first and currently only immunotherapeutic agent approved for the clinical management of metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The consensus panel utilized this model to discuss immunotherapy in the treatment of prostate cancer, issues related to patient selection, monitoring of patients during and post treatment, and sequence/combination with other anti-cancer treatments. Potential immunotherapies emerging from late-stage clinical trials are also discussed. As immunotherapy evolves as a therapeutic option for the treatment of prostate cancer, these recommendations will be updated accordingly.