gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Signal transduction by the cytoplasmic domains of Fc epsilon RI-gamma and TCR-zeta in rat basophilic leukemia cells. (1992)

The gamma subunit of the high affinity IgE receptor, Fc epsilon RI, is a member of a family of proteins which form disulfide-linked dimers. This family also includes the zeta- and eta-chains of the T cell receptor. Engagement of Fc epsilon RI activates src-related protein tyrosine kinases in basophils and mast cells. However, the role of individual subunits of Fc epsilon RI in this activation is still not known. In an effort to determine the function of Fc epsilon RI-gamma, we used chimeric proteins containing the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the alpha chain of the human interleukin 2 receptor (Tac) and the cytoplasmic domains of either T cell receptor-zeta or Fc epsilon RI-gamma. We show that while cross-linking of the Tac chimeras in the rat basophilic leukemia cell line RBL-2H3 resulted in the tyrosine phosphorylation of a subset of proteins and a portion of the degranulation normally observed after Fc epsilon RI-mediated stimulation, no detectable activation of p56lyn or pp60c-src was observed. In contrast, an apparent transient deactivation of these two kinases was observed after Tac chimera cross-linking. These observations suggest that Fc epsilon RI-gamma is responsible for some, but not all, of the signaling that occurs after engagement of its receptor, and that other receptor subunits may also play important roles in this signaling process.
Thermal Stability of LiFePO[sub 4]-Based Cathodes (1999)

The capacity and cyclability of solid‐state synthesized laminate cells of type have been studied at 23, 40, and . Larger capacities were obtained for cells cycled at the elevated temperatures. No evidence was found of potentially troublesome reactions between the different components of the cells under charged and discharged conditions up to . Remanant X‐ray diffraction peaks were observed from the delithiated phase for cells cycled at ambient temperature. Mössbauer spectroscopy showed different residual amounts of at the different temperatures: 22, 7, and 8% at 23, 40, and , respectively. The amount of residual was thus largest for cells cycled at room temperature, suggesting that slow kinetics hinder effective lithium insertion. ©2000 The Electrochemical Society
Silicon nanowire-based solar cells (2008)

The fabrication of silicon nanowire-based solar cells on silicon wafers and on multicrystalline silicon thin films on glass is described. The nanowires show a strong broadband optical absorption, which makes them an interesting candidate to serve as an absorber in solar cells. The operation of a solar cell is demonstrated with n-doped nanowires grown on a p-doped silicon wafer. From a partially illuminated area of 0.6 cm(2) open-circuit voltages in the range of 230-280 mV and a short-circuit current density of 2 mA cm(-2) were obtained.
Next-Generation Sequencing of Plasma/Serum DNA: An Emerging Research and Molecular Diagnostic Tool (2009)

Over the past decade, it has been increasingly realized that cell-free DNA and RNA molecules present in plasma and serum are valuable molecular diagnostic tools(1)(2). For example, tumor-derived(3) and fetal-derived(4) nucleic acids have been found in cancer patients and pregnant women, respectively, thus opening up clinical uses in oncology and prenatal diagnosis. A number of these applications have already been incorporated into clinical practice, such as the prenatal determination of fetal RhD status(5) and the detection and monitoring of nasopharyngeal carcinoma using plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA measurement(6).

In contrast to its clinical applications, the characterization of circulating nucleic acids has not received as much attention. In this regard, DNA sequencing is a powerful method to address this imbalance. A number of groups have used conventional cloning and DNA sequencing techniques to detect and study circulating nucleic acids(7)(8)(9). However, such methods are labor-intensive and can generate sequence information for only a small number of molecules from a few genomic loci. The recent advent of next-generation, massively parallel sequencing technologies(10) has provided an alternative approach for the detection, measurement, and characterization of plasma nucleic acids.

Three groups have reported the use of massively parallel sequencing technologies in the analysis of plasma/serum DNA(11)(12)(13). These approaches can be divided into 2 main types: the first type involves the random sequencing of DNA molecules in …
The molecular epidemiology of lung cancer (2006)

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. There have been only slight improvements in early diagnosis and survival, reflecting limited advances in screening and treatment for lung cancer. The identification of host differences in susceptibility to lung carcinogens, in particular to cigarette smoke, is essential in predicting who is at highest risk. Susceptibility differences in the form of rare, high-penetrance genes are suggested from studies of familial aggregation of lung cancer and a linkage study. Studies focused on more common, low-penetrance genes in the tobacco smoke metabolism pathways (phase I and phase II enzymes) and DNA repair pathways are reviewed, as are inflammation and cell cycle-related genes and DNA adducts as intermediate biomarkers. Also reviewed are studies of epigenetic mechanisms, such as methylation, as alternative sources of variation in host susceptibility. Studies of molecular epidemiology in lung cancer survival are discussed briefly. In the future, studies that focus on complex interactions between multiple genes and environmental exposures within pertinent pathways are needed. New technological advances in genotyping will help move the field forward.
How to design and evaluate randomized controlled trials in immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis: an ARIA-GA2LEN statement (2011)

Specific immunotherapy (SIT) is one of the treatments for allergic rhinitis. However, for allergists, nonspecialists, regulators, payers, and patients, there remain gaps in understanding the evaluation of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Although treating the same diseases, RCTs in SIT and pharmacotherapy should be considered separately for several reasons, as developed in this study. These include the severity and persistence of allergic rhinitis in the patients enrolled in the study, the problem of the placebo, allergen exposure (in particular pollen and mite), the analysis and reporting of the study, the level of symptoms of placebo-treated patients, the clinical relevance of the efficacy of SIT, the need for a validated combined symptom-medication score, the differences between children and adults and pharmacoeconomic analyses. This statement reviews issues raised by the interpretation of RCTs in sublingual immunotherapy. It is not possible to directly extrapolate the rules or parameters used in medication RCTs to SIT. It also provides some suggestions for the research that will be needed. Interestingly, some of the research questions can be approached with the available data obtained from large RCTs.
Rapid reaction between peroxonitrite ion and carbon dioxide: Implications for biological activity (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRapid reaction between peroxonitrite ion and carbon dioxide: Implications for biological activitySergei V. Lymar and James K. HurstCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 34, 8867–8868Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00139a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00139a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views719Altmetric-Citations459LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Conformational analysis of a new analgesic triazolinethione. Structural comparisons with antipyrine. (1981)

Crystals of 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-Δ-2-triazoline-5-thione, a new non-narcotic analgesic compound, are monoclinic with the following cell parameters: a = 5.942, b = 17.771, c = 10.319 A, β = 102.77°, Z = 4, space group P 2 1/ C . The structure was determined by the direct-phasing program MULTAN and by Fourier methods. The triazoline ring makes an angle of 62° with the benzene ring, and this result has been compared with the dihedral angle value between the pyrazolone and phenyl planes of antipyrine derivatives. A theoretical calculation of conformational energy is also reported and structure-activity relationships are discussed.
Spectroscopic techniques for study of phosphodiester bond formation by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. (1979)

Nucleotides containing the fluorophore 1-aminonaphthalene-5-sulfonate attached to the gamma phosphoryl group via a phosphoamidate bond are excellent substrates for Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Cleavage of the alpha-beta-phosphoryl bond produces significant changes in both absorption and fluorescence spectra. These alterations provide a sensitive and precise means for continuous monitoring of transcription. Under appropriate conditions one can detect the utilization of less than 1 nmol of nucleotide. Since the spectroscopic techniques measure nucleotide utilization they can be used in conjunction with measurements of incorporation of radiolabeled precursor such as [3H]UTP into acid-insoluble material to determine whether significant amounts of acid-soluble oligonucleotides are formed.
Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Inhibition Alters Epididymal Function as Assessed by the Development of Sperm Motility (2006)

The sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway plays a role in pattern orientation in the developing embryo and has been shown to be required for development of the prostate and external genitalia. Recent evidence has shown that important elements of the Shh pathway are also expressed in the adult mouse epididymis at both the gene and protein levels. The objective of the present investigation was to refine the expression pattern of Shh in the mouse epididymis and to determine if the Shh pathway is important for epididymal function vis-à-vis sperm maturation. The former was achieved by microarray analysis of Shh expression in all segments of the mouse epididymis, and the latter was determined by 14-day administration of cyclopamine, a Shh pathway inhibitor, followed by a microassay for the activation and duration of cauda epididymal sperm motility. Shh pathway inhibition was monitored by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for expression of epididymal Gli1 and Gli3. The Gli family of transcription factors is commonly activated and regulated by Shh pathway activation. Cyclopamine treatment reduced Gli1 expression by 61% and initiation of cauda sperm motility by 50%. Gli3 expression was reduced by approximately 50%. Subsequent cluster analysis using the microarray data on epididymal gene expression highlighted several potential target genes for the Shh pathway, the most prominent of which is prostaglandin D2 synthase. These results indicate that an operating Shh pathway is important in the murine epididymis for the development of sperm motility and implies a role for Shh signaling in adult epididymal function.
Formation of Rack‐ and Grid‐Type Metallosupramolecular Architectures and Generation of Molecular Motion by Reversible Uncoiling of Helical Ligand Strands (2006)

