gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular mobility in halogen-containing side-chain liquid-crystalline polymers studied by dielectric spectroscopy (2000)

Molecular mobility in polymethacrylate-based thermotropic side-chain liquid-crystalline polymers (SCLCPs) of the chemical structure CH2C(CH3)COO(CH2)5COOC6H4OOCC6H4X (where X = F, Cl, Br, I) has been investigated by means of broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS, 10−2–106 Hz) and thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC; −180 to 30 °C) techniques. The α process, with a significant contribution being provided by the segmental main-chain motions, has been studied in detail. The temperature dependence of the relaxation rate of the α process shows a crossover at a characteristic temperature Tc from the Arrhenius type at high temperatures to the Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher–Hesse type at lower temperatures. The magnitude and the shape of the α relaxation show characteristic changes in the liquid-crystalline phases, in particular close to Tc. These results are discussed in the framework of cooperativity and of the influence of the liquid-crystalline layers. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Processing of β-Amyloid Precursor Protein by Cathepsin D (1996)

The events leading to the formation of beta-amyloid (betaA4) from its precursor (betaAPP) involve proteolytic cleavages that produce the amino and carboxyl termini of betaA4. The enzyme activities responsible for these cleavages have been termed beta- and gamma-secretase, respectively, although these protease(s) have not been identified. Since betaA4 is known to possess heterogeneity at both the amino and carboxyl termini, beta- and gamma-secretases may actually be a collection of proteolytic activities or perhaps a single proteolytic enzyme with broad amino acid specificity. We investigated the role of cathepsin D in the processing of betaAPP since this enzyme has been widely proposed as a gamma-secretase candidate. Treatment of a synthetic peptide that spans the gamma-secretase site of betaAPP with human cathepsin D resulted in the cleavage of this substrate at Ala42-Thr43. A sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry technique was also developed to further investigate the ability of cathepsin D to process longer recombinant betaAPP substrates (156 and 100 amino acids of betaAPP carboxyl terminus) in vitro. The precise cathepsin D cleavage sites within these recombinant betaAPP substrates were identified using this technique. Both recombinant substrates were cleaved at the following sites: Leu49-Val50, Asp68-Ala69, Phe93-Phe94. No cleavages were observed at putative gamma-secretase sites: Val40-Ile41 or Ala42-Thr43, suggesting that cathepsin D is not gamma-secretase as defined by these betaA4 termini. Under conditions where the betaAPP156 substrate was first denatured prior to cathepsin D digestion, two additional cleavage sites near the amino terminus of betaA4, Glu-3-Val-2 and Glu3-Phe4, were observed, indicating that cathepsin D cleavage of betaAPP is influenced by the structural integrity of the substrate. Taken together, these results indicate that in vitro, cathepsin D is unlikely to function as gamma-secretase; however, the ability of this enzyme to efficiently cleave betaAPP substrates at nonamyloidogenic sites within the molecule may reflect a role in betaAPP catabolism.
Techniques for privacy and authentication in personal communication systems (1995)

Describes progress in the development of authentication and key agreement (AKA) processes for personal communication systems (PCS). A conceptual framework is first established; this is a three-part general model that characterizes all AKA techniques. Then three proposed AKA methods are compared using this model. These methods are the so-called secret key method of GSM, the secret key method of United States Digital Cellular (IS-54, IS-95), and a public key/secret key method. Finally, a summary is presented that indicates the AKA method of preference for some proposed PCS air interfaces that are under development by standards bodies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Effect of anti-fungal nasal lavage with amphotericin B on nasal polyposis (2002)

Recent studies have suggested that allergic fungal rhino-sinusitis could be involved in the development of nasal polyposis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of anti-fungal nasal lavages. Patients performed nasal lavage with 20 ml of a one per one thousand amphotericin B suspension in each nostril, twice a day, for four weeks. In addition, all patients continued their saline nasal lavage and their conventional topical corticosteroid spray. This study included 74 patients, with a mean age of 46 years (range from 19 to 73). Before anti-fungal treatment, the distribution of nasal polyposis, according to Malm, was: 13 patients in stage I (17.5 per cent), 48 patients in stage II (65 per cent) and 13 patients in stage III (17.5 per cent). After anti-fungal nasal lavages, the total disappearance of nasal polyposis was observed in 29 patients (39 per cent). Eight patients were stage I, 21 stage II, and none stage III. In patients who have had previous endoscopic polypectomy and functional endoscopic sinus surgery, total disappearance of nasal polyposis was seen in 24 patients (47 per cent). Hyper-reactivity to fungal organisms could be one of the mechanisms underlying the development of nasal polyposis. A direct effect of amphotericin B suspension on the integrity of the cell membrane of the polyps' epithelium could not be excluded.
Broadening cell selection criteria with micropallet arrays of adherent cells (2007)

