gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using Alert Levels to enhance Keystroke Dynamic Authentication (2007)

Authentication and verification of users in computer security are areas which gains a lot of attention. A reason for this is the high number of inside attacks, where already authenticated user accounts are used to gain access to prohibited information or privileges. Session hijacking, password stealing/guessing or perimeter possession are examples of areas where ordinary authentication has been known to fail. A secret password and public username is the most widespread authentication and verification scheme used. This research will purpose to add layers of software biometrics into the authentication and verification process to increase security. This will be done using keystroke dynamics, which is a way to distinguish a users pattern of typing, giving or removing privileges. Making use of Alert levels, can decrease the Mean Error Rate and especially the False Rejection Rate, when accepting some human behavior anomalies. 1
Apurinic Sites Are Position-specific Topoisomerase II Poisons (1997)

Many anticancer drugs "poison" topoisomerase II by enhancing its double-stranded DNA cleavage activity. To determine whether DNA lesions act as endogenous topoisomerase II poisons, we characterized the effects of position-specific apurinic sites on enzyme activity. Lesions located within the 4-base overhang generated by enzyme-mediated DNA scission stimulated cleavage approximately 10-18-fold without altering the specificity of topoisomerase II. DNA breaks were double-stranded in nature, protein-linked, and readily reversible. In contrast, apurinic sites located immediately outside the cleavage overhang were inhibitory. Thus, apurinic sites, which are the most commonly formed lesion in DNA, are position-specific topoisomerase II poisons. A model is proposed that encompasses the actions of endogenous and exogenous topoisomerase II poisons and provides a pre-existing pathway for the cellular actions of topoisomerase II-targeted anticancer drugs.
Class IIa bacteriocins: biosynthesis, structure and activity (2000)

In the last decade, a variety of ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides or bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria have been identified and characterized. As a result of these studies, insight has been gained into fundamental aspects of biology and biochemistry such as producer self protection, membrane-protein interactions, and protein modification and secretion. Moreover, it has become evident that these peptides may be developed into useful antimicrobial additives. Class IIa bacteriocins can be considered as the major subgroup of bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria, not only because of their large number, but also because of their activities and potential applications. They have first attracted particular attention as listericidal compounds and are now believed to be the next in line if more bacteriocins are to be approved in the future. The present review attempts to provide an insight into general knowledge available for class IIa bacteriocins and discusses common features and recent findings concerning these substances.
Correction: Predominant Infection of CD150+ Lymphocytes and Dendritic Cells during Measles Virus Infection of Macaques (2008)

Measles virus (MV) is hypothesized to enter the host by infecting epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, followed by viremia mediated by infected monocytes. However, neither of these cell types express signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (CD150), which has been identified as the receptor for wild-type MV. We have infected rhesus and cynomolgus macaques with a recombinant MV strain expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP); thus bringing together the optimal animal model for measles and a virus that can be detected with unprecedented sensitivity. Blood samples and broncho-alveolar lavages were collected every 3 d, and necropsies were performed upon euthanasia 9 or 15 d after infection. EGFP production by MV-infected cells was visualized macroscopically, in both living and sacrificed animals, and microscopically by confocal microscopy and FACS analysis. At the peak of viremia, EGFP fluorescence was detected in skin, respiratory and digestive tract, but most intensely in all lymphoid tissues. Band T-lymphocytes expressing CD150 were the major target cells for MV infection. Highest percentages (up to 30%) of infected lymphocytes were detected in lymphoid tissues, and the virus preferentially targeted cells with a memory phenotype. Unexpectedly, circulating monocytes did not sustain productive MV infection. In peripheral tissues, large numbers of MV-infected CD11c MHC class-II myeloid dendritic cells were detected in conjunction with infected Tlymphocytes, suggesting transmission of MV between these cell types. Fluorescent imaging of MV infection in nonhuman primates demonstrated a crucial role for lymphocytes and dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of measles and measles-associated immunosuppression.
An improved negative immunomagnetic selection strategy for the purification of primitive hemopoietic cells from normal bone marrow. (1991)

