gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Catalyst-free growth of GaAs nanowires by selective-area metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (2005)

We report on the fabrication of GaAs hexagonal nanowires surrounded by {110} vertical facets on a GaAs (111) B substrate using selective-area (SA) metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxial (MOVPE) growth. The substrate for SA growth was partially covered with thin SiO2, and a circular mask opening with a diameter d0 of 50–200 nm was defined. After SA-MOVPE, GaAs nanowires with a typical diameter d ranging from 50 to 200 nm and a height from 2 to 9μm were formed vertically on the substrate without any catalysts. The size of the nanowire depends on the growth conditions and the opening size of the masked substrate. A possible growth mechanism is also discussed.
Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Dose Prescription, Recording, and Delivery: Patterns of Variability Among Institutions and Treatment Planning Systems (2008)

Substantial variation in the prescribed and delivered doses exists among medical institutions, raising concerns about the validity of comparing clinical outcomes for IMRT. The isocenter dose in IMRT is simply a point dose and often does not reflect the prescription dose that is specified by a selected isodose line encompassing the target volume. This study suggests the need for national and/or international guidelines for dose prescription, planning, and reporting for a meaningful clinical trial in IMRT.
Prevention and treatment of excessive dermal scarring. (2004)

Today, wound management to avoid excessive scar formation is increasingly important, especially in populations with Fitzpatrick 3 or higher skin pigmentation. Medical science and industrial development are devoting more effort toward understanding and offering better therapy to control scars. However, advances in scar management have been hampered by the confusing or ambiguous terminology. There is no consensus on what amount of post-traumatic skin scar formation is "normal" and what should be considered "hypertrophic". In the World Health Organization's ICD-9, there is no diagnostic code for hypertrophic scar--only keloid is listed. Yet, the medical and scientific literature distinguishes them as different conditions. Our experience suggests that the diagnosis of keloid disease is greatly over-rendered. For black patients, an elevated scar seems, by default, diagnosed as keloid by most. This confusion results in inappropriate management of scar formation, and occasionally contributes to decision making related to elective or cosmetic surgery. Given that patients are expecting better outcomes from wound care today than in the past, this review article attempts to capture the essential biological factors related to wound scar production and discusses treatment options and indications used by the authors.
Triacylglycerol composition and structure in genetically modified sunflower and soybean oils (1997)

Abstract Changes in composition were examined in oils extracted from genetically modified sunflower and soybean seeds. Improvements were made to the analytical methods to accomplish these analyses successfully. Triacylglycerols (TAG) were separated on two 300 mm × 3.9 mm 4µ Novapak C18 high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns and detected with a Varex MKIII evaporative light‐scattering detector. Peaks were identified by coelution with known standards or by determining fatty acid composition of eluted TAG by capillary gas chromatography (GC). Stereospecific analysis (fatty acid position) was accomplished by partially hydrolyzing TAG with ethyl magnesium bromide and immediately derivatizing the resulting diacylglycerols (DAG) with ( S )‐(+)‐1‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate. The derivatized sn ‐1,2‐DAG were completely resolved from the sn ‐2,3‐DAG on two 25 mm × 4.6 mm 3 µ silica HPLC columns. The columns were chilled to −20°C to obtain baseline resolution of collected peaks. The distribution of fatty acids on each position of the glycerol backbone was derived from the fatty acid compositions of the two DAG groups and the unhydrolyzed oil. Results for the sn ‐2 position were verified by hydrolyzing oils with porcine pancreatic lipase, isolating the resulting sn ‐2 monoacylglycerols by TLC, and determining the fatty acid compositions by GC. Results demonstrated that alterations in the total fatty acid composition of these seed oils are determined by the concentration of TAG species that contain at least one of the modified acyl groups. As expected, no differences were found in TAG with fatty acid quantities unaffected by the specific mutation. In lieu of direct metabolic or enzymatic assay evidence, the authors’ positional data are nevertheless consistent with TAG biosynthesis in these lines being driven by the mass action of available acyl groups and not by altered specificity of the acyltransferases, the compounds responsible for incorporating fatty acids into TAG.
Very high speed GaInAs metal-semiconductor-metal photodiode incorporating an AlInAs/GaInAs graded superlattice (1989)

A lateral structure metal-semiconductor-metal photodiode has been fabricated on GaInAs, in which an AlInAs/GaInAs graded superlattice has been incorporated. This photodiode has exhibited a dark current lower than 100 nA, an internal quantum efficiency of greater than 80% at a wavelength of 1.3 μm, and a capacitance of 40 fF, all at the bias voltage of 10 V. The response speed of this photodiode has been characterized by electro-optic sampling to exhibit a full width at half maximum of 14.7 ps.
Human and murine class I MHC antigens share conserved serine 335, the site of HLA phosphorylation in vivo. (1984)

The site of phosphorylation of the HLA-B7 antigen in vivo is serine 335, which is located in the intracellular region. Pseudomonas fragi protease was used in limited proteolysis experiments of HLA antigens to identify the position of the phosphoserine residue. The intracellular region is composed of 30 amino acids at the carboxyl terminus of the heavy chain; up to nine serine residues are located in this region. Four of the serines are found at the distal end, and are encoded by exon 7 in both human and murine class I MHC antigens. Alignment of the protein and DNA sequences of the intracellular regions of human and murine class I antigens demonstrates conservation of the serine positions located within this exon. Realignment of exon 7, by introducing a gap in the murine sequences, increases homology across species, and reveals two conserved serines at 332 and 335 within the conserved sequence Ser-Asp/Glu-X-Ser(P)-Leu. The preservation of this sequence and the site of phosphorylation suggests that this modification of the intracellular region of histocompatibility antigens is functionally significant.
Inhibition of the degradation of receptor-bound human choriogonadotropin by lysosomotropic agents, protease inhibitors, and metabolic inhibitors (1978)

A previous report from this laboratory showed that binding of iodine-labeled human choriogonadotropin to Leydig tumor cells is not a reversible process (Ascoli, M., and Puett, D. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 4892--4899). Most of the cell-bound hormone was found to be degraded to 3'-monoiodotyrosine before being released from the cells, and the degradation process could be inhibited by the lysosomotropic agents NH4Cl, chloroquine, and Triton WR-1339. It is reported herein that the degradation of receptor-bound human choriogonadotropin is an energy-dependent process, which can be inhibited by compounds that interfere with glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation (e.g. NaF, NaN3, NaCN, and 2-deoxyglucose). Hormone degradation is also inhibited by some protease inhibitors such as the chloromethyl ketones of lysine and phenylalanine, but not by specific trypsin inhibitors (e.g. p-aminobenzamidine and p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester). With the exception of NH4Cl, it was found that the compounds which inhibit hormone degradation also inhibit hormone-stimulated steroidogenesis. However, the present results involving dose dependency, and those given in the following paper (Ascoli, M. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 7839--7843), indicate that these two phenomena are not related.
Targeting hepatocytes for drug and gene delivery emerging novel approaches and applications (2002)

The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) on mammalian hepatocytes provides a unique means for the development of liver-specific carriers, such as liposomes, recombinant lipoproteins, and polymers for drug or gene delivery to the liver, especially to hepatocytes. The abundant receptors on the cells specifically recognize ligands with terminal galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine residues, and endocytose the ligands for an intracellular degradation process. The use of its natural ligand, i.e. asialofetuin, or synthetic ligands with galactosylated or lactosylated residues, such as galactosylated cholesterol, glycolipids, or galactosylated polymers has achieved significant targeting efficacy to the liver. There are several examples of successful targeted therapy for acute liver injury with asialofetuin-labeled and vitamin E-associated liposomes or with a caspase inhibitor loaded in sugar-carrying polymer particles, as well as for the delivery of a new antiviral agent, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine. Liposome-mediated gene delivery to the liver is more difficult than to other organs, such as to lungs. It is still in its infancy due to difficulties in solving general issues, such as the circulatory stability of liposome-DNA complexes, and lysosomal or endosomal degradation of plasmid DNA. In spite of these existing concerns, several new approaches offer some reason for optimism, for example; intravenous injection of asialofetuin- or galactosylated cholesterol-labeled cationic liposomes has led to high transgene expression in the liver. In addition, specific antisense oligonucleotides against woodchuck hepatitis viruses incorporated into sialoorosomucoid-poly-L-lysine significantly inhibited viral replication in the liver. Finally, galactosylated polymers are promising for gene delivery, but require further studies to verify their potential applications.
CD4+ T Cell and Eosinophil Adhesion Is Mediated by Specific ICAM-3 Ligation and Results in Eosinophil Activation (2000)

T cells and eosinophils, which are found in close proximity in asthmatic lungs, express many surface receptors that are counterligands. These data suggest that direct interactions between these cell types could play an important role in regulating airway inflammation in asthma. We examined the effect of selective adhesion between counterligands on human eosinophils and CD4+ T cells to determine 1) the existence of specific adhesive interactions and 2) if augmented specific adhesion to CD4+ T cells also caused augmented secretion of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) from eosinophils. A new method for binding of human CD4+ T cells to microwell plates was developed, which allowed for specific quantitative assessment of eosinophil adhesion to individual CD4+ T cells in culture. Adhesion of CD4+ T cells to eosinophils was minimal in unstimulated cells but increased after activation of T cells by PMA. Augmented adhesion was regulated substantially through binding of ICAM-3 and only minimally by ICAM-1. We further evaluated whether this specific adhesion up-regulated stimulated secretion of LTC4 from eosinophils. Adhesion with CD4+ T cells augmented eosinophil secretion of LTC4 caused by FMLP plus cytochalasin. Blockade of ICAM-3, as well as ICAM-1, inhibited completely the augmented secretion of eosinophil LTC4. We demonstrate that eosinophils and CD4+ T cells are capable of ligand-specific adhesion that is mediated predominantly by ICAM-3 ligation and that this binding causes augmented eosinophil secretion.
Analysis of the impact of intracellular reactive oxygen species generation on the structural and functional integrity of human spermatozoa: lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and effectiveness of antioxidants (1998)

Exposure of human spermatozoa to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) resulted in the dose dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which, at a critical level of intensity, induced lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and a dramatic decline of sperm motility. This system was then used as a model for screening the ability of different antioxidants to combat oxidative stress created through the excessive intracellular generation of toxic oxygen products of metabolism. A variety of antioxidants that has previously been shown to be protective against extracellularly derived oxidants (e.g. superoxide dismutase, catalase, vitamin E, hypotaurine) were ineffective in this system. Albumin, however, could provide complete protection against NADPH induced oxidative stress via mechanisms that did not involve the suppression of the lipid peroxidation cascade but rather the inactivation of lipid peroxides generated during this process. Albumin did not protect against DNA damage induced by NADPH but was extremely effective at preventing DNA fragmentation arising from the suppression of glutathione peroxidase activity with mercaptosuccinate. These studies emphasize that the design of clinically effective antioxidant treatments will depend, critically, upon the source of the oxidative stress. For cases involving excessive intracellular ROS generation, albumin appears to be an important means of neutralizing lipid peroxide-mediated damage to the sperm plasma membrane and DNA.
The relationship between plaque index scores, fluoride content of plaque, plaque pH, dental caries experience and fluoride concentration in drinking water in a group of primary school children. (1994)

