gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robust principal component analysis for computer vision (2002)

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been widely used for the representation of shape, appearance and motion. One drawback of typical PCA methods is that they are least squares estimation techniques and hence fail to account for "outliers" which are common in realistic training sets. In computer vision applications, outliers typically occur within a sample (image) due to pixels that are corrupted by noise, alignment errors, or occlusion. We review previous approaches for making PCA robust to outliers and present a new method that uses an intra-sample outlier process to account for pixel outliers. We develop the theory of Robust Principal Component Analysis (RPCA) and describe a robust M-estimation algorithm for learning linear multi-variate representations of high dimensional data such as images. Quantitative comparisons with traditional PCA and previous robust algorithms illustrate the benefits of RPCA when outliers are present. Details of the algorithm are described and a software implementation is being made publically available.
An Analysis of the ZVS Two-Inductor Boost Converter under Variable Frequency Operation (2007)

The two-inductor boost converter has been previously presented in a zero-voltage switching (ZVS) form where the transformer leakage inductance and the MOSFET output capacitance can be utilized as part of the resonant elements. In many applications, such as maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in grid interactive photovoltaic systems, the resonant two-inductor boost converter is required to operate with variable input output voltage ratios. This paper studies the variable frequency operation of the ZVS two-inductor boost converter to secure an adjustable output voltage range while maintaining the resonant switching transitions. The design method of the resonant converter is thoroughly investigated and explicit control functions relating the circuit timing factors and the voltage gain for a 200-W converter are established. The converter has an input voltage of 20V and is able to produce a variable output voltage from 169V to 340V while retaining ZVS with a frequency variation of 1MHz to 407kHz. Five sets of theoretical, simulation and experimental waveforms are provided for the selected operating points over the variable load range at the end of the paper and they agree reasonably well. The converter has achieved part load efficiencies above 92% and an efficiency of 89.6% at the maximum power of 200W
Truth, Reconciliation, and the Traumatic Past of South Africa (2004)

On February 11, 1990, tens of thousands of jubilant well-wishers lined the streets and squares of Cape Town. On that momentous day, the seventy-one-year-old Nelson Mandela left Victor Verster Prison, Paarl, after spending over twenty-seven years in prison there and on Robben Island. Mandela remembers the scene as "a happy, if slightly disorienting, chaos" (1994, 553). The huge crowds waited for hours for a first sight of their hero, frequently erupting with the shouts "Viva! Viva! Viva Nelson Mandela!" (DeVeaux 49). Finally, near dusk, Mandela appeared before a rally on Cape Town's Grand Parade. His raised fist brought a roar from the crowds that swelled above the ululations of the women and thunderous sounds of feet pounding the toyi toyi on the pavement as supporters sang and danced to celebrate the return of Mandela, Prince of the Madiba clan.KeywordsHomeless YouthNation BuildingTruth CommissionNational PartyApartheid RegimeThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Structure of the Ankyrin-binding Domain of α-Na,K-ATPase (1998)

The ankyrin 33-residue repeating motif, an L-shaped structure with protruding beta-hairpin tips, mediates specific macromolecular interactions with cytoskeletal, membrane, and regulatory proteins. The association between ankyrin and alpha-Na,K-ATPase, a ubiquitous membrane protein critical to vectorial transport of ions and nutrients, is required to assemble and stabilize Na,K-ATPase at the plasma membrane. alpha-Na,K-ATPase binds both red cell ankyrin (AnkR, a product of the ANK1 gene) and Madin-Darby canine kidney cell ankyrin (AnkG, a product of the ANK3 gene) utilizing residues 142-166 (SYYQEAKSSKIMESFK NMVPQQALV) in its second cytoplasmic domain. Fusion peptides of glutathione S-transferase incorporating these 25 amino acids bind specifically to purified ankyrin (Kd = 118 +/- 50 nM). The three-dimensional structure (2.6 A) of this minimal ankyrin-binding motif, crystallized as the fusion protein, reveals a 7-residue loop with one charged hydrophilic face capping a double beta-strand. Comparison with ankyrin-binding sequences in p53, CD44, neurofascin/L1, and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor suggests that the valency and specificity of ankyrin binding is achieved by the interaction of 5-7-residue surface loops with the beta-hairpin tips of multiple ankyrin repeat units.
Studying the Effects of Classic Hallucinogens in the Treatment of Alcoholism: Rationale, Methodology, and Current Research with Psilocybin (2013)

