gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Classification and characterization of cardiac isomyosins (1984)

The structural properties of cardiac isomyosins from several species were compared using native gel electrophoresis, analysis of proteolytic digests, analysis of monoclonal antibody reactivity to specific proteolytic fragments on electroblots and S1 nuclease mapping with cDNA probes. The structure of specific regions of the myosin molecule was analyzed by reacting monoclonal antibodies with chymotryptic peptides of myosin separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The pattern of fragments reactive with antibody CCM-52 (epitope in LMM) was identical in all types of V3 isomyosin examined, and different in each type of V1 isomyosin. Peptides reactive with RCM-79 (epitope in HMM) were different from those reactive with CCM-52 and were also significantly different in each type of myosin examined. Thus, HC-alpha is structurally similar in the LMM portion of the molecule in all animals examined, while in the HMM region there are significant structural differences. HC-alpha differs from HC-beta, with structural differences in both LMM and HMM. We have also shown that atrial myosin HC and ventricular HC-alpha in the rabbit are indistinguishable both by RIA and peptide mapping analysis. The same conclusion was derived after analysis of the myosin HC mRNA expressed in rabbit atria and ventricles. Using cDNA probes specific for the alpha and beta myosin HC mRNA, we could not distinguish between the atrial myosin mRNA and ventricular HC alpha (V1 isomyosin) mRNA by S1 nuclease mapping experiments. Classification of different cardiac myosins is largely based on their mobility on native gel electrophoresis, immunological cross-reactivity, and ATPase activities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Three-dimensional nanolithography using proton beam writing (2003)

We report the utilization of a focused mega-electron-volt (MeV) proton beam to write accurate high-aspect-ratio structures at sub-100 nm dimensions. Typically, a MeV proton beam is focused to a sub-100 nm spot size and scanned over a suitable resist material. When the proton beam interacts with matter it follows an almost straight path. The secondary electrons induced by the primary proton beam have low energy and therefore limited range, resulting in minimal proximity effects. These features enable smooth three-dimensional structures to be direct written into resist materials. Initial tests have shown this technique capable of writing high aspect ratio walls of 30 nm width with sub-3 nm edge smoothness.
Proteomic Analyses of the Vitreous Humour (2012)

The human vitreous humour (VH) is a transparent, highly hydrated gel, which occupies the posterior segment of the eye between the lens and the retina. Physiological and pathological conditions of the retina are reflected in the protein composition of the VH, which can be sampled as part of routine surgical procedures. Historically, many studies have investigated levels of individual proteins in VH from healthy and diseased eyes. In the last decade, proteomics analyses have been performed to characterise the proteome of the human VH and explore networks of functionally related proteins, providing insight into the aetiology of diabetic retinopathy and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Recent proteomic studies on the VH from animal models of autoimmune uveitis have identified new signalling pathways associated to autoimmune triggers and intravitreal inflammation. This paper aims to guide biological scientists through the different proteomic techniques that have been used to analyse the VH and present future perspectives for the study of intravitreal inflammation using proteomic analyses.
Mechanical Characterization of Electrospun Polycaprolactone (PCL): A Potential Scaffold for Tissue Engineering (2008)

This paper investigates the mechanical behavior of electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) under tensile loading. PCL in bulk form degrades slowly and is biocompatible, two properties that make it a viable option for tissue engineering applications in biomedicine. Of particular interest is the use of electrospun PCL tubes as scaffolds for tissue engineered blood vessel implants. Stress relaxation and tensile tests have been conducted with specimens at room temperature (21 degrees C) and 37 degrees C. Additionally, to probe the effects of moisture on mechanical behavior, specimens were tested either dry (in air) or submerged in water. In general, the electrospun PCL was found to exhibit rate dependence, as well as some dependence on the test temperature and on whether the sample was wet or dry. Two different models were investigated to describe the experimentally observed material behavior. The models used were Fung's theory of quasilinear viscoelasticity (QLV) and the eight-chain model developed for rubber elastomers by Arruda and Boyce (1993, "A Three-Dimensional Constitutive Model for the Large Stretch Behavior of Rubber Elastic Materials," J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 41(2), pp. 389-412). The implementation and fitting results, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each model, are presented. In general, it was found that the QLV theory provided a better fit.
Remofovir Mesylate: A Prodrug of PMEA with Improved Liver-Targeting and Safety in Rats and Monkeys (2004)

