Towards an early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: development of an ATR-FTIR biosensor for the detection of Abeta toxic conformations (2013)

As the most prevalent cause of dementia worldwide, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has become a global issue of public health. By current criteria, diagnosis of this neurodegenerative disorder requires both clinical confirmation of dementia and post-mortem detection of the so-called neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the brain. Yet the main proteinaceous component of these plaques, the amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) is now widely believed to initiate a cascade of events that ultimately leads to Alzheimer’s disease. Besides, extensive evidence supports a pathogenic role of soluble oligomers formed upon Abeta aggregation in the onset of the disease, which, unlike Abeta fibrils, present distinct neurotoxic properties and correlate well with disease progression. Their detrimental effects have been suggested to appear decades before the first signs of cognitive impairment, making them biomarkers of choice in the study of the pathology. &lt;p&gt;Given that present guidelines for AD diagnosis are increasingly considered as ill-defined, reliable and early-stage detection methods taking into account the presence of toxic Abeta species are highly awaited by the medical community. In this regard, this thesis work describes the development of a sensing device aiming at the specific detection of the amyloid beta peptide in solution via recognition by antibodies grafted at the surface of functionalized germanium crystals. This new type of BIA-ATR (Biospecific Interaction Analysis - Attenuated Total Reflection) biosensor resorts on ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflection - Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy, which is extremely sensitive to the secondary structure of proteins. The ATR mode uses germanium as optical transduction element combined to the evanescent wave principle to allow selective online monitoring of peptide-antibody binding events. &lt;p&gt;In the first part of this work, evaluation of the photochemistry on germanium optical elements have been the subject of intense research focus. Our investigations led to the elaboration of a quality control of functionalization efficiency based on infrared spectroscopy. We also set up in the lab an original ELISA method for selecting antibodies in terms of their true affinity for the Abeta peptide. &lt;p&gt;Thereafter binding experiments were carried out on the BIA-ATR sensor using different antibodies and Abeta isoforms, leading to the establishing of a standardized protocol for the detection of molecules of interest. Our results showed that Abeta detected on the biosensor corresponded precisely to antibody-bound peptide, whereas Abeta assemblies, and especially Abeta 1-42 oligomeric conformations, could be discriminated with respect to their spectral signature. This point, which was later confirmed by unsupervised statistical analysis, could be considered as particularly interesting and innovative, since to our knowledge, such conformation-sensitivity has never been observed with existing AD diagnostic methods. Moreover, effective recycling of the functionalized crystals has been demonstrated, which confers thereby a second major advantage to the biosensor. &lt;p&gt;In parallel to these experiments, a structural characterization study of Abeta species was undertaken in order to generate a database of IR spectra, as reference for future comparative analysis of physiological fluids on the biosensor. ATR-FTIR measurements revealed a strong dependency on the ratio between oligomers and fibrils within a mixture and their relative ratio in antiparallel and parallel beta-sheet content. Interestingly, separation trials of oligomeric entities demonstrated a specific effect of Cu2+ ions on Abeta aggregation. Stabilization of small oligomeric aggregates at equimolar Cu2+:Abeta ratios, which had never been clearly evidenced so far, could help to unravel some aspects of the complex role of copper in AD development. &lt;p&gt;These investigations illustrate the applicability of the so-called BIA-ATR methodology to online detection of different forms of the Abeta peptide in solution and the potential of this new sensor technology to fulfill current pitfalls in providing a reliable and comprehensive approach of AD diagnosis.