gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theseus and Athens (1995)

Theseus is celebrated as the greatest of Athenian heroes. This work explores what he meant to the Athenians at the height of their city-state in the fifth century B.C. Assembling material that has been scattered in scholarly works, Henry Walker examines the evidence for the development of the myth and cult of Theseus in the archaic age. He then looks to major works of classical literature in which Theseus figures, exploring the contradictions between the archaic, primitive side of his character and his refurbished image as the patron of democracy. His ambiguous nature as outsider, flouting accepted standards of behavior, while at the same time being a hero-king and a representative of higher ideals, is analysed through his representations in the work of Bacchylides, Euripides, and Sophocles. This is the only work of scholarship that examines the literary representation of Theseus so thoroughly. It brings to life a literary character whose virtues, flaws, and contradictions belong in no less a degree to his creators, the people of Athens.
Fabrication of wafer-level spherical Rb vapor cells for miniaturized atomic clocks by a chemical foaming process (2012)

In this paper, a novel low cost process for preparing wafer-level spherical Rb vapor cell for miniature atomic clocks is presented. The process is studied experimentally, which consists of the following steps: 1) small cavities A (for reactants) interconnected with large cavities B (working chamber) and channels are wet etched simultaneously on one side of a silicon wafer; 2) foaming agents and chemicals for preparing Rb with precisely controlled volume are distributed into cavities A; 3) bonding a Pyrex 7740 glass wafer to seal the cavities A, the cavities B and the channels under vacuum; 4) heating the bonded wafers in atmosphere to the softening point of the glass and the gas released by the foaming agents contained in cavities A will blow the glass covering on cavities B into spherical shells; 5) Rb flows into cavities B through channels in the form of vapor. The chemicals for preparing Rb is characterized by EDX before and after reaction. Results showed that the wafer-level Rb vapor cell is fabricated successfully. Results also indicate that Rb is formed after the reaction.
Insulin‐like Growth Factors (1993)

The purpose of this review has been to emphasize, in general terms, the major aspects of the structure, expression, and regulation of the IGF-I and IGF-II genes. The complex organization of these genes provides ample opportunities for control of gene expression at multiple levels. It is important to realize that regulation at one level can influence regulation at a different level. While such regulatory interactions are characteristic of both the IGF-I and IGF-II genes, they are particularly evident in the case of IGF-I gene expression. For example, the choice of transcription start site influences the length and the sequence of the 5'-UTR, which can influence mRNA translatability and prepeptide sequence, which may influence the amounts of protein produced and, potentially, the intracellular processing and secretion of the final gene product, the mature hormone. Another example is provided by the alternative splicing of E-peptide-encoding exons, which determines the primary structure of the prohormone, which could influence its processing, stability, or function. Thus, this complex gene organization may reflect the need to carefully control, through a multilevel process, the synthesis, processing, and secretion of these important regulatory peptides.
Arabidopsis FAD2 gene encodes the enzyme that is essential for polyunsaturated lipid synthesis. (1994)

The polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleate and alpha-linolenate are important membrane components and are the essential fatty acids of human nutrition. The major enzyme responsible for the synthesis of these compounds is the plant oleate desaturase of the endoplasmic reticulum, and its activity is controlled in Arabidopsis by the fatty acid desaturation 2 (fad2) locus. A fad2 allele was identified in a population of Arabidopsis in which mutations had been created by T-DNA insertions. Genomic DNA flanking the T-DNA was cloned by plasmid rescue and used to isolate cDNA and genomic clones of FAD2. A cDNA containing the entire FAD2 coding sequence was expressed in fad2 mutant plants and shown to complement the mutant fatty acid phenotype. The deduced amino acid sequence from the cDNA showed homology to other plant desaturases, and this confirmed that FAD2 is the structural gene for the desaturase. Gel blot analyses of FAD2 mRNA levels showed that the gene is expressed throughout the plant and suggest that transcript levels are in excess of the amount needed to account for oleate desaturation. Sequence analysis identified histidine-rich motifs that could contribute to an iron binding site in the cytoplasmic domain of the protein. Such a position would facilitate interaction between the desaturase and cytochrome b5, which is the direct source of electrons for the desaturation reaction, but would limit interaction of the active site with the fatty acyl substrate.
Role of the Nfa1 Protein in Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri Cocultured with CHO Target Cells (2005)

