gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of dietary laminarin and fucoidan in the diet of the weanling piglet on performance, selected faecal microbial populations and volatile fatty acid concentrations (2009)

A 2 × 2 factorial experiment (n = 12 replicates per treatment, 4 pigs per replicate) was performed to investigate the effects of seaweed extracts, laminarin (derived ß-glucans) and fucoidan (sulphated polysaccharides), independently or in combination on post-weaning piglet performance and selected microbial populations. At weaning, the piglets (24 days of age, 6.4 kg live weight) were assigned to one of the four dietary treatments: (T1) basal diet, (T2) basal diet with 300 p.p.m. laminarin, (T3) basal diet with 240 p.p.m. fucoidan, (T4) basal diet with 300 p.p.m. laminarin and 240 p.p.m. fucoidan. Pigs offered diets supplemented with laminarin had an increased daily gain (P < 0.01), and gain-to-feed ratio (P < 0.05) compared to pigs offered diets without laminarin supplementation during the experimental period (days 0 to 21). Pigs offered laminarin-supplemented diets had an increased faecal dry matter and reduced diarrhoea (P < 0.05) during the critical 7 to 14 day period. Pigs offered diets containing laminarin had reduced faecal Escherichia coli populations. There was a significant interaction (P < 0.01) on faecal Lactobacilli populations between laminarin and fucoidan. Pigs offered the fucoidan diet had an increased Lactobacilli population compared to pigs offered the basal diet. However, there was no effect of fucoidan on faecal Lactobacilli populations when laminarin was added. Overall, the reduction in E. coli population and the increase in daily gain suggest that laminarin may provide a dietary means to improve gut health after weaning.
POLYTEF PASTE FOR URINARY INCONTINENCE (1991)

A series of 28 patients injected with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (Polytef, Mentor) paste for urinary incontinence is presented. The cystoscopic method of injection was used in 25 patients. Twenty-four adult females with stress incontinence were treated: 10 of these were long-term cures and five improved. Success rates were higher in those who had had previous gynaecological surgery (10 of 12: P less than 0.05) or who had well supported vaginal walls (5 of 5: P less than 0.05). Three adult males were treated, but all failed. Complications including the risk of micro-embolization are discussed. Low morbidity is an attraction and it is concluded that this treatment may have a place for older women with stress incontinence and a well-supported, preferably scarred, anterior vaginal wall. It may be performed under topical local anaesthetic if desired. The availability of a more suitable agent would widen the application of the technique. Subject to long-term experience vindicating early trials, glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen may be a suitable replacement for PTFE in this role.
Circulating immune complexes contain citrullinated fibrinogen in rheumatoid arthritis (2008)

Circulating ICs containing citrullinated fibrinogen are present in one-half of anti-CCP+ RA patients, and these ICs co-localise with C3 in the rheumatoid synovium suggesting that they contribute to synovitis in a subset of RA patients.
High Open-Circuit Voltage Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Organic Dye (2009)

Solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells were fabricated using an organic dye, 2-cyanoacrylic acid-4-(bis-dimethylfluoreneaniline)dithiophene (JK2), which exhibits more than 1 V open-circuit potential (V(oc)). To scrutinize the origin of high voltage in these cells, transient V(oc) decay measurements and density functional theroy calculations of the interacting dye/semiconductor surface were performed. A negative conduction band shift was observed due to the favorable dipolar field exerted by the JK2 sensitizer to the TiO(2) surface, at variance with heteroleptic Ru(II)-dyes for which an opposite dipole effect was found, providing an increased V(oc).
Active Compression-Decompression (1992)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To describe and compare with standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in humans a new form of CPR that involves both active compression and active decompression of the chest. <h3>Design.</h3> —Patients in cardiac arrest in whom standard advanced cardiac life support failed were randomized to receive 2 minutes of either standard or active compression-decompression (ACD) CPR using a custom, hand-held suction device, followed by 2 minutes of the alternate technique. The ACD device was applied midsternum and used to perform CPR according to the guidelines of the American Heart Association: 80 compressions per minute, compression depth of 3.8 to 5 cm, 50% duty cycle, and constant-volume ventilation. Mechanical Thumper CPR was also compared in five patients. End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETco2) concentrations and hemodynamic variables were measured. Transesophageal Doppler echocardiography was used to assess contractility, the velocity time integral (an analogue of cardiac output), and diastolic myocardial filling times. <h3>Results.</h3> —Ten patients were enrolled. The mean±SD ETco2 was 4.3±3.8 mm Hg with standard CPR and 9.0±3.9 mm Hg with ACD CPR (<i>P</i>&lt;.0001). Systolic arterial pressure with standard CPR was 52.5±14.0 mm Hg and with ACD CPR, 88.9±24.7 mm Hg (<i>P</i>&lt;.003). The velocity time integral increased from 7.3±2.6 cm with standard CPR to 17.5±5.6 cm with ACD CPR (<i>P</i>&lt;.0001), and diastolic filling times increased from 0.23±09 seconds with standard CPR to 0.37±12 seconds with ACD CPR (<i>P</i>&lt;.004). Mechanical Thumper CPR consistently underperformed both standard and ACD CPR. Minute ventilation obtained in four patients during ACD CPR without endotracheal ventilation was 6.6±0.9 L/min. After 1 hour of standard CPR failed, three of 10 patients randomized to ACD CPR rapidly converted to a hemodynamically stable rhythm following 2 minutes of ACD CPR. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —ACD CPR is a simple manual technique that improved cardiopulmonary circulation in 10 patients during cardiac arrest. Although ACD CPR may have produced a return of spontaneous circulation in three patients refractory to standard measures, its impact on survival when used early in cardiac arrest remains to be determined. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1992;267:2916-2923)
Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor Transcriptionally Controlled Adenoviruses Eradicate Pancreatic Tumors and Liver Metastasis in Mouse Models (2009)

Treatment options for pancreatic cancer have shown limited success mainly owing to poor selectivity for pancreatic tumor tissue and to a lack of activity in the tumor. In this study, we describe the ability of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) promoter to efficiently and selectively target pancreatic tumors and metastases, which enables the successful management of pancreatic cancer. We have generated a replication-defective reporter adenovirus, AduPARLuc, and a conditionally replicating adenovirus, AduPARE1A, and we have studied the selectivity and antitumoral efficacy in pancreatic tumors and metastases. Toxicity was studied on intravascular delivery. We demonstrate that the uPAR promoter is highly active in pancreatic tumors but very weak in normal tissues. Tumor specificity is evidenced by a 100-fold increase in the tumor-to-liver ratio and by selective targeting of liver metastases (P < .001). Importantly, the AduPARE1A maintains the oncolytic activity of the wild-type virus, with reduced toxicity, and exhibits significant antitumoral activity (25% tumor eradication) and prolonged survival in pancreatic xenograft models (P < .0001). Furthermore, upon intravascular delivery, we demonstrate complete eradication of liver metastasis in 33% of mice, improving median survival (P = 5.43 x 10(-5)). The antitumoral selective activity of AduPARE1A shows the potential of uPAR promoter-based therapies in pancreatic cancer treatment.
Cloning, Characterization, and Modeling of Mouse and Human Guanylate Kinases (1996)

Guanylate kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of either GMP to GDP or dGMP to dGDP and is an essential enzyme in nucleotide metabolism pathways. Despite its involvement in antiviral drug activation in humans and in mouse model systems and as a target for chemotherapy, the human and mouse primary structures have never been elucidated. Full-length cDNA clones encoding enzymatically active guanylate kinase were isolated from mouse B-cell lymphoma and human peripheral blood lymphocyte cDNA libraries. Multiple tissue Northern blots demonstrated an mRNA species of approximately 1 kilobase for both mice and humans in all tissue types examined. The mouse cDNA is predicted to encode a 198-amino acid protein with a molecular mass of 21,904 daltons. The human cDNA is predicted to encode a 197-amino acid protein with a molecular mass of 21,696 daltons. These proteins share 88% sequence identity with each other and 52-54% identity with the yeast guanylate kinase. Molecular modeling using the yeast diffraction coordinates indicates a high degree of conservation within the active site and maintenance of the overall structural integrity, despite a lack of similarity along the periphery of the enzyme.
Self‐assembly of peptide amphiphiles: From molecules to nanostructures to biomaterials (2010)

