gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Large Electro‐optic Kerr Effect in Polymer‐Stabilized Liquid‐Crystalline Blue Phases (2004)

A polymer-stabilized liquid-crystal blue phase with a Kerr constant 170 times larger than that of nitrobenzene is shown to be capable of microsecond electro-optical switching over a wide temperature range in flat Kerr cells, without need for additional surface processing to generate alignment. The Figure shows a polarizing optical micrograph, under crossed polarizers, of an in-plane switched Kerr cell containing the polymer-stabilized blue phase.
One-Pot, Mix-and-Read Peptide-MHC Tetramers (2008)

We have developed an efficient "one-pot, mix-and-read" strategy for peptide-MHC tetramer generation, and demonstrated specific T cell straining comparable to a commercially available MHC-tetramer. Here, seven peptide-MHC tetramers representing four different human MHC (HLA) class I proteins have been generated. The technique should be readily extendable to any binding peptide and pre-biotinylated MHC (at this time we have over 40 different pre-biotinylated HLA proteins). It is simple, robust, and versatile technique with a very broad application potential as it can be adapted both to small- and large-scale production of one or many different peptide-MHC tetramers for T cell isolation, or epitope screening.
Polymeric Confonnal Coatings for Implantable Electronic Devices (1980)

Long-term implantable devices such as cardiac pacemakers are protected from corrosive tissue fluids by means of a metallic, hermetically sealed enclosure. When the electronic circuitry contacts infiltrating tissue fluids due to a corrosive breach in the hermeticity, failure of the device is almost immediate. Polymeric coatings have been investigated to serve as a secondary moisture barrier in this work.
The Role of Thyroid-Stimulating Antibodies of Graves' Disease in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (1988)

Extensive evidence indicates that thyrotropin stimulates the growth and function of differentiated thyroid carcinomas. These responses evidently reflect the presence in thyroid cancer cells of functioning thyrotropin receptors, which, on binding thyrotropin, mediate an increase in the cellular concentration of cyclic AMP, the second messenger for most actions of thyrotropin. The circulating thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins characteristic of Graves' disease are antibodies against the thyrotropin receptor; like thyrotropin, they activate thyroid adenylate cyclase and cause the development in the intrinsically normal thyroid of the hyperfunction and hyperplasia characteristic of this disease. Therefore, it is of interest that according to clinical and laboratory findings, Graves' disease and thyroid cancer occur together with unexplected frequency. This association raises the possibility that thyroid-stimulating antibodies may play a part in the pathogenesis and progression of thyroid neoplasms. We describe three patients here with concurrent Graves' disease and metastatic thyroid carcinoma whose clinical courses support this suggestion. Moreover, in vitro studies with IgG isolated from the serum of these patients have demonstrated directly that thyroid carcinoma cells respond to thyroid-stimulating antibodies, as they do to thyrotropin. A portion of these findings has been presented in abstract form.
Creation's Seventh Day (2000)

Scientists at the Scripps Research Institute are attempting to find out what life would look like if DNA contained more than four nucleotide bases and proteins more than 20 amino acids. By reengineering DNA, RNA, and the proteins that interact with them, they hope to create synthetic organisms with a chemical makeup fundamentally different from all life that has existed on Earth for the last 3.8 billion years. If they succeed, their biochemical reengineering could have a profound effect on everything from basic molecular biology to industrial chemistry.
Hyaluronan: Pharmaceutical Characterization and Drug Delivery (2005)

Hyaluronic acid (HA), is a polyanionic polysaccharide that consists of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and beta-glucoronic acid. It is most frequently referred to as hyaluronan because it exists in vivo as a polyanion and not in the protonated acid form. HA is distributed widely in vertebrates and presents as a component of the cell coat of many strains of bacteria. Initially the main functions of HA were believed to be mechanical as it has a protective, structure stabilizing and shock-absorbing role in the body. However, more recently the role of HA in the mediation of physiological functions via interaction with binding proteins and cell surface receptors including morphogenesis, regeneration, wound healing, and tumor invasion, as well as in the dynamic regulation of such interactions on cell signaling and behavior has been documented. The unique viscoelastic nature of hyaluronan along with its biocompatibility and nonimmunogenicity has led to its use in a number of cosmetic, medical, and pharmaceutical applications. More recently, HA has been investigated as a drug delivery agent for ophthalmic, nasal, pulmonary, parenteral, and dermal routes. The purpose of our review is to describe the physical, chemical, and biological properties of native HA together with how it can be produced and assayed along with a detailed analysis of its medical and pharmaceutical applications.
Three and four dimensional-quantitative structure activity relationship (3D/4D-QSAR) analyses of CYP2D6 inhibitors. (1999)

