gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Linear benzoadenine. Stretched-out analog of adenine (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLinear benzoadenine. Stretched-out analog of adenineNelson J. Leonard, Alan G. Morrice, and Mark A. SpreckerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 3, 356–363Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00891a021https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00891a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views310Altmetric-Citations68LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Possible cross-species transmission of circoviruses and cycloviruses among farm animals (2010)

Circoviruses consist of highly prevalent and genetically diverse porcine and avian pathogens. The genomes of cycloviruses, a proposed new genus in the family Circoviridae, were recently identified in human and chimpanzee faeces. Here, six cyclovirus and four circovirus genomes from the tissues of chickens, goats, cows, and a bat were amplified and sequenced using rolling-circle amplification and inverse PCR. A goat cyclovirus was nearly identical to a cyclovirus from a cow. USA beef contained circoviruses with >99% similarity to porcine circovirus 2b. Circoviruses in chicken were related to those of pigeons. The close genetic similarity of a subset of cycloviruses and circoviruses replicating in distinct animal species may reflect recent cross-species transmissions. Further studies will be required to determine the impact of these highly prevalent infections on the health of farm animals.
A reliability model for real-time rule-based expert systems (1995)

This paper uses two modeling tools to analyze the reliability of real-time expert systems: (1) a stochastic Petri net (SPN) for computing the conditional response time distribution given that a fixed number of expert system match-select-act cycles are executed, and (2) a simulation search tree for computing the distribution of expert system match-select-act cycles for formulating a control strategy in response to external events. By modeling the intrinsic match-select-act cycle of expert systems and associating rewards rates with markings of the SPN, the response time distribution for the expert system to reach a decision can be computed as a function of design parameters, thereby facilitating the assessment of reliability of expert systems in the presence of real-time constraints. The utility of the reliability model is illustrated with an expert system characterized by a set of design conditions under a real-time constraint. This reliability model allows the system designers to: (1) experiment with a range of selected parameter values; and (2) observe their effects on system reliability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Morphogenesis of the Polarized Epithelial Cell Phenotype (1989)

Polarized epithelial cells play fundamental roles in the ontogeny and function of a variety of tissues and organs in mammals. The morphogenesis of a sheet of polarized epithelial cells (the trophectoderm) is the first overt sign of cellular differentiation in early embryonic development. In the adult, polarized epithelial cells line all body cavities and occur in tissues that carry out specialized vectorial transport functions of absorption and secretion. The generation of this phenotype is a multistage process requiring extracellular cues and the reorganization of proteins in the cytoplasm and on the plasma membrane; once established, the phenotype is maintained by the segregation and retention of specific proteins and lipids in distinct apical and basal-lateral plasma membrane domains.
Long-term culture system for selective growth of human B-cell progenitors. (1995)

We describe a simple reproducible system for enrichment and long-term culture of human B-cell progenitors. Enriched CD34+ cord blood mononuclear cells are seeded onto a murine stromal cell line to establish a biphasic culture system. These cultures are characterized by transient growth of myeloid cells followed by outgrowth of cells highly enriched for early B-cell progenitors. Cultures consisting of > 90% early B-lineage cells [expressing CD10, CD19, CD38, and CD45 but lacking CD20, CD22, CD23, and surface IgM] are maintained for > 12 weeks without growth factor addition. Cells remain predominantly germ line at the immunoglobulin locus and express only low levels of cytoplasmic mu chain, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase, and recombination-activating gene 1 product. They are unresponsive to the pre-B-cell growth factors interleukin 7 or stem cell factor, or both, suggesting that growth support is provided by a cross-reactive murine stromal cell factor. Cultured B-cell progenitors are generated in large numbers ( > 10(8) cells from a typical cord blood specimen) suitable for use in biochemical analysis and gene-transfer studies. This system should be useful for study of normal and abnormal early human B-lymphopoiesis.
Protein Precipitation Using Ammonium Sulfate (1998)

The basic theory of protein precipitation by addition of ammonium sulfate is presented and the most common applications are listed. Numerous tables are provided for calculating the appropriate amount of ammonium sulfate to add to a particular protein solution.
A luminescent silicon nanocrystal colloid via a high-temperature aerosol reaction (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA luminescent silicon nanocrystal colloid via a high-temperature aerosol reactionK. A. Littau, P. J. Szajowski, A. J. Muller, A. R. Kortan, and L. E. BrusCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 6, 1224–1230Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100108a019https://doi.org/10.1021/j100108a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1515Altmetric-Citations447LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Mesothelin Expression in Advanced Gastroesophageal Cancer Represents a Novel Target for Immunotherapy (2016)

The identification of new therapeutic targets is of profound importance if we are to improve outcomes in gastroesophageal cancer. This study assessed the rate of mesothelin expression in tumors of western patients with upper gastrointestinal tract carcinomas. In addition, the AGS gastric cancer cell line was tested for sensitivity to SS1(dsFv)PE38, a mesothelin-targeting immunotoxin. Previously constructed tissue microarrays containing samples from 127 patients with gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for mesothelin expression. Labeling for HER2-neu, E-cadherin, and c-met were also assessed. Tumors were considered positive for mesothelin if at least moderate cytoplasmic/membranous or luminal staining was present in minimum 10% of the neoplastic cells. The AGS gastric cancer cell line was assessed for surface mesothelin expression by flow cytometry and the viability of cells treated with SS1P was measured. Gastroesophageal cancers were mesothelin positive in 64 of 127 tumors [50.4%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 41.4%-59.4%], whereas only 9 carcinomas (7.1%; 95% CI, 3.3%-13.0%) were HER2-neu IHC 3+ positive and 8 (6.6%; 95% CI, 2.9%-12.5%) were c-met positive. Mesothelin expression increased from stage I to stage IV tumors (37.5% to 56.3%, respectively, P=0.10). The AGS gastric cancer cell line was sensitive to the immunotoxin with an EC50 value in the low picomolar range (0.4 ng/mL). A gastric cancer cell line derived from a western patient was exquisitely sensitive to the mesothelin-targeted immunotoxin SS1P. Clinical trials involving novel mesothelin targeted immunotherapeutics in gastroesophageal cancer are currently in development.
Eye Tracking for Everyone (2016)

From scientific research to commercial applications, eye tracking is an important tool across many domains. Despite its range of applications, eye tracking has yet to become a pervasive technology. We believe that we can put the power of eye tracking in everyone's palm by building eye tracking software that works on commodity hardware such as mobile phones and tablets, without the need for additional sensors or devices. We tackle this problem by introducing GazeCapture, the first large-scale dataset for eye tracking, containing data from over 1450 people consisting of almost 2:5M frames. Using GazeCapture, we train iTracker, a convolutional neural network for eye tracking, which achieves a significant reduction in error over previous approaches while running in real time (10-15fps) on a modern mobile device. Our model achieves a prediction error of 1.71cm and 2.53cm without calibration on mobile phones and tablets respectively. With calibration, this is reduced to 1.34cm and 2.12cm. Further, we demonstrate that the features learned by iTracker generalize well to other datasets, achieving state-of-the-art results. The code, data, and models are available at http://gazecapture.csail.mit.edu.
Occluding the left atrial appendage: anatomical considerations (2007)

The LAA orifice is oval shaped and thin areas of appendage wall and atrial wall are common. Potentially, the left superior pulmonary vein, mitral valve and anterior descending coronary artery can be at risk during occlusion of the os.
Physical Theory of Platinum Nanoparticle Dissolution in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (2010)

The loss of electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) causes severe performance degradation over relevant lifetimes of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Using a simple physical model, we analyze the interrelations between kinetics of platinum nanoparticle dissolution, evolution of the particle size distribution, and ECSA loss with time. The model incorporates the initial particle radius distribution, and it accounts for kinetic processes involving Pt dissolution, Pt−O formation, and Pt−O dissolution. Employing reasonable simplifying assumptions to the governing equations, a full analytical solution was found under potentiostatic conditions. The simplified model predicts the evolution of the particle radius distribution as well as ECSA loss with time, in close agreement with experimental ex situ and in situ studies. The study indicates that the rates of chemical Pt−O dissolution, driven by the particle size dependence of the cohesive energy, may dominate over electrochemical dissolution. Fitting of the model to experimental data provides an effective surface tension and an effective rate constant of Pt−O dissolution. Implications of the model for the development of strategies to reduce ECSA loss are discussed.
Microbial Chromium (VI) Reduction (1998)

Abstract This review was conducted to describe the microbial reduction of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in general and a potential for biological treatment of Cr(VI)-containing wastes in particular. Cr(VI) is the highest oxidation state of the metal chromium, which is widely used in various industries. Chromate (CrO4 −2) is the prevalent species of Cr(VI) in natural aqueous environments and is the major pollutant from Cr-related industries. Cr(VI) exhibits inhibitory effects on biological wastewater treatment processes. Several microorganisms, however, have been found to be able to resist and/or reduce Cr(VI) within a wide range of Cr(VI) concentrations. The microbial Cr(VI) reduction activities are either plas-mid-or membrane-associated phenomena. Factors affecting microbial Cr(VI) reduction, including biomass concentration, initial Cr(VI) level, carbon source, pH and temperature, oxidation-reduction potential, oxyanions and metal cations, are discussed. The kinetic models for Cr(VI) reduction are described. Biological reduction of Cr(VI) demonstrates some potential as an innovative technology for remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated environments. More mixed culture studies are needed to develop the proper biological reactor systems prior to field tests. In addition, more comprehensive kinetic models should be developed as a basis for engineering design and operation of biological Cr(VI)-removal processes. Keywords: Cr(VI)inhibitory effectmicrobial Cr(VI) resistancemicrobial Cr(VI) reductionbiological treatmentCr(VI) wastes.
Low temperature chiral nematic liquid crystals derived from β-methylbutylaniline (1973)

The synthesis and some basic physical properties of three new liquid crystals are reported. Each of these compounds has been synthesized in both pure chiral and racemic versions. It is demonstrated that a mixture of the chiral and racemic versions of a compound produces a chiral nematic liquid crystal which behaves as a one component system in which the torsion of the helical structure varies linearly with composition, while other thermodynamic properties are independent of composition.
Give us this day our daily germs. (2002)

Are we sparing the dirt and spoiling our children's immune systems? The theory that some germs are necessary in developing healthy immune systems is gaining credence as more evidence emerges. It is vital that we find out which germs are needed, when and how, before the increase in diseases attributable to faulty regulation of the immune system (allergies, autoimmunity, inflammatory bowel disease) spirals out of control.
Determination of the organisation of coding sequences within the iduronate sulphate sulphatase (IDS) gene (1993)

The structure of the gene coding for iduronate sulphate sulphatase (IDS) has been determined. We have used exon to exon and vectorette PCR to identify 9 exons within the IDS gene and to characterise the surrounding intron sequences. The results of this study will be useful for the complete analysis of many mutations giving rise to Hunter syndrome. IDS is the first member of the group of lysosomal nonarylsulphatase genes for which the gene structure has been determined. It bears no relationship to the exon organisation of steroid sulphatase, despite the homology between these two proteins. This suggests that the division of the sulphatases into the two subgroups on the basis of substrate specificity is also reflected at the level of gene structure.
Square-matrix embeddable space-time block codes for complex signal constellations (2002)

Space-time block codes for providing transmit diversity in wireless communication systems are considered. Based on the principles of linearity and unitarity, a complete classification of linear codes is given in the case when the symbol constellations are complex, and the code is based on a square matrix or restriction of such by deleting columns (antennas). Maximal rate delay optimal codes are constructed within this category. The maximal rates allowed by linearity and unitarity fall off exponentially with the number of transmit antennas.
Solution Structure of a Kunitz-type Chymotrypsin Inhibitor Isolated from the Elapid Snake Bungarus fasciatus (2001)

Bungarus fasciatus fraction IX (BF9), a chymotrypsin inhibitor, consists of 65 amino acid residues with three disulfide bridges. It was isolated from the snake venom of B. fasciatus by ion-exchange chromatography and belongs to the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI)-like superfamily. It showed a dissociation constant of 5.8 x 10(-8) m with alpha-chymotrypsin as measured by a BIAcore binding assay system. The isothermal titration calorimetry revealed a 1:1 binding stoichiometry between this inhibitor and chymotrypsin and apparently no binding with trypsin. We further used CD and NMR to determine the solution structure of this venom-derived chymotrypsin inhibitor. The three-dimensional NMR solution structures of BF9 were determined on the basis of 582 restraints by simulated annealing and energy minimization calculations. The final set of 10 NMR structures was well defined, with average root mean square deviations of 0.47 A for the backbone atoms in the secondary structure regions and 0.86 A for residues The side chains of Phe(23), Tyr(24), Tyr(25), Phe(35), and Phe(47) exhibited many long-range nuclear Overhauser effects and were the principal components of the hydrophobic core in BF9. To gain insight into the structure-function relationships among proteins in the BPTI-like superfamily, we compared the three-dimensional structure of BF9 with three BPTI-like proteins that possess distinct biological functions. These proteins possessed similar secondary structure elements, but the loop regions and beta-turn were different from one another. Based on residues at the functional site of each protein, we suggest that the flexibility, rigidity, and variations of the amino acid residues in both the loop and beta-turn regions are related to their biological functions.
c-Jun Triggers Apoptosis in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells (1999)

In endothelial cells (ECs), the transcription factor c-Jun is induced by a variety of stimuli that perturb EC function. To extend our understanding of the role of c-Jun in EC physiology, we have directed overexpression of c-Jun in human umbilical vein ECs by using a tetracycline-regulated adenoviral expression system. In this study, we report a novel observation using this system. Specific expression of c-Jun is a sufficient trigger for ECs to undergo apoptosis, as demonstrated by a set of combined assays including an ELISA specific for histone-associated DNA fragmentation, DNA laddering, and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). Tetracycline can effectively shut off c-Jun overexpression and prevent EC apoptosis. Cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase was also detected in ECs overexpressing c-Jun. Moreover, inhibitors of cysteine proteases blocked the apoptosis, suggesting a caspase-associated mechanism involved in proapoptotic effects of c-Jun. To gain further insight into the role of c-Jun as a pathophysiological regulator of EC death, TAM67, a dominant-negative mutant of c-Jun, was overexpressed in human umbilical vein ECs to abrogate endogenous c-Jun/activator protein-1 activation. H(2)O(2)-triggered apoptosis was largely attenuated in ECs overexpressing TAM67. Together, these results suggest that c-Jun, as a proapoptotic molecule, may play a role in mediating the cell death program in vascular endothelium.
PPAR-γ agonists inhibit profibrotic phenotypes in human lung fibroblasts and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (2007)

Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by alterations in fibroblast phenotypes resulting in excessive extracellular matrix accumulation and anatomic remodeling. Current therapies for this condition are largely ineffective. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, the activation of which produces a number of biological effects, including alterations in metabolic and inflammatory responses. The role of PPAR-γ as a potential therapeutic target for fibrotic lung diseases remains undefined. In the present study, we show expression of PPAR-γ in fibroblasts obtained from normal human lungs and lungs of patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Treatment of lung fibroblasts and myofibroblasts with PPAR-γ agonists results in inhibition of proliferative responses and induces cell cycle arrest. In addition, PPAR-γ agonists, including a constitutively active PPAR-γ construct (VP16-PPAR-γ), inhibit the ability of transforming growth factor-β1 to induce myofibroblast differentiation and collagen secretion. PPAR-γ agonists also inhibit fibrosis in a murine model, even when administration is delayed until after the initial inflammation has largely resolved. These observations indicate that PPAR-γ is an important regulator of fibroblast/myofibroblast activation and suggest a role for PPAR-γ ligands as novel therapeutic agents for fibrotic lung diseases.
Neoplastic transformation of chimpanzee cells induced by adenovirus type 12--simian virus 40 hybrid virus. (1981)

The adenovirus 12--simian virus 40 hybrid virus produced neoplastic transformation of chimpanzee skin fibroblasts in vitro. The transformed fibroblasts showed morphological alteration and became permanent lines. The transformed cells contained both adenovirus 12 and simian virus 40 large tumor antigens and were virus producers. However at passage 9, one line (WES) was found to be a nonproducer, producing neither infectious virus nor virus-specific antigen detectable by the complement fixation test. Virus particles were not detected nor could infectious hybrid virus be rescued from this line by cocultivation with Vero cells. The transformed cells formed large cell aggregates and grew in liquid growth medium above an agar base, formed colonies in soft agar, and grew to high saturation densities; the normal chimpanzee skin fibroblasts did not. One transformed WES line produced tumors when transplanted subcutaneously into newborn nude mice, thus providing an important tool for studying tumor immunity in the chimpanzee.
Isolation and sequence determination of human brain natriuretic peptide in human atrium (1990)

We isolated human brain natriuretic peptide (human BNP) from the human atrium. Sequence analysis has revealed that it is a 32-amino-acid peptide with the sequence S-P-K-M-V-Q-G-S-G-C-F-G-R-K-M-D-R-I-S-S-S-S-G-L-G-C-K-V-L-R-R-H, which is identical to the C-terminal sequence (77-108) of the human BNP precursor deduced from the cDNA sequence. The sequence of human BNP (77-108) is preceded by Pro75-Arg76 in the human BNP precursor, which is the same processing signal as Pro97-Arg98 of the precursor of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). The processing of the BNP precursor occurs in the cardiocyte, although that of the ANP precursor in the cardiocyte is unclear at present.