gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diaphragm Activation during Exercise in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2001)

Although it has been postulated that central inhibition of respiratory drive may prevent development of diaphragm fatigue in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) during exercise, this premise has not been validated. We evaluated diaphragm electrical activation (EAdi) relative to maximum in 10 patients with moderately severe COPD at rest and during incremental exhaustive bicycle exercise. Flow was measured with a pneumotachograph and volume by integration of flow. EAdi and transdiaphragmatic pressures (Pdi) were measured using an esophageal catheter. End-expiratory lung volume (EELV) was assessed by inspiratory capacity (IC) maneuvers, and maximal voluntary EAdi was obtained during these maneuvers. Minute ventilation (V E) was 12.2 +/- 1.9 L/min (mean +/- SD) at rest, and increased progressively (p < 0.001) to 31.0 +/- 7.8 L/min at end-exercise. EELV increased during exercise (p < 0.001) causing end-inspiratory lung volume to attain 97 +/- 3% of TLC at end-exercise. Pdi at rest was 9.4 +/- 3.2 cm H(2)O and increased during the first two thirds of exercise (p < 0.001) to plateau at about 13 cm H(2)O. EAdi was 24 +/- 6% of voluntary maximal at rest and increased progressively during exercise (p < 0.001) to reach 81 +/- 7% at end-exercise. In conclusion, dynamic hyperinflation during exhaustive exercise in patients with COPD reduces diaphragm pressure-generating capacity, promoting high levels of diaphragm activation.
<title>Effects Of Reflected Background Radiation On Radiometric Temperature Measurement</title> (1980)

A method for evaluatina the contribution of background flux reflected from a sample is shown. An example is described showing that the reflected background contribution in a thermographic examination is about 2% and the effect of opening a window is about 0.5%.
Bone marrow transplantation for multiple sclerosis. (1995)

Multiple sclerosis is the most common demyelinating neurologic disease. Animal studies from three separate institutions suggest that BMT may be beneficial. Of paramount concern is the risk to benefit ratio. However, for patients with progressive disease at onset, survival is similar to patients with indolent lymphomas; while for patients with malignant MS, survival is roughly equivalent to chronic phase CML. In addition, for these patients, life may become intolerable due to progressive pain and disability. The fate of such individuals may justify, in carefully selected patients and in a controlled investigational protocol, the risk of early mortality from BMT.
Perturbation of NK cell peripheral homeostasis accelerates prostate carcinoma metastasis (2013)

The activating receptor NK cell group 2 member D (NKG2D) mediates antitumor immunity in experimental animal models. However, whether NKG2D ligands contribute to tumor suppression or progression clinically remains controversial. Here, we have described 2 novel lines of "humanized" bi-transgenic (bi-Tg) mice in which native human NKG2D ligand MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B (MICB) or the engineered membrane-restricted MICB (MICB.A2) was expressed in the prostate of the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model of spontaneous carcinogenesis. Bi-Tg TRAMP/MICB mice exhibited a markedly increased incidence of progressed carcinomas and metastasis, whereas TRAMP/MICB.A2 mice enjoyed long-term tumor-free survival conferred by sustained NKG2D-mediated antitumor immunity. Mechanistically, we found that cancer progression in TRAMP/MICB mice was associated with loss of the peripheral NK cell pool owing to high serum levels of tumor-derived soluble MICB (sMICB). Prostate cancer patients also displayed reduction of peripheral NK cells and high sMIC levels. Our study has not only provided direct evidence in "humanized" mouse models that soluble and membrane-restricted NKG2D ligands pose opposite impacts on cancer progression, but also uncovered a mechanism of sMIC-induced impairment of NK cell antitumor immunity. Our findings suggest that the impact of soluble NKG2D ligands should be considered in NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy and that our unique mouse models should be valuable for therapy optimization.
Body mass index, circulating levels of sex-steroid hormones, IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-3: a cross-sectional study in healthy women (2004)

These observations offer evidence that obesity may influence the levels of endogenous sex-steroid and IGF-related hormones in the circulation, especially after menopause. Circulating IGF-I, androgens and SHBG appear to be related to each other in post-menopausal women.
Antibody-modified T cells: CARs take the front seat for hematologic malignancies (2014)

T cells redirected to specific antigen targets with engineered chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are emerging as powerful therapies in hematologic malignancies. Various CAR designs, manufacturing processes, and study populations, among other variables, have been tested and reported in over 10 clinical trials. Here, we review and compare the results of the reported clinical trials and discuss the progress and key emerging factors that may play a role in effecting tumor responses. We also discuss the outlook for CAR T-cell therapies, including managing toxicities and expanding the availability of personalized cell therapy as a promising approach to all hematologic malignancies. Many questions remain in the field of CAR T cells directed to hematologic malignancies, but the encouraging response rates pave a wide road for future investigation.
Cyclodextrins as Second Sphere Ligands for Transition Metal Complexes—The X‐Ray Crystal Structure of [Rh(cod)(NH3)2·α‐cyclodextrin][PF6]·6H2O (1985)

