gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inositol hexakisphosphate mobilizes an endomembrane store of calcium in guard cells (2003)

myo-Inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) is the most abundant inositol phosphate in cells, yet it remains the most enigmatic of this class of signaling molecule. InsP6 plays a role in the processes by which the drought stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) induces stomatal closure, conserving water and ensuring plant survival. Previous work has shown that InsP6 levels in guard cells are elevated in response to ABA, and InsP6 inactivates the plasma membrane inward K+ conductance (IK,in) in a cytosolic calcium-dependent manner. The use of laser-scanning confocal microscopy in dye-loaded patch-clamped guard cell protoplasts shows that release of InsP6 from a caged precursor mobilizes calcium. Measurement of calcium (barium) currents ICa in patch-clamped protoplasts in whole cell mode shows that InsP6 has no effect on the calcium-permeable channels in the plasma membrane activated by ABA. The InsP6-mediated inhibition of IK,in can also be observed in the absence of external calcium. Thus the InsP6-induced increase in cytoplasmic calcium does not result from calcium influx but must arise from InsP6-triggered release of calcium from endomembrane stores. Measurements of vacuolar currents in patch-clamped isolated vacuoles in whole-vacuole mode showed that InsP6 activates both the fast and slow conductances of the guard cell vacuole. These data define InsP6 as an endomembrane-acting calcium-release signal in guard cells; the vacuole may contribute to InsP6-triggered Ca2+ release, but other endomembranes may also be involved.
A FACILE SYNTHESIS OF CARBOXYLIC THIOL ESTERS FROM CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THIOLS (1976)

Abstract Various thiol esters are prepared in good yields by the reaction of thiols with acyloxypyridinium salts formed in situ from free carboxylic acids and 2-fluoro-1-methylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate.
RARE-EVENT ANALYSIS OF CIRCULATING HUMAN DENDRITIC CELL SUBSETS AND THEIR PRESUMPTIVE MOUSE COUNTERPARTS1 (2001)

In addition to pDC1 and CD8alpha- DC, pDC2 and CD8alpha+ DC can be identified in normal human or mouse blood, respectively. Monitoring and isolation or characterization of these cells may provide novel insights into their functional significance in transplantation and other clinical conditions.
Molecular Characterization and Human T-Cell Responses to a Member of a NovelMycobacterium tuberculosis mtb39Gene Family (1999)

We have used expression screening of a genomic Mycobacterium tuberculosis library with tuberculosis (TB) patient sera to identify novel genes that may be used diagnostically or in the development of a TB vaccine. Using this strategy, we have cloned a novel gene, termed mtb39a, that encodes a 39-kDa protein. Molecular characterization revealed that mtb39a is a member of a family of three highly related genes that are conserved among strains of M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG but not in other mycobacterial species tested. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated the presence of Mtb39A in M. tuberculosis lysate but not in culture filtrate proteins (CFP), indicating that it is not a secreted antigen. This conclusion is strengthened by the observation that a human T-cell clone specific for purified recombinant Mtb39A protein recognized autologous dendritic cells infected with TB or pulsed with purified protein derivative (PPD) but did not respond to M. tuberculosis CFP. Purified recombinant Mtb39A elicited strong T-cell proliferative and gamma interferon responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 9 of 12 PPD-positive individuals tested, and overlapping peptides were used to identify a minimum of 10 distinct T-cell epitopes. Additionally, mice immunized with mtb39a DNA have shown increased protection from M. tuberculosis challenge, as indicated by a reduction of bacterial load. The human T-cell responses and initial animal studies provide support for further evaluation of this antigen as a possible component of a subunit vaccine for M.tuberculosis.
Human Neural Stem Cell Transplantation Promotes Functional Recovery in Rats With Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage (2003)

Intravenously transplanted NSCs can enter the rat brain with ICH, survive, migrate, and improve functional recovery. Transplantation of human NSCs can be used to restore neurological deficits in experimental ICH.
Write endurance in flash drives: measurements and analysis (2010)

