gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Steryl and Stanyl Esters of Fatty Acids by Solvent-Free Esterification and Transesterification in Vacuo Using Lipases from Rhizomucor miehei, Candida antarctica, and Carica papaya (2001)

Sitostanol has been converted in high to near-quantitative extent to the corresponding long-chain acyl esters via esterification with oleic acid or transesterification with methyl oleate or trioleoylglycerol using immobilized lipases from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme IM) and Candida antarctica (lipase B, Novozym 435) as biocatalysts in vacuo (20-40 mbar) at 80 degrees C, whereas the conversion was markedly lower at 60 and 40 degrees C. Corresponding conversions observed with papaya (Carica papaya) latex lipase were generally lower. High conversion rates observed in transesterification of sitostanol with methyl oleate at 80 degrees C using Lipozyme IM were retained even after 10 repeated uses of the biocatalyst. Saturated sterols such as sitostanol and 5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol were the preferred substrates as compared to Delta(5)-unsaturated cholesterol in transesterification reactions with methyl oleate using Lipozyme IM. Transesterification of cholesterol with dimethyl 1,8-octanedioate using Lipozyme IM in vacuo yielded methylcholesteryl 1,8-octanedioate (75%) and dicholesteryl 1,8-octanedioate (5%). However, transesterification of cholesterol with diethyl carbonate and that of oleyl alcohol with ethylcholesteryl carbonate, both catalyzed by Lipozyme IM, gave ethylcholesteryl carbonate and oleylcholesteryl carbonate, respectively, in low yield (20%). Moreover, cholesterol was transesterified with ethyl dihydrocinnamate using Lipozyme IM to give cholesteryl dihydrocinnamate in moderate yield (56%), whereas the corresponding reaction of lanosterol gave lanosteryl oleate in low yield (14%).
Reversible alopecia universalis secondary to PEG-interferon ??-2b and ribavirin combination therapy in a patient with chronic hepatitis C virus infection (2007)

Combined treatment with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin is currently recommended for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Many side effects including hair disorders have, however, been reported related to this treatment. Alopecia universalis is a severe form of hair disorder. Three cases of alopecia universalis during PEG-IFN and ribavirin combination therapy have been reported in the literature. Herein is reported a case of reversible alopecia universalis, with complete hair loss extending to the whole body, secondary to PEG-IFN alpha-2b and ribavirin combination therapy for chronic HCV infection. Hair regrowth began within 3 months of the completion of combined therapy. In case the liver disease is advanced, and virologic response occurs, treatment can still be completed, as it appears that these side effects are reversible.
A quantitative study of virtual machine live migration (2013)

Virtual machine (VM) live migration is a critical feature for managing virtualized environments, enabling dynamic load balancing, consolidation for power management, preparation for planned maintenance, and other management features. However, not all virtual machine live migration is created equal. Variants include memory migration, which relies on shared backend storage between the source and destination of the migration, and storage migration, which migrates storage state as well as memory state. We have developed an automated testing framework that measures important performance characteristics of live migration, including total migration time, the time a VM is unresponsive during migration, and the amount of data transferred over the network during migration. We apply this testing framework and present the results of studying live migration, both memory migration and storage migration, in various virtualization systems including KVM, XenServer, VMware, and Hyper-V. The results provide important data to guide the migration decisions of both system administrators and autonomic cloud management systems.
Resistance to Recombinant Interferon Alfa-2a in Hairy-Cell Leukemia Associated with Neutralizing Anti-Interferon Antibodies (1988)

