gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Injection Well – Producer Well Combinations in Application of Toe-To-Heel Steam Flooding (THSF) (2011)

Abstract Toe-to-Heel Steam Flooding (THSF) is a new, short-distance thermal EOR process that achieves high recovery by virtue of its stable front propagation and producing mobilized oil directly into an active section of the horizontal producer. However, the wells configuration design for field development purposes still requires critical attention so as to ensure less environmental effect, efficient start-up and optimal oil recovery. We present a series of 3-D simulated experiments using our developed PVT and rock model for KEM heavy oil reservoir in Iran to study the feasibility of THSF. Model has been validated with the published experimental observations. Then, different well configurations using Vertical (V) or Horizontal (H), Injector (I) and/or Producer (P) in direct line drive (VIHP, HIHP) or staggered line drive (VI2HP, 2VIHP) have been investigated. The results show that THSF outperforms the conventional steam-flooding (VIVP). Different wells configurations of THSF showed superior performance over CSF in low-permeability KEM reservoir. A quasi-vertical steam condensation front exists that moved along the horizontal section in a toe-to-heel manner. Contrary to CSF, there was no or negligible steam override and channeling in different THSF configurations. Also, the horizontal injector configuration (HIHP) was the most efficient configuration for achieving rapid start-up, i.e., the shortest time to achieve stable front propagation. The single vertical injector configuration (VI2HP) was initially slow to achieve stable operation, due to the development of a much smaller steam zone. As the process continued, 2VIHP provided improved vertical, areal, and volumetric sweep efficiency associated with steam condensation front, which resulted in larger steam chamber and higher ultimate oil recovery. Finally, the sensitivity of THSF performance to the length of horizontal producer and traversal distance between producers (for VI2HP) or between injectors (for 2VIHP) has been simulated. These results indicate the optimized scenarios for the field development purposes.
The Dark Side of Testosterone Deficiency: I. Metabolic Syndrome and Erectile Dysfunction (2008)

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is considered the most important public health threat of the 21st century. This syndrome is characterized by a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors including increased central abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein, high blood pressure, increased fasting glucose, and hyperinsulinemia. These factors increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and/or type 2 diabetes. Although the etiology of this syndrome is thought to stem from obesity and physical inactivity, the extent of interactions of the individual MetS components with one another remains poorly defined. Obesity, diabetes, hypogonadism, and specific hormone and metabolic profiles have been implicated in the pathophysiology of CVD. The evolving role of androgens in MetS and CVD is of paramount importance. Reduced androgen levels associated with hypogonadism or androgen deprivation therapy increase cardiovascular risk factors and produce marked adverse effects on cardiovascular function. MetS has been associated with hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction (ED), and MetS may be considered a risk factor for ED. It is suggested that MetS, diabetes, and CVD will increase in the upcoming decades. Thus, it is critically important to develop a better understanding of how obesity, diabetes and hypogonadism contribute to androgen deficiency and the various pathophysiologic states of vascular disease. In this review we discuss the current literature pertaining to androgen deficiency, MetS, and ED, because the relationship of these factors is of scientific and clinical importance. Specifically, we will focus on exploring the relationships between hypogonadism, obesity, MetS, and ED.
Activity-dependent isolation of the presenilin– γ-secretase complex reveals nicastrin and a γ substrate (2002)

Presenilin heterodimers apparently contain the active site of gamma-secretase, a polytopic aspartyl protease involved in the transmembrane processing of both the Notch receptor and the amyloid-beta precursor protein. Although critical to embryonic development and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, this protease is difficult to characterize, primarily because it is a multicomponent complex of integral membrane proteins. Here the functional gamma-secretase complex was isolated by using an immobilized active site-directed inhibitor of the protease. Presenilin heterodimers and nicastrin bound specifically to this inhibitor under conditions tightly correlating with protease activity, whereas several other presenilin-interacting proteins (beta-catenin, calsenilin, and presenilin-associated protein) did not bind. Moreover, anti-nicastrin antibodies immunoprecipitated gamma-secretase activity from detergent-solubilized microsomes. Unexpectedly, C83, the major endogenous amyloid-beta precursor protein substrate of gamma-secretase, was also quantitatively associated with the complex. These results provide direct biochemical evidence that nicastrin is a member of the active gamma-secretase complex, indicate that beta-catenin, calsenilin, and presenilin-associated protein are not required for gamma activity, and suggest an unprecedented mechanism of substrate-protease interaction.
Application of High Power Laser Technology to Laser/Rock Destruction: Where Have We Been? Where Are We Now? (2003)

In 1997. a research project funded by the Gas Research Institute (now Gas Technology Institute) titled “Detemlining the Benefits of Star Wars Laser Technology for Drilling and Completing Oil and Gas Wells” was begun in the Petroleum Engineering Department at the Colorado School of Mines. The goal of this two-year project was to examine the feasibility, costs, benefits and environmental impact of applying laser technologies to drill and complete oil and gas wells. The project used the Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser (MIRCAL) at the U.S. Amly’s HELSTF facility in White Sand, NM, the Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Laser (COIL) at U.S. Air Force’s Directed Energy Research facility in Albuquerque, NM, and a CO1 and CO laser at the P.N. Lebedev Institute in Moscow, Russia. The second phase of this research, funded by the US Department of Energy, the Gas Technology Institute, PDVSA, and Halliburton, continued the process of determining critical laser parameters and rock properties needed to adapt available high power lasers to oil and gas operations. Laser-rock testing conducted at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) using the Nd:YAG laser focused on quantifying specific energy so comparisons could be made with traditional rotary drilling techniques. The laser beam generated by the Nd:YAG is delivered using fiber optics. Research continues at ANL using both an Nd:YAG and a CO2 laser. Plans to lase rocks under stimulated reservoir conditions of saturation and pressure are currently being prepared. The free electron laser and the diode laser are also being used for comparison. The research showed the potential value of the laser drilling research, including:
Activation of endothelial cells, coagulation and fibrinolysis in children with Dengue virus infection (2007)

Dengue virus causes a febrile illness: Dengue fever (DF), and less frequently a life-threatening illness: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Although severe bleeding remains a major cause of death in DHF, the pathogenesis of bleeding is poorly understood. This prospective cohort study was designed to determine the extent of activation of endothelial cells and the hemostatic system in correlation with clinical severity, and also to detect the best prognostic factor(s) for DHF. Endothelial cell activation, coagulation, anticoagulant and fibrinolysis parameters were measured in 42 children with Dengue infections (20 with DF and 22 with DHF) during three phases of illness. In DHF patients, during the febrile phase, von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag), tissue factor (TF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) were significantly elevated, while platelet counts and ADAMTS 13 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin repeats) were significantly low compared to DF patients. During the toxic phase, soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and PAI-1 were also significantly increased, while ADAMTS 13 and thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFIa) were significantly low compared to DF patients. Abnormal vWF multimers were seen only in DHF patients. For endothelial cell injury and release of procoagulant components, activation of the coagulation cascade with thrombin generation, increased antifibrinolytic factors and consumption of natural anticoagulants, each appeared to play an important role in the development of hemorrhage in Dengue patients. Using logistic regression analysis, we found plasma VWF:Ag to be the best indicator of progression to DHF.
Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor is essential for the viability and function of cultured murine epidermal Langerhans cells. (1987)

A panning method has been developed to enrich Langerhans cells (LC) from murine epidermis. In standard culture media, the enriched populations progressively lose viability over a 3-d interval. When the cultures are supplemented with keratinocyte-conditioned medium, LC viability is improved and the cells increase in size and number of dendritic processes. Accessory function, as monitored by stimulating activity in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), increases at least 10-20-fold. The conditioned media of stimulated macrophages and T cells also support the viability and maturation of cultured LC. A panel of purified cytokines has been tested, and only granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) substitutes for bulk-conditioned medium. The recombinant molecule exhibits half-maximal activity at 5 pM. Without activity are: IL-1-4; IFN-alpha/beta/gamma; cachectin/TNF; M- and G-CSF. A rabbit anti-GM-CSF specifically neutralizes the capacity of keratinocyte-conditioned medium to generate active LC. However, GM-CSF is not required for LC function during the MLR itself. We conclude that the development of immunologically active LC in culture is mediated by GM-CSF. The observation that these dendritic cells do not respond to lineage-specific G- and M-CSFs suggests that LC represent a distinct myeloid differentiation pathway. Because GM-CSF can be made by nonimmune cells and can mediate the production of active dendritic cells, this cytokine provides a T-independent mechanism for enhancing the sensitization phase of cell-mediated immunity.
ilvU, a locus in Escherichia coli affecting the derepression of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase and the RPC-5 chromatographic profiles of tRNAIle and tRNAVal. (1979)

