gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Constrained Regularization:  Hybrid Method for Multivariate Calibration (2006)

We present a hybrid multivariate calibration method, constrained regularization (CR), and demonstrate its utility via numerical simulations and experimental Raman spectra. In this new method, multivariate calibration is treated as an inverse problem in which an optimal balance between model complexity and noise rejection is achieved with the inclusion of prior information in the form of a spectral constraint. A key feature is that the constraint is incorporated in a flexible manner, allowing the minimization algorithm to arrive at the optimal solution. We demonstrate that CR, when used with an appropriate constraint, is superior to methods without prior information, such as partial least-squares, and is less susceptible to spurious correlations. In addition, we show that CR is more robust than methods in which the constraint is rigidly incorporated, such as hybrid linear analysis, when the exact spectrum of the analyte of interest as it appears in the sample is not available. This situation can occur as a result of experimental or sample variations and often arises in complex or turbid samples such as biological tissues.
A study of caching proxy mechanisms realized on wide area distributed networks (1996)

The information retrieval systems on a wide area distributed network, such as the World-Wide Web (WWW), become popular among the extremely large number of users. The caching proxy has an important role in these systems for improving their accessibility and serviceability. The caching proxy mechanism is discussed in this paper. First, the role and structure of the caching proxy is explained, and two major problems of existing systems are pointed out. Our solution to overcome these problems is proposed next. Changing a file size by controlling a quality level of cached multimedia data is proposed as a measure to overcome one problem. As a solution to the other problem, making a cluster among neighboring caching proxies, using hyperlink information, is proposed. Finally, an improved caching proxy mechanism based upon these ideas is shown.
Minimizing Residual Vibrations in Flexible Systems (1992)

Residual vibrations degrade the performance of many systems. Due to the lightweight and flexible nature of space structures, controlling residual vibrations is especially difficult. Also, systems such as the Space Shuttle Remote Manipulator System have frequencies that vary significantly based upon configuration and loading. Recently, a technique of minimizing vibrations in flexible structures by command input shaping was developed. This document presents research completed in developing a simple, closed- form method of calculating input shaping sequences for two-mode systems and a system to adapt the command input shaping technique to known changes in system frequency about the workspace. The new techniques were tested on a three-link, flexible manipulator. A closed-form solution was found for calculating sequences for undamped, two-mode systems. The new sequences will have a time delay up to 25% less than sequences generated using previous methods. An approximate solution was found for calculating two-mode sequences for systems with significant damping. Simplified equations for the multiple-mode cases, based upon the two-mode solution, are presented, and some possible solution methods are explained. A similarity between input shaping sequences and windows used in data acquisition is noticed. For adapting to frequency variations about the workspace, a method was developed for determining the system frequencies based upon system configuration by interpolating values from a table, calculating new sequences using the two-mode solution, and implementing the sequence. New sequences are generated in this manner at each time step of the servo loop. Experiments were performed on the Flexbot, a three-link, flexible manipulator. The tests showed that the new, two-mode sequences ...
Humanization of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody for the therapy of solid tumors and other disorders. (1997)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major mediator of angiogenesis associated with tumors and other pathological conditions, including proliferative diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The murine anti-human VEGF monoclonal antibody (muMAb VEGF) A.4.6.1 has been shown to potently suppress angiogenesis and growth in a variety of human tumor cells lines transplanted in nude mice and also to inhibit neovascularization in a primate model of ischemic retinal disease. In this report, we describe the humanization of muMAb VEGF A.4.6.1. by site-directed mutagenesis of a human framework. Not only the residues involved in the six complementarity-determining regions but also several framework residues were changed from human to murine. Humanized anti-VEGF F(ab) and IgG1 variants bind VEGF with affinity very similar to that of the original murine antibody. Furthermore, recombinant humanized MAb VEGF inhibits VEGF-induced proliferation of endothelial cells in vitro and tumor growth in vivo with potency and efficacy very similar to those of muMAb VEGF A.4.6.1. Therefore, recombinant humanized MAb VEGF is suitable to test the hypothesis that inhibition of VEGF-induced angiogenesis is a valid strategy for the treatment of solid tumors and other disorders in humans.
A Low-Voltage, Low-Power, and Low-Noise UWB Mixer Using Bulk-Injection and Switched Biasing Techniques (2012)

