gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Active Voltage Clamp in Flyback Converters Operating in CCM Mode Under Wide Load Variation (2004)

Active clamp topologies of low power dissipation have become a very attractive solution in order to limit overvoltages in flyback converters. Although many suitable topologies have been introduced for the case of discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), where the duty cycle value depends on the load level, in continuous conduction mode (CCM) it is more difficult to appropriately design such topologies so as to "sense" load changes-due to the small duty cycle divergence under wide load variation. Taking for granted that in order to achieve high power-factor correction in these converters, CCM is a more attractive mode of operation, a drastic solution for this case that will manage to eliminate voltage stresses under wide load changes has become very essential. For this purpose, this paper presents an active clamp topology with small power dissipation, suitable for flyback converters operating in CCM mode. Its main idea is the use of a load-dependent current source, consisting of an auxiliary converter operating in DCM mode. Experimental results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed topology under wide load changes, establishing it as an appropriate solution in order to develop flyback converters, even at the power range of 500 W.
Highly Efficient Stereospecific Preparation of Tn and TF Building Blocks Using Thioglycosyl Donors and the Ph 2 SO/Tf 2 O Promotor System* (2005)

The activation of 2‐azido‐2‐deoxy Tn and TF thioglycosyl donors by the powerful thiophilic promoter system Ph2SO/Tf2O has been investigated. Glycosylation of an Fmoc‐protected threonine derivative gave 1,2‐cis glycosides in high yields and excellent stereoselectivities. The galactosylation of phenyl 2‐azido‐4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐2‐deoxy‐1‐thio‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside was achieved in high yield and without orthoester formation using a trichloroacetimidate donor carrying a 2‐O‐(2,5‐difluorobenzoyl) group. The anomeric thiophenyl group of the constructed TF disaccharide could directly be activated by the van Boom promotor for the glycosylation of a threonine derivative. * Dedicated to the memory of Professor Jacques H. van Boom
Minichromosomes derived from the B chromosome of maize (2005)

Fourteen minichromosomes derived from the B chromosome of maize are described. The centromeric region of the B chromosome contains a specific repetitive DNA element called the B repeat. This sequence was used to determine the transmission frequency of the different types of minichromosomes over several generations via Southern blot analysis at each generation. In general, the minichromosomes have transmission rates below the theoretical 50% frequency of a univalent chromosome. The gross structure of each minichromosome was determined using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on root tip chromosome spreads. The presence of the B centromeric repeat and of the adjacent heterochromatic knob sequences was determined for each minichromosome. In two cases, the amount of the centromeric knob repeat is increased relative to the progenitor chromosome. Other isolates have reduced or undetectable levels of the knob sequence. Potential uses of the minichromosomes are discussed.
Understanding Hydraulic Fracture Growth, Effectiveness, and Safety Through Microseismic Monitoring (2013)

Microseismic monitoring has become a valuable tool for optimizing stimulations, comple‐ tions, and overall field development, particularly in unconventional reservoirs. This technology was initially rooted in geothermal energy [1,2], but subsequently was used for many years in research projects to understand fracturing in unconventional reservoirs, such as in the Multiwell Experiment [3,4], the M-Site fracture diagnostics laboratory [5-8], the Carthage Cotton Valley fracturing test [9,10], and for other processes, such as drill cuttings injection [11]. It finally reached a level of sophistication and reliability to function as a service technology in the early 21st century [12,13], and many thousands of hydraulic fractures have been monitored since that time. In addition to providing a “window” into the subsurface for fracture optimization and control, the large amount of microseismic data that has been gathered provides a significant database that can be used for environmen‐ tal surety.
Insertional mutagenesis of Listeria monocytogenes with a novel Tn917 derivative that allows direct cloning of DNA flanking transposon insertions (1990)

