gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Tin Oxide Nanowires as Stable and High Capacity Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries (2009)

In this report, we present a simple and generic concept involving metal nanoclusters supported on metal oxide nanowires as stable and high capacity anode materials for Li-ion batteries. Specifically, SnO(2) nanowires covered with Sn nanoclusters exhibited an exceptional capacity of >800 mAhg(-1) over hundred cycles with a low capacity fading of less than 1% per cycle. Post lithiation analyses after 100 cycles show little morphological degradation of the hybrid nanowires. The observed, enhanced stability with high capacity retention is explained with the following: (a) the spacing between Sn nanoclusters on SnO(2) nanowires allowed the volume expansion during Li alloying and dealloying; (b) high available surface area of Sn nanoclusters for Li alloying and dealloying; and (c) the presence of Sn nanoclusters on SnO(2) allowed reversible reaction between Sn and Li(2)O to produce both Sn and SnO phases.
Deimmunization of Monoclonal Antibodies (2008)

Immunogenicity is a major limitation to therapy with certain monoclonal antibodies and proteins. A major driver for immunogenicity is the presence of human T-cell epitopes within the protein sequence which can activate helper T-cells resulting in the sustained production of antibodies and neutralization of the therapeutic effect. Deimmunization is a new technology for location and removal of T-cell epitopes through the combined use of immunological and molecular biology techniques. In the case of deimmunization of antibodies, mutations to remove T-cell epitopes can generally be introduced without significantly reducing the binding affinity of the antibody. Typically, "deimmunized" antibodies are created with human constant regions and by expression of genes encoding these antibodies in mammalian cells. This chapter details a method for creation of a deimmunized antibody for production in mammalian cells.
Lipid A mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. Purification and characterization of a lipid A precursor produced by a mutant in 3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonate-8-phosphate synthetase. (1977)

We describe here the isolation, purification, and structural characterization of a lipid A precursor synthesized under nonpermissive conditions by a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium conditionally defective in the synthesis of the 3-deoxy-D-mannoctulosonate (2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, KDO) region of the lipopolysaccharide. The precursor was isolated free from lipopolysaccharide, murein, and phospholipids by extraction of delipidated cells with 90% phenol/CHCL3/petroleum ether. The molecule was recovered from the phenol phase after precipitation of lipopolysaccharide with H2O and subsequently purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Structural analyses showed that the lipid A precursor is a phosphorylated glucosamine disaccharide containing one ester and two amide-linked residues of beta-hydroxymyristate. In contrast to lipid A, the precursor disaccharide lacks ester-linked 12:0 and 14:0 fatty acids as well as KDO. The molecule contains 2 phosphate residues both of which were identified as phosphomonoesters by 31P NMR spectroscopy. One of the phosphomonoesters is located in position 1 of the reducing terminal glucosamine residue; the location of the other phosphomonoester was not determined. The structure of the precursor provides strong support for the conclusion that KDO incorporation occurs at an early stage in lipid A biosynthesis prior to the incorporation of ester-linked saturated fatty acids.
Epidemiology, prevention, and early detection of breast cancer (1999)

Globally, breast cancer is the third most common form of cancer and the most common among women. The age-adjusted incidence rates of breast cancer are 176% higher in developed than in developing nations. Male breast cancer is rare, but important studies provided risk factor information for comparison with studies of female breast cancer. There has been considerable interest in a possible role of organochlorines and polychlorinated biphenyls in the etiology of breast cancer, but the results of several null studies indicate the likelihood of such associations is extremely remote, providing reassuring news for the public. Prophylactic mastectomy was observed to significantly reduce a woman's chances of developing breast cancer, but it does not lower the risk to zero. Tamoxifen was found to be an effective chemopreventive agent in the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial, but this result was not replicated in two randomized trials in Europe. Striking reductions in the risk for breast cancer were observed for raloxifene in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial that had been designed for the prevention of osteoporosis. A large-scale, randomized trial of tamoxifen-verus-raloxifene among women at increased risk for developing breast cancer is now underway.
Immunochemical Studies of Phospholipids. II. Syntheses of Cardiolipin and Its Analogues (1968)

