gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study on the interaction of bovine serum albumin with acid cyanine 5R and its application in analysis (2006)

A supramolecular complex of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with acid cyanine 5R (AC 5R, C.I. acid blue 113, C.I.: 26360) has been shown to form in Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 7.42) by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), fluorimetry, and spectrophotometry. The binding ratio and binding constant of BSA with AC 5R have been detected by LSV and fluorimetry. The binding mechanism is also preliminarily discussed. In Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 7.42), AC 5R can easily be reduced on the mercury electrode, and it has a well-defined LSV peak current (Ip) and peak potential (Ep) at -0.65 V (vs. SCE). In the presence of BSA, the Ip of AC 5R decreases, and the peak potential (Ep) shifts to a more positive potential. The decrease of the second-order derivative of reductive peak current (deltaIp'') of AC 5R is proportional to the logarithm of BSA concentration in the range of 1.54 x 10(-8) mol x L(-1)-1.54 x 10(-5) mol x L(-1) (r = 0.9931-0.9977). The limit of detection of BSA is 9.0 x 10(-9) mol x L(-1). The relative standard deviation is 1.83% (n = 10), and the standard recovery is 97.5%-104.8%. This method can be used to determine BSA concentration on the basis of the interaction of BSA with AC 5R.
한국과 일본에 분포하는 육박나무군락의 식생구조 특성 (2017)

