gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
International renal cell cancer study. VII. role of diet (1996)

We investigated the role of diet in the etiology of renal cell cancer (RCC) in a multi-center, population-based case-control study conducted in Australia, Denmark, Sweden and the United States, using a shared protocol. A total of 1,185 incident histopathologically confirmed cases (698 men, 487 women) and 1,526 controls (915 men, 611 women) frequency-matched to cases by sex and age were included in the analyses. The association between RCC and diet was estimated by relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for age, sex, study center, body mass index and smoking. A statistically significant positive association was observed for total energy intake (RR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.4-2.2 for the highest vs. lowest quartile, p value for trend < 0.00001), while the hypothesis that protein and fat are risk factors independent of energy was not supported. Fried meats were associated with increased RCC risk, while vegetables and fruits were protective, with the strongest effect observed for the highest quartile of consumption of orange/dark green vegetables but not vitamin C or beta carotene. Increased risk was associated with low intake (lowest decile) of vitamin E and magnesium. We observed an apparent protective effect of alcohol confined to women and probably due to chance. Our findings indicate an important role of nutrition in the development of RCC. The apparent positive association of energy intake with risk of RCC needs further investigation in a prospective cohort study to exclude the possible impact of differences in recall between cases and controls.
<title>Photodynamic therapy of arteries: preservation of mechanical integrity</title> (1994)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumors, as a primary treatment or as an adjunctive intra- operative therapy, may expose major vascular structures to injury. PDT has also been proposed to prevent neointimal hyperplasia following angioplasty of stenotic arteries. This study aimed to determine the effect of PDT on the normal rabbit carotid artery, and to determine whether this injury resulted in weakening of the vessel wall. PDT of the carotid arteries of NZW rabbits, using either disulphonated aluminum phthalocyanine or 5- aminolaevulinic acid induced protoporphyrin IX as photosensitizers, was performed using a light dose of 100 J/cm<sup>2</sup>. Histological examination of the carotids treated with both drugs demonstrated full thickness loss of cellularity 3 days following photodynamic therapy. Treated vessels all remained patent and no inflammatory infiltrate was observed. Elastin van Gieson staining showed preservation of inner and medial elastic laminae and medial and adventitial collagen. Further rabbits were similarly treated with PDT to 1 cm segments of both common carotids and sacrificed at 3, 7, and 21 days. The carotids were exposed and control and treated segments subjected to intraluminal hydrostatic distension until the vessels ruptured. No reduction in the pressure required to rupture the vessels was evident in treated vessels compared with controls. It is concluded that in spite of full thickness cell death, PDT treated arteries are not at risk of thrombotic occlusion or hemorrhage.
FCgammaRII (CD32)-dependent induction of interferon-alpha by serum from patients with lupus erythematosus. (1999)

Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) is detected in the serum of 70-80% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Furthermore, soluble factors in SLE serum can induce peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to produce IFN-alpha. The purpose of this work was to investigate the mechanism of this IFN-alpha induction. In eleven of fifteen SLE serum samples, an IFN-alpha inducing activity was detected, whereas serum from healthy controls, patients with other autoimmune disease and patients with viral infections were ineffective under the same conditions. After gel filtration of the serum, the inducing activity was found in the same fraction as IgG. The IFN-alpha inducing activity was inhibited by native monoclonal antibodies to the receptors for the Fc portion of IgG: FcgammaRIIA/C and FcgammaRIIB subclasses (CD32) and by their F(ab)'2 fragments. Purified Fc fragments of human IgG were also effective in abolishing the IFN-alpha-inducing activity. Since no anti-CD32 autoantibodies were found in SLE serum, this IFN-alpha-inducing activity may be due to immune complex antibodies. Such results may allow better understand the origin of endogenous IFN-alpha, which has a deleterious effect on the course of this autoimmune disease. The inhibition of this function by the CD32 antibody could lead to new therapeutic approach in SLE.
Theoretical Efficiency of the Thermionic Energy Converter (1959)

An analysis of the efficiency of the thermionic energy converter is given in terms of Vc and Va, which represent the potential differences between the top of the potential barrier between the electrodes and the Fermi levels of cathode and anode, respectively. The analysis applies to all vacuum converters, and to gas-filled converters when the gas pressure is low enough so that the electron mean free path is greater than the cathode-anode spacing. In special cases, the analysis may also apply at higher gas pressures. It is shown (with certain assumptions) that optimum values of Va and Vc exist. For Va, the optimum is determined by the onset of thermionic emission from the anode to the cathode. For Vc, the optimum is determined principally by radiation losses. It is concluded that no fundamental reason exists why efficiencies of 30% or more cannot be realized in converting heat to electricity by this method.
Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from CD34+ Cells across Blood Drawn from Multiple Donors with Non-Integrating Episomal Vectors (2011)

The methodology to create induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) affords the opportunity to generate cells specific to the individual providing the host tissue. However, existing methods of reprogramming as well as the types of source tissue have significant limitations that preclude the ability to generate iPSCs in a scalable manner from a readily available tissue source. We present the first study whereby iPSCs are derived in parallel from multiple donors using episomal, non-integrating, oriP/EBNA1-based plasmids from freshly drawn blood. Specifically, successful reprogramming was demonstrated from a single vial of blood or less using cells expressing the early lineage marker CD34 as well as from unpurified peripheral blood mononuclear cells. From these experiments, we also show that proliferation and cell identity play a role in the number of iPSCs per input cell number. Resulting iPSCs were further characterized and deemed free of transfected DNA, integrated transgene DNA, and lack detectable gene rearrangements such as those within the immunoglobulin heavy chain and T cell receptor loci of more differentiated cell types. Furthermore, additional improvements were made to incorporate completely defined media and matrices in an effort to facilitate a scalable transition for the production of clinic-grade iPSCs.
Stereotactic coordinates associated with facial musculature contraction during high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (2009)

Thus, if intraoperative deep brain stimulation lead testing results in facial musculature contraction, placement of the electrode in a more medial, posterior position may reduce the amount of current spread to corticobulbar fibers and resolve this side effect.
Syntheses of 5-deazaflavines (1976)

Treatment of 6-(N-alkylanilino)uracils with Vilsmeier-type reagents (dimethylformamide–phosphoryl chloride or dimethylformamide–ethyl chloroformate) gave 5-deazaflavines {10-alkylpyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-2,4(3H,10H)-diones}; this cyclization was also achieved with triethyl orthoformate. Treatment of 3-methylbarbituric and barbituric acids with dimethylformamide–phosphoryl chloride gave 6-chloro-5-formyl-3-methyluracil and 2,4,6-trichloro-5-formylpyrimidine, respectively. Reactions of these 6-chloro-5-formylpyrimidines with N-substituted anilines gave directly the corresponding 5-deazaflavines.
Axiomatic Attribution for Deep Networks (2017)

We study the problem of attributing the prediction of a deep network to its input features, a problem previously studied by several other works. We identify two fundamental axioms---Sensitivity and Implementation Invariance that attribution methods ought to satisfy. We show that they are not satisfied by most known attribution methods, which we consider to be a fundamental weakness of those methods. We use the axioms to guide the design of a new attribution method called Integrated Gradients. Our method requires no modification to the original network and is extremely simple to implement; it just needs a few calls to the standard gradient operator. We apply this method to a couple of image models, a couple of text models and a chemistry model, demonstrating its ability to debug networks, to extract rules from a network, and to enable users to engage with models better.
Phase I and Pharmacodynamic Trial of the DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor Decitabine and Carboplatin in Solid Tumors (2007)

Decitabine can be combined safely with carboplatin at a dose and schedule that causes epigenetic changes equivalent to or greater than that observed in mice with carboplatin-sensitized xenografts. The recommended dose/schedule for phase II trials is decitabine 90 mg/m2 (day 1) followed by carboplatin AUC 6 (day 8) every 28 days.
High-fidelity controlled-σZgate for resonator-based superconducting quantum computers (2013)

A possible building block for a scalable quantum computer has recently been demonstrated [Mariantoni et al., Science 334, 61 (2011)]. This architecture consists of superconducting qubits capacitively coupled both to individual memory resonators as well as a common bus. In this work we study a natural primitive entangling gate for this and related resonator-based architectures, which consists of a controlled-${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{z}$ (cz) operation between a qubit and the bus. The cz gate is implemented with the aid of the noncomputational qubit $|2\ensuremath{\rangle}$ state [Strauch et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 167005 (2003)]. Assuming phase or transmon qubits with 300 MHz anharmonicity, we show that by using only low frequency qubit-bias control it is possible to implement the qubit-bus cz gate with 99.9$%$ (99.99$%$) fidelity in about $17\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ns}$ ($23\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ns}$) with a realistic two-parameter pulse profile, plus two auxiliary $z$ rotations. The fidelity measure we refer to here is a state-averaged intrinsic process fidelity, which does not include any effects of noise or decoherence. These results apply to a multiqubit device that includes strongly coupled memory resonators. We investigate the performance of the qubit-bus cz gate as a function of qubit anharmonicity, identify the dominant intrinsic error mechanism and derive an associated fidelity estimator, quantify the pulse shape sensitivity and precision requirements, simulate qubit-qubit cz gates that are mediated by the bus resonator, and also attempt a global optimization of system parameters including resonator frequencies and couplings. Our results are relevant for a wide range of superconducting hardware designs that incorporate resonators and suggest that it should be possible to demonstrate a $99.9%$ cz gate with existing transmon qubits, which would constitute an important step towards the development of an error-corrected superconducting quantum computer.
Folate-Mediated Targeting of Therapeutic and Imaging Agents to Cancers (1998)

The vitamin folic acid (FA) enters cells either through a carrier protein, termed the reduced folate carrier, or via receptor-mediated endocytosis facilitated by the folate receptor (FR). Because folate-drug conjugates are not substrates of the former, they penetrate cells exclusively via FR-mediated endocytosis. When FA is covalently linked via its gamma-carboxyl to a drug or imaging agent, FR binding affinity (KD approximately 10(-10)M) is not measurably compromised, and endocytosis proceeds relatively unhindered, promoting uptake of the attached drug/imaging agent by the FR-expressing cell. Because FRs are significantly overexpressed on a large fraction of human cancer cells (e.g., ovarian, lung, breast, endometrial, renal, colon, and cancers of myeloid hematopoietic cells), this methodology may allow for the selective delivery of a wide range of imaging and therapeutic agents to tumor tissue. Folate-mediated tumor targeting has been exploited to date for delivery of the following molecules and molecular complexes: (i) protein toxins, (ii) low-molecular-weight chemotherapeutic agents, (iii) radioimaging agents, (iv) MRI contrast agents, (v) radiotherapeutic agents, (vi) liposomes with entrapped drugs, (vii) genes, (viii) antisense oligonucleotides, (ix) ribozymes, and (x) immunotherapeutic agents. In virtually all cases, in vitro studies demonstrate a significant improvement in potency and/or cancer-cell specificity over the nontargeted form of the same pharmaceutical agent. Where live animal studies have been conducted, they also reveal significant promise.
An application of the 2‐nitrobenzenesulfenyl method to proteomic profiling of human colorectal carcinoma: A novel approach for biomarker discovery (2008)

In the development of novel biomarkers, the proteomic approach is advantageous because using it the cancer-associated proteins can be directly identified. We previously developed a 2-nitrobenzenesulfenyl (NBS) method to improve quantitative proteome analysis. Here, we applied this method to proteomic profiling of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) to identify novel proteins with altered expression in CRC. Each pair of tumor and normal tissue specimens from 12 CRC patients was analyzed, and approximately 5000 NBS-labeled paired peaks were quantified. Peaks with altered signal intensities (>1.5-fold) and occurring frequently in the samples (>70%) were selected, and 128 proteins were identified by MS/MS analyses as differentially expressed proteins in CRC tissues. Many proteins were newly revealed to be CRC related; 30 were reported in earlier studies of CRC. Six proteins that were up-regulated in CRC (ZYX, RAN, RCN1, AHCY, LGALS1, and VIM) were further characterized and validated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. All six were found to be CRC-localized, either in cancer cells or in stroma cells near the cancer cells. These results indicate that the proteins identified in this study are novel candidates for CRC markers, and that the NBS method is useful in proteome mining to discover novel biomarkers.
Simple monocular door detection and tracking (2013)

When considering an indoor navigation without using any prior knowledge of the environment, relevant landmark extraction remains an open issue for robot localization and navigation. In this paper, we consider indoor navigation along corridors. In such environments, when considering monocular cameras, doors can be seen as important landmarks. In this context, we present a new framework for door detection and tracking which exploits geometrical features of corridors. Since real-time properties are required for navigation purposes, designing solutions with a low computational complexity remains a relevant issue. The proposed algorithm relies on visual features such as lines and vanishing points that are further combined to discriminate the floor and wall planes and then to recognize doors within the image sequences. Detected doors are used to initialize a dedicated edge-based 2D door tracker. Experiments show that the framework is able to detect 82% of doors on our dataset while respecting real time constraints.
Imidazolinones (1984)

The imidazolinones, a new chemical class of herbicides, were shown to be uncompetitive inhibitors of acetohydroxyacid synthase from corn. This is the first common enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for valine, leucine, and isoleucine. The K(i) for the imidazolinones tested ranged from 2 to 12 micromolar. These results may explain the mechanism of action of these new herbicides.
Identification of Amino Acid Residues Critical for the Anti-Interferon Activity of the Nucleoprotein of the Prototypic Arenavirus Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (2009)

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCVM) nucleoprotein (NP) counteracts the host type I interferon (IFN) response by inhibiting activation of the IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). In this study, we have mapped the regions and specific amino acid residues within NP involved in its anti-IFN activity. We identified a region spanning residues 382 to 386 as playing a critical role in the IFN-counteracting activity of NP. Alanine substitutions at several positions within this region resulted in NP mutants that lacked the IFN-counteracting activity but retained their functions in virus RNA synthesis and assembly of infectious particles. We used reverse genetics to rescue a recombinant LCMV strain carrying mutation D382A in its NP [rLCMV/NP*(D382A)]. Compared to wild-type (WT) LCMV, rLCMV/NP*(D382A) exhibited a higher level of attenuation in IFN-competent than IFN-deficient cells. In addition, A549 cells infected with rLCMV/NP*(D382A), but not with WT LCMV, produced IFN and failed to rescue replication of the IFN-sensitive Newcastle disease virus.
A postprocessing method for reducing quantization effects in low bit-rate moving picture coding (1999)

The reconstructed images from highly compressed MPEG data have noticeable image degradations, such as blocking artifacts near the block boundaries, corner outliers at crosspoints of blocks, and ringing noise near image edges because the MPEG quantizes the transformed coefficients of 8/spl times/8 pixel blocks. A postprocessing algorithm is proposed to reduce quantization effects, such as blocking artifacts, corner outliers, and ringing noise, in MPEG-decompressed images. The proposed postprocessing algorithm reduces the quantization effects adaptively by using both spatial frequency and temporal information extracted from the compressed data. The blocking artifacts are reduced by one-dimensional (1-D) horizontal and vertical low-pass filtering (LPF), and the ringing noise is reduced by two-dimensional (2-D) signal-adaptive filtering (SAF). A comparison study of the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the computation complexity analysis between the proposed algorithm and the MPEG-4 VM (verification model) postprocessing algorithm is performed by computer simulation with several image sequences. According to the comparison study of PSNR and computation complexity analysis, the proposed algorithm shows better performance than the VM postprocessing algorithm, whereas the subjective image qualities of both algorithms are similar.
The role of antigen-presenting B cells in T cell priming in vivo. Studies of B cell-deficient mice. (1988)

