gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neural Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2008)

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent and capable of indefinite self-renewal in vitro. These features make them a highly advantageous source for deriving any cell type of the central and peripheral nervous system. We describe neural induction of human (h)ESCs, by using the bone morphogenic protein inhibitor protein noggin. Neural progenitors derived from noggin-treated hESCs can be propagated as neurospheres and further differentiated in vitro and in vivo to mature neurons and glia. This complete protocol of neural differentiation, from hESCs to mature neuronal cells, can be used as an in vitro model to study human neurogenesis and neurodegeneration.
A Phospholipidomic Analysis of All Defined Human Plasma Lipoproteins (2011)

Since plasma lipoproteins contain both protein and phospholipid components, either may be involved in processes such as atherosclerosis. In this study the identification of plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipids, which is essential for understanding these processes at the molecular level, are performed. LC-ESI/MS, LC-ESI-MS/MS and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of different lipoprotein fractions collected from pooled plasma revealed the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and sphingomyeline (SM) only on lipoproteins and phosphatidylcholine (PC), Lyso-PC on both lipoproteins and plasma lipoprotein free fraction (PLFF). Cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and Phosphatidylserine (PS) were observed neither in the lipoprotein fractions nor in PLFF. All three approaches led to the same results regarding phospholipids occurrence in plasma lipoproteins and PLFF. A high abundancy of PE and SM was observed in VLDL and LDL fractions respectively. This study provides for the first time the knowledge about the phospholipid composition of all defined plasma lipoproteins.
Evolution-Guided Policy Gradient in Reinforcement Learning (2018)

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithms have been successfully applied to a range of challenging control tasks. However, these methods typically suffer from three core difficulties: temporal credit assignment with sparse rewards, lack of effective exploration, and brittle convergence properties that are extremely sensitive to hyperparameters. Collectively, these challenges severely limit the applicability of these approaches to real-world problems. Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs), a class of black box optimization techniques inspired by natural evolution, are well suited to address each of these three challenges. However, EAs typically suffer from high sample complexity and struggle to solve problems that require optimization of a large number of parameters. In this paper, we introduce Evolutionary Reinforcement Learning (ERL), a hybrid algorithm that leverages the population of an EA to provide diversified data to train an RL agent, and reinserts the RL agent into the EA population periodically to inject gradient information into the EA. ERL inherits EA's ability of temporal credit assignment with a fitness metric, effective exploration with a diverse set of policies, and stability of a population-based approach and complements it with off-policy DRL's ability to leverage gradients for higher sample efficiency and faster learning. Experiments in a range of challenging continuous control benchmarks demonstrate that ERL significantly outperforms prior DRL and EA methods.
[Genetic structure of the experimental population of Drosophila melanogaster polymorphic with respect to beta-carboxyesterase locus]. (2007)

The polymorphism of beta-phile carboxyesterase (E.C.3.1.1.2) in the males and females of the wild type (Odessa 1) experimental population of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen has been studied with the polyacrylamide disc-electrophoresis. Two isoforms of the enzyme and three phenotypic classes non-uniformly presented among the males and females have been detected. The frequencies of the alleles encoding the corresponding isoforms of the beta-phile carboxyesterase have been determined, as well as those of the genotypes that differed qualitatively and quantitatively with respect to the investigated gene-enzyme system. The deviations of the detected genotype frequencies from the theoretically expected ones were determined. The role of the natural selection directed towards the decreasing of the frequencies of the certain allele is discussed.
The non‐immunosuppressive cyclosporin DEBIO‐025 is a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus replication in vitro† (2006)

Cyclosporin A (CsA) inhibits the in vitro replication of HCV subgenomic replicons. We here report on the potent anti-HCV activity of the non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin DEBIO-025. The 50% effective concentration for inhibition of HCV subgenomic replicon replication in Huh 5-2 cells (luciferase assay) by DEBIO-025 was 0.27 +/- 0.03 microg/mL and for CsA 2.8 +/- 0.4 microg/mL. The concentration that reduced the growth of exponentially proliferating Huh 5-2 cells by 50% was greater than 27 microg/mL for DEBIO-025 and 12 +/- 6 microg/mL for CsA, resulting in a selectivity index of approximately 900 for DEBIO-025 and 40 for CsA. The superior activity of DEBIO-025, as compared with CsA, was corroborated by monitoring HCV RNA levels in Huh 5-2, two other HCV subgenomic replicon-containing cell lines, and by monitoring the luciferase signal and viral antigen production in hepatoma cells that had been infected with an infectious full-length chimeric HCV construct. The combination of interferon alpha 2a with either CsA or DEBIO-025 resulted in an additive to slightly synergistic antiviral activity. DEBIO-025, at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 microg/mL, was able to clear cells from their HCV replicon within three to four passages, whereas treatment with CsA at the same concentrations for seven consecutive passages did not result in clearance of the HCV replicon. In conclusion, DEBIO-025, a compound that is also endowed with potent anti-HIV activity and is well tolerated in animals and humans, may form an attractive new option for the therapy of HCV infections, particularly in HCV/HIV co-infected patients.
Nanostructural Formation of Self-Assembled Monolayer Films on Cleaved AlGaAs/GaAs Heterojuctions (1997)

Abstract We have demonstrated that nanostructures of self-assembled monolayer (NSAM) films of alkanethiols can be formed on the GaAs surface of a AlGaAs/GaAsheterojunctions by cleaving the substrates in an octadecylthiol solution diluted with ethanol. NSAMs with line width as narrow as 5 nm were observed by phase imaging using tapping mode cross-sectional atomic force microscopy (TMXAFM). Time dependent observation of the surface in air revealed that the nanostructual formation occurred as a results of both selective chemisorption of alkanethiol on GaAs surfaces and the oxidation of AlGaAs surface.
A New Status Index Derived from Sociometric Analysis (1953)

For the purpose of evaluating status in a manner free from the deficiencies of popularity contest procedures, this paper presents a new method of computation which takes into account who chooses as well as how many choose. It is necessary to introduce, in this connection, the concept of attenuation in influence transmitted through intermediaries.
CD47-SIRPα Interactions Regulate Macrophage Uptake of Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes and Clearance of Malaria In Vivo (2016)

CD47 engagement by the macrophage signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) inhibits phagocytic activity and protects red blood cells (RBCs) from erythrophagocytosis. The role of CD47-SIRPα in the innate immune response to Plasmodium falciparum infection is unknown. We hypothesized that disruption of SIRPα signaling may enhance macrophage uptake of malaria parasite-infected RBCs. To test this hypothesis, we examined in vivo clearance in CD47-deficient mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA and in vitro phagocytosis of P. falciparum-infected RBCs by macrophages from SHP-1-deficient (Shp-1(-/-)) mice and NOD.NOR-Idd13.Prkdc(scid) (NS-Idd13) mice, as well as human macrophages, following disruption of CD47-SIRPα interactions with anti-SIRPα antibodies or recombinant SIRPα-Fc fusion protein. Compared to their wild-type counterparts, Cd47(-/-) mice displayed significantly lower parasitemia, decreased endothelial activation, and enhanced survival. Using macrophages from SHP-1-deficient mice or from NS-Idd13 mice, which express a SIRPα variant that does not bind human CD47, we showed that altered SIRPα signaling resulted in enhanced phagocytosis of P. falciparum-infected RBCs. Moreover, disrupting CD47-SIRPα engagement using anti-SIRPα antibodies or SIRPα-Fc fusion protein also increased phagocytosis of P. falciparum-infected RBCs. These results indicate an important role for CD47-SIRPα interactions in innate control of malaria and suggest novel targets for intervention.
Interaction of an anticyclonic eddy with sea ice in the western Arctic Ocean： an eddy-resolving model study (2013)

夏天海冰程度和厚度的戏剧的衰落在最近的十年在西方的北极海洋被见证，它激发了科学家寻找驾驶海冰可变性的可能的因素。一解决旋涡，冰海洋联合了模型盖住全部北极海洋被实现，与西方的北极海洋的焦点。注意对夏天阿拉斯加人沿海的水流(ACC ) 被给予的专辑，有高温度，
Segregation of Form, Color, Movement, and Depth: Anatomy, Physiology, and Perception (1988)

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.
Complete genetic suppression of polyp formation and reduction of CpG-island hypermethylation in Apc(Min/+) Dnmt1-hypomorphic Mice. (2002)

Promoter CpG island hypermethylation of critical genes is thought to play an important role in human colorectal tumorigenesis. In this study, we show that low levels of CpG island methylation occur in the normal intestinal mucosa of Apc(Min/+) mice and are increased in Multiple Intestinal Metaplasia (Min) polyps. We examined the interaction between CpG island hypermethylation and tumorigenesis by genetically modulating expression levels of the predominant DNA methyltransferase, Dnmt1, in Apc(Min/+) mice. We show that a combination of Dnmt1 hypomorphic alleles results in the complete suppression of polyp formation and an accompanying reduction in the frequency of CpG island methylation in both the normal intestinal mucosa and intestinal adenomas. These results suggest that sufficient DNA methyltransferase expression is a prerequisite for polyp formation and that hypomorphic alleles of Dnmt1 are not merely genetic modifiers but the first identified true genetic suppressors of the Min phenotype.
Injectable Corticosteroid and Local Anesthetic Preparations: A Review for Radiologists (2009)

