gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Niobium Disulfide Thin Films (2004)

Abstract Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) of niobium sulfide coatings was achieved on glass substrates from the reaction of NbCl 5 and S(SiMe 3 ) 2 , t Bu 2 S 2 , t BuSH, or HSCH 2 CH 2 SH at 250−600 °C. The niobium sulfide films grown at temperatures above 500 °C were crystalline, and powder X‐ray diffraction showed that two polytypes of NbS 2 were produced. The sulfur precursor used is fundamental to the polytype of NbS 2 obtained; films that are grown from the APCVD reaction of NbCl 5 and S(SiMe 3 ) 2 or t Bu 2 S 2 at 500−600 °C crystallize into the 1T structure, whereas those grown from the APCVD reaction of NbCl 5 and t BuSH or HSCH 2 CH 2 SH at 500−600 °C crystallize into the 3R structure. Energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDXA) studies gave elemental ratios close to the expected 1:2 ratio for Nb:S. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed surface morphologies consistent with an island growth mechanism. The films were also characterized using Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, both of which showed differences consistent with the formation of the two polytypes, 1T and 3R‐NbS 2 . (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Rapid visual detection of microorganisms in blood culture (1984)

We describe a method and apparatus for rapid visual detection of microorganisms in blood cultures. In the 30-min procedure, a lysing reagent for the preferential digestion of blood cells and a concentration device which causes 1 ml of lysed specimen to pass through a portion (3 mm2) of a membrane filter (pore size, 0.6 micron) were used. After the material remaining on the filter was Gram stained, the filter was mounted and examined microscopically. The ability to detect microorganisms in blood cultures was determined by spiking seven common blood pathogens into blood cultures prepared from the blood of healthy volunteers. Microorganism concentration in the cultures ranged from 1 to 1,000/ml. All of 34 cultures with at least 100 CFU/ml were detected, 34 of 64 cultures with less than 100 CFU/ml were detected, and 41 of 42 negative controls were correctly reported as negative.
Dimer Stability as a Determinant of Differential DNA Binding Activity of Stat3 Isoforms (2000)

Stat3alpha and Stat3beta are two Stat3 isoforms with marked quantitative differences in their DNA binding activities. To examine the molecular basis of the differential DNA binding activities, we measured DNA binding strength and dimer stability, two possible mechanisms responsible for these differences. Stat3alpha and Stat3beta showed no difference in DNA binding strength, i.e. they had similar association and dissociation rates for DNA binding. However, competition analyses performed with dissociating reagents including an anti-phosphotyrosine antibody, SH2 domain protein, and a phosphopeptide demonstrated that Stat3beta dimers are more stable than Stat3alpha dimers. We report here that dimer stability of activated forms plays a critical role in determining DNA binding activity of Stat3 isoforms. We found that C-terminal deletions of Stat3alpha increased both DNA binding activity and dimer stability of Stat3alpha. Our findings suggest that the acidic C-terminal region of Stat3alpha does not interfere with the DNA binding of activated Stat3alpha dimers, but destabilizes the dimeric forms of Stat3alpha. We propose that dimer stability described in vitro may be the underlying mechanism of in vivo stability of activated Stat3 proteins, regulating dephosphorylation of tyrosine 705.
The mesh nebuliser: a recent technical innovation for aerosol delivery (2006)

Key points Mesh nebulisers can be used to nebulise aqueous drugs and suspensions; however, with suspensions, there can be a reduction in performance in terms of aerosol output rate and inhaled mass. Based only on in vitro studies, marketed mesh nebulisers for ambulatory patients might reduce the nebulisation time without reducing drug efficiency or overdose risk. The effect of disinfection and cleaning on marketed mesh nebulisers’ performances remains to be assessed. Educational aims To define the differences between the new mesh nebulisers and conventional jet and ultrasonic nebulisers. To give recommendations regarding the choice of a mesh nebuliser in order to administer a therapeutic aerosol. Summary A nebuliser is a device that converts a liquid into aerosol droplets and must be loaded with the medication before each treatment. There are three types of nebulisers: jet nebulisers, which can nebulise all drugs and can be disposable; ultrasonic nebulisers, which are silent but can only nebulise aqueous solutions and may heat the drug; and mesh nebulisers, which can be used to nebulise aqueous solutions, but can be less efficient in nebulising suspensions. The latter are silent, portable and small. They can reduce the nebulisation time without reducing drug efficiency, but disinfecting and cleaning can be difficult.
ART 2: self-organization of stable category recognition codes for analog input patterns (1987)

