gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spindle Dynamics and the Role of γ-Tubulin in EarlyCaenorhabditis elegansEmbryos (2001)

gamma-Tubulin is a ubiquitous and highly conserved component of centrosomes in eukaryotic cells. Genetic and biochemical studies have demonstrated that gamma-tubulin functions as part of a complex to nucleate microtubule polymerization from centrosomes. We show that, as in other organisms, Caenorhabditis elegans gamma-tubulin is concentrated in centrosomes. To study centrosome dynamics in embryos, we generated transgenic worms that express GFP::gamma-tubulin or GFP::beta-tubulin in the maternal germ line and early embryos. Multiphoton microscopy of embryos produced by these worms revealed the time course of daughter centrosome appearance and growth and the differential behavior of centrosomes destined for germ line and somatic blastomeres. To study the role of gamma-tubulin in nucleation and organization of spindle microtubules, we used RNA interference (RNAi) to deplete C. elegans embryos of gamma-tubulin. gamma-Tubulin (RNAi) embryos failed in chromosome segregation, but surprisingly, they contained extensive microtubule arrays. Moderately affected embryos contained bipolar spindles with dense and long astral microtubule arrays but with poorly organized kinetochore and interpolar microtubules. Severely affected embryos contained collapsed spindles with numerous long astral microtubules. Our results suggest that gamma-tubulin is not absolutely required for microtubule nucleation in C. elegans but is required for the normal organization and function of kinetochore and interpolar microtubules.
Axonal and neuronal degeneration in multiple sclerosis: mechanisms and functional consequences (2001)

Renewed interest in axonal injury in multiple sclerosis has significantly shifted the focus of research into this disease toward neurodegeneration. During the past year magnetic resonance and morphologic studies have continued to confirm and extend the concept that axonal transection begins at disease onset, and that cumulative axonal loss provides the pathologic substrate for the progressive disability that most long-term MS patients experience. Although inflammation and chronic demyelination are probable causes of axonal transection, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that are involved. The view that MS can also be considered an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease has important clinical implications for therapeutic approaches, monitoring of patients, and future treatment strategies.
Microfabrication of fiber optic scanners (2002)

A cantilevered optical fiber is micromachined to function as a miniature resonant opto-mechanical scanner. By driving the base of the cantilevered fiber at a resonance frequency using a piezoelectric actuator, the free end of the cantilever beam becomes a scanned light source. The fiber scanners are designed to achieve wide field-of-view (FOV) and high scan frequency. We employ a non-linearly tapered profile fiber to achieve scan amplitudes of 1 mm at scan frequencies above 20 KHz. Scan angles of over 120 degree(s) (full angle) have been achieved. Higher order modes are also employed for scanning applications that require compactness while maintaining large angular FOV. Etching techniques are used to create the non-linearly tapered sections in single mode optical fiber. Additionally, micro-lenses are fabricated on the tips of the etched fibers, with lens diameters as small as 15 microns. Such lenses are capable of reducing the divergence angle of the emitted light to 5 degree(s) (full angle), with greater reduction expected by employing novel lens shaping techniques. Microfabricated optical fiber scanners have display applications ranging from micro-optical displays to larger panoramic displays. Applications for micro-image acquisition include small barcode readers to medical endoscopes.
Quality of service in wireless networks based on differentiated services architecture (2003)

This paper considers the problem of providing signaling support for quality of service (QoS) in wireless and mobile networks. In particular, it proposes an architecture based on the differentiated services (Diffserv) framework being developed for wired networks. The architecture presents the need for an explicit signaling protocol that is necessary since Diffserv uses an implicit mechanism. The class-based queuing (CBQ) algorithm has been used for scheduling user requests and has also been modified to handle several wireless-specific features. This includes user mobility, packet loss characterization, lower wireless bandwidth, and battery power constraints. The framework and mechanisms have been implemented in a wireless testbed for the FreeBSD operating system using Pentium workstations and WaveLAN wireless equipment. Experimental results from this testbed show the validity of the proposed Diffserv model and also provide performance analyses.
Ensemble selection from libraries of models (2004)

We present a method for constructing ensembles from libraries of thousands of models. Model libraries are generated using different learning algorithms and parameter settings. Forward stepwise selection is used to add to the ensemble the models that maximize its performance. Ensemble selection allows ensembles to be optimized to performance metric such as accuracy, cross entropy, mean precision, or ROC Area. Experiments with seven test problems and ten metrics demonstrate the benefit of ensemble selection.
The identification of the allylic nitrite and nitro derivatives of methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate by negative chemical ionization mass spectroscopy (1993)

The autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids is initiated both in vivo and in vitro by nitrogen dioxide. The mechanism of the initiation process is believed to involve both addition reactions and hydrogen atom abstraction reactions, with hydrogen abstraction predominating at low levels of nitrogen dioxide. Therefore low levels of nitrogen dioxide should react with polyunsaturated fatty acids to give allylic derivatives; in an anaerobic system these derivations should be allylic nitro and nitrite compounds. Using negative methane chemical ionization mass spectrometry and other analytical techniques, we have identified these allylic nitrite and nitro compounds from the reactions of low levels of nitrogen dioxide with methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate in the absence of oxygen.
THE INCIDENCE OF MESIODENS (2007)

Finned hierarchical MOF particles (Cu(BDC) nanosheets as fins grown perpendicularly on Ni<sub>2</sub>(BDC)<sub>2</sub>(DABCO) hexagonal prisms) were synthesized on modified cellulose support. The hierarchical MOF particles exposed the open Cu(II) sites on Cu(BDC) to enable selective 1-hexene/<i>n</i>-hexane separation.
Multiple 5′-Flanking Regions of the Human α-Skeletal Actin Gene Synergistically Modulate Muscle-Specific Expression (1987)

Transfection into myogenic and nonmyogenic cell lines was used to investigate the transcriptional regulation of the human alpha-skeletal actin gene. We demonstrated that 1,300 base pairs of the 5'-flanking region directed high-level transient expression of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in differentiated mouse C2C12 and rat L8 myotubes but not in mouse nonmuscle L.TK- and HuT-12 cells. Unidirectional 5' deletion analysis and heterologous promoter stimulation experiments demonstrated that at least three transcription-regulating subdomains lie in this 1,300-base-pair region. A proximal cis-acting transcriptional element located between positions -153 and -87 relative to the start of transcription at +1 was both sufficient and necessary for muscle-specific expression and developmental regulation during myogenesis in the two myogenic cell systems. The region 3' of position -87 interacted with factors present in both myogenic and fibroblastic cells and appeared to define, or to be a major component of, the basal promoter. In C2C12 myotubes, but not in L8 myotubes, a distal sequence domain between positions -1300 and -626 and the proximal sequence domain between positions -153 and -87 each induced transcription about 10-fold and synergistically increased CAT expression 100-fold over levels achieved by the sequences 3' of position -87. Furthermore, these cis-acting elements independently and synergistically modulated an enhancerless, heterologous simian virus 40 promoter in a tissue-specific manner. DNA fragments which included the proximal domain displayed classical enhancerlike properties. The central region between positions -626 and -153, although required in neither cell line, had a positive, two- to threefold, additive role in augmenting expression in L8 cells but not in C2C12 cells. This suggests that certain elements between positions -1300 and -153 appear to be differentially utilized for maximal expression in different myogenic cells and that the particular combination of domains used is dependent on the availability, in kind or amount, of trans-acting, transcription-modulating factors present in each cell type. Thus, multiple myogenic factors that vary qualitatively and quantitatively may be responsible for the different and complex modulatory programs of actin gene expression observed during in vivo muscle differentiation.
Novel Method for Processing Respiratory Specimens for Detection of Mycobacteria by Using C 18 -Carboxypropylbetaine: Blinded Study (1998)

A novel method for processing respiratory specimens to improve culture and acid-fast staining of mycobacteria is introduced. This new method utilized N,N-dimethyl-N-(n-octadecyl)-N-(3-carboxypropyl)ammonium inner salt (Chemical Abstract Service no. 78195-27-4), also known as C18-carboxypropylbetaine (CB-18). In a blinded, five-center study, CB-18-based processing was compared to the standard method combining NALC and NaOH (NALC/NaOH). A total of 573 respiratory specimens were tested. Individual specimens were split approximately equally; the host institutions processed half of each specimen by the NALC/NaOH method, while the other half was processed with CB-18 at Quest Diagnostics--Baltimore. A total of 106 specimens were culture positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB). Replacement of the primary decontamination agent with CB-18 caused changes in all diagnostic parameters. Aggregate culture sensitivity improved by approximately 43% (P < 0.01), and smear sensitivity improved by approximately 58% (P < 0.01). The sensitivity of smear relative to that of M. tuberculosis isolates exceeded 93% (P < 0.01) when specimens were processed with CB-18. The average times to a positive result were reduced by 7.3 days in liquid culture (P < 0.01) and 5.3 days on solid media (P < 0.05); however, the CB-18 method had a 20.8% contamination rate in liquid culture versus a rate of approximately 7.5% with NALC/NaOH processing. There were also unusual reductions in liquid culture sensitivity and smear specificity among CB-18-processed specimens. The characteristics of the latter parameters suggested that refinement of the CB-18 processing method should allow further improvements in culture sensitivity. This study showed that the CB-18 method has the potential to improve both smear and culture detection for these important human pathogens.
Formamidinium lead trihalide: a broadly tunable perovskite for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells (2014)

Perovskite-based solar cells have attracted significant recent interest, with power conversion efficiencies in excess of 15% already superceding a number of established thin-film solar cell technologies. Most work has focused on a methylammonium lead trihalide perovskites, with a bandgaps of ∼1.55 eV and greater. Here, we explore the effect of replacing the methylammonium cation in this perovskite, and show that with the slightly larger formamidinium cation, we can synthesise formamidinium lead trihalide perovskites with a bandgap tunable between 1.48 and 2.23 eV. We take the 1.48 eV-bandgap perovskite as most suited for single junction solar cells, and demonstrate long-range electron and hole diffusion lengths in this material, making it suitable for planar heterojunction solar cells. We fabricate such devices, and due to the reduced bandgap we achieve high short-circuit currents of >23 mA cm−2, resulting in power conversion efficiencies of up to 14.2%, the highest efficiency yet for solution processed planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. Formamidinium lead triiodide is hence promising as a new candidate for this class of solar cell.
Head and Facial Animation Tracking using Appearance-Adaptive Models and Particle Filters (2005)

This paper introduces two frameworks for head and facial animation tracking. The first framework introduces a particle-filter tracker capable of tracking the 3D head pose using a statistical facial texture model. The second framework introduces an appearance-adaptive tracker capable of tracking the 3D head pose and the facial animations in real-time. This framework has the merits of both deterministic and stochastic approaches. It consists of an online adaptive observation model of the face texture together with an adaptive transition motion model. The latter is based on a registration technique between the appearance model and the incoming observation. The second framework extends the concept of Online Appearance Models to the case of tracking 3D non-rigid face motion (3D head pose and facial animations). Tracking long video sequences demonstrated the effectiveness of the developed methods. Accurate tracking was obtained even in the presence of perturbing factors such as illumination changes, significant head pose and facial expression variations as well as occlusions.
Fusion of liposomes containing a novel cationic lipid, N-[2,3-(dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium: induction by multivalent anions and asymmetric fusion with acidic phospholipid vesicles (1989)

The fusion behavior of large unilamellar liposomes composed of N-[2,3-(dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium (DOTMA) and either phosphatidylcholine (PC) or phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) has been investigated by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay for lipid mixing, dynamic light scattering, and electron microscopy. Polyvalent anions induced the fusion of DOTMA/PE (1:1) liposomes with the following sequence of effectiveness: citrate greater than EDTA greater than phosphate, in the presence 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.4. Sulfate, dipicolinate, and acetate were ineffective. DOTMA/PC (1:1) vesicles were completely refractory to fusion in the presence of multivalent anions in the concentration range studied, consistent with the inhibitory effect of PC in divalent cation induced fusion of negatively charged vesicles. DOTMA/PE vesicles could fuse with DOTMA/PC vesicles in the presence of high concentrations of citrate, but not of phosphate. Mixing of DOTMA/PE liposomes with negatively charged phosphatidylserine (PS)/PE or PS/PC (1:1) vesicles resulted in membrane fusion in the absence of multivalent anions. DOTMA/PC liposomes also fused with PS/PE liposomes and, to a limited extent, with PS/PC liposomes. These observations suggest that the interaction of the negatively charged PS polar group with the positively charged trimethylammonium of DOTMA is sufficient to mediate fusion between the two membranes containing these lipids and that the nature of the zwitterionic phospholipid component of these vesicles is an additional determinant of membrane fusion.
Noncoherent OFDM-IM and Its Performance Analysis (2017)

In conventional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with index modulation (OFDM-IM), the active subcarriers can convey information bits by modulated symbols as well as their indices. To detect modulated symbols, coherent detection is usually considered, which requires the channel state information (CSI) estimation for all subcarriers at a receiver. In OFDM-IM, however, since only a fraction of subcarriers are active, the overhead for pilot transmissions through all subcarriers to allow the receiver to estimate the CSI could be excessive, in particular, under a fast fading environment. To avoid this difficulty, we consider noncoherent OFDM-IM, where only the indices of active subcarriers are used to convey information bits. For a better performance, a transmit diversity scheme is also studied. We derive a closed-form expression for the probability of index error when no transmit diversity is considered under frequency-selective Rayleigh fading. We also derive an upper-bound when the transmit diversity scheme is employed. From the upper-bound, the diversity order is also clearly shown.
Heavy Metals and Arsenic in Sediments of Xinfengjiang Reservoir in South China: Levels, Source Identification and Health Risk Assessment (2020)

Xinfengjiang Reservoir (XFJR) is the largest drinking water source in the southern China, and plays a vital role in supporting the development of China's Pearl River delta. The levels, source Identification, potential ecological risks and health risk of eight metal elements including Zn, Pb, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd and As in the sediments of the XFJR and Heyuan section of East River (HYER) were investigated. Sixteen sediment samples were collected from June to July 2016 in XFJR and HYER, and the concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd) and As were analyzed simultaneously. Results showed that the contents of Zn, Pb, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd and As in surface sediment of XFJR were 76.27, 36.63, 12.23, 293.61, 14.88, 60.38, 0.76 and 18.68 mg / kg , respectively, and were 76.47, 30.95, 24.47, 361.95, 23.80, 91.81, 0.68 and 7.31 mg / kg, respectively, for HYER. The pollution’s levels of the heavy metal and As was in the order of Cd &gt; Zn &gt; Cr &gt; Mn &gt; As &gt; Cu &gt; Ni &gt; Pb. The spatial distribution pattern of heavy metal and As in the surface sediments of the studied area featured high concentrations in the northeastern region and low concentrations in the XFJR, with a gradual decrease along the river flow from north to south. The results of principal component analysis demonstrated that agricultural activities, industrial pollution and water vehicles were the main sources of heavy metals pollution. The potential ecological risk index of the region was 22.02, and the potential ecological risk of heavy metal and As were in the ordered of Ni &gt; Cu &gt; Pb &gt; Cr &gt; Zn &gt; Mn &gt; Cd &gt;As, indicating slight ecological risk. In addition, the non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk of heavy metal and As in the surface sediment for adult and children were within acceptable level.
Lipophilic Peptides for Gene Delivery (2008)

DNA transfections are widely performed in research laboratories and in vivo gene delivery holds the promise for curing many diseases. The synthetic carriers or vectors for DNA are typically cationic lipids. However, in biology, the recognition of nucleic acids by proteins involves both electrostatic and stacking contributions. As such we have prepared a series of new lipophilic peptide vectors that possess lysine and tryptophan amino acids for evaluation. These lipophilic peptides show minimal cytotoxicity and enhanced in vitro gene transfection activity.
Randomised trial of early diet in preterm babies and later intelligence quotient (1998)

Preterm infants are vulnerable to suboptimal early nutrition in terms of their cognitive performance--notably, language based skills--at 7 1/2 - 8 years, when cognitive scores are highly predictive of adult ones. Our data on cerebral palsy generate a new hypothesis that suboptimal nutritional management during a critical or plastic early period of rapid brain growth could impair functional compensation in those sustaining an earlier brain insult. Cognitive function, notably in males, may be permanently impaired by suboptimal neonatal nutrition.
Flexible and transparent supercapacitor based on In2O3 nanowire/carbon nanotube heterogeneous films (2009)

In this paper, a supercapacitor with the features of optical transparency and mechanical flexibility has been fabricated using metal oxide nanowire/carbon nanotube heterogeneous film, and studies found that the power density can reach 7.48 kW/kg after galvanostatic measurements. In addition, to study the stability of flexible and transparent supercapacitor, the device was examined for a large number of cycles and showed a good retention of capacity (∼88%). This approach could work as the platform for future transparent and flexible nanoelectronics.
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Deficiency Results in Enhanced Allergen-Induced Airway Inflammation (2004)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of endopeptidases that proteolytically degrade extracellular matrix. Many different cells produce MMP-9, and levels have been shown to be up-regulated in patients with allergic asthma. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo role of MMP-9 during allergen-induced airway inflammation. Acute allergic pulmonary eosinophilia was established in MMP-9 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) control mice by sensitization and challenge with OVA. Cell recruitment was significantly increased in both bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung tissue compartments in MMP-9 KO mice compared with WT mice. This heightened cell recruitment was primarily due to increased eosinophils and Th2 cells in the BAL and lung tissue of MMP-9 KO mice in comparison with WT controls. Moreover, levels of the Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, and the chemokines eotaxin/CCL11 and macrophage-derived chemokine/CCL22 were substantially increased in MMP-9 KO mice compared with WT after OVA challenge. Resolution of eosinophilia was similar between MMP-9 KO and WT mice, but Th2 cells persisted in BAL and lungs of MMP-9 KO mice for longer than in WT mice. Our results indicate that MMP-9 is critically involved in the recruitment of eosinophils and Th2 cells to the lung following allergen challenge, and suggest that MMP-9 plays a role in the development of Th2 responses to allergen.
Self-Assembled Monolayers of Methyl 1-Thiahexa(ethylene oxide) for the Inhibition of Protein Adsorption (2002)

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of methyl 1-thiahexa(ethylene oxide), HS(CH2CH2O)6CH3, on gold with different molecular conformations were evaluated for their ability to inhibit protein adsorption. Assembled from 95% ethanol, reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) data show that the HS(CH2CH2O)6CH3 SAMs adopt the well-ordered 7/2 helical conformation of the folded-chain crystal polymorph of poly(ethylene oxide). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data indicate that these ordered helical SAMs behave as near ideal capacitors in an electrochemical environment. Assembled from other solvents, the SAMs of HS(CH2CH2O)6CH3 were more variable and less ordered. For samples assembled from 100% ethanol, the RAIRS data were virtually identical to those obtained from 95% ethanol indicating the predominant 7/2 helical structure but the EIS spectra show consistently higher specific capacitance values indicating a slight increase in disorder or number of defect sites. In contrast to the ethanolic solvents, assembled from tetrahydrofuran, the HS(CH2CH2O)6CH3 SAMs are significantly less ordered with RAIRS data clearly showing mixtures of the 7/2 helical and nonhelical conformations and EIS data showing much higher specific capacitance values. Exposure of these ordered and disordered HS(CH2CH2O)6CH3 SAMs to bovine serum albumin and lysozyme solutions showed that the less ordered SAMs exhibit better inhibition of protein adsorption.