gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Poxvirus pathogenesis. (1991)

Poxviruses are a highly successful family of pathogens, with variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, being the most notable member. Poxviruses are unique among animal viruses in several respects. First, owing to the cytoplasmic site of virus replication, the virus encodes many enzymes required either for macromolecular precursor pool regulation or for biosynthetic processes. Second, these viruses have a very complex morphogenesis, which involves the de novo synthesis of virus-specific membranes and inclusion bodies. Third, and perhaps most surprising of all, the genomes of these viruses encode many proteins which interact with host processes at both the cellular and systemic levels. For example, a viral homolog of epidermal growth factor is active in vaccinia virus infections of cultured cells, rabbits, and mice. At least five virus proteins with homology to the serine protease inhibitor family have been identified and one, a 38-kDa protein encoded by cowpox virus, is thought to block a host pathway for generating a chemotactic substance. Finally, a protein which has homology with complement components interferes with the activation of the classical complement pathway. Poxviruses infect their hosts by all possible routes: through the skin by mechanical means (e.g., molluscum contagiosum infections of humans), via the respiratory tract (e.g., variola virus infections of humans), or by the oral route (e.g., ectromelia virus infection of the mouse). Poxvirus infections, in general, are acute, with no strong evidence for latent, persistent, or chronic infections. They can be localized or systemic. Ectromelia virus infection of the laboratory mouse can be systemic but inapparent with no mortality and little morbidity, or highly lethal with death in 10 days. On the other hand, molluscum contagiosum virus replicates only in the stratum spinosum of the human epidermis, with little or no involvement of the dermis, and does not spread systemically from the site of infection. The host response to infection is progressive and multifactorial. Early in the infection process, interferons, the alternative pathway of complement activation, inflammatory cells, and natural killer cells may contribute to slowing the spread of the infection. The cell-mediated response involving learned cytotoxic T lymphocytes and delayed-type hypersensitivity components appears to be the most important in recovery from infection. A significant role for specific antiviral antibody and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity has yet to be demonstrated in recovery from a primary infection, but these responses are thought to be important in preventing reinfection.
An enzymatic method for oxalate automated with the Cobas Fara centrifugal analyzer. (1989)

Measurement of oxalate in urine has been automated for use with the Cobas Fara centrifugal analyzer. No sample pretreatment other than (a critical) pH adjustment is required. Between-run CVs were less than 4%. Results were linearly related to oxalate concentration to 1000 mumol/L. Ascorbic acid ingestion, up to 5 g of ascorbate daily, caused no demonstrable interference with the assay. This practical, automated method for assaying urinary oxalate is substantially faster than other chemical or enzymatic methods.
Carbazole Compounds as Host Materials for Triplet Emitters in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes:  Tuning the HOMO Level without Influencing the Triplet Energy in Small Molecules (2004)

A series of novel carbazole compounds was synthesized and tested for their suitability as host for triplet emitters in an organic-light emitting diode (OLED). In these compounds, a carbazole unit is either connected to other carbazole units to form carbazole dimers and trimers or to fluorene and oxadiazole derivatives to form mixed compounds. The HOMO level of carbazole compounds can be tuned by substitution at the 3, 6, and/or 9 positions. Making oligomers by connecting carbazole molecules via their 3 (3') positions shifts the HOMO level to higher energy, while replacing alkyl groups at the 9 (9') positions by aryl groups shifts the HOMO level to lower energy. Furthermore, it has been found that the triplet energy of these compounds is determined by the presence of poly(p-phenyl) chains in the molecular structure. By identifying the longest poly(p-phenyl) chain, one can predict whether a compound will be a suitable host for a high-energy triplet emitter. An overview of HOMO levels, singlet and triplet levels, and exchange energies is given for all carbazole compounds synthesized. Finally, OLEDs employing two selected carbazole compounds as host and fac-tris(2-phenylpyridine)-iridium (Ir(ppy)(3)) as guest were constructed and characterized electrically.
The growing applications of click chemistry (2007)