An improved negative immunomagnetic selection strategy has been devised for the enrichment of primitive hemopoietic cells using the high proliferative potential colony-forming cell (HPP-CFC) assay as an index of stem cell purification. Immunomagnetic selection was carried out using goat anti-rat conjugated M-450 Dynabeads and a cocktail of rat monoclonal antibodies directed against lineage antigens expressed on B-lymphocytes (B220), neutrophils and activated macrophages (7/4), differentiating erythroid cells (YW 25.12.7), and T-lymphocyte subsets (Lyt-2 and L3T4). This negative selection strategy results in the highly reproducible enrichment of HPP-CFC with negligible loss of HPP-CFC at the immunomagnetic selection step. A 30-fold enrichment of HPP-CFC stimulated by interleukin 3 (IL-3) plus colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1), or interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) plus IL-3 plus CSF-1, is obtained with simultaneous resolution of HPP-CFC from progenitor cells of low proliferative potential responsive to CSF-1 alone (LPP-CFC). Flow cytometric analysis of these lineage-negative cells reveals that they almost exclusively exhibit the light-scattering characteristics of blast cells and the morphology of a candidate hemopoietic stem cell. Positive fluorescence-activated cell sorting of immunomagnetically pre-enriched normal bone marrow cells using wheat germ agglutinin yields cell preparations with a cloning efficiency of up to 45% and a HPP-CFC content of 20%.
Mutagenesis and Modeling of the GABAB Receptor Extracellular Domain Support a Venus Flytrap Mechanism for Ligand Binding (1999)

The gamma-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) receptor is distantly related to the metabotropic glutamate receptor-like family of G-protein-coupled receptors (family 3). Sequence comparison revealed that, like metabotropic glutamate receptors, the extracellular domain of the two GABAB receptor splice variants possesses an identical region homologous to the bacterial periplasmic leucine-binding protein (LBP), but lacks the cysteine-rich region common to all other family 3 receptors. A three-dimensional model of the LBP-like domain of the GABAB receptor was constructed based on the known structure of LBP. This model predicts that four of the five cysteine residues found in this GABAB receptor domain are important for its correct folding. This conclusion is supported by analysis of mutations of these Cys residues and a decrease in the thermostability of the binding site after dithiothreitol treatment. Additionally, Ser-246 was found to be critical for CGP64213 binding. Interestingly, this residue aligns with Ser-79 of LBP, which forms a hydrogen bond with the ligand. The mutation of Ser-269 was found to differently affect the affinity of various ligands, indicating that this residue is involved in the selectivity of recognition of GABAB receptor ligands. Finally, the mutation of two residues, Ser-247 and Gln-312, was found to increase the affinity for agonists and to decrease the affinity for antagonists. Such an effect of point mutations can be explained by the Venus flytrap model for receptor activation. This model proposes that the initial step in the activation of the receptor by agonist results from the closure of the two lobes of the binding domain.
Generating enhanced natural environments and terrain for interactive combat simulations (GENETICS) (2005)

Virtual battlefields devoid of vegetation deprive soldiers of valuable training in the critical aspects of terrain tactics and terrain-based situational awareness. Creating believable landscapes by hand is notoriously expensive, requiring both proprietary tools and trained artists, which hampers rapid scenario generation and limits reuse. Our approach constructs large-scale natural environments at run-time using a procedural image-based algorithm without the need for artists or proprietary tools.This paper discusses the current state of the open source project GENETICS (Generating Enhanced Natural Environments and Terrain for Interactive Combat Simulations) and how simulationists can use GENETICS to quickly and cheaply build large-scale natural environments to improve training effectiveness. It will also briefly touch upon level-of-detail techniques and ecotype modeling.
Molecular characterization of the Arabidopsis 9‐cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene family (2003)

A key regulated step in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis in plants is catalyzed by 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), which cleaves 9-cis xanthophylls to xanthoxin, a precursor of ABA. In Arabidopsis, ABA biosynthesis is controlled by a small family of NCED genes. Nine carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) genes have been identified in the complete genome sequence. Of these, five AtNCEDs (2, 3, 5, 6, and 9) have been cloned and studied for expression and subcellular localization. Although all five AtNCEDs are targeted to plastids, they differ in binding activity of the thylakoid membrane. AtNCED2, AtNCED3, and AtNCED6 are found in both stroma and thylakoid membrane-bound compartments. AtNCED5 is exclusively bound to thylakoids, whereas AtNCED9 remains soluble in stroma. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis and histochemical staining of promoter::GUS activity in transgenic Arabidopsis revealed a complex pattern of localized NCED expression in well-watered plants during development. AtNCED2 and AtNCED3 account for the NCED activity in roots, with localized expression in root tips, pericycle, and cortex cells at the base of lateral roots. Localized AtNCED2 and AtNCED3 expression in pericycle cells is an early marker of lateral initiation sites. AtNCED5, AtNCED6, AtNCED3, and AtNCED2 are expressed in flowers with very high AtNCED6::GUS activity occurring in pollen. AtNCED5::GUS, and to lesser degrees, AtNCED2::GUS and AtNCED3::GUS are expressed in developing anthers. AtNCED5, AtNCED6, AtNCED9, and AtNCED3 contribute to expression in developing seeds with high levels of AtNCED6 present at an early stage. GUS analysis indicates that AtNCED3 expression is confined to the base of the seed, whereas AtNCED5 and AtNCED6 are expressed throughout the seed. Consistent with the studies conducted by Iuchi and his colleagues in 2001, AtNCED3 is the major stress-induced NCED in leaves. Our results indicate that developmental control of ABA synthesis involves localized patterns of AtNCED gene expression. In addition, differential membrane-binding capacity of AtNCEDs is a potential means of post-translational regulation of NCED activity.
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (1990)

Section 1 Principles of dosage form design and development: introduction to drugs and pharmacy new drug development and approval process dosage form design - pharmaceutic and formulation consideration dosage form design - biopharmaceutic and pharmacokinetics considerations current good manufacturing practices and good compounding practices. Section 2 Solid dosage forms and modified-release drug delivery systems: powders and granules capsules and tables modified-release dosage forms and drug delivery systems. section 3 Semi-solid and transdermal systems: ointments, creams, and gels transdermal drug delivery systems, Section 4 Pharmaceutical inserts: suppositories and inserts. Section 5 Liquid dosage forms: solutions disperse systems. Section 6 Sterile dosage forms and delivery systems: parenteral biological ophthalmic solutions and suspensions. Section 7 Novel and advanced dosage forms, delivery systems, and devices: radiopharmaceuticals products of biotechnology novel dosage forms and drug delivery technology. Appendix: systems and techniques of pharmaceutical measurement.
Evidence That Maternal Dengue Antibodies Are Important in the Development of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Infants (1988)

To establish the role of maternal dengue-specific antibodies in the development of dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome caused by dengue 2 virus in infants, we examined sera from mothers of infants and toddlers with dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome and mothers of infants with pyrexia of unknown origin. The mean titers of hemagglutination inhibition, neutralization, and infection-enhancing activities against dengue 2 virus were not statistically different among the three groups. However, among infants who developed dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome there was a strong correlation between the mothers' dengue 2 neutralizing titers and infant age at the time of onset of severe illness, where no such correlation was found among the other two groups. Furthermore, the actual age at which dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome occurred in each infant correlated with the age at which maximum enhancing activity for dengue 2 infection in mononuclear phagocytes was predicted. This critical time for the occurrence of dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome was observed to be approximately 2 months after the time calculated for maternal dengue 2 neutralizing antibodies to degrade below a protective level. In addition, sera of mothers of infants with dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome enhanced dengue 2 virus infection to a slightly greater degree than did sera from mothers of infants with pyrexia of unknown origin and toddlers with dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that maternal dengue antibodies play a dual role by first protecting and later increasing the risk of development of dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome in infants who become infected by dengue 2 virus.
System Layer Integration of High Efficiency Video Coding (2012)

This paper describes the integration of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) into end-to-end multimedia systems, formats, and protocols such as Real-time transport Protocol, the transport stream of the MPEG-2 standard suite, and dynamic adaptive streaming over the Hypertext Transport Protocol. This paper gives a brief overview of the high-level syntax of HEVC and the relation to the Advanced Video Coding standard (H.264/AVC). A section on HEVC error resilience concludes the HEVC overview. Furthermore, this paper describes applications of video transport and delivery such as broadcast, television over the Internet Protocol, Internet streaming, video conversation, and storage as provided by the different system layers.
Effects of Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve on Insulin Secretion (1967)

Electrical stimulation of the peripheral cut end of the vagus nerve at cervical and diaphragmatic levels was performed to study its effects on plasma insulin concentrations in anesthetized dogs. Stimulation of the right and left cervical vagus and of the dorsal vagal trunk induced an immediate significant elevation in immunoreactive insulin concentrations in pancreatic effluent plasma, whereas stimulation of the ventral vagal trunk did not. A significant enhancement of immunoreactive insulin in femoral venous plasma was also seen in the first 3 groups, but the peak occurred somewhat later than in pancreatic venous plasma. The increases in immunoreactive insulin were not followed by decreases in blood sugar levels. (Endocrinology80: 530, 1967)
UNSTEADY MOMENTUM FLUXES IN TWO-PHASE FLOW AND THE VIBRATION OF NUCLEAR REACTOR COMPONENTS. (1968)

or ccmtractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor prepares, disseminates, or provides access to, any informati<Hi pursuant to his employment or contract with tiie Commission, or his employment with such ctmtractor.
von Willebrand Factor without the A2 Domain Is Resistant to Proteolysis (1997)

von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a complex multimeric plasma glycoprotein, that plays a critical role in the mediation of platelet adhesion to the damaged vascular wall, and functions as a carrier protein for factor VIII. vWF has a domain structure consisting of repeated A, B, C, and D domains. The A1 domain is involved in binding to the platelet receptor glycoprotein (GP) Ib, and the A3 domain has a binding site for collagen. A function of the A2 domain has not been described, although point mutations identified in von Willebrand disease (vWD) type 2A patients are localized in this domain. To study the role of the A2 domain a deletion mutant was constructed which lacked the A2 domain, delta A2-vWF. Previous studies have shown that this approach is a powerful tool to study the function of a domain in a protein since it does not affect the activity of other domains. After expression in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, delta A2-vWF was compared to wild-type (WT) vWF, and to delta A1-vWF (Lankhof et al., Blood 86: 1035, 1995). Ristocetin induced platelet binding was slightly increased but botrocetin induced platelet binding was normal as was binding to heparin and collagen type III. Adhesion studies to surface coated purified delta A2-vWF or to delta A2-vWF preincubated on collagen under flow conditions showed no abnormalities. Incubation with normal human plasma showed that delta A2-vWF like WT-vWF was not sensitive to proteolysis. After addition of urea, WT-vWF becomes sensitive to the protease, indicating that unfolding of the molecule is necessary for exposure of the cleavage site. delta A2-vWF tested under the same conditions was resistant, indicating that the protease sensitive site is located in the A2 domain.
Coligation of the B Cell Receptor with Complement Receptor Type 2 (CR2/CD21) Using Its Natural Ligand C3dg: Activation without Engagement of an Inhibitory Signaling Pathway (2005)

C3dg is a cleavage product of the C3 component of complement that can facilitate the coligation of the complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21) with the BCR via C3dg/Ag complexes. This interaction can greatly amplify BCR-mediated signaling events and acts to lower the threshold for B cell activation. Although previous studies have used anti-CR2 Abs or used chimeric Ags in the context of BCR transgenic mice as surrogate C3d-containing ligands, we have used a physiological form of C3d to study signaling in B cells from wild-type C57BL/6 mice. We find that while CR2-enhanced BCR signaling causes intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and total pTyr phosphorylation of an intensity comparable to optimal BCR ligation using anti-IgM Abs, it does so with limited activation of inhibitory effectors (such as CD22, Src homology region 2 domain containing phosphatase 1, and SHIP-1) and without substantial receptor cross-linking. In summary, we demonstrate that CR2-enhanced BCR signaling may proceed not only through the previously described amplification of positive signaling pathways, but is potentially augmented by a lack of normal inhibitory/feedback signaling.
A natural terrestrial biofilm (1996)

Material recovered from an extensive and viscous biofilm found on areas of rough hill pasture in Southern Scotland proved to consist of a thick mucilaginous deposit of polysaccharide in which species of green algae, withGleocystis spp as the dominant microorganism and lesser numbers ofOocystis spp. Cyanobacteria were also entrapped. On laboratory culture other green algal and cyanobacterial species were detected. Analysis of the native polysaccharide and of the exopolysaccharide from a mixed culture of the dominant algal species derived from the original material, revealed the major components as glucose, galactose, mannose and rhamnose. The content of uronic acids was very low. The viscosity of the polysaccharide preparations was determined and compared with bacterial biofilm material; viscosity was lost following phenol extraction indicating that the original material was probably closely associated with proteins.
?-catenin expression in primary and metastatic colorectal carcinoma (1999)

β-catenin plays a fundamental role in the regulation of the E-cadherin-catenin cell adhesion complex. It also functions in growth signalling events, independently of the cadherin-catenin complex, and these signalling pathways are disturbed in colorectal cancer. Mutations in either the APC or β-catenin genes in colorectal cancer cells result in up-regulation of protein expression and subsequent cytoplasmic and nuclear distribution of β-catenin. In this study, we examined β-catenin expression in 47 primary colorectal tumors and the corresponding liver metastases. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated loss of membranous β-catenin expression in 26% of primary tumors and 60% of liver metastases and a concomitant increase in cytoplasmic and nuclear staining. Widespread nuclear expression of β-catenin was found in 64% of primary tumors and 21% of liver metastases. No associations were found between any form of β-catenin expression and either tumor stage or tumor grade. Cellular distribution of β-catenin was also examined by detergent extraction and Western blot analysis in 16 primary tumors and 23 liver metastases. This analysis showed that most tumors demonstrated reduced β-catenin in the cytoskeletal fraction and increased β-catenin in the cytosolic fraction. Furthermore, 3 liver metastases were found to contain a truncated β-catenin protein of approximately Mr 80,000. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that the truncated β-catenin proteins only bound weakly to E-cadherin and β-catenin compared with non-truncated β-catenin. These results demonstrate gross alterations in the cellular distribution of β-catenin in primary colorectal cancers with metastatic potential, as well as in the metastatic tumors. These changes may be the consequence of APC or β-catenin gene mutations, or possibly result from a post-translational modification of the E-cadherin-catenin complex. Int. J. Cancer 82:504–511, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Growth of well-developed LaOCl microplates by chloride salt-assisted method (2017)

Lanthanum oxychloride (LaOCl) microplates were synthesized via the chloride salt-assisted method using lanthanum oxide, potassium chloride and lithium chloride as the raw materials. The effects of salt type and reaction temperature on the synthesis of LaOCl were investigated in detail. The lowest synthesis temperature in the present study was 300 °C, which was much lower than that required by other methods. The thickness and width of the as-prepared LaOCl microplates were about 200–500 nm and several microns, respectively. With potassium chloride and lithium chloride as the reaction medium, the latter acted not only as the molten salt but also as the reactant in the LaOCl synthesis. The chloride salt not only significantly lowers the synthesis temperature, but also provides the good conditions for the LaOCl growth of plate-like structures.