gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Appropriating Competence: The competency movement, the New Right and the “culture change” project (2008)

This paper raises some critical issues concerning 'competency' as represented, today, by the National Council for Vocational Qualifications and, earlier, by the Manpower Services Commission. It is argued that the narrowly behaviouristic model supported by the 'competency movement' is only one of the many ways in which competence has been approached within the social sciences. The issue of why those agencies should have promoted this particular model of competence is explored, using Bernstein's concept of 'pedagogic discourse'. It is argued that competency should be located within the political context of the policies with which it is associated. The promotion of competency can be understood in terms of political aspirations of the New Right to change the culture of British institutions and economic life in the direction of a neo-liberal market ideology. The problems of competency are explored with reference to its methodology and the manner in which-it represents 'the world of work' and competence within it.
Host microenvironment in breast cancer development Inflammatory and immune cells in tumour angiogenesis and arteriogenesis (2003)

Breast cancer progression is associated with and dependent upon robust neovascularization. It is becoming clear that tumour-associated 'normal' cells, such as immune/inflammatory cells, endothelial cells and stromal cells, conspire with cancer cells in promoting this process. In particular, infiltrating immune/inflammatory cells secrete a diverse repertoire of growth factors and proteases that enable them to enhance tumour growth by stimulating angiogenesis and, as we suggest here, by promoting 'tumour arteriogenesis' - enlargement of feeding vessels supplying the expanding tumour capillary bed. Macrophages and their chemoattractants (e.g. macrophage chemoattractant protein-1) are critical for the arteriogenic process in ischaemia, and probably also in breast neoplasia. A better understanding of these various cellular and molecular constituents of breast cancer neovascularization may be useful in designing more effective therapies.
Effects of uniaxial stress on the electroreflectance spectrum of Ge and GaAs (1977)

We have investigated the effects of static uniaxial compression along [001] and [111] on the Schottky-barrier electroreflectance spectrum of the ${E}_{0}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{0}+{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}$ and ${E}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{1}+{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1}$ transitions in Ge and GaAs. From the stress-induced splittings and shifts of these optical structures we have obtained deformation potentials, spin-exchange parameters and reduced interband masses. For the ${E}_{0}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{0}+{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}$ transitions orbital (${b}_{1}$ and ${d}_{1}$), spin-dependent (${b}_{2}$ and ${d}_{2}$), and hydrostatic deformation potentials have been determined. In GaAs these are the first measurements reported for ${b}_{2}$ and ${d}_{2}$. The other parameters were found to be in good agreement with previous works. Interband reduced masses for the ${E}_{0}$ transition in Ge were determined at high stresses, in which case the degenerate valence band is split and the constant-energy surfaces are parabolic. Conclusive evidence for the existence of the electron-hole Coulomb interaction at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K as well as 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in the ${E}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{1}+{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1}$ transitions has been obtained from the polarization-dependent stress-induced splittings for [001] stress. The observed splitting is not explained by one-electron theory but is accounted for by including the electron-hole exchange interaction. By including exciton effects at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the systematic discrepancy between theory and experiment for the intensity and line shape of this structure should be resolved. In addition, deformation potentials due to shear (${D}_{1}^{5}$), hydrostatic (${D}_{1}^{1}$), and intraband (${D}_{3}^{3}$) effects were determined for the ${E}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{1}+{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1}$ transitions. The values obtained for ${D}_{1}^{5}$ in GaAs and Ge were found to be almost a factor of 2 larger than those previously reported. The reason for this is believed to be the higher resolution of the present experiments. Other parameters agree with prior works.
Targeting ATR in vivo using the novel inhibitor VE-822 results in selective sensitization of pancreatic tumors to radiation (2012)

Combined radiochemotherapy is the currently used therapy for locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but normal tissue toxicity limits its application. Here we test the hypothesis that inhibition of ATR (ATM-Rad3-related) could increase the sensitivity of the cancer cells to radiation or chemotherapy without affecting normal cells. We tested VE-822, an ATR inhibitor, for in vitro and in vivo radiosensitization. Chk1 phosphorylation was used to indicate ATR activity, γH2AX and 53BP1 foci as evidence of DNA damage and Rad51 foci for homologous recombination activity. Sensitivity to radiation (XRT) and gemcitabine was measured with clonogenic assays in vitro and tumor growth delay in vivo. Murine intestinal damage was evaluated after abdominal XRT. VE-822 inhibited ATR in vitro and in vivo. VE-822 decreased maintenance of cell-cycle checkpoints, increased persistent DNA damage and decreased homologous recombination in irradiated cancer cells. VE-822 decreased survival of pancreatic cancer cells but not normal cells in response to XRT or gemcitabine. VE-822 markedly prolonged growth delay of pancreatic cancer xenografts after XRT and gemcitabine-based chemoradiation without augmenting normal cell or tissue toxicity. These findings support ATR inhibition as a promising new approach to improve the therapeutic ration of radiochemotherapy for patients with PDAC.
Skin tissue engineering (2008)

The major applications of tissue-engineered skin substitutes are in promoting the healing of acute and chronic wounds. Several approaches have been taken by commercial companies to develop products to address these conditions. Skin substitutes include both acellular and cellular devices. While acellular skin substitutes act as a template for dermal formation, this discussion mainly covers cellular devices. In addressing therapeutic applications in tissue engineering generally, a valuable precursor is an understanding of the mechanism of the underlying pathology. While this is straightforward in many cases, it has not been available for wound healing. Investigation of the mode of action of the tissue-engineered skin substitutes has led to considerable insight into the mechanism of formation, maintenance and treatment of chronic wounds. Four aspects mediating healing are considered here for their mechanism of action: (i) colonization of the wound bed by live fibroblasts in the implant, (ii) the secretion of growth factors, (iii) provision of a suitable substrate for cell migration, particularly keratinocytes and immune cells, and (iv) modification of the immune system by secretion of neutrophil recruiting chemokines. An early event in acute wound healing is an influx of neutrophils that destroy planktonic bacteria. However, if the bacteria are able to form biofilm, they become resistant to neutrophil action and prevent reepithelialization. In this situation the wound becomes chronic. In chronic wounds, fibroblasts show a senescence-like phenotype with decreased secretion of neutrophil chemoattractants that make it more likely that biofilms become established. Treatment of the chronic wounds involves debridement to eliminate biofilm, and the use of antimicrobials. A role of skin substitutes is to provide non-senescent fibroblasts that attract and activate neutrophils to prevent biofilm re-establishment. The emphasis of the conclusion is the importance of preventing contaminating bacteria becoming established and forming biofilms.
Liquid Crystal Polarizers with Axially Symmetrical Properties (1989)

Liquid crystal polarizers are prepared by using a common linear polarizer, a nematic liquid crystal and PVA-coated glass substrates. The surface of one substrate is treated for unidirectional molecular orientation and the other substrate is treated for concentrically circular molecular orientation. The liquid crystal cell has axially symmetrical polarization properties, that is, a concentrically circular or radial polarization can be achieved.
Tapping into the glial reservoir: cells committed to remaining uncommitted (2010)

The development and maturation of the oligodendrocyte requires a series of highly orchestrated events that coordinate the proliferation and differentiation of the oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) as well as the spatiotemporal regulation of myelination. In recent years, widespread interest has been devoted to the therapeutic potential of adult OPCs scattered throughout the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we highlight molecular mechanisms controlling OPC differentiation during development and the implication of these mechanisms on adult OPCs for remyelination. Cell-autonomous regulators of differentiation and the heterogeneous microenvironment of the developing and the adult CNS may provide coordinated inhibitory cues that ultimately maintain a reservoir of uncommitted glia.
The dictionary of cell biology. (1989)

Vocabulary of field of cell biology. Also includes compounds or substances. Entries are generally brief and explanatory. Tables and appendix.
Uplink Performance Analysis of Multicell MU-MIMO Systems with ZF Receivers (2012)

