gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A fast sparse iterative method (SIM) for method of moments (2002)

The sparse iterative method (SIM) provides a faster solution to method of moments (MoM) matrix equations than does LU-decomposition with forward and back substitution. The SIM produces a solution with computational time proportional to N/sup 2/, as opposed to the N/sup 3/ time dependence associated with LU-decomposition. The SIM is implemented in an object oriented MoM program which is functionally equivalent to NEC2. In three examples, the SIM is shown to produce results as accurate as LU-decomposition. For dipoles, a flat wire grid and a generic three dimensional missile shape, the speed increase ranged from 3-30 times the speed of LU-decomposition; greater speed increases can be expected with electrically larger problems. The SIM requires no problem formulation changes, such as segment renumbering, and despite the fact that it is demonstrated for a wire MoM based on NEC2, it is general enough to be incorporated to any MoM formulation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Extremely thin SOI (ETSOI) CMOS with record low variability for low power system-on-chip applications (2009)

We present a new ETSOI CMOS integration scheme. The new process flow incorporates all benefits from our previous unipolar work. Only a single mask level is required to form raised source/drain (RSD) and extensions for both NFET and PFET. Another new feature of this work is the incorporation of two strain techniques to boost performance, (1) Si:C RSD for NFET and SiGe RSD for PFET, and (2) enhanced stress liner effect coupling with faceted RSD. Using the new flow and the stress boosters we demonstrate NFET and PFET drive currents of 640 and 490 ¿A/¿m, respectively, at I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> = 300 pA/¿m, V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</sub> = 0.9V, and L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</sub> = 25 nm. Respectable device performance along with low GIDL makes these devices attractive for low power applications. Record low V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> variability is achieved with A <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Vt</sub> of 1.25 mV·¿m in our high-k/metal-gate ETSOI. The new process flow is also capable of supporting devices with multiple gate dielectric thicknesses as well as analog devices which are demonstrated with excellent transconductance and matching characteristics.
Respiratory failure after endotoxin infusion in sheep: lung mechanics and lung fluid balance (1982)

Infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin (0.12-1.5 micrograms/kg) into unanesthetized sheep causes transient pulmonary hypertension and several hours of increased lung vascular permeability, after which sheep recover. To produce enough lung injury to result in pulmonary edema with respiratory failure, we infused larger doses of E. coli endotoxin (2.0-5.0 micrograms/kg) into 11 chronically instrumented unanesthetized sheep and continuously measured pulmonary arterial, left atrial and aortic pressures, dynamic lung compliance, lung resistance, and lung lymph flow. We intermittently measured arterial blood gas tensions and pH, made interval chest radiographs, and calculated postmortem extravascular bloodless lung water-to-dry lung weight ratio (EVLW/DLW). Of 11 sheep 8 developed respiratory failure; 7 died spontaneously 6.3 +/- 1.1 h, and one was killed 10 h after endotoxin infusion. All sheep that had a premortem room air alveolar-arterial gradient in partial pressure of O2 (PAo2-Pao2) greater than 42 Torr (58 +/- 5 (SE) Torr) died. Of eight sheep that had radiographs made, six developed radiographically evident interstitial or interstitial and alveolar edema. Pulmonary artery pressure rose from base line 22 +/- 2 to 73 +/- 3 cmH2O and remained elevated above baseline levels until death. There was an initial fourfold decrease in dynamic compliance and sixfold increase in pulmonary resistance; both variables remained abnormal until death. EVLW/DLW increased with increasing survival time after endotoxin infusion, suggesting that pulmonary edema accumulated at the same rate in all fatally injured sheep, regardless of other variables. The best predictor of death was a high PAo2-Pao2. The marked increase in pulmonary resistance and decrease in dynamic compliance occurred too early after endotoxin infusion (15-30 min) to be due to pulmonary edema. The response to high-dose endotoxin in sheep closely resembles acute respiratory failure in humans following gram-negative septicemia. Respiratory failure and death in this model were not due to pulmonary edema alone.
A 3D image-based quantification of immune cell-tumor spheroid interactions in the presence of checkpoint inhibition. (2017)

