gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Meta-Learning in Neural Networks: A Survey (2021)

The field of meta-learning, or learning-to-learn, has seen a dramatic rise in interest in recent years. Contrary to conventional approaches to AI where tasks are solved from scratch using a fixed learning algorithm, meta-learning aims to improve the learning algorithm itself, given the experience of multiple learning episodes. This paradigm provides an opportunity to tackle many conventional challenges of deep learning, including data and computation bottlenecks, as well as generalization. This survey describes the contemporary meta-learning landscape. We first discuss definitions of meta-learning and position it with respect to related fields, such as transfer learning and hyperparameter optimization. We then propose a new taxonomy that provides a more comprehensive breakdown of the space of meta-learning methods today. We survey promising applications and successes of meta-learning such as few-shot learning and reinforcement learning. Finally, we discuss outstanding challenges and promising areas for future research.
The global availability of n-3 fatty acids (2011)

Very low availability of n-3 FA is extensive worldwide.
Molecular analysis of two genes of the Escherichia coli gab cluster: nucleotide sequence of the glutamate:succinic semialdehyde transaminase gene (gabT) and characterization of the succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase gene (gabD) (1990)

We have characterized two genes of the Escherichia coli K-12 gab cluster, which encodes the enzymes of the 4-aminobutyrate degradation pathway. The nucleotide sequence of gabT, coding for glutamate:succinic semialdehyde transaminase (EC 2.6.1.19), alternatively known as 4-aminobutyrate transaminase, was determined. The structural gene consists of 1,281 nucleotides specifying a protein of 426 amino acids with a molecular mass of 45.76 kDa. The protein shows significant homologies to the ornithine transaminases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and from rat and human mitochondria. Three functionally and structurally important amino acid residues of the transaminase were identified by sequence comparison studies, and evolutionary relationships of the aminotransferases are discussed. The gabD gene, encoding succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.16), was cloned and shown to be located adjacent to the 5' end of gabT. Expression studies with subfragments of the initially cloned DNA region revealed a maximal size of 1.7 kb for gabD. Both genes are cotranscribed from a promoter located upstream of gabD.
A Novel RANTES Antagonist Prevents Progression of Established Atherosclerotic Lesions in Mice (2008)

Interference with chemokine oligomerization and chemokine/heparin interactions is a powerful novel approach that inhibits progression of established atherosclerosis in mice. By inhibiting leukocyte recruitment into plaques, [44AANA47]-RANTES mediates a less inflammatory plaque phenotype and thus reduced systemic inflammatory state.
One of three nuclear localization signals of maize Activator (Ac) transposase overlaps the DNA‐binding domain (1995)

The nuclear localization sequences (NLSs) of the Ac transposase (TPase) protein have been characterized by indirect immunofluorescence detection of TPase deletion derivatives and TPase/beta-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion proteins in transiently transfected Petunia cells. The TPase contains three NLSs near its amino-terminal end, NLS(44-62), NLS(159-178) and NLS(174-206), each of which is sufficient to redirect GUS to the nucleus. Deletion of the N-terminal 102 TPase residues including NLS(44-62) results in strongly reduced nuclear import of the truncated TPase. NLS(44-62) and NLS(159-178) are bipartite NLSs, whereas the structure of NLS(174-206) does not allow a classification into one of the three major NLS categories. NLS(174-206) overlaps with the basic DNA-binding domain of TPase. A substitution of two amino acids in this segment (His191-->Arg and Arg193-->His) results in a total loss of DNA-binding activity, but retains reduced NLS activity. Accordingly, the two functions can be separated. In addition, we show that a NLS-deficient 71 kDa TPase derivative is co-imported into the nucleus in the presence of wild-type TPase.
Dynamics of Steroid Hormone Receptor Action (1980)

The steroid hormones-estrogens, progestins, androgens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids-are chemically quite simple molecules, yet their biological activities are exquisitely specific. Their diverse effects include metabolic, morphological, and behavioral changes. At least part of their hormonal specificity resides in the fact that different tissues contain proteins that selectively bind only certain classes of active steroids; hence, the tissue selects the hormone with which it will interact by possessing high affinity binding proteins, or receptors, for a particular class of steroid hormones. Here I review recent information on (a) the multihormonal regulation of steroid hormone receptors and steroid hormone action in selected tissues and (b) the temporal and quantitative relationships between hormone receptor binding and the stimulation of biological responses in target tis­ sues. I discuss only briefly some recent advances in the biochemistry of steroid hormone receptors since several excellent reviews have covered the state of knowledge through 1976 (15, 41, 55, 114). In view of my own interests and because this review serves as a prelude to reports on the reproductive system, I emphasize .receptors for the sex steroid hormones, in particular the estrogen receptor.
Comparison of methods for the detection of biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis (2013)

Biofilm formation is considered to be a selective advantage for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis isolates by facilitating bacterial persistence in the udder. It requires attachment to mammary epithelium, proliferation and accumulation of cells in multilayers. The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of three techniques for the detection of S. aureus biofilm-positive strains. Two phenotypic tests, including growth on microtitre plates and Congo red agar, were compared with a PCR technique using 94 S. aureus strains obtained from cows with subclinical mastitis from two farms in the state of São Paulo. These strains were characterised by in vitro slime production on Congo red agar, biofilm formation on microtitre plates and the presence of the icaA and icaD genes. The results revealed that 85% of the isolates tested produced slime on the Congo red agar, 98.9% of the isolates produced biofilms in vitro by adhering to sterile 96-well "U" bottom polystyrene tissue culture plates, and 95.7% of the isolates carried the icaA and icaD genes. The results of the phenotypic tests for biofilm formation were compared with those of the molecular analysis, and the sensitivity and specificity of the Congo red agar test were 88.9% and 100%, respectively, while those of the microtitre plate test were 100% and 25%, respectively. When the phenotypic methods for the detection of biofilm producers, namely growth on microtitre plates and Congo red agar, were compared, the sensitivity and specificity were 86% and 100%, respectively. Therefore, growth on Congo red agar and the microtitre plate test are methods that could be used to determine whether an isolate has the potential for biofilm production.
Highly Efficient Endoglycosidase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Glycopeptides Using Oligosaccharide Oxazolines as Donor Substrates (2005)

A highly efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of N-glycopeptides was achieved. It was found that using synthetic oligosaccharide oxazolines, the mimics of the presumed oxazolinium ion intermediate formed in a retaining mechanism of substrate-assisted catalysis, as the donor substrates and GlcNAc-peptides as the acceptors, the endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase)-catalyzed transglycosylation gave a high yield (73-82%) of the corresponding glycopeptides in a regio- and stereospecific manner, regardless of the size of the peptide portions. The use of the oligosaccharide oxazolines as donor substrates not only expanded the substrate availability but also led to a substantial enhancement of the synthetic efficiency, compared to the use of natural N-glycans.
Soluble Form of the (Pro)Renin Receptor Is Augmented in the Collecting Duct and Urine of Chronic Angiotensin II–Dependent Hypertensive Rats (2011)

Renin synthesis and secretion by principal cells of the collecting duct are enhanced in angiotensin (Ang) II-dependent hypertension. The presence of renin/(pro)renin and its receptor, the (pro)renin receptor ([P]RR), in the collecting duct may provide a pathway for Ang I generation with further conversion to Ang II. To assess whether (P)RR activation occurs during Ang II-dependent hypertension, we examined renal (P)RR levels and soluble (P)RR excretion in the urine of chronic Ang II-infused rats (80 ng/min; for 2 weeks; n=10) and sham-operated rats (n=10). Systolic blood pressure and Ang II levels in the plasma and kidney were increased whereas plasma renin activity was suppressed in Ang II-infused rats. Renal (P)RR transcripts were upregulated in the cortex and medulla of Ang II-infused rats. (P)RR immunoreactivity in collecting duct cells and the protein levels of the full-length form (37-kDa band) were significantly decreased in the medulla of Ang II-infused rats. The soluble (P)RR (28-kDa band) was detected in the renal medulla and urine samples of Ang II-infused rats, which also showed increases in urinary renin content. To determine whether the soluble (P)RR could stimulate Ang I formation, urine samples were incubated with recombinant human (pro)renin. Urine samples of Ang II-infused rats exhibited increased Ang I formation compared with sham-operated rats. Thus, in chronic Ang II-infused rats, the catalytic activity of the augmented renin produced in the collecting duct may be enhanced by the intraluminal soluble (P)RR and cell-surface located (P)RR, thus contributing to enhanced intratubular Ang II formation.
Cardiac tissue engineering and regeneration using cell-based therapy (2015)

Stem cell therapy and tissue engineering represent a forefront of current research in the treatment of heart disease. With these technologies, advancements are being made into therapies for acute ischemic myocardial injury and chronic, otherwise nonreversible, myocardial failure. The current clinical management of cardiac ischemia deals with reestablishing perfusion to the heart but not dealing with the irreversible damage caused by the occlusion or stenosis of the supplying vessels. The applications of these new technologies are not yet fully established as part of the management of cardiac diseases but will become so in the near future. The discussion presented here reviews some of the pioneering works at this new frontier. Key results of allogeneic and autologous stem cell trials are presented, including the use of embryonic, bone marrow-derived, adipose-derived, and resident cardiac stem cells.
P-SV wave propagation in heterogeneous media; velocity-stress finite-difference method (1986)

Abstract I present a finite-difference method for modeling P-SV wave propagation in heterogeneous media. This is an extension of the method I previously proposed for modeling SH-wave propagation by using velocity and stress in a discrete grid. The two components of the velocity cannot be defined at the same node for a complete staggered grid: the stability condition and the P-wave phase velocity dispersion curve do not depend on the Poisson's ratio, while the S-wave phase velocity dispersion curve behavior is rather insensitive to the Poisson's ratio. Therefore, the same code used for elastic media can be used for liquid media, where S-wave velocity goes to zero, and no special treatment is needed for a liquid-solid interface. Typical physical phenomena arising with P-SV modeling, such as surface waves, are in agreement with analytical results. The weathered-layer and corner-edge models show in seismograms the same converted phases obtained by previous authors. This method gives stable results for step discontinuities, as shown for a liquid layer above an elastic half-space. The head wave preserves the correct amplitude. Finally, the corner-edge model illustrates a more complex geometry for the liquid-solid interface. As the Poisson's ratio v increases from 0.25 to 0.5, the shear converted phases are removed from seismograms and from the time section of the wave field.
Influence of Nucleation Layers on MOVPE Grown GaAs on Ge Wafers for Concentrator Solar Cells (2006)

A novel process for the nucleation layer of GaAs on p-Ge wafers using MOVPE has been developed. It is based on a low temperature process with two steps: 1) a predeposition of a monolayer of Ga or As and 2) the subsequent of a GaAs buffer layer at low temperature. In this paper, a study of the characteristics of n-on-p GaAs solar cells grown on Ge wafers as a function of these nucleation conditions has been performed. In addition, SIMS and C-V-measurements have been used to analyze the diffusion processes taking place across the GaAs/Ge interface. From all of these measurements it can be concluded that a low temperature nucleation layer reduces the Ge out-diffusion. In addition, the predeposition of a Ga monolayer decreases the As diffusion into the Ge wafer as well as the Ge diffusion into the GaAs layer and results in improved solar cell characteristics (higher quantum efficiencies and fill factors) as compared to the predeposition of an As monolayer
Selection of Bacterial Virulence Genes That Are Specifically Induced in Host Tissues (1993)

A genetic system was devised that positively selects for bacterial genes that are specifically induced when bacteria infect their host. With the pathogen Salmonella typhimurium, the genes identified by this selection show a marked induction in bacteria recovered from mouse spleen. Mutations in all ivi (in vivo-induced) genes that were tested conferred a defect in virulence. This genetic system was designed to be of general use in a wide variety of bacterial-host systems and has several applications in both vaccine and antimicrobial drug development.
Sodium Storage Behavior in Natural Graphite using Ether‐based Electrolyte Systems (2014)

This work reports that natural graphite is capable of Na insertion and extraction with a remarkable reversibility using ether‐based electrolytes. Natural graphite (the most well‐known anode material for Li–ion batteries) has been barely studied as a suitable anode for Na rechargeable batteries due to the lack of Na intercalation capability. Herein, graphite is not only capable of Na intercalation but also exhibits outstanding performance as an anode for Na ion batteries. The graphite anode delivers a reversible capacity of ≈150 mAh g −1 with a cycle stability for 2500 cycles, and more than 75 mAh g −1 at 10 A g −1 despite its micrometer‐size (≈100 μm). An Na storage mechanism in graphite, where Na + ‐solvent co‐intercalation occurs combined with partial pseudocapacitive behaviors, is revealed in detail. It is demonstrated that the electrolyte solvent species significantly affect the electrochemical properties, not only rate capability but also redox potential. The feasibility of graphite in a Na full cell is also confirmed in conjunction with the Na 1.5 VPO 4.8 F 0.7 cathode, delivering an energy of ≈120 Wh kg −1 while maintaining ≈70% of the initial capacity after 250 cycles. This exceptional behavior of natural graphite promises new avenues for the development of cost‐effective and reliable Na ion batteries.
Identification of a nonprocessive telomerase activity from mouse cells. (1993)

Telomerase activity was identified in extracts from several different mouse cell lines. Addition of telomeric TTAGGG repeats was specific to telomeric oligonucleotide primers and sensitive to pretreatment with RNase A. In contrast to the hundreds of repeats synthesized by the human and Tetrahymena telomerase enzymes in vitro, mouse telomerase synthesized only one or two TTAGGG repeats onto telomeric primers. The products observed after elongation of primers with circularly permuted (TTAGGG)3 sequences and after chain termination with ddATP or ddTTP indicated that mouse telomerase pauses after the addition of the first dG residue in the sequence TTAGGG. The short length of the products synthesized by mouse telomerase was not due to a diffusible inhibitor in the mouse extract, because the human telomerase continued to synthesize long products when mixed with mouse fractions. Primer challenge experiments showed that the human enzyme synthesized long TTAGGG repeats processively in vitro, whereas the mouse telomerase appeared to be much less processive. The identification of short telomerase reaction products in mouse extracts suggests that extracts from other organisms may also generate only short products. This knowledge may aid in the identification of telomerase activity in organisms where activity has not yet been detected.
Electrical stimulation for neuroregeneration in urology (2019)

RES has great potential but future research is needed to expand the potential beneficial effects of RES in the field of urology.
An Iterative Segmentation Method Based on a Contextual Color and Shape Criterion (1984)

An iterative segmentation method is presented and illustrated on specific examples. Full control of each iteration step is obtained by combining local and global properties according to a model of the image structure. A consistent convergence criterion is derived from additional image structure properties and a test is proposed to evaluate adequacy of segmentation.
From Galvanic to Anti‐Galvanic Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Applications in Catalysis, Sensing, and Materials Science (2017)

