gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Registration of ‘Ambassador’ Wheat (2010)

‘Ambassador’ (Reg. No. CV‐1048, PI 656845) soft white winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) was developed by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station and released in 2007 via an exclusive licensing agreement through Michigan State University (MSU) Technologies. Ambassador was selected from the cross Pioneer ‘2737W’/D1148 made in 1994 at MSU. The objective of the cross was to create a high‐yielding soft white winter wheat variety adapted to Michigan and the surrounding region with good agronomic performance and acceptable quality. Soft white winter wheat is used in many wheat‐related industries and is a large portion of the wheat market in Michigan. Ambassador is an F 7 derived line, with the original experimental number E0028. In addition to the standard yield‐test criteria, milling and baking performances were also considered for selection. Ambassador was released because of its excellent grain yield, flour yield, and good winterhardiness. Its primary weaknesses include low test weight and high susceptibility to Fusarium head blight (caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe) and associated deoxynivalenol accumulation. Ambassador is well adapted to Michigan and Ontario, Canada and has also produced high yields throughout the region. The name was chosen because Ambassador's performance excels in both the United States (Michigan) and Canada (Ontario), bringing together white‐wheat growers on both sides of the border.
Epidemic Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever at the Texas–Mexico Border: Results of a Household-based Seroepidemiologic Survey, December 2005 (2008)

A dengue-2 epidemic causing dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) occurred in the contiguous border cities of Matamoros, Tamaulipas (Mexico), and Brownsville, TX, in 2005. In December, we conducted a household-based epidemiologic survey to determine the incidence and seroprevalence of dengue infection among Matamoros and Brownsville residents and to identify risk factors associated with infection. Antibodies to dengue were measured in 273 individuals. The estimated incidence of recent dengue infection was 32% and 4% among Matamoros and Brownsville participants, respectively. The estimated prevalence of past dengue infection was 77% and 39% among Matamoros and Brownsville participants, respectively. The Breteau index was 28 in Matamoros and 16 in Brownsville, reflecting an abundant winter population of Aedes mosquitoes. Discarded waste tires and buckets were the two largest categories of infested containers found in both cities. Our results underscore the risk for epidemic dengue and DHF in the Texas-Mexico border region.
Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate synthesis by 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase/Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphatase 4 (PFKFB4) is required for the glycolytic response to hypoxia and tumor growth (2014)

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6BP) is a shunt product of glycolysis that allosterically activates 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-1) resulting in increased glucose uptake and glycolytic flux to lactate. The F2,6BP concentration is dictated by four bifunctional 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatases (PFKFB1-4) with distinct kinase:phosphatase activities. PFKFB4 is over-expressed in human cancers, induced by hypoxia and required for survival and growth of several cancer cell lines. Although PFKFB4 appears to be a rational target for anti-neoplastic drug development, it is not clear whether its kinase or phosphatase activity is required for cancer cell survival. In this study, we demonstrate that recombinant human PFKFB4 kinase activity is 4.3-fold greater than its phosphatase activity, siRNA and genomic deletion of PFKFB4 decrease F2,6BP, PFKFB4 over-expression increases F2,6BP and selective PFKFB4 inhibition in vivo markedly reduces F2,6BP, glucose uptake and ATP. Last, we find that PFKFB4 is required for cancer cell survival during the metabolic response to hypoxia, presumably to enable glycolytic production of ATP when the electron transport chain is not fully operational. Taken together, our data indicate that the PFKFB4 expressed in multiple transformed cells and tumors functions to synthesize F2,6BP. We predict that pharmacological disruption of the PFKFB4 kinase domain may have clinical utility for the treatment of human cancers.
Transmission of the hepatitis-C virus by tissue transplantation. (1995)

