gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amygdala, Medial Prefrontal Cortex, and Hippocampal Function in PTSD (2006)

The last decade of neuroimaging research has yielded important information concerning the structure, neurochemistry, and function of the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Neuroimaging research reviewed in this article reveals heightened amygdala responsivity in PTSD during symptomatic states and during the processing of trauma-unrelated affective information. Importantly, amygdala responsivity is positively associated with symptom severity in PTSD. In contrast, medial prefrontal cortex appears to be volumetrically smaller and is hyporesponsive during symptomatic states and the performance of emotional cognitive tasks in PTSD. Medial prefrontal cortex responsivity is inversely associated with PTSD symptom severity. Lastly, the reviewed research suggests diminished volumes, neuronal integrity, and functional integrity of the hippocampus in PTSD. Remaining research questions and related future directions are presented.
Requirement for Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in Epidermal Growth Factor-Induced AP-1 Transactivation and Transformation in JB6 P+ Cells (1996)

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) plays a role in a variety of biological processes, including regulation of gene expression, cell growth, and differentiation. However, little is known about its role in the cytoplasmic events involved in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced transduction of signals to the transcriptional machinery of the nucleus and in EGF-induced cell transformation. In this study, we examined whether PI 3-kinase is a mediator for the activation of AP-1 and neoplastic transformation by EGF in the murine epidermal cell line JB6. The results showed the following. (i) EGF not only induced a high level of PI 3-kinase activity by itself but also enhanced insulin-induced PI 3-kinase activity in JB6 P+ cells, the EGF-induced PI-3 kinase activity could be blocked by constitutive overexpression of a dominant negative P85 subunit of PI 3-kinase (deltaP85), and insulin could markedly promote EGF-induced AP-1 activity in a dose-dependent manner in JB6 P+ cells as well as promote EGF-induced JB6 P+ cell transformation. (ii) Inhibition of PI-3 kinase with wortmannin or LY294002 markedly decreased the AP-1 activity induced by insulin, EGF, or EGF and insulin in a dose-dependent manner, while wortmannin did not block UVB-induced AP-1 activity. (iii) AP-1 activation by insulin, EGF, or EGF and insulin could be completely inhibited by overexpression of deltaP85 in all the dose and time courses studied. (iv) Inhibitors of PI 3-kinase (wortmannin and LY294002) and stable overexpression of deltaP85 inhibited EGF-induced transformation but had no significant inhibitory effect on cell proliferation induced by EGF or EGF and insulin. These results demonstrate for the first time that PI 3-kinase appears to be required for EGF- or insulin-induced AP-1 transactivation and cell transformation but not cell proliferation in JB6 cells.
Loss Functions for Image Restoration With Neural Networks (2016)

Neural networks are becoming central in several areas of computer vision and image processing and different architectures have been proposed to solve specific problems. The impact of the loss layer of neural networks, however, has not received much attention in the context of image processing: the default and virtually only choice is ℓ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> . In this paper, we bring attention to alternative choices for image restoration. In particular, we show the importance of perceptually-motivated losses when the resulting image is to be evaluated by a human observer. We compare the performance of several losses, and propose a novel, differentiable error function. We show that the quality of the results improves significantly with better loss functions, even when the network architecture is left unchanged.
Phenylketonuria: a review of current and future treatments. (2015)

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency in the hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). If left untreated, the main clinical feature is intellectual disability. Treatment, which includes a low Phe diet supplemented with amino acid formulas, commences soon after diagnosis within the first weeks of life. Although dietary treatment has been successful in preventing intellectual disability in early treated PKU patients, there are major issues with dietary compliance due to palatability of the diet. Other potential issues associated with dietary therapy include nutritional deficiencies especially vitamin D and B12. Suboptimal outcomes in cognitive and executive functioning have been reported in patients who adhere poorly to dietary therapy. There have been continuous attempts at improving the quality of medical foods including their palatability. Advances in dietary therapy such as the use of large neutral amino acids (LNAA) and glycomacropeptides (GMP; found within the whey fraction of bovine milk) have been explored. Gene therapy and enzyme replacement or substitution therapy have yielded more promising data in the recent years. In this review the current and possible future treatments for PKU are discussed.
Cryo-EM structures of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV spike glycoproteins reveal the dynamic receptor binding domains (2017)

The envelope spike (S) proteins of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV determine the virus host tropism and entry into host cells, and constitute a promising target for the development of prophylactics and therapeutics. Here, we present high-resolution structures of the trimeric MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV S proteins in its pre-fusion conformation by single particle cryo-electron microscopy. The overall structures resemble that from other coronaviruses including HKU1, MHV and NL63 reported recently, with the exception of the receptor binding domain (RBD). We captured two states of the RBD with receptor binding region either buried (lying state) or exposed (standing state), demonstrating an inherently flexible RBD readily recognized by the receptor. Further sequence conservation analysis of six human-infecting coronaviruses revealed that the fusion peptide, HR1 region and the central helix are potential targets for eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies.
Understanding d0-Olefin Metathesis Catalysts:  Which Metal, Which Ligands? (2007)

Density functional theory (DFT, B3PW91) calculations have been carried out on the reactivity of ethene with model systems M(NR)(=CHCH3)(X)(Y) for M = Mo or W, R = methyl or phenyl, X = CH2CH3, OCH3, or OSiH3, and Y = CH2CH3, OCH3, or OSiH3, which are representative of experimental olefin metathesis catalysts, and the results are compared to those previously obtained for Re(CCH3)(=CHCH3)(X)(Y). The general pathway comprises four steps: olefin coordination, [2+2] cycloaddition, cycloreversion, and olefin de-coordination. Two key factors have been found to control the detailed shape of the energy profiles: the energy of distortion of the tetrahedral catalyst and the stability of the metallacycle intermediate, which is controlled by the M-C bond strength. The efficiency has been evaluated by calculating the turnover frequency (TOF) based on the steady-state approximation, and the most striking feature is that the unsymmetrical catalysts (X not equal to Y) are systematically more efficient for all systems (Mo, W, and Re). Overall, the Re complexes have been found to be less efficient than the Mo and W catalysts, except when Re is unsymmetrically substituted: it is then calculated to be as efficient as the best Mo and W catalysts.
A situated computing framework for mobile and ubiquitous multimedia access using small screen and composite devices (2000)

In recent years, small screen devices, such as cellular phones or Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), enjoy phenomenal popularity. PDAs can be used to complement traditional computing systems to access personal multimedia information beyond the usage as digital organizers. However, due to the physical limitations accessing rich multimedia contents and diverse services using a single PDA is more difficult. Hence, the Situated Computing Framework (SCF) research project at Siemens Corporate Research (SCR) aims to develop a ubiquitous computing infrastructure that facilitates nomadic users to access rich multimedia contents using small screen devices. This paper describes a new distributed computing concept, the Small Screen/Composite Device (SS/CD) framework, which offers mobile users new classes of ubiquitous and mobile multimedia services without to limit the diversity and the richness of the provided services.
Taste masking of ciprofloxacin by ion-exchange resin and sustain release at gastric-intestinal through interpenetrating polymer network (2015)

The aim of the study was to taste mask ciprofloxacin (CP) by using ion-exchange resins (IERs) followed by sustain release of CP by forming interpenetrating polymer network (IPN). IERs based on the copolymerization of acrylic acid with different cross linking agents were synthesised. Drug-resin complexes (DRCs) with three different ratios of drug to IERs (1:1, 1:2, 1:4) were prepared & evaluated for taste masking by following in vivo and in vitro methods. Human volunteers graded ADC 1:4, acrylic acid-divinyl benzene (ADC-3) resin as tasteless. Characterization studies such as FTIR, SEM, DSC, P-XRD differentiated ADC 1:4, from physical mixture (PM 1:4) and confirmed the formation of complex. In vitro drug release of ADC 1:4 showed complete release of CP within 60 min at simulated gastric fluid (SGF) i.e. pH 1.2. IPN beads were prepared with ADC 1:4 by using sodium alginate (AL) and sodium alginate-chitosan (AL-CS) for sustain release of CP at SGF pH and followed by simulated intestinal fluid (SIF i.e. pH 7.4). FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of IPN beads. The release of CP was sustain at SGF pH (<20%) whereas in SIF media it was more (>75%). The kinetic model of IPN beads showed the release of CP was non-Fickian diffusion type.
-Galactosidase and Alkaline Phosphatase Do Not Become Extracellular When Fused to the Amino-terminal Part of Colicin N (1986)

A series of plasmids encoding hybrid proteins comprising various lengths of the NH2-terminal region of colicin N coupled to almost complete beta-galactosidase or alkaline phosphatase polypeptides was constructed by transposon mutagenesis of ColN plasmid derivatives. Synthesis of the hybrid proteins, like that of colicin N itself, was regulated by the SOS response. Large quantities of the hybrid proteins accumulated in the cytoplasm (beta-galactosidase) or particulate fractions (alkaline phosphatase). When the gene fusions were expressed in cells that were producing colicin E2 and expressing the ColE2 lysis gene, only very low levels of the hybrid proteins were found in the medium. The results suggest that the amino-terminal part of colicin N does not contain sufficient biochemical information to promote the release of the hybrid proteins into the medium.
Human lymphocyte traffic assessed by indium-111 oxine labelling: clinical observations. (1981)

Clinical studies using indium-111 oxine labelling of human peripheral blood lymphocytes are presented. Data from animal models of lymphocyte migration are compared with results found in healthy subjects and patients with malignant neoplasms. The physiological significance of bone marrow and liver localization on gamma camera imaging is discussed and the importance of considering the surface marker characteristics of the lymphocytes under study, when interpreting results, is emphasized. The possibility that the redistribution of lymphocytes within the body is a cause of the peripheral blood lymphopenia in patients with Hodgkin's disease and other malignancies is suggested, and the usefulness of indium-111 oxine labelling in clarifying this problem is proposed.
Inquiring into the Differential Action of Interferons (IFNs): an IFN-α2 Mutant with Enhanced Affinity to IFNAR1 Is Functionally Similar to IFN-β (2006)

Alpha and beta interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β) are multifunctional cytokines that exhibit differential activities through a common receptor composed of the subunits IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. Here we combined biophysical and functional studies to explore the mechanism that allows the alpha and beta IFNs to act differentially. For this purpose, we have engineered an IFN-α2 triple mutant termed the HEQ mutant that mimics the biological properties of IFN-β. Compared to wild-type (wt) IFN-α2, the HEQ mutant confers a 30-fold higher binding affinity towards IFNAR1, comparable to that measured for IFN-β, resulting in a much higher stability of the ternary complex as measured on model membranes. The HEQ mutant, like IFN-β, promotes a differentially higher antiproliferative effect than antiviral activity. Both bring on a down-regulation of the IFNAR2 receptor upon induction, confirming an increased ternary complex stability of the plasma membrane. Oligonucleotide microarray experiments showed similar gene transcription profiles induced by the HEQ mutant and IFN-β and higher levels of gene induction or repression than those for wt IFN-α2. Thus, we show that the differential activities of IFN-β are directly related to the binding affinity for IFNAR1. Conservation of the residues mutated in the HEQ mutant within IFN-α subtypes suggests that IFN-α has evolved to bind IFNAR1 weakly, apparently to sustain differential levels of biological activities compared to those induced by IFN-β.
An externally powered, multichannel, implantable stimulator-telemeter for control of paralyzed muscle (1998)

An implantable integrated stimulator and telemetry system has been developed. The system is capable of fulfilling the stimulus and telemetry needs of advanced functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) applications requiring multiple channels of stimulation and multiple channels of sensor or biopotential sensing. This system provides a command control structure, an inductive radio frequency link providing power to the implant device as well as two-way transcutaneous communication, an ASIC for decoding the command and for providing functional control within the implant, and modular circuitry providing the application specific implant functions. Biocompatible hermetic packaging, lead systems, and in-line connectors suitable for long-term implantation, provide encapsulation for the circuitry and access to the electrodes and sensors used in the application. The first implant configuration realized from this modular system is targeted for clinical implementation in persons with tetraplegia at the C6 level for restoration of hand function, using wrist position as the command control source. The implant device realized has ten channels of stimulation and telemetry used to control and sense a joint angle transducer implanted in the radio-carpal joint of the wrist. A prototype device has been fabricated and is undergoing testing in an animal.
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Expressing a Chromosomally Integrated Copy of the Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen Gene Protects Mice against an Anthrax Spore Challenge (2003)

Protective immunity against infection with Bacillus anthracis is almost entirely based on a response to the protective antigen (PA), the binding moiety for the two other toxin components. We cloned the PA gene into an auxotrophic mutant of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as a fusion with the signal sequence of the hemolysin (Hly) A gene of Escherichia coli to allow the export of PA via the Hly export system. To stabilize the export cassette, it was also integrated into the chromosome of the live Salmonella carrier. When S. enterica serovar Typhimurium with the chromosomally integrated PA gene was given intravenously to A/J mice, they developed high levels of antibody to PA. These mice were protected against intraperitoneal challenge with 100 or 1,000 50% lethal doses of B. anthracis strain STI. This work contributes to the development of a Salmonella-based orally delivered anthrax vaccine.
Adenovirus infection stimulates the Raf/MAPK signaling pathway and induces interleukin-8 expression (1997)

Previous studies have shown that airway administration of adenovirus or adenovirus vectors results in a dose-dependent inflammatory response which limits the duration of transgene expression. We explored the possibility that adenovirus infection triggers signal transduction pathways that induce the synthesis of cytokines and thus contribute to the early inflammatory response. Since stimulation of the Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activates transcription factors that control the expression of inflammatory cytokines, we examined the activation of this pathway following adenovirus infection. Adenovirus infection induced the rapid activation of Raf-1 and a transient increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of p42mapk at early times postinfection. Activation of the Raf/MAPK pathway by adenovirus is likely triggered by the infection process, since it occurred rapidly and with various mutant adenoviruses and adenovirus vectors. Moreover, interleukin-8 (IL-8) mRNA accumulation was evident at 20 min postinfection and was induced even in the presence of cycloheximide. Both MAPK activation and IL-8 production were inhibited by forskolin, a potent inhibitor of Raf-1. These results suggest that adenovirus-induced Raf/MAPK activation contributes to IL-8 production. Adenovirus-induced activation of the Raf/MAPK signaling pathway and IL-8 production may play critical roles in the inflammation observed following in vivo administration of adenovirus vectors for gene therapy.
Attention with Intention for a Neural Network Conversation Model (2015)

In a conversation or a dialogue process, attention and intention play intrinsic roles. This paper proposes a neural network based approach that models the attention and intention processes. It essentially consists of three recurrent networks. The encoder network is a word-level model representing source side sentences. The intention network is a recurrent network that models the dynamics of the intention process. The decoder network is a recurrent network produces responses to the input from the source side. It is a language model that is dependent on the intention and has an attention mechanism to attend to particular source side words, when predicting a symbol in the response. The model is trained end-to-end without labeling data. Experiments show that this model generates natural responses to user inputs.
Implications of tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) in head and neck cancer. (2007)

The presented data implicates to a great extent that TrkB plays a significant role in HNSCC disease since it was consistently found to be overexpressed in cells of this tumor entity. We conclude that the role of this receptor tyrosine kinase is rather the prevention of anoikis, as demonstrated earlier, and less the modulation of HNSCC invasiveness, since invasion was not affected after receptor stimulation. Further studies should investigate possible inhibitors of TrkB and their suitability for the treatment of head and neck cancer.
Traditional Herbal Management of Sickle Cell Anemia: Lessons from Nigeria (2012)

Background. Patients in West Africa where sickle cell anemia (SCA) is endemic have for ages been treated with natural products, especially herbs, as, is still the case in rural communities. Objective. In this paper we look closely at some of these herbs to see if there are any lessons to be learnt or clues to be found for optimizing the treatments based on them, as had been done in the case of NIPRISAN, which was developed from herbs in Nigeria based on Yoruba Medicine. Methods. Select publications on SCA, its molecular biology and pathology, and actual and experimental cases of herbal treatment were perused in search of molecular clues that can be linked to chemical constituents of the herbs involved. Results. The study revealed that during the last 2-3 decades, much progress was made in several aspects of SCA pharmacology, especially the approval of hydroxyurea. As for SCA herbalism, this paper revealed that antisickling herbs abound in West Africa and that the most promising may yet be found. Three new antisickling herbs (Entandrophragma utile, Chenopodium ambrosioides, and Petiveria alliacea) were reported in May 2011. At NIPRD, where NIPRISAN was developed, three other recipes are currently awaiting development. Conclusion. The study raised the hope that the search in the Tropics for more effective herbal recipes for managing sickle cell anaemia will be more fruitful with time and effort.
A policy-aware switching layer for data centers (2008)

Data centers deploy a variety of middleboxes (e.g., firewalls, load balancers and SSL offloaders) to protect, manage and improve the performance of applications and services they run. Since existing networks provide limited support for middleboxes, administrators typically overload path selection mechanisms to coerce traffic through the desired sequences of middleboxes placed on the network path. These ad-hoc practices result in a data center network that is hard to configure and maintain, wastes middlebox resources, and cannot guarantee middlebox traversal under network churn. To address these issues, we propose the policy-aware switching layer or PLayer, a new layer-2 for data centers consisting of inter-connected policy-aware switches or pswitches. Unmodified middleboxes are placed off the network path by plugging them into pswitches. Based on policies specified by administrators, pswitches explicitly forward different types of traffic through different sequences of middleboxes. Experiments using our prototype software pswitches suggest that the PLayer is flexible, uses middleboxes efficiently, and guarantees correct middlebox traversal under churn.
Holographic Interferometry with Both Beams Traversing the Object (1970)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text C. M. Vest and D. W. Sweeney, "Holographic Interferometry with Both Beams Traversing the Object," Appl. Opt. 9, 2810-2812 (1970) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
The Resonant Terahertz Response of a Slot Diode with a Two-Dimensional Electron Channel (2005)

The terahertz response of a slot diode with a two-dimensional electron channel is calculated on the basis of the first principles of electromagnetism. It is shown that all characteristic electromagnetic lengths (scattering, absorption, and extinction lengths), as well as the impedance of the diode, exhibit resonances at plasmon excitation frequencies in the channel. The fundamental resonance behaves similarly to the current resonance in an RLC circuit. It has been concluded that, even at room temperature, a slot diode with a two-dimensional electron channel provides a resonant circuit at terahertz frequencies that couples effectively to external electromagnetic radiation with a loaded Q-factor exceeding unity. The diode resistance may be measured from contactless measurements of the characteristic electromagnetic lengths of the diode.