gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive system-level diagnosis for hypercube multiprocessors (1996)

System-level diagnosis is an important technique for fault detection and location in multiprocessor computing systems. Efficient diagnosis is highly desirable for sustaining the original system power. Moreover, effective diagnosis is particularly important for a multiprocessor system with high scalability but low connectivity. Most of the existing results are not applicable in practice because of the high diagnosis cost and limited diagnosability. Over-d fault diagnosis, where d is the diagnosability, has only been addressed using a probabilistic method in the literature. Aiming at these two issues, we propose a hierarchical adaptive system-level diagnosis approach for hypercube systems using a divide-and-conquer strategy. We first propose a conceptual algorithm HADA to formulate a rigorous analysis. Then we present its practical variant IHADA. In HADA and IHADA, the over-d fault problem is inherently tackled through a deterministic method. Three measures for diagnosis cost (diagnosis time, number of tests, and number of test links) are analyzed for the proposed algorithms. It is proved that the diagnosis cost required by our approach is lower than in previous diagnosis algorithms. It is shown that the diagnosis cost for the proposed algorithms depends on the number and location of faulty units in the system and the cost is extremely low when only a small number of faulty units exist. It is also shown that our algorithms are characterized by lower costs than a pessimistic diagnosis algorithm which trades lower diagnosis cost for a lower degree of accuracy. Experimental results on the nCUBE are provided.
High performance optical lithography using a separated light source (1992)

In projection lithography systems with fly’s-eye elements, a virtual source is created as an array of approximately mutually incoherent point sources. This article describes light amplitude and phase simulations for an image of a mask illuminated by a point source. This article discusses the dependence on the point-source location for a plane perpendicular to the optical axis. An image projected by a separated light source, rather than a ring-shaped light source, improves due to interference effects between multiple apertures is shown. Resolution of 0.25 μm equal lines and spaces was improved experimentally at a wavelength of 365 nm and a numerical aperture of 0.54. Also, how an isolated pattern image can be improved theoretically using an optimally separated light source is shown.
Ion-Induced Interfacial Dynamics of Phospholipid Monolayers (2000)

Ion-induced interfacial dynamics of phospholipid monolayers were studied by various electrochemical techniques. The lipid monolayers were constructed by using the mercapto derivatives of natural lipids that were self-assembled directly onto gold electrode surfaces in a tails-down fashion. The supported lipid assemblies appeared to act as rather effective electron-tunneling barriers with K3Fe(CN)6 as the redox probe, despite a relatively low surface coverage and/or a disordered surface structure. Upon the stimulation by alkaline-earth ions, the lipid layers appeared to undergo surface reorganization, exposing part of the electrode surface which resulted in the formation of microscopic mass-transfer lipid channels. The dimensions and/or the number of these channels increased with increasing ion concentrations, and this ion-gate effect appeared to be quite selective, with the most pronounced effects observed among the series of alkaline-earth ions with Ca2+.
Inhibition of brain mitochondrial respiration by dopamine and its metabolites: implications for Parkinson's disease and catecholamine‐associated diseases (2004)

A structure-potency study examining the ability of dopamine (DA), its major metabolites and related amine and acetate congeners to inhibit NADH-linked mitochondrial O(2) consumption was carried out to elucidate mechanisms by which DA could induce mitochondrial dysfunction. In the amine studies, DA was the most potent inhibitor of respiration (IC(50) 7.0 mm) compared with 3-methoxytryramine (3-MT, IC(50) 19.6 mm), 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (IC(50) 28.6 mm), tyramine (IC(50) 40.3 mm) and phenylethylamine (IC(50) 58.7 mm). Addition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors afforded nearly complete protection against inhibition by phenylethylamine, tyramine and 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine, indicating that inhibition arose from MAO-mediated pathways. In contrast, the inhibitory effects of DA and 3-MT were only partially prevented by MAO blockade, suggesting that inhibition might also arise from two-electron catechol oxidation and quinone formation by DA and one-electron oxidation of the 4-hydroxyphenyl group of 3-MT. In the phenylacetate studies, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) was equipotent with DA in inhibiting respiration (IC(50) 7.4 mm), further implicating the catechol reaction as the cause of inhibition. All other carboxylate congeners; phenylacetic acid (IC(50) 13.0 mm), 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (IC(50) 12.1 mm), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid (HVA, IC(50) 12.0 mm) and 3,4-dimethoxyphenylacetic acid (IC(50) 10.2 mm), were equipotent respiratory inhibitors and two- to fourfold more potent than their corresponding amine. These latter findings suggest that the phenylacetate ion can also contribute independently to mitochondrial inhibition. In summary, mitochondrial respiration can be inhibited by DA and its metabolites by four distinct MAO-dependent and independent mechanisms.
Updating maps of soils through Landsat images (1995)

