gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the Molecular Weight Distribution of Debranched Starch (2005)

Combining molecular weight distribution (MWD) data for linear chains of debranched starch from capillary electrophoresis and from size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with detection by differential refractive index and by multi-angle laser light scattering has enabled Mark-Houwink parameters to be determined for linear starch chains. For accurate results, it was found to be important to take SEC band broadening into account, and a methodology for implementing this is presented. This deconvolution technique can be used to reveal features such as maxima or shoulders in the MWD which have qualitative as well as quantitative significance. Remarkably, these data show that the empirical Mark-Houwink relation between molecular weight and hydrodynamic volume is, for linear debranched starch, valid for much lower molecular weights than synthetic polymers. This implies that these Mark-Houwink parameters can be used with "universal calibration" to enable SEC to be used with relative ease to provide MWDs for debranched starch for essentially any degree of polymerization.
Conversion of L‐sorbose to L‐sorbosone by immobilized cells of Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293 (1976)

Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293 cells capable of converting L-sorbose to L-sorbosone were immobilized in polyacrylamide gel. The preferred polymer composition for high activity and stability was determined to contain a total monomer concentration of 7.2% and 16.6% crosslinking agent. No significant differences in optimal conditions for conversion, e.g., pH and temperature, were found in comparison with free cell suspensions. However, in the absence of L-sorbose, the thermal stability of immobilized cells was lower. After the initial loss, the conversion activity of immobilized cells increased, possibly due to lysis, and this increase was related to the polymerization conditions and the incubation temperature for the L-sorbose conversion. The enzymatic activity and stability of the immobilized cells also depended on the physical form of the gel and the aeration levels. Addition of electron acceptors or addition of L-sorbosone to the medium reduced, while addition of neomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline increased the stability of the enzymatic activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cannabinoids Carrying ω‐Carboxy Substituents: The Cannabidiols, Cannabinol and δ1 (1988)

Abstract ‐ and Δ 6 ‐Tetrahydrocannabinols of this Series.
THE TRANSMISSION OF YELLOW FEVER TO MACACUS RHESUS (1928)

The following is a preliminary report of studies on yellow fever carried out by the West African Yellow Fever Commission of the Rockefeller Foundation. A detailed report, covering the work presented here as well as other studies on this subject, will be published shortly. During an epidemic of yellow fever at Larteh, Gold Coast, West Africa, in May, 1927, six Indian crown monkeys (<i>Macacus sinicus</i>) were inoculated with blood from patients with yellow fever. Five of these developed fever and died, while one did not show any reaction. From these five animals which died as a result of inoculation, three subinoculations were made into monkeys of the same species, two of which developed fever and recovered while one proved refractory. The gross and microscopic pathology in the five animals which died was somewhat suggestive of yellow fever, but in view of the fact that one monkey failed to succumb to
Offspring from Oocytes Derived from in Vitro Primordial Germ Cell–like Cells in Mice (2012)

Reconstitution of female germ cell development in vitro is a key challenge in reproductive biology and medicine. We show here that female (XX) embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells in mice are induced into primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs), which, when aggregated with female gonadal somatic cells as reconstituted ovaries, undergo X-reactivation, imprint erasure, and cyst formation, and exhibit meiotic potential. Upon transplantation under mouse ovarian bursa, PGCLCs in the reconstituted ovaries mature into germinal vesicle-stage oocytes, which then contribute to fertile offspring after in vitro maturation and fertilization. Our culture system serves as a robust foundation for the investigation of key properties of female germ cells, including the acquisition of totipotency, and for the reconstitution of whole female germ cell development in vitro.
Measured path loss and multipath propagation characteristics in UHF and microwave frequency bands for urban mobile communications (2002)

This paper presents the frequency dependence of propagation loss and multipath propagation characteristics for urban mobile communications based on measurement results in Japanese urban areas. Path loss in reference frequencies from 457.2 MHz to 15.45 GHz increases according to the free space propagation power law in terms of frequency dependence for both macrocell and microcell environments. The standard deviation of each frequency band exhibits similar values. Wide-band propagation measurements show analogous characteristics among frequency bands from 3 to 15 GHz in urban multipath propagation. These measurement results show that the dominant difference among frequencies is found in only free space characteristics in terms of frequency dependence from the UHF to microwave frequency bands.
Csy4 relies on an unusual catalytic dyad to position and cleave CRISPR RNA (2012)

CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems protect prokaryotes against foreign genetic elements. crRNAs derived from CRISPR loci base pair with complementary nucleic acids, leading to their destruction. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, crRNA biogenesis requires the endoribonuclease Csy4, which binds and cleaves the repetitive sequence of the CRISPR transcript. Biochemical assays and three co-crystal structures of wild-type and mutant Csy4/RNA complexes reveal a substrate positioning and cleavage mechanism in which a histidine deprotonates the ribosyl 2 0 -hydroxyl pinned in place by a serine, leading to nucleophilic attack on the scissile phosphate. The active site catalytic dyad lacks a general acid to protonate the leaving group and positively charged residues to stabilize the transition state, explaining why the observed catalytic rate constant is B10 4 -fold slower than that of RNase A. We show that this RNA cleavage step is essential for assembly of the Csy protein-crRNA complex that facilitates target recognition. Considering that Csy4 recognizes a single cellular substrate and sequesters the cleavage product, evolutionary pressure has likely selected for substrate specificity and high-affinity crRNA interactions at the expense of rapid cleavage kinetics.
Scavenging of Alzheimer's amyloid ?-protein by microglia in culture (1996)

Deposits of amyloid beta-protein (A beta) form the cores of the pathological plaques which characterize Alzheimer's disease. The mechanism of formation of the deposits is unknown; one possibility is failure of a clearance mechanism that would normally remove the protein from brain parenchyma. This study has investigated the capacity of the central nervous system (CNS) phagocytes, microglia cells, to clear exogenous A beta 1-42 from their environment. Cultured microglia from adult rat CNS have a high capacity to remove A beta from serum-free medium, shown by immunoblotting experiments. A beta from incubation medium was attached to the cell surface and could be identified by immunocytochemistry at the light or electron microscopic (EM) level; by EM, A beta also appeared in phagosome-like intracellular vesicles. Light microscopic immunocytochemistry combined with computer-assisted image analysis showed that cells accumulated A beta within 24 hr. from culture medium containing from 1 to 20 micrograms/ml A beta. Microglial accumulation of A beta was substantially reduced in the presence of fetal bovine serum. Addition of the protease inhibitor leupeptin to incubation medium with serum resulted in accumulation of A beta in a membrane-bound intracellular compartment, but not at the cell surface. The increase in intracellular accumulation in the presence of the protease inhibitor indicates a microglial capacity for intracellular degradation of A beta in the absence of inhibition. The change from predominantly cell-surface accumulation in serum-free medium to predominantly intracellular accumulation with serum may be explained by the presence in serum of carrier proteins that complex with A beta and target it to cell surface receptors capable of stimulating endocytosis. Microglia were also cultured on unfixed cryostat sections of human brain tissue containing Alzheimer's plaques. Very little A beta from the tissue was accumulated by the cells, although cultured microglia were found in direct contact with anti-A beta immunopositive plaques. Possibly A beta in tissue sections was complexed with other proteins which either inhibited its uptake by microglia or enhanced its proteolysis, preventing cellular accumulation of immunostainable A beta. The results indicate that cultured microglia effectively remove A beta from tissue culture medium and from the surface of the dish and concentrate monomer and aggregates of A beta either on the cell surface or intracellularly. This process may be modified by proteins present in Alzheimer's brain sections.
Sales to Budget-Constrained Buyers: Single-Payer Versus Multi-Payer (1994)

lottery ; buyers
Expression of Highly Toxic Genes in E. coli: Special Strategies and Genetic Tools (2006)

Escherichia coli (E. coli) remains the most efficient widely-used host for recombinant protein production. Well-known genetics, high transformation efficiency, cultivation simplicity, rapidity and inexpensiveness are the main factors that contribute to the selection of this host. With the advent of the post-genomic era has come the need to express in this bacterium a growing number of genes originating from different organisms. Unfortunately, many of these genes severely interfere with the survival of E. coli cells. They lead to bacteria death or cause significant defects in bacteria growth that dramatically decrease expression capabilities. In this paper, we review special strategies and genetics tools successfully used to express, in E. coli, highly toxic genes. Suppression of basal expression from leaky inducible promoters, suppression of read-through transcription from cryptic promoters, tight control of plasmids copy numbers and proteins production as inactive (but reversible) forms are among the solutions presented and discussed. Special expression vectors and modified E. coli strains are listed and their effectiveness illustrated with key examples, some of which are related to our study of the highly toxic phage T4 restriction endoribonuclease RegB. We mainly selected those strategies and tools that permit E. coli normal growth until the very moment of highly toxic gene induction. Expression then occurs efficiently before cells die. Because they do not target a particular toxic effect, these strategies and tools can be used to express a wide variety of highly toxic genes.
FTY720 Induces Apoptosis in Multiple Myeloma Cells and Overcomes Drug Resistance (2005)

The novel immunomodulator FTY720 down-modulates sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 on lymphocytes at low nanomolar concentrations, thereby inhibiting sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1-dependent egress of lymphocytes from lymph nodes into efferent lymphatics and blood. At high micromolar concentration, FTY720 has been shown to induce growth inhibition and/or apoptosis in human cancer cells in vitro. In this study, we investigated the biological effects of FTY720 on multiple myeloma cells. We found that FTY720 induces potent cytotoxicity against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant multiple myeloma cell lines as well as freshly isolated tumor cells from multiple myeloma patients who do not respond to conventional agents. FTY720 triggers activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3, followed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Interestingly, FTY720 induces alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) and Bax cleavage, followed by translocation of cytochrome c and Smac/Diablo from mitochondria to the cytosol. In combination treatment studies, both dexamethasone and anti-Fas antibodies augment anti-multiple myeloma activity induced by FTY720. Neither interleukin-6 nor insulin-like growth factor-I, which both induce multiple myeloma cell growth and abrogate dexamethasone-induced apoptosis, protect against FTY720-induced growth inhibition. Importantly, growth of multiple myeloma cells adherent to bone marrow stromal cells is also significantly inhibited by FTY720. Finally, it down-regulates interleukin-6-induced phosphorylation of Akt, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3, and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase; insulin-like growth factor-I-triggered Akt phosphorylation; and tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced IkappaBalpha and nuclear factor-kappaB p65 phosphorylation. These results suggest that FTY720 overcomes drug resistance in multiple myeloma cells and provide the rationale for its clinical evaluation to improve patient outcome in multiple myeloma.
The development of phosphatidylinositol ether lipid analogues as inhibitors of the serine/threonine kinase, Akt (2004)

The serine/threonine kinase Akt is a component of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt signal transduction pathway that is activated by receptor tyrosine kinases, activated Ras and integrins. As Akt regulates many processes crucial to carcinogenesis, and Akt activation has been observed in human cancers, intense efforts are underway to develop Akt inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. Towards this aim, phosphatidylinositol ether lipid analogues (PIAs), which are structurally similar to the products of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, have been synthesised. PIAs inhibit Akt translocation, phosphorylation and kinase activity. Furthermore, they selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines that depend on Akt for survival. This review will trace the development of PIAs, cover the biological activities of PIAs and discuss future steps and challenges in their development.
Analyticity of the angular spectrum amplitude of scattered fields and some of its consequences (1985)

Analytic properties of the angular spectrum amplitude of the field scattered from a finite object with a continuous scattering potential are established, and some of its consequences are discussed. In particular, it is shown that the scattered field must contain both homogeneous and evanescent waves, unless it vanishes everywhere outside the scattering volume.
Age-Corrected Beta Cell Mass Following Onset of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Correlates with Plasma C-Peptide in Humans (2011)

Given the correlation between beta cell mass and plasma C-peptide following onset, plasma C-peptide may provide a surrogate measure of beta cell mass in humans. The clinical relevance of this study is that therapeutic strategies that provide an increase in plasma C-peptide over the predicted value for an individual may actually improve beta cell mass. The model predictions may establish a standard historical "control" group - a prior in a Bayesian context - for clinical trials.
Expression of Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1/Pre-B Cell Growth-Stimulating Factor Receptor, CXC Chemokine Receptor 4, on CD34+ Human Bone Marrow Cells Is a Phenotypic Alteration for Committed Lymphoid Progenitors (1999)

We found that the stromal cell-derived factor-1/pre-B cell growth-stimulating factor receptor, CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), is expressed on human CD34+ bone marrow (BM) cells. Stringently FACS-sorted CD34+CXCR4+ BM cells completely lack myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocytic, and mixed colony-forming potential (myeloid progenitors), but give rise to B and T lymphoid progenitors, whereas CD34+CXCR4- BM cells can generate colonies formed by myeloid progenitors and can also develop into these lymphoid progenitors. Therefore, expression of CXCR4 on CD34+ BM cells can allow lymphoid progenitors to be discriminated from myeloid progenitors. Because CD34+CXCR4+ cells are differentiated from CD34+CXCR4- cells, multipotential progenitors located in the BM are likely to be negative for CXCR4 expression. CXCR4 seems to be expressed earlier than the IL-7R and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase during early lymphohemopoiesis. These results suggest that the expression of CXCR4 on CD34+ BM cells is one of the phenotypic alterations for committed lymphoid progenitors.
Novel Conotoxins from Conus striatus and Conus kinoshitai Selectively Block TTX-Resistant Sodium Channels (2005)

The peptides isolated from venoms of predatory marine Conus snails ("conotoxins") are well-known to be highly potent and selective pharmacological agents for voltage-gated ion channels and receptors. We report the discovery of two novel TTX-resistant sodium channel blockers, mu-conotoxins SIIIA and KIIIA, from two species of cone snails. The two toxins were identified and characterized by combining molecular techniques and chemical synthesis. Both peptides inhibit TTX-resistant sodium currents in neurons of frog sympathetic and dorsal root ganglia but poorly block action potentials in frog skeletal muscle, which are mediated by TTX-sensitive sodium channels. The amino acid sequences in the C-terminal region of the two peptides and of the previously characterized mu-conotoxin SmIIIA (which also blocks TTX-resistant channels) are similar, but the three peptides differ in the length of their first N-terminal loop. We used molecular dynamics simulations to analyze how altering the number of residues in the first loop affects the overall structure of mu-conotoxins. Our results suggest that the naturally occurring truncations do not affect the conformation of the C-terminal loops. Taken together, structural and functional differences among mu-conotoxins SmIIIA, SIIIA, and KIIIA offer a unique insight into the "evolutionary engineering" of conotoxin activity.
Advance in new oral drugs for multiple sclerosis (2012)

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and represents one of the most common causes of chronic neurologic disability. Until recently, major treatments have relied on agents by injection which can induce injection ⁃related adverse events. The parenteral route of administration may affect the compliance with therapy in multiple sclerosis. Therefore, there is a need for the development of oral agents. The research of five oral drugs (cladribine, fingolimod, teriflunomide, laquinimod and dimethyl fumarate), is carrying out in Phase Ⅲ study. In this article, we review the undergoing clinical trials of these five oral agents. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2012.02.011
Inclusion-Body Myositis: Newest Concepts of Pathogenesis and Relation to Aging and Alzheimer Disease (2001)

We review the newest advances related to seeking the pathogenic mechanism(s) of sporadic inclusion-body myositis (s-IBM) and present the pathologic diagnostic criteria of s-IBM. We discuss the possible pathogenic role of several themes, such as 1) increased amyloid-beta precursor protein (AbetaPP) and of its fragment Abeta; 2) phosphorylation of tau protein; 3) oxidative stress; 4) abnormal a) signal-transduction, b) transcription, and c) RNA accumulation; 5) "junctionalization" and myogenous" denervation; and 6) lymphocytic inflammation. Evidence is provided supporting our hypothesis that overexpression of AbetaPP within the aging muscle fibers is an early upstream event causing the subsequent pathogenic cascade. The remarkable pathologic similarities between s-IBM muscle and Alzheimer disease (AD) brain are discussed, and the possible cause and significance are addressed.
Efficient DNA transfection of quiescent mammalian cells using poly-L-ornithine (1993)

Journal Article Efficient DNA transfection of quiescent mammalian cells using poly-L-ornithine Get access Yonghe Dong, Yonghe Dong Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Arthur I. Skoultchi, Arthur I. Skoultchi Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jeffrey W. Pollard Jeffrey W. Pollard * 1Departments of Development Biology and Cancer and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA * To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 21, Issue 3, 11 February 1993, Pages 771–772, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/21.3.771 Published: 11 February 1993 Article history Received: 16 November 1992 Revision received: 04 January 1993 Accepted: 04 January 1993 Published: 11 February 1993
오스트레일리아와 러시아를 통해서 본 J. M. 쿳시의 공간서사 슬로우 맨과 페테르부르크의 대가를 중심으로 (2014)

This paper is concerned with Coetzee``s intention of experimenting with new subjects through the movement of his spatial background, centering on the novels The Master of Petersburg and Slow Man. These novels are based in Russia and Australia, in contrast to South Africa where Coetzee placed his past novels. The Master of Petersburg treats the subtle tension between a revolutionist devoting his attentions to history, and a writer criticizing “blind revolution”. Following this course, Coetzee raises the question whether Dostoyevsky``s reproach of a revolutionist can be indeed justified in a complex way. Coetzee, that is, confuses the reader by not giving Dostoyevsky moral legitimacy. The Dostoyevsky Coetzee creates is obsessed with a desire for writing and eventually comes to betray everyone around him, including his dead son, using them as materials for his writing. But Coetzee does not blame Dostoyevsky, as most writers inevitably use people around them for inspiration. Slow Man characterizes the individual``s self-conscious life, regardless of political or historical aspects, as in The Master of Petersburg. The main character, Paul Rayment, is an immigrant from France who has been disabled in a bicycle accident in his old age. This circumstance stresses his strangeness and Otherness as a “slow man”, the title of the novel. His situation of being disabled, however, incites him to come to accept the Other. Based on these novels’ characters, this present work analyses how the main subjects of these texts have changed as the backgrounds of these texts have shifted from South Africa to Russia and Australia. This is because it is important that the changes reflected on the new spaces have shown the author’s recreated view with his own immigration. In this context, this paper emphasizes that The Master of Petersburg and Slow Man are creative narratives which need to be extended to readings related to movement of background, to Russia and Australia, far from Coetzee’s homeland of South Africa.