gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Passive immunization against murine malaria with an IgG3 monoclonal antibody. (1984)

Spleen cells of BALB/c mice that were immune to the 17X strain of P. yoelii were fused with P3X63Ag8 myeloma cells. Two hundred fifty-three of 1053 hybrid cells produced antibodies reactive with disrupted 17X parasites in a solid phase radioimmunoassay. One of these antibodies, McAb 302, reacted with the merozoites of the 17X (nonlethal) and 17XL (lethal) variants of P. yoelii. Of greater significance, McAb 302 passively protected mice against challenge infection with the lethal variant. Mice treated with this antibody before infection developed low-grade parasitemia (less than 0.3%) of short duration when challenged with P. yoelii 17XL . In contrast, control mice that had been untreated or injected with ascites fluid lacking McAb 302 uniformly died with fulminating malaria upon challenge with the same parasite. In other experiments, McAb 302 was shown capable of controlling blood parasite levels when administered to mice with patent P. yoelii 17XL infections. Although all control mice died, mice protected with a single dose of McAb 302 ultimately cleared their infections. Regardless of how passive immunization was performed, mice given McAb 302 were resistant to subsequent challenge with P. yoelii 17XL , indicating they had developed significant immunity during their initial controlled infections. McAb 302 also showed pronounced passive protective activity against the nonlethal 17X strain of P. yoelii, which is a parasite of reticulocytes. The protection afforded by McAb 302 was specific, because mice passively immunized with this antibody died when challenged with the unrelated P. vinckei. McAb 302 was shown to possess the IgG3 isotype and precipitated a 230-kd protein plus several smaller polypeptides from metabolically labeled parasite antigen preparation derived from both variants of P. yoelii. It did not react with similar preparations of other murine plasmodial species.
Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the major peptidoglycan hydrolase of Lactococcus lactis, a muramidase needed for cell separation (1995)

A gene of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363 encoding a peptidoglycan hydrolase was identified in a genomic library of the strain in pUC19 by screening Escherichia coli transformants for cell wall lysis activity on a medium containing autoclaved, lyophilized Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells. In cell extracts of L. lactis MG1363 and several halo-producing E. coli transformants, lytic bands of similar sizes were identified by denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels containing L. lactis or M. lysodeikticus cell walls. Of these clearing bands, corresponding to the presence of lytic enzymes with sizes of 46 and 41 kDa, the 41-kDa band was also present in the supernatant of an L. lactis culture. Deletion analysis of one of the recombinant plasmids showed that the information specifying lytic activity was contained within a 2,428-bp EcoRV-Sau3A fragment. Sequencing of part of this fragment revealed a gene (acmA) that could encode a polypeptide of 437 amino acid residues. The calculated molecular mass of AcmA (46,564 Da) corresponded to that of one of the lytic activities detected. Presumably, the enzyme is synthesized as a precursor protein which is processed by cleavage after the Ala at position 57, thus producing a mature protein with a size of 40,264 Da, which would correspond to the size of the enzyme whose lytic activity was present in culture supernatants of L. lactis. The N-terminal region of the mature protein showed 60% identity with the N-terminal region of the mature muramidase-2 of Enterococcus hirae and the autolysin of Streptococcus faecalis. Like the latter two enzymes, AcmA contains C-terminal repeated regions. In AcmA, these three repeats are separated by nonhomologous intervening sequences highly enriched in serine, threonine, and asparagine. Genes specifying identical activities were detected in various strains of L. lactis subsp. lactis and L. lactis subsp. cremoris by the SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis detection assay and PCR experiments. By replacement recombination, an acmA deletion mutant which grew as long chains was constructed, indicating that AcmA is required for cell separation.
TOWARDS AN OBJECTIVE CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL STRUCTURE (1978)

Summary A classification of structural condition in surface soils is proposed, based on the volumes of two categories of pore size, termed air capacity (pores greater than 60 μm diameter) and available water (pores of 60 to 0.2 μm diameter. Relationships of pore volumes to particle size class, organic carbon content and soil water regime are examined. Soil structural conditions are mainly affected by water regime and organic carbon and, apart from the extremes of sandy or clayey textures, less influenced by particle size distribution.
Acute Depression of Myocardial β-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling during Cardiopulmonary Bypass (1998)

These data indicate that the myocardial adenylyl cyclase response to betaAR agonists decreases acutely in adults during aortocoronary surgery requiring CPB, regardless of whether long-term preoperative betaAR antagonists are administered. The mechanism underlying acute betaAR dysfunction appears to be direct impairment of the adenylyl cyclase moiety. Similar increases in manganese-stimulated activity before and at the end of CPB show preserved adenylyl cyclase catalytic activity, suggesting that other mechanisms (such as decreased protein levels or altered isoform expression or function) may be responsible for decreased adenylyl cyclase function.
Patterned Growth of Metal-Organic Framework Coatings by Electrochemical Synthesis (2009)

