gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Preliminary Model of Insider Theft of Intellectual Property (2011)

A study conducted by the CERT Program at Carnegie Mellon University's Software Engineering Institute analyzed hundreds of insider cyber crimes across U.S. critical infrastructure sectors. Follow-up work involved detailed group modeling and analysis of 48 cases of insider theft of intellectual property. In the context of this paper, insider theft of intellectual property includes incidents in which the insider's primary goal is stealing confidential or proprietary information from the organization. This paper describes general observations about and a preliminary system dynamics model of this class of insider crime based on our empirical data. This work generates empirically-based hypotheses for validation and a basis for identifying mititgative measures in future work.
Induction of muscle-relaxing factor by staphylococcal alpha-toxin (1994)

Brain tissue and serum from mice intracerebrally injected with 1 microgram of staphylococcal alpha-toxin contained elevated amounts of a naturally occurring brain tissue component(s) called muscle-relaxing factor (MRF). MRF induced reversible, generalized, flaccid paralysis of mice after intracerebral but not intraperitoneal or intravenous administration. MRF (i) was soluble in Hanks balanced salt solution and in acidified (pH 2) Hanks balanced salt solution, in which it partitions into ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol; (ii) was separated from some pigments by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel plates; (iii) did not comigrate with prostaglandin and leukotriene standards during high-pressure liquid chromatography with a mu Bondapak fatty acid column; and (iv) did not contain amino acids, exhibit absorption maxima at a wavelength range of 210 to 600 nm, or fluoresce when exposed to UV light. MRF has been detected in rabbit brain that has been stored frozen at -70 degrees C and has been enhanced in vitro in slices of both mouse and rabbit brain following incubation of the brain slices with staphylococcal alpha-toxin. Studies to identify the chemical nature of MRF and the mechanism by which, in mice, it induces reversible, flaccid paralysis of voluntary muscle are continuing.
Selective Dimerization/Oligomerization of α-Olefins by Cobalt Bis(imino)pyridine Catalysts Stabilized by Trifluoromethyl Substituents:  Group 9 Metal Catalysts with Productivities Matching Those of Iron Systems (2004)

A series of bis(imino)pyridine ligands containing aryl substituents with o-trifluoromethyl units, along with their cobalt and iron complexes, has been prepared and characterized. The crystal structures of several complexes are reported. Both the cobalt and iron complexes, when activated by methylaluminoxane cocatalysts, afford much higher olefin oligomerization/polymerization activities than their nonfluorinated relatives. Enhanced performance is seen not only in higher peak activities but also in longer catalyst lifetimes, suggesting that the trifluoromethyl group significantly improves catalyst stability. The most impressive activity increase is observed for a cobalt catalyst combining an o-CF3 and an o-F unit. This system is more active than its iron counterpart in ethylene polymerization, reaching >100 000 g mmol-1 h-1 bar-1. Propene, 1-butene, and 1-hexene are oligomerized by this catalyst at rates much higher than for nonfluorinated relatives. Highly linear dimers predominate in each case, the remainder being trimeric and tetrameric products. The principal product of propene dimerization is 1-hexene (60−73% of total), whereas for 1-butene and 1-hexene internal olefins are obtained (E isomers predominate). No isomerization of 1-hexene is seen under the reaction conditions. The catalysts operate by a mechanism involving (1,2)- followed by (2,1)-insertion steps. Combinations of chain growth and step growth account for the formation of linear trimers and tetramers of propene.
TCR Triggering by pMHC Ligands Tethered on Surfaces via Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Depends on Polymer Length (2014)

Antigen recognition by T cells relies on the interaction between T cell receptor (TCR) and peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) at the interface between the T cell and the antigen presenting cell (APC). The pMHC-TCR interaction is two-dimensional (2D), in that both the ligand and receptor are membrane-anchored and their movement is limited to 2D diffusion. The 2D nature of the interaction is critical for the ability of pMHC ligands to trigger TCR. The exact properties of the 2D pMHC-TCR interaction that enable TCR triggering, however, are not fully understood. Here, we altered the 2D pMHC-TCR interaction by tethering pMHC ligands to a rigid plastic surface with flexible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymers of different lengths, thereby gradually increasing the ligands' range of motion in the third dimension. We found that pMHC ligands tethered by PEG linkers with long contour length were capable of activating T cells. Shorter PEG linkers, however, triggered TCR more efficiently. Molecular dynamics simulation suggested that shorter PEGs exhibit faster TCR binding on-rates and off-rates. Our findings indicate that TCR signaling can be triggered by surface-tethered pMHC ligands within a defined 3D range of motion, and that fast binding rates lead to higher TCR triggering efficiency. These observations are consistent with a model of TCR triggering that incorporates the dynamic interaction between T cell and antigen-presenting cell.
Multi-valent polymer of vancomycin: enhanced antibacterial activity against VRE (1999)

A multivalent polymer of vancomycin, synthesized via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), exhibited significant enhancement of antibacterial activity against vancomycin-resistant enterococi (VRE).
Novel MRI Contrast Agent for Molecular Imaging of Fibrin (2001)

These results suggest that molecular imaging of fibrin-targeted paramagnetic nanoparticles can provide sensitive detection and localization of fibrin and may allow early, direct identification of vulnerable plaques, leading to early therapeutic decisions.
Sub-5 µm Thin Film Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell on Alumina Ceramic Substrate (1993)

Thin film crystalline silicon with the thickness of 3-5 µm was formed on a low-cost alumina ceramic substrate using the laser-beam melt and crystallization (LMC) technique. In the LMC process, buffer layers were introduced between the thin film crystalline silicon and the alumina ceramic substrate to enlarge grain sizes, to reduce stress and to prevent unwanted impurity contamination from the substrate. Thin film crystalline silicon solar cells were experimentally fabricated, and one of them showed a conversion efficiency of 5.9%, short-circuit current of 23.3 mA/cm 2 and open-circuit voltage of 0.48 V for the silicon film thickness of 4.2 µm.
DNA Hybridization Detection with Water-Soluble Conjugated Polymers and Chromophore-Labeled Single-Stranded DNA (2003)

A sensor is provided that detects single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) with a specific base sequence. The ssDNA sequence sensor comprises an aqueous solution containing a cationic water-soluble conjugated polymer [in this case, poly(9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)-hexyl)-fluorene phenylene), 1] with a ssDNA labeled with a dye (in this case, fluorescein). The emission of light from the sensor solution with the wavelength characteristic of the probe oligonucleotide indicates the presence of ssDNA with a specific base sequence complementary to that of the probe ssDNA-fluorescein. Maximum energy transfer from 1 to the signaling chromophore occurs when the ratio of polymer chains to DNA strands is approximately 1:1. Energy transfer from 1 results in a fluorescein emission that is more intense than that observed by direct excitation of the chromophore. Furthermore, the decrease in energy transfer upon addition of electrolyte indicates that electrostatic forces dominate the interactions between 1 and DNA.
Expression of the flagellin gene in Borrelia is controlled by an alternative factor (1995)

The flagellin genes from six Borrelia species were cloned, sequenced and characterized at the molecular level. The flagellin genes of two relapsing fever Borrelia species, B. hermsii and B. crocidurae, three Lyme disease genomic species, B. burgdorferi, B. afzelii and B. garinii, and the avian borreliosis agent, B. anserina, were compared and showed an 85-93% sequence identity to each other. Comparison of the fla genes from the different Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes revealed that they were 94-99% identical. Nucleotide sequencing of the fla gene and primer extension on isolated mRNA from both B. hermsii (as transcribed in Escherichia coli) and B. burgdorferi (as transcribed in the natural host) identified the putative transcriptional start points, the ribosomebinding sites and the promoter regions of these genes. The deduced promoter of the Borrelia flagellin gene resembled neither the sigma 70 promoter of prokaryotes, as seen for the genes for the outer-surface proteins A and B in Lyme disease Borrelia and the genes for the variable major proteins 7 and 21 of B. hermsii, nor the sigma 28 consensus promoter region of motility genes from other bacteria. Instead, the promoter of the fla gene in Borrelia has most similarity to the bacteriophage SP01 sigma gp33-34 promoter sequence of Bacillus subtilis.
A new symbol timing recovery algorithm for OFDM systems (1997)