A host of technologies exists for the separation of living, nonadherent cells, with separation decisions typically based on fluorescence or immunolabeling of cells. Methods to separate adherent cells as well as to broaden the range of possible sorting criteria would be of high value and complementary to existing strategies. Cells were cultured on arrays of releasable pallets. The arrays were screened and individual cell(s)/pallets were released and collected. Conventional fluorescence and immunolabeling of cells were compatible with the pallet arrays, as were separations based on gene expression. By varying the size of the pallet and the number of cells cultured on the array, single cells or clonal colonies of cells were isolated from a heterogeneous population. Since cells remained adherent throughout the isolation process, separations based on morphologic characteristics, for example cell shape, were feasible. Repeated measurements of each cell in an array were performed permitting the selection of cells based on their temporal behavior, e.g. growth rate. The pallet array system provides the flexibility to select and collect adherent cells based on phenotypic and temporal criteria and other characteristics not accessible by alternative methods.
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer progression and metastasis (2011)

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and approximately 90% of breast cancer deaths are caused by local invasion and distant metastasis of tumor cells. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a vital process for large-scale cell movement during morphogenesis at the time of embryonic development. Tumor cells usurp this developmental program to execute the multi-step process of tumorigenesis and metastasis. Several transcription factors and signals are involved in these events. In this review, we summarize recent advances in breast cancer researches that have provided new insights in the molecular mechanisms underlying EMT regulation during breast cancer progression and metastasis. We especially focus on the molecular pathways that control EMT.
<title>Organic vapor sensing using a coated piezoelectric quartz crystal sensor array</title> (1999)

The pattern of responses from a four sensor array have been used for the classification of methanol, propanol, butanol, hexane, heptane and toluene using artificial intelligence (AI) based pattern recognition methods. A feedforward forward network with backpropagation was trained using sensor array data with approximately 300 training vectors and 100 test cases and covering a period of four months. The network consisting of four input nodes, six output nodes, learning rate of 0.1 and momentum of 0 was built using a commercial package (NeuroShell). A classification success rate of 75% was achieved. The bulk of the mis-classifications arose from propanol being classified as butanol and hexane being classified as heptane. These mis-classifications are rational since the respective compounds are very similar in nature. A fuzzy logic algorithm where class membership functions are developed using the mean frequency change and standard deviation of individual sensors was developed for classification of the vapors. In this particular case, classification using the developed fuzzy logic Gaussian algorithm was not as good as the feedforward network with backpropagation, but the Gaussian membership function offers a more rational approach than the previously published trapezoidal membership function.
Analysis of localized quadratic encoding and reconstruction (1996)

Localized quadratic (LQ) encoding is a method of collecting multislice MRI data sets with greatly overlapping excited slices in such a way that the slice overlap can be deconvolved. This results in reconstructed data with resolution equal to the center-to-center slice spacing, regardless of the amount of excited slice overlap. LQ encoding is analyzed using the modulation transfer function of the encoding and reconstruction process. This allows analysis of many aspects of the technique in a well established theoretical framework. Many different characteristics of the method are explored, including excited slice profiles, required RF magnitudes and specific absorption rate, signal to noise ratio, signal dynamic range, reconstruction artifacts, sensitivity to motion, saturation and inflow effects, modulation transfer function shifting, and off-resonance artifacts. It is suggested that this technique is best suited for applications currently using multiple thin-slab three-dimensional encoding.
In vitro evaluation of activities of nitazoxanide and tizoxanide against anaerobes and aerobic organisms (1996)

The antibacterial activities of nitazoxanide and its main metabolite, tizoxanide, were tested against a broad range of bacteria, including anaerobes. Metronidazole, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, and clindamycin were used as positive controls. MICs were determined by reference agar dilution methods. The 241 anaerobes were all inhibited by nitazoxanide, with the MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (MIC90S) being between 0.06 and 4 mg/liter with the exception of those for Propionibacterium species, for which the MIC90 was 16 mg/liter. The MIC90s of nitazoxanide were 0.5 mg/liter for the Bacteroides fragilis group (80 strains), 0.06 mg/liter for Clostridium difficile (21 strains), and 0.5 mg/liter for Clostridium perfringens (16 strains). Metronidazole showed a level of activity comparable to that of nitazoxanide except against Bifidobacterium species, against which it was poorly active, and Propionibacterium species, which were resistant to metronidazole. The other antibiotics showed various levels of activity against anaerobes, with imipenem along with nitazoxanide being the most active agents tested. Tizoxanide was less effective than nitazoxanide except against the B. fragilis group, against which its activity was similar to that of nitazoxanide. Under aerobic conditions, nitazoxanide demonstrated poor activity against members of the family Enterobacteriacae and Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Enterococcus species. The same results were obtained when culture was performed under anaerobic conditions with the notable exception of the results against Staphylococcus aureus. The MICs of nitazoxanide were in the range of 2 to 4 mg/liter for 34 clinical isolates of S. aureus, 12 of which were methicillin resistant, while tizoxanide was not effective.
Colonic Drug Delivery (2002)