녹나무과(Lauraceae) 육박나무(Actinodaphne lancifolia)는 상록활엽교목으로 일본, 중국 등에 자라며, 우리나라는 난온대 기후대의 남부 도서지역에서 분포하는 내한성이 약한 난대성 수종이다. 우리나라 난온대 상록활엽수림 천이계열 연구(Oh, 1995; Oh and Kim, 1996)에서 이 수종은 극음수로서 극상단계에 출현하는 극상수종으로 지목했으며 완도군 주도, 소안도, 고흥군 애도 등에 군락으로 극히 협소하게 분포했다. 이는 과거 벌목 등의 상록활엽수림의 지속적인 훼손으로 인해 식생발달이 퇴행되어 대규모 군락을 형성하지 못한 것으로 추정된다. 반면, 일본은 해발 1천이하의 큐슈(九州)지방을 중심으로 간토(關東)까지가 상록활엽수림대로서 그 면적은 국토의 40%에 해당된다(Fuziwara, 1981). 일본의 상록활엽수림은 과거부터 인위적인 영향으로 양적, 질적으로 다양한 대상식생이 분포하며, 인간의 접근이 힘든 입지에는 원시림에 가까운 자연식생이 보전되어 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 우리나라 난온대 기후대 극상림으로 추정되는 육박나무군락과 일본 큐슈지역에 천연기념물로서 보존이 양호한 육박나무군락의 식생구조를 비교함으로서 그 나라별 식생과 입지환경의 특성을 밝히고자 했다.연구대상지는 기존 문헌을 통해 육박나무군락이 비교적 양호하게 분포하는 한국 통영시 비진도, 고흥군 애도, 완도군 보길도가 선정되었다. 일본의 경우에는 후쿠오카시(福岡市)의 타치바나산(立花山)에 천연기념물로 지정된 녹나무원시림 일대의 육박나무 자생지를 조사지로 선정했다. 각지점별 10m×10m(100㎡) 크기의 방형구 5개소, 총 20개 조사구를 설치하여 식생구조 조사를 실시하였다. 해발고도, 사면향, 경사도 등 일반환경 조사와 더불어 토양환경을 파악하기 위해 토양을 채취하여 이화학적 특성을 분석하였다. 이 조사데이터를 토대로 상대우점치, 군락분석(TWINSPAN), 서열분석(CCA) 등의 식생구조분석을 실시했다.난온대 상록활엽수림 분포는 최한월최저기온, 겨울철강수량, 여름철평균기온, 여름철강수량 등에 크게 영향을 받는다(Nakao et al., 2014). 이를 토대로 각 연구대상지의 30년(1981~2010)간 기후데이터를 수집하여 연평균온도와 월평균강수량 등을 조사했다. 그 결과 한국 비진도의 연평균온도는 14.4℃ 월평균강수량은 119mm이었으며, 애도는 13.6℃, 121mm, 보길도는 14.1℃, 128mm로서 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 일본 타치바나산(立花山)의 경우 연평균온도 17.0℃와 월평균강우량 134mm로 한국의 3지역에 비해 높고 특히 겨울철강우량이 많았다.육박나무군락의 식생상황을 파악하기 위해 식생조사데이터를 분석(TWINSPAN)한 결과, 6개 식물군락으로 유형화되었는데 지역적 경향이 뚜렷하였다. 군락Ⅰ(곰솔-상록활엽수군락)은 비진도지역에서만 출현한 군락이었다. 교목층에서 난온대 퇴행천이된 식생에 우점하는 곰솔의 상대우점치(I.P.)가 41.8%로 가장 우점했으며, 아교목층과 관목층에서는 다양한 상록활엽수가 출현했다. 이 군락에서는 육박나무의 상대우점치는 교목층 12.1% 아교목층 19.2%로 높지 않았다. 군락Ⅱ(육박나무-다정큼나무군락)은 보길도지역에서 출현한 군락으로서 육박나무가 교목층(I.P. 34.5%), 아교목층(14.0%), 관목층(24.4%)에 골고루 출현해 했다. 육박나무가 소·중경목(흉고직경 2~27cm)으로 교목·아교목층에 출현했지만, 대부분의 개체는 관목층에 치수로서 분포했다. 이 군락은 교목성 극음수인 육박나무의 세력이 확장되어 육박나무군락으로 성숙될 가능성이 높을 것이다.군락Ⅲ(육박나무-참식나무군락)은 비진도지역에서 출현한 군락이었다. 육박나무가 교목층에서 우점(I.P. 39.9%)했지만 군락 Ⅰ과 비슷하게 곰솔의 상대우점치(I.P. 20.9%)가 높았다. 아교목·관목층에서는 곰솔이 출현하지 않았으며 광나무, 참식나무 등 상록활엽수의 상대우점치가 높았다. 즉, 곰솔의 우점도가 점점 감소하며 상록활엽수림으로의 천이가 예상되는 군락이었다. 군락Ⅳ(육박나무-생달나무군락)은 일본 타치바나산(立花山)에 출현하는 군락으로 육박나무가 교목층에서 우점(I.P. 67.7%)했으며, 생달나무(I.P. 21.15%)가 함께 출현했으며, 타 지역과는 달리 녹나무(I.P. 21.1)가 교목층에서 출현하였다. 이 군락은 교목층에 주로 대경목(흉고직경 32~52cm)이 분포해 다른 군락에 비해 성숙한 육박나무군락을 나타냈다. 군락Ⅴ(육박나무-푸조나무군락)은 애도지역에서 출현했으며 교목층에서 육박나무(I.P. 54.6%)는 푸조나무(I.P. 38.8%)와 함께 우점했다. 마지막 군락Ⅵ(푸조나무-종가시나무군락)은 애도에서 나타난 군락으로서 교목층에서 육박나무가 출현하지 않았다. 아교 목층에서 육박나무가 소경목(흉고직경 4~12cm)의 형태로 다른 상록활엽수와 함께 나타났다.육박나무군락과 환경요인과의 관계를 규명하고자 CCA분석을 실시했는데 1축과 2축을 중심으로 지역적 경향을 뚜렷했으며 1축과 2축에 영향을 주는 요인으로는 해발고도, 사면향, 토양 내 Na⁺ 함량, 평균기온, 최한월평균기온, 연간 평균강수량 등이었다. 특히, 일본 타치바나산(立花山)의 육박나무군락은 한국 육박나무군락보다 해발고도, 평균기온, 최한월평균기온, 연간평균강수량에 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 분석되었다. 한국 육박나무군락은 유기물함량, 칼슘, 인산등의 토양 이화학성에 일부 영향을 받는 것으로 보인다.일본 후쿠오카시의 타치바나산(立花山)은 바닷가에서 약 4km정도 떨어져 있는 산지로서 1928년에 녹나무원시림천연기념물로 지정되어 과거부터 보존된 지역이었다. 이 인근에 위치한 육박나무군락은 상당히 성숙한 식생구조를 보여 과거에 인위적 교란을 받지 않는 것으로 보인다. 이 군락에 비해 한국의 육박나무군락은 섬지역에 과거 식생훼손으로 식생이 발달 중인 것으로 판단된다. 또한 육박나무군락은 이화학적 토양환경보다 기후조건에 더 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 보인다. 육박나무는 난온대성 수종으로서 온화하고 강수량이 많은 환경조건에 생육이 양호하기 때문일 것이다. 한편 육박나무군락은 우리나라 난온대 상록활엽수림대의 극상림으로 알려져 있다. 반면 일본 상록활엽수림대에서 육박나무군락이 출현하는 곳은 한정적이며, 대규모 군락을 형성하는 경우는 드물었다(Fuziwara, 1981). 본 연구에서 이것에 대한 심도 있는 고찰이 필요할 것이다.
Dengue-2 vaccine: virological, immunological, and clinical responses of six yellow fever-immune recipients (1981)

