gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Water-emulsified Terpinene-maleic Ester Type Epoxy Resin by Phase-inversion Emulsification (2009)

A water-emulsified terpinene-maleic ester type epoxy resin (TME) was prepared by phase-inversion emulsification,and a self-designed emulsifier prepared by TME modified with PEG was used as reactive emulsifier in this emulsion. The relationship between conductivity and micro-morphology in the emulsifying process was analyzed. The influences of the emulsifier mass fraction,emulsifying temperature,stirring speed on the volume average particle diameter (D[4,3]),consistency of particle size distribution,centrifugal stability and viscosity of the emulsion were also discussed. The results show that the optimum conditions for preparing this type of water-emulsified epoxy resin were as follows:emulsifier mass fraction 16.7 %,at 60 ℃ and 500 -900 r/min,and solid content about 45 %. Under these conditions,particle diameter of the emulsion is among 100 -400 nm,average particle size is about 200 nm,and viscosity is about 850 mPa · s,epoxy value is 0.11 mol/100 g.
Remyelinating and neuroprotective treatments in multiple sclerosis (2004)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of neurological disability in young adults. The pathological hallmark is multifocal demyelination and inflammation in the CNS. In addition, there is also a variable extent of axonal damage. Remyelination has been seen in up to 70% of lesions but repair is generally incomplete. The demonstration of neuropathological heterogeneity of MS lesions suggests different pathophysiological subtypes and it is therefore unlikely that there is a uniform cause of incomplete remyelination in MS. In recent years, a great body of knowledge has accumulated in order to better understand the regulatory mechanisms of remyelination. This has led to a number of approaches to promote repair mechanisms, most of which have been successful in animal experiments. Unfortunately, the translation of these experimental data into clinical treatments has proven difficult. More information on the pathogenesis of MS, the reason why repair mechanisms fail in MS and a better understanding of the regulation of remyelination are required. This will ultimately lead to a specific treatment tailored for the individual patient and will probably involve a combination of immunomodulation, remyelination and neuroprotection.
Coupled-resonator optical waveguide:?a proposal and analysis (1999)

We propose a new type of optical waveguide that consists of a sequence of coupled high-Q resonators. Unlike other types of optical waveguide, waveguiding in the coupled-resonator optical waveguide (CROW) is achieved through weak coupling between otherwise localized high-Q optical cavities. Employing a formalism similar to the tight-binding method in solid-state physics, we obtain the relations for the dispersion and the group velocity of the photonic band of the CROW's and find that they are solely characterized by coupling factor k(1) . We also demonstrate the possibility of highly efficient nonlinear optical frequency conversion and perfect transmission through bends in CROW's.
Spatially Controlled Oxygen Inhibition of Acrylate Photopolymerization as a New Lithography Method for High-Performance Organic Thin-Film Transistors (2010)

A new concept-based lithography with use of spatially controlled oxygen inhibition of photopolymerization in acrylate-based materials as a micropatterning technique and its application in high-performance top- and bottom-gated organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) on flexible substrates are demonstrated. This process does not rely on any surface/interfacial chemistry or adhesives and thus can be used in the patterning of a broad range of materials for printed organic electronics. It is also capable of achieving high resolution (3 μm), which is sufficient in OTFT-based organic electronics applications. The bottom-gated pentacene transistors show a remarkably high mobility of 1.02 cm2 V−1 S−1, which is among the highest mobilities in flexible transistors fabricated by low-cost patterning processes.
Description of a Large Island-Wide Outbreak of Dengue in Puerto Rico, 2007 (2009)

