gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of morphological and histological changes in melon plants grown from seeds irradiated with UV-B (2014)

It is well known that exposure of plant seedlings or plants to UV-B radiation induces changes in gene expression resulting in biochemical and morphological modifications. However, there is little information on the effects and potential utility of irradiation of seeds with UV-B. The aim of this study was to apply UV-B radiation in melon seeds using various irradiation times and then assess the effect on growth and morphology of the plant. Seeds of cultivar ‘Topmark’ were exposed to UV irradiation with wavelength centered at 302 nm, for periods of 0, 15, 30 and 45 minutes (UV dosages of 0, 99, 198 and 297 mJ cm<sup>-2</sup>, respectively). The irradiated seeds were seeded in a mixture of peat moss and perlite for greenhouse germination. Morphological parameters such as plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh and dry weights were evaluated. Stomatal frequency, stomatal index, and length and width of stomata were studied. Histological analyses were conducted to determine the areas of the stem vascular bundle and xylem vessels, width and length of vascular bundles, and the area of the lumen of xylem vessels. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences between treatments, with the treatment of 15 minutes (99 mJ cm<sup>-2</sup>) of seed exposure to UV-B radiation generating 24.87 and 32.42 % more fresh and dry weight of the plants, respectively. Stomatal index was augmented on the adaxial surface by 52.26, 7.14 and 13.55 %, in the treatments of 99, 198 and 297 mJ cm<sup>-2</sup>, respectively, in contrast with the control treatment, while the length of stomata was increased by 6.99% in the treatment with 30 minutes exposure time (198 mJ cm<sup>-2</sup>). Stomatal frequency was unchanged by exposure to radiation. The irradiation of the seeds caused decrease in P, Ca and Na in the leaves of plants.
French Revolution, Women and (2009)

The French Revolution is often cited as a defining moment of modernity. Apart from a number of specialized studies, much of the general work on the revolution has ignored the questions raised by feminist scholarship, but it is necessary to look at the complex ways in which women took part in this revolution, and the ideological positions that developed. Landes (1988) describes the period as one in which women actually lost status. Referring to the salons like those of Madame Du Deffand and Madame Geoffrin, the patroness of the Encyclopedia, she suggests that women had a greater degree of freedom in the last decades of the ancien régime . Noblewomen and nuns even had some political space, as shown by the elections to the Estates General, where some of them could be represented, even though by men. The revolution and its consciously masculinist discourse, however, excluded them from the public sphere and, as Landes shows, the republic was not just constructed without women, but against them. This reading of the revolution suggests that women, as a category, did not have a revolution.
Dynamic cell culture: a microfluidic function generator for live cell microscopy (2008)

We present a microfluidic system for time-lapsed, live cell microscopy with the ability to control solution exchange via a dynamic flow controller. The application specific microfluidic plates are designed to maintain adherent and non-adherent cell types for multiple days with continuous medium perfusion. Upstream channels with flow controlled via custom software allow the delivery of unique exposure profiles to the cultured cells, such as square waves, step functions, ramps, etc.
Acquired mutations in the genes encoding IDH1 and IDH2 both are recurrent aberrations in acute myeloid leukemia: prevalence and prognostic value (2010)

Somatic mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) were recently demonstrated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but their prevalence and prognostic impact remain to be explored in large extensively characterized AML series, and also in various other hematologic malignancies. Here, we demonstrate in 893 newly diagnosed cases of AML mutations in the IDH1 (6%) and IDH2 (11%) genes. Moreover, we identified IDH mutations in 2 JAK2 V617F myeloproliferative neoplasias (n = 96), a single case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 96), and none in chronic myeloid leukemias (n = 81). In AML, IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are more common among AML with normal karyotype and NPM1(mutant) genotypes. IDH1 mutation status is an unfavorable prognostic factor as regards survival in a composite genotypic subset lacking FLT3(ITD) and NPM1(mutant). Thus, IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are common genetic aberrations in AML, and IDH1 mutations may carry prognostic value in distinct subtypes of AML.
Virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD Vietnam veterans: A case study (1999)