We examine the write endurance of USB flash drives using a range of approaches: chip-level measurements, reverse engineering, timing analysis, whole-device endurance testing, and simulation. The focus of our investigation is not only measured endurance, but underlying factors at the level of chips and algorithms--both typical and ideal--which determine the endurance of a device.Our chip-level measurements show endurance far in excess of nominal values quoted by manufacturers, by a factor of as much as 100. We reverse engineer specifics of the Flash Translation Layers (FTLs) used by several devices, and find a close correlation between measured whole-device endurance and predictions from reverse-engineered FTL parameters and measured chip endurance values. We present methods based on analysis of operation latency which provide a non-intrusive mechanism for determining FTL parameters. Finally we present Monte Carlo simulation results giving numerical bounds on endurance achievable by any on-line algorithm in the face of arbitrary or malicious access patterns.
Automated natural spoken dialog (2002)

The next generation of voice-based interface technology will enable easy-to-use automation of new and existing communication services, making human-machine interaction more natural.
Relationship between drinking water, vegetables and cancer death in the high incidence area of digestive tract cancer (1997)

The paper analyzed of investigation datas on the death causes of digestive tract cancer in high-incidence area between 70s and 80s. The results showed that the cancer-adjusted mortalities were 224.14/100000 and 226.66/100000; it was 7 times as high as low-incidence (31.19/100000 and 29.82/100000). In 70s, the cancer death of esophagus, stomach and liver (87.41/100000, 73.93/100000 and 8.59/100000) were 28 times, 10 times and 4 times as high as low-incidence area (3.70/100000, 10.57/100000 and 1.94/100000), respectively (P<0.00I). In 80s, the cancer death of esophagus, stomach and liver (68.26/100000, 109.39/100000 and 23.89/100000) were 17 times, 10 times and 4 times as high as low-incidence area (4.54/100000,10.84/100000 and 635/100000), respectively (P<0.001). In high-incidence area, the cancer death of esophagus was lower , of stomach and liver were higher in 80s than 70s, respectively (P<0.01). The result also showed that the nitrate content of drinking water and vegetables were 21.45mg/l and 1185.27mg/kg in high-incidence area; it were significant higher than that in low-incidence area (2.14mg/l and 41.60mg/kg), the nitrite content (0.01mg/l) of drinking water in high-incidence area was significant higher than that in low-incidence area (0.004mg/l), but the nitrite content among vegetables was no significant difference between the two regions (P>0.05).Our results suggest that the nitrate and nitrite contents increase in drinking water and vegetables may be an important risk factor of upper alimentary cancer in high-incidence area.
Demand response with moving horizon estimation of individual thermostatic load states from aggregate power measurements (2014)

We present an optimization-based state estimation method that allows us to estimate the states of individual thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), such as air conditioners and space heaters, from measurements of the power consumption of small aggregations of TCLs. The state estimator can be used together with a controller to provide ancillary services to power systems such as frequency control. The main advantage of this method is that it is designed to work with existing communication infrastructure. We assume that aggregate power measurements are available from distribution substations every few seconds, while TCL state measurements are available from smart meters only every 20 minutes. We model TCLs as hybrid systems and propose a moving horizon state estimator (MHSE), which is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program. We demonstrate the performance of the MHSE in two case studies: (a) estimation of TCL states in the absence of external control actions, and (b) a power tracking problem with closed-loop control using broadcast control inputs. To demonstrate the robustness of the method, we conduct a parametric analysis with respect to aggregation size and diversity, process noise characteristics, and control trajectory characteristics. The results show that the method generally provides accurate estimates of TCL states, resulting in improved controller performance in most cases, and is implementable in real-time with reasonable computational power.
Acridine orange stain in the histological identification of Helicobacter pylori (2001)

Acridine orange stain in the histological identification of Helicobacter pyloriThe recent paper by Rotimi and colleagues 1 does not mention the acridine orange stain 2 when comparing staining methods for the identification of Helicobacter pylori.The acridine orange stain uses ultraviolet fluorescence in the identification of bacteria.][5] I have used this quick, cheap, and reliable stain in routine histopathology reporting for over 16 years and it has proved to be extremely useful in the identification of H pylori.Immunohistochemistry is now recognised as the "gold standard" because it is a highly sensitive and specific staining method. 1 After the publication of the above mentioned article, 20 consecutive gastric biopsies that were positive for H pylori using the acridine orange stain were also stained using the polyclonal anti-H pylori antibody (Dako, Ely, Cambridgeshire, UK) at a dilution of 1/100.Twenty negative control cases were similarly studied.All 20 cases that were positive with the acridine orange stain were also positive by immunohistochemistry and all negative cases were also negative by immunohistochemistry.This small study clearly shows that ultraviolet fluorescence of H pylori using the acridine orange stain is highly sensitive and compares equally with the gold standard of immunohistochemistry.The acridine orange stain may not be specific, but the morphology of H pylori is clearly visible down to the single organism (fig 1).The only disadvantage of the acridine orange stain is that the microscopic needs a fluorescent attachment, which in my laboratory means turning the lever on a Leitz Diaplan microscope to the required position, without the need for a dark room.
Nature of the Glass Transition and the Glassy State (1958)

The thermodynamic properties of amorphous phases of linear molecular chains are obtained from statistical mechanics by means of a form of the quasi-lattice theory which allows for chain stiffness and the variation of volume with temperature. A second-order transition is predicted for these systems. This second-order transition has all the qualitative features of the glass transition observed experimentally. It occurs at a temperature which is an increasing function of both chain stiffness and chain length and a decreasing function of free volume. The molecular ``relaxation times'' are shown to increase rapidly as the second-order transition temperature is approached from above. To permit quantitative application of the theory and determine the relationship between the second-order transition and the glass transition observed in ``slow'' experiments these two transitions are tentatively identified. By this means quantitative predictions are made concerning the variations of (1) glass temperature with molecular weight, (2) volume with temperature, (3) volume with molecular weight, (4) volume at the glass temperature with the glass temperature for various molecular weights of the same polymer, (5) specific heat vs temperature, and (6) glass temperature with mole fraction of low-molecular weight solvent, since extensive experimental results are available for these properties. These and other theoretical predictions are found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental results.
Potential of bacteriophage application as an intervention strategy against Salmonella in pigs (2001)

Bacteriophage (phage) lysate was used for reducing the dissemination of Salmonella in pigs. The phage lysate was administrated into pigs beginning 1 hour after challenge for 2 hours duration. Three hours post challenge, pigs were killed and necropsied. The numbers of Salmonella were enumerated in various tissue samples. Administration of the phage lysate lowered the numbers of Salmonella by 2 logs as compared to controls in the colon and cecum contents. It suggests that use of phage could be considered as an alternative intervention strategy against Salmonella in pigs at the pre-harvest stage with further studies.
Poly(1,1‘-bi-2-naphthol)s:  Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Lewis Acid Catalysis (1996)

6,6‘-Dibromo-1,1‘-bi-2-naphthol derivatives, where the hydroxyl groups are protected by alkyl, methoxymethyl, and acyl groups, have been polymerized using nickel(0) or nickel(II) complexes as catalysts. The molecular weights of the resulting polymers have been analyzed by gel permeation chromatography and laser light scattering. Hydrolysis of these polymers has produced the optically active poly(1,1‘-bi-2-naphthol)s [poly(BINOL)s]. The poly(BINOL)s are soluble in basic water solution and have been characterized by NMR, IR, UV, and CD spectroscopic methods. The reaction of a (R)-poly(BINOL) with diethylaluminum chloride, trimethylaluminum, and titanium tetraisopropoxide generates novel polymeric Lewis acid complexes. These complexes represent a new generation of polymeric catalysts where the catalytic centers are highly organized in an optically active and sterically regular polymer chain. When used to catalyze the Mukaiyama aldol condensation, the polymeric aluminum catalyst shows greatly enhanced catalytic activity over the monomeric complex.
The binding of anti-pseudomonal antibiotics to macromolecules from cystic fibrosis sputum (1988)

