gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bulk GaN based violet light-emitting diodes with high efficiency at very high current density (2012)

We present experimental results on III–nitride light-emitting diodes emitting at 410 nm, grown on low-defectivity bulk GaN substrates. The epitaxial layers are optimized for high peak efficiency and maintain efficiency at very high current densities. We use a volumetric device architecture with surface roughness to maximize light extraction efficiency. We report an external quantum efficiency of 68% at 180 A cm−2⁠. No current crowding is observed at high current density. We also demonstrate flat-line reliable operation to over 1000 h.
Integrin-associated protein: a 50-kD plasma membrane antigen physically and functionally associated with integrins. (1990)

Phagocytosis by monocytes or neutrophils can be enhanced by interaction with several proteins or synthetic peptides containing the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence. Recently we showed that an mAb, B6H12, specifically inhibited this enhancement of neutrophil phagocytosis by inhibiting Arg-Gly-Asp binding to the leukocyte response integrin (Gresham, H. D., J. L. Goodwin, P. M. Allen, D. C. Anderson, and E. J. Brown. 1989. J. Cell Biol. 108:1935-1943). Now, we have purified the antigen recognized by B6H12 to homogeneity. Surprisingly, it is a 50-kD molecule that is expressed on the plasma membranes of all hematopoietic cells, including erythrocytes, which express no known integrins. On platelets and placenta, but not on erythrocytes, this protein is associated with an integrin that can be recognized by an anti-beta 3 antibody. In addition, both the anti-beta 3 and several mAbs recognizing the 50-kD protein inhibit Arg-Gly-Asp stimulation of phagocytosis. These data demonstrate an association between integrins and the 50-kD protein on several cell types. For this reason, we call it Integrin-associated Protein (IAP). We hypothesize that IAP may play a role in signal transduction for enhanced phagocytosis by Arg-Gly-Asp ligands.
STUDY ON ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY WITH TUMOR-INFILTRATING LYMPHOCYTES (TIL) FOR RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (1990)

Human autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and lymphocytes infiltrating renal cell carcinoma (TIL) were cultured with medium containing 1000 IU/ml of human interleukin 2 (IL-2). A high cytotoxic activity against fresh autologous as well as cultured allogenic tumor cells was developed. By culturing these lymphocytes with OKT3 monoclonal antibody during the initial 2 days of long-term culture, in terms of T cell activation signal, IL-2-driven lymphocyte proliferation was remarkably accelerated with maintenance of appreciable level of cytotoxic activity. The same culture method also induced an increase in OKT3 and IL-2 receptor positive lymphocyte population in LAK cells and TIL. This method may enable us to gain more autologous TIL in vitro for adoptive immunotherapy of renal cell carcinoma than the usual culture method with IL-2 alone. Five patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma were treated with adoptive immunotherapy with TIL, LAK and IL-2. One patient with pulmonary metastasis has had a minor response which has lasted for 3 months so far. We have not experienced any serious side effects during the treatment.
Ozone Sensing Properties of Polycrystalline Indium Oxide Films at Room Temperature (2001)

The room temperature ozone sensing properties of polycrystalline indium oxide (InOx) thin films have been investigated. Films with thicknesses of 10 to 1100 nm were sputtered in a dc-magnetron system onto Corning 7059 glass at various substrate temperatures and sputtering atmospheres. Initially, as-grown films were brought to a high conducting state through a photoreduction process by UV light exposure and subsequently they were exposed to a controlled ozone atmosphere. By this treatment the sensitivity of the films could be monitored. The films exhibit resistivity changes of more than five orders of magnitude. The sensitivity was studied for different ozone concentrations and at different temperatures. The response of the films increased linearly with the ozone concentration and the highest sensitivity was achieved when the measurements were carried out at room temperature. Best results were achieved with very thin InOx films (< 100 nm) deposited at room temperature in a pure oxygen atmosphere.
Reduction of β‐amyloid peptide42 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease (1995)

