gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An introduction to GSM enhancements for operator specific services (CAMEL) (1996)

The Special Mobile Group (SMG) of the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) is currently developing new additions to GSM standards called CAMEL. CAMEL is an acronym for 'customised application for mobile networks enhanced logic', a rather obscure description for a very important concept. PLMN operators who implement the CAMEL feature will have the capability to provide operator specific services (OSS) that are new and unique. The CAMEL feature compliments and adds to the 'standard' GSM supplementary services that all GSM PLMN operators may implement. Operator specific services can be extended to serve customers roaming to any other GSM PLMN that supports the CAMEL feature. This paper provides an introduction to current CAMEL standards work in ETSI SMG in support of operator specific services. Techniques to support operator specific services for roaming customers are described. The CAMEL feature is expected to become important to mobile network operators as GSM networks mature.
Expression of a constitutively active estrogen receptor variant in the estrogen receptor-negative BT-20 human breast cancer cell line. (1993)

Estrogen receptor (ER) expression by breast tumors is an important predictor of disease-free survival in breast cancer patients and, more importantly, is a strong predictor of response to endocrine therapy. Variant forms of the ER may play an important role in the loss of hormone responsiveness and the progression to hormone independence. We have examined a panel of human breast tumor cell lines, both ER-positive and ER-negative, and have identified an ER mRNA variant containing a deletion of exon 5 in the ER-negative BT-20 and ER-positive MCF-7 cell lines. This exon 5 deletion variant has been previously reported to be overexpressed in ER-negative/progesterone receptor-positive breast tumors. Using RNase protection analysis, we have found that the predominant ER transcript in the BT-20 cells is the exon 5 deletion variant, while the principal transcript in MCF-7 cells is the wild-type ER mRNA. The variant ER transcript is translated into a truncated receptor protein of approximately M(r) 42,000 when expressed in yeast and, more important, in breast tumor cells. This is the first demonstration of an exon 5 deletion variant ER protein. Functional analysis has shown that this variant ER possesses constitutive transcriptional regulatory activity with respect to an estrogen-regulated reporter gene construct in a yeast expression system. The presence of this ER variant in breast tumor cell lines, as well as breast tumor biopsies and uterine tissue, suggests that it is a naturally occurring variant that may arise by alternative splicing, and whose overexpression may be involved in the progression of breast tumors to a hormone-independent state.
Dielectric Properties of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers (2001)

A relatively new technique based on the sequential adsorption of oppositely charged polymers affords the fabrication of multilayer thin films with controlled molecular architectures. In this work, we report the first study on the impedance and dielectric characteristics of multilayer films created by the sequential adsorption of layers of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and sulfonated polystyrene (SPS). We show large changes in the dielectric characteristics of these films with changes in temperature, moisture content, and deposition conditions. In particular, large increases in the conductivity and dielectric “constant” as the temperature and moisture content are increased were interpreted in terms of a change in the mobility and effective concentration of small ions in the film. A small but nonnegligible concentration of such ions was found to be incorporated into these films at a level that depends on the solution processing parameters such as the pH and salt content.
Selective Sugar Binding to the Carbohydrate Recognition Domains of the Rat Hepatic and Macrophage Asialoglycoprotein Receptors (1996)

Asialoglycoprotein receptors on the surfaces of both hepatocytes and peritoneal macrophages bind terminal galactose residues of desialylated glycoproteins and mediate endocytosis and eventual degradation of these ligands. The hepatic receptor binds oligosaccharides with terminal N-acetylgalactosamine residues more tightly than ligands with terminal galactose residues, but the macrophage receptor shows no such differential binding affinity. Carbohydrate recognition domains from the macrophage receptor and the major subunit of the hepatic receptor have been expressed in a bacterial system and have been shown to retain the distinct binding selectivities of the receptors from which they derive. Binding of a series of N-acyl derivatives of galactosamine suggests that the 2-substituent of these sugars interacts with the surface of the hepatic receptor with highest affinity binding observed for the N-propionyl derivative. Chimeric sugar-binding domains have been used to identify three regions of the hepatic receptor that are essential for establishing selectivity for N-acetylgalactosamine over galactose. Based on these results and the orientation of N-acetylgalactosamine when bound to an homologous galactose-binding mutant of rat serum mannose-binding protein, a fourth region likely to interact with N-acetylgalactosamine has been identified and probed by site-directed mutagenesis. The results of these studies define a binding pocket for the 2-substituent of N-acetylgalactosamine in the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor.
Systematic Population-Based Assessment of Cancer Risk in First-Degree Relatives of Cancer Probands (1994)

