gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of carbohydrate storage and redistribution in the source‐sink relations of wheat and barley during grain filling — a review (1993)

SUMMARY Two types of source contribute photosynthate for grain filling in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.), current photosynthate transferred directly to the grain and photosynthate redistributed from reserve pools in vegetative tissues. Reserve pools provide the substrate needed to maintain transport and the supply of assimilate to grains during the dark period of the diurnal cycle and during the latter part of grain filling, when the photosynthetic apparatus is senescing and the rate of dry matter accumulation of grains exceeds the rate of dry matter accumulation of the total crop. In addition reserve pools provide a means by which the current rates of photosynthate production and of photosynthate use in grain filling are allowed to proceed (at least in part) independently from each other . There is evidence that all photosynthetic organs (leaves, glumes and exposed portion of the peduncle) contain one or more diurnal carbohydrate storage pools. Diurnal storage of sucrose seems to be much more important than the transient storage of starch. There is little evidence for fructan pools serving a role as a net source of carbon during the dark period of the diurnal cycle. However, fructan is the most important longer‐term reserve carbohydrate of vegetative tissues. Fructan accumulation occurs mainly in the extended internodes and leaf sheaths and usually terminates within three weeks following anthesis, after which fructan is gradually lost until grain maturity. The accumulation and loss of fructan are greatly influenced by environmental conditions and treatments that alter the longer‐term balance between photosynthate production by the plant and photosynthate use in grain filling. Observations are consistent with the view that fructan accumulation in expanded vegetative tissue is not competitive with grain filling, but the fructan pools accept surplus photosynthate during periods of low demand by grains and provide photosynthate during longer‐term deficits in current photosynthate production. Even under optimal conditions for photosynthesis it is likely that half or more of the photosynthate in mature grains is temporarily deposited in one or more reserve pools before being transferred to the grain. Neither the efficiency of reserve utilization in grain filling nor its potential variability in different genotypes and environments are known. Also, very little is known about the mechanisms that control the partitioning of photosynthate between the grain and reserve pools and the allocation to different types of reserve pools. Future progress in the understanding of photosynthesis‐yield relationships will likely depend to a great extent on improved knowledge of the controls that govern photosynthate deposition and redistribution in the different pools of reserve carbohydrate.
Hoops: 3D Curves as Conservative Occluders for Cell-Visibility (2001)

Most visibility culling algorithms require convexity of occluders. Occluder synthesis algorithms attempt to construct large convex occluders inside bulky non-convex sets. Occluder fusion algorithms generate convex occluders that are contained in the umbra cast by a group of objects given an area light. In this paper we prove that convexity requirements can be shifted from the occluders to their umbra with no loss of efficiency, and use this property to show how some special non-planar, non-convex closed polylines that we call “hoops” can be used to compute occlusion efficiently for objects that have no large interior convex sets and were thus rejected by previous approaches.
A Polysaccharide Extracted from Rice Bran Fermented with Lentinus edodes Enhances Natural Killer Cell Activity and Exhibits Anticancer Effects (2007)

The objective of this study was to investigate the activation of natural killer (NK) cells and anticancer effects of exo-biopolymer from rice bran cultured with Lentinus edodes [rice bran exo-biopolymer (RBEP)]. Oral administration of RBEP induced the activation of NK cells in a dose-dependent manner. RBEP also prolonged the life spans of mice transplanted with Sarcoma-180 cells and inhibited growing Sarcoma-180 cells in intraperitoneum. Solid tumor growth was also suppressed by oral administration of RBEP in C57/Bl6 mice transplanted with B16/Bl6 melanoma. Intraperitoneal injection of RBEP was more effective than oral administration at the same dosage in mice with transplanted tumor cells. According to this result, when RBEP directly contacts immune cells, the anticancer activity is higher than by indirectly inducing an immune response through oral administration. Therefore, we suggest that the administration of RBEP may be effective for preventing and/or treating cancer through NK cell activation. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the possible mechanisms of the anticancer activity and to investigate the other beneficial effects of RBEP for the development of a new biological response modifier.
Contiguous Silver Nanoparticle Coatings on Dielectric Spheres (2002)

Solid and hollow metallo-dielectric spheres are created by layer-by-layer self-assembly. The discrete metallic nanoparticles, which make up the shell, form a contiguous layer that exhibits a collective plasmon resonance with a splitting of the dipole mode into transverse and longitudinal modes. The splitting can be controlled by the number of self- assembled octa(3-aminopropyl)silsesquioxane (NSi8) capped Ag nanoparticle (see Figure) layers deposited.
Proppant Transport in Slick-Water Fracturing of Shale-Gas Formations (2009)

Abstract Since proppants were first used in hydraulic fracturing, the question of placement in the fracture has remained, for the most part, unanswered. Prediction of proppant transport is important in both treatment design and post-treatment analysis. The transport process has been studied since the late 1950s and a great deal has been learned from the simple laboratory models used in these studies. There are, however, a number of factors that have been overlooked in these studies that we believe are of primary importance. There are indications that fracturing in gas shale plays can produce complex fracture networks. Little is known about the propensity of the slurry to travel through the network. To examine this question, we have constructed a small one-dimentional fracture model with a bifurcation with each wing having equal length and cross-sectional area. We have also constructed a larger three-dimensional slot model to study the process more complex flow field. Results from the small model indicate that flow into the side slot does not occur below some threshold flow rate. This paper summarizes the work that has been done in the area of proppant transport in settling fluids and reports new data on the transport of proppant in multiple fractures.
Acoustics of Circumaural Earphones (1962)

When an electro-acoustic transducer is added to a circumaural ear defender the requirements of minimum sound transmission and maximum earphone sensitivity are partially incompatible. The transmission and response of simple (single cavity) and compound (two cavity) systems have been determined by an analog method. The preferred system is a rigid structure with resistive coupling between the two cavities. This system has maximum effective coupling volume at low frequencies thus providing maximum noise attenuation and a smaller effective volume at high frequencies affording increased earphone response. When the cavities contain suitable porous materials and are coupled by an annular slit, the two cavity system becomes a lossy waveguide. Analysis of hemispherical and plane wave acoustical models indicates an effective volume which is constant up to a transition frequency and decreases steadily with further increase in frequency. The theory is supported by measurements on an experimental earphone having complementary transducer and cavity characteristics leading to constant response over a wide-frequency range. Probe microphone data show that above 1 kc the real ear response of circumaural earphones is generally greater than the flat-plate coupler response.
Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: a 2012 update. (2012)

Treatment for lupus is evolving. This review summarizes some of the major recommendations for care from the time of the EULAR Task Force Guidelines for SLE Treatment in 2008 through the more recent ACR guidelines for lupus nephritis which was published within the last year. Some newer papers and some reports still in
Effect of Pulsed, High-Power Radiofrequency Radiation on Electroporation of Mammalian Cells (2004)

Experiments have been performed to investigate the nonthermal response of biological cells to pulsed, high-power (/spl sim/GW/m/sup 3/), radiofrequency (RF) radiation. Effects of 25-kHz RF-modulated-unipolar pulses, 20-kHz bipolar RF pulses, and 13.56-MHz bipolar RF pulses have been evaluated on nonexcitable COS-1 (African green monkey kidney) and electrically excitable N1E-115 (mouse brain neuroblastoma) cell electroporation. Trypan blue exclusion has been used to determine electroporation induced cell death; 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole hydrochloride (DAPI) staining of DNA has been used to measure cell membrane permeabilization during electroporation. Experiments using 25-kHz modulation of a unipolar pulse indicate that the greatest effect of RF modulation on survivability and electroporation efficiency occurs at electric fields where a majority of the cells are killed in the absence of RF modulation: 1.6-2 kV/cm. RF modulation at these voltages protects the cells from electroporation induced death but it also reduces the membrane permeabilization. Bipolar RF pulses with no dc offset did not cause electroporation at 20 kHz or 13.56 MHz. RF power, pulselengths, and sample volumes used in experiments allowed only negligible amounts of sample heating. A simplified circuit analysis of an electrical model of the cell predicts that the transition frequency for transmembrane voltage in a bipolar, sinusoidal external electric field is 1 MHz.
Noncontact Respiration Rate Measurement System Using an Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor (2010)

This research presents the ultrasonic proximity sensor approach to respiration measurement. The ultrasonic proximity sensor measures respiration signatures and rates in real-time and for long-term monitoring, which is necessary for mobility from the end-user perspective. The study used a 240 kHz ultrasonic sensor to measure the time of flight of a sound wave between the transmitted signal and received signal during respiration in the abdominal wall-motion. Respiration rates measured with the ultrasonic proximity sensor were then compared with those measured with a thermocouple sensor on ten male subjects. Data from the measurement of respiration rates at 100 cm is provided. We have used this data from the method comparison study to confirm agreement with the reference signal to determine that the current version of respiratory rate detection system using ultrasonic can successfully measure respiration rates. The proposed respiratory measurement method could be used to monitor an unconscious person without the need to apply electrodes or other sensors in the correct position and to wire the subject to the system. Monitoring respiration using ultrasonic sensor offers a promising possibility of noncontact measurement of respiration rates. In particular, this technology offers a potentially inexpensive means to extend applications to consumer home-healthcare and mobile-healthcare products. Further advances in the sensor design, system design and signal processing can increase the range and quality of the measurement, broadening the potential application areas of this technology.
High-resolution depth profiling in ultrathin Al2O3 films on Si (2000)

A combination of two complementary depth profiling techniques with sub-nm depth resolution, nuclear resonance profiling and medium energy ion scattering, and cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy were used to study compositional and microstructural aspects of ultrathin (sub-10 nm) Al2O3 films on silicon. All three techniques demonstrate uniform continuous films of stoichiometric Al2O3 with abrupt interfaces. These film properties lead to the ability of making metal-oxide semiconductor devices with Al2O3 gate dielectric with equivalent electrical thickness in the sub-2 nm range.
Direct atomic force microscope imaging of EcoRI endonuclease site specifically bound to plasmid DNA molecules. (1996)

Direct imaging with the atomic force microscope has been used to identify specific nucleotide sequences in plasmid DNA molecules. This was accomplished using EcoRI (Gln-111), a mutant of the restriction enzyme that has a 1000-fold greater binding affinity than the wild-type enzyme but with cleavage rate constants reduced by a factor of 10(4). ScaI-linearized plasmids with single (pBS+) and double (pGEM-luc and pSV-beta-galactosidase) EcoRI recognition sites were imaged, and the bound enzyme was localized to a 50- to 100-nt resolution. The high affinity for the EcoRI binding site exhibited by this mutant endonuclease, coupled with an observed low level of nonspecific binding, should prove valuable for physically mapping large DNA clones by direct atomic force microscope imaging.
Expression of Lewisa, Lewisb, Lewisx, Lewisy, siayl-Lewisa, and sialyl-Lewisx blood group antigens in human gastric carcinoma and in normal gastric tissue. (1989)

A panel of 6 mouse monoclonal antibodies detecting blood group antigens of the Lewis systems and their sialylated derivatives have been used to define the immunoanatomic distribution of these antigenic structures within the normal human gastric mucosa and in gastric cancer tissues. The reagents employed detect the following blood group specificities: Lewisa, Lewisb, Lewisx, Lewisy, sialylated Lewisa, and sialylated Lewisx. We have analyzed the presence of these antigens in histologically normal gastric mucosa and in gastric carcinoma from 61 patients by the immunoperoxidase method. In addition, we simultaneously examined the blood group and secretor status in 31 of the 61 individuals studied. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that these antigenic systems are differentially expressed in cell types and cell layers of the normal gastric epithelium. Major differences were observed in surface epithelia and in deep glands including Brenner's gland of the gastroduodenal junction, mainly in the pronounced expression of Lewisa and Lewisb antigens in the former and the expression of Lewisx and Lewisy in the latter. In secretor individuals, Lewisb was the dominant antigen in the surface epithelium, and in nonsecretors, Lewisa was observed in the surface epithelium, Lewisx and Lewisy were both detected in the deep glands and in Brenner's glands regardless of the secretor status. The expression of sialylated derivatives in normal gastric tissues was considerably reduced but was consistent with the expression of their precursors in normal gastric epithelium. In gastric cancers, more pronounced expression of Lewisa and sialylated Lewisa was observed in secretor individuals and acted as a tumor-associated antigen. Comparison of the plasma level of sialylated Lewisa and its tissue expression demonstrated that the shedding of the antigen into interstitial stroma correlated with the detection of the antigen in serum. These studies confirmed the importance of blood group antigens as normal differentiation antigens. Examination of secretor status clarified the mechanism of Lewisa and Lewisb antigen expression in gastric surface epithelium. Alterations in the expression of these antigens and an increase of sialylated derivatives in gastric cancers demonstrated that these blood group antigens are useful tools for the analysis of histogenesis and organogenesis in the stomach and its neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases.
Automatic gate CD control for a full-chip-scale SRAM device (1997)

As the minimum feature size in VLSI circuits is reduced less than the wavelength of the exposure light, resolution enhancement technologies (RETs) have been developed. Optical proximity correction (OPC), which is one of RETs, can correct the difference in line width between isolate lines and lines in a dense array. Among the factors of CD variation (i.e., the optical proximity effect, numerical aperture, partial coherence, swing effect, and CD error on a mask), we have found that the optical proximity effect causes a severe isolate-dense bias larger than 35 nm. The optical proximity effect was corrected using an automatic tool based on an optical behavioral model. To determine the optimum threshold intensity, test patterns with the various threshold values were produced and measured using SEM. From this experiment, a proper threshold has been chosen and applied to a full chip pattern except the cell area in the gate layer of an SRAM device, which is optimized by photo engineer's experience. Furthermore, a model recipe correcting only the line width was set up to prevent the increase of the e-beam data size in two dimensional correction. Up to 40% reduction of CD variation can be expected, considering that more than 50% of gate layer patterns have the error distribution of -10 nm to 10 nm after OPC.
A micro snake-like robot for small pipe inspection (2004)

The goal of this research is development of a micro robot which can negotiate pipes whose diameter varies widely. The robot mechanism is based on "snaking drive". First, in section 1 to 4, basic characteristics of the snaking drive are discussed: the principle of the snaking drive is shown, theoretical fundamental formulas are derived, and the motions of the robot are simulated. Second, in section 5, a micro robot was designed, fabricated and tested. And fundamental experiments of the robot are shown. Third, in section 6, two application experiments are shown: one is a stabilization of camera image, and the other is a robot steering at branches. The robot moved in pipes whose diameter varies between 18 mm to 100 mm with the maximum speed of 36 mm/s. And the robot could negotiate T-branches and L-bends of pipes.
Bioavailability of Azacitidine Subcutaneous Versus Intravenous in Patients With the Myelodysplastic Syndromes (2005)

The primary objectives of this study were to characterize the absolute bioavailability of azacitidine after subcutaneous (SC) administration and to compare the single-dose pharmacokinetics of azacitidine following SC and intravenous (IV) administration. Six patients with myelodysplastic syndromes were randomly assigned according to a crossover design to treatment A, consisting of azacitidine administered as a single 75-mg/m(2) SC dose, or treatment B, consisting of azacitidine administered as a single 75-mg/m(2) IV infusion dose over 10 minutes. A minimum of 7 days and a maximum of 28 days were permitted between treatments. The study demonstrated good bioavailability of a SC azacitidine dose compared to an IV infusion treatment. The exposure profiles following SC drug administration illustrate measurable azacitidine levels with bioavailability (AUC) values within 89% of those measured following IV administration (range, 70%-112%). The median IV half-life was 0.36 +/- 0.02 hours compared to 0.69 +/- 0.14 hours for SC administration. Regardless of the route of administration, a single dose of azacitidine, 75 mg/m(2), was generally well tolerated.
One-Step Multiplex Reverse-Transcriptase PCR for Detecting Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza Virus (2010)

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza has spread throughout the world since April 2009 and has caused many human deaths since its first report in humans. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus was first identified in a Canadian pig herd in April 2009 and has been reported in more than ten countries, including Korea. We developed a one-step multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay based on the matrix gene that discriminates pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus from endemic swine influenza viruses. The sensitivity of this assay was 100 copies of in vitro-transcribed target RNA and 0.01 tissue culture infective dose (TCID(50)/ml) of virus and was as high as those of conventional influenza A virus common matrix reverse transcriptase PCR assays and real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assays (1 to 200 copies) developed for detecting pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses from human and pig samples. This one-step multiplex RT-PCR assay would be a good tool in monitoring pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus among pig herds on a regular basis.
DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors (1977)

A new method for determining nucleotide sequences in DNA is described. It is similar to the "plus and minus" method [Sanger, F. & Coulson, A. R. (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 94, 441-448] but makes use of the 2',3'-dideoxy and arabinonucleoside analogues of the normal deoxynucleoside triphosphates, which act as specific chain-terminating inhibitors of DNA polymerase. The technique has been applied to the DNA of bacteriophage varphiX174 and is more rapid and more accurate than either the plus or the minus method.
LaserNet: An Efficient Probabilistic 3D Object Detector for Autonomous Driving (2019)

In this paper, we present LaserNet, a computationally efficient method for 3D object detection from LiDAR data for autonomous driving. The efficiency results from processing LiDAR data in the native range view of the sensor, where the input data is naturally compact. Operating in the range view involves well known challenges for learning, including occlusion and scale variation, but it also provides contextual information based on how the sensor data was captured. Our approach uses a fully convolutional network to predict a multimodal distribution over 3D boxes for each point and then it efficiently fuses these distributions to generate a prediction for each object. Experiments show that modeling each detection as a distribution rather than a single deterministic box leads to better overall detection performance. Benchmark results show that this approach has significantly lower runtime than other recent detectors and that it achieves state-of-the-art performance when compared on a large dataset that has enough data to overcome the challenges of training on the range view.
Phosphorothioate Substitution Can Substantially Alter RNA Conformation (2000)

Phosphorothioate substitution-interference experiments, routinely used to stereospecifically identify phosphoryl oxygen sites that participate in RNA-ligand binding and RNA-directed catalysis, rest in their interpretation on the untested assumption that substitution does not alter the conformation of the modified molecule from its biologically active state. Using NMR spectroscopy, we have tested this assumption by determining the structural effect of stereospecific phosphorothioate substitution at five positions in an RNA hairpin containing the binding site for bacteriophage MS2 capsid protein. At most sites, substitution has little or no effect, causing minor perturbations in the phosphate backbone and increasing the stacking among nucleotides in the hairpin loop. At one site, however, phosphorothioate substitution causes an unpaired adenine necessary for formation of the capsid protein-RNA complex to loop out of the RNA helix into the major groove. These results indicate that phosphorothioate substitution can substantially alter the conformation of RNA at positions of irregular secondary structure, complicating the use of substitution-interference experiments to study RNA structure and function.
The Incoherence of ‘Teaching Quality’ (1987)

(1987). The Incoherence of ‘Teaching Quality’. Journal of Further and Higher Education: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 106-114.