gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Serum free thyroxine levels respond inversely to changes in levels of dietary iodine in the domestic cat (1992)

Because of a perceived increase in the incidence of toxic multinodular goitres in cats in recent years, we investigated the iodine content of three varieties of commercial canned cat foods and studied the acute effects of 'ingestion of these preparations on urinary iodine excretion and serum free thyroxine levels in young, healthy cats. Ten castrated male cats were fed from a common source. The type of food was changed every 2 weeks. Urine and blood specimens were obtained weekly. Serum free thyroxine levels were determined and iodine concentrations in urine were assayed. The iodine content of the cats' food was also assayed. Food varieties of high, intermediate and low iodine content were fed for 2-week periods. There was a consistent, reciprocal relationship between the mean urinary iodine concentration and the mean serum free thyroxine level for each 2-week period. The difference in the mean serum free thyroxine concentrations for the high and low iodine intake periods was highly significant (p<0.01). When the serum free thyroxine level and the urinary iodine level for each cat at each collection throughout the 12-week study were analysed (66 paired results), a strong inverse correlation (r=0.59, p<0.01) was found. We concluded that the serum free thyroxine level in cats, as measured by a kit designed for human serum, is acutely responsive to changes in iodine intake.
Tumor Cell–Derived and Macrophage-Derived Cathepsin B Promotes Progression and Lung Metastasis of Mammary Cancer (2006)

Proteolysis in close vicinity of tumor cells is a hallmark of cancer invasion and metastasis. We show here that mouse mammary tumor virus-polyoma middle T antigen (PyMT) transgenic mice deficient for the cysteine protease cathepsin B (CTSB) exhibited a significantly delayed onset and reduced growth rate of mammary cancers compared with wild-type PyMT mice. Lung metastasis volumes were significantly reduced in PyMT;ctsb(+/-), an effect that was not further enhanced in PyMT;ctsb(-/-) mice. Furthermore, lung colonization studies of PyMT cells with different CTSB genotypes injected into congenic wild-type mice and in vitro Matrigel invasion assays confirmed a specific role for tumor-derived CTSB in invasion and metastasis. Interestingly, cell surface labeling of cysteine cathepsins by the active site probe DCG-04 detected up-regulation of cathepsin X on PyMT;ctsb(-/-) cells. Treatment of cells with a neutralizing anti-cathepsin X antibody significantly reduced Matrigel invasion of PyMT;ctsb(-/-) cells but did not affect invasion of PyMT;ctsb(+/+) or PyMT;ctsb(+/-) cells, indicating a compensatory function of cathepsin X in CTSB-deficient tumor cells. Finally, an adoptive transfer model, in which ctsb(+/+), ctsb(+/-), and ctsb(-/-) recipient mice were challenged with PyMT;ctsb(+/+) cells, was used to address the role of stroma-derived CTSB in lung metastasis formation. Notably, ctsb(-/-) mice showed reduced number and volume of lung colonies, and infiltrating macrophages showed a strongly up-regulated expression of CTSB within metastatic cell populations. These results indicate that both cancer cell-derived and stroma cell-derived (i.e., macrophages) CTSB plays an important role in tumor progression and metastasis.
Synthesis of pteridines, unsubstituted in the 4-position, from pyrazines via 3,4-dihydropteridines (1969)

Pteridines unsubstituted in the 4-position have been prepared from pyrazine intermediates by a new, general method that permits synthesis of several pteridines which could not be made from pyrimidine intermediates.
REGULATION OF VACCINIA VIRUS TRANSCRIPTION (1990)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
IgG and IgE Antibody Patterns after Immunotherapy with Monomethoxy Polyethyleneglycol Modified Honey Bee Venom (1986)

Antibody responses to honey bee venom (HBV) were studied in 13 patients during a 4-month course of immunotherapy with monomethoxy polyethyleneglycol (mPEG) modified venom. There was a rise of HBV-specific IgG antibodies as measured by IgG-RAST in all patients and a slight decrease of IgE antibody in most of them. The IgG-antibody responses during mPEG-HBV treatment as examined by crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis were directed to phospholipase A, hyaluronidase, acid phosphatase and to another allergen, antigen 1. Thus, despite a high degree of mPEG-modification of HBV, the immunogenicity of the most important HBV allergens was retained.
Mysterious machines (2010)

Alan Turing proposed a test for the intelligence of machines in 1950 [1]. Despite great efforts, no computer has passed this test so far. Each year, chat bots compete for the Loebner Prize, the first formal instantiation of a Turing Test. No contender was able to fool the jury yet. Major problems of the chat bots are the lack of common knowledge and the logical consistency of a dialogue. We explore a new approach to chat bots by focusing on non-logical conversation topics: mysticism. The founding books of the major religions are widely acknowledged examples of mystical topics. We selected the New Testament, the Koran and Rigveda as the knowledge base for our conversational robots. The robots are able to autonomously talk to each other and to humans about their religious believe. Each robot represents a belief, but we do not reveal their convictions. This ambiguity forces observers to follow the actual conversations instead of quickly applying stereotypes.
Dual Signaling and Ligand Selectivity of the Human PTH/PTHrP Receptor (1999)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates PTH/PTH-related peptide-related receptors (PTHRs) to stimulate both adenylyl cyclase (AC) and phospholipase C (PLC). How these parallel signals mediate specific cellular and tissue responses to PTH, such as the complex anabolic versus catabolic actions of PTH on bone, remains unsettled. Previous studies of PTHR signaling and function employed mainly rodent or other cell lines that express endogenous PTHRs and, possibly, alternate species of PTH receptors. To preclude confounding effects of such receptors, we stably expressed recombinant human PTHRs (hPTHRs) at different levels of surface density in LLC-PK1 porcine renal epithelial cells that lack endogenous PTH responsiveness. hPTH(1-34) induced concentration-dependent activation of both AC and PLC via transfected hPTHRs. Maximal intensity of each signal increased with receptor density, but more hPTHRs were required for PLC than for AC activation. Coupling to AC was saturated at receptor densities too low to detect sustained PLC activation. hPTH(3-34), found by others to be a PLC/protein kinase C (PKC)-selective peptide in rat cells, did not activate PLC via human (or rat) PTHRs under conditions (1 microM peptide, 106 hPTHRs/cell) where hPTH(1-34) stimulated PLC severalfold. Other cellular responses that require PKC activation in these cells, such as sodium-dependent phosphate transport and cAMP-independent secretion of plasminogen activator, were induced by PTH(1-34) but not by hPTH(3-34) or hPTH(7-34). We conclude that amino-truncated PTH analogs reported to activate PKC cannot directly activate phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC via the human or rat PTHR and therefore that PTH receptors may access alternate, PLC-independent pathways of PKC activation in some target cells. The relative intensity of AC and PLC signaling via the hPTHR may be strongly regulated by changes in its surface expression.
Efficient Raman Enhancement and Intermittent Light Emission Observed in Single Gold Nanocrystals (1999)

This paper reports two fundamental observations on the size-dependent optical properties of colloidal gold nanoparticles. First, faceted gold nanocrystals in the size range of 63 ± 3 nm have been found to be highly efficient for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). These nanocrystals are identified from a heterogeneous population for large optical enhancement at 647-nm laser excitation. Second, spatially isolated single gold particles emit Stokes-shifted Raman photons in an intermittent on-and-off fashion. In contrast to population-averaged studies, blinking surface-enhanced Raman scattering is a signature of single-particle (or even single-molecule) behavior. By directly measuring optical enhancement and time-resolved emission on single nanoparticles, this work opens new possibilities in studying the mechanisms of SERS, in developing metal tips for near-field optical microscopy, and in designing new nanostructured materials.
Human kallikrein 7 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like changes in prostate carcinoma cells: a role in prostate cancer invasion and progression. (2010)

Human tissue kallikrein 7 (hK7), a chymotrypsin-like secreted serine protease, catalyzes the degradation of intercellular adhesive structures in the cornified layer of the skin, leading to desquamation. Thus, hK7 is implicated in cancer invasion and metastasis. Although hK7 is highly expressed in prostate tissues, its biological role in prostate cancer progression is poorly understood. In the current study, we established an hK7-expressing cell model for prostate tumors by stably transfecting prostate carcinoma 22RV1 and DU145 cells with an expression vector encoding hK7. We found that there were no obvious differences in cell proliferation between cells overexpressing hK7 and cells transfected with empty vector (p>0.05). Intriguingly, a Matrigel invasion assay revealed that hK7 remarkably increased the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells (p<0.01). Furthermore, hK7 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like changes in prostate carcinoma cells, as evidenced by scattered cellular growth, mesenchyma-like morphology, and up-regulated expression of vimentin, a mesenchymal marker. These novel findings suggest that hK7 plays an important role in mediating prostate cancer progression and that hK7 promotes invasion and metastasis, at least in part, through inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of prostatic carcinoma cells.
Clinical symptoms and signs in sore throat patients with large colony variant beta-haemolytic streptococci groups C or G versus group A. (2005)

Patients with tonsillitis caused by streptococcus groups C or G have, to a large extent, the same clinical picture as patients with GAS. Large colony streptococci groups C and G should be considered as throat pathogens in line with GAS.
An experimental evaluation of computer graphics imagery (1986)

Accurate simulation of light propagation within an environment and perceptually based imaging techniques are necessary for the creation of realistic images. A physical experiment that verifies the simulation of reflected light intensities for diffuse environments was conducted. Measurements of radiant energy flux densities are compared with predictions using the radiosity method for those physical environments. By using color science procedures the results of the light model simulation are then transformed to produce a color television image. The final image compares favorably with the original physical model. The experiment indicates that, when the physical model and the simulation were viewed through a view camera, subjects could not distinguish between them. The results and comparison of both test procedures are presented within this paper.
Experimental comparison and cross-validation of the Affymetrix and Illumina gene expression analysis platforms (2005)

The growth in popularity of RNA expression microarrays has been accompanied by concerns about the reliability of the data especially when comparing between different platforms. Here, we present an evaluation of the reproducibility of microarray results using two platforms, Affymetrix GeneChips and Illumina BeadArrays. The study design is based on a dilution series of two human tissues (blood and placenta), tested in duplicate on each platform. The results of a comparison between the platforms indicate very high agreement, particularly for genes which are predicted to be differentially expressed between the two tissues. Agreement was strongly correlated with the level of expression of a gene. Concordance was also improved when probes on the two platforms could be identified as being likely to target the same set of transcripts of a given gene. These results shed light on the causes or failures of agreement across microarray platforms. The set of probes we found to be most highly reproducible can be used by others to help increase confidence in analyses of other data sets using these platforms.
To Fold or Not to Fold: Modulation and Consequences of Hsp90 Inhibition (2009)

Hsp90 modulation exhibits the potential to treat unrelated disease states, from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases, and, thus, to fold or not to fold, becomes a question of great value.
Determinants of Change in Total Cholesterol and HDL-C With Age: The Framingham Study (1994)

The rise in plasma total cholesterol among apparently healthy young men and women and its fall in the elderly are significantly associated with similar trends for obesity. The key determinants of a decline in HDL-C are an increase in obesity and advancing age itself. A decline in total cholesterol and in HDL-C is particularly common among the elderly, and it can be expected to occur without specific dietary or pharmacologic intervention.
Learning and reconsolidation implicate different synaptic mechanisms (2013)

Synaptic mechanisms underlying memory reconsolidation after retrieval are largely unknown. Here we report that synapses in projections to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala implicated in auditory fear conditioning, which are potentiated by learning, enter a labile state after memory reactivation, and must be restabilized through a postsynaptic mechanism implicating the mammalian target of rapamycin kinase-dependent signaling. Fear-conditioning-induced synaptic enhancements were primarily presynaptic in origin. Reconsolidation blockade with rapamycin, inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin kinase activity, suppressed synaptic potentiation in slices from fear-conditioned rats. Surprisingly, this reduction of synaptic efficacy was mediated by post- but not presynaptic mechanisms. These findings suggest that different plasticity rules may apply to the processes underlying the acquisition of original fear memory and postreactivational stabilization of fear-conditioning-induced synaptic enhancements mediating fear memory reconsolidation.
New Arrhythmia Technologies (2005)

New Arrhythmia Technologies provides a complete discussion of recent, emerging, and future arrhythmia technologies. This forward-thinking book details successful trials and investigates areas of research that have not yet reached the trial phase. The elite panel of authors have explored fresh information on: advances in antiarrhythmic pharmacologis therapy advances in monitoring, risk assessment, and noninvasive mapping advances in pacing therapy advances in implantable defibrillators advances in catheter and surgical ablation advances in antiarrhythmic biological therapy vision for the future of arrhythmia technologies web-based defibrillation monitoring. New Arrhythmia Technologies presents a unique view of the latest in arrhythmia innovations through the eyes of the experts in the field.
The distribution and taxonomic significance of lichenan and isolichenan in the Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina), as determined by iodine reactions. I. Introduction and methods. II. The genus Alectoria and associated taxa (1991)

Volume: 41
Monoclonal antibodies to two glycoproteins of herpes simplex virus type 2 (1981)

Monoclonal antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 were found to precipitate different numbers of radiolabeled polypeptides from lysates of virus-infected cells. Antibodies directed against two viral glycoproteins were characterized. Antibodies from hybridoma 17 alpha A2 precipitated a 60,000-molecular-weight polypeptide which chased into a 66,000- and 79,000-molecular-weight polypeptide. All three polypeptides labeled in the presence of [3H]glucosamine and had similar tryptic digest maps. The 60,000-molecular-weight polypeptide also chased into a 31,000-molecular-weight species which did not label with [3H]glucosamine. Antibodies from hybridoma 17 beta C2 precipitated a 50,000-molecular-weight polypeptide which chased into a 56,000- and 80,000-molecular weight polypeptide. These polypeptides also shared a similar tryptic digest map and labeled with [3H]glucosamine. Both monoclonal antibodies were herpes simplex virus type 2 specific. The viral proteins precipitated by 17 alpha A2 antibodies had characteristics similar to those reported for glycoprotein E, whereas the proteins precipitated by 17 beta C2 antibodies appeared to represent a glycoprotein not previously described. This glycoprotein should be tentatively designated glycoprotein F.
Solid-Phase Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification and Length-Scale Effects during RNA Amplification (2018)

Solid-phase oligonucleotide amplification is of interest because of possible applications to next-generation sequencing, multiplexed microarray-based detection, and cell-free synthetic biology. Its efficiency is, however, less than that of traditional liquid-phase amplification involving unconstrained primers and enzymes, and understanding how to optimize the solid-phase amplification process remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate the concept of solid-phase nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (SP-NASBA) and use it to study the effect of tethering density on amplification efficiency. SP-NASBA involves two enzymes, avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (AMV-RT) and RNase H, to convert tethered forward and reverse primers into tethered double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) bridges from which RNA<sup>-</sup> amplicons can be generated by a third enzyme, T7 RNA polymerase. We create microgels on silicon surfaces using electron-beam patterning of thin-film blends of hydroxyl-terminated and biotin-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-OH, PEG-B). The tethering density is linearly related to the PEG-B concentration, and biotinylated primers and molecular beacon detection probes are tethered to streptavidin-activated microgels. While SP-NASBA is very efficient at low tethering densities, the efficiency decreases dramatically with increasing tethering density due to three effects: (a) a reduced hybridization efficiency of tethered molecular beacon detection probes; (b) a decrease in T7 RNA polymerase efficiency;
Copper Control as an Antiangiogenic Anticancer Therapy: Lessons from Treating Wilson's Disease (2001)

