gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highly parallel computing (1989)

Part 1 Foundations: overview - overview and scope of this book, definition and driving forces, questions raised, emerging answers, previous attempts why success now?, conclusions and future directions sample applications - scientific and engineering applications, database systems, artificial intelligence systems, summary technological constraints and opportunities - processor and network technology, memory technology, storage technology computational models and selected algorithms - computational models an operational view, computational models - an analytical view, selected parallel algorithms. Part 2 Parallel software: languages and programming environments - review of the major serial languages, parallel imperative languages and extensions, declarative languages, the programmer's view compilers, other translators - serial compiler essentials, parallelizing compiler essentials, summary and perspective operating systems - operating systems for serial machines, controlling concurrency, classifying operating systems for parallel computers, history of parallel operating systems. Part 3 Parallel architectures: interconnection networks - static connection topologies, dynamic connection topologies SIMD parallel architectures - evolution from von Neumann machines, vector processors, pipelined SIMD vector processors, parallel SIMD designs MIMD parallel architectures - stepping up to MIMD, private memory (message-passing), MIMD designs, shared memory MIMD designs hybrid parallel architectures - VLIW architectures, MSIMD tree machines, MSIMD reconfigurable designs.
Proteome-wide Identification of Ubiquitylation Sites by Conjugation of Engineered Lysine-less Ubiquitin (2011)

Ubiquitin conjugation (ubiquitylation) plays important roles not only in protein degradation but also in many other cellular functions. However, the sites of proteins that are targeted for such modification have remained poorly characterized at the proteomic level. We have now developed a method for the efficient identification of ubiquitylation sites in target proteins with the use of an engineered form of ubiquitin (K0-Ub), in which all seven lysine residues are replaced with arginine. K0-Ub is covalently attached to lysine residues of target proteins via an isopeptide bond, but further formation of a polyubiquitin chain does not occur on K0-Ub. We identified a total of 1392 ubiquitylation sites of 794 proteins from HEK293T cells. Profiling of ubiquitylation sites indicated that the sequences surrounding lysine residues targeted for ubiquitin conjugation do not share a common motif or structural feature. Furthermore, we identified a critical ubiquitylation site of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1). Mutation of this site thus inhibited ubiquitylation of and stabilized p27(Kip1), suggesting that this lysine residue is the target site of p27(Kip1) for ubiquitin conjugation in vivo. In conclusion, our method based on K0-Ub is a powerful tool for proteome-wide identification of ubiquitylation sites of target proteins.
EBNA1-specific CD4+ T cells in healthy carriers of Epstein-Barr virus are primarily Th1 in function (2001)

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) maintains the viral episome in all host cells infected with EBV. Recently, EBNA1 was found to be the main EBV latency antigen for CD4+ T cells and could be recognized in cultures from all donors tested. We now identify a polarized Th1 phenotype and obtain evidence for its presence in vivo. When T cells were stimulated with dendritic cells infected with vaccinia vectors expressing EBNA1, 18 of 19 donors secreted IFN-gamma, whereas only two of 19 secreted IL-4. Magnetic selection was then used to isolate cells from fresh blood based on EBNA1-induced cytokine production. Specific IFN-gamma CD4+ cell lines were established from six of six donors and IL-4 lines from three of six. Only the Th1 lines specifically lysed targets expressing three different sources of EBNA1 protein. When the IgG isotype of EBNA1 plasma Ab's was tested, most specific Ab's were IgG1 and of a high titer, confirming a Th1 response to EBNA1 in vivo. Ab's to other microbial antigens generally were not skewed toward IgG1. Given emerging evidence that Th1 CD4+ T cells have several critical roles in host defense to viral infection and tumors, we propose that EBNA1-specific CD4+ Th1 cells contribute to resistance to EBV and EBV-associated malignancies.
Cancer therapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes: evaluation of potential and limitations. (1992)

Immunotherapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) activated in the presence of recombinant interleukin 2 (IL2) in vitro and adoptively transferred to patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell carcinoma has resulted in complete or partial responses in some cases. These results have generated a wave of optimism and expectations, which may be premature. Much has been learned about TIL biology and their functional characteristics recently, but only few clinical trials have been completed to date. In this review, therapeutic potential of human TIL is evaluated based on limited knowledge of the antitumor mechanisms involved and imperfect understanding of events which occur during systemic administration of TIL. Limitations and advantages of TIL therapy are discussed and approaches to optimizing this form of therapy which are likely to be implemented in the future are summarized.
How similar are commonly combined criteria for EDSS progression in multiple sclerosis? (2006)

Our results indicate that a 0.5 point EDSS change in patients with baseline EDSS > or = 6.0 cannot be considered equal to a 1.0 point change in patients with baseline EDSS < or = 5.5.
Ultrahydrophobic and Ultralyophobic Surfaces:  Some Comments and Examples (1999)

The preparation of ultrahydrophobic and ultralyophobic surfaces using several techniques is described. Plasma polymerization of 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl acrylate on poly(ethylene terephthalate) yields surfaces with water contact angles of θA/θR = 174°/173°. Argon plasma etching of polypropylene in the presence of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) renders surfaces with water contact angles as high as θA/θR = 172°/169°. Surfaces of compressed pellets of submicrometer, variable-diameter spherical particles of PTFE oligomers exhibit water contact angles of θA/θR = 177°/177°, methylene iodide contact angles of θA/θR = 140°/138°, and hexadecane contact angles of θA/θR = 140°/125°. We emphasize that contact angle hysteresis is more important in characterizing lyophobicity than is the maximum achievable contact angle. These surfaces are rough at the micrometer and submicrometer scales, and water drops roll easily on all of them. We make an intuitive argument that the topology of the roughness is important and controls the continuity of the three-phase contact line and thus the hysteresis. We also report smooth ultralyophobic surfaces that are prepared by silanization of silicon wafers with Cl(SiMe2O)nSiMe2Cl (n = 0, 1, 2, and 3), (Me3SiO)3SiCH2CH2Si(CH3)2Cl, and (Me3SiO)2Si(CH3)CH2CH2Si(CH3)2Cl. These surfaces exhibit much lower contact angles but little or no hysteresis, and droplets of water, hexadecane and methylene iodide slide easily off them. We propose that these covalently attached monolayers are flexible and liquidlike and that droplets in contact with them experience very low energy barriers between metastable states.
Cell-specific localization of insulin-like growth factor binding protein mRNAs in rat liver (2000)

The liver is a major source of circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and it also synthesizes several classes of IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). Synthesis of IGF-I and IGFBPs is regulated by hormones, growth factors, and cytokines. They are nutritionally regulated and expressed in developmentally specific patterns. To gain insight into cellular regulatory mechanisms that determine hepatic synthesis of IGF-I and IGFBPs and to identify potential target cells for IGF-I within the liver, we studied the cellular sites of synthesis of IGF-I, IGF receptor, growth hormone (GH) receptor, and IGFBPs in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes, endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells. We also localized cellular sites of IGFBP synthesis by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Western ligand and immunoblot analyses were used to determine IGFBP secretion by isolated cells. Two IGF-I mRNA subtypes with different 5' ends (class 1 and class 2) were detected in all isolated liver cell preparations. Type 1 IGF receptor mRNA was detected in endothelial cells, indicating that these cells are a local target for IGF actions in liver. GH receptor was expressed in all cell preparations, consistent with GH regulation of IGF-I and IGFBP synthesis in multiple liver cell types. The IGFBPs expressed striking cell-specific expression. IGFBP-1 was synthesized only in hepatocytes, and IGFBP-3 was expressed in Kupffer and endothelial cells. IGFBP-4 was expressed at high levels in hepatocytes and at low levels in Kupffer and endothelial cells. Cell-specific expression of distinct IGFBPs in the liver provides the potential for cell-specific regulation of hepatic and endocrine actions of IGF-I.
3. Using pathfinder networks to analyze procedural knowledge in interactions with advanced technology (2004)

Research on human cognition in complex tasks, such as interacting with advanced technology, requires the development and validation of new methods. This paper describes PRONET, a method for summarizing, representing, and analyzing event sequences. The first section outlines how the PRONET method can be applied to any sequence of events, with lessons learned from previous applications of the method. The second section presents demonstrations of the application of PRONET. In the first demonstration — a computer-based simulation of operant training - the PRONET analysis and representation clearly shows the change in the behavior of the simulation produced by changes in reinforcement contingencies, but also shows interesting aspects of behavior that were not affected. In the second demonstration — involving transfer of word processing skill — network-related and performance measures showed the expected pattern of positive transfer. In addition, the network of the far transfer participant suggested that she used task knowledge to search for conditions that would permit the correct action. Two previously-published examples showed the usefulness of the PRONET method in characterizing a hybrid event sequence consisting of environmental conditions and behavioral actions and a sequence of events from a team.
Branched-chain amino acid catabolism and cancer cachexia (review) (1996)

The present study focuses on the role of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) (leucine, isoleucine and valine) in cancer cachexia. This is a frequent and devastating complication of cancer occurring in more than two thirds of patients who die with advanced cancer, and in up to 22% of cancer deaths it is the only abnormality found at autopsy. BCAA are essential amino acids often increased in cancer patients and this phenomenon may be related with increased protein degradation in skeletal muscle and consequently, cancer cachexia. The relevance of this association in medical terms is evident, future investigations may focus on therapeutical strategies based on the administration of BCAA to cachectic patients.
Embryonic Lethals and T-DNA Insertional Mutagenesis in Arabidopsis (1991)

Deena Errampalli, David Patton, Linda Castle, Leigh Mickelson, Karl Hansen, Jennifer Schnall, Kenneth Feldmann, David Meinke, Embryonic Lethals and T-DNA Insertional Mutagenesis in Arabidopsis, The Plant Cell, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Feb., 1991), pp. 149-157
The Academic Tenure-Review Process: An Asset or Liability to Collegiate Aviation? (1995)

Collegiate aviation educators need to take a hard look at the tenure-review process and ask, "Does the current process of reviewing and granting tenure need to be changed and, if so, why, and how can those changes be effectively implemented?" In a global economy, the aviation industry demands collegiate aviation graduates that are knowledgeable in their fields and have highly competitive skills. The current tenure-review process in American colleges and universities confronts present-day scholars with formidable challenges that John Dewey never may have envisioned during the early 20th century. In 1915, the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) was founded by Dewey to develop and protect standards of academic freedom and tenure. In the course of 80 years, the tenure system has evolved so much that some scholars would argue that it no longer does what it is supposed to do--protect free speech.
Antibody-Enzyme Conjugates for Cancer Therapy (1996)

The use of antibody-enzyme conjugates directed at tumor-associated antigens to achieve site-specific activation of prodrugs to potent cytotoxic species, termed "antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy" (ADEPT), has attracted considerable interest since the concept was first described in 1987. Prodrug forms of both clinically used anticancer agents and novel cytotoxic compounds have been developed to take advantage of potential prodrug-generating technology employing a variety of enzymes with widely differing substrate specificities. A particular advantage of the ADEPT approach is that it may allow the use of extremely potent agents such as nitrogen mustards and palytoxin, which are too toxic to be readily used in conventional chemotherapy. Preliminary studies using an antibody-enzyme conjugate constructed with a bacterial enzyme and a murine monoclonal antibody not only have established the value of the ADEPT technique, but also have highlighted the potential problem of immunogenicity of proteins of nonhuman origin. This problem has been tackled in the first instance by the use of immunosuppressive agents, but long-term solutions are being investigated in the development of second-generation ADEPT systems, including the development of human antibody-human enzyme fusion proteins and catalytic antibodies. Such improvements, coupled with further refinement of the prodrug-drug element of the system and the wide variety of antibody-enzyme-drug combinations available, should mean that ADEPT-based approaches will form an important element of the search for the anticancer drugs of the future.
Macrolide activities beyond their antimicrobial effects: macrolides in diffuse panbronchiolitis and cystic fibrosis (2004)

Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) is a pulmonary disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the bronchioles and chronic infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lungs. DPB has several features in common with cystic fibrosis (CF). Clinical trials in patients with DPB or CF suggest a potential role for maintenance (long-term and low-dose) macrolide therapy in the treatment of these chronic pulmonary conditions. Indeed, these studies demonstrate improved clinical and physiological states with macrolide therapy. The beneficial effects of long-term low-dose macrolides are not related to their antimicrobial properties, since levels of macrolides with low-dose treatment are too low to have sufficient antimicrobial effects. Data indicate that macrolides may have immunomodulatory activities: (1) in vitro and ex vivo studies clearly show that macrolides can influence cytokine production by several cell types; (2) furthermore, macrolides can alter polymorphonuclear cell functions in vitro and ex vivo. Although immunomodulation may serve as one explanation for the beneficial effects of macrolides in patients with chronic pulmonary inflammation, the effect of low-dose macrolide therapy on biofilm-formation may form a second explanation for the positive effects of long-term low-dose macrolide therapy. In the present paper, the clinical trials on maintenance macrolide therapy in patients with DPB or CF are reviewed. This is followed by a discussion on the immunomodulating effects of macrolides, and the effects of macrolides on biofilm formation.
Effect of MCI-196 (colestilan) as a phosphate binder on hyperphosphataemia in haemodialysis patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, short-term trial (2005)

The present findings suggest that the short-term administration of MCI-196 is effective in decreasing serum phosphorus in haemodialysis patients. Its long-term efficacy needs to be evaluated.
Silica-on-Silicon Waveguide Quantum Circuits (2008)

Quantum technologies based on photons will likely require an integrated optics architecture for improved performance, miniaturization, and scalability. We demonstrate high-fidelity silica-on-silicon integrated optical realizations of key quantum photonic circuits, including two-photon quantum interference with a visibility of 94.8 +/- 0.5%; a controlled-NOT gate with an average logical basis fidelity of 94.3 +/- 0.2%; and a path-entangled state of two photons with fidelity of >92%. These results show that it is possible to directly "write" sophisticated photonic quantum circuits onto a silicon chip, which will be of benefit to future quantum technologies based on photons, including information processing, communication, metrology, and lithography, as well as the fundamental science of quantum optics.
Effect of nasal or oral breathing route on upper airway resistance during sleep (2003)

Healthy subjects with normal nasal resistance breathe almost exclusively through the nose during sleep. This study tested the hypothesis that a mechanical advantage might explain this preponderance of nasal over oral breathing during sleep. A randomised, single-blind, crossover design was used to compare upper airway resistance during sleep in the nasal and oral breathing conditions in 12 (seven male) healthy subjects with normal nasal resistance, aged 30+/-4 (mean+/-SEM) yrs, and with a body mass index of 23+/-1 kg x m2. During wakefulness, upper airway resistance was similar between the oral and nasal breathing routes. However, during sleep (supine, stage two) upper airway resistance was much higher while breathing orally (median 12.4 cmH2O x L(-1) x s(-1), range 4.5-40.2) than nasally (5.2 cmH2O x L(-1) x s(-1), 1.7-10.8). In addition, obstructive (but not central) apnoeas and hypopnoeas were profoundly more frequent when breathing orally (apnoea-hypopnoea index 43+/-6) than nasally (1.5+/-0.5). Upper airway resistance during sleep and the propensity to obstructive sleep apnoea are significantly lower while breathing nasally rather than orally. This mechanical advantage may explain the preponderance of nasal breathing during sleep in normal subjects.
Advanced Model for Solid Electrolyte Interphase Electrodes in Liquid and Polymer Electrolytes (1997)

Recent studies show that the SEI on lithium and on anodes in liquid nonaqueous solutions consists of many different materials including , LiF, LiCl, , alkoxides, and nonconducting polymers. The equivalent circuit for such a mosaic‐type SEI electrode is extremely complex. It is shown that near room temperature the grain‐boundary resistance (Rgb) for polyparticle solid electrolytes is larger than the bulk ionic resistance. Up to now, all models of SEI electrodes ignored the contribution of Rgb to the overall SEI resistance. We show here that this neglect has no justification. On the basis of recent results, we propose here for SEI electrodes equivalent circuits which take into account the contribution of grain‐boundary and other interfacial impedance terms. This model accounts for a variety of different types of Nyquist plots reported for lithium and electrodes in liquid nonaqueous and polymer electrolytes.
Toxic encephalopathy in a child after brief exposure to insect repellents. (1985)

Seizures and acute behaviour change developed in an 8-year-old girl following exposure to Muskol and Off insect repellents. She recovered within 3 days with supportive treatment, including anticonvulsant medication. The assumed toxic agent was N,N-diethyltoluamide.
Manipulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Fate by Small Molecule Compounds (2018)

Self-renewal and multipotential differentiation are two important features of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HS/PCs) that make them as an ideal source of stem cells for treatment of many hematologic disorders and cancers. Regarding the limited number of cord blood HS/PCs, proper ex vivo expansion can significantly increase the clinical use of cord blood stem cells. Meanwhile, expansion of HS/PCs will be feasible through bypassing the quiescent state of HS/PCs and simultaneously enhancing their proliferative potential and survival while delaying the terminal differentiation and exhaustion. Previous investigations have demonstrated that defined sets of exogenous hematopoietic cytokines/growth factors such as stem cell factor, Flt-3 ligand, and thrombopoietin are able to expand HS/PCs. However, in recent years, small molecule compounds (SMCs) have emerged as a powerful tool for the effective expansion of HS/PCs by modulating multiple cellular processes including different signaling pathways and epigenetics. In this review, recent progress toward the use of SMCs in HS cell research is presented. We focus on the significant applications of SMCs related to HS/PC expansion and discuss the associated mechanism. At the end we present a list of those SMCs which enter to clinical trials.
Linkage of a neurophysiological deficit in schizophrenia to a chromosome 15 locus (1997)

Inheritance of a defect in a neuronal mechanism that regulates response to auditory stimuli was studied in nine families with multiple cases of schizophrenia. The defect, a decrease in the normal inhibition of the P50 auditory-evoked response to the second of paired stimuli, is associated with attentional disturbances in schizophrenia. Decreased P50 inhibition occurs not only in most schizophrenics, but also in many of their nonschizophrenic relatives, in a distribution consistent with inherited vulnerability for the illness. Neurobiological investigations in both humans and animal models indicated that decreased function of the alpha 7-nicotinic cholinergic receptor could underlie the physiological defect. In the present study, a genome-wide linkage analysis, assuming autosomal dominant transmission, showed that the defect is linked [maximum logarithm of the odds (lod) score = 5.3 with zero recombination] to a dinucleotide polymorphism at chromosome 15q13-14, the site of the alpha 7-nicotinic receptor. Despite many schizophrenics' extremely heavy nicotine use, nicotinic receptors were not previously thought to be involved in schizophrenia. The linkage data thus provide unique new evidence that the alpha 7-nicotinic receptor gene may be responsible for the inheritance of a pathophysiological aspect of the illness.