gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coating WPC's using co-extrusion to improve durability (2007)

Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) have been gaining market share in the residential construction industry as lumber for decking, roof tiles, and siding. The durability of these materials in exterior environments is just beginning to be understood. Current research suggests that controlling moisture absorption by the composite is key to improving durability. Methods to improve moisture resistance of WPCs have met with limited success. Co-extrusion involves the simultaneous extrusion of two dissimilar materials as a single profile. In this study, co-extrusion was used to improve the moisture resistance, and in this manner, the durability of WPCs. We manufactured a material with a WPC base coated with a clear plastic cap layer of either high-density polyethylene or polypropylene. The co-extruded composites and corresponding WPCs without a plastic coating were tested for moisture absorption and weathering performance. The cap layer co-extruded over a WPC provided improved moisture resistance compared with the control WPC. Co-extrusion of WPCs with a clear plastic cap layer did not provide protection against changes in mechanical performance. However, composites capped with high-density polyethylene exhibited some resistance to color change.
Inhibition of rat liver iodothyronine deiodinase. Interaction of aurones with the iodothyronine ligand-binding site. (1986)

We report that aurone derivatives of plant extracts produce potent, dose-dependent, and ultimately complete inhibition of three different metabolic monodeiodination pathways catalyzed by rat liver microsomal type I iodothyronine deiodinase. These data show that (3'),4',4,6-(tetra)trihydroxyaurones are the most potent naturally occurring plant-derived inhibitors of this deiodinase enzyme (IC50 V 0.5 microM). Lineweaver-Burk analysis using both L-thyroxine (T4) and 3',5',3-triiodothyronine as substrates suggests a cofactor competitive mechanism of inhibition for 4',4,6-trihydroxyaurone which also can displace 125I-L-T4 from binding to thyroxine-binding prealbumin with a potency comparable to its inhibition of T4-5'-deiodinase. Among type I deiodinase inhibitors, cofactor competition has been observed only for propylthiourea. Computer graphic modeling studies were also carried out to explore aurone conformations and to compare them with those of the thyroid hormones. This analysis shows that the aurones can adopt either a planar or an antiskewed conformation, such as observed for 3',5',3-triiodothyronine, the most potent natural deiodinase substrate inhibitor. The thyroxine-binding prealbumin complex was used to model the deiodinase ligand binding site because of the similarity observed between inhibitor binding affinity and enzyme inhibition characteristics. These studies show that the aurones which adopt an antiskewed conformation can interact favorably in the prealbumin binding site. This model of the deiodinase active site can be used to design other deiodinase inhibitors.
T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic CD8 lymphocytes rendered insensitive to transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling mediate superior tumor regression in an animal model of adoptive cell therapy (2012)

Tumor antigen-reactive T cells must enter into an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, continue to produce cytokine and deliver apoptotic death signals to affect tumor regression. Many tumors produce transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), which inhibits T cell activation, proliferation and cytotoxicity. In a murine model of adoptive cell therapy, we demonstrate that transgenic Pmel-1 CD8 T cells, rendered insensitive to TGFβ by transduction with a TGFβ dominant negative receptor II (DN), were more effective in mediating regression of established B16 melanoma. Smaller numbers of DN Pmel-1 T cells effectively mediated tumor regression and retained the ability to produce interferon-γ in the tumor microenvironment. These results support efforts to incorporate this DN receptor in clinical trials of adoptive cell therapy for cancer.
Effects of Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Antigen Insertion in Two 3′ Proximal Genome Positions of Bovine/Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 on Virus Replication and Immunogenicity (2003)

A live attenuated bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3), harboring the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) genes of human PIV3, was used as a virus vector to express surface glycoproteins derived from two human pathogens, human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). RSV and hMPV are both paramyxoviruses that cause respiratory disease in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. RSV has been known for decades to cause acute lower respiratory tract infections in young children, which often result in hospitalization, while hMPV has only been recently identified as a novel human respiratory pathogen. In this study, the ability of bovine/human PIV3 to express three different foreign transmembrane surface glycoproteins and to induce a protective immune response was evaluated. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of paramyxoviruses binds to a single site at the 3' end of the viral RNA genome to initiate transcription of viral genes. The genome position of the viral gene determines its level of gene expression. The promoter-proximal gene is transcribed with the highest frequency, and each downstream gene is transcribed less often due to attenuation of transcription at each gene junction. This feature of paramyxoviruses was exploited using the PIV3 vector by inserting the foreign viral genes at the 3' terminus, at position 1 or 2, of the viral RNA genome. These locations were expected to yield high levels of foreign viral protein expression stimulating a protective immune response. The immunogenicity and protection results obtained with a hamster model showed that bovine/human PIV3 can be employed to generate bivalent PIV3/RSV or PIV3/hMPV vaccine candidates that will be further evaluated for safety and efficacy in primates.
Analysis of genes coding for small-subunit rRNA sequences in studying phylogenetics of dematiaceous fungal pathogens (1996)

In their phylogenetic analysis of black yeasts using partial nuclear 18S rRNA gene sequences, Spatafora and coworkers (13) address the long-lasting debate (in medical mycology [4, 8]) concerning the taxonomic relationship of Exophiala mansonii (Castellani) de Hoog and Exophiala dermatitidis (Kano) de Hoog (Wangiella dermatitidis(Kano) McGinnis [10]). In the taxonomic study of Schol-Schwarz (12) strains CBS 158.58 and CBS 207.35 were synonymized as Rhinocladiella mansonii(Castellani)Schol-Schwarz,withDictyotrichiellamansonii Schol-Schwarz as the corresponding teleomorph. In his study of black yeasts, de Hoog (1) assigned these two strains to E. mansonii and E. dermatitidis, respectively. McGinnis (11) pointed out that the designation of CBS 158.58 as the neotype of E. mansonii was in conflict with the International Code of BotanicalNomenclature.Therefore,Iwatsuetal.(6)proposed the nameExophiala castellaniiIwatsu, Nishimura et Miyaji for the strain CBS 158.58. Then, in 1990 the new combination Exophiala jeanselmei(Lang.) McGinnis et Padhaye var.castellanii Iwatsu, Nishimura et Miyaji (Iwatsu and Udagawa) was proposed for this strain on the basis of minor morphological differences with the other described varieties of E. jeanselmei (7). Studying one strain of W. dermatitidis and one strain of E. mansonii, Spatafora and coworkers came to the (preliminary) assumption thatW.(E.)dermatitidisandE. mansoniiare conspecific, since they exhibit identical gene sequences (13). Comparison of their sequence data (GenBank accession numbers U20382, U20383, and U20378) with our nearly complete sequences of the nuclear 18S rRNA genes of the type strain ofE. dermatitidisCBS 207.35 (EMBL accession number X79312) as well as another well-studied strain of this species, ATCC 34100 (EMBL accession number X79317), confirmed thattheyareidentical(5).Furthermore,allfourstrainspossess
Catalytic Combustion of Lean Methane on Commercial Palladium-Based Catalysts (2010)

Catalytic combustion provides us an efficient approach for the utilization and mitigation of methane, the major component of natural gas as well as an important greenhouse gas in global warming. From the research of catalytic combustion of methane, better understandings as well as solutions to the current methane-related problems can be obtained. This study investigates lean methane combustion on palladium-based catalysts. Catalysts’ activities were tested through ignition and extinction experiments. Several pretreatments and their influence were studied. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used as characterization tools for the catalysts. It was found that after being reduced, catalysts had stable and excellent abilities for methane conversion. However, these abilities were strongly compromised by additional water in the feeds. XRD results, combined with other testing results, implied that reduction produced the most active samples, while INAA revealed the real Pd concentrations of these catalysts.
Circuit Complexity and Neural Networks (1994)

Neural networks usually work adequately on small problems but can run into trouble when they are scaled up to problems involving large amounts of input data. Circuit Complexity and Neural Networks addresses the important question of how well neural networks scale - that is, how fast the computation time and number of neurons grow as the problem size increases. It surveys recent research in circuit complexity (a robust branch of theoretical computer science) and applies this work to a theoretical understanding of the problem of scalability. Most research in neural networks focuses on learning, yet it is important to understand the physical limitations of the network before the resources needed to solve a certain problem can be calculated. One of the aims of this book is to compare the complexity of neural networks and the complexity of conventional computers, looking at the computational ability and resources (neurons and time) that are a necessary part of the foundations of neural network learning. Circuit Complexity and Neural Networks contains a significant amount of background material on conventional complexity theory that will enable neural network scientists to learn about how complexity theory applies to their discipline, and allow complexity theorists to see how their discipline applies to neural networks.
Third age docs (1996)

The third age — that portion of the lifespan between retirement and death — is growing progressively longer as more people retire early and people live longer. Someone who retires at 60 may expect to live well into his or her 80s, and with luck during their last 20 to 30 years those with good pensions will have more money and fewer responsibilities than at any earlier time.

