gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reviews (1991)

Journal Article Reviews Get access Peter Allan Dale, In Pursuit of a Scientific Culture: Science Art and Society in the Victorian Age, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990. Pp. ix + 395. $17. 50 (pbk. ). ISBN 0-299-12264-6. ALISON WINTER ALISON WINTER Cambridge University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Social History of Medicine, Volume 4, Issue 2, August 1991, Pages 349–350, https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/4.2.349 Published: 01 August 1991
A simple procedure for the preparation of protected 2′-O-methyl or 2′-O-ethyl ribonucleoside-3′-O-phosphoramidites (1991)

Protected 2'-O-methyl and 2'-O-ethyl ribonucleoside-3'-O-phosphoramidites were prepared via alkylation of the ribonucleosides at an early stage in the synthesis. Utilizing a strategy of minimal protection, the alkylation was performed with unprotected cytidine and adenosine, or with O6-protected guanosine and N3,5'-O-protected uridine using methyl or ethyl iodide and sodium hydride. In subsequent steps, the introduction of standard protective groups for oligonucleotide synthesis and the concomitant separation from 3'-O-alkylated isomers was accomplished. A modification of the phosphitylation procedure permitted facile isolation of the desired phosphoramidites which show high coupling efficiencies in oligomer assembly.
The Past and Foreign Countries (2006)

In his 1953 novel The Go-Between, LP Hartley coined an aphorism that has proven a tremendous gift to all historians: 'The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there."His observation is especially appropriate for this exciting initiative, the Centre for Comparative Law, History and Governance at Macquarie Universitya centre that is committed to examining law across both time and space.Hartley's phrase reminds us of the need, in writing history, to consider the past in its own termsto realise that concepts familiar to us may have had a profoundly different colouration in that other time.If we are going to understand what happened then we have to suspend our preconceptions, put ourselves in the shoes of those people, and try to grasp the concepts as they would have grasped them.Good history requires immersion in that other time.It requires that we be willing to subject our own presuppositions to testing and revision.Not incidentally, that willingness is also essential to good comparative work.Hartley's reminder summarises the discipline that makes historical and comparative work so valuable.That work forces us to probe our beliefs, compare them to the features we encounter elsewhere, and expose our assumptions to scrutiny and evaluation.Historical and comparative work tells us much about the other time and place, but it also tells us much about our own.Now, lawyers who are engaged in writing history are in special need of that discipline.We are so used to employing the past instrumentallycombining references to several cases, often from several centuries, to support whatever argument we want to make todaythat we can do very bad history, ignoring context, treating words as though their use in 1905 were the same as their use today, Canada
Sensitization of human keratinocytes to killing by parvovirus H-1 takes place during their malignant transformation but does not require them to be tumorigenic (1989)

To investigate the antineoplastic activity of parvoviruses, proliferating normal human epidermal cells and a series of established keratinocyte cell lines derived from squamous cell carcinomas or transformed in vitro, were compared for the outcome of H-1 virus infection. All established keratinocyte cell lines were more sensitive to killing by H-1 virus than normal epidermal cells, although to varying extents. Using a step-wise procedure for malignant transformation in vitro, we found that sensitization of transformed epidermal cells to H-1 virus can be dissociated from the acquisition of a tumorigenic phenotype. Thus, spontaneously- or SV40-immortalized human keratinocytes were moderately and highly sensitive to H-1 virus, respectively, and could be made tumorigenic by Harvey-ras oncogene transfection without a major change in their susceptibility to the virus. The capacity of human keratinocytes for replicating and expressing H-1 virus DNA appears to be a revealer of cellular alterations that take place in at least some pathways to malignant transformation but that may be insufficient to confer a tumorigenic potential.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Catalytic Materials for Environmental Protection (2019)

