gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis (2014)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic disease of human joints. The basis of pathologic changes involves all the tissues forming the joint; already, at an early stage, it has the nature of inflammation with varying degrees of severity. An analysis of the complex relationships indicates that the processes taking place inside the joint are not merely a set that (seemingly) only includes catabolic effects. Apart from them, anti-inflammatory anabolic processes also occur continually. These phenomena are driven by various mediators, of which the key role is attributed to the interactions within the cytokine network. The most important group controlling the disease seems to be inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1 β , TNF α , IL-6, IL-15, IL-17, and IL-18. The second group with antagonistic effect is formed by cytokines known as anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. The role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of OA with respect to inter- and intracellular signaling pathways is still under investigation. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge. The cytokine network in OA is put in the context of cells involved in this degenerative joint disease. The possibilities for further implementation of new therapeutic strategies in OA are also pointed.
Biomechanical Comparison of C1-C2 Posterior Fixations (1998)

It is mechanically advantageous to include as many fixation points as possible when atlantoaxial instability is treated surgically.
Spatiotemporally Distinct Protein Kinase D Activation in Adult Cardiomyocytes in Response to Phenylephrine and Endothelin (2011)

Protein kinase D (PKD) is a nodal point in cardiac hypertrophic signaling. It triggers nuclear export of class II histone deacetylase (HDAC) and regulates transcription. Although this pathway is thought to be critical in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, little is known about spatiotemporal aspects of PKD activation at the myocyte level. Here, we demonstrate that in adult cardiomyocytes two important neurohumoral stimuli that induce hypertrophy, endothelin-1 (ET1) and phenylephrine (PE), trigger comparable global PKD activation and HDAC5 nuclear export, but via divergent spatiotemporal PKD signals. PE-induced HDAC5 export is entirely PKD-dependent, involving fleeting sarcolemmal PKD translocation (for activation) and very rapid subsequent nuclear import. In contrast, ET1 recruits and activates PKD that remains predominantly sarcolemmal. This explains why PE-induced nuclear HDAC5 export in myocytes is totally PKD-dependent, whereas ET1-induced HDAC5 export depends more prominently on InsP(3) and CaMKII signaling. Thus α-adrenergic and ET-1 receptor signaling via PKD in adult myocytes feature dramatic differences in cellular localization and translocation in mediating hypertrophic signaling. This raises new opportunities for targeted therapeutic intervention into distinct limbs of this hypertrophic signaling pathway.
Basal cells as stem cells of the mouse trachea and human airway epithelium (2009)

The pseudostratified epithelium of the mouse trachea and human airways contains a population of basal cells expressing Trp-63 (p63) and cytokeratins 5 (Krt5) and Krt14. Using a KRT5-CreER(T2) transgenic mouse line for lineage tracing, we show that basal cells generate differentiated cells during postnatal growth and in the adult during both steady state and epithelial repair. We have fractionated mouse basal cells by FACS and identified 627 genes preferentially expressed in a basal subpopulation vs. non-BCs. Analysis reveals potential mechanisms regulating basal cells and allows comparison with other epithelial stem cells. To study basal cell behaviors, we describe a simple in vitro clonal sphere-forming assay in which mouse basal cells self-renew and generate luminal cells, including differentiated ciliated cells, in the absence of stroma. The transcriptional profile identified 2 cell-surface markers, ITGA6 and NGFR, which can be used in combination to purify human lung basal cells by FACS. Like those from the mouse trachea, human airway basal cells both self-renew and generate luminal daughters in the sphere-forming assay.
Modeling neural differentiation on micropatterned substrates coated with neural matrix components (2012)

Topographical and biochemical characteristics of the substrate are critical for neuronal differentiation including axonal outgrowth and regeneration of neural circuits in vivo. Contact stimuli and signaling molecules allow neurons to develop and stabilize synaptic contacts. Here we present the development, characterization and functional validation of a new polymeric support able to induce neuronal differentiation in both PC12 cell line and adult primary skin-derived precursor cells (SKPs) in vitro. By combining a photolithographic technique with use of neural extracellular matrix (ECM) as a substrate, a biocompatible and efficient microenvironment for neuronal differentiation was developed.
How to Compare Theories: Reference and Change (1975)

Work at a decent level of generality is at an impasse today in the philosophy of science as well as in the history of science. The impasse separates the old philosophy of science (the positivists, and their sisters and their cousins and their aunts) over the issue of the comparability of scientific traditions from the new philosophy of science (Feyerabend, Hanson, Kuhn, Toulmin, et al.). I want here to display the source of the impasse in the theory of meaning, more especially in the theory of reference. I shall do this by examining a way with reference that looks like a promising way to attack the impasse. It turns out that although this way suggests a powerful critique of the new philosophy of science,, important insights of the new philosophy of science show as well the error of this way. I shall draw the obvious conclusion about reference from this situation and, finally, I shall try to set this conclusion in the context of a program for how to compare theories.'
The Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Proteins: Identification of Biologically Relevant Regions by Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies (1992)

Angiogenesis plays critical roles in organ development during embryonic and fetal life, wound healing and in a variety of pathological conditions. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a secreted growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells which induces angiogenesis in vivo. To gain a better understanding of the physiological role of VEGF, we have generated and characterized four murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using the 165 amino acid species of recombinant human VEGF as immunogen. These mAbs (A3.13.1, A4.6.1, B4.3.1 and B2.6.2) belong to IgG1 isotype and have high affinities for VEGF (dissociation constants range from 2.2 x 10(-9) to 4 x 10(-10) M). Two different epitopes were detected with these mAbs. One epitope is recognized by mAbs A3.13.1 and B2.6.2, and the other recognized by mAbs A4.6.1 and B4.3.1. The epitope recognized by mAb A4.6.1 appears to be continuous while mAb B2.6.2 recognizes a discontinuous epitope. MAb A4.6.1 recognized three species of VEGF generated by alternative splicing, VEGF121, VEGF165 and VEGF189 while mAb B2.6.2 binds only VEGF165 and VEGF189. Results using an in vitro bovine adrenal cortex endothelial cell proliferation assay, in in vivo vascular permeability assay and an in vivo embryonic chicken angiogenesis assay showed that mAb A4.6.1 has potent VEGF neutralizing activities. MAb A4.6.1 was shown to block the binding of VEGF to its receptor(s) suggesting the inhibitory mechanism for VEGF activities. These well-defined mAbs should be very powerful tools to understand the structure-function relationship of various domains of VEGF and may have therapeutic potential.
Clenbuterol Ingestion Causing Prolonged Tachycardia, Hypokalemia, and Hypophosphatemia with Confirmation by Quantitative Levels (2001)

We report a case of human clenbuterol toxicity confirmed and correlated with qualitative and quantitative serum clenbuterol assays. This poisoned patient, a 28-year-old woman, developed sustained sinus tachycardia at 140/min, hypokalemia (2.4 mEq/L, 2.4 mmol/L), hypophosphatemia (0.9 mg/dL, 0.29 mmol/L), and hypomagnesemia (1.52 mg/dL, 0.76 mmol/L) after ingesting a reportedly small quantity of clenbuterol. The patient received repeated doses of metoprolol to treat her cardiovascular stimulation and potassium chloride to treat her hypokalemia. She remained symptomatic for more than 20 hours after the ingestion. Analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed a serum clenbuterol concentration of 2.93 mcg/L 3 hours after the ingestion and an undetectable serum concentration 20 hours after ingestion. It is noteworthy that at a serum concentration below the limit of detection by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, the patient remained symptomatic. Acute clenbuterol toxicity is rarely reported following illicit use in humans, and this is the first such case to provide confirmatory toxicological analysis.
Bone Marrow Transplantation in Fanconi Anaemia (1980)

Five patients with Fanconi anaemia have been treated by bone marrow transplantation from HLA identical donors. Only one patient survived for more than 3 years. She is now perfectly healthy with complete haematological reconstitution with chimaerism and disparition of chromosomal abnormalities. In contrast, four patients died of acute severe GVHD soon after grafting. In addition, all had signs of severe cyclophosphamide toxicity. This evolution could be explained by a special sensitivity of FA cells to alkylating agents and may indicate the need to modify the conditioning regimen in FA patients.
Presence of antibodies to a putatively immunosuppressive part of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein gp41 is strongly associated with health among HIV-positive subjects. (1988)

The IgG response to gp41 (envelope glycoprotein of Mr 41,000) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was studied with eight synthetic peptides derived from three different regions of the protein. We tested sera from 17 HIV-seronegative and 68 HIV-seropositive subjects in an enzyme immunoassay. No HIV antibody-negative serum reacted with any of the peptides. The peptide HIV-env 583-599 has a sequence similarity with immunosuppressive peptides derived from the transmembrane proteins of other retroviruses. Antibodies to this 17-mer (HIV-env 583-599; hereafter also referred to as pHIVIS, putative HIV immunosuppressive sequence) were detected in 27 of the 35 sera from healthy HIV-positive persons but only in 1 of the 33 sera from patients with HIV-related disease. Another 17-mer, displaced four amino acids N-terminally from pHIVIS, reacted with fewer of the sera from healthy seropositive subjects than pHIVIS but with no serum from ill seropositive patients. HIV-env 586-603, which shares two-thirds of its sequence with pHIVIS, reacted with the sera from nearly all subjects, regardless of clinical status. The remaining five peptides did not discriminate between healthy and ill seropositive subjects either but gave lower reactivity rates. HIV-positive sera thus exhibited distinct patterns of reactivity with subsequences of gp41. We have mapped two overlapping epitopes within a narrow part of gp41; antibodies to the most N-terminally located of the two--i.e., the pHIVIS-reactive antibodies--might counteract a possible immunosuppressive effect of gp41.
Fluorescent bile acid derivatives: Relationship between chemical structure and hepatic and intestinal transport in the rat (1997)

Studies were performed to characterize hepatic and intestinal transport, as well as biotransformation during transport, of a spectrum of fluorescent bile acids containing a fluorophore attached to the side chain. The following two classes of compounds were studied: 1) aminofluorescein (amF) coupled directly to the carboxylic group of a bile acid which was cholic, ursodeoxycholic, or cholylglycine; and 2) nitrobenzoxadiazolyl (NBD) coupled to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine conjugated bile acid, which was cholic or ursodeoxycholic. Fluorescein, a cholephilic organic anion, was studied as a control. Fluorescent bile acids were synthesized and their structures confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Using the biliary fistula rat, hepatic transport, biotransformation, and choleretic activity were defined; intestinal absorption was assessed by jejunal or ileal perfusion studies. All fluorescent bile acids had hepatic transport maxima about one-sixth that reported for cholyltaurine, but derivatives of cholylglycine were transported best. Bile acids underwent little (<5%) biotransformation during hepatocyte transport. Only the amF conjugate of cholylglycine had normal choleretic activity; other compounds were hypocholeretic or cholestatic. In contrast, fluorescein was well transported, was partly glucuronidated, and had normal choleretic activity. NBD-tagged, but not amF-tagged, bile acids were actively transported by the intestine (ileum > jejunum), and no fluorescent bile acid had passive intestinal permeability; NBD-tagged bile acids were biotransformed during intestinal transport (jejunum > ileum). We conclude that the structure of the fluorophore as well as that of the bile acid influences transport by the hepatocyte and enterocyte. These fluorescent bile acids differ from fluorescein in being impermeable to cell membranes and undergoing little biotransformation during hepatocyte transport. Of these fluorescent bile acids, cholylglycylamF has hepatocyte transport and choleretic properties most closely resembling those of a natural bile acid.
Glucocorticoids Enhance Stability of Human Growth Hormone mRNA (1987)

We have studied the control of expression of the human growth hormone (hGH) gene introduced into the chromosomes of mouse fibroblasts. Cell lines transformed with the hGH gene expressed low levels of intact hGH mRNA and secreted hGH protein into the medium. Although the level of expression of hGH mRNA was low, the gene remained responsive to induction by glucocorticoid hormones. To localize the sequences responsible for induction and to determine the mechanism by which these cis-acting sequences enhance gene expression, we have constructed a series of fusion genes between the hGH gene and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase (tk) gene. We have demonstrated that a fusion gene in which hGH cDNA is flanked at its 5' terminus by an HSV tk promoter and is flanked at its 3' terminus by 3' HSV tk DNA remains inducible by glucocorticoids. Our studies indicate that the hGH exons contain sequences which are responsible for glucocorticoid hormone induction. Pulse-chase experiments, in vitro nuclear transcription, and approach to steady-state measurements indicate that the mechanisms responsible for induction of the hGH cDNA fusion gene operate posttranscriptionally to enhance the stability of hGH mRNA. Moreover, this increased stability was associated with an increase in the length of the 3' poly(A) tail on hGH mRNA.
Partially coherent light generated by using single and multimode optical fibers in a high-power Nd:glass laser system (1993)

A simple and flexible method is presented for generating a partially coherent light which obtains the highly smooth focused beam pattern. The beam divergence of 32 times diffraction limited light having a spectral width of 1.6 nm has been easily and reproducibly achieved by injecting a laser pulse from an actively mode-locked Nd:YLF oscillator to a single mode optical fiber, coupled to a multimode optical fiber. Temporal evolution of the beam smoothing due to the induced incoherency was examined with temporally resolved measurements of the beam pattern. The partially coherent light was focused through a random phase plate after the amplification. Small-scale intensity perturbation in a focused beam pattern was greatly reduced.
Impact of 2 weeks high dose growth hormone treatment on basal and insulin stimulated substrate metabolism in humans (1993)

Administration of GH in a therapeutic dose for 2 weeks, despite apparently normal daytime levels of major metabolic hormones, induces significant increases in circulating lipid fuel substrates, increased energy expenditure and lipid oxidation, together with insulin resistance. Such effects should be considered when applying GH treatment schedules clinically.
Osteoadsorptive Bisphosphonate Derivatives of Fluoroquinolone Antibacterials (2002)

Bisphosphonates conjugated to fluoroquinolone antibacterials through an intermediate carbon had better activity than conjugates lacking the carbon. Virtually all molar-based activity of these esterified bisphosphonate derivatives was identical to that of its parent. De-esterified free-acid forms retained good activity against most Gram-negative bacteria, but not against Gram-positives. A free-acid derivative remained bound to washed bone and completely inhibited Staphylococcus aureus growth. The more potent parent, ciprofloxacin, failed to bind significantly, and bacterial growth occurred.
DevoFlow (2010)

The OpenFlow framework enables flow-level control over Ethernet switching, as well as centralized visibility of the flows in the network. OpenFlow's coupling of these features comes with costs, however: the distributed-system costs of involving the OpenFlow controller on flow setups, and the switch-implementation costs of involving the switch's control plane too often.
Amping Up, Saving Power: Digital Predistortion Linearization Strategies for Power Amplifiers Under Wideband 4G\/5G Burst-Like Waveform Operation (2015)

Fourth-generation (4G) communication systems based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and the proposed backwards compatible fifth-generation (5G) variants, like filter-bank multicarrier (FBMC), are based on modulation techniques that allow significantly increased spectral efficiency and capacity in mobile radio access networks (RANs). However, the use of these modulation techniques impacts the requirements of the radio base stations, which have been traditionally the most energy-consuming element of mobile networks, accounting for up to 80% of the energy consumption of RANs [1]. Non-constant envelope-modulation techniques with high peak-to-average power ratios (PAPRs) require highly linear power amplifier (PA) amplitude and phase responses to fulfill stringent spectral mask and modulation accuracy requirements. This is often achieved with significant PA back-off, which considerably reduces PA efficiency because the PA's maximum efficiency is achieved near the saturation point.
Patterns of synaptic activity in neural networks recorded by light emission from synaptolucins (1997)

