gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toward a Better Understanding of the Lignin Isolation Process from Wood (2006)

The recently developed protocol for isolating enzymatic mild acidolysis lignins (EMAL) coupled with the novel combination of derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) and quantitative (31)P NMR spectroscopy were used to better understand the lignin isolation process from wood. The EMAL protocol is shown to offer access at lignin samples that are more representative of the overall lignin present in milled wood. The combination of DFRC/(31)P NMR provided a detailed picture on the effects of the isolation conditions on the lignin structure. More specifically, we have used vibratory and ball milling as the two methods of wood pulverization and have compared their effects on the lignin structures and molecular weights. Vibratory-milling conditions cause substantial lignin depolymerization. Lignin depolymerization occurs via the cleavage of uncondensed beta-aryl ether linkages, while condensed beta-aryl ethers and dibenzodioxocins were found to be resistant to such mechanical action. Condensation and side chain oxidations were induced mechanochemically under vibratory-milling conditions as evidenced by the increased amounts of condensed phenolic hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups. Alternatively, the mild mechanical treatment offered by ball milling was found not to affect the isolated lignin macromolecular structure. However, the overall lignin yields were found to be compromised when the mechanical action was less intense, necessitating longer milling times under ball-milling conditions. As compared to other lignin preparations isolated from the same batch of milled wood, the yield of EMAL was about four times greater than the corresponding milled wood lignin (MWL) and about two times greater as compared to cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL). Molecular weight distribution analyses also pointed out that the EMAL protocol allows the isolation of lignin fractions that are not accessed by any other lignin isolation procedures.
Grid frequency regulation by recycling electrical energy in flywheels (2004)

Grid frequency regulation function addresses the balance between the network's load and power generated. The system operator generates a signal, area control error (ACE) signal at PJM, based on the difference between these two parameters. The expected goal is to keep the system near nominal 60 or 50 Hz. Traditionally, frequency regulation is managed by varying the output of fossil fuel or hydro generators connected to the electric grid. The authors present a new method in which electric energy is recycled. First, absorbing energy when it is in abundance, then discharging the same for the desired frequency regulation effect. The proposed system is based on kinetic energy storage technology in high-speed flywheels. Performance modeling results, based on actual ACE signals, indicate that a modular flywheel system matrix is effective in providing frequency regulation. The cost of this system is attractive compared with today's generator-based approach. The controlled injection or absorption of reactive power, inherent to the system, extents its capability to provide voltage support. Further, fast acting control electronics allow for the damping of grid oscillations. All the above functions, once deployed in moderate numbers, could help prevent frequency and voltage shifts that have been linked to significant blackouts in recent history.
Droplet Control for Microfluidics (2005)

Future applications of microfluidic technology--in which nanoliter quantities of chemicals are processed and reacted, perhaps on an integrated chip--would immensely benefit from exquisite control of small droplets. In their Perspective,
 Joanicot and Ajdari
 discuss recent developments in droplet creation and management within microfluidic devices. New methods for microscale control, combined with better theoretical understanding, will result in precise handling of chemical processes at the single-droplet level and engineering of new materials.
In Vitro MR Imaging of Hyaline Cartilage (2000)

The three-dimensional organization of collagen in cartilage has a strong influence on the MR appearance of cartilage. This influence is caused by the restriction of water mobility and the resulting magic angle effect caused by curvature of the collagen network, possibly because of the influence on proteoglycan orientation.
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, ameliorates motor deficits in a mouse model of Huntington's disease (2003)

Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited, progressive neurological disorder that is caused by a CAG/polyglutamine repeat expansion and for which there is no effective therapy. Recent evidence indicates that transcriptional dysregulation may contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of this disease. Supporting this view, administration of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors has been shown to rescue lethality and photoreceptor neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of polyglutamine disease. To further explore the therapeutic potential of HDAC inhibitors, we have conducted preclinical trials with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a potent HDAC inhibitor, in the R6/2 HD mouse model. We show that SAHA crosses the blood-brain barrier and increases histone acetylation in the brain. We found that SAHA could be administered orally in drinking water when complexed with cyclodextrins. SAHA dramatically improved the motor impairment in R6/2 mice, clearly validating the pursuit of this class of compounds as HD therapeutics.
Psychotropic agents: synthesis and antipsychotic activity of substituted .beta.-carbolines (1987)