Six male volunteers, previously immunized with yellow fever vaccine, were inoculated subcutaneously with a live, attenuated dengue-2 virus (PR-159/S-1) candidate vaccine. Five recipients developed viremia 8 or 9 days after vaccination, which lasted 1 to 10 days. The onset of viremia was followed by fever in three people, transient leukopenia in four, and an erythematous rash in one. One volunteer developed an oral temperature of 38.8 degrees C with headache, myalgia, fatigue, and photophobia suggestive of mild dengue fever. All five viremic volunteers developed fourfold or greater rises in serum neutralizing antibody. The sixth volunteer, who had a low titer of preexisting dengue-2 neutralizing antibody, had no viremia, no symptoms, and a modest rise in hemagglutination inhibiting antibody. Virus isolates obtained from plasma retained the small-plaque and temperature-sensitive growth characteristics of the vaccine virus in vitro. In this study, the vaccine virus genetically stable and immunogenic and seemed sufficiently attenuated for additional testing in humans.
A review of the chemical and physical mechanisms of the storage stability of fast pyrolysis bio-oils (1999)

Understanding the fundamental chemical and physical aging mechanisms is necessary to learn how to produce a bio-oil that is more stable during shipping and storage. This review provides a basis for this understanding and identifies possible future research paths to produce bio-oils with better storage stability.
Structure and activity of proteins from pathogenic fungiPhytophthoraeliciting necrosis and acquired resistance in tobacco (1989)

The phytopathogenic fungi Phytophthora cryptogea and Phytophthora capsici cause systemic leaf necrosis on their non-host tobacco; in culture they release proteins, called cryptogein and capsicein, which elicit similar necrosis. In addition, both proteins protect tobacco against invasion by the pathogen Phytophthora nicotianac, the agent of the tobacco black shank, that is unable to produce such an elicitor. Cryptogein causes visible leaf necrosis starting at about 1 microgram/plant, whereas 50-fold as much capsicein is required for the same reaction. Capsicein induces protection even in near absence of leaf necrosis. The activities of both elicitors are eliminated upon pronase digestion. They are proteins of similar Mr (respectively 10,323 and 10,155) and their complete amino acid sequences were determined. They consist of 98 residues, with some internal repetitions of hexapeptides and heptapeptides. 85% identity was observed between both sequences: only two short terminal regions are heterologous, while the central core is entirely conserved. Secondary structure predictions, hydropathy and flexibility profiles differ only around position 15 and at the C-terminus; these modifications could play a role in the modulation of their biological activities. After a search of the sequence data bases, they appear to be novel proteins.
Crystal structures of the psychrophilic α‐amylase from Alteromonas haloplanctis in its native form and complexed with an inhibitor (1998)

Alteromonas haloplanctis is a bacterium that flourishes in Antarctic sea-water and it is considered as an extreme psychrophile. We have determined the crystal structures of the alpha-amylase (AHA) secreted by this bacterium, in its native state to 2.0 angstroms resolution as well as in complex with Tris to 1.85 angstroms resolution. The structure of AHA, which is the first experimentally determined three-dimensional structure of a psychrophilic enzyme, resembles those of other known alpha-amylases of various origins with a surprisingly greatest similarity to mammalian alpha-amylases. AHA contains a chloride ion which activates the hydrolytic cleavage of substrate alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds. The chloride binding site is situated approximately 5 angstroms from the active site which is characterized by a triad of acid residues (Asp 174, Glu 200, Asp 264). These are all involved in firm binding of the Tris moiety. A reaction mechanism for substrate hydrolysis is proposed on the basis of the Tris inhibitor binding and the chloride activation. A trio of residues (Ser 303, His 337, Glu 19) having a striking spatial resemblance with serine-protease like catalytic triads was found approximately 22 angstroms from the active site. We found that this triad is equally present in other chloride dependent alpha-amylases, and suggest that it could be responsible for autoproteolytic events observed in solution for this cold adapted alpha-amylase.
Search on mobile phones (2006)

Abstract The search tools familiar from the personal computer are propagating to mobile devices. Are users willing to type keywords with the limited keypad of an ordinary mobile phone? How does mobile search differ from stationary search? The author found that users are surprisingly willing to use search also with the traditional phone keypad, and foresees a search revolution as mobile devices enable location‐based search.
On Compression of Data Encrypted With Block Ciphers (2012)

This paper investigates compression of data encrypted with block ciphers, such as the Advanced Encryption Standard. It is shown that such data can be feasibly compressed without knowledge of the secret key. Block ciphers operating in various chaining modes are considered and it is shown how compression can be achieved without compromising security of the encryption scheme. Further, it is shown that there exists a fundamental limitation to the practical compressibility of block ciphers when no chaining is used between blocks. Some performance results for practical code constructions used to compress binary sources are presented.
“Clickable” Agarose for Affinity Chromatography (2005)

Successful purification of biological molecules by affinity chromatography requires the attachment of desired ligands to biocompatible chromatographic supports. The Cu(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition of azides and alkynes-the premier example of "click chemistry"-is an efficient way to make covalent connections among diverse molecules and materials. Both azide and alkyne units are highly selective in their reactivity, being inert to most chemical functionalities and stable to wide ranges of solvent, temperature, and pH. We show that agarose beads bearing alkyne and azide groups can be easily made and are practical precursors to functionalized agarose materials for affinity chromatography.
By‐passing the nonsense mutation in the 4CV mouse model of muscular dystrophy by induced exon skipping (2008)

By-passing the protein-truncating mutation in the 4(CV) mouse model of muscular dystrophy could not be achieved with single oligomers targeting both exons and was only achieved after the application of AO cocktails to remove exons 52 and 53. As in previous studies, the stability and efficiency of PMOs proved superior to 2OMeAOs for consistent and sustained protein induction in vivo.
The λ B Cell Repertoire of K-Deficient Mice (1996)

Analysis of the B cell repertoire is complicated by the huge diversity inherent in the germ line determined combinatory. Making use of knockout technology, kappa-deficient mice have been obtained. They constitute a shrewd model to follow the expression of an Ig minilocus, such as the lambda one, in the normal condition compared with classical transgenic models. Indeed, in contrast to wild type mice, in which only 5% of lambda B cells are produced, these mutant mice exclusively produce lambda positive B cells. Although, the lambda locus is well characterized and has a relatively simple organization, the mechanistic and selective pressures that govern its utilization are still poorly understood. The analysis of the lambda B cell repertoire in kappa-deficient mice, should therefore bring more conclusive informations. Here we present the lambda subtype distribution in the various cellular compartments of the kappa-deficient mice, and discuss the rules that can be responsible for this distribution. Our recent data indicate that the lambda subtype proportions in the bone marrow and the spleen result, for the major part, from mechanistic processes (i.e., recombinase accessibility, production of V-J functional joint and H/L pairings) while the lambda proportions found in the peritoneal cavity ensue from selective processes. Finally, the capacity to respond to various antigens is discussed from such a generated lambda B cell repertoire.
The Reverse Transcriptases Associated with CRISPR-Cas Systems (2017)

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) and associated proteins (Cas) act as adaptive immune systems in bacteria and archaea. Some CRISPR-Cas systems have been found to be associated with putative reverse transcriptases (RT), and an RT-Cas1 fusion associated with a type III-B system has been shown to acquire RNA spacers in vivo. Nevertheless, the origin and evolutionary relationships of these RTs and associated CRISPR-Cas systems remain largely unknown. We performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of these RTs and associated Cas1 proteins, and classified their CRISPR-Cas modules. These systems were found predominantly in bacteria, and their presence in archaea may be due to a horizontal gene transfer event. These RTs cluster into 12 major clades essentially restricted to particular phyla, suggesting host-dependent functioning. The RTs and associated Cas1 proteins may have largely coevolved. They are, therefore, subject to the same selection pressures, which may have led to coadaptation within particular protein complexes. Furthermore, our results indicate that the association of an RT with a CRISPR-Cas system has occurred on multiple occasions during evolution.
Gd loading by hypotonic swelling: an efficient and safe route for cellular labeling (2013)

Cells incubated in hypo-osmotic media swell and their membranes become leaky. The flow of water that enters the cells results in the net transport of molecules present in the incubation medium directly into the cell cytoplasm. This phenomenon has been exploited to label cells with MRI Gd-containing contrast agents. It has been found that, in the presence of 100 mM Gd-HPDO3A in an incubation medium characterized by an overall osmolarity of 160 mOsm l⁻¹, each cell is loaded with amounts of paramagnetic complex ranging from 2 × 10⁹ to 2 × 10¹⁰ depending on the cell type. To obtain more insight into the determinants of cellular labeling by the 'hypo-osmotic shock' methodology, a study on cell viability, proliferation rate and cell morphology was carried out on J774A.1 and K562 cells as representative of cells grown in adhesion and suspended ones, respectively. Moreover a comparison of the efficiency of the proposed method with established cell labeling procedures such as pinocytosis and electroporation was carried out. Finally, the effects of the residual electric charge, the size and some structural features of the metal complex were investigated. In summary, the 'hypotonic shock' methodology appears to be an efficient and promising tool to pursue cellular labeling with paramagnetic complexes. Its implementation is straightforward and one may foresee that it will be largely applied in in vitro cellular labeling of many cell types.
Resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2009)

Gefitinib and erlotinib are ATP competitive inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase and are approved around the world for the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Somatic mutations in the EGFR are found in 10 to 40% of patients with NSCLC. Patients with sensitizing somatic mutations of EGFR treated with gefitinib or erlotinib have an initial clinical response of 60 to 80%, approximately twice as high as the responses associated with the administration of conventional platinum-based chemotherapy. However, the efficacy of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) is limited by either primary (de novo) or acquired resistance after therapy and investigations to define the mechanisms of resistance are active areas of ongoing preclinical and clinical studies. Primary resistance is typically caused by other somatic mutations in genes such as KRAS, which also have an impact on the EGFR signaling pathway or by mutations in the EGFR gene that are not associated with sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs. Two established mechanisms of acquired resistance are caused by additional mutations in the EGFR gene acquired during the course of treatment that change the protein-coding sequence or by amplification of another oncogene signaling pathway driven by the MET oncogene. This review focuses on characterized mechanisms of resistance to the EGFR TKIs and efforts to overcome the problem of resistance aimed at improving the therapy of patients with NSCLC. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(24):7502-9).
Utilizing combination therapy in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (2004)

Alzheimer's disease may not yet be curable, but it is treatable. Two classes of drugs with differing mechanisms of action have received Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: the cholinesterase inhibitors and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist memantine (Ebixa, Lundbeck; Namenda, Forest Laboratories). Alzheimer's disease research directed at increasing the understanding of the underlying disease process has led to the identification of several other potential targets for drug development strategies. Due to the complexity of the disease, it is possible that combination therapy -- concomitant use of agents with nonoverlapping or even synergistic mechanisms of action -- may represent the best means available to enhance treatment effectiveness. This review evaluates the available data on combination therapy in Alzheimer's disease and provides an expert opinion on the use and implementation of combination therapy in clinical practice.
Complete amino acid sequence of an integrin beta subunit (beta 7) identified in leukocytes (1991)

The integrins are a large family of heterodimeric cell-surface glycoproteins that play key roles in the adherence of cells to other cells and to extracellular matrix proteins. We have previously reported the identification of a novel integrin beta subunit partial cDNA from leukocytes. We have now determined the complete sequence of this subunit, designated as beta 7, from overlapping clones obtained from a PEER T leukemia cell library and a peripheral T cell library. The beta 7 cDNA contains a single large open reading frame predicted to encode a 798-amino acid protein precursor (signal peptide plus mature protein). The beta 7 protein, like the other beta subunit proteins, is predicted to contain a large extracellular portion, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. The deduced beta 7 amino acid sequence is 32-46% identical to the six previously sequenced human integrin beta subunits. beta 7 is most similar to the leukocyte integrin common beta subunit (beta 2, CD18). Analysis of variant beta 7 cDNA clones and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction products suggest that alternatively spliced beta 7 mRNAs can be generated by the removal of exons that encode most of the cysteine-rich region of the extracellular portion of beta 7. By Northern blot analysis, beta 7 mRNA was detected in T and B cell lines and in macrophage-like cell lines, but not in any of the nonleukocyte cell lines tested. Peripheral T cells and some lymphoma lines express little beta 7 mRNA before stimulation; but after stimulation with phorbol ester, beta 7 mRNA levels increased markedly. Integrin beta 7 is expected to play a role in adhesive interactions of leukocytes.
Synthesis and Characterization of the First Fluorescent Nonpeptide NPY Y1 Receptor Antagonist (2007)

Cyanine-5-labelled neuropeptide Y (NPY) was demonstrated to be an ideal universal fluorescent ligand for the combined investigation of NPY Y(1), Y(2) and Y(5) receptors. With respect to improved stability, detection of receptor subtypes in cells and tissues, and prevention of receptor internalization, small nonpeptidic fluorescent antagonists should be superior. Here we present a set of four fluorescent nonpeptide NPY Y(1) receptor (Y(1)R) antagonists. The highest affinity was obtained by labelling an N(G)-(6-aminohexanoyl)argininamide derived from the Y(1)R antagonist BIBP 3226, with Py-1, a small pyrylium dye. The fluorescent pyridinium-type Y(1)R antagonist, compound 4 had K(i) values of 29 nM and 2.7 nM, which were determined by radioligand binding and flow cytometry under equilibrium conditions, respectively; 4 had a K(b) value of 0.6 nM (Ca(2+) assay). The large Stoke's shift (541 vs. 615 nm) in buffer (PBS, pH 7.4) in the presence of 1% BSA and the red emission (quantum yield 56%) are advantageous with respect to the signal-to-noise ratio. The new probe was successfully used in fluorescence-based binding experiments evaluated by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy; this demonstrates the potential of pyrylium dyes for the preparation of fluorescent ligands that are applicable for the study of G protein-coupled receptors on living cells.
Monoclonal antibody assay for detection of double-stranded RNA and application for detection of group A and non-group A rotaviruses (1989)

Fastidious viruses are generally detected in human body fluids by means of immunoassay or nucleic acid hybridization systems. These approaches can be difficult to apply to the detection of viruses which display variations in antigenic or genetic composition. Rotaviruses are examples of viruses which can display such variations. Recently identified antigenic variants, designated as non-group A rotaviruses, cannot be detected by immunoassays or nucleic acid hybridization assays which utilize reagents directed at group A rotavirus strains. The incomplete understanding of the extent of antigenic and genetic variation has inhibited the development of assay systems for all of the non-group A rotaviruses and has limited the study of their role in human disease. While rotaviruses display genetic variation, they all contain a genome which consists of double-stranded RNA. We utilized a monoclonal antibody to devise a sensitive assay for the measurement of double-stranded RNA and applied it to the detection of a wide range of rotaviruses. We found that the assay could detect double-stranded RNA from as few as 10 PFU of standard strains of group A rotaviruses. The assay system was also capable of detecting double-stranded RNA from several strains of group B rotaviruses isolated from calves, rats, and pigs at levels below those at which viral RNA could be visualized by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When applied to the detection of double-stranded RNA in serial stools shed by rotavirus-infected children, the assay system was capable of detecting double-stranded RNA in samples in which antigen could not be detected by immunoassay. The specific nature of the double-stranded RNA detected by this assay system could be determined by the elution of the nucleic acids from the monoclonal antibody and the reaction of the RNA with specific nucleotide probes. The measurement of double-stranded RNA offers a potential method for the sensitive detection of a wide range of rotaviruses and other members of the family Reoviridae.