gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel mouse endothelial cell surface marker is suppressed during differentiation of the blood brain barrier (1995)

Few markers specific for mouse endothelium exist. We describe here one such marker, MECA-32, a monoclonal antibody which shows high specificity for mouse endothelium in both embryonic and mature tissues. The MECA-32 antigen has a M(r) of 50-55 x 10(3) under reducing conditions and M(r) of 100-120 x 10(3) under nonreducing conditions. It is expressed on most endothelial cells in the embryonic and in the adult mouse, with the exception of the brain, skeletal, and cardiac muscle, where it has a more restricted distribution. In skeletal and cardiac muscle only small arterioles and venules express the MECA-32 antigen, while in the brain its expression is negatively correlated with the differentiation of the vasculature to form the blood brain barrier. Interestingly, during embryonic development the antigen occurs on the brain vasculature up to day 16 of gestation (E16), whereupon it disappears. The embryonic brain is an avascular organ anlage which is vascularized by ingrowth of external blood vessels. Differentiation of the vasculature to form the blood brain barrier occurs at approximately E16 in the mouse. This differentiation correlates with the downregulation of MECA-32 antigen expression. Between E12 and E16 MECA-32 detects most endothelial cell surfaces of the blood vessels in the brain. No MECA-32 antigen is found in the brain at E17 or any later stage of development with the exception of the vasculature of the circumventricular organs. The results suggest that MECA-32 antigen expression is temporally and spatially correlated with the development of the blood brain barrier.
Oligonucleotide probes based on 16S rRNA sequences for the identification of four Azospirillum species (1995)

Partial sequences of the 16S rRNA molecules of nine strains belonging to four Azospirillum species were used to design species-specific oligonucleotide probes. Azospirillum strains sequences were analyzed and three homologous fragments containing 16 nucleotides were determined. These three probes were found to be characteristic of A. lipoferum (Al), A. irakense (Ai), and A. brasilense/amazonense species (Aba) and of few nontarget organisms. The specificity of these three probes was tested both against sequences in the GenBank data base and in numerous colony hybridization experiments. As a few non-target organisms hyridized with the different Azospirillum probes, the use of these probes in bulk soil hybridization is not permitted. However, their use together with specific isolation techniques is validated.
Paclitaxel Prodrugs:  Toward Smarter Delivery of Anticancer Agents (2006)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPerspectiveNEXTPaclitaxel Prodrugs: Toward Smarter Delivery of Anticancer AgentsMariusz Skwarczynski, Yoshio Hayashi, and Yoshiaki KisoView Author Information Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science, 21st Century COE Program, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8412, Japan Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49, 25, 7253–7269Publication Date (Web):November 8, 2006Publication History Received24 February 2006Published online8 November 2006Published inissue 1 December 2006https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm0602155https://doi.org/10.1021/jm0602155review-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2006 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4599Altmetric-Citations148LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Antineoplastic agents,Cells,Peptides and proteins,Pharmaceuticals,Tumors Get e-Alerts
Multivariable Feedback Control: Analysis and Design (1996)

From the Publisher:
This is a book on practical feedback control and not on system theory in general. Feedback is used in control systems to change the dynamics of the system and to reduce the sensitivity of the system to both signal and model uncertainty. The book presents a rigorous, yet easily readable, introduction to the analysis and design of robust multivariable control systems. It provides the reader with insights into the opportunities and limitations of feedback control. Its objective is to enable the engineer to design real control systems. Important topics are: extensions and classical frequency-domain methods to multivariable systems, analysis of directions using the singular value decomposition, performance limitations and input-output controllability analysis, model uncertainty and robustness including the structured singular value, control structure design, and methods for controller synthesis and model reduction. Numerous worked examples, exercises and case studies, which make frequent use of MATLAB, are included. MATLAB files for examples and figures, solutions to selected exercises, extra problems and linear state-space models for the case studies are available on the Internet.
Minimally Invasive Epicardial Injections Using a Novel Semiautonomous Robotic Device (2008)