Virtual reality (VR) integrates real-time computer graphics, body tracking devices, visual displays, and other sensory input devices to immerse a participant in a computer-generated virtual environment that changes in a natural way with head and body motion. VR exposure (VRE) is proposed as an alternative to typical imaginal exposure treatment for Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This report presents the results of the first Vietnam combat veteran with PTSD to have been treated with VRE. The patient was exposed to two virtual environments, a virtual Huey helicopter flying over a virtual Vietnam and a clearing surrounded by jungle. The patient experienced a 34% decrease on clinician-rated PTSD and a 45% decrease on self-rated PTSD. Treatment gains were maintained at 6-month follow-up.
Expression of the elastolytic cathepsins S and K in human atheroma and regulation of their production in smooth muscle cells. (1998)

Formation of the atherosclerotic intima must involve altered metabolism of the elastin-rich arterial extracellular matrix. Proteases potentially involved in these processes remain unclear. This study examined the expression of the potent elastases cathepsins S and K in human atheroma. Normal arteries contained little or no cathepsin K or S. In contrast, macrophages in atheroma contained abundant immunoreactive cathepsins K and S. Intimal smooth muscle cells (SMC), especially cells appearing to traverse the internal elastic laminae, also contained these enzymes. Extracts of atheromatous tissues had approximately twofold greater elastase-specific activity than extracts of uninvolved arteries, mostly due to cysteine proteases. Cultured human SMC displayed no immunoreactive cathepsins K and S and exhibited little or no elastolytic activity when incubated with insoluble elastin. SMC stimulated with the atheroma-associated cytokines IL-1beta or IFN-gamma secreted active cathepsin S and degraded substantial insoluble elastin (15-20 microg/10(6) cells/24 h). A selective inhibitor of cathepsin S blocked > 80% of this elastolytic activity. The presence of cathepsins K and S at sites of vascular matrix remodeling and the ability of SMC and macrophages to use these enzymes to degrade elastin supports a role for elastolytic cathepsins in vessel wall remodeling and identifies novel therapeutic targets in regulating plaque stability.
Activation of superoxide formation and lysozyme release in human neutrophils by the synthetic lipopeptide Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4. Involvement of guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins and synergism with chemotactic peptides (1990)

Upon exposure to the bacterial chemotactic peptide fMet-Leu-Phe, human neutrophils release lysozyme and generate superoxide anions (O2.-). The synthetic lipoamino acid N-palmitoyl-S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-(R)-cysteine (Pam3Cys), which is derived from the N-terminus of bacterial lipoprotein, when attached to Ser-(Lys)4 [giving Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4], activated O2.- formation and lysozyme release in human neutrophils with an effectiveness amounting to about 15% of that of fMet-Leu-Phe. Palmitic acid, muramyl dipeptide, lipopolysaccharide and the lipopeptides Pam3Cys-Ala-Gly, Pam3Cys-Ser-Gly, Pam3Cys-Ser, Pam3Cys-OMe and Pam3Cys-OH did not activate O2.- formation. Pertussis toxin, which ADP-ribosylates guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins) and functionally uncouples formyl peptide receptors from G-proteins, prevented activation of O2.- formation by fMet-Leu-Phe and inhibited Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4-induced O2.- formation by 85%. Lipopeptide-induced exocytosis was pertussis-toxin-insensitive. O2.- formation induced by Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 and fMet-Leu-Phe was enhanced by cytochalasin B, by a phorbol ester and by a diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor. Addition of activators of adenylate cyclase and removal of extracellular Ca2+ inhibited O2.- formation by fMet-Leu-Phe and Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 to different extents. Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 synergistically enhanced fMet-Leu-Phe-induced O2.- formation and primed neutrophils to respond to the chemotactic peptide at non-stimulatory concentrations. Our data suggest the following. (1) Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 activates neutrophils through G-proteins, involving pertussis-toxin-sensitive and -insensitive processes. (2) The signal transduction pathways activated by fMet-Leu-Phe and Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 are similar but not identical. (3) In inflammatory processes, bacterial lipoproteins and chemotactic peptides may interact synergistically to activate O2.- formation, leading to enhanced bactericidal activity.
INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-BINDING PROTEIN-1 MODULATES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS (1991)

We have determined the consequences of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) administration alone and in combination with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Human recombinant IGF-I, infused as a bolus into male Wistar rats, induced a fall in plasma glucose to 72 +/- 3% of baseline 15 min after injection. Co-infusion of equimolar concentrations of human IGFBP-1 abolished the IGF-I-induced fall (P less than 0.001). Injection of IGFBP-1 alone caused a rise in plasma glucose levels (P less than 0.002). The half life of human IGFBP-1, measured using a primate-specific RIA, was 12.5 +/- 0.7 min and was not influenced by the co-infusion of IGF-I. This study demonstrates that, in the rat, human IGFBP-1 blocks the hypoglycemic response to intravenous IGF-I and increases blood glucose levels when administered alone. Since IGFBP-1 concentrations are dependent on metabolic status, we suggest that fluctuating IGFBP-1 levels might modulate the hypoglycemic activity of unbound IGFs in the circulation.
High Lysine Mutant Gene (hl that Improves Protein Quality and Biological Value of Grain Sorghum1 (1973)

Seeds from over 9,000 lines in the world sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] collection were classified for endosperm phenotype to identify floury endosperm lines and evaluate each for potential increases in lysine concentration. Sixty‐two floury endosperm lines were selected and analyzed for protein and lysine composition. Two floury lines of Ethiopian origin, IS 11167 and IS 11758, were exceptionally high in lysine at relatively high levels of protein. The average whole grain lysine concentration of high lysine lines IS 11167 and IS 11758 was 3.34 and 3.13 (g/100g protein) at 15.7 and 17.2% protein, respectively. Both lines were also high in percent oil. Carbohydrate analyses of whole grain samples of the two high lysine lines were similar to that of normal sorghum grain except for a twofold increase in sucrose concentration. The high lysine gene altered the amino acid pattern in hl hl hl endosperm tissue relative to normal endosperm checks. The major changes were increased lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, glycine, and tryptophan concentrations and decreased amounts of glutamic acid, proline, alanine, and leucine in the hl hl hl endosperm. Inheritance studies suggest that the increased lysine concentration of each line is controlled by a single recessive gene, although it is not known whether the genes from both lines are allelic. The high lysine gene(s) present in IS 11167 and IS 11758 from Ethiopia is (are) herein designated as hl . The endosperm of kernels homozygous for the hl gene is partially dented. The biological value of the high lysine lines was much higher than that of average sorghum lines. In a 28‐day isonitrogenous feeding experiment the weight gain of weanling rats was three times higher on an IS 11758 ration and twice as high on an IS 11167 ration as weight gains on rations prepared from normal sorghum lines. When fed rations without any dilution except the usual 2% vitamin and 4% mineral supplementation, rats gained 94 g on high lysine sorghum (IS 11758) and 28.5 g on our current best nutritional quality sorghum line (IS 2319), versus 91.5 g on opaque‐2 corn ( Zea mays L.) and 30.2 g on normal corn in a 28‐day feeding trial. Feed efficiency ratios for this trial were 3.0 for high lysine sorghum, 6.8 for IS 2319, 3.4 for opaque‐2 corn, and 7.4 for normal corn.
Heterotrimeric Gαq/Gα11 Proteins Function Upstream of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Receptor-2 (KDR) Phosphorylation in Vascular Permeability Factor/VEGF Signaling (2003)

Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF) functions by activating two receptor-tyrosine kinases, Flt-1 (VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1) and KDR (VEGFR-2), both of which are selectively expressed on primary vascular endothelium. KDR is responsible for VPF/VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation and migration, whereas Flt-1 down-modulates KDR-mediated endothelial cell proliferation. Our most recent works show that pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins and Gbetagamma subunits are required for Flt-1-mediated down-regulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation and that Gq/11 proteins are required for KDR-mediated RhoA activation and HUVEC migration. In this study, we demonstrate that Gq/11 proteins are also required for VPF/VEGF-stimulated HUVEC proliferation. Our results further indicate that Gq/11 proteins specifically mediate KDR signaling such as intracellular Ca2+ mobilization rather than Flt-1-induced CDC42 activation and that a Gq/11 antisense oligonucleotide completely inhibits MAPK phosphorylation induced by KDR but has no effect on Flt-1-induced MAPK activation. More importantly, we demonstrate that Gq/11 proteins interact with KDR in vivo, and the interaction of Gq/11 proteins with KDR does not require KDR tyrosine phosphorylation. Surprisingly, the Gq/11 antisense oligonucleotide completely inhibits VPF/VEGF-stimulated KDR phosphorylation. Expression of a constitutively active mutant of G11 but not Gq can cause phosphorylation of KDR and MAPK. In addition, a Gbetagamma minigene, hbetaARK1(495), inhibits VPF/VEGF-stimulated HUVEC proliferation, MAPK phosphorylation, and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization but has no effect on KDR phosphorylation. Taken together, this study demonstrates that Gq/11 proteins mediate KDR tyrosine phosphorylation and KDR-mediated HUVEC proliferation through interaction with KDR.
Role of hERG potassium channel assays in drug development (2008)

Numerous structurally and functionally unrelated drugs block the hERG potassium channel. HERG channels are involved in cardiac action potential repolarization, and reduced function of hERG lengthens ventricular action potentials, prolongs the QT interval in an electrocardiogram, and increases the risk for potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias. In order to reduce the risk of investing resources in a drug candidate that fails preclinical safety studies because of QT prolongation, it is important to screen compounds for activity on hERG channels early in the lead optimization process. A number of hERG assays are available, ranging from high throughput binding assays on stably expressed recombinant channels to very time consuming electrophysiological examinations in cardiac myocytes. Depending on the number of compounds to be tested, binding assays or functional assays measuring membrane potential or Rb(+) flux, combined with electrophysiology on a few compounds, can be used to efficiently develop the structure-function relationship of hERG interactions.
The cep quorum-sensing system of Burkholderia cepacia H111 controls biofilm formation and swarming motility (2001)

Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa often co-exist as mixed biofilms in the lungs of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF). Here, the isolation of random mini-Tn5 insertion mutants of B. cepacia H111 defective in biofilm formation on an abiotic surface is reported. It is demonstrated that one of these mutants no longer produces N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) due to an inactivation of the cepR gene. cepR and the cepI AHL synthase gene together constitute the cep quorum-sensing system of B. cepacia. By using a gene replacement method, two defined mutants, H111-I and H111-R, were constructed in which cepI and cepR, respectively, had been inactivated. These mutants were used to demonstrate that biofilm formation by B. cepacia H111 requires a functional cep quorum-sensing system. A detailed quantitative analysis of the biofilm structures formed by wild-type and mutant strains suggested that the quorum-sensing system is not involved in the regulation of initial cell attachment, but rather controls the maturation of the biofilm. Furthermore, it is shown that B. cepacia is capable of swarming motility, a form of surface translocation utilized by various bacteria to rapidly colonize appropriate substrata. Evidence is provided that swarming motility of B. cepacia is quorum-sensing-regulated, possibly through the control of biosurfactant production. Complementation of the cepR mutant H111-R with different biosurfactants restored swarming motility while biofilm formation was not significantly increased. This result suggests that swarming motility per se is not essential for biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces.
Isolation and characterization of a pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase from Propionibacterium shermanii. (1975)

A pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase (pyrophosphate; D-fructose-6-phosphate-1-phosphotransferase) has been purified and characterized from extracts of Propionibacterium shermanii. The enzyme catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from pyrophosphate to fructose 6-phosphate to yield fructose-1,6-P2 and phosphate. This unique enzymatic activity was observed initially in Entamoeba histolytica (Reeves, R.E., South, D.J., Blytt, H.G., and Warren, L. G. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 7734-7741). This is the third pyrophosphate-utilizing enzyme that these two diverse organisms have in common. The others are phosphoenolpyruvate carboxytransphosphorylase and pyruvate phosphate dikinase. The PPi-phosphofructokinase from P. shermanii is specific for fructose-6-P and fructose-1,6-P2, no other phosphorylated sugars were utilized. Phosphate could be replaced by arsenate. The Km values are: phosphate, 6.0 X 10(-4) M; fructose-1, 6-P2, 5.1 X 10(-5) M; pyrophosphate, 6.9 X 10(-5) M; and fructose-6-P, 1.0 X 10(-4) M. The S20w is 5.1 S. The molecular weight of the native enzyme is 95,000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis of the enzyme showed a single band migrating with an Rf corresponding to a molecular weight of 48,000. Extracts of P. shermanii have PPi-phosphofructokinase activity approximately 6 times greater than ATP-phosphofructokinase and 15 to 20 times greater than fructose diphosphatase activities. It is proposed that (a) PPi may replace ATP in the formation of fructose-1-6-P2 when the organism is grown on glucose and (b) when the organism is grown on lactate or glycerol the conversion of fructose-1,6-P2 to fructose-6-P during gluconeogenesis may occur by phosphorolysis rather than hydrolysis.
Biochemical studies on pili isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO (1979)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains PAO and PAK bear polar pili which are flexible filaments having a diameter of 6 nm and an average length of 2500 nm. Both types of pili are retractile and promote infection by a number of bacteriophages. The present communication describes the partial biochemical characterization of PAO pili isolated from a multipiliated nonretractile mutant of PAO. The observed properties are compared to those of PAK pili which were characterized previously. PAO pili were found to contain a single polypeptide subunit of 18 700 daltons. This is similar to PAK pili which contain a single polypeptide of 18 100 daltons. The amino acid composition of PAO pilin was also similar to that of PAK pilin. Neither protein contained phosphate or carbohydrate residues and both were found to contain N-methylphenylalanine at the amino terminus. Sequencing of 20 amino acid residues at the amino terminal end of PAO pilin revealed the sequence to be identical with that of PAK pilin, while tryptic peptide analyses of PAO and PAK pilin indicated that the two proteins probably contain a number of homologous regions within the polypeptide. It was concluded that PAO and PAK pili are closely related structures.
A 128 K*8 70-MHz multiport video RAM with auto register reload and 8*4 block WRITE feature (1988)

An 80-ns 1-Mb multiport video random-access memory (VRAM) can be organized as 128 K*8 or 256 K*4. Uninterrupted serial data streams of 70 MHz are achieved by combining pipelining and interleaving techniques with an internally triggered automatic memory-to-register transfer mechanism. DRAM bandwidth is enhanced by a block WRITE feature which can write as many as four column address locations in every CAS cycle. The write-per-bit feature has been expanded by including an on-chip write-per-bit latch and an extended mode of operation to simplify its use in a wider range of systems. The VRAM is fabricated in a 1 mu m CMOS technology using double-level poly/polycide, single level metal, and trench DRAM storage capacitors for high noise immunity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Amino Acid Residues Involved in Determining the Processivity of the 3‘−5‘ Exonuclease Activity in a Family B DNA Polymerase from the Thermoacidophilic Archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus (1998)

Herein, we report on the mutational analysis of a 70-amino acid segment (region 1, residues 438-508) of family B DNA polymerase from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus (Sso DNA pol). Region 1, which lies between the Exo III sequence and the similarity motif D- -SLYP, connects the exonuclease and polymerase domains of Sso DNA pol. Two C-terminally deleted forms of the enzyme, proteins N438 (residues 1-438) and N508 (residues 1-508), were overproduced in the recombinant form and biochemically characterized. They contain the three evolutionarily conserved Exo motifs, but differ in the extent of the C-terminal deletion, since only N508 includes region 1. Both have been found to retain a Mn2+-dependent 3'-5' exonuclease activity, whose thermal stability appears to be increased in comparison to that of the full-sized enzyme. Assays for processive 3'-5' exonuclease activity, carried out with the heparin trap method on a 24-base oligonucleotide, have revealed that protein N508, as well as the full-length Sso DNA pol, retains a level of processivity of the degradative function substantially higher than that for protein N438. In addition, six site-specific mutations have been introduced at the highly conserved Y-GG/A motif, which has been found within Sso DNA pol region 1. All mutant proteins (Lys491Ile, Tyr495Ser, Lys496Ile, Gly497Ala, and Ala498Val) display increased processivity of their 3'-5' exonuclease activity, with the exception of protein Tyr495Phe. By a steady-state kinetic analysis of the exonucleolytic reaction on a 24-base oligonucleotide, the above site-specific mutations have been found to affect Km values consistently with the observed differences in the processivity values, whereas the effect on the kcat values seems to be less important. The results from this mutational analysis indicate that region 1 is involved in determining the processivity of the proofreading function, directly interacting with the nucleic acid substrate.