gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Topical skin penetration of diclofenac after single- and multiple-dose application (2004)

Transdermal penetration of diclofenac after multiple as well as after single application of the present formulation is highly variable. In addition to other factors influencing the transdermal penetration process, dose and mode of administration are important factors determining whether pharmacologically effective local tissue concentrations are attained.
TOTAL LIPID PRODUCTION OF THE GREEN ALGA NANNOCHLOROPSIS SP. QII UNDER DIFFERENT NITROGEN REGIMES1 (1987)

ABSTRACT The green alga Nannochloropsis sp. QII was cultivated in media with sufficient and growth‐limiting levels of nitrogen (nitrate). Nitrogen deficiency promoted lipid synthesis yielding cells with lipids comprising 55% of the biomass. The major lipids were triacylglycerols (79%), polar lipids (9%) and hydrocarbons (2.5%). The polar lipids consisted of a broad range of phospholipids, glycolipids and sulfolipids. Other lipids identified were pigments, free fatty acids, saponifiable and unsaponifiable sterol derivatives, various glycerides, a family of alkyl‐1, 4‐dioxane derivatives and a series of alkyl‐ and hydroxyalkyl‐dimethyl‐acetals. Experiments in which 14 CO 2 was provided at different times in the growth cycle demonstrated that enhanced lipid biosynthesis at low nitrogen levels resulted principally from de novo CO 2 fixation.
Optimization of Citric Acid Production from Glucose by Yarrowia lipolytica (2007)

Abstract Citric acid (CA) is mainly produced in a biotechnological process using Aspergillus niger . In this process, large amounts of wastes have to be removed. Since the use of Yarrowia lipolytica for CA production is an environmental compatible alternative method, the CA production was optimized in regard to growth temperature and pH as well as substrate and product inhibition. The highest value of the maximum specific growth rate at pH 6.5 was found to be μ max = 0.192 h –1 , whereas the largest amount of CA of 24.91 g/L as well as the highest selectivity of the bioprocess (89.9 % CA) and the maximum yield (0.22 g CA /g Glucose ) were obtained at pH 6.0. During the growth phase, the temperature optimum was found to be in the range of 30–34 °C (μ max = 0.132 h –1 ). Nevertheless, the highest concentration of CA during the production phase was obtained at 30 °C (41 g/L CA, 93.1 % CA, 0.55 g CA /g glucose ). In studying the substrate inhibition of the process, a clear tendency of decrease in the maximum specific growth rate was detected when the initial glucose concentration was increased from 50 g/L (μ max = 0.17 h –1 ) to 200 g/L (μ max = 0.055 h –1 ). The addition of 120 g/L CA to the culture broth at the start of the production phase reduced the production of CA from 32.1 g/L to 7.4 g/L.
Vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX to Prevent HIV-1 Infection in Thailand (2009)

This ALVAC-HIV and AIDSVAX B/E vaccine regimen may reduce the risk of HIV infection in a community-based population with largely heterosexual risk. Vaccination did not affect the viral load or CD4+ count in subjects with HIV infection. Although the results show only a modest benefit, they offer insight for future research. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00223080.)
Participation of Tyrosine Phosphorylation in the Cytopathic Effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (1992)

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a common mechanism of signaling in pathways that regulate T cell receptor-mediated cell activation, cell proliferation, and the cell cycle. Because human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is though to affect normal cell signaling, tyrosine phosphorylation may be associated with HIV cytopathicity. In both HIV-infected cells and transfected cells that stably express HIV envelope glycoproteins undergoing HIVgp41-induced cell fusion, a 30-kilodalton protein was phosphorylated on tyrosine with kinetics similar to those of syncytium formation and cell death. When tyrosine phosphorylation was inhibited by the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A, envelope-mediated syncytium formation was coordinately reduced. These studies show that specific intracellular signals, which apparently participate in cytopathicity, are generated by HIV and suggest strategies by which the fusion process might be interrupted.
Possible Physiological Roles of Aspartase, NAD- and NADP-Requiring Glutamate Dehydrogenases of Pseudomonas fluorescens (1992)

