gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Myocardial Protection at a Crossroads (2004)

Over the past 30 years, hundreds of experimental interventions (both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic) have been reported to protect the ischemic myocardium in experimental animals; however, with the exception of early reperfusion, none has been translated into clinical practice. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute convened a working group to discuss the reasons for the failure to translate potential therapies for protecting the heart from ischemia and reperfusion and to recommend new approaches to accomplish this goal. The Working Group concluded that cardioprotection in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, cardiac surgery, and cardiac arrest is at a crossroads. Present basic research approaches to identify cardioprotective therapies are inefficient and counterproductive. For 3 decades, significant resources have been invested in single-center studies that have often yielded inconclusive results. A new paradigm is needed to obviate many of the difficulties associated with translation of basic science findings. The Working Group urged a new focus on translational research that emphasizes efficacy and clinically relevant outcomes, and recommended the establishment of a system for rigorous preclinical testing of promising cardioprotective agents with clinical trial-like approaches (ie, blinded, randomized, multicenter, and adequately powered studies using standardized methods). A national preclinical research consortium would enable rational translation of important basic science findings into clinical use. The Working Group recommended that the National Institutes of Health proactively intervene to remedy current problems that impede translation of cardioprotective therapies. Their specific recommendations include the establishment of a preclinical consortium and the performance of 2 clinical studies that are likely to demonstrate effectiveness (phase III clinical trials of adenosine in acute myocardial infarction and cardiac surgery).
Specificity of noninvasive blood glucose sensing using optical coherence tomography technique: a pilot study (2003)

Noninvasive monitoring of blood glucose concentration in diabetic patients would significantly reduce complications and mortality associated with this disease. In this paper, we experimentally and theoretically studied specificity of noninvasive blood glucose monitoring with the optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique. OCT images and signals were obtained from skin of Yucatan micropigs and New Zealand rabbits. Obtained results demonstrate that: (1) several body osmolytes may change the refractive index mismatch between the interstitial fluid (ISF) and scattering centres in tissue, however the effect of the glucose is approximately one to two orders of magnitude higher; (2) an increase of the ISF glucose concentration in the physiological range (3-30 mM) may decrease the scattering coefficient by 0.22% mM(-1) due to cell volume change; (3) stability of the OCT signal slope is dependent on tissue heterogeneity and motion artefacts; and (4) moderate skin temperature fluctuations (+/- 1 degree C) do not decrease accuracy and specificity of the OCT-based glucose sensor, however substantial skin heating or cooling (several degrees C) significantly change the OCT signal slope. These results suggest that the OCT technique may provide blood glucose concentration monitoring with sufficient specificity under normal physiological conditions.
Single agent versus combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer (2005)

Compared with single-chemotherapy agents, combination regimens show a statistically significant advantage for tumor response and time to progression in women with metastatic breast cancer, a modest improvement in overall survival and significantly worse toxicities.
Effect of platelet factors on migration of cultured bovine aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells. (1989)

Endothelial cell (EC) injury and the response of EC and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to injury contribute to the pathophysiology in patients with vascular disease and atherosclerosis. Since platelets have been suggested to play an important role in modulating vascular injury, the present study was undertaken to examine the influence and mechanism of action of individual platelet factors on bovine aortic EC and SMC migration using an in vitro wound assay system. Serotonin decreased EC proliferation and reduced EC migration 21 +/- 1% (p less than 0.005), which was attenuated by imipramine. Transforming growth factor-beta reduced EC proliferation and decreased EC migration 52 +/- 3% (p less than 0.005). Norepinephrine increased EC proliferation but decreased EC migration 26 +/- 2% (p less than 0.005), which was abolished by phenoxybenzamine. Histamine increased EC proliferation but reduced EC migration 29 +/- 2% (p less than 0.005), which was attenuated by diphenhydramine. Platelet-derived growth factor decreased EC proliferation and decreased EC migration 40 +/- 2% (p less than 0.005). In contrast, serotonin increased SMC proliferation and increased SMC migration 31 +/- 2% (p less than 0.005), which was abolished by ketanserin. Transforming growth factor-beta increased SMC migration 35 +/- 5% (p less than 0.005). Norepinephrine increased SMC proliferation and increased SMC migration 43 +/- 4% (p less than 0.005), which was abolished by propranolol. Histamine increased SMC proliferation and increased SMC migration 38 +/- 3% (p less than 0.005), which was abolished by cimetidine. Platelet-derived growth factor increased SMC proliferation and increased SMC migration 40 +/- 3% (p less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chemistry of alkenyl azlactones. I. Radiation‐sensitive materials derived from azlactone‐containing copolymers (1984)

Abstract 2‐Vinyl‐4,4‐disubstituted azlactones were shown to be effective comonomers in free radical addition polymerizations for purposes of subsequently preparing radiation‐sensitive materials by attaching an unsaturated nucleophile. The azlactone‐functional copolymers could be reacted with amine‐, thiol‐, and hydroxy‐functional nucleophiles over the course of a few hours in solution at room temperature to effect covalent attachment of the nucleophile. The electron beam‐ and UV‐sensitive materials were shown to be useful as photoresist and embossable video disk recording media.
Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase γ and p85/Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase in Platelets (1996)

Platelets exposed to thrombin or thrombin receptor agonist peptide (SFLLRN) activate phospholipase C and protein kinase C (PKC), and accumulate 3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides (3-PPI) as a function of the activation and relocalization of two cytoskeletally-associated phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI 3-K): p85/PI 3-K and PI 3-Kgamma. We now report that exposure of platelets to PKC-activating beta-phorbol myristate acetate (betaPMA) does not stimulate PI 3-Kgamma, but rather stimulates p85/PI 3-K, which associates with the cytoskeleton. Wortmannin is an inhibitor of both PI 3-Ks, known to act with more potency on p85/PI 3-K. betaPMA-stimulated 3-PPI accumulation is more sensitive to wortmannin (IC50 = 1.3 nM) than is SFLLRN- or thrombin-stimulated 3-PPI accumulation (IC50 = 10 nM). The activity of p85/PI 3-K in immunoprecipitates or in cytoskeletal fractions is inhibited more potently by exposure of platelets to wortmannin than is the activity of PI 3-Kgamma. betaPMA or SFLLRN promotes the conversion of platelet integrin alphaIIb/beta3 into a fibrinogen-binding form required for platelet aggregation. Activation of alphaIIb/beta3 in response to betaPMA or SFLLRN is inhibited by wortmannin with an IC50 of 1 nM in each case. Wortmannin inhibits neither activation of alphaIIb/beta3 by ligand-induced binding site antibody (anti-LIBS6 Fab) nor anti-LIBS6 Fab-induced platelet aggregation in the presence of fibrinogen, indicating that this type of "outside-in" signaling by alphaIIb/beta3 is largely PI 3-K-independent. We conclude that p85/PI 3-K, in preference to PI 3-Kgamma, contributes to activation of alphaIIb/beta3 when the thrombin receptor or PKC is stimulated.
Factor VIII Structure and Function (1993)

Factor VIII, a non-covalent heterodimer comprised of a heavy chain (A1-A2-B domains) and light chain (A3-C1-C2 domains), circulates as an inactive procofactor in complex with von Willebrand factor. Metal ions are critical to the integrity of factor VIII, with Cu and Ca ions stabilizing the heterodimer and generating the active conformation, respectively. Activation of factor VIII catalyzed by thrombin appears dependent upon interactions with both anion-binding exosites I and II, and converts the heterodimer to the active cofactor, factor VIIIa. This protein, comprised of A1, A2, and A3-C1-C2 subunits, is labile due to weak affinity of the A2 subunit. Association of factor VIIIa with factor IXa to form the intrinsic factor Xase complex is membrane-dependent and involves multiple inter-protein contacts that remain poorly characterized.This complex catalyzes the conversion of factor X to factor Xa, a reaction that is essential for the propagation phase of coagulation.The role of factor VIIIa in this complex is to increase the catalytic efficiency for factor Xa generation by several orders of magnitude. Mechanisms for the down-regulation of factor Xase focus upon inactivation of the cofactor and include dissociation of the A2 subunit as well as activated protein C-catalyzed proteolysis.
Tick Anticoagulant Peptide (TAP) Is a Novel Inhibitor of Blood Coagulation Factor Xa (1990)

