gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The organization of computer resources into a packet radio network (1975)

In this paper, we describe the use of packet radio communication for organizing computer resources into a computer communications network. A system to demonstrate the packet radio concept is being developed by the Advanced Research Projects Agency with initial testing in the San Francisco area beginning in 1975. The attributes of this system are presented and its application to mobile radio communications and computer architecture is briefly discussed.
Engineered heparins as new anticoagulant drugs (2016)

Heparin is an anionic polysaccharide that is widely used as a clinical anticoagulant. This glycosaminoglycan is prepared from animal tissues in metric ton quantities. Animal-sourced heparin is also widely used in the preparation of low molecular weight heparins that are gaining in popularity as a result of their improved pharmacological properties. The recent contamination of pharmaceutical heparin together with concerns about increasing demand for this life saving drug and the fragility of the heparin supply chain has led the scientific community to consider other potential sources for heparin. This review examines progress toward the preparation of engineered heparins through chemical synthesis, chemoenzymatic synthesis, and metabolic engineering.
Cancer Treatment Using Peptides: Current Therapies and Future Prospects (2012)

This paper discusses the role of peptides in cancer therapy with special emphasis on peptide drugs which are already approved and those in clinical trials. The potential of peptides in cancer treatment is evident from a variety of different strategies that are available to address the progression of tumor growth and propagation of the disease. Use of peptides that can directly target cancer cells without affecting normal cells (targeted therapy) is evolving as an alternate strategy to conventional chemotherapy. Peptide can be utilized directly as a cytotoxic agent through various mechanisms or can act as a carrier of cytotoxic agents and radioisotopes by specifically targeting cancer cells. Peptide-based hormonal therapy has been extensively studied and utilized for the treatment of breast and prostate cancers. Tremendous amount of clinical data is currently available attesting to the efficiency of peptide-based cancer vaccines. Combination therapy is emerging as an important strategy to achieve synergistic effects in fighting cancer as a single method alone may not be efficient enough to yield positive results. Combining immunotherapy with conventional therapies such as radiation and chemotherapy or combining an anticancer peptide with a nonpeptidic cytotoxic drug is an example of this emerging field.
Immunization with a Single Dose of a Microencapsulated Brucella melitensis Mutant Enhances Protection against Wild-Type Challenge (2008)

The development of safe and efficacious immunization systems to prevent brucellosis is needed to overcome the disadvantages of the currently licensed vaccine strains that restrict their use in humans. Alginate microspheres coated with a protein of the parasite Fasciola hepatica (vitelline protein B [VpB]) and containing live Brucella melitensis attenuated mutant vjbR::Tn5 (BMEII1116) were evaluated for vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity in mice. A single immunization dose in BALB/c mice with the encapsulated vjbR mutant improved protection against wild-type B. melitensis 16M challenge compared to the nonencapsulated vaccine strain (P < 0.05). The encapsulated mutant was also shown to induce a sustained elevation of Immunoglobulin G levels. Cytokine secretion from spleen cells of mice vaccinated with the encapsulated vjbR::Tn5 revealed elevated secretion of gamma interferon and interleukin-12, but no interleukin-4, suggesting an induction of a T helper 1 response reflecting the enhanced immunity associated with microencapsulation. Together, these results suggest that microencapsulation of live attenuated organisms offers the ability to increase the efficacy of vaccine candidates.
Effect of vanilloid drugs on gastrointestinal transit in mice (2001)