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that affects 40% of the world's population. Nearly four million U.S. citizens live in dengue-endemic areas; the most affected population resides in Puerto Rico. Data from a dengue surveillance system were used to describe all suspected cases reported in Puerto Rico in 2007. Rates of infection per 10,000 residents were calculated by age, sex, and residence. Rates and clinical outcomes were compared with those from outbreaks in 1994-1995 and 1998. In 2007, 10,508 suspected cases were reported; 52.5% persons were hospitalized, 31.8% reported hemorrhage, 2.2% had dengue hemorrhage fever, and 44 died. A total of 3,293 (33.0%) of processed specimens were laboratory positive for dengue virus (DENV); DENV-3 (1,342, 61.7%) and DENV-2 (677, 31.1%) were detected most often. The overall incidence of laboratory-positive dengue was 8.6 infections per 10,000 population. Rates were highest among persons 10-14 years of age (19.0), followed by persons 15-19 years of age (17.9) and infants (10.9). Higher rates of hospitalization and hemorrhage were reported in 2007 than in 1994-1995 or 1998. United States citizens residing in Puerto Rico are at risk of acquiring dengue. Data suggest that the severity is worsening, and persons 10-19 years of age and infants continue to be most affected.
Physicochemical, toxicological and hygienic aspects of ethylene oxide application for the sterilization of medical products. III. Setting hygienic norms in sterilized medical products. (1988)

Some of the drawbacks are discussed associated with hygienic norms for gaseous sterilizing agents in polymeric products for medical applications. A new approach is proposed for regulating ethylene oxide (EO) in such products. To this end, limiting types of biological effect and its pathways have been determined and substantiated as well as the reliability factor for establishing hygienic norms for EO in medical products. Daily threshold EO limit values were calculated for momentary and repeated exposure of humans. The duration of long-term and short-term exposure of the patient to sterilized products was evaluated on the basis of EO extraction kinetics from a variety of materials. Using daily threshold limit values, threshold residual values (TRV) of EO were calculated for different groups of polymeric products for medical applications.
Expansion of activated human naïve T-cells precedes effector function (2002)

Naïve T-cells divide and mature, both functionally and phenotypically, upon stimulation through the T-cell receptor. Although much is known about the overall changes that occur in naïve cells upon TCR stimulation, and the different memory/effector populations that arise following stimulation, the relationship between cell division and functional and phenotypical changes that occur after activation is poorly understood. Here, we examine the early stages of human naïve and antigen-experienced T-cell activation, and the relationship between cell division and acquisition of effector function during the transition from resting antigen-experienced or naïve T-cells into effector cells. Stimulated naïve T-cells proliferate prior to acquisition of effector function, as measured by cytokine production and expression of effector-associated cell surface molecules. Additionally, we show that interlukin-7 (IL-7) can drive proliferation of naïve T-cells without TCR:MHC peptide interactions. IL-7 alone does not, however, drive the proliferation of antigen-experienced T-cells. Memory T-cells will divide in response to exogenous IL-7 but only in the presence of naïve T-cells and IL-2. This study contributes to the current understanding of the mechanistic differences between naïve and memory T-cell responses by defining the functional and phenotypic changes that occur to T-cells after stimulation.
VISUAL AND TASK DEMANDS OF DRIVER INFORMATION SYSTEMS (1999)

Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa.
Raman spectroscopy of nanocrystalline and amorphous GaN (2005)

We report Raman measurements on thin films of strongly disordered GaN and GaN:O prepared by ion-assisted deposition. The incident photon energies used in the experiments ranged from 1.95 to 3.8eV, spanning the interband edge. Under subgap excitation the signal resembles the crystalline GaN vibrational density-of-modes, with significant broadening as expected for disordered material. There is a strong resonant behavior at the interband edge of the same mode for which a strong resonance is found in crystalline GaN, with a width suggesting that the entire vibrational branch contributes to the signal. Even nanocrystalline material is found to display Raman spectra characteristic of very short-range (&amp;lt;1n) translational symmetry, in agreement with x-ray diffraction evidence for the random stacking nature of the 3nm diameter crystallites. The presence of oxygen at even 25at.% has only a subtle effect on Raman spectra at the network vibrational frequencies below 800cm−1, but its presence is signaled by the appearance of an oxygen mode at 1000cm−1. An N2 line at 2360cm−1 correlates with a nitrogen excess introduced during growth.
Single-wire transmission lines at terahertz frequencies (2006)

In this paper, we report results on an original way to excite surface waves on a single-wire transmission line. Although these waves were proposed many decades ago by Goubau, the novelty of our structures is to achieve a broadband planar excitement. This configuration is very well suited for the terahertz frequency range and allows the investigation of biological entities with high spatial resolution with the use of novel biomicroelectromechanical systems, which include microfluidic functions. From experimental results, we compare different types of transitions from coplanar waveguides, and different substrates are also used. We show that the excitation is highly efficient and broadband for structures on a quartz substrate
The cube-connected cycles: a versatile network for parallel computation (1981)