Three- and four-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3D/4D-QSAR) pharmacophore models of competitive inhibitors of CYP2D6 were constructed using data from our laboratory or the literature. The 3D-QSAR pharmacophore models of the common structural features of CYP2D6 inhibitors were built using the program Catalyst (Molecular Simulations, San Diego, CA, USA). These 3D-QSAR models were compared with 3D and 4D-QSAR partial least squares (PLS) models which were constructed using molecular surface-weighted holistic invariant molecular (MS-WHIM) descriptors of size and shape of inhibitors. The first Catalyst model was generated from multiple conformers of competitive inhibitors (n = 20) of CYP2D6 mediated bufurolol 1'-hydroxylation. This model demonstrated a correlation of observed and predicted Ki (apparent) values of r = 0.75. A second Catalyst model was constructed from literature derived Ki (apparent) values (n = 31) for the inhibition of CYP2D6. This model provided a correlation of observed and predicted inhibition for CYP2D6 of r = 0.91. Both Catalyst Ki pharmacophores were then validated by predicting the Ki (apparent) of a test set of known CYP2D6 inhibitors (n = 15). Ten out of 15 of these Ki (apparent) values were predicted to be within one log residual of the observed value using our CYP2D6 inhibitor model, while the literature model predicted nine out of 15 values. Similarly, 3D- and 4D-QSARs derived from PLS MS-WHIM for our dataset yielded predictable models as assessed using cross-validation. The corresponding cross-validated PLS MS-WHIM model for the literature dataset yielded a comparable 3D-QSAR and improved 4D-QSAR value. Such computational models will aid in future prediction of drug-drug interactions.
Synthesis of New Phosphonated Tripod Ligands as Putative New Therapeutic Agents in the Chelation Treatment of Metal Intoxications (2001)

In a quest for new chelation therapy drugs for the treatment of intoxication by actinides, some new phosphonated chelating tripod ligands have been synthesized. They have been obtained by means of a coupling reaction between a diethylphosphonoalkanoic acid activated with N,N′-disuccinimidyl carbonate (DSC) and a series of polyamines, with subsequent deprotection of the phosphonate groups.
Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells from Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and a Conjugated Polymer (2004)

ZnO nanoparticles dispersed in a semiconducting polymer form the active layer of a solar cell (see Figure) that is able to convert up to 40 % of the incident photons at 500 nm into electrical current and has a power conversion efficiency of about 1.5 % in sunlight. Manufactured at low temperature using environmentally friendly materials, it represents a new step to ‘green electricity'.
Fibronectin and avidin–biotin as a heterogeneous ligand system for enhanced endothelial cell adhesion (1998)

A preadsorbed layer of “heterogeneous” integrin-dependent and -independent protein was used to enhance initial integrin-mediated endothelial cell attachment and spreading. Glass substrates were treated with fibronectin (Fn) and avidin coupled through adsorbed biotinylated bovine serum albumin (b-BSA). The slides then were seeded with biotinylated BAEC. Control “homogeneous” surfaces were slides adsorbed with either Fn or avidin coupled to b-BSA. The cells were incubated for 0.5 h in serum-containing media and exposed to a range of shear stresses in a laminar flow variable-height flow chamber. The critical shear stress to detach 50% of the seeded cells on the heterogeneous ligand surface was significantly greater than for either of the control homogeneous ligand systems (p < 0.001). Cellular spreading during the initial period of 0–2 h also was higher (p < 0.05) on the heterogeneous ligand-treated surface than on the surface of either of the homogeneous controls. The close contact area of the cell membrane with the substrate 1 h after seeding in serum-containing media was measured using TIRFM. Cells attached onto the heterogeneous ligand-treated surfaces had a significantly (p < 0.01) higher area of close contact with the substrate, which is consistent with a greater degree of attachment and spreading. The results indicate that the combination of integrin-dependent and -independent adhesion systems using heterogeneous ligands further enhances initial endothelial cell attachment and spreading. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 41, 377–385, 1998.
Susceptibility to Eimeria tenella of chickens and chicken embryos of partly inbred lines possessing homozygous major histocompatibility complex haplotypes. (1994)

