gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SOLUBILITY OF COLEMANITE MINERAL IN CO2 — CONTAINING WATER AND GEOLOGICAL FORMATION OF THIS MINERAL (1978)

Bu calismada, kolemanit mineralinin gerek orijinal ve gerekse bir seri sicaklikta kalsine edilmis bulunan orneklerinin CO2 li sulardaki cozunurlukleri incelenmistir. Cozunurluk calismalarinda degisken olarak zaman, sicaklik ve pH alinmistir. CO2 li sulardaki cozunurluklere karsilastirma olarak, distile sudaki cozunurlukler de paralel olarak incelenmistir. Hidrate bor minerallerinin genel olarak seklinde gosterilebilen cozunurluklerine sicaklik ve pH in dogru orantili olarak tesir ettigi saptanmistir, a karsilik olan kalsine mineraller icin, kristal yapidaki B2O3 cozunmesinin, orijinal minerale nazaran daha yuksek bir deger gosterdigi de ortaya konmustur. Ayrica bir CaCO3 (kalsit) mineralinin degisik toplanimlarindaki borik asit cozeltilerindeki cozunurlukleri de incelenmis ve yukaridaki reaksiyonun ne derecede iki yonlu olabilecegi saptanmaya calisilmistir. Calismalar sonunda, hidrate bor minerallerinin hidrotermal olusumlarina ait var olan bir teori, deneysel olarak bir kere daha saglanmistir. Buna paralel olarak, bilhassa kolemanit ocaklarinda rastlanan psodomorf kalsit olusumlarinin olus sebepleri de aciklanabilmistir. Ayrica, bor cevherlerinden borik asit ve boraks uretilmelerine esas teskil eden reaksiyonlarin kimyasal yuruyuslerine isik tutacak sonuclar da ortaya konmus bulunmaktadir
Interregional connectivity to primary motor cortex revealed using MRI resting state images (1999)

The topographic organization of cortical neurons is traditionally examined using histological procedures. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers the potential noninvasively to detect interregional connectivity of human brain. In the brain, there is spontaneous firing of neurons even in the resting state. Such spontaneous firing will increase local blood flow, cause MRI signal fluctuations, and affect remotely located neurons through the efferent output. By calculating covariance of each voxel referenced to the time course of a selected brain region, it is possible to detect the neurons connected to the selected region. Using this covariance method, neural connectivity to primary motor cortex was assessed during a resting state in six healthy right-handed volunteers. This interregional connectivity is similar to connectivity established by other anatomical, histochemical, and physiological techniques. This method may offer in vivo noninvasive measurements of neural projections.
Topotecan versus paclitaxel for the treatment of recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer. (1997)

Topotecan has efficacy at least equivalent to paclitaxel manifested by the higher response rate and significantly longer time to progression.
Interaction between Pseudorabies Virus and Heparin/Heparan Sulfate (1998)

Cell surface heparan sulfate serves as an initial receptor for a number of herpesviruses including pseudorabies virus (PrV). It has been demonstrated that the heparan sulfate-binding domain of PrV glycoprotein C is composed of three discrete clusters of basic residues corresponding to amino acids 76-RRKPPR-81, 96-HGRKR-100, and 133-RFYRRGRFR-141, respectively, and that these clusters are functionally redundant, i.e. each of them could independently support PrV attachment to cells (Flynn, S. J., and Ryan, P. (1996) J. Virol. 70, 1355-1364). To evaluate the functional significance of each of these clusters we have used PrV mutants in which, owing to specific alterations in glycoprotein C, the heparan sulfate-binding site is dominated by a single specific cluster. These mutants exhibited different patterns of susceptibility to selectively N-, 2-O-, and 6-O-desulfated heparin preparations in virus attachment/infectivity assay. Moreover PrV mutants differed as regard to efficiency of their attachment to and infection of cells pretreated with relatively low amounts of heparan sulfate-degrading enzymes. Furthermore glycoprotein C species, purified from respective mutants, bound heparin oligosaccharide fragments of different minimum size. These differences suggest that specific clusters of basic amino acids of the heparan sulfate-binding domain of glycoprotein C may support PrV binding to different structural features/stretches within the heparan sulfate chain.
Pharmacokinetics of Oral Zidovudine Entrapped in Biodegradable Nanospheres in Rabbits (1999)

The pharmacokinetic profile of oral zidovudine entrapped in a 50:50 polyactide-coglycolide matrix (nanospheres) was compared to those of standard oral and parenteral zidovudine formulations in rabbits. The bioavailability of zidovudine nanospheres at 50 mg/kg of body weight was 76%, and this dose achieved prolonged exposure to zidovudine compared to standard formulations without an increase in the drug's peak concentration.
Highly selective GaN-nanowire/TiO2-nanocluster hybrid sensors for detection of benzene and related environment pollutants (2011)

Nanowire-nanocluster hybrid chemical sensors were realized by functionalizing gallium nitride (GaN) nanowires (NWs) with titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoclusters for selectively sensing benzene and other related aromatic compounds. Hybrid sensor devices were developed by fabricating two-terminal devices using individual GaN NWs followed by the deposition of TiO(2) nanoclusters using RF magnetron sputtering. The sensor fabrication process employed standard microfabrication techniques. X-ray diffraction and high-resolution analytical transmission electron microscopy using energy-dispersive x-ray and electron energy-loss spectroscopies confirmed the presence of the anatase phase in TiO(2) clusters after post-deposition anneal at 700 °C. A change of current was observed for these hybrid sensors when exposed to the vapors of aromatic compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and chlorobenzene mixed with air) under UV excitation, while they had no response to non-aromatic organic compounds such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, chloroform, acetone and 1,3-hexadiene. The sensitivity range for the noted aromatic compounds except chlorobenzene were from 1% down to 50 parts per billion (ppb) at room temperature. By combining the enhanced catalytic properties of the TiO(2) nanoclusters with the sensitive transduction capability of the nanowires, an ultra-sensitive and selective chemical sensing architecture is demonstrated. We have proposed a mechanism that could qualitatively explain the observed sensing behavior.
Peptide Syntheses with Proteinases. Fragment Condensation of ZLeuGlnGlyOH or ZGlnGlyOH with HLeuValNH2 Using Metalloproteinases (1978)

Abstract The crude preparations of microbial metalloproteinase from Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens (Prolisin) catalyzed the condensation of ZLeuGlnGlyOH or ZGlnGlyOH with HLeuValNH2 in the presence of the serineproteinase inhibitor from potatoes to give the corresponding Z-penta or tetra-peptide amide in good yields in an aqueous buffer solution. Two other metalloproteinases, from Bacillus thermoproteoliticus (Thermolysin or Thermoase) and Streptomyces caespitosus (Tacynase N), also catalyzed this reaction; however, they gave poorer results than Prolisin. The yields of the coupling products were affected most by the concentration of the substrates, among the several factors investigated. Addition of a small amount of an organic solvent sometimes promoted the yield for this method.
Independent genes for two threonyl-tRNA synthetases in Bacillus subtilis (1990)

With the exception of Escherichia coli lysyl-tRNA synthetase, the genes coding for the different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in procaryotes are always unique. Here we report on the occurrence and cloning of two genes (thrSv and thrS2), both encoding functional threonyl-tRNA synthetase in Bacillus subtilis. The two proteins share only 51.5% identical residues, which makes them almost as distinct from each other as each is from E. coli threonyl-tRNA synthetase (42 and 47%). Both proteins complement an E. coli thrS mutant and effectively charge E. coli threonyl tRNA in vitro. Their genes have been mapped to 250 degrees (thrSv) and 344 degrees (thrS2) on the B. subtilis chromosome. The regulatory regions of both genes are quite complex and show structural similarities. During vegetative growth, only the thrSv gene is expressed.
Ex Vivo Characterization of Particle Transport in Mucus Secretions Coating Freshly Excised Mucosal Tissues (2013)

Sustained drug delivery to mucosal surfaces has the potential to improve the effectiveness of prophylactic and therapeutic treatments for numerous diseases and conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease, sexually transmitted diseases, cystic fibrosis, glaucoma, dry eye, and various cancers. Sustained delivery systems such as nanoparticles can be useful for mucosal delivery, but recent work suggests they must penetrate the rapidly cleared mucus barrier that overlies all mucosal epithelia to achieve uniform distribution on epithelial surfaces and enhanced residence time. Thus, it is important to evaluate the mucus-penetrating ability of nanosized delivery systems in preclinical animal studies, and for administration to humans. We describe a simple ex vivo method to visualize and quantify nanoparticle transport in mucus on fresh mucosal tissues. Using this method in murine models, we observed variations in the mucus mesh at different anatomical locations, as well as cyclical variations that may have implications for mucosal delivery.
Efficient transformation and frequent single-site, single-copy insertion of DNA can be obtained in mouse erythroleukemia cells transformed by electroporation. (1986)

Electroporation has recently been shown to have advantages over the commonly used method of calcium phosphate precipitation for obtaining DNA-mediated transformation of certain types of cells. Although mouse erythroleukemia cells and other cells of hematopoietic origin are not transformed at useful frequencies by calcium phosphate-DNA precipitation methods, we obtained high frequencies of transformation (approximately 10(-5)) of these cells with electroporation. Even higher transformation frequencies (approximately 10(-3)) were obtained with human fibroblasts. Another advantage of electroporation was found when analysis of Southern blots of DNA from 243 transformed erythroleukemia cell colonies indicated that, under appropriate conditions, about 79% of the transformed cells had the exogenous DNA integrated in single copies at single sites. Under conditions of higher DNA and lower cell concentrations using fibroblasts, cotransformation was obtained with two plasmids that confer HAT or G418 resistance when integrated into cellular DNA. About 23% of the transformed cells developed both types of resistance. We describe a simple, inexpensive apparatus for carrying out electroporation.
Determination of CD4 antigen density on cells: Role of antibody valency, avidity, clones, and conjugation (1998)

The number of R-phycoerythrin (R-PE)-conjugated antibodies bound to a cell can be quantitated on a flow cytometer by using beads with known numbers of attached R-PE molecules (QuantiBRITE PE). Using these reference beads, we have observed that a number of factors affect the accuracy of the quantitation and conclusions about epitope density. These factors include valence of antibody binding, the use of antibody fragments (Fab's) versus intact monoclonal antibodies (mAb's), fixation, the purity of the conjugate (i.e., percentage of 1:1 ratios), dissociation rate, the use of washed versus unwashed preparations, and the location of epitope on target antigen. We used CD4 on T cells as a model to explore these challenges in detail. We conclude that CD4+ T cells bind approximately 49,000 CD4 (Leu 3a) antibody molecules, that this binding is bivalent, and therefore that there are approximately 98,000 CD4 antigen molecules on the surface of these cells.
Sigma-1 receptors regulate activity-induced spinal sensitization and neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury (2009)

Sigma-1 receptor (sigma(1)R) is expressed in key CNS areas involved in nociceptive processing but only limited information is available about its functional role. In the present study we investigated the relevance of sigma(1)R in modulating nerve injury-evoked pain. For this purpose, wild-type mice and mice lacking the sigma(1)R gene were exposed to partial sciatic nerve ligation and neuropathic pain-related behaviors were investigated. To explore underlying mechanisms, spinal processing of repetitive nociceptive stimulation and expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were also investigated. Sensitivity to noxious heat of homozygous sigma(1)R knockout mice did not differ from wild-type mice. Baseline values obtained in sigma(1)R knockout mice before nerve injury in the plantar, cold-plate and von Frey tests were also indistinguishable from those obtained in wild-type mice. However, cold and mechanical allodynia did not develop in sigma(1)R null mice exposed to partial sciatic nerve injury. Using isolated spinal cords we found that mice lacking sigma(1)R showed reduced wind-up responses respect to wild-type mice, as evidenced by a reduced number of action potentials induced by trains of C-fiber intensity stimuli. In addition, in contrast to wild-type mice, sigma(1)R knockout mice did not show increased phosphorylation of ERK in the spinal cord after sciatic nerve injury. Both wind-up and ERK activation have been related to mechanisms of spinal cord sensitization. Our findings identify sigma(1)R as a constituent of the mechanisms modulating activity-induced sensitization in pain pathways and point to sigma(1)R as a new potential target for drugs designed to alleviate neuropathic pain.
Transmissive silicon photonic dichroic filters with spectrally selective waveguides (2018)

Many optical systems require broadband filters with sharp roll-offs for efficiently splitting or combining light across wide spectra. While free space dichroic filters can provide broadband selectivity, on-chip integration of these high-performance filters is crucial for the scalability of photonic applications in multi-octave interferometry, spectroscopy, and wideband wavelength-division multiplexing. Here we present the theory, design, and experimental characterization of integrated, transmissive, 1 × 2 port dichroic filters using spectrally selective waveguides. Mode evolution through adiabatic transitions in the demonstrated filters allows for single cutoff and flat-top responses with low insertion losses and octave-wide simulated bandwidths. Filters with cutoffs around 1550 and 2100 nm are fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator platform with standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor processes. A filter roll-off of 2.82 dB nm<sup>-1</sup> is achieved while maintaining ultra-broadband operation. This new class of nanophotonic dichroic filters can lead to new paradigms in on-chip communications, sensing, imaging, optical synthesis, and display applications.
Reconstitution of the high affinity epidermal growth factor receptor on cell-free membranes after transmodulation by platelet-derived growth factor. (1991)

We have prepared plasma membranes from Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts to study the transmodulation of the high affinity epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. Although phorbol esters do not transmodulate the high affinity EGF receptors on these membranes, the addition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or EGF to the membranes leads to the loss of high affinity EGF binding and to the phosphorylation of several membrane proteins, including the EGF receptor. The EGF receptor is phosphorylated at tyrosine residues although we have not yet established if this represents direct phosphorylation by the PDGF receptor kinase or is mediated by activation of other cell membrane-associated tyrosine kinases. Upon treatment of the membranes with PDGF, four major phosphoproteins (of apparent molecular masses of 69, 56, 38, and 28 kDa) are released from the membrane and can be retrieved from the supernatant fluid using a reversed-phase cartridge. As assessed by immunoprecipitation with an anti-phosphotyrosine antibody, all four proteins appear to be phosphorylated on tyrosine. The time course of dissociation of these proteins from the membranes closely parallels the loss of high affinity EGF receptors. The high affinity EGF receptor can be reconstituted on PDGF-transmodulated membranes by treating the supernatant fluid with alkaline phosphatase and adding the mixture to the membranes. It appears that dephosphorylation of the released proteins is sufficient to allow reassociation with the membranes and formation of the high affinity EGF receptor complex.
Vagus nerve stimulation decreases left ventricular contractility in vivo in the human and pig heart (2001)

1. Studies of the effect of vagus nerve stimulation on ventricular myocardial function in mammals are limited, particularly in the human. 2. The present study was designed to determine the effect of direct electrical stimulation of the left vagus nerve on left ventricular contractile state in hearts paced at 10 % above the natural rate, in anaesthetised pigs and anaesthetised human subjects undergoing open chest surgery for coronary artery bypass grafting. 3. Contractility of the left ventricle was determined from a series of pressure-volume loops obtained from a combined pressure and conductance (volume) catheter placed in the left ventricle. From the measurements a regression slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship was determined to give end-systolic elastance (Ees), a load-independent measure of contractility. 4. In six anaesthetised open chest pigs, stimulation of the peripheral cut end of the left cervical vagus nerve induced a significant decrease in Ees of 26 +/- 14 %. 5. In nine patients electrical stimulation of the left thoracic vagus nerve close to its cardiac branch resulted in a significant drop in Ees of 38 +/- 16 %. 6. The effects of vagal stimulation were blocked by the muscarinic antagonist glycopyrronium (5 mg kg(-1)). 7. Administration of the beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist esmolol (1 mg kg(-1)) also attenuated the effect of vagal stimulation, indicating a degree of interaction of vagal and sympathetic influences on contractility. 8. These studies show that in the human and pig heart the left vagus nerve can profoundly decrease the inotropic state of the left ventricular myocardium independent of its bradycardic effect.
Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Facts and myths (2020)

Since the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (formerly known as the 2019 novel coronavirus [2019-nCoV]) in Wuhan, China in December 2019, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), more than 75,000 cases have been reported in 32 countries/regions, resulting in more than 2000 deaths worldwide. Despite the fact that most COVID-19 cases and mortalities were reported in China, the WHO has declared this outbreak as the sixth public health emergency of international concern. The COVID-19 can present as an asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia. Adults represent the population with the highest infection rate; however, neonates, children, and elderly patients can also be infected by SARS-CoV-2. In addition, nosocomial infection of hospitalized patients and healthcare workers, and viral transmission from asymptomatic carriers are possible. The most common finding on chest imaging among patients with pneumonia was ground-glass opacity with bilateral involvement. Severe cases are more likely to be older patients with underlying comorbidities compared to mild cases. Indeed, age and disease severity may be correlated with the outcomes of COVID-19. To date, effective treatment is lacking; however, clinical trials investigating the efficacy of several agents, including remdesivir and chloroquine, are underway in China. Currently, effective infection control intervention is the only way to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
Structural Basis for Isoform Selectivity in a Class of Benzothiazole Inhibitors of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase γ (2014)

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) is an attractive target to potentially treat a range of disease states. Herein, we describe the evolution of a reported phenylthiazole pan-PI3K inhibitor into a family of potent and selective benzothiazole inhibitors. Using X-ray crystallography, we discovered that compound 22 occupies a previously unreported hydrophobic binding cleft adjacent to the ATP binding site of PI3Kγ, and achieves its selectivity by exploiting natural sequence differences among PI3K isoforms in this region.
A low-distortion output stage with improved stability for monolithic power amplifiers (1988)

A low-distortion class AB output stage with improved stability suitable for monolithic power amplifiers (P/sub 0/>or=40 W) is described. The concept has been verified on a 12-W breadboard version as well as on a partly integrated prototype, and is supported by computer simulations for P/sub 0/>or=40 W A biasing control law which guarantees predictable conduction of both output transistors at all times is implemented. This reduces crossover distortion and allows the customary quasi-p-n-p compound transistor to be eliminated, thus also improving stability. Linearity is improved by use of local negative feedback. Phase margin is improved by application of high-frequency feedforward. Measured phase margin is around 60 degrees and total harmonic distortion for a load of 7 Omega is about -80 dB at 20 kHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
NMR and molecular modeling: application to wine ageing (1998)

Red wine contains polyphenols called tannins which are very important for its taste and longevity. These polymers consist in repeating units of catechin and its epimer epicatechin. During ageing, slow condensation reactions take place which lead to new chemical structures. Among the possible reactions, we have focused our attention on acetaldehyde cross-linking. Catechin was used as a model for the production of polymers with acetaldehyde. Two reaction product fractions have been isolated by liquid chromatography. Mass measurement indicated that these fractions contain dimers. NMR (1D and 2D) and molecular modelling were then used to study the structure and conformations of these products. The first product consist in a pure dimer with the two catechin moieties connected with an ethyl bridge on the carbon 6 and 8. The second fraction was a mixture of two dimers (50/50). NMR measurements showed that it could be two symmetrical dimers involving the same carbon for each catechin moiety (6 or 8).
Complete inhibition of angiogenesis and growth of microtumors by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor neutralizing antibody: novel concepts of angiostatic therapy from intravital videomicroscopy. (1996)

In the present study, we evaluated the effects of a neutralizing antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) antibody on angiogenesis and growth of tumor spheroids using an intravital microscopic technique permitting noninvasive, in vivo and in situ study of tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth in conscious mice. Tumor spheroids of the human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line A673, with a diameter between 600 and 1000 microns, were implanted in dorsal skinfold chambers inserted on Beige nude/xid mice. Tumor cells were prelabeled with a fluorescent vital dye [(5-(and-6)-((4-chloromethyl)benzoyl)amino)tetramethylrhodamine], which allowed estimation of the growth of the implanted tumor spheroids. Treatment (i.p.) with the monoclonal antibody A4.6.1, specific for VEGF, completely inhibited neovascularization of the microtumors and suppressed their growth to the extent that tumors implanted in treated animals leveled off at a volume less than 1 mm3, i.e., the anti-VEGF antibody dramatically changed the growth characteristics of the tumor line from being a rapidly growing malignancy to a dormant microcolony.