gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Segregation of Activity Profile in Benzimidazoles: Effect of Spacers at 5(6)-Position of Methyl Benzimidazole-2-carbamates [1] (1993)

Abstract The design and synthesis of a series of methyl 5(6)-substituted benzimidazole-2-carbamates as possible anthelmintics have been described. A rational analysis of the structural parameters which segregate the activity of resulting benzimidazole-2-carbamates against enteric and tissue dwelling helminths is presented. The influence of single and multiple spacers, which link the pharmacophores at 5(6)-position of benzimidazole-2-carbamate, on the activity against Ancylostoma ceylanicum (hookworm), Syphacia obvelata (pinworm), Hymenolepis nana (tapeworm), Litomosoides carinii and Acanthocheilonema viteae (filarial worm) has been presented. This analysis indicates that for activity against intestinal helminth the presence of one spacer holding the pharmacophore approximately 3 Å apart from the parent nucleus is usually preferred. While for activity against tissue dwelling parasite, the repetition of the benzimidazole-2-carbamate nucleus joined together through the 5,5′-position with one spacer kept apart by distance of 3 Å unit is usually desired.
Renal regeneration after acute kidney injury (2018)

Acute kidney injury is common and associated with negative renal and patient outcomes. The human kidney has a real but limited regeneration capacity. Understanding renal regeneration may allow us to manipulate this process and thus develop therapeutic weapons to improve patients' outcome. In the first part of this paper we discuss the clinical factors associated with renal recovery: baseline patient particularities, acute kidney injury characteristics and the medical approach taken in the short and long-term. In the second part, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying renal regeneration are explored. The immune system seems to have an important role, first promoting inflammation and then tissue healing. Other players, such as cellular senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, renal haemodynamics and metabolic reprogramming also have a role in renal regeneration. We aim to develop a short review of renal regeneration, offering a holistic view of this process.
Redox polymer films containing enzymes. 1. A redox-conducting epoxy cement: synthesis, characterization, and electrocatalytic oxidation of hydroquinone (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRedox polymer films containing enzymes. 1. A redox-conducting epoxy cement: synthesis, characterization, and electrocatalytic oxidation of hydroquinoneBrian A. Gregg and Adam HellerCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 15, 5970–5975Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100168a046https://doi.org/10.1021/j100168a046research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1813Altmetric-Citations226LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Guest Editorial Special Issue on Light-Emitting Diodes (2009)

There are eight invited papers and 12 contributed papers in this special issue on light-emitting diodes.
Wildlife crime scene investigation: techniques, tools and technology (2009)

ESR Endangered Species Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials ESR 9:229-238 (2009) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00204 Wildlife crime scene investigation: techniques, tools and technology John E. Cooper1,3,*, Margaret E. Cooper1, Paul Budgen2 1School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago 2Fairview Crescent, Broadstone, Poole, Dorset BH18 9AL, UK 3Present address: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK *Email: ngagi2@gmail.com ABSTRACT: Wildlife crime, defined here as the illegal taking, disturbance, possession, trade or movement of animals and or their derivatives, is a growing international problem that threatens the survival of many species. In the investigation of such incidents the 'crime scene' may range from the carcass (or parts) of an animal to terrain that encompasses topography as varied as forest or desert and which may include diverse natural and man-made structures. Often, the location of the wildlife crime scene is isolated, with few facilities for proper investigation and collection of evidence. In poorer parts of the world and in countries experiencing social unrest, these features may present particular challenges. Wildlife crime scene work is such that equipment, investigative techniques and scientific technology all need to be appropriate to, and the best available in, the circumstances. Effective investigation under field conditions is likely to require a combination of portable and easy-to-use laboratory equipment coupled with modern methods of data collection and information transmission. An interdisciplinary approach is essential. Biologists/naturalists and those experienced in health studies, especially epidemiology, can often usefully complement the role of the police, enforcement officials and crime scene specialists. KEY WORDS: Wildlife · Crime scene · Field techniques · Technology · Forensics Full text in pdf format Supplementary material PreviousNextCite this article as: Cooper JE, Cooper ME, Budgen P (2009) Wildlife crime scene investigation: techniques, tools and technology. Endang Species Res 9:229-238. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00204Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in ESR Vol. 9, No. 3. Online publication date: August 13, 2009 Print ISSN: 1863-5407; Online ISSN: 1613-4796 Copyright © 2009 Inter-Research.
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of AMG 531, a Thrombopoiesis‐Stimulating Peptibody, in Healthy Japanese Subjects: A Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Study (2007)

AMG 531 is a novel thrombopoiesis-stimulating peptibody being investigated for the treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. This double-blind, phase I study evaluated the safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of AMG 531 in healthy Japanese men. Thirty subjects were randomly assigned 4:1 (AMG 531/placebo) to receive 1 dose of AMG 531 (0.3, 1, or 2 microg/kg) or placebo by subcutaneous injection; subjects were evaluated for 6 weeks. AMG 531 was generally well tolerated, with adverse events similar to placebo. Treatment-related adverse events (headache, "feeling hot," malaise) were reported for 5 of 24 AMG 531-treated subjects. Platelets generated after exposure to AMG 531 functioned normally. Four of 8 subjects receiving 1 microg/kg and 7 of 8 receiving 2 microg/kg had platelet count increases > or =1.5-fold over baseline, an effect similar to that seen in non-Japanese subjects. Serum AMG 531 concentrations were below the lower limit of quantification in all but 2 subjects receiving 2 microg/kg.
Autophagy in Spinal Cord Motor Neurons in Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (2011)

To assess the potential role of autophagy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), lumbar spinal cords in a total of 19 sporadic ALS cases and 27 age-matched controls were investigated. Immunohistochemical analysis using antibodies to the markers of autophagy microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) and p62 was performed on samples from 12 ALS and 15 controls. Electron microscopy was performed on samples from 16 ALS and 15 controls, including overlapping cases. In the ALS cases, the somata of normal-appearing and degenerated motor neurons and round bodies were occasionally immunostained for LC3; round bodies and skein-like inclusions were immunostained for p62. By electron microscopy, all 16 ALS patients showed features of autophagy in the cytoplasm of normal-appearing motor neurons and, more frequently, in degenerated motor neurons. Autophagosomes surrounded by a double-membrane and autolysosomes isolated by a single membrane contained sequestered cytoplasmic organelles, such as mitochondria and ribosome-like structures. These autophagy features were also found in close association with the characteristic inclusions of ALS(i.e. round bodies, skein-like inclusions, and Bunina bodies); honeycomb-like structures also occasionally showed autophagy-associated features. Normal-appearing anterior horn neurons in control patients showed no autophagy features. Thus, autophagy seems to be activated and upregulated in the cytoplasm of motor neurons and may be involved in the mechanisms of neurodegeneration of motor neurons in sporadic ALS.
Stimulation of DNA Synthesis in Mouse Lung Following Intraperitoneal Injection of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (1974)

Male Swiss-Webster mice were injected ip with 400 mg/kg of the antioxidant buty-lated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Between 2 and 5 days after BHT, there was a marked increase in the incorporation of thymidine into pulmonary DNA; 7 and 9 days after BHT, incorporation of thymidine fell towards values found in control animals. The increased incorporation of thymidine was accompanied by a net and significant increase in total lung weight and a persistent elevation of total lung DNA. Butylated hydroxytoluene did not stimulate DNA synthesis in liver, kidney, spleen, or gastrointestinal tract. Butylated hydroxytoluene could be used as a tool to study the biochemical events leading to or accompanying stimulated DNA synthesis and cell growth in lung.
Monoclonal antibodies against receptor for epidermal growth factor induce early and delayed effects of epidermal growth factor. (1981)

Mice were immunized with human epidermoid carcinoma cells (A-431 cell line) that possess an unusually high number of membrane receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF). Spleen cells from these mice were fused with NSI cells, a nonsecreting murine myeloma. The immunoglobulins secreted by the obtained hybridomas were screened for specific binding to A-431 cells and selected according to their ability to inhibit the binding of radiolabeled EGF to the membrane of A-431 cells. Several antibodies secreted by cloned hybrid lines were found to inhibit the binding of radiolabeled EGF to membrane receptors of living A-431 cells, human foreskin fibroblasts, and mouse 3T3 fibroblasts and also to membrane preparations from A-431 cells. These monoclonal antibodies induced the early and delayed biological effects mediated by EGF. Like EGF, the antibodies induced morphological changes in A-431 cells and enhanced the phosphorylation of endogenous membrane proteins in membranes from these cells. They also stimulated DNA synthesis in human foreskin fibroblasts. These observations support the notion that the biological information of the EGF-receptor complex resides in the membrane receptor. Furthermore, the antibodies offer a powerful tool to study the structure, processing, and mode of action of EGF receptors.
Efficacy of Low-Dose Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis (1985)

