gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Methane Steam Reforming over an Ni-YSZ Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode in Stack Configuration (2014)

The kinetics of catalytic steam reforming of methane over an Ni-YSZ anode of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) have been investigated with the cell placed in a stack configuration. In order to decrease the degree of conversion, a single cell stack with reduced area was used. Measurements were performed in the temperature range 600–800°C and the partial pressures of all reactants and products were varied. The obtained rates could be well fitted with a power law expression (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo>∝</mml:mo></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>H</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.7</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math>). A simple model is presented which is capable of predicting the methane conversion in a stack configuration from intrinsic kinetics of the anode support material. The predictions are compared with the stack measurements presented here, and good agreement is observed.
Candida-specific cell-mediated immunity is demonstrable in mice with experimental vaginal candidiasis (1993)

Women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis often demonstrate a down-regulation of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to Candida albicans detected by a lack of cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to Candida antigens. However, the role of systemic CMI as a host defense mechanism against recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis is not well understood, in part because of the lack of a well-defined murine model of vaginal candidiasis. The present study was undertaken to determine: (i) whether soluble Candida culture filtrate antigens (CaCF) could be used to induce and detect Candida-specific CMI in mice and (ii) whether these antigens would be useful in detecting systemic CMI in mice given an experimental Candida vaginal infection. To this end, mice were immunized subcutaneously with CaCF in complete Freund's adjuvant, and within 7 days they developed Candida-specific DTH reactivity detected by footpad swelling (increase in footpad thickness, 0.36 mm) 24 h after footpad challenge with CaCF. Adoptive transfer studies showed that the DTH responsiveness was elicited by CD4+ DTH T cells. In mice given a vaginal inoculum of C. albicans blastoconidia (5 x 10(5)), footpad challenge with CaCF resulted in positive DTH responses (0.24 mm) as early as 1 week, responses similar to immunization in 2 to 3 weeks (0.33 mm), and sustained low levels of DTH reactivity (0.15 mm) through 10 weeks of vaginal infection. Vaginal lavage cultures revealed that peak vaginal Candida burden occurred 1 week post-vaginal inoculation (10(5) CFU) and declined 16-fold by week 10. These results provide evidence that Candida-specific systemic CMI is generated and can be detected longitudinally in mice with Candida vaginitis by a multiantigen preparation of Candida organisms which both initiates and detects Candida-specific CMI.
Prognostic significance of PD-L1 in solid tumor (2017)

The findings of this meta-analysis suggest the correlation of PD-L1 overexpression with worse OS in patients with solid tumors. However, the correlations differed according to tumor types.
[High-porosity and normal-porosity prostheses. Differences in growth factor release]. (1998)

Our findings pointed out that in ePTFE grafts smooth muscle cellsc proliferated only under endothelial cell at the anastomoses, along seeded synthetic grafts or in areas of transmural ingrowth where smooth muscle cells followed endothelial cell migrating into the graft. This is probably due to an alteration of the interactions between the endothelial cell, the matrices and the synthetic prosthesis.
IL-6 Induces NF-κB Activation in the Intestinal Epithelia (2003)

IL-6 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine that has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is classically known to activate gene expression via the STAT-3 pathway. Given the crucial role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation, it is not known whether IL-6 activates NF-kappaB, a central mediator of intestinal inflammation. The model intestinal epithelial cell line, Caco2-BBE, was used to study IL-6 signaling and to analyze whether suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3) proteins play a role in the negative regulation of IL-6 signaling. We show that IL-6 receptors are present in intestinal epithelia in a polarized fashion. Basolateral IL-6 and, to a lesser extent, apical IL-6 induces the activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. Basolateral IL-6 stimulation results in a maximal induction of NF-kappaB activation and NF-kappaB nuclear translocation at 2 h. IL-6 induces polarized expression of ICAM-1, an adhesion molecule shown to be important in the neutrophil-epithelial interactions in IBD. Using various deletion constructs of ICAM-1 promoter, we show that ICAM-1 induction by IL-6 requires the activation of NF-kappaB. We also demonstrate that overexpression of SOCS-3, a protein known to inhibit STAT activation in response to IL-6, down-regulates IL-6-induced NF-kappaB activation and ICAM-1 expression. In summary, we demonstrate the activation of NF-kappaB by IL-6 in intestinal epithelia and the down-regulation of NF-kappaB induction by SOCS-3. These data may have mechanistic and therapeutic implications in diseases such as IBD and rheumatoid arthritis in which IL-6 plays an important role in the pathogenesis.
Radiation-induced Akt activation modulates radioresistance in human glioblastoma cells (2009)

These results suggest that Akt may be a central player in a feedback loop whereby activation of Akt induced by IR increases radioresistance of GBM cells. Targeting the Akt signaling pathway may have important therapeutic implications when used in combination with IR in the treatment of a subset of brain tumor patients.
Control of CFTR Channel Gating by Phosphorylation and Nucleotide Hydrolysis (1999)

Control of CTFR Channel Gating by Phosphorylation and Nucleotide Hydrolysis. Physiol. Rev. 79, Suppl.: S77-S107, 1999. - The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl- channel is the protein product of the gene defective in cystic fibrosis, the most common lethal genetic disease among Caucasians. Unlike any other known ion channel, CFTR belongs to the ATP-binding cassette superfamily of transporters and, like all other family members, CFTR includes two cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs), both of which bind and hydrolyze ATP. It appears that in a single open-close gating cycle, an individual CFTR channel hydrolyzes one ATP molecule at the NH2-terminal NBD to open the channel, and then binds and hydrolyzes a second ATP molecule at the COOH-terminal NBD to close the channel. This complex coordinated behavior of the two NBDs is orchestrated by multiple protein kinase A-dependent phosphorylation events, at least some of which occur within the third large cytoplasmic domain, called the regulatory domain. Two or more kinds of protein phosphatases selectively dephosphorylate distinct sites. Under appropriately controlled conditions of progressive phosphorylation or dephosphorylation, three functionally different phosphoforms of a single CFTR channel can be distinguished on the basis of channel opening and closing kinetics. Recording single CFTR channel currents affords an unprecedented opportunity to reproducibly examine, and manipulate, individual ATP hydrolysis cycles in a single molecule, in its natural environment, in real time.
Real-Time DNA Quantification of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA in Forensic Analysis (2002)

The rapid development of molecular genetic analysis tools has made it possible to analyze most biological materialfound at the scene of a crime. Evidence materials containing DNA quantities too low to be analyzed using nuclear markers can be analyzed using the highly abundant mtDNA. However, there is a shortage of sensitive nDNA and mtDNA quantification assays. In this study, an assay for the quantification of very small amounts of DNA, based on the real-time Taq-Man assay, has been developed. This analysis will provide an estimate of the total number of nDNA copies and the total number of mtDNA molecules in a particular evidence material. The quantification is easy to perform, fast, and requires a minimum of the valuable DNA extracted from the evidence materiaL The results will aid in the evaluation of whether the specific sample is suitable for nDNA or mtDNA analysis. Furthermore, the optimal amount of DNA to be used in further analysis can be estimated ensuring that the analysis is successful and that the DNA is retained for future independent analysis. This assay has significant advantages over existing techniques because of its high sensitivity, accuracy, and the combined analysis of nDNA and mtDNA. Moreover, it has the potential to provide additional information about the presence of inhibitors in forensic samples. Subsequent mitochondrial and nuclear analysis of quantified samples illustrated the potential to predict the number of DNA copies required for a successful analysis in a certain typing assay.
Pixel-level ADC by small charge quantum counting (2006)

A pixel-level ADC technique for CMOS image sensors is presented. As the charge represents accurately the amount of illumination, the principle consists in counting small charge packets which come from the detector. Based on a 0.13 μm CMOS technology, simulation results and first measurements are presented showing that the LSB value can be reduced to 1900 electrons with a static power of 250nW per pixel. For the moment, due to the available technology, this technique, is restricted to medium size pixels, i.e. 50x50 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Transillumination of interproximal caries lesions with 830-nm light (2004)

New imaging technology is needed for the early detection of dental caries (decay) in the interproximal contact sites between teeth. Previous measurements have demonstrated that dental enamel is highly transparent in the near-IR near 1310-nm making that wavelength range ideal for the transillumination of interproximal lesions. However, imaging at 1310-nm involves the use of expensive InGaAs technology. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of a low cost near-IR sensitive imaging system employing a CCD camera with enhanced near-IR sensitivity operating at 830-nm with the 1310-nm InGaAs system. Images of simulated caries lesions were acquired through tooth sections of varying thickness and whole teeth in order to demonstrate the utility of a near-IR dental transillumination system for the imaging of early dental caries (decay). Simulated lesions, representing the optical scattering of natural dental caries, were placed in plano-parallel dental enamel sections and whole anterior teeth. The contrast ratio between the simulated lesions and surrounding sound enamel was calculated from analysis of the respective spatial intensity profiles in the acquired projection images. This study shows that near-IR transillumination at 830-nm offers significantly improved image contrast over the visible range, but less image contrast than at 1310-nm.
Salivary Proline-Rich Protein Genes on Chromosome 8 of Mouse (1984)

Endonuclease restriction (Hind III) fragments of DNA from Chinese hamster X mouse somatic cell hybrids hybridized with proline-rich protein complementary DNA clones only when the DNA was isolated from cells containing mouse chromosome 8, or a fragment of chromosome 8. The evidence suggests that proline-rich protein genes are located at the proximal portion of chromosome 8 toward the centromere.
Photorefractivity in Polymer-Stabilized Nematic Liquid Crystals (1998)

The charge generation and transport properties of nematic liquid crystals doped with electron donors and acceptors are shown to be strongly modified by the addition of low concentrations of a polymeric electron acceptor. These new liquid crystalline composites exhibit significantly enhanced photorefractive properties. The new composites are produced by polymerizing a small quantity of a 1,4:5,8-naphthalenediimide electron acceptor functionalized with an acrylate group in an aligned nematic liquid crystal. Photopolymerization creates an anisotropic gellike medium in which the liquid crystal is free to reorient in the presence of a space-charge field while maintaining charge-trapping sites in the polymerized regions of the material. The presence of these trapping sites results in the observation of longer lived, higher resolution holographic gratings in the polymer-stabilized liquid crystals than observed in nematic liquid crystals alone. These gratings display Bragg regime diffraction. Asymmetric beam coupling, photoconductivity, and four-wave mixing experiments are performed to characterize the photophysics of these novel materials. The mechanism of charge transport in the polymer-stabilized liquid crystals is also discussed.
On the Mode of Action of Lipid-lowering Agents (1971)

Abstract Cultured mammary cells, prepared from lactating rat mammary glands by treatment with collagenase, synthesize extensively cellular and secretory lipids, mostly triglycerides, from exogenous acetate or glucose via malonyl coenzyme A as an obligatory intermediate. Certain hypolipidemic drugs of clinical interest, which act as inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in vitro drastically reduce lipogenesis in mammary cells from 1-14C-acetate or U-14C-glucose in a dose-dependent fashion. The effect is most pronounced in the triglyceride fraction of the cell lipids, but other lipid classes including cholesterol are also reduced. Production of 14CO2 and incorporation of radioactivity from 1-14C-acetate into nonlipid material, cellular or secretory, are unaffected by the presence of the drugs in the culture media. Lipogenic capacity of the cells utilizing 1,3-14C-malonyl-CoA is not altered by the drugs; thus the derangement of fatty acid synthesis occurs before malonyl-CoA formation. Exogenous citrate in the culture medium can, under certain conditions, prevent or reverse the drastic inhibition of lipogenesis caused by the hypolipidemic drugs. Competition of these structurally unrelated compounds at the cellular level is in agreement with the in vitro competition between the hypolipidemic drugs and citrate, the activator of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
FACTOR XIA IN COMPLEX WITH THE INHIBITOR methyl [(2R,7S)-7-({(2E)-3-[5-chloro-2-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl]prop-2-enoyl}amino)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-8,11-epimino-1,9-benzodiazacyclotridecin-14-yl]carbamate (2019)

The discovery of orally bioavailable FXIa inhibitors has been a challenge. Herein, we describe our efforts to address this challenge by optimization of our imidazole-based macrocyclic series. Our optimization strategy focused on modifications to the P2 prime, macrocyclic amide linker, and the imidazole scaffold. Replacing the amide of the macrocyclic linker with amide isosteres led to the discovery of substituted amine linkers which not only maintained FXIa binding affinity but also improved oral exposure in rats. Combining the optimized macrocyclic amine linker with a pyridine scaffold afforded compounds 23 and 24 that were orally bioavailable, single-digit nanomolar FXIa inhibitors with excellent selectivity against relevant blood coagulation enzymes.
Long-chain (sphingoid) bases inhibit multistage carcinogenesis in mouse C3H/10T1/2 cells treated with radiation and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. (1991)

Sphingosine and other long-chain (sphingoid) bases inhibit protein kinase C, the putative cellular receptor for the tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and exert potent effects on diverse cell functions. We tested the ability of long-chain bases to modulate multistage carcinogenesis in mouse C3H/10T1/2 cells exposed to gamma-rays and PMA. Sphingosine and sphinganine completely blocked the enhancement of radiation-induced transformation by PMA (promotion) and partially suppressed transformation by radiation alone. N-Acetylsphingosine, a ceramide analog, did not inhibit transformation. Sphingosine was rapidly taken up by the cells and metabolized; hence, the long-chain bases were added daily to achieve prolonged inhibition. Long-chain bases inhibited protein kinase C activity in C3H/10T1/2 cells and suppressed the down-regulation of this enzyme by PMA. Our results establish that long-chain bases are highly effective inhibitors of carcinogenesis in this model. Our results also indicate that the suppressive effects may be mediated, in part, by inhibition of protein kinase C. The data suggest that sphingosine and other long-chain bases derived from complex sphingolipids may act as cancer-preventative agents.
Growth hormone/IGF-I and/or resistive exercise maintains myonuclear number in hindlimb unweighted muscles (1997)

In the present study of rats, we examined the role, during 2 wk of hindlimb suspension, of growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I (GH/IGF-I) administration and/or brief bouts of resistance exercise in ameliorating the loss of myonuclei in fibers of the soleus muscle that express type I myosin heavy chain. Hindlimb suspension resulted in a significant decrease in mean soleus wet weight that was attenuated either by exercise alone or by exercise plus GH/IGF-I treatment but was not attenuated by hormonal treatment alone. Both mean myonuclear number and mean fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) of fibers expressing type I myosin heavy chain decreased after 2 wk of suspension compared with control (134 vs. 162 myonuclei/mm and 917 vs. 2,076 micron2, respectively). Neither GH/IGF-I treatment nor exercise alone affected myonuclear number or fiber CSA, but the combination of exercise and growth-factor treatment attenuated the decrease in both variables. A significant correlation was found between mean myonuclear number and mean CSA across all groups. Thus GH/IGF-I administration and brief bouts of muscle loading had an interactive effect in attenuating the loss of myonuclei induced by chronic unloading.
Efficient direct priming of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte in vivo by an engineered APC. (1998)

Although numerous studies have documented a role for B7-1 (CD80) in the induction of antitumor CTL immunity, it is presently unclear to what extent expression of this costimulatory molecule truly endows tumors with significant in vivo APC (antigen-presenting cell) capacity. Recent studies have, in fact, demonstrated that cross-priming, rather than direct priming, may constitute the major mechanism of CTL induction by B7-1 expressing tumors. We have, therefore, investigated the requirements for antigen density and costimulatory molecules in direct CTL priming with a prototype cell-based vaccine that uses a signal sequence-containing minigene to direct expression of a tumor-specific CTL epitope to the endoplasmic reticulum. This design limits sources of antigen available to professional APC in the host and, thereby, the contribution of cross-priming. Induction of antitumor CTL immunity by our prototype APC was shown to solely involve direct priming, independent of host APC, NKI.1+ cells, and CD4+ T cell help. CTL induction through this mechanism required the engineered APC to express the B7-1 molecule as well as a sufficiently high density of peptide/MHC complexes at its surface. Our data, in contrast to previous studies using modified tumor cells, clearly define the antigenic and costimulatory requirements for a suitably engineered "artificial" APC to directly prime peptide-specific CTL in vivo, and demonstrate that the signal sequence minigene approach allows the engineering of highly effective and well-defined cellular vaccines for activation of CTL against epitopes of choice.
Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin: Optimizing the Dosing Schedule in Ovarian Cancer (2005)

The need for effective, well-tolerated, and convenient therapies for patients with advanced ovarian cancer has led researchers to continually refine chemotherapeutic regimens to balance efficacy with safety and tolerability in order to maintain or improve patient quality of life. In this article, we review current strategies for the optimal dosing of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (DOXIL; Tibotec Therapeutics, a division of Ortho Biotech Products, L.P., Bridgewater, NJ, http://www.tibotec.com; Caelyx, Schering-Plough Corporation, Kenilworth, NJ, http://www.sch-plough.com) in relapsed ovarian cancer. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of recurrent/resistant ovarian cancer in several clinical trials utilizing a dose of 50 mg/m2 every 4 weeks. The most common adverse events associated with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin treatment in these studies-hand-foot syndrome (HFS, also known as palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia) and stomatitis-are schedule and dose dependent, respectively, and do not typically lead to discontinuation of therapy. Several phase II and retrospective studies support the use of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin 40 mg/m2 every 4 weeks (dose intensity of 10 mg/m2 weekly) to optimize clinical efficacy and minimize the occurrence of schedule- and dose-related adverse events in patients with recurrent/relapsed ovarian cancer. Further reductions in dose intensity are necessary for use in combined chemotherapy regimens. Antitumor activity was maintained, with reduced incidences of HFS and stomatitis. Given the chronic course of ovarian cancer, the improved tolerability profile of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin 40 mg/m2 combined with a convenient once-monthly dosing schedule may translate into an improved quality of life for patients with ovarian cancer.
Using acausal shaping techniques to reduce robot vibration (2003)

A method for generating shaped command inputs which reduce endpoint vibration is presented. The technique applies to both open- and closed-loop systems. The Draper Laboratory's Space Shuttle remote manipulator system nonlinear simulator is used to verify the substantial reduction of residual vibration. In addition, the shaped inputs have been designed to closely approximate the time-optimal input, therefore only a small move time penalty is incurred.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
New treatment options against gram-negative organisms (2011)

In recent years, infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens have become a serious problem, especially in the nosocomial setting. The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified antimicrobial resistance as one of the three most important problems for human health. Some authors have summarized this phenomenon with the word ‘ESKAPE’, to include the most frequent MDR microorganisms: Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. [1]. Resistance to the current library of antibacterial drugs is a serious problem in all parts of the world including the Asia-Pacific region, Latin America, Europe, and North America.