gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vascular complications in diabetes and their prevention (2001)

Diabetes mellitus is increasing throughout the world. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for up to 80% of excess mortality in this high-risk population. Patients with diabetes have the same CVD risk factors as those people without diabetes. However, these risk factors are much more powerful in diabetic patients. CVD risk is especially high for diabetic women, and premenopausal diabetic women lose all the protection normally afforded to them by female sex hormones. Controlled clinical trials have clearly demonstrated that rigorous treatment of blood pressure, dyslipidemia and platelet hyperaggrebility strikingly reduces CVD risk in diabetic patients. Strategies directed at interrupting the renin-angiotensin system (both tissue and systemic systems) and the use of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors have proven to be especially beneficial for this high-risk population.
Real-Time Semantic Segmentation via Multiply Spatial Fusion Network (2020)

Real-time semantic segmentation plays a significant role in industry applications, such as autonomous driving, robotics and so on. It is a challenging task as both efficiency and performance need to be considered simultaneously. To address such a complex task, this paper proposes an efficient CNN called Multiply Spatial Fusion Network (MSFNet) to achieve fast and accurate perception. The proposed MSFNet uses Class Boundary Supervision to process the relevant boundary information based on our proposed Multi-features Fusion Module which can obtain spatial information and enlarge receptive field. Therefore, the final upsampling of the feature maps of 1/8 original image size can achieve impressive results while maintaining a high speed. Experiments on Cityscapes and Camvid datasets show an obvious advantage of the proposed approach compared with the existing approaches. Specifically, it achieves 77.1% Mean IOU on the Cityscapes test dataset with the speed of 41 FPS for a 1024*2048 input, and 75.4% Mean IOU with the speed of 91 FPS on the Camvid test dataset.
Plant centromeric retrotransposons: a structural and cytogenetic perspective (2011)

Comprehensive analysis of the CRM clade elements showed that genuinely centromeric retrotransposons represent only a fraction of the CRM clade (group A). These centromeric retrotransposons represent an active component of centromeres of a wide range of angiosperm species, implying that they play an important role in plant centromere evolution. In addition, their transcriptional activity is consistent with the notion that the transcription of centromeric retrotransposons has a role in normal centromere function.
From Acquisition to Consolidation: On the Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling in Hippocampal-Dependent Learning (2002)

One of the most rigorously investigated problems in modern neuroscience is to decipher the mechanisms by which experience-induced changes in the central nervous system are translated into behavioral acquisition, consolidation, retention, and subsequent recall of information. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has recently emerged as one of the most potent molecular mediators of not only central synaptic plasticity, but also behavioral interactions between an organism and its environment. Recent experimental evidence indicates that BDNF modulates synaptic transmission and plasticity by acting across different spatial and temporal domains. BDNF signaling evokes both short- and long-term periods of enhanced synaptic physiology in both pre- and postsynaptic compartments of central synapses. Specifically, BDNF/TrkB signaling converges on the MAP kinase pathway to enhance excitatory synaptic transmission in vivo, as well as hippocampal-dependent learning in behaving animals. Emerging concepts of the intracellular signaling cascades involved in synaptic plasticity induced through environmental interactions resulting in behavioral learning further support the contention that BDNF/TrkB signaling plays a fundamental role in mediating enduring changes in central synaptic structure and function. Here we review recent literature showing the involvement of BDNF/TrkB signaling in hippocampal-dependent learning paradigms, as well as in the types of cellular plasticity proposed to underlie learning and memory.
Lymphokine-Activated Killer (LAK) Cell Activity in Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes from Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (1989)

