gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct Visualization of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Crystallization and Dissolution with Atomic Force Microscopy and the Role of Polymeric Additives (2002)

The growth and dissolution of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) were investigated by real-time in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). The (100) surfaces of COM crystals were sufficiently rough that direct AFM imaging of terrace growth and step motion was not feasible. In undersaturated aqueous solutions, however, COM crystals dissolved, developing elongated hexagonal pits oriented along the [001] direction and having perimeters defined by {010} and {021} planes, which mimics the habit of the macroscopic crystals. Increasing the concentration of calcium oxalate to supersaturated levels reversed etching, resulting in gradual filling of the pits, which is tantamount to crystal growth. The confinement of growth within the pits permitted observation of crystal growth events, in real time and at the microscopic level, which could not be deduced by inspection of the rough surfaces of the COM crystals. This approach allowed determination of growth and dissolution rates along specific crystallographic directions, as well as the influence of solute concentration and additives on those rates. The polymeric additives tested were effective inhibitors of both COM growth and dissolution (pit filling and etching, respectively). Small amounts of poly(aspartate) (polyD) altered the aspect ratio of the (100) pits during growth and dissolution when compared to the behavior observed in the absence of polymer. The observed effects were consistent with preferential binding of the polymer to the {001} or {021} apical planes relative to the {010} planes. In contrast, poly(glutamate) (polyE), which was approximately 16 times less effective than polyD with respect to suppressing growth or dissolution, altered the aspect ratio in a manner consistent with preferred binding of polyE at the {010} surface. These observations provide a basis for understanding, and potentially regulating, calcium oxalate crystallization in important biomineralization processes, such as kidney stone formation.
Targeting inhibitor of apoptosis proteins in combination with ErbB antagonists in breast cancer (2009)

The novel findings of this study are that multiple IAPs are concomitantly expressed in breast cancers, and that, in combination with clinically relevant Her2 treatments, IAP antagonists promote apoptosis and reduce the cell turnover index of breast cancers. We also show that combination therapy of IAP antagonists with some pro-apoptotic agents (for example, TRAIL) enhances apoptosis of breast cancer cells. In some cases (for example, MDAMB468 cells), the enhanced apoptosis is profound.
CAIX-specific CAR-T Cells and Sunitinib Show Synergistic Effects Against Metastatic Renal Cancer Models (2019)

Treatment with chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cell (CAR-T) has demonstrated promising therapeutic efficacy in hematologic malignancies. However, the therapeutic efficacy is still very limited for solid tumors. An immunosuppressive microenvironment is one of the main reasons for the limited efficacy. Some chemotherapeutic agents exhibit immune microenvironment modulation. Therefore, combination with chemotherapeutic agents may be one of the promising strategies to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of CAR-T against solid tumors. Sunitinib modulates the antitumor immune response by improving T-cell infiltration and function while reducing immunosuppressive factors. The authors constructed a second-generation CAR targeting human renal cell carcinoma (RCC)-specific antigen carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) with the costimulatory domain of 4-1BB. The results of cytokine releasing and cell killing assays showed that the CAIX-CAR-T cells have specific effector functions against CAIX renal cancer cells in vitro. Combination therapy with CAIX-CAR-T and sunitinib showed synergistic efficacy against a mouse lung metastasis model of human RCC. CAIX-CAR-T cells in the mice of the combination therapy group showed stronger proliferation and tumor infiltration than that in the mice of the CAIX-CAR-T monotherapy group. The possible mechanisms of the synergistic efficacy are: (1) sunitinib caused upregulation of CAIX in tumor cells; (2) sunitinib decreased frequency of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment. Our study supplied an innovative immunotherapeutic approach whereby combining CAIX-CAR-T with sunitinib induces a potent antitumor response in an experimental model of metastatic RCC. The combination strategy should be considered as a potential approach to augment adoptive CAR-T cell immunotherapy.
Epstein Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases: the virus as a therapeutic target (2015)

Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoproliferative diseases (LPDs) express all EBV latent antigens (type III latency) in immunodeficient patients and limited antigens (type I and II latencies) in immunocompetent patients. Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) is the prototype exhibiting type III EBV latency. Although EBV antigens are highly immunogenic, PTLD cell proliferation remains unchecked because of the underlying immunosuppression. The restoration of anti-EBV immunity by EBV-specific T cells of either autologous or allogeneic origin has been shown to be safe and effective in PTLDs. Cellular therapy can be improved by establishing a bank of human leukocyte antigen-characterized allogeneic EBV-specific T cells. In EBV+ LPDs exhibiting type I and II latencies, the use of EBV-specific T cells is more limited, although the safety and efficacy of this therapy have also been demonstrated. The therapeutic role of EBV-specific T cells in EBV+ LPDs needs to be critically reappraised with the advent of monoclonal antibodies and other targeted therapy. Another strategy involves the use of epigenetic approaches to induce EBV to undergo lytic proliferation when expression of the viral thymidine kinase renders host tumor cells susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of ganciclovir. Finally, the prophylactic use of antiviral drugs to prevent EBV reactivation may decrease the occurrence of EBV+ LPDs.
Automatic Design and Manufacture of Soft Robots (2011)

