gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hedgehog signals regulate multiple aspects of gastrointestinal development (2000)

The gastrointestinal tract develops from the embryonic gut, which is composed of an endodermally derived epithelium surrounded by cells of mesodermal origin. Cell signaling between these two tissue layers appears to play a critical role in coordinating patterning and organogenesis of the gut and its derivatives. We have assessed the function of Sonic hedgehog and Indian hedgehog genes, which encode members of the Hedgehog family of cell signals. Both are expressed in gut endoderm, whereas target genes are expressed in discrete layers in the mesenchyme. It was unclear whether functional redundancy between the two genes would preclude a genetic analysis of the roles of Hedgehog signaling in the mouse gut. We show here that the mouse gut has both common and separate requirements for Sonic hedgehog and Indian hedgehog. Both Sonic hedgehog and Indian hedgehog mutant mice show reduced smooth muscle, gut malrotation and annular pancreas. Sonic hedgehog mutants display intestinal transformation of the stomach, duodenal stenosis (obstruction), abnormal innervation of the gut and imperforate anus. Indian hedgehog mutants show reduced epithelial stem cell proliferation and differentiation, together with features typical of Hirschsprung's disease (aganglionic colon). These results show that Hedgehog signals are essential for organogenesis of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract and suggest that mutations in members of this signaling pathway may be involved in human gastrointestinal malformations.
Sequence Variations in PCSK9, Low LDL, and Protection against Coronary Heart Disease (2006)

These data indicate that moderate lifelong reduction in the plasma level of LDL cholesterol is associated with a substantial reduction in the incidence of coronary events, even in populations with a high prevalence of non-lipid-related cardiovascular risk factors.
The calibration of instruments for the measurement of paper whiteness (1994)

Abstract The pulp and paper industry traditionally measures a property called ISO‐brightness based on a filter function with an effective wavelength of 457 nm, but this is not a satisfactory measure of the appearance of the material. Currently there is a growing interest in determining a whiteness value based on the CIE‐whiteness equation with respect both to an indoor illumination and to the standardized D65 illuminant. This is not, however, merely a question of using the relevant mathematical functions. Many papers contain fluorescent whitening agents and this means that reproducible values can be obtained only if the instruments used are adjusted so that the relative UV‐content in the illumination falling on the sample is controlled to correspond to the chosen illuminant. the paper industry employs instruments with a well‐defined d/0° geometry, and the relevant ISO‐Standards also define a hierarchical calibration system, which enables all instruments to be calibrated with traceability to the perfect reflecting diffuser through a reference instrument. This calibration service has now been extended to include fluorescent standards assigned whiteness [D65/10°] values. This article describes the development of this calibration routine based on the absolute two‐monochromator instrument at BAM, Berlin.
Comparison of Laser Ion Acceleration from the Front and Rear Surfaces of Thin Foils (2005)

The comparative efficiency and beam characteristics of high-energy ions generated by high-intensity short-pulse lasers (approximately 1-6 x 10(19) W/cm2) from both the front and rear surfaces of thin metal foils have been measured under identical conditions. Using direct beam measurements and nuclear activation techniques, we find that rear-surface acceleration produces higher energy particles with smaller divergence and a higher efficiency than front-surface acceleration. Our observations are well reproduced by realistic particle-in-cell simulations, and we predict optimal criteria for future applications.
Industrial Plasma Engineering (1995)

This book will provide the necessary theoretical background and a description of plasma-related devices and processes that are used industrially for physicists and engineers.It is a self-contained introduction to the principles of plasma engineering with comprehensive references. This volume also includes the terminology, jargon and acronyms used in the field of industrial plasma engineering - indexed when they first appear in the text - along with their definitions and a discussion of their meaning. It is aimed at assisting the student in learning key terminology and concepts, and providing the in-service engineer or scientist with a technical glossary. An extensive index and appendices enhance the value of this book as a key reference source. These incorporate a list of the nomenclature used in mathematical expressions in the text, physical constants, and often-used plasma formulae. SI units are used throughout.Intended for students from all engineering and physical science disciplines, and as a reference source by in-service engineers.Coverage:* basic information on plasma physics and the physical processes important in industrial plasmas* sources of ion and electron beams and ionizing radiation used in industrial applications* physics and technology of DC and RF electrical discharges.
Two-dimensional nonlinear optics using Fourier-transform spectral interferometry (1996)

The second-order nonlinear-optical response of a material is measured in two dimensions of frequency. This new spectroscopy technique, based on the use of Fourier-transform spectral interferometry, is a transposition to optics of two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. Although we demonstrate the technique by measuring the second-order phase-matching map of a nonresonant nonlinear crystal, this method should find useful applications in the measurement of second-order nonlinear susceptibility and in photon-echo experiments.
Gene Transfer of An Engineered Zinc Finger Protein Enhances the Anti-angiogenic Defense System (2007)

Zinc finger protein transcription factors (ZFP TFs) have been shown to positively or negatively regulate the expression of endogenous genes involved in a number of different disease processes. In this study we investigated whether gene transfer of an engineered ZFP TF designed to up-regulate expression of the chromosomal pigment epithelium-derived factor (Pedf) gene could suppress experimentally induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Transient transfection with engineered ZFP TFs significantly increased both Pedf messenger RNA (mRNA) and secreted PEDF protein levels in cell culture. Six weeks after intravitreous or subretinal injection of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector expressing the PEDF-activating ZFP TF in mice, we observed increased retinal Pedf mRNA, and a significant reduction in the size of CNV at Bruch's membrane rupture sites, assessed in vivo by fluorescein angiography or by postmortem measurements on choroidal flat mounts. Importantly, the anti-angiogenic activity persisted at 3 months after intravitreous injection. These data suggest that ZFP TF-driven enhancement of the endogenous anti-angiogenic defense system may provide a new approach for prophylaxis and treatment of neovascular diseases of the eye.
Synthetic and Isolation Studies Related to the Marine Natural Products (+)-Elisabethadione and (+)-Elisabethamine (2007)

These studies were conducted to determine the discrepancies between the spectroscopic data of the isolated and synthetic samples of the marine natural product (+)-elisabethadione. Attempts at the re-isolation of (+)-elisabethadione from Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae were unsuccessful, but during these efforts, two related natural products of O-methylelisabethadione (8) and O-methyl-nor-elisabethadione (9) were discovered. The total syntheses of these new natural products were accomplished by using the combined C-H activation/Cope rearrangement as the key step and the previously synthesized elisabethadione was converted to O-methylelisabethadione. These studies confirmed that the synthetic sample of (+)-elisabthadione was assigned the correct structure. The considerable differences in the data between the synthetic and natural samples of (+)-elisabethadione lead to the conclusion that the structure of the natural material was either miss-assigned or the published spectral data were incorrect. During the course of these studies, questions arose about the assigned structure of another natural product, elisabethamine, which was proposed to be an aminohydroquinone. Attempts at the synthesis of this compound revealed that the aminohydroquinone structure was unstable in air as it was readily oxidized to the quinone.
TAp63 Regulates VLA-4 Expression and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cell Migration to the Bone Marrow in a CD74-Dependent Manner (2010)

The hallmark of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the relentless accumulation of mature lymphocytes, mostly due to their decreased apoptosis. CD74 was recently shown to serve as a survival receptor on CLL cells. In this study, we show that stimulation of CD74 with its natural ligand, migration inhibitory factor, initiates a signaling cascade that results in upregulation of TAp63, which directly regulates CLL survival. In addition, TAp63 expression elevates the expression of the integrin VLA-4, particularly during the advanced stage of the disease. Blocking of CD74, TAp63, or VLA-4 inhibits the in vivo homing of CLL cells to the bone marrow (BM). Thus, CD74 and its target genes TAp63 and VLA-4 facilitate migration of CLL cells back to the BM, where they interact with the supportive BM environment that rescues them from apoptosis. These results could form the basis of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at blocking homing of CLL cells in their return to the BM and attenuating their survival.
Quantification of pigmentation in human skin images (2012)

In this paper, we propose and compare four different approaches for quantification of hemoglobin and melanin in skin color images. The first method is to extract erythema/melanin indices based on skin absorbance theories. The second method is based on independent component analysis (ICA) assuming that hemoglobin and melanin absorbance spectra are independent. The third method is based on non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) with multiplicative update algorithm. The fourth method is a Beer-Lambert law based model-fitting technique. Quantitative evaluation through graph-cut segmentation on melanoma indicates that model-fitting method outperforms the other three methods.
Characterization of a Thermostable l -Arabinose ( d -Galactose) Isomerase from the Hyperthermophilic Eubacterium Thermotoga maritima (2004)

The araA gene encoding L-arabinose isomerase (AI) from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein containing a C-terminal hexahistidine sequence. This gene encodes a 497-amino-acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of 56,658. The recombinant enzyme was purified to homogeneity by heat precipitation followed by Ni(2+) affinity chromatography. The native enzyme was estimated by gel filtration chromatography to be a homotetramer with a molecular mass of 232 kDa. The purified recombinant enzyme had an isoelectric point of 5.7 and exhibited maximal activity at 90 degrees C and pH 7.5 under the assay conditions used. Its apparent K(m) values for L-arabinose and D-galactose were 31 and 60 mM, respectively; the apparent V(max) values (at 90 degrees C) were 41.3 U/mg (L-arabinose) and 8.9 U/mg (D-galactose), and the catalytic efficiencies (k(cat)/K(m)) of the enzyme were 74.8 mM(-1).min(-1) (L-arabinose) and 8.5 mM(-1).min(-1) (D-galactose). Although the T. maritima AI exhibited high levels of amino acid sequence similarity (>70%) to other heat-labile mesophilic AIs, it had greater thermostability and higher catalytic efficiency than its mesophilic counterparts at elevated temperatures. In addition, it was more thermostable in the presence of Mn(2+) and/or Co(2+) than in the absence of these ions. The enzyme carried out the isomerization of D-galactose to D-tagatose with a conversion yield of 56% for 6 h at 80 degrees C.
Rational Design of Orthogonal Libraries of Protein Coding Genes (2013)

Array-based oligonucleotide synthesis technologies provide access to thousands of custom-designed sequence variants at low cost. Large-scale synthesis and high-throughput assays have become valuable experimental tools to study in detail the interplay between sequence and function. We have developed a methodology and corresponding algorithms for the design of diverse protein coding gene libraries, to exploit the potential of multiplex synthesis and help elucidate the effects of codon utilization and other factors in gene expression. Using our algorithm, we have computationally designed gene libraries with hundreds to thousands of orthogonal codon usage variants, uniformly exploring the design space of codon utilization, while demanding only a small fraction of the synthesis cost that would be required if these variants were synthesized independently.
Polyethylene Glycol Improves Function and Reduces Oxidative Stress in Synaptosomal Preparations following Spinal Cord Injury (2004)

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in rapid and significant oxidative stress. We have previously demonstrated that administration of polyethylene glycol (PEG) inhibits oxidative stress using an in vitro model of SCI. In this study we tested the effects of PEG in vivo, to elucidate the mechanism of PEG-mediated neuroprotection. We show that a compression injury at T10-11 induced diffusive oxidative stress in crude synaptosomal preparations, correlated with synaptosomal dysfunction and increased intrasynaptosomal calcium. Administration of PEG immediately post-injury produced a marked decrease in synaptosomal oxidative stress and calcium, associated with an increase in synaptosomal function. Confocal microscopy using fluorescein conjugated PEG revealed that PEG entered the cells of the injured spinal cord, placing the polymer in a position to directly interact with cellular organelles. PEG attenuates calcium-induced functional compromise of normal spinal cord synaptosomes and mitochondria in vitro. These results indicate that PEG may exert its neuroprotective effect through direct interaction with mitochondria, besides its known ability to rescue neurons and their axons by repairing the plasma membranes. We submit that PEG is likely to interfere with the cascade of secondary injury by several mechanisms of action that in concert reduce oxidative stress.
CaMKII and Its Role in Cardiac Arrhythmia (2008)

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase widely distributed in a number of tissue types. Activation of CaMKII has been linked to important downstream physiological processes, including apoptosis, hypertrophy, and arrhythmia in the heart. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of CaMKII has been shown to improve health outcomes in a number of animal models. In this review, we summarize the structural and functional properties of CaMKII and detail its role in cardiac arrhythmia, structural heart disease, and sudden death.
Nuclear import of activated D-ERK by DIM-7, an importin family member encoded by the gene moleskin (2001)

The initiation of gene expression in response to Drosophila receptor tyrosine kinase signaling requires the nuclear import of the MAP kinase, D-ERK. However, the molecular details of D-ERK translocation are largely unknown. In this regard, we have identified D-Importin-7 (DIM-7), the Drosophila homolog of vertebrate importin 7, and its gene moleskin. DIM-7 exhibits a dynamic nuclear localization pattern that overlaps the spatial and temporal profile of nuclear, activated D-ERK. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments show that DIM-7 associates with phosphorylated D-ERK in Drosophila S2 cells. Furthermore, moleskin mutations enhance hypomorphic and suppress hypermorphic D-ERK mutant phenotypes. Deletion or mutation of moleskin dramatically reduces the nuclear localization of activated D-ERK. Directly linking DIM-7 to its nuclear import, this defect can be rescued by the expression of wild-type DIM-7. Mutations in the Drosophila Importin beta homolog Ketel, also reduce the nuclear localization of activated D-ERK. Together, these data indicate that DIM-7 and Ketel are components of the nuclear import machinery for activated D-ERK.
Quantitation of fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Predictively useful correlations of relative response factors with empirical formula (1995)

Abstract Relative response factors (molar sensitivities relative to dibutyl phthalate) for homologous series of n ‐alkanes (C 12 C 26 ), trimethylsilyl esters of C 10 C 20 fatty acids (FAs) and bistrimethylsilyl derivatives of C 8 C 16 ω‐hydroxy fatty acids (HOF As) were determined by integration of total ion chromatograms obtained using a conventional gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometer in the electron impact ionization mode. For the alkanes up to C 22 and for the FA‐TMS derivatives up to C 18 (C 21 including the TMS carbons), response factors increased linearly with total number of carbons ( r 2 &gt; 0.99). The slope of this correlation (response factor = 0.0775 n − 0.338, where n is the total number of carbon atoms in each analyte) is essentially identical with those determined in earlier studies for smaller molecules not containing silicon. For the HOFA derivatives up to C 14 (C 20 including TMS carbons), the molar response factors also increased linearly with total number of carbons, but for reasons not yet apparent the regression line for these homologs was different (response factor = 0.0330 n + 0.456; r 2 &gt; 0.99). Response factors for higher homologs in all three series fell below the regression line for the lower homologs, the deviation increasing with increasing molecular mass and increasing GC retention time. In all three series the upper limit to the linear portion of the correlation corresponded to the homolog whose GC retention time was ca 15 min under the conditions used; a high injection port temperature was found to be the most critical factor in extending the linear range of the correlation.
Directions for environmentally biodegradable polymer research (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirections for environmentally biodegradable polymer researchGraham SwiftCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 3, 105–110Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar00027a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00027a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1884Altmetric-Citations157LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
P4–170: Mental activity and dementia risk (2006)

Education and occupation–based Socio Economic Status (SES) are two of the active parts of the ‘Cognitive Reserve.’ The present study aims to investigate the role of education and SES on dementia and cognitive impairment. 7930 subjects 61–107 years old from Faenza and Granarolo, Northern Italy, were clinically examined. DSM–III–R criteria were used to diagnose dementia prevalence and the MMSE to define Cognitive Impairment labelled for a score lower than two standard deviation than the adjusted 1 mean MMSE obtained by non–demented subjects. Participants were interviewed on education and occupation in order to define illiteracy (subjects with no schooling at all), low education (1–3 years), moderate–education (4–5 years) and higher–education (6+ years of schooling). Two occupation–based socio–economic categories were also settled: low SES, including farmers, factory workers, homemakers; and high SES consisting of white collar, craftsmen and shopkeepers. Logistic regression models were implemented to compute the Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals (OR, 95% CI) of dementia and cognitive impairment. 45.6% of participants had less than four years of education, and 65.3% had a low SES. Women (N=4785, 60.3%) was older than men (73.3±8.4 vs. 72.3±7.7; p<0.001), lower educated and less likely of being white collar. Gender specific dementia prevalence were 4.9% and 7.5% (cognitive impairment 4.1 and 5.7%) respectively for men and women. Sex and age adjusted logistic regression showed that low education and low SES independently doubled the risk of dementia and cognitive impairment. Furthermore, the probability of being affected from dementia and cognitive impairment increased moving from moderately educated (OR, 95% CI 1.9 (1.2–3.0)) to lower–educated (OR, 95% CI 3.7 (2.4–5.6)) and illiterate (OR, 95% CI 11.1 (7.2–17.2)) subjects. In subjects with both low education and low SES an additive effect was observed: OR, 95% CI 5.1 (3.5–7.3) for dementia and OR, 95% CI 5.2 (3.6–7.6) for cognitive deterioration, while in subjects with low education but high SES, risk turned out halved: OR, 95% CI 2.5 (1.5–4.2) and OR, 95% CI 2.8 (1.7–4.7) respectively. A low mental involvement in adult life increases the risk due to a lower education achieved during childhood. Carrying out a mentally stimulating activity could reduce dementia risk due to low education. 1. Magni et al., 1996.
Phosphane ligands with two binding sites of differing hardness for enantioselective Grignard cross coupling (1996)

A series of new, chiral phosphanes is presented, individual members of which were designed to serve as ligands in transition-metal mediated asymmetric Grignard cross coupling reactions. These ligands are characterized by a side chain containing one or two oxygen atoms with the capacity to act as binding sites for the incoming Grignard reagent. A number of structural parameters for the compounds was varied to learn about the reaction mechanism. Most of the ligands were tested in two cross coupling reactions, the formation of 3-phenylbut-1-ene and of 2,2′-dimethyl-1,1′-binaphthyl, respectively. Although both systems gave modest enantiomeric excesses it was not possible to make a comparison of their respective abilities.
Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Activities of Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Human and Bovine Cathelicidins (2008)

From among 15 human cathelicidin LL-37-derived peptides, FK-13 was identified as the smallest peptide active against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and GI-20 had the highest therapeutic index, which was twice that of LL-37. BMAP-18, which is derived from bovine cathelicidin BMAP-27, possessed a therapeutic index similar to that of GI-20. Peptide sequence order, helical structures, and aromatic residues are important in HIV inhibition.