gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of ac Surface Photovoltages in a Depleted Oxidized p-Type Silicon Wafer (1986)

The majority carrier conductance due to the hole flow towards the surface of a wafer from the bulk has been formulated following the half-sided junction model previously reported. An empirical equation for the carrier drift velocities in very high electric fields has been proposed for the formulation. Besides the conductance, the depletion layer capacitance, interface trap capacitance and conductance are found to be responsible for ac surface photovoltages in the depletion case. The majority carrier conductance can explain the formerly observed conductance of 27 S/m 2 in a 76-mm-diameter 1.0-mΩm oxidized p-type Si wafer. Analysis of the formerly reported surface photovoltages reveals a surface potential, fixed oxide charge density, hole capture cross section and interface trap density of 0.32 V, 1.7 mC/m 2 , 2.0×10 -20 m 2 and 2.0×10 16 m -2 eV 1 respectively.
Mass Production of Sphingomyelinase of Bacillus cereus by a Protein-Hyperproducing Strain, Bacillus brevis 47, and Its Purification1 (1992)

Sphingomyelinase (sphingomyelin cholinephosphohydrolase) [EC 3.1.4.12] of Bacillus cereus was overproduced in a protein-hyperproducing strain, B. brevis 47, by cloning the gene into an expression vector pNU211, which has been developed to express a foreign gene utilizing a promoter and a signal sequence of an outer cell wall protein gene. From 1 liter of culture, about 10 mg of protein was purified to near-homogeneity by two steps of column chromatography; this is almost 500 times higher production compared to the conventional preparation from the original strain, B. cereus IAM 1208. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the secreted enzyme was identical to that of the authentic enzyme, indicating that the signal sequence for secretion of B. cereus was processed properly in B. brevis 47.
Cross‐linked DNA duplexes (1998)

Investigation of substrate properties of DNA duplexes with covalently connected strands has been performed. The kinetic measurements of the hydrolysis processes of these compounds by snake venom phosphodiesterase has been carried out. It has been shown that the exonuclease stability of cross-linked DNA duplexes is greatly increased as compared with analogs without linkages between strands. The interaction of cross-linked DNA duplexes with the p50 subunit of human nucleic transcription factor of the kappa light-chain enhancer (NF-kappaB) has been studied. The presence of linkages between strands did not prevent the binding of protein with DNA duplexes and, in specific cases, even promoted this process. The speculation of using cross-linked DNA duplexes as efficient decoys for DNA-binding proteins such as NF-kappaB from the point of view of sense technology are discussed.
Multimodal mechanisms and enhanced efficiency of atrial fibrillation cardioversion by pulmonary delivery of a novel flecainide formulation (2019)

Intratracheal instillation of the new flecainide HPßCD formulation effectively terminates AF through efficient multimodal actions including slowing of atrial conduction velocity and decreasing AF dominant frequency, allowing reduced net drug delivery and inhalation time.
Nutritional support in preterm infants (2017)

