gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Short and sparse text topic modeling via self-aggregation (2015)

The overwhelming amount of short text data on social media and elsewhere has posed great chal-lenges to topic modeling due to the sparsity prob-lem. Most existing attempts to alleviate this prob-lem resort to heuristic strategies to aggregate short texts into pseudo-documents before the application of standard topic modeling. Although such strate-gies cannot be well generalized to more general genres of short texts, the success has shed light on how to develop a generalized solution. In this pa-per, we present a novel model towards this goal by integrating topic modeling with short text aggre-gation during topic inference. The aggregation is founded on general topical affinity of texts rather than particular heuristics, making the model read-ily applicable to various short texts. Experimental results on real-world datasets validate the effective-ness of this new model, suggesting that it can distill more meaningful topics from short texts. 1
Electrochemical metallization memories—fundamentals, applications, prospects (2011)

This review focuses on electrochemical metallization memory cells (ECM), highlighting their advantages as the next generation memories. In a brief introduction, the basic switching mechanism of ECM cells is described and the historical development is sketched. In a second part, the full spectra of materials and material combinations used for memory device prototypes and for dedicated studies are presented. In a third part, the specific thermodynamics and kinetics of nanosized electrochemical cells are described. The overlapping of the space charge layers is found to be most relevant for the cell properties at rest. The major factors determining the functionality of the ECM cells are the electrode reaction and the transport kinetics. Depending on electrode and/or electrolyte material electron transfer, electro-crystallization or slow diffusion under strong electric fields can be rate determining. In the fourth part, the major device characteristics of ECM cells are explained. Emphasis is placed on switching speed, forming and SET/RESET voltage, R(ON) to R(OFF) ratio, endurance and retention, and scaling potentials. In the last part, circuit design aspects of ECM arrays are discussed, including the pros and cons of active and passive arrays. In the case of passive arrays, the fundamental sneak path problem is described and as well as a possible solution by two anti-serial (complementary) interconnected resistive switches per cell. Furthermore, the prospects of ECM with regard to further scalability and the ability for multi-bit data storage are addressed.
Glial proinflammatory cytokines mediate exaggerated pain states: implications for clinical pain. (2003)

When you hurt yourself, you become consciously aware of the pain because a chain of neurons carries the pain message from the injury to the spinal cord, and then from the spinal cord up to consciousness in the brain. However, it has been known for more than two decades that neural circuits within the spinal cord can cause your conscious experience of pain to be amplified-that is, the pain you perceive is out of proportion to the injury that caused it. Until now, all research aimed at understanding how pain amplification occurs in the spinal cord and all drug therapies aimed at curing exaggerated pain have focused exclusively on neurons. This is because neurons were the only type of cell believed to be important in pain. The present review argues that neurons in fact are not the only cell type involved. Rather, that spinal cord cells called "glia" are also critically important. Indeed, when glia become activated, they begin releasing a variety of chemical substances that causes the pain message to become amplified, thus causing pain to hurt more. This review discusses evidence that glia cause pain to become amplified and describes how the glia cause this to happen. The take-home message is that drugs that target glia and the chemical substances that these glia release are predicted to be powerful remedies for pain problems in people.
JAK2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin AG490 downregulates the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways and induces apoptosis in myeloma cells (2000)

Cytokines of the interleukin 6 (IL-6) family, which activates the signal transducer gp130, are major survival and growth factors for human multiple myeloma (MM) cells. The signal transduction of gp130 involves the Janus tyrosine kinases (JAK) JAK1, JAK2 and Tyk2 and then the downstream effectors comprising the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. We evaluated the effects of the JAK2 inhibitor tyrphostin AG490 on MM cells. We found that AG490 suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in IL-6-dependent MM cell lines. JAK2 kinase activity, ERK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation were inhibited. These results suggest that the chemical blocking of the gp130 signalling pathway at the JAK level could be a relevant therapeutic approach to MM.
Preventive Migraine Treatment (2015)

Migraine preventive drug treatments are underutilized in clinical practice. Principles of preventive treatment are important to improve compliance, minimize side effects, and improve patient outcomes. Choice of preventive treatment of migraine should be based on the presence of comorbid and coexistent illness, patient preference, reproductive potential and planning, and best available evidence.
3,5‐Diiodothyronine binds to subunit Va of cytochrome‐c oxidase and abolishes the allosteric inhibition of respiration by ATP (1998)

The short-term effects of thyroid hormones, which do not occur via gene expression, were postulated to be based on interaction of diiodothyronines with mitochondria. We demonstrate specific binding of labelled 3,5-diiodothyronine to subunit Va of cytochrome-c oxidase from bovine heart. 3,5-Diiodothyronine, and to a small extent triiodothyronine, but not thyroxine and thyronine, abolish the allosteric inhibition of ascorbate respiration of reconstituted cytochrome c oxidase by ATP [Arnold, S. & Kadenbach, B. (1997) Eur. J. Biochem. 249, 350-354]. This abolition of ATP-inhibition by 3,5-diiodothyronine is completely prevented by a monoclonal antibody to subunit Va. The results explain at the molecular level the short-term action of thyroid hormones on basal metabolic rate.
Nerve Fiber Size–Related Block of Action Currents by Phenytoin in Mammalian Nerve (1994)

Summary: We investigated nerve fiber size‐related actions of phenytoin (PHT) by applying the anticonvulsant on 2‐mm‐long stretches of desheathed whole nerves, excised from rat sural nerve. Compound action potentials (APs) were elicited by voltage pulses of increasing amplitude and recorded as monophasic action currents of the Aαβ‐type along the surface of the nerve. The area under the action current Q at supramaximal stimulation was reduced by 11 and 30% in solutions containing 10 and 100 μM PHT, respectively, similar to the reduction in peak action current. However, a greater reduction in Q induced by PHT was observed with smaller stimuli at both concentrations. This stimulus‐dependent reduction was believed to originate from selective inhibition of the thicker nerve fibers. Using a mathematical model, we separated Q into contributions Qα of the α‐fibers and Qβ of the β‐fibers. In solutions containing 10 μM PHT, Qα, was reduced by 15% maximally, whereas Qβ was not affected. Both fiber types were reduced ≤30% in the presence of 100 μM PHT, whereas the relations between Qβ and Qβ, respectively, and stimulus voltage shifted along the voltage axis for 0.3 V, suggesting that the larger fibers in the Aαβ‐groups were more inhibited by PHT than the smaller ones. Abolition of the early phases of the compound action currents by PHT also indicated loss mainly of faster conducting nerve fibers. We conclude that primarily the larger fibers in the Aαβ populations were inhibited by the anticonvulsant, strongly suggesting a differential mode of action by PHT on myelinated nerve fibers.
[Influencing factors of pathologic lymph node metastasis in clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer and their clinical significance]. (2003)

When patients with clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer have such clinical factors as tumor diameter > 2.0 cm, moderate or poor differentiation, or pleural invasion, they will be more liable to have lymph node metastasis. Therefore, it should be more prudent to select therapeutic way and judge their prognosis.
Interplay of Agriculture Deterioration and Poverty Incident (2012)

In Sudan agriculture is considered to be the leading economic sector forming typically over 40% of the GDP has lost much ground with a drop of its GDP share to 33% in 2007. Northern Sudan as one of the most important agricultural region is characterized by low and erratic rainfall and limited arable land. Agriculture in this district provides an employment for about 70% of population. More dramatic is the deterioration in the contribution of agriculture to the countryâs exports, declining to about 3% in 2007 down from an average of 74% in the period 1996â1998. Further, a large portion (83%) of Sudanâs rural people today lives in highly vulnerable livelihood and degraded environments. This situation affected agricultural productivity severely through greater frequency of yield-diminishing. This study aims to assess the crop productivity deterioration to the poverty incident in rural area. In tracing differences in agricultural yield and returns, detailed calculations from the collected data were made to estimate the per capita rural income from agricultural activities in northern Sudan. The results suggest that the potential impacts of low yield and yield volatility especially in the conventional farming system extremely causes poverty incident in northern Sudan.
Antifertility Effects of LHRH Agonists in the Male (1980)

Acute or chronic treatment of adult male rats with LHRH or its agonists leads to a loss of testicular LH and prolactin receptors accompanied by decreased testis, seminal vesicle, and ventral prostate weight. The inhibition of testosterone formation is due to a blockage of the steroidogenic pathway at the level of 17‐hydroxylase and 17,20‐desmolase activities. The testicular desensitization is accompanied by a decreased pituitary responsiveness to LHRH. Although the inhibitory effects at the testicular level could be explained by endogenous LH release induced by the LHRH agonist with secondary testicular desensitization, the LH‐releasing peptides also exert direct inhibitory effects on gonadotropin receptors at the testicular level. Moreover, LHRH and its agonists bind to a specific LHRH receptor in interstitial cells. Chronic treatment with LHRH agonists leads to marked degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules, almost all tubules showing signs of histologic damage after four weeks of treatment. Single administration of an LHRH agonist by the intranasal route in normal adult men causes a transient inhibition of plasma testosterone levels with a temporary loss of diurnal cyclicity, whereas preliminary data obtained in patients with cancer of the prostate show inhibition of both testosterone and dihydrotestosterone plasma levels. Such data suggest the potential use of LHRH agonists in male contraception and for the treatment of cancer of the prostate.
The Role of CCK and Its Analogues in the Organogenesis of the Fetal Rat Pancreas (1995)

The gastrointestinal peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to stimulate pancreatic growth in the adolescent and adult rat. However, little is known about the role of gastrointestinal hormones in the regulation of organ formation during fetal development. We therefore examined the effects of the CCK receptor antagonist devazepide (25 micrograms/h) and an antigastrin/CCK monoclonal immunoglobulin G on the maternal and fetal rat pancreas. These substances were infused subcutaneously with minipumps in female rats during the entire period of gestation. At the end of gestation, the rats were killed and the pancreata of the dams and their litter were examined for DNA and protein. In the dams, the receptor antagonist and the antibody against CCK/gastrin had no effect. In the newborns, the CCK receptor antagonist led to a significant reduction of the protein and DNA concentration [protein in controls, 105.0 +/- 3.75 micrograms/mg pancreatic tissue; in the antagonist group, 91.9 +/- 4.2 micrograms/mg pancreatic tissue (p < 0.05); DNA in controls, 1.28 +/- 0.19 micrograms/mg pancreatic tissue; in the antagonist group, 0.48 +/- 0.06 micrograms/mg pancreatic tissue (p < 0.05) (mean +/- SEM)]. Immune neutralization of CCK/gastrin in the maternal-fetal circulation induced a reduction of the protein concentration in the fetal pancreas (85.3 +/- 3.06 micrograms/mg pancreatic tissue; p < 0.01) but had no effect on fetal pancreatic DNA. Additional experiments indicated effective concentrations of the CCK receptor antagonist in fetal pancreatic tissue and free binding sites of the circulating antibody. In conclusion, the study provides evidence that CCK and its analogues are involved in fetal pancreatic organogenesis.
The cost of healing pressure ulcers across multiple health care settings. (1997)

The reported costs of treating pressure ulcers have varied widely from study to study. Previous studies have focused on single health care settings and computed only the costs occurring while the patient was a resident in that facility. The purpose of this study was to assess the cost of managing pressure ulcers from their initial occurrence in long-term care through their natural history, including hospital treatment of complications. The 30 patients in this year-long study developed 45 ulcers. The mean length of treatment for an ulcer was 116 days (SD = 127). The mean cost of treatment, including long-term care and hospital costs, was $2,731 per ulcer (SD = 12,184); excluding hospital costs, the mean cost of treatment was $489 per ulcer (SD = 629). The mean cost of treatment per patient was $4,647 (SD = 15,102); excluding hospital costs, the mean treatment cost was $1,284 per patient (SD = 1,380). Eighty percent of the total cost of pressure ulcer treatment was generated by the 4% of patients who required hospitalization for their pressure ulcers. In the absence of complications, pressure ulcers can be treated successfully and cost-effectively in long-term care.
Age-Specific Causes of Bilateral Visual Impairment (2000)

The predominant causes of visual impairment change with age. Recognition of these patterns is fundamental for early diagnosis and treatment of eye disease and, where appropriate, referral for rehabilitation.
E2F-4 and E2F-5, two members of the E2F family, are expressed in the early phases of the cell cycle. (1995)

The E2F transcription factors play a role in regulating the expression of genes required for cell proliferation. Their activity appears to be regulated by association with the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and the pRb-related proteins p107 and p130. In vivo, pRb is found in complex with a subset of E2F components--namely, E2F-1, E2F-2, and E2F-3. Here we describe the characterization of cDNAs encoding two unusual E2Fs, E2F-4 and E2F-5, each identified by the ability of their gene product to interact with p130 in a yeast two-hybrid system. E2F-4 and -5 share common sequences with E2F-1, E2F-2, and E2F-3 and, like these other E2Fs, the ability to heterodimerize with DP-1, thereby acquiring the ability to bind an E2F DNA recognition sequence with high affinity. However, in contrast to E2F-1, E2F-4 and E2F-5 fail to bind pRb in a two-hybrid assay. Moreover, they show a unique pattern of expression in synchronized human keratinocytes: E2F-4 and E2F-5 mRNA expression is maximal in mid-G1 phase before E2F-1 expression is detectable. These findings suggest that E2F-4 and E2F-5 may contribute to the regulation of early G1 events including the G0/G1 transition.
Approach to the total synthesis of chlorothricolide: synthesis of (.+-.)-19,20-dihydro-24-O-methylchlorothricolide methyl ester ethyl carbonate (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTApproach to the total synthesis of chlorothricolide: synthesis of (.+-.)-19,20-dihydro-24-O-methylchlorothricolide methyl ester ethyl carbonateRobert E. Ireland and Michael D. VarneyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 5, 635–648Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1986https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00355a013RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1837Altmetric-Citations88LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
IL-15-IgG2b fusion protein accelerates and enhances a Th2 but not a Th1 immune response in vivo, while IL-2-IgG2b fusion protein inhibits both (1998)

We have explored how IL-15 influences Th1 or Th2 type immune response in vivo. Intraperitoneal application of an IL-15-IgG2b fusion protein (FP) to mice did neither significantly affect the footpad swelling nor the production of hemagglutinizing antibodies in a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to sheep red blood cells. In contrast, in an established murine Th2 model of sensitization to ovalbumin (OVA), IL-15-IgG2b FP plus OVA sensitization resulted in massively accelerated and enhanced allergen-specific IgE and IgG1 antibody production. In vitro, stimulation of spleen cells from OVA-sensitized mice with OVA+IL-15 or OVA+IL-15-IgG2b resulted in a significantly enhanced IgE production. IL-4 secretion was significantly induced by IL-15 but not by IL-15-IgG2b. An IL-2-IgG2b FP with the same Fc tail as the IL-15-IgG2b FP was used as control in both models. In striking contrast to the IL-15-IgG2b FP, IL-2-IgG2b significantly inhibited the Th2 type antibody production in vivo. The current study suggests that IL-15-IgG2b may be employed as a potent accelerator and enhancer of Th2 type immune responses in vivo, while IL-2-IgG2b can suppress the latter.
Control of adhesion-dependent cell survival by focal adhesion kinase. (1996)

The interactions of integrins with extracellular matrix proteins can activate focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and suppress apoptosis in normal epithelial and endothelial cells; this subset of apoptosis has been termed "anoikis." Here, we demonstrate that FAK plays a role in the suppression of anoikis. Constitutively activated forms of FAK rescued two established epithelial cell lines from anoikis. Both the major autophosphorylation site (Y397) and a site critical to the kinase activity (K454) of FAK were required for this effect. Activated FAK also transformed MDCK cells, by the criteria of anchorage-independent growth and tumor formation in nude mice. We provide evidence that this transformation resulted primarily from the cells' resistance to anoikis rather than from the activation of growth factor response pathways. These results indicate that FAK can regulate anoikis and that the conferral of anoikis resistance may suffice to transform certain epithelial cells.
The Jitney Parallel Optical Interconnect (2002)

The Jitney Parallel Optical Interconnect consists of a transmitter module, a receiver module, and a cable capable of sending 1 GigaByte/sec over 1-100 meter spans. This technology has been developed to be cost competitive with copper bus technology, while still offering all the features of optical interconnects. Jitney has a two Byte wide interface with extra lines for clocking and flow control, each line supporting 500 Mb/sec. The modules use a standard logic level (LVDS) and power supply (+3.3 v), and mount on standard PC cards using standard vapor phase soldering processes. The ribbon cable connector plugs directly to the module. The transmitter module contains a VCSEL array chip with 20 emitters, driven by a 20 channel CMOS driver IC. The receiver module contains a 20 channel GaAs MESFET receiver array OEIC. Each module also contains a 20 channel plastic molded optical coupler to transfer light to and from the chips to the fibers in a fiber array connector. The modules themselves are plastic molded leadframes, with the optical alignment features for the optical coupler and the array connector molded into the module housing. The cable consists of a 20 fiber ribbon of a 200 /spl mu/m core fiber of either step or graded index of refraction profile. The entire package has assembly tolerances in the /spl plusmn/50 /spl mu/m range, and thus is assembled using passive alignment techniques. Test vehicle driver and receiver chips indicate the necessary speed, sensitivity, and uniformity for optical bus operation.
Copolymerization of γ‐butyrolactone and β‐butyrolactone (1997)

Abstract The copolymerization of a 4‐membered β‐butyrolactone (βBL) and a thermodynamically stable 5‐membered γ‐butyrolactone (γBL) proceeds in the bulk state with BF 3 · OEt 2 as a catalyst at room temperature to give poly[(3‐hydroxybutyrate)‐ co ‐(4‐hydroxybutyrate)] (P(3HB‐ co ‐4HB)) whose structure is identical with that of a polyester formed by microorganisms. The copolymer structure was confirmed by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The monomer reactivity ratios were r (γBL) = 0.48 and r (βBL) = 0.58, respectively, and the unit composition of 4HB increases to 56% at high γBL to βBL ratio in the feed. End group analysis of the copolymer suggests the presence of a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group at the ends of each polymer molecule. It was postulated that the monomers activated by BF 3 react with the hydroxy group derived from the water contaminant in the monomers.
Proteomic analysis of microvesicles derived from human colorectal cancer ascites (2011)

The presence of malignant ascites in the peritoneal cavity is a poor prognostic indicator of low survival rate. Various cancer cells, including those of colorectal cancer (CRC), release microvesicles (exosomes) into surrounding tissues and peripheral circulation including malignant ascites. Although recent progress has revealed that microvesicles play multiple roles in tumor progression, the protein composition and the pathological function of malignant ascites-derived microvesicles are still unknown. Here, we report the first global proteomic analyses of highly purified microvesicles derived from human CRC ascites. With 1-D SDS-PAGE and nano-LC-MS/MS analyses, we identified a total of 846 microvesicular proteins from ascites of three CRC patients with high confidence; 384 proteins were identified in at least two patients. We identified proteins that might function in tumor progression via disruption of epithelial polarity, migration, invasion, tumor growth, immune modulation, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, we identified several potential diagnostic markers of CRC including colon-specific surface antigens. Our proteomic analyses will help to elucidate diverse functions of microvesicles in cancer progression and will aid in the development of novel diagnostic tools for CRC.