gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer: A Tool for High-Throughput Screening of Molecular Interactions in Living Cells (2004)

The study of cellular processes has been facilitated by the use of methods to detect molecular associations both in vivo and in vitro. An invaluable tool to study molecular associations associated with dynamic processes in living cells utilizes the phenomenon of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), together with selected fluorophores that are attached to molecules of interest. Many reports have utilized fluorophores conjugated to antibodies for FRET pairs. However, these methods are restricted to extracellular molecules and dependent upon the availability of appropriate antibodies. The recent development of green fluorescent protein (GFP) variants suitable for FRET has expanded the utility of this methodology by permitting the study of intracellular as well as extracellular processes. Combining FRET with flow cytometric analysis results in a powerful high-throughput assay for molecular associations. This article details the use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) mutants cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) to measure the association of the signaling component TRAF2 with the TNFR-2 receptor to illustrate the versatility of this methodology.
Pitfalls in CT-guided transthoracic needle biopsy of pulmonary nodules. (1996)

Successful performance of transthoracic needle biopsy of pulmonary nodules under computed tomographic (CT) guidance requires both accurate placement of the needle tip within the nodule and withdrawal of an adequate sample from the lesion. Failure to complete the biopsy procedure or to establish a definitive tissue diagnosis may be due to a number of factors. Potential pitfalls in transthoracic needle biopsy include technical factors related to the patient, CT scanning, or the biopsy needle; factors related to the size, location, or internal characteristics of the nodule or to an abnormality within adjacent parenchyma; and complications that may occur during transthoracic needle biopsy, such as pneumothorax or parenchymal hemorrhage. Awareness of how these pitfalls may be avoided or minimized should help expedite the performance of transthoracic needle biopsy and increase the likelihood of a diagnostic result.
Micropower impulse radar (1997)

Invented and developed at LLNL (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), this inexpensive and highly sensitive radar system produces and samples extremely short pulses of energy. This novel technology is finding dozens of new uses in Laboratory programs and in sensor devices for homes, automobiles, factories, and hospitals. We have invented and patented a fundamentally different type of compact, low-power radar system called micropower impulse radar (MIR), which is orders of magnitude less expensive to produce than other conventional radars. Unlike conventional radar, which sends out continuous waves in bursts, MIR uses very short electromagnetic pulses and can detect objects at much shorter range. The new technology has become LLNL's fastest growing technology transfer activity primarily because of its low cost and extraordinary range of applications.
Comprehensive 4D velocity mapping of the heart and great vessels by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (2011)

Multidirectional, 3D cine velocity acquisitions are contributing to the understanding of normal and pathologically altered blood flow features. Although more rapid and user-friendly strategies for acquisition and analysis may be needed before 4D velocity acquisitions come to be adopted in routine clinical CMR, their capacity to measure multidirectional flows throughout a study volume has contributed novel insights into cardiovascular fluid dynamics in health and disease.
Molecular basis of the low linolenic acid trait in soybean EMS mutant line RG10 (2009)

Abstract A possible solution to stability problems is to genetically reduce the content of linolenic acid in soybean seed. RG10 is a low linolenic acid line (&lt;25 g/kg) produced by ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) treatment of the low linolenic acid EMS mutant line C1640. The objective of this study was to determine the molecular basis of the low linolenic acid trait in RG10. Sequence analyses of mutant RG10 and wild‐type OX948 ω‐fatty acid desaturase ( Fad3 ) genes showed that the low level of linolenic acid in RG10 is likely a result of mutations in two Fad3 genes. A mutation in the Fad3A gene introduces a stop codon in exon 6 that would prematurely terminate translation and a second mutation in the 5′ splice site of intron 5 of the Fad3B gene may result in abnormal mRNA splicing products. Both mutations would result in a non‐functional enzyme. Molecular markers developed for these mutations should simplify and accelerate introgression of the RG10‐based low linolenic acid trait into elite soybean cultivars.
Tumor necrosis factor-beta induces sleep, fever, and anorexia (1992)

