gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An ELISA for detection of apoptosis (1997)

We describe a simple and convenient enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of apoptosis in tissue culture. An early event in apoptosis is DNA fragmentation followed by release of nucleosomes into the cytoplasm. Our sandwich assay uses a pair of monoclonal antibodies specific for two nucleosomal epitopes to capture and detect cytoplasmic nucleosomes onto the ELISA plate. Our assay is about 500 times more sensitive than the detection of apoptotic DNA ladder by agarose electrophoresis and is especially suited for the testing of large numbers of samples.
Thermal denaturation of influenza virus and its relationship to membrane fusion (2002)

The X-31 strain of influenza virus was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), CD and SDS/PAGE analysis as a function of both temperature and pH. A bromelain-treated virus was also studied by these methods. The major transition observed in the intact virus was a result of the denaturation of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein. At pH 7.4, this transition was similar in the intact virus and the isolated HA, but was absent in the bromelain-treated virus. However, at pH 5 the denaturation temperature and enthalpy were both higher for HA in the virus than in the isolated protein, indicating that HA interacts with other molecular components in the intact virus. The transition observed by DSC occurs at a higher temperature than does the thermal transition observed by CD. The temperature of the CD transition coincides with the temperature at which the fusogenicity of the virus increases, and probably corresponds to the formation of an extended coiled-coil conformation. Analysis by SDS/PAGE at neutral pH under non-reducing conditions demonstrates a selective loss of the HA protein trimer, resulting in the formation of aggregates in the range of temperatures of 55 to 70 degrees C. In contrast, at acidic pH, the HA protein is largely in the monomeric form at 25 degrees C, and there is little change with temperature. There is thus a weakening of the quaternary structure of HA at acidic pH prior to heating. At the temperature at which the virus exhibits an increased fusogenicity at neutral pH, there is a loss of secondary structure and a beginning of a destabilization of the trimeric form of HA. This temperature is lower than that required for the major endothermic peak observed in DSC experiments. The results demonstrate that there is no kinetically trapped high-energy form of HA at neutral pH.
Control and Characterization of Intramolecular Dynamics with Chirped Femtosecond Three-Pulse Four-Wave Mixing (1999)

Experimental control and characterization of intramolecular dynamics are demonstrated with chirped femtosecond three-pulse four-wave mixing (FWM). The two-dimensional (spectrally dispersed and time-resolved) three-pulse FWM signal is shown to contain important information about the population and coherence of the electronic and vibrational states of the system. The experiments are carried out on gas-phase I2 and the degenerate laser pulses are resonant with the X (ground) to B (excited) electronic transition. In the absence of laser chirp, control over population and coherence transfer is demonstrated by selecting specific pulse sequences. When chirped lasers are used to manipulate the optical phases of the pulses, the two-dimensional data demonstrate the transfer of coherence between the ground and excited states. Positive chirps are also shown to enhance the signal intensity, particularly for bluer wavelengths. A theoretical model based on the multilevel density matrix formalism in the perturbation limit is developed to simulate the data. The model takes into account two vibrational levels in the ground and the excited states, as well as different pulse sequences and laser chirp values. The analytical solution allows us to predict particular pulse sequences that control the final electronic state of the population. In a similar manner, the theory allows us to find critical chirp values that control the transfer of vibrational coherence between the two electronic states. Wave packet calculations are used to illustrate the process that leads to the observation of ground-state dynamics. All the calculations are found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental data. The ability to control population and coherence transfer in molecular systems is of great importance in the quest for controlling the outcome of laser-initiated chemical reactions.
Overcoming Limitations in Nanoparticle Drug Delivery: Triggered, Intravascular Release to Improve Drug Penetration into Tumors (2012)

Traditionally, the goal of nanoparticle-based chemotherapy has been to decrease normal tissue toxicity by improving drug specificity to tumors. The enhanced permeability and retention effect can permit passive accumulation into tumor interstitium. However, suboptimal delivery is achieved with most nanoparticles because of heterogeneities of vascular permeability, which limits nanoparticle penetration. Furthermore, slow drug release limits bioavailability. We developed a fast drug-releasing liposome triggered by local heat that has already shown substantial antitumor efficacy and is in human trials. Here, we show that thermally sensitive liposomes (Dox-TSL) release doxorubicin inside the tumor vasculature. Real-time confocal imaging of doxorubicin delivery to murine tumors in window chambers and histologic analysis of flank tumors illustrates that intravascular drug release increases free drug in the interstitial space. This increases both the time that tumor cells are exposed to maximum drug levels and the drug penetration distance, compared with free drug or traditional pegylated liposomes. These improvements in drug bioavailability establish a new paradigm in drug delivery: rapidly triggered drug release in the tumor bloodstream.
Message from the President (1991)

This is an exciting time to be President of SMPTE.Anniversaries are special events In our lives, and this year we celebrate two anniversaries and a birthday.It was 75 years ago that ten engineers assembled in Washington to discuss the common problem of confusing formats of motion-picture film.The exciting potential of "movles" was impeded due to a lack of standardization.That was the beginning
Short-circuit protection of power converters with SiC current limiters (2016)

In this paper, a method to limit fault current from DC side short-circuit condition in AC-DC power converters is presented. This approach is based on using Normally-ON SiC-JFETs in series with the DC capacitors as Current Limiting Diodes (CLDs). In this configuration, the gate and source contacts of the JFETs are connected together to make two-terminal devices (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gs</sub> =0). Under a fault condition, the capacitors voltage appears across the devices causing them to operate in the saturation region where their current is limited by channel pinch-off and self-heating. Whereas under normal conditions, the CLDs operate in the linear I(V) region where they exhibit low on-state resistances and therefore, have minimal effect upon the converter operation. This paper also includes experimental results to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in limiting capacitors discharge current during a fault and to demonstrate its small influence on normal operation.
In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of Photofrin® and Pheophorbide a, a Bacteriochlorin, in Photodynamic Therapy of Colonic Cancer Cells¶ (2002)

This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in treating colonic cancer in a preclinical study. Photofrin, a porphyrin mixture, and pheophorbide a (Ph a), a bacteriochlorin, were tested on HT29 human colonic tumor cells in culture and xenografted into athymic mice. Their pharmacokinetics were investigated in vitro, and the PDT efficacy at increasing concentrations was determined with proliferative, cytotoxic and apoptotic assessments. The in vivo distribution and pharmacokinetics of these dyes (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) were investigated on HT29 tumor-bearing nude mice. The inhibition of tumor growth after a single 100 J/cm2 PDT session was measured by the changes in tumor volume and by histological analysis of tumor necrosis. PDT inhibited HT29 cell growth in culture. The cell photodamage occurred since the time the concentrations of Ph a and Photofrin reached 5.10(-7) M (or 0.3 microg/mL) and 10 microg/mL, respectively. A photosensitizer dose-dependent DNA fragmentation was observed linked to a cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and associated with an increased expression of mutant-type p53 protein. PDT induced a 3-week delay in tumor growth in vivo. The tumor injury was corroborated by histological observation of necrosis 48 h after treatment, with a correlated loss of specific enzyme expression in most of the tumor cells. In conclusion, PDT has the ability to destroy human colonic tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. This tumoricidal effect is likely associated with a p53-independent apoptosis, as HT29 cells express only mutated p53. The current study suggests a preferential use of Photofrin in PDT of colonic cancer because it should be more effective in vivo than Ph a as a consequence of better tumor uptake.
Application of commercial assays to detect IgG antibodies to hepatitis C virus in urine: A pilot study from autopsy cases (1994)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), the main cause of non-A, non-B hepatitis in the United States and possibly in the world, is believed to be transmitted primarily through parenteral exposure. Many screening and supplemental tests are available to detect antibodies to HCV in serum. The ability to use commercial assays to detect antibodies to HCV in urine was investigated in this study. A total of 229 serum/urine matched samples were collected sequentially from forensic autopsy cases examined at the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, State of Maryland. Testing was performed using the Ortho, Innogenetics, and Abbott second generation HCV screening tests and the INNO-LIA HCV Ab supplemental assay. Sample volumes were increased for urine testing. Forty-six of 229 serum samples were positive by screening and confirmed by supplemental tests. The urine samples produced positive results on 44-45 of the same 46 by screening tests and all 46 positives by the supplemental test. There were no false positive samples using urine when compared with the serum pairs. The one false negative sample using urine was still nonreactive when the urine volume was increased to 200 microliters using the screening tests. Generally, five times the serum volume was required for the screening tests to be optimal for urine samples. The urine samples were stored under different conditions prior to testing to determine the influence on antibody stability in urine.
Overexpression of peptide-methionine sulfoxide reductase inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeand human T cells provides them with high resistance to oxidative stress (1998)

The yeast peptide-methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrA) was overexpressed in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae null mutant of msrA by using a high-copy plasmid harboring the msrA gene and its promoter. The resulting strain had about 25-fold higher MsrA activity than its parent strain. When exposed to either hydrogen peroxide, paraquat, or 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride treatment, the MsrA overexpressed strain grew better, had lower free and protein-bound methionine sulfoxide and had a better survival rate under these conditions than did the msrA mutant and its parent strain. Substitution of methionine with methionine sulfoxide in a medium lacking hydrogen peroxide had little effect on the growth pattern, which suggests that the oxidation of free methionine in the growth medium was not the main cause of growth inhibition of the msrA mutant. Ultraviolet A radiation did not result in obvious differences in survival rates among the three strains. An enhanced resistance to hydrogen peroxide treatment was shown in human T lymphocyte cells (Molt-4) that were stably transfected with the bovine msrA and exposed to hydrogen peroxide. The survival rate of the transfected strain was much better than its parent strain when grown in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. These results support the proposition that the msrA gene is involved in the resistance of yeast and mammalian cells to oxidative stress.
EPI-001, A Compound Active against Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer, Targets Transactivation Unit 5 of the Androgen Receptor (2016)

Castration-resistant prostate cancer is the lethal condition suffered by prostate cancer patients that become refractory to androgen deprivation therapy. EPI-001 is a recently identified compound active against this condition that modulates the activity of the androgen receptor, a nuclear receptor that is essential for disease progression. The mechanism by which this compound exerts its inhibitory activity is however not yet fully understood. Here we show, by using high resolution solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, that EPI-001 selectively interacts with a partially folded region of the transactivation domain of the androgen receptor, known as transactivation unit 5, that is key for the ability of prostate cells to proliferate in the absence of androgens, a distinctive feature of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Our results can contribute to the development of more potent and less toxic novel androgen receptor antagonists for treating this disease.
The −174G/C Interleukin-6 Polymorphism Influences Postoperative Interleukin-6 Levels and Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation. Is Atrial Fibrillation an Inflammatory Complication? (2003)

The -174G/C Interleukin-6 promoter gene variant appears to modulate the inflammatory response to surgery and to influence the development of postoperative AF. These data suggest an inflammatory component of postoperative atrial arrhythmias and a genetic predisposition to this complication.
Association of Smads with lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1/T cell-specific factor mediates cooperative signaling by the transforming growth factor-β and Wnt pathways (2000)

The transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) and Wnt/wingless pathways play pivotal roles in tissue specification during development. Activation of Smads, the effectors of TGFbeta superfamily signals, results in Smad translocation from the cytoplasm into the nucleus where they act as transcriptional comodulators to regulate target gene expression. Wnt/wingless signals are mediated by the DNA-binding HMG box transcription factors lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1/T cell-specific factor (LEF1/TCF) and their coactivator beta-catenin. Herein, we show that Smad3 physically interacts with the HMG box domain of LEF1 and that TGFbeta and Wnt pathways synergize to activate transcription of the Xenopus homeobox gene twin (Xtwn). Disruption of specific Smad and LEF1/TCF DNA-binding sites in the promoter abrogates synergistic activation of the promoter. Consistent with this observation, introduction of Smad sites into a TGFbeta-insensitive LEF1/TCF target gene confers cooperative TGFbeta and Wnt responsiveness to the promoter. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TGFbeta-dependent activation of LEF1/TCF target genes can occur in the absence of beta-catenin binding to LEF1/TCF and requires both Smad and LEF1/TCF DNA-binding sites in the Xtwn promoter. Thus, our results show that TGFbeta and Wnt signaling pathways can independently or cooperatively regulate LEF1/TCF target genes and suggest a model for how these pathways can synergistically activate target genes.
4-1BB ligand – just another costimulating molecule? (2002)

Initially, scientific interest in the 4-1BB/4-1BB Ligand system focused on the role of the 4-1BB (CD137) receptor in the costimulation of T cells. More recently, evidence is accumulating that 4-1BBL is more than "just" the ligand for a costimulatory molecule. In this review we discuss the functional properties of 4-1BB Ligand such as its preference for CD8 positive T cells and the differences to costimulation via the B7/CD28 system. Furthermore, the available data regarding its ability to transduce signals bidirectionally, i.e. also back into the ligand bearing cell, its release as a soluble form following shedding from the cell surface, and its role in the interaction of tumor cells with the immune system are reviewed.
Capillary Electrophoretic Determination of Theanine, Caffeine, and Catechins in Fresh Tea Leaves and Oolong Tea and Their Effects on Rat Neurosphere Adhesion and Migration (2003)

Theanine, caffeine, and catechins in fresh tea leaves and oolong tea were determined by using capillary electrophoresis (CE). CE separated these tea polyphenols from three other tea ingredients, namely, caffeine, theophylline, and theanine, within 8 min. The young leaves (apical bud and the two youngest leaves) were found to be richer in caffeine, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), and (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECg) than old leaves (from 5th to 7th leaves). On the other hand, the old leaves (from 8th to 10th leaves) contained higher levels of theanine, (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and (-)-epicatechin (EC). Results from a comparison of fresh young tea and oolong tea compositions indicated oolong tea contained more theanine and catechins than fresh young tea. Furthermore, it was found that the levels of theanine, EGC, and EGCg in young leaves rose markedly with the withering process. Caffeine did not markedly change. However, fully or partially fermented teas (oolong tea or pauchong tea) have a common initial step in the withering process. Fresh tea leaves or oolong tea extract (0.1%, w/v) markedly inhibited neurosphere adhesion, cell migration, and neurite outgrowth in rat neurospheres. Theanine (348 micrograms/mL) and caffeine at high concentration (50 micrograms/mL) did not inhibit neurosphere adhesion or migration activities, but EGCg at 20 micrograms/mL effectively inhibited neurosphere adhesion for 24 h. These results indicated that EGCg might affect neural stem cell survival or differentiation.
Effect of unilateral noise exposure on the tonotopic distribution of spontaneous activity in the cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus in the cortically intact and decorticate rat (2005)

Effects of unilateral noise exposure on spontaneous activity (SA) in the anteroventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei (AVCN and DCN) and the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICc) were studied in cortically intact and decorticate rats. SA was measured 1 week following exposure using uptake of 14C-labeled 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) in quiet. Optical density (OD) measurements were obtained in low- and high-frequency (LF and HF) areas of each nucleus. We refer to the ipsilateral AVCN and DCN (side of the noise-exposed ear) and the contralateral ICc as direct nuclei and to their opposite side counterparts as indirect nuclei. Noise exposure altered the tonotopic profile of SA in the direct pathway by causing a decrease in the ratio of HF OD to LF OD (HF/LF ratio). In intact animals, the decreased HF/LF ratio was due to decreased HF OD. In decorticate animals, it was due to decreased HF OD and increased LF OD, the latter occurring mainly in the DCN and ICc. Decorticate-intact differences may reflect corticofugal feedback inhibition. Lesion of the dorsal acoustic stria caused a substantial decrement of SA in the contralateral ICc. Furthermore, strong positive correlations between HF/LF ratios in the DCN, AVCN, and contralateral ICc suggest that the cochlear nucleus is a major contributor to SA in the ICc. Noise exposure had opposite and weaker effects on 2DG uptake in the indirect pathway that were attributed to crossed inhibition. Noise-induced changes in the tonotopic profile of SA may represent a neural correlate of tinnitus.
Capecitabine and Celecoxib as Second-Line Treatment of Advanced Pancreatic and Biliary Tract Cancers (2009)

&lt;i&gt;Objective:&lt;/i&gt; An increasing number of patients with advanced pancreatic or biliary tract cancer who progress after a gemcitabine-containing regimen are candidates for further chemotherapy. We therefore evaluated a fully oral regimen of capecitabine and celecoxib (CapCel) as second-line treatment in these patients. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; Thirty-five patients with documented progressive disease after first-line treatment were enrolled. Capecitabine was administered at a dose of 1,000 mg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; b.i.d. for 2 consecutive weeks followed by 1 week of rest; celecoxib was given continuously at 200 mg b.i.d. Progression-free survival at 3 months was the primary study endpoint. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; The CapCel combination was associated with an overall response rate of 9% and median survival duration of 19 weeks. Sixty percent of patients were free from progression 3 months after the start of treatment. Multivariate analysis identified a positive clinical benefit response and a decline in CA 19.9 serum levels &gt;25% compared with baseline levels as independent predictors of prolonged survival. The treatment protocol was well tolerated with negligible hematological toxicity. The most common grade 3 non-hematological toxicities were hypertransaminasemia, diarrhea and asthenia. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; The CapCel combination is a safe treatment option with moderate activity in patients with pancreatic/biliary tract cancer after failure of a previous gemcitabine-containing regimen.
End-to-End Signing and Object Encryption for the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) (2004)

XMPP).
Palaeomagnetic studies of the Early Permian Ingelside Formation of northern Colorado (1979)

Palaeomagnetic results have been obtained from the Early Permian Ingelside Formation at a location just north of Owl Canyon in northern Colorado. A total of 243 stratigraphically distinct core samples were collected at a stratigraphic interval of 28 cm. Curie temperature analysis and IRM acquisition experiments indicate that hematite is the predominant carrier of remanence in these samples. All the samples were subjected to partial thermal demagnetization. A two-step selection procedure involving the method of Helsley was applied to the partial thermally demagnetized data restricting the stable sample population to 34 samples which yielded an Early Permian pole at 45.9° N, 122.1° E (δp= 1.1, δm= 2.1, kappa = 147.3). This result is similar to other cratonic North American Permian pole positions and, when combined with other data from the Late Palaeozoic, defines a polar wander path along which the palaeomagnetic pole appeared to move systematically north-west from a position near southern Japan during the Mississippian to near 55°N, 103°E during the Early Triassic. No normal polarity zones appear in the Ingelside section.
Cocaine as an Abortive Agent in Cluster Headache (1982)

SYNOPSIS A systematic trial of Cocaine hydrochloride as an abortive therapeutic agent in cluster headache is presented. Headache induction was performed with sublingual Nitroglycerin (1.0 mg) and cocaine was employed for abortive purposes. Subjects were then instructed in a mode of self‐application of cocaine solution to their Sphenopalatine Foramen regions for abortion. Most patients can learn to abort most of their cluster headaches by application of cocaine solution to their Sphenopalatine Foramen region in from 15 seconds to three minutes. The risk of addiction is slight when employing 5 to 10% solution for the period of time that the typical cluster persists (4–12 weeks), and the benefits are great in cessation of the agonizing pain that accompanies this headache. Cocaine may be a valuable adjunctive abortive therapeutic measure in cluster headache when combined with a patient educational program. The rapidity of its effectiveness in some circumstances might suggest that the origin of much of the pain of cluster headache may be found in the Pterygomaxillary Fossa region.