gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vaccinia Virus Complement Control Protein Reduces Inflammation and Improves Spinal Cord Integrity Following Spinal Cord Injury (2004)

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) claims approximately 10,000 new victims each year in the United States alone. The injury usually strikes those under the age of 30 years, often leading to a lifetime of pain, suffering, and disability. Therapeutic agents targeting spinal cord injury are sorely lacking, and therefore our laboratory endeavored to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits of immediate post-injury administration of the vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP). VCP is a multifunctional anti-inflammatory protein that can inhibit both pathways of complement activation and bind heparin. Utilizing a common animal model of contusion SCI, motor function recovery tests, and immunochemical stains, we evaluated the effects of VCP injected into spinal cord tissue following injury. Results demonstrate that VCP administration inhibits macrophage infiltration, reduces spinal cord destruction, and improves hind-limb function, establishing VCP as a strong candidate for further investigation in the treatment of SCI.
Vascular Permeability Factor/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: A Critical Cytokine in Tumor Angiogenesis and a Potential Target for Diagnosis and Therapy (2002)

Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), the founding member of the vascular permeability factor (VPF)/VEGF family of proteins, is an important angiogenic cytokine with critical roles in tumor angiogenesis. This article reviews the literature with regard to VEGF-A's multiple functions, the mechanisms by which it induces angiogenesis, and its current and projected roles in clinical oncology. VEGF-A is a multifunctional cytokine that is widely expressed by tumor cells and that acts through receptors (VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and neuropilin) that are expressed on vascular endothelium and on some other cells. It increases microvascular permeability, induces endothelial cell migration and division, reprograms gene expression, promotes endothelial cell survival, prevents senescence, and induces angiogenesis. Recently, VEGF-A has also been shown to induce lymphangiogenesis. Measurements of circulating levels of VEGF-A may have value in estimating prognosis, and VEGF-A and its receptors are potential targets for therapy. Recognized as the single most important angiogenic cytokine, VEGF-A has a central role in tumor biology and will likely have an important role in future approaches designed to evaluate patient prognosis. It may also become an important target for cancer therapy.
Shared idiotypes and restricted immunoglobulin variable region heavy chain genes characterize murine autoantibodies of various specificities. (1986)

The study of the Ig variable region heavy chain (VH) genes used to encode antibodies specific for self-epitopes from murine hybridomas showed that three VH families are primarily utilized: VH J558, the largest family, and VH QPC52 and VH 7183, the families most proximal to the Ig joining region heavy chain genes. These monoclonal autoantibodies express cross-reactive idiotopes shared by rheumatoid factors and antibodies specific for Sm. The expression of these idiotypes is independent of major histocompatibility complex and Ig constant region heavy chain haplotypes, self-antigen specificity, and even the VH gene family utilized. Though the experiments described here are limited to murine autoantibodies, similarities exist between murine and human autoimmune diseases. Studies that aim to investigate the relationship between VH gene expression and the presence of cross-reactive idiotypes among human autoantibodies should enable us to better understand the mechanisms of autoimmunity and self-tolerance.
Myeloid-Related Protein Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis (2011)

SA100A8, SA100A9, and SA100A12 are members of the myeloid-related protein class. SA100A8 and SA100A9, also known as MRP-8 and MRP-14, respectively, are intracellular Ca 2+ -binding proteins produced mainly by neutrophils and monocytes where they exist as a heterodimeric complex in the cytosol. The MRP-8/-14 complex has been shown to promote chronic inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In that regard, MRP-8 and MRP-14 regulate the inflammatory response through their capacity to recruit neutrophils and monocytes to target tissues resulting in attachment to endothelium. MRPs also activate the signal transduction pathway principally involving the stress-activated/mitogen-activated protein kinases. MRP-8/MRP-14 also increased nitric oxide synthesis. Most recently, the MRP-8/MRP-14 complex was shown to be a novel ligand for the toll-like receptors (TLRs) and TLR-4, in particular. Engagement of TLRs by the MRP-8/-14 complex may be particularly important for activating antigen-presenting dendritic cells which regulate critical autoimmune responses that promote chronic synovitis characteristic of RA.
Suppression of cytoplasmic male sterility by nuclear genes alters expression of a novel mitochondrial gene region. (1991)

To identify regions of the mitochondrial genome that potentially could specify the "Polima" (pol) cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) of Brassica napus, transcripts of 14 mitochondrial genes from nap (male fertile), pol (male sterile), and nuclear fertility-restored pol cytoplasm plants were analyzed. Transcriptional differences among these plants were detected only with the ATPase subunit 6 (atp6) gene. Structural analysis of the atp6 gene regions of pol and nap mitochondrial DNAs showed that rearrangements in the pol mitochondrial genome occurring upstream of atp6 have generated a chimeric 224-codon open reading frame, designated orf224, that is cotranscribed with atp6. In CMS plants, most transcripts of this region are dicistronic, comprising both orf224 and atp6 sequences. Nuclear restorer genes at either of two distinct loci appear to specifically alter this transcript pattern such that monocistronic atp6 transcripts predominate. The differences in expression of this region appear to result, in part, from differential processing of a tRNA-like element comprising a tRNA pseudogene present immediately upstream of atp6 in both the sterile and fertile mitochondrial DNAs. Possible mechanisms by which expression of the orf224/atp6 locus and the Polima CMS trait may be specifically related are considered.
Thermoresponsive super water absorbent hydrogels prepared by frontal polymerization of N‐isopropyl acrylamide and 3‐sulfopropyl acrylate potassium salt (2011)

Abstract Super water absorbent polymer hydrogels were synthesized by frontal polymerization. These materials were obtained by copolymerizing N ‐isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAm) and 3‐sulfopropyl acrylate potassium salt (SPAK) in the presence of N,N ′‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide as a crosslinker. It was found that their swelling behavior in water can be easily tuned by using either the appropriate monomer ratio or the amount of the crosslinker used. Namely, the swelling ratio was found to range from about 1000% for the NIPAAm homopolymer in the presence of 5.0 mol % of crosslinker, up to 35,000% for the sample containing 87.5 mol % of SPAK and 1.0 mol % of crosslinker. The affinity toward water was also confirmed by contact angle analysis. Moreover, the obtained hydrogels exhibit a thermoresponsive behavior, with a lower critical solution temperature of about 28–30 °C. This value is close to that of poly(NIPAAm) but with a swelling capability that dramatically increases as the amount of SPAK increases. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Distribution of trigeminothalamic and spinothalamic lamina I terminations in the macaque monkey (2004)

Thalamic terminations from trigeminal, cervical, and lumbosacral lamina I neurons were investigated with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and labeled dextrans. Iontophoretic injections guided by physiological recordings were restricted to lamina I or laminae I-II. PHA-L-labeled trigemino- and spinothalamic (TSTT) terminations were identified immunohistochemically. TRITC- and FITC-labeled dextrans were injected at different levels to confirm topography. Terminations consistently occurred in two main locations: a distinguishable portion of posterolateral thalamus identified cytoarchitectonically as the posterior part of the ventral medial nucleus (VMpo) and a portion of posteromedial thalamus designated as the ventral caudal part of the medial dorsal nucleus (MDvc). In addition, isolated fibers bearing boutons of passage were observed in the ventral posterior medial and lateral (VPM and VPL) nuclei, and spinal terminations occurred in the ventral posterior inferior nucleus (VPI). Isolated terminations occasionally occurred in other sites (e.g., suprageniculate, zona incerta, hypothalamic paraventricular n.). Terminations in MDvc occurred in concise foci that were weakly organized topographically (posteroanterior = rostrocaudal). Terminations in VMpo consisted of dense clusters of ramified terminal arbors bearing multiple large boutons that were well organized topographically (anteroposterior = rostrocaudal). Terminations in VMpo colocalized with a field of calbindin-immunoreactive terminal fibers; double-labeled terminals were documented at high magnification. This propitious marker was especially useful at anterior levels, where VMpo can easily be misidentified as VPM. These findings demonstrate phylogenetically novel primate lamina I TSTT projections important for sensory and motivational aspects of pain, temperature, itch, muscle ache, sensual touch, and other interoceptive feelings from the body.
Poly(amidoamine)s with 2‐Dithiopyridine Side Substituents as Intermediates to Peptide–Polymer Conjugates (2007)