Corticosteroids and local anesthetics are some of the most commonly administered medications in radiology departments. These medications have marked variability in their formulations, which may increase their adverse event profile for specific procedures. In particular, certain corticosteroid preparations are associated with adverse central nervous system (CNS) sequelae. This is most likely due to distal embolization by particulate formulations. Nonparticulate steroid formulations are not associated with such events. Local anesthetics have severe CNS and cardiac adverse effects if injected intravascularly and have recently been associated with intraarticular chondrolysis if used in large doses. This review discusses these medications with particular emphasis on their established and postulated adverse effects. The administering radiologist should be aware of these potential effects and how best to reduce their occurrence.
Real-time topometric localization (2012)

Autonomous vehicles must be capable of localizing even in GPS denied situations. In this paper, we propose a real-time method to localize a vehicle along a route using visual imagery or range information. Our approach is an implementation of topometric localization, which combines the robustness of topological localization with the geometric accuracy of metric methods. We construct a map by navigating the route using a GPS-equipped vehicle and building a compact database of simple visual and 3D features. We then localize using a Bayesian filter to match sequences of visual or range measurements to the database. The algorithm is reliable across wide environmental changes, including lighting differences, seasonal variations, and occlusions, achieving an average localization accuracy of 1 m over an 8 km route. The method converges correctly even with wrong initial position estimates solving the kidnapped robot problem.
PDE5 Inhibition With Sildenafil Improves Left Ventricular Diastolic Function, Cardiac Geometry, and Clinical Status in Patients With Stable Systolic Heart Failure (2010)

Findings confirm that in HF, sildenafil improves functional capacity and clinical status and provide the first human evidence that LV diastolic function and cardiac geometry are additional targets of benefits related to chronic PDE5 inhibition.
High-Quality Interactive Lumigraph Rendering Through Warping (2000)

We introduce an algorithm for high-quality, interactive light field rendering from only a small number of input images with dense depth information. The algorithm bridges the gap between image warping and interpolation from image databases, which represent the two major approaches in image based rendering. By warping and blending only the necessary parts of each reference image, we are able to generate a single view-corrected texture for every output frame at interactive rates. In contrast to previous light field rendering approaches, our warping-based algorithm is able to fully exploit per-pixel depth information in order to depth-correct the light field samples with maximum accuracy. The complexity of the proposed algorithm is nearly independent of the number of stored reference images and of the final screen resolution. It performs with only small overhead and very few visible artifacts. We demonstrate the visual fidelity as well as the performance of our method through various examples.
Civil Procedure to Enforce Transnational Rights (2007)

All European lawyers are well acquainted with the fact that American civil procedure is different from the Code we celebrate at this conference.A few years ago, the German Minister of Justice proclaimed that America has a "lousy legal system." 1 And anyone acquainted with the differences would acknowledge that the institutions drawn from European civil code traditions are much more efficient than is the American system when it comes to resolving private disputes.If America were more homogeneous and were served by a democratic parliamentary government responsive to the concerns of all those it governed, few would doubt the United States would be better served by a civil process more similar to that provided by the civil code.But the distinctive features of American law explaining the Minister's assessment were and are indispensable to such democracy as we enjoy in the United States today.
Mechanism of anti-obesity action of benidipine hydrochloride in mice. (1994)

Benidipine hydrochloride, a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, decreases body weight and also has a hypotensive effect. The mechanism of its inhibitory effect on body weight is unclear, although this agent increases blood flow in brown adipose tissue, which functions as a main thermogenic organ. The hypothesis that benidipine hydrochloride activates brown adipose tissue to induce body weight loss was tested on mice made obese by pretreatment with monosodium-L-glutamate (MSG). When benidipine hydrochloride was incorporated in the diet (1.0 mg per gram of food) for 4 weeks, binding of guanosine-5'-diphosphate in brown adipose tissue mitochondria was significantly increased. Body weight and body fat decreased in both MSG obese mice and in lean controls. Results support the hypothesis and suggest the possibility that benidipine hydrochloride may be useful for treating obese hypertensive patients.
Synthesis and Properties of Boranocarbonate:  A Convenient in Situ CO Source for the Aqueous Preparation of [99mTc(OH2)3(CO)3]+ (2001)

