gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Constructing Apuleius: The Emergence of a Literary Artist (2003)

This paper aims to be both a contribution to the history of scholarship and a stimulus to further research. In it I seek to follow some key themes in Apuleian scholarship, and to show how these themes and their treatments are necessarily affected by contemporary prejudices, which change over time as scholarship develops. In particular, I try to trace the emergence of the modern consensus that Apuleius is a careful literary artist, and that the Metamorphoses is a novel worthy of study and a complex and highly allusive literary text, a view which has come into being almost entirely during the twentieth century. The few Roman verdicts on the literary quality and importance of the ancient novels are negative, usually on the grounds that these texts are too frivolous in content to join the serious canon of literature. This early marginalisation is partly revised in the Renaissance, where the allegorical interpretation of Apuleius' Metamorphoses (along with that of other novels) could be argued to confer the deep intellectual significance which seemed to be lacking on the surface, and where some at least admired Apuleius' Latinity, though it was also in the Renaissance that the then derogatory concept of ‘African Latin' came into being. From the early modern period to the nineteenth century Apuleius was largely viewed as post-classical, inferior and decadent, whether or not he was also classified as ‘African'. Consequently, in the first half of the twentieth century Apuleius was widely viewed as a second-rate compiler of little literary talent or originality, even by those who did most work on his literary and narrative technique (e.g. Rudolf Helm or Ben Edwin Perry). However, since the 1960's a different consensus has emerged which sees Apuleius as a high-grade literary artist whose capacity for allusive reworking of intertexts and for narrative complexity matches that of traditionally admired ‘classical' authors, and his Metamorphoses as a major and intensely textured work of Latin literature. This paper looks at this development in Apuleian scholarship, especially on the Metamorphoses , and at its larger ideological explanations (e.g. ‘canonical' prejudice against ‘marginal' and ‘late' authors and genres, more ‘liberal' modern approaches, especially literary theory, and the search for a wider range of texts to study), and assesses the prospects for research at the start of the twenty-first century.
Activation of an early feedback survival loop involving phospho-ErbB3 is a general response of melanoma cells to RAF/MEK inhibition and is abrogated by anti-ErbB3 antibodies (2013)

On the basis of these results, we propose that initial co-treatment with BRAF and/or MEK inhibitors and anti-ErbB3 antibodies should be pursued as a strategy to reduce the ErbB3-dependent feedback survival mechanism and enhance duration of clinical response.
The role of Pten/Akt signaling pathway involved in BPA‐induced apoptosis of rat sertoli cells (2014)

Bisphenol-A (BPA), one of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, is a male reproductive toxicant. Previous studies have revealed the direct cytotoxicity of BPA in many cultured cells, such as mitotic aneuploidy in embryonic cells and somatic cells, and apoptosis in neurons and testicular Sertoli cells. To understand the action of BPA and assess its risk, the Pten/Akt pathway was investigated in cultured Sertoli cells to elucidate the mechanism of the reproductive effects of BPA. The results showed that over 50 μM BPA treatment could decrease the viability of Sertoli cells and cause more apoptosis. In addition, BPA could induce the increase in mRNA levels of Pten and Akt. The protein level of Pten was increased; however, the protein levels of phospho-Akt and procaspase-3 were decreased after BPA exposure. Taken together, observed results suggested that the Pten/Akt pathway might be involved in the apoptotic effects of BPA on Sertoli cells.
Measuring downside risk and severity for global output (2007)

Abstract This paper attempts to provide a critical measure of downside risk and severity for global output by applying the Value at Risk approach to four country groups in the world as a ‘portfolio’. Global output downside risk, measured by global Growth at Risk (GaR), estimates the worst possible growth decline, relative to the baseline projection, with a specified probability over a given time horizon. This measure serves as a practical summary for predicting the risk for output downturn given a one‐year time horizon, based on the past growth distribution of individual countries and correlation among their growth rates. Our empirical estimates show that the downside risk that the world economy faced in 2002 was not as severe as the last global downturn in 1992–1993. In particular, the global GaR estimates that the worst outcome of the global economy in 2002, at 95% confidence level, was a growth rate of 0.34%. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
A symmetric view of utilities and probabilities (1997)

Motivated by the need to reason about utilities, and inspired by the success of bayesian networks in representing and reasoning about probabilities, we introduce the notion of utility distributions, in which utilities have the structure of probabilities. We furthermore define the notion of a bi-distribution, a structure that includes in a symmetric fashion both a probability distribution and autility distribution. We give several examples of bi-distributions. We also show that every state space with standard probability distribution and utility function can be embedded in a bi-distribution, and provide bounds on the size requirements of this bi-distribution. Finally, we suggest a reinterpretation of the von-Neumann and Morgenstern theorem in light of this new model.
Stereogenic Propargylic CentersviaBase-Mediated Terminal Allene Isomerization (1996)

