gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression induced by myocardial ischaemia: implications for coronary angiogenesis (1994)

Objective: The process of coronary collateral development is poorly understood. It is assumed that particular angiogenic factors are upregulated during episodes of myocardial ischaemia and act as a trigger for neovascularisation. However, the identity of these factors is unknown. The angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to be hypoxia inducible, so this factor may mediate ischaemia induced angiogenesis in the heart. The aim of this study was to examine hypoxia inducibility of VEGF in cultured myocardial cells as well as in normally perfused and ischaemic porcine myocardium. Methods: (1) In vitro experiment: cultured rat myocardial cells were subjected to hypoxia, and steady state levels of VEGF mRNA were measured after 2 and 4 h of hypoxia. (2) In vivo experiment: myocardial ischaemia in pigs hearts was induced by repeated 2-10 min left anterior descending coronary artery occlusions, separated by 20 min of reperfusion. Hearts were retrieved after 6 h of intermittent ischaemia. Total RNA was extracted from normal and ischaemic zones of the heart and processed for RNA blot hybridisation analysis. Results: In vitro experiment: as soon as 2-4 h after exposure of cultures to hypoxia, VEGF mRNA levels were significantly raised (6-10-fold). In vivo experiment: VEGF expression was significantly augmented in the ischaemic territory of the myocardium (three- to fivefold induction). Furthermore, polymerase chain reaction amplification of the reverse transcribed mRNA showed increased production of multiple forms of differentially spliced VEGF mRNA in the ischaemic myocardium. Conclusions: VEGF production in the myocardium is significantly upregulated by hypoxia in vitro and by ischaemia in vivo. These results suggest that VEGF is a likely mediator in the natural process of ischaemia induced myocardial neovascularisation. Cardiovascular Research 1994;28:1176-1179
Synthesis, Oral Bioavailability Determination, and in vitro Evaluation of Prodrugs of the Antiviral Agent 9-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA) (1994)

A series of phosphonate prodrugs were evaluated in an attempt to increase the oral bioavailability of the anti-HIV agent 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA; 1). The majority of the bis(alkyl ester) and bis(alkyl amide) prodrugs were prepared by alcohol or amine displacement of dichlorophosphonate 2. Basic hydrolysis of the bis(esters) or bis(amides) provided the corresponding monoesters or monoamides. Synthesis of bis[(acyloxy)alkyl] phosphonates 10a-c was accomplished by alkylation of PMEA with the appropriate chloromethyl ether in the presence of N,N'-dicyclohexylmorpholinecarboxamidine. The systemic levels of PMEA following oral administration of a PMEA prodrug to rats were determined by measuring the concentration of PMEA in the urine for 48 h after administration of the prodrug. The oral bioavailability of PMEA employing this method was determined to be 7.8%. Oral dosing with bis(alkyl) phosphonates 3a,b resulted in apparent absorption of the prodrugs (> or = 40%), although neither of the esters were completely cleaved to liberate the parent phosphonate PMEA. The mono(alkyl esters) 7a-e and 8a,b exhibited poor oral bioavailability (< or = 5%). Phosphonamides 5, 6, and 9 were unstable under acidic conditions and provided levels of PMEA comparable to the parent compound after oral administration. Bis[(acyloxy)alkyl] phosphonates 10a-c demonstrated significantly improved oral bioavailabilities of 17.6%, 14.6%, and 15.4%, respectively. When evaluated in vitro against HSV-2, (acyloxy)alkyl phosphonates 10a-c were greater than 200-fold more active than PMEA.
ω-Pentandecalactone Polymerization and ω-Pentadecalactone/ε-Caprolactone Copolymerization Reactions Using Organic Catalysts (2012)

