gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immune Complexes Present in the Sera of Autoimmune Mice Activate Rheumatoid Factor B Cells (2000)

The fate of an autoreactive B cell is determined in part by the nature of the interaction of the B cell receptor with its autoantigen. In the lpr model of systemic autoimmunity, as well as in certain human diseases, autoreactive B cells expressing rheumatoid factor (RF) binding activity are prominent. A murine B cell transgenic model in which the B cell receptor is a RF that recognizes IgG2a of the j allotype (IgG2aj), but not the b allotype, was used in this study to investigate how the form of the autoantigen influences its ability to activate B cells. We found that sera from autoimmune mice, but not from nonautoimmune mice, were able to induce the proliferation of these RF+ B cells but did not stimulate B cells from RF- littermate controls. The stimulatory factor in serum was found to be IgG2aj, but the IgG2aj was stimulatory only when in the form of immune complexes. Monomeric IgG2aj failed to stimulate. Immune complexes containing lupus-associated nuclear and cytoplasmic autoantigens were particularly potent B cell activators in this system. Appropriate manipulation of such autoantibody/autoantigen complexes may eventually provide a means for therapeutic intervention in patients with certain systemic autoimmune disorders.
Integrated three channel laser andoptical multiplexer for narrowbandwavelength division multiplexing (1994)

The fabrication and characterisation of a monolithically integrated three channel narrowband wavelength multiplexer and DBR laser are reported. The multiplexers include Bragg gratings with an extinction ratio of &gt; 20 dB and a bandwidth of ~1 nm to give channel spacings of &lt; 10 nm.
Bispecific Short Hairpin siRNA Constructs Targeted to CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5 Confer HIV-1 Resistance (2003)

Exploiting the phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi), recent studies established the utility of monospecific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in suppressing HIV-1 infection. However, because of the high mutation rate of the HIV genome, there are considerable challenges in the design of fully efficacious gene therapeutic constructs. Therefore, approaches that simultaneously target different stages of the viral life cycle are desirable. In our current studies, we designed bispecific siRNA constructs against HIV-1 cell surface receptors to inhibit viral entry. Dual specific short hairpin siRNA constructs, containing an 8-nucleotide intervening spacer, targeted against either CXCR4 and CD4 or CCR5 and CXCR4 were synthesized by in vitro transcription. Cleavage of the bispecific constructs yielding monospecific siRNAs was shown to occur in cell extracts. Magi-CXCR4 and CCR5 cells transfected with bispecific siRNAs showed significant downregulation of their respective coreceptors, as determined by FACS analysis. This suggested that combinatorial constructs comprising multiple effector motifs were processed in transfected cells into their respective functional siRNAs. Transfected cells were challenged with either X4 (NL4-3) or R5-tropic (BaL-1) strains of HIV-1. Downregulation of the cell surface receptors coincided with resistance to in vitro viral challenge in both Magi cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). These results demonstrated the practical utility of short hairpin siRNA bispecific constructs synthesized as a single transcript. Because the short hairpin design will permit tandem assembly of multiple effector motifs, it is now possible to introduce promising multivalent siRNA constructs into retroviral and lentiviral vectors for in vivo gene therapeutic applications.
The U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen Baseline Survey: Assessing Knowledge and Opinions about Hydrogen Technology (2006)

Data were collected in surveys of four component populations. The purpose was to serve as a reference for designing a hydrogen education program and as a baseline for measuring changes in understanding and awareness over time. Comparisons of the baseline data with future results will be made when the survey is fielded again (2008 and 2011). The methodology was successful in measuring knowledge levels and opinions of the target populations. Because the survey instruments were very similar, comparisons could be made among the target populations. These comparisons showed wide differences in knowledge levels between the government agencies and the other populations. General public, students, and potential large scale end user respondents had a general lack of knowledge about hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. There was a correlation between technical knowledge of hydrogen fuel cell technologies and opinions about the safe use of hydrogen. Respondents who demonstrated a greater understanding of the concepts of a hydrogen economy and hydrogen fuel cell technology expressed less fear about the safe use of hydrogen.
Increased expression of fibroblast growth factors in a rabbit skeletal muscle model of exercise conditioning. (1990)

