gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3D Printed Photoresponsive Devices Based on Shape Memory Composites (2017)

Compared with traditional stimuli-responsive devices with simple planar or tubular geometries, 3D printed stimuli-responsive devices not only intimately meet the requirement of complicated shapes at macrolevel but also satisfy various conformation changes triggered by external stimuli at the microscopic scale. However, their development is limited by the lack of 3D printing functional materials. This paper demonstrates the 3D printing of photoresponsive shape memory devices through combining fused deposition modeling printing technology and photoresponsive shape memory composites based on shape memory polymers and carbon black with high photothermal conversion efficiency. External illumination triggers the shape recovery of 3D printed devices from the temporary shape to the original shape. The effect of materials thickness and light density on the shape memory behavior of 3D printed devices is quantified and calculated. Remarkably, sunlight also triggers the shape memory behavior of these 3D printed devices. This facile printing strategy would provide tremendous opportunities for the design and fabrication of biomimetic smart devices and soft robotics.
Mechanisms of N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of DNA damage and cancer, with special reference to smoking-related end-points (2001)

Although smoking cessation is the primary goal for the control of cancer and other smoking-related diseases, chemoprevention provides a complementary approach applicable to high risk individuals such as current smokers and ex-smokers. The thiol N-acetylcysteine (NAC) works per se in the extracellular environment, and is a precursor of intracellular cysteine and glutathione (GSH). Almost 40 years of experience in the prophylaxis and therapy of a variety of clinical conditions, mostly involving GSH depletion and alterations of the redox status, have established the safety of this drug, even at very high doses and for long-term treatments. A number of studies performed since 1984 have indicated that NAC has the potential to prevent cancer and other mutation-related diseases. N-Acetylcysteine has an impressive array of mechanisms and protective effects towards DNA damage and carcinogenesis, which are related to its nucleophilicity, antioxidant activity, modulation of metabolism, effects in mitochondria, decrease of the biologically effective dose of carcinogens, modulation of DNA repair, inhibition of genotoxicity and cell transformation, modulation of gene expression and signal transduction pathways, regulation of cell survival and apoptosis, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-angiogenetic activity, immunological effects, inhibition of progression to malignancy, influence on cell cycle progression, inhibition of pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions, inhibition of invasion and metastasis, and protection towards adverse effects of other chemopreventive agents or chemotherapeutical agents. These mechanisms are herein reviewed and commented on with special reference to smoking-related end-points, as evaluated in in vitro test systems, experimental animals and clinical trials. It is important that all protective effects of NAC were observed under a range of conditions produced by a variety of treatments or imbalances of homeostasis. However, our recent data show that, at least in mouse lung, under physiological conditions NAC does not alter per se the expression of multiple genes detected by cDNA array technology. On the whole, there is overwhelming evidence that NAC has the ability to modulate a variety of DNA damage- and cancer-related end-points.
Renal Denervation as a Therapeutic Approach for Hypertension (2009)

ypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease represent a significant and growing global health issue. Current therapeutic strategies for these conditions are mainly based on lifestyle interventions and pharmacological approaches, but the rates of control of blood pressure and the therapeutic efforts to prevent progression of heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and their sequelae remain unsatisfactory, and additional options are required.
Myeloma and the t(11;14)(q13;q32); evidence for a biologically defined unique subset of patients (2002)

The t(11;14)(q13;q32) results in up-regulation of cyclin D1 and is the most common translocation detected in multiple myeloma, where it is also associated with a lymphoplasmacytic morphology. We performed an interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) study to determine the clinical and biologic significance of the abnormality when testing a large cohort of myeloma patients. Bone marrow slides from multiple myeloma patients entered into the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group phase III clinical trial E9486 and associated laboratory correlative study E9487 were analyzed using interphase FISH combined with immune-fluorescent (cytoplasmic immunoglobulin-FISH) detection of clonal plasma cells. We used FISH probes that hybridize to the 14q32 and 11q13 chromosomal loci. The t(11;14)(q13;q32) was correlated with known biologic and prognostic factors. Of 336 evaluable patients, 53 (16%) had abnormal FISH patterns compatible with the t(11;14)(q13;q32). These patients appeared to be more likely to have a serum monoclonal protein of less than 10 g/L (1 g/dL) (28% vs 15%, P =.029) and a lower plasma cell labeling index (P =.09). More strikingly, patients were less likely to be hyperdiploid by DNA content analysis (n = 251, 14% vs 62%, P <.001). Patients with the t(11;14)(q13;q32) appeared to have better survival and response to treatment, although this did not reach statistical significance. Multiple myeloma with the t(11;14)(q13;q32) is a unique subset of patients, not only characterized by cyclin D1 up-regulation and a lymphoplasmacytic morphology, but is also more frequently associated with small serum monoclonal proteins and is much less likely to be hyperdiploid. These patients do not have a worsened prognosis as previously thought.
Conjugation of Antibodies to Biotin (2005)