An interconnection pattern of processing elements, the cube-connected cycles (CCC), is introduced which can be used as a general purpose parallel processor. Because its design complies with present technological constraints, the CCC can also be used in the layout of many specialized large scale integrated circuits (VLSI). By combining the principles of parallelism and pipelining, the CCC can emulate the cube-connected machine and the shuffle-exchange network with no significant degradation of performance but with a more compact structure. We describe in detail how to program the CCC for efficiently solving a large class of problems that include Fast Fourier transform, sorting, permutations, and derived algorithms.
A Novel Antitumor Prodrug Platform Designed to Be Cleaved by the Endoprotease Legumain (2009)

Chemotherapeutic treatment of neoplastic diseases is often restricted by adverse systemic toxicity, which limits the dose of drug that can be administered, or by the appearance of drug resistance. Therefore, novel targeted therapeutic approaches are being developed to improve current conventional therapy in order to increase specificity and biocompatibility, and decrease toxicity. Legumain represents a recently identified lysosomal protease that has been reported to be overexpressed in the majority of human solid tumors, to promote cell migration and is associated with enhanced tissue invasion and metastases. Therefore, it serves as a promising candidate for prodrug therapy. We synthesized a novel legumain-cleavable prodrug, carbobenzyloxy-alanine-alanine-asparagine-ethylenediamine-etoposide, which releases the chemotherapeutic agent, etoposide, as the active drug. The prodrug was characterized and analyzed by (1)H NMR and HPLC. 293 Human embryonic kidney (293 HEK) cells were stably transfected with human legumain, to achieve overexpression in vitro (293 HEK-Leg). 293 HEK-Leg cells expressed both active and inactive legumain and secreted it to the medium. Legumain expression was found to be elevated because of serum starvation in both 293 HEK cells and PC3 human prostate carcinoma cells. The commercial substrate of legumain, carbobenzyloxy-alanine-alanine-asparagine-amino-4-methyl coumarin (CBZ-Ala-Ala-Asn-AMC) and the synthesized prodrug were both cleaved by recombinant human legumain (rhlegumain) and legumain expressed in the 293 HEK-Leg cell lysate. Upon cleavage by rhlegumain, the prodrug showed an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of 293 HEK and 293 HEK-Leg cells. This study suggests a novel platform for prodrug therapy activated by legumain as a promising approach for cancer therapy.
Lentivirus Tat proteins specifically associate with a cellular protein kinase, TAK, that hyperphosphorylates the carboxyl-terminal domain of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II: candidate for a Tat cofactor (1995)

Efficient replication of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) requires the virus transactivator proteins known as Tat. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in Tat transactivation, it is essential to identify the cellular target(s) of the Tat activation domain. Using an in vitro kinase assay, we previously identified a cellular protein kinase activity, Tat-associated kinase (TAK), that specifically binds to the activation domains of Tat proteins. Here it is demonstrated that TAK fulfills the genetic criteria established for a Tat cofactor. TAK binds in vitro to the activation domains of the Tat proteins of HIV-1 and HIV-2 and the distantly related lentivirus equine infectious anemia virus but not to mutant Tat proteins that contain nonfunctional activation domains. In addition, it is shown that TAK is sensitive to dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, a nucleoside analog that inhibits a limited number of kinases and is known to inhibit Tat transactivation in vivo and in vitro. We have further identified an in vitro substrate of TAK, the carboxyl-terminal domain of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II. Phosphorylation of the carboxyl-terminal domain has been proposed to trigger the transition from initiation to active elongation and also to influence later stages during elongation. Taken together, these results imply that TAK is a very promising candidate for a cellular factor that mediates Tat transactivation.
Micro-fabricated micro-coaxial millimeter-wave components (2008)

