gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive anomaly detection using subspace separation for hyperspectral imagery (2003)

We propose adaptive anomaly detectors that find materials whose spectral characteristics are substantially different from those of the neighboring materials. Target spectral vectors are assumed to have different statistical characteristics from the background vectors. We use a dual rectangular window that separates the local area into two regions—the inner window region (IWR) and outer window region (OWR). The statistical spectral differences between the IWR and OWR are exploited by generating subspace projection vectors onto which the IWR and OWR vectors are projected. Anomalies are detected if the pro- jection separation between the IWR and OWR vectors is greater than a predefined threshold. Four different methods are used to produce the subspace projection vectors. The four proposed anomaly detectors are applied to Hyperspectral Digital Imagery Collection Experiment (HY- DICE) images and the detection performance for each method is evaluated. © 2003 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Isolation and Characterization of Murine Multipotent Lung Stem Cells (2009)

The capacity of the lung to repair itself after injury is well known, but the cell types involved in lung regeneration remain undefined. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize resident progenitor/stem cells from adult mouse lung. We report the isolation and characterization of resident stem cells that have a Sca1+/CD45(-)/CD31(-) phenotype. Their immunophenotype and differentiative potentiality were distinct from that of other previously described lung stem cells. These cells underwent extensive self-renewal in culture and could differentiate into endothelial and lung epithelial (alveolar type I, II, and Clara) cells in vitro. They have exhibited some mesenchymal but no neural differentiation ability. Transfer of these cells into mouse models of lung injury significantly improved survival and minimized lung destruction. These cells may provide useful tools for the study of lung stem cells and the assessment of new therapeutic approaches for lung diseases.
Half or more of the somatic mutations in cancers of self-renewing tissues originate prior to tumor initiation (2013)

Although it has been hypothesized that some of the somatic mutations found in tumors may occur before tumor initiation, there is little experimental or conceptual data on this topic. To gain insights into this fundamental issue, we formulated a mathematical model for the evolution of somatic mutations in which all relevant phases of a tissue's history are considered. The model makes the prediction, validated by our empirical findings, that the number of somatic mutations in tumors of self-renewing tissues is positively correlated with the age of the patient at diagnosis. Importantly, our analysis indicates that half or more of the somatic mutations in certain tumors of self-renewing tissues occur before the onset of neoplasia. The model also provides a unique way to estimate the in vivo tissue-specific somatic mutation rates in normal tissues directly from the sequencing data of tumors. Our results have substantial implications for the interpretation of the large number of genome-wide cancer studies now being undertaken.
Murine Cutaneous Mastocytosis and Epidermal Melanocytosis Induced by Keratinocyte Expression of Transgenic Stem Cell Factor (1998)

The growth and differentiation of mast cells and melanocytes require stem cell factor (SCF), the ligand for the kit receptor tyrosine kinase. SCF may exist as a membrane-bound or soluble molecule. Abnormalities of the SCF-kit signaling pathway, with increased local concentrations of soluble SCF, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the human disease cutaneous mastocytosis, but have not yet been shown to play a causal role. To investigate both the potential of SCF to cause mastocytosis and its role in epidermal melanocyte homeostasis, we targeted the expression of SCF to epidermal keratinocytes in mice with two different transgenes controlled by the human keratin 14 promoter. The transgenes contained cDNAs that either produced SCF, which can exist in both membrane-bound and soluble forms, or SCF, which remains essentially membrane bound. Murine epidermal keratinocyte expression of membrane-bound/ soluble SCF reproduced the phenotype of human cutaneous mastocytosis, with dermal mast cell infiltrates and epidermal hyperpigmentation, and caused the maintenance of a population of melanocytes in the interadnexal epidermis, an area where melanocytes and melanin are found in human skin but where they are not typically found in murine skin. Expression of membrane-bound SCF alone resulted in epidermal melanocytosis and melanin production, but did not by itself cause mastocytosis. We conclude, first, that a phenotype matching that of human mastocytosis can be produced in mice by keratinocyte overproduction of soluble SCF, suggesting a potential cause of this disease. Second, we conclude that keratinocyte expression of membrane-bound SCF results in the postnatal maintenance of epidermal melanocytes in mice. Since the resulting animals have skin that more closely approximates human skin than do normal mice, their study may be more relevant to human melanocyte biology than the study of skin of normal mice.
Biochemical studies on ricin. XIX. Isolation and characterization of two constituent polypeptide chains of ricin E. (1978)

Two constituent polypeptide chains (lle and Ala chains) of ricin E were separated by an affinity chromatography on acid-treated Sepharose 4B in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol, and the Ala chain was purified by CM-cellulose column chromatography at pH 7.0 and crystal-lized. From the analyses of isoelectric points, amino acid compositions and tryptic peptides, it was revealed that the Ile chain will be common in ricin E and ricin D while the Ala chain of ricin E is homologous protein having several amino acid replacements to that of ricin D. Furthermore, the toxicity of the hybrid molecule consisting of the Ile chain of ricin E and the Ala chain of ricin D to malignant cultured cells was determined to be similar to that of ricin D. It was concluded that the difference in the toxicity toward the cultured cells between ricin E and ricin D was due to the difference in the function of Ala chain.
[125I]Iodohydroxynitrobenzylthioinosine: a new high-affinity nucleoside transporter probe (1987)

[125I]iodohydroxynitrobenzylthioinosine ([125I]IH-NBMPR), a new gamma-labeled nucleoside transport inhibitor, has been prepared at a theoretical specific activity of 2000 Ci/mmol (1 Ci = 37 GBq). IH-NBMPR was more acidic than hydroxynitrobenzylthioinosine (H-NBMPR), having a pKa of 4.6. Site-specific binding of [125I]IH-NBMPR to membrane-enriched fractions (MEF) from S49 mouse lymphoma cells was pH dependent, increasing with the fraction of undissociated molecules present; it was maximal at pH 4.5 and negligible at pH 7.0. Scatchard analysis of specific binding to MEF from S49 cells under equilibrium conditions at pH 5.0 yielded a Kd of 15 nM (equivalent to 4.0 nM for the undissociated fraction of inhibitor molecules) and maximum number of binding sites (Bmax) of 4.9 pmol/mg protein. Specific binding of IH-NBMPR could not be demonstrated in MEF from AE1 cells, a nucleoside transport-deficient mutant of S49 cells. Influx of uridine into mouse erythrocytes at pH 5.0 in the presence of 5 microM IH-NBMPR (1.4 microM undissociated IH-NBMPR) was reduced to about 7% of the control value, indicating that this compound is an effective nucleoside transport inhibitor. Photoactivation of site-bound [125I]IH-NBMPR, following equilibration of the ligand with MEF from S49 cells at pH 5.0, resulted in specific covalent labeling of a polypeptide with a relative molecular mass of 52,000-63,000, identified on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. These results indicate that the new, iodinated ligand is an inhibitor of nucleoside transport and that it binds specifically and with high affinity to nucleoside transporter polypeptides in mammalian cells.
Insulin and insulin antagonists evoke phosphorylation of P20 at serine 157 and serine 16 respectively in rat skeletal muscle (1999)

We show here that insulin and insulin antagonists differentially modify phosphorylation of three phospho-isoforms of P20 (termed S1, S2 and S3) in rat skeletal muscle. Precise phosphorylation sites of S1 and S2 were mapped to serine 157 and serine 16 respectively. Insulin evoked phosphorylation of P20 at serine 157 through the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase pathway. Epinephrine and calcitonin gene-related peptide decreased phosphorylation at serine 157 and increased phosphorylation at serine 16 and other unidentified sites. These results demonstrate that the PI-3-kinase pathway of anabolic insulin and the cAMP pathway of catabolic hormones converge on P20 and suggest a potential role of this protein in regulating energy metabolism of skeletal muscle.
NADPH oxidase: recent evidence for its role in erectile dysfunction (2008)

Important roles for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in physiology and pathophysiology have been increasingly recognized. Under normal conditions, ROS serve as signaling molecules in the regulation of cellular functions. However, enhanced ROS production as a result of the activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase contributes significantly to the pathogeneses of vascular diseases. Although it has become evident that increased ROS is associated with erectile dysfunction (ED), the sources of ROS in the penis remain largely unknown. In recent years, emergent evidence suggests the possible role of NADPH oxidase in inducing ED. In this review, we examine the relationship between ROS and ED in different disease models and discuss the current evidence basis for NADPH oxidase-derived ROS in ED.
Traversability classification for UGV navigation: a comparison of patch and superpixel representations (2007)

Robot navigation in complex outdoor terrain can benefit from accurate traversability classification. Appearancebased traversability estimation can provide a long-range sensing capability which complements the traditional use of stereo or LIDAR ranging. In the standard approach to traversability classification, each image frame is decomposed into patches or pixels for further analysis. However, classification at the pixel level is prone to noise and complicates the task of identifying homogeneous regions for navigation. Fixed-sized patches aggregate pixel information, resulting in better noise properties, but they can span multiple distinct image regions, which can degrade the classification performance and make thin obstacles difficult to detect. We address the use of superpixels as the visual primitives for traversability estimation. Superpixels are obtained from an over-segmentation of the image and they aggregate visually homogeneous pixels while respecting natural terrain boundaries. We show that superpixels are superior to patches in classification accuracy and result in more effective navigation in complex terrain environments. Our experimental results include a study of the effect of patch and superpixel size on classification accuracy. We demonstrate that superpixels can be computed on-line on a real robot at a sufficient frame rate to support long-range sensing and planning.
Isolated Cerebral Hypothermia by Single Carotid Artery Perfusion of Extracorporeally Cooled Blood in Baboons (1996)

Bilateral cerebral deep or moderate hypothermia can be induced by selective perfusion of a single internal carotid artery, with minimal systemic cooling and without cardiovascular instability. This global brain hypothermia results from profoundly altered collateral cerebral circulation during artificial hypothermic perfusion. This technique may have clinical applications for neurosurgery, stroke, or traumatic brain injury.
Performance of a Rapid Antigen-Detection Test and Throat Culture in Community Pediatric Offices: Implications for Management of Pharyngitis (2009)

The sensitivity of the office culture was significantly greater than the sensitivity of the rapid antigen-detection test, but neither test was highly sensitive. The sensitivities of each diagnostic modality and the recommended combined approach were best among patients with greater pretest likelihood of group A streptococcus pharyngitis.
High-Potency Phenylquinoxalinone Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Activators (2017)

We previously identified phenylquinoxalinone CFTR<sub>act</sub>-J027 (4) as a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) activator with an EC<sub>50</sub> of ∼200 nM and demonstrated its therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of constipation. Here, structure-activity studies were done on 36 synthesized phenylquinoxalinone analogs to identify compounds with improved potency and altered metabolic stability. Synthesis of the phenylquinoxalinone core was generally accomplished by condensation of 1,2-phenylenediamines with substituted phenyloxoacetates. Structure-activity studies established, among other features, the privileged nature of a properly positioned nitro moiety on the 3-aryl group. Synthesized analogs showed improved CFTR activation potency compared to 4 with EC<sub>50</sub> down to 21 nM and with greater metabolic stability. CFTR activators have potential therapeutic indications in constipation, dry eye, cholestatic liver diseases, and inflammatory lung disorders.
Band alignment investigations of heterostructure NiO/TiO2 nanomaterials used as efficient heterojunction earth-abundant metal oxide photocatalysts for hydrogen production (2017)

Earth-abundant NiO/anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> heteronanostructures were prepared by a straightforward one-pot sol-gel synthetic route followed by a suitable thermal post-treatment. The resulting 0.1-4 wt% NiO-decorated anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, Raman and UV-visible spectroscopy and N<sub>2</sub> sorption analysis, and showed both nanocrystallinity and mesoporosity. The careful determination of the energy band alignment diagram by a suitable combination of XPS/UPS and absorption spectroscopy data revealed significant band bending at the interface of the p-n NiO/anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> heterojunction nanoparticles. Furthermore, these heterojunction photocatalysts exhibited an improved photocatalytic activity in H<sub>2</sub> production by methanol photoreforming compared to pure anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> and commercial P25. Thus, an average H<sub>2</sub> production rate of 2693 μmol h<sup>-1</sup> g<sup>-1</sup> was obtained for the heterojunction of a 1 wt% NiO/anatase photocatalyst, which is one of the most efficient NiO/anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> systems ever reported. An enhanced dissociation efficiency of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs resulting from an internal electric field developed at the interface of the NiO/anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> p-n heterojunctions is suggested to be the reason of this enhanced photocatalytic activity.
The Reaction of Cyclopentane with Mercury 6(3P1) Atoms1 (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Reaction of Cyclopentane with Mercury 6(3P1) Atoms1G. A. Allen, D. L. Kantro, and H. E. GunningCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 8, 3588–3593Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1950https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01164a074Request reuse permissionsArticle Views27Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (682 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Maelstrom: transparent error correction for lambda networks (2008)

The global network of datacenters is emerging as an important distributed systems paradigm — commodity clusters running high-performance applications, connected by high-speed ‘lambda ’ networks across hundreds of milliseconds of network latency. Packet loss on long-haul networks can cripple application performance — a loss rate of 0.1 % is sufficient to reduce TCP/IP throughput by an order of magnitude on a 1 Gbps link with 50ms latency. Maelstrom is an edge appliance that masks packet loss transparently and quickly from inter-cluster protocols, aggregating traffic for high-speed encoding and using a new Forward Error Correction scheme to handle bursty loss. 1
Use of Poly(9-vinylcarbazole) as Host Material for Iridium Complexes in High-Efficiency Organic Light-Emitting Devices (2000)

Using poly(9-vinylcarbazole)(PVCz) as a host material for tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium (Ir(ppy) 3 ) guest emitter, double-layer and triple-layer organic light-emitting devices were fabricated. Tris(8-hydroxyquinolino)aluminum (Alq 3 ) and 1,3-bis[(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazolyl]phenylene (OXD-7) were used for electron-transporting layers. The insertion of 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP) as a hole-blocking layer was also tested. The double-layer device composed of PVCz doped with 6.8 wt% Ir(ppy) 3 and OXD-7 gave the highest external quantum efficiency of 7.5% and power luminous efficiency of 5.8 lm/W at the luminance of 106 cd/m 2 (current density of 0.40 mA/cm 2 and drive voltage of 14.5 V).
Small Localized Ultrasonic Lesions in the White and Gray Matter of the Cat Brain (1956)

The work reported here is a continuation of the study in progress at this laboratory of the effects of accurately controlled doses of ultrasound on the tissue of the central nervous system. Previous publications * were concerned with the production and study of ultrasonically produced lesions in white matter. It was reported that selective lesions of almost any desired shape can be produced at any depth in the brain without affecting any intervening tissue by positioning the focus of a beam of high-frequency sound in the region to be affected. The previous work was restricted to the study of relatively large white-matter lesions produced by irradiating the tissue in a number of positions in an appropriately chosen overlapping pattern of spots. This paper is concerned with the histological study of small lesions produced by irradiating the tissue in a single spot with focused beams. The dosage conditions necessary for producing selective
Symmetric Double-Headed Aminopyridines, a Novel Strategy for Potent and Membrane-Permeable Inhibitors of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (2011)

We report novel neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitors based on a symmetric double-headed aminopyridine scaffold. The inhibitors were designed from crystal structures of leads 1 and 2 (Delker, S. L.; Ji, H.; Li, H.; Jamal, J.; Fang, J.; Xue, F.; Silverman, R. B.; Poulos, T. L. Unexpected binding modes of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors effective in the prevention of cerebral palsy . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 5437-5442) and synthesized using a highly efficient route. The best inhibitor, 3j, showed low nanomolar inhibitory potency and modest isoform selectivity. It also exhibited enhanced membrane permeability. Inhibitor 3j binds to both the substrate site and the pterin site in nNOS but only to the substrate site in eNOS. These compounds provide a basis for further development of novel, potent, isoform selective, and bioavailable inhibitors for nNOS.
PNC‐28, a p53‐derived peptide that is cytotoxic to cancer cells, blocks pancreatic cancer cell growth in vivo (2006)

PNC-28 is a p53 peptide from its mdm-2-binding domain (residues 17-26), which contains the penetratin sequence enabling cell penetration on its carboxyl terminal end. We have found that this peptide induces necrosis, but not apoptosis, of a variety of human tumor cell lines, including several with homozygous deletion of p53, and a ras-transformed rat acinar pancreatic carcinoma cell line, BMRPA1. Tuc3. On the other hand, PNC-28 has no effect on untransformed cells, such as rat pancreatic acinar cells, BMRPA1, and human breast epithelial cells and no effect on the differentiation of human stem cells. In this study, we now test PNC-28 in vivo for its ability to block the growth of BMRPA1. Tuc3 cells. When administered over a 2-week period in the peritoneal cavities of nude mice containing simultaneously transplanted tumors, PNC-28 causes complete destruction of these tumors. When delivered concurrently with tumor explantation at a remote site, PNC-28 causes a complete blockade of any tumor growth during its 2-week period of administration and 2 weeks posttreatment, followed by weak tumor growth that plateaus at low tumor sizes compared with tumor growth in the presence of a control peptide. When administered after tumor growth has occurred at a site remote from the tumor, PNC-28 causes a decrease in tumor size followed by a slow increase in tumor growth that is significantly slower than growth in the presence of control peptide. These results suggest that PNC-28 may be effective in treating cancers especially if delivered directly to the tumor.
Statistical PMD emulator using variable DGD elements (2003)

We report on a novel polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) emulator with exact Maxwellian statistics. The proposed PMD emulator was implemented by using variable differential group-delay elements and polarization controllers. Unlike the previous PMD emulators, the proposed PMD emulator could generate not only the first-order PMD with exact Maxwellian distribution, but also the second-order PMD.
In vitroinhibition of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) system by the antiplatelet drug ticlopidine: potent effect on CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 (2000)

TCL appears to be a broad-spectrum inhibitor of the CYP isoforms, but clinically significant adverse drug interactions are most likely with drugs that are substrates of CYP2C19 or CYP2D6.