gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assembly of DNA/Fullerene Hybrid Materials (1998)

Ordering of cationic fullerene derivatives on a DNA template by phosphate/fullerene complexation provides a rapid route to organic materials several hundred nanometers in length (shown on the right). Hydrophobic interactions between the fullerene units lead to DNA supercoiling that can be relieved by adding a nonionic surfactant. The products are easily imaged by transmission electron microscopy without the need for heavy-metal staining.
Production of Novel Ebola Virus-Like Particles from cDNAs: an Alternative to Ebola Virus Generation by Reverse Genetics (2003)

We established a plasmid-based system for generating infectious Ebola virus-like particles (VLPs), which contain an Ebola virus-like minigenome consisting of a negative-sense copy of the green fluorescent protein gene. This system produced nearly 10(3) infectious particles per ml of supernatant, equivalent to the titer of Ebola virus generated by a reverse genetics system. Interestingly, infectious Ebola VLPs were generated, even without expression of VP24. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic analyses showed that the morphology of the Ebola VLPs was indistinguishable from that of authentic Ebola virus. Thus, this system allows us to study Ebola virus entry, replication, and assembly without biosafety level 4 containment. Furthermore, it may be useful in vaccine production against this highly pathogenic agent.
Novel Near-Infrared Fluorescent Integrin-Targeted DFO Analogue (2007)

Desferrioxamine (DFO), a siderophore initially isolated from Streptomyces pilosus, possesses extraordinary metal binding properties with wide biomedical applications that include chelation therapy, nuclear imaging, and antiproliferation. In this work, we prepared a novel multifunctional agent consisting of (i) a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe-cypate; (ii) an integrin alpha vbeta3 receptor (ABIR)-avid cyclic RGD peptide, and (iii) a DFO moiety, DFO-cypate-cyclo[RGDfK(approximately)] (1, with approximately representing the cypate conjugation site at the side chain of lysine; f is d-phenylalanine). Compound 1 and two control compounds, cypate-cyclo[RGDfK(approximately)] ( 2) and cypate-DFO ( 3), were synthesized by modular assembly of the corresponding protected RGD peptide cyclo[R(Pbf)GD(OBut)fK] and DFO on the dicarboxylic acid-containing cypate scaffold in solution. The three compounds exhibited similar UV-vis and emission spectral properties. Metal binding analysis shows that DFO as well as 1 and 3 exhibited relatively high binding affinity with Fe(III), Al(III), and Ga(III). In contrast to Ga(III), the binding of Fe to 1 and 3 quenched the fluorescence emission of cypate significantly, suggesting an efficient metal-mediated approach to perturb the spectral properties of NIR fluorescent carbocyanine probes. In vitro, 1 showed a high ABIR binding affinity (10 (-7) M) comparable to that of 2 and the reference peptide cyclo(RGDfV), indicating that both DFO and cypate motifs did not interfere significantly with the molecular recognition of the cyclic RGD motif with ABIR. Fluorescence microscopy showed that internalization of 1 and 2 in ABIR-positive A549 cells at 1 h postincubation was higher than 3 and cypate alone, demonstrating that incorporating ABIR-targeting RGD motif could improve cellular internalization of DFO analogues. The ensemble of these findings demonstrate the use of multifunctional NIR fluorescent ABIR-targeting DFO analogues to modulate the spectral properties of the NIR fluorescent probe by the chelating properties of DFO and visualize intracellular delivery of DFO by receptor-specific peptides. These features provide a strategy to explore the potential of 1 in tumor imaging and treatment as well as some molecular recognition processes mediated by metal ions.
Functional modeling of vitamin responsiveness in yeast: a common pyridoxine-responsive cystathionine beta-synthase mutation in homocystinuria (1997)

Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder which results in extremely elevated levels of total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) and high risk of thromboembolic events. About half of all patients diagnosed with CBS deficiency respond to pyridoxine treatment with a significant lowering of tHcy levels. We examined 12 CBS-deficient patients from 10 Norwegian families for mutations in the CBS gene and identified mutations in 18 of the 20 CBS alleles. Five of the seven patients classified as pyridoxine-responsive contain the newly identified point mutation, G797A (R266K). This point mutation is tightly linked with a previously identified 'benign' 68 bp duplication of the intron 7-exon 8 boundary within the CBS gene. We tested the effect of all of the mutations identified on human CBS function utilizing a yeast system. Five of the six mutations had a distinguishable phenotype in yeast, indicating that they were in fact pathogenic. Interestingly, the G797A allele had no phenotype when the yeast were grown in high concentrations of pyridoxine, but a severe phenotype when grown in low concentrations, thus mirroring the behavior in humans. These studies show that the G797A mutation is an important cause of pyridoxine-responsive CBS deficiency and demonstrate the utility of yeast functional assays in the analysis of human mutations.
Factors affecting the efficiency of introducing foreign DNA into mice by microinjecting eggs. (1985)

Microinjection of foreign DNA into fertilized mammalian eggs is a convenient means of introducing genes into the germ line. Some of the more important parameters that influence successful integration of foreign DNA into mouse chromosomes are described. The effects of DNA concentration, size, and form (supercoiled vs. linear with a variety of different ends) are considered as well as the site of injection (male pronucleus, female pronucleus, or cytoplasm) and buffer composition. The optimal conditions for integration entail injection of a few hundred linear molecules into the male pronucleus of fertilized one-cell eggs. Under these conditions about 25% of the mice that develop inherit one or more copies of the microinjected DNA. The overall efficiency also depends on the choice of mouse strains; for example, generating transgenic mice that express foreign growth hormone genes is about eight times easier with C57/BL6 X SJL hybrid mice than with inbred C57/BL6 mice.
Supercontinuum generation, four-wave mixing, and fission of higher-order solitons in photonic-crystal fibers (2002)

The nonlinear propagation of femtosecond pulses in photonic-crystal fibers is investigated theoretically without the use of the slowly varying envelope approximation. Low-intensity supercontinuum generation caused by fission of higher-order solitons into red-shifted fundamental solitons and blue-shifted nonsolitonic radiation is studied in a large range of fiber and pulse parameters. It is shown that phase matching of degenerate four-wave mixing can be achieved in an extremely broad frequency range from the IR to the UV. Spontaneous generation of new frequency components and parametric amplification by four-wave mixing as well as its possible overlap with soliton fission are studied in detail.
Quenching of the amidolytic activity of one-chain tissue-type plasminogen activator by mutation of lysine-416 (1990)

In contrast to most other serine proteases, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) possesses enzymatic activity as the one-chain zymogen form. The hypothesis that lysine residues 277 or 416 may be involved in stabilization of an active conformation of one-chain t-PA via salt-bridge formation with aspartic acid residue 477 was tested by site-directed mutagenesis. Four recombinant t-PA mutants were constructed. The amidolytic activities of these analogues were compared to that of authentic t-PA. Substitution of arginine-275 provided an analogue [( R275G]t-PA) resistant to plasmin cleavage. The amidolytic activity of [R275G]t-PA was comparable to that of authentic one-chain t-PA, and so was the activity of [R275L,K277L]t-PA, in which additional substitution of lysine residue 277 was carried out. This suggested that its presence was nonessential for obtaining one-chain t-PA activity. In contrast, substitution of lysine residue 416 to obtain [K416S]t-PA and [K416S,H417T]t-PA resulted in substantial quenching of amidolytic one-chain activity. As expected, the amidolytic activities of the two-chain forms were less affected by the substitution. Involvement of lysine residue 416 in one-chain t-PA activity was also indicated by decreased activities of [K416S]t-PA and [K416S,H417T]t-PA with plasminogen as the substrate. The one-chain activity of the lysine residue 416 substitution analogues was partially restored in the presence of fibrin. This could indicate that strong ligands such as fibrin might provide an alternative stabilization of the active conformation of one-chain t-PA.
Cytoplasmic trafficking of IGF-II mRNA-binding protein by conserved KH domains (2002)

