gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunological evaluation of a component isolated from Mycobacterium bovis BCG with a monoclonal antibody to M. bovis BCG (1984)

A component of Mycobacterium bovis BCG referred to as BCG-a was isolated through the combined use of monoclonal antibody directed to BCG and affinity chromatography. Analysis of BCG-a by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single prominent band with a molecular weight of ca. 10,000. Structural characterization of BCG-a consisting of amino acid composition and amino-terminal sequence determination was carried out. The intact BCG-a antigen was bound by neither the lectin from common lentils nor concanavalin A, implying that BCG-a does not carry any asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. Immunoprecipitation of 125I-labeled BCG-a with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies directed against BCG resulted in bands having the same mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as did free 125I-BCG-a. In radioimmunoassays 125I-BCG-a was bound by the monoclonal antibody and by polyclonal antibodies from rabbits that had been immunized to BCG and to Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Antibodies to nontuberculous and to nonacid-fast bacteria bound BCG-a poorly or not at all. The binding of 125I-BCG-a by the monoclonal antibody was readily inhibited by extracts of BCG and H37Rv, but it was not as readily inhibited by extracts of nontuberculous mycobacteria and was not at all inhibited by extracts of nonacid-fast bacteria. Considerable inhibition was similarly observed by surface antigens of nonviable, intact BCG organisms. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to small concentrations of BCG-a were elicited in guinea pigs that had been immunized with BCG or H37Rv antigens, but such reactions were not elicited in unimmunized animals.
Hydrolysis in drug and prodrug metabolism : chemistry, biochemistry, and enzymology (2003)

Chapter 1. Introduction: Metabolic Hydrolysis and Prodrug Design. Chapter 2. Classification, Localization, and Some Physiological Roles of Hydrolytic Enzymes. Chapter 3. Catalytic Mechanisms of Hydrolytic Enzymes. Chapter 4. The Hydrolysis of Amides. Chapter 5. The Hydrolysis of Lactams. Chapter 6. The Hydrolysis of Peptides. Chapter 7. The Hydrolysis of Carboxylic Acid Esters. Chapter 8. The Hydrolysis of Carboxylic Acid Ester Prodrugs. Chapter 9. The Cleavage of Esters of Inorganic Acids. Chapter 10. The Hydration of Epoxides. Chapter 11. Miscellaneous Reactions of Hydration and Dehydration. Chapter 12. Conclusion: The Biochemistry of Water. Index.
Optical Absorption of DNA−Carbon Nanotube Structures (2007)

We measured the UV optical absorption of single-stranded DNA bound to single-walled carbon nanotubes (DNA/SWNT). The nucleotide absorbance from DNA/SWNT provides the first experimental confirmation that DNA binds to nanotubes through pi-stacking. Because the hypochromic absorbance typical of pi-stacked structures are expected to occur primarily for DNA dipole transitions that lie along the axis of the optically anisotropic SWNTs, the absorbance changes following binding of DNA to nanotubes reveal the preferred orientation assumed by each of the four bound nucleotides with respect to the nanotube's long axis.
Developing tTA Transgenic Rats for Inducible and Reversible Gene Expression (2009)

To develop transgenic lines for conditional expression of desired genes in rats, we generated several lines of the transgenic rats carrying the tetracycline-controlled transactivator (tTA) gene. Using a vigorous, ubiquitous promoter to drive the tTA transgene, we obtained widespread expression of tTA in various tissues. Expression of tTA was sufficient to strongly activate its reporter gene, but was below the toxicity threshold. We examined the dynamics of Doxycycline (Dox)-regulated gene expression in transgenic rats. In the two transmittable lines, tTA-mediated activation of the reporter gene was fully subject to regulation by Dox. Dox dose-dependently suppressed tTA-activated gene expression. The washout time for the effects of Dox was dose-dependent. We tested a complex regime of Dox administration to determine the optimal effectiveness and washout duration. Dox was administered at a high dose (500 microg/ml in drinking water) for two days to reach the effective concentration, and then was given at a low dose (20 microg/ml) to maintain effectiveness. This regimen of Dox administration can achieve a quick switch between ON and OFF statuses of tTA-activated gene expression. In addition, administration of Dox to pregnant rats fully suppressed postnatal tTA-activated gene expression in their offspring. Sufficient levels of Dox are present in mother's milk to produce maximal efficacy in nursing neonates. Administration of Dox to pregnant or nursing rats can provide a continual suppression of tTA-dependent gene expression during embryonic and postnatal development. The tTA transgenic rat allows for inducible and reversible gene expression in the rat; this important tool will be valuable in the development of genetic rat models of human diseases.
Effect of pressure on the magnetostructural transition inSrFe2As2 (2008)

We present a systematic pressure study of poly- and single-crystalline ${\text{SrFe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ by electrical-resistivity and x-ray-diffraction measurements. ${\text{SrFe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ exhibits a structural phase transition from a tetragonal to an orthorhombic phase at ${T}_{0}=205\text{ }\text{K}$. The structural phase transition is intimately linked to a spin-density-wave transition taking place at the same temperature. Our pressure experiments show that ${T}_{0}$ shifts to lower temperatures with increasing pressure. We can estimate a critical pressure of 4--5 GPa for the suppression of ${T}_{0}$ to zero temperature. At pressures above 2.5 GPa the resistivity decreases significantly below ${T}_{x}\ensuremath{\approx}40\text{ }\text{K}$, hinting at the emergence of superconductivity, but no zero-resistance state is observed up to 3 GPa.
Plasma characteristics of repetitively-pulsed electrical discharges in saline solutions used for surgical procedures (2002)

Characteristics of plasmas formed by repetitively-pulsed electrical discharges in sodium chloride and barium chloride saline solutions are reported. Spectroscopic observations in conjunction with an analysis of the voltage and current behavior of the discharge lead to a model in which the liquid is vaporized and ionized to form a plasma containing excited water fragments H* and OH* as well as ions and neutrals from the salt. For typical conditions under which plasma is formed, the plasma density is estimated to be of order 10/sup 12/ cm/sup -3/ and the electron temperature about 4 eV.
Expert systems for configuration at Digital: XCON and beyond (1989)

Members of Digital Equipment Corporation's team of expert system experts reflect and recount a decade's worth of lessons learned in designing, and building a core of configuration systems
Frizzled6 controls hair patterning in mice (2004)

Hair whorls and other macroscopic hair patterns are found in a variety of mammalian species, including humans. We show here that Frizzled6 (Fz6), one member of a large family of integral membrane Wnt receptors, controls macroscopic hair patterning in the mouse. Fz6 is expressed in the skin and hair follicles, and targeted deletion of the Fz6 gene produces stereotyped whorls on the hind feet, variable whorls and tufts on the head, and misorientation of hairs on the torso. Embryo chimera experiments imply that Fz6 acts locally to control or propagate the macroscopic hair pattern and that epithelial cells rather than melanocytes are the source of Fz6-dependent signaling. The Fz6 phenotype strongly resembles the wing-hair and bristle patterning defects observed in Drosophila frizzled mutants. These data imply that hair patterning in mammals uses a Fz-dependent tissue polarity system similar to the one that patterns the Drosophila cuticle.
Action of the C3b-Inactivator on Cell-Bound C3b (1979)

The action of C3bINA and beta 1H on cell-bound C3b is described in this paper. The alpha-polypeptide of C3b that binds covalently to cell surfaces is cleaved by the C3bINA and beta 1H into two fragments: one of 60,000 (C3b alpha-60) and another of 40,000 (C3b alpha-40) daltons. The beta-chain of C3b is unaffected by the C3bINA and beta 1H. The three polypeptides, C3b alpha-60, C3b alpha-40, and C3 beta, are held together as a single unit by disulfide bonds. This unit, referred to as C3b' is covalently bound to cell surfaces via the C3b alpha-60 polypeptide. The conversion of C3b to C3b' by C3bINA and beta 1H abolishes the ability of the C3b-bearing cells to adhere to human erythrocytes as well as the ability to form, on the cell surface, the B, D, and properdin-dependent amplification C3-convertase. However, the agglutinability of the cells with either anti-C3c or anti-C3d is not affected. Treatment of the C3b'-bearing cells with trypsin releases fragments of C3b' into solution, leaving a polypeptide of 32,000 daltons covalently linked to the membrane. Since the trypsinized cells are agglutinable by anti-C3d but not by anti-C3c, the 32,000 dalton polypeptide appears to correspond antigenically to C3d.
Feedback From Frontal Cortex May Be a Signature of Consciousness (2011)

In this week's issue of Science , researchers say they have identified a neural signature of consciousness that is present in healthy people and brain-damaged patients who retain some awareness, but not in people who are truly in a vegetative state.
Incorporating Spatial, Temporal, and Social Context in Recommendations for Location-Based Social Networks (2016)

Location-based social networks (LBSNs) such as Foursquare, Brightkite, and Gowalla are a growing area where recommendation algorithms find a practical application. With an ever-increasing variety of venues to choose from deciding on a destination can be overwhelming. Recommenders aid their users in the decision-making process by providing a list of locations likely to be relevant to the user's needs and interests. Traditional collaborative filtering algorithms consider relationships between users and locations, finding users to be similar only if their location histories overlap. However, the availability of spatial, temporal, and social information in an LBSN offers an opportunity to improve the quality of a recommendation engine. Social network data allows us to connect users who can directly influence each other's decisions. Temporal data allows us to account for the drifting preferences of users, giving more weight to recent location visits over historical selections, and taking advantages of repetitive behaviors. Spatial information allows us to focus recommendations on locations close to the user, keeping our recommendations relevant as a user travels. We introduce a novel approach to incorporate spatial, temporal, and social context into a traditional collaborative filtering algorithm. We evaluate our method on data sets collected from three LBSNs, and demonstrate that our approach is at the least competitive with existing state-of-the-art location recommenders.
Age‐related cortical grey matter reductions in non‐demented Down’s syndrome adults determined by MRI with voxel‐based morphometry (2004)

Ageing in Down's syndrome is accompanied by amyloid and neurofibrillary pathology the distribution of which replicates pathological features of Alzheimer's disease. With advancing age, an increasing proportion of Down's syndrome subjects >40 years old develop progressive cognitive impairment, resembling the cognitive profile of Alzheimer's disease. Based on these findings, Down's syndrome has been proposed as a model to study the predementia stages of Alzheimer's disease. Using an interactive anatomical segmentation technique and volume-of-interest measurements of MRI, we showed recently that non-demented Down's syndrome adults had significantly reduced hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and corpus callosum sizes with increasing age. In this study, we applied the automated and objective technique of voxel-based morphometry, implemented in SPM99, to the analysis of structural MRI from 27 non-demented Down's syndrome adults (mean age 41.1 years, 15 female). Regional grey matter volume was decreased with advancing age in bilateral parietal cortex (mainly the precuneus and inferior parietal lobule), bilateral frontal cortex with left side predominance (mainly middle frontal gyrus), left occipital cortex (mainly lingual cortex), right precentral and left postcentral gyrus, left transverse temporal gyrus, and right parahippocampal gyrus. The reductions were unrelated to gender, intracranial volume or general cognitive function. Grey matter volume was relatively preserved in subcortical nuclei, periventricular regions, the basal surface of the brain (bilateral orbitofrontal and anterior temporal) and the anterior cingulate gyrus. Our findings suggest grey matter reductions in allocortex and association neocortex in the predementia stage of Down's syndrome. The most likely substrate of these changes is alterations or loss of allocortical and neocortical neurons due to Alzheimer's disease-type pathology.
miR-96 functions as a tumor suppressor gene by targeting NUAK1 in pancreatic cancer (2014)

microRNA-96 (miR-96) is known to be downregulated in pancreatic cancer. The overexpression of miR-96 in MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation, migration and invasion; however, the mechanisms involved have not yet been fully elucidated. Novel (nua) kinase family 1 (NUAK1) functions as an oncogene in non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), melanoma, glioma, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and pancreatic cancer. In this study, firstly, we demonstrate that NUAK1 expression is specifically upregulated in pancreatic cancer and that it promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells. Secondly, we performed an analysis of potential microRNA (miRNA) target sites using three commonly used prediction algorithms: miRanda, TargetScan and PicTar. All three algorithms predicted that miR-96 targets the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of NUAK1. Further experiments confirmed this prediction, namely that miR-96 suppresses the expression of NUAK1 by targeting its 3' UTR. Finally, we demonstrate that the introduction of NUAK1 cDNA lacking predicted sites of the 3' UTR abrogates miR-96 cellular function.
4,4&prime;-Dihydroxybiphenyl as a New Potent Tyrosinase Inhibitor (2005)

The color of mammalian skin is determined by many factors, for which visible ones are the degree and distribution of melanin pigmentation. Because tyrosinase, (polyphenol oxidase) is the key enzyme for melanin biosynthesis, the use of various tyrosinase inhibitors is a common practice for whitening purpose in cosmetics. In the present study, the inhibition of tyrosinase by 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl (44'-BP) was investigated. In addition to tyrosinase inhibiting activity, melanin biosynthesis was assessed in B16F10 melanoma cells (B16 cells). The results showed that 44'-BP exhibits a strong anti-tyrosinase activity with IC50=1.91 microM. The kinetic analysis of tyrosinase inhibition revealed that 44'-BP acts a competitive inhibitor (Ki=4.0 x 10(-4) M at 2.5 microM and Ki =21 x 10(-5) M at 5 microM). Furthermore, data on melanin biosynthesis indicated that the amount of melanin was clearly suppressed by 44'-BP.
A Dominant-negative Gα Mutant That Traps a Stable Rhodopsin-Gα-GTP-βγ Complex (2011)

Residues comprising the guanine nucleotide-binding sites of the α subunits of heterotrimeric (large) G-proteins (Gα subunits), as well as the Ras-related (small) G-proteins, are highly conserved. This is especially the case for the phosphate-binding loop (P-loop) where both Gα subunits and Ras-related G-proteins have a conserved serine or threonine residue. Substitutions for this residue in Ras and related (small) G-proteins yield nucleotide-depleted, dominant-negative mutants. Here we have examined the consequences of changing the conserved serine residue in the P-loop to asparagine, within a chimeric Gα subunit (designated αT*) that is mainly comprised of the α subunit of the retinal G-protein transducin and a limited region from the α subunit of Gi1. The αT*(S43N) mutant exhibits a significantly higher rate of intrinsic GDP-GTP exchange compared with wild-type αT*, with light-activated rhodopsin (R*) causing only a moderate increase in the kinetics of nucleotide exchange on αT*(S43N). The αT*(S43N) mutant, when bound to either GDP or GTP, was able to significantly slow the rate of R*-catalyzed GDP-GTP exchange on wild-type αT*. Thus, GTP-bound αT*(S43N), as well as the GDP-bound mutant, is capable of forming a stable complex with R*. αT*(S43N) activated the cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) with a dose-response similar to wild-type αT*. Activation of the PDE by αT*(S43N) was unaffected if either R* or β1γ1 alone was present, whereas it was inhibited when R* and the β1γ1 subunit were added together. Overall, our studies suggest that the S43N substitution on αT* stabilizes an intermediate on the G-protein activation pathway consisting of an activated G-protein-coupled receptor, a GTP-bound Gα subunit, and the β1γ1 complex.
TEER Measurement Techniques for In Vitro Barrier Model Systems (2015)

Transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) is a widely accepted quantitative technique to measure the integrity of tight junction dynamics in cell culture models of endothelial and epithelial monolayers. TEER values are strong indicators of the integrity of the cellular barriers before they are evaluated for transport of drugs or chemicals. TEER measurements can be performed in real time without cell damage and generally are based on measuring ohmic resistance or measuring impedance across a wide spectrum of frequencies. The measurements for various cell types have been reported with commercially available measurement systems and also with custom-built microfluidic implementations. Some of the barrier models that have been widely characterized using TEER include the blood-brain barrier (BBB), gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and pulmonary models. Variations in these values can arise due to factors such as temperature, medium formulation, and passage number of cells. The aim of this article is to review the different TEER measurement techniques and analyze their strengths and weaknesses, determine the significance of TEER in drug toxicity studies, examine the various in vitro models and microfluidic organs-on-chips implementations using TEER measurements in some widely studied barrier models (BBB, GI tract, and pulmonary), and discuss the various factors that can affect TEER measurements.
Packed Red Cell Transfusions - Improved Survival,Quality and Storage (1977)

Various anticoagulant-preservative solutions were investigated with a view to determining which would give optimal shelf life of packed cells. Satisfactory 24-hour post-transfusion survival (>70%) after 28-day storage was obtained with citrate phosphate 277 mM dextrose, 0.25 mM adenine (CP2 x D-adenine). After addition of a rejuvenating electrolyte solution through a multiple closed plastic pack system, there was further improvement in viability, oxygen delivery capacity and metabolic activity of stored erythrocytes, with reduction in both plasma potassium and microaggregate numbers. No untoward reactions were observed during or after transfusion of 440 units of rejuvenated blood.
Mesothelioma and lung tumors attributable to asbestos among petroleum workers (2000)

Results reveal a consistency between the two studies and show that 96-100% of the mesotheliomas and 42-49% of the lung tumors arising among maintenance workers were attributable to asbestos exposure. Our new analysis, estimating two cases of asbestos-related lung cancer for each case of mesothelioma, confirms published findings on the magnitude of asbestos-related tumors in oil refineries.
Two-dimensional tungsten photonic crystals as selective thermal emitters (2008)

This paper presents theory, design, fabrication, and optical characterization of two-dimensional (2D) tungsten (W) photonic crystals (PhC) as selective thermal emitters. We use the photonic band gap of a 2D W PhC, radiating out of a plane of periodicity, to design a selective infrared thermal radiation source that exhibits close to blackbody emittance near the the band gap wavelength and relatively sharp cutoff for wavelengths above the band gap. In addition, we present simple design rules and detailed simulation results for several representative geometries. Microfabrication steps are also presented. Finally, we present detailed experimental results of the optical characterization of three fabricated prototypes that exhibit good agreement with simulation results.
Performance of a New Hybrid Artificial Liver Support System Using Hepatocytes Entrapped Within a Hydrogel (1989)

To develop a hybrid artificial liver support system (ALSS), the authors constructed a rotating-disk type ALSS using hepatocytes entrapped within a calcium alginate hydrogel. This module was designed in imitation of the gas-liquid contactor that uses the same principle. Forty disks with film-shaped hydrogel were mounted to a horizontal rotating axis and were kept in contact with blood. The concentration of hepatocytes in the gel varied from 1.9 ± 109 to 1.7 ± 1010 cells/L gel. Entrapping hepatocytes within hydrogel kept the hepatocytes viable, and results of in vitro experiments showed ammonium metabolism and urea synthesis. The results of ex vivo perfusion experiments using cats with acute hepatic insufficiency indicated that this module had the ability to replace liver function in vivo.
Local and systemic eosinophilia in patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with and without polyposis (2003)

Eosinophils play a key role in the pathophysiology of sinonasal polyposis; their role in chronic rhinosinusitis without polyposis is less clear. To investigate this further, we biopsied diseased sinonasal tissue from 116 patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery and normal nasal mucosa from 24 controls. The patients were grouped, according to the nasal endoscopic appearance of their disease, into four clinical groups: chronic rhinosinusitis with no polyps, grade 1 polyps, grade 2 polyps, and grade 3 polyps. We also measured the peripheral blood eosinophil count. Histological analysis of the inflammatory cell content of the biopsies was carried out. The percentage of eosinophils in tissue from each of the clinical groups was significantly higher than that from the controls. There was no significant difference between the percentage of eosinophils in any of the clinical groups, but a trend. Peripheral eosinophil count increased with increasing severity of nasal disease.
Using redundancy to improve robustness of distributed mechanism implementations (2003)

This paper introduces computation compatibility and communication compatibility as requirements for a distributed mechanism implementation. Just as payments are used to create incentive compatible mechanisms, some technique must be used to create computation/communication compatible mechanisms. This paper explores computation redundancy and communication redundancy as two such techniques. This paper uses interdomain routing as an example domain, and considers where redundancy can succeed and fail in addressing cheating with respect to computation and communication.