The properties of two alloyed metals have been known since the Bronze Age to outperform those of a single metal. How alloying and mixing metals applies to the nanoworld is now attracting considerable attention. The galvanic process, which is more than two centuries old and involves the reduction of a noble-metal cation by a less noble metal, has not only been used in technological processes, but also in the design of nanomaterials for the synthesis of bimetallic transition-metal nanoparticles. The background and nanoscience applications of the galvanic reactions (GRs) are reviewed here, in particular with emphasis on recent progress in bimetallic catalysis. Very recently, new reactions have been discovered with nanomaterials that contradict the galvanic principle, and these reactions, called anti-galvanic reactions (AGRs), are now attracting much interest for their mechanistic, synthetic, catalytic, and sensor aspects. The second part of the review deals with these AGRs and compares GRs and AGRs, including the intriguing AGRs mechanism and the first applications.
Microfluidics for cell-based assays (2005)

Microfluidic systems are powerful tools in chemistry, physics, and biology. The behavior of confined fluids differs from macroscopic systems and allows precise control of the chemical composition of fluids, as well as the temporal and spatial patterns of microscopic fluid elements. Cell-based assays can benefit when adapted to microfluidic formats, since microscale systems can offer low sample consumption, rapid application of well-defined solutions, generation of complex chemical waveforms, and significantly reduced analysis or experiment time.
Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists: synthetic and computational chemistry of N-[[4-[2-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1-cycloalken-1-yl]phenyl]methyl]imidazole derivatives and their in vitro activity (1992)

A series of nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists was synthesized and tested in vitro to investigate requirements for recognition by and binding to AT1 receptors. Compared to a known series of N-(biphenylylmethyl)imidazoles, including losartan (DuP 753), which has a more rigid conformation in the 2'-tetrazolylbiphenyl moiety, the new series replaces the terminal phenyl with cycloalkenyls. Compounds were made with five- to seven-membered rings and with either a hydroxymethyl (3) or carboxyl (4) group at the 5 position on the imidazole ring. The effects of the lipophilicity and steric bulk of the terminal ring system, the amount of pi-electron density in the terminal ring, and the relative spatial proximity of the tetrazolyl and the middle phenyl are explored in terms of binding affinity to AT1 receptors in rat adrenal glomerulosa and rabbit aorta. The physicochemical variables of the new compounds were quantitated by computational chemistry and compared to those of losartan and its carboxyl metabolite. Potency at the AT1 receptors is maximized when the terminal ring is six-membered; an aromatic ring binds better than a cycloalkenyl ring. The 5-carboxyimidazole compounds show higher affinity than the 5-hydroxymethyl series.
Reirradiation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma focusing on volumetric modulated arcs with flattening filter-free beams (2015)

FFF beams have recently been assembled for clinical use. Our findings show RA-FFF is useful in the salvage treatment of rNPC owing to better brain stem and normal tissue sparing with uncompromised target coverage compared with RA. This may be beneficial in the case of tumour invasion close to the brain stem.
Implications of macromolecular crowding and reducing conditions for in vitro ribosome construction (2015)

In vitro construction of Escherichia coli ribosomes could elucidate a deeper understanding of these complex molecular machines and make possible the production of synthetic variants with new functions. Toward this goal, we recently developed an integrated synthesis, assembly and translation (iSAT) system that allows for co-activation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription and ribosome assembly, mRNA transcription and protein translation without intact cells. Here, we discovered that macromolecular crowding and reducing agents increase overall iSAT protein synthesis; the combination of 6% w/v Ficoll 400 and 2 mM DTBA yielded approximately a five-fold increase in overall iSAT protein synthesis activity. By utilizing a fluorescent RNA aptamer, fluorescent reporter proteins and ribosome sedimentation analysis, we showed that crowding agents increase iSAT yields by enhancing translation while reducing agents increase rRNA transcription and ribosome assembly. Finally, we showed that iSAT ribosomes possess ∼70% of the protein synthesis activity of in vivo-assembled E. coli ribosomes. This work improves iSAT protein synthesis through the addition of crowding and reducing agents, provides a thorough understanding of the effect of these additives within the iSAT system and demonstrates how iSAT allows for manipulation and analysis of ribosome biogenesis in the context of an in vitro transcription-translation system.