gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of hydrogen on catalyst nanoparticles in carbon nanotube growth (2010)

The structures of carbon nanotubes grown from catalytic nanoparticles via plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition in CH4/H2 mixtures show a strong dependence on the H2-to-CH4 ratio in the feed gas. A suite of characterization techniques, including optical emission, infrared, and Raman spectroscopies combined with convergent-beam and selected-area electron diffraction, and high-resolution (scanning) transmission electron microscopy imaging were used to systematically investigate the interrelation among plasma gas phase composition, catalysts morphology, catalyst structure, and carbon nanotube structure. Hydrogen plays a critical role in determining the final carbon nanotube structure through its effect on the catalyst crystal structure and morphology. At low H2-to-CH4 ratios (∼1), iron catalyst nanoparticles are converted to Fe3C and well-graphitized nanotubes grow from elongated Fe3C crystals. High (&amp;gt;5) H2-to-CH4 ratios in the feed gas result in high hydrogen concentrations in the plasma and strongly reducing conditions, which prevents conversion of Fe to Fe3C. In the latter case, poorly-graphitized nanofibers grow from ductile bcc iron nanocrystals that are easily deformed into tapered nanocrystals that yield nanotubes with thick walls.
The Minor Envelope Glycoproteins GP2a and GP4 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Interact with the Receptor CD163 (2009)

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) contains the major glycoprotein, GP5, as well as three other minor glycoproteins, namely, GP2a, GP3, and GP4, on the virion envelope, all of which are required for generation of infectious virions. To study their interactions with each other and with the cellular receptor for PRRSV, we have cloned each of the viral glycoproteins and CD163 receptor in expression vectors and examined their expression and interaction with each other in transfected cells by coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay using monospecific antibodies. Our results show that a strong interaction exists between the GP4 and GP5 proteins, although weak interactions among the other minor envelope glycoproteins and GP5 have been detected. Both GP2a and GP4 proteins were found to interact with all the other GPs, resulting in the formation of multiprotein complex. Our results further show that the GP2a and GP4 proteins also specifically interact with the CD163 molecule. The carboxy-terminal 223 residues of the CD163 molecule are not required for interactions with either the GP2a or the GP4 protein, although these residues are required for conferring susceptibility to PRRSV infection in BHK-21 cells. Overall, we conclude that the GP4 protein is critical for mediating interglycoprotein interactions and, along with GP2a, serves as the viral attachment protein that is responsible for mediating interactions with CD163 for virus entry into susceptible host cell.
The Effect of Relative Density on the Mechanical Properties of Hot‐Pressed Cubic Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (2016)

The effect of relative density on the hardness and fracture toughness of Al‐substituted cubic garnet Li 6.19 Al 0.27 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 ( LLZO ) was investigated. Polycrystalline LLZO was made using solid‐state synthesis and hot‐pressing. The relative density was controlled by varying the densification time at fixed temperature (1050°C) and pressure (62 MP a). After hot‐pressing, the average grain size varied from approximately 2.7–3.7 μm for the 85% and 98% relative density samples, respectively. Examination of fracture surfaces revealed a transition from inter‐ to intragranular fracture as the relative density increased. The Vickers hardness increased with relative density up to 96%, above which the hardness was constant. At 98% relative density, the Vickers hardness was equal to the hardness measured by nanoindentation 9.1 GP a, which is estimated as the single‐crystal hardness value. An inverse correlation between relative density and fracture toughness was observed. The fracture toughness increased linearly from 0.97 to 2.37 MP a√m for the 98% and 85% relative density samples, respectively. It is suggested that crack deflection along grain boundaries can explain the increase in fracture toughness with decreasing relative density. It was also observed that the total ionic conductivity increased from 0.0094 to 0.34 mS /cm for the 85%–98% relative density samples, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the microstructure of LLZO must be optimized to maximize mechanical integrity and ionic conductivity.
Platinum-Catalyzed Direct Amination of Allylic Alcohols under Mild Conditions: Ligand and Microwave Effects, Substrate Scope, and Mechanistic Study (2009)

