gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects ofcis‐diamminedichloroplatinum II released from d, l‐polyalactic acid implanted adjacent to cortical allografts in dogs (1994)

This study was performed to determine the pharmacokinetics and local and systemic effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II (cisplatin) released from an open-cell polylactic acid polymer when the drug delivery device was placed adjacent to a cortical allograft. Bilateral intercalary femoral allografts were implanted in six normal beagles. The polymer containing cisplatin was implanted adjacent to the allograft in one femur, and the polymer without cisplatin was implanted adjacent to the allograft in the contralateral femur. Systemic toxicity was evaluated clinically by hematologic and serum biochemistry tests and urinalysis. Healing of the allograft was monitored radiographically. The femora were evaluated biomechanically, histologically, and histomorphometrically 7.5 months after surgery. Total serum platinum levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Healing was impaired slightly by the presence of the polymer with cisplatin, and systemic and local toxicity was mild and transient. After implantation of the polymer with cisplatin, the mean peak total serum platinum concentration was low (1.71 +/- 0.19 micrograms/ml). However, the area under the curve for total serum platinum concentration versus time for the first 21 days was large (27,050 +/- 3,201 micrograms.min/ml). When cisplatin was given as an intravenous bolus at a dose of 70 mg/m2 to six other beagles, the mean peak total platinum concentration was 8.80 +/- 2.1 micrograms/ml and the area under the curve was 940.3 +/- 256.7 micrograms.min/ml. These results indicate that a sustained release of cisplatin can be delivered safely from an open-cell polylactic acid polymer. This device may be useful in the treatment of solid tumors.
Increase in Both CD14-Positive and CD15-Positive Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Subpopulations in the Blood of Patients With Glioma But Predominance of CD15-Positive Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Glioma Tissue (2015)

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), defined as CD33-positive major histocompatibility complex class II-negative cells, are increased in a variety of human tumors and are associated with immunosuppression. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells can be further subdivided into CD14-positive monocytic MDSC and CD15-positive granulocytic MDSC (polymorphonuclear MDSC) subpopulations. Here we analyzed MDSC subsets in the blood and tumor tissue of patients with glioma, including the most malignant variant, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). CD33-positive major histocompatibility complex class II-negative MDSCs in blood from 21 patients with glioma and 12 healthy individuals were phenotyped and quantified by flow cytometry. Myeloid populations of the monocytic MDSC and polymorphonuclear MDSC phenotypes were both significantly increased in the blood of patients with GBM versus healthy controls. The myeloid activation markers CD80 and PD-L1 could not be detected on either of these MDSC subsets; CD124, CD86, and CD40 were detected at similar levels on MDSCs in patients with glioma and healthy donors. By contrast, in tumor cell suspensions, the MDSC population consisted almost exclusively of CD15-positive cells. Immunohistochemistry confirmed infiltration of CD15-positive major histocompatibility complex class II-negative cells in glioma tissue samples. These data support a role for cells with an MDSC phenotype in the blood and tumor microenvironment of patients with GBM.
The Compromised Host and Infection. II. Deep Fungal Infection (1969)

Journal Article The Compromised Host and Infection. II. Deep Fungal Infection Get access Paul D. Hart, Paul D. Hart From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Palo Alto Medical Research Foundation, Palo Alto, California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Edward Russell, Jr., Edward Russell, Jr. From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Palo Alto Medical Research Foundation, Palo Alto, California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jack S. Remingtont Jack S. Remingtont From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Palo Alto Medical Research Foundation, Palo Alto, California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 120, Issue 2, August 1969, Pages 169–191, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/120.2.169 Published: 01 August 1969 Article history Received: 13 January 1969 Revision received: 07 April 1969 Published: 01 August 1969
Proposed planar scanning tunneling microscope diode: application as an infrared and optical detector (1989)

The authors propose a practical application for a planar scanning tunneling microscope (STM)-like structure incorporated on an integrated circuit. The receiving or detecting properties of the diode are tuned to selected infrared or visible wavelengths through controlled tunnel gap spacings. Diodes configured to receive one wavelength reject incident signals for which the gap spacing is greater than some critical spacing that can be determined by the frequency of the incident signal and gap parameters. With the selective reception characteristics of these diodes, coded infrared and optical signals can be received by an integrated circuit and can be converted to binary code compatible with the circuit logic.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Autoencoder-Based Incremental Class Learning without Retraining on Old Data (2019)

Incremental class learning, a scenario in continual learning context where classes and their training data are sequentially and disjointedly observed, challenges a problem widely known as catastrophic forgetting. In this work, we propose a novel incremental class learning method that can significantly reduce memory overhead compared to previous approaches. Apart from conventional classification scheme using softmax, our model bases on an autoencoder to extract prototypes for given inputs so that no change in its output unit is required. It stores only the mean of prototypes per class to perform metric-based classification, unlike rehearsal approaches which rely on large memory or generative model. To mitigate catastrophic forgetting, regularization methods are applied on our model when a new task is encountered. We evaluate our method by experimenting on CIFAR-100 and CUB-200-2011 and show that its performance is comparable to the state-of-the-art method with much lower additional memory cost.
β‐Catenin (CTNNB1) gene amplification: A new mechanism of protein overexpression in cancer (2004)

beta-Catenin nuclear translocation is frequently observed in different types of malignancies, including gastric cancer. In gastric cancer, however, the molecular mechanisms leading to accumulation of this protein in the nucleus remain unknown. In this setting, beta-catenin (CTNNB1) mutations have been reported, but studies of mutation frequency have yielded conflicting results. Mutations or silencing of other partners of beta-catenin (i.e., APC and AXIN) are also considered rare genetic events in gastric tumorigenesis. Gene amplification is a common mechanism of activation and/or overexpression of oncogenes in gastric and other cancers. In this study, we investigated whether gene amplification is a possible mechanism of beta-catenin activation in gastric cancer by determining its presence in 49 patients with gastric cancer and two gastric-derived cell lines (KATO III and ST2957). Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we identified beta-catenin amplification in one of the tumor samples as well as in KATO III cells. beta-Catenin immunostaining revealed nuclear translocation of the protein in both cases. In the KATO III cells, beta-catenin overexpression was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses and beta-catenin gene amplification by Southern blot analysis and multiplex ligation probe amplification. In the KATO III cell line, no correlation was found between beta-catenin nuclear translocation and increased expression of the WNT1 target gene CCND1 (cyclin D1). Our data suggest that gene amplification is a possible mechanism of beta-catenin overexpression in cancer.
Carboxy-terminal sequencing: formation and hydrolysis of C-terminal peptidylthiohydantoins (1990)

Proteins and peptides can be sequenced from the carboxy terminus with isothiocyanate reagents to produce amino acid thiohydantoin derivatives. Previous studies in our laboratory indicated that the use of trimethylsilyl isothiocyanate (TMS-ITC) as a coupling reagent significantly improved the yields and reaction conditions and reduced the number of complicating side products [Hawke et al. (1987) Anal. Biochem. 166, 298]. The present study further explores the conditions for formation of the peptidylthiohydantoins by TMS-ITC and examines the cleavage of these peptidylthiohydantoin derivatives into a shortened peptide and thiohydantoin amino acid derivative. Schizophrenia-related peptide (Thr-Val-Leu) was used as a model peptide and was treated with acetic anhydride and TMS-ITC at 50 degrees C for 30 min, and the peptidylthiohydantoin derivatives were isolated by reverse-phase HPLC and characterized by FAB-MS. The purified derivatives were subjected to a variety of cleavage conditions, and rate constants for hydrolysis were determined. Hydrolysis with acetohydroxamate as reported originally by Stark [(1968) Biochemistry 7, 1796] was found to give excellent cleavage of the terminal thiohydantoin amino acid, but also led to the formation of stable hydroxamate esters of the shortened peptide which are poorly suited for subsequent rounds of degradation. Hydrolysis with 2% aqueous triethylamine under mild conditions (1-5 min at 50 degrees C) was found to be more suitable for carboxy-terminal sequence analysis by the thiocyanate method. The shortened peptide, which could be isolated and subjected to a second round of degradation, and the released thiohydantoin amino acid are formed in good yield (90-100%). Several other small peptides containing 15 different C-terminal amino acid side chains were also investigated in order to examine any interfering reactions that might occur when these side chains are encountered in a stepwise degradation using the thiocyanate chemistry. Quantitative yields of peptidylthiohydantoins were obtained for all the amino acids examined with the following exceptions: low yields were obtained for C-terminal Glu or Thr, and no peptidylthiohydantoins were obtained for C-terminal Pro or Asp. Asparagine was found to form cyclic imides (64%) at the penultimate position (C-2) during hydrolysis of the peptidylthiohydantoins by 2% aqueous triethylamine. Cleavage of C-terminal Asn under these conditions led to the formation of the expected shortened peptide (69%), but also to the formation of a shortened peptide (31%) with a C-terminal amide. Problems with Glu and Thr could be solved by minimizing the reaction time with acetic anhydride.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Identification by Exonuclease Footprinting of a Distal Promoter-Binding Protein from HeLa Cell Extracts (1985)

Incubation of a HeLa cell fraction termed P1000 with genomic DNA fragments containing portions of the 5'-flanking region of the ovalbumin gene, followed by digestion with exonucleases, shows that this cell fraction contains a protein (or proteins) that binds to the distal promoter of the ovalbumin gene. The protein protects both strands and spans a minimum of 22 bp on the noncoding strand from nucleotides -68 to -90. The 5' border of the protected region on the coding strand is located at nucleotide -81. A similar site on the chick beta-globin gene is also protected by HeLa cell fraction P1000. The exonuclease footprinting methods used to identify the distal promoter-binding protein are more sensitive than the DNaseI footprinting method, and can be used to identify sequence-specific binding proteins in a mixture of DNA binding proteins.
Direct asymmetric synthesis of quaternary carbon centers by the addition-elimination process: nitroolefination of .alpha.-substituted .delta.-lactones (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirect asymmetric synthesis of quaternary carbon centers by the addition-elimination process: nitroolefination of .alpha.-substituted .delta.-lactonesKaoru Fuji, Manabu Node, Hideko Nagasawa, Yoshimitsu Naniwa, Tooru Taga, Katsunosuke Machida, and Guenter SnatzkeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 20, 7921–7925Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1989https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00202a037RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views597Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (636 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Absorption and intensity-dependent photoluminescence measurements on CdSe quantum dots: assignment of the first electronic transitions (1993)

CdSe is used as a prototype to show the implications of valence-band degeneracy for the optical properties of strongly quantum-confined nanocrystals. Absorption spectra and photoluminescence spectra obtained under intermediate and strong pulsed excitation show the presence of new structures. The energy levels for the electron and the hole are calculated with the spherical confinement, the nonparabolicity of the conduction band, and the valence band degeneracy taken into account. The oscillator strengths of the dipole-allowed transitions are also calculated. This model is found to be in good agreement with the experimental observations, which originate mainly from the quantization of the energy spectrum of holes with due account given to valence-band degeneracy.
Virological, Immune and Host genetics Markers in the Control of HIV Infection (2009)

HIV infection, if left untreated, leads in most cases to the development of wide immune deterioration, opportunistic infections and eventually AIDS and death. The identification of individuals who despite persisting infection show no or few signs of HIV disease progression has spurred hopes that an effective HIV vaccine could be attainable. The design of such a vaccine will greatly depend on the precise definition of disease markers, host genetic and immune characteristics that mediate relative in vivo control of this virus. Accordingly, a number of viral factors and host genetic characteristics have been shown to play a crucial role in the control of HIV disease by delaying progression to AIDS or even preventing infection. There is also an improved understanding of humoral and cellular immune responses in terms of specificity, functional repertoire, longevity and tissue distribution and their ability to contain HIV replication. However, the definition of good immune correlates unequivocally and causally associated with protection or disease progression remains elusive. Here we review work on viral factors, host genetic markers and immunological determinants that have been identified in individuals with superior control of HIV infection or in subjects who remain uninfected despite frequent exposure to the viral pathogen.
Targeting of T Lymphocytes to Melanoma Cells Through Chimeric Anti-GD3 Immunoglobulin T-Cell Receptors (2000)

Immunoglobulin T-cell receptors (IgTCRs) combine the specificity of antibodies with the potency of cellular killing by grafting antibody recognition domains onto TCR signaling chains. IgTCR-modified T cells are thus redirected to kill tumor cells based on their expression of intact antigen on cell surfaces, bypassing the normal mechanism of activation through TCR-peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) recognition. Melanoma is one of the most immunoresponsive of human cancers and has served as a prototype for the development of a number of immunotherapies. The target antigen for this study is the ganglioside GD3, which is highly expressed on metastatic melanoma with only minor immunologic cross-reaction with normal tissues. To determine an optimal configuration for therapy, four combinations of IgTCRs were prepared and studied: sFv-epsilon, sFv-zeta, Fab-epsilon, Fab-zeta. These were expressed on the surface of human T cells by retroviral transduction. IgTCR successfully redirected T-cell effectors in an MHC-unrestricted manner, in this case against a non-T-dependent antigen, with specific binding, activation, and cytotoxicity against GD3+ melanoma cells. Soluble GD3 in concentrations up to 100 microg/ml did not interfere with recognition and binding of membrane-bound antigen. Based on the outcomes of these structural and functional tests, the sFv-zeta construct was selected for clinical development. These results demonstrate key features that emphasize the potential of anti-GD3 IgTCR-modified autologous T cells for melanoma therapies.
Variation of Estimated Numbers of Milk Somatic Cells Stained with Wright's Stain or Pyronin Y – Methyl Green Stain (1963)

Summary The purpose of this research was to compare the variation of estimated numbers of somatic cells in milk stained with pyronin Y – methyl green with that of cells stained with Wright's stain. Pour Breed smears were made from each of 27 milk samples, including 14 mastitic samples. Two smears were stained with Wright's stain and two with pyronin Y – methyl green stain. The averages obtained (× 10 4 ) from duplicate determinations of agranulocytes, granulocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells, and total somatic cells were 8, 306, 314, 64, and 378, respectively, for Wright's stain; and 15, 344, 359, 63, and 422, respectively, for pyronin Y – methyl green stain. Although the epithelial cells were equally recognizable in the two stains, a considerable portion of the leucocytes was masked by the background of the smears prepared with Wright's stain. The pyronin Y – methyl green stain resulted in an approximate 25% reduction in smear variance and in an approximate 50% reduction in count variance when compared with Wright's stain. Expected 95% confidence intervals for determinations of mean cell numbers were computed from the estimated variance components with varying numbers of smears and counts. These values generally indicate that one should make approximately 200 smears from a milk sample to obtain a 95% confidence interval of approximately 50×10 4 cells per milliliter of milk. These data suggest that ways of reducing the error variance should be investigated.
Regional Sympathetic Effects of Low-Dose Clonidine in Heart Failure (2003)

This study examined the effects of low doses of intravenous clonidine on regional and global sympathetic nervous system activity in heart failure. In heart failure, adrenoceptor-blocking treatments have a limited sphere of activity. Centrally acting sympatholytic therapies should be further investigated, with a specific emphasis on targeting cardiac and renal sympathetic overactivity. In 10 patients with moderate-severe congestive heart failure, we examined the effect of intravenous clonidine on systemic, cardiac, and renal sympathetic activity and on brain monoamine turnover using the norepinephrine spillover method. In addition, we assessed the effect of clonidine on cardiac release of the sympathetic cotransmitter neuropeptide Y. A dose of 1 microg/kg of clonidine resulted in a fall in cardiac (326+/-73 to 160+/-40 pmol/min, P<0.001), renal (2.5+/-0.6 to 1.5+/-0.3 nmol/min, P=0.01), and global norepinephrine spillover (4.0+/-0.6 to 3.1+/-0.5 nmol/min, P<0.01), with a significantly disproportionate reduction in cardiac versus total-body sympathetic activity (P<0.05). No significant changes in cardiac neuropeptide Y release or in central monoamine turnover were demonstrated. Clonidine, at modest doses, significantly attenuates cardiac and renal sympathetic tone in heart failure. In addition to the beneficial effects of antiadrenergic therapy in the heart, the renal sympatholytic effect may counter the salt and water retention that is a hallmark of the condition.
HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI: DEPENDENCE ON SUBSTRATE LENGTH AND HOMOLOGY (1986)

We studied the in vivo recombination between homologous DNA sequences cloned in phage lambda and a pBR322-derived plasmid by assaying for the formation of phage-plasmid cointegrates by a single (or an odd number of) reciprocal exchange. (1) Recombination proceeds by the RecBC pathway in wild-type cells and by low levels of a RecF-dependent pathway in recBC- cells. The RecE pathway appears not to generate phage-plasmid cointegrates. (2) Recombination is linearly dependent on the length of the homologous sequences. In both RecBC and RecF-dependent pathways there is a minimal length, called the minimal efficient processing segment (MEPS), below which recombination becomes inefficient. The length of MEPS is between 23-27 base pairs (bp) and between 44-90 bp for the RecBC- and RecF-dependent pathways, respectively. A model, based on overlapping MEPS, of the correlation of genetic length with physical length is presented. The bases for the different MEPS length of the two pathways are discussed in relationship to the enzymes specific to each pathway. (3) The RecBC and the RecF-dependent pathways are each very sensitive to substrate homology. In wild-type E. coli, reduction of homology from 100% to 90% decreases recombinant frequency over 40-fold. The homology dependence of the RecBC and RecF-dependent pathways are similar. This suggests that a component common to both, probably recA, is responsible for the recognition of homology.