gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sertraline and Fluoxetine Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Results of a Double-Blind, 6-Month Treatment Study (2002)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the comparative efficacy and tolerability of sertraline and fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Outpatients meeting DSM-IV criteria for OCD, with a Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive (Y-BOCS) total score >or= 17, an NIMH Global Obsessive-Compulsive (NIMH-OC) scale score >or= 7, and a CGI-Severity score >or= 4 were randomized to 24 weeks of double-blind treatment with sertraline (N = 77) or fluoxetine (N = 73). Primary efficacy measures consisted of the Y-BOCS, the NIMH-OC scale, and the CGI-Severity (CGI-S) and Improvement (CGI-I) scales. Equivalent and significant (p < 0.001) improvement was found at week 24 in Y-BOCS and NIMH-OC scale scores for sertraline and fluoxetine. After 12 weeks, 49.2% of patients on sertraline were rated on the CGI-S scale as being mildly ill or not ill compared to 24.6% on fluoxetine (p < 0.01). A Cox analysis found patients on sertraline to have a statistically nonsignificant 42% greater likelihood of achieving a response by week 12 (CGI-I, much or very much improved; 95% CI, 0.85, 2.38; p = 0.18). Sertraline treatment also resulted in a higher proportion of remissions than fluoxetine (defined as a CGI-I <or= 2 and a Y-BOCS score <or= 11), both at week 12 (20% vs. 8%; chi2, 3.95; df 1; p = 0.047) and week 24 (36% vs. 22%; chi2, 3.18; df, 1; p = 0.075). Both medications were well-tolerated and demonstrated significant efficacy in the treatment of outpatients with moderate to severe OCD with the subjects treated with sertraline showing a greater likelihood of remission as well as an earlier improvement on some but not all efficacy measures
Plasmodium yoelii Sporozoites with Simultaneous Deletion of P52 and P36 Are Completely Attenuated and Confer Sterile Immunity against Infection (2007)

Malaria infection starts when sporozoites are transmitted to the mammalian host during a mosquito bite. Sporozoites enter the blood circulation, reach the liver, and infect hepatocytes. The formation of a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) establishes their intracellular niche. Recently, two members of the 6-Cys domain protein family, P52 and P36, were each shown to play an important albeit nonessential role in Plasmodium berghei sporozoite infectivity for the rodent host. Here, we generated p52/p36-deficient Plasmodium yoelii parasites by the simultaneous deletion of both genes using a single genetic manipulation. p52/p36-deficient parasites exhibited normal progression through the life cycle during blood-stage infection, transmission to mosquitoes, mosquito-stage development, and sporozoite infection of the salivary glands. p52/p36-deficient sporozoites also showed normal motility and cell traversal activity. However, immunofluorescence analysis and electron microscopic observations revealed that p52/p36-deficient parasites did not form a PV within hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. The p52/p36-deficient parasites localized as free entities in the host cell cytoplasm or the host cell nucleoplasm and did not develop as liver stages. Consequently, they did not cause blood-stage infections even at high sporozoite inoculation doses. Mice immunized with p52/p36-deficient sporozoites were completely protected against infectious sporozoite challenge. Our results demonstrate for the first time the generation of two-locus gene deletion-attenuated parasites that infect the liver but do not progress to blood-stage infection. The study will critically guide the design of Plasmodium falciparum live attenuated malaria vaccines.
The Reaction of Articular Cartilage to Injury and Osteoarthritis (1974)

Alterations in Cartilage in OsteoarthritisThe morphologic changes in joints affected by osteoarthritis were identified in writings of the Hunter brothers over 200 years ago.88 Over the intervening years, alterations in gross morphology were correlated with histologic changes, and the pattern now thought to be pathognomonic for this disorder clearly identified. In 1942, Bennett, Waine and Bauer104 presented their classic monograph, which described the progression of changes seen in the development of osteoarthritis of the knee, and seven years later, Collins105 established a classification system for the joint changes on which much of the current work is based.Before the . . .
Bacterial Diversity in the Initial Fermentation Stage of Korean and Chinese Kimchi (2010)

The purpose of this research is to draw the bacterial community difference between Korean and Chinese kimchi for future use in the confirmation of kimchi origin. Initial fermentation stage kimchi samples (above pH 5) were used for the analysis of bacterial diversity. From 26 Korean kimchi samples, 1,017 strains in the 45 genera and from 22 Chinese kimchi samples, 842 strains in the 54 genera were isolated with use of marine medium, nutrient medium, succinate minimal medium (SMM), leuconostocs selective medium (LUSM) agars. In the order of isolated numbers, Bacillus, Weissella, Leuconostoc, Pseudomonas, and Lactobacillus genera and Bacillus, Weissella, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, and Enterobacter genera were predominated in Korean and Chines kimchi, respectively. Among the isolated lactic acid bacteria, Weissella spp. were isolated most dominantly owing to the biased growth of Weissella spp. on LUSM agar. Species in the genera Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus were the next frequently isolated LAB from Korean and Chinese kimchi, respectively. Weissella confusa was isolated only from Korean kimchi and W. soli and Serratia proteamculans were isolated only from Chinese kimchi. They have a possibility to be used as target bacteria to differentiate Korean kimchi from Chinese kimchi.
Web Caching and Replication (2001)

Web caching and replication provides essential material based on the extensive real-world experience of two experts from AT & T Labs. This comprehensive examination of caching, replication, and load-balacing practices for the Web brings together information from and for the commercial world, including real-life products; technical standards communities, such as IETF and W3C; and academic research.
How Much is Enough? Modulation of Dose-Response Curve for Steroid Receptor-Regulated Gene Expression by Changing Concentrations of Transcription Factor (2006)

The position of the dose-response curve for steroid-regulated gene expression determines how much variation in response will accompany the normal physiological changes in circulating steroid. Over the last several years, it has become clear that the concentration of steroid hormone required for half-maximal induction or repression by a given receptor-steroid complex, which is normally called the EC50, is not constant for all responsive genes. Thus, the position of the dose-response curve can change so that a single concentration of steroid produces very different percentages of maximal activity. This, in turn, allows for the differential expression of genes by a common steroid hormone concentration during development, differentiation, and homeostasis. Here we review the variety of factors that influence the EC50 and position of the dose-response curve for steroid hormone receptors, discuss what is known about the mechanisms, and highlight promising areas for future research.
Hydrogen/deuterium‐exchange (H/D‐Ex) of PPARγ LBD in the presence of various modulators (2006)

A nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), is a ligand-dependent transcription factor involved in glucose homeostasis and adipocyte differentiation. PPARgamma is the molecular target of various natural and synthetic molecules, including anti-diabetic agents such as rosiglitazone. Amide hydrogen/deuterium-exchange (H/D-Ex), coupled with proteolysis and mass spectrometry, was applied to study the dynamics of the PPARgamma ligand binding domain (LBD) with or without molecules that modulate PPARgamma activity. The H/D-Ex patterns of ligand-free PPARgamma LBD show that the ligand binding pocket of LBD is significantly more dynamic than the rest of the LBD. Presumably, the binding pocket is intrinsically disordered in order to accommodate different ligands. The presence of two full agonists (rosiglitazone and GW1929), a partial agonist (nTZDpa), and a covalent antagonist (GW9662), changed the dynamics/conformation of PPARgamma LBD and slowed the H/D exchange rate in various regions of the protein. The full agonists slowed the H/D exchange more globally and to a greater extent than the partial agonist or the antagonist, indicating that the full agonist stabilizes the PPARgamma LBD more than the partial agonist or the antagonist. One interesting observation is that the two full agonists significantly stabilized helix 12 while the partial agonist and the antagonist did not perturb the H/D exchange of this region. The results showed that the change in protein dynamics induced by ligand binding may be an important factor for the activation of genes and that H/D-Ex is a useful method for analyzing the biological activity of drug leads.
Apolipoprotein E Recycling (2005)

