gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Critical analysis of the use of 14C-acetate for measuring in vivo rat cholesterol synthesis (1990)

The bulk of cholesterol produced by the liver and the gut enters the mobile pool of body cholesterol. This process is called internal secretion in contrast with the fraction of biosynthesized cholesterol directly eliminated in the feces (fecal external secretion). In rats, under various conditions, a linear relationship was found between the rates of internal secretion measured by the isotope equilibrium method (range: 10-60 mg/day) and the sum of sterol radioactivities measured in liver and intestine 70 min after a [14C]-acetate pulse. In fact, a better correlation was found between the radioactivities of liver sterols and the values for internal secretion. In this new relationship, the ordinate at the origin corresponds to a minimal internal secretion of about 10 mg/day, which implies an important extrahepatic cholesterol production, probably from the gut. Indeed, in adult male rats, fed a semi-purified sucrose-rich diet, the relative contribution of this organ to the internal secretion was higher than in adult rats fed a commercial diet and higher than in young animals, whatever the circadian period. It can be concluded that some of the discrepancies observed in the literature about the relative participation of the intestine and the liver in the internal secretion of cholesterol are probably due to differences in experimental and nutritional conditions (age and sex of the animals, diet composition, time of the circadian cycle) rather than to the cholesterol precursor used (3H2O or [14C] acetate) to assess the activity of cholesterol synthesis. Indeed, a comparative study of 3H2O and [14C]acetate incorporation into sterols of enterocytes indicated the same crypt-villus radioactive gradient, regardless of the intestinal site studied (duodenum, jejunum or ileum) and thus validated the use of [14C]acetate. Other experiments however, showed evidence of some local differences in the cytosolic dilution of labeled acetyl CoA by the endogenous cholesterol precursor in rats under various conditions (control or cholestyramine-enriched diet, parenteral nutrition). After intravenous infusion of 1,2[13C]acetate, mass fragmentography of free cholesterol isolated from liver and intestine indicated different 13C-labeling patterns of newly synthesized molecules. They indicate that cholesterol is generally synthesized from acetyl CoA with a lower 13C-content in the liver than in the intestine. The local endogenous flow of acetyl CoA used for cholesterol synthesis was about 2-fold higher in the hepatocytes than in the enterocytes. This conclusion was confirmed by the results obtained with several experimental groups exhibiting a large range of both internal secretion of cholesterol and sterol radioactivities in liver and intestine after [14C]acetate injection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Predicting Future Antisocial Personality Disorder in Males From a Clinical Assessment in Childhood. (2005)

It is essential to identify childhood predictors of adult antisocial personality disorder (APD) to target early prevention. It has variously been hypothesized that APD is predicted by childhood conduct disorder (CD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or both disorders. To test these competing hypotheses, the authors used data from a single childhood diagnostic assessment of 163 clinic-referred boys to predict future APD during early adulthood. Childhood Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) CD, but not ADHD, significantly predicted the boys' subsequent APD. An interaction between socioeconomic status (SES) and CD indicated that CD predicted APD only in lower SES families, however. Among children who met criteria for CD, their number of covert but not overt CD symptoms improved prediction of future APD, controlling for SES.
<title>Novel high-power Nd:YLF laser for CVD-diamond micromachining</title> (1995)

Chemical vapor deposited diamond films have been grown successfully for a number of years, and through advances in processing technology, tooling investments, and volume, growth processes have become affordable for many commercial purposes. The remarkable properties of diamond, including hardness, thermal conductivity and optical properties, make it an ideal choice of material in many applications. A key to affordability of diamond products for commercial purposes is the ability to machine the films into desirable shapes. Because of diamond's hardness, photons are an obvious choice of 'cutting medium'. This paper will discuss the available laser sources and in what circumstances they are being used to achieve desired results. Focus will then be placed on a new Nd:YLF laser based system which was built specifically to machine CVD diamond at high speed and produce low taper angle features with UV excimer laser-like quality.
The cellular and molecular origin of tumor-associated macrophages (2014)

Long recognized as an evolutionarily ancient cell type involved in tissue homeostasis and immune defense against pathogens, macrophages are being rediscovered as regulators of several diseases, including cancer. Here we show that in mice, mammary tumor growth induces the accumulation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that are phenotypically and functionally distinct from mammary tissue macrophages (MTMs). TAMs express the adhesion molecule Vcam1 and proliferate upon their differentiation from inflammatory monocytes, but do not exhibit an "alternatively activated" phenotype. TAM terminal differentiation depends on the transcriptional regulator of Notch signaling, RBPJ; and TAM, but not MTM, depletion restores tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T cell responses and suppresses tumor growth. These findings reveal the ontogeny of TAMs and a discrete tumor-elicited inflammatory response, which may provide new opportunities for cancer immunotherapy.
A Closed Conformation of Bacillus subtilis Oxalate Decarboxylase OxdC Provides Evidence for the True Identity of the Active Site (2004)