We present the automated design and manufacture of static and locomotion objects in which functionality is obtained purely by the unconstrained 3-D distribution of materials. Recent advances in multimaterial fabrication techniques enable continuous shapes to be fabricated with unprecedented fidelity unhindered by spatial constraints and homogeneous materials. We address the challenges of exploitation of the freedom of this vast new design space using evolutionary algorithms. We first show a set of cantilever beams automatically designed to deflect in arbitrary static profiles using hard and soft materials. These beams were automatically fabricated, and their physical performance was confirmed within 0.5-7.6% accuracy. We then demonstrate the automatic design of freeform soft robots for forward locomotion using soft volumetrically expanding actuator materials. One robot was fabricated automatically and assembled, and its performance was confirmed with 15% error. We suggest that this approach to design automation opens the door to leveraging the full potential of the freeform multimaterial design space to generate novel mechanisms and deformable robots.
Cloning and sequence analysis of a gene encoding a 67-kilodalton myosin-cross-reactive antigen of Streptococcus pyogenes reveals its similarity with class II major histocompatibility antigens (1994)

The group A streptococcal sequela acute rheumatic fever (ARF) has been associated with immunological cross-reactivity between streptococcal and heart proteins. To identify Streptococcus pyogenes genes that encode a myosin cross-reactive antigen(s) recognized by ARF sera, a genomic library from an emm deletion strain (T28/51/4) was screened with a single ARF serum. A positively identified lambda EMBL3 clone (T.2.18) produced a protein which reacted with myosin-specific antibodies affinity purified from individual ARF sera. The recombinant protein was initially estimated to be 60 kDa in size by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; however, upon sequence analysis it had a molecular mass equivalent to 67 kDa. Sera from patients with streptococcal infections, acute glomerulonephritis, and ARF were reactive with the recombinant 67-kDa protein. However, individual sera from healthy persons were negative or demonstrated low levels of reactivity with the 67-kDa antigen. The gene encoding the 67-kDa myosin-cross-reactive antigen was subcloned, and its nucleotide sequence was determined by using a combined strategy of DNA sequencing of the cloned gene and N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the protein expressed in Escherichia coli. The amino-terminal sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of an open reading frame was identical to that determined from the 67-kDa protein expressed in E. coli. The gene encoded 590 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 67,381. No cleavable signal peptide was detected with the 67-kDa protein expressed in E. coli. The deduced amino acid sequence of the 67-kDa protein did not exhibit significant similarity to any known streptococcal proteins. However, it was found to be 19% identical and 62% similar over 151 amino acid residues to the beta chain of mouse major histocompatibility complex class II antigen (I-Au). Similar degrees of homology to the beta chains of other murine and human class II haplotypes were found. Mouse anti-IA sera reacted with the recombinant 67-kDa protein about five times more strongly than normal mouse sera in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Southern hybridization experiments using a probe for the gene encoding the 67-kDa protein showed that the gene was present and conserved among pathogenic groups A, C, and G of streptococci. These data suggest that the streptococcal protein, which is distinct from the M protein, may have structural features in common with the beta chain of the class II antigens, as well as myosin, and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of streptococcal infections.
Chondroitin Sulfate/Dermatan Sulfate Hybrid Chains from Embryonic Pig Brain, Which Contain a Higher Proportion of L-Iduronic Acid than Those from Adult Pig Brain, Exhibit Neuritogenic and Growth Factor Binding Activities (2004)

We have shown that over-sulfated chondroitin sulfate/ dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) chains from various marine organisms exhibit growth factor binding activities and neurite outgrowth-promoting activities in embryonic mouse hippocampal neurons in vitro. In this study we demonstrated that CS/DS hybrid chains purified from embryonic pig brain displayed marked neuritogenic activity and growth factor binding activities toward fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), FGF10, FGF18, pleiotrophin, and midkine, all of which exhibit neuroregulatory activities in the brain. In contrast, the CS/DS preparation from adult pig brain showed considerably less activity to bind these growth factors and no neuritogenic activity. Structural analysis indicated that the average size of the CS/DS chains was similar (40 kDa) between these two preparations, but the disaccharide compositions differed considerably, with a significant proportion of L-iduronic acid (IdoUA)-containing disaccharides (89%) in the CS/DS chains from embryos but not in those from adults (<1%). Interestingly, both neurite outgrowth-promoting activity and growth factor binding activities of the CS/DS chains from embryos were abolished by digestion not only with chondroitinase ABC but also with chondroitinase B, suggesting that the IdoUAcontaining motifs are essential for these activities. These findings imply that the temporal expression of CS/DS hybrid structures containing both GlcUA and IdoUA and binding activities toward various growth factors play important roles in neurogenesis in the early stages of the development of the brain.
Controlled Chemical Functionalization of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes by Kiloelectronvolt Argon Ion Treatment and Air Exposure (2005)

The chemical and morphological modifications of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), by 2 keV Ar(+) treatment, have been followed by field emission scanning (FESEM) and high-resolution transmission (HRTEM) electron microscopies and by X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and Raman spectroscopies. Morphological changes were followed, both in situ and on subsequent air exposure, and the data indicate that free radical defects, initially produced under low Ar(+) treatment doses ( approximately 10(13) ions/cm(2)), act as the nuclei for the formation of localized asperities that form along the walls of the CNTs. Continued treatment results in their stublike elongation that continues with further treatment, forming extensions under heavy treatment doses. The chemical changes that occur, on reaction with air, reveal that the defects initially created are secondary C atoms, formed when a single bond breaks; further treatment breaks an additional bond to form primary C atoms; free radical fragments, lost when the third bond breaks, condense on the free radical defects to form the asperities. The extent of primary and secondary C atoms, and thus their functionalization on air exposure, may be controlled by the extent of treatment, offering a method for the controlled surface functionalization of CNTs by low-energy Ar(+) treatment.
Recent Progress in Self-Powered Skin Sensors (2019)

Self-powered skin sensors have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their great potential in medical care, robotics, prosthetics, and sports. More importantly, self-powered skin sensors do not need any energy-supply components like batteries, which allows them to work sustainably and saves them the trouble of replacement of batteries. The self-powered skin sensors are mainly based on energy harvesters, with the device itself generating electrical signals when triggered by the detected stimulus or analyte, such as body motion, touch/pressure, acoustic sound, and chemicals in sweat. Herein, the recent research achievements of self-powered skin sensors are comprehensively and systematically reviewed. According to the different monitoring signals, the self-powered skin sensors are summarized and discussed with a focus on the working mechanism, device structure, and the sensing principle. Based on the recent progress, the key challenges that exist and the opportunities that lie ahead are also discussed.
The role of time in information processing (1982)

article Free Access Share on The role of time in information processing: a survey Authors: A. Bolour University of California, San Francisco University of California, San FranciscoView Profile , T. L. Anderson Burroughs Corporation Burroughs CorporationView Profile , L. J. Dekeyser Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenSearch about this author , H. K. T. Wong Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley LaboratoryView Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM SIGMOD RecordVolume 12Issue 3April 1982pp 27–50https://doi.org/10.1145/984505.984508Published:01 April 1982Publication History 70citation454DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations70Total Downloads454Last 12 Months10Last 6 weeks1 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Sphingosine 1-phosphate promotes endothelial cell barrier integrity by Edg-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangement (2001)

Substances released by platelets during blood clotting are essential participants in events that link hemostasis and angiogenesis and ensure adequate wound healing and tissue injury repair. We assessed the participation of sphingosine 1-phosphate (Sph-1-P), a biologically active phosphorylated lipid growth factor released from activated platelets, in the regulation of endothelial monolayer barrier integrity, which is key to both angiogenesis and vascular homeostasis. Sph-1-P produced rapid, sustained, and dose-dependent increases in transmonolayer electrical resistance (TER) across both human and bovine pulmonary artery and lung microvascular endothelial cells. This substance also reversed barrier dysfunction elicited by the edemagenic agent thrombin. Sph-1-P-mediated barrier enhancement was dependent upon G(ialpha)-receptor coupling to specific members of the endothelial differentiation gene (Edg) family of receptors (Edg-1 and Edg-3), Rho kinase and tyrosine kinase-dependent activation, and actin filament rearrangement. Sph-1-P-enhanced TER occurred in conjunction with Rac GTPase- and p21-associated kinase-dependent endothelial cortical actin assembly with recruitment of the actin filament regulatory protein, cofilin. Platelet-released Sph-1-P, linked to Rac- and Rho-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangement, may act late in angiogenesis to stabilize newly formed vessels, which often display abnormally increased vascular permeability.
Fetal nucleated red blood cells in peripheral blood of pregnant women: detection and determination of location on a slide using laser‐scanning cytometry (2003)

On the basis of automatic relocation of once-defined cells of fetal origin from the current pregnancy, laser-scanning cytometry is likely to facilitate repeated (poly-)FISH analysis and single-cell PCR for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis.
Plasma soluble α-klotho protein levels in premature and term neonates: correlations with growth and metabolic parameters (2012)

Soluble α-KL levels rise as GA and postnatal age advance in neonates and may have an impact on vitamin D metabolism and oxidative stress. Whether α-KL may have a role in the regulation of infants' growth should be further studied.
Two new laparoscopic instruments: bipolar sterilizing forceps and uterine manipulator. (1977)

Two new instruments have been found useful in laparoscopic surgery. One is a bipolar forceps used primarily for sterilization operations performed on the Fallopian tube with which discrete lesions can be made. The bipolar principle avoids electrical trauma at distant sites. The other, an intrauterine manipulator, permits better uterine positioning during the procedure without the need for an assistant. Tubal lavage can also be performed with this instrument.
Androgen effects on bone metabolism: recent progress and controversies (1999)

Androgens have beneficial effects on skeletal development and maintenance in women and men. The detection and functional characterization of androgen receptors in bone cells has implicated bone tissue as a potential target tissue for androgens. Gonadal and adrenal androgens directly regulate various aspects of osteoblastic lineage cells, including proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and gene expression. These effects may differ depending on the stage of differentiation, the number of androgen receptors, and other inherent characteristics (species, site, cell biology) of the osteoblastic cell system. In addition, recent studies have suggested that some of the anabolic and anti-resorptive effects of androgens on bone may be mediated by regulation of autocrine and paracrine factors in the bone microenvironment, including transforming growth factor-beta, insulin-like growth factors (and their binding proteins), and interleukin-6. This review summarizes the recent progress made in our knowledge of androgen receptor action, local androgen metabolism in bone, and direct and indirect effects of gonadal and adrenal androgens as well as androgen receptor antagonists on bone cells.
Microscopic Cell Detection Based on Multiple Cell Image Segmentations and Fusion Algorithms (2009)

Automatic cell segmentation in phase contrast microscopy images play a very important role in the study the behavior of lymphocytes, such as cell motility, cell deformation, and cell population dynamics etc. In this paper, we have developed a set of algorithms for the microscopy image cell segmentation, in which three pairs of edge detection (Sobel, Prewitt and Laplace) based cell segmentation algorithms are developed in parallel to increase the probability of cell detection. Then, an hierarchical model is proposed and used in decision fusion that combine the three pair of detection results to increase the probability of final cell detection. After that, a false removal algorithm is proposed to remove false detections that may occur in the fusion process. The distance and watershed transforms have also been used to separate the connected cells. Experimental results have proved that these algorithms are pretty robust to variable microscopy image data, and variable cell densities, and with the proposed fusion and false removal algorithms, the cell detection rate has increased significantly to above 97% with the false detection rate about 7%.
Plastic recording media for holography at 106 μm (1977)

A search for recording media suitable for holography at wavelengths comparable to the 10.6 microm of a CO(2) laser has led to the successful use of Saran Wrap plastic films and of thick acrylic plates. Holographic phase recording has been made with a 1-W single mode cw CO(2) laser yielding incident intensities up to 3.5 W/cm(2). Holographic reconstruction at a wavelength of 632.8 nm has given a diffraction efficiency up to 20%. At a wavelength of 10.6 microm, reconstruction by reflection on the silver-coated surface of an acrylic plate had a diffraction efficiency of 0.5%. It was observed that the recording is less linear on acrylic plates than on Saran Wrap films.
Temperature dependence of impact ionization in AlGaN–GaN heterostructure field effect transistors (1998)

We report on the studies of the impact ionization in AlGaN–GaN heterostructure field effect transistors in the temperature range 17–43 °C. The results show that the breakdown voltage and the characteristic electrical field Ei of the impact ionization have a positive temperature coefficient. The value of Ei at room temperature is estimated to be approximately 2.6 MV/cm, which agrees with recent theoretical prediction [J. Kolnik et al., J. Appl. Phys. 82, 726 (1997)].
Isolation and characterization of an enzyme from sheep seminal vesicles that catalyzes the glutathione‐dependent prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin F2α (1997)

An enzyme which catalyzes the direct 2-electron reduction of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin F2 alpha has been purified from the microsomes of sheep seminal vesicles. This enzyme, called prostaglandin endoperoxide reductase, was found to be a monomer of 16,500 molecular mass. The activity of the enzyme was dependent on reduced glutathione, enhanced by heat-treatment, and inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents. The enzyme is not a glutathione S-transferase nor does it utilize prostaglandin D2 as a substrate, and thus is distinct from previously characterized prostaglandin F2 alpha biosynthetic enzymes. The protein also catalyzes the reduction of cumene hydroperoxide, but not hydrogen peroxide. Thus, this microsomal prostaglandin endoperoxide reductase may play an important role in the synthesis of prostaglandin F2 alpha in some tissues.