gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Relative Comparison of Leading Supply Chain Management Software Packages (2009)

Supply Chain Management (SCM) has proven to be an effective tool that aids companies in the development of competitive advantages. SCM Systems are relied on to manage warehouses, transportation, trade logistics and various other issues concerning the coordinated movement of products and services from suppliers to customers. Although in today’s fast paced business environment, numerous supply chain solution tools are readily available to companies, choosing the right SCM software is not an easy task. The complexity of SCM systems creates a multifaceted issue when selecting the right software, particularly in light of the speed at which technology evolves. In this paper, we use the approach of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine which SCM software best meets the needs of a company. The AHP approach outlined in this paper can be easily transferred to the comparison of other SCM software packages.
Ueber die Constitution des Aethers und seiner Verbindungen (1834)

A N D X X X I
Diet-Dependent and Diet-Independent Metabolic Responses Underlie Growth Stasis of Pigs at Weaning (1995)

The weaning transition in domestic animals involves profound environmental and nutritional changes. Growth stasis is commonly observed in pigs during this period, resulting in significant losses to the swine industry. It has been suggested that the reduced growth rate reflects immune sensitivity to soy antigens in commercial diets; however, few studies have defined metabolic responses in pigs weaned to diets containing soybean meal. The impact of environmental and social changes at weaning on physiological functions, i.e., the metabolic adjustment to new nutritional substrates, has also been overlooked. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to distinguish diet-dependent and diet-independent metabolic responses in pigs weaned to a commercially available corn-soy diet. Focus was on the endocrine pancreas and cytokines associated with stress responses. Three-week-old crossbred pigs were weaned to a corn-soy (cereal) or a milk-based (milk) diet. Blood samples taken 0 (weaning), 1, 2, 5 and 7 d post-weaning demonstrated diet-independent responses including increased (P < 0.05) plasma glucagon concentrations, decreased (P < 0.05) glucose concentrations, increased (P < 0.05) interleukin-1 (IL-1) concentrations during the first 2 d post-weaning, and increased (P < 0.05) fibrinogen concentrations during the latter part of the study. In response to dietary treatment, milk-fed pigs had higher (P < 0.05) plasma insulin and glucose concentrations, reflective of higher food intake during the early post-weaning period. This clear distinction between diet-dependent and diet-independent metabolic responses at weaning suggests consideration of novel strategies to overcome the characteristic weanling growth stasis in pigs.
The influence of dietary nucleotides on erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and plasma lipids in preterm infants (1997)

Objective : The objective of this study was to evaluate whether a regular formula for premature infants supplemented with nucleotides has any influence on plasma lipids and erythrocyte membrane fatty acids. Methods : Preterm infants fed either human milk supplemented with human milk protein (HM, n = 14), nucleotide‐supplemented preterm formula (NF, n = 13), or a regular preterm formula (F, n = 13) were included in the study. The NF was supplemented with 18.2 mg cytidine monophosphate/1 (CMP), 7.0 mg uridine monophosphate/1 (UMP), 6.4mg adenosine monophosphate/1 (AMP), 3.0mg inosine monophosphate/1 (IMP) and 3.0 mg guanosine monophosphate/1 (GMP). Results : There were significantly higher concentrations of triglycerides (TG) in infants fed NF compared to those fed F (191.42 ± 79.58 vs 108.21 ± 43.73, p &lt; 0.001, mean ± SD lipid concentrations, mg/100ml plasma). Infants fed F had significantly lower concentrations of total cholesterol (94.34 ± 11.71 vs 115.69 ± 39.29, p &lt; 0.01) and TG in plasma (108.21 ± 43.73 vs 172.27 ± 68.19, p &lt; 0.001, mean ± SD lipid concentrations, mg/100ml plasma) when compared to HM‐fed infants. There were no significant differences in any of the erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and total long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA) between NF and F during the study period (6 weeks). Furthermore, total LC‐PUFA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations in red blood cell were not significantly different when infants fed NF were compared to those fed HM. In contrast, however, infants fed F had significantly lower concentrations of total n‐3 LC‐PUFA ( p &lt; 0.01) and DHA ( p &lt; 0.01) than those found in HM‐fed infants. Conclusions : These results do not suggest an effect of nucleotides on the red blood cell LC‐PUFA profile in preterm infants. However, the nucleotides may increase the concentrations of triglycerides in plasma.
Coherence Properties of Optical Fields (1965)