Oxalate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.2) catalyzes the conversion of oxalate to formate and carbon dioxide and utilizes dioxygen as a cofactor. By contrast, the evolutionarily related oxalate oxidase (EC 1.2.3.4) converts oxalate and dioxygen to carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. Divergent free radical catalytic mechanisms have been proposed for these enzymes that involve the requirement of an active site proton donor in the decarboxylase but not the oxidase reaction. The oxidase possesses only one domain and manganese binding site per subunit, while the decarboxylase has two domains and two manganese sites per subunit. A structure of the decarboxylase together with a limited mutagenesis study has recently been interpreted as evidence that the C-terminal domain manganese binding site (site 2) is the catalytic site and that Glu-333 is the crucial proton donor (Anand, R., Dorrestein, P. C., Kinsland, C., Begley, T. P., and Ealick, S. E. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 7659-7669). The N-terminal binding site (site 1) of this structure is solvent-exposed (open) and lacks a suitable proton donor for the decarboxylase reaction. We report a new structure of the decarboxylase that shows a loop containing a 3(10) helix near site 1 in an alternative conformation. This loop adopts a "closed" conformation forming a lid covering the entrance to site 1. This conformational change brings Glu-162 close to the manganese ion, making it a new candidate for the crucial proton donor. Site-directed mutagenesis of equivalent residues in each domain provides evidence that Glu-162 performs this vital role and that the N-terminal domain is either the sole or the dominant catalytically active domain.
The major form of MeCP2 has a novel N-terminus generated by alternative splicing (2004)

MeCP2 is a methyl-CpG binding protein that can repress transcription of nearby genes. In humans, mutations in the MECP2 gene are the major cause of Rett syndrome. By searching expressed sequence tag (EST) databases we have found a novel MeCP2 splice isoform (MeCP2alpha) which encodes a distinct N-terminus. We demonstrate that the MeCP2alpha mRNA splice variant is more abundant than the previously annotated MeCP2 mRNA (MeCP2beta) in mouse tissues and human brain. Furthermore, MeCP2beta mRNA has an upstream open reading frame that inhibits its translation. As a result of these differences, >90% of MeCP2 in mouse brain is MeCP2alpha. Both protein isoforms are nuclear and colocalize with densely methylated heterochromatic foci in mouse cells. The presence of a previously unknown MeCP2 isoform has implications for the genetic screening of Rett syndrome patients and for studies of the functional significance of MeCP2.
Cloning and expression of two human genes encoding calcium-binding proteins that are regulated during myeloid differentiation. (1988)

The cellular mechanisms involved in chronic inflammatory processes are poorly understood. This is especially true for the role of macrophages, which figure prominently in the inflammatory response. Two proteins, MRP8 and MRP14, which are expressed in infiltrate macrophages during inflammatory reactions but not in normal tissue macrophages, have been characterized. Here we report that MRP8 and MRP14 mRNAs are specifically expressed in human cells of myeloid origin and that their expression is regulated during monocyte-macrophage and granulocyte differentiation. To initiate the analysis of cis-acting elements governing the tissue-specific expression of the MRP genes, we cloned the human genes encoding MRP8 and MRP14. Both genes contain three exons, are single copy, and have a strikingly similar organization. They belong to a novel subfamily of highly homologous calcium-binding proteins which includes S100 alpha, S100 beta, intestinal calcium-binding protein, P11, and calcyclin (2A9). A transient expression assay was devised to investigate the tissue-specific regulatory elements responsible for MRP gene expression after differentiation in leukemia HL60 cells. The results of this investigation demonstrated that the cis-acting elements responsible for MRP expression are present on the cloned DNA fragment containing the MRP gene loci.
Queries and views in an object-oriented data model (1989)

This paper shows how a semantic data model can be extended to become an object-oriented data model. The model is based on abstract entities, functions, types, and inheritance. The paper discusses issues that were considered in designing two query languages for this object-oriented model. Early languages for object-oriented data models were navigational and iterative, and did not support associative or set-oriented queries. Relational query languages, on the other hand, are purely associative and set-oriented. The languages we define here uniformly support the formulation of associative and navigational queries over objects, and also of queries that return individual objects as well as those that return aggregates (collections) of objects. One query language is an extension of DAPLEX; the other is algebraic. The algebra serves both to define the semantics of the higher level language, and also as the basis for query optimization. We illustrate how to map queries from the higher level language to the algebra. Finally, we discuss the special problems of defining views in object-oriented data models.
Chaotic motion of a bimetallic circular plate (2009)