Antibiotics are known to bind to whole cystic fibrosis sputum. However, the composition of sputum varies from one patient to another, making the interpretation of binding studies difficult. This problem has been examined by standardising the macromolecule concentration of sputum from four cystic fibrosis patients and adding tobramycin or ceftazidime directly to the sputum components. Binding to mucin-rich and DNA-rich fractions of sputum was also studied before and after DNase treatment of these fractions. These studies indicated that (i) the degree of tobramycin binding is dependent on the sputum macromolecule concentration, (ii) a significant proportion of tobramycin is bound even at concentrations of 100 mg/l of drug, (iii) tobramycin binds to both the mucin rich fraction and the DNA rich fraction of sputum and (iv) ceftazidime binding to sputum is negligible. Our data indicate that there is a need to standardise sputum in antibiotic binding studies and they provide another rationale for favouring the use of ceftazidime over aminoglycosides in infectious exacerbations of cystic fibrosis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
A REVIEW ON ADVANCES OF SUSTAINED RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (2013)

Sustained release matrix tablets facilitate prolonged and continuous drug release and improve the bioavailability of drugs while avoiding unwanted side effects. Ofloxacin is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent used for treating wide range of gram positive and gram negative infections. The goal in designing sustained or controlled delivery systems is to reduce frequency of dosing or to increase the effectiveness of the drug by localization at the site of action, reducing the dose required, providing uniform drug delivery. Sustained release drug administration means not only prolongation of duration of drug delivery, but the term also implies the predictability and reproducibility of drug release kinetics. The controlled release of drug substances and their effective transport to sites of action can be exploited to maximize the beneficial clinical response and to minimize the incidence of unbeneficial adverse reactions and side effects. Oral ingestion has long been the most convenient and commonly employed route of drug delivery. Indeed, for sustained release systems, oral route of administration has received most of the attention with respect to research on physiological and drug constraints as well as design and testing of products.
Importance of the positive charge cluster in Escherichia coli ribonuclease HI for the effective binding of the substrate (1991)

The handle region (residues 84-99) in ribonuclease HI (RNase HI) from Escherichia coli, which is rich in basic amino acid residues, was altered by alanine-scanning mutagenesis. Fifteen mutant proteins were purified to homogeneity and analyzed for the enzymatic activity. A mutation of either of 2 tryptophan residues at 85 or 90 resulted in a large increase in the Km value along with a large decrease in the Vmax value. These values probably resulted from conformational changes introduced by the mutations as indicated by the CD spectra of these mutant proteins. All other mutant enzymes had Vmax values similar to that of the wild-type enzyme. In contrast, replacement of any basic amino acid residue in the handle region, except for lysine 86, yielded proteins whose Km values were 3-5-fold higher than the wild-type enzyme. Such effects were shown to be cumulative, suggesting strongly that the cluster of positive charges in the handle region is important for the effective binding of the substrate. Interestingly, the region of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase with homology to E. coli RNase HI lacks the handle region which may account for the poor RNase H activity of the domain when separated from the polymerase domain.
Rapid, Single-Cell Analysis and Discovery of Vectored mRNA Transfection In Vivo with a loxP-Flanked tdTomato Reporter Mouse (2017)

