gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emission characteristics of gallium and bismuth liquid metal field ion sources (1979)

Emission characteristics such as energy distribution, angular intensity distribution, noise current, and temperature effects have been measured and compared for liquid bismuth and liquid gallium ion sources. The full width half maximum (FWHM) at low currents (IT?1 μA) was ?4.5 eV for gallium at ?300 K and ?9 eV for bismuth at ∠600 K. For both gallium and bismuth the FWHM increased monotonically with current. Gallium beam angular intensity at IT?1 μA was 15 μA/sr increasing to ?65 μA/sr at 30 μA emission current while for bismuth the angular intensity increased from ? 12 μA/sr to ?35 μA/sr as the emission current increased from 1 μA to ∠30 μA. A large increase in beam angular divergence was observed as IT was increased over the range 1–30 μA for bismuth. An unusually low noise current almost entirely accounted for by shot noise was exhibited by both the bismuth and the gallium ion sources. These results point towards a strongly space charge limited emission process.
Heuristic Rule-Based Phase Balancing of Distribution Systems by Considering Customer Load Patterns (2005)

In this paper, a heuristic backtracking search algorithm is proposed to adjust the phasing arrangement of primary feeders and laterals for phase balancing of distribution systems. The phase unbalance index of distribution feeders is calculated based on the phasing current magnitude of each line segment and branch, which has been solved by a three-phase load flow program. The database of an automated mapping/facility management (AM/FM) system is used to retrieve the component attributes, and the topology process is executed to determine the electrical network configuration and the customers served by each distribution transformer. By using the monthly energy consumption of customers in customer information system (CIS) and the typical daily load patterns of customer classes, the hourly loading profiles of distribution transformers and service zones can be derived to solve the individual phase loadings of each primary feeder and lateral. The phase balancing of distribution systems is enhanced by heuristic rule-based searching process to minimize the phase unbalance index. To demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed methodology, a practical distribution feeder with 2754 customers is selected for computer simulation to enhance three-phase balancing of distribution systems. It is concluded that three-phase balancing of distribution systems can be obtained by considering customer load characteristics.
Acid hydrolysis experimental facility results with corn stover. (1985)

TVA has constructed an experimental facility to convert corn stover to ethanol (37.85 1/hr) using a concentrated sulfuric acid hydrolysis process followed by fermentation and distillation. Conversion efficiencies for hemicellulose and cellulose to xylose and glucose have been above 90% in consecutive plant runs. Results from plant runs are presented. 6 refs., 1 fig.
Cryopreservation of Mammalian Sperm: What We Ask Them to Survive (1990)

Techniques for freezing bull sperm developed over the past 40 years have not yielded protocols for preserving sperm from other species. Recent advances in our understanding of cell membrane structure function and metabolism now permit alternative modes of investigation. These data will allow development of unique studies which should have a higher probability of yielding successful protocols for sperm from other species. In this review the authors will: (1) provide a general overview of cryopreservation; (2) review emerging concepts of membrane structure and the relationship of membrane composition to water and cryoprotectant movement; (3) emphasize how these parameters affect cell volume and surface areas; (4) focus attention on the concept that cryoprotectants will alter membrane structure and function in addition to their well-recognized effects on bulk solvent; and (5) emphasize the effect of the processing protocol on metabolic balance. These concepts are reintroduced in the context of the established and successful protocol for freezing bull sperm to illustrate the molecular responses that may be necessary to survive a freeze-thaw cycle.
Digital predistortion of wideband signals basedon power amplifier model with memory (2001)

Memory effects in the power amplifier limit the performance of digital predistortion for wideband signals. Novel algorithms that take into account such effects are proposed. Measured results are presented for single and multicarrier UMTS signals to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new approach.
Gangliosides prevent glutamate and kainate neurotoxicity in primary neuronal cultures of neonatal rat cerebellum and cortex. (1988)

Using a sensitive histofluorescence staining method that allows for a quantitation of neuronal death, we compared the protective effects of gangliosides (a group of naturally occurring glycosphingolipids), phencyclidine (PCP), and MK-801 (dibenzocyclohepteneimine) on glutamate- and kainate-induced neuronal death in primary cultures of cortical and cerebellar neurons prepared from neonatal rats. PCP and MK-801 block neurotoxicity induced by glutamate doses 50 times higher than the LD50 (LD50 in Mg2+-free medium, 10 microM) but only partially block the kainate neurotoxicity (LD50 in presence of Mg2+, 100 microM). In contrast, pretreatment with gangliosides (GT1b greater than GD1b greater than GM1) results in complete and insurmountable protection against the neurotoxicity elicited by glutamate or kainate. In primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells gangliosides, unlike PCP and MK-801, fail to block glutamate-gated cationic currents and the glutamate-evoked increase of (i) inositol phospholipid hydrolysis (ii) c-fos mRNA content, and (iii) nuclear accumulation of c-fos protein. Protection of glutamate neurotoxicity by gangliosides does not require their presence in the incubation medium; however, it is proportional to the amount of glycosphingolipid accumulated in the neuronal membranes. The ganglioside concentration (30-60 microM) that blocks glutamate-elicited neuronal death also prevents glutamate- and kainate-induced protein kinase C translocation from cytosol to neuronal membranes.
RanBPM is expressed in synaptic layers of the mammalian retina and binds to metabotropic glutamate receptors (2008)

In the central nervous system, synaptic signal transduction depends on the regulation of neurotransmitter receptors by interacting proteins. Here, we searched for proteins interacting with two metabotropic glutamate receptor type 8 isoforms (mGlu8a and mGlu8b) and identified RanBPM. RanBPM is expressed in several brain regions, including the retina. There, RanBPM is restricted to the inner plexiform layer where it co-localizes with the mGlu8b isoform and processes of cholinergic amacrine cells expressing mGlu2 receptors. RanBPM interacts with mGlu2 and other group II and group III receptors, except mGlu6. Our data suggest that RanBPM might be associated with mGlu receptors at synaptic sites.
The antiangiogenic property of docetaxel is synergistic with a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor or 2-methoxyestradiol but antagonized by endothelial growth factors. (2001)

Numerous chemotherapeutic agents have been shown to have an inhibitory effect on endothelial cell proliferation and migration, and tubule formation. In this study, we examined the antiangiogenic activity of docetaxel. Docetaxel inhibited endothelial cell proliferation and tubule formation in vitro in a dose-dependent fashion. Docetaxel treatment also inhibited angiogenesis in an in vivo Matrigel plug assay. The endothelial stimulating factors, vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor are able to protect endothelial cells from the antiangiogenic properties of docetaxel. This protective effect can be overcome by a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody directed against VEGF in both in vitro and in vivo models. Similarly, combination of docetaxel with the antiangiogenic agent 2-methoxyestradiol also overcomes the protective effect of VEGF in both in vitro and in vivo models. These data suggest that microenvironmental factors (e.g., local release of VEGF and basic fibroblast growth factor) could play a role in decreasing the antiangiogenic effects of docetaxel, whereas agents such as 2- methoxyestradiol and recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody directed against VEGF may reverse this protective effect.
Observation of Chain Branching in Polyethylene in the Solid State and Melt via 13C NMR Spectroscopy and Melt NMR Relaxation Time Measurements (2004)

Branch contents in sparsely short-chain branched polyethylenes (<C28) and end-group concentrations in linear polyethylenes were investigated by solid- and melt-state 13C NMR using model copolymers of 1-octene, 1-octadecene, 1-hexacosene, and linear PE standards. Benchmark measurements were established for single-pulse acquisition under MAS on these melts at 423 K, using 7 mm ceramic rotors and commercially available solid-state probes at 300 and 500 MHz 1H Larmor frequency. Signal improvement by a factor of 3−4 was observed, corresponding to a factor 10 reduction in measurement time, when compared to a reference solution-state (400 MHz 1H) measurement. Transient NOE effects due to proton decoupling during FID acquisition were found to affect significantly the accuracy of branch content determination and end-group analysis in the melt spectra, even at moderate pulse repetition rates. 13C T1 and NOE buildup rates and intensity variations were established at 423 K and correlated to the local packing of the branched chain architecture. CP/MAS spectra at and below room temperature on the solid-state polyethylenes showed good agreement with reference spectra, providing an alternative method for sensitivity improvement, with about a factor of 10 saving in measurement time as compared to the melt measurements. Using an optimized parameter set, molecular weight determination of a linear polyethylene standard with Mn>100 000 g/mol was shown to be feasible in both solid-state and melt measurements in less than a one-day measurement, obtained on a 500 MHz spectrometer and 4 mm rotor. Using this enhanced signal intensity, NMR relaxation times were investigated in the melt with respect to their inherent sensitivity to the branching architecture. These measurements included T1ρ, T1, and T1NOE. It was found that T1NOE seems to have the best sensitivity to determine the approximate length of the side chain branches for n > 6.
Feature-based control of visibility error (1995)

Article Feature-based control of visibility error: a multi-resolution clustering algorithm for global illumination Share on Authors: Fraņois Sillion CNRS, iMAGIS, B.P. 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France CNRS, iMAGIS, B.P. 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, FranceView Profile , George Drettakis ERCIM-INRIA, iMAGIS, B.P. 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France ERCIM-INRIA, iMAGIS, B.P. 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, FranceView Profile Authors Info & Claims SIGGRAPH '95: Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniquesSeptember 1995 Pages 145–152https://doi.org/10.1145/218380.218434Online:15 September 1995Publication History 30citation420DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations30Total Downloads420Last 12 Months1Last 6 weeks0 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
Ultra-Sensitive Immunoassays Using Multi-Photon-Detection in Diagnostic Proteomics of Blood (2005)

Multiphoton-detection methods that detect as little as 1000 atoms of 125I-streptavidin increase the sensitivity of immunoassays by 200- to 1000-fold (1 femtogram/mL). Improved background suppression allows 20- to 100-fold improvements in sensitivity for conventional immunoassays (10−50 femtogram/mL). Quantitation of low abundance biomarkers in blood (PSA, TNFα, VEGF, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8), for the first time for complete patient cohorts, indicates that very high analytical sensitivity and new statistical methods are crucial for serum-based diagnostic proteomics. Keywords: multiphoton-detection • blood • serum • proteomics • diagnostics • immunoassay • cytokines • growth factors • breast cancer • HIV-1
Fabrication of masters for nanoimprint, step and flash, and soft lithography using hydrogen silsesquioxane and x-ray lithography (2004)

A technique for fabricating masters for nanoimprint lithography, step and flash lithography, and soft lithography has been demonstrated through direct patterning of hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) using x-ray lithography. Patterns that are replicated by nanoimprint, step and flash, and other soft lithographic strategies are often originally written on masters with electron beam lithography. In this article we demonstrate that if the original pattern is written with electron beam lithography to make an x-ray mask, then masters with very well-defined three-dimensional relief structures can be easily produced by direct patterning of hydrogen silsesquioxane using x-ray lithography. Direct patterning of HSQ eliminates silicon or oxide etches associated with the current fabrication techniques, providing better critical dimension and aspect ratio control of the structures on the masters. A low surface energy release agent, tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl trichlorosilane, can also be applied onto the patterned HSQ to prevent the imprinted substrates from sticking to the masters. Thousands of masters can be produced from a single x-ray mask, and the x-ray mask pattern can be stepped to make large masters from a single small patterned area on the x-ray mask. The HSQ masters were successfully applied to imprint structures onto a polymeric resist substrate and poly(dimethylsiloxane).
Automated 96-Well Purification of Hexahistidine-Tagged Recombinant Proteins on MagneHis Ni2+-Particles (2008)

Functional genomics and the application of high-throughput (HT) approaches to solve biological and medical questions are the main drivers behind the increasing need for HT parallel expression and purification of recombinant proteins. Automation is necessary to facilitate this complex multistep process. We describe, in detail, an HT-automated purification of hexahistidine-tagged recombinant proteins using MagneHis Ni-Particles and the Biomek FX robot. This procedure is universally applicable to hexa-histidine-tagged recombinant proteins with the tag positioned at either the N- or C-terminus. With minor modifications, the automated protein purification protocol presented in this chapter could be adapted to purify recombinant proteins bearing other tags than hexahistidine and/or other expression systems than E. coli.
Heteroepitaxy of lattice-matched compound semiconductors on silicon (1995)

The heteroepitaxial overgrowth of silicon by nearly lattice-matched compound semiconductors is reviewed in the context of the separation of the chemical problems associated with the initial sealing of the silicon surface by a contiguous epitaxial compound film from the problems associated with the generation of strain during heteroepitaxial growth. Of the mixed compound systems available dilute solid solutions of composition AlxGa1−xNyP1−y and ZnSySe1−y as well as ZnSixGe1−xP are suitable candidates for the exactly lattice-matched epitaxial overgrowth of silicon. Real-time process monitoring by nonintrusive methods is important for gaining an understanding of the epitaxial overgrowth mechanism and for controlling the film properties. A new method, p-polarized reflectance spectroscopy is introduced that provides detailed information about the growth rate per cycle, the bulk optical properties of the film and its topography. Submonolayer resolution is accomplished for thousands of Å of film growth by pulsed chemical beam epitaxy. While the cubic materials considered here generally afford easier control of the electrical and optical properties, the noncubic materials have advantages in the sealing of the silicon surface because of their anisotropic growth and the formation of metastable solid solutions that may permit the graded growth of compound films under exactly lattice-matched conditions. Therefore, no clear-cut preference in the materials selection for nearly lattice-matched overgrowth of silicon by compound semiconductors can be identified at this time.
Bone morphogenetic protein-9 binds to liver cells and stimulates proliferation. (1995)

A new member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily, BMP-9, has recently been identified and shown to be expressed in the developing mouse liver. This report demonstrates that human HepG2 liver tumor cells bind recombinant human BMP-9 (rhBMP-9) with high affinity. Cross-linking analysis indicates that HepG2 cells express two BMP-9 receptors of approximately 54 and 80 kilodaltons, similar in size to the Type I and Type II receptors reported by others for TGF-beta and BMP-4. However, cross-competition experiments demonstrate that the BMP-9 receptors on HepG2 cells do not bind other BMPs or TGF-beta s, indicating that these are novel receptors with binding specificity for BMP-9. In functional studies, rhBMP-9 stimulates HepG2 cell proliferation as indicated by [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell counting assays. A proliferative effect of rh-BMP-9 was also observed on primary rat hepatocytes. In contrast, TGF-beta had no effect on HepG2 cell proliferation and inhibited proliferation in primary hepatocytes. These results suggest that BMP-9, acting through a novel set of receptors, may play a regulatory role in hepatic growth and function.
HYDRATION AND SOLVATION OF ACIDS AND SALTS UNDERGOING EXTRACTION (1963)

CONTENTS I. Some experimental data 107 II. Hydration of the proton and some characteristics of the mechanism of the extraction of strong acids 108 III. Published data on the extraction of strong acids in relation to the hydrate–solvate mechanism 110 IV. Extraction of acids of moderate strength 111 V. Method of determining solvation number from distribution data 112 VI. Extraction of salts 113
Engineered BGMK Cells for Sensitive and Rapid Detection of Enteroviruses (2002)

Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) has been reported to be a cellular receptor for several enteroviruses. Buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK) cells expressing human DAF (BGMK-hDAF cells) showed increased susceptibility and sensitivity to several types of enteroviruses compared to wild-type BGMK cells. When 17 frozen positive clinical samples were tested, BGMK cells detected 8 and BGMK-hDAF cells detected 16. Since the CaCo-2 cell line has been documented to support the replication of most enteroviruses, CaCo-2 cells were mixed with BGMK-hDAF cells in order to increase the number of viruses detected. Thirty-four frozen clinical samples that previously had tested positive for enteroviruses were tested, and the following numbers were detected: 33 of 34 by CaCo-2/BGMK-hDAF cells, 29 of 34 by CaCo-2/BGMK cells, 28 of 34 by H292/RD (E-mix A) and A-549/BGMK (E-mix B) cells, and 26 of 34 by MRC-5 and pRhMK cells.
Glucocorticoids enhance stability of human growth hormone mRNA. (1987)

We have studied the control of expression of the human growth hormone (hGH) gene introduced into the chromosomes of mouse fibroblasts. Cell lines transformed with the hGH gene expressed low levels of intact hGH mRNA and secreted hGH protein into the medium. Although the level of expression of hGH mRNA was low, the gene remained responsive to induction by glucocorticoid hormones. To localize the sequences responsible for induction and to determine the mechanism by which these cis-acting sequences enhance gene expression, we have constructed a series of fusion genes between the hGH gene and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase (tk) gene. We have demonstrated that a fusion gene in which hGH cDNA is flanked at its 5' terminus by an HSV tk promoter and is flanked at its 3' terminus by 3' HSV tk DNA remains inducible by glucocorticoids. Our studies indicate that the hGH exons contain sequences which are responsible for glucocorticoid hormone induction. Pulse-chase experiments, in vitro nuclear transcription, and approach to steady-state measurements indicate that the mechanisms responsible for induction of the hGH cDNA fusion gene operate posttranscriptionally to enhance the stability of hGH mRNA. Moreover, this increased stability was associated with an increase in the length of the 3' poly(A) tail on hGH mRNA.
Dose Sparing of CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Vaccine Adjuvants by Nanoparticle Delivery (2004)

The main objective of these studies was to investigate whether the nanoparticle delivery has any immunopotentiation effect at modest doses of a few micro- or nanograms of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) and what would be the influence on T cell responses at such low doses. Various doses (5 to 0.05 microg) of a model CpG ODN adjuvant (#1826) along with 2 Lf tetanus toxoid (TT) were formulated in either nanoparticles using poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) 50:50 co-polymer, or saline. Strong antigen specific ex vivo T cell proliferation was observed for the Balb/c mice receiving immunogens in nanoparticles. At 5 microg dose of CpG ODN, the T cell stimulation index (SI) was 241 as compared with 74 for the same dose when given in saline. Comparable SI value of 78 was observed at 100-fold lower dose (0.05 microg) using nanoparticles. Similarly, significantly higher (P<0.01) cytokine secretion was observed for nanoparticles groups. A ten-fold lower dose (0.5 microg instead of 5 microg) of CpG ODN in nanoparticles was adequate to obtain levels of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-2 comparable to those observed following immunisations in saline. The immunopotentiation effect of the particulate delivery on antibody response (total IgG and subtypes) was not so marked. These studies emphasise that antigen delivery in biodegradable nanoparticles can facilitate induction of strong T cell responses, particularly of the Th1 type, at extremely lower doses of CpG ODN. Such reduction in the effective dose would be advantageous for minimising the potential side effects of these novel adjuvants.
Mutation Surveyor: Software for DNA Sequence Analysis (2010)

Advances in high-throughput sequencing techniques had presented a significant challenge to the processing capabilities of genetic laboratories. However, recent developments in the field of semi-automated mutation detection have revolutionised the task of mutation detection.This chapter provides user information for one commercially available program, Mutation Surveyor. The software is manufactured by SoftGenetics (Pennsylvania, USA) and provides an accurate and efficient program for detecting sequence variants. The chapter focuses on the methodology of setting up GenBank files as reference files and provides information on analysis parameters and data processing.