No Abstract available
A Versatile Catalyst for Reductive Amination by Transfer Hydrogenation (2010)

An iridium catalyst enables the reductive amination of carbonyl groups with unprecedented substrate scope, selectivity, and activity using formic acid as the hydrogen source (see scheme). The catalyst system provides significant improvement over commonly used boron hydrides. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Impact of Nanotechnology on Drug Delivery (2009)

Nanotechnology is the engineering and manufacturing of materials at the atomic and molecular scale. In its strictest definition from the National Nanotechnology Initiative, nanotechnology refers to structures roughly in the 1-100 nm size regime in at least one dimension. Despite this size restriction, nanotechnology commonly refers to structures that are up to several hundred nanometers in size and that are developed by top-down or bottom-up engineering of individual components. Herein, we focus on the application of nanotechnology to drug delivery and highlight several areas of opportunity where current and emerging nanotechnologies could enable entirely novel classes of therapeutics.
Multiple cell cycles occur in rat hepatocytes cultured in the presence of nicotinamide and epidermal growth factor (1991)

Multiple rounds of cell division were induced in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes in serum-free medium containing 10 mmol/L nicotinamide and 10 ng epidermal growth factor/ml. Cells per culture almost doubled between day 1 and day 5. The proliferating cells were predominantly mononucleate. The time course of DNA synthesis in cultured hepatocytes showed that peaks of the incorporation of 3H-thymidine were observed at 60 hr and 82 hr after plating. Labeling indices of the cells indicated that almost half the cells were labeled with 3H-thymidine in the periods 48 to 72 hr and 72 to 96 hr after plating. In addition, about 20% of the hepatocytes in culture initiated a second round of the cell cycle between 48 and 96 hr in culture, as demonstrated by the use of continuous treatments with 3H-thymidine and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine. Furthermore, by day 4 of culture, about 40% and 15% of metaphases resulted from a second and third round of cell division, respectively. The cultured hepatocytes on day 5 stained with albumin immunocytochemically, and the activity of tyrosine aminotransferase was induced by dexamethasone and glucagon on day 3. In addition, electron micrographs revealed that dividing cells not only had many characteristics of liver mitochondria and bile canaliculus-like structures, but many also contained a few large peroxisomes with internal crystalline nucleoids.
Inhibition of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication by Niclosamide (2004)

Antiviral agents are urgently needed to fight severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). We showed that niclosamide, an existing antihelminthic drug, was able to inhibit replication of a newly discovered coronavirus, SARS-CoV; viral antigen synthesis was totally abolished at a niclosamide concentration of 1.56 microM, as revealed by immunoblot analysis. Thus, niclosamide represents a promising drug candidate for the effective treatment of SARS-CoV infection.
Interference lithography for optical devices and coatings (2010)

Interference lithography can create large-area, defect-free nanostructures with unique optical properties. In this thesis, interference lithography will be utilized to create photonic crystals for functional devices or coatings. For instance, typical lithographic processing techniques were used to create 1, 2 and 3 dimensional photonic crystals in SU8 photoresist. These structures were in-filled with birefringent liquid crystal to make active devices, and the orientation of the liquid crystal directors within the SU8 matrix was studied.&#13;\nMost of this thesis will be focused on utilizing polymerization induced phase separation as a single-step method for fabrication by interference lithography. For example, layered polymer/nanoparticle composites have been created through the one-step two-beam interference lithographic exposure of a dispersion of 25 and 50 nm silica particles within a photopolymerizable mixture at a wavelength of 532 nm. In the areas of constructive interference, the monomer begins to polymerize via a free-radical process and concurrently the nanoparticles move into the regions of destructive interference. The holographic exposure of the particles within the monomer resin offers a single-step method to anisotropically structure the nanoconstituents within a composite.&#13;\nA one-step holographic exposure was also used to fabricate self- healing coatings that use water from the environment to catalyze polymerization. Polymerization induced phase separation was used to sequester an isocyanate monomer within an acrylate matrix. Due to the periodic modulation of the index of refraction between the monomer and polymer, the coating can reflect a desired wavelength, allowing for tunable coloration. When the coating is scratched, polymerization of the liquid isocyanate is catalyzed by moisture in air; if the indices of the two polymers are matched, the coatings turn transparent after healing. Interference lithography offers a method of creating multifunctional self-healing coatings that readout when damage has occurred.