As an interested spectator of retirement strategies it seems to me that doctors tend to choose one of two contrasting approaches. Some give up their …
Abstract 655: Combination of MM-111, an ErbB2/ErbB3 bispecific antibody, with endocrine therapies as an effective strategy for treatment of ER+/HER2+ breast cancer (2011)

Abstract Approximately 75% of breast cancers are estrogen receptor (ER) positive. Although endocrine therapies such as tamoxifen, fulvestrant, and letrozole have demonstrated significant efficacy in treating ER+ breast cancer patients, intrinsic or acquired resistance has limited their success. Recent studies suggest that crosstalk between ErbB receptor signaling and ER signaling may contribute to resistance to endocrine therapy. Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2, synonymous with ErbB2) and upregulation of the ErbB3 ligand heregulin are associated with poor prognosis and reduced overall survival. MM-111 is a novel bispecific antibody fusion protein that specifically targets the ErbB2/ErbB3 heterodimer and blocks heregulin binding to ErbB3. MM-111 inhibits ligand-induced ErbB3 phosphorylation, tumor cell cycle progression, and tumor growth when ErbB2 is overexpressed. We hypothesized that combination of endocrine therapies with MM-111 may improve anti-tumor efficacy. In an estrogen-stimulated BT474-M3 ER-positive breast cancer cell three-dimensional spheroid assay, MM-111, when used as a single agent, showed growth inhibitory effects similar to the anti-estrogen drugs tamoxifen and fulvestrant. Combination of MM-111 with anti-estrogen therapy showed superior activity to either drug alone. In the presence of heregulin, MM-111 maintained its growth inhibitory activity, whereas the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen and fulvestrant was diminished. This suggests that activation of ErbB3 confers tumor cell resistance to anti-estrogen therapies. When both estrogen and heregulin were present, the combination of MM-111 and the anti-estrogen drugs demonstrated a significantly greater inhibitory effect than either drug alone. Western blot analysis showed that treatment of BT-474-M3 cells with the combination of MM-111 and the anti-estrogen drugs significantly increased apoptosis markers such as cytochrome C and BAX. Furthermore, an in vivo BT474-M3 xenograft model showed resistance to tamoxifen treatment (5 mg/pellet, 60-day release). In this xenograft model MM-111 sensitized tumor response to tamoxifen and the combination treatment dramatically inhibited tumor growth. In conclusion, the combination of MM-111 and endocrine therapies may provide a potent regimen that overcomes acquired resistance to endocrine therapies in ER+, ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 655. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-655
Characterization of the gene encoding an extracellular laccase of Myceliophthora thermophila and analysis of the recombinant enzyme expressed in Aspergillus oryzae (1997)

A genomic DNA segment encoding an extracellular laccase was isolated from the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila, and the nucleotide sequence of this gene was determined. The deduced amino acid sequence of M. thermophila laccase (MtL) shows homology to laccases from diverse fungal genera. A vector containing the M. thermophila laccase coding region, under transcriptional control of an Aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase gene promoter and terminator, was constructed for heterologous expression in A. oryzae. The recombinant laccase expressed in A. oryzae was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by anion-exchange chromatography. Amino-terminal sequence data suggests that MtL is synthesized as a preproenzyme. The molecular mass was estimated to be approximately 100 to 140 kDa by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300 and to be 85 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Carbohydrate analysis revealed that MtL contains 40 to 60% glycosylation. The laccase shows an absorbance spectrum that is typical of blue copper oxidases, with maxima at 276 and 589 nm, and contains 3.9 copper atoms per subunit. With syringaldazine as a substrate, MtL has optimal activity at pH 6.5 and retains nearly 100% of its activity when incubated at 60 degrees C for 20 min. This is the first report of the cloning and heterologous expression of a thermostable laccase.
Spherical Ti-6Al-4V Powders Produced by Gas Atomization (2016)

In this study, we fabricated spherical Ti-6Al-4V powders using gas atomization. Scanning electron microscope, optical microscope, X-ray diffraction and particle size distribution were extensively performed to investigate the properties of gas-atomized Ti-6Al-4V powders. The XRD analysis shows all the gas-atomized powders are with both α and β phases. The surface of coarse powders exhibited cellular structure with equiaxed grains. However, the fine powders achieved smooth surfaces and could not be observed any crystallization. Attributed to rapid solidification, both α cell and needle-like martensite α’ phase were observed in the internal area of coarse powders, while only honeycomb cellular structure was demonstrated with refined grains in fine powders.
A full genome scan for age-related maculopathy (2000)

Age-related macular degeneration or age-related maculopathy (ARM) is a major public health issue, as it is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the elderly in the Western world. Using three diagnostic models, we have genotyped markers in 16 plausible candidate regions and have carried out a genome-wide screen for ARM susceptibility loci. A panel of 225 ARM families comprising up to 212 affected sib pairs was genotyped for 386 markers. Under our most stringent diagnostic model, the regions with the strongest evidence of linkage were on chromosome 9 near D9S301 and on 10 near D10S1230, with peak multipoint heterogeneity LOD scores (HLOD) of 1.87 and 1. 42 and peak GeneHunter-Plus non-parametric LOD scores (GHP LOD) of 1. 69 and 1.83. After expanding our initial set of families to 364 ARM families with up to 329 affected sib pairs, the linkage signal on chromosome 9 vanished, while the chromosome 10 signal decreased to a GHP LOD of about 1.0, with a SimIBD P -value of 0.008 under the broadest diagnostic model with marker D10S1236. After error filtration, the GHP LOD increased to 1.27 under our most stringent model and 1.42 under our broadest model, peaking near D10S1236. This peak was seen consistently across all three diagnostic models. Our analyses also excluded up to nine different candidate regions and identified a few other regions of potential linkage, suitable for further studies. Of particular interest was the region on chromosome 5 near D5S1480, where a reasonable candidate gene, glutathione peroxidase 3, resides.
Comparison of the Pathogenicity of Two US Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Isolates with that of the Lelystad Virus (1995)

One hundred 4-week-old cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived pigs were inoculated with one of two different US porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates (VR2385, VR2431) or the European Lelystad virus to detect and compare the location and amount of virus antigen. Interstitial pneumonia, myocarditis, lymphadenopathy, and encephalitis were consistently seen in all three groups; however, disease and lesions were more severe in the VR2385 group. Immunohistochemical evaluation of formalin-fixed tissues revealed virus antigen in alveolar macrophages in lungs of 22/25, 14/25, 14/25, and 0/25 of the VR2385, VR2431, Lelystad, and control pigs, respectively. Follicular macrophages and dendritic cells in the lymph nodes of 14/25, 10/25, 10/25, and 0/25 pigs from the VR2385, VR2431, Lelystad, and control groups, respectively, stained positive for virus antigen. Similar cells in the tonsils from 25/25, 21/25, 23/25, and 0/25 pigs from the VR2385, VR2431, Lelystad, and control groups, respectively, stained positive for virus antigen. Other tissues and cells in which virus antigen was detected included macrophages and endothelial cells in the heart, macrophages, and interdigitating cells in the thymus, macrophages and dendritic cells in the spleen and Peyer's patches, and macrophages in hepatic sinusoids, renal medullary interstitium, and adrenal gland. PRRSV persisted in macrophages in the lung, tonsil, lymph node, and spleen for at least 28 days. Significantly more PRRSV antigen was detected in the lung (P < 0.01), lymph nodes (P < or = 0.05), and tonsils (P < 0.05) of the VR2385 pigs than was detected in the same tissues of the VR2431 and Lelystad pigs. The cell types in which PRRSV antigen was detected and the distribution of PRRSV antigen-positive cells within particular tissues and organs were generally similar for the different virus inoculation groups despite differences in virulence of the isolates.
Natural Killer Cells and Bone Marrow Transplantation (1993)

Bone marrow transplantation is currently used in the treatment of a variety of neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases. However, significant obstacles still limit the efficacy of this procedure. These include the occurrence of graft-versus-host disease, the failure of the marrow to engraft, the susceptibility of patients to opportunistic infections during the period of immunodeficiency after transplantation before full recovery of immune function, and finally, the recurrence of the cancer. Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphoid cells responsible for mediating a variety of immunologic and homeostatic functions. Initially described almost 20 years ago, the full range of functions carried out by these enigmatic cells continues to unfold. NK cells may be both beneficial and deleterious in bone marrow transplantation, depending on their genotype and activation status. Resting host-derived NK cells appear capable of mediating resistance to both autologous and allogeneic bone marrow cell grafts. At the other end of the spectrum, the transfer of activated NK cells of donor type appears to produce multiple beneficial effects during both syngeneic and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Here, we review and attempt to reconcile the literature concerning the basic biology of NK cells and their effects on hematopoiesis, both in vitro and in vivo. We also discuss the current issues in bone marrow transplantation and the potential role NK cells may play in determining the outcome of the marrow graft, the occurrence of graft-versus-host disease, and the generation of a graft-versus-tumor response when bone marrow transplantation is used for the treatment of cancer.
Unit Processes Review - Esterification. (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUnit Processes Review - Esterification. Marvin Peterson, John Way, and James CarberryCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1960, 52, 9, 807–811Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50609a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50609a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views462Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts