gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A phase‐variable capsule is involved in virulence of Campylobacter jejuni 81‐176 (2001)

Campylobacter jejuni strain 81-176 (HS36, 23) synthesizes two distinct glycan structures, as visualized by immunoblotting of proteinase K-digested whole-cell preparations. A site-specific insertional mutant in the kpsM gene results in loss of expression of a high-molecular-weight (HMW) glycan (apparent Mr 26 kDa to > 85 kDa) and increased resolution of a second ladder-like glycan (apparent Mr 26-50 kDa). The kpsM mutant of 81-176 is no longer typeable in either HS23 or HS36 antisera, indicating that the HMW glycan structure is the serodeterminant of HS23 and HS36. Both the kpsM-dependent HMW glycan and the kpsM-independent ladder-like structure appear to be capsular in nature, as both are attached to phospholipid rather than lipid A. Additionally, the 81-176 kpsM gene can complement a deletion in Escherichia coli kpsM, allowing the expression of an alpha2,8 polysialic acid capsule in E. coli. Loss of the HMW glycan in 81-176 kpsM also increases the surface hydrophobicity and serum sensitivity of the bacterium. The kpsM mutant is also significantly reduced in invasion of INT407 cells and reduced in virulence in a ferret diarrhoeal disease model. The expression of the kpsM-dependent capsule undergoes phase variation at a high frequency.
Presentation of Listeria monocytogenes antigens by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules to CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes independent of listeriolysin secretion and virulence (1994)

Virulence and intracellular persistence of Listeria monocytogenes markedly depend on secretion of listeriolysin (Hly), which promotes invasion of the pathogen from the endosome into the cytosol. Recent studies have provided compelling evidence that Hly also facilitates recognition of listerial antigens, in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, by CD8 T lymphocytes. Data presented here confirm that the Hly-deficient strains, the prfA- mutant L. monocytogenes SLCC53 and the transposon mutants L. monocytogenes M3 and M20 are avirulent for mice, and unable to replicate inside bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM phi). Furthermore, BMM phi infected with M3, M20 or SLCC53 were as efficiently lysed as BMM phi infected with the Hly-positive wild-type strain EGD by MHC class I-dependent CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Using the highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction method, hly mRNA was detectable in BMM phi infected with L. monocytogenes EGD or SLCC53, but totally absent in M3-infected BMM phi. In the case of M20, an excision of the transposon occurred, but the excision was not precise and the hly gene was approximately 400 base pairs shorter. These findings argue against a unique role for Hly in MHC class I presentation of listerial antigens, although Hly appears central to virulence and intracellular replication. Thus, virulence of L. monocytogenes is dissociable from MHC class I presentation of listerial antigens.
Tissue engineering with the aid of inkjet printers (2007)

Tissue engineering holds the promise to create revolutionary new therapies for tissue and organ regeneration. This emerging field is extremely broad and eclectic in its various approaches. However, all strategies being developed are based on the therapeutic delivery of one or more of the following types of tissue building-blocks: cells; extracellular matrices or scaffolds; and hormones or other signaling molecules. So far, most work has used essentially homogenous combinations of these components, with subsequent self-organization to impart some level of tissue functionality occurring during in vitro culture or after transplantation. Emerging 'bioprinting' methodologies are being investigated to create tissue engineered constructs initially with more defined spatial organization, motivated by the hypothesis that biomimetic patterns can achieve improved therapeutic outcomes. Bioprinting based on inkjet and related printing technologies can be used to fabricate persistent biomimetic patterns that can be used both to study the underlying biology of tissue regeneration and potentially be translated into effective clinical therapies. However, recapitulating nature at even the most primitive levels such that printed cells, extracellular matrices and hormones become integrated into hierarchical, spatially organized three-dimensional tissue structures with appropriate functionality remains a significant challenge.
Onychomycosis: The Current Approach to Diagnosis and Therapy (1999)

Epidemiology. Anatomy of the Normal Nail. Clinical Patterns Correlated with Main Routes of Entry. Clinical Differential Diagnosis. Mycological Examination. Goals for the Treatment of Onychomycosis. Review of Current Antifungal Therapy. Preventive Measures.
Restriction map of corynebacteriophages beta c and beta vir and physical localization of the diphtheria tox operon (1981)

The BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, and KpnI restriction endonuclease maps of corynebacteriophage beta c and beta vir were constructed. beta vir appeared to be identical to beta c, except for an approximate 1-kilobase deletion that removed a BamHI site, two KpnI sites, and three EcoRI restriction sites. The diphtheria tox operon was located by hybridizing in vitro 32P-labeled tox messenger ribonucleic acid to blots of endonuclease-digested beta deoxyribonucleic acids. The messenger ribonucleic acid probe was found to hybridize to a 2.1-kilobase region of the beta genome. Since approximately 1.9 kilobases is required to encode prodiphtheria toxin, the data presented strongly suggest that the tox operon of beta is monocistronic.
Does Bowman's Layer Determine the Biomechanical Properties of the Cornea? (1992)

These findings imply that Bowman's layer does not contribute significantly to mechanical stability within the cornea.
Flt3-Ligand Treatment Prevents Diabetes in NOD Mice (2004)

The mechanism by which mixed chimerism reverses autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes has not been defined. NOD mice have a well-characterized defect in the production of myeloid progenitors that is believed to contribute significantly to the autoimmune process. We therefore investigated whether chimerism induces a correction of this defect. Mixed chimerism restored production of myeloid progenitors in NOD mice to normal levels. Notably, NOD bone marrow cells as well as donor bone marrow cells produced the mature myeloid progeny, and the level of donor chimerism was not correlated with the degree of restoration of the defect. Moreover, NOD bone marrow cells cultured with Flt3-ligand developed a heat-stable antigen-positive/Ly6C+ population comprised primarily of mature myeloid dendritic cells, suggesting that the underlying abnormality is not cell intrinsic but rather due to a block in development of mature myeloid progeny, including myeloid dendritic cells. Strikingly, treatment of NOD mice with Flt3-ligand significantly decreased insulitis and progression to diabetes and was associated with a significant increase in myeloid dendritic cells and in vivo induction of CD4+/CD25+ cells in the pancreatic lymph node. Therefore, Flt3-ligand treatment and/or the establishment of mixed chimerism in prediabetic candidates may provide a benign and novel approach to treat diabetes.
Transparent dispensible high‐refractive index ZrO2/epoxy nanocomposites for LED encapsulation (2013)

ABSTRACT In this study, we report a facile ex situ approach to preparing transparent dispensible high‐refractive index ZrO 2 /epoxy nanocomposites for LED encapsulation. Highly crystalline, near monodisperse ZrO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by a nonaqueous approach using benzyl alcohol as the coordinating solvent. The synthesized particles were then modified by (3‐glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GMS) ligand. It was found that, with tiny amount of surface‐treating ligand, the modified ZrO 2 NPs were able to be easily dispersed in a commercial epoxy matrix because of the epoxy compatible surface chemistry design as well as the small matrix molecular weight favoring mixing. Transparent thick (1 mm) ZrO 2 /epoxy nanocomposites with a particle core content as high as 50 wt % and an optical transparency of 90% in the visible light range were successfully prepared. The refractive index of the prepared composites increased from 1.51 for neat epoxy to 1.65 for 50 wt % (20 vol %) ZrO 2 loading and maintained the same high‐Abbe number as the neat epoxy matrix. Compared with the neat epoxy encapsulant, an increase of 13.2% in light output power of red LEDs was achieved with the 50 wt % ZrO 2 /epoxy nanocomposite as the novel encapsulant material. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3785–3793, 2013
Humanized antibodies for antiviral therapy. (1991)

Antibody therapy holds great promise for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disorders, and viral infections. Murine monoclonal antibodies are relatively easy to produce but are severely restricted for therapeutic use by their immunogenicity in humans. Production of human monoclonal antibodies has been problematic. Humanized antibodies can be generated by introducing the six hypervariable regions from the heavy and light chains of a murine antibody into a human framework sequence and combining it with human constant regions. We humanized, with the aid of computer modeling, two murine monoclonal antibodies against herpes simplex virus gB and gD glycoproteins. The binding, virus neutralization, and cell protection results all indicate that both humanized antibodies have retained the binding activities and the biological properties of the murine monoclonal antibodies.
Minimally invasive treatment of white spot enamel lesions. (2007)

This article describes a technique used to treat superficial white spot lesions by a minimally invasive approach. The proposed technique is based on reactivation of enamel by elimination of its hypermineralized external layer through microabrasion, followed by daily home application of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate complexes (CCP-ACP). The technique may allow elimination of white spot lesions without involving restorative procedures. Microabrasion followed by long-term daily home application of CCP-ACP may be considered an interesting alternative to the restorative approach for treatment of white spot lesions.
A highly immunogenic and effective measles virus-based Th1-biased COVID-19 vaccine (2020)

The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has spread worldwide, with millions of cases and more than 1 million deaths to date. The gravity of the situation mandates accelerated efforts to identify safe and effective vaccines. Here, we generated measles virus (MeV)-based vaccine candidates expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S). Insertion of the full-length S protein gene in two different MeV genomic positions resulted in modulated S protein expression. The variant with lower S protein expression levels was genetically stable and induced high levels of effective Th1-biased antibody and T cell responses in mice after two immunizations. In addition to neutralizing IgG antibody responses in a protective range, multifunctional CD8<sup>+</sup> and CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell responses with S protein-specific killing activity were detected. Upon challenge using a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2, virus loads in vaccinated mice were significantly lower, while vaccinated Syrian hamsters revealed protection in a harsh challenge setup using an early-passage human patient isolate. These results are highly encouraging and support further development of MeV-based COVID-19 vaccines.
The role of TMPRSS6/matriptase-2 in iron regulation and anemia (2014)

Matriptase-2, encoded by the TMPRSS6 gene, is a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease family. Matriptase-2 has structural and enzymatic similarities to matriptase-1, which has been implicated in cancer progression. Matriptase-2 was later established to be essential in iron homeostasis based on the phenotypes of iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia identified in mouse models as well as in human patients with TMPRSS6 mutations. TMPRSS6 is expressed mainly in the liver and negatively regulates the production of hepcidin, the systemic iron regulatory hormone. This review focuses on the current understanding of matriptase-2 biochemistry, and its role in iron metabolism and cancer progression. In light of recent investigations, the function of matriptase-2 in hepcidin regulation, how it is being regulated, as well as the therapeutic potential of matriptase-2 are also discussed.
Molecular Basis of Colorectal Cancer (2009)

This review gives an account of recent advances in our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms in colorectal cancer. Genetic changes in the germ line, combined with somatic mutations, occur in familial syndromes of colorectal cancer, whereas somatic mutations are the outstanding feature of sporadic colorectal cancer. Genetic changes drive the progression from adenoma to carcinoma and probably influence individual susceptibility and response to treatment.
Synthesis of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical 2,5-Bis(trialkylsilyl)furans and 2,6-Bis(trialkylsilyl)-4H-pyrans from 1,4- and 1,5-Bis(acylsilanes) (2000)

2,5-Bis(trialkylsilyl)furans and 2,6-bis(trialkylsilyl)-4H-pyrans have been synthesized by cyclodehydration of 1,4- and 1,5-bis(acylsilanes) under p-toluenesulfonic acid catalysis. The 1,4-bis(acylsilanes) have been prepared from 1,2-bis(1,3-dithian-2-yl)ethane according to the reaction sequence metallation-silylation-dethioketalization. The 1,5-bis(acylsilanes) have been prepared from 1,3-bis(1,3-dithian-2-yl)propane by a similar strategy or from a SN reaction of 1,3-dihalopropanes with 2-trialkylsilyl-2-lithio-1,3-dithiane and deprotection. The method allows efficient preparation of symmetrical as well as unsymmetrical bis(silylated) heterocycles.
Respiratory nurses wanted (1994)

I would like to hear from any respiratory nurse specialists (based in the community or hospital) to discuss their role and how it has developed. I am not aware of any such specialists in my geographical area.
Effect of lipids on soy protein isolate solubility (1995)

Abstract Reduced‐lipid soy protein isolate (SPI), prepared from soy flour treated so that most of the polar lipids have been removed, exhibited an increase in protein solubility of 50% over that of the control SPI prepared from hexane‐defatted flour. Adding lipids from a commercial SPI during processing of reduced‐lipid SPI decreased SPI solubility by 46%. The 19% decreased solubility caused by the lipids (primarily phospholipids) was largely recovered by treating the protein with a reducing agent (2‐mercaptoethanol). The balance of protein insolubility, caused by the lipids, was attributed to a smaller lipid fraction (approximately 5% of the total lipids). Adding lipids during SPI processing contributed to both the formation of oxidized protein sulfhydryls, incapable of being reduced by 2‐mercaptoethanol, and to oxidative deterioration of protein as determined by protein carbonyl contents.
Reviving the carbohydrate economy via multi-product lignocellulose biorefineries (2008)

Before the industrial revolution, the global economy was largely based on living carbon from plants. Now the economy is mainly dependent on fossil fuels (dead carbon). Biomass is the only sustainable bioresource that can provide sufficient transportation fuels and renewable materials at the same time. Cellulosic ethanol production from less costly and most abundant lignocellulose is confronted with three main obstacles: (1) high processing costs (dollars /gallon of ethanol), (2) huge capital investment (dollars approximately 4-10/gallon of annual ethanol production capacity), and (3) a narrow margin between feedstock and product prices. Both lignocellulose fractionation technology and effective co-utilization of acetic acid, lignin and hemicellulose will be vital to the realization of profitable lignocellulose biorefineries, since co-product revenues would increase the margin up to 6.2-fold, where all purified lignocellulose co-components have higher selling prices (> approximately 1.0/kg) than ethanol ( approximately 0.5/kg of ethanol). Isolation of large amounts of lignocellulose components through lignocellulose fractionation would stimulate R&D in lignin and hemicellulose applications, as well as promote new markets for lignin- and hemicellulose-derivative products. Lignocellulose resource would be sufficient to replace significant fractionations (e.g., 30%) of transportation fuels through liquid biofuels, internal combustion engines in the short term, and would provide 100% transportation fuels by sugar-hydrogen-fuel cell systems in the long term.
Regulated Antisense RNA Eliminates Alpha-Toxin Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus Infection (1999)

The ability to selectively disrupt gene function remains a critical element in elucidating information regarding gene essentiality for bacterial growth and/or pathogenesis. In this study, we adapted a tet regulatory expression system for use in Staphylococcus aureus, with the goal of downregulating gene expression via induction of antisense RNA. We demonstrate that this system exhibits a 50- to 100-fold dose-dependent level of induction in bacterial cells grown in culture (i.e., in vitro) and also functions in mice (i.e., in vivo) following oral administration of inducer. To determine whether induced antisense RNA could interfere with chromosomally derived gene expression, we cloned a fragment of the S. aureus alpha-toxin gene (hla) in antisense orientation downstream of the tet promoter system and introduced the construct into S. aureus. Induced antisense hla RNA downregulated chromosomally derived hla gene expression in vitro approximately 14-fold. Similarly, induction of hla antisense RNA in vivo dramatically reduced alpha-toxin expression in two different murine models of S. aureus infection. Most importantly, this reduction completely eliminated the lethality of the infection. These results indicate that the tet regulatory system functions efficiently in S. aureus and induced antisense RNA can effectively downregulate chromosomal gene expression both in vitro and in vivo.
Simple RC low pass filter circuit fabricated by unmodified desktop inkjet printer (2010)

