gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal sizing of capacitors placed on a radial distribution system (1989)

A capacitor sizing problem for capacitors placed on a radial distribution system is formulated as a nonlinear programming problem, and a solution algorithm is developed. The object is to find the optimal size of the capacitors so that the power losses will be minimized for a given load profile while considering the cost of the capacitors. The formulation also incorporates the AC power flow model for the system and the voltage constraints. The solution algorithm developed for the capacitor sizing problem is based on a Phase I-Phase II feasible directions approach. Novel power flow equations and a solution method, called DistFlow, for radial distribution systems are introduced. The method is computationally efficient and numerically robust, especially for distribution systems with large r/x ratio branches. DistFlow is used repeatedly as a subroutine in the optimization algorithm for the capacitor sizing problem. The test results for the algorithm indicate that the method is computationally efficient and has good convergence characteristics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Expedient Synthesis of threo-β-Hydroxy-α-amino Acid Derivatives:  Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Histidine, and Tryptophan (2006)

An expedient synthesis of enantiomerically pure threo-beta-hydroxy-alpha-amino acid derivatives of phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine, and tryptophan is described. The NBS-mediated radical bromination of the N,N-di-tert-butoxycarbonyl protected alpha-amino acids and subsequent treatment with silver nitrate in acetone provided the trans-oxazolidinones predominantly. Cesium carbonate catalyzed hydrolysis then generated the beta-hydroxy amino acid derivatives in excellent overall yield.
CARBURETOR EVAPORATION LOSSES (1958)

An investigation was made of vapor losses from the carburetors of five 1956-1957 automobiles during both suburban and city driving. The test cars were selected to represent several different carburetor venting arrangements found on 1956-1957 cars. Generally, carburetor losses were found to increase with increasing carburetor temperature and fuel volatility. Carburetor vent design determined whether the vapor formed was vented to the atmosphere, where it contributed to odor and air pollution problems, or whether the vapor was consumed by the engine where it could cause engine roughness at idle, especially under high temperature conditions.
Molecular Mechanism of Transcription-Repair Coupling (1993)

Lesions in the transcribed strand block transcription and are repaired more rapidly than lesions in the nontranscribed (coding) strand which do not block RNA polymerase (RNAP). It has been shown previously that in Escherichia coli the mfd (mutation frequency decline) gene is necessary for strand-specific repair. The mfd gene was cloned and sequenced and the Mfd protein was purified and used to reconstitute strand-specific repair in a completely defined system. The mfd gene encodes a protein of 130 kilodaltons and contains the so-called "helicase motifs," a leucine zipper motif, and regions of sequence similarity to UvrB and RecG proteins. The Mfd protein was shown to (i) displace RNAP stalled at a lesion in an adenosine triphosphate-dependent reaction, (ii) bind to the damage recognition subunit (UvrA) of the excision nuclease, and (iii) stimulate the repair of the transcribed strand only when transcription is taking place. Thus, Mfd appears to target the transcribed strand for repair by recognizing a stalled RNAP and actively recruiting the repair enzyme to the transcription blocking lesion as it dissociates the stalled RNAP.
Long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and triacylglycerol metabolism in the postprandial state (1999)

Elevated plasma triacylglycerol (TG; triglyceride) concentrations, especially in the postprandial state, have been associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Postprandial lipemia represents a complex series of reactions which occur following the ingestion of a meal containing fat and is associated with a number of adverse metabolic events including the production of atherogenic chylomicron remnants, the formation of the highly atherogenic small dense low density lipoprotein particles, a reduction in the concentration of the cardioprotective high density lipoprotein fraction and the activation of coagulation factor VII. Fish oils are a rich source of the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Long chain n-3 PUFA are effective hypotriglyceridemic agents, lowering both fasting and postprandial TG concentrations. There is a large body of evidence which shows that n-3 PUFA reduces plasma TG concentrations through reduced endogenous very low density lipoprotein production. This in turn may account for the reduced postprandial lipemic response following n-3 PUFA supplementation. However, this does not preclude a contribution of enhanced chylomicron clearance, which may be mediated through altered chylomicron size, structure or chemical composition, or altered lipoprotein lipase metabolism in terms of enzyme concentration, activity, or affinity for chylomicrons. However the precise biochemical nature of this effect remains to be established. The reduction of postprandial plasma TG concentrations by n-3 PUFA may partly explain why n-3 PUFA intake is inversely related to CHD mortality.
Prevalence of Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis According to Age and Sex (2009)