To carry out efficient insertional mutagenesis in Listeria monocytogenes and to facilitate the characterization of disrupted genes, two novel derivatives of Tn917 were constructed, Tn917-LTV1 and Tn917-LTV3. The derivatives (i) transpose at a significantly elevated frequency, (ii) generate transcriptional lacZ fusions when inserted into a chromosomal gene in the appropriate orientation, and (iii) allow the rapid cloning in Escherichia coli of chromosomal DNA flanking transposon insertions. The rapid cloning of DNA flanking insertions is possible because the transposon derivatives carry ColE1 replication functions, a cluster of polylinker cloning sites, and antibiotic resistance genes selectable in E. coli (bla in the case of Tn917-LTV1; neo and ble in the case of Tn917-LTV3). The enhanced transposition frequency of Tn917-LTV1 and Tn917-LTV3 (about 100-fold in Bacillus subtilis) is believed to be due to the fortuitous placement of vector-derived promoters upstream from the Tn917 transposase gene. In L. monocytogenes, Tn917-LTV3 transposed at a frequency of 8 x 10(-4) when introduced on a pE194Ts-derived vector and generated at least eight different auxotrophic mutations. Two nonhemolytic insertion mutants of L. monocytogenes were isolated, and DNA flanking the transposon insertions was cloned directly into E. coli, making use of the ColE1 rep functions and neo gene carried by Tn917-LTV3. Both insertions were shown to be within hlyA, the L. monocytogenes hemolysin structural gene. Although Tn917-LTV1 and Tn917-LTV3 were constructed specifically for genetic analysis of L. monocytogenes, their enhanced transposition frequency and convenience for cloning of DNA adjacent to sites of insertions make them the transposon derivatives of choice for insertional mutagenesis in any gram-positive bacteria that support replication of pE194Ts.
Metal Ion Dependent Binding and Nuclease Activity of Hexaazacyclophane (1996)

Abstract The HAPP‐Fe complex was more active than HAPP‐Cu complex in cleavage of DNA in the presence of dithiothreitol and hydrogen peroxide. In contrast, the HAPP‐Cu complex was found to bind more strongly with λ‐DNA, whereas the HAPP‐Fe binds weakly. It was shown that the metal ion complexed with HAPP ligand can influence the binding and cleaving activity due to the ability of the ligand to undergo geometrical tautomerization.
Inside Cover: Cognitive‐Performance Recovery of Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice by Modulation of Early Soluble Amyloidal Assemblies (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 11/2009) (2009)

Abstract The accumulation of amyloid‐β (Aβ) as amyloid fibril deposits may play a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, which is among the most common diseases of the 21st century. E. Gazit and co‐workers describe in their Communication on page 1981 ff. a novel Aβ fibrilization inhibitor, whose mechanism of action is based on targeting aromatic recognition modules together with a unique C α ‐methylation β‐breakage strategy. We thank Tal Mazor for the graphical assistance with the cover. magnified image
Improving weak-signal identification via predetection background suppression by a pixel-level, surface-wave enabled dark-field aperture (2010)

We report the successful implementation of a surface-wave enabled dark-field aperture (SWEDA) directly on a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor sensor pixel (2.2μm). This SWEDA pixel allows predetection cancellation of a uniform coherent background. We show that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the SWEDA pixel is better than that of a single undressed pixel over a significant range of signal-to-background ratio (SBR). For a small SBR value (SBR=0.001, background intensity=3.96W/m2, integration time=5ms), we further demonstrate that a SWEDA pixel can detect a weak localized signal buried in a high background, while conventional postdetection background subtraction cannot (improved SNR=2.2 versus SNR=0.26).
ClfA221–550, a fibrinogen-binding segment of Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor A, disrupts fibrinogen function (2005)

