gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Molecular Characterization and in situ Expression Pattern of Pea SCARECROW Gene (2001)

Certain mutants of shoot gravitropism were reported to be ascribed to the SCR and SHR loci in Arabidopsis thaliana. The SCR gene was known to regulate the development of endodermis cells that are responsible for sensing gravity in a shoot. With the aim of elucidating the molecular mechanism for gravitropic responses in pea seedlings, we have isolated a putative pea SCR ortholog from a shoot cDNA library. Analyses of the cDNA clones revealed the structure of a full-length ORF coding for 819 amino acid residues. A remarkable feature of pea SCR protein was the presence of asparagine stretches at the N-terminal transcriptional activation domain, which was distinct from the occurrence of glutamine or alanine stretches in the Arabidopsis or maize SCR. A Northern blot analysis revealed a single 3.2-kb pea SCR transcript in addition to a closely related 2.5-kb transcript. Our in situ hybridization data indicated that pea SCR mRNA accumulated in the shoot apical meristem, leaf primordia and a root single cell layer corresponding to the endodermis. The expression patterns were similar to those reported for A. thaliana and Zea mays, suggesting that SCR may be functionally conserved among plants and involved in the differentiation of the endodermis.
Chemically modified light‐curable chitosans with enhanced potential for bone tissue repair (2008)

Light curable polymers are showing great potential in overcoming some of the current obstacles in bone repair. With stereolithography, they can be fabricated into scaffolds with desired topography for repairing bone defects in irregular shapes. In this study, we developed a series of light curable chitosans, which have photocurability and good solubility in organic solvent. Through adjusting the feeding ratio of the raw components, the content of photocurable groups in the backbone of chitosan can be controlled. The light curable chitosans were characterized through FTIR-ATR and (1)H NMR, which also confirmed their controllable photocurability. NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were co-cultured with the photocured samples for 7 days and the results indicated that these photocured chitosans are cyto-compatible. Scaffolds with interconnected pores, fabricated using salt leaching and photocuring and seeded with fetal bovine osteoblasts, were implanted subcutaneously in the backs of athymic rat. Histological study on the implants at 6 weeks showed that the photocured chitosans have good osteoconductivity. The results indicated the light curable chitosans have good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity.
A third base pair for the polymerase chain reaction: inserting isoC and isoG (2004)

Two additional bases (isoguanosine and isocytosine), generating a third base pair, have been implemented in PCR. Enzyme fidelity for the third base pair is demonstrated using molecular thermodynamic melting, chemical cleavage and molecular beacons. When amplifying as few as 15 targets containing multiple non-natural base pairs with 40 cycles of amplification, our results confirm sequence conservation. The additional sequence space provided by three base pairs allows for the construction of molecular tools that achieve higher complexity and better discrimination than those possible with natural DNA alone.
Detection of Fluorophosphonate Chemical Warfare Agents by Catalytic Hydrolysis with a Porous Silicon Interferometer (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTDetection of Fluorophosphonate Chemical Warfare Agents by Catalytic Hydrolysis with a Porous Silicon InterferometerHonglae Sohn, Sonia Létant, Michael J. Sailor, and William C. TroglerView Author Information Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California at San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, California 92093-0358 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 22, 5399–5400Publication Date (Web):May 20, 2000Publication History Received22 February 2000Revised18 April 2000Published online20 May 2000Published inissue 1 June 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja0006200https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0006200rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1870Altmetric-Citations275LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Catalysts,Hydrolysis,Surfactants,Thickness,Thin films Get e-Alerts
The Atlas of Mouse Development (1992)