Abstract In this clinical study, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) level of a Novemberel form of the β‐amyloid peptide (Aβ) extending to position 42 (Aβ 42 ) was determined in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as controls. In addition to measurement of CSF Aβ 42 levels, total Aβ peptides, microtubule‐associated protein τ, and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype were also assessed. It is interesting that CSF Aβ 42 levels were found to be significantly lower in AD patients relative to controls, whereas total Aβ levels were not. Aβ 42 has recently been shown to preferentially deposit in the brain tissue of patients with AD, suggesting that diminished clearance may account for its reduction in CSF. As previously reported, τ levels were increased in AD patients; however, neither Aβ 42 nor τ levels were apparently influenced by the ApoE genotype.
Design and Synthesis of Polymeric Hydrogen Sulfide Donors (2014)

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signaling molecule that has several important biological functions in the human body. Because of the difficulties of handling H2S gas, small organic compounds that release H2S under physiological conditions have been developed. The observed bioactivities of these H2S donors have generally been directly correlated with their H2S release properties. However, apart from H2S release, these H2S donors also exert biological effects by direct interaction with intracellular components within the cytoplasm after passive diffusion across cellular membranes. Here we report polymeric H2S donors based on ADT-OH which would alter cellular trafficking of ADT-OH to minimize the unfavorable interactions with intracellular components. We designed and synthesized a poly(ethylene glycol)-ADT (PEG-ADT) conjugate having ADT linked via an ether bond. Whereas ADT-OH significantly reduced cell viability in murine macrophages, the PEG-ADT conjugate did not show obvious cytotoxicity. The PEG-ADT conjugate released H2S in murine macrophages but not in the presence of serum proteins. The PEG-ADT conjugate was taken up by the cell through the endocytic pathway and stayed inside endolysosomes, which is different from the small amphiphilic donor ADT-OH that can directly enter the cytoplasm. Furthermore, PEG-ADT was capable of potentiating LPS-induced inflammation. This polymeric H2S donor approach may help to better understand the H2S bioactivities of the H2S donor ADT-OH.
Directed Mutagenesis of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry11A Toxin Reveals a Crucial Role in Larvicidal Activity of Arginine - 136 in Helix 4 (2001)

Based on the currently proposed toxicity model for the different Bacillus thuringiensis Cry δ-endotoxins, their pore-forming activity involves the insertion of the aA-a5 helical hairpin into the membrane of the target midgut epithelial cell. In this study, a number of polar or charged residues in helix 4 within domain I of the 65-kDa dipteranactive Cry11A toxin, Lys-123, Tyr-125, Asn-128, Ser-130, Gln-135, Arg-136, Gln-139 and Glu-141, were initially substituted with alanine by using PCR-based directed mutagenesis. All mutant toxins were expressed as cytoplasmic inclusions in Escherichia coli upon induction with IPTG. Similar to the wild-type protoxin inclusion, the solubility of each mutant inclusion in the carbonate buffer, pH 9.0, was relatively low When E. coli cells, expressing each of the mutant proteins, were tested for toxicity against Aedes aegypti mosquito-larvae, toxicity was completely abolished for the alanine substitution of arginine at position 136. However, mutations at the other positions still retained a high level of larvicidal activity Interestingly, further analysis of this critical arginine residue by specific mutagenesis showed that conversions of arginine-136 to aspartate, glutamine, or even to the most conserved residue lysine, also abolished the wild-type activity The results of this study revealed an important determinant in toxin function for the positively charged side chain of arginine-136 in helix 4 of the Cry11A town.
Departures from the Adsorption Energy Scaling Relations for Metal Carbide Catalysts (2014)