The emission of light, coupled to exocytosis, can in principle be utilized to monitor the activity of a large number of individual synapses simultaneously. To illustrate this concept, fusion proteins of Cypridina luciferase and synaptotagmin-I or VAMP-2/synaptobrevin (which we term "synaptolucins") were expressed in cultured hippocampal neurons with the help of viral vectors. Synaptolucins were targeted to synaptic vesicles and, upon exocytosis, formed light-emitting complexes with their cognate luciferin, which was added to the extracellular medium. Photon emissions required a depolarizing stimulus, occurred from regions with high synaptic density as ascertained by vital staining of recycling synaptic vesicles, and were sensitive to Ca2+ depletion and clostridial neurotoxins. The method can currently detect exocytosis of the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles at a hippocampal synapse, corresponding to about two dozen quanta, but has the potential for greater sensitivity.
Macular Exanthema Due to Fumaric Acid Esters (2003)

The occurrence of allergic skin reaction should be considered in patients receiving treatment with FAE.
Fair sharing using dual service-level agreements to achieve open access in a passive optical network (2006)

The Passive Optical Network (PON) is an attractive solution for high-bandwidth access networks. In the context of a broadband access network, the term open access implies the ability of multiple service providers to share the deployed access network infrastructure to make services available to the end users. Multiple services may thereby be delivered over a shared access channel. Open access requires fairness in terms of throughput, delay, jitter, and other network parameters in the access channel among the sharing entities, namely service providers and end users. Since the traffic in an access network is very bursty, an access network may be frequently subjected to high loads for certain durations of time. Meeting the above fairness requirements under such conditions is therefore very challenging. In this study, we first motivate the problem of meeting fairness requirements simultaneously to both service providers and users, which are located at opposite ends of an access channel. We then investigate the importance of two different sets of Service-Level Agreements (SLAs), which we call Dual SLAs. After formulating a mathematical model, we propose an efficient scheduling algorithm to meet Dual SLAs which is based on the well-known concept of max-min fairness. We then demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm through simulations using a discrete-event-simulator-based PON set-up, which compares the fairness of the Dual-SLA scheduling algorithm with that of other traditional fair queuing algorithms such as Deficit Round Robin (DRR)
Comparative effects of exposure to different light sources (He-Ne laser, InGaAl diode laser, a specific type of noncoherent LED) on skin blood flow for the head. (1997)

Skin blood flow changes seemed to be related more on radiant exposures then coherency.
Energy, Temperature, and Entropy of Black Holes Dressed with Quantum Fields (1994)

A deeper understanding of the thermal properties of black holes than we presently have depends to a large degree on obtaining a firmer grasp of the properties of the entropy. For such an understanding we must at least know the basic relations among entropy, energy, and temperature of a black hole in thermal equilibrium with quantized matter fields. Limiting attention to spherical, uncharged (``Schwarzschild") holes, we will find that the basic Bekenstein-Hawking relations have to be generalized when the hole is dressed by quantum fields. Though this fact is not surprising, the corrections contain surprises and are very instructive. My purpose here is to discuss several aspects of this problem and to display some concrete results within the framework of the semi-classical theory of quantum fields in curved spacetime.
Neural Adaptive Video Streaming with Pensieve (2017)

Client-side video players employ adaptive bitrate (ABR) algorithms to optimize user quality of experience (QoE). Despite the abundance of recently proposed schemes, state-of-the-art ABR algorithms suffer from a key limitation: they use fixed control rules based on simplified or inaccurate models of the deployment environment. As a result, existing schemes inevitably fail to achieve optimal performance across a broad set of network conditions and QoE objectives.