gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New word detection in audio-indexing (2002)

For an audio indexing system that uses a speech recognizer with a fixed vocabulary to be practical, one needs the ability to detect out of vocabulary or new words at query time. We present a fast, vocabulary independent algorithm for spotting words in speech. The algorithm consists of a preprocessing stage and a coarse to detailed search strategy for spotting a word/phone sequence in speech. The preprocessing method provides a phone level representation of the speech that can be searched efficiently. The coarse search, consisting of phone-ngram matching, identifies regions of speech as putative word hits. The detailed acoustic match is then conducted only at the putative hits identified in the coarse match. This gives us the desired speed in wordspotting.
Modulation of Connexin43 Expression: (1995)

These data demonstrate that stable transfection with connexin43 cDNA constructs can result in detectable changes in connexin43 expression and cellular coupling without inducing compensatory changes in the cell's connexin phenotype and, therefore, may provide a basis for future attempts at specifically modulating connexin expression and intercellular resistance in cardiac tissues.
Effect of stored-blood transfusion on oxygen delivery in patients with sepsis (1993)

<h3>Background.</h3> —Red blood cell transfusion is commonly used to augment systemic oxygen delivery to supranormal levels in patients with sepsis. However, clinical studies have not consistently demonstrated that this therapeutic maneuver is accompanied by an increase in oxygen utilization at either the whole-body level or within individual organs. <h3>Study Objectives.</h3> —To determine the effect of red blood cell transfusion on gastrointestinal and whole-body oxygen uptake. <h3>Design.</h3> —Prospective, controlled, interventional study. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Multidisciplinary intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital. <h3>Patients.</h3> —Twenty-three critically ill patients with sepsis undergoing mechanical ventilation. <h3>Measurements and Main Results.</h3> —Systemic oxygen uptake was measured by indirect calorimetry and calculated by the Fick method. Gastric intramucosal pH as measured by tonometry was used to assess changes in splanchnic oxygen availability. Measurements were made prior to transfusion of 3 U of packed red blood cells. These were then repeated immediately following transfusion, as well as 3 and 6 hours later. There was no increase in systemic oxygen uptake measured by indirect calorimetry in any of the patients studied for up to 6 hours posttransfusion (including those patients with an elevated arterial lactate concentration). However, the calculated systemic oxygen uptake increased in parallel with the oxygen delivery in all the patients. More importantly, we found an inverse association between the change in gastric intramucosal pH and the age of the transfused blood (<i>r</i>=-.71;<i>P</i>&lt;.001). In those patients receiving blood that had been stored for more than 15 days, the gastric intramucosal pH consistently decreased following the red blood cell transfusion. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —We failed to demonstrate a beneficial effect of red blood cell transfusion on measured systemic oxygen uptake in patients with sepsis. Patients receiving old transfused red blood cells developed evidence of splanchnic ischemia. We postulate that the poorly deformable transfused red blood cells cause microcirculatory occlusion in some organs, which may lead to tissue ischemia in some organs. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1993;269:3024-3029)
High frequency conductivity of the high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas (2000)

We measure the real and imaginary conductivity σ(k=0,ω) of a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) system at frequencies below and above the momentum scattering rate. The imaginary part of the 2DEG impedance is observed to be inductive, consistent with the Drude model. Using this kinetic inductance, we construct a transmission line by capacitively coupling the 2DEG to an Al Schottky barrier gate separated by 5000 Å from the 2DEG. The measured wave velocity and temperature-dependent damping of this transmission line are in good agreement with a simple Drude model. Exciting these modes is equivalent to exciting a 2D plasma mode strongly modified by the interaction between the 2DEG and the gate.
Strong Rules for Discarding Predictors in Lasso-Type Problems (2011)

We consider rules for discarding predictors in lasso regression and related problems, for computational efficiency. El Ghaoui and his colleagues have propose 'SAFE' rules, based on univariate inner products between each predictor and the outcome, which guarantee that a coefficient will be 0 in the solution vector. This provides a reduction in the number of variables that need to be entered into the optimization. We propose <i>strong rules</i> that are very simple and yet screen out far more predictors than the SAFE rules. This great practical improvement comes at a price: the strong rules are not foolproof and can mistakenly discard active predictors, i.e. predictors that have non-zero coefficients in the solution. We therefore combine them with simple checks of the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions to ensure that the exact solution to the convex problem is delivered. Of course, any (approximate) screening method can be combined with the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker, conditions to ensure the exact solution; the strength of the strong rules lies in the fact that, in practice, they discard a very large number of the inactive predictors and almost never commit mistakes. We also derive conditions under which they are foolproof. Strong rules provide substantial savings in computational time for a variety of statistical optimization problems.
The A Adenosine Receptor Mediates cAMP Responses to Adenosine Receptor Agonists in Human Intestinal Epithelia (1995)

Adenosine is thought to be a major effector in immunological stimulation of Cl- secretion in intestinal epithelia. Previous studies indicate that both apical and basolateral domains of intestinal epithelial cells possess functionally defined adenosine receptors. However, it is unclear whether the same receptor subclass is expressed, what the receptor subclass(es) is, or how the receptors signal the Cl- secretory response. We now characterize the intestinal epithelial adenosine receptor subtype using the model epithelium, T84. Both apical and basolateral adenosine receptor agonist response profiles revealed a hierarchy (ED50) of 5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido)adenosine > adenosine > CGS-21680. Similarly inhibition studies revealed identical ID50 hierarchies for apical and basolateral antagonism by xanthine amine congener > 1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine > aminophylline. Analyses of both agonist and antagonist pharmacological hierarchies in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing the A2b receptor revealed these same hierarchies. Northern blots performed on RNA extracted from polarized T84 monolayers demonstrated no detectable message for A1 or A2a adenosine receptor, but strong hybridization was detected for the A2b adenosine receptor. Subsequent Northern blots of RNA prepared from human alimentary tract revealed that A2b adenosine receptor message was heavily expressed throughout the colon, in the appendix, and more modestly expressed in the small intestine (ileum). Analyses of cAMP generation in T84 cells in response to adenosine indicated that the basolateral A2b receptor elicits Cl- secretion through this signaling pathway. Stimulation of Cl- secretion through the apical A2b receptor exhibited relatively small but significant increases in cAMP compared with basolateral stimulation. The protein kinase A inhibitor H-89, used at concentrations that did not affect short circuit current responses to the Ca(2+)-mediated agonist carbachol, effectively inhibited short circuit current elicited by either apical or basolateral adenosine. These data suggest that the major intestinal epithelial adenosine receptor is the A2b subclass, which is positively coupled to adenylate cyclase. Such observations have potentially important implications for the treatment of diarrheal diseases.
A Novel P/V/C Gene in a New Member of the Paramyxoviridae Family, Which Causes Lethal Infection in Humans, Horses, and Other Animals (1998)

In 1994, a new member of the family Paramyxoviridae isolated from fatal cases of respiratory disease in horses and humans was shown to be distantly related to morbilliviruses and provisionally called equine morbillivirus (K. Murray et al., Science 268:94-97, 1995). To facilitate characterization and classification, the virus was purified, viral proteins were identified, and the P/V/C gene was cloned and sequenced. The coding strategy of the gene is similar to that of Sendai and measles viruses, members of the Paramyxovirus and Morbillivirus genera, respectively, in the subfamily Paramyxovirinae. The P/V/C gene contains four open reading frames, three of which, P, C, and V, have Paramyxovirinae counterparts. The P and C proteins are larger and smaller, respectively, than are cognate proteins in members of the subfamily, and the V protein is made as a result of a single G insertion during transcription. The P/V/C gene has two unique features. (i) A fourth open reading frame is located between those of the C and V proteins and potentially encodes a small basic protein similar to those found in some members of the Rhabdoviridae and Filoviridae families. (ii) There is also a long untranslated 3' sequence, a feature common in Filoviridae members. Sequence comparisons confirm that although the virus is a member of the Paramyxovirinae subfamily, it displays only low levels of homology with paramyxoviruses and morbilliviruses and negligible homologies with rubulaviruses.
Evaluation of the Energy Performance and Design Process of the Thermal Test Facility at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2005)