The search for new anticopper drugs for Wilson's disease is culminating in two excellent new drugs: zinc for maintenance therapy and tetrathiomolybdate (TM) for initial therapy. Both are effective and nontoxic. TM is a very potent, fast-acting new anticopper drug and its properties may be useful well beyond Wilson's disease. Angiogenesis (new blood vessel growth) is required for tumor growth, and a sufficient level of copper appears to be required for angiogenesis. We hypothesize that there is a "window" to which the copper level can be reduced that inhibits angiogenesis in tumors, but does not interfere with vital cellular functions of copper. Using TM therapy, this approach has worked to slow or stabilize tumor growth in several animal tumor models, and preliminary results are also very encouraging in human patients with a variety of advanced and metastatic malignancies. A hypothesis is advanced that copper availability has played a fundamental role in growth regulation throughout evolution and that is the reason that so many angiogenic promoters appear to be dependent upon copper levels.
A low-gluten diet induces changes in the intestinal microbiome of healthy Danish adults (2018)

Adherence to a low-gluten diet has become increasingly common in parts of the general population. However, the effects of reducing gluten-rich food items including wheat, barley and rye cereals in healthy adults are unclear. Here, we undertook a randomised, controlled, cross-over trial involving 60 middle-aged Danish adults without known disorders with two 8-week interventions comparing a low-gluten diet (2 g gluten per day) and a high-gluten diet (18 g gluten per day), separated by a washout period of at least six weeks with habitual diet (12 g gluten per day). We find that, in comparison with a high-gluten diet, a low-gluten diet induces moderate changes in the intestinal microbiome, reduces fasting and postprandial hydrogen exhalation, and leads to improvements in self-reported bloating. These observations suggest that most of the effects of a low-gluten diet in non-coeliac adults may be driven by qualitative changes in dietary fibres.
Crystallization and characterization of NADP-dependent D-glucose dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter suboxydans. (1980)

NADP-Dependent D-glucose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.47) was crystallized for the first time from cytosol fraction of Gluconobacter suboxydans IFO 12528. Purification of the enzyme was successfully performed by column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and affinity chromatography by blue-dextran Sepharose 4B. The enzyme was purified about 1, 800-fold with an overall yield of 30%. Crystalline enzyme preparation was homogeneous in disc gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. The enzyme was highly specific for NADP and completely inactive with NAD. NADPH yielded in D-glucose oxidation to D-glucono-δ-lactone was reoxidized to NADP by the old yellow enzyme which existed in the same cytosol fraction of the organism. Cyclic regeneration of NADP occurred smoothly in the presence of D-glucose dehydrogenase, old yellow enzyme and catalase, even when a limited amount of NADP or NADPH was present in the reaction mixture.
Artificial muscles versus natural actuators from frogs to flies (2000)

When is a human-made actuator an artificial muscle. Natural actuators in the animal kingdom vary greatly in their capacity and role. Maximum stress variety by 100-fold as does the velocity at which muscles contract. Some muscles generate near maximum force over broad strain ranges, while others function over only the narrowest ranges. Frequencies of operation range from less than 1 Hz to 1000 Hz. Mass- specific power output can reach over 250 W/kg muscle. Muscles function not simply as force generators, but as springs and dampers. Our isolated muscle experiments on insects show that some muscles function primarily as energy absorber sand have a role in control, while others are effective at power generation. At present, we are evaluating EAPs to see where these actuators fit in the functional space of nature's muscles. EAPs appear particularly promising as artificial muscles for insect-sized robots.