gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diverse roles of the tumor necrosis factor family member TRANCE in skeletal physiology revealed by TRANCE deficiency and partial rescue by a lymphocyte-expressed TRANCE transgene (2000)

Tumor necrosis factor-related, activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE), a tumor necrosis factor family member, mediates survival of dendritic cells in the immune system and is required for osteoclast differentiation and activation in the skeleton. We report the skeletal phenotype of TRANCE-deficient mice and its rescue by the TRANCE transgene specifically expressed in lymphocytes. TRANCE-deficient mice showed severe osteopetrosis, with no osteoclasts, marrow spaces, or tooth eruption, and exhibited profound growth retardation at several skeletal sites, including the limbs, skull, and vertebrae. These mice had marked chondrodysplasia, with thick, irregular growth plates and a relative increase in hypertrophic chondrocytes. Transgenic overexpression of TRANCE in lymphocytes of TRANCE-deficient mice rescued osteoclast development in two locations in growing long bones: excavation of marrow cavities permitting hematopoiesis in the marrow spaces, and remodeling of osteopetrotic woven bone in the shafts of long bones into histologically normal lamellar bone. However, osteoclasts in these mice failed to appear at the chondroosseous junction and the metaphyseal periosteum of long bones, nor were they present in tooth eruption pathways. These defects resulted in sclerotic metaphyses with persistence of club-shaped long bones and unerupted teeth, and the growth plate defects were largely unimproved by the TRANCE transgene. Thus, TRANCE-mediated regulation of the skeleton is complex, and impacts chondrocyte differentiation and osteoclast formation in a manner that likely requires local delivery of TRANCE.
Recent Advances in the Mitsunobu Reaction: Modifications and Applications to Biologically Active Molecules (2009)

The Mitsunobu reaction involves the “redox” condensation of an acidic pronucleophile with a primary or secondary alcohol promoted by a reactive phosphonium salt derived from an alkyl or aryl phosphine and an azo compound. The synthetic utility of the reaction is demonstrated by the wide range of acidic pronucleophiles that are tolerated including carboxylic acids, phenols, imides, hydroxamates, thiols, thioamides, fluorinated alcohols, oximes, pyridinium and imidazolium salts, pyrimidine bases, β-ketoesters and trimethylmethane tricarboxylate (TMET) thereby generating a variety of functionally diverse molecules. The focus of this review is to highlight the recent development of new or alternative reagents and purification strategies for the Mitsunobu reaction with a discussion of their suitability for modern drug design supported by selected examples from the literature.
Novel Drug, MDV3100, Will Likely Have a Major Role in Prostate Cancer Treatment (2012)

The new drug, MDV3100, extended overall survival by 4.8 months (P < .001) and reduced the risk for death by 37% as compared to placebo in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer who had progressed after treatment with docetaxel.
Capsule endoscopy: Improving transit time and image view (2005)

Erythromycin markedly reduces gastric emptying time, but has a negative effect on the quality of the image in the small bowel. The preparation of elderly subjects with PEG or SP has a negative effect on the small bowel transit time.
Growth and optical properties of nanometer-scale GaAs and InAs whiskers (1995)

The growth process, crystal structure, and optical properties of ultrathin GaAs and InAs wires (whiskers) as thin as 15–40 nm and about 2 μm long are reviewed and discussed. Experimental results for growing whiskers using Au as a growth catalyst during metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) and the shape and growth direction of whiskers provide new insight into growth control of GaAs and InAs whiskers. The crystal structure of whiskers, Au behavior during MOVPE, and their growth mechanism are reviewed and discussed on the basis of transmission electron microscopic analysis. The photoluminescence spectra of GaAs wires are compared with those of a GaAs epitaxial layer, and the effect of surface treatment on the luminescence peak energy shift is discussed. The time dependent photoluminescence of GaAs wires is also discussed. The application of GaAs whiskers to light emitting devices is reviewed because a semiconductor wire structure employing quantum size effects is a very important element of electronic and optical devices.
A Cell-Based Screening Strategy That Predicts Mutations in Oncogenic Tyrosine Kinases: Implications for Clinical Resistance in Targeted Cancer Treatment (2005)

