gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Pineal Gland in Multiple Sclerosis (1991)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of unknown etiology. Clinical, neurochemical, and neuroradiological data implicate the pineal gland in the pathophysiology of MS. To investigate the relationship of MS to the pineal gland further, we surveyed the prevalence of pineal calcification (PC) on CT scan in a cohort of 29 MS patients (7 men, 22 women, mean age: 40.1 years, SD = 8.9) who were admitted consecutively to a neurological service for acute exacerbation of symptoms. For the purpose of comparison, we also surveyed the prevalence of choroid plexus calcification (CPC) in the sample. Twenty-one age and sex-matched neurological patients served as controls (5 men, 16 women, mean age: 37.0, SD = 9.2). PC was seen in 100% of MS patients, while 72.4% patients (N = 21) had CPC. In the control sample, PC was found in 42.8% (N = 9) and CPC in 28.5% (N = 6). Thus, the strikingly high prevalence of PC in MS provides indirect support for an association between MS and abnormalities of the pineal gland. Moreover, since pineal melatonin is involved in neuroimmunomodulation, we propose, for the first time, that abnormalities of pineal melatonin functions are implicated in the pathophysiology of the disease.
Photographic Sensitivity: Theory and Mechanisms (1995)

1. Silver halide photographic materials 2. Structure and preparation of silver halide grains 3. Physical properties of silver halides 4. Mechanisms of latent image formation 5. Spectral sensitization 6. Chemical sensitization and stabilization 7. Development-amplification of latent image 8. Future prospects for silver halide photography
Nitrogen Excretion: Three End Products, Many Physiological Roles (1995)

There are diverse physiological functions of nitrogen end products in different animal groups, including excretion, acid-base regulation, osmoregulation and buoyancy. Animals excrete a variety of nitrogen waste products, but ammonia, urea and uric acid predominate. A major factor in determining the mode of nitrogen excretion is the availability of water in the environment. Generally, aquatic animals excrete mostly ammonia, whereas terrestrial animals excrete either urea or uric acid. Ammonia, urea and uric acid are transported across cell membranes by different mechanisms corresponding to their different chemical properties in solution. Ammonia metabolism and excretion are linked to acid-base regulation in the kidney, but the role of urea and uric acid is less clear. Both invertebrates and vertebrates use nitrogen-containing organic compounds as intracellular osmolytes. In some marine invertebrates, NH4+ is sequestered in specific compartments to increase buoyancy.
Pattern recognition using Gaussian-filtered, shifted phase-encoded fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation (2008)

Pattern recognition for real-time applications requires the detection scheme be a simple architecture, fast in operation, able to detect all the potential targets without generating any false alarms, and invariant to noise and distortion. Though several target detection algorithms have been proposed in the literature over the years, but most of them are found to be not as efficient in meeting all the above-mentioned objective requirements. A new Gaussian-filtered, shifted phase-encoded fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation technique has been developed in this paper for an optical pattern recognition system. The input noisy image is first filtered by using a Gaussian filter, which helps in overcoming the effect of background noise and distortions. Then the filtered image is correlated with the reference image using the proposed joint transform correlator, which eliminates the problems of duplicate correlation heights, false alarms and low discrimination ratio. The architecture involves optical devices including lenses and spatial light modulators, which guarantees the very fast operation required for real-time applications. Computer simulation results show that the algorithm can successfully discriminate between targets and non-targets contained in the input scene even in the presence of noise and can also make the best utilization of the correlation space.
Plant molecular biology beginning to flourish (1981)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTPlant molecular biology beginning to flourishPractical applications from studies on plant-infecting bacterium, Agrobacter, now looking plausible, but many basic questions remainJEFFREY L. FOXView Author Information C&EN WashingtonCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1981, 59, 25, 33–44Publication Date (Print):June 22, 1981Publication History Published online7 November 2010Published inissue 22 June 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v059n025.p033https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v059n025.p033newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1981 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views72Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Preparation of Fv fragment from the mouse myeloma XRPC-25 immunoglobulin possessing antidinitrophenyl activity (1976)

<P>Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.</P>This machine-readable version of John Williams' &lt;i&gt;Digest of Welsh Historical Statistics&lt;/i&gt; is the result of a collaboration between the Statistical Directorate of the National Assembly for Wales, the History Data Service and the Centre for Data Digitisation and Analysis at Queen's University Belfast.<br> John Williams' &lt;i&gt;Digest of Welsh Historical Statistics&lt;/i&gt; is intended to provide a service for those working on the history of modern Wales. It arises from a belief that the quantitative element is a necessary and important part of the historical record; from an awareness that it was an aspect that was particularly inaccessible for scholars of Welsh history; and from a conviction that some encouragement in the use of quantitative material was necessary. It is modelled on the two volumes dedicated to British historical statistics: Mitchell, B.R. and Deane, P. (1962) &lt;i&gt;Abstract of British historical statistics&lt;/i&gt; and Mitchell, B.R. and Jones, H.G. (1971) &lt;i&gt;Second abstract of British historical statistics&lt;/i&gt;.
Highly oriented (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O/sub 3/ thin films on amorphous substrates (2003)

PLZT (lead lanthanum zirconate titanate) thin films have been deposited on various substrates, particularly on amorphous SiO/sub 2/, and on Si or GaAs with a buffer layer such as SiO/sub 2/. Regardless of whether the substrate is single crystal or not, many films are highly oriented with one of the [100], [110], or [111] directions normal to the substrate surfaces. Depending on the PLZT composition, substrate material, and deposition conditions, there are ten different film categories. Among these films the most interesting ones are the highly oriented films deposited on amorphous SiO/sub 2/ substrate because of the possibility of monolithic integration of integrated-optical thin film devices on Si and GaAs with a nonlattice matched buffer layer of SiO/sub 2/, the best optical transparent material for waveguiding and integrated optics. The crystal structure, grain size, morphology, composition, and symmetry of the thin film on SiO/sub 2/ have been studied.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Fuzzy model identification and control system design for coagulation chemical dosing of potable water (2006)

A practical feedforward control system with fuzzy feedback trim is presented for controlling the dosing strategy of Changhsing Water Purification Plant of Taipei Water Department (TWD). The feedforward move is based on a regression model from successful dosing data between 2001 and 2004. The expert operators' adjusting actions in meeting the settled water turbidity trend and pH values are adopted to establish the fuzzy feedback control rules. A host of field tests have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Attacking Amyloid (2005)

A recent study suggests that a molecule that binds amyloid and recruits an endogenous protein to its surface may pave the way for the development of efficient inhibitors of amyloidogenesis.
Bradykinin receptors as a therapeutic target (2003)

Biologically-active kinins, including bradykinin (BK) and Lys(0)-BK (kallidin), are short-lived peptide mediators predominantly generated by the enzymatic action of kallikreins on kininogen precursors. A diverse spectrum of physiological and pathological actions attributed to local kinin production is a consequence of the activation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Currently, two major subtypes of kinin receptor, designated B(1) and B(2), are recognised, although there is much evidence for pharmacological heterogeneity, particularly within the B(2) receptors. Considering these facts and the widespread distribution of kinin receptors in many human tissues, it is no surprise that the therapeutic potential of kinins and kinin receptor antagonists remains the focus of numerous investigations. Studies in animals and animal tissues, instrumental in elucidating the biological roles of kinins, are well-documented in numerous excellent reviews. Unfortunately, and despite the enormous potential illustrated by animal studies, attempts to develop kinin analogues as therapeutic agents to combat human disease have largely proven disappointing. Consequently, this review selectively focuses upon studies that are directly relevant to the targeting of human BK receptors as a therapeutic intervention. In addition to providing a succinct review of well-documented pathological conditions to which kinin receptors contribute, the authors have also included more recent data that illustrate new avenues for the therapeutic application of kinin analogues.
Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods (2020)

SARS-CoV-2 has caused tens of thousands of infections and more than one thousand deaths. There are currently no registered therapies for treating coronavirus infections. Because of time consuming process of new drug development, drug repositioning may be the only solution to the epidemic of sudden infectious diseases. We systematically analyzed all the proteins encoded by SARS-CoV-2 genes, compared them with proteins from other coronaviruses, predicted their structures, and built 19 structures that could be done by homology modeling. By performing target-based virtual ligand screening, a total of 21 targets (including two human targets) were screened against compound libraries including ZINC drug database and our own database of natural products. Structure and screening results of important targets such as 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), Spike, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and papain like protease (PLpro) were discussed in detail. In addition, a database of 78 commonly used anti-viral drugs including those currently on the market and undergoing clinical trials for SARS-CoV-2 was constructed. Possible targets of these compounds and potential drugs acting on a certain target were predicted. This study will provide new lead compounds and targets for further <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies of SARS-CoV-2, new insights for those drugs currently ongoing clinical studies, and also possible new strategies for drug repositioning to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Mesoporous MCM-48 membrane synthesized on a porous stainless steel support (1998)

N. Nishiyama, A. Koide, Y. Egashira and K. Ueyama, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2147 DOI: 10.1039/A805419C
Synapse loss is greater in presenile than senile onset Alzheimer disease: implications for the cognitive reserve hypothesis (2002)

In the past, 'Alzheimer disease' (AD) referred to pathologic AD with clinical onset of dementia in the presenium, while 'senile dementia of the Alzheimer type' (SDAT) referred to senile onset AD. Because AD appears clinically homogeneous regardless of age of onset, the two subtypes in more recent years have not been distinguished. Pathologic differences have been noted, but synapse loss has not previously been compared between the two groups. Hypothesizing that synapse loss would be greater in presenile onset than senile onset AD, we compared synapse loss, as well as Alzheimer pathology in presenile and senile onset AD, using an ELISA method to quantify synaptophysin. Synaptophysin was significantly lower in presenile than senile AD in right frontal and bilateral parietal lobes. Neuritic plaque counts were significantly higher in presenile than senile AD in bilateral frontal and parietal lobes. Semi-quantitative evaluation of neurofibrillary tangles revealed significantly more tangles in bilateral frontal and parietal lobes in presenile than senile AD. Brain weight was significantly lower in presenile than senile AD. The differences in synapse loss and Alzheimer-type pathology in presenile and senile onset AD support the hypothesis that 'cognitive reserve' protects the human brain from neurodegenerative disease.
CPM: Adaptive Video-on-Demand with Cooperative Peer Assists and Multicast (2009)

We present CPM, a unified approach that exploits server multicast, assisted by peer downloads, to provide efficient video-on-demand (VoD) in a service provider environment. We describe our architecture and show how CPM is designed to dynamically adapt to a wide range of situations including highly different peer-upload bandwidths, content popularity, user request arrival patterns, video library size, and subscriber population. We demonstrate the effectiveness of CPM using simulations (based on an actual implementation codebase) across the range of situations described above and show that CPM does significantly better than traditional unicast, different forms of multicast, as well as peer-to-peer schemes. Along with synthetic parameters, we augment our experiments using data from a deployed VoD service to evaluate the performance of CPM.
ACUTE AND SUBCHRONIC NEUROTOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF TETRAHYDROFURAN BY INHALATION IN RATS (2001)

Groups of adult male and female rats received exposure to tetrahydrofuran (THF) vapor by inhalation in acute or subchronic exposure scenarios. Acute exposure concentrations were 0, 500, 2500, or 5000 ppm for 6 hr. Evaluations conducted immediately after exposure included clinical observations, motor activity assessments (MA), and a battery of functional tests (FOB) designed to reveal nervous system dysfunction. During exposure to 2500 and 5000 ppm, rats had a diminished or absent startle response to a punctate auditory alerting stimulus. Following exposure to 5000 ppm, male and female rats were lethargic, exhibited abnormal gait or mobility, and splayed rear feet. Lethargy and splayed rear feet were also observed in females exposed to 2500 ppm. During the subsequent FOB, males exposed to 5000 ppm had a lower incidence of palpebral closure, higher incidences of slow or absent righting reflex, and a biphasic pattern of reduced motor activity followed by increased motor activity. Females exposed to 5000 ppm had increased incidences of palpebral closure in the open field, increased incidences of slow or absent righting reflex, and decreased motor activity. During the 14-week subchronic exposure series, daily THF exposure concentrations were 0, 500, 1500, or 3000 ppm, and neurobehavioral evaluations occurred on non-exposure days at approximately monthly intervals. Diminished startle responses to an auditory alerting stimulus were observed during exposure to 1500 or 3000 ppm; however, repeated exposures did not cause additional neurobehavioral or pathological effects. This pattern of effects is suggestive of transient sedation. Despite daily reinstatement of acute sedative effects during repeated exposure with up to 3000 ppm, THF did not produce any persistent or cumulative effects on nervous system structure or function. The demonstrated no-observed-effect level of THF for both acute and subchronic exposure was 500 ppm.
A 90nm high volume manufacturing logic technology featuring novel 45nm gate length strained silicon CMOS transistors (2004)

This paper describes the details of a novel strained transistor architecture which is incorporated into a 90nm logic technology on 300mm wafers. The unique strained PMOS transistor structure features an epitaxially grown strained SiGe film embedded in the source drain regions. Dramatic performance enhancement relative to unstrained devices are reported. These transistors have gate length of 45nm and 50nm for NMOS and PMOS respectively, 1.2nm physical gate oxide and Ni salicide. World record PMOS drive currents of 700/spl mu/A//spl mu/m (high V/sub T/) and 800/spl mu/A//spl mu/m (low V/sub T/) at 1.2V are demonstrated. NMOS devices exercise a highly tensile silicon nitride capping layer to induce tensile strain in the NMOS channel region. High NMOS drive currents of 1.26mA//spl mu/m (high VT) and 1.45mA//spl mu/m (low VT) at 1.2V are reported. The technology is mature and is being ramped into high volume manufacturing to fabricate next generation Pentium/spl reg/ and Intel/spl reg/ Centrino/spl trade/ processor families.
Studies on Chemotherapeutics. XII (1950)

p-Benzoxybenzene sulfochloride and 2-amino-4-methylpyrimidine, 2-aminopyridine, or 2-aminothiazoles were reacted in pyridine and corresponding N1-heterocyclic substituted 2-p-benzoxybenzene sulfonamides were synthesized. These were led to 2-p-hydroxy-and 2-p-acetoxy-benzene sulfonamide-N1-heterocyclic substituted derivatives.
Rationalizing the molecular origins of Ru- and Fe-based dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells (2012)

As part of an effort to design more efficient dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs), structure-property relationships are established in the world's best-performing chemical series of dyes: 2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-carboxylatoruthenium(II) complexes. Statistical analysis, based on crystallographic data from the Cambridge Structural Database, is used to determine common structural features and the effects of structural change to its salient molecular constituents. Also included is the report of two new crystal structures for tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)dichlororuthenium(II)hexahydrate and tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)iron(II)dithiocyanate; these add to this statistical enquiry. Results show that the metal (M) core exhibits a distorted octahedral environment with M-N π-backbonding effects affording the propensity of the metal ion towards oxidation. The same characteristics are observed in iron-based analogues. The role of carboxylic groups in this series of dyes is assessed by comparing complexes which contain or are devoid of COOH groups. Space-group variation and large molecular conformational differences occur when COOH groups are present, while such structural features are very similar in their absence. The nature of the anion is also shown to influence the structure of COOH-containing complexes. These structural findings are corroborated by solution-based UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and DSC device performance tests. The presence of COOH groups in this series of compounds is shown to be mandatory for dye-uptake in TiO(2) in the DSC fabrication process. Throughout this study, results are compared with those of the world's most famous DSC dye, N3 (N719 in its fully protonated form): cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato)ruthenium(II). Overall, the molecular origins of charge-transfer in these complexes are ascertained. The findings have important implications to the materials discovery of more efficient dyes for DSC technology.
Advanced Mobile Phone Service: The Developmental System (1979)

A developmental amps system has been implemented in the urban and suburban areas of Chicago. A Mobile Telecommunications Switching Office at Oak Park, Illinois, controls the ten cell sites used in the system. An Equipment Test, serving approximately 100 mobile users, was initiated in mid-1978. A Service Test, involving approximately 2000 tariffed mobile units, will follow the Equipment Test. This paper describes the developmental system, the activities which were prerequisite to the major system test phases, and the status of the system as of July 1978.
"Caged" phenylephrine: development and application to probe the mechanism of alpha-receptor-mediated vasoconstriction. (1993)

A "caged" analogue of the alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist phenylephrine (PE) was prepared by exploiting the 2-nitrobenzyl protecting group and using a synthetic procedure developed to permit preferential derivatization at the amino group. On isolated adult rat mesenteric arterioles, caged-PE had no measurable effects at concentrations up to 100 microM; 0.5-ms light flashes in the presence of caged-PE, however, produced marked and dose-dependent vasoconstriction. Flash-induced vasoconstrictions were blocked by the alpha-receptor antagonist phentolamine and were unaffected by the beta-receptor antagonist propranolol, indicating that the light-induced responses reflect the selective activation of alpha-adrenergic receptors. After a single flash, a large transient decrease in vessel diameter was recorded, and in most vessels, this was followed by a smaller, sustained constriction. The sustained component of the contraction was selectively eliminated when Ca2+ was removed from the bath, which suggests that different mechanisms underlie the transient and the sustained responses to PE. The responses to single flashes of varying intensities occurred with a mean latency of 460 ms, which is consistent with the intermediacy of several steps between alpha-receptor activation and contraction. We anticipate that it will be possible to extend this approach to develop caged analogues of other neurotransmitters for mechanistic and kinetic studies.
Expression of Genes Associated with Immunoproteasome Processing of Major Histocompatibility Complex Peptides Is Indicative of Protection with Adjuvanted RTS,S Malaria Vaccine (2010)

The up-regulation of genes associated with the efficient processing of major histocompatibility complex peptides suggests a potential role of the vaccine in conferring major histocompatibility complex class 1-mediated protection and may represent a useful surrogate marker of vaccine efficacy without the need for challenge.
Filamentous degeneration of neurons. A possible feature of cytosine arabinoside neurotoxicity (1993)

This report indicates that Ara-C neurotoxicity, possibly aggravated in our patient by oliguric renal failure, is not confined to the cerebellum but involves cranial nerve and spinal motor neurons, which in turn may explain the cranial neuropathies that sometimes complicate the use of high-dose Ara-C therapy.