Abstract Cystamine, when employed as a cross‐linking agent, leads to poly(amidoamine) networks, which on reaction with 2,2′‐dithiodipyridine turn into linear poly(amidoamine)s with side dithiopyridyl groups that easily undergo exchange reactions with reduced L ‐glutathione, a model thiol‐containing biologically active peptide. The resultant products represent the first examples of soluble poly(amidoamine)–peptide conjugates in which the peptide moieties are linked to the polymer chain by SS bonds stable in blood, but cleavable inside cells. magnified image
Morphology and agronomic performance of white clover with increased flowering and condensed tannin concentration (2006)

Abstract High tannin (HT) white clover (Trifolium repens) , bred for increased floral condensed tannin (CT) and flowering prolificacy, was assessed under dairy grazing in the Waikato region of New Zealand. HT and ‘Grasslands Huia’ white clover monocultures sown in April 2001 were monitored until November 2003. HT grew 1 t DM ha –1 less than ‘Huia’ each year and both had similar CT concentrations in flower heads across sampling dates (13–80 g kg –1 DM). HT had more flowers per plant and per node than ‘Huia’, but similar numbers of stolon branches per node. Higher flower densities in HT than ‘Huia’ swards from October 2001 to January 2003 resulted in higher clover CT concentrations, reaching 12 g kg –1 clover DM, but contamination of HT swards by clover plants arising from the seedbank reduced treatment differences. Future attempts to increase CT concentration in white clover should involve CT expression in foliage rather than flowers to maintain agronomic performance.
Neonatal hypernatraemia in two siblings with Netherton's syndrome (1986)

We report two siblings with Netherton's syndrome who developed hypernatraemia during the neonatal period. Although this is likely to have been due to trans-epidermal water loss in erythrodermic infants rather than to Netherton's syndrome specifically, this complication should be remembered in erythrodermic infants as a preventable cause of neonatal morbidity.
Antigen Secreted from Noncytosolic Listeria monocytogenes Is Processed by the Classical MHC Class I Processing Pathway (1999)

Intracellular bacteria can reside in a vacuolar compartment, or they can escape the vacuole and become free living in the cytoplasm. The presentation of Ag by class I MHC molecules has been defined primarily for Ag present in the cytoplasm. It was therefore thought that Ags from bacteria that remain in a vacuole would not be presented by MHC class I molecules. Although some studies have provided data to support this idea, it is not necessarily true for all intracellular bacteria. For example, we have previously demonstrated that an epitope from the p60 protein secreted by LLO- Listeria monocytogenes, which does not reside in the cytoplasm, can be presented by MHC class I molecules to a T cell clone specific for the epitope, p60217-225. We have further examined the route by which Ag secreted by LLO- L. monocytogenes is presented by MHC class I molecules. Using pharmacological inhibitors, we demonstrate that MHC class I presentation of the p60 epitope derived from by LLO- L. monocytogenes requires phagolysosome fusion and processing by the proteasome. Lysosomal cathepsins, however, are not required for processing of the p60 epitope. Similarly, processing of the AttM epitope, secreted by LLO- L. monocytogenes and presented by H2-M3, also requires phagolysosome fusion and cleavage by the proteasome. Thus, p60 and AttM secreted by LLO- L. monocytogenes are processed via the classical class I pathway for presentation by MHC class I molecules.
Bit Cost Scalable Technology with Punch and Plug Process for Ultra High Density Flash Memory (2007)

We propose Bit-Cost Scalable (BiCS) technology which realizes a multi-stacked memory array with a few constant critical lithography steps regardless of number of stacked layer to keep a continuous reduction of bit cost. In this technology, whole stack of electrode plate is punched through and plugged by another electrode material. SONOS type flash technology is successfully applied to achieve BiCS flash memory. Its cell array concept, fabrication process and characteristics of key features are presented.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-Specific Monoclonal Antibody to Detect CD19-Specific T Cells in Clinical Trials (2013)

