gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differences in dendritic cells stimulated in vivo by tumors engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or Flt3-ligand. (2000)

Both granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and flt3-ligand (FL) induce the development of dendritic cells (DCs). To compare the functional properties of DCs stimulated by these cytokines in vivo, we used retroviral-mediated gene transfer to generate murine tumor cells secreting high levels of each molecule. Injection of tumor cells expressing either GM-CSF or FL resulted in the dramatic increase of CD11c+ cells in the spleen and tumor infiltrate. However, vaccination with irradiated, GM-CSF-secreting tumor cells stimulated more potent antitumor immunity than vaccination with irradiated, FL-secreting tumor cells. The superior antitumor immunity elicited by GM-CSF involved a broad T cell cytokine response, in contrast to the limited Thl response elicited by FL. DCs generated by GM-CSF were CD8alpha- and expressed higher levels of B7-1 and CD1d than DCs cells generated by FL. Injection sites of metastatic melanoma patients vaccinated with irradiated, autologous tumor cells engineered to secrete GM-CSF demonstrated similar, dense infiltrates of DCs expressing high levels of B7-1. These findings reveal critical differences in the abilities of GM-CSF and FL to enhance the function of DCs in vivo and have important implications for the crafting of tumor vaccines.
Codelivery of zoledronic acid and double-stranded RNA from core-shell nanoparticles (2013)

Cationic lipid-coated calcium phosphate nanoparticles constructed for codelivery of zoledronic acid and double-stranded RNA poly (I:C) had better antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. Future preclinical development of LCP encapsulating zoledronic acid and poly (I:C) for the treatment of human cancer is under way.
AtAMT1 gene expression and NH4+ uptake in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana: evidence for regulation by root glutamine levels (1999)

The mechanisms involved in regulating high-affinity ammonium (NH4+) uptake and the expression of the AtAMT1 gene encoding a putative high-affinity NH4+ transporter were investigated in the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Under conditions of steady-state nitrogen (N) supply, transcript levels of the AtAMT1 gene and Vmax values for high-affinity 13NH4+ influx were inversely correlated with levels of N provision. Following re-supply of NH4NO3 to N-starved plants, AtAMT1 mRNA levels and 13NH4+ influx declined rapidly but remained high when the conversion of NH4+ to glutamine (Gln) was blocked with methionine sulfoximine (MSX). This result demonstrates that end products of NH4+ assimilation, rather than NH4+ itself, are responsible for regulating AtAMT1 gene expression. Consistent with this hypothesis, AtAMT1 gene expression and NH4+ influx were suppressed by provision of Gln alone, or together with NH4NO3 plus MSX. Furthermore, AtAMT1 transcript levels and 13NH4+ influx were negatively correlated with root Gln concentrations, following re-supply of N to N-starved plants. In addition to this level of control, the data suggest that high cytoplasmic [NH4+] may inhibit NH4+ influx.
Ocular ischemic syndrome – a systematic review (2012)

Ocular ischemic syndrome is a rare condition, which is caused by ocular hypoperfusion due to stenosis or occlusion of the common or internal carotid arteries. Atherosclerosis is the major cause of changes in the carotid arteries. Ocular ischemic syndrome is manifested as visual loss, orbital pain and, frequently, changes of the visual field, and various anterior and posterior segment signs. Anterior segment signs include iris neovascularization and secondary neovascular glaucoma, iridocyclitis, asymmetric cataract, iris atrophy and sluggish reaction to light. Posterior eye segment changes are the most characteristic, such as narrowed retinal arteries, perifoveal telangiectasias, dilated retinal veins, mid-peripheral retinal hemorrhages, microaneurysms, neovascularization at the optic disk and in the retina, a cherry-red spot, cotton-wool spots, vitreous hemorrhage and normal-tension glaucoma. Differential diagnosis of ocular ischemic syndrome includes diabetic retinopathy and moderate central retinal vein occlusion. Carotid artery imaging and fundus fluorescein angiography help to establish the diagnosis of ocular ischemic syndrome. The treatment can be local, for example, ocular (conservative, laser and surgical) or systemic (conservative and surgical treatment of the carotid artery). Since the condition does not affect the eyes alone, patients with ocular ischemic syndrome should be referred for consultation to the neurologist, vascular surgeon and cardiologist.
Human monocyte-derived macrophage phagocytosis of senescent eosinophils undergoing apoptosis. Mediation by alpha v beta 3/CD36/thrombospondin recognition mechanism and lack of phlogistic response. (1996)

Eosinophils may mediate tissue injury in a number of allergic diseases. Previously, we reported that eosinophils constitutively undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) in culture. As this led to phagocytosis of the intact senescent cell by macrophages, we proposed that apoptosis represented an injury-limiting eosinophil disposal mechanism. Ingestion of apoptotic neutrophils by human monocyte-derived macrophages (M phi s) was found to be mediated by adhesive interactions between thrombospondin and the M phi alpha v beta 3 vitronectin receptor integrin and M phi CD36. As this failed to elicit a pro-inflammatory response from M phi s, we sought evidence that this specific, nonphlogistic clearance mechanism may operate in eosinophil disposal. In this study, we found that M phi ingestion of apoptotic eosinophils was specifically inhibited by monoclonal antibodies to M phi alpha v beta 3, CD36, and thrombospondin and by other inhibitors of this recognition mechanism including RGD peptide and amino sugars. Furthermore, not only did M phi ingestion of intact apoptotic eosinophils fail to stimulate release of the phlogistic eicosanoid thromboxane, but there was also a lack of increased release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. However, increased release of these mediators was observed when M phi s took up senescent post-apoptotic eosinophils that had been cultured long enough to lose plasma membrane integrity. The data indicate that the nonphlogistic alpha v beta 3/CD36/thrombospondin macrophage recognition mechanism is available for clearance of intact senescent eosinophils undergoing apoptosis. Furthermore, our findings suggest that, by contrast, phagocytosis of post-apoptotic eosinophils may elicit undesirable pro-inflammatory responses.
The X-ray Emissions of AGNs Based on the Observations From Chandra (2005)

Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) are among the most spectacular objects in the Universe. They produce prodigious emission over an extraordinary broad range in frequency, within which the fraction in X-ray is about 50%. Their research in X-ray is essential in many aspects of astrophysics, such as energy production, radiation mechanism and cosmology, etc. The X-ray spectra and X-ray images with high spatial resolution, which are provided by the X-ray observatory Chandra, allow us to further investigate AGNs, especially to understand the core regions and the physical processes in the center. We here briefly present the recent progress based on Chandra, including (1) the introduction of the X-ray observations of broad absorption line quasar (BAL QSO) APM 08279+5255 and the important role of X-ray observations of high-redshift QSOs; (2) for the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151, the Chandra's X-ray spectra with high spectral resolution to explore its extended X-ray emission, and the X-ray images of NGC 1068 with high spatial resolution indicating that its X-ray emission is strongly related with high-ionization emission line ([OⅢ]λ5007); (3) the analysis of X-ray environment of a sample of 6 BL Lac objects; (4) the X-ray jets identified by Chandra observations.
Vaccination with Legionella pneumophila membranes induces cell-mediated and protective immunity in a guinea pig model of Legionnaires' disease. Protective immunity independent of the major secretory protein of Legionella pneumophila. (1991)

We have examined the capacity of Legionella pneumophila membranes to induce cell-mediated immune responses and protective immunity in a guinea pig model of Legionnaires' disease. Guinea pigs immunized by aerosol with L. pneumophila membranes developed strong cell-mediated immune responses to L. pneumophila membranes as demonstrated by cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity and in vitro splenic lymphocyte proliferation. Guinea pigs immunized by aerosol or by subcutaneous inoculation with L. pneumophila membranes developed strong protective immunity against lethal aerosol challenge with L. pneumophila. Overall, in six independent experiments, 39 of 49 (80%) guinea pigs immunized with L. pneumophila membranes survived challenge compared with 2 of 40 (5%) sham-immunized controls (P = 2 x 10(-13). In contrast, guinea pigs immunized by aerosol with formalin-killed L. pneumophila did not develop either a strong cell-mediated immune response to L. pneumophila antigens or protective immunity to lethal aerosol challenge. The capacity of L. pneumophila membranes to induce protective immunity was independent of the major secretory protein of L. pneumophila, which we previously demonstrated is an immunoprotective molecule. Purified L. pneumophila membranes did not contain detectable major secretory protein (MSP) on immunoblots; immunization of guinea pigs with L. pneumophila membranes did not induce anti-MSP antibody; and guinea pigs developed comparable protective immunity after immunization with membranes from either an L. pneumophila strain that secretes the major secretory protein or an isogenic mutant that does not. This study demonstrates that (a) immunization with L. pneumophila membranes but not formalin-killed L. pneumophila induces strong cell-mediated immune responses and protective immunity, (b) L. pneumophila membranes contain immunoprotective molecules distinct from the major secretory protein of L. pneumophila, and (c) L. pneumophila membranes have potential as a vaccine against Legionnaires' disease.
Nonpromoting 12-deoxyphorbol 13-esters inhibit phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induced tumor promotion in CD-1 mouse skin. (1993)

Prostratin and 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate (dPP) form a new class of protein kinase C activators of unique biological activity. Although they bind to and activate protein kinase C, in mouse skin they either fail to induce typical phorbol ester (PMA) effects (e.g., hyperplasia) or induce only partial response (e.g., inflammation). Furthermore, pretreatment with these agents inhibits a range of PMA induced effects (acute and chronic hyperplasia, inflammation, etc.) These observations suggested that prostratin and dPP would function as inhibitors of phorbol ester tumor promotion. Here we verify that prediction. We report that both compounds reduced both the average number of papillomas and the tumor incidence in a tumor promotion schedule in CD-1 mouse skin, in which each PMA application was preceded by 12-deoxyphorbol 13-monoester pretreatment. The highest dose of prostratin used (2.56 mumol or 1 mg/pretreatment) caused a 96% (23-fold) reduction in the average number of papillomas with a decrease of tumor incidence from 97 to 40%. The highest dose of dPP used (21.4 nmol or 10 micrograms/pretreatment) induced an 86% (7-fold) reduction in the average number of papillomas with a 53% reduction of tumor incidence from 100 to 47%. The inhibitory effect was dose dependent. The dose causing 50% inhibition was 11 nmol/pretreatment for prostratin and 0.8 nmol/pretreatment for dPP. Maximal inhibition of tumor promotion was accompanied by a block of epidermal hyperplasia; however, significant inhibition of tumor induction was observed at doses without any apparent effect on the PMA induced hyperplasia.
Measurement of Singlet‐Oxygen In Vivo: Progress and Pitfalls (2010)

This article is a highlight of the paper by Jarvi et al. in this issue of Photochemistry and Photobiology as well as a brief overview of the state of the field of singlet-oxygen ((1) O(2) ) detection in vivo. The in vivo detection of (1) O(2) using its characteristic 1270 nm phosphorescence is technically challenging. Nevertheless, substantial progress has been made in this area. Major advances have included the commercial development of photomultiplier tubes sensitive to 1270 nm light, techniques for spatially resolving the location of (1) O(2) at a subcellular level and more complex mathematical models for interpreting the kinetics of (1) O(2) emission from living cells. It is now recognized that oxygen consumption, photosensitizer bleaching, oxidation of biological molecules and diffusion of (1) O(2) can significantly change the kinetics of (1) O(2) emission from living cells.
Synthesis of yohimbines. I. Total synthesis of alloyohimbine and .alpha.-yohimbine and their epimers. Revised structure of natural alloyohimbine (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of yohimbines. I. Total synthesis of alloyohimbine and .alpha.-yohimbine and their epimers. Revised structure of natural alloyohimbineLaszlo Toke, Katalin Honty, Lajos Szabo, Gabor Blasko, and Csaba SzantayCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1973, 38, 14, 2496–2500Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00954a016https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00954a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views242Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Autism and Metabolic Diseases (2007)

