gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of Application Time and Formulation Reapplication on the Delivery of Minoxidil through Hairless Mouse Skin as Measured in Franz Diffusion Cells (1994)

Relationships are drawn between the extent of topical delivery of test compounds in solution and the period of residence of their formulation on the skin. The studies were performed using in vitro diffusion cell techniques and a test formulation containing 2% 3H-minoxidil dissolved in 60% ethanol, 20% water and 20% 14C-propylene glycol. The permeation of propylene glycol was effectively halted upon cleansing the skin surface; the skin had very little reservoir capacity for this substance. However, the rate of delivery of minoxidil was only slowed but not stopped upon cleansing. The suggestion here is that a reservoir of minoxidil is formed in the skin which is capable of sustaining an appreciable input of drug even after the skin's surface is scrupulously cleaned. Assay of epidermal concentrations of these species not only confirms the existence of the minoxidil reservoir but also shows that the degree of its tissue concentration is proportional to the time of residence of the formulation on the skin surface. Reapplication of blank vehicle to the cleansed surface had little to no effect on the permeation of the minoxidil and was similarly without effect on that of propylene glycol. While it comes as no surprise that formulation residence time is an important variable in topical delivery, this study demonstrates the complexities of quantitative dependencies of delivery on residence time.
High-End CMOS Active Pixel Sensors For Space-Borne Imaging Instruments (2005)

Solid-state optical sensors are used in the space environment for a wide range of applications. Many applications still rely on charge coupled device (CCD) technology but CMOS active pixel sensors (APS) offer great promise for use in space-borne imaging instruments. This paper highlights present-day high-end CMOS APS sensors and sketches their advantages with respect to their CCD counterparts. These advantages are illustrated with Fillfactory analysis and ongoing developments resulting from collaborations with ESA and partnerships with CNES and Alcatel Space.
Second-Line Treatment With a Combination of Continuous 5-Fluorouracil, Doxorubicin, and Mitomycin-C (Conti-Fam) in Gemcitabine-Pretreated Pancreatic and Biliary Tract Cancer (2009)

The conti-FAM regimen seems to constitute a safe and feasible salvage therapy in patients with advanced bilio-pancreatic cancer who had been treated previously via gemcitabine-based chemotherapy.
Antistaphylococcal Activity of Rifampin with Other Antibiotics (1981)

The bactericidal activity of rifampin plus other antibiotics was examined with in vitro checkerboard dilutions against 15 strains of staphylococci, with time-kill studies, and with determinations of serum bactericidal activities (SBAs) in volunteers. In vitro synergism was found consistently only in inhibitory assays with rifampin plus minocycline. Time-kill studies with rifampin plus methicillin revealed enhanced killing at concentrations close to the MBC but reduced combined activity at higher concentrations. SBAs with rifampin, oxacillin, and the two drugs in combination were studied in three treatment regimens (regimen A: 2 g of oxacillin and 300 mg of rifampin; regimen B: 1 g of oxacillin and 450 mg of rifampin; and regimen C: 3 g of oxacillin and 450 mg of rifampin). The SBA against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus was significantly lower with the two drugs in combination than with oxacillin alone in regimen A but not in regimen B. In vitro synergy with rifampin plus other antibiotics was not frequent. At high concentrations, the bactericidal activity of oxacillin was reduced by rifampin, but killing activity may be enhanced at low concentrations of oxacillin.
Metal ion-peptide interactions in the gas phase: a tandem mass spectrometry study of alkali metal cationized peptides (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMetal ion-peptide interactions in the gas phase: a tandem mass spectrometry study of alkali metal cationized peptidesRichard P. Grese, Ronald L. Cerny, and Michael L. GrossCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 8, 2835–2842Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00190a015https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00190a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views667Altmetric-Citations230LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Diversity in the sialic acids (1992)

Historical background It is now more than 50 years since N-acetyl-neuraminic acid was first discovered and subsequently characterized by several groups (reviewed in Roseman, 1970; Gottschalk, 1972; Rosenberg and Schengrund, 1976; Schauer, 1982; Faillard, 1989). Relatively soon after its discovery, it became apparent that this molecule was actually the major member of a family of compounds related to neuraminic acid that were christened the 'sialic acids' (Blix etai, 1957). Early studies paid close attention to the different types of sialic acids and the interrelationships between them. However, interest in these complexities subsequently waned and unpublished 'folk-lore' had it that modified sialic acids were species-specific curiosities found only in a few tissues, such as erythrocytes and submaxillary glands. In fact, many investigators in the 1970s and 80s used the terms W-acetyl-neuraminic acid' and 'sialic acid' synonymously. Thus, for example, when structural or biological changes were noted following treatments with a sialidase (neuraminidase), it was often assumed that the sialic acid released was A^-acetyl-neuraminic acid. It is now clear tjiat the different types of sialic acids are much more widely distributed than previously thought. This review attempts to briefly summarize current knowledge concerning the occurrence, structure, biochemistry and biological significance of this diversity in the sialic acids. Particular attention is given to the two most common and better studied modifications: the addition of 0-acetyl esters to the hydroxyl groups at the 4-, 7-, 8- and 9-positions, and the conversion of the 7V-acetyl group to an /V-glycolyl group. Given the breadth of the review, the bibliography is only representative, and tends to emphasize more recent studies.
Identification of mechanically induced genes in human monocytic cells by DNA microarrays (2002)

The present study demonstrates that human monocytic cells respond to mechanical deformation with induction of immediate-early and inflammatory genes. These findings suggest that mechanical stress in vivo, such as that associated with hypertension, may play an important part in atherogenesis and instability of coronary artery plaques, through biomechanical effects on vascular macrophages.
Illustration of Sampling‐Based Methods for Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis (2002)

A sequence of linear, monotonic, and nonmonotonic test problems is used to illustrate sampling-based uncertainty and sensitivity analysis procedures. Uncertainty results obtained with replicated random and Latin hypercube samples are compared, with the Latin hypercube samples tending to produce more stable results than the random samples. Sensitivity results obtained with the following procedures and/or measures are illustrated and compared: correlation coefficients (CCs), rank correlation coefficients (RCCs), common means (CMNs), common locations (CLs), common medians (CMDs), statistical independence (SI), standardized regression coefficients (SRCs), partial correlation coefficients (PCCs), standardized rank regression coefficients (SRRCs), partial rank correlation coefficients (PRCCs), stepwise regression analysis with raw and rank-transformed data, and examination of scatter plots. The effectiveness of a given procedure and/or measure depends on the characteristics of the individual test problems, with (1) linear measures (i.e., CCs, PCCs, SRCs) performing well on the linear test problems, (2) measures based on rank transforms (i.e., RCCs, PRCCs, SRRCs) performing well on the monotonic test problems, and (3) measures predicated on searches for nonrandom patterns (i.e., CMNs, CLs, CMDs, SI) performing well on the nonmonotonic test problems.
Parietal epithelia cells in the urine as a marker of disease activity in glomerular diseases (2008)

PDX-positive cells are lost in the urine in disease states that require podocyte regeneration and are a useful non-invasive marker for glomerular disease activity. These cells are possibly derived from the parietal epithelial layer.
A Dual‐Mode Molecular Switching Device: Bisphenolic Diarylethenes with Integrated Photochromic and Electrochromic Properties (1995)

Abstract The bisphenolic dithienylethene molecules 1a and 1b were synthesized in overall yields of 45% from 4‐bromoanisole and 44% from 2.6‐di‐ tert ‐butyl‐4‐iodophenol, respectively. The corresponding extended quinones 3a and 3b were also prepared. Photochemical studies showed that compounds 1 are photochromic; the open forms 1 could be converted with UV light of 312nm to the closed coloured forms 2 with photostationary states lying at essentially complete conversion (&gt; 98%). The 1a‐2a system was found to exhibit good resistance to photofatigue and thermal stability for both photoisomers. Cyclic voltammetry studies involving the 2/3 couples showed that whereas 2b undergoes irreversible oxidation at + 0.85 V (vs. SCE in THF), the hydroquinone 2a is reversibly oxidized at an E 1/2 of + 0.72V (in MeCN, quasi‐reversibly in THF at + 0.81 V); this reflects the differences in deprotonation behaviour of the generated QH 2/2+ species. The large difference in oxidation potential between 1a and 2a allows the photochemical switching of redox properties. In a complementary fashion, redox switching of the photochromic properties within the 2a‐3a pair is possible since 3a is stable to visible light. Owing to this unique behaviour, the triad consisting of 1‐3a represents a novel molecular device with mutually regulating photo‐ and electrochromic behaviour. In addition, the ability to interconvert between the three stable states makes the system well‐suited as the basis for an optical memory system with multiple storage and nondestructive readout capacity through a write‐lock‐read‐unlock‐erase cycle.
Controlled expression of the transcriptional activator gene virG in Agrobacterium tumefaciens by using the Escherichia coli lac promoter (1991)

The Agrobacterium VirG protein is normally expressed from two promoters in response to multiple stimuli, including plant-released phenolics (at promoter P1) and acidic growth media (at promoter P2). To simplify the analysis of vir gene induction, we sought to create Agrobacterium strains in which virG could be expressed in a controllable fashion. To study the possibility of using the lac promoter and repressor, we constructed a plasmid containing the lac promoter fused to the lacZ structural gene. A derivative of this plasmid containing the lacIq gene was also constructed. The plasmid not containing lacIq expressed high levels of beta-galactosidase. The plasmid containing lacIq expressed beta-galactosidase at very low levels in the absence of o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside (IPTG) and at moderate levels in the presence of IPTG. We also fused the lac promoter to a virG::lacZ translational fusion and found that IPTG elevated expression of this translational fusion to moderate levels, though not to levels as high as from the stronger of the two native virG promoters. Finally, the lac promoter was used to express the native virG gene in strains containing a virB::lacZ translational fusion. virB expression in this strain depended on addition of IPTG as well as the vir gene inducer acetosyringone. In a similar strain lacking lacIq, virB expression was greater than in a strain in which virG was expressed from its native promoters. Expression of virG from the lac promoter did not alter the acidic pH optimum for vir gene induction, indicating that the previously observed requirement for acidic media was not due solely to the need to induce P2.
Impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, defective axonal transport of mitochondria, abnormal mitochondrial dynamics and synaptic degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (2011)

Increasing evidence suggests that the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in synapses and synaptic mitochondria causes synaptic mitochondrial failure and synaptic degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The purpose of this study was to better understand the effects of Aβ in mitochondrial activity and synaptic alterations in neurons from a mouse model of AD. Using primary neurons from a well-characterized Aβ precursor protein transgenic (AβPP) mouse model (Tg2576 mouse line), for the first time, we studied mitochondrial activity, including axonal transport of mitochondria, mitochondrial dynamics, morphology and function. Further, we also studied the nature of Aβ-induced synaptic alterations, and cell death in primary neurons from Tg2576 mice, and we sought to determine whether the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SS31 could mitigate the effects of oligomeric Aβ. We found significantly decreased anterograde mitochondrial movement, increased mitochondrial fission and decreased fusion, abnormal mitochondrial and synaptic proteins and defective mitochondrial function in primary neurons from AβPP mice compared with wild-type (WT) neurons. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a large number of small mitochondria and structurally damaged mitochondria, with broken cristae in AβPP primary neurons. We also found an increased accumulation of oligomeric Aβ and increased apoptotic neuronal death in the primary neurons from the AβPP mice relative to the WT neurons. Our results revealed an accumulation of intraneuronal oligomeric Aβ, leading to mitochondrial and synaptic deficiencies, and ultimately causing neurodegeneration in AβPP cultures. However, we found that the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SS31 restored mitochondrial transport and synaptic viability, and decreased the percentage of defective mitochondria, indicating that SS31 protects mitochondria and synapses from Aβ toxicity.
Improving the Techniques for Human Hepatocyte Transplantation: Report from a Consensus Meeting in London (2011)

On September 6 and 7, 2009 a meeting was held in London to identify and discuss what are perceived to be current roadblocks to effective hepatocyte transplantation as it is currently practiced in the clinics and, where possible, to offer suggestions to overcome the blocks and improve the outcomes for this cellular therapy. Present were representatives of most of the active clinical hepatocyte transplant programs along with other scientists who have contributed substantial basic research to this field. Over the 2-day sessions based on the experience of the participants, numerous roadblocks or challenges were identified, including the source of cells for the transplants and problems with tracking cells following transplantation. Much of the discussion was focused on methods to improve engraftment and proliferation of donor cells posttransplantation. The group concluded that, for now, parenchymal hepatocytes isolated from donor livers remain the best cell source for transplantation. It was reported that investigations with other cell sources, including stem cells, were at the preclinical and early clinical stages. Numerous methods to modulate the immune reaction and vascular changes that accompany hepatocyte transplantation were proposed. It was agreed that, to obtain sufficient levels of repopulation of liver with donor cells in patients with metabolic liver disease, some form of liver preconditioning would likely be required to enhance the engraftment and/or proliferation of donor cells. It was reported that clinical protocols for preconditioning by hepatic irradiation, portal vein embolization, and surgical resection had been developed and that clinical studies using these protocols would be initiated in the near future. Participants concluded that sharing information between the groups, including standard information concerning the quality and function of the transplanted cells prior to transplantation, clinical information on outcomes, and standard preconditioning protocols, would help move the field forward and was encouraged.
THE EFFECTS OF SPINAL CORD STIMULATION IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN ARE SUSTAINED (2008)

At 24 months of SCS treatment, selected failed back surgery syndrome patients reported sustained pain relief, clinically important improvements in functional capacity and health-related quality of life, and satisfaction with treatment.
P2X7 Receptor Signaling Pathway as a Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases (2010)

A recent study suggested that neuroinflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Although the precise mechanism is obscure, dysregulation of the signaling transduction pathway in microglia may enhance inflammation, leading to synaptic dysfunction and ultimately to neuronal cell death. The expression and function of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), an ATP-gated ion channel abundantly expressed in microglia in the brain, is significantly up-regulated in the postmortem brain of Alzheimer's disease patients and various neurodegenerative disease animal models. This supports the role of the P2X7R pathway in the progression of neurodegeneration. Blocking P2X7R using brilliant blue G, a P2X7R antagonist that can cross the blood-brain barrier, has been shown to result in the amelioration of neuropathology in various animal models. Taken together, these results raise the possibility that the P2X7R signaling pathway could be a therapeutic target for treating various neurodegenerative diseases.
Converting-Enzyme Inhibitors in the Treatment of Hypertension (1988)

IN 1982, Vidt and colleagues reviewed the pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic usefulness of captopril, the first of a new class of antihypertensives, converting-enzyme inhibitors.1 2 3 A review of the literature from January 1983 through August 1987 (with use of MEDLARS) revealed more than 1200 reports on 16 other such inhibitors. This review will consider the six agents most frequently mentioned — captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, pentopril, ramipril, or alacepril — and their clinical use in hypertension, discussing only double-blind placebo washout comparison studies, except for tabulation of side effects.Biochemistry and PharmacokineticsAll the converting-enzyme inhibitors reviewed have a common . . .
Depth-resolved monitoring of glucose diffusion in tissues by using optical coherence tomography (2006)

We demonstrate the capability of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique for depth-resolved monitoring and quantifying of glucose diffusion in fibrous tissues (sclera). The depth-resolved and average permeability coefficients of glucose were calculated. We found that the glucose diffusion rate is not uniform throughout the tissue and is increased from approximately 2.39+/-0.73 x 10(-6) cm/s at the epithelial side to 8.63+/-0.27 x 10(-6) cm/s close to the endothelial side of the sclera. Results demonstrated that the OCT technique is capable of depth-resolved monitoring and quantification of glucose diffusion in sclera with a resolution of approximately 40 mum.
Contact Fluorescence Imaging of Reentry in Monolayers of Cultured Neonatal Rat Ventricular Myocytes (2000)

This study demonstrates the feasibility of CFI for macroscopic optical mapping of transmembrane potentials in a single layer of cultured cells. Our results suggest that the monolayer cell culture model is an attractive complement to tissue models of reentry and cardioversion.
Low complexity bit allocation algorithm for OFDM systems (2008)

Abstract A bit allocation algorithm is presented for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The proposed algorithm is derived from the geometric progression of the additional transmission power required by the subcarriers and the arithmetic–geometric means inequality. Consequently, this algorithm has a simple procedure and low computational complexity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
A translocation involving a specific breakpoint (q35) on chromosome 5 is characteristic of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (‘Ki‐1 lymphoma') (1989)

Two cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are reported in which a chromosomal translocation was observed involving the same site (q35) on the long arm of chromosome 5. The other breakpoint involved in the translocation was chromosome 2 (p23) in one case and chromosome 3 (q12) in the other. Both cases were large cell lymphomas expressing CD30 antigen ('Ki-1 lymphoma'). One was clearly of T lymphoid origin, the other probably B cell derived. One other case of a Ki-1 lymphoma with 2;5 translocation (involving the same breakpoint on chromosome 5) has been reported previously, and it is suggested that this cytogenetic abnormality may be specifically associated with Ki-1 lymphoma. The literature contains a further eight cases of lymphoid neoplasms with a translocation involving a breakpoint at q35 on chromosome 5. They have all been described as cases of 'malignant histiocytosis', but the present findings make it likely that these cases were in reality also examples of Ki-1 lymphoma. The breakpoint at the q35 region on chromosome 5 is close to the position of the fms proto-oncogene, suggesting that an abnormality affecting this gene might possibly play a causal role in 'Ki-1 lymphoma'. However, DNA restriction fragment analysis of the present cases showed no evidence that the breakpoint on chromosome 5 involves the fms gene or its immediate vicinity.
Near‐infrared multichannel Raman spectroscopy toward real‐time in vivo cancer diagnosis (2002)

Abstract Using a newly developed InP/InGaAsP multichannel detector, we developed a near‐infrared Raman spectroscopic system that can measure human tissues efficiently without interference from fluorescence. This enabled us to measure an in vivo Raman spectrum of live human tissue (skin) in 1 min using fiber probe optics. By applying this system to human lung tissues, we found that Raman spectroscopy makes a clear distinction not only between normal and cancerous tissues but also between two different types of lung carcinomas. The results indicate a promising future for the non‐invasive real‐time Raman diagnosis of cancers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.