A series of novel substituted beta-carbolines was synthesized and tested for potential antipsychotic activity. Several compounds displayed moderate antipsychotic activity in vitro and in vivo as determined by relevant receptor binding assays and behavioral tests. The effect of substituents on antipsychotic activity was examined. The beta-carbolines 10 and 19 containing 2-(2-pyridinyl)ethyl and 2-(2-quinolinyl)ethyl side chains were the most potent analogues, blocking discrete trial conditioned avoidance responding in rats with AB50's of 23 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Both showed moderate activity at the D2 receptor sites, but they lacked oral activity. In contrast, the beta-carboline 13 containing the 4-(4-pyridinyl)butyl side chain exhibited oral activity in the discrete trial conditioned avoidance screen with an AB50 of 31 mg/kg. Most compounds did not antagonize apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior, which is indicative of low potential for extrapyramidal side effect (EPS) liability.
The effect of TNF-α on glycosylation pathways in bovine synoviocytes (2004)

Synoviocytes are fibroblastic cells that line joint cavities. These cells synthesize numerous cell-surface and extracellular-matrix glycoproteins that are required for maintenance of the joint. Joint inflammation, such as occurs in arthritis, has been shown to have major effects on synoviocyte proliferation and on the biosynthesis of glycoproteins. The structures of the carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins, however, and the enzymes involved in their synthesis have not yet been described for synoviocytes. Therefore, to characterize the cell-surface glycoconjugates, synoviocytes were isolated from bovine ankles, and the cells were grown in primary cultures. Lectin-binding assays were used to identify exposed N- and O-glycan carbohydrate determinants on synoviocytes, and specific enzyme assays were used to identify some of the glycosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of the glycan chains. A number of the enzymes that synthesize N- and O-linked oligosaccharides were found to be active in cell-free extracts of synoviocytes, including those that synthesize core-1-based O-glycans and the more complex bi-antennary N-glycans. To understand the molecular events underlying the inflammatory response in the synovium of arthritis patients, we examined the effect of the inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) on synoviocytes and on glycosylation profiles. TNF-alpha treatment, which induces apoptosis in synoviocytes, was accompanied by changes in lectin-binding patterns, indicating alterations in the expression of cell-surface oligosaccharides. Concurrently, changes in specific enzyme activities were observed in treated cells. Two enzymes potentially important to the inflammatory process, core 2 beta6-GlcNAc-transferase and beta4-Gal-transferase, increased after TNF-alpha treatment. This is the first study of glycoprotein biosynthesis in synoviocytes, and it shows that synoviocytes have a characteristic glycosylation phenotype that is altered in the presence of inflammatory cytokines.
Stereochemical dynamics of aliphatic hydroxylation by cytochrome P-450 (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereochemical dynamics of aliphatic hydroxylation by cytochrome P-450Ronald E. White, John P. Miller, Leonard V. Favreau, and Apares. BhattacharyyaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 19, 6024–6031Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00279a059https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00279a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views782Altmetric-Citations124LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
n-Docosanol 10% cream in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. (1996)

n-Docosanol has been shown to have antiviral activity. To demonstrate the efficacy of n-docosanol 10% cream in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis, a randomised, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled study was undertaken in 63 patients. In a crossover extension, 22 of the patients used the alternative treatment for a further episode. A total of 98 episodes were evaluated. Application of n-docosanol 10% cream early in the prodromal or erythema stage of a recurrent episode of herpes labialis shortened mean healing time by approximately 3 days, as compared to late treatment with n-docosanol 10% cream and early or late treatment with the placebo. The crossover study revealed that late treatment with n-docosanol 10% cream significantly reduced mean healing time compared to placebo. Treatments were well tolerated.
Tuning different expression parameters to achieve soluble recombinant proteins in E. coli: Advantages of high‐throughput screening (2011)

Abstract Proteins are the main reagents for structural, biomedical, and biotechnological studies; however, some important challenges remain concerning protein solubility and stability. Numerous strategies have been developed, with some success, to mitigate these challenges, but a universal strategy is still elusive. Currently, researchers face a plethora of alternatives for the expression of the target protein, which generates a great diversity of conditions to be evaluated. Among these, different promoter strength, diverse expression host and constructs, or special culture conditions have an important role in protein solubility. With the arrival of automated high‐throughput screening (HTS) systems, the evaluation of hundreds of different conditions within reasonable cost and time limits is possible. This technology increases the chances to obtain the target protein in a pure, soluble, and stable state. This review focuses on some of the most commonly used strategies for the expression of recombinant proteins in the enterobacterium Escherichia coli , including the use of HTS for the production of soluble proteins.
A Novel Aldol Condensation with 2-Methyl-4-pentenal and Its Application to an Improved Total Synthesis of Epothilone B (1998)

