gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a Hybrid Optimization Method and Its Application to Ship Design Optimization (2002)

In this study, an efficient global optimization method called the 'hybrid optimization method' is proposed. This method combines a conventional genetic algorithm (GA) as a global optimizer and the method of feasible directions (MFD) as a local optimizer. The gradient information (or design sensitivity) obtained during global iterations by the GA is used for an efficient crossover. After the final global iteration by the GA, local optimization performed by the MFD may be used to further improve upon the final global iteration solution. A comparative test of the proposed hybrid optimization method is performed to evaluate its efficiency and accuracy. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a structural design optimization problem and ship design optimization problems. These applications showed that the proposed method is very efficient, robust, and reliable.
Syntheses and structures of lithium zirconates for high-temperature CO2 absorption (2012)

The sorption and further application of CO2 is a highlight in the field of environmental protection and sustainable development. Lithium-containing zirconates (LixZryOz) are promising materials for high-temperature chemisorption of CO2 and have attracted tremendous interest. This review presents discussion on the recent status of LixZryOz based CO2 sorbents at high temperature. Special attention is focused on the solid state chemistry, synthetic strategies, high-temperature CO2 capture–regeneration properties and possible sorption mechanisms for LixZryOz with different Li/Zr ratios, including Li2ZrO3, Li6Zr2O7, Li8ZrO6, and Li2ZrO3 doping with alkali metals.
Spatial Interferer Rejection in a Four-Element Beamforming Receiver Front-End With a Switched-Capacitor Vector Modulator (2011)

A 1-4-GHz 4-element phased array receiver front-end demonstrates spatial interferer rejection using null steering. Element phase and amplitude control are performed by a switched-capacitor vector modulator with integrated downconversion, utilizing a rational sine/cosine approximation. The 65-nm CMOS receiver achieves more than 20 dB of spatial interferer rejection up to an angular separation of 15°.
Small molecule antagonists of the LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction as potential therapeutic agents (2001)

The interaction between leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), a member of β2 integrin family, and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) plays a critical role in mediating cell adhesion, leukocyte transmigration and augmentation of T-cell receptor signalling. Small molecule antagonists of LFA-1/ICAM-1 represent a new therapeutic area for treatment of diseases such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and ischaemic reperfusion injury. The rapid development of this field is evidenced by the increasing numbers of patents filed and numbers of promising preclinical compounds which have emerged in recent years. Most patents claiming LFA-1/ICAM-1-mediated adhesion inhibitors between January 1999 and April 2001 concerned small molecule inhibitors. This review focuses on the novel composition of matter patents in the area of small molecule LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction antagonists. The mechanism of action for some molecules that inhibit this set of protein-protein interaction will also be discussed.
Positive-negative turbulence-free ghost imaging experiments (2012)

Experiments were performed at the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) that observed turbulence-free positive and negative thermal light ghost images from independently recorded event histories of a “bucket” photo-detector and a charged coupled device (CCD) array. The positive (negative) ghost images were computed from the “bucket” detector counts which were above (below) their means, and the ghost images were not degraded by the turbulence. This paper provides a quantum interference model which effectively explains how the “bucket” photon counts yield positive or negative ghost images with a distant CCD array.
Clinical value of preoperative drug application combined with laparoscopic conservative surgery on ectopic pregnancy (2013)

Objective To investigate the clinical value of preoperative intramuscular injection of methotrexate(MTX) and oral taken of mifepristone combined with laparoscopic conservative surgery on unruptured ectopic pregnancy.Methods The clinical data of 40 ectopic pregnancy cases who require reproductive function treated in the first affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou university from 2011 January.to 2012 April were retrospectively analzed.And they were divided into the therapeutic group(20 cases) and control group(20 cases).The patients in the therapeutic group were treated with preoperative application of MTX and mifepristone combined with laparoscopic conservative surgery,the patients in control group were treated with laparoscopic conservative surgery only.The amount of intraoperative bleeding,operation time,decreasing rate of serum human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG) at the postoperative fourth day and incidence of postoperative intrauterine pregnancy in the two groups were compared.Results Compared with the control group,the amount of intraoperative bleeding and operation time in the therapeutic group decreased significantly,decreasing rate of serum HCG at the postoperative fourth day and incidence of postoperative intrauterine pregnancy increased significantly,the difference was significant(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Preoperative application of MTX and mifepristone combined with laparoscopic conservative operation in the treatment of unruptured ectopic pregnancy showed good curative effect and quick recovery,and it had important clinical value.It can be used as a routine preoperative medication.

