gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The early fluidic and optical physics of cytometry (1999)

All forms of cytometry, depend on the basic laws of physics, including those of fluidics, optics, and electronics, most of which were established centuries ago. Flow cytometry depends critically on the fluidics presenting each individual cell with precision to the sensing volume. This is intersected by a high-intensity light source, and light scattering and fluorescence from suitably stained constituents in each cell are captured by the light-collecting optics and measured. The works and observations of Bernoulli and Euler in the 18th century, Reynolds in the 19th century, and Crosland-Taylor in the 20th century in the field of fluid dynamics laid the foundations for hydrodynamic focussing, which is the primary prerequisite for presenting individual cells to the sensing volume. In addition, electrostatic cell sorters must have the ability to generate stable droplet formation in the jet-stream issuing from the flow chamber nozzle. The origins here can be traced to work carried out in the early to mid-19th century by Savart, Magnus, and Thomson. Flow, image, and confocal cytometry are all dependent on the laws of optics, including those of reflection and refraction as well as numerous other optical principles. The observations and works of Socrates, Ptolemy, Snel, and Descartes between about BC 370 and 1637 were of seminal importance in developing the laws of reflection and refraction. In the mid-17th century Hooke illustrated the power of magnifying glasses and microscopy in his Micrographia and Newton was responsible for explaining colours in the spectrum. Huygens, toward the end of the 17th century, put forward the concept of point source light propagation contributing to a wave front. Finally, Thomas Young, early in the 19th century, established the wave form of light from interference patterns. Most people will be familiar with some of these discoveries and the investigators who carried out the work; some people will be familiar with all of these. However, very few people are likely to have had the opportunity and privilege to access the very early works and the original data and manuscripts, or translations thereof, which laid the foundations of physics that enabled our discipline to be established. It is always important for any discipline to remember its roots and to appreciate the seed from which those roots grew, for it is much easier to learn and fully understand when we have a knowledge of the source and the logical progressions that lead from one discovery to the next. This knowledge lends perspective to our current endeavours as the past, after all, created the present, which in turn contributes to the future. In this article, which was presented as an invited lecture at the 9th Canadian Consensus meeting on AIDS, I have attempted to trace the origins of the early work on the physics of fluidics and optics, which laid the foundations.
CFTR as a cAMP-Dependent Regulator of Sodium Channels (1995)

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR), the gene product that is mutated in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, has a well-recognized function as a cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated chloride channel, but this property does not account for the abnormally high basal rate and cAMP sensitivity of sodium ion absorption in CF airway epithelia. Expression of complementary DNAs for rat epithelial Na+ channel (rENaC) alone in Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells generated large amiloride-sensitive sodium currents that were stimulated by cAMP, whereas coexpression of human CFTR with rENaC generated smaller basal sodium currents that were inhibited by cAMP. Parallel studies that measured regulation of sodium permeability in fibroblasts showed similar results. In CF airway epithelia, the absence of this second function of CFTR as a cAMP-dependent regulator likely accounts for abnormal sodium transport.
Formulation and evaluation of tramadol hydrochloride rectal suppositories (2008)

Rectal suppositories of tramadol hydrochloride were prepared using different bases and polymers like PEG, cocoa butter, agar and the effect of different additives on in vitro release of tramadol hydrochloride was studied. The agar-based suppositories were non-disintegrating/non-dissolving, whereas PEGs were disintegrating/dissolving and cocoa butter were melting suppositories. All the prepared suppositories were evaluated for various physical parameters like weight variation, drug content and hardness. The PEG and cocoa butter suppositories were evaluated for macromelting range, disintegration and liquefaction time. In vitro release study was performed by USP type I apparatus. The prepared suppositories were within the permissible range of all physical parameters. In vitro drug release was in the order of PEG>Agar>cocoa butter. Addition of PVP, HPMC in agar suppositories retards the release. The mechanism of drug release was diffusion controlled and follows first order kinetics. The results suggested that blends of PEG of low molecular weight (1000) with high molecular weight (4000 and 6000) in different percentage and agar in 10% w/w as base used to formulate rapid release suppositories. The sustained release suppositories can be prepared by addition of PVP, HPMC in agar-based suppositories and by use of cocoa butter as base.
Malaria (1998)

Malaria remains a significant health threat to the world's population. Increases in international travel and migration; climatic changes; resistance to insecticides and antimalarial drugs all contribute to the enduring nature of the disease. Poverty is a key factor in determining who will succumb.
Efficient Simultaneous Presentation of NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1 Primary and Nonprimary Open Reading Frame-Derived CTL Epitopes in Melanoma (2000)

