gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recombinant feline coronaviruses as vaccine candidates confer protection in SPF but not in conventional cats (2013)

Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is a major pathogen of Felidae. Despite the extensive efforts taken in the past decades, development of the "ideal" live attenuated FIPV vaccine was not successful yet. In the present study, we provide data of immunisation experiments with a recombinant FCoV pair differing only in the truncation (PBFIPV-DF-2) or completion (PBFIPV-DF-2-R3i) of their ORF3abc regions. In our previous in vivo studies, these viruses proved to show the characters of low virulent or avirulent FCoV phenotypes, respectively. Therefore, we hypothesised the ability of these viruses, as possible vaccine candidates, in conferring protection in specific pathogen free (SPF) Domestic Shorthair as well as in conventional purebred British Shorthair cats. In SPF cats, after two oronasal and two intramuscular vaccinations with two weeks intervals, both vaccine candidates provided 100% protection against lethal homologous challenge with the highly virulent FIPV DF-2 strain. In contrast, the conventional purebred British Shorthair cats did not develop protection when they were immunised with the same vaccination regimes. In these groups 100% of the PBFIPV-DF-2-R3i immunised animals developed antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Prolonged survival was observed in 40% of the animals, while 60% showed fulminant disease course. Genetic and more probably immunological differences between the SPF and non-SPF purebred kittens can explain the different outcome of the vaccination experiment. Our data highlight the diverse immune responses between SPF and conventional cats and suggest a decisive role of previous infection by heterologous causative agents in the outcome of the vaccination against FIP.
تحلیل تطبیقی تدوین قانون مدنی واحد اروپا و قانون مدنی واحد اسلامی؛ چالشها و راهکارها تأملی بر جهانی شدن حقوق به منزله یک فرصت (2015)

جهانی شدن حقوق ، واقعیتی غیر قابل ان کار است . واقعیتی که هم از منظر نهادها، مفاهیم وارزشهای حقوقی قابل توجه است و هم از منظر شکلی و الگوبرداری تقنینی. حقوق کشورهای اسلامینمیتواند خود را بی تأثیر از این واقعیت نشان دهد. مبنای اعتبار قواعد و مفاهیم حقوقی در نظام هایاروپایی و به طور کلی غربی، عقلانیت انسان گرایانه است و از این جهت، جهانی شدن از منظر ماهویبرای حقوق کشورهای اسلامی میتواند نوعی تهدید تلقی شود؛ زیرا در حقوق اسلامی عقلانیت انسانگرایانه، مبنای تام اعتبار ارزشها، مفاهیم و نهادهای حقوقی نیست. با این حال، به نظر میرسد میتوان ب هجهانی شدن به عنوان یک فرصت نگریست و تدوین قانون مدنی واحد اسلامی با تأسی از حرکتاتحادیه اروپا به سمت قانونگذاری واحد و به طور خاص قانون مدنی واحد اروپا، می تواند نمونه ای ازاین فرصت باشد. با اینحال، تدوین قانون مدنی واحد اروپا و اسلامی با چالش هایی روبرو است . اینپژوهش با تحلیل این چالشها، راههایی را برای رفع آنها ارائه داده است
Caprine oligosaccharide storage disease. Accumulation of beta-mannosyl (1 goes to 4) beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl (1 goes to 4) beta-N-acetylglucosamine in brain. (1981)

In 1975 a new caprine neurovisceral storage disease was identified in related Nubian goats in Michigan (Jones, M. Z., Cunningham, J. G., Dade, A. W., and Alessi, D. M. (1979) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 5, 513). The affected kids of both sexes showed profound neurological deficits at birth, lack of myelination in cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum, axonal lesions, and cytoplasmic vacuolation. A similar genetic syndrome arose independently in a population of Anglo-Nubian goats in New South Wales (Hartley, W. J., and Blakemore, W. F. (1973) Acta Neuropathol. 25, 325-333). Preliminary chemical characterization of an accumulated metabolite was performed. An extract of 1 g of brain from an affected goat was found to contain 2.2 mumol of the trisaccharide Man (beta 1 goes to 4)GlcNAc(beta 1 goes to 4)GlcNAc (beta-mannosylchitobiose). The accumulation of this substance suggests the possibility of a genetic defect in beta-mannosidase in the catabolic pathway for N-linked complex glycopeptides and would be the first indication of a beta-mannosidosis.
Crosstalk between Wnt/β-catenin and Hedgehog/Gli signaling pathways in colon cancer and implications for therapy (2015)