Key words: 
Laparoscope; Methotrexate; Mifepristone; Ectopic pregnancy
Analysis of Nicotine and Nicotine-Related Compounds in Electronic Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2017)

Summary The objective of this study was to develop and validate an analytical method for determining nicotine and nicotine related compounds (i.e., nicotine- N -oxide, cotinine, nornicotine, anatabine, myosmine, anabasine, and β-nicotyrine) in e-cigarette aerosols and e-liquids. Aerosol collection was achieved using a Cambridge collection pad. The sample preparation consisted of adding deuterated internal standards to the collection pad and extracting with 100 mM ammonium acetate solution using a wrist-action shaker. The filtrate was then analyzed by LC-MS/MS using a Gemini NX C 18 column (3 μm, 150 × 3 mm) with a mobile phase gradient system consisting of acetonitrile and 10% acetonitrile in 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate (pH = 8.0) and electrospray ionization (ESI) in the positive mode. The e-liquid was analyzed using the same instrumental parameters, but simplifying the sample preparation procedure by adding deuterated internal standards directly to the 100-mg sample. The sample was then extracted with 100 mM ammonium acetate solution, sonicated, and filtered. In this study, the method’s accuracy, robustness, and reliability were enhanced by using deuterated analogues of each compound as internal standards and by applying two ion-transition pairs for each compound for the confirmation and quantification. Validation experiments demonstrated good sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility. All the target compound calibrations exhibited satisfactory linearity from 0.050 to 5.0 mg/mL (r 2 &gt; 0.995). The average recoveries for e-liquids varied from 85.2% (nicotine- N -oxide) to 110% (β-nicotyrine) with recoveries for all compounds exhibiting a coefficient of variation (CV) &lt; 5.0%. Similarly, the average recoveries for e-cigarette aerosols varied from 87.8% (for nicotine- N -oxide) to 111% (for myosmine) with all CV &lt; 8.8%. The LOD and LOQ for e-liquids for all target compounds ranged from 0.234 and 0.781 μg/g (cotinine) to 1.66 and 5.48 μg/g (nicotine- N oxide). For e-cigarette aerosols these limits ranged from 0.094 and 0.312 μg/collection (cotinine) to 0.872 and 2.87 μg/collection (nicotine- N -oxide). This methodology was used to quantitatively determine if any of the target compounds were present in a variety of sample matrices, including e-cigarette solutions and aerosols, and was successfully applied to stability studies, to monitor changes in the target compound levels which might be caused by e-cigarette formulations, components and the storage conditions.
Germinal center cells express bcl‐2 protein after activation by signals which prevent their entry into apoptosis (1991)

B cells undergo selection within germinal centers on the basis of their capacity to be activated by antigen held on follicular dendritic cells. Isolated germinal center B cells in culture kill themselves by apoptosis but this is prevented if their receptors for antigen are cross-linked. In this study it is confirmed that almost all germinal center B cells, unlike other B cells, do not express the 25-kDa protein encoded by the bcl-2 oncogene. Cross-linking the surface Ig of isolated germinal center cells causes them to express bcl-2 protein. Two other stimuli which inhibit the entry of germinal center cells to apoptosis result in the expression of bcl-2 protein. These stimuli are: (a) CD40 antibody and (b) recombinant 25-kDa fragment of the CD23 protein plus recombinant interleukin 1 alpha. Respectively, these induce germinal center cells to differentiate to resting B cells or plasmablasts. Dual-fluorescence studies on small lymphocytes confirm the presence of bcl-2 protein in mitochondria but show that this is also present in other extra-nuclear areas. Burkitt lymphoma cells have a phenotype which indicates that they are neoplastic cells of germinal center origin. The expression of bcl-2 protein by Burkitt lymphoma lines was also studied. Burkitt lines which retain the phenotype of fresh Burkitt lymphoma cells can be induced to enter apoptosis on culture with the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin. These cells were found not to express bcl-2 protein. By contrast, Burkitt lines which have drifted towards a lymphoblastoid cell line phenotype and are resistant to the induction of apoptosis express high levels of the bcl-2 protein. The findings support the concept that the susceptibility of germinal center cells to entering apoptosis is associated with their lack of expression of bcl-2 protein. Aberrant expression of bcl-2 protein by some neoplastic germinal center cells may allow survival in situations where their normal counterparts die.
Regulation of Sesquiterpene Cyclase Gene Expression (Characterization of an Elicitor- and Pathogen-Inducible Promoter) (1997)

The promoter for a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) sesquiterpene cyclase gene, a key regulatory step in sesquiterpene phytoalexin biosynthesis, has been analyzed. The EAS4 promoter was fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, and the temporal and spatial expression patterns of GUS activity were examined in stably transformed plants and in transient expression assays using electroporated protoplasts of tobacco. No GUS activity was observed in any tissues under normal growth conditions. A low level of GUS activity was detected in wounded leaf, root, and stem tissues, whereas a much higher level was observed when these tissues were challenged with elicitors or microbial pathogens. The GUS expression pattern directed by the EAS4 promoter was identical to the induction patterns observed for the endogenous sesquiterpene cyclase genes. Neither exogenous salicylic acid nor methyl jasmonate induced GUS expression; and H2O2 induced GUS expression to only a limited extent. Although the EAS4 promoter contains cis-sequences resembling previously identified transcriptional control motifs, other cis-sequences important for quantitative and qualitative gene expression were identified by deletion and gain-of-function analyses. The EAS4 promoter differs from previously described pathogen-/elicitor-inducible promoters because it only supports inducible gene expression and directs unique spatial expression patterns.
Enchanced accuracy of coliform testing in seawater by a modification of the most-probable-number method (1978)

A 1-year study of marine water sample from six beach locations showed that the most-probable-number method failed to recover significant numbers of coli-forms. Modifying this method by transferring, after 48 h, presumptive negatives (growth and no gas production) to confirmed and fecal coliform media significantly improved recovery. Tests which were presumptive negative but confirmed as fecal coliform positive were designated as false negatives. Most-probable-number method false negatives occurred throughout the year, with 143 of 270 samples collected producing false negatives. More than 50% of fecal coliform false-negative isolates were Escherichia coli. Inclusion of false-negative tubes into the coliform most-probable-number method data resulted in increased violation of the California ocean water contact sports standard at all sites. More than 20% of the samples collected were in violation of this standard. These data indicate that modification of the most-probable-number method increases detection of coliform numbers in the marine environment.
SHIP deficiency enhances HSC proliferation and survival but compromises homing and repopulation (2006)

The SH2 domain-containing inositol 5'-phosphatase-1 (SHIP) has the potential to modulate multiple signaling pathways downstream of receptors that impact hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) biology. Therefore, we postulated that SHIP might play an important role in HSC homeostasis and function. Consistent with this hypothesis, HSC proliferation and numbers are increased in SHIP(-/-) mice. Despite expansion of the compartment, SHIP(-/-) HSCs exhibit reduced capacity for long-term repopulation. Interestingly, we observe that SHIP(-/-) stem/progenitor cells home inefficiently to bone marrow (BM), and consistent with this finding, have reduced surface levels of both CXCR4 and vascular cell adhesion marker-1 (VCAM-1). These studies demonstrate that SHIP is critical for normal HSC function, homeostasis, and homing.
Alpha 1-receptors at pre-capillary resistance vessels of the human nasal mucosa. (1997)

The aim of the present study was to further characterise the alpha-adrenoceptors in pre-capillary arteries of the human nasal mucosa. Mucosa was obtained from patients undergoing endonasal surgery. From the isolated conchae small arteries (diameter: 90-220 microns) were dissected, avoiding any direct traumatisation. The arteries were mounted to a Mulvany-Halpern wire myograph allowing isometric registration of the vessel constriction. Receptor subtypes were characterised using the agonists noradrenaline, phenylephrine and oxymetazoline, and the antagonists prazosine and yohimbine. The EC50 values of the three agonists were in the micromolar range, whereas the Emax values differed. When maximal responses to the agonists were expressed as a percentage of a potassium-induced constriction, values for noradrenaline, phenylephrine and oxymetazoline amounted to 110%, 78% and 21%, respectively. The agonist effects were almost completely blocked by the alpha 1-receptor antagonist prazosine, whereas yohimbine, the alpha 2-receptor antagonist, did not affect the agonist responses. From these results it is concluded that the adrenoceptors in pre-capillary arteries of the mucosa in human central concha are of the alpha-type. Since the decongestive effect of alpha 2-receptor agonists is beyond any doubt, this subtype of the adrenoceptor must be present on the venous capacitance vessels.
Synthesis of DNA Oligomers Possessing a Covalently Cross-Linked Watson-Crick Base Pair Model Financial support from the National Institutes of Health (Grant: NS 12108) is gratefully acknowledged. (2001)

Building bridges: A feasible solid-phase synthesis of antiparallel n-, h-, and H-type DNA oligomers has been demonstrated. The oligomers possess a CH<sub>2</sub> -bridged base-pair model that should be conformationally flexible, even after base pairing.
Gaze classification on a mobile device by using deep belief networks (2015)

In this paper, we introduce a gaze classification method which classifies the locations of human gaze on a display of a mobile device. For example, when the user see the upper part of a display, our method classifies the gaze as the upper part among the available choices: upper, middle, and lower parts of the display. Our method uses appearance-based gaze estimation and gray-scale images captured from a camera of a mobile device. This method does not require any personal calibration. We train gaze classifiers by using Deep Belief Networks with considering head poses in general environments for a mobile device. The gaze classification method is applied to human-computer interaction and various application programs.
The Covalent Linkage of Secretory Component to IgA. Structure of sIgA (1993)

Immunoglobulin A which is secreted into external fluids is synthesized in plasma cells as an (IgA)2-J-chain complex. This complex docks on to the polyimmunoglobulin receptor which is located at the basolateral surface of epithelial cells. After docking the (IgA)2-J-receptor complex is internalized and processed. The polyimmunoglobulin receptor loses its C-terminal tail and thus becomes the secretory component. This secretory component is then covalently linked to the (IgA)2-J-chain complex by a disulfide bond, and protects the so formed sIgA from denaturation and proteolysis in external fluids. In order to establish this disulfide bond between IgA and the secretory component, sIgA, purified from human colostrum, was subjected to several enzymatic and chemical fragmentation reactions. One of the resulting polypeptides allowed us to characterize the covalent linkage of the secretory component to IgA in sIgA. IgA was found to be covalently linked to the secretory piece by a single disulfide bond between Cys 311 of one alpha-chain and Cys 467 of the secretory component. Cys 501 of the secretory component and Cys 311 of the other alpha-chain are blocked by cysteines. With this last paper of a series the structure of an entire sIgA molecule has been elucidated.
Effects of ipsapirone and cannabidiol on human experimental anxiety (1993)

The effects of ipsapirone and cannabidiol (CBD) on healthy volunteers submitted to a simulated public speaking (SPS) test were compared with those of the anxiolytic benzodiazepine diazepam and placebo. Four independent groups of 10 subjects received, under a double-blind design, placebo or one of the following drugs: CBD (300 mg), diazepam (10 mg) or ipsapirone (5 mg). Subjective anxiety was evaluated through the Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS) and the State-trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The VAMS anxiety factor showed that ipsapirone attenuated SPS-induced anxiety while CBD decreased anxiety after the SPS test. Diazepam, on the other hand, was anxiolytic before and after the SPS test, but had no effect on the increase in anxiety induced by the speech test. Only ipsapirone attenuated the increase in systolic blood pressure induced by the test. Significant sedative effects were only observed with diazepam. The results suggest that ipsapirone and CBD have anxiolytic properties in human volunteers submitted to a stressful situation.
The effects of surface chemistry and adsorbed proteins on monocyte/macrophage adhesion to chemically modified polystyrene surfaces (2001)

Monocytes and macrophages play critical roles in inflammatory responses to implanted biomaterials. Monocyte adhesion may lead to macrophage activation and the foreign body response. We report that surface chemistry, preadsorbed proteins, and adhesion time all play important roles during monocyte adhesion in vitro. The surface chemistry of tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS), polystyrene, Primaria, and ultra low attachment (ULA) used for adhesion studies was characterized by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Fibrinogen adsorption measured by (125)I-labeled fibrinogen was the lowest on ULA, higher on TCPS, and the highest on polystyrene or Primaria. Monocyte adhesion on protein preadsorbed surfaces for 2 h or 1 day was measured with a lactate-dehydrogenase method. Monocyte adhesion decreased over time. The ability of preadsorbed proteins to modulate monocyte adhesion was surface dependent. Adhesion was the lowest on ULA, higher and similar on TCPS or polystyrene, and the highest on Primaria. Monocyte adhesion on plasma or fibrinogen adsorbed surfaces correlated positively and linearly to the amount of adsorbed fibrinogen. Preadsorbed fibronectin, immunoglobulin G, plasma, or serum also promoted adhesion compared with albumin preadsorbed or uncoated surfaces. Overall, biomaterial surface chemistry, the type and amount of adsorbed proteins, and adhesion time all affected monocyte adhesion in vitro.
Sequence analysis of the gtfB gene from Streptococcus mutans (1987)

The nucleotide sequence of the gtfB gene from Streptococcus mutans GS-5, coding for glucosyltransferase I activity, was determined. The gene codes for a strongly hydrophilic protein with a molecular size of 165,800 daltons. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed a typical gram-positive bacterial signal sequence at the NH2 terminus of the protein and 3.5 direct repeating units (each containing 65 amino acids) at the COOH terminus. Nucleotide sequencing of the region immediately downstream from the gtfB gene revealed the presence of a putative gene coding for an extracellular protein. This open reading frame is partially homologous to the gtfB gene.
Study on the Effect of Platinum Catalyst for the Synthesis of Polydimethylsiloxane Grafted with Polyoxyethylene (2007)

Abstract: Polydimethylsiloxane grafted with polyoxyethylene (PDMS-g-POE) was synthesized by the hydro-silylation reactions in the presence of various platinum-based catalysts. The hydrosilylation reactions also gave small amount of side products such as propionaldehyde and isomers of unsaturated polyoxyethylene. When the reactivities of catalytic systems including Speier’s, Lamoreaux’s, and Karstedt’s catalyst and platinum ad-sorbed on carbon (Pt/C) were compared based on the amount of platinum, Speier’s catalyst was found to be the most effective in the hydrosilylation reaction and Pt/C showed extremely low reactivity compared to three oth-er catalytic systems.
Formation of Multilayers on Glassy Carbon Electrodes via the Reduction of Diazonium Salts (2001)

The functionalization of carbon electrodes with aryl films can be achieved via the electrochemical reduction of the corresponding diazonium salt. We have previously shown that this deposition procedure will produce multilayer films on ordered graphite under certain conditions. We examine here the formation of multilayer films on glassy carbon (GC) electrodes by potential step electrolysis of diazonium salts for longer periods of time. The deposition of diethylaniline (DEA) is tracked with the use of infrared reflectance absorption spectroscopy and scanning force microscopy. DEA is continually deposited over a 30 min potential step and the film thickness approaches 20 nm. Phenylacetic acid and nitrophenyl films that are 15−25 nm thick can also be deposited in this way. We also find that, despite the presence of a relatively thick DEA film on a GC electrode, electron transfer to benchmark redox systems is not completely blocked. We attribute the compromised blocking to a high density of defects in the film structure.