To explain the hematologic deterioration occasionally observed during interferon therapy, we assayed serum specimens from 51 patients with hairy-cell leukemia receiving treatment with recombinant interferon alfa-2a for the presence of anti-interferon antibodies. After a median of seven months of therapy, anti-interferon antibodies were found in 31 patients. Fifteen of these patients had only non-neutralizing antibodies, but antibody from the other 16 neutralized the antiviral effects of recombinant interferon alfa-2a in vitro. In no case, however, did neutralizing antibody inhibit the antiviral effects of purified natural interferon alfa. Clinical resistance to interferon of various degrees was present in 6 of 16 patients with neutralizing antibodies; the remaining 10 patients and all 20 patients without antibody continue to respond after a minimum of two years of therapy. In all the patients with interferon resistance, antibody was present when it developed. These data suggest that the development of clinical resistance to interferon alfa-2a in hairy-cell leukemia is not necessarily related to an altered cellular response to interferon. Treatment with other interferons, such as purified natural interferon alfa, may be useful in patients with clinically important neutralizing antibodies against interferon alfa-2a. (N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1409–13.)
Development of the Korean Mid- and Upper-Level Aviation Turbulence Guidance (KTG) System Using the Regional Unified Model (2011)

Abstract Korean mid- and upper-level aviation turbulence guidance (KTG) system isdeveloped using the unified model (UM)-based regional data assimilation and prediction system(RDAPS) of the Korea Meteorological Administration. The KTG system includes three steps.First, the KTG system calculates a suite of diagnostics in the UM-RDAPS domain. Second,component diagnostics that have different units and numerical magnitudes are normalized intothe values between 0 and 1, according to their own thresholds in the KTG system. Finally,normalized diagnostics are combined into one KTG predictor by measuring the weighting scoresbased on the probability of detection, which is calculated using the observed pilot reports(PIREPs) exclusively of moderate-or-greater (MOG) and null (NIL) intensities. To investigatethe optimal performance of the KTG system, two types (RD-KTG and UM-KTG) of the KTGsystems are developed and evaluated using the PIREPs over Korea and East Asia. Componentdiagnostics and their thresholds in the RD-KTG are founded on the 8-yrs (2002.12-2010.11)MM5-based RDAPS (previous version of the RDAPS; ∆x = 30 km) and PIREPs data, whilethose in the UM-KTG are based on the 6 months (2010.12-2011.5) UM-based RDAPS (∆x =12km)and PIREPs data. In comparison between the RD-KTG and UM-KTG, overall performance ofthe UM-KTG (0.815) is better than that of the RD-KTG (0.79) during the recent 6 months,because forecasting skill for the upper-level wind is higher in the UM-RDAPS than in the MM5-RDAPS. It is also found that the UM-KTG is more efficient than the RD-KTG according to thestatistical evaluations and sensitivity tests to the number of component diagnostics. Keywords: mid- and upper-level turbulence, PIREPs, KTG system, forecasting skill
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor proteoglycan (1989)

The type III transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) receptor is a cell surface chondroitin/heparan sulfate proteoglycan that binds various forms of TGF-beta with high affinity and specificity. Here, we have used a genetic approach to determine the requirement for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains for normal TGF-beta receptor expression and the role that the receptor proteoglycan core and GAG chains play in TGF-beta binding. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells defective in GAG synthesis express on their surface 110-130-kDa type III receptor proteoglycan cores that can bind normal levels of TGF-beta compared to wild type CHO cells. The affinity of the receptor core for TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 in CHO cell mutants is similar to that of the TGF-beta receptor proteoglycan forms present in wild type CHO cells or in CHO cell mutants that have been allowed to bypass their metabolic defect and express the wild type proteoglycan phenotype. The binding properties of TGF-beta receptor types I and II in CHO cells and the growth-inhibitory response of CHO cell mutants to TGF-beta are not impaired by the absence of GAG chains in the type III receptor. These results show that the GAG chains are dispensable for type III receptor expression on the cell surface, binding of TGF-beta to the receptor core, and growth inhibitory response of the cells to TGF-beta. The evidence also suggests that the type III receptor may act as a multifunctional proteoglycan able to bind TGF-beta via the receptor core while performing another as yet unidentified function(s) via the GAG chains.
A new parametrization of exchange–correlation generalized gradient approximation functionals (2001)

