gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Implementing Gentry's Fully-Homomorphic Encryption Scheme. (2010)

We describe a working implementation of a variant of Gentry’s fully homomorphic encryption scheme (STOC 2009), similar to the variant used in an earlier implementation effort by Smart and Vercauteren (PKC 2010). Smart and Vercauteren implemented the underlying “somewhat homomorphic ” scheme, but were not able to implement the bootstrapping functionality that is needed to get the complete scheme to work. We show a number of optimizations that allow us to implement all aspects of the scheme, including the bootstrapping functionality. Our main optimization is a key-generation method for the underlying somewhat homomorphic encryption, that does not require full polynomial inversion. This reduces the asymptotic complexity from Õ(n2.5) to Õ(n1.5) when working with dimension-n lattices (and practically reducing the time from many hours/days to a few seconds/minutes). Other optimizations include a batching technique for encryption, a careful analysis of the degree of the decryption polynomial, and some space/time trade-offs for the fully-homomorphic scheme. We tested our implementation with lattices of several dimensions, corresponding to several security levels. From a “toy ” setting in dimension 512, to “small, ” “medium, ” and “large” settings in dimensions 2048, 8192, and 32768, respectively. The public-key size ranges in size from 70 Megabytes for the “small ” setting to 2.3 Gigabytes for the “large ” setting. The time to run one bootstrapping operation (on a 1-CPU 64-bit machine with large memory) ranges from 30 seconds for the “small ” setting to 30 minutes for the “large ” setting. 1
Slowing the Deterioration of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Observed during Bronchodilator Therapy by Adding Inhaled Corticosteroids: A 4-Year Prospective Study (1993)

Adding beclomethasone, 800 micrograms daily, slowed the unfavorable course of asthma or COPD seen with bronchodilator therapy alone. This effect was most evident in asthmatic patients.
IDH1andIDH2Mutations in Gliomas (2009)

Mutations of NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases encoded by IDH1 and IDH2 occur in a majority of several types of malignant gliomas.
Efficacy of EGFR plus TNF inhibition in a preclinical model of temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma (2019)

EGFR inhibition combined with a blunting of the accompanying TNF-driven adaptive response could be a viable therapeutic approach in MGMT unmethylated and recurrent EGFR-expressing GBMs.
Virus Resistance Induced in Plants by Polyacrylic Acid (1974)

SUMMARY Polyacrylic acid (PA) injected into tobacco cv. Xanthi-nc induced complete resistance to infection with TMV or tobacco necrosis virus but only partial resistance to potato virus X. The effect was maximal when the injection was made 2 to 3 days before inoculation. The lesion size was limited when the injection was made after inoculation. Using PA of 3500, 27000, 76000, 230000 and 1 × 106 mol. wt. the resistance decreased with increasing size of the polymer. In plants younger than 7 weeks, only the smallest polymer was active and evidence suggested that cell permeability to the larger polymers might increase with age of plant. The PA-induced resistance disappeared when plants were kept at 32 °C, but the effect of temperature was reversible. Polyacrylamide failed to induce resistance suggesting that the polyanionic structure of the acid polymers is responsible for the phenomenon. Disc-electrophoresis in 10% polyacrylamide gels showed that three additional soluble proteins appeared in PA-injected leaves, but only in conditions in which resistance to infection was induced. These new proteins co-electrophoresed with three out of four proteins produced in TMV-infected leaves of cv. Xanthi plants that also are resistant to infection and may be the cause of resistance.
Two hydrophobic low‐molecular‐mass protein fractions of pulmonary surfactant (1987)

Hydrophobic low-molecular-mass proteins were isolated from minced pig lungs and separated into two fractions. Electrophoresis of protein fraction 1 showed two major bands. Calculations of molecular masses from the electrophoretic mobilities are unreliable because of the extreme hydrophobicity of the peptides. However, the two bands were at positions corresponding to apparent molecular masses of about 3 kDa and 14 kDa, while sequence degradation disclosed only one major structure. Electrophoretic separation of protein fraction 2 revealed one band, at an apparent molecular mass of about 6 kDa. Microheterogeneities at the N terminus of both fractions were observed. However, the two fractions had different N-terminal structures and amino acid compositions. Consequently they are concluded to represent different polypeptides without common segments. Bronchoalveolar lavage from humans also contains surfactant polypeptides and at least the fraction 2 peptide is highly similar in human and porcine surfactants. Artificial surfactant preparations, obtained by recombination of protein fraction 1 or 2 with a mixture of synthetic phospholipids, were evaluated with the pulsating bubble method and in experiments on artificially ventilated premature newborn rabbits. The addition of protein fraction 1 to the phospholipid mixture improved surface adsorption from more than 300 s to about 2 s and reduced minimum surface tension from more than 20 mN/m to nearly 0 as measured with a pulsating bubble. When this surfactant preparation was instilled into the airways of newborn rabbits, the tidal volumes at insufflation pressure 25 cm H2O was increased about twentyfold compared to the volumes obtained in non-treated controls. Preparations based on protein fraction 1 had better in vitro and in vivo properties than those based on protein fraction 2. Both these protein-based preparations were decidedly more effective than phospholipids alone.
Learning Spatial Knowledge for Text to 3D Scene Generation (2014)

