gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deficits in Gain of Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorder Patients and Their Unaffected Relatives (2003)

Gain deficits are present in psychotic patients and in their unaffected biological relatives. This finding supports a genetic origin of eye tracking disturbances in major psychotic disorders. There is no evidence for diagnostic or familial specificity. The weak sensitivity of the marker suggests that it refers to a nonnecessary genetic factor in schizophrenic and affective disorders.
Osteopontin and lung cancer (2008)

Osteopontin (OPN), a phospborylated and glycosylated protein,is a prominent matrices component of the extracellular matrix of mineralized tissues of bones and teeth, in which they can regulate the formation and growth of hydroxyapatite crystals and influence a variety of cell activities.Recent studies have reported that the expression of OPN is not only correlated with bone formation and bone resorption but also with tumor aggression and metastasis in several types of human cancer,and OPN is even considered to be an index for the diagnosis and prognosis of tumor.This article reviews OPN's role in lung cancer' s infiltration, metastasis and prognosis.

Key words: 
Osteopontin;  Lung neoplasms
Exploring the Attack Surface of Blockchain: A Systematic Overview (2019)

In this paper, we systematically explore the attack surface of the Blockchain technology, with an emphasis on public Blockchains. Towards this goal, we attribute attack viability in the attack surface to 1) the Blockchain cryptographic constructs, 2) the distributed architecture of the systems using Blockchain, and 3) the Blockchain application context. To each of those contributing factors, we outline several attacks, including selfish mining, the 51% attack, Domain Name System (DNS) attacks, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, consensus delay (due to selfish behavior or distributed denial-of-service attacks), Blockchain forks, orphaned and stale blocks, block ingestion, wallet thefts, smart contract attacks, and privacy attacks. We also explore the causal relationships between these attacks to demonstrate how various attack vectors are connected to one another. A secondary contribution of this work is outlining effective defense measures taken by the Blockchain technology or proposed by researchers to mitigate the effects of these attacks and patch associated vulnerabilities
Effects of 2-deoxyglucose on drug-sensitive and drug-resistant human breast cancer cells: toxicity and magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of metabolism. (1990)

The glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) was tested as a potential chemotherapeutic agent for drug-resistant cancer cells. Previously it was found that Adriamycin-resistant human MCF-7 breast cancer cells (ADR) exhibit an enhanced rate of glycolysis compared to their parent wild-type (WT) cell line (R. C. Lyon et al., Cancer Res., 48: 870-877, 1987). We now describe a specific toxic effect of 2-DG on the ADR cells, which is more than 15-fold greater than for WT cells. Using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of perfused MCF7 cells we continuously monitored the accumulation of 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate together with concomitant changes in other phosphate-containing metabolites. Kinetic measurements demonstrated that ADR cells accumulated 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate faster and to a greater extent than WT cells, while their depletion of high energy compounds (ATP, phosphocreatine) was more pronounced and became irreversible earlier. The phosphorylation of 2-DG could be followed more effectively by the use of 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy of 2-DG enriched with 13C at C-6, since the signals of 2-DG and 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate are clearly resolved and, unlike 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, there are no other interfering signals. With the use of this technique with ADR and WT cells the rate of phosphorylation of 2-DG was found to be 11.2 x 10(-4) and 6.5 x 10(-4) mmol/min/mg protein, respectively. The results of these studies indicate that differences in the biochemistry of energy metabolism of resistant cells may make them targets for energy antimetabolites.
A Comparison of the Cope Rearrangements of cis-1,2-Divinylcyclopropane, cis-2,3-Divinylaziridine, cis-2,3-Divinyloxirane, cis-2,3-Divinylphosphirane, and cis-2,3-Divinylthiirane:  A DFT Study (2005)

Transition structures, energetics, and nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) for Cope rearrangements of cis-2,3-divinylaziridine (1N), cis-2,3-divinyloxirane (1O), cis-2,3-divinylphosphirane (1P), and cis-2,3-divinylthiirane (1S), leading to 4,5-dihydro-1H-azepine (3N), 4,5-dihydrooxepine (3O), 4,5-dihydro-1H-phosphepine (3P), and 4,5-dihydrothiepine (3S), respectively, are reported at the (U)B3LYP/6-31G level and compared to those of cis-1,2-divinylcyclopropane (1C). The minimum energy path for all rearrangements proceeds through an endo-boatlike, aromatic transition structure. The predicted activation barriers increase in the order of 1C < 1N < 1O < 1P < 1S, which agrees qualitatively with the decreasing ring strain order of reference compounds (cyclopropane > aziridine > oxirane > phosphirane > thiirane). The exothermicities for these rearrangements decrease in the order of 1N > 1O > 1C > 1P > 1S. If the place of 1C in this sequence is ignored, the decreasing reaction exothermicity order correlates well with the increasing activation barrier order and with decreasing strain order of reference compounds. NICS values calculated for transition structures are typical of highly aromatic transition structures of thermally allowed pericyclic reactions.
Cloning of the cDNA for the serine protease homolog CAP37/azurocidin, a microbicidal and chemotactic protein from human granulocytes (1991)

Human cationic antimicrobial protein (CAP37) is a neutrophil granule protein with monocyte chemotactic and antibacterial activity. A CAP37 cDNA clone of 899 bp was isolated from an HL-60 cDNA library using degenerate oligonucleotide probes based on partial N-terminal sequence of the CAP37 protein. The cDNA sequence predicts an open reading frame of 753 bp encoding a protein of 251 amino acids. A 26-residue eukaryotic signal peptide and a potential 7 amino acid pro-peptide are present at the N-terminus of the protein. The cDNA sequence also predicts three N-linked glycosylation attachment sites and eight intramolecular cysteines. The deduced amino acid sequence of CAP37 shows 44, 42, and 32% homology at the amino acid level to neutrophil elastase, myeloblastin, and cathepsin G, respectively, suggesting that CAP37 is a member of the serine protease gene family. CAP37 does not possess serine protease activity probably due to mutations in two of three residues in the catalytic triad of the "charge relay system." Whereas CAP37 is expressed in undifferentiated HL-60 cells no message is detected in mature neutrophils.
Transformation of surface waves in homogeneous absorbing layers (2000)

Surface waves in homogeneous absorbing layers are studied. The transformation of surface waves into other types of guided waves with frequency or layer's parameters variations is analyzed. It is found that in absorbing layers the standing damped surface waves do not exist and continuous transformation of surface waves into leaky waves is forbidden. Surface waves can only transform continuously into nonphysical waves with field strengths increasing exponentially in both the direction of propagation and in normal direction away from the layer into free-space. The frequency at which surface waves transform into nonphysical waves can be considered as cutoff frequency of surface waves. New and more general definitions previously proposed by the authors for the phase and energy velocities of guided waves are analyzed. It is shown that these velocities are identically equal to each other and never exceed the lightspeed in free-space. Several new physical phenomena are discovered. These are the upper frequency cutoff, its shifting to higher frequencies for materials with lower losses and the merging of high TE wave modes.
Protection of mice by a protease inhibitor, aprotinin, against lethal Sendai virus pneumonia (1991)

Proteolytic activation of Sendai virus in the lungs of mice is necessary to cause pneumopathogenicity. Using Sendai virus-infected lung block cultures, protease inhibitors were tested for their antiviral effect by examining inhibition of proteolytic activation. Among the inhibitors tested, a serine protease, aprotinin, was shown to be most effective. In vivo protection experiments demonstrated that aprotinin, when administered intranasally, could confer protection on mice against lethal Sendai virus pneumonia through the same mechanism as observed in the in vitro system. The present study provides an experimental basis for the use of protease inhibitors as antiviral drugs.
Paclitaxel-Loaded Microparticles for Intratumoral Administration via the TMT Technique: Preparation, Characterization, and Preliminary Antitumoral Evaluation (2008)

In our pursuit to develop suitable therapeutic particulate systems for intratumoral delivery by the targeted multi-therapy (TMT) technique, we describe the preparation of paclitaxel-loaded poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microparticles (MPs) (drug loading 35-38%, wt/wt; size 0.7-5 microm). Magnetite (15%, wt/wt) was also incorporated in some preparations for a future magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided delivery. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments showed that paclitaxel was not encapsulated in its initial crystalline form. The paclitaxel in vitro release pattern showed a biphasic tendency with a burst effect followed by a sustained release (28% released amount after 1 month), which was accompanied with MP erosion and degradation signs as confirmed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) micrographs. The paclitaxel-loaded MPs demonstrated a dose-dependent antitumor effect on human uterine cancer cells, with an IC(50) value relatively close to that of commercial Taxol. This paclitaxel delivery system represents a potent antiprofilerative and radiosensitizer agent for intratumoral administration via the TMT technique.
A role for glycoconjugates in human development: the human feto-embryonic defence system hypothesis (1996)

The mechanisms underlying the protection of the human embryo/fetus from the maternal immune response are poorly understood. Substantial evidence indicates that carbohydrate recognition plays a primary role in the sequestration of leukocytes during inflammatory processes, lymphocyte homing, and initial gamete binding. Our previous studies suggest a possible convergence in the types of carbohydrate sequences recognized during initial human gamete binding and immune/inflammatory cell interactions. Our more recent findings indicate that oligosaccharides participating in such processes are also associated with soluble glycoconjugates found in the human placenta, amniotic fluid, and decidua. We theorize that such glycoconjugates may abrogate the maternal immune/inflammatory response by blocking the primary adhesive interactions required for the expression of such activities. Foreign embryonic cells may also be protected by surface expression of oligosaccharide sequences that suppress immune effector cell action in a manner not dependent upon classical major histocompatibility (MHC) recognition. Glycoconjugates expressing selectin ligands may also manifest a potent contraceptive effect that may also be beneficial for both the mother and the developing embryo/fetus. This hypothesis provides a preliminary framework for understanding how temporally and spatially restricted immunosuppressive effects could be expressed in utero that protect the human embryo/fetus during this period of human development.
On Row-by-Row Coding for 2-D Constraints (2006)

A constant-rate encoder-decoder pair is presented for a fairly large family of two-dimensional (2-D) constraints. Encoding and decoding is done in a row-by-row manner, and is sliding-block decodable. Essentially, the 2-D constraint is turned into a set of independent and relatively simple one-dimensional (1-D) constraints; this is done by dividing the array into fixed-width vertical strips. Each row in the strip is seen as a symbol, and a graph presentation of the respective 1-D constraint is constructed. The maxentropic stationary Markov chain on this graph is next considered: a perturbed version of the corresponding probability distribution on the edges of the graph is used in order to build an encoder which operates in parallel on the strips. This perturbation is found by means of a network flow, with upper and lower bounds on the flow through the edges. A key part of the encoder is an enumerative coder for constant-weight binary words. A fast realization of this coder is shown, using floating-point arithmetic
Quantification of hydrogen production by intestinal bacteria that are specifically dysregulated in Parkinson's disease (2018)

Oral administration of hydrogen water ameliorates Parkinson's disease (PD) in rats, mice, and humans. We previously reported that the number of putative hydrogen-producing bacteria in intestinal microbiota is low in PD compared to controls. We also reported that the amount of hydrogen produced by ingestion of lactulose is low in PD patients. The decreased hydrogen production by intestinal microbiota may be associated with the development and progression of PD. We measured the amount of hydrogen production using gas chromatography by seven bacterial strains, which represented seven major intestinal bacterial groups/genera/species. Blautia coccoides and Clostridium leptum produced the largest amount of hydrogen. Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis constituted the second group that produced hydrogen 34- to 93-fold lower than B. coccoides. Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum and Atopobium parvulum constituted the third group that produced hydrogen 559- to 2164-fold lower than B. coccoides. Lactobacillus casei produced no detectable hydrogen. Assuming that taxonomically neighboring strains have similar hydrogen production, we simulated hydrogen production using intestinal microbiota that we previously reported, and found that PD patients produce a 2.2-fold lower amount of intestinal hydrogen compared to controls. The lower amount of intestinal hydrogen production in PD was also simulated in cohorts of two other countries. The number of hydrogen-producing intestinal bacteria may be associated with the development and progression of PD. Further studies are required to prove its beneficial effect.
Hermitian based hidden activation functions for adaptation of hybrid HMM/ANN models (2012)

This work is concerned with speaker adaptation techniques for artificial neural network (ANN) implemented as feed-forward multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs) in the context of large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR). Most successful speaker adaptation techniques for MLPs consist of augmenting the neural architecture with a linear transformation network connected to either the input or the output layer. The weights of this additional linear layer are learned during the adaptation phase while all of the other weights are kept frozen in order to avoid over-fitting. In doing so, the structure of the speaker-dependent (SD) and speaker-independent (Si) architecture differs and the number of adaptation parameters depends upon the dimension of either the input or output layers. We propose an alternative neural architecture for speaker-adaptation to overcome the limits of current approaches. This neural architecture adopts hidden activation functions that can be learned directly from the adaptation data. This adaptive capability of the hidden activation function is achieved through the use of orthonormal Hermite polynomials. Experimental evidence gathered on the Wall Street Journal Nov92 task demonstrates the viability of the proposed technique.
Halofuginone Inhibits T H 17 Cell Differentiation by Activating the Amino Acid Starvation Response (2009)

A central challenge for improving autoimmune therapy is preventing inflammatory pathology without inducing generalized immunosuppression. T helper 17 (TH17) cells, characterized by their production of interleukin-17, have emerged as important and broad mediators of autoimmunity. Here we show that the small molecule halofuginone (HF) selectively inhibits mouse and human TH17 differentiation by activating a cytoprotective signaling pathway, the amino acid starvation response (AAR). Inhibition of TH17 differentiation by HF is rescued by the addition of excess amino acids and is mimicked by AAR activation after selective amino acid depletion. HF also induces the AAR in vivo and protects mice from TH17-associated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These results indicate that the AAR pathway is a potent and selective regulator of inflammatory T cell differentiation in vivo.
FOXM1, a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor (2007)

FOXM1 is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor: it stimulates proliferation by promoting S-phase entry as well as M-phase entry and is involved in proper execution of mitosis. Accordingly, FOXM1 regulates genes that control G1/S-transition, S-phase progression, G2/M-transition and M-phase progression. Consistently, its expression and its activity are antagonistically regulated by many important proliferation and anti-proliferation signals. Furthermore, FOXM1 is implicated in tumorigenesis and contributes to both tumor initiation and progression. In addition to its function as a conventional transcription factor, FOXM1 transactivates the human c-myc P1 and P2 promoters directly via their TATA-boxes by a new transactivation mechanism, which it also employs for transactivation of the human c-fos, hsp70 and histone H2B/a promoters. This review summarizes the current knowledge on FOXM1, in particular its two different transactivation mechanisms, the regulation of its transcriptional activity by proliferation versus anti-proliferation signals and its function in normal cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis.
Evaporation and Deposition Coverage Area of Droplets Containing Insecticides and Spray Additives on Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic, and Crabapple Leaf Surfaces (2009)

The efficiency of foliar spray applications is influenced by the evaporation and residual pattern of pesticide droplets on targets. Evaporation time and maximal coverage area of a single droplet from 246 to 886 m in size at relative humidity (RH) ranging from 30% to 90% were measured with sequential images under controlled conditions. Droplets were placed on targets inside an environmentally controlled chamber under a stereoscope and a high-definition digital camera. The spray mixtures used to form droplets included different combinations of water, a nonionic colloidal polymer drift retardant, an alkyl polyoxyethylene surfactant, and two commercially available insecticides. The droplet evaporation was investigated on crabapple leaf surfaces, and hydrophilic and hydrophobic glass slide surfaces. Adding surfactant into spray mixtures greatly increased droplet coverage area on the surfaces, while droplet evaporation time was greatly reduced. For a 343 m droplet on a crabapple leaf at 60% RH, the evaporation time decreased from 70 to 50 s and the maximal coverage area increased from 0.366 to 0.890 mm2 after the surfactant was added into the spray mixture containing water and insecticide. Adding the drift retardant into the spray mixture slightly increased the droplet evaporation time and decreased the droplet coverage area. In addition, changing the target surface from the hydrophilic slide to the hydrophobic slide greatly increased the droplet coverage area and reduced the droplet evaporation time. Increasing RH increased the droplet evaporation time greatly but did not change the coverage area. The droplet evaporation time and coverage area increased exponentially as the droplet size increased. Therefore, droplet size, surface characteristics of the target (waxy or non-waxy), RH, and chemical composition of the spray mixture (water alone, pesticide, additives) should be included as important factors that can affect the efficacy and efficiency of pesticide applications.
A Screenable <em>In Vivo</em> Assay for Mitochondrial Modulators Using Transgenic Bioluminescent <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> (2015)

The multicellular model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a small nematode of approximately 1 mm in size in adulthood that is genetically and experimentally tractable. It is economical and easy to culture and dispense in liquid medium which makes it well suited for medium-throughput screening. We have previously validated the use of transgenic luciferase expressing C. elegans strains to provide rapid in vivo assessment of the nematode's ATP levels.(1-3) Here we present the required materials and procedure to carry out bioassays with the bioluminescent C. elegans strains PE254 or PE255 (or any of their derivative strains). The protocol allows for in vivo detection of sublethal effects of drugs that may identify mitochondrial toxicity, as well as for in vivo detection of potential beneficial drug effects. Representative results are provided for the chemicals paraquat, rotenone, oxaloacetate and for four firefly luciferase inhibitory compounds. The methodology can be scaled up to provide a platform for screening drug libraries for compounds capable of modulating mitochondrial function. Pre-clinical evaluation of drug toxicity is often carried out on immortalized cancerous human cell lines which derive ATP mostly from glycolysis and are often tolerant of mitochondrial toxicants.(4,5) In contrast, C. elegans depends on oxidative phosphorylation to sustain development into adulthood, drawing a parallel with humans and providing a unique opportunity for compound evaluation in the physiological context of a whole live multicellular organism.
Towards application-specific architecture platforms: embedded systems design automation technologies (2005)

Architectural platforms can be defined as a domainor application-specific base design which is easily configured to the specific needs of a given market. This configuration can be done before fabrication, i.e. at the design level, supported by hardware configuration and synthesis tools. The configuration can also be done after chip fabrication, by programming portions of logic on the chip implemented as embedded FPGA (eFPGA). Alternatively, configuration can be done more simply by downloading new S/W program code for on-board embedded processors, assuming embedded reprogrammable memory is used (for example, embedded Flash or one-time programmable memories).
Family Study of Affective Spectrum Disorder (2003)

Affective spectrum disorder aggregates strongly in families, and MDD displays a significant familial coaggregation with other forms of ASD, taken collectively. These results suggest that forms of ASD may share heritable pathophysiologic features.