gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Frequency Modulation Methods for Diffusion and Adsorption Measurements in Porous Solids (1997)

Effective diffusivities and adsorption uptakes have been measured in mesoporous silica particles using frequency-modulated perturbation methods. Intraparticle diffusivities in the Knudsen regime were measured for N2, Xe, Xe/N2 mixtures, and isobutane at low pressure and several temperatures. The measured diffusivities show the correct dependence on temperature and molecular weight. The frequency response data show that, even above ambient temperatures, equilibrated adsorption occurs concurrently with diffusion processes. The high sensitivity of our experiments permits accurate measurements of the physisorption of N2, Xe, and isobutane on silica at very low surface coverages, with heats of adsorption of 2.2, 3.4, and 5.6 kcal/mol, respectively. The entropies of adsorption for N2, Xe, and isobutane were determined to be −16.4, −17.1, and −18.9 cal/mol K, respectively, which are consistent with the loss of one degree of translational freedom. This study extends previous applications of frequency modulation methods to mesoporous solids useful as adsorbents and catalyst supports. These extensions were achieved by using a wider experimental frequency range and by developing new theoretical response functions for concurrent adsorption and diffusion processes.
Tannin−Protein Complexes as Radical Scavengers and Radical Sinks (2001)

The 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS(*)(+)) decolorization assay has been used to determine the antioxidant activity of the polyphenol epicatechin(16) (4 --> 8) catechin (procyanidin, PC) alone or in complex with the model proteins bovine serum albumin (BSA) or gelatin. PC had a molar antioxidant capacity of approximately 54, 92, or 108 radicals at pH values of 3.0, 4.9, or 7.4, respectively. Radical scavenging occurred via a rapid step followed by a slow step. Interaction with gelatin reduced the rate of rapid scavenging by 50% (PC-BSA mixtures reduced by 15%). Inhibition paralleled formation of precipitable PC-protein complexes over a range of protein/PC ratios. However, inhibition was virtually overcome in 10 min. Reaction with ABTS(*)(+) converted the PC-protein complexes from a dissociable form to a form resistant to dissociation by strong denaturants such as SDS. This study demonstrates that PC is a potent ABTS(*)(+) scavenger even when bound to protein and that the complexes may act as a radical sink within the gastrointestinal tract.
Association of Short-Strand DNA Oligomers with Guanidinium-Linked Nucleosides. A Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study (1996)

Complementary short-strand DNA homooligomers and guanidinium-linked homonucleosides associate and form triplexes in solution. The melting temperatures, Tm, the association and dissociation kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, and activation energies were determined by UV thermal analysis for the triplexes of short strand DNA homooligomers {d(pA)5-d(pA)12-18} and poly(dA) with the guanidinium-linked nucleoside d(Tg)4-T-azido {DNG5}. The melting and cooling curves exhibit hysteresis behavior in the temperature range of 5−95 °C at 0.2 deg/min thermal rate. From these curves the rate constants and the energies of activation for association (kon, Eon) and dissociation (koff, Eoff) processes were obtained. The Tm decreases with the ionic strength and increases slightly with increase in concentration of the monomers. A greater increase in the Tm results from an increase in the length of the DNA strand d(pA)x. In the case of d(pA)5 and d(pA)6, triplexes are formed, with Tm = 34 and 39 °C, respectively, only above 0.063 mM/(adenine base) concentration when ionic strength is 0.08. The rate constants kon and koff at a reference temperature (288 K) are dependent on the DNA strand length and also decrease and increase respectively with the ionic strength. The energies of activation for the association and dissociation processes are in the range of −10 to −50 and 17 to 44 kcal/mol, respectively. The equilibrium for the formation of the triplexes {(d(Tg)4-T-azido)2·d(pA)x, x = 5−10)} is favored by several orders of magnitude when compared to the triplexes of DNA. The standard molar enthalpies for triplex formation have larger negative values at low ionic strength than at high ionic strength indicating that at lower μ values the formation of triplexes of d(Tg)4-T-azido with d(pA)x is more favored. The values of ΔH°(288) calculated from the activation parameters are between −30 and −60 kcal/(mol base) and the values of ΔG°(288) are between −8 and −13 kcal/(mol base) for short-strand DNA. There is a linear relationship in the enthalpy−entropy compensation for the triplex-melting thermodynamics.
Evaluation of the potential for steady-state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin and metformin in healthy subjects (2009)

In this small, multiple dose study carried out in healthy subjects, co-administration of linagliptin with metformin did not have a clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of either agent. This study suggests linagliptin and metformin can safely be administered concomitantly in type 2 diabetes patients without dose adjustment; larger, longer-term clinical trials in diabetic patients are underway.
Biocompatibility of nitinol alloy as an implant material (1976)

