gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Paramagnetic metal complexes as water proton relaxation agents for NMR imaging: theory and design (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTParamagnetic metal complexes as water proton relaxation agents for NMR imaging: theory and designRandall B. LaufferCite this: Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 5, 901–927Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00081a003https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00081a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views8875Altmetric-Citations1678LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
In vitro phosphorylation of angiotensin analogs by tyrosyl protein kinases. (1983)

Peptide analogs of angiotensin were phosphorylated in vitro by the src gene product, pp6OSm, of Rous sarcoma virus.The K,,, for the phosphorylation reaction varied from 1 to 5 m M and the V , , varied from 2 to 10 nmol/min/mg.Tyrosine was the only residue phosphorylated in all analogs that were examined.The peptides were phosphorylated by tyrosyl protein kinases associated with several avian sarcoma viruses and by the epidermal growth factor-receptor kinase of A431 cells.Peptide substrate also was used to investigate the effectiveness of three different phosphatase inhibitors.Assay of tyrosyl kinase activities in whole cell lysates indicated that both p-nitrophenyl phosphate and so- dium vanadate were potent inhibitors of phosphotyrosine phosphatases.
An MST-based microwave tomography system using homodyne receiver (2013)

A microwave tomography system utilizing an inexpensive data acquisition system is introduced. The data acquisition system comprises several antennas surrounding an object-of-interest, field measuring probes distributed evenly in the measurement chamber, and a lock-in amplifier unit to perform measurements at audio frequencies based on the modulated scatterer technique. Images of different objects are successfully reconstructed using the presented system.
Large-vocabulary speech recognition under adverse acoustic environments (2000)

We report our recent work on noise-robust large-vocabulary speech recognition. Three key innovations are developed and evaluated in this work: 1) a new model learning paradigm that comprises a noise-insertion process followed by noise reduction; 2) a noise adaptive training algorithm that integrates noise reduction into probabilistic multi-style system training; and 3) a new algorithm (SPLICE) for noise reduction that makes no assumptions about noise stationarity. Evaluation on a large-vocabulary speech recognition task demonstrates significant and consistent error rate reduction using these techniques. The resulting error rate is shown to be lower than that achieved by the matched-noisy condition for both stationary and nonstationary natural, as well as simulated, noises.
Lentiviral-Transduced Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Persistently Express Therapeutic Levels of Enzyme in a Xenotransplantation Model of Human Disease (2008)

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising platform for cell- and gene-based treatment of inherited and acquired disorders. We recently showed that human MSCs distribute widely in a murine xenotransplantation model. In the current study, we have determined the distribution, persistence, and ability of lentivirally transduced human MSCs to express therapeutic levels of enzyme in a xenotransplantation model of human disease (nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient mucopolysaccharidosis type VII [NOD-SCID MPSVII]). Primary human bone marrow-derived MSCs were transduced ex vivo with a lentiviral vector expressing either enhanced green fluorescent protein or the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase (MSCs-GUSB). Lentiviral transduction did not affect any in vitro parameters of MSC function or potency. One million cells from each population were transplanted intraperitoneally into separate groups of neonatal NOD-SCID MPSVII mice. Transduced MSCs persisted in the animals that underwent transplantation, and comparable numbers of donor MSCs were detected at 2 and 4 months after transplantation in multiple organs. MSCs-GUSB expressed therapeutic levels of protein in the recipients, raising circulating serum levels of GUSB to nearly 40% of normal. This level of circulating enzyme was sufficient to normalize the secondary elevation of other lysosomal enzymes and reduce lysosomal distention in several tissues. In addition, at least one physiologic marker of disease, retinal function, was normalized following transplantation of MSCs-GUSB. These data provide evidence that transduced human MSCs retain their normal trafficking ability in vivo and persist for at least 4 months, delivering therapeutic levels of protein in an authentic xenotransplantation model of human disease.
Hyperthermic Perfusion of the Distended Urinary Bladder in the Management of Recurrent Transitional Cell Carcinoma (1975)

The clinical and histological changes following hyperthermic perfusion of the distended urinary bladder have been studied in 13 patients with transitional cell carcinoma, persistent after radical radiotherapy. Continuous epidural anaesthesia was necessary to achieve a constant state of bladder relaxation during irrigation of the distended bladder. This form of hyperthermic perfusion of the bladder was effective in arresting uncontrollable haemorrhage from bladder tumours and may be of value in the treatment of this complication. Perfusion at an outflow temperature of 44 degrees C for 4 hours caused tumour necrosis. It was, however, associated with damage to the vasculature of the bladder and frequency of micturition which persisted after mucosal recovery. Perfusion at 43 degrees C also caused tumour necrosis and the after effects were less severe.
Siglec-15: an immune system Siglec conserved throughout vertebrate evolution (2007)

