gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of the Combustion System for a Flexible Fuel Turbocharged Direct Injection Engine (2010)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Gasoline turbocharged direct injection (GTDI) engines, such as EcoBoost™ from Ford, are becoming established as a high value technology solution to improve passenger car and light truck fuel economy. Due to their high specific performance and excellent low-speed torque, improved fuel economy can be realized due to downsizing and downspeeding without sacrificing performance and driveability while meeting the most stringent future emissions standards with an inexpensive three-way catalyst.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A logical and synergistic extension of the EcoBoost™ strategy is the use of E85 (approximately 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) for knock mitigation. Direct injection of E85 is very effective in suppressing knock due to ethanol's high heat of vaporization - which increases the charge cooling benefit of direct injection - and inherently high octane rating. As a result, higher boost levels can be achieved while maintaining optimal combustion phasing giving high thermal efficiency. However, due to their different properties, optimization of a combustion system for both regular grade (91 RON) gasoline and E85 is non-trivial.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper describes the initial design and development of a new combustion system for a flexible fuel (gasoline and E85) turbocharged direct injection engine. The development process utilized a boosted single-cylinder engine in conjunction with a second boosted single-cylinder engine with optical access which was used to provide insight into fuel/air interactions and resultant combustion performance. Using this approach a robust combustion system was developed to meet targets for both gasoline and E85 operation before multi-cylinder hardware was available.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Phospho-Carboxyl-Terminal Domain Binding and the Role of a Prolyl Isomerase in Pre-mRNA 3′-End Formation (1999)

A phospho-carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) affinity column created with yeast CTD kinase I and the CTD of RNA polymerase II was used to identify Ess1/Pin1 as a phospho-CTD-binding protein. Ess1/Pin1 is a peptidyl prolyl isomerase involved in both mitotic regulation and pre-mRNA 3'-end formation. Like native Ess1, a GSTEss1 fusion protein associates specifically with the phosphorylated but not with the unphosphorylated CTD. Further, hyperphosphorylated RNA polymerase II appears to be the dominant Ess1 binding protein in total yeast extracts. We demonstrate that phospho-CTD binding is mediated by the small WW domain of Ess1 rather than the isomerase domain. These findings suggest a mechanism in which the WW domain binds the phosphorylated CTD of elongating RNA polymerase II and the isomerase domain reconfigures the CTD though isomerization of proline residues perhaps by a processive mechanism. This process may be linked to a variety of pre-mRNA maturation events that use the phosphorylated CTD, including the coupled processes of pre-mRNA 3'-end formation and transcription termination.
Expression and regulation of the human beta-defensins hBD-1 and hBD-2 in intestinal epithelium. (1999)

The intestinal epithelium forms a physical barrier to limit access of enteric microbes to the host and contributes to innate host defense by producing effector molecules against luminal microbes. To further define the role of the intestinal epithelium in antimicrobial host defense, we analyzed the expression, regulation, and production of two antimicrobial peptides, human defensins hBD-1 and hBD-2, by human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. The human colon epithelial cell lines HT-29 and Caco-2 constitutively express hBD-1 mRNA and protein but not hBD-2. However, hBD-2 expression is rapidly induced by IL-1alpha stimulation or infection of those cells with enteroinvasive bacteria. Moreover, hBD-2 functions as a NF-kappaB target gene in the intestinal epithelium as blocking NF-kappaB activation inhibits the up-regulated expression of hBD-2 in response to IL-1alpha stimulation or bacterial infection. Caco-2 cells produce two hBD-1 isoforms and a hBD-2 peptide larger in size than previously described hBD-2 isoforms. Paralleling the in vitro findings, human fetal intestinal xenografts constitutively express hBD-1, but not hBD-2, and hBD-2 expression, but not hBD-1, is up-regulated in xenografts infected intraluminally with Salmonella. hBD-1 is expressed by the epithelium of normal human colon and small intestine, with a similar pattern of expression in inflamed colon. In contrast, there is little hBD-2 expression by the epithelium of normal colon, but abundant hBD-2 expression by the epithelium of inflamed colon. hBD-1 and hBD-2 may be integral components of epithelial innate immunity in the intestine, with each occupying a distinct functional niche in intestinal mucosal defense.
Geometrical Origin and Theory of Negative Thermal Expansion in Framework Structures (1999)

