gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Corpus-Based Analysis of the Language Used by Defendants of Homicide in Court (2017)

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In this study we present the updated version of the Greek Corpus of Defendants’ Testimonies, GCDT and a series of new evaluations that have been carried out on the defendants’ speech. Using criteria, such as lexical richness, lexical density, part-of-speech frequencies, word and sentence length, we look for linguistic features which could characterize the stylometric profile of the defendants. We also present GCWT, a reference corpus that has been constructed similar to GCWT stylistic features. GCWT contains witnesses’ testimonies collected in the court. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
A Genetically Encoded FRET Lactate Sensor and Its Use To Detect the Warburg Effect in Single Cancer Cells (2013)

Lactate is shuttled between and inside cells, playing metabolic and signaling roles in healthy tissues. Lactate is also a harbinger of altered metabolism and participates in the pathogenesis of inflammation, hypoxia/ischemia, neurodegeneration and cancer. Many tumor cells show high rates of lactate production in the presence of oxygen, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect, which has diagnostic and possibly therapeutic implications. In this article we introduce Laconic, a genetically-encoded Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-based lactate sensor designed on the bacterial transcription factor LldR. Laconic quantified lactate from 1 µM to 10 mM and was not affected by glucose, pyruvate, acetate, betahydroxybutyrate, glutamate, citrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinate, malate or oxalacetate at concentrations found in mammalian cytosol. Expressed in astrocytes, HEK cells and T98G glioma cells, the sensor allowed dynamic estimation of lactate levels in single cells. Used in combination with a blocker of the monocarboxylate transporter MCT, the sensor was capable of discriminating whether a cell is a net lactate producer or a net lactate consumer. Application of the MCT-block protocol showed that the basal rate of lactate production is 3-5 fold higher in T98G glioma cells than in normal astrocytes. In contrast, the rate of lactate accumulation in response to mitochondrial inhibition with sodium azide was 10 times lower in glioma than in astrocytes, consistent with defective tumor metabolism. A ratio between the rate of lactate production and the rate of azide-induced lactate accumulation, which can be estimated reversibly and in single cells, was identified as a highly sensitive parameter of the Warburg effect, with values of 4.1 ± 0.5 for T98G glioma cells and 0.07 ± 0.007 for astrocytes. In summary, this article describes a genetically-encoded sensor for lactate and its use to measure lactate concentration, lactate flux, and the Warburg effect in single mammalian cells.
Palomid 529, a Novel Small-Molecule Drug, Is a TORC1/TORC2 Inhibitor That Reduces Tumor Growth, Tumor Angiogenesis, and Vascular Permeability (2008)

It has become clear that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is central for promoting both tumor and tumor stroma and is therefore a major target for anticancer drug development. First- and second-generation rapalogs (prototypical mTOR inhibitors) have shown promise but, due to the complex nature of mTOR signaling, can result in counterproductive feedback signaling to potentiate upstream Akt signaling. We present a novel PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor, Palomid 529 (P529), which inhibits the TORC1 and TORC2 complexes and shows both inhibition of Akt signaling and mTOR signaling similarly in tumor and vasculature. We show that P529 inhibits tumor growth, angiogenesis, and vascular permeability. It retains the beneficial aspects of tumor vascular normalization that rapamycin boasts. However, P529 has the additional benefit of blocking pAktS473 signaling consistent with blocking TORC2 in all cells and thus bypassing feedback loops that lead to increased Akt signaling in some tumor cells.
Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression in Astrocytes, Microglia and Neurons (1996)

