gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generation of Superparamagnetic Liposomes Revealed as Highly Efficient MRI Contrast Agents for in Vivo Imaging (2005)

Maghemite (gamma-Fe2O3) nanocrystals stable at neutral pH and in isotonic aqueous media were synthesized and encapsulated within large unilamellar vesicles of egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) and distearoyl-SN-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(poly(ethylene glycol))-2000] (DSPE-PEG(2000), 5 mol %), formed by film hydration coupled with sequential extrusion. The nonentrapped particles were removed by flash gel exclusion chromatography. The magnetic-fluid-loaded liposomes (MFLs) were homogeneous in size (195 +/- 33 hydrodynamic diameters from quasi-elastic light scattering). Iron loading was varied from 35 up to 167 Fe(III)/lipid mol %. Physical and superparamagnetic characteristics of the iron oxide particles were preserved after liposome encapsulation as shown by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and magnetization curve recording. In biological media, MFLs were highly stable and avoided ferrofluid flocculation while being nontoxic toward the J774 macrophage cell line. Moreover, steric stabilization ensured by PEG-surface-grafting significantly reduced liposome association with the macrophages. The ratios of the transversal (r2) and longitudinal (r1) magnetic resonance (MR) relaxivities of water protons in MFL dispersions (6 < r2/r1 < 18) ranked them among the best T2 contrast agents, the higher iron loading the better the T2 contrast enhancement. Magnetophoresis demonstrated the possible guidance of MFLs by applying a magnetic field gradient. Mouse MR imaging assessed MFLs efficiency as contrast agents in vivo: MR angiography performed 24 h after intravenous injection of the contrast agent provided the first direct evidence of the stealthiness of PEG-ylated magnetic-fluid-loaded liposomes.
Studies of the Distribution of Elementary Threading Screw Dislocations in 4<i>H </i>Silicon Carbide Wafer (2008)

The density and sense distribution of elementary threading screw dislocations in a physical vapor transport grown 3-inch 4H silicon carbide wafer have been studied. The density of TSDs ranges between 1.6×103/cm2 and 7.1×103/cm2 and the lowest density is observed at positions approximately half radius off the wafer center. The dislocation sense of elementary threading screw dislocations can be readily revealed by the asymmetric contrast of their images in grazing-incidence x-ray topographs using pyramidal plane reflections. The circumferential and radial distributions of the sense of elementary threading screw dislocations have been studied and no clear trends are observed in either distribution.
Targeting the JNK Pathway as a Therapeutic Protective Strategy for Nervous System Diseases (2005)

The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are members of the family of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs). While the functions of the JNKs under physiological conditions are diverse and not completely understood, there is increasing evidence that JNKs are potent effectors of apoptosis in both the brain and the mammalian inner ear following a variety of injuries. The activation of the inducible transcription factor c-Jun by N-terminal phosphorylation is a central event in JNK-mediated neural and inner ear hair cell death. A cell permeable peptide designed specifically to inhibit JNK signaling has proven successful in in vivo models of both neuronal degeneration following cerebral ischemia and auditory hair cell degeneration following exposure to either acoustic trauma or a toxic level of an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Here we discuss the evidence supporting the application of JNK inhibitors to prevent cellular degeneration in several central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) diseases with an emphasis on traumatic ischemic damage to the CNS and acquired deafness in the PNS receptors.
Improving Intra mode coding in H.264/AVC through block oriented transforms (2006)

In an H.264 video encoder, the important task of intra coding is performed in the residual domain after a spatial transform has been applied to the block data. Although the intra prediction is very efficient and shows the ability to capture some orientations of the image, after this spatial prediction the intra residual may still show regular structures. To take this possible regularity into account, especially orientation, we propose a preprocessing stage that selects the best rotation to be applied to the block among a set of predefined rotations. To this end, we utilize a rate-distortion algorithm. We further propose to calculate the real orientation of the block to decrease the amount of computation. Experimental results show that compared to the standard intra-prediction mode of H.264, the proposed method can gain up to 1 dBs
Selected Contribution: Synergism between TNF-α and IL-1β in airway smooth muscle cells: implications for β-adrenergic responsiveness (2001)

