gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Strained silicon: engineered substrates and device integration (2004)

Strained Si is emerging as a technology vital to the continued progression of transistor performance laid out in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. Strained Si fundamentals are reviewed, as is the structure of optimized strained Si substrates. Substrate fabrication guidelines that emphasize material quality and economic processing are discussed. The impact of the substrate structure on strained Si device performance and integration is described. Strained-Si-on-Insulator, an advanced structure derived from strained Si substrates, is also introduced.
Two different but related mechanisms are used in plants for the repair of genomic double-strand breaks by homologous recombination. (1996)

Genomic double-strand breaks (DSBs) are key intermediates in recombination reactions of living organisms. We studied the repair of genomic DSBs by homologous sequences in plants. Tobacco plants containing a site for the highly specific restriction enzyme I-Sce I were cotransformed with Agrobacterium strains carrying sequences homologous to the transgene locus and, separately, containing the gene coding for the enzyme. We show that the induction of a DSB can increase the frequency of homologous recombination at a specific locus by up to two orders of magnitude. Analysis of the recombination products demonstrates that a DSB can be repaired via homologous recombination by at least two different but related pathways. In the major pathway, homologies on both sides of the DSB are used, analogous to the conservative DSB repair model originally proposed for meiotic recombination in yeast. Homologous recombination of the minor pathway is restricted to one side of the DSB as described by the nonconservative one-sided invasion model. The sequence of the recombination partners was absolutely conserved in two cases, whereas in a third case, a deletion of 14 bp had occurred, probably due to DNA polymerase slippage during the copy process. The induction of DSB breaks to enhance homologous recombination can be applied for a variety of approaches of plant genome manipulation.
Pharmaceutical Prospects of Phytoestrogens (2006)

Interest in the physiologic and pharmacologic role of bioactive compounds present in plants has increased dramatically over the last decade. Of particular interest in relation to human health are the classes of compounds known as the phytoestrogens, which embody several groups of non-steroidal estrogens, including isoflavones and lignans that are widely distributed within nature. The impact of dietary phytoestrogens on normal biologic processes was first recognized in sheep. Observations of sheep grazing on fields rich in clover and cheetahs fed high soy diets in zoos suggested that flavonoids and related phytochemicals can affect mammalian health. Endogenous estrogens have an important role not only in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, but also in various non-gonadal systems, such as cardiovascular systems, bone, and central nervous systems, and lipid metabolism. There have been several clinical studies of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in post-menopausal women to examine whether HRT has beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, bone fractures, lipid metabolism, and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, estrogen contributes to the development of some estrogen-dependent cancers, such as breast cancer and prostate cancer and the number of patients with these cancers is increasing in developed countries. Although recent mega-studies showed negative results for classical HRT in the prevention of some of these diseases, the molecules that interact with estrogen receptors are candidate drugs for various diseases, including hormone-dependent cancers. This review focuses on the molecular properties and pharmaceutical potential of phytoestrogens.
Altered Glucose Transport and Shikimate Pathway Product Yields in E.coli (2003)

Different glucose transport systems are examined for their impact on phosphoenolpyruvate availability as reflected by the yields of 3-dehydroshikimic acid and byproducts 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonic acid, 3-dehydroquinic acid, and gallic acid synthesized by Escherichia coli from glucose. 3-Dehydroshikimic acid is an advanced shikimate pathway intermediate in the syntheses of a spectrum of commodity, pseudocommodity, and fine chemicals. All constructs carried plasmid aroF(FBR) and tktA inserts encoding, respectively, a feedback-insensitive isozyme of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate synthase and transketolase. Reliance on the native E. coli phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system for glucose transport led in 48 h to the synthesis of 3-dehydroshikimic acid (49 g/L) and shikimate pathway byproducts in a total yield of 33% (mol/mol). Use of heterologously expressed Zymomonas mobilis glf-encoded glucose facilitator and glk-encoded glucokinase resulted in the synthesis in 48 h of 3-dehydroshikimic acid (60 g/L) and shikimate pathway byproducts in a total yield of 41% (mol/mol). Recruitment of native E. coli galP-encoded galactose permease for glucose transport required 60 h to synthesize 3-dehydroshikimic acid (60 g/L) and shikimate pathway byproducts in a total yield of 43% (mol/mol). Direct comparison of the impact of altered glucose transport on the yields of shikimate pathway products synthesized by E. coli has been previously hampered by different experimental designs and culturing conditions. In this study, the same product and byproduct mixture synthesized by E. coli constructs derived from the same progenitor strain is used to compare strategies for increasing phosphoenolpyruvate availability. Constructs are cultured under the same set of fermentor-controlled conditions.
Modular Waste/Renewable Energy System for Production of Electricity, Heat, and Potable Water in Remote Locations (2011)

