gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recording of ENGs from the nerves innervating the pancreas of a dog during the intravenous glucose tolerance test (2002)

Electroneurograms (ENGs) from the vagus nerve (VN), the splanchnic nerve (SN) and the pancreatic nerve (PN) innervating the pancreas of a dog, were recorded with chronically implanted 33-electrode spiral cuffs (cuff) before and after the pancreas were stimulated with intravenously (i.v.) administered glucose. In the cuffs platinum electrodes were arranged in three parallel spiral groups containing 11 electrodes on the inner surface. The cuffs had an inner diameter of 2 mm and a length of 18 mm. In a two-year study, the cuffs were implanted into two Beagle dogs and were also used for pancreatic stimulation, although this is not described in this paper. In the VN, the cuff was installed on the nerve at the neck, whilst in the SN, the cuff was installed on the nerve before the celiac ganglion, and in the PN, the cuff was installed on the nerve just before it enters the pancreas. Six months after implantation, when the model of interpretation of the results was developed, three recordings of ENG in each animal were conducted. The first one was conducted in the unstimulated pancreas while the second and the third were conducted 1 and 8 min after a known amount of glucose was i.v. administered. Since the results obtained in both animals were actually quite similar, we present the results obtained in one animal. To evaluate the changes in superficial activity of the nerves, elicited by the administration of glucose, the power spectra corresponding to ENGs, recorded from the nerves before and after the administration of glucose, were integrated within the band of frequencies ranging from 1 to 5 kHz. Accordingly, the magnitude of the integrated power spectrum (MIPS), corresponding to the ENG recorded from the SN before administration of glucose, was 2.863 au. One minute after glucose was administered the value fell to 2.795 au while 8 min after the administration the value returned to 2.8 au. The MIPS corresponding to the ENG recorded from the PN before the administration of glucose was 3.236 au. One minute after the administration the value fell to 2.901 au while 8 min after the administration the value rose to 3.009 au. The MIPS, corresponding to the ENG recorded from the VN before the administration of glucose, was 3.656 au. One minute after the administration the value fell to 3.565 au. Eight minutes after the administration the value rose to 3.689 au. The results show that 1 min after glucose was administered superficial activity in all three nerves was reduced while 8 min after administration the activity in the nerves returned to the same level of activity before the glucose was administered. This information could be effectively used in a further study of pancreatic innervation and its function. Moreover, the results suggest that cuffs could also be useful in recording the ENGs from other nerves of the autonomic nervous system that innervate various glands and internal organs.
Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange (1993)

Despite the remarkable thermochemical accuracy of Kohn–Sham density-functional theories with gradient corrections for exchange-correlation [see, for example, A. D. Becke, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 2155 (1992)], we believe that further improvements are unlikely unless exact-exchange information is considered. Arguments to support this view are presented, and a semiempirical exchange-correlation functional containing local-spin-density, gradient, and exact-exchange terms is tested on 56 atomization energies, 42 ionization potentials, 8 proton affinities, and 10 total atomic energies of first- and second-row systems. This functional performs significantly better than previous functionals with gradient corrections only, and fits experimental atomization energies with an impressively small average absolute deviation of 2.4 kcal/mol.
E-Books: Alive and Thriving! (2002)

E-Books have several advantages because of which they have become popular. The key to succeeding in E-Books is matching the digital content with E-Book digital technologies. The presentation of reference information in E-Book format has been the most successful due to its using reading technologies such as Adobe Acrobat Readers for computers, PDAs and internet browsers.
Is the magnetization transfer ratio a marker for myelin in multiple sclerosis? (2011)

MTR was correlated with WC in MS tissue, indicating that inflammation and edema influence MTR. Therefore, caution should be used when associating MTR exclusively with myelin content.
Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli integration host factor interactions with its bacteriophage lambda H' recognition site (1991)

The bacteriophage P22-based challenge phage system was used to study the binding of integration host factor (IHF) to its H' recognition site in the attP region of bacteriophage lambda. We constructed challenge phages that carried H' inserts in both orientations within the P22 Pant promoter, which is required for antirepressor synthesis. We found that IHF repressed expression of Pant from either challenge phage when expressed from an inducible Ptac promoter on a plasmid vector. Mutants containing changes in the H' inserts that decrease or eliminate IHF binding were isolated by selecting challenge phages that could synthesize antirepressor in the presence of IHF. Sequence analysis of 31 mutants showed that most changes were base pair substitutions within the H' insert. Approximately one-half of the mutants contained substitutions that changed base pairs that are part of the IHF consensus binding site; mutants were isolated that contained substitutions at six of the nine base pairs of the consensus site. Other mutants contained changes at base pairs between the two subdeterminants of the H' site, at positions that are not specified in the consensus sequence, and in the dA + dT-rich region that flanks the consensus region of the site. Taken together, these results show that single-base-pair changes at positions outside of the proposed consensus bases can weaken or drastically disrupt IHF binding to the mutated site.
MOSFET devices with polysilicon on single-layer HfO/sub 2/ high-K dielectrics (2002)

MOSFETs and MOSCAPs of a single-layer thin HfO/sub 2/ gate dielectric with dual polysilicon gate were fabricated with self-aligned process and characterized. Polysilicon and dopant activation processes were optimized such that leakage current and equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of HfO/sub 2/ remain low (EOT of 12.0 /spl Aring/. HfO/sub 2/ with 1/spl times/10/sup -3/ A/cm/sup 2/ at Vg=1.0 V). Reasonable N- and P-MOSFET characteristics such as subthreshold swing of 74 mV/decade and output currents were also demonstrated.
Evidence that Basal Activity, But Not Transactivation, of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Is Required for Insulin-like Growth Factor I-Induced Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase in Oral Carcinoma Cells (2004)

IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) is involved in numerous biological functions via its major downstream signaling molecules, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt. The IGF-I-induced activation of ERK, but not that of Akt, is reportedly mediated by the transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase (TK). The mechanism for the EGFR-TK-dependent activation, however, still remains largely unknown. We found that an oral carcinoma cell line overexpressing EGFR, Ca9-22, exhibited IGF-I-induced activation of both Akt and ERK, but that only the latter was significantly decreased by a specific inhibitor of EGFR-TK, tyrphostin AG1478. In this report we provide evidence for the existence in this cell line of a novel mechanism by which IGF-I induces ERK activation in a manner that is dependent on the basal level of EGFR-TK activity, but is independent of receptor transactivation. In addition, we show that c-Raf kinase is likely to be a key regulator of this mechanism. The elucidation of such a unique mechanism involving cross-talk between EGFR and heterologous receptors may shed additional light on the clinical use of EGFR-TK inhibitors in antitumor therapies.
An Overview of Multi-Task Learning in Deep Neural Networks (2017)

Multi-task learning (MTL) has led to successes in many applications of machine learning, from natural language processing and speech recognition to computer vision and drug discovery. This article aims to give a general overview of MTL, particularly in deep neural networks. It introduces the two most common methods for MTL in Deep Learning, gives an overview of the literature, and discusses recent advances. In particular, it seeks to help ML practitioners apply MTL by shedding light on how MTL works and providing guidelines for choosing appropriate auxiliary tasks.
Concentration-Dependent Reactions of Deoxofluor with Arylglyoxal Hydrates:  A New Route to Polyfluoro Ethers (2001)

[reaction: see text]. In concentrated solutions (CH2Cl2) at 25 degrees C, arylglyoxal hydrates, ArCOCHO*H2O (Ar = 4-MeO-C6H4-, 4-Me-C6H4-, 4-F-C6H4-, Ph-, (2a-f) with Deoxofluor gave fluorinated ethers, ArCF2CHFOCHFCF2Ar, (3a-f) in >90% yields as meso/racemic mixtures (approximately 1:1). Under very dilute conditions, mixtures of ArCF2CHO (major) (4a-f) and ArCF2CF2H (6a-f) (minor) were obtained. The structures of 3b (racemic) and 4a (meso) have been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis.
Serologic Markers: Impact on Early Diagnosis and Disease Stratification in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2010)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is difficult to diagnose, and differentiating between ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) can be challenging. Overlapping symptoms of UC and CD often delay diagnosis, despite availability of endoscopic, radiologic, and histologic tools. This delay in diagnosis is quite common in clinical practice, which may also delay initiation of appropriate treatment. Abnormal immune responses found in IBD have led to the use of serum biomarkers (eg, anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody [ASCA], perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody [pANCA], antibodies to flagellin [anti-CBir1]) to improve diagnostic confidence in IBD. These biomarkers are beginning to be used to stratify patients with UC and CD according to disease phenotype and risk of complications. Associations between quantity and quality of immune reactivity and severe disease phenotypes are increasingly evident. This suggests that serologic panels of multiple IBD biomarkers can be used to identify the relative risk of progression to complicated disease behaviors, and that this information may ultimately impact therapeutic decisions. This review discusses the diagnostic process and challenges in IBD, with emphasis on the role that serologic markers may play in addressing these challenges.
In Search of “Better-than-DCT” Unitary Transforms for Encoding of Residual Signals (2010)

It is well known that the discrete cosine transform (DCT) closely approximates the optimal Karhunen-Loève transform (KLT) under the first-order stationary Markov condition with a strong inter-pixel correlation. However, if the inter-pixel correlation is weak or becomes negative, transforms other than the DCT would possibly become better. In this letter, we present a design framework for finding new unitary transforms according to two principles: 1) they are indeed more efficient than the DCT in encoding of signals with a weak or negative inter-pixel correlation (e.g., the residual signals after motion-compensation or intra- prediction) and 2) each has a fixed transform matrix (i.e., signal-independent) and can be implemented as efficiently as the DCT. Some of the new transforms will be used to demonstrate an improved R-D performance in the video coding scenario.
Discourse processing of dialogues with multiple threads (1995)

In this paper we will present our ongoing work on a plan-based discourse processor developed in the context of the Enthusiast Spanish to English translation system as part of the JANUS multi-lingual speech-to-speech translation system. We will demonstrate that theories of discourse which postulate a strict tree structure of discourse on either the intentional or attentional level are not totally adequate for handling spontaneous dialogues. We will present our extension to this approach along with its implementation in our plan-based discourse processor. We will demonstrate that the implementation of our approach outperforms an implementation based on the strict tree structure approach.
Desarrollo y validación de un instrumento para la evaluación del comportamiento sexual de los transexuales : el CSTM = Development and validation of an instrument for evaluating transgender sexual behavior : the CSTM (2012)

Scientific literature presents a vacuum as to the self-perception of transsexuals about their sexuality. Most research is limited to the sex reassignment surgery consequences in their orgasmic capacity. Given the scarcity of instruments to explore all the dimensions of their sexuality, a new instrument is presented. The CSTM contains a total of 73 items and permits a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of transsexuals’ sexuality. The instrument was developed at the Gender Identity Disorders Unit at the Carlos Haya Hospital of Málaga, Spain, and can obtain composite indexes with acceptable reliability highlighting a Global Index for Sexual Health. Normative data in these indexes are presented of 260 transsexuals (147 Man-Woman and 113 Woman-Man) aged 15 to 61 years (mean = 27,8, SD = 8,6).
Ultrasmooth organic–inorganic perovskite thin-film formation and crystallization for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells (2015)

To date, there have been a plethora of reports on different means to fabricate organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite thin films; however, the inorganic starting materials have been limited to halide-based anions. Here we study the role of the anions in the perovskite solution and their influence upon perovskite crystal growth, film formation and device performance. We find that by using a non-halide lead source (lead acetate) instead of lead chloride or iodide, the perovskite crystal growth is much faster, which allows us to obtain ultrasmooth and almost pinhole-free perovskite films by a simple one-step solution coating with only a few minutes annealing. This synthesis leads to improved device performance in planar heterojunction architectures and answers a critical question as to the role of the anion and excess organic component during crystallization. Our work paves the way to tune the crystal growth kinetics by simple chemistry.
PD-1 immunoreceptor inhibits B cell receptor-mediated signaling by recruiting src homology 2-domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 to phosphotyrosine (2001)

PD-1 is an immunoreceptor that belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and contains two tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic region. Studies on PD-1-deficient mice have shown that PD-1 plays critical roles in establishment and/or maintenance of peripheral tolerance, but the mode of action is totally unknown. To study the molecular mechanism for negative regulation of lymphocytes through the PD-1 receptor, we generated chimeric molecules composed of the IgG Fc receptor type IIB (Fc gamma RIIB) extracellular region and the PD-1 cytoplasmic region and expressed them in a B lymphoma cell line, IIA1.6. Coligation of the cytoplasmic region of PD-1 with the B cell receptor (BCR) in IIA1.6 transformants inhibited BCR-mediated growth retardation, Ca(2+) mobilization, and tyrosine phosphorylation of effector molecules, including Ig beta, Syk, phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLC gamma 2), and ERK1/2, whereas phosphorylation of Lyn and Dok was not affected. Mutagenesis studies indicated that these inhibitory effects do not require the N-terminal tyrosine in the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif-like sequence, but do require the other tyrosine residue in the C-terminal tail. This tyrosine was phosphorylated and recruited src homology 2-domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) on coligation of PD-1 with BCR. These results show that PD-1 can inhibit BCR signaling by recruiting SHP-2 to its phosphotyrosine and dephosphorylating key signal transducers of BCR signaling.
Dechlorination of Bleached Kraft Pulp by Laccase Enzyme Produced from Some White-Rot Fungi (2001)

The possibility of using crude laccase in the dechlorination of chlorine-based bleached kraft pulp was investigated. Culture supernatants of seven white-rot fungal strains and kraft-pulp samples taken from E1 (Alkaline Extraction-1), E2 (Alkaline Extraction-2) and D2 (Chlorinedioxide treatment) stages of chlorine-based bleaching processes were used as the laccase source and substrates respectively during the studies. The dechlorination activity of Trametes versicolor was found to be more than that of the other fungi examined. The addition of a laccase inducer, xylidine, into the culture medium of T. Versicolor led to an increase in dechlorination activity. In the experiment performed to find out the role of laccase activity in dechlorination reactions, a considerable reduction in the dissolved oxygen concentration due to laccase-dependent dechlorination activity was observed. Stepwise enzyme treatment was found to be necessary for increasing the yield of dechlorination.
The New High-Efficiency Video Coding Standard (2013)

Recent developments in camera and display technologies are supporting increasingly larger resolutions. At the same time, studies predict that the share of video data in overall consumer Internet traffic will become larger than 75%. These developments require a more efficient coding of digital video than the current video-coding standard H.264/ MPEG-4 AVC is capable of. The new High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard achieves this by introducing new coding tools as well as by improving techniques already known from H.264/MPEG- 4 AVC. Recent performance analyses comparing HEVC with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC High Profile show average bitrate reductions around 35 to 40% for a given objective quality while subjective test results indicate that a 50% bitrate reduction for a comparable visual quality can be achieved. Besides techniques for substantially improving coding efficiency, large efforts have been put on facilitating parallel encoding and decoding in HEVC. This article presents in detail all these different aspects of HEVC.
1H and 13C N.M.R. studies on the positional isomers of methyl thialaurate and methyl thiastearate (1989)

1 H N.m.r. analysis of methyl thialaurate and methyl thiastearate shows that the sulphur atom in the alkyl chain has a significant deshielding effect (α-effect) on the chemical shift of the protons of the adjacent methylene and methyl groups, and also on the methyl protons of the methoxycarbonyl (ester) function. It was possible to identify seven of the positional isomers in each series by examining the chemical shifts and the splitting pattern of the signals in the 1H n.m.r. spectra of these fatty acid ester analogues. The 13C n.m.r. results showed that this S atom has an interesting effect (α-, β-, and γ-effect) on the chemical shift of the carbonyl carbon atom of the methoxycarbonyl (ester) function: the sulphur atom exerts a significant shielding effect in the case of the 2-, 3-, and 4-thia isomers. In the remaining isomers the sulphur atom causes a strong deshielding effect on the methylene or methyl carbon atoms on either side of the sulphide linkage. These results permitted all positional isomers of methyl thialaurate to be identified by this technique, while 10 out of the 16 positional isomers of methyl thiastearate could be characterized.
Heregulin-Induced Activation of HER2 and HER3 Increases Androgen Receptor Transactivation and CWR-R1 Human Recurrent Prostate Cancer Cell Growth (2005)

These data indicate that heregulin signaling through HER2 and HER3 increases AR transactivation and alters growth in a recurrent prostate cancer cell line. Therefore, inhibition of low-level HER2 signaling may be a potential novel therapeutic strategy in prostate cancer.
Electric-Field-Driven Accumulation and Alignment of CdSe and CdTe Nanorods in Nanoscale Devices (2006)

Local electric fields generated by nanopatterned electrodes were used to control the position and orientation of well-isolated as well as closely packed colloidal semiconducting CdTe and CdSe nanorods (NRs) drop-cast from solution. Postdeposition imaging using transmission-electron microscopy and atomic-force microscopy revealed strong NR alignment to the direction of the applied field and dense accumulation around and onto voltage-biased electrodes when deposited from dilute and concentrated solutions, respectively. The degree of alignment under the applied electric field is characterized by a nematic order parameter S approximately 0.8 in contrast to the zero-field case when S approximately 0.1.
Influence of interferon-beta therapy switching on neutralizing antibody titres: results from the Austrian Switch Study (2009)

Neutralizing antibodies against interferon-beta are associated with a reduction of the efficacy of this drug. Continuing treatment leads to a decline or even loss of neutralizing antibodies over years. No strategies are currently available to shorten the period of neutralizing antibody positivity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of switching between high and low immunogenic interferon-beta products on neutralising antibody titres. Twenty-four patients treated with the subcutaneously administered interferon-beta 1b or 1a and high titres of neutralizing antibodies were included. At baseline interferon-beta therapy was interrupted for 3 months and two pulses of high dose methylprednisolone were applied. Patients were then randomized to receive either the previous interferon-beta preparation or the low immunogenic intramuscular interferon-beta 1a. The primary end-point was the change of neutralizing antibody titres 12 months after randomization. Twelve patients were switched to interferon-beta 1a intramuscularly and 12 patients remained on previous treatment. Median neutralizing antibody titres were 846 NU at baseline and 196 NU at the end of the study. The median change of neutralizing antibody titres did not differ significantly between therapy switchers and non-switchers. Baseline and final neutralizing antibody titres correlated significantly. In conclusion, neither switching nor continuous therapy with any subcutaneous interferon-beta preparation significantly changed neutralizing antibody titres.
Seeding the Desired Polymorph:  Background, Possibilities, Limitations, and Case Studies (2000)

The techniques for seeding of a desired polymorph during crystallisation from solutions are reviewed. The basic information about the type of polymorphism needed to consider seeding strategies is discussed first. The development of seeding strategies is facilitated by certain data on the system. Their relevance as well as techniques for the determination are given. Reflections on the choice, characterisation, and preparation of the seed are followed by a discussion of techniques for the determination and optimisation of the seeding, that is, the rate of crystallisation and amount of seed added. Scale-up issues from the well-controlled environment of the laboratory to the plant sum up this point. The discussion of published as well as unpublished results of seeding strategies serve as illustration of the theoretical and practical considerations made.
Inhibition of Angiogenesis by Thrombospondin-1 Is Mediated by 2 Independent Regions Within the Type 1 Repeats (1999)

These results indicate that the type 1 repeats of TSP-1 contain 2 subdomains that may independently inhibit neovascularization. They also identify 2 independent pathways by which TSP-1 can block FGF-2 and VEGF angiogenic signals on endothelial cells.