gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vivo augmentation of natural killer cell activity with a deoxyribonucleic acid fraction of BCG. (1986)

A fraction extracted from BCG and designated MY-1, which was composed of 70.0% DNA and 28.0% RNA, was previously reported to possess strong antitumor activities against various syngeneic mouse and guinea pig tumors. An intraperitoneal injection of MY-1 (100 micrograms) 1 day before rendered mouse peritoneal cells cytotoxic to YAC-1 cells. The effector cells were nonadherent to plastic dishes, and the activity was destroyed by treatment with anti-asialo GM1 antiserum plus complement or carrageenan in vitro, but not with carbonyl-iron or anti-Thy 1.2, suggesting that the cells are natural killer (NK) cells. In vivo augmentation of NK activity was dependent on MY-1 dose, and reached the peak 1 day after MY-1 injection. Since NK activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-nonresponder mice could be augmented by MY-1, the possibility that LPS contaminated the MY-1-augmented NK was excluded. MY-1 digested preliminarily with DNase lost its NK-inducing activity, suggesting that the DNA entity of MY-1 was essential for the activity. When mice were pretreated with anti-asialo GM1 or carrageenan, MY-1 could not render the peritoneal cells cytotoxic. Antitumor activities of MY-1 were also abolished if the animals were pretreated with anti-asialo GM1 antiserum or carrageenan, suggesting that the activities can be ascribed mainly to activated NK cells.
Increased α‐linolenic acid intake increases tissue α‐linolenic acid content and apparent oxidation with little effect on tissue docosahexaenoic acid in the guinea pig (2000)

The essential fatty acids do not have identical roles in nutrition. Linoleic acid (LA) accumulates throughout the body of most mammals, whereas alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is rarely found in tissue lipids to the same extent as LA. It has been argued that this is the result of metabolism of ALA to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or that ALA is rapidly beta-oxidized to acetyl CoA and CO2. In this study, we consider the effect of high and low ALA levels on the tissue distribution of ALA and other n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in all tissues. Guinea pigs were fed one of two defined diets for 3 wk from weaning with both diets containing 1.8% (by weight) of LA and either 1.7% ALA or 0.03% ALA. The high ALA diet was associated with significantly increased ALA levels in all tissues except the brain and significantly increased levels of long-chain n-3 PUFA in all tissues except intestines, brain, carcass, and skin. The long-chain n-3 PUFA content of the whole body was less than 5% of that of the ALA content in both diet groups, and the major long-chain n-3 PUFA (>66% of total) in the body was 22:5n-3. The brain was the only tissue where the DHA content exceeded that of 22:5n-3. On the low ALA diet, there appeared to be conservation of ALA based on a comparison of the ratio of LA to ALA in the tissues compared with that in the diet. On the high ALA diet there was a loss of ALA relative to LA in the tissues compared with the diet. These studies suggest that the low levels of tissue ALA in the guinea pig are likely the result of beta-oxidation or excretion via the skin and fur rather than metabolism to DHA.
Immunotherapy with human monoclonal antibodies. Fragment A specificity of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies is crucial for full protection against tetanus toxin. (1993)

To investigate the feasibility of substituting human mAb (HmAb) for human polyclonal preparations in the treatment of infections, we employed anti-tetanus toxin (TT) as a model system. We established a large panel of hybridomas secreting anti-TT HmAb and compared their fine specificities and protectivity with those exhibited by tetanus immune globulin (TIG). Analysis of three different commercial TIG preparations indicated that the majority of anti-TT antibodies is directed against epitopes expressed by the A fragment, the L chain of TT. Absorption of TIG with purified A fragment completely abolished its protective capacity in mice. Absorption with C fragment, the carboxy-terminal portion of the H chain of TT, had no discernible effect, illustrating the crucial importance of anti-A fragment antibody. The vast majority of more than 100 generated TT-specific HmAb showed specificity for the A fragment. Six HmAb with significant neutralizing activity were identified and further characterized. Five of them recognized the A fragment, whereas one, ST12, bound to both the A fragment and the C fragment with equal affinity. ST12 by itself conferred long lasting protection against TT intoxication when singly administered, and the remainder mediated only a delayed death. ST12 conferred a protection of 13.2 IU/100 micrograms IgG. However, when individual HmAb were combined, synergistic effects were observed. Optimal potency (43 IU/100 micrograms IgG) was obtained with a combination of two HmAb. To obtain a 250-IU dose, only 0.7 mg of this mixture was required in contrast to 100 to 170 mg IgG for TIG.
Expression of a biologically active fragment of human IgE epsilon chain in Escherichia coli. (1984)

