gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AcellularBordetella pertussisvaccine enhances mucosal interleukin-10 production, induces apoptosis of activated Th1 cells and attenuates colitis in Gαi2-deficient mice (2005)

Mice deficient for the inhibitory G protein subunit alpha2 (Galphai2(-/-)) spontaneously develop a progressive inflammatory bowel disease resembling ulcerative colitis, and have a T helper 1 (Th1)-dominated immune response prior to onset of colitis, which is further augmented after the onset of disease. The present study was performed to investigate whether the Galphai2(-/-) mice were able to down-regulate the Th1-dominated inflammatory mucosal immune response and/or induce an anti-inflammatory Th2/T regulatory response and thereby diminish the severity of colitis following treatment with acellular Bordetella pertussis vaccine. The acellular vaccine against B. pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, has been demonstrated to induce a Th2-mediated response in both man and mice. We therefore treated Galphai2(-/-) mice intraperitoneally with a three-component acellular B. pertussis vaccine. The treated Galphai2(-/-) mice showed significantly increased interleukin (IL)-10 production in intestinal tissue, associated with significantly reduced colitis and decreased mortality, compared to untreated Galphai2(-/-) mice. The attenuation of colitis in Galphai2(-/-) mice was due, at least partly, to the B. pertussis surface antigen filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), which almost completely inhibited proliferation of CD4(+) T cells and stimulated apoptosis of activated CD4(+) T helper 1 cells. In conclusion, the three-component acellular B. pertussis vaccine containing filamentous haemagglutinin increases the production of IL-10 in the intestinal mucosa, induces apoptosis of activated Th1 cells and attenuates colitis in Galphai2(-/-) mice.
Effect of LiF/metal electrodes on the performance of plastic solar cells (2002)

The insertion of thin interlayers of LiF under the negative metal electrode (Al and Au) of bulk heterojunction solar cells significantly enhances the fill factor and stabilizes high open circuit voltages. Compared to devices without the LiF interfacial layer, the white light efficiencies increase by over 20% up to ηeff∼3.3%. Substitution of the LiF by another insulating interlayer SiOx results in lower overall efficiencies. In the case of a LiF/Au electrode, substantial efficiency enhancement is observed compared to a pristine Au electrode and white light efficiencies up to ηeff∼2.3% are reported.
Changes in somatic action potential shape in guinea‐pig nociceptive primary afferent neurones during inflammation in vivo (1999)

We have examined whether there are changes during inflammation in the membrane properties of nociceptive primary afferent neurones in the guinea-pig that might contribute to hyperalgesia. Inflammation was induced by intradermal injections of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in the left leg. Intracellular voltage recordings were made from the somata of ipsilateral L6 and S1 dorsal root ganglion neurones in anaesthetised untreated guinea-pigs at 2 or 4 days after CFA treatment. 2. Units were classified as C, Adelta or Aalpha/beta on the basis of their dorsal root conduction velocities (CVs). Units with receptive fields on the left leg were characterized as nociceptive, low- threshold mechanoreceptive (LTM) or unresponsive according to their responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli. The shapes of their somatic action potentials (APs) evoked by dorsal root stimulation were recorded. 3. Comparisons of data from nociceptive neurones recorded in CFA treated animals after 2 and 4 days with data from CFA untreated (control) animals showed the following significant changes: in C-fibre nociceptors, decreased AP duration at base, AP rise time and AP fall time, and increased maximum rates of AP rise and fall with no change in afterhyperpolarization measured to 80 % recovery (AHP80); in Adelta-fibre nociceptors, decreased AP duration at base, AP fall time and a reduction in AHP80; and in Aalpha/beta-fibre nociceptors, a decreased AHP80 but no change in AP duration. Apart from a more negative membrane potential and AHP depth below 0 mV in Aalpha/beta nociceptors at 4 days compared with 2 days post-CFA, none of the above variables differed significantly between units recorded 2 or 4 days after CFA. Therefore the two groups were pooled and called CFA2 + 4d. 4. The reduction in AP duration in C-fibre nociceptors was apparent both in high threshold mechanoreceptor and polymodal nociceptors and also in units with either cutaneous or subcutaneous receptive fields. 5. No significant changes in AP duration at base or AHP80 were seen 2 or 4 days after CFA compared with control in either LTM or unresponsive neurones, although some of the latter may have become classified as nociceptors after CFA treatment. 6. The alterations in membrane properties of nociceptors should permit higher discharge frequencies, thus contributing to inflammatory hyperalgesia. They suggest active changes in the expression or activation of cation channels during peripheral inflammation.
Endotoxin, Cytokines, and Nitric Oxide in Shock (1994)

Department of Physiology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
Genomic structure and subcellular localization of MAL, a human T-cell-specific proteolipid protein. (1994)

Genomic DNA clones containing the T-cell-specific human MAL gene were isolated. Restriction and sequence analysis revealed four exons and three introns. Each hydrophobic segment of MAL together with its adjacent hydrophilic sequence correlates closely with one exon of the gene. RNase protection analysis revealed that the previously described MAL mRNA, which contains the sequences present in the four exons, is the mRNA species predominant in T-cells. A remarkable similarity was found between the hydrophobicity pattern of MAL and those of the peripheral membrane protein 22 (PMP-22) and the 16-kDa proteolipid of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase. Direct evidence supporting that MAL is a proteolipid was obtained by extracting bacterial lysates expressing recombinant MAL protein with lipophilic solvents used to extract lipids. The use of two different antibodies raised against distinct peptides from the MAL molecule has allowed the localization of MAL in the endoplasmic reticulum of T-cells. This subcellular localization is in agreement with the presence of a RWKSS motif in the COOH-terminal tail of MAL, next to its last putative transmembrane domain, that fits with one of the consensus sequences (RXKXX) for residency in the endoplasmic reticulum for transmembrane proteins. A possible function for MAL protein in T-cells is discussed based on its subcellular localization and the unique lipid-like properties of the proteolipid proteins.
Counterion-Condensation-Induced Collapse of Highly Charged Polyelectrolytes (1998)

Dilute or semidilute solutions of polyelectrolytes show below a critical temperature the phenomenon of counterion condensation. This effect leads (a) to a decrease of the effective total charge of the macroion and (b) to a counterion-induced attraction between different parts of the chain. In this paper we provide simple scaling arguments that allow one to calculate the chain size and the effective total charge as a function of temperature, solvent quality etc. Especially we show that effect (a) alone leads to a continuous reduction of the chain size with decreasing temperature. Due to a feedback-type mechanism effect (b) amplifies this collapse process in such a way that it is reminiscent of a first-order phase transition.
Hierarchical porous materials: catalytic applications (2012)

In this review, we discuss the phenomenon of complementary macropore incorporation into mesoporous and/or microporous solids in order to enhance their catalytic performance in fuels and chemicals synthesis.
MAST CELL DISTRIBUTION, ACTIVATION, AND PHENOTYPE IN ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS OF HUMAN CAROTID ARTERIES (1997)

Immunohistochemical staining for mast cell tryptase and chymase was used to examine the distribution, activation, and tryptase/chymase phenotype of mast cells (MCs) in 250 samples of atherosclerotic lesions (type I to VI) of human carotid arteries. Dual immunolocalization and histochemical techniques were used to identify the associations of MCs with macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and extracellular matrix components. Whereas normal carotid arteries contained very few MCs within the intima, atherosclerotic lesions showed increased MC numbers with variable focal accumulations. MCs were identifiable from the earliest stages of atherosclerosis, and especially at the shoulder regions of the fully formed atheroma. They were observed in close association with macrophages (HAM56 positive) and extracellular lipid, as well as at sites of foam cell formation. MCs and diffuse tryptase staining were also evident within sites of new calcification and around small calcified deposits. Extensive MC activation/degranulation, as judged by diffuse extracellular tryptase staining, was a common feature of the advanced atherosclerotic plaques complicated by fissure, haemorrhage, and thrombus formation. Moreover, such sites of extracellular MC tryptase were often associated with localized oedema and disruption of the stromal matrix. MCs which contained both tryptase and chymase (the MCTC phenotype) represented approximately 80-95 per cent of all MCs. These studies are the first to demonstrate significant numbers and focal accumulations of MCs in all developmental stages of atherosclerotic carotid arteries. Since MCs contain or express a variety of potent mediators, their release could profoundly influence the development and pathological complications of atherosclerotic plaques.
Fragment-based development of triazole-substituted O-galactosyl aldoximes with fragment-induced affinity and selectivity for galectin-3 (2009)

A fragment-based development of 3C-triazol-1-yl-O-galactopyranosyl aldoximes led to the discovery of highly selective and high affinity (K(d) down to 11 microm) small monosaccharide based inhibitors of galectin-3. Galectin-7, 8 N-terminal CRD, and 9 N-terminal CRD bound the inhibitors only weakly. The galectin-3 selectivity was hypothesized to stem from interaction of the aldoxime moiety with a site not present in the other galectins.
Interferon Lambda as a Potential New Therapeutic for Hepatitis C (2009)

Interferon lambdas (IFN-lambda) are Type III interferons with biological activity, including induction of antiviral genes, similar to Type I IFNs, but signal through a distinct receptor complex. The expression pattern for the IFN-lambda receptor is more cell specific than the widely distributed IFN-alpha receptor, suggesting in vivo, IFN-lambda may have fewer side effects than IFN-alpha, such as less hematologic toxicities. A PEGylated form of IFN-lambda (PEG-rIL-29) was well tolerated in animals and did not result in hematologic toxicity. Clinical data from initial studies of PEG-rIL-29 has demonstrated antiviral effects in patients with hepatitis C without producing hematologic toxicity. These preclinical and early clinical data support PEG-rIL-29 as a potential new therapeutic agent for treatment of patients with hepatitis C.
Digital Reconstruction and Display of Compound Scan Ultrasound Images (1984)

Absrracr-Ultrasonic image reconstruction can be divided into three areas: scan conversion, pixel value assignment (in compound scan imag ing), and image display. In scan conversion, the method of allocation of image values in pixels not intersected by scan lines has a dramatic effect on the image quality. Use of an appropriate interpolation scheme can greatly improve image quality and at the same time reduce the required tine density and hence increase the frame rate. Peak-detected, averaged, and minimum-detected pixel value assignment lead to dramatically different appearances of the resulting compound scan image. The three methods have different effects on the resolution and on differential diagnosis in clinical conditions. In the display of images formed by the three methods, different postprocessing is required to yield comparable images. This is achieved by an adaptive method based on the required histogram. Results are presented for thereconstruction, assignment, and postprocessing techniques of experimental target studies and clinical data obtained with the U.I. Octoson. The effect of
Staphylococcal Capsular Vaccine for Preventing Mastitis in Two Herds in Georgia (1984)

An encapsulated staphylococcal vaccine, consisting of heat-killed capsular-type A and B Staphylococcus aureus strains and capsular polysaccharide extracted from strain ATCC 31432 of Staphylococcus epidermidis, was used to control bovine mastitis in two herds in Georgia. The vaccine was administered intramuscularly into 97 and 125 cows in the herds, and equal numbers of animals were controls. Two weeks after primary vaccination a booster injection was given. No side effects were observed. In one herd, leucocyte content of milk samples decreased remarkably 1 wk after the booster injection. Significant resistance to infection was maintained for 4 mo after vaccination. Estimation of the total loss of milk yield showed less loss compared to that in the control group for 4 mo after vaccination. In the other herd, remarkable improvements of milk samples were observed as early as 1 wk after primary vaccination and resistance to infection continued for 6 mo after vaccination, when experiments were terminated. At 3 mo after vaccination, loss of milk yield was approximately one-third of that in the control group, and this reduction of loss was maintained for 6 mo after vaccination.
The origins and evolution of functional modules: lessons from protein complexes (2006)

Modularity is an attribute of a system that can be decomposed into a set of cohesive entities that are loosely coupled. Many cellular networks can be decomposed into functional modules-each functionally separable from the other modules. The protein complexes in physical protein interaction networks are a good example of this, and here we focus on their origins and evolution. We investigate the emergence of protein complexes and physical interactions between proteins by duplication, and review other mechanisms. We dissect the dataset of protein complexes of known three-dimensional structure, and show that roughly 90% of these complexes contain contacts between identical proteins within the same complex. Proteins that are shared across different complexes occur frequently, and they tend to be essential genes more often than members of a single protein complex. We also provide a perspective on the evolutionary mechanisms driving the growth of other modular cellular networks such as transcriptional regulatory and metabolic networks.
Synthesis of Ultra-Long and Highly Oriented Silicon Oxide Nanowires from Liquid Alloys (2002)