We address the grounding of natural language to concrete spatial constraints, and inference of implicit pragmatics in 3D environments. We apply our approach to the task of text-to-3D scene generation. We present a representation for common sense spatial knowledge and an approach to extract it from 3D scene data. In text-to-3D scene generation, a user provides as input natural language text from which we extract explicit constraints on the objects that should appear in the scene. The main innovation of this work is to show how to augment these explicit constraints with learned spatial knowledge to infer missing objects and likely layouts for the objects in the scene. We demonstrate that spatial knowledge is useful for interpreting natural language and show examples of learned knowledge and generated 3D scenes.
An abundant transcript induced in differentiating human endothelial cells encodes a polypeptide with structural similarities to G-protein-coupled receptors. (1990)

The tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) inhibits the growth of human endothelial cells and induces differentiation into capillary-like, tubular structures. We have isolated cDNA clones induced by PMA in the presence of cycloheximide and report the characterization of a novel immediate-early cDNA clone, termed edg-1, from human endothelial cells. The 3-kilobase edg-1 transcript is rapidly induced when endothelial cells are treated with PMA and superinduced in the presence of cycloheximide. While superinduction is due, at least in part, to the stabilization of the edg-1 transcript, nuclear run-on analysis demonstrates that the transcription of edg-1 is stimulated by PMA. Although the edg-1 transcript is very abundant in endothelial cells, transcripts related to human edg-1 are also detected at lower levels in vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, melanocytes, and cells of epithelioid origin. The deduced polypeptide sequence of edg-1 contains seven transmembrane domains with significant structural similarities to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPRs). Although the identity of the ligand for edg-1 is presently unknown, the structure of edg-1 polypeptide strongly implies that the edg-1 translation product is an inducible endothelial cell GPR. Since GPRs are involved in diverse biological processes such as signal transduction, cell proliferation, and differentiation, the characterization of human edg-1 as a highly inducible and abundant endothelial cell GPR suggest that it may be involved in the processes that regulate the differentiation of endothelial cells.
Applications of Digital Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (2002)

Some Facts about Psychoacoustics 2.2.1 Masking in the Frequency Domain 2.2.2 Masking in the Time Domain 2.2.3 Variability between listeners 2.3 Basic ideas of perceptual coding 2.3.1 Basic block diagram 2.3.2Additional coding tools 2.3.3Perceptual Entropy 2.4 Description of coding tools 2.4.1 Filter banks 2.4.2Perceptual models 2.4.3Quantization and coding 2.4.4Joint stereo coding 2.4.5 Prediction 2.4.6 Multi-channel: to matrix or not to matrix 2.5 Applying the basic techniques: real coding systems 2.5.1 Pointers to early systems (no detailed description) 2.5.2MPEG Audio 2.5.3MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding (MPEG-2 AAC) 2.5.4MPEG-4 Audio 2.
Looking beyond Lucentis on the management of macular degeneration (2008)

Oxidative stress, inflammation, hypoxia, and angiogenesis are key pathophysiological processes in AMD, this diversity has provided a variety of possible areas amenable to modification to enhance the treatment options for AMD.
Capsule and Fimbria Interaction inKlebsiella pneumoniae (2005)

The capsular polysaccharide and type 1 fimbriae are two of the major surface-located virulence properties associated with the pathogenesis of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The capsule is an elaborate polysaccharide matrix that encases the entire cell surface and provides resistance against many host defense mechanisms. In contrast, type 1 fimbriae are thin adhesive thread-like surface organelles that can extend beyond the capsular matrix and mediate d-mannose-sensitive adhesion to host epithelial cells. These fimbriae are archetypical and consist of a major building block protein (FimA) that comprises the bulk of the organelle and a tip-located adhesin (FimH). It is assumed that the extended major-subunit protein structure permits the FimH adhesin to function independently of the presence of a capsule. In this study, we have employed a defined set of K. pneumoniae capsulated and noncapsulated strains to show that the function of type 1 fimbriae is actually impeded by the concomitant expression of a polysaccharide capsule. Capsule expression had significant effects on two parameters commonly used to define FimH function, namely, yeast cell agglutination and biofilm formation. Our data suggest that this effect is not due to transcriptional/translational changes in fimbrial gene/protein expression but rather the result of direct physical interference. This was further demonstrated by the fact that we could restore fimbrial function by inhibiting capsule synthesis. It remains to be determined whether the expression of these very different surface components occurs simply via random events of phase variation or in a coordinated manner in response to specific environmental cues.
Identification of a Heparin-Binding Motif on Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Capsids (2003)