The hepatitis-C virus has been the most prevalent cause of chronic hepatitis in both blood and organ recipients. The introduction of a second-generation immunoassay for antibodies to the hepatitis-C virus (HCV 2.0) provided the opportunity to determine if the hepatitis-C virus can be transmitted through tissue transplantation. Banked sera from tissue donors that had previously been found to be non-reactive to the first-generation hepatitis-C virus antibody assay (HCV 1.0) and non-reactive for antibodies to hepatitis-B core antigen were retested with HCV 2.0. The sera from two donors were reactive; the transplant records of recipients of tissues from these donors were reviewed, and the surgeons or hospitals were contacted. The tissue recipients were tested with HCV 2.0, and positive sera were tested for hepatitis-C virus RNA by polymerase chain reaction. Viral nucleic acids isolated from viremic donors and recipients were analyzed for identity by sequencing of the hepatitis-C virus envelope gene (E2) hypervariable region. There were twenty-one grafts, which had been treated with gamma radiation, from one donor; thirteen had been transplanted to twelve recipients. Serum samples from six of the recipients were tested; one was reactive. This patient had other risk factors for infection with the hepatitis-C virus, and sequence analysis demonstrated non-identity between the donor and recipient hepatitis-C virus isolates. Nine of twelve grafts from a second donor had been transplanted in nine recipients. Serum samples from five patients were tested with HCV 2.0; four were reactive. In three of the four patients, the sera were determined to be positive for the hepatitis-C virus by polymerase chain reaction. E2 sequence analyses of hepatitis-C virus RNA isolates from two of these recipients demonstrated sequence identity with the donor isolate. The results of the present report demonstrate that the hepatitis-C virus can be transmitted by bone, ligament, and tendon allografts. They also support the need for testing of all tissue donors for antibodies to the hepatitis-C virus before the tissue is released for transplantation. The results also suggest that seventeen kilo-gray of gamma radiation may inactivate the hepatitis-C virus in tissue.
Kinetics of technetium-labeled heparin in hemodialyzed patients. (1993)

Technetium-labeled heparin kinetics studies were undertaken in 12 hemodialyzed patients, where heparin was used over a long term (1 to 10 years) for anticoagulation of the extracorporeal circuit. The 99mTc-heparin (99mTc VECTOSCINT, Solabco Nuclear, Coutras, France) used has a 10 mCi activity and a labeling efficiency of more than 95%. Two healthy subjects served as control. After an i.v. bolus of 2 ml 99mTc-heparin, corresponding to 170 +/- 10 IU, radioactivity of kidney, liver, knee and shoulder was recorded with a gamma camera at t1-h, t3-h and t6-h during 120, 152 and 215 s, respectively. Radioactivity recorded was computerized, giving quantitative data for comparison. In hemodialyzed patients, accumulation of radioactivity (mean +/- SEM 10(6) x activity count) was significantly higher at the knee (11.3 +/- 1.1 vs. 4.9 +/- 0.4; p < 0.05; 13.4 +/- 1.1 vs. 5.7 +/- 0.7; < 0.02; and 14.7 +/- 0.8 vs. 5.3 +/- 0.6; < 0.001), and on the shoulder (17.3 +/- 1.1 vs. 10.7 +/- 1.4; p < 0.05; 19.9 +/- 1.0 vs. 10.9 +/- 1.7; < 0.01; 20.8 +/- 1.1 vs. 10.1 +/- 0.9; < 0.01) at t1-h, t3-h and t6-h, respectively, than in control subjects at the same areas. Although direct evidence is not in hand, accumulation of heparin in bone tissue due to renal excretion failure could play a role in mineral metabolism resulting in osteopenia in hemodialyzed patients.
“Flush‐Free Niacin”: Dietary Supplement May Be “Benefit‐Free” (2006)

This report describes a patient with coronary artery disease who was instructed to take extended-release niacin to treat low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and instead purchased "flush-free niacin" available at the pharmacy. There was no significant change in his lipids. Once the patient switched to extended-release niacin, the anticipated beneficial effects were seen. The article reviews the composition of flush-free niacin, its purported and real lipid effects, and warns against the effects of misleading marketing.
Cardiac-Resynchronization Therapy with or without an Implantable Defibrillator in Advanced Chronic Heart Failure (2004)

