gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Catalytic Diastereoselective Polycyclization of Homo(polyprenyl)arene Analogues Bearing Terminal Siloxyvinyl Groups (2006)

Highly diastereoselective polycyclization of homo(polyprenyl)arene analogues bearing terminal siloxyvinyl groups was catalyzed by tin(IV) chloride (10 mol %). The cyclizations of tert-butyldiphenylsilyl and triisopropylsilyl polyenol ethers gave 4alpha(equatorial)- and 4beta(axial)-siloxypolycycles as major isomers, respectively. The strong nucleophilicity of pro-C(9), a (6E) geometry, and a bulky silyl group effectively favored the alpha-preference, whereas the weak nucleophilicity of pro-C(9), a (6Z)-geometry, and less steric hindrance of a silyl group favored the beta-preference. [reaction: see text].
Maternal Immunization to Prevent Neonatal Infections (1988)

The concept of preventing neonatal infections by immunizing pregnant women has been appreciated for over a century and has been studied extensively in the prevention of tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis infections.1 Protective antibodies in the pregnant woman, induced by routine immunization or natural antigenic exposure, are transferred across the placenta to the fetus and transiently protect the newborn from a variety of childhood infections. Transfer is initiated by the binding of immunoglobulins to Fc receptors on the membrane of trophoblasts in the placenta, followed by receptor-mediated endocytosis and active transport. IgG is the only immunoglobulin isotype transported, and IgG1 . . .
Physical Compatibility of Sodium Glycerophosphate and Calcium Gluconate in Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition Solutions (2014)

It is recommended that NaGP replace sodium phosphate in PN solutions. This would eliminate the concern of calcium and phosphorus precipitation and the need of any saturation curves.
An Escherichia coli Expression Assay and Screen for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Variants with Decreased Susceptibility to Indinavir (1998)

We have developed a recombinant Escherichia coli screening system for the rapid detection and identification of amino acid substitutions in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease associated with decreased susceptibility to the protease inhibitor indinavir (MK-639; Merck & Co.). The assay depends upon the correct processing of a segment of the HIV-1 HXB2 gag-pol polyprotein followed by detection of HIV reverse transcriptase activity by a highly sensitive, colorimetric enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The highly sensitive system detects the contributions of single substitutions such as I84V, L90M, and L63P. The combination of single substitutions further decreases the sensitivity to indinavir. We constructed a library of HIV protease variant genes containing dispersed mutations and, using the E. coli recombinant system, screened for mutants with decreased indinavir sensitivity. The discovered HIV protease variants contain amino acid substitutions commonly associated with indinavir resistance in clinical isolates, including the substitutions L90M, L63P, I64V, V82A, L24I, and I54T. One substitution, W6R, is also frequently found by the screen and has not been reported elsewhere. Of a total of 12,000 isolates that were screened, 12 protease variants with decreased sensitivity to indinavir were found. The L63P substitution, which is also associated with indinavir resistance, increases the stability of the isolated protease relative to that of the native HXB2 protease. The rapidity, sensitivity, and accuracy of this screen also make it useful for screening for novel inhibitors. We have found the approach described here to be useful for the detection of amino acid substitutions in HIV protease that have been associated with drug resistance as well as for the screening of novel compounds for inhibitory activity.
Electronic and excitonic processes in light-emitting devices based on organic materials and colloidal quantum dots (2008)

We investigate the mechanism of operation of hybrid organic/colloidal quantum dot light emitting devices (QD-LEDs). Novel quantum dot (QD) deposition methods allow us to change the location of an emissive QD monolayer within a QD-LED multilayer structure. We find that the quantum efficiency of devices improves by $&gt;50%$ upon imbedding QD monolayers into the hole transporting layer $&lt;10\text{ }\text{nm}$ away from the interface between hole and electron transporting layers. We consider two possible mechanisms responsible for this improvement: one based on a charge injection model of the device operation and the other based on an exciton energy-transfer model. In order to differentiate between the two suggested mechanisms, we fabricate a set of structures that enable control over charge injection into colloidal QDs. We find that the dominant process limiting QD-LED efficiency is charging of the QDs by trapped electrons. We demonstrate that with the set of organic materials implemented in this study, device efficiency is increased by maximizing energy transfer from organics to QDs and by limiting direct charge injection that contributes to QD charging.
PPARδ as a therapeutic target in metabolic disease (2007)

PPAR delta is the only member in the PPAR subfamily of nuclear receptors that is not a target of current drugs. Animal studies demonstrate PPAR delta activation exerts many favorable effects, including reducing weight gain, increasing skeletal muscle metabolic rate and endurance, improving insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular function and suppressing atherogenic inflammation. These activities stem largely from the ability of PPAR delta to control energy balance, reduce fat burden and protect against lipotoxicity caused by ectopic lipid deposition. Therefore, PPAR delta represents a novel therapeutic target and the development of PPAR delta gonists/modulators may be useful for treating the whole spectrum of metabolic syndrome.
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its role in cell death (1999)

This article reviews the involvement of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in necrotic and apoptotic cell death. The pore is formed from a complex of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), the adenine nucleotide translocase and cyclophilin-D (CyP-D) at contact sites between the mitochondrial outer and inner membranes. In vitro, under pseudopathological conditions of oxidative stress, relatively high Ca2+ and low ATP, the complex flickers into an open-pore state allowing free diffusion of low-Mr solutes across the inner membrane. These conditions correspond to those that unfold during tissue ischaemia and reperfusion, suggesting that pore opening may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of necrotic cell death following ischaemia/reperfusion. Evidence that the pore does open during ischaemia/reperfusion is discussed. There are also strong indications that the VDAC-adenine nucleotide translocase-CyP-D complex can recruit a number of other proteins, including Bax, and that the complex is utilized in some capacity during apoptosis. The apoptotic pathway is amplified by the release of apoptogenic proteins from the mitochondrial intermembrane space, including cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor and some procaspases. Current evidence that the pore complex is involved in outer-membrane rupture and release of these proteins during programmed cell death is reviewed, along with indications that transient pore opening may provoke 'accidental' apoptosis.
How many patients do we need for a clinical trial? Demystifying sample size calculations (2010)

Determining the number of subjects required for a study is a critical component when planning a research project. An adequate number of patients are needed in order to be able to answer the research question of interest with a degree of certainty. In this paper, the information that is required for determining the sample size is described. The primary aim is to demystify the sample size section in published clinical trials. Some of the difficulties in determining the sample size correctly are also highlighted and some good practices recommended.
Clearance of adenovirus-infected hepatocytes by MHC class I-restricted CD4+ CTLs in vivo (1995)

E1-deleted recombinant adenoviruses have been developed for liver-directed gene therapy because efficient gene transfer to hepatocytes can be achieved in vivo. However, these viruses also express viral proteins in hepatocytes, leading to the development of destructive immune responses. Our previous studies indicated that MHC class I-restricted C D8+CTLs are major effectors in eliminating virus-infected cells, and CD4+ cells are also necessary in developing a fully competent CTL response by secretion of IFN-gamma, which sensitizes the virus-infected hepatocytes to CTLs through up-regulation of MHC class I expression. In this study, we have used adoptive transfer techniques in combination with mice deficient in immune functions to further define the role of CD4+ cells in the primary response to adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to the liver. Our studies indicate that CD4+ cells alone are capable of destroying virus-infected hepatocytes. Adoptive transfer experiments with beta 2m- mice along with in vitro CTL assays suggest that these CD4+ can act as CTL effectors, which are MHC class I-restricted. Depletion of these CD4+ effectors in vivo leads to prolongation of adenovirus-mediated transgene expression in hepatocytes. These results suggest that class I-restricted CD4+ CTLs contribute to elimination of adenovirus-transduced hepatocytes and extend our understanding of functional importance of CD4+ cells in viral pathogenesis.
Trials with dichlorvos (DDVP) against malaia vectors in huts in Northern Nigeria (1965)