Recent studies have shown that CTL epitopes derived from tumor-associated Ags can be encoded by both primary and nonprimary open reading frames (ORF). In this study we have analyzed the HLA-A2-restricted CD8(+) T cell response to a recently identified CTL epitope derived from an alternative ORF product of gene LAGE-1 (named CAMEL), and the highly homologous gene NY-ESO-1 in melanoma patients. Using MHC/peptide tetramers we detected CAMEL(1-11)-specific CD8(+) T cells in peptide-stimulated PBMC as well as among tumor-infiltrated lymph node cells from several patients. Sorting and expansion of tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells allowed the isolation of tetramer(bright) and tetramer(dull) populations that specifically recognized the peptide Ag with high and low avidity, respectively. Remarkably, only high avidity CAMEL-specific CTL were able to recognize Ag-expressing tumor cells. A large series of HLA-A2-positive melanoma cell lines was characterized for the expression of LAGE-1 and NY-ESO-1 mRNA and protein and tested for recognition by CAMEL-specific CTL as well as CTL that recognize a peptide (NY-ESO-1(157-165)) encoded by the primary ORF products of the LAGE-1 and NY-ESO-1 genes. This analysis revealed that tumor-associated CD8(+) T cell epitopes are simultaneously and efficiently generated from both primary and nonprimary ORF products of LAGE-1 and NY-ESO-1 genes and, importantly, that this occurs in the majority of melanoma tumors. These findings underscore the in vivo immunological relevance of CTL epitopes derived from nonprimary ORF products and support their use as candidate vaccines for inducing tumor specific cell-mediated immunity against cancer.
The dorsal cochlear nucleus contributes to a high intensity component of the acoustic startle reflex in rats (1998)

The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) has been shown to project to a region of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (PnC) critical for the evocation of startle in rats, suggesting a possible modulatory influence of the DCN on startle. This study examined the involvement of the DCN in the acoustic startle reflex and various other forms of behavioral plasticity seen with this response. Animals received bilateral electrolytic lesions of the DCN and were tested for acoustic startle responses, background noise facilitation, short-term habituation, prepulse inhibition and facilitation, and fear conditioning. Compared to sham lesioned rats, DCN lesioned rats showed a significant reduction in startle amplitude at the two highest startle-eliciting intensities (110 and 115 dB SPL) and normal responses on all other measures. Hence, the DCN appears to contribute to a high intensity component of the acoustic startle response in rats.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mutants Resistant toCatabolite Repression: UseinCheeseWheyHydrolysate Fermentation (1982)

Mutants ofanindustrial-type strain ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae whichrapidly andcompletely fermented equimolar mixtures ofglucose andgalactose toethanol wereisolated. Thesemutants fell into twogeneral phenotypic classes based upon their fermentation kinetics andenzymeinduction patterns. Oneclass apparently specifically effects theutilization ofgalactose andallows sequential utilization of first glucose andthengalactose inananaerobic fermentation. Thesecond class of mutants wasresistant togeneral catabolite repression andproduced maltase, invertase, andgalactokinase inthepresence ofrepressive levels ofglucose. These mutants werecompletely dominant andappear torepresent anasyetundescribed class ofmutant. Thesearch fora satisfactory solution for disposal oftheunutilized wheyproduced inthe manufacture ofcheese remains anareaofintense concern forthedairy industry. Although adequate technology isavailable torecover selectively andconcentrate thenutritious protein portion ofcheese whey(R.L.Goldsmith, Annu. Meet.WheyProducts Inst., 10th, 1981), no widely accepted methodhasbeendeveloped to utilize thelactose portion. Sinceconventional wastetreatment systems arecostly, theideal solution wouldentail converting thelactose toa marketable product todefray theoperating costs andpossibly recover theinitial capital outlay. Onealternative often proposed istoferment the lactose into ethanol foruseasafuel orchemical feedstock (6,7,11,13). Thisprocess normally useslactose-fermenting yeasts suchasKluyveromycesfragilis orCandidapseudotropicalis coupled withtraditional fermentation technology,butthese yeasts arenotoriously weakfermenters incomparison withthestandard industrial-type strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae, andalthough process improvements through engineering arepossible, aneedforstrain improvementexists. Concentration ofthelactose before fermentation isanecessary prerequisite tooptimization oftheeconomics ofethanol recovery bydistillation. Thispresents aproblem because thebest lactose-fermenting yeast strains ferment slowly,
Human eosinophil major basic protein induces airway constriction and airway hyperresponsiveness in primates. (1991)

