gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advances in sepsis diagnosis and treatment (2003)

In comparison to the advances of the past few years, little has been achieved in terms of decreasing sepsis-related mortality due to the complexity of the pathogen-host relationships. The individual regulation of host reactions did not have the expected effects. The benefits of some known strategies were confirmed. Other types of treatment, such as corticosteroids and activated protein C therapies, are emerging as promising alternatives. Research indicates that the combination of immune modulator therapies is probably the best choice to improve outcomes in sepsis.
Winding design study of superconducting 10 T dipoles for a synchrotron (1983)

A comparative design study was made for windings of a superconducting 10 T dipole magnet, which could be used for a future large accelerator. Calculations were done for different magnet winding design types; given a few simplifying assumptions, their general magnetic and mechanical parameters were obtained. The four shell configuration seemed to show the most promise of all the magnet designs considered for a 10 T small aperture (5 cm) dipole magnet.
Nucleoplasmic localization of prelamin A: implications for prenylation-dependent lamin A assembly into the nuclear lamina. (1992)

The synthesis of the nuclear lamina protein lamin A requires the prenylation-dependent processing of its precursor protein, prelamin A. Unlike p21ras, which undergoes similar initial posttranslational modifications, maturation of lamin A results in the proteolytic removal of the prenylated portion of the molecule. We have used an in vitro prenylation system to demonstrate the nature of the prenyl substituent on prelamin A to be a farnesyl group. Further, the in vitro farnesylation of prelamin A requires an intact cysteine-aliphatic-aliphatic-other (CAAX) amino acid sequence motif at its carboxyl terminus. The effect of blocking the prenylation of prelamin A on its localization and assembly into the nuclear lamina was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence. Expression of wild-type prelamin A in lovastatin-treated cells showed that nonprenylated prelamin A accumulated as nucleoplasmic particles. Upon addition of mevalonate to lovastatin-treated cells, the wild-type lamin A was incorporated into the lamina within 3 hr. Expression of a mutant lamin A in which the carboxyl-terminal 21 amino acids were deleted resulted in a lamin molecule that was directly assembled into the lamina. These results indicate that the carboxyl-terminal peptide of prelamin A blocks its proper assembly into the nuclear lamina and that the prenylation-initiated removal of this peptide can occur in the nucleus.
Copper-Catalyzed Intermolecular Chloro- and Bromotrifluoromethylation of Alkenes (2016)

A highly practical copper-catalyzed intermolecular halotrifluoromethylation of alkenes has been developed under mild reaction conditions. A variety of Cl/Br-containing trifluoromethyl derivatives were directly synthesized from a wide range of alkenes, including electron-deficient and unactivated alkenes.
Simulation modeling and optimization using ProModel (1996)

The ProModel optimization Suite is a powerful yet easy-to-use simulation tool for modeling all types of manufacturing systems ranging from small job shops and machining cells to large mass production and flexible manufacturing systems. ProModel is a Windows based system with an intuitive graphical interface and object-oriented modeling constructs that eliminate the need for programming. It combines the flexibility of a general purpose simulation language with the convenience of a data-driven simulator. In addition, ProModel utilizes an optimization tool called SimRunner which performs sophisticated "what-if" analysis by running automatic factorial design of experiments on the model, providing the best answer possible. This tutorial provides an overview of the ProModel Optimization Suite and presents its modeling, analysis, and optimization capabilities.
Transgenic models of Huntington's disease (1997)

CAG/polyglutamine expansion has been shown to form the molecular basis of an increasing number of inherited neurodegenerative diseases. The mutation is likely to act by a dominant gain of function but the mechanism by which it leads to neuronal dysfunction and cell death is unknown. The proteins harbouring these polyglutamine tracts are unrelated and without exception are widely expressed with extensively overlapping expression patterns. The factors governing the cell specific nature of the neurodegeneration have yet to be understood. Upon a certain size threshold, expanded CAG repeats become unstable on transmission and a modest degree of somatic mosaicism is apparent. Similarly, the molecular basis of the instability and its tissue specificity has yet to be unravelled. Recent reports describing the first mouse models of CAG/polyglutamine disorders indicate that it will be possible to model both the pathogenic mechanism and the CAG repeat instability in the mouse. This has great potential and promise for uncovering the molecular basis of these diseases and developing therapeutic interventions.
ChemDB update—full-text search and virtual chemical space (2007)

