gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Production of 2-Keto- l -Gulonic Acid from d -Glucose by Two-Stage Fermentation (1982)

A practical method for the production of calcium 2-keto-l-gulonate (an intermediate in the Reichstein synthesis of l-ascorbic acid) from d-glucose has been established by using a two-stage fermentation system. d-Glucose was first converted to calcium 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate by a mutant strain of Erwinia sp. in a medium containing d-glucose, corn steep liquor, (NH(4))(2)HPO(4), and CaCO(3). After a 26-h cultivation, 328.6 mg of calcium 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate per ml was obtained, with a 94.5% yield from d-glucose. This broth was used directly for the next conversion without removal of cells by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate. The stereospecific reduction of calcium 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate to calcium 2-keto-l-gulonate was performed with a mutant strain of Corynebacterium sp. When the cell growth reached a maximum (about 16 h) in a medium containing d-glucose, corn steep liquor, NaNO(3), KH(2)PO(4), and trace elements, NaNO(3) was added to the culture, and then the calcium 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate broth was fed over a period of about 50 h. Since the mutant strain requires a hydrogen donor for reduction, the calcium 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate broth was mixed with d-glucose before being fed. The results of four two-stage fermentations in 10-m conventional fermentors showed that an average of 106.3 mg of calcium 2-keto-l-gulonate per ml was obtained, with a 84.6% yield from d-glucose, the starting material of calcium 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate production. Calcium 2-keto-l-gulonate was stable in the broth. Neither 2-keto-d-gluconic acid nor 5-keto-d-gluconic acid was detected in the final broth.
RNA Polymerase II Stalling Promotes Nucleosome Occlusion and pTEFb Recruitment to Drive Immortalization by Epstein-Barr Virus (2011)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immortalizes resting B-cells and is a key etiologic agent in the development of numerous cancers. The essential EBV-encoded protein EBNA 2 activates the viral C promoter (Cp) producing a message of ~120 kb that is differentially spliced to encode all EBNAs required for immortalization. We have previously shown that EBNA 2-activated transcription is dependent on the activity of the RNA polymerase II (pol II) C-terminal domain (CTD) kinase pTEFb (CDK9/cyclin T1). We now demonstrate that Cp, in contrast to two shorter EBNA 2-activated viral genes (LMP 1 and 2A), displays high levels of promoter-proximally stalled pol II despite being constitutively active. Consistent with pol II stalling, we detect considerable pausing complex (NELF/DSIF) association with Cp. Significantly, we observe substantial Cp-specific pTEFb recruitment that stimulates high-level pol II CTD serine 2 phosphorylation at distal regions (up to +75 kb), promoting elongation. We reveal that Cp-specific pol II accumulation is directed by DNA sequences unfavourable for nucleosome assembly that increase TBP access and pol II recruitment. Stalled pol II then maintains Cp nucleosome depletion. Our data indicate that pTEFb is recruited to Cp by the bromodomain protein Brd4, with polymerase stalling facilitating stable association of pTEFb. The Brd4 inhibitor JQ1 and the pTEFb inhibitors DRB and Flavopiridol significantly reduce Cp, but not LMP1 transcript production indicating that Brd4 and pTEFb are required for Cp transcription. Taken together our data indicate that pol II stalling at Cp promotes transcription of essential immortalizing genes during EBV infection by (i) preventing promoter-proximal nucleosome assembly and ii) necessitating the recruitment of pTEFb thereby maintaining serine 2 CTD phosphorylation at distal regions.
Computer simulation of emerging asymmetry in the mouse blastocyst (2008)

The mechanism of embryonic polarity establishment in mammals has long been controversial. Whereas some claim prepatterning in the egg, we recently presented evidence that mouse embryonic polarity is not established until blastocyst and proposed the mechanical constraint model. Here we apply computer simulation to clarify the minimal cellular properties required for this morphology. The simulation is based on three assumptions: (1) behavior of cell aggregates is simulated by a 3D vertex dynamics model; (2) all cells have equivalent mechanical properties; (3) an inner cavity with equivalent surface properties is gradually enlarged. However, an initial attempt reveals a requirement for an additional assumption: (4) the surface of the cavity is firmer than intercellular surfaces, suggesting the presence of a basement membrane lining the blastocyst cavity, which is indeed confirmed by published data. The simulation thus successfully produces a structure recapitulating the mouse blastocyst. The axis of the blastocyst, however, remains variable, leading us to an additional assumption: (5) the aggregate is enclosed by a capsule, equivalent to the zona pellucida in vivo. Whereas a spherical capsule does not stabilize the blastocyst axis, an ellipsoidal capsule eventually orients the axis in accordance with its longest diameter. These predictions are experimentally verified by time-lapse recordings of mouse embryos. During simulation, equivalent cells form two distinct populations composed of smaller inner cells and larger outer cells. These results reveal a unique feature of early mammalian development: an asymmetry may emerge autonomously in an equivalent population with no need for a priori intrinsic differences.
Acute myeloid leukaemia blast cells bind to human endothelium in vitro utilizing E‐selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) (1993)

Summary The adhesion of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) blast cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was investigated in vitro . Adhesion of blast cells from 10 cases of AML to unstimulated and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1) stimulated HUVECs was similar to or greater than that of control neutrophils. The extent to which endothelial E‐selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) were involved in this adhesive process was investigated using blocking monoclonal antibodies to these proteins. In the majority of cases studied (7/8), anti‐E‐selectin significantly inhibited adhesion to IL‐1 stimulated endothelium (26–65% inhibition) and in 5/8 cases so did anti‐VCAM‐1 (maximum of 31% inhibition). All cases were found to express the sialylated Lewis x antigen and very late activation antigen‐4, ligands for E‐selectin and VCAM‐1 respectively. Our results indicate that leukaemic blast cells adhere to human endothelium and that there are E‐selectin and, to a lesser extent. VCAM‐1‐dependent components to this process. Such adhesive interactions are likely to confer on AML blast cells the ability to migrate across the vascular wall and so to establish extravascular disease.
Las biografías sobre el presidente mexicano Manuel González Flores (1832-1893) (2017)

The life and administration of the president Manuel González Flores has been barely addressed in the Mexican historiography; his four years of government have been included as part of the time called Porfiriato, in which Porfirio Diaz ruled with absolute power. This article describes four biographies of Gonzalez, inspired by his military exploits, his exercise of power and his personal profile. Two of them were written by contemporary journalists: one with the aim of glorifying his acts in front of Mexico and the other seems to discredit him because of the analysis presented here. The other two were written by the greatgrandchildren of the president in an effort to reclaim their image and highlight the reasons why in national history Manuel González is almost unknown or identified as the person who only occupied the presidential chair to execute the will of Diaz. These lines also refer to some research prepared on the gonzalina administration in the electoral field, English debt, banking, colonization and freedom of worship, which relate with the biographies studied here.
A discrete-time analog signal processor for disk read channels (1993)

A signal processor that incorporates equalization, clock recovery, AGC (automatic gain control), and peak detection for waveforms in the disk read channel and operates up to a 40-MHz clock rate is described. The 2- mu m CMOS IC uses precision analog MOS signal processing implemented with scaled-down unit cells and dissipates 500 mW from a 5-V power supply. The IC layout is hand-crafted. The 6.8-mm*4.6-mm die is fabricated in a 2- mu m, double-poly, double-metal technology. Measurements on one half-delay cell show a transfer efficiency of 0.994 and 10-b linearity across full-scale.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Probabilistic diagnosis using a reformulation of the INTERNIST-1/QMR knowledge base. I. The probabilistic model and inference algorithms. (1991)

In Part I of this two-part series, we report the design of a probabilistic reformulation of the Quick Medical Reference (QMR) diagnostic decision-support tool. We describe a two-level multiply connected belief-network representation of the QMR knowledge base of internal medicine. In the belief-network representation of the QMR knowledge base, we use probabilities derived from the QMR disease profiles, from QMR imports of findings, and from National Center for Health Statistics hospital-discharge statistics. We use a stochastic simulation algorithm for inference on the belief network. This algorithm computes estimates of the posterior marginal probabilities of diseases given a set of findings. In Part II of the series, we compare the performance of QMR to that of our probabilistic system on cases abstracted from continuing medical education materials from Scientific American Medicine. In addition, we analyze empirically several components of the probabilistic model and simulation algorithm.
Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor is temporally and spatially correlated with ocular angiogenesis in a primate model. (1994)

Ischemia often precedes neovascularization. In ocular neovascularization, such as occurs in diabetic retinopathy, a diffusible angiogenic factor has been postulated to be produced by ischemic retina and to lead to neovascularization of the retina, optic nerve, or iris. However, no angiogenic factor has been conclusively identified that satisfies this hypothesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor, hereafter referred to as VEGF, is a likely candidate for an ocular angiogenic factor because it is a secreted mitogen, specific for endothelial cells, and is upregulated by hypoxia. We investigated the association of VEGF with the development of experimental iris neovascularization in the cynomolgus monkey. Following the production of retinal ischemia by laser occlusion of all branch retinal veins, VEGF was increased in the aqueous fluid, and the aqueous VEGF levels changed synchronously and proportionally with the severity of iris neovascularization. Northern analysis and in situ hybridization revealed that VEGF messenger RNA is upregulated in the ischemic retina. These observations support the hypothesis that ocular neovascularization is regulated by a diffusible factor and identify VEGF as a likely candidate for a retina-derived vascular permeability and angiogenesis factor in vivo.
Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ and Its Coactivator DRIP205 in Cellular Responses to CDDO (RTA-401) in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (2010)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) family of transcription factors with important regulatory roles in cellular growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Using proteomic analysis, we showed expression of PPARgamma protein in a series of 260 newly diagnosed primary acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) samples. Forced expression of PPARgamma enhanced the sensitivity of myeloid leukemic cells to apoptosis induced by PPARgamma agonists 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) and 15-deoxy-(12,14)-15DPGJ(2), through preferential cleavage of caspase-8. No effects on cell cycle distribution or differentiation were noted, despite prominent induction of p21 in PPARgamma-transfected cells. In turn, antagonizing PPARgamma function by small interfering RNA or pharmacologic PPARgamma inhibitor significantly diminished apoptosis induction by CDDO. Overexpression of coactivator protein DRIP205 resulted in enhanced differentiation induction by CDDO in AML cells through PPARgamma activation. Studies with DRIP205 deletion constructs showed that the NR boxes of DRIP205 are not required for this coactivation. In a phase I clinical trial of CDDO (RTA-401) in leukemia, CDDO induced an increase in PPARgamma mRNA expression in six of nine patient samples; of those, induction of differentiation was documented in four patients and that of p21 in three patients, all expressing DRIP205 protein. In summary, these findings suggest that cellular levels of PPARgamma regulate induction of apoptosis via caspase-8 activation, whereas the coactivator DRIP205 is a determinant of induction of differentiation, in response to PPARgamma agonists in leukemic cells.
Mass spectrometric characterization of peptides containing different oxidized tryptophan residues (2011)

The term reactive oxygen species refers to small molecules that can oxidize, for example, nearby proteins, especially cysteine, methionine, tryptophan, and tyrosine residues. Tryptophan oxidation is always irreversible in the cell and can yield several oxidation products, such as 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5-HTP), oxindolylalanine (Oia), kynurenine (Kyn), and N-formyl-kynurenine (NFK). Because of the severe effects that oxidized tryptophan residues can have on proteins, there is a great need to develop generally applicable and highly sensitive techniques to identify the oxidized residue and the oxidation product. Here, the fragmentation behavior of synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences recently identified in three skeletal muscle proteins as containing oxidized tryptophan residues were studied using postsource decay and collision-induced dissociation (CID) in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF)/TOF mass spectrometry (MS) and CID in an electrospray ionization (ESI) double quadrupole TOF-MS. For each sequence, a panel of five different peptides containing Trp, 5-HTP, Kyn, NFK, or Oia residue was studied. It was always possible to identify the modified positions by the y-series and also to distinguish the different oxidation products by characteristic fragment ions in the lower mass range by tandem MS. NFK- and Kyn-containing peptides displayed an intense signal at m/z 174.1, which could be useful in identifying accordingly modified peptides by a sensitive precursor ion scan. Most importantly, it was always possible to distinguish isomeric 5-HTP and Oia residues. In ESI- and MALDI-MS/MS, this was achieved by the signal intensity ratios of two signals obtained at m/z 130.1 and 146.1. In addition, high collision energy CID in the MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS also permitted the identification of these two isomeric residues by their v- and w-ions, respectively.
Both alpha- and beta-subunits contribute to the agonist sensitivity of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (1991)

A family of genes has been identified that encodes subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and is expressed in the nervous system. Functional neuronal nAChRs can be expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injection of RNA encoding 1 of 2 different beta-subunits (beta 2, beta 4) in pairwise combination with RNA encoding 1 of 3 different alpha-subunits (alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 4). We examined the sensitivity of these 6 different alpha- beta-subunit combinations to the nicotinic agonists ACh, nicotine, cytisine, and 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP). Each subunit combination displayed a distinct pattern of sensitivity to these 4 agonists. The alpha 2 beta 2 combination was 5-fold more sensitive to nicotine than to acetylcholine, while the alpha 3 beta 2 combination was 17-fold less sensitive to nicotine than to ACh, and the alpha 3 beta 4 combination was equally sensitive to both nicotine and ACh. nAChRs composed of alpha 2, alpha 3, or alpha 4 in combination with beta 2 were 14-100-fold less sensitive to cytisine than to ACh. In contrast, nAChRs composed of alpha 2, alpha 3, or alpha 4 in combination with beta 4 were 3-17-fold more sensitive to cytisine than to ACh. The alpha 2 beta 2, alpha 3 beta 2, and alpha 3 beta 4 combinations were each equally sensitive to DMPP and ACh, while the alpha 2 beta 4, alpha 4 beta 2, and alpha 4 beta 4 combinations were 4-24-fold less sensitive to DMPP than to ACh. We also demonstrated that these differences are neither a consequence of variation in the relative amounts of RNA injected nor an artifact of oocyte expression. The oocyte system can accurately express ligand-gated ion channels because mouse muscle nAChRs expressed in oocytes display pharmacological properties similar to those reported for these receptors expressed on BC3H-1 cells. We conclude that both the alpha- and the beta-subunits contribute to the pharmacological characteristics of neuronal nAChRs.
남녀대학생의 가족주의 가치관과 부모부양의식 (1999)

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between familism and consciousness for supporting parents. To achieve this purpose, this study examined the effects of familism on consciousness for supporting parents of the undergraduates, analyzed the differences of it. For this, the subje...
Large-signal 2T, 1C DRAM cell: signal and layout analysis (1994)

This paper presents a general signal and layout analysis for the two-transistor, one-capacitor DRAM cell. The 2T, 1C configuration enables significantly larger, typically /spl gsim/3x, raw sense-signal than is achievable in conventional 1T, 1C cells. In general, stray capacitances at the capacitor nodes further increase the signal level; an exact analytic formula is derived in this case, including the dependence upon bitline precharge level. With trench technology, the 2T, 1C cell occupies 25-30% more area than a corresponding folded-bitline 1T, 1C cell; an implementation employing a buried strap is proposed. Maximization of array density requires multiplexing bitlines to sense amps.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Comparison of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids and Carbohydrates for Lowering Plasma Cholesterol (1986)

To examine the effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrate on plasma lipids and lipoproteins, 11 patients with a mean plasma total cholesterol level of 251 +/- 10 mg per deciliter were studied on a metabolic ward during three dietary periods, each lasting four weeks. A liquid diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids ("High-Mono") and a diet low in fat ("Low-Fat") were compared with a diet high in saturated fatty acids ("High-Sat"). The High-Sat and High-Mono diets contained 40 percent of their total calories as fat and 43 percent as carbohydrate; the Low-Fat diet had 20 percent fat and 63 percent carbohydrate. Body weight was kept constant by adjusting total caloric intake. As compared with the High-Sat diet, both the High-Mono and Low-Fat diets lowered plasma total cholesterol (by 13 percent and 8 percent, respectively) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (by 21 percent and 15 percent, respectively). As compared with the High-Sat diet, the Low-Fat diet raised triglyceride levels and significantly reduced plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In contrast, the High-Mono diet had no effect on levels of triglycerides or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The ratio of low-density to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was also significantly lower when the High-Mono diet rather than the Low-Fat diet was followed. Therefore, in short-term studies in which liquid diets are used and body weight is kept constant, a diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids appears to be at least as effective in lowering plasma cholesterol as a diet low in fat and high in carbohydrate.
Fas Ligand-independent, FADD-mediated Activation of the Fas Death Pathway by Anticancer Drugs (1999)

Trimerization of the Fas receptor (CD95, APO-1), a membrane bound protein, triggers cell death by apoptosis. The main death pathway activated by Fas receptor involves the adaptor protein FADD (for Fas-associated death domain) that connects Fas receptor to the caspase cascade. Anticancer drugs have been shown to enhance both Fas receptor and Fas ligand expression on tumor cells. The contribution of Fas ligand-Fas receptor interactions to the cytotoxic activity of these drugs remains controversial. Here, we show that neither the antagonistic anti-Fas antibody ZB4 nor the Fas-IgG molecule inhibit drug-induced apoptosis in three different cell lines. The expression of Fas ligand on the plasma membrane, which is identified in untreated U937 human leukemic cells but remains undetectable in untreated HT29 and HCT116 human colon cancer cell lines, is not modified by exposure to various cytotoxic agents. These drugs induce the clustering of Fas receptor, as observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, and its interaction with FADD, as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation. Overexpression of FADD by stable transfection sensitizes tumor cells to drug-induced cell death and cytotoxicity, whereas down-regulation of FADD by transient transfection of an antisense construct decreases tumor cell sensitivity to drug-induced apoptosis. These results were confirmed by transient transfection of constructs encoding either a FADD dominant negative mutant or MC159 or E8 viral proteins that inhibit the FADD/caspase-8 pathway. These results suggest that drug-induced cell death involves the Fas/FADD pathway in a Fas ligand-independent fashion.
Aesthetic measures for automated document layout (2004)

A measure of aesthetics that has been used in automated layout is described. The approach combines heuristic measures of attributes that degrade the aesthetic quality. The combination is nonlinear so that one bad aesthetic feature can harm the overall score. Example heuristic measures are described for the features of alignment regularity separation balance white-space fraction white-space free flow proportion uniformity and page security.
Performance of MOCVD tantalum nitride diffusion barrier for copper metallization (2002)

A low-resistivity and low carbon concentration CVD TaN film has been realized by using a new precursor terbutylimido-tris-diethylamido tantalum (TBTDET). Results show that CVD TaN as a diffusion barrier for Cu has higher thermal stability up to 500/spl deg/C than CVD TiN of 450/spl deg/C.
Ionic liquids in biotechnology: applications and perspectives for biotransformations (2008)

Ionic liquids are considered as an alternative to organic solvents for catalysis. The literature in this field is reviewed with focus on advantageous use of ionic liquids in biocatalysis and biotransformations. The overview reveals that the exploration and mapping of ionic liquids with respect to biocatalysis is still sketchy. It is apparent that advantages can be gained in view of activity, stability and selectivity. Furthermore, integration of reaction and separation has a high potential in the field. The review presents quantitative data on the productivities, space-time yields, as well as stability as far as they can be extracted from the literature.
Nutritional and metabolic status of children with autism vs. neurotypical children, and the association with autism severity (2011)

The autism group had many statistically significant differences in their nutritional and metabolic status, including biomarkers indicative of vitamin insufficiency, increased oxidative stress, reduced capacity for energy transport, sulfation and detoxification. Several of the biomarker groups were significantly associated with variations in the severity of autism. These nutritional and metabolic differences are generally in agreement with other published results and are likely amenable to nutritional supplementation. Research investigating treatment and its relationship to the co-morbidities and etiology of autism is warranted.