gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Controllable Molecular Modulation of Conductivity in Silicon-Based Devices (2009)

The electronic properties of silicon, such as the conductivity, are largely dependent on the density of the mobile charge carriers, which can be tuned by gating and impurity doping. When the device size scales down to the nanoscale, routine doping becomes problematic due to inhomogeneities. Here we report that a molecular monolayer, covalently grafted atop a silicon channel, can play a role similar to gating and impurity doping. Charge transfer occurs between the silicon and the molecules upon grafting, which can influence the surface band bending, and makes the molecules act as donors or acceptors. The partly charged end-groups of the grafted molecular layer may act as a top gate. The doping- and gating-like effects together lead to the observed controllable modulation of conductivity in pseudometal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (pseudo-MOSFETs). The molecular effects can even penetrate through a 4.92-mum thick silicon layer. Our results offer a paradigm for controlling electronic characteristics in nanodevices at the future diminutive technology nodes.
Sensory and Motor Denervation Influence Epidermal Thickness in Rat Foot Glabrous Skin (1997)

Denervation in man often results in shiny, dry, thin skin. A previous study has shown that the epidermis of glabrous skin in the rat becomes approximately 40% thinner within 1 week following sciatic nerve transection, but which nerve fiber type or types influence epidermal thickness is unknown. In this study, we compared the effects on the epidermis of selective sensory, motor, and sympathetic denervation. Protein gene product 9.5 and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunocytochemical staining were used to determine the extent of denervation of epidermis, dermis, and sweat glands in the footpads. Epidermal thickness of the glabrous plantar skin of the foot was measured. To verify the specificity and reliability of each animal model, the relevant regions of the peripheral nervous system were examined by light or electron microscopy or both. Epidermal thickness decreased significantly following sciatic nerve transection (58% of control, P < 0.05) and dorsal root ganglionectomy (59%; P < 0.05). The thickness also decreased following lumbar ventral rhizotomy (61%; P < 0.01), destruction of lumbar spinal motor neurons (66%; P < 0.05), and botulinum toxin-induced paralysis of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles (70%; P < 0.05). A slight decrease followed dorsal rhizotomy (84%; P < 0.01). In contrast, no significant alterations in epidermal thickness were detected following sham operation and sympathectomy. Epidermal thinning was paralleled by reductions in the amounts of transcripts for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and beta-actin. These results suggest that selective loss of both sensory and motor fibers to the hind limb can contribute to reducing epidermal thickness in rat foot glabrous skin.
Phase II Trial of Individualized Rituximab Dosing for Patients With CD20-Positive Lymphoproliferative Disorders (2005)

Individualized PK dosing for rituximab produced efficacy comparable to other published maintenance strategies. PK data from this trial suggest that a rational maintenance strategy in patients with LGNHL would be a single dose of 375 mg/m(2) of rituximab every 3 to 4 months.
A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study on metronomic irinotecan in metastatic colorectal cancer patients (2008)

The pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of metronomic irinotecan have not been studied in cancer patients. The aim of the study is to investigate the PK/PD profile of irinotecan/SN-38 administered by metronomic schedule. Twenty chemotherapy-refractory or chemotherapy-resistant patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma were enrolled. Irinotecan was infused continuously as follows: irinotecan 1.4 mg m(-2) day(-1) (n=7), 2.8 mg m(-2) day(-1) (n=5) and 4.2 mg m(-2) day(-1) (n=8). Drug levels were examined by HPLC, whereas ELISAs and real-time RT-PCR were used, respectively, for the measurement of plasma levels and gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of vascular endothelial growth factor/thrombospondin-1. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that the steady-state levels (C(ss)) of SN-38 were between 1 and 3.3 ng ml(-1). From a PD point of view, higher thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) plasma levels (153.4+/-30.1 and 130.4+/-9.2% at day 49 vs pretreatment values at 1.4 and 2.8 mg m(-2) day(-1) dose levels, respectively) and increased gene expression in PBMC were found during the metronomic irinotecan infusion, especially at the lower doses. Four patients (20%) obtained a stable disease (median 3.9 months) despite progressing during previous standard irinotecan schedule. Toxicities >grade 1 were not observed. Metronomic irinotecan administration is very well tolerated and induces an increase of gene expression and plasma concentration of TSP-1 at low plasma SN-38 concentrations.
Lowering of Pkd1 expression is sufficient to cause polycystic kidney disease (2004)

