gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Brief Survey of Bandwidth Selection for Density Estimation (1996)

Abstract There has been major progress in recent years in data-based bandwidth selection for kernel density estimation. Some “second generation” methods, including plug-in and smoothed bootstrap techniques, have been developed that are far superior to well-known “first generation” methods, such as rules of thumb, least squares cross-validation, and biased cross-validation. We recommend a “solve-the-equation” plug-in bandwidth selector as being most reliable in terms of overall performance. This article is intended to provide easy accessibility to the main ideas for nonexperts.
The Optimal Intensity of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy (1987)

IN THE United States, approximately 500 000 patients per year receive oral anticoagulant therapy (R. Hart, MD, quoting J. Wallner, Product Manager, Dupont Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, Del, oral communication, April 1986). Since Quick et al<sup>1</sup>introduced their test in 1935, it has been traditional to use the one-stage prothrombin time (PT) to monitor warfarin therapy. This test, which is sensitive to three of the four vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, is performed by adding a phospholipid extract of mammalian tissue (known as thromboplastin) to citrated plasma and clotting the mixture by adding calcium. Many clinicians who prescribe oral anticoagulants might be surprised to learn that the dose of warfarin that we currently use to prolong the PT to a ratio of 2 to 2.5 times the control value is larger than the dose that was used to produce an identical prolongation of the PT in the 1940s, 1950s, and the 1960s.
Receptor-activated calcium influx in human monocytes exposed to monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and related cytokines (1993)

Stimulation of human monocytes with monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) resulted in an increase of [Ca2+]i. The [Ca2+]i rise was dependent on external Ca2+, could be reconstituted by the addition of external Ca2+ and was blocked by Ni2+. Agonist-stimulated Ca2+ influx was demonstrated directly by the use of Mn2+: in the presence of extracellular Mn2+, MCP-1 and FMLP stimulated a dose-dependent quench in fluorescence of Fura-2-loaded monocytes. This quench was the result of stimulation of Mn2+ influx and was blocked by Ni2+ and by the Ca2+ channel inhibitor SC38249. Pretreatment of monocytes with verapamil and nifedipine or high depolarizing [K+] had no effect. MCP-1 did not induce production of inositol triphosphate nor turnover of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate. Collectively, these results show that MCP-1 does not induce discharge of intracellular stores. This chemokine stimulates divalent cation entry (Ca2+ or Mn2+) by a mechanism independent of changes in [Ca2+]i, unrelated to voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and presumably involving receptor-activated channels. In addition to MCP-1, also two other members of the chemokine Cys-Cys family, RANTES and MIP-1 alpha, stimulated [Ca2+]i increase. Exposure of human monocytes to either RANTES or MIP-1 alpha, had no effect on a subsequent stimulation by MCP-1. On the contrary, MCP-1 cross-desensitized monocytes for a subsequent stimulation with RANTES and MIP-1 alpha. These results suggest a certain level of receptor sharing among members of the Cys-Cys chemokine family.
Usefulness of erythrocyte-bound C4d as a biomarker to predict disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (2009)

E-C4d levels are useful diagnostic markers for SLE and can serve as biomarkers of disease activity in patients with SLE. However, E-C4d is of limited value in monitoring disease activity in SLE patients with HA.
Performance and Development of a Miniature Rotary Shaft Pump (2005)

The development and performance of a novel miniature pump called the rotary shaft pump (RSP) is described. The impeller is made by boring a 1.168 mm hole in one end of a 2.38 mm dia shaft and cutting slots in the side of the shaft at the bottom of the bored hole such that the metal between the slots defines the impeller blades. The impeller blades and slots are 0.38 mm tall. Several impeller designs are tested over a range of operating conditions. Pump performance characteristics, including pressure rise, hydraulic efficiency, slip factor, and flow rate, are presented for several different pump configurations, with maximum flow rate and pressure rise of 64.9ml∕min and 2.1 kPa, respectively, when the working fluid is water. Potential applications include transport of biomedical fluids, drug delivery, total analysis systems, and electronics cooling.
Mechanism of Action of the Antifungal Antibiotic Pyrrolnitrin (1969)

