gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacology of (S)‐homoquisqualic acid and (S)‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonopentanoic acid [(S)‐AP5] at cloned metabotropic glutamate receptors (1998)

1 In this study we have determined the pharmacological profile of (S)-quisqualic acid, (S)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid ((S)-AP4) and their higher homologues (S)-homoquisqualic acid, (S)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid ((S)-AP5), respectively, and (R)-AP5 at subtypes of metabotropic (S)-glutamic acid (mGlu) receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. 2 (S)-Quisqualic acid was a potent mGlu1/mGlu5 agonist (EC50 values of 1.1 microM and 0.055 microM, respectively) showing no activity at mGlu2 and weak agonism at mGlu4 (EC50 approximately 1000 microM). 3 (S)-Homoquisqualic acid displayed competitive antagonism at mGlu1 (KB = 184 microM) and full agonism at mGlu5 (EC50 = 36 microM) and mGlu2 (EC50 = 23 microM), but was inactive at mGlu4. 4 (S)-AP4 was a potent and selective mGlu4 agonist (EC50 = 0.91 microM) being inactive at mGlu1, mGlu2 and mGlu5 both as agonist and antagonist. 5 (S)-AP5 displayed very weak agonist activity at mGlu4. At the mGlu2 receptor subtype (S)-AP5 acted as a competitive antagonist (KB = 205 microM), whereas the compound was inactive at mGlu, and mGlu5. (R)-AP5 was inactive at all mGlu receptor subtypes tested both as agonist and antagonist. 6 These studies demonstrate that incorporation of an additional carbon atom into the backbone of (S)-glutamic acid and its analogues, to give the corresponding homologues, and replacement of the terminal carboxyl groups by isosteric acidic groups have profound effects on the pharmacological profiles at mGlu receptor subtypes. Furthermore, (S)-homoquisqualic acid has been shown to be a potentially useful tool for differentiating mGlu1 and mGlu5.
Anther Culture of Elite Genotypes of Maize1 (1986)

The use of anther culture as a means of haploid breeding in maize ( Zea mays L.) has been limited by the paucity of responsive genotypes. The present study was designed to identify agronomically acceptable germplasm of maize that responds to anther culture. In 1984, 25 related‐line crosses were evaluated for their ability to produce embryoids from cultured anthers. Twelve genotypes responded with at least one anther producing embryoids; with six exhibiting response frequencies of 1.0% or greater. In 1985, 27 genotypes were screened and 17 responded, nine of which displayed frequencies of 1.0% or greater. The most responsive crosses contained the lines H99, FR16, and Pa91. Plants could be regenerated from most responsive genotypes, however, seed production resulting from spontaneous chromosome doubling was low.
Probabilities for SV Machines (2000)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction, Fitting a Sigmoid After the SVM, Empirical Tests, Conclusions, Appendix: Pseudo-code for the Sigmoid Training
Vertical scaling of 0.25-μm emitter InP/InGaAs single heterojunction bipolar transistors with fT of 452 GHz (2003)

Vertical scaling of the epitaxial structure has allowed submicron InP/InGaAs-based single heterojunction bipolar transistors (SHBTs) to achieve record high-frequency performance. The 0.25×16 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> transistors, featuring a 25-nm base and a 100-nm collector, display current gain cut-off frequencies f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> of 452 GHz. The devices operate at current densities above 1000 kA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and have BV/sub CEO/ breakdowns of 2.1 V. A detailed analysis of device radio frequency (RF) parameters, and delay components with respect to scaling of the collector thickness is presented.
Band Edge Recombination in CdSe, CdS and CdSxSe1−x Alloy Nanocrystals Observed by Ultrafast Fluorescence Upconversion: The Effect of Surface Trap States (2008)

