gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of CD163 on human macrophages: cross-linking of CD163 induces signaling and activation (1999)

CD163 is a member of the group B scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily. This study describes aspects of the tissue distribution, the regulation of expression, and signal transduction after cross-linking of this receptor at the cell surface of macrophages. CD163 showed an exclusive expression on resident macrophages (e.g., red pulp macrophages, alveolar macrophages). The expression was inducible on monocyte-derived macrophages by glucocorticoids but not by interleukin-4 (IL-4), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interferon-gamma. The combination of IL-4 or GM-CSF with glucocorticoids resulted in a further increase. Subcellular analysis of alveolar macrophages by immunoelectron microscopy showed a plasma membrane localization of the antigen. Cross-linking of CD163 with monoclonal antibody induced a protein tyrosine kinase-dependent signal that resulted in (1) slow-type calcium mobilization, (2) inositol triphosphate production, and (3) secretion of IL-6 and GM-CSF. The data suggest a function for the SRCR-superfamily receptor CD163 in the regulation of inflammatory processes by macrophages.
Prenatal diagnosis of common single gene disorders by DNA technology. (1997)

Using the new DNA technology, it is now possible to offer prenatal diagnosis or presymptomatic testing for many genetic diseases. For prenatal diagnosis, foetal tissue is obtained by chorionic villus sampling at 9 to 11 weeks gestation or amniocentesis at 18 weeks. The programme in Hong Kong, which started in 1982, is reviewed here and now included alpha and beta thalassaemia, haemophilia A and B, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Huntington's diseases, and spinal muscular atrophy. DNA diagnosis can now be performed using a single cell obtained from pre-implantation embryos or from rare foetal cells isolated from maternal peripheral blood. The latter is safer and more acceptable to parents. Presymptomatic testing for untreatable diseases such as Hungtington's disease poses new ethical and social problems that need to be resolved. As many more genes are being discovered, prenatal diagnosis and presymptomatic testing programmes will continue to meet new challenges in the future.
Ex Vivo Expansion of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells: Are We There Yet? (1999)

Ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is a very ambitious idea that would have major implications in the areas of stem cell transplantation and somatic gene therapy. However, successful ex vivo expansion has evaded and frustrated scientists for a number of years. The goal of ex vivo expansion is to induce cell division and proliferation of stem cells while maintaining their primary functional characteristic, namely, their ability to engraft and sustain long-term hematopoiesis. Only when a balance between these two requirements is reached can ex vivo expansion of stem cells be considered successful. Establishing such a balance has not been easy. However, many lessons have been learned along the way, and today we have a more profound understanding of the potential obstacles facing ex vivo expansion than we did only a few years ago. In this review, we discuss these obstacles and evaluate the current status of ex vivo expansion of stem and progenitor cells both from the perspective of basic stem cell biology and from the viewpoint of clinical utility of these cells in transplantation.
Controlled Propulsion and Cargo Transport of Rotating Nickel Nanowires near a Patterned Solid Surface (2010)

We show that rotating Ni nanowires are capable of propulsion and transport of colloidal cargo near a complex surface. When dissimilar boundary conditions exist at the two ends of a nanowire, such as when a nanowire is near a wall, tumbling motion can be generated that leads to propulsion of the nanowire. The motion of the nanowire can be precisely controlled using a uniform rotating magnetic field. We investigate the propulsion mechanism and the trajectory of the nanowire during the tumbling motion and demonstrate cargo transport of a polystyrene microbead by the nanowire over a flat surface or across an open microchannel. The results imply that functionalized, ferromagnetic one-dimensional, tumbling nanostructures can be used for cell manipulation and targeted drug delivery in a low Reynolds number aqueous environment.
Chlamydia Pneumoniae , Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes Simplex Virus in Atherosclerosis of the Carotid Artery (1997)