The activity of heterogeneous catalysts is often limited by a strong correlation between the chemisorption energies of reaction intermediates described by the “scaling relations” among the transition metals. We present electronic structure calculations that suggest that metal carbides do not in general follow the transition-metal scaling relations and tend to exhibit a carbophobic departure relative to the transition metals, meaning they tend to bind carbon-bound species weakly compared to oxygen-bound species. This contrasts with the oxophobic departure exhibited by Pt and Pd. Relative to the parent metals, carbides tend to bind carbon and oxygen more weakly and hydrogen more strongly. The departures are rationalized with the adsorbate–surface valence configuration and the energy of the metal sp-states. We employ these general trends to aid in the understanding of various catalytic properties such as the high activity of iron carbides for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and Pt-group catalysts for partial oxidation of methane. These conclusions are shown to extend beyond atomic probe adsorbates to molecular fragments of relevance to catalysis, making these concepts generally useful for the theory-based design of catalytic materials.
Myristoylated Alanine-rich C Kinase Substrate (MARCKS) Produces Reversible Inhibition of Phospholipase C by Sequestering Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate in Lateral Domains (1996)

The myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS) is a major protein kinase C (PKC) substrate in many different cell types. MARCKS is bound to the plasma membrane, and several recent studies suggest that this binding requires both hydrophobic insertion of its myristate chain into the bilayer and electrostatic interaction of its cluster of basic residues with acidic lipids. Phosphorylation of MARCKS by PKC introduces negative charges into the basic cluster, reducing its electrostatic interaction with acidic lipids and producing translocation of MARCKS from membrane to cytoplasm. The present study shows that physiological concentrations of MARCKS (<10 microM) inhibit phospholipase C (PLC)-catalyzed hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) in phospholipid vesicles. A peptide corresponding to the basic cluster, MARCKS(151-175), produces a similar inhibition, which was observed with both PLC-delta1 and -beta1. Direct fluorescence microscopy observations demonstrate that the MARCKS peptide forms lateral domains enriched in the acidic lipids phosphatidylserine and PIP2 but not PLC, which accounts for the observed inhibition of PIP2 hydrolysis. Phosphorylation of MARCKS(151-175) by PKC releases the inhibition and allows PLC to produce a burst of inositol 1,4, 5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol.
Acoustic modulation of droplet size in a T-junction (2014)

We introduce an approach and describe the process of acoustically driven formation of droplets in a microfluidic T-junction. Our system allows for fast and precise control of drop volume over a wide range that is fully electrically triggered. We exploit the interaction of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) excited on a piezoelectric, transparent substrate with the fluid to adjust the size of drops in a continuous microflow in real time and relate SAW intensity and drop size. Our device operates in the squeezing regime at low capillary numbers. We describe the mechanism of SAW modulated formation of a monodisperse microemulsion that forms the basis for the integration of more complex operations useful for droplet fluidic systems.
Effects of scaling on muon-induced soft errors (2011)

Experimental results are presented that indicate technology scaling increases the sensitivity of microelectronics to soft errors from low-energy muons. Results are presented for 65, 55, 45, and 40 nm bulk CMOS SRAM test arrays. Simulations suggest an increasing role of muons in the soft error rate for smaller technologies.
Identification of Novel Isoforms of the EML4-ALK Transforming Gene in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2008)

The genome of a subset of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC) harbors a small inversion within chromosome 2 that gives rise to a transforming fusion gene, EML4-ALK, which encodes an activated protein tyrosine kinase. Although breakpoints within EML4 have been identified in introns 13 and 20, giving rise to variants 1 and 2, respectively, of EML4-ALK, it has remained unclear whether other isoforms of the fusion gene are present in NSCLC cells. We have now screened NSCLC specimens for other in-frame fusion cDNAs that contain both EML4 and ALK sequences. Two slightly different fusion cDNAs in which exon 6 of EML4 was joined to exon 20 of ALK were each identified in two individuals of the cohort. Whereas one cDNA contained only exons 1 to 6 of EML4 (variant 3a), the other also contained an additional 33-bp sequence derived from intron 6 of EML4 (variant 3b). The protein encoded by the latter cDNA thus contained an insertion of 11 amino acids between the EML4 and ALK sequences of that encoded by the former. Both variants 3a and 3b of EML4-ALK exhibited marked transforming activity in vitro as well as oncogenic activity in vivo. A lung cancer cell line expressing endogenous variant 3 of EML4-ALK underwent cell death on exposure to a specific inhibitor of ALK catalytic activity. These data increase the frequency of EML4-ALK-positive NSCLC tumors and bolster the clinical relevance of this oncogenic kinase.
Optimizing Sound Features for Cortical Neurons (1998)

