gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Foxp3+ Treg Cell Activity increases in Secondary Lymphoid Organs of Aged Mice (88.25) (2007)

Abstract As potent suppressors of immune responses to self and foreign antigens, Foxp3+ Treg cells are suspected to be involved in immunosuppression leading to cancer, neurodegeneration and infection. Since aging is associated with increased incidence of these diseases, we compared Treg activity in blood, lymphoid organs and lungs of young (5–6 months) and old (21–22 months) C57BL/6 mice, using flow cytometric detection and characterization of Foxp3+ cells. Both the proportion and absolute number of Treg cells increased with age in secondary lymphoid organs but not in blood and lungs. Whereas numbers of thymic and peripheral naive Treg cells decreased with age, the number and proportion of Treg cells with CD103+ memory/effector phenotype increased in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Moreover, the increased Treg activity had in vivo influence since CD40 and CD86 co-stimulatory molecule expression by lymph node dendritic cells (DCs) was impaired in old mice, but could be restored to levels of young mice by inactivating Treg cells with anti-CD25 mAb. Our findings suggest that immunosenecence involves a cumulative imbalance of Treg cell activity and have profound implication for the understanding of age-associated immune dysfunction. This work was supported by the American Foundation for Aging Research (AFAR) and the Department of Veterans Affairs.
Transgenic mouse model for human gastric carcinoma. (1989)

To understand the pathogenesis that may be induced by human adenovirus type 12 (Ad12), we have generated transgenic mice carrying the Ad12 early region 1 under control of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat. Eleven of 11 male founder mice, but only 2 of 12 females, died between 3 to 4 mo of age. Death was associated with presence of tumors at or near the squamocolumnar junction of the stomach. Microscopically, these multifocal tumors appeared to arise from hyperplastic epithelium and showed features consistent with adenocarcinoma or adenosquamous carcinoma. High levels of expression of both the Ad12 E1A and E1B genes were seen in the tumor-bearing stomach. Various levels of expression were also detected in other tissues, although the stomach was the only organ with detectable pathology. These observations suggest an organ-specific action of the Ad12 early region 1 gene products. This transgenic mouse model provides an experimental system for studying the development of human carcinomas at sites of transition from squamous to columnar epithelium.
Web metadata: a matter of semantics (1998)

The sheer volume of information can make searching the Web frustrating. The paper considers how the Resource Description Framework, with its focus on machine-understandable semantics, has the potential for saving time and yielding more accurate search results. RDF, a foundation for processing metadata, provides interoperability between applications that exchange machine understandable information on the Web.
Cbl-mediated Ubiquitinylation and Negative Regulation of Vav (2003)

The Cbl ubiquitin ligase has emerged as a negative regulator of receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases. Cbl is known to associate with the proto-oncogene product Vav, a hematopoietic-restricted Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor, but the consequences of this interaction remain to be elucidated. Using immortalized T cell lines from Cbl(+/+) and Cbl(-/-) mice, and transfection analyses in 293T cells, we demonstrate that Vav undergoes Cbl-dependent ubiquitinylation under conditions that promote Cbl and Vav phosphorylation. Interaction with Cbl also induced the loss of phosphorylated Vav. In addition, we show that an activated Vav mutant (Vav-Y174F) is more sensitive to Cbl-dependent ubiquitinylation. We demonstrate that the Cbl-dependent ubiquitinylation of Vav requires Cbl/Vav association through phosphorylated Tyr-700 on Cbl, and also requires an intact Cbl RING finger domain. Finally, using transfection analyses in the Jurkat T cell line, we show that Cbl, but not its ubiquitin ligase mutant, can inhibit Vav-dependent signaling. Thus, our findings strongly support the role of Cbl, via its ubiquitin ligase activity, as a negative regulator of activated Vav.
Adaptive reconstruction of phased array MR imagery (2000)

An adaptive implementation of the spatial matched filter and its application to the reconstruction of phased array MR imagery is described. Locally relevant array correlation statistics for the NMR signal and noise processes are derived directly from the set of complex individual coil images, in the form of sample correlation matrices. Eigen-analysis yields an optimal filter vector for the estimated signal and noise array correlation statistics. The technique enables near-optimal reconstruction of multicoil MR imagery without a-priori knowledge of the individual coil field maps or noise correlation structure. Experimental results indicate SNR performance approaching that of the optimal matched filter. Compared to the sum-of-squares technique, the RMS noise level in dark image regions is reduced by as much as the square root of N, where N is the number of coils in the array. The technique is also effective in suppressing localized motion and flow artifacts.
Targeting Toll-like Receptor 9 with CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Enhances Tumor Response to Fractionated Radiotherapy (2005)

