gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diabetic Dyslipidemia: Basic Mechanisms Underlying the Common Hypertriglyceridemia and Low HDL Cholesterol Levels (1996)

Elevated levels of plasma triglycerides (TG) and reduced concentrations of HDL cholesterol are very common in patients with diabetes, particularly NIDDM. Although regulation of the plasma concentrations of VLDL, the major TG-rich lipoprotein is extremely complex, it is clear from in vivo kinetic studies that increased rates of secretion of VLDL into plasma is almost uniformly present in patients with NIDDM and hypertriglyceridemia. Recent studies at the cellular level indicate that increased fatty acid flux to the liver, also common in NIDDM (and other insulin-resistant states associated with elevated plasma TG levels), will stimulate the assembly and secretion of apoprotein (apo) B-containing lipoproteins by targeting apoB for secretion rather than intracellular degradation. Increased rates of secretion of VLDL into plasma appears to drive the exchange of TG from these lipoproteins for HDL cholesteryl ester. This exchange, which occurs in plasma, is facilitated by cholesteryl ester transfer protein, and generates a TG-enriched HDL that is a substrate for either hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase. When the TG in HDL is hydrolyzed, the resultant particle is smaller, and this appears to affect the binding of the major HDL protein, apoA-I. ApoA-I dissociates from the smaller, lipid-poor HDL, and the free apoA-I (molecular weight 28,000) can be filtered by the glomerulus in the kidney and most likely is degraded in renal tubular cells after reabsorption. Thus, increased free fatty acid transport in plasma, a common abnormality in insulin-resistant states, may be the underlying driving force for the two common lipid abnormalities seen in diabetes.
Problems (1983)

Robert E. Shafer, Michael Filaseta, Norman Schaumberger, Jerry M. Metzger, Mangho Ahuja, M. S. Klamkin, Norman L. Swanson, Bruce Richter, Ross Honsberger, Jerry Metzger, Frank P. Battles, Henry S. Lieberman, Stewart M. Venit, Joseph Wiener, Freddy Maynard, G. Gerald Thompson, Milton H. Hoehn, Chico Problem Group, Problems, The Two-Year College Mathematics Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Mar., 1983), pp. 172-178
Textbook of Rheumatology (1985)

This edition continues to stress the scientific and technological advances of orthopedic surgeons specializing in the prevention and treatment of rheomatic diseases. Not only does it discuss connective tissue diseases of special interest to the rheumatologist, but also those disease processes, whether local or systemic, that are seen by either rheumatologists or orthopedists. Written by expert contributors and includes many helpful references, illustrations, and tables. From differential diagnosis to surgical guidelines, this powerhouse team of informative resources will help practitioners deliver the best quality care!
Cloning and expression of the gene cluster encoding key proteins involved in acetyl-CoA synthesis in Clostridium thermoaceticum: CO dehydrogenase, the corrinoid/Fe-S protein, and methyltransferase. (1989)

Acetogenic bacteria fix CO or CO2 by a pathway of autotrophic growth called the acetyl-CoA (or Wood) pathway. Key enzymes in the pathway are a methyltransferase, a corrinoid/Fe-S protein, a disulfide reductase, and a carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. This manuscript describes the isolation of the genes that code for the methyltransferase, the two subunits of the corrinoid/Fe-S protein, and the two subunits of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. These five genes were found to be clustered within an approximately 10-kilobase segment on the Clostridium thermoaceticum genome. The proteins were expressed at up to 5-10% of Escherichia coli cell protein, and isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside had no effect on the levels of expression, implying that the C. thermoaceticum inserts contained transcriptional and translational signals that were recognized by E. coli. The methyltransferase is expressed in E. coli in a fully active dimeric form with a specific activity and heat stability similar to the enzyme expressed in C. thermoaceticum. However, both the corrinoid/Fe-S protein and carbon dioxide dehydrogenase, although expressed in high amounts and with identical subunit molecular weights in E. coli, are inactive and less heat stable than are the native enzymes from C. thermoaceticum.
In a patient with biclonal Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia only one clone expands in three-dimensional culture and includes putative cancer stem cells (2010)

A small percentage of cases of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) present with biclonality, defined here as the rearrangement of two distinct VDJ gene segments. Here we investigated the expansion of two clones from a patient with WM expressing molecularly detectable clonotypic gene rearrangements, one V(H)3 and one V(H)4. Biclonality was determined in blood and bone marrow mononuclear cells using real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR). V(H)4 expressing cells but not V(H)3 expressing cells underwent clonal expansion in 3-D culture of reconstructed WM bone marrow. After 3-D culture, secondary culture in a colony forming unit assay, and RQ-PCR, only the V(H)4 clone was shown to harbor a subpopulation with characteristics of cancer stem cells, including proliferative quiescence, self-regeneration, and the ability to generate clonotypic progeny, suggesting that the V(H)4, but not the V(H)3, clone is clinically significant. Enrichment of potential WM stem cells in 3-D cultures holds promise for monitoring their response to treatment and for testing new therapies.
Hospital-acquired Infection with Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium Transmitted by Electronic Thermometers (1992)

This nosocomial outbreak of infection due to a highly vancomycin-resistant strain of Enterococcus is the first epidemic in which an electronic thermometer has been implicated as the vehicle of transmission for an infectious agent.
The Impact of Credit Counseling on Subsequent Borrower Behavior (2007)

The study examined the impact of individualized credit counseling delivered to nearly 8,000 consumer clients during 1997. Credit bureau data provided objective measures of credit performance at a variety of margins between 1997 and 2000 for counseled clients, relative to a comparison group of uncounseled borrowers. Receipt of counseling was associated with a positive change in borrower credit profiles. Techniques to control for self‐selection into counseling reveal that much of the improvement was attributable to characteristics unique to consumers who sought counseling. But counseling itself was associated with substantial reductions in debt and account usage, and appeared to provide the greatest benefit to those borrowers who had the least ability to handle credit prior to counseling.
Glioblastoma Cells Do Not Intravasate into Blood Vessels (1995)

Glioblastoma is very rarely found outside the central nervous system. The ability of rat C6 glioblastoma cells to intravasate into central nervous system and pial blood vessels is tested using a rat homografting model and two in vitro models. In vivo, scanning electron microscopy demonstrates that upon grafting C6 cells into implantation pockets in rat cortex, blood vessels can be spared in large digestion cysts formed in host brain parenchyma. Immunocytochemistry of the grafted rat cortex reveals that the glioblastoma cells are upon the blood vessel basement membrane, surrounded by the extracellular matrix material, fibronectin. The endothelial cells of the blood vessel are inside the laminin and fibronectin, and there were areas of endothelial cell hyperplasia. C6 cells are not observed inside blood vessels. In vitro, C6 cell cultures seeded with blood vessels from fresh rat pia exhibit the same relationship of the C6 glioblastoma cells to the blood vessel as those in the other models. The C6 cells migrate upon the pial blood vessel basement membrane but do not intravasate into the blood vessel. To ascertain whether structure and components of the blood vessel basement membrane are important factors in glioblastoma cell exclusion from blood vessels, C6 cells are seeded upon artificial basement membrane hydrated gel wafers. C6 cells migrate into the artificial basement membrane gel wafer by 1 day after seeding. These data indicate that glioblastoma cells are confined to the central nervous system by an inability to pass through vital basement membrane.
Therapeutic prostate cancer vaccines: a review of the latest developments. (2008)

Therapeutic cancer vaccines are well-tolerated immunotherapy modalities designed to activate the immune system to kill cancer cells without a significant effect on healthy cells. An improved understanding of tumor immunology has led to improved strategies in vaccine development, which in turn have resulted in improved outcomes. This review discusses different types of cancer vaccines, with a focus on prostate cancer vaccines because of the high prevalence of prostate cancer and the wide variety of approaches used in prostate cancer immunotherapy.
Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural demonstration of the lymphocyte-macrophage interaction in human aortic intima. (1991)

Using immunohistologic methods coupled with electron microscopic analysis, human arterial intima such as normal areas on gross inspection, fatty streaks, and fibrous or atheromatous plaques was examined. Special emphasis was put on the possible direct interactions between the infiltrated cells of the aortic intima. In the lesions of fatty streaks and atheromatous plaques including the fibrous cap and the shoulder region, OKM1+ LeuM3+ macrophages as well as macrophage foam cells intimately coexisted with OKT3+ lymphocytes. It was worthy of note that such colocalization of macrophages and T-lymphocytes was detectable in some areas of grossly normal intima. In terms of T-cell subsets, suppressor/cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (OKT8+) outnumbered helper/inducer T-lymphocytes (OKT4+). Electron microscopic observations demonstrated the ultrastructural aspect of macrophage-T-lymphocyte interactions. The most striking finding was direct apposition of the lymphocytes to macrophages or macrophage foam cells, often forming rossette-like organizations closely resembling satellitosis. The direct cellular contact was noted not only between lymphocytes and macrophages but also among lymphocytes or macrophages themselves. These observations suggest that a specific in situ cell-mediated hypersensitivity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis.
Cancer Immunotherapy (2011)

Cancer immunotherapy consists of approaches that modify the host immune system, and/or the utilization of components of the immune system, as cancer treatment. During the past 25 years, 17 immunologic products have received regulatory approval based on anticancer activity as single agents and/or in combination with chemotherapy. These include the nonspecific immune stimulants BCG and levamisole; the cytokines interferon-α and interleukin-2; the monoclonal antibodies rituximab, ofatumumab, alemtuzumab, trastuzumab, bevacizumab, cetuximab, and panitumumab; the radiolabeled antibodies Y-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan and I-131 tositumomab; the immunotoxins denileukin diftitox and gemtuzumab ozogamicin; nonmyeloablative allogeneic transplants with donor lymphocyte infusions; and the anti-prostate cancer cell-based therapy sipuleucel-T. All but two of these products are still regularly used to treat various B- and T-cell malignancies, and numerous solid tumors, including breast, lung, colorectal, prostate, melanoma, kidney, glioblastoma, bladder, and head and neck. Positive randomized trials have recently been reported for idiotype vaccines in lymphoma and a peptide vaccine in melanoma. The anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody ipilumumab, which blocks regulatory T-cells, is expected to receive regulatory approval in the near future, based on a randomized trial in melanoma. As the fourth modality of cancer treatment, biotherapy/immunotherapy is an increasingly important component of the anticancer armamentarium.
Electro-optic switching using total internal reflection by a ferroelectric liquid crystal (1989)

An electro-optic switch using total internal reflection by a ferroelectric liquid crystal is reported. The device has rise and fall times of about 150 μs, and causes the optical power in the output beam to be attenuated by a factor of 500 000 in the off state. It does not employ polarizers, and its operation is nearly independent of wavelength. The measurements here cover the 400–1600 nm band.
Cracking the Code: The Promise of Epigenetics (2012)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVViewpointNEXTCracking the Code: The Promise of EpigeneticsDashyant Dhanak*View Author Information Cancer Research, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 19460, United States*Tel: 610-917-5493. Fax: 610-917-4206. E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2012, 3, 7, 521–523Publication Date (Web):June 14, 2012Publication History Published online14 June 2012Published inissue 12 July 2012https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ml300141hhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ml300141heditorialACS PublicationsCopyright © 2012 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views2467Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (3 MB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Cancer therapy,Genetics,Inhibitors,Peptides and proteins,Selectivity Get e-Alerts
Achieving commercial-quality translation with example-based methods (2001)

We describe MSR-MT, a large-scale example-based machine translation system under development for several language pairs. Trained on aligned English-Spanish technical prose, a blind evaluation shows that MSR-MT’s integration of rule-based parsers, example based processing, and statistical techniques produces translations whose quality in this domain exceeds that of uncustomized commercial MT systems.
Development of probe electrospray using a solid needle (2007)

Electrospray using a solid needle probe for the analysis of liquid samples was developed. The needle was moved up and down a vertical axis by a motor-driven system. At the lowest position of the needle, the tip of the needle touched the surface of the liquid sample and a small amount of liquid was picked up by the needle. At the highest position, a high voltage of approximately 3 kV was applied to the needle and the sample loaded on the tip of the needle was electrosprayed. The ions formed were measured by an orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometer. A single sample loading by the needle gave reasonably strong ion signals for amino acids, peptides, proteins and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in aqueous solution. The addition of salts or acids to aqueous solution led to dramatic enhancement of the ion signals.
Conjugative and mobilizable genomic islands in bacteria: evolution and diversity (2013)

Horizontal transfer of genomic islands (GEIs), that is, chromosomal regions encoding functions that can be advantageous for the host, plays a key role in bacterial evolution, but their mechanisms of transfer remained elusive for a long time. Recent data suggest that numerous GEIs belong to noncanonical classes of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that can transfer by conjugation. Among them, the integrative and conjugative elements encode their own excision, conjugative transfer, and integration, whereas the integrative mobilizable elements are autonomous for excision and integration but require the conjugation machinery of helper elements to transfer. Others can self-transfer but require the recombination machinery of the recipient cell to integrate. All these MGEs evolve by acquisition, deletion, or exchange of modules, that is, groups of genes involved in the same function. Moreover, composite GEIs can result from the insertion of a MGE within another or from the site-specific integration of an incoming MGE into one of the recombination sites flanking a resident GEI (tandem accretion). Tandem accretion enables the cis-conjugative mobilization of highly degenerated and nonautonomous GEIs, the cis-mobilizable elements. All these mechanisms contribute to the plasticity and complex evolution of GEIs and explain the highly diverse tableau revealed by more and more genome comparisons.
A Home Automation System (1985)

A Home Automation (HA) System based on the Home Bus system has been developed. The system has a multi-layered hierachical structure and is composed of four subsystems (the Room Monitor Control Subsystem, the Telephone Subsystem, the Tele-control Subsystem and the In-house Video Control Subsystem). The HA system has both three inner-subsystem communication codes and one inter-subsystem communication code. The former are optimized for each subsystem and the latter enables the HA system to have efficiently combined applications. A compact (48.6 x 31 x 4 mm) communication control module which interfaces household appliances with the Home Bus has also been developed as one of the key parts for the system.
A review of chemical vapour deposition of graphene on copper (2010)

The discovery of uniform deposition of high-quality single layered graphene on copper has generated significant interest. That interest has been translated into rapid progress in terms of large area deposition of thin films via transfer onto plastic and glass substrates. The opto-electronic properties of the graphene thin films reveal that they are of very high quality with transmittance and conductance values of >90% and 30Ω/sq, both are comparable to the current state-of-the-art indium tin oxide transparent conductor. In this Feature Article, we provide a detailed and up to date description of the literature on the subject as well as highlighting challenges that must be overcome for the utilization of graphene deposited on copper substrates by chemical vapour deposition.
Sequence Dependence of Fluorescence Emission and Quenching of Doubly Thiazole Orange Labeled DNA: Effective Design of a Hybridization-Sensitive Probe (2008)

We have designed a doubly thiazole orange labeled nucleoside showing high fluorescence intensity for a hybrid with the target DNA and effective quenching for a single-stranded state. Knowing how much the fluorescence emission and quenching of this probe depend on the probe sequence and why there is such a sequence dependence is important for effective probe design, we synthesized more than 30 probe sequences and measured their fluorescence intensities. When the probe hybridized with the target DNA strands, there was strong emission, whereas the emission intensity was much weaker before hybridization; however, self-dimerization of probes suppressed fluorescence quenching. In particular, the G/C base pairs neighboring the labeled nucleotide in a self-dimeric structure resulted in a low quenching ability for the probe before hybridization. On the other hand, mismatched base pair formation around the labeled site decreased the fluorescence intensity because the neighboring sequence is the binding site of the tethered thiazole orange dyes. The hybridization enhanced the fluorescence of the probe even when the labeled nucleotide was located at the end of the probe strand; however, the partial lack of duplex structure resulted in a decrease in the fluorescence intensity of the hybrid.
An architecture for intrusion detection using autonomous agents (2002)

The intrusion detection system architectures commonly used in commercial and research systems have a number of problems that limit their configurability, scalability or efficiency. The most common shortcoming in the existing architectures is that they are built around a single monolithic entity that does most of the data collection and processing. In this paper, we review our architecture for a distributed intrusion detection system based on multiple independent entities working collectively. We call these entities autonomous agents. This approach solves some of the problems previously mentioned. We present the motivation and description of the approach, partial results obtained from an early prototype, a discussion of design and implementation issues, and directions for future work.
Insights into the mechanisms of lymph node metastasis (2003)

The mechanisms by which malignant tumors leave the primary tumor site, invade lymphatics, and metastasize to regional lymph nodes (RLNs) are complex and interrelated. Although the phenomenon of lymph node metastasis has been recognized for over 200 years, the exact mechanisms have only recently been the subject of intense interest and sophisticated experimentation. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has rapidly entered the clinical mainstream for melanoma and breast carcinoma, and this technique has provided confirmation of the orderly anatomic progression of tumor cells from primary site to the RLNs through lymphatic capillaries and trunks. Exciting studies involving the pathophysiology of interstitial fluid pressure in tumors and the peritumoral extracellular matrix have focused on lymphatic flow and tumor microenvironment and microcirculation. Molecular techniques have led to the definition of unique markers found on lymphatic endothelial cells. These markers have enabled scientists to identify peritumoral and intratumoral lymphatics and to visualize the ingrowth of tumor cells into the lumena of lymphatic capillaries. Tumor-secreted cytokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF)-C and -D, bind to VEGF receptors on lymphatic endothelial cells and induce proliferation and growth of new lymphatic capillaries; this process is similar to the well-known mechanism of angiogenesis, which results from the proliferation of new blood vessel capillaries. Lymphangiogenesis is associated with an increased incidence of RLN metastasis, and it is possible that this step is essential to the metastatic process. Directional movement toward lymphatics and lymph nodes appears to follow a chemokine gradient, and it is likely that some tumor cells that express certain types of chemokine receptors are more likely to metastasize to the RLNs. In contrast, tumor cells that do not express specific receptors that are responsive to lymphatic chemokines may not metastasize. New knowledge regarding the molecules involved in these processes should enable improvements in prognostic and possibly therapeutic approaches to the management of malignant tumors.
CD4 + CD25 + T-Cell Production in Healthy Humans and in Patients with Thymic Hypoplasia (2002)

Regulatory T cells are found primarily in the CD4(+) CD25(+) fraction of T cells and play an important role in the prevention of autoimmunity. We examined CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells in 33 healthy children and adults and compared them to a population with an inherited form of thymic hypoplasia and a predisposition to autoimmune disease. Absolute numbers of CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells were markedly higher in healthy infants than in infants with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.