cDNA corresponding to human IgE heavy (epsilon) chain mRNA was cloned from human IgE-secreting myeloma U266 cells. Partial nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrated that the cloned cDNA contained the coding region for about two-thirds of the CH2 and all of the CH3 and CH4 domains as well as the 3'-untranslated region. This epsilon cDNA was inserted into expression vector pUC7 and expression of an epsilon-chain fragment in Escherichia coli was demonstrated by protein blot analysis using 125I-labeled goat anti-human IgE as probe. The expression product was purified on a column of goat anti-human IgE-conjugated Sepharose 4B and the polypeptide was found to retain binding activity to human basophils.
Suppression of experimental autoimmune neuritis by phosphodiesterase inhibitor pentoxifylline (1996)

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor pentoxifylline (POX) has been shown to have multiple immunomodulatory effects in vitro and in vivo. It inhibits T cell proliferation, T helper 1-type cytokines, and tumor necrosis factor. We postulated that POX might have an in vivo immunomodulatory effect on a T-cell-mediated autoimmune peripheral nervous system disease, experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN). We investigated the effect of POX on EAN in rats immunized with peripheral nerve myelin containing neuritogenic peptide SP26. At 200 mg/kg/day, there was significant suppression of clinical EAN, weight loss, and T cell proliferation to SP26 compared to controls. Proliferation of T cells from immunized rats to SP26 was suppressed by POX in vitro. These studies demonstrate a beneficial role for POX in EAN, with potential applicability to human autoimmune demyelination.
Astrocytes in the hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy display changes in potassium conductances (2000)

Functional properties of astrocytes were investigated with the patch-clamp technique in acute hippocampal brain slices obtained from surgical specimens of patients suffering from pharmaco-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In patients with significant neuronal cell loss, i.e. Ammon's horn sclerosis, the glial current patterns resembled properties characteristic of immature astrocytes in the murine or rat hippocampus. Depolarizing voltage steps activated delayed rectifier and transient K+ currents as well as tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ currents in all astrocytes analysed in the sclerotic human tissue. Hyperpolarizing voltages elicited inward rectifier currents that inactivated at membrane potentials negative to -130 mV. Comparative recordings were performed in astrocytes from patients with lesion-associated TLE that lacked significant histopathological hippocampal alterations. These cells displayed stronger inward rectification. To obtain a quantitative measure, current densities were calculated and the ratio of inward to outward K+ conductances was determined. Both values were significantly smaller in astrocytes from the sclerotic group compared with lesion-associated TLE. During normal development of rodent brain, astroglial inward rectification gradually increases. It thus appears reasonable to suggest that astrocytes in human sclerotic tissue return to an immature current pattern. Reduced astroglial inward rectification in conjunction with seizure-induced shrinkage of the extracellular space may lead to impaired spatial K+ buffering. This will result in stronger and prolonged depolarization of glial cells and neurons in response to activity-dependent K+ release, and may thus contribute to seizure generation in this particular condition of human TLE.
N-Terminal Fatty Acylated His-dPhe-Arg-Trp-NH2Tetrapeptides:  Influence of Fatty Acid Chain Length on Potency and Selectivity at the Mouse Melanocortin Receptors and Human Melanocytes (2005)

