gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Binding of subclasses of rat immunoglobulin G to detergent-isolated Fc receptor from neonatal rat intestine. (1987)

Brush borders of cells lining the proximal small intestine of neonatal rats express a receptor specific for the Fc portion of IgG that mediates transport of IgG from gut lumen to blood. We have investigated the interaction of subclasses of rat IgG with this receptor, extracted in Triton X-114 solution, using phase separation to separate receptor-immunoglobulin complexes from free immunoglobulin. Binding of immunoglobulin showed the same pH dependence as is found in vivo, being active at pH 6 and reversibly inhibited at pH 8. The numbers of binding sites for each IgG subclass were similar, but polyclonal IgG2a was bound with higher affinity (1.2 X 10(8) M-1) than monoclonal IgG1 or IgG2b (2-3 X 10(7) M-1). Radiolabeled monoclonal IgG2c did not show specific binding, apparently as a result of the iodination process. Competition studies showed cross-inhibition between all IgG subclasses. IgG2a being approximately 10-fold more effective at competing for receptor than other isotypes, in the order IgG2a much greater than IgG1 greater than IgG2b greater than or equal to IgG2c. These data suggest that a single receptor capable of binding all subclasses of IgG is active in the detergent extract. However, investigation of radiolabeled immunoglobulins that were bound to isolated gut cells before detergent extraction showed evidence for other types of interaction in vivo.
AAC: Using a Reduced Keyboard. (1998)

This paper describes the development of a new technique for augmentative and alternative communication text input, commercially known as T9. T9 stands for typing with 9 keys. The basic T9 technology is designed so that 3 or 4 letters are printed on each of 7 keys, and an 8th key is used as an unambiguous space key. Each keystroke designating a letter is, therefore, ambiguous. The letters can be assigned to the seven keys in alphabetical order, but significantly greater efficiency in disambiguating key sequences can be achieved by assigning the letters in the following groups: THKP, MEG, ISYV, CLOJ, ADFX, QUNW, and BRZ. Each keystroke sequence is processed with a complete database containing the spelling of a huge lexicon of words. Words that match the sequence of keystrokes are presented to the user in a list on the display. The most frequently occurring word is automatically selected unless the user presses the key to select another choice. The benefits of using a reduced keyboard for meeting the communication needs of non-speaking individuals with severe motor impairments
Ferromagnetic resonance and damping properties of CoFeB thin films as free layers in MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions (2011)

We have investigated the magnetization dynamics of sputtered Co40Fe40B20 thin films in a wide range of thicknesses used as free layers in MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions, with the technique of broadband ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). We have observed a large interface-induced magnetic perpendicular anisotropy in the thin film limit. The out-of-plane angular dependence of the FMR measurement revealed the contributions of two different damping mechanisms in thick and thin film limits. In thinner films (&amp;lt; 2 nm), two-magnon scattering and inhomogeneous broadening are significant for the FMR linewidth, while the Gilbert damping dominates the linewidth in thicker films (≥ 4 nm). Lastly, we have observed an inverse scaling of Gilbert damping constant with film thickness, and an intrinsic damping constant of 0.004 in the CoFeB alloy film is determined.
Transgenic birds (1995)

Birds are virtually unique among domesticated species in being bred for the nutrient value of their ova, and few organisms have been subjected to as much genetic selection as poultry. These two features encapsulate both the attractions and the frustrations of producing transgenic birds.
C.—Ethyl 6-methyl-2-pyrone-3 : 5-dicarboxylate and its derivatives (1908)

J. L. Simonsen, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1908, 93, 1022 DOI: 10.1039/CT9089301022
Investigation of the Pre-treatment of Refractory Gold Ores in Horizontal Pipes with Varying Lengths by CFD (2003)