The reduction of toxic pollutants emitted by human activities to ambient air is an important issue nowadays. The technological approach to this problem is the development of different oxidation techniques together with catalytic materials, which can convert toxic emission products to safe compounds. Current methods for the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts which fully control the structure, size and composition are limited. The atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique can create catalytic thin films with precise thickness and structure control even on complex substrates. The present work describes the development of TiO2, CeO2 and Ag-doped CeO2 catalytic thin films deposited by ALD in order to find their capacity for the decomposition of toluene and soot. TiO2 catalytic films with different thicknesses were grown to investigate their nucleation delay and changes in their polycrystalline structure and the impact of these on their photocatalytic properties. It was shown that porous glass filters coated by TiO2 in combination with a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor could decompose toluene at a concentration of 2450 ppm with the specific input energy (SIE) of 336 J/l. In CeO2 studies it was found that a deposition temperature of 300 °C changes the structural properties of the catalytic thin films. The combination of small crystallites, larger clusters and the existence of Ce3+ in CeO2 catalytic films showed 100% soot decomposition at 450°C under loose contact mode. The doping of CeO2 with Ag in the ratio of CeO2:Ag = 10:1 by ALD reduced the soot decomposition temperature to 390°C. It was proposed that Ag+ sites could promote oxygen species and reduce the Ce ions in stoichiometric CeO2 from Ce4+ to Ce3+. Most catalytic thin films prepared by ALD showed good durability after repetitive tests of soot decomposition.
Regulation of Spemann organizer formation by the intracellular kinase Xgsk-3 (1995)

Dorsal axis formation in the Xenopus embryo can be induced by the ectopic expression of several Wnt family members. In Drosophila, the protein encoded by the Wnt family gene, wingless, signals through a pathway that antagonizes the effects of the serine/threonine kinase zeste-white 3/shaggy. We describe the isolation and characterization of a Xenopus homolog of zeste-white 3/shaggy, Xgsk-3. A kinase-dead mutant of Xgsk-3, Xgsk-3K-->R, has a dominant negative effect and mimics the ability of Wnt to induce a secondary axis by induction of an ectopic Spemann organizer. Xgsk-3K-->R, like Wnt, induces dorsal axis formation when expressed in the deep vegetal cells, which do not contribute to the axis. These results indicate that the dorsal fate is actively repressed by Xgsk-3, which must be inactivated for dorsal axis formation to occur. Furthermore, our work suggests that the effects of Xgsk-3K-->R are mediated by an additional intercellular signal.
Chemokine gene expression in the murine renal cell carcinoma, RENCA, following treatment in vivo with interferon-alpha and interleukin-2. (1994)

The expression of three chemoattractant cytokine (chemokine) messenger (m)RNAs in the murine renal cell carcinoma (RENCA) from mice treated with a combination of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and interleukin-2 was examined and related to tumor infiltration by inflammatory leukocytes. Using a semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay, mRNAs encoding the KC, JE, and IP-10 genes were all elevated in tumor tissue from mice treated systemically with IFN-alpha/interleukin-2 for 4 days. Similarly, the mRNA for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was also increased in tumors from treated as compared to control animals. The same tumors showed a significant increase in Mac-1+ leukocytes, which correlated well with the increase in chemokine and TNF-alpha gene expression. The renal cell carcinoma tumor itself may be responsible for the expression of chemokine genes in the tumor bed following cytokine therapy. Cultures of freshly explanted RENCA cells expressed significant levels of chemokine mRNAs when stimulated in vitro with IFN alpha, IFN gamma, and/or interleukin-2, demonstrating that this tumor cell has potential for expression of these genes in vivo. In contrast, TNF-alpha expression was not detected in cultured tumor cells. Thus TNF-alpha may be expressed by infiltrating monocytes following exposure to recombinant cytokine therapy.
Combining metabolic engineering and metabolic evolution to develop nonrecombinant strains of Escherichia coli C that produce succinate and malate (2007)

