gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Signal recognition particle components in the nucleolus (2000)

The signal recognition particle (SRP) is a ribonucleoprotein composed of an Alu domain and an S domain. The S domain contains unique sequence SRP RNA and four SRP proteins: SRP19, SRP54, SRP68, and SRP72. SRP interacts with ribosomes to bring translating membrane and secreted proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for proper processing. Additionally, SRP RNA is a member of a family of small nonribosomal RNAs found recently in the nucleolus, suggesting that the nucleolus is more plurifunctional than previously realized. It was therefore of interest to determine whether other SRP components localize to this intranuclear site. In transfected rat fibroblasts, green fluorescent protein fusions of SRP19, SRP68, and SRP72 localized to the nucleolus, as well as to the cytoplasm, as expected. SRP68 also accumulated in the ER, consistent with its affinity for the ER-bound SRP receptor. SRP54 was detected in the cytoplasm as a green fluorescent protein fusion and in immunofluorescence studies, but was not detected in the nucleolus. In situ hybridization experiments also revealed endogenous SRP RNA in the nucleolus. These results demonstrate that SRP RNA and three SRP proteins visit the nucleolus, suggesting that partial SRP assembly, or another unidentified activity of the SRP components, occurs at the nucleolus. SRP54 apparently interacts with nascent SRP beyond the nucleolus, consistent with in vitro reconstitution experiments showing that SRP19 must bind to SRP RNA before SRP54 binds. Our findings support the notion that the nucleolus is the site of assembly and/or interaction between the family of ribonucleoproteins involved in protein synthesis, in addition to ribosomes themselves.
Practical Secure Aggregation for Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning (2017)

We design a novel, communication-efficient, failure-robust protocol for secure aggregation of high-dimensional data. Our protocol allows a server to compute the sum of large, user-held data vectors from mobile devices in a secure manner (i.e. without learning each user's individual contribution), and can be used, for example, in a federated learning setting, to aggregate user-provided model updates for a deep neural network. We prove the security of our protocol in the honest-but-curious and active adversary settings, and show that security is maintained even if an arbitrarily chosen subset of users drop out at any time. We evaluate the efficiency of our protocol and show, by complexity analysis and a concrete implementation, that its runtime and communication overhead remain low even on large data sets and client pools. For 16-bit input values, our protocol offers $1.73 x communication expansion for 210 users and 220-dimensional vectors, and 1.98 x expansion for 214 users and 224-dimensional vectors over sending data in the clear.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors: from target to clinical trials (2002)

Transformed cells, characterised by inappropriate cell proliferation, do not necessarily lose the capacity to undergo growth arrest under certain stimuli. DNA, genetic information, is packaged in chromatin proteins, for example, histones. The structure of chromatin may be altered by post-translational modifications (e.g., acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation and ubiquitylation) which play a role in regulating gene expression. Two groups of enzymes, histone deacetylases (HDACs) and acetyl transferases, determine the acetylation status of histones. This review focuses on compounds that inhibit HDAC activity. These agents have been shown to be active in vitro and in vivo in causing cancer cell growth arrest, differentiation and/or apoptosis. Several HDAC inhibitors are currently in clinical trials as anticancer agents and, in particular, hydroxamic acid-based HDAC inhibitors have shown activity against cancers at well-tolerated doses.
An overview of the efficacy and safety of novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein (NESP) (2001)

Novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein (NESP, also known as darbepoetin alfa) is a molecule that stimulates erythropoiesis by the same mechanism as both native and recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO). The extra sialic residues on NESP, however, allow it to be more stable in vivo with a 2- to 3-fold longer elimination half-life. Thus, following intravenous administration, the mean elimination half-life of NESP is 25.3 vs 8.5 h for rHuEPO. After subcutaneous administration, the mean terminal half-life for NESP is 48.8 h. The mean bioavailability of NESP after subcutaneous administration is approximately 37%, similar to that reported for rHuEPO. The pharmacokinetic data suggested that patients with renal anaemia would require less frequent dosing with NESP than with rHuEPO. NESP 0.45 microg/kg administered once weekly either intravenously or subcutaneously has been evaluated for the correction of chronic renal failure (CRF)-associated anaemia. The study population included CRF patients not receiving dialysis, along with those on haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. In patients who are rHuEPO-naïve, NESP has a similar effect in correcting the anaemia as is seen with rHuEPO, but with less frequent dosing. Similarly, in patients previously receiving rHuEPO, NESP (whether administered intravenously or subcutaneously) is as effective as rHuEPO treatment for maintaining haemoglobin concentration when administered at a reduced frequency (i.e. either once weekly or once every other week). NESP is well tolerated, adverse effects are similar to those seen with rHuEPO, and no antibodies have been detected in >1500 patients exposed to NESP thus far.
Deep Attention-Based Spatially Recursive Networks for Fine-Grained Visual Recognition (2018)

Fine-grained visual recognition is an important problem in pattern recognition applications. However, it is a challenging task due to the subtle interclass difference and large intraclass variation. Recent visual attention models are able to automatically locate critical object parts and represent them against appearance variations. However, without consideration of spatial dependencies in discriminative feature learning, these methods are underperformed in classifying fine-grained objects. In this paper, we present a deep attention-based spatially recursive model that can learn to attend to critical object parts and encode them into spatially expressive representations. Our network is technically premised on bilinear pooling, enabling local pairwise feature interactions between outputs from two different convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that correspond to distinct region detection and relevant feature extraction. Then, spatial long-short term memory (LSTMs) units are introduced to generate spatially meaningful hidden representations via the long-range dependency on all features in two dimensions. The attention model is leveraged between bilinear outcomes and spatial LSTMs for dynamic selection on varied inputs. Our model, which is composed of two-stream CNN layers, bilinear pooling, and spatial recursive encoding with attention, is end-to-end trainable to serve as the part detector and feature extractor whereby relevant features are localized, extracted, and encoded spatially for recognition purpose. We demonstrate the superiority of our method over two typical fine-grained recognition tasks: fine-grained image classification and person re-identification.
Lipid-bound Structure of an Apolipoprotein E-derived Peptide (2003)

Apolipoprotein (apo) E regulates plasma lipid homeostasis through its ability to interact with the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family. Whereas apoE is not a ligand for receptor binding in buffer alone, interaction with lipid confers receptor recognition properties. To investigate the nature of proposed lipid binding-induced conformational changes in apoE, we employed multidimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy to determine the structure of an LDL receptor-active, 58-residue peptide comprising residues 126-183 of apoE in association with the micelle-forming lipid dodecylphosphocholine (DPC). In the presence of 34 mm DPC the peptide forms a continuous amphipathic helix from Glu131 to Arg178. NMR relaxation studies of DPC-bound apoE-(126-183), in contrast to apoE-(126-183) in the presence of TFE, are consistent with an isotropically tumbling peptide in solution giving a global correlation time of approximately 12.5 ns. These data indicate that the helical peptide is curved and constrained by a lipid micelle consisting of approximately 48 DPC molecules. Although the peptide behaves as if it were tumbling isotropically, spectral density analysis reveals that residues 150-183 have more motional freedom than residues 134-149. These molecular and dynamic features are discussed further to provide insight into the structural basis for the interaction between apoE and the ligand binding repeats of the LDL receptor.
Exact optical frequency synthesis over &lt;1 THz using SG-DBR lasers (2002)

Summary form only given. We report an exact optical frequency synthesis technique for WDM applications using optical injection locking of a widely tunable sampled grating (SG) DBR laser, the slave laser, to lines from a comb of optical frequencies generated by an all-fibre comb generator master laser. Unwanted lines from the comb are suppressed for locking ranges narrower than the comb frequency spacing.
In vivo and in vitro effects of antihistamines on mast cell mediator release: a potentially important property in the treatment of allergic disease. (1989)

A nasal antigen challenge model of allergic individuals was used to evaluate whether antihistamines could inhibit human mast cell and basophil mediator release in vivo. In placebo-controlled trials, topically applied azatadine base, a tricyclic antihistamine with in vitro antirelease action, effectively reduced symptoms and mediator levels in nasal lavage fluids after antigen challenge, suggesting mast cell inhibition. Both terfenadine and cetirizine, systemically administered antihistamines, were clinically effective in reducing sneezing and changes in vascular permeability. Only terfenadine significantly reduced histamine in antigen-induced nasal secretions. However, cetirizine did reduce the level of leukotriene C4 in these fluids. These results indicate that some antihistamines may be capable of suppressing mediator release from nasal mast cells. The significance of this property in those compounds' overall clinical effect is unclear because of their other concomitant activities.
Inhibitory Effect of Docetaxel on Proliferation of Human Laryngeal Carcinoma Hep-2 Cells (2010)

Objective To investigatetheinhibitoryeffectofdocetaxel(TXT)ontheproliferationofhuman laryngealcarcinoma Hep-2 cells.Methods Hep-2 cells were treated with TXT at various concentrations for 0,0.5,1,2 and 4 h separately.The proliferative activity of Hep-2 cells was determined by MTT method and compared with those of cells treated with adriamycin(ADM),5fluorouracil(5-Fu)and vincristine(VCR).The effect of TXT on apoptosis of Hep-2 cells was determined by flow cytometry.Results Compared with ADM,5-Fu and VCR,TXT showed high inhibiting activity to Hep-2 cells in dosage-and time-dependent modes at certain ranges.Meanwhile,TXT induced the apoptosis of Hep-2 cells effectively.Conclusion TXT inhibited the proliferation of Hep-2 cells significantly,which might be used as a potential drug for clinical therapy of laryngeal carcinoma.
Toward High Energy Resolution in CsSrI3/Eu2+ Scintillating Crystals: Effects of Off-Stoichiometry and Eu2+ Concentration (2016)

CsSrI3/Eu2+ has very promising scintillation properties for gamma-ray spectroscopy applications, but it has proven difficult to grow high quality single crystals in large sizes. This paper reports a composition-engineering strategy, in this case a combination of off-stoichiometric melts and Eu2+ concentration optimization, to obtain large-size CsSrI3/Eu2+ crystals with excellent energy resolution. Crystals of a series of off-stoichiometric compositions, Cs(1+x)(Sr,Eu)(1–x)I(3–x) (x = 0, 0.05, 0.06, and 0.1), were grown by the Bridgman method. The Cs1.06Sr0.94I2.94/Eu2+ single crystal has the highest optical transmittance between 450 and 800 nm. Cs1.06Sr0.94I2.94 single crystals doped with 0.5, 1, 3, 5, and 7 mol % Eu2+ ions were also grown by the Bridgman method. The effects of Eu2+ concentration on the phase purity and optical and scintillation properties were studied. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the phase purity of all samples with the exception of a hydrate phase formed during measurement. Increasing Eu2+ concentration leads to longer decay components due to the effect of self-absorption. An unexpected relationship was found between the Eu2+ concentration and the appearance of two photopeaks in a pulse height spectrum acquired under a single gamma-ray energy of 662 keV irradiation. The origins of this phenomenon are proposed from experimental insights. The optimal composition we developed achieved an excellent energy resolution of 3.4% for ϕ22 mm × 2 mm, 3.9% for ϕ22 mm × 15 mm, and 4.1% for ϕ22 mm × 19 mm at 662 keV. The results of this paper lead to a better understanding of the effects of composition-engineering in optimization of nonstoichiometric scintillator compounds.
Determination of the Geometry of the Human Vocal Tract by Acoustic Measurements (1967)