A new, patent-pending, symbol timing recovery algorithm for OFDM based systems is described for which supplementary pilot signals are not required. The proposed algorithm is composed of a coarse timing acquisition stage which does not require prior carrier synchronization and a fine symbol time tracking stage which requires (fine) carrier frequency synchronization so that the residual frequency offset is a multiple of the subcarrier spacing. However, the results of the coarse timing acquisition provides information required for the fine carrier frequency synchronization thus making the algorithm self-contained. Simulation results show that the proposed symbol timing recovery algorithm gives satisfactory performance for E/sub b//N/sub 0/ as low as 0dB.
Inhibition Effect of Shengma-Gegen-Tang on Measles Virus in Vero Cells and Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (1997)

Shengma-Gegen-Tang has long been used against measles virus in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as well as in Vero cells. One hundred micrograms/ml Shengma-Gegen-Tang in PBMC displays significant anti-measles activity, whereas the same concentration in Vero cells does not. After eight days of infection, the release of virus is significantly suppressed by Shengma-Gegen-Tang in the case of PBMC. In addition, Shengma-Gegen-Tang has a selective stimulation to the secretion of cytokine TNF-alpha in PBMC. Time kinetic analysis indicated that the stimulation of secretion was rapid and could be detected only 2 hrs following the treatment of the PBMC. It rose to an optimal level in 8-12 hrs. These findings suggest that the magnification of anti-measles virus activity of this agent is lymphocyte dependent and may well be mediated by TNF-alpha.
Immobilization induces anabolic resistance in human myofibrillar protein synthesis with low and high dose amino acid infusion (2008)

We tested the hypothesis that increasing blood amino acid (AA) availability would counter the physical inactivity-induced reduction in muscle protein synthesis. We determined how 14 days of unilateral knee immobilization affected quadriceps myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) in young healthy subjects (10 men, 2 women, 21 +/- 1 years; 80.2 +/- 4.0 kg, mean +/- S.E.M.) in the post-absorptive state and after infusing AA (10% Primene) at low or high doses (43 and 261 mg kg(-1) h(-1)). Muscle cross-sectional area (MRI) and peak isometric torque declined in the immobilized leg (-5.0 +/- 1.2% and -25 +/- 3%, respectively, both P < 0.005), but were unchanged (all P > 0.6) in the non-immobilized leg. Immobilization induced a 27% decline in the rate of post-absorptive MPS (immobilized, 0.027 +/- 0.003: non-immobilized, 0.037 +/- 0.003% h(-1); P < 0.001). Regardless of dose, AA infusion stimulated a greater rise in MPS in the non-immobilized legs; at 4 h MPS was greater by +54 +/- 12% with low dose and +68 +/- 17% with high dose AA infusion (both P < 0.001). There was some evidence of delayed responsiveness of phosphorylation of Akt to high doses of AA and p70S6k at both doses but no marked differences in that of mTOR, GSK3beta or eEF2. Phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (Tyr(576/577)) was reduced (P < 0.05) with immobilization. We observed no change in polyubiquitinated protein content after immobilization. We confirm that 14 days of immobilization reduces MPS in the post-absorptive state and this diminution is reduced but not abolished by increased provision of AA, even at high rates. The immobilization-induced decline in post-absorptive MPS with the 'anabolic resistance' to amino acids can account for much of immobilization-induced muscle atrophy.
List of illustrations (2016)

This book illuminates the personal experience of being at the centre of a media scandal. The existential level of that experience is highlighted by means of the application of ethnological and phenomenological perspectives to extensive empirical material drawn from a Swedish context. The questions raised and answered in this book include the following: How does the experience of being the protagonist in a media scandal affect a person's everyday life? What happens to routines, trust, and self-confidence? How does it change the basic settings of his or her lifeworld?The analysis also contributes new perspectives on the fusion between interpersonal communication that takes place face to face, such as gossip and rumours, and traditional news media in the course of a scandal. A scandal derives its momentum from the audiences, whose engagement in the moral story determines its dissemination and duration. The nature of that engagement also affects the protagonist in specific ways. Members of the public participate through traditional oral communication, one vital aspect of which is activity in digital, social forums. The author argues that gossip and rumour must be included in the idea of the media system if we are to be able to understand the formation and power of a media scandal, a contention which entails critiques of earlier research. Oral interpersonal communication does not disappear when new communication possibilities arise. Indeed, it may be invigorated by them. The term news legend is introduced, to capture the entanglement between traditional news-media storytelling and oral narrative.
Random-coil behavior and the dimensions of chemically unfolded proteins (2004)

Spectroscopic studies have identified a number of proteins that appear to retain significant residual structure under even strongly denaturing conditions. Intrinsic viscosity, hydrodynamic radii, and small-angle x-ray scattering studies, in contrast, indicate that the dimensions of most chemically denatured proteins scale with polypeptide length by means of the power-law relationship expected for random-coil behavior. Here we further explore this discrepancy by expanding the length range of characterized denatured-state radii of gyration (R(G)) and by reexamining proteins that reportedly do not fit the expected dimensional scaling. We find that only 2 of 28 crosslink-free, prosthetic-group-free, chemically denatured polypeptides deviate significantly from a power-law relationship with polymer length. The R(G) of the remaining 26 polypeptides, which range from 16 to 549 residues, are well fitted (r(2) = 0.988) by a power-law relationship with a best-fit exponent, 0.598 +/- 0.028, coinciding closely with the 0.588 predicted for an excluded volume random coil. Therefore, it appears that the mean dimensions of the large majority of chemically denatured proteins are effectively indistinguishable from the mean dimensions of a random-coil ensemble.
In-Situ Solubilization by Cosolvent and Surfactant—Cosolvent Mixtures (1999)

Introduction This chapter summarizes the results of two studies conducted by the University of Florida at Operable Unit 1 (OU1) at Hill AFB, Utah. Both studies involved injection of an agent designed to solubilize rather than mobilize a multicomponent non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) that was lighter than water. In these studies, mobilization was avoided because of uncertainty associated with control of the mobilized phase and the potential transport of the NAPL into previously uncontaminated regions of the aquifer. While solubilization is less efficient, the increased efficiency gained during mobilization was deemed not worth the risk of increased contamination. The first study, conducted in 1995, employed an alcohol mixture that was flushed through the NAPL-contaminated aquifer. The second study, conducted in 1996, employed a surfactant/alcohol mixture designed to microemulsify the NAPL. In this chapter, brief summaries and comparisons are made between the two studies. For more details on each study, the
Induction of recessive lethal and specific locus mutations in the zebrafish with ethyl nitrosourea (1992)

Recessive lethal mutations and mutations at the gol-1 locus were induced in the zebrafish by exposure of mature sperm to the alkylating agent ethyl nitrosourea (ENU). Embryonic lethal phenotypes were recognized among the parthenogenetic progeny of mutagenized animals or among the progeny of daughters of mutagenized animals. Novel specific locus mutations were identified by the failure of mutagenized chromosomes to complement pre-existing mutant alleles at the gol-1 locus. Each mutagenized individual harboured approximately 10 embryonic lethal mutations in its germ line and about 1 in 500 mutagenized animals harboured a new mutation at the gol-1 locus. Three lines of evidence indicate that the majority of mutations that were recovered following treatment of mature sperm with ENU were probably point mutations. First, the soma and germ lines of mutagenized animals were mosaic, as expected following simple alkylation of sperm DNA. Second, mutations induced by ENU at the gol-1 locus affected pigmentation but not viability, unlike the majority of mutations induced at this locus with gamma-irradiation. Third, the ratio of specific locus:recessive lethal mutations induced by ENU was approximately 50-fold lower than the ratio observed following mutagenesis with gamma-rays. Comparison of the incidence with which embryonic recessive lethal mutations were induced with the incidence with which specific locus mutations arose indicates that there are greater than 5000 genes essential to the development and viability of the zebrafish embryo.
Frontiers in 19th-century northern Nigeria† (2015)

This essay offers the ethnographic rationale for the original use of the term ‘deep-rural’ that Chuck Jędrej later adopted for the community he studied in the Ingessana Hills. In Hausaland (northern Nigeria), I use ‘deep-rural’ to denote the distinctive ecological and sociopolitical context of areas that are very marginal to the core of a centralized Muslim state. Such areas are out of everyday reach of the central government yet not entirely beyond the frontier, and as such offered places of security and escape for radical Muslim as well as non-Muslim groups over the last two centuries. The subcultures that developed there were often innovative and diverse as well as tolerant of difference, in contrast to the conventional, dominant culture of the capital city and its hinterland towns and villages.
Ultrasound assessment of venous blood flow before and after laser therapy: approach to understanding the pathophysiology of twin–twin transfusion syndrome (2004)

Our data suggest that untreated TTTS is characterized by excessive umbilical venous blood flow in the recipient twin relative to the donor twin. Laser surgery results in concordant changes in umbilical venous flow in opposite directions between the donor and recipient twins, eliminating the initial imbalance. Our results lend support to the fundamental hypothesis of unbalanced blood flow exchange (net flow from donor to recipient) between monochorionic twins as the cause for TTTS and that laser surgery eliminates the pathophysiological cause.
A numerical study of the effects of superhydrophobic surface on skin-friction drag in turbulent channel flow (2013)

Superhydrophobic surfaces have attracted much attention lately as they present the possibility of achieving a substantial skin-friction drag reduction in turbulent flows. In this paper, the effects of a superhydrophobic surface, consisting of microgrates aligned in the flow direction, on skin-friction drag in turbulent flows were investigated through direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flows. The superhydrophobic surface was modeled through a shear-free boundary condition on the air-water interface. Dependence of the effective slip length and resulting skin-friction drag on Reynolds number and surface geometry was examined. In laminar flows, the effective slip length depended on surface geometry only, independent of Reynolds number, consistent with an existing analysis. In turbulent flows, the effective slip length was a function of Reynolds number, indicating its dependence on flow conditions near the surface. The resulting drag reduction was much larger in turbulent flows than in laminar flows, and near-wall turbulence structures were significantly modified, suggesting that indirect effects resulting from modified turbulence structures played a more significant role in reducing drag in turbulent flows than the direct effect of the slip, which led to a modest drag reduction in laminar flows. It was found that the drag reduction in turbulent flows was well correlated with the effective slip length normalized by viscous wall units.
Heart rate variability (1998)

Heart rate variability is a recognized tool for the estimation of cardiac autonomic modulations. Recently, several studies have advanced the field of heart rate variability in three areas: 1) in technical modes of electrocardiogram processing and heart rate variability assessment, 2) in physiologic understanding and interpretation, and 3) in clinical and practical use. The most recent technical studies concentrate on the analysis of nonlinear aspects of heart period variations and on coherence between electrocardiogram variability and other physiologic factors such as respiration. Principal physiologic investigations studied the components of heart rate variability attributable to the individual limbs of the autonomic nervous system. It is becoming recognized that behavior and responses to the environment, including the psychosocial environment, play an important role in long-term heart rate variability. Established clinical applications of heart rate variability are presently restricted to the assessment of risk after myocardial infarction and to the early diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy. Nevertheless, recent studies indicate that heart rate variability might soon become a similarly powerful tool for risk prediction and monitoring of disease progression in congestive heart failure and for monitoring or reinnervation after heart transplantation.
Higher-order modulation for client optics (2013)

Higher-order modulation is being studied for future 100G, 400G, and faster client optics. Amplitude, phase, and multi-subcarrier modulation approaches, used separately and in combination with each other, are being considered. Increased penalties due to higher-order modulation greater sensitivity to link impairments require use of DSP algorithms implemented in advanced CMOS nodes to close the link budget. DSP also enables programmability to reconfigure the optics for different applications and link conditions.