gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
OPERATIONS FOR CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (1954)

The history of coronary artery disease may be divided into three periods. The period of clinical recognition dates back about 40 years. Although there were earlier descriptions of angina pectoris and coronary artery disease, there was little general interest in this subject prior to 1918. The electrocardiogram, which was introduced in 1903, became the dominant factor in diagnosis. Many refinements in diagnosis have been made, and these, together with the administration of oxygen, bed rest, and various drugs, generally comprise the thought and activities of this period. The period of revascularization began in the experimental laboratory in 1932 and has received slow but steady recognition. It is based on the direct approach to the coronary blood supply itself. Many isolated items of information obtained in the laboratory are now integrated as the basis for new concepts concerning this disease, including the following facts: 1. A few additional cubic centimeters of
SWAN: A Secured Watchdog for Ad hoc Networks (2006)

Due to its nature, ad hoc networks are much more vulnerable to various attacks than traditional wired networks. Many solutions have been proposed in recent researches for the security of ad hoc networks. The watchdog mechanism, based on a node supervising all its local neighbors, is one of the basic security mechanisms used by these solutions. It is able to detect both malicious attacks and selfish behaviors without significant overhead. However, it has a high storage requirement, and itself needs to be secured against spoofing attacks which may badly affect the reputation systems depending on it. In this paper, we propose a secured and efficient supervision mechanism based on the watchdog technique called SWAN. In order to avoid spoofing attacks, we combine the techniques SUCV (Statistically Unique and Cryptographically Verifiable) and TESLA (Timed Efficient Stream Loss-Tolerant Authentication) to provide a lightweight broadcast message authentication to watchdog. Moreover, we also propose an efficient storage method to reduce the storage overhead required by watchdog. Our analysis and simulations show that our approach is both lightweight and robust. Key words: Ad hoc networks, watchdog, broadcast message authentication, reputation system 1.
A potentially powerful new tool for noninvasive diagnosis of cardiac abnormalities: the CUPID system for analysis of electrocardiograms in the frequency domain. (1998)

Clinical correlation of frequency-domain characteristics of electrocardiograms with specific disease entities of thousands of patients has produced a simple, noninvasive diagnostic system capable of detecting many cardiac abnormalities with specificity and sensitivity exceeding 90%. This system, a proprietary product called CUPID, is now undergoing clinical trials in Europe, South America, and the United States. The author discusses the physiologic basis of electrocardiography and the development of the CUPID system, and reviews the results of the trials that have been completed. The system appears to hold promise for fast, inexpensive, and accurate screening of patients for cardiac disease without somatic invasion.
Enantiomerically Pure Polyheterocyclic Spiro-β-lactams from trans-4-Hydroxy-l-proline (2010)

The "Staudinger ketene-imine reaction" between ketenes generated from natural O,N-protected trans-4-hydroxy-l-prolines and the N-benzyl-N-benzylideneamine led to mixtures of diastereoisomeric, enantiomerically pure pyrrolidine-derived spiro-beta-lactams with a relative cis configuration. These were transformed into the corresponding pyrroline-spiro-beta-lactams by means of treatment with a base and the new C=C double bond was submitted to a number of different reactions in order to evaluate its reactivity and obtain new polyheterocyclic enantiomerically pure spiro-beta-lactams.
A characterization of binary decision diagrams (1993)

Binary decision diagrams (BDDs) are a representation of Boolean functions. Its use in the synthesis, simulation, and testing of Boolean circuits has been proposed by various researchers. In all these applications of BDDs solutions to some fundamental computational problems are needed. A characterization of BDDs in terms of the complexity of these computational problems is presented. A tighter bound on the size of an ordered BDD that can be computed from a given Boolean circuit is presented. On the basis of the results, a case is made for exploring the use of repeated BDDs, with a small number of repeated variables, and free BDDs for some applications for which only ordered BDDs have been used so far.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Prophylaxis of Restenosis With 186 Re-Labeled Stents in a Rabbit Model (2001)

