gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Analysis of the Cellular Mechanisms Involved in Immunity to Tuberculosis (1989)

Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Protection against and pathogenesis of tuberculosis greatly depend on specific T lymphocytes, and it is generally assumed that CD4+ T cells--through lymphokine-mediated macrophage activation--are the major mediators of the host response to tuberculosis. In the present report, results from experimental tuberculosis studies in mice are summarized which indicate that both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes are generated during tuberculosis. Furthermore, evidence is presented that both T cell populations are involved in protection against and pathogenesis of tuberculosis and that the final outcome of the host response depends on an intricate balance between these two types of T cells.
The Bioactivity and Toxicological Actions of Carvacrol (2013)

Carvacrol is a monoterpenic phenol produced by an abundant number of aromatic plants, including thyme and oregano. Presently, carvacrol is used in low concentrations as a food flavoring ingredient and preservative, as well as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetic formulations. In recent years, considerable research has been undertaken in an effort to establish the biological actions of carvacrol for its potential use in clinical applications. Results from in vitro and in vivo studies show that carvacrol possess a variety of biological and pharmacological properties including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, spasmolytic, and vasorelaxant. The focus of this review is to evaluate the existing knowledge regarding the biological, pharmacological, and toxicological effects of carvacrol.
In vivo function of regulatory DNA sequence elements of a major histocompatibility complex class I gene. (1992)

Major histocompatibility complex class I genes are expressed in nearly all somatic tissues, although their level of expression varies. By analysis of a set of promoter deletion mutants introduced into transgenic mice, a complex regulatory element, consisting of overlapping enhancer and silencer activities, is demonstrated to function as a tissue-specific regulator of class I expression. The enhancer activity predominates in lymphoid tissues but not in nonlymphoid tissues. In contrast to the tissue-specific functions of the complex regulatory element, a second novel silencer element is shown to function in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. The complement of DNA-binding factors in different cell lines is shown to correlate with the levels of class I expression.
Changes in Length and Position of the Segments of the Spinal Cord with Changes in Posture in the Monkey (1956)

There are reasons for believing that the spinal cord, in spite of its sheltered position within the vertebral column, is subject to stresses that change with posture. The changes in posture may involve the trunk or the limbs. In the trunk, flexion must necessarily stretch the cord, since the vertebral canal increases in length. Of postural changes in the limbs, those that put traction on the nerves may be expected to stretch the cord. This is suggested by the observation of Inman and Saunders (1) that the trunks of the lower lumbar nerves, located in the intervertebral foramina, move distally when the hip is flexed and the knee is kept in extension. The present study was undertaken to measure the changes in length and position of the individual spinal cord segments (a) when the trunk is flexed and (b) when the extremities are moved into positions which put traction on the peripheral nerves. Material and Method Normal rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were killed by anesthetization and evisceration. The left leg and arm, and the left portion of the head were removed by sawing through the body in a sagittal plane close to the left side of the vertebral column. The saw passed in turn through the left hip joint, then close to the left side of the vertebral column, and in the same sagittal plane through the head. The postvertebral muscles were removed from the left side of the vertebral column; the right side of the back was left intact. The spinal cord was exposed by removing the vertebral laminae on the left side and incising the dura longitudinally. The spinous processes were left in place. The lateral aspect of the brain stem was exposed by removing the left margin of the foramen magnum, the left half of the cerebellum, and the left cerebral hemisphere. Pins 1/8 inch long, of fine iron wire, were inserted into the cord along the line of attachment of the dorsal roots, each pin being placed where the lowest rootlet of one nerve met the highest rootlet of the nerve just caudal to it. Because the dorsal rootlets of the first cervical nerve were either absent or rudimentary, the interval between the first and second cervical segments was marked by a pin at the level of the highest rootlet of the second cervical nerve. Three pins were placed in the brain stem in line with those in the cord, one at the level of the obex, the second at the junction of the medulla oblongata and pons, and the third at the junction of the pons and the midbrain. Similar pins were inserted at selected intervals in the large nerves of the lower limb, to lie lengthwise in the central long axis of the nerve. Nails inserted in the bodies of the vertebrae and in the bones of the lower limb served as reference points in locating pins placed in the central nervous system and in the nerves of the lower limb. The change in inclination of the nails in adjacent vertebrae was measured to obtain the range of movement at each of the intervertebral joints.
A telerobotic system for augmentation of endoscopic surgery (1992)

