gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 20-GHz Phase-Locked Loop for 40-Gb/s Serializing Transmitter in 0.13-&lt;tex&gt;$muhboxm$&lt;/tex&gt;CMOS (2006)

A 20-GHz phase-locked loop with 4.9 ps/sub pp//0.65 ps/sub rms/ jitter and -113.5 dBc/Hz phase noise at 10-MHz offset is presented. A half-duty sampled-feedforward loop filter that simply replaces the resistor with a switch and an inverter suppresses the reference spur down to -44.0 dBc. A design iteration procedure is outlined that minimizes the phase noise of a negative-g/sub m/ oscillator with a coupled microstrip resonator. Static frequency dividers made of pulsed latches operate faster than those made of flip-flops and achieve near 2:1 frequency range. The phase-locked loop fabricated in a 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS operates from 17.6 to 19.4GHz and dissipates 480mW.
Low temperature electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide utilizing room temperature ionic liquids (2013)

Artificial photosynthesis, where one uses electricity from solar, or wind, to convert water and carbon dioxide into a hydrocarbon fuel could provide a viable route to renewable fuels but so far the results have been stymied because of the lack of a CO2 conversion catalyst that operates at low overpotentials. In this study we report a catalyst system that shows CO2 conversion at low overpotentials. The system uses two different catalysts to achieve the conversion. First an ionic liquid or ionic salt is used to catalyze the formation of a (CO2)??? intermediate. Then a transition metal is used to catalyze the conversion of the (CO2)??? intermediate into useful products. CO formation is first observed at -250mV with respect to a standard hydrogen electrode compared to 800mV in the absence of the ionic liquid. Thus, CO2 conversion to CO can occur without the large energy loss associated with a high overpotential raising the possibility of practical artificial photosynthesis. The reduction of CO2 in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIM BF4) was studied in an H-type electrochemical cell, an in-situ SFG/SERS cell, and a continuous flow CO2 electrolysis cell. Results from these experiments suggest that the EMIM BF4 is able to catalyze the reaction in such a way that opens the door for the practical low potential and temperature conversion of CO2.
The GALNT9, BNC1 and CCDC8 genes are frequently epigenetically dysregulated in breast tumours that metastasise to the brain (2015)

These findings indicate that GALNT9 (an initiator of O-glycosylation), CCDC8 (a regulator of microtubule dynamics) and BNC1 (a transcription factor with a broad range of targets) may play a role in the progression of primary breast tumours to brain metastases. These genes may be useful as prognostic markers and their products may provide novel therapeutic targets.
Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability of Bioactive Withanamides Present in Withania somnifera Fruit Extract (2014)

The neuroprotective effect of Withania somnifera L. Dunal fruit extract, in rodent models, is known. Withanamides, the primary active constituents in W.somnifera fruit extract exhibited neuroprotective effects against β-amyloid-induced cytotoxicity in neuronal cell culture studies. Therefore, we investigated the blood-brain barrier permeability of withanamides in W.somnifera fruit extract in mice using HPLC coupled with high resolution quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer (Q-TOF/MS) detection. Mice were administered with 250 mg/kg of W.somnifera extract by intraperitoneal injection, and the blood and brain samples analyzed by Q-TOF/MS detection. Four major withanamides were detected in brain and blood of mice administered with W.somnifera extract. The results suggested that the withanamides crossed the blood-brain barrier. These results may help to develop W.somnifera fruit extract as a preventive or therapeutic botanical drug for stress-induced neurological disorders.
Cushing Disease Presenting as Atypical Psychosis Followed by Sudden Death (1985)

The authors report a case of Cushing's Disease that first presented as a diagnostically confusing Atypical Psychosis. Sudden death occurred secondary to unexpected gastrointestinal bleed. Pathological findings confirmed the diagnosis. Neurochemical mechanisms for the behavioral aberrations are explored.
ChemInform Abstract: LL‐49F233α, a Novel Antibiotic Produced by an Unknown Fungus: Biological and Mechanistic Activities. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
High-Brightness Wavelength-Beam-Combined Eyesafe Diode Laser Stacks (2007)

At 1450 nm, we have demonstrated 20-W wavelength-beam-combined output from a 25- element single bar (M <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ~ 1.9 times 10), and 80-W cw from a 6-bar diode stack (M <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ~ 36 times 68).
Helicase from Hepatitis C Virus, Energetics of DNA Binding (2002)

The ability of a helicase to bind single-stranded nucleic acid is critical for nucleic acid unwinding. The helicase from the hepatitis C virus, NS3 protein, binds to the 3'-DNA or the RNA strand during unwinding. As a step to understand the mechanism of unwinding, DNA binding properties of the helicase domain of NS3 (NS3h) were investigated by fluorimetric binding equilibrium titrations. The global analysis of the binding data by a combinatorial approach was done using MATLAB. NS3h interactions with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) are 300-1000-fold tighter relative to duplex DNA. The NS3h protein binds to ssDNA less than 15 nt in length with a stoichiometry of one protein per DNA. The minimal ssDNA binding site of NS3h helicase was determined to be 8 nucleotides with the microscopic K(d) of 2-4 nm or an observed free energy of -50 kJ/mol. These NS3h-DNA interactions are highly sensitive to salt, and the K(d) increases 4 times when the NaCl concentration is doubled. Multiple HCV helicase proteins bind to ssDNA >15 nucleotides in length, with an apparent occluded site of 8-11 nucleotides. The DNA binding data indicate that the interactions of multiple NS3h protein molecules with long ssDNA are both noncooperative and sequence-independent. We discuss the DNA binding properties of HCV helicase in relation to other superfamily 1 and 2 helicases. These studies provide the basis to investigate the DNA binding interactions with the unwinding substrate and their modulation by the ATPase activity of HCV helicase.
Fabrication inside Microchannels Using Fluid Flow (2000)

This Account summarizes techniques for carrying out microfabrication of structures with dimensions down to 10 microm in microchannels that are 0.02-2 mm wide. These methods are largely based on the exploitation of laminar flow at low Reynolds number (Re) to control the spatial delivery of reagents. These methods are illustrated by fabrication of fibers, microelectrode arrays, arrays of crystals, and patterns of proteins and cells.
Protein HGFI from the edible mushroom Grifola frondosa is a novel 8 kDa class I hydrophobin that forms rodlets in compressed monolayers (2008)

Hydrophobins are a group of low-molecular-mass, cysteine-rich proteins that have unusual biophysical properties. They are highly surface-active and can self-assemble at hydrophobic-hydrophilic interfaces, forming surface layers that are able to reverse the hydropathy of surfaces. Here we describe a novel hydrophobin from the edible mushroom Grifola frondosa, which was named HGFI and belongs to class I. The hydrophobin gene was identified during sequencing of random clones from a cDNA library, and the corresponding protein was isolated as a hot SDS-insoluble aggregate from the cell wall. The purified HGFI was found to have 83 amino acids. The protein sequence deduced from the cDNA sequence had 107 amino acids, from which a 24 aa signal sequence had been cleaved off in the mature protein. This signal sequence was 5 aa longer than had been predicted on the basis of signal peptide analysis of the cDNA. Rodlet mosaic structures were imaged using atomic force microscopy (AFM) on mica surfaces after drying-down HGFI solutions. Using Langmuir films we were also able to take images of both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic sides of films formed at the air-water interface. No distinct structure was observed in films compressed once, but in films compressed several times rodlet structures could be seen. Most rodlets were aligned in the same direction, indicating that formation of rodlets may be promoted during compression of the monolayer.
Selective association of misfolded ALS-linked mutant SOD1 with the cytoplasmic face of mitochondria (2008)

Mutations in copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) are causative for dominantly inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Despite high variability in biochemical properties among the disease-causing mutants, a proportion of both dismutase-active and -inactive mutants are stably bound to spinal cord mitochondria. This mitochondrial proportion floats with mitochondria rather than sedimenting to the much higher density of protein, thus eliminating coincidental cosedimentation of protein aggregates with mitochondria. Half of dismutase-active and approximately 90% of dismutase-inactive mutant SOD1 is bound to mitochondrial membranes in an alkali- and salt-resistant manner. Sensitivity to proteolysis and immunoprecipitation with an antibody specific for misfolded SOD1 demonstrate that in all mutant SOD1 models, misfolded SOD1 is deposited onto the cytoplasmic face of the outer mitochondrial membrane, increasing antigenic accessibility of the normally structured electrostatic loop. Misfolded mutant SOD1 binding is both restricted to spinal cord and selective for mitochondrial membranes, implicating exposure to mitochondria of a misfolded mutant SOD1 conformer mediated by a unique, tissue-selective composition of cytoplasmic chaperones, components unique to the cytoplasmic face of spinal mitochondria to which misfolded SOD1 binds, or misfolded SOD1 conformers unique to spinal cord that have a selective affinity for mitochondrial membranes.
Audio application of the parametric array (1997)

‘‘HyperSonic Sound’’ is American Technology Corporation’s commercial application of the parametric array to produce broadband audio sound (Business Week, 12-2-96 issue, pp. 108–109). E. G. Norris demonstrated the device at the Penn State ASA Meeting [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101, 3072(A) (1997)], but gave few technical details. An analysis of the device demonstrated is provided here. The primary fields are produced by sixty 40-kHz elements mounted on a ring, 4-cm i.d., 7-cm o.d., which produce an axial sound-pressure level of 140 dB at 30 cm. The values given imply a Rayleigh distance of about 1.2 m and a (primary) beamwidth of about 3°. Estimated by the absorption length for the primaries, the interaction region is about 9 m. Those who witnessed Norris’s demonstration can attest to the narrowness of the secondary sound (a synthesized musical melody) and apparent absence of sidelobes. However, the melody heard also exhibited distortion. Distortion may be predicted by recalling that when the primary wave is a modulated carrier, the secondary sound is (asymptotically) the second derivative of the modulation envelope squared. Prospects for reducing the distortion are discussed [see Yoneyama et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73, 1532–1536 (1983)].
Activation of human plantar flexor muscles increases after electromyostimulation training (2002)

Neuromuscular adaptations of the plantar flexor muscles were assessed before and subsequent to short-term electromyostimulation (EMS) training. Eight subjects underwent 16 sessions of isometric EMS training over 4 wk. Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity and torque obtained under maximal voluntary and electrically evoked contractions were analyzed to distinguish neural adaptations from contractile changes. After training, plantar flexor voluntary torque significantly increased under isometric conditions at the training angle (+8.1%, P < 0.05) and at the two eccentric velocities considered (+10.8 and +13.1%, P < 0.05). Torque gains were accompanied by higher normalized soleus EMG activity and, in the case of eccentric contractions, also by higher gastrocnemii EMG (P < 0.05). There was an 11.9% significant increase in both plantar flexor maximal voluntary activation (P < 0.01) and postactivation potentiation (P < 0.05), whereas contractile properties did not change after training. In the absence of a change in the control group, it was concluded that an increase in neural activation likely mediates the voluntary torque gains observed after short-term EMS training.
REVIEW ON DOMAINS IN THIN MAGNETIC SAlMPLES (1971)

The structure and configuration of the magnetic domains in samples thin enough to contain only two-dimensional domain configurations, is reviewed. Large domains are observed in single-crystal samples, in samples with oriented crystallites, and in samples with crystallites small compared to the wall thickness. Their magnetization lies parallel to the sample surface or shows a stripe structure, depending on the thickness and on the anisotropy magnitude and orientation. Very small domains are observed if the crystallite size is comparable to the domain wall thickness.
Improved min-sum decoding of LDPC codes using 2-dimensional normalization (2005)

A two-dimensional post normalization scheme is proposed to improve the performance of conventional min-sum (MS) and normalized MS decoding of irregular low density parity check codes. An iterative procedure based on parallel differential optimization algorithm is presented to obtain the optimal two-dimensional normalization factors. Both density evolution analysis and specific code simulation show that the proposed method provides a comparable performance as belief propagation decoding while requiring less complexity. Interestingly, the new method exhibits a lower error floor than that of belief propagation decoding in the high SNR region. With respect to standard MS and one-dimensional normalized MS decodings, the two-dimensional normalized MS offers a considerably better performance.
Antiviral Signaling Through Pattern Recognition Receptors (2006)

Viral infection is detected by the host innate immune system. Innate immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages detect nucleic acids derived from viruses through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Viral recognition by PRRs initiates the activation of signaling pathways that lead to production of type I interferon and inflammatory cytokines, which are important for the elimination of viruses. Two types of PRRs that recognize viral nucleic acids, Toll-like receptors (TLR) and RIG-I-like RNA helicases (RLH), have been identified. Of the TLRs, TLR3 recognizes viral double-stranded (ds) RNA, TLR7 and human TLR8 identify viral single-stranded (ss) RNA and TLR9 detects viral DNA. TLRs are located in endosomal compartments, whereas RLH are present in the cytoplasm where they detect viral dsRNA or ssRNA. Here we review the role of TLRs and RLHs in the antiviral innate immune response.
Three-Dimensional Imaging of Single Molecules Solvated in Pores of Poly(acrylamide) Gels (1996)

Individual fluorescent molecules and individual singly labeled proteins were observed in the water-filled pores of poly(acrylamide) gels by far-field microscopy. Brownian motion was markedly reduced by the gel framework, thus enabling extended study of single fluorophores in aqueous environments. A highly axially dependent laser field was used both to excite the fluorophores and to image the molecules in three dimensions. Single molecules were followed as they moved within and through the porous gel structure. In contrast to dry polymeric hosts, these water-based gels may form a useful medium for single-molecule studies of biological systems in vitro.
Pressure-independent increases in vascular resistance in hypertension: role of sympathoadrenergic influences. (1980)

Experimental aortic coarctation in rats is accompanied by non-pressure-related increases in hindlimb total vascular resistance and its neurogenic and structural components. To investigate the role of the sympathoadrenergic system, we partially constricted or sham-constricted the abdominal aorta in rats age 6 weeks that had had adrenal demedullation and guanethidine injections to produce peripheral sympathectomy (SYMP rats, N = 13-coarcted, 14-sham-coarcted) and in sham-sympathectomized, sham-demedullated control rats (SHAM rats, n = 14-coarcted, 11-sham-coarcted). In both SHAM and SYMP rats with coarctation, tail and femoral arterial pressures did not increase but carotid pressures rose by 18-25% (p less than 0.01), accompanied by significant increases in heart weight/body weight. However, arterial pressures in SYMP were 30% lower than those in SHAM rats (p less than 0.005). In the pump-perfused (blood, 1 ml/min), innervated, isolated hindlimbs of SYMP, compared to SHAM rats, the effect of acute section of local nerves on resistance was reduced and denervation hypersensitivity was documented. In contrast to SHAM, coarctation in SYMP rats was not accompanied by increases in total hindlimb resistance and its neurogenic component; there were, however, significant rises in the humoral-myogenic (p less than 0.01) and structural (p less than 0.05) components. Thus, the sympatho-adrenergic system influences arterial blood pressure and accounts for the elevated neurogenic component of peripheral vascular resistance in coarctation hypertension rats, but does not account for the elevated structural component of resistance. An unknown humoral factor, or factors, may be incriminated in the latter.
Systemic Administration of IL-18 Promotes Diabetes Development in Young Nonobese Diabetic Mice (2003)

IL-18 is now identified as a pleiotropic cytokine that acts as a cofactor for both Th1 and Th2 cell development. Type 1 diabetes is considered a Th1-type autoimmune disease, and to date, the suppressive effect of exogenous IL-18 on the development of diabetes has been reported in 10-wk-old nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. In the present study we administered exogenous IL-18 systemically in 4-wk-old NOD mice using i.m. injection of the IL-18 expression plasmid DNA (pCAGGS-IL-18) with electroporation. Contrary to previous reports, the incidence of diabetes development was significantly increased in NOD mice injected with pCAGGS-IL-18 compared with that in control mice. Systemic and pancreatic cytokine profiles deviated to a Th1-dominant state, and the the frequency of glutamic acid decarboxylase-reactive IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) cells was also high in the IL-18 group. Moreover, it was suggested that the promoting effect of IL-18 might be associated with increased peripheral IL-12, CD86, and pancreatic IFN-inducible protein-10 mRNA expression levels. In conclusion, we demonstrate here that IL-18 plays a promoting role as an enhancer of Th1-type immune responses in diabetes development early in the spontaneous disease process, which may contribute to elucidating the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Interlayer Molecular Structure in Swelling Clay Minerals. 2. Monolayer Hydrates (1995)

Abstract Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of interlayer molecular structure in monolayer hydrates of Na-saturated Wyoming-type montmorillonites and vermiculite were performed. Detailed comparison of the stimulation results with experimental diffraction and thermodynamic data for these clay-water systems indicated good semiquantitative to quantitative agreement. The MC simulations revealed that, in the monolayer hydrate, interlayer water molecules tend to increase their occupation of the midplane as layer charge increases. As the percentage of tetrahedral layer charge increases, water molecules are induced to interact with the siloxane surface O atoms through hydrogen bonding and Na + counter-ions are induced to form inner-sphere surface complexes. These results suggest the need for careful diffraction experiments on a series of monolayer hydrates of montmorillonite whose layer charge and tetrahedral isomorphic substitution charge vary systematically.
Backbone Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors of Protein Kinase B (PKB/Akt) (2011)

Elevated levels of activated protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) have been detected in many types of cancer. Substrate-based peptide inhibitors have the advantage of selectivity due to their extensive interactions with the kinase-specific substrate binding site but often lack necessary pharmacological properties. Chemical modifications of potent peptide inhibitors, such as cyclization, may overcome these drawbacks while maintaining potency. We present an extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of a potent peptide-based PKB/Akt inhibitor. Two backbone cyclic (BC) peptide libraries with varying modes of cyclization, bridge chemistry, and ring size were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro PKB/Akt inhibition. Backbone-to-backbone urea BC peptides were more potent than N-terminus-to-backbone amide BC peptides. Several analogues were up to 10-fold more active than the parent linear peptide. Some activity trends could be rationalized using computational surface mapping of the PKB/Akt kinase catalytic domain. The novel molecules have enhanced pharmacological properties which make them promising lead candidates.
High Capacity, Surface-Modified Layered Li[Li[sub (1−x)∕3]Mn[sub (2−x)∕3]Ni[sub x∕3]Co[sub x∕3]]O[sub 2] Cathodes with Low Irreversible Capacity Loss (2006)

Layered and cathodes belonging to the solid solution series between and have been synthesized and characterized by charge-discharge measurements in lithium cells before and after modifying their surface with . The surface-modified cathodes show significantly lower irreversible capacity loss (ICL) and higher discharge capacity with excellent cyclability compared to the unmodified counterparts. For example, surface modified shows a remarkably high capacity of with an ICL of and good rate capability. This capacity value is much higher than that achieved with the previously known after similar surface modification .
Monoclonal antibodies as probes for the complexity, phylogeny, and chromatin distribution of high mobility group chromosomal proteins 1 and 2. (1985)

Monoclonal antibodies were prepared against the high mobility group (HMG) proteins 1, 2a, and 2b from hen erythrocyte chromatin. One antibody that recognized multiple sites along HMG-1, -2a, and -2b reacted strongly with HMG proteins from all vertebrates tested. In contrast, five antibodies that detected unique epitopes on chicken HMG-1 and -2a recognized antigenic sites that exhibited restricted phylogenic distributions. The differential reactivity of these antibodies on vertebrate proteins was in agreement with traditional taxonomy in that the avian HMGs were most closely related to those from reptiles and less related to those from mammals, amphibians, bonyfish, and especially the jawless fish. Mononucleosomes generated by mild digestion of erythrocyte chromatin with micrococcal nuclease were highly enriched in HMG-2a. One antigenic determinant located within the N-terminal domain of HMG-2a was freely accessible to its antibody when the protein was bound to these mononucleosomes. In contrast, two antibodies that recognized determinants in the central region of HMG-2a exhibited little chromatin binding activity. The masking of the central domain by DNA binding was presumably not responsible for these results because all three determinants were available for antibody binding when HMG-2a was bound to DNA in vitro. Therefore, the central region of HMG-2a may be masked from antibody binding by protein-protein interactions in chromatin.