Click chemistry, the subject of this tutorial review, is a modular synthetic approach towards the assembly of new molecular entities. This powerful strategy relies mainly upon the construction of carbon-heteroatom bonds using spring-loaded reactants. Its growing number of applications are found in nearly all areas of modern chemistry from drug discovery to materials science. The copper(I)-catalysed 1,2,3-triazole forming reaction between azides and terminal alkynes has become the gold standard of click chemistry due to its reliability, specificity and biocompatibility.
Tunneling magnetoresistance at up to 270 K in La0.8Sr0.2MnO3/SrTiO3/La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 junctions with 1.6-nm-thick barriers (1999)

Magnetic tunneling junctions are fabricated from epitaxially grown La0.8Sr0.2MnO3/SrTiO3/La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 trilayers. A large tunneling magnetoresistance of 150% is observed for a junction with a thin barrier layer (1.6 nm) under a low switching field (&amp;lt;10 Oe) at 5 K. A small tunneling magnetoresistance is observed even at 270 K, which is close to the ferromagnetic Curie temperature (290 K) of the La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 film. The large magnetoresistance and high operating temperature are attributed to the sufficiently thin and uniform barrier layer of SrTiO3.
Microwave-Assisted Iridium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Nicotine and Anabasine Derivatives (2013)

Various functionalized nicotine and anabasine analogues are synthesized via a three-step sequence that exploits a microwave-assisted iridium-catalyzed N-heterocyclization of 1,4- and 1,5-diols for the construction of the pyrrolidine and piperidine ring systems. The microwave-assisted N-heterocyclization furnishes derivatives of nicotine and anabasine in good yields (50–75%) with overall yields ranging from 30–50%.
Protein structure determination by nuclear magnetic resonance (1988)

Abstract The solution structures of several small proteins have recently been determined from high‐resolution nuclear magnetic resonance data. The principal features of the methods available to do this are outlined here, together with the advantages, limitations and future prospects of the technique.
High Turnover Number and Rapid, Room-Temperature Amination of Chloroarenes Using Saturated Carbene Ligands (2000)

A catalytic system for the mild amination of aryl chlorides is described. This system consists of a Pd(0) precursor and a dihydroimidazoline carbene ligand, which is generated in situ from its protonated tetrafluoroborate salt (2). Using this catalyst, aryl and heteroaryl chlorides react with secondary amines and anilines within hours at room temperature. Turnover numbers as high as 5000 are obtained at elevated temperatures for reaction of morpholine with an unactivated aryl chloride.
Phase II multicenter, randomized, double‐blind study of recombinant mutated human tumor necrosis factor‐α in combination with chemotherapies in cancer patients (2011)

We previously prepared a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α mutant (rmhTNF-α) that showed higher antitumor activity and lower systemic toxicity compared with native TNF-α. The safety profile and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of rmhTNF-α were suited for clinical use according to biological Investigational New Drug application, a standard guideline for new drug investigation in China. Here, we evaluate the activity and safety of rmhTNF-α combined with chemotherapies in head/neck, lung, colorectal, stomach, and renal cancer patients. Ninety-five eligible patients received i.m. rmhTNF-α treatment combined with standard chemotherapies. Another 95 patients were treated with standard chemotherapies. After two treatment cycles, one patient achieved a complete response and 24 patients had partial response, yielding an overall response rate (complete response + partial response) of 27.47% in the rmhTNF-α plus chemotherapy cohort. The chemotherapy alone group acquired only a 11.39% response rate (P < 0.05). When compared between different cancers, a 48.89% response rate was detected in the 45 lung cancer patients of the combination cohort. The most common grade 1-2 adverse events of rmhTNF-α were drug-related fever, allergy, flu-like symptoms, and myalgia. No significant difference was found in grade 3-4 toxicities between the two cohorts. Based on the results of this research, rmhTNF-α can significantly enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy. An extended phase III trial of rmhTNF-α combined with standard chemotherapy is warranted for evaluating its antitumor activity and toxicity in a larger cohort of tumor patients. The studies in this paper were registered with the State Food and Drug Administration of China (No. 2003S00692).
Distortion performance of vector quantization for LPC voice coding (1982)