Considering the effect of geometric nonlinearity and uniformly distributed time-varying temperature, the bifurcation\nbehaviors and chaotic phenomena of a bimetallic thin circular plate are investigated. First of all, the nonlinear dynamic\nequation for bimetallic plate is established and further reduced to Duffing equation of harmonic parametric excitation,\nfrom which the pitchfork bifurcation problem is discussed. Secondly, the critical conditions for occurrence of\nhomoclinic and subharmonic bifurcations as well as chaos are studied theoretically by means of Melnikov function\nmethod. Finally, the chaotic motions are searched and simulated numerically with the application of Computer Algebra\nSystems Maple, and the Poincaré map and phase portrait are used to evaluate if a chaotic motion appears. The results\nindicate that there exist some chaotic motions in a heated bimetallic plate.
In vitro hydrolysis of natural and synthetic γ‐linolenic acid‐containing triacylglycerols by pancreatic lipase (1995)

Abstract The present study compared the in vitro hydrolysis of two 18:3n‐6‐rich oils—evening primrose oil (EPO) and borage oil (BO)—and different synthetic 18:3n‐6‐containing triacylglycerols (TG). Incubation of EPO and BO with pancreatic lipase lipolyzed 18:3n‐6 from the TG species. The rate of lipolysis of TG species containing two or three molecules of 18:3n‐6, which comprised 36% of total 18:3n‐6 in BO and only 7% in EPO, was significantly slower than those containing only one molecule of 18:3n‐6. This was found especially in those with two molecules of linoleic acid, which constituted 20% of total 18:3n‐6 in BO, whereas over 80% were present in EPO. In a separate study, various synthetic 18:3n‐6‐containing TG were also subjected to in vitro hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase. Results showed that release of 18:3n‐6 from the sn ‐1/ sn ‐3 positions was significantly slower when two other stereospecific positions in the same TG molecule were occupied by either palmitic acid (16:0) or monounsaturated (18:1 and 20:1) fatty acids than when occupied by 18:2n‐6. The rate of hydrolysis of sn ‐2‐γ‐linolenyl‐ sn ‐1(3)‐diacylglycerol to form sn ‐2‐mono‐γ‐linolenyl glycerol was also significantly slower when both the sn ‐1 and sn ‐3 positions in TG molecules were occupied by either saturated fatty acids (16:0 and 18:0) or long‐chain monounsaturated fatty acids than when occupied by 18:2n‐6. These findings suggest that the stereospecific position of 18:3n‐6 in TG molecules and the constituent of its neighboring fatty acids modulated availability of 18:3n‐6 from 18:3n‐6‐containing TG or 18:3n‐6‐rich oils.
Precision of genotyping of Epstein-Barr virus by polymerase chain reaction using three gene loci (EBNA-2, EBNA-3C, and EBER): predominance of type A virus associated with Hodgkin's disease [published erratum appears in Blood 1993 Oct 1;82(7):2268] (1993)

To precisely determine the genotype of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in Hodgkin's disease (HD), we simultaneously analyzed three divergent gene loci (EBNA-2, EBNA-3C, and EBER) that distinguish type A and B viruses. The primers designed to amplify these three gene loci encompass either type-specific deletion sequences (EBNA-2 and EBNA-3C) or type-specific point mutations (EBER) that identify the virus strain based on the sizes of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified products or the mobility shifts in single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. The locations of point mutations were identified by direct sequencing of the PCR-amplified DNA. We analyzed 15 EBV-infected cell lines and found a good correlation between EBNA-2 and EBNA-3C typing results. In contrast, approximately 33% of the cell lines analyzed maintained type A sequences in EBNA-2 and EBNA-3C genes while carrying type B sequences in the EBER region. Data obtained from analysis of cell lines served as a reference for studying HD samples. EBV DNA was detected in about 70% of HD. Among the EBV-positive samples, 56% were associated with type A virus, 13% with type B, and 31% with dual viral sequences. Thus, type A virus is predominant in HD. Based on the histology, the frequencies of EBV positivity were 83%, 71%, and 33% for mixed cellularity, nodular sclerosis, and lymphocyte predominance, respectively. The detection of high frequency of both type A and B sequences in HD may provide a lead in investigating the role of dual viral infection in EBV pathogenesis.
Hydroxybenzoic acid isomers and the cardiovascular system (2014)

Today we are beginning to understand how phytochemicals can influence metabolism, cellular signaling and gene expression. The hydroxybenzoic acids are related to salicylic acid and salicin, the first compounds isolated that have a pharmacological activity. In this review we examine how a number of hydroxyphenolics have the potential to ameliorate cardiovascular problems related to aging such as hypertension, atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia. The compounds focused upon include 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (Pyrocatechuic acid), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (Gentisic acid), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (Protocatechuic acid), 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (α-Resorcylic acid) and 3-monohydroxybenzoic acid. The latter two compounds activate the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors with a consequence there is a reduction in adipocyte lipolysis with potential improvements of blood lipid profiles. Several of the other compounds can activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway that increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes, thereby decreasing oxidative stress and associated problems such as endothelial dysfunction that leads to hypertension as well as decreasing generalized inflammation that can lead to problems such as atherosclerosis. It has been known for many years that increased consumption of fruits and vegetables promotes health. We are beginning to understand how specific phytochemicals are responsible for such therapeutic effects. Hippocrates' dictum of 'Let food be your medicine and medicine your food' can now be experimentally tested and the results of such experiments will enhance the ability of nutritionists to devise specific health-promoting diets.
Isolation and characterization of lymphocyte-like cells from a lamprey (2002)

