gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Force‐length characteristics of the in vivo human gastrocnemius muscle (2003)

In this study, the force-length characteristics of the in vivo medial (GM) and lateral (GL) heads of the human gastrocnemius muscle were estimated from measurements in eight healthy male subjects. This involved: 1) dynamometry-based measurements of the moment generated during maximal isometric plantar flexion; 2) ultrasound-based measurements of fascicular length and pennation angle; and 3) ultrasound-based calculations of moment arm lengths. All measurements were taken over the ankle angle range from 20 degrees of dorsiflexion to 30 degrees of plantar flexion. Tendon forces were calculated by dividing the moments recorded by the muscle moment arm lengths, and fascicular forces were calculated by dividing the tendon forces estimated by the cosine of pennation angle. In the transition from 30 degrees of plantar flexion to 20 degrees of dorsiflexion, the GM muscle fascicular length and force increased linearly from 24 to 39 mm and from 222 to 931 N, respectively. Over the same ankle angle range, the GL muscle fascicular length and force increased linearly from 30 to 47 mm and from 139 to 393 N, respectively. Estimates of the sarcomeric lengths corresponding to the fascicular lengths measured indicated that the two muscles operated in the range 1.4-2.2 microm, below the optimal length region for force generation according to the cross-bridge mechanism of contraction. These results indicate that the force-length relation of the in vivo human gastrocnemius muscle is limited to the ascending limb of the bell-shaped force-length curve obtained from experiments on isolated material.
Distributed intelligent agents (1996)

In Retsina, the authors have developed a distributed collection of software agents that cooperate asynchronously to perform goal-directed information retrieval and integration for supporting a variety of decision-making tasks. Examples for everyday organizational decision making and financial portfolio management demonstrate its effectiveness.
Reactivity of penta- and hexacoordinate silicon compounds and their role as reaction intermediates (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactivity of penta- and hexacoordinate silicon compounds and their role as reaction intermediatesClaude. Chuit, Robert J. P. Corriu, Catherine. Reye, and J. Colin. YoungCite this: Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 4, 1371–1448Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00020a003https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00020a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5760Altmetric-Citations1029LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An Analysis of Transformations (1964)

Summary In the analysis of data it is often assumed that observations y 1, y 2, …, yn are independently normally distributed with constant variance and with expectations specified by a model linear in a set of parameters θ. In this paper we make the less restrictive assumption that such a normal, homoscedastic, linear model is appropriate after some suitable transformation has been applied to the y's. Inferences about the transformation and about the parameters of the linear model are made by computing the likelihood function and the relevant posterior distribution. The contributions of normality, homoscedasticity and additivity to the transformation are separated. The relation of the present methods to earlier procedures for finding transformations is discussed. The methods are illustrated with examples.
Hydrogen Peroxide as an Alternative Hatching Egg Disinfectant (1991)

The present study examined the effectiveness of H2O2 at different concentrations to disinfect broiler hatching eggshell surfaces and to maintain hatching potential. Under pure culture conditions, .50% H2O2 yielded over a 6 log kill in 30 s of three potential eggshell bacterial contaminants. Under higher H2O2 demands, such as occurs on eggshell surfaces, H2O2 concentrations of 5% (vol/vol) were required to disinfect the shell surfaces (approximately 5 log reduction). Hatchability of fertile eggs from a 44-wk-old flock was significantly increased by 2% following spraying 5% H2O2 in comparison to untreated controls. Level of contaminated eggs and "early-dead" embryos were significantly reduced in the H2O2-treated eggs. In comparison with formaldehyde fumigation, no significant difference in hatchability due to H2O2 treatment was detected in eggs from a 30- or 56-wk-old flock. Eggshell permeability, as measured by egg moisture loss in an incubator, was not significantly affected by H2O2 (5%) or formaldehyde fumigation when compared with untreated or water-sprayed control eggs. These results demonstrated that H2O2 compared favorably to formaldehyde as a hatching egg disinfectant without adversely affecting hatching potential. Under some conditions, H2O2 actually improved the hatching potential of fertile broiler eggs compared with hatchability of untreated eggs.
Effects of transplantation sites on tumour growth, pulmonary metastasis and ezrin expression of canine osteosarcoma cell lines in nude mice (2011)

To determine the influence of the transplantation site of canine osteosarcoma (OS) cell lines on tumour growth and pulmonary metastasis, three OS cell lines were transplanted into nude mice via subcutaneous (SC), intratibial (IT) or intravenous (IV) injection. IT-xenografts exhibited greater potential for developing primary masses and pulmonary metastasis than SC-xenografts. In IT and IV xenografts, lung micrometastases along with phosphorylated ezrin-radixin-moesin (p-ERM) overexpression were found in mice xenografted with HMPOS and OOS cells after 1 week and metastasis was found with decreased p-ERM expression at later time points. The expression of ezrin and p-ERM in the primary tumours of IT-xenografted mice was higher than those in SC-xenografted mice with HMPOS and OOS cells. The results suggest that the orthotopic transplantation site plays an important role in the spontaneous metastasis of canine OS and that ezrin phosphorylation may be involved in the early metastatic mechanism of canine OS cells.
Cell-kill kinetics of several S-phase-specific drugs. (1973)

Summary The drugs [1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), hydroxyurea (HU), 5-hydroxy-2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (5-HP), and camptothecin sodium salt (camptothecin)] considered in this paper markedly inhibit DNA synthesis and are maximally cytotoxic to cells in S phase. In these studies, high-specific-activity thymidine- 3 H (HSA-TdR- 3 H) was used as a control compound which killed cells in S but which did not affect the progression of cells into S. The cell-kill kinetics indicated that ara-C, HU, and 5-HP, unlike camptothecin, blocked the L1210 cells from progressing into S in the presence of the drug. We found that L1210 cells that were blocked in G 1 by HU started moving into S immediately after the drug was removed. Therefore, the time interval between two doses of HU that gave maximal cell kill was the same as that for HSA-TdR- 3 H. However, L1210 cells exposed to ara-C and 5-HP took about 2 hr to recover from the effect of the drug and then progress into S. Therefore, the time interval (between two doses of either ara-C or 5-HP) that gave maximal cell kill was longer than that needed for HSA-TdR- 3 H. Camptothecin did not block L1210 cells from moving into S and, therefore, the cell-kill kinetics with camptothecin were the same as those with HSA-TdR- 3 H. The time for maximal recovery of DNA synthesis by L1210 cells after a single exposure to the drugs was determined. The time for maximal recovery of DNA synthesis correlated well with the interval required for maximal cell kill.
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Suppress Antitumor Immune Responses through IDO Expression and Correlate with Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Breast Cancer (2013)

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent heterogeneous immunosuppressive cells in multiple cancer types and display potent immunosuppressive activity on T cells. We have shown the increased expression of IDO in breast cancer. Because IDO plays a pivotal role in immune tolerance via suppressing T cell function, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of IDO in MDSCs in breast cancer and its role in MDSC-mediated inhibition of immune surveillance. The proportion of MDSCs with the phenotype of CD45(+)CD13(+)CD33(+)CD14(-)CD15(-) significantly increased in primary cancer tissues and patients' peripheral blood. IDO expression was significantly upregulated in MDSCs isolated from fresh breast cancer tissues (fresh MDSCs [fMDSCs]), which correlated with increased infiltration of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in tumors and lymph node metastasis in patients. fMDSCs inhibited IL-2 and anti-CD3/CD28 mAb-induced T cell amplification and Th1 polarization but stimulated apoptosis in T cells in an IDO-dependent manner. CD33(+) progenitors isolated from healthy donors' umbilical cord blood were cocultured with breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 cells to induce MDSCs. IDO expression was upregulated in induced MDSCs, which required phosphorylation of STAT3, but not STAT1. IDO was required for induced MDSCs' immunosuppressive activity on T cells, which was blocked by IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-L-tryptophan or STAT3 antagonist JSI-124. Consistently, increased STAT3 phosphorylation level was found in fMDSCs. Together, our findings suggest that STAT3-dependent IDO expression mediates immunosuppressive effects of MDSCs in breast cancer. Thus, inhibition of MDSC-induced T cell suppression by blocking IDO may represent a previously unrecognized mechanism underlying immunotherapy for breast cancer.
Letters (2013)