In patients with advanced heart failure and a prolonged QRS interval, cardiac-resynchronization therapy decreases the combined risk of death from any cause or first hospitalization and, when combined with an implantable defibrillator, significantly reduces mortality.
Treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with antisense oligonucleotides to glutamine synthetase mRNA inhibits glutamine synthetase activity, formation of the poly- l -glutamate/glutamine cell wall structure, and bacterial replication (2000)

New antibiotics to combat the emerging pandemic of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are urgently needed. We have investigated the effects on M. tuberculosis of phosphorothioate-modified antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides (PS-ODNs) against the mRNA of glutamine synthetase, an enzyme whose export is associated with pathogenicity and with the formation of a poly-L-glutamate/glutamine cell wall structure. Treatment of virulent M. tuberculosis with 10 microM antisense PS-ODNs reduced glutamine synthetase activity and expression by 25-50% depending on whether one, two, or three different PS-ODNs were used and the PS-ODNs' specific target sites on the mRNA. Treatment with PS-ODNs of a recombinant strain of Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing M. tuberculosis glutamine synthetase selectively inhibited the recombinant enzyme but not the endogenous enzyme for which the mRNA transcript was mismatched by 2-4 nt. Treatment of M. tuberculosis with the antisense PS-ODNs also reduced the amount of poly-L-glutamate/glutamine in the cell wall by 24%. Finally, treatment with antisense PS-ODNs reduced M. tuberculosis growth by 0. 7 logs (1 PS-ODN) to 1.25 logs (3 PS-ODNs) but had no effect on the growth of M. smegmatis, which does not export glutamine synthetase nor possess the poly-L-glutamate/glutamine (P-L-glx) cell wall structure. The experiments indicate that the antisense PS-ODNs enter the cytoplasm of M. tuberculosis and bind to their cognate targets. Although more potent ODN technology is needed, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using antisense ODNs in the antibiotic armamentarium against M. tuberculosis.
American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists Guideline Recommendations for Immunohistochemical Testing of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Breast Cancer (Unabridged Version) (2010)

Abstract Purpose. —To develop a guideline to improve the accuracy of immunohistochemical (IHC) estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) testing in breast cancer and the utility of these receptors as predictive markers. Methods. —The American Society of Clinical Oncology and the College of American Pathologists convened an international Expert Panel that conducted a systematic review and evaluation of the literature in partnership with Cancer Care Ontario and developed recommendations for optimal IHC ER/PgR testing performance. Results. —Up to 20% of current IHC determinations of ER and PgR testing worldwide may be inaccurate (false negative or false positive). Most of the issues with testing have occurred because of variation in pre-analytic variables, thresholds for positivity, and interpretation criteria. Recommendations. —The Panel recommends that ER and PgR status be determined on all invasive breast cancers and breast cancer recurrences. A testing algorithm that relies on accurate, reproducible assay performance is proposed. Elements to reliably reduce assay variation are specified. It is recommended that ER and PgR assays be considered positive if there are at least 1% positive tumor nuclei in the sample on testing in the presence of expected reactivity of internal (normal epithelial elements) and external controls. The absence of benefit from endocrine therapy for women with ER-negative invasive breast cancers has been confirmed in large overviews of randomized clinical trials.
Tension receptors with vagal afferent fibres in the proximal duodenum and pyloric sphincter of sheep. (1984)

Single-unit afferent activity was recorded from the hepatic-duodenal branch of the vagus nerve of chloralose-anaesthetized sheep during acute electrophysiological experiments. The impulse activity of sixty-seven slowly adapting mechanoreceptors situated in the muscularis externa of the proximal duodenum and pyloric sphincter was synchronous with alterations in electromyographic and tension records. Afferent units were excited during passive distension, compression and drug-induced increases in muscle tension, thus satisfying the criteria for 'in series' tension receptors (Iggo, 1955). From the responses to compression some evidence was found for the existence of separate populations of tension receptors with different mechanical thresholds. Two fibre populations were found: non-myelinated (0.70 +/- 0.26 S.D. ms-1) and myelinated (7.6 +/- 1.6 S.D. m s-1). Mucosal application of solutions of hydrochloric acid, volatile fatty acids, alkali and amino acids, and mucosal probing modified the activity of most units. These changes were reduced by anaesthesia of the mucosa. It is concluded that tension receptors in the sheep duodenum occupy a position 'in series' with longitudinal muscle, and that their activity can be modified by the particulate and chemical composition of chyme by a mechanism involving local nerve plexuses. The activity of tension receptors is compared with that of two other mechanoreceptor classes located serosally (five units) and in the lesser omentum (eleven units). Receptors in neither of these two classes were directly excited by active contraction of the duodenum.
A dual‐AAV approach restores fast exocytosis and partially rescues auditory function in deaf otoferlin knock‐out mice (2018)

