gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of Additional Antigenic Determinants of Hepatitis B Antigen (1972)

Abstract The heterogeneous antigenic determinants of Hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag) from 310 individuals were compared by using a micro-Ouchterlony immunodiffusion technique. Reference antisera were made in rabbits immunized with a purified HB Ag with ay determinants from an American with hepatitis and another purified HB Ag with ad determinants from a Thai blood donor. The immunizing antigens were prepared by a combination of equilibrium centrifugation in cesium chloride and rate zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients. Three immunodiffusion patterns of antigen reactivity were observed: pattern 1 antigens showed identity to the reference ay HB Ag; pattern 2 antigens showed identity to the reference and HB Ag and pattern 3 antigens showed partial identity to both reference antigens. Further study after absorbing the antisera with heterologous antigens indicated that the reference antisera were distinguishing two additional antigenic determinants, designated w and r. Preliminary data suggest w is more common that r on HB Ag in the United States, but r is most common in Thailand.
21世纪的创新体系——反思中国的科学技术改革（英文） (2015)

中国的研究与发展活动在过去超过15年的时间里得到了快速的增长,但它发生在一个不适合于对膨胀的经费进行明智而有效利用的体制环境之中。因此,国家创新体系中的改革压力近年来正不断地扩大。本文探究了过去15年中关键的体制问题和政策问题以及在2014年出现的广泛的改革议程。通过考虑21世纪创新体系的典型特征,本文试图将中国科技改革置于一个比较的语境之中。本文提议,正如其他的国家,中国的改革方案面临着如下挑战：为政府在国家创新体系中界定一个恰当的角色,发展机制来促进和利用职业专长,以及推进真正的国际化,以便于适应一个全球化的研究与创新的世界。
Metal grid/conducting polymer hybrid transparent electrode for inverted polymer solar cells (2010)

A simple method was developed using metal grid/conducting polymer hybrid transparent electrode to replace indium tin oxide (ITO) for the fabrication of inverted structure polymer solar cells. The performance of the devices could be tuned easily by varying the width and separation of the metal grids. By combining the appropriate metal grid geometry with a thin conductive polymer layer, substrates with comparable transparency and sheet resistance to those of ITO could be achieved. Polymer solar cells fabricated using this hybrid electrode show efficiencies as high as ∼3.2%. This method provides a feasible way for fabricating low-cost, large-area organic solar cells.
Chemoselective Attachment of Biologically Active Proteins to Surfaces by Expressed Protein Ligation and Its Application for “Protein Chip” Fabrication (2004)

The present work describes a general method for the selective attachment of proteins to solid surfaces through their C-termini that can be used for the efficient creation of protein chips. Our method is based in the chemoselective reaction between a protein C-terminal alpha-thioester and a modified surface containing N-terminal Cys residues. alpha-Thioester proteins can be obtained using standard recombinant techniques by using expression vectors containing engineered inteins. This new method was used to immobilize two fluorescent proteins and a functional SH3 domain using a protein microarrayer.
DNA image cytometry in the differential diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma. (2001)

Our results indicate that DNA single cell cytometry is a highly relevant tool in the differential diagnosis of endometrial lesions and could be used as a complementary diagnostic method, especially in histomorphologically difficult cases.
Regulation of human papillomavirus type 11 enhancer and E6 promoter by activating and repressing proteins from the E2 open reading frame: functional and biochemical studies (1988)

