gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of glioma progression by a newly discovered CD38 inhibitor (2014)

Glioma, the most common cancer of the central nervous system, has very poor prognosis and no effective treatment. It has been shown that activated microglia/macrophages in the glioma tumor microenvironment support progression. Hence, inhibition of the supporting effect of these cells may constitute a useful therapeutic approach. Recently, using a syngeneic mouse glioma progression model, we showed that the ectoenzyme CD38 regulated microglia activation and, in addition, that the loss of CD38 from the tumor microenvironment attenuated glioma progression and prolonged the life span of the tumor-bearing mice. These studies, which employed wild-type (WT) and Cd38(-/-) C57BL/6J mice, suggest that inhibition of CD38 in glioma microenvironment may be used as a new therapeutic approach to treat glioma. Our study tested this hypothesis. Initially, we found that the natural anthranoid, 4,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid (rhein), and its highly water-soluble tri-potassium salt form (K-rhein) are inhibitors of CD38 enzymatic (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide glycohydrolase) activity (IC50 = 1.24 and 0.84 μM, respectively, for recombinant mouse CD38). Treatment of WT, but not Cd38(-/-) microglia with rhein and K-rhein inhibited microglia activation features known to be regulated by CD38 (lipopolysaccharide/IFN-γ-induced activation, induced cell death and NO production). Furthermore, nasal administration of K-rhein into WT, but not Cd38(-/-) C57BL/6J, mice intracranially injected with GL261 cells substantially and significantly inhibited glioma progression. Hence, these results serve as a proof of concept, demonstrating that targeting CD38 at the tumor microenvironment by small-molecule inhibitors of CD38, for example, K-rhein, may serve as a useful therapeutic approach to treat glioma.
Role of Siderophore Biosynthesis in Virulence of Staphylococcus aureus : Identification and Characterization of Genes Involved in Production of a Siderophore (2003)

Molecular determinants underlying the production of siderophores in the human and animal pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and the contribution of siderophore production to the virulence of this bacterium have, until now, remained undefined. Here, we show that S. aureus strains RN6390 and Newman produce siderophore when the cells are starved for iron. We further identified and characterized a nine-gene, iron-regulated operon, designated sbn and situated between sirABC and galE on the S. aureus chromosome, that is involved in the production of a siderophore. Mutation of the sbnE gene, in both RN6390 and Newman, eliminates the ability of these strains to produce a siderophore under iron-limited growth conditions, while introduction of multicopy sbnE into sbnE mutants complemented the inability of the mutants to produce the siderophore. sbnE mutants, in both the RN6390 and Newman backgrounds, displayed a drastic growth deficiency, compared to the wild type, in iron-restricted growth medium, whereas no such deficiency was observed during growth in iron-replete medium. Complemented mutants showed a restored ability to grow under iron restriction. We further showed that an sbnE mutant was compromised in a murine kidney abscess model of S. aureus infection, illustrating the importance of siderophore production to the pathogenicity of S. aureus. sbn genes were present in all S. aureus strains tested (and all S. aureus genome sequences) but were undetectable in any of the 13 coagulase-negative staphylococci tested, including Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Expression of mouse furin in a Chinese hamster cell resistant to Pseudomonas exotoxin A and viruses complements the genetic lesion. (1993)

RPE.40 is a strain of mutated CHO-K1 cells with elevated resistance to Pseudomonas exotoxin A, Sindbis virus, and Newcastle disease virus. Virus resistance is due to an inability to cleave precursor viral membrane glycoproteins and produce infectious virions. Transfection of RPE.40 cells with cDNA for mouse furin causes them to lose all resistance and become as sensitive as wild-type cells to the toxin and viruses. Transfection of RPE.40 cells with cDNA for the related yeast protease Kex2 reduces their resistance to the toxin and viruses, but does not completely eliminate it.
Objective comparison of particle tracking methods (2014)

Particle tracking is of key importance for quantitative analysis of intracellular dynamic processes from time-lapse microscopy image data. Because manually detecting and following large numbers of individual particles is not feasible, automated computational methods have been developed for these tasks by many groups. Aiming to perform an objective comparison of methods, we gathered the community and organized an open competition in which participating teams applied their own methods independently to a commonly defined data set including diverse scenarios. Performance was assessed using commonly defined measures. Although no single method performed best across all scenarios, the results revealed clear differences between the various approaches, leading to notable practical conclusions for users and developers.
Optimizing magnetite nanoparticles for mass sensitivity in magnetic particle imaging (2011)

The authors observed that MNPs 15 nm in diameter generate maximum signal amplitude in MPI experiments at 250 kHz. The authors expect the physical basis for this result, the change in magnetic relaxation with MNP size, will impact MPI under other experimental conditions.
Evolution of thrombectomy approaches and devices for acute stroke: a technical review (2014)

While intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the only FDA-approved treatment modality for acute ischemic stroke, many patients do not meet the criteria for intravenous tPA and are offered intra-arterial therapy. Rapid advances in devices and approaches have marked the evolution of thrombectomy over the past decade from rudimentary mechanical disruption, followed by intra-arterial thrombolytic infusions to increasingly effective thrombectomy devices. We review the critical advancements in thrombectomy technique that have evolved and the key anatomic and technical challenges they address, from first-generation Merci retrieval systems to second-generation Penumbra aspiration systems and third-generation stent retrievers, as well as nuances of their uses to maximize their effectiveness. We also highlight more recent advances that offer patients hope for more expedient vessel recanalization.
PEGylation of Val-1(α) Destabilizes the Tetrameric Structure of Hemoglobin (2009)

A hexaPEGylated hemoglobin (Hb), (Propyl-PEG5K)(6)-Hb, is essentially in alphabeta dimers (Hu et al. (2007) Biochem. J. 402, 143-151). In order to provide a biochemical insight into the tetramer-dimer dissociation of this PEGylated Hb, we prepared and characterized two PEGylated Hbs site-specifically modified at Val-1(alpha) and at Val-1(beta), respectively. PEGylation at Val-1(alpha) and at Val-1(beta) increase the tetramer-dimer dissociation constant (K(d)) of Hb by 2 and 1 order of magnitude, respectively. Accordingly, the sites of PEGylation can determine the tetramer stability of the PEGylated Hb. In order to determine the role of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains on the tetramer stability of Hb, we prepared a propylated Hb site-specifically modified at Val-1(alpha). Interestingly, site-specific propylation of Hb at Val-l(alpha) stabilizes the Hb tetramer by 1 order of magnitude. Therefore, conjugation of the PEG chains at Val-1(alpha) can greatly destabilize the tetramer stability of Hb. On the structural aspects, the PEG chains conjugated at Va-1(alpha) unfavorably alter the heme environment and quaternary structure and destabilize the alpha1beta2 interface of Hb. On the functional aspects, the PEG chains conjugated at Val-1(alpha) decrease the Hill coefficient, the Bohr effect of Hb and the sensitization to the presence of the allosteric effectors. In contrast, PEGylation of Hb at Val-1(beta) gives rise to less pronounced structural alteration and different functional change.
Hemophilic Bleeding and Weather Change : The Effect of Temperature Variation on Hemophilic Bleeding (1993)

2名の血友病児において、血友病性関節内出血と気象変動との関連を検討した。関節内出血の度数を月ごとに加算したところ、他の月と比較して4〜6月に出血が集中することが明らかになった。また、対象児の出血動態と気象要素との関連を分析したところ、平均気温の日間較差が、出血となんらかの関連をもつことが確認された。出血が特定の関節領域に集中しその度数が増大する悪化期には、出血の始発日前後1〜2日に気温の低下が観察された。この気温の低下傾向は、特定関節の出血以前に先行する出血がある場合に顕著であることも併せて明らかとなった。出血の少ない安定期や逆に出血が多発する頻発期には、気温の変動と出血との関連は明確ではなかった。これらの結果から、気温の変動は血友病性関節内出血に対し影響を及ぼすが、その影響は関節の破壊状況により異なることが示唆された。
Structural comparison and chromosomal localization of the human and mouse IL-13 genes (1993)

The genomic structure of the recently described cytokine IL-13 has been determined for both human and mouse genes. The nucleotide sequence of a 4.6-kb DNA segment of the human gene is described. The human IL-13 gene (IL13) occurs as a single copy in the haploid genome and maps to human chromosome 5. A 4.3-kb DNA fragment of the mouse IL-13 gene (IL13) has been sequenced and found to occur as a single copy, mapping to mouse chromosome 11. Intrachromosomal mapping studies revealed that both genes contain four exons and three introns and show a high degree of sequence identity throughout their length. Potential recognition sequences for transcription factors that are present in the 5'-flanking region and are conserved between both genes include IFN-responsive elements, binding sites for AP-1, AP-2 and AP-3, and NF-IL 6 site, and a TATA-like sequence. Both genes map to chromosomal locations adjacent to genes encoding other cytokines, including IL-3, GM-CSF, IL-5, and IL-4, suggesting that IL-13 is another member of this cytokine gene family that may have arisen by gene duplication.
Synthesis, liquid crystalline and luminescent properties of trimeric phenylenevinylene with end-groups of （R）-（＋）-2-methylbutyric acid ester (2009)

有对称的 chiral 结束组(ChTPV ) 的 trimeric phenylenevinylene 被综合。水晶的液体和 ChTPV 的光性质被微分扫描学习了热量测定(DSC ) ，极化的光显微镜学(POM ) ，吸收和光致发光系列。结果显示 ChTPV 在一个宽温度范围和近晶的阶段的一块典型光质地上展出中央阶段。在有答案的系列的对比，这部电影的出现了在最大的吸收蓝移动、在最大的排放红移动由于有 TPV 转变偶极子时刻的平行排列的 H 类型聚集。
Real-Time Slip-Based Estimation of Maximum Tire–Road Friction Coefficient (2004)

This paper presents a real-time maximum tire-road friction coefficient estimation method and field test results. The estimator is based on the relationship between the wheel slip ratio and the friction coefficient. An effective tire radius observer and a tire normal force observer have been designed for the computation of the slip ratio from wheel speed and vehicle speed measurements. The effective tire radius observer has been used so that the proposed method works for all driving situations. A tractive force estimator, a brake gain estimator, and a normal force observer have been used for the estimation of the friction coefficient. The proposed estimation method for the maximum tire-road friction coefficient has been implemented using a fifth wheel and typical vehicle sensors such as engine speed, carrier speed, throttle position, and brake pressure sensors.
Multiresidencia en España: perfiles sociodemográficos regionales. (2006)

L?objectiu d?aquest article es aproximar-nos als perfils regionals de les llars que disposaven d?una segona residencia el 2001. Mes concretament, es tracta de determinar com influeixen les caracteristiques sociodemografiques, territorials i el context urbanistic de les diferents Comunitats Autonomes espanyoles en la possessio d?aquest tipus d?habitatge. Aquesta analisi permetra comprovar si existeixen models territorial diferenciats en la possessio de la segona residencia. Per aconseguir aquest objectiu, a partir d?altres estudis del mateix autor, s?han realitzat diversos models de regressio logistica. Els factors explicatius mes importants d?aquests models son, per una banda, un habitat dens i compacte, i per una altre, l?estatus socioeconomic dels usuaris de la residencia secundaria. Els resultats d?aquesta modelitzacio estadistica confirmen diferencies regionals importants.
Lactoferrin Binds CpG-Containing Oligonucleotides and Inhibits Their Immunostimulatory Effects on Human B Cells (2001)

Unmethylated CpG dinucleotide motifs in bacterial DNA, as well as oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing these motifs, are potent stimuli for many host immunological responses. These CpG motifs may enhance host responses to bacterial infection and are being examined as immune activators for therapeutic applications in cancer, allergy/asthma, and infectious diseases. However, little attention has been given to processes that down-modulate this response. The iron-binding protein lactoferrin is present at mucosal surfaces and at sites of infection. Since lactoferrin is known to bind DNA, we tested the hypothesis that lactoferrin will bind CpG-containing ODN and modulate their biological activity. Physiological concentrations of lactoferrin (regardless of iron content) rapidly bound CpG ODN. The related iron-binding protein transferrin lacked this capacity. ODN binding by lactoferrin did not require the presence of CpG motifs and was calcium independent. The process was inhibited by high salt, and the highly cationic N-terminal sequence of lactoferrin (lactoferricin B) was equivalent to lactoferrin in its ODN-binding ability, suggesting that ODN binding by lactoferrin occurs via charge-charge interaction. Heparin and bacterial LPS, known to bind to the lactoferricin component of lactoferrin, also inhibited ODN binding. Lactoferrin and lactoferricin B, but not transferrin, inhibited CpG ODN stimulation of CD86 expression in the human Ramos B cell line and decreased cellular uptake of ODN, a process required for CpG bioactivity. Lactoferrin binding of CpG-containing ODN may serve to modulate and terminate host response to these potent immunostimulatory molecules at mucosal surfaces and sites of bacterial infection.
Clinical measures of disease severity and outcome in psoriasis: a critical appraisal of their quality (1999)

In clinical trials, a wide range of outcome measures has been used to evaluate the severity of psoriasis and its response to treatment. Despite their widespread use, many measures have received little attention with regards to their reliability and validity. Selecting an appropriately developed measurement tool is therefore of critical importance. We conducted a literature survey to examine the status of clinical outcome measures used in psoriasis research. The measures most commonly used were individual sign scores, e.g. for erythema, plaque thickness or scaling, and pooled indices, e.g. the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index. None of these, however, systematically fulfilled all the requirements of a validated instrument for disease assessment. Ideally, a core set of reliable and validated outcome measures for use in all psoriasis clinical trials is needed. Objective instrumental methods should minimise observer variation, but unless a simple non-invasive method can be developed, the uptake of such technology will probably be limited by cost and lack of practicality. Moreover, the translation of instrumental readings into clinically relevant measures is always a major problem, and for none of the methods has there been a robust mapping of instrumental readings on to a clinically meaningful scale. Further research is needed to determine the most appropriate and sensitive parameters to use as surrogate measures for capturing the distress which psoriatic patients feel but which is not measured with sufficient sensitivity or precision with current quality of life or distress questionnaires.
DNA fingerprints applied to gene introgression in breeding programs. (1990)

An application of DNA fingerprints (DFP) for gene introgression in breeding programs of both farm animals and plants is proposed. DFP loci, detectable by minisatellite probes, are extremely polymorphic. Individuals have unique patterns of DFP and thus can be selected for maximal genomic similarity to the recipient line, and minimal similarity to the donor line, using their DFP patterns as the criterion for similarity. This genomic selection (GS) can be performed at generations BC1, BC2 or both, and thus significantly reduce the required number of backcross generations in introgression breeding programs. The association between genomic and DFP similarity is demonstrated. Theoretical distributions and variances of the relative percentages of the donor and recipient genomes as the basis for the GS approach are presented.
Turbulent drag reduction in polymeric solutions containing suspended fibers (1974)

Abstract Both polymeric solutions and fiber suspensions have separately been known to exhibit drag reduction under turbulent flow conditions. It has recently been shown that the mechanisms of drag reduction differ appreciably in these two kinds of systems. The objective of this study was to show that both mechanisms may be exploited concomitantly to achieve unusually low friction factors. Drag reductions in excess of 95% have been obtained in a 2.4‐cm tube and there is no evidence that even more dramatic results could not be obtained under optimal conditions.
In Vitro Stability and in Vivo Absorption Studies of Colloidal Particles Formed from a Solid Dispersion System. (1996)

We investigated the physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of a solid dispersion (SD) derived from a solution of the poorly water-soluble drug (R)-1-[2,3-dihydro-1-(2'-methylphenacyl)-2-oxo-5-phenyl-1H-1, 4-benzodiazepin-3-yl]-3-(3-methylphenyl)urea (YM022), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 2910 (TC-5E) and polyoxyethylene hydrogenated caster oil 60 (HCO-60). Colloidal particles produced when the SD was dispersed into water had a mean diameter of 160 nm and contained 67-77% YM022. Powder X-ray diffractometry showed that YM022 existed in the colloidal particles in an amorphous state. The particle diameter and YM022 content remained unchanged during storage for 7 d, confirming that the colloidal solution was stable. On oral administration to rats, good absorption was observed for both the colloidal solution prepared immediately before and the sample stored for 7 d before administration. Thus, the stability of this colloidal solution of SD was confirmed by in vitro storage tests and by in vivo absorption experiments in rats.
DOCUMENT RETRIEVAL EXPERIMENTS USING INDEXING VOCABULARIES OF VARYING SIZE. II. HASHING, TRUNCATION, DIGRAM AND TRIGRAM ENCODING OF INDEX TERMS (1979)

This paper describes the use of fixed‐length character strings for controlling the size of indexing vocabularies in reference retrieval systems. Experiments with the Cranfield test collection show that trigram encoding of words performs noticeably better than the use of digrams; however, use of the least frequent digram in each term produces more acceptable results. Hashing of terms gives a better performance than that obtained from a vocabulary of comparable size produced by right‐hand truncation. The application of small indexing vocabularies to the sequential searching of large document files is discussed.
Chained declustering: load balancing and robustness to skew and failures (2003)

There has been considerable research concerning the use of arrays of disks in solving I/O bottleneck problems, where high availability of data is achieved through some form of data redundancy, e.g. mirroring. This paper investigates the degree to which a dynamic load balancing disk scheduling algorithm in conjunction with chained declustering, an alternative to the classical mirroring scheme, can respond robustly to variations in workload and disk failures. Specifically, it defines and investigates the behavior of two dynamic scheduling algorithms under various workload distributions and disk failure. It demonstrates that using a simple dynamic scheduling algorithm can greatly improved the average response time compared with static load balancing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Wide‐Band Driven RF System for the Berkeley 88‐Inch Cyclotron (1972)

The wide‐band driven RF system, recently commissioned at the Berkeley 88‐Inch Cyclotron, offers a much needed lever on dee voltage stability at no sacrifice in rapid tuning flexibility, hopefully at a substantial reduction in tube replacement costs comparative to the original oscillator RF power source.
Treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis with natural interferon beta: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial (1995)

Preliminary results of a multicenter, randomized study on the effect of natural interferon beta (n-INFN-beta) in relapsing-remitting MS are reported. Sixty patients received either no treatment or n-IFN-beta (9 MIU three times a week, subcutaneously). After 6 months, the n-IFN-beta-treated group showed a 58% median reduction in the number of active lesions detected on monthly magnetic resonance imaging scans as well as a 38% reduction in the exacerbation rate as compared with the control group. Side-effects were mild and self-limiting. The study continues according to the protocol.
Eutectics as improved pharmaceutical materials: design, properties and characterization (2013)

Eutectics are a long known class of multi-component solids with important and useful applications in daily life. In comparison to other multi-component crystalline solids, such as salts, solid solutions, molecular complexes and cocrystals, eutectics are less studied in terms of molecular structure organization and bonding interactions. Classically, a eutectic is defined based on its low melting point compared to the individual components. In this article, we attempt to define eutectics not just based on thermal methods but from a structural organization view point, and discuss their microstructures and properties as organic materials vis-a-vis solid solutions and cocrystals. The X-ray crystal structure of a cocrystal is different from that of the individual components whereas the unit cell of a solid solution is similar to that of one of the components. Eutectics are closer to the latter species in that their crystalline arrangement is similar to the parent components but they are different with respect to the structural integrity. A solid solution possesses structural homogeneity throughout the structure (single phase) but a eutectic is a heterogeneous ensemble of individual components whose crystal structures are like discontinuous solid solutions (phase separated). Thus, a eutectic may be better defined as a conglomerate of solid solutions. A structural analysis of cocrystals, solid solutions and eutectics has led to an understanding that materials with strong adhesive (hetero) interactions between the unlike components will lead to cocrystals whereas those having stronger cohesive (homo/self) interactions will more often give rise to solid solutions (for similar structures of components) and eutectics (for different structures of components). We demonstrate that the same crystal engineering principles which have been profitably utilized for cocrystal design in the past decade can now be applied to make eutectics as novel composite materials, illustrated by stable eutectics of the hygroscopic salt of the anti-tuberculosis drug ethambutol as a case study. A current gap in the characterization of eutectic microstructure may be fulfilled through pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of X-ray diffraction data, which could be a rapid signature technique to differentiate eutectics from their components.
Visible Lasers with Subhertz Linewidths (1999)

We report a visible laser with a subhertz linewidth for use in precision spectroscopy and as a local oscillator for an optical frequency standard. The laser derives its stability from a well-isolated, high-finesse, Fabry-P\'erot cavity. For a 563 nm laser beam locked to our stable cavity, we measure a linewidth of 0.6 Hz for averaging times up to 32 s. The fractional frequency instability for the light locked to the cavity is typically $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ at 1 s. Both the linewidth and fractional frequency instability are approximately an order of magnitude less than previously published results for stabilized lasers.