gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pertussis Toxin and Adenylate Cyclase Toxin: Key Virulence Factors of Bordetella Pertussis and Cell Biology Tools (2010)

Pertussis toxin and adenylate cyclase toxin are two important virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis, the bacterial cause of the respiratory disease pertussis or whooping cough. In addition to studies on the structure, function and role in pathogenesis of these two toxins, they are both used as cell biology tools for a variety of applications owing to their ability to enter mammalian cells, perform enzymatic activities and modify cell signaling events. In this article, recent data from the research literature that enhance our understanding of the nature of these two toxins, their role in the pathogenesis of B. pertussis infection and disease, particularly in modulating host immune responses, and their use as tools for other areas of research will be outlined.
The diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (2001)

Although the pathology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) was first described by French pathologists in the mid 19th century, it remained for the virtually simultaneous reports of Brock and Teare in England some 43 years ago to bring modern attention to this fascinating entity.1 2 Subsequent to these surgical1 and pathological2 observations, there has been an almost exponential growth in the number of research reports and in our knowledge of HCM, and a number of extensive reviews have been published.3-9 HCM was initially thought to be relatively rare, but it is now recognised to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in people of all ages. In tertiary referral populations the annual mortality is 3–4% per annum (higher in the young) and 1–2% per annum in non-referred populations. It occurs in 1 in 500 live births, making it as common as cystic fibrosis, and is the most common cause of sudden death during athletic endeavour in young people. The diagnosis of HCM is therefore of great importance, particularly in the young where sudden death is such a risk.

More recently, the results of molecular genetic studies have resulted in a quantum leap in our basic knowledge and understanding of the Mendelian dominant inheritance of HCM and have far reaching prognostic and clinical implications. HCM is now described as a heterogeneous disease of the sarcomere in that more than 150 different mutations in 10 different sarcomeric proteins have been shown to cause HCM8 (table 1). These molecular genetic studies are already having important clinical implications in that some mutations carry a benign prognosis, whereas others, possibly interacting with various growth factors, have increased penetrance, early onset of manifestations, and a bad prognosis, thus explaining the malignant family history noted in some instances. Because of the time …
Purification of mouse interleukin 2 to apparent homogeneity. (1983)

A procedure has been developed for the rapid purification of mouse interleukin 2 (IL2) to apparent homogeneity, using gel filtration, anion exchange, hydrophobic chromatography, and reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). IL2 eluted at a high concentration of acetonitrile on HPLC (approximately 40%), well removed from other proteins. This protocol did not resolve isoelectric variant forms of IL2. Both the biological activity and protein migrated as a band of apparent molecular weight 22,000-23,000 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It had a high potency, producing 30% of the maximal response in T cell growth at a concentration of 2-4 X 10(-12) M. Mouse Il2 synthesized in a wheat germ cell-free translation system behaved similarly on RP-HPLC as the form secreted by EL4 cells. Thus, the hydrophobicity of mouse IL2, which facilitates its purification, is an intrinsic property of the protein, determined primarily by its amino acid sequence.
Angled Implant Fully Overlapped LDD (AI-FOLD) NFETs for Performance and Reliability (1989)

Fully overlapped lightly doped drain FOLD n-channel MOSFETs built for the purpose of improving the tradeoff between performance and reliability are discussed. Full gate overlap was achieved by using angled implants to extend LDD (lightly-doped drain) regions beneath the gate edge of devices. The dose and energy of the angled implants were varied. The parasitic overlap capacitance and series resistance as well as the reliability enhancement introduced by the FOLD structure are investigated in detail. The series resistance is shown to be strongly dependent on gate voltage, while the overlap capacitance is found to be reduced significantly by depletion of the FOLD drain regions. The corresponding reduction in hot-carrier-limited channel length more than compensates for the increase in parasitics, indicating substantial enhancement in net drive performance. >
Tracheal tube biofilm as a source of bacterial colonization of the lung (1989)

