gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
50 nm Vertical Replacement-Gate (VRG) pMOSFETs (2002)

We present the first p-channel Vertical Replacement-Gate (VRG) MOSFETs. Like the VRG-nMOSFETs demonstrated last year, these devices show promise as a successor to planar MOSFETs for highly-scaled ULSI. Our pMOSFETs retain the key features of the nMOSFETs and add channel doping by ion implantation and raised source/drain extensions (SDEs). We have significantly improved the core VRG process to provide high-performance devices with gate lengths of 100 nm and below. Since both sides of the device pillar drive in parallel, the drive current per /spl mu/m of coded width can far exceed that of planar MOSFETs. Our 100 nm VRG-pMOSFETs with t/sub ox/=25 /spl Aring/ drive 615 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m at 1.5 V with I/sub OFF/=8 nA//spl mu/m-80% more drive than specified in the 1999 ITRS Roadmap at the same I/sub OFF/. We demonstrate 50 nm VRG-pMOSFETs with t/sub ox/=25 /spl Aring/ that approach the 1.0 V roadmap target of I/sub ON/=350 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m at I/sub OFF/=20 nA//spl mu/m without the need for a hyperthin (<20 /spl Aring/) gate oxide.
Inhaled nitric oxide versus prone positioning in acute respiratory distress syndrome (2000)

Rush Medical College; Director, Section of Critical Care Medicine; Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center; Chicago, IL
What are biomarkers? (2010)

This article outlines the major definitions of the key terms in this field and considers select cases in which misunderstandings about the terms led to flawed research conclusions.
Human Infection with MERS Coronavirus after Exposure to Infected Camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013 (2014)

We investigated a case of human infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) after exposure to infected camels. Analysis of the whole human-derived virus and 15% of the camel-derived virus sequence yielded nucleotide polymorphism signatures suggestive of cross-species transmission. Camels may act as a direct source of human MERS-CoV infection.
Automated curved planar reformation of 3D spine images (2005)

Traditional techniques for visualizing anatomical structures are based on planar cross-sections from volume images, such as images obtained by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, planar cross-sections taken in the coordinate system of the 3D image often do not provide sufficient or qualitative enough diagnostic information, because planar cross-sections cannot follow curved anatomical structures (e.g. arteries, colon, spine, etc). Therefore, not all of the important details can be shown simultaneously in any planar cross-section. To overcome this problem, reformatted images in the coordinate system of the inspected structure must be created. This operation is usually referred to as curved planar reformation (CPR). In this paper we propose an automated method for CPR of 3D spine images, which is based on the image transformation from the standard image-based to a novel spine-based coordinate system. The axes of the proposed spine-based coordinate system are determined on the curve that represents the vertebral column, and the rotation of the vertebrae around the spine curve, both of which are described by polynomial models. The optimal polynomial parameters are obtained in an image analysis based optimization framework. The proposed method was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated on five CT spine images. The method performed well on both normal and pathological cases and was consistent with manually obtained ground truth data. The proposed spine-based CPR benefits from reduced structural complexity in favour of improved feature perception of the spine. The reformatted images are diagnostically valuable and enable easier navigation, manipulation and orientation in 3D space. Moreover, reformatted images may prove useful for segmentation and other image analysis tasks.
Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2002)

Abstract Background: Multiple laboratory tests are used in the diagnosis and management of patients with diabetes mellitus. The quality of the scientific evidence supporting the use of these assays varies substantially. Approach: An expert committee drafted evidence-based recommendations for the use of laboratory analysis in patients with diabetes. An external panel of experts reviewed a draft of the guidelines, which were modified in response to the reviewers’ suggestions. A revised draft was posted on the Internet and was presented at the AACC Annual Meeting in July, 2000. The recommendations were modified again in response to oral and written comments. The guidelines were reviewed by the Professional Practice Committee of the American Diabetes Association. Content: Measurement of plasma glucose remains the sole diagnostic criterion for diabetes. Monitoring of glycemic control is performed by the patients, who measure their own plasma or blood glucose with meters, and by laboratory analysis of glycated hemoglobin. The potential roles of noninvasive glucose monitoring, genetic testing, autoantibodies, microalbumin, proinsulin, C-peptide, and other analytes are addressed. Summary: The guidelines provide specific recommendations based on published data or derived from expert consensus. Several analytes are of minimal clinical value at the present time, and measurement of them is not recommended.
Calorimetric Measurement of the Enthalpy of Hydration of Clinoptilolite (1997)

Abstract The enthalpy of hydration of natural clinoptilolite was determined by isothermal immersion calorimetry on Ca-, Na- and K-exchanged clinoptilolite (Fish Creek Mountains, Nevada). Heats of immersion of clinoptilolite were determined at initial H 2 O contents ranging from θ = 0.02 to 0.85 (where θ is the ratio [H 2 O content]/[maximum H 2 O content]). The heat of immersion (liquid H 2 O reference state) of Ca-clinoptilolite ranged from -7.5 (θ = 0.87) to -25.7 kJ/mol-H 2 O (θ = 0.19); values for Na-clinoptilolite ranged from -6.3 (θ = 0.85) to -21.8 kJ/mol-H 2 O (θ = 0.11); and values for K-clinoptilolite ranged from -7.7 (θ = 0.80) to -24.6 kJ/mol-H 2 O (θ = 0.02). Linear regression of the calorimetric data provided the following values for the complete heat of immersion (from θ = 0): Ca-clinoptilolite, -30.3 ± 2.0; Na-clinoptilolite, -23.4 ± 0.6; and K-clinoptilolite, -22.4 ± 0.8 kJ/mol-H 2 O. The heat of immersion measurements were compared with the enthalpy of hydration results of Carey and Bish (1996) determined in a thermogravimetric study of the same samples. The heat of immersion data are similar but of smaller magnitude than the values of enthalpy of hydration and are believed to be more accurate because they represent direct measurements of this thermodynamic property. The effect of dehydration of clinoptilolite on the thermal evolution of the potential high-level radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain was considered by comparing the amount of energy consumed by clinoptilolite dehydration with the amount of energy necessary to heat rocks lacking hydrous minerals. The extra energy consumed on heating clinoptilolite from 25 to 200 °C ranges between 70 and 80% in excess of that required for nondehydrating materials (that is, clinoptilolite acts as a heat sink). These results indicate that accurate thermohydrologic modeling of rock units at Yucca Mountain should consider the thermal effect of dehydration/hydration processes in clinoptilolite and other hydrous minerals, in addition to the water produced/adsorbed during heating/cooling.
Membrane protein expression systems : a user's guide (1994)

Introduction to expression systems, G.W. Gould expression systems for biophysicists - which one and why?, J.G. Lindsay et al expression of membrane proteins in E coli, J. Broome-Smith the expression of membrane proteins in eukaryotic cell culture lines, Y. Oka the expression of transport proteins in Xenopus oocytes, G.W. Gould the use of Xenopus oocytes for the expression of channels and receptors, K. Eidne baculovirus-based expression systems, D.H. Bishop vaccinia and other viral based expression systems, M.Mackett expression of membrane proteins in yeast, I.F. Connerton.
Identification of an essential region for growth signal transduction in the cytoplasmic domain of the human interleukin-4 receptor (1992)