Introductory Remarks. Methodology. General Observations on the Staging of Postimplantation Mouse Embryos. General Observations on the Plates. Embryogenesis. Assessment of Developmental Stage of Pre- and Postimplantation Mouse Embryos Based on the Staging System of Theiler (1989): Preimplantation Period. Stages 1-5. Postimplantation Period. Stages 6-26. Scanning Electron Micrographs, and Special Systems: External Appearance of Intact Embryos Isolated between 7.5-9.5 Days p.c. (Text Associated with Plate 42). External Appearance of Intact Embryos Isolated between 9.5-11.5 Days p.c., and Differentiation of the Limbs over the Period from 9.5-117.5 Days p.c. (Text Associated with Plates 43-145). External Appearance of Intact Embryos Isolated between 11.5-118.5 Days p.c. (Text Associated with Plate 46). Differentiation of the Cephalic Region in Embryos Isolated between 9.5-111.5 Days p.c.--Scanning Electron Microscopy Series (Text Associated with Plate 47). Differentiation of the Eye--Scanning Electron Microscopy and Histological Series (Text Associated with Plates 48-153). Differentiation of the Pituitary (Text Associated with Plates 54-157). Development of the Tongue (Text Associated with Plate 58). Closure of the Palate (Text Associated with Plates 59-162). Morphology of the Spinal Cord (Text Associated with Plate 63). Early Stages in the Development of the Heart (Text Associated with Plates 64 and 65). Differentiation of the Lungs (Text Associated with Plate 66). Histochemical Demonstration of Primordial Germ Cells (Text Associated with Plate 67). Differentiation of the Urogenital Ridges, Gonads, and Genital Duct System (Text Associated with Plates 68-171). Differentiation of the Kidney (Text Associated with Plate 72). Discontinuities Occasionally Found in the Visceral Yolk Sac (Text Associated with Plates 73 and Plate 74, a-1f). Differentiation of the Placenta (Text Associated with Plate 74, g-1i and Plate 75). Disposition of the Extra-embryonic Membranes Associated with Various Types of Twinning (Text Associated with Plates 76-179). Asynchronous Implantation (Text Associated with Plate 80). Embryo Code Numbers for Serially-Sectioned Embryos Illustrated in Plates 1-141. Chapter References.
Organization of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Tobacco Mosaic Virus Templates (2003)

Self-assembled cylindrical particles of wild type and recombinant tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were used as organic templates for the controlled deposition and organization of Pt, Au, or Ag nanoparticles. Chemical reduction of [PtCl6]2- or [AuCl4]- complexes at acidic pH gave rise to the specific decoration of the external surface of wild-type TMV rods with metallic nanoparticles less than 10 nm in size. In contrast, photochemical reduction of Ag(I) salts at pH 7 resulted in nucleation and constrained growth of discrete Ag nanoparticles aligned within the 4 nm-wide internal channel. The number of encapsulated nanoparticles increased when Ag benzoate rather than Ag nitrate was used due to reduced supersaturation associated with the lower Ag/benzoate redox couple, which enhanced the surface-templating effect of the channel wall carboxylates compared with nucleation in solution. Similar experiments using a mutant TMV with reduced negative charge along the central cavity confirmed that glutamic and aspartate acid groups were involved in site-specific deposition. Our results suggest that it should be possible to prepare 1-D arrays for a wide range of inorganic quantum dots by molecular engineering of the internal and external surfaces of self-assembled TMV tubules.
On the path to 2025: understanding the Alzheimer’s disease continuum (2017)

Basic research advances in recent years have furthered our understanding of the natural history of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is now recognized that pathophysiological changes begin many years prior to clinical manifestations of disease and the spectrum of AD spans from clinically asymptomatic to severely impaired. Defining AD purely by its clinical presentation is thus artificial and efforts have been made to recognize the disease based on both clinical and biomarker findings. Advances with biomarkers have also prompted a shift in how the disease is considered as a clinico-pathophysiological entity, with an increasing appreciation that AD should not only be viewed with discrete and defined clinical stages, but as a multifaceted process moving along a seamless continuum. Acknowledging this concept is critical to understanding the development process for disease-modifying therapies, and for initiating effective diagnostic and disease management options. In this article, we discuss the concept of a disease continuum from pathophysiological, biomarker, and clinical perspectives, and highlight the importance of considering AD as a continuum rather than discrete stages. While the pathophysiology of AD has still not been elucidated completely, there is ample evidence to support researchers and clinicians embracing the view of a disease continuum in their study, diagnosis, and management of the disease.
Designer disordered materials with large, complete photonic band gaps (2009)

