gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wireless intelligent ATM network and protocol design for future personal communication systems (1997)

This paper presents the wireless intelligent ATM (WIATM) network, designed to provide wireless broadband integrated services. The WIATM network takes advantage of the ATM-cell relay paradigm for integrated services through a radio link with quality of service (QoS) guarantee. The design of the WIATM network architecture is an independent wireless network, which is consistent with the inherent cellular/PCS network architecture, as a wireless customer premises equipment/network (CPE/CPN) to access the ATM transport network in the B-ISDN infrastructure. An independent network architecture design separates the wireless access network from the ATM backbone network; this provides flexibility for wireless resource management with low rate source codecs with minimal tolerable QoS considered to increase the spectral efficiency, and mobility support by taking advantage of the functionalities of the IS-41 circuit-switching handoff procedures. The protocol design of the air interface is to meet the QoS requirements of wireless B-ISDN services and to be compatible with that of B-ISDN UNI. A hybrid concatenated error control scheme distributed through the protocol layers is used to target individual QoS requirements of different services. The convolutional coding and interleaving in the wireless physical layer protocol are used to guarantee QoS of voice services. A concatenated coding with additional 36 bit BCH code in the wireless ATM layer, which replaces the VCI/VPI of the ATM header field, improves the QoS up to the requirement of video services. The VCI/VPI field in WIATM is an overlapped routing information routing with the address control by radio port controller, and is thus not needed in the wireless ATM layer protocol. The retransmission scheme for data service only is added in the wireless data link layer, which is on top of wireless AAL, to meet its QoS requirement. Examples of signaling flows for call registration, call setup, and supporting handoff are shown in the design of the wireless network layer protocol. The AIN (advance intelligent network) signaling functionalities are considered for multimedia service control in the access network and interconnection to the ATM network. A parent-child creative basic call state model (BCSM) for wireless integrated services is introduced in both call origination and termination.
Ribavirin Resistance in Hepatitis C Virus Replicon-Containing Cell Lines Conferred by Changes in the Cell Line or Mutations in the Replicon RNA (2005)

Ribavirin (RBV), used in combination with alpha interferon to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, is a guanosine nucleotide analog that can increase the error rate of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, imbalance intracellular nucleotide pools, and cause toxicity in many cell types. To determine potential mechanisms of RBV resistance during HCV RNA replication, we passaged HCV replicon-containing cell lines in the presence of increasing concentrations of RBV. RBV-resistant, HCV replicon-containing cell lines were generated, and the majority of RBV resistance was found to be conferred by changes in the cell lines. The resistant cell lines were defective in RBV import, as measured by [(3)H]RBV uptake experiments. These cell lines displayed reduced RBV toxicity and reduced error accumulation during infection with poliovirus, whose replication is known to be sensitive to RBV-induced error. For one RBV-resistant isolate, two mutations in the replicon RNA contributed to the observed phenotype. Two responsible mutations resided in the C-terminal region of NS5A, G404S, and E442G and were each sufficient for low-level RBV resistance. Therefore, RBV resistance in HCV replicon cell lines can be conferred by changes in the cell line or by mutations in the HCV replicon.
Synthesis of HR 916 B: The First Technically Feasible Route to the 1‐(Pivaloyloxy)ethyl Esters of Cephalosporins (1996)

Abstract An efficient synthesis of HR 916 B ( 4 ), the orally active 1‐( RS )‐(pivaloyloxy)ethyl prodrug ester of the cephalosporin cefdaloxime, was developed and applied on a multi‐kg scale. AMCA ( 8 ) was prepared by exchange of the acetoxy group of fermentation product ACA ( 7 ) with the nucleophile methanol under acidic conditions. Its 7‐amino group was acylated with mixed anhydride 14 to give 15 . Carboxylic acid 15 was esterified with iodohydrin ester 27 or bromohydrin ester 30 , respectively, to provide the acylal 16 . Simultaneous removal of both the amino‐ and the oximo‐protecting group furnished the prodrug HR 916 3 , which was purified and stabilized by precipitation of its tosylate salt 4 . The overall yield of 4 (ratio 5/6 = 0.65) was 39% relative to AMCA ( 8 ) (four steps), 15% relative to ACA ( 7 ) (five steps).
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Inhibit the Proliferation of Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells: Effects on Cell Cycle and Apoptosis (1996)

