gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Genetic and biochemical characterization of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)

The allele scd 1 is a recessive chromosomal mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that eliminates Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) activity. SOD-1- strains are unable to grow in 100% O2 in rich medium and are methionine and lysine auxotrophic when grown in air (Bilinski, T., Krawiec, Z., Liczmanski, A., and Litwinska, J. (1985) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 130, 533-539). In this report, scd1 was genetically mapped to the right arm of chromosome X, 11 centimorgans proximal to cdc11. The gene for SOD-1 (SOD1) was physically mapped by Southern blot to restriction fragments containing CDC11. scd1 failed to complement a complete deletion of SOD1. Thus, scd1 maps to the SOD1 locus and is designated sod1-1. The molecular basis for the lack of SOD-1 activity in sodl-1 carrying strains has also been established. The size and amount of SOD-1 mRNA in the mutant were essentially the same as in wild type cells. Western blot analysis showed that the SOD-1 dimer and 16-kilodalton subunit that co-migrated electrophoretically with wild type yeast SOD-1 were abundant in mutant cell extracts. However, two additional SOD-1 immunoreactive polypeptides were detected in these extracts in both denaturing and nondenaturing gels. None of the SOD-1 immunoreactive species in the mutant extracts exhibited superoxide dismutase activity. Transformants of the mutant strain carrying episomal, wild type SOD1 expressed wild type, active SOD-1 protein, indicating that the mutant allele had no discernible effect on the correct synthesis and activation of apoSOD-1. Size exclusion chromatography of soluble cell extracts derived from wild type and SOD1 deletion strains identified a copper binding peak that corresponded to SOD-1. This copper-binding fraction was absent in cell extracts from the sod1-1-containing strain although Western blot analysis of the corresponding chromatographic fractions showed that SOD-1 polypeptide was present in these fractions. Sequence data derived from the cloned genes showed that sod1-1 differed from SOD1 only in the adjacent 5'-noncoding region. The biochemical data indicate that this genetic alteration results in the synthesis of a collection of SOD-1 polypeptides that fail to bind copper and may also fail to completely self-associate. Both phenotypes could be due to the inability of these polypeptides to adopt the native SOD-1 conformation.
Three-dimensional In vitro Angiogenesis in the Rat Aortic Ring Model (2008)

Angiogenesis is a complex sequential process involving endothelial activation, basement membrane degradation, endothelial sprouting from the parent vessel, invasion of the extracellular matrix, endothelial proliferation, vessel elongation, branching, anastomosis, increases in vessel diameter, basement membrane formation, pericyte acquisition, and remodelling. Most in vitro angiogenesis assays are two-dimensional and measure only one facet of this process, generally endothelial proliferation, migration, or tube formation. The two-dimensional nature of the assays also ignores the differences in endothelial phenotype seen in three-dimensional models and in vivo. The in vitro serum-free three-dimensional rat aortic model closely approximates the complexities of angiogenesis in vivo, from endothelial activation to pericyte acquisition and remodelling, and most of these can be quantified by image analysis, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical analysis. It is easily manipulated using molecular biological intervention or exogenous inhibitors and activators in a relatively controlled system.
<title>High-power harmonic gyro-TWT design</title> (1992)

The design of a stable gyro-TWT amplifier that can generate extremely high power at cyclotron harmonic frequencies is presented. To prevent competing backward wave modes from oscillating, an amplifier with a multistage structure is used. Although the interaction strength in a harmonic gyro-TWT is strongest if an axis-encircling electron beam is employed, a more common MIG beam has been used in this design study to make it more practical. Using a 100 kV, 25 A MIG beam, a peak output power of 533 kW, peak efficiency of 21.3% and a saturated bandwidth of 7.4% have been predicted by a nonlinear self-consistent analysis for a three-stage second-harmonic stable gyro-TWT amplifier.
Survival of men with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with prostatectomy, brachytherapy, or no definitive treatment (2006)

A better survival was observed in men treated with a definitive therapy. The magnitude of the benefit on PCSM or ACM was similar for both definitive therapies irrespective of age.
Quantitative imaging of iodine-124 with PET. (1996)

Quantitative imaging with 124I appears to be possible under realistic conditions with various PET scanners.
Androgen Receptor Expression and Outcomes in Early Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2013)

Expression of AR in women with breast cancer is associated with better OS and DFS irrespective of coexpression of ER.
Fluorescent carbocyanine dyes allow living neurons of identified origin to be studied in long-term cultures. (1986)

