gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Independent Component Analysis of Electroencephalographic Data (1995)

Because of the distance between the skull and brain and their dier-ent resistivities, electroencephalographic (EEG) data collected from any point on the human scalp includes activity generated within a large brain area. This spatial smearing of EEG data by volume conduction does not involve signicant time delays, however, sug-gesting that the Independent Component Analysis (ICA) algorithm of Bell and Sejnowski [1] is suitable for performing blind source sep-aration on EEG data. The ICA algorithm separates the problem of source identication from that of source localization. First results of applying the ICA algorithm to EEG and event-related potential (ERP) data collected during a sustained auditory detection task show: (1) ICA training is insensitive to dierent random seeds. (2) ICA may be used to segregate obvious artifactual EEG components (line and muscle noise, eye movements) from other sources. (3) ICA is capable of isolating overlapping EEG phenomena, including al-pha and theta bursts and spatially-separable ERP components, to separate ICA channels. (4) Nonstationarities in EEG and behav-ioral state can be tracked using ICA via changes in the amount of residual correlation between ICA-ltered output channels.
Immune Responses against Major Outer Membrane Antigens of Neisseria meningitidis in Vaccinees and Controls Who Contracted Meningococcal Disease during the Norwegian Serogroup B Protection Trial (1998)

Sera from vaccinees and controls who contracted serogroup B meningococcal disease during the blinded and open parts of a two-dose protection trial in Norway were compared for antigen-specific and bactericidal antibodies against vaccine strain 44/76 (B:15:P1.7,16). From 16 of 20 (80%) vaccinees and 26 of 35 (74%) controls, one or more serum samples (n = 104) were collected during the acute phase (1 to 4 days), early convalescent phase (5 to 79 days), and late convalescent phase (8 to 31 months) after onset of disease. Binding of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to the major outer membrane antigens (80- and 70-kDa proteins, class 1, 3, and 5 proteins, and lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) on immunoblots was measured by digital image analysis. Specific IgG levels in vaccinees increased from acute to early convalescent phases, followed by a decline, while controls showed a small increase over time. Vaccinees had significantly higher levels than controls against class 1 and 3 porins and LPS in acute sera, against all antigens during early convalescence, and against class 1 and 3 porins in the later sera. Vaccinees who were infected with strains expressing subtype P1.7,16 proteins demonstrated a level of IgG binding to protein P1.7,16 with early-convalescent-phase sera that was fourfold higher than that of those infected with other strains. Bactericidal titers in serum against the vaccine strain were 192-fold higher for vaccinees than those for controls during early convalescence, but similarly low levels were found during late convalescence. A vaccine-induced anamnestic response of specific and functional antibody activities was thus shown, but the decrease in protection over time after vaccination indicated that two vaccine doses did not induce sufficient levels of long-term protective antibodies.
Novel therapies in development for the treatment of traumatic brain injury (2002)

In industrialised countries, the mean per capita incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that results in a hospital presentation is 250 per 100,000. In Europe and North America alone, this translates to > 2 million TBI presentations annually. Approximately 25% of these presentations are admitted for hospitalisation. Despite the significance of these figures, there is no single interventional pharmacotherapy that has shown efficacy in the treatment of clinical TBI. This lack of efficacy in clinical trials may be due, in part, to the inherent heterogeneity of the traumatic brain injury population. However, it is the multifactorial nature of secondary injury that also poses a major hurdle, particularly for those therapies that have been designed to specifically target an individual injury factor. It is now becoming increasingly recognised that any successful TBI therapy may have to simultaneously affect multiple injury factors, somewhat analogous to other broad spectrum interventions. Recent efforts in experimental TBI have therefore focussed on developing novel pharmacotherapies that may affect multiple injury factors and thus improve the likelihood of a successful outcome. While a number of interventions are noteworthy in this regard, this review will focus on three novel compounds that show particular promise: magnesium, substance P antagonists and cyclosporin A.
A Finite State Approach to the Synthesis of Bioengineering Control Systems (1966)

The design of devices capable of duplicating the function of human extremities has become increasingly important in science, industry, and medicine. This paper presents an approach to the synthesis of control systems for such machines which results in extremely simple finite state controllers. The technique proposed rests on the definition of a new type of actuator, called a cybernetic actuator, which possesses the property of producing continuous controlled motion from an input which may assume only four distinct states. The application of such actuators to bioengineering systems is illustrated by the design of a control system for an artificial leg.
Phase II study of S-1, a novel oral fluoropyrimidine derivative, in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma (2000)