The distortion performance of the vector quantization approach for LPC voice coding is examined both analytically and experimentally. Analytically, interpretations of the interparameter coupling effects of a distortion measure and the clustering nature of the algorithm for LPC vector quantization are obtained to show its relationship with the residual minimization process in LPC analysis. Experimentally, a large database of speech is used to compare its performance and properties to scalar quantization. The results lend further insight into the superior performance of vector quantization.
Effect of Poliovirus Double-Stranded RNA on Viral and Host-Cell Protein Synthesis (1974)

Cell-free protein-synthesizing systems that initiate on endogenous messenger RNA have been developed from uninfected and poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. Poliovirus double-stranded RNA is an effective inhibitor of protein synthesis in these extracts, and both cell-directed and virus-specific protein synthesis are equally sensitive to the inhibitory action of double-stranded RNA. The concentrations of double-stranded RNA required for inhibition are not achieved in the infected cell at early times after infection when host-cell shut-off occurs, but rather are achieved only late in infection when virus-specific protein synthesis begins to decline. This indicates that double-stranded RNA does not act as a direct agent to inhibit host cell protein synthesis following infection by poliovirus. The possible significance of inhibition by double-stranded RNA of poliovirus-specific protein synthesis is discussed.
Engineering N-linked protein glycosylation with diverse O antigen lipopolysaccharide structures in Escherichia coli (2005)

Campylobacter jejuni has a general N-linked protein glycosylation system that can be functionally transferred to Escherichia coli. In this study, we engineered E. coli cells in a way that two different pathways, protein N-glycosylation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis, converge at the step in which PglB, the key enzyme of the C. jejuni N-glycosylation system, transfers O polysaccharide from a lipid carrier (undecaprenyl pyrophosphate) to an acceptor protein. PglB was the only protein of the bacterial N-glycosylation machinery both necessary and sufficient for the transfer. The relaxed specificity of the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase toward the glycan structure was exploited to create novel N-glycan structures containing two distinct E. coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa O antigens. PglB-mediated transfer of polysaccharides might be valuable for in vivo production of O polysaccharides-protein conjugates for use as antibacterial vaccines.
Connexin Expression Patterns in the Rat Cornea (2003)

The spatially distinct cellular expression patterns of Cxs 26, 30, 31.1, 37, and 43 in the corneal epithelium imply that gap junctions play important roles in controlling corneal epithelial proliferation and differentiation and overall corneal maintenance.
Stimulation of root hair elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana by low phosphorus availability (1996)

ABSTRACT Low phosphorus availability stimulates root hair elongation in many plants, which may have adaptive significance in soil phosphorus acquisition. We investigated the effect of low phosphorus on the elongation of Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs. Arabidopsis thaliana plants were grown in plant culture containing high (1000 mmol m −3 ) or low (1 mmol m −3 ) phosphorus concentrations, and root hair elongation was analysed by image analysis. After 15d of growth, low‐phosphorus plants developed root hairs averaging 0.9 mm in length while high‐phosphorus plants of the same age developed root hairs averaging 0.3 mm in length. Increased root hair length in low‐phosphorus plants was a result of both increased growth duration and increased growth rate. Root hair length decreased logarithmically in response to increasing phosphorus concentration. Local changes in phosphorus availability influenced root hair growth regardless of the phosphorus status of the plant. Low phosphorus stimulated root hair elongation in the hairless axr 2 mutant, exogenously applied IAA stimulated root hair elongation in wild‐type high‐phosphorus plants and the auxin antagonist CM PA inhibited root hair elongation in low‐phosphorus plants. These results indicate that auxin may be involved in the low‐phosphorus response in root hairs.
Development of the SAIT single-port surgical access robot slave arm based on RCM Mechanism (2015)

