gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial Susceptibilities and Serogroups of Clinical Strains of Clostridium difficile Isolated in France in 1991 and 1997 (1999)

Glycopeptides (vancomycin and teicoplanin) and metronidazole are the drugs of choice for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infections, but trends in susceptibility patterns have not been assessed in the past few years. The objective was to study the MICs of glycopeptides and metronidazole for unrelated C. difficile strains isolated in 1991 (n = 100) and in 1997 (n = 98) by the agar macrodilution, the E-test, and the disk diffusion methods. Strain susceptibilities to erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, rifampin, and chloramphenicol were also determined by the ATB ANA gallery (bioMérieux, La Balme-les-Grottes, France). The MICs at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (MIC(50)s) and MIC(90)s of glycopeptides and metronidazole remained stable between 1991 and 1997. All the strains were inhibited by concentrations that did not exceed 2 microgram/ml for vancomycin and 1 microg/ml for teicoplanin. Comparison of MICs determined by the agar dilution method recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards and the E test showed correlations (+/-2 dilutions) of 86. 6, 95.9, and 99% for metronidazole, vancomycin, and teicoplanin, respectively. The E test always underestimated the MICs. Strains with decreased susceptibility to metronidazole (MICs, >/=8 microgram/ml) were isolated from six patients (n = 4 in 1991 and n = 2 in 1997). These strains were also detected by the disk diffusion method (zone inhibition diameter, </=21 mm); they belonged to nontoxigenic serogroup D (n = 5) and toxigenic serogroup H (n = 1). Decreased susceptibility to erythromycin (MICs, >/=1 microgram/ml), clindamycin (MICs, >/=2 microgram/ml), tetracycline (MICs, >/=8 microgram/ml), rifampin (MICs, >/=4 microgram/ml), and chloramphenicol (MICs, >/=16 microgram/ml) was observed in 64.2, 80.3, 23.7, 22.7, and 14.6% of strains, respectively. Strains isolated in 1997 were more susceptible than those isolated in 1991, and this trend was correlated to a major change in serogroup distribution. Periodic studies are needed in order to detect changes in serogroups and the emergence of strains with decreased susceptibility to therapeutic drugs.
Ovarian and Adrenal Contribution to Peripheral Androgens During the Menstrual Cycle (1974)

In order to assess the ovarian and adrenal contribution to peripheral levels of testosterone (T), 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate (DHEA-S) in premenopausal women, six normally menstruating subjects were studied during two complete mentrual cycles. The first cycle served as control and dexamethasone was given during the second cycle. Plasma cortisol (F) was measured to assess the degree of adrenal suppression. Plasma progesterone (P), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-P) and estradiol-17β (E2) served as indirect indices of ovulation. The estimation of plasma LH located the midcycle peak and the data for all steroids were evaluated in relation to the LH peak. All cycles studied were apparently ovulatory, as judged by the plasma levels of P, 17-P and E2. Dexamethasone treatment had no detectable effect on the levels of these three steroids. Assuming that dexamethasone suppressed completely the adrenal cortex and had no detectable effect on ovarian steroidogenesis, the following conclusions were made: 1) the adrenal contribution to peripheral T, DHT, A, DHEA and DHEA-S is relatively constant within random fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle; 2) the ovarian contribution of peripheral T, A and DHEA-S reaches maximum levels at midcycle, whereas ovarian contribution to peripheral DHT and DHEA does not seem to be influenced by the menstrual cycle; 3) the ovary and the adrenal cortex contribute equally to peripheral T, DHT and A, except for peripheral A at midcycle when the ovarian contribution is twice that of the adrenal; and 4) peripheral DHEA and DHEA-S originate predominantly from the adrenal cortex which contributes 80% of DHEA and greater than 90% of DHEA-S.
Characterization and physiological roles of membrane-bound hydrogenase isoenzymes from Salmonella typhimurium (1986)

We found that Salmonella typhimurium strain LT2 (Z) possessed two immunologically distinct, membrane-bound hydrogenase isoenzymes, which were similar in electrophoretic mobilities and apoprotein contents to hydrogenase isoenzymes 1 and 2 of Escherichia coli. The S. typhimurium enzymes cross-reacted with antibodies raised to the respective hydrogenase isoenzymes of E. coli. As for E. coli, an additional membrane-bound hydrogenase activity (termed hydrogenase 3), which did not cross-react with antibodies raised against either hydrogenase 1 or 2, was also present in detergent-dispersed membrane preparations. The physiological role of each of the three isoenzymes in E. coli has remained unclear owing to the lack of mutants specifically defective for individual isoenzymes. However, analysis of two additional wild-type isolates of S. typhimurium revealed specific defects in their hydrogenase isoenzyme contents. S. typhimurium LT2 (A) lacked isoenzyme 2 but possessed normal levels of hydrogenases 1 and 3. S. typhimurium LT7 lacked both isoenzymes 1 and 2 but retained normal hydrogenase 3 activity. Characterization of hydrogen metabolism by these hydrogenase-defective isolates allowed us to identify the physiological role of each of the three isoenzymes. Hydrogenase 3 activity correlated closely with formate hydrogenlyase-dependent hydrogen evolution, whereas isoenzyme 2 catalyzed hydrogen uptake (oxidation) during anaerobic, respiration-dependent growth. Isoenzyme 1 also functioned as an uptake hydrogenase but only during fermentative growth. We postulate that this enzyme functions in a hydrogen-recycling reaction which operates during fermentative growth.
Does a 'no-touch' technique result in better vein patency? (2011)

A best evidence topic was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was whether harvesting the saphenous vein (SV) as a conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using a no-touch technique would result in better patency rates. This technique involves the harvest of the SV with a pedicle of peri-vascular tissue left intact and the avoidance of distension of the vein prior to anastomosis. A total of 405 papers were found using the reported searches of which eight represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, date, journal, study type, population, main outcome measures and results are tabulated. The studies found analysed the ultrastructural and mechanical properties of the endothelium and vessel walls of the two harvesting techniques; the protein and enzymatic expression and activity observed; the early atherosclerotic changes detected; and the overall patency of the grafts during short- and long-term angiographical follow-up. Three small prospectively randomised studies compared the patency of grafts harvested using the two techniques and found significant improvements in graft patency using the no-touch harvesting technique in comparison to both the conventional technique and more importantly comparable to the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) patency. The most favourable difference was that of graft patency after 8.5 years of follow-up [90% vs. 76% (P = 0.01), LITA patency 90%], and incidence of graft stenosis [11% vs. 25% (P = 0.006)]. These findings were supported by the demonstrated improvements in the cellular integrity of the vessels and the reduction in the mechanisms leading to graft failure seen in the no-touch harvested SV grafts. These morphological and cellular analyses were carried by five small comparative studies, demonstrating improved endothelial integrity and reduced injury, decelerated atherosclerotic processes, intact adventitial collagen layers, increase in the total area of vasa vasorum, elevated endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and activity, and increased peri-vascular leptin levels and activity. We conclude that there are clear enhancements in vessel wall properties at a cellular level and angiographical evidence of superior graft patency when the no-touch SV harvesting technique is employed.
Hot Carrier Transport and Photocurrent Response in Graphene (2011)

Strong electron-electron interactions in graphene are expected to result in multiple-excitation generation by the absorption of a single photon. We show that the impact of carrier multiplication on photocurrent response is enhanced by very inefficient electron cooling, resulting in an abundance of hot carriers. The hot-carrier-mediated energy transport dominates the photoresponse and manifests itself in quantum efficiencies that can exceed unity, as well as in a characteristic dependence of the photocurrent on gate voltages. The pattern of multiple photocurrent sign changes as a function of gate voltage provides a fingerprint of hot-carrier-dominated transport and carrier multiplication.
Anti-idiotype antibodies that mimic gp86 of human cytomegalovirus inhibit viral fusion but not attachment (1991)

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infects cells by sequential processes involving attachment, fusion with the cell membrane, and penetration of the capsid. We used two monoclonal anti-idiotype that mimic one of the CMV envelope glycoproteins, gp86, to study its role in the early phases of CMV infection. Neither of two such antibodies inhibited virus binding to human embryonic lung (HEL) fibroblasts; however, both antibodies inhibited the fusion of CMV with HEL cells, as measured by an assay in which viral envelope is labeled with a fluorescent amphiphile (octadecyl rhodamine B chloride, or R18), resulting in increased fluorescence during fusion of virus with the cell membrane. Because these anti-idiotype antibodies were shown previously to bind to specific receptors on HEL cell membranes, these findings suggest that both gp86 and its cell membrane receptor may function in the fusion of human CMV with HEL cells.
Life events were associated with mortality in middle-aged men (1994)

EtiologyMarch 1, 1994Life events were associated with mortality in middle-aged menWilliam D. Clark, MDWilliam D. Clark, MDMid-Coast Hospital, Bath, Maine, USA (W.D.C.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/ACPJC-1994-120-2-044 SectionsAboutFull Text ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationRosengren A, Orth-Gomer K, Wedel H, Wilhelmsen L. Stressful life events, social support, and mortality in men born in 1933. BMJ. 1993 Oct 30;307:1102-5.References1 Levinson W, Roter D. The effects of two continuing education programs on communication skills of practicing primary care physicians. J Gen Intern Med. 1993;8:318-24. Google Scholar2 Frasure-Smith N. In-hospital symptoms of psychological stress as predictors of long-term outcome after acute myocardial infarction in men. Am J Cardiol. 1991;67:121-7. Google Scholar3 Spiegel D, Bloom JR, Kraemer HC, Gottheil E. Effect of psychosocial treatment on survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Lancet. 1989;2:888-91. Google Scholar4 Bein TH, Miller WR, Tonigan JS. Brief interventions for alcohol problems: a review. Addiction. 1993;88:315-36. Google Scholar5 McLellan AT, Grissom GR, Brill P, et al. Private substance abuse treatment effectiveness: are some programs more effective than others? J Subst Abuse Treat. 1993;10:243-54. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Mid-Coast Hospital, Bath, Maine, USA (W.D.C.) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails March 1, 1994Volume 120, Issue 2Page: 44KeywordsAlcoholismAlcoholsBreast cancerCancer treatmentEmotionsExerciseMedical risk factorsMyocardial infarctionPrevention, policy, and public healthPsychological stressQuestionnairesResearch laboratoriesSmoking habitsTechnicians ePublished: 9 March 2020 Issue Published: March 1, 1994 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.Loading ...
Genetic and Pharmacologic Hydrogen Sulfide Therapy Attenuates Ischemia-Induced Heart Failure in Mice (2010)

The results of the present study suggest that either the administration of exogenous H(2)S or the modulation of endogenous H(2)S production may be of therapeutic benefit in the treatment of ischemia-induced heart failure.
Understanding Energy Efficiency Benefits of Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors for Digital VLSI (2018)

Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors (CNFETs) are highly promising to improve the energy efficiency of digital logic circuits. Here, we quantify the Very-Large-Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuit-level energy efficiency of CNFETs versus advanced technology options (ATOs) currently under consideration [e.g., silicon-germanium (SiGe) channels and progressing from today's FinFETs to gate-all-around nanowires/nanosheets]. We use industry-practice physical designs of digital VLSI processor cores in future technology nodes with millions of transistors (including effects from parasitics and interconnect wires) and technology parameters extracted from experimental data. Our analysis shows that CNFETs are projected to offer 9× energy-delay product (EDP) benefit (~3× faster while simultaneously consuming ~3× less energy) compared to Si/SiGe FinFET. The ATOs provide <;50% EDP benefits. All analyses are performed at the same off-state leakage current density (≤100 nA per micron of FET width) and power density (≤100 W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of chip area). This analysis provides insights into the sources of CNFET EDP benefits and addresses key questions for deeply-scaled technologies. For instance, while contact resistance is a concern for sub-10 nm nodes, CNFETs still provide up to 6.0× EDP benefit (versus Si/SiGe FinFETs) using CNFET contact resistance values already experimentally achieved for 9 nm contact length.
Transformation of Medicago truncatula via infiltration of seedlings or flowering plants with Agrobacterium (2000)