The discovery of tyrosine kinases that, once deregulated, can cause malignancy, allowed the development of specifically acting anti-cancer compounds. In chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), the Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitor imatinib (STI571, Gleevec) induces impressive response rates. However, resistance occurs especially in advanced phase CML and Ph+ ALL, primarily as a consequence of point mutations within the Bcr-Abl kinase domain that prevent imatinib from binding. To overcome imatinib resistance, alternative Abl kinase inhibitors are finding their way into clinical trials. However, it is likely that resistance to second-generation compounds will occur as well. Therefore, it will be critical to determine specific resistance profiles for each particular compound. We recently developed a cell-based screening strategy that allows one to predict the pattern and relative abundance of Bcr-Abl resistance mutations emerging in the presence of imatinib or an alternative Abl-kinase inhibitor. Using this strategy, the findings in inhibitor resistant sublines reflect observations made in CML patients with imatinib resistance, including Bcr-Abl mutations, amplification of the Bcr-Abl gene, and overexpression of the Bcr-Abl protein. We here provide a detailed methodological description, and discuss the implications of this strategy for different clinically relevant oncogenic tyrosine kinases.
Mutations within the Piga gene in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (1994)

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal hematologic disorder with multiple and varied clinical manifestations. The biochemical defect in PNH resides in the incomplete enzymatic assembly of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors used for surface protein attachment. In all patients tested thus far, the defect is at the level of N-acetylglucosamine attachment to phosphatidylinositol (complementation class A defect). A human cDNA, Piga, that repairs cell lines with the class A defect has been recently cloned, making Piga a candidate gene for PNH. In the current study, using highly purified GPI-deficient granulocytes, we have performed Northern blot and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of Piga in four patients with PNH. In each case, we have identified a mutation in the Piga coding sequence: three frameshift mutations were found, and a single nucleotide substitution (missense) mutation was identified. Our results provide convincing evidence that alterations in the Piga gene are responsible for PNH.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW APPROACH TO SYNTHESES OF ORGANIC PHOSPHOROSELENOATES AND PHOSPHORODISELENOATES. PROOF OF ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION ASSIGNMENT IN DIASTEREOMERS OF CTMPS (THYMIDINE CYCLIC 3′,5′‐PHOSPHOROTHIOATES) (1980)

Abstract Die Reaktionen von Na‐Derivaten von 0,0‐Dialkylphosphoranilidaten ihren Thiound Seleno‐Analogen mit Kohlenstoffdiselenid führen zu den entsprechenden Phosphorselenoaten, ‐thio‐ und ‐diselenoaten.
Polyethylene wear from retrieved acetabular cups (1991)

Laboratory wear testing of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene from 12 Charnley acetabular cups, removed after periods of up to 17.5 years showed that the large patient-to-patient variations in clinical penetration rate cannot be explained by batch-to-batch variation in the wear resistance of the material. Nor was there any evidence of a time-dependent degradation in wear resistance of the material.
Direct measurement of tissue blood flow and metabolism with diffuse optics (2011)

Diffuse optics has proven useful for quantitative assessment of tissue oxy- and deoxyhaemoglobin concentrations and, more recently, for measurement of microvascular blood flow. In this paper, we focus on the flow monitoring technique: diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS). Representative clinical and pre-clinical studies from our laboratory illustrate the potential of DCS. Validation of DCS blood flow indices in human brain and muscle is presented. Comparison of DCS with arterial spin-labelled MRI, xenon-CT and Doppler ultrasound shows good agreement (0.50<r<0.95) over a wide range of tissue types and source detector distances, corroborating the potential of the method to measure perfusion non-invasively and in vivo at the microvasculature level. All-optical measurements of cerebral oxygen metabolism in both rat brain, following middle cerebral artery occlusion, and human brain, during functional activation, are also described. In both situations, the use of combined DCS and diffuse optical spectroscopy/near-infrared spectroscopy to monitor changes in oxygen consumption by the tissue is demonstrated. Finally, recent results spanning from gene expression-induced angiogenic response to stroke care and cancer treatment monitoring are discussed. Collectively, the research illustrates the capability of DCS to quantitatively monitor perfusion from bench to bedside, providing results that match up both with literature findings and with similar experiments performed with other techniques.
Th1/Th2 balance of peripheral T helper cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (1999)

Although SLE has been considered to be a disease in which Th2 cells predominate, the Th1/Th2 balance of peripheral Th cells in SLE patients in the present study did not show a predominance of these cells. In contrast, among SLE patients with WHO class IV lupus nephritis, there was a strong predominance of Th1.
Cell Pattern in the Arabidopsis Root Epidermis Determined by Lateral Inhibition with Feedback (2002)

In the root epidermis of Arabidopsis, hair and nonhair cell types are specified in a distinct position-dependent pattern. Here, we show that transcriptional feedback loops between the WEREWOLF (WER), CAPRICE (CPC), and GLABRA2 (GL2) genes help to establish this pattern. Positional cues bias the expression of the WER MYB gene, leading to the induction of CPC and GL2 in cells located in a particular position (N) and adoption of the nonhair fate. The truncated MYB encoded by CPC mediates a lateral inhibition mechanism to negatively regulate WER, GL2, and its own gene in the alternative position (H) to induce the hair fate. These results provide a molecular genetic framework for understanding the determination of a cell-type pattern in plants.
Least-squares wave front errors of minimum norm (1980)

Requirements for adaptive optics and compensating imaging systems lead to wave front reconstruction problems which we formulate as generalized least-squares problems. For a given array of phase-difference measurements, we construct explicit and exact solutions for the least-squares wave front error. Of particular interest are solutions with minimum norm. Two different discretizations for the gradient are used and the reasons for the different results are given.
Models, Algorithms, and Architectures for Scalable Packet Classification (2004)

The growth and diversiﬁcation of the Internet imposes increasing demands on the performance and functionality of network infrastructure. Routers, the devices responsible for the switch-ing and directing of trafﬁc in the Internet, are being called upon to not only handle increased volumes of trafﬁc at higher speeds, but also impose tighter security policies and provide support for a richer set of network services. This dissertation addresses the searching tasks performed by Internet routers in order to forward packets and apply network services to packets belonging to deﬁned trafﬁc ﬂows. As these searching tasks must be performed for each packet traversing the router, the speed and scalability of the solutions to the route lookup and packet classiﬁcation problems largely determine the realizable performance of the router, and hence the Internet as a whole. Despite the energetic attention of the academic and corporate research communities, there remains a need for search engines that scale to support faster communication links, larger route tables and ﬁlter sets and increasingly complex ﬁlters. The major contributions of this work include the design and analysis of a scalable hardware implementation of a Longest Preﬁx Matching (LPM) search engine for route lookup, a survey and taxonomy of packet classiﬁcation techniques, a thorough analysis of packet classiﬁcation ﬁlter sets, the design and analysis of a suite of performance evaluation tools for packet classiﬁcation algorithms and devices, and a new packet classiﬁcation algorithm that scales to support high-speed links and large ﬁlter sets classifying on additional packet ﬁelds.
Sandfly Maxadilan Exacerbates Infection with Leishmania major and Vaccinating Against It Protects Against L. major Infection (2001)

Bloodfeeding arthropods transmit many of the world's most serious infectious diseases. Leishmania are transmitted to their mammalian hosts when an infected sandfly probes in the skin for a bloodmeal and injects the parasite mixed with its saliva. Arthropod saliva contains molecules that affect blood flow and modulate the immune response of the host. Indeed, sandfly saliva markedly enhances the infectivity of L. major for its host. If the salivary molecule(s) responsible for this phenomenon was identified, it might be possible to vaccinate the host against this molecule and thereby protect the host against infection with Leishmania. Such an approach represents a novel means of controlling arthropod-borne disease transmission. Here, we report that a single molecule, maxadilan, in sandfly saliva can exacerbate infection with L. major to the same degree as whole saliva, and that vaccinating against maxadilan protects mice against infection with L. major.
Double emulsions stabilized by new molecular recognition hybrids of natural polymers (2002)

Abstract Water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) double emulsions with improved stability and less polydispersity in droplet size distribution were prepared using polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) as emulsifier in the inner aqueous phase and replacing the common nonionic hydrophilic monomeric emulsifiers by a “protein–polysaccharide hybrid” in the outer interface. Amphiphilic macromolecular hybrids with specific interfacial recognition capabilities to be termed “biomacro‐molecular‐recognition hybrids” have been prepared in aqueous solution by interacting whey protein isolate (WPI) with hydrocolloids (xanthan gum, galactomannans) at selected pH and weight ratios. The binary aqueous mixtures do not coacervate or precipitate but form stable molecular adducts. At pH lower than the isoelectric point of the protein (pH 4.6), the yield of encapsulation of glucose (a model marker) in the inner phase of the double emulsion is close to 95%. The emulsion droplets are stabilized by both steric and electrostatic contributions (zeta potential is close to +30 mV). Rheological measurements indicate that, at low pH, such systems behave as viscous ones with G″ (loss modulus) greater than G′ (storage modulus). When the pH is close or greater than the isoelectric point of the protein, the system exhibits a more pronounced elastic behavior (G′ &lt; G″) that can explain the reduction in emulsification capabilities of such mixtures. In this case the yield of encapsulation is less than 10% and the double emulsion droplets are larger than 10 µm. At pH ≤ 2, the adducts can efficiently stabilize double emulsions and serve as an efficient and thick barrier against the release of vitamin B 1 entrapped in the core of the W/O/W double emulsions. The release of the vitamin was less than 18% after three weeks of storage at room temperature (against 100% of release at neutral pH). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Exploring Protein Lipidation with Chemical Biology (2011)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTExploring Protein Lipidation with Chemical BiologyHoward C. Hang and Maurine E. Linder*View Author Information Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United StatesE-mail: [email protected]. Phone: 607 253-3893. Fax: 607 253-3659.Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2011, 111, 10, 6341–6358Publication Date (Web):September 16, 2011Publication History Received2 June 2011Published online16 September 2011Published inissue 12 October 2011https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr2001977https://doi.org/10.1021/cr2001977review-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2011 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4621Altmetric-Citations99LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Lipids,Membranes,Monomers,Peptides and proteins,Post-translational modification Get e-Alerts
The range of legitimatization strategy and regional entrepreneurship (evidence from the cases of the academic spin-off process in Japan (2008)

This paper focuses on the roles of regional entrepreneurship, especially university researchers and the effectiveness of their legitimization in the process of establishing academic spin-off ventures for the commercialisation of new technologies. Using regional universityoriginated spin-off cases, we compare and analyse processes by which various dilemma arise in the course of legitimization to derive the viewpoint of “the range of legitimization”. Interweaving the theoretical arguments and our findings based on the comparative case studies, the regional entrepreneur in academic spin-off faces the two problems with deploying the legitimizing strategy. The first is the dilemma between partial (or local) rationality and total (or global) rationality. The second is the dilemma between pre-rationality and post-rationality. Hence, both the increase of various actors involved and the speed of growth stages of academic spin-off ventures constrain the effectiveness of their initial legitimization. We call it “the range of legitimization” as the new analytical framework to clarify those issues. This study contributes to a nascent research stream interested in the dilemmaical concept of regional academic entrepreneurship which is brought about from the interaction between the various stakeholders that have been prevailing and competing for dominance for several decades in the university-industry relationship in order to fit the current institutional change. As for practical implications, the dilemma of legitimizing and the consensus building taking account of the fragile and contingent nature of legitimacy are two significant issues for the management of relationships between entrepreneurs and various interested parties. It is essential for university researchers to utilise various sources of legitimacy necessary at each stage of the commercialisation of new technologies. Regional entrepreneurs strategically call for foreseeing sources of legitimacy necessary in the future according to environmental changes inside and outside the spin-offs.
Cultivation engineering of microbial bioplastics production (1992)

Theoretical yields of poly-d(−)-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) from several carbon sources have been estimated from biochemical pathways leading to PHB. In estimating the yields, a special emphasis is made on recycling (or regeneration) of NADP+ which is the co-substrate of acetoacetyl-CoA reductase, one of three key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of PHB. As a NADP+-regenerating enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or isocitrate dehydrogenase is conceived. Theoretical and observed yields have been compared when polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) were synthesized from methanol and from n-amyl alcohol by a methylotroph, Paracoccus denitrificans. An equation, which predicts the overall yield of PHB when allowance is made for non-PHB biomass formation in actual bacterial PHB production, has been derived as a function of both theoretical yields and PHB content of the total dry cell mass. The ratio of the overall (yield) to be theoretical yield is roughly proportional to the PHB content. A novel specific PHB formation rate on the basis of the residual biomass (total biomass-PHB contained) was proposed. The specific PHB formation rate decreased according to a mono-molecular decay model whose decay constant depended solely on the C/N ratio of the feed solution. From this model, an equation has been derived to calculate the volumetric productivity of PHB on the assumption that the total amount of the residual biomass is unchanged in the nitrogen-deficient PHB formation phase. Also, a graphical procedure has been shown to calculate the volumetric productivity of PHB. A comparison has been made between several data of PHB productivities that have been calculated from the literature.
Parkinson's Disease - Levodopa Complications (1999)

Parkinson's disease is a readily recognized clinical syndrome, characterized by resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and loss of postural reflexes. The introduction of levodopa transformed our management of this disease. As our experience has increased the long term side effects of levodopa have become more apparent. Levodopa complications comprise: wearing off, motor fluctuations, and psychiatric complications. The complexity of these clinical phenomena has been worked out with time and is now well-recognized. A number of management strategies can ameliorate these long-term complications. This article reviews the current management of late-stage Parkinson's disease.