Aspirin and other NSAIDs reduce the incidence of and mortality from colon cancer, but their mechanism of action remains unknown. We evaluated the effect of aspirin (ASA) and three other structurally unrelated NSAIDs (indomethacin, naproxen, and piroxicam) on cell proliferation, cell cycle phase distribution, and the development of apoptosis in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. All of the NSAIDs examined reduced the proliferation and altered the morphology of these cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In addition, they altered the cell cycle phase distribution of these cells. They increased the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase and reduced the proportion in the S phase of the cell cycle. ASA and indomethacin also reduced the percentage of cells in the G2/M phase, whereas naproxen and piroxicam did not. Parallel to their effect on cell cycle, ASA and indomethacin also reduced the levels of p34cdc2 and p33cdk2, two cyclin-dependent kinases that are important for cell cycle progression. Finally, all the NSAIDs analyzed, except ASA, induced apoptosis in these cells. There as a rough correlation between the relative potency of these compounds in inducing apoptosis and their effectiveness in retarding cell proliferation. Our findings indicate that NSAIDs can reduce the proliferation of HT-29 colon cancer cells in vitro. In addition, they cause cell cycle quiescence and apoptosis, both of which could account for their anti-proliferative effect. These findings suggest possible mechanisms for the cancer preventive effects of these compounds in humans.
Parametric models of the magnitude/phase spectrum for harmonic speech coding (2003)

A method is described for representing magnitude and phase in a sinusoidal transform coder. Instead of transmitting individual sinusoids, the entire speech spectrum is transmitted. The synthesizer estimates the frequency, amplitude, and phase of each harmonic from the spectrum. Relatively high-quality speech in the 4.8-9.6 kb/s range is obtained by modeling the magnitude/phase spectrum with a combination of pole-zero analysis, phase prediction and vector quantization. A window subtraction method ensures proper synthesis of unvoiced speech. The system is robust since it does not depend on pitch estimates or voicing decisions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Lapped transform via time-domain pre- and post-filtering (2003)

This paper presents a general framework of constructing a large family of lapped transforms with symmetric basis functions by adding simple time-domain pre- and post-processing modules onto existing block discrete cosine transform (DCT)-based infrastructures. A subset of the resulting solutions is closed-form, fast computable, modular, near optimal in the energy compaction sense and leads to an elegant boundary handling of finite-length data. Starting from these solutions, a general framework for block-based signal decomposition with a high degree of flexibility and adaptivity is developed. Several simplified models are also introduced to approximate the optimal solutions. These models are based on cascades of plane rotation operators and lifting steps, respectively. Despite tremendous savings in computational complexity, the optimized results of these simplified models are virtually identical to that of the complete solution. The multiplierless versions of these pre- and post-filters when combined with an appropriate multiplierless block transform, such as the binDCT, which is described in an earlier paper by Liang and Tran (see IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol.49, p.3032-44, Dec. 2001), generate a family of very large scale integration (VLSI)-friendly fast lapped transforms with reversible integer-to-integer mapping. Numerous design examples with arbitrary number of channels and arbitrary number of borrowed samples are presented.
A Syndrome of Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia Caused by Autoantibodies Directed at the Calcium-Sensing Receptor (2003)

Antibodies to cell surface receptors can cause endocrine dysfunction by mimicking or blocking the actions of their respective hormones. We sought patients with autoantibodies to the extracellular calcium (Ca(2+)(o))-sensing receptor (CaR), which sets the normal level of blood calcium, that mimic the genetic disorder, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations of the CaR. Four individuals from two kindreds were identified with PTH-dependent hypercalcemia, who had other autoimmune manifestations: one with sprue and antigliadin and antiendomyseal antibodies and three with antithyroid antibodies. Three of the patients also had relative or absolute hypocalciuria. The patients' sera contained antibodies that reacted with the cell surface of bovine parathyroid cells in a manner similar to an authentic polyclonal anti-CaR antibody, stained bands on Western analysis of sizes similar to those labeled by the anti-CaR antiserum, and reacted with several synthetic peptides derived from sequences within the CaR's extracellular amino terminus. The patients' sera also stimulated PTH release from dispersed human parathyroid cells compared with the effect of sera from normocalcemic control subjects. This stimulation could be blocked by preabsorbing serum with membranes from CaR-transfected, but not nontransfected, human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Finally, in two of the patients, antibodies affinity-purified using a synthetic peptide from within the CaR's extracellular domain inhibited high Ca(2+)(o)-stimulated, CaR-mediated accumulation of inositol phosphates and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in CaR-transfected HEK293 cells. DNA sequencing revealed no mutations within the index patients' CaR genes in the two families. Therefore, a biochemical phenotype of PTH-dependent hypercalcemia resembling that caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations of the CaR in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia can be observed in patients with antibodies to the CaR's extracellular domain that stimulate PTH release, probably by inhibiting activation of the CaR by Ca(2+)(o). Autoimmune hypocalciuric hypercalcemic is an acquired disorder of Ca(2+)(o) sensing that should be differentiated from that caused by inactivating mutations of the CaR.
Differential expression of extracellular proteins is correlated with angiogenesis in vitro. (1991)

