gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aluminum Methyl and Chloro Complexes Bearing Monoanionic Aminephenolate Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, and Use in Polymerizations (2012)

A series of aluminum methyl and chloride complexes bearing 2(N-piperazinyl-N′-methyl)-2-methylene-4-R′-6-R-phenolate or 2(N-morpholinyl)-2-methylene-4-R′-6-R-phenolate ([ONER1,R2]-) {[R1 = tBu, R2 = Me, E = NMe (L1); R1= R2 = tBu, E = NMe (L2); R1 = R2 = tBu, E = O (L3)} ligands were synthesized and characterized through elemental analysis, 1H, 13C{1H}, and 27Al NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. Reactions of AlMe3 with two equivalents of L1H-L3H gave {[ONER1,R2]2AlMe} (1–3), while reaction of Et2AlCl with two equivalents of L1H and L3H afforded {[ONER1,R2]2AlCl} (4 and 5) as monometallic complexes. The catalytic activity of complexes 1–3 toward ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone was assessed. These complexes are more active than analogous Zn complexes for this reaction but less active than the Zn analogues for ROP of rac-lactide. Characteristics of the polymer as well as polymerization kinetics and mechanism were studied. Polymer end-group analyses were achieved using 1H NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF MS. Eyring analyses were performed, and the activation energies for the reactions were determined, which were significantly lower for 1 and 2 compared with 3. This could be for several reasons: (1) the methylamine (NMe) group of 1 and 2, which is a stronger base than the ether (O) group of 3, might activate the incoming monomer via noncovalent interactions, and/or (2) the ether group is able to temporarily coordinate to the metal center and blocks the vacant coordination site toward incoming monomer, while the amine cannot do this. Preliminary studies using 4 and 5 toward copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide with carbon dioxide have been performed. 4 was inactive and 5 afforded polyether carbonate (66.7% epoxide conversion, polymer contains 54.0% carbonate linkages).
Active immunotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: moving toward a reality (2011)

Lung cancer remains the number one cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Active cancer immunotherapy is a growing field that is included as one of the most important modalities used to modify the host immune system for the treatment of malignancies. With the recent approval of sipuleucel-T for the treatment of prostate cancer, immunotherapy has become a reality in the treatment of solid tumors. Different therapeutic cancer vaccines, aimed to create specific anti-tumor immunity, are currently under clinical development in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Whole-cell vaccines such as belagenpumatucel-L and antigen-specific vaccines targeting EGF, mucin 1 and melanoma-associated antigen A3 have shown promising results in clinical trials and are currently being evaluated in Phase III studies. In Cuba, the CIMAvax vaccine targeting EGF has shown encouraging results, leading to the approval of this therapy there and in other countries in Central and South America. Immunotherapy lacks long term clinical experience as chemotherapy does, however, its lower toxicity promises to be a potential option for the different stages of this disease. The ongoing Phase III trials on the different therapeutic vaccines like the ones targeting melanoma associated antigen-3 and blp-25 in NSCLC will probably be completed within the next few years, and, perhaps, a new era of therapeutic cancer vaccines in NSCLC will be a reality.
40 Gb/s silicon photonics modulator for TE and TM polarisations (2011)

A key device in future high speed short reach interconnect technology will be the optical modulator. These devices, in silicon, have experienced dramatic improvements over the last 6 years and the modulation bandwidth has increased from a few tens of MHz to over 30 GHz. However, the demands of optical interconnects are significant. Here we describe an approach based on a self-aligned wrap around p-n junction structure embedded in a silicon waveguide that can produce high-speed optical phase modulation, whilst at the same time, capable of a high extinction ratio. An all-silicon optical modulator using a CMOS compatible fabrication process with a data rate of 40 Gb/s and extinction ratio up to approximately 6.5 dB for TE and TM polarisations is demonstrated. This technology is not only compatible with conventional complementary MOS (CMOS) processing, but is also intended to simplify and improve the reliability of, the fabrication process.
Multinuclearity and increased ploidy caused by overexpression of the aurora- and Ipl1-like midbody-associated protein mitotic kinase in human cancer cells. (1998)

