gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vertical seismic profiling : principles (1984)

Introduction. Equipment and physical environment needed for VSP. Noise problems encountered in VSP. VSP field procedures. VSP data processing. Structural and stratigraphic modeling of vertical seismic profiles. Exploration applications of VSP. Production and drilling applications of VSP. References. Index.
Mechanism of the protective effect of supplemental dietary calcium on cytolytic activity of fecal water. (1993)

Dietary calcium supplementation inhibits hyperproliferation of rectal epithelium, possibly by precipitating luminal surfactants and thus preventing their cell-damaging effects. Therefore, we studied the effects of supplemental dietary calcium (35.5 mmol/day) on composition and cytolytic activity of fecal water and on the release of the epithelial marker alkaline phosphatase in 12 healthy volunteers. Fecal water was isolated by low-speed centrifugation. Cytolytic activity was determined as lysis of human erythrocytes by fecal water. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity in fecal water was measured with the use of the uncompetitive inhibitor L-phenylalanine. Supplemental calcium increased soluble calcium and decreased soluble P(i). The logarithm of the concentration product of calcium and phosphate was linearly dependent on pH. These observations indicate formation of insoluble calcium phosphate. Supplemental calcium did not alter the total bile acid concentration in fecal water but significantly decreased the ratio of more hydrophobic to more hydrophilic bile acids from 3.3 to 2.3. Calcium also significantly decreased the concentration of fatty acids (from 2.9 to 2.1 mM). Consistent with these decreases in hydrophobic surfactants, calcium decreased the cytolytic activity of fecal water from 47 +/- 9 to 27 +/- 8% (n = 12, P < 0.05). Analogous to the decrease in cytolytic activity, the release of the epithelial marker alkaline phosphatase was also lowered by supplemental calcium. We conclude that supplemental dietary calcium decreases luminal cytotoxic surfactant concentrations and thus inhibits luminal cytolytic activity and the release of the epithelial marker alkaline phosphatase as an indicator of intestinal epitheliolysis. This mechanism may explain how dietary calcium could decrease epithelial cell proliferation.
Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of multiple myeloma: current status and future perspectives (2015)

The treatment landscape for patients with multiple myeloma (MM) is constantly evolving. Over the past decade, the introduction of novel agents such as proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs has led to notable changes in therapeutic strategy, and improvements in survival, yet MM remains incurable in the vast majority of cases. More recently, a targeted approach to MM treatment has emerged, using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to target antigens expressed on the surface of MM cells. MAbs tested to date kill MM cells via the host's immune system and/or by promoting apoptosis, and appear to have generally improved tolerability compared with currently available treatments. Due to their distinct mode of action, mAbs are promising both for patients who have exhausted current regimens, and as part of first-line treatments in newly diagnosed patients. This review examines the recent developments in mAb-based therapy for MM, primarily focused on those agents in ongoing clinical testing.
MICROBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF GLYCEROLIZED CADAVERIC DONOR SKIN (1998)

In conclusion, preservation of skin in 85% glycerol reduces the risk of bacterial transfer to the recipient and allows an increase in yield of cadaver skin of approximately 10%.
Lipoprotein Sorting in Bacteria (2010)

Bacterial lipoproteins are synthesized as precursors in the cytoplasm and processed into mature forms on the cytoplasmic membrane. A lipid moiety attached to the N terminus anchors these proteins to the membrane surface. Many bacteria are predicted to express more than 100 lipoproteins, which play diverse functions on the cell surface. The Lol system, composed of five proteins, catalyzes the localization of Escherichia coli lipoproteins to the outer membrane. Some lipoproteins play vital roles in the sorting of other lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, and β-barrel proteins to the outer membrane. On the basis of results from biochemical, genetic, and structural studies, we discuss the biogenesis of lipoproteins in bacteria, their importance in cellular functions, and the molecular mechanisms underlying efficient sorting of hydrophobic lipoproteins to the outer membrane through the hydrophilic periplasm.
Solubility of Form α and Form γ of Glycine in Aqueous Solutions (2008)

The solubilities of two polymorphs of glycine (α-form and γ-form) in different aqueous solvent mixtures were measured by using the analytical gravimetric method. Based on the measured solubility data in pure water, the relative stability and the enthalpy and entropy of dissolution of the two forms were determined using van’t Hoff plots. The solubilities of forms α and γ were also investigated in aqueous solutions containing methanol or polyethylene glycol (PEG200) at 20 °C. It was shown that the solubilities of both forms decreased with increasing concentration of methanol and PEG200. The pH dependence of solubility of the γ-form was measured in the pH range of (0.35 to 13.7) at temperatures of (20 and 25) °C. The solubility profiles show a U-shape with pronounced changes at pH below 3.0 or above 10.0.
Changes in cytosolic pH and calcium of guard cells precede stomatal movements. (1992)

Stomatal opening is induced by indoleacetic acid (IAA), cytokinins, and fusicoccin (FC), whereas stomatal closure is induced by abscisic acid (ABA). To test the effect of these growth regulators on guard cell cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) and pH (pHcyt), epidermal strips were taken from the lower side of leaves of the orchid Paphiopedilum tonsum and were loaded with acetomethoxy-esterified forms of the Ca2+ indicator fluo-3 or the pH indicator 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)carboxyfluorescein. Basal [Ca2+]cyt ranged from 0.05 to 0.3 M and was 0.22 +/- 0.015 (n = 21). Increases in both [Ca2+]cyt and pHcyt were observed in guard cells after application of 10-100 M ABA to open stomata, and these preceded stomatal closure. The increase in [Ca2+]cyt ranged from 1.5- to 3-fold and was seen in 7 of 10 experiments. Guard cell alkalinization began within 2 min of ABA treatment and continued for the next 8 min. The increase ranged from 0.04 to 0.3 pH unit and was seen in 13 of 14 experiments. Guard cell [Ca2+]cyt increased, whereas pHcyt decreased after treatment of closed stomata with IAA, kinetin, or FC. In response to 50-100 M IAA, [Ca2+]cyt increased 1.5- to 2-fold in all cases, and pHcyt decreased 0.2-0.4 unit within 5 min in 7 experiments. Within 12 min, 10-100 M kinetin caused [Ca2+]cyt to increase in 28 of 34 experiments (1.3- to 2.5-fold) and pHcyt fell 0.1-0.4 unit in 15 of 17 treatments. The response to 10-50 M FC was similar in both time and magnitude. These results show that stomatal opening is accompanied by an increase in [Ca2+]cyt and cytosolic acidification in the guard cells, whereas stomatal closure is preceded by an increase in [Ca2+]cyt and cytosolic alkalinization in the guard cells. The order of these events is still uncertain, but changes in pHcyt are correlated with stomatal movement, and these changes may be an important factor in the regulation of guard cell movement.
Interface dissipation in piezoelectric MEMS resonators: An experimental and numerical investigation (2013)

Piezoelectrically actuated MEMS resonators can be very effective for timing applications even though experiments show that mode coupling and dissipative phenomena can affect their performance. Experiments demonstrate the occurrence of a much larger mechanical dissipation with respect to similar devices actuated capacitively. This contribution addresses the analysis of different dissipation phenomena. Refined numerical tools have shown that anchor and thermoelastic losses alone cannot reproduce experimental data. Hence a model to account for surface dissipation has been considered introducing a viscous term at the interfaces. A set of specific length extensional devices with different dimensions, vibrating modes and piezo-patterns have been produced and tested to validate the model. The numerical predictions show a good agreement with the experimental tests for different device lengths and actuation frequencies, confirming the initial assumption.
Distributed restoration strategies in telecommunications networks (2002)

Failures in future high-bandwidth transport networks could result in very high traffic and revenue losses. A failure restoration strategy is therefore required which is fast, minimal-cost and low-risk. In this paper we advocate the systematic application of distributed restoration methods to meet this future need. We have developed a software simulation tool to investigate distributed restoration algorithms and present results that suggest distributed span restoration in SDH networks is feasible in about one second. We have also extended a heuristic algorithm to optimise the true cost of protection capacity in meshed networks, and adapted it to produce networks resilient to node failure, assuming prioritised restoration problems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Fast IMDCT and MDCT algorithms - a matrix approach (2003)

This paper presents a systematic investigation of the modified discrete cosine transform/inverse modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT/IMDCT) algorithm using a matrix representation. This approach results in new understanding of the MDCT/IMDCT, enables the development of new algorithms, and makes clear the connection between the algorithms. We represent in a matrix form the IMDCT as the product of the type-IV DCT with simple scaling, sign-changing, and permutation operations such that fast algorithms for the type-IV DCT can be simply modified for the IMDCT, and vice versa. Then, the simple symmetry and inversion properties of the type-IV DCT are used to develop new algorithms and establish the connection between existing fast IMDCT algorithms. This approach also enables us to show that MDCT and IMDCT share common core operation and present an efficient architecture for implementing both the MDCT and the IMDCT in one hardware.
Comparison of magnetron sputter deposition conditions in neon, argon, krypton, and xenon discharges (1993)

The ion and deposition fluxes to the substrate during sputtering of a vanadium target in neon, argon, krypton, and xenon discharges were measured as a function of the discharge power and gas pressure. The measurements of the deposition fluxes were also compared with calculations obtained using an analytical model for transport of the sputtered species through the gas discharge. The calculation takes into account both the ballistic and thermal components of the deposition flux. Overall, a good agreement between the calculated and the experimentally measured values was obtained. The results show that, at a constant discharge current, the vanadium flux at the substrate position is a strong function of both pressure and the type of inert gas used. The ion flux, on the other hand, remains relatively constant as the gas and pressure are changed. This implies that the ion-to-neutral arrival rate ratio was dominated by changes in the neutral deposition flux and it was found to increase with pressure, remain relatively constant with power at low pressures, and decrease with power at high pressures. By increasing the field strength of the outer pole in the magnetron source (unbalanced magnetron source of type II), the ion flux impinging the substrate was strongly increased for all pressures, while the vanadium deposition flux remained the same as in the ‘‘balanced’’ magnetron configuration.
Immunogenic DNA-related factors. Nucleosomes spontaneously released from normal murine lymphoid cells stimulate proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis of normal mouse lymphocytes. (1990)

The cell-free supernatants of normal spleen and thymus lymphocytes in short-term culture release low molecular weight (LMW) DNA protein molecules that have an immunoproliferative effect (polyclonal B cell activation) in vitro. We have determined that the protein-LMW DNA complexes responsible for these effects are nucleosomal constituents of chromatin, since the mitogenically active fractions of these cell-free supernatants contain the constituents of core histones (H3, H2A, H2B, H4) together with LMW DNA (140-180 bp), and since the immunoproliferative effects of these cell-free supernatants could be mimicked by various other nucleoprotein preparations (including calf thymus and chicken erythrocyte nucleosomes). The spontaneous cellular release of cleaved chromatin constituents in vitro can be attributed to a form of programmed cell death termed apoptosis, since the cultured spleen cells exhibited (a) morphologic evidence consistent with this process by electron microscopy, and (b) evidence of intracellular cleavage of chromatin which, like apoptosis, could be blocked with ZnSO4. This resulted in inhibition of the extracellular release of nucleosomal constituents as well as the immunoproliferative effects of the cell-free supernatants. The immunoproliferative effect of nucleosomes released from cells during apoptosis could be responsible for previously observed spontaneous in vitro anti-DNA and anti-histone antibody responses of murine spleen cells, and in vivo in normal lymphoid tissues, resulting in renewed cellular proliferation after cell death. In pathological states, this could result in abnormal polyclonal B cell proliferation and autoantibody formation.
Nitric oxide, cell bioenergetics and neurodegeneration (2006)

Following stimulation of NMDA receptors, neurons transiently synthesize nitric oxide (NO) in a calcium/calmodulin-dependent manner through the activation of neuronal NO synthase. Nitric oxide acts as a messenger, activating soluble guanylyl cyclase and participating in the transduction signalling pathways involving cyclic GMP. Nitric oxide also binds to cytochrome c oxidase, and is able to inhibit cell respiration in a process that is reversible and in competition with oxygen. This action can also lead to the release of superoxide anion from the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Here, we discuss recent evidence that this mitochondrial interaction represents a molecular switch for cell signalling pathways involved in the control of physiological functions. These include superoxide- or oxygen-dependent modulation of gene transcription, calcium-dependent cell signalling responses, changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential or AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent control of glycolysis. In pathophysiological conditions, such as brain ischaemia or neurological disorders, NO is formed excessively by NMDA receptor over-activation in neurons, or by inducible NO synthase from neighbouring glia (microglial cells and astrocytes). Elevated NO concentrations can then interact with superoxide anion, generated by the mitochondria or by other mechanisms, leading to the formation of the powerful oxidant species peroxynitrite. During pathological conditions activation of the NAD(+)-consuming enzyme poly(APD-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is also a likely mechanism for NO-mediated energy failure and neurotoxicity. Activation of PARP-1 is, however, a repair process, which in milder forms of oxidative stress protects neurons from death. Thus, whilst NO plays a physiological role in neuronal cell signalling, its over-production may cause neuronal energy compromise leading to neurodegeneration.
Variable sample temperature scanning superconducting quantum interference device microscope (1999)

We demonstrate a design for a scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) microscope in which the sample temperature can be varied over a large range. In this design, both sample and SQUID are in the same vacuum space, separated by a few microns. By firmly anchoring the SQUID to a low-temperature bath, the sample temperature can be changed while the SQUID remains superconducting. This allows magnetic imaging at varying sample temperatures with micron-scale spatial resolution and the sensitivity of a low-Tc SQUID. We demonstrate this approach by imaging the temperature dependence of Abrikosov vortices in thin films of the high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7−δ. We extract the in-plane penetration depth λab(T) in our samples from these measurements.
The Synthesis and Properties of Poly(Aromatic Ketones) (1987)

Abstract More than two decades ago, Bonner reported the first preparation of poly (aromatic ketones) (PAK) by aluminum chloride-catalyzed acylation of diphenyl ether with aromatic diacid chlorides [1]. These were low molecular weight materials because of solubility limitations. In the intervening years, significant progress has been made in synthetic methodology, and now a large variety of structures is available for study. Unlike poly-Caryl sulfones) which are typically amorphous, most PAK's exhibit partial crystallinity, usually with melting points above 300°C. Like the sulfones, the ketone polymers possess high thermal stability and exhibit excellent electrical and mechanical properties. The development of this interesting polymer family is the subject of this review.
Dissolving Behavior and Stability of ZnO Wires in Biofluids: A Study on Biodegradability and Biocompatibility of ZnO Nanostructures (2006)

The biodegradability and biocompatibility of ZnO wires in biofluid has been studied by investigating the interaction of the wires with deionized water, ammonia, NaOH solution, and horse blood serum. The results show that ZnO can be dissolved into mineral ions by these liquids within a few hours (see figure) and that ZnO is a bio-safe, nontoxic material for in vivo biosensing and biodetection. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2006/c0200_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Mammalian germ-line transgenesis by transposition (2002)

Transposons have been used in invertebrates for transgenesis and insertional mutagens in genetic screens. We tested a functional transposon called Sleeping Beauty in the one-cell mouse embryo. In this report, we describe experiments in which transposon vectors were injected into one-cell mouse embryos with mRNA expressing the SB10 transposase enzyme. Molecular evidence of transposition was obtained by cloning of insertion sites from multiple transgenic mice produced by SB10 mRNA/transposon coinjection. We also demonstrate germ-line transmission and expression from transposed elements. This technique has promise as a germ-line transgenesis method in other vertebrate species and for insertional mutagenesis in the mouse.
Regulation of regional differences in the differentiation of cerebral cortical neurons by EGF family-matrix interactions (1995)

Both lineage-based and epigenetic regulation have been postulated as mechanisms to control the formation of discrete areas in the cerebral cortex, but specific genes or signaling pathways that may be involved have yet to be defined. In this paper, we examine whether progenitors, isolated from the cerebral wall prior to neurogenesis, can respond to exogenous cues by adopting a region-specific phenotype. The expression of the limbic system-associated membrane protein (LAMP), a neuron-specific marker of limbic cortical areas, was monitored in cultured neurons arising from precursors harvested from presumptive perirhinal (limbic) and sensorimotor (nonlimbic) zones at embryonic day 12 in the rat. Neuronal phenotype in all cultures was identified by expression of microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2). On a substrate of poly-lysine, over 80% of the precursors from the limbic area that differentiate into neurons express a LAMP+ phenotype. Approximately 20% of the neurons generated from precursors of the sensorimotor region become LAMP+. However, modification of the microenvironment had a significant effect on the differentiation of the sensorimotor precursors. When the nonlimbic precursors are grown on Matrigel, there is a 2-fold increase in the number of MAP2+/LAMP+ double-labeled neurons. Dissection of the Matrigel components reveals that in combination with growth factor-deficient Matrigel or collagen type IV, epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha increase LAMP expression in the sensorimotor population. Delaying the addition of growth factor until after most cell division had ceased failed to increase the number of LAMP+ neurons. Another growth factor in Matrigel, platelet-derived growth factor, does not produce the same effect. Our results indicate that local signals can regulate the differentiation of cortical progenitors, providing a potential mechanism for establishing an early commitment to specific regional phenotypes in the developing cerebral wall that relate to future functional domains in the cortex.
Serum steroid levels during 12-week intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone administration (2009)

The present data show that local daily intravaginal DHEA administration at DHEA doses of 3.25-13 mg was able to rapidly and efficiently achieve correction of all the signs and symptoms of vaginal atrophy and improve sexual function and caused no or minimal changes in serum sex steroid levels, which all remain within the normal postmenopausal range, thus avoiding the risks of all estrogen formulations.
Color stereo vision using hierarchical block matching and active color illumination (1996)

Stereo is a well-known technique for obtaining depth information from digital images. Nevertheless, this technique still suffers from a lack in accuracy and/or long computation time needed to match stereo images. A new hierarchical algorithm using an image pyramid for obtaining dense depth maps from color stereo images is presented. We show that matching results of high quality are obtained when using the new hierarchical chromatic block matching algorithm. Most stereo matching algorithms can not compute correct dense depth maps in homogenous image regions. This paper shows that using an active color illumination will considerably improve the quality of the matching results. We present results for synthetic and for real images.
HALF‐1, a bZIP‐type protein, interacting with the wheat transcription factor HBP‐1a contains a novel transcriptional activation domain (1996)

We identified a novel trans-activation domain which contains the GCB motif conserved among plant bZIP-type factors. The trans-activation appears to be mediated by interaction between the GCB motif and a factor conserved in plants.