gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aspirin as Prophylaxis against Colorectal Cancer (1995)

The article by Giovannucci et al. in this issue of the Journal 1 promises an important advance in cancer prevention. An analysis of the incidence of colorectal cancer among women participating in the Nurses' Health Study according to whether they did or did not use aspirin on a regular basis showed a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of colorectal cancer among women who took four to six aspirin tablets per week for more than 10 years. Known risk factors for colorectal cancer, such as diet, did not influence the results. Moreover, the reduction among women ingesting aspirin was not due . . .
The Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Visual Function (2005)

Located between vessels of the choriocapillaris and light-sensitive outer segments of the photoreceptors, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) closely interacts with photoreceptors in the maintenance of visual function. Increasing knowledge of the multiple functions performed by the RPE improved the understanding of many diseases leading to blindness. This review summarizes the current knowledge of RPE functions and describes how failure of these functions causes loss of visual function. Mutations in genes that are expressed in the RPE can lead to photoreceptor degeneration. On the other hand, mutations in genes expressed in photoreceptors can lead to degenerations of the RPE. Thus both tissues can be regarded as a functional unit where both interacting partners depend on each other.
Assessment of orocaecal transit time in different localization of Crohn's disease and its possible influence on clinical response to therapy (2003)

This study shows clearly for the first time that OCTT is not only delayed in patients with active CD, but also that it is prolonged in ileal and ileocolonic rather than colonic localization of CD. Moreover we obtained these results using a simple, sensitive, non-invasive and repeatable method, namely, a lactulose hydrogen breath test.
On the application of thalidomide as a block of functional groups of proteins in histochemical investigations. (1978)

An attempt was made to apply thalidomide as a block of functional protein groups in histochemical investigations. It was found that thalidomide slightly oxidizes thyrosine and blocks the SH groups mainly in the cytoplasm of rat liver. Contrary to N-ethyl-maleimide, thalidomide does not block the SH groups irreversible, and they can be reactivated with BAL. It is suggested that the teratogenic effect of thalidomide can be connected with the possibility of inactivation of the SH groups by this compound.
Avian Influenza Mucosal Vaccination in Chickens with Replication-Defective Recombinant Adenovirus Vaccine (2011)

We evaluated protection conferred by mucosal vaccination with replication-competent adenovirus-free recombinant adenovirus expressing a codon-optimized avian influenza (AI) H5 gene from A/turkey/WI/68 (AdTW68.H5ck). Commercial, layer-type chicken groups were either singly vaccinated ocularly at 5 days of age, singly vaccinated via spray at 5 days of age, or ocularly primed at 5 days and ocularly boosted at 15 days of age. Only chickens primed and boosted via the ocular route developed AI systemic antibodies with maximum hemagglutination inhibition mean titers of 3.9 log2 at 32 days of age. In contrast, single vaccination via the ocular or spray routes maintained an antibody status similar to unvaccinated controls. All chickens (16/16) subjected to ocular priming and boosting with AdTW68.H5ck survived challenge with highly pathogenic AI virus A/chicken/Queretaro/14588-19/95 (H5N2). Single ocular vaccination resulted in 63% (10/16) of birds surviving the challenge followed by a 44% (7/16) survival of single-sprayed vaccinated birds. Birds vaccinated twice via the ocular route also showed significantly lower (P < 0.05) AI virus RNA concentrations in oropharyngeal swabs compared to unvaccinated-challenged controls.
Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in epiretinal membrane in Eales' disease. (2000)

The demonstration of the presence of M. tuberculosis DNA by nPCR technique in significant number of ERM of Eales' disease compared with the controls further emphasizes the probable role of this bacterium in the pathogenesis of this enigmatic clinical condition.
Oral and topical L-phenylalanine, clobetasol propionate, and UVA/sunlight--a new study for the treatment of vitiligo. (2002)