Naegleria fowleri, a free-living amoeba, exists as a virulent pathogen which causes fatal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in experimental animals and humans. Using infected and immune mouse sera, we previously cloned an nfa1 gene from a cDNA library of N. fowleri by immunoscreening. The nfa1 gene (360 bp) produced a recombinant 13.1-kDa protein, and the Nfa1 protein showed pseudopodium-specific immunolocalization on a trophozoite of N. fowleri. In this study, the role of the Nfa1 protein as a cell contact mechanism of N. fowleri cocultured with target cells was observed by an immunofluorescence assay with an anti-Nfa1 polyclonal antibody. Using confocal microscopic findings, the Nfa1 protein was located on the pseudopodia of N. fowleri trophozoites. The Nfa1 protein in N. fowleri trophozoites cocultured with CHO target cells was also located on pseudopodia, as well as in a food cup formed as a phagocytic structure in close contact with target cells. The amount of nfa1 mRNA of N. fowleri was strongly increased 6 h after coculture.
Oral delivery of insulin for treatment of diabetes: status quo, challenges and opportunities (2016)

Strategies for increasing the bioavailability of oral insulin include the use of enzyme inhibitors, absorption enhancers, mucoadhesive polymers and chemical modification for endogenous receptor-mediated absorption. These may help significantly increase patient compliance and disease management.
Oxidative Modifications and Aggregation of Cu,Zn-Superoxide Dismutase Associated with Alzheimer and Parkinson Diseases (2005)

Although oxidative stress has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD), the identities of specific protein targets of oxidative damage remain largely unknown. Here, we report that Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1), a key antioxidant enzyme whose mutations have been linked to autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is a major target of oxidative damage in AD and PD brains. By using a combination of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblot analysis, and mass spectrometry, we have identified four human brain SOD1 isoforms with pI values of 6.3, 6.0, 5.7, and 5.0, respectively. Of these, the SOD1 pI 6.0 isoform is oxidatively modified by carbonylation, and the pI 5.0 isoform is selectively accumulated in AD and PD. Moreover, Cys-146, a cysteine residue of SOD1 that is mutated in familial ALS, is oxidized to cysteic acid in AD and PD brains. Quantitative Western blot analyses demonstrate that the total level of SOD1 isoforms is significantly increased in both AD and PD. Furthermore, immunohistochemical and double fluorescence labeling studies reveal that SOD1 forms proteinaceous aggregates that are associated with amyloid senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in AD brains. These findings implicate, for the first time, the involvement of oxidative damage to SOD1 in the pathogenesis of sporadic AD and PD. This work suggests that AD, PD, and ALS may share a common or overlapping pathogenic mechanism(s) that could potentially be targeted by similar therapeutic strategies.
Rational Design Of Properties In Chalcogenapyrylium Dyes. (1988)

The chalcogenapyrylium dyes can be treated as model systems whose properties can be designed by proper choice of substituents. The use of different chalcogen atoms and substituents in the dye chromophore allows control of the wavelength of absorption maxima, redox properties, fluorescence yields, and hydrolytic stability.
Remote oxidation of unactivated carbon-hydrogen bonds in steroids via oxometalloporphinates (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRemote oxidation of unactivated carbon-hydrogen bonds in steroids via oxometalloporphinatesPaul A. Grieco and Timothy L. StukCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 21, 7799–7801Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00177a052https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00177a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views570Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Pattern of Serum Cytokine Expression and T-Cell Subsets in Sickle Cell Disease Patients in Vaso-Occlusive Crisis (2010)

The pathogenesis of sickle vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients involves the accumulation of rigid sickle cells and the stimulation of an ongoing inflammatory response, as well as the stress of infections. The immune response, via cytokine imbalances and deregulated T-cell subsets, also has been proposed to contribute to the development of VOC. In this study, a panel of high-sensitivity cytokine kits was used to investigate cytokines in the sera of SCD patients in VOC. The results were compared primarily with those for stable SCD patients and secondarily with those for normal healthy people who served as controls. The cytokines studied included interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, and IL-10. Lymphocyte subsets of patients with VOC were also studied and were compared with those of both control groups (20 stable patients without crisis [SCD group] and 20 normal healthy controls [NHC]). The VOC group was notable for remarkably elevated levels of IL-4, among the three cytokines tested, compared with those for the SCD and NHC groups. Patients with VOC also differed from stable SCD patients and NHC by having notably lower IL-10 levels, as well as the lowest ratio of CD4(+) to CD8(+) T cells (0.7). The patterns of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-2 did not differ between VOC and stable SCD patients, but NHC had significantly lower IL-2 levels than both the VOC and SCD groups. Our results demonstrate coexisting levels, both high and low, of TH1- and TH2-type cytokines, as well as diminished levels of T-cell subsets in VOC. These results are discussed in an effort to better understand the importance of the immune system profile in the pathogenesis of sickle cell VOC. Since the possibility that a cytokine imbalance is implicated in the pathogenesis of sickle cell crisis has been raised, our results should prompt further investigation of the host immune response in terms of TH1 and TH2 balance in sickle cell crisis.
Alzheimer's disease diagnosis (1999)