The IGF-II mRNA-binding proteins (IMPs), which are composed of two RNA recognition motifs, (RRM) and four hnRNP K homology (KH) domains, have been implicated in subcytoplasmic localization of mRNAs during embryogenesis. The IMP family originated via two gene duplications before the divergence of vertebrates, and IMP homologues consisting of only the four KH motifs have been identified in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans. Here we characterise the trafficking of GFP-IMP1 fusion proteins and determine the structural determinants for proper cytoplasmic localization. GFP-IMP1 is present in large 200-700 nm RNP granules, which are distributed along microtubules. In motile cells, GFP-IMP1 is transported towards the leading edge into the cortical region of the lamellipodia where it is connected to microfilaments. Granules travel in an ATP-dependent fashion at an average speed of 0.12 microm/s (range 0.04-0.22 microm/s), and cells switch from a delocalized to a localized pattern within 15-20 minutes. Both granule formation and localization are unaffected by removal of the two RRMs, whereas deletion of the KH domains, which mediate RNA-binding, impairs these functions. We conclude that IMP1 localization is associated with motility and that the major functions of IMP1 are carried out by the phylogenetically conserved KH domains.
Anti–Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4 Antibody: The First in an Emerging Class of Immunomodulatory Antibodies for Cancer Treatment (2008)

Available clinical data suggest that anti-CTLA-4 mAbs are very different from traditional mAbs, chemotherapies, and immunotherapies in terms of patterns of response, duration of response, and adverse event profile. Ongoing clinical studies aim to establish the efficacy and safety of anti-CTLA-4 mAbs as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and a variety of other cancer types.
Desensitization of the -Adrenergic Response in Human Brown Adipocytes (1998)

Activation of adenylyl cyclase by β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) plays a major role in adipose tissue homeostasis. The increase in cAMP promotes lipolysis in white adipose tissue, activates both thermogenesis and lipolysis in brown adipose tissue (BAT), and induces BAT hypertrophy. Previous studies indicated that among the three βAR subtypes present in adipose tissue, β3AR could be a potential target for antiobesity treatments in humans. We studied immortalized human brown adipocytes (PAZ6 adipocytes) as a model ofβ -adrenergic response in human BAT. PAZ6 adipocytes and freshly isolated mature human brown adipocytes display the same proportions ofβ AR subtypes, with β3AR being the most abundant (∼80% of the total). However, β3AR was poorly coupled to the adenylyl cyclase pathway in PAZ6 cells, contributing to only 10% of the isoproterenol-induced accumulation of cAMP, whereas 20% and 70% of the signal depended on β1- andβ 2-subtypes, respectively. Upon isoproterenol stimulation, β1- and β2AR down-regulated with a half-life of about 3 h and the β3AR with a half-life of 30–40 h. Long term stimulation with both saturating (micromolar) and nonsaturating (nanomolar) concentrations ofβ -adrenergic agonists caused a complete desensitization of theβ -adrenergic response at the adenylyl cyclase level and loss of stimulated protein kinase A activity and CREB phosphorylation. These results suggest that cAMP-dependent processes will be desensitized upon permanent treatment with β3AR agonists. Further studies should establish whether the β3AR is coupled to other signaling pathways in human brown adipocytes and whether these may contribute to BAT hypertrophy and/or thermogenesis.
Straightforward Syntheses of Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents Mediated by Selectfluor (2005)

Use of Selectfluor allows hypervalent iodine(III) species such as aryl iodine(III) difluoride, diacetate, and di(trifluoroacetate) and Koser's salt to be easily prepared. Aryl iodine(III) difluoride and diacetate can be synthesized from the corresponding arene and elemental iodine in one-pot procedures. [reaction: see text]
Chemokines and anti-cancer immunotherapy: anti-tumor effect of EBI1-ligand chemokine (ELC) and secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC). (2000)

Various attempts at anti-cancer immunotherapy have used immunostimulatory cytokines, accessory molecules or tumor antigen-loaded dendritic cells. However, all these trials have exhibited only a limited anti-tumor response. A specific anti-tumor response should be enhanced by attracting to the site of antigen presentation large numbers of cells capable of eliciting an effector function on presentation and activation by tumor antigen. Chemokines play an important role in specific immune response. In this article, we have reviewed the anti-tumor effects of chemokines, such as inhibition of angiogenesis and attraction of immune effector cells to the tumor site. Although chemokines acting alone seem to have limited anti-tumor activity, chemokines produce more potent anti-tumor activity when used as adjuvants. The systemic anti-tumor immunity evoked by the chemokines, EBI1-ligand chemokine and secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine, is significantly potentiated when they are used in combination with interleukin-2 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
Spin Transfer Driven Magnetization Dynamics in Spin Valves and Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (2013)

This thesis describes experimental studies of magnetization dynamics in both spin valves (SVs) and magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) subject to spin-polarized currents. A spin-polarized electrical current can transfer its angular momentum to a ferromagnet through a spin-transfer torque (STT), resulting in intriguing magnetization dynamics such as the reversal of the magnetization direction, precession and relaxation. The ferromagnetic systems investigated were nanopillars, tens to hundreds of nanometers in cross section and a few nanometers in thickness, which were further integrated into SV or MTJ structures. The magnetization switching and relaxation studies were performed on all-perpendicularly magnetized SVs. The switching probabilities were investigated for different pulse conditions at room temperature, where thermal fluctuations can play an important role. The pulse duration was varied over 10 orders of magnitude, from the fundamental timescales of magnetization precessional dynamics, 50 ps, to 1 s. Three switching regimes were found at different timescales. In the short-time regime, the switching probability was mainly determined by the angular momentum transfer between the current and the magnetization. In the long-time regime, the switching becomes thermal activation over an effective energy barrier modified by the STT. In the crossover regime, both spin-transfer and thermal effects are important. The magnetization relaxation was studied by a two-pulse correlation method, where the relaxation time is measured by the interval between the two pulses. The thermal effects were shown to be important even at nanosecond time scales. The switching and precession of magnetization were also studied in structures where a perpendicular spin polarizing layer is employed with an in-plane magnetized MTJ. When subject to pulses, the initial STT from the polarizer to the free layer is perpendicular to the free layer plane. For a large enough STT, this tilts the free layer magnetization out of the plane to create a large demagnetization field, typically at tens or hundreds of millitesla. This demagnetization field then becomes the dominant magnetic field acting on the free layer, leading to the precession of its magnetization. This magnetization precession was observed through real-time device resistance measurements, where precessions with hundreds of picoseconds are found from single current pulse stimuli.
A review of current routing protocols for ad hoc mobile wireless networks (1999)

An ad hoc mobile network is a collection of mobile nodes that are dynamically and arbitrarily located in such a manner that the interconnections between nodes are capable of changing on a continual basis. In order to facilitate communication within the network, a routing protocol is used to discover routes between nodes. The primary goal of such an ad hoc network routing protocol is correct and efficient route establishment between a pair of nodes so that messages may be delivered in a timely manner. Route construction should be done with a minimum of overhead and bandwidth consumption. This article examines routing protocols for ad hoc networks and evaluates these protocols based on a given set of parameters. The article provides an overview of eight different protocols by presenting their characteristics and functionality, and then provides a comparison and discussion of their respective merits and drawbacks.
Signalling of Modem-On-Hold status in Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) (2003)

The Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) defines a mechanism for tunneling Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) sessions. It is common for these PPP sessions to be established using modems connected over the public switched telephone network.
Fatty acids from cod-liver oil as skin penetration enhancers. (1995)

A fatty acid extract is discharged during the refining of medicinal cod-liver oil. The fatty acid composition of the extract was determined and it was found to contain an vast variety of fatty acids. About 17% of the fatty acids consisted of saturated fatty acids, the rest was unsaturated fatty acids. The extract was an effective transdermal penetration enhancer and this effect was found to be associated with the unsaturated portion of fatty acids.
A new approach to the neurolytic block of the coeliac plexus: The transaortic technique (1983)

