gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ion–Molecule Reactions: Analytical and Structural Tool (2012)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTIon–Molecule Reactions: Analytical and Structural ToolSandra Osburn and Victor Ryzhov*View Author Information Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States*E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 2, 769–778Publication Date (Web):October 18, 2012Publication History Published online1 November 2012Published inissue 15 January 2013https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac302920ahttps://doi.org/10.1021/ac302920areview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2012 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2706Altmetric-Citations59LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Anions,Ions,Monomers,Peptides and proteins,Reactivity Get e-Alerts
Anti-TNFα Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis: What Have We Learned? (2001)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a systemic disease, is characterized by a chronic inflammatory reaction in the synovium of joints and is associated with degeneration of cartilage and erosion of juxta-articular bone. Many pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF alpha, chemokines, and growth factors are expressed in diseased joints. The rationale that TNF alpha played a central role in regulating these molecules, and their pathophysiological potential, was initially provided by the demonstration that anti-TNF alpha antibodies added to in vitro cultures of a representative population of cells derived from diseased joints inhibited the spontaneous production of IL-1 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. Systemic administration of anti-TNF alpha antibody or sTNFR fusion protein to mouse models of RA was shown to be anti-inflammatory and joint protective. Clinical investigations in which the activity of TNF alpha in RA patients was blocked with intravenously administered infliximab, a chimeric anti-TNF alpha monoclonal antibody (mAB), has provided evidence that TNF regulates IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and VEGF production, recruitment of immune and inflammatory cells into joints, angiogenesis, and reduction of blood levels of matrix metalloproteinases-1 and -3. Randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-center clinical trials of human TNF alpha inhibitors have demonstrated their consistent and remarkable efficacy in controlling signs and symptoms, with a favorable safety profile, in approximately two thirds of patients for up to 2 years, and their ability to retard joint damage. Infliximab (a mAB), and etanercept (a sTNF-R-Fc fusion protein) have been approved by regulatory authorities in the United States and Europe for treating RA, and they represent a significant new addition to available therapeutic options.
Smoke yields of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in relation to FTC tar level and cigarette manufacturer: Analysis of the Massachusetts Benchmark Study (2001)

Objectives.This research assessed the relationship between the deliveries of carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) "tar" ratings of US commercial cigarettes.Methods.Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to assess the explanatory power of FTC tar, the particular manufacturer, and other cigarette characteristics to predict the yields of four TSNAs (N'-nitrosonornicotineand N'-nitrosoanabasine [NAB]) in 26 US commercial brands tested in the 1999 Massachusetts Benchmark Study.Results.When FTC tar alone was used to predict TSNA yield, the squared correlation coefficient (R 2 ) was only 38% for NNN, 76% for NNK, 46% for NAT, and 49% for NAB.Inclusion of manufacturer-specific variables significantly (p < 0.001) increased the estimated R 2 for three of the four species of nitrosamine to: 78% for NNN, 88% for NNK, and 81% for NAT.Inclusion of other cigarette characteristics (filter type, paper permeability, tobacco weight, tip dilution) did not reduce the significance of the manufacturer-specific effects.Federal Trade Commission nicotine and carbon monoxide (CO) yields were no better at predicting TSNA levels.Conclusions.FTC ratings for tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide do not tell the entire story about the comparative yields of toxic agents in marketed cigarette brands.The significant manufacturer-specific effects suggest that proprietary blending and processing of tobacco matter as well.Public, brand-by-brand disclosure of the yields of TSNA and possibly other smoke constituents appears to be warranted.
Real-time screen-aided multiple-image optical holographic matched-filter correlator (1982)

The basic principle and experimental results of applying a specific contact screen for performing multiplex holographic filtering in a real-time coherent optical correlator are presented. The specific design and fabrication of a 1- and 2-D gray density contact screen as well as a 2-D dichromated gelatin phase screen are described. The 2-D density-type screen can yield nearly an equal intensity 5 x 5 array of spectrum islands at the Fourier plane of a Fourier transform lens in a coherent optical image processor. The main drawback of the density-type screen is the lack of required light efficiency at the Fourier plane because of the blocking of light by the silver particles in the screen. Dichromated gelatin phase screens can be made to alleviate this problem, but it is very difficult to fabricate a phase screen exactly according to our design due to inherent experimental limitations. Nevertheless a functional phase screen has been made for the desired correlation functions. Experimental results have demonstrated that the phase screen is reasonably efficient for the multiplex holographic filtering in the real-time correlator.
MEMS applications in turbulence and flow control (1999)

