gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amorphous-silicon silicon-nitride field-effect transistors (1982)

n-channel and p-channel amorphous-silicon field-effect transistors have been fabricated on a glassy substrate using undoped and impurity-doped a-Si films as the semiconductor and silicon nitride deposited from an SiH4-N2 mixture as the gate insulator. A change in the source-drain conductance of greater than four orders of magnitude is realised by changing the gate potential from 0 to 5 V.
Superstability of Surface Nanobubbles (2007)

Shock wave induced cavitation experiments and atomic force microscopy measurements of flat polyamide and hydrophobized silicon surfaces immersed in water are performed. It is shown that surface nanobubbles, present on these surfaces, do not act as nucleation sites for cavitation bubbles, in contrast to the expectation. This implies that surface nanobubbles are not just stable under ambient conditions but also under enormous reduction of the liquid pressure down to -6 MPa. We denote this feature as superstability.
Lumbar transplant of neurons genetically modified to secrete galanin reverse pain-like behaviors after partial sciatic nerve injury. (1999)

The use of cell lines as biologic "minipumps" to chronically deliver antinociceptive molecules such as the peptide galanin near the pain processing centers of the spinal cord after nerve injury is a newly developing technology for the treatment of neuropathic pain. The neuronal rat cell line, RN33B, derived from E13 brainstem raphe and immortalized with the SV40 temperature-sensitive allele of large T antigen (tsTag), was transfected with rat preprogalanin (GAL) cDNA and the galanin-synthesizing and -secreting cell line, 33GAL.19, was isolated [1]. The 33GAL.19 cells transfected with the GAL gene expressed immunoreactivity (ir) for the GAL protein and synthesized low levels of GAL-ir at permissive temperature (33 degrees C), when the cells were proliferating, and increased GAL-ir during terminal differentiation at non-permissive temperature (39 degrees C) in vitro. A control cell line, 33V.1, RN33B cells transfected with the pCEP4 vector alone and similarly isolated by subcloning, contained no detectible GAL-ir at either temperature in vitro. These cell lines were used as grafts in a model of chronic neuropathic pain induced by unilateral chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Pain-related behaviors, including cold and tactile allodynia and thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, were evaluated in the affected hindpaw after CCI and transplants. The 33GAL.19 and 33V.1 cells transplanted in the lumbar subarachnoid space near the spinal cord one week after CCI, survived at least seven weeks on the pial surface around the spinal cord and only the 33GAL.19 cells expressed GAL-ir in vivo after transplant. Furthermore, the tactile and cold allodynia and tactile and thermal hyperalgesia induced by CCI was significantly reduced or eliminated during the two to seven week period after grafts of 33GAL.19 cells. The maximal effect on chronic pain behaviors with the GAL grafts occurred one to three weeks after transplantation. Transplants of 33V.1 control cells had no effect on the allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by CCI. These data suggest that a chronically applied, low local dose of galanin supplied by transplanted cells near the lumbar spinal dorsal horn was able to reverse the development of chronic neuropathic pain following CCI. The use of transplants of genetically modified neural cell lines that are able to deliver antinociceptive molecules, such as galanin, offers a safe and novel approach to pain management.
Space Mission Analysis and Design. Second edition (1992)

The goal of this second edition is siniflar to the first: to allow you to begin with a ``blank sheet of paper`` and design a space mission to meet a set of broad, often poorly defined, objectives. You should be able to define the mission in sufficient detail to identify principal drivers and make a preliminary assessment of overan performance, size, cost, and risk. The emphasis of the book is on low-Earth orbit, unmanned spacecraft. However, we hope that the principles are broad enough to be applicable to other n-dssions as well. We intend the book to be a practical guide, rather than a theoretical treatise. As much as possible, we have provided rules of thumb, empirical formulas, and design algorithms based on past experience. We assume that the reader has a general knowledge of physics, math, and basic engineering, but is not necessarily familiar with any aspect of space technology. This book was written by a group of over 50 senior space engineers. It reflects the insight gained from this practical experience, and suggests how things might be done better in the future. From time to time the views of authors and editors conflict, as must necessarily occur givenmore » the broad diversity of experience. We believe it is important to reflect this diversity rather than suppress the opinions of individual authors. Similarly, the level of treatment varies among topics, depending both on the issues each author feels is critical and our overan assessment of the level of detail in each topic that is important to the preliminary mission analysis and design process. The book is appropriate as a textbook for either introductory graduate or advanced undergraduate courses, or as a reference for those already working in space technology.« less
SURVEY AND SUMMARY Transcription by RNA polymerases I and III (2000)