Infection of cells with adeno-associated virus (AAV) type 2 (AAV-2) is mediated by binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycan and can be competed by heparin. Mutational analysis of AAV-2 capsid proteins showed that a group of basic amino acids (arginines 484, 487, 585, and 588 and lysine 532) contribute to heparin and HeLa cell binding. These amino acids are positioned in three clusters at the threefold spike region of the AAV-2 capsid. According to the recently resolved atomic structure for AAV-2, arginines 484 and 487 and lysine 532 on one site and arginines 585 and 588 on the other site belong to different capsid protein subunits. These data suggest that the formation of the heparin-binding motifs depends on the correct assembly of VP trimers or even of capsids. In contrast, arginine 475, which also strongly reduces heparin binding as well as viral infectivity upon mutation to alanine, is located inside the capsid structure at the border of adjacent VP subunits and most likely influences heparin binding indirectly by disturbing correct subunit assembly. Computer simulation of heparin docking to the AAV-2 capsid suggests that heparin associates with the three basic clusters along a channel-like cavity flanked by the basic amino acids. With few exceptions, mutant infectivities correlated with their heparin- and cell-binding properties. The tissue distribution in mice of recombinant AAV-2 mutated in R484 and R585 indicated markedly reduced infection of the liver, compared to infection with wild-type recombinant AAV, but continued infection of the heart. These results suggest that although heparin binding influences the infectivity of AAV-2, it seems not to be necessary.
Induction of caspase-dependent programmed cell death in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia by anti-CD22 immunotoxins (2003)

B cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are long-lived in vivo, possibly because of defects in apoptosis. We investigated BL22, an immunotoxin composed of the Fv portion of an anti-CD22 antibody fused to a 38-kDa Pseudomonas exotoxin-A fragment. B cells from 22 patients with CLL were immunomagnetically enriched (96% purity) and were cultured with BL22 or an immunotoxin that does not recognize hematopoietic cells. The antileukemic activity of BL22 was correlated with CD22 expression, as determined by flow cytometry. BL22 induced caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation, poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose)polymerase (PARP) cleavage, DNA fragmentation, and membrane flipping. Cell death was associated with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the down-regulation of Mcl-1 and X-chromosomal inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). Furthermore, BL22 induced a proapoptotic 18-kDa Bax protein and conformational changes of Bax. Z-VAD.fmk abrogated apoptosis, confirming that cell death was executed by caspases. Conversely, interleukin-4, a survival factor, inhibited spontaneous death in culture but failed to prevent immunotoxin-induced apoptosis. BL22 cytotoxicity was markedly enhanced when combined with anticancer drugs including vincristine. We also investigated HA22, a newly engineered immunotoxin, in which BL22 residues are mutated to improve target binding. HA22 was more active than BL22. In conclusion, these immunotoxins induce caspase-mediated apoptosis involving mitochondrial damage. Combination with chemotherapy is expected to improve the efficacy of immunotoxin treatment.
Sphingomyelin suppresses the binding and utilization of low density lipoproteins by skin fibroblasts. (1980)

Cultured human skin fibroblasts incubated at 37 degrees C with sonically dispersed, positively charged liposomes containing sphingomyelin internalized and metabolized the phospholipid. Sphingomyelin incorporation into the cells produced a reduction in low density lipoprotein binding and degradation. Lecithin-containing liposomes were much less effective. In addition, incubation with sphingomyelin resulted in a marked increase in acetate incorporation into sterol. These results suggest that sphingomyelin, which is required by cells for membrane synthesis, can influence the regulation of the cell surface low density lipoprotein receptor and intracellular cholesterol balance.
Diagnostic value of KL-6 in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (2018)

The serum KL-6 level is a valuable and significant diagnostic marker of IIP and a useful predictor of clinical prognosis.
Group-theoretic Algorithms for Matrix Multiplication (2005)

We further develop the group-theoretic approach to fast matrix multiplication introduced by Cohn and Umans, and for the first time use it to derive algorithms asymptotically faster than the standard algorithm. We describe several families of wreath product groups that achieve matrix multiplication exponent less than 3, the asymptotically fastest of which achieves exponent 2.41. We present two conjectures regarding specific improvements, one combinatorial and the other algebraic. Either one would imply that the exponent of matrix multiplication is 2.
The Impact of Intermittent Umbilical Cord Occlusions on the Inflammatory Response in Pre-Term Fetal Sheep (2012)

