gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Liquid Biopsies: Genotyping Circulating Tumor DNA (2014)

Genotyping tumor tissue in search of somatic genetic alterations for actionable information has become routine practice in clinical oncology. Although these sequence alterations are highly informative, sampling tumor tissue has significant inherent limitations; tumor tissue is a single snapshot in time, is subject to selection bias resulting from tumor heterogeneity, and can be difficult to obtain. Cell-free fragments of DNA are shed into the bloodstream by cells undergoing apoptosis or necrosis, and the load of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) correlates with tumor staging and prognosis. Moreover, recent advances in the sensitivity and accuracy of DNA analysis have allowed for genotyping of cfDNA for somatic genomic alterations found in tumors. The ability to detect and quantify tumor mutations has proven effective in tracking tumor dynamics in real time as well as serving as a liquid biopsy that can be used for a variety of clinical and investigational applications not previously possible.
CRK7 modifies the MAPK pathway and influences the response to endocrine therapy (2009)

Endocrine therapies, which inhibit estrogen receptor (ER)alpha signaling, are the most common and effective treatment for ERalpha-positive breast cancer. However, the use of these agents is limited by the frequent development of resistance. The cyclin-dependent kinase family member CRK7 (aka CRKRS) was identified from an RNA interference screen for modifiers of tamoxifen sensitivity. Here, we demonstrate that silencing of CRK7 not only causes resistance to tamoxifen but also leads to resistance to additional endocrine therapies including ICI 182780 and estrogen deprivation, a model of aromatase inhibition. We show that CRK7 silencing activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-signaling pathway, which causes a loss of ER dependence, resulting in endocrine therapy resistance. This study identifies a novel role for CRK7 in MAPK regulation and resistance to estrogen signaling inhibitors.
Optimization of Resource Provisioning Cost in Cloud Computing (2011)

In cloud computing, cloud providers can offer cloud consumers two provisioning plans for computing resources, namely reservation and on-demand plans. In general, cost of utilizing computing resources provisioned by reservation plan is cheaper than that provisioned by on-demand plan, since cloud consumer has to pay to provider in advance. With the reservation plan, the consumer can reduce the total resource provisioning cost. However, the best advance reservation of resources is difficult to be achieved due to uncertainty of consumer's future demand and providers' resource prices. To address this problem, an optimal cloud resource provisioning (OCRP) algorithm is proposed by formulating a stochastic programming model. The OCRP algorithm can provision computing resources for being used in multiple provisioning stages as well as a long-term plan, e.g., four stages in a quarter plan and twelve stages in a yearly plan. The demand and price uncertainty is considered in OCRP. In this paper, different approaches to obtain the solution of the OCRP algorithm are considered including deterministic equivalent formulation, sample-average approximation, and Benders decomposition. Numerical studies are extensively performed in which the results clearly show that with the OCRP algorithm, cloud consumer can successfully minimize total cost of resource provisioning in cloud computing environments.
A comparison of the intradermal and subcutaneous routes of influenza vaccination with A/New Jersey/76 (swine flu) and A/Victoria/75: report of a study and review of the literature. (1979)

A trail of influenza vaccination, with use of bivalent split virus vaccine (A/New Jersey/76 and A/Victoria/75), was conducted to compare the immunogenicity and reactions when vaccine was given by the subcutaneous and intradermal routes. Volunteers 18 to 24 years old were randomized into equal groups, one group receiving 0.1 ml of vaccine intradermally and the other receiving 0.5 ml subcutaneously. For the A/Victoria vaccine, the immunogenicity of the intradermal route seemed superior; for A/New Jersey vaccine, the routes were equivalent. Adverse reactions were minimal and equivalent for both groups. In times of vaccine shortage, the intradermal route is considered to stretch vaccine supplies. Field trials of new influenza vaccines should include evaluation of the immunogenicity of and adverse reactions caused by the same vaccine given by different routes in varied dosages.
Immune Activation in Measles (1989)

Measles is associated with alterations in immune regulation that sometimes lead to secondary infections or autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Simultaneously, an effective measles virus-specific immune response develops. To relate immune activation to measles and its complications, we studied the spontaneous proliferation of blood mononuclear cells and circulating levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor and CD8 T-cell antigens in 126 patients with complicated or uncomplicated measles at various stages of the disease. Spontaneous proliferation of mononuclear cells, which was present through the first week of the rash, was greater in cells from patients with measles (8787 +/- 1403 cpm) than in those from healthy children (1529 +/- 237 cpm, P less than 0.0001). Levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (3385 +/- 195 units per milliliter) and CD8 (4145 +/- 437 units per milliliter) were higher in patients with measles than in those with other infectious diseases (2377 +/- 440, P = 0.003; 2399 +/- 771, P = 0.0374) or in healthy children (865 +/- 138, P less than 0.0001; 1026 +/- 169, P less than 0.0001). Levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor were elevated before the onset of the rash and remained elevated for several weeks. In contrast, levels of soluble CD8 increased only when the rash appeared, and subsided quickly. Spontaneous proliferation of mononuclear cells and levels of soluble CD8 were similar in patients with uncomplicated disease, pneumonia, or encephalomyelitis, but soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels were lower in patients with encephalomyelitis (2312 +/- 314 vs. 3455 +/- 247 units per milliliter in uncomplicated measles; P = 0.01). In patients with encephalomyelitis, cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble CD8 (686 +/- 350 units per milliliter), but not interleukin-2 receptor (9 +/- 8.3 units per milliliter), were increased. We conclude that the proliferative phase of the immune response, as measured by the release of soluble interleukin-2 receptor, begins before the rash appears, continues for several weeks in those without complications, but does not occur within the nervous system. In contrast, the effector phase of the immune response, as measured by the release of soluble CD8, coincides with the appearance and disappearance of the rash and occurs within the nervous system during encephalomyelitis.
Inhibition of Caspase-1/Interleukin-1β Signaling Prevents Degeneration of Retinal Capillaries in Diabetes and Galactosemia (2006)

The proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-1beta, is known to induce vascular dysfunction and cell death. We investigated the role of IL-1beta and caspase-1 (the enzyme that produces it) in diabetes-induced degeneration of retinal capillaries. Caspase-1 activity is increased in retinas of diabetic and galactosemic mice and diabetic patients. First, we investigated the effect of agents known to inhibit caspase-1 (minocycline and tetracycline) on IL-1beta production and retinal capillary degeneration in diabetic and galactose-fed mice. Second, we examined the effect of genetic deletion of the IL-1beta receptor on diabetes-induced caspase activities and retinal capillary degeneration. Diabetic and galactose-fed mice were injected intraperitoneally with minocycline or tetracycline (5 mg/kg). At 2 months of diabetes, minocycline inhibited hyperglycemia-induced caspase-1 activity and IL-1beta production in the retina. Long-term administration of minocycline prevented retinal capillary degeneration in diabetic (6 months) and galactose-fed (13 months) mice. Tetracycline inhibited hyperglycemia-induced caspase-1 activity in vitro but not in vivo. Mice deficient in the IL-1beta receptor were protected from diabetes-induced caspase activation and retinal pathology at 7 months of diabetes. These results indicate that the caspase-1/IL-1beta signaling pathway plays an important role in diabetes-induced retinal pathology, and its inhibition might represent a new strategy to inhibit capillary degeneration in diabetic retinopathy.
Efficacy and Safety of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Patients With Complex Partial Seizures (1990)

A clinical trial of chronic intermittent vagal stimulation in five patients suggests that the procedure may be safe and effective as adjunctive treatment of medically intractable seizures of partial onset. Patients tolerated well the implantation of the neurocybernetic prosthesis and the vagal stimulation without serious physiological or lifestyle changes. Stimulation of the vagus nerve either reduced the seizure frequency or decreased the duration or intensity of seizures. Adverse side effects were limited to a tingling sensation in the throat and hoarseness during stimulation. A major complication was mechanical interruption of the wire-electrode circuitry, with consequent cessation of stimulation. The small number of patients and the relatively short follow-up period make this a pilot study, but the results are promising.
Calcium responses in subserosal interstitial cells of the guinea‐pig proximal colon (2013)

A majority of the SSICs in the guinea-pig proximal colon, presumably FLC, are capable of responding to ATP and thus may contribute to smooth muscle relaxation upon stimulation with ATP released from non-neuronal cells.
Impact of osteoarthritis on individuals and society: how much disability? Social consequences and health economic implications (2002)

Osteoarthritis is a major cause of disability in both the developed and developing world. With the population aging, the prevalence of osteoarthritis is increasing and its consequences are impacting significantly on society. This is one of the reasons why osteoarthritis has been adopted as a major focus (along with osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, back pain, and musculoskeletal trauma) by the global initiative--the Decade of Bone and Joint Disease. Adequate studies on the costs of osteoarthritis are urgently required so that cogent arguments can be made to governments to appropriately fund prevention and treatment programs for this condition. Its recognition as a major cause of disability, particularly in the aging population, should increase community focus on this important condition.
Endurance training increases skeletal muscle LKB1 and PGC-1α protein abundance: effects of time and intensity (2005)

Recent research suggests that LKB1 is the major AMP-activated protein kinase kinase (AMPKK). Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) is a master coordinator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Previously we reported that skeletal muscle LKB1 protein increases with endurance training. The purpose of this study was to determine whether training-induced increases in skeletal muscle LKB1 and PGC-1alpha protein exhibit a time course and intensity-dependent response similar to that of citrate synthase. Male Sprague-Dawley rats completed endurance- and interval-training protocols. For endurance training, rats trained for 4, 11, 25, or 53 days. Interval-training rats trained identically to endurance-trained rats, except that after 25 days interval training was combined with endurance training. Time course data were collected from endurance-trained red quadriceps (RQ) after each time point. Interval training data were collected from soleus, RQ, and white quadriceps (WQ) muscle after 53 days only. Mouse protein 25 (MO25) and PGC-1alpha protein increased significantly after 4 days. Increased citrate synthase activity, increased LKB1 protein, and decreased AMPKK activity were found after 11 days. Maximal increases occurred after 4 days for hexokinase II, 25 days for MO25, and 53 days for citrate synthase, LKB1, and PGC-1alpha. In WQ, but not RQ or soleus, interval training had an additive effect to endurance training and induced significant increases in all proteins measured. These results demonstrate that LKB1 and PGC-1alpha protein abundances increase with endurance and interval training similarly to citrate synthase. The increase in LKB1 and PGC-1alpha with endurance and interval training may function to maintain the training-induced increases in mitochondrial mass.
Synthesis and Characterization of Silica Membranes Prepared by Pyridine-Catalyzed Atomic Layer Deposition (2004)

A novel method for preparing silica membranes with controlled pore size and porosity is reported. Mesoporous silica membranes were modified at near room temperature, using catalyzed atomic layer deposition (C-ALD) of silicon dioxide within the membrane. The catalyst, pyridine, in addition to reducing the reaction temperature, acted as a template for controlling pore size. The catalyst limited the deposition reaction within the mesoporous matrix, by reactant exclusion from the pores. This self-limiting pore size reduction was confirmed using single-gas permeation measurements on the modified membranes. The self-limiting pore size reduction was found extremely beneficial for reducing defects which contributed to viscous flow in the mesoporous membrane, without plugging up the membrane and maintaining reasonable fluxes. A mesoporous membrane with a N2 permeance of 3.5 × 10-7 mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1, 3.3% of the flux of which was attributed to viscous flow, had its viscous flow reduced to less than 1% with a modest N2 permeance reduction to 2.8 × 10-7 mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1. Separation experiments with permanent gases indicated the pore size was in the transition region between mesoporous and microporous. A modest separation between CH4 and H2 of 8.6 was observed at 473 K for a modified membrane. The separation of p- over o-xylene was improved from 1 to 2.1 after modification of the mesoporous membrane with C-ALD. The permeance of p-xylene was 2.5 × 10-7 mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1. This novel synthesis method for membranes has the potential for pore size control in the transition region between microporous and mesoporous, near 1 nm, by using appropriate catalysts for the C-ALD process. In addition, it has potential as a general method for defect repair in inorganic membranes.
An overview of the Telecommunications Information Networking Architecture (1996)

The Telecommunications Information Networking Architecture (TINA) Consortium is an international collaboration aiming at defining and validating an open architecture for telecommunication services for the broadband, multimedia, and information era. The architecture is based on distributed computing, object orientation, and other concepts and standards from the telecommunications and computing industries. This paper provides an introduction to TINA. First, it presents an overall view of TINA, followed by a brief introduction to the main parts of the architecture, namely the computing, network, service, and management architectures. This is followed by a brief overview of interworking and migration scenarios for legacy systems. Finally, an overview of a tool-set to aid service specification and design is presented.
Gasoline and diesel fuel additives (1989)

Precombustion gasoline additives, K.Owen and R.G.M.Landells gasoline additives influencing combustion, D.R.Blackmore diesel fuel additives influencing flow and storage properties, T.R.Coley additives influencing diesel fuel combustion, T.J.Russell the use of oxygenates in motor gasolines, G.J.Lang and F.H.Palmer.
A Least-Squares Strain Estimator for Elastography (1997)

A least-squares strain estimator (LSQSE) for elastography is proposed. It is shown that with such an estimator, the signal-to-noise ratio in an elastogram (SNRe) is significantly improved. This improvement is illustrated theoretically using a modified strain filter and experimentally using a homogeneous gel phantom. It is demonstrated that the LSQSE results in an increase of the elastographic sensitivity (smallest, strain that could be detected), thereby increasing the strain dynamic range. Using simulated data, it is shown that a tradeoff exists between the improvement in SNRe and the reduction of strain contrast and spatial resolution.
Tumor idiotype vaccines. VI. Synergistic anti-tumor effects with combined “internal image” anti-idiotypes and chemotherapy. (1989)

Anti-Id antibodies that have biologic activity as stimulators of specific immunity have been used in experimental vaccines and tumor protection models. However, very little is known about the therapeutic potential of anti-Id antibodies in animals and men. In this study we explored the combination of anti-Id and chemotherapy in a murine tumor system for which we had previously generated protective anti-Id mAb. First, we investigated various protocols by using a protective anti-Id in active immunization. Mice preimmunized before tumor transfer and challenged again after tumor survived significantly longer. Next, we explored the use of soluble anti-Id as immunostimulator in tumor-bearing mice. Although this treatment did not induce long-term survival, it significantly increased survival time. Interestingly, this anti-Id effect was dose dependent, whereby large and small doses had no effect. Finally, stimulatory anti-Id therapy and cyclophosphamide (Cy) treatment was combined. Tumor bearing mice were given a single dose of Cy followed by different doses of soluble anti-Id. The optimal effect on tumor growth and survival was achieved with 80 mg/kg Cy and 10 micrograms/mouse of anti-Id, where 80% of mice survived longer than 100 days. These results provide guidelines for developing clinical protocols for cancer patients by using combination therapy of anti-Id and chemotherapy.
Polyimide Aerogels by Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) (2011)

Polyimide aerogel monoliths are prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of a norbornene end-capped diimide, bis-NAD, obtained as the condensation product of nadic anhydride with 4,4′-methylenedianiline. The density of the material was varied in the range of 0.13−0.66 g cm−3 by varying the concentration of bis-NAD in the sol. Wet gels experience significant shrinkage, relative to their molds (28%−39% in linear dimensions), but the final aerogels retain high porosities (50%−90% v/v), high surface areas (210−632 m2 g−1, of which up to 25% is traced to micropores), and pore size distributions in the mesoporous range (20−33 nm). The skeletal framework consists of primary particles 16−17 nm in diameter, assembling to form secondary aggregates (by SANS and SEM) 60−85 nm in diameter. At lower densities (e.g., 0.26 g cm−3), secondary particles are mass fractals (Dm = 2.34 ± 0.03) turning to closed-packed surface fractal objects (DS = 3.0) as the bulk density increases (≥0.34 g cm−3), suggesting a change in the network-forming mechanism from diffusion-limited aggregation of primary particles to a space-filling bond percolation model. The new materials combine facile one-step synthesis with heat resistance up to 200 °C, high mechanical compressive strength and specific energy absorption (168 MPa and 50 J g−1, respectively, at 0.39 g cm−3 and 88% ultimate strain), low speed of sound (351 m s−1 at 0.39 g cm−3) and styrofoam-like thermal conductivity (0.031 W m−1 K−1 at 0.34 g cm−3 and 25 °C); hence, they are reasonable multifunctional candidate materials for further exploration as thermal/acoustic insulation at elevated temperatures.
Combination therapy with etanercept and anakinra in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have been treated unsuccessfully with methotrexate (2004)

Combination therapy with etanercept and anakinra provides no added benefit and an increased risk compared with etanercept alone and is not recommended for the treatment of patients with RA.
Trends in Prevalence and Outcome of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (2006)

The prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction increased over a 15-year period, while the rate of death from this disorder remained unchanged. These trends underscore the importance of this growing public health problem.
Circumsporozoite proteins of human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. (1982)

Monoclonal antibodies were raised against sporozoites of two species of malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. The antibodies reacted with polypeptides (circumsporozoite proteins) that are uniformly distributed over the entire surface of sporozoites, as shown by indirect immunofluorescence and by the circumsporozoite precipitin reaction. The epitopes recognized by the monoclonal antibodies were expressed on sporozoites from different geographical isolates of the homologous species but were not detected on sporozoites of heterologous species nor on blood forms of the parasite. The monoclonal antibody to P. falciparum specifically immunoprecipitated two polypeptides of apparent 67,000 mol wt (Pf67) and 58,000 mol wt (Pf58) from extracts of [35S]methionine-labeled P. falciparum sporozoites. Similarly, the anti-P. vivax monoclonal immunoprecipitated two proteins of 51,000 mol wt (Pv51) and 45,000 mol wt (Pv45) from extracts of metabolically labeled P. vivax sporozoites. The extracts were also reacted with the serum of human volunteers successfully vaccinated with sporozoites of either P. vivax or P. falciparum. The patterns of immunoprecipitation were almost identical to those obtained with the corresponding monoclonal antibodies. The circumsporozoite proteins of P. falciparum and P. vivax play a role in immune protection. Incubation of the appropriate monoclonal antibody with viable sporozoites of the homologous species significantly reduced parasite infectivity, as determined by sporozoite neutralization assays carried out in splenectomized chimpanzees.
LTE Security (2012)

A concise, updated guide to the 3GPP LTE Security Standardization specifications A welcome Revised Edition of the successful LTE Security addressing the security architecture for SAE/LTE, which is based on elements of the security architectures for GSM and 3G, but which needed a major redesign due to the significantly increased complexity, and different architectural and business requirements of fourth generation systems. The authors explain in detail the security mechanisms employed to meet these requirements. The specifications generated by standardization bodies only inform about how to implement the system (and this only to the extent required for interoperability), but almost never inform readers about why things are done the way they are. Furthermore, specifications tend to be readable only for a small group of experts and lack the context of the broader picture. The book fills this gap by providing first hand information from insiders who participated in decisively shaping SAE/LTE security in the relevant standardization body, 3GPP, and can therefore explain the rationale for design decisions in this area. * A concise, fully updated guide to the 3GPP LTE Security Standardization specifications * Describes the essential elements of LTE and SAE Security, written by leading experts who participated in decisively shaping SAE/LTE security in the relevant standardization body, 3GPP * Explains the rationale behind the standards specifications giving readers a broader understanding of the context to these specifications * Includes new chapters covering 3GPP work on system enhancements for MTC, plus application layer security in ETSI TC M2M and embedded smart card in ETSI SCP; Security for Machine-type Communication, Relay Node Security, and Future Challenges, including Voice over LTE, MTC, Home base stations, LIPA/SIPTO, and New Cryptographic Algorithms Essential reading for System engineers, developers and people in technical sales working in the area of LTE and LTE security, communication engineers and software developers in mobile communication field.