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
An Official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement: Update of the International Multidisciplinary Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias (2013)

This update is a supplement to the previous 2002 IIP classification document. It outlines advances in the past decade and potential areas for future investigation.
Application of shape analysis to mammographic calcifications (1994)

The authors have developed a set of shape factors to measure the roughness of contours of calcifications in mammograms and for use in their classification as malignant or benign. The analysis of mammograms is performed in three stages. First, a region growing technique is used to obtain the contours of calcifications. Then, three measures of shape features, including compactness, moments, and Fourier descriptors are computed for each region. Finally, their applicability for classification is studied by using the three shape measures to form feature vectors. Classification of 143 calcifications from 18 biopsy-proven cases as benign or malignant using the three measures with the nearest-neighbor method was 100% accurate.
Small interfering RNA targeted to secretory clusterin blocks tumor growth, motility, and invasion in breast cancer (2012)

Clusterin/apolipoprotein J (Clu) is a ubiquitously expressed secreted heterodimeric glycoprotein that is implicated in several physiological processes. It has been reported that the elevated level of secreted clusterin (sClu) protein is associated with poor survival in breast cancer patients and can induce metastasis in rodent models. In this study, we investigated the effects of sClu inhibition with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) on cell motility, invasion, and growth in vitro and in vivo. MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with pSuper-siRNA/sClu. Cell survival and proliferation were examined by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium and clonogenic survival assay. The results showed that sClu silencing significantly inhibited the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells. The invasion and migration ability were also dramatically decreased, which was detected by matrigel assays. TUNEL staining and caspase-3 activity assay demonstrated that sClu silencing also could increase the apoptosis rate of cells, resulting in the inhibition of cell growth. We also determined the effects of sClu silencing on tumor growth and metastatic progression in an orthotopic breast cancer model. The results showed that orthotopic primary tumors derived from MDA-MB-231/pSuper sClu siRNA cells grew significantly slower than tumors derived from parental MDA-MB-231 or MDA-MB-231/pSuper scramble siRNA cells, and metastasize less to the lungs. These data suggest that secretory clusterin plays a significant role in tumor growth and metastatic progression. Knocking-down sClu gene expression may provide a valuable method for breast cancer therapy.
Molecular cloning and sequence of the gene for outer membrane protein P5 of Haemophilus influenzae (1993)

The gene for outer membrane protein P5 of Haemophilus influenzae was identified by immunological screening of a genomic lambda EMBL3 library of the serotype b strain 1613. The gene was subcloned, and plasmid clones expressing P5 were identified by immunologic screening. The gene for outer membrane protein P5 was sequenced. The mature protein has a molecular weight of 35,628. The protein is 50% identical and 65% similar to the OmpA protein of Escherichia coli.
Improved Insight into Resistance Mechanisms to Imatinib in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Basis for Novel Approaches and Individualization of Treatment (2007)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is one of the first solid tumor types in which a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, has become standard of care for patients with advanced disease. Although imatinib yields antitumor activity in the vast majority of patients, it is likely that all patients eventually experience progressive disease given enough time. In recent years, major progress has been made in the elucidation of mechanisms conferring resistance to imatinib that result in progressive disease. Insight into these resistance mechanisms has already resulted in the availability of strategies that can be applied in cases of progressive disease and it is likely that more approaches will be defined in the next years. Additionally, it can be anticipated that in the near future treatment will be guided according to factors determining sensitivity to imatinib. This review focuses on the factors inducing imatinib resistance that have been elucidated so far, the currently available and potential novel treatment options for patients with progressive disease, and how insight into resistance mechanisms may allow individualized treatment in the near future for patients with advanced GISTs.
Biologic effects of an interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist protein on interleukin‐1–stimulated cartilage erosion and chondrocyte responsiveness (1991)

Recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and recombinant human IL-1 beta stimulate matrix proteoglycan degradation and inhibit glycosaminoglycan synthesis in bovine nasal cartilage explants. A 17-kd human recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP) caused a concentration-dependent (0.2-200 ng/ml) suppression of the effects of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta in cartilage organ cultures. IRAP inhibited the binding of radiolabeled IL-1 alpha to rabbit articular chondrocytes. Matrix metalloproteinase (collagenase, gelatinase, and stromelysin) and prostanoid production by IL-1-activated rabbit articular chondrocytes was also suppressed by IRAP. These results could have potential significance in the development of a new antiarthritis therapy based on an IRAP.
Trunk and Upper Limb Muscle Activation During Flat and Topspin Forehand Drives in Young Tennis Players (2011)

This study compared EMG activity of young tennis players' muscles during forehand drives in two groups, GD-those able to raise by more than 150% the vertical velocity of racket-face at impact from flat to topspin forehand drives, and GND, those not able to increase their vertical velocity to the same extent. Upper limb joint angles, racket-face velocities, and average EMGrms values, were studied. At similar joint angles, a fall in horizontal velocity and a rise in racket-face vertical velocity from flat to topspin forehand drives were observed. Shoulder muscle activity rose from flat to topspin forehand drives in GND, but not for drives in GD. Forearm muscle activity reduced from flat to topspin forehand drives in GD, but muscle activation was similar in GND. The results show that radial deviation increased racket-face vertical velocity more at impact from the flat to topspin forehand drives than shoulder abduction.
Inhibitory effect of electroacupuncture on murine collagen arthritis and its possible mechanisms. (1999)

The influence of electroacupuncture (EA), a traditional Chinese medical treatment, on type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was examined in DBA/IJ mice in vivo. Mice were immunized intradermally twice at a 3-week interval with bovine type II collagen (C II). EA stimulation, begun on day 21 simultaneously with the second immunization, was applied at the acupoint equivalent to GV4 three times a week for 3 weeks. The results showed that EA delayed the onset, attenuated the severity of arthritis, and reduced the anti-collagen antibody level. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of EA on the productions of endogenous interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and the levels of IL-1 beta mRNA in splenocytes and synovial tissues from C II immunized mice on day 45 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages of normal mice by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). EA stimulation significantly inhibited the concentrations of splenic endogenous IL-1 beta and serum PGE2. The expression of IL-1 beta mRNA in spleen cells was obviously down-regulated and that in synovial tissues was modestly affected by EA. COX-2 mRNA was highly expressed in cultured peritoneal macrophages when stimulated with LPS. Previous treatment with EA also reduced LPS-stimulated induction of COX-2 mRNA. These data suggest that EA has an inhibitory effect on murine CIA, and the partial mechanism of its therapeutic result may be attributed to inhibiting the productions of IL-1 beta and PGE2 by suppressing the IL-beta and COX-2 gene activations.
Planar Boron Heterocycles with Nucleic Acid-Like Hydrogen-Bonding Motifs (1997)

To promote the development of boron-containing purine analogues that exist in planar, non-zwitterionic dominant structural form in aqueous solution, rigorous solution and solid state structural analyses of 1-hydroxy-1H-2,3,1-benzoxazaborine (1), 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2,3,1-benzodiazaborine (2), and related 2,3,1-benzodiheteraborines were undertaken. With the aid of isotope-enriched compounds, a multisolvent 1H, 13C, 11B, and 15N NMR spectroscopic analysis of 1 and 2 was conducted, providing structurally-diagnostic chemical shift data for all non-oxygen atoms that constitute their heterocyclic peripheries. In addition, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses of 1 and 2 were performed. In stark contrast to their 2,4,1 isomeric counterparts, the 2,3,1-benzoxaza- and benzodiazaborines exist in planar structural form in protic solution and in the solid state and display proton dissociative and associative tendencies reflective of the predominant Brønsted, yet still Lewis acidic-capable character of the B-OH group together with the basic one at the C4−N3 imine group. In the solid state, 1 and 2 display intermolecular hydrogen-bonding patterns not too dissimilar from the motifs of certain natural nucleic acid bases. Diazaborine 2 was shown by VT-NMR to undergo a triple hydrogen-bonding solution association with a 2',3',5'-tri-O-protected cytidine in a demonstration of one biomimetic potential held by a 1-hydroxy-2,3,1-diheteraborine periphery. In general, 1, 2, and related 1-hydroxy-2,3,1-benzodiheteraborine heterocycles were found to be characterized by an environment-dependent O1→N3 Brønsted prototropy and B−OH group Brønsted/Lewis acid ambidency so sensitive and subtle that certain past difficulties encountered in attempts to delineate their physicochemical properties now become readily appreciated.
National and Regional Trends in Heart Failure Hospitalization and Mortality Rates for Medicare Beneficiaries, 1998-2008 (2011)

<h3>Context</h3>It is not known whether recent declines in ischemic heart disease and its risk factors have been accompanied by declines in heart failure (HF) hospitalization and mortality.<h3>Objective</h3>To examine changes in HF hospitalization rate and 1-year mortality rate in the United States, nationally and by state or territory.<h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3>From acute care hospitals in the United States and Puerto Rico, 55 097 390 fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized between 1998 and 2008 with a principal discharge diagnosis code for HF.<h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3>Changes in patient demographics and comorbidities, HF hospitalization rates, and 1-year mortality rates.<h3>Results</h3>The HF hospitalization rate adjusted for age, sex, and race declined from 2845 per 100 000 person-years in 1998 to 2007 per 100 000 person-years in 2008 (P &lt; .001), a relative decline of 29.5%. Age-adjusted HF hospitalization rates declined over the study period for all race-sex categories. Black men had the lowest rate of decline (4142 to 3201 per 100 000 person-years) among all race-sex categories, which persisted after adjusting for age (incidence rate ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.79-0.84). Heart failure hospitalization rates declined significantly faster than the national mean in 16 states and significantly slower in 3 states. Risk-adjusted 1-year mortality decreased from 31.7% in 1999 to 29.6% in 2008 (P &lt; .001), a relative decline of 6.6%. One-year mortality rates declined significantly in 4 states but increased in 5 states.<h3>Conclusions</h3>The overall HF hospitalization rate declined substantially from 1998 to 2008 but at a lower rate for black men. The overall 1-year mortality rate declined slightly over the past decade but remains high. Changes in HF hospitalization and 1-year mortality rates were uneven across states.
Knockout-Transgenic Mouse Model of Sickle Cell Disease (1997)

When transgenic mice that expressed human sickle hemoglobin were mated with mice having knockout mutations of the mouse alpha- and beta-globin genes, animals were produced that synthesized only human hemoglobin in adult red blood cells. Similar to many human patients with sickle cell disease, the mice developed a severe hemolytic anemia and extensive organ pathology. Numerous sickled erythrocytes were observed in peripheral blood. Although chronically anemic, most animals survived for 2 to 9 months and were fertile. Drug and genetic therapies can now be tested in this mouse model of sickle cell disease.
Glutamine antagonist with diet deficient in glutamine and aspartate reduce tumor growth. (1992)

This study was designed to investigate whether a combination of a glutamine antagonist (DON) and a diet deficient in glutamate and aspartate (AG) altered glutamine metabolism in tumor tissue, and inhibited tumor growth. In experiment-1, 21 male Donryu rats were fed with AG and implanted with Yoshida's Sarcoma. Of them, 7 rats were sacrificed on the 5th day (group AG), other 7 were sacrificed next day (group AG-1) and the remaining 7 were injected with DON on the 5th day and sacrificed next day (group AG+D). The tumor weight of group AG+D was significantly lower than of group AG, or of group AG-1. In experiment-2, of 23 rats, 9 were fed with control diet and 14 were fed with AG and implanted. 12 were sacrificed on the 5th day (group C, AG), and 11 were injected with DON on the 5th day and sacrificed next day (group C+D, AG+D). The reduced ratio of tumor weight in group C+D and group AG+D were 25% and 67%, respectively. These results show that the tumor growth could be inhibited by using metabolic antagonist of glutamine, and that it had synergistic effect in conjunction with the imbalanced diet.
Tailored Synthesis of Superparamagnetic Gold Nanoshells with Tunable Optical Properties (2010)

Multifunctional Au nanoshells with tunable optical properties and fast magnetic response have been fabricated through a sequence of sol–gel, surface-protected etching, and seed-mediated growth processes. The use of a porous silica layer enhances the uniformity of nanoshell growth, the reproducibility of the synthesis, and the structural and optical stability of the products.
A HYPOTHESIS: The Causes of Hip Fractures (1989)

Neither age-related osteoporosis nor the increasing incidence of falls with age sufficiently explain the exponential increase in the incidence of hip fracture with aging. We propose that four conditions must be satisfied in order for a fall to cause a hip fracture: (a) the faller must be oriented to impact near the hip; (b) protective responses must fail; (c) local soft tissues must absorb less energy than necessary to prevent fracture, and (d) the residual energy of the fall applied to the proximal femur must exceed its strength. All of these events become more likely with aging and lead to an exponential rise in the risk of hip fracture with advancing age. This model also suggests that a combination of measurements of neuromuscular function and of bone strength may be the most accurate approach to assessing the risk of hip fracture.
Fentanyl buccal tablet for relief of breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant patients with cancer-related chronic pain. (2007)

Fentanyl buccal tablet (FBT) is a new opioid formulation providing rapid-onset analgesia for the treatment of breakthrough pain (BTP). This study evaluated FBT for BTP in opioid-tolerant patients with chronic cancer pain. The study had a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design and was conducted at 30 outpatient treatment centers in the United States. Following open-label titration, patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 18 double-blind dose sequences (7 FBT tablets, 3 placebo) to treat 10 BTP episodes. Pain intensity was measured on an 11-point scale (0 = no pain; 10 = worst pain). The primary efficacy measure was the sum of pain intensity differences (PIDs) for the first 60 minutes (SPID60); secondary efficacy measures included PIDs and pain relief (PR) measured from 5 minutes through 2 hours. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded. Of 129 patients enrolled, 87 entered the double-blind phase. SPID60 significantly favored FBT versus placebo (mean +/- SE, 9.7 +/- 0.63 vs 4.9 +/- 0.50; P < 0.0001). Secondary measures also favored FBT: PIDs and PR showed significant differences versus placebo at 10 minutes (0.9 vs 0.5; 0.815 vs 0.606, respectively, P < 0.0001) and all subsequent time points (P < 0.0001). AEs were typical of opioids (eg, nausea, dizziness, fatigue). In conclusion, in this study of opioid-tolerant patients with chronic cancer pain and BTP, FBT was efficacious, well tolerated, demonstrated rapid onset of analgesia (within 10 minutes), and had a sustained effect.
Active Metabolite of Atorvastatin Inhibits Membrane Cholesterol Domain Formation by an Antioxidant Mechanism (2006)

The advanced atherosclerotic lesion is characterized by the formation of microscopic cholesterol crystals that contribute to mechanisms of inflammation and apoptotic cell death. These crystals develop from membrane cholesterol domains, a process that is accelerated under conditions of hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress. In this study, the comparative effects of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) on oxidative stress-induced cholesterol domain formation were tested in model membranes containing physiologic levels of cholesterol using small angle x-ray diffraction approaches. In the absence of HMG-CoA reductase, only the atorvastatin active o-hydroxy metabolite (ATM) blocked membrane cholesterol domain formation as a function of oxidative stress. This effect of ATM is attributed to electron donation and proton stabilization mechanisms associated with its phenoxy group located in the membrane hydrocarbon core. ATM inhibited lipid peroxidation in human low density lipoprotein and phospholipid vesicles in a dose-dependent manner, unlike its parent and other statins (pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin). These findings indicate an atheroprotective effect of ATM on membrane lipid organization through a potent antioxidant mechanism.
Treatment of Hypothyroidism with Combinations of Levothyroxine plus Liothyronine (2005)

Until clear advantages of levothyroxine plus liothyronine are demonstrated, the administration of levothyroxine alone should remain the treatment of choice for replacement therapy of hypothyroidism.