gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vampires, Dragons and Egyptian Kings (2000)

Vampires, Dragons and Egyptian Kings. Eric C. Schneider. Princeton University Press, 1999. In the Bronx of the 1950s, gangs loomed large in the public consciousness. Especially in the consciousness of teenagers who were alternately terrified and enthralled by the sight of leather jacketed cadres who hung out on certain corners and who committed acts of mayhem on a nearly hourly basis..or so we fervently believed. Not a junior high school in New York was free of legend about the local hoods: the Red Wings in Italian Harlem, the Chaplains in Brooklyn, and in the Bronx, the truly ominous Fordham Baldies. The latter were famous for their haircuts, or more precisely, their lack of hair and hence their name. The Baldies ruled in the West Bronx and it was the Baldies, of course, who featured colorfully in Philip Kaufman's film The Wanderers (1979). In the East Bronx, the Baldies were matched in notoriety by the Golden Guineas, who prowled Morris Avenue and made Belmont safe for white (Italian) civilization. Scattered about, in occasional alliance but often in combat with the major gangs, were such loveable fraternities as the Pagans, the Imperial Lords, the Vampires, the Nordics, the Dragons, the Crowns, the Barons, and the Boca Chicas, each with their own ethnic, racial, neighborhood, and costuming requirements. Such was the mental landscape of Eisenhowerera New York City, and it is Eric Schneider's accomplishment that he has taken this compote of truth and legend, and turned a calm academic eye upon it. It turns out to be almost as scary as the legend. Schneider is a historian and an assistant dean at the University of Pennsylvania and a former New York kid, upper east side variety. He was no gang member but he seems to know the terrain pretty well and has certainly devoted considerable energy to probing the motives and methods of the New York street gang. In brief, it is Schneider's thesis that the gangs of New York in the SOs and 60s were responses to a rapidly changing and, for many, a declining economic situation. The ethnic neighborhoods faced dramatic alterations with the collapse of the old New York economy of semi and unskilled labor: in short, the old garment, printing, and light manufacturing economy that made New York hospitable to immigrants was evaporating in the 1950s. Combine that with the fervor for urban rebuilding, the surburbanization of white America, and the steady influx of Black and Latino immigrants to New York City, and there is a fine recipe for urban disorder. …
An Experiment in DNS Based IP Routing (1992)

Potential solutions to the routing explosion. This memo defines an
Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.
Mouse Sperm Membrane Potential Hyperpolarization Is Necessary and Sufficient to Prepare Sperm for the Acrosome Reaction (2012)

Mammalian sperm are unable to fertilize the egg immediately after ejaculation; they acquire this capacity during migration in the female reproductive tract. This maturational process is called capacitation and in mouse sperm it involves a plasma membrane reorganization, extensive changes in the state of protein phosphorylation, increases in intracellular pH (pH(i)) and Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)), and the appearance of hyperactivated motility. In addition, mouse sperm capacitation is associated with the hyperpolarization of the cell membrane potential. However, the functional role of this process is not known. In this work, to dissect the role of this membrane potential change, hyperpolarization was induced in noncapacitated sperm using either the ENaC inhibitor amiloride, the CFTR agonist genistein or the K(+) ionophore valinomycin. In this experimental setting, other capacitation-associated processes such as activation of a cAMP-dependent pathway and the consequent increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation were not observed. However, hyperpolarization was sufficient to prepare sperm for the acrosome reaction induced either by depolarization with high K(+) or by addition of solubilized zona pellucida (sZP). Moreover, K(+) and sZP were also able to increase [Ca(2+)](i) in non-capacitated sperm treated with these hyperpolarizing agents but not in untreated cells. On the other hand, in conditions that support capacitation-associated processes blocking hyperpolarization by adding valinomycin and increasing K(+) concentrations inhibited the agonist-induced acrosome reaction as well as the increase in [Ca(2+)](i). Altogether, these results suggest that sperm hyperpolarization by itself is key to enabling mice sperm to undergo the acrosome reaction.
Apocalmodulin Binds to the Myosin Light Chain Kinase Calmodulin Target Site (1999)

The interaction of a 20-residue-long peptide derived from the calmodulin-binding domain of the smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase with calcium-free calmodulin (apocalmodulin) was studied using a combination of isothermal titration calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. We showed that: (i) a significant binding between apocalmodulin and the target peptide (RS20) exists in the absence of salt (Ka = 10(6) M-1), (ii) the peptide interacts with the C-terminal lobe of calmodulin and adopts a partly helical conformation, and (iii) the presence of salt weakens the affinity of the peptide for apocalmodulin, emphasizing the importance of electrostatic interactions in the complex. Based on these results and taking into account the work of Bayley et al. (Bayley, P. M., Findlay, W.A., and Martin, S. R. (1996) Protein Sci. 5, 1215-1228), we suggest a physiological role for apocalmodulin.
Detection of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in dried skimmed milk: use of the polymerase chain reaction for amplification and detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes entB and entC1 and the thermonuclease gene nuc (1991)