1. We have studied the effect of capsaicin, piperine and anandamide, drugs which activate vanilloid receptors and capsazepine, a vanilloid receptor antagonist, on upper gastrointestinal motility in mice. 2. Piperine (0.5 - 20 mg kg(-1) i.p.) and anandamide (0.5 - 20 mg kg(-1) i.p.), dose-dependently delayed gastrointestinal motility, while capsaicin (up to 3 mg kg(-1) i.p.) was without effect. Capsazepine (15 mg kg(-1) i.p.) neither per se affected gastrointestinal motility nor did it counteract the inhibitory effect of both piperine (10 mg kg(-1)) and anandamide (10 mg kg(-1)). 3. A per se non effective dose of SR141716A (0.3 mg kg(-1) i.p.), a cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist, counteracted the inhibitory effect of anandamide (10 mg kg(-1)) but not of piperine (10 mg kg(-1)). By contrast, the inhibitory effect of piperine (10 mg kg(-1)) but not of anandamide (10 mg kg(-1)) was strongly attenuated in capsaicin (75 mg kg(-1) in total, s.c.)-treated mice. 4. Pretreatment of mice with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (25 mg kg(-1) i.p.), yohimbine (1 mg kg(-1), i.p.), naloxone (2 mg kg(-1) i.p.), or hexamethonium (1 mg kg(-1) i.p.) did not modify the inhibitory effect of both piperine (10 mg kg(-1)) and anandamide (10 mg kg(-1)). 5. The present study indicates that the vanilloid ligands anandamide and piperine, but not capsaicin, can reduce upper gastrointestinal motility. The effect of piperine involves capsaicin-sensitive neurones, but not vanilloid receptors, while the effect of anandamide involves cannabinoid CB(1), but not vanilloid receptors.
Microsoft Office System Inside Out 2003 (2003)

The present study constituted a field test of a technique designed to measure the effects of administrative interventions. An organizational blockage instrument was administered prior to and following the institution of certain organizational changes by a new nursing dean. An analysis of the results indicated (1) a significant reduction in perceived blockages and (2) that the magnitude of specific changes could be moderately predicted (r = .76) prior to the second data gathering. The authors concluded that these results augured well for the tested methodology as an administrative evaluation tool.
Purified omega-conotoxin GVIA receptor of rat brain resembles a dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type calcium channel. (1991)

The omega-conotoxin GVIA (CTX) receptor has been purified 1900-fold to apparent homogeneity by monitoring both reversible binding of 125I-labeled CTX (125I-CTX) and photoincorporation of N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azidobenzoate-125I-CTX (HSA-125I-CTX). Photoincorporation of HSA-125I-CTX into a 230-kDa protein exhibits a pharmacologic and chromatographic profile indicating that the 230-kDa protein is the CTX-binding subunit of the receptor. The pharmacologic specificity of 125I-CTX binding to the purified CTX receptor closely resembles that of the native membrane-bound form with respect to sensitivity towards CTX (Kd = 32 pM) and other peptide toxin antagonists. The purified CTX receptor comprises the 230-kDa protein (alpha 1) and four additional proteins with apparent molecular masses of 140 (alpha 2), 110, 70 (beta 2), and 60 (beta 1) kDa. This subunit structure closely resembles that of the 1,4-dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type calcium channel.
Sprachkontakt und Sprachwissenschaft in den früheren deutschen Kolonien : 2. Tagung „Deutschlands Koloniallinguistik“ Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Mannheim, 30.9. - 1.10.2010 (2010)

Knapp drei Jahrzehnte wahrte die deutsche Kolonialzeit. Als die Deutschen 1884 anfingen, Teile Afrikas(Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Deutsch-Sudwestafrika), Asiens (Kiautschou) und Ozeaniens (Deutsch-Neuguinea einschlieslich Mikronesien, Samoa)zu kolonisieren, waren sie mit einer Vielzahl von „exotischen“ Kulturen und Sprachen konfrontiert – deutlich uber 1000 verschiedene Sprachen durften es insgesamt gewesen sein. Die Forschung zu den vielfaltigen sprachlichen Aspekten der Auseinandersetzung steckt allerdings noch in den Anfangen. Um daran etwas zu andern, hat unter dem Titel „Sprachkontakt und Sprachwissenschaft in den fruheren deutschen Kolonien“ am 30. September und 1. Oktober 2010 die mittlerweile zweite Tagung zu „Deutschlands Koloniallinguistik“ stattgefunden, Gastgeber war dieses Mal das Institut fur Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim.
At the Bedside: CTLA-4- and PD-1-blocking antibodies in cancer immunotherapy (2013)