This study represents a unique comprehensive population-based study of familial cancer. The familial associations reported here will be useful in generating hypotheses about specific genetic and environmental factors that can be tested in genetic linkage and case-control studies.
Convergent18F radiosynthesis: A new dimension for radiolabelling (2010)

The availability of radiolabelled probes is important for in vivo studies by positron emission tomography (PET). Among the frontier challenges in 18F-radiochemistry are the interconnected goals of increasing synthetic efficiency and diversity in the construction of 18F-labelled radiotracers. 18F-Radioretrosynthetic strategies implemented to date are typically linear sequences of transformations designed with the aim of introducing the 18F-label ideally in the last step or at least as late as possible. Here we report that convergent 18F-radiochemistry allows for the rapid assembly of functionalised 18F-radiotracers from readily accessible 18F-labelled prosthetic groups. Using multicomponent reactions for proof of concept, Ugi-4CR, Passerini-3CR, Biginelli-3CR and Groebke-3CR were performed successfully using 18F-benzaldehydes and these highly convergent reactions delivered, in high radiochemical yield (RCY), structurally complex 18F-radiotracers with the label positioned on an aryl motif not responsive to direct nucleophilic fluorination. These data establish an unprecedented connection between radiochemistry for PET and the field of multicomponent chemistry and demonstrate that convergent retroradiosynthesis is a powerful strategy expanding dramatically the scope of 18F-prosthetic group radiochemistry. The preparation of 18F-labelled prosthetic groups from [18F]fluoride ion is commonly performed in many labelling laboratories, so the concept of convergent 18F-radiosynthesis can easily be applied immediately.
Mitogen-activated protein kinases as potential targets for pain killers. (2004)

Pathological pain, such as inflammatory and neuropathic pain, is an expression of neural plasticity. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play an important role in neural plasticity via post-translational, translational and transcriptional regulation. Under conditions of tissue and nerve damage, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 MAPK can be activated by nociceptive activity and inflammatory mediators in primary sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system, and spinal cord neurons and glia in the central nervous system. Activation of ERK in dorsal horn neurons is nociceptive-specific and suppressed by several analgesics, and therefore has potential for the development of an assay to test the efficacy of new analgesics. Inhibition of ERK or p38 alleviates inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain in animal models. Development of specific inhibitors for these two MAPKs may lead to new therapies for pathological pain.
Temporal effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha on murine macrophages infected with Mycobacterium avium (1997)

Members of the Mycobacterium avium complex are a family of bacteria that persist within macrophages in the face of an immune response. Elimination of these organisms is likely due to cytokine-induced macrophage activation. Because macrophage activation by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) appears critical for killing of intracellular M. avium, early downregulation of TNF-alpha levels in infected macrophages has been suggested as a survival mechanism for virulent strains of M. avium. We examined the relationship between TNF-alpha and growth of M. avium strains of differing virulence, as measured by their ability to grow in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. When exogenous TNF-alpha was added immediately following macrophage infection, significant growth inhibition of virulent M. avium strains was observed. If TNF-alpha addition was delayed by 24 h or more, growth inhibition was abrogated. To determine if early downregulation of TNF-alpha levels could explain the differential growth of virulent and avirulent strains, levels of TNF-alpha and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which has been shown to suppress TNF-alpha production in uninfected macrophages, were quantified over time. Upregulation of both TNF-alpha and PGE2, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was evident by 6 h postinfection, indicating that the ability of M. avium to replicate in macrophages was not directly correlated with early downregulation of TNF-alpha production. However, TNF-alpha bioactivity, as measured by cytotoxicity, was significantly decreased in virulent M. avium strains at all time periods examined. Treatment of infected macrophages with gamma interferon immediately after infection resulted in significantly increased levels of nitric oxide but did not affect the growth of virulent M. avium strains. These results suggest that while significant levels of TNF-alpha are present in supernatants from all M. avium strains, levels of biologically active TNF-alpha are significantly reduced in supernatants from virulent M. avium strains. Preliminary results suggest that upregulation of the soluble p75 TNF receptor may be one mechanism by which TNF-alpha bioactivity reduction occurs.
Cardiovascular Performance of Alaska Sled Dogs during Exercise (1969)

Radiotelemetry was used to study regional blood flow distribution in Alaska sled dogs during cross-country runs. Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter transducers were chronically implanted on the coronary, renal, and mesenteric arteries, terminal abdominal aorta, and ascending aorta or pulmonary artery, and a miniature blood pressure gauge was installed in the aorta or carotid artery. Flow and pressure data telemetered from dogs running on the trail were received and recorded remotely. The heart rate, 40 to 60/min in sleeping dogs, increased to 80 to 100/min when the dogs were ambulatory and to 100 to 150/min when the dogs were excited before a race. Heart rate accelerated to 300/min at the start of exercise and commonly remained at that level throughout prolonged runs. Aortic blood pressure averaged 130/90 mm Hg at rest, but the systolic pressure often exceeded 300 mm Hg when the dogs were running. A transient drop in mean pressure occurred at the onset of running, but mean pressure during sustained exercise was practically identical to that at rest. Flow in the terminal aorta increased 9 to 12 times and coronary flow 5 to 6 times, but mesenteric and renal flows were unchanged during violent, prolonged exercise. These findings contrast with diminished visceral flows recorded in exercising humans and suggest that compensatory redistribution of flow is not a significant reserve mechanism in these animals during exercise.
Intramolecular electron transfer in cytochrome c oxidase: a cascade of equilibria (1992)

Intramolecular electron redistribution in cytochrome c oxidase after photolysis of the partially reduced CO-bound enzyme was followed at a number of different wavelengths by absorption spectroscopy. Spectra were constructed for the first two phases of this process. The first phase (tau = 3 microseconds) has a spectrum essentially identical to the difference between the Fea and Fea3 reduced-minus-oxidized spectra, indicating a 1:1 stoichiometry between the amount of Fea3 oxidized and Fea reduced. It is not necessary to invoke reduction or oxidation of other redox carriers in this phase. The second phase (tau = 35 microseconds) spectrum appears to be a linear combination of the Fea3 and Fea reduced-minus-oxidized difference spectra, reflecting the oxidation of four parts of Fea3 for every part of Fea oxidized. This process can be described in terms of transfer to CuA of electrons from the Fea3<==>Fea equilibrium system established in the first phase. The relative contributions of Fea3 and Fea in the second phase allow us to calculate the equilibrium constant for Fea3<==>Fea electron exchange, which yields a delta Em of 36 mV for the two centers (Fea3 more positive). Together with the apparent rate constant for the fast phase, this equilibrium constant yields, in turn, the forward (kf) and reverse (kr) rates for electron transfer from Fea to Fea3 as follows: kf = 2.4 x 10(5) s-1 and kr = 6 x 10(4) s-1. kf is much faster than any observed step in the reaction of the reduced enzyme with O2. Thus, the catalytic mechanism of O2 reduction to water is not rate-limited by electron transfer from Fea to the binuclear Fea3/Cu(B) site.
Nε-carboxymethyllysine in nutritional milk formulas for infants (2018)

Production of infant formulas involves high temperature processing for microbiological safety. However, heat processes generate Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), including N<sup>ε</sup>-carboxymethyllysine (CML) formed between lysine and lactose. Formulas manufactured from cow or goat milk, with or without whey adjustment, or hydrolysates of cow whey proteins, were tested for CML levels using a commercially available ELISA kit. CML concentrations ranged from 2 to 210 µg/g protein in formulas containing intact proteins. Median CML concentrations were up to 3-fold greater in formulas containing 60% whey protein compared with 20% whey protein, for both cow and goat formulas. Goat milk formulas contained 7 to 12-fold less CML than cow milk formulas. Formulas made from intact proteins contained lower CML compared to formulas using whey hydrolysates. Western immunoblotting techniques detected higher CML levels in whey proteins compared with casein. This study showed whey addition to infant formula significantly contributes to CML levels.
Top-down morphogenesis of colorectal tumors (2001)

One of the fundamental tenets of oncology is that tumors arise from stem cells. In the colon, stem cells are thought to reside at the base of crypts. In the early stages of tumorigenesis, however, dysplastic cells are routinely found at the luminal surface of the crypts whereas the cells at the bases of these same crypts appear morphologically normal. To understand this discrepancy, we evaluated the molecular characteristics of cells isolated from the bases and orifices of the same crypts in small colorectal adenomas. We found that the dysplastic cells at the tops of the crypts often exhibited genetic alterations of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and neoplasia-associated patterns of gene expression. In contrast, cells located at the base of these same crypts did not contain such alterations and were not clonally related to the contiguous transformed cells above them. These results imply that development of adenomatous polyps proceeds through a top-down mechanism. Genetically altered cells in the superficial portions of the mucosae spread laterally and downward to form new crypts that first connect to preexisting normal crypts and eventually replace them.
New insights into the metastasis‐associated 67 kD laminin receptor (1997)

The interactions between tumor cells and laminin or other components of the extracellular matrix have been shown to play an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis. These interactions are mediated by different cell surface molecules, including the monomeric 67 kD laminin receptor. This molecule appears to be very peculiar since so far only a full-length gene encoding a 37 kD precursor protein has been isolated and the mechanism by which the precursor reaches the mature form is not understood. Based on clinical data, which clearly demonstrate the importance of the receptor in tumor progression, studies were conducted to define the structure, expression, and function of this laminin receptor as a step toward developing therapeutic strategies that target this molecule. The data suggest that acylation of the precursor is the key mechanism in maturation of the 67 kD form. The function of the membrane receptor is to stabilize the binding of laminin to cell surface integrins, acting as an integrin-accessory molecule, although homology of the gene encoding the receptor precursor with other genes suggests additional functions. Downregulation of the receptor expression on tumor cells might open new therapeutic approaches to decrease tumor aggressiveness. J. Cell. Biochem. 67:155–165, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Microbial Exposure During Early Life Has Persistent Effects on Natural Killer T Cell Function (2012)

Exposure to microbes during early childhood is associated with protection from immune-mediated diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and asthma. Here, we show that in germ-free (GF) mice, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells accumulate in the colonic lamina propria and lung, resulting in increased morbidity in models of IBD and allergic asthma as compared with that of specific pathogen-free mice. This was associated with increased intestinal and pulmonary expression of the chemokine ligand CXCL16, which was associated with increased mucosal iNKT cells. Colonization of neonatal-but not adult-GF mice with a conventional microbiota protected the animals from mucosal iNKT accumulation and related pathology. These results indicate that age-sensitive contact with commensal microbes is critical for establishing mucosal iNKT cell tolerance to later environmental exposures.
The Effect of Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus rhamnosusCulture Supernatants on Expression of Autophagy Genes and HPV E6 and E7 Oncogenes in The HeLa Cell Line. (2016)

Lactobacilli culture supernatants can decrease expression of ATG14 and BECN1 as well as the HPV E6 oncogene. It has been demonstrated that the main changes occurring during cervical carcinogenesis in cell machinery can be reversed by suppression of HPV oncogenes. Therefore, downregulation of HPV E6 by lacto- bacilli may have therapeutic potential for cervical cancer. As the role of autophagy in cancer is complicated, further work is required to clarify the link between downregula- tion of autophagy genes and antiproliferative effects exerted by lactobacilli.
Rigid-rod polyquinolines with extended aryl ether pendent groups: an approach to solubility enhancement (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRigid-rod polyquinolines with extended aryl ether pendent groups: an approach to solubility enhancementDirk M. Sutherlin and J. K. StilleCite this: Macromolecules 1985, 18, 12, 2669–2675Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00154a050https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00154a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views70Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
IL-1Rrp Is a Novel Receptor-like Molecule Similar to the Type I Interleukin-1 Receptor and Its Homologues T1/ST2 and IL-1R AcP (1996)

A novel member of the interleukin-1 receptor family has been cloned by polymerase chain reaction using degenerate oligonucleotide primers derived from regions of sequence conservation, using as template a yeast artificial chromosome known to contain both interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptors and T1/ST2. The new receptor, called IL-1 receptor-related protein or IL-1Rrp, fails to bind any of the known IL-1 ligands. A chimeric receptor, in which the IL-1Rrp cytoplasmic domain is fused to the extracellular and transmembrane regions of the IL-1 receptor, responds to IL-1 following transfection into COS cells by activation of NFkappaB and induction of IL-8 promoter function.
Junctionless multigate field-effect transistor (2009)

This paper describes a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor concept in which there are no junctions. The channel doping is equal in concentration and type to the source and drain extension doping. The proposed device is a thin and narrow multigate field-effect transistor, which can be fully depleted and turned off by the gate. Since this device has no junctions, it has simpler fabrication process, less variability, and better electrical properties than classical MOS devices with source and drain PN junctions.
cDNA selection: efficient PCR approach for the selection of cDNAs encoded in large chromosomal DNA fragments. (1991)

Identification of coding segments in large fragments of genomic DNA is a recurrent problem in genome mapping and positional cloning studies. We have developed a rapid and efficient protocol to achieve this goal, based on hybridization of cDNA fragments to immobilized DNA and recovery of the selected cDNAs by the PCR. The procedure permits rapid cloning of cDNA fragments encoded by large genomic DNA fragments, groups of yeast artificial chromosomes, or cosmids and has the potential to directly enrich cDNAs encoded in chromosome segments. By this approach we have been able to identify several non-major histocompatibility complex class I clones from a yeast artificial chromosome that includes the HLA-A locus.
Allergen-Induced Asthmatic Responses Modified by a GATA3-Specific DNAzyme (2015)

Treatment with SB010 significantly attenuated both late and early asthmatic responses after allergen provocation in patients with allergic asthma. Biomarker analysis showed an attenuation of Th2-regulated inflammatory responses. (Funded by Sterna Biologicals and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01743768.).
Ultrahigh impedance capacitively coupled heart imaging array (1994)

We describe a prototype electrocardiographic (ECG) array system comprising 25 ultrahigh impedance sensors, which does not require ohmic electrical contact with the body.