Two rapid and simple in planta transformation methods have been developed for the model legume Medicago truncatula. The first approach is based on a method developed for transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana and involves infiltration of flowering plants with a suspension of Agrobacterium. The second method involves infiltration of young seedlings with Agrobacterium. In both cases a proportion of the progeny of the infiltrated plants is transformed. The transformation frequency ranges from 4.7 to 76% for the flower infiltration method, and from 2.9 to 27.6% for the seedling infiltration method. Both procedures resulted in a mixture of independent transformants and sibling transformants. The transformants were genetically stable, and analysis of the T2 generation indicates that the transgenes are inherited in a Mendelian fashion. These transformation systems will increase the utility of M. truncatula as a model system and enable large-scale insertional mutagenesis. T-DNA tagging and the many adaptations of this approach provide a wide range of opportunities for the analysis of the unique aspects of legumes.
Photoluminescence Up-Conversion in Single Self-AssembledInAs/GaAsQuantum Dots (2001)

Microphotoluminescence measurements under cw excitation reveal the existence of a strong photoluminescence up-conversion from single InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots and also from the InAs wetting layer. Excitation spectroscopy of the up-converted photoluminescence signal shows identical features from the wetting layer and the single quantum dots, i.e., a band tail coming from the deep states localized at the rough interfaces of the wetting layer quantum well. This observation of photoluminescence up-conversion demonstrates the influence on the quantum dot properties of the environment, and highlights the limitations of the artificial atom model for a semiconductor quantum dot.
Chelates of Ascorbic Acid (1982)

Ascorbic acid, H2L, is a relatively weak bidentate ligand, which coordinates metal ions, Mn+, to form chelates, MHL+n-1 at low and intermediate pH values, and unprotonated chelates, ML+n-2 at high pH. Metal ions capable of undergoing redox reactions catalyze the autoxidation of ascorbic acid through the formation of intermediate metalascorbate-dioxygen complexes. Catalysis of autoxidation by metal chelates seems to occur through the formation of ternary ascorbate complexes of the metal chelates. Ascorbic acid is assigned a significant catalytic role in Udenfriend's system through the formation of an initial ascorbate-Fe(III)-dioxygen complex in which electron transfer to dioxygen results in oxygen activation and oxygen atom insertion.
k‐t PCA: Temporally constrained k‐t BLAST reconstruction using principal component analysis (2009)

The k-t broad-use linear acquisition speed-up technique (BLAST) has become widespread for reducing image acquisition time in dynamic MRI. In its basic form k-t BLAST speeds up the data acquisition by undersampling k-space over time (referred to as k-t space). The resulting aliasing is resolved in the Fourier reciprocal x-f space (x = spatial position, f = temporal frequency) using an adaptive filter derived from a low-resolution estimate of the signal covariance. However, this filtering process tends to increase the reconstruction error or lower the achievable acceleration factor. This is problematic in applications exhibiting a broad range of temporal frequencies such as free-breathing myocardial perfusion imaging. We show that temporal basis functions calculated by subjecting the training data to principal component analysis (PCA) can be used to constrain the reconstruction such that the temporal resolution is improved. The presented method is called k-t PCA.
ALD518, a humanized anti-IL-6 antibody, treats anemia in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Results of a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2010)

7631 Background: ALD518 is a humanized anti-IL-6 antibody being developed for the treatment of cancer- related anemia, cachexia, and fatigue. The primary objective of the study was to determine the efficacy and safety of ALD518 in patients with advanced NSCLC. Methods: 124 patients (pts) with NSCLC, ECOG 0-3, weight loss in the preceding 3 months of >5% body weight, hemoglobin (Hb) >7 g/dL, and C-reactive protein (CRP) >10 mg/L were dosed. Pts were randomized to 1 of 4 groups (n∼30/group). Placebo or ALD518 80 mg, 160 mg, or 320 mg was administered intravenously every 8 weeks. Pts were followed up for 24 weeks. Data included hematology, clinical chemistry, CRP, and adverse events (AEs). Results: 29 pts completed the study treatments and evaluations, 38 failed to complete every visit, 52 died of progressive disease, and 5 withdrew because of adverse events. There were no dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) or infusion reactions. 84 pts had serious AEs of which 1 was deemed to be possibly related to administration of ALD518 (rectal hemorrhage). The mean (±SD) values for Hb, hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular Hb (MCH), and albumin are shown in the Table. 38/93 pts treated with ALD518 and 10/31 given placebo had a pre-dose Hb =<11 g/dL. 24 of these pts on ALD518 and 7 of these pts on placebo remained in the study at week 4. 14/24 pts on ALD518 and 0/7 on placebo had raised their Hb from =<11 g/dL to >=12 g/dL. Conclusions: ALD518 increased Hb, Hct, MCH and albumin in NSCLC pts and raised Hb to >=12g/dL in 58% of pts with a Hb =<11 g/dL at baseline. ALD518 may be a novel non-erythropoietic stimulating agent for cancer-related anemia. There were no major safety signals related to the administration of ALD518. n Hb (g/dL) Hct (%) MCH (pg) Albumin (g/L) ALD518 Pre-dose 93 11.5 (±2.1) 37.9 (±6.2) 28.4 (±2.8) 37.3 (±5.3) (pooled) Week 4 69 13.1 (±1.6)a 42.5 (±5.0)a 29.2 (±2.5)a 43.6 (±4.7)a Week 12 39 13.4 (±1.6)a 42.5 (±4.7)b 29.8 (±2.8)a 45.2 (±4.5)a Placebo Pre-dose 31 12.2 (±1.8) 39.0 (±5.9) 29.0 (±2.8) 37.5 (±5.7) Week 4 29 11.8 (±2.0) 39.5 (±6.4) 28.0 (±2.8)c 37.3 (±6.8) Week 12 21 12.0 (±2.5) 39.6 (±7.4) 27.8 (±3.0)c 37.0 (±7.5) a p < 0.0001; b p = 0.0002; c p ≤ 0.001 (paired t-test compared to pre-dose). Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Position Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Alder Biopharmaceuticals Inc. Alder Biopharmaceuticals Inc. Alder Biopharmaceuticals Inc.
Transcranial direct current stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients (2005)

Recovery of function after a stroke is determined by a balance of activity in the neural network involving both the affected and the unaffected brain hemispheres. Increased activity in the affected hemisphere can promote recovery, while excessive activity in the unaffected hemisphere may represent a maladaptive strategy. We therefore investigated whether reduction of the excitability in the unaffected hemisphere by cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation could result in motor performance improvement in stroke patients. We compared these results with excitability-enhancing anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the affected hemisphere and sham transcranial direct current stimulation. Both cathodal stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere and anodal stimulation of the affected hemisphere (but not sham transcranial direct current stimulation) improved motor performance significantly. These results suggest that the appropriate modulation of bihemispheric brain structures can promote motor function recovery.
Analysis of immunoglobulin variable region genes from human IgG anti‐DNA hybridomas (1992)

The molecular mechanisms leading to anti-double-stranded (ds) DNA antibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are poorly understood. We describe here the immunoglobulin variable region genes of six human hybridomas secreting IgG anti-dsDNA antibodies derived from three SLE patients. The monoclonal IgG anti-dsDNA antibodies have been shown to be of high affinity and no multireactivity was observed (Winkler et al., Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1991. 85: 379). The comparison of the variable region genes expressed in the hybridomas with known germ-line genes as well as with the germ-line counterparts from one patient shows that the VH and VL sequences are somatically mutated. The pattern and extent of the observed somatic mutations are suggestive for an antigen-driven selection of at least four of these B cell clones. Several VH and VL genes used by the hybridomas were found to be expressed in the natural antibody repertoire, in the restricted fetal repertoire and in B cell malignancies expressing the CD5 antigen.
The relationships between biophysical activity and the secondary structure of synthetic peptides from the pulmonary surfactant protein SP‐B (1996)

Synthetic pulmonary surfactants consisting of a mixture of phospholipids with synthetic peptides based on human and bovine surfactant-associated protein SP-B were prepared. These surfactants were analyzed for their biophysical activities by Wilhemly balance experiments and for their secondary structures by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Four synthetic peptides (SP-1, SP-2, SP-3, and SP-4) combined with the phospholipid mixture displayed significant surfactant properties. The CD spectra showed that the alpha-helical propensities of the peptides in SDS micelles were related to their surfactant activities. These results suggested that the several truncated peptides originated from SP-B protein, when appropriately recombined with phospholipids, could be used as an effective synthetic surfactant for clinical use.