Prevalence of moderate stenosis increases with age in both men and women, but men at all ages have the higher prevalence estimates. The number of studies that allowed meaningful data synthesis of severe stenosis was limited.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New N‐Substituted N‐Demethylaporphine Derivatives. (1986)

Abstract The thebaine derivatives (I) and (III) [obtained by N‐demethylation of (I) and subsequent N‐propylation] rearrange on treatment with methanesulfonic acid to give the 2‐halogenated apocodeines or N‐propyI‐N‐demethylapocodeines, respectively (IV).
Radioluminescent Light Source for Optical Oxygen Sensors (1997)

A self-powered radioluminescent (RL) light source is evaluated as a means of supplying incident radiation for optical chemical sensors. The light source consists of 147Pm (a β-emitting radionuclide) and ZnS:Ag phosphor. Blue light (450 nm) is produced following the excitation of ZnS:Ag from β particles released by the 147Pm. The utility of this source is judged by evaluating the analytical performance of optical oxygen sensors, where the blue light from the RL source excites a ruthenium complex immobilized in a plasticized PVC or silicon membrane. Analytical information is acquired by measuring the magnitude of oxygen-induced fluorescence quenching of the ruthenium complex. The resulting RL oxygen sensors show good stability and reversibility, with detection limits of 0.25 Torr in gaseous samples and 0.028 ppm in aqueous samples. Although the RL light source is not as bright as conventional electrical-powered sources, RL sources offer the advantages of compact size, simple configuration, low power consumption, and essentially no photobleaching of the oxygen-sensitive indicator dye. In addition, different phosphors are available to provide a variety of emission wavelengths and band-passes over a wide spectral range.
Inhibition of phagocytosis in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis: a virulence plasmid-encoded ability involving the Yop2b protein (1988)

Virulence plasmid-containing cells of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis had the ability to inhibit phagocytosis by mouse peritoneal macrophages cultured in vitro, but cells of its plasmid-cured derivative did not. Inhibition was most pronounced when the pathogen was incubated under Ca2+-deficient conditions, which allowed a high level of expression of outer membrane proteins (Yops). The addition of 2.5 mM Ca2+ to the growth medium reduced the degree of inhibition by the pathogen, but it was still significantly higher than that of the plasmid-cured strain. An avirulent mutant strain, from which the entire yopH gene was deleted, was impaired in its phagocytosis inhibition ability. This mutant could be trans-complemented by the yopH+ gene back to the wild-type phenotype with respect to virulence, as well as the ability to inhibit phagocytosis, demonstrating that the ability to inhibit phagocytosis is an important virulence function. The mutant strain was still cytotoxic for HeLa cells, indicating that inhibition of phagocytosis can be genetically separated from the ability to cause a cytotoxic effect.
alpha-MSH modulates local and circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha in experimental brain inflammation. (1997)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) underlies pathological processes and functional disturbances in acute and chronic neurological disease and injury. The neuroimmunomodulatory peptide alpha-MSH modulates actions and production of proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-alpha, but there is no prior evidence that it alters TNF-alpha induced within the brain. To test for this potential influence of the peptide, TNF-alpha was induced centrally by local injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). alpha-MSH given once i.c.v. with LPS challenge, twice daily intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 5 d between central LPS injections, or both i.p. and centrally, inhibited production of TNF-alpha within brain tissue. Inhibition of TNF-alpha protein formation by alpha-MSH was confirmed by inhibition of TNF-alpha mRNA. Plasma TNF-alpha concentration was elevated markedly after central LPS, indicative of an augmented peripheral host response induced by the CNS signal. The increase was inhibited by alpha-MSH treatments, in relation to inhibition of central TNF-alpha. Presence within normal mouse brain of mRNA for the alpha-MSH receptor MC-1 suggests that the inhibitory effects of alpha-MSH on brain and plasma TNF-alpha might be mediated by this receptor subtype. The inhibitory effect of alpha-MSH on brain TNF-alpha did not depend on circulating factors because the effect also occurred in brain tissue in vitro. This indicates that alpha-MSH can act directly on brain cells to inhibit their production of TNF-alpha. If central TNF-alpha contributes to pathology in CNS disease and injury, and promotes inflammation in the periphery, agents that act on brain alpha-MSH receptors should decrease the pathological TNF-alpha reaction and promote tissue survival.
Browser protection against cross-site request forgery (2009)