We consider the uplink of a multicell multiuser multiple-input multiple-output system where the channel experiences both small and large-scale fading. The data detection is done by using the linear zero-forcing technique, assuming the base station (BS) has perfect channel state information. We derive new, exact closed-form expressions for the uplink rate, symbol error rate, and outage probability per user, as well as a lower bound on the achievable rate. This bound is very tight and becomes exact in the large-number-of-antennas limit. We further study the asymptotic system performance in the regimes of high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), large number of antennas, and large number of users per cell. We show that at high SNRs, the system is interference-limited and hence, we cannot improve the system performance by increasing the transmit power of each user. Instead, by increasing the number of BS antennas, the effects of interference and noise can be reduced, thereby improving the system performance. We demonstrate that, with very large antenna arrays at the BS, the transmit power of each user can be made inversely proportional to the number of BS antennas while maintaining a desired quality-of-service. Numerical results are presented to verify our analysis.
Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing, G Protein-Coupled Receptor 4 Null Mice Exhibit Intrauterine Growth Retardation Associated with Embryonic and Perinatal Lethality (2004)

Leucine-rich repeat-containing, G protein-coupled receptors (LGRs) belong to the largest mammalian superfamily of proteins with seven-transmembrane domains. LGRs can be divided into three subgroups based on their unique domain arrangement. Although two subgroups have been found to be receptors for glycoprotein hormones and relaxin-related ligands, respectively, the third LGR subgroup, consisting of LGR4-6, are orphan receptors with unknown physiological roles. To elucidate the functions of this subgroup of LGRs, LGR4 null mice were generated using a secretory trap approach to delete the majority of the LGR4 gene after the insertion of a beta-galactosidase reporter gene immediately after exon 1. Tissues expressing LGR4 were analyzed based on histochemical staining of the transgene driven by the endogenous LGR4 promoter. LGR4 was widely expressed in kidney, adrenal gland, stomach, intestine, heart, bone/cartilage, and other tissues. The expression of LGR4 in these tissues was further confirmed by immunohistochemical studies in wild-type animals. Analysis of the viability of 250 newborn animals suggested a skewed inheritance pattern, indicating that only 40% of the expected LGR4 null mice were born. For the LGR4 null mice viable at birth, most of them died within 2 d. Furthermore, the LGR4 null mice showed intrauterine growth retardation as reflected by a 14% decrease in body weight at birth, together with 30% and 40% decreases in kidney and liver weights, respectively. The present findings demonstrate the widespread expression of LGR4, and an essential role of LGR4 for embryonic growth, as well as kidney and liver development. The observed pre- and postnatal lethality of LGR4 null mice illustrates the importance of the LGR4 signaling system for the survival and growth of animals during the perinatal stage.
Rate Acceleration in Olefin Metathesis through a Fluorine−Ruthenium Interaction (2006)

The synthesis, structure, and performance of new ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts, featuring fluorinated NHC ligands are presented. The introduction of halogen atoms into the N-heterocyclic carbene ligand profoundly alters the catalytic activity and can afford a more efficient catalyst. Structural investigations suggest that a fluorine-ruthenium interaction is responsible for this increased activity.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Serum Concentrations in Ovarian Cancer (1998)

In Brief Objective To determine whether serum vascular endothelial growth factor is an independent prognostic factor in ovarian cancer patients. Methods We measured vascular endothelial growth factor in pretreatment serum samples of 60 women with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stages I to IV epithelial ovarian cancer, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results were correlated to clinical data. Results The median vascular endothelial growth factor serum level in ovarian cancer patients was 466.1 pg/mL (range 69.7-2835 pg/mL). The 75% quartile was defined as a cut-off level. Elevated vascular endothelial growth factor serum levels before therapy correlated significantly with a poorer disease-free (log-rank-test, P = .003) and overall survival (log-rank-test, P = .007). Multivariate analysis revealed serum vascular endothelial growth factor to be an independent prognostic factor of overall and disease-free survival. When median pretreatment levels of vascular endothelial growth factor were grouped by tumor stage, histologic grade of tumor cells, histologic type of the tumor, lymph node involvement, age of patient, and residual tumor mass, we found a statistically significant correlation between serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and histologic grade (Mann-Whitney U test, P = .03). Conclusion Vascular endothelial growth factor appears to be an additional factor for predicting the outcome of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Owing to its independence from established prognostic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor could be used for prognostic information in clinically relevant subsets such as early-stage or lymph node-negative ovarian cancers. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor is an independent prognostic factor in epithelial ovarian cancer.
The Analysis of a Reconfigurable Antenna With a Rotating Feed Using Graph Models (2009)

