gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Arachidonic Acid in the Secretion of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)a (1996)

We have studied the activation of human ml-muscarinic receptors in a genetically engineered Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHO-ml) to determine which second messenger systems affect the secretion of APP via the non-amyloidogenic route. Carbachol activation of the signaling pathways in CHO-ml cells promotes APP secretion by activation of both protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent or Ca(++)-dependent second messenger pathways. Both pathways converge to increase the enzyme activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), the enzyme that releases arachidonic acid from cellular stores. Directly activating PLA2 with melittin, a peptide from bee venom, or by adding arachidonic acid directly to cultured cells increases the secretion of APP. Thus, our results indicate that arachidonic acid is yet another cellular second messenger involved in regulating the metabolism of APP in addition to PKC and cytoplasmic Ca++. Moreover, activation of PLA2 appears to be an obligatory event in increasing the secretion of APP from CHO-ml cells by the various methods of activation that we have tried thus far.
Core Values: Elucidating the Role of Seed Structure in the Synthesis of Symmetrically Branched Nanocrystals (2012)

Branched metal nanoparticles often display unique physicochemical properties on account of their structures; however, most examples are asymmetric, with branches randomly distributed from the cores of the nanoparticles. This asymmetry can give rise to variable properties between samples. Here, we report the synthesis of symmetrically branched Au/Pd nanocrystals including five-branched pentapods with D(3h) symmetry, 24-branched nanocrystals with O(h) symmetry, 12-branched nanocrystals with T(d) symmetry, and eight-branched octopods and bowties with O(h) and D(4h) symmetry, respectively. These structures are achieved by seed-mediated co-reduction wherein the shapes of the seeds direct the number and symmetry patterns of the branches. Compositional boundaries exist at the interfaces between the seed and overgrowth metals to provide visualization via advanced electron microscopy of the relationships between seed structure and the symmetry of branched nanocrystals. Significantly, seed structure plays a definitive role in determining the final shape of convex metal nanocrystals, and the results presented here illustrate a similar relationship for branched nanocrystals and will enable the design of new architecturally distinct nanostructures.
The Performance of Prostate Specific Antigen for Predicting Prostate Cancer is Maintained After a Prior Negative Prostate Biopsy (2008)

Prostate specific antigen does not lose predictive value for the detection of prostate cancer even after a first biopsy shows no evidence of cancer, and its performance characteristics are only slightly decreased.
Upstream Activation and Repression Elements Control Transcription of the Yeast COX5b Gene (1990)

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae COX5b gene is regulated at the level of transcription by both the carbon source and oxygen. To define the cis-acting elements that underlie this transcriptional control, deletion analysis of the upstream regulatory region of COX5b was performed. The results of the study suggest that at least four distinct regulatory sites are functional upstream of the COX5b transcriptional starts. One, which was precisely defined to a region of 20 base pairs, contains two TATA-like elements. Two upstream activating sequences (UAS15b and UAS2(5b)) and an upstream repression sequence (URS5b) were also found. Each of the latter three elements was able either to activate (UAS1(5b) and UAS2(5b)) or to repress URS5b) the transcription of a heterologous yeast gene. Further analysis revealed that UAS1(5b) is the site of carbon source control and may be composed of two distinct domains that act synergistically. URS5b mediates the aerobic repression of COX5b and contains two sequences that are highly conserved in other yeast genes negatively regulated by oxygen.
Cutting Frequency and Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Yield and Nitrogen Concentration of Switchgrass in a Short Season Area (1999)