Transition metal-catalyzed amination of allylic compounds via a pi-allylmetal intermediate is a powerful and useful method for synthesizing allylamines. Direct catalytic substitution of allylic alcohols, which forms water as the sole coproduct, has recently attracted attention for its environmental and economical advantages. Here, we describe the development of a versatile direct catalytic amination of both aryl- and alkyl-substituted allylic alcohols with various amines using Pt-Xantphos and Pt-DPEphos catalyst systems, which allows for the selective synthesis of various monoallylamines, such as the biologically active compounds Naftifine and Flunarizine, in good to high yield without need for an activator. The choice of the ligand was crucial toward achieving high catalytic activity, and we demonstrated that not only the large bite-angle but also the linker oxygen atom of the Xantphos and DPEphos ligands was highly important. In addition, microwave heating dramatically affected the catalyst activity and considerably decreased the reaction time compared with conventional heating. Furthermore, several mechanistic investigations, including (1)H and (31)P{(1)H} NMR studies; isolation and characterization of several catalytic intermediates, Pt(xantphos)Cl(2), Pt(eta(2)-C(3)H(5)OH)(xantphos), etc; confirmation of the structure of [Pt(eta(3)-allyl)(xantphos)]OTf by X-ray crystallographic analysis; and crossover experiments, suggested that formation of the pi-allylplatinum complex through the elimination of water is an irreversible rate-determining step and that the other processes in the catalytic cycle are reversible, even at room temperature.
Expression and regulation of bone morphogenetic protein 4 in hepatocellular carcinoma (2015)

Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Human HCC tissues, adjacent non-tumor tissues and three HCC cell lines (Huh-7, HepG2 and PLC/PRF/5) were employed for evaluation of BMP4 and BMP type I (BMPR1A and BMPR1B) and type II (BMPR2) receptor mRNA expression. In addition Huh-7 cells were further studied to document the effects of toxin-induced injury on BMP4 mRNA and protein expression. The effects of exogenous BMP4 on Huh-7 Smad 1 and ERK 1/2 signaling pathways, proliferation and differentiation were determined. The results of the study revealed that BMP4 mRNA expression is upregulated in the majority of HCC and malignant hepatocyte cell lines while BMP type I and II receptor mRNA expression is more variable. Moreover, D-galactosamine induced injury of Huh-7 cells results in significant upregulation of BMP4 mRNA and protein expression. Finally, exogenous BMP4 induces phosphorylation of Smad 1 and ERK 1/2 without altering cell proliferation or differentiation. These findings suggest that BMP4 is involved in the pathogenesis of HCC but by mechanisms other than regulating malignant hepatocyte proliferation or differentiation.
Total synthesis of azafluoranthene alkaloids: rufescine and imeluteine (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTotal synthesis of azafluoranthene alkaloids: rufescine and imeluteineDale L. Boger and Christine E. BrothertonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 21, 4050–4055Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00195a035https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00195a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1011Altmetric-Citations103LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Normal nonmetastatic human trophoblast cells share in vitro invasive properties of malignant cells (1988)

