gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ongoing clinical trials of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors for lung cancer in China (2017)

Compared to chemotherapy, promising results have been obtained by blocking the PD-1 pathway using antibodies that inhibit programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1). Furthermore, global researchers and doctors are exploring how to optimize this immunotherapy in 270 clinical studies. However, Chinese clinical trials of these agents remain in the early stages. We summarize the ongoing international and domestic clinical trials using PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors to treat lung cancer. This information can help researchers better understand the active and approved clinical trials in China, as well as the ongoing research regarding PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors.
Intestinal absorption and lymphatic transport of cholesterol and beta-sitostanol in the rat. (1979)

The intestinal absorption of cholesterol and beta-sitostanol (the saturated analogue of beta-sitosterol) were measured and their absorptions compared in the presence and absence of cholestyramine. After test meals containing [(3)H]cholesterol and [(14)C]beta-sitostanol without added cholestyramine, 4-day fecal collections yielded an average of 51% of the fed cholesterol and 83% of the fed beta-sitostanol. In separate lymph transport studies without cholestyramine, 36% of the fed cholesterol was recovered in lymph in 24 hours compared to only 2% of the fed beta-sitostanol. Thus, while total recoveries of the two labeled compounds in feces plus lymph were nearly identical (51% + 36% = 87% for cholesterol and 83% + 2% = 85% for beta-sitostanol) their distribution in the two compartments was markedly different, reflecting the relative nonabsorbability of beta-sitostanol. Adding cholestyramine to the test meal caused fecal excretion of cholesterol to increase to 73%, independent of the dose of cholestyramine used. Cholestyramine had no effect on the fecal excretion of beta-sitostanol (average excretion after cholestyramine, 85%). The relative non-absorbability of beta-sitostanol compared to cholesterol is clearly evident in this study and leads us to suggest its possible use as a lipid-soluble, nonabsorbable reference compound for measurement of the absorption of cholesterol and other lipids. Further data are presented to justify its use for this purpose.-Hassan, A. S., and A. J. Rampone. Intestinal absorption and lymphatic transport of cholesterol and beta-sitostanol in the rat.
Endogenous PYY and GLP‐1 mediate l‐glutamine responses in intestinal mucosa (2013)

Gln stimulates the co-release of endogenous GLP-1 and PYY from mucosal L-cells resulting in paracrine GLP-1 and Y1 receptor-mediated electrogenic epithelial responses. This glucose-sensitive mechanism appears to be CaSR mediated and could provide a significant therapeutic strategy releasing two endogenous peptides better known for their glucose-lowering and satiating effects.
No-Reference Video Quality Assessment Based on Artifact Measurement and Statistical Analysis (2014)

A discrete cosine transform (DCT)-based no-reference video quality prediction model is proposed that measures artifacts and analyzes the statistics of compressed natural videos. The model has two stages: 1) distortion measurement and 2) nonlinear mapping. In the first stage, an unsigned ac band, three frequency bands, and two orientation bands are generated from the DCT coefficients of each decoded frame in a video sequence. Six efficient frame-level features are then extracted to quantify the distortion of natural scenes. In the second stage, each frame-level feature of all frames is transformed to a corresponding video-level feature via a temporal pooling, then a trained multilayer neural network takes all video-level features as inputs and outputs, a score as the predicted quality of the video sequence. The proposed method was tested on videos with various compression types, content, and resolution in four databases. We compared our model with a linear model, a support-vector-regression-based model, a state-of-the-art training-based model, and a four popular full-reference metrics. Detailed experimental results demonstrate that the results of the proposed method are highly correlated with the subjective assessments.
Impact of ferroelectric domain switching in nonvolatile charge-trapping memory (2017)

In this work, we proposal a ferroelectric domain to enhance program/erase/read efficiency of conventional charge-trapping nonvolatile memory. The ferroelectric-domain-dominated HfZrO/HfON memory shows the better subthreshold characteristics than control charge-trapping structure (HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /HfON). Additionally, the memory speed with ferroelectric polarization (~800ns) is more than three orders of magnitude faster than that of control trapping type.
Electrolytic Codeposition of Silica Particles with Aluminum from AlCl[sub 3]-Dimethylsulfone Electrolytes (2001)

The electrolytic codeposition of silica particles with aluminum was investigated from an AlCl3-dimethylsulfone electrolyte containing monodisperse silica particles with a diam of 0.2 mum The electrodeposition was done at 110 degreesC and at current densities between 6 and 13 A/dm(2). Dense aluminum coatings with a thickness of 20 mum were obtained at a plating rate of 77 mum/h. The coatings contained a homogeneous dispersion of individual silica particles. The amount of codeposited silica particles was found to depend on the concentration of silica particles suspended in the electrolyte and the current density. (C) 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Evidence for nerve growth factor-mediated paracrine effects in human epidermis. (1991)

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is critical to the development and maintenance of the peripheral nervous system, but its possible roles in other organ systems are less well characterized. We have recently shown that human epidermal melanocytes, pigment cells derived from the neural crest, express the NGF receptor (p75 NGF-R) in vitro (Peacocke, M., M. Yaar, C. P. Mansur, M. V. Chao, and B. A. Gilchrest. 1988. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:5282-5286). Using cultured human skin-derived cells we now demonstrate that the melanocyte p75 NGF-R is functional, in that NGF stimulation modulates melanocyte gene expression; that exposure to an NGF gradient is chemotactic for melanocytes and enhances their dendricity; and that keratinocytes, the dominant epidermal cell type, express NGF messenger RNA and hence are a possible local source of NGF for epidermal melanocytes in the skin. These combined data suggest a paracrine role for NGF in human epidermis.
Use of “intracrine androgen signaling signature'' to predict benefit from abiraterone acetate (AA) in patients with castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). (2010)

4547 Background: To detemine effects of AA plus prednisone in CRPC in bone and their association to patient (pt) and tumor characteristics. Methods: Study pts had progressive CRPC with <50 ng/dl serum testosterone (S-T), bone metastases and agreed to serial bone marrow biopsy. Pts received oral AA 1,000 mg QD and prednisone 5 mg BID. Results: Between 10/07 and 4/09, 56 pts with median age 70 yrs (range 48-87), PS-ECOG 2 (range 0-2) and baseline PSA concentration 95.3 ng/dl (range 3-2,725), enrolled. Thirty-six (64%) had DES and/or ketoconazole, 47 (84%) prior chemotherapy [≥2 regimens: 34 (61%)]. Forty six (82%) had ≥10 bone lesions, 20 (36%) lesions in lymphnodes and 11 (20%) in the liver or other sites. Maximum PSA decline of ≥50% and ≥90% was observed in 25 (45.5 %) and 9/55 (16 %) evaluable pts respectively, with median treatment 33.3 weeks (95 %CI 28-59.3) (range 4-117+). Median survival is 18.6 months (95% CI 17.7-27+ ms). There are two profiles of clinical progression, immediate [12/55 (22%) pts] and delayed following benefit. Four Grade 3 adverse events included elevated liver function tests (2), hypertension, and hypokalemia. No pt required eplerenone for mineralocorticoid excess. No correlation between baseline S-T (median 23.7 ng/dl range <10-41) and bone marrow aspirate testosterone (BM-T) levels (median 15.4 ng/dl, range <10-81) was noted (Spearman's r 0.28, p= 0.2). Decline below detectable levels (<10 ng/dl) in S-T and BM-T occurred consistently in treated pts. Depleted baseline BM-T (<10 ng/dl) correlated with early progression (p=0.05). An
Genome of Deerpox Virus (2004)

Deerpox virus (DPV), an uncharacterized and unclassified member of the Poxviridae, has been isolated from North American free-ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) exhibiting mucocutaneous disease. Here we report the genomic sequence and comparative analysis of two pathogenic DPV isolates, W-848-83 (W83) and W-1170-84 (W84). The W83 and W84 genomes are 166 and 170 kbp, containing 169 and 170 putative genes, respectively. Nucleotide identity between DPVs is 95% over the central 157 kbp. W83 and W84 share similar gene orders and code for similar replicative, structural, virulence, and host range functions. DPV open reading frames (ORFs) with putative virulence and host range functions include those similar to cytokine receptors (R), including gamma interferon receptor (IFN-gammaR), interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R), and type 8 CC-chemokine receptors; cytokine binding proteins (BP), including IL-18BP, IFN-alpha/betaBP, and tumor necrosis factor binding protein (TNFBP); serpins; and homologues of vaccinia virus (VACV) E3L, K3L, and A52R proteins. DPVs also encode distinct forms of major histocompatibility complex class I, C-type lectin-like protein, and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1), a protein not previously described in a mammalian chordopoxvirus. Notably, DPV encodes homologues of cellular endothelin 2 and IL-1R antagonist, novel poxviral genes also likely involved in the manipulation of host responses. W83 and W84 differ from each other by the presence or absence of five ORFs. Specifically, homologues of a CD30 TNFR family protein, swinepox virus SPV019, and VACV E11L core protein are absent in W83, and homologues of TGF-beta1 and lumpy skin disease virus LSDV023 are absent in W84. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that DPVs are genetically distinct from viruses of other characterized poxviral genera and that they likely comprise a new genus within the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae.
Ruthenium-modified horse heart cytochrome c: effect of pH and ligation on the rate of intramolecular electron transfer between ruthenium(II) and heme(III) (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRuthenium-modified horse heart cytochrome c: effect of pH and ligation on the rate of intramolecular electron transfer between ruthenium(II) and heme(III)Rolf Bechtold, Mary B. Gardineer, Arif Kazmi, Bruno Van Hemelryck, and Stephan S. IsiedCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1986, 90, 16, 3800–3804Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100407a056https://doi.org/10.1021/j100407a056research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views107Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
A Point Mutation in the Amino Terminus of TLR7 Abolishes Signaling without Affecting Ligand Binding (2011)

TLR7 is the mammalian receptor for ssRNA and some nucleotide-like small molecules. We have generated a mouse by N-nitrose-N'-ethyl urea mutagenesis in which threonine 68 of TLR7 was substituted with isoleucine. Cells bearing this mutant TLR7 lost the sensitivity to the small-molecule TLR7 agonist resiquimod, hence the name TLR7(rsq1). In this work, we report the characterization of this mutant protein. Similar to the wild-type counterpart, TLR7(rsq1) localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and is expressed at normal levels in both primary cells and reconstituted 293T cells. In addition to small-molecule TLR7 agonists, TLR7(rsq1) fails to be activated by ssRNA. Whole-transcriptome analysis demonstrates that TLR7 is the exclusive and indispensable receptor for both classes of ligands, consistent with the fact that both ligands induce highly similar transcriptional signatures in TLR7(wt/wt) splenocytes. Thus, TLR7(rsq1) is a bona fide phenocopy of the TLR7 null mouse. Because TLR7(rsq1) binds to ssRNA, our studies imply that the N-terminal portion of TLR7 triggers a yet to be identified event on TLR7. TLR7(rsq1) mice might represent a valuable tool to help elucidate novel aspects of TLR7 biology.
Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells: Tissue Localization, Characterization, and Heterogeneity (2012)

Adipose tissue as a stem cell source is ubiquitously available and has several advantages compared to other sources. It is easily accessible in large quantities with minimal invasive harvesting procedure, and isolation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (ASCs) yields a high amount of stem cells, which is essential for stem-cell-based therapies and tissue engineering. Several studies have provided evidence that ASCs in situ reside in a perivascular niche, whereas the exact localization of ASCs in native adipose tissue is still under debate. ASCs are isolated by their capacity to adhere to plastic. Nevertheless, recent isolation and culture techniques lack standardization. Cultured cells are characterized by their expression of characteristic markers and their capacity to differentiate into cells from meso-, ecto-, and entodermal lineages. ASCs possess a high plasticity and differentiate into various cell types, including adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, hepatocytes, neural cells, and endothelial and epithelial cells. Nevertheless, recent studies suggest that ASCs are a heterogeneous mixture of cells containing subpopulations of stem and more committed progenitor cells. This paper summarizes and discusses the current knowledge of the tissue localization of ASCs in situ, their characterization and heterogeneity in vitro, and the lack of standardization in isolation and culture methods.
Crystal Structure of BMP-9 and Functional Interactions with Pro-region and Receptors (2005)

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a subset of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily, regulate a diverse array of cellular functions during development and in the adult. BMP-9 (also known as growth and differentiation factor (GDF)-2) potently induces osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, has been implicated in the differentiation of cholinergic neurons, and may help regulate glucose metabolism. We have determined the structure of BMP-9 to 2.3 A and examined the differences between our model and existing crystal structures of other BMPs, both in isolation and in complex with their receptors. TGF-beta ligands are translated as precursors, with pro-regions that generally dissociate after cleavage from the ligand, but in some cases (including GDF-8 and TGF-beta1, -2, and -3), the pro-region remains associated after secretion from the cell and inhibits binding of the ligand to its receptor. Although the proregion of BMP-9 remains tightly associated after secretion, we find, in several cell-based assays, that the activities of BMP-9 and BMP-9.pro-region complex were equivalent. Activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK-1), an orphan receptor in the TGF-beta family, was also identified as a potential receptor for BMP-9 based on surface plasmon resonance studies (BIAcore) and the ability of soluble ALK-1 to block the activity of BMP-9.pro-region complex in cell-based assays.
Plasma Free Amino Acid Profiling of Five Types of Cancer Patients and Its Application for Early Detection (2011)

These findings suggest that PFAA profiling has great potential for improving cancer screening and diagnosis and understanding disease pathogenesis. PFAA profiles can also be used to determine various disease diagnoses from a single blood sample, which involves a relatively simple plasma assay and imposes a lower physical burden on subjects when compared to existing screening methods.
pH‐dependent secretion of SseB, a product of the SPI‐2 type III secretion system of Salmonella typhimurium (1999)

The type III secretion system of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) is required for bacterial replication inside macrophages. SseB has been considered a putative target of the secretion system on the basis of its similarity with EspA, a protein secreted by the type III secretion system of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). EspA forms a filamentous structure on the bacterial cell surface and is involved in translocation of proteins into the eukaryotic cytosol. In this paper, we show that SseB is a secreted protein that associates with the surface of the bacterial cell and might, therefore, also be required for delivery of SPI-2 effector proteins to the eukaryotic cell cytosol. SseB begins to accumulate inside the bacterial cell when the culture enters early stationary phase. However, SseB is only secreted if the bacteria are grown at low pH or if the pH is shifted after growth from 7.0 to below pH 5.0. The secretion occurs within minutes of acidification and is totally dependent on a functional SPI-2 type III secretion system. As the pH of the Salmonella-containing vacuole inside host cells has been shown to acidify to between pH 4.0 and 5.0, and as SPI-2 gene expression occurs inside host cells, low pH might be a physiological stimulus for SPI-2-mediated secretion in vivo.
Regulation of eIF2α Phosphorylation by Different Functions That Act during Discrete Phases in the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Life Cycle (2003)

Multiple herpes simplex virus type 1 functions control translation by regulating phosphorylation of the initiation factor eIF2 on its alpha subunit. Both of the two known regulators, the gamma(1)34.5 and Us11 gene products, are produced late in the viral life cycle, although the gamma(1)34.5 gene is expressed prior to the gamma(2) Us11 gene, as gamma(2) genes require viral DNA replication for their expression while gamma(1) genes do not. The gamma(1)34.5 protein, through a GADD34-related domain, binds a cellular phosphatase (PP1alpha), maintaining pools of active, unphosphorylated eIF2. Infection of a variety of cultured cells with a gamma(1)34.5 mutant virus results in the accumulation of phosphorylated eIF2alpha and the inhibition of translation prior to the completion of the viral lytic program. Ectopic, immediate-early Us11 expression prevents eIF2alpha phosphorylation and the inhibition of translation observed in cells infected with a gamma(1)34.5 mutant by inhibiting activation of the cellular kinase PKR and the subsequent phosphorylation of eIF2alpha; however, a requirement for the Us11 protein, produced in its natural context as a gamma(2) polypeptide, remains to be demonstrated. To determine if Us11 regulates late translation, we generated two Us11 null viruses. In cells infected with a Us11 mutant, elevated levels of activated PKR and phosphorylated eIF2alpha were detected, viral translation rates were reduced 6- to 7-fold, and viral replication was reduced 13-fold compared to replication in cells infected with either wild-type virus or a virus in which the Us11 mutation was repaired. This establishes that the Us11 protein is critical for proper late translation rates. Moreover, it demonstrates that the shutoff of protein synthesis observed in cells infected with a gamma(1)34.5 mutant virus, previously ascribed solely to the gamma(1)34.5 mutation, actually results from the combined loss of gamma(1)34.5 and Us11 functions, as the gamma(2) Us11 mRNA is not translated in cells infected with a gamma(1)34.5 mutant.
Expression and regulation of kainate and AMPA receptors in the rat neural tube (1998)

We analyzed the expression and regulation of glutamate receptor subunits in the rat neural tube (10 day embryos) and in cell cultures derived from this tissue. In the cultures, all cells were stained with antibodies against the neural progenitor marker nestin. More than 50% of the cells were also stained by the monoclonal antibodies LB1 or A2B5, which bind to neuronal and glial progenitors. Approximately 6% of the cells were stained with antibodies for the low affinity NGF receptor, a neural crest cell marker. A small percentage of cells differentiated to neurons or astrocytes, as determined by staining with anti-neurofilament and anti-GFAP antibodies, respectively. RT-PCR analysis of neural tube tissue and culture mRNAs demonstrated that the AMPA receptor subunits GluR3 and 4 and the kainate receptor subunits GluR6, 7, KA1 and KA2 were detectable at E10. The kainate receptor subunits GluR6 and KA2 were upregulated by culture conditions which stimulated cell differentiation, as determined by concomitant downregulation of nestin mRNA. Both in neural tube tissue and in cultured cells, GluR6 was 100% unedited. Finally, both GluR6 and KA2 proteins could be detected in subpopulations of neural progenitors and differentiated neurons. Our data indicate that kainate receptor genes are expressed in undifferentiated progenitor cells of the neural tube at E10, and are upregulated during neural cell differentiation. J. Neurosci. Res. 52:356–368, 1998. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1 This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Perfect crystals grown from imperfect interfaces (2013)

The fabrication of advanced devices increasingly requires materials with different properties to be combined in the form of monolithic heterostructures. In practice this means growing epitaxial semiconductor layers on substrates often greatly differing in lattice parameters and thermal expansion coefficients. With increasing layer thickness the relaxation of misfit and thermal strains may cause dislocations, substrate bowing and even layer cracking. Minimizing these drawbacks is therefore essential for heterostructures based on thick layers to be of any use for device fabrication. Here we prove by scanning X-ray nanodiffraction that mismatched Ge crystals epitaxially grown on deeply patterned Si substrates evolve into perfect structures away from the heavily dislocated interface. We show that relaxing thermal and misfit strains result just in lattice bending and tiny crystal tilts. We may thus expect a new concept in which continuous layers are replaced by quasi-continuous crystal arrays to lead to dramatically improved physical properties.