gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A guide to Ussing chamber studies of mouse intestine (2009)

The Ussing chamber provides a physiological system to measure the transport of ions, nutrients, and drugs across various epithelial tissues. One of the most studied epithelia is the intestine, which has provided several landmark discoveries regarding the mechanisms of ion transport processes. Adaptation of this method to mouse intestine adds the dimension of investigating genetic loss or gain of function as a means to identify proteins or processes affecting transepithelial transport. In this review, the principles underlying the use of Ussing chambers are outlined including limitations and advantages of the technique. With an emphasis on mouse intestinal preparations, the review covers chamber design, commercial equipment sources, tissue preparation, step-by-step instruction for operation, troubleshooting, and examples of interpretation difficulties. Specialized uses of the Ussing chamber such as the pH stat technique to measure transepithelial bicarbonate secretion and isotopic flux methods to measure net secretion or absorption of substrates are discussed in detail, and examples are given for the adaptation of Ussing chamber principles to other measurement systems. The purpose of the review is to provide a practical guide for investigators who are new to the Ussing chamber method.
Monoclonal Antibodies in Diagnosis and Therapy (1991)

Monoclonal antibodies have been applied clinically to the diagnosis and therapy of an array of human disorders, including cancer and infectious diseases, and have been used for the modulation of immune responses. Effective therapy using unmodified monoclonal antibodies has, however, been elusive. Recently, monoclonal antibody-mediated therapy has been revolutionized by advances such as the definition of cell-surface structures on abnormal cells as targets for effective monoclonal antibody action, genetic engineering to create less immunogenic and more effective monoclonal antibodies, and the arming of such antibodies with toxins or radionuclides to enhance their effector function.
Expression and characterization of glycophospholipid-anchored human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins (1993)

Four chimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) env genes were constructed which encoded the extracellular domain of either the wild-type or a cleavage-defective HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (gp160) fused at one of two different positions in env to a C-terminal glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) attachment signal from the mouse Thy-1.1 glycoprotein. All four of the constructs encoded glycoproteins that were efficiently expressed when Rev was supplied in trans, and the two cleavable forms were processed normally to gp120 and a chimeric "gp41." The chimeric glycoproteins, in contrast to the wild-type glycoprotein, could be cleaved from the surface of transfected cells by treatment with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, indicating that they were anchored in the plasma membrane by a GPI moiety. These GPI-anchored glycoproteins were transported intracellularly at a rate only slightly lower than that of the full-length HIV-1 glycoprotein and were present on the cell surface in equivalent amounts. Nevertheless, all four glycoproteins were defective in mediating both cell-cell and virus-cell fusion as determined by syncytium formation in COS-1-HeLa-T4 cell mixtures and trans complementation of an env-defective HIV-1 genome.
Sudan's foreign relations with Asia China and the politics of 'looking east' (2008)

China has featured prominently in recent international coverage of Sudan. The high-water mark of attention came with the build up to and passing of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1769 that authorised an African Union-UN mission for Darfur. China's vote in favour of this resolution was widely greeted.
Prostaglandin E Positively Modulates Endothelial Progenitor Cell Homeostasis: An Advanced Treatment Modality for Autologous Cell Therapy (2009)

The conserved role for PGE in the regulation of EPC homeostasis suggests that ex vivo modulation of the prostaglandin pathway in isolated progenitor cells may represent a novel and safe strategy to facilitate cell-based therapies.
3D Printed Nanophotonic Waveguides (2016)

3D integration of photonic nanowire waveguides is demonstrated by a precise and versatile meniscus-guided 3D nanoprinting method. By realizing 3D direct linking of nanophotonic elements with no substrate leakage and, moreover, excellent stretchable operations (>50%), 3D functional photonic components of multiplexers and splitters are demonstrated finally. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Remodelling of the nuclear periphery during muscle cell differentiation in vitro (1996)

We have examined the composition and ultrastructure of the nuclear periphery during in vitro myogenesis of the rat myoblast cell line, L6E9. Immunofluorescence labelling and immunoblotting showed that lamins A/C and B were all present in undifferentiated cells, but that they increased significantly before extensive cell fusion had occurred, with lamins A/C increasing proportionately more. Electron microscopic observations were consistent with these results, showing an increase in the prominence of the lamina during differentiation. On the other hand, immunofluorescence labelling suggested that the P1 antigen began to disappear from the nuclear periphery as the cells were fusing, after the increase in lamin quantity, and was no longer detectable in multinucleated cells. Unexpectedly, however, P1 was readily detected in isolated nuclei, whether prepared from myoblast or differentiated cultures, as well as in both myoblast and myotube nuclear matrices. It appears probable, therefore, that the fading of P1 labelling is due to masking of the epitope by a soluble factor recruited to the nuclear periphery as cell differentiate. These data, together with evidence that the genome is substantially rearranged during L6E9 myogenesis [Chaly and Munro, 1996], suggest that L6E9 cells are a useful model system in which to study the interrelationship of nuclear envelope organization, chromatin spatial order, and nuclear function.
Cancer Prevention and Interception: A New Era for Chemopreventive Approaches (2016)

At several recent, internationally attended scientific meetings, including the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)'s "Shaping the Future of Cancer Prevention: A Roadmap for Integrative Cancer Science and Public Health" summit in Leesburg (VA) and the AACR Annual Meeting in New Orleans, the focus on cancer prevention to reduce cancer-related deaths was extensively discussed with renewed attention and emphasis. Cancer prevention should be actively proposed even to healthy individuals, and not just to individuals with high cancer risk. We discuss evaluation of a high cancer risk versus the relatively low risk for side effects of chemopreventive agents. The concept of cancer interception, which is halting transformed cells from becoming malignant cancers, should be adopted for cancer prevention. Potential prevention/interception actions include adopting healthy life style and avoiding carcinogens, repressing inflammation and pathologic angiogenesis, controlling metabolism, correcting insulin resistance and other metabolic alterations. Current drugs with limited toxicity can be repurposed to reduce cancer incidence. Aspirin is now being recommended for the prevention of colorectal cancer and it prevents other neoplasms as well. Metformin and β-blockers could be valuable for reducing pancreatic and breast cancer onset. On the basis of the evaluation of cancer risk, we here call for personalized approaches for cancer prevention and preventive interception and we envisage a list of measures and potential guidelines for preventive and interceptive strategies to reduce cancer burden. Investment into translational research to bring these approaches into public health policies and in the clinic is urgently needed. Clin Cancer Res; 22(17); 4322-7. ©2016 AACR.
Spintastic: spin-based stochastic logic for energy-efficient computing (2015)

Spintronics is one of the leading technologies under consideration for the post-CMOS era. While spintronic memories have demonstrated great promise due to their density, non-volatility and low leakage, efforts to realize spintronic logic have been much less fruitful. Recent studies project the performance and energy efficiency of spintronic logic to be considerably inferior to CMOS. In this work, we explore Stochastic Computing (SC) as a new direction for the realization of energy-efficient logic using spintronic devices. We establish the synergy between stochastic computing and spintronics by demonstrating that (i) the peripheral circuits required for SC to convert to/from stochastic domains, which incur significant energy overheads in CMOS, can be efficiently realized by exploiting the characteristics of spintronic devices, and (ii) the low logic complexity and fine-grained parallelism in SC circuits can be leveraged to alleviate the shortcomings of spintronic logic. We propose Spintastic, a new design approach in which all the components of stochastic circuits --- stochastic number generators, stochastic arithmetic units, and stochastic-to-binary converters --- are realized using spintronic devices. Our experiments on a range of benchmarks from different application domains demonstrate that Spintastic achieves 2.8X improvement in energy over CMOS stochastic implementations and 1.9X over a CMOS binary baseline.
Life tests and failure mechanisms of GaN/AlGaN/InGaN light emitting diodes (2002)

Our studies of device lifetime and the main degradation mechanisms in Nichia blue LEDs date back to Spring 1994. Following the initial studies of rapid failures under high current electrical pulses, where metal migration was identified as the cause of degradation, we have placed a number of Nichia NLPB-500 LEDs on a series of life tests. The first test ran for 1000 hours under normal operating conditions (20 mA at 23/spl deg/C). As no noticeable degradation was observed, the second room temperature test was performed with the same devices but with a range of currents between 20 and 70 mA. After 1600 hours, some degradation in output intensity was observed in devices driven at 60 and 70 mA, but it was still less than 20%. The subsequent tests included stepping up the temperature by 10/spl deg/C in 500 h intervals up to a final temperature of 85/spl deg/C using the same currents applied in the second test. This work reviews the failure analysis that was performed on the degraded devices and the degradation mechanisms that were identified.
Preclinical in vivo evaluation of pseudotyped adeno-associated virus vectors for liver gene therapy (2003)

We report the generation and use of pseudotyped adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors for the liver-specific expression of human blood coagulation factor IX (hFIX). Therefore, an AAV-2 genome encoding the hfIX gene was cross-packaged into capsids of AAV types 1 to 6 using efficient, large-scale technology for particle production and purification. In immunocompetent mice, the resultant vector particles expressed high hFIX levels ranging from 36% (AAV-4) to more than 2000% of normal (AAV-1, -2, and -6), which would exceed curative levels in patients with hemophilia. Expression was dose- and time-dependent, with AAV-6 directing the fastest and strongest onset of hFIX expression at all doses. Interestingly, systemic administration of 2 x 1012 vector particles of AAV-1, -4, or -6 resulted in hFIX levels similar to those achieved by portal vein delivery. For all other serotypes and particle doses, hepatic vector administration yielded up to 84-fold more hFIX protein than tail vein delivery, corroborated by similarly increased vector DNA copy numbers in the liver, and elicited a reduced immune response against the viral capsids. Finally, neutralization assays showed variable immunologic cross-reactions between most of the AAV serotypes. Our technology and findings should facilitate the development of AAV pseudotype-based gene therapies for hemophilia B and other liver-related diseases.
A review of techniques to detect downed conductors in overhead distribution systems (2001)

The automatic detection of downed conductors represents a major safety concern for those responsible for electricity supply systems. Providing techniques that will detect this condition remains one of the most persistent and difficult challenges facing protection engineers. With the advances in digital technology and powerful signal processing, new opportunities exist for the detection of a high percentage of these faults. This paper reviews some of the methods for detecting high impedance faults and the developments which led to them.
Amorphous molybdenum sulfide films as catalysts for electrochemical hydrogen production in water (2011)

Amorphous molybdenum sulfide films are efficient hydrogen evolution catalysts in water. The films are prepared via simple electro-polymerization procedures and are characterized by XPS, electron microscopy and electronic absorption spectroscopy. Whereas the precatalysts could be MoS3 or MoS2, the active form of the catalysts is identified as amorphous MoS2. Significant geometric current densities are achieved at low overpotentials (e.g., 15 mA cm−2 at η = 200 mV) using these catalysts. The catalysis is compatible with a wide range of pHs (e.g., 0 to 13). The current efficiency for hydrogen production is quantitative. A 40 mV Tafel slope is observed, suggesting a rate-determining ion+atom step. The turnover frequency per active site is calculated. The amorphous molybdenum sulfide films are among the most active non-precious hydrogen evolution catalysts.
Mucus Penetrating Nanoparticles: Biophysical Tool and Method of Drug and Gene Delivery (2012)