Strains of bovine aortic endothelial cells, grown on plastic under conventional culture conditions and in the absence of growth factor supplementation, exhibited a sprouting phenotype and a predisposition toward the formation of cords and tubular structures. We examined endothelial cells at different stages of tube formation. Analysis of metabolically labeled proteins showed that the synthesis of type I collagen was initiated in sprouting cells and during the formation of tubular structures. SPARC (secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine) a Ca2(+)-binding protein associated with cellular shape change and morphogenetic processes (Sage H, Vernon RB, Funk SE, Everitt EA, Angello J: J Cell Biol 109:341, 1989), was upregulated during spontaneous tube formation. Levels of messenger RNA for type I collagen and SPARC corroborated the stage-specific increases observed for these proteins. Differential levels of transcription were apparent in multilayered cells directly involved in tube formation, in comparison with cells comprising either the tubes or the confluent monolayers at a distance from the tubes. Analysis of DNA synthesis indicated that multilayered sprouting cells in the proximity of the endothelial tubes were actively proliferating, whereas cells that had been incorporated into tubes showed low levels of DNA synthesis. Immunolabeling studies revealed a dense accumulation of SPARC and type I collagen in the cytoplasm of cells that were situated near the growing tubes. Two other secreted proteins, type III collagen and thrombospondin, were expressed constitutively by subconfluent cultures and were increased in those cells contributing to tube formation. We propose that type I collagen and SPARC are specifically related to the angiogenesis-like phenomenon displayed by bovine aortic endothelial cells in vitro. Type I collagen might facilitate the active migration of endothelial cells, or the stabilization of the resulting tubes, with SPARC directing the re-organization and dynamic assembly of the tubular network.
The R28 protein of Streptococcus pyogenes is related to several group B streptococcal surface proteins, confers protective immunity and promotes binding to human epithelial cells (1999)

The R28 protein is a surface molecule expressed by some strains of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus). Here, we present evidence that R28 may play an important role in virulence. Sequence analysis demonstrated that R28 has an extremely repetitive sequence and can be viewed as a chimera derived from the three surface proteins Rib, alpha and beta of the group B streptococcus (GBS). Thus, the gene encoding R28 may have originated in GBS. The R28 protein promotes adhesion to human epithelial cells, as shown by experiments with an R28-negative mutant and by the demonstration that antibodies to highly purified R28 inhibited adhesion. In a mouse model of lethal intraperitoneal S. pyogenes infection, antibodies to R28 conferred protective immunity. However, the virulence of an R28-negative mutant was similar to that of the parental strain in the intraperitoneal infection model. Together, these data indicate that R28 represents a novel type of adhesin expressed by S. pyogenes and that R28 may also act as a target for protective antibodies at later stages of an infection. We consider the hypothesis that R28 played a pathogenetic role in the well-known epidemics of childbed fever (puerperal fever), which were caused by S. pyogenes. A role for R28 in these epidemics is suggested by epidemiological data.
Demonstration of a Genetic Therapeutic Index for Tumors Expressing Oncogenic BRAF by the Kinase Inhibitor SB-590885 (2006)

Oncogenic BRAF alleles are both necessary and sufficient for cellular transformation, suggesting that chemical inhibition of the activated mutant protein kinase may reverse the tumor phenotype. Here, we report the characterization of SB-590885, a novel triarylimidazole that selectively inhibits Raf kinases with more potency towards B-Raf than c-Raf. Crystallographic analysis revealed that SB-590885 stabilizes the oncogenic B-Raf kinase domain in an active configuration, which is distinct from the previously reported mechanism of action of the multi-kinase inhibitor, BAY43-9006. Malignant cells expressing oncogenic B-Raf show selective inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, proliferation, transformation, and tumorigenicity when exposed to SB-590885, whereas other cancer cell lines and normal cells display variable sensitivities or resistance to similar treatment. These studies support the validation of oncogenic B-Raf as a target for cancer therapy and provide the first evidence of a correlation between the expression of oncogenic BRAF alleles and a positive response to a selective B-Raf inhibitor.
Error-Correction Coded Orbital-Angular-Momentum Modulation for FSO Channels Affected by Turbulence (2012)

The performance of LDPC-precoded, orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) modulation is studied over a 1-km free-space laser communication link subject to OAM modal crosstalk induced by atmospheric turbulence. The multidimensional signal constellation is designed as the Cartesian product of a one-dimensional non-negative pulse-amplitude modulation and a set of orthogonal OAM modes. We evaluate the performance of this modulation scheme by first determining conditional probability density functions (PDFs) of the modal crosstalk for each symbol, resulting from the propagation in weak turbulence using a numerical propagation model. It is observed that OAM modulation is more sensitive to atmospheric turbulence as the number of dimensions increases. However, this can be efficiently mitigated by an error-correction code. The coded OAM modulation scheme provides an energy-efficient alternative to single-mode transmission, since a larger rate can be obtained per given bandwidth.
The Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) hypercellulolytic mutant RUT C30 lacks a 85 kb (29 gene-encoding) region of the wild-type genome (2008)

