gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A network security monitor (1990)

This study concentrates on the security-related issues in a single broadcast LAN (local area network) such as Ethernet. The authors formalize various possible network attacks. Their basic strategy is to develop profiles of usage of network resources and then compare current usage patterns with the historical profile to determine possible security violations. Thus, the work is similar to the host-based intrusion-detection systems. Different from such systems, however, is the use of a hierarchical model to refine the focus of the intrusion-detection mechanism. The authors also report on the development of an experimental LAN monitor currently under implementation. Several network attacks have been simulated, and results on how the monitor has been able to detect these attacks are analyzed. Initial results demonstrate that many network attacks are detectable with the authors' monitor, although it can be defeated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Coatings (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: General Introduction to Commodity Organic Coatings General Formation of Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Coatings Acid and Base Catalysis within an Organic Matrix Thermally Cured Inorganic/Organic Seed Oils Coatings Drying Oil Auto-oxidation Mechanism Metal Catalysts Alkyds and Other Polyester Coatings Inorganic/Organic Alkyd Coatings Polyurethane and Polyurea Coatings Polyurea Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Coatings Polyurethane/Polysiloxane Inorganic/Organic Coating System Radiation Curable Coatings UV-curable Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Coatings Models for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Coatings Film Morphology Applications Summary
NADPH-cytochrome P-450 oxidoreductase: flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide domains evolved from different flavoproteins (1986)

The FMN-binding domain of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 oxidoreductase, residues 77-228, is homologous with bacterial flavodoxins, while the FAD-binding domain, residues 267-678, shows a high degree of similarity to two FAD-containing proteins, ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase. Comparison of these proteins to glutathione reductase, a flavoprotein whose three-dimensional structure is known, has permitted tentative identification of FAD- and cofactor-binding residues in these proteins. The remarkable conservation of sequence between NADPH-cytochrome P-450 oxidoreductase and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase, coupled with the homology of the FMN-binding domain of the oxidoreductase with the bacterial flavodoxins, implies that NADPH-cytochrome P-450 oxidoreductase arose as a result of fusion of the ancestral genes for these two functionally linked flavoproteins.
The I-Ag7 MHC Class II Molecule Linked to Murine Diabetes Is a Promiscuous Peptide Binder (2000)

Susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is linked to MHC class II genes. The only MHC class II molecule expressed by nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, I-Ag7, shares a common alpha-chain with I-Ad but has a peculiar beta-chain. As with most beta-chain alleles linked to diabetes susceptibility, I-Ag7 contains a nonaspartic residue at position beta57. We have produced large amounts of empty I-Ag7 molecules using a fly expression system to characterize its biochemical properties and peptide binding by phage-displayed peptide libraries. The identification of a specific binding peptide derived from glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) has allowed us to crystallize and obtain the three-dimensional structure of I-Ag7. Structural information was critical in evaluating the binding studies. I-Ag7, like I-Ad, appears to be very promiscuous in terms of peptide binding. Their binding motifs are degenerate and contain small and/or small hydrophobic residues at P4 and P6 of the peptide, a motif frequently found in most globular proteins. The degree of promiscuity is increased for I-Ag7 over I-Ad as a consequence of a larger P9 pocket that can specifically accommodate negatively charged residues, as well as possibly residues with bulky side chains. So, although I-Ad and I-Ag7 are structurally closely related, stable molecules and good peptide binders, they differ functionally in their ability to bind significantly different peptide repertoires that are heavily influenced by the presence or the absence of a negatively charged residue at position 57 of the beta-chain. These characteristics link I-Ag7 with autoimmune diseases, such as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
A Specific Antagonist of the p110δ Catalytic Component of Phosphatidylinositol 3′-Kinase, IC486068, Enhances Radiation-Induced Tumor Vascular Destruction (2004)

The phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3k)/protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) signal transduction pathway plays a critical role in mediating endothelial cell survival and function during oxidative stress. The role of the PI3k/Akt signaling pathway in promoting cell viability was studied in vascular endothelial cells treated with ionizing radiation. Western blot analysis showed that Akt was rapidly phosphorylated in response to radiation in primary culture endothelial cells (human umbilical vascular endothelial cells) in the absence of serum or growth factors. PI3k consists of p85 and p110 subunits, which play a central upstream role in Akt activation in response to exogenous stimuli. The delta isoform of the p110 subunit is expressed in endothelial cells. We studied the effects of the p110delta specific inhibitor IC486068, which abrogated radiation-induced phosphorylation of Akt. IC486068 enhanced radiation-induced apoptosis in endothelial cells and reduced cell migration and tubule formation of endothelial cells in Matrigel following irradiation. In vivo tumor growth delay was studied in mice with Lewis lung carcinoma and GL261 hind limb tumors. Mice were treated with daily i.p. injections (25 mg/kg) of IC486068 during 6 days of radiation treatment (18 Gy). Combined treatment with IC486068 and radiation significantly reduced tumor volume as compared with either treatment alone. Reduction in vasculature was confirmed using the dorsal skinfold vascular window model. The vascular length density was measured by use of the tumor vascular window model and showed IC486068 significantly enhanced radiation-induced destruction of tumor vasculature as compared with either treatment alone. IC486068 enhances radiation-induced endothelial cytotoxicity, resulting in tumor vascular destruction and tumor control when combined with fractionated radiotherapy in murine tumor models. These findings suggest that p110delta is a therapeutic target to enhance radiation-induced tumor control.
Comparative genomic hybridization reveals a specific pattern of chromosomal gains and losses during the genesis of colorectal tumors (1996)

Comparative genomic hybridization was used to screen the DNA extracted from histologically defined tissue sections from consecutive stages of colorectal carcinogenesis for chromosomal aberrations. No aberrations were detected in normal epithelium (n = 14). Gain of chromosome 7 occurred as a single event in low-grade adenomas (n = 14). In high-grade adenomas (n = 12), and overrepresentation of chromosomes 7 and 20 was present in 30% of the cases analyzed. The transition to colon carcinomas (n = 16) was characterized by the emergence of multiple chromosomal aberrations. Chromosomes 1, 13, and 20 and chromosome arms 7p and 8q were frequently gained, whereas chromosome 4 and chromosome arms 8p and 18q were recurrently underrepresented. The same tissue sections that were used for CGH were analyzed by means of DNA-ploidy measurements and immunohistochemical staining to quantify proliferative activity and p21/WAF-1 and TP53 expression. We observed that crude aneuploidy and increased proliferative activity are early events in colorectal carcinogenesis, followed by TP53 overexpression and the acquisition of recurrent chromosomal gains and losses during the progression from high-grade adenomas to invasive carcinomas.
Fast automatic linear off‐resonance correction method for spiral imaging (2006)

Field inhomogeneity and susceptibility variations, coupled with a long readout, can result in image blurring in spiral imaging. Many correction methods based on a priori off-resonance information, such as an acquired field map, have been proposed in the literature. Automatic off-resonance correction methods are alternative approaches that estimate a field map from the image data themselves. In this paper we propose a fast automatic off-resonance correction method that performs linear correction without acquiring a field map. The method requires only about two times the total computation time compared to image reconstruction by gridding. It can also be used in combination with a full field map automatic off-resonance correction method to increase the extent of correction. The method is demonstrated by in vivo coronary artery imaging.
Femtosecond laser pulse shaping by use of microsecond radio-frequency pulses (1994)

We demonstrate a new pulse-shaping technique, using an acousto-optic modulator as a spatial modulator in a zero-dispersion delay line. Compared with existing techniques, this approach simplifies optical alignment and dramatically improves update rates. It should also improve flexibility for generating complex waveforms.
Synthetic Studies on Quassinoids:  Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of (+)-Des-d-chaparrinone (1998)

A total synthesis of des-D-chaparrinone (2), which lacks the ring D delta-lactone of (-)-chaparrinone (1) has been developed. The synthesis commences with the known, readily available tricyclic ketone 3 (R = Me). Elaboration of the configuration at C(5) followed by resolution of 6 employing 2(R),3(R)-2,3-butanediol gave rise to 9. Installation of the ring C functionality provided 15 which was transformed into tricyclic diketone 25. Introduction of the ring A functional groups afforded 29, which upon exposure to aluminum trichloride and sodium iodide gave rise directly to (+)-des-D-chaparrinone (2). Biological studies revealed that (+)-2 was devoid of any solid tumor activity.
Implantation of silicon chip microphotodiode arrays into the cat subretinal space (2001)

There are currently no therapies to restore vision to patients blinded by photoreceptor degeneration. This project concerns an experimental approach toward a semiconductor-based subretinal prosthetic designed to electrically stimulate the retina. The present study describes surgical techniques for implanting a silicon microphotodiode array in the cat subretinal space and subsequent studies of implant biocompatibility and durability. Using a single-port vitreoretinal approach, implants were placed into the subretinal space of the right eye of normal cats. Implanted retinas were evaluated post-operatively over a 10 to 27 month period using indirect ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, electroretinography, and histology. Infrared stimulation was used to isolate the electrical response of the implant from that of the normal retina. Although implants continued to generate electrical current in response to light, the amplitude of the implant response decreased gradually due to dissolution of the implant's gold electrode. Electroretinograms recorded from implanted eyes had normal waveforms but were typically 10-15% smaller in amplitude than those in unimplanted left eyes. The nonpermeable silicon disks blocked choroidal nourishment to the retina, producing degeneration of the photoreceptors. The laminar structure of the inner retinal layers was preserved. Retinal areas located away from the implantation site appeared normal in all respects. These results demonstrate that silicon-chip microphotodiode-based implants can be successfully placed into the subretinal space. Gold electrode-based subretinal implants, however, appear to be unsuitable for long-term use due to electrode dissolution and subsequent decreased electrical activity.
Inhibitory FcγRIIb (CD32b) becomes activated by therapeutic mAb in both cis and trans and drives internalization according to antibody specificity (2013)

