gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cleavage of CPP32 by Granzyme B Represents a Critical Role for Granzyme B in the Induction of Target Cell DNA Fragmentation (1996)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are able to recognize and destroy target cells bearing foreign antigen using one of two distinct mechanisms: granule- or Fas-mediated cytotoxicity. The exact mechanisms involved in the induction of apoptotic cell death remain elusive; however, it seems likely that a family of cysteine proteases related to interleukin-1beta converting enzyme are involved. One family member, CPP32, has been identified as an intracellular substrate for granzyme B, a CTL-specific serine protease responsible for the early induction of target cell DNA fragmentation. Here we use cytolytic cells from granzyme B-deficient mice to confirm that cleavage and activation of CPP32 represents a nonredundant role for granzyme B and that this activation plays a role in the induction of DNA fragmentation in target cells, a signature event for apoptotic cell death. A peptide inhibitor of CPP32-like proteases confirmed the function of these enzymes in fragmentation. 51Cr release was not suppressed under these conditions, suggesting that granzyme B cleavage of CPP32 is primarily involved in the induction of DNA fragmentation and not membrane damage during CTL-induced apoptosis.
Considerations for Safety with Chronically Implanted Nerve Electrodes (1990)

Electrical stimulation of cranial and peripheral nerves has been used to ameliorate a variety of neurologic disease states and neural injuries over the past 20 years. In this review, clinical applications and the histopathologic results of chronic implants in animals and humans are discussed, and the results of neural damage models developed at Huntington Medical Research Institutes are summarized. Chronically implanted electrode arrays may produce neural injury by either mechanical factors or by continuous, high-frequency electrical stimulation. The margin of safety to avoid electrically induced injury may be increased by minimizing the frequency or total stimulation time, and by the use of an intermittent duty cycle. The protocols presently being used for the stimulation of the vagus nerve to effect inhibition of seizures appear to have an adequate margin of safety.
Phase III Comparative Study of Vinorelbine Combined With Doxorubicin Versus Doxorubicin Alone in Disseminated Metastatic/Recurrent Breast Cancer: National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Study MA8 (2000)

PURPOSE: This phase III study was performed to determine the superiority of doxorubicin (DOX) and vinorelbine (VNB) (arm 1) versus DOX alone (arm 2) in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) for overall survival (OS), time to treatment failure (TTF), toxicity, and quality of life (QOL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three hundred three patients were randomized to DOX 50 mg/m 2 intravenously (IV) on day 1 and VNB 25 mg/m 2 IV on days 1 and 8 (arm 1) or DOX 70 mg/m 2 IV on day 1 (arm 2). Both regimens were given every 3 weeks until a cumulative DOX dose of 450 mg/m 2 . After 16 of the first 65 randomized patients experienced febrile neutropenia (FN), the doses were reduced to DOX 40 mg/m 2 on day 1 and VNB 20 mg/m 2 on days 1 and 8 versus DOX 60 mg/m 2 on day 1. Eligible patients were vinca alkaloid and anthracycline naive. Chemotherapy was first-line or second-line for MBC. RESULTS: Three patients were ineligible. Thus, 300 patients were assessable for toxicity and to determine time to disease progression (TTP), TTF, and OS. Two hundred eighty-nine patients were assessable for response, and 99 responders were assessable for response duration (RD). The response rates, QOL, and median RD, TTP, and TTF were not significantly different between the arms. Median OS was 13.8 months for arm 1 versus 14.4 months for arm 2 (P = .4). Grade 3 or 4 granulocytopenia was equivalent in both arms but more grade 3/4 neurotoxicity, mild venous toxicity, and FN were seen on arm 1. CONCLUSION: The survival with DOX and VNB is not superior to DOX alone in MBC.
THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THE PROPERTIES OF (1993)

In the theoretical portion of this presentation we show that an analytic solution exists if the current source is a loop dipole. This is not a limitation upon the approach, since any closed circuit can be constructed by superimposing a number of elemental loops. For complicated surface geometries, such as a finite plate or a hemispherical superconducting shell, it may be preferable to use finite element codes to determine the field patterns; one useful example is when a hemisphere is placed in a uniform extemal field. In order to compare these results with experimental results, we present data from a test in which a source is located in front of a superconducting lead disk. The entire dewar is then placed in a Helmholtz coil; the rejection of the uniform field with and without a bucking coil is described. In principle, any circuit can be decomposed into a set of contiguous loop dipoles. If the scalar potential for the individual dipoles is known, the solution for the finite loop can be obtained by superpostion. For points distant from a loop dipole, the magnetic field B can be written B=-VY(r) . where Y(r) is scalar potential evaluated at the field point r. At the superconductor surface we require n.B=O. Therefore, the solution is completely specified if we can determine, the scalar potential that satisifies
Inhibition of induced and spontaneous platelet aggregation by destabilase from medicinal leech (2000)