Clumping factor A (ClfA) is a surface protein of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria known for its ability to bind the C-terminus of plasma fibrinogen gamma chain, which participates in mediating fibrinogen-platelet interaction and fibrin cross-linking, resulting in thrombus formation. With an aim to develop agents that block fibrinogen gamma chain C-terminus, the fibrinogen-binding segment of ClfA locating at residues 221-550 was produced by recombinant technology and tested for its ability to inhibit platelet functions and fibrin clot formation. Recombinant ClfA(221-550) bound fibrinogen and blocked fibrinogen-platelet interaction, resulting in the inhibition of both ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregations. ClfA(221-550) also affected fibrin clot formation, in which factor XIIIa-mediated cross-linking of fibrinogen gamma chains was abrogated by ClfA(221-550) leaving the release of fibrinopeptides A and B from fibrinogen by thrombin unaltered, indicating that ClfA(221-550) interfered with fibrin clot formation without affecting thrombin's catalytic activity. Platelet-mediated clot retraction depends on both platelet-fibrinogen interaction and fibrin clot formation, which makes platelet thrombus less susceptible to fibrinolysis. At the concentration that reduced platelet aggregation by 40%, ClfA(221-550) prevented platelet-mediated clot retraction, whereas the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist tirofiban needed a higher concentration in inhibiting clot retraction than inhibiting platelet aggregation. By virtue of the multiple effects of ClfA(221-550) on platelet aggregation, fibrin clot formation and platelet-mediated clot retraction, the binding of ClfA(221-550) to fibrinogen merits further investigation for its potential as a new antithrombotic agent.
Plant breeding methodology (1989)

Part 1 Introductory topics: introduction to methodology genetic engineering and the future. Part 2 Breeding and selection methods: primary methods shaped by historical usage - a preamble the mass selection method pedigree and f+d2-derived family methods backcross method methods shaped by competitive forces the multiblend variety the multiline method methods shaped by recurrent forces the recurrent selection method diallel selective mating method genetic male sterility male sterile facilitated recurrent selection method methods shaped by requirements of techniques heterosis and commercial hybrids the single seed descent method doubled haploid method. Part 3 Breeding and selection strategies: issues in selection - a preamble visual selection selection indices harvest index stability. Part 4 Germ plasm and crossing considerations: germ plasm choosing cross quality level predicting and choosing parents predicting and choosing crosses and lines hybridizing or crossing techniques. Part 5 Plant traits of special relevance: seed characteristics morphological and other traits. Part 6 Project management: the four stages of plant breeding minimum staff plant breeding choosing sites and environments field organization and operations 101 ways to enrich your breeding program.
Targeted Disruption of Decorin Leads to Abnormal Collagen Fibril Morphology and Skin Fragility (1997)

Decorin is a member of the expanding group of widely distributed small leucine-rich proteoglycans that are expected to play important functions in tissue assembly. We report that mice harboring a targeted disruption of the decorin gene are viable but have fragile skin with markedly reduced tensile strength. Ultrastructural analysis revealed abnormal collagen morphology in skin and tendon, with coarser and irregular fiber outlines. Quantitative scanning transmission EM of individual collagen fibrils showed abrupt increases and decreases in mass along their axes. thereby accounting for the irregular outlines and size variability observed in cross-sections. The data indicate uncontrolled lateral fusion of collagen fibrils in the decorindeficient mice and provide an explanation for the reduced tensile strength of the skin. These findings demonstrate a fundamental role for decorin in regulating collagen fiber formation in vivo.
Within-plant signaling by volatiles leads to induction and priming of an indirect plant defense in nature (2007)

Plants respond to herbivore attack with the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can attract predatory arthropods and/or repel herbivores and thus serve as a means of defense against herbivores. Such VOCs might also be perceived by neighboring plants to adjust their defensive phenotype according to the present risk of attack. We exposed lima bean plants at their natural growing site to volatiles of beetle-damaged conspecific shoots. This reduced herbivore damage and increased the growth rate of the exposed plants. To investigate whether VOCs also can serve in signaling processes within the same individual plant we focused on undamaged "receiver" leaves that were either exposed or not exposed to VOCs released by induced "emitter" leaves. Extrafloral nectar secretion by receiver leaves increased when they were exposed to VOCs of induced emitters of neighboring plants or of the same shoot, yet not when VOCs were removed from the system. Extrafloral nectar attracts predatory arthropods and represents an induced defense mechanism. The volatiles also primed extrafloral nectar secretion to show an augmented response to subsequent damage. Herbivore-induced VOCs elicit a defensive response in undamaged plants (or parts of plants) under natural conditions, and they function as external signal for within-plant communication, thus serving also a physiological role in the systemic response of a plant to local damage.
Pathway sampling by regenerating peripheral axons (2005)

A century ago, Ramon y Cajal described the generalized response of regenerating peripheral axons to their environment. By using mice that express fluorescent proteins in their axons, we are now able to quantify the response of individual axons to nerve transection and repair. Sciatic nerves from nonexpressing mice were grafted into those expressing a yellow variant of green fluorescent protein, then examined at 5, 7, or 10 days after repair. Regeneration was found to be a staggered process, with only 25% of axons crossing the repair in the first week. In the setting of Wallerian degeneration, this stagger will expose growth cones to an evolving menu of molecular cues upon which to base pathway decisions. Many axons arborize, allowing them to interact simultaneously with several pathways. Arborization could serve as the anatomical substrate for specificity generation through collateral pruning. Axons often travel laterally across the face of the distal stump before choosing a pathway. As a result, the average unbranched axon has access to over 100 distal Schwann cell tubes. This extensive access, however, does not ensure correct matching of axon and end organ, suggesting that pathway choice is made on the basis of factors other than end organ identity. These observations explain the failure of refined surgical techniques to restore normal function after nerve injury. The apparent wandering of axons across the repair defies surgical control and mandates a biological approach to reuniting severed axons with appropriate distal pathways.
A Comparison of Pivot Methods for Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation (2007)

We compare two pivot strategies for phrase-based statistical machine transla-tion (SMT), namely phrase translation and sentence translation. The phrase translation strategy means that we di-rectly construct a phrase translation ta-ble (phrase-table) of the source and tar-get language pair from two phrase-tables; one constructed from the source language and English and one constructed from En-glish and the target language. We then use that phrase-table in a phrase-based SMT system. The sentence translation strat-egy means that we first translate a source language sentence into n English sen-tences and then translate these n sentences into target language sentences separately. Then, we select the highest scoring sen-tence from these target sentences. We con-ducted controlled experiments using the Europarl corpus to evaluate the perfor-mance of these pivot strategies as com-pared to directly trained SMT systems. The phrase translation strategy signifi-cantly outperformed the sentence transla-tion strategy. Its relative performance was 0.92 to 0.97 compared to directly trained SMT systems.
Dynamics of a Majorana Trijunction in a Microwave Cavity (2019)

Abstract A trijunction made of three topological semiconducting wires, each supporting a Majorana bound state (MBS) at its two extremities, appears as one of the simplest geometries in order to perform braiding of Majorana fermions. Embedding the trijunction into a microwave cavity allows to study the intricate dynamics of the low‐energy MBSs coupled to the cavity electric field under a braiding operation. Extending a previous work [ Phys. Rev. Lett . 2019 , 122 , 236803], the full time evolution of the density matrix of the low‐energy states, including various relaxation channels, is computed both in the adiabatic regime, as well as within the Floquet formalism in the case of periodic driving. It turns out that in the stationary state the observables of the system depend on both the parity of the ground state and on the non‐Abelian Berry phase acquired during braiding. The average photon number and the second‐order photon coherence function g (2) (0) are explicitly evaluated and reveal the accumulated non‐Abelian Berry phase during the braiding process.
Encryption and Secure Computer Networks (1979)

There is increasing growth in the number of computer networks in use and in the kinds of distributed computing applications available on these networks This increase, together with concern about privacy, security, and integrity of information exchange, has created considerable interest in the use of encryptlon to protect information in the networks This survey is directed at the reader who ts knowledgeable about varmus network designs and who now wishes to consider incorporating encryption methods into these designs. It is also directed at developers of encryption algorithms who wish to understand the characteristics of such algorithms useful in network applications.
Suppression of multiple reflections using the Radon transform (1992)

