gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Space Life Support from the Cellular Perspective (2001)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Determining the fundamental role of gravity in vital biological systems in space is one of six science and research areas that provides the philosophical underpinning for why NASA exists. The study of cells, tissues, and microorganisms in a spaceflight environment holds the promise of answering multiple intriguing questions about how gravity affects living systems. To enable these studies, specimens must be maintained in an environment similar to that used in a laboratory. Cell culture studies under normal laboratory conditions involve maintaining a highly specialized environment with the necessary temperature, humidity control, nutrient, and gas exchange conditions. These same cell life support conditions must be provided by the International Space Station (ISS) Cell Culture Unit (CCU) in the unique environment of space. The CCU is a perfusion-based system that must function in microgravity, at unit gravity (1g) on earth, and from 0.1g up to 2g aboard the ISS centrifuge rotor. One of the biggest challenges is to optimize the flow environment within the cell specimen chamber to meet the complex and often conflicting requirements to provide uniform gas and nutrient exchange, to maintain cell suspension, and to control hydrodynamic stresses acting on the adherent or suspended cells. Other challenges include obtaining representative samples of cells and culture medium, managing any bubbles formed in the cell specimen chamber and fluid lines, preventing blockage of the cell separation membrane inside the chamber, and providing sterile containment during all experiment phases. Flight studies of cells and tissues also require the development of proper control experiments for specific parameters in the cell culture environment. Thorough ground testing is currently being carried out in development hardware called the Science Evaluation Units. We present data from our experiments using animal, plant, and microbial cells where we have optimized these life support conditions.&lt;/div&gt;
Inhibition of tomato yellow leaf curl virus replication by artificial zinc-finger proteins (2007)

Previously, we designed an artificial zinc-finger protein (AZP) for blocking a replication protein (Rep) of beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV) from binding to its replication origin and demonstrated that transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the AZP are completely resistant to the virus infection. Here we applied the AZP technology to tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) infective to an important agricultural crop, tomato. We designed an AZP binding to the direct repeat to block the TYLCV Rep binding and confirmed in gel shift assays that the designed AZP has a higher affinity to the replication origin than that of Rep. Furthermore, we demonstrated in competitive binding assays that the AZP effectively inhibited the Rep binding in vitro. We discuss properties of the AZP for inhibition of TYLCV replication in detail.
Determination of X-Ray Transient Source Positions By Bayesian Analysis of Coded Aperture Data (1997)

We present a new method of transient point source deconvolution for coded-aperture X-Ray detectors. Our method is based upon the calculation of the likelihood function and its interpretation as a probability density for the transient source position by an application of Bayes' Theorem. The method obtains point estimates of source positions by finding the maximum of this probability density, and interval estimates of prescribed probability by choosing suitable contours of constant probability density. We give the results of simulations that we performed to test the method. We also derive approximate analytic expressions for the predicted performance of the method. These estimates underline the intuitively plausible properties of the method and provide a sound quantitative basis for the design of coded-aperture systems.
Synthesis of various branched triribonucleoside diphosphates by site-specific modification of a diphenylcarbamoyl-protected guanine residue (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of various branched triribonucleoside diphosphates by site-specific modification of a diphenylcarbamoyl-protected guanine residueSophie Huss, Gilles Gosselin, and Jean Louis ImbachCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 3, 499–506Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00238a006https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00238a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views217Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Biomechanical Analysis of Meniscal Repair Techniques (2002)

Knowledge of biomechanical characteristics aids the surgeon in choosing the appropriate technique for each situation.
High-Resolution Depth Map Generation by Applying Stereo Matching Based on Initial Depth Informaton (2008)

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to generate a high definition (HD) depth map using a standard definition (SD) depth camera and HD stereoscopic cameras. In order to obtain the initial depth information for the left camera, we perform the three-dimensional (3-D) warping technique using depth information acquired by a depth camera. After depth values from a depth camera are converted into initial disparity values for stereo matching, we search only a small neighboring region of the initial disparity to find a more accurate disparity value. Then, we generate 3-D edge segments to refine the depth map in boundary areas of objects. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme generates a more accurate depth map than traditional stereo matching algorithms.
Chronic angiotensin-(1–7) prevents cardiac fibrosis in DOCA-salt model of hypertension (2006)