An overview of components designed and implemented in the PolyStrata micro-coaxial technology at millimeter-wave frequencies will be presented. The components are designed and characterized at the University of Colorado, and fabricated by Rohm and Haas Electronics, in collaboration with BAE Systems. Micro-coaxial air-filled cables with purely TEM propagation up to 450 GHz are fabricated using sequential deposition of 5 to 11 layers of copper, and used to implement couplers, hybrids, Wilkinson dividers/combiners, impedance transformers, etc. from microwave frequencies to W band. Some advanced concepts for THz components are also achievable in this technology.
Activation of human furin precursor processing endoprotease occurs by an intramolecular autoproteolytic cleavage. (1992)

Human furin is a calcium-dependent serine endoprotease that can efficiently cleave many precursor proteins on the carboxyl side of the consensus cleavage sequence, -Arg-X-Lys/Arg-Arg-, both in vivo and in vitro. Analysis of furin proteins in extracts of cells infected with a vaccinia recombinant expressing human furin show that the enzyme is present as two prominent forms of 90 and 96 kDa. Because the structurally related bacterial subtilisins require endoproteolytic removal of the NH2-terminal pro-region by an autocatalytic intramolecular cleavage, we speculated that the size heterogeneity in the furin doublet similarly may result from a proteolytic removal of an NH2-terminal pro-region. Here we report identification of the 90-kDa furin NH2 terminus and, based on the reported sequence of the furin cDNA, demonstrate that this furin protein is derived from a larger precursor by an endoproteolytic cleavage on the COOH-terminal side of a consensus furin cleavage site, -Arg-Thr-Lys-Arg107-. Expression of mutant furin molecules containing an altered cleavage site (Arg104----Ala or Arg107----Gly) resulted in the production of only the 96-kDa furin protein. Assays of furin-dependent cleavage of a protein substrate in vitro showed that proteolytic activity was associated with the 90-kDa and not the 96-kDa furin protein, demonstrating that removal of the NH2-terminal pro-region is required for furin activity. Expression of a third furin construct containing a mutation of the active site aspartate (Asp153----Asn) similarly resulted in the expression of only the 96-kDa protein, suggesting that furin activation occurs by an autoproteolytic cleavage. Finally, the production of 90-kDa furin from either site-directed furin mutant could not be potentiated by overexpressing active furin, suggesting that the autoproteolytic activation was an intramolecular event.
<title>Tools for compressed-domain video indexing and editing</title> (1996)

Indexing and editing digital video directly in the compressed domain offer many advantages in terms of storage efficiency and processing speed. We have designed automatic tools in the compressed domain for extracting key visual features such as scene cut, dissolve, camera operations (zoom, pan), and moving object detection and tracking. In addition, we have developed algorithms to solve the decoder buffer control problems and allow users to 'cut, copy and paste' arbitrary compressed video segments directly in the compressed domain. The compressed-domain approach does not require full decoding. Thus fast software implementations can be achieved. Our compressed video editing techniques enhance the reusability of existing compressed videos.
A Conserved Biogenesis Pathway for Nucleoporins: Proteolytic Processing of a 186-Kilodalton Precursor Generates Nup98 and the Novel Nucleoporin, Nup96 (1999)

The mammalian nuclear pore complex (NPC) is comprised of approximately 50 unique proteins, collectively known as nucleoporins. Through fractionation of rat liver nuclei, we have isolated >30 potentially novel nucleoporins and have begun a systematic characterization of these proteins. Here, we present the characterization of Nup96, a novel nucleoporin with a predicted molecular mass of 96 kD. Nup96 is generated through an unusual biogenesis pathway that involves synthesis of a 186-kD precursor protein. Proteolytic cleavage of the precursor yields two nucleoporins: Nup98, a previously characterized GLFG-repeat containing nucleoporin, and Nup96. Mutational and functional analyses demonstrate that both the Nup98-Nup96 precursor and the previously characterized Nup98 (synthesized independently from an alternatively spliced mRNA) are proteolytically cleaved in vivo. This biogenesis pathway for Nup98 and Nup96 is evolutionarily conserved, as the putative Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologues, N-Nup145p and C-Nup145p, are also produced through proteolytic cleavage of a precursor protein. Using immunoelectron microscopy, Nup96 was localized to the nucleoplasmic side of the NPC, at or near the nucleoplasmic basket. The correct targeting of both Nup96 and Nup98 to the nucleoplasmic side of the NPC was found to be dependent on proteolytic cleavage, suggesting that the cleavage process may regulate NPC assembly. Finally, by biochemical fractionation, a complex containing Nup96, Nup107, and at least two Sec13- related proteins was identified, revealing that a major sub-complex of the NPC is conserved between yeast and mammals.
Receptors and Human Disease. (1982)

Bertrand defines the field of paediatric endocrinology. The book incorporates the biology of growth and development with clinical application. Emphasizing molecular biology, it focuses on foetal development, physiology of growth, puberty and immunology. Bertrand presents material of clinical relevance so that generalists in paediatrics and family practice can access information.
Crystal Structure of Human Phosphodiesterase 3B:  Atomic Basis for Substrate and Inhibitor Specificity (2004)

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that modulate cyclic nucleotide signaling and as such are clinical targets for a range of disorders including congestive heart failure, erectile dysfunction, and inflammation. The PDE3 family comprises two highly homologous subtypes expressed in different tissues, and inhibitors of this family have been shown to increase lipolysis in adipocytes. A specific PDE3B (the lipocyte-localized subtype) inhibitor would be a very useful tool to evaluate the effects of PDE3 inhibition on lipolysis and metabolic rate and might become a novel tool for treatment of obesity. We report here the three-dimensional structures of the catalytic domain of human PDE3B in complex with a generic PDE inhibitor and a novel PDE3 selective inhibitor. These structures explain the dual cAMP/cGMP binding capabilities of PDE3, provide the molecular basis for inhibitor specificity, and can supply a valid platform for the design of improved compounds.
CYP3A4Intron 6 C>T SNP (CYP3A4*22) Encodes Lower CYP3A4 Activity in Cancer Patients, as Measured with Probes Midazolam and Erythromycin (2013)

The CYP3A4*22 allele is associated with decreased CYP3A4-mediated metabolism, as verified by CYP3A-phenotyping probes.
Delivery of fluorescent dextrans through the ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening in mice (2008)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a specialized brain protection system consisting of endothelial cell, tight junctions and glial processes. BBB is the major limiting factor to therapeutic agents to the brain for disease treatment. Focused ultrasound (FUS) in the presence of microbubbles has the capability to deliver large molecules across BBB. In this study, we qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed the cellular impact, the size estimation of the opening and the amount delivered into the brain parenchyma in murine model. The method involved intravenously administration of a bolus of microbubbles at 1 mul/g body weight. Pulsed FUS was applied to the left hippocampus through the intact skin and skull at 0.75 MPa peak-negative pressure followed by a separate intravenously administration of fluorescence-conjugated dextrans at 3 kDa, 10 kDa and 70 kDa. Qualitative analysis was evaluated through the fluorescence imaging of sectioned brain slices. Smooth muscle cells engulfing the capillaries exhibited higher fluorescence in the case of 70 kDa dextran once the BBB was opened. The dextran dose delivered into the brain was analyzed by brain tissue homogenization and fluorescence intensity measurement. The concentration of 3 kDa, 10 kDa and 70 kDa dextrans delivered to the left hemisphere was quantified to be equal to 7.9plusmn4.9 mug/g, 2.4plusmn1.3 mug/g and 0.9plusmn0.47 mug/g of brain weight. In conclusion, significant drug delivery and the net deposition to the sonicated hippocampus, compared to the non-sonicated hippocampus, were determined. The delivered dosage and the spatial distribution provide useful information for the ultimate treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Structural anisotropy of magnetically aligned single wall carbon nanotube films (2000)

Thick films of aligned single wall carbon nanotubes and ropes have been produced by filtration/deposition from suspension in strong magnetic fields. We measured mosaic distributions of rope orientations in the film plane, for samples of different thicknesses. For an ∼1 μm film the full width at half maximum (FWHM) derived from electron diffraction is 25°–28°. The FWHM of a thicker film (∼7 μm) measured by x-ray diffraction is slightly broader, 35±3°. Aligned films are denser than ordinary filter-deposited ones, and much denser than as-grown material. Optimization of the process is expected to yield smaller FWHMs and higher densities.