A prerequisite for many studies of neurons in culture is a means of determining their original identity. We needed such a technique to study the interactions in vitro between a class of spinal cord neurons, sympathetic preganglionic neurons, and their normal target, neurons from the sympathetic chain. Here, we describe how we use two highly fluorescent carbocyanine dyes, which differ in color but are otherwise similar, to identify neurons in culture. The long carbon chain carbocyanine dyes we use are lipid-soluble and so become incorporated into the plasma membrane. Neurons can be labeled either retrogradely or during dissociation. Some of the labeled membrane gradually becomes internalized and retains its fluorescence, allowing identification of cells for several weeks in culture. These dyes do not affect the survival, development, or basic physiological properties of neurons and do not spread detectably from labeled to unlabeled neurons. It seems likely that cells become retrogradely labeled mainly by lateral diffusion of dye in the plane of the membrane. If so, carbocyanine dyes may be most useful for retrograde labeling over relatively short distances. An additional feature of carbocyanine labeling is that neuronal processes are brightly fluorescent for the first few days in culture, presumably because dye rapidly diffuses into newly inserted membrane. We have used carbocyanine dyes to identify sympathetic preganglionic neurons in culture. Our results indicate that preganglionic neurons can survive in the absence of their target cells and that several aspects of their differentiation in the absence of target appear normal.
Differences in sequences encoding the carboxyl-terminal domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor correlate with differences in the disease potential of viral erbB genes. (1986)

Eleven recently isolated erbB-transducing viruses as well as avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV)-R (ES4) and AEV-H have been characterized for the type of disease they cause, their ability to transform fibroblasts in culture, their ability to cause disease in pedigrees of chicken that differ in susceptibility to erbB-induced erythroblastosis, and the structure of their erbB genes. Differences in each of the biological parameters correlated with differences in erbB sequences encoding the C-terminal domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Seven viruses were strain restricted in their ability to induce erythroblastosis and did not transform fibroblasts. These seven viruses contained v-erbB genes encoding the complete C terminus of the EGFR. AEV-R and AEV-H were not pedigree restricted in their ability to induce erythroblastosis and could transform fibroblasts. These viruses contain v-erbB genes that lack codons for the immediate C terminus of the EGFR. Three viruses caused angiosarcoma and one caused fibrosarcoma. The angiosarcoma and fibrosarcoma-inducing viruses were not strain restricted and did not cause erythroblastosis. The v-erbB genes of each of these viruses contained extensive internal deletions or 3' truncations in sequences encoding the C-terminal domain of the EGFR.
Generation of monodisperse aerosol standards (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGeneration of monodisperse aerosol standardsRichard N. Berglund and Benjamin Y. H. LiuCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1973, 7, 2, 147–153Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es60074a001https://doi.org/10.1021/es60074a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2134Altmetric-Citations523LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
New Ammonia Equivalents for the Pd-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides (2001)

[reaction: see text]. LiN(SiMe3)2, Ph3SiNH2, and LiNH2 can be be used as ammonia equivalents for the Pd-catalyzed coupling of aryl halides. Using these amine derivatives, simple anilines, including ortho-substituted ones, as well as di- and triarylamines can be readily prepared.
Measurement of on-chip transmission-line with stacked split-ring resonators (2010)

This paper reports measurement results of on-chip transmission-line with split-ring resonators. Split-ring resonator (SRR) has attracted attention as an implementation of metamaterial (left-handed material). However when simple SRR is implemented in LSIs, the resonance frequency becomes around 200GHz and it is too high to employ on on-chip circuits. We designed a stacked SRR to lower the resonant frequency in a 0.18μm CMOS. Measurement results show that the stacked SRRs can realize the resonance frequency below 50GHz. Also measurement results show a guideline of area effective implementation of on-chip SRR.
Accelerated wound healing of pressure ulcers by pulsed high peak power electromagnetic energy (Diapulse). (1991)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pulsed high-frequency, high peak power electromagnetic energy (Diapulse) in the healing of pressure ulcers. Patients with Stage II ulcers unhealed within three to 12 weeks and those with Stage III ulcers unhealed within eight to 168 weeks by conventional methods were included in the study. When Diapulse was added to conventional therapy during the nine-month study, all 22 patients healed as evidenced by photographs and measurements of the ulcers. Stage II ulcers healed in one to six weeks (mean 2.33) and all Stage III ulcers healed in one to 22 weeks (mean 8.85). The increased healing time can provide significant cost savings and improved patient care.
Evaluation of Selected Micronized Poloxamers as Tablet Lubricants (2007)

The primary objective of this study was to compare the lubrication properties of micronized poloxamer 188 (Lmicrotrol micro 68) and micronized poloxamer 407 (Lmicrotrol micro 127) with certain conventional lubricants such as magnesium stearate and stearic acid. The secondary objective was to use these micronized poloxamers as water-soluble tablet lubricants in preparation of effervecsent tablets. The results showed that these micronized poloxamers have superior lubrication properties compared with stearic acid, with no negative effect on tablet hardness, friability, disintegration, or dissolution. Moreover, lubricant mixing time had no significant effect on tablet properties when poloxamers were used as lubricants. Effervescent tablets also were produced successfully using micronized poloxamers as lubricants. The micronized poloxamers had a better lubrication effect in comparison with that of water-soluble lubricant l-leucine.
Failure of a commercial, intravenously applicable IgG F (ab)2 preparation (Gamma-Venin) to enhance human serum bactericidal activity against Serratia marcescens. (1981)

A commercially available, intravenously applicable, pepsin-derived human IgG F (ab)2-fragment preparation (Gamma-Venin) revealed O-agglutinin activity against 12 of the 21 currently established O antigens of Serratia marcescens; however, this preparation lacked H-immobilizing antibodies against all 20 H antigens of this microorganism. The addition of 25 vol% of the IgG F (ab)2-fragment preparation of 65 vol% of fresh human serum neither enhanced nor antagonized serum bactericidal activity against selected assay strains of S. marcescens that represented various human serum susceptibility categories. This indifferent effect was obtained despite documented O-agglutinin activity against the O antigens of several of the "delayed-serum sensitive" and "pseudo-serum resistant" assay strains and against the O antigen of a "genuinely serum-resistant" test strain of S. marcescens.
Ribozymes: the characteristics and properties of catalytic RNAs (1999)

Ribozymes, or catalytic RNAs, were discovered a little more than 15 years ago. They are found in the organelles of plants and lower eukaryotes, in amphibians, in prokaryotes, in bacteriophages, and in viroids and satellite viruses that infect plants. An example is also known of a ribozyme in hepatitis delta virus, a serious human pathogen. Additional ribozymes are bound to be found in the future, and it is tempting to regard the RNA component(s) of various ribonucleoprotein complexes as the catalytic engine, while the proteins serve as mere scaffolding--an unheard-of notion 15 years ago! In nature, ribozymes are involved in the processing of RNA precursors. However, all the characterized ribozymes have been converted, with some clever engineering, into RNA enzymes that can cleave or modify targeted RNAs (or even DNAs) without becoming altered themselves. While their success in vitro is unquestioned, ribozymes are increasingly used in vivo as valuable tools for studying and regulating gene expression. This review is intended as a brief introduction to the characteristics of the different identified ribozymes and their properties.
Modulation of Endocrine Systems and Food Intake by Green Tea Epigallocatechin Gallate* (2000)

Green tea polyphenols, especially the catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), have been proposed as a cancer chemopreventative based on a variety of laboratory studies. For clear assessment of the possible physiological effects of green tea consumption, we injected pure green tea catechins ip into rats and studied their acute effects on endocrine systems. We found that EGCG, but not related catechins, significantly reduced food intake; body weight; blood levels of testosterone, estradiol, leptin, insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, LH, glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride; as well as growth of the prostate, uterus, and ovary. Similar effects were observed in lean and obese male Zucker rats, suggesting that the effect of EGCG was independent of an intact leptin receptor. EGCG may interact specifically with a component of a leptin-independent appetite control pathway. Endocrine changes induced by parenteral administration of EGCG may relate to the observed growth inhibition and regression of human prostate and breast tumors in athymic mice treated with EGCG as well as play a role in the mechanism by which EGCG inhibits cancer initiation and promotion in various animal models of cancer.
A randomized study of two interferon- beta treatments in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (2006)

In this study, 250 microg interferon-beta-1b administered every other day did not prove clinically superior to once-a-week administration of 22 microg interferon-beta-1a.
Metabolic therapy in the treatment of ischaemic heart disease: the pharmacology of trimetazidine (2003)

The primary result of myocardial ischaemia is reduced oxygen consumption and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation in the mitochondria, and accelerated anaerobic glycolysis, lactate accumulation and cell acidosis. Classic pharmacotherapy for demand-induced ischaemia is aimed at restoring the balance between ATP synthesis and breakdown by increasing the oxygen delivery (i.e. with long acting nitrates or Ca2+ channel antagonist) or by decreasing cardiac power by reducing blood pressure and heart rate (i.e. with beta-blocker or Ca2+ channel antagonist). Animal studies show that fatty acids are the primary mitochondrial substrate during moderate severity myocardial ischaemia, and that they inhibit the oxidation of carbohydrate and drive the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. Drugs that partially inhibit myocardial fatty acid oxidation increase carbohydrate oxidation, which results in reduced lactate production and a higher cell pH during ischaemia. Trimetazidine (1-[2,3,4-trimethoxibenzyl]-piperazine) is the first and only registered drug in this class, and is available in over 90 countries world-wide. Trimetazidine selectively inhibits the fatty acid beta-oxidation enzyme 3-keto-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (3-KAT), and is devoid of any direct haemodynamic effects. In double-blind placebo-controlled trials trimetazidine significantly improved symptom-limited exercise performance in stable angina patients when used either as monotherapy or in combination with beta-blockers or Ca2+ channel antagonists. Given available evidence, trimetazidine is an excellent alternative to classic haemodynamic agents, and is unique in its ability to reduce symptoms of angina when used in patients resistant to a haemodynamic treatment as vasodilators, beta-blockers or Ca2+ channel antagonists.
Building, Story, and Image (2009)

This chapter defines what should be done in “building” a character, not only literally setting the scene, but also establishing their appearance and attitude in a certain plot. It gives a few scenarios on how characters are made, and what introductions should be given in order for a certain reader to imagine at that very instant what an author is trying to point out.
Mammalian Alkaline Phosphatases (2006)

PART I: GENE AND PROTEIN STRUCTURE 1 Gene Structure 2 Developmental Expression 3 Gene Regulation 4 Protein Structure and Functional Domains 5 Enzymatic Properties 6 Epitope Maps PART II: IN VIVO FUNCTIONS 7 The In Vivo Role of TNAP 8 Knockout Mouse Models PART III: AP EXPRESSION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 9 APs as Physiological and Disease Markers 10 Neoplastic Expression of PLAP, GCAP, IAP (Regan, Nagao, Kasahara) and TNAP Isozymes PART IV: USES OF APS IN INDUSTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 11 Applications of Recombinant APs 12 Use of APs in Prodrug Converting Strategies 13 APs as Therapeutic Agents 14 APs in the Food Industry 15 Veterinary Uses of AP Determinations 16 Methodologies
[Isohistamine and homologs as components of H2-antagonists. 22. H2-antihistaminics]. (1985)

Starting with isohistamines and their homologues or from appropriately hydrogenated imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidines, imidazo[1,2-c] [1,3]diazepines and -diazocines, H2-antihistaminics with cyanoguanidine and 2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamine structure were prepared and tested for their H2-antagonistic activity on the isolated guinea-pig atrium and on the histamine-stimulated acid secretion of the anaesthetized rat. While the cyanoguanidines 3a-c,f were weaker in comparison to cimetidine, or inactive, 12a-e,g-l, 17 and 19 possessed markedly stronger activity, whereby the activity reaches a maximal effect at the rat stomach when cyanoguanidine and imidazole ring are connected with a three-membered chain. The activity of the 2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamines 15b,h,l exceed that of the comparable cyanoguanidines at both test models.
Spectral Matting (2008)

We present spectral matting: a new approach to natural image matting that automatically computes a basis set of fuzzy matting components from the smallest eigenvectors of a suitably defined Laplacian matrix. Thus, our approach extends spectral segmentation techniques, whose goal is to extract hard segments, to the extraction of soft matting components. These components may then be used as building blocks to easily construct semantically meaningful foreground mattes, either in an unsupervised fashion, or based on a small amount of user input.
Metal−Oxide−Semiconductor-Structured MgZnO Ultraviolet Photodetector with High Internal Gain (2010)

A Au/MgO/MgZnO metal−oxide−semiconductor-structured photodetector was fabricated. The responsivity of the photodetector was about 2 orders of magnitude larger than that of the Au/MgZnO metal−semiconductor-structured photodetector fabricated under the same procedure except that no MgO layer was introduced. The detectivity of the photodetector is about 1 order of magnitude larger than the corresponding value of Si photodetector that is widely employed for ultraviolet detection currently. The enhanced responsivity was attributed to the carrier multiplication occurring in the MgO layer via impact ionization. The results reported in this paper may provide a facile route to ultraviolet photodetectors with high internal gain.
Amifostine: The First Selective-Target and Broad-Spectrum Radioprotector (2007)

After several decades of preclinical and clinical research, the first approved radioprotective drug, amifostine, is being used in clinical practice. Amifostine has been shown to specifically protect normal tissues from damage caused by radiation and chemotherapy. An inactive prodrug, amifostine is converted to an active thiol by dephosphorylation by alkaline phosphatase in the normal endothelium. The hypovascularity and acidity of the tumor environment and the differential expression of alkaline phosphatase in normal and neoplastic tissues contribute to its cytoprotective selectivity. The cytoprotective mechanism of amifostine is complicated, involving free-radical scavenging, DNA protection and repair acceleration, and induction of cellular hypoxia. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved the i.v. use of amifostine to reduce the cumulative renal toxicity associated with repeated administration of cisplatin in patients with advanced ovarian cancer and to reduce the incidence of moderate to severe xerostomia in patients undergoing postoperative radiation treatment for head and neck cancer, where the radiation port includes a substantial portion of the parotid glands. Nonetheless, amifostine has potential applications in many other oncologic settings. Novel schedules and routes of administration are under investigation and may further simplify the use of amifostine, reduce any undesired effects, and considerably broaden its applications. This review summarizes the clinical experience with amifostine and provides insight into future clinical directions.