It is increasingly appreciated that cancers are recognized by the immune system, and under some circumstances, the immune system may control or even eliminate tumors. The modulation of signaling via coinhibitory or costimulatory receptors expressed on T cells has proven to be a potent way to amplify antitumor immune responses. This approach has been exploited successfully for the generation of a new class of anticancer therapies, "checkpoint-blocking" antibodies, exemplified by the recently FDA-approved agent, ipilimumab, an antibody that blocks the coinhibitory receptor CTLA-4. Capitalizing on the success of ipilimumab, agents that target a second coinhibitory receptor, PD-1, or its ligand, PD-L1, are in clinical development. Lessons learned from treating patients with CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathway-blocking antibodies will be reviewed, with a focus on concepts likely to inform the clinical development and application of agents in earlier stages of development. See related review At the bench: Preclinical rationale for CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade as cancer immunotherapy.
A Low-Power Blocking-Capacitor-Free Charge-Balanced Electrode-Stimulator Chip With Less Than 6 nA DC Error for 1-mA Full-Scale Stimulation (2007)

Large dc blocking capacitors are a bottleneck in reducing the size and cost of neural implants. We describe an electrode-stimulator chip that removes the need for large dc blocking capacitors in neural implants by achieving precise charge-balanced stimulation with <6 nA of dc error. For cochlear implant patients, this is well below the industry's safety limit of 25 nA. Charge balance is achieved by dynamic current balancing to reduce the mismatch between the positive and negative phases of current to 0.4%, followed by a shorting phase of at least 1 ms between current pulses to further reduce the charge error. On +6 and -9 V rails in a 0.7-mum AMI high voltage process, the power consumption of a single channel of this chip is 47 muW when biasing power is shared by 16 channels.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis (2007)

Increased production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria, accumulation of mitochondrial DNA damage, and progressive respiratory chain dysfunction are associated with atherosclerosis or cardiomyopathy in human investigations and animal models of oxidative stress. Moreover, major precursors of atherosclerosis-hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and even the process of aging-all induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Chronic overproduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species leads to destruction of pancreatic beta-cells, increased oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and dysfunction of endothelial cells-factors that promote atherosclerosis. An additional mechanism by which impaired mitochondrial integrity predisposes to clinical manifestations of vascular diseases relates to vascular cell growth. Mitochondrial function is required for normal vascular cell growth and function. Mitochondrial dysfunction can result in apoptosis, favoring plaque rupture. Subclinical episodes of plaque rupture accelerate the progression of hemodynamically significant atherosclerotic lesions. Flow-limiting plaque rupture can result in myocardial infarction, stroke, and ischemic/reperfusion damage. Much of what is known on reactive oxygen species generation and modulation comes from studies in cultured cells and animal models. In this review, we have focused on linking this large body of literature to the clinical syndromes that predispose humans to atherosclerosis and its complications.
Overview of the use of the anti-TNF agent infliximab in chronic inflammatory diseases (2003)

Anti-inflammatory therapy with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α has emerged as a major advancement in the treatment of various immune mediated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and Crohn’s disease. TNF-α seems to play a major pathogenic role in these chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Infliximab (Remicade®, Centocor, Inc., Malvern, PA, USA), a chimaeric mAb, binds to soluble and membrane bound TNF-α, but not to TNF-β. Infliximab is able to effectively regulate and mediate inflammatory processes involved in a number of different disease states. Many clinical trials in these diseases have demonstrated that biological therapy with mAbs directed against TNF-α is effective and relatively safe.
The Stability Factor: Importance in Formulation Development (2002)

Efficient development of stable formulations of protein pharmaceuticals requires an intimate knowledge of the protein and its chemical and physical properties. In particular, understanding the mechanisms by which a protein could degrade is critical for designing and testing formulations. This review describes the major pathways by which proteins can degrade, including denaturation, aggregation, oxidation, and interfacial damage. The methods to detect the degradation are covered, along with generalized strategies to retard or prevent each type of decomposition. Without an appreciation of the current best practices for devising stable formulations, the formulation process will be neither efficient nor optimal.
Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Coatings Using Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) (2005)

A method based on electrophoretic deposition (EPD) has been developed to produce uniform deposits of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes on stainless‐steel substrates. Aqueous suspensions were used under constant voltage conditions in the range of 5–50 V, with deposition times ranging from 0.5 to 10 min. The thickness of the coatings was controlled by variation of voltage and deposition time during EPD. Coatings of up to 10 μm thickness were achieved, with a homogeneous microstructure. The EPD technique is fast, effective, and can be applied to complex shapes. Possible applications are in heat extraction devices or porous coatings for tissue engineering scaffolds.
The case for U.S. leadership in rebuilding Afghanistan (2002)

