gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical Significance of HER-2 Splice Variants in Breast Cancer Progression and Drug Resistance (2013)

Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-2) occurs in 20-30% of breast cancers and confers survival and proliferative advantages on the tumour cells making HER-2 an ideal therapeutic target for drugs like Herceptin. Continued delineation of tumour biology has identified splice variants of HER-2, with contrasting roles in tumour cell biology. For example, the splice variant Δ16HER-2 (results from exon 16 skipping) increases transformation of cancer cells and is associated with treatment resistance; conversely, Herstatin (results from intron 8 retention) and p100 (results from intron 15 retention) inhibit tumour cell proliferation. This review focuses on the potential clinical implications of the expression and coexistence of HER-2 splice variants in cancer cells in relation to breast cancer progression and drug resistance. "Individualised" strategies currently guide breast cancer management; in accordance, HER-2 splice variants may prove valuable as future prognostic and predictive factors, as well as potential therapeutic targets.
Scattered data interpolation using an alternate differential equation interpolant (2001)

Global precipitation is becoming increasingly intense due to the extreme climate. Therefore, creating new technology to manage water resources is crucial. To create a sustainable urban and ecological environment, a water level and water quality control system implementing artificial intelligence is presented in this research. The proposed smart monitoring system consists of four sensors (two different liquid level sensors, a turbidity and pH sensor, and a water oxygen sensor), a control module (an MCU, a motor, a pump, and a drain), and a power and communication system (a solar panel, a battery, and a wireless communication module). The system focuses on low-cost Internet of Things (IoT) devices along with low power consumption and high precision. This proposal collects rainfall from the preceding 10 years in the application region as well as the region's meteorological bureau's weekly weather report and uses artificial intelligence to compute the appropriate water level. More importantly, the adoption of dynamic adjustment systems can reserve and modify water resources in the application region more efficiently. Compared to existing technologies, the measurement approach utilized in this study not only achieves cost savings exceeding 60% but also enhances water level measurement accuracy by over 15% through the successful implementation of water level calibration decisions utilizing multiple distinct sensors. Of greater significance, the dynamic adjustment systems proposed in this research offer the potential for conserving water resources by more than 15% in an effective manner. As a result, the adoption of this technology may efficiently reserve and distribute water resources for smart cities as well as reduce substantial losses caused by anomalous water resources, such as floods, droughts, and ecological concerns.
Cytoarchitectonic Development, Axon-Glia Relationships, and Long Distance Axon Growth of Porcine Striatal Xenografts in Rats (1994)

Porcine fetal lateral ganglionic eminence cells were transplanted into the quinolinic-acid-lesioned corpus striatum of immunosuppressed adult rats. The resulting grafts were analyzed for graft development with respect to donor age, donor cell dosage, and survival time from 5 to 22 weeks postimplantation. Graft development is prolonged by a factor of 3-4 times in porcine xenografts as compared to rat allografts. As grafts matured, neuronal somata developed in clusters that expressed acetylcholinesterase (AChE), tyrosine hydroxylase, and dopamine- and cAMP-associated phosphoprotein. These clusters were interspersed with AChE-poor graft regions consisting of small densely packed cells that stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein and porcine cluster of differentiation factor 44 (a species-specific glial marker). Graft axons could be selectively stained for 70-kDa neurofilament and were preferentially associated with AChE-poor, glial-rich regions in younger grafts (8 weeks), but AChE-rich neuronal regions in older grafts (22 weeks). Both graft axons and graft glial fibers projected for long distances into the host internal capsule, external capsule, corpus callosum, and anterior commissure. Donor axons also innervated host target structures including the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. This demonstrates a prolonged development of striatal cells that is appropriate to the donor species and which produces long-distance target-specific axonal growth within the adult host brain.
Autoradiographic investigation of cell proliferation in the brains of rats and cats (1963)

Abstract Cell proliferation in the brains of rats and cats was investigated autoradiographically. Two young adult rats were injected intraperitoneally with 2 mc of thymidine‐H 3 and killed after a two weeks' exchange period. Two adult cats were injected intraventricularly with 0.5 mc of thymidine‐H 3 and killed one week later. Labeling of cell nuclei in the brain, presumed to reflect DNA turnover and cellular proliferation, was investigated. In the rats, some neuroglia cells were found labeled in all parts of the brain, suggesting a low rate of glial proliferation. In addition, circumscribed small regions with numerous labeled neuroglia and microglia cells were seen in several brain regions, suggesting the occurrence of local glial proliferative reactions in these presumably normal brains. A few apparently labeled neurons were seen in the neocortex, and a proliferative region of granule cells was identified in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. In the cats labeling of glia cells was highest in the midline region, near the point of injection of the radiochemical, with a gradient of decreasing number of labeled cells both laterally and in the anteroposterior direction of the neuraxis. Neurons with apparently labeled nuclei were observed in the midline cortex bilaterally in both animals. These results indicate that glia cells can multiply in the brains of young adult rats and adult cats and they support the possibility that new neurons may be formed in forebrain structures, both in rodents and carnivores.
An HTS SQUID picovoltmeter used as preamplifier for Rogowski coil sensors (2002)

Abstract In the design and development of high voltage insulation systems, partial discharge measurements are often used for system characterization and evaluation. One commonly used sensor for such measurements is the Rogowski sensor, which is a type of induction coil. Since the sensor itself has low resistance it produces very little voltage noise. Hence, the noise limit of the measurement is often set by the preamplifier. Recent development of SQUID picovoltmeters shows excellent noise performance, especially for sensors with low source impedances. We have evaluated the possibility to use the SQUID picovoltmeter as preamplifier for Rogowski type sensors. The designed voltmeter has a voltage noise of 110 pV/ Hz and a bandwidth of 250 kHz. Measurements of sensors with inductances between 0.5 and 40 μH have been performed.
The 65-kilodalton antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1987)

The immune response of the host to the antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis plays the key role in determining immunity from infection with as well as the pathogenicity of this organism. A 65-kilodalton (kDa) protein has been identified as one of the medically important antigens of M. tuberculosis. The gene encoding this antigen was isolated from a lambda gt11-M. tuberculosis recombinant DNA library using monoclonal antibodies directed against the 65-kDa antigen as the specific probes. The nucleotide sequence of this gene was determined, and a 540-amino-acid sequence was deduced. This sequence was shown to correspond to that of the 65-kDa antigen by constructing a plasmid in which this open reading frame was fused to the lacZ gene. The resulting fusion protein reacted specifically with the anti-65-kDa protein antibodies. A second long open reading frame was found downstream of the 65-kDa antigen gene which could encode a protein of 517 amino acids. This putative protein contained 29 tandemly arranged partial or complete matches to a pentapeptide sequence.
THE ORIGINS OF MUSIC: INNATENESS, UNIQUENESS, AND EVOLUTION (2005)

THE ORIGINS and adaptive significance of music, long an elusive target, are now active topics of empirical study, with many interesting developments over the past few years. This article reviews research in anthropology, ethnomusicology, developmental and comparative psychology, neuropsychology, and neurophysiology that bears on questions concerning the origins and evolution of music. We focus on the hypothesis that music perception is constrained by innate, possibly human- and musicspecific principles of organization, as these are candidates for evolutionary explanations. We begin by discussing the distinct roles of different fields of inquiry in constraining claims about innateness and adaptation, and then proceed to review the available evidence. Although research on many of these topics is still in its infancy, at present there is converging evidence that a few basic features of music (relative pitch, the importance of the octave, intervals with simple ratios, tonality, and perhaps elementary musical preferences) are determined in part by innate constraints. At present, it is unclear how many of these constraints are uniquely human and specific to music. Many, however, are unlikely to be adaptations for music, but rather are probably side effects of more general-purpose mechanisms. We conclude by reiterating the significance of identifying processes that are innate, unique to humans, and specific to music, and highlight several possible directions for future research.
[Chromium in the treatment of clinical diabetes mellitus]. (1993)

The trace element chromium (Cr, tri-valent) is described in textbooks as indispensable in carbohydrate metabolism, but there have been no indications as to how to administer it and in which cases it might be helpful. We gave 243 diabetic patients Cr (200 mcg/d) to study its effect on blood glucose balance. 105 were Type 1 (IDDM) and 138 Type 2 (NIDDM). Cr reduced insulin, sulfonylurea or metformin requirements in 115 patients. The success rate was greater in those with NIDDM (57.2%) than in those with IDDM (33.6%). More women, of either type, reacted than men (62.5 vs 50% in NIDDM and 37.6 vs 28.6% in IDDM). A placebo was ineffective. We have not found any clinical signs indicating which patients might benefit from Cr. However, the IV insulin-responsiveness test might help detect patients who might benefit from addition of Cr to their food. Patients given the Cr supplement were told to reduce their usual dose of hypoglycemic agent to avoid hypoglycemia, and to increase the dose should their glycemia increase.
Final quality of life and safety data for patients with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer treated with cabazitaxel in the UK Early Access Programme (EAP) ( NCT 01254279) (2015)

The UK EAP experience indicates that cabazitaxel might improve QoL in mCRPC and represents an advance and a useful addition to the armamentarium of treatment for patients whose disease has progressed during or after docetaxel. In view of the potential toxicity, careful patient selection is important.
Regulation of Interleukin-8 Gene Expression by Interleukin-1β, Osteotropic Hormones, and Protein Kinase Inhibitors in Normal Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells (1996)

Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a potent neutrophil chemotactic peptide that elicits pleiotropic biological effects is secreted in large amounts by normal human osteoblastic and bone marrow osteoprogenitor stromal (HBMS) cells in response to IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In the present study we investigated the regulation of IL-8 gene expression by IL-1beta, osteotropic hormones, and protein kinase inhibitors in primary cultures of HBMS cells. The treatment of HBMS cells with IL-1beta increased the steady-state levels of IL-8 mRNA in a dose- and time-dependent fashion and was detectable within 1 h, reached maximal by 4 h, and remained elevated at 24 h, whereas parathyroid hormone (10(-7) and 10(-8) M) had no effect on IL-8 mRNA. Both synthetic and natural glucocorticoids dexamethasone (10(-7)-10(-10) M) and hydrocortisone (10(-6)-10(-8) M) inhibited IL-1beta-stimulated IL-8 mRNA expression. The suppressive effect of dexamethasone on IL-1beta-induced IL-8 mRNA was not observed in the presence of cycloheximide (5 microg/ml), indicating that the dexamethasone-mediated repression of IL-8 gene expression also depends on new protein synthesis. Experiments with actinomycin D demonstrated that IL-8 mRNA is long-lived and that glucocorticoids down-regulate IL-8 gene expression mainly by decreasing the mRNA stability in normal HBMS cells. Furthermore, as determined by nuclear run-on analysis, IL-1beta increased the rate of transcription of IL-8 gene and dexamethasone did not affect the IL-1beta-induced transcription of IL-8. 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine, HCl (50 microM) and staurosporine (1 microM), potent inhibitors of protein kinase C, and genistein (100 microM), a specific protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor blocked IL-1beta-induced IL-8 gene expression. Because curcumin (20 microM), an inhibitor of c-jun/AP-1 and protein kinases, also blocked IL-1beta-stimulated IL-8 gene expression implicating c-JUN/AP-1 and protein phosphorylation in the induction of IL-8 gene expression by IL-1beta, we conclude that the regulation of IL-8 mRNA by IL-1beta is mediated via protein kinase-dependent signal transduction pathways. Our accumulated results have demonstrated that glucocorticoid suppression of IL-1beta-induced IL-8 mRNA occurs at the levels of post-transcription (mRNA stability) and protein synthesis.
Substituted penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives. I. Stereospecific introduction of the C-6(7) methoxy group (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSubstituted penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives. I. Stereospecific introduction of the C-6(7) methoxy groupLovji D. Cama, W. J. Leanza, T. R. Beattie, and B. G. ChristensenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 4, 1408–1410Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00759a089https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00759a089research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views271Altmetric-Citations59LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cloning of two genes that are specifically expressed in activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes. (1986)

The intracellular events leading to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activation and the molecular mechanism of target-cell lysis remain largely unknown. Differential hybridization analysis of a library constructed from a cloned CTL line was used to identify sequences specifically expressed in CTL. Two clones were selected for extensive analysis. No evidence for expression of their mRNAs was found in helper T-cell lines, thymocytes, lipopolysaccharide-activated B cells, interferon-treated natural killer cells, and a number of nonlymphoid cells. Blot-hybridization analysis of CTL mRNA revealed that one clone detected a single 900-nucleotide mRNA, whereas the other hybridized to two mRNAs of 900 and 1200 nucleotides, respectively. The maximum expression of these mRNAs precedes the peak of cytotoxicity in an in vitro allogeneic or mitogen-induced cytotoxic response by 24 hr; thus, they both fulfill the primary prerequisite for genes encoding proteins that are important in either CTL activation or in the lytic process itself.
The Variability of the 16S rRNA Gene in Bacterial Genomes and Its Consequences for Bacterial Community Analyses (2013)

