gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lumbar Support in Auto Seats: Conclusions from a Study of Preferred Driving Posture (1996)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Prominent, longitudinally convex lumbar supports are frequently recommended for auto seats based on the assumption that such supports will induce sitters to choose postures with substantial lumbar lordosis. Lumbar lordosis has been associated with reduced spine loading as measured by pressure in the intervertebral disks. Data from a laboratory study of the influence of lumbar support on driving posture demonstrate that, on average, lumbar lordosis is not strongly affected by large increases in lumbar support prominence. These findings, and their implications for seat design, are reviewed.&lt;/div&gt;
Optical ocular tomography (1997)

This paper gives a short introduction to optical ocular tomography or optical coherence tomography (OCT) and a survey of recent applications. The basic principles are explained and the information content of OCT images is discussed.
Laboratory and Field Evaluation of an Inelastic Neutron Scattering and Capture Gamma Ray Spectrometry Tool (1980)

Abstract An experimental system for gamma ray spectroscopy logging has been developed which uses prompt and capture gamma radiation induced in formations by 14-MeV neutrons from a pulsed-neutron generator to determine relative concentrations of various elements in the formation. The logging system uses computer-processing techniques based on spectral modeling that has been developed to analyze the inelastic and capture gamma ray data obtained with a borehole spectrometer. The physics of the production of gamma rays from fast-neutron interactions with elemental nuclei in formations is discussed, leading to a simple but realistic interpretation model for the tool's response. This model is confirmed by laboratory and field tests. The relative spectroscopic contributions from carbon, oxygen, silicon, calcium, iron, chlorine, and hydrogen are used for various cased-hole and openhole logging applications. Particular emphasis is placed on the carbon/oxygen ratio used to obtain oil saturation independent of formation-water salinity. Carbon/oxygen ratio determinations made in the laboratory are compared with values predicted on the basis of known lithologies, porosities, and oil-saturation changes. In addition, the spectral contributions from iron, silicon, and calcium are used to interpret lithology; hydrogen, silicon, and calcium contributions are used to determine the effects of porosity; and chlorine and hydrogen contributions are used to investigate salinity changes. Field-test log examples of these elemental determinations are shown.
Second-Order Overtone and Combination Raman Modes of Graphene Layers in the Range of 1690−2150 cm−1 (2011)

Though graphene has been intensively studied by Raman spectroscopy, in this letter, we report a study of the second-order overtone and combination Raman modes in a mostly unexplored frequency range of 1690-2150 cm(-1) in nonsuspended commensurate (AB-stacked), incommensurate (folded) and suspended graphene layers. On the basis of the double resonance theory, four dominant modes in this range have been assigned to (i) the second order out-of-plane transverse mode (2oTO or M band), (ii) the combinational modes of in-plane transverse acoustic mode and longitudinal optical mode (iTA+LO), (iii) in-plane transverse optical mode and longitudinal acoustic mode (iTO+LA), and (iv) longitudinal optical mode and longitudinal acoustic mode (LO+LA). Differing from AB-stacked bilayer graphene or few layer graphene, single layer graphene shows the disappearance of the M band. Systematic analysis reveals that interlayer interaction is essential for the presence (or absence) of the M band, whereas the substrate has no effect on the presence (or absence) of the M band. Dispersive behaviors of these "new" Raman modes in graphene have been probed by laser excitation energy-dependent Raman spectroscopy. It is found that the appearance of the M band strictly depends on the AB stacking, which could be used as a fingerprint for AB-stacked bilayer graphene. This work expands upon the unique and powerful abilities of Raman spectroscopy to study graphene and provides another effective way to probe phonon dispersion, electron-phonon coupling, and to exploit the electronic band structure of graphene layers.
Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to evaluate the expression patterns of genes involved in the oestrogen pathway (2000)

The increasing number of factors to be taken into account in the oestrogen transcriptional process has created a need to develop a rapid screening method to evaluate their role in physiology and pathology. Molecular biology techniques enable gene expression studies at the mRNA level with small amounts of tissues. We therefore developed a semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique using fluorescent oligonucleotides to analyse simultaneously a large panel of interrelated genes involved in the oestrogen transcriptional pathway using a moderately expressed housekeeping gene, the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene (HPRT), as the reference gene. Expression levels of oestrogen receptors (ERalpha, ERbeta), cofactors AIB1, RIP140, SMRT and the Fas-associated protein-tyrosine phophatase-1 (FAP-1) genes were evaluated in breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer cell lines and in three ERalpha-positive and three ERalpha-negative breast cancer tumours. This technique provides a rapid and reliable way to quantitate simultaneously numerous mRNAs of genes involved in the oestrogen pathway from small amounts of tissues.
Methotrexate therapy in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: A retrospective study (1986)

Nineteen selected patients with severe, mostly systemic onset, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were treated with methotrexate (MTX) for an average of 10.5 months. Twelve patients showed statistically significant improvement, as measured by the number of affected, swollen, tender, and functionally impaired joints, and by decreases in erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein and an increase in hemoglobin level. Systemic manifestations improved in 6 of 8 patients. In 10 children receiving corticosteroids, the dosage was reduced. Seven patients did not respond to MTX therapy. Six of them showed an unchanged disease course, and 1 had a relapse after 4 months of MTX treatments. Probable side effects included gastrointestinal symptoms, elevated liver enzymes, and herpes zoster infection. MTX treatment should be considered for children with life-threatening or severe disabling arthritis that is unresponsive to other therapy.
The Development of an Efficient Multipurpose Bean Pod Mottle Virus Viral Vector Set for Foreign Gene Expression and RNA Silencing (2010)

Plant viral vectors are valuable tools for heterologous gene expression, and because of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), they also have important applications as reverse genetics tools for gene function studies. Viral vectors are especially useful for plants such as soybean (Glycine max) that are recalcitrant to transformation. Previously, two generations of bean pod mottle virus (BPMV; genus Comovirus) vectors have been developed for overexpressing and silencing genes in soybean. However, the design of the previous vectors imposes constraints that limit their utility. For example, VIGS target sequences must be expressed as fusion proteins in the same reading frame as the viral polyprotein. This requirement limits the design of VIGS target sequences to open reading frames. Furthermore, expression of multiple genes or simultaneous silencing of one gene and expression of another was not possible. To overcome these and other issues, a new BPMV-based vector system was developed to facilitate a variety of applications for gene function studies in soybean as well as in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). These vectors are designed for simultaneous expression of multiple foreign genes, insertion of noncoding/antisense sequences, and simultaneous expression and silencing. The simultaneous expression of green fluorescent protein and silencing of phytoene desaturase shows that marker gene-assisted silencing is feasible. These results demonstrate the utility of this BPMV vector set for a wide range of applications in soybean and common bean, and they have implications for improvement of other plant virus-based vector systems.
Drain-avalanche and hole-trapping induced gate leakage in thin-oxide MOS devices (1988)

Leakage current components due to band-to-band tunneling and avalanche breakdown in thin-oxide (90-160 AA) gated-diode structures are discussed. Experimental results show that while the band-to-band tunneling current is not sensitive to channel doping concentration, the avalanche current is sensitive to channel doping concentration in the range of 10/sup 16/ to 10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/. For oxides thicker than 110 AA, the gate current is found to be dominated by hot-hole injection and for oxides thinner than 110 AA the gate current is dominated by Fowler-Nordheim electron tunneling. After hot-hole injection, the gate oxide exhibits significant low-level leakage, which is explained by the barrier-lowering effect caused by the trapped holes in the oxide.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A bitstream-based front-end for wireless speech recognition on IS-136 communications system (2001)

We propose a feature extraction method for a speech recognizer that operates in digital communication networks. The feature parameters are basically extracted by converting the quantized spectral information of a speech coder into a cepstrum. We also include the voiced/unvoiced information obtained from the bitstream of the speech coder in the recognition feature set. We performed speaker-independent connected digit HMM recognition experiments under clean, background noise, and channel impairment conditions. From these results, we found that the speech recognition system employing the proposed bitstream-based front-end gives superior word and string accuracies over a recognizer constructed from decoded speech signals. Its performance is comparable to that of a wireline recognition system that uses the cepstrum as a feature set. Next, we extended the evaluation of the proposed bitstream-based front-end to large vocabulary speech recognition with a name database. The recognition results proved that the proposed bitstream-based front-end also gives a comparable performance to the conventional wireline front-end.
Terence La Noue (1993)

Nearly three decades of work are represented, demonstrating both a remarkably varied body of abstract work as well as its inherent continuity. Numerous details, immense gatefolds, and a description of La Noue's unique studio technique permit a true understanding of his beautiful and influential work.
Error Floor Investigation and Girth Optimization for Certain Types of Low-Density Parity Check Codes (2006)

Low-density parity check (LDPC) codes with their near-Shannon capacity limit error correcting performance and iterative decoding algorithm are being evaluated for digital communications applications. For LDPC codes to be used in real systems, their error floors need to be investigated. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of disjoint difference set (DDS)-based LDPC codes (with column weights 3, 4, 5) and array code-based LDPC codes (with column weights 3, 4, 5) in the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel using a high-speed field programmable gate array (FPGA) simulation platform. The error floor regions (bit error rates down to 10/sup -12/) of those codes are presented. For better performance of array codes, a girth optimization method is proposed and the FPGA evaluation results are presented.
A Comparison of Blue Light and Caffeine Effects on Cognitive Function and Alertness in Humans (2013)

The alerting effects of both caffeine and short wavelength (blue) light have been consistently reported. The ability of blue light to enhance alertness and cognitive function via non-image forming neuropathways have been suggested as a non-pharmacological countermeasure for drowsiness across a range of occupational settings. Here we compare and contrast the alerting and psychomotor effects of 240 mg of caffeine and a 1-h dose of ~40 lx blue light in a non-athletic population. Twenty-one healthy subjects performed a computer-based psychomotor vigilance test before and after each of four randomly assigned trial conditions performed on different days: white light/placebo; white light/240 mg caffeine; blue light/placebo; blue light/240 mg caffeine. The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale was used to assess subjective measures of alertness. Both the caffeine only and blue light only conditions enhanced accuracy in a visual reaction test requiring a decision and an additive effect was observed with respect to the fastest reaction times. However, in a test of executive function, where a distraction was included, caffeine exerted a negative effect on accuracy. Furthermore, the blue light only condition consistently outperformed caffeine when both congruent and incongruent distractions were presented. The visual reactions in the absence of a decision or distraction were also enhanced in the blue light only condition and this effect was most prominent in the blue-eyed participants. Overall, blue light and caffeine demonstrated distinct effects on aspects of psychomotor function and have the potential to positively influence a range of settings where cognitive function and alertness are important. Specifically, despite the widespread use of caffeine in competitive sporting environments, the possible impact of blue light has received no research attention.
Mechanism of Activation of β- d -2′-Deoxy-2′-Fluoro-2′- C -Methylcytidine and Inhibition of Hepatitis C Virus NS5B RNA Polymerase (2006)

Beta-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylcytidine (PSI-6130) is a potent specific inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA synthesis in Huh-7 replicon cells. To inhibit the HCV NS5B RNA polymerase, PSI-6130 must be phosphorylated to the 5'-triphosphate form. The phosphorylation of PSI-6130 and inhibition of HCV NS5B were investigated. The phosphorylation of PSI-6130 by recombinant human 2'-deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and uridine-cytidine kinase 1 (UCK-1) was measured by using a coupled spectrophotometric reaction. PSI-6130 was shown to be a substrate for purified dCK, with a Km of 81 microM and a kcat of 0.007 s-1, but was not a substrate for UCK-1. PSI-6130 monophosphate (PSI-6130-MP) was efficiently phosphorylated to the diphosphate and subsequently to the triphosphate by recombinant human UMP-CMP kinase and nucleoside diphosphate kinase, respectively. The inhibition of wild-type and mutated (S282T) HCV NS5B RNA polymerases was studied. The steady-state inhibition constant (Ki) for PSI-6130 triphosphate (PSI-6130-TP) with the wild-type enzyme was 4.3 microM. Similar results were obtained with 2'-C-methyladenosine triphosphate (Ki=1.5 microM) and 2'-C-methylcytidine triphosphate (Ki=1.6 microM). NS5B with the S282T mutation, which is known to confer resistance to 2'-C-methyladenosine, was inhibited by PSI-6130-TP as efficiently as the wild type. Incorporation of PSI-6130-MP into RNA catalyzed by purified NS5B RNA polymerase resulted in chain termination.
Design, intracellular expression, and activity of a human anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 single-chain antibody. (1993)

A single-chain antibody, derived from a human monoclonal antibody that recognizes the CD4 binding region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope protein, has been designed for intracellular expression in eukaryotic cells. The single-chain antibody is composed of an immunoglobulin heavy-chain leader sequence and heavy- and light-chain variable regions that are joined by an interchain linker. The antibody is stably expressed and retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and is not toxic to the cells. The antibody binds to the envelope protein within the cell and inhibits processing of the envelope precursor and syncytia formation. The infectivity of the HIV-1 particles produced by cells that express the single-chain antibody is substantially reduced. These studies illustrate the feasibility of designing antibodies that bind and inactivate molecules intracellularly. Antibodies that act on target molecules within cells should provide a useful tool for research as well as for control of infectious and other diseases.
Human brain amyloidoses (1998)

Several diseases aVecting the central nervous system near future. (CNS) of humans result from the formation This review summarizes the salient clinical and of a substance, named amyloid. Amyloid currently pathological features of the brain amyloidoses with identifies aggregates of an insoluble protein which special emphasis on the data obtained by our group. (i) generally occupy the extracellular space, (ii) are Some of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis birefringent under polarized light, (iii) react with the of AD and prion disease are also briefly discussed. Congo red histological stain, (iv) have a s-pleated sheet secondary structure, (v) are fibrillary with an extensive antiparallel b-sheet strands quaternary structure, and (vi) are associated with other proteins pre- Brain amyloidomas sumed to be chaperones [1]. At least five biochemically distinct amyloids are known to aVect the human CNS Amyloid may deposit in the brain in the form of ( Table 1). The amyloidoses due to the aggregation of relatively large aggregates acting like space-occupying the amyloid b peptide (Ab), which include Alzheimer’s lesions, called amyloidomas [6‐16 ]. Twelve cases have disease (AD), Down’s syndrome (DS) and the been reported to date ( Table 2). The mean age at hereditary cerebral haemorrhage with amyloidosis presentation is 54 years (range 28‐76 years). The (HCHWA)-Dutch type, and the amyloidoses due to common clinical presentation is characterized by cogaggregation of the prion protein (PrP), which include nitive decline, seizures and signs of increased intracra+/ ++ + + ++ ++ +/ ’+ +/ ++ +/+ / ’’ ’ ’ +/ ++ + ++ +/++ + +/ ++ +/’ ++ + +/ ++ /+ ++/++ ++ ++ +/ ’+ + + +/++ +++/’
Cancer : a comprehensive clinical guide (1998)

This guide explains the principles and practice of oncology in a clear format, combining recent research and treatment with a description of the underlying biology. The book adopts a multidisciplinary approach which integrates the medical and nursing aspects of cancer care. An introdutory section, discussing general principles and aspects of oncology, is followed by site-specific chapters describing the epidemiology, pathology, clinical signs, investigations, diagnosis and treatment of each cancer type. Special chapters are devoted to cancer in children, HIV-associated malignancies, secondary cancers and unknown primary cancers.
Molecular belts. 2. Substrate-directed syntheses of belt-type and cage-type structures (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMolecular belts. 2. Substrate-directed syntheses of belt-type and cage-type structuresPeter R. Ashton, Ulrich Girreser, Daniele Giuffrida, Franz H. Kohnke, John P. Mathias, Francisco M. Raymo, Alexandra M. Z. Slawin, J. Fraser Stoddart, and David J. WilliamsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 13, 5422–5429Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00066a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00066a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2324Altmetric-Citations105LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
The resource pooling principle (2008)

Since the ARPAnet, network designers have built localized mechanisms for statistical multiplexing, load balancing, and failure resilience, often without understanding the broader implications. These mechanisms are all types of resource pooling whichmeans making a collection of resources behave like a single pooled resource. We believe that the natural evolution of the Internet is that it should achieve resource pooling by harnessing the responsiveness of multipath-capable end systems. We argue that this approach will solve the problems and limitations of the current piecemeal approaches.
Omasal ciliated protozoa in cattle, bison, and sheep (1990)

Omasal contents were collected from slaughtered cattle (n = 54), bison (n = 15), and sheep (n = 40) to determine numbers and generic distribution of ciliated protozoa. Total protozoan numbers were significantly lower in omasal contents than in ruminal contents of all three species, but the percent composition of all protozoan genera was similar between omasal and ruminal populations. The highest numbers of omasal protozoa found were 7.61 X 10(5)/g in cattle, 7.01 X 10(5)/g in bison, and 1.29 X 10(6)/g in sheep. Omasal dry matter was significantly higher than ruminal dry matter in all species and ranged up to 51.5% in cattle fed high-concentrate diets. The omasal pH was similar to the ruminal pH in all species. The number of omasal laminae averaged 149, 145, and 74 for cattle, bison, and sheep, respectively. Although protozoan concentrations in omasal contents were approximately 80% lower than those in ruminal contents, the omasum harbored relatively high numbers of ciliated protozoa. The resident omasal protozoa are extremely difficult to remove, particularly in cattle, and apparently are responsible for reinoculating transiently defaunated rumens.