gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ruminal methane inhibition potential of various pure compounds in comparison with garlic oil as determined with a rumen simulation technique (Rusitec) (2011)

Ruminants represent an important source of methane (CH(4)) emissions; therefore, CH(4) mitigation by diet supplementation is a major goal in the current ruminant research. The objective of the present study was to use a rumen simulation technique to evaluate the CH(4)-mitigating potential of pure compounds in comparison with that achieved with garlic oil, a known anti-methanogenic supplement. A basal diet (15 g DM/d) consisting of ryegrass hay, barley and soyabean meal (1:0·7:0·3) was incubated with the following additives: none (negative control); garlic oil (300 mg/l incubation liquid; positive control); allyl isothiocyanate (75 mg/l); lovastatin (150 mg/l); chenodeoxycholic acid (150 mg/l); 3-azido-propionic acid ethyl ester (APEE, 150 mg/l); levulinic acid (300 mg/l); 4-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-amino]-benzoic acid (PABA, 300 mg/l). Fermentation profiles (SCFA, microbial counts and N turnover) and H(2) and CH(4) formation were determined. Garlic oil, allyl isothiocyanate, lovastatin and the synthetic compound APEE decreased the absolute daily CH(4) formation by 91, 59, 42 and 98 %, respectively. The corresponding declines in CH(4) emitted per mmol of SCFA were 87, 32, 40 and 99 %, respectively, compared with the negative control; the total SCFA concentration was unaffected. Garlic oil decreased protozoal numbers and increased bacterial counts, while chenodeoxycholic acid completely defaunated the incubation liquid. In vitro, neutral-detergent fibre disappearance was lower following chenodeoxycholic acid and PABA treatments (- 26 and - 18 %, respectively). In conclusion, garlic oil and APEE were extremely efficient at mitigating CH(4) without noticeably impairing microbial nutrient fermentation. Other promising substances were allyl isothiocyanate and lovastatin.
C++: The Complete Reference (1987)

From the Book:
This is the third edition of C++: The Complete Reference. In the years that have transpired since the second edition, C++ has undergone many changes. Perhaps the most important is that it is now a standardized language. In November of 1997, the ANSI/ISO committee charged with the task of standardizing C++, passed out of committee an international Standard for C++. This event marked the end of a very long, and at times contentious, process. As a member of the ANSI/ISO C++ committee, I watched the progress of the emerging standard, following each debate and argument. Near the end, there was a world-wide, daily dialogue, conducted via e- mail, in which the pros and cons of this or that issue were put forth, and finally resolved. While the process was longer and more exhausting than anyone at first envisioned, the result was worth the trouble. We now have a standard for what is, without question, the most important programming language in the world. 
During standardization, several new features were added to C++. Some are relatively small. Others, like the STL (Standard Template Library) have ramifications that will affect the course of programming for years to come. The net effect of the additions was that the scope and range of the language were greatly expanded. For example, because of the addition of the numerics library, C++ can be more conveniently used for numeric processing. Of course, the information contained in this edition reflects the International Standard for C++ defined by the ANSI/ISO committee, including its new features.
A robust strategy for processing 3D dual‐sensor towed streamer data (2009)

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2009A robust strategy for processing 3D dual‐sensor towed streamer dataAuthors: Tilman KlüverPeter AaronDavid CarlsonAnthony DayRoald van BorselenTilman KlüverPGS, Peter AaronPGS, David CarlsonPGS, Anthony DayPGS, and Roald van BorselenPGShttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.3255497 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Abstract A dual‐sensor streamer records not only the pressure field but additionally the vertical component of the particle velocity field. Properly matched records may be used to separate the total wavefield into up‐ and down‐going parts. In this paper, we present a processing solution that addresses the particular problems that arise for typical 3D acquisition geometries. The procedure is illustrated using 3D synthetic and field data examples.Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3255497FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByFirst application of Green's theorem-derived source and receiver deghosting on deep-water Gulf of Mexico synthetic (SEAM) and field dataJames D. Mayhan and Arthur B. Weglein20 March 2013 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 78, No. 2Wavefield-separation methods for dual-sensor towed-streamer dataAnthony Day, Tilman Klüver, Walter Söllner, Hocine Tabti, and David Carlson20 March 2013 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 78, No. 2Is de-ghosting necessary with multi-component data?Joakim O. Blanch25 October 2012Processing 3‐D dual‐sensor towed streamer data using local crossline slowness estimatesTilman Klüver and Anthony Day8 August 2011 SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2009ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 2009 Pages: 4338 publication data© 2009 Copyright © 2009 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished: 14 Oct 2009 CITATION INFORMATION Tilman Klüver, Peter Aaron, David Carlson, Anthony Day, and Roald van Borselen, (2009), "A robust strategy for processing 3D dual‐sensor towed streamer data," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 3088-3092. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3255497 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
Homeostasis as Regulated by Activated Macrophage. I. Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) from Wheat Flour: Isolation, Purification and Some Biological Activities. (1992)