In neurodegenerative disease or after brain injury, parenchymal cells in the central nervous system are activated to produce inflammatory mediators, mainly consisting of cytokine-induced factors, in a manner similar to, but clearly different from a peripheral inflammatory response. The upregulated expression of several extracellular matrix proteins in astrocytes located surrounding a neuritic plaque in Alzheimer's disease is a good example of such a response. A family of mediators which is cytokine-induced during an inflammatory response in the periphery are the matrix metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are calcium-requiring, zinc-containing endopeptidases that constitute a major component of the enzyme cascade responsible for degradation of extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, proteoglycan and laminin. Little is known about the cellular source or the function of matrix metalloproteinases in the central nervous system or how their expression is regulated in brain. Thus, it was of interest to determine which factors of the so-called 'brain inflammatory response' regulate the expression of these proteases in the nervous system. To this end, we measured the expression of matrix metalloproteinases in cultured rat astrocytes and microglia after treatment with various cytokines. Interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide were potent stimulators of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (gelatinase A) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B) in cultured rat astrocytes; the effect of each secretagogue was inhibited in the presence of glucocorticoid. Interleukin-1 beta and lipopolysaccharide also stimulated the production of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (stromelysin-1) in astrocytes. In addition, activated microglia release matrix metalloproteinase-9. The 'coactivator' of monocytic phagocytes, interferon-gamma, rather than augmenting the response to lipopolysaccharide, inhibited it. Thus, cytokines appear to be potent regulators of matrix metalloproteinase production in astrocytes and microglia. The presence of these enzymes in 'inflamed' central nervous system may suggest their involvement in the pathogenesis or progression of neurodegenerative diseases which are associated with an inflammatory component. Much remains to be learned about the potential substrates for these enzymes and the mechanism of their activation in the central nervous system.
Precisely Tunable Photonic Crystals From Rapidly Self‐Assembling Brush Block Copolymer Blends (2012)

Colorful: enabled by their reduced capacity for chain entanglement, high-molecular-weight brush block copolymers can rapidly self-assemble to photonic crystals. The blending of two polymers of different molecular weight can predictably modulate the sizes of the polymer domains, giving rise to a facile means of precision tuning of these photonic-band-gap materials.
Transgenic rescue of insulin receptor–deficient mice (2004)

The role of different tissues in insulin action and their contribution to the pathogenesis of diabetes remain unclear. To examine this question, we have used genetic reconstitution experiments in mice. Genetic ablation of insulin receptors causes early postnatal death from diabetic ketoacidosis. We show that combined restoration of insulin receptor function in brain, liver, and pancreatic cells rescues insulin receptor knockout mice from neonatal death, prevents diabetes in a majority of animals, and normalizes adipose tissue content, lifespan, and reproductive function. In contrast, mice with insulin receptor expression limited to brain or liver and pancreatic cells are rescued from neonatal death, but develop lipoatrophic diabetes and die prematurely. These data indicate, surprisingly, that insulin receptor signaling in noncanonical insulin target tissues is sufficient to maintain fuel homeostasis and prevent diabetes.
Comparison of time-of-flight and phase-contrast MR neuroangiographic techniques. (1993)

Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography constitutes a group of evolving MR imaging techniques that can be used to directly image flow in arteries, veins, and cerebrospinal fluid. By using multiple MR angiographic sequences in each of 18 patients with neurologic conditions such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and carotid atherostenotic disease, the advantages, disadvantages, and unique artifacts of each technique could be investigated. Time-of-flight imaging is susceptible to saturation effects, and short T1 substances may simulate flow. Two-dimensional time-of-flight imaging is useful in cranial venography in assessing the patency of the dural sinuses or venous drainage from an arteriovenous malformation. Three-dimensional time-of-flight images depict small and medium-sized aneurysms. Phase-contrast imaging has excellent background suppression, allows variable velocity encoding, and provides directional flow information. Two-dimensional phase-contrast imaging is useful in the assessment of the patency of major vascular structures. Three-dimensional phase-contrast imaging (with 30-cm/sec velocity encoding) is also useful in depicting small and medium-sized aneurysms. Although some applications of MR angiography are clear, further study and development of the techniques are necessary to determine which imaging sequence or combination of techniques is best suited for answering specific diagnostic questions.
Tissue engineering lamb heart valve leaflets (1996)

Tissue engineered lamb heart valve leaflets (N - 3) were constructed by repeatedly seeding a concentrated suspension of autologous myofibroblasts onto a biodegradable synthetic polymeric scaffold composed of fibers made from polyglycolic acid and polylactic acid. Over a 2-week period the cells attached to the polymer fibers, multiplied, and formed a tissue core in the shape of the matrix. The tissue core was seeded with autologous large-vessel endothelial cells that formed a monolayer which coated the outer surface of the leaflet. The tissue engineered leaflets were surgically implanted in place of the right posterior pulmonary valve leaflet of the donor lamb while on cardiopulmonary bypass. Pulmonary valve function was evaluated by two-dimensional echocardiography with color Doppler which demonstrated valve function without evidence of stenosis and with only trivial regurgitation under normal physiologic conditions. Histologically, the tissue engineered heart valve leaflets resembled native valve leaflet tissue.
Noninvasive screening for prenatal genetic diagnosis. (1995)

During the last two decades a number of methods of prenatal diagnosis have become available and have been used either in laboratory research or in routine genetic counselling. Despite the effectiveness of invasive sampling procedures in diagnosing genetic disorders, their use involves some risk. The advantage of noninvasive methods is that they provide an opportunity to make a genetic diagnosis without risk, and therefore are applicable for use in mass screening programmes. This article reviews three different approaches to noninvasive prenatal genetic diagnosis and offers conclusions and recommendations for their use. Maternal serum screening is a well-understood technique that should be universally offered to pregnant women, regardless of their risk status. Invasive tests can be used, as indicated, once serum testing results have been obtained. Although ultrasonography cannot be recommended for routine use, it can provide a useful adjunct to serum screening and deserves further investigation. Elaboration of fetal cells from maternal blood is a promising technique but can only be considered investigational on the basis of current research, and should not serve as the sole basis of clinical decision-making.
Gamma interferon limits access of Listeria monocytogenes to the macrophage cytoplasm. (1989)

The effect of rIFN-gamma and rTNF on the fate of hemolytic and nonhemolytic (hly-) Listeria monocytogenes in cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages was investigated. In untreated macrophages, approximately 80% of the hemolytic bacteria were killed during the first 2 h of incubation, but the survivors doubled between two and three times. In rIFN-gamma-treated macrophages, although the bacterial killing was identical to the controls during the first 2 h, there was no subsequent bacterial growth, and bactericidal activity continued for the duration of the experiment. rTNF has no affect by itself, but acted synergistically with rIFN-gamma to promote bacterial killing. Infected macrophages with or without rIFN-gamma were examined by EM. The results clearly showed that the role of rIFN-gamma was to prevent access of L. monocytogenes to the macrophage cytoplasm, which would prevent cell-to-cell spread of the bacteria. In addition, rIFN-gamma-treated macrophages exhibited enhanced digestive capacity of the intracellular bacteria.
Measurement of T-Lymphocyte Responses in Whole-Blood Cultures Using Newly Synthesized DNA and ATP (2000)

The proliferative response is most frequently determined by estimating the amount of [(3)H]thymidine incorporated into newly synthesized DNA. The [(3)H]thymidine procedure requires the use of radioisotopes as well as lengthy periods of incubation (>72 h). An alternative method of assessing T-lymphocyte activation in whole-blood cultures involves the measurement of the nucleotide ATP instead of [(3)H]thymidine incorporation. In addition, the Luminetics assay of T-cell activation measures specific T-lymphocyte subset responses through the use of paramagnetic particles coated with monoclonal antibodies against CD antigens. This assay permits rapid (24 h) analysis of lymphocyte subset activation responses to mitogens and recall antigens in small amounts of blood.
Two-photon-induced reduction of metal ions for fabricating three-dimensional electrically conductive metallic microstructure (2006)

We developed techniques for fabricating three-dimensional metallic microstructures using two-photon-induced metal-ion reduction. In this process, ions in a metal-ion aqueous solution were directly reduced by a tightly focused femtosecond pulsed laser to fabricate arbitrary three-dimensional structures. A self-standing metallic microstructure with high electrical conductivity was demonstrated.
Resolving the nanoscale adhesion of individual gecko spatulae by atomic force microscopy (2005)

Animals that cling to walls and walk on ceilings owe this ability to micrometre and nanoscale attachment elements. The highest adhesion forces are encountered in geckoes, which have developed intricate hierarchical structures consisting of toes (millimetre dimensions), lamella (400-600microm size), setae (micrometre dimensions) and spatulae ( approximately 200nm size). Adhesion forces of setae on different substrates have previously been measured by a micro-electromechanical system technique. Here we report the first successful experiments in which the force-displacement curves were determined for individual spatulae by atomic force microscopy. The adhesion force for these smallest elements of the gecko's attachment system is reproducibly found to be about 10nN. This method sheds new light on the nanomechanisms of attachment and will help in the rational design of artificial attachment systems.
High Power Terahertz and Millimeter-Wave Oscillator Design: A Systematic Approach (2011)

A systematic approach to designing high frequency and high power oscillators using activity condition is introduced. This method finds the best topology to achieve frequencies close to the f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> of the transistors. It also determines the maximum frequency of oscillation for a fixed circuit topology, considering the quality factor of the passive components. Using this technique, in a 0.13 μm CMOS process, we design and implement 121 GHz and 104 GHz fundamental oscillators with the output power of -3.5 dBm and -2.7 dBm, respectively. Next, we introduce a novel triple-push structure to realize 256 GHz and 482 GHz oscillators. The 256 GHz oscillator was implemented in a 0.13 μm CMOS process and the output power of -17 dBm was measured. The 482 GHz oscillator generates -7.9 dBm (0.16 mW) in a 65 nm CMOS process.
Comparison of Atlas- and Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging-Based Stereotactic Targeting of the Subthalamic Nucleus in the Surgical Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease (2008)

This study demonstrates the substantial individual variability of STN size, orientation and target coordinates and a significant difference between target coordinates obtained by direct visual targeting on MR images and those obtained by indirect targeting based on atlases.
Hazard pointers: safe memory reclamation for lock-free objects (2004)

Lock-free objects offer significant performance and reliability advantages over conventional lock-based objects. However, the lack of an efficient portable lock-free method for the reclamation of the memory occupied by dynamic nodes removed from such objects is a major obstacle to their wide use in practice. We present hazard pointers, a memory management methodology that allows memory reclamation for arbitrary reuse. It is very efficient, as demonstrated by our experimental results. It is suitable for user-level applications - as well as system programs - without dependence on special kernel or scheduler support. It is wait-free. It requires only single-word reads and writes for memory access in its core operations. It allows reclaimed memory to be returned to the operating system. In addition, it offers a lock-free solution for the ABA problem using only practical single-word instructions. Our experimental results on a multiprocessor system show that the new methodology offers equal and, more often, significantly better performance than other memory management methods, in addition to its qualitative advantages regarding memory reclamation and independence of special hardware support. We also show that lock-free implementations of important object types, using hazard pointers, offer comparable performance to that of efficient lock-based implementations under no contention and no multiprogramming, and outperform them by significant margins under moderate multiprogramming and/or contention, in addition to guaranteeing continuous progress and availability, even in the presence of thread failures and arbitrary delays.
IMGT/V-QUEST: IMGT Standardized Analysis of the Immunoglobulin (IG) and T Cell Receptor (TR) Nucleotide Sequences (2011)

INTRODUCTION IMGT/V-QUEST is the integrated online IMGT tool for the standardized analysis of the immunoglobulin (IG) or antibody and T cell receptor (TR) rearranged nucleotide sequences. The analysis of these antigen receptors represents a crucial challenge for the study of the adaptative immune response in normal and disease-related situations. The expressed IG and TR repertoires represent a potential of 10 12 IG and 10 12 TR per individual. This huge diversity results from mechanisms that occur at the DNA level during IG molecular synthesis, including the combinatorial rearrangement of the variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) genes, the N diversity (V, D, and J exonuclease trimming and addition at random of nucleotides by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase during the V-(D)-J rearrangement) and, for IG, somatic hypermutations. IMGT/V-QUEST, as described here, identifies the V, D, J genes and alleles by alignment with the germline IG and TR gene and allele sequences of the IMGT reference directory. The tool describes the V-REGION mutations and identifies the hot spot positions in the closest germline V gene. IMGT/V-QUEST integrates IMGT/JunctionAnalysis for a detailed analysis of the V-J and V-D-J junctions and IMGT/Automat for a complete sequence annotation of the sequences, and provides IMGT Collier de Perles.
Malignant glioma biology: Role for TGF-? in growth, motility, angiogenesis, and immune escape (2001)

Characteristics of human malignant glioma are excessive proliferation, infiltrative growth, angiogenesis and suppression of anti-tumor immune surveillance. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a versatile cytokine, is intimately involved in the regulation of these processes. Here, we discuss the interactions of TGF-beta with growth factors, such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) and their inhibitor, plasmin activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and immune cells, like natural killer cells, T-cells and microglia. The differential effects of TGF-beta in glioma biology are outlined with emphasis on the induction of a survival advantage for glioma cells by enforced cell growth, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and immune paralysis. By virtue of its growth regulatory and immunomodulatory properties, TGF-beta promises to become a novel target for the experimental therapy of human malignant glioma.
Survival of mouse pancreatic islet allografts in recipients treated with allogeneic small lymphocytes and antibody to CD40 ligand. (1995)

Combined treatment with allogeneic small lymphocytes or T-depleted small lymphocytes plus a blocking antibody to CD40 ligand (CD40L) permitted indefinite pancreatic islet allograft survival in 37 of 40 recipients that differed from islet donors at major and minor histocompatibility loci. The effect of the allogeneic small lymphocytes was donor antigen-specific. Neither treatment alone was as effective as combined treatment, although anti-CD40L by itself allowed indefinite islet allograft survival in 40% of recipients. Our interpretation is that small lymphocytes expressing donor antigens in the absence of appropriate costimulatory signals are tolerogenic for alloreactive host cells. Anti-CD40L antibody may prevent host T cells from inducing costimulatory signals in donor lymphocytes or islet grafts.
Activation of Type III Nitric Oxide Synthase in Astrocytes Following a Neurotropic Viral Infection (1996)

Type III nitric oxide synthase (type III NOS), also known as endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (eNOS or ecNOS or NOS-3), is a constitutively expressed, calcium- and calmodulin-dependent, isoform of NOS. Its expression has been localized to endothelial cells and a subset of neurons in the brain. We report here that resident astrocytes of the central nervous system (CNS) of mice express type III NOS. Following an experimental neurotropic viral infection, the expression of type III NOS on reactive astrocytes increases substantially, predominantly in virally infected regions of the brain. This upregulation of type III NOS expression is also evident following cytokine treatment in vitro. The intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of IL-12, a potent activator of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production, results in a substantial increase in type III NOS immunoreactivity in astrocytes. Cytokine-mediated activation of type III NOS is observed in vitro following exposure of a C6 glioma cells, which constitutively express type III NOS, to IL-12, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha treatment. We conclude that astrocytes of the murine CNS express type III NOS, which may be positively regulated by a number of cytokines following viral infection. Type III NOS expression by astrocytes represents a novel source of nitric oxide in the brain. It may be important in regulating perfusion and maintaining the blood-brain barrier. Given the intimate association of astrocytes with endothelial cells and neurons, increased activity of type III NOS following viral infection may be beneficial in inhibition of viral infection in neighboring cells.