gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A novel humanized mouse model with significant improvement of class-switched, antigen-specific antibody production (2017)

Humanized mice are a powerful tool for the study of human hematopoiesis and immune function in vivo. However, the existing models cannot support robust adaptive immune responses, especially the generation of class-switched, antigen-specific antibody responses. Here we describe a new mouse strain, in which human interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene encoding the cytokine that is important for B- and T-cell differentiation was knocked into its respective mouse locus. The provision of human IL-6 not only enhanced thymopoiesis and periphery T-cell engraftment, but also significantly increased class switched memory B cells and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG). In addition, immunization with ovalbumin (OVA) induced OVA-specific B cells only in human IL-6 knock-in mice. These OVA-specific antibodies displayed the highest frequency of somatic mutation, further suggesting that human IL-6 is important for efficient B-cell activation and selection. We conclude that human IL-6 knock-in mice represent a novel and improved model for human adaptive immunity without relying on complex surgery to transplant human fetal thymus and liver. These mice can therefore be used to exploit or evaluate immunization regimes that would be unethical or untenable in humans.
A comparison of reconstruction algorithms for breast tomosynthesis (2004)

Three algorithms for breast tomosynthesis reconstruction were compared in this paper, including (1) a back‐projection (BP) algorithm (equivalent to the shift‐and‐add algorithm), (2) a Feldkamp filtered back‐projection (FBP) algorithm, and (3) an iterative Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithm. Our breast tomosynthesis system acquires 11 low‐dose projections over a 50° angular range using an (CsI:Tl) flat‐panel detector. The detector was stationary during the acquisition. Quality metrics such as signal difference to noise ratio (SDNR) and artifact spread function (ASF) were used for quantitative evaluation of tomosynthesis reconstructions. The results of the quantitative evaluation were in good agreement with the results of the qualitative assessment. In patient imaging, the superimposed breast tissues observed in two‐dimensional (2D) mammograms were separated in tomosynthesis reconstructions by all three algorithms. It was shown in both phantom imaging and patient imaging that the BP algorithm provided the best SDNR for low‐contrast masses but the conspicuity of the feature details was limited by interplane artifacts; the FBP algorithm provided the highest edge sharpness for microcalcifications but the quality of masses was poor; the information of both the masses and the microcalcifications were well restored with balanced quality by the ML algorithm, superior to the results from the other two algorithms.
Theoretical Study of a Molecular Resonant Tunneling Diode (2000)

Density functional theory calculations are performed to explain the electrical behavior of a π-conjugated oligo(phenylene ethynylene) resembling a resonant tunneling diode. Results of this theoretical study are compatible with the assumptions that electron transport occurs through the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, that the conduction barrier is determined by the molecule chemical potential, and that the molecule becomes charged as the external potential increases. We are able to explain the nonlinear character of the current−voltage characteristic of the molecule and its temperature dependence. The intrinsic controlled-amplification feature of these molecules is indicated.
Reconstructed Wavefronts and Communication Theory* (1962)

A two-step imaging process discovered by Gabor involves photographing the Fresnel diffraction pattern of an object and using this recorded pattern, called a hologram, to construct an image of this object. Here, the process is described from a communication-theory viewpoint. It is shown that construction of the hologram constitutes a sequence of three well-known operations: a modulation, a frequency dispersion, and a square-law detection. In the reconstruction process, the inverse-frequency-dispersion operation is carried out. The process as normally carried out results in a reconstruction in which the signal-to-noise ratio is unity. Techniques which correct this shortcoming are described and experimentally tested. Generalized holograms are discussed, in which the hologram is other than a Fresnel diffraction pattern.
Making the most of pulse oximetry. (1995)

A noninvasive device that gives continuous oxygenation readings has great appeal, and pulse oximetry has enjoyed wide acceptance. To use it most effectively, though, you need to understand the principles it's based on and know its limitations.
Trastuzumab in the Adjuvant Setting: Concurrent or Sequential? It Takes Two to Tango! (2008)

Two months ago, on routine physical examination by family physician, a 58-year-old woman was diagnosed with a breast lump. [...]
Human B cell clones can be induced to proliferate and to switch to IgE and IgG4 synthesis by interleukin 4 and a signal provided by activated CD4+ T cell clones. (1991)