A mutation in the ilvU locus of Escherichia coli has led to a complex phenotype that included resistance to thiaisoleucine, a loss of derepressibility of isoleucyl tRNA synthetase, and an alteration of the RPC-5 chromatographic profile of the branched-chain aminoacyl-tRNA's. The alterations were manifest in an increase in the amount of Species 2 of both tRNAIle and tRNAVal at the expense of Species 1. A similar alteration, but independent of (and additive to) that caused by the ilvU mutation, was observed upon limitation of either isoleucine or valine. The shift in profile caused by limitation was also independent of the reduced growth rate or the derepression of the isoleucine and valine biosynthetic enzymes that also result from limitation. During chloramphenicol treatment nearly all tRNAIle and tRNAVal formed appears as species 2. Upon recovery from chloramphenicol, Species 2 of both acceptors are converted to Species 1. It is proposed that the ilvU product not only allows derepression of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase but also retards the conversion of tRNA2Ile to tRNA1Ile and that of tRNA2Val to tRNA1Val. The mutated ilvU loci abolish the derepression and are more efficient in retarding the conversion.
Control of Translation by the 5′- and 3′-Terminal Regions of the Dengue Virus Genome (2005)

The genomic RNAs of flaviviruses such as dengue virus (DEN) have a 5' m7GpppN cap like those of cellular mRNAs but lack a 3' poly(A) tail. We have studied the contributions to translational expression of 5'- and 3'-terminal regions of the DEN serotype 2 genome by using luciferase reporter mRNAs transfected into Vero cells. DCLD RNA contained the entire DEN 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs), as well as the first 36 codons of the capsid coding region fused to the luciferase reporter gene. Capped DCLD RNA was as efficiently translated in Vero cells as capped GLGpA RNA, a reporter with UTRs from the highly expressed alpha-globin mRNA and a 72-residue poly(A) tail. Analogous reporter RNAs with regulatory sequences from West Nile and Sindbis viruses were also strongly expressed. Although capped DCLD RNA was expressed much more efficiently than its uncapped form, uncapped DCLD RNA was translated 6 to 12 times more efficiently than uncapped RNAs with UTRs from globin mRNA. The 5' cap and DEN 3' UTR were the main sources of the translational efficiency of DCLD RNA, and they acted synergistically in enhancing translation. The DEN 3' UTR increased mRNA stability, although this effect was considerably weaker than the enhancement of translational efficiency. The DEN 3' UTR thus has translational regulatory properties similar to those of a poly(A) tail. Its translation-enhancing effect was observed for RNAs with globin or DEN 5' sequences, indicating no codependency between viral 5' and 3' sequences. Deletion studies showed that translational enhancement provided by the DEN 3' UTR is attributable to the cumulative contributions of several conserved elements, as well as a nonconserved domain adjacent to the stop codon. One of the conserved elements was the conserved sequence (CS) CS1 that is complementary to cCS1 present in the 5' end of the DEN polyprotein open reading frame. Complementarity between CS1 and cCS1 was not required for efficient translation.
ATM and the Catalytic Subunit of DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Activate NF-κB through a Common MEK/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase/p90rsk Signaling Pathway in Response to Distinct Forms of DNA Damage (2004)

We have identified a novel pathway of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) signaling that results in nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and chemoresistance in response to DNA damage. We show that the anthracycline doxorubicin (DOX) and its congener N-benzyladriamycin (AD 288) selectively activate ATM and DNA-PK, respectively. Both ATM and DNA-PK promote sequential activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/p90(rsk) signaling cascade in a p53-independent fashion. In turn, p90(rsk) interacts with the IkappaB kinase 2 (IKK-2) catalytic subunit of IKK, thereby inducing NF-kappaB activity and cell survival. Collectively, our findings suggest that distinct members of the phosphatidylinositol kinase family activate a common prosurvival MAPK/IKK/NF-kappaB pathway that opposes the apoptotic response following DNA damage.
Optimization of Extraction Conditions and Fiber Selection for Semivolatile Analytes Using Solid-Phase Microextraction (2000)

A group of 15 large volatile and semivolatile analytes (MW 92-499 amu) representing 13 organic classes are extracted with 9 different solid-phase microextraction fibers. The extraction efficiencies of the fibers for each of the analytes are compared. The influence of modifying the pH of the sample on the extraction efficiency of the fibers is shown. The effects of the size of the analytes with respect to fiber coating thickness and the relationship between fiber coating polarity and analyte polarity are discussed. In addition to fiber polarity and coating thickness, the different mechanisms by which the fibers extract are presented. A comparison of immersion and heated headspace extraction techniques for these analytes is shown.
Layering Phase Separation of Densely Grafted Diblock Copolymers (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLayering Phase Separation of Densely Grafted Diblock CopolymersGregory Brown, Amitabha Chakrabarti, and John F. MarkoCite this: Macromolecules 1995, 28, 23, 7817–7821Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1995https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00127a031RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views70Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Alzheimer's Disease and Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease Coexistence (1993)

Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are common neurologic diseases of old age. Parkinson syndrome is easy to recognize even at an early stage, but identifying early AD is often difficult. Accurate clinical diagnosis is important for assigning the prognosis and for studies aimed at assessing the efforts to slow down progression of these diseases. During 22 years, we identified six patients who had clinical features of parkinsonism and dementia and who at autopsy had both IDP and AD and 20 parkinsonian patients without dementia who at autopsy had only IPD. The clinical profile in these two groups was compared. The onset of Parkinson syndrome in the patients with dual pathology had a bimodal distribution--before or after age 65 years. In the three cases with onset before age 65 years, there was sequential evolution of IPD and AD. In contrast, those older than 65 years at onset manifested the clinical features of both IPD and AD simultaneously. The mode of onset and the dominant parkinsonian features in the three patients with sequential clinical evolution were similar to those seen in the nondemented IPD cases; however, lack of self-confidence and inability to make decisions resulted in considerably greater functional disability than could be accounted for by parkinsonism alone. These characteristics may be helpful in early recognition of dual IPD and AD pathology. Psychiatric side effects of levodopa therapy were more common in those with dual pathology than in those with IPD alone.
Standard Enthalpies of Formation of Fullerenes and Their Dependence on Structural Motifs (2000)

Accurate standard enthalpies of formation of 115 isolated pentagon rule (IPR) fullerenes with 60−180 carbon atoms have been derived from energies of isodesmic interconversion reactions computed at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. The calculated values of , which may serve as benchmarks for both calorimetric measurements and less sophisticated theoretical studies, are reproduced within 3 kcal/mol by a simple scheme based upon counts of 30 distinct structural motifs composed of hexagons together with their first and second neighborhoods. The extremely low computational cost of such a scheme makes it ideally suited for a rapid prescreening for thermodynamically viable IPR fullerenes with cages composed of hundreds of carbon atoms. With the inclusion of a global curvature term, this scheme is expected to be equally successful for small and large carbon clusters.
Rhinorrhea is decreased in dogs after nasal application of botulinum toxin☆, ☆☆, ★ (1995)

At this time no effective long-term therapy exists for the excessive secretion of vasomotor rhinitis. Because rhinorrhea is under parasympathetic control, it was theorized that botulinum toxin—a powerful and long-acting cholinergic blocker that has been successful in the treatment of dystonia—might be useful in blocking the cholinergic control of rhinorrhea. Four male mongrel dogs were studied. Fifty units of type A botulinum toxin was soaked into sterile gauze, which was then packed into the left nasal cavity of each dog for 1 hour. Saline-soaked gauze was similarly introduced into the right nasal cavity to serve as control. Six days later, rhinorrhea was produced by inserting a bipolar needle electrode into the sphenopalatine ganglion and electrically stimulating for 10 minutes (6 mA, 50 Hz). Nasal secretions were collected with a suction catheter placed in the nasal vestibule. Three of four dogs exposed to the toxin showed a 41 average decrease in rhinorrhea (specifically 53%, 41%, and 30%). One dog showed a 10% increase in secretion after exposure to the toxin. We conclude that topically applied botulinum toxin reduced neurally evoked rhinorrhea by an average of 41%. Because some secretion is mediated by noncholinergic neurotransmitters such as vasoactive intestinal peptide, topical application of an anticholinergic substance has limitations. However, because all the nasal parasympathetic nerves appear to originate from cholinergic synapses in the sphenopalatine ganglion, direct injections of toxin into this ganglion may possibly allow complete blockade of all cholinergically mediated rhinorrhea. (OTOLARYNGOL HEAD NECK SURG 1995;112:566-71.)
Targeted Overexpression of Human α-Synuclein Triggers Microglial Activation and an Adaptive Immune Response in a Mouse Model of Parkinson Disease (2008)

Microglial activation and adaptive immunity have been implicated in the neurodegenerative processes in Parkinson disease. It has been proposed that these responses may be triggered by modified forms of alpha-synuclein (alpha-SYN), particularly nitrated species, which are released as a consequence of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. To examine the relationship between alpha-SYN, microglial activation, and adaptive immunity, we used a mouse model of Parkinson disease in which human alpha-SYN is overexpressed by a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector, serotype 2 (AAV2-SYN); this overexpression leads to slow degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Microglial activation and components of the adaptive immune response were assessed using immunohistochemistry; quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to examine cytokine expression. Four weeks after injection, there was a marked increase in CD68-positive microglia and greater infiltration of B and T lymphocytes in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the AAV2-SYN group than in controls. At 12 weeks, CD68 staining declined, but B- and T-cell infiltration persisted. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines was enhanced, whereas markers of alternative activation (i.e. arginase I and interleukins 4 and 13) were not altered. Increased immunoreactivity for mouse immunoglobulin was detected at all time points in the AAV2-SYN animals. These data show that overexpression of alpha-SYN alone, in the absence of overt neurodegeneration, is sufficient to trigger neuroinflammation with both microglial activation and stimulation of adaptive immunity.