82 Background: Delivering on the promises of cancer immunotherapy is hampered by a lack of in vitro testing platforms that enable the early selection of promising drugs candidates. While quantification of the number of cytotoxic T cells and IFNγ secretion can give an indication of the drug effect, it is often critical to assess the functional cytotoxicity and infiltration capacity. In addition, immunomodulatory effects of drug combinations need to be carefully assessed before these treatment modalities reach patients. However there are unlimited possibilities of new combinations, especially in the view of synergy effects observed with double checkpoint inhibition blockade and combination with standard of care drugs. To specifically address the needs of immunotherapy cancer drug developers, we developed robust assays that incorporate the human immune system into tumor spheroid cultures, with functional read-outs in a high throughput (384well plate) format. Methods: Breast cancer cells were grown in a hydrogel to form 3D tumoroids. HLA-matched PBMCs with and without pre-activation/exhaustion were added and the infiltration of T cells and subsequent tumoroid killing was quantified. The effect of immune checkpoint blockade was also assessed with the addition of pembrolizumab. Quantification of effects of stimulators and checkpoint inhibition was achieved with 3D imaging and morphometric analysis with OMiner software. Results: Automated 3D image and data analysis enabled discrimination of immune-tumour cell interactions depending on activation status of T cells. Activated T cells more efficiently infiltrated and killed tumoroids than non-activated ones. Cytotoxic activity of overactivated/exhausted T cells was supressed but this could be reversed by the presence of checkpoint inhibitor in the coculture. Conclusions: A 3D environment allows the different cell types to engage in a more realistic setting than when cells are grow in a monolayer. Using image-based analysis, immune-tumor interactions can be dissected. This represents a new, highly powerful tool for cancer immunotherapy drug developers to select the most promising compounds, allowing faster progression towards the clinic.
Relations between Schools and Universities: Recentering for New Directions (1995)

As the title of this special issue of The Clearing House indicates, we are examining here directions in writing instruction. In the recently emerging interdisciplinary field of composition, innovations in theory and practice occur regularly because there are, so far, few constraints (due to little agreement) on what constitutes legitimate inquiry and practice. Labeling something as new is not necessarily misleading. Still, it is prudent to realize that the phrase suggests that an older direction, which was somehow inadequate, has been superseded and, further, that the new direction is inherently better. But how can we make such evaluative distinctions without understanding what was previously done and why it might have proved inadequate? And most important, who decides what is old and what new?
Metabolomic Analysis via Reversed-Phase Ion-Pairing Liquid Chromatography Coupled to a Stand Alone Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer (2010)

We present a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method that capitalizes on the mass-resolving power of the orbitrap to enable sensitive and specific measurement of known and unanticipated metabolites in parallel, with a focus on water-soluble species involved in core metabolism. The reversed phase LC method, with a cycle time 25 min, involves a water-methanol gradient on a C18 column with tributylamine as the ion pairing agent. The MS portion involves full scans from 85 to 1000 m/z at 1 Hz and 100,000 resolution in negative ion mode on a stand alone orbitrap ("Exactive"). The median limit of detection, across 80 metabolite standards, was 5 ng/mL with the linear range typically >or=100-fold. For both standards and a cellular extract from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast), the median inter-run relative standard deviation in peak intensity was 8%. In yeast exact, we detected 137 known compounds, whose (13)C-labeling patterns could also be tracked to probe metabolic flux. In yeast engineered to lack a gene of unknown function (YKL215C), we observed accumulation of an ion of m/z 128.0351, which we subsequently confirmed to be oxoproline, resulting in annotation of YKL215C as an oxoprolinase. These examples demonstrate the suitability of the present method for quantitative metabolomics, fluxomics, and discovery metabolite profiling.
Simvastatin Initiated Early After Heart Transplantation (2003)

Simvastatin therapy initiated early after heart transplantation leads to significantly better 8-year survival rates and a significantly lower incidence of transplant vasculopathy without impairment of organ function or severe adverse effects.
Effect of elastase on primary graft patency after femoralpopliteal arterial bypass for arteriosclerosis obliterans: a randomized, controlled study. (1997)