In the present study, it is demonstrated that cloned surface IgM-positive human B cells can be induced to proliferate and to switch with high frequencies to IgG4 and IgE production after a contact-mediated signal provided by T cell clones and interleukin 4 (IL-4). This T cell signal is antigen nonspecific and is provided by activated CD4+ cells, whereas activated CD8+ or resting CD4+ T cell clones are ineffective. 15-35% of the B cell clones cultured with cloned CD4+ T cells and IL-4 produced antibodies; 35-45% of those wells in which antibodies were produced contained IgE and IgG4. In addition to B cell clones that produced IgG4 or IgE only, B cell clones producing multiple isotypes were observed. Simultaneous production of IgG4 and IgE, IgM, IgE, and IgM, or IgG4 and IgE was detected, suggesting that during clonal expansion switching might occur in successive steps from IgM to IgG4 and IgE. In addition, production of only IgM, IgG4, and IgE during clonal expansion indicates that this isotype switching is directed by the way a B cell is stimulated and that it is not a stochastic process.
Analysis of orbital angular momentum of a misaligned optical beam (2005)

We report an analysis of the orbital angular momentum of an optical beam misaligned with respect to a reference axis. Both laterally displaced and angularly deflected Laguerre–Gaussian beams are represented in terms of the superposition of azimuthal harmonics with well-defined orbital angular momentum. Simultaneous parallel displacement and angular tilt cause the coupling between azimuthal harmonics and therefore change the projection of the orbital angular momentum on the reference axis. Rotation of beams around the reference axis was simulated by attributing corresponding rotational frequency shifts to the components.
Affective video content representation and modeling (2005)

This paper looks into a new direction in video content analysis - the representation and modeling of affective video content . The affective content of a given video clip can be defined as the intensity and type of feeling or emotion (both are referred to as affect) that are expected to arise in the user while watching that clip. The availability of methodologies for automatically extracting this type of video content will extend the current scope of possibilities for video indexing and retrieval. For instance, we will be able to search for the funniest or the most thrilling parts of a movie, or the most exciting events of a sport program. Furthermore, as the user may want to select a movie not only based on its genre, cast, director and story content, but also on its prevailing mood, the affective content analysis is also likely to contribute to enhancing the quality of personalizing the video delivery to the user. We propose in this paper a computational framework for affective video content representation and modeling. This framework is based on the dimensional approach to affect that is known from the field of psychophysiology. According to this approach, the affective video content can be represented as a set of points in the two-dimensional (2-D) emotion space that is characterized by the dimensions of arousal (intensity of affect) and valence (type of affect). We map the affective video content onto the 2-D emotion space by using the models that link the arousal and valence dimensions to low-level features extracted from video data. This results in the arousal and valence time curves that, either considered separately or combined into the so-called affect curve, are introduced as reliable representations of expected transitions from one feeling to another along a video, as perceived by a viewer.
Oligomers Modulate Interfibril Branching and Mass Transport Properties of Collagen Matrices (2013)

Mass transport within collagen-based matrices is critical to tissue development, repair, and pathogenesis, as well as the design of next-generation tissue engineering strategies. This work shows how collagen precursors, specified by intermolecular cross-link composition, provide independent control of collagen matrix mechanical and transport properties. Collagen matrices were prepared from tissue-extracted monomers or oligomers. Viscoelastic behavior was measured in oscillatory shear and unconfined compression. Matrix permeability and diffusivity were measured using gravity-driven permeametry and integrated optical imaging, respectively. Both collagen types showed an increase in stiffness and permeability hindrance with increasing collagen concentration (fibril density); however, different physical property–concentration relationships were noted. Diffusivity was not affected by concentration for either collagen type over the range tested. In general, oligomer matrices exhibited a substantial increase in stiffness and only a modest decrease in transport properties when compared with monomer matrices prepared at the same concentration. The observed differences in viscoelastic and transport properties were largely attributed to increased levels of interfibril branching within oligomer matrices. The ability to relate physical properties to relevant microstructure parameters, including fibril density and interfibril branching, is expected to advance the understanding of cell–matrix signaling, as well as facilitate model-based prediction and design of matrix-based therapeutic strategies.
Two independent peroxisomal targeting signals in catalase A of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1993)

In contrast to many other peroxisomal proteins catalase A contains at least two peroxisomal targeting signals each sufficient to direct reporter proteins to peroxisomes. One of them resides at the extreme carboxy terminus constituting a new variant of this signal, -SSNSKF, not active in monkey kidney cells (Gould, S. J., G. A. Keller, N. Hosken, J. Wilkinson, and S. Subramani 1989. J. Cell Biol. 108:1657-1664). However, this signal is completely dispensable for import of catalase A itself. In its amino-terminal third this protein contains another peroxisomal targeting signal sufficient to direct reporter proteins into microbodies. This internal signal depends on the context. The nature of this targeting signal might be a short defined sequence or a structural feature recognized by import factors. In addition, we have demonstrated that the carboxy-terminal seven amino acids of citrate synthase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoded by CIT2 and containing the canonical -SKL represents a targeting signal sufficient to direct reporter proteins to peroxisomes.
Third-Order Elastic Constants and the Velocity of Small Amplitude Elastic Waves in Homogeneously Stressed Media (1964)

Third-order elastic constants can be determined from the velocity of small amplitude sound waves in statically stressed media. For this purpose exact expressions are derived for the sound velocity and for a natural velocity and their stress derivatives, evaluated at zero stress, in terms of second- and third-order elastic constants. The formulas apply to arbitrary crystal symmetry and to arbitrary stress systems depending on a single scalar variable. Special formulas for hydrostatic pressure and uniaxial stress are listed for the cubic point groups $O$, ${O}_{h}$, ${T}_{d}$, and for isotropic materials. Attention is given to the proper variation of propagation direction with static stress in order to maintain propagation normal to a given crystal face as in ultrasonic experiments, and to the proper separation of isothermal and isentropic coefficients in the results. The simplest and most convenient from of the results employs the natural velocity (natural unstressed length at the same temperature divided by the transit time), which is computed directly from experimental data without correcting the path length for the effect of stress.
The CEO problem [multiterminal source coding] (1996)

We consider a new problem in multiterminal source coding motivated by the following decentralized communication/estimation task. A firm's Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is interested in the data sequence {X(t)}/sub t=1//sup /spl infin// which cannot be observed directly, perhaps because it represents tactical decisions by a competing firm. The CEO deploys a team of L agents who observe independently corrupted versions of {X(t)}/sub t=1//sup /spl infin//. Because {X(t)} is only one among many pressing matters to which the CEO must attend, the combined data rate at which the agents may communicate information about their observations to the CEO is limited to, say, R bits per second. If the agents were permitted to confer and pool their data, then in the limit as L/spl rarr//spl infin/ they usually would be able to smooth out their independent observation noises entirely. Then they could use their R bits per second to provide the CEO with a representation of {X(t)} with fidelity D(R), where D(/spl middot/) is the distortion-rate function of {X(t)}. In particular, with such data pooling D can be made arbitrarily small if R exceeds the entropy rate H of {X(t)}. Suppose, however, that the agents are not permitted to convene, Agent i having to send data based solely on his own noisy observations {Y/sub i/(t)}. We show that then there does not exist a finite value of R for which even infinitely many agents can make D arbitrarily small. Furthermore, in this isolated-agents case we determine the asymptotic behavior of the minimal error frequency in the limit as L and then R tend to infinity.
The Copper Chelator d‐Penicillamine Delays Onset of Disease and Extends Survival in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (1997)

A subpopulation of familial cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has been linked to mutations in the gene encoding Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). There is in vitro evidence that certain SOD1 mutants, in addition to their normal dismutation function, show increased ability of the enzyme to act as a peroxidase. This reaction is sensitive to inhibition by copper chelators. To test this hypothesis in vivo, we administered the copper chelator d-penicillamine to a transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis overexpressing a mutated form of human SOD1. We demonstrate that oral administration of d-penicillamine is able to delay the onset of the disease and extend the survival of these mice. Histological studies also showed a decreased loss of facial motor neurons in d-penicillamine-treated transgenic mice, corroborating the slower evolution of the disease in these animals. These results suggest that copper chelators may benefit patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis linked to mutations in the SOD1 gene.
Up-regulation of TNF-producing T cells in the bone marrow: A key mechanism by which estrogen deficiency induces bone loss in vivo (2001)

In vivo studies have shown T cells to be central to the mechanism by which estrogen deficiency induces bone loss, but the mechanism involved remains, in part, undefined. In vitro, T cells from ovariectomized mice produce increased amounts of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which augments receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis. However, both the mechanism and the relevance of this phenomenon in vivo remain to be established. In this study, we found that ovariectomy increased the number of bone marrow T cell-producing TNF without altering production of TNF per T cell. Attesting to the essential contribution of TNF, ovariectomy induced rapid bone loss in wild type (wt) mice but failed to do so in TNF-deficient (TNF(-/-)) mice. Furthermore, ovariectomy induced bone loss, which was absent in T cell-deficient nude mice, was restored by adoptive transfer of wt T cells, but not by reconstitution with T cells from TNF(-/-) mice. These findings demonstrate the key causal role of T cell-produced TNF in the bone loss after estrogen withdrawal. Finally, ovariectomy caused bone loss in wt mice and in mice lacking p75 TNF receptor but failed to do so in mice lacking the p55 TNF receptor. These findings demonstrate that enhanced T cell production of TNF resulting from increased bone marrow T cell number is a key mechanism by which estrogen deficiency induces bone loss in vivo. The data also demonstrate that the bone-wasting effect of TNF in vivo is mediated by the p55 TNF receptor.
A Pharmacological Dose of Melatonin Increases PRL Levels in Males without Altering Those of GH, LH, FSH, TSH, Testosterone or Cortisol (1987)

Since reports on the influence of melatonin (aMT) on the human endocrine system are scant and inconsistent, the effect of an acute, pharmacological dose of aMT on various hormone levels in healthy males was examined in 3 different experiments. Experiment I: 80 or 240 mg of crystalline aMT were administered per os to 8 volunteers. Before, during and after this treatment, serum levels of aMT, PRL, LH, FSH and testosterone were examined. Although aMT increased at least 1,500-fold over basal levels, only PRL was significantly and consistently elevated after aMT treatment, whereas serum levels of the other hormones were not altered. Experiment II: in 2 subjects, the pulsatile secretion pattern of LH was monitored for 6 h before and 6 h after aMT administration (240 mg p.o.). Neither the amplitude nor the frequency of LH pulses was influenced by the pineal hormone. Experiment III: in 14 volunteers, serum PRL, GH, TSH and cortisol concentrations were examined, once after oral administration of 240 mg aMT and once after placebo. Serum PRL levels were significantly higher after aMT than after placebo; GH showed a slight but not significant trend towards elevation after aMT, whereas other hormones were not altered. An acute pharmacological dose of aMT causes isolated elevation of serum PRL levels and may slightly increase GH. Hormones of the pituitary gonadal axis as well as TSH and cortisol are not altered by aMT.
Languages for Factory Simulation (1990)

Characteristics of languages commonly used in Australia for simulating manufacturing facilities are compared and one language described in some detail.
Rapid, fully automatic, arbitrary‐volume in vivo shimming (1991)

MR spectroscopy and many MR imaging methods benefit from a well-shimmed magnet. We have developed a pulse sequence which enables fast and accurate measurement of three-dimensional field maps in vivo, and a data analysis package that allows calculation of shim currents to optimally shim arbitrary selected volumes. A data link to the shim power supply allows automatic update of currents. No intervention by the operator is required. Typical in vivo shimming time is less than 5 min. Performance analysis, phantom, and in vivo results are presented.
Comparison of Lateral Flow Technology and Galactomannan and (1→3)-β- d -Glucan Assays for Detection of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis (2009)

We compared a lateral flow device to galactomannan and (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan assays to detect invasive aspergillosis in an established guinea pig model of pulmonary disease. The lateral flow device became positive earlier (day 3) than the (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan and galactomannan assays (day 5), with all samples positive by each assay on day 7.
Affinity Selection of Peptide Phage Libraries against Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns Identifies a Peptide Aptamer with Conformational Variability (2004)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTAffinity Selection of Peptide Phage Libraries against Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns Identifies a Peptide Aptamer with Conformational VariabilityDaisuke Kase, John L. Kulp, Masako Yudasaka, John Spencer Evans, Sumio Iijima, and Kiyotaka ShibaView Author Information Department of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Toshima, Tokyo 170-8455, Japan, Laboratory for Chemical Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10010, NEC, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba 305-8501, Japan, SORST, JST, c/o NEC, Meijo University, Tenpaku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan, AIST, Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan, and CREST, JST, c/o Cancer Institute Cite this: Langmuir 2004, 20, 20, 8939–8941Publication Date (Web):August 26, 2004Publication History Received23 April 2004Revised19 July 2004Published online26 August 2004Published inissue 1 September 2004https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la048968mhttps://doi.org/10.1021/la048968mbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2004 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1294Altmetric-Citations113LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Absorption,Carbon nanotubes,Conformation,Peptides and proteins,Viruses Get e-Alerts