gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surfactant Effects on Residual Water and Oil Saturations in Porous Media (2003)

A series of soil column tests was performed to determine surfactant effects on residual water and oil saturations in porous media. In particular, these tests focused on the impact of submicellar surfactant solutions and the potential application of these low concentration systems to light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) contamination in the vadose zone. One set of tests involved surfactant flushing in soil-filled columns followed by drainage to residual water saturation and LNAPL injection to determine the subsequent residual LNAPL saturation. Another set of tests involved surfactant application to a soil-filled column already holding residual LNAPL saturation to promote the release of the previously trapped LNAPL. Test results showed surfactant systems could reduce both residual water and oil saturations by up to 50%. In addition, submicellar surfactant systems were equally effective as supramicellar solutions in reducing residual water saturations and potentially more effective at reducing residual oil saturations. Submicellar surfactant applications to a medium-grained (0.85–0.425 mm) soil containing residual LNAPL saturations were effective at releasing up to 50% of the previously trapped residual LNAPL. These applications were less successful in a fine-grained soil as full drainage of water and LNAPL was unachievable due to high capillary pressures. Overall, observations suggest low concentration surfactant solutions may have the ability to release significant amounts of previously trapped LNAPL in the vadose zone, potentially increasing free-product recovery rates and lowering LNAPL saturations to levels more favorable for biodegradation. The decrease in overall saturations (both water and oil) in a contaminated vadose zone could also present an increase in air permeability, thus enhancing other vadose zone treatment technologies such as bioventing or soil vapor extraction.
CytA enables CryIV endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis to overcome high levels of CryIV resistance in the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus (1997)

Cry proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis are selective biodegradable insecticides used increasingly in bacterial insecticides and transgenic plants as alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides. However, the potential for development of resistance and cross-resistance in target insect populations to Cry proteins used alone or in combination threatens the more widespread use of this novel pest control technology. Here we show that high levels of resistance to CryIV proteins in larvae of the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, can be suppressed or reduced markedly by combining these proteins with sublethal quantities of CytA, a cytolytic endotoxin of B. thuringiensis. Resistance at the LC95 level of 127-fold for a combination of three CryIV toxins (CryIVA, B, and D), resulting from 60 generations of continuous selection, was completely suppressed by combining sporulated powders of CytA in a 1:3 ratio with sporulated powders of a CryIVA, CryIVB, and CryIVD strain. Combining the CytA strain with a CryIVA and CryIVB strain also completely suppressed mosquito resistance of 217-fold to the latter toxins at the LC95 level, whereas combination of CytA with CryIVD reduced resistance in a CryIVD-selected mosquito strain from greater than 1,000-fold to less than 8-fold. The CytA/CryIV model provides a potential molecular genetic strategy for engineering resistance management for Cry proteins directly into bacterial insecticides and transgenic plants.
Expanded linkage map of Erwinia chrysanthemi strain 3937 (1989)

In this paper we describe the chromosomal location of various loci in Erwinia chrysanthemi strain 3937. Auxotrophic markers were obtained by chemical mutagenesis, antibiotic resistances were isolated spontaneously and mutations in sugar utilization were obtained by means of Mu insertions. These markers were located on the genetic linkage map of strain 3937 by using a conjugative system mediated by RP4::mini-Mu plasmids which permitted transfer of genetic material from any point of origin. The location of these markers was compared to that of previously located mutations. Many genes involved in pectinolysis were also located on the E. chrysanthemi 3937 map. These results permitted us to present a new genetic map containing 61 markers distributed over 34 widely scattered loci on the chromosome. Some pairs of markers giving high cotransfer frequencies were tested for cotransduction mediated by the generalized transducing phage phi-EC2; nine cotransducing pairs were found. It appears that the chromosomal locations of many of these loci are quite different to those of the well-known enterobacterium Escherichia coli but seem similar to those described for other E. chrysanthemi strains.
Radiation dosimetry of LMI1195, first-in-human study of a novel F-18 labeled tracer for imaging myocardial innervation (2010)