Bis (dipalmitoyl D, L-α-glycerylphosphoryl)-1, 3-glycerol disodium salt (I) was synthesized by the condensation of the silver salt of dipalmitoyl D, L-α-glycerophosphoric acid benzyl ester (XI) with 1, 3-diiodopropanol benzyl ether, followed by debenzylation with sodium iodide and hydrogenolysis with palladium black. Bis (dipalmitoyl D, L-α-glycerylphosphoryl)-1, 5-pentanediol disodium salt (III), bis (dipalmitoyl D, L-α-glycerylphosphoryl)-1, 4-butanediol disodium salt (IV), bis (dipalmitoyl D, L-α-glycerylphosphoryl)-1, 2-ethanediol disodium salt (VI) and bis (dipalmitoyl D, L-α-glycerylphosphoryl) methanediol disodium salt (VII) were synthesized similarly by the condensation of the silver salt (XI) with alkyl diiodide or dibromide, followed by debenzylation with sodium iodide. Bis (benzylphosphoryl)-1, 3-propanediol disodium (X) was synthesized by condensation of silver dibenzyl phosphate with alkyl diiodide, followed by debenzylation with sodium iodide.
Unpicking the signal thread of the sector web spiderZygiella x-notata (2015)

Remote sensing allows an animal to extend its morphology with appropriate conductive materials and sensors providing environmental feedback from spatially removed locations. For example, the sector web spider Zygiella x-notata uses a specialized thread as both a structural bridge and signal transmitter to monitor web vibrations from its retreat at the web perimeter. To unravel this model multifunctional system, we investigated Zygiella's signal thread structure with a range of techniques, including tensile testing, laser vibrometry, electron microscopy and behavioural analysis. We found that signal threads varied significantly in the number of filaments; a result of the spider adding a lifeline each time it runs along the bridge. Our mechanical property analysis suggests that while the structure varies, its normalized load does not. We propose that the signal thread represents a complex and fully integrated multifunctional structure where filaments can be added, thus increasing absolute load-bearing capacity while maintaining signal fidelity. We conclude that such structures may serve as inspiration for remote sensing design strategies.
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT1 pathway involvement in drug and all-trans-retinoic acid resistance of leukemia cells. (2003)

Disruption of the apoptotic pathways may account for resistance to chemotherapy and treatment failures in human neoplastic disease. To further evaluate this issue, we isolated a HL-60 cell clone highly resistant to several drugs inducing apoptosis and to the differentiating chemical all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). The resistant clone displayed an activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT1 pathway, with levels of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate higher than the parental cells and increased levels of both Thr 308 and Ser 473 phosphorylated AKT1. In vitro AKT1 activity was elevated in resistant cells, whereas treatment of the resistant cell clone with two inhibitors of PI3K, wortmannin or Ly294002, strongly reduced phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate levels and AKT1 activity. The inhibitors reversed resistance to drugs. Resistant cells overexpressing either dominant negative PI3K or dominant negative AKT1 became sensitive to drugs and ATRA. Conversely, if parental HL-60 cells were forced to overexpress an activated AKT1, they became resistant to apoptotic inducers and ATRA. There was a tight relationship between the activation of the PI3K/AKT1 axis and the expression of c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 proteins. Activation of the PI3K/AKT1 axis in resistant cells was dependent on enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K, conceivably due to an autocrine insulin-like growth factor-I production. Our findings suggest that an up-regulation of the PI3K/AKT1 pathway might be one of the survival mechanisms responsible for the onset of resistance to chemotherapeutic and differentiating therapy in patients with acute leukemia.
Functional selection for the centromere DNA from yeast chromosome VIII (1995)

Centromeres are essential components of eucaryotic chromosomes. In budding yeast, up to now, 15 of the 16 centromere DNAs have been isolated. Here we report the functional isolation and characterization of CEN8, the last of the yeast centromeres missing. The centromere consensus sequence for the 16 chromosomes in this organism is presented.
A 100-MHz pipelined CMOS comparator (1988)

The authors describe the design of a VLSI-compatible CMOS comparator for high-speed applications. An examination of various generic approaches to obtaining the nonlinear amplification needed to perform the function of comparison leads to the conclusion that this amplification can best be obtained by means of regeneration. Based on this conclusion, a CMOS comparator has been designed wherein voltage comparisons are accomplished directly by a pipelined cascade of two regenerative sense amplifiers, without the use of a preamplifier. To ensure an input resolution of at least 8-bits, offset cancellation is incorporated in the first sense amplifier. The comparator has been integrated in a 2- mu m CMOS technology and has a maximum sampling rate of over 100 MHz; it operates from a single +5-V supply and dissipates only 3.6 mW at its maximum sampling rate.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
PEAPOD regulates lamina size and curvature in Arabidopsis (2006)

Although a complex pattern of interspersed cell proliferation and cell differentiation is known to occur during leaf blade development in eudicot plants, the genetic mechanisms coordinating this growth are unclear. In Arabidopsis, deletion of the PEAPOD (PPD) locus increases leaf lamina size and results in dome-shaped rather than flat leaves. Siliques are also altered in shape because of extra lamina growth. The curvature of a Deltappd leaf reflects the difference between excess growth of the lamina and a limitation to the extension capacity of its perimeter. Excess lamina growth in Deltappd plants is due to a prolonged phase of dispersed meristematic cell (DMC) proliferation (for example, the meristemoid and procambium cells that form stomatal stem cells and vascular cells, respectively) during blade development. The PPD locus is composed of two homologous genes, PPD1 and PPD2, which encode plant-specific putative DNA-binding proteins. Overexpression of PPD reduces lamina size by promoting the early arrest of DMC proliferation during leaf and silique development. Therefore, by regulating the arrest of DMC proliferation, the PPD genes coordinate tissue growth, modulate lamina size, and limit curvature of the leaf blade. I propose a revised model of leaf development with two cell-cycle arrest fronts progressing from the tip to the base: the known primary front, which determines arrest of general cell proliferation, followed by a secondary front that involves PPD and arrests DMC division.
Zur Reaktion von Reaktivfarbstoffen mit Cellulose II. Natur der Bindung. 9. Mitteilung über textilchemische Untersuchungen (1963)

Abstract Reactive dyes of the Procion and Remazol types react with glucose or celobiose in alkaline solution to give predominantly dye glucosides . Therefore the previous publications, claiming a direct chemical proof for a covalent bond between the alcoholic cellulose hydroxyl groups and the reactive dye by means of identifying a degradation product with a synthetic one from dye and free sugar are not reliable.
Molecular Cocrystals of Carboxylic Acids. IX. Carboxylic Acid Interactions With Organic Heterocyclic Bases. The Crystal Structures of the Adducts of (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic Acid With 3-Hydroxypyridine, 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic Acid With 2-Aminopyrimidine, and 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid With 3-Amino-1,2,4- (1992)

The cocrystal adducts of a number of carboxylic acids with organic heterocyclic bases have been prepared, and their structures and intermolecular interactions interpreted through X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic techniques. The crystal structures of three of these compounds, the 1 : 1 adducts [{(2,4-dich1orophenoxy)acetic acid)(3-hydroxypyridine)] (1), [(2,4,6-trinitrobenzoie acid)(2-aminopyrimidine)] (2), and [(4-nitrobenzoic acid)(3-amino- 1,2,4-trimole)] (3), have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and refined to residuals R 0.026, 0.033 and 0.040 for 1814, 1531 and 727 observed reflections, respectively.
A comparison of the immunogenicity of a pair of enantiomeric proteins (1993)

The immunogenicity of a folded, all D-amino acid protein, rubredoxin, has been compared with that for the corresponding L-protein enantiomer. Following multiple administrations with alum adjuvant, the L-protein induced a strong, specific IgG antibody response, whereas the D-protein did not. This relative lack of responsiveness to the D-protein cannot be attributed to rapid excretion, since it is retained at least 4 times longer than the natural L-protein. These observations provide the first direct evidence that a folded D-amino acid protein has low immunogenicity and is long lived in vivo. Proteins with such properties may be useful as molecular platforms in a variety of chemical and pharmacological applications.
Sentinel Node Staging of Resectable Colon Cancer (2004)

This multi-institutional study found that for patients with node-positive colon cancer, SN examination with MLS failed to predict nodal status in 54% of cases. We conclude that SN sampling with MLS, used alone, is unlikely to improve risk stratification for resectable colon cancer.
A REVIEW OF GOLD LEACHING IN ACID THIOUREA SOLUTIONS (2006)

Since the initial report of thiourea as a complexing reagent for gold leaching, considerable research has been directed toward the use of thiourea as an alternative to cyanide for gold extraction from different auriferous mineral resources. At the same time, some fundamental investigations of the system have been reported. In this article, a review of both applications and fundamental research is made, including a review of the recent results from laboratory studies at the University of Utah. Recent research results demonstrate that thiourea decomposition is quite slow in the presence of ferric sulfate for simple solutions. Ferric sulfate and formamidine disulfide (FDS) are effective oxidants with fast kinetics. No passivation of the gold surface is observed in simple acidic solutions. However, in actual leaching systems, some sulfide minerals significantly catalyze the redox reaction between thiourea and ferric ion, causing high thiourea consumption if ferric ion is present in excess. The presence of copper has a deleterious influence on this leaching system.
Interactions and competition within the microbial community of the human colon: links between diet and health (2007)

The microbiota of the human intestinal tract play an important role in health, in particular by mediating many of the effects of diet upon gut health. Surveys of 16S rRNA sequence diversity in the human colon have emphasized the low proportion of sequences that match cultured bacterial species. This may reflect limited recent effort on cultivation rather than inherent unculturability, however, as anaerobic isolation methods can apparently recover a wide range of the diversity found. A combination of information from representative cultures, molecular tools for enumeration and tracking of bacterial metabolites offers the most powerful route to understanding the roles played by different groups of bacteria in the gut ecosystem. Progress is being made for example in defining key functional groups including primary colonizers of insoluble dietary substrates, and major contributors to metabolites such as butyrate that influence the health of the gut mucosa. There is increasing evidence that bacterial populations in the large intestine respond to changes in diet, in particular to the type and quantity of dietary carbohydrate. A general consequence of increased carbohydrate consumption is to reduce the pH of the gut lumen, which is likely to play a major role in determining bacterial metabolism and competition. Oligosaccharides used as dietary prebiotics must inevitably have complex effects upon the bacterial community that include non-target organisms and the consequences of metabolic cross-feeding and changes in the gut environment.
Probing Integrin Selectivity: Rational Design of Highly Active and Selective Ligands for the α5β1 and αvβ3 Integrin Receptor (2007)

Try and fit in: A strategy for the rational design of α5β1 ligands for the purpose of lead generation and biochemical studies on integrin selectivity is based α5β1 homology modeling. Ligand 1 can bind α5β1 with activities in the subnanomolar range and high selectivity. Minor changes can result in a ligand with a high selectivity for the related αvβ3 receptor. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2007/z700008_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Eradication of Myc-overexpressing small cell lung cancer cells transfected with herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene containing Myc-Max response elements. (1996)

Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene was ligated with four repeats of the Myc-Max response elements (a core nucleotide sequence CACGTG), and its utility for gene therapy was examined by the treatment of either c-, L- or N-myc-overexpressing the small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell line with ganciclovir (GCV). The chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay demonstrated that the overexpression of any myc genes activated transcription from the CAT gene depending on the Myc-Max binding sites. The transduction of the HSV-TK gene ligated with the CACGTG core rendered all three SCLC lines to be more sensitive to GCV than parental ones in vitro. In addition, the growth of c- or L-myc-overexpressing SCLC cells containing the hybrid HSV-TK gene were significantly suppressed by GCV in vivo. When parental SCLC cells were mixed with HSV-TK-expressing tumor cells at a ratio of 1:3, GCV treatment inhibited tumor growth by 90% compared with parental cells only, indicating the existence of the "bystander effect." These data suggest that the CACGTG-driven HSV-TK gene may be useful for the treatment of SCLC overexpressing any type of myc family oncogenes.
C‐terminal 15 kDa fragment of cytoskeletal actin is posttranslationally N‐myristoylated upon caspase‐mediated cleavage and targeted to mitochondria (2003)

To detect the posttranslational N-myristoylation of caspase substrates, the susceptibility of the newly exposed N-terminus of known caspase substrates to protein N-myristoylation was evaluated by in vivo metabolic labeling with [(3)H]myristic acid in transfected cells using a fusion protein in which the query sequence was fused to a model protein. As a result, it was found that the N-terminal nine residues of the newly exposed N-terminus of the caspase-cleavage product of cytoskeletal actin efficiently direct the protein N-myristoylation. Metabolic labeling of COS-1 cells transiently transfected with cDNA coding for full-length truncated actin (tActin) revealed the efficient incorporation of [(3)H]myristic acid into this molecule. When COS-1 cells transiently transfected with cDNA coding for full-length actin were treated with staurosporine, an apoptosis-inducing agent, an N-myristoylated tActin was generated. Immunofluorescence staining coupled with MitoTracker or fluorescence tagged-phalloidin staining revealed that exogenously expressed tActin colocalized with mitochondria without affecting cellular and actin morphology. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the C-terminal 15 kDa fragment of cytoskeletal actin is posttranslationally N-myristoylated upon caspase-mediated cleavage during apoptosis and targeted to mitochondria.
Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. (1979)

A mathematical model for the evolutionary change of restriction sites in mitochondrial DNA is developed. Formulas based on this model are presented for estimating the number of nucleotide substitutions between two populations or species. To express the degree of polymorphism in a population at the nucleotide level, a measure called "nucleotide diversity" is proposed.
Current approaches to the treatment of Parkinson&rsquo;s disease (2008)

Enormous progress has been made in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). As a result of advances in experimental therapeutics, many promising therapies for PD are emerging. Levodopa remains the most potent drug for controlling PD symptoms, yet is associated with significant complications such as the "wearing off" effect, levodopa-induced dyskinesias and other motor complications. Catechol-o-methyl-transferase inhibitors, dopamine agonists and nondopaminergic therapy are alternative modalities in the management of PD and may be used concomitantly with levodopa or one another. The neurosurgical treatment, focusing on deep brain stimulation, is reviewed briefly. Although this review has attempted to highlight the most recent advances in the treatment of PD, it is important to note that new treatments are not necessarily better than the established conventional therapy and that the treatment options must be individualized and tailored to the needs of each individual patient.