Increased tonic contractile activity from exercise or electrical stimulation induces a variety of changes in skeletal muscle, including vascular growth, myoblast proliferation, and fast to slow fiber type conversion. Little is known about the cellular control of such changes, but pleiotropic biochemical modulators such as fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) may be involved in this response and thus may be regulated in response to such stimuli. We examined the regulation of FGF expression in an in vivo model of exercise conditioning previously shown to exhibit vascular growth and fast to slow fiber conversion. FGFs were extracted by heparin-affinity chromatography from extensor digitorum longus muscles of adult rabbits subjected to chronic motor nerve stimulation at 10 Hz. Growth factor activity (expressed in growth factor units [GFUs]) of muscle stimulated for 3 and 21 d was assayed by [3H]thymidine incorporation in 3T3 fibroblasts and compared with that present in the contralateral unstimulated muscle. A small increase in heparin-binding mitogenic activity was observed as early as 3 d of stimulation, and by 21 d mitogenic activity increased significantly when normalized to either wet weight (stimulated, 287 +/- 61 GFU/g; unstimulated, 145 +/- 39 GFU/g) or to protein (stimulated, 5.3 +/- 1.1 GFU/mg; unstimulated, 2.2 +/- 0.6 GFU/mg) (+/- SE, P less than 0.05). Western analysis demonstrated increased amounts of peptides with immunological identity to acidic and basic FGFs in stimulated muscle. The increase in FGF content observed in this study is synchronous with neovascularization, myoblast proliferation, and fast to slow fiber type conversion previously shown in this model. These results demonstrate that increased expression of FGFs is associated with motor nerve stimulation and increased tonic contractile activity of skeletal muscle, and suggests that these proteins may play a regulatory role in the cellular changes that occur during exercise conditioning.
Self‐Optimizing Continuous Reactions in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (2011)

Hands-free optimization: A combination of an automated flow reactor, online analysis, and a control algorithm leads to efficient optimization of reactions to a given product without the need for human intervention. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
C-Terminal Region of Human Somatostatin Receptor 5 Is Required for Induction of Rb and G1Cell Cycle Arrest (1999)

Ligand-activated somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) initiate cytotoxic or cytostatic antiproliferative signals. We have previously shown that cytotoxicity leading to apoptosis was signaled solely via human (h) SSTR subtype 3, whereas the other four hSSTR subtypes initiated a cytostatic response that led to growth inhibition. In the present study we characterized the antiproliferative signaling mediated by hSSTR subtypes 1, 2, 4, and 5 in CHO-K1 cells. We report here that cytostatic signaling via these subtypes results in induction of the retinoblastoma protein Rb and G1 cell cycle arrest. Immunoblot analysis revealed an increase in hypophosphorylated form of Rb in agonist-treated cells. The relative efficacy of these receptors to initiate cytostatic signaling was hSSTR5 > hSSTR2 > hSSTR4 approximately = hSSTR1. Cytostatic signaling via hSSTR5 also induced a marginal increase in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. hSSTR5-initiated cytostatic signaling was G protein dependent and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) mediated. Octreotide treatment induced a translocation of cytosolic PTP to the membrane, whereas it did not stimulate PTP activity when added directly to the cell membranes. C-tail truncation mutants of hSSTR5 displayed progressive loss of antiproliferative signaling proportional to the length of deletion, as reflected by the marked decrease in the effects of octreotide on membrane translocation of cytosolic PTP, and induction of Rb and G1 arrest. These data demonstrate that the C-terminal domain of hSSTR5 is required for cytostatic signaling that is PTP dependent and leads to induction of hypophosphorylated Rb and G1 arrest.
From Domain Models to Hypermedia Applications: an Object-Oriented Approach. (1994)