Biofilm formation in tracheal tubes, its bacterial content, and its interaction with ventilator gas flow were investigated. At least 50 mg (dry weight) of biofilm was found in 30 of 40 tracheal tubes used in intensive care patients for 2 h to 10 days. Electron microscopy showed bacteria in this layer, and quantitative studies showed that bacterial counts could reach up to 10(6)/cm of tube length. Bacteria were cultured from the patient side of 18 of 78 heat and moisture exchanger-microbiological filter units removed from ventilator circuits. Particles were shown to detach from tracheal tube luminal biofilm and were projected up to 45 cm from the tracheal tube tip. Following contamination of the tracheal tube biofilm with a patient's own gastrointestinal flora, entrainment of bacteria in the inspiratory gas flow provides a mechanism for initial and repeated lung colonization.
Shape-Selective Ligation to Dendrimer−Metalloporphyrins (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTShape-Selective Ligation to Dendrimer−MetalloporphyrinsP. Bhyrappa, G. Vaijayanthimala, and Kenneth S. SuslickView Author Information Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 601 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801 Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India 600 036 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1, 262–263Publication Date (Web):December 19, 1998Publication History Received25 September 1998Published online19 December 1998Published inissue 1 January 1999https://doi.org/10.1021/ja983411cCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views665Altmetric-Citations67LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (65 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Dendrons,Hydrocarbons,Ligands,Ligation,Pyrroles Get e-Alerts
A sort-based deferred shading architecture for decoupled sampling (2013)

Stochastic sampling in time and over the lens is essential to produce photo-realistic images, and it has the potential to revolutionize real-time graphics. In this paper, we take an architectural view of the problem and propose a novel hardware architecture for efficient shading in the context of stochastic rendering. We replace previous caching mechanisms by a sorting step to extract coherence, thereby ensuring that only non-occluded samples are shaded. The memory bandwidth is kept at a minimum by operating on tiles and using new buffer compression methods. Our architecture has several unique benefits not traditionally associated with deferred shading. First, shading is performed in primitive order, which enables late shading of vertex attributes and avoids the need to generate a G-buffer of pre-interpolated vertex attributes. Second, we support state changes, e.g., change of shaders and resources in the deferred shading pass, avoiding the need for a single über-shader. We perform an extensive architectural simulation to quantify the benefits of our algorithm on real workloads.
Conjugated electron contributions to the second order hyperpolarizability of substituted benzene molecules (1975)

We present a simple theory which accounts for the magnitude and absolute sign of the second order hyperpolarizability β for substituted benzene molecules in terms of the substituent produced π-electron spectral shifts.
Functional and Histological Evidence for the Protective Effect of NXY-059 in a Primate Model of Stroke When Given 4 Hours After Occlusion (2003)

NXY-059 is an effective neuroprotective agent when administered 4 hours after pMCAO in a primate species, attenuating both motor and spatial neglect. The compound also substantially lessened the volume of cerebral damage.
Treatment Strategies for Small Bowel Bacterial Overgrowth in Short Bowel Syndrome (1998)

Small bowel bacterial overgrowth should be aggressively evaluated in patients with short bowel syndrome who are not progressing in a normal manner. Inadequate or incomplete response to antibiotic therapy is common, and several additional treatment possibilities are available.
Sustained improvement of performance and haemodynamics with long-term aerosolised prostacyclin therapy in severe pulmonary hypertension. (1999)

