gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The developing enamel matrix: nature and function (1998)

The hydroxyapatite crystals of mature enamel are unusually large, uniform and regularly disposed within the tissue, implying that their development is a highly controlled process. The organic matrix of developing enamel is presumed to play an important role in the modulation of mineral deposition and growth during tooth morphogenesis but the precise functions of individual matrix proteins remain unclear. The aim of this review was to survey the current knowledge of enamel matrix proteins with a view to suggesting possible functions. The organic matrix is highly heterogeneous, comprising proteins derived from a number of different genes, including amelogenin, enamelin, ameloblastin (amelin/sheathlin), tuftelin, dentine sialophosphoprotein, enzymes and serum proteins such as albumin. Each of these classes appears to undergo post-secretory sequential degradation which contributes further towards matrix heterogeneity. Possible functions of these proteins include de novo mineral nucleation/initiation (dentine sialophosphoprotein, tuftelin), mineral ion binding as crystal precursors (amelogenin, enamelin), control of crystal growth (amelogenin, enamelin, ameloblastin), support of growing crystals (amelogenin, enamelin), determination of prismatic structure (ameloblastin), cell signalling (tuftelin, ameloblastin), control of secretion (breakdown products) and protection of the mineral phase (amelogenin, enamelin). Failure of these mechanisms could lead to incomplete maturation of the enamel and the eruption of dysplastic tissue.
Self‐Rated Depression Scales and Screening for Major Depression in the Older Hospitalized Patient with Medical Illness (1988)

Until now, no self-rated depression scale had been validated as a screening measure for major depression in the older patient hospitalized with medical illness. The present report establishes the validity of two brief, easily administered depression screening tests, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Brief Carroll Depression Rating Scale (BCDRS), in this population. Structured psychiatric interviews were performed and self-rated depression measures administered to 128 men, aged 70 and over, consecutively admitted to medical and neurological services of a VA hospital. The GDS and BCDRS were both shown to have high sensitivity and specificity for detecting major depression in this setting. Optimal cut-off scores determined by the receiver operating curve characteristics of these tests were 11 for the GDS and 6 for the BCDRS. At a cutoff score of 11, the GDS had a sensitivity of 92%, a specificity of 89%, and a negative predictive value of 99%; lowering the break point to 8 did not increase sensitivity. At a cutoff score of 6, the BCDRS achieved a 100% sensitivity, 93% specificity, and 100% negative predictive value. Whether clinicians decide to implement either of these depression screens in their practice will depend to a large degree on the importance ascribed to the detection of these disorders and on attitudes toward the benefits of treatment.
The N3XT Approach to Energy-Efficient Abundant-Data Computing (2018)

The world's appetite for analyzing massive amounts of structured and unstructured data has grown dramatically. The computational demands of these abundant-data applications, such as deep learning, far exceed the capabilities of today's computing systems and are unlikely to be met with isolated improvements in transistor or memory technologies, or integrated circuit architectures alone. To achieve unprecedented functionality, speed, and energy efficiency, one must create transformative nanosystems whose architectures are based on the salient properties of the underlying nanotechnologies. Our Nano-Engineered Computing Systems Technology (N3XT) approach makes such nanosystems possible through new computing system architectures leveraging emerging device (logic and memory) nanotechnologies and their dense 3-D integration with fine-grained connectivity to immerse computing in memory and new logic devices (such as carbon nanotube field-effect transistors for implementing high-speed and low-energy logic circuits) as well as high-density nonvolatile memory (such as resistive memory), and amenable to ultradense (monolithic) 3-D integration of thin layers of logic and memory devices that are fabricated at low temperature. In addition, we explore the use of several device and integration technologies in the N3XT beyond the specific ones mentioned earlier that are also used in our main nanosystem prototypes. We also present an efficient resiliency technique to overcome endurance challenges in certain resistive memory technologies. N3XT hardware prototypes demonstrate the practicality of our architectures. We evaluate the benefits of the N3XT using a simulation framework calibrated using experimental measurements. System-level energy-delay product of common implementations of abundant-data workloads improves by three orders of magnitude in the N3XT compared with conventional architectures. These improvements impact a broad range of application workloads and architecture configurations, from embedded systems to the cloud.
Nanocrystal memory cell using high-density Si 0.73Ge 0.27 quantum dot array (1999)