In this paper we present an object-oriented method for designing hypermedia applications. The approach divides the development process in four steps, namely: domain (or content) design, navigational design, abstract interface design and implementation. We use similar modeling primitives (object and classes) and abstraction mechanisms (aggregation, generalization), during the whole process thus improving traceability; design decisions like the use of complex navigational structures are made explicit through a uniform notation thus allowing a coherent document structure that simplifies the construction of a CAHDE. 1 - Introduction and rationale Building large hypermedia applications is difficult, and is further complicated by the fact that, once an application has been built, its maintenance is correspondingly more complicated. Moreover, as in other software domains (such as information systems, databases, etc.) hypermedia applications are usually built from scratch: reuse is still a d...
Membrane potentials of salivary gland cells of rat (1965)

Transmembrane electrical potentials were recorded from cells of rat salivary glands in vivo, using microelectrodes. The mean (±se) from 61 impalements of unstimulated submaxillary cells was 28 ± 1.4 mv. In submaxillary gland, acinar cells and cells of granular tubules account for approximately 70 and 30%, respectively, of all secretory elements. Dividing the range of submaxillary potentials at 35 mv gave two groups with new means of 23 ± 1.0 and 41 ± 0.6 mv, in which were contained 70 and 30%, respectively, of all values. Potentials in submaxillary gland from which granular tubules had been caused virtually to disappear (by isoproterenol) were always below 35 mv (mean ± se = 25 ± 0.6 mv). Similarly, potentials from normal parotid gland (in which granular tubules do not appear) never exceeded 34 mv (mean ± se = 20 ± 2.4). In submaxillary, stimulation, at least over relatively long durtion, produced no change in average potential. It was concluded that membrane potentials from rat salivary glands are generally below the potassium equilibrium potential, with acinar cells showing lower values than cells of granular tubules.
The activation mechanism of rat vanilloid receptor 1 by capsaicin involves the pore domain and differs from the activation by either acid or heat (2000)

The recently cloned rat vanilloid receptor, VR1, can be activated by capsaicin, acid, and heat. To determine the molecular mechanisms facilitating channel opening in response to these stimuli, VR1 and six channels containing charge neutralization point mutations surrounding the putative channel pore domain were expressed and characterized in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Steady-state dose-response relationships, current-voltage relationships, ionic selectivities, and single-channel properties were recorded using voltage-clamp techniques. Three of the mutant channels are significantly more sensitive to capsaicin than is wild-type VR1, whereas none differed in their activation by acidic pH or temperature. Furthermore, one of the mutants has lost all positive cooperativity for capsaicin activation (Hill coefficient congruent with 1, VR1 congruent with 2), is much more selective for Ca(2+), and exhibits a lower efficacy for acid than for capsaicin activation. Single-channel recordings show that capsaicin- and acid-activated channels have the same conductance, that the three mutants with increased capsaicin sensitivity exhibit higher open probabilities at submaximal capsaicin concentrations, and that the gating properties of capsaicin activation differ from those of acid activation. These data indicate that VR1 undergoes conformational changes upon capsaicin binding that it does not undergo in response to activation by protons or thermal stimuli. Furthermore, these structural rearrangements include the putative pore domain and reveal the location of an intracellular domain that contributes to the positive cooperativity seen for capsaicin activation.
Reconsidering Multi-Dimensional schemas (2004)

This paper challenges the currently popular "Data Warehouse is a Special Animal" philosophy and advocates that practitioners adopt a more conservative "Data Warehouse=Database" philosophy. The primary focus is the relevancy of Multi-Dimensional logical schemas. After enumerating the advantages of such schemas, a number of caveats to the presumed advantages are identified. The paper concludes with guidelines and commentary on implications for data warehouse design methodologies.
EVA²: Exploiting Temporal Redundancy in Live Computer Vision (2018)