A new “HCTH” generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functional is presented. Its 15 parameters have been refined against data from a training set containing 407 atomic and molecular systems. We believe that the much enhanced training set means that the new functional HCTH/407 has a much greater universality than previous GGA functionals. Statistical data is presented for the 407 set for the new functional, as well as other functionals.
Effective erasure codes for reliable computer communication protocols (1997)

Reliable communication protocols require that all the intended recipients of a message receive the message intact. Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) techniques are used in unicast protocols, but they do not scale well to multicast protocols with large groups of receivers, since segment losses tend to become uncorrelated thus greatly reducing the effectiveness of retransmissions. In such cases, Forward Error Correction (FEC) techniques can be used, consisting in the transmission of redundant packets (based on error correcting codes) to allow the receivers to recover from independent packet losses.Despite the widespread use of error correcting codes in many fields of information processing, and a general consensus on the usefulness of FEC techniques within some of the Internet protocols, very few actual implementations exist of the latter. This probably derives from the different types of applications, and from concerns related to the complexity of implementing such codes in software. To fill this gap, in this paper we provide a very basic description of erasure codes, describe an implementation of a simple but very flexible erasure code to be used in network protocols, and discuss its performance and possible applications. Our code is based on Vandermonde matrices computed over GF ( p r ), can be implemented very efficiently on common microprocessors, and is suited to a number of different applications, which are briefly discussed in the paper. An implementation of the erasure code shown in this paper is available from the author, and is able to encode/decode data at speeds up to several MB/s running on a Pentium 133.
An Imperceptible Plastic Electronic Wrap (2014)

Extremely compliant sub-2-μm sensor films enable temperature mapping on complex 3D objects, like integrated circuits on printed circuit boards, food packages, and on human skin. In their stretchable form, these metal films withstand strains up to 275%. This imperceptible electronic foil technology platform offers new avenues for the design of complex, hybrid rigid-island stretchable-interconnect electronic devices such as RGB light-emitting diode (LED) strips that can be stretched and twisted without impairing their function.
The incidence of central nervous system leukemia in adults with acute leukemia (1974)

To determine the incidence of central nervous system leukemia (CNSL) in adults with acute leukemia (AL) we studied 299 patients admitted from 1966 to 1971, and reviewed 170 autopsies from that group. CNSL was diagnosed clinically in 38 of 299 (13%) patients, with a higher incidence in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL) and a lower incidence in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and acute blastic crisis of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML-ABC). Autopsy evidence of CNSL was found in 43 of 170 (25%) evaluable autopsies with a higher incidence in ALL, AUL, and CML-ABC, and a lower incidence in AML. The incidence of CNSL is related to morphological type, age, sex, survival, and responsiveness to chemotherapy. Arachnoidal infiltration was associated with a higher incidence of other pathologic manifestations of CNSL and extramedullary leukemic infiltrations. CNSL is common enough in adult AL to warrant aggressive diagnostic, therapeutic, and prophylactic measures.
Hepatic inflammation and fibrosis: Functional links and key pathways (2014)

Inflammation is one of the most characteristic features of chronic liver disease of viral, alcoholic, fatty, and autoimmune origin. Inflammation is typically present in all disease stages and associated with the development of fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In the past decade, numerous studies have contributed to improved understanding of the links between hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Here, we review mechanisms that link inflammation with the development of liver fibrosis, focusing on the role of inflammatory mediators in hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and HSC survival during fibrogenesis and fibrosis regression. We will summarize the contributions of different inflammatory cells, including hepatic macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells and platelets, as well as key effectors, such as cytokines, chemokines, and damage-associated molecular patterns. Furthermore, we will discuss the relevance of inflammatory signaling pathways for clinical liver disease and for the development of antifibrogenic strategies.
A review of the adjoint-state method for computing the gradient of a functional with geophysical applications (2006)