Pyrrolnitrin at 10 mug/ml inhibited the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Penicillium atrovenetum, and P. oxalicum. The primary site of action of pyrrolnitrin on S. cerevisiae was the terminal electron transport system between succinate or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and coenzyme Q. At growth inhibitory concentrations, pyrrolnitrin inhibited endogenous and exogenous respiration immediately after its addition to the system. In mitochondrial preparations, the antibiotic inhibited succinate oxidase, NADH oxidase, succinate-cytochrome c reductase, NADH-cytochrome c reductase, and succinate-coenzyme Q(6) reductase. In addition, pyrrolnitrin inhibited the antimycin-insensitive reduction of dichlorophenolindophenol and of the tetrazolium dye 2,2'-di-p-nitrophenyl-(3,3'-dimethoxy-4,4'-bi-phenylene)5,5'-diphenylditetrazolium. The reduction of another tetrazolium dye, 2-p-iodophenyl-3-p-nitrophenyl-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride, that was antimycin-sensitive, was also inhibited by pyrrolnitrin. The antibiotic had no effect on the activity of cytochrome oxidase, and it did not appear to bind with flavine adenine dinucleotide, the coenzyme of succinic dehydrogenase. In whole cells of S. cerevisiae, pyrrolnitrin inhibited the incorporation of (14)C-glucose into nucleic acids and proteins. It also inhibited the incorporation of (14)C-uracil, (3)H-thymidine, and (14)C-amino acids into ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, and protein, respectively. The in vitro protein synthesis in Rhizoctonia solani and Escherichia coli was not affected by pyrrolnitrin. Pyrrolnitrin also inhibited the uptake of radioactive tracers, but there was no general damage to the cell membranes that would result in an increased leakage of cell metabolites. Apparently, pyrrolnitrin inhibits fungal growth by inhibiting the respiratory electron transport system.
Topical delivery of siRNA-based spherical nucleic acid nanoparticle conjugates for gene regulation (2012)

Topical application of nucleic acids offers many potential therapeutic advantages for suppressing genes in the skin, and potentially for systemic gene delivery. However, the epidermal barrier typically precludes entry of gene-suppressing therapy unless the barrier is disrupted. We now show that spherical nucleic acid nanoparticle conjugates (SNA-NCs), gold cores surrounded by a dense shell of highly oriented, covalently immobilized siRNA, freely penetrate almost 100% of keratinocytes in vitro, mouse skin, and human epidermis within hours after application. Significantly, these structures can be delivered in a commercial moisturizer or phosphate-buffered saline, and do not require barrier disruption or transfection agents, such as liposomes, peptides, or viruses. SNA-NCs targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), an important gene for epidermal homeostasis, are > 100-fold more potent and suppress longer than siRNA delivered with commercial lipid agents in cultured keratinocytes. Topical delivery of 1.5 uM EGFR siRNA (50 nM SNA-NCs) for 3 wk to hairless mouse skin almost completely abolishes EGFR expression, suppresses downstream ERK phosphorylation, and reduces epidermal thickness by almost 40%. Similarly, EGFR mRNA in human skin equivalents is reduced by 52% after 60 h of treatment with 25 nM EGFR SNA-NCs. Treated skin shows no clinical or histological evidence of toxicity. No cytokine activation in mouse blood or tissue samples is observed, and after 3 wk of topical skin treatment, the SNA structures are virtually undetectable in internal organs. SNA conjugates may be promising agents for personalized, topically delivered gene therapy of cutaneous tumors, skin inflammation, and dominant negative genetic skin disorders.
Active Matrix Displays Based on All-Organic Electrochemical Smart Pixels Printed on Paper (2002)

An organic electronic paper display technology (see Figure and also inside front cover) is presented. The electrochromic display cell together with the addressing electrochemical transistor form simple smart pixels that are included in matrix displays, which are achieved on coated cellulose-based paper using printing techniques. The ion-electronic technology presented offers an opportunity to extend existing use of ordinary paper.
Targeting cell signalling pathways to fight the flu: towards a paradigm change in anti-influenza therapy (2009)

Influenza is still one of the major plagues worldwide with the potential to cause pandemics. The increasing frequency of viral resistance to the four US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved anti-influenza virus drugs underlines the urgent need for novel antivirals to be prepared for future influenza epidemics or pandemics. While the antivirals currently in use exclusively target viral factors, such as neuraminidase or the M2 ion channel, several pre-clinical approaches now focus on cellular factors or pathways that directly or indirectly interact with virus replication. Among these, inhibitors of intracellular signalling cascades that are essential for virus replication have been unravelled as the most promising candidates. This short article aims to highlight two of these novel approaches, namely, inhibition of the classical mitogenic Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade and blockade of the pathway that leads to activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. It has been shown that inhibition of both virus-induced pathways leads to impaired virus production in vitro and in vivo without side effects or the tendency to induce resistant virus variants. Besides the direct antiviral effect, such inhibitors may also exert additional beneficial effects by blocking the cytokine burst that contributes to the severity of infections by highly pathogenic influenza virus strains. Although these novel strategies are still in an early phase of pre-clinical development they might be very promising, especially with regard to prevention of viral resistance.
The role of the preBCR, the interleukin-7 receptor, and homotypic interactions during B-cell development (2000)

Summary: Considerable progress has been made in defining intermediate stages in the process leading from stem cells to mature B cells. Cell-bound and secreted molecules direct the progression through these stages and regulate the selection of clones from which the immune repertoire emerges. In fact, a myriad of signals derived from B-cell progenitors themselves and the microenvironment in which they develop direct the differentiation process. These signals are provided by B-cell antigen receptors (BCR) and their surrogates, and by adhesion and cytokine receptors. The co-operation of these receptors to control survival, expansion, and differentiation of early B-cell progenitors is the topic of this review. Specifically, we will summarize recent findings from our laboratory demonstrating that preBCR expression lowers the threshold for interleukin (IL)-7 responsiveness. How signals initiated by these receptors may intersect at this critical point of B-cell selection will be discussed. At the stage following IL-7 responsiveness we have shown that interactions between B-cell progenitors themselves promote their differentiation to immunoglobulin-secreting B cells. We propose that one function of stromal cells, known to be central to B lymphopoiesis, is to promote critical preB–preB homotypic interactions and ensuing signals.
Topical Agents in Burn and Wound Care (1995)

With any open wound infection may occur. Many factors such as age and general health status may increase the likelihood of infection, but the size and depth of the wound are critical factors in determining the chronicity of any wound. Infection greatly adds to the morbidity associated with open wounds. An infected wound not only heals more slowly, there is also the risk of systemic infection and even death. Infected wounds also scar more severely and are associated with more prolonged rehabilitation. Topical therapeutic agents have been shown to be effective in the management of open skin wounds. These agents may assist less complicated healing and decrease the conversion of a partial-thickness injury to a full-thickness injury, and thereby reduce wound-related morbidity. Common topical agents with suggestions for application are discussed in this review.
Some aspects of zoom lens camera calibration (1996)

Zoom lens camera calibration is an important and difficult problem for two reasons at least. First, the intrinsic parameters of such a camera change over time, it is difficult to calibrate them on-line. Secondly, the pin-hole model for single lens system can not be applied directly to a zoom lens system. In this paper, we address some aspects of this problem, such as determining principal point by zooming, modeling and calibration of lens distortion and focal length, as well as some practical aspects. Experimental results on calibrating cameras with computer controlled zoom, focus and aperture are presented.
Appeals and Pitfalls of Tyler Rationale into Curriculum Development (2008)

교육목표를 절대시하는 사고방식과 더불어 학습경험을 신성시하는 사고방식은 교육 혹은 수업에 관한 우리의 마음을 지배하는 두 가지 기본적인 통념에 해당한다. 타일러의 교육과정 모형은 우리가 품고 있는 그러한 통념을 지침의 형태로 체계화하는 과정에서 구축되었다. 그러므로 타일러의 교육과정 모형이 자아내는 매력의 이면에 어떤 함정이 도사리고 있는가를 입체적으로 검토하는 일은 교육에 관한 우리의 통념이 안고 있는 난점을 확인하는 동시에 그것을 극복하는 방안을 모색하는 한 가지 방안으로 파악될 수 있다. 보비트에서 시작하여 블룸과 메이거로 이어지는 타일러의 교육과정 모형은 이 점에서 우리의 입체적인 검토를 기다리는 교육학의 한 가지 심각한 과제라고 말할 수 있다.
Salmonella choleraesuis as an anticancer agent in a syngeneic model of orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma (2007)

Some anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria represent novel therapeutic agents that have been recently applied in cancer therapy. Previously, we found that Salmonella choleraesuis in combination with cisplatin could retard tumor growth in the murine subsutaneous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model. In this regard, we investigated the antitumor activity of S. choleraesuis in the ML-1 orthotopic tumor model. Systemically administered S. choleraesuis accumulated within not only subcutaneous but also orthotopic tumors for at least 30 days, forming tumor-to-normal tissue ratios exceeding 1,000-10,000 to 1. The antitumor effects of S. choleraesuis were evaluated in mice bearing subcutaneous and orthotopic ML-1 tumors. Compared with the control treatment, S. choleraesuis significantly prolonged the animal survival, reduced the tumor size, as well as upregulated interferon (IFN)-gamma and induced IFN-inducible chemokines CXCL10 (IP-10) productions. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of the tumors revealed decreased intratumoral microvessel density, increased infiltration of neutrophils, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and induced cell death in tumor microenvironment. In conclusion, these results suggest that tumor-targeted therapy using S. choleraesuis, which exerts tumoricidal and antiangiogenic activities, represents a potential strategy for the treatment of HCC.
Early and late calcium waves during wound healing in corneal endothelial cells (2011)

Immediately after wounding, bovine corneal endothelial cells develop a fast calcium wave that propagates from the wound border to the rest of the monolayer and extinguishes in approximately 5 minutes. One hour after wounding, a late, slow calcium wave (SCW) develops concomitantly to the depolarization of the plasma membrane potential of the border cells. The incorporation of inhibitors of the epithelial sodium channel and of the sodium-calcium exchanger produces inhibition of the membrane depolarization and the SCW, and diminishes the rate of wound healing. The L-type calcium channel blocker nimodipine does not have any effect on the SCW. The reversible inhibition of the fast calcium wave does not affect the SCW and only slightly decreases the velocity of healing. Our results suggest that the SCW is at least partially produced by the coupling of the epithelial sodium channel and the sodium-calcium exchanger functioning in reverse mode. They also suggest that the SCW may play a role in the overall healing process.
Importance Weighted Autoencoders (2015)

The variational autoencoder (VAE; Kingma, Welling (2014)) is a recently proposed generative model pairing a top-down generative network with a bottom-up recognition network which approximates posterior inference. It typically makes strong assumptions about posterior inference, for instance that the posterior distribution is approximately factorial, and that its parameters can be approximated with nonlinear regression from the observations. As we show empirically, the VAE objective can lead to overly simplified representations which fail to use the network's entire modeling capacity. We present the importance weighted autoencoder (IWAE), a generative model with the same architecture as the VAE, but which uses a strictly tighter log-likelihood lower bound derived from importance weighting. In the IWAE, the recognition network uses multiple samples to approximate the posterior, giving it increased flexibility to model complex posteriors which do not fit the VAE modeling assumptions. We show empirically that IWAEs learn richer latent space representations than VAEs, leading to improved test log-likelihood on density estimation benchmarks.
Using cursor prediction to smooth telepointer jitter (2003)

Telepointers are an important type of embodiment in real-time distributed groupware. Telepointers can increase the presence of remote participants and can provide considerable awareness information about people's locations and activities. However, the motion of a telepointer is often disrupted by network jitter. Although some strategies exist for dealing with jitter, none of these techniques are able to restore the immediacy and smoothness of a real cursor. In this paper we investigate the use of prediction - commonly used in networked simulations and games - to reduce the effects of jitter on telepointer motion. To determine whether prediction can be effective for improving telepointers, we carried out two experiments that tested the effects of different prediction schemes (some real and some artificial) on people's ability to interpret telepointer gestures. These studies show that although cursor prediction is still a difficult problem, there are both potential performance improvements, and definite preference advantages. Our studies suggest that telepointer prediction should be routinely used to increase the immediacy and naturalness of remote interaction, and suggest that prediction can also improve interpretation in certain situations.
The Relationship between Human Epidermal Growth-like Factor Receptor Expression and Cellular Transformation in NIH3T3 Cells (1996)

A collection of cell lines expressing each human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family member alone or in all pairwise combinations in a clone of NIH3T3 cells (3T3-7d) devoid of detectable epidermal growth factor receptor family members has been generated. Transformation, as measured by growth in soft agar, occurred only in the presence of appropriate ligand and only in cells expressing two different HER family members. Transfection of oncogenic neu (Tneu), conferred ligand-independent transformation only in cells which co-expressed HER1, HER3, or HER4, but not when expressed alone or with HER2. Cell lines were also tested for their ability to form tumors in animals. None of the cell lines expressing single HER family members was able to form tumors in animals with the exception of HER1, which was weakly tumorigenic. Although unable to form tumors when expressed alone, HER2 was tumorigenic when expressed with HER1 or HER3, but not HER4. Of all complexes analyzed, cells expressing HER1 + HER2 were the most aggressive. The relationship between HER1 activation, intracellular calcium fluxes, and phospholipase Cgamma1 activation is well established. We found that activation of HER1 was required for the induction of a calcium flux and the phosphorylation of phospholipase Cgamma1. These activities were independent of, and unaffected by, the co-expression of any other family member. Further, heregulin stimulation of all cell lines including those containing HER1 did not demonstrate any effect on intracellular calcium levels or phospholipase Cgamma1 phosphorylation. This demonstrates that heregulin induced cellular transformation by activating HER3- and HER4-containing complexes does not require the activation of either phospholipase Cgamma1 or the mobilization of intracellular calcium.
Time-dependent vascular regression and permeability changes in established human tumor xenografts induced by an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor antibody (1996)

The hyperpermeability of tumor vessels to macromolecules, compared with normal vessels, is presumably due to vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) released by neoplastic and/or host cells. In addition, VEGF/VPF is a potent angiogenic factor. Removal of this growth factor may reduce the permeability and inhibit tumor angiogenesis. To test these hypotheses, we transplanted a human glioblastoma (U87), a human colon adenocarcinoma (LS174T), and a human melanoma (P-MEL) into two locations in immunodeficient mice: the cranial window and the dorsal skinfold chamber. The mice bearing vascularized tumors were treated with a bolus (0.2 ml) of either a neutralizing antibody (A4.6.1) (492 micrograms/ml) against VEGF/VPF or PBS (control). We found that tumor vascular permeability to albumin in antibody-treated groups was lower than in the matched controls and that the effect of the antibody was time-dependent and influenced by the mode of injection. Tumor vascular permeability did not respond to i.p. injection of the antibody until 4 days posttreatment. However, the permeability was reduced within 6 h after i.v. injection of the same amount of antibody. In addition to the reduction in vascular permeability, the tumor vessels became smaller in diameter and less tortuous after antibody injections and eventually disappeared from the surface after four consecutive treatments in U87 tumors. These results demonstrate that tumor vascular permeability can be reduced by neutralization of endogenous VEGF/ VPF and suggest that angiogenesis and the maintenance of integrity of tumor vessels require the presence of VEGF/VPF in the tissue microenvironment. The latter finding reveals a new mechanism of tumor vessel regression-i.e., blocking the interactions between VEFG/VPF and endothelial cells or inhibiting VEGF/VPF synthesis in solid tumors causes dramatic reduction in vessel diameter, which may block the passage of blood elements and thus lead to vascular regression.
Spatio-temporal composition of distributed multimedia objects for value-added networks (1991)

The overall process necessary to perform spatial and temporal data composition for a distributed multimedia information system is addressed. With respect to delays introduced through the network, it is found that temporal composition can be most suitably achieved at the workstation. Spatial composition is most effectively performed in a hierarchical fashion as dictated by the availability of system resources. The subsequent composition methodology combines spatial and temporal composition as a network service. Database organizations and data distributions are also investigated, and spatial and temporal composition functions and their composition into the network architecture are discussed. The issue of mapping the composition process onto the network resources as a value-added service is also addressed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>