gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Liquefaction and Gasification of Cellulose with Na2CO3 and Ni in Subcritical Water at 350 °C (2004)

Cellulose decomposition without catalyst, liquefaction with Na2CO3, and gasification with Ni were studied in an autoclave and in a 50-nL microreactor (diamond anvil cell; DAC) coupled with optical and infrared microcopy in subcritical water up to 350 °C. Solid residue was the main product for noncatalytic decomposition of cellulose, which took place mostly under heterogeneous conditions at slow heating rates (0.18 °C/s). Homogeneous conditions could be achieved at a high heating rate of 2.2 °C/s, and solid residue was still the main product, but with different structure and reaction pathways. When Na2CO3 and Ni were used, however, oil and gas were the main products, with little residue being formed. In both catalytic cases, liquefaction and gasification seemed to occur in the aqueous phase after cellulose dissolution. Different reaction mechanisms for homogeneous and heterogeneous environments are proposed. It is expected that by using a high heating rate (e.g., 2.2 °C/s), a homogeneous phase can be achieved and more oil and gas can be produced to avoid solid residue formation.
Ground‐based instrumentation for measurements of atmospheric conduction current and electric field at the South Pole (1993)

We have constructed instruments to measure the atmospheric conduction current and the atmospheric electric field: two fundamental parameters of the global‐electric circuit. The instruments were deployed at the Amundsen‐Scott South Pole Station in January 1991 and are designed to operate continuously for up to one year without operator intervention. The atmospheric current is measured by a sensor that uses a split‐hemispheric conducting shell of 17.8‐cm radius, separated by a thin Teflon insulating disk. The detection electronics are inside the sphere. In principle, the atmospheric current flows into one hemisphere, through the electronics where it is measured, and out the other hemisphere. The electric field is measured by a field mill of the rotating dipole type. The electric field sensing elements are two 30‐cm‐long antennas, driven to rotate in the vertical plane at 1800 rotations per minute. Two arrays of identical instruments have been deployed, separated by 600 m, in order to distinguish between atmospheric electrical signals of local and global origin. The separation distance of the arrays was determined by the climatology of the Antarctic plateau. Sample data from the first days of operation at the South Pole indicate variations in the global circuit over time scales from minutes, to hours, to days.
Selective binding of looped oligonucleotides to a single-stranded DNA and its influence on replicationin vitro (1995)

Complexing of looped and circular oligonucleotides, composed of either 2'-deoxyribo- or 2'-O-methylribonucleoside units, with completely matching or partially mismatching complementary DNA sequences was studied. Melting experiments revealed considerable differences among the stabilities of these hybrid complexes. Maximum stability and selectivity was displayed by oligomers 2 and 5. It was concluded that a linear stretch, attached to 1'-O- of 3'-deoxypsicothymidine unit (Z) increases the selectivity of hybridisation and stability of the complex as a whole. This allows one to aim the target DNA very precisely at its polyadenine part as well as at adjacent sequence simultaneously. Experiments on termination of primer extension catalysed by different DNA-polymerases--Sequenase, Klenow fragment and Tth--have demonstrated that looped oligomer 5, composed of 2'-O-methylribonucleosides appears to be a highly selective and potent inhibitor of replication in vitro. Features of looped oligonucleotides, composed of 2'-O-methylribonucleosides seem to be useful for design of highly specific antigene oligonucleotides.
Cycle Length of Periodic Breathing in Patients With and Without Heart Failure (1996)

