gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Critical Role for the Cysteines Flanking the Internal Fusion Peptide of Avian Sarcoma/Leukosis Virus Envelope Glycoprotein (2000)

The transmembrane subunit (TM) of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) of the oncovirus avian sarcoma/leukosis virus (ASLV) contains an internal fusion peptide flanked by two cysteines (C9 and C45). These cysteines, as well as an analogous pair in the Ebola virus GP glycoprotein, are predicted to be joined by a disulfide bond. To examine the importance of these cysteines, we mutated C9 and C45 in the ASLV subtype A Env (EnvA), individually and together, to serine. All of the mutant EnvAs formed trimers that were composed of the proteolytically processed surface (SU) and TM subunits. All mutant EnvAs were incorporated into murine leukemia virus pseudotyped virions and bound receptor with wild-type affinity. Nonetheless, all mutant EnvAs were significantly impaired ( approximately 1,000-fold) in their ability to support infectivity. They were also significantly impaired in their ability to mediate cell-cell fusion. Our data are consistent with a model in which the internal fusion peptide of ASLV-A EnvA exists as a loop that is stabilized by a disulfide bond at its base and in which this stabilized loop serves an important function during virus-cell fusion. The fusion peptide of the Ebola virus GP glycoprotein may conform to a similar structure.
Kinetics of blood component adsorption on poly(D,L-lactic acid) nanoparticles: Evidence of complement C3 component involvement (1997)

After intravenous administration, nanoparticles suffer a major drawback in that they are rapidly and massively taken up by the cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. The mechanisms involved in the opsonization, adhesion, and internalization of biodegradable nanoparticles by the mononuclear phagocyte system are still poorly understood. In this work, the kinetics of blood protein adsorption onto nanoparticles of poly(D,L-lactic acid) prepared by the salting-out technique was investigated. Nanoparticles of 312 nm were incubated for variable periods of time (5-60 min) in human serum and citrated plasma. After incubation, the particles were washed and the proteins detached from them, denatured, and analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In plasma, the predominant protein was immunoglobulin G (IgG), and the amount adsorbed was not dependent on incubation time. Albumin amounts were high for short incubation periods but decreased as a function of time, whereas apolipoprotein E levels increased significantly as a function of the incubation period. Owing to the possible complement cascade inactivation by addition of citrate to plasma, the kinetics of adsorption was also evaluated in serum. In this medium, adsorption of complement C3 components onto the surface of the nanoparticles was clearly evidenced by spots of increasing intensity and area, reaching levels comparable to those of the omnipresent IgG. This result confirms the important role of complement components in the opsonization process of poly(D,L-lactic acid) particles.
ErbB2 expression increases the spectrum and potency of ligand-mediated signal transduction through ErbB4 (1998)

Interleukin 3-dependent murine 32D cells do not detectably express members of the ErbB receptor family and do not proliferate in response to known ligands for these receptors. 32D transfectants were generated expressing human ErbB4 alone (32D.E4) or with ErbB2 (32D.E2/E4). Epidermal growth factor (EGF), neuregulin 1-beta (NRG1-beta), betacellulin (BTC), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), heparin binding-EGF (HB-EGF), and amphiregulin were analyzed for their ability to mediate mitogenesis in these transfectants. 32D.E4 responded mitogenically to NRG1-beta and BTC. Surprisingly, EGF also induced significant DNA synthesis and TGF-alpha was negligibly mitogenic on 32D.E4 cells, whereas HB-EGF and amphiregulin were inactive. Although coexpression of ErbB2 with ErbB4 in 32D.E2/E4 cells did not significantly alter DNA synthesis in response to NRG1-beta or BTC, it greatly enhanced mitogenesis elicited by EGF and TGF-alpha and unmasked the ability of HB-EGF to induce proliferation. EGF-related ligands that exhibited potent mitogenic activity on 32D.E2/E4 cells at low concentrations induced adherence, morphological alterations, and up-regulation of the Mac-1 integrin and FcgammaRII/III at higher concentrations. While 125I-EGF could be specifically crosslinked to both 32D.E4 and 32D.E2/E4 cells, its crosslinking capacity was greatly enhanced in the cotransfected cells. The ability of the various ligands to mediate proliferation and/or adhesion in the two transfectants correlated with their capacity to induce substrate tyrosine phosphorylation and to initiate and sustain activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. We conclude that the ability of ErbB4 to mediate signal transduction through EGF-like ligands is broader than previously assumed and can be profoundly altered by the concomitant expression of ErbB2.
Soluble Segmented Stepladder poly(p-phenylenes) for Blue-Light-Emitting Diodes (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSoluble Segmented Stepladder poly(p-phenylenes) for Blue-Light-Emitting DiodesG. Grem, C. Paar, J. Stampfl, G. Leising, J. Huber, and U. ScherfCite this: Chem. Mater. 1995, 7, 1, 2–4Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00049a001https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00049a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views131Altmetric-Citations61LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Photonic nanojets generated using square-profile microsteps (2014)

We have shown experimentally that square-profile microsteps on a silica substrate, with square sides of 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.8 μm and height of 500 nm, illuminated through the substrate by a linearly polarized laser beam of wavelength λ=633 nm, produce, near the surface, enhanced-intensity regions (termed photonic nanojects), with their intensity being six times higher than that of the incident light and their respective full width at half-maximum diameters being 0.44λ, 0.43λ, 0.39λ, and 0.47λ, which is below the diffraction limit of 0.51λ. It is worth noting that when the step side is smaller than the wavelength, the focus is found within the step; otherwise the focus is outside the step, which is similar to an optical candle.
Theranostic Nanoparticles with Controlled Release of Gemcitabine for Targeted Therapy and MRI of Pancreatic Cancer (2013)

The tumor stroma in human cancers significantly limits the delivery of therapeutic agents into cancer cells. To develop an effective therapeutic approach overcoming the physical barrier of the stroma, we engineered urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)-targeted magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) carrying chemotherapy drug gemcitabine (Gem) for targeted delivery into uPAR-expressing tumor and stromal cells. The uPAR-targeted nanoparticle construct, ATF-IONP-Gem, was prepared by conjugating IONPs with the amino-terminal fragment (ATF) peptide of the receptor-binding domain of uPA, a natural ligand of uPAR, and Gem via a lysosomally cleavable tetrapeptide linker. These theranostic nanoparticles enable intracellular release of Gem following receptor-mediated endocytosis of ATF-IONP-Gem into tumor cells and also provide contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of tumors. Our results demonstrated the pH- and lysosomal enzyme-dependent release of gemcitabine, preventing the drug from enzymatic degradation. Systemic administrations of ATF-IONP-Gem significantly inhibited the growth of orthotopic human pancreatic cancer xenografts in nude mice. With MRI contrast enhancement by IONPs, we detected the presence of IONPs in the residual tumors following the treatment, suggesting the possibility of monitoring drug delivery and assessing drug-resistant tumors by MRI. The theranostic ATF-IONP-Gem nanoparticle has great potential for the development of targeted therapeutic and imaging approaches that are capable of overcoming the tumor stromal barrier, thus enhancing the therapeutic effect of nanoparticle drugs on pancreatic cancers.
Association of serum myeloperoxidase with the ankle–brachial index and peripheral arterial disease (2009)

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an enzymatic mediator of several inflammatory cascades and higher serum levels have been associated with increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. We investigated the association of serum MPO with the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in a bi-ethnic cohort of African-Americans and non-Hispanic white individuals. Participants included 1324 African-Americans (mean age 64 years, 71% women) and 1237 non-Hispanic white individuals (mean age 59 years, 57% women) belonging to hypertensive sibships. Serum levels of MPO were measured by solid phase sandwich immunoassay. ABI was measured using a standard protocol and PAD was defined as an ABI < 0.90. Multivariable regression analysis using generalized estimating equations were performed to assess whether serum MPO levels were associated with ABI and the presence of PAD. After adjustment for age and sex, higher MPO levels were significantly associated with lower ABI and the presence of PAD in African-Americans (p = 0.004 and p = 0.005, respectively) and in non-Hispanic white individuals (p = 0.001 and p = 0.016, respectively). After additional adjustment for conventional risk factors (diabetes, smoking status, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, waist circumference, hypertension), prior history of myocardial infarction or stroke, and medication use (statins, aspirin, estrogen), higher MPO levels remained significantly associated with lower ABI and the presence of PAD in both African-Americans (p = 0.008 and p = 0.010, respectively) and non-Hispanic white individuals (p = 0.001 and p = 0.018, respectively). We conclude that higher MPO levels are associated with lower ABI and the presence of PAD in African-Americans and non-Hispanic white individuals.
Comparison of analytical and numerical approaches for CT-based aberration correction in transcranial passive acoustic imaging (2015)

