gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monitoring the Efficacy of Adoptively Transferred Prostate Cancer–Targeted Human T Lymphocytes with PET and Bioluminescence Imaging (2008)

Quantitative noninvasive monitoring of genetically engineered human T lymphocytes by PET provides spatial and temporal information on T-cell trafficking and persistence. PET may be useful for predicting tumor response and for guiding adoptive T-cell therapy.
Video-Based Lane Estimation and Tracking for Driver Assistance: Survey, System, and Evaluation (2006)

Driver-assistance systems that monitor driver intent, warn drivers of lane departures, or assist in vehicle guidance are all being actively considered. It is therefore important to take a critical look at key aspects of these systems, one of which is lane-position tracking. It is for these driver-assistance objectives that motivate the development of the novel "video-based lane estimation and tracking" (VioLET) system. The system is designed using steerable filters for robust and accurate lane-marking detection. Steerable filters provide an efficient method for detecting circular-reflector markings, solid-line markings, and segmented-line markings under varying lighting and road conditions. They help in providing robustness to complex shadowing, lighting changes from overpasses and tunnels, and road-surface variations. They are efficient for lane-marking extraction because by computing only three separable convolutions, we can extract a wide variety of lane markings. Curvature detection is made more robust by incorporating both visual cues (lane markings and lane texture) and vehicle-state information. The experiment design and evaluation of the VioLET system is shown using multiple quantitative metrics over a wide variety of test conditions on a large test path using a unique instrumented vehicle. A justification for the choice of metrics based on a previous study with human-factors applications as well as extensive ground-truth testing from different times of day, road conditions, weather, and driving scenarios is also presented. In order to design the VioLET system, an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of the current state of the art in lane-detection research was first performed. In doing so, a comparison of a wide variety of methods, pointing out the similarities and differences between methods as well as when and where various methods are most useful, is presented
Exploring the Relevance of Senotherapeutics for the Current SARS-CoV-2 Emergency and Similar Future Global Health Threats (2020)

The higher death rate caused by COVID-19 in older people, especially those with comorbidities, is a challenge for biomedical aging research. Here we explore the idea that an exacerbated inflammatory response, in particular that mediated by IL-6, may drive the deleterious consequences of the infection. Data shows that other RNA viruses, such as influenza virus, can display enhanced replication efficiency in senescent cells, suggesting that the accumulation of senescent cells with aging and age-related diseases may play a role in this phenomenon. However, at present, we are completely unaware of the response to SARS-CoV and SARS-COV-2 occurring in senescent cells. We deem that this is a priority area of research because it could lead to the development of several therapeutic strategies based on senotherapeutics or prevent unsuccessful attempts. Two of these senotherapeutics, azithromycin and ruxolitinib, are currently undergoing testing for their efficacy in treating COVID-19. The potential of these strategies is not only for ameliorating the consequences of the current emergence of SARS-CoV-2, but also for the future emergence of new viruses or mutated ones for which we are completely unprepared and for which no vaccines are available.
Low-acceptor-concentration GaInNAs grown by molecular-beam epitaxy for high-current p-i-n solar cell applications (2005)

We report GaInNAs grown by solid-source molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) with background acceptor concentrations less than 1014cm−3, yielding depletion widths in excess of 3μm. GaInNAs p-i-n solar cells fabricated from this low-acceptor-concentration material show greatly increased photocurrents and internal quantum efficiencies close to unity for band gaps as low as 1.15eV. The low acceptor concentrations may be due to low levels of background impurities, such as hydrogen and carbon, in the MBE-grown layers. We discuss the dependence of the acceptor concentration on the substrate temperature used for GaInNAs growth.
Genetics of Type 1A Diabetes (2009)

In their review article on the genetics of type 1A diabetes, Concannon et al. (April 16 issue),1 citing Aly et al.,2 state that the disorder develops in approximately 1 of 20 persons with high-risk HLA haplotypes. Such data refer to siblings of persons with type 1A diabetes. The real challenge is to identify the development of type 1A diabetes in the general population. A study involving 1031 healthy Sardinian schoolchildren (age range, 10 to 16 years)3 showed that after a followup period of 2.7 to 8.2 years, type 1A diabetes developed in 1 of 8 children who were positive for islet-related autoantibodies. Another study, involving 3000 schoolchildren,4 showed that type 1A diabetes developed within 10 years in children with two or more autoantibodies to distinct islet antigens, with a positive predictive value of 50%. We believe that only persons with islet autoantibodies would benefit from genotyping when “true risk variants for type 1 diabetes are fine mapped, identified, and characterized.”1
Concepts of Antibody-Mediated Cancer Therapy (1993)

(1993). Concepts of Antibody-Mediated Cancer Therapy. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 174-184.
Spatial light modulator designed for high-speed binary phase modulation (1999)

Phase modulation is becoming an increasingly popular means of manipulating light in applications from image processing to optically transparent switching. All of these applications have similar demands on the spatial light modulator in terms of optical quality, light efficiency and frame rate. We have designed and fabricated a spatial light modulator specifically for high-speed phase modulation, with the minimum of fabrication steps and optimised device parameters. This device is intended for several applications and offers a compromise between the phase modulation requirements. Attributes demonstrated so far include ease of fabrication, high frame rate and high light efficiency.
Zero-Shot Learning Through Cross-Modal Transfer (2013)

This work introduces a model that can recognize objects in images even if no training data is available for the objects. The only necessary knowledge about the unseen categories comes from unsupervised large text corpora. In our zero-shot framework distributional information in language can be seen as spanning a semantic basis for understanding what objects look like. Most previous zero-shot learning models can only differentiate between unseen classes. In contrast, our model can both obtain state of the art performance on classes that have thousands of training images and obtain reasonable performance on unseen classes. This is achieved by first using outlier detection in the semantic space and then two separate recognition models. Furthermore, our model does not require any manually defined semantic features for either words or images.
Influence of CO 2 -HCO 3 − Levels and pH on Growth, Succinate Production, and Enzyme Activities of Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens (1991)

Growth and succinate versus lactate production from glucose by Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens was regulated by the level of available carbon dioxide and culture pH. At pH 7.2, the generation time was almost doubled and extensive amounts of lactate were formed in comparison with growth at pH 6.2. The succinate yield and the yield of ATP per mole of glucose were significantly enhanced under excess-CO(2)-HCO(3) growth conditions and suggest that there exists a threshold level of CO(2) for enhanced succinate production in A. succiniciproducens. Glucose was metabolized via the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas route, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase levels increased while lactate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase levels decreased under excess-CO(2)-HCO(3) growth conditions. Kinetic analysis of succinate and lactate formation in continuous culture indicated that the growth rate-linked production rate coefficient (K) cells was much higher for succinate (7.2 versus 1.0 g/g of cells per h) while the non-growth-rate-related formation rate coefficient (K') was higher for lactate (1.1 versus 0.3 g/g of cells per h). The data indicate that A. succiniciproducens, unlike other succinate-producing anaerobes which also form propionate, can grow rapidly and form high final yields of succinate at pH 6.2 and with excess CO(2)-HCO(3) as a consequence of regulating electron sink metabolism.
The development of antibody-IL-2 based immunotherapy with hu14.18-IL2 (EMD-273063) in melanoma and neuroblastoma (2009)

Patients with high risk melanoma and neuroblastoma frequently experience recurrence despite surgical resection and appropriate adjuvant therapies. Immunotherapy with the immunocytokine hu14.18-IL2 (EMD-273063) was developed by means of fusion of two molecules of IL-2 to the monoclonal antibody, 14.18, that recognizes GD2, expressed on the earlier mentioned malignancies. This article will discuss the results of preclinical work using EMD-273063 therapy, including data suggesting that intratumoral therapy may have enhanced antitumor benefit compared with intravenous therapy. Initial clinical trials in adult melanoma and pediatric neuroblastoma have demonstrated acceptable toxicity profiles in dosing that induces immune activation. Preclinical and initial clinical data suggest greater efficacy in the setting of minimal residual disease; therefore, future clinical testing is planned to test the benefit of EMD-273063 in this setting.
An Object Model for Evolutionary Configuration Management (1993)

An object model for evolving engineering design data is presented. The model is based on prototype objects and includes tree transformations for object generalization and specialization during a design process. In addition to attribute data, objects contain constraints for checking their validity. Objects are arranged into component hierarchies, and constraints can express dependencies between arbitrary objects in such hierarchies. 1 Introduction In many manufacturing industries products are built from predefined components according to customer specifications. In order to fulfil the specification, the designer must select appropriate components and determine suitable values for various parameters associated with the components. Often the designer has a range of standard products available as a basis for his or her work. A standard product defines some components and provides default values for parameters, reducing the effort to create a detailed description of the delivered product...
IL-17 and neutrophils: unexpected players in the type 2 immune response (2015)

The study of immunity to helminth infection has been central to understanding the function of type 2 cytokines and their targets. Although type 2 cytokines are considered anti-inflammatory and promote tissue repair, they also contribute to allergy and fibrosis. Here, we utilise data from helminth infection models, to illustrate that IL-17 and neutrophils, typically associated with pro-inflammatory responses, are intimately linked with type 2 immunity. Neutrophils work with IL-4Rα-activated macrophages to control incoming larvae but this comes at a cost of enhanced tissue damage. Chitinase like proteins (CLPs) bridge these diverse outcomes, inducing both protective IL-17 and reparative Th2 responses. Dysregulation of CLPs, IL-17 and neutrophils likely contribute to disease severity and pathology associated with type 2 immunity.
Deposits of Amyloid β Protein in the Central Nervous System of Transgenic Mice (1991)

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by widespread deposition of amyloid in the central nervous system. The 4-kilodalton amyloid beta protein is derived from a larger amyloid precursor protein and forms amyloid deposits in the brain by an unknown pathological mechanism. Except for aged nonhuman primates, there is no animal model for Alzheimer's disease. Transgenic mice expressing amyloid beta protein in the brain could provide such a model. To investigate this possibility, the 4-kilodalton human amyloid beta protein was expressed under the control of the promoter of the human amyloid precursor protein in two lines of transgenic mice. Amyloid beta protein accumulated in the dendrites of some but not all hippocampal neurons in 1-year-old transgenic mice. Aggregates of the amyloid beta protein formed amyloid-like fibrils that are similar in appearance to those in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease.
A novel four-step search algorithm for fast block motion estimation (1996)

Based on the real world image sequence's characteristic of center-biased motion vector distribution, a new four-step search (4SS) algorithm with center-biased checking point pattern for fast block motion estimation is proposed in this paper. A halfway-stop technique is employed in the new algorithm with searching steps of 2 to 4 and the total number of checking points is varied from 17 to 27. Simulation results show that the proposed 4SS performs better than the well-known three-step search and has similar performance to the new three-step search (N3SS) in terms of motion compensation errors. In addition, the 4SS also reduces the worst-case computational requirement from 33 to 27 search points and the average computational requirement from 21 to 19 search points, as compared with N3SS.
Rapid Expansion of Human Epithelial Stem Cells Suitable for Airway Tissue Engineering (2016)

Our method generates large numbers of functional airway basal epithelial cells with the efficiency demanded by clinical transplantation, suggesting its suitability for use in tracheal reconstruction.
Di-tert-butylbiphenylphosphinimide Titanium and Zirconium Complexes:  Pendant Arene−Metal Interactions (2006)

Reaction of t-Bu2(2-C6H4Ph)PNSiMe3 (1), with TiCl4 affords the product t-Bu2(2-C6H4Ph)PNTiCl3 (4). This species is readily alkylated with MeMgBr to give t-Bu2(2-C6H4Ph)PNTiMe3 (5). X-ray crystallographic studies reveal that both 4 and 5 adopt conformations in which the biphenyl substituent is oriented toward the metal center. In contrast, the species derived from alkylation or amination and subsequent chemistry including t-Bu2(2-C6H4Ph)PNTi(CH2Ph)3 (6), t-Bu2(2-C6H4Ph)PNTi(NMe2)3 (7), t-Bu2(2-C6H4Ph)PNTi(NMe2)2Cl (8), and t-Bu2(2-C6H4Ph)PNTi(CH2Ph)(NMe2)2 (9) exist in solution as two isomers in which the biphenyl fragment is oriented toward and away from the metal center. The barriers to interconversion of these isomers were determined by variable-temperature NMR studies to be ca. 92 kJ/mol. The analogous Zr complexes t-Bu2(2-C6H4Ph)PNZr(NEt2)3 (10), t-Bu2(2-C6H4Ph)PNZrCl3 (11), and t-Bu2(2-C6H4Ph)PNZrMe3 (12) showed behavior similar to 6−9. Reduction of 4 with Mg powder prompted disproportionation, affording [t-Bu2(2-C6H4Ph)PN]2TiCl2 (13). This species also exists as two isomers: in the minor isomer one of the biphenyl substituents is oriented toward and the other away from the Ti center, while in the major isomer both biphenyl units are oriented away from the metal center. A similar observation was made for [t-Bu2(2-C6H4Ph)PN]2TiMe2 (14) and [t-Bu2(2-C6H4Ph)PN]2ZrMe2 (15). The latter species was formed in a second-order ligand redistribution reaction from 12 with a rate constant of 4 × 10-4 s-1 at 333 K and ΔH⧧ = 69(2) kJ/mol and ΔS⧧ = −108(6) J/(mol K). Reaction of 5 with B(C6F5)3 generates [t-Bu2(2-C6H4Ph)PNTiMe2][MeB(C6F5)3] (16). 16 is a remarkably stable salt in which the Ti-cation is arene-stablized, although the arene is readily displaced by THF to give [t-Bu2(2-C6H4Ph)PNTiMe2(THF)][MeB(C6F5)3] (18). In a similar fashion two isomers of [(t-Bu2(2-C6H4Ph)PN)2TiMe][MeB(C6F5)3] (19) are formed. The biphenyl substituents of the major isomer of 19 are oriented in opposing directions, while in the minor isomer both biphenyl substituents are oriented toward the Ti center. In the latter isomer the arene rings are involved in an intramolecular exchange process (ΔH⧧ = 69(2) kJ/mol, ΔS⧧ = 60(2) J/(mol K)).
Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning (2016)

Consider learning a policy from example expert behavior, without interaction with the expert or access to reinforcement signal. One approach is to recover the expert's cost function with inverse reinforcement learning, then extract a policy from that cost function with reinforcement learning. This approach is indirect and can be slow. We propose a new general framework for directly extracting a policy from data, as if it were obtained by reinforcement learning following inverse reinforcement learning. We show that a certain instantiation of our framework draws an analogy between imitation learning and generative adversarial networks, from which we derive a model-free imitation learning algorithm that obtains significant performance gains over existing model-free methods in imitating complex behaviors in large, high-dimensional environments.
Novel scintillation material Cs2LiLaBr6−xClx:Ce for gamma-ray and neutron spectroscopy (2012)

A new scintillation material CS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> LiLaBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6-x</sub> CI <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> :Ce (CLLBC:Ce) belonging to the elpasolite crystal family has been discovered and investigated at RMD. A Cs <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> LiLaBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4.8</sub> Cl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1.2</sub> : 2% Ce crystal was grown using the melt-based, vertical Bridgman method. The first grown crystal of CLLBC:Ce is 1.5 cm in diameter and a few inches in length. This material has a cubic structure, therefore, potentially can be grown in large sizes. Its scintillation properties have been studied under gamma and neutron irradiation. The presence of <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> Li and <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">35</sup> Cl in CLLBC:Ce allows for thermal and fast neutron detection, respectively. CLLBC's response to fast neutrons via <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">35</sup> Cl(n,p) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">35</sup> S reaction was tested at different energies of mono-energetic fast neutron beam, acquired at the University of Massachusetts Lowell 5.5 MV Van de Graaff generator. A fast neutron peak was identified, and its centroid was observed to move linearly with the beam energy. The differences in the decay times of neutrons and gammas allowed pulse shape discrimination to differentiate between the two types of radiation. The material also shows an excellent response to gamma-ray irradiation, with gamma-ray energy resolution of ~3.0 % at 662 keV, and light output of 40,000 photons/MeV. These properties make CLLBC:Ce an excellent candidate for combined gamma-ray and neutron (thermal and fast) spectroscopy.
Three-Dimensional Culture of Human Uterine Smooth Muscle Myocytes on a Resorbable Scaffolding (2003)

The objective of this study was to develop a three-dimensional culture system for the study of human myometrial physiology. Primary cell lines were initiated from human myometrium obtained at the time of term cesarean delivery. After several passages, cells were seeded onto a polyglactin-910 (Vicryl) mesh and maintained in culture. After several days in culture, each mesh was transferred to another culture dish and suspended to avoid contact with the plastic of the dish. Time-lapse videomicroscopy was used to observe cell proliferation and three-dimensional (3-D) fill of the pores of the mesh. Membrane potentials of the cells of this 3-D tissue were measured with a conventional microelectrode. Confocal microscopy was used to assess 3-D morphology. In some experiments, cells were seeded onto two layers of mesh and then cultured as described above. In this two-mesh experiment, force was measured by anchoring one mesh and pulling on the other, using a micrometer-driven strain gauge. In the single-mesh experiment, cells grew into and filled the pores of the mesh by repetitive proliferation, retraction, and proliferation. A confluent, 3-D tissue was obtained within 10 to 14 days of the initial seeding of the mesh. The average membrane potential of the cells within the single mesh was -35 +/- 6 mV. Confocal microscopy demonstrated tissue thickness of 9 to 40 microm (one to eight cells) within the pores of the mesh. In the two-mesh experiment, 2 to 3 weeks in culture yielded confluent 3-D tissues, in which myocytes not only filled the pores of each mesh, but also bridged between the two meshes. The bridging myocytes were able to maintain a tension of 5 g/cm(2) before separation of the two meshes, and coordinated contractions of 40 to 200 cells were observed. We conclude that cultured human myocytes proliferate and form 3-D tissues when supported by Vicryl scaffolding. Tissue grown in 3-D may provide a model system that is sufficient to probe the physiology of cell-to-cell interactions in myometrium.
Synthesis and Electrode Performance of Nanostructured V2O5 by Using a Carbon Tube‐in‐Tube as a Nanoreactor and an Efficient Mixed‐Conducting Network (2008)

Totally tubular electrodes: A new design is proposed for nanostructured electrodes for high-performance lithium batteries (see picture) based on the use of carbon tube-in-tube (CTIT) as both a nanoreactor and an efficient ion- and electron-conducting network. A V2O5/CTIT nanocomposite electrode is prepared to demonstrate this concept. The resulting materials exhibit a significant improved lithium-storage performance.
Time-optimal rest-to-rest slewing of multi-mode flexible spacecraft using ZVD robustness constraints (1996)

A procedure for obtaining robust time-optimal command profiles for multi-mode flexible spacecraft is presented. The command profiles are required to move a spacecraft from rest-to-rest with zero residual vibration. Furthermore, the commands are subject to a robustness constraint in an attempt to keep the residual vibration at a low level in the presence of modeling errors. The robustness constraint requires the derivative of the final state with respect to the system frequencies to be zero. The resulting command profiles are bang-bang and, therefore, they can be implemented on spacecraft equipped with on-off reaction jets. Characteristics of the commands as a function of system parameters are illustrated. A procedure for verifying the time optimality is presented. Finally, the technique is evaluated by quantitatively measuring the robustness to modeling errors. This evaluation demonstrates that the method has good robustness to errors in the low mode, but poor robustness to errors in the higher modes.