Derivatives of Escherichia coli C were engineered to produce primarily succinate or malate in mineral salts media using simple fermentations (anaerobic stirred batch with pH control) without the addition of plasmids or foreign genes. This was done by a combination of gene deletions (genetic engineering) and metabolic evolution with over 2,000 generations of growth-based selection. After deletion of the central anaerobic fermentation genes (ldhA, adhE, ackA), the pathway for malate and succinate production remained as the primary route for the regeneration of NAD+. Under anaerobic conditions, ATP production for growth was obligately coupled to malate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase by the requirement for NADH oxidation. Selecting strains for improved growth co-selected increased production of these dicarboxylic acids. Additional deletions were introduced as further improvements (focA, pflB, poxB, mgsA). The best succinate biocatalysts, strains KJ060(ldhA, adhE, ackA, focA, pflB) and KJ073(ldhA, adhE, ackA, focA, pflB, mgsA, poxB), produce 622-733 mM of succinate with molar yields of 1.2-1.6 per mole of metabolized glucose. The best malate biocatalyst, strain KJ071(ldhA, adhE, ackA, focA, pflB, mgsA), produced 516 mM malate with molar yields of 1.4 per mole of glucose metabolized.
Steady State Urinary Excretion of Theophylline and its Metabolities in the Presence of Erythromycin (1982)

The effect of erythromycin on the quantitative pattern of urinary excretion of theophylline and its known metabolites at steady state in eight human subjects was examined. The percent of dose excreted of the various compounds in the absence and presence of the antibiotic were as follows: theophylline, 9.3% vs. 16.3%; 1, 3-dimethyluric acid, 51.9% vs. 59.6%; 3-methylxanthine, 11.9% vs. 13.0%; and 1-methyluric acid, 27.3% vs. 31.6%. These results show that erythromycin did not influence the metabolism of theophylline under the experimental protocol employed.
Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae capable of simultaneous cellobiose and xylose fermentation (2010)

The use of plant biomass for biofuel production will require efficient utilization of the sugars in lignocellulose, primarily glucose and xylose. However, strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae presently used in bioethanol production ferment glucose but not xylose. Yeasts engineered to ferment xylose do so slowly, and cannot utilize xylose until glucose is completely consumed. To overcome these bottlenecks, we engineered yeasts to coferment mixtures of xylose and cellobiose. In these yeast strains, hydrolysis of cellobiose takes place inside yeast cells through the action of an intracellular β-glucosidase following import by a high-affinity cellodextrin transporter. Intracellular hydrolysis of cellobiose minimizes glucose repression of xylose fermentation allowing coconsumption of cellobiose and xylose. The resulting yeast strains, cofermented cellobiose and xylose simultaneously and exhibited improved ethanol yield when compared to fermentation with either cellobiose or xylose as sole carbon sources. We also observed improved yields and productivities from cofermentation experiments performed with simulated cellulosic hydrolyzates, suggesting this is a promising cofermentation strategy for cellulosic biofuel production. The successful integration of cellobiose and xylose fermentation pathways in yeast is a critical step towards enabling economic biofuel production.
Elevated Serum Levels of CC Thymus and Activation-Related Chemokine (TARC) in Primary Hodgkin's Disease: Potential for a Prognostic Factor (2005)

The CC thymus and activation-related chemokine (TARC) is a protein, which is highly expressed by Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's disease and is found in the majority of Hodgkin's disease patients. Within several trials conducted by the German Hodgkin study group, 62 Hodgkin's disease patients were elected based on availability of serum samples post and prior therapy to assess TARC levels by ELISA. TARC levels from 33 patients with continuous complete response (CCR), 20 patients with relapse, and nine patients with progressive disease (PD) were correlated with freedom from treatment failure and survival. As defined in healthy donors (mean value +/- 2x SD), a TARC level of >500 pg/mL was considered as elevated. The median TARC levels of all patients at baseline and after completed primary treatment were 5,803 pg/mL (range, 116-73,074 pg/mL) and 663 pg/mL (50-24,709 pg/mL), respectively. TARC levels of patients with PD were higher than those of patients with CCR at baseline and after therapy. Baseline TARC correlated significantly with stage (P = 0.019), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P = 0.004), leukocyte count (P < 0.001), and lymphocyte count (P = 0.026). A TARC level of >2,000 pg/mL after completed treatment was a significant risk factor for poorer survival (P = 0.02) but not for relapse. In conclusion, monitoring serum TARC levels in Hodgkin's disease patients may add valuable information about therapy success in Hodgkin's disease patients, especially those with PD and should therefore be prospectively evaluated in future trials.
Systemically Administered Drugs (2004)