In human cultured airway smooth muscle cells, interleukin (IL)-1 beta increases cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and PGE(2) release, ultimately resulting in decreased beta-adrenergic responsiveness. In this study, we aimed to determine whether tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) synergizes with IL-1 beta in the induction of these events. TNF-alpha alone, at concentrations up to 10 ng/ml, had no effect on COX-2 protein expression; at concentrations as low as 0.1 ng/ml, it significantly enhanced the ability of IL-1 beta (0.2 ng/ml) to induce COX-2 and to increase PGE(2) release. IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha in combination also significantly enhanced COX-2 promoter activity, indicating that synergism between the cytokines is mediated at the level of gene transcription. Although IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha each increased nuclear factor-kappa B activation and induced extracellular regulated kinase and p38 phosphorylation, combined administration of the cytokines did not enhance either nuclear factor-kappa B or mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Combined administration of IL-1 beta (0.2 ng/ml) and TNF-alpha (0.1 or 1.0 ng/ml) reduced the ability of isoproterenol to decrease human airway smooth muscle cell stiffness, as measured by magnetic twisting cytometry, even though individually these cytokines, at these concentrations, had no effect on isoproterenol responses. Treatment with the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 abolished the synergistic effects of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta on beta-adrenergic responsiveness. Our results indicate that low concentrations of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha synergize to promote beta-adrenergic hyporesponsiveness and that effects on COX-2 expression and PGE(2) are responsible for these events. The data suggest that the simultaneous release in the airway, of even very small amounts of cytokines, can have important functional consequences.
TCP-11, the product of a mouset-complex gene, plays a role in stimulation of capacitation and inhibition of the spontaneous acrosome reaction (1997)

Tcp-11 is a candidate for a distorter gene within the t-complex on mouse chromosome 17; although t-complex genes appear to affect sperm function, relatively little is known about mechanisms whereby these genes might play a specific physiological role. We present evidence that the protein TCP-11 is found on the surface of mature epididymal spermatozoa. Although detected on both the acrosomal cap region of the head and the flagellum of acrosome-intact cells, it is absent from the heads of acrosome-reacted cells. When epididymal spermatozoa were incubated in the presence of anti-TCP-11 IgG Fab fragments for a total of 120 min and assessed using chlortetracycline fluorescence, we observed a stimulation of capacitation and an inhibition of spontaneous acrosome loss, suggestive of enhanced fertility compared with untreated suspensions. In vitro fertilization experiments confirmed that Fab-treated suspensions became fertile more quickly and then maintained high fertility. Because these responses were remarkably similar to those obtained using the TRH-related peptide FPP (fertilization promoting peptide; pGlu-Glu-ProNH2) and adenosine, we investigated responses to Fab fragments, FPP, and adenosine. Results indicated that the Fab fragments appear to work at the same extracellular site as FPP, one that is distinct from the adenosine site of action. Further evidence for this conclusion was obtained using pGlu-Gln-ProNH2, an FPP-related tripeptide known to competitively inhibit responses to FPP; as with FPP, pGlu-Glu-ProNH2 inhibited the stimulatory effect of Fab fragments in a concentration-dependent manner. From these results we suggest that TCP-11 may be the receptor for FPP and that the adenylate clyclase/cyclic AMP pathway may be the signal transduction pathway activated by interactions between extracellular effector molecules (e.g., Fab fragments or FPP acting as an agonist) and TCP-11. A mechanism such as this that promotes capacitation but inhibits spontaneous acrosome loss in vivo would play a very important role by helping to maximize the fertilizing potential of the few spermatozoa that reach the site of fertilization. The fact that there is a human homolog of Tcp-11 suggests that this gene could play an important role in regulation of human, as well as mouse, sperm function.
The Alpher, Bethe, Gamow of isoelectric focusing, the alpha‐Centaury of electrokinetic methodologies. Part I (2006)