This section reviews some of the more prominent alternate causes of dementia that need to be excluded when pursuing a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. In practice, this exclusion cannot be done with 100% precision. Consequently, the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is approximately 85%. Brain biopsy, which is seldom performed in practice, is the only method of moving diagnostic accuracy to near 100%. There is yet no intervention that halts or reverses the underlying pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, so the invasive brain biopsy is rarely justified to confirm a diagnosis.
Elimination of glucagon-like peptide 1R signaling does not modify weight gain and islet adaptation in mice with combined disruption of leptin and GLP-1 action. (2000)

Leptin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) exhibit opposing actions in the endocrine pancreas. GLP-1 stimulates insulin biosynthesis, secretion, and islet growth, whereas leptin inhibits glucose-dependent insulin secretion and insulin gene transcription. In contrast, GLP-1 and leptin actions overlap in the central nervous system, where leptin has been shown to activate GLP-1 circuits that inhibit food intake. To determine the physiological importance of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R)-leptin interactions, we studied islet function and feeding behavior in ob/ob:GLP-1R(-/-) mice. Although GLP-1R actions are thought to be essential for glucose-dependent insulin secretion, the levels of fasting glucose, glycemic excursion after glucose loading, glucose-stimulated insulin, and pancreatic insulin RNA content were similar in ob/ob:GLP-1R(+/+) versus ob/ob:GLP-1R(-/-) mice. Despite evidence linking GLP-1R signaling to the regulation of islet neogenesis and proliferation, ob/ob:GLP-1R(-/-) mice exhibited significantly increased islet numbers and area and an increase in the number of large islets compared with GLP-1R(+/+) or (-/-) mice (P < -0.01 to 0.05). Similarly, growth rates and both shortand long-term control of food intake were comparable in ob/ob:GLP-1R(+/+) versus ob/ob:GLP-1R4(-/-) mice. Furthermore, leptin produced a similar inhibition of food intake in GLP-1R(-/-), ob/ob:GLP-1R(+/+), and ob/ob:GLP1R4(-/-) mice. These findings illustrate that although leptin and GLP-1 actions overlap in the brain and endocrine pancreas, disruption of GLP-1 signaling does not modify the response to leptin or the phenotype of leptin deficiency in the ob/ob mouse, as assessed by long-term control of body weight or the adaptive beta-cell response to insulin resistance in vivo.
The gene tinman is required for specification of the heart and visceral muscles in Drosophila (1993)

The homeobox-containing gene tinman (msh-2, Bodmer et al., 1990 Development 110, 661-669) is expressed in the mesoderm primordium, and this expression requires the function of the mesoderm determinant twist. Later in development, as the first mesodermal subdivisions are occurring, expression becomes limited to the visceral mesoderm and the heart. Here, I show that the function of tinman is required for visceral muscle and heart development. Embryos that are mutant for the tinman gene lack the appearance of visceral mesoderm and of heart primordia, and the fusion of the anterior and posterior endoderm is impaired. Even though tinman mutant embryos do not have a heart or visceral muscles, many of the somatic body wall muscles appear to develop although abnormally. When the tinman cDNA is ubiquitously expressed in tinman mutant embryos, via a heatshock promoter, formation of heart cells and visceral mesoderm is partially restored, tinman seems to be one of the earliest genes required for heart development and the first gene reported for which a crucial function in the early mesodermal subdivisions has been implicated.
<title>Microfluidic system of microchannels with onsite sensors by silicon bulk micromachining</title> (1999)

The micro-channel fabricated on (110) silicon and bonded with Corning 7740 glass was frequently studied in micron- scale fluidic systems. The ultra-low value of hydraulic diameter and the high aspect-ratio configuration of the micro-channel make it the right stuff in cooling the high- flux heat-exchanging systems from the classical aspect of fluid dynamics. However, a lot of fundamental issues in such small-scale flow are still under dispute. Therefore, it is ideal to integrate temperature sensors and pressure sensors directly along the micro-channel to sense these mysterious variations. In this paper, by the silicon bulk- micromachining, the on-site micro-sensors are fabricated on the Corning 7740 glass before the substrate bonding. The micro piezo-resistive pressure sensor chip and the platinum temperature sensor with high TCR value all design on the glass substrate as on-site sensors. A new configuration of micro channel with detailed temperature and pressure outputs then provides a quite different information from the channel configuration by silicon surface-micromachining. The channel geometry of hydraulic diameter below 100 micrometers and the aspect ratio from 3 to 10 in this work could match the real application of the micro-channel heat sink to CPU cooling in the very-near future.
Enhancement of the High‐Rate Capability of Solid‐State Lithium Batteries by Nanoscale Interfacial Modification (2006)

