gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GLUCOSAMINE ADMINISTRATION DURING RESUSCITATION IMPROVES ORGAN FUNCTION AFTER TRAUMA HEMORRHAGE (2006)

Stress-induced hyperglycemia is necessary for maximal rates of survival after severe hemorrhage; however, the responsible mechanisms are not clear. One consequence of hyperglycemia is an increase in hexosamine biosynthesis, which leads to increases in levels of O-linked attachment of N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. This modification has been shown to lead to improved survival of isolated cells after stress. In view of this, we hypothesized that glucosamine (GlcNH2), which more selectively increases the levels of O-GlcNAc administration after shock, will have salutary effects on organ function after trauma hemorrhage (TH). Fasted male rats that underwent midline laparotomy were bled to a mean arterial blood pressure of 40 mmHg for 90 min and then resuscitated with Ringer lactate (four times the shed blood volume). Administration of 2.5 mL of 150 mmol L GlcNH2 midway during resuscitation improved cardiac output 2-fold compared with controls that received 2.5 mL of 150 mmol L NaCl. GlcNH2 also improved perfusion of various organs systems, including kidney and brain, and attenuated the TH-induced increase in serum levels of IL-6 (902+/-224 vs. 585+/-103 pg mL) and TNF-alpha (540+/-81 vs. 345+/-110 pg mL) (values are mean+/-SD). GlcNH2 administration resulted in significant increase in protein-associated O-GlcNAc in the heart and brain after TH. Thus, GlcNH2 administered during resuscitation improves recovery from TH, as assessed by cardiac function, organ perfusion, and levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines. This protection correlates with enhanced levels of nucleocytoplasmic protein O-GlcNAcylation and suggests that increased O-GlcNAc could be the mechanism that links stress-induced hyperglycemia to improved outcomes.
Generation of Field-ReversingELayers with Millisecond Lifetimes (1976)

Field-reversing electron rings, exhibiting initial axial field changes $\frac{\ensuremath{\delta}B}{{B}_{z0}}&lt;~170%$, and having overall lifetimes of greater than 1300 \ensuremath{\mu} sec, have been generated by injection of 2.1-MeV, 30-kA electron-beam pulses into the relativistic-electron-coil-experiment (RECE)-Christa mirror field, ${B}_{z0}(z)$. These lifetimes, which are comparable with those expected from collisional diffusion of the fast electrons, constitute an improvement of more than a factor of 40 over the earlier results from RECE-Berta.
Functional Imaging of Cancer with Emphasis on Molecular Techniques (2007)

A multitude of noninvasive, quantitative, functional imaging techniques are currently in use to study tumor physiology, to probe tumor molecular processes, and to study tumor molecules and metabolites in vitro and in vivo using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasonography (US), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and optical imaging (OI). Such techniques can be used in conjunction with structural imaging techniques to detect, diagnose, characterize, or monitor tumors before and after therapeutic intervention. These can also be used to study tumor gene expression, to track cells and therapeutic drugs, to optimize individualized treatment planning for patients with tumors, and to foster new oncologic drug development. In this article, we review the rich variety of functional imaging techniques that are available for these purposes, which are becoming increasingly important for optimal individualized patient treatment in this day and age of "personalized medicine."
Resist design concepts for 193 nm lithography: Opportunities for innovation and invention (1997)

Photolithography using 193 nm radiation is the leading candidate for the manufacture of 0.18–0.13 μm design rule devices. The optical absorption of materials such as novolacs, and functionalized poly(hydroxystyrenes) and styrene-acrylate copolymers which are the matrix materials of choice for G line, I line, and 248 nm lithography is significantly higher than one at 193 nm making them too opaque to be useful at this shorter wavelength. The opacity of the current photoresists at 193 nm requires innovation in designing alternative materials and processes to realize the full potential of 193 nm (ArF) lithography. From a materials standpoint, this challenge must be addressed by new chemistries and process schemes capable of providing resists with the aqueous base solubility, etching resistance, resolution, photospeed, and process latitude required for large-scale manufacturing. In addition, regulatory constraints on volatile organic chemical emissions have spurred efforts to design revolutionary resist platforms that address these concerns while providing the performance required for sub-0.18 μm device manufacture.
Biomolecules Linked to Transition Metal Complexes - New Chances for Chemotherapy (2003)

From the synthetic point of view the fast developing fields of medicine and biology offer new opportunities for the design of very effective drugs with high selectivity. Especially in the field of anticancer therapy many efforts have been made to deliver drugs to specific tissues. Sugar substituted porphyrin compounds, bile acid conjugates, and pH-sensitive immunoliposomes are only some examples. Although there are many different approaches to exploit biomolecules as shuttles only a start has been made. Since the targeting of a drug is a very complex process, a successful design of a new compound has to consider chemical as well as biological aspects and requires a multidisciplinary cooperation with physicians and biologists. Three interesting concepts are evaluated exemplarily: antibodies, molecules with binding affinity to hormone receptors, and bile acids. The main issues are: selection of the drug and the carrier, ways of linking the pharmacological active compound to the biomolecule, the optimal way of linking the drug to the spacer, and cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and drug resistance.
The barley amo1 locus is tightly linked to the starch synthase IIIa gene and negatively regulates expression of granule-bound starch synthetic genes (2011)

In this study of barley starch synthesis, the interaction between mutations at the sex6 locus and the amo1 locus has been characterized. Four barley genotypes, the wild type, sex6, amo1, and the amo1sex6 double mutant, were generated by backcrossing the sex6 mutation present in Himalaya292 into the amo1 'high amylose Glacier'. The wild type, amo1, and sex6 genotypes gave starch phenotypes consistent with previous studies. However, the amo1sex6 double mutant yielded an unexpected phenotype, a significant increase in starch content relative to the sex6 phenotype. Amylose content (as a percentage of starch) was not increased above the level observed for the sex6 mutation alone; however, on a per seed basis, grain from lines containing the amo1 mutation (amo1 mutants and amo1sex6 double mutants) synthesize significantly more amylose than the wild-type lines and sex6 mutants. The level of granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) protein in starch granules is increased in lines containing the amo1 mutation (amo1 and amo1sex6). In the amo1 genotype, starch synthase I (SSI), SSIIa, starch branching enzyme IIa (SBEIIa), and SBEIIb also markedly increased in the starch granules. Genetic mapping studies indicate that the ssIIIa gene is tightly linked to the amo1 locus, and the SSIIIa protein from the amo1 mutant has a leucine to arginine residue substitution in a conserved domain. Zymogram analysis indicates that the amo1 phenotype is not a consequence of total loss of enzymatic activity although it remains possible that the amo1 phenotype is underpinned by a more subtle change. It is therefore proposed that amo1 may be a negative regulator of other genes of starch synthesis.
Measurement-Only Topological Quantum Computation (2008)

We remove the need to physically transport computational anyons around each other from the implementation of computational gates in topological quantum computing. By using an anyonic analog of quantum state teleportation, we show how the braiding transformations used to generate computational gates may be produced through a series of topological charge measurements.
Isolation and identification of germ cells from fetal bovine ovaries (1994)

Gonadal cell suspensions were made from bovine fetuses of 35-55-, 56-80-, and 80-130-day age groups corresponding to the periods predominated by primordial germ cells (PGCs), oogonia, and meiotic cells, respectively. Germ cells identified on morphological criteria prior to their isolation from suspensions were compared histochemically and morphologically with cells in cryosections, impression smears, and semithin sections of similar gonads. Oocytes were distinguished by their chromosomal configurations in cell spreads. In suspensions from 35-55-day fetuses, cells considered to be PGCs stood out by their size, large nucleus, intracytoplasmic vesicles, and occasional blebbing. The somatic cells were smaller and contained little cytoplasm and few vesicles. In bovine gonads, in contrast to murine gonads, alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity was not specific enough to identify germ cells once they had entered the gonad. In ovaries from the 56-80-day age group, cells similar to PGCs, but slightly larger and with more cytoplasmic vesicles, were identified as oogonia. The cytoplasmic vesicles stained positively for lipid. In ovaries of 80-130-day fetuses, oogonia, oocytes, degenerating germ cells, and multinucleate germ cells were recognized. Degenerating germ cells exhibited a variety of morphological characteristics and were consistently positive for acid-phosphatase activity. Binucleate germ cells appeared around day 85 of gestation, while multinucleate germ cells were seen from day 95. It was concluded that bovine mitotic germ cells can be isolated from gonadal cell suspensions and that the best time to recover them is between 50 and 70 days of gestation.
Statistical design techniques for D/A converters (1989)

Techniques for the design of high-resolution digital-to-analog converters (DACs) that use precision-matched components are described. Statistical models, based on test chip data, that realistically describe both local mismatches and longer range spatial correlations are investigated. These models have been incorporated into a special-purpose DAC analysis/simulation tool (DACSIM) to provide a powerful Monte-Carlo yield estimation capability. DACSIM also performs accurate DC simulation of a large class of resistor-network DAC circuits taking into account many important parasitic effects, including superposition nonlinearities. An error-corrected DAC architecture that uses the concept of a generalised decoding strategy programmable at test has been validated in a CMOS 13 bit segmented current-switched DAC. The approach exhibits the potential for attaining very high accuracy without trimming.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cheyne-Stokes respiration in ischemic stroke (1995)

We monitored breathing pattern and arterial oxygen saturation in 32 conscious patients with acute ischemic stroke. Seventeen (53%) had Cheyne-Stokes respiration with concomitant drops in oxygen saturation, unrelated to infarct location. The ventilatory disturbance promptly reversed after intravenous theophylline ethylenediamine or oxygen inhalation. The therapy is a simple way of improving arterial oxygenation in a large subgroup of patients with acute ischemic stroke.
US Food and Drug Administration/Conformit Europe-Approved Absorbable Nerve Conduits for Clinical Repair of Peripheral and Cranial Nerves (2008)

Several absorbable nerve conduits are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Conformit Europe (CE) for clinical repair of peripheral and cranial nerves. Surgeons are often not aware of the different (bio)materials of these conduits when performing nerve repair. An overview of these FDA- and CE-approved absorbable nerve conduits for clinical use is presented. PubMed, MEDLINE, and the companies selling the conduits were consulted. The available FDA and CE absorbable nerve conduits for peripheral and cranial nerve repair are 2 collagen- and 2 synthetic-polyester-based conduits. The available clinical data, the price, the length, and the composition of the tube show significant differences. Based on the available data in this paper at this moment, we favor the PGA (Neurotube) nerve conduit for repair of peripheral and cranial nerve defects because of its advantages in length, price, and availability of clinical data. However, no prospective studies comparing the available nerve conduits have been published.
Relationships between B‐lineage lymphocytes and stromal cells in long‐term bone marrow cultures (1987)

In long-term culture of mouse bone marrow, the growth and differentiation of B-lineage lymphocytes depends on interaction with adherent cells or their products. The objectives of these studies were to characterize the types of cells present in the supporting adherent layer as well as the physical relationships of these cells with lymphocytes. With an extensive panel of antibodies against hemopoietic and lymphocyte antigens, two discrete nonlymphoid populations were identified: macrophages and undefined, large cells which we termed "stromal cells". Lymphocyte clusters grew in actual contact with the latter cells only. Stromal cells lacked expression of most hemopoietic antigens, including the common leukocyte antigen, J11d, heat stable antigen (M1/69), Thy-1 and BP 1. Antigens expressed by stromal cells were detected by AA4.1, our 94.2 antibody, and antibody to the Forsmann antigen, but the most distinguishing characteristics of the lymphocyte-binding stromal cells were production of basement membrane components, laminin and collagen IV, and the extremely low uptake of acetylated low density lipoprotein (LDL). Using acetylated LDL uptake as a sorting criterion, the lymphocyte-binding stromal cells were separated from the macrophages, recultured and shown to support lymphocyte proliferation. We found the binding between stromal cells and lymphocytes to be highly selective and dependent on divalent cations; hence, specialized adhesion mechanisms may have a role in B cell development. Moreover, our studies suggest that phosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface molecules may be involved in this adhesion. Our findings demonstrate the possibility that a single cell type provides physical support and proliferation stimuli for early B-lineage cells. This accessory cell is not a macrophage; rather, it has features of an endothelial or epithelial cell.
Complement activation following oxidative stress (1999)