The birth and evolution of IEF in conventional carrier ampholyte buffers is reviewed here, from a shaky start during World War II, via desperate attempts of Svensson to create pH gradients by stationary electrolysis of salts, to the development of the IEF theory and the solution of the steady-state equation. The remarkable synthetic process of Ampholines, as ingeniously devised by Vesterberg, is additionally recalled, with a thorough description of the fundamental properties of these amphoteric buffers, creating and maintaining the pH gradient under strong electric fields. The review ends with a mention of the major contributions of B. J. Radola to this field, namely analytical and preparative IEF in granulated Sephadex layers and the development of ultrathin IEF, in polyacrylamide gels as thin as 20-100 mum. The latter technique paved the way to DNA sequencing gels and to CZE. The symptoms of decay are here presented through the simulations of Mosher and Thormann, clearly indicating an isotachophoretic mechanism for pH gradient decay with time. The decay of IEF was the birth of IPGs.
Exploring features in a Bayesian framework for material recognition (2010)

We are interested in identifying the material category, e.g. glass, metal, fabric, plastic or wood, from a single image of a surface. Unlike other visual recognition tasks in computer vision, it is difficult to find good, reliable features that can tell material categories apart. Our strategy is to use a rich set of low and mid-level features that capture various aspects of material appearance. We propose an augmented Latent Dirichlet Allocation (aLDA) model to combine these features under a Bayesian generative framework and learn an optimal combination of features. Experimental results show that our system performs material recognition reasonably well on a challenging material database, outperforming state-of-the-art material/texture recognition systems.
CSF Monoamines in Autistic Syndromes and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders of Early Childhood (1987)

Spinal fluid concentrations of the three major monoamine metabolites were examined in 25 infantile autistic children and 12 children with other childhood psychoses, and were contrasted with results obtained in normal children and in groups of children with neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders. Autistic children showed absolute and relative increases of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid. The group with other childhood psychoses also showed an increase in HVA level; in this group there were also indications of high levels of serotonin and norepinephrine metabolites. The results are discussed in the context of a pathogenetic model for autism involving hyperfunction of dopaminergic nerve fibres in the brain stem-mesolimbic system.
Fluorescent Labeling of Purified β2 Adrenergic Receptor (1995)

The purpose of the present study was to develop an approach to directly monitor structural changes in a G protein-coupled receptor in response to drug binding. Purified human beta 2 adrenergic receptor was covalently labeled with the cysteine-reactive, fluorescent probe N,N'-dimethyl-N-(iodoacetyl)-N'-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4- yl)ethylenediamine (IANBD). IANBD is characterized by a fluorescence which is highly sensitive to the polarity of its environment. We found that the full agonist, isoproterenol, elicited a stereoselective and dose-dependent decrease in fluorescence from IANBD-labeled beta 2 receptor. The change in fluorescence could be plotted against the concentration of isoproterenol as a simple hyperbolic binding isotherm demonstrating interaction with a single binding site in the receptor. The ability of several adrenergic antagonists to reverse the response confirmed that this binding site is identical to the well described binding site in the beta 2 receptor. Comparison of the response to isoproterenol with a series of adrenergic agonists, having different biological efficacies, revealed a linear correlation between biological efficacy and the change in fluorescence. This suggests that the agonist-mediated decrease in fluorescence from IANBD-labeled beta 2 receptor is due to the same conformational change as involved in receptor activation and G protein coupling. In contrast to agonists, negative antagonists induced a small but significant increase in base-line fluorescence. Despite the small amplitude of this response, it supports the notion that antagonists by themselves may alter receptor structure. In conclusion, our data provide the first direct evidence for ligand-specific conformational changes occurring in a G protein-coupled receptor. Furthermore, the data demonstrate the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool for further delineating the molecular mechanisms of drug action at G protein-coupled receptors.
Proposal for pattern layout rule in application of alternating phase-shift mask (1997)