Antibodies can be conjugated to biotin by a number of chemical means. They can then be used in immunochemical procedures in conjunction with secondary reagents coupled to biotin-binding protein proteins such as avidin.
Nonproteasomal Targets of the Proteasome Inhibitors Bortezomib and Carfilzomib: a Link to Clinical Adverse Events (2011)

These data show that bortezomib-induced neurodegeneration in vitro occurs via a proteasome-independent mechanism and that bortezomib inhibits several nonproteasomal targets in vitro and in vivo, which may play a role in its clinical ADR profile.
High performance liquid chromatography applications in the petrochemical industry (2011)

The application of high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) technique in the separation and analysis of oil and their products was reviewed.The progress in petrochemical industry indicates that HPLC had advantages of good and repeatable separation with fast speed in the analysis of complex mixture,volatile compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.Associated with a variety of detection methods,HPLC had wide application prospects in the petrochemical industry.
A 4-Week Intrathecal Toxicity and Pharmacokinetic Study With Trastuzumab in Cynomolgus Monkeys (2010)

Trastuzumab is indicated for the treatment of patients with breast cancer overexpressing human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2). Women with HER2-positive tumors have an increased risk of brain metastases. The blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier may prevent trastuzumab from reaching appropriate concentrations in the brain and CSF following standard intravenous administration. To evaluate the potential of effects on the central nervous system, a 4-week toxicology study with weekly intrathecal administration of trastuzumab was performed in cynomolgus monkeys at doses of 0, 3, or 15 mg. No trastuzumab-related effects on body weight, clinical signs, neurological function, clinical pathology, or anatomic pathology were noted. The applied doses and CSF concentrations achieved in the current study exceeded those reported in patients after intrathecal administration. The results support future studies for further evaluation of intrathecal application of trastuzumab in patients with brain metastases in HER2-positive breast cancer.
Mucin 1 Oncoprotein Blocks Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1α Activation in a Survival Response to Hypoxia (2006)

Resistance of carcinoma cells to hypoxic stress is of importance to the growth of solid tumors. The mucin 1 (MUC1) oncoprotein is aberrantly overexpressed by most human carcinomas; however, there is no known relationship between MUC1 and the hypoxic stress response. The present work has demonstrated that MUC1 attenuates activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), a regulator of gene transcription in the response of cells to hypoxic stress. In cells with stable gain and loss of MUC1 function, we have shown that MUC1 up-regulates prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3) expression and promotes HIF-1alpha degradation. PHD activity is attenuated by increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the hypoxic stress response. Our results further demonstrate that MUC1 blocks hypoxia-induced increases in ROS and thereby potentiates PHD-mediated HIF-1alpha suppression. Importantly, MUC1 also blocks hypoxia-induced apoptosis and necrosis by suppressing accumulation of ROS. These findings indicate that MUC1 attenuates HIF-1alpha activation in a survival response to hypoxic stress.
Phosphate Fertilizers (2014)

The article contains sections titled: 1. History 2. Terminology, Terms, and Definitions 3. Composition of Phosphate Fertilizers 4. Phosphate Rock 5. Economic Aspects 5.1. Phosphate Rock 5.2. Phosphate Fertilizer Consumption 5.3. Phosphate Fertilizer Production 6. Phosphorus Uptake by Plants 7. Chemical Equilibria in Phosphate Fertilizer Production 8. Superphosphates 8.1. Single Superphosphate 8.1.1. Chemistry 8.1.2. Production 8.1.3. Fluorine Recovery 8.1.4. Granulation 8.2. Triple Superphosphate 8.3. Double Superphosphate 8.4. PK Fertilizers 9. Ammonium Phosphates 9.1. Fertilizer Grades and Applications 9.2. Production 9.2.1. Ammonium Phosphate Powder 9.2.2. Granular Ammonium Phosphates 9.2.3. Off-Gas Treatment 10. Compound Fertilizers by the Sulfur Route 10.1. Granulation of Mixtures of Dry Materials 10.2. Granulation of Dry Materials with Additives Producing Chemical Reactions 10.3. Slurry Granulation 10.4. Melt Granulation 11. Complex Fertilizers by the Nitrophosphate Route 11.1. Chemistry 11.2. Product Specification 11.3. Nitrophosphate Process with Calcium Nitrate Crystallization (Hydro) 11.4. Nitrophosphate Process with Calcium Nitrate Crystallization (BASF) 11.5. Nitrophosphate Process with Ion Exchange (Kemira Superfos) 11.6. Nitrophosphate Process with Sulfate Recycle (DSM) 11.7. Emission and Effluent Control of Nitrophosphate Process 12. Other Straight Phosphate Fertilizers 12.1. Phosphate Rock for Direct Application 12.2. Partially Acidulated Phosphate Rock 12.3. Basic and BOF Slag Fertilizers 12.4. PK Mixed Fertilizers with Basic Slag 13. Energy Consumption 14. Effluents from Phosphate Fertilizer Production 15. Heavy Metals in Phosphate Fertilizers 16. Regulation of Phosphate Fertilizers 16.1. Legislative Aspects 16.2. Safety in Transport and Storage 17. Acknowledgement
Toxicities of chimeric antigen receptor T cells: recognition and management (2016)

