gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neural crest and the origin of ectomesenchyme: Neural fold heterogeneity suggests an alternative hypothesis (2003)

The striking similarity between mesodermally derived fibroblasts and ectomesenchyme cells, which are thought to be derivatives of the neural crest, has long been a source of interest and controversy. In mice, the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFRalpha) is expressed both by mesodermally derived mesenchymal cells and by ectomesenchyme. Whole-mount immunostaining previously revealed that PDGFRalpha is present in the cephalic neural fold epithelium of early murine embryos (Takakura et al. [1997] J Histochem Cytochem 45:883-893). We now show that, within the neural fold, a sharp boundary exists between E-cadherin-expressing non-neural epithelium and the neural epithelium of the dorsal ridge. In addition, we found that cells coexpressing E-cadherin and PDGFRalpha are present in the non-neural epithelium of the neural folds. These observations raise the possibility that at least some PDGFRalpha(+) ectomesenchyme originates from the lateral non-neural domain of neural fold epithelium. This inference is consistent with previous reports (Nichols [ 1981] J Embryol Exp Morphol 64:105-120; Nichols [ 1986] Am J Anat 176:221-231) that mesenchymal cells emerge precociously from an epithelial neural fold domain resembling the primitive streak in the early embryonic epiblast. Therefore, we propose the name "metablast" for this non-neural epithelial domain to indicate that it is the site of a delayed local delamination of mesenchyme similar to involution of mesoderm during gastrulation. We further propose the testable hypothesis that neural crest and ectomesenchyme are developmentally distinct progenitor populations and that at least some ectomesenchyme is metablast-derived rather than neural crest-derived tissue. Developmental Dynamics 229:118-130, 2004.
Requirement for the Synergy Site for Cell Adhesion to Fibronectin Depends on the Activation State of Integrin α5β1 (1995)

We investigated the influence of the activation state of integrin alpha 5 beta 1 on its dependence on the PHSRN synergy site for binding to RGD in fibronectin. K562 and MV3 cells lacked alpha v beta 3 expression and adhered to fibronectin through alpha 5 beta 1. Mel57 cells adhered through alpha v beta 3 and alpha 5 beta 1. A recombinant fibronectin polypeptide, containing five type III repeats from the central cell binding domain 3Fn6-10, and a mutated polypeptide lacking the synergy site were equally effective in promoting Mel57 adhesion. For K562 and MV3, the mutated polypeptide was not or poorly active compared to the control polypeptide. Expression of alpha v beta 3 in MV3 induced strong adhesion to the mutated polypeptide. TS2/16 stimulatory beta 1-integrin antibodies or Mn2+ induced alpha 5 beta 1-mediated adhesion of K562 and MV3 to GRGDSP. In the presence of TS2/16 or Mn2+, alpha 5 beta 1-mediated MV3 adhesion to the mutated polypeptide was equally strong as adhesion to the control polypeptide. Mn2+ or TS2/16 induced weak K562 binding to the mutated polypeptide, and in the presence of a combination of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, Mn2+, and TS2/16, alpha 5 beta 1-mediated K562 adhesion to the mutated and control polypeptide was equally strong. Our findings demonstrate that requirement for the PHSRN synergy site for alpha 5 beta 1-mediated adhesion to RGD in fibronectin depends on the activation state of the integrin.
Electrically small transmitting loops (2005)

The purpose of this paper is to present data measured by the author and his colleagues (field strength for ground wave and for near vertical incidence skywave (NVIS)), for comparison with simulation. Near fields will be specifically addressed, since near fields are of current interest with regard to human exposure to RF fields and for EMC
Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites Formed from Acidic Derivatives of Montmorillonite and an Epoxy Resin (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTClay-Polymer Nanocomposites Formed from Acidic Derivatives of Montmorillonite and an Epoxy ResinMuh S. Wang and Thomas J. PinnavaiaCite this: Chem. Mater. 1994, 6, 4, 468–474Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00040a022https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00040a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1558Altmetric-Citations416LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Porous Shape Persistent Fluorescent Polymer Films:  An Approach to TNT Sensory Materials (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTPorous Shape Persistent Fluorescent Polymer Films: An Approach to TNT Sensory MaterialsJye-Shane Yang and Timothy M. SwagerView Author Information Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institution of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 21, 5321–5322Publication Date (Web):May 15, 1998Publication History Received19 December 1997Published online15 May 1998Published inissue 1 June 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja9742996https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9742996rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6552Altmetric-Citations698LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Conjugated polymers,Fluorescence,Polymer films,Polymers,Thin films Get e-Alerts
NEGATIVE COMPLEMENTATION AT THE NOTCH LOCUS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER (1975)

Four Abruptex alleles (AxE1, AxE2, Ax9B2, and Ax16172) have been mapped within the Notch locus. Based on their visible phenotypes and their interactions with one another and with N mutations, the Ax alleles can be divided into two groups. Heterozygous combinations of members of the same group are intermediate in phenotype compared to the respective homozygotes, whereas heterozygotes of Ax alleles from different groups exhibit negative heterosis, being much less viable and more extremely mutant than either homozygote. It is suggested that the Notch locus is a multi-functional regulator ("integrator") gene, whose product possesses both "repressor" and "activator" functions for the processes it regulates.
Flat Minima (1997)

We present a new algorithm for finding low-complexity neural networks with high generalization capability. The algorithm searches for a "flat" minimum of the error function. A flat minimum is a large connected region in weight space where the error remains approximately constant. An MDL-based, Bayesian argument suggests that flat minima correspond to "simple" networks and low expected overfitting. The argument is based on a Gibbs algorithm variant and a novel way of splitting generalization error into underfitting and overfitting error. Unlike many previous approaches, ours does not require gaussian assumptions and does not depend on a "good" weight prior. Instead we have a prior over input-output functions, thus taking into account net architecture and training set. Although our algorithm requires the computation of second-order derivatives, it has backpropagation's order of complexity. Automatically, it effectively prunes units, weights, and input lines. Various experiments with feedforward and recurrent nets are described. In an application to stock market prediction, flat minimum search outperforms conventional backprop, weight decay, and "optimal brain surgeon/optimal brain damage".
Single Cell Photoacoustic Microscopy: A Review (2015)

Photoacoustic imaging has experienced exponential growth over the past decade, with many applications in biomedicine. One application ideally suited to the analysis of single cells is photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). Using PAM, detailed submicrometer resolution images of single cells can be produced, with contrast dependent primarily on the optical absorption properties of the cell. A multiwavelength approach for targeting specific endogenous or exogenous chromophores can enhance cellular detail and resolve single organelles with contrast not possible with traditional optical microscopy. A quantitative analysis of the photoacoustic signals acquired from single cells can provide insight into their anatomical, biomechanical, and functional properties. This information can be used to identify specific cells, or to enhance the understanding of biological processes at the single cell level. This comprehensive review on PAM covers recent advances in high-resolution PAM, signal processing methods, and potential clinical applications targeting single cells in vitro and in vivo.
VanG-Type Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Strains Isolated in Canada (2006)

Enterococcus faecalis G1-0247 (vancomycin MIC, 16 microg/ml) was found to harbor a vanG operon 99% identical to the vanG operon in E. faecalis BM4518. E. faecalis N03-0233 (vancomycin MIC, 16 microg/ml) was found to harbor a novel vanG operon, vanG2, on an element in a different chromosomal location than the vanG-harboring elements in G1-0247 and BM4518.
One-Step Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation of Eight Genes Essential for Rhizobium Symbiotic Signaling Using the Novel Binary Vector System pHUGE (2012)

Advancement in plant research is becoming impaired by the fact that the transfer of multiple genes is difficult to achieve. Here we present a new binary vector for Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation, pHUGE-Red, in concert with a cloning strategy suited for the transfer of up to nine genes at once. This vector enables modular cloning of large DNA fragments by employing Gateway technology and contains DsRED1 as visual selection marker. Furthermore, an R/Rs inducible recombination system was included allowing subsequent removal of the selection markers in the newly generated transgenic plants. We show the successful use of pHUGE-Red by transferring eight genes essential for Medicago truncatula to establish a symbiosis with rhizobia bacteria as one 74 kb T-DNA into four non-leguminous species; strawberry, poplar, tomato and tobacco. We provide evidence that all transgenes are expressed in the root tissue of the non-legumes. Visual control during the transformation process and subsequent marker gene removal makes the pHUGE-Red vector an excellent tool for the efficient transfer of multiple genes.
Effects of CAMPATH-1 antibodies in vivo in patients with lymphoid malignancies: influence of antibody isotype (1989)

The CAMPATH-1 family of antibodies recognize an abundant glycoprotein expressed on virtually all human lymphocytes. All rat IgM and IgG antibodies of this specificity are lytic with human complement, but only IgG2b is active in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). We compared the ability of IgM, IgG2a, and IgG2b to deplete lymphocytes in vivo in two patients with prolymphocytic transformation of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The IgM (CAMPATH-1M) produced transient depletion of blood lymphocytes with consumption of complement but had no effect on solid masses or bone marrow. Similar transient depletion of blood lymphocytes was noted with the IgG2a (YTH34.5). In contrast, the IgG2b (CAMPATH-1G) produced long-lasting depletion of lymphocytes from blood and marrow and improvement in splenomegaly but no detectable changes in complement levels. These differences probably reflect the importance of Fc receptor binding for effective clearance of target cells in vivo. We treated 16 more patients with a variety of lymphoid malignancies and noted consistent effects on blood lymphocytes, marrow infiltration, and splenomegaly. At this dose level, there was comparatively little improvement in affected lymph nodes or extranodal masses. Nevertheless, the in vivo lympholytic ability of CAMPATH-1G is very potent as compared with other monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) and may have applications in therapy of lymphoid malignancies and as an immunosuppressive agent.
Carotid artery end-to-end anastomosis in the rat using the argon laser (1985)

Microvascular end-to-end anastomoses of rat common carotid arteries measuring 0.6 to 0.7 mm in diameter were performed using an argon surgical laser system. Vascular bonding with the argon laser was accomplished in all cases. The anastomosed carotid artery segments were evaluated both angiographically and histologically at 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after laser bonding. With increasing time after anastomosis, there was a trend toward increasing angiographically proven stenosis of the anastomotic segment and histologically demonstrated pseudoaneurysm formation of the vessel wall at the bonded site. Pseudoaneurysm formation was associated with a dense inflammatory response in the anastomotic vessel segment. In spite of excellent initial tissue bonding and vessel patency, the delayed results of progressive vessel wall disruption and segmental stenosis indicate that further experience in using the argon laser for vessel welding is needed before this method can be accepted as an alternative to current microvascular suture technique.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation, synaptic plasticity and network oscillations (2009)

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has quickly progressed from a technical curiosity to a bona-fide tool for neurological research. The impetus has been due to the promising results obtained when using TMS to uncover neural processes in normal human subjects, as well as in the treatment of intractable neurological conditions, such as stroke, chronic depression and epilepsy. The basic principle of TMS is that most neuronal axons that fall within the volume of magnetic stimulation become electrically excited, trigger action potentials and release neurotransmitter into the postsynaptic neurons. What happens afterwards remains elusive, especially in the case of repeated stimulation. Here we discuss the likelihood that certain TMS protocols produce long-term changes in cortical synapses akin to long-term potentiation and long-term depression of synaptic transmission. Beyond the synaptic effects, TMS might have consequences on other neuronal processes, such as genetic and protein regulation, and circuit-level patterns, such as network oscillations. Furthermore, TMS might have non-neuronal effects, such as changes in blood flow, which are still poorly understood.
A monoclonal antibody inhibitory to human P450 2D6: a paradigm for use in combinatorial determination of individual P450 role in specific drug tissue metabolism (1997)

Human cytochrome P450 2D6 metabolizes more than 50 common drugs and is polymorphically expressed, with 5-10% of the population lacking expression caused by mutant genes. This may result in a defective and toxic response in deficient individuals treated with 2D6 drug substrates. Baculovirus-expressed 2D6 was used to immunize mice for hybridoma production and two clones yielded monoclonal antibodies, that were positive against 2D6 by ELISA and inhibited 2D6 catalysed metabolism of bufuralol, dextromethorphan and phenanthrene by more than 90%. The inhibitory activity was highly specific to 2D6 and the monoclonal antibodies did not bind to 11 other P450s, nor inhibit seven human P450s tested. Analysis of eight human liver microsome samples showed that their basal bufuralol 1'-hydroxylase activity varied from 6.7-83.5 pmol min-1 nmol-1 P450. The monoclonal antibody 512-1-8 inhibited 2D6-dependent bufuralol 1'-hydroxylase in these samples by 10-70% indicating a widely variable role for 2D6 in human liver bufuralol 1'-hydroxylase activity and a role for other P450s in bufuralol metabolism. Independent analysis of several recombinant human P450s showed that 2D6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19 and 1A2 exhibited bufuralol 1'-hydroxylase activity with 2D6 and 2C19 being the most active. Further analysis of three liver samples was made with individual inhibitory monoclonal antibodies. Inhibitory antibodies to 2D6, 2B6, 2E1, 2C8/9/19, 3A4 and 1A2 were added to the microsomes either singly or additively. Inhibitory activity of bufuralol 1'-hydroxylase was observed with antibodies to 2D6 (14-76%), 2C8/9/19 (24-69%) and 1A2 (2-25%) indicating a variable and different role for each of these P450s in the bufuralol 1'-hydroxylase of human liver. The monoclonal antibodies to 2B6, 2E1 and 3A4 were not inhibitory, indicating that these enzymes play no role in bufuralol 1'-hydroxylase metabolism. When the three antibodies to 2D6, 2C8/9/19 and 1A2, respectively, were all added, the total bufuralol 1'-hydroxylase of the liver samples was inhibited by more than 90%, indicating that the latter P450s catalyse all of liver bufuralol 1'-hydroxylase metabolism. These studies demonstrate that inhibitory monoclonal antibodies offer a simple and precise method for assessing the quantitative role of each P450 in the metabolism of a P450 substrate in a tissue, which include drugs, carcinogens, mutagens, toxic chemicals and endobiotics.
Thermal Deformation of Very Slender Triangular Rollable and Collapsible Booms (2016)

Metallic triangular rollable and collapsible (TRAC) booms have deployed two Cubesat-based solar sails in low Earth orbit, making TRAC booms the most popular solar sail deployment method in practice. This paper presents some concerns and solutions surrounding the behavior of these booms in the space thermal environment. A 3.5-cm-tall, 4-meter-long TRAC boom of Elgiloy cobalt alloy, when exposed to direct sunlight in a 1 AU deep space environment, has a predicted tip motion of as much as 0.5 meters. Such large thermal deflections could generate unacceptable distortions in the shape of a supported solar sail, making attitude control of the solar sail spacecraft difficult or impossible. As a possible means of mitigating this issue, the thermal distortion behaviors of three alternative material TRAC booms are investigated and compared with the uncoated Elgiloy baseline boom. A tenfold decrease in induced curvature is shown to be possible relative to the baseline boom. Potential thermal distortions of the LightSail-A solar sail TRAC booms are also examined and compared, although inconclusively, with available on-orbit camera imagery.
An implantable wireless bidirectional communication microstimulator for neuromuscular stimulation (2005)

This paper presents the integrated circuit design for a wireless bidirectional transmission microstimulator. This implantable device is composed of an internal radio-frequency (RF) front-end circuit, a control circuit, a stimulator, and an on-chip transmitter. A 2-MHz amplitude-shift keying modulated signal, including the power and data necessary for the implantable device, is received, and a stable 3-V dc voltage and digital data will be extracted to further execute neuromuscular stimulation. The current-mode microstimulator can produce a bidirectional output current with 8-bit resolution for stimulation. The maximum stimulation current is 1 mA while the stimulation frequency is from 20 Hz to 2 kHz and the pulsewidth of stimulation current is from 150 to 500 /spl mu/s. Furthermore, the system can acquire the biological sensing signal by means of an on-chip transmitter. Most of the signal processing circuits have been designed with low-power schemes to reduce the power consumption, and the performance is also conformed to the requirements of the microstimulator. All of the circuits except for the RF link are combined in a single chip and implemented in TSMC 0.35-/spl mu/m 2P4M standard CMOS process.
Synthesis, fragmentation, and photorearrangement of neopentyl and adamantyl phosphonates in the 2,3-oxaphosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octene system (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis, fragmentation, and photorearrangement of neopentyl and adamantyl phosphonates in the 2,3-oxaphosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octene systemLouis D. Quin, Xiao-Ping Wu, Narayan D. Sadanani, Ivan Lukes, Alexey S. Ionkin, and Roberta O. DayCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 1, 120–129Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00080a020https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00080a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views192Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts