gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The sympathetic nervous system and the metabolic syndrome (2007)

Studies performed in the past two decades have unequivocally shown that several of the components of the metabolic syndrome are associated with indirect and direct markers of adrenergic overdrive. This is the case for hypertension and obesity, in which resting tachycardia, elevated plasma norepinephrine values, increased sympathetic nerve traffic, as well as augmented levels of total and regional norepinephrine spillover have been reported. This is also the case for insulin resistance, i.e. a metabolic condition frequently complicating the various components of the pathological condition identified as the 'metabolic syndrome'. After briefly describing the epidemiological and the cardiovascular risk profile of the disease, this paper will examine the behaviour of the sympathetic nervous system in the metabolic syndrome as well as the mechanisms potentially responsible for this neurogenic abnormality. This will be followed by an analysis of the role played by neuroadrenergic factors in disease progression as well as in the pathogenesis of its complications. Finally, the therapeutic implications of these findings will be highlighted.
Recovery of Adherent Cells after In Situ Electroporation Monitored Electrically (2002)

Here we describe various experiments that address the efficiency of loading extracellular probes into the cytoplasm of adherent mammalian cells (normal rat kidney, Madin-Darby canine kidney, and African green monkey) by means of in situ electroporation. Subsequent cell recovery from the electroporation pulse was monitored electrically in real time for each condition. In this study, small, gold-film electrodes (5 x 10(-4) cm2) are used as culture substrates and at the same time as an electrode for both the application of the electroporating voltage pulse and the noninvasive electrical monitoring of cell recovery, using a technique referred to as ECIS. Electroporation has been performed by using ac sinusoidal voltage pulses of varying frequency, amplitude, and duration. Permeabilization and re-closure of the plasma membrane were evaluated by the uptake of the fluorescence probe, Lucifer Yellow, from the extracellularfluid. With the experimental setup described here, efficient electroporation was achieved with voltages less than 5 V. Using ECIS, we followed the morphological response of the cells to the electricfield-induced membrane permeabilization. For optimized electroporation conditions, cell recovery was completed in less than 1 h. The introduction of membrane-impermeable substances by electroporation and in situ monitoring of the cellular response mayfind many applications in cell biology.
1 DISCOVERY OF AN ALTERNATIVE OXYGEN SENSITIVITY IN ALGAL PHOTOSYNTHETIC H2 PRODUCTION (2015)

Characterization of O2-tolerance in H2-producing photosynthetic organisms is essential to the development of this renewable energy source, since application of green algae for H2 production is confronted with the problem of oxygen sensitivity. During current reporting period, we observed a new oxygen sensitivity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that is clearly distinct from the oxygen sensitivity of the hydrogenase. This distinct O2 sensitivity indicates that there is an alternative electron transport pathway that can take electrons away from the hydrogenase-catalyzed H2 production pathway to O2. Our experiments demonstrated that this alternative mechanism is more sensitive to O2 than the oxygen sensitivity of the hydrogenase. These findings redefine the meaning of “oxygen tolerance ” in algal H2 production. Future work will focus on mapping this alternative electron transport pathway and on developing a technique to control this pathway to enhance the production of H2. 2Introduction Algal photosynthetic hydrogen (H2) production is a potential future clean energy resource. In green algae, photoevolution of H2 and O2 occurs in the same cell where the photosynthetically produced O2 can inhibit the production of H2.1 Therefore, application of green algae for H2 production is
Actual flip‐angle imaging in the pulsed steady state: A method for rapid three‐dimensional mapping of the transmitted radiofrequency field (2006)

A new method has been developed for fast image-based measurements of the transmitted radiofrequency (RF) field. The method employs an actual flip-angle imaging (AFI) pulse sequence that consists of two identical RF pulses followed by two delays of different duration (TR(1) < TR(2)). After each pulse, a gradient-echo (GRE) signal is acquired. It has been shown theoretically and experimentally that if delays TR(1) and TR(2) are sufficiently short and the transverse magnetization is completely spoiled, the ratio r = S(2)/S(1) of signal intensities S(1) and S(2), acquired at the beginning of the time intervals TR(1) and TR(2), depends on the flip angle (FA) of applied pulses as r = (1 + n * cos(FA))/(n + cos(FA)), where n = TR(2)/TR(1). The method allows fast 3D implementation and provides accurate B(1) measurements that are highly insensitive to T(1). The unique feature of the AFI method is that it uses a pulsed steady-state signal acquisition. This overcomes the limitation of previous methods that required long relaxation delays between sequence repetitions. The method has been shown to be useful for time-efficient whole-body B(1) mapping and correction of T(1) maps obtained using a variable FA technique in the presence of nonuniform RF excitation.
Physiological Role for the Cochaperone FKBP52 in Androgen Receptor Signaling (2005)

Molecular chaperones mediate multiple aspects of steroid receptor function, but the physiological importance of most receptor-associated cochaperones has not been determined. To help fill this gap, we targeted for disruption the mouse gene for the 52-kDa FK506 binding protein, FKBP52, a 90-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90)-binding immunophilin found in steroid receptor complexes. A mouse line lacking FKBP52 (52KO) was generated and characterized. Male 52KO mice have several defects in reproductive tissues consistent with androgen insensitivity; among these defects are ambiguous external genitalia and dysgenic prostate. FKBP52 and androgen receptor (AR) are coexpressed in prostate epithelial cells of wild-type mice. However, FKBP52 and AR are similarly coexpressed in testis even though testis morphology and spermatogenesis in 52KO males are usually normal. Molecular studies confirm that FKBP52 is a component of AR complexes, and cellular studies in yeast and human cell models demonstrate that FKBP52 can enhance AR-mediated transactivation. AR enhancement requires FKBP52 peptidylprolyl isomerase activity as well as Hsp90-binding ability, and enhancement probably relates to an affect of FKBP52 on AR-folding pathways. In the presence of FKBP52, but not other cochaperones, the function of a minimally active AR point mutant can be dramatically restored. We conclude that FKBP52 is an AR folding factor that has critically important physiological roles in some male reproductive tissues.
Management guidelines and outcome measures in giant cell arteritis (GCA). (2008)

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a common form of vasculitis that predominantly affects the elderly. Cranial symptoms and elevated inflammatory markers are suggestive of the condition and the diagnosis is usually established by temporal artery biopsy. Corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment for GCA and prolonged therapy is often necessary. Disease relapses and steroid-related adverse effects, however, are common. Serious complications of the disease may include visual loss, stroke, and aortic involvement with aneurysm formation.
1 × 1104 holographic switching with a ferroelectric liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (1995)

We demonstrate 1 x 1104 holographic switching with a ferroelectric liquid-crystal spatial light modulator to test the feasible output size of a holographic switch. The demonstration proves that switching was achieved when the power of a laser diode used as the control light source was 6.3 mW. The average of the insertion loss was 31.6 dB.
Triplex Addressability as a Basis for Functional DNA Nanostructures (2007)

Here, we present the formation of a fully addressable DNA nanostructure that shows the potential to be exploited as, for example, an information storage device based on pH-driven triplex strand formation or nanoscale circuits based on electron transfer. The nanostructure is composed of two adjacent hexagonal unit cells (analogous to naphthalene) in which each of the eleven edges has a unique double-stranded DNA sequence, constructed using novel three-way oligonucleotides. This allows each ten base-pair side, just 3.4 nm in length, to be assigned a specific address according to its sequence. Such constructs are therefore an ideal precursor to a nonrepetitive two-dimensional grid on which the "addresses" are located at a precise and known position. Triplex recognition of these addresses could function as a simple yet efficient means of information storage and retrieval. Future applications that may be envisaged include nanoscale circuits as well as subnanometer precision in nanoparticle templating. Characterization of these precursor nanostructures and their reversible targeting by triplex strand formation is shown here using gel electrophoresis, atomic force microscopy, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements. The durability of the system to repeated cycling of pH switching is also confirmed by the FRET studies.
Mature miR-184 as Potential Oncogenic microRNA of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Tongue (2008)

Overexpression of miR-184 might play an oncogenic role in the antiapoptotic and proliferative processes of tongue SCC. In addition, plasma miR-184 levels were associated with the presence of primary tumor. Further studies on the aberrantly expressed miRNAs in tongue SCC as well as using plasma miRNAs as novel tumor markers are warranted.
Comorbidity of Chronic Insomnia With Medical Problems (2007)

This study demonstrates significant overlap between insomnia and multiple medical problems. Some research has shown it is possible to treat insomnia that is comorbid with select psychiatric (depression) and medical (eg, pain and cancer) disorders, which in turn increases the quality of life and functioning of these patients. The efficacy of treating insomnia in many of the above comorbid disorders has not been tested, indicating a need for future treatment research.
Dynamic wavelength allocation in all-optical ring networks (2002)

We focus on wavelength allocation schemes for all-optical WDM ring networks. For an N node network we characterize the traffic by its load L/sub max/ (the maximum number of lightpaths that share a link) and do not assume knowledge of the arrival/departure processes. We prove that shortest path routing produces a routing which has at most twice the load of the optimal solution. We show that at least 0.5 L/sub max/ log/sub 2/N+L/sub max/ wavelengths are required by any algorithm in the worst case, and develop an algorithm which requires up to 3 L/sub max/ log/sub 2/N wavelengths. For the case when the load is high and blocking is necessary we present an improved algorithm.
A novel four‐dimensional strategy combining protein and peptide separation methods enables detection of low‐abundance proteins in human plasma and serum proteomes (2005)

A novel strategy, termed protein array pixelation, is described for comprehensive profiling of human plasma and serum proteomes. This strategy consists of three sequential high-resolution protein prefractionation methods (major protein depletion, solution isoelectrofocusing, and 1-DE) followed by nanocapillary RP tryptic peptide separation prior to MS/MS analysis. The analysis generates a 2-D protein array where each pixel in the array contains a group of proteins with known pI and molecular weight range. Analysis of the HUPO samples using this strategy resulted in 575 and 2890 protein identifications from plasma and serum, respectively, based on HUPO-approved criteria for high-confidence protein assignments. Most importantly, a substantial number of low-abundance proteins (low ng/mL - pg/mL range) were identified. Although larger volumes were used in initial prefractionation steps, the protein identifications were derived from fractions equivalent to approximately 0.6 microL (45 microg) of plasma and 2.4 microL (204 microg) of serum. The time required for analyzing the entire protein array for each sample is comparable to some published shotgun analyses of plasma and serum proteomes. Therefore, protein array pixelation is a highly sensitive method capable of detecting proteins differing in abundance by up to nine orders of magnitude. With further refinement, this method has the potential for even higher capacity and higher throughput.
FDF03, a Novel Inhibitory Receptor of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily, Is Expressed by Human Dendritic and Myeloid Cells (2000)