By framework structures are meant materials consisting of relatively stiff units such as octahedra or tetrahedra, joined by shared oxygen (or other) atoms at the corners. Examples are ZrW 2 O 8 and many aluminosilicates. Rigid rotation of the units often gives a reduction of the volume or of some lattice constant as a purely geometrical effect. The theory of this effect is developed and shown to give a negative contribution to the thermal expansion coefficient. This is in addition to the usual positive contribution from anharmonicity of the interatomic forces. The negative effect varies through the phonon spectrum, being strongest for low frequencies, but the sign of the temperature coefficient may be reversed above a soft mode phase transition.
Organization and expression of the Rat D2A receptor gene: identification of alternative transcripts and a variant donor splice site (1990)

We have recently reported the creation of a cell line expressing D2 receptors encoded by a gene distinct from that described by Bunzow et al. [Bunzow, J. R., Van Tol, H. H. M., Grandy, D. K., Albert, P., Salon, J., Christie, M., Machida, C. A., Neve, K., & Civelli, O. (1988) Nature 336, 783-787]. To provide a framework for understanding structural differences between these and other G-protein-coupled receptors, the structure of the rat gene coding for the Bunzow et al. cDNA (called D2A here) was delineated. The D2A gene contains eight exons and spans at least 50 kb. Sets of oligonucleotide primers were used in combination with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the presence of alternative transcripts within the introns. In contrast to other G-protein-coupled receptors, the D2A gene undergoes alternative RNA processing within intron 5, resulting in an insertion of 29 amino acids to the predicted 415 amino acid sequence of the D2A protein. By use of the PCR assay the relative abundance and tissue distribution of the alternative D2A transcripts (herein termed D2A415 and D2A444) were determined. A variant donor splice site was also identified at the end of exon 4, a GC dinucleotide instead of the canonical GT. The variant dinucleotide was also present in the mouse but not in the human D2A gene.
Molecular Staging of Malignant Melanoma (1998)

The use of an RT-PCR assay for detection of submicroscopic melanoma metastases in SLNs improved the prediction of melanoma recurrence and overall survival over routine pathological examination.
Conclusion (2013)

This chapter summarizes and discusses the main conclusions. The findings that the American public has stable, consistent, and sensible preferences concerning a wide range of foreign policies, and that those preferences are based on coherent, logical, purposive belief systems, contradict a good deal of conventional wisdom. But they also support the main argument of this book: that the officials who make U.S. foreign policy should pay more attention to what the public wants.
Interleukin-15 signals T84 colonic epithelial cells in the absence of the interleukin-2 receptor beta-chain (1997)

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) shares many biological functions with interleukin-2 (IL-2) due to common receptor components. IL-15 binds to the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) beta-chain and the common gamma-chain receptor in addition to one other IL-15 binding receptor protein (IL-15R alpha). Both IL-2R beta- and gamma-chains are required to promote cell growth in hematopoietic cells. The colonic cryptlike epithelial cell line T84 contains the common gamma-chain but lacks the IL-2R beta-chain. We report IL-15R alpha-chain mRNA in T84 cells with the use of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. T84 and normal colonic epithelial cells bind a FLAG-IL-15 fusion protein in immunoperoxidase and flow cytometric experiments. In addition, IL-15, but not IL-2, accelerates and enhances the development of transepithelial resistance across T84 monolayers in a dose-dependent fashion. We conclude that normal and T84 colonic epithelial cells express IL-15R alpha and are able to bind IL-15. IL-15 can deliver a nonproliferative functional signal in the absence of IL-2R beta-chain in T84 cells.
Phosvitin, a Phosphoglycoprotein (1971)

Abstract The purified preparations of phosvitin, the phosphoprotein of hens' egg yolk, contain 6.5% carbohydrate. Analysis showed 6 residues of hexose, 5 of glucosamine (assumed to occur as N-acetyl derivatives), and 2 of sialic acid per molecular weight of 40,000. In order to determine the mode of attachment of the polysaccharide moiety, phosvitin has been digested with pronase. A sequence of fractionation steps that included gel filtration, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex afforded isolation of a glycopeptide containing all of the carbohydrate attached to an aspartic acid residue. Edman degradation on this peptide and on a smaller peptide isolated from the tryptic digest of a partially dephosphorylated preparation of the glycopeptide yielded the sequence [see PDF for sequence] In addition to the demonstration of the occurrence of a sequence of 8 phosphoserine residues, at least 3 of the 5 nonphosphorylated serines of phosvitin were located near the single carbohydrate moiety of this protein.
Mechanism and strategy of the secondary resistance to EGFR-TKI in patients with lung cancer (2015)

Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) is one of the most important targeted drugs for lung cancer patients carrying EGFR sensitive mutations. However, almost all patients that are effective to this treatment will eventually develop secondary resistance to EGFR-TKI. The most accepted mechanisms of resistance mainly include T790M mutation, MET amplification, PIK3CA mutation, down-regulation of PTEN expression and activation of Fas-transcription factor-κB. Recent years, many new drugs are developed to overcome this resistance. Although most of drugs are in the stages of cell or animal experiment, some new drugs get positive clinical results.


Key words: 
Lung neoplasms; Drug resistance, neoplasm; EGFR-TKI
CTLA-8, Cloned from an Activated T Cell, Bearing AU-Rich Messenger RNA Instability Sequences, and Homologous to (1993)

To detect novel molecules involved in immune functions, a subtracted cDNA library between closely related murine lymphoid cells was prepared using improved technology. Differential screening of this library yielded several clones with a very restricted tissue specificity, including one that we named CTLA-8. CTLA-8 transcripts could be detected only in T cell hybridoma clones related to the one used to prepare the library. Southern blots showed that the CTLA-8 gene was single copy in mice, rats, and humans. By radioactive in situ hybridization, the CTLA-8 gene was mapped at a single site on mouse chromosome 1A and human chromosome 2q31, in a known interspecific syntenic region. The CTLA-8 cDNA sequence indicated the presence, in the 3untranslated region of the mRNA, of AU-rich repeats previously found in the mRNA of various cytokines, growth factors, and oncogenes. The CTLA-8 cDNA contained an open reading frame encoding a putative protein of 150 amino acids. This protein was 57% homologous to the putative protein encoded by the ORF13 gene of herpesvirus Saimiri, a T lymphotropic virus. These findings are discussed in the context of other genes of this herpesvirus homologous to known immunologically active molecules. More generally, CTLA-8 may belong to the growing set of virus-captured functionally important cellular genes related to the immune system or to cell death and cell survival. Journal of Immunology, 1993, 150: 5445.
Situation Recognition with Graph Neural Networks (2017)

We address the problem of recognizing situations in images. Given an image, the task is to predict the most salient verb (action), and fill its semantic roles such as who is performing the action, what is the source and target of the action, etc. Different verbs have different roles (e.g. attacking has weapon), and each role can take on many possible values (nouns). We propose a model based on Graph Neural Networks that allows us to efficiently capture joint dependencies between roles using neural networks defined on a graph. Experiments with different graph connectivities show that our approach that propagates information between roles significantly outperforms existing work, as well as multiple baselines. We obtain roughly 3-5% improvement over previous work in predicting the full situation. We also provide a thorough qualitative analysis of our model and influence of different roles in the verbs.
Filipin-sensitive caveolae-mediated transport in endothelium: reduced transcytosis, scavenger endocytosis, and capillary permeability of select macromolecules. (1994)

Caveolae or noncoated plasmalemmal vesicles found in a variety of cells have been implicated in a number of important cellular functions including endocytosis, transcytosis, and potocytosis. Their function in transport across endothelium has been especially controversial, at least in part because there has not been any way to selectively inhibit this putative pathway. We now show that the ability of sterol binding agents such as filipin to disassemble endothelial noncoated but not coated plasmalemmal vesicles selectively inhibits caveolae-mediated intracellular and transcellular transport of select macromolecules in endothelium. Filipin significantly reduces the transcellular transport of insulin and albumin across cultured endothelial cell monolayers. Rat lung microvascular permeability to albumin in situ is significantly decreased after filipin perfusion. Conversely, paracellular transport of the small solute inulin is not inhibited in vitro or in situ. In addition, we show that caveolae mediate the scavenger endocytosis of conformationally modified albumins for delivery to endosomes and lysosomes for degradation. This intracellular transport is inhibited by filipin both in vitro and in situ. Other sterol binding agents including nystatin and digitonin also inhibit this degradative process. Conversely, the endocytosis and degradation of activated alpha 2-macroglobulin, a known ligand of the clathrin-dependent pathway, is not affected. Interestingly, filipin appears to inhibit insulin uptake by endothelium for transcytosis, a caveolae-mediated process, but not endocytosis for degradation, apparently mediated by the clathrin-coated pathway. Such selective inhibition of caveolae not only provides critical evidence for the role of caveolae in the intracellular and transcellular transport of select macromolecules in endothelium but also may be useful for distinguishing transport mediated by coated versus noncoated vesicles.
Antiplatelet drugs induce apoptosis in cultured cancer cells. (1997)

In order to understand if antiplatelet drugs possess direct antineoplastic property, we tested the apoptotic effect of 5 popularly marketed antiplatelet drugs in Taiwan in 6 cultured cancer cell lines (Hep 3B hepatocarcinoma, U87-MG malignant glioma, PC-3 prostate adenocarcinoma, HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma, HL-60 preleukemia and K-562 chronic myelogenous leukemia). While acetylsalicylate and flunarizine exerted no effect on these cancer cells, pentoxifyline (PTX), dipyridamole (DYA) and ticlopidine hydrochloride (T. HCl) displayed a time and dose-dependent apoptotic effect on them except for HL-60 and K-562 cells. PTX induced apoptosis in U87-MG, Hep 3B and HeLa cells, DYA in HeLa cells, while T. HCl in U87-MG, Hep 3B, PC-3 and HeLa cells. Adriamycin also provoked apoptotic effect in all 6 cell lines but neither PTX, DYA nor T. HCl acted synergy with adriamycin to HeLa cells, implicating that they may share a similar pathway for inducing apoptosis. Therefore, our results show that the antiplatelet drugs do possess antineoplastic property in vitro. A co-administration of antiplatelet drugs is noteworthy for an alternative adjunctive therapy in cancer patients.
Globally-Asynchronous Locally-Synchronous Systems (1985)

This thesis provides a new framework for the design of very high performance digital machines. The new theoretical results which are presented have practical implications, and lead to a better understanding of possibilities and limitations in the design of computers, communication hardware and other digital machinery. The discussion centers on different organizations for globally-asynchronous, locally-synchronous systems, and covers the following issues: organizations for complex digital systems, metastability as a limitation for high performance, structures for two classes of non-conventional architectures, optimization, performance, reliability, and design techniques. We present new algorithms to compile the specifications of such machines onto efficient circuits, and to verify the correctness of the resulting machines. The models we developed for the analysis of the tradeoffs between different variables that affect the safety of operation of these systems, show that the proposed organizations result in extremely fast and reliable digital machines. The proposed organizational schemes can be used within a wide range of architectures, and integrated circuits designed according to this methodology have been developed and tested. (Author)
Changes of cell behavior by near‐infrared signals (1995)