(186)Re stents were capable of reducing neointima formation in a dose-dependent fashion. (186)Re stents did not cause late thrombosis or neointimal induction at the stent margins in the observation period of 7 weeks.
Protective effect of RibCys following high-dose irradiation of the rectosigmoid (1993)

1) RibCys protected animals against radiation-related deaths and anastomotic leaks following high doses of pelvic irradiation; 2) anastomotic PtO2 levels did not correlate with anastomotic healing in this model.
Ocrelizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against CD20 for inflammatory disorders and B-cell malignancies. (2008)

Biogen Idec Inc, Genentech Inc, Roche Holding AG and Chugai Pharmaceutical Co Ltd are developing ocrelizumab, a humanized mAb against CD20, for the potential treatment of inflammatory disorders and B-cell malignancies. Ocrelizumab is undergoing phase III clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis and lupus nephritis, and phase II trials for multiple sclerosis and hematological cancer. Previously, ocrelizumab was also being developed for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and neuromyelitis optica; however, development for SLE has been discontinued. No development has been reported for neuromyelitis optica and as of January 2007, this indication had been removed from the company pipeline.
Adhesion of sickle red blood cells and damage to interleukin-1 beta stimulated endothelial cells under flow in vitro (1996)

Two factors that are hypothesized to contribute to vasoocclusive crises in sickle cell anemia are increased sickle red blood cell-endothelial cell interactions and damage to endothelium. Despite considerable study, the mechanisms by which erythrocyte-endothelial interactions occur and the role of endothelial damage have not yet been fully elucidated. In this report, we demonstrate that adhesion and damage may be related in a model of vasoocclusion in sickle cell anemia. Phase contrast microscopy coupled to digital image processing was used to determine the adhesion of sickle red blood cells to 1-, 4-, and 24-hour interleukin-I beta (IL-1 beta) stimulated endothelial calls in a parallel plate flow chamber. Morphological alterations to activated endothelial cells after the perfusion of sickle erythrocytes were also identified. Pretreatment of monolayers with 50 pg/mL of IL-1 beta for 1, 4, and 24 hours caused approximately 16-fold increases in adhesion of sickle cells to activated endothelium at all time points. Results with an Arginine-glycine aspartic acid (RGD) peptide and monoclonal antibodies indicated a role for three different endothelial cell receptors: alpha v beta 3 after 1 hour of IL-1 beta stimulation; E- selectin after 4 hours of IL-1 beta stimulation; and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 after prolonged exposure to cytokines. Perfusion of sickle, but not normal, erythrocytes resulted in alteration of endothelial morphology. Approximately 6% to 8% damage was observed on 4- and 24-hour IL-1 beta stimulated endothelial cells after the perfusion of sickle cells. Damage to 24-hour activated endothelial cells showed a positive correlation (r = .899) with the number of adherent sickle erythrocytes.
Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-oil:  A Critical Review (2006)

Fast pyrolysis utilizes biomass to produce a product that is used both as an energy source and a feedstock for chemical production. Considerable efforts have been made to convert wood biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals since the oil crisis in mid-1970s. This review focuses on the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrolysis. Virtually any form of biomass can be considered for fast pyrolysis. Most work has been performed on wood, because of its consistency and comparability between tests. However, nearly 100 types of biomass have been tested, ranging from agricultural wastes such as straw, olive pits, and nut shells to energy crops such as miscanthus and sorghum. Forestry wastes such as bark and thinnings and other solid wastes, including sewage sludge and leather wastes, have also been studied. In this review, the main (although not exclusive) emphasis has been given to wood. The literature on wood/biomass pyrolysis, both fast and slow, is surveyed and both the physical and chemical aspects of the resulting bio-oils are reviewed. The effect of the wood composition and structure, heating rate, and residence time during pyrolysis on the overall reaction rate and the yield of the volatiles are also discussed. Although very fast and very slow pyrolyses of biomass produce markedly different products, the variety of heating rates, temperatures, residence times, and feedstock varieties found in the literature make generalizations difficult to define, in regard to trying to critically analyze the literature.
Interferon gamma inhibits lipocyte activation and extracellular matrix mRNA expression during experimental liver injury: implications for treatment of hepatic fibrosis. (1994)

The data indicate that interferon gamma inhibits lipocyte activation and extracellular matrix production in vivo during liver injury, which results in an overall decrease in hepatic fibrosis. Further, the data demonstrate heterogeneity in lipocytes during activation and identify a novel population of markedly activated lipocytes.
A mouse lymphoid endothelial cell line immortalized by simian virus 40 binds lymphocytes and retains functional characteristics of normal endothelial cells. (1990)

Leukocyte-endothelial cell (EC) interactions regulate the entry of immune effectors into the tissues. This interaction occurs in lymphoid tissues and inflammatory sites at post-capillary high endothelial venules, as opposed to large capacitance vessels lined with flat EC. Transient SV40 infection of mouse EC derived from lymph node stroma has resulted in a cell line, SVEC4-10, that retains morphological and functional characteristics of normal EC. SVEC4-10 cells grow efficiently on plastic as a monolayer with a characteristic epithelioid morphology. They require as little as 2% FCS and are independent of other exogenous growth factors or matrix components. When grown on a synthetic basement membrane, SVEC4-10 forms branching tube-like networks. SVEC4-10 expresses Factor VIII related Ag as measured by indirect immunofluorescence using a rabbit antiserum to human FVIII-associated protein and incorporates acetylated low density lipoprotein. SVEC4-10 specifically binds mouse lymphocytes in vitro. IFN-gamma induces expression of MHC class II Ag in a time course identical to normal EC and the cell line is susceptible to lysis by anti SV40 H-2k CTL clones. Thus, this SV40 immortalized line retains much of the normal cellular physiology of EC.
Super high frequency width extensional aluminum nitride (AlN) MEMS resonators (2009)

Width extensional (WE) super high frequency (SHF) aluminum nitride (AlN) resonators have been fabricated using optical lithography. Solidly anchored WE resonators were shown to be superior to beam anchored resonators of the same size and it was verified that simply scaling resonator area does not improve insertion loss (IL). Resonators with an IL of -6.3 dB into 50 ohms at 4.1 GHz and -7.2 dB at 6.8 GHz have been demonstrated. This type of performance at 6.8 GHz is unprecedented for contour mode resonators and represents a 12.6 dB improvement over recently reported SHF AlN resonators.
Profile of anticonvulsant activity and neuroprotective effects of novel and potential antiepileptic drugs--an update. (2006)

Although neuroprotection is effective only against certain aspects of a complex cascade of pathological events during the development and course of epilepsy, it might be a promising option in the treatment of this disease. Some new data on the pathophysiology of epilepsy raised some hopes that the epileptogenesis process can be prevented. A question arises whether it is possible to make the epilepsy develop in a milder, easier to treat and non-progressive way without cognitive decline and drug-resistance. Moreover, once the epilepsy has already been triggered, there is as yet no conclusive evidence that the harmful effects of seizures on the brain can be reduced. So a great deal of further evaluation of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is required. Many similarities exist between cerebral ischemia and epilepsy regarding brain-damaging and autoprotective mechanisms that are activated following the injurious insult. Therefore, drugs that are effective in minimizing seizure-induced brain damage may also be useful in minimizing ischemic injury. Most AEDs have been tested in animal models of focal or global ischemia and some were already tested in humans for a possible neuroprotective effect. The existing data are rather scanty and insufficient but it appears that only drugs that have multiple mechanisms of action have some potential in conferring a degree of neuroprotection that could be clinically applicable to stroke patients. In this review, we focus on evidence of neuroprotective properties of novel and potential AEDs, based on animal experimental models of neurodegeneration. In conclusion, some of the newer AEDs show promise as possible neuroprotectants in epilepsy and acute ischemia but more studies are needed before clinical trials in humans could be undertaken.
Cyclic Bis-Urea Compounds as Gelators for Organic Solvents (1999)

Self-assembly of cyclic bis-urea compounds takes place even at low concentrations to form very thin fibers which give a three-dimensional network in the solvent. The X-ray structure indicates that the molecules assemble into one-dimensional chains in which each unit forms eight hydrogen bonds with its neighbors (see picture).
A novel transiently expressed, integral membrane protein linked to cell activation. Molecular cloning via the rapid degradation signal AUUUA. (1992)

A novel cDNA clone termed E16 which codes for an integral membrane protein of 241 amino acids with six transmembrane domains was isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes. The cDNA clone is 4000 base pairs in length and exhibits an unusually long 3'-untranslated region of about 3000 nucleotides. Its expression at the mRNA level is closely linked to cellular activation and division. In all myeloid and lymphoid cells, as well as in primary lymphocytes from peripheral blood, E16 transcripts are rapidly induced and rapidly degraded after stimulation. This pattern of expression is unusual for an integral membrane protein and resembles more closely the kinetic seen for protooncogenes and lymphokines in the T cell system. Its isolation was made possible by a novel approach especially designed to selectively clone cDNAs which exhibit such an expression kinetic. It is based on a combination of the differential screening of a subtracted cDNA library and the subsequent hybridization of the resulting phages to a short oligonucleotide (5'-TAAATAAA-TAAATA-3'). This oligonucleotide is complementary to a trimer of the rapid degradation signal (AUUUA) which is present as a single or reiterated motif in the 3'-untranslated region of many short-lived transcripts.
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-3-based vectors transduce haematopoietic cells not susceptible to transduction with AAV-2-based vectors (2000)

Although adeno-associated virus (AAV)-2 has a broad tissue-host range and can transduce a wide variety of tissue types, some cells, such as erythro-megakaryoblastoid cells, are non-permissive and appear to lack the AAV-2 receptor. However, limited studies have been reported with the related dependovirus AAV-3. We have previously cloned this virus, characterized its genome and produced an infectious clone. In this study, the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP) was inserted into AAV-2- and AAV-3-based plasmids and recombinant viruses were produced. These viruses were then used to transduce haematopoietic cells and the transduction efficiencies were compared. In contrast to recombinant (r) AAV-2, rAAV-3 successfully transduced erythroid and megakaryoblastoid cells, although rAAV-2 was superior in transduction of lymphocyte-derived cell lines. Recently, it was reported that heparan sulphate can act as a receptor of AAV-2. The infectivity of rAAV-2 and rAAV-3 was tested with mutant cell lines of Chinese hamster ovary cells that were defective for heparin or heparan sulphate expression on the cell surface. There was no correlation between the ability of rAAV-2 or rAAV-3 to infect cells and the cell surface expression of heparan sulphate and, although heparin blocked both rAAV-2 and rAAV-3 transduction, the ID(50) of rAAV-3 was higher than that of rAAV-2. In addition, virus-binding overlay assays indicated that AAV-2 and AAV-3 bound different membrane proteins. These results suggest not only that there are different cellular receptors for AAV-2 and AAV-3, but that rAAV-3 vectors may be preferred for transduction of some haematopoietic cell types.
Modulation of the Fate of Cytoplasmic mRNA by AU-Rich Elements: Key Sequence Features Controlling mRNA Deadenylation and Decay (1997)

Regulation of cytoplasmic deadenylation has a direct impact on the fate of mRNA and, consequently, its expression in the cytoplasm. AU-rich elements (AREs) found in the 3' untranslated regions of many labile mRNAs are the most common RNA-destabilizing elements known in mammalian cells. AREs direct accelerated deadenylation as the first step in mRNA turnover. Recently we have proposed that AREs can be divided into three different classes. mRNAs bearing either the class I AUUUA-containing ARE or the class III non-AUUUA ARE display synchronous poly(A) shortening, whereas class II ARE-containing mRNAs are deadenylated asynchronously, with the formation of poly(A)- intermediates. In this study, we have systematically characterized the deadenylation kinetics displayed by various AREs and their mutant derivatives. We find that a cluster of five or six copies of AUUUA motifs in close proximity forming various degrees of reiteration is the key feature that dictates the choice between processive versus distributive deadenylation. An AU-rich region 20 to 30 nucleotides long immediately 5' to this cluster of AUUUA motifs can greatly enhance the destabilizing ability of the AUUUA cluster and is, therefore, an integral part of the class I and class II AREs. These two features are the defining characteristics of class II AREs. Our results are consistent with the interpretation that the pentanucleotide AUUUA, rather than the nonamer UUAUUUA(U/A)(U/A), is both an essential and the minimal sequence motif of AREs. Our study provides the groundwork for future characterization of ARE-binding proteins identified by in vitro gel shift assays in order to stringently define their potential role in the ARE-mediated decay pathway. Moreover, transformation of deadenylation kinetics from one type to the other by mutations of AREs implies the existence of cross talk between the ARE and 3' poly(A) tail, which dictates the decay kinetics.
Deciphering algorithms for degraded document recognition (1998)

The research presented in this thesis provides new solutions to two fundamental problems in document recognition. The first problem is character segmentation. Touching characters and character fragmentation caused by image degradation are difficult problems for current document recognition systems. The second problem that this thesis addresses is the dependence of today&amp;apos;s document recognition systems on extensive font training. These two problems are shown to be the main reasons that cause performance breakdown for most of today&amp;apos;s commercial document recognition systems. Our research provides solutions to the two problems by seeking alternative approaches that can recognize degraded documents with high accuracy and robust performance. Reliable performance on degraded documents is achieved by avoiding these two difficult problems in the recognition approaches. We propose to consider the computational task of document recognition as a process of finding the mapping between the visual pat...
Glutamine- and phosphate-containing hypotonic storage media better maintain erythrocyte membrane physical properties (1996)

We have shown that red blood cell (RBC) adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is better maintained and that there is less hemolysis and K+ leakage in hypotonic experimental additive solutions (EASs) containing glutamine and glutamine plus phosphate (Pi) than in the conventional additive solution Adsol during blood bank storage. The objective of this study was to determine if the beneficial effect produced in these media correlates with better preservation of RBC membrane properties including lipid content, phospholipid organization, aminophospholipid transport (flippase), and prothrombin converting activity. Aliquots of packed RBCs were stored in EASs containing adenine, glucose, sodium chloride, and mannitol, with 10 mmol/L glutamine (EAS 44) or with 10 mmol/L glutamine and 20 mmol/L Pi(EAS 45), or in Adsol. RBC membranes were studied after 0, 28, 42, and 84 days of storage, and vesicle membranes were studied after 84 days. RBC cholesterol and phospholipid content remained significantly greater (P < .01) in EASs than in Adsol. The degree of membrane vesiculation was more than 50% lower in EASs than in Adsol (P < .01). After 42 days of storage, the accessibility of phosphatidylethanolamine to phospholipases was approximately 1.5 times greater for Adsol and EAS 44 samples than for EAS 45 samples (43.5% v 28%). The rates of phosphatidylserine transport were 43% to 70% lower for stored cells but were not dependent on storage media. The amounts of bands 3 and 4.1 in the microvesicle membranes were not statistically different in any of the preparations. These results suggest that storage of RBCs in glutamine and Pi-medium better maintains ATP, lipid content, and phospholipid asymmetry and results in decreased vesiculation.
Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 4 serotype O3 from canine sources in Italy (1985)

Seventeen strains of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 4 serotype O3 were isolated from 63 apparently healthy puppies. Of these strains, 76.4% showed both multiple resistance to antimicrobial agents and lack of sorbose fermentation.