Aurora- and Ipl1-like midbody-associated protein (AIM-1) is a serine/ threonine kinase that is structurally related to Drosophila aurora and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ipl1, both of which are required for chromosome segregation. A kinase-negative form of AIM-1 inhibits the formation of cleavage furrow without affecting nuclear division, indicating that the gene controls entry into cytokinesis during M phase in mammalian cells. A human gene that encodes the protein AIM-1 was overexpressed in colorectal and other tumor cell lines. The regulation of AIM-1 expression was cell cycle dependent in normal and tumor cells, and the maximum accumulation was observed at G2-M. Exogenous overexpression of wild-type AIM-1 produced multinuclearity in human cells, suggesting that the excess amount of AIM-1 had a dominant-negative effect on the overexpressing cells. In long-term culture of AIM-1-overexpressing cells, multiple nuclei in a cell were occasionally fused, and then an increased ploidy and aneuploidy were induced. Thus, the overexpression of AIM-1 in colorectal tumor cell lines is thought to have a causal relationship with multinuclearity and increased ploidy. Cytokinesis error caused by AIM-1 overexpression is a major factor in the predisposition of tumor cells to the perturbation of chromosomal integrity that is commonly observed in human neoplasia. Thus, defects of pathways essential for mitotic regulation are important during human cancer development.
<title>Multi-element synthetic transmit aperture imaging using temporal encoding</title> (2002)

A new method to increase the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) of synthetic transmit aperture (STA) imaging is investigated. The new approach is called temporally Encoded Multi-Element STA imaging (EMESTA). It utilizes multiple elements to emulate a single transmit element, and the conventional short excitation pulses are replaced by linear FM signals. Simulations using Field II and measurements are compared to linear array imaging. A theoretical analysis shows a possible improvement in SNR of 17 dB. Simulations are done using an 8.5 MHz linear array transducer with 128 elements. Spatial resolution results show better performance for EMESTA imaging after the linear array focus. Both methods have similar contrast performance. Measurements are performed using our experimental multi-channel ultrasound scanning system, RASMUS. The designed linear FM signal obtains temporal sidelobes below -55 dB, and SNR investigations show improvements of 4-12 dB. The depth performance is investigated using a multi-target phantom. Results show a 30 mm increase in penetration depth with improved spatial resolution. In conclusion, EMESTA imaging significantly increases the SNR of STA imaging, exceeding that of linear array imaging.
Human transferrin: cDNA characterization and chromosomal localization. (1984)

Transferrin (Tf) is the major iron binding protein in vertebrate serum. It shares homologous amino acid sequences with four other proteins: lactotransferrin, ovotransferrin, melanoma antigen p97, and HuBlym-1. Antigen p97 and the Tf receptor genes have been mapped on human chromosome 3. The goal of the study described here was to initiate the characterization of the Tf gene by identifying and characterizing its cDNA and mapping its chromosomal location. Recombinant plasmids containing human cDNA encoding Tf have been isolated by screening an adult human liver library with a mixed oligonucleotide probe. Within the 2.3 kilobase pairs of Tf cDNA analyzed, there is a probable leader sequence encoded by 57 nucleotides followed by 2037 nucleotides that encode the homologous amino and carboxyl domains. During evolution, three areas of the homologous amino and carboxyl domains have been strongly conserved, possibly reflecting functional constraints associated with iron binding. Chromosomal mapping by in situ hybridization and somatic cell hybrid analysis indicate that the Tf gene is located at q21-25 on human chromosome 3, consistent with linkage of the Tf, Tf receptor, and melanoma p97 loci.
In vivo and in vitro autoprocessing of human immunodeficiency virus protease expressed in Escherichia coli. (1988)

The viral-specific protease of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been expressed as a lacZ-protease fusion protein. This fusion protein contains protease cleavage sites at the gag/protease and protease/reverse transcriptase junctions and undergoes autoprocessing in vivo when expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified lacZ-protease fusion protein precursors also exhibit autoproteolytic activity in vitro. One cleavage product of the autoprocessing reactions is a 10-kDa protein that cross-reacts with peptide antisera prepared against the putative protease sequence. Consistent with the notion that HIV protease is an acid protease, its autoproteolytic activity is inhibited in alkaline buffers and by pepstatin A. The in vivo and in vitro autocleavage assays for HIV protease together with the overproduction of the protease should facilitate design and testing of therapeutic agents that inhibit gag-pol polyprotein processing and HIV virion maturation.
Chirped refractive microlens arrays (2008)

The presented thesis deals with the design, the fabrication, and the characterization of nonregular microlens arrays that are referred to as "chirped microlens array" (cMLA) in accordance &#13;\nto other non-periodical structures. In contrast to conventional, regular microlens arrays that consist of a repetitive arrangement of a unit cell on a fixed, equidistantly sectioned grid,&#13;\na cMLA contains similar but not identical lenses that are defined by a parametric description. The parameters of each cell can be defined by analytical functions, by using numerical&#13;\noptimization techniques, or by a combination of the both. Dependency on the position of the cell within the array is the most characteristic property of these functions.&#13;\nOvercoming the inflexibility of a regular arrangement leads to the enhancement of the classical array concept and enables new degrees of freedom in the design of micro-optical systems. The&#13;\nfocus of this thesis is to point out the potentials of these new design possibilities which are explained by example systems built as prototypes. Fields of application are amongst others&#13;\nthe improvement of the system's integration and the optimization of the optical performance of a system. Applications in the field of beam shaping and miniaturized imaging optics are&#13;\ndiscussed in detail as example systems. The latter enables extremely thin imaging objectives with a track length shorter than 250µm that have their natural antetype in the compound eyes&#13;\nof insects. The use of a cMLA allows the correction of off-axis aberrations and consequently the extension of the field of view of the objective, whereas the array describing function can&#13;\nbe derived analytically. For the rst time, the use of a cMLA with individually adapted lenses allows the fabrication of objectives based on the well-known imaging principle that are&#13;\ncompliant to the demands of industrial applications rather than just being proof-of-principle demonstrators.&#13;\nFurthermore, a fly's eye condenser setup based on cMLAs is discussed. In contrast to the application examples mentioned before, here the focus is on the collective interaction of all&#13;\nlenses of the array that leads to novel coherent effects. The periodic intensity peaks appearing in the plane of homogenization which are typical when using regular arrays can be avoided by&#13;\nemploying non-periodic arrays. This leads to an improved homogeneity of the radiation. Fly's eye condensers based on cMLAs are especially advantageous when dealing with short pulse&#13;\napplications such as in sensing or material processing since otherwise applicable homogeneity improving measures are not suitable.&#13;\nThe microlens arrays are fabricated using reflow of photoresist or laser lithography which had to be adapted to the specifics of cMLAs. This concerns especially software tools for the generation&#13;\nof mask layouts for the reflow of photoresist as well as profile data for laser lithography which had to be developed beforehand the prototyping and are now available as universal tools.
Active-site determinants of substrate recognition by the metalloproteinases TACE and ADAM10 (2009)

The metalloproteinases TACE [tumour necrosis factor alpha-converting enzyme; also known as ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17)] and ADAM10 are the primary enzymes responsible for catalysing release of membrane-anchored proteins from the cell surface in metazoan organisms. Although the repertoire of protein substrates for these two proteases is partially overlapping, each one appears to target a subset of unique proteins in vivo. The mechanisms by which the two proteases achieve specificity for particular substrates are not completely understood. We have used peptide libraries to define the cleavage site selectivity of TACE and ADAM10. The two proteases have distinct primary sequence requirements at multiple positions surrounding the cleavage site in their substrates, which allowed us to generate peptide substrates that are highly specific for each of these proteases. The major difference between the two protease specificities maps to the P1' position (immediately downstream of the cleavage site) of the substrate. At this position, TACE is selective for smaller aliphatic residues, whereas ADAM10 can accommodate aromatic amino acids. Using mutagenesis we identified three residues in the S1' pockets of these enzymes that dramatically influence specificity for both peptide and protein substrates. Our results suggest that substrate selectivity of TACE and ADAM10 can be at least partly rationalized by specific features of their active sites.
A comparison of direct and pattern recognition control for a two degree-of-freedom above elbow virtual prosthesis (2012)