An innovative single-port surgical robot has recently been developed by the Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT). The robot can reach various surgical sites inside the abdominal cavity from a single incision on the body. It has two 7-DOF surgical tools, a 3-DOF endoscope, a flexible hyper-redundant 6-DOF guide tube, and a 6-DOF manipulator. This paper primarily focuses on the manipulator, called a slave arm, which is capable of setting the location of a Remote Center Motion (RCM) point. Because the surgical tools can explore the abdominal area through a small incision point when the RCM point is aligned with the incision area, the RCM mechanism is an integral part of the manipulator for single-port surgery. The mechanical feature, operational principle, control method, and the system architecture of the slave arm are introduced in this paper. In addition, manipulation experiments conducted validate its efficacy.
Metabolism of the herbicide bromoxynil by Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae (1986)

Enrichment of soil samples for organisms able to utilize the herbicide bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) as a nitrogen source yielded bacterial isolates capable of rapidly metabolizing this compound. One isolate, identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae, could completely convert 0.05% bromoxynil to 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid and use the liberated ammonia as a sole nitrogen source. Assays of cell extracts of this organism for the ability to produce ammonia from bromoxynil revealed the presence of a nitrilase (EC 3.5.51) activity. The enzyme could not utilize 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzamide as a substrate, and no 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzamide could be detected as a product of bromoxynil transformation. Comparison of related aromatic nitriles as substrates demonstrated that the Klebsiella enzyme is highly specific for bromoxynil.
Bald scalp in men with androgenetic alopecia retains hair follicle stem cells but lacks CD200-rich and CD34-positive hair follicle progenitor cells (2011)

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), also known as common baldness, is characterized by a marked decrease in hair follicle size, which could be related to the loss of hair follicle stem or progenitor cells. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed bald and non-bald scalp from AGA individuals for the presence of hair follicle stem and progenitor cells. Cells expressing cytokeratin15 (KRT15), CD200, CD34, and integrin, α6 (ITGA6) were quantitated via flow cytometry. High levels of KRT15 expression correlated with stem cell properties of small cell size and quiescence. These KRT15(hi) stem cells were maintained in bald scalp samples. However, CD200(hi)ITGA6(hi) and CD34(hi) cell populations--which both possessed a progenitor phenotype, in that they localized closely to the stem cell-rich bulge area but were larger and more proliferative than the KRT15(hi) stem cells--were markedly diminished. In functional assays, analogous CD200(hi)Itga6(hi) cells from murine hair follicles were multipotent and generated new hair follicles in skin reconstitution assays. These findings support the notion that a defect in conversion of hair follicle stem cells to progenitor cells plays a role in the pathogenesis of AGA.
Trastuzumab emtansine, an antibody-drug conjugate for the treatment of HER2+ metastatic breast cancer. (2010)

Roche Holding AG, and its subsidiaries Genentech Inc and Chugai Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, are developing trastuzumab emtansine (trastuzumab-DM1) for the treatment of HER2+ metastatic breast cancer. Trastuzumab emtansine is a tumor-activated prodrug resulting from the conjugation of the humanized anti-HER2 mAb trastuzumab, which has been used in the treatment of breast cancer for over 10 years, with ImmunoGen Inc's cytotoxic and antimitotic maytansine derivative DM1. The maytansinoids bind microtubules in a manner similar to the vinca alkaloids; however, maytansinoids have been recognized to be 20- to 100-fold more potent at blocking mitosis. Nevertheless, the use of these compounds as single agents is limited by toxicity. By conjugating DM1 with trastuzumab, the delivery of the cytotoxic agent to target cells is more specific and reduces the safety concerns. In preclinical studies, the conjugation was effective in breast cancer cell lines resistant to trastuzumab, and demonstrated complete tumor regression in SCID mice bearing KPL4 breast cancer xenografts. Clinically, trastuzumab emtansine exhibited efficacy in patients with HER2+ metastatic breast cancer who had progressed on previous chemotherapy regimens or with trastuzumab therapy. Furthermore, preclinical studies have reported that trastuzumab emtansine potentiates the effect of a number of chemotherapeutic agents (including carboplatin, 5-fluorouracil and docetaxel), other antibodies, receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and PI3K inhibitors, and many of these combinations are set to be tested in humans. Trastuzumab emtansine offers an exciting new option for the treatment of patients with refractory, metastatic breast cancer.
Human copper-containing superoxide dismutase of high molecular weight. (1982)

A superoxide dismutase (superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.15.1.1), distinct from previously known superoxide dismutases, has been isolated from human lung tissue. It is probably of the same nature as a previously demonstrated high molecular weight superoxide dismutating factor in human extracellular fluids. The enzyme has a molecular weight around 135,000 and is composed of four equal noncovalently bound subunits. Each molecule appears to have four copper atoms. No iron or manganese was found in the enzyme. Cyanide inhibits the enzyme efficiently. The enzyme brings about a first-order dismutation of the superoxide radical, the rate constant for the catalyzed reaction being about 1 X 10(9) M-1 s-1 per copper atom. The enzyme has hydrophobic properties. Affinity for various lectins indicates the presence of carbohydrate. Upon chromatography on heparin-Sepharose it is divided into three fractions, one with no, one with weak, and one with strong affinity for heparin.
Sympathetic nerve activity and neurotransmitter release in humans: translation from pathophysiology into clinical practice (2003)

At one time, the failing heart was thought to be sympathetically denervated. Longterm administration of inotropic adrenergic agonists, to provide the cardiac catecholamine stimulation thought to be lacking, increased mortality. Noradrenaline isotope dilution methodology subsequently demonstrated that the sympathetic outflow to the heart was preferentially activated, cardiac noradrenaline spillover being increased as much as 50-fold. The level of stimulation of the cardiac sympathetic nerves was the most powerful predictor of death. These observations provide the theoretical foundation for the very successful introduction of beta-adrenergic blockers for treatment of heart failure.
Changing Depth of Minima of SV Cen (1982)

The eclipsing variable SV Cen was observed differentially in the UBV system with the 60cm reflector at Perth Observatory (1974-75) and with the 41cm reflector at Siding Spring (1975-79). Individual measurements have either been published in the IBVS or will be published there soon.
Squamous cell carcinoma-associated antigens used in novel strategies for the detection and treatment of minimal residual head and neck cancer. (1996)

The improvement of detection and eradication of minimal residual disease, to reduce local and distant relapse after primary therapy, is one of the major challenges in the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). This paper describes perspectives arising from the use of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) E48 and U36 directed against HNSCC-associated antigens, and the molecular characterization of these antigens. Novel strategies for the detection of minimal residual disease are outlined and comprise the use of immunocytochemistry in combination with automated image analysis, and the use of an E48-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. These methods have potential for the detection of single HNSCC cells in lymph nodes, bone marrow and peripheral blood, and may contribute to the better staging of head and neck cancer in the near future. Besides this, preclinical and clinical data on HNSCC targeting with radiolabelled MAbs E48 and U36 are summarized, illustrating the perspectives of systemic adjuvant radioimmunotherapy with these MAbs.
Estudio de la factibilidad técnica sobre la decantación independiente de los recuperados de centrífuga en el proceso de extracción de aceite de palma (2006)

La decantacion del flujo de recuperados de centrifuga en una linea de proceso independiente constituye una opcion para mejorar los indices de productividad en la estacion de clarificacion. Con el fin de estudiar dicho esquema de proceso, se evaluo a escala laboratorio la influencia de la composicion y la adicion de extracto de corteza de balso y NaCl en el proceso de decantacion estatica del flujo de recuperados de centrifuga. Tambien, se realizaron algunas pruebas industriales bajo ese esquema de proceso para aclarar el enfoque de un estudio de factibilidad posterior. Los resultados mostraron que el flujo de recuperados de centrifuga (FRC) con contenidos de aceite superiores al 31 por ciento v/v presenta condiciones tecnicamente favorables para su separacion por decantacion estatica. Por otra parte, la adicion de extracto de corteza de balso o NaCl incrementa, en general, la velocidad y la eficiencia de decantacion del FRC; en especial, en los sistemas con mayores contenidos de agua. Finalmente, los resultados de los ensayos a escala industrial sugieren iniciar un estudio de factibilidad tecnico-economico sobre el esquema de proceso propuesto ya que es posible mejorar los indices de productividad en la estacion de clarificacion.