Estimating the model parameters from measured data generally consists of minimizing an error functional. A classic technique to solve a minimization problem is to successively determine the minimum of a series of linearized problems. This formulation requires the Frchet derivatives (the Jacobian matrix), which can be expensive to compute. If the minimization is viewed as a non-linear optimization problem, only the gradient of the error functional is needed. This gradient can be computed without the Frchet derivatives. In the 1970s, the adjoint-state method was developed to efficiently compute the gradient. It is now a well-known method in the numerical community for computing the gradient of a functional with respect to the model parameters when this functional depends on those model parameters through state variables, which are solutions of the forward problem. However, this method is less well understood in the geophysical community. The goal of this paper is to review the adjoint-state method. The idea is to define some adjoint-state variables that are solutions of a linear system. The adjointstate variables are independent of the model parameter perturbations and in a way gather the perturbations with respect to the state variables. The adjoint-state method is efficient because only one extra linear system needs to be solved.
STEAP1 Is Associated with the Invasive and Oxidative Stress Phenotype of Ewing Tumors (2011)

Ewing tumors comprise the second most common type of bone-associated cancer in children and are characterized by oncogenic EWS/FLI1 fusion proteins and early metastasis. Compelling evidence suggests that elevated levels of intracellular oxidative stress contribute to enhanced aggressiveness of numerous cancers, possibly including Ewing tumors. Using comprehensive microarray analyses and RNA interference, we identified the six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1)-a membrane-bound mesenchymal stem cell marker of unknown function-as a highly expressed protein in Ewing tumors compared with benign tissues and show its regulation by EWS/FLI1. In addition, we show that STEAP1 knockdown reduces Ewing tumor proliferation, anchorage-independent colony formation as well as invasion in vitro and decreases growth and metastasis of Ewing tumor xenografts in vivo. Moreover, transcriptome and proteome analyses as well as functional studies revealed that STEAP1 expression correlates with oxidative stress responses and elevated levels of reactive oxygen species that in turn are able to regulate redox-sensitive and proinvasive genes. In synopsis, our data suggest that STEAP1 is associated with the invasive behavior and oxidative stress phenotype of Ewing tumors and point to a hitherto unanticipated oncogenic function of STEAP1.
Mutant DNA in Plasma of Lung Cancer Patients: Potential for Monitoring Response to Therapy (2004)

The hypothesis tested was that mutant tumor DNA shed into plasma would show predictive value for monitoring response to therapy in non-small cell lung carcinoma patients. Pretreatment plasma specimens from 25 patients on a phase I trial were evaluated, 12 with paired posttreatment specimens, and 138 patients on the Southwest Oncology Group S0003 trial, 38 with paired posttreatment specimens, for the presence of K-RAS mutations. Thirteen tumor specimens from the phase I trial patients and seven tumor specimens from S0003 patients were also available for comparative analysis of K-RAS mutations in tumor tissue and plasma. All patients were treated similarly with paclitaxel, and carboplatin chemotherapy. DNA was extracted and mutational analyses performed using an RFLP-PCR assay. K-RAS mutations were found in plasma DNA in 5/25 of the phase I patients (20%). Median survival was 10 months in all patients, 11.4 months in the wild-type K-RAS group, and 3.3 months in the mutant K-RAS group (P = 0.056). Point mutations in plasma DNA were identical to mutations found in the tumors, confirming the tumor as the source. In two patients with K-RAS mutations pretreatment, posttreatment plasmas were evaluated: a patient with clinical progressive disease retained the mutant DNA, while in a patient with a complete response (CR), the K-RAS mutation was no longer detectable. In an ongoing analysis of S0003 patients, to date, K-RAS mutations have been found in the plasma of 14 patients (10.1%). In 42 matched pre- and posttreatment specimens from both phase I and S0003 trials, four patients had K-RAS mutations pretreatment that were not detectable posttreatment. Of these, two had a clinical CR or partial response, and the other two had stable disease. It was concluded that detection of tumor DNA in plasma is feasible using molecular techniques and that this approach shows promise for monitoring patient response to therapy.
Immuno enzyme techniques in cytochemistry (1984)