Principles of operation of a single electron memory cell using nanocrystals incorporated in the gate oxide of a MOSFET were investigated and possibilities for the application to a multi-level flash memory cell with high reliability and low power using the Coulomb blockade effect at room temperature were shown. Single electron memory cells using Si-0.73 Ge-0.27 nanocrystal array as a storage electrode were fabricated and characterized. The nanocrystals were deposited as amorphous islands in LPCVD and were crystallized by rapid thermal annealing. The size of deposited nanocrystals was observed to be about 5 nm and the density was higher than 10(12) cm(-2). From the result of the characterization of the fabricated devices, the threshold voltage shift corresponding to charging of single electron per nanocrystal was observed to be greater than 2 V, from which the density of the nanocrystal array was estimated to be about 2.6 x 10(12) cm(-2). Programming characteristics of the device with respect to time showed a multi-step tunneling phenomenon, which seems to be due to an interaction among closely-spaced quantum dots.
Fast Adaptive Multiple Transform for Versatile Video Coding (2019)

The Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET) recently launched the standardization of next-generation video coding named Versatile Video Coding (VVC) in which the Adaptive Multiple Transforms (AMT) is adopted as the primary residual coding transform solution. AMT introduces multiple transforms selected from the DST/DCT families and achieves noticeable coding gains. However, the set of transforms are calculated using direct matrix multiplication which induces higher run-time complexity and limits the application for practical video codec. In this paper, a fast DST-VII/DCT-VIII algorithm based on partial butterfly with dual implementation support is proposed, which aims at achieving reduced operation counts and run-time cost meanwhile yield almost the same coding performance. The proposed method has been implemented on top of the VTM-1.1 and experiments have been conducted using Common Test Conditions (CTC) to validate the efficacy. The experimental results show that the proposed methods, in the state-of-the-art codec, can provide an average of 7%, 5% and 8% overall decoding time savings under All Intra (AI), Random Access (RA) and Low Delay B (LDB) configuration, respectively yet still maintains coding performance.
Quantitative analysis of elevated serum Golgi protein-73 expression in patients with liver diseases (2008)

sGP73 concentration in patients with liver disease was three-fold higher than in healthy individuals. However, sGP73 concentrations did not differ significantly between patients from each liver disease group. Furthermore, sGP73 was not significantly elevated in patients with diseases other than liver disease compared with healthy individuals. These results suggest that sGP73 may be used as a serum marker for the diagnosis of liver disease.
New methods for direct delivery of chemotherapy for treating brain tumors. (2006)

Despite advances in diagnostic imaging and drug discovery, primary malignant brain tumors remain fatal. Median survival for patients with the most severe forms is rarely past eight months. The severity of the disease and the lack of substantial improvement in patient survival demand that new approaches be explored in drug delivery to brain tumors. Recently, local delivery of chemotherapy to brain tumors has provided a way to circumvent the blood-brain barrier, allowing delivery of chemotherapy drugs directly to malignant cells in the brain. Two methods of local delivery have been developed: polymeric-controlled release and convection-enhanced delivery. Controlled release utilizes degradable or non-degradable polymers as carriers of chemotherapy; polymer implants or microparticles are implanted locally to introduce a sustained source of drug for periods of days or months. Convection-enhanced delivery employs the bulk flow of drugs dissolved in fluid, which is introduced intracranially using a catheter and pump. The convective fluid flow is capable of delivering drugs great distances within the brain, potentially treating invasive cells at a distance from the catheter infusion site. These two new delivery strategies are capable of delivering both standard chemotherapeutic drugs and new methods of anti-cancer therapy. Taken individually, or used in tandem, they represent a potential revolution in brain cancer treatment.
Methods for Photocrosslinking Alginate Hydrogel Scaffolds with High Cell Viability (2010)

Methods for seeding high-viability (>85%) three-dimensional (3D) alginate-chondrocyte hydrogel scaffolds are presented that employ photocrosslinking of methacrylate-modified alginate with the photoinitiator VA-086. Comparison with results from several other photoinitiators, including Irgacure 2959, highlights the role of solvent, ultraviolet exposure, and photoinitiator cytotoxicity on process viability of bovine chondrocytes in two-dimensional culture. The radicals generated from VA-086 photodissociation are shown to be noncytotoxic at w/v concentrations up to 1.5%, enabling photocrosslinking without significant cell death. The applicability of these photoinitiators for generating 3D tissue-engineered constructs is evaluated by measuring cell viability in 3D constructs with aggregate moduli in the 10-20 kPa range. Hydrogels with encapsulated bovine chondrocytes were constructed with >85% viability using VA-086. While the commonly used Irgacure 2959 is noncytotoxic in its native state and crosslinks the alginate at weight fractions much lower than VA-086, the cytotoxicity of IRG2959's photogenerated radical leads to viabilities below 70% in the conditions tested.
Improvement of skin temperature of fingers by beraprost sodium in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. (1993)

膠原病に伴うレイノー症状は単なるvasospasmではなく,基盤に器質的変化による末梢循環障害が存在していることが考えられている.したがって難治性の手指潰瘍や指切断をきたすこともあり,これまでにも抗血小板剤や血管拡張剤が使用されてきた.今回,強力な抗血小板作用および末梢血管拡張作用を併せもつ経口プロスタサイクリン製剤であるberaprost sodium (BPS)を,レイノー症状を呈する膠原病患者15例に投与し,サーモグラフィーを用いた冷水負荷試験で手指表面温度の変化を詳細に検討した.方法は15°Cの冷水に30秒間手指を浸し,その後15分間の手指表面温度をサーモグラフィーで観察した. BPSは60～120μg/日を6～12週投与し,再度冷水負荷試験を施行して投与前と比較した.その結果, BPS投与後は手指表面温度,冷水負荷による手指温度の回復,手指末端と基節部との温度差のいずれも投与前に比べ有意に改善しており,膠原病のレイノー現象の基盤に存在している末梢循環障害に対するBPSの効果が確かめられた.
The Selenazal Drug Ebselen Potently Inhibits Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase by Targeting Enzyme Cysteine Residues (2009)

The heme enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) plays an important immune regulatory role by catalyzing the oxidative degradation of l-tryptophan. Here we show that the selenezal drug ebselen is a potent IDO inhibitor. Exposure of human macrophages to ebselen inhibited IDO activity in a manner independent of changes in protein expression. Ebselen inhibited the activity of recombinant human IDO (rIDO) with an apparent inhibition constant of 94 +/- 17 nM. Optical and resonance Raman spectroscopy showed that ebselen altered the active site heme of rIDO by inducing a transition of the ferric heme iron from the predominantly high- to low-spin form and by lowering the vibrational frequency of the Fe-CO stretch of the CO complex, indicating an opening of the distal heme pocket. Substrate binding studies showed that ebselen enhanced nonproductive l-tryptophan binding, while circular dichroism indicated that the drug reduced the helical content and protein stability of rIDO. Thiol labeling and mass spectrometry revealed that ebselen reacted with multiple cysteine residues of IDO. Removal of cysteine-bound ebselen with dithiothreitol reversed the effects of the drug on the heme environment and significantly restored enzyme activity. These findings indicate that ebselen inhibits IDO activity by reacting with the enzyme's cysteine residues that result in changes to protein conformation and active site heme, leading to an increase in the level of nonproductive substrate binding. This study highlights that modification of cysteine residues is a novel and effective means of inhibiting IDO activity. It also suggests that IDO is under redox control and that the enzyme represents a previously unrecognized in vivo target of ebselen.
How antibodies work: focus on Fc receptors (1988)

It is increasingly appreciated that the part of an antibody not involved in the binding of antigen--the Fc region--plays an important biological role. It activates a variety of receptors not only on so-called effector cells such as macrophages and granulocytes, but also on lymphocytes, and it can thereby modulate the immune response itself. Over the past 2 years much new information has been gained about the structure of such receptors, in large part through molecular genetics. In this review we describe the structure and some aspects of the function of the most complicated of the cellular Fc receptors so far identified: the receptor with high affinity for immunoglobulin E (IgE) on mast cells. The structure of its IgE-binding chain is strikingly similar to the corresponding polypeptide of an immunoglobulin G receptor. Like the latter and like a receptor that binds polymeric immunoglobulin, segments of the protein resemble immunoglobulin sequences. It is surprising that other IgE-binding proteins that putatively serve related functions have completely different structures.
Leukemia inhibitory factor induces sympathetic sprouting in intact dorsal root ganglia in the adult rat in vivo (1998)

1. The role of the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in axotomy-induced sprouting of postganglionic sympathetic fibres into the dorsal root ganglia was examined in the adult rat. 2. Immunocytochemistry was used to study the distribution and density of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) fibres within the lumbar dorsal root ganglia and lumbar spinal nerves 14 days following continuous intrathecal infusion of LIF (0.33 mg ml-1), or 14 days following unilateral peripheral nerve axotomy. 3. In LIF-treated animals, numerous pericellular TH-IR basket-like structures were observed surrounding sensory neurones, which were absent from controls. 4. The number of TH-IR fibres within the L3, L4 and L5 spinal nerves was significantly higher in LIF-treated animals than in control or saline-treated animals (P < 0.01, Student's t test). 5. Unilateral ligation of the L4 spinal nerve or unilateral sciatic nerve ligation was also associated with the formation of TH-IR baskets around sensory neurons and a significant increase in the number of TH-IR fibres within the lumbar spinal nerves (P < 0.01, Student's t test). 6. The percentage of neurones surrounded by TH-IR baskets within the L3 and L4 dorsal root ganglia following sciatic axotomy was significantly reduced in animals treated continuously for 2 weeks with a monoclonal antibody against the LIF receptor motif, gp130 (0.833 mg ml-1) (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). Antibody treatment did not reduce the axotomy-induced increase in TH-IR fibres within lumbar spinal nerves. 7. These results demonstrate that exogenous application of the axotomy-associated cytokine LIF is associated with sprouting of uninjured postganglionic sympathetic neurones around sensory neurones within the dorsal root ganglion. It is likely that increased LIF expression following peripheral axotomy plays an important role in the novel sympathetic sprouting observed within sensory ganglia following peripheral nerve injury.
Stoichiometric and Metal-Deficient Copper(II) Complexes of a Dinucleating Macrocyclic Ligand. Structural Studies (1998)

The magnesium complex (1) of the tetranucleating macrocyclic ligand H4L1 on transmetalation with copper(II) perchlorate in the presence of triethylamine produces the dicopper(II) complex (3) of the dinucleating macrocyclic ligand H2L3, while the same reaction when carried out in absence of triethylamine affords the metal-deficient compound (4) derived from H2L3.
Evaluation of ONU power saving modes for gigabit-capable passive optical networks (2011)

Energy efficiency has become an increasingly important aspect of designing access networks, due to both increased concerns for global warming and increased network costs related to energy consumption. Comparing access, metro, and core, the access constitutes a substantial part of the per subscriber network energy consumption and is regarded as the bottleneck for increased network energy efficiency. One of the main opportunities for reducing network energy consumption lies in efficiency improvements of the customer premises equipment. Access networks in general are designed for low utilization while supporting high peak access rates. The combination of large contribution to overall network power consumption and low utilization implies large potential for CPE power saving modes where functionality is powered off during periods of idleness.
Configuration-based optimization for six degree-of-freedom haptic rendering for fine manipulation (2011)

Six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) haptic rendering for fine manipulation in narrow space is a challenging topic because of frequent constraint changes caused by small tool movement and the requirement to preserve the feel of fine-features of objects. In this paper, we introduce a configuration-based constrained optimization method for solving this rendering problem. The six-dimensional configuration (position and orientation) of the graphic tool is defined as the solution variable of the optimization problem Contact constraints are obtained based on identifying principal contacts between the graphic avatar of the haptic tool, called the graphic tool, and the virtual task environment. In order to maintain stability during contact switch, a hybrid method combining collision detection, local search and parallel optimization is introduced. Based on parallel optimization and selection of local solution, we can maintain the local solution of the optimization model. Our method has been validated in experiments of moving a convex tool to probe a narrow cavity with or without bulges. Force rendering is stable even when the free space is very small and involves fine features of objects. Non-penetration between the tool and the object forming the cavity are maintained under frequent contact switches. Update rate of the simulation loop including the optimization and constraint identification is maintained at about 1kHz.
Cloning and Characterization of ADAMTS11 , an Aggrecanase from the ADAMTS Family (1999)

Aggrecan is responsible for the mechanical properties of cartilage. One of the earliest changes observed in arthritis is the depletion of cartilage aggrecan due to increased proteolytic cleavage within the interglobular domain. Two major sites of cleavage have been identified in this region at Asn(341)-Phe(342) and Glu(373)-Ala(374). While several matrix metalloproteinases have been shown to cleave at Asn(341)-Phe(342), an as yet unidentified protein termed "aggrecanase" is responsible for cleavage at Glu(373)-Ala(374) and is hypothesized to play a pivotal role in cartilage damage. We have identified and cloned a novel disintegrin metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs that possesses aggrecanase activity, ADAMTS11 (aggrecanase-2), which has extensive homology to ADAMTS4 (aggrecanase-1) and the inflammation-associated gene ADAMTS1. ADAMTS11 possesses a number of conserved domains that have been shown to play a role in integrin binding, cell-cell interactions, and extracellular matrix binding. We have expressed recombinant human ADAMTS11 in insect cells and shown that it cleaves aggrecan at the Glu(373)-Ala(374) site, with the cleavage pattern and inhibitor profile being indistinguishable from that observed with native aggrecanase. A comparison of the structure and expression patterns of ADAMTS11, ADAMTS4, and ADAMTS1 is also described. Our findings will facilitate the study of the mechanisms of cartilage degradation and provide targets to search for effective inhibitors of cartilage depletion in arthritic disease.
Small‐Scale DNA Preparation for Rapid Genetic Identification of Campylobacter Species without Radioisotope (1988)

A simplified and rapid genetic identification method for Campylobacter species without radioisotope was established. Three different amounts of DNA (200, 50, and 12.5 ng) extracted from each type strain of Campylobacter species with standard Marmur's procedure were spotted on a nitrocellulose filter. DNA obtained from one ml bacterial suspension at a concentration of McFarland standard turbidity No. 1 of Campylobacter fetus, C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. pylori isolates were sufficiently labeled with photo-biotin within 15 min and clearly hybridized with the type strain of the corresponding species within four to six hours. Hybridized spots were visualized with alkaline-phosphatase-conjugated streptavidin color-detection method. The reaction was usually stopped within 30 min. Atypical clinical isolates such as a nitrate-negative C. jejuni, two nalidixic acid-resistant C. jejuni, and two strains of C. fetus able to grow at 42 C, which were tentatively identified as such, were definitely identified by the simplified DNA hybridization method presented here. This method will be applicable routinely for the definite identification of atypical strains of Campylobacter species and other gram-negative bacteria difficult to identify biochemically.
Small colloidal gold conjugated to fab fragments or to immunoglobulin g as high‐resolution labels for electron microscopy: A technical overview (1990)

Fab-colloidal gold labelling in conjunction with negative staining and high-resolution electron microscopy was used for targeting single protein units in regular arrays. These were bacteriophage T4 polyheads with Fab-Au2.5, and a specific antibody binding site on the haemagglutinin polypeptide of influenza virus with Fab-Au3, Fab-Au2.5, and Fab-Au1-2. For the latter, IgG-Au3 was also used. Experimental details are summarized to provide generally applicable methods for the preparation of small gold colloids Fab-Au and of labelling. The putative mechanism of protein-gold complex formation and adsorption to preferred sites on Fab and IgG, most probably to sulphur-rich regions, is discussed. The influence of pH during complex formation was found to be of minor importance in the samples investigated. Reported experimental details and our own experiences suggest that the importance of a protein's pI relative to its optimum gold complexing pH critically depends on the nature of the protein in question rather than being of general importance for protein-gold complex stability.