gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tertiary and Quaternary Structural Changes in G iα1 Induced by GTP Hydrolysis (1995)

Crystallographic analysis of 2.2 angstrom resolution shows that guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis triggers conformational changes in the heterotrimeric G-protein alpha subunit, Gi alpha 1. The switch II and switch III segments become disordered, and linker II connecting the Ras and alpha helical domains moves, thus altering the structures of potential effector and beta gamma binding regions. Contacts between the alpha-helical and Ras domains are weakened, possibly facilitating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP). The amino and carboxyl termini, which contain receptor and beta gamma binding determinants, are disordered in the complex with GTP, but are organized into a compact microdomain on GDP hydrolysis. The amino terminus also forms extensive quaternary contacts with neighboring alpha subunits in the lattice, suggesting that multimers of alpha subunits or heterotrimers may play a role in signal transduction.
A Cluster of Latently Expressed Genes in Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (1998)

Infection with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is closely associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma, with viral genomes present in a latent state in the majority of tumor cells. Here we describe a cluster of latently expressed viral genes whose mRNAs are generated from a common promoter. Two mRNAs in this region encode the latency-associated nuclear antigen, the product of open reading frame 73 (ORF73). The larger RNA, of 5.8 kb, is an unspliced transcript that includes ORF72 and -71 at its 3' end; it initiates at nucleotides (nt) 127880 to 127886 from a promoter lacking recognizable TATA elements. A less abundant mRNA, of 5.4 kb, is a variant of this transcript, in which 336 nt of 5' noncoding information has been removed by RNA splicing. A third, more abundant RNA is generated from the same promoter region via splicing from the common splice donor at nt 127813 to an acceptor 5' to ORF72; this transcript is the presumed mRNA for ORF72, which encodes the viral cyclin D homolog. All three RNAs are 3' coterminal. In situ hybridization analysis with probes that can detect all three transcripts shows that the RNAs are detectable in a large fraction of BCBL-1 cells prior to lytic induction and in >70% of KS spindle cells in primary KS tumors. This confirms that these transcripts are indeed latent RNAs and suggests a role for their products in viral persistence and/or KSHV-associated proliferation.
The synthesis of benzofuroquinolines. V. Some benzofuro[3,2‐B]quinoline derivatives (1989)

Abstract Some benzofuro[3,2‐ b ]quinoline derivatives 1a‐d and 3a were synthesized by condensation of 2‐amino‐benzaldehyde, 2‐aminoacetophenone, 2‐aminobenzophenone, isatin, or 2‐aminobenzoic acid with 3(2 H )‐benzofuranone. The benzofuroquinolinone 3a was also obtained from 2‐aminobenzoic acid and phenoxy‐acetyl chloride in two steps and converted to 10‐chloro derivative 1e . Similarly, some 8‐halobenzofuro[3,2‐ b ]‐quinoline derivatives 1d,e and 3a (X = F, Cl, Br, I) were synthesized from 5‐haloisatin or 2‐amino‐5‐halo‐benzoic acid. And benzofuro[3,2‐ b ]quinolines 1a‐e thus obtained were converted to corresponding N ‐oxides 2 .
A Fluorescent Probe for Investigating the Activation of Anticancer Platinum(IV) Prodrugs Based on the Cisplatin Scaffold (2013)

Unter Beobachtung: Eine Fluoreszenzsonde zur Detektion von klinisch relevantem Cisplatin innerhalb einer zellulären Umgebung wurde entwickelt. Die Sonde ermöglicht die Visualisierung des Zelleintritts und der Aktivierung von Platin(IV)-Wirkstoffvorstufen in Krebszellen.
Cyclolignans as Inhibitors of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor and Malignant Cell Growth (2004)

The insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) plays a pivotal role in transformation, growth, and survival of malignant cells, and has emerged as a general and promising target for cancer treatment. However, no fully selective IGF-1R inhibitors have thus far been found. This is explained by the fact that IGF-1R is highly homologous to the insulin receptor, coinhibition of which may cause diabetic response. The receptors are both tyrosine kinases, and their ATP binding sites are identical, implying that ATP inhibitors cannot discriminate between them. Therefore, the current strategy has been to identify compounds interfering with receptor autophosphorylation at the substrate level. In this study we investigated the effects of cyclolignans and related molecules on IGF-1R activity. We report that certain cyclolignans are potent and selective inhibitors of tyrosine phosphorylation of the IGF-1R. Of particular interest was picropodophyllin (PPP), which is almost nontoxic (LD(50) >500 mg/kg in rodents). PPP efficiently blocked IGF-1R activity, reduced pAkt and phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase 1 and 2 (pErk1/2), induced apoptosis in cultured IGF-1R-positive tumor cells, and caused complete tumor regression in xenografted and allografted mice. PPP did not affect the insulin receptor or compete with ATP in an in vitro kinase assay, suggesting that it may inhibit IGF-1R autophosphorylation at the substrate level. This is also in agreement with our molecular model of how the cyclolignans may act on the IGF-1R kinase. Our results open the possibility to use PPP or related compounds with inhibitory effects on IGF-1R as lead compounds in development of anticancer agents.
Spin angular momentum transfer in current-perpendicular nanomagnetic junctions (2006)

Spin angular momentum transfer, or spin-transfer, describes the transfer of spin angular momentum between a spin-polarized current and a ferromagnetic conductor. The angular momentum transfer exerts a torque (spin-current induced torque, or spin-torque) on the ferromagnetic conductor. When its dimensions are reduced to less than 100 nm, the spin-torque can become comparable to the magnetic damping torque at a spin-polarized current of high current density (above 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), giving rise to a new set of current-induced dynamic excitation and magnetic switching phenomena. This has now been definitively observed in sub-100-nm current-perpendicular spin-valves and magnetic tunnel junctions, and appears promising as a basis for direct write-address of a nanomagnetic bit when the lateral bit size is reduced to well below 100 nm. An overview is presented in this paper of spin-transfer phenomena. The first part of the paper contains a brief introduction to spin-transfer, especially the characteristic dynamics associated with spin-torque. In the second part, several representative experiments are described. In the third part, a set of basic phenomenological models are introduced that describe experimental observations. The models also serve as a bridge for quantitative comparison between experiments and first-principles spin-polarized transport theory. In the last part of the paper, some device concepts based on spin-transfer-induced magnetic excitation and magnetic reversal are described.
Mechanism of Boron Codeposition in Electrodeposited Ni-B Alloy Films and Calculation of the Amount of Codeposited Boron (1999)

SUMMARYWe electrodeposited Ni-B ahoy films using a rotary electrode under various plating conditions and investigated the mechanism of the codeposition of B into the plated films by analyzing the relationship between the electrodeposition conditions and the composition of the plated films, as well as by analyzing electrochemical measurements. We reached the following conclusions: 1) In Ni-B alloy plating by electrodeposition, use of a rotary electrode expands the useful current density regions compared to a static bath.2) Unionized TMAB is present in the plating solution, and the deposition rate of B is related to the thickness of the diffusion layer at the cathode surface, regardless of the electrode potential. Accordingly, the amount of codedeposited B can he calculated from v0.7 and l/I, i.e., peripheral speed and current density.
Paraneoplastic pemphigus (2012)

Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) is a distinct autoimmune blistering disease that can affect multiple organs other than the skin. It occurs in association with certain neoplasms, among which lymphoproliferative diseases are most commonly associated. The clinical presentation of PNP consists typically of painful, severe oral erosions that may be accompanied by a generalised cutaneous eruption and systemic involvement. The eruption may be of different morphology, consisting of lesions that resemble pemphigus, pemphigoid, erythema multiforme or graft versus host disease, as well as lesions resembling lichen planus. Similarly, the histological findings also show considerable variability. PNP is characterised by the presence of autoantibodies against various antigens: desmoplakin I (250 kd), bullous pemphigoid antigen I (230 kd), desmoplakin II (210 kd), envoplakin (210 kd), periplakin (190 kd), plectin (500 kd) and a 170-kd protein. This 170-kd protein has recently been identified as alpha-2-macroglobulin-like-1, a broad range protease inhibitor expressed in stratified epithelia and other tissue damaged in PNP. The prognosis of PNP is poor and the disease is often fatal. Immunosuppressive agents are often required to decrease blistering, and treating the underlying malignancy with chemotherapy may control autoantibody production. The prognosis is better when PNP is associated with benign tumours and these should be surgically excised when possible.
Effects of A‐317491, a novel and selective P2X3/P2X2/3 receptor antagonist, on neuropathic, inflammatory and chemogenic nociception following intrathecal and intraplantar administration (2003)

We have recently reported that systemic delivery of A-317491, the first non-nucleotide antagonist that has high affinity and selectivity for blocking P2X3 homomeric and P2X2/3 heteromeric channels, is antinociceptive in rat models of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. In an effort to further evaluate the role of P2X3/P2X2/3 receptors in nociceptive transmission, A-317491 was administered either intrathecally or into the hindpaw of a rat in several models of acute and chronic nociception. Intraplantar (ED50=300 nmol) and intrathecal (ED50=30 nmol) injections of A-317491 produced dose-related antinociception in the CFA model of chronic thermal hyperalgesia. Administration of A-317491 by either route was much less effective to reduce thermal hyperalgesia in the carrageenan model of acute inflammatory hyperalgesia. Intrathecal, but not intraplantar, delivery of A-317491 attenuated mechanical allodynia in both the chronic constriction injury and L5-L6 nerve ligation models of neuropathy (ED50=10 nmol for both models). Intrathecal injections of A-317491 did not impede locomotor performance. Both routes of injection were effective in reducing the number of nocifensive events triggered by the injection of formalin into a hindpaw. Nocifensive behaviors were significantly reduced in both the first and second phases of the formalin assay (intrathecal ED50=10 nmol, intraplantar ED50>300 nmol). Nocifensive behaviors induced by the P2X receptor agonist alpha,beta-meATP were also significantly reduced by intraplantar injection of A-317491. These data indicate that both spinal and peripheral P2X3/P2X2/3 receptors have significant contributions to nociception in several animal models of nerve or tissue injury. Intrathecal administration of A-317491 appears to be more effective than intraplantar administration to reduce tactile allodynia following peripheral nerve injury.
Martin Aurell, Les noces du comte, mariage et pouvoir en Catalogne (785-1213) (1996)

Lett Didier. Martin Aurell, Les noces du comte, mariage et pouvoir en Catalogne (785-1213). In: Médiévales, n°30, 1996. Les dépendances au travail, sous la direction de Alessandro Stella . pp. 150-152.
Variation in the gene encoding acetolactate‐synthase in Lolium species and proactive detection of mutant, herbicide‐resistant alleles (2009)

Summary Lolium species (ryegrasses) are genetically highly variable plants that are both forage crops and major weeds across the globe. As weeds, they rapidly evolve resistance under the selective pressure of acetolactate‐synthase (ALS) inhibitors, the most resistance‐prone herbicide group. Quick and accurate diagnosis is therefore of importance to prevent resistance spread in ryegrass. To develop proactive molecular tools for the detection of mutant, resistant ALS alleles, we assessed variation in the ryegrass ALS gene. Sequencing the full 1929‐bp ALS coding sequence in 59 plants from six distant locations revealed a total of 208 polymorphic nucleotide positions (one every 9.3 nucleotides). The heterogeneous distribution of synonymous and non‐synonymous substitutions along the ALS coding sequence suggested that nucleotide variation of ALS is shaped by purifying and background selection. Using regions of the ALS coding sequence with a low number of polymorphic nucleotide sites, five derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS) assays were developed targeting codons crucial for herbicide sensitivity. These enabled the first detection in ryegrass of a Pro‐197‐Thr substitution that confers herbicide resistance. Most assays could also be used to genotype Festuca and Vulpia plants. These dCAPS assays should prove powerful tools for both resistance diagnosis and population genetics studies.
Towards acceptable key escrow systems (1994)