The catalytic behavior of several inexpensive and simple N-heterocyclic organic catalysts in ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ω-pentadecalactone (PDL) and ε-caprolactone (CL) has been studied. The polymerization reactions, carried out in bulk monomer and in toluene solution at 100 °C, identified 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) in combination with benzyl alcohol (BnOH) as initiator as the only active catalyst for the ring-opening polymerization of PDL and for the copolymerization of PDL and CL. The guanidine N-methyl-TBD (MTBD), 1,2,3-triisopropylguanidine, the amidine 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU), and other N-heterocyclic organic catalysts such as dialkylaminopyridine (DMAP), imidazole, indoles, and N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC’s) tested in this study proved to be inactive in the ROP of PDL even for the long reaction times. The polymerization mechanism, kinetic studies, temperature, and monomer concentration effects were investigated both in solution and in bulk monomer. The pseudoliving character of the TBD/BnOH system has been proven by kinetic studies in both toluene solution and bulk monomer. By varying the experimental conditions and the monomer feed composition, highly crystalline poly(PDL-co-CL) random copolymers of various compositions have been prepared using the binary system TBD/ROH as catalyst/initiators. Thermal analysis and 13C NMR spectroscopy show a linear relation of the variation of the random copolymers melting temperatures as a function of comonomer content.
Photodynamic tissue adhesion with chlorin(e6) protein conjugates. (1999)

This is the first report of dye-protein conjugates as tissue solders. These conjugates may have applications in ophthalmology.
The Membrane Proximal External Region of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein gp41 Contributes to the Stabilization of the Six-Helix Bundle Formed with a Matching N′ Peptide (2008)

The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp41 undergoes a sequence of extensive conformational changes while participating in the fusion of the virus with the host cell. Since the discovery of its postfusion conformation, the structure and function of the protease-resistant six-helix bundle (6-HB) have been the subject of extensive investigation. In this work, we describe additional determinants (S528-Q540 and W666-N677) in the fusion peptide proximal region (FP-PR) and the membrane proximal external region (MPER) that stabilize the six-helix bundle and are involved in the interaction of T-20 (FUZEON, an anti-HIV-1 fusion inhibitor drug) with the gp41 FP-PR. Circular dichroism and sedimentation equilibrium measurements indicate that the 1:1 mixture of N' and C' peptides comprising residues A541-T569 and I635-K665 from the gp41 first and second helical repeats, HR1 and HR2, respectively, fail to form a stable six-helix bundle. Triglutamic acid and triarginine tags were added to these N' and C' peptides, respectively, at the termini distant from the FP-PR and the MPER to alter their pI and increase their solubility at pH 3.5. The tagged HR1 and HR2 peptides were elongated by addition of residues S528-Q540 from the FP-PR and residues W666-N677 from the MPER, respectively. A 1:1 complex of the elongated peptides formed a stable six-helix bundle which melted at 60 degrees C. These results underscore the importance of a detailed high-resolution characterization of MPER interactions, the results of which may improve our understanding of the structure-function relationship of gp41 and its role in HIV-1 fusion.
A New Hypoxia Inducible Factor-2 Inhibitory Pyrrolinone Alkaloid from Roots and Stems of Piper sarmentosum (2011)

A new trimethoxycinnamoyl-2-pyrrolinone alkaloid, langkamide (1), along with the known compounds piplartine (2) and 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid (3) were isolated from the roots and stems of the shrub Piper sarmentosum ROXB. The structures were established by spectroscopic analyses and comparison of their spectral data with values reported in the literature. The compounds were tested for their ability to modulate hypoxia inducible factor-2 (HIF-2) transcription activity and all three showed HIF-2 inhibitory activity with EC₅₀ values of 14.0, 4.8, and 60.6 μM, respectively, for compounds 1, 2, and 3.
New miniature SAW antenna duplexer used in GHz-band digital mobile cellular radios (2002)

New filters used in an antenna duplexer which is applied to GHz-band digital cellular radios were developed. Taking 1.5 GHz PDC, we have achieved low insertion losses of 0.8 and 1.6 dB for T1 and R1 filters, respectively. The developed duplexer is 1.4/spl times/0.6/spl times/0.2 cm/sup 3/, several-time smaller than a conventional dielectric-filter duplexer. It also satisfied all required specifications and provided sufficient power-handling capabilities.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ru and Its Application in (Ba,Sr)TiO3 Capacitors for Future Dynamic Random Access Memories (1999)

