gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highly Active and Recyclable Sn‐MWW Zeolite Catalyst for Sugar Conversion to Methyl Lactate and Lactic Acid (2013)

Not just sugar! Lewis-acidic Sn-MWW zeolites are obtained through postsynthesis functionalization of deboronated B-MWW with Sn. These materials are highly active, selective, and recyclable catalysts for the conversion of triose sugars to methyl lactate (in methanol) and lactic acid (in water). They also demonstrate good performance in the conversion of hexose sugars and sucrose to methyl lactate.
Break-up and atomization of a round water jet by a high-speed annular air jet (1998)

The near- and far-field break-up and atomization of a water jet by a high-speed annular air jet are examined by means of high-speed flow visualizations and phase Doppler particle sizing techniques. Visualization of the jet's near field and measurements of the frequencies associated with the gas–liquid interfacial instabilities are used to study the underlying physical mechanisms involved in the primary break-up of the water jet. This process is shown to consist of the stripping of water sheets, or ligaments, which subsequently break into smaller lumps or drops. An entrainment model of the near-field stripping of the liquid is proposed, and shown to describe the measured liquid shedding frequencies. This simplified model explains qualitatively the dependence of the shedding frequency on the air/water momentum ratio in both initially laminar and turbulent water jets. The role of the secondary liquid break-up in the far-field atomization of the water jet is also investigated, and an attempt is made to apply the classical concepts of local isotropy to explain qualitatively the measurement of the far-field droplet size distribution and its dependence on the water to air mass and momentum ratios. Models accounting for the effect of the local turbulent dissipation rate in the gas on both the break-up and coalescence of the droplets are developed and compared with the measurements of the variation of the droplet size along the jet's centreline. The total flux of kinetic energy supplied by the gas per unit total mass of the spray jet was found to be the primary parameter determining the secondary break-up and coalescence of the droplets in the far field.
Activation Domains of L-Myc and c-Myc Determine Their Transforming Potencies in Rat Embryo Cells (1992)

Members of the Myc family of proteins share a number of protein motifs that are found in regulators of gene transcription. Conserved stretches of amino acids found in the N-terminal transcriptional activation domain of c-Myc are required for cotransforming activity. Most of the Myc proteins contain the basic helix-loop-helix zipper (bHLH-Zip) DNA-binding motif which is also required for the cotransforming activity of c-Myc. L-Myc, the product of a myc family gene that is highly amplified in many human lung carcinomas, was found to cotransform primary rat embryo cells with an activated ras gene. However, L-Myc cotransforming activity was only 1 to 10% of that of c-Myc (M. J. Birrer, S. Segal, J. S. DeGreve, F. Kaye, E. A. Sausville, and J. D. Minna, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2668-2673, 1988). We sought to determine whether functional differences between c-Myc and L-Myc in either the N-terminal or the C-terminal domain could account for the relatively diminished L-Myc cotransforming activity. Although the N-terminal domain of L-Myc could activate transcription when fused to the yeast GAL4 DNA-binding domain, the activity was only 5% of that of a comparable c-Myc domain. We next determined that the interaction of the C-terminal bHLH-Zip region of L-Myc or c-Myc with that of a Myc partner protein, Max, was equivalent in transfected cells. A Max expression vector was found to augment the cotransforming activity of L-Myc as well as that of c-Myc. In addition, a bacterially synthesized DNA-binding domain of L-Myc, like that o c-Myc, heterodimerizes with purified Max protein to bind the core DNA sequence CACGTG. To determine the region of L-Myc responsible for its relatively diminished cotransforming activity, we constructed chimeras containing exons 2 (constituting activation domains) and 3 (constituting DNA-binding domains) of c-Myc fused to those of L-Myc. The cotransforming potencies of these chimeras were compared with those of full-length L-Myc of c-Myc in rat embryo cells. The relative cotransforming activities suggest that the potencies of the activation domains determine the cotransforming efficiencies for c-Myc and L-Myc. This correlation supports the hypothesis that the Myc proteins function in neoplastic cotransformation as transcription factors.
Potentiation of a Dendritic Cell Vaccine for Murine Renal Cell Carcinoma by CpG Oligonucleotides (2005)

