gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cloning and Characterization of the Human and Rat Islet-specific Glucose-6-phosphatase Catalytic Subunit-related Protein (IGRP) Genes (2001)

Islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) is a homolog of the catalytic subunit of G6Pase, the enzyme that catalyzes the terminal step of the gluconeogenic pathway. Its catalytic activity, however, has not been defined. Since IGRP gene expression is restricted to islets, this suggests a possible role in the regulation of islet metabolism and, hence, insulin secretion induced by metabolites. We report here a comparative analysis of the human, mouse, and rat IGRP genes. These studies aimed to identify conserved sequences that may be critical for IGRP function and that specify its restricted tissue distribution. The single copy human IGRP gene has five exons of similar length and coding sequence to the mouse IGRP gene and is located on human chromosome 2q28-32 adjacent to the myosin heavy chain 1B gene. In contrast, the rat IGRP gene does not appear to encode a protein as a result of a series of deletions and insertions in the coding sequence. Moreover, rat IGRP mRNA, unlike mouse and human IGRP mRNA, is not expressed in islets or islet-derived cell lines, an observation that was traced by fusion gene analysis to a mutation of the TATA box motif in the mouse/human IGRP promoters to TGTA in the rat sequence. The results provide a framework for the further analysis of the molecular basis for the tissue-restricted expression of the IGRP gene and the identification of key amino acid sequences that determine its biological activity.
Gating and regulation of connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels (2003)

Connexin 43 (Cx43) nonjunctional or "unapposed" hemichannels can open under physiological or pathological conditions. We characterize hemichannels comprised of Cx43 or Cx43-EGFP (Cx43 with enhanced GFP fused to the C terminus) expressed in HeLa cells. Channel opening was induced at potentials greater than +60 mV. Open probability appeared to be very low. No comparable opening was detected in the parental, nontransfected HeLa cells. Conductance of fully open single hemichannels was approximately 220 pS, which is approximately double that of Cx43 cell-cell channels. Cx43 hemichannels exhibited two types of gating: fast transitions (<1 ms) between the fully open state and a substate of approximately 75 pS and slow transitions (>5 ms) between either open state and the fully closed state. Cx43-EGFP hemichannels exhibited only slow transitions (>5 ms) between closed and fully open states. These properties resemble those of the corresponding Cx43 and Cx43-EGFP cell-cell channels. Cx43 with EGFP on the N terminus (EGFP-Cx43) inserted into the surface and formed plaques but did not form hemichannels or cell-cell channels. Hemichannel blockers, 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid or La3+, blocked depolarization-induced currents. Uptake of ethidium bromide (i) was faster in Cx43 and Cx43-EGFP than parental and EGFP-Cx43 cells, (ii) was directly correlated with Cx43-EGFP expression, (iii) was reduced by hemichannel blockers, and (iv) occurred at the same low rate in EGFP-Cx43 and parental cells. Although hemichannel opening was not detected electrophysiologically at the resting potential, infrequent or brief opening could account for ethidium bromide uptake. Opening of Cx43 hemichannels may mediate normal signaling or be deleterious.
Evolution at the Molecular Level (1991)

This book is an up-to-date review and evaluation of recent theoretical and empirical advances in the study of evolution. In 13 chapters contributed by 26 scientists, the book focuses on the basic processes underlying evolutionary change at the molecular level. The fundamental problems concerning phylogenetic reconstruction, interaction between selective and nonselective evolutionary forces, and the nature of evolutionary and structural constraints on molecules are attacked with the techniques of molecular biology. The topics range from the evolution of transposable elements and organelle genomes to the maintenance of polymorphism and sequence divergence of multigene families, with examples drawn from retroviruses, bacteria, plants and animals. The book is intended for advanced students and professionals with interests in the major research areas of evolutionary genetics.
Neurologic control of prostatic secretion in the dog. (1978)

A model to record the volume of prostatic secretion was developed. The influence of both divisions of the autonomic nervous system on the prostate by pharmacologic stimulation and blockade, and by direct electrical nerve stimulation was observed. The prostate responded to parasympathetic stimulus by increasing secretion. Under sympathetic stimulation, the secretion collected in the acini and ducts was expulsed into the urethra by contraction of the smooth muscle fibers surrounding these structures. A correlation between these findings and the normal sexual function may be made: Early in the excitation phase there is parasympathetic activity with increased secretion. With onset of orgasm and emission, sympathetic activity initiates the contractile activity of the genital duct system and the prostatic muscular element. As a result, the secretion is transported to the prostatic urethra (emission) to be later ejaculated by the genital skeletal musculature of the perineum, mainly the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus.
Targeting Treatment in AML (2007)

Currently available chemotherapy has probably reached the limits of its potential in treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In considering the next steps it is appropriate to exploit on the one hand knowledge of the molecular, immunophenotypic and biological characteristics of the disease and on the other the biology of the patient. The aim is to move towards a more targeted approach. Immunophenotyping has defined an adequate target (CD33) for antibody-directed treatment, although this is not leukemia specific. Monotherapy has produced important response rates in relapsed disease but it is unlikely to displace conventional chemotherapy. Several randomized trials of antibody directed chemotherapy in combination with chemotherapy nearing completion will establish the usefulness of this approach. In most patients a leukemia-specific immunophenotype can be characterized that can be used to monitor treatment. Minimal residual disease (MRD) detection in morphological remission can detect patients at high risk of relapse, as can a limited number of molecular markers. The clinical value of intervening at the time of MRD detection is not clear. Among the increasing molecular abnormalities described in AML, FLT-3 mutations appear the most attractive for therapeutic intervention. Several phase 2 studies have shown limited efficacy, and randomized trials in combination are underway. Other mechanisms that can be specifically targeted include farnesylation, methylation status, and histone deacelylation. Newer knowledge about the immunophenotypic and biological characteristics of the leukemic stem cell population has opened opportunities to develop treatments that exploit characteristics of the leukemic stem cells that differ from the normal stem cell. Some of these initiatives are now discussed.
First lapses to smoking: Within-subjects analysis of real-time reports. (1996)

Studies of smoking relapse and temptation episodes have relied on retrospective recall and confounded between- and within-subject variability. Real-time data on temptations and lapses to smoke were gathered using palm-top computers. We made within-subject comparisons of the initial lapse, a temptation episode, and base rate data obtained through randomly scheduled assessments. Negative affect discriminated all three situations, with lapses worse than temptations, and temptations worse than random situations. Participants attributed lapses to negative mood and smoking cues, whereas temptations were more often attributed to behavioral transitions. Participants were 12 times more likely to report coping in temptations than in lapses. However, only cognitive (vs. behavioral) coping strategies were effective. Lapses (vs. the other situations) were more likely to occur when smoking was permitted, when cigarettes were easily available, and in the presence of other smokers. The results have clinical implications, and the computerized monitoring methods may be applicable to an array of clinical research problems.
Management of Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Patients in Non-Critical Care Setting: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2012)

Hyperglycemia is a common, serious, and costly health care problem in hospitalized patients. Observational and randomized controlled studies indicate that improvement in glycemic control results in lower rates of hospital complications in general medicine and surgery patients. Implementing a standardized sc insulin order set promoting the use of scheduled basal and nutritional insulin therapy is a key intervention in the inpatient management of diabetes. We provide recommendations for practical, achievable, and safe glycemic targets and describe protocols, procedures, and system improvements required to facilitate the achievement of glycemic goals in patients with hyperglycemia and diabetes admitted in non-critical care settings.
Biooxidation of n‐hexanol by alcohol oxidase and catalase in biphasic and micellar systems without solvent (2002)

Alcohol oxidase from Pichia pastoris together with catalase from bovine liver was used to oxidize n-hexanol to hexanal. For this purpose, an aqueous buffer solution was mixed with large amounts of hexanol by simple agitation, yielding a biphasic system, or by adding the nonionic surfactant Brij 35. Initial velocities and reaction yields after 24 h were measured as a function of various parameters such as the amounts of enzymes, hexanol, or surfactant. High enzymatic activity was determined for hexanol concentrations of between 20 mass% and 80 mass% without using any additional organic solvent. The homogenization of the biphasic systems with the help of Brij 35 did not yield a significant improvement of the bioconversion, which would justify the use of surfactants.
A relational approach to monitoring complex systems (1988)

Monitoring is an essential part of many program development tools, and plays a central role in debugging, optimization, status reporting, and reconfiguration. Traditional monitoring techniques are inadequate when monitoring complex systems such as multiprocessors or distributed systems. A new approach is described in which a historical database forms the conceptual basis for the information processed by the monitor. This approach permits advances in specifying the low-level data collection, specifying the analysis of the collected data, performing the analysis, and displaying the results. Two prototype implementations demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.
Analysis of self-body blocking effects in millimeter wave cellular networks (2014)

The millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum is a strong candidate carrier frequency for access channels in fifth generation cellular networks. Unfortunately, the human body heavily attenuates mmWave signals. This paper evaluates the impact of self-body blocking (the blocking of the direct link by the handset user's body) in mmWave cellular networks using a stochastic geometric network model. A mathematical model for self-body blocking is proposed, allowing for position changes, and used to compute signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) distributions with two possible user association rules. The results characterize how self-body blocking impacts the SINR coverage. Even including self-body blocking, mmWave cellular systems can still outperform convention systems at lower frequencies, in terms of the achievable rate, due to the larger bandwidth.
PN code generator based on generalized Bent function for SW/SFH System (1996)

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Regulation of extracellular matrix proteins and integrin cell substratum adhesion receptors on epithelium during cutaneous human wound healing in vivo. (1993)

Although changes in extracellular matrix proteins during wound healing have been well documented, little is known about the regulation of corresponding extracellular matrix adhesion receptors (integrins). To study this process in a human in vivo model, full thickness human skin grafts were transplanted onto severe combined immunodeficient mice and deep excisional wounds involving both the epidermal and dermal layers were then made. The changes in the expression of cell matrix proteins and epithelial integrins over time were analyzed with specific antibodies using immunohistochemistry. Wounding was associated with alterations in extracellular matrix proteins, namely, loss of laminin and type IV collagen in the region of the wound and expression of tenascin and fibronectin. Changes were also noted in the integrins on the migrating keratinocytes. There was marked up-regulation of the alpha v subunit and de novo expression of the fibronectin receptor (alpha 5 beta 1) during the stage of active migration (days 1 to 3 after wounding). In the later stages of wound healing, after epithelial integrity had been established, redistribution of the alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 6, and beta 4 collagen/laminin-binding integrin subunits to suprabasal epidermal layers was noted. Thus, during cutaneous wound healing, keratinocytes up-regulate fibronectin/fibrinogen-binding integrins and redistribute collagen/laminin-binding integrins. This study demonstrates that the human skin/severe combined immunodeficient chimera provides a useful model to study events during human wound repair.
Role of PKC and MAPK in cytosolic PLA2 phosphorylation and arachadonic acid release in primary murine astrocytes (2002)

Although Group IV cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in astrocytes has been implicated in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, mechanisms leading to its activation and release of arachidonic acid (AA) have not been clearly elucidated. In primary murine astrocytes, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ATP stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and cPLA2 as well as evoked AA release. However, complete inhibition of phospho-ERK by U0126, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), did not completely inhibit PMA-stimulated cPLA2 and AA release. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) also stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and cPLA2[largely through a protein kinase C (PKC)-independent pathway], but EGF did not evoke AA release. These results suggest that phosphorylation of cPLA2 due to phospho-ERK is not sufficient to evoke AA release. However, complete inhibition of ATP-induced cPLA2 phosphorylation and AA release was observed when astrocytes were treated with GF109203x, a general PKC inhibitor, together with U0126, indicating the important role for both PKC and ERK in mediating the ATP-induced AA response. There is evidence that PMA and ATP stimulated AA release through different PKC isoforms in astrocytes. In agreement with the sensitivity of PMA-induced responses to PKC down-regulation, prolonged treatment with PMA resulted in down-regulation of PKCalpha and epsilon in these cells. Furthermore, PMA but not ATP stimulated rapid translocation of PKCalpha from cytosol to membranes. Together, our results provided evidence for an important role of PKC in mediating cPLA2 phosphorylation and AA release in astrocytes through both ERK1/2-dependent and ERK1/2-independent pathways.
Activation of Peripheral Blood T Cells by Interaction and Migration Through Endothelium: Role of Lymphocyte Function Antigen-1/Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Interleukin-15 (1999)

Cell adhesion molecules have a key role in the migration of T cells to inflammatory foci. However, the effect of the endothelial-lymphocyte interaction on the activation of the latter cells remains unresolved. We have studied the effect of resting and stimulated endothelial cells (ECs) on the activation of peripheral blood T cells (PBTLs), as assessed by the expression of CD69 and CD25 activation antigens. The incubation of PBTLs with tumor necrosis factor-alpha-activated EC monolayers, either alive or fixed, induced the expression of CD69 but not CD25, preferentially in the CD8(+) CD45RO+ cell subset. Furthermore, it induced the production of cytokines such as IFN-gamma, but not that of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-4. EC treated with other stimuli such as IL-1beta, IFN-gamma, or lipopolysaccharide also showed the same proactivatory effect on T cells. Lymphocyte activation was almost completely inhibited by blocking anti-CD18 and anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (anti-ICAM-1) monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), but only slightly affected by MoAbs against CD49d, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and anti-IL-15. In addition, the interaction of PBTL with immobilized ICAM-1 induced CD69 expression in the same memory T-cell subset. IL-15 induced T-cell activation with expression of CD69 and CD25, and production of IFN-gamma, and its effect was additive with that triggered by cell adhesion to either EC or immobilized ICAM-1. The transmigration of PBTLs through either confluent EC monolayers or ICAM-1-coated membranes also induced efficiently the expression of CD69. When IL-15 was used as chemoattractant in these assays, a further enhancement in CD69 expression was observed in migrated cells. Together these results indicate that stimulated endothelium may have an important role in T-cell activation, through the lymphocyte function antigen-1/ICAM-1 pathway, and that IL-15 efficiently cooperates in this phenomenon. These observations could account for the abundance of CD69(+) cells in the lymphocytic infiltrates of several chronic inflammatory diseases.
How to Display Data Badly (1984)

Abstract Methods for displaying data badly have been developing for many years, and a wide variety of interesting and inventive schemes have emerged. Presented here is a synthesis yielding the 12 most powerful techniques that seem to underlie many of the realizations found in practice. These 12 (the dirty dozen) are identified and illustrated.
Response of Human Islets to Isolation Stress and the Effect of Antioxidant Treatment (2004)

The process of human islet isolation triggers a cascade of stressful events in the islets of Langerhans involving activation of apoptosis and necrosis and the production of proinflammatory molecules that negatively influence islet yield and function and may produce detrimental effects after islet transplantation. In this study, we showed that activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), two of the major pathways responsible for cellular responses to stress, already occurs in pancreatic cells during the isolation procedure. NF-kappaB-dependent reactions, such as production and release of interleukin-6 and -8 and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1, were observed days after the isolation procedure in isolated purified islets. Under culture conditions specially designed to mimic isolation stress, islet proinflammatory responses were even more pronounced and correlated with higher islet cell loss and impaired secretory function. Here we present novel evidence that early interventions aimed at reducing oxidative stress of pancreatic cells and islets through the use of the catalytic antioxidant probe AEOL10150 (manganese [III] 5,10,15,20-tetrakis [1,3,-diethyl-2imidazoyl] manganese-porphyrin pentachloride [TDE-2,5-IP]) effectively reduces NF-kappaB binding to DNA, the release of cytokines and chemokines, and PARP activation in islet cells, resulting in higher survival and better insulin release. These findings support the concept that the isolation process predisposes islets to subsequent damage and functional impairment. Blocking oxidative stress can be beneficial in reducing islet vulnerability and can potentially have a significant impact on transplantation outcome.
Asthma and Natural Colds: Inflammatory Indices in Induced Sputum: A Feasibility Study (1998)

We examined the feasibility of using induced sputum to evaluate the airway inflammatory response to natural acute respiratory virus infections. We recruited eight asthmatics and nine healthy subjects on Day 4 of a cold. Viral infection was confirmed in six of the asthmatics (influenza A or B) and six of the healthy subjects (influenza A, rhinovirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus). In the subjects with confirmed virus infection, five of the asthmatics had an objective exacerbation of asthma during the cold. Their sputum on Day 4 showed a high median total cell count of 19.7 x 10(6) cells/ml with a modest neutrophilia (58. 5%) and high levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) (16,000 pg/ml), eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) (1,880 microgram/L) and very high levels of fibrinogen (250 mg/L). In contrast, the proportion (1.3%) and absolute number of eosinophils was low. IL-2 levels were within the normal range, whereas IL-5 and interferon gamma were under the limit of detection of the assays. In the healthy subjects with a confirmed virus infection the sputum findings were qualitatively similar but significantly less prominent. Sputum IL-8 on Day 4 was strongly correlated with neutrophils (rs = 0.8, p < 0.001). This correlation was also significant when each group was analyzed separately. On Day 21 there was a fall in the absolute number of neutrophils and in ECP and fibrinogen levels in both groups. Similar results were found in the two asthmatic and three healthy subjects with a cold of comparable severity but in whom viral infection was not confirmed. We conclude that induced sputum examination can be used to study the effects of natural colds and influenza on the airways of the lungs. The results also suggest that natural colds, on Day 4, cause neutrophilic lower airway inflammation that is greater in asthmatics than in healthy subjects. The greater inflammatory response in asthmatics may be due to the changes associated with trivial eosinophilia or to the different viruses involved.
April in Managua: the Central American Peace Concert. LMS–NSC 001, (1984). (Available as record or cassette from, NSC, 23, Bevenden Street, London N16.) (1987)

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Ring size selection (1990)

Soft tissue clearance must be maintained when using circular fixators. The limb segment is sized with rings or templates to maintain a minimum of 2 to 3 cm clearance, adding more for the femur. Patients with head injuries or long periods of recumbency can be expected to have more dependent edema posterior. The frame may be preconstructed and slipped over the limb in a trial fitting prior to surgery in most cases. Accurate sizing and alignment of the frame with the limb are essential for a tolerable frame. Function is encouraged by a comfortable frame. Pain, disuse, osteoporosis, frame loosening, and prolonged treatments may result from inaccurately applied frames.