Our data place a general caveat on the use of H. jecorina RUT C30 for further basic research.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Prevents Tumor Necrosis Factor-α–Mediated Monocyte Adhesion to Aortic Endothelium in Mice (2005)

Thus, we provide the first evidence that S1P signaling through the endothelial S1P1 receptor protects the vasculature against TNF-alpha-mediated monocyte-EC interactions in vivo.
Direct and residual effect of biochar application on mycorrhizal root colonisation, growth and nutrition of wheat (2010)

The influence of biochar (biomass-derived black carbon) on crop growth and nutrient uptake varies based on the rate of biochar applied with fertilisers. We investigated the effect of deep-banded oil mallee biochar at different rates (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 6 t/ha) with 2 types of fertiliser (non-inoculated MultiMAPS® at 30 or 55 kg/ha; inoculated Western Mineral Fertiliser at 100 kg/ha) on wheat growth at a farmer’s field in a low rainfall area of Western Australia. Wheat yield increased significantly when biochar was applied with inoculated fertiliser and 30 kg/ha non-inoculated fertiliser. Mycorrhizal colonisation in wheat roots increased significantly with biochar application with inoculated mineral fertiliser. Mycorrhizal hyphae may have improved water supply to reduce drought stress in these treatments by extending crop exploration of water from the wide inter-rows. Grain yield increases were due to better grain survival and grain fill with reduced drought stress. Early stage phosphorus uptake was not improved by mycorrhizal colonisation—phosphorus supply from the soil and applied fertiliser was already adequate. The residual effect of biochar and mineral fertilisers was assessed using a mycorrhizal bioassay for soil collected from the field trial 2 years after application of biochar. Biochar and both fertilisers increased mycorrhizal colonisation in clover bioassay plants. Deep-banded biochar provided suitable conditions for mycorrhizal fungi to colonise plant roots.
A microfabricated hybrid device for DNA sequencing (2003)

We have created a hybrid device of a microfabricated round-channel twin-T injector incorporated with a separation capillary in order to extend the straight separation distance for high speed and long readlength DNA sequencing. Semicircular grooves on glass wafers are obtained using a photomask with a narrow line-width and a standard isotropic photolithographic etching process. Round channels are made when two etched wafers are face-to-face aligned and bonded. A two-mask fabrication process has been developed to make channels of two different diameters. The twin-T injector is formed by the smaller channels whose diameter matches the bore of the separation capillary, and the "usual" separation channel, now called the connection channel, is formed by the larger ones whose diameter matches the outer diameter of the separation capillary. The separation capillary is inserted through the connection channel all the way to the twin-T injector to allow the capillary bore flush with the twin-T injector channels. The total dead-volume of the connection is estimated to be approximately 5 pL. To demonstrate the efficiency of this hybrid device, we have performed four-color DNA sequencing on it. Using a 200 microm twin-T injector coupled with a separation capillary of 20 cm effective separation distance, we have obtained readlengths of 800 plus bases at an accuracy of 98.5% in 56 min, compared to about 650 bases in 100 min on a conventional 40 cm long capillary sequencing machine under similar conditions. At an increased separation field strength and using a diluted sieving matrix, the separation time has been reduced to 20 min with a readlength of 700 bases at 98.5% base-calling accuracy.
Ligand-Promoted Carbene Insertion into the Aryl Substituent of an N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand in Ruthenium-Based Metathesis Catalysts (2009)

Addition of L = carbon monoxide or aryl isocyanides to the Grubbs second-generation carbene complexes Ru(H(2)IMes)(CHR)(PCy(3))Cl(2) (H(2)IMes = 1,3-dimesityl-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene; R = Ph, Me, H, CH=CMe(2)) triggers carbene insertion into an aromatic ring of the N-heterocyclic carbene supporting ligand, forming Ru{1-mesityl-3-(-7'-R-2',4',6'-trimethylcycloheptatrienyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene}L(2)(PCy(3))Cl(2). Insertions are also promoted for other PR(3) substituted complexes by carbon monoxide and aryl isocyanides, and for the phosphine-free Hoveyda-Blechert complex Ru(H(2)IMes)(CH(i-PrOC(6)H(4)))Cl(2) by aryl isocyanides and small phosphites but only after initial displacement of the coordinated ether. Heteroatom substituted carbenes do not undergo CO-promoted insertion unless poorer electron donor phosphine (PPh(3)) and carbene (CH(OC(6)H(4)-p-NO(2)) ligands are both present. Insertion depends on the added ligand, the carbene substituent, and to a lesser degree on the PR(3) ligand trans to the N-heterocyclic carbene.