gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gene transfer in astrocytes: Comparison between different delivering methods and expression of the HIV-1 protein Nef (1999)

To identify a good system to introduce foreign genes into normal and tumoral astrocytes, we studied the efficiency of two chemical methods, calcium phosphate precipitation and lipofection, and of a viral-mediated transfer by a vector derived from the highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). Using the beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) gene (lacZ) as reporter, we searched for optimal experimental conditions to obtain an efficient gene transfer into human embryonic and neonatal rat astrocytes and into a human astrocytoma cell line (U373 MG). The beta-gal protein production was evaluated by cytochemical staining and enzymatic activity assay. Among chemical methods, lipofection was the most efficient system to transfect astrocytes in providing up to 60% of beta-gal-positive cells in all the cell types analyzed. MVA infection also proved to be an efficient system to introduce heterologous genes into human embryonic astrocytes that appeared 80-100% positive 48-96 hr after an infection at a multiplicity of 1-10. In contrast, only a limited infection was observed with rat astrocytes, human astrocytoma cells, and human leptomeningeal cells. A recombinant MVA vector expressing the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) regulatory protein Nef was used to transfect human embryonic astrocytes, and the resulting Nef expression was compared with that detected after lipofection in the same cells. By Western blot analysis, Nef expression was observed in human astrocytes 24-96 hr after infection and was similar to that present in stably HIV-1-infected astrocytoma cells. Lipofection resulted in lower Nef expression. In spite of these promising results, the negative effects of MVA infection on cell viability and the possibility that a productive infection occurs in human embryonic astrocytes limit the use of this vector for gene delivery in developmentally immature human glial cells.
Use of polymerase chain reaction for detection of adenovirus in children with or without wheezing. (2005)

Eighty percent of asthma attacks in children are accompanied by an upper respiratory tract viral infection. Adenovirus is one of the major viral causes of childhood bronchiolitis. As the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most sensitive technique for documenting viral respiratory infections, the PCR method was performed on the throat swab samples of asthmatic children with and without wheezing to investigate the presence of the adenovirus genome in the upper respiratory tract. The frequencies of adenovirus in asymptomatic and symptomatic asthmatic patients, healthy controls and wheezy children were as follows: 33.3%, 71.4%, 37% and 62.96%, respectively. The adenovirus was detected in a significantly higher percentage in the upper airways of patients with asthma exacerbation and in children with wheezing than in patients without asthma exacerbation and in the healthy controls (p < 0.05). The frequency of adenovirus was not different between asthmatic patients receiving or not receiving inhaled corticosteroid. Adenovirus has the potential to precipitate asthma exacerbations in asthmatic patients; its frequency was not affected by the treatment of inhaled corticosteroid.
256 x 256 CMOS active pixel image sensor (1995)

A 256 X 256 CMOS photo-gate active pixel image sensor is presented. The image sensor uses four MOS transistors within each pixel to buffer the photo-signal, enhance sensitivity, and suppress noise. The pixel size is 20 micrometers X 20 micrometers and was implemented in a standard digital 0.9 micrometers single-polysilicon, double-metal, n-well CMOS process; leading to 25% fill-factor. Row and column decoders and counters are monolithically integrated as well as per column analog signal correlated double-sampling (CDS) processors, yielding a total chip size of approximately 4.5 mm X 5.0 mm. The image sensor features random accessibility and can be employed for electronic panning applications. It is powered from a single 5.0 V source. At 5.0 V power supply, the video signal saturation level is approximately 1,200 mV with rms read-out noise level of approximately 300 (mu) V, yielding a dynamic range of 72 dB (12 bits). The read-out sensitivity is approximately 6.75 (mu) V per electron, indicating a read-out node capacitance of approximately 24 fF which is consistent with the extracted value. The measured dark current (at room temperature) is approximately 160 mV/s, equivalent to 3.3 nA/cm<SUP>2</SUP>. The raw fixed pattern noise (exhibited as column-wise streaks) is approximately 20 mV (peak-to-peak) or approximately 1.67% of saturation level. At 15 frames per second, the power dissipation is approximately 75 mW.
How Strong and How Hindered Can Uncharged Phosphazene Bases Be? (1993)

Unequivocal answers to the questions in the title are not possible yet, but the strongest stable uncharged base, the PS compound 1, is 28-29 pK units more basic than triethylamine. Compound 1 is easily prepared, readily soluble, and can be stored almost indefinitely at room temperature in the absence of moisture.
Tumor Vasculature Targeted Photodynamic Therapy for Enhanced Delivery of Nanoparticles (2014)

Delivery of nanoparticle drugs to tumors relies heavily on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. While many consider the effect to be equally effective on all tumors, it varies drastically among the tumors' origins, stages, and organs, owing much to differences in vessel leakiness. Suboptimal EPR effect represents a major problem in the translation of nanomedicine to the clinic. In the present study, we introduce a photodynamic therapy (PDT)-based EPR enhancement technology. The method uses RGD-modified ferritin (RFRT) as "smart" carriers that site-specifically deliver (1)O2 to the tumor endothelium. The photodynamic stimulus can cause permeabilized tumor vessels that facilitate extravasation of nanoparticles at the sites. The method has proven to be safe, selective, and effective. Increased tumor uptake was observed with a wide range of nanoparticles by as much as 20.08-fold. It is expected that the methodology can find wide applications in the area of nanomedicine.
Multiple-Input Subject-Specific Modeling of Plasma Glucose Concentration for Feedforward Control (2014)

The ability to accurately develop subject-specific, input causation models, for blood glucose concentration (BGC) for large input sets can have a significant impact on tightening control for insulin dependent diabetes. More specifically, for Type 1 diabetics (T1Ds), it can lead to an effective artificial pancreas (i.e., an automatic control system that delivers exogenous insulin) under extreme changes in critical disturbances. These disturbances include food consumption, activity variations, and physiological stress changes. Thus, this paper presents a free-living, outpatient, multiple-input, modeling method for BGC with strong causation attributes that is stable and guards against overfitting to provide an effective modeling approach for feedforward control (FFC). This approach is a Wiener block-oriented methodology, which has unique attributes for meeting critical requirements for effective, long-term, FFC.
Lifetime Amelioration for an AMOLED Pixel Circuit by Using a Novel AC Driving Scheme (2011)

This paper describes how a reversed-bias voltage affects organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with green emitting Alq <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> :C545T (40 nm). The luminance efficiency and the active area of the test OLED devices are 8-11 cd/A and 2.5 mm × 2.5 mm, respectively. The OLED lifetime under an ac driving scheme can be apparently improved, in contrast with that under a dc driving scheme. Experimental results indicate that adjusting the duty ratio of the ac driving scheme can ameliorate the brightness uniformity; meanwhile, the normalized luminance of a 20% duty ratio after a 3600-s stress is 94.3%, and that of dc stress is 76.4%. Therefore, a novel pixel circuit with three p-type thin-film transistors (TFTs) for an active-matrix OLED application is proposed to ameliorate the brightness uniformity. Variations of the threshold voltage of the driving TFT are compensated for, and the performance and lifetime of the OLED are improved by using an ac driving method. Simulation results indicate that the output current is almost constant over the data range. Furthermore, the current error rate of the proposed pixel circuit is less than 6.5%.
Late Expression of p53 from a Replicating Adenovirus Improves Tumor Cell Killing and Is More Tumor Cell Specific than Expression of the Adenoviral Death Protein (2002)

Gene transfer of p53 induces cell death in most cancer cells, and replication-defective adenoviral vectors expressing p53 are being evaluated in clinical trials. However, low transduction efficiency limits the efficacy of replication-defective vector systems for cancer therapy. The use of replication-competent vectors for gene delivery may have several advantages, holding the potential to multiply and spread the therapeutic agent after infection of only a few cells. However, expression of a transgene may adversely affect viral replication. We have constructed a replicating adenoviral vector (Adp53rc) that expresses high levels of p53 at a late time point in the viral life cycle and also contains a deletion of the adenoviral death protein (ADP). Adp53rc-infected cancer cells demonstrated high levels of p53 expression in parallel with the late expression pattern of the adenoviral fiber protein. p53 expression late in the viral life cycle did not impair effective virus propagation. Survival of several lung cancer cell lines was significantly diminished after infection with Adp53rc, compared with an identical p53-negative control virus. p53 expression also improved virus release and spread. Interestingly, p53 was more cytotoxic than the ADP in cancer cells but less cytotoxic than the ADP in normal cells. In conclusion, late expression of p53 from a replicating virus improves tumor cell killing and viral spread without impairing viral replication. In addition, in combination with a deletion of the ADP, specificity of tumor cell killing is improved.
DeltaSigma ADCs with Multibit Internal Converters (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Multibit Noise-Shaping Modulator Architectures DAC Architectures for Improved Linearity Digital Correction Techniques Dual-Quantizer ADC Architectures Conclusion This chapter contains sections titled: References
A Fast Macroblock Mode Decision Algorithm for H.264 (2006)

H.264 (JVT) is a new video coding standard jointly developed by ITU-T and ISO MPEG. H.264 uses many advanced techniques and has achieved superior performance compared with other video coding standards. In these techniques, multiple block size is an important part and could get nearly 20% bit rate reduction. However, searching all block sizes has remarkably increased the computational complexity of the H.264 codec. So an efficient mode selection method is very necessary here. In this paper, the authors propose a fast mode decision algorithm. The main techniques include: Pskip mode early detection based on transform domain, mode prediction, and early termination by using adaptive threshold. The authors also use post-search technique to keep coding quality and intra mode skip detection to save computational cost. Experiment results show that our algorithm saves a lot of computational cost. Compared with full mode selection, our new algorithm could keep the image quality quite well with almost the same bit rate
Effects of Sex and Age on the 24-Hour Profile of Growth Hormone Secretion in Man: Importance of Endogenous Estradiol Concentrations* (1987)

We undertook a study of the separate and combined effects of age and sex on the pulsatile pattern of GH secretion. The 24-h secretory profile of GH was generated by 20-min sampling in 10 young women (aged 18-33 yr), 10 young men (aged 18-33 yr), 8 postmenopausal women (aged greater than 55 yr), and 8 older men (aged greater than 55 yr). A computer-assisted pulse analysis program was used to assess both total GH secretion, as reflected in the 24-h integrated GH concentration (IGHC), and pulsatile secretion, as denoted by pulse frequency, duration, amplitude, and the fraction of GH secreted in pulses during the 24-h period (FGHP). IGHC was significantly greater in women than in men (P less than 0.025) and greater in the young than in the old (P less than 0.003). The mean pulse amplitude, duration, and FGHP were each greater in the young (P less than 0.006, P less than 0.03, and P less than 0.0001, respectively), but not significantly different between the sexes. The mean pulse frequency was not affected by sex or age. The serum concentration of free estradiol, but not free testosterone, correlated with IGHC (r = 0.46; P less than 0.005), pulse amplitude (r = 0.53; P less than 0.001), and FGHP (r = 0.59; P less than 0.0002). After correcting for the effects of estradiol, neither sex nor age influenced IGHC or mean pulse amplitude, while the effect of age on FGHP was reduced from 81% to 29%. Of the indices of GH secretion, FGHP had the strongest correlation (r = 0.43; P less than 0.006) with somatomedin-C. Somatomedin-C declined significantly with age in both sexes. Our results indicate that sex and age have independent and interrelated effects on GH secretion. These effects can be largely accounted for by corresponding variations in endogenous estradiol levels. These observations suggest an amplifying action of estradiol on the neuroendocrine regulation of pulsatile GH release.
From a Library of MAG Antagonists to Nanomolar CD22 Ligands (2011)

Siglec-2, also known as CD22, is involved in the regulation and survival of B-cells and has been successfully targeted in cell depletion therapies with antibody-based approaches. Sialic acid derivatives, already known to bind with high affinity to myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG, Siglec-4), were screened for their binding affinity for CD22 by surface plasmon resonance. The best compound identified was further modified with various hydrophobic substituents at the 2-, 5-, and 9-positions of the sialic acid scaffold, leading to nanomolar derivatives, of which ligand 17 b shows the most promising pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements demonstrate that the binding is enthalpy driven. Interestingly, the thermodynamic fingerprints reveal an excellent correlation between gains in enthalpy and compensation by increased entropy costs. Moreover, 17 b exhibits a residence time in the range of a few seconds, clearly prolonged relative to residence times typically observed for carbohydrate-lectin interactions. Finally, initial tests regarding drug-like properties of 17 b demonstrate the required high plasma protein binding yet a lack of oral availability, although its distribution coefficient (log D) is in the required range.
Candidate tumor suppressor RIZ is frequently involved in colorectal carcinogenesis (2000)

The distal portion of chromosome 1p is one of the most commonly affected regions in human cancer. In this study of hereditary and sporadic colorectal cancer, a region of frequent deletion was identified at 32.2 centimorgans from 1ptel. Deletion breakpoints clustered in the vicinity of or inside the gene RIZ, which encodes a retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc finger protein. Sequence analysis revealed frequent frameshift mutations of the RIZ gene. The mutations consisted of 1- or 2-bp deletions of a coding (A)(8) or (A)(9) tract and were confined to microsatellite-unstable colorectal tumors, being present in 9 of 24 (37.5%) primary tumors and in 6 of 11 (54.5%) cell lines; in 2 cell lines the mutation was homozygous/hemizygous. The mutations apparently were selected clonally in tumorigenesis, because similar poly(A) tracts in other genes were not affected. Two alternative products of the gene exist, RIZ1, which contains a PR (PRDI-BF1-RIZ1) domain implicated in tumor suppressor function, and RIZ2, which is lacking this motif. Furthermore, the C-terminal region, which contains the poly(A) tracts, includes a PR-binding motif, possibly mediating interactions with other proteins or with RIZ itself (oligomerization). Four of eleven microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancer cell lines, three of which had frameshifts, showed reduced or absent mRNA expression of RIZ1. In a cell line that is homozygous/hemizygous for the typical frameshift mutation, immunoblotting showed truncated RIZ protein, whereas adenovirus-mediated RIZ1 expression caused G(2)/M arrest and apoptosis. We propose that RIZ is a target of the observed 1p alterations, with impairment of the PR domain-mediated function through either frameshift mutation or genomic deletion.
A 90nm CMOS 5Mb/s crystal-less RF transceiver for RF-powered WSN nodes (2012)

In this work, a batteryless CMOS RF transceiver for WSN nodes is presented. It includes a fully functional receiver for symmetrical RX/TX throughput and exploits narrowband active transmission to improve the uplink reading range without burdening the reader complexity. A PLL-based architecture is adopted both to recover incoming data and synthesize the TX carrier from the input RF signal. This enables crystal-less operation, thus minimizing the system com- plexity and cost.
Cloning and gene expression of Schistosoma mansoni protease. (1987)

Schistosomes utilize proteases (termed hemoglobinases) for degradation of host globin. cDNA clones encoding Schistosoma mansoni protease were isolated by immunologically screening an expression cDNA library with antisera raised against purified hemoglobinase. Confirmation of the identities of the clones was obtained immunologically and biochemically. The bacterially produced fusion protein encoded by one clone, lambda Hb2, degraded hemoglobin in vitro. The sequence of this clone suggested that this S. mansoni protease is synthesized in a precursor form in vivo. Gene titrations indicated that S. mansoni contains multiple genes corresponding to this cDNA. The expression of these genes may be regulated during the organism's life cycle since adult, female worms contained the highest abundances of homologous mRNA and protein compared to other stages.
Adenosine Decreases the Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Halothane in Dogs (1990)

Adenosine has sedative properties, and adenosine-receptor agonists have been found to reduce anesthetic requirements in rodents. This study determined whether adenosine, in hypotensive doses, reduces anesthetic requirements in halothane-anesthetized dogs. In seven animals, minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for halothane was determined by a tail-clamp technique at three time points: after 2 h of halothane anesthesia, during adenosine-induced hypotension (mean arterial pressure: 55 mmHg), and 1 h after adenosine was discontinued. In other dogs, the effects of aminophylline, dipyridamole, or the specific adenosine-receptor antagonist 8-phenyl-theophylline (8-PT) on the halothane-adenosine interaction were studied. Adenosine significantly reduced halothane MAC, by 49%, from 0.76 +/- 0.05 to 0.39 +/- 0.05 vol% (mean +/- SEM). This effect was blocked by the concurrent administration of aminophylline (n = 5, P less than 0.05) or 8-PT (n = 4 of 4). When dipyridamole, which increases the plasma concentrations of endogenous adenosine, was administered alone, halothane MAC was reduced from 0.79 +/- 0.03 to 0.67 +/- 0.05 vol% (n = 5, P = 0.09). We conclude that exogenous adenosine substantially reduces halothane MAC in dogs and that this effect is blocked by the concurrent administration of the adenosine-receptor antagonists aminophylline or 8-PT. Relatively small alterations of endogenous adenosine concentrations, however, do not substantially reduce halothane MAC.
The Microbiome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Is There a Therapeutic Role for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation? (2012)

One hypothesis for the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease is that an altered or pathogenic microbiota causes inflammation in a genetically susceptible individual. Understanding the microbiota's role in the pathogenesis of the disease could lead to new IBD treatments aimed at shifting the bacteria in the gut back to eubiosis. Probiotics have some efficacy in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC), but our current repertoire is limited in potency. Fecal microbiota therapy (FMT) is an emerging treatment for several gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders. It has demonstrated efficacy in treating refractory Clostridium difficile infection, and there are case reports of FMT successfully treating UC. Further clinical studies are justified, and could be complemented by mouse models of fecal transplantation, in which variables can be controlled and manipulated.
Epicutaneous Immunotherapy (EPIT) Blocks the Allergic Esophago-Gastro-Enteropathy Induced by Sustained Oral Exposure to Peanuts in Sensitized Mice (2012)

Gastro-intestinal lesions induced by sustained oral exposure in sensitized mice are efficaciously treated by allergen specific EPIT.
Human neuroblastoma cell lines are susceptible to lysis by natural killer cells but not by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. (1985)

The susceptibility of human neuroblastoma cells to direct cellular cytotoxicity has not been previously established. This is of particular interest because of their aggressive growth and low HLA expression. Neuroblastoma lines CHP 100 and CHP 126 were found to be excellent targets in 4-hr CML assays. Natural killer (NK) cells from fresh PBL and from an NK clone, 3.3, have high lytic activity against both cell lines. We also studied mixed lymphocyte culture-generated cytotoxic lines containing allo-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) directed against HLA antigens present on the neuroblastoma target cell lines. These lines did show excellent lytic activity, but cold target competition studies indicated that all of the lysis resulted from NK activity. This was verified by using inhibition studies with the use of monoclonal antibodies. OKT 3 and anti-HLA antibodies that block CTL function caused no reduction in kill. In contrast, anti-lymphocyte function antigen-1 (anti-LFA-1), which blocks both NK and CTL function, significantly inhibited lysis. These results serve as a functional confirmation of earlier findings of a very weak expression of HLA-A,B,C and beta 2-microglobulin on neuroblastoma cells.