mRNA therapeutics hold promise for the treatment of diseases requiring intracellular protein expression and for use in genome editing systems, but mRNA must transfect the desired tissue and cell type to be efficacious. Nanoparticle vectors that deliver the mRNA are often evaluated using mRNA encoding for reporter genes such as firefly luciferase (FLuc); however, single-cell resolution of mRNA expression cannot generally be achieved with FLuc, and, thus, the transfected cell populations cannot be determined without additional steps or experiments. To more rapidly identify which types of cells an mRNA formulation transfects in vivo, we describe a Cre recombinase (Cre)-based system that permanently expresses fluorescent tdTomato protein in transfected cells of genetically modified mice. Following in vivo application of vectored Cre mRNA, it is possible to visualize successfully transfected cells via Cre-mediated tdTomato expression in bulk tissues and with single-cell resolution. Using this system, we identify previously unknown transfected cell types of an existing mRNA delivery vehicle in vivo and also develop a new mRNA formulation capable of transfecting lung endothelial cells. Importantly, the same formulations with mRNA encoding for fluorescent protein delivered to wild-type mice did not produce sufficient signal for any visualization in vivo, demonstrating the significantly improved sensitivity of our Cre-based system. We believe that the system described here may facilitate the identification and characterization of mRNA delivery vectors to new tissues and cell types.
Interleukin-18, together with interleukin-12, induces severe acute pancreatitis in obese but not in nonobese leptin-deficient mice (2008)

Obesity is associated with increased severity of acute pancreatitis (AP). The cytokines IL-18 and IL-12 are elevated in patients with AP, and IL-18 levels are high in obesity. We aimed to develop a pathologically relevant model to study obesity-associated severe AP. Lean WT and obese leptin-deficient ob/ob mice received two injections of IL-12 plus IL-18. Survival, pancreatic inflammation, and biochemical markers of AP were measured. Dosing with IL-12 plus IL-18 induced 100% lethality in ob/ob mice; no lethality was observed in WT mice. Disruption of pancreatic exocrine tissue and acinar cell death as well as serum amylase and lipase levels were significantly higher in ob/ob than in WT mice. Edematous AP developed in WT mice, whereas obese ob/ob mice developed necrotizing AP. Adipose tissue necrosis and saponification were present in cytokine-injected ob/ob but not in WT mice. Severe hypocalcemia and elevated acute-phase response developed in ob/ob mice. The cytokine combination induced high levels of regenerating protein 1 and pancreatitis-associated protein expression in the pancreas of WT but not of ob/ob mice. To differentiate the contribution of obesity to that of leptin deficiency, mice received short- and long-term leptin replacement therapy. Short-term leptin reconstitution in the absence of major weight loss did not protect ob/ob mice, whereas leptin deficiency in the absence of obesity resulted in a significant reduction in the severity of the pancreatitis. In conclusion, we developed a pathologically relevant model of AP in which obesity per se is associated with increased severity.
High Cleavage Efficiency of a 2A Peptide Derived from Porcine Teschovirus-1 in Human Cell Lines, Zebrafish and Mice (2011)

When expression of more than one gene is required in cells, bicistronic or multicistronic expression vectors have been used. Among various strategies employed to construct bicistronic or multicistronic vectors, an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) has been widely used. Due to the large size and difference in expression levels between genes before and after IRES, however, a new strategy was required to replace IRES. A self-cleaving 2A peptide could be a good candidate to replace IRES because of its small size and high cleavage efficiency between genes upstream and downstream of the 2A peptide. Despite the advantages of the 2A peptides, its use is not widespread because (i) there are no publicly available cloning vectors harboring a 2A peptide gene and (ii) comprehensive comparison of cleavage efficiency among various 2A peptides reported to date has not been performed in different contexts. Here, we generated four expression plasmids each harboring different 2A peptides derived from the foot-and-mouth disease virus, equine rhinitis A virus, Thosea asigna virus and porcine teschovirus-1, respectively, and evaluated their cleavage efficiency in three commonly used human cell lines, zebrafish embryos and adult mice. Western blotting and confocal microscopic analyses revealed that among the four 2As, the one derived from porcine teschovirus-1 (P2A) has the highest cleavage efficiency in all the contexts examined. We anticipate that the 2A-harboring cloning vectors we generated and the highest efficiency of the P2A peptide we demonstrated would help biomedical researchers easily adopt the 2A technology when bicistronic or multicistronic expression is required.