A major feature that distinguishes type I from type II anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and reduces their therapeutic efficacy is the tendency to internalize from the cell surface. We have shown previously that the extent of internalization correlates with the capacity of type I mAb to simultaneously engage both CD20 and the inhibitory Fcγ receptor, FcγRIIb, in a bipolar configuration. Here, we investigated whether mAbs directed at other B-cell surface receptors also engaged FcγRIIb and whether this interaction promoted internalization. Most mAbs engaged and activated FcγRIIb, with the strength of activation related to the level of mAb bound to the cell surface. However, engagement did not affect internalization of most mAb-ligated receptors, either in cell lines or primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with the exception of CD19 and CD38. Furthermore, at high cell concentrations/density both cis and trans interactions between cell-surface bound mAb and FcγRIIb were evident, but trans interactions did not inhibit type I anti-CD20 mAb-mediated internalization. These data identify that FcγRIIb is engaged by many mAbs in both cis and trans configurations, triggering its activation, but that internalization via FcγRIIb occurs for only a select subset. These findings have implications when designing new antibody-based therapeutics.
二十世纪美国法理学与法哲学(续)——主要论题与进展 (1995)

7.怀疑现实主义:杰罗姆·弗兰克与法律的不确定性阐述杰罗姆·弗兰克的观点并非易事。他写了许多·写的让人吃惊。他是个抱怨被错误解释了的著作家。最有争议之点是规则怀疑论的问题。在《法律与现代精神》第6次印刷前言(这是该书1930年出版的18年后写的)中,弗兰克否认他曾
Cortical entrainment to continuous speech: functional roles and interpretations (2014)

Auditory cortical activity is entrained to the temporal envelope of speech, which corresponds to the syllabic rhythm of speech. Such entrained cortical activity can be measured from subjects naturally listening to sentences or spoken passages, providing a reliable neural marker of online speech processing. A central question still remains to be answered about whether cortical entrained activity is more closely related to speech perception or non-speech-specific auditory encoding. Here, we review a few hypotheses about the functional roles of cortical entrainment to speech, e.g., encoding acoustic features, parsing syllabic boundaries, and selecting sensory information in complex listening environments. It is likely that speech entrainment is not a homogeneous response and these hypotheses apply separately for speech entrainment generated from different neural sources. The relationship between entrained activity and speech intelligibility is also discussed. A tentative conclusion is that theta-band entrainment (4-8 Hz) encodes speech features critical for intelligibility while delta-band entrainment (1-4 Hz) is related to the perceived, non-speech-specific acoustic rhythm. To further understand the functional properties of speech entrainment, a splitter's approach will be needed to investigate (1) not just the temporal envelope but what specific acoustic features are encoded and (2) not just speech intelligibility but what specific psycholinguistic processes are encoded by entrained cortical activity. Similarly, the anatomical and spectro-temporal details of entrained activity need to be taken into account when investigating its functional properties.
Selectfluor as a Nucleofuge in the Reactions of Azabicyclo[n.2.1]alkane β-Halocarbamic Acid Esters (n = 2,3) (2008)

The ability of Selectfluor to act as a nucleofuge for hydrolysis of beta-anti-halides was investigated with N-alkoxycarbonyl derivatives of 6-anti-Y-7-anti-X-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes and 4-anti-Y-8-anti-X-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes. The azabicycles contained X = I or Br groups in the methano bridge and Y = F, Br, Cl, or OH substituents in the larger bridge. The relative reactivities of the halides were a function of the azabicycle, the halide, and its bridge and the addition of Selectfluor or HgF(2) as a nucleofuge. All halide displacements occurred with retention of stereochemistry. Selectfluor with sodium bromide or sodium chloride, but not sodium iodide, competitively oxidized some haloalcohols to haloketones. A significant 15.6 Hz F...HO NMR coupling was observed with 4-anti-fluoro-8-anti-hydroxy-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane.
The effect of protease inhibitors on the two-dimensional electrophoresis pattern of red blood cell membranes (2001)

The last few years have brought dramatic improvements for sample preparation and solubilization of protein for electrophoretic analyses. The use of reagents such as thiourea and novel sulfobetaine surfactants increases the total number of proteins able to be visualized from a complex mixture such as a cell lysate and also allows more hydrophobic membrane proteins to be resolved. As the red blood cell (RBC) contain no organelles, it is an ideal source of relatively pure plasma membrane for protein solubilization studies. In addition, there are a number of diseases related to abnormalities of RBCs proteins, thus it is of medical relevance as well as a test sample for technology development. However, the procedure for purifying RBC membranes is rather time-consuming and is normally carried out under almost physiological conditions, which can be conducive to proteolytic degradation of the membrane proteins. Significant differences in two-dimensional (2-D) patterns with and without protease inhibitors in sample preparation are demonstrated. In addition, is shown that preparation of RBC membranes with sodium carbonate, pH 11, leads to multimeric complexes of hemoglobin and causes hemoglobin to be irreversibly attached to the membrane. When using immobilized pH gradients (IPG) as the first dimension, it is demonstrated that the spectrins (large, filamentous proteins of 280 kDa) are lost from the 2-D map unless active, instead of passive, sample hydration into the IPG strip is adopted.
Expression of Recombinant Human Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) in Myeloma Cells and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Autoantibodies to GAD (1997)

Detection of serum autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a new method to differentiate insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). We established a transformed mouse myeloma cell line, SPG14, which expresses recombinant human GAD65, a major isomer of 65 kDa, inside the cells. GAD65 was partially purified by affinity chromatography using the mouse anti-GAD antibody (Ab). We also established a sandwich ELISA for anti-GAD Ab of the IgG class using GAD65 for coating and the anti-human IgG for detection and examined 54 sera of the IDDM patients and 45 sera of normal individuals. When the mean +2 SD of the color development of the sera of normal individuals was used as a cut-off level, 59.2% of patients with IDDM were positive. This indicates that the ELISA was effective to differentiate IDDM and NIDDM. The result also indicates that the autoantibody to GAD does not dissociate from the recombinant GAD rapidly, even when unbound anti-GAD Ab was fully removed. By using a perfusion culture system, we obtained as many as 4.2 x 10(10) SPG14 cells, from which 5 mg of GAD65 could be obtained; this is sufficient for 5,000 assays. This system could be clinically useful for large-scale diagnosis of IDDM.
Tetrahymena telomerase catalyzes nucleolytic cleavage and nonprocessive elongation. (1993)

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that adds telomeric repeats to chromosomes, maintaining telomere length and stabilizing chromosome ends. In vitro, telomerase from the ciliate Tetrahymena elongates single-stranded, guanosine-rich DNA primers by adding repeats of the Tetrahymena telomeric sequence, dT2G4. We have identified two activities of Tetrahymena telomerase in addition to the previously described processive elongation reaction: a 3'-5' nucleolytic cleavage of primer or product DNA and a nonprocessive mode of elongation. The nucleolytic cleavage activity removed residues not conforming to the telomeric repeat sequence from a primer 3' end, eliminating mismatch between DNA primer and RNA template sequences. Template-matched residues were also cleaved from primer or product DNA. Specific primer lengths, sequences, and concentrations stimulated cleavage and processive or nonprocessive elongation differentially. These newly identified activities suggest that telomerase may catalyze a range of telomere synthesis and repair functions and suggest mechanistic similarities between telomerase and RNA polymerase enzymes. On the basis of our results, we propose a model for telomerase primer binding, cleavage, and elongation.
Quinoline antibacterial agents. Oxolinic acid and related compounds (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTQuinoline antibacterial agents. Oxolinic acid and related compoundsDaniel Kaminsky and Robert I. MeltzerCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1968, 11, 1, 160–163Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00307a041https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00307a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views516Altmetric-Citations111LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
[Treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin]. (1992)

Spasticity following upper motor neuron lesion can be alleviated by few treatments such as physiotherapy, drugs and neurosurgery. However, they all have side effects, limitations or lack of selectivity. We tentatively used the paralyzing effects of botulinum toxin. Since the late 1970's the use of this toxin has increased and it has been extended to numerous muscles and diseases of various causes. In this pilot and open study we use botulinum toxin in spasticity. Eight patients (7 stroke, 1 head injury) with longstanding severe spasticity (minimum: 12 months, maximum: 15 years) were included. Spasticity greatly interfered with their activity in daily life and was resistant to oral antispastic medications. Six patients suffered from pain and 4 had cutaneous lesions especially maceration of the palm of the hand. A-botulinum toxin was injected with a 30-gauged needle. The sites chosen for injection were the following muscles: biceps brachii, brachioradialis, flexor digitorum, flexor carpi, tibialis anterior, flexor digitorum longus. Altogether 41 injections were performed. There were no side effects. Spasticity was improved in all patients. Five patients reported significant pain relief on a visual analogical scale. Most of them reported a benefit in their limb tone and referred to subjective improvement in the activity of daily life and nursing. The beneficial effects of one injection lasted more than 5 months. Seven patients received a second course of treatment. A double-blind study of botulinum toxin in spasticity is to be undertaken to assess its effectiveness and safety when prescribed in the required dose to treat this condition.