gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Les « alicaments » : du marketing à la santé publique : Aliments fonctionnels et lipides (2001)

L'examen des codes de pratiques existant dans certains pays ou des textes issus d'organisations internationales (Codex Alimentarius, Conseil de l'Europe) montre qu'un consensus est en train d'emerger sur la question de la justification scientifique des allegations sante. Cependant, meme si les problemes persistants concernant l'utilisation des allegations sante etaient resolus au niveau international, nous serions encore dans une demarche purement marketing, dans la mesure ou les questions liees directement a la sante publique n'ont pas encore ete examinees: l'utilisation des allegations modifie-t-elle les comportements alimentaires, creant de nouveaux risques? L'utilisation des allegations (et des aliments correspondants) conduit-elle aux benefices escomptes en situation reelle dans la population generale? De nouvelles methodologies devraient etre developpees pour repondre a ces questions. En outre, la question de la protection de l'innovation en nutrition est encore trop peu debattue, alors qu'elle est importante pour l'avenir des allegations sante comme outil de sante publique.
Characterization of a bicistronic retroviral vector composed of the swine vesicular disease virus internal ribosome entry site (1993)

We cloned the 5' nontranslated region (NTR) from the genome of swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), a member of the family Picornaviridae, and used it to construct a bicistronic retroviral vector. The vector is characterized by coexpression of two genes from a single transcript. We found that inclusion of the 5' NTR of SVDV did not negate the viral vector titer. Protein analysis indicated that the 5' NTR could efficiently direct internal initiation, thus allowing the downstream gene to be translated. Translation of the internally initiated porcine growth hormone gene was about 30-fold less than that when the porcine growth hormone gene was at the upstream position in NIH 3T3 cells but was about equivalent to that in HeLa cells, implying that some cellular factors that stimulated internal initiation of the SVDV 5' NTR are present in HeLa cells. However, in G418-selected clones, the Neor-encoding gene was expressed with equivalent efficiency either at a downstream position or at an upstream position in either NIH 3T3 or HeLa cells. Compared with the conventional double-gene vector or the U3-based vector, the bicistronic vector coexpressed two genes much more efficiently, owing to elimination of promoter interference. Furthermore, this type of vector infected and expressed the target genes efficiently in two primary cell lines, rat embryo and human skin fibroblast cells, which we tested. These experimental data suggest a better design for the retroviral vector and provide evidence that internal initiation of the SVDV 5' NTR was stimulated cell specifically.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) expression in acute myeloid leukemia. (1993)

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) was initially considered as a marker of immature lymphoid cells, but many studies have since provided conclusive evidence for the existence of TdT+ cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The reported incidence of TdT+ AML cases varies largely (from 0% to 55%, average of combined data of the literature 18%, children 19%, and adults 21%) suggesting interlaboratory differences in the types of AML examined, the sensitivity of the method used, and the percentage of positive blasts taken as cut-off value. Significantly higher frequencies of TdT+ AML were reported in studies employing immunocytochemical staining (alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase or immunoperoxidase) than in series using immunofluorescence microscopy or biochemical assays. Statistical analysis of various cut-off levels demonstrates an inverse correlation between cut-off point and incidence. The combined data show that TdT-positivity is more common in the immature cell types (M0, M1), with no correlation with age or sex. Except for contested suggestions of an association with t(6;9) and t(8;21), no clear relationship between karyotype and TdT status has been documented. Although an association between T-cell receptor or immunoglobulin gene rearrangements and expression of TdT in AML was postulated, subsequent studies could not demonstrate this correlation. There was no significant relationship with other immunophenotypic markers except for CD34 positivity suggesting that the TdT+ cells represent an immature population. The percentage of positive cells was usually lower in AML than in ALL; in most cases only a subpopulation of the AML cells was TdT+. Thus, TdT could be viewed as a marker of hematopoietic immaturity. In about one-half of the studies on adults, TdT expression was reported to indicate a poor prognosis; others did not find any prognostic difference between TdT+ and TdT- AML cases. No correlation between TdT-positivity and prognosis was found in childhood AML.
Synthesis and Characterization of Radioiodinated N-(3-Iodopropen-1-yl)-2.beta.-carbomethoxy-3.beta.-(4-chlorophenyl)tropanes: Potential Dopamine Reuptake Site Imaging Agents (1994)

Methods have been developed for the preparation of radioiodinated N-substituted 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-chlorophenyl)tropanes. The syntheses, physical properties, radiolabeling, and characterization of the pharmacological properties of N-(3(Z)-iodopropen-1-yl)-2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane (12) and N-(3(E)-iodopropen-1-yl)-2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane (13) are described. 2 beta-Carbomethoxy-3 beta-(p-substituted-phenyl)tropanes are potent ligands for the dopamine transporter. The radioiodinated derivatives are of interest because of the high uptake and prolonged striatal retention that may result from specific binding to low-capacity, high-affinity, dopamine reuptake sites. Radioiodine was introduced into the 3Z and 3E-position of N-(3-iodopropen-1-yl)-2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane by iododemetalation of the corresponding 3-(tri-n-butylstannyl) derivatives. Competition binding data of various dopamine reuptake ligands with rat striatal tissue preparation for either [125I]-12 or [125I]-13 exhibited the following order of potency: E-13 > Z-12 > GBR 12909 >> mazindol >>> (-)-cocaine. Tissue distribution studies in rats showed that the E-13 was the best analogue. E-13 showed high striatal uptake (60 min, 1.23% dose/g; 120 min, 0.61% dose/g) and high striatal to cerebellum ratios (60 min, 15.9/1; 120 min, 16.5/1). These studies indicate that iodine-123-labeled E-13 is a potentially useful agent for imaging the dopamine reuptake sites by single-photon-emission computerized tomography.
Biological Heterogeneity, Including Systemic Replication in Mice, of H5N1 Influenza A Virus Isolates from Humans in Hong Kong (1999)

An H5N1 avian influenza A virus was transmitted to humans in Hong Kong in 1997. Although the virus causes systemic infection and is highly lethal in chickens because of the susceptibility of the hemagglutinin to furin and PC6 proteases, it is not known whether it also causes systemic infection in humans. The clinical outcomes of infection in Hong Kong residents ranged widely, from mild respiratory disease to multiple organ failure leading to death. Therefore, to understand the pathogenesis of influenza due to these H5N1 isolates, we investigated their virulence in mice. The results identified two distinct groups of viruses: group 1, for which the dose lethal for 50% of mice (MLD50) was between 0.3 and 11 PFU, and group 2, for which the MLD50 was more than 10(3) PFU. One day after intranasal inoculation of mice with 100 PFU of group 1 viruses, the virus titer in lungs was 10(7) PFU/g or 3 log units higher than that for group 2 viruses. Both types of viruses had replicated to high titers (>10(6) PFU/g) in the lungs by day 3 and maintained these titers through day 6. More importantly, only the group 1 viruses caused systemic infection, replicating in nonrespiratory organs, including the brain. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated the replication of a group 1 virus in brain neurons and glial cells and in cardiac myofibers. Phylogenetic analysis of all viral genes showed that both groups of Hong Kong H5N1 viruses had formed a lineage distinct from those of other viruses and that genetic reassortment between H5N1 and H1 or H3 human viruses had not occurred. Since mice and humans harbor both the furin and the PC6 proteases, we suggest that the virulence mechanism responsible for the lethality of influenza viruses in birds also operates in mammalian hosts. The failure of some H5N1 viruses to produce systemic infection in our model indicates that multiple, still-to-be-identified, factors contribute to the severity of H5N1 infection in mammals. In addition, the ability of these viruses to produce systemic infection in mice and the clear differences in pathogenicity among the isolates studied here indicate that this system provides a useful model for studying the pathogenesis of avian influenza virus infection in mammals.
Review of brain imaging in anorexia and bulimia nervosa (2018)

Objectives of review. Advances in brain imaging provide new understanding of how brain regions and neurotransmitter circuits may be related to appetitive dysregulation, mood problems, obsessionality, and body image distortions in anorexia and bulimia nervosa (AN and BN) Summary of recent findings. Imaging studies in healthy humans have characterized brain regions such as the insula, anterior cingulate, and orbital frontal cortex that modulate higher order appetitive behaviors. Studies using food-related stimuli raise the possibility of altered function of such regions in AN and BN. Other imaging studies have confirmed that alterations of serotonin occur in the ill state and after recovery from AN and BN, supporting the possibility that disturbed serotonin function may be a trait. Moreover, imaging studies have begun to identify how serotonin receptors and the transporter function are related to potential behavioral traits, such as anxiety. Several recent studies find alterations of L parietal function may be related to body image distortion, offering new insights into this most puzzling symptom. Future directions. It is likely that imaging will be of major importance in identifying brain regions and neurocircuits that may be related to altered appetite, mood, impulse control, body image, and other symptoms of AN and BN. Such understandings may help to destigmatize AN and BN and contribute to better treatment.
Mortality, Attributable Mortality, and Clinical Events as End Points for Clinical Trials of Ventilator‐Associated Pneumonia and Hospital‐Acquired Pneumonia (2010)

Appropriate end points are crucial for the successful interpretation of clinical trials. Choosing end points for therapeutic trials of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) requires careful consideration, because they are complications of critical illness. It may be difficult to distinguish the consequences of VAP and HAP from manifestations of the underlying illnesses, and it is important to determine their incremental magnitude, to plan for possible treatment effects and, thus, sample size calculations. In this article, we discuss mortality, attributable mortality, and time to clinical events as possible end points for HAP and/or VAP trials. Because of the paucity of evidence on HAP, we focus predominantly on VAP. In a systematic review of applicable trials, VAP appears to have slight intensive care unit and low hospital-attributable mortality. VAP is associated with prolonged durations of intensive care unit stay, hospital stay, and mechanical ventilation. Because of these findings, superiority trials of VAP treatment that use mortality as a primary end point are not possible. Equivalency studies are possible, but there are sample size implications. The use of time to clinical event end points, especially when combined with mortality, may be the best option for trial in the future.
Immune response induced in mice oral immunization with cowpea severe mosaic virus (2002)

There is increasing interest in the immune response induced by plant viruses since these could be used as antigen-expressing systems in vaccination procedures. Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV), as a purified preparation (300 g of leaves, 2 weeks post-inoculation), or crude extract from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) leaves infected with CPSMV both administered by gavage to Swiss mice induced a humoral immune response. Groups of 10 Swiss mice (2-month-old females) were immunized orally with 10 daily doses of either 50 microg viral capsid protein (boosters of 50 microg at days 21 and 35 after immunization) or 0.6 mg protein of the crude extract (boosters of 0.6 mg at days 21 and 35 after immunization). Anti-CPSMV antibodies were quantified by ELISA in pooled sera diluted at least 1:400 at days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 after the 10th dose. IgG and IgA against CPSMV were produced systemically, but IgE was not detected. No synthesis of specific antibodies against the proteins of leaf extracts from V. unguiculata, infected or not with CPSMV, was detected. The use of CPSMV, a plant-infecting virus that apparently does not induce a pathogenic response in animals, induced a humoral and persistent (at least 6 months) immune response through the administration of low antigen doses by gavage. These results raise the possibility of using CPSMV either as a vector for the production of vaccines against animal pathogens or in quick and easy methods to produce specific antisera for viral diagnosis.
Induction and down-regulation of PLK, a humanserine/threonine kinase expressed in proliferating cells andtumors. (1994)

We have identified the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA encoding the human counterpart of the mouse gene Plk (polo-like kinase). The sequence of the human gene, PLK, predicts a serine/threonine kinase of 603 aa. Expression of PLK mRNA appeared to be strongly correlated with the mitotic activity of cells. Resting peripheral lymphocytes did not express the gene at all. When primary T cells were activated by phytohemagglutinin, a high level of PLK transcripts resulted within 2-3 days. In some cases, addition of interleukin 2 to these cells increased the expression of PLK mRNA further. In contrast, primary cultures of human peripheral macrophages, which were not dividing under the culture conditions applied, showed very little or no PLK mRNA. Stimulation of these cells by bacterial lipopolysaccharide, an inducer of several cytokines in macrophages, totally abrogated the expression of PLK mRNA. In line with a function of PLK mRNA expression in mitotically active cells is our finding that six immortalized cell lines examined expressed the gene. In A-431 epidermoid carcinoma cells this expression was down-regulated by serum starvation and enhanced after serum was added again. Tumors of various origin (lung, colon, stomach, smooth muscle, and esophagus as well as non-Hodgkin lymphomas) expressed high levels of PLK transcripts in about 80% of the samples studied, whereas PLK mRNA was absent in surrounding tissue, except for colon. The only normal tissues where PLK mRNA expression was observed were colon and placenta, both known to be mitotically active. No PLK transcripts were found in normal adult lung, brain, heart, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, and pancreas. In Northern blot experiments with RNA from lymphocytes which were treated with phytohemagglutinin and cycloheximide, PLK transcripts were not detectable, suggesting that PLK is not an early growth-response gene.
Suppression of PDCD4 mediated by the long non-coding RNA HOTAIR inhibits the proliferation and invasion of glioma cells (2016)

Programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) has recently been demonstrated to be implicated in translation and transcription, and the regulation of cell growth. However, the mechanisms underlying PDCD4 function in glioma cells remain to be elucidated. The current study investigated the function and regulation of PDCD4 and the results demonstrated that the expression of PDCD4 was significantly reduced in glioma cells compared with normal cells. When PDCD4 was overexpressed in glioma cells, the proliferation rate and invasive capability of the cells greatly decreased, suggesting that PDCD4 functions as a tumor suppressor in this cell type. In addition, the histone modification status of the PDCD4 gene was analyzed, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay identified a high density of histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation on the promoter of PDCD4, which was associated with the long non-coding RNA, homeobox transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR). The expression of HOTAIR was significantly increased in glioma cells compared with normal cells, and it exerted its function in a polycomb repressive complex 2-dependent manner. These results may provide novel approaches to therapeutically target PDCD4 and HOTAIR in patients with gliomas.
Mechanisms of aneuploidy and its suppression by tumour suppressor proteins (2011)

Aneuploidy, as a result of numerical changes in chromosome number, was observed in tumours almost a century ago. The molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon and their impact on tumour development are still poorly understood. A series of recent observations provide direct linkages between the normal function of tumour suppressor proteins and the suppression of aneuploidy. The prospects that these findings offer for understanding the role of aneuploidy in cancer are discussed in this review.
Synthesis of metal Sn nanobelts from SnO2nanopowders by a substitution reaction (2005)

Metal Sn nanobelts have been fabricated by a substitution reaction using pure Zn powders and SnO2 nanopowders as starting material. The morphology and structural properties of Sn nanobelts were measured by scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The products consist of a large number of beltlike nanostructures with typical lengths in the range of several tens to several hundreds of micrometres and the typical widths of Sn nanobelts are in the range of several tens to several hundreds of nanometres. Sn nanobelts are pure, structurally uniform, and single crystalline. The synthesis of single-crystalline metal Sn nanobelts may open up new possibilities for experimental and theoretical understanding of dimensionally confined transport phenomena of quasi-one-dimensional metal nanomaterials.
Highly Cooperative Behavior of Peptide Nucleic Acid‐Linked DNA‐Modified Gold‐Nanoparticle and Comb‐Polymer Aggregates (2008)

PNA is used to assemble gold nanoparticles–DNA and polymer–DNA hybrids into highly cooperative aggregates with sharp melting transitions. The melting temperatures of these aggregates are found to increase with increasing salt concentrations, while the opposite trend is observed for unmodified PNA:DNA duplexes. This cooperative behavior is attributed to the presence of closely spaced duplexes inside the aggregate. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Paclitaxel (Taxol) for the treatment of head and neck cancer. (1994)

The mainstay of treatment for head and neck cancer patients with recurrent disease has been chemotherapy with cisplatin/5-fluorouracil or methotrexate. Clearly, new drugs are needed to improve response rates and prolong survival. One new chemotherapeutic agent that has shown activity in head and neck cancer, as well as other tumor types, is paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ). In a recently completed phase II trial in patients with recurrent head and neck cancer, the complete and partial response rate to high-dose paclitaxel (250 mg/m2) given as a 24-hour infusion with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support was 40% (12 of 30 patients). The principal toxicities were similar to those reported in other trials: neutropenia, peripheral neuropathy, and arthralgias/myalgias. Other single-agent trials with paclitaxel currently are in progress, as are trials of paclitaxel--containing combination therapy using cisplatin, carboplatin, ifosfamide, and/or methotrexate. Also under evaluation are paclitaxel combined with radiotherapy and given in lower doses and alternative infusion schedules. Findings, to date suggest that paclitaxel may be the most active single chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of head and neck cancer.
New member of the Snf1/AMPK kinase family,Melk, is expressed in the mouse egg and preimplantation embryo (1997)

The initial phase of mammalian preimplantation development is directed by stored maternal mRNAs and their encoded proteins, yet most of the molecules controlling this process have not been described. We have used differential display analysis of cDNA libraries prepared from unfertilized eggs and preimplantation embryos to isolate three maternal cDNAs that represent novel genes exhibiting different patterns of expression during this developmental period. One of these, Melk, encodes a protein with a kinase catalytic domain and a leucine zipper motif, a new member of the Snf1/AMPK family of kinases. This gene product may play a role in the signal transduction events in the egg and early embryo.
Zernike polynomials and atmospheric turbulence* (1976)

This paper discusses some general properties of Zernike polynomials, such as their Fourier transforms, integral representations, and derivatives. A Zernike representation of the Kolmogoroff spectrum of turbulence is given that provides a complete analytical description of the number of independent corrections required in a wave-front compensation system.
Intelligent Multimedia Computer Systems: Emerging Information Resources in the Network Environment (1990)

A multimedia computer system is one that can create, import, integrate, store, retrieve, edit, and delete two or more types of media materials in digital form, such as audio, image, full‐motion video, and text information. This paper surveys four possible types of multimedia computer systems: hypermedia, multimedia database, multimedia message, and virtual reality systems. The primary focus is on advanced multimedia systems development projects and theoretical efforts that suggest long‐term trends in this increasingly important area.
Charge transport in superconductor/semiconductor/normal-conductor step junctions (1997)

We present experimental data on the transport properties of a two-dimensional electron gas in contact with a superconducting and a normal conducting electrode. A short distance (\ensuremath{\approx}500 nm) between the electrodes is realized by means of a step geometry. At voltages below the gap voltage of the superconductor, a decrease in resistivity of about 10% is observed. At low temperature and for voltages corresponding to a value smaller than the Thouless energy, an enhancement of the resistance is observed. The resistance at low energy coincides approximately with the resistance value above the gap voltage and depends sensitively on the bias current, temperature, and magnetic field. The experimental results are compared to theories of the reentrance effect. For small energies, good agreement is found.