This data show that RENCA down-modulates the immune response, and DC vaccine therapy, in conjunction with CpG-ODN, can restore tumor-specific immunity.
Agonistic and antagonistic activities of chemokines (2001)

Since the discovery of interleukin-8, about 50 chemokines have been identified and characterized. Originally, they were considered as inducible mediators of inflammation, but in recent years, several chemokines were identified that are expressed constitutively and function in physiological traffic and homing of leukocyte-lymphocytes in particular. All chemokines act via seven-transmembrane domain, G protein-coupled receptors. Eighteen such receptors have been identified so far. Studies on structure-activity relationships indicate that chemokines have two main sites of interaction with their receptors, the flexible NH2-terminal region and the conformationally rigid loop that follows the second cysteine. Chemokines are thought to dock onto receptors by means of the loop region, and this contact is believed to facilitate the binding of the NH2-terminal region that results in receptor activation. These studies have also highlighted the importance of the NH2-terminal region for agonistic and antagonistic activity. Recently, we have shown that some naturally occurring chemokines can function as receptor antagonists. These observations suggest a new mechanism for the regulation of leukocyte recruitment during inflammatory and immune reactions, which are based on the combination of agonistic and antagonistic effects.
Evaluation of pulse oximetry with EKG synchronization (1988)

Results are presented of an investigation of the effectiveness of using an EKG signal as a synchronization technique to improve pulse detection and overall accuracy of pulse oximetry. The unprocessed red and infrared transmitted signals representing the photoplethysmographic waveform were recorded from commercially available pulse oximeters. The arterial oxygen-saturation values output by these pulse oximeters were compared with recomputed results using EKG synchronization to determine possible improvements, particularly with controlled motion artifacts.< <ETX>&gt;</ETX>
Mouse Model of Intraluminal MCAO: Cerebral Infarct Evaluation by Cresyl Violet Staining (2012)

Stroke is the third cause of mortality and the leading cause of disability in the World. Ischemic stroke accounts for approximately 80% of all strokes. However, the thrombolytic tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only treatment of acute ischemic stroke that exists. This led researchers to develop several ischemic stroke models in a variety of species. Two major types of rodent models have been developed: models of global cerebral ischemia or focal cerebral ischemia. To mimic ischemic stroke in patients, in whom approximately 80% thrombotic or embolic strokes occur in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), the intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model is quite relevant for stroke studies. This model was first developed in rats by Koizumi et al. in 1986 (1). Because of the ease of genetic manipulation in mice, these models have also been developed in this species (2-3). Herein, we present the transient MCA occlusion procedure in C57/Bl6 mice. Previous studies have reported that physical properties of the occluder such as tip diameter, length, shape, and flexibility are critical for the reproducibility of the infarct volume (4). Herein, a commercial silicon coated monofilaments (Doccol Corporation) have been used. Another great advantage is that this monofilament reduces the risk to induce subarachnoid hemorrhages. Using the Zeiss stereo-microscope Stemi 2000, the silicon coated monofilament was introduced into the internal carotid artery (ICA) via a cut in the external carotid artery (ECA) until the monofilament occludes the base of the MCA. Blood flow was restored 1 hour later by removal of the monofilament to mimic the restoration of blood flow after lysis of a thromboembolic clot in humans. The extent of cerebral infarct may be evaluated first by a neurologic score and by the measurement of the infarct volume. Ischemic mice were thus analyzed for their neurologic score at different post-reperfusion times. To evaluate the infarct volume, staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was usually performed. Herein, we used cresyl violet staining since it offers the opportunity to test many critical markers by immunohistochemistry. In this video, we report the MCAO procedure; neurological scores and the evaluation of the infarct volume by cresyl violet staining.
The Antihypertensive Efficacy and Safety of a Chronotherapeutic Formulation of Propranolol in Patients With Hypertension (2004)

This study evaluated the antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of a chronotherapeutic formulation of propranolol designed for nighttime dosing (propranolol controlled release [CR]). A total of 434 patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension were randomized to placebo or to one of four doses of propranolol CR (80, 120, 160, or 640 mg/d). At baseline, the mean morning blood pressures were similar in each treatment group and averaged 152/101 mm Hg. After 8 weeks of treatment, morning diastolic blood pressure, the primary efficacy measurement, was significantly reduced from baseline in placebo (-6.98 mm Hg) and all propranolol groups (p<0.001). The decreases ranged from 10.1 mm Hg in the 80-mg/d group to 11.0 mm Hg in the 120-mg/d group and were significantly larger than placebo in the 120-, 160-, and 640-mg/d groups (p<0.05). Blood pressure measured in the evening (trough) demonstrated similar antihypertensive efficacy. Heart rate and rate-pressure product were reduced in a dose-related manner by propranolol CR. The formulation was well tolerated with only fatigue and dizziness being reported more frequently than in the placebo group. Propranolol CR is an effective antihypertensive formulation that may reduce blood pressure during the morning period of maximum cardiovascular risk.
Generation of terahertz-rate trains of femtosecond pulses by phase-only filtering (1990)

We describe a simple linear filtering technique for transforming individual femtosecond light pulses into terahertzrepetition-rate bursts of femtosecond pulses. By using phase-only filtering, high efficiency is achieved. Pulse repetition rates approaching 6 THz are obtained.
Gracilis Transposition in Complicated Perianal Fistula and Unhealed Perineal Wounds in Crohn's Disease (2000)

Transposition of the gracilis is a viable option for the treatment of persistent sinus and unhealed perineal wound after proctectomy for Crohn's disease. It could also be an option before proctectomy for patients with other types of Crohn's-related or complicated fistulas for whom other treatments have failed. A larger series will be required before a definite conclusion can be drawn.
Growth and expansion of human T regulatory type 1 cells are independent from TCR activation but require exogenous cytokines (2002)

Cloned T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells produce IL-10, TGF-beta, IFN-gamma, and very low or non-detectable levels of IL-2 and IL-4, following TCR-mediated activation. In addition, upon TCR stimulation, Tr1 cell clones up-regulate activation markers but show low proliferative responses, partially due to the suppressive effect of autocrine IL-10 and TGF-beta. Here we show that Tr1 cells have growth requirements different from those of Th1 and Th2 cells. Exogenous IL-15, and to a lesser extent IL-2, induce and support the proliferation of Tr1 cells in the absence of TCR activation. This strong cytokine response correlates with high constitutive levels of the IL-2/15Rbeta and common gamma chains expressed by Tr1 cell clones. Furthermore, suboptimal doses of IL-15, in combination with IL-2, induce a significant growth (median value: 25-fold increase in cell number) of Tr1 cell clones during a culture period of 11 days, which leads to an in vitro expansion of Tr1 cell clones comparable to that of Th1 and Th2 cell clones. Tr1 cell clones cultured in IL-15 continue to secrete immunosuppressive cytokines and to proliferate poorly upon reactivation via TCR. These findings indicate that Tr1 cells are constitutively capable of responding to cytokines and mainly to IL-15. This growth factor enables a significant in vitro expansion of Tr1 cells facilitating further biological and biochemical characterization of this unique T cell subset.
Source book of enzymes (1997)

Introduction Users Guide to the Source Book of Enzymes International Union of Biochemists System of Enzyme Commission Numbers Glossary Numerical Listing of Enzymes Assigned Unique EC Classifications Single Enzyme Preparations Multiple Enzyme Preparations Alphabetical Listing of Enzymes Sharing Common EC Classifications Restriction Endonucleases DNA Methyltransferases Unclassified Enzymes Enzymes Not Assigned to an Enzyme Commission Classification Indexes Enzyme Suppliers Enzyme Commission Numbers and Enzyme Names, Synonyms, and Abbreviations NTI Copy (Already approved)
Role and expression patterns of E-cadherin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). (2006)

E- cadherin is a member of the cadherin superfamily known as the main mediator of the cell- cell calcium dependent adhesion interactions. Research evidence also yields to this adhesion molecule an important role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. This review focuses on the differential expression of E- cadherin in the various anatomic sites of the human body where HNSCC arises. Controversies in the results of various studies are discussed and possible prospects for application of all this developing knowledge to prognosis and therapy of the disease are briefly mentioned.
Expression of a Dromedary Heavy Chain-Only Antibody and B Cell Development in the Mouse (2005)

In mature B cells of mice and most mammals, cellular release of single H chain Abs without L chains is prevented by H chain association with Ig-specific chaperons in the endoplasmic reticulum. In precursor B cells, however, surface expression of mu-H chain in the absence of surrogate and conventional L chain has been identified. Despite this, Ag-specific single H chain Ig repertoires, using mu-, gamma-, epsilon-, or alpha-H chains found in conventional Abs, are not produced. Moreover, removal of H chain or, separately, L chain (kappa/lambda) locus core sequences by gene targeting has prevented B cell development. In contrast, H chain-only Abs are produced abundantly in Camelidae as H2 IgG without the C(H)1 domain. To test whether H chain Abs can be produced in mice, and to investigate how their expression affects B cell development, we introduced a rearranged dromedary gamma2a H chain into the mouse germline. The dromedary transgene was expressed as a naturally occurring Ag-specific disulphide-linked homodimer, which showed that B cell development can be instigated by expression of single H chains without L chains. Lymphocyte development and B cell proliferation was accomplished despite the absence of L chain from the BCR complex. Endogenous Ig could not be detected, although V(D)J recombination and IgH/L transcription was unaltered. Furthermore, crossing the dromedary H chain mice with mice devoid of all C genes demonstrated without a doubt that a H chain-only Ab can facilitate B cell development independent of endogenous Ig expression, such as mu- or delta-H chain, at early developmental stages.
Effects of adjuvants on porcine circovirus type 2-associated lesions (2006)

Objective: To determine if adjuvants differ in their ability to trigger lesions associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Methods: Ninety pigs randomly assigned to five groups were vaccinated intramuscularly at 4 and 6 weeks of age with 2 mL of a commercial Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M hyo) vaccine with oil-in-water adjuvant (Group 1), a commercial M hyo vaccine with an aqueous-carbopol adjuvant (Group 2), an experimentally produced M hyo vaccine with an oil-in-water adjuvant (Group 3), or an experimentally produced M hyo vaccine with an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (Group 4), or were sham-vaccinated with saline (Group 5). All pigs were inoculated intranasally at 6 weeks of age with PCV2 (Day 0). Half of the pigs were necropsied at Day 21 and the remaining pigs at Day 35. Results: No clinical disease was observed in any pigs during this study. At Day 21, lymphoid depletion was more severe in all M hyo-vaccinated pigs than in the saline-treated pigs (P &lt; .05). At Day 35, greater amounts of PCV2 DNA were found in serum, more severe lymphoid lesions were observed, and more PCV2 antigen was detected in lymphoid tissues in Groups 1 and 3 (oil-in-water adjuvant) compared to Groups 2, 4, and 5 (P &lt; .05). Implications: Under the conditions of this study, oil-in-water adjuvanted vaccines are more likely to enhance PCV2-associated lesions than aqueous-carbopol or aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted vaccines. Practitioners must weigh benefits and efficacy of vaccines intended to control coinfections against the potential negative effect certain vaccines may have on PCV2 replication.
Primary myoblast-mediated gene transfer: persistent expression of human factor IX in mice. (1994)

Primary myoblast-mediated gene transfer was tested for its ability to mediate a persistent expression of recombinant human factor IX in SCID mice. Mouse primary myoblasts were transduced with factor IX retroviral vectors, LIXSN, which uses the retroviral long-terminal repeats as the promoter, or dLMMBAIX, which uses muscle creatine kinase enhancer and beta-actin promoter to drive factor IX transcription. In vitro, myoblasts transduced with either LIXSN or dLMMBAIX expressed recombinant human factor IX with full biological activity. Upon implantation of transduced myoblasts into skeletal muscles of SCID mice, a sustained systemic expression of factor IX at a level of 10-30 ng/ml plasma was achieved. This was further supported by the presence of recombinant factor IX protein and mRNA in muscle tissues after 5 months of myoblast implantation. Intramuscular implantation of the transduced myoblasts resulted in a gene transfer which was confined locally to the region of injection, with no dissemination to other organs and tissues including testis. Additionally, basic fibroblast growth factor co-injected with primary myoblasts significantly improved the expression level of recombinant factor IX in vivo. These results demonstrate that primary myoblast-mediated gene therapy for hemophilia B is feasible and safe, and can be optimized by using cytokines or other conditions which augment myoblast survival and fusion with myofibers.
Improving the performance of single chip image capture devices (2003)

The <i>Journal of Electronic Imaging</i> (JEI), copublished bimonthly with the Society for Imaging Science and Technology, publishes peer-reviewed papers that cover research and applications in all areas of electronic imaging science and technology.
An overview of the PL.8 compiler (1982)

The PL.8 compiler accepts multiple source languages and produces high quality object code for several different machines. The strategy used is to first do a simple translation of the source program to a low level intermediate language. Global optimization and register allocation are then used to improve code rather than relying on special case code selection.
Detection and quantification of infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus in penaeid shrimp by real-time PCR (2001)

A real-time PCR method using a fluorogenic 5' nuclease assay and a PE Applied Biosystems GeneAmp 5700 sequence detector was developed to detect infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) in penaeid shrimp. A pair of PCR primers to amplify an 81 bp DNA fragment and a fluorogenic probe (TaqMan probe) were selected from ORF1 (open reading frame 1) of the IHHNV genome. The primers and TaqMan probe used in this assay were shown to be specific for IHHNV and did not react with either hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV), white-spot syndrome virus (WSSV), or shrimp DNA. A plasmid, pIHHNV-P4, containing the target IHHNV sequence was constructed and used as a positive control. The concentration of pIHHNV-P4 was determined through spectrophotometric analysis and the plasmid was used for quantitative studies. This real-time PCR assay had a detection limit of 10 copies and a log-linear range up to 5 x 10(7) copies of IHHNV DNA. The assay was then used to quantify IHHNV in infected shrimp collected from 5 locations: Hawaii, Panama, Mexico, Guam, and the Philippines. The quantitative analysis showed that wild-caught, large juvenile Penaeus stylirostris collected from the Gulf of California (Mexico) in 1996 were naturally infected with IHHNV and contained up to 10(9) copies of IHHNV microg(-1) of DNA. Similar quantities of IHHNV were detected in hatchery-raised, small juvenile P. stylirostris collected from Guam in 1995 and in farm-raised, post-larval P. monodon from the Philippines in 1996. Laboratory-infected P. stylirostris contained approximately 10(8) copies of IHHNV 31 d after being fed with IHHNV-infected shrimp tissue. In contrast, individuals of Super Shrimp, a line of P. stylirostris selected for IHHNV resistance, showed no signs of infection 32 d after ingesting IHHNV-infected shrimp tissue. Laboratory-infected P. vannamei also contained approximately 10(8) copies of IHHNV 30 d after being fed infected shrimp tissue. A time-course study of IHHNV replication in juvenile P. vannamei showed that the doubling time in the exponential growth phase was approximately 22 h.
Immunization and affinity purification of antibodies using resin-immobilized lysine-branched synthetic peptides. (1994)

A new method has been developed to raise antibodies against synthetic peptides. A multiple antigenic peptide system (MAP) containing a branched oligolysine was synthesized on a beaded polystyrene polyoxyethylene graft copolymer resin, which acts as a synthetic hapten carrier for use in immunization. The peptides, already attached to the carrier, can be used directly after final deprotection without any further purification steps. The utility of this peptide-carrier conjugate is highlighted by its additional application for affinity purification of antibodies generated.
Immunogenicity of Allograft Articular Cartilage (1974)

Allograft articular cartilage was transplanted between inbred strains of rats and between rabbits. Three forms of allograft were employed: isolated articular chondrocytes, shavings of articular cartilage, and intact articular surfaces. Immunological assessment with the leukocyte migration technique for cell-mediated immunity and Cr51 cytotoxicity for humoral antibody levels demonstrated that articular chondrocytes possess transplantation antigens and are immunogenic. Moreover, histological evaluation of grafts of shavings of articular cartilage showed round-cell infiltration into the lacunae. If the cartilage matrix was intact, as in intact articular surface grafts, sensitization of hosts did not occur. Sulphur-35 uptake studies revealed that these grafts remain viable even in presensitized recipients, suggesting that humoral antibodies cannot penetrate intact matrix to reach the chondrocytes.