gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cortical spreading ischaemia is a novel process involved in ischaemic damage in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (2009)

The term cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) describes a wave of mass neuronal depolarization associated with net influx of cations and water. Clusters of prolonged CSDs were measured time-locked to progressive ischaemic damage in human cortex. CSD induces tone alterations in resistance vessels, causing either transient hyperperfusion (physiological haemodynamic response) in healthy tissue; or hypoperfusion [inverse haemodynamic response = cortical spreading ischaemia (CSI)] in tissue at risk for progressive damage, which has so far only been shown experimentally. Here, we performed a prospective, multicentre study in 13 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, using novel subdural opto-electrode technology for simultaneous laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and direct current-electrocorticography, combined with measurements of tissue partial pressure of oxygen (ptiO(2)). Regional cerebral blood flow and electrocorticography were simultaneously recorded in 417 CSDs. Isolated CSDs occurred in 12 patients and were associated with either physiological, absent or inverse haemodynamic responses. Whereas the physiological haemodynamic response caused tissue hyperoxia, the inverse response led to tissue hypoxia. Clusters of prolonged CSDs were measured in five patients in close proximity to structural brain damage as assessed by neuroimaging. Clusters were associated with CSD-induced spreading hypoperfusions, which were significantly longer in duration (up to 144 min) than those of isolated CSDs. Thus, oxygen depletion caused by the inverse haemodynamic response may contribute to the establishment of clusters of prolonged CSDs and lesion progression. Combined electrocorticography and perfusion monitoring also revealed a characteristic vascular signature that might be used for non-invasive detection of CSD. Low-frequency vascular fluctuations (LF-VF) (f < 0.1 Hz), detectable by functional imaging methods, are determined by the brain's resting neuronal activity. CSD provides a depolarization block of the resting activity, recorded electrophysiologically as spreading depression of high-frequency-electrocorticography activity. Accordingly, we observed a spreading suppression of LF-VF, which accompanied spreading depression of high-frequency-electrocorticography activity, independently of whether CSD was associated with a physiological, absent or inverse haemodynamic response. Spreading suppressions of LF-VF thus allow the differentiation of progressive ischaemia and repair phases in a fashion similar to that shown previously for spreading depressions of high-frequency-electrocorticography activity. In conclusion, it is suggested that (i) CSI is a novel human disease mechanism associated with lesion development and a potential target for therapeutic intervention in stroke; and that (ii) prolonged spreading suppressions of LF-VF are a novel 'functional marker' for progressive ischaemia.
Modified Guanidines as Potential Chiral Superbases. 2. Preparation of 1,3-Unsubstituted and 1-Substituted 2-Iminoimidazolidine Derivatives and a Related Guanidine by the 2-Chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium Chloride-Induced Cyclization of Thioureas (2000)

Simple preparation methods for modified guanidines were explored for new chiral superbases. Thus, (4S,5S)-4,5-diphenyl- and diastereomeric cyclohexane-fused 2-iminoimidazolidines were prepared from (1S,2S)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine and (1R,2R)- or (1S,2S)-1, 2-diaminocyclohexanes through cyclization of protected thiourea intermediates with 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride (DMC) as a key reaction. In the (4S,5S)-4,5-diphenyl series 1-methyl-2-iminoimidazolidines and 2-diethylaminoimidazoline were also prepared as related guanidines.
Robustness of DPSK direct detection transmissionformat in standard fibre WDM systems (2000)

The practicability of using phase modulation in a 16 channel 10 Gbit/s system over 1600 km of standard SMF with simple dispersion compensation and the robustness in presence of ASK modulated channels has been shown for the first time.
Corn Stalk as a Raw Material for Papermaking (2004)

This article talks about the cornstalks. The economic aspects of the paper industry and the wood-pulp industry are also discussed. The recycling of the fibers are also taken into account.
Variations in Amino Acid Composition of Antisense Peptide-Phosphorodiamidate Morpholino Oligomer Affect Potency against Escherichia coli In Vitro and In Vivo (2008)

