gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Difference in Output Properties Between Dominant and Nondominant Limbs as Measured by Various Muscle Function Tests (2010)

Recently, right and left output properties exerted from specific muscle groups have been evaluated using special measurement devices such as an isokinetic dynamometer. However, it remains unclear whether the coach can properly evaluate muscle function corresponding to lateral specificity in athletes. This study aimed to examine the different output properties between the dominant (D) and nondominant (ND) upper limbs as measured by muscle function tests with various muscle contraction patterns. Fifteen right-handed young men participated in this study. Each subject carried out isometric, isokinetic, and isotonic muscle power tests by elbow flexion with right and left arms. When calculating the laterality index, the laterality of the isotonic test (1.17) was the highest. In all tests, significant correlations were found between the measurements of the D and ND limbs. The isometric test was the highest (r = 0.93), followed by the isokinetic test (r = 0.66-0.83) and the isotonic test (r = 0.55). To examine the ratio of the laterality of measurements provided by each muscle function test, each measurement was converted to a standard score (Z-score). There were significant differences between D and ND limbs in the isometric (D:ND = 55.0:45.0) and the isotonic (54.1:45.9) tests but not in the isokinetic test (60°·s⁻¹, 51.4:48.6; 180°·s⁻¹, 50.7:49.2; 300°·s⁻¹, 51.8:48.2). Particularly, the D (right) limb exerted greater muscle power in the isometric and the isotonic tests than in the isokinetic test. Occupational therapists or strength and conditioning professionals should understand that the D-ND differences shown by these muscle function tests may differ because of measurement conditions.
Micro‐scale Truss Structures formed from Self‐Propagating Photopolymer Waveguides (2007)

Ordered polymer microstructures with three-dimensional open-cellular truss architectures have been fabricated from an interconnected array of self-propagating polymer waveguides. The process enables extensive variability in the microstructure leading to thick cellular materials with controlled and predictable mechanical properties.
Anthrax Spores Make an Essential Contribution to Vaccine Efficacy (2002)

Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium. Septicemia and toxemia rapidly lead to death in infected mammal hosts. Currently used acellular vaccines against anthrax consist of protective antigen (PA), one of the anthrax toxin components. However, in experimental animals such vaccines are less protective than live attenuated strains. Here we demonstrate that the addition of formaldehyde-inactivated spores (FIS) of B. anthracis to PA elicits total protection against challenge with virulent B. anthracis strains in mice and guinea pigs. The toxin-neutralizing activities of sera from mice immunized with PA alone or PA plus FIS were similar, suggesting that the protection conferred by PA plus FIS was not only a consequence of the humoral response to PA. A PA-deficient challenge strain was constructed, and its virulence was due solely to its multiplication. Immunization with FIS alone was sufficient to protect mice partially, and guinea pigs totally, against infection with this strain. This suggests that spore antigens contribute to protection. Guinea pigs and mice had very different susceptibilities to infection with the nontoxigenic strain, highlighting the importance of verifying the pertinence of animal models for evaluating anthrax vaccines.
Release of Hydrogen Peroxide in Response to Hypoxia-Reoxygenation: Role of an NAD(P)H Oxidase-Like Enzyme in Endothelial Cell Plasma Membrane (1995)

The dynamics and mechanisms of extracellular release of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (EC) subjected to anoxia, hypoxia, and hypoxia followed by reoxygenation were examined using various inhibitors of enzymatic systems in intact cells and by direct measurement of H2O2 production from isolated EC plasma membranes. Extracellular H2O2 was measured with a fluorometric assay. EC exposed to hypoxia (3% O2) and anoxia (0% O2) released less H2O2 (29.6 +/- 1.3% and 4.2 +/- 0.7%, respectively) compared with EC exposed to normoxia (20% O2). The extracellular release of H2O2 from EC previously exposed to hypoxia for 24 h increased immediately after reoxygenation (20% O2) to 272 +/- 48%, as compared with EC exposed continuously to normoxia (100% release). Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XO) by allopurinol did not reduce the release of H2O2 from cells exposed to normoxia or hypoxia followed by reoxygenation. Furthermore, inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (indomethacin), phospholipase A2 (quinacrine and chlorpromazine), nitric oxide synthase (L-arginine analogs), the mitochondrial electron transport chain (rotenone and cyanide), and cytochrome P-450 (methoxypsoralen) had no or minimal effect on this release. On the other hand, inhibitors of protein kinase C (calphostin and staurosporine) and NADPH oxidase (diphenyliodonium) reduced the release of H2O2 from EC in a dose-dependent manner in both exposure groups. In separate experiments, plasma membranes isolated from EC were found to produce H2O2 in the presence of NADH or NADPH as electron donors. This was inhibited by diphenyliodonium but not by allopurinol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Age-related macular degeneration: review of pathogenesis. (1999)

Age-related macular degeneration is a condition (a) characterized by accumulation of membranous debris on both sides of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) basement membrane. Clinical manifestations of drusen, atrophy of the RPE/choriocapillaris, RPE detachment, and choroidal new vessel (CNV) formation occur after age 50 years. A hypothetical pathogenic sequence of events consistent with known data is: 1) RPE dysfunction (e.g., precipitated by an inherited susceptibility and/or environmental exposure); 2) accumulation of intracellular material in the RPE (e.g., accumulation of normal substrate material that is not enzymatically degraded properly vs. abnormal substrate material); 3) abnormal accumulation of extracellular material (basal laminar and basal linear deposit); 4) change in Bruch's membrane composition (e.g., increased lipid deposition and protein crosslinking); 5) change in Bruch's membrane parmeability to nutrients (e.g., impaired diffusion of water soluble plasma constituents across Bruch's membrane); and 6) response of the RPE to metabolic distress (i.e., atrophy vs. CNV growth). Histopathological and clinical studies indicate that areas of choroidal ischemia often are seen near CNVs in AMD patients. In response to decreased oxygen delivery/metabolic "distress", the RPE may elaborate substances leading to CNV growth. Perhaps RPE atrophy, followed by choriocapillaris and photoreceptor atrophy, is a response to decreased nutrients/increasing metabolic abnormalities in areas of excessive accumulation of extracellular debris. Unanswered questions regarding AMD include: 1) is AMD an ocular manifestation of a systemic disease or purely an ocular disease?; 2) what determines whether CNVs vs. atrophy of the RPE-choriocapillaris-photoreceptors develops?; and 3) what induces the maturation of CNVs into an inactive scar, and what limits the growth of most CNVs to the area centralis?
Adaptive baseband digital predistorter suitable for wideband signals (2004)

In this paper, we present a new topology for an adaptive baseband digital predistorter suitable for wideband signals. The proposed predistorter is composed of a cascade of a fixed LUT based predistorter and an adaptive linear subband filter's bank. The linear subband filters serve to compensate for the dependency of the RF power amplifier behavior on the temperature. In this work, measured AM/AM and AM/PM characteristics of an LDMOS class A/B amplifier were used for the predistorter performances evaluation purposes. The simulation results using a CDMA2000 signal show a good performance in terms of the out of band emission reduction of the amplifier output spectrum.
Members of the Family Comamonadaceae as Primary Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate)-Degrading Denitrifiers in Activated Sludge as Revealed by a Polyphasic Approach (2002)

The distribution and phylogenetic affiliations of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)-degrading denitrifying bacteria in activated sludge were studied by a polyphasic approach including culture-independent biomarker and molecular analyses as well as cultivation methods. A total of 23 strains of PHBV-degrading denitrifiers were isolated from activated sludges from different sewage treatment plants. 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence comparisons showed that 20 of the isolates were identified as members of the family Comamonadaceae, a major group of beta-Proteobacteria. When the sludges from different plants were acclimated with PHBV under denitrifying conditions in laboratory scale reactors, the nitrate removal rate increased linearly during the first 4 weeks and reached 20 mg NO(3)(-)-N h(-1) g of dry sludge(-1) at the steady state. The bacterial-community change in the laboratory scale sludges during the acclimation was monitored by rRNA-targeted fluorescence in situ hybridization and quinone profiling. Both approaches showed that the population of beta-Proteobacteria in the laboratory sludges increased sharply during acclimation regardless of their origins. 16S rDNA clone libraries were constructed from two different acclimated sludges, and a total of 37 clones from the libraries were phylogenetically analyzed. Most of the 16S rDNA clones were grouped with members of the family Comamonadaceae. The results of our polyphasic approach indicate that beta-Proteobacteria, especially members of the family Comamonadaceae, are primary PHBV-degrading denitrifiers in activated sludge. Our data provide useful information for the development of a new nitrogen removal system with solid biopolymer as an electron donor.
A disk handling system and optical disk jukebox storage (1985)

A flexible automatic disk handling system has been developed for a small size optical disk jukebox storage. Although an optical disk can store a large number of data, single disk capacity is becoming insufficient. Easy data accessible compact size mass storage system is being intensely required for office use. A solution to such requirement is small size optical disk jukebox storage, which provides large data capacity in small storage area and allows various applications, especially in office automation. The disk handling accessor was developed for use in a compact optical disk jukebox engineering model. It can access 200 optical disks, which are aligned in two disk containers, arranged on both sides of the accessor. The disks are carried and stored without a cartridges. The accessor is able to carry a disk from its stored position to two or more disk read/write stations selectively in less than 7 seconds. It can also rotate the disk to allow both sides read/write operation. All moving elements, such as disk pickup arm, disk rotation mechanism and disk clamping mechanism, are gathered on one carriage, allowing flexible disk handling and making the accessor smaller and simpler. Using this accessor, all optical jukebox mechanism, including two disk containers and several disk read/write stations, are packed into rather small area of 0.4m2. Some new techniques for the optical disk storage and system architecture concepts of the jukebox storage system are also described in this paper.
Inflammation in pulmonary arterial hypertension (2003)

Inflammatory mechanisms appear to play a significant role in some types of pulmonary hypertension (PH), including monocrotaline-induced PH in rats and pulmonary arterial hypertension of various origins in humans, such as connective tissue diseases (scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective disease), human immunodeficiency virus infection, or plasma cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal (M) protein and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome. Interestingly, some patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with systemic lupus erythematosus have experienced significant improvements with immunosuppressive therapy, emphasising the relevance of inflammation in a subset of patients presenting with PH. Patients with primary PH (PPH) also have some immunological disturbances, suggesting a possible role for inflammation in the pathophysiology of this disease. A subset of PPH patients have been shown to have circulating autoantibodies, including antinuclear antibodies, as well as elevated circulating levels of the pro-infammatory cytokines, interleukins -1 and -6. Lung histology has also revealed inflammatory infiltrates in the range of plexiform lesions in patients displaying severe PPH, as well as an increased expression of the chemokines regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and fractalkine. Further analysis of the role of inflammatory mechanisms is necessary to understand whether this component of the disease is relevant to its pathophysiology.
Poxvirus-based vectors as vaccine candidates. (1990)

The advent of recombinant DNA techniques and advances in immunology have provided a means for dissecting the immunobiology of disease-causing agents. Identification and expression of individual genes from the pathogens in heterologous systems, such as VV, have yielded valuable information regarding structural properties of the gene products and their role in eliciting protective immunity. Targets of both humoral and/or cellular immunity for many disease-causing agents have been identified or confirmed using a VV expression system (Section IV). Additionally, specific VV recombinants have induced a protective immune response in experimental animals. The ability of VV recombinants to induce pertinent immune responses necessary for protection, the potential to develop polyvalent vaccines, and the successful history of VV as an immunizing agent provide the impetus for engineering VV as a live recombinant vaccine candidate. Critical to the refinement of poxviruses as recombinant immunizing agents is a more in-depth knowledge of the molecular biology of these viruses. Although significant advances have been made in this area within the past 10 years, a greater understanding of the mechanisms governing gene expression and viral virulence factors should enable the development of more safe and effective vaccine candidates. Progression of VV vector technology to other members of the poxvirus family has been successful. Development of other poxviruses as vectors may, therefore, provide a means of generating host-restricted vaccines. Fowlpox recombinant viruses, for instance, may yield candidate vaccines in the poultry industry. Interestingly, it was also demonstrated that these host-restricted recombinant viruses can be used as immunizing vehicles in other species. The ability of a nonreplicating viral vector to elicit a protective immune response is especially intriguing in light of the observation by Morgan et al. that a VV/EBV gp340/220 recombinant, derived from an avirulent VV strain, was unable to protect cottontop tamarins from a live EBV challenge.
Weight Change and Metabolic Effects of Asenapine in Patients With Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder (2013)

Asenapine was associated with greater weight gain and glucose changes than placebo and not associated with a meaningful change in triglycerides or cholesterol levels. Asenapine was not significantly different from olanzapine in change in glucose levels and lower than olanzapine with respect to triglycerides, weight gain, and increased cholesterol.
Impedance Control: An Approach to Manipulation: Part I—Theory (1985)

Manipulation fundamentally requires the manipulator to be mechanically coupled to the object being manipulated; the manipulator may not be treated as an isolated system. This three-part paper presents an approach to the control of dynamic interaction between a manipulator and its environment. In Part I this approach is developed by considering the mechanics of interaction between physical systems. Control of position or force alone is inadequate; control of dynamic behavior is also required. It is shown that as manipulation is a fundamentally nonlinear problem, the distinction between impedance and admittance is essential, and given the environment contains inertial objects, the manipulator must be an impedance. A generalization of a Norton equivalent network is defined for a broad class of nonlinear manipulators which separates the control of motion from the control of impedance while preserving the superposition properties of the Norton network. It is shown that components of the manipulator impedance may be combined by superposition even when they are nonlinear.
Oral Vaccination of Mice with Adenoviral Vectors Is Not Impaired by Preexisting Immunity to the Vaccine Carrier (2003)

Adenovirus vectors with E1 deleted of the human serotype 5 (AdHu5) and the chimpanzee serotype 68 (AdC68) expressing the glycoprotein of the Evelyn Rokiniki Abelseth strain of rabies virus were tested upon oral application for induction of systemic and mucosal transgene product-specific antibody responses in mice. Both vectors induced systemic and mucosal antibodies to rabies virus, including virus-neutralizing antibodies and protection against a severe intracerebral challenge with a mouse-adapted strain of rabies virus. Pre-existing immunity of AdHu5 virus, which dampens induction of transgene product-specific immunity elicited by AdHu5 vectors given systemically did not impair the response induced by oral vaccination. Oral priming-boosting regimens with either heterologous or homologous adenoviral vectors used sequentially increased both mucosal and systemic antibody titers to rabies virus [corrected]
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy in the United States (2006)

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) has been linked to 15 chromosomal loci, 7 autosomal-dominant (LGMD1A to E) and 10 autosomal-recessive (LGMD2A to J). To determine the distribution of subtypes among patients in the United States, 6 medical centers evaluated patients with a referral diagnosis of LGMD. Muscle biopsies provided histopathology and immunodiagnostic testing, and their protein abnormalities along with clinical parameters directed mutation screening. The diagnosis in 23 patients was a disorder other than LGMD. Of the remaining 289 unrelated patients, 266 had muscle biopsies sufficient for complete microscopic evaluation; 121 also underwent Western blotting. From this combined evaluation, the distribution of immunophenotypes is 12% calpainopathy, 18% dysferlinopathy, 15% sarcoglycanopathy, 15% dystroglycanopathy, and 1.5% caveolinopathy. Genotypes distributed among 2 dominant and 7 recessive subtypes have been determined for 83 patients. This study of a large racially and ethnically diverse population of patients with LGMD indicates that establishing a putative subtype is possible more than half the time using available diagnostic testing. An efficient approach to genotypic diagnosis is muscle biopsy immunophenotyping followed by directed mutational analysis. The most common LGMDs in the United States are calpainopathies, dysferlinopathies, sarcoglycanopathies, and dystroglycanopathies.
High-performance symmetric-gate and CMOS-compatible V/sub t/ asymmetric-gate FinFET devices (2002)

Double-gate FinFET devices with asymmetric and symmetric polysilicon gates have been fabricated. Symmetric gate devices show drain currents competitive with fully optimized bulk silicon technologies. Asymmetric-gate devices show |V/sub t/|/spl sim/0.1 V, with off-currents less than 100 nA/um at V/sub gs/=0.
Isolation and Characterization of Neural Stem Cells from the Adult Human Olfactory Bulb (2000)

We have recently isolated stem cells deriving from the olfactory bulbs of adult patients undergoing particularly invasive neurosurgery. After improving our experimental conditions, we have now obtained neural stem cells according to clonal analysis. The cells can be expanded, established in continuous cell lines and differentiated into the three classical neuronal phenotypes (neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes). Also, after exposition to leukemia inhibitory factor, we are able to improve the number of neurons, an ideal biological source for transplantation in various neurodegenerative disorders.
New Quadriplex PCR Assay for Detection of Methicillin and Mupirocin Resistance and Simultaneous Discrimination ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (2004)

Major challenges in diagnostic molecular microbiology are to develop a simple assay to distinguish Staphylococcus aureus from the less virulent but clinically important coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and to simultaneously determine their antibiotic resistance profiles. Multiplex PCR assays have been developed for the detection of methicillin- and mupirocin-resistant S. aureus and CoNS but not for the simultaneous discrimination of S. aureus from CoNS. We designed a new set of Staphylococcus genus-specific primers and developed a novel quadriplex PCR assay targeting the 16S rRNA (Staphylococcus genus specific), nuc (S. aureus species specific), mecA (a determinant of methicillin resistance), and mupA (a determinant of mupirocin resistance) genes to identify most staphylococci, to discriminate S. aureus from CoNS and other bacteria, and to simultaneously detect methicillin and mupirocin resistance. Validation of the assay with 96 ATCC control strains and 323 previously characterized clinical isolates, including methicillin- and mupirocin-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus and CoNS isolates and other bacteria, demonstrated 100% sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. This assay represents a simple, rapid, accurate, and reliable approach for the detection of methicillin- and mupirocin-resistant staphylococci and offers the hope of preventing their widespread dissemination through early and reliable detection.
Resiquimod and other immune response modifiers as vaccine adjuvants (2007)

Synthetic immune response modifiers, such as resiquimod, are Toll-like receptor 7 and 8 agonists that act as vaccine adjuvants, enhancing antigen-specific antibody production and skewing immunity towards a Th1 response. These compounds stimulate dendritic cells to secrete cytokines, upregulate costimulatory molecule expression and enhance antigen presentation to T cells. The compounds have demonstrated vaccine adjuvant properties in a number of animal models. The adjuvant effects can be enhanced by measures that allow the drug to stay localized with the vaccine without quickly entering the systemic circulation. Clinical studies demonstrate that topical application of resiquimod and analogs is safe and effective at activating the local immune response. For injection, resiquimod or a similar compound may need to be formulated to allow for local immune activation without induction of systemic cytokines.
Inflammation Imaging in Atherosclerosis (2009)

Inflammation is important at many stages of atherosclerotic plaque development. We highlight several imaging modalities that can quantify the degree of plaque inflammation noninvasively. Imaging of this type might allow testing of novel antiatherosclerosis drugs, identification of patients at risk of plaque rupture, and deeper insight into the biology of the disease. The imaging modalities are discussed in relation to their potential use in these areas.