The effect of surface trap states on band edge recombination in CdSe, CdS and CdSxSe1−x alloy nanocrystals has been determined using fluorescence upconversion spectroscopy. These measurements reveal that there is both a size and composition dependence on the short-lived (τ1) and long-lived (τ2) components of fluorescence lifetime at the band edge. An increase in nanocrystal diameter, ranging from 23 to 60 Å, is accompanied by an increase in τ1. This behavior is explained by the decrease in accessible trap sites through a reduction in surface-to-volume ratio. Similarly, τ2 is found to increase with increasing nanocrystal size. However, with increasing sulfur concentration in the alloy nanocrystals, both a reduction in the magnitude of τ1 and a reversal in the trend for τ2 are observed. These changes in lifetimes associated with the addition of sulfur are explained by increased trapping on the nanocrystal surface. These results indicate that carrier dynamics may be controlled not only through size, but also through composition of the nanocrystals. Compositional variation has been shown not only to affect carrier dynamics, but also to affect the optical properties of nanocrystals. An increase in the Stokes shift is observed for CdSxSe1−x alloy nanocrystals as compared to CdSe and CdS nanocrystals. This indicates that the Stokes shift is highly influenced by the nonlinear effects of alloying.
Double-heater-wire circuits and heat-and-moisture exchangers and the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia (2006)

Humidification technique does not influence either VAP incidence or secretion characteristics, but HMEs may have air-flow resistance higher than manufacturer specifications after 24 hrs of use.
Common E Protein Determinants for Attenuation of Glycosaminoglycan-Binding Variants of Japanese Encephalitis and West Nile Viruses (2004)

Natural isolates and laboratory strains of West Nile virus (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) were attenuated for neuroinvasiveness in mouse models for flavivirus encephalitis by serial passage in human adenocarcinoma (SW13) cells. The passage variants displayed a small-plaque phenotype, augmented affinity for heparin-Sepharose, and a marked increase in specific infectivity for SW13 cells relative to the respective parental viruses, while the specific infectivity for Vero cells was not altered. Therefore, host cell adaptation of passage variants was most likely a consequence of altered receptor usage for virus attachment-entry with the involvement of cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in this process. In vivo blood clearance kinetics of the passage variants was markedly faster and viremia was reduced relative to the parental viruses, suggesting that affinity for GAG (ubiquitously present on cell surfaces and extracellular matrices) is a key determinant for the neuroinvasiveness of encephalitic flaviviruses. A difference in pathogenesis between WNV and JEV, which was reflected in more efficient growth in the spleen and liver of the WNV parent and passage variants, accounted for a less pronounced loss of neuroinvasiveness of GAG binding variants of WNV than JEV. Single gain-of-net-positive-charge amino acid changes at E protein residue 49, 138, 306, or 389/390, putatively positioned in two clusters on the virion surface, define molecular determinants for GAG binding and concomitant virulence attenuation that are shared by the JEV serotype flaviviruses.
Complement Receptor 1 (CD35) on Human Reticulocytes: Normal Expression in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and HIV-Infected Patients (1999)

The low levels of complement receptor 1 (CR1) on erythrocytes in autoimmune diseases and AIDS may be due to accelerated loss in the circulation, or to a diminished expression of CR1 on the red cell lineage. Therefore, we analyzed the expression of CR1 on reticulocytes (R) vs erythrocytes (E). Healthy subjects had a significant higher CR1 number per cell on R (919 +/- 99 CR1/cell) than on E (279 +/- 30 CR1/cell, n = 23), which corresponded to a 3. 5- +/- 1.3-fold loss of CR1. This intravascular loss was confirmed by FACS analysis, which showed that all R expressed CR1, whereas a large fraction of E was negative. The systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), HIV-infected, and cold hemolytic Ab disease (CHAD) patients had a CR1 number on R identical to the healthy subjects, contrasting with a lower CR1 on their E. The data indicated a significantly higher loss of CR1 in the three diseases, i.e., 7.0- +/- 3.8-, 6.1- +/- 2.9-, and 9.6- +/- 5.6-fold, respectively. The intravascular loss was best exemplified in a patient with factor I deficiency whose CR1 dropped from 520 CR1/R to 28 CR1/E, i.e., 18.6-fold loss. In one SLE patient and in the factor I-deficient patient, the FACS data were consistent with a loss of CR1 already on some R. In conclusion, CR1 is lost progressively from normal E during in vivo aging so that old E are almost devoid of CR1. The low CR1 of RBC in autoimmune diseases and HIV-infection is due to a loss occurring in the circulation by an active process that remains to be defined.
Cyclooxygenase-1 and an alternatively spliced mRNA in the rat stomach: effects of aging and ulcers (2000)

Prostaglandins play a critical role in gastric mucosal cytoprotection and decrease progressively with age. Cyclooxygenase (COX), the rate-limiting enzyme for prostaglandin synthesis, exists in two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2. The rat COX-1 gene expresses an alternatively spliced mRNA COX-1 splice variant (SV) that may, at best, code for a truncated COX-1 protein. With the use of competitive PCR, we determined whether COX gene expression was altered in the stomach with increasing age and after gastric ulcer induction. COX-1 mRNA was significantly reduced in the aged, and COX-1SV mRNA was significantly higher in the adults compared with the young and aged stomach. Levels of COX-1 and COX-2 were similarly expressed in the normal stomach. In acute gastric ulcers, only COX-2 mRNA levels were significantly elevated. When ulcers were undergoing healing and repair, COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA levels were significantly elevated. Age-related changes in COX-1 and COX-1SV but not COX-2 mRNA may alter gastric mucosal cytoprotection. Furthermore, COX-1 and COX-2 may both contribute to the healing of a gastric ulcer.
Stress-strain characteristics of concrete containing quarry rock dust as partial replacement of sand (2017)

The paper presents results of study on concrete using quarry dust to replace sand at levels of 0%, 25%, and 100% by weight. Design mixes were prepared to achieve concrete grades C25, C30, C35, C40 and C45 for each of the three replacement levels. Prismatic specimens were prepared to study the stress-strain behaviour of the concrete. It was observed that the stress-strain curves were similar for all sand replacement levels and that concrete with 100% quarry dust had the maximum strain values. The results of the study showed that for all concrete grades, 25% sand replacement level gave higher (7.9%) modulus of elasticity (MoE) while 100% sand replacement level gave lower (8.6%) MoE relative to 0% sand replacement level. The estimated MoE was compared with values obtained from the formulas proposed by the BS, ACI and IS for estimating the MoE using the compressive strength of concrete. It was found that blending sand and quarry dust produces concrete of enhanced mechanical properties.
Opposing Effects of Ubiquitin Conjugation and SUMO Modification of PCNA on Replicational Bypass of DNA Lesions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2004)

The Rad6-Rad18 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme complex of Saccharomyces cerevisiae promotes replication through DNA lesions via three separate pathways that include translesion synthesis (TLS) by DNA polymerases zeta (Polzeta) and Poleta and postreplicational repair mediated by the Mms2-Ubc13 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and Rad5. Here we report our studies with a proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) mutation, pol30-119, which results from a change of the lysine 164 residue to arginine. It has been shown recently that following treatment of yeast cells with DNA-damaging agents, the lysine 164 residue of PCNA becomes monoubiquitinated in a Rad6-Rad18-dependent manner and that subsequently this PCNA residue is polyubiquitinated via a lysine 63-linked ubiquitin chain in an Mms2-Ubc13-, Rad5-dependent manner. PCNA is also modified by SUMO conjugation at the lysine 164 residue. Our genetic studies with the pol30-119 mutation show that in addition to conferring a defect in Polzeta-dependent UV mutagenesis and in Poleta-dependent TLS, this PCNA mutation inhibits postreplicational repair of discontinuities that form in the newly synthesized strand across from UV lesions. In addition, we provide evidence for the activation of the RAD52 recombinational pathway in the pol30-119 mutant and we infer that SUMO conjugation at the lysine 164 residue of PCNA has a role in suppressing the Rad52-dependent postreplicational repair pathway.
Characterization and Biological Significance of Immunosuppressive Peptide D2702.75–84(E → V) Binding Protein (1998)

