gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Inquiry on the Theories Associated with Youth Leadership Development (2001)

The objectives of this study were to inquire the theories associated with YLD (Youth Leadership Development), and to draw implications for improving youth leadership abilities, The results of the inquiry revealed the theories associated with YLD as follows; 1. All youth have leadership potential and abilities, but there were few programs to improve it. 2. Activity-Observation-Reflection model of Hughes, Ginnett & Curphy(1993) and Awareness-Interaction-Mastery model of Linden & Fertman(1998) were the best effective YLD models. 3. Situational contingency approach was very appropriate theory associated with YLD. 4. The learning of leadership skills had occurred within an educational context known as experiential learning, so it was the best method of YLD.
Transition from metallic to tunneling regimes in superconducting microconstrictions: Excess current, charge imbalance, and supercurrent conversion (1982)

We propose a simple theory for the $I\ensuremath{-}V$ curves of normal-superconducting microconstriction contacts which describes the crossover from metallic to tunnel junction behavior. The detailed calculations are performed within a generalized semiconductor model, with the use of the Bogoliubov equations to treat the transmission and reflection of particles at the $N\ensuremath{-}S$ interface. By including a barrier of arbitrary strength at the interface, we have computed a family of $I\ensuremath{-}V$ curves ranging from the tunnel junction to the metallic limit. Excess current, generated by Andreev reflection, is found to vary smoothly from $\frac{4\ensuremath{\Delta}}{3e{R}_{N}}$ in the metallic case to zero for the tunnel junction. Charge-imbalance generation, previously calculated only for tunnel barriers, has been recalculated for an arbitrary barrier strength, and detailed insight into the conversion of normal current to supercurrent at the interface is obtained. We emphasize that the calculated differential conductance offers a particularly direct experimental test of the predictions of the model.
Nerve Allograft Transplantation: A Review (2007)

Peripheral nerves that are interrupted by trauma or surgical resection require reapproximation of their ends. When primary repair cannot be performed without undue tension, nerve grafting is required. Nerve repair with autograft is limited when there is insufficient amount of autologous nerves available for large nerve defects. This encouraged the search for alternative means of reconstruction in extensive nerve injuries. The cadaveric nerve allograft provides an unlimited graft source without the morbidities associated with autograft reconstruction; but these grafts are rapidly rejected unless appropriate recipient immunosuppression is achieved. An optimal treatment method for nerve allograft transplantation must minimize or prevent rejection while permitting nerve regeneration at the same time. In this report, the literature of nerve allograft transplantation experimental studies, strategies to prevent nerve allograft rejection, and reported clinical experiences are reviewed.
Functional colocalization of ribozymes and target mRNAs in Drosophila oocytes (2001)

The effectiveness of catalytic RNAs (ribozymes) should be increased when they are colocalized to the same intracellular compartment as their RNA targets. We colocalized ribozymes with their mRNA targets in an animal model by using the discrete RNA localization signals present in the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of Drosophila bicoid and oskar mRNAs. These signals have been fused to a lacZ mRNA target and hammerhead ribozymes targeted against lacZ. Ribozyme efficacy was first assessed by an oligodeoxyribonucleotide-based assay to identify the most accessible sites for ribozyme interaction on native lacZ transcripts in ovary extracts. The most accessible sequence was used for the design and in vivo testing of a hammerhead ribozyme. When the ribozyme and target with synonymous 3' UTRs were expressed in the same ovaries, colocalization could be indirectly demonstrated by in situ hybridization. Colocalized ribozyme and target mRNAs resulted in a two- to threefold enhancement of ribozyme function compared with noncolocalized transcripts. This study provides the first demonstration of functional ribozyme target colocalization in an animal model.
Silencing of six susceptibility genes results in potato late blight resistance (2016)

Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight, is a major threat to commercial potato production worldwide. Significant costs are required for crop protection to secure yield. Many dominant genes for resistance (R-genes) to potato late blight have been identified, and some of these R-genes have been applied in potato breeding. However, the P. infestans population rapidly accumulates new virulent strains that render R-genes ineffective. Here we introduce a new class of resistance which is based on the loss-of-function of a susceptibility gene (S-gene) encoding a product exploited by pathogens during infection and colonization. Impaired S-genes primarily result in recessive resistance traits in contrast to recognition-based resistance that is governed by dominant R-genes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, many S-genes have been detected in screens of mutant populations. In the present study, we selected 11 A. thaliana S-genes and silenced orthologous genes in the potato cultivar Desiree, which is highly susceptible to late blight. The silencing of five genes resulted in complete resistance to the P. infestans isolate Pic99189, and the silencing of a sixth S-gene resulted in reduced susceptibility. The application of S-genes to potato breeding for resistance to late blight is further discussed.
Enhancement of the high potential specific charge in layered electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (2014)

Among the layered transition metal oxide electrodes, the NCA (Li(Ni1−x−yCoxAly)O2) and the NMC (Li1+a(NixMnyCoz)1−aO2) families with working potentials ranging from 4 V to close to 5 V against Li metal are nowadays identified as potential high specific energy materials. The present candidates have their advantages and drawbacks, i.e. NCA is a high energy density material but safety is of major concern while NMC has a lower energy density but exhibits improved safety. Recently, overlithiated layered transition metal oxides have proved to deliver reversible specific charge over 200 mA h g−1. The high specific charge is associated with a complex reaction mechanism that involves the activation of the material at high potentials. However, further R&D is needed for the current technology to meet the needs, in terms of safety, cost, energy and power capabilities, of the emerging HEV and EV market. A review of the state-of-the-art of these families of compounds together with current approaches for their future development is presented.
RNA Editing and Short Variant of Serotonin 2C Receptor mRNA in Neuronally Differentiated NG108-15 Cells (2004)

Two types of serotonin 2C subtype receptor mRNA, receptor-type and short variant, has been reported. The expression of the receptor-type mRNA could be detected as well as the short variant in NG108-15 cells by using a high temperature stable reverse transcriptase and the expression of the receptor-type mRNA was enhanced in drug-induced neuronal differentiated cells. The deleted sequence of the short variant include the RNA editing site by adenosine deaminase. Analysis of the sequence at the editing site revealed that the mRNA of undifferentiated cells was highly edited at sites A and B and that cytosine deaminase activity may also be involved in neuronal differentiation.
Common LISP: the language (2nd ed.) (1990)

There is substantial inter-subject variability in intervertebral range of motion (ROM) in the cervical spine. This makes it difficult to define "normal" ROM, and to assess the effects of age, injury, and surgical procedures on spine kinematics. The objective of this study was to define normal intervertebral kinematics in the cervical spine during dynamic functional loading. Twenty-nine participants performed dynamic flexion\extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending while biplane radiographs were collected at 30 images/s. Vertebral motion was tracked with sub-millimeter accuracy using a validated volumetric model-based tracking process that matched subject-specific CT-based bone models to the radiographs. Gaussian point-by-point and bootstrap techniques were used to determine 90% prediction bands for the intervertebral kinematic curves at 1% intervals of each movement cycle. Cross validation was performed to estimate the true achieved coverage for each method. For a targeted coverage of 90%, the estimated true coverage using bootstrap prediction bands averaged 86±5%, while the estimated true coverage using Gaussian point-by-point intervals averaged 56±10% over all movements and all motion segments. Bootstrap prediction bands are recommended as the standard for evaluating full ROM cervical spine kinematic curves. The data presented here can be used to identify abnormal motion in patients presenting with neck pain, to drive computational models, and to assess the biofidelity of in vitro loading paradigms.
Stem Cells: A Revolution in Therapeutics—Recent Advances in Stem Cell Biology and Their Therapeutic Applications in Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Therapies (2007)

Basic and clinical research accomplished during the last few years on embryonic, fetal, amniotic, umbilical cord blood, and adult stem cells has constituted a revolution in regenerative medicine and cancer therapies by providing the possibility of generating multiple therapeutically useful cell types. These new cells could be used for treating numerous genetic and degenerative disorders. Among them, age-related functional defects, hematopoietic and immune system disorders, heart failures, chronic liver injuries, diabetes, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, arthritis, and muscular, skin, lung, eye, and digestive disorders as well as aggressive and recurrent cancers could be successfully treated by stem cell-based therapies. This review focuses on the recent advancements in adult stem cell biology in normal and pathological conditions. We describe how these results have improved our understanding on critical and unique functions of these rare sub-populations of multipotent and undifferentiated cells with an unlimited self-renewal capacity and high plasticity. Finally, we discuss some major advances to translate the experimental models on ex vivo and in vivo expanded and/or differentiated stem cells into clinical applications for the development of novel cellular therapies aimed at repairing genetically altered or damaged tissues/organs in humans. A particular emphasis is made on the therapeutic potential of different tissue-resident adult stem cell types and their in vivo modulation for treating and curing specific pathological disorders.
In vitro splicing analysis showed that availability of a cryptic splice site is not a determinant for alternative splicing patterns caused by +1G→A mutations in introns of the dystrophin gene (2008)

It was concluded that sequences inserted into the in vitro splicing assay minigene contain cis-elements that determine splicing pathways. By taking other +1G-->A mutations in the introns of the dystrophin gene reported in the literature into consideration, it seems that cryptic splice-site activation is seen only in strong exons. This finding will help to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of dystrophinopathy and to predict efficiency of induction of exon skipping with antisense oligonucleotides for treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Manufacture and Characterization of High Q-Factor Inductors Based on CMOS-MEMS Techniques (2011)

A high Q-factor (quality-factor) spiral inductor fabricated by the CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) process and a post-process was investigated. The spiral inductor is manufactured on a silicon substrate. A post-process is used to remove the underlying silicon substrate in order to reduce the substrate loss and to enhance the Q-factor of the inductor. The post-process adopts RIE (reactive ion etching) to etch the sacrificial oxide layer, and then TMAH (tetramethylammonium hydroxide) is employed to remove the silicon substrate for obtaining the suspended spiral inductor. The advantage of this post-processing method is its compatibility with the CMOS process. The performance of the spiral inductor is measured by an Agilent 8510C network analyzer and a Cascade probe station. Experimental results show that the Q-factor and inductance of the spiral inductor are 15 at 15 GHz and 1.8 nH at 1 GHz, respectively.
Abstract 5625: In vitro and in vivo pharmacology of MEDI-565 (MT111), a novel CEA/CD3-bispecific single-chain BiTE antibody in development for the treatment of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas (2010)

Abstract MEDI-565 (MT111) is a novel bispecific single-chain antibody of the BiTE (Bispecific T cell engager) class that transiently links carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) on cancer cells with human CD3 on T cells. MEDI-565 specifically binds to human CEA with an affinity of 8.5 nM but not to any other member of the CEACAM family. In targeted expression studies on cryopreserved and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections, MEDI-565 demonstrated membrane-localized binding specifically to epithelial cells in human cancerous tissues. The highest prevalence of MEDI-565 binding (∼90%) was in adenocarcinomas of gastrointestinal origin. In in vitro killing assays, MEDI-565 recruited T cells via the CD3 antigen (affinity of 310 nM) in a process that required concomitant binding to CEA positive tumor cells for T cell activation. As a consequence, T cells expanded, increased cell surface expression of the activation markers CD69 and CD25, and released perforin and granzymes. The release of cytotoxic granule content led to a Ca2+-dependent activation of pro-caspases and subsequent apoptosis of CEA-expressing tumor cells. Efficient target cell lysis by MEDI-565 was predominantly mediated by CD8+ T cells and occurred within a wide range of effector-to-target ratios (80:1 to 5:1) for T cells derived from various human donors. BiTE mediated killing was not affected by the presence of soluble CEA (≤5 µg/mL). The in vivo activity of MEDI-565 was investigated in subcutaneous xenograft models using immunocompromised SCID mice inoculated with mixtures of human T cells and human cancer cell lines. The antibody was eliminated from the serum with a half-life of a few hours following a single intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous (SC) injection. Despite a relatively short serum half-life, daily IV or SC bolus treatments over 5 days provided sufficient levels of exposure to inhibit the growth of CEA-positive tumors in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of growth was observed for tumors of different tissue origins and was dependent on the presence of human T cells and CEA expression by tumor cells. There were no MEDI-565-related in-life observations following treatment. These studies demonstrated that MEDI-565 has potent and selective anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo and provides evidence that MEDI-565 may be an effective monotherapy to treat CEA-expressing malignancies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5625.
Synergistic Interactions of Anti-NS1 Monoclonal Antibodies Protect Passively Immunized Mice from Lethal Challenge with Dengue 2 Virus (1988)

Non-neutralizing, serotype-specific anti-NS1 monoclonal antibodies partially protected passively immunized mice from lethal dengue 2 virus intracerebral challenge. There was no apparent correlation between complement-fixing activity and protective capacity among individual anti-NS1 monoclonal antibodies. Immunization with specific combinations of non-protective or partially protective antibodies resulted in prolonged survival or reduced mortality. Solid protection, equal to that achieved after immunization with neutralizing polyclonal antibody, was achieved only with an antibody pair which individually fixed complement to high titre with homologous virus. Some groups of mice had increased morbidity after immunization with combinations of protective monoclonal antibodies that bind to overlapping epitopes. These results may affect the design of recombinant dengue vaccines which may require the inclusion of serotype-specific antigenic domains.
Cell Culture Imaging Using Microimpedance Tomography (2007)

We present a novel, inexpensive, and fast microimpedance tomography system for two-dimensional imaging of cell and tissue cultures. The system is based on four-electrode measurements using 16 planar microelectrodes (5 microm x 4 mm) integrated into a culture chamber. An Agilent 4294A impedance analyzer combined with a front-end amplifier is used for the impedance measurements. Two-dimensional images are obtained using a reconstruction algorithm. This system is capable of accurately resolving the shape and position of a human hair, yielding vertical cross sections of the object. Human epithelial stem cells (YF 29) are also grown directly on the device surface. Tissue growth can be followed over several days. A rapid resistivity decrease caused by permeabilized cell membranes is also monitored, suggesting that this technique can be used in electroporation studies.
Lidocaine Eye Drops Attenuate Pain Associated with Ophthalmic Postherpetic Neuralgia (2010)

This study suggests that LDC provides a significant improvement of ophthalmic PHN because of its prompt analgesia, lack of systemic side effects, and convenience of use.
Computational Design of Epitope-Specific Functional Antibodies (2018)

The ultimate goal of protein design is to introduce new biological activity. We propose a computational approach for designing functional antibodies by focusing on functional epitopes, integrating large-scale statistical analysis with multiple structural models. Machine learning is used to analyze these models and predict specific residue-residue contacts. We use this approach to design a functional antibody to counter the proinflammatory effect of the cytokine interleukin-17A (IL-17A). X-ray crystallography confirms that the designed antibody binds the targeted epitope and the interaction is mediated by the designed contacts. Cell-based assays confirm that the antibody is functional. Importantly, this approach does not rely on a high-quality 3D model of the designed complex or even a solved structure of the target. As demonstrated here, this approach can be used to design biologically active antibodies, removing some of the main hurdles in antibody design and in drug discovery.
Basic Methods in Antibody Production and Characterization (2000)

Written for researchers and professionals in the fields of biomedical research, immunology, biochemistry, molecular biology, pathology, and biotechnology, Basic Methods in Antibody Production and Characterization uses a cookbook approach to presenting the methods for the production, characterization, and use of antibodies. Antibodies described
Acrolein, the causative factor of urotoxic side-effects of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, trofosfamide and sufosfamide. (1979)

The urotoxicity of oxazaphosphorine cytostatics is not based on their alkylating activity but on the presence of acrolein, which is spontaneously formed in the urine from the primary metabolites eliminated via the kidneys. Thus, acrolein proved to be the causative factor in the urotoxicity of oxazaphosphorines. The mechanism of action of the uroprotector sodium 2-mercaptoethane-sulfonate (mesnum, Mitexan) is mainly based on the formation of a non-toxic additive compound with acrolein.
Paraffin actuated surface micromachined valves (2002)

A new, active, normally-open blocking microvalve that uses the thermal expansion of a sealed, thin paraffin patch for actuation has been fabricated and tested. The entire structure is batch-fabricated by surface micromachining the actuator and channel materials on top of a single substrate. The paraffin actuated microvalves are suitable for applications requiring many devices on a single die, low processing temperatures, and simple, nonbonded process technology. Gas flow rates in the 0.1-2.0 sccm range have been measured for several devices with actuation powers less than 50 mW.
Learning photographic global tonal adjustment with a database of input / output image pairs (2011)

Adjusting photographs to obtain compelling renditions requires skill and time. Even contrast and brightness adjustments are challenging because they require taking into account the image content. Photographers are also known for having different retouching preferences. As the result of this complexity, rule-based, one-size-fits-all automatic techniques often fail. This problem can greatly benefit from supervised machine learning but the lack of training data has impeded work in this area. Our first contribution is the creation of a high-quality reference dataset. We collected 5,000 photos, manually annotated them, and hired 5 trained photographers to retouch each picture. The result is a collection of 5 sets of 5,000 example input-output pairs that enable supervised learning. We first use this dataset to predict a user's adjustment from a large training set. We then show that our dataset and features enable the accurate adjustment personalization using a carefully chosen set of training photos. Finally, we introduce difference learning: this method models and predicts difference between users. It frees the user from using predetermined photos for training. We show that difference learning enables accurate prediction using only a handful of examples.
Zn2+ interaction with Alzheimer amyloid beta protein calcium channels. (1996)

The Alzheimer disease 40-residue amyloid beta protein (AbetaP[1-40]) forms cation-selective channels across acidic phospholipid bilayer membranes with spontaneous transitions over a wide range of conductances ranging from 40 to 4000 pS. Zn2+ has been reported to bind to AbetaP[1-40] with high affinity, and it has been implicated in the formation of amyloid plaques. We now report the functional consequences of such Zn2+ binding for the AbetaP[1-40] channel. Provided the AbetaP[1-40] channel is expressed in the low conductance (&lt;400 pS) mode, Zn2+ blocks the open channel in a dose- dependent manner. For AbetaP[1-40] channels in the giant conductance mode (&gt;400 pS), Zn2+ doses in the millimolar range were required to exert substantial blockade. The Zn2+ chelator o-phenanthroline reverses the blockade. We also found that Zn2+ modulates AbetaP[1-40] channel gating and conductance only from one side of the channel. These data are consistent with predictions of our recent molecular modeling studies on AbetaP[1-40] channels indicating asymmetric Zn(2+)-AbetaP[1-40] interactions at the entrance to the pore.
Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2 (2020)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in an unprecedented public health crisis. Because of the novelty of the virus, there are currently no SARS-CoV-2-specific treatments or vaccines available. Therefore, rapid development of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are urgently needed. Here, we developed a pilot-scale production of PiCoVacc, a purified inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine candidate, which induced SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies in mice, rats, and nonhuman primates. These antibodies neutralized 10 representative SARS-CoV-2 strains, suggesting a possible broader neutralizing ability against other strains. Three immunizations using two different doses, 3 or 6 micrograms per dose, provided partial or complete protection in macaques against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, respectively, without observable antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. These data support the clinical development and testing of PiCoVacc for use in humans.