gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A simple and convenient method for esterification of tryptophan and other amino acids (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA simple and convenient method for esterification of tryptophan and other amino acidsIsamu Arai and Ichiro MuramatsuCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 1, 121–123Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00149a024https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00149a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1436Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Molecular Cloning of a Novel P2 Purinoceptor from Human Erythroleukemia Cells (1996)

Screening of a human erythroleukemia cell cDNA library with radiolabeled chicken P2Y3 cDNA at low stringency revealed a cDNA clone encoding a novel G protein-coupled receptor with homology to P2 purinoceptors. This receptor, designated P2Y7, has 352 amino acids and shares 23-30% amino acid identity with the P2Y1-P2Y6 purinoceptors. The P2Y7 cDNA was transiently expressed in COS-7 cells: binding studies thereon showed a very high affinity for ATP (37 +/- 6 nM), much less for UTP and ADP (approximately 1300 nM), and a novel rank order of affinities in the binding series studied of 8 nucleotides and suramin. The P2Y7 receptor sequence appears to denote a different subfamily from that of all the other known P2Y purinoceptors, with only a few of their characteristic sequence motifs shared. The P2Y7 receptor mRNA is abundantly present in the human heart and the skeletal muscle, moderately in the brain and liver, but not in the other tissues tested. The P2Y7 receptor mRNA was also abundantly present in the rat heart and cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. The P2Y7 receptor is functionally coupled to phospholipase C in COS-7 cells transiently expressing this receptor. The P2Y7 gene was shown to be localized to human chromosome 14. We have thus cloned a unique member of the P2Y purinoceptor family which probably plays a role in the regulation of cardiac muscle contraction.
Automatic VLAN creation based on on-line measurement (1999)

Virtual LANs (VLANs) permit hosts connected to a LAN switch to be grouped together into logical groups as a function of some management policy rather than simply of their physical location. Commercial LAN switches support a variety of policies based on either physical or logical addresses, protocol types, tagged frames, or user defined rules. The objective of these policies is the same: to reduce the amount of traffic that needs to be routed by grouping together hosts which are likely to communicate with each other into the same virtual LAN. This paper proposes a novel and more direct approach, it shows how VLANs can be created and removed dynamically as a function of the measured traffic patterns across the network. This is both simpler than configuring many static rules and permits the VLAN configuration to adapt to the evolution in the traffic patterns. The latter point is especially important in future LANs supporting peer-to-peer continuous media services, such as IP telephony or video-conferencing, in which clusters of hosts come together to communicate with each other intensively for relatively short periods of time and then form into new clusters.
Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Is a Positive Oligodendrocyte Regulator during Demyelination (2013)

The morphogen Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) controls the generation of oligodendrocyte (OLs) during embryonic development and regulates OL production in adulthood in the cortex and corpus callosum. The roles of Shh in CNS repair following lesions associated with demyelinating diseases are still unresolved. Here, we address this issue by using a model of focal demyelination induced by lysolecithin in the corpus callosum of adult mice. Shh transcripts and protein were not detected in control animals but were upregulated in a time-dependent manner in the oligodendroglial lineage within the lesion. We report an increased transcription of Shh target genes suggesting a broad reactivation of the Shh pathway. We show that the adenovirus-mediated transfer of Shh into the lesioned brain results in the attenuation of the lesion extent with the increase of OL progenitor cells (OPCs) and mature myelinating OL numbers due to survival, proliferation, and differentiation activities as well as the decrease of astrogliosis and macrophage infiltration. Furthermore, the blocking of Shh signaling during the lesion, using its physiological antagonist, Hedgehog interacting protein, results in a decrease of OPC proliferation and differentiation, preventing repair. Together, our findings identify Shh as a necessary factor playing a positive role during demyelination and indicate that its signaling activation stands as a potential therapeutic approach for myelin diseases.
Microarray analysis of rejection in human kidney transplants using pathogenesis-based transcripts sets (2007)

Here we describe a proteomic analysis of Escherichia coli in which 3,199 protein forms were detected, and of those 2,160 were annotated and assigned to the cytosol, periplasm, inner membrane, and outer membrane by biochemical fractionation followed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. Represented within this inventory were unique and modified forms corresponding to 575 different ORFs that included 151 proteins whose existence had been predicted from hypothetical ORFs, 76 proteins of completely unknown function, and 222 proteins currently without location assignments in the Swiss-Prot Database. Of the 575 unique proteins identified, 42% were found to exist in multiple forms. Using DIGE, we also examined the relative changes in protein expression when cells were grown in the presence and absence of amino acids. A total of 23 different proteins were identified whose abundance changed significantly between the two conditions. Most of these changes were found to be associated with proteins involved in carbon and amino acid metabolism, transport, and chemotaxis. Detailed information related to all 2,160 protein forms (protein and gene names, accession numbers, subcellular locations, relative abundances, sequence coverage, molecular masses, and isoelectric points) can be obtained upon request in either tabular form or as interactive gel images.
Genome Wide Analysis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Reveal Leukemia Specific Methylome and Subtype Specific Hypomethylation of Repeats (2012)

Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (MeDIP-seq) has the potential to identify changes in DNA methylation important in cancer development. In order to understand the role of epigenetic modulation in the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) we have applied MeDIP-seq to the DNA of 12 AML patients and 4 normal bone marrows. This analysis revealed leukemia-associated differentially methylated regions that included gene promoters, gene bodies, CpG islands and CpG island shores. Two genes (SPHKAP and DPP6) with significantly methylated promoters were of interest and further analysis of their expression showed them to be repressed in AML. We also demonstrated considerable cytogenetic subtype specificity in the methylomes affecting different genomic features. Significantly distinct patterns of hypomethylation of certain interspersed repeat elements were associated with cytogenetic subtypes. The methylation patterns of members of the SINE family tightly clustered all leukemic patients with an enrichment of Alu repeats with a high CpG density (P<0.0001). We were able to demonstrate significant inverse correlation between intragenic interspersed repeat sequence methylation and gene expression with SINEs showing the strongest inverse correlation (R(2) = 0.7). We conclude that the alterations in DNA methylation that accompany the development of AML affect not only the promoters, but also the non-promoter genomic features, with significant demethylation of certain interspersed repeat DNA elements being associated with AML cytogenetic subtypes. MeDIP-seq data were validated using bisulfite pyrosequencing and the Infinium array.
Silicon field emission arrays with atomically sharp tips: turn-on voltage and the effect of tip radius distribution (2002)

We report 1 nm tip radius, 1 /spl mu/m gate-aperture silicon field emission arrays (FEAs) with turn-on voltage as low as 14 V. The low turn-on voltage is attributed to the small emitter tip radius, which was achieved by isotropic etching of silicon and low-temperature oxidation sharpening. Optimization of the oxidation sharpening process reduced the tip radius to less than 1 nm and was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The tip radius has a log-normal distribution with a peak at 0.75 nm, an expected value of 1.8 nm, and shape parameter of 0.74 nm. Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the field emission devices are in agreement with Fowler-Nordheim (FN) theory. The extracted tip radius using two-dimensional (2-D) numerical simulation showed good agreement with the TEM measurements.
ImmunoPET imaging of B-cell lymphoma using 124I-anti-CD20 scFv dimers (diabodies) (2010)

Rapid clearing engineered antibody fragments for immunoPET promise high sensitivity at early time points. Here, tumor targeting of anti-CD20 diabodies (scFv dimers) for detection of low-grade B-cell lymphomas were evaluated. In addition, the effect of linker length on oligomerization of the diabody was investigated. Four rituximab scFv variants in the V(L)-V(H) orientation with different linker lengths between the V domains (scFv-1, scFv-3, scFv-5, scFv-8), plus the scFv-5 with a C-terminal cysteine (Cys-Db) for site-specific modification were generated. The scFv-8 and Cys-Db were radioiodinated with (124)I for PET imaging, and biodistribution of (131)I-Cys-Db was carried out at 2, 4 10 and 20 h. The five anti-CD20 scFv variants were expressed as fully functional dimers. Shortening the linker to three or one residue did not produce higher order of multimers. Both (124)I-labeled scFv-8 and Cys-Db exhibited similar tumor targeting at 8 h post injection, with significantly higher uptakes than in control tumors (P < 0.05). At 20 h, less than 1% ID/g of (131)I-labeled Cys-Db was present in tumors and tissues. Specific tumor targeting and high contrast images were achieved with the anti-CD20 diabodies. These agents extend the repertoire of reagents that can potentially be used to improve detection of low-grade lymphomas.
The science of low-power laser therapy (1998)

1. Instrumentation and Experimental Design of Irradiation Procedure 2. Controversies and Limitations of Low Power Laser Effects on Cellular Level 3. Responses of Neurons and Lymphocytes to Direct Irradiation 4. Activation of Metabolism of Non-Photosynthesising Micro-organisms 5. What One Can Learn from Experiments on a Cellular Level 6. Basics of Interaction of Monochromic Visible and Near IR Radiation with Cells 7. Effects of Visible and Near IR Radiation on Cultured Cells 8. Primary and Secondary Mechanisms of Interaction of Monochromatic Visible and Near IR Radiation with Cells
Cytotoxic Factors Secreted by Cells Infected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I (1987)

Conditioned media from human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) infected cells were tested for cytotoxic cell-derived factors. The assay used a murine fibroblast cell line which is sensitive to the effects of tumor necrosis factors, but nonpermissive for HIV-1 replication. Cytotoxic activity was detected in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with HIV-1. However, no differences in activity were found in conditioned media from infected lymphoid or monocytoid cell lines compared to their uninfected counterparts. These data suggest that cytotoxic activities of this type are not mediators of cell killing resulting from HIV-1 infection. Thus, this cytotoxic activity is a direct or indirect result of virus replication or cytopathicity. One should consider a role for this cytotoxic factor, secreted by HIV-1 infected mononuclear cells, in various aspects of infection in vivo, such as AIDS encephalopathy or the systemic manifestations accompanying ARC.
Selected amino acid substitutions in the C-terminal region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsid protein affect virus assembly and release (2004)

The capsid protein (CA or p24) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) plays a major role both early and late in the virus replication cycle. Many studies have suggested that the C-terminal domain of this protein is involved in dimerization and proper assembly of the viral core. Point mutations were introduced in two conserved sites of this region and their effects on viral protein expression, particle assembly and infectivity were studied. Eight different mutants (L205A+P207A, L205A, P207A, 223GPG225AAA, G223A, P224A, G225A and V221G) of the infectious clone pNL4-3 were constructed. Most substitutions had no substantial effect on HIV-1 protein synthesis, yet they impaired viral infectivity and particle production. The two mutants P207A and V221G also had a profound effect on Gag-Pol protein processing in HeLa-tat cells. However, these results were cell line-specific and Gag-Pol processing of P207A was not affected in 293T cells. In HeLa-tat cells, no virus particles were detected with the P207A mutation, whereas the other mutant virus particles were heterogeneous in size and morphology. None of the mutants showed normal, mature, conical core structures in HeLa-tat cells. These results indicate that the two conserved sequences in the C-terminal CA domain are essential for proper morphogenesis and infectivity of HIV-1 particles.
Markers, Selection, and Media in YAC Cloning (2003)

The genetic markers used in yeast, and in yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) cloning, are largely defined by the manipulation of growth media. This chapter, apart from providing recipes for media formulation, also contains a brief introduction to genetic markers in yeast that are relevant to YAC cloning. It is hoped that this will provide an adequate understanding of the media that are used for particular applications, and allow adaptation of media for individual requirements.
Constitutive binding of yeast heat shock factor to DNA in vivo. (1988)

We measured the binding of yeast heat shock factor (HSF) to DNA in vivo by using an interference assay in which HSF excludes GAL4 from a synthetic promoter element containing overlapping binding sites for each protein. The results show that HSF binds to DNA in unstressed cells and that binding is not sufficient for transcriptional activation.
Monoclonal Antibody 2-152a Suppresses Hepatitis C Virus Infection Through Betaine/GABA Transporter-1 (2011)

Our results suggest that 2-152a MAb suppresses HCV replication and infection through BGT-1. These findings highlight important roles of BGT-1 in HCV replication and reveal a possible target for anti-HCV therapy.
Analysis of KDD Dataset Attributes - Class wise for Intrusion Detection (2015)

The KDD data set is a well known benchmark in the research of Intrusion Detection techniques. A lot of work is going on for the improvement of intrusion detection strategies while the research on the data used for training and testing the detection model is equally of prime concern because better data quality can improve offline intrusion detection. This paper presents the analysis of KDD data set with respect to four classes which are Basic, Content, Traffic and Host in which all data attributes can be categorized. The analysis is done with respect to two prominent evaluation metrics, Detection Rate (DR) and False Alarm Rate (FAR) for an Intrusion Detection System (IDS). As a result of this empirical analysis on the data set, the contribution of each of four classes of attributes on DR and FAR is shown which can help enhance the suitability of data set to achieve maximum DR with minimum FAR.
High Temperature Ohmic Contact Technology to N-Type GaAs (1993)

As the reliability issues become more prevalent in the electronics industry, a properly engineered device must sustain its high performance characteristics not only under the ideal operating conditions but also under the hostile environments. Among many harsh environments that must be taken into considerations, the high temperature environment is the predominant concern for many industries, especially for automobile, aerospace, and military industry. In order for a device to properly operate and hold its original characteristics reliably at any elevated temperature for an extended period of time, one of the most critical requirements that must be met is the thermal stability of the ohmic contacts. This thesis presents the fabrication and characterization of the high temperature Ni/Al/Ti/Mo/Ge/In ohmic contacts to N-type GaAs. Important issues related to the ohmic contacts at an elevated temperature such as the specific contact resistance, spiking effect, and the surface passivation are examined. In order to provide a relativistic paint of view, the conventional non-high temperature Au/Ge/Ni/Ti ohmic contacts to N-type GaAs is also investigated and compared to the high temperature ohmic contacts. Finally, a brief invesxigation on the non-alloying Moms ohmic contacts is reported
Discovery of practical production processes for arylsulfur pentafluorides and their higher homologues, bis- and tris(sulfur pentafluorides): Beginning of a new era of “super-trifluoromethyl” arene chemistry and its industry (2012)

Various arylsulfur pentafluorides, ArSF(5), have long been desired in both academic and industrial areas, and ArSF(5) compounds have attracted considerable interest in many areas such as medicines, agrochemicals, and other new materials, since the highly stable SF(5) group is considered a "super-trifluoromethyl group" due to its significantly higher electronegativity and lipophilicity. This article describes the first practical method for the production of various arylsulfur pentafluorides and their higher homologues, bis- and tris(sulfur pentafluorides), from the corresponding diaryl disulfides or aryl thiols. The method consists of two steps: (Step 1) treatment of a diaryl disulfide or an aryl thiol with chlorine in the presence of an alkali metal fluoride, and (step 2) treatment of the resulting arylsulfur chlorotetrafluoride with a fluoride source, such as ZnF(2), HF, and Sb(III/V) fluorides. The intermediate arylsulfur chlorotetrafluorides were isolated by distillation or recrystallization and characterized. The aspects of these new reactions are revealed and reaction mechanisms are discussed. As the method offers considerable improvement over previous methods in cost, yield, practicality, applicability, and large-scale production, the new processes described here can be employed as the first practical methods for the economical production of various arylsulfur pentafluorides and their higher homologues, which could then open up a new era of "super-trifluoromethyl" arene chemistry and its applications in many areas.
Identification of the immunophilins capable of mediating inhibition of signal transduction by cyclosporin A and FK506: roles of calcineurin binding and cellular location. (1993)

The immunosuppressants cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 appear to block T-cell function by inhibiting the calcium-regulated phosphatase calcineurin. While multiple distinct intracellular receptors for these drugs (cyclophilins and FKBPs, collectively immunophilins) have been characterized, the functionally active ones have not been discerned. We found that overexpression of cyclophilin A or B or FKBP12 increased T-cell sensitivity to CsA or FK506, respectively, demonstrating that they are able to mediate the inhibitory effects of their respective immunosuppressants in vivo. In contrast, cyclophilin C, FKBP13, and FKBP25 had no effect. Direct comparison of the Ki of each drug-immunophilin complex for calcineurin in vitro revealed that although calcineurin binding was clearly necessary, it was not sufficient to explain the in vivo activity of the immunophilin. Subcellular localization was shown also to play a role, since gene deletions of cyclophilins B and C which changed their intracellular locations altered their activities significantly. Cyclophilin B has been shown previously to be located within calcium-containing intracellular vesicles; its ability to mediate CsA inhibition implies that certain components of the signal transduction machinery are also spatially restricted within the cell.
Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein-3 Activates a Phosphotyrosine Phosphatase (2002)

The proliferative action of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and -II) is mediated via the type I IGF receptor (IGF-IR) and is modulated by their association with high affinity binding proteins, IGFBP-1 to -6. We recently found that, in addition to its ability to bind IGFs, IGFBP-3 also inhibits IGF-IR activation independently of IGF binding and without interacting directly with IGF-IR. Here, we show that IGFBP-3 is capable of blocking the signal triggered by IGFs. Breast carcinoma-derived cells (MCF-7) were stimulated by des(1-3)IGF-I or [Gln(3),Ala(4),Tyr(15),Leu(16)]IGF-I, two IGF analogues with intact affinity for IGF-IR, but with weak or virtually no affinity for IGFBPs, then incubated with IGFBP-3. The activated IGF-IR was desensitized through reversal of its autophosphorylation, following which both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and p42(MAPK) activities were depressed. Direct measurement of phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity and reconstitution experiments using tyrosine-phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) indicated that IGFBP-3 activated a phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTPase). This action appeared to be peculiar to IGFBP-3 among the IGFBPs, since neither IGFBP-1 nor IGFBP-5 (structurally the closest to IGFBP-3), had any such effect. Several cell lines derived from normal or tumor cells responsive to IGF-I were used to show that IGFBP-3-stimulated PTPase is cell type-specific. Although the precise nature of the phosphatase remains to be determined, the results of this study demonstrate that IGFBP-3 stimulates a phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity that down-regulates the IGF-I signaling pathway, suggesting a major role for IGFBP-3 in regulating cell proliferation.