Adaptive resonance architectures are neural networks that self-organize stable pattern recognition codes in real-time in response to arbitrary sequences of input patterns. This article introduces ART 2, a class of adaptive resonance architectures which rapidly self-organize pattern recognition categories in response to arbitrary sequences of either analog or binary input patterns. In order to cope with arbitrary sequences of analog input patterns-ART 2 architectures embody solutions to a number of design principles, such as the stability-plasticity tradeoff, the search-direct access tradeoff, and the match-reset tradeoff. In these architectures, top-down learned expectation and matching mechanisms are critical in self-stabilizing the code learning process. A parallel search scheme updates itself adaptively as the learning process unfolds, and realizes a form of real-time hypothesis discovery, testing, learning, and recognition. After learning selfstabilizes, the search process is automatically disengaged. Thereafter input patterns directly access their recognition codes without any search. Thus recognition time for familiar inputs does not increase with the complexity of the learned code. A novel input pattern can directly access a category if it shares invariant properties with the set of familiar exemplars of that category. A parameter called the attentional vigilance parameter determines how fine the categories will be. If vigilance increases (decreases) due to environmental feedback, then the system automatically searches for and learns finer (coarser) recognition categories. Gain control parameters enable the architecture to suppress noise up to a prescribed level. The architecture's global design enables it to learn effectively despite the high degree of nonlinearity of such mechanisms.
The First Prebiotics in Humans (2004)

The development of intestinal microflora in newborns is strictly related to the kind of feeding. Breast-fed infants, unlike the bottle-fed ones, have an intestinal ecosystem characterized by a strong prevalence of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Data available so far in the literature show that, among the numerous substances present in human milk, oligosaccharides have a clear prebiotic effect. They are quantitatively one of the main components of human milk and are only partially digested in the small intestine, so they reach the colon, where they stimulate selectively the development of bifidogenic flora. Such results have been recently proved both by characterization of oligosaccharides in breast-fed infant feces and by the study of intestinal microflora using new techniques of molecular analysis, confirming that human milk oligosaccharides represent the first prebiotics in humans.
Determination of the Functional Epitopes of Human Interleukin-18-binding Protein by Site-directed Mutagenesis (2001)

The human interleukin (IL)-18-binding protein (hIL-18BP) is a naturally occurring antagonist of IL-18, a proinflammatory cytokine that is related to IL-1beta and has an important role in defense against microbial invaders. As its name implies, the hIL-18BP binds to IL-18 with high affinity and prevents the interaction of IL-18 with its receptor. We genetically modified the C terminus of hIL-18BP by appending a 15-amino acid biotinylation recognition site and a six-histidine tag and then performed site-directed mutagenesis to determine the functional epitopes that mediate efficient binding to IL-18. The mutated IL-18BPs were secreted from mammalian cells, captured by metal affinity chromatography, biotinylated in situ, eluted, and immobilized on streptavidin-coated chips. Using surface plasmon resonance, we identified seven amino acids of hIL-18BP which, when changed individually to alanine, caused an 8-750-fold decrease in binding affinity, largely because of increased off-rates. These seven amino acids localized to the predicted beta-strand c and d of hIL-18BP immunoglobulin-like domain, and most had hydrophobic side chains. Just two amino acids, tyrosine 97 and phenylalanine 104, contributed approximately 50% of the binding free energy. Information obtained from these studies could contribute to the design of molecular antagonists of IL-18 for treatment of inflammatory diseases.
In utero or ex utero cord blood collection: which is better? (2002)

CB can be collected successfully using either the in utero or ex utero methods; both methods produce comparable nucleated cell, MNC, CD34+, and CFU-GM numbers. Bacterial contamination, low volume, clotting, and delay until processing are generally higher with in utero collection.
The Functional Role of the ELR Motif in CXC Chemokine-mediated Angiogenesis (1995)

In this study, we demonstrate that the CXC family of chemokines displays disparate angiogenic activity depending upon the presence or absence of the ELR motif. CXC chemokines containing the ELR motif (ELR-CXC chemokines) were found to be potent angiogenic factors, inducing both in vitro endothelial chemotaxis and in vivo corneal neovascularization. In contrast, the CXC chemokines lacking the ELR motif, platelet factor 4, interferon gamma-inducible protein 10, and monokine induced by gamma-interferon, not only failed to induce significant in vitro endothelial cell chemotaxis or in vivo corneal neovascularization but were found to be potent angiostatic factors in the presence of either ELR-CXC chemokines or the unrelated angiogenic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor. Additionally, mutant interleukin-8 proteins lacking the ELR motif demonstrated potent angiostatic effects in the presence of either ELR-CXC chemokines or basic fibroblast growth factor. In contrast, a mutant of monokine induced by gamma-interferon containing the ELR motif was found to induce in vivo angiogenic activity. These findings suggest a functional role of the ELR motif in determining the angiogenic or angiostatic potential of CXC chemokines, supporting the hypothesis that the net biological balance between angiogenic and angiostatic CXC chemokines may play an important role in regulating overall angiogenesis.
Enhanced Self-Coherent OFDM by the Use of Injection Locked Laser (2012)

An injection-locked laser based pilot carrier enhancement technique is proposed for self-coherent OFDM. An improvement of 2.2 dB is observed when compared to Fabry-Perot filter based self-coherent OFDM.
Markedly different cytotoxicity of the two enantiomers of C2-symmetrical Ti(iv) phenolato complexes; mechanistic implications (2009)

The two enantiomers of a member of the highly active C(2)-symmetrical bis(isopropoxo) Ti(iv) family of complexes of diamine bis(phenolato) ligands demonstrate markedly different cytotoxicity, supporting a chiral biological target of activity and participation of a ligand-bound active species.
Signatures of topological Josephson junctions (2016)

The fractional Josephson effect is of the most striking phenomena heralding topological superconductivity and Majorana bound states. In contrast to the conventional Josephson current that is 2$\ensuremath{\pi}$-periodic in the applied phase difference, the periodicity is 4$\ensuremath{\pi}$ in the junctions connecting topological superconductors. Unfortunately, this effect can be easily masked in experiments due to the quasiparticle poisoning processes resulting from inelastic transitions between the localized subgap states of the junction and delocalized states in the quasiparticle continuum. The authors propose a simple and feasible solution to this problem by embedding the topological Josephson junction in a SQUID setup. They show that signatures of the topological junction can be found in the switching probability of the supercurrent through the SQUID, even in the presence of quasiparticle poisoning processes.
320x240 uncooled microbolometer 2D array for radiometric and process control applications (2004)

Uncooled infrared focal plane arrays are being developed for a wide range of thermal imaging applications. Developments are focused on the improvement of their sensitivity enabling the possibility to manufacture high performance radiometric devices with internal temperature stabilized shield to determine precisely the input infrared flux. We present the characterization of a new radiometric device obtained from 320 x 240 uncooled microbolometer array with f/1.4 aperture. This device is well adapted to radiometric or process control applications and moreover shows a high level of stability due to the internal temperature stabilized shield which prevents the detector from camera internal temperature shift artifacts.
Lentivector-mediated SMN replacement in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy (2004)

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a frequent recessive autosomal disorder. It is caused by mutations or deletion of the telomeric copy of the survival motor neuron (SMN) gene, leading to depletion in SMN protein levels. The treatment rationale for SMA is to halt or delay the degeneration of motor neurons, but to date there are no effective drug treatments for this disease. We have previously demonstrated that pseudotyping of the nonprimate equine infectious anemia virus (using the lentivector gene transfer system) with the glycoprotein of the Evelyn-Rokitnicki-Abelseth strain of the rabies virus confers retrograde axonal transport on these vectors. Here, we report that lentivector expressing human SMN was successfully used to restore SMN protein levels in SMA type 1 fibroblasts. Multiple single injections of a lentiviral vector expressing SMN in various muscles of SMA mice restored SMN to motor neurons, reduced motor neuron death, and increased the life expectancy by an average of 3 and 5 days (20% and 38%) compared with LacZ and untreated animals, respectively. Further extension of survival by SMN expression constructs will likely require a knowledge of when and/or where high levels of SMN are needed.
The Manufacture and Technology of the Ferrite Materials in China (2002)

China is a large country fer the production of magnetic materials because of its cheap price and abundant raw materials. The total yield of ferrite occupies about 20% fraction in the market of the world. In this report, the characteristics and the yield of the ferrite magnet produced in China were displayed. Also the distribution of manufacturers and research institutes and the Chinas 10th five-year-plan on the magnetic materials were reviewed.
Part-of-speech induction from scratch (1993)

This paper presents a method for inducing the parts of speech of a language and part-of-speech labels for individual words from a large text corpus. Vector representations for the part-of-speech of a word are formed from entries of its near lexical neighbors. A dimensionality reduction creates a space representing the syntactic categories of unambiguous words. A neural net trained on these spatial representations classifies individual contexts of occurrence of ambiguous words. The method classifies both ambiguous and unambiguous words correctly with high accuracy.
TLRS in the Gut. II. Flagellin-induced inflammation and antiapoptosis (2006)

Flagellin is bacterial protein that serves as a danger signal across a wide variety of eukaryotes and is a potent inducer of inflammatory effector responses in the mammalian gut. Recent findings utilizing purified flagellin and flagellate/aflagellate bacteria in in vitro and in vivo systems have revealed the important roles played by flagellin in the initial encounter between mucosa and flagellate bacteria, specifically in the modulation of apoptotic responses.
Synthesis of non‐steroidal antiinflammatory drug analogues for selective studies on the COX-II enzyme (1996)

Synthesis of the azido substituted non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug 2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenylacetic acid and isotope labeling of this compound have been performed and are described. Initial evaluation of the binding ability and photoreactivity indicates that this compound has potential for photoaffinity labeling as well as enzyme selectivity studies.
Pimelic acid, the first precursor of the Bacillus subtilis biotin synthesis pathway, exists as the free acid and is assembled by fatty acid synthesis (2017)

Biotin synthetic pathways are readily separated into two stages, synthesis of the seven carbon α, ω-dicarboxylic acid pimelate moiety and assembly of the fused heterocyclic rings. The biotin pathway genes responsible for pimelate moiety synthesis vary widely among bacteria whereas the ring synthesis genes are highly conserved. Bacillus subtilis seems to have redundant genes, bioI and bioW, for generation of the pimelate intermediate. Largely consistent with previous genetic studies it was found that deletion of bioW caused a biotin auxotrophic phenotype whereas deletion of bioI did not. BioW is a pimeloyl-CoA synthetase that converts pimelic acid to pimeloyl-CoA. The essentiality of BioW for biotin synthesis indicates that the free form of pimelic acid is an intermediate in biotin synthesis although this is not the case in E. coli. Since the origin of pimelic acid in Bacillus subtilis is unknown, <sup>13</sup> C-NMR studies were carried out to decipher the pathway for its generation. The data provided evidence for the role of free pimelate in biotin synthesis and the involvement of fatty acid synthesis in pimelate production. Cerulenin, an inhibitor of the key fatty acid elongation enzyme, FabF, markedly decreased biotin production by B. subtilis resting cells whereas a strain having a cerulenin-resistant FabF mutant produced more biotin. In addition, supplementation with pimelic acid fully restored biotin production in cerulenin-treated cells. These results indicate that pimelic acid originating from fatty acid synthesis pathway is a bona fide precursor of biotin in B. subtilis.
Novel Adenovirus-Based Vaccines Induce Broad and Sustained T Cell Responses to HCV in Man (2012)