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a pleiotropic lymphokine which plays an important role in the immune system by regulating proliferation and differentiation of a wide variety of lymphoid and myeloid cells. These biological effects are manifested via binding of IL-4 to specific membrane-associated high affinity receptors. While the IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) cDNA expresses high affinity binding sites when transfected in COS7 cells, its intracellular domain lacks consensus motifs for known signal transducing molecules such as a tyrosine kinase. In this study, we use a DNA deletion approach to explore the mechanism of signal transduction utilized by the human IL-4R cDNA expressed in a murine pro-B cell line, Ba/F3 cells. Using this system, we have identified the critical region of the cytoplasmic domain of human IL-4R for human IL-4-induced transduction of a growth signal in these cells. Our data indicate that the critical region for signal transduction is located between amino acid residues 433-473 numbering from the carboxyl terminus. This region is highly conserved between mouse and human IL-4R but lacks homology with other cytokine receptors. Our studies additionally demonstrate that the cytoplasmic domain is not essential for forming high affinity IL-4-binding sites nor for ligand internalization.
MF59-adjuvanted vaccines: increased immunogenicity with an optimal safety profile (2003)

The need to enhance the immunogenicity of purified subunit antigens has prompted the development of several new adjuvants. However, many of these new molecules have demonstrated a reactogenicity profile that is not suitable for their inclusion in vaccines for human use. In this context, the adjuvant emulsion MF59 has been developed, tested in combination with different antigens in several animal models and subsequently evaluated in humans. Clinical trials with several MF59-adjuvanted vaccines have been performed in different age groups (from newborns to the elderly) and have shown an increased immunogenicity of coadministered antigens, associated with a high level of safety and tolerability. MF59 has been the first adjuvant to be licensed for human use after alum and, as part of an enhanced influenza vaccine for the elderly, is now available in the marketplace of several countries worldwide.
Sendai virus efficiently infects cells via the asialoglycoprotein receptor and requires the presence of cleaved F0 precursor proteins for this alternative route of cell entry (1997)

Biochemical evidence suggests that the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) can be used as an alternative receptor for a temperature-sensitive Sendai virus (SV) mutant. We now have investigated this possible alternative route of infection for SV wild-type (SV-wt) strain Fushimi by using a pair of cell lines which differ only with regard to ASGP-R expression. Infection studies after enzymatic destruction of conventional sialic acid-containing SV receptors (SA-R) revealed that only ASGP-R-expressing cells could be infected by SV-wt. This alternative route of cell entry could be completely blocked by incubation of cells with ASGP-R-specific antibodies prior to infection. Furthermore, cleavage of SV-F0 precursor protein into the subunits F1 and F2 was necessary to establish infection via ASGP-R, suggesting a fusion-mediated cell entry after binding of SV-wt to the ASGP-R on host cells. Interestingly, infection via ASGP-R was found to be nearly as efficient as infection via conventional sialic acid-containing SV receptors. A possible physiological role of the ASGP-R-mediated route of SV infection is discussed.
Microarray comparative genomic hybridization detection of chromosomal imbalances in uterine cervix carcinoma (2005)

Our results confirm the presence of a specific pattern of chromosomal imbalances in cervical carcinoma and define specific targets that are suffering DNA copy number changes in this neoplasm.
Biosynthesis of plant-specific stilbene polyketides in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli (2006)

Phenylpropionic acids, such as 4-coumaric acid and caffeic acid, can be efficiently converted to stilbene compounds by recombinant E. coli cells expressing plant biosynthetic genes. Optimization of precursor conversion and cyclization of the bulky ferulic acid precursor by host metabolic engineering and protein engineering may afford the synthesis of even more structurally diverse stilbene compounds.
Investigations of the effect of hydrogen in an argon glow discharge (2000)

Clear evidence of the effects caused by hydrogen, introduced in different forms in an analytical glow discharge source (GDS) operated with argon, is presented for the different matrix elements copper, stainless steel, titanium, aluminium and silicon. When hydrogen is present even in small quantities in argon, not only are there significant changes in the emission line intensities of most elements (analyte and plasma species), but also new spectral features, such as emission bands of new compounds (hydrides of sputtered sample constituents) and a continuous background in the range ~220–440 nm. Moreover, the discharge current (the dependent parameter in our experiments) decreases with increasing hydrogen concentration. Different modes of hydrogen introduction, externally in gaseous form or sputtered as a sample constituent, cause very similar effects in terms of discharge current, line intensity (of analyte and plasma gas) and emission continua, which implies similar changes in the discharge processes in the two cases. The excitation of the hydrogen continuum appears to quench the population of the argon metastables (11.55 and 11.72 eV) and, consequently, other elementary processes in the plasma in which the argon metastables take part, but to a different extent for each analyte.
Stable Expression of the Wild-Type p53 Gene in Human Lung Cancer Cells after Retrovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer (1993)