The levels of aspartase, NADP- and NAD-requiring glutamate dehydrogenases (GDHs) in Pseudomonas fluorescens grown under various nutritional conditions were determined. NADP-GDH showed the highest value on glucose-ammonium sulfate medium and markedly lower values on amino-acid and casamino-acids media, while the reverse was found for the NAD-GDH, as in the case of other microorganisms with two GDHs. Aspartase did not show a marked variation between the media examined. Glucose nutritionally induced NADP-GDH but suppressed NAD-GDH; and it had no effect on aspartase, which was slightly induced by casamino acids. Transfer of the cells grown on glucose-ammonium sulfate medium to casamino-acids medium clearly increased the levels of NAD-GDH and aspartase, while addition of chloramphenicol to the media abolished the increases, suggesting that the increases were due to de novo synthesis of the enzyme proteins. These results indicate that the aspartase of this microorganism has a different function from those in others, including Escherichia coli.
미강유의 자동산화에 미치는 Oleic Acid 의 첨가 효과 (1993)

본 실험에서는 불포화 지방산인 oleic acid 함량이 시판 미강유의 자동산화에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구하고저 시판 미강유에 oleic acid를 각각 0.1%, 0.3% 및 0.5%의 비율로 첨가하여 시료구를 만들었다. 이 시료구들은 45±0.3℃에서 40일간 저장하였으며, peroxide value, anisidine value 및 acid value의 변화에 근거를 두어 자동산화의 진행 정도를 규칙적으로 측정하였다. 자동산화가 진행되는 동안 0.1%, 0.3% 및 0.5%의 oleic acid 시료구의 peroxide value, acid value와 anisidine value의 경우 oleic acid를 첨가한 농토별 영향은 0.1%<0.3%<0.5%의 순서로 증가되었으며 저장기간이 길어질수록 자동산화 속도는 더욱 커짐를 알 수 있었다. 대조구의 유도기간은 19.8일인데 비하여 0.1%, 0.3% 및 0.5% oleic acid 시료구의 유도기간은 각각 18.3일, 16.8일, 15.5일이었다. 이상의 결과에서 보면, 45℃의 자동산화에서는 시판 미강유에 oleic acid를 0.1∼0.5% 농도로 첨가했을 때 oleic acid는 약한 산화촉진제로 작용했으며 농도가 높을수록 산화촉진 작용이 강했다.
Convolution-based interpolation for fast, high-quality rotation of images (1995)

This paper focuses on the design of fast algorithms for rotating images and preserving high quality. The basis for the approach is a decomposition of a rotation into a sequence of one-dimensional translations. As the accuracy of these operations is critical, we introduce a general theoretical framework that addresses their design and performance. We also investigate the issue of optimality and present an improved least-square formulation of the problem. This approach leads to a separable three-pass implementation of a rotation using one-dimensional convolutions only. We provide explicit filter formulas for several continuous signal models including spline and bandlimited representations. Finally, we present rotation experiments and compare the currently standard techniques with the various versions of our algorithm. Our results indicate that the present algorithm in its higher-order versions outperforms all standard high-accuracy methods of which we are aware, both in terms of speed and quality. Its computational complexity increases linearly with the order of accuracy. The best-quality results are obtained with the sine-based algorithm, which can be implemented using simple one-dimensional FFTs.
Apoptotic Mechanisms After Cerebral Ischemia (2009)

Although the ischemic penumbra is under threat of infarction, it is potentially salvageable and thus represents an opportunity for therapeutic intervention.
What are the best treatments for early chronic kidney disease?: A Background Paper prepared for the UK Consensus Conference on Early Chronic Kidney Disease (2007)

In light of the above analyses, multiple societies [9-13] all suggest a BP target of <130/80 mmHg for patients with CKD and <125/75 mmHg for those with >1 g/day of proteinuria
Modulated Nanowire Structures for Exploring New Nanoprocessor Architectures and Approaches to Biosensing (2013)

For the last decade, semiconducting nanowires synthesized by bottom-up methods have opened up new opportunities, stimulated innovative scientific research, and led to applications in materials science, electronics, optics, and biology at the nanoscale. Notably, nanowire building blocks with precise control of size, structure, morphology, and even composition in one, two, and three dimensions can successfully demonstrate high-performance electrical characteristics of field-effect transistors (FETs) and highly sensitive, selective, label-free, real-time biosensors in the fields of nanoelectronics and nano-biosensing, respectively. This thesis has focused on the design, synthesis, assembly, fabrication and electrical characterization of nanowire heterostructures for a proof-of-concept nanoprocessor and morphology-modulated kinked nanowire molecular nanosensor.
Decreased intracellular survival of an fkpA mutant of Salmonella typhimurium Copenhagen (1997)

The fkpA gene of Salmonella typhimurium encodes a protein similar to the macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) proteins of Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia trachomatis. Because Mip proteins enhance the ability of these intracellular pathogens to survive within macrophages and epithelial cells, we tested whether the product of the fkpA gene would have the same effect on the intracellular growth of a virulent strain of S. typhimurium. By a series of P22 transductions, the fkpA gene of S. typhimurium Copenhagen was replaced with the inactive fkpA1::omega-Cm gene from Escherichia coli, creating the mutant S. typhimurium KY32H1. The Copenhagen and KY32H1 strains were equally able to enter Caco-2 cells (an epithelial cell line) and J774.A1 cells (a macrophage-like cell line). However, compared to the parent, the fkpA mutant survived less well in both types of cells during the first 6 h after infection. The number of viable intracellular S. typhimurium Copenhagen bacteria remained constant 6 h after infection of Caco-2 cells, but the viability of S. typhimurium KY32H1 decreased significantly by 4 h postinfection. The fkpA mutant also exhibited a reduced ability to survive intracellularly in J774.A1 cells as little as 2 h postinfection. Complementation of the fkpA mutation by a plasmid-borne wild-type fkpA gene from E. coli restored the ability of S. typhimurium KY32H1 to grow normally in J774.A1 cells. Thus, expression of the mip-like fkpA gene confers on S. typhimurium Copenhagen properties analogous to those mediated by the Mip proteins in other intracellular pathogens, suggesting that this mechanism may play a role in the virulence and/or intracellular growth of numerous bacteria.
The Wilms' tumor gene product WT1 activates or suppresses transcription through separate functional domains (1993)

We recently reported that the putative tumor suppressor gene product WT1 interacts with a 5'-flanking DNA sequence 5'-GCGGGGGCG-3' within the platelet-derived growth factor A-chain gene and abolishes its promoter activity, suggesting that WT1 functions as a transcriptional suppressor of the platelet-derived growth factor A-chain gene. We now show that WT1 functions also as a transcriptional activator. Using chimeric reporter plasmids, we demonstrated that WT1 requires both 5' and 3' binding sites relative to transcription start site for transcriptional repression; however, when WT1 binds to either the 5' or the 3' site alone, WT1 functions to activate transcription. We truncated the wt1 gene and established that amino acid residues 84-179 are required for transcriptional suppression, whereas amino acid residues 180-294 contain a domain that mediates transcriptional activation. These results establish that WT1 has regulatory domains that function either to activate or suppress transcription and suggest the possibility that WT1 functions as an activator and not as a suppressor of selected gene transcription.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Isoprenyl Flavonoids: (+)‐Denticulaflavonol, Macarangin, and Isomacarangin. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Novel Immunomodulatory Drugs (IMiDs®): A Potential, New Therapy for β-Hemoglobinopathies. (2004)

Abstract Sickle cell anemia (SCA) and β-thalassemia constitute a public health problem worldwide and new therapies are needed 1. Inhibition of hemoglobin S (HbS) polymerization is a major target for therapeutic approaches in SCA. New experimental therapies including hydroxyurea (HU) have attempted to augment the synthesis of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) and improve upon current treatment 2. We examined whether immunomodulatory analogs of thalidomide (IMiDs®) which have effects on hematopoiesis and are currently under evaluation for the treatment of hematological cancers could stimulate erythropoiesis and hemoglobin synthesis 3. Clinical trial results have demonstrated that Thalidomide and Revlimid™ reduce or even eliminate the need for red blood cell transfusions in some anemic myelodysplastic patients 4,5. We demonstrate here that CC-4047 (Actimid™) and CC-5013 (Revlimid™) are potent inducers of HbF in vitro and synergize with hydroxyurea during erythroid differentiation of CD34 progenitors isolated from human donors. In addition, we show by gene microarray profiling of CD34 differentiated cells that IMiDs® regulate specific erythroid genes that participate in hemoglobin synthesis. These results support that IMiDs®, alone or in combination with current approved therapies, can be a new approach to augment HbF synthesis, and have the potential to provide an innovative therapy for the β-hemoglobinopathies and other anemias.
Inheritance and expression of lysine plus threonine resistance selected in maize tissue culture (1982)