The melanocortin system is involved in the regulation of a diverse number of physiologically important pathways including pigmentation, feeding behavior, weight and energy homeostasis, inflammation, and sexual function. All the endogenous melanocortin agonist ligands possess the conserved His-Phe-Arg-Trp tetrapeptide sequence that is postulated to be important for melanocortin receptor molecular recognition and stimulation. Previous studies by our laboratory resulted in the discovery that increasing alkyl chain length at the N-terminal "capping" region of the His-dPhe-Arg-Trp-NH(2) tetrapeptide resulted in a 100-fold increased melanocortin receptor agonist potency. This study was undertaken to systematically evaluate the pharmacological effects of increasing N-capping alkyl chain length of the CH(3)(CH(2))(n)CO-His-dPhe-Arg-Trp-NH(2) (n = 6-16) tetrapeptide template. Twelve analogues were synthesized and pharmacologically characterized at the mouse melanocortin receptors MC1R and MC3R-MC5R and human melanocytes known to express the MC1R. These peptides demonstrated melanocortin receptor selectivity profiles different from those of previously published tetrapeptides. The most notable results of enhanced ligand potency (20- to 200-fold) and receptor selectivity were observed at the MC1R. Tetrapeptides that possessed greater than nine alkyl groups were superior to alpha-MSH in terms of the stimulation of human melanocyte tyrosinase activity. Additionally, the n-pentadecanoyl derivative had a residual effect on tyrosinase activity that existed for at least 4 days after the peptide was removed from the human melanocyte culture medium. These data demonstrate the utility, potency, and residual effect of melanocortin tetrapeptides by adding N-terminal fatty acid moieties.
A symbol based algorithm for hardware implementation of cyclic redundancy check (CRC) (2002)

Describes a symbolic simulation-based algorithm to derive optimized Boolean equations for a parameterizable data width CRC generator/checker. The equations are then used to implement a data flow representation of the CRC circuit in VHDL. The VHDL description is subsequently synthesized to gates. The area and timing results of the hardware implementation are presented and compared with a conventional loop iteration technique (also described in this paper). The CRC-32 polynomial, commonly used for most computer network protocol standards, was chosen to implement the algorithm.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Titanium Oxide from TiI4 and H2O2 (2000)

TiO2 thin films have been grown on amorphous soda lime glass and polycrystalline silicon substrates from TiI4 and H2O2 by atomic layer deposition (ALD) in the temperature range 250–490 °C. The film growth rate and refractive index increased linearly with growth temperature up to 300 °C. Between 300 °C and 400 °C, the film growth rate tended to stabilize. Above 400 °C, there was a further rapid increase in the growth rate, together with a corresponding increase in the thickness profile. The refractive index reached 2.70–2.75 in the films grown above 300 °C. The films contained low amounts of residual hydrogen and were virtually iodine-free. When deposited below 300 °C and above 325 °C, the films contained weakly crystallized, but still distinct, anatase and rutile phases, respectively. Reflective high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) studies revealed that the uppermost layers of the films grown on silicon at 275 °C, 325 °C, and 425 °C contained anatase phase, regardless of deposition temperature. In the temperature range 300–325 °C, a transition region was established where either the films became less ordered, or they contained rather strongly ordered, but unstable, suboxide phases. The suboxide phase, when present, was transformed into a mixture of anatase and rutile when stored in air at room temperature.
Direct analysis of camptothecin from Nothapodytes nimmoniana by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) (2011)

Desorption electrospray ionization was employed for fast and direct ambient detection of the anti-tumor drug, camptothecin, and its derivative, 9-methoxycamptothecin in Nothapodytes nimmoniana. Different parts of the plant such as leaves, stems and bark were examined. The ion intensities suggest that the concentration in bark is higher than that in the leaves and stems. The method does not require any sample preparation or preseparation. The identity of the alkaloids was further confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry.
Mercury: visualization and analysis of crystal structures (2006)

