gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computer Assisted Image Analysis Using the Subtraction Method in Indocyanine Green Angiography (1996)

The choroidal vessels are three dimensionally distributed and very complex in their patterns. They often appear to be overlaid in indocyanine green (ICG) angiograms so it is harder to analyze ICG angiography than fluorescein angiography. When an earlier frame is subtracted from a later frame in a sequence of angiograms, the fluorescence which has increased during the time between the two frames can theoretically be demonstrated. We applied computer-assisted image subtraction methods in selected clinical cases of directly acquired digital ICG angiography to demonstrate how this method works. We used software already installed in an IMAGEnet computer system (Topcon) for image subtraction. We applied the subtraction technique in 18 cases with various diseases. When two images with a time difference of several seconds were subtracted, filling of the choriocapillaris, the neovascularization or the pathological vessels could be observed. When the images had a time difference of several minutes, intrachoroidal dye leakage could be seen more clearly. This method is very helpful for analyzing pathological changes in ICG angiography in clinical cases, when two images are selected appropriately.
Calcium cation regulation of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex formation in platelet plasma membranes. (1983)

The regulating effect of Ca2+ on the association and dissociation of the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex from human platelet membranes was determined both for detergent-solubilized and intact plasma membranes. Glycoproteins IIb and IIIa were solubilized from isolated membranes with 0.5% Triton X-100 and incubated in buffers containing ionized calcium, which resulted in the formation of the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex. With the addition of EGTA to reduce the ionized calcium content of the solution, the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex dissociated. This dissociation was measured by comparing the sedimentation properties of the glycoproteins and by observing the susceptibility of glycoprotein IIb to thrombin-catalyzed hydrolysis. With 10(-3) M Ca2+, glycoproteins IIb and IIIa were resistant to hydrolysis at thrombin concentrations up to 2.4 X 10(-5) M. When the Ca2+ concentration was decreased to less than 10(-4) M by chelation with EDTA or EGTA, glycoprotein IIb was cleaved by thrombin. This increased susceptibility to thrombin hydrolysis at decreasing Ca2+ levels correlated with the increased dissociation of the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex as determined by sucrose density centrifugation. Susceptibility to thrombin hydrolysis was also used as a probe to determine the extent to which Ca2+ regulates the formation of the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex within membranes. At more than micromolar levels of Ca2+, less than 10% of the membrane-bound glycoprotein IIb was cleaved by thrombin. Increased hydrolysis was observed at decreasing concentrations of Ca2+. Resistance to thrombin hydrolysis was partially regained upon the readdition of Ca2+ to dissociated glycoproteins. These data indicate that micromolar concentrations of Ca2+ exert a direct effect on platelet plasma membrane structure by regulating the intramembranous interactions of glycoprotein IIb.
Preferential elimination of metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes using microwave irradiation (2009)

This study presents a simple, easy and rapid technique for the preferential destruction of metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (m-SWNTs) using microwave irradiation. The proportion of m-SWNTs in a randomly networked film that were made of pristine SWNTs was gradually reduced with microwave irradiation of 1000 W at 2.45 GHz ranging from 0 to 20 min. Additionally it was observed that the m-SWNTs with a higher chiral angle were destroyed first. The Raman spectra and drain current-gate voltage characteristics curve show that this method facilitated the selective removal of m-SWNTs.
The RAD52 gene is required for homothallic interconversion of mating types and spontaneous mitotic recombination in yeast. (1980)

The rad52-1 mutation prevents homothallic mating type interconversion and reduces mitotic recombination in yeast. It has been previously reported that rad52-1 abolishes meiotic recombination. These data suggest either that a generalized recombination function(s) is required for mating type switching or that generalized recombination and specific homothallic functions are jointly controlled by the RAD52 gene. The rad52-1 mutation affects the interconversion of the two yeast mating types (a and alpha) differently, suggesting that the interconversion process is not equivalent for both mating types. This type of asymmetry is not predicted by current models of homothallic switching.
DNA sequencing and genotyping in miniaturized electrophoresis systems (2004)

Advances in microchannel electrophoretic separation systems for DNA analyses have had important impacts on biological and biomedical sciences, as exemplified by the successes of the Human Genome Project (HGP). As we enter a new era in genomic science, further technological innovations promise to provide other far-reaching benefits, many of which will require continual increases in sequencing and genotyping efficiency and throughput, as well as major decreases in the cost per analysis. Since the high-resolution size- and/or conformation-based electrophoretic separation of DNA is the most critical step in many genetic analyses, continual advances in the development of materials and methods for microchannel electrophoretic separations will be needed to meet the massive demand for high-quality, low-cost genomic data. In particular, the development (and commercialization) of miniaturized genotyping platforms is needed to support and enable the future breakthroughs of biomedical science. In this review, we briefly discuss the major sequencing and genotyping techniques in which high-throughput and high-resolution electrophoretic separations of DNA play a significant role. We review recent advances in the development of technology for capillary electrophoresis (CE), including capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) systems. Most of these CE/CAE innovations are equally applicable to implementation on microfabricated electrophoresis chips. Major effort is devoted to discussing various key elements needed for the development of integrated and practical microfluidic sequencing and genotyping platforms, including chip substrate selection, microchannel design and fabrication, microchannel surface modification, sample preparation, analyte detection, DNA sieving matrices, and device integration. Finally, we identify some of the remaining challenges, and some of the possible routes to further advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing and genotyping technologies.
Inhaled Iloprost for Severe Pulmonary Hypertension (2002)

Inhaled iloprost is an effective therapy for patients with severe pulmonary hypertension.
Nanopillars array for surface enhanced Raman scattering (2011)

We present a new class of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates based on lithographically-defined two-dimensional rectangular array of nanopillars. Two types of nanopillars within this class are discussed: vertical pillars and tapered pillars. For the vertical pillars, the gap between each pair of nanopillars is small enough (&lt; 50 nm) such that highly confined plasmonic cavity resonances are supported between the pillars when light is incident upon them, and the anti-nodes of these resonances act as three-dimensional hotspots for SERS. For the tapered pillars, SERS enhancement arises from the nanofocusing effect due to the sharp tip on top. SERS experiments were carried out on these substrates using various concentrations of 1,2 bis-(4-pyridyl)-ethylene (BPE), benzenethiol (BT) monolayer and toluene vapor. The results show that SERS enhancement factor of over 0.5 x 10<sup>9</sup> can be achieved, and BPE can be detected down to femto-molar concentration level. The results also show promising potential for the use of these substrates in environmental monitoring of gases and vapors such as volatile organic compounds.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Radioiodinated Phospholipid Ether Stereoisomers (1995)

Radioiodinated phospholipid ethers have shown the remarkable ability to selectively accumulate in a variety of animal tumors as well as in human tumor xenografts. It has been suggested that this tumor avidity may arise as a consequence of metabolic differences between tumor and corresponding normal tissue. One such compound, 1-O-[12-(m-iodophenyl)dodecyl]-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (NM-294), contains a chiral center at the sn-2 position. The unnatural S- and natural R-enantiomers (4 and 5, respectively) of NM-294 were synthesized in order to provide further information on the mechanism(s) responsible for the tumor avidity of phospholipid ethers. In vitro cytotoxicity studies demonstrated a lack of stereospecificity. Biodistribution studies in rats bearing the Walker 256 tumor demonstrated the S- and R-isomers to have similar tissue uptake at 24 and 48 h after administration. Tumor-to-blood ratios at 24 h were 11.1 and 11.0 for the S- and R-isomers, respectively. In addition, gamma-camera scintigrams of tumor-bearing rats at various time points after iv administration of the S- and R-isomers did not show any qualitative differences in the distribution of radioactivity. Prior studies have shown that rac-NM-294 was not a substrate for phosphatidylcholine specific phospholipase C, but was a substrate for two forms of phospholipase D (PLD). Therefore, metabolism studies with 4 and 5 with various forms of PLD were performed. PLD from cabbage demonstrated a degree of stereoselectivity. In the presence of 1% ethanol, the R-isomer was metabolized to the greatest extent, followed by rac-NM-294 and the S-isomer. PLD isolated from Streptomyces chromofuscus failed to demonstrate any stereoselectivity. The results suggest that the mechanism(s) of retention of these compounds in tumors may not involve a highly stereoselective component.
Cardiac carbohydrate metabolism in Zucker diabetic fatty rats (2002)

These results highlight significant changes in cardiac carbohydrate metabolism shortly after the development of hyperglycemia in a model of Type 2 diabetes in the absence of overt changes in systolic function.
5-Amino-4-trifluormethylthiazole und 5-Aminomethyl-4-trifluormethyl-1,3-azole: Nützliche Ausgangssubstanzen für Wirkstoff-Synthesen (1990)

5-Amino-4-trifluoromethylthiazoles and 5-Aminomethyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,3-azoles: Useful Starting Materials for the Synthesis of Biologically Active Compounds The title compounds are obtained from 5-fluoro-4-trifluoromethyl-1,3-azoles. Introduction of various side chains of potential biological interest at C-5 can be achieved with electrophiles by reaction of the amino group.
Electronic transport through very short and narrow channels constricted in GaAs by highly resistive Ga-implanted regions (1989)