Cardiac remodeling is a hallmark hypertension-induced pathophysiology. In the current study, the role of the angiotensin-(1-7) fragment in modulating cardiac remodeling was examined. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent uninephrectomy surgery and were implanted with a deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) pellet. DOCA animals had their drinking water replaced with 0.9% saline solution. A subgroup of DOCA-salt animals was implanted with osmotic minipumps, which delivered angiotensin-(1-7) chronically (100 ng.kg(-1).min(-1)). Control animals underwent sham surgery and were maintained on normal drinking water. Blood pressure was measured weekly with the use of the tail-cuff method, and after 4 wk of treatment, blood pressure responses to graded doses of angiotensin II were determined by direct carotid artery cannulation. Ventricle size was measured, and cross sections of the heart ventricles were paraffin embedded and stained using Masson's Trichrome to measure interstitial and perivascular collagen deposition and myocyte diameter. DOCA-salt treatment caused significant increases in blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy, and myocardial and perivascular fibrosis. Angiotensin-(1-7) infusion prevented the collagen deposition effects without any effect on blood pressure or cardiac hypertrophy. These results indicate that angiotensin-(1-7) selectively prevents cardiac fibrosis independent of blood pressure or cardiac hypertrophy in the DOCA-salt model of hypertension.
An Overview of Particulate Matter Measurement Instruments (2015)

This review article presents an overview of instruments available on the market for measurement of particulate matter. The main instruments and methods of measuring concentration (gravimetric, optical, and microbalance) and size distribution Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI), and others were described and compared. The aim of this work was to help researchers choose the most suitable equipment to measure particulate matter. When choosing a measuring instrument, a researcher must clearly define the purpose of the study and determine whether it meets the main specifications of the equipment. ELPI and SMPS are the suitable devices for measuring fine particles; the ELPI works in real time. In health-related studies, a Diffusion Charger is the instrument that best characterizes the surface of ultrafine particles. Several methods and different particle measuring instruments should be used to confirm the values obtained during sampling.
Physiologic upper limit of pore size in the blood-tumor barrier of malignant solid tumors (2009)

The physiologic upper limit of pore size in the BTB of malignant solid tumor microvasculature is approximately 12 nanometers. In the physiologic state in vivo the luminal fibrous glycocalyx of the BTB of malignant brain tumor and peripheral tumors is the primary impediment to the effective transvascular transport of particles across the BTB of malignant solid tumor microvasculature independent of tumor host site. The higher permeability of malignant peripheral tumor microvasculature to macromolecules smaller than approximately 12 nm in diameter is attributable to the presence of a greater number of pores underlying the glycocalyx of the BTB of malignant peripheral tumor microvasculature.
Frequency analysis and sheared filtering for shadow light fields of complex occluders (2011)

Monte Carlo ray tracing of soft shadows produced by area lighting and intricate geometries, such as the shadows through plant leaves or arrays of blockers, is a critical challenge. The final image often has relatively smooth shadow patterns, since it integrates over the light source. However, Monte Carlo rendering exhibits considerable noise even at high sample counts because of the large variance of the integrand due to the intricate shadow function. This article develops an efficient diffuse soft shadow technique for mid to far occluders that relies on a new 4D cache and sheared reconstruction filter. For this, we first derive a frequency analysis of shadows for planar area lights and complex occluders. Our analysis subsumes convolution soft shadows for parallel planes as a special case. It allows us to derive 4D sheared filters that enable lower sampling rates for soft shadows. While previous sheared-reconstruction techniques were able primarily to index samples according to screen position, we need to perform reconstruction at surface receiver points that integrate over vastly different shapes in the reconstruction domain. This is why we develop a new light-field-like 4D data structure to store shadowing values and depth information. Any ray tracing system that shoots shadow rays can easily incorporate our method to greatly reduce sampling rates for diffuse soft shadows.
Ribosomal mutations promote the evolution of antibiotic resistance in a multidrug environment (2017)

Antibiotic resistance arising via chromosomal mutations is typically specific to a particular antibiotic or class of antibiotics. We have identified mutations in genes encoding ribosomal components in <i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> that confer resistance to several structurally and mechanistically unrelated classes of antibiotics and enhance survival following heat shock and membrane stress. These mutations affect ribosome assembly and cause large-scale transcriptomic and proteomic changes, including the downregulation of the catalase KatG, an activating enzyme required for isoniazid sensitivity, and upregulation of WhiB7, a transcription factor involved in innate antibiotic resistance. Importantly, while these ribosomal mutations have a fitness cost in antibiotic-free medium, in a multidrug environment they promote the evolution of high-level, target-based resistance. Further, suppressor mutations can then be easily acquired to restore wild-type growth. Thus, ribosomal mutations can serve as stepping-stones in an evolutionary path leading to the emergence of high-level, multidrug resistance.
Oncolytic Immunotherapy: Dying the Right Way is a Key to Eliciting Potent Antitumor Immunity (2014)