Targeted delivery of drugs to the colon is usually to achieve one or more of four objectives. The desired outcomes can be sustained delivery (a) to reduce dosing frequency; (b) to delay delivery to the colon to achieve high local concentrations in the treatment of diseases of the distal gut; (c) to delay delivery to a time appropriate to treat acute phases of disease (chronotherapy); and ﬁnally, (d) to deliver to a region that is less hostile metabolically, e.g., to facilitate absorption of acid and enzymatically labile materials, especially peptides. Further commercial beneﬁts are the extension of patent protection and the ability to promote new claims centered on the provision of patient beneﬁts such as the optimization of dosing frequency.
Regulation of Human B-Cell Activation and Adhesion (1991)

Human B lymphocyte differentiation is regulated by signals transmitted after binding of cytokines to their specific receptors and/or cross-linking of cell-cell adhesion receptors. In addition to surface immunoglobulin (sIg) receptors for antigen, a number of B cell-associated surface molecules have now been identified which may regulate activation and adhesion of B cells. These include members of the Ig supergene family such as CD19, CD22, B7/BB1, and BMC1, cell surface enzymes such as CD10, CD73, and CDw75, and proteins with multiple transmembrane domains such as CD20 and CD37. In this review we describe how several of these accessory molecules may affect signaling via antigen receptors and influence primary vs secondary immune responses. For instance, signaling via either CD21 or CD22 can augment responses to anti-Ig; the B cell activation marker B7/BB1 may function to trigger T cells via its ligand, CD28, to produce cytokines which in turn stimulate B cells; and the receptor, CD40, may transmit a signal to protect germinal center B cells from undergoing programmed cell death. Understanding how B cell accessory molecules regulate key interconnections during development may provide insights into the control and management of diseases with B-cell dysfunctions.
Depletion flocculation of aqueous, electrosterically-stabilized latex dispersions (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDepletion flocculation of aqueous, electrosterically-stabilized latex dispersionsJ. E. Seebergh and J. C. BergCite this: Langmuir 1994, 10, 2, 454–463Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1994https://doi.org/10.1021/la00014a020Request reuse permissionsArticle Views911Altmetric-Citations66LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
beta-Amyloid Aggregation Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer Disease Dream or Reality? (2001)

Amyloid (Abeta) deposition remains a hallmark in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Important drug discovery efforts dedicated to the inhibition of the polymerization process leading to amyloid neurotoxicity are pursued by academic groups and the pharmaceutical industry as a potential preventive treatment for AD. The aim of this review is to up-date current knowledge on the amyloid aggregation process and the various available peptidic and non-peptidic Abeta aggregation inhibitors.
Inhibitory effect of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid on 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate-induced cutaneous oxidative stress and tumor promotion in mice (2005)

Glycyrrhetinic acid is an aglycone of glycyrrhizic acid, another major active component of licorice roots. Licorice root extract has been used for a long time as a medicine and a natural sweetening additive. In the present study, we found that glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) mediated oxidative stress and tumor promotion in murine skin. Topical application of TPA alone in mouse skin enhances ornithine decarboxylase activity and also increases [3H]-thymidine incorporation in DNA. Topical application of TPA also resulted in the depletion of glutathione, activities of glutathione metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes. Application of glycyrrhetinic acid prior to TPA treatment reduces this enhanced ODC activity, [3H]-thymidine incorporation in DNA and oxidative stress. Glycyrrhetinic acid was also found to inhibit DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumor formation at doses of 1.25 and 2.5 mg by reducing the number of tumors per mouse by 24% (P < 0.05) and 62% (P < 0.05), respectively. These results suggest that glycyrrhetinic acid, an antioxidant, is a potential chemopreventive agent that can inhibit DMBA/TPA-induced cutaneous oxidative stress and tumor promotion.
Alzheimer's β‐amyloid peptide specifically interacts with and is degraded by insulin degrading enzyme (1994)

Cerebral deposition of beta-amyloid peptide (beta A) is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Concentration of beta A could play a critical role in the rate of amyloid deposition. It is therefore of considerable importance to identify proteases involved in processing of beta A. 125I-labeled synthetic beta A specifically cross-linked to a single protein with M(r) = 110,000 in cytosol fractions from rat brain and liver. This protein was identified as insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) since the labeling of the 110 kDa protein was completely blocked by an excess of insulin, and anti-IDE monoclonal antibodies precipitated the labeled protein. Purified rat IDE effectively degraded beta A.
Echinacoside retards cellular senescence of human fibroblastic cells MRC-5. (2009)

In this study, effects of echinacoside, one of the phenylethanoids isolated from the stems of Cistanches salsa, a Chinese traditional herbal medicine, on human embryo lung fibroblastic MRC-5 cells, was investigated. Activity of cell proliferation was evaluated with Alamar Blue, showing that treatment with echinacoside could retard the senescence. Flow cytometry results show that echinacoside could trigger cells in the G1 phase to enter the S phase and G2 phase, and could improve ROS degradation. The results from comet assay indicate that echinacoside could protect cells from DNA damage, partly elucidating the mechanism of its effects. All of the above results suggest that echinacoside has potential anti-senescence activity.
Centrosome duplication continues in cycloheximide-treated Xenopus blastulae in the absence of a detectable cell cycle. (1990)

Cycloheximide (500 micrograms/ml) rapidly arrests cleavage, spindle assembly, and cycles of an M-phase-specific histone kinase in early Xenopus blastulae. 2 h after cycloheximide addition, most cells contained two microtubule asters radiating from perinuclear microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). In contrast, blastomeres treated with cycloheximide for longer periods (3-6 h) contained numerous microtubule asters and MTOCs. Immunofluorescence with an anticentrosome serum and EM demonstrated that the MTOCs in cycloheximide-treated cells were typical centrosomes, containing centrioles and pericentriolar material. We conclude that centrosome duplication continues in cycloheximide-treated Xenopus blastulae in the absence of a detectable cell cycle. In addition, these observations suggest that Xenopus embryos contain sufficient material to assemble 1,000-2,000 centrosomes in the absence of normal protein synthesis.
Mutations at the dimer, hexamer, and receptor-binding surfaces of insulin independently affect insulin-insulin and insulin-receptor interactions (1992)

Mutagenesis of the dimer- and hexamer-forming surfaces of insulin yields analogues with reduced tendencies to aggregate and dramatically altered pharmacokinetic properties. We recently showed that one such analogue, HisB10----Asp, ProB28----Lys, LysB29----Pro human insulin (DKP-insulin), has enhanced affinity for the insulin receptor and is useful for studying the structure of the insulin monomer under physiologic solvent conditions [Weiss, M. A., Hua, Q. X., Lynch, C. S., Frank, B. H., & Shoelson, S. E. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 7373-7389]. DKP-insulin retains native secondary and tertiary structure in solution and may therefore provide an appropriate baseline for further studies of related analogues containing additional substitutions within the receptor-binding surface of insulin. To test this, we prepared a family of DKP analogues having potency-altering substitutions at the B24 and B25 positions using a streamlined approach to enzymatic semisynthesis which negates the need for amino-group protection. For comparison, similar analogues of native human insulin were prepared by standard semisynthetic methods. The DKP analogues show a reduced tendency to self-associate, as indicated by 1H-NMR resonance line widths. In addition, CD spectra indicate that (with one exception) the native insulin fold is retained in each analogue; the exception, PheB24----Gly, induces similar perturbations in both native insulin and DKP-insulin backgrounds. Notably, analogous substitutions exhibit parallel trends in receptor-binding potency over a wide range of affinities: D-PheB24 greater than unsubstituted greater than GlyB24 greater than SerB24 greater than AlaB25 greater than LeuB25 greater than SerB25, whether the substitution was in a native human or DKP-insulin background. Such "template independence" reflects an absence of functional interactions between the B24 and B25 sites and additional substitutions in DKP-insulin and demonstrates that mutations in discrete surfaces of insulin have independent effects on protein structure and function. In particular, the respective receptor-recognition (PheB24, PheB25), hexamer-forming (HisB10), and dimer-forming (ProB28, LysB29) surfaces of insulin may be regarded as independent targets for protein design. DKP-insulin provides an appropriate biophysical model for defining structure-function relationships in a monomeric template.