gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adsorption characteristics of polyacrylamide and sulfonate‐containing polyacrylamide copolymers on sodium kaolinite (1981)

Abstract Polyacrylamide and its copolymer containing 6.8 mole % 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid were prepared by an irradiation‐initiated precipitation polymerization technique. The polymer was characterized by intrinsic viscosity under conditions similar to those used during adsorption measurements. Hydrolytic degradation of the polyacrylamide was found to be negligible under conditions used. The adsorption substrate, sodium kaolinite, was prepared by extensive ion exchange treatment. Equilibrium adsorption of the polymers on the sodium kaolinite was made as a function of polymer concentration, solution pH, ionic strength, and temperature.
A secure environment for untrusted helper applications confining the Wily Hacker (1996)

Many popular programs, such as Netscape, use untrusted helper applications to process data from the network. Unfortunately, the unauthenticated network data they interpret could well have been created by an adversary, and the helper applications are usually too complex to be bug-free. This raises significant security concerns. Therefore, it is desirable to create a secure environment to contain untrusted helper applications. We propose to reduce therisk of a security breachby restricting the program&amp;apos;s access to the operating system. In particular, we intercept and filter dangerous system calls via the Solaris process tracing facility. This enabled us to build a simple, clean, user-mode implementation of as ecure environment for untrusted helper applications. Our implementation has negligible performance impact, and can protect pre-existing applications.
Biodegradation of oil and grease in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor for palm oil mill effluent treatment (2006)

The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor is a system in which substrate passes first through an expanded sludge bed containing a high concentration of biomass. The sludge in the reactor may exist in granular or flocculent form. Most of the substrate removal takes place in sludge bed and the remaining portion of the substrate passes through a less dense biomass, sludge blanket. UASB reactor is one of the innovative high rate anaerobic digester that able to biodegrade the oil and grease (O&G) in palm oil mill effluent (POME). This study aimed to evaluate the biodegradation of O&G in raw POME using UASB. The objectives of this study were to determine the O&G biodegradation and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies for the treatment of POME using UASB and evaluate the UASBâ€™s performance in relation to various control variables. The characteristic of the raw POME were determined for 5 respective samples collected from Bukit Besar, Kulai. Hexane was used as the solvent for O&G extraction by using separatory funnel. The experiments of O&G biodegradation and COD removal were designed using full factorial design. The selected factors were hydraulic retention time (HRT), influent strength based on COD and influent pH. The steady state of the UASB was achieved after 26 days acclimatization with the COD removal constant at 62%. Then, the factorial designed experiments were conducted and percentage of O&G biodegradation and COD removal as the responses. The optimum combination of operating parameters was HRT 12.9 hrs, influent 5000 mg/L COD and influent pH 7 which success to remove 61.7% COD and biodegrade 62.9% O&G. Statistical analysis was used to study the UASBâ€™s performance in relation to various control operating parameters. The main factors that have significant effect on O&G biodegradation and COD removal were defined statistically.
Experimental models and behavioural tests used in the study of Parkinson's disease. (1995)

The present review brings the survey of the most frequently used behavioural tests in experimental models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although there is no spontaneous occurrence of parkinsonism in animals, several experimental animal models of PD have been developed to achieve the same clinical features in animals. The techniques employing neurotoxins in lesioning the nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) system have a large selectivity and reproducibility. The most frequently used neurotoxins are 1-methyl-4-phenyl- 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). MPTP-lesioned monkeys mimic best the symptomatology of PD in human patients while rats appear to be refractory to MPTP. For that reason, 6-OHDA is used to damage the substantia nigra in a rodent model. Behavioural tests of animals with nigrostriatal lesion represent valuable non-invasive methods for assessing the influence of damaged DA system on locomotor activity. The most frequently used experimental model of PD is the drug-evoked rotation in 6-OHDA unilaterally lesioned rats. This model produces well-defined and stable behavioural deficits. The rotation test is a useful parameter for evaluating imbalances of dopamine in both striata of the hemi-parkinsonian rat model. T-maze, treadmill running test or sensorimotor tests are used to evaluate spontaneous locomotor activity of lesioned animals. Skilled motor tasks measure the influence of dopamine-depleting lesions on complex motor acts. Transplantation of DA tissue into the striatum offers a new approach to the treatment of PD. Experimental models and behavioural tests are used to evaluate the extent of graft-induced recovery of MPTP- or 6-OHDA-lesioned animals. Different results obtained after the use of different tests reflect the level of graft integration into the host circuitry.
Block Copolymers—Designer Soft Materials (1999)

Block copolymers are all around us, found in such products as upholstery foam, adhesive tape and asphalt additives. This class of macromolecules is produced by joining two or more chemically distinct polymer blocks, each a linear series of identical monomers, that may be thermodynamically incompatible (like oil and vinegar). Segregation of these blocks on the molecular scale (5–100 nm) can produce astonishingly complex nanostructures, such as the “knitting pattern” shown on the cover of this issue of PHYSICS TODAY. This striking pattern, discovered by Reimund Stadler and his coworkers, reflects a delicate free-energy minimization that is common to all block copolymer materials.
Methane storage in advanced porous materials (2012)

The need for alternative fuels is greater now than ever before. With considerable sources available and low pollution factor, methane is a natural choice as petroleum replacement in cars and other mobile applications. However, efficient storage methods are still lacking to implement the application of methane in the automotive industry. Advanced porous materials, metal-organic frameworks and porous organic polymers, have received considerable attention in sorptive storage applications owing to their exceptionally high surface areas and chemically-tunable structures. In this critical review we provide an overview of the current status of the application of these two types of advanced porous materials in the storage of methane. Examples of materials exhibiting high methane storage capacities are analyzed and methods for increasing the applicability of these advanced porous materials in methane storage technologies described.
Esterification of phthalic anhydride with n-Butanol using eco-friendly solid acid catalyst-sulfamic acid (2010)

Present study involves investigation of Sulfamic acid as a catalyst for esterification of Phthalic anhydride with n- Butanol. Effect of different operating parameters such as molar ratio of reactants, catalyst quantity and operating temperature has been studied with an aim of optimization. The optimum parameters for this process have been found to be 1:.2 molar ratio of Phthalic anhydride to n-butanol, catalyst concentration of 6%(by weight) of reaction mixture and 130-180 degrees C reaction temperature. Maximum conversion levels of about 89% have been obtained in 1.5h of reaction time under these optimized conditions.
Proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced by Candida albicans and its cell wall fractions (1986)

Glutaraldehyde-inactivated cells and cell-wall fractions of Candida albicans were studied for their capacity to induce or inhibit the in-vitro proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Both the intact cells (CA) and a phosphorylated gluco-mannan-protein complex of the cell wall (GMP), in microgram doses, were strong inducers of PBMC proliferation, with a peak of activity at 6-9 days of culture and varying with the PBMC donor. A significant but much lower proliferation was observed on exposure of PBMC to a low-protein (less than 3% by weight) mannan component (M) of the cell wall. Both a hot-alkali extracted mannan-protein complex (M-alk), comparable to GMP in crude chemical composition, and an alkali-insoluble cell-wall glucan (GG) were inactive. None of the Candida fractions induced a lymphoproliferation of umbilical cord blood cells and all fractions, except GG, were equally effective in binding human anti-Candida antibodies as shown by a sensitive ELISA-inhibition assay. Moreover, a monoclonal antibody against the class II determinant of the HLA complex inhibited PBMC proliferation irrespective of the Candida antigen used. Taken together, the data shows that in inducing lymphoproliferation, Candida fractions act as specific antigens rather than as non-specific mitogens. Use of intact Candida cells and chemically-defined cell-wall components appears preferable to use of undefined antigenic mixtures as stimulators of PBMC proliferation.
Analysis of Noncovalent Complexes of DNA and RNA by Mass Spectrometry (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnalysis of Noncovalent Complexes of DNA and RNA by Mass SpectrometrySteven A. Hofstadler and Richard H. GriffeyView Author Information Ibis Therapeutics, a division of Isis Pharmaceuticals, 2292 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, California 92008 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 2, 377–390Publication Date (Web):January 18, 2001Publication History Received28 March 2000Published online18 January 2001Published inissue 1 February 2001https://doi.org/10.1021/cr990105oCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views2201Altmetric-Citations230LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (181 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Biopolymers,Genetics,Ions,Ligands,Mathematical methods Get e-Alerts
Residues 110–126 in the A1 Domain of Factor VIII Contain a Ca2+ Binding Site Required for Cofactor Activity (2004)

Generation of factor VIII cofactor activity requires divalent metal ions such as Ca2+ or Mn2+. Evaluation of cofactor reconstitution from isolated factor VIIIa subunits revealed the presence of a functional Ca2+ binding site within the A1 subunit. Isothermal titration calorimetry demonstrated at least two Ca2+ binding sites of similar affinity (K(d) = 0.74 microm) within the A1 subunit. Mutagenesis of an acidic residue-rich region in the A1 domain (residues 110-126) homologous to a putative Ca2+ binding site in factor V (Zeibdawi, A. R., and Pryzdial, E. L. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 19929-19936) and expression of B-domainless factor VIII molecules yielded reagents to probe Ca2+ and Mn2+ binding in a functional assay. Basal activity observed for wild type factor VIII in a metal ion-free buffer was enhanced approximately 2-fold with saturating Ca2+ or Mn2+ and yielded functional K(d) values of 1.2 and 1.40 microm, respectively. Ca2+ binding affinity was greatly reduced (or lost) in several mutants including E110A, E110D, D116A, E122A, D125A, and D126A. Alternatively, E113A, D115A, and E124A showed wild type-like activity with little or no reduction in Ca2+ affinity. However, Mn2+ affinity was minimally altered except for mutant D125A (and D116A). These results are consistent with region 110-126 serving a critical role for Ca2+ coordination with selected residues capable of contributing to a partially overlapping site for Mn2+, and that occupancy of either site is required for maximal cofactor activity.
Patterns of metastasis by the human prostate cancer cell line PC‐3 in athymic nude mice (1989)

Cells from the PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line were evaluated in athymic nude mice in order to determine the influence of size of the primary tumor and site inoculation on the incidence and pattern of metastasis. At autopsy, all organs, including the skeleton, were evaluated for metastasis. Subcutaneous injections resulted in metastases to the draining axillary lymph node and lungs (56% and 13%, respectively), and were correlated with size of the primary tumor. Tail vein injection resulted in a high incidence of lung metastasis, while injection into the peritoneal space, spleen, and seminal vesicles resulted in intraabdominal tumor growth, liver metastasis, and large tumors within the seminal vesicles, respectively. Skeletal metastases were not observed in any of the animals studied. We conclude that injection of PC-3 cells into various sites results in different patterns of metastasis, but may not constitute an entirely suitable animal model of human prostate cancer due to the lack of metastasis to the skeleton.
Clinical hyperthermia: Results of a phase I trial employing hyperthermia alone or in combination with external beam or interstitial radiotherapy (1982)

Forty-three patients with advanced, locally accessible neoplasms were treated in a Phase I clinical trial employing hyperthermia alone or hyperthermia combined with either high-dose-rate external beam or low-dose-rate interstitial radiotherapy (interstitial thermoradiography). All patients had failed previous conventional therapeutic attempts, including various combinations of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Many had received tolerance or near tolerance levels of prior radiation that restricted dose prescriptions in this trial to subcurative values. A number of tumors with different histologies were treated, including squamous cell carcinoma (14), adenocarcinoma (14), melanoma (8), malignant fibrous histiocytoma (2), and sarcoma (5). The response evaluation criteria used included no response (NR--less than 50% decrease in tumor volume), partial response (PR--50% less than or equal to tumor volume reduction less than 100%) and complete response (CR--complete tumor disappearance). For all tumor types, hyperthermia therapy alone resulted in a total response rate of 45% (27% PR, 18% CR). Hyperthermia combined with high-dose-rate external beam radiotherapy yielded a total response rate of 80% (53% PR, 27% CR). Seventeen patients treated with interstitial thermoradiography displayed a 100% total response rate (29% PR, 71% CR). By tumor histologies for all treatment groups, total response rates have ranged from 50% to 79% for all types except melanoma, which has shown a 100% (8/8) response rate to date. Response durations have varied from one to 24 months. Twelve of the 43 patients remain alive; three have no evidence of disease (NED) while nine have either stable local disease or are NED in the treated volumes but have metastatic disease. Complications have been minimal and have included one third-degree burn and three second-degree burns from fringing RF fields, one vaginal-rectal fistula, a superficial focal soft tissue necrosis, and some minor blistering. The results of this Phase I trial demonstrate that hyperthermia alone or combined with radiation can be safely applied in the treatment of malignant disease. Most importantly, the data suggest that hyperthermia, especially when combined with interstitial thermoradiography, can yield remarkable results in the eradication of local cancers.
Overexpression of RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 GTPases Is Associated with Progression in Testicular Cancer (2004)

The Rho family of GTPases are involved in actin cytoskeleton organization and associated with carcinogenesis and progression of human cancers. We investigated the roles of Rho family GTPases, prototypes RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42, and the major downstream targets of RhoA, ROCK-I, and ROCK-II in testicular cancer. We quantified protein expression in paired tumor and nontumor samples from surgical specimens from 57 consecutive patients with testicular germ cell tumors using Western blotting. Protein expression of RhoA, ROCK-I, ROCK-II, Rac1, and Cdc42 was significantly higher in tumor tissue than in nontumor tissue (P < 0.0001). Expression of protein for RhoA, ROCK-I, ROCK-II, Rac1, and Cdc42 was greater in tumors of higher stages than lower stages (P < 0.0001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, respectively). Within stage II nonseminoma (31 patients), protein levels of RhoA, ROCK-I, ROCK-II, Rac1, and Cdc42 in the primary tumor were lower in the group of 24 patients with no evidence of disease after therapy compared with 7 patients with disease that was refractory/recurrent (P < 0.05). Rho family GTPases may be involved in the progression of testicular germ cell tumors.
Semantic and syntactic service descriptions at work in geo service chaining (2006)

SUMMARY In this paper we demonstrate the integrated use of semantic and syntactic service descriptions for service chaining, by combining a prototype that deals with service discovery and abstract composition, and one that supports concrete composition and execution of services. Current XMLbased service description languages, such as OWL-S and WSDL-S, allowed us to build a geo-servicereuse architecture based on common ontologies and shared service descriptions.
Effective Cancer Vaccine Platform Based on Attenuated Salmonella and a Type III Secretion System (2014)

Vaccines explored for cancer therapy have been based generally on injectable vector systems used to control foreign infectious pathogens, to which the immune system evolved to respond naturally. However, these vectors may not be effective at presenting tumor-associated antigens (TAA) to the immune system in a manner that is sufficient to engender antitumor responses. We addressed this issue with a novel orally administered Salmonella-based vector that exploits a type III secretion system to deliver selected TAA in the cytosol of professional antigen-presenting cells in situ. A systematic comparison of candidate genes from the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 (SPI2) locus was conducted in the vaccine design, using model antigens and a codon-optimized form of the human TAA survivin (coSVN), an oncoprotein that is overexpressed in most human cancers. In a screen of 20 SPI2 promoter:effector combinations, a PsifB::sseJ combination exhibited maximal potency for antigen translocation into the APC cytosol, presentation to CD8 T cells, and murine immunogenicity. In the CT26 mouse model of colon carcinoma, therapeutic vaccination with a lead PsifB::sseJ-coSVN construct (p8032) produced CXCR3-dependent infiltration of tumors by CD8 T cells, reversed the CD8:Treg ratio at the tumor site, and triggered potent antitumor activity. Vaccine immunogenicity and antitumor potency were enhanced by coadministration of the natural killer T-cell ligand 7DW8-5, which heightened the production of IL12 and IFNγ. Furthermore, combined treatment with p8032 and 7DW8-5 resulted in complete tumor regression in A20 lymphoma-bearing mice, where protective memory was demonstrated. Taken together, our results demonstrate how antigen delivery using an oral Salmonella vector can provide an effective platform for the development of cancer vaccines.
<p>Complement Inhibition for the Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis</p> (2020)

Generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) is a rare autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Approximately 80-90% of patients display antibodies directed against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR). A major drive of AChR antibody-positive MG pathology is represented by complement activation. The role of the complement cascade has been largely demonstrated in patients and in MG animal models. Complement activation at the NMJ leads to focal lysis of the post-synaptic membrane, disruption of the characteristic folds, and reduction of AChR. Given that the complement system works as an activation cascade, there are many potential targets that can be considered for therapeutic intervention. Preclinical studies have confirmed the efficacy of complement inhibition in ameliorating MG symptoms. Eculizumab, an antibody directed towards C5, has recently been approved for the treatment of AChR antibody-positive gMG. Other complement inhibitors, targeting C5 as well, are currently under phase III study. Complement inhibitors, however, may present prohibitive costs. Therefore, the identification of a subset of patients more or less prone to respond to such therapies would be beneficial. For such purpose, there is a critical need to identify possible biomarkers predictive of therapeutic response, a field not yet sufficiently explored in MG. This review aims to give an overview of the complement cascade involvement in MG, the evolution of complement-inhibiting therapies and possible biomarkers useful to tailor and monitor complement-directed therapies.
Predictive modeling in cancer: where systems biology meets the stock market (2009)

(A) Increasing smoking history (as measured by average cigarettes per day) leads to more rapid disease relapse following endoscopic resection. (B) Increasing the number of lymph nodes excised in ad...
Combined Activity of Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim, and Polymyxin B Against Gram-Negative Bacilli (1974)

The activity of the three two-drug combinations of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP), and polymyxin B (PB) against 52 clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli was studied by a "checkerboard" agar dilution method. The organisms studied included strains of Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Providence, Proteus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The majority of these isolates were resistant to at least two of the three agents used in the combined studies and to the most commonly used antimicrobials. The TMP-PB combination demonstrated enhanced activity more frequently than the other two-drug combinations, showing synergism or addition in 85% of the combined studies; indifference or antagonism was also observed least frequently with TMP-PB. The great majority (83%) of Enterobacter-Klebsiella-Serratia isolates were susceptible to enhanced activity of all combinations. Proteus-Providence isolates were frequently susceptible (63%), but combined activity was indifferent or antagonistic against 60% of P. aeruginosa. Twelve isolates were selected for "killing-curve" assays in which an inoculum was incubated with SMX, TMP, and PB individually and in various two- and three-drug combinations. Surviving bacteria were counted at timed intervals over 24 h of incubation. The triple combination (SMX-TMP-PB) was synergistic against 9 of 12 isolates, whereas TMP-PB and SMX-PB showed synergism against 5 and 3 isolates, respectively. These data suggest that, although TMP-PB will often show enhanced activity against the gram-negative bacilli studied here, optimal antibacterial activity will be demonstrated when the three-drug combination is used.