Currently, no vaccine exists for hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major pathogen thought to infect 170 million people globally. Many studies suggest that host T cell responses are critical for spontaneous resolution of disease, and preclinical studies have indicated a requirement for T cells in protection against challenge. We aimed to elicit HCV-specific T cells with the potential for protection using a recombinant adenoviral vector strategy in a phase 1 study of healthy human volunteers. Two adenoviral vectors expressing NS proteins from HCV genotype 1B were constructed based on rare serotypes [human adenovirus 6 (Ad6) and chimpanzee adenovirus 3 (ChAd3)]. Both vectors primed T cell responses against HCV proteins; these T cell responses targeted multiple proteins and were capable of recognizing heterologous strains (genotypes 1A and 3A). HCV-specific T cells consisted of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets; secreted interleukin-2, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α; and could be sustained for at least a year after boosting with the heterologous adenoviral vector. Studies using major histocompatibility complex peptide tetramers revealed long-lived central and effector memory pools that retained polyfunctionality and proliferative capacity. These data indicate that an adenoviral vector strategy can induce sustained T cell responses of a magnitude and quality associated with protective immunity and open the way for studies of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines for HCV.
The crossover from the vortex glass to the Bose glass in nanostructured YBa2Cu3O7−x films (2008)

The glass-liquid transitions of quantized vortices were studied to understand the vortex behavior in YBa2Cu3O7−x films. We systematically controlled the pinning strength, spatial distribution, and shape of disorders by engineering of nanoinclusions in YBa2Cu3O7−x films. In these disorder systems, we observed the crossover between the vortex glass (VG) and the Bose glass (BG). The increase in pinning strength and ordering of isotropic disorders do not change the critical exponents and the conversion between the BG and the VG is triggered only by the anisotropy of pinning centers.
An unexpected requirement for brain-type sodium channels for control of heart rate in the mouse sinoatrial node (2003)

Voltage-gated Na(+) channels are composed of pore-forming alpha and auxiliary beta subunits. The majority of Na(+) channels in the heart contain tetrodotoxin (TTX)-insensitive Na(v)1.5 alpha subunits, but TTX-sensitive brain-type Na(+) channel alpha subunits are present and functionally important in the transverse tubules of ventricular myocytes. Sinoatrial (SA) nodal cells were identified in cardiac tissue sections by staining for connexin 43 (which is expressed in atrial tissue but not in SA node), and Na(+) channel localization was analyzed by immunocytochemical staining with subtype-specific antibodies and confocal microscopy. Brain-type TTX-sensitive Na(v)1.1 and Na(v)1.3 alpha subunits and all four beta subunits were present in mouse SA node, but Na(v)1.5 alpha subunits were not. Na(v)1.1 alpha subunits were also present in rat SA node. Isolated mouse hearts were retrogradely perfused in a Langendorff preparation, and electrocardiograms were recorded. Spontaneous heart rate and cycle length were constant, and heart rate variability was small under control conditions. In contrast, in the presence of 100 nM TTX to block TTX-sensitive Na(+) channels specifically, we observed a significant reduction in spontaneous heart rate and markedly greater heart rate variability, similar to sick-sinus syndrome in man. We hypothesize that brain-type Na(+) channels are required because their more positive voltage dependence of inactivation allows them to function at the depolarized membrane potential of SA nodal cells. Our results demonstrate an important contribution of TTX-sensitive brain-type Na(+) channels to SA nodal automaticity in mouse heart and suggest that they may also contribute to SA nodal function and dysfunction in human heart.
Flow-based video synthesis and editing (2004)

This paper presents a novel algorithm for synthesizing and editing video of natural phenomena that exhibit continuous flow patterns. The algorithm analyzes the motion of textured particles in the input video along user-specified flow lines, and synthesizes seamless video of arbitrary length by enforcing temporal continuity along a second set of user-specified flow lines. The algorithm is simple to implement and use. We used this technique to edit video of water-falls, rivers, flames, and smoke.