gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Commercial, legal, and international aspects of packet communications (1978)

Packet switching technology emerged rapidly in the 1970's as another viable mode of communications switching, along with circuit and message switching. Since packet switching offers economical and versatile data communication capabilities in a multiuser environment, it is particularly well suited for furnishing public data communication network services. Public packet networks are now established or being developed in most industrialized countries, and the introduction of these networks has raised policy issues relating to the structure and regulation of the national networks, and the interconnection of national networks into an international packet switching system. This paper reviews these issues and concludes that public packet switching network services will continue to be regulated in all cases; that competitive packet networks will coexist in the U.S. and in Canada, but that only one national packet network will exist in each of most other countries; that packet networks will aggravate the problem of distinguishing nonregulated data processing services from regulated data communication services; that international interconnection of public packet networks based upon CCITT standanh will occur rapidly over the next several years; and that a unified international packet switching system will eventually emerge similar to today's international telephone and telex systems.
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in the development of adenomyosis (2015)

Adenomyosis is a hormone-related disease that affects 10–66% of women, and women with this disorder suffer from menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, abnormal uterine bleeding, and/or infertility. Regarding the etiology of the disease, the current trend of thought is that adenomyosis or adenomyoma results as a down-growth and invagination of the endometrial basalis into the adjacent myometrium after disruption of the normally intact boundary between the two. The eutopic endometrium of adenomyosis presents invasive characteristics, including increased angiogenesis and proliferation, decreased apoptosis, induction of the local production of estrogens, induction of progesterone resistance, and impaired cytokine expression, and these changes enhance the ability of the endometrium to infiltrate the junctional zone myometrium and the growth of ectopic tissue. Hysterectomy is the major strategy to relieve secondary dysmenorrhea caused by adenomyosis. However, fertility and uterine preservation are compromised by such treatment. The traditional pharmacological therapies for adenomyosis are primarily aimed at the suppression of endogenous estrogen production, but the results are not satisfactory. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel treatment strategies for adenomyosis. There has been evidence that indicates that the estrogen-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) may play a role in the development of adenomyosis. In this article, we will concentrate on the estrogen-induced EMT in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis.
A glass nanopore electrode for single molecule detection (2010)

我们为与毛孔尺寸 10 卤制作柔韧、低的噪音玻璃 nanopore 电极开发了一个简单方法检测单个分子的 5 nm。尾 - Cyclodextrin 为描述被用作模型化合物。在 1.0 mol/L NaCl 答案，分子产生了 2 鈥的当前的脉搏吗？有噪音的 pA 铺平不到 0.8 pA。一个幻灯片模式和一个塞子模式为尾 - cyclodextrin 单身者分子移动进玻璃 nanopores 的方法被建议。
An inkjet printed, roll-coated digital microfluidic device for inexpensive, miniaturized diagnostic assays (2016)

The diagnosis of infectious disease is typically carried out at the point-of-care (POC) using the lateral flow assay (LFA). While cost-effective and portable, LFAs often lack the clinical sensitivity and specificity required for accurate diagnoses. In response to this challenge, we introduce a new digital microfluidic (DMF) platform fabricated using a custom inkjet printing and roll-coating process that is scalable to mass production. The performance of the new devices is on par with that of traditional DMF devices fabricated in a cleanroom, with a materials cost for the new devices of only US $0.63 per device. To evaluate the usefulness of the new platform, we performed a 13-step rubella virus (RV) IgG immunoassay on the inkjet printed, roll-coated devices, which yielded a limit of detection of 0.02 IU mL<sup>-1</sup>, well below the diagnostic cut-off of 10 IU mL<sup>-1</sup> for RV infection and immunity. We propose that this represents a breakthrough for DMF, lowering the costs to a level such that the new platforms will be an attractive alternative to LFAs for the diagnosis of infectious disease at the POC.
Divergent functions and distinct localization of the Notch ligands DLL1 and DLL3 in vivo (2007)

The Notch ligands Dll1 and Dll3 are coexpressed in the presomitic mesoderm of mouse embryos. Despite their coexpression, mutations in Dll1 and Dll3 cause strikingly different defects. To determine if there is any functional equivalence, we replaced Dll1 with Dll3 in mice. Dll3 does not compensate for Dll1; DLL1 activates Notch in Drosophila wing discs, but DLL3 does not. We do not observe evidence for antagonism between DLL1 and DLL3, or repression of Notch activity in mice or Drosophila. In vitro analyses show that differences in various domains of DLL1 and DLL3 individually contribute to their biochemical nonequivalence. In contrast to endogenous DLL1 located on the surface of presomitic mesoderm cells, we find endogenous DLL3 predominantly in the Golgi apparatus. Our data demonstrate distinct in vivo functions for DLL1 and DLL3. They suggest that DLL3 does not antagonize DLL1 in the presomitic mesoderm and warrant further analyses of potential physiological functions of DLL3 in the Golgi network.
Thermal and photochemical oxidative addition of alkyl halides to the cyclometalated complex cis-bis[2-(2-thienyl)pyridine]platinum(II) (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermal and photochemical oxidative addition of alkyl halides to the cyclometalated complex cis-bis[2-(2-thienyl)pyridine]platinum(II)Alex von Zelewsky, Adrian P. Suckling, and H. Stoeckli-EvansCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1993, 32, 21, 4585–4593Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00073a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00073a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views477Altmetric-Citations57LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Autoregulated Multicistronic Expression Vectors Provide One-Step Cloning of Regulated Product Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells (1997)

Regulated expression of a cloned gene often provides much higher final expression of the gene product. Also, regulated expression of an activity can enable optional metabolic engineering and simplify functional genomic research. We constructed di-, tri-, and quattrocistronic mammalian expression vectors which allow the simultaneous, coordinated, and adjustable expression of up to two product genes. A single, tetracycline-regulatable promoter, PhCMV*-1, drives high-level expression of a multicistronic expression unit, containing the product gene(s), the gene for tetracycline-responsive transactivator (tTA), and, in the case of pQuattro-tTA, also the neomycin resistance gene. This autoregulatory genetic configuration retains a very low basal transcription activity in the presence of tetracycline, thereby reducing or eliminating possible toxic effects of tTA expression. However, upon withdrawal of tetracycline, a positive feedback regulation loop is activated which leads to higher levels of tTA expression and consequently also to higher expression levels of all other cistrons encoded on the multicistronic expression unit. Since such multicistronic expression vectors combine all genetic elements necessary for high-level expression as well as regulation in a single multicistronic expression unit, they alleviate limitations of previously reported tetracycline-regulatable vector systems and allow straightforward, one-step genetic engineering of eucaryotic cells to give an adjustable phenotype under strict control of the external stimulus, here tetracycline. Because the expression vectors described here were used for the expression for several heterologous product genes such as the green fluorescent protein and the tumor suppressor gene p21 in several cell lines (CHO-K1, BHK-21, and HeLa), we expect these multicistronic, positive feedback regulation vectors to function in a wide variety of eucaryotic cells and to be useful for basic as well as for applied research applications. Other vectors based upon the same autoregulation and multicistronic expression concepts can be constructed using other regulator gene-regulated promoter elements.
Inhibition of SENP1 induces radiosensitization in lung cancer cells (2013)

Lung cancer is one of the most common and lethal types of malignancy. To date, radiotherapy and chemotherapy have been used as the two major treatment methods. However, radioresistance of lung cancer remains a therapeutic hindrance. The aim of this study was to identify whether small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)-specific protease 1 (SENP1) is a marker of radioresistance that may serve as a target for enhancing the efficacy of lung carcinoma radiotherapy. SENP1 was observed to be overexpressed in lung cancer tissues, and the modulation of SENP1 expression was demonstrated to significantly affect the proliferation of lung cancer cells. Moreover, silencing the expression of SENP1 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly sensitized lung cancer cells to radiation. Mechanically, it was demonstrated that SENP1 depletion significantly enhanced ionizing radiation (IR)-induced cell cycle arrest, γ-H2AX expression and apoptosis. Thus, these data suggest that SENP1 may be a desirable drug target for lung carcinoma radiotherapy.
Untreated primary lung and breast cancers: correlation between F-18 FDG kinetic rate constants and findings of in vitro studies. (1998)

A much lower k3 appears to be a rate-limiting factor for F-18 FDG accumulation in breast cancer, while the higher k3 in lung cancer is probably not rate limiting for F-18 FDG accumulation.
Clinical aerosols II. Therapeutic aerosols (1982)

The current uses of clinical aerosols such as water, saline, mucolytics, bronchodilators, cromolyn sodium, corticosteroids, and antimicrobials have been reviewed. The benefits of water, saline, and detergent aerosols continue to be surrounded by uncertainty and controversy. Aerosolized mucolytic and proteolytic agents have not been conclusively shown to be of substantial value in the improvement of respiratory disorders. Favorable bronchodilator therapy is achieved with aerosols of certain sympathomimetic and anticholinergic agents. However, successful therapy depends on the dose administered and the site of aerosol deposition in the lung. The prophylactic use of cromolyn sodium in patients with asthma is another useful application of aerosols. Topically active corticosteroid aerosols are increasingly being used since they may reduce risks of systemic effects from corticosteroids. Research on uncommonly aerosolized agents has widened the spectrum of therapeutic applications of aerosols.
The Emerging Role of TH17 Cells in Organ Transplantation (2013)

While transplantation research continues to focus on the development of Treg-sparing and plasma cell/B-cell-targeting strategies to improve long-term outcomes, little attention has been paid to the emerging role of the TH17 cell in mediating chronic rejection. This review aimed to summarize the recent emergence of the TH17 and the newly described TH1/17 cell as major players in transplantation and to suggest ways of improving graft outcome through TH17-targeted immunosuppression.
A physical map of human Alu repeats cleavage by restriction endonucleases (2008)

Alu repeats digestions provide the main contribution to the patterns of human chromosomal DNA cleavage. This corresponds to the experimental data on total human DNA hydrolysis with restriction enzymes.
Conjugate vaccines--a breakthrough in vaccine development. (2003)

The encapsulated bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus), Neisseria meningitidis (the meningococcus) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) are the main causes of purulent meningitis, the peak incidence of which is seen in the first two years of life. The polysaccharide capsule of these bacteria is an essential virulence determinant, and antibodies to it are protective, suggesting that a polysaccharide vaccine could prevent these diseases. The young child is, however, unable to respond with antibody production to these polysaccharides, making such vaccines useless in infancy. Conjugation of the polysaccharide to a protein carrier has proven a way to solve the problem. Immunization of infants with such a Hib conjugate vaccine was shown in 1987 to result in the desired antibody production and protection from Hib meningitis and bacteremia. The Hib vaccine is now a part of national infant immunization programs in large parts of Europe, the Americas and Australia, and has resulted in the virtual disappearance of Hib disease from these areas. A group C meningococcal and 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine, available since 2000, are likewise proving highly effective in preventing bacteremic disease. Further advantages of the conjugate vaccines are their ability to elicit immunologic memory and to reduce asymptomatic carriage of the bacteria, resulting in marked herd immunity. This paper was delivered as a lecture in January 2003 in Bangkok on the occasion of the Prince Mahidol Award for a life's work in the field of vaccinology.
Optimization of long-distance PCR using a transposon-based model system. (1992)

The ability to amplify routinely long PCR products (5-25 kb) with high specificity and fidelity, regardless of target template sequence or structure, would provide significant benefits to genome mapping and sequencing endeavors. Although occasional reports have described the generation of long PCR products, such results have been difficult to replicate and have frequently utilized probe hybridization to identify the specific product from nonspecific amplified DNA. Production of specific PCR products has generally been limited to target templates of less than 3 kb. To extend the effective range of standard PCR amplification, it may be necessary to utilize alternative reaction conditions and/or components, such as novel thermostable DNA polymerases or accessory proteins. We describe the use of a model system to evaluate systematically methodological changes that might enable efficient long-range PCR. Specifically, the transposon Tn5supF has been used to introduce randomly identical, known primer binding sites within separate isolates of phage clones carrying identical inserts. Transposon-based PCR allows us to study amplification of DNA fragments that vary in size and sequence using only a single set of primers. In the present studies, we describe conditions that enable PCR amplification of specific DNA templates ranging in size up to 9 kb. Some of the key features of our methodology include the use of recombinant Thermus thermophilus (rTth) DNA polymerase, the addition of gelatin to the reaction mixture, the use of wax-mediated "hot starts" and, lastly, the use of auto-segment extension thermocycling. These results also provide insights into additional approaches that might further enhance our ability to perform long-distance PCR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Detection of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in soil by PCR and restriction enzyme analysis (1994)

A nonradioactive method to detect Phanerochaete chrysosporium grown in a soil matrix was developed. This method involved DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and restriction enzyme analysis. Amplification of ligninase H8 DNA from pure cultures of P. chrysosporium was not as sensitive as amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the highly repetitive nuclear ribosomal DNA. Amplified ITS DNA was digested with restriction enzymes for analysis. The restriction enzyme pattern of PCR-amplified ITS DNA of P. chrysosporium was unique compared with those of unrelated fungi. Two strains of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and two strains of Phanerochaete sordida were indistinguishable by restriction enzyme analysis, while a third strain of P. chrysosporium had an unique pattern. These results were confirmed by sequence information and indicate that species designations of Phanerochaete spp. should be reexamined. The restriction enzyme pattern of DNA extracted and PCR amplified from P. chrysosporium grown in soil was identical to that from P. chrysosporium grown in pure culture. The ITS sequence was detected in 14 ng of the 100 micrograms of total DNA extracted from 1 g of soil.
Studying LSI Tamper Resistance with Respect to Techniques Developed for Failure Analysis (2005)

Tamper resistance of LSI chips against physical attacks is studied from the viewpoint of LSI failure analysis. Laying stress on the basic physical phenomena generated in LSI chips under operating conditions, we outline today's failure analysis techniques with application to evaluating or testing tamper resistance of LSI chips. We give some results from our case study on inactivation of sensor circuits where emission microscopy plays an important roll. Finally we show an attempt to classify the security levels for LSI chips with respect to the required equipment and the required skills of
Urine release of systemically administered bone morphogenetic protein hybrid molecule (2007)

These results show for the first time that systemically administered BMP-7/6 hybrid molecule is secreted into the urine and that its biological activity is preserved, suggesting that analysis of BMP in urine might reflect its presence in serum.
The Multiple Satellite System--Low-Altitude Survivable Communications (1987)

The Multiple Satellite System (MSS) will consist of from 120 to 240 satellites orbiting at an altitude of approximately 740 km. The satellites will form a global packet switched network supporting thousands of earth terminals, providing survivable communications through the use of advanced link and network protocols. Highly flexible communications capabilities are achieved through the use of electronically steerable antennas, variable data rates, and onboard processing. The latter is also exploited to minimize costs associated with functions such as satellite attitude control and antenna pointing.
A Major Constituent of Brown Algae for Use in High-Capacity Li-Ion Batteries (2011)

The identification of similarities in the material requirements for applications of interest and those of living organisms provides opportunities to use renewable natural resources to develop better materials and design better devices. In our work, we harness this strategy to build high-capacity silicon (Si) nanopowder-based lithium (Li)-ion batteries with improved performance characteristics. Si offers more than one order of magnitude higher capacity than graphite, but it exhibits dramatic volume changes during electrochemical alloying and de-alloying with Li, which typically leads to rapid anode degradation. We show that mixing Si nanopowder with alginate, a natural polysaccharide extracted from brown algae, yields a stable battery anode possessing reversible capacity eight times higher than that of the state-of-the-art graphitic anodes.
Important Microsatellite Markers in the Investigation of Replication Errors (RER) in Colorectal Carcinomas (1998)

When one intends to analyze routinely a large number of cases, an analysis of two or three markers (Mfd26 and BAT26 or TP53) is considered to be sufficient for detecting mild and severe RER.
Characterization and Extracorporeal Application of a New Phosphate-Binding Agent (1994)

A new phosphate-binding agent which does not cause any severe side effects in vivo was developed by modifying a crosslinked dextran with polynuclear iron(III)oxide-hydroxide. Its particle size ranges from 150 to 300 microns, and the iron content was about 18% by dry weight. The oxidation state of iron was characterized by ESCA and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The maximum phosphate binding capacity of the iron(III)oxide-hydroxide-modified dextran was determined with respect to aqueous phosphate solutions, human serum and whole blood. The effects on whole blood count, haemolysis, protein concentration and enzyme activities were examined. In addition, the influence of phosphate concentration, pH and temperature on the phosphate uptake of the material was determined. The results show that this new adsorbent might provide an alternative to conventional phosphate-binding agents. This paper also describes the first experiments on the therapeutic application of the material in an extracorporeal blood perfusion system for the treatment of hyperphosphataemia during haemodialysis.
Reduced pyruvate decarboxylase and increased glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD+] levels enhance glycerol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1996)

This investigation deals with factors affecting the production of glycerol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In particular, the impact of reduced pyruvate-decarboxylase (PDC) and increased NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) levels was studied. The glycerol yield was 4·7 times (a pdc mutant exhibiting 19% of normal PDC activity) and 6·5 times (a strain exhibiting 20-fold increased GPD activity resulting from overexpression of GPD1 gene) that of the wild type. In the strain carrying both enzyme activity alterations, the glycerol yield was 8·1 times higher than that of the wild type. In all cases, the substantial increase in glycerol yield was associated with a reduction in ethanol yield and a higher by-product formation. The rate of glycerol formation in the pdc mutant was, due to a slower rate of glucose catabolism, only twice that of the wild type, and was increased by GPD1 overexpression to three times that of the wild-type level. Overexpression of GPD1 in the wild-type background, however, led to a six- to seven-fold increase in the rate of glycerol formation. The experimental work clearly demonstrates the rate-limiting role of GPD in glycerol formation in S. cerevisiae.