gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmaceutical Applications of Shellac: Moisture-Protective and Taste-Masking Coatings and Extended-Release Matrix Tablets (2003)

Shellac is a natural polymer, which is used as enteric coating material in pharmaceutical applications. The major objective of the present study was to investigate the potential of shellac for other purposes, namely to provide moisture-protective and taste-masking coatings as well as extended-release matrix tablets. The efficiency of shellac to achieve moisture protection and taste masking was compared with that of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), which is most frequently used for these purposes. Shellac-coated tablets showed lower water uptake rates than HPMC-coated systems at the same coating level. The stability of acetylsalicylic acid was higher in tablets coated with shellac compared with HPMC-coated systems, irrespective of the storage humidity. Therefore, lower shellac coating levels were required to achieve the same degree of drug protection. Shellac coatings effectively masked the unpleasant taste of acetaminophen tablets. Compared to HPMC, again lower coating levels were required to achieve similar effects. The resulting drug release in simulated gastric fluid was not significantly altered by the thin shellac coatings, which rapidly ruptured due to the swelling of the coated tablet core. In addition, shellac was found to be a suitable matrix former for extended-release tablets. The latter could be prepared by direct compression or via wet granulation using ethanolic or ammoniated aqueous shellac binder solutions. The resulting drug-release patterns could effectively be altered by varying different formulation and processing parameters.
Manipulator Inverse Kinematic Solutions Based on Vector Formulations and Damped Least-Squares Methods (1986)

Inverse kinematic solutions are used in manipulator controllers to determine corrective joint motions for errors in end-effector position and orientation. Previous formulations of these solutions, based on the Jacobian matrix, are inefficient and fail near kinematic singularities. Vector formulations of inverse kinematic problems are developed that lead to efficient computer algorithms. To overcome the difficulties encountered near kinematic singularities, the exact inverse problem is reformulated as a damped least-squares problem, which balances the error in the solution against the size of the solution. This yields useful results for all manipulator configurations.
One DODer's view of ARPA spoken language directions (1994)

DOD support for ARPA/HLT speech research stems from the belief that large vocabulary continuous speech recognition and speech understanding will have advantages in portability, and in the variety of applications sustainable from a single, basic speech system. With some imagination one can envision applications in such remotely related areas as speaker identification and language identification.
Expression of Transgenes from Newcastle Disease Virus with a Segmented Genome (2008)

Paramyxoviruses belong to the Paramyxoviridae family of the order Mononegavirales. They have a nonsegmented negative-stranded RNA genome and can cause a number of diseases in humans and animals. We generated a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) possessing a two-segmented genome. Each genomic segment is flanked by authentic NDV 3' and 5' noncoding termini allowing for efficient replication and transcription. A reporter gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) was inserted into one segment, and a red fluorescent protein dsRed gene was inserted into the other segment in order to easily detect the replication and transcription of segments in infected cells. The rescued viruses grew well and were stable in embryonated chicken eggs over multiple passages. We were able to detect the expression of both reporter genes in the same cell infected with the virus possessing a segmented genome, and viral particles can contain either one or two types of RNA segments. We also rescued a two-segmented virus expressing GFP and the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus spike S protein, which is about 200 kDa. The chimeric virus extends the coding capacity of NDV by 30%, suggesting that the two-segmented NDV can be used for development of vaccines or gene therapy vectors carrying long and multiple transgenes.
Paclitaxel induces calcium oscillations via an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor and neuronal calcium sensor 1-dependent mechanism (2006)