L-phenylalanine in combination with 0.025% clobetasol propionate and sunlight during sunny months or UVA lamps in winter, appears to improve evolutive vitiligo without side effects, and therefore is especially recommended on the face or for children.
Molecular and immunological characterization of a Trypanosoma cruzi protein homologous to mammalian elongation factor 1 gamma (1994)

In previous studies, we reported the characterization of three Trypanosoma cruzi proteins with molecular masses of 45, 30 and 25 kDa eluted from a glutathione agarose column (these proteins were named TcGBP). Using antibodies against TcGBP native proteins we could isolate from a lambda ZAPII epimastigote cDNA library cDNA clones encoding the 30 and 25 kDa proteins. Comparison of the two sequences with amino acid sequences in several data banks revealed that both protein sequences were highly homologous to human and Artemia salina elongation factor 1 beta. Thus, the proteins were named TcEF-1 beta 25 and TcEF-1 beta 30. In the present study we used a double immunoscreening strategy that allowed us to isolate a cDNA clone corresponding to the 45 kDa protein. The protein sequence revealed 31% identity and 61% homology with human and Artemia salina EF1 gamma and therefore was named TcEF-1 gamma. Moreover, three putative phosphorylation sites at position 51 (CSPC), at position 90 (RTPL) and at position 265 (PSPF) were found in the TcEF-1 gamma sequence. These sites are compatible with the notion that TcEF-1 gamma could be the target of phosphorylation by protein kinase(s). Random primed cDNA hybridized with a single 1.4 kb mRNA found in epimastigote, trypomastigote and amastigote forms. In addition, Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA suggested that the protein is encoded by a single gene. The TcEF-1 gamma cDNA was subcloned into the pGEX-4T-3 vector for expression in Escherichia coli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation and vitamin K metabolism in liver. Effects of warfarin. (1985)

The systems involved in vitamin K-dependent carboxylation and vitamin K metabolism have been extensively studied in rat liver. To determine how clinically applicable this information is, similar in vitro studies were completed using human liver. One major difference exists in the pathways that provide reduced vitamin K1 cofactor for the carboxylation reaction. The coumarin-sensitive DT-diaphorase (EC.1.6.99.2) in human liver appears to play a relatively minor role in the dehydrogenase pathway. However, similar to rat liver, the human liver contains a warfarin-insensitive enzyme in this dehydrogenase pathway. The data suggest that this enzyme is responsible for the antidotic effect of vitamin K1 in cases of coumarin intoxication. Human vitamin K epoxide reductase, which constitutes the other pathway for vitamin K1 reduction, has kinetic and enzymological characteristics that are very similar to the rat enzyme. This enzyme exhibited similar activity in rat and human microsomes. Initial velocities for vitamin K1 epoxide reduction in rat and human microsomes were 20 and 32 pmol/mg X min, respectively. The human enzyme is highly sensitive to warfarin inhibition. The mechanism for this inhibition appears to be similar to what has been proposed for the rat enzyme. Also, a vitamin K-dependent carboxylation system is described that allows both pathways to support the carboxylation reaction with reduced vitamin K1 cofactor. The effect of warfarin on this in vitro system is consistent with the current model for the mechanism of action of coumarin anticoagulant drugs in the rat.
Improvement of mobile air conditioning system from point of global warming problems (1998)