Normal hearing and synaptic transmission at afferent auditory inner hair cell (IHC) synapses require otoferlin. Deafness DFNB9, caused by mutations in the <i>OTOF</i> gene encoding otoferlin, might be treated by transferring wild-type otoferlin cDNA into IHCs, which is difficult due to the large size of this transgene. In this study, we generated two adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), each containing half of the otoferlin cDNA Co-injecting these dual-AAV2/6 half-vectors into the cochleae of 6- to 7-day-old otoferlin knock-out (<i>Otof</i><sup>-/-</sup>) mice led to the expression of full-length otoferlin in up to 50% of IHCs. In the cochlea, otoferlin was selectively expressed in auditory hair cells. Dual-AAV transduction of <i>Otof</i><sup>-/-</sup> IHCs fully restored fast exocytosis, while otoferlin-dependent vesicle replenishment reached 35-50% of wild-type levels. The loss of 40% of synaptic ribbons in these IHCs could not be prevented, indicating a role of otoferlin in early synapse maturation. Acoustic clicks evoked auditory brainstem responses with thresholds of 40-60 dB. Therefore, we propose that gene delivery mediated by dual-AAV vectors might be suitable to treat deafness forms caused by mutations in large genes such as <i>OTOF</i>.
Recognition of minor histocompatibility antigens on lymphocytic and myeloid leukemic cells by cytotoxic T-cell clones (1994)

Clinical studies indicated an enhanced antileukemic effect of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), as compared with autologous BMT. After allogeneic HLA-identical BMT, donor-derived cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) directed at minor histocompatibility (mH) antigens on the recipients, tissues can be shown. To evaluate the antileukemic reactivity of mH antigen-specific CTLs, we analyzed the expression of mH antigens on circulating lymphocytic and myeloid leukemic cells. We show that the defined mH specificities HA-1 through HA-5 and H-Y are present on leukemic cells, indicating that mH antigen- specific CTLs are capable of HLA class I-restricted antigen-specific lysis of leukemic cells. Compared with interleukin-2-stimulated normal lymphocytes, leukemic cells of lymphocytic origin are less susceptible to T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity by the HA-2 mH antigen-specific CTL and the anti-HLA-A2 CTL clone. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is impaired expression of the LFA-1 adhesion molecule. Our study suggests that mH antigen-specific HLA class I-restricted CD8+ CTLs may be involved in the graft-versus-leukemia reactivity after allogeneic BMT.
Expression of the amyloid precursor protein gene in mouse oocytes and embryos. (1991)

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is thought to be processed aberrantly to yield the major constituent of the amyloid plaques observed in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome. However, the gene encoding APP is expressed widely in normal human tissues and in adult and fetal mouse tissues and is alternatively spliced in a tissue-specific pattern in the adult. There is evidence that APP may function as a growth factor and as a mediator of cell adhesion and in these roles could be important in morphogenesis. As a step toward determining the role of APP in development and in determining how the adult pattern of tissue-specific splicing is established, we have used reverse transcription and the polymerase chain reaction to demonstrate APP expression in mouse oocytes, preimplantation embryos, and postimplantation embryonic stages to the late embryonic period. All three splicing forms described in mouse were present at each stage, although there were changes in the ratios of the splicing forms at different stages. Screens for APP clones in embryonic cDNA libraries from the egg cylinder stage and the early somite stage were used to confirm the results of the polymerase chain reaction, and APP clone abundance was found to increase 10-fold between the two stages.
Schizoaffective disorder merges schizophrenia and bipolar disorders as one disease ??? there is no schizoaffective disorder (2007)

Purpose of review Schizoaffective disorder was named as a compromise diagnosis in 1933, and remains popular as judged by its place in the International Classification of Diseases and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, its frequent use in clinical practice, and its extensive discussion in the literature. Some, however, have questioned the validity of schizoaffective disorder as separate from psychotic mood disorder. We examined the literature to assess the rationale for the continuation of schizoaffective disorder as a legitimate diagnostic category. Recent findings The diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder depends on the disease specificity of the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia; however, the psychotic symptoms for schizophrenia, traditionally held as specific, can be accounted for by psychotic bipolar. Further, the interrater reliability for diagnosing schizoaffective disorder is very low. A recent and expanding body of comparative evidence from a wide range of clinical and basic science studies, especially genetic, reveals multiple similarities between schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar. Summary Schizoaffective disorder unifies schizophrenia and bipolar, blurring the zones of rarity between them and suggesting that schizoaffective disorder is not a separate, ‘bona-fide’ disease. Patients diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder likely suffer from a psychotic mood disorder. The diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder, which can result in substandard treatment, should be eliminated from the diagnostic nomenclature.
Magnetically Controllable Gastrointestinal Steering of Video Capsules (2010)

Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) allows for comfortable video explorations of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with special indication for the small bowel. In the other segments of the GI tract also accessible to probe gastroscopy and colonscopy, WCE still exhibits poorer diagnostic efficacy. Its main drawback is the impossibility of controlling the capsule movement, which is randomly driven by peristalsis and gravity. To solve this problem, magnetic maneuvering has recently become a thrust research area. Here, we report the first demonstration of accurate robotic steering and noninvasive 3-D localization of a magnetically enabled sample of the most common video capsule (PillCam, Given Imaging Ltd, Israel) within each of the main regions of the GI tract (esophagus, stomach, small bowel, and colon) in vivo, in a domestic pig model. Moreover, we demonstrate how this is readily achievable with a robotic magnetic navigation system (Niobe, Stereotaxis, Inc, USA) already used for cardiovascular clinical procedures. The capsule was freely and safely moved with omnidirectional steering accuracy of 1°, and was tracked in real time through fluoroscopic imaging, which also allowed for 3-D localization with an error of 1 mm. The accuracy of steering and localization enabled by the Stereotaxis system and its clinical accessibility world wide may allow for immediate and broad usage in this new application. This anticipates magnetically steerable WCE as a near-term reality. The instrumentation should be used with the next generations of video capsules, intrinsically magnetic and capable of real-time optical-image visualization, which are expected to reach the market soon.
Characterization of the mupA Gene in Strains of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a Low Level of Resistance to Mupirocin (2001)

Characterization of the mupA Gene in Strains of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus with a Low Level of Resistance to MupirocinClinical isolates of mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were first reported in 1987 (4), and low-level resistance was reported to be conferred by the chromosomal location of the mupA gene (5) in some but not all strains (6).On the other hand, low-level resistance in S. aureus emerged as the result of independent, spontaneous mutational events by exposure to increasing concentrations of mupirocin.In the present study, we examined the mupA gene for molecular heterogeneity in S. aureus strains with low-level resistance to mupirocin (L-Mup) which were isolated from London, United Kingdom, and different geographic regions within the Tohoku area in Japan.A total of 25 L-Mup strains were obtained from individual patients at King's College Hospital, London.Three hundred methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were collected from 14 hospitals in different geographic regions of the Tohoku area in Japan, and two of the 300 MRSA strains (J7022 and J7023) were L-Mup.All strains were collected from different patients and tested for low-level resistance by the disk diffusion assay using 5-and 200-g-mupirocin disks (1).Genomic DNAs were extracted from all strains by boiling as previously described (3).The mupA gene was amplified using two oligonucleotide primer pairs.Mup1 and Mup2 were as previously described (5).The primers used were Mup3 (5Ј-TTCGGATAGTGCTCCATG-3Ј) and Mup4 (5Ј-CCCC AGTTACACCGATAT-3Ј), which amplified a 1.