This study set out to evaluate, in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma, the efficacy and toxicity of S-1, which contains tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine (CDHP) and potassium oxonate, based on a biochemical modulation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) targeted at inhibition of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD). Sixty-three patients with measurable metastatic colorectal carcinoma were enrolled into the study. None of the patients had received prior chemotherapy except for adjuvant setting. S-1 was administered orally twice daily at a standard dose of 80 mg m(-2) day(-1) for 28 days followed by a 14-day rest. This agent is continued until disease progression, unaccepted toxicity, or patient refusal. Twenty-two (35%) of the 62 eligible patients achieved PR with a 95% confidence interval of 25-48%. Five of the 10 patients with a history of adjuvant chemotherapy achieved partial remission. The median survival time was 12 months. Major adverse reactions included myelosuppressive and gastrointestinal toxicities, though their incidence of grade 3 or 4 being 13% in neutropenia and less than 10% in the others. None of the 53 patients treated as outpatients required hospitalization due to adverse reactions: These results suggest that S-1 achieves similar responses to those of infusional 5-FU plus leucovorin and shows the potential of another biochemical modulation with easily manageable toxicity.
Cereblon suppresses the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response by promoting the ubiquitination and degradation of c-Jun (2018)

Chronic inflammation is associated with multiple human disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, metabolic diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, alleviation of inflammation induced by environmental stimuli is important for disease prevention or treatment. Cereblon (CRBN) functions as a substrate receptor of the cullin-4 RING E3 ligase to mediate protein ubiquitination and degradation. Although it has been reported that CRBN reduces the inflammatory response through its nonenzymatic function, its role as a substrate receptor of the E3 ligase is not explored in mediating this process. Here we used a quantitative proteomics approach to find that the major component of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) complex, c-Jun, is significantly down-regulated upon CRBN expression. Biochemical approaches further discover that CRBN interacts and partially colocalizes with c-Jun and promotes the formation of Lys<sup>48</sup>-linked polyubiquitin chains on c-Jun, enhancing c-Jun degradation. We further reveal that CRBN attenuates the transcriptional activity of the AP-1 complex and reduces the mRNA expression and protein level of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, flow cytometry analyses show that CRBN attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis in differentiated THP-1 cells. Through genetic manipulation and pharmacological inhibition, we uncover a new molecular mechanism by which CRBN regulates the inflammatory response and apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide. Our work and previous studies demonstrate that CRBN suppresses the inflammatory response by promoting or inhibiting the ubiquitination of two key molecules at different levels of the inflammatory cascade through its enzymatic function as a substrate receptor and its nonenzymatic function as a protein binding partner.
Coherent detection in optical fiber systems (2008)

The drive for higher performance in optical fiber systems has renewed interest in coherent detection. We review detection methods, including noncoherent, differentially coherent, and coherent detection, as well as a hybrid method. We compare modulation methods encoding information in various degrees of freedom (DOF). Polarization-multiplexed quadrature-amplitude modulation maximizes spectral efficiency and power efficiency, by utilizing all four available DOF, the two field quadratures in the two polarizations. Dual-polarization homodyne or heterodyne downconversion are linear processes that can fully recover the received signal field in these four DOF. When downconverted signals are sampled at the Nyquist rate, compensation of transmission impairments can be performed using digital signal processing (DSP). Linear impairments, including chromatic dispersion and polarization-mode dispersion, can be compensated quasi-exactly using finite impulse response filters. Some nonlinear impairments, such as intra-channel four-wave mixing and nonlinear phase noise, can be compensated partially. Carrier phase recovery can be performed using feedforward methods, even when phase-locked loops may fail due to delay constraints. DSP-based compensation enables a receiver to adapt to time-varying impairments, and facilitates use of advanced forward-error-correction codes. We discuss both single- and multi-carrier system implementations. For a given modulation format, using coherent detection, they offer fundamentally the same spectral efficiency and power efficiency, but may differ in practice, because of different impairments and implementation details. With anticipated advances in analog-to-digital converters and integrated circuit technology, DSP-based coherent receivers at bit rates up to 100 Gbit/s should become practical within the next few years.
Inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT). 2. Modification of fatty acid anilide ACAT inhibitors: bioisosteric replacement of the amide bond (1993)