Adefovir dipivoxil (Hepsera), a first-line therapy for chronic hepatitis B, is an esterase-activated prodrug of PMEA. Dose-limiting nephrotoxicity necessitates suboptimal dosing at 10 mg/day. Remofovir mesylate (MB06866Q) (Hepavir B) is a CYP3A4-activated prodrug of PMEA based on the HepDirect technology that targets PMEA to the liver. In a whole body autoradiography study in rats after oral dosing (30 mg/kg) of [14C]adefovir dipivoxil or [14C]remofovir mesylate, remofovir yielded 15 times higher concentrations of radioactivity in the liver than adefovir dipivoxil, but only one-third of the concentrations in the kidney. After oral dosing (4 mg/kg) of the same radiolabelled agents in cynomolgus monkeys, remofovir mesylate yielded 60 times higher levels of total radioactivity in the liver, but only two-thirds of total radioactivity levels in the kidney. Thus, remofovir mesylate may provide better efficacy and reduced nephrotoxicity. In portal vein-cannulated rats (30 mg/kg) after a single oral dose of [14C]adefovir dipivoxil or [14C]remofovir mesylate, no PMEA was detectable in rat portal plasma early after dosing, indicating that intestinal CYP3A4 does not play a role in conversion of remofovir mesylate to PMEA. The portal/systemic extraction ratio was quite high in both models, suggesting good liver-targeting properties. Portal and systemic remofovir/PMEA ratio indicates that the liver is the site of conversion of remofovir to PMEA. 28-Day toxicity studies demonstrated renal toxicity in rats at doses of 100 mg/kg or higher with no safety concerns at 30 mg/kg and acceptable safety in monkeys at doses up to 60 mg/kg. Thus, in rats and non-human primates, remofovir mesylate has liver-targeting properties and is safer than adefovir dipivoxil.
Biosynthesis and Cellular Trafficking of the Convertase SKI-1/S1P (2002)

Subtilisin kexin isozyme-1 (SKI-1)/site 1 protease is a mammalian subtilase composed of distinct functional domains. Among the major substrates of SKI-1 are the sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, regulating cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis. Other substrates include the stress response factor activating transcription factor-6, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and the surface glycoproteins of highly infectious viruses belonging to the family of Arenaviridae. Domain deletion and/or point mutants were used to gauge the role of the various domains of SKI-1. Biosynthesis, cellular trafficking, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 cleavage activity were used as diagnostic tools. Results revealed that Arg(130) and Arg(134) are critical for the autocatalytic primary processing of the prosegment and for the subsequent efficient exit of SKI-1 from the endoplasmic reticulum. Functional mapping of the growth factor cytokine receptor motif suggested a folding role within the endoplasmic reticulum. Microsequencing of the remaining membrane-bound stub following ectodomain shedding of SKI-1 localized the shedding site to KHQKLL(953) downward arrow. Site-directed mutagenesis, in vitro cleavage of a synthetic peptide containing the shedding site, and inhibitor studies favor an autocatalytic event occurring at a non-canonical SKI-1 recognition sequence, with P2 and P1 Leu being very critical. In conclusion, multiple domains ensuring optimal functional characteristics control SKI-1 activity and cellular trafficking.
Joule Heating a Palladium Nanowire Sensor for Accelerated Response and Recovery to Hydrogen Gas (2010)

