gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Strategies To Assess Hypoxic/HIF-1-Active Cancer Cells for the Development of Innovative Radiation Therapy (2011)

Local tumor recurrence and distant tumor metastasis frequently occur after radiation therapy and result in the death of cancer patients. These problems are caused, at least in part, by a tumor-specific oxygen-poor microenvironment, hypoxia. Oxygen-deprivation is known to inhibit the chemical ionization of both intracellular macro-molecules and water, etc., and thus reduce the cytotoxic effects of radiation. Moreover, DNA damage produced by free radicals is known to be more repairable under hypoxia than normoxia. Hypoxia is also known to induce biological tumor radioresistance through the activation of a transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). Several potential strategies have been devised in radiation therapy to overcome these problems; however, they have not yet achieved a complete remission. It is essential to reveal the intratumoral localization and dynamics of hypoxic/HIF-1-active tumor cells during tumor growth and after radiation therapy, then exploit the information to develop innovative therapeutic strategies, and finally damage radioresistant cells. In this review, we overview problems caused by hypoxia/HIF-1-active cells in radiation therapy for cancer and introduce strategies to assess intratumoral hypoxia/HIF-1 activity.
Footprint diameter for a cosmic-ray soil moisture probe: Theory and Monte Carlo simulations (2013)

[1] We used a combination of diffusion theory and neutron transport simulations to estimate the lateral footprint for a cosmic-ray soil moisture probe. The footprint is radial and can be described by an exponential function. Our theory assumes, and our simulations confirm that the corresponding exponential folding length is closely related to the moderation length in air, which in this work is defined as the average net displacement experienced by neutrons while traveling from the point of emission from soil to the point of detection in air. These simulations indicate that the effective moderation length is 150 m in dry air at sea level, and that this value is fairly constant over a wide range of detection energies––from 100 to 105 eV. If we define the lateral footprint as the area encompassing two e-fold distances, i.e., the area from which 86% of the recorded neutrons originate, then the footprint diameter is nearly 600 m in dry air. Both theory and simulations indicate that the footprint is inversely proportional to air density and linearly proportional to the height of the sensor above the ground for heights up to 125 m. Furthermore, our simulations indicate that the dependence on soil moisture is small, but the dependence on atmospheric humidity is significant, with a decrease in the footprint diameter of 40 m for every 0.01 kg kg−1 increase in specific humidity. The good agreement between our theory and transport simulations suggests that the lateral footprint is determined mainly by the properties of air.
A FRET‐Based Fluorogenic Phosphine for Live‐Cell Imaging with the Staudinger Ligation (2008)

Azide imaging: A fluorogenic phosphine based on a FRET-quenching mechanism allows for live-cell imaging of azido sugars by the Staudinger ligation. This design strategy can accommodate numerous fluorophores and complementary quenchers, enabling extension to multicolor imaging. In the image shown, the nuclei are blue while the cell surfaces and Golgi are green. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2008/z704847_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A Loop-Closure Theory for the Analysis and Synthesis of Compliant Mechanisms (1996)

Compliant mechanisms gain at least some of their motion from flexible members. The combination of large-deflection beam analysis, kinematic motion analysis, and energy storage makes the analysis of compliant mechanisms difficult. The design of mechanisms often requires iteration between synthesis and analysis procedures. In general, the difficulty in analysis has limited the use of compliant mechanisms to applications where only simple functions and motions are required. The pseudo-rigid-body model concept promises to be the key to unifying the compliant and rigid-body mechanism theories. It simplifies compliant mechanism analysis by determining an equivalent rigid-body mechanism that accurately models the kinematic characteristics of a compliant mechanism. Once this model is obtained, many well known concepts from rigid-body mechanism theory become amenable for use to analyze and design compliant mechanisms. The pseudo-rigid-body-model concept is used to develop a loop-closure method for the analysis and synthesis of compliant mechanisms. The method allows compliant mechanisms to be designed for tasks that would have earlier been assumed to be unlikely, if not impossible, applications of compliant mechanisms.
The relationship between pH and zeta potential of ∼ 30 nm metal oxide nanoparticle suspensions relevant toin vitrotoxicological evaluations (2009)

Zeta potential measurements are common in nanotoxicology. This research probes the effects of pH and time on nanoparticle zeta potential, agglomerate size, and cellular viability. The nanoparticles TiO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3, ZnO, and CeO2, were titrated from pH 12.0–2.0. The isoelectric points (IEP) of the nanoparticles were near neutral with the exception of TiO2 (IEP = 5.19) and Fe2O3 (IEP = 4.24). Nanoparticle agglomerates were largest at the IEP. TiO2 and Fe2O3 increased in zeta potential and agglomerate size over time; while Al2O3 and ZnO displayed little change. CeO2 increased in zeta potential; however, the net charge remained negative. Cytotoxicity studies revealed that TiO2 and Fe2O3 caused decreasing cellular viability over 48 h. Al2O3, ZnO, and CeO2 cellular viability remained similar to control. Results indicate that alterations in the pH have a large effect on zeta potential and agglomerate size which may be used as a predictive measure of nanotoxicity.
The role of new asthma treatments (1998)

Inhaled corticosteroid therapy remains the basis for the treatment of chronic asthma. Recent understanding of its use includes the benefits of early introduction, and of its plateaued dose-benefit effects. Additional beneficial effects on asthma control and prevention of asthma exacerbations can be obtained by combining middle-to high-dose inhaled corticosteroid with long-acting β-agonists and slow-release theophylline. Leukotriene inhibitors, particularly leukotriene receptor antagonists, are novel treatments that may also be combined with inhaled steroid therapy. Although current asthma treatments are very effective, a subgroup of asthma patients (difficult or therapy-resistant asthma) do not respond adequately to these treatments and need maintained oral corticosteroid therapy. New asthma treatments are particularly needed for this group. New treatments for asthma include more potent topical corticosteroids which have less potential for side-effects, inhibition of eosinophil chemotaxis and activation such as anti-IL-5, anti-eotaxin, eotaxin receptor antagonist, anti-VL-A4, anti-IgE therapy, restoring Th-1/Th-2 balance either by increasing Th-1 or reducing Th-2 T-cell activity, anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, and specific inhibitors of PDE4. These treatments may be considered as either controllers, remitters (inducing remission of disease), or preventors according to their modes of action and their clinical effects. Currently, there does not appear to be any prospect of a cure for asthma.
A Report on the delivering of off-campus granular e-learning opportunities using Project SMILE (2003)

The SMILE (SME MIcro-LEarning) Project began January 2001. It is an ESF-funded programme of study for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), where the learner is presented with an andragogy using online off-campus delivery via a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). Learners have the opportunity to engage in work-based/problem-solving learning as ‘activities/tasks’, both individually and as members of teams. Collaborative learning through the use of a virtual classroom (within the VLE) is used to develop a learning community. A virtual learning environment is being used to allow the learner to take part anywhere, any time and at any pace. This paper will stress the importance of tutor and institutional support in underpinning the learners’ experiences. A brief version of this paper was first presented at BEST 2002: Supporting the Teacher, Challenging the Learner, Edinburgh 8-10 April 2002. Some changes have since been made to reflect more recent developments.
Luminescence and Raman scattering properties of Ag-doped ZnO films (2006)

Ag-doped ZnO films were prepared by direct current reactive magnetron sputtering using a zinc target with various Ag-chips attached. The influence of Ag doping on the microstructure, photoluminescence and Raman scattering of ZnO films were systematically investigated. The results indicate that ZnO films doped with Ag can still retain a wurtzite structure, although the c-axis as preferred orientation is decreased by Ag doping. The near band edge emission of ZnO film can be enhanced by Ag doping with a concentration of 1.6–2.8 at.% and quench with a further increase in the Ag concentration. A local vibrational mode at 411 cm−1 induced by Ag dopant can be observed in the Raman spectra of the Ag-doped ZnO films, which might be used as an indication of Ag incorporation into the ZnO lattice.
Construction and Analysis of Mouse Strains Lacking the Ubiquitin Ligase UBR1 (E3α) of the N-End Rule Pathway (2001)

The N-end rule relates the in vivo half-life of a protein to the identity of its N-terminal residue. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the UBR1-encoded ubiquitin ligase (E3) of the N-end rule pathway mediates the targeting of substrate proteins in part through binding to their destabilizing N-terminal residues. The functions of the yeast N-end rule pathway include fidelity of chromosome segregation and the regulation of peptide import. Our previous work described the cloning of cDNA and a gene encoding the 200-kDa mouse UBR1 (E3alpha). Here we show that mouse UBR1, in the presence of a cognate mouse ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzyme, can rescue the N-end rule pathway in ubr1Delta S. cerevisiae. We also constructed UBR1(-/-) mouse strains that lacked the UBR1 protein. UBR1(-/-) mice were viable and fertile but weighed significantly less than congenic +/+ mice. The decreased mass of UBR1(-/-) mice stemmed at least in part from smaller amounts of the skeletal muscle and adipose tissues. The skeletal muscle of UBR1(-/-) mice apparently lacked the N-end rule pathway and exhibited abnormal regulation of fatty acid synthase upon starvation. By contrast, and despite the absence of the UBR1 protein, UBR1(-/-) fibroblasts contained the N-end rule pathway. Thus, UBR1(-/-) mice are mosaics in regard to the activity of this pathway, owing to differential expression of proteins that can substitute for the ubiquitin ligase UBR1 (E3alpha). We consider these UBR1-like proteins and discuss the functions of the mammalian N-end rule pathway.
A phase 1 and pharmacodynamic study of decitabine in combination with carboplatin in patients with recurrent, platinum‐resistant, epithelial ovarian cancer (2010)

Repetitive low-dose decitabine is tolerated when combined with carboplatin in ovarian cancer patients, and demonstrates biological (ie, DNA-hypomethylating) activity, justifying further testing for clinical efficacy. Cancer 2010. (c) 2010 American Cancer Society.
Tn5tac1, a derivative of transposon Tn5 that generates conditional mutations. (1988)

Conditional lethal mutations are valuable for analyzing essential genes. We describe here a derivative of the bacterial transposon Tn5 called Tn5tac1 and its use in an innovative strategy for making mutations with conditional phenotypes. The 4.6-kilobase Tn5tac1 element contains a strong, regulatable, outward-facing promoter (Ptac) near one end and is polar on the expression of distal genes when the inducer of Ptac [isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG)] is absent. Our results show that two unusual conditional mutant phenotypes can result from Tn5tac1 insertion in Escherichia coli: one is corrected by IPTG while the other is induced by IPTG. The broad host range of Tn5 and the conditional nature of these mutant phenotypes makes Tn5tac1 well suited for identifying essential genes in diverse bacterial species.
Deltakerliste - List of participants (1988)

&lt;p&gt;There were 39 participants at the conference.&lt;/p&gt;
A novel case of mealworm-induced occupational rhinitis in a school teacher. (2002)

A 47-year-old African American female elementary schoolteacher presented with itchy, watery eyes, rhinorrhea, postnasal drainage, and nasal congestion complicated by recurrent epistaxis for 2 months. She had similar symptoms the previous year from September to May but was symptom free during the summer. Her symptoms began within 1 hour after entering the classroom and improved in the evening at home, on weekends, and vacation. She denied symptoms around dust, freshly cut grass, or pets and had no prior history of underlying allergic rhinitis and asthma. She had a 20-pack-a-year smoking history but quit 1 1/2 years ago. A detailed history of her classroom environment revealed the presence of mealworms that were used to teach the children about life cycles. Physical exam revealed swollen, erythematous nasal turbinates but was otherwise unremarkable. Prick skin testing was positive for oak tree, grasses, feathers, and cockroaches. Mealworm whole body extracts were prepared using standard methodology. Titration intracutaneous skin testing revealed a positive reaction at a 1:1000 concentration associated with a large delayed reaction 8 hours later that persisted for 24 hours. Specific nasal provocation using acoustic rhinometry revealed a dose response change in nasal volume (48% decrease at 1:100; 53% decrease at 1:50) and cross-sectional area (32% decrease at 1:100; 48% decrease at 1:50) in response to mealworm challenge compared with a saline control. Removal of the mealworms from the classroom resulted in complete relief of her symptoms. This is the first reported case of mealworm-induced rhinitis in a schoolteacher. Because mealworm demonstrations are now part of the standard curriculum in public school elementary classrooms in Ohio, it is important that school administrators recognize the sensitizing nature of these insects and their potential for causing allergic rhinitis and asthma in the workplace.
Sound Speed, Density and Total Protein Concentration of Blood (1989)

The sound speed and the density of a series of blood samples was measured in a temperature range from 20 degrees C to 40 degrees C. An expression was derived from a least square fit which related the sound speed in human blood in this temperature range to the blood density and to the total protein concentration, respectively. The data were obtained from the measurement of sound speed and density by means of a newly developed Density and Sound Analyzer (DSA-48, A. Paar K.G., 8054 Graz, Austria). The relationship of sound speed, density and temperature permits the calculation of the total protein concentration with an accuracy of 1 g/kg. The resolution of the measurement is in the order of 0.1 g/kg.
Mitochondrial DNA Mutations and Apoptosis in Mammalian Aging (2006)

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) accumulate during aging, but their significance to longevity and age-associated disease has been uncertain. Recently, in support of the hypothesis that mtDNA integrity is important, we have shown that age-associated diseases arise more rapidly in mice where mtDNA mutations and increased levels of apoptosis occur at higher rates than normal due to expression of an error-prone mtDNA polymerase. Further studies in this model may provide deeper insights into the relationship between mitochondria, aging, and susceptibility to age-associated diseases, such as cancer.
Molecular epidemiology of endemic Clostridium difficile infection (2001)

This is the first study to provide a comprehensive insight into the molecular epidemiology of endemic Clostridium difficile and particularly that associated with a recently recognized epidemic strain. We DNA fingerprinted all C. difficile isolates from the stools of patients with symptomatic antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and from repeated samples of the inanimate ward environment on two elderly medicine hospital wards over a 22-month period. Notably, C. difficile was not recoverable from either ward immediately before opening, but was found on both wards within 1-3 weeks of opening, and the level of environmental contamination rose markedly during the first 6 months of the study period. C. difficile infection (CDI) incidence data correlated significantly with the prevalence of environmental C. difficile on ward B (r = 0.76, P < 0.05) but not on ward A (r = 0.26, P > 0.05). We found that RAPD and RS-PCR typing had similar discriminatory power, although, despite fingerprinting over 200 C. difficile isolates, we identified only six distinct types. Only two distinct C. difficile strains were identified as causing both patient infection and ward contamination. Attempts to determine whether infected patients or contaminated environments are the prime source for cross-infection by C. difficile had limited success, as over 90% of C. difficile isolates were the UK epidemic clone. However, a non-epidemic strain caused a cluster of six cases of CDI, but was only isolated from the environment after the sixth patient became symptomatic. The initial absence of this strain from the environment implies patient-to-patient and/or staff-to-patient spread. In general, routine cleaning with detergent was unsuccessful at removing C. difficile from the environment. Understanding the epidemiology and virulence of prevalent strains is important if CDI is to be successfully controlled.
컨벤션서비스의 효율적 운영을 위한 표준 매뉴얼 개발에 관한 연구 - 서울소재 특 1 급 호텔을 중심으로 - (2000)

The purpose of this study is to develop a model of effcient convention management and service mainly of five-star hotels in Seoul, Korea. This could be first study in Korea to develop the model and highlight its importance. It is meaningful that this dissertation has developed a model of efficient convention management and service, which could be directly applied to the convention management and service of five-star hotels in Seoul. This study consists of five categories : Organization, Human Resources, Facility, Standing Service Policies and Operations & Management. The important factors in each category are the subjects of the study which has been chosen to see whether they are truly important to develop the model. The method of the analysis used are the Crosstabs analysis and Frequency analysis and 17 items out of 26 items (65%) have been selected as the subjects of the study. The 17 items, which have been approved to deserve the subjects of the study, have been developed to a model of efficient convention management and service after discussing with F&B Directors of five-star hotels in Seoul, and 4 items out of 9 items, which had been cancelled, were also added to the model in the same process including interviews with the Directors in Rooms Division on the phone. The limitation of this study is put on its generalization because only five- star hotels in Seoul have been researched, hence hotels in the other regions would be rather difficult to apply the result to their convention operation.
Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Single Dose or Weekly Pulses of Chimaeric Anti‐CD4 Monoclonal Antibody (1992)

The aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown but CD4+ T cells are known to be involved in its pathogenesis. Because of this, anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody has been used in open studies with clinical benefit in up to 60% of patients. We have used a chimaeric anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (cM-T412, Centocor) in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled trial as treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Nine patients with active rheumatoid arthritis resistant to traditional disease-modifying drugs were recruited. Four received an intravenous 50 mg bolus of antibody, and three received 50 mg weekly for four consecutive weeks. Two patients received placebo. Despite a marked reduction (P less than 0.001) in peripheral blood CD4+ lymphocytes, there was no significant clinical improvement in any of these patients. The decrease in CD4+ lymphocyte number lasted one week after a single 50 mg dose of cM-T412 but was more prolonged in the patients who received four infusions. CD8+ T cells, CD16+ cytotoxic cells and CD14+ monocytes showed only a transient reduction. It may be concluded that the therapeutic efficacy of anti-CD4 therapy is not directly related to CD4+ T-cell lymphopenia.
Gene Transfer to Freshly Isolated Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells In Vitro Using a Replication-Deficient Adenovirus Containing the Human Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator cDNA (1994)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) results from mutations of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene and subsequent defective regulation of cAMP-stimulated chloride (Cl-) permeability across the apical membrane of epithelial cells. In vitro transfer of normal CFTR cDNA corrects this defect, and studies in experimental animals have shown successful gene transfer to airway epithelium in vivo using a recombinant adenoviral vector containing the human CFTR cDNA (AdCFTR), supporting the feasibility of in vivo AdCFTR-mediated gene therapy for the respiratory manifestations of CF. One step in applying this therapy to CF patients is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of AdCFTR-mediated gene transfer in the actual target for human gene therapy, human airway epithelium. The present study demonstrates that AdCFTR restores cAMP-stimulated Cl- permeability in human CF bronchial epithelial cells. In addition, the study utilizes freshly isolated human airway epithelial cells from the nose and/or bronchi of normal individuals and/or individuals with CF to demonstrate that after in vitro AdCFTR-mediated gene transfer: (i) AdCFTR DNA does not replicate as a function of dose and time; (ii) CF epithelial cells express AdCFTR-mediated normal human CFTR mRNA; and (iii) CF epithelial cells, including terminally differentiated ciliated cells (the most common airway epithelial cell type), express the normal human CFTR protein. Together, these data support the use of AdCFTR in human gene therapy trials and suggest that biologic efficacy should be achievable in vivo.
Effect of Low Field Magnetic Annealing on the Viscoleastic Behavior of a Structural Epoxy (2009)

In this study the effect of moderate magnetic fields on the microstructure of a structural epoxy system was investigated. The changes in the microstructure have been investigated quantitatively using wide angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD) and pole figure analysis. The mechanical properties (modulus, hardness) of the epoxy were probed using nanoindentation. Using the continuous complex compliance analysis, the effect of the low magnetic fields on the viscoelastic properties of the epoxy was investigated. The phase lag angle was measured for both neat and magnetically annealed polymer. The results of this investigation reveal that under low magnetic fields both the quasi-static mechanical properties together with the viscoelastic behavior of the epoxy have been improved.
A Simple Lithographic Approach for Preparing Patterned, Micron-Scale Corrals for Controlling Cell Growth (1999)

Hydrophobic n-alkanethiolate bottoms and walls consisting of hydrophilic three-layer poly(acrylic acid)/poly(ethylene glycol) nanocomposite polymers are used for making patterned corrals having lateral dimensions of 63 μm. Macrophage cells are confined within these corrals and are unable to grow over the corral walls (see picture).