This article presents a review of coherence properties of electromagnetic fields and their measurements, with special emphasis on the optical region of the spectrum. Analyses based on both the classical and quantum theories are described. After a brief historical introduction, the elementary concepts which are frequently employed in the discussion of interference phenomena are summarized. The measure of second-order coherence is then introduced in connection with the analysis of a simple interference experiment and some of the more important second-order coherence effects are studied. Their uses in stellar interferometry and interference spectroscopy are described. Analysis of partial polarization from the standpoint of correlation theory is also outlined. The general statistical description of the field is discussed in some detail. The recently discovered universal "diagonal" representation of the density operator for free fields is also considered and it is shown how, with the help of the associated generalized phase-space distribution function, the quantum-mechanical correlation functions may be expressed in the same form as the classical ones. The sections which follow deal with the statistical properties of thermal and nonthermal light, and with the temporal and spatial coherence of blackbody radiation. Later sections, dealing with fourth- and higher-order coherence effects include a discussion of the photoelectric detection process. Among the fourth-order effects described in detail are bunching phenomena, the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect and its application to astronomy. The article concludes with a discussion of various transient superposition effects, such as light beats and interference fringes produced by independent light beams.
Processing of the Human Heparanase Precursor and Evidence That the Active Enzyme Is a Heterodimer (1999)

Human platelet heparanase has been purified to homogeneity and shown to consist of two, non-covalently associated polypeptide chains of molecular masses 50 and 8 kDa. Protein sequencing provided the basis for determination of the full-length cDNA for this novel protein. Based upon this information and results from protein analysis and mass spectrometry, we propose a scheme to define the structural organization of heparanase in relation to its precursor forms, proheparanase and pre-proheparanase. The 8- and 50-kDa chains which make up the active enzyme reside, respectively, at the NH(2)- and COOH-terminal regions of the inactive precursor, proheparanase. The heparanase heterodimer is produced by excision and loss of an internal linking segment. This paper is the first to suggest that human heparanase is a two-chain enzyme.
Amyloid peptides are toxic via a common oxidative mechanism. (1995)

beta-Amyloid protein (A beta) is a member of a small group of proteins that accumulate as amyloid deposits in various tissues. It has recently been demonstrated that the toxicity of A beta toward some neural cells is caused by oxidative damage. Since all of the amyloid diseases are characterized by protein deposited in the antiparallel beta-sheet conformation, it was asked whether there is a common toxic mechanism. It is shown here that the protein components of other human amyloidoses, including amylin, calcitonin, and atrial natriuretic peptide, are all toxic to clonal and primary cells. The toxicity is mediated via a free radical pathway indistinguishable from that of A beta. Experiments with synthetic peptides suggest that it is the amphiphilic nature of the peptides generated by their beta structure rather than their beta structure per se that causes toxicity. These results tend to rule out the alternative that amyloid toxicity is exclusively mediated via specific cell surface receptors.
Risk analysis of advanced intelligent network architectures (2002)

Summarizes the results of a risk analysis study conducted in Bellcore to assess the reliability of potential AIN architectures for deployment. The risk analysis tool is considered within the design and planning phase.
Highly Concise Routes to Epothilones:  The Total Synthesis and Evaluation of Epothilone 490 (2002)

A concise modular laboratory construction of the epothilone class of promising antitumor agents has been accomplished. For the first time in the epothilone area, the new synthesis exploits the power of ring-closing olefin metathesis (RCM) in a stereospecific way. Previous attempts at applying RCM to epothilone syntheses have been repeatedly plagued by complete lack of stereocontrol in the generation of the desired 12,13-olefin geometry in the products. The isolation of epothilone 490 (3) prompted us to reevaluate the utility of the RCM procedure for fashioning the 10,11-olefin, with the Z-12,13-olefin geometry already in place. Olefin metathesis of the triene substrate 12 afforded the product diene macrolide in stereoselective fashion. For purposes of greater synthetic convergency, the C3-(S)-alcohol was fashioned late in the synthesis, using chiral titanium-mediated aldol conditions with the entire O-alkyl fragment as a C15 acetate as the enolate component. Examination of the effects of protecting groups on the RCM process showed that deprotection of the C7 alcohol has a beneficial effect on the reaction yield. Performing the RCM as the last synthetic step in the sequence afforded a 64% yield of only the desired E-olefin. Selective diimide reduction of the new 10,11-olefin yielded 12,13-desoxyepothilone B, our current clinical candidate, demonstrating the utility of this new RCM-reduction protocol in efficiently generating the epothilone framework. Furthermore, the new olefin was selectively funtionalized to demonstrate the advantage conferred by this route for the construction of new analogues for SAR studies, in cytoxicity and microtubule affinity screens. Also described is the surprisingly poor in vivo performance of epothilone 490 in xenografts in the light of very promising in vitro data. This disappointing outcome was traced to unfavorable pharmacokinetic features of the drug in murine plasma. By the pharmacokinetic criteria, the prognosis for the effectiveness of 3 in humans is, in principle, much more promising.
Far-Infrared Dielectric Properties of Polar Liquids Probed by Femtosecond Terahertz Pulse Spectroscopy (1996)

We report the frequency-dependent optical constants, n(ν) and α(ν), or, equivalently, the complex permittivity ε(ω) = ε‘(ω) − iε‘‘(ω), over the frequency range from 2 to 50 cm-1 for water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and liquid ammonia. These spectra have been measured with femtosecond terahertz pulse transmission spectroscopy. These liquids exhibit multiple-Debye behavior, making their frequency-dependent dielectric constants valuable benchmarks for molecular dynamics simulations and other theoretical treatments of liquids.
Metal-Nanocluster-Filled Carbon Nanotubes:  Catalytic Properties and Possible Applications in Electrochemical Energy Storage and Production (1999)

Ensembles of highly aligned and monodisperse graphitic carbon nanotubules have been prepared via the template method using chemical vapor deposition of carbon within the pores of alumina membranes. Tubules with diameters of 200 nm have been prepared, and smaller diameters are possible. Free-standing aligned carbon-tubule membranes are formed by this template method. These novel carbon tubule membranes can be filled with nanoparticles of electrocatalytic materials (i.e., Pt, Ru, Pt/Ru), which can then be used to electrocatalyze O2 reduction and methanol oxidation as well as the gas-phase catalysis of hydrocarbons. Hence, these membranes have potential applications in fuel cell development. Smaller, highly ordered graphitic-carbon tubules can also be prepared within the template-synthesized carbon tubules, using Fe nanoparticles as catalysts. In these novel tube-in-tube structures, both the outer and the inner tubules are electrochemically active for Li+ intercalation, suggesting possible applications such as Li ion battery anodes.
CD1d-restricted Recognition of Synthetic Glycolipid Antigens by Human Natural Killer T Cells (1998)

A conserved subset of mature circulating T cells in humans expresses an invariant Valpha24-JalphaQ T cell receptor (TCR)-alpha chain rearrangement and several natural killer (NK) locus-encoded C-type lectins. These human T cells appear to be precise homologues of the subset of NK1.1(+) TCR-alpha/beta+ T cells, often referred to as NK T cells, which was initially identified in mice. Here we show that human NK T cell clones are strongly and specifically activated by the same synthetic glycolipid antigens as have been shown recently to stimulate murine NK T cells. Responses of human NK T cells to these synthetic glycolipids, consisting of certain alpha-anomeric sugars conjugated to an acylated phytosphingosine base, required presentation by antigen-presenting cells expressing the major histocompatibility complex class I-like CD1d protein. Presentation of synthetic glycolipid antigens to human NK T cells required internalization of the glycolipids by the antigen-presenting cell and normal endosomal targeting of CD1d. Recognition of these compounds by human NK T cells triggered proliferation, cytokine release, and cytotoxic activity. These results demonstrate a striking parallel in the specificity of NK T cells in humans and mice, thus providing further insight into the potential mechanisms of immune recognition by NK T cells and the immunological function of this unique T cell subset.
Comparison Of Laboratory Calibrations Of The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) At The Beginning And End Of The First Flight Season (1988)

Spectral and radiometric calibrations of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) were performed in the laboratory in June and November, 1987, at the beginning and end of the first flight season. This paper describes those calibrations and the changes in instrument characteristics that occurred during the flight season as a result of factors such as detachment of the optical fibers to two of the four AVIRIS spectrometers, degradation in the optical alignment of the spectrometers due to thermally-induced and mechanical warpage, and breakage of a thermal blocking filter in one of the spectrometers. These factors caused loss of signal in three spectrometers, loss of spectral resolution in two spectrometers, and added uncertainty in the radiometry of AVIRIS. Results from in-flight assessment of the laboratory calibrations are presented. The paper concludes with a discussion of improvements made to the instrument since the end of the first flight season and plans for the future. Improvements include (1) a new thermal control system for stabilizing spectrometer temperatures, (2) kinematic mounting of the spectrometers to the instrument rack, and (3) new epoxy for attaching the optical fibers inside their mounting tubes.
New cyclodextrin bioconjugates for active tumour targeting (2007)

A new cyclodextrin-based carrier for active targeting of low soluble and degradable drugs has been synthesized and characterized. Beta-cyclodextrins were first reacted with excess hexamethylene diisocyanate and the resulting CD-(C6-NCO)5 derivative was reacted with 700 Da diamino-PEG to yield CD-(C6-PEG-NH2)5. About one out of five free amino groups of PEG were functionalised with folic acid (FA) as a tumour targeting moiety. The chemical structures of the intermediates as well as the final product, CD-(C6-PEG)5-FA, were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, reverse phase and gel permeation chromatography, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. After modification, the haemolytic activity of beta-cyclodextrins decreased by about 70%. In the presence of the new carrier, the beta-estradiol solubility increased by more than 300 fold and the chlorambucil degradation rate decreased by 50-60%. CD-(C6-PEG)5-FA formed an inclusion complex with curcumin displaying an association constant of 954,732 M(-1). The new carrier increased the curcumin solubility by about 3200 fold as compared to native beta-cyclodextrins and reduced its degradation rate at pH 6.5 and 7.2 by 10 and 45 fold, respectively. FA receptor-overexpressing human nasopharyngeal tumour KB cell lines and non-folic acid receptor-expressing human breast cancer MCF7 cells were used to evaluate the targeting properties of the new drug delivery system. The in vitro studies demonstrate that the new carrier possesses potential selectivity for the folate receptor-overexpressing tumour cells as ED50 values of 52 microM, 58 microM and 21 microM were obtained with curcumin-loaded CD-(C6-PEG-NH2)5, curcumin in foetal serum medium and CD-(C6-PEG)5-FA, respectively.
Natural strategies for the molecular engineer (2002)

The idea of nature as engineer is an old one, but the realization that this metaphor can be extended (should we say retracted?) to the molecular scale has become common currency only over the past two decades or so. Two reasons for this are perhaps paramount. First, the picture of the cell has been transformed from that of a 'wet chemical' melange—'a vessel, filled with a homogeneous solution, in which all chemical processes take place', as Franz Hofmeister put it in 1901—into an image of a sort of fluid factory, a production plant in which molecular machinery works in near-fantastic orchestration to generate complex products from raw materials. This mechanism is self-assembling, self-repairing and self-replicating. The concept of proteins and nucleic acids as 'molecular machines' is now a mainstream one in cell biology. Second, technological advances have made us accustomed to the idea that engineering can be conducted at scales too small to see with the naked eye, yet employing principles—mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, optical, tribological—familiar from the macroscopic world. Molecular electronics and computing, microelectromechanical devices and nanotechnology, are now mainstream concepts, and are validated by at least some degree of physical realization.
Enterprise Development with VisualAge for Java, Version 3 (2000)

From the Publisher:
All the tools and skills you'll need to fully utilize the new features of VisualAge for Java, Version 3 Authored by four certified instructors who have taught VisualAge for Java to programmers around the world, this hands-on guide brings you completely up-to-date with the latest features of Version 3. You'll discover how to utilize VisualAge for Java to develop Enterprise JavaBeans, Servlets, Swing components, and much more. You'll also progress through a series of programming examples that will help you master the necessary skills to ace IBM's VisualAge for Java and WebSphere certification exams. With its accessible and comprehensive coverage of key topics, this book will quickly show you how to:
*Utilize VisualAge for Java's IDE and Visual Builder
*Define JavaBeans with properties, methods, and events
*Create complex Java programs using AWT and JFC Swing components
*Use Java to access relational databases with JDBC
*Build Enterprise JavaBeans, Servlets, and Java Server Pages
*Create, test, and debug Enterprise JavaBeans
The CD-ROM includes:
*Fully functional version of VisualAge for Java, Version 3 Professional EditionDB2(r) Universal Database, Version 5.2, Personal Edition 60-Day Trial
*Samples you need to complete the exercises
*Code for all the projects in the book
Crystal Structure of Human Arylsulfatase A:  The Aldehyde Function and the Metal Ion at the Active Site Suggest a Novel Mechanism for Sulfate Ester Hydrolysis, (1998)

Human lysosomal arylsulfatase A (ASA) is a prototype member of the sulfatase family. These enzymes require the posttranslational oxidation of the -CH2SH group of a conserved cysteine to an aldehyde, yielding a formylglycine. Without this modification sulfatases are catalytically inactive, as revealed by a lysosomal storage disorder known as multiple sulfatase deficiency. The 2.1 A resolution X-ray crystal structure shows an ASA homooctamer composed of a tetramer of dimers, (alpha 2)4. The alpha/beta fold of the monomer has significant structural analogy to another hydrolytic enzyme, the alkaline phosphatase, and superposition of these two structures shows that the active centers are located in largely identical positions. The functionally essential formylglycine is located in a positively charged pocket and acts as ligand to an octahedrally coordinated metal ion interpreted as Mg2+. The electron density at the formylglycine suggests the presence of a 2-fold disordered aldehyde group with the possible contribution of an aldehyde hydrate, -CH(OH)2, with gem-hydroxyl groups. In the proposed catalytic mechanism, the aldehyde accepts a water molecule to form a hydrate. One of the two hydroxyl groups hydrolyzes the substrate sulfate ester via a transesterification step, resulting in a covalent intermediate. The second hydroxyl serves to eliminate sulfate under inversion of configuration through C-O cleavage and reformation of the aldehyde. This study provides the structural basis for understanding a novel mechanism of ester hydrolysis and explains the functional importance of the unusually modified amino acid.
Regulatory B cells as inhibitors of immune responses and inflammation (2008)

B cells positively regulate immune responses through antibody production and optimal CD4(+) T-cell activation. However, a specific and functionally important subset of B cells can also negatively regulate immune responses in mouse autoimmunity and inflammation models. The lack or loss of regulatory B cells has been demonstrated by exacerbated symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalitis, chronic colitis, contact hypersensitivity, collagen-induced arthritis, and non-obese diabetic mouse models. Accumulating evidence suggests that B cells exert their regulatory role through the production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) by either B-1, marginal zone (MZ), or transitional 2-MZ precursor B-cell subsets. We have recently found that IL-10-producing regulatory B cells predominantly localize within a rare CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B-cell subset that shares cell surface markers with both B-1 and MZ B cells. We have labeled this specific subset of regulatory B cells as B10 cells to highlight that these rare CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells only produce IL-10 and are responsible for most IL-10 production by B cells and to distinguish them from other regulatory B-cell subsets that may also exist. This review focuses on the recent progress in this field and the exciting opportunities for understanding how this unique B-cell subset influences diverse immune functions.