Abstract Multiple suppression using a variant of the Radon transform is discussed. This transform differs from the classical Radon transform in that the integration surfaces are hyperbolic rather than planar. This specific hyperbolic surface is equivalent to parabolae in terms of computational expense but more accurately distinguishes multiples from primary reflections. The forward transform separates seismic arrivals by their differences in traveltime moveout. Multiples can be suppressed by an inverse transform of only part of the data. Examples show that multiples are effectively attenuated in prestack and stacked seismograms.
Applied morphological processing of English (2001)

We describe two newly developed computational tools for morphological processing: a program for analysis of English inflectional morphology, and a morphological generator, automatically derived from the analyser. The tools are fast, being based on finite-state techniques, have wide coverage, incorporating data from various corpora and machine readable dictionaries, and are robust, in that they are able to deal effectively with unknown words. The tools are freely available. We evaluate the accuracy and speed of both tools and discuss a number of practical applications in which they have been put to use.
Polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis of del (5q) in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome identifies a minimal deletion interval (1996)

Loss of all or part of the long arm of human chromosome 5 is a recurrent abnormality in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), especially after chemotherapy for a prior malignancy. It is one of the worst prognostic indicators in AML, associated with chemotherapy resistance and short survival. These deletions center at band 5q31, which has thus been proposed as the location of a tumor suppressor gene; this site is to be distinguished from that observed in 5q- syndrome, centering at 5q32. To define the molecular extent and the clinical prevalence of 5q31 deletions, we collected a series of AML and MDS cases of mixed karyotype, taking care to exclude MDS cases with 5q- syndrome. The samples were analyzed for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) using a panel polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based microsatellite markers from 5q, comparing malignant cells with normal tissue derived from lymphoblastoid cell lines or buccal mucosa scrapings. Losses were detected in seven of 29 matched samples, including four of 17 with MDS, and three of 12 with AML; six of these seven also had a cytogenetically-visible del(5q) or -5. The one case without a cytogenetic deletion showed molecular loss of three contiguous markers, with retention of flanking markers interleukin-9 (IL-9) and D5S414, and thus contained a small deletion that is below cytogenetic resolution. PCR failed to detect 5q loss in two cases with large cytogenetic deletions, but both had been treated and contained low percentages of malignant cells in the samples. This study thus led to the identification of a case with a minimal deletion for the 5q31 tumor suppressor gene, specified by IL-9-D5S414, that is approximately 1 Mb (2 cM) in extent. Additionally, we demonstrate that PCR-based allelotyping is a reliable method for the detection of chromosomal deletion in myeloid malignancy, providing the specimens contain a high proportion of malignant cells. These studies will help to identify the tumor-suppressor gene at 5q31, and will help to develop molecular methods for diagnosis and monitoring of these disorders.
Antimicrobials from human skin commensal bacteria protect against Staphylococcus aureus and are deficient in atopic dermatitis (2017)

The microbiome can promote or disrupt human health by influencing both adaptive and innate immune functions. We tested whether bacteria that normally reside on human skin participate in host defense by killing <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, a pathogen commonly found in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and an important factor that exacerbates this disease. High-throughput screening for antimicrobial activity against <i>S. aureus</i> was performed on isolates of coagulase-negative <i>Staphylococcus</i> (CoNS) collected from the skin of healthy and AD subjects. CoNS strains with antimicrobial activity were common on the normal population but rare on AD subjects. A low frequency of strains with antimicrobial activity correlated with colonization by <i>S. aureus</i> The antimicrobial activity was identified as previously unknown antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) produced by CoNS species including <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> and <i>Staphylococcus hominis</i> These AMPs were strain-specific, highly potent, selectively killed <i>S. aureus</i>, and synergized with the human AMP LL-37. Application of these CoNS strains to mice confirmed their defense function in vivo relative to application of nonactive strains. Strikingly, reintroduction of antimicrobial CoNS strains to human subjects with AD decreased colonization by <i>S. aureus</i> These findings show how commensal skin bacteria protect against pathogens and demonstrate how dysbiosis of the skin microbiome can lead to disease.