Peptide amphiphiles are a class of molecules that combine the structural features of amphiphilic surfactants with the functions of bioactive peptides and are known to assemble into a variety of nanostructures. A specific type of peptide amphiphiles are known to self-assemble into one-dimensional nanostructures under physiological conditions, predominantly nanofibers with a cylindrical geometry. The resultant nanostructures could be highly bioactive and are of great interest in many biomedical applications, including tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery. In this context, we highlight our strategies for using molecular self-assembly as a toolbox to produce peptide amphiphile nanostructures and materials and efforts to translate this technology into applications as therapeutics. We also review our recent progress in using these materials for treating spinal cord injury, inducing angiogenesis, and for hard tissue regeneration and replacement.
Miniaturized dual‐band loop‐type ground radiation antenna with enhanced bandwidth for mobile devices (2019)

Abstract In this article, a miniaturized wide‐band and dual‐band loop‐type ground radiation antenna for mobile devices is proposed. The antenna feed structure, which consists of two shunt capacitors and a shunt inductor, enhances the bandwidth in both bands by generating an additional parallel feeding resonance in each band. Compared to the reference dual‐band loop‐type ground radiation antenna with a single loop feed that only uses a capacitor in series, the bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 1.6 and 2.13 times wider in the low and high bands, respectively under a 3:1 voltage standing wave ratio. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna provides good radiation performance.
How the contrast gain control modifies the frequency responses of cat retinal ganglion cells. (1981)

1. A model is proposed for the effect of contrast on the first-order frequency responses of cat retinal ganglion cells. The model consists of several cascaded low pass filters ('leaky integrators') followed by a single stage of negative feed-back. 2. Values of time constants and gain of the components in this model were chosen to approximate (with least-squared deviation) experimentally measured first-order frequency responses. In the experiments used for the analysis, the visual stimulus was a sine grating modulated by a sum of sinusoids. 3. For both X cells and Y cells, the over-all gain and the time constants of the cascade of low pass filters were insensitive to contrast. 4. In all cells, the gain-bandwidth product of the negative feed-back loop was markedly increased with increasing contrast. 5. The effect of stimulation in the periphery of the receptive fields on the first-order frequency response to a centrally placed spot was identical to the effect of increasing contrast in the grating experiments. In all cases, the gain-bandwidth product of the negative feed-back loop was the only model parameter affected by peripheral stimulation. 6. A similar effect of non-linear summation was investigated for two bars located in the receptive field periphery. 7. This analysis of the contrast gain control mechanism is compared with other models of retinal function.
Protein disulfide isomerase is the dominant acceptor for peptides translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum (1997)

Peptides derived from cytosolic protein degradation are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). In the ER, class I molecules bind the peptides fitting to their respective motifs and present them on the cell surface to CD8+ T lymphocytes. However, most TAP-translocated peptides are not expected to bind to the class I molecules present in a particular cell. Recently, we have demonstrated that TAP-translocated peptides containing a photoreactive phenylalanine analogue can be cross-linked to two luminal ER-resident proteins: with low efficiency to the stress protein gp96 and with high efficiency to a 60-kDa protein (Lammert, E. et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 1997. 27: 923). Both proteins have also been labeled specifically by TAP-translocated peptides conjugated to a different photoreactive group (Marusina, K. et al., Biochemistry 1997. 36: 856). Here, we show that the 60-kDa peptide-binding protein is identical to the multifunctional protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Since PDI is the only luminal ER-resident protein that is labeled by the photoreactive peptides with high efficiency, it might represent the dominant acceptor for TAP-translocated peptides.
[Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of the analgesic flupirtine in humans]. (1985)