Selection for resistance to growth inhibition by lysine plus threonine in equimolar concentrations (LT) in tissue cultures of maize yielded a stable resistant line, LT19. Genetic analysis of progeny of plants regenerated from LT19 showed that LT resistance was inherited as a single dominant nuclear gene, temporarily designated Ltr(*)-19. Tissue cultures initiated from resistant embryos required 5-10 times higher levels of LT to inhibit growth than did cultures from LT-sensitive embryos. LT resistance in Ltr(*)-19 was expressed as much reduced inhibition of root and shoot growth in the presence of LT. The free pool of threonine was increased 6 times in cultures initiated from immature embryos of LT-resistant plants, and 75-100 times in kernels homozygous for Ltr(*)-19, as compared to cultures and kernels from LT-sensitive embryos and plants, respectively. Overproduction of free threonine increased the total threonine content in homozygous Ltr(*)-19 kernels by 33-59%. The results demonstrate that LT resistance selected with tissue culture methods is heritable and is expressed in cultures, seedlings, and kernels. Furthermore, they demonstrate a method to obtain amino acid-overproducer mutants in maize, which have the potential to increase substantially specific amino acids in kernels. The capability to increase specifically the nutritionally limiting amino acid(s) could have important nutritional implications for the grain of cereals and other crops.
Increased Vascularization in Mice Overexpressing Angiopoietin-1 (1998)

The angiopoietins and members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family are the only growth factors thought to be largely specific for vascular endothelial cells. Targeted gene inactivation studies in mice have shown that VEGF is necessary for the early stages of vascular development and that angiopoietin-1 is required for the later stages of vascular remodeling. Here it is shown that transgenic overexpression of angiopoietin-1 in the skin of mice produces larger, more numerous, and more highly branched vessels. These results raise the possibility that angiopoietins can be used, alone or in combination with VEGF, to promote therapeutic angiogenesis.
Mapping the stereotyped behaviour of freely moving fruit flies (2014)

A frequent assumption in behavioural science is that most of an animal's activities can be described in terms of a small set of stereotyped motifs. Here, we introduce a method for mapping an animal's actions, relying only upon the underlying structure of postural movement data to organize and classify behaviours. Applying this method to the ground-based behaviour of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, we find that flies perform stereotyped actions roughly 50% of the time, discovering over 100 distinguishable, stereotyped behavioural states. These include multiple modes of locomotion and grooming. We use the resulting measurements as the basis for identifying subtle sex-specific behavioural differences and revealing the low-dimensional nature of animal motions.
Construction of Linear Polymers, Dendrimers, Networks, and Other Polymeric Architectures by Copper‐Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition “Click” Chemistry (2008)

Abstract The enrichment of materials synthesis with the diverse chemical building blocks and functional groups of small molecule organic chemistry has been greatly accelerated in recent years by the introduction of the copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The efficiency and modular nature of this unique reaction enables materials chemists to prepare novel functional materials of unprecedented complexity. This review summarizes the application of CuAAC to the field of materials construction, defined here as the preparation of materials with architectural integrity dependent upon the triazole linkage. Recent examples, including linear polymers, dendrimers, polymer networks, polymeric nanoparticles, and other polymeric architectures, are described. magnified image
Fluoxetine as a treatment for emotional lability after brain injury (1992)

Emotional lability or emotionalism is a relatively common phenomenon and frequently occurs following vascular or traumatic brain injury. It is distressing and embarrassing to sufferers and their families, and often interferes with rehabilitation. At present there is no satisfactory or reliable treatment for this condition. We describe an open trial using fluoxetine, a newer antidepressant with a specific serotonergic action, in the treatment of emotional lability due to brain injury. Six consecutive cases of emotional lability attending a rehabilitation unit were studied (five cases of cerebrovascular accident and one of traumatic brain injury). Response to treatment was measured using a modification of the scale described by Lawson and MacLeod [1]. All showed a marked improvement within one week of commencing fluoxetine and the drug was well tolerated with no reported side-effects. The speed of onset and degree of improvement suggest that fluoxetine may be a useful agent in the treatment of emotional lability due to brain injury. Our observations indicate that further investigation of the role of fluoxetine in the treatment of emotional lability is warranted.
Altered Bone Morphogenetic Protein and Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling in Rat Models of Pulmonary Hypertension (2009)

Disruption of BMP/TGF-beta signaling is more pronounced in the monocrotaline model of PAH than in the chronic hypoxia model. Increased TGF-beta activity is associated with greater macrophage recruitment with monocrotaline treatment. Inhibition of TGF-beta signaling via activin receptor-like kinase-5 prevents development and progression of PAH in the monocrotaline model and may involve inhibition of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell migration.
From Trailers to Storylines: An Efficient Way to Learn from Movies (2018)

The millions of movies produced in the human history are valuable resources for computer vision research. However, learning a vision model from movie data would meet with serious difficulties. A major obstacle is the computational cost -- the length of a movie is often over one hour, which is substantially longer than the short video clips that previous study mostly focuses on. In this paper, we explore an alternative approach to learning vision models from movies. Specifically, we consider a framework comprised of a visual module and a temporal analysis module. Unlike conventional learning methods, the proposed approach learns these modules from different sets of data -- the former from trailers while the latter from movies. This allows distinctive visual features to be learned within a reasonable budget while still preserving long-term temporal structures across an entire movie. We construct a large-scale dataset for this study and define a series of tasks on top. Experiments on this dataset showed that the proposed method can substantially reduce the training time while obtaining highly effective features and coherent temporal structures.
The Effect of Cross-Linking on Gas Permeability in Cross-Linked Poly(Ethylene Glycol Diacrylate) (2005)

A series of cross-linked polymers, XLPEGDA, was prepared by photopolymerizing poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) in the presence of varying amounts of water or monofunctional poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGMEA) to vary cross-link density. All of the polymers had essentially the same chemical composition but displayed a systematic variation in cross-link density as estimated from water swelling experiments, models such as the Flory−Rehner and modified Flory−Rehner theories, and dynamic mechanical testing. Cross-link density decreased with increasing water or PEGMEA content in the prepolymer solutions. Interestingly, gas solubility, diffusivity, and permeability were essentially independent of cross-link density for the series of materials prepared from PEGDA and water. The polymer density, fractional free volume, glass transition temperature, and polymer d spacing were also constant when water was used to vary cross-link density. On the basis of this result, it appears that cross-link density does not necessarily affect gas diffusion and permeation, the polymer glass transition temperature, or the fractional free volume in network polymers, and ascribing changes in these properties to changes in cross-link density alone, as is seen commonly in the literature, should be done with great care.
Movable Contactless-Conductivity Detector for Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis (2003)

A new movable contactless-conductivity detection system for microchip capillary electrophoresis is introduced. Such a versatile system relies on positioning the detector at different points along the separation channel via “sliding” the electrode holder. The new movable microchip detection system offers distinct improvements compared to common fixed-location conductivity detectors. For example, placing the detector at different locations along the microchannel offers useful insights into the separation process. Three-dimensional plots of resolution/channel length/separation voltage can be used for optimizing the separation process and selecting the analysis time. The system enables rapid switching between “total” (unresolved) and “individual” (resolved/fingerprint) signals on the basis of placing the detector at the beginning and end of the separation channel, respectively. By moving the detector to a shorter effective separation length, after eluting fast-migrating ions, shorter analysis times can be achieved (through faster detection of late-eluting analytes). These and other improvements in the analytical performance and insights into the separation process are illustrated in connection with the detection of low-energy ionic explosives and nerve agent degradation products.