We read with great interest the recent article on “Trend of Nutritional Support in Preterm Infants” reported by Ho MY et al.1Ho M.Y. Yen Y.H. Trend of nutritional support in preterm infants.Pediatr Neonatol. 2016; 57: 365-370Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar Both human and animal-based investigations indicate that insufficient protein intake during critical developmental periods may adversely affect long-term linear growth, neurodevelopmental outcomes, and general health. It has been shown that in our study, early parenteral nutrition and aggressive intake of amino acids and lipids (3.5 g/kg/day amino acids and 3 g/kg/day lipids) can be tolerated in the first 6 h after birth by preterm infants. With early high-dose parenteral nutrition, positive nitrogen balance and caloric intake significantly increased, without an increase in the risk of metabolic acidosis, hypercholesterolemia, or hypertriglyceridemia.2Bulbul A. Okan F. Bulbul L. Nuhoglu A. Effect of low versus high early parenteral nutrition on plasma amino acid profiles in very low birth-weight infants.J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012; 25: 770-776Crossref PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar Therefore, we believe that high-dose parenteral nutrition should be started in the first 6 h after birth. Preterm birth is associated with a rapid fall in serum Insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1) levels, as maternal sources of IGF-1 are lost and decreased serum concentrations of IGF-1 are associated with the development of ROP. It has been demonstrated that IGF-1 levels were higher in case of early aggressive parenteral nutrition and reduce the risk of ROP development to 5%.3Can E. Bülbül A. Uslu S. Bolat F. Cömert S. Nuhoğlu A. Early aggressive parenteral nutrition induced high insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) levels can prevent risk of retinopathy of prematurity.Iran J Pediatr. 2013; 23: 403-410PubMed Google Scholar We believe that early high-dose amino acids increase the levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 and reduce the development of ROP in the early neonatal period. Today, the most appropriate composition and the amount of amino acid solutions for preterm newborns remain an open question. We strongly believe that individualized parenteral nutrition would probably be a first-line treatment for the nutrition of premature babies in the future. The authors have indicated that they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose and no conflict of interest.
Enhanced temperature stability and exceptionally high electrical contrast of selenium substituted Ge2Sb2Te5 phase change materials (2017)

Compared to the pure telluride Ge<sub>2</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>5</sub>, Ge<sub>2</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>4</sub>Se (I) and Ge<sub>2</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> (II) thin films reveal an exceptionally large electrical contrast (increased by factor 100 for compound II) between the amorphous and crystalline phases.
Inhibition of the erbB-2 Tyrosine Kinase Receptor in Breast Cancer Cells by Phosphoromonothioate and Phosphorodithioate Antisense Oligonucleotides (1996)

Antisense activity against erbB-2 of a variety of sulfur-modified oligonucleotides was examined in a breast cancer cell line which overexpresses this oncogene. Using a 15 base anti-erbB-2 sequence previously shown to be effective, various backbone configurations containing phosphoromonothioate or phosphorodithioate linkages were evaluated for antisense activity by a two-color flow cytometric assay. This sequence was effective in inhibiting the production of erbB-2 protein when it was configured as a monothioate at each linkage and as an alternating dithioate/phosphodiester. Both of these compounds were also able to specifically inhibit erbB-2 mRNA expression, indicative of RNase H-mediated activity. The same sequence protected by either three dithioate or three monothioate linkages at each end was ineffective as an antisense reagent, suggesting that endonuclease activity is a significant determinant of the stability of oligonucleotides. Finally, the erbB-2 sequence target was shifted in an effort to improve antisense activity. A new lead sequence was identified that was significantly more effective in inhibiting erbB-2 protein levels and retained activity at lower concentrations.
Numerical Modeling of the Sensitivity of X-Ray Driven Implosions to Low-Mode Flux Asymmetries (2013)

The sensitivity of inertial confinement fusion implosions, of the type performed on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [1], to low-mode flux asymmetries is investigated numerically. It is shown that large-amplitude, low-order mode shapes (Legendre polynomial P(4), resulting from low-order flux asymmetries, cause spatial variations in capsule and fuel momentum that prevent the deuterium and tritium (DT) "ice" layer from being decelerated uniformly by the hot spot pressure. This reduces the transfer of implosion kinetic energy to internal energy of the central hot spot, thus reducing the neutron yield. Furthermore, synthetic gated x-ray images of the hot spot self-emission indicate that P(4) shapes may be unquantifiable for DT layered capsules. Instead the positive P(4) asymmetry "aliases" itself as an oblate P(2) in the x-ray images. Correction of this apparent P(2) distortion can further distort the implosion while creating a round x-ray image. Long wavelength asymmetries may be playing a significant role in the observed yield reduction of NIF DT implosions relative to detailed postshot two-dimensional simulations.
CXC and CC chemokines induced in human renal epithelial cells by inflammatory cytokines (2009)