Escrowed Key Cryptosystems hold the promise of faithfully realizing legal guarantees of privacy for users under normal circumstances while at the same time insuring that privacy can be breached by authorities in special circumstances under appropriate legal safeguards. The most attractive feature of these schemes is that it is possible to ensure that the interests of each of the parties—the users, the law enforcement or national security agencies, the court or other monitoring entities and the escrow agents—can all be guaranteed up to the level of integrity of the protocol or cryptosystem. Unfortunately, the first scheme to attempt this, the Clipper protocol as adopted by the U.S., completely fails to do so for either the user(s) or for the monitoring entities. In this paper a new escrowed key protocol and new devices are described that verifiable protect the interests of all parties by positively implementing legal guarantees of privacy and access.
Review of scanning force microscopy (1991)

We present an overview of scanning force microscopy with applications to electrostatic, magnetostatic, and atomic forces operating in the contact and noncontact mode, and highlight the main achievements in this field.
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator:  The First Nucleotide Binding Fold Targets the Membrane with Retention of Its ATP Binding Function (1997)

Most cases of cystic fibrosis are caused by a single deletion mutation (deltaF508) within the first nucleotide binding fold (NBF1) of the CFTR protein (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator). NBF1 is classically defined as amino acid residues phenylalanine 433 through serine 589, encoded by exons 10-12, and only part of exon 9, of the CFTR gene. This assignment is based on sequence homology of this region of the CFTR protein with that of other nucleotide binding proteins. Here, we report that when the complete modular unit encoded precisely by exons 9-12 is expressed in Escherichia coli as glycine 404 through serine 589, i.e., as [G404-N432]NBF1 or as deltaF508[G404-N432]NBF1, the resultant proteins target the cytoplasmic membrane. Significantly, [G404-N432]NBF1 is readily labeled from the outside of intact E. coli spheroplasts with the water soluble, membrane impermeable probe Biotin-X-NHS, sulfosuccinimidyl-6-(biotinamido)-hexanoate. Similar findings were observed with the disease causing mutant deltaF508[G404-N432]NBF1. Three different control experiments which involved (1) assays for known cytosolic E. coli enzymes, (2) immuno-gold electron microscopy with antibody having an epitope for the biotin moiety, and (3) tests for biotinylation of the cytosolic component, Enzyme 1 of the glucose phosphotransferase system, demonstrated that the spheroplasts used in this study are neither leaky nor permeable to Biotin-X-NHS. In addition, membrane-associated [G404-N432]NBF1, upon solubilization with Triton X-100, was found to bind to an ATP-agarose column and be released therefrom by elution with ATP, emphasizing retention of a native-like structure. In sharp contrast, NBF1 localizes to the cytosol when the [G404-N432]-N-terminal region is replaced with the maltose binding protein. The novel findings reported here implicate a role of the N-terminal region of NBF1 in its subcellular localization and are directly relevant to our understanding of the membrane structure, function, and trafficking of CFTR.
Adapting the Turing Test for Declaring Document Analysis Problems Solved (2012)

We propose to adapt Turing's seminal 1950 test for machine intelligence to evaluating progress in document analysis systems. Our premise is that a problem can be considered solved if automated and human solutions to the underlying task are indistinguishable to a skeptical human judge. For the domain-specific problems of concern here, we reformulate the test to keep the interaction between judges and human/machine participants to graphical user interfaces that do not require natural language processing, a notable difference from Turing's original formulation. Examples of tasks that may lend themselves to such tests include detecting or identifying specific document components such as logos, photographs, tables, as well as writer and language identification. The administration of the test would be facilitated by commercial crowd-sourcing systems such as Amazon Mechanical Turk, as well as research platforms such as the Lehigh Document Analysis Engine (DAE) that accept arbitrary documents for input, record test results, and provide for trusted execution of submitted programs.
A detailed mutagenesis study of flavivirus cross-reactive epitopes using West Nile virus-like particles (2007)

