gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Potential Role of NKG2D/MHC Class I-Related Chain A Interaction in Intrathymic Maturation of Single-Positive CD8 T Cells (2003)

The nonclassical MHC class I molecule MHC class I-related chain A (MICA) interacts with the NKG2D receptor expressed at the surface of most peripheral CD8 T cells, gammadelta T cells, and NK cells. We investigated the role of MICA-NKG2D interactions in the selection or maturation of the T cell repertoire within the thymus using MICA tetramers and anti-MICA mAbs. MICA tetramers identified a small population of late stage CD8 single-positive, CD45RA(+) CD62L(+) CCR7(+) CD69(-) thymocytes, a phenotype compatible with that of fully mature CD8(+) cells ready to emigrate to the periphery as naive cells. MICA molecules were expressed in the outer layer of Hassal's corpuscles within the medulla of normal thymus. In thymomas, an overexpression of MICA in cortical and medullar epithelial cells was observed. This was associated with a decreased percentage of NKG2D-positive thymocytes, which expressed a less mature phenotype than in normal thymus. These results indicate that CD8(+) thymocytes up-regulate NKG2D as they complete their developmental program before leaving the thymic medulla to seed the periphery, and identify NKG2D as a potential regulator of the developmental processes in T cells that are essential for immune homeostasis.
STUDENT PAPER: A Hardware-Assisted Tool for Fast, Full Code Coverage Analysis (2008)

Software reliability can be improved by using code coverage analysis to ensure that all statements are executed at least once during the testing process. When full code coverage information is obtained through software code instrumentation, high runtime performance overheads are incurred. Techniques that perform deferred or selective code instrumentation have shown success in reducing run-time overheads; however, the execution profile remains distorted. Techniques have been proposed that use internal processor hardware during the data gathering process, e.g. program counter logging. These approaches have been shown to reduce overheads; but currently trade swift execution for sparse code coverage. By combining the branch-vector hardware designed for debugging modern embedded processors with ondemand code coverage analysis, we have developed a new tool which provides full code coverage, while minimizing performance distortions. Experimental results show a performance impact of only 8 - 12%, while still providing 100% code coverage information.
Diffusion Bonding of Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O High-Tc Superconductors (1990)

Diffusion bonding of Bi-system ceramic rods produced by the melt-pump-up method was accomplished without dissimilar insert materials under a wide range of bonding conditions. Results showed that T c , J c and shear strength of the bonded joints were almost identical to those of the bulk.
Electron proton instability in the CSNS ring (2009)

The electron proton (e-p) instability has been observed in many proton accelerators. It will induce transverse beam size blow-up, cause beam loss and restrict the machine performance. Much research work has been done on the causes, dynamics and cures of this instability. A simulation code is developed to study the e-p instability in the ring of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS).
Temporary Circulatory Occlusion to the Brain of the Hypothermic Dog (1956)

The protective effect of hypothermia against brain damage by ischemia has been well demonstrated clinically. Interruption of the circulation for up to nine minutes in open-heart surgery 1 and occlusion of the cerebral circulation for up to eight minutes in neurosurgical procedures * have been successfully accomplished. The clinical use of hypothermia presupposes that the brain takes part in the generalized reduction of tissue metabolism with cooling. That it does so was demonstrated in 1954 by Rosomoff and Holaday, 2 who found a linear fall in cerebral oxygen consumption in the dog as the temperature was lowered from 35 C to 26 C; at 26 C a threefold reduction in oxygen consumption had occurred. It is possible, therefore, that the dog at 26 C tolerates total arrest of blood flow to the brain for a period roughly three times as long as would a normothermic animal. By using graded occlusion
PU.1, Interferon Regulatory Factor 1, and Interferon Consensus Sequence-binding Protein Cooperate to Increase gp91 Expression (1998)

gp91(phox) is a subunit of the phagocyte respiratory burst oxidase catalytic unit. Transcription of CYBB, the gene encoding gp91(phox), is restricted to terminally differentiated phagocytic cells. An element in the proximal CYBB promoter binds a protein complex, referred to as hematopoiesis-associated factor (HAF1), that is necessary for interferon-gamma (IFNgamma)-induced gp91(phox) expression. In these investigations, we determined that HAF1 was a multiprotein complex, cross-immunoreactive with the transcription factors PU.1, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), and interferon consensus sequence-binding protein (ICSBP). In electrophoretic mobility shift assay, the HAF1 complex was reconstituted by either in vitro translated PU.1 with IRF-1 or PU.1 with ICSBP, but not by IRF-1 with ICSBP. HAF1a, a slower mobility complex with the same binding site specificity as HAF1, was also investigated. Similar to the HAF1 complex, the HAF1a complex was cross-immunoreactive with PU. 1, IRF-1, and ICSBP. Unlike the HAF1 complex, reconstitution of the HAF1a complex required in vitro translated PU.1 with both IRF-1 and ICSBP. An artificial promoter construct containing the HAF1/HAF1a binding site was modestly activated in the myelomonocytic cell line U937 by co-transfection either with PU.1 and IRF-1 or with PU.1 and ICSBP, but it was strongly activated by co-transfection with PU.1, IRF-1, and ICSBP. This activation required serine 148-phosphorylated PU.1. These studies describe a novel mechanism for PU.1 transcriptional activation via interaction with both IRF-1 and ICSBP, a target gene for the interaction of IRF-1 with ICSBP, and a novel activation function for ICSBP as a component of a multiprotein complex.
Spherical hydrogen pellet generator for magnetic confinement fusion research (1981)

The design and operation of a cryogenic pellet generator is described. The device is capable of producing spherical solid hydrogen pellets of sufficient size and repetition rate to meet prospective refueling requirements of near term tokamak fusion machines. It accelerates pellets to speeds in excess of 102 m/s by gas dynamic drag techniques and has achieved initial injection into the APEX tokamak at Argonne National Laboratory. A discussion of gas dynamic drag acceleration techniques is presented with an evaluation of their significance to pellet acceleration technology.
Variant Alzheimer Disease With Spastic paraparesis: Neuropathological phenotype (2001)

Variant Alzheimer disease (varAD) is clinically characterized by the combination of presenile dementia with spastic paraparesis and is caused by certain mutations of the presenilin 1 (PS-1) gene. We now present the unusual neuropathological phenotype of varAD as seen in 5 affected members of the original Finnish family with a genomic deletion encompassing exon 9 of the PS-1 gene. Their primary and association cortices and hippocampus showed a profusion of eosinophilic, roundish structures with distinct borders termed "cotton wool" plaques (CWPs). The CWPs were immunoreactive for Abeta42/43 but weakly or not at all for Abeta40 isoforms of the amyloid beta peptide (Abeta). They were devoid of a congophilic core, and fibrillar amyloid could not be identified within them by electron microscopy. Confocal microscopy showed reduced density of axons within individual CWPs and only few CWP-related PHF-tau-positive dystrophic neurites. CWPs were particularly numerous in the medial motor cortex representing the lower extremities, and degeneration of the lateral corticospinal tracts was observed at the level of the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord. In addition to the predominant CWPs, variable numbers of diffuse and cored plaques were found in the cerebral cortex. Diffuse and non-neuritic cored amyloid plaques but no CWPs occurred in the cerebellum. In conclusion, varAD in this Finnish family is distinct from classic AD because of the degeneration of lateral corticospinal tracts, predominance of CWPs devoid of fibrillar amyloid cores in the cerebral cortex, and presence of non-neuritic amyloid plaques in the cerebellum.
ZEB represses transcription through interaction with the corepressor CtBP (1999)

ZEB is an active transcriptional repressor that regulates lymphocyte and muscle differentiation in vertebrates. Its homologue in Drosophila (zfh-1) is also essential for differentiation of somatic and cardiac muscle. Here, we demonstrate that ZEB and zfh-1 interact with the corepressor CtBP to repress transcription. ZEB and zfh-1, both contain the sequence PLDLS in the same region of the repressor domain, and we demonstrate that this sequence binds CtBP-1 and -2. In vertebrate species, ZEB contains two additional CtBP-like binding sites (variations of the PLDLS sequence) that also bind CtBP proteins and are required for full repressor activity. The three sites have an additive effect, and mutation of all three sites is necessary to abolish both binding to CtBP and repressor activity. Finally, we demonstrate that the interaction of CtBP with ZEB at the promoter is necessary for repressor activity.
Risk factors associated with horse-falls in UK Class 1 Steeplechases: 1999-2011 (2014)

Prior research has studied risk factors associated with horse-falls during racing but is now dated. This study investigated if risk factors associated with Class 1 steeplechase race horse-falls concur with those in prior research, and related these to current prophylactics strategies designed to enhance racehorse welfare. Factors associated with horse-falls and clinical injury were collected via the Racingpost website for Class 1 steeplechase races (n=647; 6454 horses) between 1999 and 2011. Data were analysed using a logistic regression model, with a Poisson fit. Speed, number of runners, distance and soft going all resulted in more falls; differences in risk between grades existed. Whilst some factors remained high risk as previously identified, some have reduced suggesting scope remains for improving preventative strategies and thus racehorse welfare.
Applications of temporal links: recording and replaying virtual environments (2003)

Temporal links allow recordings of multi-user sessions to be dynamically inserted into current virtual worlds in a flexible and principled way. We explore key applications of temporal links, showing how they can add new content to virtual worlds, support usability and system evaluation, and link VR to other media such as film and television. These applications illustrate just some of the possibilities of a ubiquitous and flexible record and replay facility such as temporal links. Building on our experience of implementing temporal links in the MASSIVE-3 system, we identify key requirements for system architectures that wish to support an equivalent mechanism.
Whisker growth after removal of the dermal papilla and lengths of follicle in the hooded rat. (1966)

It is generally agreed that the dermal papilla is a vital component of the hair and feather follicle. Lillie & Wang (1941, 1944) and Wang (1943) have shown for feather follicles that if the dermal papilla, which normally maintains its integrity throughout the growth cycles, and its ectodermal investment are removed from the follicle, feather production ceases. However, if a dermal papilla is transplanted into these ‘deprived’ follicles, renewed feather growth is induced. An inductive property is also ascribed to the dermal papilla of the hair follicle (Chase, 1955; Cohen, 1961). Chase has suggested that in the hair follicle the dermal papilla retains its integrity throughout the growth cycles and induces renewed follicle activity at the end of telogen. However, relatively little experimental work has been performed on the dermal papilla of the hair follicle to determine the exact role of the papilla in follicle maintenance and hair growth.
11. Molecular genetics of Alzheimer's disease (1989)

Four genes have thus far been implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A series of mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene on chromosome 21, which cause disease with a typical onset of 55 years of age, have been described. These include mutations at APP670/671, APP692, and APP717. The epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene on chromosome 19 is positively associated with disease, whereas the epsilon 2 allele is usually negatively associated with disease. Mutations in the S182 gene on chromosome 14 seem to cause disease with an onset age of < 50 years and mutations in a gene on chromosome 1 (S182 Like Protein: S182LP) cause disease with variable onset. These genetic findings are reviewed within the framework of the amyloid cascade hypothesis of AD etiology and pathogenesis. The occurrence and effects of the mutations in APP and the fact that the epsilon 4 allele of ApoE are genetic risk factors point to the hypothesis that the extracellular deposition of beta-amyloid is the key initiating event in the pathogenesis of AD.
The Role of Nitric Oxide in Uveitis (1994)

By inhibiting nitric oxide synthesis, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester inhibits the induction of endotoxin-induced uveitis in the rat. This observation demonstrates that nitric oxide is an important mediator of anterior uveitis in this model system and suggests that nitric oxide may also be implicated in human uveitis.
4-1BB Agonists: Multi-Potent Potentiators of Tumor Immunity (2015)

Immunotherapy is a rapidly expanding field of oncology aimed at targeting, not the tumor itself, but the immune system combating the cancerous lesion. Of the many approaches currently under study to boost anti-tumor immune responses; modulation of immune co-receptors on lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment has thus far proven to be the most effective. Antibody blockade of the T cell co-inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) has become the first FDA approved immune checkpoint blockade; however, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes express a diverse array of additional stimulatory and inhibitory co-receptors, which can be targeted to boost tumor immunity. Among these, the co-stimulatory receptor 4-1BB (CD137/TNFSF9) possesses an unequaled capacity for both activation and pro-inflammatory polarization of anti-tumor lymphocytes. While functional studies of 4-1BB have focused on its prominent role in augmenting cytotoxic CD8 T cells, 4-1BB can also modulate the activity of CD4 T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. 4-1BB's expression on both T cells and antigen presenting cells, coupled with its capacity to promote survival, expansion, and enhanced effector function of activated T cells, has made it an alluring target for tumor immunotherapy. In contrast to immune checkpoint blocking antibodies, 4-1BB agonists can both potentiate anti-tumor and anti-viral immunity, while at the same time ameliorating autoimmune disease. Despite this, 4-1BB agonists can trigger high grade liver inflammation which has slowed their clinical development. In this review, we discuss how the underlying immunobiology of 4-1BB activation suggests the potential for therapeutically synergistic combination strategies in which immune adverse events can be minimized.
The Janus Kinase Family and Signaling Through Members of the Cytokine Receptor Superfamily (1994)

Many cytokines initiate cellular responses through their interaction with members of the cytokine receptor superfamily which contain no catalytic domains in their cytoplasmic domains. Irrespective, ligand binding induces tyrosine phosphorylation, which requires a membrane proximal region of the cytoplasmic domain. Recent studies have shown that members of the Janus kinase (JAK) family of protein tyrosine kinases associate with the membrane proximal region, are rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated following ligand binding and their in vitro kinase activity is activated. The JAKs are 130-kDa proteins which lack SH2/SH3 domains and contain two kinase domains, an active domain and a second kinase-like domain. Individual receptors associate with, or require, one or more of the three known family members including JAK1, JAK2, and tyk2. Substrates of the JAKs include the 91-kDa and 113-kDa proteins of the interferon-stimulated transcription complex ISGF3. These proteins, when tyrosine phosphorylated, migrate to the nucleus and participate in the activation of gene transcription. Recent evidence suggests that the 91- and 113-kDa proteins are members of a large family of genes that are potential substrates of JAK family members and may regulate a variety of genes involved in cell growth, differentiation or function.
Ketamine augmentation of electroconvulsive therapy to improve neuropsychological and clinical outcomes in depression (Ketamine-ECT): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, superiority trial (2017)

National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation (EME) programme, an MRC and NIHR partnership.
Report of the 22nd Annual Congress of the International Liver Transplantation Society (2016)

The 2016 Annual Congress of the International Liver Transplantation Society was held in Seoul, South Korea in May. The 22nd Congress marked the largest multidisciplinary liver transplantation meeting in Asia since 2010. The principal themes were living donation, allocation, immunosuppression, machine preservation, novel treatment of hepatitis C, and expansion of the deceased-donor allograft pool. This report presents select abstracts from the scientific sessions within the context of the published literature to serve as a quick reference.
Spin-Torque Switching with the Giant Spin Hall Effect of Tantalum (2012)

Spin currents can apply useful torques in spintronic devices. The spin Hall effect has been proposed as a source of spin current, but its modest strength has limited its usefulness. We report a giant spin Hall effect (SHE) in β-tantalum that generates spin currents intense enough to induce efficient spin-torque switching of ferromagnets at room temperature. We quantify this SHE by three independent methods and demonstrate spin-torque switching of both out-of-plane and in-plane magnetized layers. We furthermore implement a three-terminal device that uses current passing through a tantalum-ferromagnet bilayer to switch a nanomagnet, with a magnetic tunnel junction for read-out. This simple, reliable, and efficient design may eliminate the main obstacles to the development of magnetic memory and nonvolatile spin logic technologies.
Experiences with content addressable storage and virtual disks (2008)

Efficiently managing storage is important for virtualized computing environments. Its importance is magnified by developments such as cloud computing which consolidate many thousands of virtual machines (and their associated storage). The nature of this storage is such that there is a large amount of duplication between otherwise discreet virtual machines. Building upon previous work in content addressable storage, we have built a prototype for consolidating virtual disk images using a service-oriented file system. It provides a hierarchical organization, manages historical snapshots of drive images, and takes steps to optimize encoding based on partition type and file system. In this paper we present our experiences with building this prototype and using it to store a variety of drive images for QEMU and the Linux Kernel Virtual Machine (KVM). 1
Induction of a cyclic AMP-responsive gene in living cells requires the nuclear factor CREB. (1991)

We constructed cell lines containing various enhancer elements cloned upstream from a marker gene. By microinjection of specific antibodies directed against transcriptional activator proteins into these cell lines, we have developed a functional assay for factors which regulate the activity of target promoters. Here we show that microinjection of a highly specific antibody to the cyclic AMP enhancer element-binding (CREB) protein diminishes gene expression in response to cyclic AMP in living fibroblasts.
Clock Scheduling and Clocktree Construction for High Performance ASICS (2003)

In this paper we present a new method for clock scheduling and clocktree construction that improves the performance of high-end ASICs significantly. First, we compute a clock schedule that yields the optimum cycle time and the best possible clock distribution with respect to early and late mode; in particular the number of critical tests is minimized. Second, individual arrival time intervals are computed for all endpoints of the clocktree. Finally, we construct a clocktree that realizes arrival times within these intervals and exploits positive slacks to save power consumption. We demonstrate the superiority of our method to previous approaches by experimental results on industrial ASICs with up to 194000 registers and more than 160 clock domains. We improved the clock frequencies by 5-28% up to 1.033 GHz (in hardware).
Proteolytic Processing of Sapovirus ORF1 Polyprotein (2005)

The genome of Sapovirus (SaV), a causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans and swine, contains either two or three open reading frames (ORFs). Functional motifs characteristic to the 2C-like NTPase (NTPase), VPg, 3C-like protease (Pro), 3D-like RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Pol), and capsid protein (VP1) are encoded in the ORF1 polyprotein, which is afterwards cleaved into the nonstructural and structural proteins. We recently determined the complete genome sequence of a novel human SaV strain, Mc10, which has two ORFs. To investigate the proteolytic cleavage of SaV ORF1 and the function of protease on the cleavage, both full-length and truncated forms of the ORF1 polyprotein either with or without mutation in (1171)Cys to Ala of the GDCG motif were expressed in an in vitro coupled transcription-translation system. The translation products were analyzed directly by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or by immunoprecipitation with region-specific antibodies. The ORF1 polyprotein was processed into at least 10 major proteins: p11, p28, p35, p32, p14, p70, p60, p66, p46, and p120. Seven of these products were arranged in the following order: NH(2)-p11-p28-p35(NTPase)-p32-p14(VPg)-p70(Pro-Pol)-p60(VP1)-COOH. p66, p46 and p120 were precursors of p28-p35 (NTPase), p32-p14 (VPg), and p32-p14 (VPg)-p70 (Pro-Pol), respectively. Mutagenesis in the 3C-like protease motif fully abolished the proteolytic activity. The cleavage map of SaV ORF1 is similar to those of other heretofore known members of the family Caliciviridae, especially to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, a member of the genus Lagovirus.