gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alkyl and Dendron Substituted Quinacridones:  Synthesis, Structures, and Luminescent Properties (2007)

The synthesis of two alkyl substituted quinacridone derivatives, N,N'-di(n-hexyl)-1,3,8,10-tetramethylquinacridone (1) and N,N'-di(n-hexyl)-2,9-di(t-butyl)quinacridone (2), and four dendritic quinacridone derivatives, N,N'-didendritic-1,3,8,10-tetramethylquinacridones (3-G1 and 3-G2) and N,N'-didendritic-2,9-di(tert-butyl)quinacridones (4-G1 and 4-G2) are reported. X-ray crystal structure and thermal analysis revealed that the quinacridone derivatives reported in this paper exhibit the evolution from crystalline phase to amorphous phase upon varying from alkyl substituted quinacridones to dendritic quinacridones. The concentration-dependent 1H NMR, UV-vis, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopic studies demonstrated the aggregation properties of the quinacridone derivatives in solution. For dendritic quinacridones with the sufficient shield of dendrons, the fluorescence concentration quenching can be significantly suppressed and emission intensity in concentrated solution and solid state could be greatly enhanced. Compound 4-G2 displays good solution process property and higher PL yield in concentrated solution, suggesting that it is a potential candidate for the fabrication of high-performance organic electroluminescent devices (OLEDs) on the basis of low-cost solution process technique.
Specific interactions among transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF) proteins and phosphoinositide 4-kinase (2000)

In earlier work we established that phosphoinositide 4-kinase (PI 4-kinase) may associate with transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF, tetraspanin) proteins, but critical specificity issues were not addressed. Here we demonstrate that at least five different TM4SF proteins (CD9, CD63, CD81, CD151 and A15/TALLA1) can associate with a similar or identical 55kDa type II PI 4-kinase. These associations were specific, since we found no evidence for other phosphoinositide kinases (e.g. phosphoinositide 3-kinase and phosphoinositide-4-phosphate 5-kinase) associating with TM4SF proteins, and many other TM4SF proteins (including CD82 and CD53) did not associate with PI 4-kinase. CD63–PI 4-kinase complexes were almost entirely intracellular, and thus are distinct from other TM4SF–PI 4-kinase complexes (e.g. involving CD9), which are largely located in the plasma membrane. These results suggest that a specific subset of TM4SF proteins may recruit PI 4-kinase to specific membrane locations, and thereby influence phosphoinositide-dependent signalling.
Multiple cracking response of plasma treated polyethylene fiber reinforced cementitious composites under flexural loading (2011)

The effects of low frequency cold plasma treatments on the microstructure and chemistry of Polyethylene (PE) have been investigated. PE plates and fibers were exposed to plasmas of argon and oxygen gases. The surface wettabilities of plasma-treated plates were monitored. Possible physical changes on fiber surfaces were observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at micrometer scale and by an atomic force microscope (AFM) at nanometer scale after this process. The effects of plasma treatment on surface chemistry of PE fibers have been analyzed by using an X-ray photoemission spectroscope (XPS). The fibers modified by plasma treatments were used in prismatic cementitious composites. The flexural performance of samples were characterized at two different ages (28 days and 8 months). Results showed that plasma treatment caused significant modifications on fibers’ surface structure and composites’ performance. Proper plasma treatment conditions significantly leads to improvement of multiple cracking behavior of fiber reinforced composites.
Organization of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate at the Graphite−Solution Interface (1996)

The aggregated structure of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) adsorbed to the graphite−solution interface has been determined. Atomic force microscopy reveals that SDS adsorbs in periodic structures when the solution concentration is in the range 2.8−81 mM. Using previously obtained adsorption isotherms, we deduce that these structures are hemicylindrical, but we are not able to determine their length. The long axes of the hemicylinders lie parallel in grains which typically extend over (500 nm)2 to (1000 nm)2, but the grain size can be reduced by adsorption of other species from solution. Two basic types of grain boundaries have been identified: broad boundaries, where the periodicity of both grains continue into the boundary for several periods, and narrow boundaries, where one or both of the hemicylindrical arrays terminate within a short distance. The period within each grain decreases when the concentration of SDS or the concentration of added NaCl is increased and approaches the diameter of bulk micelles at high concentration. In NaCl solutions, the period is proportional to the solution Debye length. We propose that this is a result of a decrease in interaggregate spacing rather than a decrease in aggregate size. Using a simple geometric argument, we suggest that the curvature of surfactant aggregates on hydrophobic surfaces will usually be lower than that of aggregates in bulk solution with which they are in equilibrium.
Can Farm Policy Help Small Farmers? (1986)

Small farmers are a diverse group, ranging from part-time hobbyists with good off-farm Jobs to full-time operators. For small farmers who earn insufficient income, general rural development policies, not necessarily farm policies might be the best method to help them.
Noninvasive Physiologic Monitoring of High-Risk Surgical Patients (1996)

The multicomponent noninvasive monitoring provides continuous online, real-time displays of physiologic data that allow immediate recognition of circulatory dysfunction as well as the means to titrate therapy to appropriate predetermined therapeutic goals. The noninvasive systems are easy to apply, safe, inexpensive, reasonably accurate, and cost-effective.
The big CGRP flood - sources, sinks and signalling sites in the trigeminovascular system (2018)

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has long been a focus of migraine research, since it turned out that inhibition of CGRP or CGRP receptors by antagonists or monoclonal IgG antibodies was therapeutic in frequent and chronic migraine. This contribution deals with the questions, from which sites CGRP is released, where it is drained and where it acts to cause its headache proliferating effects in the trigeminovascular system. The available literature suggests that the bulk of CGRP is released from trigeminal afferents both in meningeal tissues and at the first synapse in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. CGRP may be drained off into three different compartments, the venous blood plasma, the cerebrospinal fluid and possibly the glymphatic system. CGRP receptors in peripheral tissues are located on arterial vessel walls, mononuclear immune cells and possibly Schwann cells; within the trigeminal ganglion they are located on neurons and glial cells; in the spinal trigeminal nucleus they can be found on central terminals of trigeminal afferents. All these structures are potential signalling sites for CGRP, where CGRP mediates arterial vasodilatation but not direct activation of trigeminal afferents. In the spinal trigeminal nucleus a facilitating effect on synaptic transmission seems likely. In the trigeminal ganglion CGRP is thought to initiate long-term changes including cross-signalling between neurons and glial cells based on gene expression. In this way, CGRP may upregulate the production of receptor proteins and pro-nociceptive molecules. CGRP and other big molecules cannot easily pass the blood-brain barrier. These molecules may act in the trigeminal ganglion to influence the production of pronociceptive substances and receptors, which are transported along the central terminals into the spinal trigeminal nucleus. In this way peripherally acting therapeutics can have a central antinociceptive effect.
Unexpected roles for PCSK9 in lipid metabolism (2011)

Understanding the physiology of PCSK9 is important because this protein has become a major new target for lipid lowering therapy.
Grid polarizer for the visible spectral region (1994)

We report on the fabrication of a grid polarizer for the visible spectral region, based on metallic grids with periods below 100 nm. Theoretical calculations of the degree of polarization predict useful values for the visible region, if the period is in the range of 100 nm. The properties of the polarizer are shown to be strongly dependent on the optical constants of the metal and the substrate. For the fabrication of the grids, direct e-beam writing in combination with a dry etching process has been used. Metallic grids with 50 nm lines and a period of 100 nm were fabricated on a glass substrate. Measurements of the degree polarization were made at a wavelength of 670 nm. The results are compared to theoretical calculations made in the framework of a rigorous diffraction theory.
T4 RNA Ligase 2 truncated active site mutants: improved tools for RNA analysis (2011)

Our data demonstrate that lysine 227 is a key residue facilitating adenylyl transfer from adenylated ligation donor substrates to the ligase. This reversal of the second step of the ligation reaction correlates with the formation of unwanted ligation products. Thus, T4 Rn2tr mutants containing the K227Q mutation are useful for reducing undesired ligation products. We furthermore report optimal conditions for the use of these improved T4 Rnl2tr variants.
Loss of Polymerase Activity Due to Tyr to Phe Substitution in the YMDD Motif of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Reverse Transcriptase Is Compensated by Met to Val Substitution within the Same Motif (1998)

Tyr183 is a constituent of the highly conserved YXDD motif common to all retroviral reverse transcriptases. The two aspartates in this motif are the crucial members of the catalytic carboxylate triad while residue X, which in the case of HIV-1 RT is Met184, is implicated in dNTP substrate recognition and fidelity of DNA synthesis. In an attempt to understand the function of Tyr183 in the catalytic mechanism, we generated mutants of this residue (Y183F and Y183A) and subjected them to in-depth analysis. The efficiency of reverse transcription of natural U5-PBS HIV-1 RNA template was severely impaired by both the conservative and nonconservative substitutions. The major defect identified was at the level of dNTP binding as determined by a 20-80-fold increase in the Km for the dNTP substrate on both homopolymeric and heteropolymeric RNA and DNA templates. A significant reduction in processivity of DNA synthesis by these mutants was also noted. However, the fidelity of DNA synthesis by the Y183F and Y183A mutants was increased significantly compared to the wild-type enzyme. Interestingly, the reduction in the polymerase activity due to single substitution of Tyr to Phe in the YMDD motif is compensated by a second substitution of Met to Val in the same motif, herein referred to as the FVDD. The loss of dNTP binding as well as decreased processivity of DNA synthesis exhibited by the Y183F mutant was also compensated by mutation at the second site. Curiously, the double mutant did not exhibit any synergistic effect in regard to fidelity of DNA synthesis as might be expected since both the single mutations (Y183F, M184V) exhibited enhanced fidelity compared to the wild-type enzyme. These data implicate Tyr183 and Met184 as important constituents of the dNTP-binding pocket. We propose a model which suggests that subtle structural changes due to mutation in the flexible beta9-beta10 loop region at the active site of the molecule influence the enzyme activity and substrate recognition.
Signal transduction via P2-purinergic receptors for extracellular ATP and other nucleotides (1993)

Extracellular ATP, at micromolar concentrations, induces significant functional changes in a wide variety of cells and tissues. ATP can be released from the cytosol of damaged cells or from exocytotic vesicles and/or granules contained in many types of secretory cells. There are also efficient extracellular mechanisms for the rapid metabolism of released nucleotides by ecto-ATPases and 5'-nucleotidases. The diverse biological responses to ATP are mediated by a variety of cell surface receptors that are activated when ATP or other nucleotides are bound. The functionally identified nucleotide or P2-purinergic receptors include 1) ATP receptors that stimulate G protein-coupled effector enzymes and signaling cascades, including inositol phospholipid hydrolysis and the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores; 2) ATP receptors that directly activate ligand-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of many excitable cell types; 3) ATP receptors that, via the rapid induction of surface membrane channels and/or pores permeable to ions and endogenous metabolites, produce cytotoxic or activation responses in macrophages and other immune effector cells; and 4) ADP receptors that trigger rapid ion fluxes and aggregation responses in platelets. Current research in this area is directed toward the identification and structural characterization of these receptors by biochemical and molecular biological approaches.
Experimental sexual selection in Chlamydomonas (2005)

Sexual and asexual lines of the unicellular chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were propagated for about 100 sexual cycles and 1000 vegetative cycles in contrasted environments, liquid and solid growth media, in order to generate divergent natural and sexual selection. Sexual lines were transferred by many zygotes or by a single zygote in each sexual generation. By the end of the experiment zygote production was in the order sexual mass-transfer>sexual single-zygote>asexual>ancestor. The direct response to sexual selection was large, with zygote production increasing by about two orders of magnitude, mainly because mating had become spontaneous instead of being invoked by nitrogen starvation. Asexual lines became sexually sterilized by the fixation of a single mating type. Sexual selection caused a radical shift in the gender system, with homothallism spreading to high frequency in all sexual lines of this normally heterothallic species. This may have been caused by the transposition of a mating-type gene to an autosome. No substantial degree of environment-specific mating evolved, however, and thus no sexual isolation indicative of incipient speciation. It is possible that selection experiments of this kind are unlikely to induce sexual isolation because mating-type genes evolve in a saltatory fashion.
Macrophage Delivery of an Oncolytic Virus Abolishes Tumor Regrowth and Metastasis after Chemotherapy or Irradiation (2012)

Frontline anticancer therapies such as chemotherapy and irradiation often slow tumor growth, but tumor regrowth and spread to distant sites usually occurs after the conclusion of treatment. We recently showed that macrophages could be used to deliver large quantities of a hypoxia-regulated, prostate-specific oncolytic virus (OV) to prostate tumors. In the current study, we show that administration of such OV-armed macrophages 48 hours after chemotherapy (docetaxel) or tumor irradiation abolished the posttreatment regrowth of primary prostate tumors in mice and their spread to the lungs for up to 27 or 40 days, respectively. It also significantly increased the lifespan of tumor-bearing mice compared with those given docetaxel or irradiation alone. These new findings suggest that such a novel, macrophage-based virotherapy could be used to markedly increase the efficacy of chemotherapy and irradiation in patients with prostate cancer.
Aminoquinoline Melanin-Concentrating Hormone 1-Receptor (MCH1-R) Antagonists (2007)

Structure-activity relationships of a 4-aminoquinoline MCH-1R antagonist lead series were explored by synthesis of analogs with modifications at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions of the original HTS hit. Improvements to the original screening lead were made by addition of lipophilic groups at the 2-position and biphenyl, cyclohexyl phenyl and hydrocinnamyl carboxamides at the 6-position. Viable modifications of the 4-amino group were limited and did not allow further optimization of the physical-chemical properties of this class of compounds. Transposition of the 4-amino group to the 2-position of the quinoline core structure provided the 2-aminoquinoline lead class with similar MCH1R binding affinity. A series of 2-aminoquinoline compounds was prepared and evaluated in MCH-1R binding and functional antagonist assays. Small dialkyl, methylalkyl, methylcycloalkyl and cyclic amines along with 3-substituted pyrrolidines were tolerated at the quinoline 2-position. The in vivo efficacy of compound A was explored and compared to that of a related inactive compound B to determine their effects on food intake and body weight in rodents. The biological activities of this matched active -inactive pair provide in vivo proof of concept in rodents that antagonism of MCH1R by a 2-aminoquinoline MCH1R antagonist which led to a reduction of food intake in an acute feeding assay paradigm.
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis For Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes (1992)

The need for a portable, inexpensive, accurate and safe method for measuring body composition is well established. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has the potential to partially meet this need by estimating the water component of body composition. There are still a number of unresolved questions and limitations to the applications of BIA, however. This paper briefly reviews the theory of BIA, its application and its limitations. Recent progress in the development and validation of swept or multiple frequency BIA used to determine both extracellular water and total body water is discussed in detail.
Purification and characterization of S-adenosyl-L-methionine: uroporphyrinogen III methyltransferase from Pseudomonas denitrificans (1989)

S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:uroporphyrinogen III methyltransferase (SUMT), the enzyme of the cobalamin biosynthetic pathway which catalyzes C methylation of uroporphyrinogen III, was purified about 150-fold to homogeneity from extracts of a recombinant strain of Pseudomonas denitrificans derived from a cobalamin-overproducing strain by ammonium sulfate fractionation, anion-exchange chromatography, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The purified protein has an isoelectric point of 6.4 and molecular weights of 56,500 as estimated by gel filtration and 30,000 as estimated by gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, suggesting that the active enzyme is a homodimer. It does not contain a chromophoric prosthetic group and does not seem to require metal ions or cofactors for activity. SUMT catalyzes the two successive C-2 and C-7 methylation reactions involved in the conversion of uroporphyrinogen III to precorrin-2 via the intermediate formation of precorrin-1. In vitro studies suggest that the intermediate monomethylated product (precorrin-1) is released from the protein and then added back to the enzyme for the second C-methylation reaction. The pH optimum was 7.7, the Km values for S-adenosyl-L-methionine and uroporphyrinogen III were 6.3 and 1.0 microM, respectively, and the turnover number was 38 h-1. The enzyme activity was shown to be completely insensitive to feedback inhibition by cobalamin and corrinoid intermediates tested at physiological concentration. At uroporphyrinogen III concentrations above 2 microM, SUMT exhibited a substrate inhibition phenomenon. It is suggested that this property might play a regulatory role in cobalamin biosynthesis in the cobalamin-overproducing strain studied.
Partial purification and some properties of emodin-O-methyltransferase from (+)-geodin producing strain of Aspergillus terreus. (1982)

Emodin-1-O-methyltransferase (E-OMT), an enzyme catalysing methylation of emodin and involved in the biosynthesis of (+)-geodin, was purified upto 89 folds by two-step purification with Blue Sepharose and Sepharose 6B column chromatography. The molecular weight of E-OMT was estimated to be 3.4×105, and Km values for emodin and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) were 3.3×10-7M and 3.1×10-6M, respectively. Substrate specificity of E-OMT was extremely strict, and the enzyme seems to recognize whole the molecule of substrates.
Design, implementation and performance of a content-based switch (2002)

In this paper, we share our experience in designing and building a content-based switch which we call L5. In addition to the layer 2-3-4 information available in the packet, a content-based switch uses application level information to route traffic in the network. Making routing decisions based on information contained in the payload is not a new idea. In fact application level proxies which are functionally equivalent to a content-based switch, have been around for years. Our contribution is in combining the functionalities of an application level proxy with the data handling capabilities of a switch into a single system. In this paper, we describe the architecture of the L5 system along with the details of how application level information can be efficiently processed in the switch hardware. We cover two specific application examples that we believe are ideal candidates for content-based switching: one is routing HTTP sessions based on uniform resource locators (URL) and the other is session-aware dispatching of secure socket layer (SSL) connections.
Coface to challenge big three (2009)

French credit insurer Coface hopes to pick up 15 per cent of the global market for corporate ratings and information on corporate within five years. Unlike the Big Three, Coface will not be rating banks, insurance companies or structured finance. CEO Jerome Cazes spells out the Coface strategy.
An actin molecular treadmill and myosins maintain stereocilia functional architecture and self-renewal (2004)

We have previously shown that the seemingly static paracrystalline actin core of hair cell stereocilia undergoes continuous turnover. Here, we used the same approach of transfecting hair cells with actin-green fluorescent protein (GFP) and espin-GFP to characterize the turnover process. Actin and espin are incorporated at the paracrystal tip and flow rearwards at the same rate. The flux rates (approximately 0.002-0.04 actin subunits s(-1)) were proportional to the stereocilia length so that the entire staircase stereocilia bundle was turned over synchronously. Cytochalasin D caused stereocilia to shorten at rates matching paracrystal turnover. Myosins VI and VIIa were localized alongside the actin paracrystal, whereas myosin XVa was observed at the tips at levels proportional to stereocilia lengths. Electron microscopy analysis of the abnormally short stereocilia in the shaker 2 mice did not show the characteristic tip density. We argue that actin renewal in the paracrystal follows a treadmill mechanism, which, together with the myosins, dynamically shapes the functional architecture of the stereocilia bundle.
High-speed tandem of MQW modulators for coded pulse generation with 14-dB fiber-to-fiber gain (1996)

We report on a tandem of electroabsorption modulators integrated with an amplifier by the identical active layer (IAL) approach. A 14 dB fiber-to-fiber is obtained by the use of constant As-P ratio MQW active layer and operation at 10 Gb/s is demonstrated. A record modulator saturation power of 35 mW is also reported.