We present designs of 2D, isotropic, disordered, photonic materials of arbitrary size with complete band gaps blocking all directions and polarizations. The designs with the largest band gaps are obtained by a constrained optimization method that starts from a hyperuniform disordered point pattern, an array of points whose number variance within a spherical sampling window grows more slowly than the volume. We argue that hyperuniformity, combined with uniform local topology and short-range geometric order, can explain how complete photonic band gaps are possible without long-range translational order. We note the ramifications for electronic and phononic band gaps in disordered materials.
An investigation of the specificity of induced anti‐pig antibodies in baboons (2003)

In this limited study, no Ab response to non-Gal carbohydrates was observed, and anti-SLA specificity was minor, indicating that most induced anti-non-Gal Ab was directed against non-specific pig proteins, including SLA-epitopes.
A Practical Two-Step Quantitative Clinical and Electrophysiological Assessment for the Diagnosis and Staging of Diabetic Neuropathy (1994)

The results indicate that the MNSI is a good screening tool for diabetic neuropathy and that the MDNS coupled with nerve conductions provides a simple means to confirm this diagnosis.
ChemInform Abstract: Green Chemical Approaches Toward High‐Quality Semiconductor Nanocrystals (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Regulation of neutrophil NADPH oxidase activation in a cell-free system by guanine nucleotides and fluoride. Evidence for participation of a pertussis and cholera toxin-insensitive G protein. (1987)

Guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) transduce a remarkably diverse group of extracellular signals to a relatively limited number of intracellular target enzymes. In the neutrophil, transduction of the signal following fMet-Leu-Phe receptor-ligand interaction is mediated by a pertussis toxin substrate (Gi) that activates inositol-specific phospholipase C. We have utilized a plasma membrane-containing fraction from unstimulated human neutrophils as the target enzyme to explore the role of G proteins in arachidonate and cytosolic cofactor-dependent activation of the NADPH-dependent O-2-generating oxidase. When certain guanine nucleotides or their nonhydrolyzable analogues were present during arachidonate and cytosolic cofactor-dependent activation, they exerted substantial dose-dependent effects. The GTP analogue, GTP gamma S, caused a 2-fold increase in NADPH oxidase activation (half-maximal stimulation, 1.1 microM). Either GDP or its nonhydrolyzable analogue, GDP beta S, inhibited up to 80% of the basal NADPH oxidase activation (Ki GDP = 0.12 mM, GDP beta S = 0.23 mM). GTP caused only slight and variable stimulation, whereas F-, an agent known to promote the active conformation of G proteins, caused a 1.6-fold stimulation of NADPH oxidase activation. NADPH oxidase activation in the cell-free system was absolutely and specifically dependent on Mg2+. Although O2- production in response to fMet-Leu-Phe was inhibited greater than 90% in neutrophils pretreated with pertussis toxin, cytosolic cofactor and target oxidase membranes from neutrophils treated with pertussis toxin showed no change in basal- or GTP gamma S-stimulated NADPH oxidase activation. Cholera toxin treatment of neutrophils also had no effect on the cell-free activation system. Our results suggest a role for a G protein that is distinct from Gs or Gi in the arachidonate and cytosolic cofactor-dependent NADPH oxidase cell-free activation system.
Chaotic behavior of renal sympathetic nerve activity: effect of baroreceptor denervation and cardiac failure (2000)

