gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Control of particle size in dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (1993)

Abstract Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles ranging in diameter from 2 to 10 μm were prepared by dispersion polymerization. The effects of various polymerization parameters on the size and monodispersity were systematically investigated. The particle size was found to increase with increasing polymerization temperature, concentration and decomposition rate of the initiator, and solvency of the dispersion medium. It also increased with increasing concentration and molecular weight of the polymeric stabilizer, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP). As the monomer concentration was increased from 5 to 20 wt %, a minimum was found in the particle size at a monomer concentration of 10 wt %. A costabilizer was found to be necessary for preparing monodisperse particles at stabilizer concentrations below 2 wt %. A recycling experiment showed that the consumption of PVP was quite small in each cycle and the residual materials in this system could be reused readily. © 1993 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Thematic review series: The Immune System and Atherogenesis. Paying the price for pathogen protection: toll receptors in atherogenesis (2005)

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory response characterized by the accumulation of cells of innate and acquired immune systems within the intima of the arterial wall. Macrophages are the predominant participant in innate immune responses in atherosclerosis. Protein receptors expressed by macrophages and endothelial cells recognize components and products of microorganisms and play a vital role in innate immunity. In particular, the members of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family play a critical role in the inflammatory components of atherosclerosis. Both exogenous ligands involved in microbial recognition as well as endogenous ligands involved in sterile inflammation pathways are implicated in the pathology of atherosclerosis. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the role of TLRs and their coactivators in atherosclerosis, with particular emphasis on studies in atherosclerosis-prone hypercholesterolemic mice.
Transplantation of allogeneic bone marrow without graft-versus-host disease using total lymphoid irradiation. (1978)

Bone marrow (BM) and skin allografts from C57BL/Ka (H-2b/b) mice were transplanted to BALB/c (H-2d/d) recipients treated with total lymphoid irradiation (TLI), whole-body irradiation (WBI), or fractionated thymic irradiation TLI prolonged skin allograft survival about five times as long as that in untreated controls, and allowed for permanent engraftment of BM cells in approximately equal to 90% of recipients. None of the BM recipients showed clinical signs of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (diarrhea, weight loss, hunched back, etc.). On the other hand, recipients given WBI and allogeneic BM cells developed severe clinical GVHD. The majority of the latter recipients died within 12 days after BM transplantation, and 95% died within 61 days. Although TLI protected BALB/c mice against GVHD induced by BM cells, all recipients given TLI and allogeneic spleen cells developed lethal GVHD. Thymic irradiation alone marginally prolonged skin allograft survival, and did not allow for allogeneic BM engraftment. These results suggest that TLI may be a useful regimen in clinical BM transplantation, since this form of radiotherapy is used extensively in humans and has few severe side effects.
History of the Specialty of Infectious Diseases in the United States (1987)

Infectious diseases in the United States were for generations so integral to health and medicine that a special interest in the field, except for investigative purposes, could hardly be contemplated. With declining mortality and morbidity from infections, and the advent of major antimicrobial drugs, interest in infectious disease flagged in clinical and microbiological departments. Several factors have caused a new interest in infectious disease, including the appearance of newly recognized infectious disease syndromes; advances in microbiologic, immunologic, virologic, and epidemiologic understanding; increased societal interest; proliferation of effective therapeutic and preventive agents; and the general thrust toward specialization. This interest led to the formation of societies, subspecialty boards, and journals, and accounts for the prominence of infectious disease in clinical departments and in national thought. Similar developments are taking place at various rates in other countries, with renewed attention to the toll of infectious diseases in developing countries.
Immune response CC chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 are associated with pulmonary sarcoidosis (2011)

These data suggest that CCL2 and CCL5 are important mediators in recruiting CCR1, CCR2, and CCR3 expressing mononuclear cells as well as CCR5-expressing mast cells during all stages of pulmonary sarcoidosis.
The Human Laminin Receptor Is a Member of the Integrin Family of Cell Adhesion Receptors (1988)

