gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Graph Based Approach for Naming Faces in News Photos (2006)

We propose a method to associate names and faces for querying people in large news photo collections. On the assumption that a person’s face is likely to appear when his/her name is mentioned in the caption, first all the faces associated with the query name are selected. Among these faces, there could be many faces corresponding to the queried person in different conditions, poses and times, but there could also be other faces corresponding to other people in the caption or some non-face images due to the errors in the face detection method used. However, in most cases, the number of corresponding faces of the queried person will be large, and these faces will be more similar to each other than to others. In this study, we propose a graph based method to find the most similar subset among the set of possible faces associated with the query name, where the most similar subset is likely to correspond to the faces of the queried person. When the similarity of faces are represented in a graph structure, the set of most similar faces will be the densest component in the graph. We represent the similarity of faces using SIFT descriptors. The matching interest points on two faces are decided after the application of two constraints, namely the geometrical constraint and the unique match constraint. The average distance of the matching points are used to construct the similarity graph. The most similar set of faces is then found based on a greedy densest component algorithm. The experiments are performed on thousands of news photographs taken in real life conditions and, therefore, having a large variety of poses, illuminations and expressions.
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) (2015)

The only randomised trial of ETV for iNPH compares it to an intervention which is not a standard practice (VP shunting using a non-programmable valve). The evidence from this study is inconclusive and of very low quality. Clinicians should be aware of the limitations of the evidence. There is a need for more robust research on this topic to be able to determine the effectiveness of ETV in patients with iNPH.
Interleukin-17 is a negative regulator of established allergic asthma (2006)

T helper (Th)17 cells producing interleukin (IL)-17 play a role in autoimmune and allergic inflammation. Here, we show that IL-23 induces IL-17 in the lung and IL-17 is required during antigen sensitization to develop allergic asthma, as shown in IL-17R-deficient mice. Since IL-17 expression increased further upon antigen challenge, we addressed its function in the effector phase. Most strikingly, neutralization of IL-17 augmented the allergic response in sensitized mice. Conversely, exogenous IL-17 reduced pulmonary eosinophil recruitment and bronchial hyperreactivity, demonstrating a novel regulatory role of IL-17. Mechanistically, IL-17 down modulated eosinophil-chemokine eotaxin (CCL11) and thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine/CCL17 (TARC) in lungs in vivo and ex vivo upon antigen restimulation. In vitro, IL-17 reduced TARC production in dendritic cells (DCs)-the major source of TARC-and antigen uptake by DCs and IL-5 and IL-13 production in regional lymph nodes. Furthermore, IL-17 is regulated in an IL-4-dependent manner since mice deficient for IL-4Ralpha signaling showed a marked increase in IL-17 concentration with inhibited eosinophil recruitment. Therefore, endogenous IL-17 is controlled by IL-4 and has a dual role. Although it is essential during antigen sensitization to establish allergic asthma, in sensitized mice IL-17 attenuates the allergic response by inhibiting DCs and chemokine synthesis.
Antioxidant: a new role for RU-486 and related compounds. (1994)

RU-486 (17 beta-hydroxy-4-dimethylaminophenyl-17-alpha-propenyl estrone 4,9 diene-3-one; mifepristone) is suggested to act by binding to progesterone and glucocorticoid receptors. Based on its chemical nature, we anticipated that RU-486 may have potent antioxidant properties. We used the oxidation of LDL as our model system. RU-486 and a similar compound, onapristone, at 1-5-microM concentrations, decreased the formation of oxidized LDL. LDL isolated from plasma of subjects who were orally supplemented with RU-486 was resistant to oxidation, as compared to LDL isolated from control plasma. The antioxidant effect of RU-486 appears to reside in the dimethylaminophenyl side chain moiety. Reduction of the A-ring of the steroid molecule had no effect on its antioxidant property. Analogs of RU-486 which lack the dimethylaminophenyl group, were without antioxidant activity. Levonorgestrel, which lacks the dimethylaminophenyl group failed to inhibit the oxidation of LDL even at 100-microM levels. In contrast, ethinylestradiol and estradiol which do not possess the dimethylamino group, were able to inhibit the oxidation of LDL by virtue of their phenolic steroid "A" ring. Thus RU-486, with its long half life, high plasma concentrations, association with lipoproteins, and ability to readily enter the cell may have additional intra- and extra-cellular antioxidant effects.
Mouse and human chromosomal assignments of mortalin, a novel member of the murine hsp70 family of proteins (1995)

Mortalin has been shown to exhibit differential distributions in cells with mortal and immortal phenotypes. In the present study, we report mot-2 cDNA cloning from RS-4 cells--an immortal clone from CD1-ICR mouse embryonic fibroblasts--and the chromosomal assignments of mortalin related genes to mouse chromosomes 18 and X by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Similar analysis assigned the gene to chromosome 5q31.1 in human.
Isolation and Characterization of cDNAs Corresponding to Two Human Calcium, Calmodulin-regulated, 3′,5′-Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases (1996)

cDNAs corresponding to two human calcium, calmodulin (CaM)-regulated 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) were isolated. One, Hcam1 (PDE1A3), corresponds to the bovine 61-kDa CaM PDE (PDE1A2). The second, Hcam3 (PDE1C), represents a novel phosphodiesterase gene. Hcam1 encodes a 535-amino acid protein that differs most notably from the bovine 61-kDa CaM PDE by the presence of a 14-amino acid insertion and a divergent carboxyl terminus. RNase protection studies indicated that Hcam1 is represented in human RNA from several tissues, including brain, kidney, testes, and heart. Two carboxyl-terminal splice variants for Hcam3 were isolated. One, Hcam3b (PDE1C1), encodes a protein 634 amino acids (72 kDa) in length. The other, Hcam3a (PDE1C3), diverges from Hcam3b 4 amino acids from the carboxyl terminus of Hcam3b, and extends an additional 79 amino acids. All the cDNAs isolated for Hcam3a are incomplete; they do not include the 5'-end of the open reading frame. Northern analysis revealed that both splice variants were expressed in several tissues, including brain and heart, and that there may be additional splice variants. Amino-truncated recombinant proteins were expressed in yeast and characterized biochemically. Hcam3a has a high affinity for both cAMP and cGMP and thus has distinctly different kinetic parameters from Hcam1, which has a higher affinity for cGMP than for cAMP. Both PDE1C enzymes were inhibited by isobutylmethylxanthine, 8-methoxymethyl isobutylmethylxanthine, zaprinast, and vinpocetine.
Quantum Cascade Laser-Based Infrared Microscopy for Label-Free and Automated Cancer Classification in Tissue Sections (2018)

A feasibility study using a quantum cascade laser-based infrared microscope for the rapid and label-free classification of colorectal cancer tissues is presented. Infrared imaging is a reliable, robust, automated, and operator-independent tissue classification method that has been used for differential classification of tissue thin sections identifying tumorous regions. However, long acquisition time by the so far used FT-IR-based microscopes hampered the clinical translation of this technique. Here, the used quantum cascade laser-based microscope provides now infrared images for precise tissue classification within few minutes. We analyzed 110 patients with UICC-Stage II and III colorectal cancer, showing 96% sensitivity and 100% specificity of this label-free method as compared to histopathology, the gold standard in routine clinical diagnostics. The main hurdle for the clinical translation of IR-Imaging is overcome now by the short acquisition time for high quality diagnostic images, which is in the same time range as frozen sections by pathologists.
Submicrometre elevated source and drain MOSFET technologyusing E-beam evaporated silicon (1997)

A self-aligned MOSFET structure with elevated source and drain was fabricated using electron beam evaporation of silicon. This technology allows the realisation of defect-free junctions as shallow as 200 Å without preamorphisation, source/drain and gate regions doped in one implantation step and without a selective growth process, and source/drain regions with minimum areas and reduced junction capacitances.
Oligonucleotide circularization by template-directed chemical ligation (1993)

An efficient method for producing the covalent closure of oligonucleotides on complementary templates by the action of BrCN was developed. A rational design of linear precursor oligonucleotides was studied, and the effect of factors such as oligonucleotide concentration and oligomer-template length ratio was evaluated. The efficiency of circularization was shown to correlate well with the secondary structure of the precursor oligomer (as predicted by a simple computer analysis), hairpin-like structures bearing free termini clearly favouring the circularization reaction. A novel idea, consisting of the incorporation of non-nucleotide insertions in the precursor oligomer (namely, 1,2-dideoxy-D-ribofuranose residues), may render this method universal and highly effective. An original set of assays was developed to confirm the circular structure of the covalently closed oligonucleotides.
The Variety of Odors Produced in Maillard Model Systems and How They Are Influenced by Reaction Conditions (1983)

The odors of more than four hundred model systems drawn from twenty-one amino acids and eight sugars, treated under different conditions of temperature and humidity with the inclusion of selected third components, were evaluated by one assessor only. Organoleptic assessment of odors produced by a full range of common amino acids in "dry" 1:1 admixture with glucose was carried out by immersion of an ignition tube containing the reaction mixture into a heated Wood's metal bath. The investigator assessed variations in aroma produced by: (a) changes in heating temperature from 100 to 220°C at selected time intervals up to thirty minutes, (b) different levels of relative humidity of the reactants, (c) changes in the sugar used, and (d) adding third components, such as powdered cellulose and soluble starch and two nitrogen sources, asparagine and glutamine. The initial experiments, the heating of glucose-amino acid mixtures at selected temperatures, proved of greatest interest, many aromas being reported for the first time. However, as the experiments progressed from variations in time and temperature only to variations of water content, change of sugar and inclusion of third components, the aromas emerged as basically the same for each particular amino acid.
Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleavage-Dependent and -Independent Axonal Degeneration Programs Share a Common Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Adenylyltransferase 1-Sensitive Pathway (2010)

Axonal degeneration is a hallmark of many debilitating neurological disorders and is thought to be regulated by mechanisms distinct from those governing cell body death. Recently, caspase 6 activation via amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage and activation of DR6 was discovered to induce axon degeneration after NGF withdrawal. We tested whether this pathway is involved in axonal degeneration caused by withdrawal of other trophic support, axotomy or vincristine exposure. Neurturin deprivation, like NGF withdrawal activated this APP/DR6/caspase 6 pathway and resulted in axonal degeneration, however, APP cleavage and caspase 6 activation were not involved in axonal degeneration induced by mechanical or toxic insults. However, loss of surface APP (sAPP) and caspase 6 activation were observed during axonal degeneration induced by dynactin 1(Dctn1) dysfunction, which disrupts axonal transport. Mutations in Dctn1 are associated with motor neuron disease and frontal temporal dementia, thus suggesting that the APP/caspase 6 pathway could be important in specific types of disease-associated axonal degeneration. The NGF deprivation paradigm, with its defined molecular pathway, was used to examine the context of Nmnat-mediated axonal protection. We found that although Nmnat blocks axonal degeneration after trophic factor withdrawal, it did not prevent loss of axon sAPP or caspase 6 activation within the axon, suggesting it acts downstream of caspase 6. These results indicate that diverse insults induce axonal degeneration via multiple pathways and that these degeneration signals converge on a common, Nmnat-sensitive program that is uniquely involved in axonal, but not cell body, degeneration.
Proximal Fluid Proteome Profiling of Mouse Colon Tumors Reveals Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Human Colorectal Cancer (2012)

These data show that proximal fluid proteome profiling with a mouse tumor model is a powerful approach to identify candidate biomarkers for early diagnosis of human cancer, exemplified by increased CHI3L1 protein levels in sera from patients with CRC precursor lesions.
Effects of ageing and senescence on pancreatic β‐cell function (2016)

Ageing is generally associated with deterioration of organ function and regenerative potential. In the case of pancreatic β-cells, an age-related decline in proliferative potential is well documented, and was proposed to contribute to the increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the elderly. The effects of ageing on β-cell function, namely glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), have not been studied as extensively. Recent work revealed that, surprisingly, β-cells of mature mice and humans secrete more insulin than young β-cells in response to high glucose concentrations, potentially serving to counteract age-related peripheral insulin resistance. This functional change appears to be orchestrated by p16(Ink4A) -driven cellular senescence and downstream remodelling of chromatin structure and DNA methylation, enhancing the expression of genes controlling β-cell function. We propose that activation of the cellular senescence program drives life-long functional maturation of β-cells, due to β-cell hypertrophy, enhanced glucose uptake and more efficient mitochondrial metabolism, in parallel to locking these cells in a non-replicative state. We speculate that the beneficial aspects of this process can be harnessed to enhance GSIS. Other age-related mechanisms, which are currently poorly understood, act to increase basal insulin secretion levels also in low glucose conditions. This leads to an overall reduction in the amplitude of insulin secretion between low and high glucose at old age, which may contribute to a deterioration in metabolic control.
Chronic hyperalgesia induced by repeated acid injections in muscle is abolished by the loss of ASIC3, but not ASIC1 (2003)

Clinically, chronic pain and hyperalgesia induced by muscle injury are disabling and difficult to treat. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying chronic muscle-induced hyperalgesia are not well understood. For this reason, we developed an animal model where repeated injections of acidic saline into one gastrocnemius muscle produce bilateral, long-lasting mechanical hypersensitivity of the paw (i.e. hyperalgesia) without associated tissue damage. Since acid sensing ion channels (ASICs) are found on primary afferent fibers and respond to decreases in pH, we tested the hypothesis that ASICs on primary afferent fibers innervating muscle are critical to development of hyperalgesia and central sensitization in response to repeated intramuscular acid. Dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating muscle express ASIC3 and respond to acidic pH with fast, transient inward and sustained currents that resemble those of ASICs. Mechanical hyperalgesia produced by repeated intramuscular acid injections is prevented by prior treatment of the muscle with the non-selective ASIC antagonist, amiloride, suggesting ASICs might be involved. ASIC3 knockouts do not develop mechanical hyperalgesia to repeated intramuscular acid injection when compared to wildtype littermates. In contrast, ASIC1 knockouts develop hyperalgesia similar to their wildtype littermates. Extracellular recordings of spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons from wildtype mice show an expansion of the receptive field to include the contralateral paw, an increased response to von Frey filaments applied to the paw both ipsilaterally and contralaterally, and increased response to noxious pinch contralaterally after the second intramuscular acid injection. These changes in WDR neurons do not occur in ASIC3 knockouts. Thus, activation of ASIC3s on muscle afferents is required for development of mechanical hyperalgesia and central sensitization that normally occurs in response to repeated intramuscular acid. Therefore, interfering with ASIC3 might be of benefit in treatment or prevention of chronic hyperalgesia.
Protective effects of cyclodextrins on drug-induced hemolysis in vitro. (1981)

beta-Cyclodextrin (beta-CyD) significantly protected the human erythrocytes from hemolysis and shape changes induced with chlorpromazine and flufenamic acid in isotonic solution. A good correlation between the stability constants of inclusion complexes (beta- greater than gamma- greater than alpha-CyD) and the inhibitory effects on drug-induced hemolysis was found. From the observations of drug uptake into erythrocytes and changes in surface tension, the protective effects of CyDs appeared to be due to the decrease in effective concentration of drug through inclusion complexation rather than the direct interaction of CyDs with erythrocyte membrane.
An update on the anticancer effects of a combination of chemotherapy and hyperthermia. (1984)