It is clear that complement plays an important role in the inflammatory process following oxidative stress in cellular and animal models. Clinical trials underway with novel complement inhibitors will establish the potential therapeutic benefit of complement inhibition in human disease. For as much as we understand about the role of complement in disease states, many questions remain. How is complement activated on endothelial cells following oxidative stress? What is the ligand for MBL on endothelial cells following oxidative stress? Will inhibition of MBL provide tissue protection to the extent observed with other complement inhibitors such as sCR1 or anti-C5 mAbs? These questions and more will undoubtedly be answered in the next millennium.
Enhancing Psychiatric Nursing Practice: Role of an Advanced Practice Nurse (1999)

In response to demands for alternative health models that deliver cost-effective quality care, one large Midwestern medical center implemented a change in their nursing practice model. The change involved the introduction of unit-based nursing leadership teams that included advanced practice nurses (APNs). This article reports the findings from an investigation that employed a case study design to evaluate the process and outcomes of integrating an APN on a psychiatric unit with experienced nurses. Data collection methods included a nursing survey (n = 34), interviews with nine randomly selected nurses, and two multidisciplinary open forums. Consistent with the staff nurses' survey ratings of important advanced practice role functions, responses from the nursing interviews and open forums suggested nurses' professional development to be the most positive outcome. Role confusion was identified as a negative outcome. Recommendations for improved integration and use of APNs in today's psychiatric health environments were identified.
Temperature sensing in Yersinia pestis: regulation of yopE transcription by lcrF (1992)

In Escherichia coli, a yopE::lacZ fusion was found to be regulated by temperature in the presence of the cloned BamHI G fragment of Yersinia pestis plasmid pCD1, which contains the lcrF locus. Increasing the copy number of lcrF relative to that of the yopE reporter had a negligible effect on the induction ratio (26 versus 37 degrees C) but caused large reductions in the absolute levels of yopE transcription. We localized the lcrF gene by monitoring the induction phenotype of BamHI G deletion derivatives. Sequencing revealed an open reading frame capable of encoding a protein of 30.8 kDa. A protein product of this size was detected in a T7 expression system, and LcrF-dependent yopE-specific DNA binding activity was observed. As expected, LcrF exhibited 98% homology to VirF of Yersinia enterocolitica and significant homology to the carboxy termini of other members of the AraC family of transcriptional regulatory proteins. These proteins could be divided into two classes according to function: those regulating operons involved in catabolism of carbon and energy sources and those involved in regulating virulence genes. lcrF::lacZ transcriptional fusions were constructed and analyzed in Y. pestis and E. coli. The activity of the fusions was not affected by the native pCD1 virulence plasmid, an intact lcrF gene, or temperature. Thus, induction of lcrF transcription is not essential for temperature-dependent activation of yopE transcription. A portion of LcrF was found associated with the membrane fraction in E. coli; however, pulse-chase experiments indicated that this result is an artifact of fractionation.
Lymphatic Hyporeactivity and Calcium Desensitization Following Hemorrhagic Shock (2011)

The lymphatic circulation is an important component of the circulatory system. In preliminary studies, we found contractile activity of lymphatic vessels to be decreased during severe shock. In the present study, our aim was to observe changes in lymphatic reactivity to norepinephrine (NE) and to explore the mechanism of calcium sensitivity in rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock (HS). Thirty-two Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham and shock groups, and changes in lymphatic pressure and contractility of mesenteric lymphatics in response to NE were measured at different time points after shock. The results showed that NE-induced changes in lymphatic pressure were decreased at 1 h after shock and that hyporeactivity was maintained for 3 h after shock. The reactivity of mesenteric lymphatics to NE in the shock group at 1 to 2 h after shock was significantly lower than that of the sham group and before shock. The other 49 rats were divided into sham, shock 1 h, and shock 2 h groups for isolation thoracic duct rings. Forty-eight isolated lymphatics per group were used to assay lymphatic reactivity to NE and calcium sensitivity in an isolated vessel perfusion system. The NE concentration-response curves for postshock lymphatic rings (1 or 2 h) and calcium concentration-response curves after shock (2 h) were shifted to the right; isolated lymphatic reactivity to NE and contraction in response to calcium were markedly reduced in shock groups. Lymphatic reactivity to NE and calcium sensitivity were significantly increased in the 2-h shock group following incubation with the calcium sensitizer angiotensin II, and the lymphatic reactivity was reduced after incubation with the calcium sensitivity inhibitor insulin. In conclusion, lymphatic reactivity declines progressively during HS as a result of calcium desensitization. The results suggest that lymphatic hyporeactivity is one of the mechanisms of lymphatic hypocontraction in rats subjected to HS.
Near-Orthogonal Basis Functions: A Real Time Fetal ECG Technique (1977)

A general technique for the real-time extraction of a physiological signal in the presence of well-characterized noise is described using a noninvasive fetal ECG detection system as an example application.
Association of distinct tetraspanins with MHC class II molecules at different subcellular locations in human immature dendritic cells (2001)

Dendritic cells have the capacity to trigger T cell responses in lymphoid organs against antigens captured in the periphery. T cell stimulation depends on the ability of MHC class II molecules to present peptides at the cell surface that are acquired in MHC class II compartments. The high capacity of dendritic cells to stimulate T lymphocytes is related to their ability to regulate the distribution of MHC class II molecules intracellularly. To analyze the molecular components involved in the generation of MHC class II-peptide complexes in human immature dendritic cells, mAb were raised against purified MHC class II compartments. One of the antigens turned out to be CD63, a member of the tetraspanin superfamily. CD63 localized exclusively intracellularly where it associated with peptide-loaded class II molecules. In contrast, the tetraspanins CD9, CD53 and CD81 associated with class II molecules at the plasma membrane. Selective association of distinct tetraspanins may be involved in the regulation of MHC class II distribution in human dendritic cells.
Selective Proinflammatory Activation of Astrocytes by High-Mobility Group Box 1 Protein Signaling (2007)

Extracellular high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) triggers inflammatory events in the brain. We demonstrate that astrocytes, the main glial cells in the brain, acquire a specific reactive phenotype when exposed to HMGB1. This cell activation, which involves the receptor for advanced glycation end-products and the MAPK/ERK1/2 cascade, results in the transcriptional/translational induction of a restricted number of inflammatory mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and several chemokines of the CC and CXC families. The mixture of factors released by HMGB1-reactive astrocytes displays a potent chemotactic activity on human monocytic cells. This study is the first to suggest that HMGB1/astrocyte interaction plays a specific functional role in the progression of inflammatory processes in the CNS by facilitating local leukocyte infiltration.
Formation of a new enthesis after attachment of the supraspinatus tendon: A quantitative histologic study in rabbits (2005)

A new enthesis was formed after attachment of the supraspinatus tendon into bony trough. Histomorphometry allowed to document extensive non-chondrocytic proliferation that was followed by appearance of chondrocytes and their spatial organization, a process was complete by 24 weeks. Extracellular matrix formation as well as spatial alignment of collagen fibers were delayed and not complete by 24 weeks. This first longitudinal investigation on the formation of the supraspinatus enthesis using quantitative outcome measures cautions against too early and too aggressive a rehabilitation program.