Hardware support for deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is critical to advanced computer vision in mobile and embedded devices. Current designs, however, accelerate generic CNNs; they do not exploit the unique characteristics of real-time vision. We propose to use the temporal redundancy in natural video to avoid unnecessary computation on most frames. A new algorithm, activation motion compensation, detects changes in the visual input and incrementally updates a previously-computed activation. The technique takes inspiration from video compression and applies well-known motion estimation techniques to adapt to visual changes. We use an adaptive key frame rate to control the trade-off between efficiency and vision quality as the input changes. We implement the technique in hardware as an extension to state-of-the-art CNN accelerator designs. The new unit reduces the average energy per frame by 54%, 62%, and 87% for three CNNs with less than 1% loss in vision accuracy.
Gaas-Alas Monolithic Microresonator Arrays (1988)

Monolithic optical logic devices 1.5-5 &mu;m across are defined by ion-beam assisted etching through a GaAs/AlAs Fabry-Perot structure grown by molecular beam epitaxy. They show reduced energy requirements (factor 30 smaller than the unetched heterostructure), uniform response over small arrays, negligible crosstalk at 3-&mu;m center-center spacing, &lt;200 ps recovery time and thermal stability at 82 MHz operating frequency. All experiments were performed at room temperature.
Rapid hyaluronan uptake is associated with enhanced motility: implications for an intracellular mode of action (1998)

Texas red-labeled hyaluronan (TR-HA) is rapidly taken up in a CD44 independent manner into ras-transformed 10T1/2 fibroblasts, where it accumulates in both cell ruffles/lamellae, the perinuclear area, and the nucleus. HA does not accumulate in the cell ruffles/lamellae of parental 10T1/2 cells. Addition of HA to ras-transformed cells promotes their random motility but has no effect on 10T1/2 cell motility. 10T1/2 cells can be modified to take up HA into cell ruffles by exposure to phorbol ester or direct microinjection of HA into cells. Both treatments significantly stimulate 10T1/2 cell motility.
Interaction of human thrombospondin with types I-V collagen: direct binding and electron microscopy. (1987)

Binding of thrombospondin (TSP) to types I-V collagen was examined by direct binding assays using 125I-TSP and by visualization of rotary-shadowed intermolecular complexes in the electron microscope. The binding of TSP was highest to type V collagen in the absence of Ca, while lower but significant levels of binding were observed to all other collagen types in the presence or absence of Ca. Unlike intact TSP, the trimeric collagen-binding domain of TSP composed of 70-kD chains showed no Ca dependence in its binding to type V collagen. Further evidence for binding of TSP to types I and III collagen was obtained by competition studies in which these soluble collagens effectively inhibited binding of 125I-TSP to immobilized type V collagen. The binding of TSP to type V collagen was inhibited by heparin and fucoidin, both high-affinity ligands of TSP's heparin-binding domain. mAb A6.1, which binds to the 70-kD domain of TSP, is also the best of a panel of anti-TSP mAbs at inhibiting the TSP-collagen interaction. Electron microscopy of rotary-shadowed replicas of TSP-collagen complexes revealed that all five types of collagen examined had a binding site for TSP at one end of the pepsinized, triple helical molecule. The specificity of this site was tested by examining the ability of BSA to form a complex with the end of the pepsinized collagens. Rotary-shadowed replicas revealed a low frequency of apparent BSA-collagen complexes, and histograms of these data showed no evidence for the preferential association of BSA with the end of the collagen molecules. In addition to the specific end site, type V collagen had an internal binding site for TSP located about two-thirds of the distance along the length of the collagen molecule from the end site. The internal binding site for TSP on type V collagen is apparently the site responsible for the higher affinity binding of TSP to that protein observed in direct binding assays. The trimeric 70-kD collagen-binding domain of TSP bound to the same sites on the collagens as did intact TSP.
Visualization and Characterization of Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers by Atomic Force Microscopy (2000)