Final report of energy performance analysis and design process evaluation for the Thermal Test Facility at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
No hypoperfusion is produced in the epicardium during application of myocardial topical negative pressure in a porcine model (2007)

No hypoperfusion could be observed in the epicardium in neither normal nor ischemic myocardium during myocardial TNP.
Addiction and Substance Abuse in Nevada (2017)

Substance abuse is an issue with serious health and societal consequences in Nevada and throughout the nation. In 2016, drug overdoses were responsible for approximately 64,000 deaths in the United States, surpassing motor vehicle deaths by 60 percent (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2018). Recent attention has been focused on the spike in opioid use and its implications for public health. Nationally, deaths from opioid overdoses increased from 6.1 per 100,000 in 1999 to 19.8 per 100,000 in 2016. Nevada’s experience has mirrored national trends, with the drug overdose death rate in the state increasing from 11.5 per 100,000 in 1999 to 21.7 per 100,000 people in 2016 (Trust for America’s Heath, 2013; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017b). In comparison, the three states with the highest rate of death due to drug overdose in 2016 were West Virginia (52.0 per 100,000), Ohio (39.1 per 100,000) and New Hampshire (39.0 per 100,000) (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017b).\nThe three main substances of use in Nevada are alcohol, tobacco and marijuana. The recent crisis in opioid use has overshadowed some of the successes in lowering rates of alcohol and tobacco use both nationally and in the Silver State across age groups. Use of marijuana has stayed relatively consistent since 2008-2009, and the effects of the legalization of recreational marijuana will be seen in future years. Of illicit drug consumption, the most commonly used substance is opioids. Much focus in Nevada has been on opioid use and ways to decrease the number of deaths as a result, but more emphasis needs to be placed on the increase in fentanyl and heroin addiction that has resulted from tighter regulation on the prescribing of opioids.\nThe criminalization of substance abuse is shown to be ineffective, as it has created a revolving door in the criminal justice system. Evidence-based practice should guide treatment as well as policy development to reduce the negative consequences of substance use and improve the quality of life for Nevada.
Abnormal Patterns of Insulin Secretion in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (1988)

To determine whether non-insulin-dependent diabetes is associated with specific alterations in the pattern of insulin secretion, we studied 16 patients with untreated diabetes and 14 matched controls. The rates of insulin secretion were calculated from measurements of peripheral C-peptide in blood samples taken at 15- to 20-minute intervals during a 24-hour period in which the subjects ate three mixed meals. Incremental responses of insulin secretion to meals were significantly lower in the diabetic patients (P less than 0.005), and the increases and decreases in insulin secretion after meals were more sluggish. These disruptions in secretory response were more marked after dinner than after breakfast, and a clear secretory response to dinner often could not be identified. Both the control and diabetic subjects secreted insulin in a series of discrete pulses. In the controls, a total of seven to eight pulses were identified in the period from 9 a.m. to 11 p.m., including the three post-meal periods (an average frequency of one pulse per 105 to 120 minutes), and two to four pulses were identified in the remaining 10 hours. The number of pulses in the patients and controls did not differ significantly. However, in the patients, the pulses after meals had a smaller amplitude (P less than 0.03) and were less frequently concomitant with a glucose pulse (54.7 +/- 4.9 vs. 82.2 +/- 5.0, P less than 0.001). Pulses also appeared less regularly in the patients. During glucose clamping to produce hyperglycemia (glucose level, 16.7 mmol per liter [300 mg per deciliter]), the diabetic subjects secreted, on the average, 70 percent less insulin than matched controls (P less than 0.001). These data suggest that profound alterations in the amount and temporal organization of stimulated insulin secretion may be important in the pathophysiology of beta-cell dysfunction in diabetes.
Chain transfer by radical addition‐fragmentation mechanisms: Synthesis of macromonomers and end‐functional oligomers (1995)

Abstract Appropriately substituted allylic sulfides, sulfones, bromides, phosphonates, stannanes and peroxides, vinyl ethers and thionocarbonyl compounds are effective chain transfer agents in free radical polymerizations. These compounds function by a radical addition‐fragmentation mechanism by which fragments derived from the chain transfer agents are installed at both ends of polymer chains. This provides a convenient method for preparing both mono‐ and di‐end functional oligomers and polymers. Allylic peroxides fragment to give epoxy end groups while the other allylic compounds give rise to macromonomers by introducing terminal double bonds.
Effect of glycoprotein and protein hormones on human meningioma cell proliferation in vitro (1995)

Speculation that meningiomas are subject to female hormone influence is supported by their higher incidence in women and reports of exacerbation of symptoms during pregnancy and the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Previous reports have concentrated on the effects of the steroid hormones oestradiol and progesterone on meningioma proliferation. In this study we have investigated the roles of the glycoproteins LH, FSH and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and the protein hormones prolactin (PRL) and human placental lactogen (hPL) on the proliferation of human meningiomas in vitro. The three glycoproteins had an inhibitory effect on meningioma proliferation ranging from 5.0-50.0%, 10.0-63.0% and 2.4-34.0% at the highest concentrations of LH (25 mIU/ml), FSH (15 mIU/ml) and hCG (30 IU/ml) respectively. Cultures were also treated with PRL (100 and 200 ng/ml) and hPL (5 and 10 ng/ml) and the protein hormones had a stimulatory effect on cell proliferation of 12.0-55.5% and 11.4-73.6% when treated with 200 ng/ml PRL and 10 micrograms/ml hPL respectively. Our data suggest that increasing levels of the protein hormones PRL and hPL, falling levels of hCG and the absence of LH and FSH in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy may play a role in the acceleration of meningioma growth in these stages of pregnancy.
Sequential organizing activities of engrailed, hedgehog and decapentaplegic in the Drosophila wing (1995)

The Drosophila wing is formed by two cell populations, the anterior and posterior compartments, which are distinguished by the activity of the selector gene engrailed (en) in posterior cells. Here, we show that en governs growth and patterning in both compartments by controlling the expression of the secreted proteins hedgehog (hh) and decapentaplegic (dpp) as well as the response of cells to these signaling molecules. First, we demonstrate that en activity programs wing cells to express hh whereas the absence of en activity programs them to respond to hh by expressing dpp. As a consequence, posterior cells secrete hh and induce a stripe of neighboring anterior cells across the compartment boundary to secrete dpp. Second, we demonstrate that dpp can exert a long-range organizing influence on surrounding wing tissue, specifying anterior or posterior pattern depending on the compartmental provenance, and hence the state of en activity, of the responding cells. Thus, dpp secreted by anterior cells along the compartment boundary has the capacity to organize the development of both compartments. Finally, we report evidence suggesting that dpp may exert its organizing influence by acting as a gradient morphogen in contrast to hh which appears to act principally as a short range inducer of dpp.
Heterogeneous expression of immunotherapy candidate proteins gp100, MART-1, and tyrosinase in human melanoma cell lines and in human melanocytic lesions. (1997)

In recent years, it has become evident that T cells can recognize peptides of melanocytic lineage antigens such as gp100, MART-1, and tyrosinase at the tumor cell surface and can subsequently destroy these cells. It is thus feasible to develop immunotherapeutic approaches based on the melanocytic marker profiles of melanoma cells. One of the predictors of the success rate of such a treatment is the extent of positive (target) tumor cells within the lesions of the patient. First, we investigated the presence of these three proteins in 18 human melanoma cell lines using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. In 11 cell lines, mRNA and protein of all three markers could be detected; in one cell line, only two markers were present, and six melanoma cell lines showed no evidence for these markers. Secondly, we stained frozen sections of 105 human melanocytic lesions, 13 common nevocellular nevi, 13 atypical nevi, 13 early primary melanomas (Breslow < 1.5 mm), 25 advanced primary melanomas (aPM; Breslow > or =1.5 mm), and 41 melanoma metastases (MM) with antibodies against glycoprotein 100, melanoma antigen recognized by T cells, and tyrosinase. In addition, we used the 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine reaction to detect tyrosinase enzyme activity as a confirmation of the tyrosinase immunohistochemical results in a subset of the lesions. In the benign lesions, glycoprotein 100 was more prominently expressed in epidermal melanocytes, whereas melanoma antigen recognized by T cells was encountered in all or nearly all dermal melanocytes in all nevocellular nevi and atypical nevus lesions. Tyrosinase was found in a lower percentage of melanocytes, both in the epidermis and in the dermis within these lesions. With regard to heterogeneity of staining within the malignant lesions, we found that 54% (early primary melanomas), 48% (aPMs), and 56% (MM) of the lesions stained within the same staining category for all three proteins studied. Approximately 17% of the aPM and MM lesions did not show positive tumor cells for any of the three proteins. We conclude that a subgroup of patients with high expression should be selected for immunotherapeutic treatment approaches based on the presence of these proteins.
The Use of a Porous Hydroxylapatite Implant in Periodontal Defects (1988)

T wenty‐three human subjects with two Class II furcation involvements in lower molars were treated with initial therapy following which presurgical measurements of pocket depth, gingival recession and attachment level were made. Periodontal flaps were used to expose the furcation defects, and one defect was implanted with porous hydroxylapatite while the other served as an unimplanted control. At the time of surgery, bone defects were measured obliquely and horizontally using a specially designed device to ensure reproducible probe angulation. Six months later the presurgical measurements were repeated, and reentry surgical procedures were carried out to measure the changes in the bone defects. Areas implanted with porous hydroxylapatite showed a statistically significant reduction in pocket depth and a statistically significant improvement in attachment level and fill of bone defects when compared with control defects. There was statistically less gingival recession in the implanted areas compared with the control sites. Control sites at six months showed no significant change in pocket depth, an increased loss of attachment and worsening of the bone defects.
Chemoprevention and Therapy of Cancer by d-Limonene (1994)

The naturally occurring monoterpene d-limonene has chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity against many rodent solid tumor types. The chemopreventive activity of limonene during initiation can be attributed to the induction of phase I and phase II enzymes, with resulting carcinogen detoxification. The chemopreventive activity of limonene during promotion/progression may be due in part to inhibition of the posttranslational isoprenylation of growth-controlling small G proteins, such as p21ras. The complete regression of mammary carcinomas by limonene appears to involve tissue redifferentiation. The multiple antitumorigenic effects of limonene are attainable at a high therapeutic ratio, suggesting that limonene and related monoterpenes may be efficacious in the chemoprevention and chemotherapy of human malignancies.
Patterns [software patterns] (2003)

Patterns provide a mechanism for rendering design advice in a reference format. Software design is a massive topic, and when faced with a design problem, one must be able to focus on something as close to the problem as you can get. Patterns can help by trying to identify common solutions to recurring problems. The solution is really what the pattern is, yet the problem is a vital part of the context. Patterns are half-balled - meaning one always have to finish them oneself and adapt them to ones own environment.
Catalysis by a Multiprotein IκB Kinase Complex (1997)

Many extracellular signals, tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-1 among them, transmit their signals to the genetic apparatus via the transcriptional activator, NF-kB. Maniatis summarizes what is known about this critical pathway and describes how two reports in this issue ([ Mercurio et al .][1] and [ Woronicz et al .][2]) add to the story.

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/278/5339/860
 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/278/5339/866