Ru films were fabricated by chemical vapor deposition using Ru(C 5 H 5 ) 2 and O 2 . The deposition of Ru film was controlled by the surface reaction kinetics as the rate limiting step with activation energy of 2.48 eV below 250°C and by the mass transport process above 250°C. Ru films had a polycrystalline structure and showed low resistivity of about 12 µΩcm. Ru films deposited at 230°C showed excellent step coverage. We applied Ru films prepared by chemical vapor deposition to the bottom electrode of a Ba 0.25 Sr 0.75 TiO 3 capacitor and obtained good electrical characteristics.
High-dose intravenous melphalan: a review. (1995)

HDM has become an established and effective salvage regimen for children with relapsed neuroblastoma, as well as an effective consolidative treatment for children with high-risk disease (stage IV). HDM is emerging as an active and effective mode of treatment in patients with stage II and III myeloma. The favorable toxicity profile of HDM and the availability of PBPCs allows for repetitive therapy.
Inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL mice by oral administration of retro-inverso derivative of encephalitogenic epitope P87 – 99 (1999)

Retro-inverso modification of peptides preserves parent peptide overall topology and provides at the same time stability to proteolysis, leading to derivatives with prolonged half-life in vitro and in vivo. In this study the encephalitogenic epitope P87 – 99 of myelin basic protein has been prepared in the retro-inverso form to examine its biological activity in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Experiments of in vivo T cell tolerance induction in SJL mice revealed that the retro-inverso peptide was able to induce a selective T cell hyporesponsiveness, as measured by a reduction in the proliferative response of lymphnode T cells after antigen challenge. Oral administration of retro-inverso peptide decreased the disease severity significantly and delayed considerably the disease onset in treated mice. Enhancement of resistance to proteolysis by retro-inverso modification of encephalitogenic epitopes may increase the therapeutic value of oral tolerance induction in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other Th1-associated inflammatory disorders.
Pipelined back-propagation for context-dependent deep neural networks (2012)

The Context-Dependent Deep-Neural-Network HMM, or CDDNN-HMM, is a recently proposed acoustic-modeling technique for HMM-based speech recognition that can greatly outperform conventional Gaussian-mixture based HMMs. For example, a CD-DNN-HMM trained on the 2000h Fisher corpus achieves 14.4% word error rate on the Hub5’00-FSH speakerindependent phone-call transcription task, compared to 19.6% obtained by a state-of-the-art, conventional discriminatively trained GMM-based HMM. That CD-DNN-HMM, however, took 59 days to train on a modern GPGPU—the immense computational cost of the minibatch based back-propagation (BP) training is a major roadblock. Unlike the familiar Baum-Welch training for conventional HMMs, BP cannot be efficiently parallelized across data. In this paper we show that the pipelined approximation to BP, which parallelizes computation with respect to layers, is an efficient way of utilizing multiple GPGPU cards in a single server. Using 2 and 4 GPGPUs, we achieve a 1.9 and 3.3 times end-to-end speed-up, at parallelization efficiency of 0.95 and 0.82, respectively, at no loss of recognition accuracy.
Redes de banda ancha de acceso extendido (2006)

Las nuevas tecnologias citadas tienen relacion con la obtencion de una mas ancha banda de frecuencias de transmision, multiplexadas a traves de antena e hilo de cobre convencionales, de uso normalizado desde hace varias decadas, que permitiran en un futuro inmediato la posibilidad de transmitir senales de video y audio de alta definicion digital, sin grandes costes de instalacion y que podran llegar, de 
hecho ya estan llegando, a esa ultima milla hasta el usuario final a un coste moderado en el momento de consolidacion en los proximos anos.
Algorithms in C++, Parts 1-4: Fundamentals, Data Structure, Sorting, Searching, Third Edition (1998)

