gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparing neural networks and linear discriminant functions for glaucoma detection using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy of the optic disc. (2002)

Trained neural networks, with global and regional HRT parameters used as input, improve on previously proposed HRT parameter-based LDFs for discriminating between glaucomatous and nonglaucomatous eyes. The performance of both neural networks and LDFs can be improved with optimization of the features in the input. Neural network analyses show promise for increasing diagnostic accuracy of tests for glaucoma.
Isolation of a specific chromosomic DNA sequence of Bacillus anthracis and its possible use in diagnosis (1996)

A 277-bp long DNA fragment, Ba813, was isolated from an avirulent Bacillus anthracis strain 7700 genomic library. Two oligonucleotides derived from the Ba813 sequence were used as primers in polymerase chain reaction tests on genomic DNA from 28 Bacillus anthracis and from 33 heterologous bacteria strains. A specific, 152-bp long DNA fragment was amplified only when Bacillus anthracis DNA was used as the target. The amplified product was analysed by non-radioactive sandwich hybridisation in microtiter plates using two oligonucleotides. The capture oligonucleotide C1 was covalently linked onto aminated wells of microtiter plates. The detection oligonucleotide D3 was labelled with biotine. The hybrid molecules were detected by avidine conjugated with alkaline phosphatase and chromogenic substrate. Amplification of Ba813 sequence may provide the basis for rapid and reliable assay for the detection and identification of Bacillus anthracis.
AMPA glutamate receptors and their flip and flop mRNAs in human hippocampus (1994)

AMPA-preferring glutamate receptor genes gluR1-4 undergo alternative splicing into flip and flop mRNA isoforms. In the rodent hippocampus, gluR1 and gluR2 isoforms are differentially expressed. We have studied their distribution in human hippocampus. As in the rat, flop isoforms predominate over flip in dentate gyrus, whereas gluR1 flip is prominent only in CA3. In contrast to the rat, flop mRNAs are clearly present in CA3. At a cellular level, pyramidal neurones express moderate amounts of each isoform. In several hippocampal fields, scattered non-pyramidal cells-putatively interneurones and glia-show abundant expression. The findings are supported by immunocytochemical detection of gluR1 and gluR2/3. As the four encoded isoforms have distinct properties, their differential expression within the hippocampus, and between species, should be taken into account when considering the roles of AMPA receptors in normal and abnormal brain states.
Foodborne toxicants affecting the lung (1992)

Foods contain several toxicants that can exert adverse effects on the lung. Some of these toxicants are naturally occurring substances such as the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, histamine, the sweet potato toxins, perilla ketone, paralytic shellfish toxins, the red tide toxins, and botulinum toxins. Other foodborne toxicants affecting the lungs are additives (nitrite, BHT, carrageenan), processing‐induced toxicants (the agent involved in Spanish toxic oil syndrome, the mutagens from cooked meats), or environmental contaminants (paraquat, PCBs, PCDFs). Some of these toxicants have primary effects on other organ systems. For example, paralytic shellfish toxins, the red tide toxin, and botulinum toxins are primarily neurotoxins whose effects on the lung are secondary. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids primarily affect the liver. However, some of the toxicants exert their primary effects on the lung (paraquat, the sweet potato toxins, perilla ketone). For some of the foodborne toxicants affecting the lungs, these effects are only noted in experimental animals fed high doses of the toxicant for prolonged periods of time. Examples would include BHT, nitrite, and carrageenan. These particular chemicals are likely to be safe to consume under more normal circumstances of exposure.
Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations in the United States (2004)

Significant numbers of influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States occur among the elderly, and the numbers of these hospitalizations have increased substantially over the last 2 decades due in part to the aging of the population. Children younger than 5 years had rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations similar to those among individuals aged 50 through 64 years. These findings highlight the need for improved influenza prevention efforts for both young and older US residents.
Phage Display of Random Peptide Libraries: Applications, Limits, and Potential (2003)

The identification of ligands from large biological libraries by phage display has now been used for almost 15 years. Most of the successful reports on high-affinity ligand identification originated from work with different antibody libraries. In contrast, the progress of applying phage display to random peptide libraries was relatively slow. However, in the last few years several improvements have led to an increasing number of published peptide ligands identified by phage display from such libraries and which exhibited good biological activity and high affinity. This review summarizes the current state and the technical progress of the application of random peptide libraries using filamentous phage for ligand identification.
Nonhematopoietic mesenchymal stem cells can be mobilized and differentiate into cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction (2004)