The biocompatibility of nitinol alloy as a potential implant material was investigated through in vivo studies on beagles. A high-purity alloy was fabricated into prototype bone plates and implanted into the femurs of beagles. Commercial cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy bone plates served as reference controls, an additional control data were obtained from beagles subjected to "sham" operations. The bone plates were removed from the animals and examined after exposures of 3, 6, 12, and 17 months. There was no evidence of either localized or of general corrosion on the surfaces of the bone plates and screws. Gross clinical, radiological, and morphological observations of the tissue at the implantation sites during the autopsies uncovered no signs of adverse tissue reactions resulting from the implants. Histological analyses were performed on samples of muscle and bone adjacent to the implantation sites, and of tissues removed from such organs as the liver, spleen, brain, and kidneys. No significant differences were noted between samples taken from controls and those taken from dogs exposed to the implants. Neutron activation analyses were carried out on suitable samples. The analysis data suggest that there is no metallic contamination in the organs due to the implants; however, there does appear to be some chromium contamination from the Co-Cr alloy implants in the adjacent bone. On the basis of the totality of the data, it is concluded that nitinol alloy is sufficiently compatible with dog tissue to warrant further investigation of its potential as a biomaterial.
Analytic proofs of the Arago–Fresnel laws for the interference of polarized light (1993)

The four laws of Arago–Fresnel governing the interference of polarized light were determined experimentally. Analytical proofs are derived directly from first principles. The technique used for the proofs is that of the spectral representation of stationary stochastic processes in conjunction with the Jones matrix description of a polarizer.
A membrane‐bound metallo‐endopeptidase from rat kidney (1992)

A membrane-bound metallo-endopeptidase that hydrolyzes human parathyroid hormone (1-84) and reduced hen egg lysozyme between hydrophilic amino acid residues was isolated from rat kidney [Yamaguchi et al. (1991) Eur. J. Biochem. 200, 563-571]. In this study, the hydrolyses of various peptide hormones and neuropeptides by the metallo-endopeptidase were examined using an automated gas-phase protein sequencer. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed the oxidized insulin B chain and substance P most rapidly, followed by big endothelin 1, neurotensin, angiotensin 1, endothelin 1, rat alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide and bradykinin, in this order. The enzyme mainly cleaved these peptides at bonds involving a hydrophilic amino acid residue. However, it cleaved bonds between less hydrophilic amino acid pairs in several short peptides, e.g. at the His5-Leu6 bond in oxidized insulin B chain, the Ile28-Val29 bond in big endothelin-1 and the Ile5-His6 and Phe8-His9 bonds in angiotensin 1. The enzyme cleavage sites of oxidized insulin B chain and angiotensin 1 were different from the reported sites cleaved by meprin and by endopeptidase 2, respectively. Kinetic determination of bradykinin hydrolysis by the purified enzyme yielded values of Km = 18.1 microM and kcat = 0.473 s-1, giving a ratio of kcat/Km = 2.62 x 10(4) s-1.M-1. The Km value was about 20-fold lower than that reported for meprin and endopeptidase 2. These results indicate that the membrane-bound metallo-endopeptidase from rat kidney is distinguished from meprin and endopeptidase 2 in its substrate specificity and is not parathyroid hormone specific, but has potential capacities to inactivate various biologically active peptide hormones and neuropeptides in vivo.
Membrane Supports as the Stationary Phase in High-Performance Immunoaffinity Chromatography (1998)

The membrane with a composite of cellulose grafted with acrylic polymers formed by polymerizing a glycidyl methacrylate in the presence of dispersed cellulose fiber was prepared as the stationary phase; the column (40 x 4 mm i.d.) which was compatible with the HPLC instrument was packed with pieces of the cut membrane. Protein A and human IgG were immobilized on the membrane stationary phase. The column based on the membrane support provided us good reproducibility, high efficiency, and low back pressure. High-performance immunoaffinity chromatographic analysis of human IgG in serum and polyclonal antibody to human IgG raised in goat was performed within 2.5 min. The fast-speed immunoaffinity analysis was developed by increasing the flow rate of the mobile phase and decreasing the duration time for the switch of the mobile phase; an operation for immunoaffinity analysis of human IgG could be finished within 30 s.
An Ultrasound Wearable System for the Monitoring and Acceleration of Fracture Healing in Long Bones (2005)