The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the staphylococcal enterotoxin B and C genes (entB and entC1) and the staphylococcal nuclease gene (nuc). Two sets of primers ("nested primers") were found to be necessary for the detection of low copy numbers of purified DNA in diluent. These allowed detection of ca. 1 fg of purified target DNA, while 100 pg was required before detection of entB, entC1, and nuc with single primer pairs was possible. With nested primers, enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus cells could be detected in artificially contaminated dried skimmed milk samples at levels of ca. 10(5) CFU ml-1 within 8 h. No cross-reaction was observed between the highly homologous entB and entC1 genes. The method showed total specificity for entC1 when tested against a wide variety of other bacteria.
New methods for the surveillance of HIV drug resistance in the resource poor world (2008)

The use of dried blood spots as a method of specimen collection and storage is simple, inexpensive and is an appropriate technique for the surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance.
Amino Acids: Alpha-Amino Protecting Groups (2000)

An essential requirement in chemical peptide synthesis is the appropriate selection and use of a temporary protecting group for the a-amino group of amino acids. As described in Chapter 2 of this volume, the experimental design of the synthesis and subsequently chosen orthogonal protection scheme largely dictate the choice of N&quot;-protection. Such protection is mandatory in solid phase synthesis (SPS) as it permits a-carboxy activation and subsequent selective condensation of the N&quot;-protected amino acid onto the free amine of the terminal amino acid of the growing peptide chain. The temporary protecting group must meet several strict requirements in order to allow successful SPS. The group must not affect the optical integrity of the amino acid derivative. It must withstand completely the conditions of SPS, cause no side reactions, and be rapidly, efficiently, and selectively cleaved under conditions that leave unaffected any amino acid side-chain (&quot;permanent&quot;) protecting groups.
Parallel and Antiparallel A*A-T Intramolecular Triple Helices (1996)

Intramolecular triple helices have been obtained by folding back twice oligonucleotides formed by decamers bound by non-nucleotide linkers: dA10-linker-dA10-linker-dT10 and dA10-linker-dT10-linker-dA10. We have thus prepared two triple helices with forced third strand orientation, respectively antiparallel (apA*A-T) and parallel (pA*A-T) with respect to the adenosine strand of the Watson-Crick duplex. The existence of the triple helices has been shown by FTIR, UV and fluorescence spectroscopies. Similar melting temperatures have been obtained in very different oligomer concentration conditions (micromolar solutions for thermal denaturation classically followed by UV spectroscopy, milimolar solutions in the case of melting monitored by FTIR spectroscopy) showing that the triple helices are intramolecular. The stability of the parallel triplex is found to be slightly lower than that of the antiparallel (deltaT(m) = 6 degrees C). The sugar conformations determined by FTIR are different for both triplexes. Only South-type sugars are found in the antiparallel triplex whereas both South- and North-type sugars are detected in the parallel triplex. In this case, thymidine sugars have a South-type geometry, and the adenosine strand of the Watson-Crick duplex has North-type sugars. For the antiparallel triplex the experimental results and molecular modeling data are consistent with a reverse-Hoogsteen like third-strand base pairing and South-type sugar conformation. An energetically optimized model of the parallel A*A-T triple helix with a non-uniform distribution of sugar conformations is discussed.
The New Topical Steroid Ciclesonide Is Effective in the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis (1999)

A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study was performed to investigate the efficacy of ciclesonide nasal spray in allergic rhinitis at the dose level of 200 micrograms per nostril. Twenty-four subjects (13 males, 11 females; median age: 28 years) with a history of allergic rhinitis but free of symptoms at screening entered the study. Ciclesonide and placebo were given for 7 days each with a washout period of at least 14 days in between. In both treatment periods, controlled intranasal allergen provocation with pollen extracts was performed on the 2 days before start of treatment (days -2 and -1) and on all treatment days (days 1 to 7) about 2 hours after administration of the study medication. At 5 and 30 minutes after each allergen provocation, rhinal airflow was measured by anterior rhinomanometry, and the subjective symptoms of obstruction, itching, and rhinorrhea were assessed by means of a standardized visual analog scale. Rhinal airflow improved significantly from day 5, while the subjective symptom of obstruction improved from day 2. Itching and rhinorrhea also improved significantly. The local and systemic tolerability of ciclesonide nasal spray was excellent. The results of this study clearly indicate that the new topical steroid ciclesonide is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis without producing local or systemic side effects.
Compensatory glutamine metabolism promotes glioblastoma resistance to mTOR inhibitor treatment (2015)

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is hyperactivated in many types of cancer, rendering it a compelling drug target; however, the impact of mTOR inhibition on metabolic reprogramming in cancer is incompletely understood. Here, by integrating metabolic and functional studies in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines, preclinical models, and clinical samples, we demonstrate that the compensatory upregulation of glutamine metabolism promotes resistance to mTOR kinase inhibitors. Metabolomic studies in GBM cells revealed that glutaminase (GLS) and glutamate levels are elevated following mTOR kinase inhibitor treatment. Moreover, these mTOR inhibitor-dependent metabolic alterations were confirmed in a GBM xenograft model. Expression of GLS following mTOR inhibitor treatment promoted GBM survival in an α-ketoglutarate-dependent (αKG-dependent) manner. Combined genetic and/or pharmacological inhibition of mTOR kinase and GLS resulted in massive synergistic tumor cell death and growth inhibition in tumor-bearing mice. These results highlight a critical role for compensatory glutamine metabolism in promoting mTOR inhibitor resistance and suggest that rational combination therapy has the potential to suppress resistance.
P‐168: Top Emission WOLED for High Resolution OLED TV (2018)

In this article, two top emission WOLED (TE‐WOLED) devices with different transparent cathode was developed and evaluated. The two devices show different performances due to their different cathode. The improved cathode can largely reduce the IR‐drop and was successfully applied in 31‐inch UHD display panel.
Free Energy Perturbation (FEP) Simulation on the Transition States of Cocaine Hydrolysis Catalyzed by Human Butyrylcholinesterase and Its Mutants (2007)

A novel computational protocol based on free energy perturbation (FEP) simulations on both the free enzyme and transition state structures has been developed and tested to predict the mutation-caused shift of the free energy change from the free enzyme to the rate-determining transition state for human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)-catalyzed hydrolysis of (-)-cocaine. The calculated shift, denoted by DeltaDeltaG(1 --> 2), of such kind of free energy change determines the catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) change caused by the simulated mutation transforming enzyme 1 to enzyme 2. By using the FEP-based computational protocol, the DeltaDeltaG(1 --> 2) values for the mutations A328W/Y332A --> A328W/Y332G and A328W/Y332G --> A328W/Y332G/A199S were calculated to be -0.22 and -1.94 kcal/mol, respectively. The calculated DeltaDeltaG(1 --> 2) values predict that the change from the A328W/Y332A mutant to the A328W/Y332G mutant should slightly improve the catalytic efficiency and that the change from the A328W/Y332G mutant to the A328W/Y332G/A199S mutant should significantly improve the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme for the (-)-cocaine hydrolysis. The predicted catalytic efficiency increases are supported by the experimental data showing that kcat/KM = 8.5 x 10(6), 1.4 x 10(7), and 7.2 x 10(7) min(-1) M(-1) for the A328W/Y332A, A328W/Y332G, and A328W/Y332G/A199S mutants, respectively. The qualitative agreement between the computational and experimental data suggests that the FEP simulations may provide a promising protocol for rational design of high-activity mutants of an enzyme. The general computational strategy of the FEP simulation on a transition state can be used to study the effects of a mutation on the activation free energy for any enzymatic reaction.
A pixel readout chip for 10-30 MRad in standard 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS (1999)

A radiation tolerant pixel detector readout chip has been developed in a commercial 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS process. The chip is a matrix of two columns of 65 identical cells. Each readout cell comprises a preamplifier, a shaper filter, a discriminator, a delay line and readout logic. The chip occupies 10 mm/sup 2/, and contains about 50000 transistors. Electronic noise (/spl sim/220 e rms) and threshold dispersion (/spl sim/160 e rms) allow operation at 1500 e average threshold. The radiation tolerance of this mixed mode analog-digital circuit has been enhanced by designing NMOS transistors in enclosed geometry and introducing guardrings wherever necessary. The chip, which was developed at CERN for the ALICE and LHCb experiments, was still operational after receiving 3.6/spl times/10/sup 13/ protons over an area of 2 mm /spl times/2 mm. Other chips were irradiated with X-rays and remained fully functional up to 30 Mrad(SiO2) with only minor changes in analog parameters. These results indicate that careful use of deep submicron CMOS technologies can lead to circuits with high radiation tolerance.
Potent and Selective Mechanism-Based Inhibition of Gelatinases (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTPotent and Selective Mechanism-Based Inhibition of GelatinasesStephen Brown, M. Margarida Bernardo, Zhi-Hong Li, Lakshmi P. Kotra, Yasuhiro Tanaka, Rafael Fridman, and Shahriar MobasheryView Author Information Departments of Chemistry and Pathology Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202-3489 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 28, 6799–6800Publication Date (Web):June 30, 2000Publication History Received27 April 2000Published online30 June 2000Published inissue 1 July 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja001461nhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja001461nrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2279Altmetric-Citations164LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Cancer,Inhibition,Inhibitors,Ions,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
Thin and Low-Resistivity Tantalum Nitride Diffusion Barrier and Giant-Grain Copper Interconnects for Advanced ULSI Metallization (1999)

The barrier performance and properties (resistivity, crystalline phase and surface microroughness) of tantalum nitride films, as well as the relationship between grain size and diffusivity of copper films, are reported. The resistivity and R a roughness of Ta 2 N film formed by reactive sputtering using argon and nitrogen plasma are ∼200 µΩ·cm and ∼0.35 nm, respectively. The Ta 2 N diffusion barrier exhibits better barrier performance than Ta 4 N and bcc-Ta diffusion barriers. Giant-grain copper interconnects formed by sputtering in low-energy ion bombardment process show lower diffusivity than small-grain copper interconnects. The barrier performance of tantalum nitride film was evaluated by electrical measurement. An n + p junctions having 20 µm×20 µm contact holes filled with 10-nm-thick Ta 2 N diffusion barriers and giant-grain copper interconnects exhibit no increase in reverse-bias current after annealing at 700°C for 30 min in argon ambient.
Functional analysis of gapped microbial genomes: Amino acid metabolism of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (2000)

A gapped genome sequence of the biomining bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans strain ATCC23270 was assembled from sheared DNA fragments (3.2-times coverage) into 1,912 contigs. A total of 2,712 potential genes (ORFs) were identified in 2.6 Mbp (megabase pairs) of Thiobacillus genomic sequence. Of these genes, 2,159 could be assigned functions by using the WIT-Pro/EMP genome analysis system, most with a high degree of certainty. Nine hundred of the genes have been assigned roles in metabolic pathways, producing an overview of cellular biosynthesis, bioenergetics, and catabolism. Sequence similarities, relative gene positions on the chromosome, and metabolic reconstruction (placement of gene products in metabolic pathways) were all used to aid gene assignments and for development of a functional overview. Amino acid biosynthesis was chosen to demonstrate the analytical capabilities of this approach. Only 10 expected enzymatic activities, of the nearly 150 involved in the biosynthesis of all 20 amino acids, are currently unassigned in the Thiobacillus genome. This result compares favorably with 10 missing genes for amino acid biosynthesis in the complete Escherichia coli genome. Gapped genome analysis can therefore give a decent picture of the central metabolism of a microorganism, equivalent to that of a complete sequence, at significantly lower cost.
Evaluation of the differentiation potential of WB-F344 rat liver epithelial stem-like cells in vivo. Differentiation to hepatocytes after transplantation into dipeptidylpeptidase-IV-deficient rat liver. (1997)

After intrahepatic transplantation into livers of adult syngeneic German-strain Fischer 344 rats that are deficient for the bile canalicular enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), cultured WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells (without exogenous marker genes) integrate into hepatic plates and differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells that are morphologically and functionally indistinguishable from mature hepatocytes. In this model system, the differentiated progeny of transplanted WB-F344 cells are identified among the DPP-IV-negative host hepatocytes by their expression of bile canalicular DPP-IV enzyme activity. DPP-IV-positive hepatocyte-like cells also expressed other markers of hepatocytic differentiation, including albumin, transferrin, and alpha-1-antitrypsin, suggesting that the progeny of transplanted WB-F344 cells express a complete hepatocyte differentiation program. These results complement our previous studies indicating WB-F344 cells can serve as stem-like precursor cells for differentiated hepatocytes and strengthen the suggestion that WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells represent the cultured counterpart of liver stem-like hepatocyte progenitor cells present in the normal adult rat liver.
CONCEPTS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ROSACEA (1968)

SUMMARY. Ninety‐two patients with rosacea have been studied in order to test, where necessary against control subjects, certain widely accepted hypotheses concerning its cause. No evidence was found that bacteria are implicated as a factor in papular rosacea. Rosacea patients were not found to have a personality disorder, but when tested by a neuroticism proforma were found to be more depressed than control subjects. The depression was regarded as a reaction to the cosmetic disability. There was no evidence that rosacea is linked to disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Rosacea is not related to the seborrhoeic diathesis. There is no evidence of any important structural or functional abnormality of the small blood vessels of the face. Rosacea patients were not found to be more exposed than controls to climatic extremes. Histologically rosacea appears not to be primarily a folliculitis. Solar elastosis is often conspicuous and disorganization and atrophy of the upper dermis are frequent. The significance of these changes is uncertain. The cause of rosacea remains unknown.