gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Predominant androgenic component in the stimulatory effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on bone mineral density in the rat (1998)

In order to assess the relative roles of the androgenic and/or estrogenic components in the stimulatory effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD), ovariectomized (OVX) female rats received DHEA administered alone or in combination with the antiandrogen flutamide (FLU) or the antiestrogen EM-800 for 12 months. We also evaluated, for comparison, the effect of estradiol (E2) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) constantly released by Silastic implants as well as medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) released from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres. Femoral BMD was decreased by 11% 1 year after OVX, but treatment of OVX animals with DHEA increased BMD to a value 8% above that of intact animals. The administration of FLU reversed by 76% the stimulatory effect of DHEA on femoral BMD and completely prevented the stimulatory effect of DHEA on total body and lumbar spine BMD. Similar results were obtained for BMC. On the other hand, treatment with the antiestrogen EM-800 did not reduce the action of DHEA on BMD or BMC. At the doses used, MPA, E2 and DHT increased femoral BMD, but to a lesser degree than observed with DHEA. Bone histomorphometry measurements were also performed. While DHEA treatment partially reversed the marked inhibitory effect of OVX on the tibial trabecular bone volume, the administration of FLU inhibited by 51% (P < 0.01) the stimulatory effect of DHEA on this parameter. The addition of EM-800 to DHEA, on the other hand, increased trabecular bone volume to a value similar to that of intact controls. DHEA administration markedly increased trabecular number while causing a marked decrease in the intertrabecular area. The above stimulatory effect of DHEA on trabecular number was reversed by 54% (P < 0.01) by the administration of FLU, which also reversed by 29% the decrease in intertrabecular area caused by DHEA administration. On the other hand, the addition of EM-800, while further decreasing the intertrabecular space achieved by DHEA treatment, also led to a further increase in trabecular number to a value not significantly different from that of intact control animals, suggesting an additional effect of EM-800 over that achieved by DHEA. Treatment with DHEA caused a 4-fold stimulation of serum alkaline phosphatase, a marker of bone formation, while the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline, a marker of bone resorption, was decreased by DHEA treatment. Treatment with DHEA and DHEA + EM-800 decreased serum cholesterol levels by 22 and 65% respectively, while the other treatments had no significant effect on this parameter. The present data indicate that the potent stimulatory effect of DHEA on bone in the rat is mainly due to the local formation of androgens in bone cells and their intracrine action in osteoblasts.
Molecular Design of o-Nitrobenzyl Phenol Ether for Photo-deprotection Resist; Challenge to half-pitch 22nm using Near-field Lithography (2007)

Polyhydroxystyrenes protected with three kinds of o-nitrobenzyl (NB) group are synthesized: 4,5- dimethoxy NB group (DNB), 4- monomethoxy NB group (MNB) and $alpha;-methyl 4,5- dimethoxy NB group (ADNB). Their solutions are formulated as photo-deprotection resists for the near-field lithography (NFL). These resists are evaluated in terms of the fundamental lithographic performances using the propagation i-line light, followed by the NFL experiments. The ADNB has the highest photosensitivity and the DNB provides the resist patterns of the smallest line edge roughness (LER). Hp 22 nm L/S pattern of 10 nm deep is fabricated on the top portion of a single-layer of DNB. Hp 32 nm L/S pattern of 10 nm thick is transferred to the 100 nm thick bottom-layer resist through the tri-layer resist process.
Delay Analysis of OFDMA-Aloha (2012)