The enhanced sleep, fever, and anorexia experienced during general infections are attributed to the increased production of cytokines. Cytokines such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) have characteristic somnogenic, pyrogenic, and anorectic effects. TNF-beta is closely related to TNF-alpha, and they share common receptors. The effects of TNF-beta on sleep-wake activity, brain temperature (Tbr), and food intake were, however, heretofore unknown. We injected 0.5-200 ng TNF-beta into rabbits intracerebroventricularly (icv) in the light period, and the electroencephalogram, movement, and Tbr were recorded for 6 h from rabbits. The highest dose, 200 ng TNF-beta, induced increases in non-rapid-eye-movement sleep and decreases in rapid-eye-movement sleep accompanied with biphasic febrile responses. Icv injection of 100 ng TNF-beta at dark onset suppressed 12-h and 24-h food intake in rats. These data suggest to us that TNF-beta may belong to the group of endogenous pyrogens/sleep factors.
Novel mechanism for the generation of human xeno-autoantibodies against the nonhuman sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (2010)

The nonhuman sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is metabolically incorporated into human tissues from certain mammalian-derived foods, and this occurs in the face of an anti-Neu5Gc "xeno-autoantibody" response. Given evidence that this process contributes to chronic inflammation in some diseases, it is important to understand when and how these antibodies are generated in humans. We show here that human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies appear during infancy and correlate with weaning and exposure to dietary Neu5Gc. However, dietary Neu5Gc alone cannot elicit anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in mice with a humanlike Neu5Gc deficiency. Other postnatally appearing anti-carbohydrate antibodies are likely induced by bacteria expressing these epitopes; however, no microbe is known to synthesize Neu5Gc. Here, we show that trace exogenous Neu5Gc can be incorporated into cell surface lipooligosaccharides (LOS) of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), a human-specific commensal/pathogen. Indeed, infant anti-Neu5Gc antibodies appear coincident with antibodies against NTHi. Furthermore, NTHi that express Neu5Gc-containing LOS induce anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in Neu5Gc-deficient mice, without added adjuvant. Finally, Neu5Gc from baby food is taken up and expressed by NTHi. As the flora residing in the nasopharynx of infants can be in contact with ingested food, we propose a novel model for how NTHi and dietary Neu5Gc cooperate to generate anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in humans.
CD40 Signaling in CD8+CD40+ T Cells Turns On Contra-T Regulatory Cell Functions (2010)

CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) mediate immunosuppression, whereas CD8(+) T cells confer resistance in many diseases. It is unknown whether CD8(+) T cells confer protection by antagonizing the Treg cells. Using a model of stage-specific immune responses against Leishmania donovani infection in susceptible BALB/c mice, we report that CD3(+)CD8(+)CD40(+) T cells executed CD40-dependent cytotoxicity on CD3(+)CD4(+)CD127(dim)GITR(+)CD25(+) Treg cells during the initial phase of the infection but were later apoptosed by IL-10. CD40 signaled through Ras, PI3K, and protein kinase C, resulting in p38MAPK- or ERK-1/2-independent, but NF-kappaB-dependent, induction of the cytotoxic mediators granzyme and perforin. Adoptive transfer of CD3(+)CD8(+)CD40(+) T cells reduced the L. donovani infection in BALB/c mice. These results identify CD3(+)CD8(+)CD40(+) T cells as the contra-Treg cells and imply a novel immunotherapeutic principle.
Stabilized Lithium Metal Powder (SLMP{trade mark, serif}) - Independent Source of Li for High Energy Li-ion Batteries (2009)

Abstract not Available.
<title>Compact three-electrodes excimer laser IANUS for a POPA optical system</title> (1994)

A novel discharge configuration has been realized with the XeCl laser IANUS, which has been developed at the ENEA Frascati center as a 1:1 laser head prototype for the 1 kW average output power XeCl system EOLUS (EUREKA EU211 Project). The patented design of the discharge region consists of two active zones which are geometrically in parallel and electrically in series. The obvious advantages of this configuration are, the presence of the intermediate high impedance electrode, suitable for prepulse application, then the absence of current return bars, so improving the recirculating gas flow uniformity, and the automatic synchronization of the two discharges very useful for a compact oscillator-amplifier configuration (POPA). A number of measurements have been done on IANUS, to have an almost complete characterization; based on these results a generalized self-filtering unstable resonator (GSFUR) has been designed and realized on the smaller gap, leaving the other active medium for the high optical quality beam amplification, in the scheme of a POPA system. The GSFUR output beam results are 1.5 times the diffraction limit, with an energy of 9 mJ in a 87 ns FWHM pulse.
Synthesis and antiviral activity of various 3'-azido analogs of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, HTLV-III/LAV) (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and antiviral activity of various 3'-azido analogs of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, HTLV-III/LAV)Tai Shun Lin, Ji Yu Guo, Raymond F. Schinazi, Chung K. Chu, Jia Ning Xiang, and William H. PrusoffCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1988, 31, 2, 336–340Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00397a011https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00397a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views391Altmetric-Citations97LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Proposals for the classification of the myelodysplastic syndromes (1982)

New diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of the various myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are proposed, and a detailed description is given of the features that may help define MDS. Five MDS are described: (1) refractory anaemia (RA), (2) RA with ring sideroblasts, (3) RA with excess of blasts (RAEB), (4) chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML), and (5) RAEB 'in transformation'. One of the main distinguishing features of these conditions is the proportion of blast cells in the peripheral blood (PB) and/or bone marrow (BM). The morphological features of the blast cells that are of diagnostic importance have been redefined. In RA, with or without ringed sideroblasts, there are fewer than 1% of blasts in the PB and fewer than 5% in the BM; RAEB is defined as having between 5% and 20% of blasts in the BM and fewer than 5% in the PB; RAEB in transformation (a newly defined category) will be considered when any of the following features is present: (i) more than 5% of blasts in the PB, (ii) 20-30% in the BM, and (iii) the presence of Auer rods in granulocyte precursors in BM or PB. In accordance with these newly defined criteria, it is now proposed that over 30% of bone marrow blasts will suffice for the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in any of its forms (M1-M6). The proposed descriptions of the MDS should facilitate the interpretation of data emerging from cytogenetic and bone marrow culture studies and the search for features of possible prognostic significance. Recognition of the new category, RAEB in transformation, may throw light on the pathogenesis of AML.
Periodontal Regeneration in Class III Furcation Defects of Beagle Dogs Using Guided Tissue Regenerative Therapy With Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor (1995)

We developed an effective regenerative therapy, referred to as platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-modulated guided tissue regenerative (GTR) therapy (P-GTR), capable of achieving periodontal regeneration of horizontal (Class III) furcation defects in the beagle dog. To determine its efficacy, repair and regeneration of horizontal furcation defects by P-GTR therapy and GTR therapy were compared. Chronically inflamed horizontal furcation defects were created around the second (P2) and fourth mandibular premolars (P4). After demineralization of the root surfaces with citric acid, the surfaces of left P2 and P4 were treated with PDGF-BB (P-GTR therapy) and those of contralateral teeth were treated with vehicle only (GTR therapy). Periodontal membranes were placed and retained 0.5 mm above the cemento-enamel junction for both groups. The mucoperiosteal flap was sutured in a coronal position and plaque control was achieved by daily irrigation with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate. At 5, 8, and 11 weeks, two animals each were sacrificed by perfusion with 2.5% glutaraldehyde through the carotid arteries, and the lesions were sliced mesio-distally, demineralized, dehydrated, and embedded. Periodontal healing and regeneration after GTR and P-GTR therapy were compared by histomorphometric as well as morphological analysis. Morphometric analysis for each time period was performed on the pooled samples of P2 and P4. Five weeks after both therapies, the lesions were filled primarily by tissue-free area, epithelium, inflamed tissue, and a small amount of newly formed fibrous connective tissue. At 8 and 11 weeks after P-GTR therapy, there was a statistically greater amount of bone and periodontal ligament formed in the lesions. The newly formed bone filled 80% of the lesion at 8 weeks and 87% at 11 weeks with P-GTR therapy, compared to 14% of the lesion at 8 weeks and 60% at 11 weeks with GTR therapy. Also, with P-GTR therapy there was less epithelium and tissue-free area, less inflamed tissue, and less connective tissue. Morphological analysis indicated that the defects around P2 revealed faster periodontal repair and regeneration than those around P4. While the lesions around P2 were effectively regenerated by 11 weeks even after GTR therapy, those around P4 failed to regenerate. On the other hand, P-GTR therapy further promoted periodontal repair and regeneration so that at 8 weeks the lesions around P2 and P4 demonstrated complete and nearly complete regeneration, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Identification of the Vitamin D Receptor in Osteoblasts and Chondrocytes But Not Osteoclasts in Mouse Bone (2013)

ABSTRACT Bone is clearly a target of vitamin D and as expected, the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in osteoblasts. However, the presence of VDR in other cells such as osteocytes, osteoclasts, chondroclasts, and chondrocytes is uncertain. Because of difficulties in obtaining sections of undecalcified adult bone, identification of the site of VDR expression in adult bone tissue has been problematic. In addition, the antibodies to VDR used in previous studies lacked specificity, a property crucial for unambiguous conclusions. In the present study, VDR in the various cells from neonatal and adult mouse bone tissues was identified by a highly specific and sensitive immunohistochemistry method following bone decalcification with EGTA. For accurate evaluation of weak immunosignals, samples from Demay VDR knockout mice were used as negative control. Molecular markers were used to identify cell types. Our results showed that EGTA-decalcification of bone tissue had no detectable effect on the immunoreactivity of VDR. VDR was found in osteoblasts and hypertrophic chondrocytes but not in the multinucleated osteoclasts, chondroclasts, and bone marrow stromal cells. Of interest is the finding that immature osteoblasts contain large amounts of VDR, whereas the levels are low or undetectable in mature osteoblasts including bone lining cells and osteocytes. Proliferating chondrocytes appear devoid of VDR, although low levels were found in the hypertrophic chondrocytes. These data demonstrate that osteoblasts and chondrocytes are major targets of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, but osteoclasts and chondroclasts are minor targets or not at all. A high level of VDR was found in the immature osteoblasts located in the cancellous bone, indicating that they are major targets of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Thus, the immature osteoblasts are perhaps responsible for the vitamin D hormone signaling resulting in calcium mobilization and in osteogenesis. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Reading-in-the-small (2002)

The growing ubiquity of small form factor devices such as Palm Pilots and Pocket PCs, coupled with widespread availability of digital library materials and users' increasing willingness to read on the screen, raises the question of whether people can and will read digital library materials on handhelds. We investigated this question by performing a field study based on a university library's technology deployment: two classes were conducted using materials that were available in e-book format on Pocket PCs in addition to other electronic and paper formats. The handheld devices, the course materials, and technical support were all provided to students in the courses to use as they saw fit. We found that the handhelds were a good platform for reading secondary materials, excerpts, and shorter readings; they were used in a variety of circumstances where portability is important, including collaborative situations such as the classroom. We also discuss the effectiveness of annotation, search, and navigation functionality on the small form factor devices. We conclude by defining a set of focal areas and issues for digital library efforts designed for access by handheld computers.
Aziridines: epoxides’ ugly cousins? (2002)