A new reactor for pyrite oxidation using horizontal pipes has been proposed as a substitute for the traditional autoclave in order to reduce the operating costs. The process of pyrite oxidation is characterized by a multi-phase multi-component flow system. Using the powerful tool of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) a theoretical multi-dimensional model has been developed. The model takes into account the complex chemical reactions and the physical processes involved in pyrite oxidation, such as oxygen mass transfer and water evaporation. The model simulation results basically account for the real case of pyrite oxidation. The pyrite oxidation in two horizontal pipes with a length of 20 centimetres and 200 centimetres has been investigated respectively under the same operating conditions. It is fairly evident that the pipe length has a significant effect on the distribution of dynamic parameters in the pipe. The consumption rate of oxygen in the pipe with 200 centimetres length is much higher than that in the pipe with the length of 20 centimetres. The comparison confirms that the reaction of pyrite oxidation is a rather slow process. In order to enhance the conversion rate of pyrite ores, a sufficient residence time must be provided.
HIV-1 Vpr-Mediated G2 Arrest Involves the DDB1-CUL4AVPRBP E3 Ubiquitin Ligase (2007)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral protein R (Vpr) has been shown to cause G2 cell cycle arrest in human cells by inducing ATR-mediated inactivation of p34cdc2, but factors directly engaged in this process remain unknown. We used tandem affinity purification to isolate native Vpr complexes. We found that damaged DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1), viral protein R binding protein (VPRBP), and cullin 4A (CUL4A)--components of a CUL4A E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, DDB1-CUL4A(VPRBP)--were able to associate with Vpr. Depletion of VPRBP by small interfering RNA impaired Vpr-mediated induction of G2 arrest. Importantly, VPRBP knockdown alone did not affect normal cell cycle progression or activation of ATR checkpoints, suggesting that the involvement of VPRBP in G2 arrest was specific to Vpr. Moreover, leucine/isoleucine-rich domain Vpr mutants impaired in their ability to interact with VPRBP and DDB1 also produced strongly attenuated G2 arrest. In contrast, G2 arrest-defective C-terminal Vpr mutants were found to maintain their ability to associate with these proteins, suggesting that the interaction of Vpr with the DDB1-VPRBP complex is necessary but not sufficient to block cell cycle progression. Overall, these results point toward a model in which Vpr could act as a connector between the DDB1-CUL4A(VPRBP) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and an unknown cellular factor whose proteolysis or modulation of activity through ubiquitination would activate ATR-mediated checkpoint signaling and induce G2 arrest.
1,2‐Bisbenzopyranyl‐ethene (1980)

Abstract Die pyranring‐kondensierten Stilbene 7a und b, 12, 19 und 28 wurden durch Ringschlußreaktionen aus substituierten Stilbenen oder durch Vinylen‐Verknüpfung von Chroman hergestellt.
Integrated Support for Task and Data Parallelism (1994)

We present an overview of research at the Center for Research on Parallel Computation designed to provide an efficient, portable programming model for scientific applications possessing both task and data parallelism. Fortran M programs exploit task parallelism by provid ing language extensions for user-defined process man agement and typed communication channels. A com bination of compiler and run-time system support en sures modularity, safety, portability, and efficiency. Fortran D and High Performance Fortran programs ex ploit data parallelism by providing language exten sions for user-defined data decomposition specifica tions, parallel loops, and parallel-array operations.
Regulated Formation of Golgi Secretory Vesicles Containing Alzheimer β-Amyloid Precursor Protein (1995)

Phorbol esters, activators of protein kinase C (PKC), regulate the relative utilization of alternative processing pathways for the Alzheimer beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) in intact cells, increasing the production of nonamyloidogenic soluble beta-APP (s beta-APP) and decreasing that of neurotoxic beta-amyloid (A beta) peptide. The molecular and cellular bases of PKC-regulated beta-APP cleavage are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate in a reconstituted cell-free system that activation of endogenous PKC increases formation from the trans-Golgi network of secretory vesicles containing beta-APP and that this effect can be mimicked by purified PKC. The results demonstrate directly that PKC is involved in regulation of secretory vesicle formation and provide a mechanism by which PKC may reduce the formation of the A beta peptide characteristic of Alzheimer disease.
Therapeutic Efficacy of CEP-33779, a Novel Selective JAK2 Inhibitor, in a Mouse Model of Colitis-Induced Colorectal Cancer (2012)

Constitutively activated STAT3 and STAT5 are expressed in a wide variety of human malignancies including solid and hematopoietic cancers and often correlate with a poor prognosis and resistance to multiple therapies. Given the well established role of STAT3 in tumorigenesis, inhibition of Janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2) activity might represent an attractive therapeutic approach. Using a mouse model of colitis-induced colorectal cancer, we show that a novel, orally active, selective JAK2 inhibitor, CEP-33779, induced regression of established colorectal tumors, reduced angiogenesis, and reduced proliferation of tumor cells. Histopathologic analysis confirmed reduced incidence of histologic-grade neoplasia by CEP-33779. Tumor regression correlated with inhibition of STAT3 and NF-κB (RelA/p65) activation in a CEP-33779 dose-dependent manner. In addition, the expression of proinflammatory, tumor-promoting cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β was strongly reduced upon JAK2 inhibition. The ability of CEP-33779 to suppress growth of colorectal tumors by inhibiting the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling suggests a potential therapeutic utility of JAK2 inhibitors in multiple tumors types, particularly those with a strong inflammatory component.
Localized Mutagenesis of Any Specific Small Region of the Bacterial Chromosome (1971)

A method, which we call localized mutagenesis, is described for the isolation of temperature-sensitive and other types of mutations in any specific small region (about 1%) of the bacterial chromosome. The principle of this method is to mutate the transducing DNA rather than the bacterial DNA. One can select for the introduction of this mutated DNA into any particular region of the bacterial chromosome by transducing an auxotrophic marker in that region to prototrophy, thereby introducing new mutations in the neighborhood. We have used this method to isolate many different temperature-sensitive mutations in genes of unknown function in particular regions of the chromosome. Since the method is very simple, it can be used to saturate any region of the map with mutations in essential genes, or for various types of genetic manipulations. Although we have used hydroxylamine-mutagenized phage P22 and Salmonella typhimurium, the method should be applicable to other mutagens and bacteria and transducing phage.
Signaling by the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Family in Immune Cells (2013)

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) control many important aspects of immune cell development, differentiation, and function. Mammals have eight PI3K catalytic subunits that are divided into three classes based on similarities in structure and function. Specific roles for the class I PI3Ks have been broadly investigated and are relatively well understood, as is the function of their corresponding phosphatases. More recently, specific roles for the class II and class III PI3Ks have emerged. Through vertebrate evolution and in parallel with the evolution of adaptive immunity, there has been a dramatic increase not only in the genes for PI3K subunits but also in genes for phosphatases that act on 3-phosphoinositides and in 3-phosphoinositide-binding proteins. Our understanding of the PI3Ks in immunity is guided by fundamental discoveries made in simpler model organisms as well as by appreciating new adaptations of this signaling module in mammals in general and in immune cells in particular.
C9ORF72, implicated in amytrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia, regulates endosomal trafficking (2014)

Intronic expansion of a hexanucleotide GGGGCC repeat in the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72) gene is the major cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia. However, the cellular function of the C9ORF72 protein remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that C9ORF72 regulates endosomal trafficking. C9ORF72 colocalized with Rab proteins implicated in autophagy and endocytic transport: Rab1, Rab5, Rab7 and Rab11 in neuronal cell lines, primary cortical neurons and human spinal cord motor neurons, consistent with previous predictions that C9ORF72 bears Rab guanine exchange factor activity. Consistent with this notion, C9ORF72 was present in the extracellular space and as cytoplasmic vesicles. Depletion of C9ORF72 using siRNA inhibited transport of Shiga toxin from the plasma membrane to Golgi apparatus, internalization of TrkB receptor and altered the ratio of autophagosome marker light chain 3 (LC3) II:LC3I, indicating that C9ORF72 regulates endocytosis and autophagy. C9ORF72 also colocalized with ubiquilin-2 and LC3-positive vesicles, and co-migrated with lysosome-stained vesicles in neuronal cell lines, providing further evidence that C9ORF72 regulates autophagy. Investigation of proteins interacting with C9ORF72 using mass spectrometry identified other proteins implicated in ALS; ubiquilin-2 and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins, hnRNPA2/B1 and hnRNPA1, and actin. Treatment of cells overexpressing C9ORF72 with proteasome inhibitors induced the formation of stress granules positive for hnRNPA1 and hnRNPA2/B1. Immunohistochemistry of C9ORF72 ALS patient motor neurons revealed increased colocalization between C9ORF72 and Rab7 and Rab11 compared with controls, suggesting possible dysregulation of trafficking in patients bearing the C9ORF72 repeat expansion. Hence, this study identifies a role for C9ORF72 in Rab-mediated cellular trafficking.
Systems for prediction and monitoring of ice shedding, anti-icing and de-icing for power line conductors and ground wires (2010)