Methods and designs for a modular waste processing system that will utilize an anaerobic process to produce hydrogen from food, animal, or human waste are being developed by this ongoing research effort. This hydrogen will be used to produce electricity in a reciprocating engine or fuel cell. A solar energy system has been designed and tested to provide heat for pre and post processing of waste and production of potable water. Potentially harmful pathogens from the waste are isolated from the environment and are drastically reduced by a thermal process. It is anticipated that this combined waste processing and renewable energy unit would be constructed in a standard shipping container for use in undeveloped and/or remote locations or at disaster sites. Hydrogen has many well established advantages as a clean renewable energy source. The use of microbial organisms to produce hydrogen has many advantages over more conventional techniques. Remote locations place a premium on the availability of electricity, heat, and potable water. Methane production by biological means is often used for producing electricity. Using microorganisms that produce hydrogen rather than methane significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions for the overall process. By using this hydrogen in a reciprocating engine or fuel cell the major end products would be electricity, water, and heat. To produce hydrogen rather than methane an aerobically it is necessary to first thermally pretreat the feed material. The developed solar energy system has consistently produced temperatures above 115°C. Typical hydrogen concentrations produced in the fermentation using food waste are 22% after 48 hours. Current efforts include use of a statistical experimental design to determine optimal operating parameters and a preliminary modular energy system design. The next steps in this effort will involve research and development of a bench-top prototype system and subsequently development and testing of a full scale prototype unit.
Biological properties of new acyl derivatives of tylosin. (1980)

The antibacterial activity of acyl derivatives of tylosin were examined in vitro and in vivo. The 4"-acyl group in the acylated tylosins enhanced the antibacterial activity and antimycoplasmal activity against some macrolide-resistant strains. The orally administered 3-acetyl-4" -isovaleryltylosin produced a higher blood level in mice and rabbits than tylosin and a good therapeutic effect on the infection of Staphylococcus aureus Smith in mice.
GaNAs resonant-cavity avalanche photodiode operating at 1.064 μm (2000)

A resonant-cavity avalanche photodiode using a GaNAs absorption region grown on GaAs has been demonstrated. The peak quantum efficiency was 59% at 1.064 μm with a full width at half maximum of 11 nm. The absorption coefficient was determined to be α=9×103/cm at this wavelength. The devices exhibited gain up to 100 at a low breakdown voltage of 13 V.
Expression of Transgenes Targeted to the Gt(ROSA)26Sor Locus Is Orientation Dependent (2006)

Expression of the targeted transgenes was shown to be affected by both the presence of selectable marker cassettes and by the orientation of the transgenes with respect to the endogenous ROSA26 promoter. These results suggest that transcriptional interference from the endogenous gene promoter or from promoters in the selectable marker cassettes may be affecting transgene expression at the locus. Additionally we have been able to determine the optimal orientation for transgene expression at the ROSA26 locus.
Coupled Achiral/Chiral Column Techniques in Subcritical Fluid Chromatography for the Separation of Chiral and Nonchiral Compounds (1998)

A multicolumn approach was developed to address the limited achiral selectivity of chiral stationary phases. Groups of structurally related compounds, including beta-blockers and 1,4-benzodiazepines, were separated using coupled achiral/chiral stationary phases under subcritical fluid conditions. The achiral selectivity of amino and cyano stationary phases was used to modify the resolution of compounds on a Chiralcel OD chiral stationary phase by combining the achiral and chiral columns in series. In the case of the benzodiazepines, separation of achiral compounds was performed concurrently with the enantioseparation of chiral molecules. The separation of components of a multidrug cough and cold medication was also demonstrated on a cyano column coupled with a Chiralpak AD chiral stationary phase. The use of modified carbon dioxide eluents eliminated the mobile phase incompatibility problems associated with column coupling in liquid chromatography and incorporated the high efficiency of sub- and supercritical fluid chromatography.
A Critical Review of Methods for Size Characterization of Non-Particulate Protein Aggregates (2009)

Although size exclusion chromatography (SEC) has been, and will continue to be, the primary analytical tool for characterization of the content and size distribution of non-particulate aggregates in protein pharmaceuticals, regulatory concerns are driving increased use of alternative and complementary methods such as analytical ultracentrifugation and light scattering techniques. This review will highlight and critically review the capabilities, advantages, and drawbacks of SEC, analytical ultracentrifugation, and light scattering methods for characterizing aggregates with sizes below about 0.3 microns. The physical principles of the biophysical methods are briefly described and examples of data for real samples and how that data is interpreted are given to help clarify capabilities and weaknesses.
Removable template route to metallic nanowires and nanogaps (2001)

A general method for the fabrication of nanowires with a thickness of ∼6 nm and width of 15–20 nm is presented. The approach is applicable to inorganic and organic materials and is demonstrated here for metallic systems. The wires are produced by ion-beam etching of a gold–palladium thin films covered by chemically modified vanadium–pentoxide nanowires as an etching mask. The two-probe room-temperature resistance of the wires is found to range between 7.8 and 18.1 kΩ. Nanogaps with a length on the order of 1 nm were created within the nanowires by breaking via electromigration.
Association Between alpha-Tocopherol, gamma-Tocopherol, Selenium, and Subsequent Prostate Cancer (2000)

The use of combined alpha- and gamma- tocopherol supplements should be considered in upcoming prostate cancer prevention trials, given the observed interaction between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and selenium.
Patterning pentacene organic thin film transistors (2002)

Organic semiconductors have demonstrated excellent electrical performance, in some cases rivaling inorganic systems in use today. These materials, which are processed at or near room temperature, have attracted considerable interest because they would enable the creation of active circuitry on organic substrates leading to a new generation of displays, rf identification systems, and smartcards. Many of these materials are intolerant to wet processing, however. This has led to a major processing limitation: the lack of a subtractive photolithographic patterning process to define active regions of the semiconductor. This article presents a process which uses a dry organic encapsulant (parylene) as a boundary layer between an organic semiconductor (pentacene) and photolithographic chemicals. Traditional photolithography may then be performed to use a dry etch to pattern the material stack. This process, which is fully subtractive, opens the path to the use of these materials in a wide range of applications.
Current Methods for Loading Dendritic Cells With Tumor Antigen for the Induction of Antitumor Immunity (2002)

The immunotherapy of cancer is predicated on the belief that it is possible to generate a clinically meaningful antitumor response that provides patient benefit, such as improvement in the time to progression or survival. Indeed, immunotherapeutics with dendritic cells (DC) as antigen-presenting delivery vehicles for cell-based vaccines have already improved patient outcome against a wide range of tumor types (1-9). This approach stimulates the patient's own antitumor immunity through the induction or enhancement of T-cell immunity. It is generally believed that the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), the cells directly responsible for killing the tumor cells in vivo, are directed by DC. Therefore, the goal of many current designs for DC-based vaccines is to induce strong tumor-specific CTL responses in patients with cancer. In practice, most studies for DC-based cancer vaccine development have focused on the development of methods that can effectively deliver exogenous tumor antigens to DC for cross-priming of CD8+ T cells through the endogenous MHC class I processing and presentation pathway (10). To date, many methods have been developed or evaluated for the delivery of defined and undefined tumor antigens to DC. This review provides a brief summary on these methods, the techniques used in these methods, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
The current status of studies of aminopyridines in patients with multiple sclerosis (1994)

Because the symptomatic treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS) are limited, new approaches have been sought. Anatomical studies of MS lesions show a relative preservation of axons, and clinical studies suggest that some of the neurological impairment in patients with MS is physiological. Electrophysiological studies suggest that demyelination exposes axonal potassium channels that decrease action-potential duration and amplitude, hindering action-potential propagation. Potassium channel blockers, including aminopyridines, have been shown to improve nerve conduction in experimentally demyelinated nerves. Two potassium channel blockers, 4-aminopyridine (AP) and 3,4 diaminopyridine (DAP) have been tested in patients with MS. Preliminary studies of AP demonstrated benefit in many temperature-sensitive patients with MS, and improvement of function was found in a large randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of 3 months of oral treatment in 68 patients with MS. An open-label trial of DAP showed improvement in some deficits, and a double-blind placebo-controlled trial showed significant improvements in prospectively defined neurological deficits. A crossover comparison of the two agents suggested that AP produces more central nervous system side effects (dizziness and confusion), whereas DAP produces more peripheral side effects (paresthesias and abdominal pain). Both agents have rarely caused seizures. These studies suggest that aminopyridines may provide a new approach to the symptomatic treatment of MS.
A multiple device approach for supporting whiteboard-based interactions (1998)

In this paper, we propose a multiple-device approach for supporting informal meetings using a digital whiteboard. Traditional digital whiteboard systems often suffer from a limited capability to enter text and the handling of existing data. The large display surface of the whiteboard also makes traditional GUI design ineffective. Our proposed approach provides a hand-held computer for each participant which serves as a tool palette and data entry palette for the whiteboard. Just as an oil painter effectively uses a palette in his/her hand, this hand-held device offers an easy way to create a new text/stroke object, to select existing data from a network, to select pen attributes, and to control thewhiteboard application. This paper also reports our experience with the digital whiteboard systems using a proposed multi-device architecture.
Maintenance therapy with budesonide and formoterol in chronicobstructive pulmonary disease (2003)

Lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be improved acutely by oral corticosteroids and bronchodilators. Whether clinical improvement can be maintained by subsequent inhaled therapy is unknown. COPD patients (n=1,022, mean prebronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 36% predicted) initially received formoterol (9 microg b.i.d.) and oral prednisolone (30 mg o.d.) for 2 weeks. After this time, patients were randomised to b.i.d. inhaled budesonide/formoterol 320/9 microg, budesonide 400 microg, formoterol 9 microg or placebo for 12 months. Postmedication FEV1 improved by 0.21 L and health-related quality of life using the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) by 4.5 units after run-in. Fewer patients receiving budesonide/formoterol withdrew from the study than those receiving budesonide, formoterol or placebo. Budesonide/formoterol patients had a prolonged time to first exacerbation (254 versus 96 days) and maintained higher FEV1 (99% versus 87% of baseline), both primary variables versus placebo. They had fewer exacerbations (1.38 versus 1.80 exacerbations per patient per year), had higher prebronchodilator peak expiratory flow, and showed clinically relevant improvements in SGRQ versus placebo (-7.5 units). Budesonide/formoterol was more effective than either monocomponent in both primary variables. Budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler (Symbicort) maintains the benefit of treatment optimisation, stabilising lung function and delaying exacerbations more effectively than either component drug alone or placebo.
Controlling the cytokine storm in severe bacterial diarrhoea with an oral Toll‐like receptor 4 antagonist (2015)

Shigella dysenteriae causes the most severe of all infectious diarrhoeas and colitis. We infected rhesus macaques orally and also treated them orally with a small and non-absorbable polypropyletherimine dendrimer glucosamine that is a Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) antagonist. Antibiotics were not given for this life-threatening infection. Six days later, the clinical score for diarrhoea, mucus and blood was 54% lower, colon interleukin-8 and interleukin-6 were both 77% lower, and colon neutrophil infiltration was 75% less. Strikingly, vasculitis did not occur and tissue fibrin thrombi were reduced by 67%. There was no clinical toxicity or adverse effect of dendrimer glucosamine on systemic immunity. This is the first report in non-human primates of the therapeutic efficacy of a small and orally bioavailable TLR antagonist in severe infection. Our results show that an oral TLR4 antagonist can enable controlled resolution of the infection-related-inflammatory response and can also prevent neutrophil-mediated gut wall necrosis in severe infectious diarrhoeas.
Molecular Detection of Micrometastatic Breast Cancer in Histopathology-Negative Axillary Lymph Nodes Correlates With Traditional Predictors of Prognosis (2004)

This is the first report to show that overexpression of breast cancer-associated genes in breast cancer subjects with pathology-negative ALN correlates with traditional indicators of disease prognosis. These interim results provide strong evidence that molecular markers could serve as valid surrogates for the detection of occult micrometastases in ALN. Correlation of real-time RT-PCR analyses with disease-free survival in this patient cohort will help to define the clinical relevance of micrometastatic disease in this patient population.
The Probabilistic Activity Toolkit: Towards Enabling Activity Aware Computer Interfaces (2013)

Emerging HCI techniques require the ability to recognize activities that occur in the physical world. Systems that recognize home activities have been limited in the variety of activities they recognize, their robustness to noise, and their ease of use. We present a toolkit (PROACT) for activity recognition that addresses these problems by leveraging three novel techniques: automatically mining text documents and the web for activity structure; recognizing object use via Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology; and combining these two inputs to infer user behavior with a flexible and scalable, Monte-Carlo based inference engine. As an initial evaluation, we successfully applied our system to a known difficult
Serologic prevalence of antibodies against canine influenza virus (H3N8) in dogs in a metropolitan animal shelter (2010)

Analysis of the results suggested that more dogs were exposed to CIV in the shelter than were exposed in the urban environment. This has serious implications for design and management of animal shelters.
Management of diabetic foot ulcers: evaluation of case studies (2016)

This article explores local barriers to diabetic foot ulcer healing, and describes the use of a dressing designed to manage exudate, infection and biofilm (AQUACEL® Ag+ dressing (AQAg+)) on recalcitrant diabetic foot ulcers. The authors consider four case studies that demonstrate how managing local barriers to wound healing with antimicrobial and anti-biofilm dressings in protocols of care can improve outcomes for patients.