gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radical chemistry associated with the thiocarbonyl group (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRadical chemistry associated with the thiocarbonyl groupDavid Crich and Leticia QuinteroCite this: Chem. Rev. 1989, 89, 7, 1413–1432Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00097a001https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00097a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5495Altmetric-Citations430LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Multi-level dispersion supported transmission at 20 Gbit/s over 46 km installed standard singlemode fibre (1996)

The new method of four-level dispersion supported transmission is investigated at 20 Gbit/s in numerical simulations and experiments. The feasibility of transmission over 46.2 km of available installed standard singlemode fibre is demonstrated in first experiments.
Autoimmunity against YKL-39, a human cartilage derived protein, in patients with osteoarthritis. (2002)

These results show that autoimmunity to YKL-39 in patients with OA was present at equal or somewhat higher frequency than in patients with RA. The cellular and humoral immune responses to YKL-39 may be involved in the pathological process of OA as well as RA.
Oseltamivir-Resistant Variants of the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Virus Are Not Attenuated in the Guinea Pig and Ferret Transmission Models (2010)

Oseltamivir is routinely used worldwide for the treatment of severe influenza A virus infection, and should drug-resistant pandemic 2009 H1N1 viruses become widespread, this potent defense strategy might fail. Oseltamivir-resistant variants of the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus have been detected in a substantial number of patients, but to date, the mutant viruses have not moved into circulation in the general population. It is not known whether the resistance mutations in viral neuraminidase (NA) reduce viral fitness. We addressed this question by studying transmission of oseltamivir-resistant mutants derived from two different isolates of the pandemic H1N1 virus in both the guinea pig and ferret transmission models. In vitro, the virus readily acquired a single histidine-to-tyrosine mutation at position 275 (H275Y) in viral neuraminidase when serially passaged in cell culture with increasing concentrations of oseltamivir. This mutation conferred a high degree of resistance to oseltamivir but not zanamivir. Unexpectedly, in guinea pigs and ferrets, the fitness of viruses with the H275Y point mutation was not detectably impaired, and both wild-type and mutant viruses were transmitted equally well from animals that were initially inoculated with 1:1 virus mixtures to naïve contacts. In contrast, a reassortant virus containing an oseltamivir-resistant seasonal NA in the pandemic H1N1 background showed decreased transmission efficiency and fitness in the guinea pig model. Our data suggest that the currently circulating pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus has a high potential to acquire drug resistance without losing fitness.
Cyclophane porphyrin (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCyclophane porphyrinT. G. Traylor, Herbert Diekmann, and C. K. ChangCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 16, 4068–4070Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00745a053https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00745a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views429Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
[New ways in hepatocyte cultures: Cell immobilisation technique] (1997)

Hepatocyte cultures are used for a variety of investigations in the field of toxicology, pharmacology or hepatology. Above all rodent hepatocytes are used for these experiments. But many results from animal hepatocytes do not correspond to human metabolism. Therefore in vitro studies on human hepatocytes would be extremely useful to reduce animal experiments. One of the major obstacles to the ultimate success of approaches in the past was the inability of standard culture conditions to maintain hepatocyte viability and differentiated function over long term periods under standardised conditions. The technique of cell immobilisation mimicks the in vivo architecture of the liver in vitro. This culture technique not only supports liver specific functions over a period of 50 days but also preserves hepatocyte morphology. We conclude that the immobilisation technique is of considerable advantage as compared to other cell culture systems, especially in order to reduce animal experiments. Another advantage of cell immobilisation is the possibility of cryoconservation for repeated investigations on batch-controlled hepatocyte cultures. In combination with new techniques of cell isolation, it is also possible to culture porcine hepatocytes from slaughterhouse organs. This could also reduce animal experiments.
Efficient utilization of scratch-pad memory in embedded processor applications (1997)

Efficient utilization of on-chip memory space is extremely important in modern embedded system applications based on microprocessor cores. In addition to a data cache that interfaces with slower off-chip memory, a fast on-chip SRAM, called Scratch-Pad memory, is often used in several applications. We present a technique for efficiently exploiting on-chip Scratch-Pad memory by partitioning the application's scalar and array variables into off-chip DRAM and on-chip Scratch-Pad SRAM, with the goal of minimizing the total execution time of embedded applications. Our experiments on code kernels from typical applications show that our technique results in significant performance improvements.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of components of the B-cell antigen receptors following receptor crosslinking. (1991)

Crosslinking membrane immunoglobulin (mIg), the B-cell antigen receptor, stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of proteins. Since many receptors are phosphorylated after ligand binding, we asked if components of the mIg receptor complexes were tyrosine-phosphorylated after mIg crosslinking. Both mIgM and mIgD are noncovalently associated with at least two other proteins. mIgM is associated with the MB-1 protein, which is disulfide-linked to a protein designated Ig-beta. mIgD is not associated with MB-1 but is with IgD-alpha, which is also disulfide-linked to Ig-beta. Using immunoprecipitation with a specific anti-MB-1 antiserum followed by anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblotting, we found that crosslinking mIgM stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of MB-1, Ig-beta, and a previously unidentified 54-kDa polypeptide associated with MB-1. In mature splenic B cells that express both mIgM and mIgD, mIgM crosslinking stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the 32-kDa MB-1 protein, whereas mIgD crosslinking stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of MB-1-related proteins of 33 and 34 kDa. The 32-kDa MB-1 protein was only associated with mIgM, whereas the 33- and 34-kDa MB-1-related proteins were specifically associated with mIgD and are most likely IgD-alpha. Thus, crosslinking either mIgM or mIgD stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation only of the MB-1-related proteins associated with that receptor.
Antibacterial and antifungal activity of ten essential oils in vitro. (1996)

The essential oils of aegle, ageratum, citronella, eucalyptus, geranium, lemongrass, orange, palmarosa, patchouli and peppermint, were tested for antibacterial activity against 22 bacteria, including Gram-positive cocci and rods and Gram-negative rods, and twelve fungi (3 yeast-like and 9 filamentous) by the disc diffusion method. Lemongrass, eucalyptus, peppermint and orange oils were effective against all the 22 bacterial strains. Aegle and palmarosa oils inhibited 21 bacteria; patchouli and ageratum oils inhibited 20 bacteria and citronella and geranium oils were inhibitory to 15 and 12 bacterial strains, respectively. All twelve fungi were inhibited by seven oils (aegle, citronella, geranium, lemongrass, orange, palmarosa and patchouli). Eucalyptus and peppermint oils were effective against eleven fungi. Ageratum oil was inhibitory to only four fungi tested. The MIC of eucalyptus, lemongrass, palmarosa and peppermint oils ranged from 0.16 to > 20 microliters ml-1 for eighteen bacteria and from 0.25 to 10 microliters ml-1 for twelve fungi.
Response of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to iron limitation: alterations in expression of membrane proteins without apparent siderophore production (1985)

For acquisition of iron, an essential nutrient, most microorganisms produce siderophores (low-molecular-weight iron-chelating compounds) and membrane proteins to serve as receptors for the iron-siderophore complexes. The gonococcus does not appear to produce a siderophore, since the quantity of siderophore detected by bioassays of culture supernatants from strains F62 and FA19 was never greater than the amount present in the uninoculated medium. Iron limitation of the laboratory strains F62 and FA19 and 12 recent clinical isolates resulted in the expression of several iron-repressible membrane proteins. The expression of proteins in the apparent molecular weight range of 70,000 to 100,000 was strain dependent. All strains expressed 36,000-dalton (36K) and 19.5K proteins. FA19 and F62 were also grown in medium containing iron sources commonly encountered in vivo (i.e., transferrin, lactoferrin, hemoglobin, or hemin). Comparison of growth rates indicates that transferrin and lactoferrin were more readily utilized as iron sources than hemin and hemoglobin were. Expression of the iron-repressible proteins varied depending upon the iron source. Fewer iron-repressible proteins were observed when cells were supplied with transferrin or lactoferrin than when the cultures were grown with either hemin or hemoglobin. The 36K protein was expressed with all four iron sources.
APOPTOSIS AND DISEASE: Regulation and Clinical Relevance of Programmed Cell Death (1997)

Regulation of the homeostatic balance between cell proliferation and cell death is essential for development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Physiologic, or programmed, cell death is dependent on a genetically encoded and evolutionarily conserved pathway that induces a form of cellular suicide known as apoptosis. In the past decade, it has become clear that the regulatory mechanisms controlling programmed cell death are as fundamental, and as complex, as those regulating cell proliferation. Perturbation of the signaling cascades regulating apoptosis, whether by extracellular triggers, acquired or germline genetic mutations, or viral mimicry of signaling molecules, can result in a wide variety of human diseases. Analysis of these regulatory pathways has led to a better understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of many human diseases, notably cancers, infectious diseases including AIDS, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative/neurodevelopmental diseases. Our understanding of the regulation of programmed cell death in health and disease is far from complete, and the challenge of converting that understanding into new therapeutic modalities has only begun to be approached.
Megastore: Providing Scalable, Highly Available Storage for Interactive Services (2011)

Megastore is a storage system developed to meet the requirements of today’s interactive online services. Megastore blends the scalability of a NoSQL datastore with the convenience of a traditional RDBMS in a novel way, and provides both strong consistency guarantees and high availability. We provide fully serializable ACID semantics within fine-grained partitions of data. This partitioning allows us to synchronously replicate each write across a wide area network with reasonable latency and support seamless failover between datacenters. This paper describes Megastore’s semantics and replication algorithm. It also describes our experience supporting a wide range of Google production services built with Megastore.
Recent advances in understanding and managing adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiencies (2013)

Better understanding of the complex immune and nonimmune effects of ADA and PNP deficiency holds great promise for improved patients' outcome.
The Conversion of Phenols to Thiophenols via Dialkylthiocarbamates1 (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Conversion of Phenols to Thiophenols via Dialkylthiocarbamates1Melvin S. Newman and Harold A. KarnesCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1966, 31, 12, 3980–3984Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01350a023https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01350a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3858Altmetric-Citations322LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Purkinje Cell Expression of a Mutant Allele ofSCA1in Transgenic Mice Leads to Disparate Effects on Motor Behaviors, Followed by a Progressive Cerebellar Dysfunction and Histological Alterations (1997)

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is an autosomal dominant neurological disorder caused by the expansion of a CAG repeat encoding a polyglutamine tract. Work presented here describes the behavioral and neuropathological course seen in mutant SCA1 transgenic mice. Behavioral tests indicate that at 5 weeks of age mutant mice have an impaired performance on the rotating rod in the absence of deficits in balance and coordination. In contrast, these mutant SCA1 mice have an increased initial exploratory behavior. Thus, expression of the mutant SCA1 allele within cerebellar Purkinje cells has divergent effects on the motor behavior of juvenile animals: a compromise of rotating rod performance and a simultaneous enhancement of initial exploratory activity. With age, these animals develop incoordination with concomitant progressive Purkinje neuron dendritic and somatic atrophy but relatively little cell loss. Therefore, the eventual development of ataxia caused by the expression of a mutant SCA1 allele is not the result of cell death per se, but the result of cellular dysfunction and morphological alterations that occur before neuronal demise.
Sulfur and Nitrogen Limitation inEscherichia coliK-12: Specific Homeostatic Responses (2005)

We determined global transcriptional responses of Escherichia coli K-12 to sulfur (S)- or nitrogen (N)-limited growth in adapted batch cultures and cultures subjected to nutrient shifts. Using two limitations helped to distinguish between nutrient-specific changes in mRNA levels and common changes related to the growth rate. Both homeostatic and slow growth responses were amplified upon shifts. This made detection of these responses more reliable and increased the number of genes that were differentially expressed. We analyzed microarray data in several ways: by determining expression changes after use of a statistical normalization algorithm, by hierarchical and k-means clustering, and by visual inspection of aligned genome images. Using these tools, we confirmed known homeostatic responses to global S limitation, which are controlled by the activators CysB and Cbl, and found that S limitation propagated into methionine metabolism, synthesis of FeS clusters, and oxidative stress. In addition, we identified several open reading frames likely to respond specifically to S availability. As predicted from the fact that the ddp operon is activated by NtrC, synthesis of cross-links between diaminopimelate residues in the murein layer was increased under N-limiting conditions, as was the proportion of tripeptides. Both of these effects may allow increased scavenging of N from the dipeptide D-alanine-D-alanine, the substrate of the Ddp system.
Studying noncovalent protein complexes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (1997)

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry has been used to study protein interactions driven by noncovalent forces. The gentleness of the electrospray ionization process allows intact protein complexes to be directly detected by mass spectrometry. Evidence from the growing body of literature suggests that the ESI-MS observations for these weakly bound systems reflect, to some extent, the nature of the interaction found in the condensed phase. Stoichiometry of the complex can be easily obtained from the resulting mass spectrum because the molecular weight of the complex is directly measured. For the study of protein interactions, ESI-MS is complementary to other biophysical methods, such as NMR and analytical ultracentrifugation. However, mass spectrometry offers advantages in speed and sensitivity. The experimental variables that play a role in the outcome of ESI-MS studies of noncovalently bound complexes are reviewed. Several applications of ESI-MS are discussed, including protein interactions with metal ions and nucleic acids and subunit protein structures (quaternary structure).
Single-cell RNA-seq: advances and future challenges (2014)

Phenotypically identical cells can dramatically vary with respect to behavior during their lifespan and this variation is reflected in their molecular composition such as the transcriptomic landscape. Single-cell transcriptomics using next-generation transcript sequencing (RNA-seq) is now emerging as a powerful tool to profile cell-to-cell variability on a genomic scale. Its application has already greatly impacted our conceptual understanding of diverse biological processes with broad implications for both basic and clinical research. Different single-cell RNA-seq protocols have been introduced and are reviewed here-each one with its own strengths and current limitations. We further provide an overview of the biological questions single-cell RNA-seq has been used to address, the major findings obtained from such studies, and current challenges and expected future developments in this booming field.
Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Responses following Etomidate Induction of Anesthesia in Patients with Demonstrated Cardiac Disease (1979)

Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects following the administration of 0.3 mg/kg of etomidate were studied in patients with documented cardiac disease. The only significant change was a slight elevation (2 torr) in arterial carbon dioxide tension.
Familial CD8 deficiency due to a mutation in the CD8α gene (2001)

CD8 glycoproteins play an important role in both the maturation and function of MHC class I-restricted T lymphocytes. A 25-year-old man, from a consanguineous family, with recurrent bacterial infections and total absence of CD8(+) cells, was studied. Ab deficiencies and ZAP-70 and TAP defects were ruled out. A missense mutation (gly90-->ser) in both alleles of the immunoglobulin domain of the CD8 alpha gene was shown to correlate with the absence of CD8 expression found in the patient and two sisters. Conversely, high percentages of CD4(-)CD8(-)TCR alpha beta(+) T cells were found in the three siblings. A novel autosomal recessive immunologic defect characterized by absence of CD8(+) cells is described. These findings may help to further understanding of the role of CD8 molecules in human immune response.
Latent Varicella–Zoster Viral DNA in Human Trigeminal and Thoracic Ganglia (1990)

These findings indicate that after primary infection with varicella-zoster virus (varicella), the virus becomes latent in many ganglia--more often in the trigeminal ganglia than in any thoracic ganglion--and that more than one region of the viral genome is present during latency.