Lymphocyte-like cells in the intestine of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, were isolated by flow cytometry under light-scatter conditions used for the purification of mouse intestinal lymphocytes. The purified lamprey cells were morphologically indistinguishable from mammalian lymphocytes. A cDNA library was prepared from the lamprey lymphocyte-like cells, and more than 8,000 randomly selected clones were sequenced. Homology searches comparing these ESTs with sequences deposited in the databases led to the identification of numerous genes homologous to those predominantly or characteristically expressed in mammalian lymphocytes, which included genes controlling lymphopoiesis, intracellular signaling, proliferation, migration, and involvement of lymphocytes in innate immune responses. Genes closely related to those that in gnathostomes control antigen processing and transport of antigenic peptides could be ascertained, although no sequences with significant similarity to MHC, T cell receptor, or Ig genes were found. The data suggest that the evolution of lymphocytes in the lamprey has reached a stage poised for the emergence of adaptive immunity.
Facial amphiphiles (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFacial amphiphilesYuan Cheng, Douglas M. Ho, Craig R. Gottlieb, Daniel Kahne, and Michael A. BruckCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 18, 7319–7320Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00044a067https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00044a067research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views417Altmetric-Citations91LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Molecular Cloning and Regional Distribution of a Human Proton Receptor Subunit with Biphasic Functional Properties (1999)

Small changes of extracellular pH activate depolarizing inward currents in most nociceptive neurons. It has been recently proposed that acid sensitivity of sensory as well as central neurons is mediated by a family of proton-gated cation channels structurally related to Caenorhabditis elegans degenerins and mammalian epithelial sodium channels. We describe here the molecular cloning of a novel human proton receptor, hASIC3, a 531-amino acid-long subunit homologous to rat DRASIC. Expression of homomeric hASIC3 channels in Xenopus oocytes generated biphasic inward currents elicited at pH <5, providing the first functional evidence of a human proton-gated ion channel. Contrary to the DRASIC current phenotype, the fast desensitizing early component and the slow sustained late component differed both by their cationic selectivity and by their response to the antagonist amiloride, but not by their pH sensitivity (pH50 = 3.66 vs. 3.82). Using RT-PCR and mRNA blot hybridization, we detected hASIC3 mRNA in sensory ganglia, brain, and many internal tissues including lung and testis, so hASIC3 gene expression was not restricted to peripheral sensory neurons. These functional and anatomical data strongly suggest that hASIC3 plays a major role in persistent proton-induced currents occurring in physiological and pathological conditions of pH changes, likely through a tissue-specific heteropolymerization with other members of the proton-gated channel family.
Oils and Oilseeds (1996)

Canola Oil (N. Eskin, et al.). Coconut Oil (E. Canapi, et al.). Corn Oil (L. Strecker, et al.). Cottonseed Oil (L. Jones & C. King). Olive Oil (D. Firestone, et al.). Palm Oil (Y. Basiron). Peanut Oil (C. Young). Rice Bran Oil (F. Orthoefer). Safflower Oil (J. Smith). Sesame Oil (S. Deshpande, et al.). Soybean Oil (E. Sipos & B. Szuhaj). Sunflower Oil (H. Davidson, et al.). Index.
Data-Mining Approaches Reveal Hidden Families of Proteases in the Genome of Malaria Parasite (2003)

The search for novel antimalarial drug targets is urgent due to the growing resistance of Plasmodium falciparum parasites to available drugs. Proteases are attractive antimalarial targets because of their indispensable roles in parasite infection and development, especially in the processes of host erythrocyte rupture/invasion and hemoglobin degradation. However, to date, only a small number of proteases have been identified and characterized in Plasmodium species. Using an extensive sequence similarity search, we have identified 92 putative proteases in the P. falciparum genome. A set of putative proteases including calpain, metacaspase, and signal peptidase I have been implicated to be central mediators for essential parasitic activity and distantly related to the vertebrate host. Moreover, of the 92, at least 88 have been demonstrated to code for gene products at the transcriptional levels, based upon the microarray and RT-PCR results, and the publicly available microarray and proteomics data. The present study represents an initial effort to identify a set of expressed, active, and essential proteases as targets for inhibitor-based drug design.