gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theory of composite guides: stratified guides for surface waves (1954)

An analysis is given of surface-wave propagation along a plane interface separating air from a semi-infinite medium coated with several layers of different media. Formulae are derived for the general case of arbitrary media. Simple approximate expressions are obtained for the surface impedance of the guiding plane, the decay coefficient of the surface-wave field, the attenuation and phase-propagation coefficients: the use of the formulae is illustrated by the solution of a few particular problems. The application to single-wire transmission line is indicated.
LYSOSOMAL IRON ACCUMULATION AND TUBULAR DAMAGE IN RAT PUROMYCIN NEPHROSIS AND AGEING (1994)

1. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry was used to examine the relationship between proteinuria and increased urinary iron excretion, and structural and functional damage in puromycin nephrosis. 2. After 11-12 days rats treated with puromycin (10 mg/100 g, i.v.i.) had greater proteinuria (211.6 +/- 35.7 mg/day, mean +/- s.e.m.) and urinary iron excretion (15.4 +/- 2.2 micrograms/day) than saline-treated controls (14.5 +/- 1.4 mg/day and 1.1 +/- 0.2 micrograms/day, respectively, both P < 0.001). 3. On day 13, mean lysosomal iron concentration of proximal tubular cells (306.6 +/- 64.5 vs 11.9 +/- 8.6 mg%, P < 0.001), and proximal tubular cell damage assessed semi-quantitatively (1.17 +/- 0.10 vs 0.62 +/- 0.10, P < 0.001) were higher and creatinine clearance (0.15 +/- 0.01 vs 0.29 +/- 0.02 mL/min per g kidney weight, P < 0.001) lower than in control rats. 4. At days 35, 60 and 360 there were no differences in any of the measured parameters between rats treated with puromycin or saline, and in both groups proteinuria, tissue damage and lysosomal iron concentration increased with time. 5. Lysosomal iron accumulation was the only independent predictor of both functional and structural damage. 6. In conclusion, the apparent association between proteinuria and tubulo-interstitial damage in puromycin nephrosis, and with ageing, is best explained by factors associated with accumulation of iron within lysosomes of proximal tubule cells.
Free-radical synthesis of block copolymers on an industrial scale (2002)

Controlled free-radical polymerization has been monitored with great interest in recent years since it offers an opportunity to combine the advantages of conventional free-radical polymerization with those of living ionic polymerization. We present the 1,1-diphenylethene (DPE) method which enables us to produce block copolymers on an industrial scale by a free-radical mechanism. This DPE process enables industrially relevant monomers, such as styrene, methacrylates, acrylates, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid and N-vinyl compounds, to be converted into block copolymers. The synthesis can be carried out in organic solvents, without solvents or in water. We have been able to demonstrate, that the addition of 1,1-diphenylethylene to a normal free-radical polymerization results in polymers whose molar mass, after a short uncontrolled phase, increases in a linear manner with conversion. The amount of 1,1-diphenylethylene added also determines the order of magnitude of the final molar mass. It was also possible to employ the polymers isolated during this polymerization as initiators for the polymerization of a further monomer, resulting in the formation of block copolymers. With possibly somewhat reduced claims on the perfection of the structures, a wide variety of possibilities arise with the known advantages of free-radical polymerization. The one-pot synthesis is carried out by simple successive addition of the desired monomers and has already been used successfully on an industrially relevant scale.
Insensitivity to pain induced by a potent selective closed-state Nav1.7 inhibitor (2017)

Pain places a devastating burden on patients and society and current pain therapeutics exhibit limitations in efficacy, unwanted side effects and the potential for drug abuse and diversion. Although genetic evidence has clearly demonstrated that the voltage-gated sodium channel, Nav1.7, is critical to pain sensation in mammals, pharmacological inhibitors of Nav1.7 have not yet fully recapitulated the dramatic analgesia observed in Nav1.7-null subjects. Using the tarantula venom-peptide ProTX-II as a scaffold, we engineered a library of over 1500 venom-derived peptides and identified JNJ63955918 as a potent, highly selective, closed-state Nav1.7 blocking peptide. Here we show that JNJ63955918 induces a pharmacological insensitivity to pain that closely recapitulates key features of the Nav1.7-null phenotype seen in mice and humans. Our findings demonstrate that a high degree of selectivity, coupled with a closed-state dependent mechanism of action is required for strong efficacy and indicate that peptides such as JNJ63955918 and other suitably optimized Nav1.7 inhibitors may represent viable non-opioid alternatives for the pharmacological treatment of severe pain.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing/Demultiplexing (WDM) Using Diffraction Gratings (1984)

This paper reviews the present status of diffraction grating based wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexers (WDM). A comparison is made of WDM&apos;s currently in commercial use with both monomode and multimode fibres. Devices are described ranging from an industrial system multiplexing and demultiplexing 49 channels to a 12-channel monomode demultiplexer. The discussion includes multi-multiplexers in which several multiplexers share a common optical element.
1-Amino-4-benzylphthalazines as Orally Bioavailable Smoothened Antagonists with Antitumor Activity (2009)

Abnormal activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has been linked to several types of human cancers, and the development of small-molecule inhibitors of this pathway represents a promising route toward novel anticancer therapeutics. A cell-based screen performed in our laboratories identified a new class of Hh pathway inhibitors, 1-amino-4-benzylphthalazines, that act via antagonism of the Smoothened receptor. A variety of analogues were synthesized and their structure-activity relationships determined. This optimization resulted in the discovery of high affinity Smoothened antagonists, one of which was further profiled in vivo. This compound displayed a good pharmacokinetic profile and also afforded tumor regression in a genetic mouse model of medulloblastoma.
MOLECULAR DETERMINANTS OF DRUG BINDING AND ACTION ON L-TYPE CALCIUM CHANNELS (1997)

The crucial role of L-type Ca2+ channels in the initiation of cardiac and smooth muscle contraction has made them major therapeutic targets for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. L-type channels share a common pharmacological profile, including high-affinity voltage- and frequency-dependent block by the phenylalkylamines, the benz(othi)azepines, and the dihydropyridines. These drugs are thought to bind to three separate receptor sites on L-type Ca2+ channels that are allosterically linked. Results from different experimental approaches implicate the IIIS5, IIIS6, and IVS6 transmembrane segments of the alpha 1 subunits of L-type Ca2+ channels in binding of all three classes of drugs. Site-directed mutagenesis has identified single amino acid residues within the IIIS5, IIIS6, and IVS6 transmembrane segments that are required for high-affinity binding of phenylalkylamines and/or dihydropyridines, providing further support for identification of these transmembrane segments as critical elements of the receptor sites for these two classes of drugs. The close proximity of the receptor sites for phenylalkylamines, benz(othi)azepines, and dihydropyridines raises the possibility that individual amino acid residues may be required for high-affinity binding of more than one of these ligands. Therefore, we suggest that phenylalkylamines and dihydropyridines bind to different faces of the IIIS6 and IVS6 transmembrane segments and, in some cases, bind to opposite sides of the side chains of the same amino acid residues. The results support the domain interface model for binding and channel modulation by these three classes of drugs.
Encapsulation of Nanosized Silica by in Situ Polymerization of tert-Butyl Acrylate Monomer (2000)

Stable dispersions of nanosilica ranging in size between 8 and 11 nm were coated with tert-butyl acrylate polymer by in situ polymerization of monomer adsorbed on the particles in 2-propanol. The system was developed for use in the encapsulated inorganic resist technology. To achieve a high coating efficiency, silica was first modified with the 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate (MPS) coupling agent at two different degrees of grafting. The presence of the bound MPS agent and of the polymer at the silica surface was determined by the attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy, while the amounts bound were assessed by the thermogravimetric analysis. Under studied conditions, the encapsulation efficiency was governed by the degree of MPS grafting and by the initial concentration of the monomer. Finally, the dissolution rate of these particles in aqueous base, a key parameter in photoresist application, was drastically reduced with increasing amount of grafted tert-butyl acrylate polymer at the silica surface.
Treatment of Hereditary Angioedema with Danazol (1976)

Danazol, an androgen derivative, was evaluated for its effectiveness in preventing attacks of hereditary angioedema in a double-blind study with nine patients. Of 47 placebo courses, 44 ended with attacks, but during 46 danazol courses only one attack occurred. Side effects were minimal, and virilization was not observed in the women studied. C1 esterase inhibitor levels increased three to four times, and levels of the fourth component of complement (C4) increased 15 times. These changes began during the first day of therapy and were maximal by one to two weeks. After therapy was stopped, C1 esterase inhibitor and C4 levels rapidly decreased. Danazol effectively prevents attacks in hereditary angioedema and acts to correct the underlying biochemical abnormality.
Potentials of Digitally Sampling Scintillation Pulses in Timing Determination in PET (2009)

We investigate the potentials of digitally sampling scintillation pulses techniques for positron emission tomography (PET) in this paper, focusing on the determination of the event time. We have built, and continue building, a digital library of PET event waveforms generated with various combinations of photo-detectors and scintillator materials, with various crystal sizes. Events in this digital library are obtained at a high sampling of 20 GSps (Giga-samples per second) so that their waveforms are recorded with high accuracy. To explore the potential advantages of digitally sampling scintillation pulses, we employ a dataset in the above-mentioned library to evaluate two methods for digitizing the event pulses and linear interpolation techniques to analyze the resulting digital samples. Our results show that the two digitization methods that we studied can yield a coincidence timing resolution of about 300 ps FWHM when applied to events generated by a pair of LSO + PMT detector units. This timing resolution is comparable with that is achieved by the same detector pair with a constant fraction discriminator (CFD). As a benchmark, regular-time sampling (RTS) method, usually implemented with very fast traditional analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) for digitizing scintillation pulses, is not feasible for a multi-channel system like a PET system. Digitizing scintillation pulses with multi-voltage threshold (MVT) method could be implemented at a reasonable cost for a PET system. With digitized PET event samples, various digital signal processing (DSP) techniques can be implemented to determine event arrival time. Our results have therefore demonstrated the promising potentials of digitally sampling scintillation pulses techniques in PET imaging.
The role of acyl‐CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) in energy metabolism (2004)

Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC2.3.1.20), a key enzyme in triglyceride (TG) biosynthesis, not only participates in lipid metabolism but also influences metabolic pathways of other fuel molecules. Changes in the expression and/or activity levels of DGAT may lead to changes in systemic insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis. The synthetic role of DGAT in adipose tissue, the liver, and the intestine, sites where endogenous levels of DGAT activity and TG synthesis are high, is relatively clear. Less clear is whether DGAT plays a mediating or preventive role in the development of ectopic lipotoxicity in tissues such as muscle and the pancreas, when their supply of free fatty acids (FFAs) exceeds their needs. Future studies with tissue-specific overexpression and/or knockout in these animal models would be expected to shed additional light on these issues.
Profermin is Efficacious in Patients with Active Ulcerative Colitis—A Randomized Controlled Trial (2013)

Supplementation with Profermin is safe, well tolerated, palatable, and able to reduce SCCAI scores at a statistically and clinically significant level in patients with mild-to-moderate UC with a flare-up.
Addition of Diazomethane on Strongly Electrophillic Olefins (1971)

Addition of Diazomethane on Strongly Electrophillic Olefins.
Multilayered Films Fabricated from an Oligoarginine-Conjugated Protein Promote Efficient Surface-Mediated Protein Transduction (2007)

The conjugation of cationic protein transduction domains to proteins results in an increase in the extent to which proteins are internalized by cells. This investigation sought to determine whether the conjugation of a protein transduction domain to a functional protein could be used to facilitate the incorporation of the protein into multilayered polyelectrolyte films and, subsequently, whether these films could be used to promote surface-mediated protein transduction. We demonstrate that it is possible to fabricate multilayered assemblies 80 nm thick using sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) and bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) conjugated to the cationic protein transduction domain nonaarginine (R(9)) using an entirely aqueous layer-by-layer process. We demonstrate further that the conjugation of R(9) to RNase A permits the assembly of multilayered films under conditions that do not allow for the incorporation of the unmodified protein. This result suggests that R(9) functions as a cationic anchor and serves to increase the strength of electrostatic interactions with SPS and facilitate layer-by-layer assembly. We also demonstrate that RNase A-R(9)/SPS films dissolve rapidly in physiologically relevant media and that macroscopic objects coated with these materials can be used to mediate high levels of protein transduction in mammalian cells. These results suggest the basis of general methods that could contribute to the design of materials that permit spatial and temporal control over the delivery of therapeutic proteins to cells and tissues.
High-performance ZnO nanowire field effect transistors (2006)

ZnO nanowires with high crystalline and optical properties are characterized, showing strong effect of the surface defect states. In order to optimize the performance of devices based on these nanowires, a series of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor compatible surface passivation procedures is employed. Electrical transport measurements demonstrate significantly reduced subthreshold swing, high on/off ratio, and unprecedented field effect mobility.
Area efficient binary tree layout (2002)

H-Tree layout for binary trees can utilize only 50% of the available nodes. Improved binary tree layout techniques have been developed only after relaxing the rectangular grid model assumptions. The authors propose an area-efficient VLSI layout strategy for full binary trees without relaxing the rectangular grid model assumptions. For a height-5 full binary tree they developed a (5*8) layout pattern on an ad hoc basis. This tile is more area efficient than an equivalent H-Tree layout of a height-5 full binary tree. Using this tile, higher level trees are built in a way identical to H-Tree. The area efficiency remains for any level of tree construction. The proposed layout has an improved aspect ratio compared with H-Tree and features a reduced length of the longest link.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Rapid Combinatorial Synthesis of Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Mimetics:  Use of a Polyethylene Glycol-Linked Amine and a Neamine-Derived Aldehyde in Multiple Component Condensation as a Strategy for the Discovery of New Inhibitors of the HIV RNA Rev Responsive Element (1996)

