gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystal structures of the complexes of a group IIA phospholipase A2 with two natural anti‐inflammatory agents, anisic acid, and atropine reveal a similar mode of binding (2006)

Secretory low molecular weight phospholipase A(2)s (PLA(2)s) are believed to be involved in the release of arachidonic acid, a precursor for the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Therefore, the specific inhibitors of these enzymes may act as potent anti-inflammatory agents. Similarly, the compounds with known anti-inflammatory properties should act as specific inhibitors. Two plant compounds, (a) anisic acid (4-methoxy benzoic acid) and (b) atropine (8-methyl-8-azabicyclo oct-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate), have been used in various inflammatory disorders. Both compounds (a) and (b) have been found to inhibit PLA(2) activity having binding constants of 4.5 x 10(-5) M and 2.1 x 10(-8) M, respectively. A group IIA PLA(2) was isolated and purified from the venom of Daboia russelli pulchella (DRP) and its complexes were made with anisic acid and atropine. The crystal structures of the two complexes (i) and (ii) of PLA(2) with compounds (a) and (b) have been determined at 1.3 and 1.2 A resolutions, respectively. The high-quality observed electron densities for the two compounds allowed the accurate determinations of their atomic positions. The structures revealed that these compounds bound to the enzyme at the substrate - binding cleft and their positions were stabilized by networks of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The most characteristic interactions involving Asp 49 and His 48 were clearly observed in both complexes, although the residues that formed hydrophobic interactions with these compounds were not identical because their positions did not exactly superimpose in the large substrate-binding hydrophobic channel. Owing to a relatively small size, the structure of anisic acid did not alter upon binding to PLA(2), while that of atropine changed significantly when compared with its native crystal structure. The conformation of the protein also did not show notable changes upon the bindings of these ligands. The mode of binding of anisic acid to the present group II PLA(2) is almost identical to its binding with bovine pancreatic PLA(2) of group I. On the other hand, the binding of atropine to PLA(2) is similar to that of another plant alkaloid aristolochic acid.
“一半活着,一半被发现……”——马克·斯特兰德访问记 (1990)

斯特兰德属六、七十年代成长起来的美国新诗人中的代表性人物。他的诗才华卓异,风格突出,具有新超现实主义的一些特征,但又令人想起卡夫卡和另外一些荒诞派作家。正因为这种对现代人生存的切入,他被有的论者称为“人类异化的最深的哀悼者”。这篇访问记最初发表于《芝加哥周刊》,后收入《美国诗歌观察》(1988年版)一书。访问者霍尔伯格系芝加哥大学教授,韦恩系《芝加哥周刊》编辑。题目系译者所加。在这篇访问记中,诗人不仅谈到了自己的创作及对诗歌艺术的理解,并且对当代诗歌的困境及美国当代诗坛上的一些活跃人物进行了回答和评论,思路开阔,所谈新颖、精辟,有助于我们了解美国当代诗歌的现状及诗人创作的精神实质。
Increased Integrity of Free Circulating DNA in Sera of Patients with Colorectal or Periampullary Cancer: Direct Quantitative PCR for ALU Repeats (2006)

Direct ALU-qPCR is a robust, highly sensitive, and high-throughput method to measure serum DNA integrity. DNA integrity is a potential serum biomarker for detection and evaluation of CRC and PACs.
A Myosin I Isoform in the Nucleus (2000)

A nuclear isoform of myosin I beta that contains a unique 16-amino acid amino-terminal extension has been identified. An affinity-purified antibody to the 16-amino acid peptide demonstrated nuclear staining. Confocal and electron microscopy revealed that nuclear myosin I beta colocalized with RNA polymerase II in an alpha-amanitin- and actinomycin D-sensitive manner. The antibody coimmunoprecipitated RNA polymerase II and blocked in vitro RNA synthesis. This isoform of myosin I beta appears to be in a complex with RNA polymerase II and may affect transcription.
Clinical comparison of anti-MuSK- vs anti-AChR-positive and seronegative myasthenia gravis (2007)

We compared 65 anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-negative myasthenia gravis (MG) patients, including 32 anti-muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK)-positive (49%) and 33 anti-MuSK-negative (seronegative) (51%) patients, with 161 anti-AChR-positive MG patients. The anti-MuSK-positive group had a higher frequency of bulbar involvement and respiratory crises. The seronegative group was in between the anti-MuSK positive and the anti-AChR positive groups, being closer to the latter, with regard to the severity of the disease. At the end of follow-up, the outcome of the anti-MuSK-positive patients was not different from that of the anti-AChR-positive patients, although their maintenance corticosteroid dose was higher. The seronegative patients had better outcome than the other two groups.
Coherent fiber combining by digital holography (2008)

We present an original technique for coherent beam combining of an array of fiber amplifiers based on self-adaptive digital holography. In this method, the phase errors between the fibers of the array are compensated by using the diffracted phase-conjugated -1 order of a digital hologram. The proposed method is compatible with a large number of fibers and simply implemented with a CCD detector matrix and a spatial light modulator. This concept is analyzed and experimentally demonstrated with three polarization-maintaining passive fibers at 1.06 microm.
Brivaracetam Disposition in Renal Impairment (2012)

Brivaracetam is a novel high-affinity SV2A ligand currently in clinical development for epilepsy. The objective was to characterize its disposition in patients with renal impairment. A single oral dose of 200 mg brivaracetam was administered to 9 patients with severe renal impairment not requiring dialysis (creatinine clearance <15 mL/min, n = 6; 15-29 mL/min, n = 3) and 9 matched healthy controls. Plasma and urinary concentrations of brivaracetam and 3 pharmacologically inactive metabolites (acid, hydroxy, and hydroxyacid) were determined up to 72 hours postdose, and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were derived. The C(max) of brivaracetam was unchanged relative to healthy controls, whereas AUC was slightly increased (mean ratio, 1.21; 90% confidence interval, 1.01-1.45). Nonrenal and renal clearances of brivaracetam decreased from 47 and 4.5 to 41 and 1.7 mL/min/1.73 m(2). Exposure to the acid, hydroxy, and hydroxyacid metabolites was markedly increased: C(max) by 2.4-, 2.0-, and 11.7-fold and AUC by 3.2-, 4.1-, and 21.5-fold. Renal clearance of these rapidly cleared metabolites was decreased 10-fold in patients with severe renal impairment. Nonclinical toxicology studies concluded to the absence of safety issues related to the increased levels of metabolites. These observations suggest that dose adjustment of brivaracetam should not be required at any stage of renal dysfunction.
Embedded-circuit magnetic metamaterial substrate performance for patch antennas (2004)

Magnetic permeability was imparted to a naturally non-magnetic material by metallic inclusions. A patch antenna tested the performance of the magnetic metamaterial as a substrate. The magnetic metamaterial exhibited enhanced /spl mu/ and /spl epsiv/ as predicted with acceptable loss-factor levels. Models for predicting /spl mu/ and /spl epsiv/ are presented and simulations indicate that permeability can be extended well beyond several GHz with current technology. Permeability in the /spl mu//sub r/=1-4 range is achievable for moderately low-loss applications. The representative antenna miniaturization factor=4-6.4 with efficiency=21-35%.
SEPARATION OF THORIUM FROM YTTERBIUM WITH CYANEX272 BY USING A HOLLOW FIBER MEMBRANE EXTRACTOR (2001)

The based membrane extraction of Th(IV) and Yb(III) was studied with HBTMPP in heptane. The separation process of Th(IV) and Yb(HI) was proposed to be a kinetics competition one. The separation of mixture Th(IV) and Yb(III) was carried out by two successive extraction and stripping simultaneously. The concentration ratio of Th(IV) and Yb(III) is 16.74 in the stripping solution. The recovery of Th(IV) is 71.6%. The purity of Th(IV) is 95.74%. The separation factor of Th(IV) and yb(III)is 2.52× 106, which was obtained by interfacial kinetics.
Formation of Single Nanopores with Diameters of 20–50 nm in Silicon Nitride Membranes Using Laser-Assisted Controlled Breakdown (2018)

Nanopores with diameters from 20 to 50 nm in silicon nitride (SiNx) windows are useful for single-molecule studies of globular macromolecules. While controlled breakdown (CBD) is gaining popularity as a method for fabricating nanopores with reproducible size control and broad accessibility, attempts to fabricate large nanopores with diameters exceeding ∼20 nm via breakdown often result in undesirable formation of multiple nanopores in SiNx membranes. To reduce the probability of producing multiple pores, we combined two strategies: laser-assisted breakdown and controlled pore enlargement by limiting the applied voltage. Based on laser power-dependent increases in nanopore conductance upon illumination and on the absence of an effect of ionic strength on the ratio between the nanopore conductance before and after laser illumination, we suggest that the increased rate of controlled breakdown results from laser-induced heating. Moreover, we demonstrate that conductance values before and after coating the nanopores with a fluid lipid bilayer can indicate fabrication of a single nanopore versus multiple nanopores. Complementary flux measurements of Ca2+ through the nanopore typically confirmed assessments of single or multiple nanopores that we obtained using the coating method. Finally, we show that thermal annealing of CBD pores significantly increased the success rate of coating and reduced the current noise before and after lipid coating. We characterize the geometry of these nanopores by analyzing individual resistive pulses produced by translocations of spherical proteins and demonstrate the usefulness of these nanopores for estimating the approximate molecular shape of IgG proteins.
Compact multimode pumped erbium-doped phosphate fiber amplifiers (2003)

The performance of compact multimode pumped erbium-doped phosphate fiber amplifiers is presented. A fiber amplifier with a small signal net gain of 41 dB at 1535 nm and 21 dB over the full C-band is demonstrated using a newly developed 8-cm-long erbium-doped phosphate fiber excited with a 1-W, 975-nm multimode laser diode. A theoretical model is developed for the multimode pumped amplifier based on modified rate equations and an effective beam propagation method. Close agreement between experimental and modeling results is observed.
Big Data Deep Learning: Challenges and Perspectives (2014)

Deep learning is currently an extremely active research area in machine learning and pattern recognition society. It has gained huge successes in a broad area of applications such as speech recognition, computer vision, and natural language processing. With the sheer size of data available today, big data brings big opportunities and transformative potential for various sectors; on the other hand, it also presents unprecedented challenges to harnessing data and information. As the data keeps getting bigger, deep learning is coming to play a key role in providing big data predictive analytics solutions. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of deep learning, and highlight current research efforts and the challenges to big data, as well as the future trends.
High-energy-resolution scintillator: Ce3+ activated LaBr3 (2001)

The scintillation properties of LaBr3 doped with 0.5% Ce3+ are presented. Under optical and gamma ray excitation, Ce3+ emission is observed to peak at 356 and 387 nm. The scintillation light output is 61 000±5000 photons/MeV at 662 keV. More than 90% is emitted with a decay time of 35 ns. An energy resolution (full width at half maximum over the peak position) of 2.85%±0.05% was observed for the 662 keV full absorption peak. A time resolution of 385 ps was obtained using BaF2 as second scintillator and gamma rays of Co60.
Immunoinhibitory checkpoint deficiency in medium and large vessel vasculitis (2017)

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) causes autoimmune inflammation of the aorta and its large branches, resulting in aortic arch syndrome, blindness, and stroke. CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells and macrophages form organized granulomatous lesions in the walls of affected arteries, destroy the tunica media, and induce ischemic organ damage through rapid intimal hyperplasia and luminal occlusion. Pathogenic mechanisms remain insufficiently understood; specifically, it is unknown whether the unopposed activation of the immune system is because of deficiency of immunoinhibitory checkpoints. Transcriptome analysis of GCA-affected temporal arteries revealed low expression of the coinhibitory ligand programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) concurrent with enrichment of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor. Tissue-residing and ex vivo-generated dendritic cells (DC) from GCA patients were PD-L1<sup>lo</sup>, whereas the majority of vasculitic T cells expressed PD-1, suggesting inefficiency of the immunoprotective PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint. DC-PD-L1 expression correlated inversely with clinical disease activity. In human artery-SCID chimeras, PD-1 blockade exacerbated vascular inflammation, enriched for PD-1<sup>+</sup> effector T cells, and amplified tissue production of multiple T-cell effector cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-21. Arteries infiltrated by PD-1<sup>+</sup> effector T cells developed microvascular neoangiogenesis as well as hyperplasia of the intimal layer, implicating T cells in the maladaptive behavior of vessel wall endogenous cells. Thus, in GCA, a breakdown of the tissue-protective PD1/PD-L1 checkpoint unleashes vasculitic immunity and regulates the pathogenic remodeling of the inflamed arterial wall.
Dietary approaches to positively influence fetal determinants of adult health (2005)