Clinical trials targeting CD19 on B-cell malignancies are underway with encouraging anti-tumor responses. Most infuse T cells genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) with specificity derived from the scFv region of a CD19-specific mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb, clone FMC63). We describe a novel anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody (mAb) to detect CD19-specific CAR(+) T cells before and after their adoptive transfer. This mouse mAb was generated by immunizing with a cellular vaccine expressing the antigen-recognition domain of FMC63. The specificity of the mAb (clone no. 136.20.1) was confined to the scFv region of the CAR as validated by inhibiting CAR-dependent lysis of CD19(+) tumor targets. This clone can be used to detect CD19-specific CAR(+) T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at a sensitivity of 1∶1,000. In clinical settings the mAb is used to inform on the immunophenotype and persistence of administered CD19-specific T cells. Thus, our CD19-specific CAR mAb (clone no. 136.20.1) will be useful to investigators implementing CD19-specific CAR(+) T cells to treat B-lineage malignancies. The methodology described to develop a CAR-specific anti-idiotypic mAb could be extended to other gene therapy trials targeting different tumor associated antigens in the context of CAR-based adoptive T-cell therapy.
Binary increase congestion control (BIC) for fast long-distance networks (2005)

High-speed networks with large delays present a unique environment where TCP may have a problem utilizing the full bandwidth. Several congestion control proposals have been suggested to remedy this problem. The existing protocols consider mainly two properties: TCP friendliness and bandwidth scalability. That is, a protocol should not take away too much bandwidth from standard TCP flows while utilizing the full bandwidth of high-speed networks. This work presents another important constraint, namely, RTT (round trip time) unfairness where competing flows with different RTTs may consume vastly unfair bandwidth shares. Existing schemes have a severe RTT unfairness problem because the congestion window increase rate gets larger as the window grows ironically the very reason that makes them more scalable. RTT unfairness for high-speed networks occurs distinctly with drop tail routers for flows with large congestion windows where packet loss can be highly synchronized. After identifying the RTT unfairness problem of existing protocols, This work presents a new congestion control scheme that alleviates RTT unfairness while supporting TCP friendliness and bandwidth scalability. The proposed congestion control algorithm uses two window size control policies called additive increase and binary search increase. When the congestion window is large, additive increase with a large increment ensures square RTT unfairness as well as good scalability. Under small congestion windows, binary search increase supports TCP friendliness. The simulation results confirm these properties of the protocol.
<title>Effect Of Plastic Deformation Of Silicon Wafers On Overlay</title> (1977)

Direct measurement of lateral distortion in (100) silicon wafers reveals random shifts as large as 0.5 &mu;m resulting from high-temperature processes commonly used during the manufacture of integrated circuits. Such shifts are commensurate in size with the dimensional tolerances required for high-performance integrated circuits, and therefore pose a serious problem in the manufacture of devices requiring submicrometer lines or overlay accuracy of less than 1 &mu;m. The effect has been studied after processing in various conditions; the lateral or in-plane distortions appear to increase as wafers undergo multiple-processing steps.
Making term extraction tools usable (2003)

The paper reviews the extraction of terminology from corpora. It identifies three possible applications, terminology, translation, and retrieval. They differ in the requirements for relevancy of terms to be extracted. Standard evaluation methods based on recall and precision critically depend on the notion of relevancy of a term, which is questionable and possibly outweighed in favour of criteria of usability in practical applications. Two tools, TermExtract and BiExtract, are presented as examples of the integration of extraction tools into different workflows.
Uric Acid Renal Excretion and Renal Insufficiency in Decompensated Severe Heart Failure (2005)

In patients with decompensated severe heart failure, the tubular secretion and the clearance of uric acid were reduced. Renal dysfunction was associated with mortality, but hyperuricemia was not.
Presence of telomeric G‐strand tails in the telomerase catalytic subunit TERT knockout mice (1999)

mTERT-knockout mice show phenotypes that are apparently normal at least during the early generations. This observation is similar to that obtained with the mTR-knockout mice. The presence of the telomeric G-strand tails in mTERT -/- mice suggests that these telomeric 5'-overhangs are produced by telomerase-independent mechanisms, as has been proposed for yeast and human.
Early stages in the development of spinal motor neurons (1992)