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells can produce durable remissions in hematologic malignancies that are not responsive to standard therapies. Yet the use of CAR T cells is limited by potentially severe toxicities. Early case reports of unexpected organ damage and deaths following CAR T-cell therapy first highlighted the possible dangers of this new treatment. CAR T cells can potentially damage normal tissues by specifically targeting a tumor-associated antigen that is also expressed on those tissues. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS), a systemic inflammatory response caused by cytokines released by infused CAR T cells can lead to widespread reversible organ dysfunction. CRS is the most common type of toxicity caused by CAR T cells. Neurologic toxicity due to CAR T cells might in some cases have a different pathophysiology than CRS and requires different management. Aggressive supportive care is necessary for all patients experiencing CAR T-cell toxicities, with early intervention for hypotension and treatment of concurrent infections being essential. Interleukin-6 receptor blockade with tocilizumab remains the mainstay pharmacologic therapy for CRS, though indications for administration vary among centers. Corticosteroids should be reserved for neurologic toxicities and CRS not responsive to tocilizumab. Pharmacologic management is complicated by the risk of immunosuppressive therapy abrogating the antimalignancy activity of the CAR T cells. This review describes the toxicities caused by CAR T cells and reviews the published approaches used to manage toxicities. We present guidelines for treating patients experiencing CRS and other adverse events following CAR T-cell therapy.
Skin cancer stem cells (2009)

Similar to most non-skin tumors, there is a population of cancer stem cells in skin cancers. These stem cells may arise from local skin stern cells, fully differentiated keratinocytes, or from extra-cutaneous stem cells. Skin stem cells are endowed with great tumourigenic capacity. Many important molecules and signaling pathway, which differ from those in normal tissue, are involved in the process of tumor initiation. These findings might provide a new way to anti-tumor therapy.

Key words: 
Skin neoplasms;  Stem cells;  Signal transduction
Stabilization and post‐translational modification of microtubules during cellular morphogenesis (1991)

This review discusses the possible role of alpha-tubulin detyrosination, a reversible post-translational modification that occurs at the protein's C-terminus, in cellular morphogenesis. Higher eukaryotic cells possess a cyclic post-translational mechanism by which dynamic microtubules are differentiated from their more stable counterparts; a tubulin-specific carboxypeptidase detyrosinates tubulin protomers within microtubules, while the reverse reaction, tyrosination, is performed on the soluble protomer by a second tubulin-specific enzyme, tubulin tyrosine ligase. In general, the turnover of microtubules in undifferentiated, proliferating cells is so rapid that the microtubules accumulate very little detyrosinated tubulin; that is, they are enriched in tyrosinated tubulin. However, an early event common to at least three well-studied morphogenetic events--myogenesis, neuritogenesis, and directed cell motility--is the elaboration of a polarized array of stable microtubules that become enriched in detyrosinated tubulin. The formation of this specialized array of microtubules in specific locations in cells undergoing morphogenesis suggests that it plays an important role in generating cellular asymmetries.
Recent advances on ocular Demodex infestation (2015)

Ocular demodicosis is a common but overlooked eye disease that manifests a number of morbidities. Demodex folliculorum causes chronic anterior blepharitis whereas Demodex brevis causes posterior blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction, recurrent chalazia, and refractory keratoconjunctivitis. The lash sampling and microscopic counting method and in-vivo confocal microscopy are key diagnostic methods. Cliradex shows promising potential to reduce Demodex counts with additional antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory actions.
Neuroprotective natural antibodies to assemblies of amyloidogenic peptides decrease with normal aging and advancing Alzheimer's disease (2009)