Nonlinear dynamic analysis was used to examine the chaotic behavior of renal sympathetic nerve activity in conscious rats subjected to either complete baroreceptor denervation (sinoaortic and cardiac baroreceptor denervation) or induction of congestive heart failure (CHF). The peak interval sequence of synchronized renal sympathetic nerve discharge was extracted and used for analysis. In control rats, this yielded a system whose correlation dimension converged to a low value over the embedding dimension range of 10-15 and whose greatest Lyapunov exponent was positive. Complete baroreceptor denervation was associated with a decrease in the correlation dimension of the system (before 2.65 +/- 0.27, after 1.64 +/- 0.17; P < 0.01) and a reduction in chaotic behavior (greatest Lyapunov exponent: 0.201 +/- 0.008 bits/data point before, 0.177 +/- 0.004 bits/data point after, P < 0.02). CHF, a state characterized by impaired sinoaortic and cardiac baroreceptor regulation of renal sympathetic nerve activity, was associated with a similar decrease in the correlation dimension (control 3.41 +/- 0.23, CHF 2.62 +/- 0.26; P < 0.01) and a reduction in chaotic behavior (greatest Lyapunov exponent: 0.205 +/- 0.048 bits/data point control, 0.136 +/- 0.033 bits/data point CHF, P < 0.02). These results indicate that removal of sinoaortic and cardiac baroreceptor regulation of renal sympathetic nerve activity, occurring either physiologically or pathophysiologically, is associated with a decrease in the correlation dimensions of the system and a reduction in chaotic behavior.
Multiple agents rescue PC12 cells from serum-free cell death by translation- and transcription-independent mechanisms (1991)

Past studies revealed that NGF and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) prevent the death of PC 12 pheochromocytoma cells that otherwise occurs in serum-free medium. Additional agents were tested here for their abilities to promote long-term survival of naive and NGF-pretreated (primed) PC 12 cells in serum-free conditions. Forskolin and permeant cAMP analogs effectively prevented serum-free cell death, as did micromolar levels of insulin and 10-100-nM levels of insulin-like growth factors I and II. In contrast to NGF and FGF, none of these agents caused neuronal differentiation of naive cells or neurite regeneration by primed cells. Each of the agents also prevented rapid cell death in a balanced salt solution, thus apparently ruling out a mechanism dependent on regulation of nutrient uptake. Epidermal growth factor and elevated K+ appeared to slow the rate of cell death, but did not promote long-term survival; phorbol ester, dexamethasone, or vanadate did not prevent cell death. Each of the survival-promoting agents was effective even when macromolecular synthesis was blocked. Because the synthesis inhibitors themselves did not significantly prevent cell death, such findings indicate that survival was promoted by mechanisms that do not require synthesis of RNA or protein. In addition, various lines of experimental evidence (using the kinase inhibitor K-252a or PC 12 cell variants deficient either in protein kinase A activity or in responsiveness to NGF) further suggested that the effective agents maintain survival by independent initial pathways. Regulation of protein kinase activity appears to be a common feature of each pathway and may therefore play a key convergent role in mediating prevention of cell death.
Defective Angiogenesis in Mice Lacking Endoglin (1999)

Endoglin is a transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) binding protein expressed on the surface of endothelial cells. Loss-of-function mutations in the human endoglin gene ENG cause hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT1), a disease characterized by vascular malformations. Here it is shown that by gestational day 11.5, mice lacking endoglin die from defective vascular development. However, in contrast to mice lacking TGF-beta, vasculogenesis was unaffected. Loss of endoglin caused poor vascular smooth muscle development and arrested endothelial remodeling. These results demonstrate that endoglin is essential for angiogenesis and suggest a pathogenic mechanism for HHT1.
Serinc, an Activity-regulated Protein Family, Incorporates Serine into Membrane Lipid Synthesis (2005)