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs detected by Toll-like receptor 9 of dendritic cells and B cells have potent immunomodulatory effects. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induce cytokines, activate natural killer cells, and elicit T-cell responses leading to antitumor effects, including improved efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents and, as we reported recently, synergy between CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 and single-dose radiotherapy of an immunogenic mouse fibrosarcoma. The present study extends this finding to the fractionated radiotherapy of the fibrosarcoma tumor and assesses the ability of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 to increase the radioresponse of a tumor (nonimmunogenic fibrosarcoma). The experiments used a murine immunogenic fibrosarcoma tumor, fibrosarcoma growing in the leg of mice, and response to radiotherapy was assessed by tumor growth delay and tumor cure rate (TCD50, radiation dose yielding 50% tumor cure). Multiple s.c. peritumoral or i.t. administrations of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 at a dose of 100 microg per mouse were given when established tumors were 6 mm in diameter. Local tumor irradiation was initiated when tumors grew to 8 mm in diameter; radiation was delivered in 1 to 9 Gy fractions given twice daily separated by 6 to 7 hours for 5 consecutive days to achieve a total dose of 10 to 90 Gy. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826, given as a single agent, had only a small antitumor effect, but it dramatically enhanced fibrosarcoma response to radiotherapy. Although 83.1 (79.2-90.0) Gy total dose were needed to achieve tumor cures in 50% of mice treated with radiotherapy alone, only 23.0 (11.5-32.7) Gy total dose were needed in mice treated with both CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 and radiotherapy. The magnitude of potentiation of tumor radioresponse at the TCD50 level was by a factor of 3.61, a much higher value than that (a factor of 1.93) that we reported for single-dose radiotherapy. Mice cured of their tumors by combined CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 plus radiotherapy were highly resistant to s.c. tumor take or development of tumor nodules in the lung from i.v. injected tumor cells when rechallenged with fibrosarcoma cells 100 to 120 days after the treatment, suggesting the development of a memory response. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 also increased radioresponse of the nonimmunogenic fibrosarcoma tumor by a factor of 1.41 and 1.73 when CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 was given s.c. and i.t., respectively. These findings show that CpG oligodeoxynucleotides are highly potent enhancers of tumor response to both single-dose and fractionated radiation and as such have potential to improve clinical radiotherapy.
A single-chip graphic display controller (1981)

A single-chip graphic display controller, controlling a 256K word × 16b display memory, affording 800ns/dot address calculation and drawing for sophisticated alphanumerics and graphics display on raster-scan color CRTs, will be discussed.
Switch from monoallelic to biallelic human IGF2 promoter methylation during aging and carcinogenesis. (1996)

We have previously linked aging, carcinogenesis, and de novo methylation within the promoter of the estrogen receptor (ER) gene in human colon. We now examine the dynamics of this process for the imprinted gene for insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2). In young individuals, the P2-4 promoters of IGF2 are methylated exclusively on the silenced maternal allele. During aging, this promoter methylation becomes more extensive and involves the originally unmethylated allele. Most adult human tumors, including colon, breast, lung, and leukemias, exhibit increased methylation at the P2-4 IGF2 promoters, suggesting further spreading during the neoplastic process. In tumors, this methylation is associated with diminished or absent IGF2 expression from the methylated P3 promoter but maintained expression from P1, an upstream promoter that is not contained within the IGF2 CpG island. Our results demonstrate a remarkable evolution of methylation patterns in the imprinted promoter of the IGF2 gene during aging and carcinogenesis, and provide further evidence for a potential link between aberrant methylation and diseases of aging.
Multi‐Loudspeaker Playback of Stereo Signals (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Multi-channel stereo Spatial decomposition of stereo signals Reproduction using different rendering setups Subjective evaluation Conclusions Acknowledgement
Molecular industrial mycology : systems and applications for filamentous fungi (1991)

Ten articles provide an overview of the recently flowering research into the genetics and molecular biology of fungus species that are economically significant in industry. The contributors, from a variety of disciplines, report on work in such areas as industrial enzymes, antibiotics, toxins, heter
Percutaneous transluminal balloon valvuloplasty for pulmonary valve stenosis: report on six cases. (1994)

Percutaneous transluminal baloon valvuloplasty is currently the treatment of choice for most cases of pulmonary valve stenosis. In the first series of cases performed at Kenyatta National Hospital, six patients aged 4 to 24 years with severe pulmonary valve stenosis and no other associated cardiac lesions were selected for the procedure. Immediately following baloon valvuloplasty, the pressure gradients across pulmonary valve measured by both echo-Doppler technique and cardiac catheterisation dropped very significantly (P < 0.001). Catheterisation peak systolic gradients (psg) dropped from 162.5 +/- 23.7 to 56.5 +/- 19.0 while echo-Doppler pressure gradients dropped from 112.0 +/- 11.9 to 42.8 +/- 16.0. No complications occurred during or after the procedure. This initial short-term experience in our set-up confirms the safety and effectiveness of this procedure. Furthermore, this procedure is much cheaper and technically easier to perform than cardiac surgery.
Spoken Language Translator: First-Year Report (1994)