The structure of the 1:1 adduct of [Rh(cod)(NH3)2][PF6] (cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) and α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) has been elucidated by an X-ray structure analysis. The tub-shaped cod ligand lies almost exactly above the center of the α-CD cavity, into which it partilly protudes. The two NH3 ligands interact with four secondary OH groups.
Handling of biological cells using fluid integrated circuit (2003)

Studies are made of methods of cell handling using dielectrophoretic (DEP) force in a novel device called a fluid-integrated-circuit (FIC), where all cell-handling components are integrated onto one substrate with a photolithography technique. Cell passages and driving electrodes can be fabricated in arbitrary two-dimensional shape, allowing great flexibility in its design. Through an analytical study it was found that a careful tailoring of a field pattern is essential in realizing cell motions. Methods for detailed field analysis are developed and used to design cell-handling components. One is the FIC cell shift register, a device in which cells are stored and electrostatically transported one-by-one, just as bits are shifted in TTL shift registers. The other is the FIC cell deflector, where the cell fed from the inlet can be dielectrophoretically deflected to either of the bifurcating branches.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Determination of the carboxyl termini of the alpha and beta subunits of yeast K1 killer toxin. Requirement of a carboxypeptidase B-like activity for maturation. (1987)

The carboxyl-terminal sequences of the two polypeptide chains of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae K1 killer toxin were determined by protein sequencing and amino acid analysis of peptide fragments generated from the mature, secreted toxin. The COOH-terminal amino acid of the beta chain is histidine 316, the final residue encoded by the precursor gene. The COOH terminus of the alpha chain is at alanine 147 of the preprotoxin. Amino acid composition data for the purified toxin are consistent with that predicted from the gene sequence of the preprotoxin where the alpha and beta subunits consist of amino acid residues 45-147 and 234-316, respectively. The molecular weight of the mature alpha beta dimer is about 20,658. The COOH-terminal sequence determination completes the location of the toxin subunits in the precursor, and its configuration may be represented as prepropeptide-Pro-Arg-alpha-Arg-Arg-gamma-Lys-Arg-beta, where gamma represents the interstitial glycosylated peptide. The COOH terminal side of the paired basic residues (Arg-148 Arg-149 and Lys-232 Arg-233 of preprotoxin) are endoproteolytic processing sites for the product of the KEX2 gene (Julius, D., Brake, A., Blair, L., Kunisawa, R., and Thorner, J. (1984) Cell 37, 1075-1089), and thus maturation of the alpha subunit of killer toxin apparently requires a carboxypeptidase B-like activity. A possible candidate for this activity is the product of the KEX1 gene (Dmochowska, A., Dignard, D., Henning, D., Thomas, D.Y., and Bussey, H. (1987) Cell, in press).
Stimulatory effect of counterflow centrifugal elutriation in large‐scale separation of peripheral blood monocytes can be reversed by storing the cells at 37°c (1991)

Transfusion of peripheral blood monocytes may be of benefit as adjuvant treatment of leukopenic patients with serious infections. To study the feasibility of this approach, a large-scale monocyte separation procedure employing leukapheresis, density gradient centrifugation, and counterflow centrifugal elutriation was established. By processing 5 to 6 liters of normal donor blood, it was possible to obtain a mean of 1.1 x 10(9) (range: 0.5-1.7 x 10(9) cells) of mononuclear cells, of which 89% (range: 82-94%) were monocytes by Wright's stain morphology. When the elutriation was performed in XVIVO-10, a commercially available, serum-free medium developed for adoptive immunotherapy, spontaneous secretion of superoxide by the monocytes was significantly higher than for monocytes elutriated in Hanks' balanced salt solution without calcium and magnesium or non-elutriated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This stimulated state of the monocytes was observed both immediately after elutriation and after overnight storage at 4 degrees C, and it was not affected by the type of storage vessel used. Overnight storage of the monocytes at 37 degrees C resulted in a reversal of the stimulated state of the cells. Monocytes elutriated in XVIVO-10 and kept overnight at 4 degrees C released high amounts of arachidonic acid. A subsequent decrease in this release was seen after additional storage at 37 degrees C for 18 hours. These observations demonstrate that separation and storage variables have important effects on the state of stimulation of monocytes. Further investigations of such variables may suggest improved procedures for preparation and storage of these cells, as well as possible ways to stimulate monocytes prior to transfusion.
Silver Nanoshells:  Variations in Morphologies and Optical Properties (2001)

The production of silica core-silver shell nanoparticles (silver nanoshells) by three different chemical methods is described. Each method produces a silver outer layer with a unique morphology, ranging from smooth and uniform, to rough on the 2−5 nm length scale, to spiky with extremely sharp, needlelike protrusions extending outward from the surface of the nanoparticle. The nanoshells produced by each growth method were studied using transmission electron microscopy and UV−vis spectroscopy. In particular, one reduction method produced silver nanoshells with smooth and highly uniform morphologies whose optical extinction corresponded quantitatively to Mie scattering theory for a silica core-silver shell nanostructure.
Recovery of turbidity free fluorescence from measured fluorescence: an experimental approach (2003)

Fluorescence from fluorophores embedded in a turbid medium like biological tissue gets strongly modulated by the wavelength dependent absorption and scattering properties of tissue. This makes it extremely difficult to extract valuable biochemical information from tissue which is present in the intrinsic line shape and intensity of fluorescence from tissue fluorophores. We present an experimental approach to remove the distorting effect of scattering and absorption on intrinsic fluorescence of fluorophores embedded in a turbid medium like tissue. The method is based on simultaneous measurement of polarized fluorescence and polarized elastic scattering spectra from a turbid medium. The polarized fluorescence normalized by the polarized elastic scattering spectra (in the wavelength range of fluorescence emission) was found to be free from the distorting effect of absorption and scattering properties of the medium. The applicability range of this technique to recover intensity and line shape information of intrinsic fluorescence has been investigated by carrying out studies on a variety of tissue phantoms having different absorption and scattering properties. The results obtained show that this technique can be used to recover intrinsic line shape and intensity information of fluorescence from fluorophores embedded in a scattering medium for the range of optical transport parameters typically found in biological tissue.
Crystallographic and Kinetic Evidence of a Collision Complex Formed during Halide Import in Haloalkane Dehalogenase (1999)

Haloalkane dehalogenase (DhlA) converts haloalkanes to their corresponding alcohols and halide ions. The rate-limiting step in the reaction of DhlA is the release of the halide ion. The kinetics of halide release have been analyzed by measuring halide binding with stopped-flow fluorescence experiments. At high halide concentrations, halide import occurs predominantly via the rapid formation of a weak initial collision complex, followed by transport of the ion to the active site. To obtain more insight in this collision complex, we determined the X-ray structure of DhlA in the presence of bromide and investigated the kinetics of mutants that were constructed on the basis of this structure. The X-ray structure revealed one bromide ion firmly bound in the active site and two bromide ions weakly bound on the surface of the enzyme. One of the weakly bound ions is close to Thr197 and Phe294, near the entrance of the earlier proposed tunnel for substrate import. Kinetic analysis of bromide import by the Thr197Ala and Phe294Ala mutants of DhlA at high halide concentration showed that the rate constants for halide binding no longer displayed a wild-type-like parabolic increase with increasing bromide concentrations. This is in agreement with an elimination or a decrease in affinity of the surface-located halide-binding site. Likewise, chloride binding kinetics of the mutants indicated significant differences with wild-type enzyme. The results indicate that Thr197 and Phe294 are involved in the formation of an initial collision complex for halide import in DhlA and provide experimental evidence for the role of the tunnel in substrate and product transport.
Reinvestigation of the mixed carbonic anhydride method of peptide synthesis (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReinvestigation of the mixed carbonic anhydride method of peptide synthesisGeorge Washington. Anderson, Joan E. Zimmerman, and Francis M. CallahanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 19, 5012–5017Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00995a032https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00995a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2775Altmetric-Citations379LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A DNA helicase induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 (1988)

We have identified and partially purified a DNA-dependent ATPase that is present specifically in herpes simplex virus type 1-infected Vero cells. The enzyme which has a molecular weight of approximately 440,000 differs from the comparable host enzyme in its elution from phosphocellulose columns and in its nucleoside triphosphate specificity. The partially purified DNA-dependent ATPase is also a DNA helicase that couples ATP or GTP hydrolysis to the displacement of an oligonucleotide annealed to M13 single-stranded DNA. The enzyme requires a 3' single-stranded tail on the duplex substrate, suggesting that the polarity of unwinding is 5'----3' relative to the M13 DNA. The herpes specific DNA helicase may therefore translocate on the lagging strand in the semidiscontinuous replication of the herpes virus 1 genome.
Critical Parameters and Normal Boiling Temperatures of Five Fluorinated Ethers and Two Fluorinated Ketones (2001)

The critical parameters and normal boiling temperatures of five fluorinated ethers (1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoroisobutyl trifluoromethyl ether, tert-perfluorobutyl methyl ether, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-difluoromethoxyethyl difluoromethyl ether, 2,3,3,5,5,6,6-heptafluoro-1,4-dioxane, and 2-trifluoromethyl-4,4,5,5-tetrafluoro-1,3-dioxolane) and two fluorinated ketones (1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-3-butanone and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-trifluoromethyl-3-butanone) were measured using static-type apparatuses, in which a small amount of a sample fluid of 5 cm3 was required to determine the thermodynamic properties accurately. The uncertainties in the critical parameters were ±30 mK in temperature, ±2 kPa in pressure, ±0.2% in density, and ±10 mK in normal boiling temperature, respectively. Lydersen's group contribution method estimated the critical parameters fairly well, but no group contribution method could predict the normal boiling temperature reasonably.
The Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect and a Novel Method of Fusion Recovery With the Worth 4-Dot Test (1996)

The relative afferent pupillary defect is a dynamic process that results from an imbalance of brightness sensitivity between the two eyes. Altering the latency ("timing") and amplitude of the light stimuli by use of neutral density filters can restore fusion on the Worth 4-dot neutralization test but does not alter stereopsis. The Worth 4-dot neutralization test may be a useful adjunct in the assessment of visual dysfunction.
Differential Expression of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and Shc in Fetal and Adult Rat Fibroblasts: Toward Defining Scarless versus Scarring Fibroblast Phenotypes (2000)

The remarkable ability of the fetus to heal early gestation skin wounds without scarring remains poorly understood. Taking advantage of recent advances in signal transduction, the tyrosine phosphorylation patterns of fetal rat fibroblasts, representing the scarless cutaneous repair phenotype, and adult rat fibroblasts, representing scarforming phenotype, were examined whether there were inherent differences in cellular signaling. Specifically, correlation of the phosphorylation patterns with the expression levels of the signaling molecules that transmit information from the plasma membrane receptor to the nucleus was sought. By using three different cell lines of explanted fibroblasts from gestational day 13 fetal rat skin (n = 24) and 1-month-old postnatal adult rat skin (n = 3), immunoblotting was performed to compare tyrosine phosphorylation patterns. The results revealed five major protein bands of interest in fetal rat fibroblasts, but not in the adult rat fibroblasts. These phosphorylated protein bands are of interest because of their possible role in wound repair and may have the potential to regulate cellular responses to the extracellular matrix and their secondary signaling molecules. It was hypothesized that these bands represented receptor tyrosine kinases, epidermal growth factor receptor, and discoidin domain receptor 1, and their downstream adaptor protein Shc that binds receptor tyrosine kinases to transduce signals intracellularly. Furthermore, elevated expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta in adult compared with fetal fibroblasts was demonstrated, suggesting that decreased expression of certain growth factors may also be important for the scarless phenomenon to occur.
The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications (2006)

In recent years, investigators have readdressed the complex issues involved in the classification of inflammatory bowel diseases. In 2003, a Working Party of investigators with an interest in the issues involved in disease subclassification was formed with the aim of summarising recent developments in disease classification and establishing an integrated clinical, molecular, and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease. The results of the Working Party were reported at the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology. Here we highlight the key issues that have emerged from discussions of the Montreal Working Party and the relevance to clinical practice and research activities.
A Saccharomyces gene family involved in invasive growth, cell–cell adhesion, and mating (2000)

The cell wall of bakers' yeast contains a family of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked glycoproteins of domain structure similar to the adhesins of pathogenic fungi. In wild-type cells each of these proteins has a unique function in different developmental processes (mating, invasive growth, cell-cell adhesion, or filamentation). What unifies these developmental events is adhesion, either to an inert substrate or to a cell. Although they differ in their specificities, many of these proteins can substitute for each other when overexpressed. For example, Flo11p is required during vegetative growth for haploid invasion and diploid filamentation, whereas Fig2p is required for mating. When overexpressed, Flo11p and Fig2p can function in mating, invasion, filamentation, and flocculation. The ability of Flo11p to supply Fig2p function in mating depends on its intracellular localization to the mating projection, where Fig2p normally functions in the adhesion of mating cells. Our data show that even distant family members retain the ability to carry out disparate functions if localized and expressed appropriately.
Intracoronary Delivery of Self-Assembling Heart-Derived Microtissues (Cardiospheres) for Prevention of Adverse Remodeling in a Pig Model of Convalescent Myocardial Infarction (2015)

Intracoronary delivery of cardiospheres is safe. Intracoronary cardiospheres are also remarkably effective in decreasing scar, halting adverse remodeling, increasing myocardial perfusion, and improving hemodynamic status after myocardial infarction in pigs. Thus, cardiospheres may be viable therapeutic candidates for intracoronary infusion in selected myocardial disorders.
Optogenetics and Translational Medicine (2013)

Optogenetic tools enable light-mediated control of cellular excitability and signaling in vivo. By manipulating biological processes, scientists can determine the roles played by these processes in intact biological systems, such as the brain. Such cellular-level control has greatly affected basic science. Here, we discuss how optogenetic tools might be translated into clinical impact through identification of new molecular and circuit-level targets and provide temporally precise interventions for defined biochemical or cellular events.