E2-C, a protein consisting mainly of the carboxy-terminal 45% of the human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) E2 protein, was expressed from the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat in mammalian cells. It competitively repressed the stimulatory action of the full-length E2 protein on the HPV-11 enhancer located in the upstream regulatory region, as assayed by the expression of a reporter gene from the simian virus 40 (SV40) early promoter in transiently transfected monkey CV-1 cells. A mutation in the initiation codon for E2-C protein eliminated repression. In the human cervical carcinoma cell line C-33A, which apparently lacks endogenous HPV DNA, the HPV-11 enhancer-SV40 promoter and the HPV-11 enhancer in its normal association with the E6 promoter had high constitutive activity. In these cells, E2 proteins had little or no stimulatory effect on the transcriptional activity of the HPV-11 enhancer-SV40 promoter. In contrast, the HPV-11 enhancer-E6 promoter was stimulated by the HPV-11 E2 protein but repressed by the bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2 protein, an effect due either to a quantitative difference in E2 expression levels or to a qualitative difference in the trans-activating abilities of the two E2 proteins. In this cell line, the HPV-11 E2-C protein suppressed both the constitutive activity and the HPV-11 E2 trans activation. The E2-C protein was also produced from an expression vector in Escherichia coli. The E2-C protein present in crude E. coli lysates or purified by DNA affinity chromatography associated in vitro with a specific sequence, ACCN6GGT, in filter-binding assays. Moreover, the protein generated DNase I footprints spanning this motif identical to those of bacterially expressed full-length E2 proteins. This DNA sequence motif is necessary and sufficient for E2 binding in vitro and enhancer trans activation in vivo (H. Hirochika, R. Hirochika, T. R. Broker, and L. T. Chow, Genes Dev. 2:54-67, 1988). Mutations in this sequence that abolished interactions with E2 also precluded binding to the E2-C protein. These data strongly suggest that the full-length E2 protein consists of two functional domains: the amino-terminal half for trans activation and the carboxy-terminal half for DNA binding. The mechanism by which E2-C represses E2-dependent enhancer activity most likely involves competition with E2 for binding to a common transcriptional regulatory site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Liposomal Drug Platform Overrides Peptide Ligand Targeting to a Cancer Biomarker, Irrespective of Ligand Affinity or Density (2013)

One method for improving cancer treatment is the use of nanoparticle drugs functionalized with targeting ligands that recognize receptors expressed selectively by tumor cells. In theory such targeting ligands should specifically deliver the nanoparticle drug to the tumor, increasing drug concentration in the tumor and delivering the drug to its site of action within the tumor tissue. However, the leaky vasculature of tumors combined with a poor lymphatic system allows the passive accumulation, and subsequent retention, of nanosized materials in tumors. Furthermore, a large nanoparticle size may impede tumor penetration. As such, the role of active targeting in nanoparticle delivery is controversial, and it is difficult to predict how a targeted nanoparticle drug will behave in vivo. Here we report in vivo studies for αvβ6-specific H2009.1 peptide targeted liposomal doxorubicin, which increased liposomal delivery and toxicity to lung cancer cells in vitro. We systematically varied ligand affinity, ligand density, ligand stability, liposome dosage, and tumor models to assess the role of active targeting of liposomes to αvβ6. In direct contrast to the in vitro results, we demonstrate no difference in in vivo targeting or efficacy for H2009.1 tetrameric peptide liposomal doxorubicin, compared to control peptide and no peptide liposomes. Examining liposome accumulation and distribution within the tumor demonstrates that the liposome, and not the H2009.1 peptide, drives tumor accumulation, and that both targeted H2009.1 and untargeted liposomes remain in perivascular regions, with little tumor penetration. Thus H2009.1 targeted liposomes fail to improve drug efficacy because the liposome drug platform prevents the H2009.1 peptide from both actively targeting the tumor and binding to tumor cells throughout the tumor tissue. Therefore, using a high affinity and high specificity ligand targeting an over-expressed tumor biomarker does not guarantee enhanced efficacy of a liposomal drug. These results highlight the complexity of in vivo targeting.
Acrosomal Enzymes of Human Spermatozoa Before and After in Vitro Capacitation (1983)

The effect of in vitro capacitation (events that occur before the acrosome reaction) on the acrosomal enzymes of human spermatozoa was determined. Capacitation of human spermatozoa was assessed by their ability to penetrate denuded hamster oocytes. The activities of a number of enzymes commonly associated with the sperm acrosome, including nonzymogen acrosin, proacrosin, inhibitor-bound acrosin, hyaluronidase, acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-glucosidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase and beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase were assessed. With the exception of acid phosphatase, no alteration in enzyme activity occurred after 4 h of incubating the spermatozoa under capacitation conditions although gamete fusion took place. The acid phosphatase levels decreased twofold, presumably due to the loss of seminal (prostatic acid phosphatase that loosely adheres to spermatozoa. After 8 h of capacitation, a large decrease in sperm enzyme levels took place only in the case of hyaluronidase, although small decreases were also noted in total acrosin, proacrosin and inhibited acrosin. No new electrophoretically migrating forms of acrosin were observed. Decreases in total acrosin and proacrosin, but not in inhibited acrosin, also occurred when spermatozoa were incubated under noncapacitating conditions for 8 h, indicating that capacitation may specifically cause the release of some acrosin inhibitor from human spermatozoa. It is concluded that, with the possible exception of hyaluronidase, the in vitro capacitation of human spermatozoa does not cause a major change in its acrosomal enzyme content so that these hydrolases are fully present before the acrosome reaction takes place during gamete fusion. Serum albumin appears to protect against the loss of some of these enzymes since the activity of several glycosidases was significantly reduced when the spermatozoa were incubated for 8 h in human serum albumin-free medium.
Impedance plethysmography using the occlusive cuff technique in the diagnosis of venous thrombosis. (1976)