Based on our new concept of ontogenic inflammation, we have sought a substance which can prime macrophage in terms of the endogenous production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). A lipopolysaccharide (LPSw) was found in wheat flour, purified and characterized. The molecular size of LPSw was about 5 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and it contained 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid: 1, hexosamine: 4 and one phosphorus in a single molecule. LPSw can prime macrophage to release TNF when given intradermally, percutaneously or even orally in mice as well as in humans, in exactly the same way as intravenous administration of interferon gamma.
Expansion of CCR8+ Inflammatory Myeloid Cells in Cancer Patients with Urothelial and Renal Carcinomas (2013)

This study provides the first evidence that CCR8(+) myeloid cell subset is expanded in patients with cancer. Elevated secretion of CCL1 by tumors and increased presence of CCR8(+) myeloid cells in peripheral blood and cancer tissues indicate that CCL1/CCR8 axis is a component of cancer-related inflammation and may contribute to immune evasion. Obtained results also implicate that blockade of CCR8 signals may provide an attractive strategy for therapeutic intervention in human urothelial and renal cancers.
Is Estradiol a Genotoxic Mutagenic Carcinogen?1 (2000)

The natural hormone 17 beta-estradiol (E2) induces tumors in various organs of rats, mice, and hamsters. In humans, slightly elevated circulating estrogen levels caused either by increased endogenous hormone production or by therapeutic doses of estrogen medications increase breast or uterine cancer risk. Several epigenetic mechanisms of tumor induction by this hormone have been proposed based on its lack of mutagenic activity in bacterial and mammalian cell test systems. More recent evidence supports a dual role of estrogen in carcinogenesis as a hormone stimulating cell proliferation and as a procarcinogen inducing genetic damage. Tumors may be initiated by metabolic conversion of E2 to 4-hydroxyestradiol catalyzed by a specific 4-hydroxylase (CYP1B1) and by further activation of this catechol to reactive semiquinone/quinone intermediates. Several types of direct and indirect free radical-mediated DNA damage are induced by E2, 4-hydroxyestradiol, or its corresponding quinone in cell-free systems, in cells in culture, and/or in vivo. E2 also induces various chromosomal and genetic lesions including aneuploidy, chromosomal aberrations, gene amplification, and microsatellite instability in cells in culture and/or in vivo and gene mutations in several cell test systems. These data suggest that E2 is a weak carcinogen and weak mutagen capable of inducing genetic lesions with low frequency. Tumors may develop by hormone receptor-mediated proliferation of such damaged cells.
Biosynthesis of d -Alanyl-Lipoteichoic Acid: Characterization of Ester-Linked d -Alanine in the In Vitro-Synthesized Product (1980)

d-Alanyl-lipoteichoic acid (d-alanyl-LTA) contains d-alanine ester residues which control the ability of this polyer to chelate Mg(2+). In Lactobacillus casei a two-step in vitro reaction sequence catalyzed by the d-alanine-activating enzyme and d-alanine:membrane acceptor ligase incorporates d-alanine into membrane acceptor. In this paper we provide additional evidence that the in vitro system catalyzes the covalent incorporation of d-[(14)C]alanine into membrane acceptor which is the poly([(3)H]glycerol phosphate) moiety of d-alanyl-LTA. This conclusion was supported by the observation that the d-[(14)C]alanine and [(3)H]glycerol labels of the partially purified product were co-precipitated by antiserum containing globulins specific for poly(glycerol phosphate). The isolation of d-[(14)C]alanyl-[(3)H]glycerol from d-[(14)C]alanine.[(3)H]glycerol-labeled d-alanyl-LTA synthesized in the in vitro system indicated that the d-alanine was linked to the poly(glycerol phosphate) chain of the LTA. A comparison of the reactivities of the d-alanine residues of d-alanyl-glycerol and d-alanyl-LTA supported the conclusion that the incorporated residue of d-alanine was attached by an ester linkage. Thus, the data indicated that the in vitro system catalyzes the incorporation of d-alanine covalently linked by ester linkages to the glycerol moieties of the poly(glycerol phosphate) chains of d-alanyl-LTA. New procedures are presented for the partial purification of d-alanyl-LTA with a high yield of ester-linked d-alanine and for the sequential degradation of the poly(glycerol phosphate) moiety substituted with d-alanine of d-alanyl-LTA with phosphodiesterase II/phosphatase from Aspergillus niger.
Freedom and economic prosperity (2014)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the relationship between political freedom and economic prosperity. The paper sheds light on what makes economic growth and opportunities possible and how lack of political freedom obstructs economic growth.
Encoding Data for HTM Systems (2016)

Hierarchical Temporal Memory (HTM) is a biologically inspired machine intelligence technology that mimics the architecture and processes of the neocortex. In this white paper we describe how to encode data as Sparse Distributed Representations (SDRs) for use in HTM systems. We explain several existing encoders, which are available through the open source project called NuPIC, and we discuss requirements for creating encoders for new types of data.
The first enantioselective synthesis of fortamine, the 1,4-diaminocyclitol moiety of fortimicin A, by chemicoenzymatic approach (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe first enantioselective synthesis of fortamine, the 1,4-diaminocyclitol moiety of fortimicin A, by chemicoenzymatic approachSusumu Kobayashi, Keiji Kamiyama, and Masaji OhnoCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 4, 1169–1177Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00291a014https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00291a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views640Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Meningococcal vaccines (2002)

The successful introduction of a protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine against serogroup C meningococci into the UK infant immunization schedule, in combination with a catch-up campaign for individuals less than 18 years of age, has seen virtually all group C disease eliminated in childhood. From being a devastating disease with a very high mortality, the possibility of eradicating invasive meningococcal disease now seems eminently feasible. Since similar technology is likely to facilitate prevention of disease caused be serogroup A, Y and W135 meningococci, the major hurdle in achieving the goal of eradication is development of a safe and immunogenic vaccine against serogroup B infections. Outer membrane vesicle vaccines remain in development and further trials are anticipated. Through the recent availability of the meningococcal genome sequence, many new vaccine candidates are being identified and there is increasing optimism that a solution to the problem can be found.
Isolation of a new vinca alkaloid from the leaves of Ervatamia microphylla as an inhibitor of ras functions. (1995)

A new vinca alkaloid was isolated from a chroloform extract of Ervatamia microphylla leaves as a potent inhibitor of ras functions. The structure of the new alkaloid was elucidated by spectroscopic analysis to be a dimer of aspidosperma-class indoles. The new inhibitor, named III-121C, induced normal morphology in K-ras(ts)-NRK cells at around 0.3 microgram/ml. It also inhibited DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis weakly at 0.3 microgram/ml. It inhibited the growth of K-ras(ts)-NRK cells with IC50s of 0.29, and 0.20 microgram/ml at 33 degrees C and 39 degrees C, respectively. III-121C is the first vinca alkaloid that inhibits ras functions.
Europe: AIDS Research on a Budget (1998)

PARIS--
 European scientists have been on the front lines of the battle against AIDS from the very beginning and have scored some major hits in unraveling the disease, all the while working with just a fraction of the funding that their U.S. counterparts receive. Now even these modest sums are starting to shrink as one nation after another has cut its budget for AIDS research, leading a number of AIDS researchers to suggest that the European Union step in and fund a greater proportion of direct research costs.
Divergent Functional Roles for p90 Kinase Domains (1995)

A unique and highly conserved structural feature of approximately 90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (p90rsk or RSK) is the presence of two non-identical kinase domains. To explore the mechanism of RSK activation, a cloned human RSK cDNA (RSK3) was used to generate and characterize several site-directed RSK mutants; K91A (N-Lys, NH2-terminal ATP-binding mutant), K444A (C-Lys, COOH-terminal ATP-binding mutant), N/C-Lys (double ATP-binding mutant) T570A (C-Thr, mutant of the putative MAPK phosphorylation site in subdomain VIII of the C-domain), S218A (N-Ser, mutant of the corresponding NH2-terminal residue). Epitope-tagged RSKs were expressed in transfected COS cells followed by immunoprecipitation with or without prior in vivo epidermal growth factor stimulation. Kinase activity (S6 peptide) of N/C-Lys and N-Lys was ablated (and partially impaired with N-Ser). In contrast, both C-Lys and C-Thr retained high levels of kinase activity and were capable of responding to stimulation. C-Lys also retained partial kinase activity toward other substrates (c-Fos, S40 ribosomes, protein phosphatase 1 G-subunit, histones, and Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly (Kemptide)) whereas N-Lys did not. The isolated NH2-and COOH-terminal domains were also expressed; the C-domain was inactive, whereas the N-domain retained partial activity. Relative to wild-type, both N-Lys and C-Lys (as well as N-Ser and C-Thr) underwent partial in vitro autophosphorylation that was further stimulated by EGF protein tyrosine phosphatase. We conclude that 1) the NH2-terminal RSK kinase domain mediates substrate phosphorylation; 2) both domains contribute to autophosphorylation; 3) the putative MAPK phosphorylation site is not required for growth factor-stimulated autophosphorylation or kinase activation.
Prolonged Biologically Active Colonic Tissue Levels of Curcumin Achieved After Oral Administration—A Clinical Pilot Study Including Assessment of Patient Acceptability (2012)

Curcumin, the main constituent of turmeric, is suspected to possess cancer chemopreventive properties. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters have been reported, but few data exist describing whether methodologies are suitably robust for curcuminoid detection in colonic biopsy specimens. Information on the acceptability of prolonged administration of daily curcumin is not available. This is of vital importance to implement chemoprevention strategies. This study aimed to quantify levels of curcuminoids in colorectal mucosa of patients undergoing colorectal endoscopy or surgical resection and to obtain information on the acceptability and compliance with daily curcumin. Curcumin C3 complex (2.35 g) was administered to patients once daily for 14 days before endoscopic biopsy or colonic resection. Safety and tolerance were monitored. Analysis of curcuminoids in plasma, urine, and colonic mucosa was conducted by ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-UV with characterization by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS). Twenty-four of 26 patients commencing curcumin completed the course. Six patients reported mild gastrointestinal adverse events. Curcuminoids were detectable in nine of 24 plasma samples, 24 of 24 urine samples, and in the colonic mucosa of all 23 biopsied participants. Mean tissue levels were 48.4 μg/g (127.8 nmol/g) of parent curcuminoids. The major conjugate, curcumin glucuronide, was detectable in 29 of 35 biopsies. High levels of topical curcumin persisted in the mucosa for up to 40 hours postadministration. Sixteen participants (67%) stated that they would take curcumin long-term should it be of proven benefit. In summary, pharmacologically active levels of curcumin were recovered from colonic mucosa. The regimen used here seems safe, and patients support its use in long-term trials.
Monoclonal antibody F1 binds to the kringle domain of factor XII and induces enhanced susceptibility for cleavage by kallikrein (1995)

In a previous study we have shown that monoclonal antibody F1 (MoAb F1), directed against an epitope on the heavy chain of factor XII distinct from the binding site for anionic surfaces, is able to activate factor XII in plasma (Nuijens JH, et al: J Biol Chem 264; 12941, 1989). Here, we studied in detail the mechanism underlying the activation of factor XII by MoAb F1 using purified proteins. Formation of factor XIIa was assessed by measuring its amidolytic activity towards the chromogenic substrate H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-pNA (S-2302) in the presence of soybean trypsin inhibitor and by assessing cleavage on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Upon incubation with MoAb F1 alone, factor XII was auto-activated in a time-dependent fashion, activation being maximal after 30 hours. Factor XII incubated in the absence of MoAb F1 was hardly activated by kallikrein, whereas in the presence of MoAb F1, but not in that of a control MoAb, the rate of factor XII activation by kallikrein was promoted at least 60-fold. Maximal activation of factor XII with kallikrein in the presence of MoAb F1 was reached within 1 hour. This effect of kallikrein on the cleavage of factor XII bound to MoAb F1 was specific because the fibrinolytic enzymes plasmin, urokinase, and tissue-type plasminogen activator could not substitute for kallikrein. Also, trypsin could easily activate factor XII, but in contrast to kallikrein, this activation was independent of MoAb F1. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the appearance of amidolytic activity correlated well with cleavage of factor XII. MoAb F1-induced activation of factor XII in this purified system was not dependent on the presence of high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK), in contrast to the activation of the contact system in plasma by MoAb F1. Experiments with deletion mutants revealed that the epitopic region for MoAb F1 on factor XII is located on the kringle domain. Thus, this study shows that binding of ligands to the kringle domain, which does not contribute to the proposed binding site for negatively charged surfaces, may induce activation of factor XII. Therefore, these findings point to the existence of multiple mechanisms of activation of factor XII.
Gain-Power Trade-Off in Low-Confinement Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (2007)

We report simulation and experimental results to explore the fundamental trade-off between small-signal gain (G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>0</i></sub> ) and saturation output power (P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>0,SAT</i></sub> ) in semiconductor optical amplifiers having very small (< 1%) optical confinement factor Γ. We demonstrate a high-power 1.5-μm InGaAsP slab-coupled optical waveguide amplifier (SCOWA) exhibiting G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>0</i></sub> = 22.5 dB and P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>0,SAT</i></sub> = +28.8dBm.
Quantum Fluctuations in Optical Systems (1997)

Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Quantum Interference and the Construction of Nonclassical States 3 2.1 Nonclassical Light, Quadratures and Phase--Sensitive Observables 3 2.2 Phase--Space and Quasi--Probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3 Quantum Noise as a Stochastic Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.4 Marginal distributions and reconstruction of Wigner functions . . 18 2.5 Joint Measurements of p, q in Phase Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.6 Phase--Space Sampling Entropies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.7 Mutual Information and Entropic Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.8 Building Nonclassical States by Quantum Interference . . . . . . 30 3 Dissipation Versus Coherent Evolution: Decoherence 36 4 Unravelling the Master Equation 37 5 Quantum Jumps 43 5.1 Intrinsic or Extrinsic Jumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 5.2 Observation of Quantum Jumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . .