gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Imaging of occlusal dental caries (decay) with near-IR light at 1310-nm (2005)

Dental enamel manifests high transparency in the near-IR. Previous work demonstrated that near-IR light at 1310-nm is ideally suited for the transillumination of interproximal dental caries (dental decay in between teeth) [1]. However, most new dental decay occurs in the pits and fissures of the occlusal (biting) surfaces of posterior teeth. These caries lesions cannot be detected by x-rays during the early stages of decay due to the overlapping topography of the crown of the tooth. In this study, a near- IR imaging system operating at 1310-nm was used to acquire occlusal images by launching the near-IR light into the buccal surface of the tooth just above the gingival margin (gum-line). The near-IR light diffuses through the highly scattering dentin providing uniform back illumination of the enamel of the crowns allowing imaging of the occlusal surfaces. The near-IR images show high contrast between sound and demineralized areas. Demineralization (decay) can be easily differentiated from stains, pigmentation, and hypomineralization (fluorosis). Moreover, the high transparency of the enamel enables imaging at greater depth for the detection of subsurface decay hidden under the enamel. These early images suggest that the near-IR offers significant advantages over conventional visual, tactile and radiographic caries detection methods.
Genetic susceptibility in diabetes mellitus: analysis of the HLA association. (1976)

Two hundred and eighty-eight patients with insulin-dependent diabetes w,o were aged 30 or under at onset and 150 patients with late-onset diabetes, 50 of them dependent on insulin and 100 not dependent on insulin, were HLA-typed. There was a significant positive association between the young-onset insulin-dependent patients and HLA-B8, BW15, and B18 and a significant negative association with B7. These data were combined with those from two other centres. There was a significant concordance for the distribution of all the HLA antigens among these three series, producing evidence in favour of an HLA-linked diabetogenic gene (or genes) having a major role in all cases of juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes. There was a positive association between late-onset insulin-dependent diabetes and B8, but no association between non-insulin-dependent diabetes and the HLA system. This provides further evidence for the existence of different pathogenetic mechanisms in the two major clinical forms of diabetes mellitus.
Kgp and RgpB, but Not RgpA, Are Important for Porphyromonas gingivalis Virulence in the Murine Periodontitis Model (2007)

The contributions of three proteinase genes (rgpA, rgpB, and kgp) to the virulence of Porphyromonas gingivalis W50 were investigated in the murine periodontitis model. Mice were orally inoculated with eight doses (1 x 10(10) cells per dose) of rgpA, rgpB, kgp, rgpA rgpB, or rgpA rgpB kgp isogenic mutants, and the level of alveolar bone loss, immune response induced, and number of bacterial cells per half maxilla were compared with those of animals inoculated with wild-type P. gingivalis. The kgp, rgpB, rgpA rgpB, and rgpA rgpB kgp isogenic mutants induced significantly (P < 0.05) less bone loss than the rgpA isogenic mutant and the wild type did, and the virulence of the rgpA isogenic mutant and the wild type were not significantly different. Mice inoculated with the wild type or the rgpA isogenic mutant exhibited significantly (P < 0.01) more P. gingivalis cells per half maxilla than mice inoculated with rgpB, kgp, rgpA rgpB, and rgpA rgpB kgp isogenic mutants or nonchallenged mice did, as determined using real-time PCR. A significant positive correlation was found between the number of P. gingivalis cells detected per half maxilla and the amount of alveolar bone loss induced. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that each isogenic mutant and the wild type induced a predominant P. gingivalis antigen-specific immunoglobulin G3 (IgG3) response. Furthermore, the kgp and rgpA rgpB kgp isogenic mutants induced significantly (P < 0.05) lower IgG3 antibody responses than the responses induced by the wild type or the rgpA, rgpB, and rgpA rgpB isogenic mutants. The results suggest that the order in which the proteinases contribute to the virulence of P. gingivalis in the murine periodontitis model is Kgp > or = RgpB >> RgpA.
Chemoprevention of Breast Cancer (2006)

Trials with tamoxifen have clearly shown that estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer risk can be reduced at a late stage in the natural history with prophylactic agents. Approximately half of the cases were prevented. The current challenge is to achieve this or better efficacy, and reduce side effects. A recent trial found that the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene has similar efficacy to tamoxifen but fewer side effects. Long-term Phase III trials are currently underway studying two aromatase inhibitors. Results from other studies suggest that these agents have a better side-effect profile and may prevent 70-80% of receptor-positive breast cancers. New agents are needed for receptor-negative breast cancer and several possibilities are currently under investigation.
Current treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (2012)

At the present time, AML remains a devastating and mostly incurable disease, but the combination of optimized chemotherapeutics and molecularly targeted agents holds significant promise for the future.
Collagen mimetics (1998)

Collagen peptidomimetics have been synthesized as an alternative to natural collagen. The incorporation of unnatural residues such as peptoids in the collagen sequences can demonstrate potent and specific biological activity and enhance the biostability against enzymatic degradation. Furthermore, the use of achiral peptoids simplifies synthetic strategies by reducing racemization problems. The peptoid residue N-isobutylglycine (Nleu) has been successfully incorporated into a series of collagen mimetics composed of Gly-Pro-Nleu, Gly-Nleu-Pro, and Gly-Nleu-Nleu. The discovery of template-assembled collagen mimetics and metal binding ability has laid the foundation for new opportunities in the design of novel collagen mimetic complexes. The review summarizes the synthesis and integrated biophysical analyses of the structures of these collagen mimetics. Solid phase segment condensation techniques have been utilized for the synthesis of the single chain and template-assembled analogues. The characterization of the collagen-like structures has been established by temperature-dependent optical rotation measurements. CD, NMR spectroscopy, and molecular modelling simulations.
Sucl+ encodes a predicted 13-kilodalton protein that is essential for cell viability and is directly involved in the division cycle of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. (1987)

Sucl+ was originally identified as a DNA sequence that, at high copy number, rescued Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains carrying certain temperature-sensitive alleles of the cdc2 cell cycle control gene. We determined the nucleotide sequence of a 1,083-base-pair Sucl+ DNA fragment and S1 mapped its 866-nucleotide RNA transcript. The protein-coding sequence of the gene is interrupted by two intervening sequences of 115 and 51 base pairs. The predicted translational product of the gene is a protein of 13 kilodaltons. A chromosomal gene disruption of Sucl+ was constructed in a diploid S. pombe strain. Germinating spores carrying a null allele of the gene were capable of very limited cell division, following which many cells became highly elongated. The Sucl+ gene was also strongly overexpressed under the control of a heterologous S. pombe promoter. Overexpression of Sucl+ is not lethal but causes a division delay such that cells are approximately twice the normal length at division. These data suggest that Sucl+ encodes a protein which plays a direct role in the cell division cycle of S. pombe.
NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL OF GONADOTROPHIN SECRETION (1979)

Journal Article NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL OF GONADOTROPHIN SECRETION Get access G FINK, MD DPhil G FINK, MD DPhil Department of Human Anatomy University of Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar British Medical Bulletin, Volume 35, Issue 2, May 1979, Pages 155–160, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071563 Published: 01 May 1979
Payment switches for open networks (2002)

We describe the first operational Internet payment switch that provides real-time authorization suitable for direct use by merchant servers. A payment switch is a server that creates digital representations of conventional financial instruments and forwards authentic payment orders on these instruments to their corresponding conventional financial networks and institutions. Our payment switch provides support for time-based and item-based pricing, implements switch based authorization and settlement aggregation for micro-payments, and includes an extensive customer support system in order to provide a high level of customer confidence in electronic commerce. Fraud control is based on a transaction-specific multi-level security model that accommodates existing Internet browsers. Multiple authentication technologies are applied to every transaction.
Génétique moléculaire des lactate-déshydrogénases des bactéries lactiques (1993)

Nous avons clon les gnes de D-Iactate-dshydrognase (D-LDH) et un gne de Dhydroxy-isocaproate-dshydrognase (D-HicDH) de deux bactries lactiques (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus, Pediococcus acidilacticl) par complmentation d'un mutant LDH-ngatif de Escherichia coli. La squence de ces gnes a rvl l'existence d'une famille de dshydrognases d'a-hydroxy-acides NADH-dpendantes totalement diffrente de la famille des L-LDH. Les relations structure-fonction des enzymes de cette nouvelle famille sont actuellement l'tude par mutagense dirige. lactate-dshydrognase 1 hydroxy-isocaproate dshydrognase 1 bactrie lactique 1 acide lactique ILactobaeillus bulgarieus Summary -Molecular genetics of lactate-dehydrogenases from lactic acid bacteria. We have . cloned 2 o-Iactate-dehydrogenase genes (o-LDH) and one o-hydroxy-isocaproate-dehydrogenase gene (o-HicDH) from lactic acid bacteria (1...actobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus. Pediococcus acidilactici) by complementation of a LDH-negative mutant of Escherichia coli. The sequence of these genes has revealed the existence of a novel fami/y of NADH-dependent a-hydroxy-acid dehydrogenases which were completely different from the L-LDH fami/y. The structure-function relationships of enzymes from this new fami/yare current/y under study via site-directed mutagenesis. laetate-dehydrogenase / hydroxy-isoeaproate dehydrogenase /Iaetie aeid baeteria / lactate / Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Conformational analysis of the sialylα(2→3/6)N‐acetyllactosamine structural element occurring in glycoproteins, by two‐dimensional NOE 1H‐NMR spectroscopy in combination with energy calculations by hard‐sphere exo‐anomeric and molecular mechanics force‐field with hydrogen‐bonding potential (1989)

The conformation is described of the sialyl alpha(2----3/6)N-acetyllactosamine structural element, frequently occurring in glycoproteins. NOE spectroscopy of NeuAc alpha(2----3)Gal beta(1----4)GlcNAc beta(1----N)Asn and NeuAc alpha(2----6)Gal beta(1----4)GlcNAc beta(1----N)Asn is presented and for each glycosidic linkage, except for the alpha(2----6)-linkage, a number of interglycosidic NOEs are measured. The analysis of these effects is performed using a full relaxation matrix. Analysis of intraresidue NOEs provides a calibration of the calculation method. Hard-sphere exo-anomeric (HSEA) energy calculations indicate a single conformation for the beta(1----4)-linkage in both compounds, both being consistent with the NOE data. HSEA and molecular-mechanics force-field with hydrogen-bonding potential energy calculations both indicate the existence of three preferred conformations for the alpha(2----3)-linkage. The analysis of the NOE spectra are consistent with a distribution over two or three of these conformations; by combination with the energy diagram for this linkage the existence of onyl a single conformation can be excluded. The NOE spectrum of the compound with the alpha(2----6)-linkage indicates a gt orientation for the Gal C-6 hydroxymethyl group. On this basis, the HSEA energy calculations for the alpha(2----6)-linkage indicate an extended low-energy surface with a number of preferred conformations. The absence of NOEs across this linkage is interpreted in terms of a non-rigid, but overall folded conformation of the NeuAc alpha(2----6)Gal beta(1----4)GlcNAc beta structural element. This provides an explanation for the shift effects induced by alpha(2----6) attachment of NeuAc to the N-acetyllactosamine unit.
Synergistic activation of dendritic cells by combined Toll-like receptor ligation induces superior CTL responses in vivo (2006)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are able to interact with pathogen-derived products and their signals induce the coordinated activation of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in these events. As the different TLRs are able to trigger MyD88/TRIF-dependent and -independent signaling pathways, we wondered if the simultaneous activation of these signaling cascades would synergize with respect to DC activation and induce superior cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity in vivo. We observed that indeed the combined activation of MyD88-dependent and -independent signaling induced by TLR7 and TLR3 ligands provoked a more rapid and more sustained bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) activation with regard to the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, like IL-6 and IL-12p70, and the expression of costimulatory molecules like CD40, CD70, and CD86. Furthermore, in the presence of combined TLR ligand-stimulated DCs, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were insensitive toward the inhibitory effects of regulatory T cells. Most importantly, peptide-loaded BMDCs stimulated by TLR ligand combinations resulted in a marked increase of CTL effector functions in wild-type mice in vivo. Thus, our results provide evidence that unlocking the full potential of DCs by advanced activation protocols will boost their immunogenic potential and improve DC-based vaccination strategies.
RAGE‐dependent signaling in microglia contributes to neuroinflammation, Aβ accumulation, and impaired learning/memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (2009)

Microglia are critical for amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta)-mediated neuronal perturbation relevant to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. We demonstrate that overexpression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in imbroglio exaggerates neuroinflammation, as evidenced by increased proinflammatory mediator production, Abeta accumulation, impaired learning/memory, and neurotoxicity in an Abeta-rich environment. Transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human mutant APP (mAPP) in neurons and RAGE in microglia displayed enhanced IL-1beta and TNF-alpha production, increased infiltration of microglia and astrocytes, accumulation of Abeta, reduced acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity, and accelerated deterioration of spatial learning/memory. Notably, introduction of a signal transduction-defective mutant RAGE (DN-RAGE) to microglia attenuates deterioration induced by Abeta. These findings indicate that RAGE signaling in microglia contributes to the pathogenesis of an inflammatory response that ultimately impairs neuronal function and directly affects amyloid accumulation. We conclude that blockade of microglial RAGE may have a beneficial effect on Abeta-mediated neuronal perturbation relevant to AD pathogenesis.-Fang, F., Lue, L.-F., Yan, S., Xu, H., Luddy, J. S., Chen, D., Walker, D. G., Stern, D. M., Yan, S., Schmidt, A. M., Chen, J. X., Yan, S. S. RAGE-dependent signaling in microglia contributes to neuroinflammation, Abeta accumulation, and impaired learning/memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
Interaction of microspheres with blood constituents: I. Uptake of polystyrene spheres by monocytes and granulocytes and effect on immune responsiveness of lymphocytes. (1984)

The interaction or association of polystyrene microspheres with blood constituents, and the effect on the immune response were studied with blood and tissue samples following i.v. administration of 1-, 3-, and 12-μm spheres into Beagle dogs. One- and 3-μm spheres were found in the lysosomes inside of the cytoplasm of monocytes and granulocytes with a residence time of up to at least 24 hr while the 12-μm spheres were observed outside of the monocytes and granulocytes. There was no evidence of any damage to the lysosomes or other cellular organelles and normal enzymatic function of the monocytes and granulocytes was maintained as evidenced by normal distribution of esterase enzymes in the cells. The effect of the microspheres on serum protein distribution was determined by analysis of protein fractions including gamma globulin between controls and samples and cell-mediated immune response was assessed by measuring the responsiveness of the peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulation. The response of T and B lymphocytes to pokeweed, phytohemagglutinin, and concanavalin A mitogens showed no change 7 days after microsphere administration of the 1- and 12-μrn sizes. The serum protein levels including gamma globulin were unchanged from control values indicating the spheres did not antigenically stimulate the immune response.
Factors Influencing the Enhancement of the Infectivity of Poliovirus Ribonucleic Acid by Diethylaminoethyl-Dextran (1967)

The enhancement by diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-D) of the infectivity of poliovirus ribonucleic acid (RNA) for cell cultures was demonstrated by infective-center as well as by plaque assays, both in nonprimate (L) and primate cell systems (MK, HeLa, LLC-MK(2)). The sensitivity of plaque assays was greatly improved by using a tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-buffered synthetic medium (basal medium Eagle) and freshly confluent cell monolayers. Enhancement of nucleic acid infectivity was directly dependent on the molecular weight of the DEAE-D. Two observations bearing on the action of DEAE-D appeared important: ribonuclease activity was reduced by DEAE-D, and cells pretreated with DEAE-D remained susceptible to infection with RNA in isotonic medium. Appreciable susceptibility of the treated cells persisted for at least 2 hr; the susceptible state could be reversed at will by an application of heparin. Enhancement of nucleic acid infectivity was independent of an effect of DEAE-D on intact virus and agar inhibitors.
Darkground microscopy of subgingival plaque from the top to the bottom of the periodontal pocket (1990)

Part of the results of a study of subgingival plaque by darkground microscopy was used to investigate morphotype distribution at different levels within the periodontal pocket. Subgingival plaque was sampled at coronal, middle and apical levels from each of 28 approximal surfaces on 28 teeth extracted from 28 adults with untreated moderate to advanced periodontitis. Sample preparation and darkground microscopy were as described previously. The data recorded only the subgingival level at which the maximum count occurred for a given morphotype and subject. It was found that the maximum count of spirochaetes occurred most frequently at the apical level (p less than 0.05) and the maximum count of 'others' at the coronal level (p less than 0.05). Also, coccal counts showed a trend to increase the more apical the sample. Standardised darkground microscopy was able to show that the sampled subgingival level had a significant influence on plaque bacterial morphotype distribution, indicating the importance of accurate sampling of subgingival plaque at the most apical level.
Scanner-Free and Wide-Field Endoscopic Imaging by Using a Single Multimode Optical Fiber (2012)

A single multimode fiber is considered an ideal optical element for endoscopic imaging due to the possibility of direct image transmission via multiple spatial modes. However, the wave distortion induced by the mode dispersion has been a fundamental limitation. In this Letter, we propose a method for eliminating the effect of mode dispersion and therefore realize wide-field endoscopic imaging by using only a single multimode fiber with no scanner attached to the fiber. Our method will potentially revolutionize endoscopy in various fields encompassing medicine and industry.
Measurement of Intraocular Optical Distances Using Partially Coherent Laser Light (1991)

Abstract The application of partially coherent laser light to measure intraocular optical distances is discussed. In a first step the optical thickness of the retina at the macula and the optical length of the eye has been measured and a precision of ± 0·03 mm has been obtained. The results of a comparison with the acoustically determined eye length and first fundus profile measurements are presented.
Role of Bruton′s Tyrosine Kinase in B Cell Development (2001)

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is one of the most frequent inherited immunodeficiency diseases in man and is characterized by an almost complete arrest of B cell differentiation at the pre-B cell stage. The gene defective in XLA encodes the cytoplasmic signaling molecule Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk). Next to the CBA/N strain of mice, carrying a single amino acid substitution mutation in the Btk gene, which results in the X-linked immunodeficiency (xid) phenotype, additional mouse models have been developed to study the role of Btk in vivo. This review discusses the analyses of Btk null-mutants, obtained by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells, and transgenic mice that express wild-type or mutated forms of the Btk gene. These studies provided information on the function of Btk at several important checkpoints throughout B cell development. Analyses of the mouse models indicated that Btk is not essential for pre-B cell receptor signaling in the mouse. By contrast, Btk-mediated B cell receptor signaling appears to be required for the survival of immature B cells in the bone marrow, that have performed a successful immunoglobulin (Ig) L chain locus rearrangement, resulting in the expression of a non-autoreactive Ig on the membrane. Btk is also shown to be involved in signaling pathways that govern the development of peripheral B cells, including follicular entry, follicular maturation and plasma cell differentiation.
The lambda repressor contains two domains. (1979)

Papain digestion of the lambda phage repressor produces two fragments that are relatively resistant to further digestion. One includes the amino terminus (residues 1-92) and the other the carboxyl terminus (residues 132-236). Calorimetry shows that the amino-terminal fragment denatures near 50 degrees C and that the carboxyl-terminal fragment denatures near 70 degrees C. Intact repressor undergoes two denaturations, one near 50 degrees C and another near 70 degrees C. These and other data show that lambda repressor consists of two domains joined by a "connector" 40 amino acids long that is sensitive to proteases. The amino-terminal domain binds DNA, and the carboxyl-terminal domain oligomerizes.
The Epiphyseal Ring (2011)

The epiphyseal ring varies largely in size and shape along the thoracolumbar spine. Much of its metrical properties are dictated by the applied mechanical stress regime during various movements, and/or the general anatomic structure of the spine.