1432 Objectives LMI1195, a novel 18F ligand for the norepinephrine transporter (NET) is in clinical development as for mapping the cardiac nerve terminal in vivo using positron emission tomography. Human safety, whole-organ biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of LMI1195 were evaluated in a Phase I clinical trial. Methods 12 normal subjects were injected IV with 150-250 MBq of LMI1195. Dynamic PET images were obtained over the heart for 10 minutes, followed by sequential whole body images for approximately 5 hours. Blood samples were obtained and heart rate, ECG and blood pressure were monitored prior to and during imaging. Residence times were determined from multi-exponential regression of organ ROI data normalized by injected dose. Radiation dose estimates were calculated using OLINDA/EXM. Myocardial (M), lung, liver (LI), and blood pool SUV’s were determined at different time intervals. Results No adverse events due to LMI1195 were seen. The four highest-dose organs and their respective mean dose estimates were urinary bladder wall, 3.5-hr void (0.10 ± 0.020 mSv/MBq), kidneys (0.083 ± 0.014 mSv/MBq), thyroid (0.066 ± 0.011 mSv/MBq) and small intestine (0.046 ± 0.008 mSv/MBq). Mean effective dose was 0.026 ± 0.0012 mSv/MBq. Approximately 1.6% of the injected dose (ID) was seen in the myocardium initially, remaining above 1.5% of ID (decay-corrected) through 4 hours after injection. M/LI was approximately equal initially increasing to more than 2 at 4 hours. Blood radioactivity cleared quickly and lung activity was low throughout the study. Conclusions These early data suggest that LMI1195 is well tolerated and yields a radiation dose comparable to that of other commonly-used PET radiopharmaceuticals. Myocardial uptake and adjacent organ activity suggest that good images should be possible with acceptable patient radiation dose
Repairing general-purpose ASR output to improve accuracy of spoken sentences in specific domains using artificial development approach (2016)

General-purpose speech engines are trained on large corpus. However, studies and experiments have shown that when such engines are used to recognize spoken sentences in specific domains they may not produce accurate ASR output. Further, the accent and the environmental conditions in which the speaker speaks a sentence may induce the speech engine to recognize certain words/ sets of words inaccurately. Thus, the speech engine's output may need to be repaired for a domain before any further natural language processing is carried out. We present an artificial development (Art-Dev) based mechanism for such a repair. Our approach considers an erroneous ASR output sentence as a biological cell and repairs it through evolution and development of the inaccurate genes in the cell (sentence) with respect to the genes in the domain. Once the genotypes are identified, we 'grow' the genotypes into phenotypes to fill the missing gaps or erroneous words with appropriate domain concepts. We demonstrate our approach on the output of standard ASR engines such as Google Now and show how it improves the accuracy.
PRODUCTION OF HYDROBROMIC ACID FROM BROMINE AND METHANE FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION (2001)

A cooperative program between Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and the SRT Group was recently begun to advance the development of a chemical process to produce hydrobromic acid from bromine and methane. The purpose of the SNL program is to provide fundamental reaction kinetics information that will constitute the basis for system engineering by SRT. The SNL activities consist of computational chemistry and laboratory experimentation. Preliminary calculations of chemical equilibrium behavior and reaction kinetics were performed using the CHEMKIN computer program and its associated thermodynamic and kinetic databases. Calculations were performed for reactions involving the bromine-methane and bromine-methane-steam systems. The equilibrium conversion of bromine to HBr in the two processes is excellent, especially at temperatures below 900K. If equilibrium is achieved in the bromine-methane process, then the other principal product is solid carbon in some form, e.g., coke or soot. If solid carbon is not produced, then the reactor effluent may contain significant amounts of brominated hydrocarbons. From a purely thermodynamic point of view, the bromine-methane-steam process appears to be more attractive because the carbon in methane is converted almost completely into carbon dioxide.
Two major DNA variants present in serially propagated stocks of the WR strain of vaccinia virus (1981)

Two major DNA variants have been isolated from serially propagated stocks of the WR strain of vaccinia virus. Restriction enzyme mapping of the two variants with HindIII, AvaI, XhoI, SstII, and SmaI revealed a 6.3-megadalton deletion in the smaller DNA variant. The deletion was mapped at ca. 6.8 megadaltons in from the left terminus, just beyond the inverted terminal repeat. The additional DNA present in the larger variant was found to represent unique viral sequences that were transcribed both in vitro and in vivo. One-step growth curves in HeLa cells revealed no difference in rat of replication or burst size when progeny was scored on CV-1 monolayers.
Clonally amplified cardiac stem cells are regulated by Sca-1 signaling for efficient cardiovascular regeneration (2007)

Recent studies have shown that cardiac stem cells (CSCs) from the adult mammalian heart can give rise to functional cardiomyocytes; however, the definite surface markers to identify a definitive single entity of CSCs and the molecular mechanisms regulating their growth are so far unknown. Here, we demonstrate a single-cell deposition analysis to isolate individually selected CSCs from adult murine hearts and investigate the signals required for their proliferation and survival. Clonally proliferated CSCs express stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1) with embryonic stem (ES) cell-like and mesenchymal cell-like characteristics and are associated with telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). Using a transgene that expresses a GFP reporter under the control of the TERT promoter, we demonstrated that TERT(GFP)-positive fractions from the heart were enriched for cells expressing Sca-1. Knockdown of Sca-1 transcripts in CSCs led to retarded ex vivo expansion and apoptosis through Akt inactivation. We also show that ongoing CSC proliferation and survival after direct cell-grafting into ischemic myocardium require Sca-1 to upregulate the secreted paracrine effectors that augment neoangiogenesis and limit cardiac apoptosis. Thus, Sca-1 might be an essential component to promote CSC proliferation and survival to directly facilitate early engraftment, and might indirectly exert the effects on late cardiovascular differentiation after CSC transplantation.
Overexpression of a novel anionic glutathione transferase in multidrug-resistant human breast cancer cells. (1986)

Adriamycin-resistant (AdrR) human breast cancer cells have been selected which exhibit cross-resistance to a wide range of anti-cancer drugs. This multidrug-resistant phenotype is associated with increases in the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase. The 45-fold increase in glutathione transferase activity is associated with the appearance of a new anionic isozyme in AdrR cells which is immunologically related to the anionic glutathione transferase present in human placenta. The increase in transferase and the level of drug resistance is relatively stable during passage of AdrR cells in the absence of adriamycin for over 10 months. A similar anionic glutathione transferase isozyme is also found in rat hyperplastic liver nodules, a preneoplastic state resulting from exposure to carcinogens. A rat cDNA which codes for the anionic glutathione transferase in rat hyperplastic nodules hybridizes to a 1.1-kilobase pair mRNA which is overexpressed in the AdrR MCF-7 cells. The anionic transferase has been purified from the AdrR cells and found to have characteristics which distinguish it from other anionic human glutathione transferases, including high levels of intrinsic peroxidase activity. The overexpression of a similar anionic glutathione transferase in human breast cancer cells selected for multidrug resistance and in rat hyperplastic liver nodules, which develop resistance to various hepatotoxins, suggests a possible role for this drug-conjugating enzyme in the mechanism of resistance in both of these states.
Preparation and Certain Properties of Highly Purified Streptokinase (1967)

Abstract Procedures are described for the preparation of highly purified streptokinase by column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose and by column electrophoresis in a sucrose density gradient. Preparations chromatographed at least twice on diethylaminoethyl cellulose are shown to be essentially monodisperse on the basis of ultracentrifugal and gel electrophoretic analyses and constancy of specific activity. In good agreement with a previous finding from this laboratory, the molecular weight determined by equilibrium sedimentation was found to be 47,600. Treatment of streptokinase at pH 7.5 in 0.1 m phosphate buffer with 5 m guanidine-hydrochloride or 8 m urea produced a lowering of the sedimentation coefficient without significantly changing the molecular weight. Cystine and cysteine were absent on amino acid analysis, and the molecule is therefore assumed to consist of a single polypeptide chain with no subunits. The isoelectric point was found to be about pH 4.7. The amino acid composition is consistent with the formula Asp68-Thr30-Ser24-Glu46-Pro20-Gly21-Ala23-Val23-Met3-Ile22 Leu40-Tyr20-Phe15-Lys33-His9-Arg21-Try1 for molecular weight 47,754. Approximately 60 aspartic and glutamic residues are amidated per molecule of protein. The most highly purified preparations are devoid of carbohydrate and phosphorus and are inactive with basic amino acid esters, naphthyl esters, and acetyltyrosine ethyl ester as substrates.
At least three promoters direct expression of the mouse glucocorticoid receptor gene. (1992)

We have characterized the gene for the mouse glucocorticoid receptor. The gene spans approximately 110 kilobases, and glucocorticoid receptor transcripts are assembled from nine exons. Expression of the gene is controlled by at least three promoters, resulting in glucocorticoid receptor transcripts with different 5' nontranslated exons. One promoter is cell-specific, found to be active only in T lymphocytes. The other two promoters are active to various degrees in all cell lines and tissues so far analyzed and are located in a CpG island. The promoter activities are accompanied by DNase I hypersensitivity sites in chromatin. In contrast to a conservation of exon-intron structure, differences in promoter organization suggest a divergence between the evolution of regulatory and coding regions among members of the steroid receptor super-family.
Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides: Mechanism and Rational Catalyst Design (1997)

Palladium complexes of trio-o-tolyl phosphine and bis(diphenylphospino)ferrocene catalyze the reaction between aryl halides and either tin amides or amines in the presence of base to form aryl amines by halide substitution. This account describes our mechanistic and synthetic studies related to the amination reactions. These studies include kinetic behavior of the catalytic systems as well as direct observation of the primary stoichiometric reactions comprising the catalysis - including the rare C-N bond-forming reductive eliminations - and the mechanisms of these individual reactions. This paper also describes the development of tin-free amide sources and second generation amination catalysts that have resulted from our mechanistic understanding of the amination chemistry.
Nutritional management of newborn infants: Practical guidelines (2008)

The requirements of growth and organ development create a challenge in nutritional management of newborn infants, especially premature newborn and intestinal-failure infants. Since their feeding may increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis, some high-risk infants receive a small volume of feeding or parenteral nutrition (PN) without enteral feeding. This review summarizes the current research progress in the nutritional management of newborn infants. Searches of MEDLINE (1998-2007), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2007), abstracts and conference proceedings, references from relevant publications in the English language were performed, showing that breast milk is the preferred source of nutrients for enteral feeding of newborn infants. The number of nutrients found in human milk was recommended as a guideline in establishing the minimum and maximum levels in infant formulas. The fear of necrotizing enterocolitis and feeding intolerance are the major factors limiting the use of the enteral route as the primary means of nourishing premature infants. PN may help to meet many of the nutritional needs of these infants, but has significant detrimental side effects. Trophic feedings (small volume of feeding given at the same rate for at least 5 d) during PN are a strategy to enhance the feeding tolerance and decrease the side effects of PN and the time to achieve full feeding. Human milk is a key component of any strategy for enteral nutrition of all infants. However, the amounts of calcium, phosphorus, zinc and other nutrients are inadequate to meet the needs of the very low birth weight (VLBW) infants during growth. Therefore, safe and effective means to fortify human milk are essential to the care of VLBW infants.
adaptive mobile multimedia networks (1996)

The authors consider a networking environment in which the users are mobile, the topology changes, code division multiple access (CDMA) provides multiple wireless channels, the bandwidth of a given link is unpredictable and possibly very low, the error rates are extremely high and variable, major interference occurs when multiple transmissions take place over (possibly different) links on the same or different codes, real-time multimedia traffic must be supported as well as datagram traffic, there is no stable communication infrastructure, and there is no central control. They consider the problem of developing a design prototyping methodology, performance evaluation techniques, and networking algorithms to support a rapidly deployable radio network for such an environment. The network must be capable of providing guaranteed quality of service (QoS) to real-time multimedia traffic in a mobile, wireless, multihop radio network with no fixed infrastructure (e.g., no base stations). Another element of the environment with which they deal is that of multihop communications. They focus on two layers of key importance in multimedia wireless network design, namely compression algorithms and adaptivity in the voice/video applications layer, and network algorithms at the wireless subnet layer. Simulation tools are used to evaluate our design as well as to provide a path toward their implementation in software.
Dysregulated hepatic bile acids collaboratively promote liver carcinogenesis (2016)

Dysregulated bile acids (BAs) are closely associated with liver diseases and attributed to altered gut microbiota. Here, we show that the intrahepatic retention of hydrophobic BAs including deoxycholate (DCA), taurocholate (TCA), taurochenodeoxycholate (TCDCA), and taurolithocholate (TLCA) were substantially increased in a streptozotocin and high fat diet (HFD) induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-hepatocellular carcinoma (NASH-HCC) mouse model. Additionally chronic HFD-fed mice spontaneously developed liver tumors with significantly increased hepatic BA levels. Enhancing intestinal excretion of hydrophobic BAs in the NASH-HCC model mice by a 2% cholestyramine feeding significantly prevented HCC development. The gut microbiota alterations were closely correlated with altered BA levels in liver and feces. HFD-induced inflammation inhibited key BA transporters, resulting in sustained increases in intrahepatic BA concentrations. Our study also showed a significantly increased cell proliferation in BA treated normal human hepatic cell lines and a down-regulated expression of tumor suppressor gene CEBPα in TCDCA treated HepG2 cell line, suggesting that several hydrophobic BAs may collaboratively promote liver carcinogenesis.
Expression of the Arabidopsis WRINKLED 1 transcription factor leads to higher accumulation of palmitate in soybean seed (2018)

Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) is a commodity crop highly valued for its protein and oil content. The high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids in soybean oil results in low oxidative stability, which is a key parameter for usage in baking, high temperature frying applications, and affects shelf life of packaged products containing soybean oil. Introduction of a seed-specific expression cassette carrying the Arabidopsis transcription factor WRINKLED1 (AtWRI1) into soybean, led to seed oil with levels of palmitate up to approximately 20%. Stacking of the AtWRI1 transgenic allele with a transgenic locus harbouring the mangosteen steroyl-ACP thioesterase (GmFatA) resulted in oil with total saturates up to 30%. The creation of a triple stack in soybean, wherein the AtWRI1 and GmFatA alleles were combined with a FAD2-1 silencing allele led to the synthesis of an oil with 28% saturates and approximately 60% oleate. Constructs were then assembled that carry a dual FAD2-1 silencing element/GmFatA expression cassette, alone or combined with an AtWRI1 cassette. These plasmids are designated pPTN1289 and pPTN1301, respectively. Transgenic events carrying the T-DNA of pPTN1289 displayed an oil with stearate levels between 18% and 25%, and oleate in the upper 60%, with reduced palmitate (<5%). While soybean events harboring transgenic alleles of pPTN1301 had similar levels of stearic and oleate levels as that of the pPTRN1289 events, but with levels of palmitate closer to wild type. The modified fatty acid composition results in an oil with higher oxidative stability, and functionality attributes for end use in baking applications.
Non-volatile spin switch for Boolean and non-Boolean logic (2012)

We show that the established physics of spin valves together with the recently discovered giant spin-Hall effect could be used to construct Read and Write units that can be integrated into a single spin switch with input-output isolation, gain and fan-out similar to complementary metal oxide semiconductor inverters, but with the information stored in nanomagnets making it non-volatile. Such spin switches could be interconnected, with no external amplification, just with passive circuit elements, to perform logic operations. Moreover, since the digitization and storage occur naturally in the magnets, the voltages can be used to implement analog “weighting” for non-Boolean logic.