In this proof-of-concept study, HeartLander demonstrated semiautonomous, precise, and safe target acquisition and epicardial injection on a beating porcine heart through a subxiphoid approach. This technique may facilitate minimally invasive cardiac cell transplantation or polymer therapy in patients with heart failure.
Hydrogen sulfide destroys lipid hydroperoxides in oxidized LDL (2009)

LOOHs (lipid hydroperoxides) in oxLDL [oxidized LDL (low-density lipoprotein)] are potentially atherogenic compounds. Recently, H2S was identified as the third endogenous gasotransmitter in the vasculature. H2O2 is known to be destroyed by H2S. Assuming that H2S may also react with LOOHs, the results show that H2S can destroy LOOHs in oxLDL. The ability of LOOH-enriched LDL to induce HO-1 (haem oxygenase 1) in endothelial cells was abolished by H2S pretreatment. HPLC analysis showed that 9-HPODE [(9S)-hydroperoxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid], a compound found in oxLDL, was reduced to 9-HODE [(9S)-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid] in the presence of H2S. Thus H2S may act as an antiatherogenic agent by reducing LOOHs to the less reactive LOHs and could abrogate the pathobiological activity of oxLDL.
Enhancement of selectivity in recognition of nucleic acids via chemical autoligation (1994)

A new approach to increase the selectivity of interaction between oligonucleotide probes and target nucleic acids is described. In place of a single, relatively long oligonucleotide probe, two or three short oligomers terminated by thiophosphoryl and bromoacetamido groups are employed. Fast and efficient autoligation takes place when the oligomers hybridize in a contiguous mode to the same complementary strand such that a thiophosphoryl group on one strand and a bromoacetamido group on another are brought into proximity. A single nucleotide mismatch for the short probes leads to marked reduction in the rate of autoligation. The binding affinity of the product is close to that for a natural probe of the same length. This approach could have potential in oligonucleotide-based diagnostics, chemical amplification systems, and therapeutic applications.
Comparison of Thermal EOR Processes Using Combinations of Vertical and Horizontal Wells (1993)

ABSTRACT A comparison of three thermal EOR processes; SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage), HASD (Heated Annulus Steam Drive) and CYS (Cyclic Steam Stimulation), has been made using a three dimensional thermal simulator by employing a combination of vertical and horizontal wells. Reservoir characteristics and thermal and fluid properties were maintained identical for process comparison. A 10-year project-time study was undertaken for CYS with vertical wells, CYS with horizontal wells, HASD with horizontal HAS pipe and aligned vertical injector and producer, HASD with offset vertical producers, and SAGD with horizontal injector and producer. The effect of reservoir heterogeneities on process performance was also examined. CYS vertical performed significantly better than CYS horizontal both in terms of cumulative % OOIP recovery and SOR. HASD recovered more oil, though the initial production rate in HASD was low. SOR in HASD was, however, very unfavorable (more than twice that of CYS vertical). HASD with offset wells made both SOR and % OOIP recovery more favorable. SAGD had better SOR than HASD; however, it recovered about half the oil recovered by HASD at the end of ten years. An unfavorable heterogeneity feature (low permeability layers or barriers) affected the recoveries and SORs for the horizontal well processes more adversely than vertical well processes.
BMP-2 inhibits proliferation of human aortic smooth muscle cells via p21Cip1/Waf1 (2003)

Bone-morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-2 and -7, multifunctional members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily with powerful osteoinductive effects, cause cell cycle arrest in a variety of transformed cell lines by activating signaling cascades that involve several cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs). CDKIs in the cip/kip family, p21(Cip1/Waf1) and p27(Kip1), have been shown to negatively regulate the G1 cyclins and their partner cyclin-dependent kinase proteins, resulting in BMP-mediated growth arrest. Bone morphogens have also been associated with antiproliferative effects in vascular tissue by unknown mechanisms. We now show that BMP-2-mediated inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) proliferation is accompanied by increased levels of p21 protein. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides specific for p21 attenuate BMP-2-induced inhibition of proliferation when transfected into HASMCs, demonstrating that BMP-2 inhibits PDGF-stimulated proliferation of HASMCs through induction of p21. Whether p21-mediated induction of cell cycle arrest by BMP-2 sets the stage for osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells, ultimately leading to vascular mineralization, remains to be investigated.
Direct and Sensitized Photoprocesses of Bis-benzimidazole Dyes and the Effects of Surfactants and DNA¶ (2001)

