gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The acetylation of insulin (1971)

The acetylation of the free amino groups of insulin was studied by reaction of the hormone with N-hydroxysuccinimide acetate at pH6.9 and 8.5. The products formed were separated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and were characterized by isoelectric focusing, by end-group analysis, by the incorporation of [(3)H]acetyl groups in the molecule, and by treatment with trypsin that had been treated with 1-chloro-4-phenyl-3-toluene-p-sulphonamidobutan-2-one (;tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone'). Three monosubstituted products, two disubstituted products and one trisubstituted derivative were prepared. The alpha-amino groups of the terminal residues and the in-amino group of the lysine-B29 were the sites of reaction. Acetylation of any of the free amino groups did not affect the biological activity of insulin. It was demonstrated, however, that substitution at the glycine-A1 amino group by the larger residues, acetoacetyl or thiazolidinecarbonyl, produced a decrease in biological activity. Modification of the lysine-B29 or phenylalanine-B1 amino groups with these larger reagents did not affect the biological activity. Modification of the phenylalanine-B1 amino group by any of the three substituents resulted in a large decrease in the affinity of insulin for anti-insulin antibodies raised in the guinea pig. Modification of the other two amino groups did not affect the reaction with antibody. These observations are correlated with the tertiary structure of insulin.
Clostridium difficile infection: management strategies for a difficult disease (2013)

Clostridium difficile was first described as a cause of diarrhea in 1978 and in the last three decades has reached an epidemic state with increasing incidence and severity in both healthcare and community settings. There also has been a rise in severe outcomes from C. difficile infection (CDI). There have been tremendous advancements in the field of CDI with the identification of newer risk factors, recognition of CDI in populations previously thought not at risk and development of better diagnostic modalities. Several treatment options are available for CDI apart from metronidazole and vancomycin, and include new drugs such as fidaxomicin and other options such as fecal microbiota transplantation. This review discusses the epidemiology, risk factors and outcomes from CDI, and focuses primarily on existing and evolving treatment modalities.
Polyclonal antibodies from patients immunized with a globo H-keyhole limpet hemocyanin vaccine: Isolation, quantification, and characterization of immune responses by using totally synthetic immobilized tumor antigens (2000)

We have previously reported on a carbohydrate-based vaccine program for immunotherapy in cancer patients. One such vaccine, based on the globo H antigen conjugated to the protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), has been in clinical evaluation. Although this and other carbohydrate vaccines have been shown to induce antibody responses, there are currently no quantitative data on the antibody levels achieved in immunized patients by these or other anti-cancer vaccines. We report herein an efficient route to complex synthetic oligosaccharides attached to an affinity matrix for identifying and isolating antibodies elicited against such a carbohydrate-based vaccine in humans. Pre- and postvaccination profiles from serum samples of patients immunized with globo H-KLH were compared. All anti-globo H antibody activity was efficiently separated from other serum constituents. The isolated antibodies were readily quantified, and their specificities were analyzed. Since no comparable data were available on antibodies resulting from the vaccination of other cancer patients, we compared the observed levels with those quoted in studies with bacterial polysaccharide vaccines that had been quantified. Remarkably, cancer patients immunized with globo H-KLH produce anti-globo H antibody levels often exceeding those formed by immunization with bacterial polysaccharides. In addition, substantial quantities of both IgG and IgM antibodies were elicited, clearly indicating a class switch to IgG. Taken together, these analyses serve to clarify several aspects of the immune response to the vaccine and give several new insights to the carbohydrate-based vaccination strategy. Furthermore, antibodies so isolated could well have applications in clinical therapy.
A randomised study of intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral ketamine for premedication in children (2013)

We studied the effects of intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral ketamine for premedication in children. One hundred and sixty children aged between 2 and 6 years were randomly allocated to one of four groups: 1 μg.kg(-1) intranasal dexmedetomidine with 3 mg.kg(-1) oral ketamine (Group 1); 1 μg.kg(-1) intranasal dexmedetomidine with 5 mg.kg(-1) oral ketamine (Group 2); 2 μg.kg(-1) intranasal dexmedetomidine with 3 mg.kg(-1) oral ketamine (Group 3); and 2 μg.kg(-1) intranasal dexmedetomidine with 5 mg.kg(-1) oral ketamine (Group 4). Sedation levels 10, 20 and 30 min after premedication were evaluated using a 5-point sedation scale. A 4-point emotional state score was used to evaluate patients when they were separated from their parents and their response to intravenous cannulation or facemask application. Approximately 90% of patients readily accepted premedication and onset times of acceptable sedation were similar in all four groups. Patients in Group 4 were significantly more sedated than those in Group 1 after 30 min (p = 0.036). A significantly higher proportion of patients in Group 3 (84%) and Group 4 (87%) accepted intravenous cannulation compared with those in Group 1 (40%) and Group 2 (54%) (p = 0.001). We conclude that the administration of 2 μg.kg(-1) intranasal dexmedetomidine and 3 mg.kg(-1) oral ketamine was the optimal combination, with children being easily separated from their parent, accepting intravenous cannulation and without causing excessive side-effects or postoperative complications.
The effect of clover silages on long chain fatty acid rumen transformations and digestion in beef steers (2003)

Abstract Ten Hereford ✕ Friesian steers prepared with rumen, duodenal and ileal cannulae were offered ad libitum access to either grass (G), white clover (W) or red clover (R) silage or mixtures of the grass silage with the clover silages (GW and GR; 60: 40 dry matter (DM) basis). The experiment was conducted as a two-period change-over design within each clover treatment, with grass silage as an experimental control. The clover silages had higher concentrations of DM, nitrogen (N), and total fatty acids and lower concentrations of fibre (P &lt; 0·05) than the grass silage. Rumen fermentation characteristics were similar between treatments apart from a slight elevation of n-butyric acid levels with white clover silage diets (P &lt; 0·05). Duodenal flows of DM, organic matter (OM), total and microbial nitrogen (MN) were significantly higher (P &lt; 0·05) with the white clover silage treatments compared with the grass silage diet. However there were no significant differences in the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis with a mean value of 27·1 g MN per kg OM apparently digested in the rumen. Duodenal flows of total fatty acids per unit intake were not significantly different, although there was a trend (P &lt; 0·1) for increased flows with the white clover silage diets. Duodenal flows of cis-vaccenic acid (P &lt; 0·01), linoleic acid (P &lt; 0·05), α-linolenic acid (P &lt; 0·05) and cis-9 trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (P &lt; 0·05) were higher for the clover silages, particularly white clover silage. The increased flows of α-linolenic and linoleic acids remained significant after correcting for differences in DM intake. Biohydrogenation of linoleic (mean = 0·83) and α-linolenic (mean = 0·86) acids was extensive for all diets but the latter was significantly lower (P &lt; 0·01) for the diets based on red clover silage. These results suggest potential for modifying the fatty acid composition of ruminant products by feeding clover silages.
In Vivo Depletion of CD4‐ and CD8‐Specific T Cells (1992)

In vivo depletion of CD4- and CD8-specific T cells is a means of studying the role of these subpopulations in the initiation and effector phases of particular in vivo immune responses. In this unit, a protocol is provided for harvesting anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody- producing ascites fluid or tissue culture supernatant from rat or mouse T cell hybridomas. The antibody (preferably IgG) is then purified and injected intraperitoneally into adult mice. Depletion of the appropriate subset of T cells is verified by flow cytometry analysis of lymph node and spleen cell suspensions in pilot experiments. Once conditions have been established, depleted mice can be used to study the impact of T cell subsets on in vivo immune responses. The depleted condition is maintained by repeated injections of the monoclonal antibody.
Measurement of bile acid synthesis by three different methods in hypertriglyceridemic and control subjects. (1997)

In hypertriglyceridemic subjects, bile acid synthesis measured by isotope dilution is consistently higher than synthesis measured by fecal acidic sterol output. To see which of these two measurements was the more accurate, we compared them to synthesis measured by release of 14CO2 from [26-14C]cholesterol. In 14 hypertriglyceridemic subjects, mean +/- SEM synthesis by the CO2 method was 1540 +/- 199 micromol/day, similar to values by fecal acidic sterol output (1660 +/- 295). Both were significantly lower than values by isotope dilution (2520 +/- 269, P = 0.0001 and 0.0015, respectively). In 12 normolipidemic controls, mean +/- SEM synthesis by the CO2 method was 1230 +/- 189 micromol/day, nearly identical to synthesis by fecal acidic sterols (1220 +/- 187). Both were somewhat less than synthesis by isotope dilution (1590 +/- 133), but in neither case were the differences statistically significant (P = 0.098 and 0.129, respectively). In 3 hypertriglyceridemic subjects, synthesis measured by the CO2 method increased by 42%, 44%, and 109% after 4 days of bile sampling, suggesting that the isotope dilution procedure actually stimulated synthesis. Fraction of bile acid not absorbed during daily enterohepatic cycling was 8.4 +/- 1.4% in the hypertriglyceridemic subjects compared to 4.9 +/- 0.8% in the normolipidemic controls (P = 0.037). We suggest that during sampling of bile for isotope dilution measurements, the terminal ileum is abruptly presented with a large bolus of unadulterated bile acid, both because of artificial stimulation of gallbladder contraction and return of surplus collected bile to the subject. In hypertriglyceridemia, because of an inefficient absorptive mechanism, this may result in unusual loss of bile acid with consequent stimulation of bile acid synthesis.
Clinical Effects of Closed Suction Drainage on Wound Healing in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer (1982)

This study was undertaken to determine what optimal levels of suction pressure were necessary to provide good drainage volume and obliteration of any dead space and also to determine the prevalence of clotting and complications secondary to various levels of suction pressure. The patients were grouped by their degree of nutritional depletion, prior radiation exposure, the types of surgical procedures undergone, and the results of tests using four levels of suction pressure. Three of the suction pressure values were obtained with a wall suction and one was obtained using a portable closed system. All wall suction pressure levels were certainly comparable with the portable unit. However, the portable unit provided continuous suction pressure when the patients were ambulatory and was not associated with any statistically significant increase in wound complications or equipment failure.
Genetic Screening for Hemophilia A (Classic Hemophilia) with a Polymorphic DNA Probe (1985)

We have developed a new method of screening for hemophilia A in families at risk for the disease. A DNA probe (St14) that detects a very polymorphic region on the human X chromosome has been shown to be closely linked to hemophilia A. We observed no recombination between the St14 locus and hemophilia A in 12 families studied. The odds in favor of linkage are 4.4 X 10(9) to 1 (lod score, 9.65). The 95 per cent confidence interval for the probability of a recombination between St14 and hemophilia A is 0 to 6.5 per cent. This DNA probe, which is informative in more than 90 per cent of families at risk of hemophilia A, can be used in conjunction with classic biologic assays to identify carriers with an accuracy of 96 per cent or more. If a small risk of misclassification due to crossover between the test and the disease loci is accepted, this DNA marker should allow first-trimester prenatal diagnosis of hemophilia A. Segregation analysis with St14 may thus represent a major improvement in genetic counseling for hemophilia A.
Engineering Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 for Continuous Growth under Diurnal Conditions (2012)

Synechococcus elongatus strain PCC 7942 strictly depends upon the generation of photosynthetically derived energy for growth and is incapable of biomass increase in the absence of light energy. Obligate phototrophs' core metabolism is very similar to that of heterotrophic counterparts exhibiting diverse trophic behavior. Most characterized cyanobacterial species are obligate photoautotrophs under examined conditions. Here we determine that sugar transporter systems are the necessary genetic factors in order for a model cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, to grow continuously under diurnal (light/dark) conditions using saccharides such as glucose, xylose, and sucrose. While the universal causes of obligate photoautotrophy may be diverse, installing sugar transporters provides new insight into the mode of obligate photoautotrophy for cyanobacteria. Moreover, cyanobacterial chemical production has gained increased attention. However, this obligate phototroph is incapable of product formation in the absence of light. Thus, converting an obligate photoautotroph to a heterotroph is desirable for more efficient, economical, and controllable production systems.
Practical molecular virology: viral vectors for gene expression. (1991)

The Retroviral Life Cycle and the Molecular Construction of Retrovirus Vectors. Construction of Retroviral Packaging Cell Lines. Making High Titer Retroviral Producer Cells. Methods of Titrating Nonselectable Recombinant Retroviruses. Selectable Markers for Eukaryotic Cells. Virus Genome Detection by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Synctial Assays. Neutralization of Virus. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Pseudotypes of Retroviruses. Cell Lineage Studies Using Retroviruses. Retroviral Vectors as Insertional Mutagents. Assessment of Compounds for Anti-HIV Activity. Analysis of Protein Factors that Interact with Adenovirus Early Promoters. COS Cell Expression. Papillomaviruses and Assays for Transforming Genes. Herpes Simplex Virus Life Cycle and the Design of Viral Vectors. Growth of Herpes Simplex Virus and Purification of Viral DNA. Vectors Based on Epstein-Barr Virus. Immortalization of Human B-Lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr Virus. Vaccinia Virus as an Expression Vector. Isolation and Handling of Recombinant Vaccinia Viruses. Design and Construction of Poliovirus Epitope Expression Vectors. Growth and Characterization of Poliovirus Antigen Chimeras. Expression Vectors for the Construction of Hybrid Ty-VLPs. Production and Purification of Hybrid Ty-VLPs. Baculovirus Expression Vectors: Choice of Expression Vector. Baculovirus Expression Vectors: Generating a Recombinant Baculovirus. Baculovirus Expression Vectors: Scale-Up and Downstream Processing. Index.
Automated solid-phase synthesis, separation, and stereochemistry of phosphorothioate analogs of oligodeoxyribonucleotides (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAutomated solid-phase synthesis, separation, and stereochemistry of phosphorothioate analogs of oligodeoxyribonucleotidesWojciech J. Stec, Gerald Zon, and William EganCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 20, 6077–6079Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00332a054https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00332a054research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views784Altmetric-Citations239LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Erythropoietin production in renal tumors. (1975)

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An Elderly Case of Type 2 Diabetes which Developed in Association with Oral and Esophageal Candidiasis (2007)

A 75-year-old woman who had been healthy except for mild glycemia and lipidemia discovered three and a half months before admission experienced severe dysphagia secondary to oral and esophageal candidiasis. She eventually developed diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome and ketoacidosis. Since anti-GAD antibody was negative and her diabetes was controlled with a moderate dose of insulin, we made a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Her only risk factors for candidiasis were hyperglycemia, age, and continuous denture use. The fact that her diabetes developed in association with oral candidiasis supports the hypothesis that there is a bidirectional interrelationship between diabetes and oral infection.
DEMONSTRATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO DISTINCT HUMAN LEUKOCYTIC PYROGENS (1974)

Human monocytes and neutrophils were separated from buffy coats of blood obtained from normal donors. Following incubation with heat-killed staphylococci, monocyte preparations contained 20 times more pyrogenic activity in the supernatant media than did supernates from an equal number of neutrophils. During purification of these pyrogens it was discovered that these cell preparations each produced a distinct and different pyrogen. The pyrogen obtained from neutrophils had a mol wt of 15,000 following Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, an isoelectric point of 6.9, and could be precipitated and recovered from 50% ethanol at -10 degrees C. In contrast, the pyrogen derived from monocyte preparations had a mol wt of 38,000, an isoelectric point of 5.1, and was destroyed in cold ethanol. Both molecules were unaffected by viral neuraminidase but biologically destroyed at 80 degrees C for 20 min and with trypsin at pH 8.0. The febrile peak produced by partially purified neutrophil pyrogen occurred at 40 min while that from monocytes was at 60 min. In addition, monocyte pyrogen produced more sustained fevers for the same peak elevation as neutrophil pyrogen. These studies demonstrate for the first time two chemically and biologically distinctive pyrogens derived from circulating human white blood cells and have important implications for our understanding of the pathogenesis of fever in man.
In vivo antiviral activity: defective interfering virus protects better against virulent Influenza A virus than avirulent virus (2006)

A defective interfering (DI) virus differs from the infectious virus from which it originated in having at least one major deletion in its genome. Such DI genomes are replicated only in cells infected in trans with homologous infectious virus and, as their name implies, they interfere with infectious virus replication and reduce the yield of progeny virus. This potent antiviral activity has been abundantly demonstrated in cell culture with many different DI animal viruses, but few in vivo examples have been reported, with the notable exception of DI Influenza A virus. A clue to this general lack of success arose recently when an anomaly was discovered in which DI Influenza A virus solidly protected mice from lethal disease caused by A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) and A/WSN/40 (H1N1) viruses, but protected only marginally from disease caused by A/Japan/305/57 (A/Jap, H2N2). The problem was not any incompatibility between the DI and infectious genomes, as A/Jap replicated the DI RNA in vivo. However, A/Jap required 300-fold more mouse infectious units to cause clinical disease than A/PR8 and it was hypothesized that it was this excess of infectivity that abrogated the protective activity of the DI virus. This conclusion was verified by varying the proportions of DI and challenge virus and showing that increasing the DI virus : infectious virus ratio in infected mice resulted in interference. Thus, counter-intuitively, DI virus is most effective against viruses that cause disease with low numbers of particles, i.e. virulent viruses.
Providing Root of Trust for ARM TrustZone using On-Chip SRAM (2014)

We present the design, implementation and evaluation of the root of trust for the Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) provided by ARM TrustZone based on the on-chip SRAM Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs). We first implement a building block which provides the foundations for the root of trust: secure key storage and truly random source. The building block doesn't require on or off-chip secure non-volatile memory to store secrets, but provides a high-level security: resistance to physical attackers capable of controlling all external interfaces of the system on chip (SoC). Based on the building block, we build the root of trust consisting of seal/unseal primitives for secure services running in the TEE, and a software-only TPM service running in the TEE which provides rich TPM functionalities for the rich OS running in the normal world of TrustZone. The root of trust resists software attackers capable of compromising the entire rich OS. Besides, both the building block and the root of trust run on the powerful ARM processor. In one word, we leverage the on-chip SRAM, commonly available on mobile devices, to achieve a low-cost, secure, and efficient design of the root of trust.