gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Yersinia pestis (plague) vaccines (2004)

Live attenuated and killed whole cell vaccines against disease caused by Yersinia pestis have been available since the early part of the last century. Although these vaccines indicate the feasibility of protecting against disease, they have a number of shortcomings. The live attenuated vaccine is highly reactogenic and is not licensed for use in humans. The killed whole cell vaccine, also reactogenic, provides poor protection against pneumonic plague and immunisation requires multiple doses of the vaccine. Against this background, a range of candidate vaccines, including rationally attenuated mutants, subunit vaccines and naked DNA vaccines have been described. Of these, an injected subunit vaccine is likely to offer the best near-term solution to the provision of a vaccine that protects against both bubonic and pneumonic plague.
An Evaluation of Software-Based Traffic Generators using Docker (2018)

The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry and network researchers use traffic generator tools to a large extent to test their systems. The industry uses reliable and rigid hardware-based platform tools for high-performance network testing. The research community commonly uses software-based tools in, for example, experiments because of economic and flexibility aspects. As a result, it is possible to run these tools on different systems and hardware. In this thesis, we examine the software traffic generators Iperf, Mausezahn, Ostinato in a closed loop physical and virtual environment to evaluate the applicability of the tools and find sources of inaccuracy for a given traffic profile. For each network tool, we measure the throughput from 64- to 4096-byte in packet sizes. Also, we encapsulate each tool with container technology using Docker to reach a more reproducible and portable research. Our results show that the CPU primarily limits the throughput for small packet sizes, and saturates the 1000 Mbps link for larger packet sizes. Finally, we suggest using these tools for simpler and automated network tests.
Dihydrotestosterone Measured in Core Biopsies from Prostatic Tissues (1988)

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels were measured and related to the content of DNA in 10- to 15-mg tissue samples obtained by punch biopsies from the prostatic gland. The aim of the study was to provide an opportunity to detect the variation of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in prostatic tissue on endocrine manipulations in phase III studies of metastatic prostatic cancer. DHT was assayed in ranges of 27.9 to 102.9 pg/ml or when related to DNA from 0.57 to 4.00 pg/micrograms DNA by modifying a commercial testosterone/dihydrotestosterone kit. Preliminary clinical results from nine patients with prostatic cancer and eight with benign hyperplasia showed a significantly lower DHT/DNA ratio in prostatic cancer. The predictive value of the histological grading was improved by estimates of the weighted mean nuclear volume. The trend that mean nuclear volume of prostatic cancer exceeded the mean nuclear volume of hyperplasia was clear, and a significantly larger nuclear variation was demonstrated in the malignant specimens. Neither the DHT/DNA ratio nor the mean nuclear volume appears to be sufficient to guide the handling of individual patients, but the described methods enable us by repeated measurements to follow the course of disease and response to treatment.
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity with Fe-chlorin e6-Na and Suppression of Malignant Tumor Growth in Rats (1995)

Derivatives of porphyrin, specifically Fe-chlorin e6-Na (FeCNa), mimic superoxide dismutase (SOD). This SOD activity was determined by decrease in electron spin resonance (ESR) signals and increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the intermediate of O2-. by the coloration using 4-aminoantipyrin. Chlorin e6-Na used for cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT)(1) does not show SOD mimicking activity. The specific activity of FeCNa, comparing with bovine RBC-SOD, was 1/7.5 as determined by ESR analysis. The iron element of Fe-chlorin e6-Na, being tightly encased in the molecule, did not participate in the Fenton reaction. The SOD mimetic activity of FeCNa was stable against physico-chemical treatment such as pH shock, heat and digestion by pronase. For cancer bearing rats with oxidative stress (OS), immediate relief of OS was possible by a single intraperitoneal injection of FeCNa and relief continued for 24 hours. The subsequent administration of FeCNa suppressed cancer growth in vivo.
Cannabinoids promote embryonic and adult hippocampus neurogenesis and produce anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects (2005)

The hippocampal dentate gyrus in the adult mammalian brain contains neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) capable of generating new neurons, i.e., neurogenesis. Most drugs of abuse examined to date decrease adult hippocampal neurogenesis, but the effects of cannabis (marijuana or cannabinoids) on hippocampal neurogenesis remain unknown. This study aimed at investigating the potential regulatory capacity of the potent synthetic cannabinoid HU210 on hippocampal neurogenesis and its possible correlation with behavioral change. We show that both embryonic and adult rat hippocampal NS/PCs are immunoreactive for CB1 cannabinoid receptors, indicating that cannabinoids could act on CB1 receptors to regulate neurogenesis. This hypothesis is supported by further findings that HU210 promotes proliferation, but not differentiation, of cultured embryonic hippocampal NS/PCs likely via a sequential activation of CB1 receptors, G(i/o) proteins, and ERK signaling. Chronic, but not acute, HU210 treatment promoted neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of adult rats and exerted anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects. X-irradiation of the hippocampus blocked both the neurogenic and behavioral effects of chronic HU210 treatment, suggesting that chronic HU210 treatment produces anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects likely via promotion of hippocampal neurogenesis.
Fe-Based Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction: Functionalization of Carbon Black and Importance of the Microporosity (2006)

Fe/N/C catalysts for the reduction of oxygen under the acidic conditions prevailing in PEM fuel cells have been prepared on two carbon black supports functionalized with N-bearing groups. Once loaded with 2000 ppm Fe, the functionalized carbons were pyrolyzed at 950ºC in Ar or NH3. The best catalysts were obtained under NH3. In addition to being a nitrogen precursor, NH3 also etches the carbon support increasing its microporosity. In NH3, the functionalities are rapidly etched away from the carbon support, but this once-functionalized carbon now reacts faster with NH3 than the pristine carbon. Therefore, the optimum microporosity necessary to produce the maximum catalytic activity is reached after a shorter pyrolysis time on the functionalized carbon supports than on the pristine carbons. However, the maximum catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the same for the once functionalized carbon as for the pristine one.
Effects of 17 beta-estradiol metabolites on cell cycle events in MCF-7 cells. (1992)

Different cell growth effects were observed in MCF-7 cells after six daily exposures to either 17 beta-estradiol (E2), 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2), or 2-methoxyestradiol (2-MeOE2) at 10 nM levels. 2-OHE2 enhanced cell growth significantly (P < 0.05) more than did the parent compound, whereas 2-MeOE2 inhibited cell growth. To identify the estrogen-affected cellular processes involved in cell cycle progression, hydroxy urea-synchronized MCF-7 cells were studied. No effects on DNA synthesis in mid-S-phase or on mitotic indices were observed after E2 or 2-OHE2 treatment. 2-MeOE2, however, significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited DNA synthesis and mitosis. Synchronized cells were exposed for 1 h to E2, 2-OHE2, or 2-MeOE2 before cAMP levels were determined in early S-phase and mid-S-phase, as well as during mitosis. E2 and 2-OHE2 had no effect, but 2-MeOE2 caused a significant (P < 0.05) increase in cAMP concentration in early S-phase and a decrease during mitosis. Phosphorylation of S-phase proteins was also studied. [32P]Pi incorporation was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced in many proteins in 2-MeOE2-exposed cells. Small proteins (M(r) < 25,000), as well as large proteins (M(r) > 220,000), were most prominently affected. In comparison, E2 and 2-OHE2 had little effect. We suggest that the enhanced 2-MeOE2-induced protein phosphorylation during S-phase may affect S-phase events, which subsequently causes inhibition of mitosis. Protein synthesis during G2/M transition was unexpectedly enhanced by 2-OHE2 and was not enhanced by E2. [35S]Methionine incorporation into proteins in the order of M(r) 32,000-46,000, 47,000-50,000, 58,000-67,000, and 83,000-89,000 was significantly (P < 0.05) increased. 2-MeOE2 had no effect. The results of this study indicate that 2-OHE2 may be the more potent mitogen, whereas 2-MeOE2 acts as a cytostatin.
Expression of human alpha(1,3)fucosyltransferase antisense sequences inhibits selectin-mediated adhesion and liver metastasis of colon carcinoma cells. (1999)

The initial steps of leukocyte and tumor cell adhesion involve selectin receptor/ligand interactions. The selectin ligand components sialyl Lewis x and sialyl Lewis a are oncodevelopmental antigens involved in progression of adenocarcinoma. Interrupting biosynthesis of these surface glycans by inhibition of alpha(1,3)fucosyltransferase (FUT) gene expression is an attractive goal for functional and therapeutic studies. We report here the inhibition of E-selectin-mediated adenocarcinoma cell adhesion by stable transfection of antisense sequences directed at the human Lewis alpha(1,3/1,4)fucosyltransferase gene, FUT3. The metastatic parental cell line, HT-29LMM, expressed high levels of sialyl Lewis x, sialyl Lewis a, alpha(1,3/1,4)fucosyltransferase activity, and FUT3 transcript, but antisense transfectant cell lines did not. When injected into the spleens of nude mice, the stable antisense clones were unable to colonize the liver. These results provide target validation for inhibition of carcinoma metastasis with antisense FUT sequences and confirm the primacy of alpha(1,3)fucosyltransferases in the synthesis of selectin ligands.
Einleitung (2001)

Dienstleistungsklima ist ein psychologisches Konstrukt, zu dem in Deutschland kaum Forschung vorliegt. In den USA hingegen sind die Disziplinen Wirtschaftspsychologie und Dienstleistungsmarketing mit dem Thema seit rund 25 Jahren befaßt. Im einleitenden Kapitel dieser Arbeit soll deshalb zunächst darauf eingegangen werden, warum das Dienstleistungsklima länderübergreifend einen hohen Stellenwert für Unternehmen der Dienstleistungsbranche hat. Im Anschluß erfolgt eine Erläuterung der zentralen Ziele und des inhaltlichen Aufbaus der vorliegenden Arbeit.
Viscous corneal protection by sodium hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate, and methylcellulose. (1984)

The authors' study of the viscosities of various concentrations of sodium hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate, and methylcellulose revealed that sodium hyaluronate and methylcellulose are pseudoplastic fluids in contrast to chondroitin sulfate, which is a Newtonian fluid. Pseudoplastic fluids are ideal for maintaining the anterior chamber, since they are more viscous at rest. Intermediate viscosity preparations of these three agents used as a thin endothelial coating gave excellent protection from intraocular lens abrasion. A highly viscous agent, eg, sodium hyaluronate 1%, in a thin layer produced extensive endothelial cell damage because it transmitted excessive shear force to the endothelium. A highly viscous agent, sodium hyaluronate 1% in a thick layer produced a physical barrier to compression with little endothelial damage. A low-viscosity agent, balanced salt solution provided insufficient protection against intraocular lens abrasion.
The interaction of human and rodent IgE with the human basophil IgE receptor. (1983)

The cross-reactivity of the human IgE receptor with mouse and rat IgE was studied. Using leukocytes from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia, in which the mononuclear fraction contained up to 75% basophils, both rat and mouse IgE were found to inhibit the binding of 125I-human IgE to the human basophilic leukemia (HBL cells). About 15-fold more rodent IgE was required for 50% inhibition of binding than unlabeled human IgE (hIgE). Dose-response studies using increasing amounts of rodent vs human 125I-IgE indicated that the HBL cells had about 8000 receptors per cell for hIgE and 5500 receptors per cell for rodent IgE. When the HBL cells were surface labeled with 125I and subsequently solubilized with non-ionic detergent, the labeled hIgE receptor could be isolated by either affinity chromatography on IgE-Sepharose (either human or rodent) or by immunoprecipitation with hIgE and anti-IgE. By SDS-PAGE on 10% gels, the receptor had a m.w. of 58,000 daltons. The solubilized receptors exhibited some rebinding to hIgE-Sepharose, and this rebinding could be inhibited by either human or rodent IgE but not by human IgG. Both the HBL cells and normal human basophils could be passively sensitized with murine IgE anti-DNP for antigen-induced histamine release. The minimum concentration of the mouse IgE antibody for sensitizing normal basophils was 20 to 200 ng/ml. Pretreatment of basophils with human IgE, but not human IgG, abrogated the capacity of the murine IgE antibody to sensitize the cells for histamine release, which indicated that the human and rodent IgE were interacting with the same receptor.
Adalimumab (2004)

Prescription drugs including oral and intravenous medications, as well as inhaled aerosol from pressurized metered dose inhalers (MDI) and dry powder inhalers (DPI) undergo clinical trials in an effort to prove safety and efﬁcacy. This is not the case with the many drugs used for nebulization that are prescribed off-license and bypass regulatory requirement. The speciﬁc focus of this chapter, and the general focus of this book, is to address the issues surrounding off-license nebulizer use and provide effective guidance to clinicians.
FT-IR in the Quantitative Analysis of Gaseous Hydrocarbon Mixtures (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFT-IR in the Quantitative Analysis of Gaseous Hydrocarbon MixturesArja. Hakuli, Arla. Kytokivi, Eeva-Liisa. Lakomaa, and Outi. KrauseCite this: Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 11, 1881–1886Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00107a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00107a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views392Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Characterization of rhodopsin mis-sorting and constitutive activation in a transgenic rat model of retinitis pigmentosa. (2000)

Because dark rearing Ser334ter rats results in little rescue, it is concluded that constitutive activation of the phototransduction cascade does not contribute significantly to photoreceptor cell death in this rat model. The nature of the rhodopsin sorting defect and the correlation between the severity of mis-sorting and rate of cell death indicate that truncated rhodopsin may cause apoptosis by interfering with normal cellular machinery in the post-Golgi transport pathway or in the plasma membrane.
Universally optimal privacy mechanisms for minimax agents (2010)

A scheme that publishes aggregate information about sensitive data must resolve the trade-off between utility to information consumers and privacy of the database participants. Differential privacy [5] is a well-established definition of privacy--this is a universal guarantee against all attackers, whatever their side-information or intent. Can we have a similar universal guarantee for utility?
Spinocerebellar projections from the upper lumbar segments in the cat, as studied by anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase (1989)

The projection fields of spinocerebellar tracts arising from the cervical enlargement were studied by the anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the cat. Following injections of WGA-HRP into the C5-C8 or T1 segments, labeled terminals were seen in lobule I to sublobule Vf of the anterior lobe, and lobule VI, sublobule VIIb, lobules VIII and IX, the simple lobule, crus II, and the paramedian lobule of the posterior lobe. In the sagittal plane of sublobules Ib-Vf and sublobules VIf and VId, the labeled terminals were distributed mainly in the superficial two thirds of the apicobasal extent. The labeled terminals in the anterior lobe accounted for about 70% of the total labeled terminals; the great majority were in lobule IV (17-20%) and lobule V (40%). The labeled terminals in the posterior lobe accounted for 30% of the total labeled terminals; the majority were in sublobules VIf (11-15%) and VId (6%). In the mediolateral extent, more than 50% of the total labeled terminals in each lobule were concentrated within 1.0 mm from the midline (the vermis) and 70-80% within 2.0 mm from the midline (the vermis and the medial part of the intermediate regions). A smaller number were also present in the intermediate region. Cases with lateral cordotomies revealed that the projections were bilateral but predominantly ipsilateral to the cells or origin and that the quantity of the ipsilateral projection was 66.5-75% of the total in each of sublobules IVb, Va, and VIf. The projection to the paramedian lobule was also predominantly ipsilateral. Projection fields in the horizontal plane were reconstructed from a series of transverse sections through each lobule. In sublobules Va-VIf labeled terminals were distributed in three areas: area 1 located within 0.25 mm from the midline in zone A1 of Voogd; area 2 located between 0.5 and 0.75 mm lateral to the midline in zones A1 and A2; and area 3, which appeared to be located between 0.75 and 1.5 mm lateral to the midline in zones A2-B. These areas extended longitudinally in the apical two thirds of the lobules. From the present and previous retrograde HRP studies it was suggested that the neuronal groups in the cervical enlargement (the medial lamina VI group and the central lamina VII group) project to lobules I-V of the anterior lobe and lobule VI, sublobule VIIb, and lobule VIII of the posterior lobe. They have strong projections to caudal lobules of the anterior lobe (lobules III-Va) and lobules facing the primary fissure (sublobules Vd-Vf and sublobules VIf and VId).
Analytical Studies on Tobacco-Specific N-Nitrosamines in Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke (1991)

Chemical-analytical studies have led to the identification of approximately 3000 compounds in tobacco and 4000 in tobacco smoke. These include carcinogens in processed tobacco as well as tumor initiators, tumor promoters, cocarcinogens, and organ-specific carcinogens in tobacco smoke. The latter group includes N-nitrosamines, in particular those that derive from nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids, the TSNA. In vitro nitrosation of nicotine yields NNN, NNA, and NNK. Nitrosation of other tobacco alkaloids leads to the formation of NAT, and NAB. Our analytical studies using GC-TEA have led to the identification of seven TSNA in tobacco and tobacco smoke. In addition to NNN, NAT, NAB, and NNK, we also identified NNAL, iso-NNAL, and, most recently, iso-NNAC. Their levels range from 0.01 to 92 ppm in tobacco and from 6 to 530 ng/cigarette in tobacco smoke. The high levels observed in snuff are primarily due to fermentation and aging. Technological methods exist today to reduce the levels of TSNA in both tobacco and cigarette smoke.
The Human Genome Project: Reaching the Finish Line (1998)

The tremendous value--both intellectual and commercial--of genomic sequence is now generally recognized. The publicly funded International Human Genome Project must deliver the human sequence as rapidly as possible, while retaining its standards of high accuracy and complete mapping. The pressure is being met by increasing capacity to accelerate the release of unfinished data and to bring forward the target date for completion.
Crystalline cytochrome c oxidase of bovine heart mitochondrial membrane: composition and x-ray diffraction studies. (1988)

The integral mitochondrial membrane protein cytochrome c oxidase (ferrocytochrome-c:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.9.3.1) was crystallized from solutions of the protein from bovine heart isolated as described earlier [Yoshikawa, S. & Caughey, W. S. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 412-420]. Crystallinity was demonstrated by x-ray diffraction. Microcrystals (tetragonal prisms, 0.02 mm in the largest dimension) were obtained in high yield with retention of activity and contained Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mg in approximate atom ratios of 1.0:1.25:0.5:0.5, respectively. Analysis of the amino acid residues and the tightly bound detergent support an apparent molecular mass of about 200 kDa, of which 150 kDa is protein (1316 +/- 66 amino acids) and 50 kDa is detergent (Brij 35). Seven major polypeptides are evident by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Adjustments in buffer concentration and other conditions have yielded much larger green crystals, hexagonal bipyramids; a crystal 0.3 X 0.5 X 0.7 mm gave x-ray diffractions as high as 8-A resolution and a space group of P6(2) or P6(4), and cell dimensions of a = b = 174.5 A, c = 282.2 A, alpha = beta = 90 degrees, and gamma = 120 degrees were obtained. A reasonable value of 3.1 A3/Da for Vm, the average space per dalton of protein in the crystal, was obtained for the asymmetric unit, which contains four irons and is a dimer of two minimal catalytic units. Cylindrical dimers (80 X 100 A) estimated from two-dimensional electron diffraction studies [Fuller, S. D., Capaldi, R. A. & Henderson, R. (1979) J. Mol. Biol. 134, 305-327] pack well in the crystal lattice with the symmetry of the space group of the crystal. The crystallization procedure developed is useful in purification of the enzyme and shows promise for the production of crystals of sufficiently high order to gain improved structural information from x-ray diffraction.