This is the first report on peptidic inhibitors of heme oxygenase. Such peptides were originally developed from the immunomodulatory peptide 2702.75-84 which corresponds to amino acid residues 75 to 84 of the alpha1-helix of HLA-B2702 (2702.75-84) and has been shown to be immunosuppressive in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, 2702.75-84 inhibited cytotoxic T- and natural killer cell- mediated target cell lysis, and in vivo peptide therapy resulted in prolongation of heart and skin allograft survival in mice. The peptide was also shown to bind to heat shock protein 70. However, D-enantiomers of 2702.75-84 and derivatives thereof, while still being immunosuppressive, did not bind to heat shock protein 70. This study was designed to identify proteins binding to peptide D2702.75-84(E --> V) (rvnlrialry) consisting of D-amino acids. Compared with 2702.75-84 (RENLRIALRY), glutamic acid residue 76 (E) was replaced with valine (V). Affinity chromatography using immobilized D2702.75-84(E --> V) and mouse and human cell extracts, resulted in the isolation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Peptide D2702.75-84 inhibited HO activity in vitro in a dose dependent manner. Similar to what has been observed with other inhibitors of HO, administration of peptide into mice resulted in an up-regulation of HO-1 mRNA and protein, as well as enzyme activity in liver, spleen and kidney. Other peptides derived from 2702.75-84 with similar immunomodulatory activity displayed similar effects. In contrast, inactive derivatives of 2702.75-84 had no effect on HO activity. Therefore, the immunosuppressive effects of the described immunomodulatory peptides are similar to those of cobalt-protoporphyrin, a known up-regulator of HO-1. Our results suggest that HO-1 modulation may be a novel mechanism of immunomodulation.
An Essential Heparin-Binding Domain in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Kinase (1993)

Heparin or heparin-like heparan sulfate proteoglycans are obligatory for activity of the heparin-binding fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. Heparin interacts independently of FGF ligand with a specific sequence (K18K) in one of the immunoglobulin-like loops in the extracellular domain of the FGF receptor tyrosine kinase transmembrane glycoprotein. A synthetic peptide corresponding to K18K inhibited heparin and heparin-dependent FGF binding to the receptor. K18K and an antibody to K18K were antagonists of FGF-stimulated cell growth. Point mutations of lysine residues in the K18K sequence abrogated both heparin- and ligand-binding activities of the receptor kinase. The results indicate that the FGF receptor is a ternary complex of heparan sulfate proteoglycan, tyrosine kinase transmembrane glycoprotein, and ligand.
p75NTR and Trk receptors are expressed in reciprocal patterns in a wide variety of non-neural tissues during rat embryonic development, indicating independent receptor functions. (1998)

The p75 kDa neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) has been detected in a number of non-neural tissues, especially during development. Reports of Trk receptor transcripts in non-neural tissues raise the possibility that the sites of p75NTR expression during development may correlate with Trk receptor expression. Coexpression of p75NTR with the Trk receptors in developing non-neural tissues would support the hypothesis that there is a cooperative function between the two receptor subclasses. To address these questions, p75NTR was localized relative to the three known Trk receptors in adjacent sections of rat embryos at stages of development when the highest levels of p75NTR have been observed in the muscle, maxillary pad, kidney, and lung. Using in situ hybridization and immunhistochemical analyses, we show here that the Trk receptors are expressed extensively in non-neural tissues during cell differentiation and tissue morphogenesis but in patterns that are generally reciprocal to that of p75NTR. The results indicate p75NTR most likely functions independently of the Trk receptors in most developing non-neural tissues. However, the p75NTR consistently appears in non-neural cells adjacent to those expressing Trk receptors. The reciprocal patterns of expression indicate that the separate activities of the two receptors most likely complement each other in regulating cell-cell interactions important for the innervation of developing non-neural tissues.
PDTC, metal chelating compound, induces G1 phase cell cycle arrest in vascular smooth muscle cells through inducing p21Cip1 expression: Involvement of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (2003)

Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a metal chelating compound, is known to induce cell death in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). However, the molecular mechanism for PDTC-induced VSMC death is not well understood. Addition of PDTC reduced cell growth and DNA synthesis on VSMC in low density conditions. However, in serum depleted medium, PDTC did not affect the cell viability, suggesting that certain factors in serum may mediate the cytotoxic effect of PDTC. Several metal chelators prevented the cell death induced by PDTC. In a serum-deprived condition, addition of exogenous metals, copper, iron, and zinc, restored the cytotoxic effect of PDTC. These data indicate that metals such as copper, iron, and zinc in serum may mediate the cytotoxic effect of PDTC. At low VSMC density in 10% FBS, treatment of PDTC, which induced a cell-cycle block in G1-phase, induced down-regulation of cyclins and CDKs and up-regulation of the CDK inhibitor p21 expression, whereas up-regulation of p27 or p53 by PDTC was not observed. Finally, we determined PDTC-mediated signaling pathway involved in VSMC death. Among relevant pathways, PDTC induced marked activation of p38MAPK and JNK. Expression of dominant negative p38MAPK and SB203580, a p38MAPK specific inhibitor, blocked PDTC-dependent p38MAPK, growth inhibition, and p21 expression. These data demonstrate that the p38MAPK pathway participates in p21 induction, which consequently leads to decrease of cyclin D1/cdk4 and cyclin E/cdk2 complexes and PDTC-dependent VSMC growth inhibition. In conclusion, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PDTC in VSMC provides a theoretical basis for clinical approaches using antioxidant therapies in atherosclerosis.
A device for the application of cyclic twist and extension on perfused vascular segments (1996)

Cyclic strain is known to influence many aspects of vascular cell biology, including macromolecular biosynthesis, cell proliferation, and cell morphology. The simulation of the cyclic strain associated with the vasculature in situ has been carried out mostly using devices that manipulated flat membranes on which the cells of choice are cultured. The purpose of this work was to create an apparatus wherein cyclic strains consistent with those found in native blood vessels could be applied to intact three-dimensional (tubular) specimens perfused ex vivo. The cyclic strain protocols using our apparatus may be any combination of axial stretch and twist. Concurrently, the perfusion flow and shear stress are controlled as desired. Vessel diameter, intraluminal pressure, volume flow, and regional strain are measured and stored on line. To illustrate the application of the device, we present hemodynamic and kinematic data collected from a human saphenous vein segment perfused under steady-flow conditions while subjected to cyclic stretch and twist.
Immunohistochemistry of Atrial and Brain Natriuretic Peptides in Control Cats and Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (2003)

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are cardiac hormones involved in electrolyte and fluid homeostasis. Our laboratory has investigated the use of ANP and BNP as diagnostic markers of cardiac disease in cats. We hypothesize that the cardiac distribution of ANP and BNP increases in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Accordingly, we evaluated the immunohistochemical distribution of ANP and BNP in hearts of four cats with naturally occurring HCM relative to five healthy controls. Indirect immunoperoxidase was performed with polyclonal immunoglobulin G against feline ANP (1-28) and proBNP (43-56). In control cats, ANP and BNP immunoreactivity was restricted to the atria. Staining for both peptides was most intense adjacent to the endocardial surface. Auricles stained more diffusely than atria for both peptides. The interstitial capillaries and nerve fibers within the heart were positive only for BNP. Atrial immunoreactivity for ANP and BNP was more diffuse and had a less distinctly layered pattern in HCM than in control cats. Ventricular cardiomyocytes of HCM cats were negative for ANP but stained lightly and diffusely for BNP. The capillaries and nerve fibers remained positive for BNP. We conclude that in cats with HCM, the cardiac distribution of ANP and BNP is more diffuse in the atria and that novel expression of BNP in the ventricular cardiomyocytes occurs.
Catalytic Control of the Vitrimer Glass Transition (2012)

Vitrimers, strong organic glass formers, are covalent networks that are able to change their topology through thermoactivated bond exchange reactions. At high temperatures, vitrimers can flow and behave like viscoelastic liquids. At low temperatures, exchange reactions are very long and vitrimers behave like classical thermosets. The transition from the liquid to the solid is reversible and is, in fact, a glass transition. By changing the content and nature of the catalyst, we can tune the transesterification reaction rate and show that the vitrimer glass transition temperature and the broadness of the transition can be controlled at will in epoxy-based vitrimers. This opens new possibilities in practical applications of thermosets such as healing or convenient processability in a wide temperature range.
Computerized Detection of Pulmonary Nodules in Computed Tomography Images (1994)

Continued development of an automated method for detecting pulmonary nodules in CT scans is expected to aid radiologists in the task of locating nodules in three dimensions.