gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Foreign Gene in Fowlpox Virus by a Vaccinia Virus Promoter (1990)

A vaccinia virus promoter was evaluated for regulation of a foreign gene in fowlpox virus by a transient expression assay. Fowlpox virus-infected quail cells, transfected with plasmid DNA containing chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene ligated to a vaccinia virus promoter, expressed CAT activity. No CAT activity was detected either in uninfected cells or fowlpox virus-infected cells. These results indicated that a heterologous vaccinia virus promoter can regulate expression of a foreign gene in fowlpox virus.
The Role of Liposome Composition on the Stabilization of Ancitabine (1987)

AbstractReduction in the ancitabine hydrolysis rate in an alkaline medium was achieved by liposome encapsulation of stable ancitabine solutions. The degree of success was gauged using stabilization ratios which compare rates of hydrolysis of free and encapsulated ancitabine under identical conditions. Stabilization ratios as high as 22 were observed when the phase transition temperature (PTT) values were 16 to 26°C higher than the storage temperature. Liposomes composed of phospholipids with PTT values below storage temperatures were ineffective. Increased liposome permeability was evidenced by rapid, nearly complete, release of encapsulated ancitabine at temperatures above the PTT. The inclusion of cholesterol in the liposomes reduced the maximum stabilization ratios from 22 to 4.
Randomized clinical trial comparing mitoxantrone with doxorubicin in previously treated patients with metastatic breast cancer. (1989)

Three hundred twenty-five women with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the breast who had failed one prior chemotherapeutic regimen for advanced disease were randomized to receive 14 mg/m2 of mitoxantrone or 75 mg/m2 of doxorubicin intravenously (IV) every 3 weeks. Enrollment was closed on October 31, 1984, after 165 patients were randomized to mitoxantrone and 160 patients to doxorubicin. Patients randomized to the two treatment groups were compared for response rate, duration of response, time to progression or death, time to treatment failure (TTF), and survival. The response rate to mitoxantrone was 20.6%, to doxorubicin 29.3% (P = .07). The median response duration was 151 days for the mitoxantrone group and 126 days for the doxorubicin group (P = .16). The median TTF was 70 days in the mitoxantrone group and 104 days in the doxorubicin group (P = .36). The median survival of patients initially randomized to receive mitoxantrone was 273 days; for doxorubicin 268 days (P = .40). There were three responses among 77 patients crossed over to mitoxantrone after initial treatment with doxorubicin. The major dose-limiting toxicity for both drugs was leukopenia. There was significantly less severe and less frequent toxicity with mitoxantrone administration. Severe nausea and vomiting occurred in 9.5% of mitoxantrone patients and 25.3% of doxorubicin patients (P less than .001). The incidence of severe stomatitis and mucositis was 0.6% in the mitoxantrone group and 8.4% in the doxorubicin group (P = .001). Severe alopecia occurred in 5.1% of mitoxantrone patients and 61.0% of doxorubicin patients (P less than .001). A life-table comparison of the cumulative dose to the development of a cardiac event showed that mitoxantrone had significantly less cardiotoxicity than doxorubicin (P = .0005). This study demonstrates that mitoxantrone is active as a single agent in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Compared with doxorubicin it appears to be marginally less active and significantly less toxic. We conclude that mitoxantrone can be used alone or with other standard drugs to palliate the symptoms of metastatic breast cancer, especially in settings where drug toxicity is an important consideration.
Regiospecific Beckmann rearrangement of 3-oxo-4-ene steroid oximes (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRegiospecific Beckmann rearrangement of 3-oxo-4-ene steroid oximesKitaro Oka and Shoji HaraCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 19, 3790–3791Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00413a041https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00413a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views263Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Pulmonary arterial compliance: How and why should we measure it? (2015)

The pulmonary circulation is a high-flow/low-pressure system, coupled with a flow generator chamber-the right ventricle-, which is relatively unable to tolerate increases in afterload. A right heart catheterization, using a fluid-filled, balloon-tipped Swan-Ganz catheter allows the measurement of all hemodynamic parameters characterizing the pulmonary circulation: the inflow pressure, an acceptable estimate the outflow pressure, and the pulmonary blood flow. However, the study of the pulmonary circulation as a continuous flow system is an oversimplification and a thorough evaluation of the pulmonary circulation requires a correct understanding of the load that the pulmonary vascular bed imposes on the right ventricle, which includes static and dynamic components. This is critical to assess the prognosis of patients with pulmonary hypertension or with heart failure. Pulmonary compliance is a measure of arterial distensibility and, either alone or in combination with pulmonary vascular resistance, gives clinicians the possibility of a good prognostic stratification of patients with heart failure or with pulmonary hypertension. The measurement of pulmonary arterial compliance should be included in the routine clinical evaluation of such patients.
Relations between Fc epsilon RI crosslinking-induced mast cell activation and adhesion to fibronectin. (1994)

Demonstration of murine mast cell adhesion to fibronectin (FN) following PMA-mediated cell activation raised the question whether crosslinking of high affinity IgE receptors on mouse mast cells might induce changes in adhesiveness of these cells to FN. Murine mast cells of line MCP5/L were used to investigate the effect of antigenic stimulation on cell adhesion to fN and mediator secretion. effect of antigenic stimulation on cell adhesion to FN and mediator secretion. Adhesion assays were performed using sensitized radiolabeled cells and FN- or BSA-coated 96-well plates. The presence of antigen in the concentrations up to 10 ng/ml resulted in concentration-dependent adhesion potentiation, which was detectable after 5 min, reached maximum at 30 min and persisted or decreased over the next 30 min. Adhesion potentiation decreased at antigen excess and was abolished by heat inactivation of IgE in the antiserum prior to cell treatment. External calcium ion and temperature dependence of adhesion together with the observation that RGD (Arg, Gly, Asp)--containing peptide blocked cell binding to FN suggests that FC epsilon RI crosslinking-induced adhesion potentiation involves an integrin type receptor on cell surface. Sensitized mast cells allowed to adhere spontaneously to FN released more histamine and beta-hexosaminidase upon antigen challenge. Hence, the results show the relations between IgE-induced mast cell activation, adhesion to FN and mediator secretion.
Induction of plasma inhibitors of interleukin 1 and TNF-alpha activity by endotoxin administration to normal humans (1990)

Several naturally occurring inhibitors of interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) have been demonstrated both in serum and urine of febrile patients. These factors are considered to be part of a regulatory system counteracting potential deleterious effects of the cytokines. We have assayed plasma samples of volunteers who received a bolus intravenous injection of either 4 ng/kg body wt of Escherichia coli endotoxin (n = 6) or 0.9% saline (n = 4) for the presence of IL-1 and TNF-alpha inhibitory activity. Plasma obtained 3 h after endotoxin injection inhibited IL-1-induced PGE2 release from fibroblasts by 57% (P less than 0.001 vs. baseline and saline controls, respectively). Maximal IL-1 inhibitory capacity coincided with fever and tended to disappear with declining body temperature. Normal plasma was found to inhibit TNF-alpha-induced PGE2 release by 20-35%. This inhibitory effect increased to 50-60% in plasma obtained during endotoxinemia. Maximal TNF-alpha inhibitory capacity became detectable when circulating TNF-alpha levels peaked at 120 min after the injection of endotoxin. Our data demonstrate that both IL-1 and TNF-alpha inhibitory activity can be induced experimentally by intravenous endotoxin administration to humans and that their appearance coincides with fever and circulating TNF-alpha levels.
Ocular Rosacea (2016)

A 58-year-old man presented with recurrent facial flushing and redness, foreign-body sensation, and blurred vision in both eyes. Examination revealed telangiectasia with hyperemia of the eyelid margins, conjunctival hyperemia, and neovascularization of the cornea in both eyes.
Dose response efficacy of sodium fluoride dentifrice at 9 and 21 months with supervised brushing. (2003)

The results of this study are consistent with the previous results reported for sodium fluoride dentifrices. For all examiners, the 1100 ppm and 2800 ppm fluoride dentifrices delivered statistically significantly (P < 0.05) lower DMFS scores than the placebo control dentifrice at 9 months, while at 21 months the 1100 ppm and 2800 ppm fluoride dentifrices delivered statistically significantly lower DMFS scores compared to the both the placebo/1100 ppm and the placebo/2800 ppm dentifrice groups. In addition, one of the three examiners observed a directional (P = 0.11) dose response (2800 ppm F < 1100 ppm F) at 9 months, while at 21 months all three examiners observed evidence of a dose response, with one examiner observing a statistically significant difference between 1100 ppm and 2800 ppm F. Caries scores on occlusal surfaces provided the strongest evidence of an 1100 ppm F vs. 2800 ppm F difference.
Item Diffficulty Modeling of Paragraph Comprehension Items (2006)

Recent assessment research joining cognitive psychology and psychometric theory has introduced a new technology, item generation. In algorithmic item generation, items are systematically created based on specific combinations of features that underlie the processing required to correctly solve a problem. Reading comprehension items have been more difficult to model than other item types due to the complexities of quantifying text. However, recent developments in artificial intelligence for text analysis permit quantitative indices to represent cognitive sources of difficulty. The current study attempts to identify generative components for the Graduate Record Examination paragraph comprehension items through the cognitive decomposition of item difficulty. Text comprehension and decision processes accounted for a significant amount of the variance in item difficulties. The decision model variables contributed significantly to variance in item difficulties, whereas the text representation variables did not. Implications for score interpretation and future possibilities for item generation are discussed. Index terms: difficulty modeling, construct validity, comprehension tests, item generation
Impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation by Alzheimer amyloid ?-peptides (2000)

Although it is generally believed that amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, the precise role of these peptides in the development of memory loss of Alzheimer's disease, has not been fully understood. The present study examined the effect of several synthetic Abeta peptides on long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular model of learning and memory, in rat hippocampal slices. Brief perfusion of slices with low concentrations (200 nM or 1 microM) of Abeta(1-42), Abeta(1-40) or their active fragment Abeta(25--35) significantly inhibited LTP induction without affecting the basal synaptic transmission and posttetanic potentiation in the dentate medial perforant path. A similar effect of Abeta(25-35) was also observed in the Schaffer collateral-CA1 pathway. When comparing actions of several Abeta variants derived from Abeta(25-35), the N-terminal sequence of Abeta(25-35) was found necessary for inhibiting LTP. In addition, Abeta variants lacking neurotoxic action and aggregating property were also able to block LTP, suggesting that this effect was neurotoxicity independent. Our findings demonstrated that subneurotoxic concentrations of Abeta peptides could strongly suppress long-term synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Such an effect might underlie the memory deficits seen in Alzheimer's disease before neuronal cell loss.
Visual7W: Grounded Question Answering in Images (2015)

We have seen great progress in basic perceptual tasks such as object recognition and detection. However, AI models still fail to match humans in high-level vision tasks due to the lack of capacities for deeper reasoning. Recently the new task of visual question answering (QA) has been proposed to evaluate a model's capacity for deep image understanding. Previous works have established a loose, global association between QA sentences and images. However, many questions and answers, in practice, relate to local regions in the images. We establish a semantic link between textual descriptions and image regions by object-level grounding. It enables a new type of QA with visual answers, in addition to textual answers used in previous work. We study the visual QA tasks in a grounded setting with a large collection of 7W multiple-choice QA pairs. Furthermore, we evaluate human performance and several baseline models on the QA tasks. Finally, we propose a novel LSTM model with spatial attention to tackle the 7W QA tasks.
Boron diffusion and penetration in ultrathin oxide with poly-Si gate (1998)

Boron penetration through thin gate oxide down to 17 /spl Aring/ is investigated in this work. Boron penetration is characterized by the amount of flat band shift in a MOS capacitor. The effective diffusion coefficient of boron in these thin oxides is found to be higher than in thicker oxides. The introduction of a moderate dose of fluorine (1/spl times/10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/) during gate doping enhances boron penetration in these thin oxides. Compared to as-deposited polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si), crystallized amorphous silicon (/spl alpha/-Si) films display slower boron diffusion in the gate and reduce enhancement of boron penetration due to fluorine. However, crystallized /spl alpha/-Si gate also reduces the amount of dopant activation and leads to extra gate depletion. The tradeoff between dopant activation and boron penetration is discussed.
Natriuretic Peptide Receptor-C Regulates Coronary Blood Flow and Prevents Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury (2004)

Endothelium-derived CNP is involved in the regulation of the coronary circulation, and NPR-C activation underlies the vasorelaxant activity of this peptide. Moreover, this newly defined pathway represents a protective mechanism against I/R injury and a novel target for therapeutic intervention in ischemic cardiovascular disorders.
CD47 Engagement Inhibits Cytokine Production and Maturation of Human Dendritic Cells (2000)

Upon encounter with bacterial products, immature dendritic cells (iDCs) release proinflammatory cytokines and develop into highly stimulatory mature DCs. In the present study, we show that human monocyte-derived DCs functionally express the CD47 Ag, a thrombospondin receptor. Intact or F(ab')2 of CD47 mAb suppress bacteria-induced production of IL-12, TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and IL-6 by iDCs. 4N1K, a peptide derived from the CD47-binding site of thrombospondin, also inhibits cytokine release. The inhibition of IL-12 and TNF-alpha is IL-10-independent inasmuch as IL-10 production is down-modulated by CD47 mAb and blocking IL-10 mAb fails to restore cytokine levels. CD47 ligation counteracts the phenotypic and functional maturation of iDCs in that it prevents the up-regulation of costimulatory molecules, the loss of endocytic activity, and the acquisition of an increased capacity to stimulate T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production. Interestingly, regardless of CD47 mAb treatment during DC maturation, mature DC restimulated by soluble CD40 ligand and IFN-gamma, to mimic DC/T interaction, produce less IL-12 and more IL-18 than iDCs. Finally, CD47 ligation on iDCs does not impair their capacity to phagocytose apoptotic cells. We conclude that following exposure to microorganisms, CD47 ligation may limit the intensity and duration of the inflammatory response by preventing inflammatory cytokine production by iDCs and favoring their maintenance in an immature state.
A Survey of Spectral Unmixing Algorithms (2003)

■ Spatial pixel sizes for multispectral and hyperspectral sensors are often large enough that numerous disparate substances can contribute to the spectrum measured from a single pixel. Consequently, the desire to extract from a spectrum the constituent materials in the mixture, as well as the proportions in which they appear, is important to numerous tactical scenarios in which subpixel detail is valuable. With this goal in mind, spectral unmixing algorithms have proliferated in a variety of disciplines that exploit hyperspectral data, often duplicating and renaming previous techniques. This article distills these approaches into a unique set and surveys their characteristics through hierarchical taxonomies that reveal the commonalities and differences between algorithms. A set of criteria organizes algorithms according to the philosophical assumptions they impose on the unmixing problem. Examples demonstrate the performance of key techniques.
Imaging whole Escherichia coli bacteria by using single-particle x-ray diffraction (2002)

We report the first experimental recording, to our knowledge, of the diffraction pattern from intact Escherichia coli bacteria using coherent x-rays with a wavelength of 2 A. By using the oversampling phasing method, a real space image at a resolution of 30 nm was directly reconstructed from the diffraction pattern. An R factor used for characterizing the quality of the reconstruction was in the range of 5%, which demonstrated the reliability of the reconstruction process. The distribution of proteins inside the bacteria labeled with manganese oxide has been identified and this distribution confirmed by fluorescence microscopy images. Compared with lens-based microscopy, this diffraction-based imaging approach can examine thicker samples, such as whole cultured cells, in three dimensions with resolution limited only by radiation damage. Looking forward, the successful recording and reconstruction of diffraction patterns from biological samples reported here represent an important step toward the potential of imaging single biomolecules at near-atomic resolution by combining single-particle diffraction with x-ray free electron lasers.
Hemolin gene silencing by ds‐RNA injected into Cecropia pupae is lethal to next generation embryos (2002)

There is increasing evidence of an intimate connection between participants in the innate immune system and in development. Molecules involved in the determination of dorso-ventral polarity in Drosophila have related counterparts in the signalling pathways for immune gene activation in both insects and mammals. Hemolin from the Giant silkmoth, Hyalophora cecropia, identified as a bacteria-inducible molecule and a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is present as protein and transcripts in oocytes and embryos. We used RNA interference (RNAi) to investigate H. cecropia gene function in vivo and demonstrated that Hemolin is crucial for the normal development of embryos. When RNAi-females were mated, no larvae emerged from their eggs and when dissected, the eggs revealed malformed embryos. Western blot analysis confirmed the lack of Hemolin gene products. We conclude that Hemolin is necessary for development, since the silencing of Hemolin gene expression leads to embryonic lethality.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor II (IGF-II) and the IGF-II/ Mannose-6-Phosphate Receptor: The Myth Continues (1994)

Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is a polypeptide hormone with structural and functional homology with IGF-I and pro-insulin. It is now thought that IGF-II acts as a growth factor during fetal life and development. In rats, IGF-II levels in the circulation are high in the fetus and decline rapidly after birth. IGF-II mRNA expression in many tissues including the liver and the choroid plexus is also high during fetal life and low thereafter. Targeted disruption of the IGF-II gene in mice leads to a deficiency in their growth. Alternatively, it has been proposed that IGF-II could act as a growth and differentiation factor in the central nervous system. Administration of IGF-II into the central nervous system in rats leads to increased food intake and altered feeding behaviour. In muscle cells and in colon epithelial cells, IGF-II might also serve as an important regulator of differentiation. A key role for IGF-II as a paracrine or autocrine growth factor in certain tumours has been proposed. The IGFs exert their effects by binding to high-affinity membrane receptors that are expressed in many cells and tissues. The IGF-I receptor, which binds IGF-I with the highest affinity and which is very similar to the insulin receptor, is thought to mediate most, if not all, of the IGF-induced biological functions. The IGF-II/mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) receptor is a bifunctional glycoprotein with no homology to the insulin receptor. This receptor binds IGF-II and lysosomal enzymes bearing the M6P recognition marker at distinct binding sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)