Autism is an etiologic heterogeneous entity caused by many different diseases occurring in the central nervous system at an early stage in life. Several metabolic defects have been associated with autistic symptoms with a rate higher than that found in the general population. Inborn errors of metabolism can probably account for less than 5% of individuals. Selective metabolic testing should be done in the presence of suggestive clinical findings, including lethargy, cyclic vomiting, early seizures, dysmorphic features, and mental retardation. In some patients, early diagnosis of the metabolic disorders and proper therapeutic interventions may significantly improve the long-term cognitive and behavioral outcome.
Permeability of Insect Cuticle to Water and Lipids (1965)

Insect cuticle presents a paradox: permeability to water may vary at different times, while lipids penetrate readily. Electron microscopy shows that the epicuticle is penetrated by filaments of wax 60 to 130 A in diameter. These are believed to be lipid-water liquid crystals in the middle phase. The variable permeability to water, and other properties of the cuticle, may be due to phase changes.
Focal-plane-arrays and CMOS readout techniques of infrared imaging systems (1997)

A discussion of CMOS readout technologies for infrared (IR) imaging systems is presented. First, the description of various types of IR detector materials and structures is given. The advances of detector fabrication technology and microelectronics process technology have led to the development of large format array of IR imaging detectors. For such large IR FPAs which is the critical component of the advanced infrared imaging system, general requirement and specifications are described. To support a good interface between the FPA and downstream signal processing stage, both conventional and CMOS readout techniques are presented and discussed. Finally, future development directions including the smart focal plane concept are also introduced.
Optimal execution with nonlinear impact functions and trading-enhanced risk (2003)

Optimal trading strategies are determined for liquidation of a large single-asset portfolio to minimize a combination of volatility risk and market impact costs. The market impact cost per share is taken to be a power law function of the trading rate, with an arbitrary positive exponent. This includes, for example, the square root law that has been proposed based on market microstructure theory. In analogy to the linear model, a 'characteristic time' for optimal trading is defined, which now depends on the initial portfolio size and decreases as execution proceeds. A model is also considered in which uncertainty of the realized price is increased by demanding rapid execution; it is shown that optimal trajectories are described by a 'critical portfolio size' above which this effect is dominant and below which it may be neglected.
Novel Oligosaccharide Side Chains of the Collagen-like Region of BclA, the Major Glycoprotein of the Bacillus anthracis Exosporium (2004)

Spores of Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, are enclosed by a prominent loose fitting layer called the exosporium. The exosporium consists of a basal layer and an external hairlike nap. The filaments of the nap are composed of a highly immunogenic glycoprotein called BclA, which has a long, central collagen-like region with multiple XXG repeats. Most of the triplet repeats are PTG, and nearly all of the triplet repeats contain a threonine residue, providing multiple potential sites for O-glycosylation. In this study, we demonstrated that two O-linked oligosaccharides, a 715-Da tetrasaccharide and a 324-Da disaccharide, are released from spore- and exosporium-associated BclA by hydrazinolysis. Each oligosaccharide is probably attached to BclA through a GalNAc linker, which was lost during oligosaccharide release. We found that multiple copies of the tetrasaccharide are linked to the collagen-like region of BclA, whereas the disaccharide may be attached outside of this region. Using NMR, mass spectrometry, and other analytical techniques, we determined that the structure of the tetrasaccharide is 2-O-methyl-4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutamido)-4,6-dideoxy-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-l-rhamnopyranose. The previously undescribed nonreducing terminal sugar (i.e. 2-O-methyl-4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutamido)-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose) was given the trivial name anthrose. Anthrose was not found in spores of either Bacillus cereus or Bacillus thuringiensis, two species that are the most phylogenetically similar to B. anthracis. Thus, anthrose may be useful for species-specific detection of B. anthracis spores or as a new target for therapeutic intervention.
Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis of Bri2 (Itm2b) by ADAM10 and SPPL2a/SPPL2b (2007)

Presenilin, the catalytic component of the gamma-secretase complex, type IV prepilin peptidases, and signal peptide peptidase (SPP) are the founding members of the family of intramembrane-cleaving GXGD aspartyl proteases. SPP-like (SPPL) proteases, such as SPPL2a, SPPL2b, SPPL2c, and SPPL3, also belong to the GXGD family. In contrast to gamma-secretase, for which numerous substrates have been identified, very few in vivo substrates are known for SPP and SPPLs. Here we demonstrate that Bri2 (Itm2b), a type II-oriented transmembrane protein associated with familial British and Danish dementia, undergoes regulated intramembrane proteolysis. In addition to the previously described ectodomain processing by furin and related proteases, we now describe that the Bri2 protein, similar to gamma-secretase substrates, undergoes an additional cleavage by ADAM10 in its ectodomain. This cleavage releases a soluble variant of Bri2, the BRICHOS domain, which is secreted into the extracellular space. Upon this shedding event, a membrane-bound Bri2 N-terminal fragment remains, which undergoes intramembrane proteolysis to produce an intracellular domain as well as a secreted low molecular weight C-terminal peptide. By expressing all known SPP/SPPL family members as well as their loss of function variants, we demonstrate that selectively SPPL2a and SPPL2b mediate the intramembrane cleavage, whereas neither SPP nor SPPL3 is capable of processing the Bri2 N-terminal fragment.
The eicosanoids and their biochemical mechanisms of action (1989)

Pathways involved in oxygenation of arachidonic acid leading to the production of eicosanoids.
Relation between electroabsorption in bulk semiconductors and in quantum wells: The quantum-confined Franz-Keldysh effect (1986)

We evaluate the interband optical absorption of a semiconductor quantum well in the presence of a uniform electric field perpendicular to the layer and neglecting excitonic effects. We show that this formally becomes the Franz-Keldysh effect in the limit of an infinitely thick layer. When the potential drop across the layer is small compared to the confinement energy we obtain behavior qualitatively different from the bulk Franz-Keldysh effect and we explain this in terms of a quantum-confined Franz-Keldysh effect; with increasing field we demonstrate numerically for a GaAs-like semiconductor that we recover Franz-Keldysh-like behavior, once the originally ``forbidden'' quantum-well transitions become strong. Our discussion gives an alternative physical picture for the Franz-Keldysh effect, including a simple explanation of the Franz-Keldysh oscillations.
Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition: Differences between direct and remote plasma excitation (1987)

Films of silicon oxide, nitride, and oxynitride produced by direct plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (DPECVD) and utilizing silane as one of the gas phase reactants generally contain up to ten times more bonded hydrogen than films produced by remote PECVD (RPECVD) and deposited at the same substrate temperature (Ts). We attribute this difference to the way silane is utilized in the deposition process chemistry. In DPECVD, silane is plasma excited along with other reactant gases, resulting in the formation of radicals and molecular fragments, e.g., SiH3 and SiH2, which at low temperatures (200–400 °C) serve as precursors for hydrogen incorporation, and in addition promote significant departures from insulator stoichiometry: SiO2−x, Si3N4−x, etc. In contrast, in the RPECVD process active oxygen and nitrogen species (and generally rare-gas diluents) are extracted from a remote plasma region and reacted with neutral silane to form precursor species with Si–O and Si–N bonding groups. These precursor molecules take part in chemical vapor deposition reactions in which hydrogen from SiH3 groups of the precursors is eliminated from the films through replacement reactions with excess active oxygen and nitrogen species.