The pharmacokinetics of the analgesic flupirtine (ethyl-N-[2-amino-6-(4-fluorophenylmethylamino)pyridin-3-yl] carbamate, D 9998) were examined in healthy volunteers after a single intravenous, peroral and rectal dose. Plasma-and urine concentrations were analysed by a photometric procedure specific for flupirtine and its active metabolite D 13223. The bioavailability from the capsule amounted to 90%, from the suppository to 72.5%. Plasma half-life was 8.5-10.7 h. No significant accumulation of the plasma concentrations after multiple peroral administration was observed. After a peroral dose of 14C-flupirtine the radioactivity is predominantly excreted via the urine (72%). Two metabolites could be isolated from urine and their chemical structure determined. Together with the parent drug they explain 54% of the urinary radioactivity. The metabolite D 13223 that still has some analgesic activity is found in plasma, too. The portion of unchanged flupirtine amounts to 56-83% of the total plasma levels.
Mutant V599EB-Raf Regulates Growth and Vascular Development of Malignant Melanoma Tumors (2005)

Activating mutations of the B-RAF gene are observed in >60% of human melanomas. Approximately 90% of these mutations occur in the activation segment of the kinase domain as a single-base substitution that converts a valine to glutamic acid at codon 599 (V599E) in exon 15. This mutation causes activation of the kinase as well as downstream effectors of the mitogen-activated protein kinase-signaling cascade, leading to melanoma tumor development by an as yet unknown mechanism. In this study, we have identified the role of (V599E)B-Raf in melanoma tumor development by characterizing the mechanism by which this mutant protein promotes melanoma tumorigenesis. Small interfering RNA targeted against B-Raf or a Raf kinase inhibitor (BAY 43-9006) was used to reduce expression and/or activity of (V599E)B-Raf in melanoma tumors. This inhibition led to reduced activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase-signaling cascade and inhibited tumor development in animals. Targeted reduction of mutant (V599E)B-Raf expression (activity) in melanoma cells before tumor formation inhibited tumorigenesis by reducing the growth potential of melanoma cells. In contrast, reduction of mutant (V599E)B-Raf activity in preexisting tumors prevented further vascular development mediated through decreased vascular endothelial growth factor secretion, subsequently increasing apoptosis in tumors. These effects in combination with reduced proliferative capacity halted growth, but did not shrink the size of preexisting melanoma tumors. Thus, these studies identify the mechanistic underpinnings by which mutant (V599E)B-RAF promotes melanoma development and show the effectiveness of targeting this protein to inhibit melanoma tumor growth.
A 2.5 V CMOS delay-locked loop for 18 Mbit, 500 megabyte/s DRAM (1994)

This paper describes clock recovery circuits specifically designed for the hostile noise environment found aboard dynamic RAM chips. Instead of a phase-locked loop having a voltage-controlled oscillator, these circuits implement a delay-locked loop, thereby achieving low jitter and reduced sensitivity to noise on the substrate and the power supply rails. Differential signals are employed both in signal paths and in control paths, further decreasing noise sensitivity and simultaneously allowing operation from low voltage supplies. An unorthodox voltage controlled phase shifter, operating on the principle of quadrature mixing, yields a circuit with unlimited delay range (modulo 2/spl pi/ radians). Minor loops, enclosed within the overall loop feedback path, perform active duty cycle correction. Measured results show peak-to-peak jitter of 140 ps on the internal clock signal, and 250 ps on the external data pins, sufficiently small to allow 500 Megabyte/s transfer rates at the I/O interface.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Suppression of Rice Blast by Preinoculation with Avirulent Pyricularia oryzae and the Nonrice Pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana (1998)

ABSTRACT Avirulent isolates of Pyricularia oryzae and isolates of Bipolaris sorokiniana, a nonrice pathogen, were used to suppress rice blast caused by P. oryzae. In greenhouse experiments, both fungi substantially reduced leaf blast when applied 24 h or more before the pathogen. B. sorokiniana, but not avirulent isolates of P. oryzae, systemically reduced disease in leaf 5 when applied to whole plants at the four-leaf stage. In field experiments, both fungi were able to reduce neck blast significantly. No increase in grain yield was obtained by using avirulent isolates of P. oryzae, whereas five sprays with B. sorokiniana from seedling to heading stages increased the grain yield in two of three experiments conducted at two locations in Nepal. The significant increase in yield was observed under high inoculum pressure of P. oryzae. Induced resistance is suggested to be involved in the suppression of disease.
ADP Is the Cognate Ligand for the Orphan G Protein-coupled Receptor SP1999 (2001)

P2Y receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors activated primarily by ATP, UTP, and UDP. Five mammalian P2Y receptors have been cloned so far including P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, and P2Y11. P2Y1, P2Y2, and P2Y6 couple to the activation of phospholipase C, whereas P2Y4 and P2Y11 couple to the activation of both phospholipase C and the adenylyl cyclase pathways. Additional ADP receptors linked to Galpha(i) have been described but have not yet been cloned. SP1999 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor, which is highly expressed in brain, spinal cord, and blood platelets. In the present study, we demonstrate that SP1999 is a Galpha(i)-coupled receptor that is potently activated by ADP. In an effort to identify ligands for SP1999, fractionated rat spinal cord extracts were assayed for Ca(2+) mobilization activity against Chinese hamster ovary cells transiently transfected with SP1999 and chimeric Galpha subunits (Galpha(q/i)). A substance that selectively activated SP1999-transfected cells was identified and purified through a series of chromatographic steps. Mass spectral analysis of the purified material definitively identified it as ADP. ADP was subsequently shown to inhibit forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity through selective activation of SP1999 with an EC(50) of 60 nM. Other nucleotides were able to activate SP1999 with a rank order of potency 2-MeS-ATP = 2-MeS-ADP > ADP = adenosine 5'-O-2-(thio)diphosphate > 2-Cl-ATP > adenosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate). Thus, SP1999 is a novel, Galpha(i)-linked receptor for ADP.
Lactitol or lactulose in the treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy: Results of a meta-analysis (1992)

Lactitol (beta-galactosido-sorbitol) has been recently compared with lactulose for the treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy in a few studies, each comprising a small number of patients. The results are controversial. We studied the efficiency and tolerance of both compounds by using a meta-analysis on the basis of published controlled trials. Our study only included controlled or randomized trials comprising cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Analyzed parameters were the portosystemic encephalopathy index of Conn after treatment, the percentage of improved patients and the percentage of patients who had ill effects related to the treatment (flatulence, diarrhea). Bibliographical screening revealed five studies comparing the effects of lactitol and lactulose in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Four crossover studies were done that included 48 patients and one parallel study that included 29 patients. The duration of the treatment ranged from 3 to 6 mo. All studies found a similar efficiency with both drugs. However, they exhibited some discrepancies in the relative frequency of adverse reactions (flatulence). Meta-analysis showed no statistical differences in the portosystemic encephalopathy index after lactitol or lactulose treatment. The percentage of improved patients after lactitol or lactulose was similar. In contrast, the analysis revealed a higher frequency (p less than 0.01) of flatulence in patients treated with lactulose compared with those treated with lactitol. In conclusion, this meta-analysis shows no statistical difference between therapeutic effects of lactitol and lactulose, but it does show a higher frequency of flatulence with lactulose. This suggests that lactitol should be preferred to lactulose for the treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy.
Detection of hepatitis C virus genome in human serum by multi‐targeted polymerase chain reaction (1993)

A multi-targeted "hemi-nested" PCR (M-PCR) assay in which the primer pairs derived from the 5' non-coding (5'NC) and the nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) regions of HCV genome were concurrently used for amplification in order to compare the sensitivity and specificity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with different primer pairs in detecting hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome. Sera from patients with virus-associated liver diseases were examined for the presence of HCV RNA by the M-PCR method following reverse transcription to cDNA. The amplified products derived from both the 5'NC and the NS3 regions were detected in 28 (70%) of the 40 HCV RNA-positive samples. However, 12 samples (30%) were devoid of the signal of NS3-derived product. Sensitivity tests using serial dilutions of HCV RNA revealed that the 5'NC-derived band was still detectable in the 10(5)-fold diluted sample by the M-PCR method, yet the NS3-derived band could hardly be detected in the 10(4)-fold diluted sample. Thus, as previously demonstrated by a single-targeted "nested" PCR assay, the present study using the M-PCR assay has clearly shown that the 5'NC-derived primers are more sensitive and specific than the NS3-derived primers in detecting HCV RNA.