Destabilase, endo-epsilon-(gamma-Glu)-Lys isopeptidase from the medicinal leech, inhibits arterial thrombus formation in rats. Inhibition of platelet aggregation was supposed to be one of the main mechanisms of this phenomenon. To elucidate this question highly purified destabilase preparations were used. Aggregation was monitored both by a turbidometric method and by a method based on real-time estimation of mean aggregate size. Spontaneous aggregation of human platelets was completely blocked by destabilase. At 5 microM ADP maximal inhibition was 63%. Aggregation induced by PAF (100 nM) and collagen (0.1 mg/ml) was inhibited in the presence of destabilase by 50 and 65%, respectively. This enzyme does not activate adenylate cyclase but inhibits it. We suggest that destabilase interacts with high-affinity binding sites on the platelet plasma membrane, thus providing an anti-aggregating effect. This idea coincides with the data that destabilase primary structure has high homology with some adhesive proteins.
Antitumorigenic Properties of Omega-3 Endocannabinoid Epoxides (2018)

Accumulating studies have linked inflammation to tumor progression. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been shown to suppress tumor growth through their conversion to epoxide metabolites. Alternatively, DHA is converted enzymatically into docosahexaenoylethanolamide (DHEA), an endocannabinoid with antiproliferative activity. Recently, we reported a novel class of anti-inflammatory DHEA-epoxide derivative called epoxydocospentaenoic-ethanolamide (EDP-EA) that contain both ethanolamide and epoxide moieties. Herein, we study the antitumorigenic properties of EDP-EAs in an osteosarcoma (OS) model. First, we show ∼80% increase in EDP-EAs in metastatic versus normal lungs of mice. We found significant differences in the apoptotic and antimigratory potencies of the different EDP-EA regioisomers, which were partially mediated through cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1). Next, we synthesized derivatives of the most pro-apoptotic regioisomer. These derivatives had reduced hydrolytic susceptibility to fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and increased CB1-selective binding. Collectively, we report a novel class of EDP-EAs that exhibit antiangiogenic, antitumorigenic, and antimigratory properties in OS.
Factors Affecting Flexion after Total Knee Arthroplasty (2007)

Level V, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Interferon γ expressed by a recombinant respiratory syncytial virus attenuates virus replication in mice without compromising immunogenicity (1999)

Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) has pleiotropic biological effects, including intrinsic antiviral activity as well as stimulation and regulation of immune responses. An infectious recombinant human respiratory syncytial virus (rRSV/mIFN-gamma) was constructed that encodes murine (m) IFN-gamma as a separate gene inserted into the G-F intergenic region. Cultured cells infected with rRSV/mIFN-gamma secreted 22 microg mIFN-gamma per 10(6) cells. The replication of rRSV/mIFN-gamma, but not that of a control chimeric rRSV containing the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene as an additional gene, was 63- and 20-fold lower than that of wild-type (wt) RSV in the upper and lower respiratory tract, respectively, of mice. Thus, the attenuation of rRSV/mIFN-gamma in vivo could be attributed to the activity of mIFN-gamma and not to the presence of the additional gene per se. The mice were completely resistant to subsequent challenge with wt RSV. Despite its growth restriction, infection of mice with rRSV/mIFN-gamma induced a level of RSV-specific antibodies that, on day 56, was comparable to or greater than that induced by infection with wt RSV. Mice infected with rRSV/mIFN-gamma developed a high level of IFN-gamma mRNA and an increased amount of interleukin 12 p40 mRNA in their lungs, whereas other cytokine mRNAs tested were unchanged compared with those induced by wt RSV. Because attenuation of RSV typically is accompanied by a reduction in immunogenicity, expression of IFN-gamma by an rRSV represents a method of attenuation in which immunogenicity can be maintained rather than be reduced.
DNA Computing by Self-Assembly (2003)

Abstract Winfree (1996) proposed a Turing-universal model of DNA self-assembly. In this abstract model, DNA double-crossover molecules self-assemble to form an algorithmically-patterned two-dimensional lattice. Here, we develop a more realistic model based on the thermodynamics and kinetics of oligonucleotide hydridization. Using a computer simulation, we investigate what physical factors in uence the error rates, i.e., when the more realistic model deviates from the ideal of the abstract model. We nd, in agreement with rules of thumb for crystal growth, that the lowest error rates occur at the melting temperature when crystal growthisslowest, and that error rates can be made arbitrarily low by decreasing concentration and increasing binding strengths.
The Density of Peptides Displayed by Dendritic Cells Affects Immune Responses to Human Tyrosinase and gp100 in HLA-A2 Transgenic Mice (2000)