In order to further define the structural features necessary for potent inhibition of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) in vitro and cholesterol lowering in vivo, systematic study of bioisosteric replacements for the amide bond in our previously identified series of fatty acid anilide ACAT inhibitors was undertaken. Only replacement of amide bonds with isosterases having both hydrogen bond donor and acceptor functionalities yielded compounds retaining ACAT inhibitory activity. Replacement of the amide bond with the urea bioisostere yielded compounds that were potent ACAT inhibitors in vitro and efficacious hypocholesterolemic agents in vivo. Examination of the structure activity relationships in the phenyl ring and alkyl portion of the N-phenyl-N'-alkylureas revealed that 2,6-diisopropyl substitution was optimal in the phenyl ring. When the 2,6-diisopropyl moiety was kept constant, potency in vitro and in vivo was maintained with straight and branched alkyl groups from 6 to 18 carbons in length.
0144 Portraits by Feliciano de Almeida (1635-1694) in Cosimo III de' Medici's Gallery (2020)

In early January 1669, prince Cosimo de' Medici (1642-1723, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1670-1723) crossed the Portuguese border, with an entourage of more than forty companions. During his short visit to Portugal (from 9 January to 1 March), he established contacts with the high nobles of the Portuguese court and familiarized himself with the political and economic history of Portugal, recently liberated from the Spanish Crown. In the aftermath of this visit, he commissioned fifteen portraits of the generals of the War of Restoration (1640-1668). The present paper will focus on the commissioning of these works, analysing the mediators of this process and the historical and artistic context of the Portuguese 17th century.
Wave breaking in nonlinear-optical fibers (1992)

An analytical investigation is made of the interplay between dispersion and nonlinearity in the creation of wave breaking in optical fibers. Wave breaking is found to involve two independent processes: (a) overtaking of different parts of the pulse and (b) nonlinear generation of new frequencies during overtaking. Analytical predictions for the distance of wave breaking are obtained and found to be in good agreement with numerical results.
[Clinical evaluation of DLF, CLF and DFM regimens based on platinum compound plus 5-fluorouracil for treatment of advanced esophageal carcinoma]. (2006)

The DLF regimen is tolerable and more effective, thus could be recommended as a front-line standard treatment for advanced esophageal carcinoma. The CLF regimen is more suitable for feeble and older patients since it has the mildest side effects. The prognostic factors of advanced esophageal carcinoma include conditions before chemotherapy and the location of metastasis.
A Viral Peptide with Limited Homology to a Self Peptide Can Induce Clinical Signs of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (1998)

Molecular mimicry has been suggested as a mode of autoreactive T cell stimulation in autoimmune diseases. Myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide 1-11 induces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in susceptible strains of mice. Here we show that a herpesvirus Saimiri (HVS) peptide, AAQRRPSRPFA, with a limited homology to MBP1-11 peptide, ASQKRPSQRHG (underlined letters showing homology), can stimulate a panel of MBP-11-specific T cell hybridomas and more importantly cause EAE in mice. We demonstrate that this is due to cross-recognition of these two peptides by TCRs. Results presented in this communication are the first demonstration that a viral peptide with homology at just 5 amino acids with a self peptide can induce clinical signs of EAE in mice. These findings have important implications in understanding the breakdown of T cell tolerance to self Ags in autoimmune diseases by means of cross-reactivity with unrelated peptides.
Maternal Control of Embryogenesis by MEDEA , a Polycomb Group Gene in Arabidopsis (1998)

The gametophytic maternal effect mutant medea (mea) shows aberrant growth regulation during embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Embryos derived from mea eggs grow excessively and die during seed desiccation. Embryo lethality is independent of the paternal contribution and gene dosage. The mea phenotype is consistent with the parental conflict theory for the evolution of parent-of-origin-specific effects. MEA encodes a SET domain protein similar to Enhancer of zeste, a member of the Polycomb group. In animals, Polycomb group proteins ensure the stable inheritance of expression patterns through cell division and regulate the control of cell proliferation.
Response of Wild Rice to Selected Aquatic Herbicides (2003)