The stabilization of the transition state through a favorable interaction between the double bond of 1 and the carbonyl group of 2 appears to be responsible for the high diastereoface selectivity of the aldol reaction. This key step in the highly concise total synthesis of epothilone B is followed by a Suzuki coupling to introduce the thiazole domain, a Noyori reduction to control the stereochemistry at C3, and a final macrolactonization (see reaction scheme). X=protecting group.
Membrane fusion process of Semliki Forest virus. II: Cleavage-dependent reorganization of the spike protein complex controls virus entry. (1992)

The envelope of the Semliki Forest virus (SFV) contains two transmembrane proteins, E2 and E1, in a heterodimeric complex. The E2 subunit is initially synthesized as a precursor protein p62, which is proteolytically processed to the mature E2 form before virus budding at the plasma membrane. The p62 (E2) protein mediates binding of the heterodimer to the nucleocapsid during virus budding, whereas E1 carries the entry functions of the virus, that is, cell binding and low pH-mediated membrane fusion activity. We have investigated the significance of the cleavage event for the maturation and entry of the virus. To express SFV with an uncleaved p62 phenotype, BHK-21 cells were transfected by electroporation with infectious viral RNA transcribed from a full-length SFV cDNA clone in which the p62 cleavage site had been changed. The uncleaved p62E1 heterodimer was found to be used for the formation of virus particles with an efficiency comparable to the wild type E2E1 form. However, in contrast to the wild type virus, the mutant virus was virtually noninfectious. Noninfectivity resulted from impaired uptake into cells, as well as from the inability of the virus to promote membrane fusion in the mildly acidic conditions of the endosome. This inability could be reversed by mild trypsin treatment, which converted the viral p62E1 form into the mature E2E1 form, or by treating the virus with a pH 4.5 wash, which in contrast to the more mild pH conditions of endosomes, effectively disrupted the p62E1 subunit association. We conclude that the p62 cleavage is not needed for virus budding, but regulates entry functions of the E1 subunit by controlling the heterodimer stability in acidic conditions.
Human papillomavirus, smoking, and sexual practices in the etiology of anal cancer (2004)

The high proportion of tumors with detectable HPV suggests that infection with HPV is a necessary cause of anal cancer, similar to that of cervical cancer. Increases in the prevalence of exposures, such as cigarette smoking, anal intercourse, HPV infection, and the number of lifetime sexual partners, may account for the increasing incidence of anal cancer in men and women.
Mesothelin expression in thymic epithelial tumors (TETs). (2014)

7607 Background: Mesothelin (meso) is overexpressed in many solid tumors and has been used as a target for anticancer therapy. Limited data is available on meso expression in TETs and its clinical correlates. Standard treatments have limited efficacy for patients with advanced TETs, especially thymic carcinoma (TC) after failure of platinum-based chemotherapy. There is an urgent need to identify novel therapeutic targets. In view of early results demonstrating benefit in therapeutic targeting of meso, we characterized meso expression in TETs. Methods: Patients with histologically confirmed thymoma (T) or TC and available tumor tissue who were enrolled in clinical trials at the National Cancer Institute between December 2007 and December 2013 were included. Meso expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using monoclonal antibody 5B2 (Novocastra/Leica, Bannockburn, IL) by a pathologist who was blinded to histological subcategory (T vs. TC) and clinical outcome. IHC staining of > 50% was labeled as positive and ≤ 50% was considered negative. Associations between meso expression and patient characteristics were assessed. Results: 71 cases (42 TC; 29 T consisting of 3 WHO subtype AB, 2 B1, 13 B2 and 11 B3) were included in this series. Meso expression localized to tumor cell membrane was observed in 19 (45%) TC and 1 (3%) T. Median age and gender distribution of meso-positive vs. meso-negative TC was: 55 (21-73) vs. 50 (20-74) years and 11M/8F vs. 10M/5F respectively. Meso-expressing TC included 12 of 16 (75%) poorly differentiated carcinomas, 3 of 11 (27%) squamous cell carcinomas, 1 of 2 (50%) basaloid cancers and 0 of 8 neuroendocrine tumors (including atypical carcinoids). Median overall survival was significantly higher in meso-positive TC compared to meso-negative TC (not reached vs. 48 months; p=0.03). Extra-thoracic metastases were present in 13 of 19 (68%) meso-positive TC and 17 of 23 (74%) meso-negative TC. Conclusions: This is the largest series of meso expression in TC. Meso expression was detected in 45% of TC and associated with a significantly higher overall survival. Further studies are needed to assess the role of meso as a potential therapeutic target in TC.
Novel fabricated matrix via electrospinning for tissue engineering (2004)

Electric field-driven fiber formation (electrospinning) is developing into a practical means for preparing novel porous filament with unusual structures and affordable mechanical properties. Polycaprolactone (PCL) was dissolved in solvent mixtures of methylene chloride/N,N-dimethyl formamide with ratios of 100/0, 75/25, and 50/50 (v/v) for electrospinning. The filament was formed by coagulation of the spinning solution following the well-known principle of phase separation in polymer solutions valid in other wet shaping processes. A strand of electrospun porous filament consisted of fibers ranging from 0.5 to 12 microm in diameter. To evaluate the feasibility of three-dimensional fabric as scaffold matrices, the plain weave, which is the simplest of the weaves and the most common, was prepared with porous PCL filament. The growth characteristics of MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells in the woven fabrics showed the important role of matrix microstructure in proliferation. This study has shown that woven fabrics, consisting of porous filaments via electrospinning, may be suitable candidates as tissue engineering scaffolds.
Organ‐specific expression of the lacZ gene controlled by the opsin promoter after intravenous gene administration in adult mice (2004)

The expression of trans-genes in adult animals is possible with the PIL non-viral gene transfer method. The opsin promoter enables tissue-specific gene expression in the eye, as well as the brain of adult mice, whereas gene expression in peripheral tissues, such as liver or spleen, is not observed.
Detection of Partial Denaturation in AT-Rich DNA Fragments by Ion-Pair Reversed-Phase Chromatography (1996)

Temperature-dependent denaturation of DNA restriction fragments from the pBR322 plasmid ranging in length from 46 to 910 base pairs was detected by ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using columns packed with alkylated nonporous poly(styrene/divinylbenzene) particles. The presence of acetonitrile in the mobile phase was found to decrease the melting temperatures of DNA fragments by 1.5-2 °C/% of acetonitrile in the eluent. Small fragments (<120 bp) were completely denatured between 53.6 and 63.5 °C, depending on their total GC content. Whereas retention times of completely helical DNA fragments increased gradually with increasing temperature, partial denaturation of larger DNA fragments (>150 bp) was found to reduce retention at temperatures above 53.6 °C. Therefore, micropreparative fractionation and rechromatography, together with DNA restriction analysis, were applied to identify the correct elution order of completely helical and partially denatured fragments. Inspection of the DNA sequences of partially denatured fragments revealed domains with repeating AT base pairs. Positions of partial denaturation within the pBR322 plasmid detected by chromatographic analysis were in good agreement with partial denaturation maps obtained by electron microscopy desrcibed in the literature.
LNA (locked nucleic acids): synthesis and high-affinity nucleic acid recognition (1998)

A novel class of nucleic acid analogues, termed LNA (locked nucleic acids), is introduced. Following the Watson–Crick base pairing rules, LNA forms duplexes with complementary DNA and RNA with remarkably increased thermal stabilities and generally improved selectivities.
The 14,000-molecular-weight antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is related to the alpha-crystallin family of low-molecular-weight heat shock proteins (1992)

Eight monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against the 14,000-molecular-weight (14K) antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis reacted specifically with mycobacteria of the M. tuberculosis complex. The nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the 14K antigen was determined by using recombinant DNA clones isolated from lambda gt11 and cosmid libraries of the M. tuberculosis genome. The DNA sequence of the 14K protein gene coded for a polypeptide of 144 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 16,277 Da. The 14K antigen has a marked homology with proteins belonging to the alpha-crystallin family of low-molecular-weight heat shock proteins, which includes the 18K antigen of M. leprae. The eight MAbs recognized at least four distinct epitopes localized within the following three regions of the 14K protein: amino acids 10 to 92 (MAbs F67-8 and F67-16), amino acids 41 to 92 (F159-1 and F159-11), and amino acids 41 to 144 (F23-41, F24-2, F23-49, and TB68).
Tunable fibre bandpass filter based on a linearlychirped fibre Bragg grating for wavelength demultiplexing (1996)

A novel tunable fibre bandpass filter based on a linearly chirped fibre Bragg grating (LCFBG) has been demonstrated. The transmission peaks in the LCFBG stopband are electronically induced by controlling the strain distribution along the LCFBG using a piezoelectric stack. Transmission peaks with 0.58 nm bandwidth and 10.6 dB rejection ratio have been achieved with a tuning step of 0.28 nm over a range of 10 nm.