Since its original release, the popular crystal structure visualization program Mercury has undergone continuous further development. Comparisons between crystal structures are facilitated by the ability to display multiple structures simultaneously and to overlay them. Improvements have been made to many aspects of the visual display, including the addition of depth cueing, and highly customizable lighting and background effects. Textual and numeric data associated with structures can be shown in tables or spreadsheets, the latter opening up new ways of interacting with the visual display. Atomic displacement ellipsoids, calculated powder diffraction patterns and predicted morphologies can now be shown. Some limited molecular-editing capabilities have been added. The object-oriented nature of the C++ libraries underlying Mercury makes it easy to re-use the code in other applications, and this has facilitated three-dimensional visualization in several other programs produced by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre.
Lixisenatide for type 2 diabetes mellitus (2011)

Efficacy and safety in T2DM are demonstrated with lixisenatide in monotherapy and in combination with metformin. However, limited data with the intended once-daily 20 μg subcutaneous dosing necessitate further evaluation of lixisenatide as add-on to various antidiabetic treatments. It remains to be established whether the slightly differing chemical properties compared to other GLP-1 receptor agonists including a rather short duration of action will be a disadvantage or maybe even an advantage, for example, when combined with long-acting insulin.
IEX -1L, an Apoptosis Inhibitor Involved in NF-κB-Mediated Cell Survival (1998)

Transcription factors of the nuclear factor-kappaB/rel (NF-kappaB) family may be important in cell survival by regulating unidentified, anti-apoptotic genes. One such gene that protects cells from apoptosis induced by Fas or tumor necrosis factor type alpha (TNF), IEX-1L, is described here. Its transcription induced by TNF was decreased in cells with defective NF-kappaB activation, rendering them sensitive to TNF-induced apoptosis, which was abolished by transfection with IEX-1L. In support, overexpression of antisense IEX-1L partially blocked TNF-induced expression of IEX-1L and sensitized normal cells to killing. This study demonstrates a key role of IEX-1L in cellular resistance to TNF-induced apoptosis.
Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated hypoxia response element-regulated gene expression in mouse ischemic heart model (2002)

Intramyocardial injection of genes encoding angiogenic factors could provide a useful approach for the treatment of ischemic heart disease. However, uncontrolled expression of angiogenic factors in vivo may cause some unwanted side effects, such as hemangioma formation, retinopathy, and arthritis. It may also induce occult tumor growth and artherosclerotic plaque progression. Because hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is up-regulated in a variety of hypoxic conditions and it regulates gene expression by binding to a cis-acting hypoxia-responsive element (HRE), we propose to use HRE, found in the 3' end of the erythropoietin gene to control gene expression in ischemic myocardium. A concatemer of nine copies of the consensus sequence of HRE isolated from the erythropoietin enhancer was used to mediate hypoxia induction. We constructed two adeno-associated viral vectors in which LacZ and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expressions were controlled by this HRE concatemer and a minimal simian virus 40 promoter. Both LacZ and VEGF expression were induced by hypoxia and/or anoxia in several cell lines transduced with these vectors. The functions of these vectors in ischemic myocardium were tested by injecting them into normal and ischemic mouse myocardium created by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The expression of LacZ gene was induced eight times and of VEGF 20 times in ischemic myocardium compared with normal myocardium after the viral vector transduction. Hence, HRE is a good candidate for the control of angiogenic factor gene expression in ischemic myocardium.
Differentiated Biocompatible Design of Luminal and Outer Graft Surfaces (1993)

