gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Catalytic Oxidation of Organic Substrates by Molecular Oxygen and Hydrogen Peroxide by Multistep Electron Transfer—A Biomimetic Approach (2008)

Oxidation reactions are of fundamental importance in nature, and are key transformations in organic synthesis. The development of new processes that employ transition metals as substrate-selective catalysts and stoichiometric environmentally friendly oxidants, such as molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide, is one of the most important goals in oxidation chemistry. Direct oxidation of the catalyst by molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide is often kinetically unfavored. The use of coupled catalytic systems with electron-transfer mediators (ETMs) usually facilitates the procedures by transporting the electrons from the catalyst to the oxidant along a low-energy pathway, thereby increasing the efficiency of the oxidation and thus complementing the direct oxidation reactions. As a result of the similarities with biological systems, this can be dubbed a biomimetic approach.
VCSEL modulation at 20 Gb/s over 200 m of multimode fiber using a 3.3 V SiGe laser driver IC (2002)

The data communications industry has developed optical link standards options for 10 Gb/s using VCSEL based transmitters, and the next step is cost effective 40 Gb/s links. Parallel link options have been proposed, but the 10 Gb/s link experience has taught that if serial links can be made they will be most cost effective, and being closer to serial is better than being slower and wider. This raises the question of achieving 40 Gb/s using two VCSELs at 20 Gb/s each as a possible cost effective solution. This paper reports on experiments driving VCSEL based optical links to 20 Gb/s which is the fastest known VCSEL link driven by 3 volt ICs and operating over premises length multimode fiber.
Mechanisms of chemokine and antigen-dependent T-lymphocyte navigation (2009)

T-lymphocyte trafficking is targeted to specific organs by selective molecular interactions depending on their differentiation and functional properties. Specific chemokine receptors have been associated with organ-specific trafficking of memory and effector T-cells, as well as the recirculation of naïve T-cells to secondary lymphoid organs. In addition to the acquisition of tissue-selective integrins and chemokine receptors, an additional level of specificity for T-cell trafficking into the tissue is provided by specific recognition of antigen displayed by the endothelium involving the TCRs (T-cell antigen receptors) and co-stimulatory receptors. Activation of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) is a robust signalling event shared by most chemokine receptors as well as the TCR and co-stimulatory receptors, contributing to several aspects of T-lymphocyte homing as well as actin reorganization and other components of the general migratory machinery. Accordingly, inhibition of PI3K has been considered seriously as a potential therapeutic strategy by which to combat various T-lymphocyte-dependent pathologies, including autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, as well as to prevent transplant rejection. However, there is substantial evidence for PI3K-independent mechanisms that facilitate T-lymphocyte migration. In this regard, several other signalling-pathway components, including small GTPases, PLC (phospholipase C) and PKC (protein kinase C) isoforms, have also been implicated in T-lymphocyte migration in response to chemokine stimulation. The present review will therefore examine the PI3K-dependent and -independent signal-transduction pathways involved in T-cell migration during distinct modes of T-cell trafficking in response to either chemokines or the TCR and co-stimulatory molecules.
Engineering multiple properties of a protein by combinatorial mutagenesis. (1993)

A method for simultaneously engineering multiple properties of a protein, based on the observed additivity of effects of individual mutations, is presented. We show that, for the gene V protein of bacteriophage f1, effects of double mutations on both protein stability and DNA binding affinity are approximately equal to the sums of the effects of the constituent single mutations. This additivity of effects implies that it is possible to deliberately construct mutant proteins optimized for multiple properties by combination of appropriate single mutations chosen from a characterized library.
Cache-conscious structure definition (1999)

A program's cache performance can be improved by changing the organization and layout of its data---even complex, pointer-based data structures. Previous techniques improved the cache performance of these structures by arranging distinct instances to increase reference locality. These techniques produced significant performance improvements, but worked best for small structures that could be packed into a cache block.This paper extends that work by concentrating on the internal organization of fields in a data structure. It describes two techniques---structure splitting and field reordering---that improve the cache behavior of structures larger than a cache block. For structures comparable in size to a cache block, structure splitting can increase the number of hot fields that can be placed in a cache block. In five Java programs, structure splitting reduced cache miss rates 10--27% and improved performance 6--18% beyond the benefits of previously described cache-conscious reorganization techniques.For large structures, which span many cache blocks, reordering fields, to place those with high temporal affinity in the same cache block can also improve cache utilization. This paper describes bbcache, a tool that recommends C structure field reorderings. Preliminary measurements indicate that reordering fields in 5 active structures improves the performance of Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 2--3%.
Fluorinated building blocks (2000)

Julian A Cooper This work describes the functionalisation of carbon-hydrogen bonds in saturated hydrocarbons via free radical addition to fluorinated alkenes. For example, hexafluoropropene can be added to produce a mono-adduct:- A range of fluoroalkenes have been used. These adducts can be functionalised by elimination of hydrogen fluoride to give new fluoroalkenes whose chemistry has been investigated. This has resulted in new fluorinated building blocks.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(L‐lactide)‐poly(ethylene glycol) multiblock copolymers (2002)

Abstract Poly(L‐lactide)‐poly(ethylene glycol) multiblock copolymers with predetermined block lengths were synthesized by polycondensation of PLA diols and PEG diacids. The reaction was carried out under mild conditions, using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as the coupling agent and dimethylaminopyridine as the catalyst. The resulting copolymers were characterized by various analytical techniques, such as GPC, viscometry, 1 H‐NMR, FTIR, DSC, X‐ray diffractometry, and contact angle measurement. The results indicated that these copolymers presented outstanding properties pertinent to biomedical use, including better miscibility between the two components, low crystallinity, and hydrophilicity. Moreover, the properties of the copolymers can be modulated by adjusting the block length of the two components or the reaction conditions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1729–1736, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10580
Derivatives of Furo[3,2-b]pyrrole (1994)

A number of methyl 2-substituted, 2,3-disubstituted-4 H -furo[3,2- b ]pyrrole-5-carboxylates ( V - VII ) and methyl 1 H -benzo[ b ]furo[3,2- b ]pyrrole-2-carboxylate ( VIII ) was prepared by the thermolysis of corresponding methyl 2-azido-3-(R 1 ,R 2 -substituted-2-furyl)propenoates ( I - IV ). N -Methyl and N -benzyl derivatives IX - XVI were prepared at the phase-transfer catalysis conditions. Hydrolysis of some N -methyl and N -benzyl substituted esters furnished corresponding acids XVII - XXII . The hydrazides XXIII - XXX were obtained from corresponding esters and hydrazine hydrate. The preparation of 1-benzylbenzo[ b ]furo[3,2- b ]pyrrole ( XXXI ) is described as well.
Reliability of Provisional Responses in Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (2002)

This document specifies an extension to the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) providing reliable provisional response messages. This extension uses the option tag 100rel and defines the Provisional Response ACKnowledgement (PRACK) method.
Evidence for the existence of ganglioside molecules in the antigen of Entamoeba histolytica (1996)

Gangliosides were found to be present in Entamoeba histolytica. They were extracted from lyophilized trophozoites of the pathogenic strain HM-1:IMSS and purified by high performance thin-layer chromatography. Two resorcinol-positive bands, comigrating with GM2 and GD1a were demonstrated, revealing the existence of ganglioside molecules in Entamoeba histolytica. The GM2 content, determined as lipid-bound sialic acid, was 1.5 micrograms/10(8) amoebae, the content of the GD1a comigrating band was 0.32 microgram/10(8) amoebae. The identity of the GM2 comigrating band was confirmed by TLC immunostaining, using the monoclonal anti-GM2 antibody GMB28. Furthermore, six out of ten anti-amoeba positive sera selectively reacted with the GM2 comigrating band, as revealed by immunostaining on TLC plates. Absorption tests revealed that preincubation of anti-amoeba positive sera with standard GM2 was followed by a significant decrease in the reaction with amoeba trophozoites by indirect immunofluorescence. These results demonstrate that a GM2 comigrating component of Entamoeba histolytica may be one of the antigens responsible for the appearance of circulating antibodies in patients with amoebiasis.
Gene therapy against an experimental glioma using adeno-associated virus vectors. (1996)

The efficacy of gene therapy for glioma was examined using adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors to deliver genes to experimental tumors in mice. Stereotactic injection of 2 x 10(5) U-251SP human glioma cells into the brains of nude mice produced tumors of 19.06 +/- 1.79 mm2 17 days after injection. Employing a high titer preparation of AAV vector containing the gene for beta-galactosidase (AAV-lacZ), dose-dependent transduction of U-251SP cells was seen in vitro. When 1.6 x 10(10) AAV-lacZ particles were directly injected into tumors in vivo, 30-40% of the cells along the needle track expressed beta-galactosidase. Transduction of U-251SP cells in vitro with an AAV vector containing a bicistronic gene encoding both herpes simplex thymidine kinase and human interleukin-2 (AAV-tk-IRES-IL2) rendered them sensitive to the cytocidal effects of ganciclovir (GCV) and IL-2 was produced in a dose-dependent manner. Cocultures of AAV-tk-IRES-IL2 transduced cells and nontransduced cells proved highly sensitive to GCV indicating the contribution of the bystander effect. Stereotactic delivery of 6 x 10(10) AAV-tk-IRES-IL2 particles into day 7 tumors in nude mice followed by administration of GCV for 6 days, resulted in a 35-fold reduction in the mean volume of tumors compared with controls. Normal brains did not suffer from any toxic effect of the administration of AAV-tk-IRES-IL2 and GCV. These results indicate that high titer AAV vector treatment may be safe and effective for in vivo gene therapy of human brain tumors.
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation with Low-Intensity Electrical Currents: Putative Mechanisms of Action for Direct and Alternating Current Stimulation (2009)

Transcranial stimulation with weak direct current (DC) has been valuable in exploring the effect of cortical modulation on various neural networks. Less attention has been given, however, to cranial stimulation with low-intensity alternating current (AC). Reviewing and discussing these methods simultaneously with special attention to what is known about their mechanisms of action may provide new insights for the field of noninvasive brain stimulation. Direct current appears to modulate spontaneous neuronal activity in a polarity-dependent fashion with site-specific effects that are perpetuated throughout the brain via networks of interneuronal circuits, inducing significant effects on high-order cortical processes implicated in decision making, language, memory, sensory perception, and pain. AC stimulation has also been associated with a significant behavioral and clinical impact, but the mechanism of AC stimulation has been underinvestigated in comparison with DC stimulation. Even so, preliminary studies show that although AC stimulation has only modest effects on cortical excitability, it has been shown to induce synchronous changes in brain activity as measured by EEG activity. Thus, cranial AC stimulation may render its effects not by polarizing brain tissue, but rather via rhythmic stimulation that synchronizes and enhances the efficacy of endogenous neurophysiologic activity. Alternatively, secondary nonspecific central and peripheral effects may explain the clinical outcomes of DC or AC stimulation. Here the authors review what is known about DC and AC stimulation, and they discuss features that remain to be investigated.
Identification of the enzymatic mechanism of nitroglycerin bioactivation (2002)

Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate, GTN), originally manufactured by Alfred Nobel, has been used to treat angina and heart failure for over 130 years. However, the molecular mechanism of GTN biotransformation has remained a mystery and it is not well understood why "tolerance" (i.e., loss of clinical efficacy) manifests over time. Here we purify a nitrate reductase that specifically catalyzes the formation of 1,2-glyceryl dinitrate and nitrite from GTN, leading to production of cGMP and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle both in vitro and in vivo, and we identify it as mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (mtALDH). We also show that mtALDH is inhibited in blood vessels made tolerant by GTN. These results demonstrate that the biotransformation of GTN occurs predominantly in mitochondria through a novel reductase action of mtALDH and suggest that nitrite is an obligate intermediate in generation of NO bioactivity. The data also indicate that attenuated biotransformation of GTN by mtALDH underlies the induction of nitrate tolerance. More generally, our studies provide new insights into subcellular processing of NO metabolites and suggest new approaches to generating NO bioactivity and overcoming nitrate tolerance.
Selective ablation of immature blood vessels in established human tumors follows vascular endothelial growth factor withdrawal (1999)

Features that distinguish tumor vasculatures from normal blood vessels are sought to enable the destruction of preformed tumor vessels. We show that blood vessels in both a xenografted tumor and primary human tumors contain a sizable fraction of immature blood vessels that have not yet recruited periendothelial cells. These immature vessels are selectively obliterated as a consequence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) withdrawal. In a xenografted glioma, the selective vulnerability of immature vessels to VEGF loss was demonstrated by downregulating VEGF transgene expression using a tetracycline-regulated expression system. In human prostate cancer, the constitutive production of VEGF by the glandular epithelium was suppressed as a consequence of androgen-ablation therapy. VEGF loss led, in turn, to selective apoptosis of endothelial cells in vessels devoid of periendothelial cells. These results suggest that the unique dependence on VEGF of blood vessels lacking periendothelial cells can be exploited to reduce an existing tumor vasculature.
No Free Lunch for Cross-Validation (1996)

It is known theoretically that an algorithm cannot be good for an arbitrary prior. We show that in practical terms this also applies to the technique of “cross-validation,” which has been widely regarded as defying this general rule. Numerical examples are analyzed in detail. Their implications to researches on learning algorithms are discussed.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and cystic fibrosis: unusual bacterial adaptation and pathogenesis. (1986)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an adaptable, saprophytic bacterium with the potential to cause a variety of opportunistic infections in compromised hosts. In patients with cystic fibrosis, chronic pulmonary colonization with mucoid alginate-producing mutants of P. aeruginosa is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and is an interesting example of microbial adaptation and host-bacterium interaction.
Direct Copolymerization of Propene and Ethene‐based Macromers to Produce Long Chain Branched Syndiotactic Polypropene (2006)

Abstract Copolymers of propene and ethene‐based macromers have been prepared in a direct copolymerization. First macromers in a range of 3000–11600 g/mol were synthesized by varying the polymerization temperature and ethene concentration with the metallocene catalyst [(CH 3 ) 2 CCp 2 ]ZrCl 2 /MAO. These vinyl terminated ethene oligomers were copolymerized with propene by C s symmetric catalyst [Ph 2 C(Cp)(Flu)]ZrCl 2 to a long‐chain branched syndiotactic polypropylene. The LCB‐sPP was separated from the bimodal product by a fractional crystallization with p‐xylene and 2 ‐ ethoxy ethanol at 130 °C. A detailed analysis of the purified copolymer was given by GPC, DSC and 13 C NMR spectroscopy.
Biochemical Characterization of Stromal and Thylakoid-Bound Isoforms of Isoprene Synthase in Willow Leaves1 (1998)

Isoprene synthase is the enzyme responsible for the foliar emission of the hydrocarbon isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) from many C3 plants. Previously, thylakoid-bound and soluble forms of isoprene synthase had been isolated separately, each from different plant species using different procedures. Here we describe the isolation of thylakoid-bound and soluble isoprene synthases from a single willow (Salix discolor L.) leaf-fractionation protocol. Willow leaf isoprene synthase appears to be plastidic, with whole-leaf and intact chloroplast fractionations yielding approximately equal soluble (i.e. stromal) and thylakoid-bound isoprene synthase activities. Although thylakoid-bound isoprene synthase is tightly bound to the thylakoid membrane (M.C. Wildermuth, R. Fall [1996] Plant Physiol 112: 171-182), it can be solubilized by pH 10.0 treatment. The solubilized thylakoid-bound and stromal isoprene synthases exhibit similar catalytic properties, and contain essential cysteine, histidine, and arginine residues, as do other isoprenoid synthases. In addition, two regulators of foliar isoprene emission, leaf age and light, do not alter the percentage of isoprene synthase activity in the bound or soluble form. The relationship between the isoprene synthase isoforms and the implications for function and regulation of isoprene production are discussed.
Mouse glandular kallikrein genes. Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA coding for a member of the kallikrein arginyl esteropeptidase group of serine proteases. (1982)

A library of cloned cDNA to male mouse submaxillary gland poly(A)-containing RNA was constructed in the plasmid pBR322. Inserts containing sequences estimated to be in the 1-5% abundance class were identified by hybridization to radiolabeled cDNA and examined by nucleotide sequence analysis. A sequence coding for a peptide with 57% homology to the only complete kallikrein sequence reported to date (from pig pancreas) was identified by a computer search program. This insert appears to code for the COOH-terminal 149 amino acids of a protein presumed therefore to be a serine protease. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of this protein with analogous sequences in the three characterized members of the mouse submaxillary gland kallikrein arginyl esteropeptidase group of enzymes revealed extensive homology, although not complete identity. Thus, there are at least four members of this enzyme family expressed in the mouse submaxillary gland.
Polyhaploid Production in the Triticeae: Wheat × Tripsacum Crosses (1993)

Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., haploid production relies heavily on its crosses with bulbous barley, Hordeum bulbosum L., and on anther culture, procedures influenced by genotypic specificity. Wheat × maize, Zea mays L., crosses are devoid of this constraint. In this study eastern gamagrass [ Tripsacum dactyloides (L.)L.) is utilized. Cross success is anticipated to extend (i) the range of species available for Triticeae haploid production, and (ii) the crossing cycle duration. Intel‐generic crosses of T. aestivum (2 n ‐ 6 x = 42; AABBDD), T. turgidum L. (2 n = 4 x = 28; AABB), and T. turgidum × Aegilops squarrosa L. ( T. tauschii ) synthetic hexaploids (2 n = 6 x = 42; AABBDD) with Tr. dactyloides (2 n = 2 x = 36) as the pollen donor resulted in progenies that were polyhaploids of the Triticeae parents, presumably due to elimination of the Tr. dactyloides chromosomes during early embryo development. Embryo recovery frequencies were 20.6% for T. aestivum cultivars, 26.8% for T. turgidum cultivars and 23.5% for the synthetic hexaploids. Plant regeneration ranged between 66.7 to 78.5% over the three maternal crossing groups. As with maize, polyhaploid production in the Triticeae with Tripsacum is dependent upon a postpollination treatment with 2,4‐D (2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) to promote embryo development and shows no strong genotypic specificity. Limited meiotic analyses for the T. aestivum cultivars and synthetic hexaploids gave metaphase I associations characteristic of nonallosyndetic chromosomal pairing. Pollinations with Tripsacum , together with maize pollinations offer an extended crossing cycle and in addition extend the range of alien species for producing polyhaploids in the Triticeae.
Contrasting State-of-the-Art Automated Scoring of Essays (2015)

With the press for developing innovative assessments that can accommodate higher-order 
thinking and performances associated with the Common Core Standards, there is a need 
to systematically evaluate the benefits and features of automated essay evaluation (AEE). 
While the developers of AEE engines have published an impressive body of literature to 
suggest that the measurement technology can produce reliable and valid essay scores (when 
compared with trained human raters; Attali & Burstein, 2006; Shermis, Burstein, Higgins, 
& Zechner, 2010), comparisons across the multiple platforms have been informal, involved 
less-than-ideal sample essays, and were often associated with an incomplete criterion set.