The present study suggests that elastase is effective in maintaining graft patency in femoralpopliteal arterial bypass when an autogenous saphenous vein is used as a graft.
Cardioplegic Strategies for Calcium Control : Low Ca2+, High Mg2+, Citrate, or Na+/H+ Exchange Inhibitor HOE-642 (2000)

(1) A lowered Ca(2+) concentration in CP is beneficial in Mg(2+)-containing cardioplegia. (2) The use of citrate to chelate Ca(2+) is detrimental in the crystalloid-perfused isolated working rat heart, especially with high Mg(2+). (3) The mechanism of citrate action is complex, and its use limits precise simultaneous control of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+). (4) HOE-642 in CP is as efficacious in preservation of the ischemic myocardium as is the direct reduction in Ca(2+).
The Mucosal Adjuvant Activities of ADP-Ribosylating Bacterial Enterotoxins (1995)

The bacterial enterotoxins, cholera toxin and the heat labile toxin of E. coli, are well known adjuvants for mucosal immune response. Their common A chain mediates the toxigenic mechanism by causing ADP ribosylation of G proteins and subsequent elevation of cAMP in target cells. A large IgA and IgG antibody response to admixed protein antigen (Ag) is the hallmark of these adjuvants and is clearly associated with the A chain activity. Expansion of Ag-specific B and T cells, alteration of T cell cytokine production, and changes in regulatory T cells have been reported as adjuvant mechanisms. The B chain derivatives of these toxins can also weakly enhance immune response, especially if covalently associated with Ag and used for nasophyrangeal immunization. Importantly, these toxins or their B chain derivatives can alter the normal immune regulation that produces oral tolerance. This indicates that they modulate mechanisms operative between the mucosal and systemic immune systems. There are some discrepancies between in vitro models of CT or LT activity and in vivo manifestations of their adjuvant activities. Interpretation of current data regarding in vivo mechanism is hampered by an incomplete understanding of how mucosal B and T cells can interact with systemic lymphoid tissue and vice versa. More important, there is no clear understanding of the early effects of the toxins on the local (and draining) mucosal lymphoid tissues. This is especially true in the critical areas of antigen presentation, T and B cell activation, and cytokine production.
GaAs-on-Si: a GaAs IC manufacturer's perspective (2003)

The performance, yield, and reliability of GaAs ICs (integrated circuits) fabricated on OMCVD (organometallic chemical-vapor-deposition)-grown GaAs-on-Si substrates are described. These substrates were used to fabricate MSI-level digital ICs (integrated circuits) in a manufacturing environment. They were processed together with LEC (liquid-encapsulated Czochralski)-grown GaAs wafers to provide a direct comparison with bulk material. Initial evaluations of devices and circuits suggest that it is realistic to believe that GaAs-on-Si substrates can be a viable alternative to LEC-grown GaAs materials. In addition, a two-part reliability study has demonstrated that GaAs-on-Si parts have no liabilities in terms of parametric instability or catastrophic failure mechanisms. However, there are epitaxial growth conditions which must be optimized further to obtain performance which is not inferior to bulk GaAs materials.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: structure, regulation and biological functions. (1997)

Four members of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) family have been characterized so far, designated as TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, and TIMP-4. TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 are capable of inhibiting the activities of all known matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and as such play a key role in maintaining the balance between extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and degradation in different physiological processes. Accelerated breakdown of ECM occurs in various pathological processes, including inflammation, chronic degenerative diseases and tumor invasion. TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 can inhibit tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis in experimental models which has been associated with their MMP inhibitory activity. Recent developments in TIMP research suggest that TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 are multifunctional proteins with diverse actions. Both inhibitors exhibit growth factor-like activity and can inhibit angiogenesis. Structure-function studies have separated the MMP inhibitory activity of TIMP-1 from its growth promoting effect. TIMP-1 has also been implicated in gonadal steroidogenesis and as a cellular elongation factor. TIMP-3 is the only member of the TIMP family which is found exclusively in the extracellular matrix (ECM). It is regulated in a cell cycle-dependent fashion in certain cell types and may serve as a marker for terminal differentiation. The most recently discovered TIMP, TIMP-4, may function in a tissue-specific fashion in extracellular matrix hemostasis. The main aim of this article is to review recent literature on TIMPs with special emphasis on their biological activities and the possibility that they may have paradoxical roles in tumor progression.
A novel one-step, highly sensitive fluorometric assay to evaluate cell-mediated cytotoxicity (1998)

In this study, a fluorometric method using alamarBlue has been developed for detecting cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. AlamarBlue is a non-toxic metabolic indicator of viable cells that becomes fluorescent upon mitochondrial reduction. Specific lysis of targets by effector cells is quantified by comparing the total number of viable cells in wells containing effector and targets together, with wells where target and effector cells were separately seeded. Cell-mediated cytotoxic activity by alloreactive T cells and natural killer cells has been detected using a novel application of the alamarBlue technique. The assay that we have developed to detect cell-mediated cytotoxicity is extremely sensitive and specific and requires a significant lower number of effector cells than the standard 51Cr assay. Since alamarBlue reagent is non-toxic to cells and the assay can be performed under sterile conditions, effector cells may be recovered at the end for further analysis or cell expansion, if desired. Direct comparison of cell-mediated cytotoxicity measured by the alamarBlue method with the standard 51Cr release assay revealed that the former method is as specific and more sensitive than the conventional assay. Moreover, very small inter and intra-assay variations have been observed for alamarBlue cytotoxicity assays. In conclusion, this study shows that the alamarBlue assay is an extremely sensitive, economical, simple and non-toxic procedure to evaluate cell-mediated cytotoxicity that yields accurate results using a limited number of effector cells. Furthermore, since this assay is a one-step procedure, and does not involve any risk for the personnel, it may be useful to analyze automatically cell-mediated cytotoxicity in a large number of samples.
Localization of PEPT1 and PEPT2 proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter mRNA and protein in rat kidney (1999)

To determine the renal localization of oligopeptide transporters, Northern blot analyses were performed and polyclonal antisera were generated against PEPT1 and PEPT2, the two cloned rat H+/peptide transporters. Under high-stringency conditions, a 3.0-kb mRNA transcript of rat PEPT1 was expressed primarily in superficial cortex, whereas a 3.5-kb mRNA transcript of PEPT2 was expressed primarily in deep cortex/outer stripe of outer medulla. PEPT1 antisera detected a specific band on immunoblots of renal and intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) with an apparent mobility of approximately 90 kDa. PEPT2 antisera detected a specific broad band of approximately 85 kDa in renal but not in intestinal BBMV. PEPT1 immunolocalization experiments showed detection of a brush border antigen in S1 segments of the proximal tubule and in the brush border of villi from all segments of the small intestine. In contrast, PEPT2 immunolocalization was primarily confined to the brush border of S3 segments of the proximal tubule. All other nephron segments in rat were negative for PEPT1 and PEPT2 staining. Overall, our results conclusively demonstrate that although PEPT1 is expressed in early regions of the proximal tubule (pars convoluta), PEPT2 is specific for the latter regions of proximal tubule (pars recta).
Two mouse early embryonic beta-globin gene sequences. Evolution of the nonadult beta-globins. (1984)

We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of two early embryonic beta-globin genes of the BALB/c mouse: beta h0 and beta h1 X beta h1 codes for the embryonic z protein, while the beta h0 gene may be a minor early embryonic beta-globin gene. The general sequence organization of both genes is entirely analogous to other functional globin genes. There is, however, a 220-base pair insertion of unique sequence within the first intron of beta h0 X beta h0 and beta h1 are 96% homologous for 260 base pairs 5' to the AUG initiation codon, and 93% homologous throughout their coding regions. Analysis of the 5'-flanking sequence demonstrates that these genes are more nonadult-like than adult-like. The sequences show evidence for gene conversions among the mouse nonadult beta-globin genes that were limited to individual exons, presumably by the presence of non-homologous introns. We propose that this arrangement has the beneficial evolutionary effect of allowing gene conversion to act independently on regions of the protein with different structural or functional responsibilities. beta h0 and beta h1 are evolutionary homologs to the human fetal and rabbit beta 3 genes, while their manner of expression is similar to rabbit beta 3 and dissimilar to human fetal expression. The evolutionary history of the human beta-globin genes, therefore, includes the recruitment of an embryonic gene to fetal developmental control.
Quantum Size Effect in Organometal Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets (2015)

Organometal halide perovskites have recently emerged displaying a huge potential for not only photovoltaic, but also light emitting applications. Exploiting the optical properties of specifically tailored perovskite nanocrystals could greatly enhance the efficiency and functionality of applications based on this material. In this study, we investigate the quantum size effect in colloidal organometal halide perovskite nanoplatelets. By tuning the ratio of the organic cations used, we can control the thickness and consequently the photoluminescence emission of the platelets. Quantum mechanical calculations match well with the experimental values. We find that not only do the properties of the perovskite, but also those of the organic ligands play an important role. Stacking of nanoplatelets leads to the formation of minibands, further shifting the bandgap energies. In addition, we find a large exciton binding energy of up to several hundreds of meV for nanoplatelets thinner than three unit cells, partially counteracting the blueshift induced by quantum confinement. Understanding of the quantum size effects in perovskite nanoplatelets and the ability to tune them provide an additional method with which to manipulate the optical properties of organometal halide perovskites.
In vitro and in vivo two-photon luminescence imaging of single gold nanorods (2005)

Gold nanorods excited at 830 nm on a far-field laser-scanning microscope produced strong two-photon luminescence (TPL) intensities, with a cos(4) dependence on the incident polarization. The TPL excitation spectrum can be superimposed onto the longitudinal plasmon band, indicating a plasmon-enhanced two-photon absorption cross section. The TPL signal from a single nanorod is 58 times that of the two-photon fluorescence signal from a single rhodamine molecule. The application of gold nanorods as TPL imaging agents is demonstrated by in vivo imaging of single nanorods flowing in mouse ear blood vessels.
N-nitrosation of secondary amines by nitric oxide via the 'Drago complex'. (1982)

Diethylamine (DEA) and nitric oxide (NO) form a stable 1:1 complex (DEA/NO) which can be oxidized to N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA). Spectroscopic data for the complex are consistent with the ionic structure originally proposed by Drago & Paulik (1960). Attempts to confirm this structure by X-ray crystallography are continuing. Oxidation of DEA/NO to NDEA appears to be effected by an acid-catalysed dissociation to DEA and NO, followed by autoxidation of NO to an N-nitrosating higher oxide of nitrogen.
Reactions of Partially Acylated Aldohexopyranosides, VIII. A New Synthesis of the Tetradeoxydisaccharide in Avermectins (1992)

Abstract Methyl 4‐ O ‐benzyl‐3‐ O ‐methyl‐2‐ O ‐pivaloyl‐α‐ L ‐rhamnopyranoside ( 6 ) was prepared from L ‐rhamnose in an improved synthesis in six steps (overall yield: 51%) and was used as the key building block. Acetolysis of 6 gave the glycosyl donor, 1,4‐di‐ O ‐acetyl‐3‐ O ‐methyl‐2‐ O ‐pivaloyl‐α‐ L ‐rhamnopyranose ( 7 ), which was coupled with the acceptor, methyl 3‐ O ‐methyl‐2‐ O ‐pivaloyl‐α‐ L ‐rhamnopyranoside ( 8 ), simply prepared by debenzylation of 6 . The glycosylation reaction was carried out in the presence of trimethylsilyl triflate and led exclusively to the α‐linked disaccharide, methyl 4‐ O ‐(4‐ O ‐acetyl‐3‐ O ‐methyl‐2‐ O ‐pivaloyl‐α‐ L ‐rhamnopyranosyl)‐3‐ O ‐methyl‐2‐ O ‐pivaloyl‐α‐ L ‐rhamnopyranoside ( 9 ). Selective removal of the acetate group and irradiation of the 2,2′‐dipivaloates gave directly the tetradeoxydisaccharide, methyl 4‐ O ‐(α‐ L ‐oleandrosyl)‐α‐ L ‐oleandropyranoside ( 11 ). Irradiation of compound 8 afforded methyl α‐ L ‐oleandropyranoside ( 11 ). Irradiation of compound 8 afforded methyl α‐ L ‐oleandropyranoside ( 12 ) as the only product in 80% yield.