gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The predictive value of cerebrospinal fluid tap-test in normal pressure hydrocephalus (1997)

Eighteen patients (mean age of 66.5 years) with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) underwent a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt surgery. Prior to operation a cerebrospinal fluid tap-test (CSF-TT) was performed with measurements of gait pattern and psychometric functions (memory, visuo-motor speed and visuo-constructive skills) before and after the removal of 50 ml CSF by lumbar puncture (LP). Fifteen patients improved and 3 were unchanged after surgery. Short duration of disease, gait disturbance preceding mental deterioration, wide temporal horns and small sulci on CT-scan were associated with good outcome after shunting. There was a good correlation between the results of CSF-TT and shunt surgery (chi 2 = 4.11, phi = 0.48, p < 0.05), with gait test showing highest correlation (r = 0.99, p = 0.01). In conclusion, this version of CSF-TT proved to be an effective test to predict improvement after shunting in patients with NPH.
Response to Comment on "Failure of Bone Marrow Cells to Transdifferentiate into Neural Cells in Vivo" (2003)

Mezey et al . ([1][1]) question the validity of our conclusion that bone marrow cells (BMCs) cannot transdifferentiate into neural cells ([2][2]), because we did not observe large numbers of donor-derived microglia in the brains of mouse BMC transplant recipients. They suggest that the LacZ
A Practical Microgripper By Fine Alignment, Eutectic Bonding And Sma Actuation (2005)

A silicon microgripper with a large gripping force, a relatively rigid structural body, and flexibility in functional design is presented. The actuation is generated by Ni-Ti-Cu shape memory alloy (SMA) films and the stress induced can deflect each side of the microgripper up to 55 {mu}m for a total gripping motion of 110 {mu}m. When fully open, the force exerted by the film corresponds to a 40 mN gripping force on the tip of the gripper.
Micropattern Formation for Magnetic Recording Head Using Electroless CoFeB Deposition (2002)

The method of electroless deposition of CoFeB thin films has been improved and used to fabricate the write head core for magnetic recording. The currently available method is poorly selective in depositing thin films on surfaces patterned with photoresist; i.e., the deposition occurs not only on the catalytic surface but also on the surface of the photoresist. To improve the selectivity, the effects of bath agitation and organic additives were investigated. Extraneous deposition on the photoresist was decreased by deposition with agitation in a paddle plating cell system and/or by adding thiodiglycolic acid in the bath without any effect on the coercivity of the resulting thin film. The new techniques enabled consistently uniform deposition of the film on the patterned surface of the write head core. The improved electroless deposition system operated under optimized conditions is suitable for future applications involving the deposition of the alloy in fine-patterned structures. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Oncogenic Mutations in GNAQ Occur Early in Uveal Melanoma (2008)

GNAQ mutations occur in about half of UMs, representing the most common known oncogenic mutation in this cancer. The presence of this mutation in tumors at all stages of malignant progression suggests that it is an early event in UM. Mutations in this G-protein-coupled receptor provide new insights into UM pathogenesis and could lead to new therapeutic possibilities.
Making Better Influenza Virus (2006)

Killed and live influenza virus vaccines are effective in preventing and curbing the spread of disease, but new technologies such as reverse genetics could be used to improve them and to shorten the lengthy process of preparing vaccine seed viruses. By taking advantage of these new technologies, we could develop live vaccines that would be safe, cross-protective against variant strains, and require less virus per dose than conventional vaccines. Furthermore, pandemic vaccines against highly virulent strains such as the H5N1 virus can only be generated by reverse genetics techniques. Other technologic breakthroughs should result in effective adjuvants for use with killed and live vaccines, increasing the number of available doses. Finally, universal influenza virus vaccines seem to be within reach. These new strategies will be successful if they are supported by regulatory agencies and if a robust market for influenza virus vaccines against interpandemic and pandemic threats is made and sustained.
Influence of Gallium Sources on Impurity Doping in Gas Source MBE GaAs (1987)

The difference of gallium sources, elemental gallium (Ga) and triethylgallium (TEG) on impurity doping in GaAs grown by gas source MBE using AsH 3 gas has been studied. Unintentionally doped GaAs epilayers show p - and n -type conductivities, respectively, with and without a Liq.N 2 trap in oil diffusion pump evacuation system when TEG was used as a gallium source. On the other hand, all the GaAs epilayers grown using Ga show p -type conductivity. Si doping efficiency by use of SiH 4 gas for the growth using TEG is about 6-times higher than that for growth using Ga. The differences of impurity doping in gas source MBE using TEG and Ga are discussed based on the results of photoluminescence and secondary ion mass spectroscopic measurements.
Novel compliant electrodes based on platinum salt reduction (2006)

A compliant electrode material is presented that was inspired by the electroding process used to manufacture ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs). However, instead of an ion-exchange membrane, a UV-curable acrylated urethane elastomer is employed. The electrode material consists of the UV-curable elastomer (Loctite 3108) loaded with tetraammineplatinum(II) chloride salt particles through physical mixing and homogenization. The composite material is made conductive by immersion in a reducing agent, sodium borohydride, which reduces the salt to platinum metal on the surface of the elastomer film. Because the noble metal is mixed into the elastomer precursor as a salt, the amount of UV light absorbed by the precursor is not significantly reduced, and the composite loses little photopatternability. As a result meso-scale electrodes of varying geometries can be formed by exposing the precursor/salt mixture through a mask. The materials are mechanically and electrically characterized. The percolation threshold of the composite is estimated to be 9 vol. % platinum salt, above which the compliant electrode material exhibits a maximum conductivity of 1 S/cm. The composite maintains its electrical conductivity under axial tensile strains of up to 40%.
Especially the international competitiveness of the russian economy (2011)

The problem of determining the level of competitiveness of national economy and to develop measures to improve particularly intensified after the global financial and economic crisis has made fundamental changes in the dynamics of the world economy and the economic development of the vast number of countries, including the world’s largest economies, affecting in turn to the development of the world economy. Scientific journal Economic sciences
Passive mode locking in standing-wave laser resonators (1993)

In standing-wave laser oscillators the field energy density periodically varies along the resonator axis and creates a complex refractive-index grating in the gain medium. This grating couples the originally independent counterpropagating waves of the individual axial cavity modes. The coupling induces a mode frequency shift that is a nonlinear function of the unperturbed mode frequency. The uneven shifts can give rise to a substantial broadening of the beat-note linewidth of the multi-axial-mode free-running laser and to a corresponding increase in the threshold intracavity power for self-starting passive mode locking. The theoretical results are in good qualitative and quantitative agreement with previously reported experimental observations and measurements.
Modulation of 1-[beta-D-arabinofuranosyl] cytosine-induced apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia cells by staurosporine and other pharmacological inhibitors of protein kinase C. (1994)

We have examined the effects of both nonspecific and highly selective pharmacological inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) on the capacity of a 6-h exposure to 1-[beta-D-arabinofuranosyl]cytosine (ara-C; 10 microM) to induce apoptotic DNA fragmentation and cell death in the human myeloid leukemia cell lines HL-60 and U937. Staurosporine, a highly potent, nonspecific inhibitor of PKC (20-50 nM), uniquely potentiated ara-C-related degradation of DNA to oligonucleosomal fragments in both cell lines (i.e., 2- to 3-fold), but was ineffective when given alone at these concentrations. In contrast, co-administration of the nonspecific PKC inhibitor H7 and two highly selective PKC inhibitors, calphostin C and chelerythrine, also increased the extent of DNA fragmentation observed in ara-C-treated cells, but these effects were evident only at inhibitor concentrations that were by themselves sufficient to induce DNA damage. Agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated that cells co-exposed to staurosporine and ara-C exhibited considerably more pronounced internucleosomal DNA cleavage than did cells exposed to ara-C alone; moreover, this effect was suppressed by Zn2+ (1 mM) and the permeant Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM (50 microM). Potentiation of ara-C-related DNA fragmentation by subeffective concentrations of staurosporine was accompanied by a pronounced increase in the morphological features characteristic of apoptosis. A synergistic interaction between staurosporine and ara-C with respect to inhibition of clonogenicity in both HL-60 and U937 cells was demonstrated by median dose-effect analysis. The actions of staurosporine did not result from enhanced ara-C metabolism, as preincubation of cells with concentrations of this agent that potentiated ara-C actions (e.g., 20-50 nM) did not increase intracellular levels of the lethal metabolite ara-CTP. Lastly, preexposure of HL-60 and U937 cells to staurosporine did not block ara-C-mediated upregulation of c-jun, an oncogene whose increased expression has been temporally associated with ara-C-induced apoptosis. Together, these findings indicate that staurosporine exhibits a unique pattern of potentiation of ara-C-related apoptosis in human myeloid leukemias, and provide a rationale for exploring the antileukemic potential of this combination regimen.
Genetic Determinants of Plasma Factor VII Activity in the Japanese (1995)

We investigated the frequency of the factor VII Gln353 (FVII Gln353) allele in Japan, where coronary artery disease is much less common and factor VII coagulant activity (FVIIc) is lower than in Western countries. Japanese males (n = 144) aged 40-59 years living in 2 different districts were studied, and the FVIIc and activated factor VII (FVIIa) levels were measured with human (FVIIa Hum) and bovine soluble tissue factor (FVIIa Bov). The frequency of the FVII Gln353 allele in the 2 districts was 0.026 and 0.052 (combined: 0.034), which was about one third of that in a European population. Thus, the lower FVIIc level in Japanese is not due to the effect of FVII Gln353 allele. Ten individuals with the Gln353 allele showed a 39% decrease of FVIIa Hum levels and a 29% decrease of the FVIIa Bov level compared with 134 individuals homozygous for the FVII Arg353 allele. These decreases of FVIIa were greater than the decrease of FVIIc (17%), suggesting that FVII Gln353 may be difficult to activate in vivo. The marked decrease of FVIIa levels in individuals with the FVII Gln353 allele suggests that they are genetically protected against cardiovascular disease irrespective of ethnic background, by virtue of their decreased FVIIa level.
DNA-PEG-DNA Triblock Macromolecules for Reagentless DNA Detection (2004)

The sandwich assay is the most common design for electrochemical DNA sensors. This assay consists of three individual DNA components: an immobilized capture strand, a target strand, and a probe strand containing a redox-active reporter group. We report a simplified DNA assay where two strands of ssDNA, the capture and probe strands, are linked together via a flexible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacer forming an ABA triblock macromolecule. We have developed an electrochemical assay where the detection signal arises as a consequence of a large structural change induced upon hybridization with target DNA. In this system, the DNA-PEG-DNA macromolecule folds or wraps around the target DNA, bringing the ferrocene probe in close proximity to the electrode, affording an electrochemical response.
Presentation of αB-Crystallin to T Cells in Active Multiple Sclerosis Lesions: An Early Event Following Inflammatory Demyelination (2000)

In the development of multiple sclerosis (MS), (re)activation of infiltrating T cells by myelin-derived Ags is considered to be a crucial step. Previously, alpha B-crystallin has been shown to be an important myelin Ag to human T cells. Since alpha B-crystallin is an intracellular heat shock protein, the question arises at what stage, if any, during lesional development in MS this Ag becomes available for CD4+ T cells. In 3 of 10 active MS lesions, alpha B-crystallin could be detected inside phagocytic vesicles of perivascular macrophages, colocalizing with myelin basic protein and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Although the detectability of MOG in phagosomes is considered as a marker for very recent demyelination, MOG was detected in more macrophages and in more lesions than alpha B-crystallin. The disappearance of alpha B-crystallin from macrophages even before MOG was confirmed by in vitro studies; within 6 h after myelin-uptake alpha B-crystallin disappears from the phagosomes. Alpha B-crystallin-containing macrophages colocalized with infiltrating T cells and they were characterized by expression of MHC class II, CD40, and CD80. To examine functional presentation of myelin Ags to T cells, purified macrophages were pulsed in vitro with whole myelin membranes. These macrophages activated both myelin-primed and alpha B-crystallin-primed T cells in terms of proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion. In addition, alpha B-crystallin-pulsed macrophages activated myelin-primed T cells to the same extent as myelin-pulsed macrophages, whereas myelin basic protein-pulsed macrophages triggered no response at all. These data indicate that, in active MS lesions, alpha B-crystallin is available for functional presentation to T cells early during inflammatory demyelination.
Protein serine/threonine phosphatases: structure, regulation, and functions in cell growth (1993)

It is clear that much remains to be discovered regarding the roles of protein phosphatases in mitogenic signaling pathways. The ability of okadaic acid to activate MAPK/ERKs demonstrates that alteration in serine/threonine dephosphorylation can have significant effects on common steps in growth stimulation induced by different types of mitogens. As in the case of cell cycle control, protein serine/threonine phosphatase plays a central role in the reentry of quiescent cells into the cycle. Because the only known targets of okadaic acid are the catalytic subunits PP1 and PP2A, these enzymes are crucial components of two basic functions carried out by cells: growth and division. Important and obligatory roles for PP2B, PP2C, and newly discovered serine/threonine phosphatases are also likely. However, the limited tissue distribution, unique regulatory properties, and limited substrate specificities of these forms suggest more specialized functions in restricted cell types. The available information on the specific functions of different forms of protein serine/threonine phosphatases, let alone their individual isoforms and different multimeric holoenzymes, is still severely limited. Years of biochemical characterization and cDNA cloning have left us with far more forms than functions. This has led to the gratifying situation, at least for the biochemists, in which genetics and cell biology identify protein phosphatases for which a wealth of biochemical information is already available. The appreciation of the importance of these enzymes in the coming years can only increase as the functions for individual forms are discovered.
Molecular surface recognition by a computer vision-based technique (1994)

Correct docking of a ligand onto a receptor surface is a complex problem, involving geometry and chemistry. Geometrically acceptable solutions require close contact between corresponding patches of surfaces of the receptor and of the ligand and no overlap between the van der Waals spheres of the remainder of the receptor and ligand atoms. In the quest for favorable chemical interactions, the next step involves minimization of the energy between the docked molecules. This work addresses the geometrical aspect of the problem. It is assumed that we have the atomic coordinates of each of the molecules. In principle, since optimally matching surfaces are sought, the entire conformational space needs to be considered. As the number of atoms residing on molecular surfaces can be several hundred, sampling of all rotations and translations of every patch of a surface of one molecule with respect to the other can reach immense proportions. The problem we are faced with here is reminiscent of object recognition problems in computer vision. Here we borrow and adapt the geometric hashing paradigm developed in computer vision to a central problem in molecular biology. Using an indexing approach based on a transformation invariant representation, the algorithm efficiently scans groups of surface dots (or atoms) and detects optimally matched surfaces. Potential solutions displaying receptor--ligand atomic overlaps are discarded. Our technique has been applied successfully to seven cases involving docking of small molecules, where the structures of the receptor--ligand complexes are available in the crystallographic database and to three cases where the receptors and ligands have been crystallized separately. In two of these three latter tests, the correct transformations have been obtained.
Dietary supplementation with a specific combination of high protein, leucine, and fish oil improves muscle function and daily activity in tumour-bearing cachectic mice (2009)

Cancer cachexia is characterised by metabolic alterations leading to loss of adipose tissue and lean body mass and directly compromises physical performance and the quality of life of cancer patients. In a murine cancer cachectic model, the effects of dietary supplementation with a specific combination of high protein, leucine and fish oil on weight loss, muscle function and physical activity were investigated. Male CD2F1 mice, 6-7 weeks old, were divided into body weight-matched groups: (1) control, (2) tumour-bearing, and (3) tumour-bearing receiving experimental diets. Tumours were induced by s.c. inoculation with murine colon adenocarcinoma (C26) cells. Food intake, body mass, tumour size and 24 h-activity were monitored. Then, 20 days after tumour/vehicle inoculation, the animals were killed and muscle function was tested ex vivo. Tumour-bearing mice showed reduced carcass, muscle and fat mass compared with controls. EDL muscle performance and total daily activity were impaired in the tumour-bearing mice. Addition of single nutrients resulted in no or modest effects. However, supplementation of the diet with the all-in combination of high protein, leucine and fish oil significantly reduced loss of carcass, muscle and fat mass (loss in mass 45, 52 and 65% of TB-con, respectively (P<0.02)) and improved muscle performance (loss of max force reduced to 55-64% of TB-con (P<0.05)). Moreover, total daily activity normalised after intervention with the specific nutritional combination (50% of the reduction in activity of TB-con (P<0.05)). In conclusion, a nutritional combination of high protein, leucine and fish oil reduced cachectic symptoms and improved functional performance in cancer cachectic mice. Comparison of the nutritional combination with its individual modules revealed additive effects of the single components provided.
Pharmacologists and Alzheimer disease therapy: to boldly go where no scientist has gone before (2011)

The discovery of new drugs acting at the early stage of AD could be considered as a 'medical need' and inhibitors of γ-secretase or monoclonal antibodies against Aβ seemed good options. However, inhibitors of γ-secretase, that is, tarenflurbil or semagacestat, were discontinued due to their lack of cognitive improvement or unacceptable side effects. A careful evaluation of the risk:benefit ratio should be considered for monoclonal antibodies since, by increasing the disaggregation of fibrillar amyloid-β-peptide (Aβ), they could increase the neurotoxicity of soluble Aβ oligomers. In conclusion, the discovery of new drugs efficacious in AD subjects is an ambitious goal, however, and one that will require close, active collaboration by pharmacologists, chemists and clinicians.
Autophosphorylation-activated protein kinase phosphorylates and inactivates protein phosphatase 2A. (1993)

Purified preparations of a distinct autophosphorylation-activated protein kinase from bovine kidney phosphorylated and inactivated purified preparations of protein phosphatase 2A2 (PP2A2) by about 80% with the autophosphorylation-activated protein kinase, protamine kinase, and 32P-labeled myelin basic protein as substrates. Analysis of incubations performed in the presence of 0.2 mM [gamma-32P]ATP by autoradiography following SDS/PAGE and by FPLC gel permeation chromatography on Superose 12 demonstrated that the catalytic subunit of PP2A2 was phosphorylated in the incubation mixtures containing the kinase and phosphatase. Up to 0.3 mol of phosphate groups was incorporated per mol of the catalytic subunit of PP2A2 following incubation with the kinase. This phosphorylation was enhanced about 5-fold in the presence of 0.4 microM microcystin-LR. In addition, up to 1 mol of phosphate groups was incorporated per mol of the PP2A2 subunit of apparent M(r) approximately 60,000 when microcystin-LR was included. Analysis by thin-layer chromatography indicated that PP2A2 catalyzed an autodephosphorylation reaction which was inhibited by microcystin-LR. Phospho amino acid analysis showed that the catalytic subunit of PP2A2 was phosphorylated on threonine residues by the autophosphorylation-activated protein kinase. Together with previous observations, the results suggest that inactivation of PP2A by phosphorylation catalyzed by the autophosphorylation-activated protein kinase could contribute to the marked increase in the phosphorylation of cellular proteins in response to insulin and other mitogens.