gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Contact performance with an attenuated phase shift reticle and variable partial coherence</title> (1995)

The application of optical enhancement techniques on high numerical aperture i-line steppers along with attenuated phase shift reticles have enabled contact processing to 0.35 micrometers and below. Previous work has shown that a high numerical aperture and low partial coherence improve contact printing capabilities. This paper focuses on a detailed evaluation of the effect of partial coherence on subhalf micron contact performance using both attenuated phase shift and binary reticles. The initial characterization of contact performance for contact sizes ranging from 0.3 micrometers to 0.45 micrometers confirms previous results that a 10% attenuated phase-shift provides the largest focus latitude when compared with a 6% attenuated reticle and a binary reticle. In extending previous work to 0.3 micrometers , it was confirmed that a larger focus latitude is achieved for a reduced partial coherence and high numerical aperture. Cross section micrographs presented confirm the improvement in profile and focus latitude by reducing the partial coherence. Cross section micrographs also demonstrate the capability with attenuated phase-shift to print 0.3 micrometers contacts at a pitch of 2.5 times the contact width. The pitch does not effect the contact focus latitude until it falls below 2.5 times the contact width. Uniformity (3(sigma) ) across the exposure field is reduced from 0.035 micrometers to 0.021 micrometers as the partial coherence is reduced from 0.6 to 0.3. The uniformity (3(sigma) ) across the wafer is reduced from 0.056 micrometers to 0.023 micrometers for the same reduction in partial coherence. Application of the best case process conditions also produced a focus latitude of 0.75 micrometers for 0.25 micrometers contacts. The results of this study show that i-line processing can be extended to 0.3 micrometers contact processing on random logic devices.
Experimental demonstration of reservoir computing on a silicon photonics chip (2014)

In today's age, companies employ machine learning to extract information from large quantities of data. One of those techniques, reservoir computing (RC), is a decade old and has achieved state-of-the-art performance for processing sequential data. Dedicated hardware realizations of RC could enable speed gains and power savings. Here we propose the first integrated passive silicon photonics reservoir. We demonstrate experimentally and through simulations that, thanks to the RC paradigm, this generic chip can be used to perform arbitrary Boolean logic operations with memory as well as 5-bit header recognition up to 12.5 Gbit s(-1), without power consumption in the reservoir. It can also perform isolated spoken digit recognition. Our realization exploits optical phase for computing. It is scalable to larger networks and much higher bitrates, up to speeds >100 Gbit s(-1). These results pave the way for the application of integrated photonic RC for a wide range of applications.
An in vivo gene therapy approach for experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy using the truncated platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor. (2002)

Gene therapy with a retrovirus used to express a dominant negative alphaPDGFR attenuates PVR in a rabbit model of the disease. This strategy may be a new approach to preventing PVR in humans.
A Novel Crizotinib-Resistant Solvent-Front Mutation Responsive to Cabozantinib Therapy in a Patient with ROS1 -Rearranged Lung Cancer (2015)

These results provide the first example of successful therapeutic intervention with targeted therapy to overcome crizotinib resistance in a ROS1-rearranged cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 22(10); 2351-8. ©2015 AACR.
A Biological Profile of a Nonsteroidal Antiandrogen, SCH 13521 (4'–Nitro–3'–Trifluoromethylisobutyranilide)1 (1972)

Sch 13521 (4'–nitro–3'–trifluoromethylisobutyranilide) at daily doses from 1–50 mg/kg reduced seminal vesicles and ventral prostate wt of intact male rats treated orally for 1–3 weeks. No alterations in sex structures of female rats were observed with doses as high as 50 mg/kg. Sch 13521 antagonized the effects of testosterone, testosterone propionate, androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone on seminal vesicles and ventral prostate wt in castrated rats as well as the effects of hCG in hypophysectomized rats. A comparative study in castrated rats revealed that Sch 13521 was equipotent to cyproterone acetate (CPA) as an antiandrogen. However, when Sch 13521 was given to gravid rats, days 16–19, it reduced the anogenital distance in male fetuses and altered the normal development of the scrotum and penis, but unlike CPA, Sch 13521 did not effect parturition time. In the majority of these male rats, hypospadias and vaginal tracts were present and ventral prostates and seminal vesicles were absent or markedly atrophied. Sch 13521 prevented the uterotrophic response elicited in ovariectomized rats by testosterone, androstenedione, or dihydrotestosterone but not that elicited by dehydroepiandrosterone. Administration of Sch 13521 for 74 days to mature rats suppressed ventral prostate and seminal vesicle wt in mature rats but did not interfere with libido or sexual potency. No androgenic, estrogenic, antiestrogenic, corticoid, progestational, antiprogestational, or antigonadotrophic activities were observed. (Endocrinology91: 427, 1972)
Digital in-line holographic microscopy (2006)

We first briefly review the state of the art of digital in-line holographic microscopy (DIHM) with numerical reconstruction and then discuss some technical issues, such as lateral and depth resolution, depth of field, twin image, four-dimensional tracking, and reconstruction algorithm. We then present a host of examples from microfluidics and biology of tracking the motion of spheres, algae, and bacteria. Finally, we introduce an underwater version of DIHM that is suitable for in situ studies in an ocean environment that show the motion of various plankton species.
Safety of fluralaner, a novel systemic antiparasitic drug, in MDR1(-/-) Collies after oral administration (2014)

Fluralaner chewable tablets are well tolerated in MDR1(-/-) Collies following oral administration.
Efficient Palladium-Catalyzed N-Arylation of Indoles (2000)

[equation--see text] The N-arylation of indoles, including a variety of substituted ones, has been carried out using bulky, electron-rich phosphines as the supporting ligand in combination with Pd(2)(dba)(3). Using this catalyst system, the efficient coupling of indole and a variety of substituted indoles with aryl iodides, bromides, chlorides, and triflates can be achieved.
Clavulanic Acid: a Beta-Lactamase-Inhibiting Beta-Lactam from Streptomyces clavuligerus (1977)

A novel beta-lactamase inhibitor has been isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus ATCC 27064 and given the name clavulanic acid. Conditions for the cultivation of the organism and detection and isolation of clavulanic acid are described. This compound resembles the nucleus of a penicillin but differs in having no acylamino side chain, having oxygen instead of sulfur, and containing a beta-hydroxyethylidine substituent in the oxazolidine ring. Clavulanic acid is a potent inhibitor of many beta-lactamases, including those found in Escherichia coli (plasmid mediated), Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, the inhibition being of a progressive type. The cephalosporinase type of beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae P99 and the chromosomally mediated beta-lactamase of E. coli are less well inhibited. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin and cephaloridine against beta-lactamase-producing, penicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus, K. aerogenes, P. mirabilis, and E. coli have been shown to be considerably reduced by the addition of low concentrations of clavulanic acid.
Vision-Aided Inertial Navigation for Spacecraft Entry, Descent, and Landing (2009)

In this paper, we present the vision-aided inertial navigation (VISINAV) algorithm that enables precision planetary landing. The vision front-end of the VISINAV system extracts 2-D-to-3-D correspondences between descent images and a surface map (mapped landmarks), as well as 2-D-to-2-D feature tracks through a sequence of descent images (opportunistic features). An extended Kalman filter (EKF) tightly integrates both types of visual feature observations with measurements from an inertial measurement unit. The filter computes accurate estimates of the lander's terrain-relative position, attitude, and velocity, in a resource-adaptive and hence real-time capable fashion. In addition to the technical analysis of the algorithm, the paper presents validation results from a sounding-rocket test flight, showing estimation errors of only 0.16 m/s for velocity and 6.4 m for position at touchdown. These results vastly improve current state of the art for terminal descent navigation without visual updates, and meet the requirements of future planetary exploration missions.
Sulfated proteoglycans synthesized by vascular endothelial cells in culture. (1983)

Metabolically labeled proteoglycans were isolated both from the culture medium and from the cell layer of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. Proteoglycans were fractionated by sequential gel filtration on Sepharose CL-4B, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, and CsCl density gradient centrifugation. The culture medium contained two distinct proteoglycans: a large proteoglycan (Kav = 0.07) of low buoyant density containing heparan sulfate side chains (Mr congruent to 36,000) and a smaller proteoglycan (Kav = 0.45) of high density containing chondroitin sulfate chains (Mr congruent to 20,000). The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan fraction contained a small amount (less than 10%) of dermatan sulfate. A very similar low density heparan sulfate proteoglycan was extracted from the cell layer with 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of enzyme inhibitors. In addition, there was a high density proteoglycan of small size (Kav = 0.43) containing heparan sulfate side chains (Mr congruent to 20,000) in the cell layer. Analyses of proteoglycans synthesized by cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells gave similar results, except that these cells produced more dermatan sulfate and unidentified oversulfated chondroitin sulfate chains. Morphologically atypical endothelial cells contained reduced levels of the large heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Both indirect immunofluorescence and direct immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the basement membrane-like matrix under monolayers of bovine endothelial cells reacted with antibodies against the basement membrane proteoglycan isolated from a basement membrane-producing tumor. By electron microscopy, this material was shown to consist of a fine filamentous meshwork containing discrete 10-20-nm diameter ruthenium red positive granules resembling those present in basement membranes of intact arteries.
Cell surface phenotype of a cloned line of human natural killer cells. (1982)

A human cell line with strong natural killer (NK) activity lacking alloreactive cytotoxicity was derived from a primary mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). The line was developed from a single colony grown in soft agarose and subsequently expanded in liquid culture. Several subcultures with identical reactivity were established, one of which (3.3) was studied in detail. The morphologic and phenotypic characteristics of this line were distinct from those of alloreactive T lymphocytes. While reacting with a moAb to the sheep red blood cell receptor, it lacked the well-defined pan T cell markers Leu 1 and Leu 4, as well as the markers associated with functional T cell subsets Leu 2a and Leu 3a. Further morphologic, histochemical, and phenotypic characterization revealed this cell line to be strikingly similar to the larger granular lymphocyte (LGL) population, which contains the bulk of the natural killer cell activity normally found in peripheral blood. Cold target blocking studies confirmed the NK specificity of the observed cytotoxicity. Although unlabeled NK targets readily inhibited cytotoxic activity, B-LCL bearing the stimulating antigens of the original MLC failed to inhibit lysis of NK-sensitive targets. The growth of 3.3 was strictly dependent on IL 2 CM. Absorption studies with IL 2-dependent T cells and 3.3 revealed that both of these cell populations were equally effective in removing the growth-promoting factor(s) from IL 2 CM. These data suggest that at least some of MLC-generated NK activity is mediated by a population of cells similar to if not identical to LGL. These cells, in addition, appear to depend on the same growth-promoting factor(s) in IL 2 CM as do classical T lymphocytes.
Red cell storage and prognosis (2010)

During storage of red blood cells (RBC), these cells develop storage lesions. The clinical relevance of these storage lesions is heavily discussed in literature. In this review, different aspects of the storage lesion are shown and how these potentially affect posttransfusion performance of the RBC. An overview of the conflicting literature on the clinical relevance of prolonged storage is given, summarizing the evidence on associations with mortality, length of stay, (postoperative) infections and organ failure. Subsequently, possible explanations are given for the conflicting results in the clinical studies and suggestions on how to proceed.
Development of an InGaAs SPAD 2D array for flash LIDAR (2018)

An InGaAs Single-Photon Avalanche Photodiode (SPAD) array and a hybrid photon-counting image sensor have been developed for time-resolved applications in the near infrared region, especially for Flash LIDAR. The implemented array has a 100 &mu;m pitch 32×32 matrix, and the active area in each pixel has a diameter of 12 &mu;m. A dedicated read-out IC incorporates an active quenching and recharge circuit, and an in-pixel time-to-digital converter with 318 ps resolution for providing stable Geiger-mode operation of the InGaAs SPAD pixels and a simultaneous time-resolving function. The uniformity of the electrical field in the entire two-dimensional area is one of the key characteristics as it affects most performance parameters. The breakdown voltage mapping revealed the SPAD array has an excellent uniformity. Full characterizations of dark count rate, photon detection probability, and timing jitter were performed and will be discussed. Methods of suppressing afterpulses were examined by utilizing an adjustable hold-off function. The results showed that the function worked effectively to reduce the afterpulse probability. Finally we prove that the InGaAs SPAD image sensor has the capability of accurate timing detection for constructing a flash LIDAR in the near future.
Calcitonin-induced changes in the cytoskeleton are mediated by a signal pathway associated with protein kinase A in osteoclasts. (1996)

Calcitonin is known to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption through its receptor, which is abundantly expressed on the plasma membrane of osteoclasts. Recently, it was reported that calcitonin receptors were coupled to both cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC). To examine how the PKA and PKC pathways are involved in the effects of calcitonin, we focused on changes in the cytoskeleton of murine osteoclast-like multinucleated cells (OCLs) formed in vitro. When OCLs were cultured on dentine slices, they formed resorption pits and ringed structures of F-actin dots (actin rings). Elcatonin, a synthetic analogue of eel calcitonin, disrupted actin rings and inhibited pit formation in a dose-dependent manner. Forskolin and dibutyryl cAMP, both of which have the ability to activate PKA, mimicked the effects of elcatonin. Phorbol myristate acetate and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, both of which have the ability to activate PKC, also inhibited pit-forming activity, but little affected actin rings of OCLs. The inhibitory effects of elcatonin on the pit formation and actin ring formation were partially restored by the treatment with Rp-cAMPs, a cAMP antagonist. Elcatonin induced a rapid increase in PKA activity within a few minutes, and its activation by elcatonin occurred in a dose-dependent manner. The time- and dose-dependent profiles of elcatonin for the activation of PKA were similar to those for the disruption of actin rings. Moreover, microinjection of activated PKA into OCLs disrupted actin rings within 10 min on culture dishes. Actin rings were little affected by the microinjection of the PKA preincubated with a cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor (IP-20) into OCLs. These results suggest that PKA activation, rather than PKC activation, is involved in mediating the effects of calcitonin, through the disruption of actin organization.
Replicated microarray data (2001)

cDNA microarrays permit us to study the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously. They are now used in many dierent contexts to compare mRNA levels between two or more samples of cells. Microarray experiments typically give us expression measurements on a large number of genes, say 10,000-20,000, but with few, if any replicates for each gene. Traditional methods using means and standard deviations to detect dierential expression are not completely satisfactory in this context, and so a dierent approach seems desirable. In this paper we present an empirical Bayes method for analysing replicated microarray data. Data from all the genes in a replicate set of experiments are combined into estimates of parameters of a prior distribution. These parameter estimates are then combined at the gene level with means and standard deviations to form a statistic B which can be used to decide whether dierential expression has occurred. The statistic B avoids the problems of using averages or t-statistics. The method is illustrated using data from an experiment comparing the expression of genes in the livers of SR-BI transgenic mice with that of the corresponding wild-type mice. In addition we present the results of a simulation study estimating the ROC curve of B and three other statistics for determining dierential expression: the average and two simple modications of the usual t-statistic. B was found to be the most powerful of the four, though the margin was not great. The data were simulated to resemble the SR-BI data. Keywords: cDNA microarray, dierential expression, empirical Bayes, replication, ROC curve, t-statistic Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University y Correspondence should be addressed to Ingrid Lonnstedt, telephone/fax +46-18-4712842/4713201, e...
Protection against Development of Otitis Media Induced by NontypeableHaemophilus influenzaeby Both Active and Passive Immunization in a Chinchilla Model of Virus-Bacterium Superinfection (1999)

Three separate studies, two involving active-immunization regimens and one involving a passive-transfer protocol, were conducted to initially screen and ultimately more fully assess several nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae outer membrane proteins or their derivatives for their relative protective efficacy in chinchilla models of otitis media. Initial screening of these antigens (P5-fimbrin, lipoprotein D, and P6), delivered singly or in combination with either Freund's adjuvant or alum, indicated that augmented bacterial clearance from the nasopharynx, the middle ears, or both anatomical sites could be induced by parenteral immunization with P5-fimbrin combined with lipoprotein D, lipoprotein D alone, or the synthetic chimeric peptide LB1 (derived from P5-fimbrin), respectively. Data from a second study, wherein chinchillas were immunized with LB1 or lipoprotein D, each delivered with alum, again indicated that clearance of nontypeable H. influenzae could be augmented by immunization with either of these immunogens; however, when this adjuvant was used, both antibody titers in serum and efficacy were reduced. A third study was performed to investigate passive delivery of antisera directed against either LB1, lipoprotein D, nonacylated lipoprotein D, or a unique recombinant peptide designated LPD-LB1(f)2,1,3. The last three antiserum pools were generated by using the combined adjuvant of alum plus monophosphoryl lipid A. Passive transfer of sera specific for LB1 or LPD-LB1(f)2,1,3 to adenovirus-compromised chinchillas, prior to intranasal challenge with nontypeable H. influenzae, significantly reduced the severity of signs and incidence of otitis media which developed (P </= 0.001). Collectively, these data indicate the continued merit of further developing LB1 and LPD-LB1(f)2,1,3 as components of vaccines for otitis media.
N-Acetylcysteine Supplementation Controls Total Antioxidant Capacity, Creatine Kinase, Lactate, and Tumor Necrotic Factor-Alpha against Oxidative Stress Induced by Graded Exercise in Sedentary Men (2011)

Aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of short-term (7 days) N-acetylcysteine (NAC) at 1,200 mg daily supplementation on muscle fatigue, maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lactate, creatine kinase (CK), and tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-α). Twenty-nine sedentary men (13 controls; 16 in the supplement group) from a randomized control were included. At before and after supplementation, fatigue index (FI) was evaluated in the quadriceps muscle, and performed a graded exercise treadmill test to induce oxidative stress, and as a measure of VO(2max). Blood samples were taken before exercise and 20 minutes after it at before and after supplementation, to determine TAC, CK, lactate, and TNF-α levels. Results showed that FI and VO(2max) increased significantly in the supplement group. After exercise decreased the levels of TAC and increased lactate, CK, and TNF-α of both groups at before supplementation. After supplementation, lactate, CK, and TNF-α levels significantly increased and TAC decreased after exercise in the control group. Whereas the TAC and lactate levels did not change significantly, but CK and TNF-α increased significantly in the supplement group. Therefore, this results showed that NAC improved the muscle fatigue, VO(2max), maintained TAC, controlled lactate production, but had no influence on CK and TNF-α.
The N-Terminal Part of Recombinant Human Tear Lipocalin/von Ebners Gland Protein Confers Cysteine Proteinase Inhibition Depending on the Presence of the Entire Cystatin-Like Sequence Motifs (2001)

Human Tear Lipocalin/von Ebner's gland protein (TL) is a member of the lipocalin superfamily. The protein is secreted by a number of serous glands and tissues and is overproduced under conditions of stress, infection and inflammation. In addition to its typical affinity for lipophilic ligands it was recently found to be able to inhibit cysteine proteinases [van't Hof et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997), 1837-1841], probably due to the presence of amino acid motifs resembling the papain binding domains of family 2 cystatins. In this work we have used a recombinant protein to confirm the results obtained with native TL. The inhibitory activity of the recombinant protein against papain was dependent on the ratio of papain and TL. At higher papain concentrations, the N-terminal sequence of TL was cleaved off by the protease, indicating that it can act in an inhibitor- or a substrate-like mode. This behaviour resembles that observed with certain chicken cystatin mutants. Using a recombinant TL mutant we found that the two Leu residues (Leu4-Leu5) contained within the first cystatin-like motif are absolutely essential for the inhibitory activity. These results were supported by experiments using a recombinant form of the corresponding pig von Ebner's gland protein (VEGp). This protein, which does not possess a fully conserved first cystatin-like motif, is unable to inhibit papain.