gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tyrosinase‐catalysed grafting of food‐grade gallates to chitosan: surface properties of novel functional coatings (2008)

Abstract Plasma‐activated biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films and paper substrate have been coated with functional chitosan solutions. Plasma treatment increased the amount of surface peroxide groups and carboxyl groups on the BOPP films. As a result of plasma activation, the surface energy increased from 30 to 50 dynes/cm. The enzyme tyrosinase catalysed the grafting of octyl gallate and dodecyl gallate to amino groups of chitosan polysaccharide. Resulting coatings exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram‐negative Listeria innocua . After 24 h of incubation, a total reduction in both bacteria cell numbers varied between &gt;4.9 and 1.4 logarithmic units. Grafted dodecyl gallate and octyl gallate at pH 6 were found to have the lowest reduction values of &lt;3 logarithmic units for S. aureus , while 1.4 logarithmic reduction value was obtained for grafted dodecyl gallate at pH 6 against L. innocua . Chitosan coatings were also effective barrier layers against oxygen transmission although the transmission rates clearly increased in high‐humidity conditions. In dry conditions, however, the transmission rate of 2 cm 3 /(m 2 · 24 h) was obtained with chitosan‐coated BOPP. Coatings did not have any effects on water vapour transmission. Both gallates were successfully grafted at pH 6. As increased flocculation and colour formation indicated, the tyrosinase‐catalysed grafting was more powerful with octyl gallate. Dodecyl gallate containing chitosan coatings was more hydrophobic as compared to octyl gallate. Total migration of substances into 95% ethanol was ≥5 mg/dm 2 , thus materials may be exploitable in packaging purposes in direct contact with certain foodstuffs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Galla Chinensis on Growth and Metabolism of Microcosm Biofilms (2011)

Galla chinensis extract (GCE) interferes with de- and remineralization of dental enamel and the growth and metabolism in planktonic bacteria. However, no information is available on GCE effects on biofilms formed with saliva as inoculum. The aim of the current experiments was to investigate the effects of GCE at different stages of salivary microcosm biofilm formation. Biofilms formed on glass or enamel surfaces were treated with GCE solutions at different concentrations and at different time points. Effects were assessed by lactic acid formation and colony-forming unit (CFU) counts of the biofilms. The results showed that GCE treatments inhibited growth and acid metabolism of both nascent and mature microcosm biofilms. Pretreatment of the substratum with GCE solutions inhibited growth and lactic acid production of biofilms grown on enamel, but had little effects on biofilms formed on glass surfaces. A maximum GCE effect was found when biofilms, on either surface type, were treated after 8 h of formation with 40 h of subsequent growth. In medium with sucrose-fermenting biofilms, low concentrations of GCE (0.2 and 0.1 mg/ml) inhibited acid production without killing bacteria of the biofilm. Differences were found in GCE effects on biofilms formed with saliva from different donors, with reductions in acid formation and CFU values ranging between 0 and 78%. In conclusion, bioactive components in GCE reduce or inhibit both growth and lactic acid formation in biofilms.
Proper Depth of Placement of Oral Endotracheal Tubes in Adults Prior to Radiographic Confirmation (1995)

Proper depth of ETT placement in the critically ill adult patient can be estimated by the technique of this study. In this adult patient population, corner-of-the-mouth placement of the ETT using the 21-cm tube mark for the women and the 23-cm mark for the men would have led to proper placement for most patients.
The Iowa 500: affective disorder in relatives of manic and depressed patients (1982)

About 10% of hospitalized unipolar depressed patients ultimately became bipolar. Using a blind protocol to assess data from patient (N = 485) and first-degree relative (N = 2,803) interviews and hospital records, the authors found that bipolar probands and unipolar probands had more affective illness in their families than did control subjects. Although more relatives of bipolar probands than of unipolar probands had bipolar illness, the difference in risk for affective illness between relatives of bipolar probands and of unipolar probands was not significant. In general there were more female than male depressed relatives, bit the equal numbers of men and women among bipolar relatives suggest heterogeneity of illness within the families of bipolar probands.
Structures and Synthesis of Zwitterionic Polymers (2014)

The structures and synthesis of polyzwitterions (“polybetaines”) are reviewed, emphasizing the literature of the past decade. Particular attention is given to the general challenges faced, and to successful strategies to obtain polymers with a true balance of permanent cationic and anionic groups, thus resulting in an overall zero charge. Also, the progress due to applying new methodologies from general polymer synthesis, such as controlled polymerization methods or the use of “click” chemical reactions is presented. Furthermore, the emerging topic of responsive (“smart”) polyzwitterions is addressed. The considerations and critical discussions are illustrated by typical examples.
Tea catechins and related polyphenols as anti‐cancer agents (2000)

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) and theaflavins, a major constituent of green tea infusion and the constituents of black tea, respectively, were found to inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) which are intimately associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. EGCg and related polyphenols exhibited apoptosis-inducing activity for several cancer cell lines including human stomach and colon cancer cells. Comparison of the activity of these compounds revealed the importance of the number and the steric disposition of hydroxyl groups. A pyrogallol-type structure in a molecule is a minimum requirement for apoptosis induction of catechin compounds and that in the B ring has an important role in the activity. These data would provide useful information for designing anti-cancer agents on the basis of anti-inhibitory activity for MMPs and/or apoptosis-inducing activity.
Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging of tumor hypoxia: Enhanced spatial and temporal resolution for in vivo pO2 determination (2006)

The time-domain (TD) mode of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data collection offers a means of estimating the concentration of a paramagnetic probe and the oxygen-dependent linewidth (LW) to generate pO2 maps with minimal errors. A methodology for noninvasive pO2 imaging based on the application of TD-EPR using oxygen-induced LW broadening of a triarylmethyl (TAM)-based radical is presented. The decay of pixel intensities in an image is used to estimate T2*, which is inversely proportional to pO2. Factors affecting T2* in each pixel are critically analyzed to extract the contribution of dissolved oxygen to EPR line-broadening. Suitable experimental and image-processing parameters were obtained to produce pO2 maps with minimal artifacts. Image artifacts were also minimized with the use of a novel data collection strategy using multiple gradients. Results from a phantom and in vivo imaging of tumor-bearing mice validated this novel method of noninvasive oximetry. The current imaging protocols achieve a spatial resolution of approximately 1.0 mm and a temporal resolution of approximately 9 s for 2D pO2 mapping, with a reliable oxygen resolution of approximately 1 mmHg (0.12% oxygen in gas phase). This work demonstrates that in vivo oximetry can be performed with good sensitivity, accuracy, and high spatial and temporal resolution.
Molecular pathogenesis of iron overload (2002)

Our current understanding of iron absorption under normal conditions is presented, together with an overview of the clinical disorders of iron overload and the molecular processes that contribute to increased iron deposition in iron overload. Recently, a number of new genes involved in iron metabolism have been identified which is allowing the molecular mechanisms of iron absorption to be elucidated.
Decreased Oral Toxicity with the Local Use of Allopurinol in Patients Who Received High Dose 5-Fluorouracil (1991)

5-Fluorouracil (5FU) is the most effective drug in gastrointestinal cancer. Mucositis and bone marrow toxicity are the two major limiting side effects. In our effort to reduce mucositis we administered Allopurinol mouthwash in 42 patients who had experienced oral mucositis during prior treatment with 5FU. In all patients significant reduction of oral toxicity was noticed as well as prolonged pain relief.
Compressed Facade Displacement Maps (2008)

We describe an approach to render massive urban models. To prevent a memory transfer bottleneck we propose to render the models from a compressed representation directly. Our solution is based on rendering crude building outlines as polygons and generating details by ray-tracing displacement maps in the fragment shader. We demonstrate how to compress a displacement map so that a decompression algorithm can selectively and quickly access individual entries in a fragment shader. Our prototype implementation shows how a massive urban model can be compressed by a factor of 85 and outperform a basic geometry-based renderer by a factor of 40 to 80 in rendering speed.
Studies on 4(1H)-Quinazolinones. 5. Synthesis and Antiinflammatory Activity of 4(1H)-Quinazolinone Derivatives (1985)

A number of new 4(1H)-quinazolinones were synthesized and evaluated in the carrageenin-induced paw edema test. Most of the compounds were obtained by the cyclization of the appropriately substituted anthranilamides with acid chlorides, followed by further chemical transformation. Structure-activity data suggest that 2-isopropyl-1-phenyl-, 2-cyclopropyl-1-phenyl-, and 1-isopropyl-2-phenyl-4(1H)-quinazolinones afford optimal potency and the presence of a halogen atom is preferred for activity. Adrenalectomy does not affect the antiinflammatory test results. The best result taking into account both efficacy and side effects was displayed by 1-isopropyl-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-(1H)-quinazolinone (50).
Consecutive Infrared Multiphoton Dissociations in a Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer (1997)

Consecutive infrared multiphoton dissociations (IRMPD) may be observed in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FTICR). This is the IRMPD equivalent of previous MS(n)() experiments using CID. This work presents a versatile technique, using a bistable shutter to gate ON and OFF a continuous-wave (CW) CO(2) laser for multiple irradiation periods of 0.1-1000 s duration. Consecutive photodissociations, up to MS(4), are demonstrated for the proton-bound dimer of diethyl ether and the resulting fragment ions. The photoproducts are formed close to the center of the FTICR cell, resulting in high product ion recovery efficiency. This differs from CID products, which are formed throughout the FTICR cell causing reisolation/detection problems. The fragmentation resulting from the use of low-intensity, CW, infrared laser radiation is shown to be much more energy selective than CID. Photodissociation of C(2)H(5)OH(2)(+) ion produces the lowest energy product ion exclusively, even though the two product channels differ only by ∼5 kcal/mol. Low-energy CID, however, produces a mixture of C(2)H(5)(+) and H(3)O(+) products in the ratio of 1.3:1. Hence, the higher energy pathway (C(2)H(5)(+)) is substantially favored. The current results indicate that this IRMPD MS(n)() technique may be successfully applied to large biomolecules prepared by electrospray or MALDI.
Photolysis of N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)phthalimide in methanol. Evidence supporting radical-radical coupling of a photochemically generated radical ion pair (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotolysis of N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)phthalimide in methanol. Evidence supporting radical-radical coupling of a photochemically generated radical ion pairPaul H. Mazzocchi and Gregory. FritzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 17, 5362–5364Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00277a061https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00277a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views238Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Chemical neuroanatomy of the vesicular amine transporters (2000)

Acetylcholine, catecholamines, serotonin, and histamine are classical neurotransmitters. These small molecules also play important roles in the endocrine and immune/inflammatory systems. Serotonin secreted from enterochromaffin cells of the gut epithelium regulates gut motility; histamine secreted from basophils and mast cells is a major regulator of vascular permeability and skin inflammatory responses; epinephrine is a classical hormone released from the adrenal medulla. Each of these molecules is released from neural, endocrine, or immune/inflammatory cells only in response to specific physiological stimuli. Regulated secretion is possible because amines are stored in secretory vesicles and released via a stimulus-dependent exocytotic event. Amine storage-at concentrations orders of magnitude higher than in the cytoplasm-is accomplished in turn by specific secretory vesicle transporters that recognize the amines and move them from the cytosol into the vesicle. Immunohistochemical visualization of specific vesicular amine transporters (VATs) in neuronal, endocrine, and inflammatory cells provides important new information about how amine-handling cell phenotypes arise during development and how vesicular transport is regulated during homeostatic response events. Comparison of the chemical neuroanatomy of VATs and amine biosynthetic enzymes has also revealed cell groups that express vesicular transporters but not enzymes for monoamine synthesis, and vice versa: their function and regulation is a new topic of investigation in mammalian neurobiology. The chemical neuroanatomy of the vesicular amine transporters is reviewed here. These and similar data emerging from the study of the localization of the recently characterized vesicular inhibitory and excitatory amino acid transporters will contribute to understanding chemically coded synaptic circuitry in the brain, and amine-handling neuroendocrine and immune/inflammatory cell regulation.
Gene-Representing cDNA Clusters Defined by Hybridization of 57,419 Clones from Infant Brain Libraries with Short Oligonucleotide Probes (1996)

Diverse biochemical and computational procedures and facilities have been developed to hybridize thousands of DNA clones with short oligonucleotide probes and subsequently to extract valuable genetic information. This technology has been applied to 73,536 cDNA clones from infant brain libraries. By a mutual comparison of 57,419 samples that were successfully scored by 200-320 probes, 19,726 genes have been identified and sorted by their expression levels. The data indicate that an additional 20,000 or more genes may be expressed in the infant brain. Representative clones of the found genes create a valuable resource for complete sequencing and functional studies of many novel genes. These results demonstrate the unique capacity of hybridization technology to identify weakly transcribed genes and to study gene networks involved in organismal development, aging, or tumorigenesis by monitoring the expression of every gene in related tissues, whether known or still undiscovered.
Deriving phylogenetic trees from the similarity analysis of metabolic pathways (2003)

We apply the method to the Citric Acid Cycle and the Glycolysis pathways of different groups of organisms, as well as to the Carbohydrate metabolic networks. Phylogenetic trees obtained from the experiments were close to existing phylogenies and revealed interesting relationships among organisms.
Microbial glycosaminoglycan glycosyltransferases (2002)

Glycosaminoglycans, a class of linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units containing a hexosamine, are important carbohydrates found in many organisms. Vertebrates utilize glycosaminoglycans in structural, recognition, adhesion, and signaling roles. Certain pathogenic bacteria produce extracellular capsules composed of glycosaminoglycans or glycosaminoglycan-like polymers that enhance the microbes' ability to infect or to colonize the host. In the period from 1993 to 2001, bacterial enzymes were discovered that catalyze the polymerization of the repeating unit of hyaluronan, chondroitin, or N-acetylheparosan (unsulfated, unepimerized heparin). Depending on the specific carbohydrate and the microorganism, either a dual-action enzyme (synthase) that transfers two distinct monosaccharides or a pair of single-action transferases are utilized to synthesize the glycosaminoglycan polymer. Current views on the enzymology, structures, potential evolution, and the roles of the known glycosyltransferases from Streptococcus, Pasteurella, and Escherichia are discussed.
Characterization of cross-reacting serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni (1989)

Some strains of Campylobacter jejuni react with more than one reference antiserum from the serotyping scheme based on heat-stable lipopolysaccharide antigens. To investigate the molecular basis of these cross-reactions, lipopolysaccharides from the reference strains for serotypes 4, 13, 16, 43, and 50 and isolates recovered during two different outbreaks of C. jejuni enteritis were analyzed by passive haemagglutination and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis coupled with silver staining or immunoblotting. The results showed that lipopolysaccharides from the reference strains and the isolates reacted with antisera prepared against heterologous strains in various combinations and that both silver-stainable, low Mr and non-silver-stainable, high Mr lipopolysaccharide components provided the antigenic determinants associated with the cross-reactions. There were strain-to-strain differences in the structural and antigenic properties of these macromolecules and shared antigenic determinants were not always provided by a common structure. Analysis of the silver-stained lipopolysaccharide profiles, outer membrane protein patterns, and chromosomal DNA restriction patterns indicated that strains with the same lipopolysaccharide profile could have the same outer membrane protein pattern and the same DNA restriction pattern. These results provided evidence for the presence of clones within this antigenic complex and implicated antigenic variation in some strains as the phenomenon responsible for the multiplicity of cross-reactions.
Nilotinib reverses loss of dopamine neurons and improves motor behavior via autophagic degradation of -synuclein in Parkinson's disease models (2013)

Parkinson's disease is a movement disorder characterized by death of dopaminergic substantia nigra (SN) neurons and brain accumulation of α-synuclein. The tyrosine kinase Abl is activated in neurodegeneration. Here, we show that lentiviral expression of α-synuclein in the mouse SN leads to Abl activation (phosphorylation) and lentiviral Abl expression increases α-synuclein levels, in agreement with Abl activation in PD brains. Administration of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib decreases Abl activity and ameliorates autophagic clearance of α-synuclein in transgenic and lentiviral gene transfer models. Subcellular fractionation shows accumulation of α-synuclein and hyper-phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) in autophagic vacuoles in α-synuclein expressing brains, but nilotinib enhances protein deposition into the lysosomes. Nilotinib is used for adult leukemia treatment and it enters the brain within US Food and Drug Administration approved doses, leading to autophagic degradation of α-synuclein, protection of SN neurons and amelioration of motor performance. These data suggest that nilotinib may be a therapeutic strategy to degrade α-synuclein in PD and other α-synucleinopathies.
c-Maf Induces Monocytic Differentiation and Apoptosis in Bipotent Myeloid Progenitors (1999)

Abstract The transcriptional mechanisms that drive colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) myeloid progenitors to differentiate into cells of either the granulocytic or monocytic lineage are not fully understood. We have shown that the c-Maf and c-Myb transcription factors physically interact in myeloid cells to form inhibitory complexes that hinder transactivation of c-Myb target genes through direct binding to Myb consensus sites. These complexes arise in a developmentally regulated pattern, peaking at the promyelocyte stage, or in cell model systems, appearing soon after the induction of monocytic differentiation. We wished to determine if this developmentally related interaction is a consequence of myeloid differentiation or an intrinsic differentiating stimulus. Because the elevated Myb:Maf status seen in differentiating cells can be recapitulated by overexpression of c-Maf in myeloid cell lines, we inducibly expressed the c-Maf cDNA in 2 bipotent human myeloid progenitor cells. Elevated levels of c-Maf protein led to marked increases in Myb:Maf complexes and the accumulation of monocyte/macrophage cells, followed by eventual programmed cell death. Analysis of targets that could mediate these phenotypic changes indicated that c-Maf likely plays a key role in myeloid cell development through dual mechanisms; inhibition of a select set of c-Myb regulated targets, such as Bcl-2 and CD13/APN, coupled with the activation of as yet undefined differentiation-promoting genes.
Spinal cord stimulation for patients with failed back surgery syndrome: a systematic review. (2009)

This systematic review evaluating the effectiveness of SCS in relieving chronic intractable pain of failed back surgery syndrome indicated the evidence to be Level II-1 or II-2 for clinical use on a long-term basis.