The present investigations were undertaken because of the paucity of information on the effect of dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorvinyl dimethyl phosphate) on malaria vectors in village huts in the savannah areas of nigeria and West Africa. The relative efficiencies of 3 different makes of dichlorvos dispensers were compared by bio-assays with blood-fed Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L) in village huts in the Kaduna area of Nigeria. A bio-assay mortality of 70% and over was achieved for the first 9–11 weeks. Field trials conducted with Shell dispensers on normal populations of Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. funestus Giles showed that dichlorvos was strongly repellent to both species, resulting in greatly decreased numbers of vectors in the huts. There was little irritant effect of dichlorvos on mosquitoes inside the huts, as there was little increase in either the numbers of vectors, or in their infed individuals, that left the huts. There was no reduction in the number of vectors resting under the outside eaves of dichlorvos huts and no decrease in feeding in the huts, although fewer bites per man were received in them because of a reduction in the numbers entering them. Mortalities of A. gambiae and A. funestus from dichlorvos huts were low, and it appeared unlikely that the insecticide would achieve any measure of control over malaria vectors in Northern Nigeria.
WHO COUNTS REALITY AND WHY IT COUNTS: SEARCHING FOR A COMMUNITY-BASED APPROACH TO QUANTITATIVE INQUIRY * (2012)

Community-based research is often discussed in a way that assumes an inherent qualitative methodological approach. This includes discussions of research design, data collection, and analysis. The limitations of quantitative research aside, ignoring this strategy for developing knowledge may result in many project outcomes going undocumented and unmeasured, and it may ultimately be disempowering for the people and organizations that community-based researchers seek to assist. On this basis, I argue that researchers should take a more holistic and pragmatic approach to methods and analysis, following efforts to go beyond the traditional qualitative-quantitative divide. Doing so will provide the basis for addressing a wider range of community-based project outcomes. Examples from work with traditionally-underserved farmers and community-based organizations in the United States are used to illustrate possibilities. At the 2008 meeting of the Rural Sociological Society, critical dialogue occurred concerning the topic of public sociology between the icons Michael Burawoy and John Gaventa. A leading critic of traditional research and champion of research efforts to support participatory development, Gaventa made an important point about the work of development theorist Robert Chambers. Noting the title of Chamber’s ([1997] 2009) book, Whose Reality Counts?: Putting the First Last, Gaventa said that scholars should also ask, “Who counts reality?” He went on to discuss many challenges in social research that must be confronted if this work is to do no harm at the least and make some small contribution to the world at best. Gaventa’s argument made me stop and think. Some of the ideas he influenced for this article, however, may go in a direction beyond his original intentions. Reflecting on Gaventa’s question, I reasoned that there is a large gap in the theoretical, methodological, and pedagogical work of community-based researchers (broadly conceptualized here to include those approaches from across place-based, participatory, and action-oriented frameworks). In sum, many scholars interested in alternative approaches to research have been scornful of quantitative research because “quantification” of social phenomena is inherently disempowering.
InP/InGaAs collector-up heterojunction bipolar transistors fabricated using Fe-ion-implantation (2002)

This paper describes the first InP/InGaAs collector-up heterojunction bipolar transistors (C-up HBTs) with base and collector layers regrown onto the emitter layer. We used Fe-ion (Fe/sup +/)-implantation to define the intrinsic emitter/base junctions and a self-aligned fabrication processing for small-scale C-up HBTs. The collector-up configuration is attractive for ultra-high-speed and high power gain operation due to its low base/collector capacitance (C/sub BC/). For scaling down transistors, the advantage of this configuration over the emitter-up configuration is clear because the parasitic C/sub BC/ corresponding to the extrinsic area can be neglected. This also makes the C-up HBTs feasible for low power dissipation devices.
R-CHOP versus R-CVP in the treatment of follicular lymphoma: a meta-analysis and critical appraisal of current literature (2009)

R-CHOP and R-CVP protocols achieve excellent overall response. In patients with known cardiac history, omission of anthracyclines is reasonable and R-CVP provides a competitive CR rate. In younger patients with FL where cumulative cardio-toxicity may be of importance in the long term and in whom future stem cell transplantation is an option, again R-CVP may be a more appealing option.
The Aging Leydig Cell: III. Gonadotropin Stimulation in Men (1981)

To assess the capacity of aging human Leydig cells to respond to intramuscular injection of hCG, six healthy men, 68 to 86 years old, and eight healthy younger subjects, 25 to 42 years old, were studied. After two control specimens, each subject was given hCG (40 IU/kg of body weight intramuscularly) at 0900 hours. Blood specimens were then obtained hourly for 6 hours and at 24, 48, and 72 hours. The younger men had higher control concentrations of testosterone ( P &lt; 0.05). Both groups demonstrated biphasic elevations of circulating testosterone and 170H‐progesterone with a nadir at 5 hours and 6 hours separating the rises. The early (1–6 hours) and late (24, 48, and 72 hours) testosterone and 170H‐progesterone responses to hCG were significantly lower in older men. The older men demonstrated significant estradiol increases at 3, 4, and 6 hours, while the younger group had a significant 2‐hour rise. However, the peak (24‐hour) estradiol rises were significantly greater in the younger men. We conclude that theb aged Leydig cell demonstrates altered early (1–6 hours) and late(24, 48, and 72 hours) responses to intramuscular injection of hCG, as assessed by circulating concentrations of testosterone, 17OH‐progesterone, and estradiol.
The N-terminal Domain of Mammalian Lysyl-tRNA Synthetase Is a Functional tRNA-binding Domain (2002)

Lysyl-tRNA synthetase from higher eukaryotes possesses a lysine-rich N-terminal polypeptide extension appended to a classical prokaryotic-like LysRS domain. Band shift analysis showed that this extra domain provides LysRS with nonspecific tRNA binding properties. A N-terminally truncated derivative of LysRS, LysRS-DeltaN, displayed a 100-fold lower apparent affinity for tRNA(3)Lys and a 3-fold increase in K(m) for tRNA(3)Lys in the aminoacylation reaction, as compared with the native enzyme. The isolated N-domain of LysRS also displayed weak affinity for tRNA, suggesting that the catalytic and N-domains of LysRS act synergistically to provide a high affinity binding site for tRNA. A more detailed analysis revealed that LysRS binds and specifically aminoacylates an RNA minihelix mimicking the amino acid acceptor stem-loop structure of tRNA(3)Lys, whereas LysRS-DeltaN did not. As a consequence, merging an additional RNA-binding domain into a bacterial-like LysRS increases the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme, especially at the low concentration of deacylated tRNA prevailing in vivo. Our results provide new insights into tRNA(Lys) channeling in eukaryotic cells and shed new light on the possible requirement of native LysRS for triggering tRNA(3)Lys packaging into human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 viral particles.
Electrical soliton oscillator (2006)

This paper introduces the first robust self-sustained electrical soliton oscillator. It self-starts by amplifying background noise to produce a stable train of periodic electrical soliton pulses. The oscillator is made possible by coupling a nonlinear transmission line with a unique amplifier that tames the instability-prone soliton dynamics. Two experimental prototypes, built at the discrete level, fully demonstrate the detailed operation of the circuit. The soliton oscillator is an electrical analog of optical soliton mode-locked systems
Hypoxia‐Selective DNA Interstrand Cross‐Link Formation by Two Modified Nucleosides (2012)

The clean crossed code: Two nitroimidazole-modified thymidines 1 a and 1 b were synthesized and incorporated into DNA oligomers. The 350 nm photolysis of 1 a and 1 b generated a 5-(2'-deoxyuridinyl)methyl radical that induced DNA interstrand cross-links (ICL; see scheme). A higher ICL yield was observed under hypoxic conditions than under aerobic conditions.
Spin-on-glass thin films prepared from a novel polysilsesquioxane by thermal and ultraviolet-irradiation methods (1999)

New dielectric films are prepared by both pyrolytic and photolytic conversion of β-chloroethyl-silsesquioxane (BCESSQ). Film thickness, refractive index, composition, density and morphology are characterized using a palette of techniques including ellipsometry, Rutherford backscattering and forward recoil spectrometry, X-ray reflectivity, and atomic force and electron microscopies. After annealing at 350°C, BCESSQ films, initially 200 nm thick reach about 55% of their original thickness after 20 min. For films heated in air for 4 h, the atom fractions of carbon and hydrogen monotonically decrease to 10 and 30%, respectively, as annealing temperature increases from 225 to 450°C. The BCESSQ reactivity is reflected in the loss of chlorine at 400°C. At 450°C, the film density is 1.88 g/cm3, or 84% of thermally-grown silicon oxide. Upon exposure to ultraviolet ozone radiation, films ranging from ca. 200 to 700 nm are found to convert to ormosil films within 30 min. Surprisingly, the chlorine concentration is found to decrease more quickly than the hydrogen and carbon concentrations, suggesting that the ormosil film evolves HCl leaving a vinyl group of SiCHCH2. This reaction pathway differs from the thermal case. For films prepared by pyrolytic and photolytic methods, atomic force and electron microscopy studies show that the surface is smooth and featureless, the bulk is void free when view at a magnification of 50 000×, and the ormosil/substrate interface is continuous.
Calcium binding to calmodulin and its globular domains (1991)

The macroscopic Ca(2+)-binding constants of bovine calmodulin have been determined from titrations with Ca2+ in the presence of the chromophoric chelator 5,5'-Br2BAPTA in 0, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 150 mM KCl. Identical experiments have also been performed for tryptic fragments comprising the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of calmodulin. These measurements indicate that the separated globular domains retain the Ca2+ binding properties that they have in the intact molecule. The Ca2+ affinity is 6-fold higher for the C-terminal domain than for the N-terminal domain. The salt effect on the free energy of binding two Ca2+ ions is 20 and 21 kJ. mol-1 for the N- and C-terminal domain, respectively, comparing 0 and 150 mM KCl. Positive cooperativity of Ca2+ binding is observed within each globular domain at all ionic strengths. No interaction is observed between the globular domains. In the N-terminal domain, the cooperativity amounts to 3 kJ.mol-1 at low ionic strength and greater than or equal to 10 kJ.mol-1 at 0.15 M KCl. For the C-terminal domain, the corresponding figures are 9 +/- 2 kJ.mol-1 and greater than or equal to 10 kJ.mol-1. Two-dimensional 1H NMR studies of the fragments show that potassium binding does not alter the protein conformation.
Advanced Glycosylation End Products Might Promote Atherosclerosis Through Inducing the Immune Maturation of Dendritic Cells (2005)

AGE-BSA induces maturation of DCs and augmented their capacity to stimulate T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretions possibly through upregulation of RAGE and SR-A, which at least in part through Jnk. These findings might explain in part the interactive roles of AGEs and DCs in the processes of atherosclerosis.
Long-Term Trends in the Incidence of Heart Failure After Myocardial Infarction (2008)

In the present community-based sample, we observed an increase in the incidence of heart failure in recent decades that paralleled the decrease in mortality after MI.
Development of a Vero cell-derived influenza whole virus vaccine. (1999)

Influenza vaccine production is dependent on the availability of embryonated hen eggs for virus growth. This is an extremely cumbersome system with many disadvantages with respect to selection of virus variants and the presence of adventitious viruses. We have developed an alternative cell culture system which allows rapid production of large volumes of vaccine. The WHO-approved Vero cell line was used in serum-free culture to grow many influenza strains to high titre. This system could be scaled-up to allow vaccine production with a 1200 litre fermenter. A purification scheme was developed which resulted in a high purity whole virus vaccine. This was demonstrated to be at least as immunogenic as a conventional egg-derived preparation.
The effect of interferon on flaviviruses in vitro: a preliminary study. (1984)

The preliminary results of our study in vitro on the effect of Interferon on Flaviviruses showed that Interferon alpha and Interferon beta were more effective on JE viruses Vip local strain and JaGAr strain, but less on Dengue virus type 2 strain. However, the effect of these 2 interferons on the 2 strains of JE viruses were still variable which need further investigations. The JE virus Vip local strain seemed to be more susceptible to interferon than the Japanese prototype JaGAr strain. Thus, the in vivo trial on JE disease in Thailand is strongly recommended.