This paper presents a low-voltage, low-power, low-noise, and ultra-wideband (UWB) mixer using bulk-injection and switched biasing techniques. The bulk-injection technique is implemented for a low supply voltage, thus resulting in low power consumption. This technique also allows for a flat conversion gain over a wide range of frequencies covering the full UWB band; this is a result of the integration of the RF transconductance stage and the local oscillator switching stage into a single transistor that is able to eliminate parasitic effects. Moreover, since the bulk-injection transistors of the mixer are designed to operate in the subthreshold region, current dissipation is reduced. A switched biasing technique for the tail current source, in place of static biasing, is adopted to reduce noise. The effects of modulated input signals, such as AM and FM, are simulated and measured to demonstrate the robustness of the switched biasing technique. The proposed mixer offers a measured conversion gain from 7.6 to 9.9 dB, a noise figure from 11.7 to 13.9 dB, and input third-order intercept point from - 10 to - 15.5 dBm, over 2.4 to 11.9 GHz, while consuming only 0.88 mW from a 0.8-V supply voltage. The chip size including the test pads is 0.62×0.58 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> using a 0.18-μm RF CMOS process.
Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 in a Mixed Supercritical Fluid (2000)

A mixture of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC 134a) and carbon dioxide is used as a medium for electrochemical study. The reduction of CO2 in the liquid and supercritical states was investigated on both Pt and Pb electrode surfaces. It was shown that there is a decrease in the reduction potential on both electrode materials in the supercritical state compared to the liquid. The reduction of CO2 on a Pt electrode is shown to have a high faradaic efficiency for oxalate production. This is discussed in terms of the adsorption of the CO2•- anion radical on the electrode surface.
Molecular genetic bases of Salmonella entry into host cells (1996)

Salmonella spp. can enter into non-phagocytic cells, a property that is essential for their pathogenicity. Recently, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the molecular genetic bases of this process. It is now evident that Salmonella entry functions are largely encoded on a 35-40 kb region of the Salmonella chromosome located at centisome 63. The majority of the loci in this region encode components of a type III or contact-dependent secretion system homologous to those described in a variety of animal and plant-pathogenic bacteria as well as a number of proteins that require this system for their export to the extracellular environment. A somewhat unexpected finding has been the remarkable homology between the Salmonella and Shigella proteins that mediate the entry of these organisms into cultured epithelial cells.
On Learning Vector-Valued Functions (2004)

In this letter, we provide a study of learning in a Hilbert space of vectorvalued functions. We motivate the need for extending learning theory of scalar-valued functions by practical considerations and establish some basic results for learning vector-valued functions that should prove useful in applications. Specifically, we allow an output space Y to be a Hilbert space, and we consider a reproducing kernel Hilbert space of functions whose values lie in Y. In this setting, we derive the form of the minimal norm interpolant to a finite set of data and apply it to study some regularization functionals that are important in learning theory. We consider specific examples of such functionals corresponding to multiple-output regularization networks and support vector machines, for both regression and classification. Finally, we provide classes of operator-valued kernels of the dot product and translation-invariant type.
Rapid switching of ion current in narrow pores: implications for biological ion channels (1993)

Ions flowing through purely synthetic filters made of polyethylene terephthalate which have been etched to produce narrow pores show: (i) rapid transitions between a high-conducting and a low-conducting state; (ii) selectivity of ion flow; and (iii) inhibition by divalent cations and protons. These features resemble those displayed by many biological ion channels. We interpret our results in terms of the special properties of ion conductance at an interface that may be observed whenever the contribution of bulk conductance is minimal.
Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose for anaemia in pregnancy (2014)

Our prospective data is consistent with existing observational reports of the safe and effective use of ferric carboxymaltose in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy.
Plasma Levels of Ketamine and Two of Its Metabolites in Surgical Patients Using a Gas Chromatographic Mass Fragmentographic Assay (1982)

Ketamine and two of its metabolites were determined up to 24 hours by a sensitive and specific gas chromatographic mass fragmentographic (GCMF) assay in the plasma of seven premedicated surgical patients. Each patient received ketamine in a dose between 2.0 and 2.2 mg/kg given intravenously over a 30-second period. Plasma levels of ketamine varied from 9,000 to 25,800 ng/ml 1 minute after injection to approximately 1,000 ng/ml when the patients began to recover consciousness. Within the next 24 hours, the patients had a complex logarithmic decline in plasma levels of ketamine. Some patients showed approximately 5 to 15 ng/ml levels of ketamine 24 hours after injection. The data suggest rather complex pharmacokinetics with multiple compartments. Ketamine metabolites I and II were also found in the plasma over comparable periods of time. Ketamine metabolite I levels ranged from a high of 245 to 668 ng/ml within 30 minutes after ketamine administration to as low as 15 ng/ml 24 hours later. Ketamine metabolite II levels were lower with a peak of 515 ng/ml in approximately 60 minutes to 13 to 27 ng/ml 24 hours later. Recovery from anesthesia was related to the first two phases of rapid redistribution of ketamine. The plasma levels of the two ketamine metabolites were first detectable approximately 5 minutes after ketamine injection. Their relatively low levels throughout ketamine anesthesia and postanesthesia do not correlate with recovery from anesthesia. CSTRIP and NONLIN analysis indicated that a three-exponential equation best approximated the data obtained. It is concluded that a three-compartment open model best approximates ketamine pharmacokinetics in these patients.
Loss of heterozygosity at the RB locus is frequent and correlates with muscle invasion in bladder carcinoma. (1991)

Studies of second, non-ocular tumours in surviving retinoblastoma patients and their families have reported a higher than expected incidence and lower age at diagnosis of bladder tumours. This suggests that RB mutations may predispose to bladder cancer. To determine whether this gene is involved in the development of sporadic bladder tumours we have examined 162 bladder tumours for evidence of structural alterations to the RB gene. Ninety-four patients were informative with one or more intragenic RB probes, and 28 of these (29%) showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Of these, two tumours showed homozygous deletions with the 5' intragenic probe p123M1.8. The probe p68RS2.0, which recognizes a variable number of tandem repeats site in intron 17 of the RB gene, detected new alleles in 5 of 162 tumours, one of which also showed LOH at another polymorphic site within the gene. The 28 tumours with RB LOH were screened with the RB cDNA probes pR3.8 and pR0.9, which revealed two homozygous deletions and one rearrangement. The tumours with RB LOH were also screened for loss of three markers which flank RB, D13S1 which maps proximal and D13S2 and D13S3 which map distal to RB on chromosome 13q. Two tumours showed retention of heterozygosity for flanking markers on one side of RB and another for markers on both sides. These results suggest that RB is the target gene on 13q in these bladder tumours. When RB loss was compared with tumour grade and stage, an association between high tumour grade and RB loss (0.005 greater than P greater than 0.001) and between muscle invasion and RB loss (P greater than 0.001) was found. Twenty-six of the 28 tumours with LOH were muscle-invasive. This represents 56% of invasive tumours. Only 2/48 (4%) superficial tumours showed RB allele loss, and one of these has progressed rapidly to invasive disease. These results show that LOH at the RB locus is a frequent genetic event in bladder tumours and may identify a subset of more aggressive tumours.
Phorbol myristate acetate-mediated stimulation of transcytosis and apical recycling in MDCK cells (1994)

We observed that phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulates transcytosis of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in MDCK cells. Apical release of pre-endocytosed ligand (dimeric IgA) bound to the pIgR can be stimulated twofold within 7 min of addition of PMA while recycling of the ligand from the basal surface is not affected. In addition, apical surface delivery of pIgR and cleavage of its ectodomain to secretory component (SC) is also stimulated by PMA. The recycling of apically internalized ligand back to the apical surface is similarly stimulated. These results suggest that the stimulation of apical delivery is from an apical recycling compartment. The effect of PMA suggests that protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in the regulation of pIgR trafficking in MDCK cells. To test this we down regulated PKC activity by pre-treating cells with PMA for 16 h and observed that transcytosis could no longer be stimulated by PMA. Western blots show that the PKC isozymes alpha and to a lesser extent epsilon, are depleted from MDCK cells which have been pre-treated with PMA for 16 h and that treatment of MDCK cells with PMA for 5 min causes a dramatic translocation of the PKC alpha isozyme and a partial translocation of the epsilon isozyme from the cytosol to the membrane fraction of cell homogenates. This translocation suggests that the alpha and/or epsilon isozymes may be involved in PMA mediated stimulation of transcytosis. A mutant pIgR in which serines 664 and 726, the major sites of phosphorylation, are replaced by alanine is stimulated to transcytose by PMA, suggesting that phosphorylation of pIgR at these sites is not required for the effect of PMA. These results suggest that PMA-mediated stimulation of pIgR transcytosis may involve the activation of PKC alpha and/or epsilon, and that this stimulation occurs independently of the major phosphorylation sites on the pIgR. Finally, PMA stimulates transcytosis of basolaterally internalized transferrin, suggesting that PMA acts to generally stimulate delivery of endocytosed proteins to the apical surface.
The optical advantages of curved focal plane arrays (2008)

The design of optical systems for digital cameras is complicated by the requirement that the image surface be planar, which results in complex and expensive optics. We analyze a compact optical system with a curved image surface and compare its performance to systems with planarimage surfaces via optics analysis and image system simulation. Our analysis shows that a curved image surface provides a way to lower the number of optical elements, reduce aberrations including astigmatism and coma, and increase off-axis brightness and sharpness. A method to fabricate curved image focal plane arrays using monolithic silicon is demonstrated.
Vacuum-deposited TiNi shape memory film: characterization and applications in microdevices (1991)

Thin-film nickel-titanium shape memory alloy has been vacuum sputter deposited, characterized by crystallographic, electrical, and mechanical tests, and incorporated as an actuator in miniature devices. The composition and heat treatment of the film are critical as contamination by oxygen and other species affects the transition temperature. A variety of substrates have been utilized, with good adhesion. Shape memory behavior comparable to that of bulk TiNi has been observed in free-standing film. The work output per unit volume of TiNi is much greater than can be achieved with electrostatic or piezoactuators. Actuators in the few-micrometer size domain are feasible and have desirable characteristics for electrical and optical activation. Anticipated applications include miniature valves, bistable optical memory elements, and microactuators for silicon microelectromechanical devices.
Velocity components in the desorbing product CO2 in CO oxidation over Pd(100) under steady-state conditions (2000)

The velocity distributions of desorbing product CO2 were studied in the steady-state CO oxidation on Pd(100) by means of cross-correlation time-of-flight techniques. CO2 desorption is sharply collimated along the surface-normal throughout the switching region of the rate-determining step. At O2 pressures above 1×10−3 Torr and surface temperatures below ca. 520 K, the velocity distribution curve showed two components in the inhibited region where the overall reaction rate was controlled by O2 dissociation. One component showed a translational temperature of 1500–2000 K and the other equaled the surface temperature. On the other hand, only the fast component was found in the velocity distribution curves in the active region where the reaction rate was controlled by CO adsorption, or in both regions below 1×10−3 Torr O2 and above 520 K. The fast component showed a remarkable surface-structure dependence of the translational energy.
Revenu minimum : les leçons de Speenhamland (2002)

La mise en place en Angleterre à la fin du XVIIIe siècle d'une loi sociale connue sous le nom de Speenhamland marque les débuts de l'histoire du revenu minimum. L'application de la mesure et les débats qu'elle a suscités ont malheureusement jeté un doute sur la volonté et la difficulté de garantir à tout individu un droit à la subsistance, un droit à la vie. L'histoire de cette expérience est riche d'enseignements pour la période contemporaine, qui s'engage dans la voie des minima sociaux et dans les débats à propos de l'allocation universelle.
Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (2008)

Dementia of the Alzheimer type is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative condition characterized by deterioration in cognition and memory, progressive impairment in the ability to carry out activities of daily living, and a number of neuropsychiatric symptoms. This narrative review summarizes the literature regarding descriptive epidemiology, clinical course, and characteristic neuropathological changes of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Although there are no definitive imaging or laboratory tests, except for brain biopsy, for diagnosis, brief screening instruments and neuropsychiatric test batteries used to assess the disease are discussed. Insufficient evidence exists for the use of biomarkers in clinical practice for diagnosis or disease management, but promising discoveries are summarized. Optimal treatment requires both nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions, yet none have been shown to modify the disease's clinical course. This review describes the current available options and summarizes promising new avenues for treatment. Issues related to the care of persons with dementia of the Alzheimer type, including caregiver burden, long-term care, and the proliferation of dementia special care units, are discussed. Although advances have been made, more research is needed to address the gaps in our understanding of the disease.
Tailoring macromolecular architecture with imidazole functionality: A perspective for controlled polymerization processes (2010)

Controlled radical polymerization (CRP) allows for the design and synthesis of functional polymers with tailored composition and unique macromolecular architectures. Synthetic methods that are readily available for controlled radical polymerization include nitroxide-mediated polymerization, reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, and atom transfer radical polymerization. N-Vinyl monomers that are typically amenable to free radical methods are often difficult to synthesize in a controlled manner to high molecular weight due to the lack of resonance stabilization of the propagating radical. However, recent advances in the field of CRP have resulted in successful controlled polymerization of various N-vinyl heterocyclic monomers including N-vinylcarbazole, N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylphthalimide, and N-vinylindole. The incorporation of the imidazole ring into homopolymers and copolymers using conventional free radical polymerization of N-vinylimidazole monomer is particularly widespread and advantageous due to facile functionalization, high thermal stability, and the relevance of the imidazole ring to many biomacromolecules. Copolymers prepared with methyl methacrylate displayed random incorporation according to differential scanning calorimetry and amorphous morphologies according to X-ray scattering. Imidazole- and imidazolium-containing monomers have shown recent success for CRP; however, the controlled polymerization of N-vinylimidazole has remained relatively unexplored. Future efforts focus on the development of tailored imidazole-containing copolymers with well-defined architectures for emerging biomedical, electronic and membrane applications.
Fulminant Myocarditis with Combination Immune Checkpoint Blockade (2016)

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have improved clinical outcomes associated with numerous cancers, but high-grade, immune-related adverse events can occur, particularly with combination immunotherapy. We report the cases of two patients with melanoma in whom fatal myocarditis developed after treatment with ipilimumab and nivolumab. In both patients, there was development of myositis with rhabdomyolysis, early progressive and refractory cardiac electrical instability, and myocarditis with a robust presence of T-cell and macrophage infiltrates. Selective clonal T-cell populations infiltrating the myocardium were identical to those present in tumors and skeletal muscle. Pharmacovigilance studies show that myocarditis occurred in 0.27% of patients treated with a combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab, which suggests that our patients were having a rare, potentially fatal, T-cell-driven drug reaction. (Funded by Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center Ambassadors and others.).