The task of transcribing nuclear genes is shared between three RNA polymerases in eukaryotes: RNA polymerase (pol) I synthesizes the large rRNA, pol II synthesizes mRNA and pol III synthesizes tRNA and 5S rRNA. Although pol II has received most attention, pol I and pol III are together responsible for the bulk of transcriptional activity. This survey will summarise what is known about the process of transcription by pol I and pol III, how it happens and the proteins involved. Attention will be drawn to the similarities between the three nuclear RNA polymerase systems and also to their differences.
Nucleotide sequences of thegalE gene and thegalT gene ofE.coli (1986)

The nucleotide sequences of the gal E gene coding for UDP-galactose-4-epimerase and the gal T gene coding for galactose-1-P uridyltransferase of Escherichia coli have been determined. UDP-galactose-4-epimerase and galactose-1-P uridyltransferase are predicted to consist of 338 and 347 residues, respectively, NH2-terminal methionines included.
A 480Mb/s LDPC-COFDM-based UWB baseband transceiver (2005)

A low-density parity-check (LDPC) coded OFDM-based UWB baseband transceiver features a semi-regular LDPC CODEC, a parallel pipelined FFT, and a division-free channel equalizer. The chip is implemented in a standard 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS process and achieves a 480Mbit/s data rate with an energy consumption of 1.2nJ/b.
Two inflammatory mediator cytokine genes are closely linked and variably amplified on chromosome 17q (1990)

Mitogenic stimulation of resting T cells results in the de novo transcription of a large number of genes including those encoding regulatory molecules such as lymphokines. The genomic organization of two newly described induced lymphokine genes, 464.1 and 744.1, has been determined. 464.1 and 744.1 appear to be the human homologues of the recently cloned murine macrophage inflammatory proteins, MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta, respectively. The 464.1 and 744.1 genes share 55% amino acid homology and demonstrate parallel regulation of induced expression in T cells. It was therefore of interest to observe that these genes are closely linked in the human genome, separated by 14 kb, and are organized in a head to head fashion. Each of the genes is present in an additional nonallelic copy (referred to as 464.2 and 744.2) as part of an apparent amplification unit in the genome of many individuals. The 464.2 gene is expressed and potentially encodes a protein highly related to 464.1, varying in 5 of 92 amino acids. As expected, 464.2 and 744.2 are also closely linked to each other as determined by population linkage disequilibrium studies. Individuals bearing a chromosome with a third amplification event, involving a 464-related gene but not a 744-related gene, are also infrequently observed. These genes are all located on chromosome 17 in bands q11-q21, the region implicated in von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1) and in acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML-M3).
Use of thermostable Fusarium heterosporum lipase for production of structured lipid containing oleic and palmitic acids in organic solvent‐free system (2001)

Abstract A newly developed 1,3‐positionally specific thermostable lipase from Fusarium heterosporum (named R275A lipase) was immobilized on Dowex WBA for the production of structured lipid by acidolysis of tripalmitin (PPP) with oleic acid (OA). The immobilized catalyst was fully activated by pretreatment at 50°C in a PPP/OA mixture containing 2% water. The pretreatment caused concomitant hydrolysis, but the hydrolysis was repressed using a substrate without water in the subsequent reactions. The optimal reaction conditions were determined as follows: A mixture of PPP/OA (1∶2, w/w) and 8% immobilized lipase catalyst was incubated at 50°C for 24 h with shaking at 130 oscillations/min. The acidolysis reached 50% under these conditions, and the contents of triolein, 1,3‐dioleoyl‐2‐palmitoyl‐glycerol, 1(3),2‐dioleoyl‐3(1)‐palmitoyl‐glycerol, 1(3),2‐palmitoyl‐3(1)‐oleoyl‐glycerol, 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐glycerol, and PPP in the reaction mixture were 8, 36, 4, 28, 1, and 6 mol%, respectively. The stabilities of immobilized R275A lipase catalyst and two immobilized catalysts containing Rhizopus delemar or Rhizomucor miehei lipases were compared under the conditions mentioned above, with the catalysts being transferred to fresh substrate every 24 h. The half‐life of the R275A lipase catalyst was 370 d, which was significantly longer than those of Rhizopus and Rhizomucor lipase catalysts.
Peptide rescue of an N‐terminal truncation of the stoffel fragment of Taq DNA polymerase (1996)

Deletion of the first 289 amino acids of the DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus (Taq polymerase) removes the 5' to 3' exonuclease domain to yield the thermostable Stoffel polymerase fragment (Lawyer et al., 1989). Preliminary N-terminal truncation studies of the Stoffel fragment suggested that removal of an additional 12 amino acids (the Stof delta 12 mutant) had no significant effect on activity or stability, but that the further truncation of the protein (the Stof delta 47, in which 47 amino acids were deleted), resulted in a significant loss of both activity and thermostability. A 33-amino acid synthetic peptide, based on this critical region (i.e., residues 303-335 inclusive), was able to restore 85% of the Stof delta 12 activity when added back to the truncated Stof delta 47 protein as well as return the temperature optimum to that of the Stof delta 12 and Stoffel proteins. Examination of the crystal structure of Taq polymerase (Kim et al., 1995) shows that residues 302-336 of the enzyme form a three-stranded beta-sheet structure that interacts with the remainder of the protein. CD analysis of the 33-amino acid peptide indicates that the free peptide also adopts an ordered structure in solution with more than 50% beta-sheet content. These data suggest that this 33-amino acid peptide constitutes a stable beta-sheet structure capable of rescuing the truncated polymerase in a fashion analogous to the well-documented complementation of Ribonuclease S protein by the 15-residue, alpha-helical, S peptide.
Meta‐analysis of P300 and schizophrenia: Patients, paradigms, and practical implications (2003)

The goal of the present meta-analysis was to identify factors that contribute to P300 event-related brain potential (ERP) differences in patients with schizophrenia compared to unaffected controls in an attempt to characterize the clinically relevant dimensions underlying P300 deficits in patients with schizophrenia. P300 effect size (d) was smaller in amplitude and longer in latency in schizophrenic patients compared to normal controls, with the strongest effects obtained from the auditory oddball. Paranoid subtype demonstrated larger P300 amplitude effect sizes than other disease subtypes, and P300 latency effect size decreased with disease duration. Psychopathology severity and antipsychotic medications were unrelated to P300 amplitude effect size. Gender proportion, educational level, and stimulus and task variables also affected P300 amplitude and latency effect sizes. The findings are used to formulate a theoretical account of the empirical data and provide suggestions for maximizing the utility of the P300 component in the assessment of schizophrenia.
New class of chronic recording multichannel neural probes with post-implant self-deployed satellite recording sites (2011)

This paper introduces a new design for microprobes used in recording signals from neural tissue for extended periods of time. The new design provides the ability to displace sites, located at the tip of needles, away from the probe shank after implantation using microsprings. The sites record from tissue that is more viable and less impaired by the presence and implantation of the shank. Key technologies are presented that make this approach easily realizable within reasonable constrains. Silicon probes with 340 μm maximum width at the tip and 2 mm length were fabricated as mechanical test structures that have sufficient in-plane space to connect 6 sites, arbitrarily distributed across 1 mm along the shank. The springs are designed such that dipping into water / 0.4% heated agar (for 3 μm / 5 μm wide springs, respectively) retracts them, and bio-dissolvable coatings such as water, sugar and agar lock and release them. Insertion tests show that the fine needles withstand implantation and that the springs displace the comb more than 100 μm through brain surrogate after implantation.
Promiscuous gene expression in thymic epithelial cells is regulated at multiple levels (2005)

The role of central tolerance induction has recently been revised after the discovery of promiscuous expression of tissue-restricted self-antigens in the thymus. The extent of tissue representation afforded by this mechanism and its cellular and molecular regulation are barely defined. Here we show that medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) are specialized to express a highly diverse set of genes representing essentially all tissues of the body. Most, but not all, of these genes are induced in functionally mature CD80(hi) mTECs. Although the autoimmune regulator (Aire) is responsible for inducing a large portion of this gene pool, numerous tissue-restricted genes are also up-regulated in mature mTECs in the absence of Aire. Promiscuously expressed genes tend to colocalize in clusters in the genome. Analysis of a particular gene locus revealed expression of clustered genes to be contiguous within such a cluster and to encompass both Aire-dependent and -independent genes. A role for epigenetic regulation is furthermore implied by the selective loss of imprinting of the insulin-like growth factor 2 gene in mTECs. Our data document a remarkable cellular and molecular specialization of the thymic stroma in order to mimic the transcriptome of multiple peripheral tissues and, thus, maximize the scope of central self-tolerance.
The cache DRAM architecture: a DRAM with an on-chip cache memory (1990)

A DRAM (dynamic RAM) with an on-chip cache, called the cache DRAM, has been proposed and fabricated. It is a hierarchical RAM containing a 1-Mb DRAM for the main memory and an 8-kb SRAM (static RAM) for cache memory. It uses a 1.2- mu m CMOS technology. Suitable for no-wait-state memory access in low-end workstations and personal computers, the chip also serves high-end systems as a secondary cache scheme. It is shown how the cache DRAM bridges the gap in speed between high-performance microprocessor units and existing DRAMs. The cache DRAM concept is explained, and its architecture is presented. The error checking and correction scheme used to improve the cache DRAM's reliability is described. Performance results for an experimental device are reported.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Diabetic Kidney (2006)

The contributors herein have carefully checked to ensure that the drug selections and dosages set forth in this text are accurate and in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication.Notwithstanding, as new research, changes in government regulations, and knowledge from clinical experience relating to drug therapy and drug reactions constantly occurs, the reader is advised to check the product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug for any change in dosages or for additional warnings and contraindications.This is of utmost importance when the recommended drug herein is a new or infrequently used drug.It is the responsibility of the treating physician to determine dosages and treatment strategies for individual patients.Further it is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the Food and Drug Administration status of each drug or device used in their clinical practice.The publisher, editors, and authors are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from the application of the information presented in this book and make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the contents in this publication.
Efficient and self-adaptive in-situ learning in multilayer memristor neural networks (2018)

Abstract Memristors with tunable resistance states are emerging building blocks of artificial neural networks. However, in situ learning on a large-scale multiple-layer memristor network has yet to be demonstrated because of challenges in device property engineering and circuit integration. Here we monolithically integrate hafnium oxide-based memristors with a foundry-made transistor array into a multiple-layer neural network. We experimentally demonstrate in situ learning capability and achieve competitive classification accuracy on a standard machine learning dataset, which further confirms that the training algorithm allows the network to adapt to hardware imperfections. Our simulation using the experimental parameters suggests that a larger network would further increase the classification accuracy. The memristor neural network is a promising hardware platform for artificial intelligence with high speed-energy efficiency.
Cutting Edge: Immature Human Dendritic Cells Express Latency-Associated Peptide and Inhibit T Cell Activation in a TGF-β-Dependent Manner (2007)

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in both initiating immune responses and in maintaining peripheral tolerance. However, the exact mechanism by which DCs instruct/influence the generation of effector vs regulatory T cells is not clear. In this study, we present evidence that TGF-beta, an important immunoregulatory molecule, is present on the surface of ex vivo immature human DCs bound by latency-associated peptide (LAP). Maturation of DCs upon stimulation with LPS results in loss of membrane-bound LAP and up-regulation of HLA class II and costimulatory molecules. The presence of LAP on immature DCs selectively inhibits Th1 cell but not Th17 cell differentiation and is required for differentiation and/or survival of Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells. Taken together, our results indicate that surface expression of TGF-beta on DCs in association with LAP is one of the mechanisms by which immature DCs limit T cell activation and thus prevent autoimmune responses.
A Transmit Preprocessing Technique for Multiuser MIMO Systems Using a Decomposition Approach (2004)

We introduce a transmit preprocessing technique for the downlink of multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. It decomposes the multiuser MIMO downlink channel into multiple parallel independent single-user MIMO downlink channels. Some key properties are that each equivalent single-user MIMO channel has the same properties as a conventional single-user MIMO channel, and that increasing the number of transmit antennas of the multiuser system by one increases the number of spatial channels to each user by one. Simulation results are also provided and these results demonstrate the potential of our technique in terms of performance and capacity.
Synthetic Oleanane and Ursane Triterpenoids with Modified Rings A and C:  A Series of Highly Active Inhibitors of Nitric Oxide Production in Mouse Macrophages (2000)

We have designed and synthesized 16 new olean- and urs-1-en-3-one triterpenoids with various modified rings C as potential antiinflammatory and cancer chemopreventive agents and evaluated their inhibitory activities against production of nitric oxide induced by interferon-gamma in mouse macrophages. This investigation revealed that 9(11)-en-12-one and 12-en-11-one functionalities in ring C increase the potency by about 2-10 times compared with the original 12-ene. Subsequently, we have designed and synthesized novel olean- and urs-1-en-3-one derivatives with nitrile and carboxyl groups at C-2 in ring A and with 9(11)-en-12-one and 12-en-11-one functionalities in ring C. Among them, we have found that methyl 2-cyano-3, 12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate (25), 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) (26), and methyl 2-carboxy-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate (29) have extremely high potency (IC(50) = 0.1 nM level). Their potency is similar to that of dexamethasone although they do not act through the glucocorticoid receptor. Overall, the combination of modified rings A and C increases the potency by about 10 000 times compared with the lead compound, 3-oxooleana-1,12-dien-28-oic acid (8) (IC(50) = 1 microM level). The selected oleanane triterpenoid, CDDO (26), was found to be a potent, multifunctional agent in various in vitro assays and to show antiinflammatory activity against thioglycollate-interferon-gamma-induced mouse peritonitis.
Protein growth factor requirements of rat neural crest cells (1993)

Nascent neural crest cells derived from explanted E12 embryonic rat caudal neural tubes were used as an assay system to investigate the effects of fibroblast growth factors on neural crest cell (NCC) survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In vitro and in vivo all NCC express low affinity nerve growth factor receptors (p75-LNGFR), whereas a subpopulation of NCC expresses the carbohydrate epitope recognized by the monoclonal antibody HNK-1 (Bannerman and Pleasure, manuscript in preparation). Both acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) promoted the survival of proportionally greater numbers of p75-LNGF+/HNK-1- than P75-LNGFR+/HNK-1+ NCC. An as yet uncharacterized factor present in neural tube-conditioned medium was also required for NCC survival. Mitosis was frequent in those NCC closest to the neural tube, less so as the cells migrated away. Neither basic nor acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) influenced rates of NCC mitosis in either of these locations, nor did these FGFs alter the rate at which nascent NCC migrated away from the neural tube. However, acidic and basic FGFs did delay the differentiation of neural crest derived neurons in the cultures. FGF is abundant in the embryonic rat neural crest outgrowth zone, and the present study strongly supports an essential role for FGF in early development of the mammalian neural crest.
Video genre classification using dynamics (2002)

The problem addressed here is the classification of videos at the highest level into pre-defined genre. The approach adopted is based on the dynamic content of short sequences (/spl sim/30 secs). This paper presents two methods of extracting motion from a video sequence: foreground object motion and background camera motion. These dynamics are extracted, processed and applied to classify 3 broad classes: sports, cartoons and news. Experimental results for this 3 class problem give error rates of 17%, 8% and 6% for camera motion, object motion and both combined respectively, on /spl sim/30 second sequences.