C. pneumoniae and CMV are commonly detected in atherosclerotic plaques of the carotid arteries, but their presence cannot be predicted by measuring serum antibodies. The presence of these microorganisms may predispose to a greater risk of thrombosis in the plaques, but further studies are needed to confirm this observation.
CSI - Controlled Auto Ignition - the Best Solution for the Fuel Consumption - Versus Emission Trade-Off? (2003)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In recent years several new gasoline engine technologies were introduced in order to reduce fuel consumption. Controlled autoignition seems to be an alternative to stratified part load operation, which is handicapped due to it's lean aftertreatment system for world wide application.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The principal advantages of controlled auto ignition combustion under steady state operation - combining fuel economy benefits similar to stratified charge systems with nearly negligible NOx and soot emissions - are already well known.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;With the newly developed AVL- CSI system (&lt;u&gt;C&lt;/u&gt;ompression and &lt;u&gt;S&lt;/u&gt;park &lt;u&gt;I&lt;/u&gt;gnition), a precise combustion control is achieved even under transient operation. For compensation of production and operation tolerances a cost optimized cylinder individual control was developed. Completely new functionalities of the engine management system are applied. This lean GDI concept complies with future emission standards without DeNOx catalyst and can be applied worldwide.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper covers the practical application of the AVL CSI combustion system including the required valve actuation variability and the demanded control system for the real world operation in a passenger car vehicle.&lt;/div&gt;
Regression of Atherosclerosis Induced by Liver-Directed Gene Transfer of Apolipoprotein A-I in Mice (1999)

Liver-directed gene transfer of human apoA-I resulted in significant regression of preexisting atherosclerotic lesions in LDL receptor-deficient mice as assessed by 2 independent methods.
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for subgenus-specific detection of human adenoviruses in clinical samples (1999)

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used previously for the detection and typing of adenoviruses directly in clinical samples. Since under clinical conditions subgenus-specific identification is often sufficient, we extended the genus- and type-specific PCR by a subgenus-specific PCR. By sequencing several loop l4 gene regions of the hexon (major adenovirus coat protein) and comparing them to published sequences, subgenus-specific sequences were identified in this region. By using primers targeted to this region and to a conserved hexon gene region, a multiplex, nonnested PCR for the detection and subgenus-specific identification of adenoviruses could be established. The six subgenus-specific amplimers are distinguishable by agarose gel electrophoresis, and subsequent restriction analysis is not necessary. The specificity of the subgenus-specific primer pairs was tested on 23 adenovirus prototypes, representing all six subgenera, on 9 subgenus B and D intermediate strains, and on 16 subgenus C genome types. Furthermore, multiplex, subgenus-specific PCR was performed directly with 100 clinical specimens, including stool samples, ocular swabs, and throat swabs. Adenoviruses of all subgenera could be detected. Especially for clinical application, the rapid, one-step differentiation between subgenus D adenoviruses, causing the severe and highly contagious epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, and subgenus B and E adenoviruses, causing relative harmless ocular infections, is of great importance. The subgenus-specific PCR could also facilitate the primary classification of unknown virus isolates. J. Med. Virol. 58:87–92, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A new synthetic approach to the C‐D ring portion of streptonigrin analogues (1990)

Abstract Development of an efficient synthesis of the C‐D ring portion of streptonigrin is a key operation in the synthesis of this antibiotic and its analogues. A new method for the synthesis of 3‐cyano‐5,6‐dimethyl‐4‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)‐2‐pyridone ( 14 ), a compound having the requisite functionality for conversion into a streptonigrin analogue, has been established. It involves treatment of 3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzonitrile with ethylmagnesium bromide and malononitrile to give propylenemalononitrile derivative 7 , which is condensed with trimethyl orthoacetate to give a mixture of 9 and pyridine derivative 12 . Demethylation of 12 then affords 14 . The overall yield for this route was 50%, allowing for conversion of 9 to 12 .
Origin of the Bacterial SET Domain Genes: Vertical or Horizontal? (2006)

The presence of Supressor of variegation-Enhanser of zeste-Trithorax (SET) domain genes in bacteria is a current paradigm for lateral genetic exchange between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Because a major function of SET domain proteins is the chemical modification of chromatin and bacteria do not have chromatin, there is no apparent functional requirement for the existence of bacterial SET domain genes. Consequently, their finding in only a small fraction of pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria was taken as evidence that bacteria have obtained the SET domain genes from their hosts. Furthermore, it was proposed that the products of the genes would, most likely, be involved in bacteria-host interactions. The broadened scope of sequenced bacterial genomes to include also free-living and environmental species provided a larger sample to analyze the bacterial SET domain genes. By phylogenetic analysis, examination of individual chromosomal regions for signs of insertion, and evaluating the chromosomal versus SET domain genes' GC contents, we provide evidence that SET domain genes have existed in the bacterial domain of life independently of eukaryotes. The bacterial genes have undergone an evolution of their own unconnected to the evolution of the eukaryotic SET domain genes. Initial finding of SET domain genes in predominantly pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria resulted, most probably, from a biased sample. However, a lateral transfer of SET domain genes may have occurred between some bacteria and a family of Archaea. A model for the evolution and distribution of SET domain genes in bacteria is proposed.
Direct immunomagnetic quantification of lymphocyte subsets in blood. (1988)

A method is described where superparamagnetic polymer microspheres coated with monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) are used for the direct and fast quantification of the absolute number of cells of various lymphocyte subsets in blood. Blood samples were incubated with microspheres coated with a subset specific MoAb. Using a magnet the microsphere-rosetted cells were isolated and washed. Following lysis of the cell walls to detach the microspheres, the cell nuclei were stained with acridine orange and counted in a haemocytometer using an immunofluorescence microscope. With MoAb specific for CD2, CD4, CD8 and CD19, reproducible absolute counts of the corresponding lymphocyte subsets were obtained which correlated closely with those obtained by an indirect quantification method.
Regulation of epithelial apical junctional complex by Rho family GTPases (2009)

The apical junctional complex (AJC), encompassing the tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) plays a vital role in regulating epithelial cell differentiation and barrier function of simple epithelia. Both AJ and TJ are comprised of multiprotein complexes consisting of transmembrane proteins, which interact with the underlying cytoskeleton via cytoplasmic scaffold proteins. These interactions are tightly controlled by a number of signaling proteins that are critical for the regulation of the AJC function. Among these signaling molecules Rho family of small GTPases have been demonstrated to regulate the AJC function in diverse physiological and pathological states. In this review we will focus on experimental data addressing the role of Rho GTPase family members, Rho, Rac and Cdc42 in the regulation of epithelial AJC, and analyze Rho GTPase-mediated signaling pathways that control maintenance, disassembly and assembly of the AJC in epithelial cells.
A cytotoxic ribonuclease. Study of the mechanism of onconase cytotoxicity (1993)

Onconase, or P-30, is a protein initially purified from extracts of Rana pipiens oocytes and early embryos based upon its anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo. It is a basic single-chain protein with an apparent molecular mass of 12,000 daltons and is homologous to RNase A. In cultured 9L glioma cells, onconase inhibits protein synthesis with an IC50 of about 10(-7) M. The inhibition of protein synthesis correlates with cell death determined by clonogenic assays. 125I-Labeled onconase binds to specific sites on cultured 9L glioma cells. Scatchard analysis of the binding data shows that onconase appears to bind to cells with two different affinities, one with a Kd of 6.2 x 10(-8) and another of 2.5 x 10(-7) M. Each cell could bind about 3 x 10(5) molecules of onconase at each of the two affinity sites. The low affinity Kd is similar to the IC50 for onconase toxicity. Onconase also demonstrates a saturability of cytotoxicity at a concentration that would saturate the low affinity binding site. Incubation at 4 degrees C increased the binding of onconase to cells relative to 37 degrees C binding and also increased the sensitivity of cells to onconase toxicity, indicating that receptor binding may be an initial step in cell toxicity. Onconase cytotoxicity can be blocked by metabolic inhibitors, NaN3 and 2-deoxyglucose, and cytotoxicity is potentiated 10-fold by monensin. Ribonuclease activity appears necessary for onconase toxicity because alkylated onconase, which only retains 2% of the ribonuclease activity, was at least 100-fold less potent in inhibiting protein synthesis in cells. Onconase inhibition of protein synthesis in 9L cells coincides with the degradation of cellular 28 S and 18 S rRNA. In contrast to RNase A, onconase is resistant to two RNase inhibitors, placental ribonuclease inhibitor and Inhibit-Ace. Northern hybridization with placental ribonuclease inhibitor cDNA probe indicates that 9L glioma cells contain endogenous placental ribonuclease inhibitor mRNA. Based on these results, we propose that onconase toxicity results from onconase binding to cell surface receptors, internalization to the cell cytosol where it degrades ribosomal RNA, inhibiting protein synthesis and causing cell death.
Hairpin Peptide Beacon:  Dual-Labeled PNA-Peptide-Hybrids for Protein Detection (2007)

Probe molecules that report biomolecular interactions by changes of fluorescence properties are frequently used in drug screening, diagnostics, and cell biology. The predictability of nucleic acid−nucleic acid interaction has been a major driving force in the design of the powerful nucleic acid-based reporters that are available today. By comparison, the design of peptide-based probes that report on binding to (and dissociation from) specific protein targets by changes of fluorescence intensity is more challenging, owing to the lack of a universal peptide−protein recognition code. We herein introduce a new probe concept, in which protein binding is signaled by increases of fluorescence. Hairpin peptide beacons (HPB) are dual labeled peptide probes designed to form stable hairpins in the absence of a protein target. HPBs are designed in analogy to DNA-targeted molecular beacons and consist of a central, protein specific peptide sequence flanked by two DNA-analogous self-complementary peptide nucleic acid (PNA) arm segments. Binding of the target protein to the peptide sequence induces a structural reorganization and results in opening of the closed structure. The accompanying separation of the terminally appended chromophores leads to increases of fluorescence. The particular advantage of the hairpin peptide beacons is the generic design which should be applicable to any protein that interacts with a peptide while allowing almost unrestricted access of interesting fluorophores. It is shown that hairpin peptide beacons signal the presence of the SH2 domain of the Src-kinase by more than 10-fold increases of fluorescence. Furthermore, the HPB concept has been used in the design of a noncleavable probe that reports on the activity of the protease renin. It is suggested that the reversibility of fluorescence signaling mediated by noncleavable probes may enable the continuous monitoring of both increases and decreases of protease activity.
Transforming Fusions of FGFR and TACC Genes in Human Glioblastoma (2012)

The brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is among the most lethal forms of human cancer. Here, we report that a small subset of GBMs (3.1%; 3 of 97 tumors examined) harbors oncogenic chromosomal translocations that fuse in-frame the tyrosine kinase coding domains of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) genes (FGFR1 or FGFR3) to the transforming acidic coiled-coil (TACC) coding domains of TACC1 or TACC3, respectively. The FGFR-TACC fusion protein displays oncogenic activity when introduced into astrocytes or stereotactically transduced in the mouse brain. The fusion protein, which localizes to mitotic spindle poles, has constitutive kinase activity and induces mitotic and chromosomal segregation defects and triggers aneuploidy. Inhibition of FGFR kinase corrects the aneuploidy, and oral administration of an FGFR inhibitor prolongs survival of mice harboring intracranial FGFR3-TACC3-initiated glioma. FGFR-TACC fusions could potentially identify a subset of GBM patients who would benefit from targeted FGFR kinase inhibition.
Dielectric properties of soils in the 0.3-1.3-GHz range (1995)

In 1985, the authors reported the development of a semiempirical dielectric model for soils, covering the frequency range between 1.4 and 18 GHz. The model provides expressions for the real and imaginary parts of the relative dielectric constant of a soil medium in terms of the soil's textural composition (sand, silt, and clay fractions), the bulk density and volumetric moisture content of the soil, and the dielectric constant of water at the specified microwave frequency and physical temperature. This communication provides similar expressions for the 0.3-1.3-GHz range. Upon comparing experimental results measured in this study with predictions based on the semiempirical model, it was found that the model underpredicts the real part of the dielectric constant for high-moisture cases and underestimates the imaginary part for all soils and moisture conditions. A small linear adjustment has been introduced to correct the expression for the real part and a new equation was generated for the effective conductivity to correct the expression for the imaginary part. In addition, dielectric measurements were made to evaluate the dependence of the dielectric constant on clay type. The results show significant variations for the real part and large variations for the imaginary part among soils with the same clay fractions but with clays of different specific surface areas.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Identification of a Major Growth Factor for AIDS-Kaposi's Sarcoma Cells as Oncostatin M (1992)

Conditioned medium from human T cell leukemia virus type 2 (HTLV-II)-infected T cells supports the growth and long-term culture of cells derived from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated Kaposi's sarcoma lesions (AIDS-KS cells). A protein of 30 kilodaltons was purified from conditioned medium that supports the growth of AIDS-KS cells. The amino-terminal sequence of this protein was identical to the amino-terminal sequence of Oncostatin M, a glycoprotein that inhibits the growth of a variety of cancer cells. Oncostatin M from conditioned medium stimulated a twofold increase in the growth of AIDS-KS cells at a concentration of less than 1 nanogram of the protein per milliliter of medium.
High versus low initial dose of inhaled corticosteroid for chronic asthma in adults and children (2002)

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: The objective of this systematic review is to establish the optimal starting dose of inhaled corticosteroid by evaluating the effectiveness of initial high dose inhaled corticosteroid with low dose inhaled corticosteroids in subjects with asthma, not currently treated with inhaled corticosteroids.
Evolving trends in mAb production processes (2017)

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have established themselves as the leading biopharmaceutical therapeutic modality. The establishment of robust manufacturing platforms are key for antibody drug discovery efforts to seamlessly translate into clinical and commercial successes. Several drivers are influencing the design of mAb manufacturing processes. The advent of biosimilars is driving a desire to achieve lower cost of goods and globalize biologics manufacturing. High titers are now routinely achieved for mAbs in mammalian cell culture. These drivers have resulted in significant evolution in process platform approaches. Additionally, several new trends in bioprocessing have arisen in keeping with these needs. These include the consideration of alternative expression systems, continuous biomanufacturing and non-chromatographic separation formats. This paper discusses these drivers in the context of the kinds of changes they are driving in mAb production processes.
The Transcription Factor T-bet Regulates Mucosal T Cell Activation in Experimental Colitis and Crohn's Disease (2002)

The balance between pro and antiinflammatory cytokines secreted by T cells regulates both the initiation and perpetuation of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In particular, the balance between interferon (IFN)-gamma/interleukin (IL)-4 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta activity controls chronic intestinal inflammation. However, the molecular pathways that evoke these responses are not well understood. Here, we describe a critical role for the transcription factor T-bet in controlling the mucosal cytokine balance and clinical disease. We studied the expression and function of T-bet in patients with IBD and in mucosal T cells in various T helper (Th)1- and Th2-mediated animal models of chronic intestinal inflammation by taking advantage of mice that lack T-bet and retroviral transduction techniques, respectively. Whereas retroviral transduction of T-bet in CD62L(+) CD4(+) T cells exacerbated colitis in reconstituted SCID mice, T-bet-deficient T cells failed to induce colitis in adoptive transfer experiments suggesting that overexpression of T-bet is essential and sufficient to promote Th1-mediated colitis in vivo. Furthermore, T-bet-deficient CD62L(-) CD4(+) T cells showed enhanced protective functions in Th1-mediated colitis and exhibited increased TGF-beta signaling suggesting that a T-bet driven pathway of T cell activation controls the intestinal balance between IFN-gamma/IL-4 and TGF-beta responses and the development of chronic intestinal inflammation in T cell-mediated colitis. Furthermore, TGF-beta was found to suppress T-bet expression suggesting a reciprocal relationship between TGF-beta and T-bet in mucosal T cells. In summary, our data suggest a key regulatory role of T-bet in the pathogenesis of T cell-mediated colitis. Specific targeting of this pathway may be a promising novel approach for the treatment of patients with Crohn's disease and other autoimmune diseases mediated by Th1 T lymphocytes.