gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical properties of mixed conducting La{sub 1{minus}x}M{sub x}Co{sub 1{minus}y}Fe{sub y}O{sub 3{minus}{delta}} (M = Sr,Ca,Ba) perovskites (1995)

At elevated temperatures, some ABO{sub 3} perovskite type oxides having Co and Fe as B site cations exhibit substantial mixed (anionic and electronic) conductivity. Because of this behavior, they are candidate materials for applications such as solid oxide fuel cell cathodes and oxygen separation membranes. The purpose of the present study is to increase the understanding of the effects of composition, temperature, and environment on the electrochemical properties of selected materials within the La{sub 1{minus}x}M{sub x}Co{sub 1{minus}y}Fe{sub y}O{sub 3{minus}{delta}} (M=Sr,Ca,Ba) system in order to evaluate their applicability for the above-mentioned applications. Characterization techniques include XRD, SEM, TGA, dc conductivity, dilatometry, oxygen permeation measurements, and iodometric titration.
Continuous free‐flow electrophoresis (1998)

This review evaluates the literature on continuous free flow electrophoresis, published during the last four years. Its aim is to serve not only experts in the field but also newcomers, and, therefore, it also briefly describes the principles of the method and the techniques used, referring to fundamental papers published earlier. The actual commercial instrumentation is briefly outlined. A substantial part of this review is devoted to the optimization of the performance of this method. Finally, diverse applications of fractionations of charged species in solution, ranging from small ions to biological particles and cells, are surveyed.
Recombinant BCG as an antigen delivery system. (1994)

BCG, an attenuated vaccine strain of Mycobacterium bovis, has been engineered for use as an antigen delivery vehicle. Various genetic and molecular biological techniques were recently developed for use in the manipulation of mycobacteria. Vectors for the expression of foreign antigens in BCG have been constructed and used to express genes from bacteria, protozoa and viruses. Here, an overview of recombinant BCG is given, with emphasis on experiments with three different foreign antigens. Antibody, T-helper and cytotoxic T cell responses can be induced in mice following immunization with recombinant BCG (rBCG). In addition, vectors allowing expression of foreign antigens on the surface of rBCG have been constructed; use of these systems can lead to enhanced antibody response against some antigens. Finally, expression in BCG of a protein from the parasite Leishmania can provide protection against a virulent Leishmania challenge in mice.
Information Technology and the Internationalization of the Firm (2004)

A key concern for all multinationals is where to find a suitable location for their business activities, bearing in mind that they must find the right balance between global integration and local responsiveness. This article contributes to the internationalization debate by asking: in what sense will information technology enable globalization? We focus on the sourcing process, an area where globalization is often claimed to be the case. Re-examination of empirical evidence shows that global sourcing is not as generally predominant as is claimed. Consequently inhibitors to global integration exist and we classify these inhibitors into three categories: geographical, relational and environmental inhibitors. We then analyze the role information technology plays in reducing these inhibitors and formulate propositions that are then illustrated in two case studies. Information technology is proposed to reduce the geographical and relational inhibitors, but it will have no effect on environmental inhibitors. However, the latter category of inhibitors will become more prominent in the future. Information technology thus shifts the balance towards global integration, but simultaneously creates new problems in managing internationalization.
Tumor Tissue Concentrations of the Proteinase Inhibitors Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1 (PAI-1) Are Complementary in Determining Prognosis in Primary Breast Cancer (2003)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between tumor tissue levels of total tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and prognosis in patients with primary breast cancer and to analyze whether measurement of TIMP-1 in tumor extracts added prognostic information to that obtained from measurements of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1). An established sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was thoroughly validated for the measurement of total TIMP-1 in tumor tissue extracts and used to determine levels of total TIMP-1 in 341 detergent-extracted tumor tissue samples from patients with primary breast cancer. The median age of the patients was 56 years (range, 29-75 years), and 164 were lymph node-negative, and 177 were lymph node-positive. The median follow-up time of the patients was 8.5 years (range, 7.3-11.3 years), and during follow-up 153 patients experienced recurrence of disease, and 136 patients died. In univariate survival analysis, we found a significant association between tumor tissue TIMP-1 level and both shorter recurrence-free survival (p = 0.0004) and shorter overall survival (p = 0.03). In multivariate survival analysis, higher tumor tissue TIMP-1 levels significantly and independently predicted shorter recurrence-free survival (p < 0.05, hazard ratios >1, comparing quartiles II-IV with I). In addition, we found that measurement of TIMP-1 levels added prognostic information to that obtained from measurement of PAI-1. In conclusion, high levels of TIMP-1 in tumor tissue extracts are significantly associated with a poor prognosis in patients with primary breast cancer. Furthermore TIMP-1 adds prognostic information to that obtained from PAI-1. However, further validation in independent data sets is needed.
Highly Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Nitromethane to Chalcones Using Bifunctional Cinchona Organocatalysts (2005)

Cinchona alkaloid-derived chiral bifunctional thiourea organocatalysts were synthesized and applied in the Michael addition between nitromethane and chalcones with high ee and chemical yields.
Production of Oil and Protein Food Products from Raw Peanuts by Aqueous Extraction and Ultrafiltration (1981)

ABSTRACT Two significant protein isolation techniques (the Aqueous Extraction Process and the Membrane Isolation Process) were combined to obtain a new processing strategy for producing oil and protein food products from raw peanuts. Three varieties of peanuts were processed to obtain either a low‐fat isolate or a full‐fat product and an oil cream using aqueous extraction, centrifugation and industrial ultrafiltration membranes. Proximate and amino acid analyses and nitrogen solubility profiles were made on spray‐dried products. Mean membrane permeation rates achieved exceeded 70 gallons per sq ft per day (gfd). Protein products possessed high nitrogen solubility, a bland taste, and were desirably light in color.
Identification and gene cloning of a new phosphatidylinositol-linked antigen expressed on mature lymphocytes. Down-regulation by lymphocyte activation. (1990)

Lymphocytes are shown to express a limited number of a unique category of membrane Ag, such as Thy-1, Ly-6, Ly-31, and Qa-2, that are covalently linked to the membrane phosphatidylinositol (PI). We have identified a new glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored lymphocyte Ag, B7, by using a mAb and have determined the primary structure by cDNA cloning. B7 Ag was expressed on the majority, if not all, of the mature lymphocytes of both T and B lineages, including strongly CD3+ thymocytes, most splenic T cells, and approximately 60% of splenic IgM+ B cells, whereas the expression of B7 Ag on bone marrow cells was negligible. The expression of B7 Ag was nearly completely abolished with as little as 2 mU of PI-specific phospholipase C per ml, which did not completely eliminate Ly-6C and Thy-1 expression. Unlike the expression of other GPI-linked lymphocyte Ag, the expression of B7 was rapidly down-regulated upon the activation of T cells by mitogens or IL-2 both in vitro and in vivo. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that B7 Ag was an approximately 12-kDa protein. With a CDM8 expression vector, a cDNA encoding B7 Ag was cloned, and it was confirmed that the B7 Ag on cDNA-transfected cells was indeed PI-specific phospholipase C sensitive. The B7 cDNA contained an open reading frame of 222 bp including a typical N-terminal leader sequence and a characteristic sequence at the C terminus encoding hydrophobic amino acids. A computer search revealed no significant homology to any known molecule at both DNA and amino acid sequence levels. Northern blot analysis indicated that the B7 transcript was expressed on lymphohematopoietic tissues, including thymus, spleen, and bone marrow, but not on other organs, such as liver, kidney, and brain. The results indicated that B7 Ag is a new member of the GPI-anchored proteins which is selectively expressed on mature resting but not activated lymphocytes.
Frequency and Pathogenicity of Fusarium solani Recovered from Soybeans with Sudden Death Syndrome (1989)

A blue isolate of F. s. was obtained from roots and lower stems of soybeans with sudden death syndrome (SDS) grown in 10 fields in Arkansas, one field in Illinois, and one field in Kentucky. The blue F. s. was recovered from plants from all locations and from 86% of all plants sampled.(...)Of the 149 plants inoculated, 76.5% developed foliar symptoms similar to SDS (...)
The hepatitis B virus core and e antigens elicit different Th cell subsets: antigen structure can affect Th cell phenotype (1997)

Secretion of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) e antigen (HBeAg) has been conserved throughout the evolution of hepadnaviruses. However, the function of this secreted form of the viral nucleoprotein remains enigmatic. It has been suggested that HBeAg functions as an immunomodulator. We therefore examined the possibility that the two structural forms of the viral nucleoprotein, the particulate HBV core (HBcAg) and the nonparticulate HBeAg, may preferentially elicit different T helper (Th) cell subsets. For this purpose, mice were immunized with recombinant HBcAg and HBeAg in the presence and absence of adjuvants, and the immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype profiles of anti-HBc and anti-HBe antibodies were determined. Second, in vitro cytokine production by HBcAg- and HBeAg-primed Th cells was measured. The immunogenicity of HBcAg, in contrast to that of HBeAg, did not require the use of adjuvants. Furthermore, HBcAg elicited primarily IgG2a and IgG2b anti-HBc antibodies, with a low level of IgG3, and no IgG1 anti-HBc antibodies. In contrast, the anti-HBe antibody response was dominated by the IgG1 isotype; low levels of IgG2a or IgG2b anti-HBe antibodies and no IgG3 anti-HBe antibodies were produced. Cytokine production by HBcAg- and HBeAg-primed Th cells was consistent with the IgG isotype profiles. HBcAg-primed Th cells efficiently produced interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and low levels of IL-4. Conversely, efficient IL-4 production and lesser amounts of IFN-gamma were elicited by HBeAg immunization. The results indicate that HBcAg preferentially, but not exclusively, elicits Th1-like cells and that HBeAg preferentially, but not exclusively, elicits Th0 or Th2-like cells. Because HBcAg and the HBeAg are cross-reactive in terms of Th cell recognition, these findings demonstrate that Th cells with the same specificity can develop into different Th subsets based on the structural form of the immunogen. These results may have relevance to chronic HBV infection. Circulating HBeAg may downregulate antiviral clearance mechanisms by virtue of eliciting anti-inflammatory Th2-like cytokine production. Last, the influence of antigen structure on Th cell phenotype was not absolute and could be modulated by in vivo cytokine treatment. For example, IFN-alpha treatment inhibited HBeAg-specific Th2-mediated antibody production and altered the IgG anti-HBe isotype profile toward the Th1 phenotype.
Perspectives on the Role of Fospropofol in the Monitored Anesthesia Care Setting (2011)

Monitored anesthesia care (MAC) is a safe, effective, and appropriate form of anesthesia for many minor surgical procedures. The proliferation of outpatient procedures has heightened interest in MAC sedation agents. Among the most commonly used MAC sedation agents today are benzodiazepines, including midazolam, and propofol. Recently approved in the United States is fospropofol, a prodrug of propofol which hydrolyzes in the body by alkaline phosphatase to liberate propofol. Propofol liberated from fospropofol has unique pharmacological properties, but recently retracted pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) evaluations make it difficult to formulate clear conclusions with respect to fospropofol's PK/PD properties. In safety and efficacy clinical studies, fospropofol demonstrated dose-dependent sedation with good rates of success at doses of 6.5 mg/kg along with good levels of patient and physician acceptance. Fospropofol has been associated with less pain at injection site than propofol. The most commonly reported side effects with fospropofol are paresthesia and pruritus. Fospropofol is a promising new sedation agent that appears to be well suited for MAC sedation, but further studies are needed to better understand its PK/PD properties as well its appropriate clinical role in outpatient procedures.
The roots of GPRS: the first system for mobile packet-based global internet access (2013)

GPRS, the General Packet Radio Service in GSM was the enabler of the mobile Internet. The origins of key radio access functions employed for packet-switching in GPRS are identified by reviewing state-of-the-art on random access protocols applied in cellular radio data networks existent or proposed before GPRS specification started. A table is provided showing the degree of conformance to GPRS of the respective systems. Besides the type of demand assigned multiple access protocol used in a system, dynamic placement of control channels to the packet data channel and statistical multiplexing of fractions of IP packets of simultaneously transmitting mobile stations to the same packet data channel appear to be key differentiators, besides others. CELLPAC by comparing its functions to that of GPRS is shown to comprise what is called here the Fundaments of the GPRS Radio Interface Protocol. The history of ETSI GPRS standard development is described. Although GPRS is a result of cooperation of many actors which contributions are valued, it appears possible to identify the roots of its radio access protocol and thereby main contributors.
Pigment Epithelium–derived Factor in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (2004)

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a 50-kD protein with angiostatic and neurotrophic activities that regulates vascular development within the eye. PEDF expression was increased in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) based on microarray analyses. Angiogenesis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrotic lung diseases, we therefore hypothesized that regional abnormalities in vascularization occur in IPF as a result of an imbalance between PEDF and vascular endothelial growth factor. We demonstrated that vascular density is regionally decreased in IPF within the fibroblastic foci, and that within these areas PEDF was increased, whereas vascular endothelial growth factor was decreased. PEDF colocalized with the fibrogenic cytokine, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1, particularly within the fibrotic interstitium and the fibroblastic focus, and prominently within the epithelium directly overlying the fibroblastic focus. This suggested that TGF-beta 1 might regulate PEDF expression. Using 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and human lung fibroblasts, we showed that PEDF was indeed a TGF-beta 1 target gene. Collectively, our findings implicate PEDF as a regulator of pulmonary angiogenesis and an important mediator in IPF.
Oil and gas company strategies regarding the energy transition (2019)

Abstract This paper considers the role of oil companies in the energy transition. That is, what strategies and investments these companies have made and what roles they have taken in response to the potential challenges of a likely transition to a low-carbon world. Previous work considered the role of several of the international oil companies in investing in renewable energy, and this paper expands the scope of inquiry to national oil companies and to other technologies such as carbon capture and storage and hydrogen fuel cells.
Constitutively active MyD88/CD40 costimulation enhances expansion and efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting hematological malignancies (2019)

Successful adoptive chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies against hematological malignancies require CAR-T expansion and durable persistence following infusion. Balancing increased CAR-T potency with safety, including severe cytokine-release syndrome (sCRS) and neurotoxicity, warrants inclusion of safety mechanisms to control in vivo CAR-T activity. Here, we describe a novel CAR-T cell platform that utilizes expression of the toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptor molecule, MyD88, and tumor-necrosis factor family member, CD40 (MC), tethered to the CAR molecule through an intentionally inefficient 2A linker system, providing a constitutive signal that drives CAR-T survival, proliferation, and antitumor activity against CD19<sup>+</sup> and CD123<sup>+</sup> hematological cancers. Robust activity of MC-enhanced CAR-T cells was associated with cachexia in animal models that corresponded with high levels of human cytokine production. However, toxicity could be successfully resolved by using the inducible caspase-9 (iC9) safety switch to reduce serum cytokines, by administration of a neutralizing antibody against TNF-α, or by selecting "low" cytokine-producing CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, without loss of antitumor activity. Interestingly, high basal activity was essential for in vivo CAR-T expansion. This study shows that co-opting novel signaling elements (i.e., MyD88 and CD40) and development of a unique CAR-T architecture can drive T-cell proliferation in vivo to enhance CAR-T therapies.
<title>New mask evaluation tool: the microlithography simulation microscope aerial image measurement system</title> (1994)

The Zeiss MSM100 microlithography simulation microscope can evaluate phase shift and conventional photolithographic masks. In this paper we discuss the MSM design, its operation, image capture and analysis methods, and typical applications. The tool's unique optical system captures `through focus' images of a mask for a selected NA, sigma, and wavelength, thus paralleling the characteristics of a particular optical stepper. The MSM operates at i-line (365 nm) and DUV (248 nm) wavelengths, and handles commonly used 5 or 6 inch reticles. The images obtained are optically equivalent to that incident on resist, but are highly magnified so that they may be recorded using a DUV CCD camera. Typically, features of interest are recorded as a through focus series; image intensity is digitized. Application to the assessment of defect printability, both before and after repair, is presented. Masks have been analyzed to predicted CD values which are in good agreement with subsequent resist work. Unconventional illumination schemes have been studied.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Melanoma: Indications and Rationale (2009)

SLNB provides important prognostic and staging data with minimal morbidity and can be used to identify regional node-negative patients who would not benefit from a complete nodal dissection. In our opinion, SLNB should be performed on most patients (with acceptable surgical and anesthesia risk) who have melanomas with a Breslow depth >or= 0.76 mm.
Partial Functional Correction of Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group A Cells by Suppressor tRNA (1999)

Genetic diseases are often caused by nonsense mutations. The resulting defect in protein translation can be restored by expressing suppressor tRNA in the mutant cells. Our goal was to demonstrate both protein restoration and phenotypic correction using these small transgenes. Functional activity of an arginine opal suppressor tRNA in cells expressing a nonsense mutated GFP gene was demonstrated by restored fluorescence. This suppressor tRNA was expressed in xeroderma pigmentosum group A cells, containing a homozygous nonsense mutation at Arg-207 in the XPA complementing gene. The transfected XPA cell population showed a twofold increase in cell survival after UV irradiation as determined by colony-forming assays compared with cell populations without the suppressor tRNA gene. The UV doses required for 37% survival of XP cells and XP cells expressing the suppressor tRNA were 0.6 and 1.2 J/m2. A similar twofold increase in the reactivation of UV-irradiated plasmid DNA was observed in XP cells expressing the suppressor tRNA. However, there was no detectable increase in XPA protein levels. Several potential limitations of this approach exist, including the availability of mutant RNA transcripts, the efficiency of suppression by the suppressor tRNA, and the abundance and availability and continued expression of the suppressor tRNA. The unique feature of this study is the relatively small size (88 bp) of the suppressor tRNA. Small-sized suppressor tRNAs can be synthetically constructed and subcloned into different viral vectors for delivery into the target cells. This approach may be useful for other genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations.
Robust expression of a bioactive mammalian protein in Chlamydomonas chloroplast (2007)

We have engineered the chloroplast of eukaryotic algae to produce a number of recombinant proteins, including human monoclonal antibodies, but, to date, have achieved expression to only 0.5% of total protein. Here, we show that, by engineering the mammalian coding region of bovine mammary-associated serum amyloid (M-SAA) as a direct replacement for the chloroplast psbA coding region, we can achieve expression of recombinant protein above 5% of total protein. Chloroplast-expressed M-SAA accumulates predominantly as a soluble protein, contains the correct amino terminal sequence and has little or no post-translational modification. M-SAA is found in mammalian colostrum and stimulates the production of mucin in the gut, acting in the prophylaxis of bacterial and viral infections. Chloroplast-expressed and purified M-SAA is able to stimulate mucin production in human gut epithelial cell lines. As Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an edible alga, production of therapeutic proteins in this organism offers the potential for oral delivery of gut-active proteins, such as M-SAA.
Nucteotide sequence of human influenza A/PR/8/34 segment 2 (1982)

The nucleotide sequence of RNA segment 2 of human influenza strain A/PR/8/34 has been determined. Segment 2 in 2341 nucleotides long and encodes a protein of 757 amino acids (86,500 daltons molecular weight) which is involved in RNA synthesis. Although segment 2 is identical in size to segment 1, which encodes a protein of related function, neither the nucleotide sequences of these two RNA segments nor the amino acid sequences of the encoded proteins appear to be homologous. The sequence of segment 2 completes the sequence of the virus (total 13,588 nucleotides).