gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Origins, Current Status, and Future Challenges of Green Chemistry (2002)

Over the course of the past decade, green chemistry has demonstrated how fundamental scientific methodologies can protect human health and the environment in an economically beneficial manner. Significant progress is being made in several key research areas, such as catalysis, the design of safer chemicals and environmentally benign solvents, and the development of renewable feedstocks. Current and future chemists are being trained to design products and processes with an increased awareness for environmental impact. Outreach activities within the green chemistry community highlight the potential for chemistry to solve many of the global environmental challenges we now face. The origins and basis of green chemistry chart a course for achieving environmental and economic prosperity inherent in a sustainable world.
Characterization of a 70S polyuridylic acid polymerase isolated from foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected cells (1981)

A polyuridylic acid polymerase complex isolated from foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected cells sedimented at 70S in a sucrose gradient and appeared in the exclusion volume of an agarose column whose molecular weight cutoff was 5 x 10(6). Phenol extraction of the complex yielded a heterogeneous band of virus-specific RNA and an apparently host cell-derived 4.5 to 5S RNA, both of which are essentially single stranded. Neither RNA served as a template in the cell-free enzyme reaction. Polyacrylamide gel analysis revealed five polypeptides with molecular weights of 50,000, 56,000, 60,000, 70,000, and 74,000 and with molar ratios of 1:2:2:1:1, respectively. Autoradiography showed P56 to be the only major virus-induced polypeptide; the other proteins are apparently of host cell origin. Electron microscopic examination suggested a cartwheel shape for the polymerase complex which was seen to dissociate as polyadenylic acid was added. Antibody previously shown to inhibit enzyme activity aggregated the 70S units.
RNA Hybridization to DNA Coupled with Cyanogen‐Bromide‐Activated Sephadex (1978)

A method for purifying RNA by hybridization to complementary DNA immobilized on Sephadex is described and is illustrated by the purification of polyoma mRNA. Denatured DNA can be immobilized on cyanogen‐bromide‐activated Sephadex whilst remaining freely available for hybridization. However, after activation with cyanogen bromide, followed by the coupling of DNA and deactivation with ethanolamine, Sephadex acts as an ion‐exchange resin. It is therefore necessary to elute RNA from DNA‐Sephadex by a combination of formamide buffers containing NaCl and elevated temperatures, conditions which dissociate DNA · RNA hybrids and also prevent the binding of RNA to the resin by ion exchange. Polyoma DNA, or restriction fragments thereof, were bound to Sephadex and used to purify viral mRNA. RNA purified from polyadenylated RNA isolated from the cytoplasm of mouse cells 28–30 h after infection with polyoma virus sedimented at values between 19 and 16 S in sucrose/formamide gradients and, in a wheat germ cell‐free translation system, directed the synthesis of three polypeptides; these were identified by gel mobility, immunoprecipitation and fingerprinting as the three structural proteins of polyoma virus. Viral mRNA could also be purified by hybridization directly from total cytoplasmic infected‐cell RNA without prior selection of polyadenylate‐containing RNA. The advantages and limitations of DNA attached to cyanogen‐bromide‐activated Sephadex as an affinity matrix for RNA purification are discussed.
Antibody against interleukin-6 receptor attenuates left ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction in mice (2010)

Administration of MR16-1 after MI suppressed myocardial inflammation, resulting in the amelioration of LV remodelling. Neutralization of the IL-6 receptor is a potentially useful strategy for protecting hearts from LV remodelling after MI.
Human Sperm Telomere–Binding Complex Involves Histone H2b and Secures Telomere Membrane Attachment (2000)

Telomeres are unique chromatin domains located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomere functions in somatic cells involve complexes between telomere proteins and TTAGGG DNA repeats. During the differentiation of germ-line cells, telomeres undergo significant reorganization most likely required for additional specific functions in meiosis and fertilization. A telomere-binding protein complex from human sperm (hSTBP) has been isolated by detergent treatment and was partially purified. hSTBP specifically binds double-stranded telomeric DNA and does not contain known somatic telomere proteins TRF1, TRF2, and Ku. Surprisingly, the essential component of this complex has been identified as a specific variant of histone H2B. Indirect immunofluorescence shows punctate localization of H2B in sperm nuclei, which in part coincides with telomeric DNA localization established by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Anti-H2B antibodies block interactions of hSTBP with telomere DNA, and spH2B forms specific complex with this DNA in vitro, indicating that this protein plays a role in telomere DNA recognition. We propose that hSTBP participates in the membrane attachment of telomeres that may be important for ordered chromosome withdrawal after fertilization.
Human eosinophil, but not neutrophil, adherence to IL-1-stimulated human umbilical vascular endothelial cells is alpha 4 beta 1 (very late antigen-4) dependent (1991)

Eosinophils, through their ability to generate an array of potent mediators, are thought to be the major effector cells in a number of conditions, including parasitic infection, asthma, and other allergic diseases. The mechanism(s) by which eosinophils, as opposed to neutrophils, accumulate at inflammatory sites is unknown. One possible mechanism would be an eosinophil-specific pathway of adhesion to vascular endothelium. In this study we have demonstrated that human eosinophils, but not neutrophils, constitutively express alpha 4 beta 1 (CD49d/CD29). Expression was not increased on low density eosinophils or normal density cells stimulated with platelet-activating factor. Eosinophils, but not neutrophils, specifically adhered to COS cells transfected with vascular adhesion molecule-1 in a alpha 4 beta 1-dependent manner. Eosinophil, but not neutrophil, adhesion to IL-1 stimulated human umbilical vascular endothelial cells was significantly inhibited by alpha 4 beta 1 mAb at both 5 h (p less than 0.05) and 20 h (p less than 0.001). Inhibition of both resting and platelet-activating factor-(10(-7) M) stimulated eosinophil adhesion was observed. We conclude that the alpha 4 beta 1/vascular adhesion molecule-1 adhesion pathway may be involved in specific eosinophil, as opposed to neutrophil, migration into sites of eosinophilic inflammation.
Photoreductive Dehalogenation of Halogenated Benzene Derivatives Using ZnS or CdS Nanocrystallites as Photocatalysts (2000)

ZnS nanocrystallites (nc-ZnS) prepared in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) photocatalyze dehalogenation of halogenated benzenes to benzene as the final product from chlorinated benzenes and to difluorobenzenes from fluorinated benzenes in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) as an electron donor under UV light irradiation (lambda > 300 nm). When CdS nanocrystallites (nc-CdS) are used as a photocatalyst (lambda > 400 nm), halogenated benzenes are photoreductively dehalogenated, yielding trichlorobenzene from hexachlorobenzene and tetrafluorobenzene isomers from hexafluorobenzene as the final products. Photoformed electrons on nc-ZnS and nc-CdS have such negative reduction potentials that these electrons reduce polyhalogenated benzenes, leading to the successive dehalogenation. nc-ZnS exhibits higher photocatalytic activitythan nc-CdS due to the more negative potential of the electrons on nc-ZnS than that on nc-CdS. The higher activities of nc-ZnS and nc-CdS compared to their bulk forms are explained as being due to their quantum size effects and the adsorptive interaction between the substrates and the nanosized photocatalysts.
CCLVIII.—Stereoisomerism in polycyclic systems. Part VI (1929)

B. K. Blount, W. H. Perkin and S. G. P. Plant, J. Chem. Soc., 1929, 1975 DOI: 10.1039/JR9290001975
Detection of Autoreactive Myelin Proteolipid Protein 139–151-Specific T Cells by Using MHC II (IAs) Tetramers (2003)

Detection of autoreactive T cells using MHC II tetramers is difficult because of the low affinity of their TCR. We have generated a class II tetramer using the IA(s) class II molecule combined with an autoantigenic peptide from myelin proteolipid protein (PLP; PLP(139-151)) and used it to analyze myelin PLP(139-151)-reactive T cells. Using monomers and multimerized complexes labeled with PE, we confirmed the specificity of the reagent by bioassay and flow cytometry. The IA(s) tetramers stimulated and stained the PLP(139-151)-specific 5B6 TCR transgenic T cells and a polyclonal cell line specific for PLP(139-151), but not a control T cell line specific for PLP(178-191). We used this reagent to optimize conditions to detect low affinity autoreactive T cells. We found that high pH ( approximately 8.0) and neuraminidase treatment enhances the staining capacity of PLP(139-151) tetramer without compromising specificity. Furthermore, we found that induction of calcium fluxing by tetramers in T cells may be used as a sensitive measure to detect autoreactive T cells with a low affinity. Taken together, the data show that the tetrameric reagent binds and stimulates PLP(139-151)-reactive T cells with specificity. This tetrameric reagent will be useful in studying the evolution of PLP(139-151)-specific repertoire in naive mice and its expansion during the autoimmune disease experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Aspecten van levensverzekering in het wetsvoorstel aanpassing wettelijke gemeenschap van goederen (2009)

In Boek 1 BW wordt een nieuwe vergoedingsregeling voorgesteld die gevolgen heeft voor de verrekening van de waarde in een levensverzekering in het geval de verzekering gefinancierd is met privégelden van de echtgenoot van de verzekeringnemer. Daarnaast wordt een regeling voorgesteld voor verrekening ten gunste van de langstlevende echtgenoot als de uitkering bij overlijden van de verzekerde aan een derde toekomt terwijl de premies uit de huwelijksgemeenschap zijn voldaan. De gevolgen voor levensverzekeringen van de voorgestelde wijzigingen worden in dit artikel besproken.
Microgravimetric and gravity gradient techniques for detection of subsurface cavities (1984)

Abstract Microgravimetric and gravity gradient surveying techniques are applicable to the detection and delineation of shallow subsurface cavities and tunnels. Two case histories of the use of these techniques to site investigations in karst regions are presented. In the first case history, the delineation of a shallow ( approximately 10 m deep), air-filled cavity system by a microgravimetric survey is demonstrated. Also, application of familiar ring and center point techniques produces derivative maps which demonstrate (1) the use of second derivative techniques to produce a 'residual' gravity map, and (2) the ability of first derivative techniques to resolve closely spaced or complex subsurface features. In the second case history, a deeper ( approximately 30 m deep), water-filled cavity system is adequately detected by a microgravity survey. Results of an interval (tower) vertical gradient survey along a profile line are presented in the second case history; this vertical gradient survey successfully detected shallow (&amp;lt;6 m) anomalous features such as limestone pinnacles and clay pockets, but the data are too 'noisy' to permit detection of the vertical gradient anomaly caused by the cavity system. Interval horizontal gradients were determined along the same profile line at the second site, and a vertical gradient profile is determined from the horizontal gradient profile by a Hilbert transform technique. The measured horizontal gradient profile and the computed vertical gradient profile compare quite well with corresponding profiles calculated for a two-dimensional model of the cavity system.
Statins Enhance Rotator Cuff Healing by Stimulating the COX2/PGE2/EP4 Pathway (2014)

Although chronic inflammation contributes to the development of tendinopathy, study results advocate for a positive role of PGE2 in tendon healing during the acute inflammatory phase that follows tendon surgical repair. It is therefore suggested that ATV should be further investigated as a possible modality to improve tendon healing.
Quantification and reduction of dynamically induced errors in coordinate measuring machines. (1993)

Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) are often programmed to operate at low operating speeds to reduce the negative effects of self-induced vibrations on the measurements obtained. Although these conservative operating speeds reduce structural vibration, they are detrimental to process productivity when CMMs are incorporated into a mass production environment. The trade-off between operating speed and measurement quality is well known, but up to this point a systematic approach for selecting appropriate measuring speeds has been unavailable. In this dissertation, a procedure for selecting time-optimal operating parameters used to construct motion trajectories for specified measuring paths is presented. In addition, an enhanced motion controller for use with the optimization strategy to increase CMM productivity is developed and experimentally evaluated. In Chapter 2, experimental results illustrating the effects of measurement speed on measurement quality are given. Chapter 3 is a comprehensive Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) study on the extent to which the individual factors affecting measurement time affect measurement quality. In Chapter 4, measurement quality models, based on first principles, modal analysis and experimental observations are developed for use with the optimization strategy in Chapter 5. In Chapter 6, the enhanced motion controller for CMMs is developed and analyzed. Experimental results of the optimization strategy show a significant reduction in measuring time (e.g. 25%) compared to conventional CMM speeds, without statistically significant differences in the resulting measurement quality. The optimization strategy also allows for sensitivity studies, which enable machine designers to explore the effects of changing machine characteristics on CMM productivity. The enhanced CMM motion controller design is realized through shaping controller inputs. The new shaping technique, designated Feedforward Filtering, is based on Input Command Preshaping and digital signal processing. Experimental results indicate that reductions in measurement time may be obtained for situations where high measurement quality is desired.
Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy reshapes the high-dimensional phenotypic heterogeneity of murine intratumoural neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells (2017)

The analysis of neoantigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in tumour-bearing individuals is challenging due to the small pool of tumour antigen-specific T cells. Here we show that mass cytometry with multiplex combinatorial tetramer staining can identify and characterize neoantigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in mice bearing T3 methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas that are susceptible to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Among 81 candidate antigens tested, we identify T cells restricted to two known neoantigens simultaneously in tumours, spleens and lymph nodes in tumour-bearing mice. High-dimensional phenotypic profiling reveals that antigen-specific, tumour-infiltrating T cells are highly heterogeneous. We further show that neoantigen-specific T cells display a different phenotypic profile in mice treated with anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, whereas their peripheral counterparts are not affected by the treatments. Our results provide insights into the nature of neoantigen-specific T cells and the effects of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy.Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies can unleash anti-tumour T-cell responses. Here the authors show, by integrating MHC tetramer multiplexing, mass cytometry and high-dimensional analyses, that neoantigen-specific, tumour-infiltrating T cells are highly heterogeneous and are subjected to ICB modulations.
Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Pneumococcal Otitis Media (2006)

In this review, a state of the art on otitis media research is provided with emphasis on the role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of this disease. Articles have been selected by MEDLINE search supplemented with a manual crosscheck of bibliographies. Pathogenic mechanisms in middle ear and eustachian tube are described. Furthermore, pneumococcal characteristics and pneumococcus-host interactions are highlighted as well as the possible role of biofilms in persistence or recurrence of otitis media. Because of the availability of new techniques, an increasing number of pneumococcal features contributing in the pathogenesis of otitis media are identified and in-depth knowledge of pneumococcus-host interactions has been gained. The present advances in research on otitis media open up new perspectives for therapeutic or preventive strategies.
Differences in regulatory sequences of naturally occurring JC virus variants (1985)

The regulatory region was sequenced for DNAs representative of seven independent isolates of JC virus, the probable agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The isolates included an oncogenic variant (MAD-4), an antigenic variant (MAD-11), and two different isolates derived from the urine (MAD-7) and from the brain (MAD-8) of the same patient. The representative DNAs were molecularly cloned directly from diseased brain tissue and from human fetal glial cells infected with the corresponding isolated viruses. The regulatory sequences of these DNAs were compared with those of the prototype isolate, MAD-1, sequenced previously (R. J. Frisque, J. Virol. 46:170-176, 1983). We found that the regulatory region of JC viral DNA is highly variable due to complex alterations of the previously described 98-base-pair repeat of MAD-1 DNA. On the basis of these alterations, there are two general types of JC virus. There were no consistent alterations in regulatory sequences which could distinguish brain tissue DNAs from tissue culture DNAs. Furthermore, for each isolate except MAD-1 (R. J. Frisque, J. Virol. 46:170-176, 1983), the regulatory regions of brain tissue and tissue culture DNAs were not identical. The arrangement, sequence, or both of potential regulatory elements (TATA sequence, GGGXGGPuPu, tandem repeats) of JC viral DNAs are sufficiently different from those in other viral and eucaryotic systems that they may effect the unique properties of this slow virus.
Ligand-induced desensitization of interleukin 1 receptor-initiated intracellular signaling events in T helper lymphocytes. (1994)

Although interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor signaling events in T helper lymphocytes are incompletely characterized, events associated with translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B are receptor-proximal assays of ligand-initiated responses. In this report we demonstrate that the transient nature of IL-1-induced NF-kappa B nuclear translocation occurs as a consequence of ligand-induced receptor desensitization. Other receptor-initiated events including induction of I kappa B alpha phosphorylation, expression of c-jun and junB mRNA, and costimulatory effects on IL-2 synthesis also are altered by IL-1 receptor desensitization. IL-1 receptor desensitization is not initiated by tumor necrosis factor, which also stimulates NF-kappa B translocation, and is not a consequence of alterations in either IL-1 receptor expression or binding affinity. In the absence of IL-1, the effects of desensitization are completely reversed within 18 h. Since IL-1 desensitization is initiated under conditions of low receptor occupancy, it is likely that receptor desensitization results from alterations to a receptor-proximal transducer, rather than from direct modification of the IL-1 receptor. These results suggest that the cyclic nature of the events in the T helper lymphocyte activation program can be controlled, in part, by the reversible desensitization of cell surface IL-1 receptors.
Ten questions concerning the built environment and mental health (2019)

Most people spend the majority of their lives indoors. Research over the last thirty years has focused on investigating the mechanisms through which specific elements of the built environment, such as indoor air quality, influence the physical health of occupants. However, similar effort has not been expended in regard to mental health, a significant public health concern. One in five Americans has been diagnosed with a mental health disorder in the past year, and, in the United States, the number of suicide deaths are similar to the number of deaths due to breast cancer. Increases in mental health disorders in Western societies may be due, in part, to increased systemic inflammation, secondary to decreased exposures to a diverse microbial environment (i.e., the hygiene hypothesis, "Old Friends" hypothesis, "missing microbes" hypothesis, or biodiversity hypothesis), as well as increased environmental exposures that lead to chronic low-grade inflammation. In this review, we provide an assessment that integrates historical research across disciplines. We offer ten questions that highlight the importance of current lessons learned regarding the built environment and mental health, including a potential role for the microbiome of the built environment to influence mental health. Suggested areas for future investigation are also highlighted.
Description of Four New and Two Unknown Species of Soil Nematodes (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Korea (2001)

Four new and two known species of soil nematodes belonging the order Dorylaimida are described and illustrated. Discolaimium gyeongiens n. sp. is 1.6~1.7 mm long, c=37~41, odontostyle 19~21 long and is characterized by having wider lip region and very short prerectum. Aporcelaimellus donghwaens n. sp. is 2.8~2.9mm long, c=40.0~4.5, odontostyle 19~20 long and is characterized by possessing shorter odontophore, presence of cardiac disc and conoid tail. Labronema korandus n. sp. is 2.2~2.3 mm long, c=68~81, odontostyle 27~28, spicule 61 long and is characterized by having continuous lip region, circular vulva and cylindrical tail. Zalophidera longus n. sp. is 4.1~4.4mm long, c=107~130, spear 80~93 long and is characterized by large sized body, spear and spear extension. Discolaimoides bulbiferous and Diphtherophora communis were reported here for the first time in Korea.
Electron mobility enhancement in strained-Si n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (1994)

Enhanced performance is demonstrated in n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors with channel regions formed by pseudomorphic growth of strained Si on relaxed Si/sub 1/spl minus/x/Ge/sub x/. Standard MOS fabrication techniques were utilized, including thermal oxidation of the strained Si. Surface channel devices show low-field mobility enhancements of 80% at room temperature and 12% at 10 K, when compared to control devices fabricated in Czochralski Si. Similar enhancements are observed in the device transconductance. In addition, buried channel devices show peak room temperature mobilities about three times that of control devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>