Because apnea length during periodic breathing varies according to the preceding increase in ventilation and reduction in PaCO 2, differences in the cycle length of periodic breathing among patients with normal and impaired cardiac function might be explained by the influence of lung-to-carotid body circulatory delay, as reflected by lung-to-ear circulation time (LECT), on hyperpnea length rather than on apnea length. It was therefore hypothesized that circulatory delay is an important determinant of periodic-breathing hyperpnea length but not apnea length. To test this hypothesis, LECT, periodic-breathing cycle length, apnea length, and hyperpnea length were compared in 10 patients with idiopathic central sleep apnea (ICSA), whose cardiac function was normal, as opposed to 10 with Cheyne-Stokes respiration and central sleep apnea (CSR-CSA) in association with congestive heart failure (CHF). As compared with ICSA patients, cycle length was significantly longer in patients with CSR-CSA (37.3 +/- 3.0 s versus 59.0 +/- 4.9 s, p < 0.005). This difference was due to significantly longer hyperpnea length in the CSR-CSA patients (16.7 +/- 2.8 s versus 36.7 +/- 3.4 s, p < 0.001), since apnea length was similar in the two groups. In addition, LECT was longer in the CSR-CSA patients (24.3 +/- 2.0 s versus 10.3 +/- 1.0 s, p < 0.001), and correlated strongly with cycle length (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) and hyperpnea length (r = 0.90, p < 0.001) but not with apnea length. LECT correlated inversely with cardiac output (r = -0.72, p < 0.006), indicating that LECT is a valid measure of circulatory delay. Thus, circulatory delay is an important determinant of hyperpnea length but not of apnea length in patients with ICSA and CSR-CSA.
Myocardial ischemia induces the release of substance P from cardiac afferent neurons in rat thoracic spinal cord (2004)

Antibody-coated microprobes were inserted into the thoracic (T3-4) spinal cord in urethane-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats to detect the differences in the release of immunoreactive substance P-like (irSP) substances in response to differential activation of cardiac nociceptive sensory neurons (CNAN). CNAN were stimulated either by intrapericardial infusion of an inflammatory ischemic exudate solution (IES) containing algogenic substances (i.e., 10 mM each of adenosine, bradykinin, prostaglandin E2, and 5-hydroxytryptamine), or by transient occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (CoAO). There was widespread basal release of irSP from the thoracic spinal cord. Stimulation of the CNAN by IES did not alter the pattern of release of irSP. Conversely, CoAO augmented the release of irSP from T3-4 spinal segments from laminae I-VII. This CoAO-induced irSP release was eliminated after thoracic dorsal rhizotomy. These results indicate that heterogeneous activation of cardiac afferents, as with focal coronary artery occlusion, represents an optimum input for activation of the cardiac neuronal hierarchy and for the resultant perception of angina. Excessive stimulation of cardiac nociceptive afferent neurons elicited during regional coronary artery occlusion involves the release of SP in the thoracic spinal cord and suggests that local spinal cord release of SP may be involved in the neural signaling of angina.
Solid-phase synthesis of DNA fragments containing the modified base 7-hydro-8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (1991)

The 5'-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl) protected 3'-(2-cyanoethoxy)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite of 7-hydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxy-guanosine, the exocyclic amino and lactam functions of which are protected with acetyl and diphenylcarbamoyl groups, respectively, has been prepared from the 8-bromo derivatives of deoxy- and riboguanosine. This synthon, in combination with standard d-nucleoside 3'-(2-cyanoethoxy)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidites, was applied successfully to a solid-phase synthesis. Well-defined oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing a 7-hydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine residue at predetermined positions were obtained after deprotection with methanolic ammonia and purification by gel filtration.
Optical properties of selected native and coagulated human brain tissues in vitro in the visible and near infrared spectral range (2002)

Medical laser applications require knowledge about the optical properties of target tissue. In this study, the optical properties of selected native and coagulated human brain structures were determined in vitro in the spectral range between 360 and 1100 nm. The tissues investigated included white brain matter, grey brain matter, cerebellum and brainstem tissues (pons, thalamus). In addition, the optical properties of two human tumours (meningioma, astrocytoma WHO grade II) were determined. Diffuse reflectance, total transmittance and collimated transmittance of the samples were measured using an integrating-sphere technique. From these experimental data, the absorption coefficients, the scattering coefficients and the anisotropy factors of the samples were determined employing an inverse Monte Carlo technique. The tissues investigated differed from each other predominantly in their scattering properties. Thermal coagulation reduced the optical penetration depth substantially. The highest penetration depths for all tissues investigated were found in the wavelength range between 1000 and 1100 nm. A comparison with data from the literature revealed the importance of the employed tissue preparation technique and the impact of the theoretical model used to extract the optical coefficients from the measured quantities.
Semantic Query Transformation Using Ontologies (2006)