Fetal hypoxic episodes may occur antepartum with the potential to induce systemic and cerebral inflammatory responses thereby contributing to brain injury. We hypothesized that intermittent umbilical cord occlusions (UCOs) of sufficient severity but without cumulative acidosis will lead to a fetal inflammatory response. Thirty-one chronically instrumented fetal sheep at ∼0.85 of gestation underwent four consecutive days of hourly UCOs from one to three minutes duration for six hours each day. Maternal and fetal blood samples were taken for blood gases/pH and plasma interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels. Animals were euthanized at the end of experimental study with brain tissue processed for subsequent counting of microglia and mast cells. Intermittent UCOs resulted in transitory fetal hypoxemia with associated acidemia which progressively worsened the longer umbilical blood flow was occluded, but with no cumulative blood gas or pH changes over the four days of study. Fetal arterial IL-1β and IL-6 values showed no significant change regardless of the severity of the UCOs, nor was there any evident impact on the microglia and mast cell counts for any of the brain regions studied. Accordingly, intermittent UCOs of up to three minutes duration with severe, but limited fetal hypoxemia and no cumulative acidemia, do not result in either a systemic or brain inflammatory response in the pre-term ovine fetus. However, fetal IL-1B and IL-6 values were found to be well correlated with corresponding maternal values supporting the placenta as a primary source for these cytokines with related secretion into both circulations. Female fetuses were also found to have higher IL-1β levels than males, indicating that gender may impact on the fetal inflammatory response to various stimuli.
Automatic Age Estimation Based on Facial Aging Patterns (2007)

While recognition of most facial variations, such as identity, expression and gender, has been extensively studied, automatic age estimation has rarely been explored. In contrast to other facial variations, aging variation presents several unique characteristics which make age estimation a challenging task. This paper proposes an automatic age estimation method named AGES (AGing pattErn Subspace). The basic idea is to model the aging pattern, which is defined as the sequence of a particular individual' s face images sorted in time order, by constructing a representative subspace. The proper aging pattern for a previously unseen face image is determined by the projection in the subspace that can reconstruct the face image with minimum reconstruction error, while the position of the face image in that aging pattern will then indicate its age. In the experiments, AGES and its variants are compared with the limited existing age estimation methods (WAS and AAS) and some well-established classification methods (kNN, BP, C4.5, and SVM). Moreover, a comparison with human perception ability on age is conducted. It is interesting to note that the performance of AGES is not only significantly better than that of all the other algorithms, but also comparable to that of the human observers.
Cytokines and hematopoietic stem cell mobilization (2006)

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has become the standard of care for the treatment of many hematologic malignancies, chemotherapy sensitive relapsed acute leukemias or lymphomas, multiple myeloma; and for some non-malignant diseases such as aplastic anemia and immunodeficient states. The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) resides in the bone marrow (BM). A number of chemokines and cytokines have been shown in vivo and in clinical trials to enhance trafficking of HSC into the peripheral blood. This process, termed stem cell mobilization, results in the collection of HSC via apheresis for both autologous and allogeneic transplantation. Enhanced understanding of HSC biology, processes involved in HSC microenvironmental interactions and the critical ligands, receptors and cellular proteases involved in HSC homing and mobilization, with an emphasis on G-CSF induced HSC mobilization, form the basis of this review. We will describe the key features and dynamic processes involved in HSC mobilization and focus on the key ligand-receptor pairs including CXCR4/SDF1, VLA4/VCAM1, CD62L/PSGL, CD44/HA, and Kit/KL. In addition we will describe food and drug administration (FDA) approved and agents currently in clinical development for enhancing HSC mobilization and transplantation outcomes.
Complementary medicines in psychiatry (2006)

Systematic clinical trials are needed to test promising substances. Meanwhile, those wishing to take psychotropic complementary medicines require appropriate advice.
The effect of age on osteogenic, adipogenic and proliferative potential of female adipose-derived stem cells (2009)

Human adipose tissue is an ideal source of autologous cells that is both plentiful and easily obtainable in large quantities through the simple surgical procedure of liposuction. The stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue contains a stem cell population, adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), capable of adipogenic, osteogenic, myogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. These cells have already been recognized to possess great therapeutic potential in tissue engineering and regeneration. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of donor age on the growth kinetics and differentiation potential of ASCs. For this, ASCs were isolated from liposuctioned adipose tissue obtained from female patients in the age range 20-58 years. Population doubling time was calculated over 2 weeks and differentiation potential was determined by assaying for adipogenesis and osteogenesis. ASCs obtained from older donors appeared to have a slower rate of proliferation, but this relationship was not significant. While adipogenic potential was unrelated to donor age, a distinct relationship between donor age and osteogenic potential was observed. The aetiology of this age-dependent change in osteogenic potential was not due to any changes in the number of precursors with osteogenic capacity in the adipose sample. These findings have important implications for emerging cell-based therapeutic strategies, such as tissue engineering, in addition to treatment of various metabolic bone disorders including osteoporosis.