gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Matching of multiple-wafer steppers for 0.35-μm lithography using advanced optimization schemes (1993)

Lithographic equipment for processes with 0.35 micrometers design rules is becoming available. One of the critical questions is which imaging technology will be used to define the required small feature size. Another question, frequently underestimated, is how to achieve the required overlay requirement of 120 nm between randomly chosen machines. A general methodology to maintain the matched machine overlay has been reported earlier. However, since it is believed that a mix of lithographic tools will be used at 0.35 micrometers , namely DUV and i-line, the task of multiple machine matching is even more challenging: the overlay has to be maintained between two different types of steppers. The lens matching required--also between DUV and i- line lenses--is found to be 70 nm. In this paper we will report on the matched overlay performance of 14 machines, resulting in data from 52 matched random pairs of both DUV and i-line ASML steppers. The matching methodology is optimized to maintain optimum performance between random pairs of machines. This includes the use of reference wafers, matching simulation and stepper selection. Furthermore, we investigated different matching mathematics and their influence on matching performance. We show that the 120 nm overlay requirement can be achieved using multiple machines in a production environment. The paper concludes with a device overlay budget analysis.
Protein Kinase C μ Is Regulated by the Multifunctional Chaperon Protein p32 (2000)

We identified the multifunctional chaperon protein p32 as a protein kinase C (PKC)-binding protein interacting with PKCalpha, PKCzeta, PKCdelta, and PKC mu. We have analyzed the interaction of PKC mu with p32 in detail, and we show here in vivo association of PKC mu, as revealed from yeast two-hybrid analysis, precipitation assays using glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins, and reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation. In SKW 6.4 cells, PKC mu is constitutively associated with p32 at mitochondrial membranes, evident from colocalization with cytochrome c. p32 interacts with PKC mu in a compartment-specific manner, as it can be coimmunoprecipitated mainly from the particulate and not from the soluble fraction, despite the presence of p32 in both fractions. Although p32 binds to the kinase domain of PKC mu, it does not serve as a substrate. Interestingly, PKC mu-p32 immunocomplexes precipitated from the particulate fraction of two distinct cell lines, SKW 6.4 and 293T, show no detectable substrate phosphorylation. In support of a kinase regulatory function of p32, addition of p32 to in vitro kinase assays blocked, in a dose-dependent manner, aldolase but not autophosphorylation of PKC mu, suggesting a steric hindrance of substrate within the kinase domain. Together, these findings identify p32 as a novel, compartment-specific regulator of PKC mu kinase activity.
Extending the Number of Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) Link State PDU (LSP) Fragments Beyond the 256 Limit (2004)

This document describes a mechanism that allows a system to originate more than 256 Link State PDU (LSP) fragments, a limit set by the original Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) Routing protocol, as described in ISO/IEC 10589. This mechanism can be used in IP-only, OSI-only, and dual routers.
Molecular Cloning and Expression of Human xCT, the Light Chain of Amino Acid Transport System x c ¯ (2000)

Transport of system xc- is an exchange agency with high specificity for anionic form of cystine and glutamate. The protein mediating this transport is a disulfide-linked heterodimer of a light chain named xCT and a heavy chain previously known as 4F2hc. We have isolated two cDNAs encoding xCT from the human cDNA library. One clone coded for a protein of 501 amino acids with 12 putative transmembrane domains. When functionally expressed in Xenopus oocytes together with the human 4F2hc, human xCT induced the transport activity whose characteristics are similar to those of system xc-. Another clone seemed to contain a partial human xCT and a long 3' untranslated region. The human xCT gene was localized at chromosome 4q28-31. Analysis of the 5'-flanking region of the human xCT gene revealed several sites for potentially binding of transcriptional factors, including NF-E2 and AP-1. Transport of cystine via system xc- has been known as a regulatory factor for the intracellular glutathione level, and its transport activity is induced in response to the oxygen tension in culture. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the expression of both xCT and 4F2hc was significantly enhanced by oxygen. The results suggest that oxygen regulates the activity of system xc- by modulating the expression of both xCT and 4F2hc mRNAs.
TRs Have Common and Isoform-Specific Functions in Regulation of the Cardiac Myosin Heavy Chain Genes (2001)

TRalpha1 and TRbeta mediate the regulatory effects of T3 and have profound effects on the cardiovascular system. We have analyzed the expression of the cardiac myosin heavy chain (MyHC) genes alpha and beta in mouse strains deficient for one or several TR genes to identify specific regulatory functions of TRalpha1 and TRbeta. The results show that TRalpha1 deficiency, which slows the heart rate, causes chronic overexpression of MyHCbeta. However, MyHCbeta was still suppressible by T3 in both TRalpha1- and TRbeta-deficient mice, indicating that either receptor can mediate repression of MyHCbeta. T3-dependent induction of the positively regulated MyHCalpha gene was similar in both TRalpha1- and TRbeta-deficient mice. The data identify a specific role for TRalpha1 in the negative regulation of MyHCbeta, whereas TRalpha1 and TRbeta appear interchangeable for hormone-dependent induction of MyHCalpha. This suggests that TR isoforms exhibit distinct specificities in the genes that they regulate within a given tissue type. Thus, dysregulation of MyHCbeta is likely to contribute to the critical role of TRalpha1 in cardiac function.
Adenovirus E1B 19-kilodalton protein overcomes the cytotoxicity of E1A proteins (1991)

Infection with adenovirus mutants carrying either point mutations or deletions in the coding region for the 19-kDa E1B gene product (19K protein) causes degradation of host cell and viral DNAs (deg phenotype) and enhanced cytopathic effect (cyt phenotype). Therefore, one function of the E1B 19K protein is to protect nuclear DNA integrity and preserve cytoplasmic architecture during productive adenovirus infection. When placed in the background of a virus incapable of expressing a functional E1A gene product, however, E1B 19K gene mutations do not result in the appearance of the cyt and deg phenotypes. This demonstrated that expression of the E1A proteins was responsible for inducing the appearance of the cyt and deg phenotypes. By constructing a panel of viruses possessing E1A mutations spanning each of the three E1A conserved regions in conjunction with E1B 19K gene mutations, we mapped the induction of the cyt and deg phenotypes to the amino-terminal region of E1A. Viruses that fail to express conserved region 3 (amino acids 140 to 185) and/or 2, (amino acids 121 to 185) or nonconserved sequences between conserved regions 2 and 1 of E1A (amino acids 86 to 120) were still capable of inducing cyt and deg. This indicated that activities associated with these regions, such as transactivation and binding to the product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene, were dispensable for induction of E1A-dependent cytotoxic effects. In contrast, deletion of sequences in the amino terminus of E1A (amino acids 22 to 107) resulted in extragenic suppression of the cyt and deg phenotypes. Therefore, a function affected by deletion of amino acids 22 to 86 of E1A is responsible for exerting cytotoxic effects in virally infected cells. Furthermore, transient high-level expression of the E1A region using a cytomegalovirus promoter plasmid expression vector was sufficient to induce the cyt and deg phenotypes, demonstrating that E1A expression alone is sufficient to exert these cytotoxic effects and that other viral gene products are not involved. Finally, placing E1A expression under the control of a strong promoter did not alter the requirement for E1B in the transformation of primary cells. One possibility is that the E1B 19K protein is required to overcome the cytotoxic effects of E1A protein expression and thereby enable primary cells to become transformed.
Quantitative expression profile of androgen-regulated genes in prostate cancer cells and identification of prostate-specific genes (2001)

Quantitative expression profile of androgen-regulated genes (ARGs) was evaluated in the hormone-responsive prostate cancer cell line LNCaP by serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). A total of 83,489 SAGE tags representing 23,448 known genes or expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and 1,655 potentially novel sequences have unraveled the transcriptome of LNCaP cells, the most common cell line used in prostate cancer research. Comparison of transcripts between control and R1881-treated LNCaP cells revealed the induction of 136 genes and repression of 215 genes in response to androgen (p < 0.05). Strikingly, a high fraction ( approximately 90%) of ARGs identified in our study has not been described as ARGs previously. A number of prostate-specific transcription factors were among the ARGs identified here. Classification of the ARGs on the basis of biochemical functions revealed that a great majority of ARGs identified in our experimental system appear to be involved in regulation of transcription, splicing, ribosomal biogenesis, mitogenesis, bioenergetics and redox processes. One of the novel aspects of androgen signaling included androgen regulation of genes involved in DNA repair/recombination process. By comparing our LNCaP-C and LNCaP-T SAGE libraries with SAGE tag libraries available at the NCBI-SAGE website, we have identified >200 potential prostate specific/abundant transcripts. The discovery of new prostate-specific genes and ARGs provides a unique opportunity to determine the role of these genes in prostate cell growth, differentiation and tumorigenesis.
Speed-Range-Based Optimization of Nonlinear Electromagnetic Braking Systems (2007)

Utilization of eddy-current braking systems has been on the rise due to their technical advantages. Numerous studies have been performed to analyze the performance of these systems. Such studies demonstrated the effect of different parameters on their performance such as magnetic properties as well as braking speed range. This paper presents a particle swarm optimization evolutionary methodology for nonlinear electromagnetic eddy-current braking systems. Using this methodology, a configuration yielding minimum braking distance for a body decelerating from a given speed may be predicted. Details of the methodology and sample simulation results are given in this paper
Human cancers converge at the HIF-2α oncogenic axis (2009)

Cancer development is a multistep process, driven by a series of genetic and environmental alterations, that endows cells with a set of hallmark traits required for tumorigenesis. It is broadly accepted that growth signal autonomy, the first hallmark of malignancies, can be acquired through multiple genetic mutations that activate an array of complex, cancer-specific growth circuits [Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2000) The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100:57-70; Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (2004) Cancer genes and the pathways they control. Nat Med 10:789-799]. The superfluous nature of these pathways is thought to severely limit therapeutic approaches targeting tumor proliferation, and it has been suggested that this strategy be abandoned in favor of inhibiting more systemic hallmarks, including angiogenesis (Ellis LM, Hicklin DJ (2008) VEGF-targeted therapy: Mechanisms of anti-tumor activity. Nat Rev Cancer 8:579-591; Stommel JM, et al. (2007) Coactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases affects the response of tumor cells to targeted therapies. Science 318:287-290; Kerbel R, Folkman J (2002) Clinical translation of angiogenesis inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer 2:727-739; Kaiser J (2008) Cancer genetics: A detailed genetic portrait of the deadliest human cancers. Science 321:1280-1281]. Here, we report the unexpected observation that genetically diverse cancers converge at a common and obligatory growth axis instigated by HIF-2alpha, an element of the oxygen-sensing machinery. Inhibition of HIF-2alpha prevents the in vivo growth and tumorigenesis of highly aggressive glioblastoma, colorectal, and non-small-cell lung carcinomas and the in vitro autonomous proliferation of several others, regardless of their mutational status and tissue of origin. The concomitant deactivation of select receptor tyrosine kinases, including the EGFR and IGF1R, as well as downstream ERK/Akt signaling, suggests that HIF-2alpha exerts its proliferative effects by endorsing these major pathways. Consistently, silencing these receptors phenocopies the loss of HIF-2alpha oncogenic activity, abrogating the serum-independent growth of human cancer cells in culture. Based on these data, we propose an alternative to the predominant view that cancers exploit independent autonomous growth pathways and reveal HIF-2alpha as a potentially universal culprit in promoting the persistent proliferation of neoplastic cells.
Heparan sulfate proteoglycan as a cell-surface endocytosis receptor (2013)

How various macromolecules are exchanged between cells and how they gain entry into recipient cells are fundamental questions in cell biology with important implications e.g. non-viral drug delivery, infectious disease, metabolic disorders, and cancer. The role of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) as a cell-surface receptor of diverse macromolecular cargo has recently been manifested. Exosomes, cell penetrating peptides, polycation-nucleic acid complexes, viruses, lipoproteins, growth factors and morphogens among other ligands enter cells through HSPG-mediated endocytosis. Key questions that partially have been unraveled over recent years include the respective roles of HSPG core protein and HS chain structure specificity for macromolecular cargo endocytosis, the down-stream intracellular signaling events involved in HSPG-dependent membrane invagination and vesicle formation, and the biological significance of the HSPG transport pathway. Here, we discuss the intriguing role of HSPGs as a major entry pathway of macromolecules in mammalian cells with emphasis on recent in vitro and in vivo data that provide compelling evidence of HSPG as an autonomous endocytosis receptor.
Insights into prevention of human neural tube defects by folic acid arising from consideration of mouse mutants (2008)

Almost 30 years after the initial study by Richard W. Smithells and coworkers, it is still unknown how maternal periconceptional folic acid supplementation prevents human neural tube defects (NTDs). In this article, questions about human NTD prevention are considered in relation to three groups of mouse models: NTD mutants that respond to folate, NTD mutants and strains that do not respond to folate, and mutants involving folate-pathway genes. Of the 200 mouse NTD mutants, only a few have been tested with folate; half respond and half do not. Among responsive mutants, folic acid supplementation reduces exencephaly and/or spina bifida aperta frequency in the Sp(2H), Sp, Cd, Cited2, Cart1, and Gcn5 mutants. Prevention ranges from 35 to 85%. The responsive Sp(2H) (Pax3) mutant has abnormal folate metabolism, but the responsive Cited2 mutant does not. Neither folic nor folinic acid reduces NTD frequency in Axd, Grhl3, Fkbp8, Map3k4, or Nog mutants or in the curly tail or SELH/Bc strains. Spina bifida frequency is reduced in Axd by methionine and in curly tail by inositol. Exencephaly frequency is reduced in SELH/Bc by an alternative commercial ration. Mutations in folate-pathway genes do not cause NTDs, except for 30% exencephaly in folate-treated Folr1. Among folate-pathway mutants, neural tube closure is normal in Cbs, Folr2, Mthfd1, Mthfd2, Mthfr, and Shmt1 mutants. Embryos die by midgestation in Folr1, Mtr, Mtrr, and RFC1 mutants. The mouse models point to genetic heterogeneity in the ability to respond to folic acid and also to heterogeneity in genetic cause of NTDs that can be prevented by folic acid.
Assessment of Plasma Proteomics Biomarker’s Ability to Distinguish Benign From Malignant Lung Nodules (2018)

ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT01752114; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Status of sacral neuromodulation for refractory constipation (2011)

The use of SNM in the treatment of idiopathic constipation is still in its early phase and while the available efficacy and safety data are limited, they show promising results. As there are few alternatives for this difficult patient group, it is worth offering a percutaneous nerve evaluation (PNE) test, which is known to be a good predictor of postimplant treatment success.
Simulation, Design, Fabrication, and Testing of a MEMS Resettable Circuit Breaker (2014)

We describe a novel concept for a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resettable circuit breaker. The concept involves fabricating the circuit breaker and the reset switch using a single microcantilever. The MEMS resettable circuit breaker consists of a microcantilever that is pulled toward the bottom electrode by electrostatic actuation. The MEMS cantilever also has a thermal heater, and when a current passes through the heater, it overcomes the electrostatic actuation force thereby disconnecting the circuit. A detailed finite element analysis using thermal-electric-structural multiphysics phenomena was studied. Electrostatic-structural coupled-field analysis shows the circuit breaker switch has a pull-in voltage of about 31 V for a singlecrystal Si cantilever with a thickness of 2 μm, a length of 1000 μm, and a width of 500 μm. Thermal-electric coupledfield analysis shows the switch maximum temperature is 80.5 °C at a 50-mA current flow. Thermal-electric-structural sequential analysis shows the cantilever tip has a maximum upward displacement of 0.3 μm, which is just enough to open the switch. The impact of the initial film stress in the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> insulation layer was also simulated, and the results show that the film stress has a significant impact on the initial cantilever position after release. Fabrication of the chips was done using two wafers, a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer, and a double-side polished silicon wafer. The SOI wafer device silicon layer was selected as cantilever material. Platinum was selected as heater material and chrome-gold was selected for bonding, trace, and electrostatic electrodes. Electrical testing results confirmed the proposed and simulated operation principle of the MEMS resettable circuit breaker. The results showed that the switch achieved good contact at an electrostatic switch-ON voltage of about 55 V. The measured circuit breaker current threshold is in the range of 45-55 mA.
Alteration in spleen lymphoid populations associated with specific amino acid depletion during L-asparaginase treatment. (1982)

Treatment with antileukemic asparaginases isolated from Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora is accompanied by pronounced toxicity and immunosuppression. The capability of these enzymes to hydrolyze L-glutamine and to limit serum levels of this amino acid as well as asparagine has led investigators to hypothesize that glutaminase activity may be responsible for the side effects observed during treatment. We have isolated a glutaminase-free asparaginase with potent antilymphoma activity from Vibrio succinogenes . With the use of this enzyme, we have demonstrated that asparagine depletion alone does not result in suppression of humoral or cell-mediated responses after immunization with sheep red blood cells. In contrast, treatment with E. coli asparaginase abolishes these immune responses. In the present study, we investigated the effects of specific amino acid depletion resulting from asparaginase treatment on spleen histology and lymphocyte populations. Administration by i.p. injection of 50 IU of E. coli asparaginase per day for 4 days resulted in a marked reduction in the size of lymphoid follicles within the spleen concomitant with reduced germinal centers. There appeared to be a significant change in reactivity of the germinal centers, evidenced by a decrease in immunoblasts (B-cells). These findings were confirmed by a sensitive peroxidase-antiperoxidase staining procedure for immunoglobulin-containing cells. Examination of lymphocyte subpopulations within the spleen revealed that there was nearly a 40% decrease in the percentage of Slg-bearing cells accompanied by an increase in the ratio of Thy 1,2-bearing cells. The ratio of Lyt-2 to Lyt-1 cells was unchanged as compared to control animals. The data support the hypothesis that glutamine or glutamine combined with asparagine depletion resulting from the treatment of E. coli asparaginase causes a marked decrease in spleen lymphocytes of the B-cell lineage. In contrast, asparagine deprivation alone, caused by the administration of the glutaminase-free asparaginase from V. succinogenes , does not affect spleen histology or lymphocyte marker distribution. Thus, the asparaginase from V. succinogenes should serve as an effective antileukemic agent without causing deleterious effects on the immune system.
Rule-based semantic summarization of instructional videos (2003)

We present a new content-based approach to summarize instructional videos. We first redefine "scene" in instructional videos. Focusing on one dominant scene type, that of handwritten lecture notes, we define semantic content as "ink pixels", and present a low-level retrieval technique to extract this content from each frame with consideration of various occlusion and illumination effects. "Key frames" in this video genre are redefined as a set of frames that cover the semantic content, and the fluctuating amount of visible ink is used to drive a heuristic real-time key frame extraction method. A rule-based method is also provided to synchronize key frames with audio. We extend our method to the extraction of key frame hierarchies. We show its application to a 17-minute (30K frames) instructional video sequence, resulting in seven key frames. These techniques create tunable instructional summaries over a wide and dynamically varying range of compression factors.
Graft tension in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (1987)

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of initial tensioning on the outcome of reconstruction of the ACL. The ACLs of 15 adult mongrel dogs were excised and reconstructed. In the first five dogs, the ACLs of both knees were reconstructed using the medial one-third of the patellar tendon. The graft was fixed under a tension of 1 N (0.22 pounds) in one knee and 39 N (8.8 pounds) in the opposite knee. In the remainder of the dogs, the reconstructions were augmented with Dacron prostheses. Tensioning of both graft components in the augmented reconstructions was either with 1 N in one knee and 39 N in the contralateral knee or disproportionate tensions of 1 N and 39 N applied to the autogenous material and to the prosthesis. Sacrifice was 3 months postsurgery and results were examined with microangiography/history and mechanical testing. In the reconstructions with the patellar tendon alone, the biologic study showed poor vascularity and focal myxoid degeneration within the graft pretensioned with a load of 39 N. In the augmented reconstructions, the knees in which both graft materials were fixed with 1 N tension showed the strongest and stiffest reconstruction at 3 months. The study suggests that minimal tension should be applied to the graft materials during surgical reconstruction of the ACL.