In this study, we describe human FDF03, a novel member of the Ig superfamily expressed as a monomeric 44-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein and containing a single extracellular V-set Ig-like domain. Two potential secreted isoforms were also identified. The gene encoding FDF03 mapped to chromosome 7q22. FDF03 was mostly detected in hemopoietic tissues and was expressed by monocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes, but not by lymphocytes (B, T, and NK cells), indicating an expression restricted to cells of the myelomonocytic lineage. FDF03 was also strongly expressed by monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) and preferentially by CD14+/CD1a- DC derived from CD34+ progenitors. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis showed FDF03 expression by CD11c+ blood and tonsil DC, but not by CD11c- DC precursors. The FDF03 cytoplasmic tail contained two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM)-like sequences. When overexpressed in pervanadate-treated U937 cells, FDF03 was tyrosine-phosphorylated and recruited Src homology-2 (SH2) domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)-2 and to a lesser extent SHP-1. Like engagement of the ITIM-bearing receptor LAIR-1/p40, cross-linking of FDF03 inhibited calcium mobilization in response to CD32/FcgammaRII aggregation in transfected U937 cells, thus demonstrating that FDF03 can function as an inhibitory receptor. However, in contrast to LAIR-1/p40, cross-linking of FDF03 did not inhibit GM-CSF-induced monocyte differentiation into DC. Thus, FDF03 is a novel ITIM-bearing receptor selectively expressed by cells of myeloid origin, including DC, that may regulate functions other than that of the broadly distributed LAIR-1/p40 molecule.
UK-2A, B, C, and D, Novel Antifungal Antibiotics from Streptomyces sp. 517-02. VII. Membrane Injury Induced by C9-UK-2A, a Derivative of UK-2A, in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa IFO 0001. (2002)

UK-2A is a potent antifungal antibiotic and its structure is highly similar to that of antimycin A3 (AA). UK-2A and AA inhibit mitochondrial electron transport at complex III. However, the antifungal activities of UK-2A and AA disappear after 48-hour treatment. In an attempt to improve the duration of the antifungal activity of UK-2A, several UK-2A derivatives were prepared by substituting its nine-membered dilactone ring with an n-alkyl or an isoprenyl moiety. Among all the derivatives tested, C9- and C10-UK-2A showed the most potent and durable antifungal activities against a strict aerobic yeast, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa IFO 0001. C9-UK-2A, in particular, continued to demonstrate its broad-spectrum antifungal activity after 120-hour treatment. Therefore, we focused on C9-UK-2A to further examine its mode of action against the yeast. Interestingly, C9-UK-2A did not inhibit cellular respiration of the cells even at concentrations greater than 100 microg/ml. C9-UK-2A gradually induced the efflux of potassium ions from the cells. Moreover, C9-UK-2A gradually induced the release of glucose from glucose-encapsulating liposomes. The patterns of efflux and release induced by C9-UK-2A were not as rapid as those seen with amphotericin B. These results suggest a membrane injury caused by C9-UK-2A in R. mucilaginosa IFO 0001.
Role of interleukin-17 in the pathogenesis of vitiligo (2010)

Multiple factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. The increased levels of IL-17 we found in serum and lesional skin suggest an important role for this cytokine in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.
The Snf1 Protein Kinase Controls the Induction of Genes of the Iron Uptake Pathway at the Diauxic Shift in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2003)

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the transition between the fermentative and the oxidative metabolism, called the diauxic shift, is associated with major changes in gene expression. In this study, we characterized a novel family of five genes whose expression is induced during the diauxic shift. These genes, FET3, FTR1, TIS11, SIT1, and FIT2, are involved in the iron uptake pathway. We showed that their induction at the diauxic shift is positively controlled by the Snf1/Snf4 kinase pathway. The transcriptional factor Aft1p, which is known to control their induction in response to iron limitation, is also required for their induction during the diauxic shift. The increase of the extracellular iron concentration does not affect this induction, indicating that glucose exhaustion by itself would be the signal. The possibility that the Snf1/Snf4 pathway was also involved in the induction of the same set of genes in response to iron starvation was considered. We demonstrate here that this is not the case. Thus, the two signals, glucose exhaustion and iron starvation, use two independent pathways to activate the same set of genes through the Aft1p transcriptional factor.
Cellular fluorescent indicators and voltage/ion probe reader (VIPR) tools for ion channel and receptor drug discovery. (2002)

High throughput functional assays are increasingly relied upon to generate early and novel discovery leads for drug development. Ion transport proteins including channels, transporters, and pumps play central roles in cellular bioenergetics, excitability, and a multitude of other biological functions. Facile, robust methods for detecting ion transport activity in both native and heterologous systems is desirable for rapid functional analysis and drug discovery for these difficult but important targets. Here we discuss cell-compatible fluorescent probes, functional assays, and VIPR instrumentation that are used to monitor real-time target activity and screen large chemical libraries for potent and selective modulators. Advances and issues for both exogenously applied and fluorescent protein probes of cellular membrane potential, Ca2+, Cl-, and pH are addressed. High throughput screening (HTS) compatible, rapid kinetic and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays are emphasized, in particular the use of voltage-sensitive FRET probes to assay ion channel activity in single cells and 96/384-well formats.
The value of powdery mildew resistance in grapes: Evidence from California (2014)

Powdery mildew (PM) is a fungal disease that damages many crops, including grapes. In California, wine, raisin, and table grapes contributed over $3.9 billion to the value of farm production in 2011. Grape varieties with resistance to powdery mildew are currently being developed, using either conventional or transgenic approaches, each of which has associated advantages and disadvantages. PM-resistant varieties of grapes could yield large economic benefits to California grape growers—potentially allowing cost savings as high as $48 million per year in the subset of the industry covered by our analysis (Crimson Seedless table grapes, all raisin grapes, and Central Coast Chardonnay wine grapes), but benefits range widely across the different grape production systems.
An efficient key-evolving signature scheme based on pairing (2004)

This paper proposes an efficient key-evolving paradigm to deal with the key exposure problem of digital signature schemes. In the paradigm the secret key evolves with time and it is computationally infeasible for an adversary to forge a signature for the periods before the time of the key exposure. The scheme we propose is based on pairing (bilinear maps) and is efficiently constructed. We associate time with all nodes of a binary tree rather than the leaves only for the first time in a signature scheme. The complexity is a log magnitude in terms of the number of the total time periods. Compared with other previous key-evolving signature schemes, the signing and key update algorithm are very efficient. Finally, we give a detailed security analysis for the scheme. The security proof is based on the computational Diffie-Hellman assumption.
Predicted Inactivation of Viruses of Relevance to Biodefense by Solar Radiation (2005)

UV radiation from the sun is the primary germicide in the environment. The goal of this study was to estimate inactivation of viruses by solar exposure. We reviewed published reports on 254-nm UV inactivation and tabulated the sensitivities of a wide variety of viruses, including those with double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, or single-stranded RNA genomes. We calculated D(37) values (fluence producing on average one lethal hit per virion and reducing viable virus to 37%) from all available data. We defined "size-normalized sensitivity" (SnS) by multiplying UV(254) sensitivities (D(37) values) by the genome size, and SnS values were relatively constant for viruses with similar genetic composition. In addition, SnS values were similar for complete virions and their defective particles, even when the corresponding D(37) values were significantly different. We used SnS to estimate the UV(254) sensitivities of viruses for which the genome composition and size were known but no UV inactivation data were available, including smallpox virus, Ebola, Marburg, Crimean-Congo, Junin, and other hemorrhagic viruses, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis and other encephalitis viruses. We compiled available data on virus inactivation as a function of wavelength and calculated a composite action spectrum that allowed extrapolation from the 254-nm data to solar UV. We combined our estimates of virus sensitivity with solar measurements at different geographical locations to predict virus inactivation. Our predictions agreed with the available experimental data. This work should be a useful step to understanding and eventually predicting the survival of viruses after their release in the environment.
Key specifications of the World Wide Web (1996)

The Internet's World Wide Web is an open architecture that encourages innovation and interoperability. From the very beginning of the Web at CERN, the specifications that described how the Web works were drafted by Tim Berners-Lee and made available online. Since then, these documents have been drafted as RFCs (Request For Comment) to conform with standardization process established by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Today, the repository of these documents is maintained online at World Wide Web Consortium, which is also developing new specifications. In this special issue, these key papers are collected in a single volume as an important reference for the Webmaster, application programmer, or technical manager. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), led by Tim Berners-Lee, the original visionary for the Web, spearheads standards research and development for the Web. Over 100 member organizations participate in the painstaking work of keeping open access to Web information.