gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heuristic approach for generic audio data segmentation and annotation (1999)

A real-time audio segmentation and indexing scheme is presented in this paper. Audio recordings are segmented and classified into basic audio types such as silence, speech, music, song, environmental sound, speech with the music background, environmental sound with the music background, etc. Simple audio features such as the energy function, the average zero-crossing rate, the fundamental frequency, and the spectral peak track are adopted in this system to ensure on-line processing. Morphological and statistical analysis for temporal curves of these features are performed to show differences among different types of audio. A heuristic rule-based procedure is then developed to segment and classify audio signals by using these features. The proposed approach is generic and model free. It can be applied to almost any content-based audio management system. It is shown that the proposed scheme achieves an accuracy rate of more than 90% for audio classification. Examples for segmentation and indexing of accompanying audio signals in movies and video programs are also provided.
Model and Experimental Research on an Electromagnetic Vibration-Powered Generator With Annular Permanent Magnet Spring (2011)

This paper presents a new electromagnetic vibration-powered generator. The input-output mathematical model of an axial magnetization annular permanent magnet spring is built. Taking advantage of the model, the characteristic curve of the magnetic force versus the displacement is obtained. Wires were wound both inside and outside of the annular permanent magnet to form an inner coil and an outer coil, respectively. The characteristic curve of the magnetic force, the natural frequency, the output voltage waveforms of the outer coil and the inner coil, and the magnetic field distribution of the designed generator have been simulated using the Finite Element method (FEM). Tests results of the output waveforms have good agreement with the simulation results. The maximum output power of the designed vibration-powered generator is 28.3 mW, and the open circuit RMS voltage is 5.1 V at an vibration frequency of 20 Hz and an amplitude of 5 mm.
Metabolism of 5-fluorocytosine to 5-fluorouracil in human colorectal tumor cells transduced with the cytosine deaminase gene: significant antitumor effects when only a small percentage of tumor cells express cytosine deaminase. (1994)

The gene encoding cytosine deaminase (CD) has been expressed in the human colorectal carcinoma cell line WiDr. Metabolism studies confirm that tumor cells expressing CD convert the very nontoxic prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5FCyt) to 5-fluorouracil (5FUra) and 5FUra metabolites. Tumor xenografts composed of CD-expressing cells can selectively generate tumor levels of > 400 microM 5FUra when the host mouse is dosed with nontoxic levels of 5FCyt. The selective metabolic conversion of 5FCyt to 5FUra in CD-expressing tumor cells results in the inhibition of thymidylate synthase and incorporation of 5FUra into RNA. 5FUra is also liberated into the surrounding environment when CD-expressing tumor cells are treated with 5FCyt. The liberated 5FUra is able to kill neighboring, non-CD-expressing tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Most importantly, when only 2% of the tumor mass contains CD-expressing cells (98% non-CD-expressing cells), significant regressions in all tumors are observed when the host mouse is dosed with nontoxic levels of 5FCyt.
Evidence for RNA synthesis-dependent and -independent pathways in stimulation of neurite outgrowth by nerve growth factor (1978)

Studies on the mechanism of action of nerve growth factor (NGF) were carried out with PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. PC12 cells are uniquely useful for such studies because they respond to, but (unlike normal neurons) do not require, NGF and may undergo either generation or regeneration of neurites in response to NGF. Regeneration is defined here as NGF-dependent regrowth of neurites within 24 hr after subculture of NGF-treated PC12 cells. As in cultures of normal NGF-responsive neurons, neurite regeneration by PC12 cells occurs even in the presence of high concentrations of RNA synthesis inhibitors. Generation of neurites is defined as the de novo initiation of outgrowth when PC12 cells are exposed to NGF for the first time. In contrast to regeneration, neurite generation takes place with a lag of at least 24 hr and is blocked by low concentrations of RNA synthesis inhibitors. Such findings suggest that there are both RNA synthesis-dependent and -independent pathways in the mechanism whereby NGF stimulates neurite outgrowth. In addition, NGF-treated PC12 cells undergo a time-dependent loss of the capacity for neurite regeneration after pretreatment with RNA synthesis inhibitors or withdrawal of NGF. Such findings suggest that (i) initiation of neurite outgrowth requires NGF-stimulated, RNA synthesis-dependent accumulation of intracellular material(s), (ii) once such accumulation occurs, RNA synthesis-independent regeneration can occur (but only in the presence of NGF), and (iii) the turnover of such material(s) in the absence of their replacement leads to loss of the capacity for regeneration. A tentative sequence is presented for the events whereby NGF may stimulate neurite outgrowth.
Cytosolic Action of Thyroid Hormone Leads to Induction of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α and Glycolytic Genes (2005)

Thyroid hormone (TH) effects are mediated through T(3), which regulates gene expression by binding to the nuclear TH receptors, TRalpha and TRbeta. Using microarrays and real-time PCR we found mRNAs of the following genes increased in response to T(3) in a TRbeta-specific manner: the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha, its target genes glucose transporter (GLUT)1 and platelet-type phosphofructokinase (PFKP), and the monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)4. The products of these genes have important roles in cellular glucose metabolism. HIF-1alpha expression and activity can be regulated through phosphatidylinositol-OH-3-kinase (PI3K) and MAPK signaling; thus the possibility of alternative, nonnuclear pathways of TH action was raised. We examined the involvement of these pathways in mediating TH effects by treating human skin fibroblasts with 2 nm T(3) in the absence or presence of either the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or the MAPK inhibitor PD98059. T(3) induced HIF-1alpha mRNA by 2.7-fold (+/-0.4; P < 0.013). This increase was completely abrogated by LY294002 (1.1 +/- 0.1; nonsignificant = 0.57), but preserved in the presence of PD98059 (2.2 +/- 0.2; P < 0.009). Western blotting confirmed these results at the protein level, indicating dependency on the PI3K pathway. The same pattern of response was observed for GLUT1, PFKP, and MCT4 expression. To examine whether HIF-1alpha is directly induced, we used the translation inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX). T(3) induction of HIF-1alpha mRNA was not affected by CHX, whereas T(3) effect on GLUT1, PFKP, and MCT4 mRNA was completely abrogated by CHX. These results demonstrate that cytosolic activation of the PI3K signaling pathway has a role in TH-mediated direct (HIF-1alpha) and indirect (GLUT1, PFKP, MCT4) gene expression, and possibly provides a link between TH and cellular glucose metabolism in human fibroblasts.
Essential Hypertension in African Caribbeans Associates With a Variant of the β 2 -Adrenoceptor (1997)

Populations of West African ancestry dwelling in Western communities exhibit greater prevalence of human essential hypertension and higher rates of end-organ damage. The sympathetic nervous system influences cardiac output, vascular tone, renal sodium reabsorption, and renin release and could be implicated in enhanced vascular responsiveness observed in African hypertensives. Such an effect could arise from genetic variants that alter agonist response of alpha-adrenoceptors, leading to enhanced vasoconstriction, or attenuate beta2-adrenoceptor-mediated vasodilatation. Indeed, there is evidence of a blunted vasodilator response to the beta-agonist isoprenaline in African Americans. A variant of the beta2-adrenoceptor gene that encodes glycine rather than arginine at position 16 (Arg16-->Gly) has been shown to confer exaggerated agonist-mediated receptor downregulation, which might attenuate vasodilator response. One hundred thirty-six unrelated hypertensives and 81 unrelated normotensives of African Caribbean origin were identified from primary care on the island of St Vincent. Genomic DNA from these subjects was analyzed for the presence of the Gly16 and Arg16 alleles by using an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction method. We report strong support for association of the prodownregulatory glycine 16 variant of the beta2-adrenoceptor gene with hypertension in African Caribbeans from St Vincent and the Grenadines (chi2=18.9, P=.000014, 1 df). This observation, coupled with reports of attenuated vasodilator responses to beta-agonists among people of West African ancestry, may provide a mechanism for enhanced vascular reactivity and identify a candidate gene for hypertension in this ethnic group.
Human serum amyloid P component oligomers bind and activate the classical complement pathway via residues 14-26 and 76-92 of the A chain collagen-like region of C1q (1993)