Adapted warm season grasses have potential for both summer forage and biomass production in eastern Canada. A field study was conducted in 1995 and 1996 to determine the response of switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) cv. Cave‐in‐Rock, Pathfinder, and Sunburst to nitrogen (N) fertilization at 0,75, or 150 kg ha −1 and three harvest schedules in a short season area. The grass was harvested at 4‐ or 6‐wk intervals or left uncut until the end of the season. These treatments were combined in a split‐plot design in each of three blocks on a St. Bernard sandy clay loam (Typic Hapludalf). Herbage yield and herbage N concentration were determined at each harvest for the cutting schedules. Herbage yields revealed a cultivar × N × harvest schedule interaction in 1996, while in 1995 only the two‐way interactions between cultivar × harvest schedule and N × harvest schedule were evident (P &lt; 0.05). Total yield ranking for the harvest regimes was uncut &gt; 6‐wk &gt; 4‐wk with their respective mean yields being 11,10, and 8 Mg ha −1 for Cave‐in‐Rock; 10,8, and 6 Mg ha −1 for Pathfinder and 11,8, and 7 Mg ha −1 for Sunburst. Nitrogen concentrations increased with fertilization and varied with harvest and year, but not with cultivar. Mean N concentrations were 12.4, 13.9, and 15.4 g kg −1 dry matter (DM) for the 0, 75, and 150 kg ha −1 N levels, respectively, under the 4‐wk system. Corresponding values were 10.1, 11.6, and 12.9 g kg −1 for the 6‐wk system. End of season N concentrations for the uncut regime averaged 5.4, 6.0, and 7.6 g kg −1 DM in increasing order of N fertilization. The results indicate that switchgrass has potential in both grazed or hay forage systems in eastern Canada.
Chronic Exposure to Interleukin-6 Causes Hepatic Insulin Resistance in Mice (2003)

Interleukin (IL)-6 is one of several proinflammatory cytokines associated with the insulin resistance of obesity and type 2 diabetes. There is, however, little direct evidence in vivo for a causative role of IL-6 in insulin resistance. Here, a 5-day constant subcutaneous infusion of hIL-6 before portal vein insulin challenge resulted in impairment of early insulin receptor signaling in the liver of mice. Importantly, the sixfold elevation of IL-6 attained with constant infusion was similar to levels reached in obesity. Consistent with an hepatic response to IL-6, STAT3 phosphorylation was increased in livers of IL-6-treated mice at 5 days. Chronic infusion of IL-6 also reduced hepatic insulin receptor autophosphorylation by 60% and tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates-1 and -2 by 60 and 40%, respectively. IL-6 had no effect on the mass of these proteins. IL-6 also decreased refeeding-dependent glucokinase mRNA induction by approximately 40%. Insulin tolerance tests revealed reduced insulin sensitivity. In contrast to hepatic insulin receptor signal transduction, 5-day IL-6 exposure failed to suppress skeletal muscle insulin receptor signal transduction. These data suggest that chronic IL-6 treatment selectively impairs hepatic insulin signaling in vivo, further supporting a role for IL-6 in hepatic insulin resistance of obesity.
1H NMR spectra of diastereomeric aromatic dipeptides (Phe‐Phe) in aqueous solution (1985)

Abstract The 1 H NMR chemical shifts and spin‐spin coupling constants of phenylalanylphenylalanine (Phe‐Phe) dipeptide diastereomers have been completely analysed at 100 MHz. Assignment of the observed signals to individual residue protons is proposed, based on characteristic shifts and standard double resonance experiments. The rotamer populations have also been determined. The spectra of the aromatic regions of the dipeptidyl diastereomers, L‐Phe‐L‐Phe and L‐Phe‐D‐Phe, are very different at pH 1.95 in D 2 O but similar at pH 9.15 in CD 3 CND 2 O (34:66). These results are correlated with the retention behaviour on a C 18 reversed‐phase HPLC column.
IL-1 stimulates IL-6 production in endothelial cells. (1989)

Leukocytes and vascular cells interact closely in inflammation and immunity and lymphokines are important mediators of this interaction. The present study was designed to define the possible role of IL-6 as a communication signal between vascular and immunocompetent cells. IL-6 was measured as hybridoma growth factor (HGF) on the 7TD1 cell line in the supernatants of human endothelial cells (HEC). HEC released appreciable levels of HGF activity in the absence of deliberate stimulation. In vitro exposure to recombinant IL-1 beta markedly increased (usually 10 to 15-fold) HGF production by HEC. Optimal stimulation was observed with 0.1 to 50 U/ml for 4 to 20 h of incubation. Human and murine rIL-1 alpha stimulated HGF production in HEC. Anti-IL-6 antibodies inhibited the HGF activity of the HEC supernatants, thus confirming, together with the cytokine specificity of the assay, the nature of HEC-produced cytokine. IL-1-treated HEC expressed high levels of IL-6 mRNA as detected by Northern blot analysis. Inasmuch as IL-1 elicits a complex series of changes in HEC, it was important to assess whether IL-6, produced after exposure to IL-1, modified HEC function. Natural or rIL-6 did not affect the functional status of HEC as assessed by proliferative capacity, production of procoagulant activity and prostacyclin, ability to induce adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The capacity to produce IL-6 may represent an important mechanism by which endothelial cells participate in inflammatory and immune reactions.
The FLT4 gene encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase related to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. (1993)

Three receptor tyrosine kinases, FLT1, FLK1 and FLT4, contain seven immunoglobin-like domains in their extracellular region and are strongly related by sequence similarities to each other and, to a lesser degree, to the class III receptors CSF1R/FMS, PDGFR, SLFR/KIT and FLT3/FLK2. They constitute a family of receptors putatively involved in the growth regulation of endothelial cells. We describe here the structure and pattern of expression of the human FLT4 gene. Two FLT4 transcripts of 5.8 and 4.5 kb are expressed in the human placenta and several hematopoietic cell lines. In mouse, a 5.8-kb transcript is expressed in a variety of tissues. A translational product 1298 amino acids in length is predicted to be encoded by the largest open reading frame. The FLT4 protein, when transiently expressed in Cos-7 cells and immunoprecipitated with a FLT4-specific rabbit immune serum, has an apparent molecular weight of 170 kDa.
[An experimental study on effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on intraocular pressure of white rabbits]. (1997)

This study indicates that ANP might play an effective therapeutic role in glaucoma.
Discovering Hidden Factors of Variation in Deep Networks (2014)

Deep learning has enjoyed a great deal of success because of its ability to learn useful features for tasks such as classification. But there has been less exploration in learning the factors of variation apart from the classification signal. By augmenting autoencoders with simple regularization terms during training, we demonstrate that standard deep architectures can discover and explicitly represent factors of variation beyond those relevant for categorization. We introduce a cross-covariance penalty (XCov) as a method to disentangle factors like handwriting style for digits and subject identity in faces. We demonstrate this on the MNIST handwritten digit database, the Toronto Faces Database (TFD) and the Multi-PIE dataset by generating manipulated instances of the data. Furthermore, we demonstrate these deep networks can extrapolate `hidden' variation in the supervised signal.
UV trimming of fused fiber coupler spectral response: a complete model (1998)

In this letter, we propose a complete model of the transmission change of fused tapered fiber couplers exposed to uniform UV light by using supermode propagation theory. The main contribution of this change is found to be a decrease of the supermode propagation constant difference. This effect is found to be more significant when supermodes become cladding modes. The model shows a good qualitative agreement with experimental results found in the literature.
ORGANIC SOL-GEL METHOD IN THE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES (2014)

Nanosized Zinc Oxide (ZnO) was synthesized using sol-gel method. The nanomaterials with structure were annealed at different temperatures ranging from 500 to 700°C which were chosen based on the Thermogravimetric (TGA) Analysis. The structure and morphology were characterized by Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), respectively. The PXRD shows the increasing tendency in crystallite size when the annealing temperature increases and the hexagonal structure of ZnO. TEM further revealed the same tendency which the Zn NPs size increased with the annealing temperature.
Effects of Denervation on Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle Physiology and Histochemistry (1994)

The effects of chronic posterior cricoarytenoid muscle denervation were assessed at 3 and 7 months in 26 animals following resection of 10 cm of recurrent laryngeal nerve with stump ligation. The physiology of denervation was characterized by a decrease in contraction strength and an increase in contraction time. The reduction in contraction strength reflected the loss in muscle weight and atrophic changes in fiber density and diameter. A change in muscle composition occurred because of the increased susceptibility of fast-twitch (type 2) fibers to degeneration. However, the compositional change alone could not account for the slowing of muscle contraction. Muscle fibrosis was negligible at 3 months, but encompassed one third of the fiber population by 7 months. In view of the irreversible nature of fibrosis, this study suggested that clinical intervention to rescue denervated posterior cricoarytenoid muscle fibers should be delayed no longer than 7 months to improve the chances for full recovery.
Lipoteichoic Acids fromLactobacillusStrains Elicit Strong Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Inducing Activities in Macrophages through Toll-Like Receptor 2 (2003)

Lactobacilli are nonpathogenic gram-positive inhabitants of microflora. At least some Lactobacillus strains have been postulated to have health beneficial effects, such as the stimulation of the immune system. Here we examined the stimulatory effects of lactobacilli on mouse immune cells. All six heat-killed Lactobacillus strains examined induced the secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) from mouse splenic mononuclear cells, albeit to various degrees. When fractionated subcellular fractions of Lactobacillus casei were tested for NF-kappaB activation and TNF-alpha production in RAW264.7, a mouse macrophage cell line, the activity was found to be as follows: protoplast > cell wall >> polysaccharide-peptidoglycan complex. Both crude extracts and purified lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) from two Lactobacillus strains, L. casei and L. fermentum, significantly induced TNF-alpha secretion from RAW264.7 cells and splenocytes of C57BL/6, C3H/HeN, and C3H/HeJ mice but not from splenocytes of C57BL/6 TLR2(-/-) mice. Lactobacillus LTA induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, in HEK293T cells transected with a combination of CD14 and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), NF-kappaB was activated in response to Lactobacillus LTA. Taken together, these data suggest that LTAs from lactobacilli elicit proinflammatory activities through TLR2.
Chloroquine sensitivity of isolates of Plasmodium falciparum adapted to in vitro culture. (1981)

Thirteen isolates of Plasmodium falciparum obtained from cases of malaria imported into the Netherlands and established in culture were tested for their sensitivity to chloroquine. Reproducibility of the test results depended on the exposure of a standardized number of parasites in culture to the drug. The maximum activity of chloroquine was obtained when medium with the drug was added to parasite cultures twice at 24 hour intervals. The result of drug action over a period of 48 hours was estimated best when parasites were counted 72 hours after the commencement of the test. Sensitivity to chloroquine could not provide a basis for the characterisation of strains.
Adenosine deaminase inhibitors: synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 2-hydroxy-3-nonyl derivatives of azoles (1994)

A series of erythro-1-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)azole derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for adenosine deaminase (ADA) inhibitory activity, in order to introduce simplifications in the ADA inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA, 1a). The synthesis of most of the reported compounds was achieved by reaction of 2-bromo-3-nonanone with the suitable azole followed by reduction of the carbonyl group to give a diastereoisomeric mixture of N-substituted (2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)azoles. Separation of diastereoisomers was achieved by HPLC or by preparative TLC plates. The results of the enzymatic test indicate that the nitrogen in the 3-position, and secondly, the nitrogen in the 5-position are very important for the interaction of the azole ring with the inhibitory site on the enzyme. In fact, the pyrazole and the 2-substituted 1,2,3-triazole derivatives (10 and 15, respectively) are nearly inactive, whereas the erythro-1-(2- hydroxy-3-nonyl)-1,2,4-triazole (18e) was the most potent ADA inhibitor in the series with Ki = 0.3 microM.
Energy economy gait analysis of an autoadaptive prosthetic knee (2002)

For trans-femoral amputees the energy expenditure required for ambulation is significantly greater than that required for non-amputated individuals. The Leg Laboratory at MIT, in conjunction with Ossur, has developed an autoadaptive, electronic, magnetorheological (MR) prosthetic knee (Rheo) to address this problem. Unlike currently available prosthetic knee technologies that utilize hydraulic valves, the Rheo controls knee damping by adjusting magnetic field strength through the modulation of electromagnetic current. A study at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital with eight established unilateral trans-femoral amputees was conducted to test the hypothesis that MR technology improves metabolic economy. The Rheo and the electronic, hydraulic based C-LEG were compared along three axes-metabolic cost, kinematics and kinetics, and muscle activity. A significant metabolic improvement using the Rheo was found, although evaluation of the speculated mechanisms for energy conservation was inconclusive. The results are encouraging in that the Rheo knee promises to enable unilateral trans-femoral amputees to lead more active lives.
Enhancement by tetrahydrouridine (NSC-112907) of the oral activity of 5-azacytidine (NSC-102816) in L1210 leukemic mice. (1975)