A study was conducted to demonstrate an electrochemical method for growing functional metal organic framework (MOF) coatings. The applied voltage served as a means to synthesize MOF crystals without the need to investigate their properties. The electrochemical synthesis of MOF coatings enabled a salt-free and continuous production in industrial environments providing significant advantages. The principle of the process was based on supplying one MOF building block, the metal ion, by anodic dissolution to a synthesis solution that contained the organic ligand and a conduction salt. It was demonstrated that careful modification of the conditions used to electrochemically produce bulk MOF material enabled the preparation of thin films. The approach also enabled the incorporation of MOFs as functional coating in microelectronic devices using standard lithographic techniques combined with electrochemical synthesis.
Leukemia Cell Surface Antigen Modulation Induced By Dual CD19/CD20 Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cells (2017)

Escape from immune surveillance is a hallmark of cancer, and has now been seen in the therapy of hematologic malignancies with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing T cells. We sought to more aggressively target hematologic malignancies with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that simultaneously targets two antigens with a single lentiviral vector (LV) construct, and to determine if these CARs diminish the opportunity for escape from the cytokine-mediated and direct cytotoxic effects of T cells bearing such a CAR, in comparison to single specificity CARs. We thus developed a dual CD19- and CD20-targeting LV (also known as a Tandem-CAR). The binding domains were derived from the FMC63 (anti-CD19) and Leu16 (anti-CD20) antibodies. They were linked in frame to transmembrane and T cell signaling domains to create a single transcript that expresses a transmembrane protein with dual specificity. Expression of the dual-CAR on the surface of primary human T cells was induced by transduction with LV and detected by direct (CD19 and CD20 protein-based antigen) and indirect (Protein L) means. The dual construct efficiently killed the Raji leukemia cell line both in vitro and in an immune deficient, NSG, mouse model. We found the Raji cell line to be far more resistant to immune-mediated killing, as opposed to the commonly used NALM-6 cell line which was susceptible to more general lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. We then sought to exploit our dual-CAR as a means to test for the relative ability of single and dual-CARs to select for leukemia cell escape variants. At high effector to target ratios (E:T) leukemia cell lines were efficiently killed. However, in co-culture experiments at low E:T ratios where surviving cells could be further analyzed, we detected a rapid down-modulation of CD19 expression. This modulation was in addition to the immune-mediated enrichment of leukemia cells expressing the CD19 exon 2 variant, recently described by the Thomas-Tikhonenko laboratory. Interestingly, there also was a partial down-modulation of CD22, which was not targeted by either of the specificities in our CAR construct. Importantly, the CD20 antigen was relatively resistant to variation in cell surface expression, even though it was a direct target of the dual-CAR, and thus may serve as a more effective target in malignancies that express CD20. The co-modulation of B cell differentiation antigens together may account for the ability of leukemic cells to rapidly evolve escape mutants, and may reflect the natural variation in non-disease B cell biology. The stronger immune pressure mediated by dual-CAR T cells may both rapidly select leukemic clones that initially express, but do not require, target antigen expression for disease progression, while also selecting for subclones that are able to de-differentiate into a more primitive lineage.
Synthesis, structure, and spectroscopic properties of copper(II) compounds containing nitrogen–sulphur donor ligands; the crystal and molecular structure of aqua[1,7-bis(N-methylbenzimidazol-2′-yl)-2,6-dithiaheptane]copper(II) perchlorate (1984)

The linear quadridentate N2S2 donor ligand 1,7-bis(N-methylbenzimidazol-2′-yl)-2,6-dithiaheptane (bmdhp) forms mono- and di-hydrate 1 : 1 copper(II) complexes which are significantly more stable toward autoreduction than those of the non-methylated analogue. The deep green monohydrate of the perchlorate salt crystallises as the mononuclear aqua-complex, [Cu(bmdhp)(OH2)][ClO4]2, in the monoclinic space group P21/n, with Z= 4, a= 18.459(3), b= 10.362(2), c= 16.365(3)Å, and β= 117.14(1)°. The structure was solved and refined by standard Patterson, Fourier, and least-squares techniques to R= 0.047 and R′= 0.075 for 3 343 independent reflections with l > 2σ(l). The compound consists of [Cu(bmdhp)(OH2)]2+ ions and ClO4– counter ions. The co-ordination around copper is intermediate between trigonal bipyramidal and square pyramidal, with Cu–N distances of 1.950(4) and 1.997(4)Å, Cu–O(water) 2.225(4)Å, and Cu–S 2.328(1) and 2.337(1)Å. In the solid state, the perchlorate dihydrate's co-ordination sphere may be a topoisomer of the monohydrate's. A new angular structural parameter, τ, is defined and proposed as an index of trigonality, as a general descriptor of five-co-ordinate centric molecules. By this criterion, the irregular co-ordination geometry of [Cu(bmdhp)(OH2)]2+ in the solid state is described as being 48% along the pathway of distortion from square pyramidal toward trigonal bipyramidal. In the electronic spectrum of the complex, assignment is made of the S(thioether)→ Cu charge-transfer bands by comparison with those of the colourless complex Zn(bmdhp)(OH)(ClO4). E.s.r. and ligand-field spectra show that the copper(II) compounds adopt a tetragonal structure in donor solvents.
A Low-Cost Digital Microscope with Real-Time Fluorescent Imaging Capability (2016)