Serum amyloid P component (SAP) was polymerized using the cleavable cross-linker 3,3'-dithio-bis-(sulfo-succinimidylpropionate) to study its interaction with the C system. Dimers and trimers, but no larger oligomers, were observed; the trimers retained native SAP immunoreactivity (except for one calcium-dependent epitope) without displaying neo-SAP epitopes. The SAP trimers bound strongly to C1q, at the level of the collagen-like region (CLR). SAP bound to synthetic C1q A chain peptides 14-26 and 76-92, and these peptides inhibited the binding of SAP trimers to the CLR. When incubated in dilute human serum, SAP trimers consumed total C and C4, but not alternative pathway, hemolytic activities. Consumption of C4 by SAP trimers was inhibited by C1q A chain peptide 14-26. Thus, SAP oligomers bind C1q and activate the classical C pathway via the collagen-like region of C1q, at sites located within residues 14-26 and/or 76-92 of the C1q A chain.
Characterization of the genes coding for theEcoRV restriction and modification system ofEscherichia coli (1984)

A plasmid encoding the recently described Eco RV restriction and modification system has been isolated and characterized. This plasmid, pLB1, is 6.2 kb long and carries only the Eco RV genes. A subclone of 3 kb has been inserted in pBR322. The relative positions of the endonuclease and the methylase genes were determined by the construction of a set of overlapping deletions generated by Bal3l resection. The DNA sequence of a 2.2 kb fragment containing the two genes was determined. The two genes are transcribed divergently from a 310 bp region and the assignment of the coding region has been confirmed by direct aminoacid sequence analysis. Possible mechanisms of regulation of the endonuclease gene expression at the translational level are proposed and discussed.
Relationship Between Obesity and B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels (2004)

In patients with and without CHF, BNP levels are inversely related to BMI. When considering demographics, severity of disease, and renal function, BMI is not independently related to BNP levels in a small subgroup when detailed information about CHF severity is known.
Aurora-B Regulates the Cleavage Furrow-specific Vimentin Phosphorylation in the Cytokinetic Process (2003)

Aurora-B is an evolutionally conserved protein kinase that regulates several mitotic events including cytokinesis. We previously demonstrated the possible existence of a protein kinase that phosphorylates at least Ser-72 on vimentin, the most widely expressed intermediate filament protein, in the cleavage furrow-specific manner. Here we showed that vimentin-Ser-72 phosphorylation occurred specifically at the border of the Aurora-B-localized area from anaphase to telophase. Expression of a dominant-negative mutant of Aurora-B led to a reduction of this vimentin-Ser-72 phosphorylation. In vitro analyses revealed that Aurora-B phosphorylates vimentin at approximately 2 mol phosphate/mol of substrate for 30 min and that this phosphorylation dramatically inhibits vimentin filament formation. We further identified eight Aurora-B phosphorylation sites, including Ser-72 on vimentin, and then constructed the mutant vimentin in which these identified sites are changed into Ala. Cells expressing this mutant formed an unusually long bridge-like intermediate filament structure between unseparated daughter cells. We then identified important phosphorylation sites for the bridge phenotype. Our findings indicate that Aurora-B regulates the cleavage furrow-specific vimentin phosphorylation and controls vimentin filament segregation in cytokinetic process.
Low-threshold GaAs/GaAlAs buried heterostructure laser with an ion-beam-etched quarter ring cavity (1987)

GaAs/GaAlAs buried quarter ring lasers with a constant stripe shape along the cavity were fabricated by ion beam etching. Threshold currents of 23 mA were obtained for 2 μm-wide and 430 μm-long cavities on a wafer, for which the broad-area threshold current density was l.7 kA/cm2. This structure leaves the rest of the wafer free for optoelectronic integration.
Amygdalar NMDA Receptors are Critical for New Fear Learning in Previously Fear-Conditioned Rats (1998)

NMDA receptors in the amygdala seem to be critical for fear conditioning in naive rats. Recent spatial-learning studies suggest that previous learning protected animals from the amnesic effect of NMDA antagonists on new learning (of a similar behavioral task). Therefore, the present study examined whether blocking of NMDA receptors in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) prevents new fear learning in previously fear-conditioned rats, as measured by freezing behavior. Intra-BLA infusions of the NMDA receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) completely blocked fear conditioning to a tone stimulus in animals that had previously been fear-conditioned to a light stimulus. Similar results were obtained with intra-BLA infusions of APV before contextual fear conditioning in rats that had been fear-conditioned to a different context. Additional experiments showed that intra-BLA APV infusions substantially interfere with the expression and extinction of conditioned fear to tone, light, and context stimuli. Together, these results indicate that NMDA receptors in the BLA are crucial for the encoding of new fear memories (i.e., the formation of specific conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus association), the expression of conditioned fear responses, and the extinction of acquired fear.
DIRECT LASER WRITING OF MICROSTRUCTURES IN DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON FILMS (1993)

Abstract The formation of conductive lines into a dielectric diamond-like carbon film via the graphitization of an amorphous phase under the action of a scanning Ar+ laser beam is reported. The nucleation of small (≤ 30 Å) graphite crystallites, as evidenced by Raman spectroscopy, results in a resistivity drop from 108 Ωcm to 5x10-2 Ωcm. MicroChannel have been etched in the film via carbon oxidation in air. The dependence of the etching rate on the laser power reveals two distinct regions assigned to different activation energies.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (2004)

The development of new therapeutic strategies for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) has gained new momentum fueled by improved characterization of the disease's natural history and biology and by the recent US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the first agent with an indication for MDS. By integrating morphologic and cytogenetic features with greater discriminatory power, the World Health Organization (WHO) has refined the classification of these stem cell malignancies and enhanced its prognostic utility. Recognition that the malignant phenotype, which characterizes MDS, may arise from mechanistically diverse biological processes has raised new awareness that treatment strategies must be tailored to the pathobiology of the disease. Therapeutics targeting chromatin structure, angiogenesis and the microenvironment that nurtures the MDS phenotype have demonstrated remarkable activity and offer an opportunity to alter the natural history of the disease. This chapter provides an overview of recent developments in the characterization of MDS from the microscope to the laboratory and the translation of these findings into promising therapeutics. In Section I, Dr. James Vardiman reviews the cytogenetic abnormalities that characterize MDS, their clinical and pathologic significance, and the application of the WHO classification. In Section II, Dr. Alan List reviews treatment goals driven by prognostic variables and biological features of the disease that have led to promising small molecule, selective therapeutics. In Section III, Dr. Jean-Pierre Issa provides an overview of epigenetic events regulating gene expression, which may be exploited therapeutically by chromatin remodeling agents. In Section IV, Dr. Theo DeWitte discusses new developments in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, including reduced-intensity and myeloablative approaches.
Contrast Material Injection Protocol With the Dose Adjusted to the Body Surface Area for MDCT Aortography (2010)

Under the BSA protocol, aortic enhancement tended to be consistent and adequate regardless of patient BW.
High Gamma Power Is Phase-Locked to Theta Oscillations in Human Neocortex (2006)

We observed robust coupling between the high- and low-frequency bands of ongoing electrical activity in the human brain. In particular, the phase of the low-frequency theta (4 to 8 hertz) rhythm modulates power in the high gamma (80 to 150 hertz) band of the electrocorticogram, with stronger modulation occurring at higher theta amplitudes. Furthermore, different behavioral tasks evoke distinct patterns of theta/high gamma coupling across the cortex. The results indicate that transient coupling between low- and high-frequency brain rhythms coordinates activity in distributed cortical areas, providing a mechanism for effective communication during cognitive processing in humans.
Human Mu Opioid Receptor ( OPRM1 A118G) polymorphism is associated with brain mu-opioid receptor binding potential in smokers (2011)

Evidence points to the endogenous opioid system, and the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) in particular, in mediating the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, including nicotine. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the human MOR gene (OPRM1 A118G) has been shown to alter receptor protein level in preclinical models and smoking behavior in humans. To clarify the underlying mechanisms for these associations, we conducted an in vivo investigation of the effects of OPRM1 A118G genotype on MOR binding potential (BP(ND) or receptor availability). Twenty-two smokers prescreened for genotype (12 A/A, 10 */G) completed two [(11)C]carfentanil positron emission tomography (PET) imaging sessions following overnight abstinence and exposure to a nicotine-containing cigarette and a denicotinized cigarette. Independent of session, smokers homozygous for the wild-type OPRM1 A allele exhibited significantly higher levels of MOR BP(ND) than smokers carrying the G allele in bilateral amygdala, left thalamus, and left anterior cingulate cortex. Among G allele carriers, the extent of subjective reward difference (denicotinized versus nicotine cigarette) was associated significantly with MOR BP(ND) difference in right amygdala, caudate, anterior cingulate cortex, and thalamus. Future translational investigations can elucidate the role of MORs in nicotine addiction, which may lead to development of novel therapeutics.
The interrelation of fiber bundles in the anterior cruciate ligament (1990)

The anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL) of dogs, humans, and rabbits were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy after fixation in situ. In all species, the ACL was composed of multiple 20 microns-wide collagen fiber bundles separated by columns of cells in fibrous capsules. These bundles were in turn grouped into fascicles of varied size. The fascicles were surrounded by thin membranous sheets that ran through the ligament forming single or multiple layers between fascicles. Splaying of the ACL at insertion was created by increased volume in the cellular intervals. Bending of the fiber bundles occurred in this region--which corresponds to the fibrocartilaginous zone. We propose that the cell layers accommodate compressive forces and the membranes allow slipping among fascicles without compromising blood supply.
CMV Makes a Timely Exit (2002)

DNA viruses must first replicate their genome in the nucleus of the host cell before forming subviral particles that cross into the cytoplasm for the final stages of virion maturation. However, the nuclear envelope provides a physical barrier to the movement of subviral particles into the cytoplasm. In their Perspective, [Sanchez and Spector][1] discuss new work ([ Muranyi et al .][2]) that reveals how cytomegalovirus recruits a host cell protein kinase C to modify the nuclear lamin meshwork of the nuclear envelope, thus enabling subviral particles to exit the nucleus.

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/297/5582/778
 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/297/5582/854
In vivo evaluation of hsp27 as an inhibitor of actin polymerization: Hsp27 limits actin stress fiber and focal adhesion formation after heat shock (1998)

The role of hsp27 as an inhibitor of actin polymerization was considered in the context of the actin cytoskeleton and its relationship with focal adhesion formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of hsp27 on focal adhesion formation as a relevant biological consequence of actin stress fiber formation. When hsp27 was overexpressed in stably transfected cells, cell attachment was delayed and recovery of disrupted stress fibers and focal adhesions was limited. In ROS 17/2.8 cells, heat shock caused the reversible disruption of stress fibers and focal adhesions. The loss of stress fibers and focal adhesions was associated with reduced phosphotyrosine on the focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Microinjection of recombinant 6-His hsp27 and phosphorylated 6-His hsp27 was used to demonstrate that nonphosphorylated hsp27 prevented the recovery of stress fibers and focal adhesions. These results provide in vivo evidence that hsp27 acts as an inhibitor of actin polymerization that can alter cellular interactions with extracellular environments by perturbation of stress fibers, and subsequently focal adhesions.