Robert Sedgewick has thoroughly rewritten and substantially expanded and updated his popular work to provide current and comprehensive coverage of important algorithms and data structures. Christopher Van Wyk and Sedgewick have developed new C++ implementations that both express the methods in a concise and direct manner, and also provide programmers with the practical means to test them on real applications.Many new algorithms are presented, and the explanations of each algorithm are much more detailed than in previous editions. A new text design and detailed, innovative figures, with accompanying commentary, greatly enhance the presentation. The third edition retains the successful blend of theory and practice that has made Sedgewick's work an invaluable resource for more than 250,000 programmers!This particular book, Parts 1-4, represents the essential first half of Sedgewick's complete work. It provides extensive coverage of fundamental data structures and algorithms for sorting, searching, and related applications. Although the substance of the book applies to programming in any language, the implementations by Van Wyk and Sedgewick also exploit the natural match between C++ classes and ADT implementations.Highlights Expanded coverage of arrays, linked lists, strings, trees, and other basic data structures Greater emphasis on abstract data types (ADTs), modular programming, object-oriented programming, and C++ classes than in previous editions Over 100 algorithms for sorting, selection, priority queue ADT implementations, and symbol table ADT (searching) implementations New implementations of binomial queues, multiway radix sorting, randomized BSTs, splay trees, skip lists, multiway tries, B trees, extendible hashing, and much more Increased quantitative information about the algorithms, giving you a basis for comparing them Over 1000 new exercises to help you learn the properties of algorithms Whether you are learning the algorithms for the first time or wish to have up-to-date reference material that incorporates new programming styles with classic and new algorithms, you will find a wealth of useful information in this book.
Israel and Empire (2005)

Abstract From 63 BC until the Jewish War of 66, Israel was under Rome’s control. Following the deposition of Herod’s son Archelaus in AD 6, there were two phases. From 6 to 39 there was direct Roman rule of Judea, while Galilee continued under Herod’s son Herod Antipas. From 44 to 66 there was direct Roman rule of Galilee and Judea. The two phases were separated by a brief period of united rule from 41 to 44 under Agrippa I, Herod the Great’s grandson. Throughout the period, there were disturbances and protests, but their extent and significance is impossible to estimate. Among possible Jewish attitudes to foreign imperium we may note: (1) acceptance of Roman rule, (2) acceptance of Roman rule, with willingness on occasion to question non-violently its actions, (3) non-violent rejection of Roman rule, and (4) violent rejection of Roman rule. Following the war of 132–135 the rabbis maintained the second option, insisting that in all things not directly contravening God’s law, the empire’s laws must be obeyed.
Essential role of mitochondrially encoded large rRNA for germ-line formation in Drosophila embryos (1998)

In Drosophila, pole cells, the progenitors of the germ line, are induced by the factors localized in the posterior pole region of oocytes and cleavage embryos, or germ plasm. Polar granules in germ plasm are electron-dense structures and have been proposed to contain factors essential for pole cell formation. Mitochondrially encoded large ribosomal RNA (mtlrRNA) has been identified as a component of polar granules. We previously have shown that mtlrRNA is able to rescue embryos that fail to form pole cells as a result of UV irradiation. However, there is a possibility that the function of mtlrRNA is limited to UV-irradiated embryos, and the question of whether mtlrRNA is required for the normal pathway leading to pole cell formation remains unanswered. In this study, we report that the reduction of mtlrRNA in germ plasm by injecting anti-mtlrRNA ribozymes into cleavage embryos leads to their inability to form pole cells. Other components of germ plasm, namely oskar mRNA, germ cell-less mRNA, and Vasa and Tudor proteins appear to be unaffected in these ribozyme-injected embryos. These results support an essential role for mtlrRNA in pole cell formation. We propose that mitochondrially encoded molecules participate in a key event in early cell-type specification.
Population Genetics of the Wild Yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus (2004)

Saccharomyces paradoxus is the closest known relative of the well-known S. cerevisiae and an attractive model organism for population genetic and genomic studies. Here we characterize a set of 28 wild isolates from a 10-km(2) sampling area in southern England. All 28 isolates are homothallic (capable of mating-type switching) and wild type with respect to nutrient requirements. Nine wild isolates and two lab strains of S. paradoxus were surveyed for sequence variation at six loci totaling 7 kb, and all 28 wild isolates were then genotyped at seven polymorphic loci. These data were used to calculate nucleotide diversity and number of segregating sites in S. paradoxus and to investigate geographic differentiation, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium. Synonymous site diversity is approximately 0.3%. Extensive incompatibilities between gene genealogies indicate frequent recombination between unlinked loci, but there is no evidence of recombination within genes. Some localized clonal growth is apparent. The frequency of outcrossing relative to inbreeding is estimated at 1.1% on the basis of heterozygosity. Thus, all three modes of reproduction known in the lab (clonal replication, inbreeding, and outcrossing) have been important in molding genetic variation in this species.
Some perspectives on visual depth perception (1994)

The process which people use to judge visually the relative and absolute distance of objects is quite complex and poorly understood, despite much investigation over a long period of time. However, one thing is clear--it's not simply a matter of triangulation using our two eyes; a variety of other factors seem to be brought into play with varying degrees of influence.Some psychologists believe that a wide variety of separate cues are taken into consideration when estimating distances. In this "constructionist" view, the various cues (which are used quite unconsciously) contribute independently to a mental "construction" process of perceived depth. Other researchers refute the entire concept of detecting depth specifically, preferring instead to incorporate it into a more general, dynamic mapping of the overall perceived scene. This latter viewpoint has become known as the "ecological approach" to visual perception.Many of the concepts are not new. Renaissance artists like Leonardo da Vinci were among the first to realize how depth could be rendered in two-dimensional paintings; they called it "artificial perspective." Since then, a great deal of work has gone into investigating this surprisingly complex topic, although much still remains to be done. However, it seems that some virtual reality developers and other computer graphics practitioners are unfamiliar with the terminology and the various existing concepts and knowledge in the field.The following review describes many of the principal depth cues, as understood by those adopting a constructionist viewpoint; it is followed by a short summary of the ecological approach. I hope this will assist those new to the field, and I offer my sincere apologies to others whose favorite concepts or definitions may have been poorly represented or, worse still, omitted entirely.
Optimal training for block transmissions over doubly selective wireless fading channels (2003)

High data rates give rise to frequency-selective propagation, whereas carrier frequency-offsets and mobility-induced Doppler shifts introduce time-selectivity in wireless links. To mitigate the resulting time- and frequency-selective (or doubly selective) channels, optimal training sequences have been designed only for special cases: pilot symbol assisted modulation (PSAM) for time-selective channels and pilot tone-assisted orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for frequency-selective channels. Relying on a basis expansion channel model, we design low-complexity optimal PSAM for block transmissions over doubly selective channels. The optimality in designing our PSAM parameters consists of maximizing a tight lower bound on the average channel capacity that is shown to be equivalent to the minimization of the minimum mean-square channel estimation error. Numerical results corroborate our theoretical designs.
Laboratory computers in neurophysiology (1973)

The conceptualization of the ongoing neuroelectric activity as a stochastic time series has provided a framework for the utilization of the small computer in the laboratory. Laboratory computers provide extensive computational, filing, and control capabilities which are being incorporated into the routine investigation of neurophysiological phenomena. The computational procedures implemented include both time and frequency domain techniques. Equipment utilized includes special-purpose digital computers, general-purpose minicomputers, and minicomputers with graphics capability used as intelligent terminals to larger machines.
Optimization and automation of fluorescence‐based DNA hybridization for high‐throughput clone mapping (1998)

Large-scale hybridization-based genome mapping projects, such as the production of sequence-ready physical clone maps, call for robust and cheap DNA labeling techniques that are amenable to automation. We routinely use a high-throughput protocol based on fluorescence detection. DNA probes are labeled via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with primers that are digoxigenin-modified at their 5' ends. Alternatively, digoxigenin-labeled dUTP is incorporated in a random hexamer priming reaction. Hybridization takes place in small volumes by sandwiching the probe between filters and plastic sheets. A fluorescence signal is produced by the activity of alkaline phosphatase attached to an anti-digoxigenin antibody upon the addition of AttoPhos substrate. Signals are directly detected with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and scored by an image data analysis system. DNA filters can be reused at least 40 times without loss of data quality. Significant advantages compared to radioactive techniques are the reduced health risk, enabling highly parallel processing; the production of spot signals uniform in size and intensity, which is essential for efficient image analysis; and a cost reduction of about 70%.
Relationship between LMS compensators for intersymbol interference in linear and nonlinear modulation schemes (Corresp.) (1973)

Previous results on intersymbol interference in multichannel linear modulation schemes can be applied to nonlinear modulation. These are compared with new results specifically developed for the nonlinear case.