gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of an Escherichia coli mutant having temperature-sensitive farnesyl diphosphate synthase (1989)

The screening of a collection of highly mutagenized strains of Escherichia coli for defects in isoprenoid synthesis led to the isolation of a mutant that had temperature-sensitive farnesyl diphosphate synthase. The defective gene, named ispA, was mapped at about min 10 on the E. coli chromosome, and the gene order was shown to be tsx-ispA-lon. The mutant ispA gene was transferred to the E. coli strain with a defined genetic background by P1 transduction for investigation of its function. The in vitro activity of farnesyl diphosphate synthase of the mutant was 21% of that of the wild-type strain at 30 degrees C and 5% of that at 40 degrees C. At 42 degrees C the ubiquinone level was lower (66% of normal) in the mutant than in the wild-type strain, whereas at 30 degrees C the level in the mutant was almost equal to that in the wild-type strain. The polyprenyl phosphate level was slightly higher in the mutant than in the wild-type strain at 30 degrees C and almost the same in both strains at 42 degrees C. The mutant had no obvious phenotype regarding its growth properties.
ChemInform Abstract: BORON COMPOUNDS, XXXIX. ALKENOXY(DIORGANYL)BORANES SUBSTITUTED AT THE ALKENOXY GROUP FROM 2‐METHYLACROLEIN AND TRIORGANYLBORANES (1976)

Abstract Trialkylborane (III) gehen unterschiedlich rasch 1,4‐Addition mit dem Acrolein (II) ein und bilden die an der Vinylgruppe 2,2‐disubstituierten Dialkyl‐E‐vinyloxyborane (I).
Reduced bandwidth optical digital intensity modulationwith improvedchromatic dispersion tolerance (1995)

A simple optical modulation scheme using a lithium niobate Mach-Zehnder modulator driven by a three level drive waveform is proposed. The two-level intensity modulated (IM) optical signal obtained possesses a smaller optical bandwidth and thus greater chromatic dispersion tolerance compared with existing two-level IM methods used for high data rate transmission (e.g. 10 Gbit/s).
P-N double quantum well resonant interband tunneling diode with peak-to-valley current ratio of 144 at room temperature (1994)

The current-voltage characteristics of the P-N double quantum well resonant interband tunneling (RIT) diodes in InAlAs-InGaAs system have been improved in this letter. The peak-to-valley current ratio (PVCR) is as high as 144 at room temperature. As we know, this is the highest room temperature PVCR ever reported in any tunneling devices. Moreover, the influence of the central barrier thickness varying from 10 /spl Aring/ to 30 /spl Aring/ on the device characteristics is also studied.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
ErbB4 is downregulated in renal cell carcinoma A quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis of the epidermal growth factor receptor family (2004)

In the present study the authors evaluated the expression of the EGFR family members ErbB2-4 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Thirty-one RCCs were examined for gene expression of ErbB2-4 mRNA by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. For eight of the patients samples of nonneoplastic kidney cortex were also evaluated. Expression of ErbB4 mRNA was analysed in the eight matched tumour and kidney cortex samples by isoform-specific real-time RT-PCR analysis. ErbB4 protein expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry. In summary the results showed that ErbB2 mRNA was downregulated in conventional (clear cell) RCC; ErbB3 mRNA levels were low and heterogeneous in both tumours and kidney cortex; ErbB4 mRNA and protein were strongly downregulated in conventional and papillary RCC. Thus, ErbB2 and ErbB4 are not likely to be oncogenes in the majority of RCCs; instead, the observed downregulations suggest that these receptors might function as tumour suppressors in RCC.
Resolution of trisomic mosaicism in prenatal diagnosis: estimated performance of a 50K SNP microarray (2007)

The SNP microarray platform tested can detect mosaicism for trisomy in prenatal samples at levels comparable with conventional cytogenetic techniques in routine use.
Competition for land use - a threat to agriculture? : current affairs (2017)

