gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Regiochemistry and Cryptoregiochemistry of a Caenorhabditis elegans Fatty Acid Desaturase (FAT-1) Expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2000)

To characterize the fatty acid desaturase produced by the fat-1 gene from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the functional expression of this enzyme was effected in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The GC-MS analysis of desaturated products derived from various fatty acids, including deuterium-labeled thia fatty acids supplied to growing cultures of transformed yeast, has defined the substrate requirements, regiochemistry, and cryptoregiochemistry of the enzyme. The desaturase acts on substrates of 16-20 carbons with a preference for omega-6 fatty acids, and its regioselectivity was confirmed to be that of an omega-3 desaturase. (omega-x refers to a double bond or desaturation between carbons x and x+1, counting from the methyl end of a fatty acid.) The primary deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) at C-15 and C-16 of a C18 fatty acid analogue were measured via competitive incubation experiments: While k(H)/k(D) at the omega-3 position was shown to be large (7.8 +/- 0.4), essentially no KIE at the omega-2 position was observed (k(H)/k(D) = 0.99 +/- 0.04). This result indicates that omega-3 desaturation is initiated by an energetically difficult C-H bond cleavage at the carbon closer to the carboxyl terminus. The results are discussed in the context of a general model relating the structure and function of membrane-bound fatty acid desaturases featuring differing regioselectivities.
Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin).1 V. Synthesis (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChloramphenicol (Chloromycetin).1 V. SynthesisJohn. Controulis, Mildred C. Rebstock, and Harry M. CrooksCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 7, 2463–2468Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01175a066https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01175a066research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1395Altmetric-Citations140LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Vipera lebetina Venom Contains Two Disintegrins Inhibiting Laminin-binding β1 Integrins (2003)

To explain the myotoxic effects of snake venoms, we searched for inhibitors of alpha7beta1 integrin, the major laminin-binding integrin in skeletal muscle. We discovered two inhibitors in the venom of Vipera lebetina. One of them, lebein-1 (known as lebein), has already been proposed to be a disintegrin because of its RGD-containing primary sequence. The other, lebein-2, is a novel protein that also interacts firmly with alpha3beta1, alpha6beta1, and alpha7beta1 integrins, but not with the collagen-binding alpha1beta1 and alpha2beta1 integrins. Ligand binding of laminin-recognizing beta1 integrins was efficiently blocked by both lebein-1 and lebein-2. In cell attachment assays, lebein-1 and lebein-2 inhibited myoblast attachment not only to laminin, but also to fibronectin. However, neither lebein-1 nor lebein-2 interacted with alpha7beta1 integrin in an RGD-dependent manner, similar to the interaction of the laminin with alpha7beta1 integrin. Identical divalent cation dependence of integrin binding to laminin and to either of the two inhibitors and their mutually exclusive binding suggest that both lebein-1 and lebein-2 interact with the ligand-binding site of laminin-binding beta1 integrins by mimicking the yet unknown integrin-binding structure of laminins. Like lebein-1, lebein-2 is a soluble heterodimeric disintegrin of low molecular mass. Together with membrane-bound ADAM-2 and ADAM-9, the two inhibitors seem to form a small group of disintegrins that can bind to laminin-binding beta1 integrins. Because of their inhibitory capability both in vitro and in vivo, lebein-1 and lebein-2 may be valuable tools in influencing laminin-induced, integrin-mediated cell functions such as cell anchorage, migration, and mechanical force transduction on laminin-rich basement membranes.
Immunodiagnosis of systemic aspergillosis. I. Antigenemia detected by radioimmunoassay in experimental infection. (1979)