The invasion of exotic plants such as Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) has contributed to the decline and displacement of native wild rice (Zizania aquatica L.) populations in many U.S. water bodies. Wild rice is a popular food source for both man and animal and provides important habitat for waterfowl, invertebrates, and fish. Herbicides can be successfully used to manage invasive weeds such as Eurasian watermilfoil; however, the potential impacts of such chemical management techniques on native plants (including wild rice) are not well documented. This outdoor tank study was conducted to examine the effects of several aquatic herbicides on the growth and survival of wild rice and to determine whether nontarget herbicide efficacy is influenced by wild rice growth stage. Aquatic formulations of the herbicides diquat, endothall, fluridone, and 2,4-D were applied at varying rates and contact times to three growth stages of wild rice. Results showed that degree of herbicide injury varied with plant growth stage. Wild rice treated at younger growth stages (early tillering or seedling stages) was more sensitive to chemical treatment than plants treated at later stages of development. Regardless of product or rate, herbicide treatment did not affect wild rice plants when applied at the mature growth stage (late tillering and flowering). Of the herbicides evaluated, wild rice was most sensitive to 2,4-D. Rates as low as 1 mg 2,4-D L- significantly inhibited tiller, seedhead, and dry weight biomass production in young wild rice. Dry weight of young wild rice was also reduced following exposure to endothall, diquat, and fluridone; however, seedhead and tiller production was not influenced by these products.
Control Design Guidelines for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Inverters With Damped Resonant Harmonic Compensators (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> The injection of low-harmonic current to the electrical grid is nowadays regulated by international standards. In order to accomplish these standards, selective harmonic compensation is carried out in grid-connected photovoltaic inverters by means of resonant harmonic compensators. This paper gives a systematic design procedure for selecting the gains and parameters of these harmonic compensators. Other factors considered in the design process include frequency deviation, grid synchronization, and transient response. Both a design example meeting the requirements of grid interconnection and selected experimental results from a digital-signal-processor-based laboratory prototype are also reported. </para>
CT volumetry of the skeletal tissues (2006)

Computed tomography (CT) is an important and widely used modality in the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. In the field of molecular radiotherapy, the use of spongiosa volume (combined tissues of the bone marrow and bone trabeculae) has been suggested as a means to improve the patient-specificity of bone marrow dose estimates. The noninvasive estimation of an organ volume comes with some degree of error or variation from the true organ volume. The present study explores the ability to obtain estimates of spongiosa volume or its surrogate via manual image segmentation. The variation among different segmentation raters was explored and found not to be statistically significant (p value >0.05). Accuracy was assessed by having several raters manually segment a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with known volumes. Segmentation of the outer region of the PVC pipe resulted in mean percent errors as great as 15% while segmentation of the pipe's inner region resulted in mean percent errors within approximately 5%. Differences between volumes estimated with the high-resolution CT data set (typical of ex vivo skeletal scans) and the low-resolution CT data set (typical of in vivo skeletal scans) were also explored using both patient CT images and a PVC pipe phantom. While a statistically significant difference (p value <0.002) between the high-resolution and low-resolution data sets was observed with excised femoral heads obtained following total hip arthroplasty, the mean difference between high-resolution and low-resolution data sets was found to be only 1.24 and 2.18 cm3 for spongiosa and cortical bone, respectively. With respect to differences observed with the PVC pipe, the variation between the high-resolution and low-resolution mean percent errors was a high as approximately 20% for the outer region volume estimates and only as high as approximately 6% for the inner region volume estimates. The findings from this study suggest that manual segmentation is a reasonably accurate and reliable means for the in vivo estimation of spongiosa volume. This work also provides a foundation for future studies where spongiosa volumes are estimated by various raters in more comprehensive CT data
A Practical Wireless Attack on the Connected Car and Security Protocol for In-Vehicle CAN (2014)

Vehicle-IT convergence technology is a rapidly rising paradigm of modern vehicles, in which an electronic control unit (ECU) is used to control the vehicle electrical systems, and the controller area network (CAN), an in-vehicle network, is commonly used to construct an efficient network of ECUs. Unfortunately, security issues have not been treated properly in CAN, although CAN control messages could be life-critical. With the appearance of the connected car environment, in-vehicle networks (e.g., CAN) are now connected to external networks (e.g., 3G/4G mobile networks), enabling an adversary to perform a long-range wireless attack using CAN vulnerabilities. In this paper we show that a long-range wireless attack is physically possible using a real vehicle and malicious smartphone application in a connected car environment. We also propose a security protocol for CAN as a countermeasure designed in accordance with current CAN specifications. We evaluate the feasibility of the proposed security protocol using CANoe software and a DSP-F28335 microcontroller. Our results show that the proposed security protocol is more efficient than existing security protocols with respect to authentication delay and communication load.
Primary care: hospitals begin to target community needs. (1990)

When financial doom threatened St. John (KS) District Hospital, executives there adopted an unusual strategy. In a bid for survival, St. John is abandoning its acute care service and converting to a primary care-only facility. St. John executives viewed their decision as one way to keep health care services available in a one-hospital town. Other hospital executives are also realizing that expanding primary care services is a smart move. According to experts, in the long run such a move will also help to enhance market share for these hospitals. The need to expand primary health care services has also not escaped the notice of the federal government. Physician payment reform puts more money in the pockets of primary care physicians. "The Health Care Financing Administration is beginning to realize their bang for the buck is in primary care and prevention," says one physician.