gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rapid and sensitive method for detection of hepatitis C virus RNA by using silica particles (1994)

We describe a rapid, sensitive, and economic method for detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA. This method uses silica particles for purification of nucleic acid and then a modified reverse transcription-PCR that minimizes the risk of contamination and reduces the amount of reagents used. We found purification by silica particles to be at least as sensitive and in certain circumstances more sensitive than that by traditional phenol-chloroform extraction. This improved sensitivity may be due to more efficient recovery of HCV RNA by silica particles. HCV RNA appears to bind to silica particles in a saturable fashion, and the addition of extraneous nucleic acids (salmon sperm DNA or tRNA) decreases the binding in a dose-related fashion. The reverse transcription-PCR is performed by using a modified single tube method which further simplifies and reduces the cost of this assay. Finally, this method may be applied to clinical specimens such as liver tissue.
The Clinical Spectrum of PTEN Mutations (2019)

<i>PTEN</i> is a tumor suppressor gene that classically dampens the PI3K/AKT/mTOR growth-promoting signaling cascade. <i>PTEN</i> dysfunction causes dysregulation of this and other pathways, resulting in overgrowth. Cowden syndrome, a hereditary cancer predisposition and overgrowth disorder, was the first Mendelian condition associated with germline <i>PTEN</i> mutations. Since then, significant advances by the research and medical communities have elucidated how clinical phenotypic manifestations result from the underlying germline <i>PTEN</i> mutations. With time, it became evident that <i>PTEN</i> mutations can result in a broad phenotypic spectrum, causing seemingly disparate disorders from cancer to autism. Hence, the umbrella term of <i>PTEN</i> hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) was coined. Timely diagnosis and understanding the natural history of PHTS are vital because early recognition enables gene-informed management, particularly as related to high-risk cancer surveillance and addressing the neurodevelopmental symptoms.
Robust Photogeneration of H 2 in Water Using Semiconductor Nanocrystals and a Nickel Catalyst (2012)

Homogeneous systems for light-driven reduction of protons to H(2) typically suffer from short lifetimes because of decomposition of the light-absorbing molecule. We report a robust and highly active system for solar hydrogen generation in water that uses CdSe nanocrystals capped with dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) as the light absorber and a soluble Ni(2+)-DHLA catalyst for proton reduction with ascorbic acid as an electron donor at pH = 4.5, which gives >600,000 turnovers. Under appropriate conditions, the precious-metal-free system has undiminished activity for at least 360 hours under illumination at 520 nanometers and achieves quantum yields in water of over 36%.
Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes based on Charge‐Neutral RuII Phosphorescent Emitters (2005)

The synthesis and characterization of a new series of charge-neutral RuII metal complexes are reported. The compound [Ru(ifpz)2(PPh2Me)2] is a very attractive candidate for the fabrication of saturated red phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode devices (see Figure) with high brightness and very low turn-on voltage.
Infrared transmission properties of sapphire, spinel, yttria, and ALON as a function of temperature and frequency (1988)

Experimental characterization of the bulk absorption properties of sapphire, spinel, yttria, and ALON as a function of temperature is accomplished using a Bomem DA3.02 vacuum Fourier transform spectrometer and a heated cell. The measurements are performed between 2 and 20 microm from room temperatures to 775 K. Spectra of two samples of different thicknesses are ratioed to reduce surface effects and to provide a direct measure of the bulk extinction coefficient. Absorption coefficient and reflectivity data are used to determine parameters in a multiphoton absorption model. The model has proved valid up to the melting temperature of the material. This model provides an accurate means of interpolating and extrapolating the measurements to give a comprehensive characterization of intrinsic absorption properties with frequency and temperature (in the multiphonon region).
Transfer of the human glucocerebrosidase gene into hematopoietic stem cells of nonablated recipients: successful engraftment and long-term expression of the transgene (1995)

In trying to develop methods of gene therapy for Gaucher disease that will avoid the morbidity and mortality associated with bone marrow (BM) ablation, we transplanted BM stem cells transduced with a retroviral vector containing the human glucocerebrosidase cDNA into normal, nonablated, syngeneic mice. Donor BM from untreated male mice or treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was transduced ex vivo using a standard 4-day transduction protocol. Recipient female mice were injected one time only or once daily for 5 consecutive days or once a week for 5 consecutive weeks using 2 x 10(7) (untreated BM) or 2 x 10(6) (5-FU-treated BM) cells per injection. Initial transduction efficiency into colony-forming unit-spleen (CFU-S) was 80% to 100%. Recipient analysis was performed at least 6 months after the last transplantation. The best engraftment of donor stem cells, up to 5% by secondary CFU-S analysis, was obtained with multiple injections of transduced BM not previously treated with 5-FU. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for both the transgene and the Y chromosome identified the progeny of transduced stem cells in various hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic organs. The copy number of the transgene in stem cells was 0.13 to 2.8. Transgene expression was shown by reverse transcriptase-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. No serious side effects of the procedure were noted. We conclude that multiple transplants of retrovirally transduced BM cells into nonablated recipients may be a safe and effective therapeutic modality for a number of genetic hematopoietic disorders.
From Production of Peptides in Milligram Amounts for Research to Multi-Tons Quantities for Drugs of the Future (2004)

Peptides are key to modern drug discovery. This article reviews the requirements for bulk production of peptides and how it affects research and production of smaller scales. Peptides, as modern drugs, are currently produced in millions in mg-scale for research purpose, in order to better understand the function of biological systems. Some newly discovered sequences form the basis of modern drugs and are now produced in multi-tons. The most popular example is the T-20 peptide (Fuzeon), which is the first peptide produced at such scale by a combination of solid phase and solution phase methodologies. This particular peptide sequence has the ability to dock on the surface of the HIV virus and block the virus from entering into a human blood cell, helping patient life conditions. A multi-ton scale production was made necessary based on the high number of patients, the socio-economical importance of the disease and the strong support by governmental institutions such as the FDA. Fuzeon is the first peptide-based drug that is produced in multi-tons on solid support. This had revolutionary effects on the whole peptide synthesis techniques in general including the production of the starting materials. It also had a positive impact on the cost-effectiveness of peptides for research, as the standard technique for producing peptides in research quantities is solid phase chemistry. The decrease of the cost of all starting materials will lead to an increase of the number of produced peptides, which will certainly bring new interesting and effective sequences to be used as novel drugs.
Type XII collagen contributes to diversities in human corneal and limbal extracellular matrices. (1997)

The long variant form of human type XII collagen, a member of the fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices, referred to as FACITs, contributes to the differences in the BM zones of the cornea and limbus. Although many of the dense connective tissues in adult animals contain the short variant form of type XII collagen, human corneal stroma, the BM zone, and the sclera contain the long variant form as the predominant form of type XII collagen. In the corneal stroma, type XII collagen may be organized along the collagen fibrils in a uniform head-to-tail pattern.
Simultaneous Generation of CD8+ and CD4+ Melanoma-Reactive T Cells by Retroviral-Mediated Transfer of a Single T-Cell Receptor (2005)

Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer requires the generation of large numbers of tumor antigen-reactive T cells for transfer into cancer patients. Genes encoding tumor antigen-specific T-cell receptors can be introduced into primary human T cells by retroviral mediated gene transfer as a potential method of providing any patient with a source of autologous tumor-reactive T cells. A T-cell receptor-specific for a class I MHC (HLA-A2)-restricted epitope of the melanoma antigen tyrosinase was isolated from a CD4(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL 1383I) and introduced into normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes by retroviral transduction. T-cell receptor-transduced T cells secreted various cytokines when cocultured with tyrosinase peptide-loaded antigen-presenting cells as well as melanoma cells in an HLA-A2-restricted manner, and could also lyse target cells. Furthermore, T-cell clones isolated from these cultures showed both CD8(+) and CD4(+) transduced T cells could recognize HLA-A2(+) melanoma cells, giving us the possibility of engineering class I MHC-restricted effector and T helper cells against melanoma. The ability to confer class I MHC-restricted tumor cell recognition to CD4(+) T cells makes the TIL 1383I TCR an attractive candidate for T-cell receptor gene transfer-based immunotherapy.
Anonymous Web transactions with Crowds (1999)

article Free Access Share on Anonymous Web transactions with Crowds Authors: Michael K. Reiter Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJView Profile , Aviel D. Rubin AT&T Labs—Research, Florham Park, NJ AT&T Labs—Research, Florham Park, NJView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 42Issue 2Feb. 1999 pp 32–48https://doi.org/10.1145/293411.293778Published:01 February 1999Publication History 226citation2,418DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations226Total Downloads2,418Last 12 Months184Last 6 weeks75 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteView all FormatsPDF
Expression of transforming growth factor α antisense mRNA inhibits the estrogen‐induced production of TGFα and estrogen‐induced proliferation of estrogen‐responsive human breast cancer cells (1993)

To ascertain if 17 beta-estradiol (E2)-induced proliferation could be attenuated by blocking the expression of endogenous transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, estrogen-responsive MCF-7 or ZR-75-1 cells and ER-negative, estrogen-nonresponsive MDA-MB-468 or HS-578T cells were infected with a recombinant amphotropic, replication-defective retroviral expression vector containing a 435 base pair (bp) Apa1-Eco R1 coding fragment of the human TGF alpha cDNA oriented in the 3' to 5' direction and under the transcriptional control of an internal heavy metal-inducible mouse metallothionein (MT-1) promoter and containing the neomycin (neo) resistance gene. E2-stimulated expression of endogenous TGF alpha mRNA was inhibited by 4-5-fold, and the production of TGF alpha protein was inhibited by 50-80% when M-1 mass-infected MCF-7 or MZ-1 mass-infected ZR-75-1 cells were treated with 0.75-1 microM CdCl2, whereas in comparably treated parental MCF-7 or ZR-75-1 cells there was no significant effect upon these parameters. E2-stimulated anchorage-dependent growth (ADG) and anchorage-independent growth (AIG) of the M-1 or MZ-1 cells was inhibited by 60-90% following CdCl2 treatment. In contrast, neither the ADG nor AIG of the parental noninfected MCF-7 or ZR-75-1 cells that were maintained in the absence or presence of E2 was affected by comparable concentrations of CdCl2. The ADG and AIG of TGF alpha antisense MD-1 mass-infected MDA-MB-468 cells that express high levels of endogenous TGF alpha mRNA were also inhibited by 1 microM CdCl2, whereas the ADG and AIG of MH-1 mass-infected HS-578T cells, a TGF alpha-negative cell line, were unaffected by CdCl2 treatment. These results suggest that TGF alpha may be one important autocrine intermediary in regulating estrogen-induced cell proliferation.
Inhaled micronised gentamicin powder: a new delivery system. (1990)

Forty patients undergoing routine bronchoscopy were randomised to receive inhaled micronised gentamicin powder (180 mg) or nebulised gentamicin solution (160 mg) one hour before the procedure. Similar levels of gentamicin were detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the two groups (micronised powder (n = 20) 9.3 (SD 9.3) mg/l, nebulised solution (n = 20) 8.0 (7.8) mg/l). The micronised gentamicin powder preparation caused cough in half the patients but this did not stop their receiving a full dose. Dry powder gentamicin may be a convenient formulation for long term inhaled treatment if the problem of cough can be overcome.
Design and fabrication of a single membrane push-pull SPDT RF MEMS switch operated by electromagnetic actuation and electrostatic hold (2010)

In this paper, we report a new push-pull-type SPDT (single pole double throw) switch actuated by the combination of electromagnetic and electrostatic forces for low power and low voltage operation. The switch is initially actuated by large electromagnetic force to change its state and is held to maintain its state by applying electrostatic force to reduce static power consumption. The electromagnetic force can be easily generated at low voltage. The maximum actuation voltage is below 4.3 V and the required energy is 15.4 J per switching. It achieves signal isolation of -54 dB and insertion loss of -0.16 dB at 2 GHz, respectively. For 20 GHz operation, isolation and insertion loss were measured as -36 dB and -0.52 dB, respectively. The proposed SPDT switch combines two switching elements in a single structure, simplifying the overall structure and control signals and eliminating mismatches between the two switching elements. The dimension of the switch has been optimized using FEM simulation and analytical calculations. We have successfully carried out a lifetime test over more than 166 million cycles with the maximum actuation voltage below 4.3 V.
Use and Abuse of the Benzodiazepines (1998)

Benzodiazepines are widely used for the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and certain neuromuscular and convulsive disorders. However, their widespread availability has given rise to fears that they are over-prescribed. The problem is compounded by the fact that there is no universal agreement among medical practitioners as to the clinical indications warranting the use of these drugs. Although most industrialized countries exercise control over the sale and manufacture of benzodiazepines, many developing countries do not have sufficient control of these drugs. As a result, information on drug utilization and associated problems is difficult to obtain and there is a lack of comparative data on drug consumption in different countries.The present article describes the current knowledge on the pharmacological, clinical, and epidemiological characteristics of benzodiazepines, and the problems associated with their use, and indicates areas where more research is needed. Recommendations are made for future work.
Human in vivo evidence for trigeminovascular activation in cluster headache Neuropeptide changes and effects of acute attacks therapies (1994)

Cluster headache is a rare very severe disorder that is clinically well characterized with a relatively poorly understood pathophysiology. In this study patients with episodic cluster headache fulfilling the criteria of the International Headache Society were examined during an acute spontaneous attack of headache to determine the local cranial release of neuropeptides. Blood was sampled from the external jugular vein ipsilateral to the pain before and after treatment of the attack. Samples were assayed for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P and neuropeptide Y. Attacks were treated with either oxygen inhalation, sumatriptan or an opiate. Thirteen patients were studied of whom 10 were male and three female. All had well-established typical attacks of cluster headache when blood was sampled. During the attacks external jugular vein blood levels of CGRP and VIP were raised while there was no change in neuropeptide Y or substance P. Calcitonin gene-related peptide levels rose to 110 +/- 7 pmol/l (normal: < 40) while VIP levels rose to 20 +/- 3 pmol/l (normal: < 7). Treatment with both oxygen and subcutaneous sumatriptan reduced the CGRP level to normal, while opiate administration did not alter the peptide levels. These data demonstrate for the first time in vivo human evidence for activation of the trigeminovascular system and the cranial parasympathetic nervous system in an acute attack of cluster headache. Furthermore, it is shown that both oxygen and sumatriptan abort the attacks and terminate activity in the trigeminovascular system.
Inhibition of Atherosclerosis Development in Cholesterol-Fed Human Apolipoprotein A-I–Transgenic Rabbits (1996)

Overexpression of human apo A-I in rabbits inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in this animal model that resembles, in many respects, human atherosclerosis.
A new approach to the production of custom-made synthesis gas using Texaco's partial oxidation technology (1988)

The Texaco Synthesis Gas Generation Process (TSGGP) has been used commercially since 1950 to produce a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide - synthesis gas - by partial oxidation of hydrocarbons. Recent process developments and favorable economics have resulted in renewed interest in the partial oxidation of natural gas. This paper describes the main features of Texaco's partial oxidation technology and its ability to produce a wide range of pre-determined gas compositions to suit downstream requirements. The addition of controlled amounts of carbon dioxide or steam into the reaction system offers a simple method of adjusting the hydrogen-to-carbon oxide ratio of the product gas. The use of advanced computer control makes it possible to design the plant for on-line control and optimization, with flexibility for future operation at other regimes, depending on revised economic conditions. The paper describes some commercial applications to illustrate the process design flexibility.
Stabilization of Bacillus stearothermophilus neutral protease by introduction of prolines (1993)

The thermostability of neutral proteases has been shown to depend on autolysis which presumably occurs in flexible regions of the protein. In an attempt to rigidify such a region in the neutral protease of Bacillus stearothermophilus, residues in the solvent-exposed 63-69 loop were replaced by proline. The mutations caused large positive (Ser-65-->Pro, Ala-69-->Pro) or negative (Thr-63-->Pro, Tyr-66-->Pro) changes in thermostability, which were explained on the basis of molecular modelling of the mutant proteins. The data show that the introduction of prolines at carefully selected positions in the protein can be a powerful method for stabilization.
Concurrent Flooding - a Review of Current Methodologies (1996)

The methodologies most commonly adopted in the estimation of the flooding which occurs concurrently with extreme floods such as the Probable Maximum Flood are described. These include historic floods, both recorded and maximized; design floods of Annual Exceedance Probabilities greater than the Probable Maximum Flood; and floods resulting from estimates of the Probable Maximum Precipitation. Each of the methodologies are trialed on a test catchment and the differences in the peak discharges produced by each method are examined. The effect of these differences on the estimation of the depth of inundation attributable to failure of the dam and subsequently on the determination of the Incremental Flood Hazard is discussed.
Chlorination of Tyrosyl Residues in Peptides by Myeloperoxidase and Human Neutrophils (1995)

Hypochlorous acid is the major strong oxidant generated by human neutrophils, and it has the potential to cause much of the tissue damage that these inflammatory cells promote. It is produced from hydrogen peroxide and chloride by the heme enzyme myeloperoxidase. To unequivocally establish that hypochlorous acid contributes to inflammation, a stable and unique marker for its reaction with biomolecules needs to be identified. In this investigation we have found that reagent hypochlorous acid reacts with tyrosyl residues in small peptides and converts them to chlorotyrosine. Purified myeloperoxidase in combination with hydrogen peroxide and chloride, as well as stimulated human neutrophils, chlorinated tyrosine in the peptide Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg. Rather than reacting directly with the aromatic ring of tyrosine, hypochlorous acid initially reacted with an amine group of the peptide to form a chloramine. The chloramine then underwent an intramolecular reaction with the tyrosyl residue to convert it to chlorotyrosine. This indicates that tyrosyl residues in proteins that are close to amine groups will be susceptible to chlorination. Peroxidases are the only enzymes capable of chlorinating an aromatic ring. Furthermore, myeloperoxidase is the only human enzyme that produces hypochlorous acid under physiological conditions. Therefore, chlorotyrosine will be a specific marker for the production of hypochlorous acid in vivo and for the involvement of myeloperoxidase in inflammatory tissue damage.
[Synthesis and antibacterial activity of imidazothiadiazoles and heterocyclic-amine Mannich-base hydrochloride]. (2008)

To optimize the synthetic method and antibacterial activity of fused heterocyclic thiadiazole compounds, cyclocondensation of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole (2) with alpha-chloro-4-chloro acetophenone (3) resulted in a key intermediate (4), 6 -(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-imidazo-[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole, which was carried out an nucleophilic substitution with substituted piperazine to give the corresponding free bases of piperazine (5a-5c), then followed by Mannich reaction with heterocyclicamines and formaldehyde to yield the corresponding Mannich bases, (1a-11) as respective hydrochloride salts. The structures were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, MS and elemental analysis and the antibacterial activities in vitro of fifteen newly synthesized compounds were also tested against Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria with the standard 2-fold agar dilution method. The antibacterial results showed that the introduction of a polar group resulted in the enhancement of antibacterial activity in vitro. Thus, the structures of these fused compounds could further be investigated.