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are novel immunotherapeutic agents whose anticancer effects come from both oncolysis and elicited antitumor immunity. OVs induce mostly immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD), including immunogenic apoptosis, necrosis/necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagic cell death, leading to exposure of calreticulin and heat-shock proteins to the cell surface, and/or released ATP, high-mobility group box 1, uric acid, and other damage-associated molecular patterns as well as pathogen-associated molecular patterns as danger signals, along with tumor-associated antigens, to activate dendritic cells and elicit adaptive antitumor immunity. Dying the right way may greatly potentiate adaptive antitumor immunity. The mode of cancer cell death may be modulated by individual OVs and cancer cells as they often encode and express genes that inhibit/promote apoptosis, necroptosis, or autophagic cell death. We can genetically engineer OVs with death-pathway-modulating genes and thus skew the infected cancer cells toward certain death pathways for the enhanced immunogenicity. Strategies combining with some standard therapeutic regimens may also change the immunological consequence of cancer cell death. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of danger signals, modes of cancer cell death induced by OVs, the induced danger signals and functions in eliciting subsequent antitumor immunity. We also discuss potential combination strategies to target cells into specific modes of ICD and enhance cancer immunogenicity, including blockade of immune checkpoints, in order to break immune tolerance, improve antitumor immunity, and thus the overall therapeutic efficacy.
Whole blood: back to the future (2016)

Purpose of review We present data comparing whole blood with blood components and summarize the data that support increased availability of whole blood for patients with life-threatening bleeding. Recent findings Recent data indicate that whole-blood transfusion is associated with improved or comparable survival compared with resuscitation with blood components. These data complement randomized controlled trials indicating that platelet-containing blood products stored at 4 °C have superior hemostatic function, compared with platelet-containing blood products at 22 °C. Whole blood is rarely available in civilian hospitals and, thus, is rarely transfused into patients with hemorrhagic shock. Misconceptions that whole blood must be ABO specific, that whole blood cannot be leukoreduced and maintain platelets, and that cold storage causes loss of platelet function have limited its availability. Understanding that these barriers are not insurmountable will improve the availability of whole blood and facilitate its use. In addition, there are logistical advantages of whole-blood-based resuscitation, as compared with component therapy, for hemorrhagic shock. Summary Low titer Group O whole blood stored for up to 21 days at 4 °C merits further study to compare its efficacy and safety with current resuscitation approaches for patients with life-threatening bleeding.
A DNA transfection system for generation of influenza A virus from eight plasmids (2000)

We have developed an eight-plasmid DNA transfection system for the rescue of infectious influenza A virus from cloned cDNA. In this plasmid-based expression system, viral cDNA is inserted between the RNA polymerase I (pol I) promoter and terminator sequences. This entire pol I transcription unit is flanked by an RNA polymerase II (pol II) promoter and a polyadenylation site. The orientation of the two transcription units allows the synthesis of negative-sense viral RNA and positive-sense mRNA from one viral cDNA template. This pol I-pol II system starts with the initiation of transcription of the two cellular RNA polymerase enzymes from their own promoters, presumably in different compartments of the nucleus. The interaction of all molecules derived from the cellular and viral transcription and translation machinery results in the generation of infectious influenza A virus. The utility of this system is proved by the recovery of the two influenza A viruses: A/WSN/33 (H1N1) and A/Teal/HK/W312/97 (H6N1). Seventy-two hours after the transfection of eight expression plasmids into cocultured 293T and MDCK cells, the virus yield in the supernatant of the transfected cells was between 2 x 10(5) and 2 x 10(7) infectious viruses per milliliter. We also used this eight-plasmid system for the generation of single and quadruple reassortant viruses between A/Teal/HK/W312/97 (H6N1) and A/WSN/33 (H1N1). Because the pol I-pol II system facilitates the design and recovery of both recombinant and reassortant influenza A viruses, it may also be applicable to the recovery of other RNA viruses entirely from cloned cDNA.
Tissue Expression of Human Toll-Like Receptors and Differential Regulation of Toll-Like Receptor mRNAs in Leukocytes in Response to Microbes, Their Products, and Cytokines (2002)

Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family mediate dorsoventral patterning and cellular adhesion in insects as well as immune responses to microbial products in both insects and mammals. TLRs are characterized by extracellular leucine-rich repeat domains and an intracellular signaling domain that shares homology with cytoplasmic sequences of the mammalian IL-1 receptor and plant disease resistance genes. Ten human TLRs have been cloned as well as RP105, a protein similar to TLR4 but lacking the intracellular signaling domain. However, only five TLRs have described functions as receptors for bacterial products (e.g., LPS, lipoproteins). To identify potential sites of action, we used quantitative real-time RT-PCR to examine systematically the expression of mRNAs encoding all known human TLRs, RP105, and several other proteins important in TLR functions (e.g., MD-1, MD-2, CD14, MyD88). Most tissues tested expressed at least one TLR, and several expressed all (spleen, peripheral blood leukocytes). Analysis of TLR expression in fractionated primary human leukocytes (CD4(+), CD8(+), CD19(+), monocytes, and granulocytes) indicates that professional phagocytes express the greatest variety of TLR mRNAs although several TLRs appear more restricted to B cells, suggesting additional roles for TLRs in adaptive immunity. Monocyte-like THP-1 cells regulate TLR mRNA levels in response to a variety of stimuli including phorbol esters, LPS, bacterial lipoproteins, live bacteria, and cytokines. Furthermore, addition of Escherichia coli to human blood ex vivo caused distinct changes in TLR expression, suggesting that important roles exist for these receptors in the establishment and resolution of infections and inflammation.
[Preparation of ethanol-diesel fuel blends and exhausts emission characteristics in diesel engine]. (2003)

The technology that diesel oil is partly substituted by ethanol can reduce diesel engine exhausts emission, especially fuel soot. This research is concentrated on preparation of ethanol-diesel blend fuel and exhausts emission characteristics using diesel engine bench. Absolute ethanol can dissolve into diesel fuel at an arbitrary ratio. However, a trace of water (0.2%) addition can lead to the phase separation of blends. Organic additive synthesized during this research can develop the ability of resistance to water and maintain the stability of ethanol-diesel-trace amounts of water system. The effects of 10%, 20%, and 30% ethanol-diesel fuel blends on exhausts emission, were compared with that of diesel fuel in direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The optimum ethanol percentage for ethanol-diesel fuel blends was 20%. Using 20% ethanol-diesel fuel blend with 2% additive of the total volume, bench diesel engine showed a large amount decrease of exhaust gas, e.g. 55% of Bosch smoke number, 70% of HC emission, and 45% of CO emission at 13 kW and 1540 r/min. Without the addition of additive, the blend of ethanol produced new organic compounds such as ethanol and acetaldehyde in tail gas. However, the addition of additive obviously reduced the emission of ethanol and acetaldehyde.
Highly Flexible and Conductive Cellulose-Mediated PEDOT:PSS/MWCNT Composite Films for Supercapacitor Electrodes (2017)

Recent improvements in flexible electronics have increased the need to develop flexible and lightweight power sources. However, current flexible electrodes are limited by low capacitance, poor mechanical properties, and lack of cycling stability. In this article, we describe an ionic liquid-processed supramolecular assembly of cellulose and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene for the formation of a flexible and conductive cellulose/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) PEDOT:poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) composite matrix. On this base, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were incorporated into the matrix to fabricate an MWCNT-reinforced cellulose/PEDOT:PSS film (MCPP), which exhibited favorable flexibility and conductivity. The MCPP-based electrode displayed comprehensively excellent electrochemical properties, such as a low resistance of 0.45 Ω, a high specific capacitance of 485 F g<sup>-1</sup> at 1 A g<sup>-1</sup>, and good cycling stability, with a capacity retention of 95% after 2000 cycles at 2 A g<sup>-1</sup>. An MCPP-based symmetric solid-state supercapacitor with Ni foam as the current collector and PVA/KOH gel as the electrolyte exhibited a specific capacitance of 380 F g<sup>-1</sup> at 0.25 A g<sup>-1</sup> and achieved a maximum energy density of 13.2 Wh kg<sup>-1</sup> (0.25 A g<sup>-1</sup>) with a power density of 0.126 kW kg<sup>-1</sup> or an energy density of 4.86 Wh kg<sup>-1</sup> at 10 A g<sup>-1</sup>, corresponding to a high power density of 4.99 kW kg<sup>-1</sup>. Another kind of MCPP-based solid-state supercapacitor without the Ni foam showed excellent flexibility and a high volumetric capacitance of 50.4 F cm<sup>-3</sup> at 0.05 A cm<sup>-3</sup>. Both the electrodes and the supercapacitors were environmentally stable and could be operated under remarkable deformation or high temperature without damage to their structural integrity or a significant decrease in capacitive performance. Overall, this work provides a strategy for the fabrication of flexible and conductive energy-storage films with ionic liquid-processed cellulose as a medium.
Next Generation Pressure Sensors In Surface Micromachining Technology (2005)

One of the first MEMS products - the pressure sensor - has still room for innovation. We report a completely new pressure sensor generation based on a novel surface micromachining technology. Using porous silicon the membrane fabrication can be monolithically integrated with high synergy in an analog/digital semiconductor process suited for high volume production in an IC-fabrication facility. Only two mask layers and one electrochemical etching step are inserted at the beginning of a standard IC-process to transform the epitaxial silicon layer from the electronic process into a monocrystalline membrane with a vacuum cavity under it.