16S ribosomal RNA currently represents the most important target of study in bacterial ecology. Its use for the description of bacterial diversity is, however, limited by the presence of variable copy numbers in bacterial genomes and sequence variation within closely related taxa or within a genome. Here we use the information from sequenced bacterial genomes to explore the variability of 16S rRNA sequences and copy numbers at various taxonomic levels and apply it to estimate bacterial genome and DNA abundances. In total, 7,081 16S rRNA sequences were in silico extracted from 1,690 available bacterial genomes (1-15 per genome). While there are several phyla containing low 16S rRNA copy numbers, in certain taxa, e.g., the Firmicutes and Gammaproteobacteria, the variation is large. Genome sizes are more conserved at all tested taxonomic levels than 16S rRNA copy numbers. Only a minority of bacterial genomes harbors identical 16S rRNA gene copies, and sequence diversity increases with increasing copy numbers. While certain taxa harbor dissimilar 16S rRNA genes, others contain sequences common to multiple species. Sequence identity clusters (often termed operational taxonomic units) thus provide an imperfect representation of bacterial taxa of a certain phylogenetic rank. We have demonstrated that the information on 16S rRNA copy numbers and genome sizes of genome-sequenced bacteria may be used as an estimate for the closest related taxon in an environmental dataset to calculate alternative estimates of the relative abundance of individual bacterial taxa in environmental samples. Using an example from forest soil, this procedure would increase the abundance estimates of Acidobacteria and decrease these of Firmicutes. Using the currently available information, alternative estimates of bacterial community composition may be obtained in this way if the variation of 16S rRNA copy numbers among bacteria is considered.
Giant hollow MnL2n spherical complexes: structure, functionalisation and applications (2013)

Drawing inspiration from the self-assembly of hollow spherical virus capsids and protein cages found in nature, a family of roughly spherical coordination polyhedra with general formula MnL2n was designed and several members of the series have been synthesised. These spherical complexes are self-assembled upon reaction of bent bis(pyridine) ligands with Pd(2+) ions. The introduction of functional side chains into the ligands is straightforward, making the synthesis of both exo- and endohedrally functionalised spherical complexes possible. Accumulation of a high density of functional groups at the periphery of the spherical framework results in an enhancement of the weak interactions used in biomolecular recognition processes and the strong and selective interaction of the complex with a variety of substrates. Discrete and well-defined environments are generated within the spherical framework by functionalisation of the interior of the complex. These environments can be used for the selective encapsulation of guest molecules, including species as diverse as simple metal ions, fluoroalkanes and fullerenes. The well-defined cavity of the spherical complexes can also be exploited for the synthesis of precisely size-controlled nanoparticles and polymers. Most recently, a protein was successfully enclosed within a hollow self-assembled spherical complex, with a long-term view towards the control of protein functions for the development of new applications.
COMPARISON OF MANUAL AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENTS OF WALL THICKNESS OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY (1993)

To investigate the clinical applicability of automatic analysis of wall thickness in two-dimensional echocardiography, computer-assisted and conventional manual methods were compared in 26 cases. An echo threshold was automatically set in short-axis echo images through a discriminatory variance analysis of the signal-to-noise ratio. A fixed standard was determined inside the left ventricle using the circle window method, which we developed previously. Two abrupt echo reflections were selected as candidate points for the borders, and an outward search was conducted in all directions from a fixed standard to separately delineate the endocardial and epicardial interfaces. Interpolation using a spline function was applied to these points to complete the border lines. Differentiation was also used to eliminate the anterior and posterior papillary muscles. Significant correlations of r = 0.98 were found between the computer and manual assessments of the epicardial and endocardial intraluminal ventricular areas (p < 0.01). A correlation of r = 0.87 was also obtained for myocardial wall thickness as determined by the 2 methods (p < 0.01). Variability of the reproducibility using the computer method was 0.22% for the epicardial area and 0.64% for the endocardial area. These results confirm that computer-aided automatic measurement of wall thickness is clinically applicable to two-dimensional echocardiography.
Good vibrations: modal dynamics for graphics and animation (1989)

Many of the problems of simulating and rendering complex systems of non-rigid objects can be minimized by describing the geometry and dynamics separately, using representations optimized for either one or the other, and then coupling these representations together. We describe a system which uses polynomial deformation mappings to couple a vibration-mode ("modal") representation of object dynamics together with volumetric models of object geometry. By use of such a hybrid representation we have been able to gain up to two orders of magnitude in efficiency, control temporal aliasing, and obtain simple, closed-form solutions to common (non-rigid) inverse dynamics problems. Further, this approach to dynamic simulation naturally lends itself to the emphasis and exaggeration techniques used in traditional animation.
A comparison of tetrahedral mesh improvement techniques (1996)

Automatic mesh generation and adaptive refinement methods for complex three-dimensional domains have proven to be very successful tools for the efficient solution of complex applications problems. These methods can, however, produce poorly shaped elements that cause the numerical solution to be less accurate and more difficult to compute. Fortunately, the shape of the elements can be improved through several mechanisms, including face-swapping techniques that change local connectivity and optimization-based mesh smoothing methods that adjust grid point location. The authors consider several criteria for each of these two methods and compare the quality of several meshes obtained by using different combinations of swapping and smoothing. Computational experiments show that swapping is critical to the improvement of general mesh quality and that optimization-based smoothing is highly effective in eliminating very small and very large angles. The highest quality meshes are obtained by using a combination of swapping and smoothing techniques.