A low molecular weight serine protease inhibitor (TAP) was purified from extracts of the soft tick, Ornithodoros moubata. The peptide is a slow, tight-binding inhibitor, specific for factor Xa (Ki = 0.588 +/- 0.054 nM). The inhibitor also acts as an anticoagulant in several human plasma clotting assays in vitro. Its amino acid sequence (60 residues) has limited homology to the Kunitz-type inhibitors. However, unlike other inhibitors of this class, TAP inhibits only factor Xa. It had no effect at a 300-fold molar excess on factor VIIa, kallikrein, trypsin, chymotrypsin, thrombin, urokinase, plasmin, tissue plasminogen activator, elastase, or Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. TAP's specificity and size suggest that it may have therapeutic value as an anticoagulant.
Neurodevelopmental abnormalities in schizophrenia: Insights from neuropathology (1999)

Growing epidemiological, genetic, and clinical neurobiological evidence indicates that abnormalities in brain development play determining roles in the pathobiology of schizophrenia. Neuropathological research has made significant progress in delineating cellular and molecular abnormalities in schizophrenia that have relevance to neurodevelopment. This paper reviews the neurodevelopmental processes of neurogenesis, neuronal migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, neuron and synaptic pruning, and myelination and the reported neuropathological findings in schizophrenia that may be a consequence of disturbances in these processes. While many neuropathological findings in schizophrenia are controversial or await confirmation, reported abnormalities in neuron density, number and morphology, cytoarchitecture, dendritic arbors and spines, synapse-related proteins, and the well-established absence of gliosis or any other evidence of neurodegeneration or neural injury all provide support for the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia.
Antibody polyspecificity and neutralization of HIV-1: A hypothesis (2006)

HIV-1 has evolved many ways to evade protective host immune responses, thus creating a number of problems for HIV vaccine developers. In particular, durable, broadly specific neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 have proved difficult to induce with current HIV-1 vaccine candidates. The recent observation that some broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 envelope monoclonal antibodies have polyspecific reactivities to host antigens have raised the hypothesis that one reason antibodies against some of the conserved HIV-1 envelope trimer neutralizing epitopes are not routinely made may be down-regulation of some specificities of anti-HIV-1 antibody producing B cells by host B cell tolerance mechanisms.
Improving the classification accuracy of the method of the moments using aspect ratio normalization (2003)

The method of moments has been used in several forms for shape recognition. Due to the dynamic range of the moments, high-order moment elements do not contribute significantly in the classification process and in some cases they reduce the classification accuracy. A normalization procedure, called aspect ratio normalization, which improves the classification accuracy, is discussed. The procedure is applied to a set of data to demonstrate its performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Frequency of Parthenogenesis in Chickens after Insemination with Irradiated Sperm (1971)

The parthenogenetic membranes appeared to increase in size following insemination with irradiated sperm in a parthenogenetic line of chickens, but not in a nonparthenogenetic line. Irradiated sperm, given 20 000 rads, were viable but not capable of fertilization. They appeared to be effective in causing more or larger membranes but not more embryos.
Flywheels put a new spin on electric vehicles (1993)

This article describes advances in high-strength composite materials, frictionless magnetic bearings, high-efficiency motor/generators, and lower-cost miniaturized power conditioning and control electronics that have resurrected the possibility that the venerable flywheel could be used to power pollution-free electric and hybrid vehicles. Recently, many researchers have become convinced that modern flywheel energy storage (FES) systems, fiber-composite rotors spinning at many thousands of rpm on frictionless magnetic bearings, could drive generators that provide power for efficient nonpolluting EVs. Also known as inertial energy storage devices or electromechanical batteries (EMB), these systems could theoretically rival chemical batteries in terms of power, energy density, cycle life, charge time, operating temperature range, environmental friendliness, and maintenance needs. FES is now considered a viable technology for recovering braking energy (regenerative braking), averaging peak power demands, and storing energy for electric and hybrid vehicles. FES systems are also being developed for stationary applications such as utility loadleveling systems, uninterrupted power supplies, and storage capacity for solar and wind power systems.
Measurement of myocardial blood flow by ultrafast computed tomography. (1987)

Myocardial blood flow was analyzed by radioisotope-labeled microspheres and ultrafast computed tomography (CT) in 16 closed-chest, anesthetized dogs. The first set of 10 dogs had CT and microsphere measurements before and after chromonar-induced increases in myocardial blood flow. A second set of six dogs had flows measured at control and during temporary reductions in regional flow produced by balloon cuff occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. All dogs had four-slice, 20-instance CT scans after injection of a medium bolus (0.35 ml/kg) of contrast medium into a femoral vein simultaneous with injection of microspheres into the left atrium. CT myocardial flow was calculated as the change in myocardial CT numbers divided by the area from a blood pool time-density curve. A wide range of myocardial blood flows was produced as determined by microspheres (0 to 6.7 ml/min/g). Global flow of the first set of dogs was shown to have excellent correlation (r = .95, n = 17) for a limited range (.4 less than X less than 1.4 ml/min/g) of flows. Regional flows of these measurements demonstrated less correlation (r = .63, n = 110) but extended the range of flow to 1.7 ml/min/g. At higher flows (greater than 2.5 ml/min/g) the correlation for global and regional flows was not significantly different than zero. Regional ischemic flow correlation extended the linear range of flow to 0 ml/min/g (r = .62, n = 17). These results show that CT can measure myocardial blood flow over a limited but clinically relevant range of flows defined as slightly above normal to ischemic. These results indicate that another preparation of CT flow measurement must be sought for quantification of myocardial perfusion values significantly above normal.
Treatment of the Mangled Lower Extremity after a Terrorist Blast Injury (2004)

Terrorist bombings, with resultant blast injuries, have been increasing in frequency during the past 30 years. Injury to the musculoskeletal system is common in victims who survive such attacks. Substantial injury to the limbs may occur through several different mechanisms, each of which may affect prognosis and alter the treatment algorithm. An analysis of the available literature on terrorism and blast events revealed that resource use of the treating medical facility is high during the initial hours after a blast attack, but usually is manageable. A resource management protocol was developed to organize the treatment of limb salvage into four phases. This management protocol may improve the medical facility's ability to manage system resources while treating patients with severe blast injuries. The decision of whether to salvage or proceed with limb amputation is one of the most difficult in orthopaedic trauma. A basic education in the mechanisms of blast damage, a methodical approach to resuscitation, and mangled extremity treatment, likely can improve surgical success.
Quantum-Confined Stark Effect due to Piezoelectric Fields in GaInN Strained Quantum Wells (1997)

We have studied the influence of piezoelectric fields on luminescence properties of GaInN strained quantum wells. Our calculation suggests that an electric field of 1.08 MV/cm is induced by the piezoelectric effect in strained Ga 0.87 In 0.13 N grown on GaN. The photoluminescence peak energy of the Ga 0.87 In 0.13 N strained quantum wells showed blue shift with increasing excitation intensity. Moreover, the well-width dependence of its luminescence peak energy was well explained when the piezoelectric fields were taken into account. These results clearly showed that the piezoelectric field induced the quantum-confined Stark effect.
Chemistry is right for T-ray imaging (1996)

What do you get if you combine very high frequency microwaves, real-time imaging, submillimeter spatial resolution, and chemical sensitivity? The answer is Terahertz, or "T"-ray, imaging. This novel imaging technology operates in the submillimeterwave region of the electro-magnetic spectrum, a portion of the spectrum that was previously hard to access using conventional technologies. But recent advances in high-speed optoelectronic and femtosecond laser technology facilitate generation and detection of short bursts of terahertz radiation, which have proven to be extremely useful for spectroscopic measurements in the submillimeter-wave range. T-ray imaging combines these spectroscopic measurements with real-time imaging and advanced signal processing and recognition, so that each pixel element of the image contains spectroscopic information about the object. In many cases, the spectroscopic information gives us significant clues about the chemical composition of the object of interest.
Silicon: A Possible Factor in Bone Calcification (1970)

Silicon, a relatively unknown trace element in nutritional research, has been uniquely localized in active calcification sites in young bone. Silicon increases directly with calcium at relatively low calcium concentrations and falls below the detection limit at compositions approaching hydroxyapatite. It is suggested that silicon is associated with calcium in an early stage of calcification.
Transferrin-antibody fusion proteins are effective in brain targeting. (1995)

In the present study, the receptor binding potential of transferrin (Tf) was linked to an antibody binding specificity. Human Tf was fused to mouse-human chimeric IgG3 at three positions: at the end of heavy chain constant region 1 (CH1), after the hinge, and after CH3. The resulting Tf-antibody fusion proteins were able to bind antigen and the Tf receptor. The CH3-Tf fusion protein showed no complement-mediated cytolysis but possessed IgG receptor I (Fc gamma RI) binding activity. Most importantly, all of the fusion proteins demonstrated significant uptake into brain parenchyma, with 0.3% of the injected dose of the hinge-Tf fusion protein rapidly targeted to the brain. Recovery of iodinated CH3-Tf fusion protein from the brain parenchyma demonstrated that the fusion proteins can cross the blood-brain barrier intact. The binding specificity of these fusion proteins can be used for brain delivery of noncovalently bound ligands, such as drugs and peptides, or for targeting antigens present within the brain.
Adaptive estimation of eigensubspace (1995)

In a recent work we recast the problem of estimating the minimum eigenvector (eigenvector corresponding to the minimum eigenvalue) of a symmetric positive definite matrix into a neural network framework. We now extend this work using an inflation technique to estimate all or some of the orthogonal eigenvectors of the given matrix. Based on these results, we form a cost function for the finite data case and derive a Newton-based adaptive algorithm. The inflation technique leads to a highly modular and parallel structure for implementation. The computational requirement of the algorithm is O(N/sup 2/), N being the size of the covariance matrix. We also present a rigorous convergence analysis of this adaptive algorithm. The algorithm is locally convergent and the undesired stationary points are unstable. Computer simulation results are provided to compare its performance with that of two adaptive subspace estimation methods proposed by Yang and Kaveh (1988) and an improved version of one of them, for stationary and nonstationary signal scenarios. The results show that the proposed approach performs identically to one of them and is significantly superior to the remaining two.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE HANDLING OF IODINE AND TECHNETIUM BY THE THYROID GLAND OF THE RAT (1967)

SUMMARY The relative affinities of the thyroid gland for 131 I and 99m TcO 4 and the further metabolism of these isotopes were studied in rats. 99m TcO 4 is trapped to an extent almost identical to 131 I in the thyroid. This process is inhibited by KClO 4 and stimulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone. 99m TcO 4 having been trapped is further metabolized in the thyroid gland.
[Changes in ventilation during use of heat and humidity exchangers]. (1991)

The Authors studied in 10 patients during mechanical ventilation the effects of the application of heat and moisture exchanger (HME) in the presence of constant TV and frequency. They observed an increase of PaCO2 and PE, CO2 during the use of HME; this is due to Vd/Vt increase. The Authors conclude that it is mandatory to increase the total ventilation when using HME to avoid dangerous levels of hypercapnia.