gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sensitization of the apoptotic effect of gamma-irradiation in genistein-pretreated CaSki cervical cancer cells. (2008)

Radiotherapy is currently applied in the treatment of human cancers. We studied whether genistein would enhance the radiosensitivity and explored its precise molecular mechanism in cervical cancer cells. After co-treatment with genistein and irradiation, the viability, cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis signaling cascades were elucidated in CaSki cells. The viability was decreased by co-treatment with genistein and irradiation compared with irradiation treatment alone. Treatment with only gamma-irradiation led to cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. On the other hand, co-treatment with genistein and gamma-irradiation caused a decrease in the G1 phase and a concomitant increase up to 56% in the number of G2 phase. In addition, cotreatment increased the expression of p53 and p21, and Cdc2- tyr-15-p, supporting the occurrence of G2/M arrest. In general, apoptosis signaling cascades were activated by the following events: release of cytochrome c, upregulation of Bax, downregulation of Bcl-2, and activation of caspase-3 and -8 in the treatment of genistein and irradiation. Apparently, co-treatment downregulated the transcripts of E6*I, E6*II, and E7. Genistein also stimulated irradiation-induced intracellular reactive oxygene, species (ROS) production, and co-treatment-induced apoptosis was inhibited by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, suggesting that apoptosis has occurred through the increase in ROS by genistein and gamma-irradiation in cervical cancer cells. Gamma-irradiation increased cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-2) expression, whereas the combination with genistein and gamma-irradiation almost completely prevented irradiation-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production. Co-treatment with genistein and gamma-irradiation inhibited proliferation through G2/M arrest and induced apoptosis via ROS modulation in the CaSki cancer cells.
Buried tunnel contact junction AlGaAs-GaAs-InGaAs quantum well heterostructure lasers with oxide-defined lateral currents (1997)

Al x Ga 1−x As-GaAs-In y Ga 1−y As quantum well heterostructure (QWH) lasers with p+-n+ GaAs–InyGa1−yAs reverse-biased tunnel junctions (hole sources) located in the upper cladding of standard lasers and in oxide-defined cavities (requiring lateral bias currents) are demonstrated. The tunnel junctions, introduced to aid lateral current spreading, are grown at different distances from the waveguide active region in a standard QWH structure to determine first the effect of heavily doped tunnel layers on laser threshold currents. Other QWH laser crystals are oxidized to form oxide-aperture devices with, in addition, either a top confining oxide or a top and bottom oxide confining layer. Hole injection is provided between the oxide layers with the aid of the tunnel contact junction and lateral electron current. The buried tunnel contact junction is shown to be an effective method to make possible hole injection via a lateral electron current, with only a modest increase (a small penalty) in voltage drop and series resistance compared to standard devices.
Intelligent tutoring systems: An overview (1986)

Abstract: In this paper we look at the evolutionary development of Computer Assisted Instruction from the early days of ‘linear programs’ up to the use of ‘expert systems’ in education and training. We present the basic principles of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) which are capable of rich interaction with the student, which know how to teach, and who and what they are teaching. We point out the need for knowledge representation formalisms which can support ITS and present one such formalism (production systems). In the framework presented we describe systems developed for the teaching of modern languages, electronic trouble shooting and computer programming. Finally we point out the shortcomings of ITS and identify areas where a consensus of opinion does not exist.
DESIGNING PARALLEL ALGORITHMS FOR HIERARCHICAL SMP CLUSTERS (2003)

Clusters of symmetric multiprocessor nodes (SMP clusters) are one of the most important parallel architectures at the moment. The architecture consists of shared-memory nodes with multiple processors and a fast interconnection network between the nodes. New programming models try to exploit this architecture by using threads in the nodes and using message-passing-libraries for inter-node communication. In order to develop efficient algorithms, it is necessary to consider the hybrid nature of the architecture and of the programming models. We present the κNUMA-model and a methodology that build a good base for designing efficient algorithms for SMP clusters. The κNUMA-model is a computational model that extends the bulk-synchronous parallel (BSP) model with the characteristics of SMP clusters and new hybrid programming models. The κNUMA-methodology suggests to develop efficient overall algorithms by developing efficient algorithms for each level in the hierarchy. We use the problem of personalized one-to-all-broadcast and the dense matrix-vector-multiplication for the presentation. The theoretical results of the analysis of the dense matrix-vector-multiplication are verified practically. We show results of experiments, made on a Linux-cluster of dual Pentium-III nodes.
Creation of a three-dimensional optical chain for controllable particle delivery (2005)

We propose a design for producing a conveyable quasi-periodic optical chain that can stably trap and deliver multiple individual particles in three dimensions at different planes near the focus. A diffractive optical element (DOE) is designed to spatially modulate the phase of an incoming radially polarized beam. For a tighly focused beam, a three-dimensional (3D) optical chain can be formed because of the difference in the Gouy phase shift from two concentric regions of the DOE. A desired number of particles can be stably tweezed one by one with individual 3D volumes in this trapping structure. By controlling the phase modulation of the incident beam, one can manipulate the interference pattern to accelerate and transport trapped particles along the optical axis in a prescribed way.
A Functional Role of IκB-ε in Endothelial Cell Activation (2000)

The NF-kappa B inhibitor I kappa B-epsilon is a new member of the I kappa B protein family, but its functional role in regulating NF-kappa B-mediated induction of adhesion molecule expression is unknown. In vascular endothelial cells, I kappa B-epsilon associates predominantly with the NF-kappa B subunit Rel A and to a lesser extent with c-Rel, whereas I kappa B-alpha and I kappa B-beta associate with Rel A only. Following stimulation with TNF-alpha, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), N-acetylcysteine, and dexamethasone prevented I kappa B kinase-induced I kappa B-alpha, but not I kappa B-beta or I kappa B-epsilon phosphorylation and degradation. Since the activation of NF-kappa B is required for the induction of adhesion molecule expression, we examined the role of I kappa B-epsilon in the transactivation of promoters from VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin. Using reporter gene constructs of adhesion molecule promoters, PDTC inhibited VCAM-1 and E-selectin, but to a lesser extent, ICAM-1 promoter activity. Subcloning of kappa B cis-acting elements of VCAM-1, E-selectin, and ICAM-1 into a heterologous promoter construct revealed that PDTC inhibited VCAM-1 and E-selectin, but to a lesser extent, ICAM-1 kappa B promoter activity. By electrophoretic mobility shift assay, NF-kappa B heterodimers containing c-Rel specifically bind to the kappa B motif in the ICAM-1, but not VCAM-1 or E-selectin promoter. Indeed, overexpression of c-Rel induced ICAM-1 kappa B promoter activity to a greater extent than that of E-selectin and overexpression of I kappa B-epsilon inhibited ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 promoter activity in endothelial cells. These findings indicate that c-Rel-associated I kappa B-epsilon is involved in the induction of ICAM-1 expression.
Role of Serotonin Transporter Polymorphisms in the Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms in Probable Alzheimer Disease Patients (2007)

Our data and review of previous studies suggest SERT could play a minor role in development of psychosis and aggressive/irritable tendencies; however, further investigations are required in large, well-characterized cohorts.
Serum albumin: recent progress in the understanding of its structure and biosynthesis. (1977)

Major discoveries have been made in the past few years on the structure and mode of biosynthesis of serum albumin. The complete amino acid sequence of this protein has been determined, and its covalent structure shown to be a single peptide chain grouped into a series of nine disulfide-bonded loops. These loops appear to associate into three similar domains. By study of isolated fragments of the molecule it can be demonstrated that the binding of billirubin and the primary binding of long-chain fatty acids are functions of separate domains. The biosynthesis of albumin has been found to involve a precursor form, termed "proalbumin", in which a basic hexapeptide is attached to the amino end of the chain. Similar precursor forms are now known to have a role in the formation of other secreted proteins, but in the case of albumin the purpose of the additional peptide is not clear. Clinical methodology for albumin assay has advanced but little despite--or perhaps in part because of--the increasing use of automation. Hope for improvement is foreseen in the advent of immunochemical procedures and in a better understanding of the specificity of dye-binding reactions.
Concurrent Parametric Design Using a Multifunctional Team Approach (2001)

Abstract A multifunctional team approach is suggested to tackle concurrent parametric design. In this approach, concurrent parametric design is modeled and formulated using optimization formalism in a multi-team computing environment, where each team is responsible for a distributed task as part of the whole design. To formalize a design task, the goal and constraints of each team are expressed as analogous to those treated in an optimization problem. The provision of satisfaction metrics is for quantifying how each team, from its perspective, favors a generated design. Coordination paradigms are formalized with characterization of the underlying team interactions in multi-team design. The notions of responsibility and controllability are introduced to regularize design protocols so that the complexity of modeling the mixed team design can be handled. As a result, a generalized team model is constructed to facilitate multi-team based design optimization, which is further illustrated through a design example.
Single cells can sense their position in a morphogen gradient (1999)

Xenopus blastula cells show a morphogen-like response to activin by expressing different genes according to the concentration of activin to which they are exposed. To understand how cells recognize their position in a concentration gradient, it is essential to know whether each cell responds individually to activin concentration. An alternative idea, proposed by previous work, is that cells need to interact with their neighbours to generate a concentration-related response. To distinguish between these ideas, we have cultured blastula cells under conditions which provide different degrees of contact with other cells, allowing nil to maximum communication with their neighbours. The cultures include cells attached to fibronectin and cells resting unattached on an agarose base. The cultures also include cells that have no contact with any cell except their clonal progeny, cells that have lateral contact to neighbouring cells, and cells that are completely enveloped by other cells in a reaggregate. We have used RNase protection and in situ hybridization to assay the expression of the activin-responsive Xenopus genes Xbra, Xgsc, Xeomes, Xapod, Xchordin, Mix1, Xlim1 and Cerberus. We find no difference in gene expression between cells attached to fibronectin and those unattached on agarose. Most importantly, we find that cells respond to activin in a concentration-related way irrespective of their degree of contact with other cells. Therefore interaction among cells is not required for the interpretation of morphogen concentration, at least in the case of the early genes studied here. We conclude that isolated blastula cells can sense and respond individually to activin by expressing genes in a concentration-dependent way.
Towards a universal directory service (1986)

Directory services and name servers have been discussed and implemented for a number of distributed systems. Most have been tightly interwoven with the particular distributed systems of which they are a part: a few are more general in nature. In this paper we survey recent work in this area and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a number of approaches. From this, we are able to extract some fundamental requirements of a naming system capable of handling a wide variety of object types in a heterogeneous environment. We outline how these requirements can be met in a universal directory service.
Guidelines for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Treatment (2004)

Hospitalization for ADHF is common and costly. Consensus guidelines for the treatment of ADHF did not previously exist, resulting in inconsistent and inefficient treatment. Consequently, hospitals struggling with the treatment of ADHF may find these guidelines and the process by which they were developed useful.
Web wrapper induction: a brief survey (2004)

Nowadays several companies use the information available on the Web for a number of purposes. However, since most of this information is only available as HTML documents, several techniques that allow information from the Web to be automatically extracted have recently been defined. In this paper we review the main techniques and tools for extracting information available on the Web, devising a taxonomy of existing systems. In particular we emphasize the advantages and drawbacks of the techniques analyzed from a user point of view.
Diagnostic Biochip Array for Fast and Sensitive Detection of K-ras Mutations in Stool (2002)

The K-ras biochip is well suited for fast mutation detection from stool in colorectal cancer screening.
Cardiac glycosides inhibit TNF-α/NF-κB signaling by blocking recruitment of TNF receptor-associated death domain to the TNF receptor (2005)

Digitoxin and structurally related cardiac glycoside drugs potently block activation of the TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB signaling pathway. We have hypothesized that the mechanism might be discovered by searching systematically for selective inhibitory action through the entire pathway. We report that the common action of these drugs is to block the TNF-alpha-dependent binding of TNF receptor 1 to TNF receptor-associated death domain. This drug action can be observed with native cells, such as HeLa, and reconstituted systems prepared in HEK293 cells. All other antiinflammatory effects of digitoxin on NF-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways appear to follow from the blockade of this initial upstream signaling event.
Flying While Arab - Racial Profiling and Air Travel Security (2002)

For purposes of this paper, racial profiling is defined as the use of race or ethnicity, in combination with other factors or solely, or the use of a combination of factors that has a disparate impact on individuals of a given race or ethnicity to single out an individual.This definition seems to fit the circumstances that have given rise to complaints in both the "Driving While Black" and "Flying While Arab" contexts.3
Effect of blood glucose concentrations on the development of chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. (1998)

Diabetes is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, stroke, acute myocardial infarction, blindness, and renal failure. Strategies to reduce their occurrence are an essential focus of patient care. More than one pathogenic process is involved, and genetics influence the risk. Hyperglycemia is a factor in the development of microvascular and possibly macrovascular complications. Two possible mechanisms of glucose damage are glycation of proteins and the polyol pathway. Research led to the identification of drugs that block parts of the pathways. In clinical trials, intensive control of blood glucose concentrations decreased the risk of microvascular complications. Adverse effects associated with intensive therapy, however, include hypoglycemia and weight gain.
Inkjet Printing and Release of Monodisperse Liquid Crystal Droplets from Solid Surfaces (2012)

Recently, liquid crystal (LC) droplets in aqueous solutions have become a new platform for chemical and biological sensing applications. In this work, we present a two-step method to generate monodisperse LC droplets in aqueous solutions for sensing applications. In the first step, we exploit inkjet printing to dispense uniform LC droplets on a solid surface. Uniform LC droplets, ranging from 35 to 136 μm in diameter, can be prepared by printing multiple times on the same spot. In the second step, we flush the LC droplets with a stream of aqueous solution in an open rectangular channel. Factors that determine the polydispersity of the LC droplets include flow rates and surface wettability. Under appropriate experimental conditions (i.e., when the surface is glass and the flow rate is sufficiently high), the LC droplets can be lifted off completely and carried away by the solution, forming free LC droplets (15-62 μm in diameter). These free LC droplets can respond to a chemical reaction and change their optical textures uniformly.
Status and prospects of deep oil and gas resources exploration and development onshore China (2018)

Many significant breakthroughs have been made in regards to deep oil and gas exploration and development in recent years. However, a systematic analysis has not been carried out on the progress, challenges, and development trend of exploration and development of onshore deep oil and gas resources in China. This paper summarizes five main points of deep oil and gas resources: (1) more gas, less oil, and complicated phases; (2) high temperature and pressure, as well as profoundly different basins or formations; (3) multiple hydrocarbon sources and accumulations; (4) relatively tight but effective large-scale reservoirs; and (5) complicated accumulation process and multi-stage reconstructions. Based on the exploration and development history of deep oil and gas, this paper points out China's take on it is at the “large-scale discovery stage during which significant achievements have been obtained in carbonate, clastic, and volcanic reservoirs. Nonetheless, there are still four challenges, namely: (1) complex hydrocarbon generation, reservoir evolution, and accumulation restriction on how to determine exploration orientation and targets; (2) long well drilling and completion period, as well as high well construction cost delay petroleum discovery and efficient development; (3) undeveloped logging technology for HPHT slim holes that cannot ensure accurate identification of hydrocarbon reservoir; and (4) effective development and large-scale utilization of unspecific recovery technique and equipment limit. Finally, by the comprehensive analysis, it is concluded that onshore deep oil and gas resources are mainly distributed in three areas of six basins in China. The areas have a vast exploration potential and have strategically successive resources. It is suggested that petroleum companies and universities, as well as research institutes, should work together to overcome difficulties in theory and practical technology for deep oil and gas exploration and development. Such partnership could develop fit-for-purpose theories and technical systems to support deep oil and gas development.
Recent Advances in the Realm of Allosteric Modulators for Opioid Receptors for Future Therapeutics (2017)

Opioids, and more specifically μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists such as morphine, have long been clinically used as therapeutics for severe pain states but often come with serious side effects such as addiction and tolerance. Many studies have focused on bringing about analgesia from the MOR with attenuated side effects, but its underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Recently, focus has been geared toward the design and elucidation of the orthosteric site with ligands of various biological profiles and mixed subtype opioid activities and selectivities, but targeting the allosteric site is an area of increasing interest. It has been shown that allosteric modulators play key roles in influencing receptor function such as its tolerance to a ligand and affect downstream pathways. There has been a high variance of chemical structures that provide allosteric modulation at a given receptor, but recent studies and reviews tend to focus on the altered cellular mechanisms instead of providing a more rigorous description of the allosteric ligand's structure-function relationship. In this review, we aim to explore recent developments in the structural motifs that potentiate orthosteric binding and their influences on cellular pathways in an effort to present novel approaches to opioid therapeutic design.
Options for Catalysis in the Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass into Fuels (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Biomass as Feedstock for Fuels Composition of Biomass Biorefinery Biomass Pretreatment Thermochemical Conversion of Lignocelluloses Biomass Gasification Gasification of Dry Biomass Catalytic Gasification of Pyrolysis Oil Chemistry and Catalysis of Gasification Gasification in Hot Compressed Water Liquefaction of Biomass Non-catalytic Pyrolysis Catalytic Pyrolysis Hydrothermal Liquefaction Upgrading Pyrolysis Oil to Fuels Decarboxylation (DCO) Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) Cracking over Zeolites (FCC) Hydrolysis Underlying Approach for Catalyst Design Summary References
Beyond the classroom: part 2 (2009)

In the second of a series of four articles, Hilary White looks at some of the options available to teachers who want to supplement their daytime teaching with evening, weekend or holiday work
Morphologic Findings in Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis 2 (PFIC2) (2011)

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, type 2 (PFIC2), characterized by cholestasis in infancy that may progress to cirrhosis, is caused by mutation in ABCB11, which encodes bile salt export pump (BSEP). We correlated histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features in PFIC2 with specific mutations and clinical course. Twelve patients with clinical PFIC2 and ABCB11 mutations were identified, and 22 liver biopsy and explant specimens were assessed. All had hepatocellular cholestasis; most had canalicular bile plugs. At least 1 specimen from every patient had centrizonal/sinusoidal fibrosis, often with periportal fibrosis. Neonatal hepatitis-like features (inflammation, giant cells, necrosis) varied. In 2 of the 5 patients with paired specimens obtained >6 months apart, lobular and portal fibrosis worsened. Transmission electron microscopy (EM) in all 9 patients studied showed canalicular dilatation, microvilli loss, abnormal mitochondrial internal structure, and varying intracanalicular accumulation of finely granular bile. Canalicular staining for BSEP was absent in 10 patients and present in 2 patients, 1 of whom had intermittent symptoms. ABCB11 sequencing of all patients identified 6 novel and 10 previously described mutations, with nonsense, missense, and/or noncoding mutations in the 10 patients without immunohistochemically demonstrable BSEP. Missense and/or noncoding mutations were identified in the 2 patients with demonstrable BSEP, whose clinical course was more indolent. Mutations ending ABCB11 transcription appear linked, through hepatocellular necrosis and fibrosis, to worse outcome. In conclusion, light microscopy and electron microscopy findings in clinical PFIC2 can support diagnosis, but are variable and nonspecific. Therefore, no correlation between specific mutations and histopathology is yet possible.