Because systemic aspergillosis is difficult to diagnose ante mortem, a study to improve immunodiagnosis was undertaken in a rabbit model of disseminated infection. We found that the predominant humoral response of infected animals was directed against four Aspergillus antigens identified by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. One of these antigens, a cell-wall carbohydrate, was purified by gel-filtration chromatography and was used to develop a radioimmunoassay. The sensitivity of this assay was increased by testing for serum-bound antigen as well as for free antigen. When the sensitivity of the RIA was evaluated in the animal model, antigenemia was detected in 78% of 51 rabbits with disseminated infection and ante morten in 85% of 42 rabbits with lethal infection. By contrast, with immunoprecipitin analysis only eight of 51 rabbits were positive for antigen, and six of 51 rabbits were positive for Aspergillus antibody. The specificity of the RIA was also tested. Negative controls for antigen included sera from 76 normal rabbits and sera from 25 rabbits with systemic candidiasis. The Candida control group is pertinent because 48% of these rabbits had specific Candida antigenemia detected by a mannan RIA. This study demonstrates that Aspergillus antigenemia occurs during the course of experimental disseminated aspergillosis and illustrates the potential of an Aspergillus antigen RIA for sensitive, specific immunodiagnosis of human infections.
Antisense proliferating cell nuclear antigen oligonucleotides inhibit intimal hyperplasia in a rat carotid artery injury model. (1994)

We have used antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides to define the role played by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in neointimal accumulation of smooth muscle cells in a rat carotid artery injury model. The short-term extraluminal delivery of 250 nmol of antisense oligonucleotides, but not control oligonucleotides, immediately after arterial injury produces a 77% suppression of PCNA mRNA after 24 h and a 52% decrease in the frequency of medial smooth muscle cells expressing PCNA after 72 h. This reduction in PCNA expression is accompanied by a 59% decrease in the frequency of proliferating medial smooth muscle cells at 3 d as measured by BudR staining and an 80% decrease in neointimal accumulation assessed morphometrically at 2 wk. Thus, the expression of PCNA is required for medial smooth muscle cell growth in vivo and for neointimal formation after arterial injury.
Highly Uniform and Stable n-Type Carbon Nanotube Transistors by Using Positively Charged Silicon Nitride Thin Films (2014)

Air-stable n-doping of carbon nanotubes is presented by utilizing SiN(x) thin films deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The fixed positive charges in SiN(x), arising from (+)Si ≡ N3 dangling bonds induce strong field-effect doping of underlying nanotubes. Specifically, an electron doping density of ∼ 10(20) cm(-3) is estimated from capacitance voltage measurements of the fixed charge within the SiN(x). This high doping concentration results in thinning of the Schottky barrier widths at the nanotube/metal contacts, thus allowing for efficient injection of electrons by tunnelling. As a proof-of-concept, n-type thin-film transistors using random networks of semiconductor-enriched nanotubes are presented with an electron mobility of ∼ 10 cm(2)/V s, which is comparable to the hole mobility of as-made p-type devices. The devices are highly stable without any noticeable change in the electrical properties upon exposure to ambient air for 30 days. Furthermore, the devices exhibit high uniformity over large areas, which is an important requirement for use in practical applications. The work presents a robust approach for physicochemical doping of carbon nanotubes by relying on field-effect rather than a charge transfer mechanism.
Demonstration of serum antibodies to Cryptosporidium sp. in normal and immunodeficient humans with confirmed infections (1983)

Antibodies to Cryptosporidium sp. were detected in sera from 12 immunocompetent individuals recovered from cryptosporidiosis and from 5 subjects with an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and persistent cryptosporidiosis by an indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) test. Marked seroconversion accompanied recovery from infection in immunocompetent individuals, and their IIF titers remained high (1:40 to 1:640) for at least 1 year. No antibodies to Cryptosporidium sp. were detected in sera from two subjects with hypogammaglobulinemia, normal T-cell function, and persistent cryptosporidiosis or in sera from individuals not previously exposed to Cryptosporidium sp. Very little or no cross-reactivity with the other coccidia--Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, and Isospora spp.--occurred in the IIF test procedure. The application of this IIF procedure, along with recently developed techniques to detect oocysts in the feces, should provide the basis for a more accurate assessment of the number of individuals within any subject group with previous and active Cryptosporidium infections.
Sphenopalatine Ganglionectomy for Cluster Headache (1970)

Thirteen patients who experienced severe cluster headaches and who met the criteria of sphenopalatine neuralgia underwent surgery for removal of the sphenopalatine ganglion. Seven patients obtained little relief, but six-month follow-up of one patient revealed that he was experiencing minimal pain. Four obtained sufficient relief so that analgesics were effective in controlling recurring headaches. Two have had complete relief for more than one year. Centrally located discharges within the brain stem may be responsible for the episodic pain. Regeneration of afferent nerve fibers may account for delayed recurrence of the pain following sphenopalatine ganglionectomy. Medical treatment is recommended in the majority of patients with this type of headache. Ganglionectomy should be reserved only for patients with intractable and severe headaches that do not respond to medical therapy.
A chemically defined synthetic vaccine model for HIV-1 (1992)

Multiple Ag peptide (MAP) system without the use of a protein carrier was used as a vaccine model in three species of animals. Synthetic peptides from the V3 region of the gp120 of IIIB, RF and MN HIV-1 isolates were used as the Ag. MAP consisting of various chain lengths, from 11 to 24 residues, were prepared in a monoepitope configuration containing four repeats of each individual peptide. In parallel, they were synthesized in a diepitope configuration adding at the carboxyl-terminus of the V3 peptides a conserved sequence, known to be a Th cell epitope of gp120. The antibody response elicited by the monoepitope constructs was species-dependent. Rabbits produced immunity against all nine peptides, whereas mice were strongly reactive mainly to the longest sequence of the IIIB isolate. The immune response of guinea pigs was intermediate to those of rabbits and mice. Diepitope MAPs were immunogenic in all three species and elicited significantly higher titers than those raised by the immunization with the monoepitope MAPs. The response was type specific; the high-titered antibodies were reactive mostly against the isolate from which the peptides were derived, with a small cross-reactivity in ELISA between IIIB and RF strains. The dominant antigenic site of the B cell epitope, IIIB sequence, was located at the amino and central part of the MAP and a sequence overlapping the putative V3 reverse-turn was particularly reactive with the raised antibodies. Moreover, sera from the immunized animals inhibited virus-dependent cell fusion. These results show that MAP, with a chemically defined structure and without the use of a protein carrier, can be potentially useful for the design of synthetic HIV-1 vaccine candidates.
Intra‐articular tibiofemoral injection of a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug has no detrimental effects on joint mechanics in a rat model (2014)

Administration of intra-articular medications, including corticosteroids and analgesics, is common clinical practice for knee pathology and dysfunction. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are another category of medication commonly prescribed for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies demonstrated the efficacy of injectable NSAIDs in the treatment of intra-articular pathology and postoperative analgesia. However, little data exist regarding the safety of intra-articular injection, despite the increase in its application. Therefore, we investigated the effects of intra-articular NSAID injection on articular cartilage, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and joint function in the rat. Sixty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into either saline (SAL) or ketorolac (NSAID) tibiofemoral single injection treatment groups. Animals were euthanized at 2, 7, 28, and 84 days post-injection for histological and mechanical analyses. Additionally, a subset of animals underwent longitudinal ambulatory evaluation to determine joint functional properties. We hypothesized that intra-articular ketorolac injection would result in no detrimental mechanical, histological, or functional changes. No differences were reported between the NSAID and SAL groups in any of the parameters measured at any time point, demonstrating the potential safety of intra-articular NSAID administration. Therefore, NSAID injection could be further considered for clinical application in humans.
High-Power Slim-Hole Drilling System (1995)

Abstract Economic conditions in the oil and gas industry have encouraged the use of new methods to reduce drilling costs. Slim-hole drilling, abandoned in the past, has found new life because it offers savings by reducing equipment size, tubular products, and environmental impact. A new high-power slim-hole drilling system has been developed that overcomes many of the problems that led to the abandonment of slim holes in the past. This new system is composed of a new high-power positive-displacement motor and new TSP bits developed to run at high horsepowers and produce high drilling rates. The new slim-hole system has the potential for reducing drilling costs by 40 to 60 percent.
Regulation of antigen-presentation-I. IFN-gamma induces antigen-presenting properties on B cells. (1988)

B cells require activation to efficiently present Ag to T cells. In agreement with this earlier observation we show that live, mitomycin C-treated B cells, but not B cells fixed in paraformaldehyde, stimulated the growth of allogeneic T cells in the primary MLR. However, if B cells were cultured with anti-Ig antibodies and IFN-gamma before fixation they acquired excellent T cell stimulatory activity. Neither reagent alone conferred this novel co-stimulatory function on the B cell surface. The activity induced by both stimuli was not attributed to an increase expression of class II-MHC molecules or IL-1. IL-2 or IL-4, in combination with anti-Ig, also induced B cell stimulatory activity, but were less effective than IFN-gamma. TNF failed to stimulate B cells, but synergized with IFN-gamma in the induction of this activity. These studies therefore demonstrate an important role for lymphokines in modulating B cell Ag-presenting activity as well as the acquisition by B cells of a novel co-stimulatory surface activity.
Obesity and hyperleptinemia in metallothionein (-I and -II) null mice (1998)

Metallothionein (MT) has several putative roles in metal detoxification, in Zn and Cu homeostasis, in scavenging free radicals, and in the acute phase response. Mice of mixed 129/Ola and C57BL/6J background with targeted disruption of MT-I and MT-II genes are more sensitive to toxic metals and oxidative stress. We noted that these animals were larger than most strains of mice, and we systematically studied aspects of their physiology and biochemistry relating to energy metabolism. During the first 2 weeks after weaning, the growth rates of MT-null and C57BL/6J mice were similar, but the transgenic mice became significantly heavier at age 5-6 weeks. At age 14 weeks, the body weight and food intake of MT-null mice was 16 and 30% higher, respectively, compared with C57BL/6J mice. Most 22- to 39-week-old male MT-null mice were obese, as shown by increased fat accretion, elevated obese (ob) gene expression, and high plasma leptin levels, similar to those recorded in Zucker fatty (fa/fa) rats. Seven-week-old MT-null mice also had significantly higher levels of plasma leptin and elevated expression of ob, lipoprotein lipase, and CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha genes as compared with age-matched C57BL/6J mice. These observations indicate that abnormal accretion of body fat and adipocyte maturation is initiated at 5-7 weeks of age, possibly coincident with sexual maturation. Targeted disruption of MT-I and MT-II genes seems to induce moderate obesity, providing a new obese animal model. A link between MT and the regulation of energy balance is implied.
Wideband 18–40 GHz Surface Micromachined Branchline Quadrature Hybrid (2012)

This letter demonstrates two 18-40 GHz rectangular coaxial branchline quadrature hybrids designed using circuit and full-wave simulations. The chosen topologies are fabricated in a surface micromachining technology PolyStrata. Measured in-band performance of baseline wideband branchline hybrid shows |S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> |<;-10dB, |S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21</sub> | = -4.1 ± 1dB, and |S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">31</sub> | = -4.3 ± 0.7 dB. This hybrid is miniaturized by meandering the rectangular coaxial lines to obtain 57% reduction in surface area and in-band performance with |S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> | <; -10dB, |S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21</sub> |= -4.2±1.2dB, and |S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">31</sub> | = -4.1 ± 0.7 dB.
Heteroantibody duplexes target cells for lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. (1985)

Antibodies to the clonally unique variable-region determinants (idiotype) of the antigen-specific alpha beta heterodimeric receptor of a clone of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) were shown previously to render diverse cells, regardless of their own surface antigens, susceptible to lysis by that clone of CTLs. To extend these findings, we have sought to develop a general means for targeting cells for destruction by any CTL, without regard to its alpha beta idiotype and specificity for antigen. We explored the use of heteroantibody duplexes formed by joining covalently an antibody to the T3 complex (anti-T3), which is associated with the alpha beta receptors on all human mature T cells, and a second antibody, specific for an antigen on the intended target cell. The second antibody selected in this study was specific for the idiotype (Id) of the surface immunoglobulin of a human B-lymphoma (anti-Ig Id). In the presence of the anti-T3/anti-Ig Id heteroantibody duplex the B-lymphoma cells were lysed by a clone of human T8+ CTLs (of unrelated specificity) but not by a noncytotoxic clone of human T4+ helper T cells, and lysis by the CTLs was specifically blocked by the uncoupled anti-T3 or the uncoupled anti-Ig Id antibodies. The extent of the heteroantibody-dependent cytolysis depended both on the heteroantibody concentration and on whether the intended target cells or the CTL effectors were initially preincubated with the heteroantibody. Under optimal conditions, heteroantibody-dependent lysis of the surrogate target (B-lymphoma) cells by the CTLs compared favorably with lysis of their natural target cells by the same CTLs. Overall, our findings suggest that heteroantibody duplexes containing anti-T3 antibody may be capable of targeting selected cells, such as tumor cells, for destruction in vivo by the body's CTLs.
Determination of vitamins D2, D3, K1 and K3 and some hydroxy metabolites of vitamin D3 in plasma using a continuous clean-up–preconcentration procedure coupled on-line with liquid chromatography–UV detection (1999)

A semi-automatic procedure for the continuous clean-up and concentration of several fat-soluble vitamins prior to their separation by HPLC and UV detection is reported. The procedure is based on the use of a minicolumn packed with aminopropylsilica as sorbent located prior to the chromatographic detection system. The overall process was developed and applied to the main liposoluble vitamins (A, D2, D3, E, K1, K3) and several hydroxy metabolites of vitamin D3 [25-(OH)-D3,24,25-(OH)2-D3 and 1,25-(OH)2-D3]. All the analytes were monitored at a compromise wavelength of 270 nm. Calibration graphs were constructed between 0.01 and 100 ng ml-1 for vitamin D2 and D3 and their hydroxy metabolites, between 0.1 and 100 ng ml-1 for vitamin A, K1 and K3 and between 1 and 100 ng ml-1 for vitamin E, with excellent regression coefficients (> or = 0.9901) in all cases. The precision was established at two concentration levels with acceptable RSDs in all instances (between 3.6 and 8.7%). The method was appropriate for the determination of vitamin D2, D3, K1 and K3 and the 24,25-dihydroxy and 25-hydroxy metabolites of vitamin D3 in human plasma. The method was applied to plasma samples spiked with the target analytes and the recoveries ranged between 78 and 109%.
Deep white matter hyperintensities in patients with bipolar depression, unipolar depression and age‐matched control subjects (2003)

Notwithstanding the small total sample size and relative lack of older subjects in the UP group, the fact that almost twice as many BP patients showed more severe DWH suggests that patients with BP may be more vulnerable to develop these changes than UP patients and healthy controls.
Multiplex PCR Assay for Rapid Identification of Oculopathogenic Adenoviruses by Amplification of the Fiber and Hexon Genes (2005)

Eye infections caused by adenovirus (Ad) often result in nosocomial infections and community epidemics with significant rates of morbidity. No antiviral agent effective against Ad is yet available for clinical use. Therefore, early diagnosis is still the mainstay for patient management and the prevention of epidemics. A multiplex PCR assay based on amplification of a combination of the fiber and hexon genes which can identify the six important oculopathogenic serotypes of Ads (Ad serotype 3[Ad3], Ad4, Ad7, Ad8, Ad19, and Ad37) in a single-tube amplification reaction was developed. Ad serotypes could be distinguished by the different amplicon sizes. The assay correctly identified prototype strains as well as isolates in clinical specimens. In comparison with a previously described PCR-restriction fragment polymorphism method, our assay gave unequivocal results for clinical specimens. Our multiplex PCR has the potential to serve as a rapid and cost-effective tool for the typing of important ocular Ads.