An imbalance between production and scavenging of oxidants is a commonality found in factors that result in fetal determinants that negatively affect adult health. We reasoned that a dietary intervention that promotes oxidant scavenging through phase 2 protein induction would have positive effects on fetal programming of adult health. Previously, we demonstrated that a diet containing broccoli sprouts high in glucoraphanin (Grn), precursor of the phase 2 protein inducer sulforaphane, decreased oxidative stress and associated problems in male spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRsp). We hypothesized that placing females on a Grn-containing (Grn+) diet would have similar positive effects and that the adult offspring of such females would have lower blood pressures and less tissue inflammation than offspring from mothers on control diet. We demonstrate that female SHRsp on a Grn+ diet had decreased oxidative stress and associated problems such as hypertension than females on control diet. The offspring of females on Grn+ diet also had lower blood pressures and less tissue inflammation in adulthood regardless of diet, with offspring placed on a Grn+ diet having the best health outcomes. We conclude that reducing oxidative stress in pregnant females has profound outcomes in the health of their adult offspring.
ChemInform Abstract: FURAN DERIVATIVES PART 53, THE SYNTHESIS OF 5‐ARYL‐2‐FURANCARBOXYLIC ACIDS (1974)

Abstract Durch Meerwein‐Arylierung der Furoesäure (I) mit diazotierten Aminen werden die Titelverbindungen (II) gewonnen, die nach üblichen Methoden zu den Estern (III) methyliert werden.
Design and Synthesis of 2-Methyl-2-{4-[2-(5-methyl-2-aryloxazol- 4-yl)ethoxy]phenoxy}propionic Acids:  A New Class of Dual PPARα/γ Agonists (2001)

Propionic acid derivative 8, which was designed and synthesized based on putative pharmacophores of known PPARgamma- and PPARalpha-selective compounds, exhibits potent dual PPARalpha/gamma agonist activity as demonstrated by in vitro binding and dose overlap in the newly introduced EOB mouse model for glucose lowering and lipid/cholesterol homeostasis.
Focused ion beam assisted three-dimensional rock imaging at submicron scale (2003)

Computation of effective flow properties of fluids in porous media based on three dimensional (3D) pore structure information has become more successful in the last few years, due to both improvements in the input data and the network models. Computed X-ray microtomography has been successful in 3D pore imaging at micron scale, which is adequate for many sandstones. For other rocks of economic interest, such as chalk and diatomite, submicron resolution is needed in order to resolve the 3D-pore structure. To achieve submicron resolution, a new method of sample serial sectioning and imaging using Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technology has been developed and 3D pore images of the pore system for diatomite and chalk have been obtained. FIB was used in the milling of layers as wide as 50 micrometers and as thin as 100 nanometers by sputtering of atoms from the sample surface. The focused ion beam, consisting of gallium ions (Ga+) accelerated by potentials of up to 30 kV and currents up to 20,000 pA, yields very clean, flat surfaces in which the pore-grain boundaries appear in high contrast. No distortion of the pore boundaries due to the ion milling is apparent. After each milling step, as a new surface is exposed, an image of the surface is generated. Using secondary electrons or ions, resolutions as high as 10 nm can be obtained. Afterwards, the series of 2D images can be stacked in the computer and, using appropriate interpolation and surface rendering algorithms, the 3D pore structure is reconstructed.
Biological activity of des-asp-,des-arg-angiotensin II in man (1982)

The biological activity of des-asp1-des-arg2-angiotensin II (3-8AII) was studied in man. When 3-8AII was infused iv at rates of 22 and 308 pmol (17.5 and 250 ng)/kg . min separately into 5 normal men each for 120 min, blood pressure showed no change, plasma renin activity (PRA) decreased gradually and plasma aldosterone showed a gradual slight increase. The lower dose of 3-8AII partially inhibited captopril-induced PRA increase and plasma aldosterone decrease in the same 5 normal men and the higher dose of the hexapeptide completely abolished them. In one of the 5 normal men blood pressure rose in response to doses of 3-8AII greater than 2220 pmol (1750 ng)/kg . min. When 3-8AII was infused iv at 308 pmol/kg . min into 2 patients with Bartter's syndrome for 60 min, it caused marked decrease in PRA and plasma aldosterone but no change in blood pressure. This decrease in plasma aldosterone is thought to be secondary to the decrease in PRA. From these results it is evident that 3-8AII has a minimal pressor action, a weak aldosterone-stimulating action and a significant renin-suppressing action in man and this PRA-lowering action is thought to be due to direct inhibition of renin release by its whole molecule or a smaller part of the molecule.
The Transcriptional Innate Immune Response to flg22. Interplay and Overlap with Avr Gene-Dependent Defense Responses and Bacterial Pathogenesis (2004)

Animals and plants carry recognition systems to sense bacterial flagellin. Flagellin perception in Arabidopsis involves FLS2, a Leu-rich-repeat receptor kinase. We surveyed the early transcriptional response of Arabidopsis cell cultures and seedlings within 60 min of treatment with flg22, a peptide corresponding to the most conserved domain of flagellin. Using Affymetrix microarrays, approximately 3.0% of 8,200 genes displayed transcript level changes in flg22 elicited suspension cultures and seedlings. FLARE (Flagellin Rapidly Elicited) genes mostly encode signaling components, such as transcription factors, protein kinases/phosphatases, and proteins that regulate protein turnover. Approximately 80% of flg22-induced genes were also up-regulated in Arabidopsis seedlings treated with cycloheximide. This suggests that many FLARE genes are negatively regulated by rapidly turned-over repressor proteins. Twenty-one tobacco Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited (ACRE) cDNA full-length sequences were used to search for their Arabidopsis orthologs (AtACRE). We identified either single or multiple putative orthologs for 17 ACRE genes. For 13 of these ACRE genes, at least one Arabidopsis ortholog was induced in flg22-elicited Arabidopsis suspension cells and seedlings. This result revealed a substantial overlap between the Arabidopsis flg22 response and the tobacco Avr9 race-specific defense response. We also compared FLARE gene sets and genes induced in basal or gene-for-gene interactions upon different Pseudomonas syringae treatments, and infer that Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato represses the flagellin-initiated defense response.
Using Digital Chains of Custody on Constrained Devices to Verify Evidence (2007)

A digital chain of custody is an account documenting digital data at a particular place and time. This paper gives a method of validating and authenticating a digital chain of custody using an algorithm by Jakobsson and by providing a new algorithm that compliments Jakobsson's algorithm. Our method assumes specialized hardware. The physical hardware is assumed to be memory and processor constrained. Our new algorithm is an online algorithm that generates a hash chain of n hash elements without knowledge of n before it starts. At the same time, as n grows our new algorithm stores only the [log n] pebbles which are inputs for Jakobsson's amortized hash chain traversal algorithm. Jakobsson's algorithm is then used to validate hash elements and thus the digital chain of custody. The complimentary algorithm presented here is used to generate and store the hash chain. The compact representation used by these algorithms is useful to store a large digital chain of custody on a small and constrained device. Our proposed method allows the use of constrained devices to validate complex and ephemeral data such as shipping manifests and handling logs.
Murine Th1 and Th2 clones proliferate optimally in response to distinct antigen-presenting cell populations (1991)

We recently have devised a method for the derivation of OVA-specific Th1 and Th2 clones from the same primed lymph node cell preparation. Using a panel of such cells, we have examined the ability of distinct APC populations to stimulate proliferation of Th1 and Th2 clones. Both subsets proliferated well in response to OVA in the presence of whole spleen cells. However, purified B cells stimulated optimal proliferation of Th2 clones, whereas adherent cells stimulated optimal proliferation of Th1 clones. The proliferative response of Th2 cells stimulated with spleen cells irradiated with 3300 rad was dramatically less than that observed in response to spleen cells treated with 1000 rad; Th1 clones responded similarly to spleen cells exposed to either irradiation dose. Differential activation of Th1 and Th2 clones did not correlate with MHC-restricting element, or susceptibility to inhibition by mAb directed against CD4 or LFA-1. Lymphokine production by each subset still occurred under conditions of suboptimal proliferation, suggesting that the appropriate Ag processing and presentation events had transpired. The same pattern of response was observed using a specific OVA peptide that does not require processing, suggesting that differential responsiveness of Th1 and Th2 clones to different APC populations is not a result of defective Ag processing. Neither rIL-1 nor rIL-6 restored optimal proliferation of either subset. Our results suggest that unique cofactors are necessary for the optimal proliferation of Th1 and Th2 clones, and that these cofactors are produced by specialized APC populations.
A survey of visibility for walkthrough applications (2003)

Visibility algorithms for walkthrough and related applications have grown into a significant area, spurred by the growth in the complexity of models and the need for highly interactive ways of navigating them. In this survey, we review the fundamental issues in visibility and conduct an overview of the visibility culling techniques developed in the last decade. The taxonomy we use distinguishes point-based methods from-region methods. Point-based methods are further subdivided into object and image-precision techniques, while from-region approaches can take advantage of the cell-and-portal structure of architectural environments or handle generic scenes.