gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A three-state model of graphical input (1990)

A model to help characterize graphical input is presented. It is a refinement of a model first introduced by Buxton, Hill and Rowley (1985). The importance of the model is that it can characterize both many of the demands of interactive transactions, and many of the capabilities of input transducers. Hence, it provides a simple and usable means to aid finding a match between the two. After an introduction, an overview of approaches to categorizing input is presented. The model is then described and discussed in terms of a number of different input technologies and techniques.
MASSIVE CHEMOKINE TRANSCRIPTION IN ACUTE RENAL FAILURE DUE TO POLYMICROBIAL SEPSIS (2000)

Abdominal sepsis and septic shock are still major causes of mortality in intensive care units (ICU). Acute renal failure (ARF) is one of the hallmarks encountered in septic shock. The pathophysiological alterations leading to ARF are poorly understood. A novel murine model of polymicrobial sepsis (colon ascendens stent peritonitis [CASP]) was used to investigate functional renal parameters, renal chemokine transcription levels, and recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes in septic ARF. CASP was induced by inserting a 14-gauge stent into the colon ascendens of C57BL/6 mice, generating a septic focus resulting in polymicrobial sepsis. Mice were monitored for urine output and serum azotemia. Kidneys were harvested for analysis of leukocyte infiltration by immunohistochemistry and chemokine gene expression by RNase protection assay (3, 6, 12, and 18 h). CASP, but not sham-CASP, resulted in anuria immediately after surgery and in elevated serum creatinine and BUN detected 18 h after CASP surgery, confirming acute renal failure. Progressive induction of chemokine gene expression was observed for IP-10, MIP-2, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, MCP-1, and RANTES peaking at 12 h with subsequent decrease. Immunohistochemistry revealed an accumulation of neutrophils and monocytes which had adhered to the renal vascular endothelium. Thus, acute renal failure in sepsis is accompanied by a marked upregulation of chemokines of the CC and CXC group within the kidney.
Expression of reporter genes introduced by microinjection and electroporation in fish embryos and fry. (1993)

The technique for foreign gene transfer in fish is becoming a novel method for genetic engineers to produce useful transgenic fish as well as for experimental purposes. Our studies of transgenic fish have been focused on methods of gene transfer and regulatory elements for transgene expression. I describe the characteristics of 3 gene transfer methods we have established (i.e., microinjection into fertilized eggs, microinjection into oocytes, and electroporation). Also described is a series of experiments to estimate activities of several promoters and enhancers in a fish cell line. Finally, experiments to examine activities of the elements shown to be active in the cell line in fish embryos and fry are described. SV2, miw, and metallothioneine promoters of trout and mouse were shown to be active in these experiments.
Nucleotide sequences within the cholera toxin operon (1983)

Nucleotide sequences coding for the N- and C-terminus of the A subunit and the N-terminus of the B subunit of cholera toxin were determined. These results show that the genes for the A and B subunits overlap out of phase by one nucleotide and that each subunit is synthesised as a precursor molecule which is subsequently processes after translation. It is proposed that the synthesis of each subunit is regulated at the translational level. Considerable homology with the heat labile toxin genes of enteropathogenic E.coli was noted.
GABAB Receptors as Potential Therapeutic Targets (2003)

gamma-Aminobutyric acid-B (GABA(B)) receptors are broadly expressed in the nervous system and have been implicated in a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. To date the only GABA(B) drug on the market is the agonist baclofen (Lioresal((R))) that is used to treat severe spasticity of cerebral and spinal origin. In addition baclofen is effective in animal models for many central and peripheral disorders, but side-effects and the development of tolerance prohibited a more widespread use of this drug in man. Similarly GABA(B) antagonists show great therapeutic promise but their shortcomings, e.g. the lack of brain penetration or some proconvulsive potential, prevented clinical development. The cloning of GABA(B) receptors in 1997 revived interest in these receptors as drug targets. The long-awaited availability of the tools that were necessary to develop more selective and safer drugs stimulated an impressive activity in the field. The demonstration that GABA(B) receptors needed to heteromerize for function provided new insights into the structure of G-protein coupled receptors in general and enabled to identify allosteric GABA(B) drugs. Gene knockout mice revealed neuronal systems that are under tonic GABA(B) control and therefore best suited for therapeutic intervention. Significant advances were made in clarifying the relationship between GABA(B) receptors and the receptors for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a drug of abuse. Here we provide and update on the molecular composition, the physiology and the pharmacology of GABA(B) receptors and discuss to what extent our current knowledge influences ongoing and future drug discovery efforts.
Highly sensitive two-photon chromophores applied to three-dimensional lithographic microfabrication: design, synthesis and characterization towards two-photon absorption cross section (2003)

A series of D–π–A–π–D type chromophores were synthesized by the dehydration reaction of 4-R2N-benzaldehye (R = Ph, Bun, Et, Me) and diaminomaleonitrile (corresponding to the chromophores 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively), in which a polar imino double bond (–CN–) replaced the double bond (–CHCH–) in the π-conjugated centers. Femtosecond laser induced fluorescence intensity was used to evaluate two-photon absorption (TPA) cross sections, δ, using a USB-2000 CCD. Results show a change of terminal groups from Ph2N– to Me2N– influenced the δ value significantly through a change of the quantum yield, φ. However, the two-photon absorption peak position was only slightly affected. The chromophores 2 and 3 were found to afford polymers in the presence of the functional triacrylate monomer at low laser power at 755 and 820 nm. This demonstrated that the enhanced δ value was not a main factor in the improvement of chromophore two-photon photosensitivity. Such information can be useful in the design of more efficient two-photon chromophores for imaging and power-limiting applications.
Targeting of IgMkappa antibodies to oligodendrocytes promotes CNS remyelination. (1998)

We previously identified the remyelinating activity of a natural IgMkappa oligodendrocyte-reactive autoantibody (SCH94.03), using a virus-induced murine model of multiple sclerosis. We now describe a second mouse IgMkappa monoclonal antibody (mAb) (SCH79.08) raised against normal mouse spinal cord homogenate, which reacts with myelin basic protein and also promotes remyelination. Because these two mAbs recognize different oligodendrocyte antigens, several previously identified oligodendrocyte-reactive IgMkappa mAbs (O1, O4, A2B5, and HNK-1), each with distinct antigen specificities, were evaluated and found to promote remyelination. In contrast, IgMkappa mAbs that did not bind to oligodendrocytes showed no remyelination. One of these, CH12 IgMkappa mAb, which shares variable region cDNA sequences with SCH94.03 except for amino acid differences in the complementarity-determining region 3 in both heavy and light chains, did not bind to oligodendrocytes and did not promote remyelination. The fact that multiple oligodendrocyte-reactive antibodies with distinct antigen reactivities induce remyelination argues against direct activation by a unique cell surface receptor. These findings are most consistent with the hypothesis that the binding of mAbs to oligodendrocytes in the lesions induces myelin repair via indirect immune effector mechanisms initiated by the mu-chain. Importantly, these studies indicate that oligodendrocyte-reactive natural autoantibodies may provide a powerful and novel therapeutic means to induce remyelination in multiple sclerosis patients.
An infrared fluorescent dATP for labeling DNA. (1995)

Near-infrared fluorescence provides a nonradioactive method of detection with high sensitivity and low background. An infrared fluorophore has been attached covalently to the nucleotide deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) to provide a reagent for enzymatic labeling of various types of DNA molecules and for facilitating their detection with an automated DNA sequencing and analysis system. DNA sequencing reaction products can be labeled internally by performing limited polymerization utilizing infrared-labeled dATP (IR-dATP) as the sole source of adenine deoxynucleotide prior to a dideoxy-specific termination reaction. PCR products can be labeled fluorescently by the addition of limited quantities of IR-dATP to the amplification reaction. This latter strategy has been utilized for detection of short tandem repeat polymorphisms (STRPs) which are useful for gene mapping, genetic diagnostics, forensic analysis, and paternity testing. Restriction fragments can be labeled also by fill-in reactions of appropriate 5' overhangs. Diminutive amounts of such fluorescently labeled DNA molecules can be visualized rapidly and conveniently using infrared detection technology.
Fabrication of Complex Three-Dimensional Nanostructures from Self-Assembling Block Copolymer Materials on Two-Dimensional Chemically Patterned Templates with Mismatched Symmetry (2006)

A study is presented of the self-assembly of a lamella-forming blend of a diblock copolymer and its respective homopolymers on periodically patterned substrates consisting of square arrays of spots, that preferentially attract one component, as a function of pattern dimensions and film thickness. The blend morphology follows the pattern at the substrate and forms a single quadratically perforated lamella (QPL). At intermediate film thicknesses necks connect this QPL to the film surface, resulting in a bicontinuous morphology. The necks do not register with the underlying square lattice but exhibit a substantial amount of hexagonal short-range order. For thicker films we observe bicontinuous morphologies consisting of parallel lamellae with disordered perforations. These results demonstrate a promising strategy for the fabrication of complex interfacial nanostructures from two-dimensional chemically patterned templates.
Combination Therapy Using IL-2 and Anti-CD25 Results in Augmented Natural Killer Cell–Mediated Antitumor Responses (2008)

Interleukin (IL)-2 has been extensively examined to promote clinical T and natural killer (NK) cell responses. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to regulate many aspects of the immune system, including NK cell-mediated responses. We have demonstrated that in vivo administration of IL-2 led to activation and expansion of both NK cells and immunosuppressive Tregs. Therefore, we attempted to augment NK cell antitumor effects by concurrently depleting Tregs using anti-CD25. Increased NK cell activation by IL-2 was found to be correlated with an increase in classical, short-term NK cell in vitro killing assays regardless of the depletion of Tregs. But when splenocytes of the treated mice were used in long-term tumor outgrowth experiments, we observed that prior depletion of Tregs from IL-2 administration led to improved antitumor effects compared with either treatment alone. Importantly, these in vitro data are correlated with subsequent in vivo survival of leukemia-bearing mice, in which co-treatment of IL-2 with anti-CD25 led to significantly improved survival compared with mice treated with either IL-2 alone or with Treg depletion. Prior depletion of NK1.1(+) cells, but not of CD8(+) cells, completely abrogated all antitumor effects mediated by IL-2 and anti-CD25 combination therapy. These findings demonstrate that superior NK cell-mediated antileukemic effects can be achieved with IL-2 administration and concurrent depletion of CD25(+) cells.
The Electrochemical Oxidation of Formic Acid in the Presence of Dimethylformamide (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Electrochemical Oxidation of Formic Acid in the Presence of DimethylformamideSidney D. Ross, Manuel. Finkelstein, and Raymond C. PetersenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 13, 2745–2747Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01067a063https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01067a063research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views207Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Biological upflow fluidized bed denitrification reactor demonstration project - Stamford, CT, USA (1997)

The discharge of nitrogen in wastewater treatment plant effluent has been identified as a receiving water quality issue throughout the United States and in the European Community. Regulatory agencies are evaluating discharge limits for total nitrogen (TN) as low as 3 to 5 mg/l. To attain these limits at treatment plants with little or no space for expansion, technologies which can remove large quantities of nitrogen with relatively small space requirements are required. Biological upflow fluidized bed (BFB) technology appears to be well suited to these regions. This paper describes the results of a demonstration project using a fluidized bed reactor. The reactor was operated at a flow rate of 15 l/s and an average daily loading of 1843 kg NO3/1000 m3/d and maximum loadings of 6407 kg NO3/1000 m3/d. At steady-state conditions, effluent total nitrogen concentrations averaged 2.5 mg/l over a temperature range of 11 to 25°C. At high nitrate loading rates, effluent total nitrogen concentrations averaged 4.1 mg/l. Approximately 3 mg of methanol per mg of influent nitrate was used as a carbon source. Reactor empty bed contact time averaged 5.7 minutes.
Characterization of the binding of [125I]‐human prolactin releasing peptide (PrRP) to GPR10, a novel G protein coupled receptor (2000)

GPR10 is a novel G-protein coupled receptor that is the human orthologue of rat Unknown Hypothalamic Receptor-1 (UHR-1). Human prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) has been identified as an endogenous ligand for GPR10, and occurs as 31 and 20 amino acid forms. The present study characterizes the binding of [(125)I]-PrRP-20 to HEK293 cells stably expressing GPR10 receptors. Specific binding of [(125)I]-PrRP-20 was saturable, and analysis suggested evidence of both high and low affinity sites, with K:(D:) values of 0.026+/-0.006 and 0.57+/-0.14 nM respectively, and B(max) values of 3010+/-400 and 8570+/-2240 fmol mg protein(-1) respectively. Kinetic studies were unable to distinguish two sites, but single site analysis of association and dissociation data produced a K:(D:) of 0.012 nM. Competition studies revealed that human and rat PrRP-20 and PrRP-31 all display high affinity for GPR10. A range of other drugs which are known ligands at receptors which share limited homology with GPR10 were also tested. None of the drugs tested, including the RF-amide neuropeptide FF, demonstrated any affinity for GPR10. Human PrRP-20 failed to alter basal or forskolin-stimulated levels of intracellular cyclic AMP in HEK293-GPR10 cells, suggesting that GPR10 does not couple via either G(s) or G(i). Functional studies using measurements of intracellular calcium confirmed that human and rat PrRP-20 and PrRP-31 are all potent, full agonists at the GPR10 receptor. The response was blocked both by thapsigargin, indicating mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) stores. These studies indicate that [(125)I]-PrRP-20 is a specific, high affinity radioligand for GPR10. The availability of this radioligand binding assay will be a valuable tool for the investigation of the key features involved in PrRP binding and studies on the localization and function of GPR10.
A multimodal speaker detection and tracking system for teleconferencing (2002)

A serious problem in both audio and video conferencing facilities available today is the difficulty in determining who is speaking among a large number of participants. There is a strong need for developing meeting room infrastructure and teleconference facilities that improve the sense of presence and participation experienced in remote meetings. We present a distributed multimodal tracking system that uses multiple cameras and microphones to automatically select the current speaker among multiple meeting participants. The system actively obtains and transmits video showing a good view of the selected speaker. The tracking system is integrated into a web-based video conferencing application that connects seven meeting rooms around the globe. An important part of designing such a system is to determine sensor placement and configuration through systematic experiments in the actual rooms where the system is deployed.
An improved clock-skew measurement technique for revealing hidden services (2008)

The Tor anonymisation network allows services, such as web servers, to be operated under a pseudonym. In previous work Murdoch described a novel attack to reveal such hidden services by correlating clock skew changes with times of increased load, and hence temperature. Clock skew measurement suffers from two main sources of noise: network jitter and timestamp quantisation error. Depending on the target's clock frequency the quantisation noise can be orders of magnitude larger than the noise caused by typical network jitter. Quantisation noise limits the previous attacks to situations where a high frequency clock is available. It has been hypothesised that by synchronising measurements to the clock ticks, quantisation noise can be reduced. We show how such synchronisation can be achieved and maintained, despite network jitter. Our experiments show that synchronised sampling significantly reduces the quantisation error and the remaining noise only depends on the network jitter (but not clock frequency). Our improved skew estimates are up to two magnitudes more accurate for low-resolution timestamps and up to one magnitude more accurate for high-resolution timestamps, when compared to previous random sampling techniques. The improved accuracy not only allows previous attacks to be executed faster and with less network traffic but also opens the door to previously infeasible attacks on low-resolution clocks, including measuring skew of a HTTP server over the anonymous channel.
An Improved Permeabilization Protocol for the Introduction of Peptides Into Cardiac Myocytes (1996)

We have developed an improved, less disruptive procedure for the transient permeabilization of neonatal cardiac myocytes using saponin. The method allows delivery of peptides to a high percentage of cells in culture without effects on long-term cell viability. Permeation was confirmed microscopically by cellular uptake of a fluorescently labeled peptide and biochemically by uptake of 125I-labeled calmodulin and a 20-kD protein kinase C epsilon fragment into the cells. The intracellular molar concentration of the introduced peptide was approximately 10% of that applied outside. We found no significant effects of permeabilization on spontaneous, phorbol ester-modulated, or norepinephrine-modulated contraction rates. Similarly, the expression of c-fos mRNA (measured 30 minutes after permeabilization) and the incorporation of [-14C]phenylalanine following agonist stimulation (measured 3 days after permeabilization) were not altered by saponin permeabilization. Finally, permeabilization of cells in the presence of a protein kinase C pseudosubstrate peptide, but not a control peptide, inhibited phorbol ester-induced [14C]phenylalanine incorporation into proteins by 80%. Our results demonstrate a methodology for the introduction of peptides into neonatal cardiac myocytes that allows study of their actions without substantial compromises in cell integrity.
A Multi-Layer Stackable Thin-Film Transistor (TFT) NAND-Type Flash Memory (2006)

A double-layer TFT NAND-type flash memory is demonstrated, ushering into the era of three-dimensional (3D) flash memory. A TFT device using bandgap engineered SONOS (BE-SONOS) (Lue et al., 2005, Lai et al., 2006) with fully-depleted (FD) poly silicon (60 nm) channel and tri-gate P <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -poly gate is integrated into a NAND array. Small devices (L/W=0.2/0.09 mum) with excellent performance and reliability properties are achieved. The bottom layer shows no sign of reliability degradation compared to the top layer, indicating the potential for further multi-layer stacking. The present work illustrates the feasibility of 3D flash memory
Enzymes used in molecular biology: a useful guide (2008)

Since molecular cloning has become routine laboratory technique, manufacturers offer countless sources of enzymes to generate and manipulate nucleic acids. Thus, selecting the appropriate enzyme for a specific task may seem difficult to the novice. This review aims at providing the readers with some cues for understanding the function and specificities of the different sources of polymerases, ligases, nucleases, phosphatases, methylases, and topoisomerases used for molecular cloning. We provide a description of the most commonly used enzymes of each group, and explain their properties and mechanism of action. By pointing out key requirements for each enzymatic activity and clarifying their limitations, we aim at guiding the reader in selecting appropriate enzymatic source and optimal experimental conditions for molecular cloning experiments.