gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient content distribution in an information-centric hybrid mobile network (2011)

Information or content centric networking is believed by many to have great potential to be the appropriate networking paradigm for the future Internet. In information centric networking, focus is shifted from the end-points in the network to the information objects themselves, with less care being placed on from where the information is fetched. In addition to the benefits this networking paradigm has in fixed networks, it also simplifies operation in mobile networks and has the potential to improve performance. In this paper, we describe one way in which the NetInf network architecture can be used in a hybrid mobile network in an urban setting, and run simulations to evaluate the benefits that this approach can yield, both to the end users (in terms of improved performance such as reduced latency with over 50%), as well as to the operators in terms of a reduction of traffic load in the cellular access networks with up to 97%.
Specific Inhibition of Stat3 Signal Transduction by PIAS3 (1997)

The signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat3) protein is activated by the interleukin 6 (IL-6) family of cytokines, epidermal growth factor, and leptin. A protein named PIAS3 (protein inhibitor of activated STAT) that binds to Stat3 was isolated and characterized. The association of PIAS3 with Stat3 in vivo was only observed in cells stimulated with ligands that cause the activation of Stat3. PIAS3 blocked the DNA-binding activity of Stat3 and inhibited Stat3-mediated gene activation. Although Stat1 is also phosphorylated in response to IL-6, PIAS3 did not interact with Stat1 or affect its DNA-binding or transcriptional activity. The results indicate that PIAS3 is a specific inhibitor of Stat3.
The Use and Misuse of the Sensitive Thyrotropin Assays (1990)

Since its introduction five years ago, the sensitive TSH (S-TSH) immunometric assay (IMA) has established itself as an important new thyroid test. In fact, TSH IMAs have now replaced the less sensitive first generation TSH radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods. As implied by the term sensitive, these TSH IMAs provide both improved analytic assay precision as well as clinical sensitivity for routinely distinguishing the suppressed serum TSH values characteristic of hyperthyroidism from euthyroidism (1). This improved sensitivity largely results from the IMA sandwich assay configuration in which two anti-TSH antibodies are employed, rather than the single antibody RIA methods (competitive ligand binding assays). Usually one or both of these antibodies are monoclonal and, therefore, possess a high degree of specificity for the TSH epitopes. The first antibody, which is present in excess and bound to a solid support such as a tube wall or bead, is directed at the specific β-subunit of TSH.
Rheological characterisation of age thickening with special reference to milk concentrates (2007)

Age thickening is a well known phenomenon within the dairy industry, where the apparent viscosity of concentrated dairy solutions increases with storage time under low shear. The objective of the paper is to develop new tools to analyse several aspects of age thickening, including the increases in shear thinning, the degree of thixotropy and the rate of structural build up with time, as well as irreversible structural changes and gelation. The build up of the dispersed phase structure during storage, was captured by a snap shot technique, where concentrated milk samples were stored, and aliquots were taken at periodic intervals and subjected to shear sweep tests to collect flow curves. Rheological modelling using the Herschel-Bulkley model showed an increase in yield stress and consistency, indicating a build up in structure during age thickening. The trend in apparent viscosity with storage time showed two-phases, a slow and steady increase followed by a sharp rise, which could be used to identify the onset of firm gelation. The extrapolated viscosity at infinite shear rate increased with storage time, indicating the build up in irreversible structural components during age thickening.
Using Electroporation to Determine Function of a Chimeric Antigen Receptor in T Cell and Macrophage Cell Lines (2013)

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have been used extensively in adoptive immunotherapy to modify T lymphocytes (CTLs), conferring the effector abilities of these cells towards a tumor-associated antigen (TAA). However, the ability of a CAR to redirect the effector function in a range of immune cells has not been well characterized, mainly due to the limitations in current genetic modification techniques. To overcome these limitations, we used the rapid technique of electroporation to transiently modify a macrophage, CD4 + T and CD8 + T cell line to express a CAR. This CAR consisted of an anti-ErbB2 extracellular single chain variable fragment region linked to the intracellular signaling domain comprising CD28-CD3. The ability of three different promoters (CMV, Vav and LTR) to drive CAR expression was compared within each of the cell lines. CAR expression was highest under the CMV promoter in all cell lines, with expression ranging from 20-80%. We subsequently performed functional analysis of these CMV-CAR expressing cells, and observed antigen-specific release of IFN- from the CD8 + and CD4 + T cell lines. In addition, antigen-specific release of both IL-2 and IL-17 was also detected from the CD4 + T cell line, EL4. Overall this investigation demonstrated the feasibility of electroporation to compare promoter activity, induce rapid expression and subsequent function of a CAR in a number of hematopoietic cell lines.
Aqueous solutions containing amino acids and peptides. Part 20. Volumetric behavior of some terminally substituted amino acids and peptides at 298.15 K (1985)

Abstract The densities at 298.15 K of aqueous solutions containing some terminally substituted amino acids and peptides containing the glycyl, L ‐and D ‐alanyl, L ‐leucyl, sarcosyl, and L ‐prolyl residues have been dertermined and standard state partial molar volumes and volumetric pairwise virial coefficients obtained. It is shown that the partial molar volumes can be represented using group volume contributions, but this approach is only approximate, and significant effects of N‐terminal substitution and sequence dependence are observed. The volumetric virial coefficients for the amino acid amides have been expressed using a group‐additivity approach, and the results obtained indicate that the dominant contributions come from peptide group interactions with other peptide groups and with hydrophobic groups. There is also some evidence of both sequence and chiral effects on the volumetric virial coefficients for proline‐containing dipeptides.
Drained Uplift Capacity of Drilled Shafts under Repeated Axial Loading (1990)

An experimental study of the effects of repeated axial loading on drained uplift capacity of drilled shafts in granular soil is described. The mechanisms that cause changes in drilled shaft side resistance are identified and the effects of initial soil density, shaft‐depth‐to‐diameter ratio, and magnitude of repeated loading are evaluated. Uplift capacity changes are found to depend primarily upon the magnitude of cyclic displacement, and a relationship between the magnitude of cyclic displacement and uplift‐capacity reduction is presented. Critical levels of repeated loading (CLRL) are established, above which shafts fail in uplift and below which failure under repeated loading does not occur. Implications for the design of drilled shafts under repeated axial loading are presented.
The MPEG-4 video coding standard-a VLSI point of view (2002)

The paper presents an overview of the current status of the emerging MPEG-4 video coding standard and a discussion of the potential and problems for a practical implementation. Though the high flexibility of the standard suggests a software implementation on microprocessors or DSP, a complexity analysis of the standard proved, that the required processing power for a real time codec implementation quickly reaches the limits even of future high-performance microprocessors. But even with its high number of different algorithms, the standard leaves enough design space for a successful implementation as an optimised, but flexible low-cost, low-power solution. By identifying common arithmetic and transfer properties of the algorithms involved, a partitioning into a stream, video, and composition processor is proposed. Each of the units is programmable, but dedicated to the typical requirements of each algorithm class.
Degradation rates of oral resorbable implants (polylactates and polyglycolates): Rate modification with changes in PLA/PGA copolymer ratios (1977)

This study determined the difference in rate of degradation between pure polymers of lactic acid (pla), glycolic acid (PGA), and various ratios of copolymers of these two substances. Fast-cured and slow-cured polyglycolide was compared with copolymers of glycolide/lactide intermixed in ratios of 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75, as well as pure polylactide. A total of 420 rats were implanted with carbon-14 and tritium-labeled polymers in bone and soft tissue. At intervals of 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 months, groups of five animals with the implants in bone and five with the implants in the abdominal wall were sacrificed. The implant area as well as tissue from the liver, spleen, kidney, lung and some muscle tissue was analyzed for radioactivity along with the urine and feces collected throughout the experiment. Half-lives of the different polymers and copolymers were calculated from the radioactivity present in the implant area for each time interval. Half-life of the polymers and copolymers decreased from 5 months for 100% PGA to 1 week with 50:50 PGA:PLA copolymer and rapidly increased to 6.1 months for 100% PLA. Fast-cured PGA had a half-life in tissue of 0.85 months. No difference in rate of degradation was seen in soft tissue or bone. No significant radioactivity was detected in urine, feces, or tissue samples. From this study, it is concluded that control of degradation rate of the implant could best be attained by varying the composition of PLA and PGA between 75% and 100% PLA along with a corresponding 25% to 0% PGA. This would provide a half-life range of the implant of from 2 weeks to 6 months.
Hepatocyte behavior within three-dimensional porous alginate scaffolds (2000)

A potential approach to facilitate the performance of implanted hepatocytes is to enable their aggregation and re-expression of their differentiated function prior to implantation. Here we examined the behavior of freshly isolated rat adult hepatocytes seeded within a novel three-dimensional (3-D) scaffold based on alginate. The attractive features of this scaffold include a highly porous structure (sponge-like) with interconnecting pores, and pore sizes with diameters of 100-150 microm. Due to their hydrophilic nature, seeding hepatocytes onto the alginate sponges was efficient. DNA measurements showed that the total cell number within the sponges did not change over 2 weeks, indicating that hepatocytes do not proliferate under these culture conditions. Nearly all seeded cells maintained viability, according to the MTT assay. Within 24 h post-seeding, small clusters of viable cells, were seen scattered within the sponge. More than 90% of the seeded cells participated in the aggregation; the high efficiency is attributed to the non-adherent nature of alginate. The spheroids had smooth boundaries and by day 4 in culture reached an average diameter of 100 microm, which is at the same magnitude of the sponge pore size. The cells appeared to synthesize fibronectin which was deposited on the spheroids. No laminin or collagen type IV were detected in the deposit. The 3-D arrangement of hepatocytes within the alginate sponges promoted their functional expression; within a week the cells secreted the maximal albumin secretion rate of 60 microg albumin/10(6) cells/day. Urea secretion rate did not depend on cell aggregation and was similar to that obtained when hepatocytes were cultured on collagen type I coated dishes (100 microg/10(6) cells/day). Our studies show that alginate sponges can provide a conducive environment to facilitate the performance of cultured hepatocytes by enhancing their aggregation.
Inflammation Regulates TMPRSS6 Expression via STAT5 (2013)

TMPRSS6 is a regulated gene, with a crucial role in the regulation of iron homeostasis by inhibiting hepcidin expression. The main regulator of iron homeostasis, the antimicrobial peptide hepcidin, which also has a role in immunity, is directly upregulated by inflammation. In this study, we analyzed whether inflammation is also a modulator of TMPRSS6 expression in vitro and in vivo and we determined the mechanism of this regulation A Human Hepatoma cell line was treated with interleukin-6 and mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide and TMPRSS6 expression and the regulatory mechanism were addressed. In this study, we demonstrate that inflammation downregulates TMPRSS6 expression in vitro and in vivo. The downregulation of Tmprss6 by inflammation in mice is not dependent on the Bmp-Smad pathway but occurs through a decrease in Stat5 phosphorylation. Moreover, Stat5 positively regulates Tmprss6 expression directly by binding to a Stat5 element located on the Tmprss6 promoter. Importantly, our results highlight the functional role of inflammatory modulation of TMPRSS6 expression in the regulation of hepcidin. TMPRSS6 inhibition via decreased STAT5 phosphorylation may be an additional mechanism by which inflammation stimulates hepcidin expression to regulate iron homeostasis and immunity.
Fabrication of three-dimensional polymer photonic crystal structures using single diffraction element interference lithography (2003)

This letter describes an approach for recording three-dimensional (3D) periodic structures in a photosensitive polymer using a single diffraction element mask. The mask has a central opening surrounded by three diffraction gratings oriented 120° relative to one another such that the three first order diffracted beams and the nondiffracted laser beam give a 3D spatial light intensity pattern. Structures patterned in this polymer using 1.0 and 0.56 μm grating periods have hexagonal symmetry with micron- to submicron-periodicity over large substrate area. Band structure calculations of these low index contrast materials predict photonic gaps in certain high symmetry directions.
Microenvironmental Influences that Drive Progression from Benign Breast Disease to Invasive Breast Cancer (2010)

Invasive breast cancer represents the endpoint of a developmental process that originates in the terminal duct lobular units and is believed to progress through stages of increasing proliferation, atypical hyperplasia, and carcinoma in situ before the cancer acquires invasive and metastatic capabilities. By comparison with invasive breast cancer, which has been studied extensively, the preceding stages of benign breast disease are more poorly understood. Much less is known about the molecular changes underlying benign breast disease development and progression, as well as the transition from in situ into invasive disease. Even less focus has been given to the specific role of stroma in this progression. The reasons for lack of knowledge about these lesions often come from their small size and limited sample availability. More challenges are posed by limitations of the models used to investigate the lesions preceding invasive breast cancer. However, recent studies have identified alterations in stromal cell function that may be critical for disease progression from benign disease to invasive cancer: key functions of myoepithelial cells that maintain tissue structure are lost, while tissue fibroblasts become activated to produce proteases that degrade the extracellular matrix and trigger the invasive cellular phenotype. Gene expression profiling of stromal alterations associated with disease progression has also identified key transcriptional changes that occur early in disease development. In this review, we will summarize recent studies showing how stromal factors can facilitate progression of ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive disease. We also suggest approaches to identify processes that control earlier stages of disease progression.
Treatment with DF 2162, a non‐competitive allosteric inhibitor of CXCR1/2, diminishes neutrophil influx and inflammatory hypernociception in mice (2008)

CXCR1/2 mediates neutrophil migration and is involved in the cascade of events leading to inflammatory hypernociception. In addition to modifying fundamental pathological processes, non-competitive allosteric inhibitors of CXCR1/2 may have the additional benefit of providing partial relief for pain and, hence, may be a valid therapeutic target for further studies aimed at the development of new drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Real-time optimal control of plug-in hybrid vehicles with trip preview (2010)

The global optimal solutions of energy management of hybrid electric vehicles depend on future driving conditions. This paper investigates a potential real-time methodology to integrate long-horizon preview information for plugin hybrid vehicles. Equivalent Fuel Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) is deployed as an instantaneous real-time minimization strategy with parameters adjusted by estimated future driving conditions and obtained either from Dynamic Programming (DP) or from a global ECMS. The preview information is decomposed into future road terrain stored as invehicle 3D maps and future velocity estimated from streaming or historic traffic data. We show that with estimated future information, substantial reduction in fuel use, up to 13% is possible compared with a rule-based control strategy without any preview. Further improvement of fuel consumption on the order of 1% could be achieved with exact future information.
Internal Decompression for Multiple Levels of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Technical Note (1982)

In cases of lumbar spinal stenosis, use of the wide decompressive procedure for neural compression without regard for the integrity of facets tends to lead to instability and the chronic pain syndrome. Experience with the posterior lumbar interbody fusion technique indicates that, in cases of multiple levels of spinal canal stenosis, the decompression can be made adequately by inferior and superior marginal laminotomy, mesial facetectomy with an osteotome, and foraminotomy with an angle bone punch and a supersonic curette. Internal thinning of the thickened lamina can be achieved by the shaving action of the supersonic curette done from within the spinal canal. This technique achieves the necessary internal decompression of the multiple levels of spinal stenosis without interruption of the integrity of the motion segment. The spinous processes and the supraspinous ligaments and the lateral half of the facet, with its firm fibrous capsules, are scrupulously preserved. The disc is not removed unless it is overtly extruded.
A Simple and Rapid Determination of ATP, ADP and AMP Concentrations in Pericarp Tissue of Litchi Fruit by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (2006)

A simple and rapid method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed to determine levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in litchi fruit pericarp tissue. This HPLC method used acetonitrile gradient elution and shortened the time required for determinations of adenosine phosphates. This analysis exhibited good repeatability (coefficients of variation 1.28–1.80 %) and recovery rate (94.7–97.1 %). The correlation coefficients of ATP, ADP and AMP with their peak areas at a range of 0–80 ng were 0.9946, 0.9994 and 0.9974, respectively. This method was applied to determine levels of adenosine phosphates in pericarp tissue of litchi fruit at harvest. There were 27.4 μg/g of ATP, 35.4 μg/g of ADP and 7.9 μg/g of AMP on a fresh mass basis.
Lysine-Specific Molecular Tweezers Are Broad-Spectrum Inhibitors of Assembly and Toxicity of Amyloid Proteins (2011)

Amyloidoses are diseases characterized by abnormal protein folding and self-assembly, for which no cure is available. Inhibition or modulation of abnormal protein self-assembly, therefore, is an attractive strategy for prevention and treatment of amyloidoses. We examined Lys-specific molecular tweezers and discovered a lead compound termed CLR01, which is capable of inhibiting the aggregation and toxicity of multiple amyloidogenic proteins by binding to Lys residues and disrupting hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions important for nucleation, oligomerization, and fibril elongation. Importantly, CLR01 shows no toxicity at concentrations substantially higher than those needed for inhibition. We used amyloid β-protein (Aβ) to further explore the binding site(s) of CLR01 and the impact of its binding on the assembly process. Mass spectrometry and solution-state NMR demonstrated binding of CLR01 to the Lys residues in Aβ at the earliest stages of assembly. The resulting complexes were indistinguishable in size and morphology from Aβ oligomers but were nontoxic and were not recognized by the oligomer-specific antibody A11. Thus, CLR01 binds already at the monomer stage and modulates the assembly reaction into formation of nontoxic structures. The data suggest that molecular tweezers are unique, process-specific inhibitors of aberrant protein aggregation and toxicity, which hold promise for developing disease-modifying therapy for amyloidoses.
Monte Carlo simulation of the scattered radiation distribution in diagnostic radiology (1988)

Monte Carlo techniques were employed to evaluate the point spread function (PSF) of scattered radiation in diagnostic radiology. The Monte Carlo procedure is described and shown to compare well with Monte Carlo scatter analysis of other authors. The intensity and distribution of the PSF are described independently. The effects of object thickness, air gap, and beam spectra are examined. An analytic derivation of the scatter PSF is presented in a companion article, and the Monte Carlo results discussed herein are used for comparison.
Inkjet-Printed Interdigital Coupled Line Filter on Liquid Crystal Polymer Substrate (2013)

This letter investigates inkjet-printed interdigital coupled line bandpass filters on liquid crystal polymer substrates. Silver nanoparticle colloidal solution was used as the printing ink. Various numbers of passes were used to print the samples to study the changes in conductivity and uniformity. Samples were then sintered in an oven to remove excess solvent and material impurities. The silver-film conductivity of the conductive ink was ~1×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sup> S/m. The interdigital coupled line bandpass filter was printed with an inkjet printing system. The study achieved a minimal insertion loss and maximal return loss of -3.6 and -24 dB at 25.7 GHz, respectively.