The interaction of appropriate metal ions (Pb(II), Zn(II)) with helical ligand strands, obtained by hydrazone polycondensation, generates polymetallic supramolecular architectures of rack and grid types, by uncoiling of the ligand. The interconversion between the helical free ligand and the linearly extended ligand in the complexes produces reversible ion-induced, nanomechanical molecular motions of large amplitude. It has been integrated in an acid-base neutralisation fuelled process, which links the extension/contraction of the ligand strands to alternating changes in pH.
The Zucker-fatty rat: a review. (1977)

The Zucker (fatty) rat is one of a group of animals that inherit obesity as an autosomal Mendelian recessive trait. These rats are obese, hyperphagic, and hyperinsulinemic, but blood glucose remains at normal levels. Although these rats eat more than normal rats, their response to the addition of adulterants to the food or after exposure to the cold is more like that of normal rats than rats with hypothalamic obesity. The hypertriglyceridemia which characterized these animals is due to the increased hepatic production of a very low density lipoproteins. Adipocytes are increased in size and in number with the subcutaneous fat depot showing the largest increase in the number of fat cells. Lipogenesis from glucose is brisk in the young animals but declines with age. Enzymatic patterns of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis appear to reflect the altered internal milieu rather than specific defects. Endocrine changes in the fatty rat include hyperinsulinemia, reduced levels of glucagon, hypothyroidis, and impaired reproductive function. A model is presented in which the features of the genetically obese (Zucker) fatty rat are compared with those of animals with hypothalamic obesity.
Envelope proteins of human T-cell leukemia virus: expression in Escherichia coli and its application to studies of env gene functions. (1984)

The DNA fragments of the 5' and 3' halves of the putative env gene predicted from the DNA sequence of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) provirus were inserted into expression vectors pORF2 and pORF1, respectively, and two hybrid proteins composed of env polypeptides and beta-galactosidase were efficiently produced in Escherichia coli. The hybrid proteins containing the NH2-terminal (EH9) and COOH-terminal (EA1) halves were both immunologically reactive with sera from adult T-cell leukemia patients, demonstrating the utility of the hybrid proteins for diagnosis of HTLV infection. Rabbit antisera against these hybrid proteins detected the two glycoproteins gp62 and gp46, which were previously identified as HTLV env gene products. With these rabbit antisera, two properties of the env gene products were studied. (i) The antisera inhibited syncytia formation of cat S+L- cells induced by HTLV, suggesting that one or both of the env gene products of HTLV, gp62 and gp46, are involved in induction of cell fusion. (ii) The env product gp62 or gp46 or both products are exposed on the surface of HTLV-infected cells and might modulate the proliferation of HTLV-infected T cells in the host because the antisera against the hybrid proteins were cytotoxic on HTLV-producing cell lines. The latter conclusion also is supported by the fact that adult T-cell leukemia patients and healthy HTLV carriers have antibodies to the env gene products.
Tunable solvents for fine chemicals from the biorefinery (2007)

Making biorefineries economically and environmentally sustainable is the biggest barrier to the mass commercialization of biofuels in this country. One way to add economic value to the biofuel process is to isolate and extract fine chemicals from waste biomass such as lignin, extractives, and unreacted cellulose and hemicellulose. In this paper we demonstrate a technique for extracting high-value added chemicals such as vanillin, syringaldehyde, and syringol from lignin using a novel CO2-expanded organic solvent (gas-expanded liquid). This method incorporates many principles of green chemistry while offering several economical advantages to the biorefinery: low operating costs, easy recycling of organic solvents, use of a renewable feedstock, and a way to produce chemicals without wasteful synthesis. Furthermore, this technique demonstrated the ability to produce high-value chemicals ($5–25 lb−1) from a waste source that is presently being burned for a fuel value of 2–3 cents lb−1. We believe the process presented in this paper will spark interest in developing other sustainable techniques to extract fine chemicals from biorefinery waste.
An implant for chronic selective stimulation of nerves (2001)

An implantable stimulator system has been developed for nerve stimulation. The system is capable of stimulating selectively, either by fibre position, fibre size or by sending action potentials in one direction only, based on the use of nerve cuffs. The stimulator produces either quasi-trapezoidal current pulses, to allow anodal blocking, or conventional rectangular-shaped current pulses, of amplitude 20 microA to 5 mA (in 20 microA steps) with duration of 16 micros to 1 ms (in 8 micros steps). For safety, both active and passive charge balancing is used. The amplitude of the active charge-balancing phase can be varied between 1/7 and 1/47 of the pulse amplitude. During manufacture, each implant is customised so as to drive either 6 quasi-tripolar (dipolar), 4 tripolar or 2 pentapolar cuffs. Possible applications of the device are: improved defaecation and bladder voiding after spinal cord injury, by stimulation of the sacral motor roots; neuromodulation to reduce hyperreflexia without concomitant muscle contractions; in stroke patients, to enable balanced inversion-eversion while dorsiflexing the ankle by stimulating the peroneal nerve. It may also be used in chronic animal experiments.This paper describes the implant system, its hardware and communication protocol, and shows results from in vitro tests of the device and the first acute anodal-blocking experiments in pigs.
Heteroduplexes in mixed-template amplifications: formation, consequence and elimination by 'reconditioning PCR' (2002)

Although it has been recognized that PCR amplification of mixed templates may generate sequence artifacts, the mechanisms of their formation, frequency and potential elimination have not been fully elucidated. Here evidence is presented for heteroduplexes as a major source of artifacts in mixed-template PCR. Nearly equal proportions of homoduplexes and heteroduplexes were observed after co-amplifying 16S rDNA from three bacterial genomes and analyzing products by constant denaturing capillary electrophoresis (CDCE). Heteroduplexes became increasingly prevalent as primers became limiting and/or template diversity was increased. A model exploring the fate of cloned heteroduplexes during MutHLS-mediated mismatch repair in the Escherichia coli host demonstrates that the diversity of artifactual sequences increases exponentially with the number of both variable nucleotides and of original sequence variants. Our model illustrates how minimization of heteroduplex molecules before cloning may reduce artificial genetic diversity detected during sequence analysis by clone screening. Thus, we developed a method to eliminate heteroduplexes from mixed-template PCR products by subjecting them to 'reconditioning PCR', a low cycle number re-amplification of a 10-fold diluted mixed-template PCR product. This simple modification to the protocol may ensure that sequence richness encountered in clone libraries more closely reflects genetic diversity in the original sample.
Measurement and analysis of the error characteristics of an in-building wireless network (1996)

There is general belief that networks based on wireless technologies have much higher error rates than those based on more traditional technologies such as optical fiber, coaxial cable, or twisted pair wiring. This difference has motivated research on new protocol suites specifically for wireless networks. While the error characteristics of wired networks have been well documented, less experimental data is available for wireless LANs.In this paper we report the results of a study characterizing the error environment provided by AT&T WaveLAN, a commercial product designed for constructing 2 Mb/s in-building wireless networks. We evaluated the effects of interfering radiation sources, and of attenuation due to distance and obstacles, on the packet loss rate and bit error rate. We found that under many conditions the error rate of this physical layer is comparable to that of wired links. We analyze the implications of our results on today's CSMA/CA based wireless LANs and on future pico-cellular shared-medium reservation-based wireless networks.
High temperature cw operation of vertical cavity top surface-emitting lasers (1993)

Over the past few years, vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have been shown to have significant potential in areas such as optical communication, computing and interconnection. Presently, temperature improvements are being sought in order to provide more reliable devices that are able to operate uniformly without the need of heal dissipating apparatus. Here, we implement several design strategies and achieve over 120°C cw lasing with more than 2.0mW of optical power at 90°C Moreover, we control threshold currents to a relatively constant value, varying only ±0.45 mA (15%) over a large temperature range of 80°C.
Effect of chest wall vibration on the canine diaphragm during breathing (2002)

High-frequency mechanical vibration of the ribcage reduces dyspnoea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and the suggestion has been made that this effect might be related to a decrease in central respiratory drive resulting from an increase in afferent inputs from intercostal muscles. In the present studies, the effects of ribcage vibration on central respiratory drive have been assessed without the confounding influence of conscious reactions. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of the diaphragm and the changes in pleural (Ppl) and abdominal (Pab) pressure were measured in six anaesthetized, spontaneously-breathing dogs while the rostral, the middle, or the caudal portion of the ribcage was vibrated at intervals during inspiration. The EMG activity of the external and parasternal intercostals was also measured. Ribcage vibration consistently elicited a marked increase in the inspiratory EMG activity recorded from the external intercostals, thus indicating that the procedure did activate intercostal muscle spindles. However, no alteration in diaphragmatic or parasternal intercostal EMG activity was seen in any animal. Transdiaphragmatic pressure and the relationship between deltaPab and deltaPpl during inspiration were also unaltered. The authors conclude that ribcage vibration and, with it, stimulation of external intercostal muscle spindles has no significant influence on phrenic motoneurones or on medullary inspiratory neurones. It is unlikely, therefore, that the beneficial effect of the procedure on dyspnoea results from a specific reduction in central respiratory drive.