gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Compensating non-optical effects using electrically driven optical proximity correction (2009)

Chip performance and yield are increasingly limited by systematic and random variations introduced during wafer processing. Systematic variations are layout-dependent and can be broadly classified as optical or non-optical in nature. Optical effects have their origin in the lithography process including mask, RET, and resist. Non-optical effects are layout-dependent systematic variations which originate from processes other than lithography. Some examples of nonoptical effects are stress variations, well-proximity effect, spacer thickness variations and rapid thermal anneal (RTA) variations. Semiconductor scaling has led to an increase in the complexity and impact of such effects on circuit parameters. A novel technique for dataprep called electrically-driven optical proximity correction (ED-OPC) has been previously proposed which replaces the conventional OPC objective of minimization of edge placement error (EPE) with an electrical error related cost function. The introduction of electrical objectives into the OPC flow opens up the possibility of compensating for electrical variations which do not necessarily originate from the lithographic process. In this paper, we propose to utilize ED-OPC to compensate for optical as well as non-optical effects in order to mitigate circuit-limited variability and yield. We describe the impact of non-optical effects on circuit parameters such as threshold voltage and mobility. Given accurate models to predict variability of circuit parameters, we show how EDOPC can be leveraged to compensate circuit performance for matching designer intent. Compared to existing compensation techniques such as gate length biasing and metal fills, the primary advantage of using ED-OPC is that the process of fragmentation in OPC allows greater flexibility in tuning transistor properties. The benefits of using ED-OPC to compensate for non-optical effects can be observed in reduced guard-banding, leading to less conservative designs. In addition, results show a 4% average reduction in spread in timing in compensating for intra-die threshold voltage variability, which potentially translates to mitigation of circuit-limited yield.
Mitochondrial Ca2+-dependent NLRP3 activation exacerbates the Pseudomonas aeruginosa-driven inflammatory response in cystic fibrosis (2015)

The common pathological manifestation of cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with an excessive lung inflammatory response characterized by interleukin-1β accumulation. CF airway epithelial cells show an exacerbated pro-inflammatory response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa; however, it is unclear whether this heightened inflammatory response is intrinsic to cells lacking CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Here we demonstrate that the degree and quality of the inflammatory response in CF are supported by P. aeruginosa-dependent mitochondrial perturbation, in which flagellin is the inducer and mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter (MCU) is a signal-integrating organelle member for NLRP3 activation and IL-1β and IL-18 processing. Our work elucidates the regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by mitochondrial Ca(2+) in the P. aeruginosa-dependent inflammatory response and deepens our understanding of the significance of mitochondria in the Ca(2+)-dependent control of inflammation.
The FE65 proteins and Alzheimer's disease (2007)

The FE65s (FE65, FE65L1, and FE65L2) are a family of multidomain adaptor proteins that form multiprotein complexes with a range of functions. FE65 is brain-enriched, whereas FE65L1 and FE65L2 are more widely expressed. All three members contain a WW domain and two PTB domains. Through the PTB2 domain, they all interact with the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular domain (AICD) and can alter APP processing. After sequential proteolytic processing of membrane-bound APP and release of AICD to the cytoplasm, FE65 can translocate to the nucleus to participate in gene transcription events. This role is further mediated by interactions of FE65 PTB1 with the transcription factors CP2/LSF/LBP1 and Tip60 and the WW domain with the nucleosome assembly factor SET. However, FE65 target genes have not yet been confirmed. The FE65 PTB1 domain also interacts with two cell surface lipoproteins receptors, the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) and ApoEr2, forming trimeric complexes with APP. The FE55 WW domain also binds to mena, through which it functions in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, cell motility, and neuronal growth cone formation. While single knockout mice appear normal, double FE65(-/-)/FE65L1(-/-) mice have substantial neurodevelopmental defects. These include heterotopic neurons and axonal pathfinding defects, findings similar to findings in both Mena and triple APP:APLP1:APLP2 knockout mice and also lissencephalopathies in humans. Thus APPs, FE65s, and mena may act together in a developmental signalling pathway. This article reviews the known functions of the FE65 family and their role in APP function and Alzheimer's disease.
Hyperspectral imaging: A novel approach for microscopic analysis (2001)

Hyperspectral imaging microscopy permits the capture and identification of different spectral signatures present in an optical field during a single-pass evaluation, including molecules with overlapping but distinct emission spectra. This instrument can reduce dependence on custom optical filters and, in future imaging applications, should facilitate the use of new fluorophores or the simultaneous use of similar fluorophores.
Synthetic Bilayer Membranes: Molecular Design, Self‐Organization, and Application (1992)

Abstract Lipid bilayers are a most central building block of the biological molecular organization. Their two‐dimensional self‐assembly is essential to the generation of biological shapes and sizes on the molecular level. The observation that a totally synthetic amphiphile in water is spontaneously assembled to a bilayer structure suggested that bilayer formation is a general physicochemical phenomenon that is not restricted to particular structures of biolipid molecules. Bilayer formation is now observed for a large variety of synthetic amphiphiles which contain one, two, three, or four alkyl tails. The flexible alkyl tail may be replaced by perfluoroalkyl chains. The supramolecular structures obtained therefrom can be related to the component's molecular structure in many cases. The structural variety and the ease of molecular design make the synthetic bilayer an attractive vehicle for organizing covalently bound functional units and guest molecules. In addition, stable monolayers on water, planar lipid membranes (BLM), and free‐standing cast films are obtainable because of the self‐assembling property of bilayer‐forming compounds. These molecular organizations display common supramolecular features. The use of the cast film as a molecular template provides exciting potential for the production of novel two‐dimensional materials.
Structural studies on the tri- and tetrasaccharides isolated from porcine intestinal heparin and characterization of heparinase/heparitinases using them as substrates (1994)

We prepared a series of oligosaccharides from porcine intestinal heparin after extensive digestion with a mixture of Flavobacterium heparinase as well as heparitinases I and II. Previously, we reported the structures of the two glycoserines derived from the carbohydrate-protein linkage region [Sugahara et al., J. Biol. Chem., 267, 1528-1533 (1992)] and three tetrasaccharides derived from the antithrombin III-binding site [Yamada et al., J. Biol. Chem., 268, 4780-4787 (1993)]. In this study, we determined the structures of 10 other tetrasaccharides and a trisaccharide by enzymatic digestion, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and 500-MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy. These tetrasaccharides share the common disulphated structure, delta HexA alpha 1-4GlcN(N-sulphate)alpha 1-4IdoA(2-sulphate)alpha 1-4GlcN (where HexA is hexuronic acid and IdoA is L-iduronic acid), and their structural variations are based upon the positions of additional sulphate groups. Eight among the 10 have never been isolated as discrete structures. The structure of the trisaccharide is GlcN(N-sulphate)alpha 1-4IdoA(2-sulphate) alpha 1-4GlcN(N,6-disulphate) and is derived from the non-reducing terminus of heparin chains. This structure may represent the terminus of a biosynthetically formed native heparin chain or a newly formed non-reducing terminus exposed by a tissue endo-beta-glucuronidase which may be involved in the intracellular post-synthetic fragmentation of macromolecular heparin. The 11 structures characterized in the present study and 6 additional tetrasaccharides were used to investigate the substrate specificities of heparinase, as well as heparitinases I and II. The results indicate that modification of the adjacent glucosamine on the reducing side of the disaccharide cleavage site influences the enzymatic action of the lyases, whereas the adjacent uronic acid on the non-reducing side is not recognized by these enzymes.
Application of a new 2D time-domain full-waveform inversion scheme to crosshole radar data (2007)

Abstract Crosshole radar tomography is a useful tool in diverse investigations in geology, hydrogeology, and engineering. Conventional tomograms provided by standard ray-based techniques have limited resolution, primarily because only a fraction of the information contained in the radar data (i.e., the first-arrival times and maximum first-cycle amplitudes) is included in the inversion. To increase the resolution of radar tomograms, we have developed a versatile full-waveform inversion scheme that is based on a finite-difference time-domain solution of Maxwell's equations. This scheme largely accounts for the 3D nature of radar-wave propagation and includes an efficient method for extracting the source wavelet from the radar data. After demonstrating the potential of the new scheme on two realistic synthetic data sets, we apply it to two crosshole field data sets acquired in very different geologic/hydrogeologic environments. These are the first applications of full-waveform tomography to observed crosshole radar data. The resolution of all full-waveform tomograms is shown to be markedly superior to that of the associated ray tomograms. Small subsurface features a fraction of the dominant radar wavelength and boundaries between distinct geological/hydrological units are sharply imaged in the full-waveform tomograms.
Use of Liquid Crystals as Vapor Detectors (1974)

Abstract The visual detection between crossed polarizers of organic vapors on various liquid crystal films is described. The liquid crystal is utilized as a smear on glass or as an impregnant in microporous polypropylene. The organic vapor induces a change of the liquid crystal from a birefringent mesophase to an isotropic liquid. The effect is generally reversible, i.e., removal of the film from the contaminated atmosphere restores the original state of the film. Non-selective detection is achieved easily in the ppm range. Of the liquid crystals examined, the most sensitive detector was found to be N-(p-methoxybenzilidine)-p-n-butylaniline (MBBA). Optical reflection from cholesteric materials, has been utilized previously for detection purposes. However, dependence on temperature and the need for instrumental monitoring to achieve high sensitivity do not currently allow the achievement of simple detector devices. In contrast, temperature effects and the need for instrumental monitoring are not as important with the systems described in the present paper. Also, opportunities exist for bettering sensitivity and selectivity.
Surface Micromachined Microelectromechancial Ohmic Series Switch Using Thin-Film Piezoelectric Actuators (2007)

This paper presents results on a surface micromachined RF microelectromechanical switch that uses piezoelectric actuators. The switch uses solution chemistry-derived lead zirconate titanate thin films spun deposited onto a high-resistivity silicon substrate with coplanar waveguide transmission lines. Actuation voltages, applied via circuits independent of the RF circuitry, average less than 10 V, with switch operation demonstrated as low as 2 V. The series switch exhibits better than 20-dB isolation from dc up to 65 GHz and as large as 70 dB below 1 GHz. In the closed state, the switch has an insertion loss less than 1 dB up to 40 GHz, limited in this demonstration by substrate losses from the elastic layer used to stress control the piezoelectric actuators. Switching speeds for the different designs are in the range of 40-60 ms. Thermal sensitivity measurements show no change in isolation observed for temperatures up to 125degC. However, an increase in actuation voltage is required at elevated temperatures.
New reagents for stereoselective carbonyl reduction. Improved synthetic route to the primary prostaglandins (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew reagents for stereoselective carbonyl reduction. Improved synthetic route to the primary prostaglandinsElias J. Corey, Sem M. Albonico, Urs Koelliker, Thomas K. Schaaf, and Ravi K. VarmaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 6, 1491–1493Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00735a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00735a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1552Altmetric-Citations177LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Mesa-Spacers: Enabling Nondestructive Measurement of Surface Energy in Room Temperature Wafer Bonding (2000)

Mesa-Spacers: Enabling non-destructive measurement of surface energy in room temperature wafer bonding
Tissue microarray (TMA) technology: miniaturized pathology archives for high-throughputin situ studies (2001)

Tissue microarray (TMA) technology allows a massive acceleration of studies correlating molecular in situ findings with clinico-pathological information. In this technique, cylindrical tissue samples are taken from up to 1000 different archival tissue blocks and subsequently placed into one empty 'recipient' paraffin block. Sections from TMA blocks can be used for all different types of in situ tissue analyses including immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Multiple studies have demonstrated that findings obtained on TMAs are highly representative of their donor tissues, despite the small size of the individual specimens (diameter 0.6 mm). It is anticipated that TMAs will soon become a widely used tool for all types of tissue-based research. The availability of TMAs containing highly characterized tissues will enable every researcher to perform studies involving thousands of tumours rapidly. Therefore, TMAs will lead to a significant acceleration of the transition of basic research findings into clinical applications.
The Anti-Amyloidogenic Effect Is Exerted against Alzheimer's β-Amyloid Fibrils in Vitro by Preferential and Reversible Binding of Flavonoids to the Amyloid Fibril Structure (2007)

How various anti-amyloidogenic compounds inhibit the formation of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils (fAbeta) from amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) and destabilize fAbeta remains poorly understood. Using spectrophotometry, spectrofluorometry, atomic force microscopy, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), we investigated the anti-amyloidogenic effects of five flavonoids on fAbeta in vitro. Oxidized flavonoids generally inhibited fAbeta(1-40) formation significantly more potently than fresh compounds. Characterization of the novel fluorescence of myricetin (Myr) emitted at 575 nm with an excitation maximum at 430 nm in the presence of fAbeta(1-40) revealed the specific binding of Myr to fAbeta(1-40). By SPR analysis, distinct association and dissociation reactions of Myr with fAbeta(1-40) were observed, in contrast to the very weak binding to the Abeta monomer. A significant decrease in the rate of fibril extension was observed when >0.5 microM Myr was injected into the SPR experimental system. These findings suggest that flavonoids, especially Myr, exert an anti-amyloidogenic effect in vitro by preferentially and reversibly binding to the amyloid fibril structure of fAbeta, rather than to Abeta monomers.
Synthetic analogues of chymostatin*. Inhibition of chymotrypsin and Streptomyces griseus proteinase A (1992)

A series of analogues of chymostatin, including Z-Arg-Leu-Phe-aldehyde (Z-Arg-Leu-Phe-H), have been synthesized. Analysis of the inhibitory potential of these analogues permits identification of residues and interactions that are important for inhibitory activity. Moreover, the structure-function relationship for Z-Arg-Leu-Phe-H and chymostatin inhibition of chymotrypsin and Streptomyces griseus proteinase A (SGPA) was probed further with the aid of molecular mechanics. This analysis identified interactions that provide an explanation for the enhanced activity of the natural product, chymostatin, over the synthetic analogues in the inhibition of chymotrypsin but not SGPA.
Memory-Adaptive External Sorting (1993)

ABSTRACT- In real-time and goal-oriented database systems, the amount of memory assigned to queries that sort or join large relations may fluctuate due to contention from other higher-priority transactions. This study focuses on techniques that enable external sorts both to reduce their buffer usage when they lose memory, and to effectively utilize any additional buffers that are given to them. We also show how these techniques can be extended to work with sort-merge joins. A series of experiments confirms that our proposed techniques are useful for sorting and joining large relations in the face of memory fluctuations. 1.
Selected physiologic compatibilities and incompatibilities between human and porcine organ systems (2006)

The shortage of donor organs is a major barrier to clinical organ transplantation. Although xenotransplantation is considered one of the alternatives to human organ transplantation, there are immunologic and physiologic incompatibilities between humans and pigs. With the exception of coagulation, the major potential physiologic incompatibilities relating to function of the kidney, heart, liver, lungs, pancreatic islets, and hormones are reviewed. Some of these physiologic differences can be overcome by producing genetically altered pigs to improve compatibility with humans. The possibility of producing such pigs for organ transplantation is considered.
Film adhesion in triple junction a-Si solar cells on polyimide substrates (2005)

A major issue encountered during fabrication of triple junction a-Si solar cells on polyimide substrates is the adhesion of the solar cell thin films to the substrates. Here, we present our study of film adhesion in amorphous silicon solar cells made on different polyimide substrates (Kapton VN, Upilex-S and Gouldflex), and the effect of tie coats on film adhesion.
Inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and necrotizing enterocolitis. (1996)

Numerous theories have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Current evidence suggests that injury to the intestinal barrier as a result of various perinatal insults may facilitate invasion of the intestinal wall by bacteria. An inflammatory cascade ensues, characterized by local release of various cytokines that may contribute to further tissue destruction and hemodynamic instability in NEC. Molecular biological probes show increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and interferon-gamma in the intestine of infants with NEC. Studies are planned to define the role of these inflammatory mediators in a rat model of NEC.
Signaling by Nuclear Receptors (2013)

Nuclear receptors are activated by lipid-soluble signals (e.g., steroid hormones) that cross the plasma membrane. Once activated, most function as transcription factors to control gene expression for numerous biological processes.
Targeted therapy with a novel enediyene antibiotic calicheamicin theta(I)1 effectively suppresses growth and dissemination of liver metastases in a syngeneic model of murine neuroblastoma. (1998)

The suppression of metastases in malignant diseases is one of the major goals in targeted chemotherapy. This was achieved with an antibody drug conjugate between a novel, rationally designed enediyene antibiotic calicheamicin theta(I)1 of exceptionally high cytotoxic potency and an antiganglioside GD2 monoclonal antibody 14G2a. Effective suppression of hepatic metastases was demonstrated in a novel syngeneic model of murine neuroblastoma that simulates the situation in patients in terms of antigen heterogeneity and presence of the target antigen on normal tissues. Here, we describe the first successful use of calicheamicin theta(I)1 for targeted chemotherapy in a clinically relevant syngeneic metastasis model.
Transformation by Wnt family proteins correlates with regulation of beta-catenin. (1997)

Several members of the Wnt family of secreted factors are strongly implicated as regulators of mammary cell growth and differentiation. To investigate Wnt signaling in mammary cells, we have assessed the abilities of 10 different Wnt genes to cause transformation of C57MG mammary epithelial cells and in parallel studied their effects on beta-catenin, a component of the Wnt-1 signaling pathway. Autocrine transforming potential was tested by expression of Wnt proteins in C57MG cells, and paracrine effects were evaluated by coculture of C57MG cells with fibroblasts secreting different Wnt proteins. Western blotting confirmed the expression of each Wnt protein in the relevant cell lines. Activities of the 10 Wnts tested were divisible into three groups. Wnt-1, Wnt-2, Wnt-3, and Wnt3a induced strong transformation and an elongated refractile cell morphology. Wnt-6 and Wnt-7a produced weak morphological changes. Wnt-4, Wnt-5a, Wnt-5b, and Wnt-7b had no effect at all on C57MG morphology. Analysis of beta-catenin levels showed that the transforming Wnts induced accumulation of cytosolic beta-catenin, whereas nontransforming Wnts did not. These result demonstrate that several Wnt family members are capable of elevating beta-catenin levels and suggest that their signaling pathways share intracellular signaling components. The correlation between increased cytosolic beta-catenin levels and C57MG transformation supports a role for beta-catenin in transformation of these cells. These data also imply the existence of receptors that respond to certain Wnt proteins but not to others.