A receptor for the adhesive basement membrane protein, laminin, was isolated from human glioblastoma cells by affinity chromatography on laminin. This receptor has a heterodimeric structure similar to that of receptors for other extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin and vitronectin. Incorporation of the laminin receptor into liposomal membranes makes it possible for liposomes to attach to surfaces coated with laminin. The receptor liposomes also attached to some extent to surfaces coated with fibronectin, but not with other matrix proteins. These properties identify the laminin receptor as a member of the integrin family of cell adhesion receptors.
Late effects of myeloablative bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in sickle cell disease (SCD) (2008)

To the editor:

We are greatly encouraged to read the report by Bernaudin et al,[1][1] showing excellent outcomes for children and adolescents receiving myeloablative allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for sickle cell disease (SCD). Approximately 200 children worldwide have undergone BMT
Design and in vitro evaluation of chlorpheniramine maleate from different eudragit based matrix patches: Effect of platicizer and chemical enhancers. (2010)

The release and permeation studies were carried out for developing transdermal therapeutic systems with chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM). The patches were prepared with eudragit RS-100 and RL-100 with/without polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in different compositions. Thickness, tensile strength, drug content, moisture content and water absorption studies of the patches were measured. In vitro release/permeation of CPM was studied in modified Keshary-Chien diffusion cell. Chemical enhancers like l-menthol, oleic acid and phospholipon80 were added to compare the release pattern of the drug. The percent release of the drug from matrix patch increased with increase of PVP &amp; DBP but the tensile strength decreased with the increase of DBP &amp; PVP. Experimental release/permeation data of different formulations of the matrix systems are reported. Also the drug-polymer interaction was investigated by ATR-FTIR studies. The discussion was correlated the efficient matrix dispersion patch from suitable eudragit polymers for transdermal antihistamine applications in film device industry.
1/f (Flicker) Noise: A Brief Review (1979)

Noise mechanisms limit the accuracy of precision measurements. Although many sources of noise are well understood, the origin of the "1/f" or "flicker" noises remains, in general, a mystery in spite of their remarkably widespread occurance in nature. In this paper a review is given of the systems exhibiting I / f noise and the postulates researchers have made about its origin.
A general method to synthesize and sinter bulk ceramics in seconds (2020)

Ceramics are an important class of materials with widespread applications because of their high thermal, mechanical, and chemical stability. Computational predictions based on first principles methods can be a valuable tool in accelerating materials discovery to develop improved ceramics. It is essential to experimentally confirm the material properties of such predictions. However, materials screening rates are limited by the long processing times and the poor compositional control from volatile element loss in conventional ceramic sintering techniques. To overcome these limitations, we developed an ultrafast high-temperature sintering (UHS) process for the fabrication of ceramic materials by radiative heating under an inert atmosphere. We provide several examples of the UHS process to demonstrate its potential utility and applications, including advancements in solid-state electrolytes, multicomponent structures, and high-throughput materials screening.
DNA Translocation through Nanopores at Physiological Ionic Strengths Requires Precise Nanoscale Engineering (2016)

Many important processes in biology involve the translocation of a biopolymer through a nanometer-scale pore. Moreover, the electrophoretic transport of DNA across nanopores is under intense investigation for single-molecule DNA sequencing and analysis. Here, we show that the precise patterning of the ClyA biological nanopore with positive charges is crucial to observe the electrophoretic translocation of DNA at physiological ionic strength. Surprisingly, the strongly electronegative 3.3 nm internal constriction of the nanopore did not require modifications. Further, DNA translocation could only be observed from the wide entry of the nanopore. Our results suggest that the engineered positive charges are important to align the DNA in order to overcome the entropic and electrostatic barriers for DNA translocation through the narrow constriction. Finally, the dependencies of nucleic acid translocations on the Debye length of the solution are consistent with a physical model where the capture of double-stranded DNA is diffusion-limited while the capture of single-stranded DNA is reaction-limited.
Influence of Nanometer-Scale Topography of Surfaces on the Orientational Response of Liquid Crystals to Proteins Specifically Bound to Surface-Immobilized Receptors (2001)

