gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The monoclonal antibody 97A6 defines a novel surface antigen expressed on human basophils and their multipotent and unipotent progenitors. (1999)

Basophils (Ba) and mast cells (MC) are important effector cells of inflammatory reactions. Both cell types derive from CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitors. However, little is known about the cell subsets that become committed to and give rise to Ba and/or MC. We have generated a monoclonal antibody (MoAb), 97A6, that specifically detects human Ba, MC (lung, skin), and their CD34(+) progenitors. Other mature hematopoietic cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, platelets) did not react with MoAb 97A6, and sorting of 97A6(+) peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) cells resulted in an almost pure population (>98%) of Ba. Approximately 1% of CD34(+) BM and PB cells was found to be 97A6(+). Culture of sorted CD34(+)97A6(+) BM cells in semisolid medium containing phytohemagglutinin-stimulated leukocyte supernatant for 16 days (multilineage assay) resulted in the formation of pure Ba colonies (10 of 40), Ba-eosinophil colonies (7 of 40), Ba-macrophage colonies (3 of 40), and multilineage Ba-eosinophil-macrophage and/or neutrophil colonies (12 of 40). In contrast, no Ba could be cultured from CD34(+)97A6(-) cells. Liquid culture of CD34(+) PB cells in the presence of 100 ng/mL interleukin (IL)-3 (Ba progenitor assay) resulted in an increase of 97A6(+) cells, starting from 1% of day-0 cells to almost 70% (basophils) after day 7. Culture of sorted BM CD34(+)97A6(+) cells in the presence of 100 ng/mL stem cell factor (SCF) for 35 days (mast cell progenitor assay) resulted in the growth of MC (>30% on day 35). Anti-IgE-induced IgE receptor cross-linking on Ba for 15 minutes resulted in a 4-fold to 5-fold upregulation of 97A6 antigen expression. These data show that the 97A6-reactive antigen plays a role in basophil activation and is expressed on multipotent CD34(+) progenitors, MC progenitors, Ba progenitors, as well as on mature Ba and tissue MC. The lineage-specificity of MoAb 97A6 suggests that this novel marker may be a useful tool to isolate and analyze Ba/MC and their progenitors.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (2001)

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by the (9:22) translocation and resultant production of the constitutively activated bcr-abl tyrosine kinase. Characterized clinically by marked myeloid proliferation, it invariably terminates in an acute leukemia. Interferon-based regimens and stem cell transplantations are the standard therapeutic options, with stem cell transplantation being the only curative therapy. As therapy for CML improves, molecular methods of monitoring response will become integrated in patient treatment. Through rational drug development, STI571, a bcr-abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has emerged as targeted therapy that offers new hope for expanded treatment options for patients with CML.
Cassandra (2009)

Cassandra is a distributed storage system for managing structured data that is designed to scale to a very large size across many commodity servers, with no single point of failure. Reliability at massive scale is a very big challenge. Outages in the service can have significant negative impact. Hence Cassandra aims to run on top of an infrastructure of hundreds of nodes (possibly spread across different datacenters). At this scale, small and large components fail continuously; the way Cassandra manages the persistent state in the face of these failures drives the reliability and scalability of the software systems relying on this service. Cassandra has achieved several goals -- scalability, high performance, high availability and applicability. In many ways Cassandra resembles a database and shares many design and implementation strategies with databases. Cassandra does not support a full relational data model; instead, it provides clients with a simple data model that supports dynamic control over data layout and format.
An association between serotonin receptor 3B gene (HTR3B) and treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) in a Japanese population. (2008)

Genetic factors are thought to be involved in the development of treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). Since several antipsychotic drugs inhibit the release of neurotransmitters via the serotonin receptors 3 (5-HT3), a dysfunction of this kind of receptor might be associated with the development of TRS. Thus, single-marker and haplotype analyses of the tag-single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the 5-HT3B subunit gene (HTR3B) were performed in TRS (n = 101) and non-TRS (n = 244) patients. The deletion allele at the 3 bp-insertion/deletion polymorphism site (-100_-102delAAG) located in the putative HTR3B promoter region is significantly more frequent in the TRS group than the insertion allele by a single-marker comparison (p = 0.031). In addition, luciferase promoter assays showed that the deletion allele exhibited significantly higher transcriptional activity than the insertion allele in COS7 cells (p < 0.05). These results suggest that HTR3B is involved in the development of TRS in the Japanese population.
Polyimide-based intracortical neural implant with improved structural stiffness (2003)

A novel structure for chronically implantable cortical electrodes using polyimide bio-polymer was devised, which provides both flexibility for micro-motion compliance between brain tissues and the skull and at the brain/implant interface and stiffness for better surgical handling. A 5–10 µm thick silicon backbone layer was attached to the tip of the electrode to enhance the structural stiffness. This stiff segment was then followed by a 1 mm flexible segment without a silicon backbone layer. The fabricated implants have tri-shanks with five recording sites (20 µm × 20 µm) and two vias of 40 µm × 40 µm on each shank. In vitro cytotoxicity tests of prototype implants revealed no adverse toxic effects on cells. Bench test impedance values were assessed, resulting in an average impedance value of ∼2 MΩ at 1 KHz. For a 5 µm thick silicon backbone electrode, the stiffness of polyimide-based electrodes was increased ten times over that of electrodes without the silicon backbone layer. Furthermore, polyimide-based electrodes with 5 µm and 10 µm thick silicon backbone layer penetrated pia of rat brain without buckling that has been observed in implants without silicon reinforcement.
Effects of K-877, a novel selective PPARα modulator, on small intestine contribute to the amelioration of hyperlipidemia in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice (2017)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a well-known therapeutic target for treating hyperlipidemia. K-877 is a novel selective PPARα modulator (SPPARMα) that enhances PPARα transcriptional activity with high selectivity and potency, resulting in reduced plasma lipid levels. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of K-877 on hyperlipidemia in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr<sup>-/-</sup>) mice, a mouse model of atherosclerosis. We revealed that K-877 administration significantly decreased plasma triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels and increased plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in Ldlr<sup>-/-</sup> mice. K-877 administration to Ldlr<sup>-/-</sup> mice efficiently increased the gene expression of PPARα and its target genes related to fatty acid oxidation in the liver and small intestine. The same treatment significantly increased ATP-binding cassette a1 gene expression in the liver and small intestine and reduced Niemann Pick C1-like 1 gene expression in the small intestine, suggesting that K-877 administration induced HDL-C production in the liver and small intestine and reduced cholesterol absorption in the small intestine. In conclusion, K-877 administration had pronounced effects on the liver and small intestine in Ldlr<sup>-/-</sup> mice. K-877 is an attractive PPARα-modulating drug for treating hyperlipidemia that works equally well in both the liver and small intestine.
Distinct Effects of T-bet in T H 1 Lineage Commitment and IFN-γ Production in CD4 and CD8 T Cells (2002)

T-bet is a member of the T-box family of transcription factors that appears to regulate lineage commitment in CD4 T helper (TH) lymphocytes in part by activating the hallmark TH1 cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). IFN-gamma is also produced by natural killer (NK) cells and most prominently by CD8 cytotoxic T cells, and is vital for the control of microbial pathogens. Although T-bet is expressed in all these cell types, it is required for control of IFN-gamma production in CD4 and NK cells, but not in CD8 cells. This difference is also apparent in the function of these cell subsets. Thus, the regulation of a single cytokine, IFN-gamma, is controlled by distinct transcriptional mechanisms within the T cell lineage.
A rotating modulation imager for the orphan source search problem (2008)

This dissertation explores the application of a mechanically collimated imaging device known as a rotating modulation collimator (RMC) to the orphan source search problem. Orphan sources are lost radioactive sources (accidentally or through material diversion) that can pose a threat to both human health and national security when they fall into the wrong hands. The RMC is a simple imaging system that can see through complex background scenes that can often mask these lost sources. Key developments for this research include the development of a new system model for predicting the system response when the source is located at any distance from the detector, the design, construction, and characterization of a prototype RMC, new methods for locating sources in three dimensions with a RMC, a new operating mode for imaging extended sources, an initial study on adaptive imaging with the RMC, and a method for predicting the time required to detect a hidden source of a known activity to a given level of confidence. Results from simulations and measurements are used to asses the performance of the RMC for the orphan source search problem.
EGFR Activation Mediates Inhibition of Axon Regeneration by Myelin and Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans (2005)

Inhibitory molecules associated with myelin and the glial scar limit axon regeneration in the adult central nervous system (CNS), but the underlying signaling mechanisms of regeneration inhibition are not fully understood. Here, we show that suppressing the kinase function of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) blocks the activities of both myelin inhibitors and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in inhibiting neurite outgrowth. In addition, regeneration inhibitors trigger the phosphorylation of EGFR in a calcium-dependent manner. Local administration of EGFR inhibitors promotes significant regeneration of injured optic nerve fibers, pointing to a promising therapeutic avenue for enhancing axon regeneration after CNS injury.
Simulation of Port Disruption and Transportation Resources for U.S. Containerized Imports (2013)

This paper investigates the feasible paths before and during port disruptions on the West Coast of the United States using discrete event simulation. A discrete-event simulation application experiments with different regulations, disruptions, and infrastructure changes to show future dynamics by investment and planning events for operational decisions. The simulation conducts partially and fully disrupted scenarios comparing to the current operations. The output from the simulation highlights the significance of the impact from a long -term disruption, while the short-term disruption in the supply chain would need resilience with a quick response time to allow the system to recover. The long-term disruption scenario recommendation is to immediately divert the flow to the neighboring infrastructure, which has similar and excess capacity. The short-term disruption scenario requires a decision-making process based on the diversion time and cost, and the search process required for finding the neighboring ports and landside resources that are capable to handle the extra freights. Thus, the partially disrupted scenario does not recommend diverting to other neighboring infrastructure. Supply chain planners will benefit from the study as it contributes to finding alternative solutions and diversified strategies for the U.S. container markets through fully developed intermodal services.
Complement subcomponent C1q stimulates Ig production by human B lymphocytes (1991)

The regulation of Ig production by human B lymphocytes is a complex process involving interactions among B cells, APC, T lymphocytes and soluble factors including activation, growth, and differentiation factors. Components of the complement system, including C3a, C3b, C3d, and C5a, have been shown to influence various stages in this process. In this study, we demonstrate that the C1q subcomponent of complement binds to both small resting and large activated B cells and stimulates immunoglobulin production by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan-activated tonsillar B lymphocytes. This effect is present whether C1q is added to the B cells either at the beginning or near the end of a 7-day culture period and is not associated with enhancement of proliferation. The C1q stimulation of Ig production is, however, associated with increased steady state levels of mRNA for the mu Ig H chain. Furthermore, C1q stimulated IgM production by the human B cell line SKW 6.4, which is capable of secreting IgM in response to B cell differentiation factors (BCDF). SLE is a disorder frequently associated with polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes. We studied the effect of C1q on B cells from two patients with this disorder and one with an SLE-like illness, all selected for the predominance of either IgM or IgG in serum. Spontaneous or BCDF-stimulated Ig secretion was of the isotype predominant in vivo, whereas C1q selectively stimulated B cells to produce the other isotype (IgG vs IgM). Thus, C1q interacts with B lymphocytes in a manner distinct from that of BCDF found in mixed lymphocyte supernatants. C1q may be an important factor influencing the production of Ig by B lymphocytes in normal individuals and in patients with abnormalities of B cell activity.
Genetic Relationships and Evolution of Genotypes of Yellow Fever Virus and Other Members of the Yellow Fever Virus Group within the Flavivirus Genus Based on the 3′ Noncoding Region (2004)

Genetic relationships among flaviviruses within the yellow fever (YF) virus genetic group were investigated by comparing nucleotide sequences of the 3' noncoding region (3'NCR). Size heterogeneity was observed between members and even among strains of the same viral species. Size variation between YF strains was due to duplications and/or deletions of repeated nucleotide sequence elements (RYF). West African genotypes had three copies of the RYF (RYF1, RYF2, and RYF3); the Angola and the East and Central African genotypes had two copies (RYF1 and RYF3); and South American genotypes had only a single copy (RYF3). Nucleotide sequence analyses suggest a deletion within the 3'NCR of South American genotypes, including RYF1 and RYF2. Based on studies with the French neurotropic vaccine strain, passage of a YF virus strain in cell culture can result in deletion of RYF1 and RYF2. Taken together, these observations suggest that South American genotypes of YF virus evolved from West African genotypes and that the South American genotypes lost RYF1 and RYF2, possibly in a single event. Repeated sequence elements were found within the 3'NCR of other members of the YF virus genetic group, suggesting that it is probably characteristic for members of the YF virus genetic group. A core sequence of 15 nucleotides, containing two stem-loops, was found within the 3'NCR of all members of the YF genetic group and may represent the progenitor repeat sequence. Secondary structure predictions of the 3'NCR showed very similar structures for viruses that were closely related phylogenetically.
Selection of fully human anti-CD138 for detecting and therapy of multiple myeloma from combinatorial libraries and generation of novel anti-myeloma antibodies (2005)

2550 Background: Identifying cell surface antigens on tumor cells presents a challenge due to the need to preserve three-dimensional epitopic sites on the cell surface, variable expression of Ags, and stereotactic interference of closely-associated proteins on the cell surface. To date, no clinically applicable molecular target has been identified in myeloma. CD138 (Syndecan-1), a proteoglycan expressed by plasma cells represents a target for anti-myeloma antibodies. Methods: Combinatorial immunoglobulin (Ig) libraries with phage display which result in in vitro human Ig Fab fragments without the need to maintain on-going hybridoma culture were generated. A library of 1010 clones from the cDNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with adenocarcinoma were used to identify anti-CD138 specific Ig. Results: Following removal of non-specific Fabs by exposing the Ig library to the epithelial cell line HEK, specific anti-CD138 were selected by exposing the Fab library to HEK transduced with human CD138. Six rounds of selection resulted in a panel of anti-CD138-bearing phage. The anti-CD138-bearing phages bound multiple myeloma CD138+ cell lines (U266, SBN) by ELISA analysis while phage alone did not. Sequencing the Fab VH and VL genes confirmed the heterogeneity of the panel of anti-CD138 Fabs. Conclusions: (i) the selected anti-CD138 Fabs are both highly specific and purely human, with no murine sequence. As such, they are are candidates for conjugation with radioisotope for detection and staging of myeloma, and due to the radiosensitivity of myeloma, cell-specific therapeutic agents. (ii)selection of combinatorial libraries against whole cells can generate a wide panel of novel myeloma-reactive antibodies. By pre-exposure to EBV-positive cells prior to reaction autologous myeloma, combinatorial antibody libraries can identify molecules for detection, therapy and study of the tumor biology of myeloma. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
EXPRESSION OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH-FACTOR IN THE CYST FLUID OF HUMAN CEREBRAL GLIOMAS (1995)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or vascular permeability factor (VPF) has been shown to play a key role in angiogenesis in several solid tumours including human brain neoplasms. Its expression has also been found to be correlated to malignancy in the major class of these tumours, gliomas. Moreover, it has been suggested that cyst fluids (CFs) associated with human gliomas may contain a permeability factor responsible for the formation of brain edema and disruption of the blood-brain barrier generally observed in these tumours. We demonstrate that VEGF is present in low and high grade gliomas of seven patients. We also show that VEGF concentration increases with increasing malignancy of the tumours. Although further cases should be investigated, these results suggest that the amount of CF-VEGF may be of value in the diagnosis of human gliomas.
Hemagglutinin of Type 4 Adeno-Associated Satellite Virus (1968)

Summary The mixture of type 4 defective adeno-associated satellite virus and its simian helper adenovirus was found to have a high hemagglutinating (HA) activity, particularly with type O human erythrocytes at 4°C. This activity was inhibited by antiserum against the satellite but was virtually unchanged after treatment with adenovirus antiserum. Satellite-free simian adenovirus had a low level of HA activity itself, which could be completely inhibited by homologous adenovirus antiserum. Growth cycle studies showed that the increase of HA activity coincided with the rise of satellite infectivity. After density gradient centrifugation, bands which consisted of high concentrations of satellite particles alone also showed high HA activity. These results indicate that HA activity is a property of the type 4 adeno-associated satellite virus.
DNA-directed alkylating ligands as potential antitumor agents: sequence specificity of alkylation by intercalating aniline mustards (1990)

The sequence preferences for alkylation of a series of novel parasubstituted aniline mustards linked to the DNA-intercalating chromophore 9-aminoacridine by an alkyl chain of variable length were studied by using procedures analogous to Maxam-Gilbert reactions. The compounds alkylate DNA at both guanine and adenine sites. For mustards linked to the acridine by a short alkyl chain through a para O- or S-link group, 5'-GT sequences are the most preferred sites at which N7-guanine alkylation occurs. For analogues with longer chain lengths, the preference of 5'-GT sequences diminishes in favor of N7-adenine alkylation at the complementary 5'-AC sequence. Magnesium ions are shown to selectively inhibit alkylation at the N7 of adenine (in the major groove) by these compounds but not the alkylation at the N3 of adenine (in the minor groove) by the antitumor antibiotic CC-1065. Effects of chromophore variation were also studied by using aniline mustards linked to quinazoline and sterically hindered tert-butyl-9-aminoacridine chromophores. The results demonstrate that in this series of DNA-directed mustards the noncovalent interactions of the carrier chromophores with DNA significantly modify the sequence selectivity of alkylation by the mustard. Relationships between the DNA alkylation patterns of these compounds and their biological activities are discussed.
Gain, refractive index, and /spl alpha/-parameter in InGaAs-GaAs SQW broad-area lasers (1996)

Gain, refractive index, and the linewidth enhancement factor, or /spl alpha/-parameter, are measured in broad-area InGaAs-GaAs single-quantum-well semiconductor lasers using below-threshold amplified spontaneous emission spectra and a far-field filtering technique. The /spl alpha/ parameter is shown to increase dramatically with increasing carrier density and wavelength. Modes propagating in the transparent substrate of the lasers are shown to have a significant influence on the measured value of /spl alpha/.
Somatostatin and Dopamine-Somatostatin Multiple Ligands Directed towards Somatostatin and Dopamine Receptors in Pituitary Adenomas (2006)

The variable patterns of response to sst2, sst5 and dopamine D2 analogs may explain the greater efficacy of drugs which bind to the 3 receptors in suppressing GH secretion. The biological potency (EC50) and efficacy of the chimeric compound BIM-23A760 on GH secretion can be partly explained by its high affinity for sst2. The effect of multiple receptor activation on the functions of other pituitary tumor types, such as prolactinomas and corticotropinomas, is not presently analyzed, and the efficacy of multireceptor ligands remains to be elucidated.
Optical amplifiers for video distribution (1990)

Abstract The promise of a broadband fibre communications network has attracted the interest of CATV and Telco concerns. Various networks and topologies have been discussed. Cost is a drawback in some of the proposed networks, particularly those networks which require switching. This paper discusses a low cost broadcast tree and branch network which uses optical amplifiers to extend the network penetration. Recent work in the development of optical amplifiers suggests that the Erbium fibre amplifier may be compatible with VSB‐AM. The characteristics of such an amplifier will be discussed. This scenario allows an orderly transition from the present‐day AM backbone system to the tree and branch fibre architecture. Once the broadband fibre plant is in place new services can be implemented that exploit the broadband nature of fibre.