gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vivo antiviral efficacy of prenylation inhibitors against hepatitis delta virus (2003)

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) can dramatically worsen liver disease in patients coinfected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). No effective medical therapy exists for HDV. The HDV envelope requires HBV surface antigen proteins provided by HBV. Once inside a cell, however, HDV can replicate its genome in the absence of any HBV gene products. In vitro, HDV virion assembly is critically dependent on prenyl lipid modification, or prenylation, of its nucleocapsid-like protein large delta antigen. To overcome limitations of current animal models and to test the hypothesis that pharmacologic prenylation inhibition can prevent the production of HDV virions in vivo, we established a convenient mouse-based model of HDV infection capable of yielding viremia. Such mice were then treated with the prenylation inhibitors FTI-277 and FTI-2153. Both agents were highly effective at clearing HDV viremia. As expected, HDV inhibition exhibited duration-of-treatment dependence. These results provide the first preclinical data supporting the in vivo efficacy of prenylation inhibition as a novel antiviral therapy with potential application to HDV and a wide variety of other viruses.
A real world technology testbed for electric vehicle smart charging systems and PEV-EVSE interoperability evaluation (2016)

Global sales of electric vehicles passed the 1 million unit mark in 2015. These grid-sourced electric vehicles operators require reliable access to seamless delivery of electricity to their vehicles for dependable transportation. Electrical utilities and other electrical distribution infrastructure owner/operators require the electrical vehicles using their services to be non-disruptive with reasonable return on investment revenues. Standards Defining Organization (SDO) committees are composed of subject matter experts that formalize requirements for the respective standards topic, based on needs of the stakeholders. Validation of standards, component-system compliance to standards, and interoperability of systems between standards requires testing. This testing can be simulation or model based as well as component and system level evaluation. This paper describes requirements and challenges to build a real-world testbed for EV-smartgrid interoperability assessment. AC, DC, and Wireless charging methods are addressed as well of balance of system topic such as grid impacts, metrology, dispatch of resources, and vehicle-infrastructure communication.
Relaxation of selective constraint and loss of function in the evolution of human bitter taste receptor genes (2004)

Bitter taste perception prevents mammals from ingesting poisonous substances because many toxins taste bitter and cause aversion. We hypothesize that human bitter taste receptor (TAS2R) genes might be relaxed from selective constraints because of the change in diet, use of fire and reliance on other means of toxin avoidance that emerged in human evolution. Here, we examine the intra-specific variations of all 25 genes of the human TAS2R repertoire. Our data show hallmarks of neutral evolution, including similar rates of synonymous (d(S)) and non-synonymous (d(N)) nucleotide changes among rare polymorphisms, common polymorphisms and substitutions; no variation in d(N)/d(S) among functional domains; segregation of pseudogene alleles within species and fixation of loss-of-function mutations. These results, together with previous findings of large numbers of loss-of-function mutations in olfactory, pheromonal and visual sensory genes in humans, suggest surprisingly reduced sensory capabilities of humans in comparison with many other mammals.
Differential gene expression during early murine yolk sac development (1995)

The visceral yolk sac (VYS), composed of extraembryonic mesoderm and visceral endoderm, is the initial site of blood cell development and serves important nutritive and absorptive functions. In the mouse, the visceral endoderm becomes a morphologically distinct tissue at the time of implantation (E4.5), while the extraembryonic mesoderm arises during gastrulation (E6.5-8.5). To isolate genes differentially expressed in the developing yolk sac, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods were used to construct cDNA from late primitive streak to neural plate stage (E7.5) murine VYS mesoderm and VYS endoderm tissues. Differential screening led to the identification of six VYS mesoderm-enriched clones: ribosomal protein L13a, the heat shock proteins hsc 70 and hsp 86, guanine-nucleotide binding protein-related gene, cellular nucleic acid binding protein, and alpha-enolase. One VYS endoderm-specific cDNA was identified as apolipoprotein C2. In situ hybridization studies confirmed the differential expression of these genes in E7.5 yolk sac tissues. These results indicate that representative cDNA populations can be obtained from small numbers of cells and that PCR methodologies permit the study of gene expression during early mammalian postimplantation development. While all of the mesoderm-enriched genes were ubiquitously expressed in the embryo proper, apolipoprotein C2 expression was confined to the visceral endoderm. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that at E7.5, the yolk sac endoderm provides differentiated liver-like functions, while the newly developing extraembryonic mesoderm is still a largely undifferentiated tissue.
Efficacy and Technical Complications of Long-Term Continuous Intraspinal Infusions of Opioid and/or Bupivacaine in Refractory Nonmalignant Pain: A Comparison Between the Epidural and the Intrathecal Approach with Externalized or Implanted Catheters and Infusion Pumps (1998)

(a) The intrathecal approach, compared with the epidural approach, was associated with higher rates of satisfactory pain relief for both externalized (86/90, 95% vs. 17/40, 42.5%, p < .0001) and internalized (295/336, 89% vs. 33/56, 59%, p < .0001) catheters; higher rates of treatment failures with externalized epidural catheters than with internalized intrathecal catheters (24/47, 51%, vs. 36/338, 11%, p < .0001); lower rates of treatment failures with internalized intrathecal catheters than with internalized epidural catheters (36/338, 11% vs. 29/76, 38%, p < .0001); higher rates of system replacement with internalized epidural catheters than with internalized intrathecal catheters (23/32, 72% vs. 6/49, 12%, p < .0001; higher rates of system removal with internalized epidural catheters than with internalized intrathecal catheters (22/49, 45% vs. 5/49, 10%, p < .001); higher rates of catheter-related complications with epidural than with intrathecal catheters (dislodgement 13/126, approximately 10% vs. 6/150, 4%, p < .05; leakage 5/51, approximately 10% vs. 1/116, 0.9%, p < .05; obstruction 2
Allocation of attention in the visual field. (1985)

This research investigated whether attentional resources can be simultaneously allocated to several locations in a visual display, whether the mode of processing (serial or parallel) can be switched within a trial, and the nature of the costs when attentional resources are concentrated on an invalid location. Subjects were required to determine which of two target letters was present in eight-letter circular displays. In precue conditions, a primary and a secondary target location were designated 150 ms before target onset by an indicator that varied in validity. In the control conditions no cue was provided. A second experiment verified several assumptions that had been made in interpreting the data of Experiment 1. Modifications in Jonides' (1983) two-process model were suggested in terms of a zoom lens model of attentional resources. Instead of two alternative processing modes, attentional resources are conceived as capable of distribution over the visual field, but with low resolving power, or as continuously constricting to small portions of the visual field with a concomitant increase in processing power.
A primer of magnetic stimulation as a tool for neuropsychology. (1999)

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offers the neuropsychologist a 'virtual lesion' method of investigating the effects of cortical dysfunction. Classical neuropsychology relies on patients with irreversible, and often diffuse brain lesions and these factors place limitations on the inferences that can be drawn about normal brain function. Thus the neuropsychologist is constrained by the extent to which the damaged brain undergoes reorganisation and by the inability to address questions regarding the timing of cognitive functions. TMS can disrupt cognitive functions for a few tens of milliseconds (although some effects of TMS can be seen for longer), with spatial resolution in the order of a centimetre and therefore allows one to study the role of brain areas without the masking effects of cortical reorganisation. The spatial and temporal resolutions are not unique to TMS but because TMS can be used as a temporary interference technique, it has a functional resolution with which one can address questions beyond the range of other neuroimaging and patient studies. Here we outline how TMS produces transitory 'lesion' effects, examine how the effects of stimulation spread in depth and breadth across the cortex and discuss the principles of the use of TMS in neuropsychology. Finally, we also itemise some issues of safety.
Biofilms and Planktonic Cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Have Similar Resistance to Killing by Antimicrobials (2001)

Biofilms are considered to be highly resistant to antimicrobial agents. Strictly speaking, this is not the case-biofilms do not grow in the presence of antimicrobials any better than do planktonic cells. Biofilms are indeed highly resistant to killing by bactericidal antimicrobials, compared to logarithmic-phase planktonic cells, and therefore exhibit tolerance. It is assumed that biofilms are also significantly more tolerant than stationary-phase planktonic cells. A detailed comparative examination of tolerance of biofilms versus stationary- and logarithmic-phase planktonic cells with four different antimicrobial agents was performed in this study. Carbenicillin appeared to be completely ineffective against both stationary-phase cells and biofilms. Killing by this beta-lactam antibiotic depends on rapid growth, and this result confirms the notion of slow-growing biofilms resembling the stationary state. Ofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that kills nongrowing cells, and biofilms and stationary-phase cells were comparably tolerant to this antibiotic. The majority of cells in both populations were eradicated at low levels of ofloxacin, leaving a fraction of essentially invulnerable persisters. The bulk of the population in both biofilm and stationary-phase cultures was tolerant to tobramycin. At very high tobramycin concentrations, a fraction of persister cells became apparent in stationary-phase culture. Stationary-phase cells were more tolerant to the biocide peracetic acid than were biofilms. In general, stationary-phase cells were somewhat more tolerant than biofilms in all of the cases examined. We concluded that, at least for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one of the model organisms for biofilm studies, the notion that biofilms have greater resistance than do planktonic cells is unwarranted. We further suggest that tolerance to antibiotics in stationary-phase or biofilm cultures is largely dependent on the presence of persister cells.
Segment-based proxy caching of multimedia streams (2001)

As streaming video and audio over the Internet becomes popular, proper proxy caching of large multimedia objects has become increasingly important. For a large media object, such as a 2-hour video, treating the whole video as a single web object for caching is not appropriate. In this paper, we present and evaluate a segment-based bu er management approach to proxy caching of large media streams. Blocks of a media stream received by a proxy server are grouped into variable-sized segments. The cache admission and replacement policies then attach di erent caching values to di erent segments, taking into account the segment distance from the start of the media. These caching policies give preferential treatments to the beginning segments. As such, users can quickly play back the media objects without much delay. Event-driven simulations are conducted to evaluate this segment-based proxy caching approach. The results show that (1) segment-based caching is e ective not only in increasing byte-hit ratio (or reducing total traAEc) but also in lowering the number of requests that require delayed starts; (2) segment-based caching is especially advantageous when the cache size is limited, when the set of hot media objects changes over time, when the media le size is large, and when many users may stop playing the media after only a few initial blocks.
Gate oxide leakage current analysis and reduction for VLSI circuits (2004)

In this paper we address the growing issue of gate oxide leakage current (I/sub gate/) at the circuit level. Specifically, we develop a fast approach to analyze the total leakage power of a large circuit block, considering both I/sub gate/ and subthreshold leakage (I/sub sub/). The interaction between I/sub sub/ and I/sub gate/ complicates analysis in arbitrary CMOS topologies and we propose simple and accurate heuristics based on lookup tables to quickly estimate the state-dependent total leakage current for arbitrary circuit topologies. We apply this method to a number of benchmark circuits using a projected 100-nm technology and demonstrate accuracy within 0.09% of SPICE on average with a four order of magnitude speedup. We then make several observations on the impact of I/sub gate/ in designs that are standby power limited, including the role of device ordering within a stack and the differing state dependencies for NOR versus NAND topologies. Based on these observations, we propose the use of pin reordering as a means to reduce I/sub gate/. We find that for technologies with appreciable I/sub gate/, this technique is more effective at reducing total leakage current in standby mode than state assignment, which is often used for I/sub sub/ reduction.
Growth Kinetics and Annealing Studies of the “Cathodic” Plasma Oxidation of Silicon (1991)

A study of the growth kinetics for plasma‐enhanced oxidation in an electrodeless RF system based on an earlier design is presented. Oxidation growth rates and thickness uniformity variations across 75 mm diam wafers for various plasma parameters are given. The time‐dependence of the grown oxides were found to fit a power law model. Other parameters investigated include RF frequency in the range 6–21 MHz, RF power from 100–500 W, chamber pressure from 85 to 500 mtorr, and oxygen in argon concentration in the plasma from 1 to 100% oxygen. The etch rate of the plasma oxide in 10:1 buffered oxide etch was found to be comparable to that of thermally grown oxides. Defect levels (net coulombic charge) and breakdown values for postoxidation‐annealed oxides were measured initially with poly‐gated capacitors, prior and subsequent to post‐poly anneal. Defect levels and breakdown values for postoxidation annealed oxides were also obtained with aluminum‐gated capacitors, with thermal oxides used as "controls" and subjected to the same annealing treatments. It was found that those oxides which had received a postoxidation anneal in oxygen at 1000°C for 15 min were comparable to the thermal "controls" in defect level density and electric breakdown integrity.
Targeting human inducible regulatory T cells (Tr1) in patients with cancer: blocking of adenosine–prostaglandin E2cooperation (2011)

Pharmacologic blocking of adenosine-PGE(2) collaboration provides a clinically-feasible strategy for disarming of Treg. Used in conjunction with conventional anti-cancer drugs or immune interventions, pharmacologic inhibitors could improve outcome of oncologic therapies.
The ROSAT all-sky survey catalogue of optically bright late-type giants and supergiants (1998)

We present X-ray data for all late-type (A, F, G, K, M) giants and supergiants (luminosity classes I to III-IV) listed in the Bright Star Catalogue that have been detected in the ROSAT all-sky survey. Altogether, our catalogue contains 450 entries of X-ray emitting evolved late-type stars, which corresponds to an average detection rate of about 11.7 percent. The selection of the sample stars, the data analysis, the criteria for an accepted match between star and X-ray source, and the determination of X-ray fluxes are described.
Fatigue testing of hair—A statistical approach to hair breakage (2010)

The objective of this work is to describe an alternative approach for assessing hair breakage. The methodology involves the repeated application of force, together with an evaluation of the number of cycles required before breakage-an approach often termed fatigue testing. The technique provides novel results, which appear to indicate more sizable differences between samples than arise from conventional constant-rate extension experiments. For example, results illustrate a substantially higher tendency for breakage in Afro hair as compared to Caucasian hair-a conclusion that appears in line with consumer experiences. Also, findings suggest a substantially larger contribution from the relative humidity of the environment to the propensity for breakage under these conditions.The fatigue approach also lends itself to a novel means of data analysis in which breakage is treated as a statistical variable rather than as a mechanical parameter. By performing Weibull analysis of the data, a characteristic lifetime and a shape parameter are obtained to characterize the data, while survival probability plots can be generated to predict the propensity for breakage under a specific set of conditions.
Interleukin-8 Mediates Injury from Smoke Inhalation to both the Lung Endothelial and the Alveolar Epithelial Barriers in Rabbits (1999)

Although prior studies have shown that smoke inhalation causes lung endothelial injury and formation of pulmonary edema, there is no information about the effect of smoke inhalation on the function of the alveolar epithelial barrier. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of smoke-induced lung injury on the alveolar epithelial barrier in a rabbit experimental model. The second objective was to investigate whether pretreatment with a monoclonal anti-interleukin (IL)-8 antibody prevented alveolar epithelial barrier injury after smoke inhalation. Anesthetized rabbits were tracheotomized and were insufflated with cooled smoke generated from burning cotton cloth (75 breaths). In some experiments, anti-IL-8 antibody or an irrelevant antibody (2 mg/¿g) was given intravenously 5 min before insufflation of cotton smoke. Smoke inhalation caused a significant increase in the alveolar epithelial permeability to protein and a 40% reduction in the fluid transport capacity of the alveolar epithelium. Pretreatment with anti-IL-8 antibody, but not with an irrelevant-isotype antibody, significantly reduced the smoke-mediated increase in bidirectional transport of protein across the alveolar epithelium, and restored alveolar liquid clearance to a normal level. The results of the study show that smoke inhalation causes injury to both the alveolar epithelial barrier and the lung endothelium, and that IL-8 is an important mediator of this injury.
The peptide NAP promotes neuronal growth and differentiation through extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase and Akt pathways, and protects neurons co‐cultured with astrocytes damaged by ethanol (2007)

We have previously shown that glial cells are a target of ethanol toxicity during brain ontogeny, since ethanol affects glial development and impairs the release of neurotrophic factors which are important for neuronal outgrowth and synaptic plasticity. Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) is a glial factor with anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective actions. We proposed that some ethanol effects on brain development and synaptic formation are, in part, mediated by the ethanol-induced impairment of the synthesis and release of ADNP by astroglial cells. We show a reduction in the ADNP mRNA levels in the cerebral cortex and astrocytes from prenatal ethanol exposed (PEE) foetuses. Furthermore, co-cultures of PEE astrocytes with control neurons cause a marked decrease in neuronal growth, differentiation and synaptic connections relative to the co-cultures with control astrocytes, effects that were reverted by the addition of NAP, the active peptide of ADNP. We further show that one mechanism by which NAP could exert its actions is the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3K)/Akt pathways and the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein. These results indicate that the protective actions of NAP are mediated by triggering signalling pathways which are important in neuronal growth and differentiation contributing to the restoration of PEE-associated neuronal plasticity.
Differentiation of motile and mesophilic Aeromonas strains into species by testing for a CAMP-like factor (1987)

Motile and mesophilic Aeromonas strains can presumptively be differentiated into species in 18 to 24 h by testing the isolates for the production of a CAMP-like factor. Aeromonas hydrophila strains were positive either aerobically or anaerobically, Aeromonas sobria strains were positive only aerobically, and Aeromonas caviae strains were always negative.
Type II regulatory subunit dimerization determines the subcellular localization of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. (1990)

The type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is localized to specific subcellular environments through binding of dimeric regulatory subunits (RII) to anchoring proteins. Cytoskeletal localization occurs through RII dimer interaction with the PKA substrate molecule microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2). RII alpha deletion mutants and RII alpha/endonexin chimeras retained MAP2 binding activity if they contained the first 79 residues of the molecule. Disruption of RII alpha dimerization always prevented MAP2 interaction because 1) RII delta 1-14 (an amino-terminal deletion mutant lacking residues 1-14) was unable to bind MAP2 or form dimers, and 2) a modified RII alpha monomer including residues 1-14 did not bind MAP2. Chimeric proteins containing the first 30 residues of RII alpha fused to endonexin II formed dimers but did not bind MAP2. This suggested other side-chains between residues 30-79 also participate in MAP2 interaction. Peptide studies indicate additional contact with MAP2 may occur through an acidic region (residues 68-82) close to the RII autoinhibitor domain. Therefore, anchored PKA holoenzyme topology may position the catalytic subunit and MAP2 as to allow its preferential phosphorylation upon kinase activation.
Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in regulation of physiological angiogenesis (2001)

Evidence accumulating over the last decade has established the fundamental role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a key regulator of normal and abnormal angiogenesis. The biological effects of VEGF are mediated by two tyrosine kinase receptors, Flt-1 (VEGFR-1) and KDR (VEGFR-2). The signaling and biological properties of these two receptors are strikingly different. VEGF is essential for early development of the vasculature to the extent that inactivation of even a single allele of the VEGF gene results in embryonic lethality. VEGF is also required for female reproductive functions and endochondral bone formation. Substantial evidence also implicates VEGF as an angiogenic mediator in tumors and intraocular neovascular syndromes, and numerous clinical trials are presently testing the hypothesis that inhibition of VEGF may have therapeutic value.