In order to identify early events in the differentiation of motor neurons, the expression of several developmentally regulated, neuronal molecules was investigated by immunohistochemistry on consecutive sections of cervical spinal cord. Motor neurons are among the first neurons to be born and to differentiate within the embryonic rat spinal cord. They undergo their terminal mitosis on embryonic days 10 and 11 (E10-11) and acquire detectable levels of the transmitter synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase, by E11.5. Staining with antibodies to the 68 kD neurofilament protein revealed motor neurons extending processes out the ventral root as early as E10.5. Monoclonal antibodies to two different epitopes on the cell adhesive molecule, NCAM, bound to myotomes on E10.5, and began to recognize ventral horn neurons by E11. Two other markers of developing neurons, the growth-associated protein, GAP-43, and the surface glycoprotein, TAG-1, were clearly detected on young motor neurons by E11.5. Thus, during the 36 hours following the final mitosis of their precursors, motor neurons acquire cytoskeletal, enzymatic, and cell surface components that distinguish them from other developing cells within the spinal cord. Not all of the newly acquired molecules continue to be expressed by motor neurons. Immunoreactivity for TAG-1 was lost by E12.5, followed by a gradual reduction of immunoreactivity for GAP-43 and the highly polysialylated form of NCAM. By E15, only antibodies to choline acetyltransferase (Phelps et al., J. Comp. Neurol. 307:1-10, 1990), and to neurofilaments, selectively stained motor neurons within the embryonic spinal cord. The transient presence of GAP-43, TAG-1, and the embryonic form of NCAM coincides with a period of vigorous axonal growth and declines when motor neurons reach their targets. This report describes the temporal sequence of early stages in the differentiation of the rodent motor neuronal phenotype. Some of these changes may be related to interactions with their synaptic partners.
Factors Affecting Aseptic Failure of Fixation after Primary Charnley Total Hip Arthroplasty (1997)

Multivariate survival analysis with use of the Cox proportional-hazards model was applied to a consecutive series of 293 primary Charnley total hip arthroplasties performed on 246 patients. The purpose of the analysis was to identify risk factors for, and to quantitate their effects on, aseptic failure of fixation. The duration of follow-up ranged from one month to twenty-three years (average, thirteen years). The end point of survival was defined as radiographic evidence of failure of fixation or as a revision operation. Failure of fixation of the acetabular component was defined as complete demarcation or migration. Failure of the femoral component was defined as progression of at least one of five postoperative signs (subsidence, demarcation of the cement, separation of the component from the cement, fracture of the cement, and endosteal cavitation) or as the occurrence of at least two of these signs. Twenty-four specific items of data for each acetabular component and thirty specific items for each femoral component formed the sets of variables for the analysis. With use of radiographic evidence of failure as the end point, the sixteen-year rates of survival (with 95 per cent confidence interval) were 83.6 +/- 5.6 per cent for the acetabular components and 90.9 +/- 4.1 per cent for the femoral components. With use of revision as the end point, the sixteen-year rates of survival were 92.3 +/- 4.0 per cent and 95.6 +/- 3.2 per cent, respectively. The most important risk factor affecting radiographic loosening of the acetabular component was rapid wear of the polyethylene (0.2 millimeter or more annually), followed by the classification of the osteoarthrosis (as hypertrophic, normotrophic, or atrophic) according to the extent of osteophyte formation. The sockets in the hips that had hypertrophic osteoarthrosis survived longer than those in the other two groups. Survival of the acetabular component as determined on the basis of revision was affected only by rapid wear of the polyethylene. Survival of the femoral component, with either radiographic failure of fixation or revision as the end point, was affected by an unfavorable geometry of the medullary canal (a so-called stovepipe canal or a large canal). Patients who have rapid wear of the polyethylene, little osteophyte formation, or an unfavorable geometry of the canal should be followed carefully. These risk factors warrant additional evaluation.