gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Response to Hepatitis A Vaccination in Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐Infected and ‐Uninfected Homosexual Men (1997)

The influence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and vaccination schedule on the immunogenicity of a hepatitis A vaccine was examined. Ninety HIV-infected homosexual men received two vaccinations with hepatitis A vaccine (each 2 mL of 720 ELISA units/mL) either 1 or 6 months apart; 44 HIV-uninfected men received vaccine at study entry and at 6 months. Anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) titer after vaccination was measured in 83 HIV-positive and 39 HIV-negative men. Seroconversion (anti-HAV antibody > or = 20 IU/L) after two vaccinations occurred more frequently in HIV-negative men (100% vs. 88.2%; P = .03). Anti-HAV titer after two vaccinations was also significantly greater in HIV-negative men (1086 vs. 101 IU/L; P = .0001). HIV-positive men who responded to vaccination had significantly more CD4 lymphocytes (mean, 540/microL) at baseline than those who did not (280/microL; P = .033). Vaccine schedule did not affect response. Vaccination of susceptible patients against HAV should be recommended early in HIV infection using the shorter course to encourage compliance.
Pyrolysis temperature and time dependence of electrical conductivity evolution for electrostatically generated carbon nanofibers (2003)

Carbon nanofibers were produced from polyacrylonitrile/N, N-Dimethyl Formamide (PAN/DMF) precursor solution using electrospinning and vacuum pyrolysis at temperatures from 773-1273 K for 0.5, 2, and 5 h, respectively. Their conductance was determined from I-V curves. The length and cross-section area of the nanofibers were evaluated using optical microscope and scanning probe microscopes, respectively, and were used for their electrical conductivity calculation. It was found that the conductivity increases sharply with the pyrolysis temperature, and increases considerably with pyrolysis time at the lower pyrolysis temperatures of 873, 973, and 1073 K, but varies, less obviously, with pyrolysis time at the higher pyrolysis temperatures of 1173 and 1273 K. This dependence was attributed to the thermally activated transformation of disordered to graphitic carbon.
Interleukin-15 Is Critical in the Pathogenesis of Influenza A Virus-Induced Acute Lung Injury (2010)

Highly pathogenic influenza A viruses cause acute severe pneumonia to which the occurrence of "cytokine storm" has been proposed to contribute. Here we show that interleukin-15 (IL-15) knockout (KO) mice exhibited reduced mortality after infection with influenza virus A/FM/1/47 (H1N1, a mouse-adapted strain) albeit the viral titers of these mice showed no difference from those of control mice. There were significantly fewer antigen-specific CD44(+) CD8(+) T cells in the lungs of infected IL-15 KO mice, and adoptive transfer of the CD8(+) T cells caused reduced survival of IL-15 KO mice following influenza virus infection. Mice deficient in beta(2)-microglobulin by gene targeting and those depleted of CD8(+) T cells by in vivo administration of anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody displayed a reduced mortality rate after infection. These results indicate that IL-15-dependent CD8(+) T cells are at least partly responsible for the pathogenesis of acute pneumonia caused by influenza A virus.
Surface immunoglobulin crosslinking activates a tyrosine kinase pathway in B cells that is independent of protein kinase C. (1991)

It has been found that the principal biochemical pathway activated in B cells stimulated by antigen- or anti-immunoglobulin-mediated crosslinking of surface immunoglobulin is that resulting in hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate with generation of diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate. Recent evidence suggests that surface immunoglobulin-mediated B-cell activation can proceed without detectable increases in the concentration of either diacylglycerol or intracellular Ca2+ concentration, implicating involvement of other non-protein-kinase-C/Ca2(+)-dependent signal-transduction pathways. Therefore, we sought evidence for activation of a signaling pathway that is associated with growth regulation in other cell types--i.e., the protein-tyrosine kinases. We now show that crosslinking of membrane immunoglobulin by mitogenic antibodies leads to rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular substrates, consistent with the induction of a tyrosine kinase activity. This increase in tyrosine phosphorylation is weakly (if at all) stimulated by other B-cell mitogens, including phorbol esters and ionophores, and does not require the presence of detectable protein kinase C. Furthermore, inhibition of anti-immunoglobulin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate hydrolysis does not inhibit activation of this tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway. These findings suggest that occupancy of the membrane immunoglobulin receptor may induce multiple pathways of activation.
Luminescence Immunoassay and Molecular Applications (1990)

Introduction. Instrumentation for Chemiluminescence Immunoassays. Novel Optical Approaches for Immunoassays and Related Immunochemical Techniques. Simultaneous Analysis of Multiple Luminescent Samples Using the Phytolite Imaging Luminometer. Horseradish Peroxidase as Label in Chemiluminescent Immunoassays. Bioluminescent and Chemiluminescent Detection of Horseradish Peroxidase Labels in Ligand Binder Assays. HPLC Method for Purification and Quality Control of Isoluminol Labels. Isoluminol-Based Direct Chemiluminescence Immunoassays for Steroid Hormones. Setting Up and Optimizing Solid-Phase Luminescence Immunoassays Using 1,2-Diacyl Aryl Hydrazides as Labels. Enzyme Immunoassays Monitored by Chemiluminescence Reactions of Lucigenin and NADH. Novel Bioluminescent Enzyme Immunoassay. Direct Bioluminescent Immunoassays of Proteins and Haptens. Bioluminescence Enzyme Immunoassays (Immunoassay with a Bioluminogenic Detection System). ATP-Metric Immunoanalysis. Thermochemiluminescence Immunoassay for hCG. Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassay, Advantages and Limitations. Chemiluminescent 1,2-Dioxetane-Based Enzyme Substrates and Their Applications. A Novel Method for the Rapid Detection of Hepatitis B Virus in Human Serum Samples Without Blotting or Radioactivity. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Chemiluminescent DNA Probe-Based Assay Formats for the Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Target Nucleic Acids. Detection of Gene Promoter Activity in Mammalian Cells Using the Firefly Luciferase Reporter Gene. Index.
Pharmacologic prevention of coronary artery disease. What do clinical trials show? (1996)

Can atherosclerotic heart disease be halted or even reversed by aggressive pharmacologic therapy? Studies in recent years have shown that small amounts of plaque regression may be accompanied by considerable reduction in the rate of clinical cardiac events. In this article, the authors examine the results of important studies on lipid-lowering agents, low-dose aspirin, estrogen replacement, and calcium antagonists.
Tenidap and other anion transport inhibitors disrupt cytolytic T lymphocyte-mediated IL-1 β post-translational processing (1996)

LPS-activated murine peritoneal macrophages produce IL-1 beta but externalize little mature cytokine in the absence of a secondary stimulus, and CTLs previously were reported to serve this capacity. The release of 17-kDa IL-1 beta from LPS-activated BALB/c macrophages occurred rapidly after the addition of C57/B1-derived allogeneic CTLs; within 30 min of coculture, mature IL-1 beta was observed in the medium, and maximum release was achieved within 4 h. CTL-induced post-translational processing was efficient, and >80% of newly synthesized pro-IL-1 beta was released into the medium as the 17-kDa species. Externalization of IL-1 beta required active recognition of the macrophage target by the CTL preparation; C57/B1 CTLs promoted the release of mature IL-1 beta from allogeneic BALB/c macrophages, but not from syngeneic C57/B1 macrophages. In contrast, extracellular ATP promoted mature IL-1 beta release from both macrophage populations. CTL-induced cytokine post-translational processing was blocked by anion transport inhibitors, including 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, UK5099, and the anti-inflammatory agent tenidap. An analogue of tenidap, CP-100,829, was more effective as an inhibitor of both IL-1 beta post-translational processing and anion transport. In contrast, the close structural analogue CP-236,492 inhibited neither process. Tenidap's activity was reversible and was not mimicked by cyclooxygenase inhibitors or by cycloheximide. Therefore, tenidap disrupted CTL-induced IL-1 beta post-translational processing by a mechanism dependent on anion transport inhibition. Multiple stimuli are likely to operate in vivo to promote IL-1 beta post-translational processing, and anion transport inhibitors such as tenidap that suppress cytokine processing independently of the initiating stimulus thus represent attractive candidates as therapeutic regulators of IL-1 production.
Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines. (1968)

From the Preface (See Front Matter for full Preface)

Man has within a single generation found himself sharing the world with a strange new species: the computers and computer-like machines. Neither history, nor philosophy, nor common sense will tell us how these machines will affect us, for they do not do work as did machines of the Industrial Revolution. Instead of dealing with materials or energy, we are told that they handle control and information and even intellectual processes. There are very few individuals today who doubt that the computer and its relatives are developing rapidly in capability and complexity, and that these machines are destined to play important (though not as yet fully understood) roles in society's future. Though only some of us deal directly with computers, all of us are falling under the shadow of their ever-growing sphere of influence, and thus we all need to understand their capabilities and their limitations.

It would indeed be reassuring to have a book that categorically and systematically described what all these machines can do and what they cannot do, giving sound theoretical or practical grounds for each judgment. However, although some books have purported to do this, it cannot be done for the following reasons: a) Computer-like devices are utterly unlike anything which science has ever considered---we still lack the tools necessary to fully analyze, synthesize, or even think about them; and b) The methods discovered so far are effective in certain areas, but are developing much too rapidly to allow a useful interpretation and interpolation of results. The abstract theory---as described in this book---tells us in no uncertain terms that the machines' potential range is enormous, and that its theoretical limitations are of the subtlest and most elusive sort. There is no reason to suppose machines have any limitations not shared by man.
Ligand-independent Dimer Formation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Is a Step Separable from Ligand-induced EGFR Signaling (2002)

Dimerization and phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) are the initial and essential events of EGF-induced signal transduction. However, the mechanism by which EGFR ligands induce dimerization and phosphorylation is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that EGFRs can form dimers on the cell surface independent of ligand binding. However, a chimeric receptor, comprising the extracellular and transmembrane domains of EGFR and the cytoplasmic domain of the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR), did not form a dimer in the absence of ligands, suggesting that the cytoplasmic domain of EGFR is important for predimer formation. Analysis of deletion mutants of EGFR showed that the region between (835)Ala and (918)Asp of the EGFR cytoplasmic domain is required for EGFR predimer formation. In contrast to wild-type EGFR ligands, a mutant form of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB2) did not induce dimerization of the EGFR-EpoR chimeric receptor and therefore failed to activate the chimeric receptor. However, when the dimerization was induced by a monoclonal antibody to EGFR, HB2 could activate the chimeric receptor. These results indicate that EGFR can form a ligand-independent inactive dimer and that receptor dimerization and activation are mechanistically distinct and separable events.
Escherichia coli possesses two homologous anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate membrane transporters (DcuA and DcuB) distinct from the aerobic dicarboxylate transport system (Dct) (1994)

The nucleotide sequences of two Escherichia coli genes, dcuA and dcuB (formerly designated genA and genF), have been shown to encode highly homologous products, M(r) 45,751 and 47,935 (434 and 446 amino acid residues) with 36% sequence identity (63% similarity). These proteins have a high proportion (approximately 61%) of hydrophobic residues and are probably members of a new group of integral inner membrane proteins. The locations of the dcu genes, one upstream of the aspartase gene (dcuA-aspA) and the other downstream of the anaerobic fumarase gene (fumB-dcuB), suggested that they may function in the anaerobic transport of C4-dicarboxylic acids. Growth tests and transport studies with mutants containing insertionally inactivated chromosomal dcuA and dcuB genes show that their products perform analogous and mutually complementary roles as anaerobic dicarboxylate carriers. The anaerobic dicarboxylate transport systems (Dcu) are genetically and functionally distinct from the aerobic system (Dct).
Analytically Solving Radial Distortion Parameters (2005)

Most camera calibration algorithms consider parameters that define the lens distortion mapping. The usual way to determine these parameters is to minimize a nonlinear optimization problem in the final step of a calibration algorithm. This neglects the fact that given the projection matrix and the calibration data the parameters of a radial distortion can be determined analytically. In this article we show that the problem can be solved in a closed form. We present an algorithm in which this is done and compare it to classic approaches.
Interactions of C-reactive protein with the complement system. II. C-reactive protein-mediated consumption of complement by poly-L-lysine polymers and other polycations. (1975)

Cationic homopolymers of poly-L-lysine were found to activate complement (C) via C-reactive protein (CRP) and deplete C3 and C5 as well as early-acting C components. Maximum C consumption was obtained with polymers of 2,000-8,000 daltons; polymers of 1,700, 11,000, and 23,000 daltons were intermediate in reactivity, while L-lysine, lysyl-L-lysine, tetra-L-lysine, and polymers of 70,000-400,000 daltons lacked significant C-consuming activity. Naturally occurring polycations which consumed C in the presence of CRP included myelin basic proteins, cationic proteins of rabbit leukocytes, and both lysine- and arginine-rich histones; poly-L-arginine polymers of 17,000 but not 65,000 daltons also were C-consuming. Polycations without such reactivity included poly-L-orithine (5,000 and 165,000 daltons), egg white and human lysozymes, and Polybrene. The polycations which failed to induce C consumption via CRP, inhibited its consumption by both active polycations and by C-polysaccharide (CPS). The relative inhibitory capacity of phosphorylcholine and polycations in CPS- and polycations-CRP systems was consistent with the concept that phosphate esters and polycations react at the same or an overlapping combining site. The ability of certain polycations to activate C via CRP increases the potential for initiation of host reactions via C. The capacity of other polycations to inhibit C activation via CRP introduces a potential for physiologic or pharmacologic manipulation. These considerations would seem to expand the potential role of CRP in the initiation and modulation of the inflammatory response.
Biodegradable Shoulder Anchors Have Unique Modes of Failure (2007)

Biodegradable suture anchors have facilitated and revolutionized arthroscopic tissue-to-bone repair, especially in the shoulder. However, the anchor is but a part of the repair construct, which also includes a suture, tied in a knot, that attaches the tissue (tendon or labrum) to bone. Bioabsorbable anchors may result in loose bodies. Two cases are reported as sentinel events highlighting this potential risk. In the first case, combining a nonabsorbable suture (forming the anchor eyelet) with an anchor body made from rapidly degrading copolymer resulted in the suture becoming a loose body as the anchor body reabsorbed. In the second case, a portion of the eyelet and upper screw thread, itself composed of a biodegradable copolymer, became a loose body as the anchor absorbed, perhaps because the eyelet became proud with regard to the host bone during cyclic loading. Biodegradable anchors offer many advantages over metal anchors but do not eliminate the risk of a glenohumeral loose body. Unexpected postoperative symptoms such as painful catching, popping, or "squeaking" may indicate a glenohumeral loose body and warrant an arthroscopic evaluation. In the future, improved shoulder suture anchor design may lower the risk of this complication.
Thermophilic HB8 DNA Ligase: Effects of Polyethylene Glycols and Polyamines on Blunt-End Ligation of DNA (1986)

NB8 DNA ligase from an extract of Thermus thermophilus HB8 could catalyze blunt-end ligation in the presence of high concentration of polyethylene glycols (PEG) or in the presence of polyamines. In the presence of high molecular weight PEG 20,000, 6,000, or 1,000 (8-28%), the enzyme catalyzed blunt-end intermolecular joining to yield linear oligomers, but no circular DNA forms. But in the presence of low molecular PEG 400, 200 (8-80%), or the monomer, ethylene glycol (16-80%), the circular forms were also detected by intramolecular ligation. In the presence of polyamines, the blunt-end ligation products were linear oligomers and the optimum concentrations were as follows: caldopentamine (0.05 mM), thermine (0.1-0.2 mM), spermine (0.2 mM), thermospermine (0.4 mM), and sperminediol (0.75 mM). Spermidine and putrescine were less capable of producing oligomers. PEG and polyamines elevated the ligation temperature by HB8 DNA ligase. The optimum temperature of blunt-end ligation was about 65 degrees C.
Quantum imaging of an obscured object by measurement of reflected photons (2008)

Quantum imaging of an obscured object is achieved by the gated coincidence measurement of first the thermal source transverse intensity and second the measured count of scattered and reflected photons that have traversed the obscurant. Interestingly, the CCD camera is looking at the pseudo thermal source of photons not the object. The image does not exist in the mean, but only in the coincidence and has a higher image quality metric than that achieved by a camera viewing the object through the obscurant.
A high-directivity transponder using self-steering arrays (2004)

A high-directivity transponder system based on self-steering arrays is introduced. The system consists of retrodirective and self-null-steering arrays. When interrogated, the retrodirective array steers a beam containing data toward the interrogator, while the null-steering array points a null toward the interrogator and a jamming signal in all other directions. The system effectively provides super-high directivity, disabling interception.
Simple Carrier Recovery Approach for RF-Pilot-Assisted PDM-CO-OFDM Systems (2013)

For RF-pilot-assisted PDM-CO-OFDM systems, we propose and demonstrate a carrier recovery method applying a simple moving average filter (MAF) to extract the central RF-pilot for phase noise compensation. Because only two additions per output sample would be required to implement such a MAF, its computational complexity is rather simple compared to any other direct-form finite impulse response (FIR) filter. To handle its weak side-lobe attenuation, which would cause the spectrally nearby OFDM signal to interfere with the extracted pilot signal, we further propose using multiple MAFs in cascade to enhance the side-lobe attenuation. We evaluate the performance of a 16-QAM and 40-Gbps PDM-CO-OFDM signal, in terms of the bandwidth tolerance, optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) tolerance, nonlinear tolerance, linewidth tolerance, and residual carrier frequency offset (RFO) tolerance, with different filters including the simple MAF, cascaded MAFs, and the previously-demonstrated multi-stage decimation and interpolation filter (MDIF). We've found that 1) all the filters exhibit similar performance to the ideal brick-wall filter in terms of noise and nonlinear tolerances, 2) the MAF1 exhibits the worse tolerances against linewidth and RFO, and 3) the MDIF has to be carefully designed to enhance its tolerances against both the linewidth and RFO.
Anti-Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antibody treatment prevents central and peripheral nervous system disease in autoimmune-prone mice (1997)

Abnormal neurological functioning similar to that seen in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients is detectable in an SLE-prone murine strain (MRL/lpr) by 8-10 weeks and is severe by 18 weeks of age. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of murine antiintercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in suppressing neurological disease in MRL/lpr mice. Beginning at 6 weeks of age, five MRL/lpr mice received 5 weekly intraperitoneal injections of anti-ICAM-1-containing culture supernatant in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) whereas four animals were treated with non-anti-ICAM-1 containing supernatant in PBS. A decline in neurological functioning began in control mice by 10 weeks, but anti-ICAM-1 treated mice remained normal throughout the study. All control mice had vasculitic skin lesions by 14 weeks of age whereas none of the anti-ICAM-1 treated mice ever developed skin lesions. Nerve conduction studies performed on all mice prior to sacrifice showed sciatic compound motor action potentials of anti-ICAM-1 treated mice that were of higher amplitude and shorter latency than those of controls. Inflammation in the sciatic nerve was more common in control mice. Brain histology revealed a similar degree of choroid plexus inflammation in both groups. Our study demonstrated that anti-ICAM-1 was effective in suppressing neurological abnormalities in MRL/lpr mice and may potentially be useful therapy in human SLE.
Identification and Characterization of a Gene Cluster for Synthesis of the Polyketide Antibiotic 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol fromPseudomonas fluorescensQ2-87 (1999)

ABSTRACT The polyketide metabolite 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) is produced by many strains of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. with biocontrol activity against soilborne fungal plant pathogens. Genes required for 2,4-DAPG synthesis by P. fluorescens Q2-87 are encoded by a 6.5-kb fragment of genomic DNA that can transfer production of 2,4-DAPG to 2,4-DAPG-nonproducing recipient Pseudomonas strains. In this study the nucleotide sequence was determined for the 6.5-kb fragment and flanking regions of genomic DNA from strain Q2-87. Six open reading frames were identified, four of which ( phlACBD ) comprise an operon that includes a set of three genes ( phlACB ) conserved between eubacteria and archaebacteria and a gene ( phlD ) encoding a polyketide synthase with homology to chalcone and stilbene synthases from plants. The biosynthetic operon is flanked on either side by phlE and phlF , which code respectively for putative efflux and regulatory (repressor) proteins. Expression in Escherichia coli of phlA , phlC , phlB , and phlD , individually or in combination, identified a novel polyketide biosynthetic pathway in which PhlD is responsible for the production of monoacetylphloroglucinol (MAPG). PhlA, PhlC, and PhlB are necessary to convert MAPG to 2,4-DAPG, and they also may function in the synthesis of MAPG.