Wnt/β-catenin and Hedgehog/Gli signalings play key roles in multiple biogenesis such as embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Dysregulations of these 2 pathways are frequently found in most cancers, particularly in colon cancer. Their crosstalk has been increasingly appreciated as an important mechanism in regulating colon cancer progression. Our studies into the link between Wnt/β-catenin and Hedgehog/Gli signalings in colon cancer revealed several possible crosstalk points and suggested potential therapeutic strategies for colon cancer.
Light Quality, Photoperception, and Plant Strategy (1982)

THE FUNC1'ION OF SIGNAL-TRANSDUCING PHOTORECEPTORS IN RELATION TO PLANT STRATEGY 483 THE NATURAL LIGHT ENVIRONMENT 485 Technical Considerations 485 Solar Radiation 486 Daylight 488 Twilight 488 Moonlight and Starlight 489 Light Quality Under Vegetation Canopies 490 Light Quality Underwater 490 Ef ect of Aspect on Light Quality 492 Light Quality under the Soil 492 Light Quality as an Environmental Signal 492 PLANT RESPONSES TO NATURAL LIGHT QUALITY CHANGES 494 Experimental Design 494 Plant Strategy in Relation to the Changing Light Environment 495 Light Quality and Responses to Shade: Established Plants 495 Light Quality and Responses to Shade: Regenerative Strategy 498 Light Quality and Photoperiodism 500 Specific Responses to Blue Light in Nature 501 Light Quality and Plant Responses .Underwater 502 Summary 503
Ectopic Production of the Isolated Beta Subunit of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (1973)

A material similar to the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG-beta) was detected in serum (300 ng/ml) and tumor extract from a 75-yr-old man with pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma. This material was indistinguishable from hCG-beta in three different types of radioimmunoassay that displayed widely varying reactions with glycoprotein trophic hormones and their subunits. In gel chromatography there appeared to be heterogeneity of the serum beta-like immunoactivity, including one component that coeluted with standard hCG-beta tracer and another immunologically indistinguishable component that displayed a slightly lower elution volume. Neither complete human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) nor its alpha subunit was detected in radioimmunoassays of serum, before or after fractionation, or in tumor extract. The absence of complete hCG was confirmed in a gonadotropin bioassay sensitive to 15 ng of hCG, which showed no bioactivity in serum or tumor extract containing 450 and 90 ng of hCG-beta, respectively. This case probably represents the first demonstration of isolated polypeptide subunit production of ectopic origin and suggests that hCG-beta, as well as other subunits, may prove useful as cancer markers.
Regiospecific Methylation of Cyclopentenone Derivatives (1975)

Abstract In connection with our continuing interest in cyclopentenone chemistry,1 we record here our observations concerning the regiospecific methylation of six simple cyclopentenones. Although several recent reports2 have demonstrated the feasibility of alkylating either the kinetically or thermodynamically derived dienolate of cyclohexenone systems, similar reports on the alkylation of cyclopentenone derivatives have remained obscure.3 This is presumably due, in the case of equilibrium alkylation, to the availability of alternative pathways (self-condensation) which compete efficiently with alkylation.
Insulin regulation of malic enzyme gene expression in rat liver: evidence for nuclear proteins that bind to two putative insulin response elements. (1994)

Diabetes in rats is characterized by insulin deficiency accompanied by a decrease in lipogenic enzymes. The malic enzyme (ME) gene, which encodes an important lipogenic enzyme, was used to investigate insulin regulation of gene expression. ME mRNA levels were reduced by more than 90% in the liver of diabetic rats. The administration of insulin (3 U/15 days) to either control or diabetic rats increased ME mRNA by 2- to 10-fold, respectively. Since diabetes reduces circulating T3 and the levels of nuclear T3-receptors, the potential role of thyroid hormone on insulin regulation of ME gene expression was also evaluated in thyroidectomized-diabetic rats. In these animals the levels of ME mRNA were undetectable but were increased by insulin even in the absence of thyroid hormones. These in vivo effects of insulin and T3 were not additive. The transcription rate of the gene was also reduced in the diabetic liver and recovered after insulin therapy. By computer analyses we have identified two different putative insulin response elements (IREs) in the ME gene promoter, hereafter referred to as IRE-I (-683 to -692), which is similar to the phosphoenol pyruvate carboxy kinase promoter IRE and IRE-II (-161 to -170), which is similar to the glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase gene promoter IRE-A. Results from gel retardation assays suggest that a single nuclear protein binds to IRE-I whereas two different nuclear proteins bind to IRE-II. The protein/IRE-I complex increased in liver nuclear extracts from diabetic rats and decreased after insulin administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fibrinolysis Associated with Oncogenic Transformation (1974)

Abstract This paper describes some correlations between tumorassociated fibrinolysis and the morphological properties of normal and Simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed hamster embryo fibroblast cultures. The rate of fibrinolysis and morphological response are both influenced by the nature of the serum supplement; most sera show an excellent correlation between the rate of fibrinolysis and the development of characteristic morphological changes. Both processes require the presence of the serum factor, plasminogen, and its conversion to plasmin. When normal and transformed fibroblasts are co-cultivated under appropriate conditions, the normal cells develop morphological changes similar to those ordinarily expressed by transformed cells. The appearance of these changes in normal cells is also correlated with fibrinolytic activity and the activation of plasminogen. Fibrinolysis and morphological change can be dissociated in media supplemented with sera of bovine origin. When the macromolecular protease inhibitors are destroyed by acid treatment, bovine sera become active in fibrinolysis; however, they do not mediate morphological change, and they can be shown to contain a selective inhibitor of the morphological transformation. These results show that an active fibrinolytic system is a necessary but not a sufficient requirement for morphological changes accompanying transformation of hamster fibroblasts.
FlashCache (2006)

We propose an architecture that uses NAND flash memory to reduce main memory power in web server platforms. Our architecture uses a two level file buffer cache composed of a relatively small DRAM, which includes a primary file buffer cache, and a flash memory secondary file buffer cache. Compared to a conventional DRAM-only architecture, our architecture consumes orders of magnitude less idle power while remaining cost effective. This is a result of using flash memory, which consumes orders of magnitude less idle power than DRAM and is twice as dense. The client request behavior in web servers, allows us to show that the primary drawbacks of flash memory?endurance and long write latencies?can easily be overcome. In fact the wear-level aware management techniques that we propose are not heavily used.
Ca 2+ ionophore A23187 can make mouse spermatozoa capable of fertilizing in vitro without activation of cAMP-dependent phosphorylation pathways (2013)

Ca(2+) ionophore A23187 is known to induce the acrosome reaction of mammalian spermatozoa, but it also quickly immobilizes them. Although mouse spermatozoa were immobilized by this ionophore, they initiated vigorous motility (hyperactivation) soon after this reagent was washed away by centrifugation. About half of live spermatozoa were acrosome-reacted at the end of 10 min of ionophore treatment; fertilization of cumulus-intact oocytes began as soon as spermatozoa recovered their motility and before the increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation, which started 30-45 min after washing out the ionophore. When spermatozoa were treated with A23187, more than 95% of oocytes were fertilized in the constant presence of the protein kinase A inhibitor, H89. Ionophore-treated spermatozoa also fertilized 80% of oocytes, even in the absence of HCO3(-), a component essential for cAMP synthesis under normal in vitro conditions. Under these conditions, fertilized oocytes developed into normal offspring. These data indicate that mouse spermatozoa treated with ionophore are able to fertilize without activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. Furthermore, they suggest that the cAMP/PKA pathway is upstream of an intracellular Ca(2+) increase required for the acrosome reaction and hyperactivation of spermatozoa under normal in vitro conditions.
K-ras Mutations and Benefit from Cetuximab in Advanced Colorectal Cancer (2008)

Patients with a colorectal tumor bearing mutated K-ras did not benefit from cetuximab, whereas patients with a tumor bearing wild-type K-ras did benefit from cetuximab. The mutation status of the K-ras gene had no influence on survival among patients treated with best supportive care alone. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00079066.)
A large amount of endothelin-1 is present in human breast cancer tissues. (1991)

Endothelin (ET)-1 concentration was measured in tissue extracts from 157 human breast cancers, 26 benign breast tumors and 10 normal breast tissues. ET-1 was detectable in all tissue extracts by specific radioimmunoassay, the concentration ranging from 0.12 to 11.95 pg/mg protein. ET-1 concentration was significantly higher in tissue extracts from breast cancer than in those from benign breast tumor or normal control tissue, suggesting that this peptide is synthesized by breast cancer cells. When 157 breast cancer specimens were categorized into 4 groups in terms of clinical staging, no significant difference was found among these clinical staging groups. Furthermore, no significant associations were observed between ET-1 concentrations and the age of patients, tumor size, lymphnode involvement, histological type or steroid hormone receptor status.
Characterization of Influenza Virus PB1 Protein Binding to Viral RNA: Two Separate Regions of the Protein Contribute to the Interaction Domain (1999)

The interaction of the PB1 subunit of the influenza virus polymerase with the viral RNA (vRNA) template has been studied in vitro. The experimental approach included the in vitro binding of labeled model vRNA to PB1 protein immobilized as an immunoprecipitate, as well as Northwestern analyses. The binding to model vRNA was specific, and an apparent Kd of about 2 x 10(-8) M was determined. Although interaction with the isolated 3' arm of the panhandle was detectable, interaction with the 5' arm was prominent and the binding was optimal with a panhandle analog structure (5'+3' probe). When presented with a panhandle analog mixed probe, PB1 was able to retain the 3' arm as efficiently as the 5' arm. The sequences of the PB1 protein involved in vRNA binding were identified by in vitro interaction tests with PB1 deletion mutants. Two separate regions of the PB1 protein sequence proved positive for binding: the N-terminal 83 amino acids and the C-proximal sequences located downstream of position 493. All mutants able to interact with model vRNA were capable of binding the 5' arm more efficiently than the 3' arm of the panhandle. Taken together, these results suggest that two separate regions of the PB1 protein constitute a vRNA binding site that interacts preferentially with the 5' arm of the panhandle structure.
Cone formation as a result of whisker growth on ion bombarded metal surfaces (1985)

We were able to show experimentally that the seed metals which can cause cone development on ion bombarded metal targets need not to have a lower sputtering yield as widely believed but rather a higher melting point. By lowering the bombarding ion energy to near sputtering threshold values (&amp;lt;100 eV) one observes the growth of genuine single crystal whiskers which point in all directions not related to the direction of ion incidence. We are now convinced that (intentional or unintentional) seed cones are the result of an interplay among whisker growth, surface movement of atoms, and the effects of sputtering.
Apoptosis in splenic B lymphocytes. Regulation by protein kinase C and IL-4. (1993)

Small dense splenic B lymphocytes from adult specific pathogen-free mice were shown to undergo apoptosis in vitro as indicated by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, hypodiploid DNA content of isolated nuclei, and morphologic features by electron microscopy. Unstimulated cultures showed spontaneous apoptosis increasing gradually and monotonically from < 2 to 32% of B cells by 16 h. The rate of accumulation of apoptotic cells was reduced by the addition of IL-4 or PMA, but not by the inactive phorbol ester, 4 alpha PDD. In contrast, inhibitors of protein kinase C (H7 and staurosporine) increased the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis to > 70% by 12 h; HA 1004, genistein, and herbimycin A all had no effect on apoptosis. Thus, protein kinase C activity regulates apoptosis, but there is no evidence that protein kinases A and G and tyrosine kinases are involved. Cycloheximide increased apoptosis, indicating that apoptosis may be restrained in B cells by the presence of one or more labile protective proteins. The percentage of apoptotic cells measured by flow cytometry and the percentage of fragmented DNA measured by the diphenylamine method were nearly equal, regardless of the method of apoptotic regulation. Together with the absence of nuclei with flow cytometric properties intermediate between normal and apoptotic, these results suggest that in individual B cells apoptosis progresses rapidly to completion. These data suggest a fundamental change in our concept of the life-style of the "resting" B cell: instead of a dormant cell remaining unchanged until it receives activation signals, the mature spleen B cell appears programmed to die by apoptosis unless rescued by specific agents, such protein kinase C activators or IL-4.
Spontaneous self-organization of microbubbles in a liquid (2007)