The brain's cerebral cortex decomposes visual images into information about oriented edges, direction and velocity information, and color. How does the cortex decompose perceived sounds? A reverse correlation technique demonstrates that neurons in the primary auditory cortex of the awake primate have complex patterns of sound-feature selectivity that indicate sensitivity to stimulus edges in frequency or in time, stimulus transitions in frequency or intensity, and feature conjunctions. This allows the creation of classes of stimuli matched to the processing characteristics of auditory cortical neurons. Stimuli designed for a particular neuron's preferred feature pattern can drive that neuron with higher sustained firing rates than have typically been recorded with simple stimuli. These data suggest that the cortex decomposes an auditory scene into component parts using a feature-processing system reminiscent of that used for the cortical decomposition of visual images.
Identifying Influential and Susceptible Individuals in Social Networks: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment (2010)

1 Summary: Perhaps the two most important and elusive questions at the heart of viral marketing today are when is peer-to-peer influence mobilized and who are the influentials that most effectively mobilize and propagate influence in networks and society? Answers to these questions are critical to the success of viral marketing campaigns and for understanding how behavioral contagions spread through social networks. Unfortunately, the econometric identification of peer influence and social contagion is non-trivial, making influence identification difficult in observational data. We therefore conduct a large scale randomized experiment involving millions of subjects on the popular social networking website Facebook.com to identify influence, and the characteristics of influential and susceptible individuals involved in the peer-to-peer spread of a commercial grade movie application. By activating a viral feature on the application that generates notifications of a user’s activities to their social network peers and then randomizing receipt of the viral messages among peers, we create random assignment to treatment and control groups. We then estimate contagion models with random assignment of the receipt of potentially influential peer-to-peer viral messages. Our
Cellular Signalling Pathways of Spinal Pain Neuroplasticity as Targets for Analgesic Development (2005)

Nociceptive inputs from primary afferents are primarily mediated at fast glutamatergic synapses onto second order neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord through activation of AMPA/kainate and NMDA receptor subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors. At these glutamatergic synapses several forms of short-lasting and long-lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission are known. Enhancement of excitatory synaptic transmission in nociceptive pathways is thought to be a key neural substrate underlying chronic pain, and thus the cellular and molecular mechanisms producing this enhancement represent potential targets for developing novel forms of therapeutics. Central to the mechanisms for pain hypersensitivity is the NMDA receptor, the activity of which is facilitated by convergent intracellular biochemical cascades in dorsal horn neurons. Cellular changes are not restricted to neurons in the dorsal horn, however, and there is growing evidence for involvement of glia, and of glia-neuronal signaling, in initiating and sustaining enhancement of nociceptive transmission. In particular, a role has emerged for microglia in pain hypersensitivity following nerve injury. This expanded understanding of cellular and molecular signalling mechanisms in the dorsal horn, that includes both neurons and glia, provides a basis of creating new types of strategies for management, and also for diagnosis, of chronic pain.
ADI, autophagy and apoptosis: Metabolic stress as a therapeutic option for prostate cancer (2009)

Prostate cancer, the leading incidence of cancer in American males, is a disease in which treatment of nonlocalized tumors remains largely unsuccessful. These cancers lose expression of an arginine synthesis enzyme, argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), and are susceptible to arginine deprivation by arginine deiminase (ADI). We show CWR22Rv1 prostate cancer cells are susceptible to ADI in a caspase-independent manner in vitro and in a xenograft model in vivo. We demonstrate that single amino acid deprivation by ADI is able to trigger autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine and siRNA enhances and accelerates ADI-induced cell death, suggesting that autophagy is a protective response to ADI, at least in the early phases. In addition, the co-administration of docetaxel, a caspase-dependent chemotherapy, with ADI inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Thus, targeting multiple cell death pathways, either through autophagy modulation or non-canonical apoptosis, may find expanded use as adjuvant chemotherapies, providing additional avenues for cancer treatment.
DANTE‐prepared pulse trains: A novel approach to motion‐sensitized and motion‐suppressed quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (2012)

Delay alternating with nutation for tailored excitation (DANTE) pulse trains are well appreciated as frequency-selective excitation methods in Fourier transform NMR and for spatial tagging in MRI. In this study, nonselective DANTE pulse trains are used in combination with gradient pulses and short repetition times as motion-sensitive preparation modules. We show that while the longitudinal magnetization of static tissue is mostly preserved, flowing spins are largely (or fully) attenuated as they fail to establish transverse steady state due to a spoiling effect caused by flow along the applied gradient. The attenuation of flowing spins is effectively insensitive to spin velocity (above a low threshold) and can be approximately quantified with a simple T₁ longitudinal magnetization decay model. The relevant analytical equations for moving spins and static spins during DANTE module application are derived for both transient and steady state epochs. The equations are validated by comparing analytical solutions and numerical Bloch equation simulations against experimental observations in phantoms and in vivo. Based on this contrast mechanism, the application of the DANTE preparation to black blood vessel imaging is proposed. A simple demonstration of DANTE black blood imaging modules shows that it provides excellent blood signal suppression and static tissue signal preservation.
Effects of the EGFR Inhibitor Erlotinib on Magnesium Handling (2010)

A mutation in pro-EGF causes isolated hypomagnesemia, and monoclonal antibodies targeting the extracellular domain of the EGF receptor (EGFR) affect epithelial Mg(2+) transport. The effect of the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib on Mg(2+) homeostasis, however, remains unknown. Here, we injected C57BL/6 mice with erlotinib for 23 days and observed a small but significant decrease in serum Mg(2+) concentrations at days 16 and 23, but the fractional excretion of Mg(2+) remained unchanged after 23 days. Semiquantitative immunohistochemical evaluation did not reveal detectable changes in renal expression of transient receptor potential melastatin 6 (TRPM6) protein, the channel that mediates Mg(2+) reabsorption. Patch clamp analysis in TRPM6-expressing cells demonstrated that 30 muM erlotinib inhibited EGF-induced changes in TRPM6 current density and tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR; 0.3 muM erlotinib did not have these effects. Furthermore, 30 muM erlotinib inhibited EGF-stimulated increases in the mobile fraction of endomembrane TRPM6 channels. In summary, erlotinib can influence Mg(2+) handling but its effect on the systemic Mg(2+) concentration seems less potent than that observed with antibody-based EGFR inhibitors. These data suggest that typical human dosages of erlotinib are unlikely to severely affect serum Mg(2+) concentrations.
Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory (2008)

Fluid intelligence (Gf) refers to the ability to reason and to solve new problems independently of previously acquired knowledge. Gf is critical for a wide variety of cognitive tasks, and it is considered one of the most important factors in learning. Moreover, Gf is closely related to professional and educational success, especially in complex and demanding environments. Although performance on tests of Gf can be improved through direct practice on the tests themselves, there is no evidence that training on any other regimen yields increased Gf in adults. Furthermore, there is a long history of research into cognitive training showing that, although performance on trained tasks can increase dramatically, transfer of this learning to other tasks remains poor. Here, we present evidence for transfer from training on a demanding working memory task to measures of Gf. This transfer results even though the trained task is entirely different from the intelligence test itself. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the extent of gain in intelligence critically depends on the amount of training: the more training, the more improvement in Gf. That is, the training effect is dosage-dependent. Thus, in contrast to many previous studies, we conclude that it is possible to improve Gf without practicing the testing tasks themselves, opening a wide range of applications.