gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of UV laser ablation of organic polymer surfaces (1986)

A model based on a time-dependent treatment of the ablation of organic polymer surfaces by UV laser radiation is proposed. It relates the dynamics of the etching process to the experimental parameters such as the fluence, wavelength, and the width of the laser pulse. The model is applied to poly(methyl methacrylate) and to polyimide in order to predict the etch characteristics quantitatively and to compare them systematically to the experimental results. This model accounts for a wide variety of observations such as fluence thresholds, wavelength-dependent etch rates, ‘‘incubation’’ pulses, filtering by photofragments, fast intrapulse etching, thermal contributions, and even the influence of pulse compression so that a consistent picture of the mechanisms underlying the ablation process becomes apparent.
Fat Transfer Techniques (2001)

BACKGROUND Autologous fat transplantation is an excellent tool for filling defects and augmenting tissue. The literature provides a variety of reports with varying degrees of success or failure. The procedure is operator dependent and relies on the techniques of harvesting, cleansing, and reinjection. OBJECTIVE To evaluate various retrieval and reinjection techniques to see their effect on the viability of the fat cells. METHODS Fat was removed from five patients utilizing various cannulas, needles, suction pressures, and centrifugation for collection and reinjection. Preoperative external ultrasound and massage were evaluated as well as the use of the ratchet gun for injection. The fat was routinely cleansed of blood and tumescent solution products by means of washing with normal saline and then decanting repeatedly until the infranatant solution was clear. RESULTS Histologic examination of the fat cells showed the central core of fat and edges of the core had 98–100% intact cells (presumably viable) in every specimen except when −700 mmHg vacuum was used for fat collection where cell damage was greater than 10% and when preoperative massage was performed where cell damage was 30%. Preoperative external ultrasound did not appear to damage the fat cell but did disrupt some of the fibrous tissue holding the fat cells in large bundles. CONCLUSION The variety of techniques used to collect, clean, and reinject fat do not damage the fat cells except for the collection of fat at −700 mmHg vacuum. External ultrasound, preoperatively, does not destroy fat cells but produces smaller bundles of fat. The ratchet gun does not result in increased fat cell loss. Preoperative massage causes 30% cell loss and deformation of 80% of the remaining cells.
The P2X7 receptor–pannexin connection to dye uptake and IL-1β release (2009)

The P2X(7) receptor (P2X(7)R) is uniquely associated with two distinct cellular responses: activation of a dye-permeable pathway allowing passage of molecules up to 900 Da and rapid release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), from activated macrophage. How this dye uptake path forms and whether it is involved in IL-1beta release has not been known. Pannexin-1 is a recently identified protein found to physically associate with the P2X(7)R. Inhibition of pannexin-1 does not alter P2X(7)R ion channel activation or associated calcium flux but blocks one component of P2X(7)R-induced dye uptake and unmasks a slower, previously undetected, dye uptake pathway. Inhibition of pannexin-1 blocks P2X(7)R-mediated IL-1beta release from macrophage as well as release mediated by other stimuli which couple to activation of capase-1 and additionally inhibits the release of interleukin-1alpha, a member of the IL-1 family whose processing does not require caspase-1 activation. Thus, pannexin-1 is linked to both dye uptake and IL-1beta release but via distinct mechanisms.
Human Haploid Cells Differentiated from Meiotic Competent Clonal Germ Cell Lines That Originated from Embryonic Stem Cells (2010)

Early germ-like cells (GLCs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have presented new opportunities to study germ cell differentiation in vitro. However, differentiation conditions that facilitate the formation of haploid cells from the derived GLCs have eluded the field. The inability to propagate GLCs in culture is a further limitation, resulting in inconsistent rederivations of GLCs from hESCs with relatively few GLCs in these heterogeneous populations. Here we found in vitro conditions that enrich for DDX4/POU5F1+ GLCs (∼60%) and that has enabled continual propagation for >50 passages without loss of phenotype. Clonal isolation of single GLCs from these mixed cultures generated 3 GLC (>90% DDX4/POU5F1+) and 2 hESC (<0.1% DDX4+) lines that could be continually expanded without loss of phenotype. Differentiation of clonal GLC lines in serum resulted in expression of postmeiotic markers and >11% were haploid, ∼5-fold higher than previous studies. The robust clonal meiotic competent and incompetent GLC lines will be used to understand the factors controlling human germ cell meiosis and postmeiotic maturation.
Plasma neurofilament light chain predicts progression in progressive supranuclear palsy (2016)

Plasma NfL is elevated in PSP and could be of value as a biomarker both to assist clinical diagnosis and to monitor pharmacodynamic effects on the neurodegenerative process in clinical trials.
Phase I study of replication-competent adenovirus-mediated double-suicide gene therapy in combination with conventional-dose three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for the treatment of newly diagnosed, intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer. (2003)

The primary study objective was to determine the safety of intraprostatic administration of a replication-competent, oncolytic adenovirus containing a cytosine deaminase (CD)/herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-1 TK) fusion gene concomitant with increasing durations of 5-fluorocytosine and valganciclovir prodrug therapy and conventional-dose three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) in patients with newly diagnosed, intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer. Secondary objectives were to determine the persistence of therapeutic transgene expression in the prostate and to examine early posttreatment response. Fifteen patients in five cohorts received a single intraprostatic injection of 10(12) viral particles of the replication-competent Ad5-CD/TKrep adenovirus on day 1. Two days later, patients were administered 5-fluorocytosine and valganciclovir prodrug therapy for 1 (cohorts 1-3), 2 (cohort 4), or 3 (cohort 5) weeks along with 70-74 Gy 3D-CRT. Sextant needle biopsy of the prostate was obtained at 2 (cohort 1), 3 (cohort 2), and 4 (cohort 3) weeks for determination of the persistence of transgene expression. There were no dose-limiting toxicities and no significant treatment-related adverse events. Ninety-four percent of the adverse events observed were mild to moderate and self-limiting. Acute urinary and gastrointestinal toxicities were similar to those expected for conventional-dose 3D-CRT. Therapeutic transgene expression was found to persist in the prostate for up to 3 weeks after the adenovirus injection. As expected for patients receiving definitive radiation therapy, all patients experienced significant declines in prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The mean PSA half-life in patients administered more than 1 week of prodrug therapy was significantly shorter than that of patients receiving prodrugs for only 1 week (0.6 versus 2.0 months; P < 0.02) and markedly shorter than that reported previously for patients treated with conventional-dose 3D-CRT alone (2.4 months). With a median follow-up of only 9 months, 5 of 10 (50%) patients not treated with androgen-deprivation therapy achieved a serum PSA < or = 0.5 ng/ml. The results demonstrate that replication-competent adenovirus-mediated double-suicide gene therapy can be combined safely with conventional-dose 3D-CRT in patients with intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer. The shorter than expected PSA half-life in patients receiving more than 1 week of prodrug therapy may suggest a possible interaction between the oncolytic adenovirus and/or double-suicide gene therapies and radiation therapy.
Fast pyrolysis of bagasse to produce BioOil fuel for power generation (2001)

This paper describes in detail a fast pyrolysis process that converts a solid biomass waste, such as bagasse, into a liquid biofuel that can be used as a substitute for diesel oil to produce power in gas turbine engines and boilers. This technology has been developed and successfully demonstrated for more than 3,000 hours operation in DynaMotive Technologies' pilot plant. The process utilises a deep bubbling fluidised bed design combined with a novel BioOil recovery system. The properties of BioOil produced from agriculture biomass waste feedstocks including bagasse and forest residues such as bark and wood will be given in detail, particularly in reference to their application as a fuel for gas turbine engines. Economics of a combined cycle power generation plant utilising pyrolysis liquid (BioOil) from biomass in a gas turbine engine is presented.
SPECIAL ARTICLE Androgens: Risks and Benefits (1991)

Journal Article SPECIAL ARTICLE Androgens: Risks and Benefits Get access C. WAYNE BARDIN, C. WAYNE BARDIN 1The Population Council New York, New York 10021; Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Harbor/UCLA Medical Center Torrance, California 90509; Department of Medicine, Penn State University Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar RONALD S. SWERDLOFF, RONALD S. SWERDLOFF 1The Population Council New York, New York 10021; Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Harbor/UCLA Medical Center Torrance, California 90509; Department of Medicine, Penn State University Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar RICHARD J. SANTEN RICHARD J. SANTEN 1The Population Council New York, New York 10021; Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Harbor/UCLA Medical Center Torrance, California 90509; Department of Medicine, Penn State University Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 73, Issue 1, 1 July 1991, Pages 4–7, https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-73-1-4 Published: 01 July 1991 Article history Received: 07 February 1991 Published: 01 July 1991
Posttransplant Acute Renal Failure (1997)

Acute renal failure posttransplant is a multifactorial syndrome in the early phases of transplantation. Delayed graft function is common and confers an adverse prognosis for both short- and long-term survival of the renal allograft. Later out from transplantation, the differential diagnosis of acute renal failure is usually between acute renal failure secondary to rejection or cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Transplant biopsies are often needed to distinguish these possibilities.
The enhancement of quantum well intermixing through repeated ion implantation (1994)

Quantum well (QW) intermixing has been performed using low-energy broad-area ion implantation to increase the bandgap energy in a spatially selective manner. There is a maximum single dose beyond which further intermixing of the QWS is impeded by damage to the semiconductor surface. We demonstrate that this problem can be overcome by using a series of implants and rapid thermal anneals, with each rapid thermal anneal repairing the crystal surface. Using this technique we have observed shifts in optical bandgap for multiple implants greater than 2.5 times that observed for a single implant.
Cell fate choices in Drosophila tracheal morphogenesis (2000)

The Drosophila tracheal system is a branched tubular structure that supplies air to target tissues. The elaborate tracheal morphology is shaped by two linked inductive processes, one involving the choice of cell fates, and the other a guided cell migration. We will describe the molecular basis for these processes, and the allocation of cell fate decisions to four temporal hierarchies. First, tracheal placodes are specified within the embryonic ectoderm. Subsequently, branch fates are allocated within the tracheal placodes, prior to migration. Localized presentation of the FGF ligand, Branchless, to tracheal cells that express the FGF receptor, Breathless, guides migration. Once cell migration is initiated, distinct cell fates are determined within each migrating branch. Finally, inhibitory feedback mechanisms ensure the correct assignment of these fates. Tracheal cell fate choices are determined by signaling cascades triggered by signals emanating from the tracheal cells, as well as by ligands produced by adjacent tissues.
Physical and electrical properties of metal gate electrodes on HfO2 gate dielectrics (2002)

As the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) gate lengths scale down to 50 nm and below, the expected increase in gate leakage will be countered by the use of a high dielectric constant (high-k) gate oxide. The series capacitance from polysilicon gate electrode depletion significantly reduces the gate capacitance as the dielectric thickness is scaled to 10 Å equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) or below. Metal gates promise to solve this problem and address other gate stack scaling concerns like boron penetration and elevated gate resistance. Extensive simulations have shown that the optimal gate work functions for the sub-50 nm channel lengths should be 0.2 eV below (above) the conduction (valence) band edge of silicon for n-type MOSFETs (p-type MOSFETs). This study summarizes the evaluations of TiN, Ta–Si–N, WN, TaN, TaSi, Ir, and IrO2 as candidate metals for dual-metal gate complementary metal–oxide semiconductor using HfO2 as the gate dielectric. The gate work function was determined by fabricating metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitors with varying dielectric thicknesses and different post-gate anneals. The metal–dielectric compatibility was studied by annealing the gate stacks at different temperatures. The gate stacks were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and x-ray diffraction. Based on work functions and thermal stability, Ta–Si–N and TaN show the most promise as metal electrodes for HfO2 n-MOSFETs.
Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with angina improves ischaemic threshold and quality of life (2004)

Testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men delays time to ischaemia, improves mood, and is associated with potentially beneficial reductions of total cholesterol and serum tumour necrosis factor alpha.
Short Term Exposure to Binaural Beats Adversely Affects Learning and Memory in Rats (2017)

800x600 Background: Binaural beats (binaural tones) are sound waves created by specific physical stimuli which are believed to induce relaxation, meditation, creativity and other forms of desirable mental states. To experience the binaural beats perception, a sound file should be listened using headphones. The difference in frequencies of each tone (e.g. f1 Hz in right ear and f2 Hz in left ear would make the binaural beats at a frequency of |f1-f2| Hz). Interestingly, binaural beats have been compared with illegal narcotics, and there are warnings that interest in binaural beats can lead to drug use. Current data on the ability of binaural beats to alter consciousness are still controversial. Objective: This study was aimed at investigating the effect of binaural beats on the memory. Material and Methods: In this study, 36 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups of nine animals each. A shuttle box apparatus was used for the passive avoidance learning and memory study. Twenty-four hr after training, the memory retention test was performed and animals were placed in the light compartment, then the door was opened and the step-through latency (STL) to enter to the dark compartment was measured. Animals in the exposure group were firstly exposed to binaural beats for 10 min (Exp1), 35 min (Exp2) and 75 min (15+25+35 min) (Exp3) before memory test. Results: Findings of this study showed that both STL time and the number of crossings were significantly affected by binaural beats. The STL time in Cont, Exp1, Exp2 and Exp3 groups were 132.22 ±126.14, 47.88±102.73, 27±20.45, 53.00±69.81 sec, respectively (P=0.017). The number of crossing in Cont, Exp1, Exp2 and Exp3 groups were 1.33±1.32, 5.25±3.77, 4.38±2.67, 5.78±3.93 times, respectively (P=0.02). Conclusion: It can be concluded that short term exposure to binaural beats adversely affects learning and memory in rat. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA
Hardware assisted control flow obfuscation for embedded processors (2004)

With more applications being deployed on embedded platforms, software protection becomes increasingly important. This problem is crucial on embedded systems like financial transaction terminals, pay-TV access-control decoders, where adversaries may easily gain full physical accesses to the systems and critical algorithms must be protected from being cracked. However, as this paper points out that protecting software with either encryption or obfuscation cannot completely preclude the control flow information from being leaked. Encryption has been widely studied and employed as a traditional approach for software protection, however, the control flow information is not 100% hidden with solely encrypting the code. On the other hand, pure software-based obfuscation has been proved inefficient to protect software due to its lack of theoretical foundation and considerable performance overhead introduced by complicated transformations. Moreover, even though obfuscation can prevent static reverse engineering, attacker can still successfully bypass the obfuscation by monitoring the dynamic program execution.To address all of these shortcomings, this paper presents a hardware assisted obfuscation technique that is capable of obfuscating the control flow information dynamically. Dynamic obfuscation changes memory access sequence on-the-fly and conceals recurrent instruction access sequences from being identified. Our scheme makes it provably difficult for the attacker to extract any useful information. Our results show that a high-level security protection is possible with only minor performance penalty. Finally, we show that our scheme can be implemented on embedded systems with very little hardware overhead.
Renin receptor expression in human adipose tissue (2006)

Adipose tissue synthesizes all components of the renin-angiotensin system. The renin receptor (RenR) is able, on renin binding, to increase its efficiency to generate angiotensin I from angiotensinogen. We demonstrate that RenR is specifically synthesized in the stromal portion of human adipose tissue in both isolated interadipocyte stromal cells and in stromal areas. RenR is expressed at the periphery of cells, strongly suggesting a membranal localization. RenR protein expression in primary cultures of human stromal cells decreased significantly during differentiation, whereas RenR mRNA levels did not change, demonstrating that RenR was expressed in both preadipocyte and nonpreadipocyte cells, and was regulated at a posttranscriptional level. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry of human adipose tissue sections revealed that RenR was colocalized with renin, whereas incubation of 3T3-L1, a preadipocyte cell line, with renin stimulated the phosphorylation state of the intracellular signaling pathway ERK 1/2, and short exposure of human adipose stromal cells in primary culture to renin was followed by a long-lasting dose-dependent increase of angiotensin I generation, indicating that adipose RenR is functional. We show, using a large set of human adipose tissue biopsies, that RenR expression was increased in visceral compared with subcutaneous adipose tissue of lean and obese patients. Taken together with our finding that RenR was colocalized with plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, the main inhibitor of the fibrinolytic system in visceral adipose tissue, the above-mentioned data suggest that RenR plays a role in obesity-induced visceral adipose tissue accumulation and its accompanying cardiovascular complications.
Deficient interleukin-10 production by neonatal T cells does not explain their ineffectiveness at promoting neonatal B cell differentiation (1998)

Neonatal T cells are poor promoters of Ig secretion by neonatal B cells. Since IL-10 has been shown to play a role in B cell differentiation, we investigated the relationship of IL-10 production by neonatal T cells and their ability to provide B cell help. Neonatal CD4+(CD8−) T cells and adult naive CD4+ (CD8− / CD45RO−) T cells activated with immobilized anti-CD3 produced consistently less IL-10 than adult memory CD4+(CD8− / CD45RA−) T cells. Production of IL-10 by adult and neonatal T cells was dependent on IL-2, but was unaffected by supplemental IL-4. Despite diminished IL-10 production, supplemental IL-10 increased neonatal T cell-dependent Ig secretion only modestly, but did not increase Ig heavy chain isotype switching. This contrasted with the ability of IL-10 to enhance the secretion of all Ig isotypes by adult B cells stimulated in the presence of either IL-2 or IL-4. These results suggest that IL-10 can promote T cell-dependent Ig secretion but not Ig heavy chain isotype switching by neonatal B cells. However, deficient IL-10 production alone does not account for the poor ability of neonatal T cells to support neonatal B cell Ig production.
Regulating genes with electromagnetic response elements (2001)

A 900 base pair segment of the c-myc promoter, containing eight nCTCTn sequences, is required for the induction of c-myc expression by electromagnetic (EM) fields. Similarly, a 70 bp region of the HSP70 promoter, containing three nCTCTn sequences, is required for the induction of HSP70 expression by EM fields. Removal of the 900 base pair segment of the c-myc promoter eliminates the ability of EM fields to induce c-myc expression. Similarly, removal of the 70 bp region of the HSP70 promoter, with its three nCTCTn sequences, eliminates the response to EM fields. The nCTCTn sequences apparently act as electromagnetic field response elements (EMRE). To test if introducing EMREs imparts the ability to respond to applied EM fields, the 900 bp segment of the c-myc promoter (containing eight EMREs) was placed upstream of CAT or luciferase reporter constructs that were otherwise unresponsive to EM fields. EMREs-reporter constructs were transfected into HeLa cells and exposed to 8 microT 60 Hz fields. Protein extracts from EM field-exposed transfectants had significant increases in activity of both CAT and luciferase, compared with identical transfectants that were sham-exposed. Transfectants with CAT or luciferase constructs lacking EMREs remained unresponsive to EM fields, i.e., there was no increase in either CAT or luciferase activity. These data support the idea that EMREs can be used as switches to regulate exogenously introduced genes in gene therapy.
DNA polymorphism at the ACAULIS5 locus of the wild plant Arabidopsis thaliana. (2003)

Nucleotide variation in the ACL5 gene region, which encodes spermine synthase, was analyzed for 21 Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes and one accession of Arabis gemmifera. In A. thaliana, dimorphism was also detected in the ACL5 region, as in other nuclear genes of this plant. The nucleotide diversity (pi) of the entire region, exon and intron was 0.0163, 0.0042 and 0.0293, respectively. The level of nucleotide variation in this region was among the highest of those reported for genes in this plant species. The neutrality tests of Tajima, and Fu and Li did not detect significant deviation from test assumptions for the polymorphism data. However, the HKA test indicated that the level of polymorphism in the intron was significantly high, compared with A. gemmifera. The high nucleotide variation in the intron is responsible for the high level of nucleotide variation in the entire region. These results can be explained by elevated mutation rate in the ACL5 region in the A. thaliana lineage after the two species were split.