The properties of a single heated palladium (Pd) nanowire for the detection of hydrogen gas (H(2)) are explored. In these experiments, a Pd nanowire, 48-98 microm in length, performs three functions in parallel: 1) Joule self-heating is used to elevate the nanowire temperature by up to 128 K, 2) the 4-contact wire resistance in the absence of H(2) is used to measure its temperature, and 3) the nanowire resistance in the presence of H(2) is correlated with its concentration, allowing it to function as a H(2) sensor. Compared with the room-temperature response of a Pd nanowire, the response of the heated nanowire to hydrogen is altered in two ways: First, the resistance change (DeltaR/R(0)) induced by H(2) exposure at any concentration is reduced by a factor of up to 30 and second, the rate of the resistance change - observed at the beginning ("response") and at the end ("recovery") of a pulse of H(2) - is increased by more than a factor of 50 at some H(2) concentrations. Heating nearly eliminates the retardation of response and recovery seen from 1-2% H(2), caused by the alpha --> beta phase transition of PdH(x), a pronounced effect for nanowires at room temperature. The activation energies associated with sensor response and recovery are measured and interpreted.
Etv2/ER71 induces vascular mesoderm from Flk1+PDGFRα+ primitive mesoderm (2011)

Etv2 (Ets Variant 2) has been shown to be an indispensable gene for the development of hematopoietic cells (HPCs)/endothelial cells (ECs). However, how Etv2 specifies the mesoderm-generating HPCs/ECs remains incompletely understood. In embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation culture and Etv2-null embryos, we show that Etv2 is dispensable for generating primitive Flk-1(+)/PDGFRα(+) mesoderm but is required for the progression of Flk-1(+)/PDGFRα(+) cells into vascular/hematopoietic mesoderm. Etv2-null ESCs and embryonic cells were arrested as Flk-1(+)/PDGFRα(+) and failed to generate Flk-1(+)/PDGFRα(-) mesoderm. Flk-1(+)/Etv2(+) early embryonic cells showed significantly higher hemato-endothelial potential than the Flk-1(+)/Etv2(-) population, suggesting that Etv2 specifies a hemato-endothelial subset of Flk-1(+) mesoderm. Critical hemato-endothelial genes were severely down-regulated in Etv2-null Flk-1(+) cells. Among those genes Scl, Fli1, and GATA2 were expressed simultaneously with Etv2 in early embryos and seemed to be critical targets. Etv2 reexpression in Etv2-null cells restored the development of CD41(+), CD45(+), and VE-cadherin(+) cells. Expression of Scl or Fli1 alone could also restore HPCs/ECs in the Etv2-null background, indicating that these 2 genes are critical downstream targets. Furthermore, VEGF induced Etv2 potently and rapidly in Flk-1(+) mesoderm. We propose that Flk-1(+)/PDGFRα(+) primitive mesoderm is committed into Flk-1(+)/PDGFRα(-) vascular mesoderm through Etv2 and that up-regulation of Etv2 by VEGF promotes this commitment.
Biointeractive hydrogels (2005)

Poly(ethylene glycol), or PEG, is used extensively in biomedical device development, with applications in tissue engineering, ultrahigh-density protein chips, and in vitro microdevices. We highlight some of the many recent advances in PEG hydrogel technology that center on chemical modifications to impart biospecificity and patterning to control structure on micro- and nanoscales characteristic of individual cells and proteins.
One-step preparation of tetrakis(bromomethyl)ethylene from pinacolyl alcohol (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOne-step preparation of tetrakis(bromomethyl)ethylene from pinacolyl alcoholPhilip W. Le Quesne, Michael A. Reynolds, and Susan E. BedaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 1, 142–143Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1975https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00889a044RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views101Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (239 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Interleukin 4 and human immunodeficiency virus stimulate LFA-1-ICAM-1-mediated aggregation of monocytes and subsequent giant cell formation (1994)