Cell membranes contain various transporter proteins, some of which are responsible for transferring amino acids across membrane. In this study, we report another class of carrier proteins, termed Serinc1-5, that incorporates a polar amino acid serine into membranes and facilitates the synthesis of two serine-derived lipids, phosphatidylserine and sphingolipids. Serinc is a unique protein family that shows no amino acid homology to other proteins but is highly conserved among eukaryotes. The members contain 11 transmembrane domains, and rat Serinc1 protein co-localizes with lipid biosynthetic enzymes in endoplasmic reticulum membranes. A Serinc protein forms an intracellular complex with key enzymes involved in serine and sphingolipid biosyntheses, and both functions, serine synthesis and membrane incorporation, are linked to each other. In the rat brain, expression of Serinc1 and Serinc2 mRNA was rapidly up-regulated by kainate-induced seizures in neuronal cell layers of the hippocampus. In contrast, myelin throughout the brain is enriched with Serinc5, which was down-regulated in the hippocampus by seizures. These results indicate a novel mechanism linking neural activity and lipid biosynthesis.
Inflammation and wound healing: the role of the macrophage (2011)

The macrophage is a prominent inflammatory cell in wounds, but its role in healing remains incompletely understood. Macrophages have many functions in wounds, including host defence, the promotion and resolution of inflammation, the removal of apoptotic cells, and the support of cell proliferation and tissue restoration following injury. Recent studies suggest that macrophages exist in several different phenotypic states within the healing wound and that the influence of these cells on each stage of repair varies with the specific phenotype. Although the macrophage is beneficial to the repair of normally healing wounds, this pleotropic cell type may promote excessive inflammation or fibrosis under certain circumstances. Emerging evidence suggests that macrophage dysfunction is a component of the pathogenesis of nonhealing and poorly healing wounds. As a result of advances in the understanding of this multifunctional cell, the macrophage continues to be an attractive therapeutic target, both to reduce fibrosis and scarring, and to improve healing of chronic wounds.
flt3 Ligand in Cooperation With Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Potentiates In Vitro Development of Langerhans-Type Dendritic Cells and Allows Single-Cell Dendritic Cell Cluster Formation Under Serum-Free Conditions (1997)

Using a recently described serum-free culture system of purified human CD34+ progenitor cells, we show here a critical cooperation of flt3 ligand (FL) with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in the induction of in vitro dendritic cell/Langerhans cell (DC/LC) development. The addition of FL to serum-free cultures of CD34+ cells supplemented with TGF-β1, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor α, and stem cell factor strongly increases both percentages (mean, 36% ± 5% v 64% ± 4%; P = .001) and total numbers (4.4- ± 0.8-fold) of CD1a+ dendritic cells. These in vitro-generated CD1a+ cells molecularly closely resemble a particular type of DC known as an epidermal Langerhans cell. Generation of DC under serum-free conditions was found to strictly require supplementation of culture medium with TGF-β1. Upon omission of TGF-β1, percentages of CD1a+ DC decreased (to mean, 10% ± 8%; P = .001) and, in turn, percentages of granulomonocytic cells (CD1a− cells that are lysozyme [LZ+]; myeloperoxidase [MPO+]; CD14+) increased approximately threefold (P &lt; .05). Furthermore, in the absence of TGF-β1, FL consistently promotes generation of LZ+, MPO+, and CD14+ cells, but not of CD1a+ cells. Serum-free single-cell cultures set up under identical TGF-β1– and FL-supplemented culture conditions showed that high percentages of CD34+ cells (mean, 18% ± 2%; n = 4) give rise to day-10 DC colony formation. The majority of cells in these DC-containing colonies expressed the Langerhans cell/Birbeck granule specific marker molecule Lag. Without TGF-β1 supplementation, Lag+ colony formation is minimal and formation of monocyte/macrophage-containing colonies predominates. Total cloning efficiency in the absence and presence of TGF-β1 is virtually identical (mean, 41% ± 6% v 41% ± 4%). Thus, FL has the potential to strongly stimulate DC/LC generation, but has a strict requirement for TGF-β1 to show this costimulatory effect.
Fabrication of a Silicon Micro-Probe for Vertical Probe Card Application (1998)

We report on the fabrication of a new type of probe card that uses a porous silicon micromachining technique. Curled cantilever tips are fabricated using surface tension and the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between the films. The contact resistance of cantilever tips with an aluminum pad is basically below 1 Ω and there is no change of contact resistance after 700,000 contacts.