An important pattern layout rule in application of alternating phase shift mask (PSM) is proposed. The images of semi- randomly aligned patterns show poor characteristics in defocus and mask fidelity. For an example, lines and spaces patterns with uniform bright and non-uniform dark widths showed significantly large CD variation with defocus. And lines and spaces patterns with uniform dark and non-uniform bright widths showed completely asymmetrical CD-focus characteristics. It has been revealed by the comparison between experimental data and the simulated results that the asymmetrical characteristics are caused by the spherical aberration in projection optics.
University nurse education--ethics or ideology? (2012)

In Australia, technical and further education (TAFE) colleges, which date back to the 1800s, have long provided important opportunities for people to undertake vocational courses in a variety of areas including hospitality, tourism, construction, engineering, visual arts, information technology, business and community work. Although some of the country's early technical colleges (eg. NSW TAFE) were established in response to 'the need to train unskilled convicts for a life in a new society', these colleges quickly developed to provide a broader range of opportunities for a wider population group. Originally, qualifications awarded by TAFE colleges were usually up to an advanced diploma level, but not higher than a bachelor degree. Since 2002, however, the TAFE sector has been able to offer bachelor degrees and postgraduate diploma courses 'to fill niche areas, particularly vocationally focused areas of study based on industry needs' (Wikipedia 2011). A controversial outcome of this provision has been the push by some TAFE colleges to offer a bachelor of nursing program and for accreditation bodies to approve such programs. This response has prompted serious questions about the propriety of such moves and whether it is 'right' for the TAFE sector or other registered training organisations to offer bachelor of nursing programs outside of the university sector.
Single values of serum transferrin receptor and transferrin receptor ferritin index can be used to detect true and functional iron deficiency in rheumatoid arthritis patients with anemia (2000)

The results of this study elucidate the roles of sTfR and the TfR-F Index in the differential diagnosis between IDA and ACD and provide direct evidence that these parameters are useful in detecting FID, irrespective of the concurrent iron storage status.
Content-Based Dynamic Threshold Method for Real-Time Keyframe Selecting (2010)

This paper presents a new content-based method for real-time keyframe selection in H.264 low delay video coding. Based on dynamic thresholds, it is aimed at improving compression efficiency. It has been trained and tested with real sequences taken from movies and commercials, with very different motion and complexity characteristics, and from low to high bitrates, number of frames per second and formats, with a total of 70000 frames and more than 1500 candidate keyframes. Results are presented achieving up to 2.32 dB average peak signal-to-noise ratio improvement, higher than recent methods in the literature, and even processing time gains, preserving the real-time and low delay conditions in real-time coders.
Targeting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor for Relapsed and Refractory Adult Acute Myelogenous Leukemias (2004)

In this single arm study, cytotoxic chemotherapy followed by bevacizumab yields a favorable CR rate and duration in adults with AML that is resistant to traditional treatment approaches. The clearance of marrow blasts in some patients after bevacizumab suggests that VEGF neutralization might result directly in leukemic cell death. The potential biological and clinical activity of bevacizumab in AML warrants additional clinical and laboratory study.
Evaluating stream buffers as a secondary cache replacement (1994)

Today's commodity microprocessors require a low latency memory system to achieve high sustained performance. The conventional high-performance memory system provides fast data access via a large secondary cache. But large secondary caches can be expensive, particularly in large-scale parallel systems with many processors (and thus many caches).We evaluate a memory system design that can be both cost-effective as well as provide better performance, particularly for scientific workloads: a single level of (on-chip) cache backed up only by Jouppi's stream buffers [10] and a main memory. This memory system requires very little hardware compared to a large secondary cache and doesn't require modifications to commodity processors. We use trace-driven simulation of fifteen scientific applications from the NAS and PERFECT suites in our evaluation. We present two techniques to enhance the effectiveness of Jouppi's original stream buffers: filtering schemes to reduce their memory bandwidth requirement and a scheme that enables stream buffers to prefetch data being accessed in large strides. Our results show that, for the majority of our benchmarks, stream buffers can attain hit rates that are comparable to typical hit rates of secondary caches. Also, we find that as the data-set size of the scientific workload increases the performance of streams typically improves relative to secondary cache performance, showing that streams are more scalable to large data-set sizes.
Stearoyl-acyl-carrier-protein desaturase from higher plants is structurally unrelated to the animal and fungal homologs. (1991)

Stearoyl-acyl-carrier-protein (ACP) desaturase (EC 1.14.99.6) was purified to homogeneity from avocado mesocarp, and monospecific polyclonal antibodies directed against the protein were used to isolate full-length cDNA clones from Ricinus communis (castor) seed and Cucumis sativus (cucumber). The nucleotide sequence of the castor clone pRCD1 revealed an open reading frame of 1.2 kilobases encoding a 396-amino acid protein of 45 kDa. The cucumber clone pCSD1 encoded a homologous 396-amino acid protein with 88% amino acid identity to the castor clone. Expression of pRCD1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the accumulation of a functional stearoyl-ACP desaturase, demonstrating that the introduction of this single gene product was sufficient to confer soluble desaturase activity to yeast. There was no detectable identity between the deduced amino acid sequences of the castor delta 9-stearoyl-ACP desaturase and either the delta 9-stearoyl-CoA desaturase from rat or yeast or the delta 12 desaturase from Synechocystis, suggesting that these enzymes may have evolved independently. However, there was a 48-residue region of 29% amino acid sequence identity between residues 53 and 101 of the castor desaturase and the proximal border of the dehydratase region of the fatty acid synthase from yeast. Stearoyl-ACP mRNA was present at substantially higher levels in developing seeds than in leaf and root tissue, suggesting that expression of the delta 9 desaturase is developmentally regulated.
A Lutidine‐Bridged Bis‐Perimidinium Salt: Synthesis and Application as a Precursor in Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions (2009)

Abstract magnified image A novel lutidine‐bridged bis‐perimidinium dibromide 3 was synthesized in quantitative yield from cheap commercial starting materials. The bisylidene prepared therefrom in situ upon deprotonation is a potent precatalyst in palladium‐catalyzed Heck and Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions under aerobic conditions, and is efficient even with a ppm scale catalyst loading. Its stronger σ‐donor character is held to be responsible for its superior catalytic performance compared with imidazole‐ and benzimidazole‐based analogues bearing the same skeleton precursors.
Prediction of Quaternary Spinel Oxides as Li-Battery Cathodes: Cation Site Preference, Metal Mixing, Voltage and Phase Stability (2014)

Using first-principles calculations, we explore the quaternary spinel oxides of the 3d transition metal series (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) having pairs of transition metals in equal concentrations. We examine several properties of these materials relevant to Li-ion battery cathode applications. By examining cation site preference, delithiation voltage and thermodynamic stability, we predict five new quaternary spinel compounds which show promise as novel cathode materials: LiTiFeO4, LiCrFeO4, LiMnFeO4 and LiFeCoO4 and LiCoNiO4. The predicted compounds have tetrahedral Li/vacancy sublattice for efficient Li-transport, average voltage greater than 4.4 V, and are predicted to be stable ground states on a T = 0 K computed phase diagram. These predictions should be tested experimentally by synthesis and electrochemical measurements of these five compounds. For the lithiated oxides, we find predominant preference for the normal spinel structure (with Li in tetrahedrally coordinated sites), and for most of the delithiated oxides, transition metal cations spontaneously relax to non-spinel octahedral sites. We also find that metal mixing in these spinels is a strong function of charge state: most of the pairs of ternary transition metal oxide spinels tend to mix when lithiated and phase separate when delithiated.