gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expression of the nitric oxide synthase gene in mouse macrophages activated for tumor cell killing. Molecular basis for the synergy between interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide. (1993)

Macrophages can become activated to kill both tumor cells and a variety of microbes. Results here show that synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), a mediator of many macrophage cytotoxic functions, was greatly increased when cells of the mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 were costimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), compared to LPS alone. This increase paralleled increases in cytotoxicity. Northern analysis showed that increased production of NO was preceded by markedly enhanced expression of mRNA for the inducible form of macrophage NO synthase (mac-NOS), which catalyzes the synthesis of NO. Cycloheximide inhibited the induction of mac-NOS mRNA by IFN-gamma and LPS, indicating that expression of this mRNA required de novo protein synthesis. Elevated expression of mac-NOS mRNA was not due to an increase in its stability. Rather, the combination of IFN-gamma and LPS induced a much higher rate of transcription of the mac-NOS gene than did stimulation with LPS alone. These results provide one explanation of why priming and triggering stimuli, such as IFN-gamma and LPS, respectively, synergistically activate macrophages and may be applicable to explaining how IFN-gamma augments NO-dependent microbicidal activity in macrophages as well.
RNA-directed RNA polymerase from tomato leaves. I. Purification and physical properties (1993)

An RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP, EC 2.7.7.48) from tomato leaf tissue was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. A terminal transferase activity that was found to cofractionate with RdRP from DEAE-Sepharose and DNA-cellulose columns was removed by chromatography on a Mono Q column. The highly purified RdRP exhibits a specific activity of 500 nmol x mg-1 x 30 min-1, which corresponds to a 100,000-fold enrichment of the enzyme. In buffer containing 50% glycerol, its activity decreased by about 15%/month. RdRP activity coincided with the silver staining intensity of a single 128-kDa polypeptide when the fractions eluted from the Mono Q column were analyzed by electrophoresis in a SDS-polyacrylamide gel. Its molecular mass and its sedimentation coefficient of 6.6 S indicate that RdRP is a nearly globular molecule. The catalytic activity of RdRP is resistant to alpha-amanitin and actinomycin D. In tomato leaves systemically infected with potato spindle tuber viroid, the activity of RdRP was found to be increased about 3-fold compared with RdRP isolated from healthy leaf tissue.
Functional classes of bronchial mucosa genes that are differentially expressed in asthma (2004)

The study shows that bronchial biopsies obtained from healthy and asthmatic subjects display distinct expression profiles. These differences provide a global view of physiopathologic processes active in the asthmatic lung and may provide invaluable help to clarify the natural history of asthma.
A Novel Microcatheter-Delivered, Highly-Flexible and Fully-Retrievable Stent, Specifically Designed for Intracranial Use (2003)

A new microcatheter-delivered, highly-flexible, fully-retrievable intracranial stent has been developed in order to facilitate the endovascular treatment of wide-necked aneurysms, though it might also prove useful for other intracranial pathology. The nitinol stent has radiopaque proximal and distal markers, is available in a wide range of sizes and is as flexible as a micro-guidewire. It is electrolytically detached, allowing retrieval even after full deployment. The stent is compatible with all currently available embolic agents and does not degrade MR images.
Resolving monocytes generated through TRAM deletion attenuate atherosclerosis (2021)

Polarization of low-grade inflammatory monocytes facilitates the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, underlying mechanisms as well as approaches for resolving monocyte polarization conducive to the regression of atherosclerosis are not well established. In this report, we demonstrate that TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM) mediated monocyte polarization in vivo and in vitro. TRAM controlled monocyte polarization through activating Src family kinase c-SRC, which not only induces STAT1/STAT5-regulated inflammatory mediators CCR2 and SIRP-α but also suppresses PPARγ-regulated resolving mediator CD200R. Enhanced PPARγ and Pex5 due to TRAM deficiency facilitated peroxisome homeostasis and reduction of cellular reactive oxygen species, further contributing to the establishment of a resolving monocyte phenotype. TRAM-deficient monocytes propagated the resolving phenotype to neighboring monocytes through CD200R-mediated intercellular communication. At the translational level, we show that TRAM-deficient mice were resistant to high-fat diet-induced pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We further document that intravenous transfusion of TRAM-deficient resolving monocytes into atherosclerotic mice potently reduced the progression of atherosclerosis. Together, our data reveal that targeting TRAM may facilitate the effective generation of resolving monocytes conducive for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
Disorders of the Urogenital Organs (2004)