This document is the first-year report for a project whose long-term goal is the construction of a practically useful system capable of translating continuous spoken language within a restricted domain. The main deliverable resulting from the first year is a prototype, the Spoken Language Translator (SLT), which can translate queries from spoken English to spoken Swedish in the domain of air travel planning. The system was developed by SRI International, the Swedish Institute of Computer Science, and Telia Research AB. Most of it is constructed from previously existing pieces of software, which have been adapted for use in the speech translation task with as few changes as possible. The main components are connected together in a pipelined sequence as follows. The input signal is processed by SRI''s DECIPHER(TM), a speaker-independent continuous speech recognition system. It produces a set of speech hypotheses which is passed to the English-language processor, the SRI Core Language Engine (CLE), a general natural- language processing system. The CLE grammar associates each speech hypothesis with a set of possible logical-form-like representations, typically producing 5 to 50 logical forms per hypothesis. A preference component is then used to give each of them a numerical score reflecting its linguistic plausibility. When the preference component has made its choice, the highest-scoring logical form is passed to the transfer component, which uses a set of simple non-deterministic recursive pattern-matching rules to rewrite it into a set of possible corresponding Swedish representations. The preference component is now invoked again, to select the most plausible transferred logical form. The result is fed to a second copy of the CLE, which uses a Swedish- language grammar and lexicon developed at SICS to convert the form into a Swedish string and an associated syntax tree. Finally, the string and tree are passed to the Telia Prophon speech synthesizer, which utilizes polyphone synthesis to produce the spoken Swedish utterance. The system''s current performance figures, measured on previously unseen test data, are as follows. For sentences of length 12 words and under, 65% of all utterances are such that the top-scoring speech hypothesis is an acceptable one. If the speech hypothesis is correct, then a translation is produced in 80% of the cases; and 90% of all translations produced are acceptable. Nearly all incorrect translations are incorrect due to their containing errors in grammar or naturalness of expression, with errors due to divergence in meaning between the source and target sentences accounting for less than 1% of all translations. Making fairly conservative extrapolations from the current SLT prototype, we believe that simply continuing the basic development strategy could within three to five years produce an enhanced version, which recognized about 90% of the short sentences (12 words or less) in a specific domain, and produced accepta
Tailoring the hydraulic impedance of out-of-plane micromachined electrospray sources with integrated electrodes (2009)

Hydraulic impedance is a critical parameter for the operation of electrospray emitters, and for preventing flooding when spraying from arrays of emitters. Controlling flow rate by tuning the flow impedance allows accessing different operating modes, such as droplet, ionic, or pulsating. We report on a method to tailor the hydraulic impedance of micromachined capillary out-of-plane emitters with integrated extractor electrodes by filling them with silica microspheres. Spraying the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMI-BF4), we demonstrate the ability to tune from droplet emission to pure ion emission depending on microbead diameter, obtaining stable emission from single emitters and from arrays of 19 emitters.
Weak opioids - an educational substitute for morphine? (1998)

The World Health Organization guidelines suggest the use of weak opioids on the second step of the analgesic ladder for cancer pain relief. Weak opioids are important substitutes for low doses of morphine, although their analgesic efficacy is lower than that of non-opioid or strong opioid analgesics. The use of weak opioids has great educational impact and has helped spread the use of the guidelines. Furthermore, weak opioids are more freely available and are expected to have a better side-effect profile. Controlled long-term studies are required for confirmation.
The GRASP sound separation system (2005)

Any speech recognition system designed to function in environments with other sounds present must deal with extraneous sounds. A hierarchical separation and recognition system is proposed as a computational model of how the auditory system processes sounds. The GRASP system (for Grouping Research on Auditory Sound Processing) is a part of that overall framework for sound separation. GRASP is a computational model of the data-driven aspects of auditory separation. It uses the physical cues present in the acoustic signal (such as pitch and onsets) to decide how many sounds are present and of what each sound consists. Its initial use is to separate simultaneously spoken digits from different speakers.
Preparation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Proteins and Other Cellular Components (2003)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have provided cell and molecular biologists with a key that has unlocked the door behind which the function of many proteins and other cellular molecules would have lain hidden. Indeed, monoclonal antibodies are essential reagents for the isolation, identification, and cellular localization of specific gene products, and for aiding in the determination of their macromolecular structure. They can also help in identifying the function of the protein. Although the ability to clone and sequence specific genes has revolutionized our understanding of cellular structure and function, the preparation of recombinant proteins and the synthesis of peptides based on protein sequence derived from cDNA clones have provided sufficient material for generating specific antibodies. The proteins may be isolated and purified directly from cells, or recombinant proteins may be derived from prokaryotic systems, such as E. coli, or from eukaryotic expression systems, such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) or insect cells expressing constructs in baculovirus. The eukaryotic system are being used increasingly for expression of glycoproteins because the recombinant material is glycosylated. It should be remembered, however, that glycosylation may be species-specific, and if one of the functions of the protein depends on carbohydrate, then the function of a recombinant glyco-protein may be altered depending on the species used for expression.
Gene Silencing in Skin After Deposition of Self-Delivery siRNA With a Motorized Microneedle Array Device (2013)