Siglecs are vertebrate cell-surface receptors that recognize sialylated glycans. Here we have identified and characterized a novel Siglec, named Siglec-15. Siglec-15 is a type-I transmembrane protein consisting of: (i) two immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains, (ii) a transmembrane domain containing a lysine residue, and (iii) a short cytoplasmic tail. Siglec-15 is expressed on macrophages and/or dendritic cells of human spleen and lymph nodes. We show that the extracellular domain of Siglec-15 preferentially recognizes the Neu5Acα2–6GalNAcα– structure. Siglec-15 associates with the activating adaptor proteins DNAX activation protein (DAP)12 and DAP10 via its lysine residue in the transmembrane domain, implying that it functions as an activating signaling molecule. Siglec-15 is the second human Siglec identified to have an activating signaling potential; unlike Siglec-14, however, it does not have an inhibitory counterpart. Orthologs of Siglec-15 are present not only in mammals but also in other branches of vertebrates; in contrast, no other known Siglec expressed in the immune system has been conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. Thus, Siglec-15 probably plays a conserved, regulatory role in the immune system of vertebrates.
Shear-induced fragmentation of laponite suspensions (2009)

Simultaneous rheological and velocity profile measurements are performed in a smooth Couette geometry on laponite suspensions seeded with glass microspheres and undergoing the shear-induced solid-to-fluid (or yielding) transition. Under these slippery boundary conditions, a rich temporal behaviour is uncovered, in which shear localization is observed at short times, which rapidly gives way to a highly heterogeneous flow, characterized by intermittent switching from plug-like flow to linear velocity profiles. Such a temporal behaviour is linked to the fragmentation of the initially solid sample into blocks separated by fluidized regions. These solid pieces get progressively eroded over timescales ranging from a few minutes to several hours depending on the applied shear rate . The steady-state is characterized by a homogeneous flow with almost negligible wall slip. The characteristic timescale for erosion is shown to diverge below some critical shear rate * and to scale as ( − *)−n with n ≃ 2 above *. A tentative model for erosion is discussed together with open questions raised by the present results.
Assessing Performance of Orthology Detection Strategies Applied to Eukaryotic Genomes (2007)

Orthology detection is critically important for accurate functional annotation, and has been widely used to facilitate studies on comparative and evolutionary genomics. Although various methods are now available, there has been no comprehensive analysis of performance, due to the lack of a genomic-scale 'gold standard' orthology dataset. Even in the absence of such datasets, the comparison of results from alternative methodologies contains useful information, as agreement enhances confidence and disagreement indicates possible errors. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) is a statistical technique that can exploit this information to reasonably infer sensitivities and specificities, and is applied here to evaluate the performance of various orthology detection methods on a eukaryotic dataset. Overall, we observe a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity in orthology detection, with BLAST-based methods characterized by high sensitivity, and tree-based methods by high specificity. Two algorithms exhibit the best overall balance, with both sensitivity and specificity>80%: INPARANOID identifies orthologs across two species while OrthoMCL clusters orthologs from multiple species. Among methods that permit clustering of ortholog groups spanning multiple genomes, the (automated) OrthoMCL algorithm exhibits better within-group consistency with respect to protein function and domain architecture than the (manually curated) KOG database, and the homolog clustering algorithm TribeMCL as well. By way of using LCA, we are also able to comprehensively assess similarities and statistical dependence between various strategies, and evaluate the effects of parameter settings on performance. In summary, we present a comprehensive evaluation of orthology detection on a divergent set of eukaryotic genomes, thus providing insights and guides for method selection, tuning and development for different applications. Many biological questions have been addressed by multiple tests yielding binary (yes/no) outcomes but no clear definition of truth, making LCA an attractive approach for computational biology.
Esters of 3-Pyridylacetic Acid That Combine Potent Inhibition of 17.alpha.-Hydroxylase/C17,20-Lyase (Cytochrome P45017.alpha.) with Resistance to Esterase Hydrolysis (1995)

Esters of 3- and 4-pyridylacetic acid have been prepared and tested for inhibitory activity toward the human testicular 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase and human placental aromatase enzymes. The structural features required for optimal inhibition of the hydroxylase/lyase enzyme were a 3-pyridine ring, methyl substitution alpha to the carbonyl group, and a bulky alkoxycarbonyl substituent. The compounds with the greatest selectivity were isopinocampheyl 2-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)propanoate, 9, 1-adamantyl 2-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)propanoate, 12, and 2-methyl-2-adamantyl 2-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)propanoate, 14, which, while inhibiting the aromatase activity with IC50 values of 30, 35, and 40 microM, respectively, exhibited IC50 values toward hydroxylase/lyase of between 13 and 90 nM. For comparison, ketoconazole gave an IC50 value of 15 microM against aromatase and values of 65 and 26 nM for inhibition of the hydroxylase and lyase activities, respectively. Some of the structural features required for enzyme inhibition also conferred resistance to esterase hydrolysis, in vitro using rat liver microsomes as a source of the esterase activity. Therefore these esters are lead compounds in the development of inhibitors of androgen biosynthesis for the treatment of hormone-dependent prostatic cancer.
Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of Alternating Thiophene−Perfluoroarene Copolymers (2006)

The fluoride-activated coupling between silyl-functionalized thiophene monomers and perfluoroarenes leads to moderately high-molecular-weight alternating copolymers in excellent yields and high chemical purity. The method bypasses transition-metal catalysis and the associated need for perfluoroarenes carrying additional functional "handles". Small-molecule model studies provide insight into the relative reactivities of functional groups in this synthetic pathway.
Structure and performance of dielectric films based on self-assembled nanocrystals with a high dielectric constant (2013)

Self-assembled films built from nanoparticles with a high dielectric constant are attractive as a foundation for new dielectric media with increased efficiency and range of operation, due to the ability to exploit nanofabrication techniques and emergent electrical properties originating from the nanoscale. However, because the building block is a discrete one-dimensional unit, it becomes a challenge to capture potential enhancements in dielectric performance in two or three dimensions, frequently due to surface effects or the presence of discontinuities. This is a recurring theme in nanoparticle film technology when applied to the realm of thin film semiconductor and device electronics. We present the use of chemically synthesized (Ba,Sr)TiO3 nanocrystals, and a novel deposition-polymerization technique, as a means to fabricate the dielectric layer. The effective dielectric constant of the film is tunable according to nanoparticle size, and effective film dielectric constants of up to 34 are enabled. Wide area and multilayer dielectrics of up to 8 cm(2) and 190 nF are reported, for which the building block is an 8 nm nanocrystal. We describe models for assessing dielectric performance, and distinct methods for improving the dielectric constant of a nanocrystal thin film. The approach relies on evaporatively driven assembly of perovskite nanocrystals with uniform size distributions in a tunable 7-30 nm size range, coupled with the use of low molecular weight monomer/polymer precursor chemistry that can infiltrate the porous nanocrystal thin film network post assembly. The intercrystal void space (low k dielectric volume fraction) is minimized, while simultaneously promoting intercrystal connectivity and maximizing volume fraction of the high k dielectric component. Furfuryl alcohol, which has good affinity to the surface of (Ba,Sr)TiO3 nanocrystals and miscibility with a range of solvents, is demonstrated to be ideal for the production of nanocomposites. The nanocrystal/furfuryl alcohol dispersions are suitable for the fabrication of thin films by chemical deposition techniques, including spin-coating, printing or a spraying process. To demonstrate the application of this technique to device fabrication, a multilayer capacitor with capacitance of 0.83 nF mm(-2) at 1 MHz is presented.
The Postoperative Component of MAGIC Chemotherapy Is Associated with Improved Prognosis following Surgical Resection in Gastric and Gastrooesophageal Junction Adenocarcinomas (2013)

Patients who received both neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapies for gastric and gastro-oesophageal junction tumours have improved outcomes compared to patients who only received neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to Surface-Bound Platelets: Role of Fibrinogen/Fibrin and Platelet Integrins (1993)

Platelets adhering to artificial or biologic surfaces have been implicated in the pathogenesis of catheter infections or endocarditis; however, the ligands involved in Staphylococcus aureus interaction with adherent platelets remain incompletely understood. Radiolabeled S. aureus Cowan I were incubated with purified platelets adherent to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) coverslips and washed, and adhesion was determined. Platelets promoted adhesion of S. aureus approximately 30-fold compared with adhesion to albumin-PMMA. In the presence of both plasma (1% vol/vol) and platelets, adhesion was extensively promoted, with 30% (of inoculated) S. aureus adherent (150-fold increase). Platelet pretreatment with anti-GPIIb/IIIa monoclonal antibodies or inhibitors of platelet activation decreased plasma-enhanced adhesion, suggesting a role of platelet activation in S. aureus adhesion. Plasma-enhanced adhesion was sensitive to thrombin antagonists, proteinase inhibitors, heparin, or antifibrinogen antibodies, indicating that fibrinogen/fibrin is necessary for bridging between adherent platelets and S. aureus. In conclusion, S. aureus adhesion to immobilized platelets may play a role in the pathogenesis of invasive bloodstream infections or endocarditis.
Anodic Oxidation and Organocatalysis: Direct Regio‐ and Stereoselective Access to meta‐Substituted Anilines by α‐Arylation of Aldehydes (2009)