Impedance plethysmography using the cuff technique has been compared with venography in 346 consecutive patients with suspected venous thromboembolism. The limbs were classified according to the venographic results as no thrombosis, proximal (popliteal, femoral, or iliac) vein thrombosis, and calf thrombosis. A discriminant analysis was performed. The impedance plethysmographic result was normal in 386 of 397 limbs which were normal on venography, a specificity of 97%, and abnormal in 124 of 133 limbs which showed proximal vein thrombosis, a sensitivity of 93%. Seventy-three of 88 limbs with calf vein thrombi and a normal impedance plethysmographic result. The sensitivity in 29 limbs with asymptomatic proximal vein thrombosis was 83%. Impedance plethysmography is an accurate method for detecting proximal vein thrombosis but has limitations which include the possibility of false positive results due to arterial insufficiency and muscle tension.
Binding of (6R,S)-Methyltetrahydrofolate to Methyltransferase fromClostridium thermoaceticum:  Role of Protonation of Methyltetrahydrofolate in the Mechanism of Methyl Transfer (1999)

The methyltetrahydrofolate:corrinoid/iron-sulfur protein methyltransferase (MeTr) from Clostridium thermoacetium catalyzes transfer of the N5-methyl group of (6S)-methyltetrahydrofolate (CH3-H4folate) to the cob(I)amide center of a corrinoid/iron-sulfur protein (CFeSP), forming H4folate and methylcob(III)amide. We have investigated binding of 13C-enriched (6R,S)-CH3-H4folate and (6R)-CH3-H4folate to MeTr by 13C NMR, equilibrium dialysis, fluorescence quenching, and proton uptake experiments. The results described here and in the accompanying paper [Seravalli, J., Shoemaker, R. K., Sudbeck, M. J., and Ragsdale, S. W. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 5728-5735] constitute the first evidence for protonation of the pterin ring of CH3-H4folate. The pH dependence of the chemical shift in the 13C NMR spectrum for the N5-methyl resonance indicates that MeTr decreases the acidity of the N5 tertiary amine of CH3-H4folate by 1 pK unit in both water and deuterium oxide. Binding of (6R,S)-CH3H4folate is accompanied by the uptake of one proton. These results are consistent with a mechanism of activation of CH3-H4folate by protonation to make the methyl group more electrophilic and the product H4folate a better leaving group toward nucleophilic attack by cob(I)amide. When MeTr is present in excess over (6R,S)-13CH3-H4folate, the 13C NMR signal is split into two broad signals that reflect the bound states of the two diastereomers. This unexpected ability of MeTr to bind both isomers was confirmed by the observation of MeTr-bound (6R)-13CH3-H4folate by NMR and by the measurement of similar dissociation constants for (6R)- and (6S)-CH3-H4folate diastereomers by fluorescence quenching experiments. The transversal relaxation time (T2) of 13CH3-H4folate bound to MeTr is pH independent between pH 5.50 and 7.0, indicating that neither changes in the protonation state of bound CH3-H4folate nor the previously observed pH-dependent MeTr conformational change contribute to broadening of the 13C resonance signal. The dissociation constant for (6R,S)-CH3-H4folate is also pH independent, indicating that the role of the pH-dependent conformational change is to stabilize the transition state for methyl transfer, and not to favor the binding of CH3-H4folate.
Transient ischemic attacks characterized by RNA profiles in blood (2011)

Patients with recent TIA have differences of gene expression in blood compared to controls. The 2 gene expression profiles associated with TIA suggests heterogeneous responses between subjects with TIA that may provide insight into cause, risk of stroke, and other TIA pathophysiology.
Multiple Quantum Spaces Based Genetic Coding Method (2014)

Quantum genetic coding method plays an important role in improving the efficiency of optimization algorithm. The existing quantum genetic algorithm has some defects, that quantum encoding scheme is tend to reduce the stability, so that the algorithm is prone to premature convergence and falls into local minima. Therefore, the chain of multiple genes encoding scheme is used to extend in the multi-dimensional space for improving this algorithm. By function extremum and simulation of neural network weights optimization, according to the characteristics of qubits and the normalization condition, double and triple chain binding coding schemes are proposed. By experiments on multiple genes encoding scheme chain, the performance of the algorithm is tested. It shows that the algorithm can get better results by increasing the higher accuracy of solution chain genes. It is an effective strategy to improve the performance of genetic coding.
Discrete positive and negative thyroid hormone-responsive transcription regulatory elements of the rat growth hormone gene. (1987)

We have recently shown that a thyroid hormone-responsive transcription stimulatory element exists in the 5'-flanking DNA near the rat growth hormone (rGH) gene (Crew, M. D., and Spindler, S. R. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 5018-5022). Progressive deletion-transfection analysis of the 5' end of the gene has led to the identification of two genetic elements responsive to thyroid hormone. The first of these is a thyroid hormone-responsive transcription stimulatory element, or TSE. The TSE induced a thyroid hormone-dependent induction-attenuation transcription cycle similar to that of the natural rGH gene. Deletion of sequences between positions -254 and -241 in the rGH 5'-flanking DNA eliminated TSE activity. The second regulatory element is a thyroid hormone-responsive transcription inhibitory element (TIE). When this element was active, thyroid hormone strongly but transiently inhibited rGH promoter utilization. Deletion of sequences between nucleotides -46 and -21 abolished the effects of the TIE. To determine whether the TSE and TIE are enhancer-like, we ligated various regions of rat growth hormone 5'-flanking DNA containing these elements to a chimeric test gene containing the Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter. Thyroid hormone activated heterologous promoter utilization when a rat growth hormone 5'-flanking DNA fragment containing the TSE (-520 to -115) was linked in cis, regardless of the distance or orientation of the TSE with respect to the promoter. These data suggest that the TSE is a thyroid hormone-dependent enhancer. In contrast, when the TIE was placed immediately 5' to the thymidine kinase promoter, transcription was not effected by 3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine, suggesting that the TIE is not enhancer-like.
Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibodies in Oral Fluids (1998)

Oral fluids, including saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, and mucosal transudates have been widely used for monitoring drugs, hormones, and a variety of other molecules and chemical substances for over 50 years ([34][1], [35][2], [53][3], [54][4],[68][5]). During the past decade, the use of oral
Probing essential oil biosynthesis and secretion by functional evaluation of expressed sequence tags from mint glandular trichomes (2000)

Functional genomics approaches, which use combined computational and expression-based analyses of large amounts of sequence information, are emerging as powerful tools to accelerate the comprehensive understanding of cellular metabolism in specialized tissues and whole organisms. As part of an ongoing effort to identify genes of essential oil (monoterpene) biosynthesis, we have obtained sequence information from 1,316 randomly selected cDNA clones, or expressed sequence tags (ESTs), from a peppermint (Mentha x piperita) oil gland secretory cell cDNA library. After bioinformatic selection, candidate genes putatively involved in essential oil biosynthesis and secretion have been subcloned into suitable expression vectors for functional evaluation in Escherichia coli. On the basis of published and preliminary data on the functional properties of these clones, it is estimated that the ESTs involved in essential oil metabolism represent about 25% of the described sequences. An additional 7% of the recognized genes code for proteins involved in transport processes, and a subset of these is likely involved in the secretion of essential oil terpenes from the site of synthesis to the storage cavity of the oil glands. The integrated approaches reported here represent an essential step toward the development of a metabolic map of oil glands and provide a valuable resource for defining molecular targets for the genetic engineering of essential oil formation.
Conserved chromosomal positions of dual domains of the ets protooncogene in cats, mice, and humans. (1986)