First-trimester normal human trophoblast cells show some phenotypic similarities to malignant cells, e.g., rapid proliferation and ability to invade neighboring tissue, including basement membrane in situ, but do not have the ability for unlimited growth or metastasis. The present study examined whether the invasive ability of normal trophoblast cells is an intrinsic property of these cells, independent of the microenvironment provided by the pregnant uterus, and if so, whether they share some of the molecular mechanisms of invasion exercized by metastatic malignant cells. The ability of in vitro grown human trophoblast lines to invade an epithelium-free human amniotic membrane was measured from the temporal kinetics of retention of radioactivity within this membrane resulting from a penetration by 125I-iododeoxyuridine-labeled trophoblast cells. The magnitude of this invasion was compared to that of the highly metastatic human JAR-choriocarcinoma cell line and murine B16F10 melanoma line. Trophoblasts were found to share some of the same molecular mechanisms of invasion with the metastatic cell lines. Inhibitors of collagenase, plasmin, plasminogen, and plasminogen activators completely prevented invasion of the amnion by the trophoblast lines as well as by the metastatic JAR and B16F10 lines. Mersalyl, a compound known to activate collagenase, stimulated invasion by all cell lines tested, including under conditions in which plasmin activity was inhibited. In addition, trophoblasts produced significant levels of type IV collagenase and laminin, both of which appear to be important products of metastatic tumor cells required for basement membrane invasion. It may be concluded from these findings that the invasive property of first trimester human trophoblasts is genetically determined; that the magnitude of amnion invasion cannot differentiate between metastatic cell lines and invasive but nonmetastatic cell lines; and that invasiveness is not a sufficient prerequisite for metastatic ability.
Eine neue adaptive Handprothese (2008)

In the paper, a new adaptive hand prosthesis developed in the Institute of Applied Computer Sciences of the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe is described. Starting from the state-of-the-art, the requirements of the hand prosthesis are derived and the realisation of the new prosthesis is shown. Finally the results obtained are discussed.
Constitutively active androgen receptor splice variants expressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer require full-length androgen receptor (2010)

Androgen receptor (AR) splice variants lacking the ligand binding domain (ARVs), originally isolated from prostate cancer cell lines derived from a single patient, are detected in normal and malignant human prostate tissue, with the highest levels observed in late stage, castration-resistant prostate cancer. The most studied variant (called AR-V7 or AR3) activates AR reporter genes in the absence of ligand and therefore, could play a role in castration resistance. To explore the range of potential ARVs, we screened additional human and murine prostate cancer models using conventional and next generation sequencing technologies and detected several structurally diverse AR isoforms. Some, like AR-V7/AR3, display gain of function, whereas others have dominant interfering activity. We also find that ARV expression increases acutely in response to androgen withdrawal, is suppressed by testosterone, and in some models, is coupled to full-length AR (AR-FL) mRNA production. As expected, constitutively active, ligand-independent ARVs such as AR-V7/AR3 are sufficient to confer anchorage-independent (in vitro) and castration-resistant (in vivo) growth. Surprisingly, this growth is blocked by ligand binding domain-targeted antiandrogens, such as MDV3100, or by selective siRNA silencing of AR-FL, indicating that the growth-promoting effects of ARVs are mediated through AR-FL. These data indicate that the increase in ARV expression in castrate-resistant prostate cancer is an acute response to castration rather than clonal expansion of castration or antiandrogen-resistant cells expressing gain of function ARVs, and furthermore, they provide a strategy to overcome ARV function in the clinic.
A Standard for Human Plasmin (1975)

An international collaborative study involving ten laboratories was undertaken to assess the suitability of a preparation of human plasmin in 50% glycerol to serve as a single standard for the bioassay of plasmin activity. The study included examination of the stability of the proposed standard and comparisons between assay methods. The results suggest that the human plasmin preparation coded 72/379 is suitable to serve as a standard. It is sufficiently stable to define the unit of plasmin activity for several years at or below 4 degrees C and for short periods at about 20 degrees C. The preparation has been assigned a potency of 8 units per ml. The International Committee on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (Basle, 1974) has recommended the use of this material as a standard.
Experimental arthritis in CC chemokine receptor 2–null mice closely mimics severe human rheumatoid arthritis (2004)

The prevailing paradigm is that in human rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the accumulation of monocytes and T cells in the joint, mediated in part by such CC chemokine receptors (CCRs) as CCR2 and CCR5, respectively, plays a central role in disease pathogenesis. To further validate this paradigm, we conducted proof-of-principle studies and tested the hypothesis that gene inactivation of Ccr2 or Ccr5 will ameliorate experimental RA. Contrary to our expectations, we found that in two well-established murine models of experimental RA, CCR2 expression in the hematopoietic cell compartment served as a negative regulator of autoantibody production as well as arthritic disease onset, severity, and resolution. In contrast, the RA phenotype in Ccr5-null mice was similar to that of WT mice. Remarkably, the collagen-induced arthritis phenotype of Ccr2–/– mice mimicked closely that of severe human RA, including production of rheumatoid factor, enhanced T cell production, and monocyte/macrophage accumulation in the joints. Our findings demonstrate an essential protective role of CCR2 expression in RA, indicate the existence of alternative receptors responsible for monocyte/macrophage accumulation to inflamed joints, and emphasize the need to clarify carefully the complex effects of the chemokine system in RA before they can be considered as therapeutic targets.
Ligand-sensitive Interactions among the Transmembrane Helices of Na+/K+-ATPase (1997)

An extensively trypsin-digested Na+/K+-ATPase, which retains the ability to bind Na+, K+, and ouabain, consists of four fragments of the alpha-subunit that contain all 10 transmembrane alpha domains, and the beta-subunit, a fraction of which is cleaved at Arg142-Gly143. In previous studies, we solubilized this preparation with a detergent and mapped the relative positions of several transmembrane helices of the subunits by chemical cross-linking. To determine if these detected helix-helix proximities were representative of those existing in the bilayer prior to solubilization, we have now done similar studies on the membrane-bound preparation of the same digested enzyme. After oxidative sulfhydryl cross-linking catalyzed by Cu2+-phenanthroline, two prominent products were identified by their mobilities and the analyses of their N termini. One was a dimer of a 11-kDa alpha-fragment containing the H1-H2 helices and a 22-kDa alpha-fragment containing the H7-H10 helices. This dimer seemed to be the same as that obtained in the solubilized preparation. The other product was a trimer of the above two alpha-fragments and that fraction of beta whose extracellular domain was cleaved at Arg142-Gly143. This product was different from a similar one of the solubilized preparation in that the latter contained the predominant fraction of beta without the extracellular cleavage. The cross-linking reactions of the membrane preparation, but not those of the solubilized one, were hindered specifically by Na+, K+, and ouabain. These findings indicate that (a) the H1-H2 transmembrane helices of alpha are adjacent to some of its H7-H10 helices both in solubilized and membrane-bound states, (b) the alignment of the residues of the single transmembrane helix of beta with the interacting H1-H2 and H7-H10 helices of alpha is altered by detergent solubilization and by structural changes in the extracellular domain of beta, and (c) the three-dimensional packing of the interacting transmembrane helices of alpha and beta are regulated by the specific ligands of the enzyme.
Flow cytometric detection of ribosomal RNA in suspended cells by fluorescent in situ hybridization (1988)

Abstract A method using flow cytometry and fluorescent in situ hydridization (ISH) to detect RNA in cells is described. L1210 murine leukemia cells were fixed with 1% formaldehyde in HEPES buffered Hank's balanced salt solution (HH) followed by 70% ethanol. Endogenous RNAses were blocked by diethylpyrocarbonate treatment. Single‐stranded sense and antisense RNA probes, labeled with biotin‐11‐UTP, were transcribed from a 2.1 kb 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene fragment subcloned into the pGEM2 plasmid. For good results, it was essential that the probes were degraded to 100–150 nucleotides before use. Hybridization was performed at 45°C in 50% formamide, 5 × SSC, 0.5% SDS. Hybrids were detected with streptavidin‐FITC by flow cytometry. Antisense rRNA probe signal was 100 times higher than the background. The hybrids were largely resistant to RNAse and melted at high temperature. The sense probe also gave a signal (5 times background), which was not RNAse resistant and was attributed to the presence of internal inverted repeats in the ribosomal RNA. When sufficient background reduction can be achieved, it is expected that as few as ten mRNA molecules per cell can be detected with the fluorescent in situ hybridization method.
Using thumbnails to search the Web (2001)

We introduce a technique for creating novel, textually-enhanced thumbnails of Web pages. These thumbnails combine the advantages of image thumbnails and text summaries to provide consistent performance on a variety of tasks. We conducted a study in which participants used three different types of summaries (enhanced thumbnails, plain thumbnails, and text summaries) to search Web pages to find several different types of information. Participants took an average of 67, 86, and 95 seconds to find the answer with enhanced thumbnails, plain thumbnails, and text summaries, respectively. We found a strong effect of question category. For some questions, text outperformed plain thumbnails, while for other questions, plain thumbnails outperformed text. Enhanced thumbnails (which combine the features of text summaries and plain thumbnails) were more consistent than either text summaries or plain thumbnails, having for all categories the best performance or performance that was statistically indistinguishable from the best.
Macromol. Rapid Commun. 3/2011 (2011)

Back Cover: Electrically conductive polymer films with high stretchability and excellent elasticity were simply fabricated by coating a conductive layer on the surface of an elastomer film. The high electrical conductivity was achieved by high MWCNTs conductive network in the coated layer, while the supporting base film provided the excellent stretchability and elasticity. Further details can be found in the article by Y. Li,* L. Zhao, and H. Shimizu on page 289.
Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest--not so fast. (2005)

The concept of hypothermia as a protective strategy for various kinds of brain injury is far from new. Multiple mechanisms have been implicated including reduction in neuronal apoptosis, inhibition of excitatory processes caused by ischaemia and reperfusion, alterations in intracellular cation concentrations due to ion pump dysfunction, suppression of inflammatory cytokines, reduction of free radical production and reduction of cerebral oedema. Despite support from animal studies, convincing clinical evidence was lacking until recently. Two high quality clinical trials now support the use of hypothermia following cardiac arrest, but a number of issues remain. The main limitation of both trials is their highly selective entry and exclusion criteria, which limit their applicability to the majority of cardiac arrest patients. Questions about the initiation, duration, rewarming rate and the technique for producing hypothermia remain unanswered. There is also concern that side effects of hypothermia have the potential to counteract any potential benefit.
Development and in Vitro Studies of Epidermal Growth Factor−Dextran Conjugates for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (1996)

A delivery molecule for directed boron neutron capture therapy against epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor-rich tumors, such as gliomas, squamous carcinomas, and breast cancers, is presented. EGF and sulfhydryl boron hydride (BSH) were covalently coupled to an allylated 70 kDa dextran chain to form a conjugate. Conjugates with low and high substitution rates of BSH, as well as without BSH, were investigated. The conjugate with a low amount of boron had approximately 6 BSH (72 boron atoms) per dextran, while the conjugates with higher amounts had an average substitution of 55 BSH (660 boron atoms) per dextran. The maximum substitution of boron to dextran in a single experiment was over 800 boron atoms. Binding, retention, and internalization of 125I-labeled conjugates were investigated on cultured human glioma cells. Binding of the conjugates was EGF receptor specific, but the amount of BSH coupled to dextran affected specificity, more than the presence of dextran. The nonspecific binding of the conjugates increased with the amount of attached boron. This was partly due to nonspecific adhesion to the plastic in the culture dishes. [125I]EGF-allyldextran with 6 BSH had a binding maximum after 4 h of continuous incubation and thereafter decreased in binding, while [125I]EGF-allyldextran with the higher substitution rate had a slow increase of binding during 24 h. Over 93% of the radioactivity bound to the cells was internalized, but the retention was quite poor. Only one-third of the cell-bound activity was still associated to the cells 4 h after incubation had ended. In conclusion, it is possible to load the conjugates produced with high amounts of boron, and they retained specificity for the EGF receptor and internalized into cultured cells. Theoretical calculations show that about 10(3) boron atoms per EGF-based conjugate are needed to give a satisfactory therapeutic response. These conjugates are within reach of that level.