Mice rendered B cell deficient by treatment with rabbit anti-mouse IgM (anti-mu) antibodies from birth fail to respond when primed with soluble protein antigens in CFA, as measured by T cell proliferation when challenged with antigen in vitro. The role of B cells in T cell priming in vivo was examined by adoptively transferring hapten-specific B cells into anti-mu mice, followed by immunization with haptenated Ag in CFA. The T cell proliferative response to OVA of anti-mu BALB/c mice was partially restored by the administration of TNP or FITC-specific B cells and immunization with TNP-OVA or FITC-OVA, respectively. This reconstitution was Ag-specific, inasmuch as hapten-binding B cells restored the T cell responses to OVA in mice immunized with the same hapten coupled to OVA. The mechanism of B cell reconstitution of T cell priming in anti-mu mice was addressed using parental to F1 B cell transfers. The Ia restriction pattern of the activated T cells from these mice indicated that both direct presentation of Ag by transferred B cells and antibody-mediated enhancement of Ag presentation by non-B, host Ag-presenting cells occurred. Thus, Ag-specific B lymphocytes play a critical role in priming of T cells in vivo.
Toroidal grating obtained on an elastic substrate (1981)

The performance of a grating that is elastically deformed from a sphere into a toroid is that expected from ray traces assuming an ideal toroidal surface. Thus, it has become possible to select the wavelength range, in which a toroidal grating spectrograph is near stigmatic, by adjusting the forces acting on the elastic grating substrate. The possibility of producing toroidal gratings by replication of an elastically deformed blank is pointed out.
Designing Valid XML Views (2002)

Existing systems for XML views only support selection operation applied in the views and cannot validate views. In this paper, we propose a systematic approach to design valid XML views. First, we transform the semistructured XML source documents into a semantically rich Object-RelationshipAttribute model designed for SemiStructured data (ORA-SS). Second, we enrich the ORA-SS diagram with semantics such as participation constraints of object classes and distinguishing between attributes of object classes and relationship types, which cannot be expressed in the XML document. Third, we use the additional semantics to develop a set of rules to guide the design of valid XML views. We identify four transformation operations for creating XML views, namely, selection, projection, join and swap operation. Finally, we develop a comprehensive algorithm that checks for the validity of XML views constructed by applying the four operations.
T cell requirements for generation of helper factor(s) in man: analysis of the subsets involved. (1980)

Lymphocyte mitogenic factor functions as a nonspecific helper molecule generated from antigen stimulation of T lymphocytes. As such, it induces proliferation of all major lymphocyte subclasses (T, B, and Null cells) and B cell immunoglobulin synthesis. In the present study, the specific T cell subset requirements for LMF production were determined in man. By utilizing the OKT4 monoclonal antibody directed at the human inducer T cell subset, T lymphocytes were separated into OKT4+ and OKT4- subpopulations. The antigen stimulated OKT4+ subset generated LMF in a fashion comparable to the unfractionated T cell population and was itself capable of directly inducing B cell proliferation and antibody production. In contrast, LMF could not be generated from the OKT4-T cell subset although this population accounted for 40% of the unfractionated T cell population. In addition, the OKT4- subset was unable to facilitate B cell differentiation in the presence of soluble antigen. These studies provide the first report of T cell subset restriction for generation of helper factors in man and further stress the importance of the OKT4+ inducer population in regulation of the human immune response.