gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive LMS L-filters for noise suppression in images (1996)

Several adaptive least mean squares (LMS) L-filters, both constrained and unconstrained ones, are developed for noise suppression in images and compared in this paper. First, the location-invariant LMS L-filter for a nonconstant signal corrupted by zero-mean additive white noise is derived. It is demonstrated that the location-invariant LMS L-filter can be described in terms of the generalized linearly constrained adaptive processing structure proposed by Griffiths and Jim (1982). Subsequently, the normalized and the signed error LMS L-filters are studied. A modified LMS L-filter with nonhomogeneous step-sizes is also proposed in order to accelerate the rate of convergence of the adaptive L-filter. Finally, a signal-dependent adaptive filter structure is developed to allow a separate treatment of the pixels that are close to the edges from the pixels that belong to homogeneous image regions.
Emergence of Multidrug-ResistantSalmonella entericaSerotypeTyphimurium DT104 Infections in the United States (1998)

Multidrug-resistant typhimurium DT104 has become a widespread pathogen in the United States. More prudent use of antimicrobial agents in farm animals and more effective disease prevention on farms are necessary to reduce the dissemination of multidrug-resistant typhimurium DT104 and to slow the emergence of resistance to additional agents in this and other strains of salmonella.
High Efficacy of a Listeria -Based Vaccine against Metastatic Breast Cancer Reveals a Dual Mode of Action (2009)

Most cancer vaccines induce CTL responses to tumor-associated antigens (TAA). Killing of tumor cells occurs through TAA-specific CTL-mediated cytolysis. Here, we show that one preventive followed by two therapeutic immunizations with an attenuated Listeria monocytogenes (LM)-based vaccine eradicates all metastases and almost the entire primary tumor in the syngeneic, aggressive mouse breast tumor model 4T1. We provide strong evidence that this is due to the combined result of direct kill by Listeria infecting the tumor cells and by CTL responses against Listeria antigens. We showed by electron microscopy that LM expressing truncated listeriolysin O (LLO) and amino acid fragments 311 to 660 of TAA Mage-b (LM-LLO-Mage-b(311-660)) and the control strain LM-LLO infect tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. In vitro data indicate that tumor cell death occurs through activation of NADP(+) oxidase and increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels, both resulting in the production of high ROS levels. Because both LM-LLO and LM-LLO-Mage-b(311-660) showed equally strong efficacies in vivo, we concluded that LM-LLO was crucial and Mage-b was of less importance. We found strong CTL responses to LM-LLO in the spleen, and depletion of CD8 T cells in vivo resulted in significant tumor regrowth (52%) in LM-LLO-vaccinated mice, indicating that LM-LLO-specific CTL indeed partially contributed to tumor cell kill in vivo. This dual mode of action of a Listeria-based vaccine has not been described before and may provide new directions in the development of more effective vaccines against metastatic breast cancer.
Mapping of lymphocyte surface polypeptide antigens by chemical cross-linking with BSOCOES. (1980)

Abstract A base-reversible, 13 Å homo-bifunctional chemical cross-linking reagent, selected for its reactivity at 0°C but not previously used in membrane studies, was used to measure topographic relationships between Rauscher murine leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein (R-MLV gp70, 70,000 daltons) or mouse major histocompatibility (H-2,46,000 and 12,000 daltons) antigens and their neighboring polypeptide antigens on the surface of R-MLV-transformed and virus-producing C57BL/6 (H-2b) mouse leukemia cells (RBL-5A). RBL-5A cell surface polypeptides were radioiodinated and then cross-linked with bis-[2-(succinimidooxycarbonyloxy)ethyl]sulfone (BSO-COES) at 0°C. An NP-40 extract was prepared, polypeptides were precipitated with specific antiserum and analyzed by two-dimensional sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing conditions. In a first dimension SDS-polyacryl-amide gel, the polypeptides were separated with BSO-COES-links intact, and then their cleavage products were separated by using SDS-PAGE in a second dimension. Anti-R-MLV gp70 serum precipitated 140,000-dalton, 210,000-dalton, and high molecular weight (HMW) polypeptides from the surface of BSOCOES-linked RBL-5A cells. These homo-dimers (140,000 daltons) and homotrimers (210,000 daltons) of a 70,000 dalton polypeptide may be the R-MLV gp70-containing knob structures visualized by electron microscopy on the surfaces of R-MLV-infected cells. Anti-H-2b serum precipitated 58,000-dalton dimers comprised of one heavy polypeptide chain (46,000 daltons) and one light chain (12,000 daltons), intrachain-linked heavy chain monomers, and several other species of higher M.W. polypeptides. BSOCOES cross-linking of cells at 0°C in conjunction with surface radioiodination, immunoprecipitation with specific antiserum and separation of cross-linked polypeptides and their cleavage products by two-dimensional reducing SDS-PAGE can be used in the mapping of nearest polypeptide neighbors on the cell surface.
Interdiffusions in Cu/reactive-ion-sputtered TiN, Cu/chemical-vapor-deposited TiN, Cu/TaN, and TaN/Cu/TaN thin-film structures: Low temperature diffusion analyses (1992)

A comparative study of reactively-ion-sputtered (RIS) and low pressure chemical-vapor-deposited (LPCVD) TiN, and sputter-deposited TaN thin films as diffusion barriers for Cu has been done using Auger electron spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and sheet resistance measurements. For the RIS TiN and sputtered TaN diffusion barriers, the integrity of the individual layers was preserved and there was no evidence of interdiffusion for samples annealed up to 500 °C in N2–H2 ambient for 1 hour. The LPCVD TiN was stable up to 450 °C for 30 minutes only, after which Cu started to diffuse into the TiN layer. The reasons for the higher thermal stability of RIS TiN compared to LPCVD TiN can be deduced from the microstructural differences in the two films, as observed with x-ray diffraction technique.
The Eucalyptus Open-Source Cloud-Computing System (2009)

Cloud computing systems fundamentally provide access to large pools of data and computational resources through a variety of interfaces similar in spirit to existing grid and HPC resource management and programming systems. These types of systems offer a new programming target for scalable application developers and have gained popularity over the past few years. However, most cloud computing systems in operation today are proprietary, rely upon infrastructure that is invisible to the research community, or are not explicitly designed to be instrumented and modified by systems researchers. In this work, we present Eucalyptus - an open-source software framework for cloud computing that implements what is commonly referred to as infrastructure as a service (IaaS); systems that give users the ability to run and control entire virtual machine instances deployed across a variety physical resources. We outline the basic principles of the Eucalyptus design, detail important operational aspects of the system, and discuss architectural trade-offs that we have made in order to allow EUCALYPTUS to be portable, modular and simple to use on infrastructure commonly found within academic settings. Finally, we provide evidence that EUCALYPTUS enables users familiar with existing grid and HPC systems to explore new cloud computing functionality while maintaining access to existing, familiar application development software and grid middleware.
Ultraviolet photodetectors with ZnO nanowires prepared on ZnO:Ga/glass templates (2006)

Vertically well-aligned ZnO nanowire ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors were fabricated by spin-on-glass technology on ZnO:Ga/glass templates. With 2V applied bias, it was found that dark current density of the fabricated device was only 2.0×10−7A∕cm2. It was also found that UV-to-visible rejection ratio and quantum efficiency of the fabricated ZnO nanowire photodetectors were more than 1000 and 12.6%, respectively.
Plasma-Assisted Atomic Layer Deposition: Basics, Opportunities, and Challenges (2011)

Plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition (ALD) is an energy-enhanced method for the synthesis of ultra-thin films with Å-level resolution in which a plasma is employed during one step of the cyclic deposition process. The use of plasma species as reactants allows for more freedom in processing conditions and for a wider range of material properties compared with the conventional thermally-driven ALD method. Due to the continuous miniaturization in the microelectronics industry and the increasing relevance of ultra-thin films in many other applications, the deposition method has rapidly gained popularity in recent years, as is apparent from the increased number of articles published on the topic and plasma-assisted ALD reactors installed. To address the main differences between plasma-assisted ALD and thermal ALD, some basic aspects related to processing plasmas are presented in this review article. The plasma species and their role in the surface chemistry are addressed and different equipment configurations, including radical-enhanced ALD, direct plasma ALD, and remote plasma ALD, are described. The benefits and challenges provided by the use of a plasma step are presented and it is shown that the use of a plasma leads to a wider choice in material properties, substrate temperature, choice of precursors, and processing conditions, but that the processing can also be compromised by reduced film conformality and plasma damage. Finally, several reported emerging applications of plasma-assisted ALD are reviewed. It is expected that the merits offered by plasma-assisted ALD will further increase the interest of equipment manufacturers for developing industrial-scale deposition configurations such that the method will find its use in several manufacturing applications.
Electroreductive Intramolecular Coupling of Phthalimides with Aromatic Aldehydes: Application to the Synthesis of Lennoxamine (2011)

The electroreductive intramolecular coupling of phthalimides with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane and triethylamine led to five-, six-, and seven-membered cyclized products (58-84%). The electroreductive cyclization was applied to the total synthesis of lennoxamine.
REDUCTION STUDIES IN THE MORPHINE SERIES. IX. HYDROXYCODEINONE* (1939)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTREDUCTION STUDIES IN THE MORPHINE SERIES. IX. HYDROXYCODEINONE*ROBERT E. LUTZ and LYNDON SMALLCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1939, 04, 3, 220–233Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1939https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01215a002https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01215a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views247Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Amyloid Angiopathy of Alzheimer's Disease: Amino Acid Composition and Partial Sequence of a 4,200‐Dalton Peptide Isolated from Cortical Microvessels (1987)