Taxol (Paclitaxel) is an important natural product for the treatment of solid tumors. Despite a well documented tubulin-stabilizing effect, many side effects of taxol therapy cannot be explained by cytoskeletal mechanisms. In the present study submicromolar concentrations of taxol, mimicking concentrations found in patients, induced cytosolic calcium (Ca(2+)) oscillations in a human neuronal cell line. These oscillations were independent of extracellular and mitochondrial Ca(2+) but dependent on intact signaling via the phosphoinositide signaling pathway. We identified a taxol binding protein, neuronal Ca(2+) sensor 1 (NCS-1), a Ca(2+) binding protein that interacts with the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor from a human brain cDNA phage display library. Taxol increased binding of NCS-1 to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor. Short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of NCS-1 in the same cell line abrogated the response to taxol but not to other agonists stimulating the phosphoinositide signaling pathway. These findings are important for studies involving taxol as a research tool in cell biology and may help to devise new strategies for the management of side effects induced by taxol therapy.
Impaired Emotion Recognition after Left Hemispheric Stroke: A Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature (2017)

Impaired recognition of emotion after stroke can have important implications for social competency, social participation, and consequently quality of life. We describe a case of left hemispheric ischemic stroke with impaired recognition of specifically faces expressing fear. Three months later, the patient's spouse reports that the patient was irritable and slow in communication, which may be caused by the impaired emotion recognition. The case is discussed in relation to the literature concerning emotion recognition and its neural correlates. Our case supports the notion that emotion recognition, including fear recognition, is regulated by a network of interconnected brain regions located in both hemispheres. We conclude that impaired emotion recognition is not uncommon after stroke and can be caused by dysfunction of this emotion-network.
Rates of bone loss in the appendicular and axial skeletons of women. Evidence of substantial vertebral bone loss before menopause. (1986)

We made longitudinal measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) in 139 normal women (ages 20-88 yr) at midradius (99% cortical bone) and lumbar spine (approximately 70% trabecular bone) by single- and dual-photon absorptiometry. BMD was measured 2-6 (median, 3) times over an interval of 0.8-3.4 yr (median, 2.1 yr). For midradius, BMD did not change (+0.48%/yr, NS) before menopause but decreased (-1.01%/yr, P less than 0.001) after menopause. For lumbar spine, there was significant bone loss both before (-1.32%/yr, P less than 0.001) and after (-0.97%/yr, P = 0.006) menopause; these rates did not differ significantly from each other. Our data show that before menopause little, if any, bone is lost from the appendicular skeleton but substantial amounts are lost from the axial skeleton. Thus, factors in addition to estrogen deficiency must contribute to pathogenesis of involutional osteoporosis in women because about half of overall vertebral bone loss occurs premenopausally.
Determination of Ornithine Conjugates of Some Carboxylic Acids in Birds by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. (1992)

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of ornithine conjugation of some carboxylic acids in vitro has been developed. The ornithine conjugates of benzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, furancarboxylic acid and phenylacetic acid in an incubation mixture with kidney mitochondria were well separated on a reversed-phase C18 column using a mixture of 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer and methanol as the mobile phase. In addition, by varying the pH of the mobile phase and utilizing the absorption wavelengths (nm) of the conjugates it was possible to resolve and specifically detect each conjugate. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.2-16 micrograms/ml for all compounds and the detection limits were about 50 ng/ml except for the ornithine conjugate of phenyl acetic acid (S/N = 2). The ornithine conjugation of some carboxylic acids with chicken kidney mitochondria were determined by this assay method. The activity of ornithine conjugation of benzoic acid, furancarboxylic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid and phenylacetic acid were 14.5, 5.5, 0.5 and 6.9 nmol/mg of protein, respectively. Moreover, the ornithine conjugation and the glycine conjugation of benzoic acid were examined in birds and rodents. The ornithine conjugation was observed only in chicken (14.5 nmol/mg of protein) and mallard (0.99 nmol/mg of protein).
Identification of amino acid residues involved in feedback regulation of the anthranilate synthase complex from Salmonella typhimurium. Evidence for an amino-terminal regulatory site (1991)

The anthranilate synthase-phosphoribosyl transferase complex, a heterotetrameric enzyme made up of the TrpE and TrpD polypeptides, catalyzes three reactions comprising the first two steps of tryptophan biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium. All three activities of the complex are subject to feedback inhibition by tryptophan, which results from allosteric effects associated with the binding of one molecule of inhibitor to each of the TrpE subunits of the complex. Random in vitro chemical mutagenesis of the trpE gene was used to generate a collection of mutant forms of the complex which displayed varying degrees of resistance to feedback inhibition. Single amino acid substitutions, identified by DNA sequencing, were found at 14 different residues within the TrpE polypeptide. The residues were distributed throughout TrpE, but those that appeared to be most critical for regulation were found in two clusters, one at the extreme amino-terminal end, including residues Glu-39, Ser-40, and Ala-41, and the other in the middle of the polypeptide, including residues Asn-288, Pro-289, Met-293, Phe-294, and Gly-305. Kinetic and binding studies of the purified mutant complexes demonstrated that 9 of the 14 had a marked decrease in affinity for tryptophan with little or no change in substrate affinity or catalytic capacity. The remaining five enzymes exhibited more subtle changes, having small decreases in inhibitor affinity coupled with small increases in substrate affinity. Mutant enzymes that were not totally feed-back-resistant had a decreased kinetic response to tryptophan binding. All enzymes exhibited alterations in tryptophan-induced conformational changes as monitored by dye-ligand chromatography.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Characterization of Metabolically Stable Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (2004)

A series of nonsteroidal ligands were synthesized as second-generation agonists for the androgen receptor (AR). These ligands were designed to eliminate metabolic sites identified in one of our first-generation AR agonists, which was inactive in vivo due to its rapid metabolism to inactive constituents. The binding affinity of these compounds was evaluated using AR isolated from rat ventral prostate. These second-generation compounds bound the AR in a high affinity and stereoselective manner, with K(i) values ranging from about 4 to 130 nM. The ability of these ligands to stimulate AR-mediated transcriptional activation was examined in cells transfected with the human AR and a hormone-dependent luciferase reporter gene. Although some compounds were unable to stimulate AR-mediated transcription, several demonstrated activity similar to that of dihydrotestosterone (DHT, an endogenous steroidal ligand for the AR). We also evaluated the in vivo pharmacologic activity of selected compounds in castrated male rats. Three compounds were identified as selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), exhibiting significant anabolic activity while having only moderate to minimal androgenic activity in vivo.
NEUTROPHIL ADHESION AND COMPLEMENT INHIBITION PROLONGS SURVIVAL OF CARDIAC XENOGRAFTS IN DISCORDANT SPECIES1 (1994)

Hyperacute rejection results in rapid destruction of a discordant cardiac xenograft and is characterized by antibody deposition, complement activation, and platelet aggregation. The importance of neutrophils is unclear. Complement inhibition prolongs discordant cardiac xenograft survival. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the relative roles of complement and neutrophils. Selective inhibition of complement and neutrophil adhesion was used in a guinea pig-to-Lewis rat cardiac heterotopic xenotransplant model. NPC 15669 (N-[9H-(2,7-dimethylfluorenyl-9-methoxy)carbonyl]-L-leucine), a member of a new class of antiinflammatory agents termed leumedins, specifically prevents recruitment of neutrophils at inflammatory foci by inhibiting upregulation of the CD11b/CD18 adhesion molecule. Soluble complement receptor type 1 (sCR1, BRL 55730) is a potent inhibitor of the alternative and classical complement pathways. Group I (n = 13) received saline vehicle i.v. Group II (n = 15) was treated with NPC 15669 (10 mg/kg i.v. bolus) prior to reperfusion. Group III (n = 13) was treated with sCR1 (20 mg/kg i.v. bolus) prior to reperfusion. Group IV (n = 13) received both NPC 15669 and sCR1. Two xenografts were harvested at each interval time point (Groups I and II, 1, 2, 4, and 6 min; and Groups III and IV, 6, 15, 30, and 60 min). The remainder were followed to cessation of graft function. Graft survival was significantly increased in group IV and group III-375 +/- 13.4 min (mean +/- SD) and 112 +/- 29.4, respectively (P < .05), compared with 9.9 +/- 6.3 in group II and 8.7 +/- 4.9 in group I. Extreme interstitial hemorrhage and edema and contraction band injury were present in group I-III animals at end-stage, and neutrophil infiltration in group III. In group IV grafts, there was a decrease in these parameters despite the longer survival time, and at end-stage rejection the cellular infiltrate was primarily mononuclear. This study demonstrates that complement is an important mediator in early xenograft HYP injury. Combined treatment with NPC 15669 and sCR1 results in reduced histologic injury at all time points and longer graft survival than with sCR1 alone. These results suggest that neutrophil and complement activation play synergistic roles in the pathogenesis of xenograft hyperacute rejection. Neutrophil inhibition may prove to be an important component of multimodality therapy for hyperacute rejection, particularly in less-discordant transplants.
Identification of a Sex-factor-affinity Site in E. coli as (1981)

Many conjugative bacterial plasmids are capable of promoting the conjugal transfer of normally physically unlinked replicons, including the main bacterial chromosome (for review, see Holloway 1979). Such behavior has been termed mobilization (Novick et al. 1976) or conduction (Clark and Adelberg 1962; Clark and Warren 1979). One model proposed to describe at least some such interactions involves recombination between regions of extensive nucleotide sequence homology on both the conjugative and nonconjugative replicons (Clark and Warren 1979). Such recombination-mediated processes occur in the cases of some experimentally altered plasmids (Wilkins 1969; Kleckner et al. 1977; Barth 1979).
An investigation of the properties of radial cylindrical surface waves launched over flat reactive surfaces (1956)

The problem of launching and supporting the radial form of surface wave over a flat surface is examined both theoretically and experimentally. The arrangement discussed consists of a vertical dipole aerial erected at different heights above the centre of a large horizontal metal plate inductively loaded at the surface, either by coating it with a thin layer of dielectric or by corrugating it with a series of concentric ridges. The earlier theoretical work of Cullen on the launching of a plane surface wave has been extended to the present case, and the results obtained have been substantially confirmed by the experimental observations recorded. In particular, the practicability of securing launching efficiencies approaching 80% for a particular height of aerial above a given surface has been fully demonstrated.
A Unified Approach to PCA, PLS, MLR and CCA (1997)

This paper presents a novel algorithm for analysis of stochastic processes. The algorithm can be used to find the required solutions in the cases of principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares (PLS), canonical correlation analysis (CCA) or multiple linear regression (MLR). The algorithm is iterative and sequential in its structure and uses on-line stochastic approximation to reach an equilibrium point. A quotient between two quadratic forms is used as an energy function and it is shown that the equilibrium points constitute solutions to the generalized eigenproblem. Keywords: Generalized eigenproblem, stochastic approximation, on-line algorithm, system learning, self-adaptation, principal components, partial least squares, canonical correlation, linear regression, reduced rank, mutual information, independent components. 1 Introduction The ability to perform dimensionality reduction is crucial to systems exposed to high dimensional data e.g. images, image sequences [10]...
<title>KrF excimer laser etching of diamondlike carbon films</title> (1992)

Diamond-like carbon films with mass density, ranging from 1.7 g/cm<SUP>3</SUP> to 2.4 g/cm<SUP>3</SUP>, deposited onto Si in RF glow discharge plasma in benzene were characterized by various techniques in order to obtain a correlation between mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties of the films. Microhardness and optical absorption increase, while electrical resistivity and thermal diffusivity decrease with film density. Etching of DLC films by UV pulses of KrF excimer laser radiation in air was studied. The etch rate was found to decrease with film density. Two etch mechanisms have been identified: (1) carbon oxidation, which provides etch rates V &lt; 5 nm/pulse, and (2) ablation dominating at high fluences (E &gt; 500 mJ/cm<SUP>2</SUP>) with V exceeding 100 nm/pulse. Micron-sized patterns in carbon films fabricated by laser etching technique are demonstrated.
CHARACTERIZATION OF TCL1-Tg:P53-/- MICE THAT RESEMBLE HUMAN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA WITH 17P-DELETION (2013)

Adipogenesis is regulated by the sequential activation of a series of transcription factors: the C/EBP proteins of type beta and delta trigger the process while PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha induce the differentiation from pre-adipocyte to adipocyte, followed by adipo-specific gene expression. A number of observations suggest the involvement of genes controlling embryonal development in adipogenesis. In human thyroid follicular carcinoma, it has been recently identified an oncogenetic fusion protein resulting from the interaction between the isoform PPARgamma1 of PPARgamma and the homeoprotein encoded by the PAX-8 gene. Recent observations have pointed out that gene expression associated with adipocyte differentiation in vivo and in vitro, although partially overlapping, is actually different. HOX genes make up a network of transcription factors (homeoproteins) controlling embryonal development as well as crucial functions of adult eukaryotic cells. The molecular organization of this network of 39 genes appears to be unique in the genome and probably acts regulating phenotypic cell identity. In the present study we have analyzed the expression of the complete HOX gene network, in vivo, in different deposits of human white adipose tissue and in embryonal brown adipose tissues. Most of the genes in the HOX network are active in white as well as brown adipose tissue. Furthermore HOX genes display a deposit-specific expression in white adipose tissue. Moreover, expression of the paralogous group 4 genes (HOX A4, HOX B4, HOX C4, and HOX D4), together with that of isolated genes in the network, appears to discriminate between white and brown adipose tissue. This data allows us to postulate the involvement of the HOX network in transcriptional regulation of human adipogenesis and to hypothesize on the molecular mechanisms that could be implicated.
A Novel Deep Submicron Elevated Source/Drain MOSFET (1998)

In this paper we report on the electrical characteristics of a novel elevated source/ drain MOS-FET. The elevated structures are created by growing a layer of selective epitaxial silicon in the source and drain regions of the MOSFET. The selective epitaxial process does not suffer from faceting at the edges of the epitaxial silicon layers, and the thermal budget of the process is compatible with deep sub-micron CMOS. The process uses a disposable cap on top of the gate polysilicon to prevent epitaxial silicon growth on the polysilicon. This cap is later removed to enable salicidation of the gate. Electrical results are presented which show that our new elevated PMOS devices give superior saturation current drive and contribute to a higher ring oscillator speed than conventional non elevated MOSFETs.
Comparison of Several Procedures Used for the Extraction of Anthocyanins from Red Grapes (1998)

Several procedures for the extraction of grape anthocyanins, based on different methods described in the literature, have been assayed. Results have shown that the use of solvents containing up to 1% of 12 N hydrochloric acid for the extraction of grape anthocyanins resulted in the partial hydrolysis of malvidin 3-O-acetylglucoside, leading to important changes in the relative content of anthocyanins in those extracts, despite their higher efficiency in extracting total anthocyans in some cases. Nevertheless, the use of different neutral solvents resulted in a similar relative content of anthocyanins in the extracts, and some of them could be as efficient in extracting total anthocyanins as other procedures that used an acid solvent for extraction. These data suggest that the use of solvents containing up to 1% of 12 N hydrochloric acid in the extraction of anthocyanins from grapes or from any other plant material containing acetylated anthocyanins should be avoided, especially if the work is related with any type of taxonomic studies. Keywords: Anthocyanins; acylated anthocyanins; grapes; extraction; HPLC
Characterization of a Time Multiplexed Inductively Coupled Plasma Etcher (1999)

We report the experimentally obtained response surfaces of silicon etching rate, aspect ratio dependent etching (ARDE), photoresist etching rate, and anisotropy parameter in a time multiplexed inductively coupled plasma etcher. The data were collected while varying eight etching variables. The relevance of electrode power, pressure, and gas flow rates is presented and has been found to agree with observations reported in the literature. The observed behavior presented in this report serves as a tool to locate and optimize operating conditions to etch high aspect ratio structures. The performance of this deep reactive ion etcher allows the tailoring of silicon etching rates in excess of 4 μm/min with anisotropic profiles, nonuniformities of less than 4% across the wafer, and ARDE control with a depth variation of less than 1 μm for trenches of dissimilar width. Furthermore it is possible to prescribe the slope of etched trenches from positive to reentrant. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.