What's the potential? An anodic oxidation/organocatalytic α-arylation of aldehydes using substituted electron-rich aromatic compounds has been developed. The method gives access to meta-substituted anilines and dihydrobenzofurans in good yields and excellent enantioselectivity (see scheme; Pg=protecting group). This method is an example of a new concept combining organocatalysis with electrochemistry.
Principle of Detailed Balance in Kinetics (2004)

The chemical monomolecular triangle reaction is used to illustrate the importance of the principle of detailed balance. The simultaneous rate equations for this reaction are solved using Mathematica to show the effect that different choices of rate constants has on the changes in concentrations of the three isomers with time. These solutions are discussed in terms of thermodynamic equilibrium, steady states, microscopic reversibility, and oscillating reactions.
Plasmacytoid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva (2008)

Although neoplastic cells with a plasmacytoid appearance have been reported in a variety of tumors, to the best of our knowledge, a plasmacytoid squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the vulva or skin has heretofore not been described. We document the case of a 92-year-old female patient with a history of multiple excisions for vulvar verrucous and SCCs, who presented with a 3-cm, symptomatic, polypoid mass of the left upper vulva. Histologically, sheets of dyscohesive relatively monotonous plasmacytoid and spindle cells were found dispersed throughout the dermis. The neoplastic cells expressed cytokeratins AE3, 5/6, and 903, p63, and the plasma cell markers CD138 (syndecan-1) and VS38. The neoplastic cells did not label with S-100 protein, Melan-A, smooth muscle actin, desmin, Kappa and Lambda light chains, epithelial membrane antigen, MOC-31, uroplakin III, thrombomodulin, and E-cadherin. Based on the tumor location, morphology, and immunohistochemical results, the diagnosis of plasmacytoid SCC of the vulva was rendered. Six months after complete excision, she developed regional inguinal lymph node and pulmonary metastases and died. Like other plasmacytoid malignancies, vulvar plasmacytoid SCC is a rare and likely aggressive variant of SCC, which can pose significant diagnostic challenges. Squamous cell carcinoma should also be considered in the differential diagnosis of neoplasms with plasmacytoid cytology. To correctly classify plasmacytoid malignancies, a wide panel of immunohistochemical markers must be used.
Concentration dependence of methyl palmitate isotope ratios by electron impact ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (1993)

Isotope ratios must be measured precisely when stable isotopic tracers are used for in vivo metabolic kinetic studies since low enrichments are generally achieved above relatively high natural abundance backgrounds. We have observed that the (m + 1)/(m + 0) isotope ratio for the molecular ion of methyl palmitate (measured by electron impact ionization selected ion monitoring gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) is limited by a dependence of the isotope ratio on the quantity of sample analyzed. Since it is not practical to analyze exactly the same quantity of sample in a series of samples, this concentration dependence decreases the apparent precision of the isotope ratio measurement. The apparent natural abundance (m + 1)/(m + 0) isotope ratio increased from approximately 0.185 (0.2 nmol analyzed) to 0.20 (2.0 nmol). The concentration dependence was not altered as the quadrupole tuning resolution was varied and did not appear to arise from system non-linearity. The major source of concentration dependence derived from hydrogen abstraction during ion-molecule collisions within the ionization chamber. The concentration dependence was decreased as the repeller voltage increased and ion residence times in the source were reduced. Furthermore, the integrated (m + 1) peak ares increased with the square of the (m + 0) peak area, consistent with a bimolecular ion-molecule collision process. A simple mathematical correction for the concentration dependence afforded a ten-fold improvement in the coefficient of variation of the isotope ratio measurement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Functional Neuroimaging Evidence for Hyperarousal in Insomnia (2004)

Subjectively disturbed sleep in patients with insomnia is associated with greater brain metabolism. The inability to fall asleep may be related to a failure of arousal mechanisms to decline in activity from waking to sleep states. Further, daytime fatigue may reflect decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex resulting from inefficient sleep.
Actor-Mimic: Deep Multitask and Transfer Reinforcement Learning (2015)

The ability to act in multiple environments and transfer previous knowledge to new situations can be considered a critical aspect of any intelligent agent. Towards this goal, we define a novel method of multitask and transfer learning that enables an autonomous agent to learn how to behave in multiple tasks simultaneously, and then generalize its knowledge to new domains. This method, termed "Actor-Mimic", exploits the use of deep reinforcement learning and model compression techniques to train a single policy network that learns how to act in a set of distinct tasks by using the guidance of several expert teachers. We then show that the representations learnt by the deep policy network are capable of generalizing to new tasks with no prior expert guidance, speeding up learning in novel environments. Although our method can in general be applied to a wide range of problems, we use Atari games as a testing environment to demonstrate these methods.