The potency of antisense peptide-phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PPMOs) was improved by varying the peptide composition. An antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) complementary to the mRNA of the essential gene acpP (which encodes the acyl carrier protein required for lipid biosynthesis) in Escherichia coli was conjugated to the 5' ends of various cationic membrane-penetrating peptides. Each peptide had one of three repeating sequence motifs: C-N-N (motif 1), C-N (motif 2), or C-N-C (motif 3), where C is a cationic residue and N is a nonpolar residue. Variations in the cationic residues included arginine, lysine, and ornithine (O). Variations in the nonpolar residues included phenylalanine, valine, beta-alanine (B), and 6-aminohexanoic acid (X). The MICs of the PPMOs varied from 0.625 to >80 microM (about 3 to 480 microg/ml). Three of the most potent were the (RX)(6)B-, (RXR)(4)XB-, and (RFR)(4)XB-AcpP PMOs, which were further tested in mice infected with E. coli. The (RXR)(4)XB-AcpP PMO was the most potent of the three conjugates tested in mice. The administration of 30 microg (1.5 mg/kg of body weight) (RXR)(4)XB-AcpP PMO at 15 min postinfection reduced CFU/ml in blood by 10(2) to 10(3) within 2 to 12 h compared to the numbers in water-treated controls. All mice treated with 30 microg/dose of (RXR)(4)XB-AcpP PMO survived infection, whereas all water-treated mice died 12 h postinfection. The reduction in CFU/ml in blood was proportional to the dose of PPMO from 30 to 300 microg/ml. In summary, the C-N-C motif was more effective than the other two motifs, arginine was more effective than lysine or ornithine, phenylalanine was more effective than 6-aminohexanoic acid in vitro but not necessarily in vivo, and (RXR)(4)XB-AcpP PMO reduced bacterial infection and promoted survival at clinically relevant doses.
The Lipid-associated Conformation of the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Binding Domain of Human Apolipoprotein E (2000)

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a 34-kDa exchangeable apolipoprotein that regulates metabolism of plasma lipoproteins by functioning as a ligand for members of the LDL receptor family. The receptor-binding region localizes to the vicinity of residues 130-150 within its independently folded 22-kDa N-terminal domain. In the absence of lipid, this domain exists as a receptor-inactive, globular four-helix bundle. Receptor recognition properties of this domain are manifest upon lipid association, which is accompanied by a conformational change in the protein. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer has been used to monitor helix repositioning, which accompanies lipid association of the apoE N-terminal domain. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to replace naturally occurring Trp residues with phenylalanine, creating a Trp-null apoE3 N-terminal domain (residues 1-183). Subsequently, tyrosine residues in helix 2, helix 3, or helix 4 were converted to Trp, generating single Trp mutant proteins. The lone cysteine at position 112 was covalently modified with N-iodoacetyl-N'-(5-sulfo-1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine, which serves as an energy acceptor from excited tryptophan residues. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis of apoE N-terminal domain variants in phospholipid disc complexes suggests that the helix bundle opens to adopt a partially extended conformation. A model is presented that depicts a tandem arrangement of the receptor-binding region of the protein in the disc complex, corresponding to its low density lipoprotein receptor-active conformation.
Long Term Effects of Left Frontal rTMS on EEG and ERPs in Patients with Depression (2008)

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment for depression has been under investigation in many controlled studies over the last 20 years. Little is known about the neurobiological action of rTMS in patients. We therefore investigated pre- and post-treatment effects on QEEG, ERP's and behavior (BDI and NEO-FFI). rTMS treatment was applied in 8 subjects for an average of 21 sessions to the left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (left DLPFC). Clients were assessed on a QEEG and Oddball ERP evaluation pre- and post-treatment. Clients were stimulated over the left DLPFC with 10 Hz rTMS (100% MT). Furthermore, rTMS treatment was complimented by psychotherapy. All subjects showed full remission within 20 sessions and there was a significant reduction in depressive symptomatology (BDI score) after 10 and 15 sessions and a clear decrease in the Neuroticism and an increase on the extraversion scale of the NEO-FFI personality questionnaire. Pre- and post-QEEG measurements did not reveal treatment specific effects, but only an indirect right frontal increase in delta power. On the other hand, ERP measures did reveal treatment specific effects by showing an increased positivity in the post-treatment ERP's specifically left frontal. The P2 amplitude demonstrated a significant left frontal increase in amplitude, whereas for the negative N1 and N2 a significant decrease in amplitude was observed. The results of this pilot study demonstrate that rTMS can be a safe and efficacious treatment modality for depression. Furthermore, a specific left frontal increase in positivity for the ERP's was found (increased P2 and decreased N1 and N2 components) most likely related to the rTMS over the left DLPFC. Furthermore, there was no change in the alpha asymmetry lending support to the fact that frontal alpha asymmetry can be considered a trait marker for depression. The findings from this pilot study require future replication with larger sample sizes.
Arrested Coalescence of Particle-coated Droplets into Nonspherical Supracolloidal Structures (2009)

Colloidal and supracolloidal structures with anisotropic shape and surface chemistry are potential building blocks for the fabrication of novel materials. Droplets or bubbles are often used as templates for the assembly of particles into supracolloidal structures of spherical shape. Particle-coated droplets or bubbles have recently been shown to also retain nonspherical geometries after deformation, suggesting that the templating approach can also be used to produce supracolloidal structures with anisotropic shape. We show that partially coated droplets generated in a microcapillary device can undergo spontaneous coalescence into stable nonspherical structures. By positioning the droplets into regular arrays before coalescence, we produce anisotropic geometries with well-defined bonding angles between adjacent merged droplets. This approach allows for the fabrication of novel anisotropic supracolloidal structures with deliberately designed shapes.
Task Allocation in Distributed Data Processing (1980)

Load balancing increases throughput but creates interprocessor overhead. This research suggests that a programming approach is the task allocation strategy most likely to balance these conflicting factors.
Kinetic Analysis of the 4-Methylideneimidazole-5-one-Containing Tyrosine Aminomutase in Enediyne Antitumor Antibiotic C-1027 Biosynthesis (2003)

The enediyne antitumor antibiotic C-1027 contains an unusual (S)-3-chloro-4,5-dihydroxy-beta-phenylalanine moiety, which requires an aminomutase for its biosynthesis. Previously, we established that SgcC4 is an aminomutase that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine to (S)-beta-tyrosine and employs 4-methylideneimidazole-5-one (MIO) at its active site [Christenson, S. D., Liu, W., Toney, M. D., and Shen, B. (2003) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 6062-6063]. Here, we present a thorough analysis of the properties of SgcC4. L-Tyrosine is the best substrate among those tested and most likely serves as the in vivo precursor for the (S)-3-chloro-4,5-dihydroxy-beta-phenylalanine moiety. The presence of MIO in the active site is supported by several lines of evidence. (1) Addition of ATP or divalent metal ions has no effect on its aminomutase activity. (2) SgcC4 has optimal activity at pH approximately 8.8, similar to the pH optima of MIO-dependent ammonia lyases. (3) SgcC4 is strongly inhibited by sodium borohydride and potassium cyanide, but preincubation with L-tyrosine or 4-hydroxycinnamate largely prevents this inhibition. (4) The difference spectrum between SgcC4 and its S153A mutant shows a positive peak at approximately 310 nm, indicative of MIO. (5) The S153A mutation lowers k(cat)/K(M) 640-fold. The SgcC4-catalyzed conversion of L-tyrosine to (S)-beta-tyrosine proceeds via 4-hydroxycinnamate as an intermediate. The latter also acts as a competitive inhibitor with respect to L-tyrosine and serves as an alternative substrate for the production of beta-tyrosine in the presence of an amino source. A full time course for the SgcC4-catalyzed interconversion between L-tyrosine, beta-tyrosine, and 4-hydroxycinnamate was measured and analyzed to provide estimates for the rate constants in a minimal mechanism. SgcC4 also exhibits a beta-tyrosine racemase activity, but alpha-tyrosine racemase activity was not detected.
Endogenous Estrogens Increase Postischemic Hyperemia in the Skin Microcirculation (2005)

Estrogens have been recognized as a major regulator of vascular tone and structure, particularly in the skin. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of endogenous estrogens on the skin microcirculation. Skin blood flow was measured at the forearm at rest and during postischemic hyperemia using laser Doppler flowmetry in 32 healthy women (mean age 34.5 +/- 3.9 years) involved in an in-vitro fertilization program. Women were treated for 10 to 12 days with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (total dose 40.3 +/- 3.3 mg) and human menopausal gonadotropin (1942 +/- 801 IE) or follicle-stimulating hormone (2544 +/- 1071 IE) according to individual estrogen levels. Plasma estrogen levels increased from 132 +/- 90 pmol/L (36 +/- 25 pg/mL) to 8471 +/- 4386 pmol/L (2308 +/- 1195 pg/mL) during treatment (P < 0.0001). Maximal hyperemic blood flow increased from 353 +/- 81% before treatment to 516 +/- 144% after hormonal stimulation (P < 0.0001), whereas basal skin flow was not altered. This study shows that endogenous estrogens enhance the postischemic hyperemic response of the skin microcirculation.
Molecular and Biological Properties of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Family of Proteins (1992)

THE establishment of a vascular supply is a critical requirement for cellular inflow of nutrients, outflow of waste products, and gas exchange in most tissues and organs (1). In endocrine glands, the vascularization not only serves such needs but also provides a pathway for the specific secretory products (2, 3). Furthermore, in the anterior pituitary (4–6) and in the adrenal medulla (7, 8), an unusual angioarchitecture, where a portal capillary plexus delivers venous blood originating from an adjacent gland, is intimately involved in the control of the secretory activity. In the adrenal medulla, this vascular design may even determine the ultimate secretory product (8). Not surprisingly, the cardiovascular system is the first organ system to develop and reach a functional state in an embryo (9–12). In the human, primitive blood vessels appear as early as day 15, and a circulation with a beating heart is already established by the end of the third week.
"Islands of ischemia": transcutaneous PtcO2 documentation of pedal malperfusion following lower limb revascularization. (1985)

Doppler, pulse volume recording (PVR) and transcutaneous oxygen (PtcO2) mapping was performed in eleven patients (group I) before and after uniform revascularization of ischemic limbs. Group I results were compared to three patients (group II) whose ischemic ulcers healed poorly following successful bypass. Inhaled oxygen was used to magnify oxygen gradients comparing foot, below-the-knee, and chest values. Significant postoperative increases in Doppler index from 0.42 to 0.89 and decreases in PVR class from 3.1 to 1.2 (P less than 0.001) were found in groups I and II. Revascularization increased the below-the-knee PtcO2 from 48 to 57 mm Hg (P less than 0.05) and foot PtcO2 from 30 to 57 mm Hg (P less than 0.01). Inhaled oxygen delineated limitation of limb oxygen transfer and demonstrated the completeness of revascularization. Despite comparable revascularization in groups I and II, PtcO2 values of less than 20 mm Hg were measured adjacent to areas of persistent ulceration. Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring clearly delineates successive revascularization. Nonhealing foot ulcers following revascularization are "islands of ischemia" due to multiple causes.
Potato Breeding Problems and Perspectives (1986)

Im vorliegenden Heft wird der derzeitige Stand der Kartoffelzuechtung dargestellt. Dabei sind jene Bereiche besonders betont, in denen neue Strategien bereits zu Erfolgen gefuehrt haben oder sie in nicht zu ferner Zukunft erwarten lassen: analytisch-synthetischer Genomaufbau durch Verwendung von Mono- und Dihaploiden mit Fremdgenen, weiterhin somatische Hybridisierung, Gentransfer und somaklonale Variation.
Chapter 2 Developmental Mutant Screens in the Zebrafish (1998)

This chapter focuses on the chemical mutagenesis procedure and screening strategies for efficient induction and recovery of developmental mutations in the zebrafish. The choice of the zebrafish line to be mutagenized depends on the assay and the breeding scheme to be used for the screen. Tü and AB are the two lines that have mainly been used for mutational screens in the past. For specific screens, genetically marked lines such as TL may be more suitable for an efficient screening strategy. For screens requiring the squeezing of females to obtain unfertilized oocytes such as haploid screens or early pressure screens, the AB line seems more suitable because it more readily gives oocytes that can be fertilized in vitro. Whatever line is used, it should be free of lethal and other mutations. Efficient mutagenesis methods and high mutation rates are prerequisites for performing large-scale mutational screens. Several mutagenic reagents, including gamma rays, UV light, and ethylnitrosourea (ENU) have been used to mutagenize zebrafish sperm. In these procedures, sperms are isolated from males, treated with the mutagen, and then used to fertilize eggs in vitro. Alternatively, males have been mutagenized with ENU and immediately mated to females following the mutagenesis.
Satellite-Mediated Protection of Tomato Against Cucumber Mosaic Virus: II. Field Test Under Natural Epidemic Conditions in Southern Italy (1991)

Tomato necrosis devastated the tomato crop in the Basilicata region of Italy in 1988. Several hundred tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings representing the cultivars UC82B, Rutgers, Bandera, and Italpeel were preventively inoculated or vaccinated with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) strain S containing the nonnecrogenic satellite S-CARNA 5 (CMV-associated RNA 5) and placed in a commercial tomato field in the Basilitica region of southern Italy to test for protection against tomato necrosis. When surveyed in July 1989, the protective effect of the vaccination was greater than 95%. The fruit yields from the protected plants were double those of the nonprotected controls (.)
Ultrathin Tantalum Oxide Capacitor Dielectric Layers Fabricated Using Rapid Thermal Nitridation prior to Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (1993)

We describe the formation of ultrathin tantalum oxide capacitors, using rapid thermal nitridation of the storage‐node polycrystalline‐silicon surface prior to low pressure chemical vapor deposition of tantalum oxide. The amorphous tantalum oxide film is deposited on the nitrided polysilicon surface using penta‐ethoxy‐tantalum and oxygen gas mixture at 470°C. The films are annealed at 600–900°C in dry . Densification of the as‐deposited film by annealing in dry is indispensable to the formation of highly reliable ultrathin tantalum oxide capacitors. During this densification, and desorb from the as‐deposited film, and the film crystallizes into an orthorhombic structure. The RTN treatment allows a reduction of the equivalent thickness of the capacitor dielectric layer and results in superior leakage and reliability characteristics.
Integration-deficient Lentiviral Vectors Expressing Codon-optimized R338L Human FIX Restore Normal Hemostasis in Hemophilia B Mice (2013)

Integration-deficient lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) have been shown to transduce a wide spectrum of target cells and organs in vitro and in vivo and to maintain long-term transgene expression in nondividing cells. However, epigenetic silencing of episomal vector genomes reduces IDLV transgene expression levels and renders these safe vectors less efficient. In this article, we describe for the first time a complete correction of factor IX (FIX) deficiency in hemophilia B mice by IDLVs carrying a novel, highly potent human FIX cDNA. A 50-fold increase in human FIX cDNA potency was achieved by combining two mechanistically independent yet synergistic strategies: (i) optimization of the human FIX cDNA codon usage to increase human FIX protein production per vector genome and (ii) generation of a highly catalytic mutant human FIX protein in which the arginine residue at position 338 was substituted with leucine. The enhanced human FIX activity was not associated with liver damage or with the formation of human FIX-directed inhibitory antibodies and rendered IDLV-treated FIX-knockout mice resistant to a challenging tail-clipping assay. A novel S1 nuclease-based B1-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay showed low levels of IDLV integration in mouse liver. Overall, this study demonstrates that IDLVs carrying an improved human FIX cDNA safely and efficiently cure hemophilia B in a mouse model.
The ANKH ΔE490Mutation in Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Deposition Disease (CPPDD) Affects Tissue Non-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (TNAP) Activities (2008)

ANKH (human homolog of progressive ankylosis) regulates inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) transport. Dominant ANKH mutations were detected in at least five multiplex families with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease (CPPPD). The objective of this study is to assess the functional consequences of one CPPDD-associated ANKH mutation (ΔE490) in chondrogenic ATDC5 cells. Stable ATDC5 transfectants bearing myc-tagged constructs of wild-type ANKH, mutant ANKH (ΔE490) and neo controls were generated. Upon ITS (insulin, transferrin and selenium) induction, expression of chondrocyte markers including alkaline phosphatase activity in the various transfectants was assessed. The ANKH ΔE490- transfectants had low alkaline phosphatase activities throughout ITS treatment due to lower TNAP protein expression and the presence of intracellular low-molecular-weight inhibitors. Our results suggest that the interplay of ANKH and TNAP activities is tightly regulated.
The design of oscillators using the cascode circuit (2002)

The design of oscillators using linear 2-port networks are well documented and are usually based on circuits using one active device. Recently there has been renewed interest in the cascode circuit because of its injection locking properties. This gives it tremendous possibilities, in providing very stable high frequency oscillators by locking it to a more stable lower frequency source. The design of oscillators using the cascode circuit has never been completely approached analytically before so the purpose of this paper is to present a method that will enable the analytic approach to oscillator design using the cascode circuit. This method is verified with a design of a low cost, low phase noise power oscillator at 850 MHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>