gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Receptor Expression and Activity Are Hormonally Regulated in Rat Ovarian Cells (2000)

Natriuretic peptides form a family of structurally related peptides known to regulate salt and water homeostasis and to cause vasodilation. Synthesis of atrial (ANP), brain (BNP), and C-type (CNP) natriuretic peptides occurs mainly in the heart and brain and has been identified recently in the female reproductive tract. The expression of ANP and CNP as well as their cognate guanylyl cyclase receptors (NPR-A and NPR-B, respectively) have been detected in the rat ovary. We have shown previously that the expression of the natriuretic peptides and their receptors in the rat ovary appears to be modulated by the estrous cycle. In the present study we have evaluated the expression of the natriuretic peptide system (peptide and receptor) in ovarian cells (granulosa and thecal-interstitial cells) obtained from immature female rats treated with either diethylstilbestrol (DES), an estrogen analog, or equine CG (eCG), a gonadotropin that possesses both LH and FSH activity. Using a whole cell RRA, we found that CNP binding was increased by 2-fold in granulosa cells taken from animals treated with either DES or eCG. Semiquantitative RT-PCR revealed that granulosa cells from DES- or eCG-treated animals have increased levels of NPR-B messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts, which was in good agreement with the increased binding. The activity of the receptors was assessed by ligand-dependent stimulation of cGMP release. CNP, but not ANP, stimulated the release of cGMP from granulosa cells obtained from DES-treated, but not from eCG-treated, animals. The relative levels of CNP mRNA in granulosa cells were unaltered by either DES or eCG treatment. In contrast, CNP mRNA levels were increased more than 2-fold, but only in theca-interstitial from the eCG-treated animals. Our results indicate that CNP and NPR-B are expressed in the ovary, and their expression is responsive to hormonal treatments. Furthermore, expression of these components of the natriuretic peptide system appears to be compartmentalized, with CNP being derived from the extrafollicular compartment and acting, through NPR-B, on the granulosa cells.
N-Terminal Region of the Catalytic Domain of Human N-Myristoyltransferase 1 Acts as an Inhibitory Module (2015)

N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) plays critical roles in the modulation of various signaling molecules, however, the regulation of this enzyme in diverse cellular states remains poorly understood. We provide experimental evidence to show for the first time that for the isoform 1 of human NMT (hNMT1), the regulatory roles extend into the catalytic core. In our present study, we expressed, purified, and characterized a truncation mutant devoid of 28 N-terminal amino acids from the catalytic module (Δ28-hNMT1s) and compared its properties to the full-length catalytic domain of hNMT1. The deletion of the N-terminal peptide had no effect on the enzyme stability. Our findings suggest that the N-terminal region in the catalytic module of hNMT1 functions serves as a regulatory control element. The observations of an ~3 fold increase in enzymatic efficiency following removal of the N-terminal peptide of hNMT1s indicates that N-terminal amino acids acts as an inhibitory segment and negatively regulate the enzyme activity. Our findings that the N-terminal region confers control over activity, taken together with the earlier observations that the N-terminal of hNMT1 is differentially processed in diverse cellular states, suggests that the proteolytic processing of the peptide segment containing the inhibitory region provides a molecular mechanism for physiological up-regulation of myristoyltransferase activity.
Novel hydrofluoroalkane suspension formulations for respiratory drug delivery (2005)

Due to the poor solvent properties of hydrofluoroalkanes, suspension is often the only formulation option for respiratory drug delivery. Research in this area has focussed mainly on two main themes over the past 5 years: new design of stabilisers and particle engineering. Among the most important advances, the introduction of secondary particulate systems and the establishment of porous particles as a viable delivery system must be mentioned. Other noteworthy developments include new classes of stabilisers and surface tailoring approaches. Work has been underpinned by new theoretical insights, via the introduction of atomic force microscopy to measure particle interactions, and the development of the surface tension component approach to predict them. Future areas of development include the formulation of nanoparticles and of non-inhalation therapies in non-pressurised hydrofluoroalkanes. All these aspects are reviewed in this article.
The Genetic Control of Tertiary Protein Structure: Studies With Model Systems (1963)

At the present time it is generally assumed that most, if not all, proteins possess well-defined structures. This assumption is based on several kinds of evidence: (1) the finding that many proteins have unique amino acid sequences, with specific intrachain disulfide bonds; (2) the ability to determine the three-dimensional configuration (tertiary structure) and, in some instances, even portions of the amino acid sequence of proteins such as myoglobin and hemoglobin by X-ray crystallographic methods; (3) the highly reproducible physical-chemical properties of a large number of proteins; and (4) the great degree of configurational specificity which appears necessary for enzymic activity. When one considers the complexity of the tertiary structure of a “native” protein, it seems reasonable to inquire into how a newly-made protein arrives at its three-dimensional configuration.
Abstract 17336: Marked Increase of Plasma Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Dyslipidemic Patients Treated With K-877, a Novel Highly Potent and Specific Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha Agonist (2013)

Background: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an emerging hormonal regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism which decreases triglyceride, enhances insulin sensitivity and suppresses weight ga...
Quantitative Difference of 7S Globulin on Vegetable Soybean Seeds (2005)

エダマメ用ダイズ6品種および普通ダイズ2品種の未熟種子 (開花35日後) および完熟種子のタンパク質をSDSポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動 (SDS-PAGE) により分析を行った結果, エダマメ用ダイズ品種の中に貯蔵タンパク質の7Sグロブリンに属するβ-コングリシニンのβサブユニットおよびスクロース結合タンパク質が量的に少ない品種が存在することが示された. エダマメ用ダイズ品種の中で, 茶マメ系で完熟するとしわの形質を示す白山ダダチャおよび甘露では, 未熟種子でも完熟種子でも共に, β-コングリシニンのβサブユニットおよびスクロース結合タンパク質が量的に少なく, SDS-PAGEゲルのデンシトメトリーとタンパク質バンドの定量を行った結果, β-コングリシニンのβサブユニットおよびスクロース結合タンパク質が, 70%程度に減少していることが確かめられた. また, 未熟種子タンパク質の二次元電気泳動により比較した結果, エダマメダイズ品種の白山ダダチャや甘露ではβ-コングリシニンのβサブユニットが量的に少ないばかりでなく, タンパク質スポットのパターンにも差異が認められた. タンパク質スポットの位置が異なっていたり, 量的に差異の認められたタンパク質スポットに関しては, アミノ酸シークエンスおよびホモロジーサーチにより確認を行った. エダマメダイズ品種の白山ダダチャや甘露の, このような7Sグロブリンタンパク質の低下と他の形質との関係について考察を行った.
All-single-mode fiber-optic gyroscope with long-term stability (1981)

A new all-fiber gyroscope is described. All components are constructed directly on a single continuous optical fiber, removing localized sources of reflection. A laser-diode source is used to reduce coherent scattering effects. Proper choice of modulation frequency is shown to reduce instabilities further. Long-term stability at rest of better than 0.2 masculine/h is observed with 30-sec integration time.
A placebo‐controlled screening trial of tiagabine, sertraline and donepezil as cocaine dependence treatments (2005)

The present findings suggest that tiagabine may be worthy of further study as a cocaine dependence treatment.
Behavior of charge carriers and excitons in multilayer organic light-emitting diodes made from a polysilane polymer as monitored with electroluminescence (1996)

Using electroluminescence (EL) as a monitor, we have investigated the behavior of charge carriers injected from electrodes and excitons generated by the recombination of charge carriers in multilayer organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using poly(methylphenylsilane) (PMPS) as a hole transporting material. Our multilayer LEDs have two or three functional organic layers including Coumarin 6 [3-(2′-benzothiazolyl)-7-diethylaminocoumarin, abbreviated as C6] and/or tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum layers as well as a PMPS layer. When the LEDs were fabricated, two parameters of the C6 layer were changed, the layer thickness (30–120 nm) and the dye concentration (1–100 wt %). We employed a combined analysis of the dependence of the EL spectra on the thickness and dye concentration of the C6 layer, the dye-selective fluorescence spectra and the current–voltage–EL characteristics, to reveal the thickness of the electron–hole capture zone and the behavior of charge carriers and excitons during operation in these LEDs.
The giant magnetocaloric effect of optimally prepared Gd5Si2Ge2 (2003)

The appropriate heat treatment of the Gd5Si2Ge2 alloy prepared from high-purity Gd results in a considerable enhancement of its magnetocaloric effect. The maximum magnetic entropy change increases by ∼80% (from ∼20 to 36 J/kg K) and the adiabatic temperature change increases by ∼55% (from ∼11 to 17 K) for a magnetic field change from 0 to 50 kOe when compared to the as arc-melted material. The magnetic ordering temperature is slightly reduced from ∼277 K in the as arc-melted material to ∼272 K in the fully homogenized and annealed Gd5Si2Ge2. The behavior of the isothermal magnetization as a function of magnetic field changes to some extent, while the heat capacity anomaly at the phase transition temperature is considerably sharper. The 1570 K heat treatment results in the partial ordering and redistribution of the Si and Ge atoms between their corresponding crystallographic sites in the monoclinic Gd5Si2Ge2-type structure and to the removal of the polymorphic orthorhombic Gd5Si2Ge2 phase with the Gd5Si4-type structure, which coexists with the monoclinic phase in the as arc-melted alloy.
Bone marrow extracellular matrix molecules improve gene transfer into human hematopoietic cells via retroviral vectors. (1994)

Direct contact between hematopoietic cells and viral packaging cell lines or other sources of stroma has been shown to increase the efficiency of retroviral-mediated gene transfer into these target cells compared with infection with viral supernatant. We have investigated the role of defined bone marrow extracellular matrix molecules (ECM) in this phenomenon. Here we report that infection of cells adhering to the carboxy-terminal 30/35-kD fragment of the fibronectin molecule (30/35 FN), which contains the alternatively spliced CS-1 cell adhesion domain, significantly increases gene transfer into hematopoietic cells. Two retroviral vectors differing in recombinant viral titer were used. Gene transfer into committed progenitor cells and long-term culture-initiating cells, an in vitro assay for human stem cells, was significantly increased when the cells were infected while adherent to 30/35 FN-coated plates compared with cells infected on BSA-coated control plates or plates coated with other bone marrow ECM molecules. Although gene transfer into committed progenitor cells and to a lesser degree into long-term culture-initiating cells was increased on intact fibronectin as well, increased gene transfer efficiency into hematopoietic cells on 30/35 FN was dependent on CS-1 sequence since infection on a similar FN fragment lacking CS-1 (42 FN) was suboptimal. 30/35 FN has previously been shown by our laboratory and other investigators to mediate adhesion of primitive murine and human hematopoietic stem cells to the hematopoietic microenvironment. Additional studies showed that neither soluble 30/35 FN nor nonspecific binding of hematopoietic cells to poly-L-lysine-coated plates had any appreciable effect on the infection efficiency of these cells. Our findings indicate that hematopoietic stem cell adhesion to specific ECM molecules alters retroviral infection efficiency. These findings should aid in the design of gene transfer protocols using hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells for somatic gene therapy.
Structural and pathological effects of synthesis of hepatitis B virus large envelope polypeptide in transgenic mice. (1987)

Overproduction of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) large envelope polypeptide by transgenic mice containing the entire HBV envelope coding region leads to the formation of extremely long (up to 800 nm), occasionally branching, filamentous 22-nm-diameter hepatitis B surface antigen particles that accumulate within the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocyte and are not efficiently secreted. As the endoplasmic reticulum expands to accommodate the increasing cellular filament stores, the hepatocytes become enlarged, hydropic, and eosinophilic and also display the characteristic features of "ground-glass" cells. As filament storage progresses, the ground-glass cells undergo coagulative necrosis and the mice develop an age-dependent lesion, whose severity is related to the intracellular concentration of envelope polypeptide, that is characterized by focal hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis, lobular macrophagic inflammation, and increased serum transaminase activity. Advanced lesions demonstrate hepatocellular hyperplasia evident as lobular architectural disarray and microscopic hepatocellular nodules, many of which no longer contain detectable HBV envelope antigens. These changes may become extreme, producing a massively enlarged liver due to multifocal nodular regenerative hyperplasia. Overproduction of the large HBV envelope polypeptide exerts major structural constraints on HBV particle formation, leading to reduced secretion and progressive intracellular accumulation of hepatitis B surface antigen, which can reach sufficiently high concentrations to be directly cytotoxic to hepatocytes in this transgenic mouse system.
Control of body temperature in the unanaesthetized monkey by cholinergic and aminergic systems in the hypothalamus (1969)

1. In the unanaesthetized rhesus monkey, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), catecholamines, acetylcholine or carbachol were micro-injected in a volume of 1.0 mul. or less through chronically implanted cannulae at eighty-six sites in the hypothalamus.2. 5-HT in doses of 2-10 mug caused a long-lasting elevation in temperature which was dose-dependent. An anatomical ;mapping' of the hypothalamus revealed that the hyperthermic action of 5-HT was localized to the anterior, pre-optic area directly ventral to the anterior commissure.3. Noradrenaline in doses of 1-12 mug produced a dose-dependent fall in temperature of short duration. An anatomical ;mapping' showed that the hypothermic action of this and other catecholamines was again localized to the anterior, pre-optic region.4. Acetylcholine, alone or in a mixture with eserine, or carbachol caused a dose-dependent hyperthermia which was characterized by an intense rise of short duration and vigorous shivering. A ;mapping' of this response revealed a diffuse patterning of sites throughout the hypothalamus which were sensitive to the application of acetylcholine and carbachol. However, in one circumscribed region at the junction between the posterior hypothalamus and mesencephalon, the two cholinomimetic substances caused a marked fall in temperature.5. We conclude that 5-HT activates a cholinergic heat production pathway which projects from the anterior to posterior hypothalamus. Noradrenaline, on the other hand, blocks the hyperthermic action of 5-HT rather than activates the heat loss system. A chemically mediated heat loss pathway apparently does not exist in the hypothalamus.
In vivo human retinal imaging by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (2002)

We present what is to our knowledge the first in vivo tomograms of human retina obtained by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography. We would like to show that this technique might be as powerful as other optical coherence tomography techniques in the ophthalmologic imaging field. The method, experimental setup, data processing, and images are discussed.
Restoration of CD28 Expression in CD28− CD8 + Memory Effector T Cells Reconstitutes Antigen-induced IL-2 Production (2003)

The control of many persistent viral infections by Ag-specific cytolytic CD8+ T cells requires a concurrent virus-specific CD4+ Th cell response. This reflects in part a requirement of activated effector CD8+ T cells for paracrine IL-2 production as a growth and survival factor. In human CMV and HIV infection, the majority of differentiated virus-specific CD8+ T cells notably lose the ability to produce IL-2 but also lose expression of CD28, a costimulatory molecule. Analysis of the fraction of memory CD8+ T cells that continue to express CD28 revealed these cells retain the ability to produce IL-2. Therefore, we examined if IL-2 production by CD28- CD8+ T cells could be restored by introduction of a constitutively expressed CD28 gene. Expression of CD28 in CD28- CD8+ CMV- and HIV-specific CD8+ T cells reconstituted the ability to produce IL-2, which could sustain an autocrine proliferative response after Ag recognition. These results suggest that the loss of CD28 expression during differentiation of memory/effector CD8+ T cells represents a decisive step in establishing regulation of responding CD8+ T cells, increasing the dependence on CD4+ Th for proliferation after target recognition, and has implications for the treatment of viral disease with adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells.
Catheter-Based Ultrasound Applicators for Selective Prostate Ablation With MR-Guidance (2005)

The purpose of this study was to develop catheter‐based ultrasound devices and techniques specifically for treating prostate cancer in conjunction with MRI thermal imaging to monitor and control treatment progression. Directional transurethral applicators have been designed with arrays of sectored tubular (90° active acoustic sector) or narrow planar transducer segments integrated with a flexible delivery catheter with a cooling balloon. Interstitial applicators (2.4 mm catheter diameter, 1.5 mm OD tubular transducers) with 180° active acoustic sectors have been developed specifically for transperineal implantation to treat the posterior portion of the prostate. Both heating strategies were evaluated via in vivo experiments within canine prostate. Both transurethral and interstitial treatment strategies demonstrated significant potential for selective thermal ablation of localized regions of the prostate, particularly when MRI thermal imaging is used to guide and assess treatment.
Sensory nerves in adult rats regenerate and restore sensory function to the skin independently of endogenous NGF (1992)

We have investigated the possible roles of NGF, and of impulse activity, in the regeneration of sensory nerves. Unexpectedly, the ability of crushed axons to regrow and to restore functional recovery of three sensory modalities in adult rat skin (A alpha-mediated touch, A delta-mediated mechanonociception, and C-fiber-mediated heat nociception) was totally unaffected by anti-NGF treatment. This finding applied even when the anti-NGF dosage was almost eight times that which entirely blocked collateral sprouting of the undamaged axons of both classes of nociceptive nerves (the A alpha-axons do not sprout in adult animals). In the same anti-NGF-treated animal, regeneration would proceed normally on the one side, while collateral sprouting was prevented on the other. Light microscopic and EM examination revealed that in the denervated skin the regenerating axons utilized the same dermal perineurial pathways followed by collaterally sprouting axons. Regeneration within these antibody-accessible pathways progressed normally during anti-NGF treatment, extending 1-2 cm beyond the former field borders, that is, into territory whose invasion by collaterally sprouting axons was totally blocked. The blood-nerve barrier is absent within the degenerating peripheral nerve trunk, a putative NGF source for regenerating fibers but not for sprouting ones. The NGF-independent regeneration was also found to be unaffected when putative spinal cord sources of NGF were eliminated by dorsal root excision. Anti-NGF treatment also failed to block regeneration across 4 mm excision gaps in the nerve trunk. The daily anti-NGF regime continued to be effective for at least 8 weeks, at which time newly evoked collateral sprouting could still be blocked. Exogenous NGF, in doses that evoke collateral sprouting de novo in normal skin, failed to influence regeneration. Finally, an electrical stimulus regime, which markedly reduces the latency of collateral sprouting, failed to affect the time to arrival of regenerating axons at the skin, or the rate of their arborization in it. We conclude that, in striking contrast to their collateral sprouting, the regeneration of nociceptive axons occurs independently of endogenous NGF and is unaffected by impulse activity. These findings further support the proposal that these two growth behaviors have basically different biological functions in the organism.
Factors Influencing Acrylamide Content and Color in Rye Crisp Bread (2005)

An industrial baking procedure for yeast-leavened whole-grain rye crisp bread was adapted to local laboratory conditions to study the effect of time and temperature of baking and the addition of fructose, asparagine, and oat-bran concentrate on the acrylamide content and color of the bread. Baking time and temperature affected acrylamide content that increased from 10 to 30 mug/kg of bread at the combination of a long time and high temperature, with a significant interaction between the two factors (p < 0.008). Added asparagine had a significant effect (p < 0.001) on the formation of acrylamide, but fructose did not. There was a correlation between acrylamide content and color of the milled bread in the time-temperature experiment, but this correlation was not observed in the experiment with added precursors. Added oat-bran concentrate with high content of mixed-linkage beta-glucan did not influence the acrylamide content in the breads.
Mutation rates among RNA viruses (1999)

The rate of spontaneous mutation is a key parameter in modeling the genetic structure and evolution of populations. The impact of the accumulated load of mutations and the consequences of increasing the mutation rate are important in assessing the genetic health of populations. Mutation frequencies are among the more directly measurable population parameters, although the information needed to convert them into mutation rates is often lacking. A previous analysis of mutation rates in RNA viruses (specifically in riboviruses rather than retroviruses) was constrained by the quality and quantity of available measurements and by the lack of a specific theoretical framework for converting mutation frequencies into mutation rates in this group of organisms. Here, we describe a simple relation between ribovirus mutation frequencies and mutation rates, apply it to the best (albeit far from satisfactory) available data, and observe a central value for the mutation rate per genome per replication of micro(g) approximately 0.76. (The rate per round of cell infection is twice this value or about 1.5.) This value is so large, and ribovirus genomes are so informationally dense, that even a modest increase extinguishes the population.