Differentiated biocompatible design of luminal and outer graft surfaces may lead to successful healing of vascular grafts. Non-cellular adhesion characteristics are required for a luminal surface, whereas enhanced cell adhesion and migration are desired for an outer surface. We molecularly designed photocurable extracellular matrices (ECMs). Photocurable chondroitin sulfate (CS) was prepared for the luminal surface and photocurable gelatin for the outer surface. Both were partially derivatized with photodimerizable groups such as cinnamate and coumarin. These ECMs were converted to produce water insoluble gels upon ultraviolet irradiation. In vitro study showed that platelet adhesion on the photogelled CS was significantly reduced, whereas endothelial cells adhered well to the photogelled gelatin. These materials were individually coated and photogelled onto respective surfaces of knitted Dacron grafts (internal diameter 5 mm, length 5 cm). The ECM coated grafts were implanted into the abdominal aortae of dogs. During acute phase implantation for up to 1 week, minimized cell adhesion was observed on the luminal surface where the photogelled CS had provided a uniform cover, and enhanced tissue ingrowth was noted at the outer surface. However, some thrombi were formed, probably because of incomplete coating of, or cracks in, the photogelled CS. Although the molecularly designed ECMs and their in vitro performance appeared to follow our concept, further improvements in coating technique and molecular design of ECMs are needed for better in vivo performance. This may result in enhanced tissue regeneration, as well as a high patency rate.
Load Forecasting Performance Enhancement When Facing Anomalous Events (2005)

The application of artificial neural networks or other techniques in load forecasting usually outputs quality results in normal conditions. However, in real-world practice, a remarkable number of abnormalities may arise. Among them, the most common are the historical data bugs (due to SCADA or recording failure), anomalous behavior (like holidays or atypical days), sudden scale or shape changes following switching operations, and consumption habits modifications in the face of energy price amendments. Each of these items is a potential factor of forecasting performance degradation. This work describes the procedures implemented to avoid the performance degradation under such conditions. The proposed techniques are illustrated with real data examples of current, active, and reactive power forecasting at the primary substation level.
Quasi-Hierarchical, Interactive Navigation of Images and Meta-Data in the Open Microscopy Environment (2006)

Databases containing microscopy images and associated meta-data present users with the challenge of interpreting complex interrelationships between objects. Effective user tools must support users in the task of interactively navigating and filtering data to identify items of interest and understand relationships between these items. In the Open Microscopy Environment, these relationships often take the form of "quasi-hierarchies": tree-like structures where nodes can have multiple parents. A compact browser for selecting items in a quasi-hierarchy illustrates relationships between items and supports selection of items from any level in the quasi-hierarchy. Multiple interoperating browsers for orthogonal quasi-hierarchies can be coordinated to form a powerful filtering interface useful for simultaneously drilling down from multiple perspectives. These hierarchy browsers can be combined with information-specific displays, including summary views containing detailed information about image sets and image thumbnail displays
Experiencia de Pittsburgh con la toxina botulínica A inyectable (2006)

EXPERIENCIA DE PITTSBURGH CON LA TOXINA BOTULÍNICA A INYECTABLE
Megestrol acetate therapy and secondary adrenal suppression (1999)

BACKGROUND Adrenal suppression has been noted in patients who are receiving medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). Megestrol acetate (MA) is used to treat patients with advanced breast carcinoma, cachaexia related to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and disseminated carcinomatosis, and it is believed to have fewer side effects than MPA. The aim of this study was to test for secondary adrenal suppression in patients receiving MA therapy for advanced metastatic cancer. METHODS Ten postmenopausal female patients receiving long term MA therapy, nine with advanced metastatic breast carcinoma and one with metastatic ovarian carcinoma, were recruited consecutively from the oncology outpatient clinic at Ninewells Hospital in Dundee, Scotland. A short synacthen test and a corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test were performed on two separate occasions. Urine collection for 24-hour urinary free cortisol was performed on 6 patients. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), lutenizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and free thyroxine (T4) were measured in eight patients. An insulin stress test (IST) was performed on two patients. RESULTS Nine of 10 patients had a poor cortisol response to the short synacthen test. The CRH test had abnormal results in eight of nine patients. In all patients tested, 24-hour urinary free cortisol excretion was low, indicating adrenal suppression. Basal serum FSH, LH, TSH, and free T4 values indicated normal pituitary function. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone response in the CRH test varied and is discussed in this article. CONCLUSIONS MA causes secondary adrenal suppression that is thought to be due to its effect at the hypothalamic level. The authors recommend a short course of steroid replacement for patients receiving MA at times of acute illness. Cancer 1999;86:1044–9. © 1999 American Cancer Society.