Summary The introduction of light and especially electron optic systems for morphological studies of cellular and subcellular structures has enabled significant advances to be made in the knowledge of cell biology and normal and diseased organs.However, spatial and temporal aspects of cellular processes and the functional or evolutionary significance of the increasing complexity of higher organisms cannot be elucidated simply by comparing fine structures. In this context, classical histochemistry and new specific cytological procedures under development allow relationships between biological structure and function to be more readily discerned. In order to understand the molecular composition of organs at the cellular level, the combination of immunological and histological concepts is a promising line of research which already proved extremely useful for histopathology and cell biology. Antibodies possess a high degree of specificity towards antigenic determinants. Because of the narrow range of specificity of an antibody molecule to bind with its antigenic determinant, immunochemical methods are part of the most sensitive techniques in molecular biology and biomedicine. With respect to the definition of antigenic molecules (substances which initiate the formation of and react with antibodies are called antigens), immunoserological analyses of organs of normal state and in disease are of great importance. To this aim, qualitative and quantitative approaches have been described since the very early years of this century e.g. by Ehrlich, Landsteiner, Witebsky, Heidelberger, Marrack, Kabat, Oudin, Grabar and schools derived from these pioneers in immunochemistry. In our day, further developments of highly sensitive techniques like those based on radio- or enzyme-immuno-assays are still in progress. The principle of an immunoserological analysis of organs relies on the use of immune sera produced by heteroimmunization of animals, on the use of antibodies produced by hybridomas or other biotechnical procedures or on the occurrence of autoantibodies in connection with certain diseases. A number of phenomena which resemble antibody reaction are shared by lectins. These occur in a variety of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates and are used for the study of carbohydrate moieties. The immunofluorescent approach introduced by Coons and co-workers (1941, 1950) opened specific investigations on cellular structure and function at the light microscopic level. In the meantime, immunofluorescent methods have progressed from pure scientific research towards routine in histopathology. It is evident that analogous techniques will also be useful and important for ultrastructural studies.
Abstract 4477: Characterization of AZD5363, an orally bioavailable, potent ATP-competitive inhibitor of AKT kinases with pharmacodynamic and antitumor activity in preclinical models (2011)

Abstract AKT is a key node in the most frequently de-regulated signaling pathway in human cancer, and has been shown to mediate resistance to a range of cytotoxic, anti-hormonal and targeted therapies. AZD5363 inhibits all AKT isoforms with a potency of &amp;lt;10 nM, and inhibits phosphorylation of the AKT substrate PRAS40 in BT474c cells with a potency of 0.31 μM. AZD5363 monotherapy inhibits the proliferation of 22/150 solid and hematological tumour cell lines with a potency of &amp;lt; 1μM. Cell lines derived from breast cancers show the highest frequency of response. Pharmacodynamics have been studied in BT474c xenografts growing in nude mice following oral dosing. A dose of 300 mg/kg AZD5363 significantly inhibits pPRAS40, pGSK3β and pS6 for at least 24 h; pPRAS40 was inhibited by 70-90% for 24 h following a 300 mg/kg dose. These biomarkers were also significantly inhibited for at least 8 h following a 100 mg/kg dose. A good correlation was observed between plasma exposure of AZD5363 and inhibition of PRAS40 phosphorylation (EC50 ∼ 0.1 μM). Chronic dosing of AZD5363 causes dose-dependent inhibition of BT474c xenografts; schedules of 300 mg/kg qd and 150 mg/kg bd resulted in &amp;gt;90% inhibition of BT474c xenograft growth. Chronic monotherapy dosing resulted in profound growth inhibition or regression of multiple other xenografts derived from a range of solid tumour types. AZD5363 also greatly enhanced the anti-tumor activity of cytotoxic and novel targeted therapies in xenograft models. It is concluded that AZD5363 is a potent inhibitor of AKT with pharmacodynamic and anti-tumor activity in vivo, and has potential to treat a range of solid and hematological malignancies. AZD5363 is currently in phase 1 clinical trials. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4477. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4477