As businesses are opening up to the web, securing their web applications becomes paramount. Nevertheless, the number of web application attacks is constantly increasing. Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is one of the more serious threats to web applications that gained a lot of attention lately. It allows an attacker to perform malicious authorized actions originating in the end-users browser, without his knowledge. This paper presents a client-side policy enforcement framework to transparently protect the end-user against CSRF. To do so, the framework monitors all outgoing web requests within the browser and enforces a configurable cross-domain policy. The default policy is carefully selected to transparently operate in a web 2.0 context. In addition, the paper also proposes an optional server-side policy to improve the accuracy of the client-side policy enforcement. A prototype is implemented as a Firefox extension, and is thoroughly evaluated in a web 2.0 context.
Cytotoxic activity of 5-benzoylimidazole and related compounds against human oral tumor cell lines. (2001)

A total of 24 benzoylimidazoles and structurally-related compounds were investigated for their cytotoxic activity against oral tumor cells and normal gingival fibroblast. Compound 23 (5-(2-hydroxylbenzoyl)-2-phenylimidazole) showed the highest cytotoxic activity against both human oral tumor cell lines (human squamous cell carcinoma HSC-2, human salivary gland tumor HSG) and normal human gingival fibroblast (HGF). Compounds 7 (2-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)benz imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole), 14 (1,3-diethyl-5-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-4-imidazoline-2-thione) and 18 (5-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyl)-3-methyl-2-methylimino-4-thiazoline) showed slightly lower cytotoxic activity, but higher tumor-specific cytotoxic action. The cytotoxic activity of compound 23 was significantly reduced by CuCl2, but not by CoCl2, FeCl3, or by antioxidants (N-acetyl-L-cysteine, sodium ascorbate, catalase). Compound 23 did not show any detectable oxidation potential (determined by NO monitor). Agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated that compound 23 induced DNA fragmentation in human promyelocytic leukemia cells HL-60, but not in HSG cells. These data suggested that the response to compound 23 might be different from cell to cell.
PROCESSING, CHARACTERIZATION, AND PERFORMANCE OF EIGHT FUELS FROM LIPIDS (1997)

Test quantities of ethyl and methyl esters of four renewable fuels were processed, characterized andperformance tested. Canola, rapeseed, soybean oils, and beef tallow were the feedstocks for the methyl and ethyl esters. Acomplete set of fuel properties and a comparison of each fuel in engine performance tests are reported. The studyexamines short term engine tests with both methyl and ethyl ester fuels compared to number 2 diesel fuel (D2). Threeengine performance tests were conducted including an engine mapping procedure, an injector coking screening test, andan engine power study.<br><br>The gross heat contents of the biodiesel fuels, on a mass basis, were 9 to 13% lower than D2. The viscosities ofbiodiesel were twice that of diesel. The cloud and pour points of D2 were significantly lower than the biodiesel fuels. Thebiodiesel fuels produced slightly lower power and torque and higher fuel consumption than D2.<br><br>In general, the physical and chemical properties and the performance of ethyl esters were comparable to those of themethyl esters. Ethyl and methyl esters have almost the same energy. The viscosity of the ethyl esters is slightly higher andthe cloud and pour points are slightly lower than those of methyl esters. Engine tests demonstrated that methyl estersproduced slightly higher power and torque than ethyl esters. Fuel consumption when using the methyl and ethyl esters isnearly identical. Some desirable attributes of the ethyl esters over methyl esters were: significantly lower smoke opacity,lower exhaust temperatures, and lower pour point. The ethyl esters tended to have more injector coking than the methylesters, and the ethyl esters had a higher glycerol content than the methyl esters
The proofreading domain of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and other DNA and/or RNA exonuclease domains (1997)

Prior sequence analysis studies have suggested that bacterial ribonuclease (RNase) Ds comprise a complete domain that is found also in Homo sapiens polymyositis-scleroderma overlap syndrome 100 kDa autoantigen and Werner syndrome protein. This RNase D 3'-->5' exoribonuclease domain was predicted to have a structure and mechanism of action similar to the 3'-->5' exodeoxyibonuclease (proofreading) domain of DNA polymerases. Here, hidden Markov model (HMM) and phylogenetic studies have been used to identify and characterise other sequences that may possess this exonuclease domain. Results indicate that it is also present in the RNase T family; Borrelia burgdorferi P93 protein, an immunodominant antigen in Lyme disease; bacteriophage T4 dexA and Escherichia coli exonuclease I, processive 3'-->5' exodeoxyribonucleases that degrade single-stranded DNA; Bacillus subtilis dinG, a probable helicase involved in DNA repair and possibly replication, and peptide synthase 1; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pab1p-dependent poly(A) nuclease PAN2 subunit, required for shortening mRNA poly(A) tails; Caenorhabditis elegans and Mus musculus CAF1, transcription factor CCR4-associated factor 1; Xenopus laevis XPMC2, prevention of mitotic catastrophe in fission yeast; Drosophila melanogaster egalitarian, oocyte specification and axis determination, and exuperantia, establishment of oocyte polarity; H.sapiens HEM45, expressed in tumour cell lines and uterus and regulated by oestrogen; and 31 open reading frames including one in Methanococcus jannaschii . Examination of a multiple sequence alignment and two three-dimensional structures of proofreading domains has allowed definition of the core sequence, structural and functional elements of this exonuclease domain.
Synthesis of 4‐aminoquinoline‐1,2,3‐triazole and 4‐aminoquinoline‐1,2,3‐triazole‐1,3,5‐triazine Hybrids as Potential Antimalarial Agents (2011)

We report herein synthesis of a series of 4-aminoquinoline-1,2,3-triazole and 4-aminoquinoline-1,2,3-triazole-1,3,5-triazine hybrids and evaluate their antimalarial activity against D6 and W2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum. To study the structure-activity relationship of substituted 4-aminoquinoline-based hybrids, 34 structurally diverse compounds were synthesized and tested against D6 and W2 strains of P. falciparum. Some of the compounds have shown promising antimalarial activity without toxicity against Vero cells.
Covalent polymer functionalization of graphene nanosheets and mechanical properties of composites (2009)

For developing high performance graphene-based nanocomposites, dispersal of graphene nanosheets in polymer hosts and precise interface control are challenging due to their strong interlayer cohesive energy and surface inertia. Here we report an efficient method to functionalize graphene nanosheets. The initiator molecules were covalently bonded to the graphene surface via a diazonium addition and the succeeding atom transfer radical polymerization linked polystyrene chains (82 wt% grafting efficiency) to the graphene nanosheets. The prominent confinement effect arising from nanosheets resulted in a 15 °C increase in the glass transition temperature of polystyrene compared to the pure polymer. The resulting polystyrene nanocomposites with 0.9 wt% graphene nanosheets revealed around 70% and 57% increases in tensile strength and Young's modulus. The protocol is believed to offer possibilities for optimizing the processing properties and interface structure of graphene-polymer nanocomposites.
Sketch-based 3D shape retrieval using Convolutional Neural Networks (2015)

Retrieving 3D models from 2D human sketches has received considerable attention in the areas of graphics, image retrieval, and computer vision. Almost always in state of the art approaches a large amount of “best views” are computed for 3D models, with the hope that the query sketch matches one of these 2D projections of 3D models using predefined features. We argue that this two stage approach (view selection - matching) is pragmatic but also problematic because the “best views” are subjective and ambiguous, which makes the matching inputs obscure. This imprecise nature of matching further makes it challenging to choose features manually. Instead of relying on the elusive concept of “best views” and the hand-crafted features, we propose to define our views using a minimalism approach and learn features for both sketches and views. Specifically, we drastically reduce the number of views to only two predefined directions for the whole dataset. Then, we learn two Siamese Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), one for the views and one for the sketches. The loss function is defined on the within-domain as well as the cross-domain similarities. Our experiments on three benchmark datasets demonstrate that our method is significantly better than state of the art approaches, and outperforms them in all conventional metrics.
UV-induced ubiquitination of RNA polymerase II: a novel modification deficient in Cockayne syndrome cells. (1996)

Damage to actively transcribed DNA is preferentially repaired by the transcription-coupled repair (TCR) system. TCR requires RNA polymerase II (Pol II), but the mechanism by which repair enzymes preferentially recognize and repair DNA lesions on Pol II-transcribed genes is incompletely understood. Herein we demonstrate that a fraction of the large subunit of Pol II (Pol II LS) is ubiquitinated after exposing cells to UV-radiation or cisplatin but not several other DNA damaging agents. This novel covalent modification of Pol II LS occurs within 15 min of exposing cells to UV-radiation and persists for about 8-12 hr. Ubiquitinated Pol II LS is also phosphorylated on the C-terminal domain. UV-induced ubiquitination of Pol II LS is deficient in fibroblasts from individuals with two forms of Cockayne syndrome (CS-A and CS-B), a rare disorder in which TCR is disrupted. UV-induced ubiquitination of Pol II LS can be restored by introducing cDNA constructs encoding the CSA or CSB genes, respectively, into CS-A or CS-B fibroblasts. These results suggest that ubiquitination of Pol II LS plays a role in the recognition and/or repair of damage to actively transcribed genes. Alternatively, these findings may reflect a role played by the CSA and CSB gene products in transcription.
Liquid chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometric mapping of peptides from human plasma filtrate (1999)

We present a multidimensional approach to map the composition of complex peptide mixtures obtained as crude extract from biological liquids by (1) cation exchange chromatography and (2) subsequent microbore reversed-phase liquid chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometry coupling (LC-MS). Human hemofiltrate is an equivalent to blood and is used to obtain peptide material in large quantities from patients with chronic renal failure. The upper exclusion limit of the filtration membranes used results in a protein-free filtrate containing peptides in a range up to 20 ku. Using this unique peptide source, several thousand peptides were detected and an LC-MS data base of circulating human peptides was created. The search for known peptides by their molecular mass is a reliable method to guide peptide purification.
Multiple Fluorescent Labeling of Silica Nanoparticles with Lanthanide Chelates for Highly Sensitive Time-Resolved Immunofluorometric Assays (2007)

Covalent surface labeling of silica nanoparticles with lanthanide chelates provides good fluorescent labels that can be used in TrIFA for highly sensitive and robust detection of clinical targets.
Impaired sensorimotor gating in schizophrenia with deficit and with nondeficit syndrome (2002)

The different patterns of PPI in deficit and nondeficit patients appear to relate to the heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Thus, this study may explain the various findings in previous PPI studies in the field of schizophrenia.
A Wireless FSCV Monitoring IC With Analog Background Subtraction and UWB Telemetry (2015)

A 30-μW wireless fast-scan cyclic voltammetry monitoring integrated circuit for ultra-wideband (UWB) transmission of dopamine release events in freely-behaving small animals is presented. On-chip integration of analog background subtraction and UWB telemetry yields a 32-fold increase in resolution versus standard Nyquist-rate conversion alone, near a four-fold decrease in the volume of uplink data versus single-bit, third-order, delta-sigma modulation, and more than a 20-fold reduction in transmit power versus narrowband transmission for low data rates. The 1.5- mm(2) chip, which was fabricated in 65-nm CMOS technology, consists of a low-noise potentiostat frontend, a two-step analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and an impulse-radio UWB transmitter (TX). The duty-cycled frontend and ADC/UWB-TX blocks draw 4 μA and 15 μA from 3-V and 1.2-V supplies, respectively. The chip achieves an input-referred current noise of 92 pA(rms) and an input current range of ±430 nA at a conversion rate of 10 kHz. The packaged device operates from a 3-V coin-cell battery, measures 4.7 × 1.9 cm(2), weighs 4.3 g (including the battery and antenna), and can be carried by small animals. The system was validated by wirelessly recording flow-injection of dopamine with concentrations in the range of 250 nM to 1 μM with a carbon-fiber microelectrode (CFM) using 300-V/s FSCV.