After receptor-mediated endocytosis, the intracellular fate of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) is far more complex than the classical degradation pathway of low-density lipoproteins. Once internalized, TRLs disintegrate in peripheral endosomes, followed by a differential sorting of TRL components. Although core lipids and apolipoprotein B are targeted to lysosomes, the majority of TRL-derived apolipoprotein E (apoE) remains in peripheral recycling endosomes. This pool of TRL-derived apoE is then mobilized by high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) or HDL-derived apoA-I to be recycled back to the plasma membrane, followed by apoE resecretion and the subsequent formation of apoE-containing HDL. The HDL-induced recycling of apoE is accompanied by cholesterol efflux and involves the internalization and targeting of HDL-derived apoA-I to endosomes containing both apoE and cholesterol. These findings point to a yet unknown intracellular link between TRL-derived apoE, cellular cholesterol transport, and HDL metabolism. Recent studies provide first evidence that impaired recycling of TRL-derived apoE4, but not apoE3, is associated with intracellular cholesterol accumulation, which might explain some well-documented effects of apoE4 on HDL metabolism. This review summarizes the current understanding of apoE recycling and its potential role in the regulation of plasma apoE levels in the postprandial state.
Erbb is linked to the alpha-globin locus on mouse chromosome 11. (1985)

A fragment of the human gene for c-erb-B was used to map homologous sequences in mice. Analysis of somatic cell hybrids and recombinant inbred and congenic mouse strains indicated that this gene, designated Erbb, is closely linked to the gene for alpha-globin on mouse chromosome 11. Several genes controlling hematopoietic differentiation map to mouse chromosome 11.
Numerical Prediction of Relative Permeability from MicroCT Images: Comparison of Steady-State versus Displacement Methods (2011)

Abstract Numerical prediction of rock properties is a rapidly evolving area that has the potential to influence dramatically how core analysis is performed. In this paper, we investigate the numerical prediction of relative permeability from micro-computed tomographic images using pore network modeling. Specifically, we apply four different algorithms to a digital image of a reservoir sample that has been tested using traditional core analysis, and compare the results. The four algorithms are the following: quasi-static, unsteady-state, steady-state periodic, and steady-state non-periodic. They differ significantly in terms of the physics that they are designed to capture and their computational performance, but there is no published research quantifying how these differences affect the simulation of relative permeability. We show that the traditional quasi-static algorithm exhibits outstanding computational performance, but gives results that are the most different from the other three methods. The unsteady- and steady-state simulations give surprisingly similar results given the differences in how relative permeability is obtained. The two steady-state methods differ little under the conditions tested. This result is encouraging because the periodic simulation is significantly more computationally efficient. However, it raises questions about the ability to capture hysteretic behavior. Phase saturations are mapped from the network results onto the digital images of the pore space as a means to help interpret differences in the pore-scale behavior of the models. Finally, results are compared to relative permeabilities from laboratory corefloods.
Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities? (2001)

'Stress' embraces the reaction to a multitude of poorly defined factors that disturb homeostasis or allostasis. In this overview, the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system have been utilized as objective measurements of stress reactions. Although long-term activation of the sympathetic nervous system is followed by primary hypertension, consequences of similar activation of the HPA axis have not been clearly defined. The focus of this overview is to examine whether or not repeated activation of these two stress centres may be involved in the pathogenesis of abdominal obesity and its comorbidities. In population studies adrenal hormones show strong statistical associations to centralization of body fat as well as to obesity. There is considerable evidence from clinical to cellular and molecular studies that elevated cortisol, particularly when combined with secondary inhibition of sex steroids and growth hormone secretions, is causing accumulation of fat in visceral adipose tissues as well as metabolic abnormalities (The Metabolic Syndrome). Hypertension is probably due to a parallel activation of the central sympathetic nervous system. Depression and 'the small baby syndrome' as well as stress exposure in men and non-human primates are followed with time by similar central and peripheral abnormalities. Glucocorticoid exposure is also followed by increased food intake and 'leptin resistant' obesity, perhaps disrupting the balance between leptin and neuropeptide Y to the advantage of the latter. The consequence might be 'stress-eating', which, however, is a poorly defined entity. Factors activating the stress centres in humans include psychosocial and socioeconomic handicaps, depressive and anxiety traits, alcohol and smoking, with some differences in profile between personalities and genders. Polymorphisms have been defined in several genes associated with the cascade of events along the stress axes. Based on this evidence it is suggested that environmental, perinatal and genetic factors induce neuroendocrine perturbations followed by abdominal obesity with its associated comorbidities.
Selection of Neural Differentiation‐Specific Genes by Comparing Profiles of Random Differentiation (2006)

Differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into neurons requires a high level of transcriptional regulation. To further understand the transcriptional regulation of neural differentiation of ESCs, we used oligonucleotide microarray to examine the gene expressions of the guided differentiation (GD) model for dopaminergic (DA) neurons from mouse ESCs. We also determined the gene expression profiles of the random differentiation (RD) model of mouse ESCs into embryoid bodies. From K-means clustering analysis using the expression patterns of the two models, most of the genes (1,282 of 1,884 genes [68.0%]) overlapped in their expression patterns. Six hundred twenty-two differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the GD model by random variance F-test were classified by their critical molecular functions in neurogenesis and DNA replication (Gene Ontology analysis). However, 400 genes among GD-DEGs (64.3%) showed a high correlation with RD in Spearman's correlation analysis (Spearman's coefficient p(s) >or= .6). The genes showing marginal correlation (-.4 < p(s) < .6) were present in the early stages of differentiation of both GD and RD, which were non-specific to brain development. Finally, we distinguished 66 GD-specific genes based on p(s) <or= -.4, the molecular functions of which were related mainly to vesicle formation, neurogenesis, and transcription factors. From among these GD-specific genes, we confirmed the expression of Serpini1 and Rab33a in P19 differentiation models and adult brains. From these results, we identified the specific genes required for neural differentiation by comparing gene expressions of GD with RD; these would potentially be the highly specific candidate genes necessary for differentiation of DA neurons.
Angiotensin-(1-7): a new hormone of the angiotensin system. (1991)

We provide a new foundation for an alternative interpretation of the biochemical physiology of the brain and other tissue angiotensin systems on the basis of research done in our laboratory. This perspective is prompted by the discovery that angiotensin-(1-7) has cellular functions that differ from those established for angiotensin II. Although angiotensin-(1-7) is not an agonist in terms of activating vasoconstriction, stimulating thirst, or promoting aldosterone release, the heptapeptide caused neuronal excitation and vasopressin release with a potency similar to that found with angiotensin II. Furthermore, angiotensin-(1-7) enhances the production of prostanoids by a receptor-mediated event that causes no associated rise in intracellular Ca2+. These actions of angiotensin-(1-7) provide a new understanding of the heterogeneous functions of angiotensin peptides as modulators of a wide range of regulatory functions in mammals.
Calculation of High-Resolution SAR Distributions in Biological Bodies Using the FFT Algorithm and Conjugate Gradient Method (Short Papers) (1985)

A new method for the calculation of absorption in inhomogeneous, lossy dielectrics is presented. In this method, the convolutional nature of the electric-field integral equation is exploited by use of the FFT algorithms and the conjugate gradient method (CGM). The method is illustrated by solving for the SAR distribution for an anatomical cross transsection through the human eyes at 1 GHz.
Robotics: modelling, planning and control (2009)

Based on the successful Modelling and Control of Robot Manipulators by Sciavicco and Siciliano (Springer, 2000), Robotics provides the basic know-how on the foundations of robotics: modelling, planning and control. It has been expanded to include coverage of mobile robots, visual control and motion planning. A variety of problems is raised throughout, and the proper tools to find engineering-oriented solutions are introduced and explained. The text includes coverage of fundamental topics like kinematics, and trajectory planning and related technological aspects including actuators and sensors. To impart practical skill, examples and case studies are carefully worked out and interwoven through the text, with frequent resort to simulation. In addition, end-of-chapter exercises are proposed, and the book is accompanied by an electronic solutions manual containing the MATLAB® code for computer problems; this is available free of charge to those adopting this volume as a textbook for courses.
Effects of antibodies against cell surface protein antigen PAc-glucosyltransferase fusion proteins on glucan synthesis and cell adhesion of Streptococcus mutans (1997)