Les objectifs de cette etude sont de tenter de resoudre les problemes souleves par le remplacement du HFC134a, qui est presque unanimement reconnu comme un gaz a effet de serre, par du propane ou du dioxyde de carbone, dans les conditionneurs d'air d'automobiles, et de fournir matiere a reflexion lors de debats futurs entre les parties concernees et l'industrie. On sait aujourd'hui que le propane pourrait etre un excellent frigorigene, grâce notamment a sa tres faible perte de pression, meme si sa performance theorique, montree par le diagramme de Mollier, est inferieure a celle du HFC134a. En outre, son potentiel de rechauffement de la terre etant moindre, on peut le considerer comme superieur, du point de vue de la performance d'un cycle frigorifique, mais aussi du point de vue ecologique. Cependant, avant de le rendre commercialisable, il est necessaire de mieux controler son inflammabilite. Plus particulierement, il est essentiel de prevenir toute fuite a l'interieur des vehicules. On explique certaines solutions possibles dont la mise en application exige la cooperation de l'industrie dans son ensemble. Le dioxyde de carbone presente aussi un potentiel de rechauffement de la terre inferieur et peut etre classe parmi les substances sans effet nocif sur l'environnement. Cependant, son utilisation ne permettra pas de reduire la consommation energetique des automobiles. Si on commercialise le dioxyde de carbone, il faudra accepter que l'amelioration de la consommation en carburant des vehicules (consommation du compresseur) soit sacrifiee au profit de la protection de l'environnement.
Surfactant Protein-A-Deficient Mice Are Susceptible to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection (1998)

To determine the role of surfactant protein-A (SP-A) in host defense, the murine SP-A locus was targeted by homologous recombination to produce mice lacking SP-A. SP-A-/- and wild-type mice were infected with mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa by intratracheal instillation. Pulmonary bacterial loads were greater in SP-A-/- than in wild-type mice, with increased numbers of mucoid P. aeruginosa in lung homogenates at 6 and 24 h after infection. Pulmonary infiltration with polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was similar in both groups; however, an earlier influx of PMN into the lung occurred in the SP-A-/- mice. The number of bacteria phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages was decreased in the SP-A-/- mice at 1 h after infection. Superoxide-radical generation by PMN was similar for the SP-A-/- and wild-type mice, but nitrite levels were increased in SP-A-/- mice. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (proinflammatory cytokines) were greater in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 2 h after infection in SP-A-/- mice. SP-A plays an important role in the pathogenesis of mucoid P. aeruginosa infection in the lung in vivo by enhancing macrophage phagocytosis and clearance of bacteria, and by modifying the inflammatory response.
5. Rhetorical distance revisited: A parameterized approach (2008)

This paper presents the notion of rhetorical distance within a parameterized framework for discourse-structural accessibility. Based on a minimal set of parameters, it allows for a comparative representation of different theories, and is capable of assessing discourse-structural effects beyond the binary accessibility criterion. This work is motivated by general heterogeneity of approaches that relate discourse structure and pronominalization. The proposed parameterized framework reconstructs three of these approaches on a common foundation. Finally, we outline the results of a comparative empirical study on predictions of these theories for the use of personal pronouns in German and English newspaper corpora.
Toxicity studies in mice treated with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C). (1969)

Summary Optimum therapeutic dosage schedules of 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) administered intraperitoneally in mice (15 mg/kg/dose, every 3 hours for 24 hours) result in karyorrhectic damage to the crypt epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa. This damage is most severe at 4 hours (earliest observations made) following conclusion of the 24-hour course, after which there is a rapid recovery to completion in 72 hours. The damage is thus transitory and resembles that of hydroxyurea. This cycle of transitory intestinal damage followed by recovery occurs after each therapeutic dosage schedule of ara-C as long as the schedule is not repeated more often than every 4th day. Progressive damage to the intestinal mucosa accompanied by changes in the hematopoietic tissues occurs only if this optimum therapeutic dose (15 mg/kg/dose, every 3 hours) is continued uninterrupted to the LD 100 dose (360 mg/kg in 72 hours) and beyond. Irreversible changes are seen in the intestinal mucosa, and a progressive depopulation of the bone marrow with ultimate aplasia ensues as the LD 100 dose is reached and surpassed.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Carbide Derived Carbons (2008)

Carbide derived carbons (CDCs) have been synthesized from VC, WC, TaC, NbC, HfC and ZrC at T = 1000 °C, and from TiC at T = 700–1200 °C via a chlorination reaction. The CDCs have been studied by means of high resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). These studies show that the structures of CDCs are strongly dependent upon the nature of the starting carbide and the synthesis temperature. The structures range from very disordered nanoporous carbon, consisting of randomly curved graphene layers, to compact spherical entities of compactly packed graphitic layers. EELS studies of carbon core-loss spectra show that the relative sp2 content in these carbons varies between 83% and 98%. The low-loss part of the EEL spectra shows that the positions of the π-plasmons and the bulk plasmons are more dependent on the carbide precursor, than the synthesis temperature. The densities of the CDC particles have been estimated using the bulk plasmon positions as well as the sp3 content determined from the C-K edge spectra. The densities calculated from sp3 are close to the pycnometric ones, while the densities calculated from bulk plasmon positions are lower and reflects the nanostructure of CDCs.
Design and control of an active electrical knee and ankle prosthesis (2008)

This paper presents an overview of the design and control of an electrically powered knee and ankle prosthesis. The prosthesis design incorporates two motor-driven ball screw units to drive the knee and ankle joints. A spring in parallel with the ankle motor unit is employed to decrease the power consumption and increase the torque output for a given motor size. The device's sensor package includes a custom load cell to measure the sagittal socket interface moment above the knee joint, a custom sensorized foot to measure the ground reaction force at the heel and ball of the foot, and commercial potentiometers and load cells to measure joint positions and torques. A finite-state based impedance control approach, previously developed by the authors, is used and experimental results on level treadmill walking are presented that demonstrate the potential of the device to restore normal gait. The experimental power consumption of the device projects a walking distance of 5.0 km at a speed of 2.8 km/hr with a lithium polymer battery pack.
A new distance measure for costing spectral discontinuities in concatenative speech synthesizers. (2001)

In many modern concatenative speech synthesisers the unit sequence used to synthesise each sentence is determined at runtime by a search algorithm seeking to optimise a multidimensional cost function. One of these costs is usually some form of spectral continuity cost, computed between the end of one segment and the start of the following segment, intended to ensure that the synthetic speech does not contain any unpleasant spectral discontinuities. This paper presents the results of listening tests conducted to evaluate the performance of several possible continuity measures. It also describes a new continuity measure developed at IBM which substantially out-performs all other measures tested.
GenMAPP 2: new features and resources for pathway analysis (2007)

GenMAPP version 2 provides a means to rapidly interrogate complex experimental data for pathway-level changes in a diverse range of organisms.
Clinical applications of intravenous immunoglobulins in neurology (2009)

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is used increasingly in the management of patients with neurological conditions. The efficacy and safety of IVIg treatment in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) have been established clearly in randomized controlled trials and summarized in Cochrane systematic reviews. However, questions remain regarding the dose, timing and duration of IVIg treatment in both disorders. Reports about successful IVIg treatment in other neurological conditions exist, but its use remains investigational. IVIg has been shown to be efficacious as second-line therapy in patients with dermatomyositis and suggested to be of benefit in some patients with polymyositis. In patients with inclusion body myositis, IVIg was not shown to be effective. IVIg is also a treatment option in exacerbations of myasthenia gravis. Studies with IVIg in patients with Alzheimer's disease have reported increased plasma anti-Abeta antibody titres associated with decreased Abeta peptide levels in the cerebrospinal fluid following IVIg treatment. These changes at the molecular level were accompanied by improved cognitive function, and large-scale randomized trials are under way.
Efficacy of rejection prophylaxis with OKT3 in renal transplantation. Collaborative Transplant Study. (1995)

