gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
You can't beat frequency (unless you use linguistic knowledge) (2006)

In the past years, a number of lexical association measures have been studied to help extract new scientific terminology or general-language collocations. The implicit assumption of this research was that newly designed term measures involving more sophisticated statistical criteria would outperform simple counts of co-occurrence frequencies. We here explicitly test this assumption. By way of four qualitative criteria, we show that purely statistics-based measures reveal virtually no difference compared with frequency of occurrence counts, while linguistically more informed metrics do reveal such a marked difference.
Roles of Cell-Cell Adhesion-dependent Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Gab-1 (2001)

Gab-1 is a multiple docking protein that is tyrosine phosphorylated by receptor tyrosine kinases such as c-Met, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor receptor, and epidermal growth factor receptor. We have now demonstrated that cell-cell adhesion also induces marked tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab-1 and that disruption of cell-cell adhesion results in its dephosphorylation. An anti-E-cadherin antibody decreased cell-cell adhesion-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab-1, whereas the expression of E-cadherin specifically induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab-1. A relatively selective inhibitor of Src family kinases reduced cell-cell adhesion-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab-1, whereas expression of a dominant-negative mutant of Csk increased it. Disruption of cell-cell adhesion, which reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab-1, also reduced the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt in response to cell-cell adhesion. These results indicate that E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion induces tyrosine phosphorylation by a Src family kinase of Gab-1, thereby regulating the activation of Ras/MAP kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt cascades.
Low‐temperature property and engine performance evaluation of ethyl and isopropyl esters of tallow and grease (1998)

Abstract Three monoalkyl fatty acid esters derived from tallow and grease were prepared by lipase‐catalyzed transesterification and evaluated as prospective diesel engine fuels. The low‐temperature properties of the esters, both neat and as 20% blends in No. 2 diesel fuel, were evaluated. Those properties included cloud point, pour point, cold filter plugging point, low‐temperature flow test, and crystallization onset temperature. Other properties of the esters, such as kinematic viscosity, heating value, and calculated cetane number, also were determined. All three esters had acceptable physical and low‐temperature properties, as well as acceptable fuel properties at the 20% level in diesel blends. Engine performance and emissions for the ester blends were determined in a direct‐injection, matched two‐cylinder diesel engine. Among the monoalkyl esters studied, ethyl greasate had better properties and engine performance characteristics than the two tallow esters. For the latter esters, isopropyl tallowate had better properties than ethyl tallowate.
Essential Role of Fkbp6 in Male Fertility and Homologous Chromosome Pairing in Meiosis (2003)

Meiosis is a critical stage of gametogenesis in which alignment and synapsis of chromosomal pairs occur, allowing for the recombination of maternal and paternal genomes. Here we show that FK506 binding protein (Fkbp6) localizes to meiotic chromosome cores and regions of homologous chromosome synapsis. Targeted inactivation of Fkbp6 in mice results in aspermic males and the absence of normal pachytene spermatocytes. Moreover, we identified the deletion of Fkbp6 exon 8 as the causative mutation in spontaneously male sterile as/as mutant rats. Loss of Fkbp6 results in abnormal pairing and misalignments between homologous chromosomes, nonhomologous partner switches, and autosynapsis of X chromosome cores in meiotic spermatocytes. Fertility and meiosis are normal in Fkbp6 mutant females. Thus, Fkbp6 is a component of the synaptonemal complex essential for sex-specific fertility and for the fidelity of homologous chromosome pairing in meiosis.
Correction of the retinal dystrophy phenotype of the RCS rat by viral gene transfer of Mertk (2001)

The Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat is a widely studied animal model of retinal degeneration in which the inability of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to phagocytize shed photoreceptor outer segments leads to a progressive loss of rod and cone photoreceptors. We recently used positional cloning to demonstrate that the gene Mertk likely corresponds to the retinal dystrophy (rdy) locus of the RCS rat. In the present study, we sought to determine whether gene transfer of Mertk to a RCS rat retina would result in correction of the RPE phagocytosis defect and preservation of photoreceptors. We used subretinal injection of a recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus encoding rat Mertk to deliver the gene to the eyes of young RCS rats. Electrophysiological assessment of animals 30 days after injection revealed an increased sensitivity of treated eyes to low-intensity light. Histologic and ultrastructural assessment demonstrated substantial sparing of photoreceptors, preservation of outer segment structure, and correction of the RPE phagocytosis defect in areas surrounding the injection site. Our results provide definitive evidence that mutation of Mertk underlies the RCS retinal dystrophy phenotype, and that the phenotype can be corrected by treatment of juvenile animals. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of complementation of both a functional cellular defect (phagocytosis) and a photoreceptor degeneration by gene transfer to the RPE. These results, together with the recent discovery of MERTK mutations in individuals with retinitis pigmentosa, emphasize the importance of the RCS rat as a model for gene therapy of diseases that arise from RPE dysfunction.
Essential guide to RF and wireless (1999)

The only easy-to-understand guide to the wireless revolution!There's a wireless revolution underway -- and with The Essential Guide to RF and Wireless, you can learn all you need to know about it, even if you don't have a technical background! Industry veteran Carl J. Weisman presents wireless and RF technology at every level: fundamental concepts, basic terminology, components, system building blocks, complete systems, and more. You'll find up-to-the-minute coverage of all of today's hottest wireless and RF technologies -- and tomorrow's! Spread spectrum and CDMA: how they work, where they're used Wireless local loop (WLL): wireless solutions for the last mile ISM-based wireless LANs Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS): a new alternative for broadband wireless service And more!The Essential Guide to RF and Wireless is friendly and accessible -- with dozens of charts, diagrams, and photographs that make advanced wireless and RF technology easier to understand than ever before. Whether you're a sales or marketing pro, customer, investor, tech writer, PR specialist, or student, it's the complete, up-to-the-minute briefing you've been searching for!
B Cell Signaling and Tumorigenesis (2004)

The proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes are regulated by receptors localized on the cell surface. Engagement of these receptors induces the activation of intracellular signaling proteins that transmit the receptor signals to distinct targets and control the cellular responses. The first signaling proteins to be discovered in higher organisms were the products of oncogenes. For example, the kinases Src and Abelson (Abl) were originally identified as oncogenes and were later characterized as important proteins for signal transduction in various cell types, including lymphocytes. Now, as many cellular signaling molecules have been discovered and ordered into certain pathways, we can better understand why particular signaling proteins are associated with tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss recent progress in unraveling the molecular mechanisms of signaling pathways that control the proliferation and differentiation of early B cells. We point out the concepts of auto-inhibition and subcellular localization as crucial aspects in the regulation of B cell signaling.
Activation of CD1d-restricted T cells protects NOD mice from developing diabetes by regulating dendritic cell subsets (2001)

CD1d-restricted invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are immunoregulatory cells whose loss exacerbates diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) female mice. Here, we show that the relative numbers of iNKT cells from the pancreatic islets of NOD mice decrease at the time of conversion from peri-insulitis to invasive insulitis and diabetes. Conversely, NOD male mice who have a low incidence of diabetes showed an increased frequency of iNKT cells. Moreover, administration of α-galactosylceramide, a potent activating ligand presented by CD1d, ameliorated the development of diabetes in NOD female mice and resulted in the accumulation of iNKT cells and myeloid dendritic cells (DC) in pancreatic lymph nodes (PLN), but not in inguinal lymph nodes. Strikingly, injection of NOD female mice with myeloid DC isolated from the PLN, but not those from the inguinal lymph nodes, completely prevented diabetes. Thus, the immunoregulatory role of iNKT cells is manifested by the recruitment of tolerogenic myeloid DC to the PLN and the inhibition of ongoing autoimmune inflammation.
Inherent potential of steelmaking to contribute to decarbonisation targets via industrial carbon capture and storage (2018)

Accounting for ~8% of annual global CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, the iron and steel industry is expected to undertake the largest contribution to industrial decarbonisation. Despite the launch of several national and regional programmes for low-carbon steelmaking, the techno-economically feasible options are still lacking. Here, based on the carbon capture and storage (CCS) strategy, we propose a new decarbonisation concept which exploits the inherent potential of the iron and steel industry through calcium-looping lime production. We find that this concept allows steel mills to reach the 2050 decarbonisation target by 2030. Moreover, only this concept is revealed to exhibit a CO<sub>2</sub> avoidance cost (12.5-15.8 €<sub>2010</sub>/t) lower than the projected CO<sub>2</sub> trading price in 2020, whilst the other considered options are not expected to be economically feasible until 2030. We conclude that the proposed concept is the best available option for decarbonisation of this industrial sector in the mid- to long-term.
Effect of Initiator and Ligand Structures on ATRP of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate Initiated by Alkyl Dithiocarbamate (2008)

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene (St) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by various alkyl diethyldithiocarbamate (DC) initiators was successfully carried out in the presence of copper catalysts with nitrogen-based ligands. Well-controlled polymerizations with narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn < 1.1 (St) and Mw/Mn < 1.2 (MMA)) were achieved in both polymerizations. The polymerization rate followed first-order kinetics with respect to monomer conversion, and the molecular weight of the polymers increased linearly up to high conversion. Initiation efficiency of both polymerizations was strongly dependent on the structure of a DC. The results of 1H NMR analysis of low-mass model compounds and chain extension confirmed that well-defined polystyrene bearing a DC group as the active chain end was obtained via ATRP of St with a DC initiator. Ligand structure and ligand/copper ratio also strongly affected the degree of control attained in the polymerization. Activation rate constants and equilibrium constants of ATRP with DC initiators and copper complexes were determined. The results of cyclic voltammetry with the CuIIDC2 complex indicated that it has more negative reduction potential and, consequently, higher (pseudo)halidophilicity than those of CuIIBr2 or CuIICl2 with the same ligand Me6TREN.
Improved seeding of chondrocytes into polyglycolic acid scaffolds using semi‐static and alginate loading methods (2010)

Cell seeding and attachment in three-dimensional scaffolds is a key step in tissue engineering with implications for cell differentiation and tissue development. In this work, two new seeding methods were investigated using human chondrocytes and polyglycolic acid (PGA) fibrous mesh scaffolds. A simple semi-static seeding method using culture plates and tissue flasks was developed as an easy-to-perform modification of static seeding. An alginate-loading method was also studied, using alginate hydrogel as an adjuvant for entrapping cells within PGA scaffolds. Both the semi-static and PGA-alginate methods produced more homogeneous cell distributions than conventional static and dynamic seeding. Using 20 × 10(6) cells, whereas the seeding efficiency for static seeding was only 52%, all other techniques produced seeding efficiencies of ≥ 90%. With 40 × 10(6) cells, the efficiency of semi-static seeding declined to 74% while the dynamic and PGA-alginate methods retained their ability to accommodate high cell numbers. The seeded scaffolds were cultured in recirculation bioreactors to determine the effect of seeding method on cartilage production. Statically seeded scaffolds did not survive the 5-week cultivation period. Deposition of extracellular matrix in scaffolds seeded using the semi-static and PGA-alginate methods was more uniform compared with scaffolds seeded using the dynamic method. The new semi-static and PGA-alginate seeding methods developed in this work are recommended for tissue engineering because they provide substantial benefits compared with static seeding in terms of seeding efficiency, cell distribution, and cartilage deposition while remaining simple and easy to execute.
Porcine Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (pIGF-I): Complementary Deoxyribonucleic Acid Cloning and Uterine Expression of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Encoding Evolutionary Conserved IGF-I Peptides* (1988)

In order to facilitate studies of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) expression during the pregnancy-associated development of uterus and mammary gland in the pig model, we have isolated several cDNA clones corresponding to porcine IGF-I (pIGF-I) mRNA. Sequence analysis of two cDNA fragments (sigf. 2 and sigf. 3) revealed an open reading frame encoding in order a putative 25 amino acid (aa) hydrophobic leader peptide, the mature (processed) 70 aa pIGF-I peptide and a 35 aa carboxy-terminal extension (E) peptide. The deduced aa sequence of the pIGF-I peptide is identical to human and bovine IGF-I but differs from that of rat and mouse at three and four residues, respectively. The sequences of the amino- and carboxy-terminal IGF extension peptides are also highly conserved among these species. Northern analysis using sigf. 3 as a probe revealed multiple IGF-I mRNAs (including species of 8000, 2300, and 1200 nucleotides in length) in uteri of pregnant pigs. Highest levels of the uterine IGF-I mRNAs were found at early pregnancy, when increased levels of immunoreactive tissue IGF-I were also observed. Mammary levels of IGF-I mRNAs and protein were considerably lower than that observed for uterus at the same time period. Thus, uterine production of IGF-I appears to be especially significant during early pregnancy in the pig when uterine growth, elevated IGF-I in uterine fluids, and rapid embryonic development are observed.
Air Pollution: Sensitive Detection of Ten Pollutant Gases by Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide Lasers (1972)

Detection sensitivities of a few parts per billion for ten gaseous pollutants have been evaluated by measuring the strength of the absorption of infrared radiation from carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide lasers. Ethylene concentrations as small as 5 parts per billion have been detected in air. The measured absorption strengths indicate that in mixtures of pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide and water vapor, the sensitivity is reduced by overlapping absorption bands. However, calculations indicate that it should be possible to detect nitrogen dioxide concentrations of 0.01 part per million in the presence of water vapor concentrations of 10 5 parts per million.
A Bifunctional Enzyme Catalyzes the First Two Steps inN-Acetylneuraminic Acid Biosynthesis of Rat Liver (1997)

N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) is the precursor of sialic acids, a group of important molecules in biological recognition systems. Biosynthesis of Neu5Ac is initiated and regulated by its key enzyme, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase (UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase, EC 5.1. 3.14)/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (ManNAc kinase, EC 2.7.1.60) in rat liver (Hinderlich, S., Stäsche, R., Zeitler, R., and Reutter, W. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 24313-24318). In the present paper we report the isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding this bifunctional enzyme. An open reading frame of 2166 base pairs encodes 722 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 79 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence contains exact matches of the sequences of five peptides derived from tryptic cleavage of the enzyme. The recombinant bifunctional enzyme was expressed in COS7 cells, where it displayed both epimerase and kinase activity. Distribution of UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase in the cytosol of several rat tissues was investigated by determining both specific enzyme activities. Secreting organs (liver, salivary glands, and intestinal mucosa) showed high specific activities of UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase, whereas significant levels of these activities were absent from other organs (lung, kidney, spleen, brain, heart, skeletal muscle, and testis). Northern blot analysis revealed no UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase mRNA in the non-secreting tissues.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Papain-like Novel Protease Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, Protein−Ligand X-ray Structure and Biological Evaluation (2010)

The design, synthesis, X-ray crystal structure, molecular modeling, and biological evaluation of a series of new generation SARS-CoV PLpro inhibitors are described. A new lead compound 3 (6577871) was identified via high-throughput screening of a diverse chemical library. Subsequently, we carried out lead optimization and structure-activity studies to provide a series of improved inhibitors that show potent PLpro inhibition and antiviral activity against SARS-CoV infected Vero E6 cells. Interestingly, the (S)-Me inhibitor 15 h (enzyme IC(50) = 0.56 microM; antiviral EC(50) = 9.1 microM) and the corresponding (R)-Me 15 g (IC(50) = 0.32 microM; antiviral EC(50) = 9.1 microM) are the most potent compounds in this series, with nearly equivalent enzymatic inhibition and antiviral activity. A protein-ligand X-ray structure of 15 g-bound SARS-CoV PLpro and a corresponding model of 15 h docked to PLpro provide intriguing molecular insight into the ligand-binding site interactions.
Data-driven glove calibration for hand motion capture (2013)

Hand motion is an important component of human motion, playing a central role in communication. However, it is difficult to capture hand motion optically, especially in conjunction with full body motion. Due to a lack of appropriate calibration methods, data gloves also do not provide sufficiently accurate hand motion. In this paper, we present a novel glove calibration approach that can map raw sensor readings to hand motion data with both accurate joint rotations and fingertip positions. Our method elegantly handles the sensor coupling problem by treating calibration as a flexible mapping from sensor readings to joint rotations. A sampling process collects data tuples according to accuracy requirements, and organizes all the tuples in a training set. From these data, a specially designed Gaussian Process Regression model is trained to infer the calibration function, and the learned model can be used to calibrate new sensor readings. For real-time hand motion capture, a sparse approximation of the model is used to enhance performance. Evaluation experiments demonstrate that our approach provides significantly better results that have more accurate hand shapes and fingertip positions, compared to other calibration methods.
Identifying patients with T3-T4 node-negative colon cancer at high risk of recurrence (2001)

Our study identifies a subgroup of patients with node-negative colon cancer at high risk of recurrence, who could be included in priority trials of adjuvant chemotherapy.
Assessment of Gaussian-2 and density functional theories for the computation of ionization potentials and electron affinities (1998)

A set of 146 well-established ionization potentials and electron affinities is presented. This set, referred to as the G2 ion test set, includes the 63 atoms and molecules whose ionization potentials and electron affinities were used to test Gaussian-2 (G2) theory [J. Chem. Phys. 94, 7221 (1991)] and 83 new atoms and molecules. It is hoped that this new test set combined with the recently published test set of enthalpies of neutral molecules [J. Chem. Phys. 106, 1063 (1997)] will provide a means for assessing and improving theoretical models. From an assessment of G2 and density functional theories on this test set, it is found that G2 theory is the most reliable method. It has an average absolute deviation of 0.06 eV for both ionization potentials and electron affinities. The two modified versions of G2 theory, G2(MP2,SVP) and G2(MP2) theory, have average absolute deviations of 0.08–0.09 eV for both ionization potentials and electron affinities. The hybrid B3LYP density functional method has the smallest average absolute deviation (0.18 eV) of the seven density functional methods tested for ionization potentials. The largest deviation for the density functional methods is for the ionization potential of CN (&amp;gt;1 eV). The BLYP density functional method has the smallest average absolute deviation (0.11 eV) of the seven density functional methods tested for electron affinities, while the BPW91, B3LYP, and B3PW91 methods also do quite well.
A 30 MHz high-speed analog/digital PLL in 2 mu m CMOS (1990)

An analog/digital approach to data clock recovery that allows the implementation of a quasi-digital phase-locked loop (PLL) with an effective local clock frequency of 1 GHz in 2- mu m CMOS is described. The large phase jumps normally associated with digital PLLs are avoided. The basic concept of the clock recovery system is shown. A long ring oscillator (32 stages in this example) is permanently frequency locked to a reference frequency at the data window rate. Since the dynamics of this loop do not affect phase acquisition or tracking, the design is noncritical. Each tap on the ring oscillator is used to latch data samples into one of the 32 latches, so at the end of one round trip (one bit time) 32 samples spaced one gate delay apart are stored in the 32 data latches. In 2- mu m technology this gives an effective sample rate of 1 GHz. In 1- mu m technology it is about 5 GHz. After subsequently being moved to a separate holding register, the bit pattern is evaluated to determine the location of valid transitions in the data window by means of digital transition detectors of complexity appropriate to the application.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
[Combinative effects of FAP-1 antisense oligonucleotide and carboplatin on apoptosis of ovarian cancer cell SKOV3]. (2004)

FAP-1 ASODN transfection can suppress the expression of FAP-1 gene in SKOV3 cells and enhance the cell sensitivity to apoptosis induced by carboplatin, which implies that FAP-1 ASODN may reverse the drug resistance in ovarian cancer.
HLA Class I and Class II Genes Distribution of the Iranian Sistanis. (2018)

These data could be useful for finding better donor matches for organ transplantation among Sistanis or other related Iranian ethnic groups, epidemiological studies of HLA-associated diseases, handling HLA genomics and mapping the migration pattern of different ethnic group.