OFDMA is the basis of future broadband access, due to its many inherent advantages such as scalability and fine granularity for multi-user access. OFDMA-Aloha combines the flexibility of OFDMA with basic Aloha's collision resolution mechanism over sub-carriers, in an attempt to reduce packet collisions and achieve faster retransmission. However, this comes at the expense of a larger slot size, due to lower channel rates per subcarrier. The above gives rise to a fundamental question: whether to use a single wide-band Aloha channel and retransmit via random back-off in next K time slots, or to retransmit immediately in one of K narrow-band sub-channels which are each 1/K slower (OFDMA-Aloha)? We answer this question, by analyzing the two protocols: Aloha and OFDMA-Aloha under the same total bandwidth and load conditions. We first derive the exact distribution of the packet access delay of OFDMA-Aloha in the saturated case. Then, we extend the analysis to the unsaturated case and derive the mean queue length and packet delay by decomposing the system of interfering queues into multiple independent queues utilizing the symmetry in our system. Our results show that if the network is already saturated, channelization does not bring substantial reduction in the collision rate to the point where it outweighs the effect of expanded slot size. In this case the single channel Aloha performs better than OFDMA-Aloha especially when the gap between the number of channels and the number users is large. On other hand, when the network is lightly loaded, OFDMA-Aloha enjoys smaller packet delays, but not for long as it saturates faster than the single channel Aloha.
Submicrometer Pore‐Based Characterization and Quantification of Antibody–Virus Interactions (2006)

A resistive-pulse sensor (see scheme) employs a submicrometer pore for the detection, characterization, and quantification of the binding of polyclonal antibodies to intact Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus (PBCV-1) particles. The assay is rapid, label-free, requires no immobilization or modification of the antibody or virus, detects the formation of viral aggregates, and can be performed using antibodies in complex media such as serum. The maximum number of antibodies able to bind to the virus was estimated to be 4200±450.
A phase II, open-label pilot study evaluating the safety and activity of Nal-IRI in combination with 5-FU and oxaliplatin in preoperative treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (NEO-Nal-IRI Study) (NCT03483038). (2020)

TPS790 Background: Neoadjuvant treatment for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (PCa) is increasing in acceptability, but a standard regimen has yet to be established. Multiple studies have demonstrated feasibility and effectiveness of the FOLFIRINOX (5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin and irinotecan) regimen in the perioperative setting. However, FOLFIRINOX often requires dose modifications, delays and growth factor support due to excessive toxicity which can complicate care delivery when given neoadjuvantly. Irinotecan liposomal injection (Nal-IRI) is FDA approved with a well-tolerated safety profile in relapsed, refractory metastatic PCa. The current study aims to substitute Nal-IRI for traditional irinotecan in the standard FOLFIRINOX regimen and to demonstrate safe and effective neoadjuvant delivery. Methods: This phase 2, open-label, multicenter single-arm study focuses on patients (pts) with borderline resectable PCa without metastatic disease. Other key eligibility criteria include age ≥18 years, resectability confirmed by multiD GI tumor board, adequate cardiac, renal, hepatic function and ECOG performance status of 0 to 1. Pts receive FOLFNal-IRINOX regimen as per Table every 2 weeks for four months followed by disease reassessment. Pts who remain surgical candidates will undergo surgical resection within 4 to 8 weeks following last dose of therapy. The primary endpoint is to assess safety and feasibility of regimen in perioperative setting. Secondary endpoints include R0 resection rate, clinical, biochemical and radiological response rate and patient-reported quality of life during treatment as measured by the NCI validated FACT-G scale. Enrollment continues to a maximum of 28 evaluable pts to demonstrate a reduction in historical 30 day postoperative complication rate. Clinical trial information: NCT03483038 . [Table: see text]
Attenuation of Inducible Th2 Immunity with Autoimmune Disease Progression (1998)

Autoantigen-based immunotherapeutics have been shown to activate regulatory responses capable of inhibiting T cell-mediated autoimmune disease in animal models. However, their efficacy generally declines, as treatment occurs later in the disease process, and their mechanism of action is a matter of intense debate. Here, we report that the early administration of beta cell autoantigens (betaCAAs) to nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice broadly diverts the natural development of potentially pathogenic Thl-biased autoimmune responses toward the Th2 phenotype through Th2 spreading. With disease progression, there was a steady decline in the ability of betaCAA treatment to promote Th2-type cellular and humoral autoimmunity. Late in the disease process, some betaCAAs were still able to induce Th2 responses and Th2 spreading (although to a much lesser extent), while other autoantigens were not. This attenuation of inducible Th2 immunity with disease progression is likely to reflect a reduction in the availability of uncommitted autoantigen-reactive precursor T cells. These findings suggest that there are inherent differences in the frequency of betaCAA-reactive T cells and that, in advanced stages of autoimmune disease, regulatory responses may be best elicited with target tissue Ags against which large uncommitted T cell pools are still available. Since individuals presenting the first signs of autoimmune disease are likely to already have an advanced disease process, these findings may be useful for the rational design of Ag-based immunotherapeutics.
Functional genomics reveals a family of eukaryotic oxidation protection genes (2000)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are toxic compounds produced by normal metabolic processes. Their reactivity with cellular components is a major stress for aerobic cells that results in lipid, protein, and DNA damage. ROS-mediated DNA damage contributes to spontaneous mutagenesis, and cells deficient in repair and protective mechanisms have elevated levels of spontaneous mutations. In Escherichia coli a large number of genes are involved in the repair of oxidative DNA damage and its prevention by detoxification of ROS. In humans, the genes required for these processes are not well defined. In this report we describe the human OXR1 (oxidation resistance) gene discovered in a search for human genes that function in protection against oxidative damage. OXR1 is a member of a conserved family of genes found in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes. We also outline the procedures developed to identify human genes involved in the prevention and repair of oxidative damage that were used to identify the human OXR1 gene. This procedure makes use of the spontaneous mutator phenotype of E. coli oxidative repair-deficient mutants and identifies genes of interest by screening for antimutator activity resulting from cDNA expression.
Bistability in Atomic-Scale Antiferromagnets (2012)

Control of magnetism on the atomic scale is becoming essential as data storage devices are miniaturized. We show that antiferromagnetic nanostructures, composed of just a few Fe atoms on a surface, exhibit two magnetic states, the Néel states, that are stable for hours at low temperature. For the smallest structures, we observed transitions between Néel states due to quantum tunneling of magnetization. We sensed the magnetic states of the designed structures using spin-polarized tunneling and switched between them electrically with nanosecond speed. Tailoring the properties of neighboring antiferromagnetic nanostructures enables a low-temperature demonstration of dense nonvolatile storage of information.
Spin injection and detection in magnetic nanostructures (2003)

We study theoretically the spin transport in a nonmagnetic metal connected to ferromagnetic injector and detector electrodes. We derive a general expression for the spin accumulation signal which covers from the metallic to the tunneling regime. This enables us to discuss recent controversy on spin injection and detection experiments. Extending the result to a superconducting device, we find that the spin accumulation signal is strongly enhanced by opening of the superconducting gap since a gapped superconductor is a low carrier system for spin transport but not for charge. The enhancement is also expected in semiconductor devices.
RNA Viral Community in Human Feces: Prevalence of Plant Pathogenic Viruses (2005)

The human gut is known to be a reservoir of a wide variety of microbes, including viruses. Many RNA viruses are known to be associated with gastroenteritis; however, the enteric RNA viral community present in healthy humans has not been described. Here, we present a comparative metagenomic analysis of the RNA viruses found in three fecal samples from two healthy human individuals. For this study, uncultured viruses were concentrated by tangential flow filtration, and viral RNA was extracted and cloned into shotgun viral cDNA libraries for sequencing analysis. The vast majority of the 36,769 viral sequences obtained were similar to plant pathogenic RNA viruses. The most abundant fecal virus in this study was pepper mild mottle virus (PMMV), which was found in high concentrations--up to 10(9) virions per gram of dry weight fecal matter. PMMV was also detected in 12 (66.7%) of 18 fecal samples collected from healthy individuals on two continents, indicating that this plant virus is prevalent in the human population. A number of pepper-based foods tested positive for PMMV, suggesting dietary origins for this virus. Intriguingly, the fecal PMMV was infectious to host plants, suggesting that humans might act as a vehicle for the dissemination of certain plant viruses.
Multidrug efflux inhibition in Acinetobacter baumannii: comparison between 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine and phenyl-arginine-β-naphthylamide (2006)

NMP can partially reverse MDR in A. baumannii and differs substantially in its activity from that of PAbetaN.
Electrorheology (1989)

The electrorheological (ER) effect refers to the abrupt change in viscosity in certain suspensions upon application of an electric field. The dependence of the ER effect on electrical and structural parameters is reviewed, along with the current theories on the mechanism of this phenomenon. The required properties for the dispersed dielectric include high polarizability and a limited, but finite, conductivity. The latter is often achieved by adding water to the suspension. Applications of ER fluids are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Epigenetics and aging (2016)

Over the past decade, a growing number of studies have revealed that progressive changes to epigenetic information accompany aging in both dividing and nondividing cells. Functional studies in model organisms and humans indicate that epigenetic changes have a huge influence on the aging process. These epigenetic changes occur at various levels, including reduced bulk levels of the core histones, altered patterns of histone posttranslational modifications and DNA methylation, replacement of canonical histones with histone variants, and altered noncoding RNA expression, during both organismal aging and replicative senescence. The end result of epigenetic changes during aging is altered local accessibility to the genetic material, leading to aberrant gene expression, reactivation of transposable elements, and genomic instability. Strikingly, certain types of epigenetic information can function in a transgenerational manner to influence the life span of the offspring. Several important conclusions emerge from these studies: rather than being genetically predetermined, our life span is largely epigenetically determined; diet and other environmental influences can influence our life span by changing the epigenetic information; and inhibitors of epigenetic enzymes can influence life span of model organisms. These new findings provide better understanding of the mechanisms involved in aging. Given the reversible nature of epigenetic information, these studies highlight exciting avenues for therapeutic intervention in aging and age-associated diseases, including cancer.
Biodiversity-Based Identification and Functional Characterization of the Mannose-Specific Adhesin ofLactobacillus plantarum (2005)

Lactobacillus plantarum is a frequently encountered inhabitant of the human intestinal tract, and some strains are marketed as probiotics. Their ability to adhere to mannose residues is a potentially interesting characteristic with regard to proposed probiotic features such as colonization of the intestinal surface and competitive exclusion of pathogens. In this study, the variable capacity of 14 L. plantarum strains to agglutinate Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a mannose-specific manner was determined and subsequently correlated with an L. plantarum WCFS1-based genome-wide genotype database. This led to the identification of four candidate mannose adhesin-encoding genes. Two genes primarily predicted to code for sortase-dependent cell surface proteins displayed a complete gene-trait match. Their involvement in mannose adhesion was corroborated by the finding that a sortase (srtA) mutant of L. plantarum WCFS1 lost the capacity to agglutinate S. cerevisiae. The postulated role of these two candidate genes was investigated by gene-specific deletion and overexpression in L. plantarum WCFS1. Subsequent evaluation of the mannose adhesion capacity of the resulting mutant strains showed that inactivation of one candidate gene (lp_0373) did not affect mannose adhesion properties. In contrast, deletion of the other gene (lp_1229) resulted in a complete loss of yeast agglutination ability, while its overexpression quantitatively enhanced this phenotype. Therefore, this gene was designated to encode the mannose-specific adhesin (Msa; gene name, msa) of L. plantarum. Domain homology analysis of the predicted 1,000-residue Msa protein identified known carbohydrate-binding domains, further supporting its role as a mannose adhesin that is likely to be involved in the interaction of L. plantarum with its host in the intestinal tract.
Chromosomal transposition of PiggyBac in mouse embryonic stem cells (2008)

Transposon systems are widely used for generating mutations in various model organisms. PiggyBac (PB) has recently been shown to transpose efficiently in the mouse germ line and other mammalian cell lines. To facilitate PB's application in mammalian genetics, we characterized the properties of the PB transposon in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. We first measured the transposition efficiencies of PB transposon in mouse embryonic stem cells. We next constructed a PB/SB hybrid transposon to compare PB and Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon systems and demonstrated that PB transposition was inhibited by DNA methylation. The excision and reintegration rates of a single PB from two independent genomic loci were measured and its ability to mutate genes with gene trap cassettes was tested. We examined PB's integration site distribution in the mouse genome and found that PB transposition exhibited local hopping. The comprehensive information from this study should facilitate further exploration of the potential of PB and SB DNA transposons in mammalian genetics.
Synthesis and biological activities of some pseudo-peptide analogs of tetragastrin: the importance of the peptide backbone (1985)

Pseudo-peptide analogues of the C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin, in which a peptide bond has been replaced by a CH2-NH bond, i.e. (tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-L-tryptophyl-psi (CH2-NH)-L-leucyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine amide (8), (tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-L-tryptophyl-L-leucyl-psi (CH2-NH)-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine amide (13), (tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-L-tryptophyl-L-leucyl-L-aspartyl-psi (CH2NH)-L-phenylalanine amide (20), were synthesized. The pseudo-peptides 8 and 13 were shown to have the same affinity as (tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-L-tryptophyl-L-leucyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine amide (21) for the gastrin receptor on isolated mucosal cells. The pseudo-peptide 20 exhibited lower affinity (IC50 congruent to 10(-5) M). The biological activity of these pseudo-peptides was studied on acid secretion in the anesthetized rat. Compound 8 stimulated acid secretion, identically with that of 21. Compound 13 did not exhibit any agonist activity but was able to antagonize the action of gastrin (ED50 = 0.3 mg/kg). Compound 20 did not show any agonist activity but was able to inhibit gastrin-induced acid secretion, with lower potency (ED50 = 15 mg/kg). The importance of the peptide bonds in the mode of action of gastrin is discussed, and a hypothetical approach of the mechanism of action is presented.
Identification of a gene encoding MGAT1, a monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (2002)

Acyl-CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) catalyzes the synthesis of diacylglycerol, the precursor of physiologically important lipids such as triacylglycerol and phospholipids. In the intestine, MGAT plays a major role in the absorption of dietary fat because resynthesis of triacylglycerol is required for the assembly of lipoproteins that transport absorbed fat to other tissues. MGAT activity has also been reported in mammalian liver and white adipose tissue. However, MGAT has never been purified to homogeneity from mammalian tissues, and its gene has not been cloned. We identified a gene that encodes an MGAT (MGAT1) in mice. This gene has sequence homology with members of a recently identified diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene family. Expression of the MGAT1 cDNA in insect cells markedly increased MGAT activity in cell membranes. In addition, MGAT activity was proportional to the level of MGAT1 protein expressed, and the amount of diacylglycerol produced depended on the concentration of either of its substrates, oleoyl-CoA or monooleoylglycerol. In mice, MGAT1 expression and MGAT activity were detected in the stomach, kidney, white and brown adipose tissue, and liver. However, MGAT1 was not expressed in the small intestine, implying the existence of a second MGAT gene. The identification of the MGAT1 gene should greatly facilitate research on the identification of the intestinal MGAT gene and on the function of MGAT enzymes in mammalian glycerolipid metabolism.
Alkylation of DNA in rat tissues following administration of streptozotocin. (1981)

Streptozotocin, an antibiotic widely used for induction of diabetes in experimental animals and for the treatment of pancreatic neoplasms, was shown to be a potent methylating agent reacting with DNA in vitro to form methylated purines. The reaction was similar in extent and relative proportions of methylation products to that produced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, the aglycone of streptozotocin. When streptozotocin was administered to rats by i.v. injection, DNA was methylated with the formation of 7-methylguanine, O6-methylguanine, 3-methyladenine, and 7-methyladenine in liver, kidney, intestine, and pancreas. In contrast to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea which produced approximately equal amounts of methylation in DNA of liver, brain, and kidney, streptozotocin caused virtually no methylation in brain DNA; but, both liver and kidney DNA were alkylated to a greater extent than with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. This methylation of renal DNA may account for the ability of streptozotocin to induce renal tumors. Streptozotocin produced significant methylation of pancreatic DNA which, if concentrated in the beta-cells, may account for their destruction. Pretreatment with nicotinamide reduced the extent of methylation of pancreatic DNA but did not affect the methylation in the liver or kidney. Methylation of beta-cell DNA in the pancreas may lead to the initiation of tumors if the extent of alkylation is not so great that cell death occurs.