The letters from Murdoch to Meyers from 1978 to 1995 cover various topics, including classic writers like Joseph Conrad, D. H. Lawrence and John Cowper Powys, and contemporaries like John Updike and Vikram Seth; her unprovoked quarrel with Rebecca West; production of her play The Black Prince; political views, especially about Ireland; delight that women could be ordained as priests; paintings she's seen; conferences attended; extensive travels; and difficulty writing at the onset of Alzheimer's disease.KeywordsNobel PrizeShort StoryLate ReplyDaily MailSunday TimeThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Mechanical stress effect of etch-stop nitride and its impact on deep submicron transistor design (2002)

This paper, focusing on the effect of a plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) nitride contact-etch-stop layer, reports that process-induced mechanical stress affects the performance of short-channel CMOSFETs. We argue that the internal stress in the nitride layer changes transconductance (G/sub m/), thereby degrading NMOSFET performance by up to 8% and improving PMOSFET performance up to 7%. These performance changes are caused by changes of the electron and hole mobilities, so a precise transistor model considering this mobility change is necessary for deep-submicron transistor design.
Slowing Production Decline and Extending the Economic Life of an Oil Field: New MEOR Technology (2000)

Abstract This paper depicts the results of a forty-five month field demonstration of a microbial permeability profile modification (MPPM) technology to enhance oil recovery from a fluvial dominated deltaic reservoir. Simply stated MPPM involves adding nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing microbial nutrients to the injection water of a conventional waterflooding operation. The resulting microbial growth redirects water flow from the more porous zones to new unswept oil-bearing channels, thereby increasing the efficiency of the waterflood. The success of the technology was shown by the recovery of 69,000 bbl of incremental oil during the first 42 months with a projected recovery of 400,000-600,000 bbl and an extension of the economic life of the field by 60-137 months. Attractive features of the MPPM are that it (1) may be employed in many geological formations amenable to waterflooding, (2) does not interfere with normal waterflooding activities, (3) is environmentally friendly, and (4) is the least expensive of all EOR processes in terms of cost per barrel of incremental oil recovered.
Syntheses and binding properties of bibrachial lariat ethers (BiBLEs): survey of synthetic methods and cation selectivities (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSyntheses and binding properties of bibrachial lariat ethers (BiBLEs): survey of synthetic methods and cation selectivitiesVincent J. Gatto, Kristin A. Arnold, Anthony M. Viscariello, Steven R. Miller, Charles R. Morgan, and George W. GokelCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 26, 5373–5384Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00376a059https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00376a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2071Altmetric-Citations113LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Phase I Trial of an HLA-A1 Restricted MAGE-3 Epitope Peptide with Incomplete Freundʼs Adjuvant in Patients with Resected High-Risk Melanoma (1999)

Cytolytic and helper T cells recognize small peptide fragments of protein antigens that are intracellularly processed and delivered to the cell surface in conjunction with HLA molecules. In mice, peptide vaccines can protect against lethal virus infections and tumor challenges. To test whether epitope peptides derived from a human tumor antigen can induce immune responses in patients, a vaccine was prepared consisting of an HLA-A1-restricted epitope of the antigen MAGE-3 mixed with a pan-class II epitope peptide PADRE and emulsified with incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Eighteen patients with resected stages III and IV melanoma at high risk for relapse were vaccinated subcutaneously with increasing doses of the MAGE-3 vaccine ranging from 100 to 2,000 micrograms per injection four times, each 4 weeks apart. The purpose of the phase I trial was to assess the toxicity, tolerability, and immune responses to the vaccine. The vaccine was not toxic, with only one case of grade III lethargy, and most patients complaining of grade I or II local pain, swelling, and tenderness at the injection sites. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from most patients prior to and after vaccination and used for assessment of global levels of immunity prevaccination, and to measure immune responses to the MAGE-3 and PADRE peptides prior to and after vaccination. Significant defects in global immunity shown by anergy to DTH skin testing in 7 of 16 patients and decreased proliferation to PHA (phytohemagglutinin) and CASTA, a Candida albicans protein extract, were observed. Seven of nine patients showed an increased response to PADRE after restimulation in vitro. Five of 14 patients at doses from 100 to 2,000 micrograms demonstrated an immune response to MAGE-3 by cytolysis of MAGE-3-specific target cells. Release of gamma interferon by T cells from 8 patients at the 100, 1,000, or 2,000 micrograms dose was measured after vaccination, and only two of eight patients showed an increase indicating augmented antigen-specific immunity. These data suggest that immune responses can be detected against PADRE and MAGE-3 in vaccinated melanoma patients, albeit with a low frequency of effector cells.
Producible GaAs-based MOVPE-grown vertical-cavitytop-surfaceemitting lasers with record performance (1995)

The authors present state-of-the-art performance obtained from producible, 850 nm, current-guided GaAs/AlGaAs, top-emitting vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). Record CW room-temperature device performance includes threshold voltages Vth = 1.55 V, submilliamp threshold currents Ith = 0.68 mA, unbonded CW output power Pcw = 59 mW, total wallplug efficiencies of ηwp = 28% and CW lasing to Tcw = 200°C. These results were obtained from the same fabrication processes annd similar epigrowth designs, which exhibited 99.8% device yield across a 3"-diameter metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE)-grown wafer.
In vitro phenotypic markers of a poliovirus recombinant constructed from infectious cDNA clones of the neurovirulent Mahoney strain and the attenuated Sabin 1 strain (1985)

Infectious cDNA corresponding to the entire genome of the attenuated Sabin strain of type 1 poliovirus has been inserted into EcoRI site of bacterial plasmid pBR325. Two consecutive PstI fragments (nucleotide positions 1814 to 3421) of the infectious cDNA of the Sabin 1 strain were replaced by the corresponding DNA fragments prepared from an infectious DNA clone of the genome of the virulent Mahoney strain of poliovirus type 1. The exchanged segment encodes capsid protein VP1 and part of capsid protein VP3, a region in which a large number of amino acid differences between the attenuated Sabin and the parental, neurovirulent Mahoney strain cluster. The recombinant virus was obtained by DNA transfection of HeLa S3 cells, and several in vitro phenotypes of the virus were compared with those of the parental viruses. The recombinant virus was recognized by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody specific to the Mahoney strain. Growth of the Sabin strain of poliovirus has been shown to be quite dependent upon the bicarbonate concentration (d marker). The growth of the recombinant virus, however, was not highly dependent upon the concentration of bicarbonate in cell culture media, and thus resembled that of the Mahoney strain. On the other hand, the temperature-sensitive multiplication (rct marker) and the small-plaque morphology of the recombinant virus corresponded to the phenotype of the Sabin 1 strain. The in vitro recombination of infectious cDNA clones of genomic RNA and subsequent analysis of the growth properties of the recombinant virus have allowed us to correlate specific mutations in the genome of an RNA virus with certain biological characteristics of that virus.
Comparing Patterns of Nucleotide Substitution Rates Among Chloroplast Loci Using the Relative Ratio Test (1997)

Even when several genetic loci are used in molecular evolutionary studies, each locus is typically analyzed independently of the others. This type of approach makes it difficult to study mechanisms and processes that affect multiple genes. In this work we develop a statistical approach for the joint analysis of two or more loci. The tests we propose examine whether or not nucleotide substitution rates across evolutionary lineages have the same relative proportions at two loci. Theses procedures are applied to 33 genes from the chloroplast genomes of rice, tobacco, pine, and liverwort. With the exception of five clearly distinct loci, we find that synonymous substitution rates tend to change proportionally across genes. We interpret these results to be consistent with a "lineage effect" acting on the entire chloroplast genome. In contrast, nonsynonymous rates do not change proportionally across genes, suggesting that locus-specific evolutionary effects dominate patterns of nonsynonymous substitution.
Management of lipid disorders in patients living with HIV (2015)

Since the discovery and development of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV has become a chronic disease with patients living longer lives and to ages where co-morbidities, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) are prevalent. Diagnosis and management of risk factors for CVD, in particular dyslipidemia, have become an important part of the overall care for patients living with HIV infection. Existing guidelines and recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia for persons with HIV infection are largely based on guidelines for the general population. Clinical and epidemiologic research efforts are ongoing to provide information specific to patients living with HIV. This review offers a detailed guide for clinicians who manage dyslipidemia in patients infected with HIV. The first sections provide background information on dyslipidemia, risk stratification, and targets for lipid therapy. This is followed by a step-by-step approach for diagnosis and treatment with specific information on lipid drug use for patients with HIV. The recommendations presented here are based on existing guidelines for the general population, evidence from research in patients infected with HIV, and the clinical experience of the authors. Management issues for which little or no information is available specific to this patient population are noted and serve to highlight the many gaps in our knowledge that will need to be addressed.