gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF FLUOROCHEMICALS (1965)

Abstract : With the advent of the highly fluorinated organic compounds, it has been possible to prepare surfaces having extremely low free surface energies, much lower than had previously been possible with hydrocarbon derivatives. Because of their low surface energies, fluorinated solids have the most nonwettable and nonadhesive surfaces known. It has been proved that only the outermost molecules of the surface of a solid need be highly fluorinated in order to achieve such low surface energies. In fact the most nonwetting surfaces studied to date were those covered with an adsorbed monolayer of closely packed perfluoro acids, with the perfluoromethyl (-CF3) groups outermost. It has likewise been found that surface-active agents containing perfluorocarbon terminal groups will lower the surface tension of water far below the values obtainable with hydrocarbon-type wetting agents. Certain fluorinated hydrocarbon derivatives have also been synthesized that show very high surface activity in a wide variety of organic liquids, the extent of surface activity being dependent upon the organophilic-organophobic balance in the fluorine-containing amphipathic molecule.
Facetnet (2008)

We discover communities from social network data, and analyze the community evolution. These communities are inherent characteristics of human interaction in online social networks, as well as paper citation networks. Also, communities may evolve over time, due to changes to individuals' roles and social status in the network as well as changes to individuals' research interests. We present an innovative algorithm that deviates from the traditional two-step approach to analyze community evolutions. In the traditional approach, communities are first detected for each time slice, and then compared to determine correspondences. We argue that this approach is inappropriate in applications with noisy data. In this paper, we propose FacetNet for analyzing communities and their evolutions through a robust unified process. In this novel framework, communities not only generate evolutions, they also are regularized by the temporal smoothness of evolutions. As a result, this framework will discover communities that jointly maximize the fit to the observed data and the temporal evolution. Our approach relies on formulating the problem in terms of non-negative matrix factorization, where communities and their evolutions are factorized in a unified way. Then we develop an iterative algorithm, with proven low time complexity, which is guaranteed to converge to an optimal solution. We perform extensive experimental studies, on both synthetic datasets and real datasets, to demonstrate that our method discovers meaningful communities and provides additional insights not directly obtainable from traditional methods.
Reactions of ethyl phosphites with .beta.-nitrostyrenes. The role of nitrosoalkenes as intermediates (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of ethyl phosphites with .beta.-nitrostyrenes. The role of nitrosoalkenes as intermediatesGlen A. Russell and Ching Fa YaoCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 24, 6508–6513Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00050a026https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00050a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views793Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
The effect of Hydrocortisone on the kinetics of normal human lymphocytes (1975)

Lymphocyte kinetic studies employing 51-chromium-labeled autologous lymphocytes were performed in nine normal volunteers in order to determine the effects of hydrocortisone administration on the recirculating versus the nonrecirculating intravascular lymphocyte pools. Following infusion of labeled cells, the recirculating portion of the labeled cells rapidly equilibrated with the total intravascular lymphocyte pool and the vastly larger total-body recirculating lymphocyte pool, so that by 1 hr following infusion 21.8% plus or minus 3.2% of the labeled lymphocytes were left in the circulation. Four hundred milligrams of intravenous hydrocortisone administered 24 hr after infusion of labeled cells caused a profound but transient lymphocytopenia which was maximal at 4 hr with return of lymphocyte counts to normal by 24 hr after injection. Concomitant with the lymphocytopenia there was a dramatic increase in lymphocyte specific activity (cpm per 10–6 lymphocytes), while the total lymphocyte- associated radioactivity remaining in the circulation was unchanged, indicating that corticosteroid administration depleted the unlabeled recirculating cells. As the lymphocyte counts returned to normal following hydrocortisone, the specific activity also returned to normal. These studies indicated that hydrocortisone administration caused a transient lymphocytopenia by a preferential depletion of the recirculating portion of the intravascular lymphocyte pool.
PixelCNN++: Improving the PixelCNN with Discretized Logistic Mixture Likelihood and Other Modifications (2017)

PixelCNNs are a recently proposed class of powerful generative models with tractable likelihood. Here we discuss our implementation of PixelCNNs which we make available at https://github.com/openai/pixel-cnn. Our implementation contains a number of modifications to the original model that both simplify its structure and improve its performance. 1) We use a discretized logistic mixture likelihood on the pixels, rather than a 256-way softmax, which we find to speed up training. 2) We condition on whole pixels, rather than R/G/B sub-pixels, simplifying the model structure. 3) We use downsampling to efficiently capture structure at multiple resolutions. 4) We introduce additional short-cut connections to further speed up optimization. 5) We regularize the model using dropout. Finally, we present state-of-the-art log likelihood results on CIFAR-10 to demonstrate the usefulness of these modifications.
The performance of control charts for monitoring process variation (1995)