A number of distinct beta-amyloid (Abeta) variants or multimers have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and antibodies recognizing such peptides are in clinical trials. Humans have natural Abeta-specific antibodies, but their diversity, abundance, and function in the general population remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate with peptide microarrays the presence of natural antibodies against known toxic Abeta and amyloidogenic non-Abeta species in plasma samples and cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients and healthy controls aged 21-89 years. Antibody reactivity was most prominent against oligomeric assemblies of Abeta and pyroglutamate or oxidized residues, and IgGs specific for oligomeric preparations of Abeta1-42 in particular declined with age and advancing AD. Most individuals showed unexpected antibody reactivities against peptides unique to autosomal dominant forms of dementia (mutant Abeta, ABri, ADan) and IgGs isolated from plasma of AD patients or healthy controls protected primary neurons from Abeta toxicity. Aged vervets showed similar patterns of plasma IgG antibodies against amyloid peptides, and after immunization with Abeta the monkeys developed high titers not only against Abeta peptides but also against ABri and ADan peptides. Our findings support the concept of conformation-specific, cross-reactive antibodies that may protect against amyloidogenic toxic peptides. If a therapeutic benefit of Abeta antibodies can be confirmed in AD patients, stimulating the production of such neuroprotective antibodies or passively administering them to the elderly population may provide a preventive measure toward AD.
Learning and value function approximation in complex decision processes (1998)

In principle, a wide variety of sequential decision problems -- ranging from dynamic resource allocation in telecommunication networks to financial risk management -- can be formulated in terms of stochastic control and solved by the algorithms of dynamic programming. Such algorithms compute and store a value function, which evaluates expected future reward as a function of current state. Unfortunately, exact computation of the value function typically requires time and storage that grow proportionately with the number of states, and consequently, the enormous state spaces that arise in practical applications render the algorithms intractable. In this thesis, we study tractable methods that approximate the value function. Our work builds on research in an area of artificial intelligence known as reinforcement learning. A point of focus of this thesis is temporal-difference learning -- a stochastic algorithm inspired to some extent by phenomena observed in animal behavior. Given a selection of...
m-Diarylbenzenes (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTm-DiarylbenzenesG. Forrest Woods, Fred T. Reed, Thomas E. Arthur, and Herbert EzekielCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 8, 3854–3856Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01152a087https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01152a087research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views112Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Towards active capsular endoscopy: preliminary results on a legged platform (2006)

This paper illustrates the problem of active locomotion in the gastrointestinal tract for endoscopic capsules. Authors analyze the problem of locomotion in unstructured, flexible and tubular environments and explain the reasons leading to the selection of a legged system. They present a theoretical simulation of legged capsule locomotion, which is used to define the optimal parameters for capsule design and gait selection. Finally, a legged capsule--about 3 cm3 in volume--is presented; it consists of 4 back legs whose actuation is achieved thanks to a miniaturized DC brushless motor. In vitro tests demonstrate good performance in terms of achievable speed (92 mm/min).
Status of gene therapy for cystic fibrosis lung disease (1999)

Gene therapy for the treatment of cystic fibrosis should be a “natural”: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive disease associated with loss of function mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which has a well-characterized gene product; heterozygotes, as predicted, appear to be phenotypically perfectly normal; the level of expression of CFTR in affected cells generally appears to be low; and the dysfunctional epithelial lining cells in the organ most affected by CF (the lung) are available for direct vector delivery via topical administration (1). However, despite an impressive amount of research in this area, there is little evidence to suggest that an effective gene-transfer approach for the treatment of CF lung disease is imminent. The inability to produce such a therapy reflects in part the learning curve with respect to vector technology and the failure to appreciate the capacity of the airway epithelial cells to defend themselves against the penetration by moieties, including gene-therapy vectors, from the outside world. This Perspective will focus on the issues that impact on moving this field forward. What is the target for CF gene therapy in the lung? Cystic fibrosis affects the conducting airways of the lung and not the alveolar surfaces. The airways in general consist of a “large” airway (bronchial) region that is lined by a pseudostratified columnar superficial epithelium and contains numerous submucosal glands, and a “small” airway (bronchiolar) region that is lined by a simple columnar epithelium and is devoid of glands. Central issues for CF gene therapy are which region (large vs. small) and which tissue (superficial epithelium vs. glands) should be targeted. Obviously, the answer to this question requires knowledge of the pathogenesis of CF lung disease. As reviewed earlier in this Perspective series (2, 3), this is a controversial issue. Although the so-called “isotonic” and “hypotonic” airway surface liquid theories have different predictions on the pathogenesis of CF airways infection, both agree that defects in the superficial epithelium may initiate CF lung disease. However, studies from other model cell culture systems, like Calu-3 cells and cultured gland acini (4), predict that there may be abnormalities in gland volume/compositional (HCO3 ‐ ) regulation in CF that may be more important in the pathogenesis of CF airways infection. This debate can also be viewed in the context of the individual cell types in the airways. Advocates of the importance of the superficial epithelium in CF pathogenesis likely would