Aziridines, the nitrogenous analogues of epoxides, have until recently excited far less interest amongst synthetic organic chemists than their oxygenated counterparts, with some justification. A range of reviews concerned with the physical properties, synthesis (asymmetric and otherwise), reactions and utility of aziridines exists; this review briefly summarizes the similarities and differences between oxiranes and their nitrogenated analogues, concentrating on the underlying properties of aziridines and recent developments in their chemistry. In addition to descriptions of the physical nature of aziridines, especially those features which underpin their utility as synthetic intermediates, the sections beneath describe reactions involving alkylative ring-opening and synthesis of aziridines.
Region of Factor IXa Protease Domain that Interacts with Factor VIIIa: Analysis of Select Hemophilia B Mutants (1999)

Essential to hemostasis is the interaction of factor IXa with factor VIIIa. Recent studies indicate that helix-330 in the protease domain of factor IXa provides a critical binding site for factor VIIIa. Although weaker interactions cannot be ruled out, a primary role of the EGF1 domain of factor IXa in this context may be to serve as a spacer in properly positioning the factor IXa protease domain for optimal interaction with factor VIIIa. The role of the Gla domain, as well as of the EGF2 domain of factor IXa, in binding to factor VIIIa is not clear. The region of factor VIIIa that interacts with the protease domain of factor IXa is quite possibly located in the A2 domain. Furthermore, it should be noted (Table 1) that the corresponding helix residues in factor VIIa bind to tissue factor, and, in factor Xa, they are involved in binding to factor Va. Thus, a common function of this helix (162 in chymotrypsin numbering) in several blood coagulation proteases may be to serve as an anchoring point for the respective cofactor.
Antioxidative Effects of Black Tea Theaflavins and Thearubigin on Lipid Peroxidation of Rat Liver Homogenates Induced by tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide. (1994)

The antioxidative activity of theaflavins (TFs) and thearubigin (TR) purified from the infusion of black tea leaves was examined using the tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenates. The concentrations which produced 50% inhibition of lipid peroxidation (IC50) by theaflavin (TF), theaflavin monogallate-A (TFM-A), and TR were 4.88 x 10(-4), 4.09 x 10(-4), and 4.95 x 10(-4%) (w/v), respectively. The anti-oxidative activity of these compounds was higher than that of glutathione, L(+)-ascorbic acid, dl-alpha-tocopherol, butylated hydroxytoluene, butyl hydroxyanisole, etc., but was lower than the activity of (-)-epicatechin gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin, and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. As to the IC50 in molarity, the antioxidative activity of TFM-A was the second highest among all the samples used in this study. The antioxidative activity of lyophilized tea infusions was compared. The activity of black tea was about as potent as that of green tea. These results suggest that black tea infusion containing TFs and TR could inhibit lipid peroxidation in biological conditions in the same way as green tea infusion containing epicatechins.
Immunostimulatory CpG motifs induce CTL responses to HIV type I oligomeric gp140 envelope protein (2004)

In the present study we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of two adjuvants, liposomal lipid A [L(LA)] and CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN), to the HIV-1 ogp140 envelope protein. Administration of each of these adjuvants separately with unencapsulated ogp140 resulted in low antibody titres. Encapsulation of ogp140 in liposomes containing lipid A resulted in a sixfold increase in anti-ogp140 antibodies. The antibody titres were further enhanced threefold by the addition of CpG ODN. Priming and boosting BALB/c mice with unencapsulated ogp140 with L(LA) or encapsulation in liposomes containing lipid A induced a mixed Th1/Th2 type of immune response. In contrast, immunization with L(ogp140 + LA) plus CpG ODN switched the immune response to a Th-1 response with elevated anti-ogp140 IgG2a antibodies and IFN-gamma levels. Both adjuvants induced excellent ogp140-specific proliferative and CTL responses. Therefore, for the induction of high titre antibodies, but not for cellular responses, the antigen and lipid A have to be present in the same liposomes. These results can have significant implications in directing the Th1 or Th2 differentiation of antigen-specific immune responses in the context of vaccine development.