Abstract The Shewhart R–and S–charts are often used to monitor the variability of a quality characteristic of interest. In order to improve the sensitivity of these charting procedures to detecting small shifts in the process standard deviation, runs rules have been suggested. We evaluate the properties of the run length distributions of these charting procedures using a Markov chain approach. We show that the rules commonly used in practice based on the Western Electric Handbook do not have the statistical performance one might expect. Alternative runs rules are provided that provide the same in-control ARL's as the usual X-chart with runs rules. Average run length comparisons are made among various charts for monitoring variability, including cumulative sum charts and exponentially weighted moving average charts. It is shown that detection of decreases in variability is problematic with all of these methods. Keywords: Shewhart chartcumulative sum chartaverage run lengthMarkov chainstatistical process control
Sequence Relationships among the Variable Regions of Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains from Various Mammalian Species (1972)

Immunoglobulin heavy chains of myeloma proteins from dogs and cata have been subjected to automated sequence analysis. When the results were compared with human heavy-chain sequences, all the dog and cat proteins could be unequivocally assigned to the V(H)III subgroup. This pattern contrasts with that in human proteins in which only 25% of all heavy chains sequenced belong to this subgroup. The 30 residues at the NH(2) termini of dog, cat, and human heavy chains had sequence identities near or exceeding 90%, in contrast to established interspecies sequence homologies of constant regions of about 60%. Some genes of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region thus appear to have been conserved through a considerable period of evolutionary time. The analyses also showed that the presence of certain amino acids at certain positions in these heavy chains could be correlated with the species of origin. The occurrence of such "phylogenetically associated" residues is most consistent with the presence of a restricted number of genes in the heavy-chain variable region pool.
Met protein and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: evidence for a pathogenetic role in tumourigenesis (2001)

In the last 10 years, evidence has accumulated that overexpression of Met protein is a distinguishing feature of almost every case of well-differentiated papillary carcinoma. Increased expression of the protein is probably due to enhanced transcription of the MET gene and/or to post-transcriptional mechanisms. So far, alterations of the MET gene have not been recognized, but evidence has been provided that activated RAS and RET can cause accumulation of MET RNA. Thus, the possibility exists that dysregulation of MET is the final result of different molecular pathways capable of inducing thyroid cell transformation; RET rearrangements might account for some of the cases, but the demonstration that the majority of papillary carcinomas do not have recognized alterations of the RET gene strongly suggests that MET gene dysregulation can also be achieved through other molecular pathways. Dysregulation of MET causes marked accumulation of Met protein in tumour cells that is promptly detected by immunohistochemistry. Thus, overexpression of Met protein might represent an immunohistochemical marker of papillary carcinoma, potentially helpful in problematic cases, but caution is required; moderate expression of Met protein is observed in non-neoplastic thyroid diseases, such as Graves' and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and reagents active on paraffin sections may have a low affinity and/or low specificity for Met protein, leading to artifactual staining. Met protein-positive papillary carcinoma cells may produce hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and may activate HGF through the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) bound to urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPA-R). Thus, papillary carcinoma cells possess the molecular machinery necessary for a productive HGF/Met interaction. In vitro studies have demonstrated that HGF enhances the motility and invasiveness of tumour cells and induces the synthesis and release of chemokines active in the recruitment of dendritic cells. These observations provide a rational basis for the understanding of two distinguishing features of papillary carcinoma. First, the tumour is often characterized by early metastatic spread to regional lymph nodes and by multifocal involvement of the gland, which suggests highly invasive behaviour. Second, a prominent peritumoural inflammatory reaction is often observed, which suggests cross-talk between tumour cells and the immune system.
Exposure of phosphatidylserine in the outer leaflet of human red blood cells. Relationship to cell density, cell age, and clearance by mononuclear cells. (1994)

Human red blood cells (RBC) were separated by density on self-forming Percoll gradients into five distinct populations. The transbilayer movement and equilibrium distribution of 1-oleoyl-2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4- yl)aminocaproyl)phosphatidylserine (NBD-PS) was slower in dense cells and equilibrated in the inner leaflet of these cells to a lesser degree than in light cells. Conversely, the outward movement of the lipid was slower in light cells. Assessment of endogenous PS in the cells' outer leaflet by the prothrombinase activity of externalized PS revealed an increase in its presence at the cell surface with increasing cell density. The presence of PS on the cell surface directly correlated with the propensity of the RBC to bound by autologous monocytes. To determine whether increased cell density is associated with increased cell age, the in vivo clearance of density-separated murine RBC was monitored in syngeneic mice. The T1/2 of circulation of light cells was about twice that of dense cells. The majority of the cleared cells localized in the spleen. Studies carried out in antibody-deficient SCID mice indicated that RBC were cleared via a mechanism that was independent of antibody. These data suggest that cell age is related to cell density and that cells of increasing age and density display higher amounts of PS in their outer leaflet.
Efficient multiplier architectures for Galois fields GF(2/sup 4n/) (1998)

This contribution introduces a new class of multipliers for finite fields GF((2/sup n/)/sup 4/). The architecture is based on a modified version of the Karatsuba-Ofman algorithm (KOA). By determining optimized field polynomials of degree four, the last stage of the KOA and the module reduction can be combined. This saves computation and area in VLSI implementations. The new algorithm leads to architectures which show a considerably improved gate complexity compared to traditional approaches and reduced delay if compared with KOA-based architectures with separate module reduction. The new multipliers lead to highly modular architectures and are, thus, well suited for VLSI implementations. Three types of field polynomials are introduced and conditions for their existence are established. For the small fields, where n=2,3,...,8, which are of primary technical interest, optimized field polynomials were determined by an exhaustive search. For each field order, exact space and time complexities are provided.
Theory and application of passive SAW radio transponders as sensors (1998)

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) radio transponders make it possible to read identification codes or measurement values from a remote location. The decisive advantage of these SAW transponders lies in their passive operation (i.e., no power-supply), and in the possibility of wireless installation at particularly inaccessible locations. The passive SAW transponders are maintenance free. Identification marks respond to an interrogation signal with their nonchanging identification pattern. In wireless SAW sensors the physical or chemical properties to be detected change the propagation characteristics of the SAW. SAW radio transponders are advantageously placed on moving or rotating parts and in hazardous environments such as contaminated or high voltage areas. They also can be used for contactless measurements in high vacuum process chambers, under concrete, extreme heat, or strong radioactive radiation, where the use of conventional sensors is complicated, dangerous, or expensive. In this paper we discuss the principles of wireless passive SAW transponders and present a radio frequency interrogation unit and several passive radio SAW sensors developed for noncontact measurements of temperatures, pressures, torques, and currents.
TRAIL induces apoptosis and activation of NFkappaB. (1998)

TRAIL (TNF-related-apoptosis-inducing-ligand) was found as a new member of the TNF family which mediates cell death in a wide variety of malignant cell lines and primary tumor cells. TRAIL induces two different signals, cell death mediated by caspases and gene induction mediated by NFkappaB. Inhibition of TRAIL-induced activation of NFkappaB augments apoptosis induction by TRAIL and attenuates apoptosis resistance.
THE STRUCTURAL BASIS OF T CELL ACTIVATION BY SUPERANTIGENS (1999)

Superantigens (SAGs) are a class of immunostimulatory and disease-causing proteins of bacterial or viral origin with the ability to activate large fractions (5-20%) of the T cell population. Activation requires simultaneous interaction of the SAG with the V beta domain of the T cell receptor (TCR) and with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. Recent advances in knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of bacterial SAGs, and of their complexes with MHC class II molecules and the TCR beta chain, provide a framework for understanding the molecular basis of T cell activation by these potent mitogens. These structures along with those of TCR-peptide/MHC complexes reveal how SAGs circumvent the normal mechanism for T cell activation by peptide/MHC and how they stimulate T cells expressing TCR beta chains from a number of different families, resulting in polyclonal T cell activation. The crystal structures also provide insights into the basis for the specificity of different SAGs for particular TCR beta chains, and for the observed influence of the TCR alpha chain on SAG reactivity. These studies open the way to the design of SAG variants with altered binding properties for TCR and MHC for use as tools in dissecting structure-activity relationships in this system.
Mechanism of Action of Escherichia coli Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide Synthetase (2004)

The conversion of ATP, L-aspartate, and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxyribonucleotide (CAIR) to 5-aminoimidazole-4-(N-succinylcarboxamide) ribonucleotide (SAICAR), ADP, and phosphate by phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthetase (SAICAR synthetase) represents the eighth step of de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. SAICAR synthetase and other enzymes of purine biosynthesis are targets of natural products that impair cell growth. Prior to this study, no kinetic mechanism was known for any SAICAR synthetase. Here, a rapid equilibrium random ter-ter kinetic mechanism is established for the synthetase from Escherichia coli by initial velocity kinetics and patterns of linear inhibition by IMP, adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imido)triphosphate (AMP-PNP), and maleate. Substrates exhibit mutual binding antagonism, with the strongest antagonism between CAIR and either ATP or L-aspartate. CAIR binds to the free enzyme up to 200-fold more tightly than to the ternary enzyme-ATP-aspartate complex, but the latter complex may be the dominant form of SAICAR synthetase in vivo. IMP is a competitive inhibitor with respect to CAIR, suggesting the possibility of a hydrogen bond interaction between the 4-carboxyl and 5-amino groups of enzyme-bound CAIR. Of several aspartate analogues tested (hadacidin, l-malate, succinate, fumarate, and maleate), maleate was by far the best inhibitor, competitive with respect to L-aspartate. Inhibition by IMP and maleate is consistent with a chemical mechanism for SAICAR synthetase that parallels that of adenylosuccinate synthetase.
A Prospective, Multi-institutional, Pathologist-Based Assessment of 4 Immunohistochemistry Assays for PD-L1 Expression in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2017)

The assay using the SP142 antibody is an outlier that detected significantly less PD-L1 expression in tumor cells and immune cells. The assay for antibody 22c3 showed slight yet statistically significantly lower staining than either 28-8 or E1L3N, but this significance was detected only when using the mean of 13 pathologists' scores. The pathologists showed excellent concordance when scoring tumor cells stained with any antibody but poor concordance for scoring immune cells stained with any antibody. Thus, for tumor cell assessment of PD-L1, 3 of the 4 tests are concordant and reproducible as read by pathologists.
Nanoerythrosomes, a new derivative of erythrocyte ghost II: identification of the mechanism of action. (1996)

We have recently developed a new drug which is a carrier from red blood cell membrane. This carrier, named nanoerythrosome (nEryt), is prepared by extrusion of erythrocyte ghosts to produce small vesicles having an average diameter of 100 nm. Daunorubicin (DNR) was covalently conjugated to the nEryt (nEryt-DNR) using glutaraldehyde as homobifunctional linking arm. This led to a complex that is more active than free DNR both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we identified the mechanisms that make the complex nEryt-DNR more active than free DNR. Using fluorescence microscopy and cellular-uptake, we observed that the nEryt-DNR complex cannot diffuse through the cell membrane and do not enter the cell by endocytosis. Our results suggest that the nEryt-DNR is rapidly absorbed onto the cell membrane. Free DNR is then slowly released by hydrolysis of the glutaraldehyde linking arm, producing a high concentration of free DNR in the cell's vicinity over a long period of time.
Improvement of saturation optical intensity in electroabsorption modulators with asymmetric intra-step-barrier coupled double strained quantum wells (2011)

In this article, the saturation optical intensity in electroabsorption modulators (EAMs) at 1.55 μm with asymmetric intra-step-barrier coupled double strained quantum well (AICD-SQWs) active region is theoretically investigated and compared with intra-step quantum well (IQW) structure. For this purpose, the two basic escape processes, thermionic emission and tunneling, are considered and the escape times of photogenerated carriers both for the AICD-SQW and the IQW based on the InGaAlAs material system are calculated and compared. From the reduction in escape times, improvement in the saturation optical intensity due to the introduction of the AICD-SQW structure is estimated to be greater than 6 dB at high fields.
Introduction to RF simulation and its application (1999)

Radio-frequency (RF) circuits exhibit several distinguishing characteristics that make them difficult to simulate using traditional SPICE transient analysis. The various extensions to the harmonic balance and shooting method simulation algorithms are able to exploit these characteristics to provide rapid and accurate simulation for these circuits. This paper is an introduction to RF simulation methods and how they are applied to make common RF measurements. It describes the unique characteristics of RF circuits, the methods developed to simulate these circuits, and the application of these methods.
Probability of Cancer in Pulmonary Nodules Detected on First Screening CT (2013)

Predictive tools based on patient and nodule characteristics can be used to accurately estimate the probability that lung nodules detected on baseline screening low-dose CT scans are malignant. (Funded by the Terry Fox Research Institute and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00751660.).