Manufacturing processes that can create extremely small machines have been developed in recent years. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) refer to devices that have characteristic length of less than 1 mm but more than 1 μm, that combine electrical and mechanical components and that are fabricated using integrated circuit batch-processing techniques. Electrostatic, magnetic, pneumatic and thermal actuators, motors, valves, gears and tweezers of less than 100 μm size have been fabricated. These have been used as sensors for pressure, temperature, mass flow, velocity and sound, as actuators for linear and angular motions, and as simple components for complex systems such as micro-heat-engines and micro-heat-pumps. In this paper, we focus on the use of microelectromechanical systems for the diagnosis and control of turbulent shear flows. We survey the status and outlook of microsensors and microactuators as used for those particular applications, and compare the minute devices to their larger cousins. Microsensors can resolve all relevant scales even in high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows. Arrays of microsensors and microactuators make it feasible, for the first time, to achieve effective reactive control targeted toward specific small-scale coherent structures in turbulent wall-bounded flows.
Global non-viral gene transfer to the primate brain following intravenous administration (2003)

Expression plasmids encoding either luciferase or beta-galactosidase were encapsulated in the interior of an "artificial virus" comprised of an 85 nm pegylated immunoliposome, which was targeted to the rhesus monkey brain in vivo with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) to the human insulin receptor (HIR). The HIRMAb enables the liposome carrying the exogenous gene to undergo transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier and endocytosis across the neuronal plasma membrane following intravenous injection. The level of luciferase gene expression in the brain was 50-fold higher in the rhesus monkey as compared to the rat. Widespread neuronal expression of the beta-galactosidase gene in primate brain was demonstrated by both histochemistry and confocal microscopy. This approach makes feasible reversible adult transgenics in 24 hours.
Electron and hole mobility enhancement in strained-Si MOSFET's on SiGe-on-insulator substrates fabricated by SIMOX technology (2000)

We have newly developed strained-Si MOSFET's on a SiGe-on-insulator (strained-SOI) structure fabricated by separation-by-implanted-oxygen (SIMOX) technology. Their electron and hole mobility characteristics have been experimentally studied and compared to those of control SOI MOSFET's. Using an epitaxial regrowth technique of a strained-Si film on a relaxed-Si/sub 0.9/Ge/sub 0.1/ layer and the conventional SIMOX process, strained-Si (20 nm thickness) layer on fully relaxed-SiGe (340 nm thickness)-on-buried oxide (100 nm thickness) was formed, and n-and p-channel strained-Si MOSFET's were successfully fabricated. For the first time, the good FET characteristics were obtained in both n-and p-strained-SOI devices. It was found that both electron and hole mobilities in strained-SOI MOSFET's were enhanced, compared to those of control SOI MOSFET's and the universal mobility in Si inversion layer.
The diagnostic value of PET/CT imaging with the 68Ga-labelled PSMA ligand HBED-CC in the diagnosis of recurrent prostate cancer (2014)

(68)Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT can detect recurrent PCa in a high number of patients. In addition, the radiotracer is highly specific for PCa. Tumour detection is positively associated with PSA and ADT. (68)Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT can help delay systemic therapy of PCa.
Preclinical overview of sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor that targets both Raf and VEGF and PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase signaling (2008)

Although patients with advanced refractory solid tumors have poor prognosis, the clinical development of targeted protein kinase inhibitors offers hope for the future treatment of many cancers. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that the oral multikinase inhibitor, sorafenib, inhibits tumor growth and disrupts tumor microvasculature through antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and/or proapoptotic effects. Sorafenib has shown antitumor activity in phase II/III trials involving patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. The multiple molecular targets of sorafenib (the serine/threonine kinase Raf and receptor tyrosine kinases) may explain its broad preclinical and clinical activity. This review highlights the antitumor activity of sorafenib across a variety of tumor types, including renal cell, hepatocellular, breast, and colorectal carcinomas in the preclinical setting. In particular, preclinical evidence that supports the different mechanisms of action of sorafenib is discussed.
Development and Characterization of Clinical-Grade 89Zr-Trastuzumab for HER2/neu ImmunoPET Imaging (2009)

Clinical-grade (89)Zr-trastuzumab showed high and HER2/neu-specific tumor uptake at a good resolution.
Effects of starvation for potassium and other inorganic ions on protein degradation and ribonucleic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli (1980)

Starvation of Escherichia coli for potassium, phosphate, or magnesium ions leads to a reversible increase in the rate of protein degradation and an inhibition of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. In cells deprived of potassium, the breakdown of the more stable cell proteins increased two- to threefold, whereas the hydrolysis of short-lived proteins, both normal ones and analog-containing polypeptides, did not change. The mechanisms initiating the enhancement of proteolysis during starvation for these ions were examined. Upon starvation for amino acids or amino acyl-transfer RNA (tRNA), protein breakdown increases in relA+ (but not relA) cells as a result of the rapid synthesis of guanosine-5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate (ppGpp). However, a lack of amino acyl-tRNA does not appear to be responsible for the increased protein breakdown in cells starved for inorganic ions, since protein breakdown increased in the absence of these ions in both relA+ and relA cultures, and since a large excess of amino acids did not affect this response. In bacteria in which energy production is restricted, ppGpp levels also rise, and protein breakdown increases. The ion-deprived cultures did show a 40 to 75% reduction in adenosine-5'-triphosphate levels,l similar to that seen upon glucose starvation. However, this decrease in ATP content does not appear to cause the increase in protein breakdown or lead to an accumulation of ppGpp. No consistent change in intracellular ppGpp levels was found in relA+ or relA cells starved for these ions. In addition, in relX mutants, removal of these ions led to accelerated protein degradation even though relX cells are unable to increase ppGpp levels or proteolysis when deprived of a carbon source. In the potassium-, phosphate-, and magnesium-deprived cultures, the addition of choramphenicol or tetracycline caused a reduction in protein breakdown toward basal levels. Such findings, however, do not indicate that protein synthesis is essential for the enhancement of protein degradation, since blockage of protein synthesis by inactivation of a temperature-sensitive valyl-tRNA synthetase did not restore protein catabolism to basal levels. These various results and related studies suggest that the mechanism for increased protein catabolism on starvation for inorganic ions differs from that occurring upon amino acid or arbon deprivation and probably involves an enhanced susceptibility of various cell proteins (especially ribosomal proteins) to proteolysis.
A Non-Invasive Software Architecture Style for RFID Data Provisioning (2010)

Integrating real-time RFID data into autonomous and heterogeneous information systems across the business value chain presents a number of challenges. At an abstract architecture level, this paper identifies important requirements for RFID data provisioning and points of integration. A non-invasive architecture style is proposed to satisfy these requirements. It has the advantages of low entry barriers, low latency, high flexibility, and independent evolvability. The architecture style is used as a basis for evaluating three existing architectures for RFID data provisioning. Various architecture mismatches that could hinder the pace of RFID adoption are identified and discussed. A new asymmetric integration approach is suggested as an alternative to existing methods.
Ortho ester hydrolysis. The complete reaction mechanism (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrtho ester hydrolysis. The complete reaction mechanismM. Ahmad, R. G. Bergstrom, M. J. Cashen, A. J. Kresge, R. A. McClelland, and M. F. PowellCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 14, 4827–4829Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00456a051https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00456a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1093Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
MATRIX: a reconfigurable computing architecture with configurable instruction distribution and deployable resources (1996)

MATRIX is a novel, coarse-grain, reconfigurable computing architecture which supports configurable instruction distribution. Device resources are allocated to controlling and describing the computation on a per task basis. Application-specific regularity allows us to compress the resources allocated to instruction control and distribution, in many situations yielding more resources for datapaths and computations. The adaptability is made possible by a multi-level configuration scheme, a unified configurable network supporting both datapaths and instruction distribution, and a coarse-grained building block which can serve as an instruction store, a memory element, or a computational element. In a 0.5 /spl mu/ CMOS process, the 8-bit functional unit at the heart of the MATRIX architecture has a footprint of roughly 1.5 mm/spl times/1.2 mm, making single dies with over a hundred function units practical today. At this process point, 100 MHz operation is easily achievable, allowing MATRIX components to deliver on the order of 10 Gop/s (8-bit ops).
Hyperglycemia Regulates TXNIP/TRX/ROS Axis via p38 MAPK and ERK Pathways in Pancreatic Cancer (2014)

Approximately 85% of pancreatic cancer patients suffer from glucose intolerance or even diabetes because high glucose levels can contribute to oxidative stress which promotes tumor development. As one of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-regulating factors, thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), is involved in the maintenance of thioredoxin (TRX)-mediated redox regulation. In this study, we demonstrated that high glucose levels increased the expression of TXNIP in time- and concentration-dependent manners and modulated the activity of TRX and ROS production in pancreatic cancer cells, BxPC-3 and Panc-1. We also found that glucose activated both p38 MAPK and ERK pathways and inhibitors of these pathways impaired the TXNIP/TRX/ROS axis. Knockdown of TXNIP restored TRX activity and decreased ROS production under high glucose conditions. Moreover, we observed that the integrated optical density (IOD) of TXNIP staining as well as the protein and mRNA expression levels of TXNIP were higher in the tumor tissues of pancreatic cancer patients with diabetes. Taken together, these results indicate that hyperglycemia-induced TXNIP expression is involved in diabetes-mediated oxidative stress in pancreatic cancer via p38 MAPK and ERK pathways.
Enhanced sensitivity to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and topoisomerase II inhibitors in tumor cell lines harboring activated ras oncogenes. (1996)

We used human tumor cell lines from the National Cancer Institute's In Vitro Antineoplastic Drug Screen to assess whether sensitivity to any of the approximately 45,000 compounds tested previously correlated with the presence of a ras oncogene. Among these cell lines, the mutations in Ki-ras2 clustered in non-small cell lung and colon carcinoma subpanels, and five of the six leukemia lines contained mutations in either N-ras or Ki-ras2. These analyses revealed a striking correlation with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) and 2,2'-O-cyclocytidine sensitivity in the cell lines harboring ras mutations compared to the tumor lines with wild-type ras alleles. Strong correlations were also found with topoisomerase (topo) II inhibitors, especially 3'-hydroxydaunorubicin and an olivacine derivative. These differential sensitivities persisted in an additional 22 non-small cell lung carcinoma lines (ras mutations, n = 12 and wild-type ras, n = 10). Thus, the association with Ara-C sensitivity was greatest while topo II inhibitors showed a lower, but significant, correlation. These results suggest that the ras oncogene may play a determinant role in rendering tumor cells sensitive to deoxycytidine analogues and topo II inhibitors.
Pathogenic role of antibodies to citrullinated proteins in rheumatoid arthritis (2006)

In the last 10 years, the discovery that antibodies to citrullinated proteins are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis has led to a model of pathogenesis that ties together the genetic and environmental risk factors for susceptibility and severity of disease. The authors propose that the chronic inflammation is driven by two phases of an immune response. The first phase is the priming of autoimmunity, which may occur many years before the onset of disease and is caused by environmental factors, such as smoking and infectious agents, in the context of disease susceptibility alleles. This may occur in sites outside the joint, such as the respiratory tract. The second phase is the induction of arthritis, which is associated with the generation of citrullinated proteins within the joint, which is then perpetuated as the erosive disease by a local chronic immune response. The identity of candidate synovial citrullinated antigen(s), whether fibrin, vimentin, alpha-enolase, collagen type II or others yet to be described, may be the key to the pathogenesis of the destructive disease characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis. There is emerging evidence that citrullination may already be modified by established therapy in rheumatoid arthritis, but more specific inhibitors of deimination may provide new agents for future treatments.
Calculation of free-energy differences from computer simulations of initial and final states (1996)

A class of simple expressions of increasing accuracy for the free-energy difference between two states is derived based on numerical thermodynamic integration. The implementation of these formulas requires simulations of the initial and final (and possibly a few intermediate) states. They involve higher free-energy derivatives at these states which are related to the moments of the probability distribution of the perturbation. Given a specified number of such derivatives, these integration formulas are optimal in the sense that they are exact to the highest possible order of free-energy perturbation theory. The utility of this approach is illustrated for the hydration free energy of water. This problem provides a quite stringent test because the free energy is a highly nonlinear function of the charge so that even fourth order perturbation theory gives a very poor estimate of the free-energy change. Our results should prove most useful for complex, computationally demanding problems where free-energy differences arise primarily from changes in the electrostatic interactions (e.g., electron transfer, charging of ions, protonation of amino acids in proteins).
Management of agitation and aggression associated with Alzheimerʼs disease: controversies and possible solutions (2009)

Large prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trials are needed to establish the role of agents other than neuroleptics as clinical therapies for the treatment of BPSD and studies are urgently needed to evaluate BPSD treatments in non-Alzheimer dementias.