gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enzymes as biocatalysts in the modification of natural lipids (1999)

Though designed by nature to effect hydrolysis of lipids, lipases can, under appropriate reaction conditions, promote ester formation through reaction of acids and alcohols (esterification) or of esters with acids (acidolysis), alcohols (alcoholysis), or other esters (interesterification). Compared with chemical processes already carried out on an industrial scale enzymic reactions occur under milder (and ‘greener’) conditions though they may take longer. Of greater significance is the specificity shown by the enzymes which permits the formation of lipid derivatives not easily prepared by conventional laboratory procedures. This review describes the lipases and their various specificities and reports on their use in hydrolysis and in the production of phospholipids, fatty acids, alkyl esters, mono- and di-acylglycerols, triacylglycerols, other esters, and amides. Some of these have already led to marketable products but for the most part the full potential of these reactions has yet to be realised. The reactions of other enzymes promoting interesting reactions at unsaturated centres are also described. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Catalytic C–H oxidation by a triazamacrocyclic ruthenium complex (2012)

A method for oxygenation of tertiary and benzylic C–H bonds is described that uses 1–10 mol% (1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclo-nonane)ruthenium(III) trichloride as catalyst and ceric (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) as the terminal oxidant. The reaction is conveniently performed in aqueous solvent mixtures on substrates bearing a number of common, polar functional groups. The scope and efficiency of this process are comparable or superior to other known catalytic C–H oxidation technologies. Chemoselectivity trends and kinetic isotope effect data implicate a stepwise, radical-rebound mechanism for this transformation.
Roles and interactions among protease-activated receptors and P2ry12 in hemostasis and thrombosis (2010)

Toward understanding their redundancies and interactions in hemostasis and thrombosis, we examined the roles of thrombin receptors (protease-activated receptors, PARs) and the ADP receptor P2RY12 (purinergic receptor P2Y G protein-coupled 12) in human and mouse platelets ex vivo and in mouse models. Par3(-/-) and Par4(+/-) mouse platelets showed partially decreased responses to thrombin, resembling those in PAR1 antagonist-treated human platelets. P2ry12(+/-) mouse platelets showed partially decreased responses to ADP, resembling those in clopidogrel-treated human platelets. Par3(-/-) mice showed nearly complete protection against carotid artery thrombosis caused by low FeCl(3) injury. Par4(+/-) and P2ry12(+/-) mice showed partial protection. Increasing FeCl(3) injury abolished such protection; combining partial attenuation of thrombin and ADP signaling, as in Par3(-/-):P2ry12(+/-) mice, restored it. Par4(-/-) mice, which lack platelet thrombin responses, showed still better protection. Our data suggest that (i) the level of thrombin driving platelet activation and carotid thrombosis was low at low levels of arterial injury and increased along with the contribution of thrombin-independent pathways of platelet activation with increasing levels of injury; (ii) although P2ry12 acts downstream of PARs to amplify platelet responses to thrombin ex vivo, P2ry12 functioned in thrombin/PAR-independent pathways in our in vivo models; and (iii) P2ry12 signaling was more important than PAR signaling in hemostasis models; the converse was noted for arterial thrombosis models. These results make predictions being tested by ongoing human trials and suggest hypotheses for new antithrombotic strategies.
High and Reversible Ammonia Uptake in Mesoporous Azolate Metal–Organic Frameworks with Open Mn, Co, and Ni Sites (2016)

A series of new mesoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) made from extended bisbenzenetriazolate linkers exhibit coordinatively unsaturated metal sites that are responsible for high and reversible uptake of ammonia. Isostructural Mn, Co, and Ni materials adsorb 15.47, 12.00, and 12.02 mmol of NH3/g, respectively, at STP. Importantly, these near-record capacities are reversible for at least three cycles. These results demonstrate that azolate MOFs are sufficiently thermally and chemically stable to find uses in recyclable sorption, storage, and potentially separation of chemically challenging and/or corrosive gases, especially when designed to exhibit a high density of open metal sites.
A new device for measuring density of jaw bones. (2002)

Normal human bone density is 1.85 (g/cm(3)), and this densitometer is useful for determination of material densities from 1.304 (g/cm(3)) to 1.882 (g/cm(3)). The device may be useful for precise bone density assessment.
Isolation and long-term cultivation of human corneal endothelial cells. (1988)

Human corneal endothelial cells (HCEC) were isolated by means of enzymatic treatment of excised corneas. The corneas were incubated for 1.5 hr together with a high concentration of collagenase (0.5%), followed by a long-term incubation (up to 16 hr) using a low concentration of the enzyme (0.04%). Endothelial cells were enriched against contaminating fibroblasts by using a selective L-valine-free medium which inhibited fibroblast growth during the first passages. Subcultures of HCEC were passaged for more than 20 generations without showing signs of senescence. Laminin and chondroitin sulfate functioned as a substrate for HCEC, promoting proliferation and allowing the cells to grow in monolayer formation. The inclusion of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) as well as chondroitin sulfate in the medium led to an additional increase in the rate of proliferation.
Gene therapy for severe combined immunodeficiencies (2005)