Primary pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary hypertension associated with collagen vascular disease or HIV infection are rapidly progressive fatal diseases in spite of conventional medical therapy. Continuous intravenous infusion of prostacyclin has been shown to prolong life in severe primary pulmonary hypertension, and aerosolised prostacyclin has been used successfully on a short-term basis in patients with pulmonary hypertension. We investigated the effects of acute administration of aerosolised prostacyclin or its analogue iloprost in 5 patients with severe pulmonary hypertension; 4 of these patients were followed over a period of 7 months. On acute testing, mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased from 59 to 46 mm Hg (p = 0.01); echocardiographically estimated systolic pulmonary pressure further declined from 66 mm Hg after 2 days' treatment to 54 mm Hg after 7 months (p = 0.03). Symptom-limited walking distance significantly improved from 42 to 87 m after 2 days' treatment (p = 0.003); a further 2- to 8-fold increase was observed in single patients during follow-up. In severe pulmonary hypertension, aerosolised prostacyclin or iloprost improves exercise capacity and lowers pulmonary artery pressure beyond the level achieved on acute exposure.
NMR assignments and solution conformation of the DNA · RNA hybrid duplex d(GTGAACTT) · r(AAGUUCAC) (1993)

Nearly complete assignments of the 1H-NMR spectrum of the DNA.RNA hybrid d(GTGAACTT).r(AAGUUCAC) have been obtained by two-dimensional methods. Three-bond coupling constants measured from cross-sections of two-dimensional NOE spectra and double quantum-filtered correlation spectra showed that the sugars in the DNA strand are predominantly in the S domain of puckers, whereas the ribofuranoses are mainly C3'-endo. Analysis of time-dependent NOE intensities from one- and two-dimensional experiments showed that the glycosidic torsion angles in the DNA strand are near -120 degrees, whereas those in the RNA strand are in the range- 140 degrees to -160 degrees. These nucleotide conformations correspond to those typically found in B-DNA and A-RNA, respectively. The circular dichroism of the duplex is similar to that of A-form RNA, consistent with a global A-like conformation. A large number of duplex structures was generated in which the nucleotides were fixed in the experimentally determined conformations. A subset of these structures was found that satisfied the internucleotide NOE intensities, backbone constraints and had acceptable Lennard-Jones energies. The base pairs in the duplex were found to have positive inclinations, a translation (Dx) of about 0.4 nm from the helix axis, and more than 10 bp/turn on average. This implies a helical structure in the A family of conformations.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein–1 increases microglial infiltration and aggressiveness of gliomas (2003)

Macrophages are thought to represent a first line of defense in anti-tumor immunity. Despite infiltration by microglial cells, however, malignant gliomas are still highly aggressive tumors. We here identify monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) as a critical chemoattractant for glioma-infiltrating microglial cells. MCP-1-transfected rat CNS-1 gliomas were massively infiltrated by microglial cells. Whereas MCP-1 did not promote the growth of CNS-1 cells in vitro, intracerebral CNS-1-transfected tumors grew more aggressively than control-transfected tumors. This provides the first functional evidence that MCP-1 recruits microglial cells to gliomas and promotes their growth in vivo. Microglial cells may support rather than suppress glioma growth.
Textbook of Pain (1990)

Introduction. SECTION ONE. . Basic Aspects. Peripheral & Central. . Peripheral Mechanisms of Nociceptors, R.A. Meyer. Inflammatory Pain (Including Cytokines) , J. Levine. Cellular Properties, S. Bevan. Neurotrophins, S.B. Mcmahon. Damaged Peripheral Nerve, M. Devor. Dorsal Horn , C.J. Woolf. Medulla to Thalamus, J. Dostrovsky. Cortex Imaging, M. Ingvar. Fetal -- Neonatal, M. Fitzgerald. Central Pharmacology, T. Yaksh. Dorsal Horn Plasticity, R. Dubner. CNS Modulation, H. Fields. Psychology. Emotions & Psychobiology, K.D. Craig. Cognition, M. Weisenberg. Measurement. Animals, R. Dubner. Children, P.J. Mcgrath. Normal People, R. Gracely. People in Pain, R. Melzack. Other Measures of Pain and Disability, A. De C.Williams, . SECTION TWO: CLINICAL STATES. Soft Tissue, Joints, And Bones. Postoperative Pain, M. Cousins. Osteoarthritis, P.Creamer. Rheumatoid Arthritis, M. Jayson. Muscle and Tendons , D. Newham. Low Back Pain, D.M. Long. Upper Extremity & Neck, A. E. Sola. Fibromyalgia , R. Bennett, . Deep and Visceral Pain. Abdominal, L. Blendis . Heart/Vascular (Including Haemopathies), Procacci. (A), Gynaecology , A.J. Rapkin. (B), Obstetrics, J.S. Mcdonald. Genitourinary, V. Wesselmann. Head. Orofacial, Y. Sharav. Trigeminal, Eye, Ear., J. Zakrzewska. Headache , J. Schoenen. Nerve and Root Damage. Amputation, T.S. Jensen. Peripheral Neuropathies , , J. Scadding. RSD, SMP. Nerve Roots and Arachnoiditis, D. Dubuisson. . Special Cases. (A) , Gender, K. Berkely. (B), Children, C. Berde. Elderly, L. Gagliese. Animals, C.E. Short. Cancer , R.K. Portenoy. (A), Psychiatry and Cancer, W. Breitbart. (B), Pain and Impending Death, C. Saunders. Central Nervous System. Central Pain, J. Boive. Spinal Cord Damage, A. Beric. Pain - Psychological Medicine, H. Merskey. SECTION THREE: THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS. Pharmacology. Methods of Therapeutic Trials, H. Mcquay, . Non-Narcotic Analgesics, K. Brune. Psychotropic Drugs, R.C. Monks. Opioids, R.G. Twycross. Local and Regional Anesthesia, H. Mcquay, . Other Drugs Including Sy
Dynamic Simultaneous Multithreaded Architecture (2024)

This paper presents the Dynamic Simultaneous Multi-threaded Architecture (DSMT). DSMT efficiently exe-cutes multiple threads from a single program on a SMT processor core. To accomplish this, threads are generated dynamically from a predictable flow of control and then executed speculatively. Data obtained during the single context non-speculative execution phase of DSMT is used as a hint to speculate the posterior behavior of multiple threads. DSMT employs simple mechanisms based on state bits that keep track of inter-thread dependencies in registers and memory, synchronize thread execution, and control recovery from misspeculation. Moreover, DSMT utilizes a novel greedy policy for choosing those sections of code which provide the highest performance based on their past execution history. The DSMT architecture was simulated with a new cycle-accurate, execution-driven simulator. Our simulation results show that DSMT has very good potential to improve SMT performance, even when only a single program is available. However, we found that dynamic thread behavior together with fre-quent misspeculation may also produce diminishing re-turns in performance. Therefore, the challenge is to max-imize the amount of thread-level parallelism that DSMT is capable of exploiting and at the same time reduce the fre-quency of misspeculations.
Strategies for the use of neural stem cells in brain repair (2012)

Tese de doutoramento em Ciências da Saúde, no ramo de Ciências Biomédicas, apresentada à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra
ChemInform Abstract: NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF BUTATRIENE DERIVATIVES BY REACTIONS OF 3‐BROMO‐3‐ALKEN‐1‐YNES WITH ORGANOCOPPER(I) SPECIES (1983)

Abstract Alkylkupfer‐Verbindungen mit verzweigten Alkylresten wie (II) reagieren mit S‐Bromoßealken‐1‐inen (I) in guten Ausbeuten zu den Butatrien‐Derivaten (III).
SEDATIVE ACTIVITY OF CANNABIS IN RELATION TO ITS Δ‘‐trans‐TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL AND CANNABIDIOL CONTENT (1981)

1. The oral sedative potencies of cannabis herb, crude ethanolic and petroleum-ether fractions, were assayed against delta'-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administered orally to mice, by measuring spontaneous motor activity over 30 min periods, at selected times, up to 6 h. 2. The THC contents of the extracts were determined chemically by gas-liquid chromatography analysis and the B/C ratio (biological activity divided by chemical activity) calculated for each. The B/C values for cannabis herb, which contained THC but no CBD, was 4.47 and for ethanolic and petroleum-ether extracts, 5.26 and 4.39, respectively. 3. The sedative potency expressed as SDA50, the dose required to give 50% effect over 6 h, was 1.06 (0.98 to 1.15) mg/kg for THC; 4.72 (4.22 to 5.27) mg/kg for cannabidiol and 1.26 (1.22 to 1.80) mg/kg for chlorpromazine. 4. An infusion of cannabis herb made with boiling water was shown to have sedative activity of very low potency. 5. When the cannabinoids were completely extracted from a sample of herb with petroleum-ether the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the marc had some sedative activity; but the 70% ethanolic fraction had none. 6. The sedative activity of THC, cannabis herb and a water soluble fraction is blocked by aspirin, a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, and restored by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). 7. The sedative effect of chlorpromazine is not blocked by aspirin.
Leukotriene production and inactivation by normal, chronic granulomatous disease and myeloperoxidase-deficient neutrophils. (1983)

Appropriately stimulated neutrophils release peroxidase and undergo a respiratory burst to form hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radicals (OH). We report here that both the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-halide system and OH released in this way can degrade the leukotrienes (LT) formed by neutrophils. More LTB4 and LTC4 were recovered from the supernatants of chronic granulomatous disease neutrophils (which are unable to respond to stimulation with a respiratory burst) than from normal or myeloperoxidase-deficient neutrophils when stimulated with the calcium ionophore A23187. When radiolabeled LTC4 was added, 72% of the LTC4 was recovered from the chronic granulomatous disease cells in contrast to 0% from the myeloperoxidase-deficient and normal cells. Inhibitor studies using catalase, superoxide dismutase, azide, mannitol, or ethanol suggested that LTC4 degradation was mediated primarily by the myeloperoxidase system in normal cells and by OH in myeloperoxidase-deficient cells. LTC4 degradation by the cell-free myeloperoxidase-H2O2-halide system and the OH -generating acetaldehyde-xanthine oxidase-Fe2+ system had inhibitor profiles comparable to normal and myeloperoxidase-deficient neutrophils, respectively. LTC4 degradation products formed by the stimulated neutrophils and model systems included the 5-(S), 12-(R)- and 5-(S), 12-(S)-6-trans-isomers of LTB4. Thus phagocytes may modulate LT activity in inflammatory sites by the inactivation of these potent biologic mediators by at least two oxidative mechanisms.
Tamoxifen: Toxicities and Drug Resistance During the Treatment and Prevention of Breast Cancer (1995)

Tamoxifen, a nonsteroidal antiestrogen, is the endocrine therapy of choice for all stages of breast cancer. There are six million women-years of experience with tamoxifen, and the drug has produced survival advantages in node-positive and node-negative patients who have had 2-5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. A low incidence of side effects has been reported with tamoxifen, resulting in the proposal to use the antiestrogen as a preventive agent for breast cancer. Three separate clinical trials are currently under way--in the United States, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Current concerns about tamoxifen are the development of rat liver tumors during long-term treatment and an increased incidence of endometrial carcinomas observed in patients. Another concern is the development of drug resistance to long-term tamoxifen therapy. There is increased interest in both determining the mechanism of drug resistance and evaluating new antiestrogens that may be more beneficial as a preventive, as an adjuvant therapy, or for the treatment of advanced breast cancer.
Machine Learning Methods for Histopathological Image Analysis (2018)

Abundant accumulation of digital histopathological images has led to the increased demand for their analysis, such as computer-aided diagnosis using machine learning techniques. However, digital pathological images and related tasks have some issues to be considered. In this mini-review, we introduce the application of digital pathological image analysis using machine learning algorithms, address some problems specific to such analysis, and propose possible solutions.