This paper describes the development of a prototype of a low-cost digital fluorescent microscope built from commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components. The prototype was tested to detect malignant tumor cells taken from a living organism in a preclinical setting. This experiment was accomplished by using Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate dye attached to the cancer cells. Our prototype utilizes a torch along with an excitation filter as a light source for fluorophore excitation, a dichroic mirror to reflect the excitation and pass the emitted green light from the sample under test and a barrier filter to permit only appropriate wavelength. The system is designed out of a microscope using its optical zooming property and an assembly of exciter filter, dichroic mirror and transmitter filter. The microscope is connected to a computer or laptop through universal serial bus (USB) that allows real-time transmission of captured florescence images; this also offers real-time control of the microscope. The designed system has comparable features of high-end commercial fluorescent microscopes while reducing cost, power, weight and size.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalized Ordered Mesoporous Materials for Environmental Remediation (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Simple PEG modification of DNA aptamer based on copper ion coordination for tumor targeting. (2011)

A simple modification of a DNA aptamer with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) based on metal coordination was developed. N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)-L-lysine (NTA) of a metal chelate residue was chemically introduced to one terminus of PEG. The NTA-introduced PEG (PEG-NTA) chelated Cu(2+) ions form a Cu(2+)-chelated PEG (PEG-Cu). When PEG-Cu was mixed with a DNA aptamer of anti-tumor activity (AS1411) in aqueous solution, a complex of PEG-Cu and AS1411 based on metal coordination was formed. The complex inhibited in vitro tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner. A body distribution study with tumor-bearing mice revealed that PEG-Cu-AS1411 complexes injected intravenously had a significant longer lifetime in the blood circulation and 1.5-2.0-fold higher accumulation in the tumor tissue than free AS1411. Intravenous injection of complexes suppressed the in vivo growth of tumor mass to a significantly greater extent compared with that of free AS1411. The Cu(2+)-coordinated PEG modification is a simple and promising method to enhance accumulation of the aptamer in the tumor, resulting in the augmented anti-tumor effect.
Formosan Subterranean Termite Resistance of Borate-Modified Strandboard Manufactured From Southern Wood Species: A Laboratory Trial (2004)

The behavior of Formosan subterranean termites (FST) toward zinc borate (ZB) and calcium borate (CB)-treated oriented strandboard (OSB) from southern mixed hardwoods and southern yellow pine was examined in laboratory tests.Loading of ZB and CB in OSB provided protection from severe structural damage, but did not completely eliminate termite activity.The level of borate used showed significant effects on weight loss, percent termite mortality, and termite damage rating.Borate types had a significant effect on the sample weight loss and damage rating, but not on termite mortality.Wood species showed no significant effect on the termite resistance.Correlations between weight loss and damage rating and between weight loss and termite mortality for both wood species were fitted well by a decaying exponential function.A three-way regression analysis showed a significant curvilinear relationship among damage rating, weight loss, and termite mortality.Zinc and calcium borate treatment to retention levels greater than 1.0% BAE provided sufficient protection from FST attack.Additional field tests may be needed to determine whether ZB and CB treatments will protect OSB from large-scale attack by FST and if modified OSB panels will be acceptable commercially.
Induction of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase-3 by Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1 Promotes Metabolic Switch and Drug Resistance (2008)

The switch of cellular metabolism from mitochondrial respiration to glycolysis is the hallmark of cancer cells and associated with tumor malignancy. However, the mechanism of this metabolic switch remains largely unknown. Herein, we reported that hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) induced pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-3 (PDK3) expression leading to inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. Promoter activity assay, small interference RNA knockdown assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that hypoxia-induced PDK3 gene activity was regulated by HIF-1 at the transcriptional level. Forced expression of PDK3 in cancer cells resulted in increased lactic acid accumulation and drugs resistance, whereas knocking down PDK3 inhibited hypoxia-induced cytoplasmic glycolysis and cell survival. These data demonstrated that increased PDK3 expression due to elevated HIF-1alpha in cancer cells may play critical roles in metabolic switch during cancer progression and chemoresistance in cancer therapy.
Pattern-matching scheme for HEVC screen content coding (2016)