The cardinal lesions of Alzheimer's disease are neurofibrillary tangles, senile neuritic plaques, and vascular amyloid, the latter generally involving cortical arteries and small arterioles. All three lesions are composed of amyloid-like, beta-pleated sheet fibrils. Recently, a 4,200-dalton peptide has been isolated from extraparenchymal meningeal vessels, neuritic plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. The assumption of N-terminal homogeneity in vascular amyloid has been used as an argument for a neuronal (versus blood) origin of the peptide. However, intracortical microvessels from Alzheimer's disease have not been previously isolated. The present studies describe the isolation of a microvessel fraction from Alzheimer's disease and control fresh autopsy human brain. Alzheimer's disease isolated brain microvessels that were extensively laden with amyloid and control microvessels were solubilized in 90% formic acid and analyzed by urea sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The arteriole fraction from the Alzheimer's subject with extensive amyloid angiopathy contained a unique 4,200-dalton peptide, whereas the arterioles or capillaries isolated from two controls and two Alzheimer's disease subjects without angiopathy did not. This peptide was purified by HPLC and amino acid composition analysis showed the peptide is nearly identical to the 4,200-dalton peptide recently isolated from neuritic plaques or from neurofibrillary tangles. Sequence analysis revealed N-terminal heterogeneity. The N-terminal sequence was: Asp-Ala-Glu-Phe-Arg-His-Asp-Ser-Gly-Tyr, which is identical to the N-terminal sequence of the 4,200-dalton peptide isolated previously from extraparenchymal meningeal vessels and neuritic plaques.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Erythropoietin Receptor Activation by a Ligand-Induced Conformation Change (1999)

Erythropoietin and other cytokine receptors are thought to be activated through hormone-induced dimerization and autophosphorylation of JAK kinases associated with the receptor intracellular domains. An in vivo protein fragment complementation assay was used to obtain evidence for an alternative mechanism in which unliganded erythropoietin receptor dimers exist in a conformation that prevents activation of JAK2 but then undergo a ligand-induced conformation change that allows JAK2 to be activated. These results are consistent with crystallographic evidence of distinct dimeric configurations for unliganded and ligand-bound forms of the erythropoietin receptor.
Tropoelastin Massively Associates during Coacervation To Form Quantized Protein Spheres (2006)

Tropoelastin, the precursor of elastin, undergoes a rapid monomer to multimer association in an inverse temperature transition. This association culminates in the rapid formation of stable, optically distinct droplets of tropoelastin. Light scattering and microscope measurements reveal that these droplets are 2-6 microm in diameter. Scanning electron microscopy confirms that the droplets are spherical. Three-dimensional confocal image stacks based on the autofluorescence of tropoelastin reveal that droplets are loaded with hydrated tropoelastin. Droplets are viable intermediates in synthetic elastin macroassembly. Dense clusters of aggregated droplets and partially formed fibers develop when droplets are incubated in the presence of a lysyl oxidase. Lysine-reacting chemical and enzyme-assisted cross-linking conditions generate cross-linked beads due to interactions between multiple, surface-exposed lysine epsilon-amino groups. Droplets represent an efficient mechanism for the bolus delivery during elastogenesis of quantized packages of preaccreted tropoelastin.
Low-loss joints between dissimilar fibres by tapering fusion splices (1986)

A technique is reported for reducing the splice loss between dissimilar or similar fibres. The technique involves tapering a fusion splice to produce a mode transformer which converts the fundamental mode of one fibre to that of the other with negligible loss. Results of theoretical calculations are presented which show the fundamental mode field shape at the splice junction and the estimated joint loss between two dissimilar fibres as a function of the splice diameter. Initial experiments are reported which have achieved splice loss reductions from 1.5 dB to 0.56 dB and 0.7 dB to 0.15 dB between dissimilar and similar fibres, respectively, at 1.3 μm.
Characterization of silver ions adsorbed on gold nanorods: surface analysis by using surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2009)

Surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) indicated AgBr2-, which adsorbed on gold nanorod surfaces, was a key material to control the anisotropic growth of gold nanorods.
Balancing act [noise based sensory enhancement technology (2005)

Research teams at Afferent Corp. and at Boston University have been collaborating to develop and test a new class of neurotherapy devices that have the promise of directly improving mechanical sensory function to help prevent falls in the elderly and foot injuries and amputations in people with diabetes. These devices are based on the discovery that certain forms of electrical or mechanical stimulation applied to mechanoreceptors increase their ability to detect sensory information. Results show that the best type of stimulation signal is not a finely tuned frequency but rather white noise. When presented with this stimulus over an extended period, the sensory neurons were unable to adapt to it. These findings reinforce the growing body of research that establishes the connection between sensory activity and the ability of the nervous system to repair itself following injury.
Cloning and Sequencing of the Ribosomal RNA Genes in Maize: The 17S Region (1984)

The maize genes for the 17S, 5.8S, and 26S ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are located on chromosome 6 and consist of 9-kb sequences repeated about 5,000-10,000 times per 2C. One of these sequences was isolated from a lambda library containing maize Eco RI genomic segments. The sequence of the small-subunit (17S) RNA was determined using the M13 shotgun-dideoxy sequencing approach. The maize sequence was compared with nuclear rRNAs from yeast, Xenopus, and rat. Using these sequences, it is possible to identify tentatively the start and the end points of the sequence of the maize nuclear small subunit rRNA. This RNA has a length of 1809 nucleotides. The alignment of all four sequences for maximal homology allows us to identify regions within the rRNA that have been conserved during eukaryotic evolution.
Nanobubble Trouble on Gold Surfaces (2003)

When analyzing surfaces related to biosensors with in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM), the existence of nanobubbles called for our attention. The bubbles seem to form spontaneously when gold surfaces are immersed in clean water and are probably a general phenomenon at water−solid interfaces. Besides from giving rise to undesired effects in, for example, biosensors, nanobubbles can also cause artifacts in AFM imaging. We have observed nanobubbles on unmodified gold surfaces, immersed in clean water, using standard silicon AFM probes. Nanobubbles can be made to disappear from contact mode AFM images and then to reappear by changing the scanning force. By combining contact mode AFM imaging and local force measurements, the interaction between the nanobubbles and the probe can be analyzed and give information about the characteristics of nanobubbles. A model of the forces between the AFM probe tip and the nanobubble indicates that a small tip cone angle and a relatively hydrophilic tip surface makes it possible to image nanobubbles with contact mode AFM even though the tip has penetrated the surface of the bubble.
Replacement policies for a proxy cache (2000)

In this paper, we analyze access traces to a Web proxy, looking at statistical parameters to be used in the design of a replacement policy for documents held in the cache. In the first part of this paper, we present a number of properties of the lifetime and statistics of access to documents, derived from two large trace sets coming from very different proxies and spanning over time intervals of up to five months. In the second part, we propose a novel replacement policy, called LRV, which selects for replacement the document with the lowest relative value among those in cache. In LRV, the value of a document is computed adaptively based on information readily available to the proxy server. The algorithm has no hardwired constants, and the computations associated with the replacement policy require only a small constant time. We show how LRV outperforms least recently used (LRU) and other policies and can significantly improve the performance of the cache, especially for a small one.
Peptide inhibition of glomerular deposition of an anti-DNA antibody (1997)

Antibodies to double-stranded DNA are pathognomonic of systemic lupus erythematosus and deposit in the kidneys of lupus patients to cause glomerulonephritis. Recent data suggest that a significant proportion of anti-DNA antibodies may cross-react with renal antigens and be sequestered in the kidney by virtue of this cross-reactivity. If this is true, antigenic competition for pathogenic antibodies might prevent their deposition in kidneys and the ensuing tissue damage. To generate surrogate antigens that could be used for this purpose, we have used peptide display phage libraries to identify peptides that react with R4A, a pathogenic mouse monoclonal anti-DNA antibody that deposits in glomeruli. We have demonstrated that the peptides bind in or near the double-stranded DNA binding site. Furthermore, the peptides are bound preferentially by the R4A antibody as compared with two closely related antibodies derived from it, one of which deposits in renal tubules and one of which displays no renal pathogenicity. Administration of one of these peptides in a soluble form protects mice from renal deposition of the R4A anti-DNA antibody in vivo. This represents a new therapeutic approach in systemic lupus erythematosus that focuses on protecting target organs from antibody mediated injury.
Conditional regression forests for human pose estimation (2012)

Random forests have been successfully applied to various high level computer vision tasks such as human pose estimation and object segmentation. These models are extremely efficient but work under the assumption that the output variables (such as body part locations or pixel labels) are independent. In this paper, we present a conditional regression forest model for human pose estimation that incorporates dependency relationships between output variables through a global latent variable while still maintaining a low computational cost. We show that the incorporation of a global latent variable encoding torso orientation, or human height, etc., can dramatically increase the accuracy of body joint location prediction. Our model also allows efficient and seamless incorporation of prior knowledge about the problem instance such as the height or orientation of the human subject which can be available from the problem context or via a temporal model. We show that our method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods for pose estimation from depth images. The conditional regression model proposed in the paper is general and can be applied to other problems where random forests are used.