gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunological Problems of Transplantation into the Subretinal Space (1998)

The objective of retinal transplantation is to substitute destroyed or degenerated retina to improve visual function. Photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium cells of embryonic and nonembryonic origin have been transplanted into the subretinal space in different animal models. Recently, retinal cells have also been used for transplantation in untreated or immunosuppressed patients with retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. Transplants performed in animals such as the RCS rat have maintained retinal function at the transplantation site for long periods of time, although such transplantations in humans have not proved conclusively, to date, whether there is a real effect or not. One reason for this phenomenon seems to be an immune response to transplanted retinal cells at the transplantation site. The detectable rejection process shows that the posterior part of the eye is not absolutely immunologically privileged and that rejection is a serious problem in human retinal transplantation. Many questions concerning transplantation technique, graft treatment and postoperative treatment will be answered through more intensive experiments and clinical trials regarding the immunology. However, rejection of transplanted material is one of the main reasons why retinal transplantation has not yet proved successful.
Molecular Packing of Semifluorinated Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold:  Influence of Alkyl Spacer Length (2001)

The structures of semifluorinated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) generated by the adsorption of CF3(CF2)9(CH2)nSH (F10HnSH, n = 2, 6, 11, 17, 33) onto gold were investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Images obtained by AFM of the F10H2SH SAM showed a remarkably ordered 2D hexagonal lattice with a lattice constant, a = 5.9 ± 0.1 Å, on Au(111)/mica. As the total number of carbon atoms in the alkyl spacer groups (n) was increased, the fluorocarbon adlayer structure appeared more disordered in the AFM images; however, the thicknesses of the fluorocarbon layers estimated from the C 1s (CF3), C 1s (CF2), and F 1s XPS signal intensities were indistinguishable in all of the SAMs. In contrast, the C 1s (CH2) signals revealed that the tilt angles of the alkyl spacer groups depended strongly on n. We utilized a contrast variation SPR technique with various contacting media for an independent determination of the refractive indices and the film thicknesses of the semifluorinated SAMs. The obtained data were consistent with our AFM and XPS results, which show that the longer alkyl chains pack more densely than the shorter ones in these SAMs.
APC-dependent changes in expression of genes influencing polyamine metabolism, and consequences for gastrointestinal carcinogenesis, in the Min mouse (1999)

The colorectal mucosa of pre-symptomatic individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) contains elevated levels of the proliferation-associated polyamines. The Min mouse, like humans with FAP, expresses an abnormal genotype for the APC tumor suppressor gene. In order to determine how APC mutation influences intestinal tissue polyamine content, we measured steady-state RNA levels of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the first enzyme in polyamine synthesis, antizyme (AZ), a protein which negatively regulates ODC, and the spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT), the first enzyme in polyamine catabolism. RNA content was increased 6- to 8-fold in both the small intestine and colon for ODC, decreased significantly in the small intestine but not the colon for AZ and was not statistically different in either intestinal tissue for SSAT in Min mice compared with normal littermates. Consistent with the changes in ODC and AZ gene expression, small intestinal, but not colonic, polyamine content was elevated in Min mice compared with normal littermates. Treatment of Min mice with the specific ODC inhibitor difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) suppressed small intestinal, but not colonic, polyamine content and tumor number. These data indicate that small intestinal tissue polyamine content is elevated in Min mice by a mechanism involving APC-dependent changes in ODC and AZ RNA. Further, ODC enzyme activity, which is influenced by both ODC and AZ RNA levels and inhibited by DFMO, is consequential for small intestinal tumorigenesis in this model. In the FAP population, DFMO may be of value in the chemoprevention of small intestinal adenocarcinoma that remains a risk following colectomy.
Cholinesterase in embryonic development. (1975)

I. Cholinesterase (ChE) activity was studied histochemically during early development of the sea urchin, the amphibian, the chick and the rat embryo. After formalin fixation and embedding in water-soluble carbowax, the enzyme reaction was carried out in serial section. 2. Independent from innervation ChE appears in every embryonic blastema in a very early stage of development. It disappears from the embryonic cells after they have assembled into definite organ structures. Thus, ChE plays a role in embryonic development which is different from its known function in the adult. Therefore, ChE activity present in differentiating cells during a limited phase of development, is termed "embryonic cholinesterase". 3. Embryonic ChE was invariably found in cells engaged in morphogenetic movements. This observation has led us to suppose that the enzyme in involved in the regulation of cellular movements during development. 4. In particular, embryonic ChE is described in the following locations: a) During sea urchin gastrulation ChE is present in the primary mesenchymal cells emigrating from the blastula wall and in the archenteron cells which are known to bring about the invagination movement by contraction of their pseudopods. b) In the early chick blastoderm ChE active "droplet cells" are described which are supposed to emigrate from the epiblast layer in order to form the hypoblast. c) During development of notochord and somites, during closure of the neural tube and development of the head anlage, the close correlation of ChE activity with various morphogenetic movements is demonstrated: ChE appears during aggregation and desaggregation of epithelial compounds. The active bending of preexisting epithelial sheets, such as the neural plate, is also accompanied by ChE activity in epithelial cells...
Biological significance of carbohydrate chains on monoclonal antibodies. (1983)

We have prepared monoclonal hapten-specific mouse IgG2b antibodies depleted of asparagine-linked carbohydrate chains by treating the hybridoma cells with tunicamycin. The carbohydrate-deficient antibodies behaved in an identical manner to the normal antibodies with regard to fine antigen-binding reactivity (a Fab fragment feature) and protein A binding capacity [a feature requiring integrity at the CH2 and CH3 domain-interaction regions in the constant region of the heavy chain (CH)]. However, they lost the ability to activate complement, to bind to Fc receptors on macrophages, and to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Furthermore, antigen-antibody complexes produced from such carbohydrate-deficient antibodies failed to be eliminated rapidly from the circulation. We conclude that removal of carbohydrate chains from IgG molecules may have a profound and highly select impact on the biological activity to these antibodies.
Methotrexate versus Cyclosporine in Moderate-to-Severe Chronic Plaque Psoriasis (2003)

No significant differences in efficacy were found between methotrexate and cyclosporine for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis.
Channel Agnostic End-to-End Learning based Communication Systems with Conditional GAN (2018)

In this article, we use deep neural networks (DNNs) to develop a wireless end-to-end communication system, in which DNNs are employed for all signal-related functionalities, such as encoding, decoding, modulation, and equalization. However, accurate instantaneous channel transfer function, \emph{i.e.}, the channel state information (CSI), is necessary to compute the gradient of the DNN representing. In many communication systems, the channel transfer function is hard to obtain in advance and varies with time and location. In this article, this constraint is released by developing a channel agnostic end-to-end system that does not rely on any prior information about the channel. We use a conditional generative adversarial net (GAN) to represent the channel effects, where the encoded signal of the transmitter will serve as the conditioning information. In addition, in order to deal with the time-varying channel, the received signal corresponding to the pilot data can also be added as a part of the conditioning information. From the simulation results, the proposed method is effective on additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels, which opens a new door for building data-driven communication systems.
Effect of interfacial bonding on the structural and vibrational properties of InAs/GaSb superlattices (1996)

We have studied InAs/GaSb superlattices (SL's) grown with either InSb-like or GaAs-like interfaces (IF's) on top of a GaSb buffer layer on (100) GaAs substrates. The InAs layer thickness was varied from 4 to 14 monolayers (ML) while the GaSb layer thickness was kept fixed at 10 ML. The type of IF bonds realized was verified by Raman scattering from mechanical IF modes. High-resolution x-ray diffraction using one- and two-dimensional mapping of symmetric and asymmetric reflections allowed us to determine independently the lattice parameters parallel and perpendicular to the growth direction. The GaSb buffer layer was found to be fully relaxed whereas the SL's with InSb-like IF's were coherently strained to the in-plane lattice parameter of the GaSb buffer for InAs layer thicknesses exceeding 6 ML. The strain distribution within the SL's with GaAs-like IF's was obtained from simulations of the x-ray reflection profiles. The SL's were found to be coherently strained close to the GaSb buffer and showed increasing strain relaxation with increasing distance from the buffer layer. In addition, these simulations provide an accurate determination of the SL periods. Well-resolved Raman spectra of backfolded longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonons were observed showing for SL's with InSb-like IF's folded LA phonon lines up to the seventh order. The spectrum of quasiconfined optical SL phonons was examined by Raman spectroscopy and by IR reflection. A detailed analysis of the IR reflection spectra allowed an independent determination of the individual layer widths within the SL stack, including the spatial extent of the GaAs-like IF mode. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
p16INK4a Translation Suppressed by miR-24 (2008)

Together, our results suggest that miR-24 represses the initiation and elongation phases of p16 translation.
Isolation and characterization of a Δ5 FA desaturase from Pythium irregulare by heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and oilseed crops (2002)

By using the polymerase chain reaction approach with two degenerate primers targeting the heme-binding and the third histidine-rich motifs in microsomal carboxyl-directed desaturases, we identified a cDNA PiD5 from Pythium irregulare encoding a delta5 desaturase. The substrate specificity of the enzyme was studied in detail by expressing PiD5 in a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant strain, AMY-2alpha, where ole1, a delta9 desaturase gene, is disrupted. The result revealed that the encoded enzyme could desaturate unsaturated FA from 16 to 20 carbons beginning with delta9 and delta11 as well as delta8 ethylenic double bonds. Introduction of PiD5 into Brassica juncea under the control of a CaMV 35S constitutive promoter resulted in accumulation of several delta5-unsaturated polymethylene-interrupted FA (delta5-UPIFA) including 18:2-5,9, 18:2-5,11, 18:3-5,9,12, and 18:4-5,9,12,15 in vegetative tissues. The transgenic enzyme could also desaturate the exogenously supplied homo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3-8,11,14) to arachidonic acid (20:4-5,8,11,14). Introduction of PiD5 into B. juncea and flax under the control of seed-specific promoters resulted in production of delta5-UPIFA, representing more than 10% of the total FA in the seeds.
Reversible Tuning of the Wettability of Carbon Nanotube Arrays: The Effect of Ultraviolet/Ozone and Vacuum Pyrolysis Treatments (2011)

Among diverse types of synthetic materials, arrays of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes have attracted the most attention, mainly because of their exceptional mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties. However, their wetting properties are yet to be understood. In this present study, oxygenated surface functional groups have been identified as a vital factor in controlling the wetting properties of carbon nanotube arrays. The results presented herein indeed show that a combination of ultraviolet/ozone and vacuum pyrolysis treatments can be used to vary the surface concentration of these functional groups such that the carbon nanotube array can be repeatedly switched between hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
Human visual weighted progressive image transmission (1990)

A progressive image transmission scheme which combines transform coding with the human visual system (HVS) model is developed. The adaptive transform coding of W.H. Chen and C.H. Smith (1977) is utilized to classify an image into four equally populated subblocks based on their AC energies. The modulation transfer function (MTF) of the HVS model is obtained experimentally, based on processing a number of test images. A simplified technique for incorporating the MTF into the discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain is utilized. In the hierarchical image buildup, the image is first reconstructed from the DC coefficients of all subblocks. Further transmission hierarchy of transform coefficients and consequent image buildup are dependent on their HVS weighted variances. The HVS weighted reconstructed images are compared to the ones without any weighting at several stages. The HVS weighted progressive image transmission results in perceptually higher quality images compared to the unweighted scheme.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Molecular beam epitaxy growth of AlGaN quantum wells on 6H-SiC substrates with high internal quantum efficiency (2012)

The authors report the development of high internal quantum efficiency AlN/AlGaN/AlN double heterostructures and AlGaN/AlN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) grown on 6H-SiC and 4H-SiC substrates of various miscuts by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy. The authors find that the luminescence spectra for identical MQWs show a single peak across the gap, with a wavelength that is redshifted by ∼20 nm as the excess Ga during growth of the wells increases. The internal quantum efficiency of the double heterostructures emitting at 250 nm is found to be 43%, and that of the multiple quantum wells emitting at 245 nm is 68%. These results suggest that AlGaN alloys on SiC substrates are capable of producing deep-ultraviolet emitters with high efficiency. The authors propose that these results can be accounted for by the introduction of lateral band structure potential fluctuations due to the changing of the growth mode from physical vapor phase epitaxy to liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) as the excess gallium increases. In this LPE mode the arriving active nitrogen species from the plasma source and aluminum atoms from the aluminum effusion cells dissolve in the excess liquid gallium and incorporate into the film from the liquid phase.
Chromosomal origin of small ring marker chromosomes in man: characterization by molecular genetics. (1991)

Ten cases of small ring chromosomes which did not stain with distamycinA/DAPI and did not possess satellite regions associated with nucleolus-organizing regions are described. In situ hybridization with a battery of biotinylated pericentric repeat probes specific either for individual chromosomes or for groups of chromosomes allowed the identification of the chromosomal origin of these marker chromosomes. There was one example of a marker derived from each of chromosomes 1, 3, 6, 14, 16, 18, 20, 13 or 21, and the X, and there were two examples of markers derived from chromosome 12. One case possessed two markers, one derived from chromosome 6, and one derived from the X. The mechanism of generation of ring marker chromosomes is discussed. Five of seven cases who could be phenotypically assessed were abnormal. Three of these--the first with a ring chromosome derived from chromosome 1; the second with two markers, one derived from chromosome 6 and the other from the X chromosome; and the third with a ring chromosome derived from chromosome 20--each possessed distinctive facies. Additional cases with identified rings may allow the delineation of new chromosomal syndromes.
Optimization of a conical antenna for pulse radiation: an efficient design using resistive loading (1993)

The conical monopole antenna with a section of continuous resistive loading is considered as a radiator for temporally short, broad-bandwidth pulses. The geometrical details of the coaxial feed and the resistive loading are varied to optimize this structure for pulse radiation. Compared with the perfectly conducting cone, the optimized resistive cone radiates a better reproduction of the pulse excitation with no loss in amplitude, and has internal reflections that are much smaller in amplitude. Graphical displays of the field surrounding the antenna are used to give insight into the physical processes for transient radiation from this antenna. Experimental models were constructed to verify the optimization and demonstrate the practicality of the design. Measurements of both the reflected voltage in the feed line and the time-varying radiated field are in excellent agreement with the theoretical calculations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Senescence‐induced expression of cytokinin reverses pistil abortion during maize flower development (2004)

Maize is a monoecious species that produces imperfect (unisexual), highly derived flowers called florets. Within the spikelet, the basic repeating unit of the maize inflorescence, the spikelet meristem gives rise to an upper and a lower floret. Although initially bisexual, floret unisexuality is established through selective organ elimination. In addition, the lower floret of each ear spikelet is aborted early in its development, leaving the upper floret to mature as the only pistillate floret. Expression from the cytokinin-synthesizing isopentenyl transferase (IPT) enzyme under the control of the Arabidopsis senescence-inducible promoter SAG (senescence associated gene)12 was observed during early maize floret development. Moreover, the lower floret was rescued from abortion, resulting in two functional florets per spikelet. The pistil in each floret was fertile, but the spikelet produced just one kernel composed of a fused endosperm with two viable embryos. The two embryos were genetically distinct, indicating that they had arisen from independent fertilization events. These results suggest that cytokinin can determine pistil cell fate during maize floret development.
Culture of chondrocytes in alginate and collagen carrier gels (1995)

In this in vitro study, we compared the potential of collagen and alginate gels as carriers for chondrocyte transplantation and we studied the influence of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) on chondrocytes in the gels. Chondrocytes were assessed for cell viability, phenotype (histology), proliferation rate and sulfate incorporation. Collagen gels showed a significant increase in cell numbers, but the chondrocytes dedifferentiated into fibroblast-like cells from day 6 onwards. In alginate gels, initial cell loss was found, but the cells maintained their typical chondrocyte phenotype. Although the total quantity of proteoglycans initially synthesized per cell in collagen gel was significantly higher, expressed per cell, the quantity in alginate gel eventually surpassed collagen. No effects of culturing chondrocytes in combination with DBM could be demonstrated on cell proliferation and sulfate incorporation. The collagen and alginate gels have different advantages as carriers for chondrocyte transplantation. The high proliferation rate of chondrocytes in collagen gel may be an advantage, but the preservation of the chondrocyte phenotype and the gradually increasing proteoglycan synthesis in alginate gel is a promising method for creating a hyaline cartilage implant in vitro.
AAV9 gene transfer of cMyBPC N-terminal domains ameliorates cardiomyopathy in cMyBPC-deficient mice (2020)

Decreased cardiac myosin-binding protein C (cMyBPC) expression due to inheritable mutations is thought to contribute to the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) phenotype, suggesting that increasing cMyBPC content is of therapeutic benefit. In vitro assays show that cMyBPC N-terminal domains (NTDs) contain structural elements necessary and sufficient to modulate actomyosin interactions, but it is unknown if they can regulate in vivo myocardial function. To test whether NTDs can recapitulate the effects of full-length (FL) cMyBPC in rescuing cardiac function in a cMyBPC-null mouse model of HCM, we assessed the efficacy of AAV9 gene transfer of a cMyBPC NTD that contained domains C0C2 and compared its therapeutic potential with AAV9-FL gene replacement. AAV9 vectors were administered systemically at neonatal day 1, when early-onset disease phenotypes begin to manifest. A comprehensive analysis of in vivo and in vitro function was performed following cMyBPC gene transfer. Our results show that a systemic injection of AAV9-C0C2 significantly improved cardiac function (e.g., 52.24 ± 1.69 ejection fraction in the C0C2-treated group compared with 40.07 ± 1.97 in the control cMyBPC-/- group, P < 0.05) and reduced the histopathologic signs of cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, C0C2 significantly slowed and normalized the accelerated cross-bridge kinetics found in cMyBPC-/- control myocardium, as evidenced by a 32.41% decrease in the rate of cross-bridge detachment (krel). Results indicate that C0C2 can rescue biomechanical defects of cMyBPC deficiency and that the NTD may be a target region for therapeutic myofilament kinetic manipulation.
Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19 (2021)

Associations between gut microbiota composition, levels of cytokines and inflammatory markers in patients with COVID-19 suggest that the gut microbiome is involved in the magnitude of COVID-19 severity possibly via modulating host immune responses. Furthermore, the gut microbiota dysbiosis after disease resolution could contribute to persistent symptoms, highlighting a need to understand how gut microorganisms are involved in inflammation and COVID-19.