Susceptibility to Eimeria tenella infection of chicken embryos and chickens of partly inbred lines possessing different major histocompatibility complex haplotypes was investigated. Chicken embryos of line H-B2 possessing B2 homozygous haplotype showed lower mortality and higher oocyst production than embryos of line H-B15 possessing B15 homozygous haplotype. Embryos of line H-B2 chickens were considered more resistant to E. tenella infection than those of line H-B15. Seven days after 10-day-old chickens were infected with E. tenella, the two lines showed no significant differences in percent bodyweight gain, cecal lesion score, and oocyst production; they differed significantly only in cecal shrinkage. Results suggest that the B system affects chicken embryos and chickens differently in susceptibility to E. tenella infection.
Design and expression of soluble CTLA-4 variable domain as a scaffold for the display of functional polypeptides (1999)

We have designed and engineered the human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) variable (V-like) domain to produce a human-based protein scaffold for peptide display. First, to test whether the CTLA-4 CDR-like loops were permissive to loop replacement/insertion we substituted either the CDR1 or CDR3 loop with somatostatin, a 14-residue intra-disulfide-linked neuropeptide. Upon expression as periplasmic-targeted proteins in Escherichia coli, molecules with superior solubility characteristics to the wild-type V-domain were produced. These mutations in CTLA-4 ablated binding to its natural ligands CD80 and CD86, whereas binding to a conformation-dependent anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody showed that the V-domain framework remained correctly folded. Secondly, to develop a system for library selection, we displayed both wild-type and mutated CTLA-4 proteins on the surface of fd-bacteriophage as fusions with the geneIII protein. CTLA-4 displayed on phage bound specifically to immobilized CD80-Ig and CD86-Ig and in one-step panning enriched 5,000 to 2,600-fold respectively over wild-type phage. Bacteriophage displaying CTLA-4 with somatostatin in CDR3 (CTLA-4R-Som3) specifically bound somatostatin receptors on transfected CHO-K1 cells pre-incubated with 1 microg/ml tunicamycin to remove receptor glycosylation. Binding was specific, as 1 microM somatostatin successfully competed with CTLA-4R-Som3. CTLA-4R-Som3 also activated as well as binding preferentially to non-glycosylated receptor subtype Sst4. The ability to substitute CDR-like loops within CTLA-4 will enable design and construction of more complex libraries of single V-like domain binding molecules. Proteins 1999;36:217-227.
Small-volume voltammetric detection of 4-aminophenol with interdigitated array electrodes and its application to electrochemical enzyme immunoassay (1993)

A small-volume voltammetric detection of 4-aminophenol (PAP) has been developed using an interdigitated array (IDA) microelectrode cell in order to apply the IDA to electrochemical enzyme immunoassay. The signal of PAP at the IDA was steady state, and its magnitude was amplified compared with that of the usual single electrode due to redox cycling of PAP between the two finger sets of the IDA. A linear relationship between PAP concentration and cathodic limiting current was obtained from 1 to 1000 microM, reproducibly. The minimum sample volume in the measurement was reduced to 800 nL. High sample throughput of less than 1-min detection time per sample was achieved on 2-10-microL PAP samples. This IDA cell was applied to the electrochemical enzyme immunoassay of mouse IgG. Alkaline phosphatase was used as the enzyme label. The mouse IgG concentration was evaluated by detecting the concentration of PAP, which is the product of enzymatic reaction of the substrate, 4-aminophenyl phosphate (PAPP). Anti-mouse IgG was covalently immobilized on the glass surface of the small-volume immunowells by carbodiimide coupling. The assay range was 10-1000 ng/mL using 10-microL sample and 20-microL substrate solutions.
Two problems in antisense biotechnology: in vitro delivery and the design of antisense experiments (1999)

Antisense oligonucleotides are invaluable reagents for the specific downregulation of gene expression. In the absence of a carrier, charged oligonucleotides (e.g., phosphorothioates) can interact with a large number of cell surface proteins, but tend to be internalized into the endosomal/lysosomal compartment. However, they can be successfully delivered to the nuclei of diverse cell types via the use of a wide variety of reagents, including cationic lipids, and cationic polyamines. Over the past several years, a more general understanding of the rules governing the interpretation of data derived from antisense experiments has been reached. These are discussed with emphasis on how to avoid some of the confounding features of this important, emerging technology.
Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Infections, Including COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections, Associated with Large Public Gatherings — Barnstable County, Massachusetts, July 2021 (2021)

During July 2021, 469 cases of COVID-19 associated with multiple summer events and large public gatherings in a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, were identified among Massachusetts residents; vaccination coverage among eligible Massachusetts residents was 69%. Approximately three quarters (346; 74%) of cases occurred in fully vaccinated persons (those who had completed a 2-dose course of mRNA vaccine [Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna] or had received a single dose of Janssen [Johnson & Johnson] vaccine ≥14 days before exposure). Genomic sequencing of specimens from 133 patients identified the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, in 119 (89%) and the Delta AY.3 sublineage in one (1%). Overall, 274 (79%) vaccinated patients with breakthrough infection were symptomatic. Among five COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized, four were fully vaccinated; no deaths were reported. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) cycle threshold (Ct) values in specimens from 127 vaccinated persons with breakthrough cases were similar to those from 84 persons who were unvaccinated, not fully vaccinated, or whose vaccination status was unknown (median = 22.77 and 21.54, respectively). The Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmissible (1); vaccination is the most important strategy to prevent severe illness and death. On July 27, CDC recommended that all persons, including those who are fully vaccinated, should wear masks in indoor public settings in areas where COVID-19 transmission is high or substantial.* Findings from this investigation suggest that even jurisdictions without substantial or high COVID-19 transmission might consider expanding prevention strategies, including masking in indoor public settings regardless of vaccination status, given the potential risk of infection during attendance at large public gatherings that include travelers from many areas with differing levels of transmission.
"Blind" shape reconstruction from experimental data (1995)

A method for reconstructing the shape of a bounded impenetrable object from measured scattered field data is presented. The reconstruction algorithm is, in principle, the same as that used before for reconstructing the conductivity of a penetrable object and uses the fact that for high conductivity the skin depth of the scatterer is small, in which case the only meaningful information produced by the algorithm is the boundary of the scatterer. A striking increase in efficiency is achieved by incorporating into the algorithm the fact that for large conductivity, the contrast is dominated by a large positive imaginary part. This fact together with the knowledge that the scatterer is constrained in some test domain constitute the only a priori information about the scatterer that is used. There are no other implicit assumptions about the location, connectivity, convexity, or boundary conditions. The method is shown to successfully reconstruct the shape of an object from experimental scattered field data in a "blind" test.
Human ADAM 12 (Meltrin α) Is an Active Metalloprotease (1998)

The ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) are a family of multidomain proteins with structural homology to snake venom metalloproteases. We recently described the cloning and sequencing of human ADAM 12 (meltrin alpha). In this report we provide evidence that the metalloprotease domain of ADAM 12 is catalytically active. We used the trapping mechanism of alpha2-macroglobulin to assay for protease activity of wild-type and mutant ADAM 12 proteins produced in a COS cell transfection system. We found that ADAM 12 is synthesized as a zymogen, with the prodomain maintaining the metalloprotease in a latent form, probably by means of a cysteine switch. The zymogen could be activated chemically by alkylation with N-ethylmaleimide. Cleavage of the prodomain at a site for a furin-like endopeptidase resulted in an ADAM 12 protein with proteolytic activity. The protease activity was sensitive to inhibition by 1,10-phenanthroline and could be eliminated by mutation of the critical glutamate residue at the active site. The demonstration that the ADAM 12 metalloprotease domain is functional may have important implications for future studies that explore the role of ADAM 12 protein in development and disease.
The Role of Glutamate Neurotoxicity in Hypoxic-Ischemic Neuronal Death (1990)

The brain's default mode network consists of discrete, bilateral and symmetrical cortical areas, in the medial and lateral parietal, medial prefrontal, and medial and lateral temporal cortices of the human, nonhuman primate, cat, and rodent brains. Its ...Read More
Cartography and geo-information science: an integrated approach** (2005)

or real An important characteristic of maps is the fact that they represent selections from reality in an abstract way. Especially for presentation purposes maps that look ‘empty’ might even work better than maps with an overloaded view. In an exploratory mode a overloaded map could be very representative for the topic being studied, and via interactive selection and filtering techniques the user can ‘drill-down’ to the information thought relevant. The ‘selection/abstraction’ characteristic is not only challenged by exploration but also by new viewing environments such as virtual and augmented reality (VR and AR) (Dykes et al., 1999a, Sherman and Craig, 2002, Unwin and Fisher, 2001). These allow a different view on reality, and in addition one can become completely absorbed in this ‘reality’. VR and AR require realism in the imagery used. Again a combination of both the map world and the VR/AR world seem to be the best solution with the option to emphasize one of the two depending on the task at hand (Verbree et al., 1999). For a navigation task the map view might be more helpful, and to judge if the newly design building fits the building style of the old city centre a realistic view will give a better impression. Working environment: developments and trends Dynamically multiple linked views The argument that different views on the data will sparkle the mind and stimulate visual thinking (Peuquet and Kraak, 2002) should be supported by a suitable working environment. This leads to an environment with multiple views with different maps, diagrams, tables etc of the same and/or related data that are linked to each other. The strength of this combination of maps and other graphics is that user action in any of the views will result in highlighting the relevant objects in all the other views. Several of these more or less experimental exploratory environments exist. With roots in statistics (Haslett et al., 1991) map based examples also exist like CommonGIS (Andrienko and Andrienko, 1999) and CDV (Dykes, 1997). Recently a conference series with contributions of different perspectives has been established [url 8]. Geodata infrastrucuture A geospatial data infrastructure (GDI) offers a set of institutional, technical and economical arrangement to enhance the availability (access and use) for correct up-to-date, fit-for-purpose and integrated geo-information, timely and at an affordable price to support decision making processes (Groot and McLaughlin, 2000). The GISCientist can access the GDI via a clearinghouse or web portal. Such portals are often a collection of metadata describing the geodata available based on which the user will decide the data’s fitness for use. Metadata can be visualized in maps, diagrams or browse graphics to give the user additional information on content and quality (Ahonen-Rainio and Kraak, 2004). Maps will also play a role as part of the search mechanisms in
Analysis of metabolites in aqueous solutions by using laser Raman spectroscopy (1993)

Laser Raman scattering is conducted on aqueous solutions that contain organic chemicals that include glucose, lactate, ascorbate, pyruvate, and urea. At the concentrations of interest (below 1.0 wt. %), these various metabolites are found to scatter light independently of each other, and the scattering is linearly proportional to their concentrations. Through proper subtraction of water background scattering, the spectrum that is due to metabolite scattering is obtained and the composition of the solution can be determined by fitting its Raman spectrum with a linear sum of the known pure metabolite spectra. The spectrum of rabbit aqueous humor is presented and the potential application of this analytical method, such as noninvasive glucose monitoring, is discussed.
End-To-End Response-Time: Where to Measure? (1999)

Because of the increasing need for application measurement, several vendors are offering products to track and record End-To-End Response Time. The question now becomes “where to measure” instead of “how to measure.” Measuring application response time at several points can produce an overwhelming amount of data but does not guarantee any meaningful information from the business point-of-view. This paper discusses different approaches to selecting these measurement points and presents several hypothetical examples to illustrate their meaningfulness to business transactions.