gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RAFT polymerization of activated 4‐vinylbenzoates (2009)

Abstract The reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of five active ester monomers based on 4‐vinylbenzoic acid had been investigated. Pentafluorophenyl 4‐vinylbenzoate could be polymerized under RAFT conditions yielding polymers with very good control over molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distributions. Following the synthesis of diblock copolymers consisting of polystyrene, polypentafluorostyrene, poly(4‐octylstyrene), or poly(4‐acetoxystyrene) as an inert block and poly(pentafluorophenyl 4‐vinylbenzoate) as a reactive block was successfully performed. The diblock copolymer poly(pentafluoro styrene)‐ block ‐poly(pentafluorophenyl 4‐vinylbenzoate) had been analyzed by 19 F NMR spectroscopy in solution, demonstrating the synthetic potential of pentafluorophenyl 4‐vinylbenzoate as an extremely valuable monomer for the synthesis of highly functionalized polymeric architectures. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1696–1705, 2009
Colonic lamina propria dendritic cells in mice with CD4+ T cell‐induced colitis (2003)

CD11c(+) (F4/80(-) CD68(-)) dendritic cells (DC) in the colonic lamina propria (cLP) of normal and immunodeficient (RAG1(-/-)) C57BL/6 (B6) mice show high surface expression of MHC class I/II molecules and CD1d, and low surface expression of CD40, CD80, CD86 costimulator molecules. CD4(+) alpha beta T cells from normal or MHC class II-deficient B6 mice transferred into congenic RAG1(-/-) hosts induce a progressive, lethal colitis. Concomitant with colitis development, DC in the inflamed cLP increase in number and up-regulate surface expression of CD1d, MHC class II molecules and CD40, CD80, CD86 costimulator molecules. cLP DC from non-transplanted (healthy) and transplanted (diseased) mice produce similar amounts of IL-12 p70 and IL-10 in response to CD40 signaling, but the inducible IL-12 p40 release is 5-15-fold higher in mice with colitis than in non-transplanted mice. Binding of IL-12 p40 to p19 generates IL-23. Freshly isolated cLP lymphocytes (cLPL) from transplanted, diseased mice express 3-10-fold more p19 transcripts than cLPL from non-transplanted, healthy mice. p19 expression by cLPL is further up-regulated in response to CD40 ligation. Freshly isolated cLP DC from transplanted mice with colitis (but not from non-transplanted controls) stimulate IFN-gamma (but not IL-4 or IL-13) release by co-cultured NKT cells. Incolitis, DC accumulate in the cLP, show an activated surface phenotype, up-regulate IL-12 p40 and p19 expression, and 'spontaneously' stimulate NKT-like cells. cLP DC may be interesting targets for novel therapeutic approaches to modulate mucosal T cell responses in situ.
Dense Ceramic Membranes for Oxygen Separation (1997)

This chapter provides an overview of major membrane concepts and materials. It discusses besides membranes made from a mixed ionic–electronic conducting, other membranes incorporating an oxygen ion conductor and presents data from oxygen permeability measurements on selected membrane materials. The rate at which oxygen permeates through a nonporous ceramic membrane is essentially controlled by two factors: the rate of solid state diffusion within the membrane and that of interfacial oxygen exchange on either side of the membrane. The basic assumption of the theory is that the lattice diffusion of oxygen or the transport of electronic charge carriers through the bulk oxide determines the rate of overall oxygen permeation. Besides the possibility of surface exchange limitations, oxygen transport through dense ceramics is necessarily influenced by the presence of high-diffusivity paths along internal surfaces such as grain boundaries.
Joint Base Station Clustering and Beamformer Design for Partial Coordinated Transmission in Heterogenous Networks (2012)

We consider the interference management problem in a multicell MIMO heterogenous network. Within each cell there are a large number of distributed micro/pico base stations (BSs) that can be potentially coordinated for joint transmission. To reduce coordination overhead, we consider user-centric BS clustering so that each user is served by only a small number of (potentially overlapping) BSs. Thus, given the channel state information, our objective is to jointly design the BS clustering and the linear beamformers for all BSs in the network. In this paper, we formulate this problem from a {sparse optimization} perspective, and propose an efficient algorithm that is based on iteratively solving a sequence of group LASSO problems. A novel feature of the proposed algorithm is that it performs BS clustering and beamformer design jointly rather than separately as is done in the existing approaches for partial coordinated transmission. Moreover, the cluster size can be controlled by adjusting a single penalty parameter in the nonsmooth regularized utility function. The convergence of the proposed algorithm (to a local optimal solution) is guaranteed, and its effectiveness is demonstrated via extensive simulation.
What Should Be Chronic: The Animal, the Model, or Both? (2016)

The systematic review of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy in pulmonary fibrosis by Srour and Thébaud published in a recent issue of Stem Cells Translational Medicine is critically reviewed; Rubio et al. suggest that bleomycin-induced lung injury in aged mice studied over time is a more clinically applicable model for human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Sockets++: a uniform application programming interface for basic level communication services (1996)

This article presents an enhanced application programming interface based on the well-known BSD Sockets paradigm. The major modifications made during the redesign of Sockets are as follows: using an object-oriented design that facilitates the introduction of new communication service functions and simplifies use and learning; using a new generic communication model that supports a wide range of traditional and advanced communication services such as OSI, Internet, ISDN, and ATM services; using an abstract message-passing concept to transfer service data across the interface which enables operating systems to apply copy-avoiding mechanisms; supporting multipoint communications and enabling applications to distinguish different data streams; supporting direct forwarding of incoming data streams to outgoing streams to yield better performance; avoiding platform dependencies so as to reduce modification costs when porting applications.
Pharmaceutical development and clinical effectiveness of a novel gel technology for transdermal drug delivery (2005)

Transdermal gels are designed to deliver sustained drug amounts, resulting in systemically consistent levels. They represent an improvement compared with transdermal delivery by patches because they offer more dosage flexibility, less irritation potential and a better cosmetic appearance. Advanced Transdermal Delivery (ATD) gel technology was developed in order to provide enhanced passive skin permeation of various active drugs for the treatment of many conditions, including hypogonadism, female sexual dysfunction, postmenopausal symptoms, overactive bladder and anxiety. The technology consists of a combination of solvent systems and permeation enhancers enabling systemic drug delivery, and is covered by many patents. Pharmaceutical development of formulations based on the technology allowed optimisation of physicochemical parameters (rheological profile, pH) as well as skin permeation properties (type and concentration of permeation enhancers, thermodynamic activity of the drug). This gel technology has demonstrated to be efficient for many drugs, as shown in the preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic studies presented in this technology evaluation.
Metabolic fuel selection: general integration at the whole-body level (1995)

En commkmorant le 200"' anniversaire de la mort de Lavoisier, j'aimerais kvoquer aussi deux autres grands scientifiques frangais. Louis Pasteur qui a dkcouvert que 1'02 inhibe la fermentation (la glycolyse), et Claude Bernard et son concept de 'la fixitk du milieu intkrieur'. Les principaux composants de la sklection de substrats sont le glucose (et Cgalement le glycogbne, le lactate, le pyruvate, l'alanine) et les lipides (et egalement les adipocytes, le triacylglyckrol du muscle et circulant, et les corps cCtoniques), bien que les acides aminks apportent une contribution importante et indispensable. Le glucose est essentiel pour les cellules qui sont des anaerobes obligatoires et pour certaines cellules du systbme nerveux central. La sklection des substrats au niveau du corps tout entier est donc une caractkristique essentielle du maintien de I'homCostasie du glucose dans le sang. En situation de manque de glucides alimentaires, l'oxydation du glucose est inhibCe, sauf dans les cellules pour lesquelles il est indispensable, par l'inactivation du complexe pyruvate dkshydrogknase (EC 1.2.4.1,2.3.1.12,1 h.4.3; PDH). Ceci s'effectue par l'activation de la PDH kinase (EC 2.7.1.99) par des mkcanismes h court terme qui impliquent des produits de l'oxydation de lipides et des mkcanismes h plus long terme qui impliquent les acides gras et 1'AMPc. Le foie bascule en mode glycogenique par induction-rkpression des enzymes glyconkogkniques-glycolytiques par 1'AMPc. La coordination s'effectue par modification des activitks de l'insuline, du glucagon, des hormones thyroydiennes, de l'hormone de croissance, des corticostkroldes. Dans le muscle en exercice, l'utilisation du glucose est substantiellement plus importante sur des pkriodes qui vont jusqu'h 1 heure ou plus, avec un basculement progressif sur les substrats lipidiques. La production de lactate est considtrablement augmentee, et la production de glucose hCpatique s'klbve par des mkcanismes B court terme basks sur la production d'AMPc. La coordination s'effectue par l'action de l'insuline, du glucagon, des catkcholamines et de l'hormone de croissance. Le mCcanisme impliquk dans ces deux exemples d'importance capitale servira d'exemple pour l'intkgration gCnkrale au niveau du corps tout entier.
世界私立高等教育的发展及相关研究——私立高等教育：比较视野的主旨与变化 (2013)

私立高等教育是中学后教育中最活跃的部分，它在世界范围内快速发展，在世界高等教育体系中扮演了越来越重要的角色。这既与当今富有影响力的私有化思想有关，也与公共资金对教育投入相对减少的普遍潮流有关。尽管私立高等教育潮流在有些国家具有悠久的历史，已成为主导力量，但部分国家的私立高等教育发展较为坎坷。私立高等教育潮流给中学后教育所带来的影响，需要政府和研究者等相关人士加以持续关注。
Genomic cloning, characterization, and multilineage growth-promoting activity of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. (1986)

Through the use of long single-sequence oligonucleotide probes, the complete gene for human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) has been cloned from a human genomic library. The gene is 2.5 kilobases in length, contains three introns, and is present as a single copy in the human genome. When subcloned into the mammalian expression vector pD3, the gene directs the synthesis of authentic hGM-CSF. In addition to its stimulation of in vitro granulopoiesis and monopoiesis, recombinant hGM-CSF stimulates in vitro erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis.
REWARDS IN AN INSTITUTION FOR YOUTHFUL OFFENDERS (1970)

This is a detailed description of how to use rewards for various kinds of positive behaviour in order to reinforce harming such behaviour. It is based on the theory of operant conditioning, the method is based on a token economy.
Temporal and spatial specificity of PDGF alpha receptor promoter in transgenic mice. (1997)

Aberrant expression of the platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor (PDGF alpha R) has been linked to developmental abnormalities in vertebrate models, and has been implicated in multiple disease states in humans. To identify cis-acting regulatory elements that dictate expression of this receptor, we generated transgenic mice bearing the reporter gene beta-galactosidase (lacZ) under the control of a 6-kb promoter sequence. Expression of lacZ was monitored throughout embryonic development, with special focus on nervous tissue, skeleton, and several organ systems wherein PDGF alpha R expression is thought to play a pivotal role. In several independent transgenic mouse strains, lacZ expression recapitulated predominant features of PDGF alpha R gene expression during mouse development. These results demonstrate that critical tissue-specific regulatory elements for PDGF alpha R expression are located within a 6-kb upstream region of the PDGF alpha R gene.
The Promise And Problems of Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods (1996)

Abstract Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are outlined in a systematic and balanced manner, and the current impact of these methods is assessed in light of field experience. The main EOR methods are described briefly, their current status is described, and the reasons for the lack of success are examined. The paper does not rely on voluminous statistics, nor does it give another set of screening criteria. Rather it develops the process discussion in terms of mobility ratio and capillary number. Successful EOR methods such as SAGD are modifications of standard methods to unusual reservoir conditions. Certain EOR methods, such as chemical floods, have inherent limitations, explaining the lack of success in the field in contrast to laboratory. Introduction Primary oil recovery can vary from zero to over 50% of the original oil in place (OOIP), depending on the type of hydrocarbon and the reservoir drive. Primary recovery from oil sands is zero, whereas that for a water drive in a light oil reservoir can reach 50%, or even more in the case of an efficient gravity drive. Secondary recovery is usually taken to mean waterflooding, and can again vary from zero (oil sands) to a few per cent (heavy oils) to 20 - 50% of the initial oil in place (IOIP) for a light oil. Enhanced oil recovery usually implies recovery beyond the secondary stage. In the case of very viscous oils and oil sands, with little or no primary and/or secondary productivity, EOR may refer to the recovery techniques employed from the start. We are thus concerned with a whole range of unconventional-usually costly oil recovery methods, only a few of which have been shown to be commercially successful, under favourable conditions. Improved oil recovery (IOR) sometimes signifies measures taken during-not after-the primary and secondary stages to increase oil recovery. This is often the case in offshore oil reservoirs where the economics would not permit operation beyond the secondary stage. As the conventional oil reserves in U.S.A. and Canada decline, EOR is gaining increasing importance. The extensive survey published every two years by the Oil &amp; Gas Journal (Moritis(l)) shows that the EOR production in Canada and U.S.A. is about 25% and 10%, respectively, of the total oil production, and is increasing. Table 1, based on the survey, gives the oil production rates for various EOR method, for 1994. Miscible displacement is the dominant recovery method in Canada, with steam injection gaining fast. The latter is the principal recovery method in U.S.A., with miscible carbon dioxide flooding a distant second. In Canada, steam injection will continue to increase in importance, as the heavy oil/bitumen resources are exploited. In U.S.A., steam is limited to California heavy oil reservoirs, and carbon dioxide flooding to areas with inexpensive sources. Chemical flooding methods have declined with the drop in oil prices over the last decade. These methods have the promise of recovering oil from depleted light oil reservoirs. Hundreds of EOR projects are being operated. Many are experimental.
Site- and strand-specific nicking of DNA by fusion proteins derived from MutH and I-SceI or TALE repeats (2013)

Targeted genome engineering requires nucleases that introduce a highly specific double-strand break in the genome that is either processed by homology-directed repair in the presence of a homologous repair template or by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) that usually results in insertions or deletions. The error-prone NHEJ can be efficiently suppressed by 'nickases' that produce a single-strand break rather than a double-strand break. Highly specific nickases have been produced by engineering of homing endonucleases and more recently by modifying zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) composed of a zinc finger array and the catalytic domain of the restriction endonuclease FokI. These ZF-nickases work as heterodimers in which one subunit has a catalytically inactive FokI domain. We present two different approaches to engineer highly specific nickases; both rely on the sequence-specific nicking activity of the DNA mismatch repair endonuclease MutH which we fused to a DNA-binding module, either a catalytically inactive variant of the homing endonuclease I-SceI or the DNA-binding domain of the TALE protein AvrBs4. The fusion proteins nick strand specifically a bipartite recognition sequence consisting of the MutH and the I-SceI or TALE recognition sequences, respectively, with a more than 1000-fold preference over a stand-alone MutH site. TALE-MutH is a programmable nickase.
<title>Design and performance of the Berkeley Continuous Media Toolkit</title> (1997)

The design and performance of the Berkeley Continuous Media Toolkit (CMT) is described. CMT provides a programming environment for rapid development of continuous media applications. CMT overhead is measured in the context of a simple video playback application and is found to be only a few milliseconds per frame played. As a demonstration of CMT as a research infrastructure, an experiment comparing adaptive frame rate control policies is described.
Kappa B-type enhancers are involved in lipopolysaccharide-mediated transcriptional activation of the tumor necrosis factor alpha gene in primary macrophages. (1990)

We have explored the cis-acting elements necessary for the LPS-mediated activation of the mouse TNF-alpha promoter by transfecting a set of 5' deletion mutants linked to the CAT reporter gene into primary bone marrow-derived macrophages. A major drop in inducibility by LPS was seen upon deletion of a region mapping between nt -655 and nt -451. Gel retardation assays revealed that LPS induced the appearance in this region of several specific DNA-protein complexes mapping to sequence motifs with strong homology to the kappa B enhancer. Constructs containing two or more copies of one of the kappa B enhancer motifs linked to a heterologous promoter were inducible by LPS. Additional deletion of a region between nt -301 and nt -241, which contains a MHC class II-like "Y box" and formed a Y box-specific complex with a protein whose concentration was increased by LPS, caused a nearly complete loss of inducibility by LPS. We speculate that NF-kappa B and/or related proteins are involved in the LPS-induced transcriptional activation of the TNF-alpha gene, and that factors interacting with the Y box can additionally modulate the activity of the gene in macrophages.
Prognostic Implications of Mental Stress-Induced Silent Loft Ventricular Dysfunction in Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris (1995)

Thirty patients with stable angina pectoris and ischemia on stress perfusion imaging underwent continuous ambulatory left ventricular (LV) function monitoring. Mental stress was induced by mental arithmetic. Fifteen patients developed transient LV dysfunction during mental arithmetic. Patients were followed for 2 years for adverse cardiac events. Twelve patients had cardiac events over 1 year (myocardial infarction in 4, and unstable angina in 8). Nine of 15 patients (60%) with and only 3 of 15 (20%) without mental stress-induced LV dysfunction developed cardiac events (p = 0.025). A higher proportion of patients with cardiac events were taking beta blockers (p = 0.01) and had lower resting heart rates (p = 0.002) than those without cardiac events. There was no difference in the baseline characteristics between the groups of patients with and without cardiac events. At 2-year follow-up, 10 of 15 patients (67%) with mental stress-induced LV dysfunction had adverse events compared with only 4 of 15 (27%) with no mental stress-induced LV dysfunction (p = 0.025). Thus, in this cohort of patients with stable angina pectoris, mental stress-induced LV dysfunction was associated with higher cardiac events on follow-up. The exact mechanism of this association is not clear. Mental stress may be a trigger for adverse cardiac events in these patients. Transient LV dysfunction in response to mental stress may be a marker of abnormal cardiovascular reactivity to emotional and psychological stimuli in patients with coronary artery disease and may be useful for risk stratification.
DNA and RNA Modified Dendritic Cell Vaccines (2002)

The purpose of this paper is to describe the strategies for genetic modification of dendritic cells for use in active immunotherapy for the treatment of malignancies. An accruing body of data supports the concept of directing a therapeutic immune response, mediated by the cellular arm of the immune system, against cancers in vivo. Dendritic cells are the most potent inducers of T cell-mediated immune responses against tumor-expressed antigens, by virtue of their ability to present tumor antigens in the context of major histocompatibility molecules to naïve T cells with receptors specific for the antigen. A variety of methods for directing antigens to the MHC molecules of dendritic cells and augmenting their T cell stimulatory activity have been developed. This paper describes one group of promising strategies, the genetic modification of dendritic cells to direct the expression of tumor antigens, costimulatory molecules, and stimulatory cytokines. Genetic modification can be effected by either DNA or RNA, and the genetic material may be delivered by vectors or by physical means. These approaches are now entering human clinical trials.
Tyrosinase isozyme heterogeneity in differentiating B16/C3 melanoma. (1986)

The B16/C3 murine melanoma is a pigmented tumor that is rich in the copper-containing enzyme, tyrosinase. This enzyme, which converts tyrosine to melanin precursors, is largely associated with membrane fractions of cells and exists in a number of discrete isozymic forms ranging in molecular mass from 58,000 to 150,000 daltons and pI from 3.4 to 5.2. One of these isozymes (Mr = 58,000, pI 3.4) has been purified to homogeneity. The purified enzyme catalyzes the hydroxylation of L-tyrosine to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and the conversion of L-DOPA to dopaquinone. Ascorbic acid, tetrahydrofolate, and dopamine can serve as cofactors in the hydroxylase reaction. The Michaelis constants for the purified enzyme were 7 X 10(-4) M for L-tyrosine and 6 X 10(-4) M for L-DOPA. The Vmax for L-DOPA was much greater than the Vmax for L-tyrosine indicating that tyrosine hydroxylation is rate-limiting in melanin precursor biosynthesis. Two putative copper chelators, phenylthiourea and diethyldithiocarbamide inhibited both the tyrosine hydroxylase and L-DOPA oxidase activities of the enzyme. Phenylthiourea was a noncompetitive inhibitor while diethyldithiocarbamide was a competitive inhibitor indicating that these agents act by different mechanisms. When digested with proteases and glycosidases, higher molecular weight forms of tyrosinase co-migrated with the purified enzyme in isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggesting that the isozyme was derived from larger precursors. Thus, post-translational processing of tyrosinase may underlie isozyme diversity and this may be important in the control of melanogenesis in this tumor model.