Recent developments in the study of classic hallucinogens, combined with a re-appraisal of the older literature, have led to a renewal of interest in possible therapeutic applications for these drugs, notably their application in the treatment of addictions. This article will first provide a brief review of the research literature providing direct and indirect support for the possible therapeutic effects of classic hallucinogens such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the treatment of addictions. Having provided a rationale for clinical investigation in this area, we discuss design issues in clinical trials using classic hallucinogens, some of which are unique to this class of drug. We then discuss the current status of this field of research and design considerations in future randomized trials.
New Synthetic Methodologies for Amphiphilic Multiblock Copolymers of Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Sulfide (2001)

A new one pot synthetic method has been developed for preparing amphiphilic block copolymers. The method makes use of episulfide anionic polymerization for generating symmetric or asymmetric tri- or multiblock copolymers with living mechanism. Important features of the method are (a) the use of in situ generated thiolates, which ensures reproducibility in the initiator concentration; (b) the mild character of the reactive species; therefore, also sensitive bioactive groups could be easily incorporated into the polymer structure; (c) the tolerance to impurities in the reagents and the one pot character, which allow the use of the method also by operators with limited skills in organic synthesis.
Biomechanical Aspects of a Fluid Percussion Model of Brain Injury (1992)

The fluid percussion model is in widespread use for the study of brain injury. However, the tissue deformation characteristics of the model have not been determined. Studies have suggested that at high levels of fluid percussion, the fluid percussion model is primarily a model of brainstem injury. It was proposed that this occurs as a direct result of the volume influx to the cranial vault at the moment of impact. This study examines the biomechanical deformation produced by the fluid percussion model. The purpose of this investigation was to describe the regional strain distribution in brain tissue at the moment of impact and to determine the effect of volume efflux produced by the percussion device. A cat skull was sectioned parasagittally and filled with an optically transparent gel. A grid pattern was painted in the midsagittal plane and was used to record the surrogate brain tissue deformation in response to fluid percussion loading. Motion of the grid pattern at low and high levels of fluid percussion loading was recorded using a high-speed camera, and a series of photographs developed from the high-speed film were analyzed to determine the intracranial strain distribution at these loading levels. The results of these studies indicated that the maximum site of strain was located in the region of the lower brainstem and that deformations were negligible in other regions of the brain. These studies provide an explanation for the pathophysiologic results obtained in a parallel series of experiments from which it was concluded that high-level fluid percussion is predominantly a model of lower brainstem injury.
Plasmodium knowlesi Sporozoite Antigen: Expression by Infectious Recombinant Vaccinia Virus (1984)

The gene coding for the circumsporozoite antigen of the malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi was inserted into the vaccinia virus genome under the control of a defined vaccinia virus promoter. Cells infected with the recombinant virus synthesized polypeptides of 53,000 to 56,000 daltons that reacted with monoclonal antibody against the repeating epitope of the malaria protein. Furthermore, rabbits vaccinated with the recombinant virus produced antibodies that bound specifically to sporozoites. These data provide evidence for expression of a cloned malaria gene in mammalian cells and illustrate the potential of vaccinia virus recombinants as live malaria vaccines.
Cell surface receptors for herpes simplex virus are heparan sulfate proteoglycans. (1992)

The role of cell surface heparan sulfate in herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection was investigated using CHO cell mutants defective in various aspects of glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Binding of radiolabeled virus to the cells and infection were assessed in mutant and wild-type cells. Virus bound efficiently to wild-type cells and initiated an abortive infection in which immediate-early or alpha viral genes were expressed, despite limited production of late viral proteins and progeny virus. Binding of virus to heparan sulfate-deficient mutant cells was severely impaired and mutant cells were resistant to HSV infection. Intermediate levels of binding and infection were observed for a CHO cell mutant that produced undersulfated heparan sulfate. These results show that heparan sulfate moieties of cell surface proteoglycans serve as receptors for HSV.
Prevention of postoperative adhesions in the rat by in situ photopolymerization of bioresorbable hydrogel barriers. (1994)

In situ photopolymerization allowed the formation of adherent, conformal barriers, which demonstrated high efficacy in the prevention of adhesion formation and reformation in animals. This efficacy and ease of use warrant clinical evaluation.
FAK silencing inhibits leukemogenesis in BCR/ABL‐transformed hematopoietic cells (2009)

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is constitutively activated and tyrosine phosphorylated in BCR/ABL-transformed hematopoietic cells, but the role it plays during leukemogenesis remains unclear. Here, we examined the effects of RNA interference-mediated FAK silencing on leukemogenesis induced by a BCR/ABL-transformed cell line. Transduction of BCR/ABL-BaF3 cells with FAK shRNA inhibited FAK expression and reduced STAT5 phosphorylation, but induced caspase-3 activation. In vitro studies showed that treatment with FAK shRNA resulted in impaired cell proliferation and colony formation, while increasing cell apoptosis. Mice that received transplants of BCR/ABL-BaF3 cells with FAK shRNA displayed significantly prolonged survival time and diminished leukemia progression. In addition, FAK silencing enhanced in vitro and in vivo efficacy of ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib in BCR/ABL-BaF3 cells. Our results suggest that FAK is critical for leukemogenesis and might be a potential target for leukemia therapy.
Genomic Exploration of the Hemiascomycetous Yeasts: 16. Candida tropicalis (2000)

The genome of the diploid hemiascomycetous yeast Candida tropicalis, an opportunistic human pathogen and an important organism for industrial applications, was explored by the analysis of 2541 Random Sequenced Tags (RSTs) covering about 20% of its genome. Comparison of these sequences with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other species permitted the identification and the analysis of a total of more than 1000 novel genetic elements of C. tropicalis. Moreover, the present study confirms that in C. tropicalis, the rare CUG codon is read as a serine and not a leucine. The sequences have been deposited at EMBL with the accession numbers AL438875-AL441602.
Identification of signals required for the insertion of heterologous genome segments into the reovirus genome. (1995)

In cells simultaneously infected with any two of the three reovirus serotypes ST1, ST2, and ST3, up to 15% of the yields are intertypic reassortants that contain all possible combinations of parental genome segments. We have now found that not all genome segments in reassortants are wild type. In reassortants that possess more ST1 than ST3 genome segments, all ST1 genome segments appear to be wild type, but the incoming ST3 genome segments possess mutations that make them more similar to the ST1 genome segments that they replace. In reassortants resulting from crosses of the more distantly related ST3 and ST2 viruses that possess a majority of ST3 genome segments, all incoming ST2 genome segments are wild type, but the ST3 S4 genome segment possesses two mutations, G74 to A and G624 to A, that function as acceptance signals. Recognition of these signals has far-reaching implications for the construction of reoviruses with novel properties and functions.
Peptide nucleic acid pre-gel hybridization: An alternative to Southern hybridization (1996)

We have found that it is possible to use labeled peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-oligomers as probes in pre-gel hybridization experiments, as an alternative for Southern hybridization. In this technique, the PNA probe is hybridized to a denatured DNA sample at low ionic strength and the mixture is loaded directly on to an electrophoresis system for size separation. Ensuing gel electrophoresis separates the single-stranded DNA fragments by length. The neutral backbone of PNA allows for hybridization at low ionic strength and imparts very low mobility to excess PNA. Detection of the bound PNA is possible by direct fluorescence detection with capillary electrophoresis, or the DNA/PNA hybrids can be blotted onto a membrane and detected with standard chemiluminescent techniques. Efficient single bp discrimination was achieved routinely using both capillary and slab-gel electrophoresis.
Cell‐penetrating anti‐GFAP VHH and corresponding fluorescent fusion protein VHH‐GFP spontaneously cross the blood‐brain barrier and specifically recognize astrocytes: application to brain imaging (2012)

Antibodies normally do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cannot bind an intracellular cerebral antigen. We demonstrate here for the first time that a new class of antibodies can cross the BBB without treatment. Camelids produce native homodimeric heavy-chain antibodies, the paratope being composed of a single-variable domain called VHH. Here, we used recombinant VHH directed against human glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a specific marker of astrocytes. Only basic VHHs (e.g., pI=9.4) were able to cross the BBB in vitro (7.8 vs. 0% for VHH with pI=7.7). By intracarotid and intravenous injections into live mice, we showed that these basic VHHs are able to cross the BBB in vivo, diffuse into the brain tissue, penetrate into astrocytes, and specifically label GFAP. To analyze their ability to be used as a specific transporter, we then expressed a recombinant fusion protein VHH-green fluorescent protein (GFP). These "fluobodies" specifically labeled GFAP on murine brain sections, and a basic variant (pI=9.3) of the fusion protein VHH-GFP was able to cross the BBB and to label astrocytes in vivo. The potential of VHHs as diagnostic or therapeutic agents in the central nervous system now deserves attention.
Carboxylic Acid-Functionalized Conductive Polypyrrole as a Bioactive Platform for Cell Adhesion (2006)

Electroactive polymers such as polypyrrole (PPy) are highly attractive for a number of biomedical applications, including their use as coatings for electrodes or neural probes and as scaffolds to induce tissue regeneration. Surface modification of these materials with biological moieties is desired to enhance the biomaterial-tissue interface and to promote desired tissue responses. Here, we present the synthesis and physicochemical characterization of poly(1-(2-carboxyethyl)pyrrole) (PPyCOOH), a PPy derivative that contains a chemical group that can be easily modified with biological moieties at the N-position of the polymer backbone. FTIR, XPS, and fluorescence microscopy were used to demonstrate the successful incorporation of carboxylic acid (-COOH) functionality into PPy materials, and a four-point probe analysis was used to demonstrate electrical conductivity in the semiconductor range. Human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured on PPyCOOH films surface-modified with the cell-adhesive Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif demonstrated improved attachment and spreading. Thus, PPyCOOH could be useful in developing PPy composites that contain a variety of biological molecules as bioactive conducting platforms for specific biomedical purposes.
The effect of intravenous lidocaine, tocainide, and mexiletine on spontaneously active fibers originating in rat sciatic neuromas (1989)

The effects of intravenously administered subanesthetic concentrations of lidocaine, tocainide, and mexiletine on spontaneously active fibers (SAFs) originating in 7-day-old rat sciatic neuromas were studied. Control injections of normal saline caused no decrease in SAF or discharge rate. Lidocaine and tocainide given in incremental doses of 5, 10, 15, 20 and up to 25 mg/kg caused nearly all observed SAFs to stop firing. Mexiletine given in doses of 3, 5, 7, 10 and up to 15 mg/kg showed similar results at lower doses. All agents decreased the sensitivity of SAF to mechanical stimulation. No conduction blockade occurred at these doses of intravenously administered local anesthetics. The demonstrated reduction in firing rate of SAF may explain the pain relief observed in clinical trials of these orally available agents.
Learning low-level vision (1999)

We show a learning-based method for low-level vision problems-estimating scenes from images. We generate a synthetic world of scenes and their corresponding rendered images. We model that world with a Markov network, learning the network parameters from the examples. Bayesian belief propagation allows us to efficiently find a local maximum of the posterior probability for the scene, given the image. We call this approach VISTA-Vision by Image/Scene TrAining. We apply VISTA to the "super-resolution" problem (estimating high frequency details from a low-resolution image), showing good results. For the motion estimation problem, we show figure/ground discrimination, solution of the aperture problem, and filling-in arising from application of the same probabilistic machinery.
Asymmetrical distribution of aortic nerve fibers in the pig (1967)

Abstract The innervation of the aortic arch and associated arterial trunks was investigated in the pig by gross dissection, by microscopic examination of normal arterial walls, and by observation of degenerative changes following selective surgical interruption of right and left cervical vagi. It is concluded that the aortic depressor fibers of the pig are organized unilaterally, being distributed by the left vagus to arterial walls, and by observation of degenerative changes following selective surgical with the absence of a dissectable right aortic nerve, there was no histological evidence of sensory innervation in the walls of the brachiocephalic, right subclavian, bicarotid or right common carotid artery. The majority of depressor endings were located in the ventral wall of the aortic arch in a band extending between the origin of the left subclavian artery and the aortic attachment of the ligamentum arteriosum. A few were present in the dorsal wall of the aortic arch and the ventral walls of the pulmonary trunk and ligamentum arteriosum. The depressor fibers were thick, heavily myelinated, varicose, extensively branched and associated with numerous terminal and intercalated neurofibrillar corpuscles. The only epithelioid body observed was a poorly innervated, rudimentary paraganglion in the interval between the aortic arch, the pulmonary artery and the ligamentum arteriosum.
Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems Containing Idebenone (2000)

A new self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) was developed to increase the dissolution rate, solubility, and, ultimately, bioavailability of a poorly water soluble drug, idebenone. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were used to evaluate the self-microemulsification existence area, and the release rate of idebenone was investigated. The mixtures consisting of Labrafac hydro or Labrafil 2609 (HLB values > 4) with the surfactant (Labrasol containing 80% Transcutol) and cosurfactant (Plurol oleique WL 1173) were found to be optimum formulations. Using the SMEDDS formulations of 5% to 20% of Labrafac hydro or Labrafil 2609 in combination with the surfactant/cosurfactant mixing ratio of 3, the microemulsion existence field was wider compared to the other SMEDDS formulations due to high affinity for the continuous phase. The in vitro dissolution rate of idebenone from SMEDDS was more than twofold faster compared with that of tablets. The developed SMEDDS formulation can be used as a possible alternative to traditional oral formulations of idebenone to improve its bioavailability.
“Drop-in” publishing with the World Wide Web (1995)

The goal of drop-in publishing is to simplify digital publishing over the Internet. We would like digital publishing of non-commercial matter (e.g. technical reports, course notes, brochures) be as easy as sending e-mail is now, but with the virtues of archival storage and easy searching that we associate with electronic libraries. We propose a protocol, Dienst, to allow communication between clients and document servers by encoding object-oriented messages within URL's. A preliminary version of this protocol now runs at eight sites, and we deseribe some of its features. Next we present tools for automating the maintenance of document collections. Finally, we discuss the problems we've had with the Web as it stands, hoping to motivate changes that would improve performance of digital library systems such as ours.
Effect of Hetero-Valent-Ion Doping in the High Tc Y-Ba-Cu-O Superconductor (1987)

Effect of hetero-valent-ion (Ce and La) doping on the resistive transition of the high T c superconductor Y 0.33 Ba 0.67 CuO n or Y 0.37 Ba 0.63 CuO n has been investigated. The midpoint of the resistive transition is found to decrease and the width to increase, with increase of the doping. Unstable resistive anomaly at a higher temperature is also observed.
Vier Synthesewege zu (2‐Pyrimidinylamino)‐n‐alkansäuren (1975)

Abstract Nucleotid‐analoge Aminosäuren mit verschieden substituierten 2‐Pyrimidinyl‐Seitenketten sind auf vier Wegen zugänglich: Die Cyclokondensation von 2‐Alkyl‐3‐aminoacroleinen ( 4 ) mit Aminosäuren mit Guanidinofunktion ( 5b ) führt zu N δ ‐(5‐Alkyl‐2‐pyrimidinyl)ornithin‐Derivaten ( 7 ). Cyclokondensationen von 1,3‐Diketonen ( 9 ) mit C ‐(Guanidino)aminosäuren bzw. N ‐(Amidino)aminosäuren ( 5a–d ) liefern (4,6‐Dialkyl‐2‐pyrimidinyiamino)‐n‐alkansäuren ( 10 ). Durch Cyclokondensationen von Acetessigester ( 12 ) mit 5a–c sind (4‐Alkyl‐6‐oxo‐1,6‐dihydro‐2‐pyrimidinylamino)‐n‐alkansäuren ( 13 ) darstellbar. Aus 2‐Äthylthio‐6‐oxo‐1,6‐dihydropyrimidinen ( 14, 17 ) lassen sich durch nucleophile Substitution mit Mono‐ und Diaminosäuren ( 15 ) (5‐Alkyl‐6‐oxo‐1,6‐dihydro‐2‐pyrimidinylamino)‐ sowie (4‐Alkyl‐6‐oxo‐1,6‐dihydro‐2‐pyrimidinylamino)‐n‐alkansäuren ( 16, 18 ) erhalten.