gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Treatment strategies for premenstrual syndrome. (1998)

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to a group of menstrually related disorders. Premenstrual symptoms sufficient to impair daily activity and relationships are estimated to occur in up to 40 percent of women of reproductive age, with 5 percent of these women having severe impairment. Although no single causative factor has been identified, PMS is related to ovulatory cycles and resolves at menopause. A specific diagnostic test for PMS does not exist. Treatment is based on the symptoms. Oral contraceptive agents, diuretics and antidepressants have been used successfully to relieve symptoms. Cognitive therapy may help the patient develop appropriate ways to cope with the obstacles, frustrations and discomforts of daily life. Although dietary deficiencies may be difficult to demonstrate, nutritional supplementation may result in significant improvement. Various treatments, including progesterone supplementation, vitamin B6 in high doses, alprazolam and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, are generally not recommended. A comprehensive treatment plan that encourages a healthy lifestyle may relieve symptoms in most women.
Transillumination fluorescence imaging in mice using biocompatible upconverting nanoparticles (2009)

We report on a systematic study of upconverting fluorescence signal generation within turbid phantoms and real tissues. An accurate three-point Green's function, describing the forward model of photon propagation, is established and experimentally validated. We further demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, autofluorescence-free transillumination imaging of mice that have received biocompatible upconverting nanoparticles. The method holds great promise for artifact-free whole-body visualization of optical molecular probes.
Re-formation of disulphide bonds in reduced antithrombin III (1990)

Human antithrombin III (AT-III) contains three disulphide linkages (Cys-8-Cys-128, Cys-21-Cys-95 and Cys-247-Cys-430), and two of them (Cys-8-Cys-128 and Cys-21-Cys-95) are situated near the heparin-binding domain of the inhibitor. We demonstrate in this paper that: (i) partially reduced AT-III (with Cys-8-Cys-128 and Cys-21-Cys-95 quantitatively reduced) could be re-oxidized in air to regain 70-80% of its heparin cofactor activity and thrombin-inhibitory activity; (ii) completely reduced AT-III was re-oxidized under similar conditions and recovered 30-35% of it biological activities. Structural analysis of refolded AT-IIIs indicates that restorations of their disulphide contents and conformations (evaluated by chemical modification) are congruent with recoveries of their biological activities.
Adrenocortical Steroids and the Brain (1987)

In summary, a wide variety of effects of adrenal steroids on the brain have been reported and have been recently and exhaustively reviewed. From the viewpoint of endocrine physiology, however, what is often forgotten is the extraordinary difference in signal level between the two unique products of the adrenal cortex, the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid hormones. Levels of cortisol or corticosterone are 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than those of aldosterone, a difference that is tempered by perhaps one order of magnitude by the much higher binding of glucocorticoids to plasma protein. The signal-detecting mechanisms for the lower-intensity signal, i.e. the mineralocorticoid receptor, must therefore have powerful specificity-conferring mechanisms to enable it to recognize, bind, and respond to aldosterone. In vitro studies from a number of laboratories have shown that Type I receptors, in both classic mineralocorticoid target tissues (kidney, parotid, gut) and nontarget tissues (pituitary, hippocampus), cannot distinguish between aldosterone and corticosterone. This finding highlights the problem of aldosterone-selectivity in the kidney (Na+ transport) or the brain (Na+ appetite). In vivo studies, in contrast, show that corticosterone is very poorly taken up and/or retained in kidney, colon, parotid, and pituitary (but not in hippocampus) in mature and 10-day-old (minimal transcortin) rats, whereas aldosterone is well taken up and/or retained by all tissues, evidence for tissue-specific aldosterone selectivity in vivo. Two nonexclusive (i.e. possibly additive) models for such aldosterone selectivity are proposed, one "prebinding" and the other "postbinding". Both models accommodate the experimental findings of the nonselectivity of cytosol preparations in vitro and the stringent specificity seen in in vivo receptor and effector studies. In any real sense, the action of adrenal steroids on the brain is still largely an area of unconnected phenomenology, despite the efforts of a number of talented individuals and groups over the past two decades. Without descriptions of phenomena, even of the most basic ablation and replacement type, we have no chance of making physiological statements. It is equally important, in the attempt to make a coherent physiology, to erect a scaffolding of hypothesis that can be tested against the existing experimental findings and that can serve to suggest further studies in a logical sequence. These hypotheses themselves, and the models used to reify them, may be validated, altered, or rejected by the studies over the next few years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
An IL-27/NFIL3 signalling axis drives Tim-3 and IL-10 expression and T-cell dysfunction (2015)

The inhibitory receptor T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3) has emerged as a critical regulator of the T-cell dysfunction that develops in chronic viral infections and cancers. However, little is known regarding the signalling pathways that drive Tim-3 expression. Here, we demonstrate that interleukin (IL)-27 induces nuclear factor, interleukin 3 regulated (NFIL3), which promotes permissive chromatin remodelling of the Tim-3 locus and induces Tim-3 expression together with the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. We further show that the IL-27/NFIL3 signalling axis is crucial for the induction of Tim-3 in vivo. IL-27-conditioned T helper 1 cells exhibit reduced effector function and are poor mediators of intestinal inflammation. This inhibitory effect is NFIL3 dependent. In contrast, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes from IL-27R(-/-) mice exhibit reduced NFIL3, less Tim-3 expression and failure to develop dysfunctional phenotype, resulting in better tumour growth control. Thus, our data identify an IL-27/NFIL3 signalling axis as a key regulator of effector T-cell responses via induction of Tim-3, IL-10 and T-cell dysfunction.
Summary of productive landscapes in China and foreign countries. (2012)

The productive landscapes originated from the productive activities of human society.As the development of human civilization,the productive landscapes play important roles not only in the production,but also in the entertainment,aesthetic and intellective education,ecological restoration and protection,which are gradually known and used by the people.This paper looked back the origin of the productive landscapes at home and abroad,compared the characteristics of productive landscapes between China and foreign countries,and probed into the limitation of the current productive landscapes in China.
The heat shock protein amplifier arimoclomol improves refolding, maturation and lysosomal activity of glucocerebrosidase (2018)

The research was funded by Orphazyme A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Reduction of Myocardial Scar Size after Implantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Rats: What Is the Mechanism? (2005)

The use of a cellular therapy offers a promising approach for the treatment of heart disease. Besides other precursor cells, bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells were discovered that migrate into ischemic myocardium and participate in myogenesis as well as angiogenesis. A subpopulation of those are the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), which may be potential candidates for repairing ischemic heart tissue. MSC are easy to prepare and can be used in an autologous strategy. Here we demonstrate the effect of transplanted MSC in our autologous rat model of myocardial injury. BM was isolated from tibiae and femurs of Wistar rats. After 24 h, the adhering MSC were separated, expanded, retrovirally transduced using green fluorescent protein (GFP), and cloned. A cryo-infarct was generated in the rat hearts, and immediately after this the cells were injected into the border zone of the lesion. After a 10-week follow up, the hearts were excised and the myocardial scar areas were measured using computer-guided morphometry. When comparing transplanted rats (n = 8) with control animals (n = 5) treated rats demonstrated a significant reduction in the width (p < 0.05) of the myocardial scar area. The depth of the scars of the cell therapy rats was less extended (p > 0.05) and the myocardium of these animals was thicker than in the controls (p > 0.05). Immunohistochemical analyses revealed neither evidence of MSC transdifferentiation into cardiomyocytes, nor could an increased neovascularization be found. In conclusion, MSC are responsible for a remarkable reduction of the myocardial scar size in the treated animals. But, whether this strategy is directly transferable to the patient suffering from heart disease has to be determined. In addition, the mechanism by which MSC act in the ischemic heart remains to be determined.
Discovery of Type IV Collagen Non-collagenous Domains as Novel Integrin Ligands and Endogenous Inhibitors of Angiogenesis (2002)

Type IV collagen is a major constituent of all mammalian basement membranes, including basement membranes of the vasculature. Type IV collagen is an ancientmatrix scaffold, and it is one of the two collagens presentin Caenorhabditis elegans and thus is ~600 million yearsold. Type IV collagen forms a spider web-like suprastructure that interacts with other components ofmolecules such as laminins, perlecans, and nidogen (entactin) to form a highly cross-linked and insoluble basement membrane usually present on the basolateral aspectof various cells. Type IV collagen interacts with cells viaadhesion molecules such as integrins, and these interactions are considered important for establishing a productive cell–matrix interaction and subsequent intracellularsignaling. The significance of type IV collagen in the regulation of angiogenesis has been studied for more than 15years now, and whereas the original work focused on positive regulation, in recent years, type IV collagen hasbeen identified as an important negative regulator of angiogenesis, potentially mediated by integrins. Degradation of type IV collagen can occur during various physiological and pathological processes that generate smallercollagen-derived fragments. These degradation fragments are likely involved in bioactivities differing fromtheir original intact type IV collagen molecule. This review highlights the properties of type IV collagen degradation products and, in particular, describes the discoveries of arresten, canstatin, and tumstatin as novel integrinligands and inhibitors of angiogenesis...
Providing for the Future: Labor's Economic Reform Agenda (2004)

Australia now needs a new economic reform agenda, incorporating national savings, investment, population policy, early intervention and environmental sustainability. We need an agenda that can deliver not only prosperity, but prosperity with a purpose. This article provides Labor's economic reform agenda. It requires a government to puts the nation's long-term interest ahead of short-termism and political cynicism. It also balances the pressures of today with the imperative to build hope for the future.
Effects of BDNF and NT-3 on Development of Ia/Motoneuron Functional Connectivity in Neonatal Rats (1999)

Effects of BDNF and NT-3 on development of Ia/motoneuron functional connectivity in neonatal rats. The effects of neurotrophin administration and neurotrophin removal via administration of tyrosine kinase (trk) immunoadhesins (trk receptor extracellular domains fused with IgG heavy chain) on the development of segmental reflexes were studied in neonatal rats. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), trkB-IgG, and trkC-IgG were delivered via subcutaneous injection on days 0, 2, 4, and 6 of postnatal life. Electrophysiological analysis of EPSPs recorded intracellularly in L5 motoneurons in response to stimulation of dorsal root L5 was carried out on postnatal day 8 in the in vitro hemisected spinal cord. Treatment with BDNF resulted in smaller monosynaptic EPSPs with longer latency than those in controls. EPSP amplitude became significantly larger when BDNF was sequestered with trkB-IgG, suggesting that BDNF has a tonic action on the development of this synapse in neonates. Treatment with NT-3 resulted in larger EPSPs, but the decrease noted after administration of trkC-IgG was not significant. Neurotrophins had little effect on the response to high-frequency dorsal root stimulation or on motoneuron properties. Polysynaptic components were exaggerated in BDNF-treated rats and reduced after NT-3 compared with controls. As in control neonates the largest monosynaptic EPSPs in NT-3 and trkB-IgG-treated preparations were observed in motoneurons with relatively large values of rheobase, probably those that are growing the most rapidly. We conclude that supplementary NT-3 and BDNF administered to neonates can influence developing Ia/motoneuron synapses in the spinal cord but with opposite net effects.
A Multilevel Reduction Algorithm to TSP (2003)

The TSP (traveling salesman problem) is one of the typical NP-hard problems in combinatorial optimization problem. The fast and effective approximate algorithms are needed to solve the large-scale problem in reasonable computing time. The known approximate algorithm can not give a good enough tour for the larger instance in reasonable time. So an algorithm called multilevel reduction algorithm is proposed, which is based on the analysis of the relation of local optimal tour and global optimal tour of the TSP. The partial tour of the global optimal tour is obtained by a very high probability through simply intersecting the local optimal tours. Using these partial tours it could contract the searching space of the original problem, at the same time it did not cut the searching capability down, this is the so-called reduction theory. And then the scale of the instance could be reduced small enough by multi-reduction. Finally it could solve the small-scaled instance using the known best algorithm and get a good enough tour by putting the partial tours together. The experimental results on TSPLIB (traveling salesman problem library) show that the algorithm could almost get optimal tour every time for instance in reasonable time and thus outperformed the known best ones in the quality of solutions and the running time.
Expression of Glycoprotein D of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in a Recombinant Baculovirus: Protective Responses and T Cell Recognition of the Recombinant-infected Cell Extracts (1989)

Recombinant baculoviruses expressing glycoprotein D (gD) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) have been generated. The proteins expressed from the recombinants have been characterized using monoclonal antibodies on Western blots and by immunoprecipitation. Partially glycosylated 48K polypeptides have been identified as products of the gD gene. Polyclonal sera from H-2k mice infected with HSV-1 recognized the same polypeptides. Furthermore, draining lymph node cells from H-2k mice infected with HSV-1 proliferated in vitro in response to recombinant-infected cell extracts. Immunization with such extracts generated high titre complement-dependent and -independent neutralizing antibody and the mice were protected against a challenge with HSV-1.
Identification of a Novel, Dendritic Cell-associated Molecule, Dectin-1, by Subtractive cDNA Cloning (2000)

Dendritic cells (DC) are special subsets of antigen presenting cells characterized by their potent capacity to activate immunologically naive T cells. By subtracting the mRNAs expressed by the mouse epidermus-derived DC line XS52 with the mRNAs expressed by the J774 macrophage line, we identified five novel genes that were expressed selectively by this DC line. One of these genes encoded a type II membrane-integrated polypeptide of 244 amino acids containing a putative carbohydrate recognition domain motif at the COOH-terminal end. This molecule, termed "dectin-1," was expressed abundantly at both mRNA and protein levels by the XS52 DC line, but not by non-DC lines (including the J774 macrophage line). Dectin-1 mRNA was detected predominantly in spleen and thymus (by Northern blotting) and in skin-resident DC, i.e. Langerhans cells (by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction). Affinity-purified antibody against dectin-1 identified a 43-kDa glycoprotein in membrane fractions isolated from the XS52 DC line and from the dectin-1 cDNA-transfected COS-1 cells. His-tagged recombinant proteins containing the extracellular domains of dectin-1 showed marked and specific binding to the surface of T cells and promoted their proliferation in the presence of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody at suboptimal concentrations. These in vitro results suggest that dectin-1 on DC may bind to as yet undefined ligand(s) on T cells, thereby delivering T cell co-stimulatory signals. Not only do these results document the efficacy of subtractive cDNA cloning for the identification of unique genes expressed by DC, they also provide a framework for studying the physiological function of dectin-1.
Hybrid Wireless Communication Networks: Integrating Free-Space Optics and WiFi (2016)

In this paper we describe WiFO: A hybrid free-space optical and radio frequency system, which will provide downlink speeds of up to 60Mbps over a distance of three meters using infrared light emitting diodes while maintaining a high level of mobility via a WiFi uplink.
Thermal modulation: A chemical instrumentation component of potential value in improving portability (1996)

A thermal modulator is a chemical instrument component that controls the temperature of a short length of gas chromatographic column as a function of time and position. Simple rotation of a heater element over a capillary gas chromatography column accumulates sample substances, focuses them into a sharp concentration pulse, and accelerates the concentration pulse onto a following column or to a detector. The series of concentration pulses formed by continuous operation of a thermal modulator is a modulation signal that is potentially useful in the design of high-speed, portable instrumentation. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Iron‐Catalyzed Reduction of Carboxylic Esters to Alcohols (2013)

Abstract A novel catalytic system formed from Fe(stearate) 2 /NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 and polymethylhydrosiloxane was directly developed for the hydrosilylation of carboxylic acid esters to alcohols. The catalytic method exhibits broad substrate scope, including 20 aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic esters. The corresponding alcohols are obtained in moderate to very good yields.
Creation of data resources and design of an evaluation test bed for Devanagari script recognition (2004)

The Indian subcontinent has a large number of languages, dialects, and scripts with the Devanagari script being the primary and most widely used of all the scripts. To date, much of the Devanagari optical character recognition (OCR) research has been restricted to a handful of groups. So, techniques have not yet been widely disseminated or evaluated independently and automated evaluation tools are currently not available for lack of a standard representation of ground-truth and result data. A key reason for the absence of sustained research efforts in off-line Devanagari OCR appears to be the paucity of data resources. Ground truthed data for words and characters, on-line dictionaries, corpora of text documents and reliable, standardized statistical analyses and evaluation tools are currently lacking. So, the creation of such data resources will undoubtedly provide a much needed fillip to researchers working on Devanagari OCR. This paper describes a National Science Foundation sponsored project under the International Digital Libraries program to create data resources that will facilitate development of Devanagari OCR technology and provide a standardized test bed and evaluation tools for Devanagari script recognition.
Drug Administration and Drug Effectiveness (2001)

There is some comfort to thinking of the human body as an elaborate bag of chemicals. Chemicals can be produced; chemicals can be added or replaced; chemicals are (sometimes) inexpensive. In fact, several decades ago, it was widely reported that the chemicals in the human body were worth about $1. Other investigators estimate the value at closer to $6 million (particularly if the chemicals are purchased from scientific suppliers). True dollar value aside, we often imagine that our bodies can be supplemented, mended, and improved through the addition of “missing” chemicals. Perhaps for this reason, the modern practice of healing usually involves medicine, an agent or elixir given as treatment. The new millennium finds us rich in the knowledge of agents; advanced in the art of harvesting or synthesizing remedies; steadfast in the belief that cancer, heart disease, and neurodegeneration will eventually yield to these potions. Our skill in making medicine is far-reaching. Today, it would be difficult to find the person who has not personally experienced the healing force of antibiotics, vaccines, or modern chemotherapy. Unfortunately, it would be equally difficult to find the person who has not endured the premature death of a friend or relative due to untreatable infection or cancer. So we continue to search for better therapeutics. Better medical treatments do not always require stronger medicine. The effectiveness of chemical agents depends on the method of administration, so treatments can often be improved by finding optimal drug formulations or delivery systems. For example, Banting and Best demonstrated control of diabetes by insulin injection in 1922. But early use of insulin was difficult: multiple daily injections were required and the effects were difficult to control. Insulin preparations have changed dramatically since that time; recombinant human insulin is now available in addition to highly purified insulin from animals. Today, the formulation of insulin is advanced: various formulations provide rapid or delayed action with long or short duration, so insulin therapy can be tailored to the needs of an individual. Intensive, individualized therapy decreases the long-term consequences of diabetes [1].