The high-rate capability of solid-state, rechargeable lithium batteries with sulfide electrolytes is significantly improved when the LiCoO2 particles are spray-coated with a Li4Ti5O12 film with a thickness of several nanometers (see figure). The power densities of the solid-state battery with the coated LiCoO2 are comparable to those of commercialized lithium-ion cells. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2006/c2604_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Temporal relationship between glycosaminoglycan accumulation and amyloid deposition during experimental amyloidosis. A histochemical study. (1985)

The temporal relationship between glycosaminoglycan (GAG) accumulation and amyloid deposition was determined in two models of amyloid induction. In the first model amyloid was induced rapidly using amyloid-enhancing factor and AgNO3 as an inflammatory stimulus. In the second model amyloid was induced by daily injections of azocasein. Congo red staining was used to demonstrate amyloid, and both the sulfated Alcian blue and Alcian blue (pH 5.7)-MgCl2 methods were used to demonstrate GAGs. In the rapid model, amyloid was first detected in the splenic perifollicular areas 36 hours after induction. The initial presence of GAGs was also seen at 36 hours and in the exact locale where the amyloid was found. Amyloid was first seen in the liver about the central veins at 48 hours. GAGs in the liver appeared coincidentally with and in the same location as the amyloid. In the traditional model (azocasein injections) amyloid did not appear in the spleen until day 6 to 7, again with coincidental GAG deposition. The present study shows that amyloid-associated GAGs appear in the tissues together with the AA protein and are not a function of the tissue type. The appearance of the GAGs is also not a function of the nature of the inflammatory agent or its length of action but appears to be part of the process involved in the deposition of the AA protein.
Exposure to bacterial cell wall products triggers an inflammatory phenotype in hepatic stellate cells (2005)

Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) secrete extracellular matrix components during hepatic fibrosis, but recent studies have shown that HSCs can also release a variety of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, bacterial endotoxemia is not only associated with systemic complications in the late stages of liver failure but is also a direct cause of liver damage, activating resident inflammatory cells. In this study, we investigated whether HSCs can respond directly to bacterial cell wall products acquiring a new phenotype. RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry assays were used to show that murine HSCs expressed specific mRNA transcripts and proteins for LPS and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) receptor systems and peptidoglycan recognition proteins. Exposing HSCs to bacterial endotoxins led to phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK1 and the development of a proinflammatory phenotype. After exposure to LPS, LTA, or N-acetyl muramyl peptide, transforming growth factor-beta1, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) mRNA specific transcripts and proteins increased significantly in HSCs, as assayed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. These LPS-mediated effects in HSCs were receptor dependent, because LPS-induced ERK1 phosphorylation, IL-6, and MCP-1 mRNA and protein level upregulation were significantly less pronounced in HSCs isolated from C3H/HeJ mice lacking Toll-like receptor 4. In conclusion, our results show that murine HSCs express functional receptors for bacterial endotoxins, and HSCs exposed to bacterial products develop a strong proinflammatory phenotype. We speculate that high levels of bacterial endotoxins in the portal vein may directly induce a proinflammatory phenotype in HSCs that contributes to liver damage.
Phosphorescent OLEDs: Lighting the Way for Energy‐Efficient Solid‐State Light Sources (2010)

Phosphorescent‐OLED lighting is an emerging technology that offers power‐efficient and high‐quality illumination with compelling form factors such as thinness and flexibility. This article focuses on the development of OLED lighting panels, where phosphorescent emitters are used to realize high energy efficiency and long operational lifetime.
Catalytic activities of hammerhead ribozymes with a triterpenoid linker instead of stem/loop II (1996)

A minizyme is a hammerhead ribozyme with short oligonucleotide linkers instead of stem/loop II. In a previous study we demonstrated that a minizyme with high-level activity forms a dimeric structure with a common stem II (Amontov and Taira, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118 (1996) 1624-1628). As a continuation of this study, we recently examined whether a short oligonucleotide linker at stem/loop II could be replaced by a triterpenoid linker and whether the resulting minizymes with bulky hydrophobic groups would form dimeric structures. In contrast to the minizyme with high-level activity that we characterized in the previous study, minizymes that contained a triterpenoid group had low cleavage activities. The nature of the dependence of the activity on the concentration of ribozyme revealed that these minizymes with a triterpenoid group do not form dimeric structures. Thus, the low activities of these structures can be attributed to their failure to form dimers.