gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human natural killer cell receptors for HLA-class I molecules. Evidence that the Kp43 (CD94) molecule functions as receptor for HLA-B alleles. (1994)

GL183 or EB6 (p58) molecules have been shown to function as receptors for different HLA-C alleles and to deliver an inhibitory signal to natural killer (NK) cells, thus preventing lysis of target cells. In this study, we analyzed a subset of NK cells characterized by a p58-negative surface phenotype. We show that p58-negative clones, although specific for class I molecules do not recognize HLA-C alleles. In addition, by the use of appropriate target cells transfected with different HLA-class I alleles we identified HLA-B7 as the protective element recognized by a fraction of p58-negative clones. In an attempt to identify the receptor molecules expressed by HLA-B7-specific clones, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were selected after mice immunization with such clones. Two of these mAbs, termed XA-88 and XA-185, and their F(ab')2 fragments, were found to reconstitute lysis of B7+ target cells by B7-specific NK clones. Both mAbs were shown to be directed against the recently clustered Kp43 molecule (CD94). Thus, mAb-mediated masking of Kp43 molecules interferes with recognition of HLA-B7 and results in target cell lysis. Moreover, in a redirected killing assay, the cross-linking of Kp43 molecules mediated by the XA185 mAb strongly inhibited the cytolytic activity of HLA-B7-specific NK clones, thus mimicking the functional effect of B7 molecules. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that Kp43 molecules function as receptors for HLA-B7 and that this receptor/ligand interaction results in inhibition of the NK-mediated cytolytic activity. Indirect immunofluorescence and FACS analysis of a large number of random NK clones showed that Kp43 molecules (a) were brightly expressed on a subset of p58-negative clones, corresponding to those specific for HLA-B7; (b) displayed a medium/low fluorescence in the p58-negative clones that are not B7-specific as well as in most p58+ NK clones; and (c) were brightly expressed as in the p58+ clone ET34 (GL183-/EB6+, Cw4-specific). Functional analysis revealed that Kp43 functioned as an inhibitory receptor only in NK clones displaying bright fluorescence. These studies also indicate that some NK clones (e.g., the ET34) can coexpress two distinct receptors (p58 and Kp43) for different class I alleles (Cw4 and B7). Finally, we show that Kp43 molecules function as receptors only for some HLA-B alleles and that still undefined receptor(s) must exist for other HLA-B alleles including B27.
Eye injury: prevalence and prognosis by setting. (1989)

Although an estimated 1 million Americans suffer ocular injuries each year, the setting of injury and its prognostic implications have not been closely examined. Using data compiled by the Eye Injury Registry of Alabama (EIRA) from 514 cases of serious eye injury, we examined the demographics and prognosis of ocular injury by setting of injury. Work-related injuries accounted for only 28% of total injuries, and injuries occurring at home accounted for 27%, followed by situations related to recreation (25%), assault (11%), travel (5%), and "other" (school, unknown, etc) (4%). The poorest initial vision, poorest final vision, and highest rate of enucleation occurred in patients injured by assault, whereas the lowest rate of enucleation and loss of light perception was found in patients who had work-related injuries. Patients in the "other" category had the highest rate of return to 20/100 or better vision.
Defining Relapse of Ulcerative Colitis Using a Symptom-based Activity Index (2003)

The SCCAI is a simple tool that can be accurately and quickly self-administered, correlates well with a more complex disease activity index, and can be used to define relapse of UC with high specificity and sensitivity.
Cloning, nucleotide sequence, mutagenesis, and mapping of the Bacillus subtilis pbpD gene, which codes for penicillin-binding protein 4 (1994)

The gene encoding penicillin-binding protein 4 (PBP 4) of Bacillus subtilis, pbpD, was cloned by two independent methods. PBP 4 was purified, and the amino acid sequence of a cyanogen bromide digestion product was used to design an oligonucleotide probe for identification of the gene. An oligonucleotide probe designed to hybridize to genes encoding class A high-molecular-weight PBPs also identified this gene. DNA sequence analysis of the cloned DNA revealed that (i) the amino acid sequence of PBP 4 was similar to those of other class A high-molecular-weight PBPs and (ii) pbpD appeared to be cotranscribed with a downstream gene (termed orf2) of unknown function. The orf2 gene is followed by an apparent non-protein-coding region which exhibits nucleotide sequence similarity with at least two other regions of the chromosome and which has a high potential for secondary structure formation. Mutations in pbpD resulted in the disappearance of PBP 4 but had no obvious effect on growth, cell division, sporulation, spore heat resistance, or spore germination. Expression of a transcriptional fusion of pbpD to lacZ increased throughout growth, decreased during sporulation, and was induced approximately 45 min into spore germination. A single transcription start site was detected just upstream of pbpD. The pbpD locus was mapped to the 275 to 280 degrees region of the chromosomal genetic map.
Refill compliance in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a predictor of switching to insulin therapy? (2003)

We were unable to confirm the hypothesis that noncompliance with treatment is more prevalent in patients with secondary failure. Other variables, like comorbidity and disease-related factors seem to play a more important role in switching to insulin therapy.
Retroviral‐mediated transfer of a dystrophin minigene into mdx mouse myoblasts in vitro (1992)

We have demonstrated expression of a 6.3 kb Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) human dystrophin cDNA following retroviral-mediated transduction of cultured myoblasts from the dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse. The truncated dystrophin protein was localised to the sarcolemma of differentiated myotubes by antibodies against the C-terminus of the molecule, and produced an identical immunostaining pattern to that observed in control myotubes expressing normal endogenous dystrophin. These results indicate that retroviral-mediated gene transfer may be useful for experimental in vivo studies on the complementation of dystrophin gene mutations.
Principles of asymmetric synthesis (1997)

Introduction. Why we do asymmetric synthesis. What is an asymmetric synthesis? Stereoselectivity: intraligand vs. interligand asymmetric induction. Selectivity: kinetic and thermodynamic control. Single and double asymmetric induction. Glossary of stereochemical terms. References. Analytical Methods. The importance of analysis, and which method to choose. Polarimetry, the old fashioned way. Nuclear magnetic resonance. Chromatography. Summary. References. Enolate, Azaenolate, and Organolithium Alkylations. Enolates and azaenolates. Chiral organolithiums. References. 1,2 and 1,4 Additions to Carbonyls. Cram's rule: open-chain model. Cram's rule: rigid, chelate, or cyclic model. Additions using chiral catalysts or chiral nucleophiles. Conjugate additions. References. Aldol and Michael Additions of Allyls and Enolates. 1,2-Additions of allyl metals and metalloids. Aldol additions. Michael additions. References. Rearrangements and Cycloadditions. Rearrangements. Cycloadditions. References. Reductions and Hydroborations. Reduction of carbon-heteroatom double bonds. Reduction of carbon-carbon bonds. Hydroborations. References. Oxidations. Introduction and scope. Epoxidation and related reactions. Dihydroxylations. Oxidation of enolates and enol ethers. Miscellaneous oxidations. References. Index.
Mechanisms of Trastuzumab Resistance and Their Clinical Implications (2005)

Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is an excellent model of rationally designed targeted cancer treatment. However, less than 35% of patients with ErbB2-positive breast tumors respond to trastuzumab as a single agent, and 2-5% of trastuzumab-treated patients suffer from severe side effects, including cardiac dysfunction. Recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of trastuzumab antitumor function and cellular defects leading to trastuzumab resistance is summarized. Also explored is the potential of combination therapies for reversing trastuzumab resistance.
Shared signaling networks active in B cells isolated from genetically distinct mouse models of lupus (2007)

Though B cells play key roles in lupus pathogenesis, the molecular circuitry and its dysregulation in these cells as disease evolves remain poorly understood. To address this, a comprehensive scan of multiple signaling axes using multiplexed Western blotting was undertaken in several different murine lupus strains. PI3K/AKT/mTOR (mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin), MEK1/Erk1/2, p38, NF-kappaB, multiple Bcl-2 family members, and cell-cycle molecules were observed to be hyperexpressed in lupus B cells in an age-dependent and lupus susceptibility gene-dose-dependent manner. Therapeutic targeting of the AKT/mTOR axis using a rapamycin (sirolimus) derivative ameliorated the serological, cellular, and pathological phenotypes associated with lupus. Surprisingly, the targeting of this axis was associated with the crippling of several other signaling axes. These studies reveal that lupus pathogenesis is contingent upon the activation of an elaborate network of signaling cascades that is shared among genetically distinct mouse models and raise hope that targeting pivotal nodes in these networks may offer therapeutic benefit.
Altered expression of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoproteins and SR factors in human colon adenocarcinomas. (1998)

Alternative splicing is part of the expression program of a wide number of genes implicated in cell growth and differentiation. Although the occurrence of inappropriate alternative splicing in tumors has started to emerge, the underlying molecular mechanisms have been, thus far, largely unexplored. We have investigated the alternative splicing pattern of the CD44 gene in specimens of nonfamilial colon adenocarcinomas at different stages of tumor progression. In the same patients, we have assessed by Northern blotting analysis the mRNA levels of different heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins and SR factors, all involved in pre-mRNA splicing and, more in general, in mRNA maturation. The results of this analysis highlight a general rule for the mode of splicing of the CD44 pre-mRNA. Moreover, we found that the mRNA levels of different SR proteins in tumor specimens are different from, and usually lower than, those detected in samples of nonpathological tissue adjacent to the tumor. Quantitative analysis demonstrates that, in tumors, the mRNA levels of ASF, SRp40, SRp55, and SRp75, when normalized to those of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1, are lower than those of SRp20 and SRp30. Interestingly, this reduction is more drastic in patients showing a more altered CD44 splicing pattern and seems to be related to the propensity to develop metastases.
Optimization of a Low Cost and Broadly Sensitive Genotyping Assay for HIV-1 Drug Resistance Surveillance and Monitoring in Resource-Limited Settings (2011)

The optimized in-house assay is broadly sensitive in genotyping HIV-1 group M viral strains and more sensitive than the original in-house, TRUGENE® and ViroSeq® in detecting mixed viral populations. The broad sensitivity and substantial reagent cost saving make this assay more accessible for RLS where HIVDR surveillance is recommended to minimize the development and transmission of HIVDR.
Humanization and characterization of the anti-HLA-DR antibody 1D10 (2001)

1D10 is a previously described antibody that binds to cells from a majority of B-cell malignancies. The current studies were designed to further evaluate the antigen specificity of 1D10 and its potential as an immunotherapeutic agent. Studies with transfectants and immunoprecipitation demonstrated that 1D10 recognizes some, but not all, of the human HLA-DR beta chains. Both normal and malignant B cells can express the 1D10 antigen. A humanized version of 1D10 was produced using CDR grafting. The resulting antibody has an affinity that is similar to that of the parental murine antibody. In addition, the humanized antibody is capable of inducing complement-mediated cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, and direct apoptosis of 1D10-expressing B cells. Based on these in vitro anti-tumor activities, we conclude humanized 1D10 deserves further evaluation as an immunotherapeutic agent.
Primary structure and spectroscopic studies of Neurospora copper metallothionein. (1986)

When Neurospora crassa is grown in the presence of Cu(II) ions, it accumulates the metal with the concomitant synthesis of a low molecular weight copper-binding protein. The molecule binds 6 g-atom of copper per mole protein (Mr = 2200) and shows a striking sequence homology to the zinc- and cadmium-binding vertebrate metallothioneins. Absorption, circular dichroism, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of Neurospora metallothionein indicate the copper to be bound to cysteinyl residues as a Cu(I)-thiolate complex of the polymeric mu-thiolate structure [Cu(I)6RS7]-. This metal-binding mode is also in agreement with the unusual luminescence of the protein. Spectral perturbation studies with HgCl2 and p-(chloromercuri)benzoate suggest that the 6 Cu(I)ions are coordinated to the seven cysteinyl residues in the form of a single metal cluster. Neurospora apometallothionein is also capable of binding in vivo group IIB metal ions [Zn(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II)] as well as paramagnetic Co(II) ions with an overall metal-to-protein stoichiometry of 3. The spectroscopic properties of the fully substituted forms are indicative of a distorted tetrahedral coordination. However, metal titration of the apoprotein shows the third metal ion to be differently coordinated than the other two metal ions. This difference can be explained by the presence of only seven cysteine residues in Neurospora metallothionein as opposed to nine cysteine residues in the three-metal cluster of the mammalian metallothioneins.
Luminescent Dinuclear Complexes Containing Ruthenium(II)- and Osmium(II)-Terpyridine-type Chromophores Bridged by a Rigid Biscyclometalating Ligand (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLuminescent Dinuclear Complexes Containing Ruthenium(II)- and Osmium(II)-Terpyridine-type Chromophores Bridged by a Rigid Biscyclometalating LigandMarc Beley, Sandrine Chodorowski, Jean-Paul Collin, Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Lucia Flamigni, and Francesco BarigellettiCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1994, 33, 12, 2543–2547Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00090a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00090a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views509Altmetric-Citations82LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Correlation of the Base Strengths of Amines1 (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCorrelation of the Base Strengths of Amines1H. K. Hall Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 20, 5441–5444Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01577a030https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01577a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views7175Altmetric-Citations679LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fiber-laser-based femtosecond parametric generator in bulk periodically poled LiNbO_3 (1997)

A diode-pumped system for optical parametric generation of wavelength-tunable femtosecond pulses is demonstrated. It comprises an Er-doped fiber mode-locked laser, a fiber chirped-pulse amplifier, and a bulk periodically poled LiNbO(3) (PPLN) optical parametric generator. The parametric generator is pumped at 777 nm with frequency-doubled microjoule pulses from the fiber amplifier and produces 300-fs pulses tunable from 1 to 3microm with output energies up to ~200 nJ. Use of a PPLN nonlinear crystal substantially reduces the pump energies required for efficient parametric generation. Saturated single-pass parametric energy conversion of 38% (internal) has been achieved with only 220 nJ of pump inside the crystal. A parametric generation threshold of 54 nJ is observed, and efficient parametric conversion is obtained with repetition rates up to 200 kHz.
TMC-95A, B, C, and D, Novel Proteasome Inhibitors Produced by Apiospora montagnei Sacc. TC 1093. Taxonomy, Production, Isolation, and Biological Activities. (2000)

In our course of screening for novel proteasome inhibitors, TMC-95A and its diastereomers, TMC-95B to D, were isolated from the fermentation broth of Apiospora montagnei Sacc. TC 1093. TMC-95A inhibited the chymotrypsin-like (ChT-L), trypsin-like (T-L), and peptidylglutamyl-peptide hydrolyzing (PGPH) activities of 20S proteasome with IC50 values of 5.4nM, 200nM, and 60nM, respectively. TMC-95B inhibited these activities to the same extent as TMC-95A, while the inhibitory activities of TMC-95C and D were 20 to 150 times weaker than that of TMC-95A and B. TMC-95A did not inhibit m-calpain, cathepsin L, and trypsin at 30 microM, suggesting its high selectivity for proteasome. Taxonomy of the producing strain is also described.
Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay for Fertility Assessment (2000)

The integrity of mammalian sperm DNA is of prime importance for the paternal genetic contribution to normal offspring. Damaged DNA in the single sperm that fertilizes the female egg can have a dramatic negative impact on fetal development. This comprehensive and detailed unit presents a rapid, reliable, practical test for DNA integrity based on staining with acridine orange. SCSA data have been conclusively shown to predict sub/infertility. This assay is ideally suited to human and animal fertility clinics to assess male sperm DNA integrity as related to fertility potential and embryo development. The authors, who have decades of experience in studying sperm viability, provide extensive commentary and methodological tips, making this unit the most detailed method for this test published to date.
A Novel Copper-Mediated DNA Base Pair (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTA Novel Copper-Mediated DNA Base PairEric Meggers, Patrick L. Holland, William B. Tolman, Floyd E. Romesberg, and Peter G. SchultzView Author Information Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, California 92037 Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 43, 10714–10715Publication Date (Web):October 13, 2000Publication History Received14 July 2000Published online13 October 2000Published inissue 1 November 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja0025806https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0025806rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3429Altmetric-Citations326LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Genetics,Ions,Ligands,Melting,Nucleobases Get e-Alerts
Cellular uptake mechanisms and potential therapeutic utility of peptidic cell delivery vectors: Progress 2001–2006 (2006)

Cell delivery vectors (CDVs) are short amphipathic and cationic peptides and peptide derivatives, usually containing multiple lysine and arginine residues. They possess inherent membrane activity and can be conjugated or complexed with large impermeable macromolecules and even microscopic particles to facilitate cell entry. Various mechanisms have been proposed but it is now becoming clear that the main port of entry into cells of such CDV constructs involves adsorptive-mediated endocytosis rather than direct penetration of the plasma membrane. It is still unclear, however, how and to what extent CDV constructs are capable of exiting endosomal compartments and reaching their intended cellular site of action, usually the cytosol or the nucleus. Furthermore, although many CDVs can mediate cellular uptake of their cargo and appear comparatively non-toxic to cells in tissue culture, the utility of CDVs for in vivo applications remains poorly understood. Whatever the mechanisms of cell entry and disposition, the overriding question as far as potential pharmacological application of CDV conjugates is concerned is whether or not a therapeutic margin can be achieved by their administration. Such a margin will only result if the intracellular concentration in the target tissues necessary to elicit the biological effect of the CDV cargo can be achieved at systemic CDV exposure levels that are non-toxic to both target and bystander cells. It is proposed that the focus of CDV research now be shifted from mechanistic in vitro studies with labeled but otherwise unconjugated CDVs to in vivo pharmacological and toxicological studies using CDV-derivatized and other cationized forms of inherently non-permeable macromolecules of true therapeutic interest.