Estrogen receptors are densely distributed in the trigone of the urinary bladder, the urethra, and the vagina, all of which are structures that develop from the urogenital sinus. Consequently, chronic postmenopausal estrogen deficiency affects the urogenital tissues and causes atrophy that leads to dysfunction of the urogenital organs. In this article, the clinical effects of hormone replacement ther- apy (HRT) on menopausal or geriatric urogenital dysfunction are described along with the relevant pathophysiological background.
Ocular Surface Reconstruction Using Cultivated Mucosal Epithelial Stem Cells (2003)

We have generated confluent cultures of both rabbit and human oral epithelial cells on AM expanded ex vivo from biopsy-derived oral mucosal tissues. We have successfully carried out xeno- and autologous transplantation of these cultivated oral epithelial cells onto the ocular surfaces of keratectomized rabbit eyes. We believe that xeno- and autologous transplantation of cultivated oral epithelium is a feasible method for ocular surface reconstruction.
Water-Soluble Block Polycations as Carriers for Oligonucleotide Delivery (1995)

Water-soluble, block copolymeric carriers consisting of polyoxyethylene (PEO) and polyspermine (PS) chains have been developed for the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides (oligo) into the target cells. These copolymers spontaneously form complexes with oligos in aqueous solutions. The PS block electrostatically binds to the oligo, and as a result, the stability of the oligo is increased. Similarly, the polar PEO block provides for the aqueous solubility of the complex. This paper (i) reports the synthesis of the diblock PEO-PS copolymer and (ii) evaluates the effects of the complexes formed between this copolymer and phosphodiester oligo, complementary to the splice junction of herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate early pre-mRNAs 4 and 5, on the reproduction of this virus in Vero cells. Infectious titer data 22 and 39 h post infection indicates that the copolymer-oligo complex inhibits the reproduction of the virus beyond the detection limit. Conversely, the free oligo inhibits the reproduction of the virus only 22 h postinfection, while 39 h postinfection significant virus titers are observed. The results of this study suggest that the copolymer complex increases the sequence-specific inhibition effect of oligo on the virus reproduction.
Aptamer-Based Sensor Arrays for the Detection and Quantitation of Proteins (2004)

Aptamer biosensors have been immobilized on beads, introduced into micromachined chips on the electronic tongue sensor array, and used for the detection and quantitation of proteins. Aptamer chips could detect proteins in both capture and sandwich assay formats. Unlike most protein-based arrays, the aptamer chips could be stripped and reused multiple times. The aptamer chips proved to be useful for screening aptamers from in vitro selection experiments and for sensitively quantitating the biothreat agent ricin.
Circulating tumour markers can define patients with normal colons, benign polyps, and cancers (2011)

These circulating markers in combination with other markers offer the prospect of a simple blood test as a possible secondary screen for colorectal cancers and polyps in patients with positive faecal occult blood tests.
Growing Applications of “Click Chemistry” for Bioconjugation in Contemporary Biomedical Research (2009)

This update summarizes the growing application of "click" chemistry in diverse areas such as bioconjugation, drug discovery, materials science, and radiochemistry. This update also discusses click chemistry reactions that proceed rapidly with high selectivity, specificity, and yield. Two important characteristics make click chemistry so attractive for assembling compounds, reagents, and biomolecules for preclinical and clinical applications. First, click reactions are bio-orthogonal; neither the reactants nor their product's functional groups interact with functionalized biomolecules. Second, the reactions proceed with ease under mild nontoxic conditions, such as at room temperature and, usually, in water. The copper-catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition, azide-alkyne [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition, Staudinger ligation, and azide-phosphine ligation each possess these unique qualities. These reactions can be used to modify one cellular component while leaving others unharmed or untouched. Click chemistry has found increasing applications in all aspects of drug discovery in medicinal chemistry, such as for generating lead compounds through combinatorial methods. Bioconjugation via click chemistry is rigorously employed in proteomics and nucleic research. In radiochemistry, selective radiolabeling of biomolecules in cells and living organisms for imaging and therapy has been realized by this technology. Bifunctional chelating agents for several radionuclides useful for positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography imaging have also been prepared by using click chemistry. This review concludes that click chemistry is not the perfect conjugation and assembly technology for all applications, but provides a powerful, attractive alternative to conventional chemistry. This chemistry has proven itself to be superior in satisfying many criteria (e.g., biocompatibility, selectivity, yield, stereospecificity, and so forth); thus, one can expect it will consequently become a more routine strategy in the near future for a wide range of applications.
Microalgae for oil: Strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low‐cost photobioreactor (2008)

Thirty microalgal strains were screened in the laboratory for their biomass productivity and lipid content. Four strains (two marine and two freshwater), selected because robust, highly productive and with a relatively high lipid content, were cultivated under nitrogen deprivation in 0.6-L bubbled tubes. Only the two marine microalgae accumulated lipid under such conditions. One of them, the eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis sp. F&M-M24, which attained 60% lipid content after nitrogen starvation, was grown in a 20-L Flat Alveolar Panel photobioreactor to study the influence of irradiance and nutrient (nitrogen or phosphorus) deprivation on fatty acid accumulation. Fatty acid content increased with high irradiances (up to 32.5% of dry biomass) and following both nitrogen and phosphorus deprivation (up to about 50%). To evaluate its lipid production potential under natural sunlight, the strain was grown outdoors in 110-L Green Wall Panel photobioreactors under nutrient sufficient and deficient conditions. Lipid productivity increased from 117 mg/L/day in nutrient sufficient media (with an average biomass productivity of 0.36 g/L/day and 32% lipid content) to 204 mg/L/day (with an average biomass productivity of 0.30 g/L/day and more than 60% final lipid content) in nitrogen deprived media. In a two-phase cultivation process (a nutrient sufficient phase to produce the inoculum followed by a nitrogen deprived phase to boost lipid synthesis) the oil production potential could be projected to be more than 90 kg per hectare per day. This is the first report of an increase of both lipid content and areal lipid productivity attained through nutrient deprivation in an outdoor algal culture. The experiments showed that this marine eustigmatophyte has the potential for an annual production of 20 tons of lipid per hectare in the Mediterranean climate and of more than 30 tons of lipid per hectare in sunny tropical areas.
Neurophysiological Endophenotypes of Schizophrenia: The Viability of Selected Candidate Measures (2006)

In an effort to reveal susceptibility genes, schizophrenia research has turned to the endophenotype strategy. Endophenotypes are characteristics that reflect the actions of genes predisposing an individual to a disorder, even in the absence of diagnosable pathology. Individual endophenotypes are presumably determined by fewer genes than the more complex phenotype of schizophrenia and would, therefore, reduce the complexity of genetic analyses. Unfortunately, despite there being rational criteria to define a viable endophenotype, the term is sometimes applied indiscriminately to characteristics that are deviant in affected individuals. Schizophrenia patients exhibit deficits in several neurophysiological measures of information processing that have been proposed as candidate endophenotypes. Successful processing of sensory inputs requires the ability to inhibit intrinsic responses to redundant stimuli and, reciprocally, to facilitate responses to less frequent salient stimuli. There is evidence to suggest that both these processes are "impaired" in schizophrenia. Measures of inhibitory failure include prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex, P50 auditory evoked potential suppression, and antisaccade eye movements. Measures of impaired deviance detection include mismatch negativity and the P300 event-related potential. The purpose of this review is to systematically evaluate the endophenotype candidacy of these key neurophysiological abilities. For each candidate, we describe typical experimental procedures, the current understanding of the underlying neurobiology, the nature of the abnormality in schizophrenia, the reliability, stability and heritability of the measure, and any reported gene associations. We conclude with a discussion of the few studies thus far that have employed a multivariate approach with these candidates.
10-W/mm AlGaN-GaN HFET with a field modulating plate (2003)

AlGaN-GaN heterojunction field-effect transistors (HFETs) with a field modulating plate (FP) were fabricated on an SiC substrate. The gate-drain breakdown voltage (BV/sub gd/) was significantly improved by employing an FP electrode, and the highest BV/sub gd/ of 160 V was obtained with an FP length (L/sub FP/) of 1 μm. The maximum drain current achieved was 750 mA/mm, together with negligibly small current collapse. A 1-mm-wide FP-FET (L/sub FP/=1 μm) biased at a drain voltage of 65 V demonstrated a continuous wave saturated output power of 10.3 W with a linear gain of 18.0 dB and a power-added efficiency of 47.3% at 2 GHz. To our knowledge, the power density of 10.3 W/mm is the highest ever achieved for any FET of the same gate size.
Plant cell biology: a practical approach (1994)

1.: An introcuction to optical microscopy for plant cell biology. 2.: The use of fluorescent probes for studies of living plant cells. 3.: General and enzyme histochemistry. 4.: Electron microscopy. 5.: In situ hybridization of RNA. 6.: DNA-DNA in situ hybridization - methods for light microscopy. 7.: Immunochemistry for light and electron microscopy. 8.: Plant protoplast techniques. 9.: Chemical analysis of the components of the primary cell wall. 10.: Immunofluorescent techniques for analysis of the cytoskeletan. 11.: Isolation of endo- and plasma membranes. 12.: Protein transport into intact chloroplasts and isolated thylakoids. 13.: Ion-selective micro-electrodes. 14.: Microsampling and measurements of solutes in single cells
A simple technique for coplanar camera calibration (2008)

This paper proposes a simple technique for camera calibration under assumption that a calibration pattern is on world coordinate system. The proposed method consists of two steps. In the first step, the intermediate parameters, lens distortion coefficients, principal point and the distances between sensors are computed by an iterative linear method. Then, the camera parameters are determined from the obtained intermediate parameters. In the experimental results, the proposed method gives the accurate and stable camera parameters for change rotation angles when compared with the conventional method.
Therapeutic Effects of Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors on the Central Nervous System in HIV-1–Infected Patients (2002)

Psychomotor slowing predicts the development of HIV-1-associated dementia, AIDS, and death independent of immune status. We retrospectively selected all patients who showed pathologic psychomotor slowing as a sign of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction before the onset of therapy and who were then treated with nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors-either efavirenz (EFV) (n = 65 patients) or nevirapine (NVP) (n = 39 patients), each given in combination with two nucleoside analogues (NAs). Patients who were treated only with two NAs (n = 66) served as controls. Patients were observed for 6 months. Both EFV and NVP combinations improved CNS function as determined by electrophysiologic motor tests. The therapeutic effects of EFV and NVP did not depend on the type of NA added. Although results did not reach significance, NVP combinations were more effective than EFV combinations or therapy regimens with NAs alone in patients who were naïve to all antiretroviral therapy. EFV and NVP combinations were equally effective in patients pretreated with highly active antiretroviral therapy, including protease inhibitors.
Linkage analyses of chromosome 18 markers do not identify a major susceptibility locus for bipolar affective disorder in the Old Order Amish. (1995)

Previously reported linkage of bipolar affective disorder to DNA markers in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 18 was reexamined in a larger homogeneous sample of Old Order Amish families. Four markers (D18S21, D18S53, D18S44, and D18S40) were examined in three kindreds containing 31 bipolar I (BP I) individuals. Although linkage findings were replicated in the one previously studied Amish pedigree containing four BP I individuals, linkage to this region was excluded in the larger sample. If a susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder is located in this region of chromosome 18, it is of minor significance in this population.
ChemInform Abstract: Thallium Titanium Phosphate, Tl3Ti3O(PO4)3 (P2O7). (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Assessment of circadian rhythms in humans: comparison of real‐time fibroblast reporter imaging with plasma melatonin (2012)

We compared the period of the rhythm of plasma melatonin, driven by the hypothalamic circadian pacemaker, to in vitro periodicity in cultured peripheral fibroblasts to assess the effects on these rhythms of a polymorphism of PER3 (rs57875989), which is associated with sleep timing. In vitro circadian period was determined using luminometry of cultured fibroblasts, in which the expression of firefly luciferase was driven by the promoter of the circadian gene Arntl (Bmal1). The period of the melatonin rhythm was assessed in a 9-d forced desynchrony protocol, minimizing confounding effects of sleep-wake and light-dark cycles on circadian rhythmicity. In vitro periods (32 participants, 24.61±0.33 h, mean±SD) were longer than in vivo periods (31 participants, 24.16±0.17 h; P<0.0001) but did not differ between PER3 genotypes (P>0.4). Analyses of replicate in vitro assessments demonstrated that circadian period was reproducible within individuals (intraclass correlation=0.62), but in vivo and in vitro period assessments did not correlate (P>0.9). In accordance with circadian entrainment theory, in vivo period correlated with the timing of melatonin (P<0.05) at baseline and with diurnal preference (P<0.05). Individual circadian rhythms can be reliably assessed in fibroblasts but may not correlate with physiological rhythms driven by the central circadian pacemaker.
The early regulation of figs in the United States. (1999)

When the Food and Drugs Act became law in 1906, the commercial fig industry in California had just become established. Domestic figs began to compete with imported figs, especially from Turkey and Greece. Fig culture, both in the Near East and the American West, was beset by many threats, especially insect pests. The Bureau of Chemistry in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), enforcer of the 1906 law, undertook to protect consumers from spoiled figs from overseas and in interstate commerce. Simultaneously the USDA helped both domestic and Turkish growers to counter infestation. Through the State Department, sanitary controls in Smyrna were enhanced. Scientific experts from Agriculture educated American growers and packers in protective techniques. A high point of both legal actions and educational endeavors came in the late 1920s. In the 1930s, the state of California assumed the role of guiding inspection and helping dispose of substandard figs. World War II brought retrogression in fig quality, requiring a new corrective campaign by the Food and Drug Administration, successor to the Bureau of Chemistry, to prevent spoiled figs from reaching the market. By the 1950s, the need for such legal actions was rare.
Microfluidic flow transducer based on the measurement of electrical admittance (2004)

A new flow transducer for measuring the flow rate of a conducting fluid in a microchannel is reported. In this paper, the measure of flow of such fluid under laminar flow conditions based on the change of electrical admittance is established with the aid of a pair of electrodes parallel to the line of flow in a glass-PDMS microfluidic device. This flow sensor is simple in design and can be integrated to most of the microfluidic platforms. The effect of flow rate of the electrolyte, the frequency of the applied ac voltage, the voltage applied across the detector electrodes, and the conductivity of the electrolyte are varied to optimize for high sensitivity. The optimized values are then used to demonstrate the measurements of very low flow rates (<1 nL s(-1)). This flow sensor can be extended towards the measurement of chemical and biochemical buffers and reagents.
Human Recombinant Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: A Multilineage Hematopoietin (1985)

Human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was tested for its ability to induce colony formation in human bone marrow that had been enriched for progenitor cells. In addition to its expected granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating activity, the recombinant GM-CSF had burst-promoting activity for erythroid burst-forming units and also stimulated colonies derived from multipotent (mixed) progenitors. In contrast, recombinant erythroid-potentiating activity did not stimulate erythroid progenitors. The experiments prove that human GM-CSF has multilineage colony-stimulating activity.