gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health. (2005)

This paper outlines the burden of oral diseases worldwide and describes the influence of major sociobehavioural risk factors in oral health. Despite great improvements in the oral health of populations in several countries, global problems still persist. The burden of oral disease is particularly high for the disadvantaged and poor population groups in both developing and developed countries. Oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontal disease, tooth loss, oral mucosal lesions and oropharyngeal cancers, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)-related oral disease and orodental trauma are major public health problems worldwide and poor oral health has a profound effect on general health and quality of life. The diversity in oral disease patterns and development trends across countries and regions reflects distinct risk profiles and the establishment of preventive oral health care programmes. The important role of sociobehavioural and environmental factors in oral health and disease has been shown in a large number of socioepidemiological surveys. In addition to poor living conditions, the major risk factors relate to unhealthy lifestyles (i.e. poor diet, nutrition and oral hygiene and use of tobacco and alcohol), and limited availability and accessibility of oral health services. Several oral diseases are linked to noncommunicable chronic diseases primarily because of common risk factors. Moreover, general diseases often have oral manifestations (e.g. diabetes or HIV/AIDS). Worldwide strengthening of public health programmes through the implementation of effective measures for the prevention of oral disease and promotion of oral health is urgently needed. The challenges of improving oral health are particularly great in developing countries.
Emotion expression in body action and posture. (2011)

Emotion communication research strongly focuses on the face and voice as expressive modalities, leaving the rest of the body relatively understudied. Contrary to the early assumption that body movement only indicates emotional intensity, recent studies have shown that body movement and posture also conveys emotion specific information. However, a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms is hampered by a lack of production studies informed by a theoretical framework. In this research we adopted the Body Action and Posture (BAP) coding system to examine the types and patterns of body movement that are employed by 10 professional actors to portray a set of 12 emotions. We investigated to what extent these expression patterns support explicit or implicit predictions from basic emotion theory, bidimensional theory, and componential appraisal theory. The overall results showed partial support for the different theoretical approaches. They revealed that several patterns of body movement systematically occur in portrayals of specific emotions, allowing emotion differentiation. Although a few emotions were prototypically expressed by one particular pattern, most emotions were variably expressed by multiple patterns, many of which can be explained as reflecting functional components of emotion such as modes of appraisal and action readiness. It is concluded that further work in this largely underdeveloped area should be guided by an appropriate theoretical framework to allow a more systematic design of experiments and clear hypothesis testing.
Species-specific detection of Listeria monocytogenes by DNA amplification (1991)

The polymerase chain reaction was used to detect and specifically identify Listeria monocytogenes. A 174-bp region of the listeriolysin O gene was shown to be specifically amplified in L. monocytogenes but not in other species of Listeria or in a number of other gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Less than 50 organisms could routinely be detected by a procedure involving two rounds of 35 amplification cycles each and without the need for subsequent hybridization with labeled probes.
Nitrene addition to exfoliated graphene: a one-step route to highly functionalized graphene (2010)

We demonstrate a high yield method of functionalizing graphene nanosheets through nitrene addition of azido-phenylalanine [Phe(N(3))] to exfoliated micro-crystalline graphite (microG). This method provides a direct route to highly functionalized graphene sheets. TEM analysis of the product shows few layer (n < 5) graphene sheets. The product was determined to have 1 phenylalanine substituent per 13 carbons.
Tumor lysis syndrome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: identification of risk factors and development of a predictive model (2007)

TLS is frequently observed in AML patients during induction therapy. Only the development of CTLS had an impact on higher mortality rate from induction therapy. The scoring system derived from this study can be used to obtain an accurate estimate of the individual risk of TLS, allowing for risk-adapted prophylaxis against this complication.
Prostaglandin E2 Increases Growth and Motility of Colorectal Carcinoma Cells (2001)

Chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs results in a significant reduction of risk and mortality from colorectal cancer in humans. All of the mechanism(s) by which nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs exert their protective effects are not completely understood, but they are known to inhibit cyclooxygenase activity. The cyclooxygenase enzymes catalyze a key reaction in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, such as prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). Here we demonstrate that PGE(2) treatment of LS-174 human colorectal carcinoma cells leads to increased motility and changes in cell shape. The prostaglandin EP(4) receptor signaling pathway appears to play a role in transducing signals which regulate these effects. PGE(2) treatment results in an activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway that is required for the PGE(2)-induced changes in carcinoma cell motility and colony morphology. Our results suggest that PGE(2) might enhance the invasive potential of colorectal carcinoma cells via activation of major intracellular signal transduction pathways not previously reported to be regulated by prostaglandins.
Expression of an activated Notch-related int-3 transgene interferes with cell differentiation and induces neoplastic transformation in mammary and salivary glands. (1992)

Expression of the int-3 locus is activated in mouse mammary tumors as a consequence of insertional mutagenesis by the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). Integration of the MMTV provirus into the int-3 locus promotes the transcription and translation of flanking cellular int-3 sequences sharing significant homology with the intracellular domain of the neurogenic Notch gene of Drosophila, and with the yeast cell cycle regulatory genes cdc10 and SWI6. To determine the in vivo consequences of activated int-3 expression, transgenic mice were generated harboring a genomic tumor DNA fragment consisting of the MMTV LTR and the flanking cellular int-3 sequences. All six int-3 founder transgenic mice and the progeny of one established line exhibited similar dramatic phenotypic abnormalities in tissues in which the transgene was expressed. Focal and often multiple poorly differentiated mammary and salivary adenocarcinomas appeared in the majority of transgenic mice between 2 and 7 months of age. Significantly, mammary glands were arrested in development and were lactation deficient in all female int-3 mice. The salivary glands, glands of the nasal mucosa and maxillary sinus, the extraorbital lacrimal glands, and the Harderian glands of juvenile and adult transgenic mice all contained proliferating immature ductule cells and were incompletely differentiated. In addition, all male int-3 transgenic mice were sterile, apparently the result of severe hyperplasia of the epididymis. These findings demonstrate in vivo that expression of the activated Notch-related int-3 gene causes deregulation of normal developmental controls and hyperproliferation of glandular epithelia.
Sirolimus for the treatment of complicated vascular anomalies in children (2011)

Sirolimus appears to be effective and safe in patients with life-threatening vascular anomalies and represents an important tool in treating these diseases. These findings are currently being further evaluated in a Phase II safety and efficacy trial.
Activation of cAMP-dependent pathways in human airway smooth muscle cells inhibits TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression and T lymphocyte adhesion. (1995)

Asthma is a disease of airway inflammation and hyper-reactivity associated with lymphocytic infiltration in the bronchial submucosa. We recently demonstrated that human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells express the cell adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, which are up-regulated by cytokines such as TNF-alpha, and which mediate binding of activated T lymphocytes. In this study, we examined whether an increase in [cAMP]i, presumably via activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, modulates TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on ASM. We found that treatment of ASM with either forskolin, which directly activates adenylyl cyclase, or with cholera toxin, which activates the heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein, Gs, inhibited TNF-alpha-induced cell adhesion molecule expression. In addition, treatment with either isoproterenol or prostaglandin E2, which activates receptors coupled to Gs and increases [cAMP]i, also inhibited TNF-alpha-induced expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on ASM. Furthermore, adhesion of activated T cells to TNF-alpha-stimulated ASM was inhibited by treating the ASM cells with either forskolin or PGE2. These data suggest that cAMP-dependent protein kinase activation decreases cytokine-induced expression of cell adhesion molecules on ASM cells, modulates T cell binding to airway myocytes and, thus, suggests novel therapeutic approaches to airway inflammation.
A technique for quantitative determination of the profile of the residual stress along the depth of p+ silicon films (1995)

A quantitative method to determine the profile of the residual stress along the depth of a highly boron doped silicon film is reported. First, the stress profile relative to the stress at the neutral surface of the film is obtained by measuring deflection of p+ silicon cantilevers with different etch depths. Second, the average of the residual stress is obtained by using a rotating beam structure. The stress profile is determined completely from these two calculations. One example of application by this method illustrates that most of the p+ region is subjected to the tensile stress except for the region near the front surface.
Performance of Current Guidelines for Diagnosis of Macrophage Activation Syndrome Complicating Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (2014)

The preliminary MAS guidelines showed the strongest ability to identify MAS in systemic JIA. The addition of hyperferritinemia enhanced their capacity to differentiate MAS from systemic infections. The HLH-2004 guidelines are likely not appropriate for identification of MAS in children with systemic JIA.
Incorporation of an apoE‐derived lipopeptide in high‐density lipoprotein MRI contrast agents for enhanced imaging of macrophages in atherosclerosis (2008)

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is becoming a pivotal diagnostic method to identify and characterize vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. We previously reported a reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL) nanoparticle platform enriched with Gd-based amphiphiles as a plaque-specific MR imaging contrast agent. Further modification can be accomplished by inserting targeting moieties into this platform to potentially allow for improved intraplaque macrophage uptake. Since studies have indicated that intraplaque macrophage density is directly correlated to plaque vulnerability, modification of the rHDL platform may allow for better detection of vulnerable plaques. In the current study we incorporated a carboxyfluoresceine-labeled apolipoprotein E-derived lipopeptide, P2fA2, into rHDL. The in vitro macrophage uptake and in vivo MR efficacy were demonstrated using murine J774A.1 macrophages and the apolipoprotein E knock-out (apoE(-/-)) mouse model of atherosclerosis. The in vitro studies indicated enhanced association of murine macrophages to P2fA2 enriched rHDL (rHDL-P2A2) nanoparticles, relative to rHDL, using optical techniques and MR imaging. The in vivo studies showed a more pronounced and significantly higher signal enhancement of the atherosclerotic wall 24 h after the 50 micromol Gd/kg injection of rHDL-P2A2 relative to administration of rHDL. The normalized enhancement ratio for atherosclerotic wall of rHDL-P2A2 contrast agent injection was 90%, while that of rHDL was 53% 24 h post-injection. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that rHDL-P2A2 nanoparticles co-localized primarily with intraplaque macrophages. The results of the current study confirm the hypothesis that intraplaque macrophage uptake of rHDL may be enhanced by the incorporation of the P2fA2 peptide into the modified HDL particle.
4 Structure and Genetic Organization of Adenovirus Vectors (1999)

Adenovirus (Ad) was first isolated in 1953 (Rowe et al. 1953) and not long after was recognized as an invaluable tool for the investigation of various aspects of mammalian molecular biology from oncogenesis to DNA replication, transcriptional regulation, and protein synthesis. Some of the features that made Ad preferable over other viruses for such studies include the ease with which the Ad genome can be experimentally manipulated, the ability to propagate Ad to high titer, and the efficiency with which Ad infects a wide variety of both quiescent and proliferating cells of various species and cell types. These properties have also made Ad an attractive vehicle for gene transfer and transgene expression in mammalian cells with numerous recent applications of Ad as a vector for human gene therapy (for review, see Bramson et al. 1995; Hitt et al. 1996; and this volume). This chapter overviews the structure and lytic cycle of wild-type Ad as well as the structure of first generation, second generation, and helper-dependent Ad vectors designed for gene therapy. GENOMIC ORGANIZATION AND VIRION STRUCTURE Adenoviruses have been isolated from many different avian and mammalian species, although the human Ads have been the most extensively studied. The approximately 50 known serotypes of human Ad have been divided into 6 subgroups based on immunological, biological, and DNA sequence similarities. The best characterized serotypes are adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) and Ad5 of subgroup C, Ad12 of subgroup A and Ad7 of subgroup B. However, all human Ads examined thus far share...
Human antibody production in transgenic mice: expression from 100 kb of the human IgH locus (1991)

In order to study the requirements for a human antibody repertoire to be engineered in transgenic animals, we have created mouse strains that express human immunoglobulin genes from 100 kb of cosmid DNA. Undisrupted integration of the human DNA in the mouse germ line, encoding germ-line V,D,J and the Cmu constant region, was achieved, and proved sufficient for the production of human IgM in the mouse serum. Co-integration of one cosmid (containing the VH6 gene and a 36-kb region of the J-proximal D cluster) with a second cosmid (containing VH26, a further 38-kb of the D cluster, JH and Cmu) results in V-D-J rearrangements in the transgenic mice, similar to those seen in human DNA, were found only in spleen but not in thymus. Random hybridomas made from these transgenic mice show heterogeneous rearrangements of the human transgenes. Sequences of V-D-J units derived from transgene rearrangements reveal extensive N-region and apparent D segment diversity. These results show that utilisation of human Ig genomic segments does occur in transgenic mice, paving the way for the derivation of a mouse strain that makes authentic human antibodies from inserted heavy and light chain gene loci.
The discovery of the elements. XVII. The halogen family (1932)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe discovery of the elements. XVII. The halogen familyMary Elvira Weeks Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1932, 9, 11, 1915Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1932Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 November 1932Published inissue 1 November 1932https://doi.org/10.1021/ed009p1915RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views633Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (11 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Consequences of self-presentation of peptide antigen by cytolytic T lymphocytes. (1989)

Abstract We have used H-2Db-restricted CTL clones specific for peptide 365 to 380 of the influenza nucleoprotein to seek evidence for interaction between the TCR and peptide Ag. Preincubation of these CTL with peptide 365 to 380 resulted in inhibition of target cell lysis. In addition, CTL lysed allogeneic targets in the presence of soluble peptide Ag. Investigation of the basis of these two phenomena revealed a requirement for expression of H-2Db molecules by the effector cells. Either preincubation with anti-Db mAb or the use of chimera-derived H-2d CTL specific for Db plus peptide ablated both peptide-dependent inhibition and lysis of allogeneic cells, suggesting these activities are a consequence of self-presentation of peptide Ag by CTL. Lysis of allogeneic cells appears to represent bystander lysis by CTL in response to recognition of peptide on other effector cells. Lysis inhibition is attributable to a highly potent form of cold target inhibition in which CTL serve as their own cold targets.
Protein Tyrosine Nitration: Selectivity, Physicochemical and Biological Consequences, Denitration, and Proteomics Methods for the Identification of Tyrosine-Nitrated Proteins (2009)

Protein tyrosine nitration (PTN) is a post-translational modification occurring under the action of a nitrating agent. Tyrosine is modified in the 3-position of the phenolic ring through the addition of a nitro group (NO2). In the present article, we review the main nitration reactions and elucidate why nitration is not a random chemical process. The particular physical and chemical properties of 3-nitrotyrosine (e.g., pKa, spectrophotometric properties, reduction to aminotyrosine) will be discussed, and the biological consequences of PTN (e.g., modification of enzymatic activity, sensitivity to proteolytic degradation, impact on protein phosphorylation, immunogenicity and implication in disease) will be reviewed. Recent data indicate the possibility of an in vivo denitration process, which will be discussed with respect to the different reaction mechanisms that have been proposed. The second part of this review article focuses on analytical methods to determine this post-translational modification in complex proteomes, which remains a major challenge.
Virulence factors of Escherichia coli O157 and other Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (2000)

Journal Article Virulence factors of Escherichia coli O157 and other Shiga toxin‐producing E. coli Get access D. Law D. Law Hyder Environmental, Manor Park, Howard Court, Runcorn, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Applied Microbiology, Volume 88, Issue 5, 1 May 2000, Pages 729–745, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01031.x Published: 01 May 2000 Article history Received: 10 November 1999 Revision received: 14 January 2000 Accepted: 18 January 2000 Published: 01 May 2000
Inhibition of anti-DNP antibody formation by high doses of DNP-polyacrylamide molecules; effects of hapten density and hapten valence. (1985)

High-dose inhibition of anti-DNP antibody formation by a series of DNP-polyacrylamide molecules of varying hapten density and hapten valence was measured. It was found that a molecule's inhibitory ability correlated directly with its hapten density, but not with its hapten valence nor with its own ability at optimal dose to stimulate an anti-DNP response.
Effect of Behavior on the Evaluation of Insecticides for Prevention of or Remedial Control of the Formosan Subterranean Termite12 (1982)

Laboratory techniques developed to evaluate insecticides for prevention or remedial control of infestations of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki showed that the evaluation could not be based on mortality alone. The behavioral responses of the termites to the insecticides had to be considered. The termites can seal off or avoid treated areas and effectively protect themselves. Factors causing this behavior appear to be the repellency of the insecticide itself or chemical factor (s) associated with dead termites. The insecticides tested could be divided into three groups, depending on the reactions of the termites. Types I and II can be used in preventative treatments. Only type III can be used in remedial treatments.
Active auditory mechanics in mosquitoes (2001)

In humans and other vertebrates, hearing is improved by active contractile properties of hair cells. Comparable active auditory mechanics is now demonstrated in insects. In mosquitoes, Johnston's organ transduces sound-induced vibrations of the antennal flagellum. A non-muscular 'motor' activity enhances the sensitivity and tuning of the flagellar mechanical response in physiologically intact animals. This motor is capable of driving the flagellum autonomously, amplifying sound-induced vibrations at specific frequencies and intensities. Motor-related electrical activity of Johnston's organ strongly suggests that mosquito hearing is improved by mechanoreceptor motility.