gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Discrepancy Between Native English Speaker Teachers' Teaching Styles and Chinese English Learners' Learning Styles. (2007)

The CD11b/CD18 heterodimeric surface antigen is expressed exclusively on human monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, and natural killer cells. During differentiation of myeloid cell lines, CD11b steady state messenger RNA levels increase significantly; we show here that CD11b transcription rates increase commensurately. A 1.7-kb fragment of CD11b 5' flanking sequence directs expression of a reporter gene specifically in myeloid cell lines. Deletion analysis localizes elements directing high levels of tissue-specific reporter gene expression to the 412 bp proximal to the transcriptional start site. This sequence contains two consensus binding sites for Sp1, a GATA motif, and a purine-rich sequence that presents potential binding sites for members of the ets family of genes. Analysis of this promoter should result in the isolation of myeloid-specific transcription factors and the development of methods to direct the myeloid-specific expression of heterologous genes.
The isolation of a peptide from the catalytic domain of Bacillus stearothermophilus tryptophyl-tRNA synthetase. The interaction of Brown MX-5BR with tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (1987)

Tryptophyl-tRNA synthetase is irreversibly inactivated by Procion Brown MX-5BR with an apparent dissociation constant (KD) of 8.8 microM and maximum rate of inactivation k3 0.192 s-1. The specificity of the interaction is supported by two previously reported observations. Firstly, Brown MX-5BR inactivation of tryptophyl-tRNA synthetase is inhibited by substrates, and secondly, the animated derivative of Brown MX-5BR is a competitive inhibitor of tryptophyl-tRNA synthetase with a Ki of 2 X 10(-4) M with respect to both tryptophan and ATP. Tryptic digestion of the dye-affinity-labelled enzyme and subsequent resolution of the peptides by h.p.l.c. yielded one major dye-peptide peak. Amino acid sequence analysis resulted in the identification of the dye-binding domain centred on lysine-178. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase is also inactivated by Procion Brown MX-5BR, and this inactivation is prevented by ATP but not by tyrosine. The interaction of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase with hydroxylated Brown MX-5BR exhibited non-competitive kinetics with respect to the amino acid-binding site and competitive kinetics against ATP with a Ki of 6 X 10(-6) M.
Effect of L-Glutaminase on Transformation and DNA Synthesis of Normal Lymphocytes (1972)

The transformation of lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin and the uptake of thymidine by DNA are completely inhibited by 17 mlU/ml L-glu taminase GA:1.2. The transformation is also inhibited by 1,700 mlU EC2 L-asparaginase/ml, which is estimated to have 34 mlU/ml of L-glutaminase activity.Therefore, glutamine deficiency may be responsible for the inhibition of transformation both by L-glutaminase GA:1.2 and by EC2 L-asparaginase.
Characterization of a putative cellular receptor for HIV-1 transmembrane glycoprotein using synthetic peptides (1990)

The transmembrane glycoprotein (gp41 or TM) of HIV-1 contains limited sequence similarity to TM of some immunosuppressive animal retroviruses. A specific HIV-1 TM sequence, denoted CS3, inhibits T-cell activation in vitro and antibody specific to CS3 has been linked to the absence of disease. CS3, when conjugated to human serum albumin (HSA) and labeled with fluorescein, binds specifically to CD4+ cell lines. Cross-linking of CS3-HSA to its binding activity on the CD4+ cell line RH9 reveals a putative subunit size of approximately 44 kD. Incubation of RH9 cells with CS3-HSA prior to addition of HIV-1 prevented HIV-1-mediated cell lysis and inhibited infection. These results suggest that the CS3 region of TM plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the AIDS virus, HIV-1.
答复D．布鲁尔的《反拉图尔论》 (2008)

本文是拉图尔就布鲁尔的批评（参见本刊今年第3期）作出的回应。他强调科学实践是主客体区分不发生作用的唯一领域，并反驳了布鲁尔对他混淆了自然与关于自然的信念或说明之问的区别的批评，指出这种区别仿佛是割断本想连接在一起的东西，即在原本为一个整体的树干中插入楔子，然后再把它们粘合起来，从而给联系制造了麻烦，而这也就是现代主义哲学难题的根源所在。拉图尔认为，布鲁尔等人没有资格对科学作出评价，他的强纲领已经变成了科学元研究的一个障碍。
ICAM-1 enhances MHC-peptide activation of CD8+ T cells without an organized immunological synapse (2000)