En Los mapas de suelos son basicos en estudios integrados que tratan del planeamiento de utilizacion de las tierras. Brasil y otros paises en desarrollo tienen muy pocas areas con mapas en escalas adecuadas y con limites entre suelos bien definidos. El objeto de la investigacion es el estudio de la utilidad de las caracteristicas espectrales de los suelos en la mejora de los mapas existentes. Imagenes Landsat/TM de una zona agricola en el Estado de Sao Paulo fueron procesadas en terminos digital y estadisticos con la finalidad de producir un nuevo mapa de suelos. Este nuevo mapa fue comparado con el mapa existente producido de forma tradicional. La metodologia fue utilizada en areas preparadas para la siembra, por tanto sin cubierta vegetal. Los autores acreditan que la metodologia puede ser empleada en muchas otras regiones agricolas
Animal models for arterial thrombolysis and prevention of reocclusion. Erythrocyte-rich versus platelet-rich thrombus. (1991)

Experimental animal models for erythrocyte-rich (ER) and platelet-rich (PR) arterial thrombosis were developed in dogs and rabbits and used for the evaluation of the effect of antithrombin and antiplatelet agents on thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activators (rt-PA). The canine models consist of a whole blood clot produced in the left anterior descending coronary artery (ER thrombus) or a 1-cm everted (inside-out) segment graft in the circumflex coronary artery that predisposes to occlusion with PR material (PR thrombus). The rabbit models consist of a femoral arterial whole blood clot (ER thrombus) or a femoral arterial eversion graft (PR thrombus). The whole blood clot models are sensitive to recanalization with rt-PA but are consistently associated with reocclusion, notwithstanding the concomitant use of heparin and/or aspirin. Clot lysis is accelerated and reocclusion is prevented by the administration of F(ab')2 fragments of a monoclonal antibody 7E3 directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor; of Argatroban, a synthetic thrombin inhibitor; or of kistrin, a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa-blocking polypeptide from the Malayan pit viper venom. The PR thrombus models are very resistant to recanalization with rt-PA, but this resistance can be overcome by the concomitant use of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa-blocking antibody. Thus, selective platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors are more effective than aspirin, heparin, or both in accelerating arterial thrombolysis with rt-PA; in preventing reocclusion after clot lysis; and in overcoming the resistance of PR thrombus to dispersion with rt-PA. These experimental animal models may be useful in the development of improved thrombolytic strategies using plasminogen activators in conjunction with specifically targeted antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents.
Studies in the Indole Series. VI. On the Synthesis of Oxytryptophan and Further Studies of 3-Alkylation of Oxindoles1 (1935)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies in the Indole Series. VI. On the Synthesis of Oxytryptophan and Further Studies of 3-Alkylation of Oxindoles1Percy L. Julian, Josef Pikl, and Frank E. WantzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1935, 57, 11, 2026–2029Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1935Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1935https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01314a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01314a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views338Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Molecular dissection of the myelinated axon (1993)

The membrane of the myelinated axon expresses a rich repertoire of physiologically active molecules: (1) Voltage-sensitive NA+ channels are clustered at high density (approximately 1,000/microns 2) in the nodal axon membrane and are present at lower density (< 25/microns 2) in the internodal axon membrane under the myelin. Na+ channels are also present within Schwann cell processes (in peripheral nerve) and perinodal astrocyte processes (in the central nervous system) which contact the Na+ channel-rich axon membrane at the node. In some demyelinated fibers, the bared (formerly internodal) axon membrane reorganizes and expresses a higher-than-normal Na+ channel density, providing a basis for restoration of conduction. The presence of glial cell processes, adjacent to foci of Na+ channels in immature and demyelinated axons, suggests that glial cells participate in the clustering of Na+ channels in the axon membrane. (2) "Fast" K+ channels, sensitive to 4-aminopyridine, are present in the paranodal or internodal axon membrane under the myelin; these channels may function to prevent reexcitation following action potentials, or participate in the generation of an internodal resting potential. (3) "Slow" K+ channels, sensitive to tetraethylammonium, are present in the nodal axon membrane and, in lower densities, in the internodal axon membrane; their activation produces a hyperpolarizing afterpotential which modulates repetitive firing. (4) The "inward rectifier" is activated by hyperpolarization. This channel is permeable to both Na+ and K+ ions and may modulate axonal excitability or participate in ionic reuptake following activity. (5) Na+/K(+)-ATPase and (6) Ca(2+)-ATPase are also present in the axon membrane and function to maintain transmembrane gradients of Na+, K+, and Ca2+. (7) A specialized antiporter molecule, the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, is present in myelinated axons within central nervous system white matter. Following anoxia, the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger mediates an influx of Ca2+ which damages the axon. The molecular organization of the myelinated axon has important pathophysiological implications. Blockade of fast K+ channels and Na+/K(+)-ATPase improves action potential conduction in some demyelinated axons, and block of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger protects white matter axons from anoxic injury. Modification of ion channels, pumps, and exchangers in myelinated fibers may thus provide an important therapeutic approach for a number of neurological disorders.
Epigenetics of induced pluripotency, the seven-headed dragon (2010)

Induction of pluripotency from somatic cells by exogenous transcription factors is made possible by a variety of epigenetic changes that take place during the reprogramming process. The derivation of fully reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is achieved through establishment of embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like epigenetic architecture permitting the reactivation of key endogenous pluripotency-related genes, establishment of appropriate bivalent chromatin domains and DNA hypomethylation of genomic heterochromatic regions. Restructuring of the epigenetic landscape, however, is a very inefficient process and the vast majority of the induced cells fail to complete the reprogramming process. Optimal ESC-like epigenetic reorganization is necessary for all reliable downstream uses of iPS cells, including in vitro modeling of disease and clinical applications. Here, we discuss the key advancements in the understanding of dynamic epigenetic changes taking place over the course of the reprogramming process and how aberrant epigenetic remodeling may impact downstream applications of iPS cell technology.
Enhanced functionality of cantilever based mass sensors using higher modes (2005)

By positioning a single gold particle at different locations along the length axis on a cantilever based mass sensor, we have investigated the effect of mass position on the mass responsivity and compared the results to simulations. A significant improvement in quality factor and responsivity was achieved by operating the cantilever in the fourth bending mode thereby increasing the intrinsic sensitivity. It is shown that the use of higher bending modes grants a spatial resolution and thereby enhances the functionality of the cantilever based mass sensor.
Synthesis and antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide analogs. 3. Preparation, molecular structure determination, and anticancer screening of racemic cis- and trans-4-phenylcyclophosphamide (1980)

Cyclization of racemic 3-amino-3-phenyl-1-propranol with bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphoramidic dichloride gave a diastereomeric mixture of 4-phenylcyclophosphamide (3), which was chromatographically separated into the faster and slower eluting components. A combination of 1H/31PNMR and IR spectral data indicated that the faster and slower racemates correspond to cis-3 (mp 129-130 degrees C) and trans-3 (mp 112-114.5 degrees C), respectively. The molecular structure of the former compound was determined by X-ray crystallography and thereby unambiguously established the cis relationship between equatorially disposed phenyl and P = O substituents in a chair conformation. These results confirm the stereochemical assignments for cis- and trans-3 which have been independently deduced by Y. E. Shih, J. S. Wang, and C. T. Chen [Heterocycles, 9, 1277 (1978)]. Anticancer screening tests against L1210 lymphoid leukemia in mice have revealed that, while both diastereomers of 3 afford toxic metabolites, trans-3 led to therapeutic activity and cis-3 did not. The relevance of these findings to results reported for 4-methylcyclophosphamide and cyclophosphamide is briefly discussed.
Rapid diagnosis of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 infection with the Binax enzyme immunoassay urinary antigen test (1997)

The Binax legionella urinary antigen (LUA) enzyme immunoassay (Binax, Portland, Maine) was evaluated in 159 patients with suspected or proven legionellosis and 209 controls. A positive LUA test was found in 37% of patients with suspected legionellosis overall and in 83% of those with proven Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 infection. The sensitivity of the LUA test was significantly greater than that of the direct fluorescent-antigen test (83 versus 42%; P < 0.0001) but not significantly different from that of culture (85%) or serology (91%); specificity was at least 99.5%.
In vitro Affinity Maturation of Hucal Antibodies: Complementarity Determining Region Exchange and Rapmat Technology (2009)

Monoclonal antibodies gain ever-increasing importance in the treatment of human diseases across a broad range of indications. Diverse technologies currently exist, which are used to generate recombinant therapeutic antibodies that are basically indistinguishable from naturally occurring human immunoglobulins. We describe how human combinatorial antibody libraries are used together with unique optimization techniques to produce such therapeutically relevant proteins, for instance in the areas of oncology and inflammation.
Graft-Wall Endoleak 18 Months After Successful Endoluminal AAA Repair (1999)

This case suggests that the use of thin-walled graft material in endografts may not be sufficiently durable.
Reconstitution of a functional interleukin 2 receptor in a nonlymphoid cell. (1987)

The maintenance of T lymphocytes which are important effectors of immune responses requires the T cell growth factor, interleukin 2 (IL-2). The binding of IL-2 to specific cell-surface receptors (IL-2R) has previously been shown to be essential to the growth and proliferation of activated lymphocytes. A human IL-2R cDNA sequence, placed under the control of the SV40 transcriptional promoter and enhancer, has been transfected into murine L cells. Single cell analysis by autoradiography was used to show that fibroblastic L cells, stably expressing human IL-2R, respond to stimulation with IL-2 by DNA synthesis and proliferation. This response is specifically blocked by the addition of an anti-IL-2R monoclonal antibody, anti-Tac, as previously reported. Neither nonspecific antisera nor 7G7/B6, an anti-IL-2R monoclonal antibody which does not interfere with IL-2 binding to its receptor, had any effect on this response. The induction of DNA synthesis by IL-2 is both rapid and dose-dependent. The ability of IL-2 to stimulate these transfected L cells to proliferate demonstrates that a lymphoid environment is not required for the functional interaction between IL-2 and its receptor, and provides a unique model system for the investigation of the molecular basis for the cellular events mediated by IL-2.
Accumulation of Histones in Cell Lysates Precedes Expression of Apoptosis‐Related Phagocytosis Signals in Human Lymphoblasts (2003)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the production of autoantibodies directed against several nuclear components, such as DNA and histones. Apoptosis was induced in activated human lymphoblasts (n = 6) by UV-B irradiation for 30 sec followed by continuous culturing. An extranuclear accumulation of the nucleosomal histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 in cell lysates was observed very early in the process of apoptosis, even before phosphatidylserine externalization occurred on the outer membrane surface of apoptotically dying lymphoblasts. We hypothesize that a dysregulation of apoptosis during these early phases may contribute to the induction of autoimmunity against nuclear autoantigens as seen in SLE.
Sub-30nm alignment accuracy between layered photonic nanostructures using optimized nanomagnet arrays (2008)

We present experimental results indicating fine alignment of stacked nanopatterned silicon nitride membranes to better than 30 nm. The initial coarse alignment via membrane folding was 2 mum, which gives a coarse-to-fine alignment improvement of more than 60times. Alignment was achieved by using the attractive force between arrays of nanomagnets patterned on the membranes before folding. Optical gratings and circular voids forming a 3D photonic crystal-like structure were patterned before membrane release and self-aligned after folding. Alignment performance was maintained during multiple folding and unfolding operations.
Functional Nanoscale Electronic Devices Assembled Using Silicon Nanowire Building Blocks (2001)

Because semiconductor nanowires can transport electrons and holes, they could function as building blocks for nanoscale electronics assembled without the need for complex and costly fabrication facilities. Boron- and phosphorous-doped silicon nanowires were used as building blocks to assemble three types of semiconductor nanodevices. Passive diode structures consisting of crossed p- and n-type nanowires exhibit rectifying transport similar to planar p-n junctions. Active bipolar transistors, consisting of heavily and lightly n-doped nanowires crossing a common p-type wire base, exhibit common base and emitter current gains as large as 0.94 and 16, respectively. In addition, p- and n-type nanowires have been used to assemble complementary inverter-like structures. The facile assembly of key electronic device elements from well-defined nanoscale building blocks may represent a step toward a "bottom-up" paradigm for electronics manufacturing.
Multi-channel SAW chemical sensor using 90 MHz SAW resonator and partial casting molecular films (1994)

The objective of the present study is to build a. chemical sensor utilizing the features of SAW devices. We developed the fine casting method (which was named as “droplet-surface casting method”), and deposited several kinds of adsorption films on a SAW device with a multi-channel structure. The device was ST cut quartz 90 MHz SAW resonator chips, each of which has two resonators on a substrate. We constructed a four channel odor sensing system that has one reference channel and three sensing channels using two chips of the device, and measured the response pattern of organic solvents which have same carbon number and different atomic group. We compared SAW sensors with quartz crystal microbalance ones, in terms of chemical sensor sensitivity due to using the mass loading effect
Changes in Sleep-Wakefulness after Kainic Acid Lesion of the Preoptic Area in Rats. (1994)

The role of the preoptic area (POA) neurons in the regulation of sleep-wakefulness (S-W) has been investigated in this study. The cell-specific neurotoxin, kainic acid (KA), was injected (0.8 microgram in 0.2 microliter) intracerebrally for lesioning of the POA. S-W was assessed (on the basis of EEG, EMG, and EOG recordings) for a day before bilateral lesion of the POA, and for 3 weeks after the lesion. There was an increase in wakefulness, and a decrease in all the stages of sleep after KA lesion of the POA. The reduction in deep slow wave sleep (S2) and REM sleep (PS) were more marked than light slow wave sleep (S1), and these had not shown any recovery even after 3 weeks of lesion. Two days after the lesion, the reduction in sleep was much more marked during the daytime than at night. There was an increase in locomotor activity, especially during the daytime, though it was only statistically significant on the 6th and the 10th day after the lesion. This study shows that the POA neurons are involved in the induction and maintenance of sleep. The lesion did not have a long lasting effect on the circadian distribution of sleep but the changes in locomotor activity seem to persist for a longer period.