Human renal epithelial cells might play an important role during the allograft rejection by producing chemokines in response to proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta produced by endothelial and epithelial cells early after transplantation. The production of chemokines allows inflammatory cells to be drawn into the kidney graft and therefore plays a critical role in the pathophysiologic processes that lead to the rejection of renal transplant. In this process, two chemokine superfamilies, the CC and the CXC chemokines, are the most important. The CC chemokines target mainly monocytes and T lymphocytes, while most of the CXC chemokines attract neutrophils. We showed in our study that in vitro, in unstimulated cells, basal mRNA expression of CXC chemokines (Groalpha, Grobeta, Grogamma, ENA-78 and GCP-2, IL-8) that attract neutrophils was detectable and expression of these genes and chemokine release were increased in TNF-alpha- and IL-1beta-induced renal epithelial cells. Most of the CC chemokines [monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage Inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP-1beta), regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-3alpha)] showed detectable mRNA expression only after stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines and not in control cells. TNF-alpha seems to induce preferably the expression of RANTES, MCP-1, interferon-inducible protein (IP-10) and Interferon-Inducible T-cell Alpha Chemoattractant (I-TAC), while IL-1beta induces mainly IL-8 and epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA-78).
Design of Surfaces for Patterned Alignment of Liquid Crystals on Planar and Curved Substrates (1997)

Molecularly designed surfaces formed by chemisorption of alkanethiols on ultrathin films of gold permit control of both the azimuthal and polar orientations of supported nematic liquid crystals (LCs). These surfaces, when patterned, form simple and versatile templates for the fabrication of complex optical structures from LCs. Surfaces patterned with odd or even alkanethiols, or mixtures of long and short alkanethiols, were used to fabricate tunable, micrometer-scale LC diffraction gratings that differed in their polarization sensitivity. Patterned alignment of LCs on curved surfaces is also demonstrated, thereby providing principles for fabrication of optical elements that combine diffractive and refractive optics.
von Willebrand disease in the RIIIS/J mouse is caused by a defect outside of the von Willebrand factor gene [published erratum appears in Blood 1995 Sep 15;86(6):2461] (1994)

Abstract An animal model for human type I von Willebrand disease (vWD) has been previously described in the inbred mouse strain RIIIS/J. Murine vWD is characterized by a prolonged bleeding time, normal von Willebrand factor (vWF) multimer distribution, autosomal dominant inheritance, and proportionately decreased plasma vWF antigen, ristocetin cofactor, and factor VIII (FVIII) activities. To study the molecular genetics of murine vWD, a portion of the vWF gene surrounding exon 28 was cloned, sequenced, and used to develop two informative DNA sequence polymorphisms for rapid genotyping by DNA polymerase chain reaction. RIIIS/J mice were crossed with PWK/Ph mice, an inbred line of Mus musculus musculus, and the F1 progeny backcrossed to the parental PWK/Ph strain. vWF antigen levels in F1 mice were not significantly different from the parental RIIIS/J strain but were markedly decreased compared with the parental PWK/Ph mice. Genetic linkage analysis of 104 backcross progeny showed no correlation between vWF antigen level and vWF genotype. These data indicate that murine vWD is caused by a defect at a novel genetic locus, distinct from the murine vWF gene. The distribution of vWF antigen levels among backcross progeny suggests the presence of one major dominant vWD gene in the RIIIS/J mouse with possible modifying contributions from one or more additional minor loci. These observations may provide new insights into the molecular basis and variable expressivity of human vWD.
Serotonin Involvement in the Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology: Could the 5-HT2C Receptor be a New Target for Therapeutic Strategies? (2006)

The basal ganglia are a highly interconnected group of subcortical nuclei in the vertebrate brain that play a critical role not only in the control of movements but also in some cognitive and behavioral functions. Several recent studies have emphasized that serotonergic pathways in the central nervous system (CNS) are intimately involved in the modulation of the basal ganglia and in the pathophysiology of human involuntary movement disorders. These observations are supported by anatomical evidence demonstrating large serotonergic innervation of the basal ganglia. In fact, serotonergic terminals have been reported to make synaptic contacts with dopamine (DA)-containing neurons and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing neurons in the striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamus and substantia nigra. These brain areas contain the highest concentration of serotonin (5-HT), with the substantia nigra pars reticulata receiving the greatest input. Furthermore, in these structures a high expression of 5-HT different receptor subtypes has been revealed. In this paper, evidence demonstrating the serotonergic control of basal ganglia functions will be reviewed, focusing on the role of the 5-HT2C receptor subtype. In addition, the involvement of 5-HT2C receptors in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and other related motor disorders, and their management with drugs blocking the 5-HT2C receptor will be discussed.
Instructional Videos for Unsupervised Harvesting and Learning of Action Examples (2014)

Online instructional videos have become a popular way for people to learn new skills encompassing art, cooking and sports. As watching instructional videos is a natural way for humans to learn, analogously, machines can also gain knowledge from these videos. We propose to utilize the large amount of instructional videos available online to harvest examples of various actions in an unsupervised fashion. The key observation is that in instructional videos, the instructor's action is highly correlated with the instructor's narration. By leveraging this correlation, we can exploit the timing of action corresponding terms in the speech transcript to temporally localize actions in the video and harvest action examples. The proposed method is scalable as it requires no human intervention. Experiments show that the examples harvested are of reasonably good quality, and action detectors trained on data collected by our unsupervised method yields comparable performance with detectors trained with manually collected data on the TRECVID Multimedia Event Detection task.
Antiepileptic Drug Development Program (1984)

The modern era of antiepileptic drug therapy began with the use of phenobarbital in 1912. In the years thereafter, many new drugs were introduced, including other barbiturates, hydantoins, succinimides, and oxazolidinediones. Then, for various reasons, the marketing of new antiepileptic drugs was dramatically curtailed. To help reverse this trend, the Epilepsy Branch of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke sponsored clinical trials of drugs which had already been marketed abroad, resulting in the distribution of clonazepam, carbamazepine, and valproic acid in the U.S. These trials were followed by the establishment of the Antiepileptic Drug Development Program, which encompasses both the preclinical and clinical elements of drug development, including the Anticonvulsant Screening Project, the Toxicology Project, and support for controlled clinical trials.
Crystal structures of human α‐defensins HNP4, HD5, and HD6 (2006)

Six alpha-defensins have been found in humans. These small arginine-rich peptides play important roles in various processes related to host defense, being the effectors and regulators of innate immunity as well as enhancers of adoptive immune responses. Four defensins, called neutrophil peptides 1 through 4, are stored primarily in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Major sites of expression of defensins 5 and 6 are Paneth cells of human small intestine. So far, only one structure of human alpha-defensin (HNP3) has been reported, and the properties of the intestine defensins 5 and 6 are particularly poorly understood. In this report, we present the high-resolution X-ray structures of three human defensins, 4 through 6, supplemented with studies of their antimicrobial and chemotactic properties. Despite only modest amino acid sequence identity, all three defensins share their tertiary structures with other known alpha- and beta-defensins. Like HNP3 but in contrast to murine or rabbit alpha-defensins, human defensins 4-6 form characteristic dimers. Whereas antimicrobial and chemotactic activity of HNP4 is somewhat comparable to that of other human neutrophil defensins, neither of the intestinal defensins appears to be chemotactic, and for HD6 also an antimicrobial activity has yet to be observed. The unusual biological inactivity of HD6 may be associated with its structural properties, somewhat standing out when compared with other human alpha-defensins. The strongest cationic properties and unique distribution of charged residues on the molecular surface of HD5 may be associated with its highest bactericidal activity among human alpha-defensins.
A Peptide Derived from a Conserved Domain of Sendai Virus Fusion Protein Inhibits Virus-Cell Fusion (1998)

SV-201, a peptide derived from a conserved and potentially amphipathic region (amino acids 201-229) in the Sendai virus ectodomain, specifically inhibited virus-mediated hemolysis only when added to virions prior to their attachment to red blood cells. Sendai virus-mediated hemagglutinin assay in the presence of SV-201 demonstrated that the peptide does not disturb the binding of virions to the target red blood cells. A mutated peptide with 2 amino acids substitution, rendering the peptide neutral, was biologically inactive. A second mutant with 7 amino acids randomized at the N terminus keeping the hydrophobicity of the peptide unaltered was only slightly active. A hydrophobic peptide corresponding to the fusion peptide domain was also inactive. SV-201, the two mutants, and the fusion peptide bind similarly with high affinity to both negatively charged phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine and zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine lipid vesicles, suggesting that the inhibitory effect is not due merely to membrane modulation. Fluorescence studies with rhodamine-labeled peptides and SV-201-induced inhibition assays, demonstrated that the SV-201 binding site is most probably located in the region corresponding to amino acids 201-229 of the Sendai virus fusion protein. The data presented here suggest that SV-201 disturbs a functional domain in the Sendai virus fusion protein, which is most probably associated with the assembly of the fusion protein and/or membrane apposition. The existence of homologous SV-201 regions in other viruses suggests that these regions may have a similar role, and their synthetic counterparts may act as inhibitors for the corresponding viruses.
Serum IgG antibodies to P0 dimer and 35 kDa P0 related protein in neuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy (2003)

This is the first report of antibody activity directed against the dimeric association of P0. Although P0 oligomerisation and adhesion properties play a crucial part in the myelin sheath compaction, the pathogenic significance of these autoantibodies needs further investigations to be elucidated.
Increasing endogenous 2‐arachidonoylglycerol levels counteracts colitis and related systemic inflammation (2011)

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic inflammatory conditions for which new therapeutic approaches are needed. Genetic and pharmacological data point to a protective role of CB(1) and CB(2) cannabinoid receptor activation in IBD experimental models. Therefore, increasing the endogenous levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol, the main full agonist of these receptors, should have beneficial effects on colitis. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol levels were raised in the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis mouse model by inhibiting monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the primary enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of 2-arachidonoylglycerol, using the selective inhibitor JZL184. MAGL inhibition in diseased mice increased 2-arachidonoylglycerol levels, leading to a reduction of macroscopic and histological colon alterations, as well as of colonic expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The restored integrity of the intestinal barrier function after MAGL inhibition resulted in reduced endotoxemia as well as reduced peripheral and brain inflammation. Coadministration of either CB(1) (SR141716A) or CB(2) (AM630) selective antagonists with JZL184 completely abolished the protective effect of MAGL inhibition on TNBS-induced colon alterations, thus demonstrating the involvement of both cannabinoid receptors. In conclusion, increasing 2-arachidonoylglycerol levels resulted in a dramatic reduction of colitis and of the related systemic and central inflammation. This could offer a novel pharmacological approach for the treatment of IBD based on the new protective role of 2-arachidonoylglycerol described here.
Prototype of a Heme Chaperone Essential for Cytochrome c Maturation (1998)

Heme, the iron-containing cofactor essential for the activity of many enzymes, is incorporated into its target proteins by unknown mechanisms. Here, an Escherichia coli hemoprotein, CcmE, was shown to bind heme in the bacterial periplasm by way of a single covalent bond to a histidine. The heme was then released and delivered to apocytochrome c. Thus, CcmE can be viewed as a heme chaperone guiding heme to its appropriate biological partner and preventing illegitimate complex formation.
Direct Visualization of Etching Trajectories in Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching of Si by the Chemical Oxidation of Porous Sidewalls (2015)

We demonstrate a simple method for the visualization of trajectories traced by noble metal nanoparticles during metal-assisted chemical etching (MaCE) of Si. The nanoporous Si layer formed around drilled pores is converted into SiO2 by simple chemical oxidation. Etch removal of the remaining Si using alkali hydroxide leaves SiO2 nanostructures that are the exact replica of those drilled pores or etching trajectories. The differences in etching characteristics between Ag and Au have been investigated using the proposed visualization method. The shape and chemical stability of metal nanoparticles used for MaCE have been found to be critical in determining etching paths. The proposed method would be very helpful in studying the fundamental mechanism of MaCE as well as in micro/nanostructuring of the Si surface for various applications. This approach can also be used for the generation of straight or helical SiO2 nanotubes.