In addition to the TCR-ligand interaction, other receptor-ligand pairs, such as LFA-1 and ICAM-1, play a major role in the activation of T cells. Recent studies of T cell activation suggest a coordinated movement of LFA-1 and ICAM-1 in forming a defined zone in the immunological synapse. It is unclear from these studies whether the organized molecular geometry of the immunological synapse is necessary for ICAM-1 enhancement of T cell activation. In this report, we demonstrate that ICAM-1 can enhance the activation of CD8(+) T cells by MHC-peptide in the absence of an organized immunologic synapse. Therefore, although the molecular organization of the immunologic synapse may amplify stimuli, it is not an absolute requirement for either CD8(+) T cell activation or the ICAM-1 enhancement of TCR activation.
Photochemistry and Photobiology (2010)

There are two types of photosensitized oxidation reactions called type I and type II.
Genetics of Tissue Transplantation in Isolated Platyfish Populations (1964)

SHETTER, D. S. 1937. Migration, growth rate, and population density of brook trout in the north branch of the Au Sable River, Michigan. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 66:203-210. , AND A. S. HAZZARD. 1939. Species composition by age groups and stability of fish populations in sections of three Michigan trout streams during the summer of 1937. Ibid. 68:281-302. , AND J. W. LEONARD. 1943. A population study of a limited area in a Michigan trout stream, September, 1940. Ibid. 72:35-51. SHUCK, H. A. 1945. Survival, population density, growth, and movement of the wild brown trout in Crystal Creek. Ibid. 73:209230. SIMON, J. R., AND R. C. BROWN. 1943. Observations on the spawning of the sculpin, Cottus semiscaber. Copeia 1943 (1) :41-42. STEFANICH, F. A. 1952. The population and movement of fish in Prickley Pear Creek, Montana. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 81:260-274. TTER, D. S. 1937. Migration, growth rate, population density of brook trout in he STOUDT, J. H. 1939. A study of the migration of the wall-eyed pike (Stizostedion vitreum) in waters of the Chippewa National Forest, Minnesota. Ibid. 68:163-169. STRINGER, G. E., AND W. S. HOAR. 1955. Aggressive behavior of underyearling kamloops trout. Can. J. Zool. 33 (3) :148-160. WILKS, S. S. 1958. Elementary statistical analysis. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N. J., 284 pp. WILLIAMS, G. C. 1957. Homing behavior of California rocky shore fishes. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 59(7) :249-284. WINN, H. E. 1958. Comparative reproductive behavior and ecology of fourteen species of darters (Pisces-Percidae). Ecol. Monogr. 28 (2) :155-191.
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Has Membrane‐Associated Immobilization Antigens (1989)

Sera from fish that survive infections with the ciliated protozoon, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, immobilize the parasite in vitro. In order to identify cell surface antigens involved in the immobilization response, integral membrane proteins were extracted from tomites with Triton X-114 and used to immunize rabbits. The rabbit antisera immobilized the parasite in vitro and antigens were localized to cell and ciliary plasma membranes by indirect immunofluorescent microscopy. The membrane protein fractions from both whole cells and tomite cilia were characterized by 1- and 2-dimensional SDS-PAGE. A 43,000-dalton (D) glycoprotein with an isoelectric point of 7.0 is the predominant protein in these fractions, comprising 12% and 60% of the total protein of whole cell and ciliary membranes, respectively. Western blot analysis of ciliary proteins with immune rabbit sera indicated that the 43,000-D glycoprotein is the principal antigen.
Improved radiation pattern for 28 GHz omni-directional quasi-optical oscillator array (2002)

For emerging distribution type systems, such as personal communication systems (PCS), wireless video, or wireless local area networks (WLAN), transmitters are needed which can broadcast with large beamwidths. It is for these applications that the array described was built. This twelve-element quasi-optical array was created to provide 360 degree coverage and require only a single low-voltage DC power supply, through which the data, is modulated onto the 28 GHz carrier. It radiates 140 mW into the desired polarization and has a tuning bandwidth of 500 MHz, across which the oscillators remain phase-locked. Because of its planar nature, using coplanar-waveguide (CPW) and integrated antennas, it could easily be fabricated monolithically. Unfortunately, these planar, endfire antennas do not have sufficient gain in the h-plane, which results in the vertical beamwidth being larger than desired for most applications. This paper shows that the difficulty can be overcome by adding a pair of metal disks, one above and one below the array.
Comparison of pramipexole, fluoxetine, and placebo in patients with major depression (2000)

Pramipexole, a dopamine D2 receptor agonist, was tested in 174 patients with major depression, with or without melancholia and without psychotic features. Three daily dose levels (0.375 mg, 1.0 mg, and 5.0 mg) were compared to fluoxetine (Prozac) at 20 mg and placebo in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. After a 1 week placebo run-in period, patients were treated for 8 weeks, had a post-study follow-up (week 9), and were evaluated primarily with the Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), and the Clinician's Global Impressions-Severity of Illness scale (CGI-SI). All patients who received one dose of study medication were included in the observed-case analysis (no missing data were replaced). Results indicated that by endpoint (week 8), patients receiving pramipexole at the 1.0 mg per day dose had significant improvement over baseline compared to the placebo group by measure of the HAM-D, MADRS, and CGI-SI. Significant improvement in this dose group was seen at other timepoints as well. The most obvious improvement was seen in the pramipexole 5.0 mg group, although a substantial dropout rate for this group precluded statistical tests vs. placebo late in the study. Patients taking fluoxetine also showed significant improvements at endpoint on the MADRS and earlier in the study on the HAM-D. No new or unusual safety concerns were generated during this study. Pramipexole helped safely alleviate the symptoms of depression at 1.0 mg per day and especially in those patients who could tolerate the escalation to 5 mg per day.
Fabrication, Characterization, and Far-Field Optical Properties of an Ordered Array of Nanoapertures (2004)

An ordered array of nanometer-sized optical apertures is created on the distal face of a coherent optical fiber bundle. The fabrication steps derived from SNOM probes technology allowed to produce a high-density array of apertures with adjustable dimensions which retains the initial architecture of the bundle. Moreover, each optical nanoaperture is surrounded by a gold ring-shaped nanoelectrode. The far-field angular distribution of light intensity transmitted through the array shows a diffracting behavior which is a function of the aperture sizes. This analysis demonstrates its potential use as a near-field optical array. Such an array plays therefore a bridging role by interrelating information obtained concomitantly at the nanometer and micrometer scales. Furthermore, since the nanoring electrodes show excellent electrochemical properties, the near-field optical information can be completed by combining it with an orthogonal technique, such as electrochemistry.
Leucine transport in Escherichia coli. The resolution of multiple transport systems and their coupling to metabolic energy. (1975)

The multiple active transport systems mediating L-leucine accumulation in Escherichia coli strain 7 (K12) and ML 308-225 have been examined. In addition to the previously characterized osmotic shock-sensitive LS (L-leucine-specific) and LIV-I (L-leucine; L-isoleucine-, and L-valine-specific) activities, a third system (designated LIV-II) has been detected, confirming a report by Rahmanian et al. (RAHMANIAN, M., CLAUS, D.R., and OXENDER, D. L. (1973) J. Bacteriol. 116, 1258-1266). This third system transports L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-valine with a relatively low affinity (apparent transport Km equals 4 muM for L-leucine) and it is resistant to repression by cell growth on L-leucine. Exploitation of these properties and of the differential sensitivity of the three transport activities to inhibition by L-leucine analogues permits estimation of the contribution by each system to the total transport activity under varying conditions. Such experiments show that, unlike systems LS and LIV-I, system LIV-II is resistant to osmotic shock. The L-leucine, L-iosleucine, and L-valine transport activity in membrane vesicles from strain ML 308-225 has the properties of system LIV-II. Although the L-leucine transport activities in strains 7 and ML 308-225 are in all other respects similar, membrane vesicles from strain 7 do not transport L-leucine, L-isoleucine, or L-valine. L-leucine transport under various conditions of energy supply has been measured in strain ML 308-225 and the corresponding Mg-2+-ATP-ASE-DEFICIENT STRAIN, DL-54. These measurements support the view that the osmotic shock-sensitive LS and LIV-I activities depend on the synthesis of ATP, while the osmotic shock-resistant LIV-II activity depends on the energized membrane state generated by electron flow but not on ATP synthesis, per se. This conclusion is not supported by the inhibitory effects of the energy poisons arsenate and 2,4-dinitrophenol, but these compounds may have secondary chemical effects on the transport systems.
An ultrasound-driven needle-insertion robot for percutaneous cholecystostomy (2004)