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are often seen in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCCs). Their functional role in the pathogenesis of lung cancer is unknown. The authors studied TILs in 27 patients with NSCC and determined the following: (1) the immunologic phenotype as defined by monoclonal antibodies against various surface markers, (2) activation state as indicated by interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor expression and the kinetics of proliferation response to IL-2, and (3) the ability to develop lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) type cytotoxicity against both natural killer (NK)-resistant tumor cell targets (M14) and fresh autologous tumor cells. The authors' results show TILs from NSCCs to be a heterogeneous population composed of T-cells, B-cells, monocytes, and NK cells in frequencies similar to those found in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). TILs demonstrated increased IL-2 receptor expression and a more rapid proliferative response to IL-2 than PBLs, implying activation of TILs by the tumor milieu. Finally, TILs generated cytotoxicity against NK-sensitive (K562) and NK-resistant (M14) cell line targets consistently after in vitro treatment with IL-2 but were less consistent in their ability to lyse fresh autologous tumor cells and less effective than PBL LAK cells in lysing all targets. Comparison with LAK cells generated from normal volunteers suggests that decreased killing of autologous tumor cells only partially results from an inherent resistance to lysis by fresh NSCC targets. It appears, therefore, that tumor cells taken from NSCCs are not readily killed by the immune cells that infiltrate the tumor stroma and that this failure does not result from nonspecific immune deficiency in TILs.
A diffusible analogue of N 3-(4-methoxyfumaroyl)-l-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid with antifungal activity (2001)

N(3)-(4-Methoxyfumaroyl)-L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid (FMDP), a specific and potent inactivator of glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN-6-P) synthase from Candida albicans, exhibits relatively poor anticandidal activity, with an MIC value amounting to 50 microg ml(-1) (200 microM). Uptake of FMDP into C. albicans cells follows saturation kinetics and is sensitive to the action of metabolic inhibitors, thus indicating the active transport mechanism. However, the acetoxymethyl ester of FMDP penetrates the fungal cell membrane by free diffusion and is rapidly hydrolysed by C. albicans cytoplasmic enzymes to release the free FMDP. This mechanism gives rise to continuous accumulation of the enzyme inhibitor and results in higher antifungal activity of the FMDP ester (MIC=3.1 microg ml(-1), 10 microM). These results show that the 'pro-drug' approach can be successfully applied for the enhancement of antifungal activity of glutamine analogues that inhibit GlcN-6-P synthase.
An Improved Protocol for the Preparation of 3-Pyridyl- and Some Arylboronic Acids (2002)

3-Pyridylboronic acid was prepared in high yield and bulk quantity from 3-bromopyridine via a protocol of lithium-halogen exchange and "in situ quench". This technique was further studied and evaluated on other aryl halides in the preparation of arylboronic acids.
Speech recognition in SRI's resource management and ATIS systems (1991)

This paper describes improvements to DECIPHER, the speech recognition component in SRI's Air Travel Information Systems (ATIS) and Resource Management systems. DECIPHER is a speaker-independent continuous speech recognition system based on hidden Markov model (HMM) technology. We show significant performance improvements in DECIPHER due to (1) the addition of tied-mixture HMM modeling (2) rejection of out-of-vocabulary speech and background noise while continuing to recognize speech (3) adapting to the current speaker (4) the implementation of N-gram statistical grammars with DECIPHER. Finally we describe our performance in the February 1991 DARPA Resource Management evaluation (4.8 percent word error) and in the February 1991 DARPA-ATIS speech and SLS evaluations (95 sentences correct, 15 wrong of 140). We show that, for the ATIS evaluation, a well-conceived system integration can be relatively robust to speech recognition errors and to linguistic variability and errors.
Allergenic pollen season variations in the past two decades under changing climate in the United States (2014)

Many diseases are linked with climate trends and variations. In particular, climate change is expected to alter the spatiotemporal dynamics of allergenic airborne pollen and potentially increase occurrence of allergic airway disease. Understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of changes in pollen season timing and levels is thus important in assessing climate impacts on aerobiology and allergy caused by allergenic airborne pollen. Here, we describe the spatiotemporal patterns of changes in the seasonal timing and levels of allergenic airborne pollen for multiple taxa in different climate regions at a continental scale. The allergenic pollen seasons of representative trees, weeds and grass during the past decade (2001-2010) across the contiguous United States have been observed to start 3.0 [95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.1-4.9] days earlier on average than in the 1990s (1994-2000). The average peak value and annual total of daily counted airborne pollen have increased by 42.4% (95% CI, 21.9-62.9%) and 46.0% (95% CI, 21.5-70.5%), respectively. Changes of pollen season timing and airborne levels depend on latitude, and are associated with changes of growing degree days, frost free days, and precipitation. These changes are likely due to recent climate change and particularly the enhanced warming and precipitation at higher latitudes in the contiguous United States.
BMPs and Chordin regulate patterning of the directive axis in a sea anemone (2009)

The TGF-beta molecules Dpp/BMP2/4/7 and their antagonist Sog/Chd play a conserved role in establishing the dorso-ventral (DV) axis in bilaterians. Homologues of BMPs and the antagonist, Chordin, have been isolated from Cnidaria and show a striking asymmetric expression pattern with respect to the primary oral-aboral (OA) axis. We used Morpholino knockdowns of Nematostella dpp (bmp2/4), bmp5-8, chordin, and tolloid to investigate their function during early development of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Molecular analysis of the BMP Morpholino phenotypes revealed an upregulated and radialized expression of bmps and chordin in ectoderm and endoderm indicating a negative feedback loop. Our data further suggest that BMP signaling is required for symmetry breaking of bmp and chordin expression during gastrulation. While bmps and chordin marker genes of the ectodermal OA axis extended aborally, other ectodermal markers of the OA axis were not significantly affected. By contrast, expression of other endodermal marker genes marking both the OA and the directive axis were abolished. Our data suggest that the logic of BMP2/4 signaling and the BMP antagonist, Chordin, differs significantly between Cnidaria and Bilateria, yet the double negative feedback loop detected in Nematostella bears systemic similarities with part of the regulatory network of the DV axis patterning system in amphibians.
Predominantly tumor-limited expression of a mutant allele in a Japanese family carrying a germline p53 mutation. (1994)

Germline mutations of p53 have been implicated as a cause of cancer susceptibility in the Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Since inactivation of p53 has been suggested to play an important causative role in lung cancer, the present study of the prevalence of germline mutations in 148 patients with this neoplasm was performed. None of 138 randomly chosen patients were found to carry such mutations, while a single patient had a nonsense mutation at codon 213 among 10 patients selected for early onset and/or occurrence of multiple primary cancers. In contrast to the previous report of biallelic expression of p53 in a case with a germline missense mutation, preferential expression of the wild-type allele was observed in the heterozygous state in both normal lung and peripheral blood lymphocytes of our case, whereas expression of mutant mRNA was readily detectable in her lung cancer in the absence of the remaining wild-type allele. Interestingly, the family history of the proband showed a mild aggregation of adulthood cancers and a high prevalence of stomach cancer, a rare component in American families affected by the syndrome. These observations suggest the presence of heterogeneity with regard to molecular and clinical features of germline p53 mutations.
The different effects of a Gln27Glu β2‐adrenoceptor gene polymorphism on obesity in males and in females (1999)

A positive association between obesity and the Glu27 genetic variant in the beta 2-adrenoceptor exists in females, whereas in males there is a negative correlation between Glu27 and obesity. The findings suggest that different genetic factors contribute to obesity in males and females.
Visualisation relaxation - achieving a calm classroom (2013)

The world we live in is becoming increasingly structured and stressful, with personal time usually the first thing to be sacrificed as we juggle home, family and employment demands. The time restraints this puts on us flow into our children's lives. Our need for organisation can result in more and more adult direction and less and less time for quiet reflection and freedom to just 'be'.
Interhemispheric cysts in association with agenesis of the corpus callosum. (1990)

Two cases of complete agenesis of the corpus callosum each with large interhemispheric cysts are presented. The first case is an adult patient with chronic renal failure secondary to adult polycystic renal disease who was neurologically asymptomatic until she had a seizure during hemodialysis. The second case is an infant, who was diagnosed in utero as hydrocephalic, with severe mental and motor retardation and intractable seizures. The clinicopathologic findings in the two cases are presented, along with a discussion of the possible etiologies and clinical significance.
Identification and characterization of estrogen receptor ?-containing neurons projecting to the vicinity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone perikarya in the rostral preoptic area of the rat (1999)

Gonadal steroids exert a powerful regulatory influence upon the functioning of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons despite the apparent absence of gonadal steroid receptors in these cells. By using retrograde-tracing techniques combined with dual-labeling immunocytochemistry, we show here that distinct populations of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)-containing neurons located in the hypothalamus and caudal brainstem project to the vicinity of the GnRH perikarya located in the rostral preoptic area (rPOA). The strongest estrogen-receptive afferent projection to this area originated from neurons located in the anteroventral periventricular and medial preoptic nuclei of the preoptic area. Approximately 50% of arcuate nucleus neurons projecting to the rPOA were demonstrated to synthesize either neuropeptide Y or beta-endorphin, but little evidence was found for ERalpha immunoreactivity in either of these specific subpopulations. Over 80% of all tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus expressed ERalpha, but none projected to the rPOA. In the caudal brainstem, the A1 and A2 norepinephrine neurons comprised nearly all of the retrogradely labeled neurons. However, only the A2 afferents expressed ERalpha immunoreactivity, whereas the A1 afferents coexpressed neuropeptide Y. These observations, combined with the anterograde labeling data of others, provide neuroanatomical evidence for the existence of specific estrogen-receptive neuronal cell populations that project to the rPOA and may be involved in the estrogen-dependent transsynaptic regulation of GnRH neurons in the rat.
Induction of immunity to a human tumor marker by in vivo administration of anti-idiotypic antibodies in mice. (1984)

Anti-idiotypic antibodies are described that were raised against murine monoclonal antibody 8.2, an antibody specific for a human melanoma-associated cell surface marker called p97. The 8.2 idiotopes recognized by this anti-idiotypic antiserum are binding site-associated and are shared by other monoclonal anti-p97 antibodies with the same specificity as antibody 8.2. Mice immunized with the anti-idiotype demonstrate delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions when challenged with melanoma (p97-positive) tumor cells.
Reversal of advanced murine lupus in NZB/NZW F1 mice by treatment with monoclonal antibody to L3T4. (1987)

Murine lupus in NZB/NZW F1 (B/W) mice can be prevented by weekly treatment with monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to L3T4 (on "helper/inducer" T cells) if treatment is begun prior to the onset of clinical illness. To determine whether anti-L3T4 could reverse as well as prevent murine lupus, we monitored a cohort of 30 B/W females until age 7 mo, when severe autoimmune disease was established, and then we examined the effects of weekly treatment with MAb to L3T4. The rate of target cell clearance by MAb was considerably slower in old B/W mice than it was in young B/W mice or in normal (BALB/c and C57BL/6) mice. Nonetheless, treatment with anti-L3T4 depleted 90% of circulating L3T4+ cells over 3 mo. In treated mice, the concentration of anti-DNA antibodies fell by 80%, renal insufficiency was reversed, and 1 yr survival was 75% compared to 17% in controls. These findings indicate that L3T4+ cells play an important role in perpetuating murine lupus in B/W mice even after severe disease is present. Because the L3T4 antigen in mice is homologous to the Leu-3/T4 (CD4) antigen in humans, these findings suggest that treatment with CD4 MAb may be effective in people with systemic lupus erythematosus.
T lymphocyte regeneration after transplantation of T cell depleted allogeneic bone marrow. (1986)