Optical microscopy of thin layers of highly purified water and aqueous electrolytes reveals spontaneous formation of micrometer-sized particles in liquids. Measurements of the optical density of the particles suggest that the particles can be gas microbubbles. In alkaline aqueous solutions with 8 ≤ pH ≤ 10, some degree of order is observed in the relative positions of the particles, which can be interpreted as the existence of one-and two-dimensional ordered structures. The results obtained can be explained by invoking a bubston cluster model.
Induction and Measurement of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Activity (2006)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) kill target cells on the basis of cell-surface antigen recognition and are important in the host response to tumors, transplants, and viruses. This unit presents several protocols for generating and measuring CTL activity. The first describes generating CTL against some of the most commonly used target antigens. Two methods for the quantitation of CTL activity are described based on the two pathways used bt CTL to kill target cells. In one pathway, they release lytic granules containing perforin and granzymes, leading to apoptosis and target cell lysis. In a second pathway, they trigger apoptosis via Fas/Fas ligand interactions. In the chromium-release assay provided here, labeled antigenic targets are recognized and lysed, releasing radioactivity into the supernatant. In the JAM test protocol, CTL activity is determined by measuring degradation of radioactively labeled DNA in target cells that have undergone apoptotic cell death. Rather than measuring release of radioactivity, the JAM test measures the amount of DNA retained in target cells that are not killed by CTL. Two support protocols detail the generation of CTL precursors (CTLp) against antigens that require priming in vivo. A second set of support protocols describe the preparation of both stimulator and target cells for these responses using two representative antigens, trinitrophenyl and viruses. Finally, two alternate protocols illustrate how to determine total CTLp activity in a population that might express cytolytic activity. These protocols bypass MHC restriction and the original antigen specificity of CTLp by polyclonal stimulation of CTLp with mitogens followed by attachment of CTL to target cells and subsequent cytolysis.
Cancer/testis antigens: an expanding family of targets for cancer immunotherapy (2002)

Cancer/testis (CT) antigens are a category of tumor antigens with normal expression restricted to male germ cells in the testis but not in adult somatic tissues. In some cases, CT antigens are also expressed in ovary and in trophoblast. In malignancy, this gene regulation is disrupted, resulting in CT antigen expression in a proportion of tumors of various types. Since their initial identification by T-cell epitope cloning, the list of CT antigens has been greatly expanded through serological expression cloning (SEREX) and differential mRNA expression analysis, and approximately 20 CT antigens or antigen families have been identified to date. Characteristics commonly shared by CT antigens, aside from the highly tissue-restricted expression profile, include existence as multigene families, frequent mapping to chromosome X, heterogeneous protein expression in cancer, likely correlation with tumor progression, induction of expression by hypomethylation and/or histone acetylation, and immunogenicity in cancer patients. Spontaneous humoral and cell-mediated immune responses have been demonstrated against several CT antigens, including NY-ESO-1, MAGE-A, and SSX antigens. Since CT antigens are immunogenic and highly restricted to tumors, their discovery has led directly to the development of antigen-specific cancer vaccines, and clinical trials with MAGE-A and NY-ESO-1 are in progress.
GNSS Position Integrity in Urban Environments: A Review of Literature (2018)

Integrity is one criteria to evaluate GNSS performance, which was first introduced in the aviation field. It is a measure of trust which can be placed in the correctness of the information supplied by the total system. In recent years, many GNSS-based applications emerge in the urban environment including liability critical ones, so the concept of integrity attracts more and more attention from urban GNSS users. However, the algorithms developed for the aerospace domain cannot be introduced directly to the GNSS land applications. This is because a high data redundancy exists in the aviation domain and the hypothesis that only one failure occurs at a time is made, which is not the case for the urban users. The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the past and current literature discussing the GNSS integrity for urban transport applications so as to point out possible challenges faced by GNSS receivers in such scenario. Key differences between integrity monitoring scheme in aviation domain and urban transport field are addressed. And this paper also points out several open research issues in this field.