gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Integration of eye tracking capability into optical see-through head-mounted displays</title> (2001)

While head-mounted display (HMD) technologies have undergone great developments since the first HMD for 3D visualization originated by Ivan Sutherland in the 1960's, HMD technologies have suffered from tradeoffs in capability and limitation. The main issues of HMDs include the tradeoff between resolution and field of view (FOV), the presence of large distortion for wide field of view designs, the inaccurate eye point representation, the conflict of accommodation and convergence, the occlusion contradiction between virtual and real objects, the challenge of highly precise registration, and often the brightness conflict with background illumination. Some of these issues impose critical affects on accuracy of visualization, user performance and safety. Among these issues, the ignorance of eye movement is a typical aspect. Most of the current HMD technology uses head pose to approximate line-of-sight, which may cause significant disparity between what you are intended to look at and what you actually look at as a result of at least +/- 20 degrees eye movement. It is highly necessary to integrate eye-tracking capability into HMDs in some demanding applications. An HMD- eyetracker integrated system would be able to display stereoscopic virtual images as a classical HMD does, and also be able to tracking the gaze direction of the user. This paper will provide a brief survey of the eye tracking technologies that are suitable for HMD integration purpose, present an approach to integrating eye tracking technology into optical see-through type of HMDs, and discuss critical issues challenging the integration. Furthermore, early engineering implementation and experimental results are published.
Effects and Mechanisms of 3α,5α,-THP on Emotion, Motivation, and Reward Functions Involving Pregnane Xenobiotic Receptor (2012)

Progestogens [progesterone (P(4)) and its products] play fundamental roles in the development and/or function of the central nervous system during pregnancy. We, and others, have investigated the role of pregnane neurosteroids for a plethora of functional effects beyond their pro-gestational processes. Emerging findings regarding the effects, mechanisms, and sources of neurosteroids have challenged traditional dogma about steroid action. How the P(4) metabolite and neurosteroid, 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (3α,5α-THP), influences cellular functions and behavioral processes involved in emotion/affect, motivation, and reward, is the focus of the present review. To further understand these processes, we have utilized an animal model assessing the effects, mechanisms, and sources of 3α,5α-THP. In the ventral tegmental area (VTA), 3α,5α-THP has actions to facilitate affective, and motivated, social behaviors through non-traditional targets, such as GABA, glutamate, and dopamine receptors. 3α,5α-THP levels in the midbrain VTA both facilitate, and/or are enhanced by, affective and social behavior. The pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR) mediates the production of, and/or metabolism to, various neurobiological factors. PXR is localized to the midbrain VTA of rats. The role of PXR to influence 3α,5α-THP production from central biosynthesis, and/or metabolism of peripheral P(4), in the VTA, as well as its role to facilitate, or be increased by, affective/social behaviors is under investigation. Investigating novel behavioral functions of 3α,5α-THP extends our knowledge of the neurobiology of progestogens, relevant for affective/social behaviors, and their connections to systems that regulate affect and motivated processes, such as those important for stress regulation and neuropsychiatric disorders (anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, drug dependence). Thus, further understanding of 3α,5α-THP's role and mechanisms to enhance affective and motivated processes is essential.
Optical intensity of light in layers of silicon with rear diffuse reflectors (1998)

Light trapping is essential to the performance of thin-layer polycrystalline silicon solar cells. One relatively new method of light trapping is the use of textured or pigmented dielectric layers on the rear surface which diffuse and reflect light reaching the rear surface. This article presents a one-dimensional optical model of thin silicon solar cells with such rear diffuse dielectric reflectors. Experimental front reflectance measurements and ray tracing simulations of thin, planar silicon layers with rear diffuse dielectric rear reflectors are presented and compared to the model with good agreement. Finally, an expression for the upper limit of the optical enhancement factor is developed for this type of light trapping.
Stability and Assembly of Pilus Subunits of Streptococcus pneumoniae (2010)

Pili are surface-exposed virulence factors involved in bacterial adhesion to host cells. The Streptococcus pneumoniae pilus is composed of three structural proteins, RrgA, RrgB, and RrgC and three transpeptidase enzymes, sortases SrtC-1, SrtC-2, and SrtC-3. To gain insights into the mechanism of pilus formation we have exploited biochemical approaches using recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. Using site-directed mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, limited proteolysis, and thermal stability measurements, we have identified isopeptide bonds in RrgB and RrgC and demonstrate their role in protein stabilization. Co-expression in E. coli of RrgB together with RrgC and SrtC-1 leads to the formation of a covalent RrgB-RrgC complex. Inactivation of SrtC-1 by mutation of the active site cysteine impairs RrgB-RrgC complex formation, indicating that the association between RrgB and RrgC is specifically catalyzed by SrtC-1. Mass spectrometry analyses performed on purified samples of the RrgB-RrgC complex show that the complex has 1:1 stoichiometry. The deletion of the IPQTG RrgB sorting signal, but not the corresponding sequence in RrgC, abolishes complex formation, indicating that SrtC-1 recognizes exclusively the sorting motif of RrgB. Finally, we show that the intramolecular bonds that stabilize RrgB may play a role in its efficient recognition by SrtC-1. The development of a methodology to generate covalent pilin complexes in vitro, facilitating the study of sortase specificity and the importance of isopeptide bond formation for pilus biogenesis, provide key information toward the understanding of this complex macromolecular process.
Lamotrigine and Seizure Aggravation in Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy (1998)

The pronounced seizure deterioration during LTG treatment was not attributable to the natural course of the disease and could be a direct effect of therapeutic LTG doses. LTG treatment seems inappropriate in SME.
Thermally stable multilared organic electroluminescent devices using novel starburst molecules, 4,4′,4″‐Tri(N‐carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA) and 4,4′,4″‐Tris(3‐methylphenylphenylamino)triphenylamine (m‐MTDATA), as hole‐transport materials (1994)

Organic electroluminescent devices with improced thermal stability and good performance characteristics are reported. The hole‐transport material is a novel π‐electron “starburst” molecule, TCTA (see Figure), whose glass‐transition temperature is increased by the introduction of a structurally rigid moiety. magnified image
Secure group communication (2005)

With the advent of digital technologies and widening Internet bandwidth in recent years there has been a marked rise in new multimedia services, including teleconferencing, pay-per-view TV, interactive simulations, software updates and real-time delivery of stock market information. Multicast data distribution has been used in controlled environments to deliver such services. However, the lack of secure, accountable multicast data distribution has prevented its use in general Internet environments. Proposals for multicast security solutions so far are complex and often require trust in intermediate components or are inefficient. A secure multicast protocol suite must provide for data confidentiality, for multicast packet source authentication and for the representation of multicast security policies. In this thesis we present a robust, simple and efficient multicast key management protocol based on proxy encryption, a multicast data source authentication mechanism based on symmetric message authentication codes and a simple multicast policy representation scheme based on XML. The solutions are analyzed and compared to previously published schemes. The results show that the proposed schemes are efficient and scalable when compared to existing schemes.
Defending against denial-of-service attacks with puzzle auctions (2004)

Although client puzzles represent a promising approach to defend against certain classes of denial-of-service attacks, several questions stand in the way of their deployment in practice: e.g., how to set the puzzle difficulty in the presence of an adversary with unknown computing power, and how to integrate the approach with existing mechanisms. In this paper, we attempt to address these questions with a new puzzle mechanism called the puzzle auction. Our mechanism enables each client to "bid" for resources by tuning the difficulty of the puzzles it solves, and to adapt its bidding strategy in response to apparent attacks. We analyze the effectiveness of our auction mechanism and further demonstrate it using an implementation within the TCP protocol stack of the Linux kernel. Our implementation has several appealing properties. It effectively defends against SYN flooding attacks, is fully compatible with TCP, and even provides a degree of interoperability with clients with unmodified kernels: Even without a puzzle-solving kernel, a client still can connect to a puzzle auction server under attack (albeit less effectively than those with puzzle-solving kernels, and at the cost of additional server expense).
Synthetic Control of the Diameter and Length of Single Crystal Semiconductor Nanowires (2001)

A general synthetic method has been developed to control both the diameter and the length of nanowires during growth. This approach exploits monodisperse nanocluster catalysts to define both the nanowire diameter and the initiation of nanowire elongation during growth by a vapor−liquid−solid mechanism. To demonstrate this new approach, crystalline indium phosphide (InP) nanowires have been synthesized using a laser catalytic growth (LCG) process combined with gold nanocluster catalysts. InP nanowires with nearly monodisperse diameters of 10, 20, and 30 nm were grown from nanocluster catalysts having diameters of 10, 20, and 30 nm, respectively. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies show that the InP nanowires prepared in this manner are single crystals with a [111] growth direction. In addition, studies of nanowire growth as a function of growth time have shown that nanowire length is directly proportional to growth time and have enabled the preparation of InP nanowires with narrow length distributions centered at 2, 4, 6, and 9 μm. The new level of synthetic control afforded by our approach should enable better-defined fundamental studies of nanowires and open up new opportunities for the assembly of functional nanodevices.
Functionality maps of binding sites: A multiple copy simultaneous search method (1991)

A new method is proposed for determining energetically favorable positions and orientations for functional groups on the surface of proteins with known three-dimensional structure. From 1,000 to 5,000 copies of a functional group are randomly placed in the site and subjected to simultaneous energy minimization and/or quenched molecular dynamics. The resulting functionality maps of a protein receptor site, which can take account of its flexibility, can be used for the analysis of protein ligand interactions and rational drug design. Application of the method to the sialic acid binding site of the influenza coat protein, hemagglutinin, yields functional group minima that correspond with those of the ligand in a cocrystal structure.
Ontogeny of growth hormone receptors in human tissues: an immunohistochemical study. (1996)

Both experimental and clinical studies suggest that human GH (hGH) may have a functional role during early stages in human development. To determine when receptors for hGH appear in specific target cells, we carried out an immunohistochemical analysis of six tissues obtained from 20 fetuses (8.5-20 weeks fetal age [FA]), two term infants, one 11-yr-old male, and one 43-yr-old male. Liver parenchymal and bile duct cells showed specific staining from the earliest FA examined (8.5 weeks); in fetal liver, the intensity of the immunoreaction was greatest in hepatocytes surrounding the central veins and portal triads, whereas the numerous hematopoietic cells exhibited little to no immunostaining. Kidney tissues also showed positive localization at 8.5-9 weeks FA. By 13 weeks, epithelial cells of most tubules were immunoreactive, with medullary tubules showing stronger staining than those in the cortex, whereas visceral epithelial cells of glomeruli were weakly positive; metanephrogenic blastemal cells were negative. A similar immunostaining pattern was observed in midgestation and postnatal kidneys, except that glomerular staining was lost by 19 weeks FA. Fetal zone cells of fetal adrenals showed weak immunostaining beginning at 13-14 weeks; glomerulosa cells stained intensely in the postnatal adrenal. Epithelial crypt cells in both small and large intestine immunostained beginning at 19-20 weeks; a similar pattern was observed in postnatal sections. Dermal fibroblasts and skeletal muscle of abdominal skin were positive from 8.5 weeks. Epidermal cells first showed immunostaining at 13-14 weeks; germinal layer cells showed the most intense reaction until 19-20 weeks, when the staining pattern became uneven throughout the epidermal layers. Epithelial cells in hair follicles and sebaceous glands were positive from 13-14 weeks; by 19-20 weeks, these cells were the most intensely immunostained in skin sections. Lung tissue was negative from 8.5-20 weeks, as well as postnatally. Vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells routinely stained from 8.5 weeks FA in all tissues examined. We conclude that immunoreactive hGH receptors can be identified in early fetal, as well as postnatal, tissues and that the pattern of cellular immunostaining develops gradually throughout gestation in a very tissue-specific manner.
IFN- alpha 1 gene expression into a metastatic murine adenocarcinoma (TS/A) results in CD8+ T cell-mediated tumor rejection and development of antitumor immunity. Comparative studies with IFN-gamma-producing TS/A cells. (1994)

Cells from a spontaneous, invasive, and metastasizing mouse mammary adenocarcinoma (TS/A-pc) were transfected with a retroviral vector containing the mouse IFN-alpha 1 gene. TS/A clones secreting varying amounts of IFN-alpha 1 were isolated and their tumorigenicity was evaluated after s.c. or i.v. injection into immunocompetent BALB/c mice. Almost all of the IFN-alpha-secreting TS/A clones failed to grow in a high percentage of mice or formed small tumors after a long latency time, whereas TS/A-pc or transfection control cells always grew into large s.c. tumors. Rejection was mainly mediated by CD8+ T lymphocytes and partially by polymorphonuclear cells, as demonstrated by selective immunosuppression experiments and histologic and ultrastructural data. After rejection, a significant portion of mice displayed an immune resistance to the subsequent challenge with TS/A-pc. When the metastatic ability of IFN-alpha-secreting clones was compared with that of previously characterized IFN-gamma-secreting TS/A clones, it was found that the expression of IFN-alpha into TS/A tumor cells resulted in a potent inhibition of metastases formation, whereas IFN-gamma expression either did not affect or even enhanced the metastatic behavior of TS/A cells. These results provide strong evidence for the usefulness of IFN-alpha-producing tumor cells for the development of gene therapy strategies and vaccines against metastatic tumors.
Standards of clinical investigations in the USA. (1993)

The drug approval process in the USA is under constant surveillance, monitoring and evaluation. Several significant changes were made during the past few years and many others are under consideration. The FDA has undergone organizational changes, which together with the IND Rewrite and NDA Rewrite resulted in a shift of emphasis in clinical studies.
The adaptive advantage of phenotypic memory in changing environments (1995)

The adaptive value of carry-over effects, the persistence of induced phenotypes for several generations despite the change in the conditions that first induced these phenotypes, is studied in the framework of a simple model. Three different organismal strategies-non-inducible (genetic), completely inducible (plastic), and intermediate (carry-over)-are compared in fitness terms within three different environments. Analytical results and numerical simulations show that carry-over effects can have an advantage in stochastic environments even over organisms with high adaptive plasticity. We argue that carry-over effects represent an adaptive mechanism on the ecological timescale that fills the gap between short-term individual adaptations and long-term evolutionary adaptations. An extension of the concept of plasticity to incorporate the time dimension and include the stability of induced phenotypes through both clonal and sexual generations, is suggested.
Decomposition of ozone in water in the presence of organic solutes acting as promoters and inhibitors of radical chain reactions (1985)

The decomposition of aqueous ozone is generally due to a chain reaction involving &lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;OH radicals. Many organic solutes (impurities) can react with &lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;OH to yield &lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; upon addition of O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. &lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;transfers its electron to a further ozone molecule in a rather selective reaction. The ozonide anion (&lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;) formed immediately decomposes into a further &lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;OH radical. Compounds that convert &lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;OH radicals into ozone-selective &lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;, therefore, act as promoters of the chain reaction. The efficiencies of different &lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;OH to &lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; converters (e.g., formic acid, primary and secondary alcohols (including sugars), glyoxylic acid, and humic acids) are tested in the presence of other &lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;OH radical scavengers that do not primarily produce &lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; (carbonate, aliphatic alkyl compounds, and &lt;I&gt;tert&lt;/I&gt;-butyl alcohol). The derived reaction kinetics allows one to qualitatively interpret the variation of the lifetime of O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; found in model solutions and even in natural waters and during drinking water treatment.
Coupling of cytosolic protein synthesis and mitochondrial protein import in yeast. Evidence for cotranslational import in vivo. (1993)

We have utilized a homologous cell-free mitochondrial protein import system derived from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in addition to performing a series of in vivo experiments in yeast, to investigate the coupling between cytosolic protein synthesis and protein transport into mitochondria. We found that the import of bulk mitochondrial proteins was inhibited in both the homologous in vitro reaction and in vivo upon arrest of cytosolic protein synthesis with the addition of cycloheximide. Tight coupling of synthesis and import was also demonstrated in vivo for the beta subunit of the mitochondrial F1-ATPase. We also investigated the effect of the antifolate methotrexate on the import of a fusion protein consisting of the mitochondrial targeting signal of yeast cytochrome oxidase subunit IV fused to mouse dihydrofolate reductase (the COXIV-DHFR fusion protein). Methotrexate has previously been shown to inhibit posttranslational import of COXIV-DHFR by preventing the DHFR moiety from unfolding. However, we found that antifolate addition had no inhibitory effect on the import of COXIV-DHFR in vivo, suggesting that its import into mitochondria in yeast cells occurs cotranslationally. Further, when we treated yeast with the proton ionophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone to collapse the mitochondrial membrane potential and induce the accumulation of extramitochondrial precursor pools, we found that the ability to be imported by a strictly posttranslational mechanism upon reestablishing the membrane potential varied from one precursor to another, suggesting that cotranslational import may be mandatory for the import of some proteins in vivo. In summary, our findings are entirely consistent with the notion that import of proteins into yeast mitochondria occurs cotranslationally under normal conditions in vivo.
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis patients with anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody is accompanied by down-regulation of the activating Fcgamma receptor I on monocytes. (2008)

Anti-TNF-alpha mAb treatment of RA patients is accompanied by down-regulation of FcgammaRI expression levels on monocytes. This is likely an indirect effect of TNF-alpha blockade on disease activity, since in vitro anti-TNF-alpha mAb does not directly change FcgammaRI expression on monocytes. In contrast, TNF-alpha down-regulated all activating FcgammaRs. Thus, blocking TNF-alpha may relieve the negative feedback mechanism of TNF-alpha as down-regulator of FcgammaRs. Strategies to reduce activating FcgammaRs may have additional value in the treatment of RA patients with TNF-alpha blockade by diminishing immune complex-mediated activation of monocytes/macrophages.
Rational Design of Potent, Bioavailable, Nonpeptide Cyclic Ureas as HIV Protease Inhibitors (1994)

Mechanistic information and structure-based design methods have been used to design a series of nonpeptide cyclic ureas that are potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease and HIV replication. A fundamental feature of these inhibitors is the cyclic urea carbonyl oxygen that mimics the hydrogen-bonding features of a key structural water molecule. The success of the design in both displacing and mimicking the structural water molecule was confirmed by x-ray crystallographic studies. Highly selective, preorganized inhibitors with relatively low molecular weight and high oral bioavailability were synthesized.
Prospective Surveillance of Imipenem/Cilastatin Use and Associated Seizures Using a Hospital Information System (1993)

Our rate of seizure (0.2 percent) was lower than the 1-2 percent rate reported in the literature despite the fact that more than 70 percent of the patients who received I/C had risk factors for seizure. We believe that appropriate dosing of I/C results in a low rate of associated seizures. Computer-assisted monitoring of I/C dosages in relation to renal function resulted in a reduced incidence of seizures.
Role of T7 RNA Polymerase His784 in Start Site Selection and Initial Transcription (2002)

The role of steric constraints vs sequence preference in start site selection by T7 RNA polymerase was investigated by using a series of synthetic promoters in which the preferred template strand 'CC' initiation sequence was moved away from its normal position relative to the -17 to -6 element of the T7 promoter. It was found that the CC sequence directs efficient initiation if placed 1 or 2 nt downstream of its normal position, but not if placed upstream, or more than 2 nt downstream, of +1. Mutagenesis revealed that part of the bias to initiate with GTP is due to an interaction between histidine 784 and the 2-amino group of a guanosine bound in the initiating triphosphate position. This interaction is also important for holding short transcripts within the transcription complex during initial transcription.