Cell surface protein antigen (PAc) and glucosyltransferases (GTFs) produced by Streptococcus mutans are considered to be major colonization factors of the organism, and the inhibition of these two factors is predicted to provide protection against dental caries. In this study, we have constructed fusion protein PAcA-GB, a fusion of the saliva-binding alanine-rich region (PAcA) of PAc with the glucan binding (GB) domain of GTF-I, an enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of water-insoluble glucan from sucrose, and fusion protein PAcA-SB, a fusion of PAcA with the sucrose binding (SB) domain of GTF-I. The recombinant fusion proteins were purified from cell extracts of Escherichia coli harboring the fusion genes, and rabbit antibodies against these fusion proteins were prepared. Water-insoluble glucan synthesis by cell-associated and cell-free GTF preparations from S. mutans as well as total glucan synthesis by GTF-I was markedly inhibited by anti-PAcA-GB immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies but not by anti-PAcA-SB IgG antibodies. Significant inhibition of the sucrose-independent and sucrose-dependent adhesion of S. mutans to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads was observed when anti-PAcA-GB antibodies were added to the reaction mixture. Anti-PAcA-SB antibodies inhibited the adhesion of S. mutans to the beads in the absence of sucrose but not in the presence of sucrose. Immunization with the fusion protein PAcA-GB may be useful for controlling the colonization of teeth by S. mutans.
Survival of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells in a xenotransplantation model (2007)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are immunoprivileged and the allogeneic MSCs implantation has been used to facilitate tissue repairs such as bone and cartilage defect. The present study aimed to investigate the feasibility of xenogeneic MSCs implantation. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic rat bone marrow-derived MSCs were loaded into HA/TCP Skelite blocks and implanted intramuscularly into the quadriceps of the MF1 and SCID mice. After 11 weeks, the implants were harvested and processed for further examinations. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells of each animal were also collected to measure the in vitro immune responses using mixed lymphocyte culture and cytotoxic assay. In the MF1 mice, some surviving MSCs were found in the explants after 11 weeks of implantation, but there was no sign of new bone formation as neither osteocalcin mRNA nor osteoid tissues were detected in the explants; the lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxicity against donor MSCs were significantly increased in the animals with the xenogeneic MSCs implantation compared with the control littermates without transplantation. In the control SCID mice, osteoid tissues derived from the implanted MSCs were found in the explants; no difference of lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxicity against the donor MSCs was detected between the SCID mice with or without MSCs implantation. The data suggested that rat MSCs survived the 11 weeks of xenotransplantation in the MF1 mice, but the increased host immune sensitization led to the impaired in vivo osteogenesis potential of MSCs.
European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE)Video capsule endoscopy: Update to guidelines (May 2006) (2006)

Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) has become a very important tool for diagnosing of many small-bowel disorders. Upcoming VCE techniques for the investigation of disorders of the esophagus, stomach, and colon may render it a promising technique for these organs as well.
The Specific Synthesis of Pyridines and Oligopyridines1 (1976)

A survey is given of the wide applicability of the specific syntheses of (substituted) pyridines, bi-, ter-, and oligopyridines, including those bearing condensed rings, from acalkylpyridinium salts and α,β-unsaturated ketones on treatment with ammonium acetate/ acetic acid or methanol. The complex chemical behaviour of the bi- and oligopyridines is hereby considered. 1. Syntheses of Monopyridines 1.1. Principles of the Method 1.2. Advantages of the Method 1.3. Use of 1,3-Diketones and Analogous Compounds instead of Pyridinium Salts 2. Nomenclature of Oligopyridines 3. Syntheses of Bipyridines 4. Syntheses of Terpyridines 5. Syntheses of Quaterpyridines 6. Syntheses of Quinquepyridines 7. Syntheses of Septipyridines 8. Alternative Methods for the Preparation of Oligopyridines 9. Syntheses of Pyridines bearing Condensed Rings 10. Oligopyridines as Reagents for Fe2+ and Cu1+ Ions 11. Conclusions