The present study critically examines the coeliac plexus block techniques hitherto adopted, pointing out the complications involved and stressing the seriousness of the neurological complications due to spread of the neurolytic agent to the sympathetic chain and the lumbar plexus. Contrast enhanced CT scans demonstrate the difficulties involved in confining the neurolytic agent to the anterior, peri-aortic and precrural regions. The authors report their recent experience with coeliac plexus block by means of a single transaortic needle in 28 patients. In 12 of the patients, the CT scan revealed a spread was anterior to the medial crura of the diaphragm, sometimes extending laterally towards the costovertebral gutter along the ventral surface of the diaphragm.
Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics for the Prevention and Treatment of Infections with West Nile Virus (2011)

The emergence of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America in 1999 as a cause of severe neurological disease in humans, horses and birds stimulated development of vaccines for human and veterinary use, as well as polyclonal/monoclonal antibodies and other immunomodulating compounds for use as therapeutics. Although disease incidence in North America has declined since the peak epidemics in 2002-2003, the virus has continued to be annually transmitted in the Americas and to cause periodic epidemics in Europe and the Middle East. Continued transmission of the virus with human and animal disease suggests that vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of WNV disease could be of great benefit. This article focuses on progress in development and evaluation of vaccines and immunotherapeutics for the prevention and treatment of WNV disease in humans and animals.
Transmission Spectra of ZnO Single Crystals (1968)

Received 20 November 1967DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.20.59©1968 American Physical Society
Comparative study of frying to other cooking techniques influence on the nutritive value (1998)

Frying is one of the oldest methods of food preparation. It improves the sensory quality of food by formation of aroma compounds, attractive colour, crust and texture. Undesirable changes involved are loss of nutritive quality e.g. due to degradation of heat - susceptible vitamins. The influence of common frying methods (frying in an oven, in a pan deep frying) on cooking time and nutritive value of vegetables, potatoes, meat, poultry and fish is described and compared to other cooking methods (boiling, steaming, stewing). Frying of vegetables, potatoes and breaded meat, poultry and fish, no matter whether in a pan or by deep - frying, is associated with fat uptake (2 - 14 g per 100 g of raw food) while non - breaded high fat food of animal origin loses fat during frying (2 - 30%). Data suggest that the fat quantity absorbed during frying increases up to a saturation limit which depends on the kind of food and on the amount of panade. Deep - fried meat, poultry and fish usually absorb less fat than meat, poultry and fish fried in a pan. The kind of fat had no essential influence on fat uptake. After frying of vegetable food and of breaded meat, poultry and fish, the content of protein, carbohydrates and minerals was nearly fully retained while boiling and steaming reduced the mineral content by 25-50%. In the majority of cases frying including deep frying also retained the vitamins B1, B2, B6 and C better than boiling, steaming and stewing.
CHAP. IX (2014)

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A prospective comparison of two expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for linear forearm hemodialysis access: does the manufacturer matter? (1997)

In the linear forearm position from the radial artery to an antecubital vein, there is no difference in the performance of 6-mm standard e-PTFE grafts on the basis of manufacturer, whether Goretex or Impra. On the basis of performance, linear forearm dialysis grafts are an acceptable method for hemodialysis access.
Inhibition of neutrophil activation by alpha1-acid glycoprotein. (1984)

We report that alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AAG), a naturally occurring human plasma protein and acute phase reactant of uncertain biological function, inhibits human neutrophil aggregation and superoxide anion generation induced by a variety of stimuli including zymosan treated serum, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and phorbol myristate acetate. Inhibition was transient, directly proportional to the glycoprotein concentration and inversely proportional to the concentration of the stimulus added. Desialyzation, resulting in the removal of a substantial portion of the molecule's negative charge, did not alter the effectiveness of AAG. Removal of the penultimate galactose residues from desialyzed AAG resulted in a slight but significant reversal of inhibition, suggesting that the heteropolysaccharide units of AAG may be important for inhibition of cellular function. We therefore suggest that the acute phase glycoprotein AAG may be a significant modulator of neutrophil as well as platelet and lymphocyte function during inflammation.