gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Different Titanium Surface Treatment Influences Human Mandibular Osteoblast Response (2004)

Surface treatments influence the growth and the metabolic activity of cultured osteoblasts, and B60 seems to be the most favorable surface inducing a more pronounced proliferation of cells together with a high differentiation degree.
Immunomodulation of Human Blood Cells Following the Ingestion of Lactic Acid Bacteria (1995)

Because of the lack of data that convincingly show immunomodulatory properties of lactic acid bacteria in humans, a study was performed in which healthy volunteers were divided into two groups and given a fermented milk product supplemented with Lactobacillus acidophilus strain La1 or Bifidobacterium bifidum strain Bb 12 for 3 wk. Blood was sampled throughout the study to assess changes in lymphocyte subsets or leukocyte phagocytic activity following consumption of the fermented products. No modifications of lymphocyte subpopulations were detected. In contrast, phagocytosis of Escherichia coli sp. in vitro was enhanced after the administration of both fermented products. The increment in phagocytosis was coincident with fecal colonization by the lactic acid bacteria and persisted for 6 wk after ingestion of the fermented products. By this time, the fecal lactobacilli and bifidobacteria had returned to concentrations prior to consumption. Nonspecific, anti-infective mechanisms of defense can be enhanced by the ingestion of specific lactic acid bacteria strains. These strains can be used as nutritional supplements to improve the immune function of particular age groups, i.e., the neonate or the elderly, for which these functions are diminished.
Mitochondrial defects in cancer. (2002)

Mitochondria play important roles in cellular energy metabolism, free radical generation, and apoptosis. Defects in mitochondrial function have long been suspected to contribute to the development and progression of cancer. In this review article, we aim to provide a brief summary of our current understanding of mitochondrial genetics and biology, review the mtDNA alterations reported in various types of cancer, and offer some perspective as to the emergence of mtDNA mutations, their functional consequences in cancer development, and therapeutic implications.
Melting in Semiconductor Nanocrystals (1992)

New physics occurs in semiconductors when one or more dimensions of the crystal are reduced to a size comparable to bulk electron delocalization lengths (tens to hundreds of angstroms). The properties of "quantum dots" or semiconductor nanocrystals are now being studied, as techniques to fabricate the crystallites are developed. Temperature-dependent electron diffraction studies on nanocrystals of CdS show a large depression in the melting temperature with decreasing size, as a larger fraction of the total number of atoms is on the surface. Thermal stability may play a role in determining the uses of semiconductor nanocrystals.
Long term use of megestrol acetate by cancer survivors for the treatment of hot flashes (1998)

BACKGROUND Hot flashes are often a troublesome symptom in breast carcinoma survivors and men with prostate carcinoma who have undergone androgen deprivation therapy. A previous clinical study demonstrated that, on a short term basis, low dose megestrol acetate markedly reduced hot flashes and was well tolerated. Little information has been available regarding the long term use of low dose megestrol acetate for hot flashes. METHODS Patients previously enrolled on a randomized placebo-controlled trial that evaluated the short term use of megestrol acetate for hot flashes were contacted and interviewed by telephone. RESULTS A total of 132 persons were contacted. Nine percent of the patients discontinued megestrol acetate after resolution of their hot flashes. Forty-five percent of the patients contacted were continuing to utilize megestrol acetate approximately 3 years beyond the conclusion of the 1992 study. Three-quarters of these patients were utilizing ≤20 mg of megestrol acetate per day. Potential toxicities attributed to megestrol acetate included episodes of chills, appetite stimulation/weight gain, vaginal bleeding, and carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms. CONCLUSIONS A substantial proportion of patients continue to use megestrol acetate for periods of up to 3 years or longer with continued control of hot flashes. This treatment appears to be relatively well tolerated. Cancer 1998;82:1784-8. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Azidoproline Containing Helices:  Stabilization of the Polyproline II Structure by a Functionalizable Group (2006)

The conformation and functionalizability of 4-azidoproline containing polyprolines was studied. The conformational analyses demonstrate that the PPII helix is stabilized by (4R)Azp and destabilized by (4S)Azp. Functionalization of Azp containing polyprolines was accomplished efficiently in a differential fashion by “click chemistry”, rendering Azp containing polyprolines attractive molecular scaffolds.
Positive and Negative Discrimination of Estrogen Receptor Agonists and Antagonists Using Site-Specific DNA Recombinase Fusion Proteins (1998)

Activation of the estrogen receptor (ER) by hormone involves at least two steps. First, hormone binding initially relieves repression, a property imposed on ER in cis by its ligand-binding domain (EBD). Subsequently, the derepressed ER binds specific genomic sites and regulates transcription. In addition to the natural hormone, ER binds a broad range of ligands that evoke a spectrum of responses ranging from full ER activation by agonists to partial activation and inhibition by partial or complete antagonists. How these different ligands evoke different ER responses remains unclear. To address this issue, we have developed a nontranscriptional assay for ER ligand responsiveness based on Flp recombinase/human EBD protein chimeras. These fusion proteins transduce the transient event of ligand binding into a permanent DNA change in a human cell line system. A fusion protein including ER D, E, and F domains was activated by all the ER ligands tested, demonstrating that both agonists and antagonists serve to relieve initial repression, and that differences between them lie downstream in the activation pathway. Mutant variants of the Flp-ER protein that distinguish between agonists and antagonists, and a mutant EBD that selectively lost the ability to respond to 17beta,-estradiol but not to other ligands, were also identified. Thus, agonists and antagonists can be functionally distinguished in a nontranscriptional assay.
10.1016/j.ohc.2005.09.003 (2000)

Presbyopia (literally, "old eye"), the age-related loss of the ability to accommodate, is the most common ocular affliction in the world. Although the lens no doubt has a major role in presbyopia, altered lens function could be in part secondary to extralenticular age-related changes, such as loss of ciliary body forward movement. Centripetal ciliary muscle movement does not seem to decrease significantly with age. Loss of elasticity of the ciliary muscle posterior attachments may be an important factor contributing to presbyopia. Even if loss of ciliary muscle mobility is not causally related to presbyopia, it may limit the performance of putatively accommodating intraocular lenses now being developed by academic and industrial groups.
The Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs) I and II Bind to Articular Cartilage via the IGF-binding Proteins (2000)

Bovine articular cartilage discs (3 mm diameter x 400 micrometer thick) were equilibrated in buffer containing (125)I-insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I (4 degrees C) +/- unlabeled IGF-I or IGF-II. Competition for binding to cartilage discs by each unlabeled IGF was concentration-dependent, with ED(50) values for inhibition of (125)I-IGF-I binding of 11 and 10 nM for IGF-I and -II, respectively, and saturation by 50 nM. By contrast, an analog of IGF-I with very low affinity for the insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGF-BPs), des-(1-3)-IGF-I, was not competitive with (125)I-IGF-I for cartilage binding even at 100-400 nM. Binding of the (125)I-labeled IGF-II isoform to cartilage was competed for by unlabeled IGF-I or -II, with ED(50)s of 160 and 8 nM, respectively. This probably reflected the differential affinities of the endogenous IGF-BPs (IGF-BP-6 and -2) for IGF-II/IGF-I. Transport of (125)I-IGF-I was also measured in an apparatus that allows diffusion only across the discs (400 micrometer), by addition to one side and continuous monitoring of efflux on the other side. The time lag for transport of (125)I-IGF was 266 min, an order of magnitude longer than the theoretical prediction for free diffusion in the matrix. (125)I-IGF-I transport then reached a steady state rate (% efflux of total added (125)I-IGF/unit time), which was subsequently accelerated approximately 2-fold by addition of an excess of unlabeled IGF-I. Taken together, these results indicate that IGF binding to cartilage, mostly through the IGF-BPs, regulates the transport of IGFs in articular cartilage, probably contributing to the control of their paracrine activities.
Tongue and upper airway function in subjects with and without obstructive sleep apnea (2012)

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repeated occlusion of the oropharyngeal airway during sleep and can have a significant impact on quality of life. In this article, I review the current knowledge of the physiological and pathological functions of the tongue and the genioglossus muscle, one of the upper airway dilatory muscles, in subjects with OSA when they are awake and asleep. Research findings clearly reveal that the genioglossus muscle has important functions in maintenance of upper airway patency and in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea. Despite extensive study of the functional properties of the genioglossus muscle and its motor units, the availability of OSA prevention and treatment measures remains limited. This review indicates there is a need for further study on more effective prevention and treatment strategies.
Construction of pMEKm12, an expression vector for protein production inPseudomonas syringae (2002)

Characterization of the biological roles of proteins is essential for functional genomics of pseudomonads. Heterologous proteins overproduced in Escherichia coli frequently fail to exhibit biological function. To circumvent this problem, vector pMEKm12 was constructed and used to overexpress proteins in Pseudomonas. The vector contains the pRO1600 replication origin, the maltose-binding protein (MBP) fusion system, and an inducible tac promoter. The pMEKm12 was successfully used to overexpress the syringomycin synthetase SyrB1 protein fused to MBP in Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Furthermore, expression of the MBP-SyrB1 protein in the syrB1 mutant BR132A1 resulted in the restoration of syringomycin production. This vector will facilitate confirmation of the biochemical roles of nonribosomal peptide synthetase genes in Pseudomonas syringae, and studies of gene function from a wide spectrum of pseudomonads.
Interleukin-2 mutants with enhanced -receptor subunit binding affinity (2003)

Stimulation of T-cells by IL-2 has been exploited for treatment of metastatic renal carcinoma and melanoma. However, a narrow therapeutic window delimited by negligible stimulation of T-cells at low picomolar concentrations and undesirable stimulation of NK cells at nanomolar concentrations hampers IL-2-based therapies. We hypothesized that increasing the affinity of IL-2 for IL-2Ralpha may create a class of IL-2 mutants with increased biological potency as compared with wild-type IL-2. Towards this end, we have screened libraries of mutated IL-2 displayed on the surface of yeast and isolated mutants with a 15-30-fold improved affinity for the IL-2Ralpha subunit. These mutants do not exhibit appreciably altered bioactivity at 0.5-5 pM in steady-state bioassays, concentrations well below the IL-2Ralpha equilibrium binding constant for both the mutant and wild-type IL-2. A mutant was serendipitously identified that exhibited somewhat improved potency, perhaps via altered endocytic trafficking mechanisms described previously.
Scarless wound repair: a human fetal skin model (1992)

Animal studies demonstrate that the fetus heals cutaneous wounds by reformation of normal tissue architecture without scar formation. We have developed a new model to study human fetal skin wound healing. Grafts of human fetal skin placed onto athymic mice retain the morphologic features of normal development, although they differentiate at an accelerated rate when placed cutaneously compared to subcutaneously. Full-thickness skin grafts from human fetuses at 15 (n = 12), 17 (n = 11), 18 (n = 25), 19 (n = 20) and 22 (n = 13) weeks gestational age were placed onto athymic (nu/nu) mice in 2 locations: (1) cutaneously onto a fascial bed and thereby exposed to air or (2) subcutaneously in a pocket under the murine panniculus carnosus. Linear incisions were made in each graft 7 days after transplantation. Grafts were harvested at 7, 14 and 21 days postwounding and analyzed histologically for scar formation. By hematoxylin & eosin and Mallory's trichrome stains, complete epidermal and dermal graft wound healing without scar formation was demonstrated in the subcutaneous grafts at each gestational age studied. In contrast, scar was seen at all time points in the cutaneous grafts in both the incisional wound and at the interface of the fetal human skin graft and adult mouse skin, regardless of fetal skin gestational age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sumatriptan in the treatment of migraine. (1993)

The headache phase of the migraine attack is thought to be associated with a dilation of cranial blood vessels, particularly those in the dura mater, and an accompanying localized sterile inflammatory response. Serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is considered a possible mediator of this syndrome. Receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine are present in cranial arteries and are widely distributed in the CNS. Studies indicate that sumatriptan, a 5-HT1 receptor agonist, is effective in treating acute migraine attacks. The mechanism of sumatriptan's therapeutic action is not completely understood. Evidence from animal and human studies suggests that sumatriptan constricts dural vessels and inhibits neuropeptide release from trigeminal nerve endings by activating 5-HT1 receptors. Clinically, sumatriptan is rapidly effective against all features of the headache phase in migraine in up to 80% of patients. The headache may recur, however, within 24 hours in about one third of patients, but this can be treated effectively with a subsequent dose of sumatriptan. Treatment with sumatriptan has been well tolerated with only minor, transient, acute side effects reported. At present, only limited information is available regarding long-term tolerability, safety, and efficacy. Sumatriptan should not be prescribed to patients with a cardiovascular history.
Mefisto: a functional model for statistical entities (1993)

There have been numerous proposals aimed at correcting the deficiency in existing database models in order to manipulate statistical data. The manipulation of these data, such as statistical tables that are widely used in many statistical database application areas, is examined. A functional model Mefisto, which is based on a data structure called statistical entity and on a set of operations capable of manipulating this data structure, is proposed. The characteristics that an aggregate data model has are discussed and a brief survey of the main proposals in literature is made. The operators that allow statistical entities to be manipulated both from the descriptive and from the summary data point of view are discussed, and some examples are given. Each operator can be seen as a family of operators, and each is able to automatically compute the summary values of the statistical entity obtained by its application. A brief discussion regarding the limitations of the relational model for this type of data and a comparison with other proposals are presented. The advantages of the Mefisto model over those proposals are illustrated. It is shown that it is possible to define user friendly query languages based on the Mefisto model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The involvement of calmodulin and protein kinases in the upstream of cytosolic and nucleic calcium signaling induced by hypoosmotic shock in tobacco cells (2018)

Changes in Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentrations in cytosol ([Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>C</sub>) or nucleus ([Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>N</sub>) may play some vital roles in plants under hypoosmotic shock (Hypo-OS). Here, we observed that Hypo-OS induces biphasic increases in [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>C</sub> and [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>N</sub> in two tobacco cell lines (BY-2) expressing apoaequorin either in the cytosol or in the nucleus. Both [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>C</sub> and [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>N</sub> were sensitively modulated by the inhibitors of calmodulin and protein kinases, supporting the view that calmodulin suppresses the 1<sup>st</sup> peaks and and protein kinases enhance 2<sup>nd</sup> peaks in [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>C</sub> and [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>N</sub>. Data also suggested that the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> events depend on the internal and extracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> sources, respectively.
Structural and Functional Uncoupling of the Enzymatic and Angiogenic Inhibitory Activities of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) (2003)

Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) regulate tumor growth, progression, and angiogenesis in a variety of experimental cancer models and in human malignancies. Results from numerous studies have revealed important differences between TIMP family members in their ability to inhibit angiogenic processes in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo despite their universal ability to inhibit matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. To address these differences, a series of structure-function studies were conducted to identify and to characterize the anti-angiogenic domains of TIMP-2, the endogenous MMP inhibitor that uniquely inhibits capillary endothelial cell (EC) proliferation as well as angiogenesis in vivo. We demonstrate that the COOH-terminal domain of TIMP-2 (T2C) inhibits the proliferation of capillary EC at molar concentrations comparable with those previously reported for intact TIMP-2, while the NH2-terminal domain (T2N), which inhibits MMP activity, has no significant anti-proliferative effect. Interestingly, although both T2N and T2C inhibited embryonic angiogenesis, only T2C resulted in the potent inhibition of angiogenesis driven by the exogenous addition of angiogenic mitogen, suggesting that MMP inhibition alone may not be sufficient to inhibit the aggressive neovascularization characteristic of aberrant angiogenesis. We further mapped the anti-proliferative activity of T2C to a 24-amino acid peptide corresponding to Loop 6 of TIMP-2 and show that Loop 6 is a potent inhibitor of both embryonic and mitogen-stimulated angiogenesis in vivo. These findings demonstrate that TIMP-2 possesses two distinct types of anti-angiogenic activities which can be uncoupled from each other, the first represented by its MMP-dependent inhibitory activity which can inhibit only embryonic neovascularization and the second represented by an MMP-independent activity which inhibits both normal angiogenesis and mitogen-driven angiogenesis in vivo. In addition, we report, for the first time, the discovery of Loop 6 as a novel and potent inhibitor of angiogenesis.
Nasal Cytokine Production In Viral Acute Upper Respiratory Infection Of Childhood (1995)

Children in a day care center underwent serial nasal lavages in order to assess nasal cytokine expression during acute upper respiratory infections (URI). Interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-8, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were markedly elevated in nasal lavage fluid during acute URI compared to baseline, and all except TNF-alpha decreased significantly by 2-4 weeks later. Cytokine patterns in respiratory syncytial virus-positive and -negative illnesses did not differ significantly. A subgroup of children also underwent superficial mucosal biopsy under the inferior nasal turbinate. During acute URI, biopsy cells (90%-95% epithelial) showed increased transcripts for IL-1 beta, IL-8, and IL-6 in 7 of 9 subjects, suggesting that epithelial cells may be one source of cytokines during acute URI. The results show that inflammatory cytokines are elevated in nasal secretions during acute URI in preschool children. Thus, cytokines are likely to participate in regulation of respiratory virus-induced inflammation.
Random decision forests (2002)

Decision trees are attractive classifiers due to their high execution speed. But trees derived with traditional methods often cannot be grown to arbitrary complexity for possible loss of generalization accuracy on unseen data. The limitation on complexity usually means suboptimal accuracy on training data. Following the principles of stochastic modeling, we propose a method to construct tree-based classifiers whose capacity can be arbitrarily expanded for increases in accuracy for both training and unseen data. The essence of the method is to build multiple trees in randomly selected subspaces of the feature space. Trees in, different subspaces generalize their classification in complementary ways, and their combined classification can be monotonically improved. The validity of the method is demonstrated through experiments on the recognition of handwritten digits.
A prospective randomized trial of arginine vasopressin in the treatment of vasodilatory shock after left ventricular assist device placement. (1997)

Vasopressin is an effective pressor in vasodilatory shock after cardiopulmonary bypass. An absolute vasopressin deficiency was observed in the majority of patients, but all subjects responded to vasopressin administration.
A novel CNTFET-based ternary logic gate design (2009)

This paper presents a novel design of ternary logic inverters using carbon nanotube FETs (CNTFETs). Multiple-valued logic (MVL) circuits have attracted substantial interest due to the capability of increasing information content per unit area. In the past extensive design techniques for MVL circuits (especially ternary logic inverters) have been proposed for implementation in CMOS technology. In CNTFET device, the threshold voltage of the transistor can be controlled by controlling the chirality vector (i.e. the diameter); in this paper this feature is exploited to design ternary logic inverters. New designs are proposed and compared with existing CNTFET-based designs. Extensive simulation results using SPICE demonstrate that power delay product is improved by 300% comparing to the conventional ternary gate design.
Anchor Structure of Staphylococcal Surface Proteins (2005)

Staphylococcus aureus sortase A cleaves surface protein precursors bearing C-terminal LPXTG motif sorting signals between the threonine and glycine residues. Using lipid II precursor as cosubstrate, sortase A catalyzes the amide linkage between the carboxyl group of threonine and the amino group of pentaglycine cross-bridges, thereby tethering C-terminal ends of surface proteins to the bacterial cell wall envelope. Staphylococcal sortase B also anchors its only known substrate, the IsdC precursor with a C-terminal NPQTN motif sorting signal, to the cell wall envelope. Herein, we determined the cell wall anchor structure of IsdC. The sorting signal of IsdC is cleaved between threonine and asparagine of the NPQTN motif, and the carboxyl group of threonine is amide-linked to the amino group of pentaglycine crossbridges. In contrast to sortase A substrates, the anchor structure of IsdC displays shorter glycan strands and significantly less cell wall cross-linking. A model is proposed whereby sortases A and B recognize unique features of sorting signals and peptidoglycan substrates to deposit proteins with distinct topologies in the cell wall envelope.