We have begun development of a telerobotic system to replace a human camera operator in endoscopic surgical procedures. The system will consist of a remote center-of-motion manipulator holding the endoscope; a computer workstation supporting image processing, graphics, manipulator control, and other functions; and a variety of man-machine interfaces (voice, instrumented joystick, etc.). A prototype system using an industrial robot has been implemented and used to demonstrate essential functions.
A Light-Controlled Reversible DNA Photoligation via Carbazole-Tethered 5-Carboxyvinyluracil (2008)

We describe a light-controlled template-directed reversible DNA photoligation via carbazole-tethered 5-carboxyvinyluracil. Carbazole-tethered 5-carboxyvinyl-2'-deoxyuridine-containing oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) can be ligated by irradiation at 366 nm in the presence of template ODN, and the ligated ODN can be split by irradiation at 366 nm in the absence of template ODN.
Novel “anti-reverse” cap analogs with superior translational properties (2003)

Synthetic analogs of the 5'-terminal caps of eukaryotic mRNAs and snRNAs are used in elucidating such physiological processes as mRNA translation, pre-mRNA splicing, intracellular transport of mRNA and snRNAs, and mRNA turnover. Particularly useful are RNAs capped with synthetic analogs, which are produced by in vitro transcription of a DNA template using a bacteriophage RNA polymerase in the presence of ribonucleoside triphosphates and a cap dinucleotide such as m(7)Gp(3)G. Unfortunately, because of the presence of a 3'-OH on both the m(7)Guo and Guo moieties, up to half of the mRNAs contain caps incorporated in the reverse orientation. Previously we designed and synthesized two "anti-reverse" cap analogs (ARCAs), m(7)3'dGp(3)G and m(2)(7,3'-)(O)Gp(3)G, that cannot be incorporated in the reverse orientation because of modifications at the C3' position of m(7)Guo. In the present study, we have synthesized seven new cap analogs modified in the C2' and C3' positions of m(7)Guo and in the number of phosphate residues, m(2)(7,2'-)(O)Gp(3)G, m(7)2'dGp(3)G, m(7)2'dGp(4)G, m(2)(7,2'-)(O)Gp(4)G, m(2)(7,3'-)(O)Gp(4)G, m(7)Gp(5)G, and m(2)(7,3'-)(O)Gp(5)G. These were analyzed for conformation in solution, binding affinity to eIF4E, inhibition of in vitro translation, degree of reverse capping during in vitro transcription, capping efficiency, and the ability to stimulate cap-dependent translation in vitro when incorporated into mRNA. The results indicate that modifications at C2', like those at C3', prevent reverse incorporation, that tetra- and pentaphosphate cap analogs bind eIF4E and inhibit translation more strongly than their triphosphate counterparts, and that tetraphosphate ARCAs promote cap-dependent translation more effectively than previous cap analogs.
Neuroprotection by pigment epithelial-derived factor against glutamate toxicity in developing primary hippocampal neurons (1999)

Pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF) has been shown to be a survival factor for cerebellar granule neurons. Here we investigated the ability of PEDF to enhance the survival of hippocampal neurons in culture, and to protect these neurons against acute glutamate toxicity. Hippocampal neurons prepared from 1- to 3-day postnatal rat brain were cultured for either 7 or 14 days in vitro (DIV). At 14 DIV, neurons were only slightly protected (13% +/- 4%) against 50 microM glutamate toxicity when treated with 1 microg/ml of PEDF for 3 successive days before glutamate exposure as measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. In comparison, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) at 10 ng/ml for the same treatment period protected 58% +/- 8% of the neurons against glutamate. Using quantitative image analysis of digitized micrographs, we found that the average size of neurons in young, developing hippocampal cultures (7 DIV), was greatly decreased by treatment with 50 microM glutamate. Treatment for up to 5 successive days with 1 microg/ml of PEDF before glutamate addition dramatically increased the average hippocampal neuron soma size, compared to cells treated with glutamate alone. Thus, PEDF may promote the growth of hippocampal neurons, and, if added to developing hippocampal neurons, can also protect these cells from subsequent injury, such as the excitotoxicity of glutamate.
Early markers of retinal degeneration in rd/rd mice. (2005)

We conclude that AGB is a useful marker of photoreceptors destined to degenerate. We discard the possibility of a generalized metabolic effect in the rd/rd mice. However, the elevated LDH activity present before photoreceptor differentiation indicated altered retinal metabolic activity that could not be associated with open cationic channels alone. Therefore, altered metabolic activity as indicated by LDH measurements in the retina appeared to be the earliest sensitive sign of future photoreceptor dysfunction in the rd/rd mice.
Potent activity of soluble B7RP‐1‐Fc in therapy of murine tumors in syngeneic hosts (2002)

We have characterized a receptor:ligand pair, ICOS:B7RP-1, that is structurally and functionally related to CD28:B7.1/2. We reported previously that B7RP-1 costimulates T cell proliferation and immune responses (Yoshinaga et al., Nature 1999;402:827-32; Guo et al., J Immunol 2001;166:5578-84; Yoshinaga et al., Int Immunol 2000;12:1439-47). We report that B7RP-1-Fc causes rejection or growth inhibition of Meth A, SA-1 and EMT6 tumors in syngeneic mice. Established Meth A tumors were rejected effectively with a single dose of B7RP-1-Fc, however, the treatment was less effective on larger tumors. Mice that rejected Meth A tumors previously by Day 30, also rejected a subsequent Meth A challenge on Day 60, without additional B7RP-1-Fc treatment, indicating a long-lived memory response. Tumor cells believed to be less immunogenic, such as P815 and EL-4 cells, were less responsive to this treatment. The EL-4 responsiveness to the B7RP-1-Fc treatment was enhanced, however, by pre-treatment of the mice with cyclophosphamide. As expected, T cells appeared to be targeted by B7RP-1-Fc treatment. Thus, the administration of soluble B7RP-1-Fc may have therapeutic value in generating or enhancing anti-tumor activity in a clinical setting.
Siderophores of the Human Pathogenic Fluorescent Pseudomonads. (2001)

Bacteria need a sufficient supply of iron in ionic form for their metabolism. When living in an environment where this is not possible (as in the soil due to the presence of highly unsoluble ferric oxide hydrates, or in living organisms where iron is bound to peptidic chelators) Fe3+ complexing compounds, called siderophores, are produced. The siderophores of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a dangerous opportunistic human pathogen, and of related potentially pathogenic species will be presented.
Nutritional Status in an Academic Nursing Home (1988)

Inadequate nutrition is a major problem facing the elderly today. Despite seemingly appropriate meal standards and dietary supervision, patients in long-term care facilities remain at risk for developing malnutrition. Various nutritional parameters including weight loss, percentage average body weight, serum albumin levels, anthropometrics, and skin testing were examined in 130 patients in an academic nursing home, two thirds of whom were over the age of 65 years. Functional status including type of feeding and associated diseases was also determined. The data show that nutritional risk factors are similar among different age-groups in nursing home patients. A significant proportion of our patients lost weight while maintaining their serum albumin levels. Despite this, there appears to be less evidence of malnutrition among patients in the academic nursing home compared with other nursing home settings studied.
Integrin signaling is critical for pathological angiogenesis (2006)

The process of postnatal angiogenesis plays a crucial role in pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including but not limited to tumor growth/metastasis, diabetic retinopathy, and in tissue remodeling upon injury. However, the molecular events underlying this complex process are not well understood and numerous issues remain controversial, including the regulatory function of integrin receptors. To analyze the role of integrin phosphorylation and signaling in angiogenesis, we generated knock-in mice that express a mutant beta3 integrin unable to undergo tyrosine phosphorylation. Two distinct models of pathological angiogenesis revealed that neovascularization is impaired in mutant beta3 knock-in mice. In an ex vivo angiogenesis assay, mutant beta3 knock-in endothelial cells did not form complete capillaries in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulation. At the cellular level, defective tyrosine phosphorylation in mutant beta3 knock-in cells resulted in impaired adhesion, spreading, and migration of endothelial cells. At the molecular level, VEGF stimulated complex formation between VEGF receptor-2 and beta3 integrin in wild-type but not in mutant beta3 knock-in endothelial cells. Moreover, phosphorylation of VEGF receptor-2 was significantly reduced in cells expressing mutant beta3 compared to wild type, leading to impaired integrin activation in these cells. These findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the role of integrin-VEGF axis in pathological angiogenesis.
Pulmonary granuloma formation in the rat is partially dependent on monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. (1993)

These studies demonstrate that glucan-induced granulomatous vasculitis is accompanied by increased local expression of MCP-1 mRNA and protein, that there is a coordinated production of MCP-1 by different cell types within the lung during evolving glucan-induced pulmonary vasculitis, and that MCP-1 plays a requisite role in pulmonary granuloma formation.
FlightTracker: A Novel Optical/Inertial Tracker for Cockpit Enhanced Vision (2005)

One of the earliest fielded augmented reality applications was enhanced vision for pilots, in which a display projected on the pilot's visor provides geo-spatially registered information to help the pilot navigate, avoid obstacles, maintain situational awareness in reduced visibility, and interact with avionics instruments without looking down. This requires exceptionally robust and accurate head-tracking, for which there is not a sufficient solution yet available. In this paper, we apply miniature MEMS sensors to cockpit helmet-tracking for enhanced/synthetic vision by implementing algorithms for differential inertial tracking between helmet-mounted and aircraft-mounted inertial sensors, and novel optical drift correction techniques. By fusing low-rate inside-out and outside-in optical measurements with high-rate inertial data, we achieve millimeter position accuracy and milliradian angular accuracy, low-latency and high robustness using small and inexpensive sensors.
Structural analysis of the interaction between the human immunodeficiency virus Rev protein and the Rev response element. (1991)

The specific interaction between a defined structural element of the human immunodeficiency virus mRNA (RRE, the Rev response element) and the virus-encoded protein Rev has been implicated in the regulation of the export of unspliced or singly spliced mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Rev protein was expressed and purified from insect cells using the baculovirus expression system. Chemical and RNase probes were used to analyze the structure of the RRE and the regions involved in Rev binding. Increased reactivity to single-strand-specific probes of nucleotides in two helical domains indicates that Rev binding induces conformational changes in the RRE. Binding of Rev to the RRE primarily protects helical segments and adjacent nucleotides in domain II. A Rev unit binding site is proposed that consists of a six-base-pair helical segment and three adjacent nucleotides. The data also suggest that multiple Rev proteins bind to repeated structural elements of the RRE.
The Cholesterol Quartet (2001)

A high cholesterol diet is known to promote the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in arteries, leading to coronary heart disease. However, there are four monogenic diseases in which plasma cholesterol increases independently of diet due to defects in liver LDL receptors, which fail to clear cholesterol-carrying LDLs from plasma. In a lively and informative Perspective,
 Brown and Goldstein
 discuss the newest member of the cholesterol disease quartet, autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia (ARH), and speculate how mutations in the ARH protein could lead to defective functioning of liver LDL receptors.
Supplementation with antioxidants and folinic acid for children with Down’s syndrome: randomised controlled trial (2008)

Clinical trials NCT00378456.
Children’s nurses’ experiences of caring for dying children in hospital (2000)

The retrospective experiences of 44 children’s nurses who had cared for children dying in hospital were investigated using questionnaires, focus group and individual interviews. The findings indicate that nurses experienced a sense of guilt and failure following the death of a child, despite having no rational explanation to justify these feelings. Nurses reported that their role as care-givers, when a child was dying, focused on both the care given to the child, as well as the emotional support given to the grieving parents, who were preparing for the eventual death of the child.The study highlights the difficulty that nurses encounter when trying to foster hope with parents who are struggling to come to terms with impending death. It also identifies the limited support available for those who are emotionally affected when a child they have cared for dies in hospital.
Fate of chloramphenicol in tobacco tissue culture under various light regimes (1983)

Abstract. Non‐differentiated tissue cultures (calli) and differentiated tissues (shoots) of tobacco were found to differ in their sensitivity to chloramphenicol (CAP). This phenomenon is especially manifested in darkness and in an illumination regime lacking u.v. and blue light. When the latter are included, CAP's photodegradation products are shown to appear. It seems that one of the main photodegradation pathways is through the production of p ‐nitro‐benzaldehyde ( p ‐NBA) which is further degraded. The possibility that either acetylation or physiological nitration of CAP is the cause for the differential tolerance was eliminated. The chromatographic and radiographic results indicate that in vivo degradation of CAP occurs both in calli and in shoot cultures. One of the in vivo degradation products is CAP‐base.
Slide Immunoenzymatic Assay (SIA): Improving Sensitivity to Measure Antibodies when Samples are Very Small and Dilute, and Antigen is Scarce (1987)

Modifications to the slide immunoenzymatic assay (SIA) using the PAP reagent (SIA-PAP) were developed which increase sensitivity considerably. These SIA modifications are particularly useful for measuring speedily antibodies in dilute samples available only in microliter-volumes when antigen is scarce, whether a molecule, or a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell.
Towards real-time recognition of driver intentions (2002)

Knowledge of an automobile driver's intended actions (e.g., to turn, change lanes, etc.) could facilitate the integration of intelligent vehicle systems with the driver. The actions can be inferred from the driver's control actions as he/she prepares to execute an action. Actions are modeled as a sequence of internal mental states, each with a characteristic pattern of driver control behavior. By observing the temporal pattern of the drivers' control behavior and comparing it to the action models, we can determine which actions the driver are beginning to execute.
Development of a Compact Imaging Spectrometer Using Liquid Crystal Tunable Filter Technology (1996)

Liquid crystal tunable filters are useful in building compact multi-spectral instruments. The system is portable and adaptable for use in a variety of fields of study in the visible and near-infrared regions of the spectrum.We will present data from calibration targets and some applications, results of the spectral calibration of a spectrometer system, and results of environmental (vibration, radiation, shock, and thermal) testing. Data acquisition and system design are also discussed.
Cell surface molecules and fibronectin-mediated cell adhesion: effect of proteolytic digestion of membrane proteins. (1982)

Proteases have been used as a tool to investigate the role of surface molecules in fibronectin-mediated cell adhesion. Proteolytic digestion of membrane-proteins by pronase (1 mg/ml for 20 min at 37 degrees C) completely inhibited adhesion of baby hamster kidney (BHK) fibroblasts on fibronectin-coated plastic dishes. Various degrees of inhibition were also obtained after treatment with proteinase K, chymotrypsin, papain, subtilopeptidase A, and thermolysin. Protein synthesis was required to restore the adhesive properties of pronase-treated cells, showing the protein nature of the molecules involved in adhesion to fibronectin. A peculiar feature of these proteins was their resistance to cleavage by trypsin. After prolonged trypsin treatment (1 mg/ml for 20 min at 37 degrees C), cells adhered and spread on fibronectin-coated dishes, even when protein synthesis was inhibited by 4 microM cycloheximide. Under these conditions only three glycoproteins (gp) of molecular weight 130,000, 120,000, and 80,000 were left on the cell surface. These were precipitated by a rabbit antiserum against BHK cells that also inhibited adhesion of trypsin-treated cells. gp120 and gp80 were left at the cell surface after mild pronase digestion (0.2 mg/ml for 20 min at 37 degrees C), under conditions not affecting adhesion. These data suggest that these glycoproteins may be involved in fibronectin-mediated cell adhesion in some yet unknown way.