A method that could provide more uniform and longer-lasting drug and gene delivery to mucosal surfaces holds the potential to greatly improve the effectiveness of prophylactic and therapeutic approaches for numerous diseases and conditions, including sexually transmitted infections, cystic fibrosis, chronic rhinosinusitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and glaucoma to name a few. However, the body's natural defenses, including adhesive, rapidly cleared mucus linings coating nearly all entry points to the body not covered by skin, has limited the effectiveness of drug and gene delivery by nanoscale delivery systems. This article discusses the recent development of the “mucuspenetrating particle” or “MPP” nanotechnology, and how it has been used to both enhance understanding of the nanoscale barrier properties of human mucus secretions, and to achieve more uniform and longer-lasting drug delivery to mucosal tissues following topical administration. Drug loaded MPPs possess non-adhesive coatings that allow them to rapidly penetrate mucus layers through openings in the mucus mesh at rates nearly as fast as they would penetrate pure water. Critically, MPPs allow enhanced drug and gene delivery to mucosal tissues without diminishing the protective function of mucus. Recent progress in the development of MPPs as a biophysical tool to probe the length-scale dependent rheological properties of mucosal secretions and as a method for drug and gene delivery is highlighted.
The Human Semaphorin-like Leukocyte Cell Surface Molecule CD100 Associates with a Serine Kinase Activity (1997)

CD100 is a 150-kDa homodimeric glycoprotein broadly expressed on the surface of human hematopoietic cells. CD100 has been recently identified as the first lymphoid gene that belongs to the semaphorin gene family. Semaphorins function as chemorepellent molecules in the nervous system, but the function of CD100 remains poorly understood. In lymphoid cells, it has been suggested to play a role in homotypic cell adhesion and in T cell activation. We demonstrate that in T cells and natural killer cells a serine kinase activity is immunoprecipitated with CD100. Distinct epitopes of CD100 have been defined with specific monoclonal antibodies, mediating opposite effects at the functional level, especially in T cells. The kinase activity is retained only with an antibody against a particular epitope of CD100. Additionally, a fusion protein containing the cytoplasmic domain of the molecule retains the kinase activity in cellular lysates, and CD100 itself is presumably a favorite substrate of the kinase. These findings suggest that a serine kinase pathway may participate in the different functional effects triggered through the distinct epitopes of CD100 and is likely involved in the biological effects of this semaphorin-like leukocyte cell surface molecule.
De relatie tussen werkwoorden van beweging en ruimtelijke partikels en bijwoordelijke bepalingen (2008)

In mijn proefschrift (Johansson 2006) over het Nederlandse werkwoord komen en het Zweedse komma heb ik de ruimtelijke partikels binnen, buiten, thuis, beneden, boven en de bijwoordelijke bepalingen hier en daar onderzocht in relatie tot komen en gaan.Op het moment ben ik bezig met een onderzoek naar het systeem van Nederlandse werkwoorden van beweging (in het algemeen) in constructies met ruimtelijke partikels enbijwoordelijke bepalingen. Tot nu toe heb ik de Nederlandse werkwoorden komen, gaan, brengen, rennen, lopen, wandelen en de boven vermelde partikels/bijwoordelijke bepalingen geanalyseerd.Als materiaal gebruik ik verschillende corpora: voor het Zweeds de concordanties van Sprakbanken, Goteborgs universitet, vooral krantenteksten uit SvD00. Voor het Nederlands gebruik ik het Inl 27 Miljoen Woorden Krantencorpus 1995 (Inl95) en Google.Het Zweeds dient als uitgangspunt voor de analyse van het Nederlands.
Impact of Mobility on the Behavior of Interference in Cellular Wireless Networks (2008)

In this study, the impact of mobility is investigated in low-speed environments such as femtocells and picocells for wireless networks. Given that there is interference on the uplink of a FDD system, this study solely focuses on how interference evolves with respect to mobility of terminals which move in a random fashion. Wiener-Levy process is used as a stochastic tool for characterizing the impact of mobility on the future behavior of interference. The results show that there is a trade-off between short and long interference observation (measurement) interval. On the one hand, choosing a short interval leads to a waste of processing power, since the interference level to be observed is not expected to deviate drastically from the previous observations. Choosing a long interval, on the other hand, increases the variance of the density of future interference level. In addition, results show that if there is more than one interference source in motion, the interference level observed has a tendency to increase in the future in low mobility environments. It is also shown that mean value of the interference level density to be observed in the future increases, whereas its standard deviation decreases with respect to the number of interference sources in motion.
Retro-recombination screening of a mouse embryonic stem cell genomic library (2000)

Targeted gene disruption is an important tool in molecular medicine, allowing for the generation of animal models of human disease. Conventional methods of targeting vector (TV) construction are difficult and represent a rate limiting step in any targeting experiment. We previously demonstrated that bacteriophage are capable of acting as TVs directly, obviating the requirement for 'rolling out' plasmids from primary phage clones and thus eliminating an additional, time consuming step. We have also developed methods which facilitate the construction of TVs using recombination. In this approach, modification cassettes and point mutations are shuttled to specific sites in phage TVs using phage-plasmid recombination. Here, we report a further improvement in TV generation using a recombination screening-based approach deemed 'retro-recombination screening' (RRS). We demonstrate that phage vectors containing specific genomic clones can be genetically isolated from a lambdaTK embryonic stem cell genomic library using a cycle of integrative recombination and condensation. By introducing the gam gene of bacteriophage lambda into the probe plasmid it is possible to select for positive clones which have excised the plasmid, thus returning to their native conformation following purification from the library. Rapid clone isolation using the RRS protocol provides another method by which the time required for TV construction may be further reduced.
Protective effect of pomegranate‐derived products on UVB‐mediated damage in human reconstituted skin (2009)

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly its UVB (290-320 nm) component, is the primary cause of many adverse biological effects including photoageing and skin cancer. UVB radiation causes DNA damage, protein oxidation and induces matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Photochemoprevention via the use of botanical antioxidants in affording protection to human skin against UVB damage is receiving increasing attention. Pomegranate, from the tree Punica granatum, contains anthocyanins and hydrolysable tannins and possesses strong antioxidant and anti-tumor-promoting properties. In this study, we determined the effect of pomegranate-derived products--POMx juice, POMx extract and pomegranate oil (POMo)--against UVB-mediated damage using reconstituted human skin (EpiDerm(TM) FT-200). EpiDerm was treated with POMx juice (1-2 microl/0.1 ml/well), POMx extract (5-10 microg/0.1 ml/well) and POMo (1-2 microl/0.1 ml/well) for 1 h prior to UVB (60 mJ/cm(2)) irradiation and was harvested 12 h post-UVB to assess protein oxidation, markers of DNA damage and photoageing by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Pretreatment of Epiderm with pomegranate-derived products resulted in inhibition of UVB-induced (i) cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), (ii) 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), (iii) protein oxidation and (iv) proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein expression. We also found that pretreatment of Epiderm with pomegranate-derived products resulted in inhibition of UVB-induced (i) collagenase (MMP-1), (ii) gelatinase (MMP-2, MMP-9), (iii) stromelysin (MMP-3), (iv) marilysin (MMP-7), (v) elastase (MMP-12) and (vi) tropoelastin. Gelatin zymography revealed that pomegranate-derived products inhibited UVB-induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities. Pomegranate-derived products also caused a decrease in UVB-induced protein expression of c-Fos and phosphorylation of c-Jun. Collectively, these results suggest that all three pomegranate-derived products may be useful against UVB-induced damage to human skin.
A New Noninvasive Tear Stability Analysis System for the Assessment of Dry Eyes (2004)

TSAS was effective in objectively assessing the tear stability in patients with dry eye. This system may be useful in noninvasive diagnosis of dry eye and evaluation of treatment effects.
Child sex tourism (2000)

Sexual activity with children is universally condemned as an abuse of human rights and is, in many countries, a crime. David provides an overview of the Australian Crimes (Child Sex Tourism) Amendment Act 1994. She reviews a number of cases which have been prosecuted since it became law and notes the successes and difficulties that have been experienced in relation to the legislation.