We report procedures based on oblique deposition of gold that lead to the preparation of ultrathin, semitransparent films of gold that possess systematic differences in their nanometer-scale topography. The nanometer-scale topography of these surfaces is controlled by the angle of incidence of the gold during the oblique deposition of each film. The topography is quantified by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in terms of the azimuthal dependence of the contour length and local curvature of the surface. We use these surfaces to test our hypothesis that control of nanometer-scale topography permits manipulation of the orientational response of liquid crystal to proteins bound to receptors immobilized on surfaces. We measure the orientational response of nematic phases of 5CB to anti-biotin immunoglobulin G (IgG) bound to biotin-terminated self-assembled monolayers to depend strongly on the nanometer-scale topography of the surfaces. The response of the liquid crystal correlates closely with quantitative measures of the surface topography obtained by AFM and thus demonstrates that it is possible to tune the sensitivity of nematic liquid crystals to the presence of specifically bound IgG by manipulating the nanometer-scale topography of surfaces. The surfaces with the smallest local curvatures were found to be the most sensitive to the presence of bound IgG. We also calculate the anchoring energy of liquid crystal on the surfaces by using continuum elastic theory and the topography obtained from the AFM images. Although the sensitivity of the liquid crystal to the bound protein increases with decreasing anchoring energy, it is not possible to provide a complete account of the orientational behavior of the liquid crystal on these surfaces on the basis of continuum elastic theory.
T cell epitopes of insulin defined in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice are derived from preproinsulin and proinsulin (1998)

Approximately one-half of Caucasians with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) have autoantibodies to insulin, and the majority of those express the HLA-DR4 genotype [Ziegler, R., Alper, C. A., Awdeh, Z. L., Castano, L., Brink, S. J., Soeldner, J. S., Jackson, R. A. & Eisenbarth, G. S. (1991) Diabetes 40, 709-714]. However, it has been difficult to demonstrate T cell proliferative responses to human insulin in IDDM patients [Durinovic-Bello, I., Hummel, M. & Ziegler, A. G. (1996) Diabetes 45, 795-800]. We have immunized transgenic mice expressing the susceptible HLA-DR (alpha1*0101,beta1*0401) (hereafter called DRB1*0401) and human CD4 molecules on a murine major histocompatibility complex class II null background, with human preproinsulin (PPI), proinsulin (PI), and insulin and derived large panels of T cell hybridomas to determine the immunogenic epitopes of these proteins. These results show that the prohormones PI or PPI carry the major immunogenic T cell epitope in the DRB1*0401 transgenic mice. The PPI/PI immunodominant epitope LALEGSLQK was localized at the C-peptide/A-chain junction. This T cell epitope PPI/PI LALEGSLQK is unusual because, normally, it is proteolytically destroyed during the maturation of the insulin molecule. Additionally, this T cell epitope is both processed and presented by human DRB1*0401-positive Epstein-Barr virus transformed B cells, and it can also stimulate T cells from the peripheral blood of HLA-DR4-positive patients with type 1 diabetes. These findings may partly explain why susceptibility to type 1 diabetes is associated with HLA-DR4-positive individuals and why T cell responses to the mature insulin protein are rarely detected in IDDM patients.
Theory of fractionally spaced cyclic-prefix equalizers (2002)

The cyclic prefix system is widely used for frequency domain equalization in discrete multitone channels. In this paper we show how the idea of fractionally spaced equalization (FSE) can be adapted to cyclic prefix systems. We derive the condition for a perfect FSE, and show that there is a certain freedom in the choice of the equalizer coefficients. This freedom is then exploited to minimize the effect of additive noise at the detector input. The theory is generally applicable to any deconvolution problem, though the setting used for our development uses the language of digital communication.
Going home after a heart attack: Patients should visit their general practitioner, not vice versa (1996)

Table 1-All cause mortality ratios* (95% confidence intervals) adjusted for socioeconomic status among second generation Irish people in England and Wales at working agest during extended period of follow up (1971-92) Women Men Standardised No of Standardised No of mortality ratio deaths mortality ratio deaths Mortality adjusted for: Age 126 (103 to 152)t 104 124 (110 to 140)t 267 Age and social class l-IV § 134 (103 to 170)t 67 129 (111 to 149)t 184 Age, housing tenure, and access to car 126 (102 to 152)t 102 122 (107 to 138)t 247*Relative to all men or all women (standardised mortality ratio = 100).tAges 15-64 for men, 15-59 for women.*Standardised mortality ratio significantly different from 100 at 5% level.§First five years of follow up were excluded to allow for health selection.2
Interactions between human complement components factor H, factor I and C3b (1997)

Using a microtitre plate assay, direct binding between complement factors I and H was demonstrated, and ligand blotting indicated that factor H interacts with the heavy chain of factor I. Similarly, direct C3(NH3)-factor I and C3(NH3)-factor H binding was characterized [where C3(NH3) is a form of C3 that is cleaved by factor I in the presence of factor H]. Both factor H and factor I interacted with both chains of C3(NH3) in ligand blotting. Binding reactions between all three pairs of components were highly dependent on ionic strength, and showed similar pH optima. Binding assays with all three components present led to the following conclusions. (a) Binding sites for C3(NH3) and factor I on factor H do not overlap, and binding of factor I and C3(NH3) to soluble factor H promotes the weak factor I-C3(NH3) interaction. (b) Anomalies arise with immobilized factor H, which may be artefactual or may reflect the physiological situation. (c) Similarly, binding sites on factor I for C3(NH3) and for factor H do not overlap, and binding of factor H and C3(NH3) to factor I promotes direct factor H-C3(NH3) interactions. Based on these results, a model of the interactions between factor H, factor I and C3(NH3) leading to the processing of C3(NH3) is proposed.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Prevents Endothelial Cell Death Through Inhibition of bax Translocation From Cytosol to Mitochondrial Membrane (2002)

Injury of endothelial cells has been postulated to be an initial trigger of the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes. Previously, we demonstrated high D-glucose induced endothelial apoptosis through the bax-caspase pathway and the potential contribution of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) to the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction. In this study, we analyzed the molecular mechanisms of the protective actions of HGF against endothelial cell death under high D-glucose conditions. High concentrations of D-glucose resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis and necrosis. In contrast, HGF attenuated high D-glucose-induced apoptosis and necrosis (P < 0.01). High D-glucose significantly increased bax protein, but not bcl-2, and activated caspase 3-like and 9, whereas HGF significantly increased bcl-2 expression without affecting bax level and attenuated the increase in caspase 3 and 9 activity. Interestingly, high D-glucose resulted in translocation of bax protein from cytosol to the mitochondrial membrane, whereas HGF inhibited the bax translocation. Importantly, this bax translocation was also completely blocked by overexpressed bcl-2. These findings suggest that HGF can activate bcl-2 expression and inhibit translocation of bax protein upstream of the mitochondria, thereby leading to the inhibition of caspase 3 and 9 activation. HGF may be an important factor in the maintenance of endothelial function.
Preliminary Geologic/spectral Analysis of LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper Data, Wind River/bighorn Basin Area, Wyoming (1984)

A LIDQA evaluation for geologic applications of a LANDSAT TM scene covering the Wind River/Bighorn Basin area, Wyoming, is examined. This involves a quantitative assessment of data quality including spatial and spectral characteristics. Analysis is concentrated on the 6 visible, near infrared, and short wavelength infrared bands. Preliminary analysis demonstrates that: (1) principal component images derived from the correlation matrix provide the most useful geologic information. To extract surface spectral reflectance, the TM radiance data must be calibrated. Scatterplots demonstrate that TM data can be calibrated and sensor response is essentially linear. Low instrumental offset and gain settings result in spectral data that do not utilize the full dynamic range of the TM system.
Structural Analysis of NSAID Binding by Prostaglandin H2 Synthase:  Time-Dependent and Time-Independent Inhibitors Elicit Identical Enzyme Conformations (2001)

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) block prostanoid biosynthesis by inhibiting prostaglandin H(2) synthase (EC 1.14.99.1). NSAIDs are either rapidly reversible competitive inhibitors or slow tight-binding inhibitors of this enzyme. These different modes of inhibition correlate with clinically important differences in isoform selectivity. Hypotheses have been advanced to explain the different inhibition kinetics, but no structural data have been available to test them. We present here crystal structures of prostaglandin H(2) synthase-1 in complex with the inhibitors ibuprofen, methyl flurbiprofen, flurbiprofen, and alclofenac at resolutions ranging from 2.6 to 2.75 A. These structures allow direct comparison of enzyme complexes with reversible competitive inhibitors (ibuprofen and methyl flurbiprofen) and slow tight-binding inhibitors (alclofenac and flurbiprofen). The four inhibitors bind to the same site and adopt similar conformations. In all four complexes, the enzyme structure is essentially unchanged, exhibiting only minimal differences in the inhibitor binding site. These results argue strongly against hypotheses that explain the difference between slow tight-binding and fast reversible competitive inhibition by invoking global conformational differences or different inhibitor binding sites. Instead, they suggest that the different apparent modes of NSAID binding may result from differences in the speed and efficiency with which inhibitors can perturb the hydrogen bonding network around Arg-120 and Tyr-355.
CHEMISTRY OF N-METHOXY-N-METHYLAMIDES. APPLICATIONS IN SYNTHESIS. A REVIEW (1993)

(1993). CHEMISTRY OF N-METHOXY-N-METHYLAMIDES. APPLICATIONS IN SYNTHESIS. A REVIEW. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 15-40.
An electro-optically controlled liquid crystal diffraction grating (1995)

A structure for an electro-optically controlled liquid crystal diffraction grating is proposed, which can dramatically simplify the fabrication process of liquid crystal optical gratings. The structure consists of two alternating stripes. Each stripe is a hybrid liquid crystal cell with adjacent stripes oriented perpendicularly. This kind of electro-optically controlled diffraction grating in principle gives 100% diffraction efficiency and no polarization direction dependence. The detailed fabrication process is presented.
HLA-G Isoforms Produced by Placental Cytotrophoblasts and Found in Amniotic Fluid Are Due to Unusual Glycosylation (1998)

The human placenta expresses HLA-G, a nonclassical (class Ib) MHC molecule that could play a central role in maternal tolerance of the semiallogeneic fetus. In this work, we report the production of a new mAb, 4H84, that specifically reacts with HLA-G in two formats: immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting. Immunolocalization experiments with 4H84 confirmed our previous finding that cytotrophoblasts within the uterine wall are the only cells in tissue sections of placenta that express the HLA-G protein. Additional experiments showed that both amniocytes and cytotrophoblasts in the amnion-chorion express this protein. Since multiple HLA-G transcripts have been described, we used immunoblotting to study the HLA-G isoforms produced by cytotrophoblasts in vitro and by the amnion-chorion in vivo. Cytotrophoblasts, their conditioned medium, and amniotic fluid samples contained heterodisperse immunoreactive bands (Mr 35,000-50,000). N-deglycosylation by peptide-N-glycosidase F digestion resolved these isoforms into two distinct bands. Cell samples contained primarily an Mr 37,000-42,000 protein, most likely encoded by the full-length mRNA. Conditioned medium and amniotic fluid contained a slightly smaller protein, most likely the secreted form lacking the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions. Removal of polylactosamine chains by endo-beta D-galactosidase digestion significantly reduced the electrophoretic mobility of the immunoreactive bands, suggesting that HLA-G, unlike class Ib molecules studied to date, carries N-acetyllactosamine units. These data show that Mr heterogeneity of HLA-G is due to its novel glycosylation, rather than to the translation of alternatively spliced mRNAs. We postulate that the unusual carbohydrate structures this molecule carries could interact with maternal immune cells and/or stabilize the molecule.