A retroviral vector-mediated system was established to allow efficient transduction of the wild-type p53 gene into human lung cancer cell lines H358a (deleted p53) and H322a (mutant p53). LNSX/p53 constructs incorporating p53 cDNA driven by a beta-actin promoter mediated stable integration of p53. p53 mRNA and protein were detected in these cell lines 6 months after transduction by Northern and Western blot analyses. Restoration of the wild-type p53 gene suppressed growth in the two transduced cell lines but had no effect in another transduced tumor cell line, H460a, which has an endogenous wild-type p53 gene. A high transduction efficiency was obtained in cell lines H460a, H322a, and H358a after five cycles of transduction in vitro. Mixing experiments showed that transduced cells could reduce the growth rate of nontransduced cells; this reduction may have been mediated by factors shed into the supernatant of the transduced cell cultures.
The herpes simplex virus type 1 major capsid protein (VP5-UL19) promoter contains two cis-acting elements influencing late expression (1994)

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) major capsid protein VP5 gene (UL19) is expressed with beta gamma (gamma 1 [leaky late]) kinetics. We have previously described the construction of recombinant HSV-1 in which the VP5 promoter was engineered to control the expression of the bacterial beta-galactosidase gene as a reporter (C.-J. Huang, S. A. Goodart, M. K. Rice, J. F. Guzowski, and E. K. Wagner, J. Virol. 67:5109-5116, 1993). Here we describe further mutational analysis in recombinant viruses. We have precisely defined the boundaries of the VP5 promoter and identified two regions important for both the level and the kinetics of expression. The 5' boundary was located at -48 relative to the initiation site of transcription by analyzing a series of nested deletions in the upstream sequence, and although a number of cis-acting sites influencing transient expression have been identified upstream of this point, these sites have no role in promoter activity during productive infection. Deletion of an Sp1-binding site located between -48 and the TATA box at -30 greatly reduced VP5 promoter activity late but not early after infection. A cis-acting element whose sequence resembles the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 initiator was located between -2 and +10 in the VP5 sequence by characterizing a series of deletions and site-directed block mutations downstream the TATA box. This element defines the 3' limit of the VP5 promoter, and like the upstream element, disruption of this element also inhibited promoter activity late in the productive cycle.
(NHC)CuI (NHC = N-Heterocyclic Carbene) Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for the Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds (2004)

The hydrosilylation of various ketones is mediated by an imidazolium salt/Cu(I) salt system or by a well-defined (NHC)CuCl (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) catalyst precursor system. Reactions are conducted at room temperature. The synthesis and characterization of well-defined (NHC)CuCl complexes are described.
Content-Based Isolation: Rethinking Isolation Policy in Modern Client Systems (2012)

Modern client platforms, such as iOS, Android, Windows Phone 7, and Windows 8, have progressed from a per-user isolation policy, where users are isolated, but a user’s applications run in the same isolation container, to an application isolation policy, where different applications are isolated from one another. However, this is not enough because mutually distrusting content can interfere with one another inside a single application. For example, an attacker-crafted image may compromise a photo editor application and steal all images processed by the editor. In this paper, we advocate a content-based principal model in which the OS treats content owners as its principals and isolates content of different owners from one another. Our key contribution is to generalize the contentbased principal model from web browsers, namely, the same-origin policy, into an isolation policy that is suitable for all applications. The key challenge we faced is to support flexible isolation granularities while remaining compatible with the web. In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of our prototype system that tackles the challenge.
Single molecule detection of double-stranded DNA in poly(methylmethacrylate) and polycarbonate microfluidic devices (2001)

Single photon burst techniques were used to detect double-stranded DNA molecules in poly(methylmethacrylate) (PM MA) and polycarbonate (PC) microfluidic devices. A confocal epi-illumination detection system was constructed to monitor the fluorescence signature from single DNA molecules that were multiply labeled with the mono-intercalating dye, TOPRO-5, which possessed an absorption maximum at 765 nm allowing excitation with a solid-state diode laser and fluorescence monitoring in the near-infrared (IR). Near-IR excitation minimized autofluorescence produced from the polymer substrate, which was found to be significantly greater when excitation was provided in the visible range (488 nm). A solution containing lambda-DNA (48.5 kbp) was electrokinetically transported through the microfluidic devices at different applied voltages and solution pH values to investigate the effects of polymer substrate on the transport rate and detection efficiency of single molecular events. By applying an autocorrelation analysis to the data, we were able to obtain the molecular transit time of the individual molecules as they passed through the 7 microm laser beam. It was observed that the applied voltage for both devices affected the transport rate. However, solution pH did not alter the transit time for PM MA-based devices since the electroosmotic flow of PMMA was independent of solution pH. In addition, efforts were directed toward optimizing the sampling efficiency (number of molecules passing through the probe volume) by using either hydrodynamically focused flows from a sheath generated by electrokinetic pumping from side channels or reducing the channel width of the microfluidic device. Due to the low electroosmotic flows generated by both PMMA and PC, tight focusing of the sample stream was not possible. However, in PMMA devices, flow gating was observed by applying field strengths > -120 V/cm to the sheath flow channels. By narrowing the microchannel width, the number of molecular events detected per unit time was found to be four times higher in channels with 10 microm widths compared to those of 50 microm, indicating improved sampling efficiency for the narrower channels without significantly deteriorating detection efficiency. Attempts were made to do single molecule sizing of lambda-DNA, M13 (7.2 kbp) and pUC19 (2.7 kbp) using photon burst detection. While the average number of photons for each DNA type were different, the standard deviations were large due to the Gaussian intensity profile of the excitation beam. To demonstrate the sensitivity of single molecule analysis in the near-IR using polymer microfluidic devices, the near-IR chromophore, NN382, wasanalyzed using ourconfocal imager. A detection efficiency of 94% for single NN382 molecules was observed in the PC devices.
Toremifene citrate increases bone mineral density in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer (2006)

4553 Background: In men with prostate cancer, androgen deprivation therapy by either surgical orchiectomy or treatment with a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist decreases bone mineral density (BMD) and increases clinical fracture risk. In postmenopausal women, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) increase BMD and decrease fracture incidence. We conducted a multicenter randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of the SERM toremifene citrate in men with prostate cancer. Methods: In a 24-month prospective study, 1392 men with prostate cancer who have been treated with ADT for at least 6 months and are at increased risk of fracture based on either being older than 70 years of age or having evidence of osteopenia by baseline dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan were assigned randomly (1:1) to receive either toremifene citrate 80mg or placebo (by mouth daily). The primary study endpoint is proportion of men with one or more fracture at 24 months. Secondary endpoints include changes in BMD of the hip and spine. Here we report the results of a planned interim analysis of 12-month changes in BMD for the first 200 subjects. Results: As summarized in the table below, toremifene citrate significantly increased BMD of the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck compared to placebo. Conclusions: In men receiving ADT for prostate cancer, toremifene citrate significantly increased BMD of the hip and spine. In randomized controlled trials of SERMs in postmenopausal women, similar BMD improvements translated into statistically and clinically significant decreases in fractures risk. These interim results of BMD effects suggest toremifene citrate has the potential to provide a fracture reduction benefit in men with prostate cancer, the hypothesis being tested in the ongoing study. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]