This TB presents some operational or potential anti- and deicing systems (AI/DI). However, for a better understanding and appropriate application of the recommended techniques, the TB also informs on some fundamental aspects of ice accretion and its mechanical and thermodynamic behaviour. The promising potential of new materials such as AI coatings and the role of modern meteorological forecasting models for reliable use of AI/DI techniques are also discussed.
Identification of a Human Follicular Dendritic Cell Molecule That Stimulates Germinal Center B Cell Growth (2000)

The initial interaction between B cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) appears to be essential for germinal center (GC) formation. To identify molecules regulating this interaction, we generated FDC-staining monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and screened them for their ability to block FDC-mediated costimulation of growth and differentiation of CD40-stimulated B cells. Using one of the inhibitory mAbs, 8D6, we expression cloned the cDNA encoding the 8D6 antigen (Ag) from a human FDC line, HK. The 8D6 Ag is a novel protein of 282 amino acids that is expressed abundantly on FDCs. Monolayers of COS cells transiently transfected with the 8D6 Ag cDNA stimulate B cell growth. The mAb 8D6 blocks the costimulatory function completely. The inhibitory activity of the mAb 8D6 was demonstrated to be due to an inhibition of cell cycle progression of CD40 ligand-stimulated GC B cells. In addition, the mAb 8D6 inhibits the growth of a lymphoma of GC origin, L3055, which depends on FDCs or HK cells for its growth. These findings suggest that the primary function of FDCs in the GC is to stimulate B cell growth. An FDC signal molecule, 8D6 Ag, may be an important molecule to mediate this function.
Autoantigen‐induced IL‐13 mRNA expression is increased in blood mononuclear cells in myasthenia gravis and multiple sclerosis (1997)

Evidence has been presented for the involvement of immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis (MG) and multiple sclerosis (MS). The production of autoantibodies in both diseases is regulated by T‐cells by means of cytokines. Interleukin‐13 (IL‐13) is mainly produced by T‐helper type 2 cells and induces B‐cell proliferation and antibody class switch. The role of IL‐13 in MG and MS is not known. We employed in situ hybridization with synthetic radiolabelled oligonucleotide probes to detect and enumerate blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mononuclear cells (MNC) expressing IL‐13 mRNA from patients with MG, MS, optic neuritis (ON), other inflammatory neurological diseases (OIND) and healthy controls. MG is associated with elevated levels of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) reactive IL‐13 mRNA expressing blood MNC compared to control patients. In MS, numbers of MBP‐reactive IL‐13 mRNA expressing MNC were higher compared to cultures without antigen stimulation. The levels of MBP‐reactive IL‐13 mRNA positive MNC were higher in MS compared to MG, but not other controls. There were no differences in spontaneous IL‐13 mRNA expressing blood MNC numbers between MG, MS, ON and control patients. The data suggest the involvement of IL‐13 in both MG and MS.
Further characterisation of the 'ileal brake' reflex in man--effect of ileal infusion of partial digests of fat, protein, and starch on jejunal motility and release of neurotensin, enteroglucagon, and peptide YY. (1988)

Previous studies have shown that ileal infusion of partially digested triglyceride inhibits jejunal motility. The partial digest used in those studies contained a mixture of glycerol, free fatty acid, mono-, di-, and triglycerides. In Part I of the present study we have separately infused emulsions containing either glycerol 3.1 g (n = 6), oleic acid 9.6 g (n = 6), triolein 10 g (n = 12), or medium chain triglycerides 10 g (n = 6) into the ileum and have recorded the effect this has on jejunal motility. Five further subjects received infusions of partial hydrolysates of corn starch 10 g and lactalbumin 7 g. Marked inhibition of jejunal pressure wave activity was seen after all three lipid infusions, per cent activity falling from a control of 37.7 (7.7) to 6.2 (2.1) and 22.4 (8.2)% 30 min after completing the oleic acid and triolein infusions respectively, and from a control value of 39.5 (4.1) to 17.7 (4.7) after MCTs (all p less than 0.05). No significant fall occurred after infusion of glycerol, protein or carbohydrate. All three lipid infusions raised plasma concentrations of neurotensin, enteroglucagon and peptide YY equally effectively, although only the rise in peptide YY correlated significantly with the inhibition of jejunal pressure wave activity (r = 0.80, n = 6, p less than 0.05). In Part II of this study six subjects received a 3 ml/min jejunal infusion of an isotonic carbohydrate saline solution followed after three hours by a similar infusion of a partial digest of lipid. During each infusion flow and transit time was measured by marker and dye dilution. Jejunal infusion of the carbohydrate-saline solution was associated with low jejunal flow, 4.7 (1.0) ml/min and a mean transit time through the 50 cm study segment of 36.5 (7.1) min. By contrast jejunal infusion of partially digested triglyceride was associated with a markedly increased flow, 9.0 (1.2) ml/min, a fall in mean transit time to 20.3 (2.6) min and significant rises in pancreaticobiliary secretions. Jejunal triglyceride also increased the incidence of prolonged high amplitude jejunal pressure waves in four of six subjects. These studies suggest that there are important differences in the jejunal response to ileal versus jejunal lipid. While long and median chain free fatty acids infused into the ileum exert an inhibitory effect on jejunal motility, when infused directly into the jejunum partially digested triglyceride accelerates transit, increases jejunal flow and subtly alters the pattern of jejunal contractions.
Two Tetrahymena G-DNA-binding proteins, TGP1 and TGP3, share novel motifs and may play a role in micronuclear division (2000)

G-DNA is a four-stranded DNA structure with diverse putative biological roles. We have previously purified and cloned a novel G-DNA-binding protein TGP1 from the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. Here we report the molecular cloning of TGP3, an additional G-DNA-binding protein from the same organism. The TGP3 cDNA encodes a 365 amino acid protein that is homologous to TGP1 (34% identity and 44% similarity). The proteins share a sequence pattern that contains two novel repetitive and homologous motifs flanking an extensively hydrophilic and basic region. A nuclear fractionation experiment showed that TGP1 and TGP3 activities are localized predominantly in the nuclear fraction. To further investigate the biological roles of the proteins in vivo, we have generated separate macronuclear gene knockout (KO) strains (TGP1KO and TGP3KO) for each of the two genes. Southern blot analysis demonstrated that the macronuclear copies of each gene were completely disrupted. Mobility shift assays showed that the corresponding G-DNA-binding activity for each protein was abolished in the KO strains. Growth analysis showed that both KO strains grew at near wild-type rates, indicating that neither of the genes is essential for cell growth. Nevertheless, nuclear staining analysis revealed that both TGP1KO and TGP3KO cells have an increased occurrence (more than 2-fold) of extra micronuclei, implying faulty control of micronuclear division in the KO cells.
Varicella‐Zoster Virus: Atypical Presentations and Unusual Complications (2002)

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the etiologic agent of varicella (primary infection) and herpes zoster (reactivation of latent infection). Although varicella is most often a relatively benign and self-limited childhood illness, the disease can be associated with a variety of serious and potentially lethal complications in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons. One complication of varicella that appears to be increasing in frequency is serious bacterial soft tissue infections caused by group A streptococci. Issues related to management of varicella become especially complex when varicella involves pregnant women or susceptible neonates. Herpes zoster can be associated with a variety of neurologic complications, including a syndrome of delayed contralateral hemiparesis. Neurologic complications of herpes zoster, including chronic encephalitis, occur with increased frequency in AIDS patients. VZV retinitis is a potentially sight-threatening complication that occurs in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons. Current knowledge regarding pathogenesis and antiviral therapy is reviewed.