gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Absolute concentrations of metabolites in the adult human brain in vivo: quantification of localized proton MR spectra. (1993)

In vivo concentrations of cerebral metabolites were obtained by means of 52 single-voxel, localized proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic examinations of different regions of the brain performed in 26 healthy adults aged 21-32 years. The study was performed at 2.0 T with use of a circularly polarized head coil to ensure homogeneous radio-frequency excitation and signal reception. Proton MR spectra were obtained in the stimulated-echo acquisition mode under fully relaxed conditions (repetition time > or = 6,000 msec) and at short echo times (20 msec) to minimize corrections due to T1 and T2 attenuation and depict the spectra of metabolites with strongly coupled resonances. Absolute concentrations were obtained by means of calibration of resonance signal areas with those of pertinent metabolite solutions from separate studies and correction for coil loading and partial volume effects (eg, with perfused capillary networks and cerebrospinal fluid). The results provide a quantitative basis for studies of both normal human neurochemistry in vivo and metabolic alterations in diseases of the brain.
Evaluation of the human development network staff learning programs (2004)

This report focuses on the first component - a review of HDN staff learning programs. The key evaluation question addressed is, is the HDN learning program doing the right thing, in terms of the level of alignment with the objectives of the HD Network and fulfillment of the HD staff learning needs? The answer to this question was obtained by examining the following four secondary evaluation questions: (1) Did HDN learning programs enhance staff competency? (2) How well are HDN learning programs aligned with HDN business objectives? (3) What is the level of HD staff learning participation? (4) How effective are HDN learning programs?
A Trotskyite boyhood (part II) (1986)

In my last memoir (Quadrant, May 1986) I tried to recapture the meeting of the Central Committee of the (Trotskyite) Revolutionary Workers' Party, when it was moved by Comrade Gates, seconded by Comrade Roberts, that we infiltrate the massive but flaccid body of the Amalgamated Engineering Union, by using what is now fashionably called the Entrist Tactic. Our sworn enemies, the Communist Party of Australia (the CPA), the Stalinists as we always called them because of their total worship of the Man with The Moustache in the Kremlin and his Comintern, had called a mass meeting of the Union in the Town Hall for the following Friday night under various spurious pretexts, but really to advance their own plans for control of that Union, a succulent dish on their take-over menu. Our own minute fraction was to meet on the Thursday (as we always did before such a function) to plan our tactics for the Friday meeting. We were to meet in Comrade Wishart's tomb-like room above the Commercial Hotel in George Street, amongst empty tins of the baked beans on which Comrade Wishart dined nightly, with the windows shrouded with grey curtains like wrappings taken from a mummy.
StreamCloud: A Large Scale Data Streaming System (2010)

Data streaming has become an important paradigm for the real-time processing of continuous data flows in domains such as finance, telecommunications, networking, Some applications in these domains require to process massive data flows that current technology is unable to manage, that is, streams that, even for a single query operator, require the capacity of potentially many machines. Research efforts on data streaming have mainly focused on scaling in the number of queries or query operators, but overlooked the scalability issue with respect to the stream volume. In this paper, we present StreamCloud a large scale data streaming system for processing large data stream volumes. We focus on how to parallelize continuous queries to obtain a highly scalable data streaming infrastructure. StreamCloud goes beyond the state of the art by using a novel parallelization technique that splits queries into subqueries that are allocated to independent sets of nodes in a way that minimizes the distribution overhead. StreamCloud is implemented as a middleware and is highly independent of the underlying data streaming engine. We explore and evaluate different strategies to parallelize data streaming and tackle with the main bottlenecks and overheads to achieve scalability. The paper presents the system design, implementation and a thorough evaluation of the scalability of the fully implemented system.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta. Two possible mediators of allergic inflammation. (1996)

Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1-beta (IL-1 beta) and interleukin-2-(IL-2) were measured in 19 atopic subjects and in 8 healthy controls. TNF-alpha concentration was increased in atopic subjects and the increase was correlated with the severity of the disease in patients affected by atopic dermatitis. Increased plasma levels of IL-1 beta were found only in symptomatic asthmatic subjects. No increase of serum IL-2 concentration was found in atopic subjects. The data suggest a possible role of TNF- alpha and IL-1 beta in the pathophysiological mechanism of the allergic inflammation.
C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin in two species of blue-green algae (1968)

1. The biliproteins C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin were purified from the blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis by ammonium sulphate fractionation and gel filtration. 2. An assay procedure that enabled the proportion of the two pigments, present as a mixture, to be determined was devised by using the data provided by spectrophotometric analysis of the purified biliproteins. 3. The degree of association and relative proportions of the two pigments were analysed by the application of this procedure to the components separated by thin-layer gel filtration. 4. The C-phycocyanin/allophycocyanin ratio remained essentially constant in algal extracts prepared at various stages throughout the growth cycle or after growth under conditions of reduced illumination. 5. The behaviour of the C-phycocyanin aggregate species from Anacystis nidulans suggested that they were of appreciably lower molecular weight than those observed in extracts of Anabaena variabilis.
CD46: A complement regulator and pathogen receptor that mediates links between innate and acquired immune function (2004)

In the last 10 years, the human cell-surface molecule, CD46, has evolved from 'just another complement regulator' to a receptor for a striking array of pathogens. CD46 not only protects cells from complement-mediated attack and facilitates infection by a large number of pathogens, but also exerts complex effects on cellular immune function. It has been proposed that CD46 links innate and adaptive immunity by affecting cellular immune function in response to complement binding, and the role of CD46 in the pathogenesis of many infectious pathogens is now the subject of intense investigation. So far, the flood of information that implicates CD46 in modifying a host response to measles, Neisseria, human herpes virus 6, and pathogens that activate complement has not yet been matched with a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which CD46 affects immune function. This review summarizes the evidence that points to a significant role for CD46 in a range of pathological processes and describes how CD46 might exert its effects by altering signal transduction and antigen presentation pathways.
Low-energy laser irradiation stimulates the tooth movement velocity via expression of M-CSF andc-fms (2007)

Recent studies have demonstrated that low-energy laser irradiation stimulates bone formation in vitro and in vivo. However, very little is known about the effects of laser irradiation on osteoclastogenesis. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is essential and sufficient for osteoclastogenesis. The present study was designed to examine the effects of low-energy laser irradiation on expressions of M-CSF and c-fms during experimental tooth movement. A total of 10 g of orthodontic force was applied to rat molars to cause experimental tooth movement. A Ga-Al-As diode laser was used to irradiate the area around the moved tooth and the amount of tooth movement was measured for 7 days. Immunohistochemical staining with M-CSF and c-fms was performed. RT-PCR was also performed to elucidate the expression of c-fms from irradiated rat osteoclast precursor cells. In the irradiation group, the amount of tooth movement was significantly greater than that of the non-irradiation group at the end of the experiment. Cells positively stained with M-CSF and c-fms were found to be significantly increased in the irradiation group on days 2 and 3 as compared with the non-irradiation group. Further, c-fms expression in osteoclast precursor cells was detected at an early stage (days 2 and 3) in the irradiation group. These findings suggest that low-energy laser irradiation stimulates the velocity of tooth movement via the expressions of M-CSF and c-fms.
Corporate and technology and innovation strategies alignment in a sample of enterprises from different regions of Colombia (2010)