Bone marrow (BM) cells are reported to contribute to the process of regeneration following myocardial infarction. However, the responsible BM cells have not been fully identified. Here, we used 2 independent clonal studies to determine the origin of bone marrow (BM)-derived cardiomyocytes. First, we transplanted single CD34(-) c-kit(+)Sca-1(+) lineage(-) side population (CD34(-)KSL-SP) cells or whole BM cells from mice ubiquitously expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) into lethally irradiated mice, induced myocardial infarction (MI), and treated the animals with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize stem cells to the damaged myocardium. At 8 weeks after MI, from 100 specimens we counted only 3 EGFP(+) actinin(+) cells in myocardium of CD34(-) KSL-SP cells in mice that received transplants, but more than 5000 EGFP(+) actinin(+) cells in whole BM cell in mice that received transplants, suggesting that most of EGFP(+) actinin(+) cells were derived from nonhematopoietic BM cells. Next, clonally purified nonhematopoietic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), cardiomyogenic (CMG) cells, that expressed EGFP in the cardiomyocyte-specific manner were transplanted directly into BM of lethally irradiated mice, MI was induced, and they were treated with G-CSF. EGFP(+) actinin(+) cells were observed in the ischemic myocardium, indicating that CMG cells had been mobilized and differentiated into cardiomyocytes. Together, these results suggest that the origin of the vast majority of BM-derived cardiomyocytes is MSCs.
Incorporation of Norvaline at Leucine Positions in Recombinant Human Hemoglobin Expressed in Escherichia coli (1997)

We report here a novel finding that norvaline can be incorporated in place of leucine in recombinant human hemoglobin expressed in Escherichia coli. The presence of the norvaline was confirmed by several analytical methods such as amino acid analysis, peptide mapping, electrospray mass spectrometry, and Edman protein sequencing. It appears that substitution is distributed across both the beta- and di-alpha-globins in purified recombinant hemoglobin. The level of misincorporation correlated with the ratio of the free norvaline/leucine pool available in the cell culture. This suggests that the incorporation of norvaline for leucine occurs through misaminoacylation of tRNALeu, similar to the misincorporation of norleucine for methionine found in many recombinant proteins expressed in E. coli.
The Organization of Behavior; A Neuropsychological Theory (1950)

Contents: Introduction. The Problem and the Line of Attack. Summation and Learning in Perception. Field Theory and Equipotentiality. The First Stage of Perception: Growth of the Assembly. Perception of a Complex: The Phase Sequence. Development of the Learning Capacity. Higher and Lower Processes Related to Learning. Problems of Motivation: Pain and Hunger. The Problem of Motivational Drift. Emotional Disturbances. The Growth and Decline of Intelligence.
FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L)/CD135 axis in rheumatoid arthritis (2013)

The Flt3L/CD135 axis is active in RA patients and is responsive to both prednisolone and adalimumab treatment. Conceivably, this ligand receptor pair represents a novel therapeutic target.
E—M mixture,boiler water treatment agent (2001)

E—M water treatment agent for boilers,composed of ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid(EDTMP) and hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA),and its applications are introduced in this article.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Mediates the Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction Induced by Activated Microglia in Mouse Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (2010)

The present study was designed to elucidate the involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release from activated microglia in the induction of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in an in vitro co-culture system with mouse brain capillary endothelial cells (MBEC4) and microglia. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia increased the permeability of MBEC4 cells to sodium-fluorescein, and this hyper-permeability was blocked by a neutralizing antibody against TNF-alpha. LPS stimulated microglia to facilitate TNF-alpha release. These findings suggested that TNF-alpha released from activated microglia is attributable to BBB dysfunction.
Analysis of Genes, Transcripts, and Proteins via DNA Ligation (2009)

Analytical reactions in which short DNA strands are used in combination with DNA ligases have proven useful for measuring, decoding, and locating most classes of macromolecules. Given the need to accumulate large amounts of precise molecular information from biological systems in research and in diagnostics, ligation reactions will continue to offer valuable strategies for advanced analytical reactions. Here, we provide a basis for further development of methods by reviewing the history of analytical ligation reactions, discussing the properties of ligation reactions that render them suitable for engineering novel assays, describing a wide range of successful ligase-based assays, and briefly considering future directions.
Modification of the spontaneous emission rate ofEu3+ions close to a thin metal mirror (1997)

We have experimentally determined how the spontaneous emission rate of ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ ions depends upon both the distance from, and thickness of, a silver film. We show that as the silver film thickness is reduced ( 100 nm) the well established influence of the mirror on the spontaneous emission rate is further modified. By comparing our data to theory we show that this is due to the availability of an additional decay channel, the surface-plasmon polariton on the far side of the metal film.
Structural studies and chemistry of bacterial capsular polysaccharides. Investigations of phosphodiester-linked capsular polysaccharides isolated from Haemophilus influenzae types a, b, c, and f: NMR spectroscopic identification and chemical modification of end groups and the nature of base-catalyzed hydrolytic depolymerization (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructural studies and chemistry of bacterial capsular polysaccharides. Investigations of phosphodiester-linked capsular polysaccharides isolated from Haemophilus influenzae types a, b, c, and f: NMR spectroscopic identification and chemical modification of end groups and the nature of base-catalyzed hydrolytic depolymerizationWilliam Egan, Rachel Schneerson, Kathleen E. Werner, and Gerald ZonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 10, 2898–2910Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00374a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00374a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views665Altmetric-Citations79LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Changes in human bladder epithelial cell gene expression associated with interstitial cystitis or antiproliferative factor treatment (2003)

Explanted bladder epithelial cells from patients with interstitial cystitis (IC) have been shown to differ from explanted control cells in several ways, including production of an antiproliferative factor (APF), altered production of certain epithelial growth factors, and rate of proliferation. To better understand the role of the APF in abnormal bladder epithelial cell proliferation in IC, we studied gene expression patterns in normal bladder epithelial cells treated with APF vs. mock APF and compared them to expression patterns in IC vs. normal cells using microarray analysis. Oligo-dT-primed total cellular RNA was labeled with [(33)P]dCTP and hybridized to GeneFilter GF211 microarray membranes (Research Genetics) containing cDNA for 3,964 human genes. Thirteen genes that function in epithelial cell proliferation or differentiation were consistently differentially expressed in both IC (compared with control) and APF-treated (compared with mock APF-treated) normal bladder epithelial cells. The general pattern of gene expression in IC and APF-treated cells suggested a less proliferative phenotype, with increased expression of E-cadherin, phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase-associated protein 39, and SWI/SNF complex 170-kDa subunit, and decreased expression of vimentin, alpha2-integrin, alpha1-catenin, cyclin D1, and jun N-terminal kinase 1; these findings were confirmed for the structural gene products (E-cadherin, vimentin, alpha2-integrin, and alpha-catenin) by immunohistochemistry. These results are compatible with the previously noted decreased proliferation rate of IC and APF-treated normal cells, and indicate that the mechanism whereby APF inhibits cell proliferation may involve both downregulation of genes that stimulate cell proliferation along with upregulation of genes that inhibit cell growth.
Isolement d'actinomycètes thermophiles et clonage de gènes de xylanases (1992)

Le xylane est un polymère de D-xylose constituant la majeure partie de l'hémicellulose contenue dans la biomasse végétale. Certains enzymes pouvant hydrolyser le xylane ont déjà été isolés et caractérisés. Ces xylanases peuvent avoir plusieurs applications industrielles; elles pourraient servir entre autres au blanchiment du papier, à la production de protéines, à la production d'éthanol, à la clarification des jus, etc. Les actinomycètes sont des bactéries filamenteuses vivant dans le sol. Ils sont activement impliqués dans la dégradation de la biomasse et sont d'excellents sécréteurs d'enzymes. Des souches d'actinomycètes thermophiles xylanolytiques ont donc été isolées afin d'obtenir des xylanases thermostables et acidorésistantes. La stratégie de recherche adoptée a été la suivante: des échantillons provenant d'endroits relativement chauds (compost, fumier, paille en décomposition, eau d'usine de pâte à papier) ont subi divers traitements afin de les enrichir en actinomycètes thermophiles (traitement au phénol, à 120°C, passage sur milieu avec acides humiques, enrichissement en milieu solide, isolement sur milieu sélectif). Toutes les souches ont été isolées à des températures de 45°C ou plus. Les souches isolées ont par la suite été étalées sur un milieu de détection afin de sélectionner les souches xylanolytiques. L'activité xylanolytique des souches a été caractérisée à l'aide de dosages enzymatiques et de zymogrammes. On a ainsi démontré que la souche la plus intéressante était la souche FC7 puisqu'elle conservait une très bonne activité à des températures élevées (70°C) et à un pH de 4. De plus, elle montrait une activité relativement forte lorsqu'on lui fournissait une liqueur d'hémicellulose comme substrat. Une banque de gènes de cette souche a donc été construite dans Escherichia coli afin de cloner les gènes de xylanases. Les clones positifs ont par la suite été transférés dans Streptomyces lividans 10-164, qui est un mutant cellulase et xylanase négatif. Le vecteur navette pFD666 a été utilisé afin de faciliter le clonage. Cette banque de gènes nous a permis d'obtenir cinq clones positifs que l'on peut diviser en deux classes de gènes de xylanases différentes. Finalement, ces clones ont été caractérisés enzymatiquement afin d'établir leur activité xylanolytique.
Melanoma screening behavior among primary care physicians. (2004)

The incidence of malignant melanoma is rising concomitantly with dramatic changes in our healthcare system. Primary care physicians (PCPs) are responsible for an increasing number of skin-related healthcare visits. Therefore, PCPs must be on the forefront of early detection of suspicious pigmented lesions. Understanding the PCPs' screening and referral patterns for pigmented lesions is the first step in ensuring that atypical pigmented lesions will be properly evaluated within the confines of the present healthcare system. To develop a better understanding of how PCPs (internists, family practitioners, and pediatricians) manage pigmented lesions in their practice, we mailed a 28-question survey to 999 PCPs in Connecticut. Fewer than half of the 248 respondents indicated they "often" performed full skin examinations. However, when suspicious lesions were found, most PCPs referred patients to a dermatologist for a biopsy of the lesion. PCPs did not feel pressure from managed care companies to limit these referrals. However, many PCPs did not feel highly confident in their ability to recognize melanoma and thought their training was not adequate to prepare them to diagnose and manage pigmented lesions. Family practitioners were more likely than internists and pediatricians to manage suspicious pigmented lesions and to perform a biopsy on their own. Family practitioners also were more confident in performing these tasks and were more likely to think their training in these areas was adequate. Very few PCPs reported sending their biopsy specimens to a dermatopathology laboratory. In fact, many PCPs seemed unaware of who interpreted the histopathology. PCPs do not emphasize full skin examinations in their practice and seem unaware of the advantages inherent in using dermatopathologists in the histopathologic interpretation of pigmented lesions. Furthermore, lack of confidence on the part of PCPs, as well as their concern about adequate training in the management of pigmented lesions, suggest there is need for improvement in the education of primary care residents and physicians.
MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity (2006)

Adipocytes secrete a variety of bioactive molecules that affect the insulin sensitivity of other tissues. We now show that the abundance of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) mRNA in adipose tissue and the plasma concentration of MCP-1 were increased both in genetically obese diabetic (db/db) mice and in WT mice with obesity induced by a high-fat diet. Mice engineered to express an MCP-1 transgene in adipose tissue under the control of the aP2 gene promoter exhibited insulin resistance, macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, and increased hepatic triglyceride content. Furthermore, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue induced by a high-fat diet were reduced extensively in MCP-1 homozygous KO mice compared with WT animals. Finally, acute expression of a dominant-negative mutant of MCP-1 ameliorated insulin resistance in db/db mice and in WT mice fed a high-fat diet. These findings suggest that an increase in MCP-1 expression in adipose tissue contributes to the macrophage infiltration into this tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis associated with obesity in mice.
Atherosclerosis in Patients With Autoimmune Disorders (2005)

Recent findings indicate that presence of activated immune competent cells and inflammation are typical of atherosclerosis, the main cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The risk of CVD is very high in a prototypic autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and is also raised in other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmunity-related CVD and atherosclerosis are important clinical problems. They may also shed light on interactions between immune reactions and atherosclerosis development and manifestations, not least in women, who have a much higher risk of autoimmune disease than men. In general, a combination of traditional and nontraditional risk factors, including dyslipidemia (and to a varying degree, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking), inflammation, antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs), and lipid oxidation, contribute to CVD in autoimmune diseases. Premature atherosclerosis is likely to be a major underlying mechanism, although distinctive features, if any, of autoimmunity-related atherosclerosis compared with "normal" atherosclerosis are not clear. One interesting possibility is that factors such as inflammation, neoepitopes on endothelial cells, or aPLs make atherosclerotic lesions in autoimmune disease more prone to rupture than in "normal" atherosclerosis. Some cases of autoimmunity-related CVD may be more related to thrombosis than atherosclerosis. Whether premature atherosclerosis is a general feature of autoimmune diseases such as SLE or only affects a subgroup of patients whereas others do not have an increased risk remains to be demonstrated. Treatment of patients with autoimmune disease should also include CVD aspects and be focused on traditional risk factors as well as on disease-related factors. Hopefully novel therapeutic principles will be developed that target the causes of the inflammation present in atherosclerotic lesions.