Several HLA-A*0201-restricted peptide epitopes that can be used as targets for active immunotherapy have been identified within melanocyte differentiation proteins. However, uncertainty exists as to the most effective way to elicit CD8+ T cells with these epitopes in vivo. We report the use of transgenic mice expressing a derivative of HLA-A*0201, and dendritic cells, to enhance the activation of CD8+ T cells that recognize peptide epitopes derived from human tyrosinase and glycoprotein 100. We find that by altering the cell surface density of the immunizing peptide on the dendritic cells, either by pulsing with higher concentrations of peptide, or by changing the MHC-peptide-binding affinity by generating variants of the parent peptides, the size of the activated CD8+ T cell populations can be modulated in vivo. Significantly, the density of peptide that produced the largest response was less than the maximum density achievable through short-term peptide pulsing. We have also found, however, that while some variant peptides are effective at eliciting both primary and recall CD8+ T cell responses that can recognize the parental epitope, other variant epitopes lead to the outgrowth of CD8+ T cells that only recognize the variant. HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice provide an important model to define which peptide variants are most likely to stimulate CD8+ T cell populations that recognize the parental, melanoma-specific peptide.
Overexpression of the Tobacco Tsi1 Gene Encoding an EREBP/AP2–Type Transcription Factor Enhances Resistance against Pathogen Attack and Osmotic Stress in Tobacco (2001)

Using mRNA differential display analysis, we isolated a salt-induced transcript that showed a significant sequence homology with an EREBP/AP2 DNA binding motif from oilseed rape plants. With this cDNA fragment as a probe, cDNA clone Tsi1 (for Tobacco stress-induced gene1) was isolated from a tobacco cDNA library. RNA gel blot analysis indicated that transcripts homologous with Tsi1 were induced not only in NaCl-treated leaves but also in leaves treated with ethephon or salicylic acid. Transient expression analysis using a Tsi1::smGFP fusion gene in BY-2 cells indicated that the Tsi1 protein was targeted to the nucleus. Fusion protein of Tsi1 with GAL4 DNA binding domain strongly activated transcription in yeast, and the transactivating activity was localized to the 13 C-terminal amino acids of Tsi1. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that Tsi1 could bind specifically to the GCC and the DRE/CRT sequences, although the binding activity to the former was stronger than that to the latter. Furthermore, Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression and transgenic plants expressing Tsi1 demonstrated that overexpression of the Tsi1 gene induced expression of several pathogenesis-related genes under normal conditions, resulting in improved tolerance to salt and pathogens. These results suggest that Tsi1 might be involved as a positive trans-acting factor in two separate signal transduction pathways under abiotic and biotic stress.
Studies on the Two Ferredoxins from Pisum sativum (1978)

Conference Article| December 01 1978 Studies on the Two Ferredoxins from Pisum sativum JOHN E. DUTTON; JOHN E. DUTTON 1Department of Biochemistry, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3DD, Wales, U.K.2Department of Botany, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar LYNDON J. ROGERS; LYNDON J. ROGERS 1Department of Biochemistry, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3DD, Wales, U.K.2Department of Botany, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar BARRY G. HASLETT; BARRY G. HASLETT 1Department of Biochemistry, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3DD, Wales, U.K.2Department of Botany, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar DONALD BOULTER DONALD BOULTER 1Department of Biochemistry, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3DD, Wales, U.K.2Department of Botany, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem Soc Trans (1978) 6 (6): 1217–1218. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0061217 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation JOHN E. DUTTON, LYNDON J. ROGERS, BARRY G. HASLETT, DONALD BOULTER; Studies on the Two Ferredoxins from Pisum sativum. Biochem Soc Trans 1 December 1978; 6 (6): 1217–1218. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0061217 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1978 Biochemical Society1978 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Diacylglycerol Kinase α Is a Critical Signaling Node and Novel Therapeutic Target in Glioblastoma and Other Cancers (2013)

Although diacylglycerol kinase α (DGKα) has been linked to several signaling pathways related to cancer cell biology, it has been neglected as a target for cancer therapy. The attenuation of DGKα activity via DGKα-targeting siRNA and small-molecule inhibitors R59022 and R59949 induced caspase-mediated apoptosis in glioblastoma cells and in other cancers, but lacked toxicity in noncancerous cells. We determined that mTOR and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) are key targets of DGKα inhibition, in addition to its regulation of other oncogenes. DGKα regulates mTOR transcription via a unique pathway involving cyclic AMP. Finally, we showed the efficacy of DGKα inhibition with short hairpin RNA or a small-molecule agent in glioblastoma and melanoma xenograft treatment models, with growth delay and decreased vascularity. This study establishes DGKα as a central signaling hub and a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of cancer.
Enzymatic basis for the structural changes of asparagine-linked sugar chains of membrane glycoproteins of baby hamster kidney cells induced by polyoma transformation. (1985)

Previous studies indicated that enrichment of the GlcNAc beta 1----6Man alpha 1---- group with concomitant decrease of the GlcNAc beta 1----4Man alpha 1---- group occurs in the complex-type asparagine-linked sugar chains of the membrane glycoproteins of baby hamster kidney cells transformed by polyoma virus. The enzymatic basis of the chemical change is reported in this paper. By using oligosaccharides isolated from the urine of patients with a variety of exoglycosidase deficiencies, beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases in the cell homogenate were successfully assayed separately. Both baby hamster kidney cells and their polyoma transformants contain beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases I, II, IV, V, and VI, but not beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III. The beta-N-acetylglucosamine residue added by each beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT) is shown below. (formula see text) Comparative studies of the specific activities of the five beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases in the two cell lines revealed that the value of beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V in the polyoma transformant was twice of that in the normal cells, while those of the other four transferases in the two cell lines were not significantly different. Therefore the increase in beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V may be the direct cause of the changes found in the sugar chains of surface glycoproteins in baby hamster kidney cells transformed by polyoma virus.
Profiling Murine Tau with 0N, 1N and 2N Isoform-Specific Antibodies in Brain and Peripheral Organs Reveals Distinct Subcellular Localization, with the 1N Isoform Being Enriched in the Nucleus (2013)

In the adult murine brain, the microtubule-associated protein tau exists as three major isoforms, which have four microtubule-binding repeats (4R), with either no (0N), one (1N) or two (2N) amino-terminal inserts. The human brain expresses three additional isoforms with three microtubule-binding repeats (3R) each. However, little is known about the role of the amino-terminal inserts and how the 0N, 1N and 2N tau species differ. In order to investigate this, we generated a series of isoform-specific antibodies and performed a profiling by Western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses using wild-type mice in three age groups: two months, two weeks and postnatal day 0 (P0). This revealed that the brain is the only organ to express tau at significant levels, with 0N4R being the predominant isoform in the two month-old adult. Subcellular fractionation of the brain showed that the 1N isoform is over-represented in the soluble nuclear fraction. This is in agreement with the immunohistochemical analysis as the 1N isoform strongly localizes to the neuronal nucleus, although it is also found in cell bodies and dendrites, but not axons. The 0N isoform is mainly found in cell bodies and axons, whereas nuclei and dendrites are only slightly stained with the 0N antibody. The 2N isoform is highly expressed in axons and in cell bodies, with a detectable expression in dendrites and a very slight expression in nuclei. The 2N isoform that was undetectable at P0, in adult brain was mainly found localized to cell bodies and dendrites. Together these findings reveal significant differences between the three murine tau isoforms that are likely to reflect different neuronal functions.
Embryonic stem cell therapy. (2007)

Stem cell therapies, particularly those using embryonic stem cells, offer a novel approach to treating disease. There is an ongoing effort to develop tools and reagents to assist in understanding stem cells at a research level. In addition to these research tools, making stem cell therapy a reality requires the development of tools that enable the translation of research into viable therapies. Three sets of tools are discussed in this article: tools enabling stem cell scale-up and manufacture to GMP standards, tools addressing the behavior of cells in animal models, and tools to assess transplanted cells in early clinical trials. The development of such tools will address many of the safety and efficacy questions that are likely to arise as stem cell therapies move from bench to bedside.
A fluorescent reporter gene as a marker for ventricular specification in ES‐derived cardiac cells (2000)

We have established a CGR8 embryonic stem (ES) cell clone (MLC2ECFP) which expresses the enhanced cyan variant of Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (ECFP) under the transcriptional control of the ventricular myosin light chain 2 (MLC2v) promoter. Using epifluorescence imaging of vital embryoid bodies (EB) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we found that the MLC2v promoter is switched on as early as day 7 and is accompanied by formation of cell clusters featuring a bright ECFP blue fluorescence. The fluorescent areas within the EBs were all beating on day 8. MLC2ECFP ES cells showed the same time course of cardiac differentiation as mock ES cells as assessed by RT-PCR of genes encoding cardiac-specific transcription factors and contractile proteins. The MLC2v promoter conferred ventricular specificity to ECFP expression within the EB as revealed by MLC2v co-staining of ECFP fluorescent cells. MLC2ECFP-derived cardiac cells still undergo cell division on day 12 after isolation from EBs but withdraw from the cell cycle on day 16. This ES cell clone provides a powerful cell model to study the signalling roads of factors regulating cardiac cell proliferation and terminal differentiation with a view to using them for experimental cell therapy.