gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emerging therapeutic options for celiac disease: potential alternatives to a gluten-free diet. (2012)

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine that is more common than was previously thought. This disease is caused by an inappropriate immune response to wheat gluten, barley, and rye. Three main pathways cause celiac disease: the environmental trigger (gluten), genetic susceptibility, and unusual gut permeability. The only treatment currently available is a strict gluten-free diet. Unfortunately, a majority of patients have difficulty complying with this diet, and the response to therapy is poor. Therefore, alternative treatments are being developed, and new insights into the pathophysiology of celiac disease have led to research into novel therapies. New treatments include engineering gluten-free grains, decreasing intestinal permeability by blockage of the epithelial zonulin receptor, inducing oral tolerance to gluten with a therapeutic vaccine, and degrading immunodominant gliadin peptides using probiotics with endopeptidases or transglutaminase inhibitors. These nondiet-based therapies provide hope for enhanced, lifelong celiac disease management with improved patient compliance and better quality of life.
A new wavelength-routed photonic packet buffer combining traveling delay lines with delay-line loops (2001)

We present a new wavelength-routed photonic packet buffer that combines traveling delay lines with delay-line loops. The new packet buffer can effectively capitalize on the simplicity of traveling delay lines and the flexibility of delay-line loops. Three different packet buffering and scheduling techniques are investigated. The effectiveness of the new packet buffer is evaluated by computer simulation using a random traffic model. The simulation results show that the new packet buffer, in conjunction with the buffering and scheduling techniques, can efficiently make use of buffering spaces and, hence, substantially reduce the packet-loss probability by several orders of magnitude.
Relationship between Genetic Distance among Parents and Genetic Variance in Populations of Soybean (1997)

A major goal of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeding is the development and identification of high yielding transgressive segregants. Populations that have greater genetic variations should, on average, have more transgressive segregants than populations with lesser variance. The goal of this research was to study whether the genetic distances between parents of crosses were predictive of which crosses have the greatest genetic variance for yield and other agronomic traits. Genetic variance for seed yield, plant height and maturity date was estimated for three sets of populations in field tests. The first set included eight populations evaluated in 1989 and 1990, the second set included 21 populations evaluated in 1993 and a subset of 13 populations evaluated in 1994, and the third set included 24 populations evaluated in 1994 and a subset of 10 populations evaluated in 1995. The parents of the crosses were evaluated with RFLP markers to estimate RFLP distances (RFD) and for coefficient of parentage (CP) which was subtracted from one to measure genealogical distances (GD). Both GD and RFD were significantly ( P &lt; 0.05) correlated with genetic variance for plant height for the first set. There were no significant correlations between either genetic distance estimator and genetic variance for any trait in the second set. In the third set, GD was significantly correlated with maturity and plant height and RFD was significantly correlated with maturity. Genetic variance for yield was adjusted for maturity with covariance analysis. These adjustments reduced the estimates of yield variance and mostly reduced the correlations between yield variance and genetic distance estimates. To further evaluate the predictive ability of GD and RFD, the populations in each set were subdivided in to two groups, one with parents that had the greatest genetic distance and the other with the least distance based on GD or RFD. The average genetic variance for yield of populations in the more distant group was greater than for the less distant group for the first and third set. These differences were significant for the third set in both years for RFD. These results indicate that although genetic distance can not accurately predict genetic variance of individual crosses, it can on average be useful to identify groups of crosses that will produce populations with greater genetic variance
The first design and synthesis of a steroidal peptidomimetic. The potential value of peptidomimetics in elucidating the bioactive conformation of peptide ligands (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe first design and synthesis of a steroidal peptidomimetic. The potential value of peptidomimetics in elucidating the bioactive conformation of peptide ligandsRalph Hirschmann, Paul A. Sprengeler, Tomomi Kawasaki, James W. Leahy, William C. Shakespeare, and Amos B. Smith IIICite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 24, 9699–9701Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00050a082https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00050a082research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views380Altmetric-Citations89LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Audio-visual speaker identification using coupled hidden Markov models (2004)

In this paper, we investigate the use of the coupled hidden Markov models (CHMM) for the task of audio-visual text dependent speaker identification. Our system determines the identity of the user from a temporal sequence of audio and visual observations obtained from the acoustic speech and the shape of the mouth, respectively. The multi modal observation sequences are then modeled using a set of CHMMs, one for each phoneme-viseme pair and for each person in the database. The use of CHMMs in our system is justified by the capacity of this model to describe the natural audio and visual state asynchrony as well as their conditional dependency over time. To train a CHMM we first train a speaker independent model using expectation-maximization (EM), and then we build a speaker dependent model using maximum a posteriori (MAP) training. Experimental results on XM2VTS database show that our system improves the accuracy of audio-only or video-only speaker identification at all levels of acoustic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) from 0 to 30 dB.
The Disease Burden Associated With Overweight and Obesity (1999)