Twenty-eight patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis completed a randomized 24-week double-blind crossover trial comparing oral methotrexate (2.5 to 5 mg every 12 hours for three doses weekly) with placebo. The methotrexate group had significant reductions (P less than 0.01 as compared with the placebo group) in the number of tender or painful joints, the duration of morning stiffness, and disease activity according to physician and patient assessments at the 12-week crossover visit; reductions in the number of swollen joints (P less than 0.05) and 15-m walking time (P less than 0.03) also occurred. These variables, as well as the grip strength and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, showed significant (P less than 0.01) improvement at 24 weeks in the population crossed over to methotrexate. A significantly increased frequency (P less than 0.03) of the HLA-DR2 haplotype occurred in the eight patients with the most substantial response to methotrexate. Adverse reactions during methotrexate therapy included transaminase elevation (21 per cent), nausea (18 per cent), and diarrhea (12 per cent); one patient was withdrawn from the trial because of diarrhea. One patient died while receiving the placebo. Methotrexate did not affect measures of humoral or cellular immunity. We conclude that this trial provides evidence of the short-term efficacy of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis, but the mechanism of action is unknown. Longer trials will be required to determine the ultimate safety and effectiveness of this drug.
Comparison of Two Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Iron Oxides on Cytotoxicity and MR Imaging of Tumors (2012)

Due to the modified surface properties and larger core size of its iron oxide nanoparticles, TCL-SPION achieves lower cytotoxicity and better tumor MR contrast than MION-47. Our study suggests that TCL-SPION may be used as a new platform for tumor imaging and therapy monitoring.
THE USE OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS MODIFIED BY IN VITRO CULTIVATION FOR HUMAN IMMUNIZATION (1937)

The response of rhesus monkeys to a subcutaneous inoculation with varying amounts of virus modified by prolonged cultivation in vitro has been studied. The tissue components of the medium consisted of chick embryo tissue containing minimal amounts of nervous tissue. The immunity produced in monkeys, as measured by the antibody titer developed, has no relation to the amount of virus inoculated. Monkeys inoculated subcutaneously with the tissue culture virus are rendered immune to a subsequent injection of a highly virulent yellow fever virus. This resistance is already present 7 days after vaccination. The subcutaneous inoculation of the culture virus into immune persons leads to a substantial increase of the serum antibody titer. The results of vaccinating eight normal persons with culture virus are presented. The reactions were minimal. The highest temperature recorded following vaccination was 37.4 degrees C. The sera taken from the eight vaccinated persons 2 to 4 weeks after inoculation with the tissue culture virus showed the presence of yellow fever antibodies.
Comparison of OK-432 and mitomycin C pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusion caused by lung cancer. A Randomized Trial (1992)

A prospective randomized study to compare the effectiveness of pleurodesis by two new sclerosing agents: OK-432 and mitomycin C were conducted in 53 patients with malignant pleural effusion caused by lung cancer. None of the patients received concomitant systemic chemotherapy or radiation therapy during the study. After complete drainage of pleural fluid, the patients were allocated randomly to receive 10 Klinische Einheit units of OK-432 or 8 mg of mitomycin C by intrapleural injection at weekly intervals. The treatment was terminated if the pleural effusion disappeared or the patients had received four consecutive procedures. There were 26 patients who received pleurodesis with OK-432 and 27, with mitomycin C. Patient characteristics in the two treatment groups (age, sex, histologic type, performance status, and prior treatment before pleurodesis) were compatible. These results showed that pleurodesis with OK-432 achieved a higher complete response rate (73%) than that of mitomycin C (41%). The rates of objective treatment response (complete response plus partial response) were comparable in both groups (88% for OK-432 and 67% for mitomycin C). The average number of intrapleural injections needed to achieve complete response was fewer in the OK-432 group (1.9 +/- 0.9) than in mitomycin C group (2.8 +/- 0.9). There was no significant difference in the median survival of the patients who received pleurodesis with OK-432 (5.8 months) or mitomycin C (5.1 months). However, the effusion-free period in the OK-432 group was significantly longer than that in the mitomycin C group (7.0 months versus 1.5 months). Patients who underwent OK-432 pleurodesis had a higher complication rate (80%) than did those in the mitomycin C group (30%). Transient febrile reaction was the most common reaction encountered. The immunologic study in OK-432 group showed an increase in peripheral leukocyte count and decrease in the OKT4/OKT8 ratio. The mitomycin C group had a mild reduction in peripheral blood leukocyte count and no significant change in the OKT4/OKT8 ratio. It was concluded that pleurodesis with OK-432 is an effective alternative treatment for malignant effusion in patients with lung cancer.
Differences in Extracellular Matrix Production and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Response in Skin Fibroblasts from Sporadic and Familial Alzheimer’s Disease (2007)

Extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and growth factors, such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), play a crucial role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether phenotypic alterations in ECM production are present in non-neuronal AD cells associated with different FGF expression and response. Synthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and collagen were measured in skin fibroblasts from patients with familial, sporadic AD (FAD and SAD respectively), and from age-matched controls by radiolabeled precursors. Proteoglycans (PG), metalloprotease (MMP)-1, and FGF gene expressions were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The results showed different ECM neosynthesis and mRNA levels in the two AD fibroblast populations. FAD accumulated more collagen and secreted less GAG than SAD. Biglycan PG was upregulated in FAD while betaglycan, syndecan, and decorin were markedly downregulated in SAD fibroblasts. We found a significant decrease of MMP1, more marked in FAD than in SAD fibroblasts. Constitutive FGF expression was greatly reduced in both pathological conditions (SAD>FAD). Moreover, an inverse high affinity/low affinity FGF receptor ratio between SAD and FAD fibroblasts was observed. FGF treatment differently modulated ECM molecule production and gene expression in the two cell populations. These observations in association with the changes in FGF gene expression and in the FGF receptor number, suggest that cellular mechanisms downstream from FGF receptor binding are involved in the two different forms of AD.
<title>Robust fractal characterization of 1D and 2D signals</title> (1993)

Fractal characterization of signals is well suited in analysis of some time series data and in classification of natural shapes and textures. A maximum likelihood estimator is used to measure the parameter H which is directly related to the fractal dimension. The robustness of the estimator and the performance of the method are demonstrated on datasets generated using a variety of techniques. Finally the characterization is used in segmentation of composite images of natural textures.
Cellular and molecular events underlying ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis (2003)

Neurons subjected to ischemia undergo necrosis or apoptosis depending on their anatomic distribution and the severity and duration of ischemia. Recent work has shown that apoptosis can occur in some settings, primarily within the ischemic penumbra. It is recognized that both mitochondrial and death-receptor pathways are involved in the transduction of apoptotic signals in the context of cerebral ischemia. Recent data also highlight the pivotal role of caspase 3 in the execution of ischemia-induced apoptosis, although a caspase-independent pathway is gaining increasing attention. In this review, we examine some of these findings and their potential therapeutic implications for ischemic stroke.
Molecular characterization of human factor XSan Antonio (1989)

Enzymatic amplification technique was used to isolate all eight exons and sequences around the splice junctions, putative promoter, and polyadenylation sites of human factor X DNA from a patient with factor X deficiency. Two genetic changes in factor X have been observed in this patient. The patient is most likely a compound heterozygote since there is only 14% activity associated with factor X. A point mutation that resulted in the substitution of cysteine (TGC) for arginine (CGC) at amino acid 366 was found in exon VIII of one allele of the factor X gene. This mutation, which occurs in the catalytic domain, can affect the formation of a disulfide bridge and thus could result in a reduction in factor X activity. Sequencing all the regions revealed a second mutation: a deletion of one nucleotide (TCCT to TCT) in exon VII that would cause a frame shift at amino acid 272 followed by termination. We have also shown that the point mutation in exon VIII creates an ApaL1 restriction site and destroys the HinP1 site. Enzymatic DNA amplification followed by restriction digestion provides a quick, reliable, and sensitive method for carrier detection and antenatal diagnosis in affected kindreds. This is the first characterization of factor X deficiency at the molecular level. We propose to name this mutation Factor XSan Antonio.
Mutator effects and mutation signatures of editing deaminases produced in bacteria and yeast (2011)

Enzymatic deamination of bases in DNA or RNA leads to an alteration of flow of genetic information. Adenosine deaminases edit RNA (ADARs, TADs). Specialized cytidine deaminases are involved in RNA/DNA editing in lipid metabolism (APOBEC1) and in innate (APOBEC3 family) and humoral (AID) immunity. APOBEC2 is required for proper muscle development and, along with AID, was implicated in demethylation of DNA. The functions of APOBEC4, APOBEC5, and other deaminases recently discovered by bioinformatics approaches are unknown. What is the basis for the diverse biological functions of enzymes with similar enzyme structure and the same principal enzymatic reaction? AID, APOBEC1, lamprey CDA1, and APOBEC3G enzymes cause uracil DNA glycosylase-dependent induction of mutations when overproduced ectopically in bacteria or yeast. APOBEC2, on the contrary, is nonmutagenic. We studied the effects of the expression of various deaminases in yeast and bacteria. The mutagenic specificities of four deaminases, hAID, rAPOBEC1, hAPOBEC3G, and lamprey CDA1, are strikingly different. This suggests the existence of an intrinsic component of deaminase targeting. The expression of yeast CDD1 and TAD2/TAD3, human APOBEC4, Xanthomonas oryzae APOBEC5, and deaminase encoded by Micromonas sp. gene MICPUN_56782 was nonmutagenic. A lack of a mutagenic effect for Cdd1 is expected because the enzyme functions in the salvage of pyrimidine nucleotides, and it is evolutionarily distant from RNA/DNA editing enzymes. The reason for inactivity of deaminases grouped with APOBEC2 is not obvious from their structures. This can not be explained by protein insolubility and peculiarities of cellular distribution and requires further investigation.