The photoprocesses of two bis-benzimidazole dyes, Hoechst 33258 (1) and an analog, where the phenolic group in p-position is replaced by an ethoxy group, Hoechst 33342 (2), were studied. For 1 and 2 in aqueous solution the quantum yield of fluorescence is strongly pH dependent; it decreases from a maximum value of phi f = 0.4 at pH 5 to phi f = 0.02 at pH 8. The effects of absorption and fluorescence, induced by sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactants below and above the critical micelle concentration and by double-stranded DNA, are interpreted by assuming that in bulk aqueous solution the dyes are essentially present as monomers. The strong enhancement of phi f, when the dye is bound to double-stranded DNA or solubilized in micelles, is suggested to be due to different environments at the benzimidazole rings. A quinoid intermediate with absorption maximum at 380 nm is formed for 1 at neutral pH using lambda exc = 248 or 308 nm. N-centered radicals of 1 or 2 in aqueous solution were observed by laser flash photolysis after electron ejection using wavelengths of 193 or 248 nm (mono and biphotonic, respectively). The precursor radical cation escaped observation but is transformed into the above radicals by deprotonation. Electron transfer from 1 in aqueous solution to triplet acetone takes place, and subsequent deprotonation is proposed to yield N-centered radicals. In addition, energy transfer from acetone to 1 is suggested, leading to T-T absorption with the maximum at 700 nm. The photoprocesses are discussed and the results compared with those known from pulse radiolysis.
Bioreversible protection for the phospho group: bioactivation of the di(4-acyloxybenzyl) and mono(4-acyloxybenzyl) phosphoesters of methylphosphonate and phosphonoacetate (1992)

The di(4-acetoxybenzyl) ester of methylphosphonate 4(X = H, R = Me) and the di(4-acyloxybenzyl) esters of methoxycarbonylmethylphosphonate 4(X = MeO2C, R = Me, Et, Pr, Pri, Bu or But) were prepared from the appropriate benzyl alcohol and phosphonic dichloride. At pD 8.0 and 37 °C, both series of compounds hydrolyse with half-lives greater than 24 h to the corresponding mono(4-acyloxybenzyl) esters 5(X = H or MeO2C, R = Me, Et, Pr, Pri Bu or But) which were prepared by treatment of the di(4-acyloxybenzyl) esters 4 with sodium or lithium iodide. The mono(4-acyloxybenzyl) esters 5(X = H, R = Me) and 5(X = MeO2C, R = Me, Et, Pr, Pri or But) undergo chemical hydrolysis to methylphosphonate 6(X = H), and methoxycarbonylmethylphosphonate 6(X = MeO2C) respectively, together with 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and the appropriate acylate anion. The rates of hydrolysis of the mono(4-acyloxybenzyl) esters decrease as the length and steric bulk of the acyl group increases, with half-lives ranging from ∼ 150 h for the acetyl analogues to 2240 h for the pivaloyl derivative. The hydrolyses of the di- and mono-(4-acyloxybenzyl) esters were catalysed by porcine liver carboxyesterase (PLCE), and in all cases the acylate anion was formed. The rate of enzymatic hydrolysis was most rapid for the 4-butanoyloxybenzyl and 4-isobutanoyloxybenzyl analogues. The methoxycarbonyl ester of the phosphonoacetate analogues was not cleaved by PLCE. The methylphosphonate generated from the reaction of 4(X = H, R = Me) in the presence of esterase and H218O, did not contain 18O attached directly to phosphorus. These results suggest that both the chemical and enzymatic hydrolyses of the mono(4-acyloxybenzyl) esters and the PLCE-catalysed hydrolyses of the di(4-acyloxybenzyl) esters proceed via hydrolysis of the acyl group to give the acylate anion and the unstable 4-hydroxybenzyl esters. The electron-donating 4-hydroxy group facilitates the cleavage of the benzyl-oxygen bond with the formation of the 4-hydroxybenzyl carbonium ion 9, which readily reacts either with water or the phosphate buffer. The 4-acyloxybenzyl phosphoesters provide the first example of a protecting group which will enable the bioactivation of phosphonate prodrugs at rates appropriate to biological systems.
Cloning of adeno-associated virus into pBR322: rescue of intact virus from the recombinant plasmid in human cells. (1982)

We have cloned intact duplex adeno-associated virus (AAV) DNA into the bacterial plasmid pBR322. The AAV genome could be rescued from the recombinant plasmid by transfection of the plasmid DNA into human cells with adenovirus 5 as helper. The efficiency of rescue from the plasmid was sufficiently high to produce yields of AAV DNA comparable to those observed after transfection with equal amounts of purified virion DNA. Thus, the recombinant plasmid itself may be a model for studying the rescue of a latent AAV viral infection. In addition, the efficient rescue of viable AAV from the recombinant plasmid should facilitate the genetic analysis of AAV. Finally, the results of an analysis of the DNA from rescued virions indicate that an inversion of the AAV terminal sequences occurred during replication.
Characterizing dynamic and leakage power behavior in flip-flops (2003)

This paper presents a detailed analysis of power consumption in a variety of flip-flop designs including scannable latches. The analysis was performed by implementing and simulating the different designs using 70 nm, 1 V CMOS technology. First, we perform a detailed characterization of the dynamic power consumption due to output transitions, and that due to clock and data transitions when there is no output transition. Further, we also characterize the leakage behavior of each of the flip-flop designs and specifically, characterize the input dependence of leakage.
Distribution Fate and Mechanism of Immune Modulation Following Mucosal Delivery of Plasmid DNA Encoding IL-10 (1999)

DNA vaccination has been widely studied in several models of vaccination and in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, even though the mechanism involved is still unclear. This report demonstrates that mucosal administration of plasmid DNA leads to rapid and widespread distribution around the body. Dissemination likely occurred via the bloodstream because plasmid DNA was present in blood plasma. The plasmid DNA was also detectable in several tissues including draining lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and even the dermis of ear pinnae. Except for the site of administration, plasmid DNA was no longer detectable in tissues after 3 wk postadministration. RNA and protein expression was also found in the tissues and bloodstream. Animals previously primed by HSV infection and subsequently given IL-10 DNA via the nasal mucosa, showed diminished Ag-induced delayed type hypersensitivity reactions for up to 5 wk posttreatment. The mechanism of modulation involved diminished the Ag-specific proliferation and production of Th1 cytokines. The Ag-specific silencing effects persisted beyond the duration of detectable plasmid encoded protein and was maintained upon adoptive transfer of T cells into a plasmid-free environment. The silenced T cells were not a source of IL-10, and their anergic state was reversible by exposure to Ag in the presence of exogenous IL-2.
Lithium chloride potentiates tumor necrosis factor-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. (1989)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is cytotoxic for several transformed cell lines in vitro. In the presence of LiCl, the murine fibrosarcoma cell lines L929 and WEHI 164 clone 13 became greater than 10 times more sensitive to TNF-mediated cytotoxicity. The human tumor cell lines BT20 and HeLa D98/AH2 were also responsive to the cytotoxicity-enhancing effect of LiCl. Other monovalent or divalent cations did not affect TNF-mediated cytotoxicity. The potentiating effect of LiCl on TNF cytotoxicity was largely independent of transcription, and LiCl could be added to the cells as early as 2 hr before or as late as 4 hr after TNF without loss of effectiveness. The mechanism by which LiCl increases the cytotoxic response seems to differ from the sensitizing effect of actinomycin D or interferon gamma, since the latter treatments overcame TNF resistance of several cell lines, whereas LiCl did not. Evidence is presented that LiCl acts, either directly or indirectly, via the TNF-activated phospholipase A2 pathway. In nude mice, a combination of TNF and LiCl led to hemorrhagic necrosis and growth inhibition of L929 tumors, whereas little effect was observed when TNF was administered alone. HeLa D98/AH2 tumors also were sensitive to the potentiating effect of LiCl in vivo. We conclude that LiCl enhances the effectiveness of TNF in vitro and in vivo, results that may have therapeutic implications.
The Use of Principal Components in the Analysis of Near-Infrared Spectra (1985)

The statistical technique of principal components is used to analyze two sets of near-infrared spectra, wheat flour samples for which % moisture and % protein values are included, and milled barley samples for which hot water extract values are included. The methodology and interpretation of this technique are described within the context of NIR data, and its advantages both in providing insight into the variation of the spectra, and as a method of avoiding the problems caused by highly correlated reflectance energy values in the derivation of calibration equations, are highlighted. In each set of samples the first principal component accounts for the vast majority of the variation. These components also have an almost identical shape, which is interpreted as reflecting particle size. The second wheat component and the third barley component are also almost identical, with a shape very similar to that of the spectrum of water. Both fourth components share peaks at points in the spectrum which are used by fixed-filter instruments to measure protein in cereals.
Pharmacological and biochemical characterization of purified A2aadenosine receptors in human platelet membranes by [3H]‐CGS 21680 binding (1996)

1. The binding properties of human platelet A2a adenosine receptors, assayed with the A2a-selective agonist, [3H]-2-[p-(2-carboxyethyl)-phenethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoad enosine ([3H]-CGS 21680), are masked by a non-receptorial component, the adenotin site. In order to separate A2a receptors from adenotin sites, human platelet membranes were solubilized with 1% 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethyl-ammonio]-1-propanesulphonate (CHAPS). The soluble platelet extract was precipitated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the fraction enriched in adenosine receptors was isolated from the precipitate by differential centrifugation. 2. The present paper describes the binding characteristics of the selective A2a agonist, [3H]-CGS 21680, to this purified platelet membrane preparation. In addition, receptor affinity and potency of several adenosine agonists and antagonists were determined in binding and adenylyl cyclase studies. 3. Saturation experiments revealed a single class of binding site with Kd and Bmax values of 285 nM and 2.07 pmol mg-1 of protein respectively. Adenosine receptor ligands competed for the binding of 50 nM [3H]-CGS 21680 to purified protein, showing a rank order of potency consistent with that typically found for interactions with the A2a adenosine receptors. In the adenylyl cyclase assay the compounds examined exhibited a rank order of potency very close to that observed in binding experiments. 4. Thermodynamic data indicated that [3H]-CGS 21680 binding to the purified receptor is totally entropy-driven in agreement with results obtained in rat striatal A2a adenosine receptors. 5. It is concluded that in the purified platelet membranes there is a CGS 21680 binding site showing the characteristic properties of the A2a receptor. This makes it possible to use this compound for reliable radioligand binding studies on the A2a adenosine receptor of human platelets.
Retinoid X receptor α controls innate inflammatory responses through the up-regulation of chemokine expression (2010)

The retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) plays a central role in the regulation of many intracellular receptor signaling pathways and can mediate ligand-dependent transcription by forming homodimers or heterodimers with other nuclear receptors. Although several members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily have emerged as important regulators of macrophage gene expression, the existence in vivo of an RXR signaling pathway in macrophages has not been established. Here, we provide evidence that RXRalpha regulates the transcription of the chemokines Ccl6 and Ccl9 in macrophages independently of heterodimeric partners. Mice lacking RXRalpha in myeloid cells exhibit reduced levels of CCL6 and CCL9, impaired recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation, and lower susceptibility to sepsis. These studies demonstrate that macrophage RXRalpha plays key roles in the regulation of innate immunity and represents a potential target for immunotherapy of sepsis.