The effects of recombinant interleukin 4 (IL-4) on cell cluster and multinucleated giant cell (MGC) formation from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and uninfected monocytes were examined. Human blood monocytes were isolated by centrifugal elutriation and monoclonal antibody-complement-dependent lysis of residual T cells, and infected with low passage HIV strains. Monocytes were exposed to recombinant IL-4 (1 to 20 ng/ml), continuously after inoculation with HIV. Monocyte expression of ICAM-1 but not LFA-1 was significantly enhanced by IL-4 although substrate adherence was a more potent stimulus. Monocyte cluster and MGC formation was quantified after fixation and staining with Giemsa. Clusters of HIV-infected and uninfected monocytes were consistently and significantly increased at 4 to 7 days after IL-4 stimulation. The combination of HIV and IL-4 was more stimulatory than either treatment alone. In two out of five uninfected and three out of seven HIV-infected monocyte cultures, MGC formation was also markedly increased at 10 to 14 days after stimulation. Incubation with anti-LFA-1 (anti-CD11a, anti-CD18) and anti-ICAM-1 (anti-CD54) monoclonal antibodies reduced IL-4-stimulated aggregation in HIV-infected and uninfected monocytes and subsequently reduced MGC formation. Anti-ICAM-1 was not as effective as anti-CD11a or anti-CD18 in inhibiting aggregation of HIV-infected monocytes and in these cultures anti-ICAM-2 was also inhibitory. Extracellular HIV antigen concentrations were not consistently reduced by anti-CD11a or anti-ICAM-1. Hence IL-4 markedly enhanced monocyte aggregation in both HIV-infected and uninfected monocytes, probably through enhanced LFA-1-ICAM-1 interactions in all cultures and LFA-1-ICAM-2 interactions in infected monocytes, leading subsequently to MGC formation in some cultures.
Enhanced Proton Conductivity of Nafion Hybrid Membrane under Different Humidities by Incorporating Metal–Organic Frameworks With High Phytic Acid Loading (2014)

In this study, phytic acid (myo-inositol hexaphosphonic acid) was first immobilized by MIL101 via vacuum-assisted impregnation method. The obtained phytic@MIL101 was then utilized as a novel filler to incorporate into Nafion to fabricate hybrid proton exchange membrane for application in PEMFC under different relative humidities (RHs), especially under low RHs. High loading and uniform dispersion of phytic acid in MIL 101(Cr) were achieved as demonstrated by ICP, FT-IR, XPS, and EDS-mapping. The phytic@MIL101 was dispersed homogeneously in the Nafion matrix when the filler content was less than 12%. Hybrid membranes were evaluated by proton conductivity, mechanical property, thermal stability, and so forth. Remarkably, the Nafion/phytic@MIL hybrid membranes showed high proton conductivity at different RHs, especially under low RHs, which was up to 0.0608 S cm(-1) and 7.63 × 10(-4) S cm(-1) at 57.4% RH and 10.5% RH (2.8 and 11.0 times higher than that of pristine membrane), respectively. Moreover, the mechanical property of Nafion/phtic@MIL hybrid membranes was substantially enhanced and the thermal stability of membranes was well preserved.
Molecular associations on the T cell surface correlate with immunological memory (1990)

Different isoforms of CD45 are expressed on naive and memory CD4 T cells in the mouse, as revealed by an antibody to a set of isoforms of CD45 that utilize exon B, called CD45RB. Cloned TH1 and TH2 lines also differ for expression of isoforms detected by this antibody. Differential expression of CD45 isoforms correlates with different behavior of cell surface molecules involved in transmembrane signal transduction. On naive T cells, CD4, CD45 and the CD3/T cell receptor complex behave as independent entities. On memory T cells, these three molecules are stably associated on the T cell surface. Furthermore, on TH2 cells, which express intermediate levels of CD45RB, CD4 is stably associated with CD45 isoforms other than CD45RB, but this complex is not associated with the CD3/T cell receptor. These results lead us to propose that immunological memory in CD4 T cells consists of an altered structure of the T cell's specific signal transduction apparatus controlled by low-molecular weight CD45 isoforms. This altered receptor structure would allow the more sensitive triggering of the T cell characteristic of memory cells. The organization of multimolecular signal transduction systems may be a general means by which cells alter their physiological behavior, allowing the acquisition of new phenotypic characteristics.
RRR‐α‐Tocopheryl succinate inhibits proliferation and enhances secretion of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) by human breast cancer cells (1993)

The RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate form of vitamin E inhibits the proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive and estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Analyses of cell-conditioned medium from RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate growth-inhibited cells revealed the presence of a potent antiproliferative activity. Characterization of the antiproliferative activity as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) was established by 1) growth inhibition of the TGF-beta-responsive Mv1Lu-CCL-64 mink lung and murine CTLL-2 cell lines, 2) combination of physical characteristics including heat stability, acid stability, and Bio-Gel P-60 column chromatography elution profile, and 3) neutralization of the antiproliferative activity in the conditioned media by antibodies specific for TGF-beta.
Turnover of type II collagen and aggrecan in cartilage matrix at the onset of inflammatory arthritis in humans: Relationship to mediators of systemic and local inflammation (2003)

Except for CII synthesis, there were no significant changes in extracellular matrix turnover of aggrecan or CII in the early stages of human inflammatory arthritis. However, the direct correlation between the increases in TNFalpha and MMP-1 production and collagen degradation suggests that collagenase cleavage of cartilage collagen is related to the activities of TNFalpha and MMP-1. The reduction in CII synthesis in early RA may contribute to the developing pathology, since a lack of synthesis of this molecule would inhibit maintenance of cartilage matrix.
Purification, characterisation and identification of acidocin LCHV, an antimicrobial peptide produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus n.v. Er 317/402 strain Narine (2010)

In the last two decades, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been gaining attention as antimicrobial alternatives to chemical food preservatives and commonly used antibiotics. Lactobacillus acidophilus n.v. Er 317/402 strain Narine produces a small AMP with a molecular weight of 1.1kDa, designated acidocin LCHV. In this study, the AMP was extremely heat stable (90min at 130 degrees C), was active over a wide pH range and was found to be sensitive to proteolytic enzymes (trypsin, pepsin and proteinase K). Acidocin LCHV has a broad spectrum of activity both against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including several that are classified as Especially Dangerous Infections by the World Health Organization as well as meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium difficile. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) was used to determine the molecular mass and sequence of the purified peptide. Complete killing with immediate impact on cells was observed within a very short period of time (10min).
Elevated myeloid-derived suppressor cells in pancreatic, esophageal and gastric cancer are an independent prognostic factor and are associated with significant elevation of the Th2 cytokine interleukin-13 (2011)

We undertook a comprehensive analysis of circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and T regulatory cells (Tregs) in pancreatic, esophageal and gastric cancer patients and investigated whether MDSCs are an independent prognostic factor for survival. We evaluated a series of plasma cytokines and in particular re-evaluated the Th2 cytokine interleukin-13 (IL-13). Peripheral blood was collected from 131 cancer patients (46 pancreatic, 60 esophageal and 25 gastric) and 54 healthy controls. PBMC were harvested with subsequent flow cytometric analysis of MDSC (HLADR(-) Lin1(low/-) CD33(+) CD11b(+)) and Treg (CD4(+) CD25(+) CD127(low/-) FoxP3(+)) percentages. Plasma IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), IL-13, IL-17, G-CSF, IFN-γ, TNF-α and VEGF levels were analyzed by the Bio-Plex cytokine assay. Plasma arginase I levels were analyzed by ELISA. MDSCs and Tregs were statistically significantly elevated in pancreatic, esophageal and gastric cancer compared with controls, and MDSC numbers correlated with Treg levels. Increasing MDSC percentage was associated with increased risk of death, and in a multivariate analysis, MDSC level was an independent prognostic factor for survival. A unit increase in MDSC percentage was associated with a 22% increased risk of death (hazard ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval 1.06-1.41). Arginase I levels were also statistically significantly elevated in upper gastrointestinal cancer patients compared with controls. There was Th2 skewing for cytokine production in all three diseases, and importantly there were significant elevations of the pivotal Th2 cytokine interleukin-13, an increase that correlated with MDSC levels.