The competitive demand for agricultural land was discussed at the 2016 Agri SA congress by a panel of experts on the subject. Among others, the panel consisted of Dr Gerhard Verdoorn, director of the Griffon Poison Information Centre, Dr Victor Munnik, researcher in Geography and Environmental Studies at the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) and Derek Light, an attorney involved in environmental research.
Anti-CD69 antibodies enhance phorbol-dependent glucose metabolism and Ca2+ levels in human thymocytes. Antagonist effect of cyclosporin A (1996)

The human activation antigen CD69 is an early inducible surface glycoprotein acquired by T cells in the thymus at the stage of positive selection and during activation of mature lymphoid cells both in vivo and in vitro. We have studied the regulatory influence of CD69 activation pathway on the glycolytic process and transduction signals of thymocytes. Treatment of human thymocytes with different anti-CD69 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), in the presence of submitogenic doses of phorbol ester, produced an enhanced release of lactate without significant alterations in Fru 2,6-P2 levels or phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2) and pyruvate kinase activities. A small increase in phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) activity was also detected. Furthermore, anti-CD69 mAb increased the glucose detritiation from [2-3H] and [3-3H]glucose, thus indicating an enhanced flux through hexokinase and PFK-1 steps. In addition, de novo synthesis of diacylglycerol and intracellular Ca2+ levels increased after anti-CD69 mAb treatment. The stimulatory effects of anti-CD69 mAb on both glycolysis and Ca2+ levels were inhibited by cyclosporin A. Because CD69 molecules are present in certain subset populations of immature thymocytes, the ability of anti-CD69 mAb to stimulate the glycolysis, the synthesis of diacylglycerol and the intracellular Ca2+ levels suggest that the activation signals delivered through CD69 molecules could play a role in the thymus cells maturation.
Light Field Reconstruction Using Shearlet Transform (2015)

In this article we develop an image based rendering technique based on light field reconstruction from a limited set of perspective views acquired by cameras. Our approach utilizes sparse representation of epipolar-plane images in a directionally sensitive transform domain, obtained by an adapted discrete shearlet transform. The used iterative thresholding algorithm provides high-quality reconstruction results for relatively big disparities between neighboring views. The generated densely sampled light field of a given 3D scene is thus suitable for all applications which requires light field reconstruction. The proposed algorithm is compared favorably against state of the art depth image based rendering techniques.
An Alternative Method for the Rapid Generation of Stable, High-Expressing Mammalian Cell Lines (2006)

Biopharmaceutical companies are constantly evaluating new methods for mammalian cell line development that offer any of the following benefits: shorter time lines, improved consistency, higher production, better genetic stability, and increased flexibility. Each of these advantages extends a large cost benefit to companies as their recombinant protein products are moved from development into the clinic and finally to commercial launch. A versatile system has been developed that is capable of transferring genes of interest into a wide variety of mammalian host cells and offers a number of the above advantages over other methods. The system, which is referred to as GPEx™ (an acronym for “gene product expression”), utilizes replication-defective retroviral vectors, derived from Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV) and pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G), to stably insert single copies of genes into dividing cells. Retrovectors deliver genes coded as RNA that, after entering the cell, are reverse transcribed to DNA and integrated stably into the genome of the host cell. Two enzymes, reverse transcriptase and integrase, provided transiently in the vector particle, perform this function. These integrated genes are maintained through subsequent cell divisions as if they were endogenous
Enhanced formation of ethylene and alcohols at ambient temperature and pressure in electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide at a copper electrode (1988)

In the electroreduction of CO2 at a copper cathode in aqueous solution at ambient temperature and pressure the faradaic yield of C2H4 amounted to 48%, and appreciable amounts of EtOH and PrnOH were formed; the selectivity of the products depends strongly upon the electrolytes.
Enantiomeric composition of N'-nitrosonornicotine and N'-nitrosoanatabine in tobacco (2000)

The tobacco-specific nitrosamines N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) are found in substantial quantities in unburned tobacco. Although this has been documented in many previous studies, no data are available on the enantiomeric composition of these nitrosamines, which both have a chiral center at their 2'-positions. We used chiral stationary phase gas chromatography with nitrosamine-selective detection to determine the enantiomeric composition of NNN and NAT in moist snuff, chewing tobacco, and cigarette tobacco. (S)-NNN comprised 75.0 +/- 8.83% (SD) (n = 12) of total NNN while (S)-NAT comprised 82.6 +/- 1.44% (n = 12) of total NAT. Levels of the (S)-enantiomers of NNN and NAT were generally similar to those of the corresponding secondary amines, nornicotine and anatabine, suggesting a precursor to product relationship. Nitrosation of (S)-nicotine at pH 7.0 produced >99% (S)-NNN. These results suggest that nornicotine is a significant precursor of NNN in tobacco. The results of this study provide new insights into the structures and precursors of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in tobacco products.
Decrease in Inflammatory Hyperalgesia by Herpes Vector-Mediated Knockdown of Na v 1.7 Sodium Channels in Primary Afferents (2005)

Induction of peripheral inflammation increases the expression of the Nav1.7 sodium channel in sensory neurons, potentially increasing their excitability. Peripheral inflammation also produces hyperalgesia in humans and an increase in nociceptive responsiveness in animals. To test the relationship between these two phenomena we applied a recombinant herpes simplex-based vector to the hindpaw skin of mice, which encoded both green fluorescent protein (GFP) as well as an antisense sequence to the Nav1.7 gene. The hindpaw was subsequently injected with complete Freund's adjuvant to induce robust inflammation. Application of the vector, but not a control vector encoding only GFP, prevented an increase in Nav1.7 expression in GFP-positive neurons and prevented development of hyperalgesia in both C and Adelta thermonociceptive tests. These results provide clear evidence of the involvement of an increased expression of the Nav1.7 channel in nociceptive neurons in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia.
DNA ploidy by image analysis of individual foci of prostate cancer: a preliminary report. (1991)

The malignant potential of an individual focus of prostate cancer is difficult to determine. The established pathological features associated with malignant behavior include tumor volume, grade, and invasiveness (local extension or metastasis). We used nuclear image analysis to determine the DNA ploidy value of each cancer in a series of 30 radical prostatectomy specimens from patients with early stage prostate cancer in order to further explore the malignant potential of each separate focus of cancer. The volume, grade, invasiveness (extracapsular extension or seminal vesicle invasion), and zone of origin of each of the 63 separate cancers were determined. The DNA ploidy histogram of 200 cancer cells was compared with 50 normal epithelial nuclei on the same Feulgen-stained tissue sections. Sixty % of the cancers were diploid, and 40% were nondiploid. Ploidy correlated with volume and grade. All cancers less than 0.02 cm3 were diploid; 26% of foci 0.02 to 2.0 cm3 and 82% of foci greater than 2.0 cm3 were nondiploid. There were 16 cancers of transition zone origin ranging in size from 0.02 to 12.1 cm3 and only one (7.3 cm3) was nondiploid. There were 47 cancers of peripheral zone origin (range, 0.01 to 18.98) and 24 (51%) were nondiploid. Eight of the 24 nondiploid cancers were small (less than 1.0 cm3), and two were only 0.03 cm3. We conclude that some very small prostate cancers are nondiploid and that progression of prostate cancer is not a function of volume alone, whereby tumors only acquire full malignant potential at large volumes. Cancers of peripheral zone origin acquire a nondiploid cell population at a smaller volume than do cancers of transition zone origin, further supporting a fundamental difference between cancers arising in these zones.
The Nuclear Pregnane X Receptor: A Key Regulator of Xenobiotic Metabolism (2002)

The nuclear pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2) is an important component of the body's adaptive defense mechanism against toxic substances including foreign chemicals (xenobiotics). PXR is activated by a large number of endogenous and exogenous chemicals including steroids, antibiotics, antimycotics, bile acids, and the herbal antidepressant St. John's wort. Elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of the PXR ligand binding domain revealed that it has a large, spherical ligand binding cavity that allows it to interact with a wide range of hydrophobic chemicals. Thus, unlike other nuclear receptors that interact selectively with their physiological ligands, PXR serves as a generalized sensor of hydrophobic toxins. PXR binds as a heterodimer with the 9-cis retinoic acid receptor (NR2B) to DNA response elements in the regulatory regions of cytochrome P450 3A monooxygenase genes and a number of other genes involved in the metabolism and elimination of xenobiotics from the body. Although PXR evolved to protect the body, its activation by a variety of prescription drugs represents the molecular basis for an important class of harmful drug-drug interactions. Thus, assays that detect PXR activity will be useful in developing safer prescription drugs.
Chemoresponsive viscosity switching of a metallo-supramolecular polymer network near the percolation threshold (2006)

The precise manipulation of network percolation, combined with the previously reported effects of the kinetics of cross-linking interactions, provide a mechanism by which to optimize the stimulus-responsive mechanical properties of supramolecular gels. Specific metal–ligand coordinative bonds create cross-links between poly(4-vinylpyridine) in DMSO, and an abrupt change in mechanical properties is observed at a critical concentration of cross-linker. The change in mechanical properties is attributed to the onset of percolation within the network, and bulk mechanical properties are shown to be especially sensitive to external stimuli in the vicinity of the percolation threshold. The reversible control of bulk mechanics is demonstrated, and the magnitude of the response (changes of up to five orders of magnitude in modulus) is determined by the concentration and dissociation kinetics of the cross-linkers. Combinations of cross-linkers, individually present at concentrations below the percolation threshold, provide a related mechanism by which complex viscoelastic switching can be programmed at the small-molecule level.
Design of peptides, proteins, and peptidomimetics in chi space (1997)

Peptide and protein biological activities depend on their three dimensionals structures in the free state and when interacting with their receptors/acceptors. The backbone conformations such as alpha-helix, beta-sheet, beta-turn, and so forth provide critical templates for the three-dimensional structure, but the overall shape and intrinsic stereoelectronic properties of the peptide or protein important for molecular recognition, signal transduction, enzymatic specificity, immunomodulation, and other biological effects depend on arrangement of the side chain groups in three-dimensional chi space (their chi 1, chi 2, etc. torsional angles). In this paper we explore approaches to the de novo design of polypeptides and peptidomimetics with biased or specific conformational/topographical properties in chi space. We consider computational and experimental methods that can be used to examine the effects of specific structural modifications in constraining side chain groups of amino acid residues and their similarities in chi space to the natural amino acids to evaluate what sort of mimetics are likely to mimic normal amino acids. We then examine some of the asymmetric synthetic methods that are being developed to obtain the amino acid mimetics. Finally, we consider selected examples in the literature where these specialized amino acids have been incorporated in biologically active peptides and the specific insights they have provided regarding the topographical requirements for bioactive peptide potency, selectivity, and other biochemical and pharmacological properties. Constraints in chi space show great promise as useful tools in peptide, protein, and peptidomimetic de novo design of structures and pharmacophores with specific stereostructural, biochemical and biological properties.
MHC Class II Expression Identifies Functionally Distinct Human Regulatory T Cells (2006)

It has been known for decades that circulating human CD4 cells can express functional MHC class II molecules that induce T cell nonresponsiveness with Ag presentation. Because there is significant expression of MHC class II (MHC-II) determinants (DR) on a subpopulation CD4+ CD25(high) regulatory T cells (Treg), we examined the function of CD4 cells expressing MHC-DR. We demonstrate that MHC-II expression on human CD4+ CD25(high) T cells identifies a functionally distinct population of Treg that induces early contact-dependent suppression that is associated with high Foxp3 expression. In striking contrast, MHC-II- CD4+ CD25(high) Treg induce early IL-4 and IL-10 secretion and a late Foxp3-associated contact-dependent suppression. The DR expressing CD25(high) Treg express higher levels of Foxp3 message and protein, compared with the DR- CD25(high) Treg population. Direct single-cell cloning of CD4+ CD25(high) Treg revealed that, regardless of initial DR expression, ex vivo expression of CD25(high), and not DR, predicted which clones would exhibit contact-dependent suppression, high levels of Foxp3 message, and an increased propensity to become constitutive for DR expression. Thus, the direct ex vivo expression of MHC-II in the context of CD25(high) identifies a mature, functionally distinct regulatory T cell population involved in contact-dependent in vitro suppression.
Coupled-mode analysis of phase-locked injection laser arrays (1984)

A coupled-mode analysis has been developed to describe the output of phase-locked injection laser arrays. We show that an array of emitters with weak coupling can only operate in a set of discrete modes determined by the number and the spacing of the emitters. The interaction between emitters leads to a splitting of the common frequency of operation that can be estimated from the coupling strength. The coupled-mode analysis is compared to calculations based on simple diffraction theory. A consequence of the analysis is an explanation for the commonly observed discrepancy between experimentally observed far-field lobe(s) widths and those predicted by simple diffraction theory.
After the Report Card: Traffic Signal Program Reviews Lead to Effective Operations (2008)

The 2005 and 2007 National Transportation Operations Coalition Traffic Signal Report Cards raised awareness about the need for additional investment in traffic signal operations and indicated the need for a process to improve the policies and practices that guide traffic signal management, operations and maintenance. Following the release of the Report Cards, many responding jurisdictions enlisted the help of the Federal Highway Administration Resource Center and peer panels to assess current practices. Traffic signal program reviews identify program strengths and opportunities for improvement. Program reviews can be used in an internal informal setting or can serve as the basis for a regional assessment of traffic signal operations. A Traffic Signal Audit Guide was developed as a companion to the 2007 Report Card to facilitate this review process.
Self-consistent Monte Carlo simulations of the positive column of gas discharges (1999)

Self-consistent Monte Carlo simulations of the positive column of gas discharges with a range of gas densities and currents are described. These simulations are performed using highly efficient Monte Carlo codes for electron transport in cylindrical geometry and using a realistic particle model of ion transport. No internal boundary conditions or assumptions about the plasma-sheath boundary are used in the simulations. Techniques to speed up the convergence are discussed. The self-consistent radial potential for each plasma is presented as a Taylor series expansion in radius squared terms. The 16 converged simulations presented here were checked using two independent codes, written by different authors, in different languages and executed on different computers. These positive column results are useful in comparisons with other types of fluid and kinetic theory simulations.
The Gene for the Rat Mast Cell High Affinity IgE Receptor α Chain (1989)

We have isolated and characterized the gene coding for the alpha subunit of the rat mast cell high affinity IgE receptor. The gene comprises five exons and four introns and spans approximately 6.6 kilobases. The leader sequence is encoded by two exons, the second of which is only 21 base pairs long. The third and fourth exons each code for repeating immunoglobulin-like extracellular domains. A hydrophobic transmembrane domain and positively charged cytoplasmic tail are encoded by a single final exon. The sequence of the 5'-flanking region was determined, and the major transcription initiation site was mapped. The structure of the gene suggests that two minor species of RNA produced by rat basophilic leukemia cells are due to alternative splicing. In one case, the small second exon is removed entirely, and, in the other, 163 base pairs at the 3' end of the fourth exon are removed. The latter species of RNA suggests the possibility of a secreted form of the alpha chain of the receptor. A third variant species of RNA, lacking a leader sequence, may be due to use of an alternative transcription initiation site.
Prevention of Postsurgery-Induced Abdominal Adhesions by Electrospun Bioabsorbable Nanofibrous Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-Based Membranes (2004)

Electrospun nonwoven bioabsorbable nanofibrous membranes of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) were effective to reduce adhesions at the site of injury using an objective rat model. The membrane acted as a physical barrier but with drug-delivery capability. The combined advantages of composition adjustment, drug-loading capability, and easy placement handling (relatively hydrophobic) make these membranes potentially successful candidates for further clinical evaluations.