The mammalian protooncogene homologue of the avian v-ets sequence from the E26 retrovirus consists of two sequentially distinct domains located on different chromosomes. Using somatic cell hybrid panels, we have mapped the mammalian homologue of the 5' v-ets-domain to chromosome 11 (ETS1) in man, to chromosome 9 (Ets-1) in mouse, and to chromosome D1 (ETS1) in the domestic cat. The mammalian homologue of the 3' v-ets domain was similarly mapped to human chromosome 21 (ETS2), to mouse chromosome 16 (Ets-2), and to feline chromosome C2 (ETS2). Both protooncogenes fell in syntenic groups of homologous linked loci that were conserved among the three species. The occurrence of two distinct functional protooncogenes and their conservation of linkage positions in the three mammalian orders indicate that these two genes have been separate since before the evolutionary divergence of mammals.
Pollen treatment in high osmotic potential: a simple tool for in vitro preservation and manipulation of viability in gametophytic populations (2002)

A method for in vitro preservation and manipulation of pollen viability based on simple changes in osmotic potential (sucrose concentrations) in culture media was developed using tobacco pollen as the experimental model. High osmotic potentials were capable of reversibly inhibiting pollen germination, preserving its viability at room temperature for long periods, as assessed by subsequent incubation in germination medium. When pollen was pre-germinated for different periods and subsequently incubated in 80 % sucrose medium (inhibiting medium) there was a progressive decrease in its viability, which was a trend best described by a quadratic regression line. Nevertheless, very small variations in pollen-tube lengths and viable pollen grains more resistant to the pre-germination step were detected by this procedure. Consequences and potential applications of these findings were discussed for use in analyses of variability, selection in gametophytic populations and pollen storage.
Hepatoprotective activity of Morus alba (Linn.) leaves extract against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats (2010)

The aim of the study is to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of Morus alba Linn. leaves extracts against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity. Leaves powder of Morus alba was successively extracted with petroleum ether extract (PEE), chloroform extract (CHE), alcoholic extract (ALE) and water extract (AQE) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity using Standard drug Liv-52.  Preliminary phytochemical tests were done. The ALE showed presence of alkaloids, flavonoides, carbohydrates, tannins and steroids, while carbohydrates, flavonoides, alkaloids were present with AQE. The PEE, CHE, ALE did not produce any mortality. Carbon tetrachloride produced significant changes in biochemical parameters (increases in serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), alanine phosphatase (ALP) and serum bilirubin.) and histological (damage to hepatocytes) using Standard drug Liv-52. Pretreatment with ALE and AQE extracts significantly prevented the biochemical and histological changes induced by CCl4 in the liver. The present study shows that the ALE and AQE extracts possessed hepatoprotective activity.

	 

	Key words: Carbon tetrachloride, hepatoprotective, leaves extracts of Morus albaLinn.
3-D surface reconstruction from stereoscopic image sequences (2002)

A stereoscopic scene analysis system for 3-D modeling of objects from stereoscopic image sequences is described. A dense map of 3-D surface points is obtained by image correspondence, object segmentation, interpolation, and triangulation. Emphasis is put on the accurate measurement of image correspondences from grey level images. The surface geometry of each scene object is approximated by a triangular wire-frame which stores the surface texture in texture maps. Sequence processing serves to track camera motion and to fuse surfaces from different view points into a consistent 3-D surface model. From the textured 3-D models, highly realistic image sequences from arbitrary view points can be synthesized using computer graphics techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Estrogen Receptor β in Prostate Cancer (2004)

To the Editor: In the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial,1 more than 18,000 healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive either finasteride (5 mg daily) or placebo. The incidence of prostate cancer in the finasteride group was 18.4 percent, as compared with 24.4 percent in the placebo group. A bigger surprise was that the incidence of tumors with a Gleason grade of 7, 8, 9, or 10 was higher in the finasteride group than in the placebo group (37.0 percent vs. 22.2 percent, P<0.001), meaning that there were more cases of aggressive cancer with finasteride than there were with placebo.1 We . . .
Radiation-induced biologic bystander effect elicited in vitro by targeted radiopharmaceuticals labeled with alpha-, beta-, and auger electron-emitting radionuclides. (2006)

Potent toxins are generated specifically by cells that concentrate radiohalogenated MIBG. These may be LET dependent and distinct from those elicited by conventional radiotherapy.