The results of renal cadaver transplants performed between 1984 and 1994 and reported to the Collaborative Transplant Study were analyzed to examine the effect of rejection prophylaxis with OKT3. OKT3 prophylaxis with sequential (i.e., delayed) addition of cyclosporine (CsA), compared with immunosuppressive treatment that included CsA but not OKT3, resulted in a significantly higher overall 3-year graft survival rate in recipients of first transplants (75 +/- 1% vs. 71 +/- 1%, respectively; P < 0.0001) and in recipients of retransplants (68 +/- 2% vs. 62 +/- 1%, respectively; P < 0.001). In contrast, the simultaneous administration of OKT3 and CsA from the first posttransplant day did not result in improved graft survival over treatment with CsA alone. Graft survival rates were significantly associated with matching for HLA-A, -B, and -DR antigens in both first and retransplant recipients treated with a sequential protocol of OKT3/CsA (P < 0.01). Among patients with preformed panel reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies > 50%, significantly better 3-year graft survival rates were obtained with sequential OKT3/CsA than were achieved without OKT3 in first transplant recipients (80 +/- 5% vs. 63 +/- 1%, respectively; P < 0.001) and in retransplant recipients (73 +/- 5% vs. 58 +/- 1%, respectively; P < 0.01). Significantly improved 3-year graft survival rates with OKT3 and sequential CsA were likewise obtained in two other groups of high-risk patients: black recipients (P < 0.001) and pediatric recipients (P < 0.01). The results demonstrate an advantage for OKT3 prophylaxis in conjunction with delayed CsA therapy among renal transplant recipients at high immunological risk, particularly among presensitized patients.
α‐Synuclein implicated in Parkinson's disease is present in extracellular biological fluids, including human plasma (2003)

Parkinson's disease (PD) and other related disorders are characterized by the accumulation of fibrillar aggregates of alpha-synuclein protein (alpha-syn) inside brain cells. It is likely that the formation of alpha-syn aggregates plays a seminal role in the pathogenesis of at least some of these diseases, because two different mutations in the gene encoding alpha-syn have been found in inherited forms of PD. alpha-Syn is mainly expressed by neuronal cells and is generally considered to exist as a cytoplasmic protein. Here, we report the unexpected identification of alpha-syn in conditioned culture media from untransfected and alpha-syn-transfected human neuroblastoma cells, as well as in human cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma. The method used was immunocapture by using anti-alpha-syn antibodies coupled to magnetic beads, followed by detection on Western blots. In all cases, alpha-syn was identified as a single 15 kDa band, which co-migrated with a recombinant form of the protein and reacted with five different antibodies to alpha-syn. Our findings suggest that cells normally secrete alpha-syn into their surrounding media, both in vitro and in vivo. The detection of extracellular alpha-syn and/or its modified forms in body fluids, particularly in human plasma, offers new opportunities for the development of diagnostic tests for PD and related diseases.
Selective detection of phosphopeptides in complex mixtures by electrospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (1993)

A mass spectrometry-based method that does not involve the use of radiolabeling was developed for selective detection of phosphopeptides in complex mixtures. Mixtures of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated peptides at the low picomole level are analyzed by negative ion electrospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using C-18 packed fused-silica columns (≤320-μm i.d.). Peptides and phosphopeptides in the chromatographic eluant undergo collision-induced dissociation in the free-jet expansion region prior to the mass analyzing quadrupole. Using relatively high collisional excitation potentials, phospho|peptides containing phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, and phosphotyrosine fragment to yield diagnostic ions at m/z 63 and 79 corresponding to PO2 (-); and PO3 (-), respectively. Chromatographic peaks containing phosphopeptides are indicated where these diagnostic ions maximize. The highest sensitivity for phosphopeptide detection is obtained using selected-ion monitoring for m/z 63 and 79. Full-scan mass spectra that exhibit the diagnostic phosphopeptide fragment ions, together with pseudomolecular ions, may be obtained by stepping the collisional excitation potential from a high value during the portion of each scan in which the low-mass-to-charge ratio diagnostic marker ions are being detected to a lower value while the upper mass-to-charge ratio range is being scanned. Good sensitivity for phosphopeptide detection was achieved using standard trifluoroacetic acid containing mobile phases for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Data illustrating the selectivity and sensitivity of the approach are presented for mixtures of peptides and phosphopeptides containing the three commonly phosphorylated amino acids.