A real-time ultrasound-guided needle-insertion medical robot for percutaneous cholecystostomy has been developed. Image-guided interventions have become widely accepted because they are consistent with minimal invasiveness. However, organ or abnormality displacement due to involuntary patient motion may undesirably affect the intervention. The proposed instrument uses intraoperative images and modifies the needle path in real time by using a novel ultrasonic image segmentation technique. In phantom and volunteer experiments, the needle path updating time was 130 and 301 ms per cycle, respectively. In animal experiments, the needle could be placed accurately in the target.
Recombinant DNA vaccine encoding multiple domains related to inhibition of neurite outgrowth: a potential strategy for axonal regeneration (2004)

Myelin-derived proteins, such as tenascin-R (TN-R), myelin associate glycoprotein (MAG), and Nogo-A, inhibit the CNS regeneration. By targeting specifically the inhibitory epitopes, we have investigated whether vaccination with a recombinant DNA molecule encoding multiple domains of myelin inhibitors may be useful in CNS repair. We show here that the recombinant DNA vaccine is able to activate the immune system but does not induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. Importantly, it promotes axonal regeneration in a spinal cord injury model. Thus, the application of DNA vaccine, encoding multiple specific domains of major inhibitory proteins and/or their receptors, provides another promising approach to overcome the inhibitory barriers during CNS regeneration.
Chapter 28: Classification of hypersensitivity reactions (2012)

The original Gell and Coomb's classification categorizes hypersensitivity reactions into four subtypes according to the type of immune response and the effector mechanism responsible for cell and tissue injury: type I, immediate or IgE mediated; type II, cytotoxic or IgG/IgM mediated; type III, IgG/IgM immune complex mediated; and type IV, delayed-type hypersensitivity or T-cell mediated. The classification has been improved so that type IIa is the former type II and type IIb is antibody-mediated cell stimulating (Graves Disease and the "autoimmune" type of chronic idiopathic urticaria). Type IV has four major categories: type IVa is CD4(+)Th1 lymphocyte mediated with activation of macrophages (granuloma formation and type I diabetes mellitus); type IVb is CD4(+)Th2 lymphocyte mediated with eosinophilic involvement (persistent asthma and allergic rhinitis); type IVc is cytotoxic CD8(+) T lymphocyte with involvement of perforin-granzme B in apoptosis (Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis); type IVd is T-lymphocyte-driven neutrophilic inflammation (pustular psoriasis and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis). Some diseases have multiple types of immunologic hypersensitivity.
Pyruvic acid production from 1,2-propanediol by thiamin-requiring Acinetobacter sp. 80-M. (1982)

For the purpose of producing pyruvic acid from 1, 2-propanediol (PD), three PD-utilizing and thiamin-requiring microorganisms were isolated from soil. All the isolated strains were found to be pyruvic acid producers. Among them, strain 80-M was the best producer and was identified as an Acinetobacter sp. With this bacterium, the conditions were optimized for pyruvic acid production from PD by two methods: growing cell and resting cell methods. The amount of thiamin added to the medium remarkably affected the pyruvic acid production using either method. Under optimal conditions, 14.6 and 10.0 mg/ml of pyruvate as a sodium salt were produced from 20mg/ml of PD by the growing and resting cell methods, respectively. In the resting cell system, only PD-grown cells showed a significant pyruvate productivity from PD.
Hollow-core photonic crystal fibre for high field photonics (2014)

International audience
Adaptive compensation of phase and magnitude aberrations (1996)

A new method for aberration correction is presented. Using multiple receive beams reconstructed at each transmit direction, image artifacts due to imperfect beam forming can be identified and greatly reduced. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of such a compensation algorithm for blocked elements. In this study, the algorithm is extended for magnitude and phase aberrations. Experimental results show that substantial improvements are possible for small amplitude and phase errors. The compensation method is less effective for large errors, however. Based on this, a two-step procedure is proposed for general aberration correction. First, cross-correlation processing is used to reduce significant phase errors. Then, the adaptive compensation method is applied to remove remaining artifacts due to blocked elements, amplitude aberrations, and residual phase errors. This two-step procedure is shown to be effective in significantly reducing image artifacts due to amplitude and phase errors.
Dual Intercalating Molten Electrolyte Batteries (1994)

The reductive and oxidative intercalation of ions into graphite from room‐temperature and low temperature molten salts is demonstrated. For this investigation, the molten salts use 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (EMI+) or 1,2‐dimethyl‐3‐propylimidazolium (DMPI+) as the cation and , , , , or as the anion. In a two‐electrode battery configuration, the molten salt electrolyte provides both the cation and anion which are intercalated into the graphite anode and cathode, respectively. A cell employing a electrolyte and two graphite rod electrodes achieved an open‐circuit voltage of 3.5 V and a cycling efficiency of 85%.
Incidence of childhood‐onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus in Devon and Cornwall, England, 1975–1996 (1999)

The first validated childhood-onset diabetes register has been set up in the far south-west of England. The incidence of childhood Type 1 DM in this region has increased significantly over the past two decades, especially in children under 5 years.
Recent progress in nanoimprint technology and its applications (2004)

Nanoimprint is an emerging lithographic technology that promises high-throughput patterning of nanostructures. Based on the mechanical embossing principle, nanoimprint technique can achieve pattern resolutions beyond the limitations set by the light diffractions or beam scatterings in other conventional techniques. This article reviews the basic principles of nanoimprint technology and some of the recent progress in this field. It also explores a few alternative approaches that are related to nanoimprint as well as additive approaches for patterning polymer structures. Nanoimprint technology can not only create resist patterns as in lithography but can also imprint functional device structures in polymers. This property is exploited in several non-traditional microelectronic applications in the areas of photonics and biotechnology.
ACE: a color expert system for user interface design (1988)

Color is used in computer graphics to code information, to call attention to items, to signal a user, and to enhance display aesthetics, but using color effectively and tastefully is often beyond the abilities of application programmers because the study of color crosses many disciplines, and many aspects, such as human color vision, are not completely understood. We compiled a comprehensive set of guidelines for the proper use of color, but even these guidelines cannot provide all of the aesthetic and human factors knowledge necessary for making good color selections. Furthermore, programmers may misinterpret or ignore the guidelines. To alleviate some of these problems, we have implemented ACE, A Color Expert system which embodies the color rules and applies them to user interface design. The goal of the implementation was to test whether an automated mechanism would be a viable solution to the problem of choosing effective and tasteful colors.Our implementation is written in OPS5, a production system programming language, which allowed us encode rules in a similar fashion to our existing set of guidelines. ACE takes a user interface specification and uses our color rules as constraints to determine the best colors for particular items. While ACE is only a prototype, we learned that an expert system is a viable method for choosing an initial set of colors that can be “tweaked” by a human expert. We also learned that much more research needs to be performed in the areas of visual color relationships and how they can be used to provide the most effective user interface.
Calculation Method and Influencing Factor for Speed Change of a Vehicle Impacting Small Sign Post (2008)

Important factor in designing a breakaway sign support is the velocity change of the impact vehicle. It is measured from the crash test or can be calculated by 3-D Finite Element Analysis. It can also be calculated with relative ease utilizing energy and momentum conservation. In this paper a formula to calculate the velocity change of a car during the time of impact against a small sign is derived utilizing the energy and momentum balance. Using the formula, parametric studies were conducted to find that impact speed, separation force and Breakaway Fracture Energy(BFE) of the posts which represent the degree of fixedness to the foundation are the important factor to vehicle's speed change. It is shown that speed change is larger in the lower speed impact and to the posts with large separation force and BFE.