gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Agents acting on the central nervous system. Synthesis of 3-phenyl-2-piperazinyl-1-benzazocines, 3-substituted-2-piperazinyl-1-benzazepines and related compounds. (1988)

Three series of compounds, 3-phenyl-5, 6-dihydro-1-benzazocines (7-9), 3-methyl-5H-1-benzazepines. (15-20) and 3-phenyl-4, 5-dihydro-3H-1- benzazepines (24-35), having a 2-(1-piperazinyl) group, were synthesized, and their pharmacological effects on the central nervous system were evaluated in mice. Among them, 3-methyl- (15-18) and 3-phenyl-4, 5-dihydro-2-piperazinylbenzazepines (26 and 33-35) showed mild anti-reserpine activity. However, no significant anti-exploratory, anti-maximal electroshock seizure or anti-tremorine activity was generally found.Novel ring transformations of α-chlorolactams are also described. The reaction of the 3-chloro-3-phenyl-2, 3, 4, 5-tetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepin-2-ones (37a, b) and benzazocinone analogs (46a, b) with piperidine or various piperazines resulted in ring contraction to give the 2-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroquinoline-2-carbozamides (38-41) and the analogous benzazepine-2-carboxamides (47 and 48), respectively. The reaction of analogous 3-chloro-3-methylbenzazepinone (14a) with potassium carbonate in methanol also resulted in similar ring transformation to give methyl tetrahydroquinoline-2-carboxylate (50). These rearrangements were supposed to proceed via the azirinone intermediate.
Constraints in antigen presentation severely restrict T cell recognition of the allogeneic fetus (2007)

How the fetus escapes rejection by the maternal immune system remains one of the major unsolved questions in transplantation immunology. Using a system to visualize both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses during pregnancy in mice, we find that maternal T cells become aware of the fetal allograft exclusively through "indirect" antigen presentation, meaning that T cell engagement requires the uptake and processing of fetal/placental antigen by maternal APCs. This reliance on a relatively minor allorecognition pathway removes a major threat to fetal survival, since it avoids engaging the large number of T cells that typically drive acute transplant rejection through their ability to directly interact with foreign MHC molecules. Furthermore, CD8+ T cells that indirectly recognize fetal/placental antigen undergo clonal deletion without priming for cytotoxic effector function and cannot induce antigen-specific fetal demise even when artificially activated. Antigen presentation commenced only at mid-gestation, in association with the endovascular invasion of placental trophoblasts and the hematogenous release of placental debris. Our results suggest that limited pathways of antigen presentation, in conjunction with tandem mechanisms of immune evasion, contribute to the unique immunological status of the fetus. The pronounced degree of T cell ignorance of the fetus also has implications for the pathophysiology of immune-mediated early pregnancy loss.
New calcium indicators and buffers with high selectivity against magnesium and protons: design, synthesis, and properties of prototype structures (1980)

A new family of high-affinity buffers and optical indicators for Ca2+ is rationally designed and synthesized. The parent compound is 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), a relative of the well-known chelator EGTA [ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid] in which methylene links between oxygen and nitrogen are replaced by benzene rings. BAPTA and its derivatives share the high (greater than 10(5)) selectivity for Ca2+ over Mg2+ of EGTA but are very much less affected by pH changes and are faster at taking up and releasing Ca2+. The affinity of the parent compound for Ca2+ (dissociation constant 1.1 x 10(-7) M in 0.1 M KCl) may be strengthened or weakened by electron-releasing or -withdrawing substituents on the aromatic rings. The Ca2+ and Mg2+ affinities may further be altered by replacing the ether oxygens by heterocyclic nitrogen atoms. The compounds described are fluorescent Ca2+ indicators absorbing in the ultraviolet region; the very large spectral shifts observed on binding Ca2+ fit the prediction that complexation should hinder the conjugation of the nitrogen lone-pair electrons with the aromatic rings. Derivatives with quinoline nuclei are notable for their high sensitivity of fluorescent quantum yield to the binding of Ca2+ but not of Mg2+. Preliminary biological tests have so far revealed little or no binding to membranes or toxic effects following intracellular microinjection.
Cold injuries. (1989)

Until recently, military personnel have had the greatest risk for cold injuries. During the past two decades, however, destitute persons without adequate clothing or shelter, and sports enthusiasts participating in snowmobiling, mountain climbing, and skiing have been responsible for the increased incidence of cold exposure seen in a large civilian population. Consequently, cold injury remains a crippling problem. Although research is opening new avenues of accurate diagnosis and expeditious treatment, the standard against which these methods must be measured continues to be a rational treatment plan that often prevents the sequelae of cold injuries.
In vitro and in vivo effects of pentoxifylline on macrophages and lymphocytes derived from autoimmune MRL-lpr/lpr mice (1995)

MRL-lpr/lpr mice develop an autoimmune disease similar to human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The main characteristics of this disease are increasing autoantibody formation, elevated plasma levels of immune complexes, a massive lymphoproliferation, a rising proteinuria, and arthritic symptoms. Finally, the mice die at an age of about 6 months due to a fatal immune complex glomerulonephritis. Macrophages are involved in the development of SLE due to their functions as antigen-presenting as well as cytokine-producing cells. T and B cells are involved in the disease by secreting cytokines and producing antibodies. Pentoxifylline (PTX), a xanthine derivative, is known to exert different effects on functions of leukocytes and erythrocytes and has been used in clinical studies, e.g., in septic shock syndrome. In our studies we first investigated the in vitro effect of PTX on macrophages and lymphocytes derived from MRL-lpr mice. Our investigations concerning production of superoxide anion and TNF-alpha by LPS and/or IFN-gamma activated bone marrow and peritoneal macrophages, MHC class II expression on these cells, and the proliferative capacity and Il-2 production of mitogen activated lymphocytes, revealed that PTX reduces the activation and the inflammatory response of these cells. Based on these results, we further investigated the effect of in vivo treatment with PTX. MRL-lpr mice treated with PTX showed diminished proteinuria, reduced titer of dsDNA-autoantibodies in the plasma and an increased survival rate. Our data clearly demonstrate that PTX is able to diminish the severity of the disease and to prolong the life of MRL-lpr/lpr mice.
Effective conversion of exit enthalpy in a MPD thruster (2002)

Acceleration of plasma by area expansion is an area of significant interest to the high power inspace propulsion research. This paper verifies the applicability of a diverging channel to designing practical self-field magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster for higher specific impulse. Theoretical development for the expanding annular geometry is documented and analyzed for a partially ionized two temperature computational model that addresses potential understanding of effect of geometric scales, and predictions of self-field magnetic effects.
Ultrastrong-coupling quantum-phase-transition phenomena in a few-qubit circuit QED system (2017)

We study ultrastrong-coupling quantum-phase-transition phenomena in a few-qubit system. In the one-qubit case, three second-order transitions occur and the Goldstone mode emerges under the condition of ultrastrong-coupling strength. Moreover, a first-order phase transition occurs between two different superradiant phases. In the two-qubit case, a two-qubit Hamiltonian with qubit-qubit interactions is analyzed fully quantum mechanically. We show that the quantum phase transition is inhibited even in the ultrastrong-coupling regime in this model. In addition, in the three-qubit model, the superradiant quantum phase transition is retrieved in the ultrastrong-coupling regime. Furthermore, the $N$-qubit model with $U(1)$ symmetry is studied and we find that the superradiant phase transition is inhibited or restored with the qubit-number parity.
Oxidative Damage and Fragmentation of Mitochondrial DNA in Cellular Apoptosis (1997)

The molecular genetics and bioenergetics of oxidative damage, fragmentation, and fragility of mitochondrial DNA in cellular apoptosis is reviewed in connection with the "redox mechanism of ageing."
Kinetics of Disproportionation and pKa of Bromous Acid (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetics of Disproportionation and pKa of Bromous AcidR. B. Faria, Irving R. Epstein, and Kenneth KustinCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 4, 1363–1367Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100055a051https://doi.org/10.1021/j100055a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views300Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Double-cable polymers for fullerene based organic optoelectronic applications (2002)

Conjugated polymers are used increasingly for the fabrication of electronic and optoelectronic devices like light emitting diodes (LEDs) and photovoltaic (PV) elements. A breakthrough in realising a promisingly efficient conversion of solar energy into electrical energy has been achieved by using blends of soluble electron-donor type conjugated polymers with fullerenes as electron-acceptor, transporting component. This “bulk heterojunction” approach suggests the preparation of intrinsically bipolar materials as a way to control both electronic and morphological properties at once. On these bases, the covalent grafting of fullerene moieties to conjugated backbones seems promising for the preparation of intrinsically bipolar polymeric materials (double-cable polymers) alternative to conjugated polymer/fullerene composites. The recent developments on the design, the characterisation and the application of this novel class of fullerene functional materials are reviewed.
Pudendal but not tibial nerve stimulation inhibits bladder contractions induced by stimulation of pontine micturition center in cats (2015)

This study examined the possibility that pudendal nerve stimulation (PNS) or tibial nerve stimulation (TNS) inhibits the excitatory pathway from the pontine micturition center (PMC) to the urinary bladder. In decerebrate cats under α-chloralose anesthesia, electrical stimulation of the PMC (40 Hz frequency, 0.2-ms pulse width, 10-25 s duration) using a microelectrode induced bladder contractions >20 cmH2O amplitude when the bladder was filled to 60-70% capacity. PNS or TNS (5 Hz, 0.2 ms) at two and four times the threshold (2T and 4T) to induce anal or toe twitch was applied to inhibit the PMC stimulation-induced bladder contractions. Propranolol, a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, was administered intravenously (1 mg/kg i.v.) to determine the role of sympathetic pathways in PNS/TNS inhibition. PNS at both 2T and 4T significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the amplitude and area under the curve of the bladder contractions induced by PMC stimulation, while TNS at 4T facilitated the bladder contractions. Propranolol completely eliminated PNS inhibition and TNS facilitation. This study indicates that PNS, but not TNS, inhibits PMC stimulation-induced bladder contractions via a β-adrenergic mechanism that may occur in the detrusor muscle as a result of reflex activity in lumbar sympathetic nerves. Neither PNS nor TNS activated a central inhibitory pathway with synaptic connections to the sacral parasympathetic neurons that innervate the bladder. Understanding the site of action involved in bladder neuromodulation is important for developing new therapies for bladder disorders.
A sequence assembly and editing program for efficient management of large projects (1991)

We describe a sequence assembly and editing program for managing large and small projects. It is being used to sequence complete cosmids and has substantially reduced the time taken to process the data. In addition to handling conventionally derived sequences it can use data obtained from Applied Biosystems,Inc. 373A and Pharmacia A.L.F. fluorescent sequencing machines. Readings are assembled automatically. All editing is performed using a mouse operated contig editor that displays aligned sequences and their traces together on the screen. The editor, which can be used on single contigs or for joining contigs, permits rapid movement along the aligned sequences. Insertions, deletions and replacements can be made in individual aligned readings and global changes can be made by editing the consensus. All changes are recorded. A click on a mouse button will display the traces covering the current cursor position, hence allowing quick resolution of problems. Another function automatically moves the cursor to the next unresolved character. The editor also provides facilities for annotating the sequences. Typical annotations include flagging the positions of primers used for walking, or for marking sites, such as compressions, that have caused problems during sequencing. Graphical displays aid the assessment of progress.
Fuzzy min-max neural networks. I. Classification (1992)

A supervised learning neural network classifier that utilizes fuzzy sets as pattern classes is described. Each fuzzy set is an aggregate (union) of fuzzy set hyperboxes. A fuzzy set hyperbox is an n-dimensional box defined by a min point and a max point with a corresponding membership function. The min-max points are determined using the fuzzy min-max learning algorithm, an expansion-contraction process that can learn nonlinear class boundaries in a single pass through the data and provides the ability to incorporate new and refine existing classes without retraining. The use of a fuzzy set approach to pattern classification inherently provides a degree of membership information that is extremely useful in higher-level decision making. The relationship between fuzzy sets and pattern classification is described. The fuzzy min-max classifier neural network implementation is explained, the learning and recall algorithms are outlined, and several examples of operation demonstrate the strong qualities of this new neural network classifier.
Responses to Human CD40 Ligand/Human Interleukin-2 Autologous Cell Vaccine in Patients with B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (2005)

These results suggest that immune responses to B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia can be obtained with human CD40 ligand/human interleukin-2-expressing s.c. vaccines but that these responses are transient. High levels of circulating regulatory T cells are present, and it will be of interest to see if their removal in vivo augments and prolongs the antitumor immune response.
Antitumor Necrosis Factor Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review of Agents, Pharmacology, Clinical Results, and Safety (1999)

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), a proinflammatory cytokine, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Biotechnology agents including a chimeric monoclonal anti-TNF antibody (infliximab), a humanized monoclonal anti-TNF antibody (CDP571), and a recombinant TNF receptor fusion protein (etanercept) have been used to inhibit TNFalpha activity. Controlled trials have demonstrated efficacy for infliximab in moderately to severely active Crohn's disease (CD) and fistulizing CD sufficient to justify recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. Additional trials have been completed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Similarly, preliminary controlled trials have suggested efficacy for CDP571 in active CD and RA. Larger controlled trials have demonstrated efficacy for etanercept in RA patients who have failed disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy leading to FDA approval for RA. Toxicities observed with anti-TNF therapies have included formation of human antichimeric antibodies (HACA) with associated acute and delayed hypersensitivity infusion reactions, human antihuman antibodies (HAHAs), and formation of autoantibodies with rare instances of drug-induced lupus. Several cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma also has been described. Future studies should evaluate optimal timing and duration of anti-TNF therapy, the utility of adjuvant medical treatments during anti-TNF therapy, and evaluate long-term safety and efficacy of the various anti-TNF agents.
A Facile Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Thiolsulfonates via Sulfonylation of Mercaptans1 (1988)

Abstract The reaction of p-toluenesulfonyl bromide with mercaptans provides a convenient procedure for the synthesis of unsymmetrical thiolsulfonates.
Does non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring disturb sleep? (1992)

Non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring induces modest sleep disturbances which are unlikely to artifactually distort the physiological 24-h blood pressure profile.
Aminoglycoside Antibiotic-Inactivating Enzymes in Actinomycetes Similar to Those Present in Clinical Isolates of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (1973)

Various species of Streptomyces possess aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. Streptomyces kanamyceticus contains an enzyme that acetylates the 6'-amino group of kanamycin A and B, gentamicin C(1a), and neomycin. Streptomyces spectabilis produces an enzyme that acetylates the 2'-amino group of the hexose ring of gentamicin C(1a). These enzymes catalyze reactions identical to those catalyzed by enzymes found in gram-negative bacteria containing R(antibiotic resistance)-factors. The discovery of these enzymes suggests the possibility of an evolutionary relationship between the aminoglycosideinactivating enzymes (produced by resistance determinants) in bacteria containing R-factors and similar enzymes found in the actinomycetes.
Global analysis of gene expression patterns during disuse atrophy in rat skeletal muscle (2003)

Muscular inactivity leads to atrophy, weakness, and decreased fatigue resistance. In order to provide a window into the dynamic processes that underlie muscle atrophy, we performed global gene expression analysis of rat soleus muscles using Affymetrix GeneChips at 1, 4, 7 and 14 days of hindlimb unloading. Expression of 309 known genes was significantly changed by at least 2-fold (212 upregulated, 97 downregulated). K-means clustering was used to divide these genes into co-regulated clusters based on the similarity of temporal expression patterns. This allowed the development of a timeline of the atrophy process with respect to the behaviour of genes in a broad array of functional categories. Regulatory genes were often upregulated early, in either a transient or sustained manner, but they also populated clusters with later patterns of activation, suggesting different phases of molecular adaptations. Other early events were the activation of ubiquitination genes and downregulation of protein chaperones. In comparison, clusters representing slightly delayed activation patterns included genes involved in fast contraction, glycolysis, translational inhibition, oxidative stress, protein degradation, and amino acid catabolism. Downregulated genes exhibited fewer unique expression patterns and included structural and regulatory genes of the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton, and genes that define a slow-oxidative phenotype. Other novel findings include the tight co-activation of proteasome subunit and ubiquitination genes, differential regulation of serine proteases and serine protease inhibitors, and the identification of transcriptional, signalling, growth and cell cycle genes that probably play a role in the atrophy process. The present work has uncovered temporal patterns of gene expression that highlight the molecular processes that underlie muscle atrophy and provide new avenues for study.
Ultraviolet photoelectron spectrum of nitrite anion (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUltraviolet photoelectron spectrum of nitrite anionKent M. Ervin, Joe Ho, and W. C. LinebergerCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 19, 5405–5412Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100330a017https://doi.org/10.1021/j100330a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views809Altmetric-Citations232LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
The Physiological Basis of Medical Practice. (1950)

The popularity of this well known text is attested by the fact that this is the fifth edition since the original one appeared in 1937. All have been reprinted several times, the fourth edition in 1945 having been reprinted six times. The present text has been brought completely up to date to include such recent developments as the newer knowledge of the steroids of the adrenal cortex and their application in rheumatoid arthritis, the latest studies of shock and the lower nephron syndrome, Trueta's work on renal circulation and nutritional factors in blood formation. In the reviewer's experience no book so completely provides the link between the clinician in practice and the interpreter of physiologic mechanisms in the laboratory as does this immensely useful volume. A short description of the gross and microscopic anatomy of the body system being discussed precedes an authoritative review of the physiology. Pathologic changes resulting