The geometry of the human vocal tract from the glottis (vocal cords) to the lips is one of the determining factors in human speech production and basic to a better understanding of articulation. Measurement of the vocal-tract geometry is difficult, especially that of its time-dependent behavior during connected speech utterances. Practically the only tools that have been available in the past for such measurements are radiography and cinéradiography. Unfortunately, radiographic measurements and their evaluation are laborious. In addition, adequate cinéradiography for longer utterances poses severe problems owing to dosage limitations. Alternative methods of obtaining information on the vocal-tract geometry have therefore always remained a desideratum. In this paper, it is shown that some of the desired vocal-tract-shape information can be obtained by purely acoustic measurements. Two kinds of acoustic methods are discussed in some detail: measurement of the eigenfrequencies (formants) of the vocal tract and measurement of the acoustic impedance at the lips. Both measurements allow the determination of an approximation to the cross sectional area of the vocal tract as a function of distance along its axis. More specifically, if the logarithm of the area function is described by a Fourier series, these measurements allow the determination of certain terms of the Fourier series. The number of terms, and therefore the spatial resolution of the approximation, increases with the number of measured eigenfrequencies of the tract or with the number of measured singularities of the impedance function. Both methods are applicable to dynamic measurements during nonstationary utterances and hold promise for supplying large amounts of area data necessary for specifying or refining articulatory models of speech production. The results can be portrayed by computer-drawn single frames or motion pictures of the acoustically derived area functions.
Optical array generation and interconnection using birefringent slabs (1994)

The use of double refraction in cascaded slabs of birefringent media for generating arrays of beams or spots is described. Arrays containing 2(n) beams are obtained for each incident beam by use of n cascaded slabs. The density, redundancy, and coherence of existing beam arrays can be modified with this technique. Input beams with spatially nonuniform amplitudes may be used, and both efficiency and array uniformity can exceed 95%. This approach is also useful for optical interconnection and can produce many patterns of beam location and polarization. Interconnects including compact split-andshifts can be realized, and reconfigurable weights or patterns are also possible. The low dispersion of many birefringent materials makes this technique useful for broad-spectrum or wavelength multiplexed arrays. Trade-offs in the implementation are discussed, and experiments demonstrating the technique are presented.
Mass ethion poisoning with high mortality (2008)

Pesticide poisonings in developing countries have high morbidity and mortality rates, as facilities for immediate treatment are not readily available. Such incidents should sensitize clinical toxicologists, health authorities, and policy makers to the problems of pesticide poisoning in third world countries.
A Nontoxic Adjuvant for Mucosal Immunity to Pneumococcal Surface Protein A (1998)

In this study, we demonstrated that pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) nasally administered with a nontoxic A subunit mutant of cholera toxin (mCT) S61F elicited a protective immune response. Immunization with PspA and mCT elicited higher levels of PspA-specific IgG and IgA Abs in serum and of IgG and IgA anti-PspA Ab-forming cells in spleens, cervical lymph nodes (CLN), and lung tissue when compared to nonimmunized mice. Furthermore, significant PspA-specific IgA Abs were induced in saliva and nasal secretions. These responses were dependent on the use of mCT as a mucosal adjuvant. The PspA-specific Ab responses induced by mCT S61F were comparable with those induced by native CT (nCT). Analysis of cytokine responses showed that nasal PspA plus mCT S61F enhanced the induction of PspA-specific CD4+ T cells producing IL-4 but not IFN-gamma in CLN at both the protein and mRNA levels. Importantly, significant numbers of mice intranasally immunized with PspA plus mCT S61F were protected from lethal challenge with capsular serotype 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae A66. These results show that intranasal administration of PspA together with mCT S61F is an effective mucosal vaccine against pneumococcal infection and induces CD4+ Th2-type cells, which provide help for both mucosal and systemic Ab responses.
Simultaneous Determination of Baicalein and Baicalin in Human Plasma by High Performance Liquid Chromatograph-Tandem Spectrometry and its Application in a Food-Effect Pharmacokinetic Study (2016)

The method was proved to be accurate and specific and was applied to a pharmacokinetic study of baicalein in healthy volunteers under both fasted and fed states.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF ALPHA‐ARYLHYDRAZONO‐BETA‐OXO‐BETA‐PHENYL‐PROPIO‐NITRILES (1975)

Abstract Durch Umsetzung des Nitrils (I) mit entsprechenden Aryldiazoniumsalzen werden die Arylhydrazone (II) gewonnen.
Real time thermal management controller for data center (2014)

In recent years, the demand for compute capability has increased rapidly, and data centers all over the world are consuming much more power than before. Data centers across the globe consume around 100 GWh and it is expected to increase by 30% by 2016. In 2012, the increase in data center energy consumption in the United States and China was 800MWh and 500MWh respectively, based on Forest & Sullivan market survey. This increasing demand of data usage and the resulting growth in power consumption presents a challenge to the thermal community when trying to introduce efficient real time thermal management controls. These controls are vital to maintain power efficiency, from a cooling point of view.
Structural and Functional Analysis of the cis -Acting Elements Required for Plus-Strand RNA Synthesis of Bamboo Mosaic Virus (2005)

Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) has a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome. The secondary structure of the 3'-terminal sequence of the minus-strand RNA has been predicted by MFOLD and confirmed by enzymatic structural probing to consist of a large, stable stem-loop and a small, unstable stem-loop. To identify the promoter for plus-strand RNA synthesis in this region, transcripts of 39, 77, and 173 nucleotides (Ba-39, Ba-77, and Ba-173, respectively) derived from the 3' terminus of the minus-strand RNA were examined by an in vitro RNA-dependent RNA polymerase assay for the ability to direct RNA synthesis. Ba-77 and Ba-39 appeared to direct the RNA synthesis efficiently, while Ba-173 failed. Ba-77/delta5, with a deletion of the 3'-terminal UUUUC sequence in Ba-77, directed the RNA synthesis only to 7% that of Ba-77. However, Ba-77/delta16 and Ba-77/delta31, with longer deletions but preserving the terminal UUUUC sequence of Ba-77, restored the template activity to about 60% that of the wild type. Moreover, mutations that changed the sequence in the stem of the large stem-loop interfered with the efficiency of RNA synthesis and RNA accumulation in vivo. The mutant with an internal deletion in the region between the terminal UUUUC sequence and the large stem-loop reduced the viral RNA accumulation in protoplasts, but mutants with insertions did not. Taken together, these results suggest that three cis-acting elements in the 3' end of the minus-strand RNA, namely, the terminal UUUUC sequence, the sequence in the large stem-loop, and the distance between these two regions, are involved in modulating the efficiency of BaMV plus-strand viral RNA synthesis.
Bacteriological Efficacies of Three Macrolides Compared with Those of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae (1998)

Comparative antibacterial efficacies of erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin were examined against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, with amoxicillin-clavulanate used as the active control. In vitro, the macrolides at twice their MICs and at concentrations achieved in humans were bacteriostatic or reduced the numbers of viable S. pneumoniae slowly, whereas amoxicillin-clavulanate showed a rapid antibacterial effect. Against H. influenzae, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and clarithromycin plus 14-hydroxy clarithromycin at twice their MICs produced a slow reduction in bacterial numbers, whereas azithromycin was bactericidal. Azithromycin at the concentrations achieved in the serum of humans was bacteriostatic, whereas erythromycin and clarithromycin were ineffective. In experimental respiratory tract infections in rats, clarithromycin (equivalent to 250 mg twice daily [b.i.d.]) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (equivalent to 500 plus 125 mg b.i.d., respectively) were highly effective against S. pneumoniae, but azithromycin (equivalent to 500 and 250 mg once daily) was significantly less effective (P < 0.01). Against H. influenzae, clarithromycin treatment (equivalent to 250 or 500 mg b.i.d.) was similar to no treatment and was significantly less effective than amoxicillin-clavulanate treatment (P < 0.01). Azithromycin demonstrated significant in vivo activity (P < 0.05) but was significantly less effective than amoxicillin-clavulanate (P < 0.05). Overall, amoxicillin-clavulanate was effective in vitro and in vivo. Clarithromycin and erythromycin were ineffective in vitro and in vivo against H. influenzae, and azithromycin (at concentrations achieved in humans) showed unreliable activity against both pathogens. These results may have clinical implications for the utility of macrolides in the empiric therapy of respiratory tract infections.