Poly(amidoamine), or PAMAM, dendrimers in the G5−G10 range were imaged by tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). Individual dendrimer molecules could be clearly observed in the AFM images, which showed that these dendritic particles appear to be monodispersed, dome-shaped, and randomly distributed on the mica surface. Molecular diameter and height can also be measured from each particle's profile section from the AFM line scans. The diameter and height data were used to calculate the molecular volume of each single molecule. Absolute molecular weight and polydispersity were then estimated for each dendrimer generation. The calculated molecular weights for G5−G8 were in very good agreement with theoretical values. In addition, lower generation dendrimers, such as G4, were also studied by AFM. Although individual molecules of G4 dendrimer could not be imaged, the surface morphology of G4 dendrimer films on mica at different surface densities was observed by AFM.
Interrelationships of the pia mater and the perivascular (Virchow-Robin) spaces in the human cerebrum. (1990)

Biopsies of histologically normal adult human cerebral cortex, underlying white matter and overlying leptomeninges were taken from frontal and temporal lobectomy specimens excised during the removal of cerebral tumours. Multiple blocks from 6 patients (aged 18-53 years) were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. A thin sheath of pia mater cells was found to surround completely arterioles and arteries in the brain, in the subpial space and in the subarachnoid space. Pia mater cells, forming the perivascular sheath, were identified by the presence of desmosomes or small nexus junctions and by continuity with the pia mater itself. The presence of the pial sheath suggests that the perivascular spaces around intracerebral arteries are in direct continuity with the perivascular spaces around subarachnoid arteries. No similar pial sheath was observed around intracerebral or subpial venules. The role of the periarterial spaces, enclosed by the pial sheath, is discussed in relation to the results of physiological experiments suggesting drainage of interstitial fluid from brain tissue into the perivascular pathways along major cerebral arteries in the subarachnoid space. As arterioles in the brain become smaller and lose their smooth muscle coats, the pial sheath becomes incomplete. The anatomical relationships between the pia mater and blood vessels in the human cerebrum is summarised diagrammatically, and a possible role for pial cells as an enzymic barrier protecting the brain from exogenous catecholamines is discussed.
Gene Therapy for Chronic Neuropathic Pain: How Does It Work and Where Do We Stand Today? (2011)

Although animal data have shown safety and efficacy, and initial human trials have been promising, additional studies in humans are required to more completely understand the actual benefits and risks of using gene therapy for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain.
Synthesis of Mesoporous Carbon Materials via Enhanced Hydrogen-Bonding Interaction (2006)

A general method based on two-phase polymerization has been described to synthesize mesoporous carbons via self-assembly. Mild reacting conditions and wide composition ranges are the obvious advantages of this method over the techniques previously reported.
Posttranslational Covalent Modification of Proteins (1977)

A search for derivatized amino acids in proteins has shown that the extent of posttranslational modification of proteins is quite substantial. While only 20 primary amino acids are specified in the genetic code and are involved as monomer building blocks in the assembly of the polypeptide chain, about 140 amino acids and amino acid derivatives have been identified as constituents of different proteins in different organisms. A brief consideration of the questions about where and when the derivatization reactions occur, how the specificity of the reactions is established, and how the posttranslational modifications can facilitate biological processes, reveal a need for more information on all these points. Answers to these questions should represent significant contributions to our understanding of biochemistry and cell biology.
Evaluation of Total Chlorophyll Content in Microwave-Irradiated Ocimum basilicum L. (2013)

Microwave stress is an important cause of stress today. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of microwave radiation derived from a wireless router on chlorophyll pigments from Ocimum basilicum L. Treatments included reference (no microwave), microwave-stressed plants and control plants (growth in normal condition). The extracts were analyzed using a Shimadzu UV-160A spectrophotometer for chlorophyll content determination. The content of chlorophylls a and b from plants subjected to microwaves was smaller than in the reference plants.