gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the genetic differences between Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: two closely related bacteria expressing two different pathogenicities. (1996)

We have investigated genetic differences between the closely related pathogenic Neisseria species, Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, as a novel approach to the elucidation of the genetic basis for their different pathogenicities. N. meningitidis is a major cause of cerebrospinal meningitis, whereas N. gonorrhoeae is the agent of gonorrhoea. The technique of representational difference analysis was adapted to the search for genes present in the meningococcus but absent from the gonococcus. The libraries achieved are comprehensive and specific in that they contain sequences corresponding to the presently identified meningococcus-specific genes (capsule, frp, rotamase, and opc) but lack genes more or less homologous between the two species, e.g., ppk and pilC1. Of 35 randomly chosen clones specific to N. meningitidis, DNA sequence analysis has confirmed that the large majority have no homology with published neisserial sequences. Mapping of the cloned DNA fragments onto the chromosome of N. meningitidis strain Z2491 has revealed a nonrandom distribution of meningococcus-specific sequences. Most of the genetic differences between the meningococcus and gonococcus appear to be clustered in three distinct regions, one of which (region 1) contains the capsule-related genes. Region 3 was found only in strains of serogroup A, whereas region 2 is present in a variety of meningococci belonging to different serogroups. At a time when bacterial genomes are being sequenced, we believe that this technique is a powerful tool for a rapid and directed analysis of the genetic basis of inter- or intraspecific phenotypic variations.
Infliximab in the Treatment of Severe, Steroid-Refractory Ulcerative Colitis: A Pilot Study (2001)

We report the experience of 11 patients (of 60 planned patients) enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of infliximab in patients with severe, active steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis. The study was terminated prematurely because of slow enrollment. Patients having active disease for at least 2 weeks and receiving at least 5 days of intravenous corticosteroids were eligible to receive a single intravenous infusion of infliximab at 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg body weight. The primary endpoint used in this study was treatment failure at 2 weeks after infusion. Treatment failure was defined as 1) unachieved clinical response as defined by a modified Truelove and Witts severity score, 2) increase in corticosteroid dosage, 3) addition of immunosuppressants, 4) colectomy, or 5) death. Safety evaluations included physical examination, clinical chemistry and hematology laboratory tests, and occurrence of adverse experiences. Four of 8 patients (50%) who received infliximab were considered treatment successes at 2 weeks, compared with none of 3 patients who received placebo. Improvement in erythrocyte sedimentation rates and serum concentrations of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 correlated with the clinical response observed in patients receiving infliximab. Infusion with infliximab produced no significant adverse events. Infliximab was well tolerated and may provide clinical benefit for some patients with steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis.
Morphine-activated opioid receptors elude desensitization by β-arrestin (1998)

mu opioid receptors are targets of native opioid peptides and addictive analgesic drugs. A major clinical liability of opiate drugs is their ability to cause physiological tolerance. Individual opiates, such as morphine and etorphine, differ both in their ability to promote physiological tolerance and in their effects on receptor regulation by endocytosis. Here, we demonstrate that arrestins play a fundamental role in mediating this agonist-selective regulation and that morphine-activated mu receptors fail to undergo arrestin-dependent uncoupling from cognate G proteins. Thus, highly addictive opiate drugs elude a fundamental mode of physiological regulation that is mediated by agonist-specific interaction of opioid receptors with arrestins.
Human dendritic cells require multiple activation signals for the efficient generation of tumor antigen-specific T lymphocytes (2000)

Dendritic cells (DC) are specialized cells of the immune system responsible for the initiation and regulation of both cellular and humoral responses. DC function is highly dependent on their level of maturation. In this study, we postulated that full DC maturation would require a combination of activating signals. When cultured monocyte-derived DC received stimulation with CD40 ligand (CD40L) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) together, the IL-12 secretion increased 5-60-fold and the IL-10 secretion increased 5-15-fold when compared with either stimulation alone. In addition, poly I.C, a double-stranded RNA analog that mimics viral infection, also synergized with CD40L to stimulate DC to secrete high levels of IL-12 and IL-10. Flow cytometry revealed an up-regulation in the expression of CD80, CD86 and CD83 following activation with a soluble trimeric form of CD40L (CD40Ls) or LPS. However, no further up-regulation was observed when both CD40Ls and LPS were used together compared with a single stimulatory signal, suggesting that there was no correlation between the expression of these markers and the level of IL-12/IL-10 secretion. Finally, specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were generated using DC pulsed with a modified HLA-A2-restricted peptide epitope derived from the melanoma antigen MART-1. DC activated with a combination of CD40Ls and LPS were more efficient in eliciting MART-specific reactivity compared to DC activated with CD40Ls or LPS alone. These results demonstrate that multiple maturational signals have a positive impact on the ability of DC to secrete IL-12 and IL-10 and more importantly, to generate antigen-specific T lymphocytes.
Receptors for the Carboxyl-Terminal Region of PTH(1-84) Are Highly Expressed in Osteocytic Cells (2001)

PTH is a potent systemic regulator of cellular differentiation and function in bone. It acts upon cells of the osteoblastic lineage via the G protein-coupled type-1 PTH/PTH-related peptide receptor (PTH1R). Carboxyl fragments of intact PTH(1–84) (C-PTH fragments) are cosecreted with it by the parathyroid glands in a calcium-dependent manner and also are generated via proteolysis of the hormone in peripheral tissues. Receptors that recognize C-PTH fragments (CPTHRs) have been described previously in osteoblastic and chondrocytic cells. To directly study CPTHRs in bone cells, we isolated clonal, conditionally transformed cell lines from fetal calvarial bone of mice that are homozygous for targeted ablation of the PTH1R gene and transgenically express a temperature-sensitive mutant SV40 T antigen. Cells with the highest specific binding of the CPTHR radioligand 125I-[Tyr34]hPTH(19–84) exhibited a stellate, dendritic appearance suggestive of an osteocytic phenotype and expressed 6- to 10-fold more CPTHR sites/cell than did osteoblastic cells previously isolated from the same bones. In these osteocytic (OC) cells, expression of mRNAs for CD44, connexin 43, and osteocalcin was high, whereas that for alkaline phosphatase and cbfa-1/osf-2 was negligible. The CPTHR radioligand was displaced completely by hPTH(1–84), hPTH(19–84) and hPTH(24–84) (IC50s = 20–50 nm) and by hPTH(39–84) (IC50 = 500 nm) but only minimally (24%) by 10,000 nm hPTH(1–34). CPTHR binding was down-regulated dose dependently by hPTH(1–84), an effect mimicked by ionomycin and active phorbol ester. Human PTH(1–84) and hPTH(39–84) altered connexin 43 expression and increased apoptosis in OC cells. Apoptosis induced by PTH(1–84) was blocked by the caspase inhibitor DEVD. We conclude that osteocytes, the most abundant cells in bone, may be principal target cells for unique actions of intact PTH(1–84) and circulating PTH C-fragments that are mediated by CPTHRs.
Extracellular matrix signature identifies breast cancer subgroups with different clinical outcome (2007)

Prediction of the clinical outcome of breast cancer is multi-faceted and challenging. There is growing evidence that the complexity of the tumour micro-environment, consisting of several cell types and a complex mixture of proteins, plays an important role in development, progression, and response to therapy. In the current study, we investigated whether invasive breast tumours can be classified on the basis of the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and whether such classification is representative of different clinical outcomes. We first examined the matrix composition of 28 primary breast carcinomas by morphology and gene expression profiling using 22K oligonucleotide Agilent microarrays. Hierarchical clustering of the gene expression profile of 278 ECM-related genes derived from the literature divided the tumours into four main groups (ECM1-4). A set of selected differentially expressed genes was validated by immunohistochemistry. The robustness of the ECM classification was confirmed by studying the four ECM groups in a previously published gene expression data set of 114 early-stage primary breast carcinomas profiled using cDNA arrays. Univariate survival analysis showed significant differences in clinical outcome among the various ECM subclasses. One set of tumours, designated ECM4, had a favourable outcome and was defined by the overexpression of a set of protease inhibitors belonging to the serpin family, while tumours with an ECM1 signature had a poorer prognosis and showed high expression of integrins and metallopeptidases, and low expression of several laminin chains. Furthermore, we identified three surrogate markers of ECM1 tumours: MARCO, PUNC, and SPARC, whose expression levels were associated with breast cancer survival and risk of recurrence. Our findings suggest that primary breast tumours can be classified based upon ECM composition and that this classification provides relevant information on the biology of breast carcinomas, further supporting the hypothesis that clinical outcome is strongly related to stromal characteristics.
ETS Gene Aberrations in Atypical Cribriform Lesions of the Prostate (2010)

Our molecular data suggest that isolated cribriform HGPIN and IDC-P are biologically distinct lesions. Majority of ACL-PCa most likely represent intraductal spread of PCa. There is a significant overlap between IDC-P and HGPIN at the lower grade morphologic spectrum. ERG break-apart fluorescence in-situ hybridization assay provides insight into understanding the molecular basis of cribriform HGPIN and IDC-P and has potential clinical implications in their distinction on needle biopsies.
The Formal Total Synthesis of Epothilone A (1999)

The formal total synthesis of epothilone A is described. The key steps in the synthesis of the northern hemisphere are a Z-selective ten-membered ring-closing metathesis reaction (RCM) and the diastereoselective alkylation at C8. Aldehyde 3 is formed by introduction of the thiazole moiety by a Wittig reaction and subsequent functional group transformation. An efficient route to keto acid 5 is described.
Virus-directed enzyme prodrug therapy using CB1954. (1999)

The virus-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (VDEPT) anti-cancer 'gene therapy' strategy relies on the use of viral vectors for the efficient delivery to tumour cells of a 'suicide gene' encoding an enzyme which converts a non-toxic prodrug to a cytotoxic agent. The prodrug 5-(aziridin-1-yl)-2,4 dinitrobenzamide, CB1954, has been proposed for use in enzyme-prodrug gene therapy systems with the Escherichia coli enzyme nitroreductase (Ntr). Ntr converts CB1954 to 2- and 4-hydroxylamino derivatives, whereupon the non-enzymatic reaction of the 4-hydroxylamino derivative with cellular thio- esters generates a potent cytotoxic bifunctional alkylating agent capable of cross-linking DNA. Ntr delivery has been achieved in vitro using retroviral and adenoviral vectors and confirmed by immunocytochemical demonstration of Ntr expression. The Ntr-expressing cells have been shown to be sensitized to CB1954 by up to 2000-fold. The Ntr-CB1954 system shows effective bystander killing in mixed populations of Ntr-expressing and non-expressing cells treated with CB1954. The efficacy of this enzyme-prodrug approach in model systems compared with other VDEPT approaches demonstrates the feasibility and future promise of this gene therapy strategy.
10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, one of the major folate enzymes, is down-regulated in tumor tissues and possesses suppressor effects on cancer cells. (2002)

Our studies showed that an abundant folate enzyme, 10-formyltetrahydrofolatedehydrogenase (FDH), is strongly down-regulated in several types of cancer on both the mRNA and the protein level. Transient expression of FDH in several human prostate cancer cell lines, a hepatocarcinoma cell line, HepG2, and a lung cancer cell line, A549, suppressed proliferation and resulted in cytotoxicity. In contrast, overexpression of a catalytically inactive FDH mutant did not inhibit proliferation, which suggests that the suppressor effect of FDH is a result of its enzymatic function. Because the FDH substrate, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, is required for de novo purine biosynthesis, we hypothesized that the inhibitory effects of FDH occur through the depletion of intracellular 10-formyltetrahydrofolate followed by the loss of de novo purine biosynthesis. The ultimate impact is diminished DNA/RNA biosynthesis. Indeed, supplementation of FDH-overexpressing cells with 5-formyltetrahydrofolate or hypoxanthine reversed the FDH growth-inhibitory effects. Hence, down-regulation of FDH in tumors is proposed to be one of the cellular mechanisms that enhance proliferation.
Vaccination of cows with a K99 extract to protect newborn calves against experimental enterotoxic colibacillosis (1980)

Pregnant cows and heifers were vaccinated with a crude K99 extract prepared from an Escherichia coli K-12, K99 strain. A similar group, injected with an extract prepared from the K-12 parent strain, served as a control. Eleven calves were born to both groups and challenged orally with a mean of 1.6 x 10(11) bacteria of enterotoxic E. coli B41 (O101:K99+, ST+) at the time of first colostrum uptake (1 to 7 h after birth). As a result of challenge, no death occurred in the vaccine group, but four calves died in the control group. Six calves in the vaccine group and all calves in the control group developed diarrhea. Colostral anti-O101 titers were very similar in both groups. Anti-K99 titers of colostral samples from the vaccinated dams were, however, significantly higher as compared to those of the controls. It is suggested that colostral antibodies, raised against the crude K99 extract vaccine, exerted a protective effect on newborn calves against the challenge enterotoxigenic E. coli O101:K99+, Ent+ strain.
Peer-to-peer file transfer in wireless mesh networks (2007)

In this paper, we consider the peer-to-peer transfer of popular files between devices in a wireless mesh network. We address the problem that occurs when multiple nodes try to access the same file simultaneously, resulting in increased contention on the shared wireless channel. To counteract this problem, we propose a cooperative file transfer protocol which splits a file into fixed-sized pieces and allows simultaneous downloads of such pieces from multiple peers. Opposed to previous approaches, the proposed protocol selects the potential download peers such that the corresponding download paths possess minimum interference among each other. In a performance study where we compare our approach with other download schemes proposed in the literature, we show that our cooperative protocol roughly halves the time required for downloading a file
Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields (2001)

Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields A Classic Reissue in the IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory Donald G. Dudley, Series Editor "When I begin a new research project, I clear my desk and put away all texts and reference books. Invariably, Harrington's book is the first book to find its way back to my desk. My copy is so worn that it is falling apart."--Dr. Kendall F. Casey, SRI "In the opinion of our faculty, there is no other book available that serves as well as Professor Harrington's does as an introduction to advanced electromagnetic theory and to classic solution methods in electromagnetics."--Professor Chalmers M. Butler, Clemson University First published in 1961, Roger Harrington's Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields is one of the most significant works in electromagnetic theory and applications. Over the past forty years, it proved to be a key resource for students, professors, researchers, and engineers who require a comprehensive, in-depth treatment of the subject. Now, IEEE is reissuing the classic in response to requests from our many members, who found it an invaluable textbook and an enduring reference for practicing engineers. About the IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory The IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory offers outstanding coverage of the field. It consists of new titles of contemporary interest as well as reissues and revisions of recognized classics by established authors and researchers. The series emphasizes works of long-term archival significance in electromagnetic waves and applications. Designed specifically for graduate students, researchers, and practicing engineers, the series provides affordable volumes that explore and explain electromagnetic waves beyond the undergraduate level
Ethylene Oxide: The Importance of Aeration (1992)

Residual EO on instruments and supplies can cause serious patient injuries. It is imperative that these items be adequately aerated before they are used. Removing instruments prematurely from an aerator is, indeed, "a blatant disregard for patient safety." The perioperative nurse has the responsibility and accountability for patient protection. Preventive measures and alternatives to using improperly aerated instruments have been described. If these measures do not resolve the problem, the surgery must be postponed until adequately aerated instruments are available.
Noise Reduction Analysis of an Underwater Decoupling Layer (2010)

Based on the vibro-acoustic coupled model of an infinite bare plate, using the impedance transfer matrix, the analytical model predicting the noise reduction performance of a void decoupling layer covered on an infinite plate under mechanical excitation is presented. The void decoupling layer, especially containing periodically distributed cylindrical or conical holes, can be approximated as a homogenous material described by several parameters, including the effective density, the effective propagation constant, and the effective attenuation. Analysis shows that (1) the primary mechanism of noise reduction is the vibration attenuation of the decoupling layer from the “front” interface between the decoupling layer and the plate to the “back” interface between the decoupling layer and the water, rather than the plate vibration reduction, (2) the plate vibration is increased with the decoupling layer at low frequencies and the increased amount of plate vibration is more than the attenuated amount of the decoupling layer vibration, so the radiated pressure is increased at low frequencies, and (3) at high frequencies, the pressure insertion loss, which quantitatively describes the noise reduction performance of the decoupling layer is estimated by the general sound transmission loss through a simple expression. Finally, good agreement between analytical calculations and experimental results validates that the developed model is useful to predict the noise reduction performance of the void decoupling layer.
Comparative Effects of Cellulose and Soluble Fibers (Pectin, Konjac Glucomannan, Inulin) on Fecal Water Toxicity toward Caco-2 Cells, Fecal Bacteria Enzymes, Bile Acid, and Short-Chain Fatty Acids (2010)

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of cellulose and three soluble dietary fibers, pectin, konjac glucomannan (KGM), and inulin, on the cytotoxicity and DNA damage of fecal water-treated Caco-2 cells, a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, and to investigate the fecal components that potentially modulate the fecal toxicity, that is, bacterial enzymes, bile acids, and short-chain fatty acids. Six-week-old BALB/cJ mice were randomly allocated to consume an AIN-93 diet that contained no dietary fiber (fiber-free) or 5% (w/w) cellulose, pectin, KGM, and inulin for 3 weeks. Feces were collected during days 18-21. Fecal waters were co-incubated with Caco-2 cells to determine the cytotoxicity and DNA damage. In addition, the fecal bacterial enzymes, bile acids, and short-chain fatty acids were determined. Results indicated that all fiber diets similarly increased the survival rate (%) of fecal water-treated Caco-2 cells as compared with the fiber-free diet. The inhibition of fecal water-induced DNA damage in Caco-2 cells was greater for the pectin and inulin diets than for the cellulose and KGM diets. In contrast, cellulose exerted the greatest inhibitory effect on the fecal β-glucuronidase activity. Cellulose and all soluble dietary fibers reduced the secondary bile acid concentrations in the fecal water, but only soluble fibers increased the fecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids, as compared with no fiber. Therefore, this study suggests that all dietary fibers substantially reduced the fecal water toxicity, which is associated with decreased secondary bile acid levels by all fibers, reduced fecal β-glucuronidase activity by cellulose, and increased short-chain fatty acid levels by soluble dietary fibers.
Transition-metal-promoted reactions of boron hydrides. 10. Rhodium-catalyzed syntheses of B-alkenylborazines (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTransition-metal-promoted reactions of boron hydrides. 10. Rhodium-catalyzed syntheses of B-alkenylborazinesAnne T. Lynch and Larry G. SneddonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 19, 5867–5868Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00253a058https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00253a058research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views305Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts