gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solubility of Amino Acids:  Influence of the pH value and the Addition of Alcoholic Cosolvents on Aqueous Solubility (2006)

The solubility of dl-methionine in pure water has been measured in a temperature range of 293.15−353.15 K by means of on-line attenuated total reflection−Fourier transform infrared (ATR−FTIR) spectroscopy. These experimental data, as well as literature data for the solubility of glycine and dl-alanine in aqueous and alcohol solutions, were modeled using the PC−SAFT equation of state. Pure-component parameters for glycine, dl-alanine, and dl-methionine were fitted to the vapor pressures and to the densities of their aqueous solutions. Only one temperature-independent binary parameter is required for each system. The solubility of amino acids in water−alcohol mixtures (ternary systems) was then predicted without fitting any additional parameters. The results of the prediction correspond well to literature data. To retrieve the pH dependency, the solubility of dl-methionine in different HCl and NaOH solutions in the pH range of 1.5−9.5 was determined via gravimetric measurements. Using the knowledge of the acid−base behavior (pKa values) of the respective amino acids, the solubility of glycine, dl-alanine, and dl-methionine in aqueous electrolyte solutions can be predicted in good agreement with the experimental data.
Hepatocyte growth factor/c-metsignaling pathway is required for efficient liver regeneration and repair (2004)

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor c-met signaling pathway is of central importance during development as well as in tumorigenesis. Because homozygous null mice for either hgf/sf or c-met die in utero, we used Cre/loxP-mediated gene targeting to investigate the function of c-met specifically in the adult liver. Loss of c-met appeared not to be detrimental to hepatocyte function under physiological conditions. Nonetheless, the adaptive responses of the liver to injury were dramatically affected. Mice lacking c-met gene in hepatocytes were hypersensitive to Fas-induced apoptosis. When injected with a low dose of anti-Fas antibody, the majority of these mice died from massive apoptosis and hemorrhagic necrosis, whereas all wild-type mice survived with signs of minor injury. After a challenge with a single necrogenic dose of CCl4, c-met conditional knockout mice exhibited impaired recovery from centrolobular lesions rather than a deficit in hepatocyte proliferation. The delayed healing was associated with a persistent inflammatory reaction, over-production of osteopontin, early and prominent dystrophic calcification, and impaired hepatocyte scattering/migration into diseased areas. These studies provide direct genetic evidence in support of the critical role of c-met in efficient liver regeneration and suggest that disruption of c-met affects primarily hepatocyte survival and tissue remodeling.
The preterm piglet – a model in the study of oesophageal development in preterm neonates (2009)

Immature EM may cause oral feeding difficulties. NEC-like symptoms may adversely affect EM. The piglet is a valid research model for studying human infant oral feeding and oesophageal development.
Human Neutralizing Fab Molecules against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Generated by Phage Display (2006)

Human recombinant Fab fragments specific for the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) were screened from a human Fab library, which was generated from RNAs from peripheral lymphocytes of convalescent SARS patients. Among 50 randomly picked clones, 12 Fabs specially reacted with S protein by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The microneutralizing test showed that one clone, designated M1A, had neutralizing activity on Vero E6 cells against SARS-CoV. DNA sequence analysis indicated that the light- and heavy-chain genes of M1A Fab belong to the kappa2a and 4f families, respectively. A neutralizing test on purified M1A demonstrated that 0.5 mg/ml of M1A completely inhibited SARS-CoV activity, with an absence of cytopathic effect for 7 days. Real-time fluorescence reverse transcription-PCR also proved the neutralizing capacity of M1A. These data showed that the number of virus copies was significantly reduced in the M1A-treated group, suggesting an important role for M1A in passive immunoprophylaxis against the SARS virus.
Overexpression of Poplar Cellulase Accelerates Growth and Disturbs the Closing Movements of Leaves in Sengon (2008)

In this study, poplar (Populus alba) cellulase (PaPopCel1) was overexpressed in a tropical Leguminosae tree, sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens method. PaPopCel1 overexpression increased the length and width of stems with larger leaves, which showed a moderately higher density of green color than leaves of the wild type. The pairs of leaves on the transgenic plants closed more slowly during sunset than those on the wild-type plants. When main veins from each genotype were excised and placed on a paper towel, however, the leaves of the transgenic plants closed more rapidly than those of the wild-type plant. Based on carbohydrate analyses of cell walls, the leaves of the transgenic plants contained less wall-bound xyloglucan than those of the wild-type plants. In situ xyloglucan endotransglucosylase activity showed that the incorporation of whole xyloglucan, potentially for wall tightening, occurred in the parenchyma cells (motor cells) of the petiolule pulvinus attached to the main vein, although the transgenic plant incorporated less whole xyloglucan than the wild-type plant. These observations support the hypothesis that the paracrystalline sites of cellulose microfibrils are attacked by poplar cellulase, which loosens xyloglucan intercalation, resulting in an irreversible wall modification. This process could be the reason why the overexpression of poplar cellulase both promotes plant growth and disturbs the biological clock of the plant by altering the closing movements of the leaves of the plant.
Criteria and classification of obesity in Japan and Asia‐Oceania (2002)

In 1997 when WHO initiated the formation of the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), the Task Force proposed the cut‐offs for overweight and obesity as BMI 25 and BMI 30, respectively. If we accept the criteria of BMI ≥ 30 to indicate obesity, it would appear that the prevalence of obesity in Japan of less than 3% has changed little during the last 40 years, and we cannot explain the rapid increase in incidence of obesity‐associated chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Thus, JASSO decided to define BMI ≥ 25 as obesity. This cut‐off has been proposed for use in the Asia‐Oceania Region, and WHO Western Pacific Region noted this proposal. According to this criterion the prevalence of obesity in Japan would average 20%, with a high of 30% in men over 30 years old, and women over 40 years old. Thus the rates would have increased four times in men and three times in women during these last 40 years. What has caused the increased prevalence of obesity in Japan? Several causes of obesity have been advanced: (i) overeating (ii) errors of eating pattern (iii) inactivity (iv) heredity, and (v) disturbance in thermogenesis. Hyperphagia and inactivity are two major risk factors for obesity. Hyperphagia may be an important factor in individuals. However, the average energy intake in adult people in Japan has not increased; in fact it has declined (2104 kcal/day to 1967 kcal/day) during these 40 years. During this period, the prevalence of obesity has increased three or more times as mentioned above. This indicates that inactivity may be the main cause for the increased incidence of obesity in Japan. Errors of eating pattern (irregular eating, night eating, etc.), including a high proportion of fat to total energy intake (8.7% increased to 26.5%), and a high incidence of β 3‐adrenergic polymorphism, might also have contributed to the increased incidence of obesity in Japan.
Management of Thumb Duplication (1985)

Radial polydactyly, a common congenital problem, most often occurs as thumb duplication. It appears in pentadactylous, polydactylous, and hypoplastic hands and is simulated by complex syndactyly. Classically, there are three categories for radial polydactyly: severe hypoplasia, partial duplication, and total duplication (easily confused with pseudoduplication). The common second category is subcategorized by Wassel's seven types. Management techniques vary with these classifications. Until a decade ago, the standard recommendation was simple excision of one of the duplicates. Problems of deformity, instability, and weakness became apparent, and reconstructive options were developed. Review of a series of 54 duplicate thumbs, all surgically treated, reflects the changing pattern of reconstruction. With current techniques, good results are usual, although secondary reconstructive procedures may be required. Simple excision is seldom indicated. Combination procedures, involving core tissues of bone, joint, and tendon or peripheral tissues—neurovascular, subcutaneous, and skin—or sometimes all of these, are preferred for reconstruction. The major current problem is to achieve the maximal good result with a minimal number of surgical operations.
Intranasal Ketamine and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Treatment-Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2017)

Adams, Thomas G. PhD; Bloch, Michael H. MD, MS; Pittenger, Christopher MD, PhD Author Information
Endogenous Hydrogen Peroxide Regulates the Excitability of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons via ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels (2005)

ATP-sensitive K+ (K(ATP)) channels link metabolic state to cell excitability. Here, we examined regulation of K(ATP) channels in substantia nigra dopamine neurons by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is produced in all cells during aerobic metabolism. Blockade of K(ATP) channels by glibenclamide (100 nM) or depletion of intracellular H2O2 by including catalase, a peroxidase enzyme, in the patch pipette increased the spontaneous firing rate of all dopamine neurons tested in guinea pig midbrain slices. Using fluorescence imaging with dichlorofluorescein to visualize intracellular H2O2, we found that moderate increases in H2O2 during partial inhibition of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase by mercaptosuccinate (0.1-0.3 mM) had no effect on dopamine neuron firing rate. However, with greater GSH inhibition (1 mM mercaptosuccinate) or application of exogenous H2O2, 50% of recorded cells showed K(ATP) channel-dependent hyperpolarization. Responsive cells also hyperpolarized with diazoxide, a selective opener for K(ATP) channels containing sulfonylurea receptor SUR1 subunits, but not with cromakalim, a selective opener for SUR2-based channels, indicating that SUR1-based K(ATP) channels conveyed enhanced sensitivity to elevated H2O2. In contrast, when endogenous H2O2 levels were increased after inhibition of catalase, the predominant peroxidase in the substantia nigra, with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (1 mM), all dopamine neurons responded with glibenclamide-reversible hyperpolarization. Fluorescence imaging of H2O2 indicated that catalase inhibition rapidly amplified intracellular H2O2, whereas inhibition of GSH peroxidase, a predominantly glial enzyme, caused a slower, smaller increase, especially in nonresponsive cells. Thus, endogenous H2O2 modulates neuronal activity via K(ATP) channel opening, thereby enhancing the reciprocal relationship between metabolism and excitability.
The distribution of dividing T cells throughout the intestinal wall in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (1996)

T cell hypersensitivity has been implicated in the tissue damage in Crohn's disease (CD). All studies to date have examined mucosal T cells, although much of the tissue damage occurs in the submucosa and muscle layers. The aim of this work was to study T cell proliferation throughout the intestinal wall in children with IBD. Surgical resection material from 19 children with CD (10 ileal, 10 colonic), seven with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 12 normal controls was studied. The distribution of dividing T cells was investigated by double-immunohistochemistry using Ki67 to identify proliferating cells, and CD3 to identify T cells. In ileal and colonic lamina propria virtually no Ki67+, CD3+ cells were seen in control, UC or CD tissue. In contrast, there were significantly more Ki67+, CD3+ cells within the lymphoid follicles of ileal and colonic CD than in the follicles in UC and controls. Increased numbers of Ki67+, CD3+ cells were present in the submucosa, muscle layers (M) and serosa in Crohn's ileitis and colitis compared with the lamina propria (LP), although only in the muscle of the colon was the difference statistically significant (LP, 0.4% (0-1%); M, 1.6% (0-5.2%); P = 0.03). Pooling data from ileal and colonic CD, however, did show significantly increased Ki67+, CD3+ cells in both serosa and muscle layers compared with the LP. Dividing T cells have been identified in the deeper layers of the gut wall in CD. These may contribute to the fibrosis and muscle hyperplasia characteristic of the condition.
Possible Therapeutic Applications of Antagonists of Excitatory Amino acid Neurotransmitters (1985)

The dicarboxylic amino acids, glutamate and aspartate, are excitatory neurotransmitters in many brain regions. Recent animal experiments with analogues of dicarboxylic amino acids that block their excitatory actions, suggest that such selective antagonists could have important therapeutic uses in neurology and psychiatry. The strongest evidence concerns epilepsy and disorders of the motor system. However, there are theoretical and experimental grounds for studying therapeutic applications in cerebral ischaemia and in chronic degenerative disorders. This review summarizes the experimental background, and proposes some key future studies.
Smartphone Dual Defense Protection Framework: Detecting Malicious Applications in Android Markets (2012)

In this paper, we present a smart phone dual defense protection framework that allows Official and Alternative Android Markets to detect malicious applications among those new applications that are submitted for public release. Our framework consists of servers running on clouds where developers who wish to release their new applications can upload their software for verification purpose. The verification server first uses system call statistics to identify potential malicious applications. After verification, if the software is clean, the application will then be released to the relevant markets. To mitigate against false negative cases, users who run new applications can invoke our network traffic monitoring (NTM)tool which triggers network traffic capture upon detecting some suspicious behaviors e.g. detecting sensitive data being sent to output stream of an open socket. The network traffic will be analyzed to see if it matches network characteristics observed from malware applications. If suspicious network traffic is observed, the relevant Android markets will be notified tore move the application from the repository. We trained our system call and network traffic classifiers using 32 families of known Android malware families and some typical normal applications. Later, we evaluated our framework using other malware and normal applications that used in the training set. Our experimental results using 120 test applications (which consist of 50 malware and 70 normal applications) indicate that we can achieve a 94.2% and 99.2% accuracy with J.48 and Random forest classifier respectively using our framework.
Midline Carcinoma of Children and Young Adults With NUT Rearrangement (2004)

NRCs arise from midline structures in young people, and NRCs with BRD4-NUT are highly lethal, despite intensive therapies. NUT-variant carcinomas might have a less fulminant clinical course than those with BRD4-NUT fusions. CD34 expression is characteristic in NRCs and, therefore, holds promise as a diagnostic test for this distinctive clinicopathologic entity.
A new spatio-temporal equalization method using estimated channel impulse response (2002)

This paper proposes a new spatio-temporal equalization method, which utilizes an adaptive antenna array and a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) simultaneously. In the design of a spatio-temporal equalizer, how to split equalization functionality into a spatial equalizer and a temporal equalizer plays an important role to achieve effective equalization. Since the performance of a spatial equalizer and a temporal equalizer depends on channel conditions, such as direction of arrival (DoA) patterns and maximum time delay of incoming signals, it is essential to adaptively split the functionality into the spatial and temporal equalizer, according to the channel condition. The proposed equalizer adaptively changes its beamforming method depending on estimated channel impulse response, therefore, it can achieve high performance in various channels. The performance of the proposed system in Rayleigh fading channels, Rician fading channels and static multipath channels, in terms of bit error rate (BER), is evaluated in comparison with the performance of spatial equalizer and temporal equalizer.
Amplification of the Bacillus subtilis maf gene results in arrested septum formation (1993)

The Bacillus subtilis homolog of the Escherichia coli morphogene orfE (of the mre operon) has been identified. The determinant is located on the chromosome immediately upstream of the mreBCD-minCD (divIVB) operon. The Maf protein shares substantial amino acid sequence identity with the E. coli OrfE protein. Introduction of the B. subtilis maf determinant on a multicopy plasmid into B. subtilis cells results in an inhibition of septation, which leads to extensive filamentation and loss of viability in the transformed cell population. Insertional inactivation of maf indicated that this gene is not essential for cell division.
Biosensors: recent advances (1997)

This review discusses recent advances in biosensor technology which draw on the disciplines of physics, chemistry, biochemistry and electronics. We first show that a biosensor consists of three components, a biological detection system, a transducer and an output system. Biological receptors are briefly reviewed, followed by a detailed discussion of immobilization procedures for the efficacious attachment of receptor molecules to a transducer surface. Two classes of transducers, optical and piezoelectric, which involve interesting physics and show particular promise for commercial biosensors, are discussed thoroughly. We comment briefly on practical factors affecting the commercialization of various biosensors.
Drug inhibition and cellular regulation of prostaglandin G/H synthase isoenzyme 2. (1993)

Prostaglandin G/H synthase isoenzyme 2 (PGHS-2) was identified as an immediate-early gene product induced by Rous sarcoma virus, serum, phorbol ester and a wide variety of other mitogens. Induction of PGHS-2 occurs through an increase in PGHS-2 gene transcription. Dexamethasone inhibits both the basal and induced levels of PGHS-2 mRNA. In contrast, PGHS-1 gene transcription rate, mRNA, and protein levels are unaffected by mitogens and dexamethasone. Post-transcriptional down-regulation of PGHS-2 mRNA plays a significant role in causing dexamethasone's effect. Specific cell systems have been identified which allow selective analysis of PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 at the nucleic acid and protein levels. These cell systems indicate that PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 may have different sensitivities to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Furthermore, inhibition of PGHS activity correlates well with suppression of the transformed phenotype in an in vitro cell model.
The Gene Expression Profile in the Synovium as a Predictor of the Clinical Response to Infliximab Treatment in Rheumatoid Arthritis (2010)

It is pivotal to account for the presence of lymphoid aggregates when studying gene expression patterns in rheumatoid synovial tissue. In spite of our original hypothesis, the data do not support the notion that microarray analysis of whole synovial biopsy specimens can be used in the context of personalized medicine to identify non-responders to anti-TNF therapy before the initiation of treatment.
The clinical role of VeriStrat testing in patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer considered unfit for first-line platinum-based chemotherapy (2019)

ISRCTN02370070.
p27kip1 acts as a downstream effector of and is coexpressed with the β1C integrin in prostatic adenocarcinoma (1999)

Integrins are a large family of transmembrane receptors that, in addition to mediating cell adhesion, modulate cell proliferation. The beta1C integrin is an alternatively spliced variant of the beta1 subfamily that contains a unique 48-amino acid sequence in its cytoplasmic domain. We have shown previously that in vitro beta1C inhibits cell proliferation and that in vivo beta1C is expressed in nonproliferative, differentiated epithelium and is selectively downregulated in prostatic adenocarcinoma. Here we show, by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting analysis, that beta1C is coexpressed in human prostate epithelial cells with the cell-cycle inhibitor p27(kip1), the loss of which correlates with poor prognosis in prostate cancer. In the 37 specimens analyzed, beta1C and p27(kip1) are concurrently expressed in 93% of benign and 84%-91% of tumor prostate cells. Forced expression of beta1C in vitro is accompanied by an increase in p27(kip1) levels, by inhibition of cyclin A-dependent kinase activity, and by increased association of p27(kip1) with cyclin A. beta1C inhibitory effect on cell proliferation is completely prevented by p27(kip1) antisense, but not mismatch oligonucleotides. beta1C expression does not affect either cyclin A or E levels, or cyclin E-associated kinase activity, nor the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. These findings show a unique mechanism of cell growth inhibition by integrins and point to beta1C as an upstream regulator of p27(kip1) expression and, therefore, a potential target for tumor suppression in prostate cancer.
Advanced Testing Methods for Biomaterials (2017)

One engages in testing of biomaterials with a simple common objective: ensuring the best possible clinical outcome when the biomaterial is finally used in an in vivo situation. A number of more advanced techniques are covered in this chapter. Since molecular weight plays such a critical role in polymeric materials’ performance, rheological techniques and instrumentations capable of direct measurement of polymer’s molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are discussed. Also, since molecular relaxations frequently govern engineering properties of biological responses, both the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and dielectric spectroscopy are presented. In this regard, the widely used thermal analysis technique, primarily that of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), provides a wealth of fundamental information on the polymer system at hand. In many cases the reliability of devices often depends on fracture and failure phenomenon. A thorough and vigorous discussion on fracture mechanics, fatigue phenomenon and reliability prediction provides some basic tools that can be applied in this area. Finally, a brief discussion on the shelf life aspect of product performance is given.