In this work, we present resistor-capacitor circuit (RC circuit) or simple RC low pass filter circuit was fabricated by using simple inkjet printing technique. A conductive polymer, Poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly-styrene-sulfonic acid (PEDOT/PSS) was used as a resistive component and electrode material for the capacitor. Commercially available Ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate was applied as the dielectric of the capacitor. The device was inkjet printed by using a normal desktop printer CANON IP 4500. It was shown that the cut-off frequency of the device could be tuned to 10 kHz. The finding indicate the practical use of PEDOT/PSS RC low pass filter in flex sensor.
A New Angle on Pluronic Additives: Advancing Droplets and Understanding in Digital Microfluidics (2011)

Biofouling in microfluidic devices limits the type of samples which can be handled and the duration for which samples can be manipulated. Despite the cost of disposing fouled devices, relatively few strategies have been developed to tackle this problem. Here, we have analyzed a series of eight amphiphilic droplet additives, Pluronic coblock polymers of poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), as a solution to biofouling in digital microfluidics using serum-containing cell culture media as a model fluid. Our analysis shows that species with longer PPO chains are superior for enabling droplet motion and reducing biofouling. Two of the tested species, L92 and P105, were found to lengthen device lifetimes by 2-3 times relative to additives used previously when used at optimal concentrations. Pluronics with low PEO content such as L92 were found to be cytotoxic to an immortalized mammalian cell line, and therefore we recommend that Pluronic additives with greater or equal to 50% PEO composition, such as P105, be used for digital microfluidic applications involving cells. Finally, contact angle measurements were used to probe the interaction between Pluronic-containing droplets and device surfaces. Strong correlations were found between various types of contact angle measurements and the capacity of additives to reduce biofouling, which suggests that contact angle measurements may be useful as a tool for rapidly screening new candidates for the potential to reduce biofouling. We propose that this study will be useful for scientists and engineers who are developing digital microfluidic platforms for a wide range of applications involving protein-containing solutions, and in particular, for applications involving cells.
Evidence for local spread of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (2002)

This report presents evidence from a field investigation indicating that indirect area spread of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus occurred among swine farms in north-central Iowa. The mode of transmission was not determined.
Non-hemolytic enterotoxin ofBacillus cereusinduces apoptosis in Vero cells (2016)

Bacillus cereus is an opportunistic pathogen that often causes foodborne infectious diseases and food poisoning. Non-hemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) is the major toxin found in almost all enteropathogenic B. cereus and B. thuringiensis isolates. However, little is known about the cellular response after Nhe triggered pore formation on cell membrane. Here, we demonstrate that Nhe induced cell cycle arrest at G<sub>0</sub> /G<sub>1</sub> phase and provoked apoptosis in Vero cells, most likely associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and death receptor pathways. The influx of extracellular calcium ions and increased level of reactive oxygen species in cytoplasm were sensed by apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and p38 MAPK. Extrinsic death receptor Fas could also promote the activation of p38 MAPK. Subsequently, ASK1 and p38 MAPK triggered downstream caspase-8 and 3 to initiate apoptosis. Our results clearly demonstrate that ASK1, and Fas-p38 MAPK-mediated caspase-8 dependent pathways are involved in apoptotic cell death provoked by the pore-forming enterotoxin Nhe.
VEGAN, a package of R functions for community ecology (2003)

Abstract. VEGAN adds vegetation analysis functions to the general‐purpose statistical program R. Both R and VEGAN can be downloaded for free. VEGAN implements several ordination methods, including Canonical Correspondence Analysis and Non‐metric Multidimensional Scaling, vector fitting of environmental variables, randomization tests, and various other analyses of vegetation data. It can be used for large data. Graphical output can be customized using the R language's extensive graphics capabilities. VEGAN is appropriate for routine and research use, if you are willing to learn some R.