A library of neomycin B mimetics has been prepared rapidly without chromatography using a neamine-derived aldehyde, tert-butyl isocyanide or isocyanoacetic acid methyl ester, a glycine-conjugated polyethylene glycol (PEG) methyl ether, and various Cbz-N-protected amino acids as substrates in a Ugi-type one-pot reaction. The product linked to PEG was isolated by precipitation in ether. A simultaneous base-catalyzed hydrolysis and de-O-acetylation followed by hydrogenation provided an easy access to a library of neomycin B mimetics, which were screened for binding to the Rev responsive element of HIV mRNA (RRE). Several products were found to be more active than neamine with the IC50 values in the micromolar range.
Ontology-based data management (2011)

Ontology-based data management aims at accessing and using data by means of an ontology, i.e., a conceptual representation of the domain of interest in the underlying information system. This new paradigm provides several interesting features, many of which have been already proved effective in managing complex information systems. On the other hand, several important issues remain open, and constitute stimulating challenges for the research community. In this talk we first provide an introduction to ontology-based data management, illustrating the main ideas and techniques for using an ontology to access the data layer of an information system, and then we discuss several important issues that are still the subject of extensive investigations, including the need of inconsistency tolerant query answering methods, and the need of supporting update operations expressed over the ontology.
Safety in the battery design: the short circuit (2009)

The energy storage system is one of the key components of any electric vehicle powertrain. When lithium based energy storages are used it is important to investigate carefully the safety aspects, because the safety and cost were the main aspects which prevented the introduction of lithium ion in automotive application. This work describes the methods adopted in arsenal research for developing energy storage system for advanced electric power-train. The focus will be on lithium ion battery technology. The correct cell selection and its performance assessment could ensure the achievement of a performing and inexpensive energy storage system. But for ensuring the harmless of the energy storage system a safety concept and a consequent design should be also present. The present work shows the different requirements to take into account for the energy storage system design during the development of HEV and EV vehicles within arsenal research laboratories. Particular attention is given to the abuse conditions and their corresponding test methods during the development phase. The paper presents the safety concerns regarding the short circuit, its measurements method and the failure pathways. Results of short circuit abuse tests are analysed and indication regarding the design is given.
Mechanical Drawing of Gas Sensors on Paper (2012)

Pencil it in: Mechanical abrasion of compressed single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on the surface of paper produces sensors capable of detecting NH3 gas at sub-ppm concentrations. This method of fabrication is simple, inexpensive, and entirely solvent-free, and avoids difficulties arising from the inherent instability of many SWCNT dispersions. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A supramolecular assembly formed by influenza A virus genomic RNA segments (2011)

The influenza A virus genome consists of eight viral RNAs (vRNAs) that form viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs). Even though evidence supporting segment-specific packaging of vRNAs is accumulating, the mechanism ensuring selective packaging of one copy of each vRNA into the viral particles remains largely unknown. We used electron tomography to show that the eight vRNPs emerge from a common 'transition zone' located underneath the matrix layer at the budding tip of the virions, where they appear to be interconnected and often form a star-like structure. This zone appears as a platform in 3D surface rendering and is thick enough to contain all known packaging signals. In vitro, all vRNA segments are involved in a single network of intermolecular interactions. The regions involved in the strongest interactions were identified and correspond to known packaging signals. A limited set of nucleotides in the 5' region of vRNA 7 was shown to interact with vRNA 6 and to be crucial for packaging of the former vRNA. Collectively, our findings support a model in which the eight genomic RNA segments are selected and packaged as an organized supramolecular complex held together by direct base pairing of the packaging signals.
NV-Heaps (2011)

Persistent, user-defined objects present an attractive abstraction for working with non-volatile program state. However, the slow speed of persistent storage (i.e., disk) has restricted their design and limited their performance. Fast, byte-addressable, non-volatile technologies, such as phase change memory, will remove this constraint and allow programmers to build high-performance, persistent data structures in non-volatile storage that is almost as fast as DRAM. Creating these data structures requires a system that is lightweight enough to expose the performance of the underlying memories but also ensures safety in the presence of application and system failures by avoiding familiar bugs such as dangling pointers, multiple free()s, and locking errors. In addition, the system must prevent new types of hard-to-find pointer safety bugs that only arise with persistent objects. These bugs are especially dangerous since any corruption they cause will be permanent.