A study of alkali metal amide-mediated isomerizations of terminal allenes is described. The isomerizations of substituted ethenylidenecyclohexanes to form diastereomeric mixtures of terminal alkynes have been conducted to determine factors which may influence the stereochemistry at the newly formed propargylic centers. An initial base screen revealed that potassium N-methylbutylamide (KMBA) exhibits the highest level of equatorial to axial alkyne diastereoselectivity. With the severely hindered terminal allene 26, the use of potassium 3-aminopropylamide is required to effect isomerization. A general synthesis of deuterated terminal allenes has also been achieved, and a mechanistic study using d(2)-allenes 18a,b has revealed the involvement of a propargylic anion in the course of the KMBA-mediated isomerizations.
High Dissolution and Strong Light Emission of Carbon Nanotubes in Aromatic Amine Solvents (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTHigh Dissolution and Strong Light Emission of Carbon Nanotubes in Aromatic Amine SolventsYi Sun, Stephen R. Wilson, and David I. SchusterView Author Information Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology New York University, New York, New York 10003 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 22, 5348–5349Publication Date (Web):May 11, 2001Publication History Received5 December 2000Published online11 May 2001Published inissue 1 June 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja0041730https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0041730rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2600Altmetric-Citations358LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Aromatic compounds,Carbon nanotubes,Dissolution,Fluorescence,Solvents Get e-Alerts
Competitive ligand exchange of crosslinking ions for ionotropic hydrogel formation (2016)

Currently there are limitations to gelation strategies to form ionically crosslinked hydrogels, derived in particular from a lack of control over the release kinetics of crosslinking ions, which severely restrict applications. To address this challenge, we describe a new approach to form hydrogels of ionotropic polymers using competitive displacement of chelated ions, thus making specific ions available to induce interactions between polymer chains and form a hydrogel. This strategy enables control of ion release kinetics within an aqueous polymer solution and thus control over gelation kinetics across a wide range of pH. The described technique simplifies or facilitates the use of ionotropic hydrogels in a range of applications, such as 3D printing, microfluidic-based cell encapsulation, injectable preparations and large scale bubble and solid free mouldable gels. We investigate a range of chelator-ion combinations and demonstrate this powerful method to form hydrogels across a wide range of pH and µm-cm length scales. We highlight our findings by applying this gelation strategy to some of the more challenging hydrogel application areas using alginate and polygalacturonate as model polymer systems.
Anti-gene peptide nucleic acid specifically inhibits MYCN expression in human neuroblastoma cells leading to cell growth inhibition and apoptosis (2005)

We developed an anti-gene peptide nucleic acid (PNA) for selective inhibition of MYCN transcription in neuroblastoma cells, targeted against a unique sequence in the antisense DNA strand of exon 2 of MYCN and linked at its NH(2) terminus to a nuclear localization signal peptide. Fluorescence microscopy showed specific nuclear delivery of the PNA in six human neuroblastoma cell lines: GI-LI-N and IMR-32 (MYCN-amplified/overexpressed); SJ-N-KP and NB-100 (MYCN-unamplified/low-expressed); and GI-CA-N and GI-ME-N (MYCN-unamplified/unexpressed). Antiproliferative effects were observable at 24 hours (GI-LI-N, 60%; IMR-32, 70%) and peaked at 72 hours (GI-LI-N, 80%; IMR-32, 90%; SK-N-KP, 60%; NB-100, 50%); no reduction was recorded for GI-CA-N and GI-ME-N (controls). In MYCN-amplified/overexpressed IMR-32 cells and MYCN-unamplified/low-expressed SJ-N-KP cells, inhibition was recorded of MYCN mRNA (by real-time PCR) and N-Myc (Western blotting); these inhibitory effects increased over 3 days after single treatment in IMR-32. Anti-gene PNA induced G(1)-phase accumulation (39-53%) in IMR-32 and apoptosis (56% annexin V-positive cells at 24 hours in IMR-32 and 22% annexin V-positive cells at 48 hours in SJ-N-KP). Selective activity of the PNA was shown by altering three point mutations, and by the observation that an anti-gene PNA targeted against the noncoding DNA strand did not exert any effect. These findings could encourage research into development of an anti-gene PNA-based tumor-specific agent for neuroblastoma (and other neoplasms) with MYCN expression.
Biochemical analysis of Parkinson's disease-causing variants of Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin–protein ligase with monoubiquitylation capacity (2006)

Mutations in the parkin gene, encoding an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, are a frequent cause of autosomal recessive parkinsonism and are also involved in sporadic Parkinson's disease. Loss of Parkin function is thought to compromise the polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of specific substrates, leading to their deleterious accumulation. Several studies have analyzed the effects of parkin gene mutations on the biochemical properties of the protein. However, the absence of a cell-free system for studying intrinsic Parkin activity has limited the interpretation of these studies. Here we describe the biochemical characterization of Parkin and 10 pathogenic variants carrying amino-acid substitutions throughout the sequence. Mutations in the RING fingers or the ubiquitin-like domain decreased the solubility of the protein in detergent and increased its tendency to form visible aggregates. None of the mutations studied compromised the binding of Parkin to a series of known protein partners/substrates. Moreover, only two variants with substitutions of conserved cysteine residues of the second RING finger were inactive in a purely in vitro ubiquitylation assay, demonstrating that loss of ligase activity is a minor pathogenic mechanism. Interestingly, in this in vitro assay, Parkin catalyzed the linkage of single ubiquitin molecules only, whereas the ubiquitin-protein ligases CHIP and Mdm2 promoted the formation of polyubiquitin chains. Similarly, in mammalian cells Parkin promoted the multimonoubiquitylation of its substrate p38, rather than its polyubiquitylation. Thus, Parkin may mediate polyubiquitylation or proteasome-independent monoubiquitylation depending on the protein context. The discovery of monoubiquitylated Parkin species in cells hints at a novel post-translational modification potentially involved in the regulation of Parkin function.
Sentence spotting applied to partial sentences and unknown words (2002)

Itoh et al. (1993) developed a system that uses vector continuous dynamic programming (VCDP). This system works well for sentence spotting in spontaneous speech. Partial sentences intended to convey complete meaning, as well as words that are unknown to the system appear quite often in spontaneous speech. The present authors have extended the sentence spotting algorithm such that it is now capable of accepting partial sentences and detecting unknown words. The paper proposes a method for spotting partial sentences by making networks to represent them and to cope with unknown words by detecting the section containing the unknown word and generating the appropriate demi-phoneme sequence. The results show that the same level of performance can be attained with spotting partial sentences as well as complete sentences. Also, unknown words can be detected well.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Maximum-likelihood density modification (2000)

A likelihood-based approach to density modification is developed that can be applied to a wide variety of cases where some information about the electron density at various points in the unit cell is available. The key to the approach consists of developing likelihood functions that represent the probability that a particular value of electron density is consistent with prior expectations for the electron density at that point in the unit cell. These likelihood functions are then combined with likelihood functions based on experimental observations and with others containing any prior knowledge about structure factors to form a combined likelihood function for each structure factor. A simple and general approach to maximizing the combined likelihood function is developed. It is found that this likelihood-based approach yields greater phase improvement in model and real test cases than either conventional solvent flattening and histogram matching or a recent reciprocal-space solvent-flattening procedure [Terwilliger (1999), Acta Cryst. D55, 1863-1871].
Hydrodynamic Delivery of DNA (2004)

The study of gene expression and regulation relies on the introduction of DNA into cells, which can be accomplished by a procedure called transfection. In vitro studies with transfected cells expressing the introduced genes (trans-genes) have provided many valuable insights into gene function. However, in vitro transfection methods cannot provide the complete range of responses possible in intact organs and tissues, which have unique anatomy and consist of different cell types. Thus, in vivo studies in whole animals remain a critical element in gene-function studies. The effective and efficient in vivo delivery of DNA into whole animals has presented significant challenges. Although much work continues to be carried out to improve the more commonly used viral and nonviral vectors for gene delivery, recent progress in the application of naked DNA methods (1-4, and the chapters in this volume) has offered valuable alternatives. The obvious utility of direct introduction of DNA into tissues without the requirement for a viral vector has stimulated development of several alternative delivery methods. Of these, the hydrodyamics method (5-8) offers a simple, convenient means for the expression of significant levels of transgenes in the organs, especially the liver, of mice.
Characterization of Antigen-Specific Immune Responses Induced by Canarypox Virus Vaccines (2007)

Avipoxvirus-based vectors, such as recombinant canarypox virus ALVAC, are studied extensively as delivery vehicles for vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases. Effective use of such vaccines is expected to benefit from proper understanding of the interaction between these viral vectors and the host immune system. We performed preclinical vaccination experiments in a murine tumor model to analyze the immunogenic properties of an ALVAC-based vaccine against carcinoembryonic Ag (ALVAC-CEA), a tumor-associated autoantigen commonly overexpressed in colorectal cancers. The protective CEA-specific immunity induced by this vaccine consisted of CD4(+) T cell responses with a mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine profile that were accompanied by potent humoral responses, but not by CEA-specific CD8(+) CTL immunity. In contrast, protective immunity induced by a CEA-specific DNA vaccine (DNA-CEA) consisted of Th1 and CTL responses. Modification of the ALVAC-CEA vaccine through coinjection of DNA-CEA, admixture with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, or supplementation with additional transgenes encoding a triad of costimulatory molecules (TRICOM) did not result in induction of CEA-specific CTL responses. Even though these results suggested that ALVAC does not elicit Ag-specific CTLs, immunization with ALVAC vaccines against other Ags efficiently induced CTL responses. Our data show that the capacity of ALVAC vaccines to elicit CTL immunity against transgene-encoded Ags critically depends on the presence of highly immunogenic CTL epitopes in these Ags. This consideration needs to be taken into account with respect to the design and evaluation of vaccination strategies that use ALVAC-based vaccine.
Frequency-resolved optical gating with the use of second-harmonic generation (1994)

We discuss the use of second-harmonic generation (SHG) as the nonlinearity in the technique of frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) for measuring the full intensity and phase evolution of an arbitrary ultrashort pulse. FROG that uses a third-order nonlinearity in the polarization-gate geometry has proved extremely successful, and the algorithm required for extraction of the intensity and the phase from the experimental data is quite robust. However, for pulse intensities less than ~1 MW, third-order nonlinearities generate insufficient signal strength, and therefore SHG FROG appears necessary. We discuss the theoretical, algorithmic, and experimental considerations of SHG FROG in detail. SHG FROG has an ambiguity in the direction of time, and its traces are somewhat unintuitive. Also, previously published algorithms are generally ineffective at extracting the intensity and the phase of an arbitrary laser pulse from the SHG FROG trace. We present an improved pulse-retrieval algorithm, based on the method of generalized projections, that is far superior to the previously published algorithms, although it is still not so robust as the polarization-gate algorithm. We discuss experimental sources of error such as pump depletion and group-velocity mismatch. We also present several experimental examples of pulses measured with SHG FROG and show that the derived intensities and phases are in agreement with more conventional diagnostic techniques, and we demonstrate the high-dynamic-range capability of SHG FROG. We conclude that, despite the above drawbacks, SHG FROG should be useful in measuring low-energy pulses.
Immune epitope database analysis resource (2012)

The immune epitope database analysis resource (IEDB-AR: http://tools.iedb.org) is a collection of tools for prediction and analysis of molecular targets of T- and B-cell immune responses (i.e. epitopes). Since its last publication in the NAR webserver issue in 2008, a new generation of peptide:MHC binding and T-cell epitope predictive tools have been added. As validated by different labs and in the first international competition for predicting peptide:MHC-I binding, their predictive performances have improved considerably. In addition, a new B-cell epitope prediction tool was added, and the homology mapping tool was updated to enable mapping of discontinuous epitopes onto 3D structures. Furthermore, to serve a wider range of users, the number of ways in which IEDB-AR can be accessed has been expanded. Specifically, the predictive tools can be programmatically accessed using a web interface and can also be downloaded as software packages.
The NADase enzyme CD38: an emerging pharmacological target for systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis (2020)

Recent studies identify potential therapeutic approaches for boosting NAD to treat rheumatologic diseases including SSc, RA, and SLE, with particular attention to inhibition of CD38 enzymatic activity as a target. Key future directions in the field include the determination of the cell-type specificity and role of CD38 enzymatic activity versus CD38 structural roles in human diseases, as well as the indicators and potential side effects of CD38-targeted treatments.
Mechanism of monofunctional and bifunctional alkylation of DNA by mitomycin C (1988)

The relative amounts of monofunctional and bifunctional alkylation products of DNA with mitomycin C (MC) depend on whether one or both masked alkylating functions of MC are activated reductively; adduct 8 is the result of one function and adducts 7 and 9, formed as a pair, are the result of both functions being activated [Tomasz, M., Lipman, R., Chowdary, C., Pawlak, J., Verdine, G. L., & Nakanishi, K. (1987) Science (Washington, D.C.) 235, 1204-1208]. To determine the mechanism governing this differential reactivity of MC with DNA, MC-Micrococcus luteus DNA complexes formed under varying conditions in vitro were digested to nucleosides and adducts. Adduct distribution, analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, served as the measure of monofunctional and bifunctional activation. H2/PtO2 and xanthine oxidase/reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) activated MC mostly monofunctionally, and Na2S2O4 activated the drug bifunctionally under comparable conditions. Excess MC selectively suppressed, but excess PtO2 selectively promoted, bifunctional activation by H2/PtO2; excess xanthine oxidase and/or NADH also had promoting effects. O2 tested in the Na2S2O4 system was inhibitory. 10-Decarbamoyl-MC acted strictly monofunctionally under all conditions. Monoadducts bound to DNA were converted to bis adducts upon rereduction. A mechanism with the following features was derived: (i) Activation of MC at C-1 and C-10 is sequential (C-1 first). (ii) A one-time reduction is sufficient for both. (iii) Activation of the second function may be selectively inhibited by kinetic factors or O2. (iv) 7 and 9 are coproducts of bifunctional activation; their ratio depends on the DNA base sequence. (v) Activation of the second function involves an iminium intermediate. Direct applications to the action of MC in vivo are discussed.