Hyperthermia combined with chemotherapy is a complicated and poorly understood area, but one that portends great biological and clinical interest. The interrelationship of heat to vascular supply of tumor and normal organs that metabolize chemotherapy agents is complicated. The evocation of thermotolerance by chemical agents is a largely unexplored area. A class of chemotherapy agents that increase in cytotoxicity linearly with increasing temperature are the alkylating agents cisplatinum, mitomycin C, and mitoxantrone. A class of chemotherapy agents that increase in cytotoxicity only after a threshold temperature above 42 degrees are Adriamycin, bleomycin, and actinomycin D. Time sequencing of heat and Adriamycin affects cytotoxicity, implying a membrane effect of the heat and drug interaction. A new class of drugs thought not to be chemotherapy drugs because they are not cytotoxic at 37 degrees but are cytotoxic at greater than 41.5 degrees provides a new area of research. Chemotherapy agents that do not change in cytotoxicity with heat include the Vinca alkaloids, amsacrine, and 5-fluorouracil. In order to examine the complex interaction of heat and chemotherapy agents, whole animal models of tumor and normal tissue effects are extremely important.
Physical and Chemical Nature of the Scaling Relations between Adsorption Energies of Atoms on Metal Surfaces (2012)

Despite their importance in physics and chemistry, the origin and extent of the scaling relations between the energetics of adsorbed species on surfaces remain elusive. We demonstrate here that scalability is not exclusive to adsorbed atoms and their hydrogenated species but rather a general phenomenon between any set of adsorbates bound similarly to the surface. On the example of the near-surface alloys of Pt, we show that scalability is a result of identical variations of adsorption energies with respect to the valence configuration of both the surface components and the adsorbates.
Peroxisome Biogenesis (2001)

Fifteen years ago, we had a model of peroxisome biogenesis that involved growth and division of preexisting peroxisomes. Today, thanks to genetically tractable model organisms and Chinese hamster ovary cells, 23 PEX genes have been cloned that encode the machinery ("peroxins") required to assemble the organelle. Membrane assembly and maintenance requires three of these (peroxins 3, 16, and 19) and may occur without the import of the matrix (lumen) enzymes. Matrix protein import follows a branched pathway of soluble recycling receptors, with one branch for each class of peroxisome targeting sequence (two are well characterized), and a common trunk for all. At least one of these receptors, Pex5p, enters and exits peroxisomes as it functions. Proliferation of the organelle is regulated by Pex11p. Peroxisome biogenesis is remarkably conserved among eukaryotes. A group of fatal, inherited neuropathologies are recognized as peroxisome biogenesis diseases; the responsible genes are orthologs of yeast or Chinese hamster ovary peroxins. Future studies must address the mechanism by which folded, oligomeric enzymes enter the organelle, how the peroxisome divides, and how it segregates at cell division. Most pex mutants contain largely empty membrane "ghosts" of peroxisomes; a few mutants apparently lacking peroxisomes entirely have led some to propose the de novo formation of the organelle. However, there is evidence for residual peroxisome membrane vesicles ("protoperoxisomes") in some of these, and the preponderance of data supports the continuity of the peroxisome compartment in space and time and between generations of cells.
CD8 T cell ignorance or tolerance to islet antigens depends on antigen dose (1999)

There are two major mechanisms reported to prevent the autoreactivity of islet-specific CD8(+) T cells: ignorance and tolerance. When ignorance is operative, naïve autoreactive CD8(+) T cells ignore islet antigens and recirculate without causing damage, unless activated by an external stimulus. In the case of tolerance, CD8(+) T cells are deleted. Which factor(s) contributes to each particular outcome was previously unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the concentration of self antigen determines which mechanism operates. When ovalbumin (OVA) was expressed at a relatively low concentration in the pancreatic islets of transgenic mice, there was no detectable cross-presentation, and the CD8(+) T cell compartment remained ignorant of OVA. In mice expressing higher doses of OVA, cross-presentation was detectable and led to peripheral deletion of OVA-specific CD8(+) T cells. When cross-presentation was prevented by reconstituting the bone marrow compartment with cells incapable of presenting OVA, deletional tolerance was converted to ignorance. Thus, the immune system uses two strategies to avoid CD8(+) T cell-mediated autoimmunity: for high dose antigens, it deletes autoreactive T cells, whereas for lower dose antigens, it relies on ignorance.