3T3 mouse fibroblasts responded differently to specific near-infrared signals from epithelial CV1 cells. Furthermore, signals with the same wavelength and energy changed the percentages of attracted and repelled 3T3 cells if their intensity modulation was altered. I found this result in a 22 month long study which established a spectrum of motile responses of 781 individual 3T3 cells and 148 CV1 cells to the near-infrared emissions of microscopic, pulsating light sources using the infrared spot-irradiation phase-contrast (IRSIP) microscope [Albrecht-Buehler, 1991: J. Cell Biol. 114:493-502]. Thus the response of cultured, mammalian cells to near-infrared light signals is not merely a matter of total energy absorption by certain cytoplasmic components. Since it seems to depend on the cell type and the temporal pattern in which the light energy is emitted, it appears to imply the existence of a new kind of cellular information.
Closed loop shaped-input control of a class of manipulators with a single flexible link (2003)

A composite control strategy is outlined for a large class of multilink manipulators with one flexible link. The controller design is based on the inverse dynamics of the rigid manipulator and the use of a closed-loop shaped-input filter to reduce or eliminate the vibrations of the flexible link and to reject external disturbances. Both simulation and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of this design strategy. The design algorithm is a linear one, but the simulation results show that it is robust enough to compensate for vibrations in the full nonlinear system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Sub-100 Nanometer Channel Length Ge/Si Nanowire Transistors with Potential for 2 THz Switching Speed (2008)

Ge/Si core/shell nanowires (NWs) are attractive and flexible building blocks for nanoelectronics ranging from field-effect transistors (FETs) to low-temperature quantum devices. Here we report the first studies of the size-dependent performance limits of Ge/Si NWFETs in the sub-100 nm channel length regime. Metallic nanoscale electrical contacts were made and used to define sub-100 nm Ge/Si channels by controlled solid-state conversion of Ge/Si NWs to NiSixGe y alloys. Electrical transport measurements and modeling studies demonstrate that the nanoscale metallic contacts overcome deleterious short-channel effects present in lithographically defined sub-100 nm channels. Data acquired on 70 and 40 nm channel length Ge/Si NWFETs with a drain-source bias of 0.5 V yield transconductance values of 78 and 91 microS, respectively, and maximum on-currents of 121 and 152 microA. The scaled transconductance and on-current values for a gate and bias voltage window of 0.5 V were 6.2 mS/microm and 2.1 mA/microm, respectively, for the 40 nm device and exceed the best reported values for planar Si and NW p-type FETs. In addition, analysis of the intrinsic switching delay shows that terahertz intrinsic operation speed is possible when channel length is reduced to 70 nm and that an intrinsic delay of 0.5 ps is achievable in our 40 nm device. Comparison of the experimental data with simulations based on a semiclassical, ballistic transport model suggests that these sub-100 nm Ge/Si NWFETs with integrated high-kappa gate dielectric operate near the ballistic limit.
Electrochemistry for Chemists (1995)

A complete and practical guide to the basic principles of electrochemistry for the nonspecialistEmphasizing practical applications and real-world experimentation, Electrochemistry for Chemists gives chemists, biologists, and material scientists a solid understanding of the basic principles and modern methodology of electrochemistry. Incorporating the many new applications of recent years, this thoroughly updated Second Edition gives the nonelectrochemist access to a powerful tool for the study and measurement of chemical systems. And, like the popular first edition, the Second Edition is also a useful text for senior undergraduate and graduate students, especially in organic, inorganic, and biological chemistry.* Offers a practical guide to the use of electrochemical methods in research and laboratory work* Provides examples of molecular characterization by electrochemical methods in all subdivisions of chemistry, including dioxygen species, base metals, and nonmetals* Includes numerous tables of electrochemical data, as well as physical parameters for solvents, electrolytes, cells, and electrodes* Incorporates the latest information on instrumentation, solvents, and reagents* Lists extensive references for further study of theoretical issues