Individuals with a transhumeral amputation have a large functional deficit and require basic functions out of their prosthesis. Myoelectric prostheses have used amplitude control techniques for decades to restore one or two degrees of freedom to these patients. Pattern recognition control has also been investigated for transhumeral amputees, but in recent years, has been more focused on transradial amputees or high-level patients who have received targeted muscle reinnervation. This study seeks to use the most recent advances in pattern recognition control and investigate techniques that could be applied to the majority of the transhumeral amputee population that has not had the reinnervation surgery to determine if pattern recognition systems may provide them with improved control. In this study, able-bodied control subjects demonstrated that highly accurate two degree-of-freedom pattern recognition systems may be trained using four EMG channels. Such systems may be used to better control a prosthesis in real-time when compared to conventional amplitude control with mode switching.
Cellobiose dehydrogenase enhances Phanerochaete chrysosporium cellobiohydrolase I activity by relieving product inhibition (1998)

The interaction of cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) with cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I) in cellulose-grown cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium was investigated to clarify the role of CDH in cellulose degradation. Decomposition of bacterial microcrystalline cellulose by CBH I was enhanced significantly in the presence of the CDH/ferricyanide redox-system compared with CBH I alone. To explain this phenomenon, a model system, using p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-cellobioside as a substrate, was elaborated for measurement of CBH I activity with and without the CDH redox-system. The activity of CBH I for hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-cellobioside was also enhanced in the presence of the redox system. It was found that Km for hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-cellobioside by CBH I was lower in the presence than in the absence of the CDH/ferricyanide redox-system, 142 microM and 384 microM, respectively, while no significant difference was observed between the k(cat) values. These results indicate that cellulase activity is enhanced by an increased affinity for p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-cellobioside, rather than by an increased hydrolysis rate. This shows that cellobiose, the hydrolysis product, acts as a competitive inhibitor of the interaction between CBH I and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-cellobioside. This was confirmed by addition of cellobiose, which was found to competitively inhibit hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-cellobioside by CBH I in the absence of the CDH redox system, and the Ki value for cellobiose inhibition was estimated to be 65 microM. However, this inhibition did not occur if cellobiose was incubated with CDH before addition of CBH I. It was concluded from these results that the reason for the enhancement of CBH I activity in the presence of the CDH redox system was that it relieves competitive inhibition of cellobiose by its oxidation to cellobionolactone.
Cooperative Policy Control for Peer›to›Peer Data Distribution (2010)

Many network applications (such as swarming downloads, peer-to-peer video streaming and file sharing) are made possible by using large groups of peers to distribute and process data. Securing data in such a system requires not just data originators, but also those “distributors,” to enforce access control, verify integrity, or make other content-specific security decisions for the replicated or adapted data. In this paper, we introduce the concepts of cooperative policy enforcement and request type checking, and propose an implementation framework Q which uses these approaches to secure data in peer-to-peer systems. The Q framework associates every data object with relocatable policy descriptors which distributors can use to determine whether a request for that object should be granted and whether a data transfer meets a request. With minimal changes to the application or the framework, Q can define and enforce arbitrarily sophisticated policies across a wide range of applications. Policies can be written to work across applications, or to include application-specific criteria and behavior. We will also discuss integrating Q with several peer-to-peer applications, including Gnutella, distributed hash tables such as CAN and Chord, peer-to-peer video streaming, HTTP swarming and application-level routing.
Active balanced feeding for compact wideband antennas (2007)

This paper demonstrates the advantages of using active devices, which have balanced complex impedance, for feeding wideband antennas. Some techniques to simultaneously increase the frequency bandwidth and reduce antenna dimensions are also discussed.
Introduction of Combined CHOP Plus Rituximab Therapy Dramatically Improved Outcome of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in British Columbia (2005)

The addition of rituximab to CHOP chemotherapy has resulted in a dramatic improvement in outcome for DLBCL patients of all ages in the province of BC.
License to Heal: Bidirectional Interaction of Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells and Tolerogenic APC (2005)

Naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (T(R)) cells, a component of the innate immune response, which play a key role in the maintenance of self-tolerance, have become the focus of numerous studies over the last decade. These cells inhibit the immune response in an Ag-nonspecific manner, interacting with other T cells. Much less is known about adaptive T(R) cells, which develop in response to chronic antigenic stimulation, and act directly on professional and nonprofessional APC, rendering them tolerogenic and able to elicit the differentiation of CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells with suppressive activity. In this review, we will discuss data pertaining to the bidirectional interaction between Ag-specific T(R) with APC and their clinical relevance.
AAV5-miHTT gene therapy demonstrates suppression of mutant huntingtin aggregation and neuronal dysfunction in a rat model of Huntington’s disease (2017)

Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. To date, there is no treatment to halt or reverse the course of HD. Lowering of either total or only the mutant HTT expression is expected to have therapeutic benefit. This can be achieved by engineered micro (mi)RNAs targeting HTT transcripts and delivered by an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector. We have previously showed a miHTT construct to induce total HTT knock-down in Hu128/21 HD mice, while miSNP50T and miSNP67T constructs induced allele-selective HTT knock-down in vitro. In the current preclinical study, the mechanistic efficacy and gene specificity of these selected constructs delivered by an AAV serotype 5 (AAV5) vector was addressed using an acute HD rat model. Our data demonstrated suppression of mutant HTT messenger RNA, which almost completely prevented mutant HTT aggregate formation, and ultimately resulted in suppression of DARPP-32-associated neuronal dysfunction. The AAV5-miHTT construct was found to be the most efficient, although AAV5-miSNP50T demonstrated the anticipated mutant HTT allele selectivity and no passenger strand expression. Ultimately, AAV5-delivered-miRNA-mediated HTT lowering did not cause activation of microglia or astrocytes suggesting no immune response to the AAV5 vector or therapeutic precursor sequences. These preclinical results suggest that using gene therapy to knock-down HTT may provide important therapeutic benefit for HD patients and raised no safety concerns, which supports our ongoing efforts for the development of an RNA interference-based gene therapy product for HD.
Uptake by macrophages of a biotinylated oligo-.alpha.-deoxythymidylate by using mannosylated streptavidin (1992)

Streptavidin substituted with mannose residues increased by 20-fold the intracellular concentration of a biotinylated dodecakis(alpha-deoxythymidylate) in macrophages by comparison with the uptake of free oligodeoxynucleotide. Streptavidin, the bacterial homologue of the very basic avidin, which does not contain any carbohydrate moieties and is a neutral protein, was substituted with 12 mannose residues in order to be recognized and internalized by mannose-specific lectins on the surface of macrophages. A 3'-biotinylated and 5'-fluoresceinylated dodecakis (alpha-deoxythymidylate) was synthesized and bound onto mannosylated streptavidin. The conjugate was isolated, and by using flow cytometry, it was shown that the uptake of fluoresceinylated oligodeoxynucleotides bound to mannosylated streptavidin by macrophages is 20-fold higher than that of free oligodeoxynucleotides and that the uptake was competively inhibited by mannosylated serum albumin. Glycosylated streptavidin conjugates recognizing specific membrane lectins on different cells provide the possibility to target biotinylated antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and to increase the biological effect of these chemotherapeutic agents.
Assessment of Large-Vessel Involvement in Giant Cell Arteritis with 18F-FDG PET: Introducing an ROC-Analysis–Based Cutoff Ratio (2008)

The (18)F-FDG PET region-of-interest analysis with aorta-to-liver maximal standardized uptake value ratios is a reliable, investigator-independent indicator of GCA not affected by minor inflammation-associated changes in hepatic metabolism. Our results for a cutoff ratio of 1.0 prove that (18)F-FDG PET is a method of high sensitivity and specificity for GCA-related large-vessel inflammation.