We have examined the effects of direct intratracheal instillation of purified eosinophil granule proteins on pulmonary function and airway responsiveness in primates. The results of this study show for the first time that installation of major basic protein (MBP) directly into the trachea of primates results in a significant and dose-related increase in airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine. Furthermore, MBP and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) induce a transient bronchoconstriction immediately after instillation that resolves by 1 h postinstillation. In contrast, instillation of other eosinophil granule proteins had no effect on airway responsiveness or pulmonary function. These data indicate a direct role of the eosinophil in the pathogenesis of airway hyperresponsiveness. We suggest that the MBP of human eosinophils has an effector role in the pathogenesis of airway hyperresponsiveness which may involve active interaction with resident airway tissue cells. MBP may also mediate altered lung function in various inflammatory lung diseases associated with pulmonary eosinophilia.
Experiments with Oval (1995)

This article describes a series of tests of the generality of a “radically tailorable” tool for cooperative work. Users of this system can create applications by combining and modifying four kinds of building blocks: objects, views, agents, and links . We found that user-level tailoring of these primitives can provide most of the functionality found in well-known cooperative work systems such as gIBIS, Coordinator, Lotus Notes, and Information Lens. These primitives, therefore, appear to provide an elementary “tailoring language” out of which a wide variety of integrated information management and collaboration applications can be constructed by end users.
High hole mobilities in fully-strained Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ layers (0.3&gt;x&gt;0.4) and their significance for SiGe pMOSFET performance (2001)

Materials studies, hole transport measurements, and process and device simulations have been employed to determine the optimum epitaxial architecture of a fully-pseudomorphic Si/SiGe pMOSFET heterostructure that is intended for application in a near-standard CMOS process. Numerical simulations have shown that SiGe inter-diffusion severely limits the Ge content that can be achieved in a practical process flow. The SiGe hole wave-functions have been calculated and it is shown that hole confinement effects become very significant for SiGe layers less than 5 nm thick. Furthermore, estimates of the barrier penetration by the hole wave-function indicate that the beneficial effects of the buried-channel structure upon the hole mobility would be significantly reduced for Si cap thickness less than 2 nm. Buried-channel SiGe pMOSFETs are known to suffer from parallel conduction in the Si capping layer and calculations of the charge distribution indicate that high Ge contents (>30%) and thin Si cap thickness (<3 nm) are required in order to confine all of the inversion charge to the SiGe layer. The hole drift mobility has been measured at room temperature for fully-strained Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ layers with a range of alloy contents (0.3<x<0.4), and with hole densities between 3/spl times/10/sup 11/ cm/sup -2/ and 4/spl times/10/sup 12/ cm/sup -2/. The measured room temperature mobilities are consistently higher than the equivalent Si inversion layer mobilities and these results have been incorporated into two-dimensional (2-D) device simulations in order to understand their significance for SiGe pMOS device performance. It is found that improvements in current drive can be obtained, but only for the most aggressive vertical architectures. For Si cap thickness greater than 1.5 nm, parallel conduction in the cap layer counteracts much of the advantage of the high mobility channel and, even for thin Si caps, velocity saturation effects at high lateral electric fields significantly limit the current drive of a SiGe pMOSFET to values close to that of the conventional Si device. The diminished gate control, due to the inclusion of the cap layer, and the smaller SiGe bandgap also lead to a significant deterioration of the subthreshold characteristics.
Comparison of Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, Metronidazole, and Fusidic Acid for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile--Associated Diarrhea (1996)

We conducted a prospective, randomized study to compare the efficacy of oral fusidic acid, oral metronidazole, oral vancomycin, and oral teicoplanin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Treatment resulted in clinical cure for 94% of the patients who were treated with vancomycin, 96% of those treated with teicoplanin, 93% of those treated with fusidic acid, and 94% of those treated with metronidazole. Clinical symptoms recurred in 16% of patients treated with vancomycin, 7% of those treated with teicoplanin, 28% of those treated with fusidic acid, and 16% of those treated with metronidazole. There was asymptomatic carriage of C. difficile toxin in 13% of patients treated with vancomycin, 4% of those treated with teicoplanin, 24% of those treated with fusidic acid, and 16% of those treated with metronidazole. No adverse effects related to therapy with vancomycin or teicoplanin were observed. Considering the costs of treatment, our findings suggest that metronidazole is the drug of choice for C. difficile-associated diarrhea and that glycopeptides should be reserved for patients who cannot tolerate metronidazole or who do not respond to treatment with this drug.
Identification of Gram Negative Bacteria Using Nanoscale Silicon Microcavities (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTIdentification of Gram Negative Bacteria Using Nanoscale Silicon MicrocavitiesSelena Chan, Scott R. Horner, Philippe M. Fauchet, and Benjamin L. MillerView Author Information Center for Future Health, Department of Chemistry Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Rochester, Rochester New York 14627 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 47, 11797–11798Publication Date (Web):November 1, 2001Publication History Received6 July 2001Published online1 November 2001Published inissue 1 November 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja016555rhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja016555rrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2156Altmetric-Citations229LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Bacteria,Lipids,Porous materials,Sensors,Silicon Get e-Alerts
An efficient asymmetric synthesis of L-α,ω-diaminoalkanoic acids (1992)

Efficient asymmetric syntheses of L-2,7-diaminoheptanoic acid and L-2,8-diaminooctanoic acid are described.
Accelerated hole transfer by double-layered metallophthalocyanine thin film for effective electroluminescence (1997)

An electroluminescent device was constructed using tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum as an emitting layer and metallophthalocyanine as a hole-transfer layer. When the metallophthalocyanine layer is sufficiently thin, the device shows a brightness of more than 1000 cd m−2. The device using double hole-transfer layers of two kinds of metallophthalocyanine exhibits a higher brightness than that using a single hole-transfer layer of the corresponding metallophthalocyanine. This phenomenon is well explained by the accelerated hole transfer in the double layer due to the construction of a “sequential potential field.”
Gyro-Based Multi-image Deconvolution for Removing Handshake Blur (2014)

Image deblurring to remove blur caused by camera shake has been intensively studied. Nevertheless, most methods are brittle and computationally expensive. In this paper we analyze multi-image approaches, which capture and combine multiple frames in order to make deblurring more robust and tractable. In particular, we compare the performance of two approaches: align-and-average and multi-image deconvolution. Our deconvolution is non-blind, using a blur model obtained from real camera motion as measured by a gyroscope. We show that in most situations such deconvolution outperforms align-and-average. We also show, perhaps surprisingly, that deconvolution does not benefit from increasing exposure time beyond a certain threshold. To demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our method, we apply it to still-resolution imagery of natural scenes captured using a mobile camera with flexible camera control and an attached gyroscope.
Drug discovery in academia (2004)

Drug discovery and development is generally done in the commercial rather than the academic realm. Drug discovery involves target discovery and validation, lead identification by high-throughput screening, and lead optimization by medicinal chemistry. Follow-up preclinical evaluation includes analysis in animal models of compound efficacy and pharmacology (ADME: administration, distribution, metabolism, elimination) and studies of toxicology, specificity, and drug interactions. Notwithstanding the high-cost, labor-intensive, and non-hypothesis-driven aspects of drug discovery, the academic setting has a unique and expanding niche in this important area of investigation. For example, academic drug discovery can focus on targets of limited commercial value, such as third-world and rare diseases, and on the development of research reagents such as high-affinity inhibitors for pharmacological "gene knockout" in animal models ("chemical genetics"). This review describes the practical aspects of the preclinical drug discovery process for academic investigators. The discovery of small molecule inhibitors and activators of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator is presented as an example of an academic drug discovery program that has yielded new compounds for physiology research and clinical development.
New treatment of lumbar disc herniation involving 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor inhibitor: a randomized controlled trial (2005)

The current study provided evidence that the efficacy of the 5-HT2A inhibitor was comparable with that of NSAID therapy for lumbar disc herniation. The 5-HT2A inhibitor has the potential to alleviate symptoms in patients with lumbar disc herniation.
A Spatially Augmented Reality Sketching Interface for Architectural Daylighting Design (2009)

We present an application of interactive global illumination and spatially augmented reality to architectural daylight modeling that allows designers to explore alternative designs and new technologies for improving the sustainability of their buildings. Images of a model in the real world, captured by a camera above the scene, are processed to construct a virtual 3D model. To achieve interactive rendering rates, we use a hybrid rendering technique, leveraging radiosity to simulate the interreflectance between diffuse patches and shadow volumes to generate per-pixel direct illumination. The rendered images are then projected on the real model by four calibrated projectors to help users study the daylighting illumination. The virtual heliodon is a physical design environment in which multiple designers, a designer and a client, or a teacher and students can gather to experience animated visualizations of the natural illumination within a proposed design by controlling the time of day, season, and climate. Furthermore, participants may interactively redesign the geometry and materials of the space by manipulating physical design elements and see the updated lighting simulation.