gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-2-(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinyl)benzimidaz ole difumarate (KB-2413), a new antiallergic, on ciliary movement. (1984)

Influence of 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-2-(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinyl)benzimidazol e difumarate (KB-2413), a new antiallergic agent, on tracheal ciliary movement of pigeons and its local anaesthetic effect were investigated in comparison with reference drugs. KB-2413 (0.3 and 3 mg/kg i.v.) did not affect ciliary movement, but ketotifen, diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, lidocaine and tetracaine showed a significantly inhibitory effect on ciliary movement at a dose of 3 mg/kg i.v. KB-2413 (4% solution) did not inhibit corneal reflex in guinea pigs, but ketotifen, diphenhydramine and chlorpheniramine inhibited corneal reflex at 1%, 1% and 4% solution, respectively. KB-2413 (5 X 10(-4) mol/l) did not inhibit action potentials of desheathed frog sciatic nerve fiber, but ketotifen, chlorpheniramine and diphenhydramine inhibited significantly action potentials at 5 X 10(-4) mol/l. These results suggested that KB-2413 did not influence tracheal ciliary movement because of having no local anaesthetic effect.
The U.S. Carbon Budget: Contributions from Land-Use Change (1999)

The rates at which lands in the United States were cleared for agriculture, abandoned, harvested for wood, and burned were reconstructed from historical data for the period 1700-1990 and used in a terrestrial carbon model to calculate annual changes in the amount of carbon stored in terrestrial ecosystems, including wood products. Changes in land use released 27 +/- 6 petagrams of carbon to the atmosphere before 1945 and accumulated 2 +/- 2 petagrams of carbon after 1945, largely as a result of fire suppression and forest growth on abandoned farmlands. During the 1980s, the net flux of carbon attributable to land management offset 10 to 30 percent of U.S. fossil fuel emissions.
The Triolide of (R)‐3‐Hydroxybutyric acid—Direct Preparation from Polyhydroxybutyrate and Formation of a Crown Estercarbonyl Complex with Na Ions (1992)

Ideally oriented to complex a metal ion, the three carbonyl groups of triolide 1 are parallel and pointing in the same direction. Upon complexation with a sodium ion, the ring adjusts by arching inward, tilting the CO groups towards each other. The preparation of triolide 1 from poly(R)-3-hydroxybutanoate is surprisingly simple.
Mining association rules with weighted items (2002)

Discovery of association rules has been found useful in many applications. In previous work, all items in a basket database are treated uniformly. We generalize this to the case where items are given weights to reflect their importance to the user. The weights may correspond to special promotions on some products, or the profitability of different items. We can mine the weighted association rules with weights. The downward closure property of the support measure in the unweighted case no longer exists and previous algorithms cannot be applied. In this paper, two new algorithms are introduced to handle this problem. In these algorithms we make use of a metric called the k-support bound in the mining process. Experimental results show the efficiency of the algorithms for large databases.
Fabrication of an Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell with Stainless Steel Substrate (2008)

Highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells using a flexible stainless steel substrate for preparation of a mesoporous film electrode were fabricated by controlling the dark current density. Optimal photovoltaic properties were obtained with a cell where the film was coated on a Ti-isopropoxide-treated stainless steel–based substrate. The quality of the underlayer was characterized and found to be related with the photovoltaic properties.
Sequence to Sequence Pattern Learning Algorithm for Real-Time Anomaly Detection in Network Traffic (2018)

Network intrusions can be modeled as anomalies in network traffic in which the expected order of packets and their attributes deviate from regular traffic. Algorithms that predict the next sequence of events based on previous sequences are a promising avenue for detecting such anomalies. In this paper, we present a novel multi-attribute model for predicting a network packet sequence based on previous packets using a sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) encoder-decoder model. This model is trained on an attack-free dataset to learn the normal sequence of packets in TCP connections and then it is used to detect anomalous packets in TCP traffic. We show that in DARPA 1999 dataset, the proposed multi-attribute Seq2Seq model detects anomalous raw TCP packets which are part of intrusions with 97 % accuracy. Also, it can detect selected intrusions in real-time with 100% accuracy and outperforms existing algorithms based on recurrent neural network models such as LSTM.
N-Succinimidyl 5-(trialkylstannyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylates: a new class of reagents for protein radioiodination (1991)

N-Succinimidyl 5-(trialkylstannyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylates (alkyl = Me, Bu) have been prepared and used as a precursor to label N-succinimidyl 5-[131I]iodo-3-pyridinecarboxylate (SIPC). SIPC was obtained in greater than 80% yield from either the methyl or butyl precursor with N-chlorosuccinimide and heating at 60-65 degrees C. Significantly lower yields were observed with tert-butyl hydroperoxide. After a 30-min incubation with [131I]SIPC at pH 8.5, goat IgG, an intact monoclonal antibody (MAb), and a MAb F(ab')2 fragment were labeled in 60-65% yield. Specific binding of the MAb and MAb fragment after SIPC labeling was identical with that observed with N-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate and higher than that reported previously for these MAbs after labeling by using the Iodogen method. When 5-[131I]iodonicotinic acid was injected into normal mice, thyroid uptake was less than 0.2% of the injected dose, reflecting the inertness of this compound to deiodination. Paired-label biodistribution studies indicate that for both the MAb and the F(ab')2 labeled by using SIPC, accumulation of activity in the thyroid and other tissues is comparable to that observed when these proteins were labeled by using N-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate. The results of this study suggest that SIPC may be a reagent for labeling MAbs with halogen nuclides.
Assembly of a parts list of the human mitotic cell cycle machinery (2018)

The set of proteins required for mitotic division remains poorly characterized. Here, an extensive series of correlation analyses of human and mouse transcriptomics data were performed to identify genes strongly and reproducibly associated with cells undergoing S/G2-M phases of the cell cycle. In so doing, 701 cell cycle-associated genes were defined and while it was shown that many are only expressed during these phases, the expression of others is also driven by alternative promoters. Of this list, 496 genes have known cell cycle functions, whereas 205 were assigned as putative cell cycle genes, 53 of which are functionally uncharacterized. Among these, 27 were screened for subcellular localization revealing many to be nuclear localized and at least three to be novel centrosomal proteins. Furthermore, 10 others inhibited cell proliferation upon siRNA knockdown. This study presents the first comprehensive list of human cell cycle proteins, identifying many new candidate proteins.
Simple vertebrate models for chemical genetics and drug discovery screens: Lessons from zebrafish and Xenopus (2009)

Chemical genetics uses small molecules to modulate protein function and, in principle, has the potential to perturb any biochemical event in a complex cellular context. The application of chemical genetics to dissect biological processes has become an attractive alternative to mutagenesis screens due to its technical simplicity, inexpensive reagents, and low-startup costs. In vertebrates, only fish and amphibians are amenable to chemical genetic screens. Xenopus frogs share a long evolutionary history with mammals and so represent an excellent model to predict human biology. In this review, we discuss the lessons learned from chemical genetic studies carried out in zebrafish and Xenopus. We highlight how Xenopus can be employed as a convenient first-line animal model at various stages of the drug discovery and development process and comment on how they represent much-needed tools to bridge the gap between traditional in vitro and preclinical mammalian assays in biomedical research and drug development. Developmental Dynamics 238:1287-1308, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Pteridines. Part 87. Synthesis and Properties of 8‐Substituted 2‐Thiolumazines. (1988)

Abstract Various thioxo‐ and methylthiopteridinone derivatives (IV) or (VII) are synthesized by condensation of the pyrimidinones (II) or (VI) with dicarbonyl compounds (III).
Erosive Prepyloric Changes in Patients with End-Stage Renal Failure Undergoing Maintenance Dialysis Treatment (1990)

We endoscoped 322 of 422 patients with end-stage renal failure undergoing maintenance dialysis treatment to determine the prevalence of erosive prepyloric changes (EPC) in uraemia. EPC grade 1 was found in 79 patients (25%), grade 2 in 16 (5%), and grade 3 in 43 (13%). EPC grades 2 and 3 were commoner among uraemic patients than among non-uraemic patients presenting for gastroduodenoscopy (13 of 198 = 6%; p less than 0.001). Patients with EPC grades 2 and 3 were older, had been receiving dialysis longer, and were more likely to be receiving haemodialysis rather than peritoneal dialysis when compared with patients without EPC. Histologic gastritis of the body and antrum was less common among patients with EPC grades 2 and 3 than among patients without EPC. The prevalence of Campylobacter-like organisms was similar in patients with and without EPC.
Murine Immunoglobulin G Subclass Responses Following Immunization with Live Dengue Virus or a Recombinant Dengue Envelope Protein (1995)

Murine immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass responses to immunization are restricted to certain subclasses depending on the nature of the immunogen. Immunization with live viruses generally leads to a predominant IgG2a response, which may be the most effective at resisting future challenge due to the unique effector functions of IgG2a. Knowledge of subclass responses following immunization with dengue vaccine candidates may be helpful in determining which candidates are most efficacious. We measured the dengue-specific IgG subclass responses of BALB/c mice following immunization with live dengue-2 virus or with a partially purified recombinant dengue-2 envelope (E) protein. Subclass responses following immunization with live virus were IgG2a > IgG1 > IgG2b > IgG3, as opposed to IgG1 > IgG2a > IgG2b > IgG3 after immunization with recombinant protein. Responses of all subclasses except IgG1 were greater following immunization with live dengue than with the recombinant E protein. Neutralizing antibody titers were also higher after immunization with live virus than with E protein and were positively correlated with dengue-specific IgG2a responses in mice immunized with recombinant E protein. Following separation of the four IgG subclasses by chromatography, the IgG2a fraction exhibited the greatest neutralizing activity. The results seen after immunization with live dengue virus or recombinant E protein in this study are in concordance with studies involving other viruses and viral proteins and may have implications for the development of an effective vaccine for dengue.
Folate-Conjugated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Solid Tumor Targeting as Potential Specific Magnetic Hyperthermia Mediators: Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, and in Vitro Experiments (2005)

New folate-conjugated superparamagnetic maghemite nanoparticles have been synthesized for the intracellular hyperthermia treatment of solid tumors. These ultradispersed nanosystems have been characterized for their physicochemical properties and tumor cell targeting ability, facilitated by surface modification with folic acid. Preliminary experiments of nanoparticles heating under the influence of an alternating magnetic field at 108 kHz have been also performed. The nanoparticle size, surface charge, and colloidal stability have been assessed in various conditions of ionic strength and pH. The ability of these folate "decorated" maghemite nanoparticles to recognize the folate receptor has been investigated both by surface plasmon resonance and in folate receptor expressing cell lines, using radiolabeled folic acid in competitive binding experiments. The specificity of nanoparticle cellular uptake has been further investigated by transmission electron microscopy after incubation of these nanoparticles in the presence of three cell lines with differing folate receptor expression levels. Qualitative and quantitative determinations of both folate nanoparticles and nontargeted control nanoparticles demonstrated a specific cell internalization of the folate superparamagnetic nanoparticles.
Effects of intrastriatal infusion of D2 receptor antisense oligonucleotide on apomorphine‐induced behaviors in the rat (1997)

An antisense oligonucleotide strategy was employed to specifically deplete postsynaptic striatal D2 receptors in order to determine the possible role of presynaptic D2 autoreceptors in mediating behavioral responses induced by low doses of apomorphine. A phosphorothioate-modified antisense oligonucleotide complementary to the first 19 bases of the coding region of D2 receptor mRNA, a scrambled sequence comprising the same bases, or saline was infused bilaterally into the striatum of adult rats, twice daily for 2 days via indwelling cannulae. After an interval of 8–12 h, rats were habituated and challenged with high (300 μg/kg; subcutaneous) or low (50 μg/kg; s.c.) doses of apomorphine or its vehicle (0.1% ascorbic acid). Yawning, vacuous chewing mouth movements, hypoexploration, and penile grooming induced by low-dose apomorphine were unaffected by antisense infusion into the striatum, whereas stereotypic sniffing following high-dose apomorphine was markedly suppressed. Intrastriatal infusion of antisense resulted in significantly diminished [3H]-raclopride binding, while binding of [3H]-SCH 23390 (D1 receptors) and [3H]-WIN 35428 (dopamine transporter) was unchanged. D2 mRNA levels determined by quantitative in situ hybridization were normal in the striatum and the substantia nigra. Our results confirm that stereotypic sniffing is mediated via postsynaptic D2 receptors in the striatum, and favor the notion that behavioral responses induced by low doses of apomorphine are mediated by presynaptic D2 autoreceptors. Synapse 26:199–208, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
Identification and Characterization of cDNAs Encoding Ethylene Biosynthetic Enzymes from Pelargonium x hortorum cv Snow Mass Leaves (1995)

Two Pelargonium 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase cDNAs (GAC-1 and GAC-2) were identified and characterized. GAC-1 is 1934 bp long with a 1446-bp open reading frame encoding a 54.1-kD polypeptide. GAC-2 is a 1170-bp-long ACC synthase polymerase chain reaction fragment encoding 390 amino acids. Expression of GAC-1 and GAC-2 together with a previously identified ACC oxidase (GEFE-1) was examined in different Pelargonium plant parts, and leaves were subjected to osmotic stress (sorbitol), metal ion stress (CuCl2), auxin (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid [2,4-D]), and ethylene. GAC-1 expression was not detectable in any of the plant parts tested, whereas high levels of GAC-2 were expressed in the leaf bud, young leaf, young floret, fully open floret, and senescing floret. GAC-2 was expressed to a lesser degree in fully expanded leaves or roots and was undetectable in old leaves and floret buds. GEFE-1 was detectable at all leaf ages tested, in young and fully open florets, and in the roots; however, the highest degree of expression was in the senescing florets. GAC-1 was induced by sorbitol. Both GAC-1 and GAC-2 were only slightly affected by CuCl2 and induced indirectly by 2,4-D. GEFE-1 was highly induced by sorbitol, CuCl2, and 2,4-D. GAC-1, GAC-2, and GEFE-1 were unaffected by ethylene treatment. These results suggest that GAC-1 is only induced by stress and that GAC-2 may be developmentally regulated, whereas GEFE-1 is influenced by both stress and development.
The effects of somatic stimuli on the bladder in the cat (1966)

1. Measurement of the intra‐vesical pressure in cats during contractions of the bladder was found to be a more reliable method of studying bladder function than the cystometrogram. Under suitable conditions the pressure curves of these bladder contractions were constant and could be examined statistically. 2. In the anaesthetized cat cold decreased the pressure developed by bladder contractions and shortened the interval between them. There was no evidence that this effect was reflex in nature. 3. In the anaesthetized cat stimulation of the sural nerve sometimes produced contraction of the bladder or increased the pressure developed by spontaneous contractions. 4. In the anaesthetized cat stimulation of any hind‐limb nerve from muscles with conduction velocities of approximately 50 m/sec inhibited bladder contractions. 5. In the acute spinal cat somatic stimuli had no effect on bladder activity. 6. In the chronic spinal cat cutaneous stimuli produced reflex contraction of the bladder or the augmentation of a spontaneous contraction. Stimulation of nerves from hind‐limb muscles, however, had no effect on bladder activity. 7. In the decerebrate cat cutaneous stimuli increased bladder activity, and this was probably ‘reflex’ in nature. Stimulation of nerve fibres from hind‐limb muscles either produced bladder contractions or augmented spontaneous contractions.
Development of Novel Fluorescence Probes That Can Reliably Detect Reactive Oxygen Species and Distinguish Specific Species (2003)

We designed and synthesized 2-[6-(4'-hydroxy)phenoxy-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl]benzoic acid (HPF) and 2- [6-(4'-amino)phenoxy-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl]benzoic acid (APF) as novel fluorescence probes to detect selectively highly reactive oxygen species (hROS) such as hydroxyl radical (*OH) and reactive intermediates of peroxidase. Although HPF and APF themselves scarcely fluoresced, APF selectively and dose-dependently afforded a strongly fluorescent compound, fluorescein, upon reaction with hROS and hypochlorite ((-)OCl), but not other reactive oxygen species (ROS). HPF similarly afforded fluorescein upon reaction with hROS only. Therefore, not only can hROS be differentiated from hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide (O2*-) by using HPF or APF alone, but (-)OCl can also be specifically detected by using HPF and APF together. Furthermore, we applied HPF and APF to living cells and found that HPF and APF were resistant to light-induced autoxidation, unlike 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein, and for the first time we could visualize (-)OCl generated in stimulated neutrophils. HPF and APF should be useful as tools to study the roles of hROS and (-)OCl in many biological and chemical applications.
Distance-Dependent Fluorescence Quenching on Gold Nanoparticles Ensheathed with Layer-by-Layer Assembled Polyelectrolytes (2006)

We report on the preparation, characterization, and photophysical study of new fluorescent core/shell nanoparticles fabricated by electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly. On the basis of gold cores with a diameter of 13 nm, these nanocolloids possess different fluorescently labeled polymer corona layers at various distances from the surface of the core metal using nonfluorescent polyelectrolytes as spacer layers. UV-visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the particle suspensions of fluorescently labeled core/shell nanoparticles are stable at all stages of their construction. Photophysical investigations reveal strongly distance-dependent fluorescence quenching in these particle systems. The contribution of the metal core to this quenching can be assesed precisely after the gentle dissolution of the gold cores by potassium cyanide. The photophysical measurements reveal clearly that the gold nanoparticles decrease the transition probability for radiative transitions.
Plant community development is affected by nutrients and soil biota (2004)

Summary Plant community development depends to a great extent on the availability of soil nutrients, but recent studies underline the role of symbiotic, herbivorous and pathogenic soil biota. We tested for interactions between these biotic and abiotic factors by studying the effects of additional nutrients and the removal of soil biota on the replacement of grassland plant species typical of different successional stages. Species representing each of the early, mid and target phases of secondary succession in a grassland community (four per phase) were grown in mid‐successional grassland soil. The mixed plant communities were grown in sterilized and non‐sterilized soil, at three nutrient supply levels. The distribution of shoot biomass over the different plant species, and the total root biomass, were determined, as well as the composition of nematode and microarthropod communities and soil decomposition rates. The effect of nutrient supply on plant community composition depended on soil sterilization. In sterilized soil, the plant community was initially dominated by grasses that increased in dominance even without fertilization. In non‐sterilized soil, the plant community was more diverse and grass dominance decreased over time, except with high fertilization. Fertilization enhanced the productivity of the plant community in sterilized and, to a greater extent, in non‐sterilized soil. The abundance of root‐feeding nematodes was positively related to increased root biomass, pointing to a strong bottom‐up control. Increased levels of nutrient supply were associated with reduced abundance of omnivorous nematodes, the cause of this reduction being less clear. Increased soil fertility altered the functional diversity of the soil nematode community, which might, in the longer term, also affect their feedback effects on the plant community. Increased nutrient supply reduced soil decomposition activity in the non‐sterilized soil, but not in the sterilized soil. Our results imply that soil biota may reduce the effects of nutrient supply on plant dominance. Incorporating the effects of soil biota on plant species interactions into studies on succession, plant species diversity and restoration may therefore considerably increase our understanding of the observed plant community patterns.
Formation of the triple-stranded polynucleotide helix, poly(A.A.U). (1987)

A polynucleotide helical structure containing two strands of poly(A) and one of poly(U) is reported. As shown by spectroscopic observations, the complex only forms when the poly(A) strands are of Mr between 9000 and 50,000 (degree of polymerization congruent to 28-150), whereas the size of the poly(U) strand has no effect. This limitation may explain why poly(A.A.U) was not seen in previous investigations. The potential of the poly(A) tails of mRNA for formation of this triple helix and of A.A.U or/and A.A.T triplet formation to contribute to the binding of specific RNA strands to gene-encoding nucleic acid double helices are noted.