Long and highly ordered amorphous silicon oxide nanowires (see Figure) have been prepared in bulk quantities by these authors. The wires formed on a Ga ball placed on top of a Si wafer, which acted as a source for the nanowires, in a quartz tube. The growth can be explained by dissolution of Si in molten Ga, followed by oxidation to SiO2, which induces the precipitation of the wires.
Coherent and spectral beam combining of fiber lasers (2012)

State-of-the-art diffraction-limited fiber lasers are presently capable of producing kilowatts of power. Power levels produced by single elements are gradually increasing but beam combining techniques are attractive for rapidly scaling fiber laser systems to much higher power levels. We discuss both coherent and spectral beam combining techniques for scaling fiber laser systems to high brightness and high power. Recent results demonstrating beam combination of 500-W commercial fiber laser amplifiers will be presented.
Multiplication of Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Tobacco Leaf Disks Is Inhibited by (2′-5′) Oligoadenylate (1982)

The oligonucleotide (2'-5') oligoadenylate that is induced in interferon-treated animal cells protects plant tissue from infection by the tobacco mosaic virus. This inhibition of virus multiplication was obtained at concentrations comparable to those affecting protein synthesis and antiviral activities in animal cells. After treatment with (2'-5') oligoadenylate, the multiplicability of tobacco mosaic virus was reduced by 80 to 90 percent as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These results, along with the observation that human interferon protects tobacco tissue from infection by tobacco mosaic virus, indicate that plants and animals may have a common pathway for virus resistance.
Sieving hydrogen isotopes through two-dimensional crystals (2015)

One-atom-thick crystals are impermeable to atoms and molecules, but hydrogen ions (thermal protons) penetrate through them. We show that monolayers of graphene and boron nitride can be used to separate hydrogen ion isotopes. Using electrical measurements and mass spectrometry, we found that deuterons permeate through these crystals much slower than protons, resulting in a separation factor of ≈10 at room temperature. The isotope effect is attributed to a difference of ≈60 milli-electron volts between zero-point energies of incident protons and deuterons, which translates into the equivalent difference in the activation barriers posed by two-dimensional crystals. In addition to providing insight into the proton transport mechanism, the demonstrated approach offers a competitive and scalable way for hydrogen isotope enrichment.
BSLIM: Spectral Localization by Imaging With Explicit $B_{0}$ Field Inhomogeneity Compensation (2007)

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI) is an attractive tool for medical imaging. However, its practical use is often limited by the intrinsic low spatial resolution and long acquisition time. Spectral localization by imaging (SLIM) has been proposed as a non-Fourier reconstruction algorithm that incorporates spatial a priori information about spectroscopically uniform compartments. Unfortunately, the influence of the magnetic field inhomogeneity--in particular, the susceptibility effects at tissues' boundaries--undermines the validity of the compartmental model. Therefore, we propose BSLIM as an extension of SLIM with field inhomogeneity compensation. A B0-field inhomogeneity map, which can be acquired rapidly and at high resolution, is used by the new algorithm as additional a priori information. We show that the proposed method is distinct from the generalized SLIM (GSLIM) framework. Experimental results of a two-compartment phantom demonstrate the feasibility of the method and the importance of inhomogeneity compensation.
Molecular Diversity of Structure and Function of the Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels (2002)

A variety of different isoforms of voltage-sensitive Na+ channels have now been identified. The recent three-dimensional analysis of Na+ channels has unveiled a unique and unexpected structure of the Na+ channel protein. Na+ channels can be classified into two categories on the basis of their amino acid sequence, Nav1 isoforms currently comprising nine highly homologous clones and Nax that possesses structure diverging from Nav1, especially in several critical functional motifs. Although the functional role of Nav1 isoforms is primarily to form an action potential upstroke in excitable cells, recent biophysical studies indicate that some of the Nav1 isoforms can also influence subthreshold electrical activity through persistent or resurgent Na+ currents. Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 contain an amino acid sequence common to tetrodotoxin resistant Na+ channels and are localized in peripheral nociceptors. Recent patch-clamp experiments on dorsal root ganglion neurons from Nav1.8-knock-out mice unveiled an additional tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ current. The demonstration of its dependence on Nav1.9 provides evidence for a specialized role of Nav1.9, together with Nav1.8, in pain sensation. Although Nax has not been successfully expressed in an exogenous system, recent investigations using relevant native tissues combined with gene-targeting have disclosed their unique "concentration"-sensitive but not voltage-sensitive roles. In this context, these emerging views of novel functions mediated by different types of Na+ channels are reviewed, to give a perspective for future research on the expanding family of Na+ channel clones.
Angiotensinogen cleavage by renin: importance of a structurally constrained N‐terminus (1998)

Angiotensinogen, a plasma serpin, functions as a donor of the decapeptide angiotensin I, which is cleaved from the N-terminus by renin. To assess the contribution of the serpin framework to peptide cleavage we produced a chimaeric molecule of alpha1-antitrypsin carrying the angiotensinogen N-terminus and determined the kinetic parameters for angiotensin I release. The Km for plasma angiotensinogen was 18-fold lower than for the chimaeric protein while the catalytic efficiency was four-fold higher. We also show that Cys-18 participates in a disulphide bond and propose that constraints on the N-terminus profoundly affect the interaction with renin.
Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transcription by Chemical Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors (2001)

Cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk's) have recently been suggested to regulate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transcription. Previously, we have shown that expression of one cdk inhibitor, p21/Waf1, is abrogated in HIV-1 latently infected cells. Based on this result, we investigated the transcription of HIV-1 in the presence of chemical drugs that specifically inhibited cdk activity and functionally mimicked p21/Waf1 activity. HIV-1 production in virally integrated lymphocytic and monocytic cell lines, such as ACH(2), 8E5, and U1, as well as activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with syncytium-inducing (SI) or non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) HIV-1 strains, were all inhibited by Roscovitine, a purine derivative that reversibly competes for the ATP binding site present in cdk's. The decrease in viral progeny in the HIV-1-infected cells was correlated with a decrease in the transcription of HIV-1 RNAs in cells treated with Roscovitine and not with the non-cdk general cell cycle inhibitors, such as hydroxyurea (G(1)/S blocker) or nocodazole (M-phase blocker). Cyclin A- and E-associated histone H1 kinases, as well as cdk 7 and 9 activities, were all inhibited in the presence of Roscovitine. The 50% inhibitory concentration of Roscovitine on cdk's 9 and 7 was determined to be approximately 0.6 microM. Roscovitine could selectively sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to apoptosis at concentrations that did not impede the growth and proliferation of uninfected cells. Apoptosis induced by Roscovitine was found in both latent and activated infected cells, as evident by Annexin V staining and the cleavage of the PARP protein by caspase-3. More importantly, contrary to many apoptosis-inducing agents, where the apoptosis of HIV-1-infected cells accompanies production and release of infectious HIV-1 viral particles, Roscovitine treatment selectively killed HIV-1-infected cells without virion release. Collectively, our data suggest that cdk's are required for efficient HIV-1 transcription and, therefore, we propose specific cdk inhibitors as potential antiviral agents in the treatment of AIDS.
A 0.47–1.6 mW 5-bit 0.5–1 GS/s Time-Interleaved SAR ADC for Low-Power UWB Radios (2012)

This paper presents a 16-channel time-interleaved 5-bit asynchronous SAR ADC for UWB radios. It proposes 400 aF unit capacitors, offset calibration, a self-resetting comparator and a distributed clock divider to optimize the performance. The prototype in 90 nm CMOS occupies only 0.11 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> including decoupling capacitors. Two relevant modes for UWB are supported: 0.5 GS/s at 0.75 V supply, and 1 GS/s at 1 V supply with 0.47 mW and 1.6 mW power consumption respectively. With an ENOB of 4.7 and 4.8 bits, this leads to energy efficiencies of 36 and 57 fJ/conversion-step. Compared to prior-art, state-of-the-art efficiency is achieved without relying on complex calibration schemes.