Screen Content refers to image/video generated by electronic devices, like cartoons, 3-D games or captures of computer screens or video with text overlay etc. The existing video coding techniques don't perform well on screen content. In this paper, the characteristics of screen content and coding efficiency of HEVC on screen content are analyzed. This paper proposes a pattern-matching mode aimed at improving the coding efficiency for screen content video based on HEVC. The scheme uses basic color and index map (BCIM) to convert the pixel values in a CU to index values. Then a dictionary based coding method is adopted to code the index values. In addition, a fast dictionary searching algorithm based on hash-table is proposed to reduce the string matching time. The experiment result shows the proposed mode achieves significant coding efficiency improvement on screen content compared with HEVC.
Trapping of Mammalian Promoters by Cre-lox Site-Specific Recombination (1996)

One of the challenges in human genome research is to identify the promoter sequences which play a key role in the regulation of gene expression. We report here a new promoter trapping system for use with mammalian cells comprised of the following three steps: 1) Cloning of DNA fragments into a promotertrapping vector, 2) integration of the trapping vector into a designated target in the mammalian genome using the Cre site-specific recombinase, and 3) screening of integrants for trapped promoter sequences by activation of the luciferase gene. To assess the efficiency of this system, lox trapping vectors containing sense tk promoter, antisense tk promoter, or a non-promoter sequence of the neo gene were employed. The resulting levels of luciferase activity of the site-specific integrants were measured directly. Luciferase activity of the integrants can be assayed under conventional culture conditions by simply replacing the culture medium with potassium phosphate buffer containing luciferin. Only those G418r colonies carrying the tk promoter in the normal orientation exhibited a 21-to 35-fold increase in luciferase activity over that of the other integrants. These results indicate that this system is an effective means of trapping promoter sequences from random mammalian genomic DNA fragments.
A method for implementing dynamic photon beam intensity modulation using independent jaws and a multileaf collimator (1995)

A mathematical model is derived for digitally controlled linear accelerators to deliver a desired photon intensity distribution by combining collimator motion and machine dose rate variations. It shows that, at any instant, the quotient of the machine dose rate and the speed of collimator motion is proportional to the gradient of the desired in-air photon fluence distribution. The model is applicable for both independently controlled collimator jaws and multileaf collimators and can be implemented by controlling different parameters to accommodate linear accelerators from different manufactures. For independent jaws, each pair of jaws creates photon fluence variations along the direction of the jaw movement. For multileaf collimators, where each leaf is independently controlled, any two-dimensional (2D) photon fluence distribution can be delivered. The model has been implemented for wedged isodose distributions using independent jaws, and 2D intensity modulation using a multileaf collimator. One-dimensional (1D) wedged isodose distributions are created by moving an independent jaw at constant speed while varying machine dose rate. 2D intensity modulation has been implemented using a 'dynamic stepping' scheme, which controls the leaf progression during irradiation at constant machine dose rate. With this automated delivery scheme, the beam delivery time for dynamic intensity modulation, which depends on the complexity of the desired intensity distribution, approaches that of conventional beam modifiers. This paper shows the derivation of the model, its application, and our delivery scheme. Examples of 1D dynamic wedges and 2D intensity modulations will be given to illustrate the versatility of the model, the simplicity of its application, and the efficiency of beam delivery. These features make this approach practical for delivering conformal therapy treatments.
Delayed Contact Hypersensitivity In the Guinea Pig (1965)

Detection of delayed contact sensitizers has been dependent upon the use of a repeated insult patch test on human subjects, since it has been generally recognized that the guinea pig, when utilized as a test animal, frequently gives false-negative results. The experimental approaches using the guinea pig, however, have been restricted to intradermal injections and topical applications. Since the closed or occlusive patch provides acceptably exaggerated conditions for human studies, this technique was applied to guinea pigs. Results indicate that use of the closed patch on the guinea pig results in a much more sensitive tool which could be of value not only for the routine detection of potential sensitizers, but could serve as the ideal model system for the investigation of delayed contact hypersensitivity.
The SGGX microflake distribution (2015)

We introduce the Symmetric GGX (SGGX) distribution to represent spatially-varying properties of anisotropic microflake participating media. Our key theoretical insight is to represent a microflake distribution by the projected area of the microflakes. We use the projected area to parameterize the shape of an ellipsoid, from which we recover a distribution of normals. The representation based on the projected area allows for robust linear interpolation and prefiltering, and thanks to its geometric interpretation, we derive closed form expressions for all operations used in the microflake framework. We also incorporate microflakes with diffuse reflectance in our theoretical framework. This allows us to model the appearance of rough diffuse materials in addition to rough specular materials. Finally, we use the idea of sampling the distribution of visible normals to design a perfect importance sampling technique for our SGGX microflake phase functions. It is analytic, deterministic, simple to implement, and one order of magnitude faster than previous work.