For more about the East-West Center, see <a href="http://www.eastwestcenter.org/">http://www.eastwestcenter.org/</a>
All high T c edge junctions and SQUIDs (1990)

We present the first observations of superconducting quantum interference in multilevel, all high Tc, lithographically patterned edge junction structures. The current-voltage characteristics are nonhysteretic and have well-defined critical currents. The dynamic resistance is independent of current above the critical current. These devices show periodic sensitivity to magnetic fields and low levels of magnetic hysteresis up to temperatures around 60 K.
Biodegradable honeycomb collagen scaffold for dermal tissue engineering (2008)

Tissue engineering requires a mechanically stable, biocompatible, and biodegradable scaffold that permits cell adherence and proliferation, allows preservation of cell-specific properties, and suitable for surgical implantations. In this study, honeycomb collagen sheet was used for three-dimensional (3D) cultures of human skin fibroblasts and characterized as an effective and suitable scaffold for dermal tissue engineering. About 1-mm-thick honeycomb collagen sheets, prepared from bovine dermal atelocollagen, cross-linked by UV-irradiation, and sterilized by heat, were placed on the proliferating fibroblasts on day 3 of the culture. The cells attached quickly to the collagen scaffold, proliferated inside the honeycomb pores, and formed a structure similar to dermis within 60 days. On day 60, total cellular DNA content of the 3D cultures was 12-fold higher when compared with the 2D control cultures without the scaffold. Measurement of procollagen type I in the media demonstrated a 20-fold increase. Scanning electron microscopy of the 3D cultures showed a well-formed structure similar to dermis and biodegradation of the honeycomb collagen scaffold. Our study proved that honeycomb collagen sheet is a mechanically stable, biocompatible and biodegradable scaffold for dermal tissue engineering, and also potentially useful for other cell-based therapies and tissue engineering applications.
Mechanical Influences on Suture Development and Patency (2008)

In addition to their role in skull growth, sutures are sites of flexibility between the more rigid bones. Depending on the suture, predominant loading during life may be either tensile or compressive. Loads are transmitted across sutures via collagenous fibers and a fluid-rich extracellular matrix and can be quasi-static (growth of neighboring tissues) or intermittent (mastication). The mechanical properties of sutures, while always viscoelastic, are therefore quite different for tensile versus compressive loading. The morphology of individual sutures reflects the nature of local loading, evidently by a process of developmental adaptation. In vivo or ex vivo, sutural cells respond to tensile or cyclic loading by expressing markers of proliferation and differentiation, whereas compressive loading appears to favor osteogenesis. Braincase and facial sutures exhibit similar mechanical behavior and reactions despite their different natural environments.
Absorption of Lactulose in Man (1972)

Lactulose absorption was studied in 6 normal subjects after the administration of different doses of lactulose. Lactulose was detected in the blood of only one patient. No changes were observed in the blood levels of glucose, galactose or lactate during the 24 h of the study in any of the volunteers. The amount of lactulose excreted in the urine was less than 1 % of the administered dose in 5 subjects and 2.8% in the 6th. Lactulose was detectable in urine 2 h after ingestion. At 8 h, the excretion was almost completed, ranging by then from 77 to 100% of the total amount excreted. It is concluded that lactulose in man is absorbed and excreted only in very small amounts and is not metabolized.
Update of microbial genome programs for bacteria and archaea. (2004)

Since the Haemophilus influenzae genome sequence was completed in 1995, 172 other prokaryotic genomes have been completely sequenced, while 508 projects are underway. Besides pathogens, organisms important in several other fields, such as biotechnology and bioremediation, have also been sequenced. Institutions choose the organisms they wish to sequence according to the importance that these species represent to them, the availability of the microbes, and based on the similarity of a species of interest with others that have been sequenced previously. Improvements in sequencing techniques and in associated methodologies have been achieved; however, scientists need to continue working on the development of this field. In Brazil, a multicentered, centrally coordinated and research-focused network was adopted and successfully used for the sequencing of several important organisms. We analyzed the current status of microbial genomes, the trends for criteria used to choose new sequencing projects, the future of microbial sequencing, and the Brazilian genome network.
Mercuric Chloride–Induced Autoimmunity (1999)

This unit describes methods for inducing autoimmune disease in Brown Norway rats through HgCl(2) injections as well for assessing parameters that characterize the disease by serum IgE concentration assays, anti-laminin antibody measurement, and renal immunofluorescence studies to detect autoantibodies. Also covered are disease induction using autoreactive CD4(+) T(H)2 anti-self MHC class II molecules and preparation of T cell lines. IL-4 is produced very early after the first HgCl(2) injection (beginning at day 3, peaking at day 14, and continuing up to day 30). Thus, IL-4 mRNA expression may be detected in spleen and lymph nodes from HgCl(2)-injected BN rats. The fact that HgCl(2) induces in vitro mRNA IL-4 gene expression in normal BN T cells but not in LEW T cells is probably crucial to susceptibility to the development of autoimmunity in the sense that it may condition the development of autoreactive T cells into pathogenic T(H)2 cells; a test for this condition is therefore also included.
Immortalization of Human Fetal Cells: The Life Span of Umbilical Cord Blood-derived Cells Can Be Prolonged without Manipulating p16INK4a/RB Braking Pathway (2005)

Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCBMSCs) are expected to serve as an excellent alternative to bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells. However, it is difficult to study them because of their limited life span. To overcome this problem, we attempted to produce a strain of UCBMSCs with a long life span and to investigate whether the strain could maintain phenotypes in vitro. UCBMSCs were infected with retrovirus carrying the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) to prolong their life span. The UCBMSCs underwent 30 population doublings (PDs) and stopped dividing at PD 37. The UCBMSCs newly established with hTERT (UCBTERTs) proliferated for >120 PDs. The p16INK4a/RB braking pathway leading to senescence can be inhibited by introduction of Bmi-1, a polycomb-group gene, and human papillomavirus type 16 E7, but the extension of the life span of the UCBMSCs with hTERT did not require inhibition of the p16INK4a/RB pathway. The characteristics of the UCBTERTs remained unchanged during the prolongation of life span. UCBTERTs provide a powerful model for further study of cellular senescence and for future application to cell-based therapy by using umbilical cord blood cells.
Orientation and purification of carbon nanotubes using ac electrophoresis (1998)

Orientation and purification of carbon nanotubes have been demonstrated using ac electrophoresis in isopropyl alcohol. Nanotubes move towards the electrodes for all frequencies of applied electric field from 10 Hz to 10 MHz. However, carbon particles contained as impurites become harder to move with increasing frequency. The degree of orientation of nanotubes is higher when the frequency is higher and nanotubes are longer.
Libertad moral y evolución biológica: un interrogante que conviene ya ir planteando (2005)

The efficacy of short-term synchronized coronary venous retroperfusion (SRP) before full arterial reperfusion was studied in a canine model. A control group (n = 6) was subjected to 90 minutes of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, which was followed by 6 hours of reperfusion. In another group (n = 6) the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 2 hours followed by 5.5 hours of reperfusion. In this group SRP was applied for 30 minutes before full reperfusion. Myocardial regional blood flow was measured with the use of colored microspheres. During occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, there was severe myocardial ischemia in both groups. Blood flow in the subendocardial area was, however, significantly better in the SRP group (0.51 +/- 0.17 ml/min/gm after 3.5 hours of reperfusion) than in the control group (0.29 +/- 0.16 ml/min/gm) after 4 hours of reperfusion (p less than 0.05). Left ventricular function was assessed as global ejection fraction from a left ventriculogram. Ejection fraction was reduced during ischemia in both groups (control = 38% +/- 3%, SRP = 32% +/- 8%). This dysfunction remained after 4 hours of reperfusion. Infarct size was assessed by means of triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The myocardial area at risk was similar in the two groups (control = 33.1% +/- 5.3%, SRP = 30.6% +/- 6.5%). Infarct size, which was expressed as the percent of the area at risk, was significantly smaller in the SRP group (17.2% +/- 14.6%) than in the control group (36.0% +/- 8.1%; p = 0.0197).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)