Human flavivirus infections elicit virus species-specific and cross-reactive immune responses. The flavivirus envelope (E) glycoprotein is the primary antigen inducing protective immunity; however, the presence of cross-reactive antibodies in human sera creates problems for serodiagnosis. Using a West Nile virus-like particle system, we performed mutagenesis across all three E protein functional domains to identify epitope determinants for a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against different flaviviruses and exhibiting diverse patterns of cross-reactivity. Residues within the highly conserved fusion peptide were the only epitope determinants identified and were important not only for broadly cross-reactive mAbs recognizing all of the medically important flavivirus serocomplexes, but also for less-broad, complex-reactive mAbs. Moreover, different substitutions at specific fusion peptide residues produced highly variable effects on antibody reactivity and virus-like particle secretion. These results support and extend the conclusion that the fusion peptide region constitutes an immunodominant epitope stimulating antibodies with diverse patterns of cross-reactivity.
Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with coronary artery disease. (1996)

CAD patients have a high prevalence of OSA. Since obstructive apnoeas may trigger severe cardiac events such as myocardial ischaemia or ventricular tachycardias in CAD patients, the presence of OSA in these patients should be considered.
Evaluation of an inference network-based retrieval model (1991)

The use of inference networks to support document retrieval is introduced. A network-based retrieval model is described and compared to conventional probabilistic and Boolean models. The performance of a retrieval system based on the inference network model is evaluated and compared to performance with conventional retrieval models,
SWIG: an easy to use tool for integrating scripting languages with C and C++ (1996)

I present SWIG (Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator), a program development tool that automatically generates the bindings between C/C++ code and common scripting languages including Tcl, Python, Perl and Guile. SWIG supports most C/C++ datatypes including pointers, structures, and classes. Unlike many other approaches, SWIG uses ANSI C/C++ declarations and requires the user to make virtually no modifications to the underlying C code. In addition, SWIG automatically produces documentation in HTML, LaTeX, or ASCII format. SWIG has been primarily designed for scientists, engineers, and application developers who would like to use scripting languages with their C/C++ programs without worrying about the underlying implementation details of each language or using a complicated software development tool. This paper concentrates on SWIG's use with Tcl/Tk.
Maintenance of remission with human recombinant interferon alfa-2a in patients with stages III and IV low-grade malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lymphoma Cooperative Group. (1998)

Interferon maintenance treatment in the phase of minimal residual disease of patients with advanced low-grade malignant NHL increased TTP at the borderline of statistical significance, without remarkable toxicity. However, overall survival was not influenced.
Effect of pure erythropoietin on DNA‐synthesis by human marrow day 15 erythroid burst forming units in short‐term liquid culture (1984)

The effect of pure erythropoietin (EP) on human marrow day 15 burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-E) was studied using a short-term liquid culture system containing 30% human serum. Non-adherent marrow cells were cultured in liquid medium for 0-48 h and then the number of BFU-E was assayed by the use of the plasma clot method. The addition of 1 U/ml of EP into the liquid culture medium resulted in maintenance of the number of BFU-E assayed after 24-48 h of incubation. The number of BFU-E recovered after 24-48 h culture was directly proportional to the concentration of EP present in the liquid medium. In addition, the proliferative status of BFU-E before and after exposure to EP was studied by 3H-thymidine and hydroxyurea suicide. It was found that EP doubles the percentage of BFU-E in DNA synthesis after 24-48 h of incubation in the liquid medium. This effect of EP on DNA synthesis by bone marrow day 15 BFU-E is detectable as early as 6 h after the onset of incubation and at EP concentrations as low as 0.2 U/ml of medium, a concentration present in the serum of moderately anaemic patients. The human marrow day 15 BFU-E is an EP-responsive cell and pure EP can induce it into DNA synthesis.
Effect of allergen avoidance at high altitude on direct and indirect bronchial hyperresponsiveness and markers of inflammation in children with allergic asthma. (1996)

After one month at high altitude a reduction in airways inflammation occurs. The results indicate that AMP responsiveness is a more accurate marker of disease activity in relation to inflammation in asthma than methacholine. The benefits of allergen avoidance at high altitude have important clinical implications for children with allergic asthma.