Based on these results, more than half of all US adults are considered overweight or obese. The prevalence of obesity-related comorbidities emphasizes the need for concerted efforts to prevent and treat obesity rather than just its associated comorbidities.
ApcMin, a mutation in the murine Apc gene, predisposes to mammary carcinomas and focal alveolar hyperplasias. (1993)

ApcMin (Min, multiple intestinal neoplasia) is a point mutation in the murine homolog of the APC gene. Min/+ mice develop multiple intestinal adenomas, as do humans carrying germ-line mutations in APC. Female mice carrying Min are also prone to develop mammary tumors. Min/+ mammary glands are more sensitive to chemical carcinogenesis than are +/+ mammary glands. Transplantation of mammary cells from Min/+ or +/+ donors into +/+ hosts demonstrates that the propensity to develop mammary tumors is intrinsic to the Min/+ mammary cells. Long-term grafts of Min/+ mammary glands also gave rise to focal alveolar hyperplasias, indicating that the presence of the Min mutation also has a role in the development of these lesions.
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptor 1 Signaling Downstream of TNF Receptor-associated Factor 2 (1997)

Like other members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, p55 TNF receptor 1 (TNF-R1) lacks intrinsic signaling capacity and transduces signals by recruiting associating molecules. The TNF-R1 associated death domain protein interacts with the p55 TNF-R1 cytoplasmic domain and recruits the Fas-associated death domain protein (which directly activates the apoptotic proteases), the protein kinase receptor interacting protein, and TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2). TRAF2 has previously been demonstrated to activate both transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) pathway, which in turn stimulates transcription factor activating protein 1 (AP1) mainly via phosphorylation of the c-Jun component. We have investigated the signaling properties of NFkappaB-inducing kinase (NIK), a TRAF2-associated protein kinase that mediates NFkappaB induction. NIK was found to be unable to activate JNK/SAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase, or p38 kinase. Moreover, NIK was not required for JNK/SAPK activation by TNF-R1, thus representing the first TNF-R1 complex component to dissect the NFkappaB and the JNK/SAPK pathways. Despite being unable to activate JNK/SAPK and mitogen-activated protein kinase, NIK strongly activated AP1 and was required for TNF-R1-induced AP1 activation. Therefore, NIK links TNF-R1 to a novel, JNK/SAPK-independent, AP1 activation pathway.
Microwave transmission-line impedance data (1972)

A compendium of data for computing the characteristic impedance of transmission lines based on physical dimensions. Covers both conventional structures and unusual geometries, including coaxial, eccentric and elliptic coaxial, twin-wire, wire-above-ground, microstrip and derivatives, stripline, slabline and trough line. Also details numerous configurations of coupled lines.
Controlling Ion-Transport Selectivity in Gold Nanotubule Membranes (2001)

We have developed a new class of synthetic membranes that consist of a porous polymeric support. This support contains an ensemble of gold nanotubules that span the complete thickness of the support membrane. The support is a commercially available microporous polycarbonate filter with cylindrical nanoscopic pores. The gold nanotubules are prepared via electroless deposition of Au onto the pore walls, and tubules that have inside diameters of molecular dimensions (<1 nm) can be prepared. Hence, these membranes are a new class of molecular sieves. We review in this paper the ion-transport properties of these Au nanotubule membranes. We will show that these membranes can be cation-permselective or anion-permselective, and that the permselectivity can be reversibly switched between these two states. Ion permselectivity can be introduced by two different routes. The first entails chemisorption of an ionizable thiol, e.g., a carboxylated or ammonium-containing thiol to the Au tubule walls. If the thiol contains both of these functionalities (e.g., the amino acid cysteine), the permselectivity can be reversibly switched by varying the pH of the contacting solution phase. Ion permselectivity can also be introduced by potentiostatically charging the membrane in an electrolyte solution. By applying excess negative charge, cation permselective membranes are obtained, and excess positive charge yields anion permselective membranes. In this case the permselectivity can be reversibly switched by changing the potential applied to the membrane.
Novel Application of Human Neurons Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Highly Sensitive Botulinum Neurotoxin Detection (2012)

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) hold great promise for providing various differentiated cell models for in vitro toxigenicity testing. For Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) detection and mechanistic studies, several cell models currently exist, but none examine toxin function with species-specific relevance while exhibiting high sensitivity. The most sensitive cell models to date are mouse or rat primary cells and neurons derived from mouse embryonic stem cells, both of which require significant technical expertise for culture preparation. This study describes for the first time the use of hiPSC-derived neurons for BoNT detection. The neurons used in this study were differentiated and cryopreserved by Cellular Dynamics International (Madison, WI) and consist of an almost pure pan-neuronal population of predominantly gamma aminoisobutyric acidergic and glutamatergic neurons. Western blot and quantitative PCR data show that these neurons express all the necessary receptors and substrates for BoNT intoxication. BoNT/A intoxication studies demonstrate that the hiPSC-derived neurons reproducibly and quantitatively detect biologically active BoNT/A with high sensitivity (EC(50) ∼0.3 U). Additionally, the quantitative detection of BoNT serotypes B, C, E, and BoNT/A complex was demonstrated, and BoNT/A specificity was confirmed through antibody protection studies. A direct comparison of BoNT detection using primary rat spinal cord cells and hiPSC-derived neurons showed equal or increased sensitivity, a steeper dose-response curve and a more complete SNARE protein target cleavage for hiPSC-derived neurons. In summary, these data suggest that neurons derived from hiPSCs provide an ideal and highly sensitive platform for BoNT potency determination, neutralizing antibody detection and for mechanistic studies.
Long-term engagement of CD6 and ALCAM is essential for T-cell proliferation induced by dendritic cells (2005)

Interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are the first step in the induction of an adaptive immune response. Here, we show that CD6 and its ligand activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) are actively recruited to the antigen-induced dendritic cell (DC)-T-cell contact zone. Moreover, ALCAM-blocking antibodies interfere with DC-T-cell conjugate formation, demonstrating that CD6-ALCAM binding is essential for stable T-cell-APC contact. We now demonstrate that besides their role in establishing initial contacts, CD6-ALCAM interactions are also required during the proliferative phase of the T-cell response; the presence of CD6-blocking antibodies or recombinant ALCAM-Fc proteins results in a strong and sustained inhibition of T-cell proliferation. Furthermore, simultaneous crosslinking of CD6 and CD3 induces enhanced proliferation and transcriptional activity to a similar level as observed after CD3 and CD28 co-crosslinking, demonstrating that CD6 is an important costimulatory molecule. The stability of ALCAM-CD6 binding, which contrasts with transient homotypic ALCAM-ALCAM interactions, further supports the long-lasting effects observed on T-cell proliferation. Taken together, we demonstrate that CD6 and ALCAM form a key adhesive receptor-ligand pair that is not only involved in early DC-T-cell binding but also in sustaining DC-induced T-cell proliferation long after the initial contact has been established.
Analysis of p53 antibody response in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. (1996)

p53 alterations are the most common alteration found in human cancer. Protein p53 was studied in 102 patients with early lesions or advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Biopsies and sera samples were collected before the initiation of treatment. Protein p53 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using Pab 1801, Pab 240, DO7 and CM1 antibodies on paraffin-embedded sections. Antibodies specific for p53 protein were analysed in the sera of these patients by an ELISA procedure. We demonstrated that p53 protein overexpression (> or = 20% positive cells) was an early event in the carcinogenesis of SSCHN and correlated to the progression of carcinogenesis. Overexpression of protein p53 was frequent (56.5%) in advanced tumors. No correlation was found with clinical stage or the differentiation status of the tumor, but we demonstrated differences in protein p53 expression according to the initial localisation of the tumor, with high expression in hypopharynx (67%) and oropharynx (65%) versus larynx (12%). The prevalence of p53 antibodies was high (44%) and was correlated with the rate of p53 overexpression (> or = 30% positive cells) in tumors (p < 0.0001 chi square test). These results suggest that the humoral response is an indicator of the presence of squamous cell carcinoma with immunogenic mutant p53 protein. Therefore the detection of anti-p53 antibodies could be used as a precocuous marker of p53 alteration and a prognostic marker, in order to screen for patients with a better prognosis.
A Modular Approach toward Functionalized Three-Dimensional Macromolecules:  From Synthetic Concepts to Practical Applications (2002)

A new strategy for the preparation of functional, multiarm star polymers via nitroxide-mediated "living" radical polymerization has been explored. The generality of this approach to the synthesis of three-dimensional macromolecular architectures allows for the construction of nanoscopically defined materials from a wide range of different homo, block, and random copolymers combining both apolar and polar vinylic repeat units. Functional groups can also be included along the backbone or as peripheral/chain end groups, thereby modulating the reactivity and polarity of defined portions of the stars. This modular approach to the synthesis of three-dimensional macromolecules permits the application of these tailored materials as multifunctional hosts for hydrogen bonding, nanoparticle formation, and as scaffolds for catalytic groups. Examples of applications of the functional stars in catalysis include their use in a Heck-type coupling as well as an enantioselective addition reaction.
Brain function in epilepsy: midbrain, medullary, and cerebellar interaction with the rostral forebrain. (1976)

Against the background previous findings in epileptic patients, in whom electroencephalographic recordings were obtained from numerous deep and surface brain sites during seizures, rhesus monkeys with electrodes implanted into specific brain sites were used to demonstrate anatomical connections by evoked potential techniques and to serve as models of experimental epilepsy. In the animals, many monosynaptic connections were revealed between forebrain sites consistently involved in seizures in patients and more caudal brain sites subserving functions of sensory perception, eye movement, synaptic chemical transmission, and motor coordination. Further, the participation of these interrelated sites during seizures was demonstrated. The findings provide an anatomical-physiological explanation for many of the clinical phenomena observed in epileptic patients and a rationale for the use of cerebellar stimulation as a treatment.
Health Care–AssociatedClostridium difficileInfection in Canada: Patient Age and Infecting Strain Type Are Highly Predictive of Severe Outcome and Mortality (2009)

Our study confirms the strong age association with infection due to the NAP1 strain and severe CDI. In addition, patients 60-90 years of age infected with NAP1 are approximately twice as likely to die or to experience a severe CDI-related outcome, compared with those with non-NAP1 infections. Patients >90 years of age experience high rates of severe CDI, regardless of strain type.
Water-in-Carbon Dioxide Microemulsions with Methylated Branched Hydrocarbon Surfactants (2003)

Nonionic methylated branched hydrocarbon surfactants, poly(ethylene glycol) 2,6,8-trimethyl-4-nonyl ethers, form water-in-carbon dioxide (W/C) microemulsions. A concentration of 1.0 wt % of the octa(ethylene glycol) 2,6,8-trimethyl-4-nonyl ether (5b-C12E8) stabilized up to 1.1 wt % of water (corrected molar water/surfactant ratio, ≈ 28) from 35 to 65 °C and above 240 bar. Methylation and branching of surfactant tails enhance the formation of stable W/C microemulsions as they (1) raise surfactant solubility in CO2 by weakening interactions between tails and lower surfactant solubility in water by inhibiting micellization, (2) shift the curvature toward bending about water, and (3) reduce overlap between surfactant tails and weaken interdroplet interactions. The hydrodynamic radii of microemulsion droplets measured by dynamic light scattering (1.6−3.0 nm) increases with a decrease in temperature, at constant CO2 density, due to stronger interactions between the headgroups and water. The W/C microemulsions solubilize lysozyme in CO2 at a level of 0.28 mg/mL in CO2 and 36 mg/mL in the water droplet.
Galanin: A Biologically Active Peptide (2002)

Galanin is a biologically active neuropeptide, widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and the endocrine system. The amino acid sequence of galanin is very conserved (almost 90% among species), indicating the importance of the molecule. Galanin has multiple biological effects. In the central nervous system, galanin alters the release of several neurotransmitters. In particular the ability of galanin to inhibit acetylcholine release, along with the observation of hyperinervation of galanin fibres in the human basal forebrain of Alzheimer's disease patients, suggest a possible role for galanin in the cholinergic dysfunction, characteristic of the disease. Moreover, galanin has been suggested to be involved in other neuronal functions, such as learning and memory, epileptic activity, nociception, spinal reflexes and feeding. Galanin has also been shown to increase the levels of growth hormone, prolactin and luteinizing hormone, to inhibit glucose induced insulin release and to affect gastrointestinal motility. The expression of galanin (mRNA and peptide levels) is elevated following estrogen administration, neuronal activation, denervation and/or nerve injury, as well as during development. The spectrum of galanin's activities indicates that galanin is an important messenger for intercellular communication within the nervous system and the neuroendocrine axis. Galanin acts at specific membrane receptors to exert its effects; so far three human and rodent galanin receptor subtypes have been cloned. Galanin agonists have been shown to have therapeutic application in treatment of chronic pain; galanin antagonists have therapeutic potential in treatment of Alzheimer's disease, depression, and feeding disorders.
The effect of cochlear implantation on tinnitus in patients with bilateral hearing loss: A systematic review (2015)

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