resumen El objetivo de esta investigacion fue identificarla percepcion que tienen las empresas de diferentes regiones de Colombia sobre la re-lacion entre la estrategia corporativa y su relacion con la estrategia tecnologica y de innovacion, y de alli determinar si hay un alinea-miento estrategico entre las dos. Se trabajo con una muestra de 166 empresas de todos los tamanos y sectores productivos.Fue aplicada la metodologia del Radar de la Innovacion (Innora-dar). Los resultados de este analisis indican que todavia hay un largo camino por recorrer para que las empresas, sin importar su tamano, incorporen conceptos modernos asociados con la investigacion, de-sarrollo tecnologico y la innovacion ( IDT+I ). Tambien se recalca la importancia y el significadode adoptar la gestion estrategica de la tecnologia y la innovacion como parte de su estrategia corporativa. palabras clave: Gestion de la innovacion, estrategia corporativa, alineamiento estrategico, Colombia regiones. abstract The goal of this investigation was to identify the perception of a group of enterprises located in different regions of Colombia as far as the alignment between the corporate strategy and the technological and innovation strategies. A sample of 166 enterprises of all sectors and sizes participated.The methodology of Innoradar was applied. The outcome of the analysis underline that there is still a long way for the enterprises to incorporate modern management concepts associated with research and development issues, and most specially the importance and meaning to align the strategic management of technology and innovation as an essential component of their corporate strategy.
Stability of hydrogels used in cell encapsulation: An in vitro comparison of alginate and agarose (1996)

The present studies were undertaken to evaluate the in vitro gel stability of the hydrogels alginate and agarose. Gel strength (of alginate and agarose) and protein diffusion (of alginate only) were shown to correlate with gel stability and to be useful techniques to monitor gel stability over time. The gel strengths of alginate and agarose were followed for a 90-day period using gel strength as a measure of gel stability. The gel strength of agarose diminished in the presence of cells because the cells likely interfered with the hydrogen bond formation required for agarose gelation. In the presence of cells, the gel strength of agarose decreased by an average of 25% from time 0 to 60 days, thereafter maintaining that value to 90 days. The gel strength of calcium- or barium-crosslinked alginate decreased over 90 days, with an equilibrium gel strength being achieved after 30 days. The presence of cells did not further decrease alginate gel strength. The gel strengths of calcium- and barium-crosslinked alginates were similar at 60 days-350 +/- 20 g and 300 +/- 60 g, respectively-indicating equivalence in their stability. The stability of calcium-crosslinked sodium alginate gels over a 60-day time period was monitored by diffusion of proteins ranging in molecular weight from 14.5 to 155 kD. From these diffusion measurements, the average pore size of the calcium-crosslinked alginate gels was estimated, using a semi-empirical model, to increase from approximately 176 to 289 A over a period of 60 days. (c) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
(89)Zr as a PET surrogate radioisotope for scouting biodistribution of the therapeutic radiometals (90)Y and (177)Lu in tumor-bearing nude mice after coupling to the internalizing antibody cetuximab. (2005)

In view of the advantages of PET over SPECT, (89)Zr-immuno-PET is a promising modality for in vivo scouting of (90)Y- and (177)Lu-labeled mAbs, although care should be taken when estimating bone marrow doses.
COT1, a gene involved in cobalt accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1992)

The COT1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been isolated as a dosage-dependent suppressor of cobalt toxicity. Overexpression of the COT1 gene confers increased tolerance to cobalt and rhodium ions but not other divalent cations. Strains containing null alleles of COT1 are viable yet more sensitive to cobalt than are wild-type strains. Transcription of COT1 responds minimally to the extracellular cobalt concentration. Addition of cobalt ions to growth media results in a twofold increase in COT1 mRNA abundance. The gene encodes a 48-kDa protein which is found in mitochondrial membrane fractions of cells. The protein contains six possible membrane-spanning domains and several potential metal-binding amino acid residues. The COT1 protein shares 60% identity with the ZRC1 gene product, which confers resistance to zinc and cadmium ions. Cobalt transport studies indicate that the COT1 product is involved in the uptake of cobalt ions yet is not solely responsible for it. The increased tolerance of strains containing multiple copies of the COT1 gene is probably due to increased compartmentalization or sequestration of the ion within mitochondria.
Identification, cloning and expression analysis of the pluripotency promoting Nanog genes in mouse and human (2004)

The murine Nanog gene, a member of the homeobox family of DNA binding transcription factors, has been shown recently to maintain pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. We have used a sequence homology and expression screen to identify and clone the mouse and human Nanog genes and characterized their phylogenetic context and expression patterns. We report here the gene structure and expression patterns of the mouse Nanog gene, the human Nanog and Nanog2 genes, and six processed human Nanog pseudogenes. Mouse Nanog expression is high in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells and is down-regulated during embryonic stem cell differentiation, concomitant with loss of pluripotency. Murine embryonic Nanog expression is detected in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. After implantation, Nanog is detectable at embryonic day (E) 6 in proximal epiblast in the region of the presumptive primitive streak. Expression extends distally as the streak elongates during gastrulation and remains restricted to epiblast. Nanog RNA is down-regulated in cells ingressing through the streak to form mesoderm and definitive endoderm. Nanog expression also marks the pluripotent germ cells of the nascent gonad at E11.5-E12.5 and is highly expressed in germ cell tumour and teratoma-derived cell lines. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis detected mouse Nanog expression at low levels in several adult tissues. The human Nanog genes are expressed in embryonic stem cells and down-regulated in all adult tissues and differentiated cell lines examined. High levels of human Nanog expression were detected by Northern analysis in the undifferentiated N-Tera embryonal carcinoma cell line. The conservation in gene sequence, structure, and expression of mouse and human Nanog and Nanog2 genes may reflect a common role in the maintenance of pluripotency in both species.
Variational Recurrent Auto-Encoders (2014)

In this paper we propose a model that combines the strengths of RNNs and SGVB: the Variational Recurrent Auto-Encoder (VRAE). Such a model can be used for efficient, large scale unsupervised learning on time series data, mapping the time series data to a latent vector representation. The model is generative, such that data can be generated from samples of the latent space. An important contribution of this work is that the model can make use of unlabeled data in order to facilitate supervised training of RNNs by initialising the weights and network state.
Low Temperature Surface Cleaning of Silicon and Its Application to Silicon MBE (1986)

A low temperature thermal cleaning method for Si molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is proposed. This method consists of wet chemical treatment to eliminate carbon contaminants on Si substrates, thin oxide film formation to protect the clean Si surface from contamination during processing before MBE growth, and desorption of the thin oxide film under UHV. The passivative oxide can be removed at temperatures below 800°C. It is confirmed that Si epitaxial growth can take place on substrates cleaned by this method and that high quality Si layers with dislocations of fewer than 100/cm2 and high mobility comparable to good bulk materials are formed. Surface cleanliness, the nature of thin passivative oxide films, and cleaning processes are also studied by using such surface analytic methods as Auger electron spectroscopy, reflection high energy electron diffraction, and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
사회복지사의 윤리적 신념과 경험에 관한 연구 -이중관계(dual relationship)를 중심으로- (2012)

본 연구에서는 한국의 사회복지사들의 윤리의식이 어떻게 형성되어 있으며, 어떤 윤리적 행동을 하고 있는지를 클라이언트와의이중관계에 대한 신념과 경험을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 이중관계에 대한 사회복지사의 윤리적 신념과 경험 정도, 인구사회학적 특성 및 조직의 특성에 따라 사회복지사의 신념과 경험에 차이가 있는지를 알아보는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 이를 위하여 전국 사회복지기관에 종사하고 있는 현직 사회복지사를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 회수된 379부를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 사회복지사들은 신념에 있어서는 이중관계에 대해 다소 허용적인 측면을 갖고 있으나, 실제 경험적으로는 윤리적인 경향을 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 인구사회학적 특성 및 소속된 기관의 특성에 따른 사회복지사들의 윤리적 신념과 경험의 차이는 연령, 결혼여부, 종교유무, 윤리교육 여부에 따라서는 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 성별, 교육수준, 경력, 기관형태, 업무형태, 직위, 사회복지사로 재직하면서 윤리에 대한 교육이나 훈련을 받은 경험과 기관의 윤리기준 유무, 주요 서비스 대상 등에 있어서는 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과를 토대로 사회복지 윤리교육에 대한 실천적 함의를 논의하였다.
Structural analysis of the 5' flanking region of the beta-globin gene in African sickle cell anemia patients: further evidence for three origins of the sickle cell mutation in Africa. (1988)