Computed tomography (CT)-based aberration corrections are employed in transcranial ultrasound both for therapy and imaging. In this study, analytical and numerical approaches for calculating aberration corrections based on CT data were compared, with a particular focus on their application to transcranial passive imaging. Two models were investigated: a three-dimensional full-wave numerical model (Connor and Hynynen 2004 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 51 1693-706) based on the Westervelt equation, and an analytical method (Clement and Hynynen 2002 Ultrasound Med. Biol. 28 617-24) similar to that currently employed by commercial brain therapy systems. Trans-skull time delay corrections calculated from each model were applied to data acquired by a sparse hemispherical (30 cm diameter) receiver array (128 piezoceramic discs: 2.5 mm diameter, 612 kHz center frequency) passively listening through ex vivo human skullcaps (n = 4) to emissions from a narrow-band, fixed source emitter (1 mm diameter, 516 kHz center frequency). Measurements were taken at various locations within the cranial cavity by moving the source around the field using a three-axis positioning system. Images generated through passive beamforming using CT-based skull corrections were compared with those obtained through an invasive source-based approach, as well as images formed without skull corrections, using the main lobe volume, positional shift, peak sidelobe ratio, and image signal-to-noise ratio as metrics for image quality. For each CT-based model, corrections achieved by allowing for heterogeneous skull acoustical parameters in simulation outperformed the corresponding case where homogeneous parameters were assumed. Of the CT-based methods investigated, the full-wave model provided the best imaging results at the cost of computational complexity. These results highlight the importance of accurately modeling trans-skull propagation when calculating CT-based aberration corrections. Although presented in an imaging context, our results may also be applicable to the problem of transmit focusing through the skull.
Specific inhibition of HIV-1 gene expression by double-stranded RNA (2001)

RNA interference (RNAi) is phenomenon in which introduced double-stranded RNAs (ds-RNAs) silence gene expression through specific degradation of their cognate mRNAs. RNAi has been observed in a wide variety of organisms and is considered to be a feature of nearly all eukaryotes. The mediators of sequence specific messenger RNA degradation are 21-23 nucleotide small interfering RNAs generated by ribonucleaseIII cleavage from longer dsRNAs. To investigate the potential of dsRNA to interfere with the function of HIV-1 genes, we have designed six longer dsRNAs containing the HIV-1 gag and env genes. Double-stranded RNAs were tested for inhibitory effects using monkey COS cells. In these anti-HIV-1 activity tests, the dsRNAs targeted to the HIV-1 env sequence showed more than 90% anti-HIV-1 efficiency. Our results show that dsRNA interference can be used as a powerful method for the inhibition of HIV-1 gene expression.
Recursive Least Squares Constant Modulus Algorithm for Blind Adaptive Array (2004)

We consider the problem of blind adaptive signal separation with an antenna array, based on the constant modulus (CM) criterion. An approximation to the CM cost function is proposed, which allows the use of the recursive least squares (RLS) optimization technique. A novel RLS constant modulus algorithm (RLS-CMA) is derived, where the modulus power of the array output can take on arbitrary positive real values (i.e., fractional values allowed). Simulations are performed to compare the performance of the proposed RLS-CMA to other well-known algorithms for blind adaptive beamforming. Results indicate that the RLS-CMA has a significantly faster convergence rate and better tracking ability.
Synthesis of Oligo(diazaphenyls). Tailor-Made Fluorescent Heteroaromatics and Pathways to Nanostructures (1997)

Oligoaza derivatives of biphenyl, terphenyl, quaterphenyl, quinquephenyl, sexiphenyl, septiphenyl, octiphenyl, noviphenyl, deciphenyl and dodeciphenyl and poly(pyrimidinylenephenylene) can be synthesized from readily accessible vinamidinium salts and amidines or N,N,N'-tris(trimethylsilyl)amidines. The fluorescence of these systems can be tuned over a wide spectral range by varying number and positions of N atoms. Oligo(diazaphenyls) are thermally and photochemically stable, are easier to reduce than oligophenyls, can be dissolved at any rate in strong acids and show strong blue fluorescence in solution as well as in the solid state.
Novel Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (2008)

For many years, alkylating agents and purine nucleoside analogs (PNA) have been considered the drug of choice for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). More recently the introduction of monoclonal antibodies (mAb), especially rituximab directed against CD20 and alemtuzumab directed against CD52, has renewed interest in CLL therapy. Over the last few years, several new mAbs directed against lymphoid cells have been developed and investigated in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Some of them are highly active in CLL. New mAbs directed against CD20 include human mAb ofatumumab (HuMax CD20), IMMU-106 (hA20) which has a >90% humanized framework and GA-101, a novel third - generation fully humanized and optimized mAb. These agents are highly cytotoxic against B-cell lymphoid cells and are evaluated in CLL. Lumiliximab (anti-CD23 mAb) is a genetically engineered macaque-human immunoglobulin (Ig) A1. This antibody showed high activity and good tolerability in phase I clinical trial and is evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials as a single agent and in combination. Epratuzumab is a humanized anti-CD22 mAb currently used in clinical trials for treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and autoimmune disorders. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of this agent in CLL. Apolizumab (HU1D10) is a humanized IgG1 antibody specific for a polymorphic determinant found on the HLA-DRbeta chain. Preclinical and early clinical studies suggest that this mAb has some activity in CLL. HCD122 (CHIR-12.12) and SGN-40 are anti-CD40 mAbs which induce cytotoxicity against CLL cells. Phase I study has shown a favorable safety profile and some activity of HCD122 in pretreated CLL patients. Immunotoxins, especially BL22, LMP-2 and denileukin diftitox, are also being evaluated in lymphoid malignancies and seem to be active in CLL. Finally, antiangiogenic mAbs, especially bevacimzumab, have a potential therapeutic role in this disease. In this review, new mAbs, potentially useful in CLL are presented.
Endogenous Opioids: Their Physiological Role and Receptors (2009)

2 Abstract: The Endogenous Opioid system includes a large number of opioid peptides that are ligands for numerous types of opioid receptors. Three distinct families of endogenous opioid peptides have been well characterized-Endorphins, Enkephalins and Dynorphins. More recently, two additional short peptides, Endomorphin-1 and Endomorphin-2 that display a high affinity and selectivity for µ opioid receptors have been identified. The Endogenous opioid peptides bind to three primary opioid receptor types that mediate analgesia, designated µ, and . Preferentially, Enkephalins interact with the receptor, Dynorphins interact with the receptor and Endorphins bind to both µ and receptors with comparable affinity.
The Structure of a Human p110α/p85α Complex Elucidates the Effects of Oncogenic PI3Kα Mutations (2007)

PIK3CA , one of the two most frequently mutated oncogenes in human tumors, codes for p110α, the catalytic subunit of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, isoform α (PI3Kα, p110α/p85). Here, we report a 3.0 angstrom resolution structure of a complex between p110α and a polypeptide containing the p110α-binding domains of p85α, a protein required for its enzymatic activity. The structure shows that many of the mutations occur at residues lying at the interfaces between p110α and p85α or between the kinase domain of p110α and other domains within the catalytic subunit. Disruptions of these interactions are likely to affect the regulation of kinase activity by p85 or the catalytic activity of the enzyme, respectively. In addition to providing new insights about the structure of PI3Kα, these results suggest specific mechanisms for the effect of oncogenic mutations in p110α and p85α.
Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia for prostate cancer (2010)

Magnetic nanoparticles are increasingly used for clinical applications such as drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic fluid hyperthermia. A novel method of interstitial heating of tumours following direct injection of magnetic nanoparticles has been evaluated in humans in recent clinical trials. In prostate cancer this approach has been investigated in two separate phase I studies, employing magnetic nanoparticle thermotherapy alone and in combination with permanent seed brachytherapy. The feasibility and good tolerability was shown in both trials, using the first prototype of an alternating magnetic field applicator. As with any other heating technique, this novel approach requires specific tools for planning, quality control and thermal monitoring, based on appropriate imaging and modelling techniques. In these first clinical trials a newly developed method for planning and non-invasive calculations of the 3-dimensional temperature distribution based on computed tomography was validated. Limiting factors of the new approach at present are patient discomfort at high magnetic field strengths and irregular intratumoural heat distribution. Until these limitations are overcome and thermoablation can safely be applied as a monotherapy, this treatment modality is being evaluated in combination with irradiation in patients with localised prostate cancer.
Treatment of cancer with radiation and drugs. (1996)

Clinical gains from combined treatment with radiation and drugs have been small. New, mechanistically based approaches to combined treatment are required.
Use of synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes: isolation of cloned cDNA sequences for human beta 2-microglobulin. (1981)

We have synthesized two sets of 15-base-long oligodeoxyribonucleotides corresponding to all possible coding sequences for a small portion of human beta 2-microglobulin. Labeled oligonucleotides were used as hybridization probes to screen bacterial clones containing cDNA sequences primed with oligo(dT) and inserted into the plasmid vector pBR322. One beta 2-microglobulin cDNA clone was detected in the 535 bacterial plasmid clones that were screened. The clone has been characterized by blotting and nucleotide sequence analysis. The cloned beta 2-microglobulin sequence contains 217 base pairs of the 3' untranslated region of the mRNA and 328 base pairs (97%) of the coding region.
Curvature loss formula for optical fibers (1976)

The loss formula for optical fibers with constant radius of curvature of their axes is derived by expressing the field outside of the fiber in terms of a superposition of cylindrical outgoing waves. The expansion coefficients are determined by matching the superposition field to the field of the fiber along a cylindrical surface that is tangential to the outer perimeter of the curved fiber. This method is a direct extension of my derivation of the curvature-loss formula for slab guides.