This letter investigates a new reconfigurable antenna technique based on the rotation of a slot. The surface currents are redistributed for each slot position. The antenna is simulated, fabricated, and tested. The return loss frequency tuning matches the simulated data. The antenna radiation pattern remains unchanged for different slot positions. Finally, the process for automatic rotation and control of the slot is investigated using graph models.
Structure activity relationships for derivatives of adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate as agonists at P2 purinoceptors: Heterogeneity within P2x and P2y subtypes (1994)

The structure-activity relationships for a variety of adenine nucleotide analogues at P(2x)- and P(2Y)-purinoceptors were investigated. Compounds formed by structural modifications of the ATP molecule including substitutions of the purine ring (C2, C8, N1, and N(6)-substituents, and a uridine base instead of adenine), the ribose moiety (2' and 3'-positions), and the triphosphate group (lower phosphates, bridging oxygen substitution, and cyclization) were prepared. Pharmacological activity at P(2Y)-purinoceptors was assayed in the guinea pig taenia coli, endothelial cells of the rabbit aorta, smooth muscle of the rabbit mesenteric artery, and turkey erythrocyte membranes. Activity at P(2X)-purinoceptors was assayed in the rabbit saphenous artery and the guinea-pig vas deferens and urinary bladder. Some of the analogues displayed selectivity, or even specificity, for either the P(2X)- or the P(2Y)-purinoceptors. Certain analogues displayed selectivity or specificity within the P(2X)- or P(2Y)-purinoceptor superfamilies, giving hints about possible subclasses. For example, 8-(6-aminohexylamino)ATP and 2',3'-isopropylidene-AMP were selective for endothelial Pzypurinoceptors over P(2Y)-purinoceptors in the guinea pig taenia coli, rabbit aorta, and turkey erythrocytes. These compounds were both inactive at P(2X)-purinoceptors. The potent agonist N(6)-methyl ATP and the somewhat less potent agonist 2'-deoxy-ATP were selective for P(2Y)-purinoceptors in the guinea pig taenia coli, but were inactive at P(2X)-purinoceptors and the vascular P(2Y)-purinoceptors. 3'-Benzylamino-3'-deoxyATP was very potent at the P(2X)-purinoceptors in the guinea pig vas deferens and bladder, but not in the rabbit saphenous artery and was inactive at P(2Y) receptors. These data suggest that specific compounds can be developed that can be utilized to activate putative subtypes of the P(2X)- and P(2Y)-purinoceptor classes.
Enzyme technology and molecular biology (1982)

Abstract Enzyme technology could lead to a completely new type of chemical industry utilising moderate conditions of pH, temperature and pressure to produce from wastes or by‐products, high yields of complex chemicals without generating new waste products that pollute the environment. The potential of enzyme technology is great and applications are foreseen in industry, chemical analysis and in medicine. The new tools of this branch are immobilised enzymes or whole cells with enzymatic capacity. Methods of modern biochemistry must be applied, including genetic manipulation, molecular aging and protein chemistry.
Identification of the simian rotavirus SA11 genome segment 3 product (1988)

Previous studies on rotavirus gene-coding assignments failed to clearly identify the simian rotavirus SA11 genome segment 3 protein product. This question was reexamined by using new conditions of electrophoresis with improved resolution of proteins in the high-molecular-weight range. Our results showed that the SA11 genome segment 3 codes for a protein with an apparent mol wt of 88,000. This protein normally comigrates with the protein product of genome segment 4. The gene 3 protein was located in viral core particles by comparing the electrophoretic patterns of [35S]methionine-labeled viral polypeptides from infected cells and from purified double-shelled, single-shelled, and core particles. To confirm the identity of the gene 3 product, we also studied two reassortant viruses in which genome segment 3 was reassorted from each of two parental virus strains (SA11 and NCDV). The gene 3 and gene 4 products of these viruses were identified by (i) their separation by two different polyacrylamide gel systems, (ii) their location in distinct particle types, (iii) their differential sensitivity to trypsin digestion, and (iv) their distinctive protease peptide maps. We propose that the genome segment 3 product be called VP3 and that the gene 4 product be named VP4 from now on.
Over het borstbeen (sternum) van de mammoet (1992)

The authors describe the breastbone (sternum) of fossil elephants, especially that of the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius). The breastbone in elephants consists of three (sometimes four) parts, viz. prae-, meso-, and xiphosternum (fig. 1). It is situated between the humeri, just below the scapulae. The breastbone has a carinate form and characteristically shows a number of facets that indicate the attachment of the cartilage connections for pairs of ribs. The number of ribs directly connected with the sternum by cartilage varies with each part. Until now, this part of the skeleton has barely received any attention in the literature; short descriptions of the praesternum (TOEPFER, 1957) and the meso-xiphosternum (KOENINGSWALD, 1989) are the only references of the woolly mammoth to be registered. MACCAGNO (1962) described and figured sternum bones of Mammuthus (Archidiskodon) meridionalis of l’Aquila (Italy). GARUTT and NIKOLSKAJA (1988) mention the sternum of Mammuthus trogontherii of Edersleben near Sangerhausen (Germany). This article mentions 18 sternal parts of the woolly mammoth from the Netherlands and the bottom of the North Sea between England and the Netherlands. Some of these are described. Two praesterna of the southern mammoth, M. (A.) meridionalis, are described. One is from the bottom of the North Sea, the other from Seneze, France.
Nitric Oxide: A Neural Messenger (1995)

Nitric oxide (NO) is a messenger molecule that is now a well established neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. NO was initially characterized as the "endothelium-derived relaxation factor" and subsequently found to mediate the elevation in cGMP following glutamatergic stimulation in the nervous system. Pharmacological and immunohistochemical data suggest numerous roles for NO throughout the body. NO knockout mice have demonstrated that NO is essential in behavioral and autonomic function. NO also appears to have neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects and may have a role in the pathogenesis of stroke and other neurodegenerative disorders.
The analysis of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) mRNA and protein patterns in primary and metastatic liver cancer (2011)

Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP, SLCO genes) mediate the uptake of endobiotics and drugs. Thus, their expression levels and pattern could be of relevance for cancer therapy. This prompted us to investigate the expression of poorly characterized OATPs, namely OATP2A1, OATP3A1, OATP4A1 and OATP5A1 in hepatic cancer of different origin. First, mRNA levels of all eleven OATPs were determined in paired (cancerous and adjacent non-cancerous) specimens from 43 patients with primary liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC; cholangiocellular carcinoma, CCC) and liver metastases from colon tumors (MLT). Real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that all OATPs, except OATP1C1 and OATP6A1, are extensively expressed in nearly all samples. In contrast to downregulated OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP1A2 and OATP2B1 in cancerous vs. non-cancerous samples, an increase in OATP2A1, OATP3A1, OATP4A1 and OATP5A1 mRNA levels was seen in tumors (up to 40-fold for OATP5A1 in the MLT group). Therefore, OATP2A1, OATP3A1, OATP4A1 and OATP5A1 were further investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy on paraffin-embedded cancerous and non-cancerous sections (seven per group). OATP-derived immunoreactivity was observed in plasma membranes and cytosol of hepatic tumor cells, and additionally, in various cytokeratin 19 positive bile ducts. An increased percentage of immunoreactive cells and a higher staining intensity in cancerous vs. non-cancerous paraffin sections paralleled higher mRNA levels of OATP2A1, OATP3A1, OATP4A1 and OATP5A1 in cancerous tissues of HCC, CCC and MLT patients. The extensive expression of OATP2A1, OATP3A1, OATP4A1 and OATP5A1 in hepatic tumors of different origin suggests that these transporters might be further exploited for the discovery of novel anticancer agents.