Haplotype analysis of the beta-globin gene cluster shows two regions of DNA characterized by nonrandom association of restriction site polymorphisms. These regions are separated by a variable segment containing the repeated sequences (ATTTT)n and (AT)xTy, which might be involved in recombinational events. Studies of haplotypes linked to the sickle cell gene in Africa provide strong argument for three origins of the mutation: Benin, Senegal, and the Central African Republic. Nevertheless, the haplotype determination does not give any information about the variable segment and does not totally exclude the possibility of recombination leading to different haplotypes linked to the mutation. The structure of the variable segment in the three African populations was studied by S1 nuclease mapping of genomic DNA, which allows a comparison of several samples. A 1080-base-pair DNA segment was sequenced for one sample from each population. S1 nuclease mapping confirmed the homogeneity of each population with regard to both (ATTTT)n and (AT)xTy repeats. We found three additional structures for (AT)xTy correlating with the geographic origin of the patients. Ten other nucleotide positions, 5' and 3' to the (AT)xTy copies, were found to be variable when compared to homologous sequences from human and monkey DNAs. These results allow us to propose an evolutionary scheme for the polymorphisms in the 5' flanking region of the beta-globin gene. The results strongly support the hypothesis of three origins for the sickle mutation in Africa.
Marrow stromal stem cells (1988)

Evidence for the hypothesis that there are stromal stem cells present in the soft connective tissues associated with marrow and bone surfaces that are able to give rise to a number of different cell lines is reviewed. The lines are currently designated fibroblastic, reticular, adipocytic and osteogenic. Fibroblastic colonies, each derived from a single colony-forming unit fibroblastic (CFU-F), are formed when marrow cells are cultured in vitro. In vivo assays of tissue formed by CFU-F in open transplant or in diffusion chambers, have demonstrated that some CFU-F have a high ability for self renewal and multipotentiality whereas some have more limited potential. Preliminary investigations in vitro also support the hypothesis and have shown that CFU-F are a heterogeneous population of stem and progenitor cells and that their differentiation in vitro can be modified at the colony level. The stromal cells which survive and proliferate in vitro are highly dependent on culture conditions. The number and hierarchy of cell lines belonging to the stromal fibroblastic system are not yet fully elucidated and more specific markers and better assays for the different phenotypes are required before a greater understanding can be achieved. The possibility that the marrow stromal system is part of a wider stromal cell system of the body is proposed.
Cooperative binding of EF-1A to the E1A enhancer region mediates synergistic effects on E1A transcription during adenovirus infection (1991)

A cellular nuclear factor, EF-1A, binds to a sequence motif which is repeated in the adenovirus type 5 E1A transcriptional control region. Previous genetic analyses demonstrated that two of these binding sites are predominant functional elements of the E1A enhancer region in vivo. In this report, we demonstrate that the cooperative binding of EF-1A to neighboring sites in the E1A enhancer region results in a synergistic activation of E1A transcription in infected cells.
Boosting Adversarial Attacks with Momentum (2018)

Deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples, which poses security concerns on these algorithms due to the potentially severe consequences. Adversarial attacks serve as an important surrogate to evaluate the robustness of deep learning models before they are deployed. However, most of existing adversarial attacks can only fool a black-box model with a low success rate. To address this issue, we propose a broad class of momentum-based iterative algorithms to boost adversarial attacks. By integrating the momentum term into the iterative process for attacks, our methods can stabilize update directions and escape from poor local maxima during the iterations, resulting in more transferable adversarial examples. To further improve the success rates for black-box attacks, we apply momentum iterative algorithms to an ensemble of models, and show that the adversarially trained models with a strong defense ability are also vulnerable to our black-box attacks. We hope that the proposed methods will serve as a benchmark for evaluating the robustness of various deep models and defense methods. With this method, we won the first places in NIPS 2017 Non-targeted Adversarial Attack and Targeted Adversarial Attack competitions.
Dronedarone for Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm in Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter (2007)

Dronedarone was significantly more effective than placebo in maintaining sinus rhythm and in reducing the ventricular rate during recurrence of arrhythmia.