The regeneration of T cell subsets was studied with double immunofluorescence marker methods in 37 patients who received HLA matched T lymphocyte depleted bone marrow transplants (BMT) as part of the treatment for their haematological disease. A cocktail of anti-pan-T (CD6: MBG6) and anti-suppressor/cytotoxic-T cell (CD8: RFT8) monoclonal antibodies was used with rabbit serum as a source of cytolytic complement to achieve selective T cell lysis. The T8(+) cells reached low normal values around 60 days post-transplant and remained within the normal range throughout the study (>150 days). This observation is in contrast to our previously published results in patients who, after receiving BMT without efficient T cell depletion, had increased numbers of circulation T8(+) cells from 60 days post-transplant. In the present study Leu-7(+), RFT8(-) cells reached normal values rapidly but the reconstitution of T4(+) lymphocytes was slow: low normal levels were reached only around day 150 following BMT. The degree of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) seemed to be related to the number of residual T cells infused: two of the three patients who received the highest numbers of T cells developed Grade II and III; otherwise GVHD was minimal. Among the clinical parameters studied cytomegalovirus (CMV) immune status moderately influenced reconstitution: at 55—90 days post-transplant T8(+) cells were present at the upper normal levels in seven out of 15 patients receiving BMT from CMV seronegative donors, but in none of the 16 individuals receiving BMT from seropositive donors. CMV related complications were relatively uncommon. Thus the most significant factor in preventing `T8(+) cell overshoot' and T cell imbalance during regeneration appears to be the depletion of T (including T8(+)) lymphocytes from marrow. The difference of T8(+) cell reconstitution in this and previous studies may reflect a different regeneration pattern from T cell precursors as opposed to inoculated mature T cells.
Morphable Counters: Enabling Compact Integrity Trees For Low-Overhead Secure Memories (2018)

Securing off-chip main memory is essential for protection from adversaries with physical access to systems. However, current secure-memory designs incur considerable performance overheads - a major cause being the multiple memory accesses required for traversing an integrity-tree, that provides protection against man-in-the-middle attacks or replay attacks. In this paper, we provide a scalable solution to this problem by proposing a compact integrity tree design that requires fewer memory accesses for its traversal. We enable this by proposing new storage-efficient representations for the counters used for encryption and integrity-tree in secure memories. Our Morphable Counters are more cacheable on-chip, as they provide more counters per cacheline than existing split counters. Additionally, they incur lower overheads due to counter-overflows, by dynamically switching between counter representations based on usage pattern. We show that using Morphable Counters enables a 128-ary integrity-tree, that can improve performance by 6.3% on average (up to 28.3%) and reduce system energy-delay product by 8.8% on average, compared to an aggressive baseline using split counters with a 64-ary integrity-tree. These benefits come without any additional storage or reduction in security and are derived from our compact counter representation, that reduces the integrity-tree size for a 16GB memory from 4MB in the baseline to 1MB. Compared to recently proposed VAULT, our design provides a speedup of 13.5% on average (up to 47.4%).
An autonomous, underactuated exoskeleton for load-carrying augmentation (2006)

Metabolic studies have shown that there is a metabolic cost associated with carrying load (T. M. Griffen, et al., 2003). In previous work, a lightweight, underactuated exoskeleton has been described that runs in parallel to the human and supports the weight of a payload (C. J. Walsh, et al., 2006). A state-machine control strategy is written based on joint angle and ground-exoskeleton force sensing to control the joint actuation at this exoskeleton hip and knee. The joint components of the exoskeleton in the sagittal plane consist of a force-controllable actuator at the hip, a variable-damper mechanism at the knee and a passive spring at the ankle. The control is motivated by examining human walking data. Positive, non-conservative power is added at the hip during the walking cycle to help propel the mass of the human and payload forward. At the knee, the damper mechanism is turned on at heel strike as the exoskeleton leg is loaded and turned off during terminal stance to allow knee flexion. The passive spring at the ankle engages in controlled dorsiflexion to store energy that is later released to assist in powered plantarflexion. Preliminary studies show that the state machines for the hip and knee work robustly and that the onset of walking can be detected in less than one gait cycle. Further, it is found that an efficient, underactuated leg exoskeleton can effectively transmit payload forces to the ground during the walking cycle