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between fluoride in drinking water, plaque and dental caries experience in a sample of primary school children from a fruit farming (mainly grapes) area. The children who qualified for the study (n = 177) were placed into three groups according to the concentration of fluoride in their drinking water namely, less than 0.4 ppm (group A), between 0.4 and 1.6 ppm (group B) and more than 1.6 ppm (group C). Most children (78.5%) did not have a toothbrush. Plaque scores were significantly lower in groups B and C. A statistically significant inverse correlation was observed between plaque scores and fluoride content of plaque (p < 0.05). Plaque pH did not differ significantly between the groups. The concentration of fluoride in plaque was high and increased with increasing concentration of fluoride in the drinking water. Dental caries experience was relatively low in primary (dmft = 2.15; 2.07; 1.79) (p > 0.05) and permanent teeth (DMFT = 1.22; 1.43; 1.38) (p > 0.05). Paradoxically, there was also no significant inverse correlation between dental caries experience and fluoride concentration in drinking water. However, the significant inverse correlation between fluoride content of plaque and caries experience supports the contention that fluoride can be accumulated in plaque and act as a reservoir which provides prolonged elevated levels of fluoride to produce a cariostatic effect. It is postulated that the high fluoride levels in the plaque reservoir is responsible for the relatively low caries experience, the significant differences in caries experience between the groups and the poor correlation between dental caries experience and fluoride concentration in drinking water.
Hearing the Voice of the Market: Competitive Advantage Through Creative Use of Market Information (1992)

Part 1 The problem of market information and decision making when customers speak and firms don't hear the inquiry centre the true customers of market research. Part 2 Doing useful research the market research process research use technology. Part 3 Competent curiosity and playfulness intelligence - how we know we know structuring queries data - clues from the market. Part 4 Encountering analyses and breaking through biases knowledge and wisdom - entering the world of the information user implementing the inquiry centre concept learning.
Complete Removal of Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds from Oils by Channel-Type γ-Cyclodextrin Assembly (2007)

This paper describes the complete removal of chlorinated aromatic compounds from insulating oil by a channel-type gamma-cyclodextrin (gamma-CD) assembly as a new adsorbent. Using this type of adsorbent (50-60 wt % of oil), 1,2,4- and 1,3,5-trichlorobenzenes, 2- and 4-chlorobiphenyls (2- and 4-MCBs), 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl (4,4'-DiCB), and 3,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl (3,4,4'-TrCB), whose initial concentrations were 100 ppm, were completely removed from the insulating oil. Competitive adsorption experiments using a mixture of 2-MCB and 4-MCB or a mixture of 4-MCB, 4,4'-DiCB, and 3,4,4'-TrCB revealed that selective adsorption based on the shape and size of the chlorinated aromatics was achieved by the channel-type gamma-CD assembly, implying that inclusion into the cavity of the channel-type gamma-CD was responsible for the removal of chlorinated aromatics from insulating oil. It was also found that more than 70% of adsorbed chlorinated aromatics was easily recovered from the channel-type gamma-CD by simply washing with n-hexane, and chlorinated aromatics were completely removed from the insulating oil even by the regenerated adsorbent, indicating that the gamma-CD assembly can be easily regenerated and recycled.
Business process automation with representing and reasoning on trust (2005)

This article proposes a way how one could design and create systems to support decision-making within business processes by software agents. It argues that the RAP/AOR modelling framework lends itself to the natural representation of both business rules and processes, as well as of an agent's trust in another agent and its evolution. The framework also includes an efficient way of implementing business process automation systems based on XML and software agents. The author hopes this work to be a step towards effective creation of business process automation systems.
Development and validation of a screening test for 12 common mutations of the cystic fibrosis CFTR gene (1998)

The results obtained using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) amplification-based tests must be accurate and reproducible. One such test that simultaneously detects any of 12 of the most common mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene is presented in this report. An investigation was conducted into how changes of primer, DNA template and Taq DNA polymerase concentrations and of polymerase chain reaction annealing temperatures affect the test. A total of 383 DNA samples obtained from different laboratories was then examined. The preliminary studies defined the conditions under which accurate results are obtained even if the test is performed under suboptimal conditions. Subsequently, 377 (98.4%) of the DNA samples analysed were in full agreement with DNA typing results derived by other methods. The remaining 1.6% of samples were not mistyped, rather they were not scored owing to failure to detect control DNA sequences. These were also archival DNA preparations rather than freshly prepared samples from venous blood. Careful primer design and optimization of reaction conditions are important in the development of multiplex deoxyribonucleic acid amplification-based diagnostic tests. Providing the recommended protocols are followed, the test described here is simple to carry out, gives accurate results and works well if performed within defined operational windows for each reaction variable.
BindingDB Entry 5312: Pharmacological properties of (2R)-N-[1-(6-aminopyridin-2-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-2-[(1R)-3,3-difluorocyclopentyl]-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamide: a novel mucarinic antagonist with M(2)-sparing antagonistic activity. (2012)

We evaluated the pharmacological profiles of (2R)-N-[1-(6- aminopyridin-2-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-2-[(1R)-3,3-difluorocyclopentyl]-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamide(compound A), which is a novel muscarinic receptor antagonist with M(2)-sparing antagonistic activity. Compound A inhibited [(3)H]NMS binding to cloned human muscarinic m1, m2, m3, m4, and m5 receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells with K(i) values (nM) of 1.5, 540, 2.8, 15, and 7.7, respectively. In isolated rat tissues, compound A inhibited carbachol-induced responses with 540-fold selectivity for trachea (K(B) = 1.2 nM) over atria (K(B) = 650 nM). In in vivo rat assays, compound A inhibited acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction and bradycardia with intravenous ED(50) values of 0.022 mg/kg and >/=10 mg/kg, respectively. Furthermore, in dogs, compound A (0.1-1 mg/kg p.o.) dose dependently shifted the methacholine concentration-respiratory resistance curves. In mice, compound A (10 mg/kg i.v.) did not inhibit oxotremorine-induced tremor. The brain/plasma ratio (K(p)) of compound A (3 mg/kg i.v.) was 0.13 in rats; this K(p) was less than that of scopolamine (1.7) and darifenacin (0.24). The inhibition of compound A (3 mg/kg i.v.) on ex vivo binding in rat cerebral cortex was almost similar to that of NMS. These findings demonstrate that compound A has high selectivity for M(3) receptors over M(2) receptors, displays a potent, oral M(3) antagonistic activity without inhibition of central muscarinic receptors because of low brain penetration. It is well known that central muscarinic antagonists may have diverse CNS effects, and M(2) receptors regulate cardiac pacing and act as autoreceptors in the lung and bladder. Thus, compound A may have fewer cardiac or CNS side effects than nonselective compounds.
Humoral immunity against a tandem repeat epitope of human mucin MUC-1 in sera from breast, pancreatic, and colon cancer patients. (1994)

Using synthetic peptides 60,80, and 105 residues long, corresponding to 3, 4, and 5.25 tandem repeats of human mucin MUC-1 protein core, as antigens in a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we screened sera from 24 breast cancer patients, 10 colon cancer patients, and 12 pancreatic cancer patients, at various stages of disease, for the presence of mucin-specific antibodies. The 105-residue peptide was superior in allowing detection of high levels of anti-mucin antibodies in 10.9% of sera in each cancer group. Another 4.3% showed intermediate reactivity. Lower levels of detection were achieved with the 80-residue peptide, and no specific reactivity was detectable with the 60-residue peptide. Anti-mucin antibodies were previously undetectable when this assay was performed with purified whole mucin or short synthetic peptides. The presence or absence of antibody did not correlate with the levels of circulating mucin or stage of disease. One highly reactive serum sample was used to identify more precisely the epitope on the long synthetic peptide to which the reactivity was directed. The reactivity of this serum specific for the 105-residue peptide was blocked by a 9-residue peptide from the NH2-terminal region of the 20-residue tandem repeat containing the previously identified immunogenic epitope APDTRP. Another 9-residue mucin peptide, from the COOH-terminal region of the tandem repeat which does not contain the APDTRP epitope, had no effect. All the mucin-specific reactivity was found to be of the IgM isotype, indicating a helper T-cell-independent response, unusual for an antibody against a peptide epitope, but not unexpected for tandemly repeated epitopes.