Severe combined immune deficiencies (SCIDs) are a group of monogenic diseases resulting in profound disturbances of lymphocyte development and function. Affected individuals are prone to life-threatening infections and without treatment do not survive beyond the first year of life. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a well-matched donor offers high rates of survival, but in the absence of a suitable matched donor, parental haploidentical transplants are associated with greater complications, lower success rates and in some instances poor long-term immune recovery. Alternative therapeutic options based on correction of the defective gene by retroviral gene delivery have been used to correct X-linked SCID (SCID-X1) and adenosine deaminase-deficient SCID (ADA-SCID). A number of clinical trials have established that ex vivo gene transfer into haematopoietic progenitor cells allows effective recovery of immune defects and that gene therapy can offer a successful alternative to transplantation. The development of leukaemia as a result of insertional mutagenesis in one trial of gene therapy for SCID-X1 has raised concerns regarding the toxicity of retroviral vector-based gene delivery. These side effects are now being studied in detail and measures to prevent such events through alternative vectors delivery systems are in development at present.
The Role of Laminin in Cancer Invasion and Metastasis (1989)

Laminin, a basement membrane glycoprotein, has been implicated in a number of stages in tumour invasion and metastasis. In addition to its roles in cell adhesion and migration, laminin may be important in mediating interactions of tumour cells with the immune system and have more subtle roles in controlling metastatic behaviour. Recent work on the prognostic significance of laminin and the possible role of the molecule in antimetastasis therapy will also be discussed.
DHEA and DHEA‐S: A Review (1999)

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfated metabolite DHEA-S are endogenous hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH). Much has been published regarding potential effects on various systems. Despite the identification of DHEA and DHEA-S more than 50 years ago, there is still considerable controversy as to their biological significance. This article reviews the metabolism and physiology of DHEA and DHEA-S, the influence of age and gender on concentrations, and changes in endogenous concentrations associated with disease states and other factors, including diet and exercise. This article is unique in that it also summarizes the influence of drugs on DHEA and DHEA-S concentrations, as well as concentrations of DHEA and DHEA-S observed after the administration of DHEA by various routes. Sections of the article specifically address DHEA and DHEA-S concentrations as they relate to stress, central nervous system function and psychiatric disorders, insulin sensitivity, immunological function, and cardiovascular disorders.
Comparison of Chromogens for the Determination of Horseradish Peroxidase as a Marker in Enzyme Immunoassay (1981)

Article Comparison of Chromogens for the Determination of Horseradish Peroxidase as a Marker in Enzyme Immunoassay was published on January 1, 1981 in the journal Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) (volume 19, issue 7).
Fibroblast growth factor 23 impairs phosphorus and vitamin D metabolism in vivo and suppresses 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase expression in vitro (2007)

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) is critical to the pathogenesis of a distinct group of renal phosphate wasting disorders: tumor-induced osteomalacia, X-linked hypophosphatemia, and autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets. Excess circulating FGF-23 is responsible for their major phenotypic features which include hypophosphatemia due to renal phosphate wasting and inappropriately low serum 1,25(OH)2D concentrations. To characterize the effects of FGF-23 on renal sodium-phosphate (Na/P(i)) cotransport and vitamin D metabolism, we administered FGF-23(R176Q) to normal mice. A single injection (0.33 microg/g body wt) induced significant hypophosphatemia, 20 and 29% decreases (P < 0.001) in brush-border membrane (BBM) Na/Pi cotransport at 5 and 17 h after injection, respectively, and comparable decreases in the abundance of type IIa Na/P(i) cotransporter protein in BBM. Multiple injections (6, 12, and 24 mug/day for 4 days) induced dose-dependent decreases (38, 63, and 75%, respectively) in renal abundance of 1alpha-hydroxylase mRNA (P < 0.05). To determine whether FGF-23(R176Q) exerts a direct action on 1alpha-hydroxylase gene expression, we examined its effects in cultured human (HKC-8) and mouse (MCT) renal proximal tubule cells. FGF-23(R176Q) (1 to 10 ng/ml) induced a dose-dependent decrease in 1alpha-hydroxylase mRNA with a maximum suppression of 37% (P < 0.05). Suppression was detectable after 6 h of exposure and maximal after 21 h. In MCT cells, FGF-23(R176Q) suppressed 1alpha-hydroxylase mRNA and activated the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. The MAPK inhibitor PD98059 effectively abolished FGF-23-induced suppression of 1alpha-hydroxylase mRNA by blocking signal transduction via ERK1/2. These novel findings provide evidence that FGF-23 directly regulates renal 1alpha-hydroxylase gene expression via activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
Anisotropic Electrical Transport Properties of Aligned Carbon Nanotube/PMMA Films Obtained by Electric‐Field‐Assisted Thermal Annealing (2008)

Abstract This paper demonstrates how the electric‐field‐assisted thermal annealing of octadecylamine‐functionalized SWNT/PMMA films induces an increase in the composite transversal conductivity of several orders of magnitude and a decrease in the lateral conductivity. This difference has been rationalized in terms of the nanotube alignment into the polymer matrix along the electric field direction. This result provides an initial understanding of how electric fields can be used to control the bulk physical properties of such nanocomposites. magnified image
Multi-channel fiber photometry for population neuronal activity recording (2015)

Fiber photometry has become increasingly popular among neuroscientists as a convenient tool for the recording of genetically defined neuronal population in behaving animals. Here, we report the development of the multi-channel fiber photometry system to simultaneously monitor neural activities in several brain areas of an animal or in different animals. In this system, a galvano-mirror modulates and cyclically couples the excitation light to individual multimode optical fiber bundles. A single photodetector collects excited light and the configuration of fiber bundle assembly and the scanner determines the total channel number. We demonstrated that the system exhibited negligible crosstalk between channels and optical signals could be sampled simultaneously with a sample rate of at least 100 Hz for each channel, which is sufficient for recording calcium signals. Using this system, we successfully recorded GCaMP6 fluorescent signals from the bilateral barrel cortices of a head-restrained mouse in a dual-channel mode, and the orbitofrontal cortices of multiple freely moving mice in a triple-channel mode. The multi-channel fiber photometry system would be a valuable tool for simultaneous recordings of population activities in different brain areas of a given animal and different interacting individuals.
E1A-mediated paclitaxel sensitization in HER-2/neu-overexpressing ovarian cancer SKOV3.ip1 through apoptosis involving the caspase-3 pathway. (2000)

HER-2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer cells are more resistant to the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel (Taxol) than low-HER-2/neu-expressing breast cancer cells, and the adenoviral type 5 EIA can down-regulate HER-2/neu overexpression. Therefore, in this study, we asked (a) whether EIA might sensitize response to paclitaxel in human HER-2/neu-overexpressing ovarian cancer cells, and, if so, what is the mechanism responsible; and (b) whether this enhanced chemosensitivity would translate into a therapeutic effect in an ovarian cancer xenograft model. Consequently, we demonstrated that: (a) adenovirus type 5 E1A could enhance the sensitivity of paclitaxel in paclitaxel-resistant HER-2/neu-overexpressing human ovarian cancer cells in vitro by inducing apoptosis, (b) this induction was heavily dependent on activation of the caspase-3 pathway, and (c) nude mice bearing i.p. HER-2/neu-overexpressing human ovarian cancer cells and treated with both paclitaxel and E1A gene therapy survived significantly longer than did mice treated only with paclitaxel or E1A gene therapy. Thus, we concluded that the E1A gene enhanced both the in vitro and in vivo sensitivity of paclitaxel in paclitaxel-resistant HER-2/ neu-overexpressing ovarian cancer SKOV3.ipl cells. Because a Phase I clinical trial using E1A gene targeted to HER-2/neu down-regulation has recently been completed, the current study also provided a scientific basis to further develop a novel therapy that combines paclitaxel and E1A gene therapy and its testing in a Phase II trial.
Immunochemical characterization of variable epitopes of outer membrane protein P2 of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (1991)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were elicited to the nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae variants d1 to d4, which differ in the outer membrane protein P2 to analyze the immunological properties of the variable parts of this protein. Five MAbs reacted in a whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) only with the homologous strain and in some cases with its variants, but not with 69 unrelated nonencapsulated H. influenzae isolates; nine MAbs also reacted with some other H. influenzae isolates, and four MAbs showed broad cross-reactivity. All of the MAbs reacted with purified protein P2 in ELISAs and immunoblotting. The five MAbs which reacted with the homologous strain d3 and not with the variants d1, d2, and d4 promoted complement-dependent bactericidal activity against strain d3. These and four other MAbs reacted with the intact bacteria of strain d3 in immunogold electron microscopy, indicating that they were directed against surface-exposed epitopes of outer membrane protein P2. A mutant of strain d3 was isolated as a survivor from bacterial killing by complement and MAb 30DA5. This mutant had an altered P2 protein on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and had lost its reactivity with all of the five H. influenzae d3-specific MAbs but not with the other MAbs. From these results, we conclude that the variable parts of outer membrane protein P2 of nonencapsulated H. influenzae from the sputum of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are immunogenic and mostly surface exposed. Only strain-specific MAbs promoted complement-dependent killing of the bacteria, which was abolished in a spontaneous mutant with an altered P2 protein.
Heteroduplex analysis of VDJ amplified segments from rearranged IgH genes for clonality assessments in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A comparison between different strategies. (1999)

We conclude that AgNO(3) stained PAGE after heteroduplex analysis is the most suitable strategy for detecting monoclonal rearrangements in B-NHL samples because it does not produce false-positive results and the risk of false-negative results is very low.
Design Guidance for Application of Permeable Barriers to Remediate Dissolved Chlorinated Solvents (1997)

Abstract : Battelle, under contract to the Air Force, has prepared a design guidance document for the proposed use of site managers, contractors, and regulators. The design guidance covers permeable barrier application to sites contaminated with dissolved chlorinated solvents in groundwater. The document does not purport to replace the scientific judgment of the on-site engineer or hydrogeologist, but provides guidance on the issues and options that need to be considered based on the current understanding of the technology. The guidance addresses design, emplacement, and monitoring of permeable barriers in various hydrogeologic settings. The Remediation Technologies Development Forum's Permeable Barriers Work Group and the Interstate Technology and Regulatory Cooperation Group provided advisory support during the preparation of this document.
Titanium‐Salan‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Oxidation of Sulfides and Kinetic Resolution of Sulfoxides with H2O2 as the Oxidant (2008)

Abstract Asymmetric oxidation of sufides to sulfoxides by aqueous hydrogen peroxide with catalysis by titanium‐salan complexes is presented. Optically active sulfoxides have been obtained with good to high enantioselectivities (up to 97 % ee ) by a tandem enantioselective oxidation and kinetic resolution procedure, the catalyst performing over 500 turnovers with no loss of enantioselectivity.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Pharmacokinetics and radiation dosimetry of 99Tcm-labelled monoclonal antibody B43.13 in ovarian cancer patients (1997)

OVAREX MAb B43.13 is a new radiopharmaceutical based on a monoclonal antibody (MAb-B43.13) known to recognize CA 125, a tumour antigen associated with epithelial ovarian cancer. This MAb is capable of facile radiolabelling with 99Tcm and has been shown previously to localize in the tumours of ovarian cancer patients. The present study was initiated to measure the pharmacokinetics of this MAb in the serum of 10 patients with primary or metastatic ovarian cancer. A two-compartment model was found to be best at representing the biodistribution of the 99Tcm-labelled MAb, yielding a 2.6 h distribution phase half-life and a 31.3 h elimination phase half-life. The serum and renal clearances for 99Tcm-MAb-B43.13 were 121 and 53 ml h-1 respectively. These parameters were compared with a similar model developed from the serum values of the MAb itself (determined using an ELISA detection method). Based on the serum pharmacokinetics of 99Tcm-MAb-B43.13 and whole-body planar gamma camera images, an estimate of the radiation dose from 99Tcm was calculated using standard MIRD schema. The organs demonstrating significant 99Tcm uptake included the liver, kidneys, heart and spleen. The whole-body dose was similar to other 99Tcm-labelled MAbs.
Adhesion energy of thin collagen coatings and titanium (1999)

A polystyrene sphere coated with a thin, smooth titanium film was brought into contact with a monomeric collagen film spin-coated on a titanium substrate. The adhesion energies of the collagen monomers and the titanium were calculated from adhesion force measurements by means of atomic force microscopy. The cantilevers were modified with polystyrene spheres of different size (R=0.5 and 4.5 μm) by using a novel preparation technique. Modelling the contact mechanism, the Johnson, Kendall and Roberts model yields the best fit to the results and was therefore used to evaluate the adhesion energy. For the titanium–collagen monomer contact an adhesion energy of 56 mJ m −2 has been determined. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 (eIF2) Signaling Regulates Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression and Bacterial Invasion (2012)

In eukaryotic cells, there are two well characterized pathways that regulate translation initiation in response to stress, and each have been shown to be targeted by various viruses. We recently showed in a yeast-based model that the bacterial virulence factor YopJ disrupts one of these pathways, which is centered on the α-subunit of the translation factor eIF2. Here, we show in mammalian cells that induction of the eIF2 signaling pathway occurs following infection with bacterial pathogens and that, consistent with our yeast-based findings, YopJ reduces eIF2 signaling in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, heavy metal toxicity, dsRNA, and bacterial infection. We demonstrate that the well documented activities of YopJ, inhibition of NF-κB activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression, are both dependent on an intact eIF2 signaling pathway. Unexpectedly, we found that cells with defective eIF2 signaling were more susceptible to bacterial invasion. This was true for pathogenic Yersinia, a facultative intracellular pathogen, as well as for the intracellular pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Chlamydia trachomatis. Collectively, our data indicate that the highly conserved eIF2 signaling pathway, which is vitally important for antiviral responses, plays a variety of heretofore unrecognized roles in antibacterial responses.