5-Azacytidine is more active when administered parenterally than orally in the treatment of L1210 leukemic mice. Oral coadministration of tetrahydrouridine, a pyrimidine nucleoside deaminase inhibitor with no intrinsic antitumor activity, greatly increases the oral activity of 5-azacytidine. 5-azacytidine (or cytotoxic equivalent) blood levels in BDF mice are much higher after oral administration of the 5-azacytidine-tetrahydrouridine combination than when 5-azacytidine is administered alone by the same route. The therapeutic results (L1210 leukemia) achieved with the oral combination are similar to those observed with parenteral 5-azacytidine alone.
Alanine-scanning mutagenesis reveals residues involved in binding of pap-3-encoded pili (1994)

In order to identify functionally important residues in the pap-3-encoded adhesin, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was used to substitute alanine(s) at sixteen positions in the adhesion. These alanine substitutions span nearly every domain and hydrophilic peak of the protein. The effects of these substitutions were measured by evaluating the patterns of hemagglutination exhibited by the mutant strains. It was found that strains harboring alanine substitutions at positions 88 and 89, 128 to 130, and 316 had lost the capacity to hemagglutinate. The presence of the mutated adhesin in the assembled pilus structure was verified by the reactions of purified pili with an adhesin-specific monoclonal antibody in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and with a polyclonal antibody in Western blotting (immunoblotting). Alanine substitutions at positions 68, 110 and 111, and 143 to 146 had no effect upon hemagglutination, whereas substitutions at positions 203 and 204 and position 291 resulted in diminished binding. Thus, the residues necessary for hemagglutination are scattered throughout the adhesin in both the amino and carboxy regions. Delineation of these residues may prove useful in designing a preventive treatment that would cross-react with the essential binding residues from the adhesins of several different pyelonephritis-causing strains.
IL-9 Blockade Suppresses Silica-induced Lung Inflammation and Fibrosis in Mice (2018)

Recapitulative animal models of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and related diseases are lacking, which inhibits our ability to fully clarify the pathogenesis of these diseases. Although lung fibrosis in mouse models is often induced by bleomycin, silica-induced lung fibrosis is more sustainable and more progressive. Therefore, in this study, we sought to elucidate the mediator(s) responsible for the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis, through the use of a mouse model of silica-induced lung fibrosis. With a single nasal administration of 16 mg of silica, lung inflammation (assessed by elevated cellular components in the BAL fluids [BALFs]) and lung fibrosis (assessed by lung histology and lung hydroxyproline levels) were induced and sustained for as long as 24 weeks. Of the mediators measured in the BALFs, IL-9 was characteristically elevated gradually, and peaked at 24 weeks after silica administration. Treatment of silica-challenged mice with anti-IL-9-neutralizing antibody inhibited lung fibrosis, as assessed by lung hydroxyproline level, and suppressed the levels of major mediators, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, CCL2, CXCL1, and TNF-α in BALFs. Moreover, human lung specimens from patients with IPF have shown high expression of IL-9 in alveolar macrophages, CD4-positive cells, and receptors for IL-9 in airway epithelial cells. Collectively, these data suggest that IL-9 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis in diseases such as IPF.
Anti-allergic activities of the beta-adrenoceptor stimulant formoterol (BD 40A). (1981)

The effects of formoterol (BD 40A) on the rat and guinea-pig hypersensitivity reactions and on mouse IgE antibody formation was investigated. The inhibitory effect of intravenously (i.v.) and perorally (p.o.) administered formoterol on (mouse) IgE-mediated 24-hr passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in rats was 6.3 and 33 times, respectively, more potent than that of salbutamol. This action was antagonized by pretreatment with propranolol. Formoterol at the dose exhibiting considerable PCA inhibition had no effect on histamine- and 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced skin reactions. Formoterol, administered i.v. or p.o., inhibited (guinea-pig) IgE-mediated 8-day PCA in guinea-pigs. In the isolated guinea-pig lung, both formoterol and salbutamol exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of antigen-induced histamine release. However, in the isolated rat mesenterium these two drugs showed only partial inhibition of antigen-induced mast cell degranulation, whereas disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) manifested dose-dependent inhibition. Neither formoterol nor salbutamol affected the hapten-specific IgE antibody response in female BDF1 mice.