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a major cause of renal failure and is characterized by the formation of many fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. It is a systemic disorder that is caused by mutations in PKD1 or PKD2. Homozygous inactivation of these genes at the cellular level, by a 'two-hit' mechanism, has been implicated in cyst formation but does not seem to be the sole mechanism for cystogenesis. We have generated a novel mouse model with a hypomorphic Pkd1 allele, Pkd1(nl), harbouring an intronic neomycin-selectable marker. This selection cassette causes aberrant splicing of intron 1, yielding only 13-20% normally spliced Pkd1 transcripts in the majority of homozygous Pkd1(nl) mice. Homozygous Pkd1(nl) mice are viable, showing bilaterally enlarged polycystic kidneys. This is in contrast to homozygous knock-out mice, which are embryonic lethal, and heterozygous knock-out mice that show only a very mild cystic phenotype. In addition, homozygous Pkd1(nl) mice showed dilatations of pancreatic and liver bile ducts, and the mice had cardiovascular abnormalities, pathogenic features similar to the human ADPKD phenotype. Removal of the neomycin selection-cassette restored the phenotype of wild-type mice. These results show that a reduced dosage of Pkd1 is sufficient to initiate cystogenesis and vascular defects and indicate that low Pkd1 gene expression levels can overcome the embryonic lethality seen in Pkd1 knock-out mice. We propose that in patients reduced PKD1 expression of the normal allele below a critical level, due to genetic, environmental or stochastic factors, may lead to cyst formation in the kidneys and other clinical features of ADPKD.
Sample Entropy‐Based Approach to Evaluate the Stability of Double‐Wire Pulsed MIG Welding (2014)

According to the sample entropy, this paper deals with a quantitative method to evaluate the current stability in double‐wire pulsed MIG welding. Firstly, the sample entropy of current signals with different stability but the same parameters is calculated. The results show that the more stable the current, the smaller the value and the standard deviation of sample entropy. Secondly, four parameters, which are pulse width, peak current, base current, and frequency, are selected for four‐level three‐factor orthogonal experiment. The calculation and analysis of desired signals indicate that sample entropy values are affected by welding current parameters. Then, a quantitative method based on sample entropy is proposed. The experiment results show that the method can preferably quantify the welding current stability.
Measurement of cytosolic, mitochondrial, and Golgi pH in single living cells with green fluorescent proteins (1998)

Many cellular events depend on a tightly compartmentalized distribution of H+ ions across membrane-bound organelles. However, measurements of organelle pH in living cells have been scarce. Several mutants of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP) displayed a pH-dependent absorbance and fluorescent emission, with apparent pKa values ranging from 6.15 (mutations F64L/S65T/H231L) and 6.4 (K26R/F64L/S65T/Y66W/N146I/M153T/ V163A/N164H/H231L) to a remarkable 7.1 (S65G/S72A/T203Y/H231L). We have targeted these GFPs to the cytosol plus nucleus, the medial/trans-Golgi by fusion with galactosyltransferase, and the mitochondrial matrix by using the targeting signal from subunit IV of cytochrome c oxidase. Cells in culture transfected with these cDNAs displayed the expected subcellular localization by light and electron microscopy and reported local pH that was calibrated in situ with ionophores. We monitored cytosolic and nuclear pH of HeLa cells, and mitochondrial matrix pH in HeLa cells and in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. The pH of the medial/trans-Golgi was measured at steady-state (calibrated to be 6.58 in HeLa cells) and after various manipulations. These demonstrated that the Golgi membrane in intact cells is relatively permeable to H+, and that Cl- serves as a counter-ion for H+ transport and likely helps to maintain electroneutrality. The amenability to engineer GFPs to specific subcellular locations or tissue targets using gene fusion and transfer techniques should allow us to examine pH at sites previously inaccessible.
PHLEGMONOUS ENTEROCOLITIS: A RARE FORM OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (1995)

Phlegmonous enterocolitis is a rarely encountered and almost universally fatal bacterial infection seen most often in the alcoholic population. Despite being first described in 1842. fewer than 60 cases have been reported. The role of surgical management in this condition is unknown. We present a case of phlegmonous enterocolitis with a successful outcome after total colectomy.
Expression, characterization, and immunoreactivities of a soluble hepatitis E virus putative capsid protein species expressed in insect cells (1997)

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) open reading frame-2 (ORF-2) is predicted to encode a 71-kDa putative capsid protein involved in virus particle formation. When insect Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells were infected with a recombinant baculovirus containing the entire ORF-2 sequence, two types of recombinant proteins were produced; an insoluble protein of 73 kDa and a soluble protein of 62 kDa. The 62-kDa species was shown to be a proteolytic cleavage product of the 73-kDa protein. N-terminal sequence analysis of the 62-kDa protein indicated that it lacked the first 111 amino acids that are present in the full-length 73-kDa protein. A soluble 62-kDa protein was produced without the proteolytic processing by inserting the coding sequence of amino acids 112 to 660 of ORF-2 in a baculovirus expression vector and using the corresponding virus to infect Sf9 cells. The two recombinant 62-kDa proteins made by different mechanisms displayed immunoreactivities very compatible to each other. The 62-kDa proteins obtained by both proteolytic processing and reengineering demonstrated much higher sensitivities in detecting anti-HEV antibodies in human sera than the antigens made from bacteria, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data suggest that the soluble 62-kDa protein made from insect cells contains additional epitopes not present in recombinant proteins made from bacteria. Therefore, the 62-kDa protein may be useful for HEV diagnostic improvement and vaccine development. The reengineered construct allows for the consistent large-scale production of the soluble 62-kDa protein without proteolytic processing.
Measuring soil moisture content non‐invasively at intermediate spatial scale using cosmic‐ray neutrons (2008)

Soil moisture content on a horizontal scale of hectometers and at depths of decimeters can be inferred from measurements of low‐energy cosmic‐ray neutrons that are generated within soil, moderated mainly by hydrogen atoms, and diffused back to the atmosphere. These neutrons are sensitive to water content changes, but largely insensitive to variations in soil chemistry, and their intensity above the surface is inversely correlated with hydrogen content of the soil. The measurement with a portable neutron detector placed a few meters above the ground takes minutes to hours, permitting high‐resolution, long‐term monitoring of undisturbed soil moisture conditions. The large footprint makes the method suitable for weather and short‐term climate forecast initialization and for calibration of satellite sensors, and the measurement depth makes the probe ideal for studies of plant/soil interaction and atmosphere/soil exchange.
DNA Injection in Combination with Electroporation: a Novel Method for Vaccination of Farmed Ruminants (2003)

Injection of plasmid DNA encoding antigens into rodents followed by electroporation improved the immune response when compared with injection without electroporation (Widera et al. J Immunol 2000;164:4635-40; Zucchelli et al. J Virol 2000;74:11598-607; Kadowaki et al. Vaccine 2000;18:2779-88). The present study describes the extension of this technology to farm animals, by injecting plasmid DNA encoding mycobacterial antigens (MPB70, Ag85B and Hsp65) into the muscles of goats and cattle using two different types of electrodes, both allowing DNA delivery at the site of electroporation. The animals were vaccinated under local anaesthesia without any observed immediate or long-term distress or discomfort, or any behavioural signs of muscle damage or pathological changes after the electroporation. DNA-injected and electroporated goats showed increased humoral response after the primary vaccination when compared with nonelectroporated animals. Improved T-cell responses following electroporation were observed in hsp65 DNA-vaccinated cattle. DNA injection with or without electroporation did not compromise the specificity of the tuberculin skin test. In conclusion, a protocol applying in vivo electroporation free of side effects to farmed ruminants was established. In addition, we show that DNA vaccination in combination with electroporation can improve the primary immune responses to the encoded antigens.
Microwave oven irradiation as a method for bacterial decontamination in a clinical microbiology laboratory (1977)

Exposure of 10 frequently isolated clinical pathogens to microwave irradiation resulted in total sterilization with 60 s. Time exposure experiments done with commercially prepared test strips containing Bacillus stearothermophilus spores indicated that 5-min exposure was adequate to insure sterility of small, contaminated loads.
Three new prodrugs for suicide gene therapy using carboxypeptidase G2 elicit bystander efficacy in two xenograft models. (2002)

Three new prodrugs, [prodrug 1: 4-[bis(2-iodoethyl)amino]-phenyloxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid; prodrug 2: 3-fluoro-4-[bis(2-chlorethyl)amino]benzoyl-L-glutamic acid; and prodrug 3: 3,5-difluoro-4-[bis(2-iodoethyl)amino]benzoyl-L-glutamic acid] have been assessed for use with a mutant of carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2, glutamate carboxypeptidase, EC 3.4.17.11,) engineered to be tethered to the outer tumor cell surface (stCPG2(Q)3) as the activating enzyme in suicide gene therapy systems. All three of the prodrugs produce much greater cytotoxicity differentials between stCPG2(Q)3- and control beta-galactosidase (beta-gal)-expressing breast carcinoma MDA MB 361 and colon carcinoma WiDr cells (70- to 450-fold) than was previously observed (19- to 27-fold) with 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-mesyloxyethyl)amino]benzoyl-L-glutamic acid (CMDA). Prodrug 1 is the most effective antitumor agent in xenografts in mice inoculated with 100% stCPG2(Q)3-expressing MDA MB 361 cells, whereas prodrugs 2 and 3 are most effective when the percentage of stCPG2(Q)3-expressing cells is 50% or 10%. In nude mice bearing xenografts arising from inocula of 100% stCPG2(Q)3-expressing WiDr cells, prodrug 2 is the most effective antitumor agent. All three of the prodrugs produced histological evidence of substantial bystander cell killing in WiDr xenografts in which only 10% or 50% of the cells inoculated were expressing stCPG2(Q)3. We conclude that all three of the prodrugs are more effective therapeutically with stCPG2(Q)3 than is the previously described prodrug CMDA and, also, that the optimal choice of prodrug varies among different tumor types and that prodrugs, optimized for their bystander effect, are effective when only low percentages of cells in a tumor express CPG2.
Potential antitumor agents. 62. Structure-activity relationships for tricyclic compounds related to the colon tumor active drug 9-oxo-9H-xanthene-4-acetic acid (1991)

A series of tricyclic analogues of 9-oxo-9H-xanthene-4-acetic acid have been prepared and evaluated for their ability to cause hemorrhagic necrosis in subcutaneously implanted colon 38 tumors in mice, in an effort to extend the structure-activity relationships for this series. As was found previously with analogues of flavone-8-acetic acid (FAA) (Atwell et al. Anti-Cancer Drug Des. 1989, 4, 161), all electronic modifications of the XAA nucleus led to severe decreases or complete abolition of activity, suggesting narrow structure-activity relationships. Dipole moments for many of the compounds were computed, and the degree to which the molecular dipole moment lay out of the plane of the aromatic part of these molecules was found to be determined largely by the contributions from the acetic acid moiety relative to that from the tricyclic ring system. There did not appear to be any general relationship between the magnitude of the dipole moment and activity. However, for compounds containing the 9-carbonyl functionality, the orientation of the dipole vector may be of significance. In all compounds possessing an ether group peri to the acetic acid side chain, there was a close approach (ca. 2.4 A) between this and the side chain OH.
Taurine in the olfactory system: effects of the olfactory toxicant dichlobenil. (1995)

Following intranasal instillation of 14C-taurine in C57B1/6 mice, there was a labelling of the olfactory neuroepithelium, axon bundles and axon layers in the olfactory bulb 4 and 24 h later, suggesting an axonal migration of radioactivity to the olfactory bulbs. In the olfactory bulbs the level of radioactivity was 45-times higher than that in the posterior part of the brain. In mice treated with the olfactory toxicant dichlobenil, inducing necrosis in the dorsomedial olfactory region, there was a dose-dependent decrease in the level of 14C-taurine and 3H-carnosine (derived from the precursor 3H-beta-alanine) in the olfactory bulb. The migration of 14C-taurine in the olfactory system of dichlobenil-dosed mice gradually recovered 3 - 8 weeks later although an atypical epithelium remained in the dorsomedial portion of the olfactory region. The results suggest a transient reduction of the migration of taurine in the olfactory system of mice following chemically-induced toxicity at this site.
A calibration method for a distance detection camera (2006)

A technique is developed to calibrate a camera which is equipped on mobile robot and detect a distant scene. A flexible 
calibration target, on which calibration feature points are generated according to cross-ratio invariability, is employed in 
this paper. As can be extended as needed, the target has a flexible size and can be used at discretionary distance from the 
camera. To guarantee the generating accuracy of calibration points, coordinates of principal point and radial lens 
distortion coefficients of first two orders are determined previously. Experiment results revealed the effectiveness of the 
presented method and higher accuracy than traditional method.
Randomized Phase IIB Trial of BLP25 Liposome Vaccine in Stage IIIB and IV Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer (2005)

L-BLP25 maintenance therapy in patients with advanced NSCLC is feasible with minimal toxicity. The survival difference of 4.4 months observed with the vaccine did not reach statistical significance. In the subgroup of patients with stage IIIB LR disease, a strong trend in 2-year survival in favor of L-BLP25 was observed.
Radio Frequency and Linearity Performance of Transistors Using High-Purity Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes (2011)

This paper reports the radio frequency (RF) and linearity performance of transistors using high-purity semiconducting carbon nanotubes. High-density, uniform semiconducting nanotube networks are deposited at wafer scale using our APTES-assisted nanotube deposition technique, and RF transistors with channel lengths down to 500 nm are fabricated. We report on transistors exhibiting a cutoff frequency (f(t)) of 5 GHz and with maximum oscillation frequency (f(max)) of 1.5 GHz. Besides the cutoff frequency, the other important figure of merit for the RF transistors is the device linearity. For the first time, we report carbon nanotube RF transistor linearity metrics up to 1 GHz. Without the use of active probes to provide the high impedance termination, the measurement bandwidth is therefore not limited, and the linearity measurements can be conducted at the frequencies where the transistors are intended to be operating. We conclude that semiconducting nanotube-based transistors are potentially promising building blocks for highly linear RF electronics and circuit applications.
Untangling the wires: A strategy to trace functional interactions in signaling and gene networks (2002)

Emerging technologies have enabled the acquisition of large genomics and proteomics data sets. However, current methodologies for analysis do not permit interpretation of the data in ways that unravel cellular networking. We propose a quantitative method for determining functional interactions in cellular signaling and gene networks. It can be used to explore cell systems at a mechanistic level or applied within a "modular" framework, which dramatically decreases the number of variables to be assayed. This method is based on a mathematical derivation that demonstrates how the topology and strength of network connections can be retrieved from experimentally measured network responses to successive perturbations of all modules. Importantly, our analysis can reveal functional interactions even when the components of the system are not all known. Under these circumstances, some connections retrieved by the analysis will not be direct but correspond to the interaction routes through unidentified elements. The method is tested and illustrated by using computer-generated responses of a modeled mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and gene network.
Conceptualization and Measurement of Health for Adults in the Health Insurance Study: Vol. III, Mental Health (1979)

This report discusses the conceptualization and measurement of the mental health of individual members of general populations in developed countries.