Traditional approaches to query processing aim at rewriting a given query into another more efficient one that uses less time and/or resources during the execution. There by, the rewritten query must be equivalent to the initial one, i.e., it must provide the same result. However, rewriting queries in equivalent ways do not always satisfy the user's needs, in particular when the user does not receive any answer at all. In this paper, we propose a new approach for query processing which allows to rewrite a query into another one which is not necessary equivalent but can provide more meaningful result satisfying the user's intention. For this purpose, we illustrate how semantic knowledge inform of ontologies could be effectively used. We develop a set of rewriting rules which rely on semantic information extracted form the ontology associated with the database. In addition, we discuss features of the necessary mappings between the ontology and its underlying database.
Antitumor and antiangiogenic effect of the dual EGFR and HER-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib in a lung cancer model (2010)

Overall, these data suggest that lapatinib may be a clinically useful agent for the treatment of lung cancer.
The potency of mu-opioid hyperpolarization of hypothalamic arcuate neurons is rapidly attenuated by 17 beta-estradiol (1994)

The mu-opioid agonist DAMGO (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-MePhe-Gly-ol) hyperpolarizes the majority of arcuate hypothalamic (ARC) neurons by opening an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance. The EC50 for the DAMGO-induced hyperpolarization was 60 +/- 3 nM in ARC neurons from ovariectomized guinea pigs. Superfusion of 17 beta-estradiol (E2; 100 nM) for 20 min in vitro resulted in a significant decrease in DAMGO potency (EC50 = 212 +/- 16 nM) in 40% of the neurons that were tested. This rapid effect of E2 on the mu-opioid response was not mimicked by the biologically inactive isomer 17 alpha-estradiol. Multiple concentrations of E2 were used to generate an E2 concentration-response curve, with an EC50 of 9 nM and a maximal increase in the DAMGO EX50 of 411% of controls. The membrane properties and firing rate of E2-sensitive and E2-insensitive neurons were not different. Streptavidin-FITC labeling did not reveal any significant morphological differences between the groups, but a higher number of E2-sensitive cells was found in the lateral ARC and cell-poor zone. Moreover, immunocytochemical staining of the recorded cells revealed that beta-endorphin neurons were among those sensitive to E2. Therefore, E2 could increase beta-endorphin release by decreasing the potency of beta-endorphinergic autoinhibition, thus increasing the tonic opioid inhibition of E2-insensitive cells. Furthermore, the diffuse projections of hypothalamic beta-endorphin neurons would allow E2 to alter processes throughout the brain, as well as having local effects in the hypothalamus.
A 2.4-GHz RF sampling receiver front-end in 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS (2005)

This paper presents an integrable RF sampling receiver front-end architecture, based on a switched-capacitor (SC) RF sampling downconversion (RFSD) filter, for WLAN applications in a 2.4-GHz band. The RFSD filter test chip is fabricated in a 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology and the measurement results show a successful realization of RF sampling, quadrature downconversion, tunable anti-alias filtering, downconversion to baseband, and decimation of the sampling rate. By changing the input sampling rate, the RFSD filter can be tuned to different RF channels. A maximum input sampling rate of 1072 MS/s has been achieved. A single-phase clock is used for the quadrature downconversion and the bandpass operation is realized by a 23-tap FIR filter. The RFSD filter has an IIP/sub 3/ of +5.5 dBm, a gain of -1 dB, and more than 17 dB rejection of alias bands. The measured image rejection is 59 dB and the sampling clock jitter is 0.64 ps. The test chip consumes 47 mW in the analog part and 40 mW in the digital part. It occupies an area of 1 mm/sup 2/.
Multipurpose nanobeam source with supertip emitter (1998)

Protrusions of 1 nm dimensions have been grown on single-crystal tips of tungsten and iridium of about 100 nm size. With positive bias the tip can be operated as an intense ion source and with reversed bias intense electron beams can be obtained. In both cases, specific brightness values of up to 1 TA/cm2 srd eV have been recorded under optimized conditions. As for gases, tungsten can be used only for less reactive species, such as hydrogen and rare gases, whereas iridium is also useful for aggressive gasses, such as oxygen. Both metals are excellent electron emitters. Thus, a powerful multipurpose source is realized with supertips of tungsten and iridium, as will be demonstrated by a variety of experimental results on their relevant properties.
Fórum presencial versus fórum virtual: realidad (2018)

Estimado director: A proposito de haber participado como parte de la delegacion de la Universidad de Ciencias Medicas de Cienfuegos al pasado XXIX Forum Nacional de estudiantes de las Ciencias Medicas celebrado en el mes de febrero en la ciudad de Santiago de Cuba, consideramos  oportuno reflexionar en torno a la importancia que encierran estos encuentros para los estudiantes y para las instituciones formadoras. La investigacion en las instituciones de Educacion Superior es una practica que ha cobrado notable importancia, pues prepara a los estudiantes para entregar a la sociedad profesionales integrales y competentes capaces de enfrentar los retos que demanda el desarrollo del pais. 1
A family of low-power truly modular programmable dividers in standard 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS technology (2000)

A truly modular and power-scalable architecture for low-power programmable frequency dividers is presented. The architecture was used in the realization of a family of low-power fully programmable divider circuits, which consists of a 17-bit UHF divider, an 18-bit L-band divider, and a 12-bit reference divider. Key circuits of the architecture are 2/3 divider cells, which share the same logic and the same circuit implementation. The current consumption of each cell can be determined with a simple power optimization procedure. The implementation of the 2/3 divider cells is presented, the power optimization procedure is described, and the input amplifiers are briefly discussed. The circuits were processed in a standard 0.35 /spl mu/m bulk CMOS technology, and work with a nominal supply voltage of 2.2 V. The power efficiency of the UHF divider is 0.77 GHz/mW, and of the L-band divider, 0.57 GHz/mW. The measured input sensitivity is >10 mV rms for the UHF divider, and >20 mV rms for the L-band divider.
Powerful Genes — Myostatin Regulation of Human Muscle Mass (2004)

In this issue of the Journal, Schuelke et al. (pages 2682–2688) describe a child with substantial muscle hypertrophy and a splice-site mutation in the gene encoding myostatin. Myostatin is a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family. Members of this family are diverse but have in common the regulation of growth and differentiation from the earliest stages of embryogenesis to mature adult tissues and cell types. Myostatin, or growth and differentiation factor 8 (GDF-8), was first defined as a negative regulator of muscle mass on the basis of a mouse model from which the gene encoding myostatin had . . .
Engineering, Structure and Immunogenicity of the Human Metapneumovirus F Protein in the Postfusion Conformation (2016)

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a paramyxovirus that is a common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children less than five years of age. The hMPV fusion (F) glycoprotein is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies and is thus a critical vaccine antigen. To facilitate structure-based vaccine design, we stabilized the ectodomain of the hMPV F protein in the postfusion conformation and determined its structure to a resolution of 3.3 Å by X-ray crystallography. The structure resembles an elongated cone and is very similar to the postfusion F protein from the related human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV). In contrast, significant differences were apparent with the postfusion F proteins from other paramyxoviruses, such as human parainfluenza type 3 (hPIV3) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The high similarity of hMPV and hRSV postfusion F in two antigenic sites targeted by neutralizing antibodies prompted us to test for antibody cross-reactivity. The widely used monoclonal antibody 101F, which binds to antigenic site IV of hRSV F, was found to cross-react with hMPV postfusion F and neutralize both hRSV and hMPV. Despite the cross-reactivity of 101F and the reported cross-reactivity of two other antibodies, 54G10 and MPE8, we found no detectable cross-reactivity in the polyclonal antibody responses raised in mice against the postfusion forms of either hMPV or hRSV F. The postfusion-stabilized hMPV F protein did, however, elicit high titers of hMPV-neutralizing activity, suggesting that it could serve as an effective subunit vaccine. Structural insights from these studies should be useful for designing novel immunogens able to induce wider cross-reactive antibody responses.
Insulin degludec: four times lower pharmacodynamic variability than insulin glargine under steady‐state conditions in type 1 diabetes (2012)

These results show that IDeg has a significantly more predictable glucose-lowering effect from day to day than IGlar.
Therapeutic potential of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors in heart failure (2000)

There are several reasons to believe that agents that augment cAMP-mediated signalling in cardiac myocytes should have beneficial effects in patients with heart failure. However, clinical trials of first-generation cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE3) inhibitors, which raise cAMP content by blocking its hydrolysis, have shown that chronic administration of these drugs affect survival adversely. The problem may be the non-selective activation of a broad spectrum of cAMP-regulated cellular responses these agents elicit. More selective (or alternatively selective) cyclic nucleotide PDE inhibitors might improve results by evoking a more restricted set of cellular responses.
[Indometacin glucosamide in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. (1978)

40 patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis were included in a double blind trial to assess efficacy and side effects of indometacin (n = 20) versus glucametacin (n = 20). In a daily dose of 420 mg glucametacin proved to be equally potent to 150 mg indometacin daily in its anti-inflammatory activity but showed fewer side effects.
A Preliminary Study on Rural Circular Economy System in Jilin (2009)

As an important base for marketable grain and stockbreeding, Jilin pays much attention to developing its rural circular economy. Based on grey relational analysis, this paper conducts a preliminary discussion on the construction of the rural circular system in Jilin province which is intended to optimize resource utilization, to protect rural production environment and to promote sustainable development.
Structural and Surface Modifications of LiFePO[sub 4] Olivine Particles and Their Electrochemical Properties (2006)

-based olivine compounds were prepared by the usual ceramic method, where some modifications were carried out in order to improve the electrical conductivity of the cathode compound. Considering that the cathode is made up of electrochemical active particles and a nonactive polymer binder, two different methods were applied. The first one is related to the improvement of the interparticle conduction, and the other is the enhancement of the conductivity in the active particle itself. The former was attained with thermal decomposition of an organic additive (pyrene) during the sample preparation process, and the precipitated carbon was investigated with Raman spectroscopy. The bulk conductivity of the olivine was improved with a partial substitution of with , where the holes were incorporated into the valence band. These modifications significantly altered the electrochemical properties of the olivine cathode: large specific capacity and small capacity fading. Although the importance of carbon deposition was confirmed as reported elsewhere, the structural modification effect was also more important than the surface one. The result will contribute to reduce carbon content of -based positive electrodes, which is important for their practical use.
Secretory endometrial and decidual proteins: studies and clinical significance of a maternally derived group of pregnancy-associated serum proteins (1986)

In contrast to our ability to monitor placental function during pregnancy, due to the availability of a range of placentally derived secretory products such as HCG, HPL, SP1, PAPP-A, etc. the equivalent monitoring of the endometrial function in implantation and pregnancy has been impaired by a lack of equivalent endometrial products. Decidual diamine oxidase and prolactin have been extensively characterized but each have clinical drawbacks and may indeed be minor products of the endometrium. Recent developments in the characterization of the major secretory protein products of the endometrium, and a re-assessment of the origin of a number of placental proteins, radically alter our ability to monitor endometrial function, offer a new clinical window on pregnancy and might provide new knowledge on the extent of feto-maternal dialogue at implantation and during pregnancy. In this review, aspects of many scientific studies, and the function and possible clinical significance of these endometrial and decidual protein products are assessed.