Very short and narrow channels are fabricated by use of focused-ion-beam implantation into a ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As/GaAs modulation-doped epilayer. The channels are constricted by highly resistive Ga-implanted regions. The electron transport experiments exhibited a prominent quantization of conductance characteristics, which is peculiar to ballistic transport through one-dimensional subbands. These quantized conductance characteristics are observed until the temperature is raised to approximately 10 K. In addition to the quantized conductance, large conductance fluctuations are observed at low temperatures.
Statistical model based video segmentation and its application to very low bit rate video coding (2002)

We present a statistical model-based video segmentation algorithm for typical videophone and video-conference applications. This algorithm makes use of online information and tries to build statistical models for both background and foreground and update the models on the fly. A hierarchical system structure is designed and segmentation is combined with tracking. Two possible applications are discussed: to generate VOP for MPEG-4 and to introduce subjective rate control for DCT-based algorithms. A rate distortion based rate control algorithm for H.263 is proposed and implemented as an example.
Integrated processing of silicon oxynitride films by combined plasma and rapid-thermal processing (1996)

Silicon oxynitride (OXN) gate dielectric thin films have been prepared in a cluster tool using a low thermal-budget process combining plasma and rapid-thermal step. This N2-based process has (i) increased process latitude for the formation of N-rich alloys, and (ii) resulted in lower bonded-H concentrations, in comparison to NH3-based processes. On-line Auger electron spectroscopy and off-line infrared spectroscopy have been used to characterize chemical bonding, showing that the deposited films are pseudobinary alloys, (SiO2)x(Si3N4)1−x. The processing steps are (i) a 300 °C plasma-assisted oxidation, (ii) a 300 °C plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition of oxynitride films, and (iii) a 30 s, 900 °C postdeposition rapid-thermal anneal. Electrical characterization of O–OXN–O structures in metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitors was performed using capacitance–voltage techniques to evaluate the effect of alloy composition on midgap interface state density, Dit, and flat-band voltage, Vfb.
Reversible Capture and Release of Cl2 and Br2 with a Redox-Active Metal–Organic Framework (2017)

Extreme toxicity, corrosiveness, and volatility pose serious challenges for the safe storage and transportation of elemental chlorine and bromine, which play critical roles in the chemical industry. Solid materials capable of forming stable nonvolatile compounds upon reaction with elemental halogens may partially mitigate these challenges by allowing safe halogen release on demand. Here we demonstrate that elemental halogens quantitatively oxidize coordinatively unsaturated Co(II) ions in a robust azolate metal-organic framework (MOF) to produce stable and safe-to-handle Co(III) materials featuring terminal Co(III)-halogen bonds. Thermal treatment of the oxidized MOF causes homolytic cleavage of the Co(III)-halogen bonds, reduction to Co(II), and concomitant release of elemental halogens. The reversible chemical storage and thermal release of elemental halogens occur with no significant losses of structural integrity, as the parent cobaltous MOF retains its crystallinity and porosity even after three oxidation/reduction cycles. These results highlight a material operating via redox mechanism that may find utility in the storage and capture of other noxious and corrosive gases.
Chemistry of metalated heterocycles. Dimerization of 2-lithiomethyl-1,3-thiazoles, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles, and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemistry of metalated heterocycles. Dimerization of 2-lithiomethyl-1,3-thiazoles, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles, and 1,3,4-oxadiazolesG. Knaus and A. I. MeyersCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 9, 1189–1192Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00923a004https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00923a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views251Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Integrating parallel file systems with object-based storage devices (2007)

As storage systems evolve, the block-based design of today's disks is becoming inadequate. As an alternative, object-based storage devices (OSDs) offer a view where the disk manages data layout and keeps track of various attributes about data objects. By moving functionality that is traditionally the responsibility of the host OS to the disk, it is possible to improve overall performance and simplify management of a storage system. The capabilities of OSDs will also permit performance improvements in parallel file systems, such as further decoupling metadata operations and thus reducing metadata server bottlenecks.
Swine immunity to an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium mutant containing a recombinant plasmid which codes for production of a 31-kilodalton protein of Brucella abortus (1991)

Salmonella typhimurium chi 4064, an attenuated delta cya delta crp mutant of S. typhimurium SR-11, was shown to be avirulent in swine. S. typhimurium chi 4064 was used as a carrier for plasmid pBA31-R7, which codes for the expression of a 31-kDa protein from Brucella abortus (BCSP31). Given orally, S. typhimurium chi 4064(pBA31-R7) colonized the intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes of 5- to 6-week-old crossbred swine. Orally immunized animals developed serum and intestinal antibody responses to the B. abortus 31-kDa protein and to salmonella endotoxin as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Similarly immunized swine did not develop delayed-type hypersensitivity following a subcutaneous injection of recombinant BCSP31. However, swine parenterally immunized with recombinant BCSP31 incorporated in Freund incomplete adjuvant did develop a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to the homologous antigen. The data indicated that oral presentation of antigen to swine in the context of recombinant S. typhimurium effective stimulated mucosal and systemic antibody-mediated immunity but failed to sensitize swine for either an antigen-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity or a blastogenic response to the cloned BCSP31.
The Saccharomyces CDC 13 protein is a single-strand TG 1–3 telomeric DNA-binding protein in vitro that affects telomere behavior  in vivo (1996)

Saccharomyces telomeres consist of approximately 300 bp of C1-3A/TG1-3 DNA. Cells lacking the activity of the essential gene CDC13 display a cell cycle arrest mediated by the DNA damage sensing, RAD9 cell cycle checkpoint, presumably because they exhibit strand-specific loss of telomeric and telomere-adjacent DNA [Garvik, B., Carson, M. & Hartwell, L. (1995) Mol. Celi. Biol. 15,6128-6138]. Cdc13p expressed in Escherichia coli or overexpressed in yeast bound specifically to single-strand TG1-3 DNA. The specificity of binding displayed by Cdc13p in vitro indicates that in vivo it could bind to both the short, constitutive single-strand TG1-3 tails thought to be present at telomeres at most times in the cell cycle as well as to the long single-strand TG1-3 tails that are intermediates in telomere replication. Genes located near yeast telomeres are transcriptionally repressed, a phenomenon known as telomere position effect. Cells overexpressing a mutant form of Cdc13p had reduced telomere position effect at high temperatures. These data suggest that Cdc13p functions by binding directly to telomeric DNA, thereby limiting its accessibility to degradation and transcription as well as masking it from factors that detect damaged DNA.
Hybridization of Digoxigenin-Labeled Probes to Southern Blots and Detection by Chemiluminescence (2003)

Probes prepared with either digoxigenin- or biotin-modified nucleotides can be hybridized to Southern blots to detect target nucleic acid sequences. These methods offer an attractive alternative to “radioactively tagged“ probes in terms of safety, cost, and efficiency. Most previous nonradioactive strategies utilized the detection of the modified base by the use of a coupled antibody- or avidin-alkaline phosphatase. The blot with the bound alkaline phosphatase was then treated with a compound, such as Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT), that was converted to an insoluble, colored compound at the site of hybridization, thus facilitating visualization of the hybridized probe.
The effect of carbon fiber reinforcement on contact area, contact pressure, and time‐dependent deformation in polyethylene tibial components (1981)

To study the mechanical behavior of a commercially available UHMWPE reinforced with carbon fibers, measurements of contact area, contact pressure and time-dependent deformation were made on tibial components from a contemporary total knee replacement loaded to physiological levels. For comparison, similar measurements were performed on identical components manufactured from plain UHMWPE. Contact area and pressure results reflected the increased stiffness of the carbon-UHMWPE material, with smaller contact areas and generally higher contact pressures versus the plain UHMWPE at the same load. Stresses in both materials under the contact area approached or exceeded the yield stresses for the materials when the physiological load was high or the radius of the femoral component indenter decreased (similar to flexion of the knee). Time-dependent deformation over a 24 h period was reduced significantly in the carbon-UHMWPE components for a high physiological load.
Trail Receptor-Targeted Therapy (2006)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF family of cytokines. Based on its ability to induce apoptosis selectively in a wide variety of cancer cell lines and human tumor xenografts, TRAIL has been in drug development as a potential biological agent for cancer therapy. A variety of chemotherapy agents have been shown to enhance the cytotoxic effects of TRAIL. The potential benefits of TRAIL as an anticancer therapy have been further indicated by its ability to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy. Preclinical studies have shown the potential use of agonistic monoclonal antibodies that selectively bind TRAIL death receptors for cancer therapy. This review provides an overview of TRAIL receptor-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells, with TRAIL or agonistic monoclonal antibodies only or with chemotherapy drugs. Treatment of tumor xenografts with these ligands, alone or in combination with chemotherapy or radiation, are discussed along with preliminary information about early clinical trials. Additional clinical trials with TRAIL receptor ligands in combination treatment regimens are required to determine their potential for targeted therapy of cancer.
Construction and expression of a recombinant DNA gene encoding a polyomavirus middle-size tumor antigen with the carboxyl terminus of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G. (1984)

We constructed a molecular clone encoding the N-terminal 379 amino acids of the polyomavirus middle-size tumor antigen, followed by the C-terminal 60 amino acids of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G. This hybrid gene contained the coding region for the C-terminal hydrophobic membrane-spanning domain of the G protein in place of the C-terminal hydrophobic domain of the middle-size tumor antigen. The hybrid gene was expressed in COS-1 cells under the control of the simian virus 40 late promoter. The hybrid protein was located in cell membranes and was associated with a tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity, as was the middle-size tumor antigen. Plasmids encoding the hybrid protein failed to transform mouse NIH 3T3 or rat F2408 cells.