An ultrasound wearable system for remote monitoring and acceleration of the healing process in fractured long bones is presented. The so-called USBone system consists of a pair of ultrasound transducers, implanted into the fracture region, a wearable device and a centralized unit. The wearable device is responsible to carry out ultrasound measurements using the axial-transmission technique and initiate therapy sessions of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. The acquired measurements and other data are wirelessly transferred from the patient-site to the centralized unit, which is located in a clinical setting. The evaluation of the system on an animal tibial osteotomy model is also presented. A dataset was constructed for monitoring purposes consisting of serial ultrasound measurements, follow-up radiographs, quantitative computed tomography-based densitometry and biomechanical data. The animal study demonstrated the ability of the system to collect ultrasound measurements in an effective and reliable fashion and participating orthopaedic surgeons accepted the system for future clinical application. Analysis of the acquired measurements showed that the pattern of evolution of the ultrasound velocity through healing bones over the postoperative period monitors a dynamic healing process. Furthermore, the ultrasound velocity of radiographically healed bones returns to 80% of the intact bone value, whereas the correlation coefficient of the velocity with the material and mechanical properties of the healing bone ranges from 0.699 to 0.814. The USBone system constitutes the first telemedicine system for the out-hospital management of patients sustained open fractures and treated with external fixation devices.
Stem Cell Engineering Using Transducible Cre Recombinase (2007)

Embryonic stem (ES) cells have become a major focus of scientific interest both as a potential donor source for regenerative medicine and as a model system for tissue development and pathobiology. Tight and efficient methods for genetic engineering are required to exploit ES cells as disease models and to generate specific somatic phenotypes by lineage selection or instruction. In 1990s, the application of site-specific recombinases (SSRs) such as Cre has revolutionized mammalian genetics by providing a reliable and efficient means to delete, insert, invert, or exchange chromosomal DNA in a conditional manner. Despite these significant advances, the available technology still suffers from limitations, including unwanted side effects elicited by the random integration of Cre expression vectors and leak activity of inducible or presumptive cell type-specific Cre expression systems. These challenges can be met by combining the Cre/loxP recombination system with direct intracellular delivery of Cre by protein transduction, thus enabling rapid and highly efficient conditional mutagenesis in ES cells and ES cell-derived somatic progeny. Modified recombinant variants of Cre protein induce recombination in virtually 100% of human ES (hES) and mouse ES (mES) cells. Here, we present methods for generating purified transducible Cre protein from Escherichia coli and its transduction into ES cells and their neural progeny.
Dose-Dependent Production of Mammalian Lignans in Rats and In Vitro from the Purified Precursor Secoisolariciresinol Diglycoside in Flaxseed (1996)

The mammalian lignans enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL) produced from colonic bacterial action on dietary precursors have exhibited anticarcinogenic effects in vitro. The major lignan precursor in flaxseed (a rich source) has been identified as secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG). The purpose of this study was to first isolate SDG and determine whether 1) SDG accounted for all the lignan production from flaxseed; 2) this production was dose-related; and 3) a relationship between in vitro production and in vivo urinary excretion existed. Extraction of flaxseed with dioxane:ethanol (1:1, v/v) followed by chromatographic separations yielded the purified SDG. Rats were fed a high fat diet without/with 2.5, 5 or 10 g/100g ground flaxseed or 1.1, 2.2 or 4.4 micromol SDG/d (equivalent to levels in the respective flaxseed diets) for 4 wk. In vitro lignan production was assessed by fermenting flaxseed or SDG for 24 h with human fecal inoculum. Urinary lignan excretion increased linearly with doses from 0-5% flaxseed and 0-2.2 micromol SDG/d followed by a plateau, indicating a threshold response. When all doses were considered, a curvilinear relationship was observed. A similar trend was seen in vitro for SDG, resulting in a high correlation between in vitro production and in vivo excretion of lignans (r = 0.990, P < 0.02). Thus in vivo response can be predicted with confidence based on in vitro results. Theoretical urinary ED + EL from the SDG present in flaxseed correlated with the actual excretion in flaxseed-fed animals (r = 0.655, P < 0.005). However, urinary ED + EL of SDG-fed rats was only 20% of levels of flaxseed-fed rats, indicating the presence of other precursors or incomplete conversion of SDG to ED and EL.
TLR7-based cancer immunotherapy decreases intratumoral myeloid-derived suppressor cells and blocks their immunosuppressive function (2016)

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells with the capacity to inhibit immunological responses. During cancer progression, MDSC are recruited to the tumor sites and secondary lymphoid organs, leading to the suppression of the antitumor function of NK and T cells. Here, we show that the TLR7/8 agonist resiquimod (R848) has a direct effect on MDSC populations in tumor-bearing mice. Systemic application of R848 led to a rapid reduction in both intratumoral and circulating MDSC. The subpopulation of monocytic MDSC (m-MDSC) was the most affected by R848 treatment with an up to 5-fold decrease in the tumor. We found that TLR7 stimulation in tumor-bearing mice led to a maturation and differentiation of MDSC with upregulation of the surface molecules CD11c, F4/80, MHC-I, and MHC-II. MDSC treated with R848 lost their immunosuppressive function and acquired instead an antigen-presenting phenotype with the capability to induce specific T-cell proliferation. Importantly, we found that MDSC co-injected s.c. with CT26 tumor cells lost their ability to support tumor growth after pretreatment with R848. Our results demonstrate that treatment of tumor-bearing mice with a TLR7/8 agonist acts directly on MDSC to induce their maturation and leads them to acquire a non-suppressive status. Considering the obstacles posed by MDSC for cancer immunotherapy, targeting these cells by a TLR7/8 agonist may improve immune responses against cancer.
Droplet-Scale Estrogen Assays in Breast Tissue, Blood, and Serum (2009)

Estrogen is a key hormone in human reproductive physiology, controlling ovulation and secondary sexual characteristics. In addition, it plays an important role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Indeed, estrogen receptor antagonists and aromatase inhibitors (which block estrogen biosynthesis) are primary drugs used for treatment and prevention in at-risk populations. Despite its importance, tissue concentrations of estrogen are not routinely measured because conventional techniques require large samples of biopsies for analysis. In response to this need, we have developed a digital microfluidic method and applied it to the extraction and quantification of estrogen in 1-microliter samples of breast tissue homogenate (as would be collected with fine-needle aspiration), as well as in whole blood and serum. This method may be broadly applicable to conditions requiring frequent analysis of hormones in clinical samples (for example, infertility and cancer).
Sustaining water easing scarcity: a second update. (1997)

This Population Action International report re-estimates projected water supplies by 2050 in accordance with revised 1996 population projections. The report summarizes the causes and consequences of water scarcity and explains the importance of slower population growth. Water scarcity issues will depend in part on how rapidly population grows. Current estimates update a 1993 report. 400 million to 1.5 billion fewer people will live in water shortage countries by 2050 than had been previously projected. The improved scenario does not eliminate the concern about renewable freshwater scarcity for many millions. Currently over 430 million people live in countries experiencing water stress. By 2050 the percentage of people living in water-stressed countries will increase three- to five-fold. Data on population growth were obtained from UN Population Prospects: the 1996 Revision; data on water supplies from World Resources 1996-97: A Guide to the Global Environment. This revision is necessary because world population growth is slowing more dramatically than previously expected. Larger population size is the most significant human influence on the availability of fresh water. A Swedish hydrologist established a water stress index that indicates that humans require an estimated 100 liters/person/day for basic drinking bathing and cooking. 5-20 times this amount is needed to meet the demands of agriculture industry and energy. Countries with over 1700 cu. meters of renewable fresh water per person per year will experience intermittent or localized water shortages. Chronic and widespread water scarcity occurs under 1000 cu. meters. The figures refer to renewable fresh water. Figures do not account for nonrenewable groundwater timing or seasonality or adaptability of nations. Amounts above 1700 cu. meters do not assure an abundant freshwater supply at all times and in all places.
Automated text summarization and the SUMMARIST system (1996)

This paper consists of three parts: a preliminary typology of summaries in general; a description of the current and planned modules and performance of the SUMMARIST automated multilingual text summarization system being built sat ISI, and a discussion of three methods to evaluate summaries.
Acid-catalyzed annelation of .alpha.-alkylaldehydes and .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketones. A one-pot synthesis of 4,4-dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAcid-catalyzed annelation of .alpha.-alkylaldehydes and .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketones. A one-pot synthesis of 4,4-dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-oneMichael E. Flaugh, Thomas A. Crowell, and Diane S. FarlowCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 26, 5399–5400Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01314a048https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01314a048research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1039Altmetric-Citations41LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) induce oxidant stress in the gingiva: a potential mechanism underlying accelerated periodontal disease associated with diabetes (1996)

We hypothesized that one mechanism underlying advanced periodontal disease in diabetes may involve oxidant stress in the gingiva, induced by the effects of Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs), the irreversible products of non-enzymatic glycation and oxidation of proteins and lipids which accumulate in diabetic plasma and tissue. Infusion of AGE albumin, a prototypic ligand, into mice resulted in increased generation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) compared with infusion of non-glycated albumin in the gingiva, as well as in the lung, kidney and brain. Pretreatment of the animals with the antioxidants probucol or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) prevented the generation of TBARS in the gingiva. Affinity-purified antibody to AGEs demonstrated increased immunoreactivity for AGEs in the vasculature and connective tissues of the gingiva in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice compared to non-diabetic controls. Increased immunoreactivity for AGEs was also demonstrated in the gingiva of diabetic humans compared with non-diabetic individuals via immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Consistent with these data, immunohistochemistry for heme oxygenase-1, a marker of enhanced oxidant stress, was increased in the gingival vasculature of diabetic mice and humans compared with non-diabetic controls. These data suggest that AGEs present in diabetic gingiva may be associated with a state of enhanced oxidant stress, a potential mechanism for accelerated tissue injury.