Despite the development of potent siRNAs that effectively target genes responsible for skin disorders, translation to the clinic has been hampered by inefficient delivery through the stratum corneum barrier and into the live cells of the epidermis. Although hypodermic needles can be used to transport siRNA through the stratum corneum, this approach is limited by pain caused by the injection and the small volume of tissue that can be accessed by each injection. The use of microneedle arrays is a less painful method for siRNA delivery, but restricted payload capacity limits this approach to highly potent molecules. To address these challenges, a commercially available motorized microneedle array skin delivery device was evaluated. This device combines the positive elements of both hypodermic needles and microneedle array technologies with little or no pain to the patient. Application of fluorescently tagged self-delivery (sd)-siRNA to both human and murine skin resulted in distribution throughout the treated skin. In addition, efficient silencing (78% average reduction) of reporter gene expression was achieved in a transgenic fluorescent reporter mouse skin model. These results indicate that this device effectively delivers functional sd-siRNA with an efficiency that predicts successful clinical translation.Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids (2013) 2, e129; doi:10.1038/mtna.2013.56; published online 22 October 2013.
Early Versus Late Recombinant Factor VIIa in Combat Trauma Patients Requiring Massive Transfusion (2007)

Early administration of rFVIIa decreased red blood cell use by 20% in trauma patients requiring massive transfusion.
p22 Arc Repressor: Folding Kinetics of a Single-Domain, Dimeric Protein (1994)

The rate constants for refolding and unfolding of the P22 Arc repressor dimer have been determined by stop-flow fluorescence experiments. Under most conditions, refolding is described well as a two-state reaction with a bimolecular rate-limiting step (kf approximately 10(7) M-1 s-1). A unimolecular step appears to become co-rate limiting at high protein concentrations. The urea dependence of the refolding reaction suggests that about 75% of the total burial of hydrophobic surface occurs between the unfolded state and the transition state for folding. Hydrophobic interactions are also evidenced by the temperature dependence of the refolding reaction; the rate increases with temperature and Arrhenius plots are curved, as expected for a reaction that proceeds with a significant heat capacity change. The refolding of Arc also proceeds more rapidly as the salt concentration is raised, presumably because repulsive interactions between monomers are screened. At a protein concentration of 10 microM, the apparent rate constant for refolding of the Arc dimer is approximately 100 s-1, as fast as the refolding of many monomeric proteins. The rate constant for unfolding is approximately 0.1 s-1, corresponding to a half-life of less than 10 s for the folded Arc dimer. This rate of unfolding is very fast in comparison to that of other characterized proteins and implies that a free Arc molecule must unfold and refold hundreds of times per generation in the cell.
The Use of Preyer's Reflex in Evaluation of Hearing in Mice (2001)

Preyer's reflex, the elicitation of startle response to auditory stimuli, has been widely used for the evaluation of hearing in rodents and other animals. Surprisingly, however, the sensitivity and specificity of Preyer's reflex in the assessment of hearing has not been adequately studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of Preyer's reflex in the evaluation of auditory function in mice. Forty-six adult albino mice on an FVB background with variable hearing loss were used for this study. Two different methods for eliciting a Preyer's reflex were tested: a handclap and a sharp metallic sound. The reflex was considered positive when a rapid movement of the whole body of the animal was clearly noticed. Thereafter, the mice underwent auditory brain stem response (ABR) testing with broadband clicks. The presence or absence of Preyer's reflex was compared with the corresponding ABR thresholds. Five of the 46 animals studied (11%) showed a negative Preyer's reflex, while the remaining 41 animals demonstrated a positive Preyer's reflex. There was no difference between the abilities of the two different stimuli to elicit a Preyer's reflex. The click-evoked ABR thresholds in the test animals varied between 8 and 136 (mean 50) dB sound pressure level (SPL). Preyer's reflex was positive in all animals with an ABR threshold of < or = 76 dB SPL, but was absent in animals with an ABR threshold of > or = 81 dB SPL. Preyer's reflex is effective for identifying profound sensorineural hearing loss in experimental mice, but is insensitive for detecting less severe auditory dysfunction. For definitive hearing assessment, and for defining the hearing thresholds. objective electroacoustical methods such as ABR should be used.