Although the use of drugs in the management of cancer has made a significant impact on the outcome of most types of malignancies, one of the lingering challenges in cancer therapeutics is how to influence the outcome of cancer treatment by optimal and careful application of anticancer drugs. Addressing this challenge requires the adoption of treatment strategies that employ sound pharmacologic principles in the use of anticancer agents.
2D Conditional Random Fields for Web information extraction (2005)

The Web contains an abundance of useful semistructured information about real world objects, and our empirical study shows that strong sequence characteristics exist for Web information about objects of the same type across different Web sites. Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) are the state of the art approaches taking the sequence characteristics to do better labeling. However, as the information on a Web page is two-dimensionally laid out, previous linear-chain CRFs have their limitations for Web information extraction. To better incorporate the two-dimensional neighborhood interactions, this paper presents a two-dimensional CRF model to automatically extract object information from the Web. We empirically compare the proposed model with existing linear-chain CRF models for product information extraction, and the results show the effectiveness of our model.
Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study (2004)

Abnormal lipids, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, abdominal obesity, psychosocial factors, consumption of fruits, vegetables, and alcohol, and regular physical activity account for most of the risk of myocardial infarction worldwide in both sexes and at all ages in all regions. This finding suggests that approaches to prevention can be based on similar principles worldwide and have the potential to prevent most premature cases of myocardial infarction.
The classification of volumetric display systems: characteristics and predictability of the image space (2002)

A diverse range of volumetric display systems has been proposed during the last 90 years. In order to facilitate a comparison between the various approaches, the three subsystems that comprise displays of this type are identified and are used as a basis for a classification scheme. The general characteristics of a number of volumetric display system configurations are examined, with emphasis given to issues relating to the predictability of the volume within which images are depicted. Key characteristics of this image space are identified and the complex manner in which they depend upon the display unit subsystems are illustrated for several current volumetric display techniques.
Coalbed Methane Resource (1984)

Methane has been observed in coalbeds since underground mining of that resource began. This gas, however, has only recently been recognized as an economically producible resource. Coal underlies approximately 360,000 sq mi of the conterminous United States but because of the paucity of data on coals deeper than 3,000 ft the size of the deep coal and therefore deep gas resource is not well known.Coal responds to increased temperature over time by increasing in rank or thermal maturity. During this maturation process increased volumes of methane are generated. Coal is identified as a humic, Type III, kerogen and as such yields methane as its primary hydrocarbon product and water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen as nonhydrocarbon products. It is estimated that more than 7,000 cubic feet of methane is generated for each ton of coal during coalification from lignite to anthracite rank.Methane is found in coals either adsorbed on the coal surfaces, as free gas in fractures and large pores or dissolved in ground water in coalbeds. The amount of gas stored in the coals is influenced by depth of burial and its related pressure, rank of coal and its related porosity distribution, and a time-maturity relationship. Adsorption isotherm determinations show the maximum amount of methane that can be adsorbed on coals of various ranks. Desorption analyses of coal core samples indicate that for high rank coals adsorbed gas may exceed that predicted by isotherm analyses.Methane has been produced from coals since the early 1900s. Producibility is influenced by depth, rank, permeability, water saturation, and other hydrogeologic characteristics. Current commercial gas production from coalbeds has been documented in the Warrior Basin, Northern Appalachian Basin, and the San Juan Basin. One well in the San Juan Basin is producing at a rate in excess of 1.5 MMcfd from a 17-ft coalbed.Possible constraints to coalbed gas production involve completion technology and legal and institutional inconsistencies. Research is currently underway to enhance gas production from deep coals. Legal and regulatory constraints are being addressed through appropriate state and federal channels to resolve questions of gas ownership and price.Data indicate that the coalbed methane resource is producible at currently economic rates.
On-line estimation of hidden Markov model parameters based on the Kullback-Leibler information measure (1993)

Sequential or online hidden Markov model (HMM) signal processing schemes are derived, and their performance is illustrated by simulation. The online algorithms are sequential expectation maximization (EM) schemes and are derived by using stochastic approximations to maximize the Kullback-Leibler information measure. The schemes can be implemented either as filters or fixed-lag or sawtooth-lag smoothers. They yield estimates of the HMM parameters including transition probabilities, Markov state levels, and noise variance. In contrast to the offline EM algorithm (Baum-Welch scheme), which uses the fixed-interval forward-backward scheme, the online schemes have significantly reduced memory requirements and improved convergence, and they can estimate HMM parameters that vary slowly with time or undergo infrequent jump changes. Similar techniques are used to derive online schemes for extracting finite-state Markov chains imbedded in a mixture of white Gaussian noise (WGN) and deterministic signals of known functional form with unknown parameters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Export of Coat Protein from Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli by a Specific ATP-binding Cassette Transporter System (2003)

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an emerging enteric pathogen characterized by aggregative adherence (AA) to cultured human mucosal epithelium cells. We have recently characterized a 10.2-kDa protein, called dispersin, which is exported from the bacteria and which promotes dispersal of EAEC across the intestinal mucosa. Here, we present evidence that dispersin is exported by a putative ABC transporter complex, which is encoded by a genetic locus of the EAEC virulence plasmid pAA2. We demonstrate that the locus comprises a cluster of five genes (designated aat-PABCD), including homologs of an inner-membrane permease (AatP), an ATP-binding cassette protein (AatC) and the outer membrane protein TolC (AatA). We show that, like TolC, AatA localizes to the outer membrane independently of its ABC partner. Dispersin appears to require the Aat complex for outer membrane translocation but not for secretion across the inner membrane. We also show that, like the dispersin gene, transcription of the aat cluster is dependent on AggR, a regulator of virulence genes in EAEC. We propose that the aat cluster encodes a specialized ABC transporter, which plays a role in the pathogenesis of EAEC by transporting dispersin out of the bacterial cell.
[Effect of interferon inducer (poly ICLC) in the treatment of malignant brain tumor (author's transl)]. (1982)

Interferon inducing activity, antitumor activity and toxicity of poly ICLC (poly IC stabilized with poly L-Lysine and carboxymethyl cellulose) in rodents were studied. SD strain rats were injected intravenously with poly IC or poly ICLC. Interferon in rat plasma was assayed by a plaque reduction method using stomatitis virus. The peak level of plasma interferon of the poly ICLC injection rat was as high as that of poly IC injection rat, and in the former, high level of plasma interferon persisted for 4-12 hours. Next, brain tumor-bearing rats were treated intravenously with poly ICLC and observed for death daily. Weekly treatment with 1 mg/kg of poly ICLC increased the mean survival time although no antitumor effect was observed with poly IC. The LD 50 value of poly IC was 33.5 mg/kg, and that of poly ICLC was 18.6 mg/kg and as to poly ICLC administration, no remarkable side effect was recognized below the dose of 1.5 mg/kg. In clinical trials, poly ICLC was given intravenously at the dose of 0.05-0.2 mg/kg to 9 patients with malignant brain tumor. (6 patients were glioblastoma, 1 was astrocytoma, and 2 were ependymoma.) In 2 patients, poly ICLC was administered once, in 2 patients twice, in 2 patients 3 times, and in 3 patients more than 5 times. The interval of each administration was 7 days. Poly ICLC induced high level of serum interferon (more than 100 reference unit/ml) in all patients and over 100 unit/ml of interferon was maintained for 24 hours. The highest interferon titer induced was 875 unit/ml. The most frequently encountered toxic reaction was fever, which occurred in all cases. The mean peak temperature elevation was 1.9 degrees C, which usually occurred 4-8 hours after drug administration. Modest hypotention was detected in one case. Leucopenia was detected in 3 cases. These abnormalities were all modest, and improved in a few days. As to the effect of poly ICLC, neurological improvement was recognized in 3 cases, and in one of them, remission on CT scan was also recognized.