gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
James Peters, Military Photography and the Northwest Campaign, 1885 (2000)

In June 1884, the noted buffalo hunter Gabriel Dumont led a delegation of MÃ©tis from the Batoche settlement, in what is now Saskatchewan, to Montana in the United States to search out Louis Riel. He hoped to persuade Riel to lead them as he had in 1869â70 in their demands for the Canadian government to recognize their land claims and other grievances. Riel reluctantly returned to Canada. The situation worsened until March 1885, when a skirmish between MÃ©tis and North West Mounted Police at Duck Lake, near Prince Albert, cost seventeen dead on both sides. The government feared a general Indian rising in the West (although only the Cree bands of Poundmaker and Big Bear eventually joined the MÃ©tis), and dispatched a force which eventually numbered over five thousand militia, including all four hundred troops of the infant permanent force, to the Northwest via the still-incomplete Canadian Pacific Railway.
Synaptic Wnt signaling—a contributor to major psychiatric disorders? (2011)

Wnt signaling is a key pathway that helps organize development of the nervous system. It influences cell proliferation, cell fate, and cell migration in the developing nervous system, as well as axon guidance, dendrite development, and synapse formation. Given this wide range of roles, dysregulation of Wnt signaling could have any number of deleterious effects on neural development and thereby contribute in many different ways to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. Some major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorders, are coming to be understood as subtle dysregulations of nervous system development, particularly of synapse formation and maintenance. This review will therefore touch on the importance of Wnt signaling to neurodevelopment generally, while focusing on accumulating evidence for a synaptic role of Wnt signaling. These observations will be discussed in the context of current understanding of the neurodevelopmental bases of major psychiatric diseases, spotlighting schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. In short, this review will focus on the potential role of synapse formation and maintenance in major psychiatric disorders and summarize evidence that defective Wnt signaling could contribute to their pathogenesis via effects on these late neural differentiation processes.
The NEUREGULIN1gene and breast cancer (2006)

Background Epidemiological studies have shown that only about 20% of the familial clustering of breast cancer is explained by the known highly penetrant mutations in BRCA1 and BCRA2. We have set out to search for the genes for the remaining 80%. Twin studies indicate a predominant role of shared genes rather than a shared environment; the patterns of occurrence of breast cancer in families are consistent with a major polygenic component. Methods We have assembled a population based set of 5,000 breast cancer cases and 5,000 controls from the East Anglian population. We have simple clinical and epidemiological information, including family history, and samples of blood and paraffin embedded tumour. We have used association studies based on single nucleotide polymorphisms, first with candidate genes and then in a genome-wide scan of 266,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms, to search for the putative predisposing genes. We have as yet searched only for common variants (frequency >5%).
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2–mediated angiogenesis is essential for gonadotropin-dependent follicle development (2003)

Gonadotropins induce ovarian follicle growth that is coincident with increased follicular vasculature, suggesting a role of angiogenesis in follicle development. Functional studies performed in nonhuman primates show that administration of substances that inactivate VEGF block the development and function of preovulatory follicles as demonstrated by histological analysis or hormone measurements. Blockage of function of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) alters follicular hormone secretion, suggesting that the intraovarian effect of VEGF might be mediated by this receptor. The specific mechanism by which follicular development was blocked in these previous studies remains unclear, however. Here we characterize the intraovarian role of VEGFR-2 activity on follicular development by choosing a model in which active feedback is absent, the prepuberally hypophysectomized mouse. Hypophysectomy prevents advanced follicle growth and maturation; however, follicle development to the preovulatory stage can be stimulated by administration of gonadotropins. We report that exogenously administered gonadotropins are unable to drive follicle development to the preovulatory stage in the presence of antiangiogenic agent, VEGFR-2–neutralizing Ab's. This inhibition of follicular development is caused by arrests to both angiogenesis and antrum formation. We conclude that the intraovarian VEGF/VEGFR-2 pathway is critical for gonadotropin-dependent angiogenesis and follicular development.
Effects of vagal afferent stimulation on cervical spinothalamic tract neurons in monkeys (1991)

The purpose of this study was to determine if electrical stimulation of vagal afferents inhibited activity of primate spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons located in cervical segments of the spinal cord. Previous studies show vagal inhibition of STT neurons in more caudal segments of the cord, which receive visceral spinal inputs and somatic inputs from proximal body regions. We hypothesized that activation of vagal afferents would inhibit cervical STT neurons that were excited by cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferents and not inhibit those cells inhibited or unaffected by this visceral input. Because visceral pain is referred to proximal somatic fields, we also hypothesized that STT neurons with excitatory somatic fields confined to distal areas would not be inhibited by vagal stimulation. In 42 cervical STT neurons, we found no difference in effects of vagal stimulation between cells excited or not excited by stimulation of cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferents. Responses to vagal stimulation also were the same for cervical STT cells with proximal or distal somatic fields. Furthermore, there was no difference in the inhibitory effects of vagal stimulation in cervical as compared to thoracic STT neurons. We concluded that vagal afferent stimulation causes a general inhibitory effect at all levels of the spinal cord on neurons which transmit nociceptive information.
Clinical effects and outcome of feline permethrin spot-on poisonings reported to the Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS), London (2007)

Permethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide used in dermally applied spot-on flea treatments for dogs. Permethrin-based spot-on preparations are contraindicated in cats because of the high risk of toxicosis. The Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS) is a 24-h access telephone service that provides veterinary professionals in the United Kingdom with information on the management of poisoned animals. In a review of 286 cases reported to the VPIS regarding inappropriate feline exposure to permethrin spot-on (PSO) preparations, 96.9% were symptomatic. Increased muscular activity (as evidenced by twitching, tremor, muscle fasciculations or convulsions) was common and occurred in 87.8% of cases. The duration of increased muscle activity was long, with convulsions lasting on average 38.9 h and tremors 32 h. Recovery typically occurred within 2 to 3 days but in some cases took 5 to 7 days. Death occurred in 10.5% of cases.
Cone-beam CT: applications in image-guided external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy (2002)

Geometric uncertainties in radiotherapy result in the use of margins as a means to guarantee target coverage and normal tissue avoidance. The advantages of reducing these uncertainties are significant. Here, the authors report on the application of a new imaging technology to image-guidance in external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy. Results are summarized.
Photometric Redshifts in the Hubble Deep Field (1996)

Photometric redshifts for galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field are measured. Luminosity functions show steepening of the faint-end slope and mild brightening of M* out to z~3, followed by a decline at higher z; an excess of faint, star-forming galaxies is seen at low z. Our results are consistent with the formation of large galaxies at z=2-3, followed by that of dwarfs at z&lt;1.
Polymerization of fluorocarbons in reactive ion etching plasmas (1998)

Polymerization reactions in radio frequency fluorocarbon plasmas of CF4, C2F6, and C4F8 have been studied by electron attachment mass spectrometry (EAMS). In these plasmas polymerization occurs readily and molecules containing up to ten carbon atoms (the mass limit of the mass spectrometer) have been found. The densities of large polymers increase with increasing size of the parent gas. In a fluorine-rich environment like a CF4 plasma the detected polymers are mainly fully saturated with F (CnF2n+2). As the amount of fluorine in the parent gas decreases, also the degree of saturation of the polymers decreases, which is clearly seen in C2F6 and C4F8 plasmas. The unsaturated polymers are more reactive, so they can stick more easily to surfaces and possibly create thick polymer films, which are often observed after discharge operation. The polymerization rate depends on the chemical activity of the plasma, which can be easily enhanced by increasing the radio frequency power. The positive ions, extracted from the plasma, are generally somewhat smaller than the neutral polymers and their fluorine content is lower. This is probably due to dissociation of neutrals during their ionization by plasma electrons and to ion collisions in the sheath region. Finally, we have shown that EAMS has considerable advantages in the study of electronegative plasmas and polymerization processes in comparison with traditional mass spectrometry. Unlike the traditional mass spectrometry, employing ionization by high energy electrons, EAMS much better preserves the structure of high polymers, allowing us to detect them as large negative ions.
Preferential binding of allosteric modulators to active and inactive conformational states of metabotropic glutamate receptors (2008)

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are G protein coupled receptors that play important roles in synaptic plasticity and other neuro-physiological and pathological processes. Allosteric mGluR ligands are particularly promising drug targets because of their modulatory effects--enhancing or suppressing the response of mGluRs to glutamate. The mechanism by which this modulation occurs is not known. Here, we propose the hypothesis that positive and negative modulators will differentially stabilize the active and inactive conformations of the receptors, respectively. To test this hypothesis, we have generated computational models of the transmembrane regions of different mGluR subtypes in two different conformations. The inactive conformation was modeled using the crystal structure of the inactive, dark state of rhodopsin as template and the active conformation was created based on a recent model of the light-activated state of rhodopsin. Ligands for which the nature of their allosteric effects on mGluRs is experimentally known were docked to the modeled mGluR structures using ArgusLab and Autodock softwares. We find that the allosteric ligand binding pockets of mGluRs are overlapping with the retinal binding pocket of rhodopsin, and that ligands have strong preferences for the active and inactive states depending on their modulatory nature. In 8 out of 14 cases (57%), the negative modulators bound the inactive conformations with significant preference using both docking programs, and 6 out of 9 cases (67%), the positive modulators bound the active conformations. Considering results by the individual programs only, even higher correlations were observed: 12/14 (86%) and 8/9 (89%) for ArgusLab and 10/14 (71%) and 7/9 (78%) for AutoDock. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that mGluR allosteric modulation occurs via stabilization of different conformations analogous to those identified in rhodopsin where they are induced by photochemical isomerization of the retinal ligand--despite the extensive differences in sequences between mGluRs and rhodopsin.
Macrophage-tumor cell associations: a factor in metastasis of breast cancer? (1993)

In human breast carcinomas tumor cells and macrophages are often proximal. We previously reported on the relationship between tumor cell growth and macrophage concentration and report here on the possible involvement of macrophages in the metastatic process. We hypothesize that during the initial stages of metastasis, tumor cells are likely to encounter macrophages and form aggregates. Using a cell culture method that encourages cellular interactions, we found aggregates involving macrophages. Macrophages partly or completely surround other cell types without any apparent ill effect. Units involving macrophages and tumor cells would possess many properties necessary for invasion, which is a normal process for macrophages. Properties such as motility and production of specific enzymes necessary to traverse the extracellular matrix, basement membrane, and endothelial cell barriers may provide an advantage for tumor cells. Physical support and protection from immune recognition during transport of the tumor cell through the vascular system may also be enhanced, and paracrine growth stimulation and angiogenic activity may be provided at the new metastatic site. Verification of these observations in vivo could lead to new directions for limiting breast cancer metastasis.
Controlled release of vascular endothelial growth factor by use of collagen hydrogels (2000)

In vivo profile of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release from collagen hydrogels was investigated comparing that of hydrogel degradation while angiogenesis induced by the released VEGF was assessed. Collagen sponges were chemically cross-linked with different amounts of glutaraldehyde for various time periods. When 125I-labeled collagen hydrogels incorporating VEGF were subcutaneously implanted into the back subcutis of mice, the hydrogel radioactivity decreased with time, the decrement profile depending on the cross-linking conditions. The radioactivity was retained for longer time periods as the glutaraldehyde concentration and cross-linking time increased. Implantation study of collagen hydrogels incorporating 125I-labeled VEGF revealed that the remaining VEGF radioactivity decreased with time and the retention period was prolonged with the decreased hydrogel biodegradation. The slower the hydrogel degradation, the longer the period of VEGF retention. The collagen hydrogel incorporating VEGF induced significant angiogenesis around the implanted hydrogel, in marked contrast to VEGF in the solution form and VEGF-free empty hydrogel. The retention period of angiogenesis became longer with a decrease of the in vivo degradation rate of hydrogels. It is possible that the slower degraded hydrogel achieves a longer period of VEGF release, resulting in prolonged angiogenetic effect. We concluded that in our hydrogel system, biologically-active VEGF was released as a result of in vivo degradation of the hydrogel.
Generation of survivin-specific CD8+ T effector cells by dendritic cells pulsed with protein or selected peptides. (2000)

The identification of tumor-associated antigens recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells paved the way to new concepts in adjuvant anticancer therapy. However, the number of tumor-associated proteins found to be expressed in the majority of human cancers is still rather limited. Recently, the newly identified apoptosis inhibitor protein survivin has been recognized as a widely occurring tumor-associated protein. In the present study, we demonstrate that survivin is capable of inducing specific CD8+ effector T cells in vitro. T cells from healthy donors were subjected to several cycles of stimulation by autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with soluble recombinant survivin protein. Activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells by survivin-derived peptides cross-presented by DCs was demonstrated by lysis of autologous survivin-expressing B cell transfectants. Using a peptide-motif scoring system, two survivin peptides (ELTLGE-FLKL and TLPPAWQPFL) were predicted and proved to bind to the HLA-A*0201 molecule. Both peptides were shown to induce CD8+ effector T cells when presented on DCs; one peptide could be verified to result from natural intracellular processing of survivin. These findings recommend survivin as a new and widely applicable target for protein- and peptide-based immunotherapy of tumors.
A Tat subunit vaccine confers protective immunity against the immune-modulating activity of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 Tat protein in mice (2002)

The rational design of new therapies against HIV-1 necessitates an improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying the production of ineffective immune responses to HIV-1 in most infected individuals. This report shows that the CD8(+) T cell responses to gp120 were greatly diminished in mice vaccinated with a bicistronic gp120-Tat DNA vaccine, compared with those induced by a DNA vaccine encoding gp120 alone. The CD8(+) T cell responses induced by the latter included strong gp120-specific IFN-gamma secretion and protective antiviral immunity against challenge by a vaccinia-env pseudotype. The degree to which Tat influenced CD8(+) T cell responses depended on the bioactivity of Tat. Thus, a bicistronic DNA vaccine that expresses gp120 and a truncated Tat defective for LTR activation elicited strong IFN-gamma -secreting CD8(+) T cell responses to gp120 but conferred only marginal protection against the vaccinia-env challenge. The effect of Tat was completely blocked, however, by immunization with inactivated Tat protein before vaccination with the bicistronic gp120-Tat DNA vaccine.
Cytokine conformations: Predictive studies (1991)

The amino acid sequences of human and murine haemopoietins have been analysed using algorithms predictive for secondary structure. The results for 19 of these proteins (human and murine interleukins 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and granulocyte, macrophage and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factors as well as human erythropoietin) suggest that they each contain a 4-alpha-helical bundle, ca 25 A long, as a common conformational feature. The most important predictive indicator was considered to be the occurrence of quasi-repeating sequences of seven amino acids of the form (a-b-c-d-e-f-g), with apolar side chains (usually leucine) lying alternately three and four residues apart in the a and d positions. As with other proteins of known secondary structure this periodicity favours the formation of alpha-helical elements, each with an apolar external strip, which interdigitate closely with one another when tested appropriately. Molecular models based on these putative 4-alpha-helical bundles are presented--with special reference to human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor. The extent to which such models are consistent with experiments designed to delineate receptor binding sites is discussed.
Docosahexaenoic acid restores endothelial function in children with hyperlipidemia: results from the EARLY Study (2004)

This study demonstrates that DHA supplementation restores endothelial-dependent FMD in hyperlipidemic children. The endothelium may thus be a therapeutic target for DHA. This is consistent with a hypothesis of increasing NO bioavailability, with the potential for preventing the progression of early coronary heart disease in high-risk children.
Linearized inversion of multioffset seismic reflection data (1985)

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1985Linearized inversion of multioffset seismic reflection dataAuthors: Alexandre NercessianL. IkelleAlbert TarantolaAlexandre NercessianInstitut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France, L. IkelleInstitut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France, and Albert TarantolaInstitut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Francehttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.1892628 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1985ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 1985 Pages: 643 publication data© 1985 Copyright © 1985 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished Online: 07 Mar 2005 CITATION INFORMATION Alexandre Nercessian, L. Ikelle, and Albert Tarantola, (1985), "Linearized inversion of multioffset seismic reflection data," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 386-390. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1892628 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
Identification of a CD4+ T cell-stimulating antigen of pathogenic bacteria by expression cloning. (1995)

Identifying the immunogenic proteins that elicit pathogen-specific T cell responses is key to rational vaccine design. While several approaches have succeeded in identifying major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I bound peptides that stimulate CD8+ T cells, these approaches have been difficult to extend to peptides presented by MHC class II molecules that stimulate CD4+ T cells. We describe here a novel strategy for identifying CD4+ T cell-stimulating antigen genes. Using Listeria monocytogenes-specific, lacZ-inducible T cells as single-cell probes, we screened a Listeria monocytogenes genomic library as recombinant Escherichia coli that were fed to macrophages. The antigen gene was isolated from the E. coli clone that, when ingested by the macrophages, allowed generation of the appropriate peptide/MHC class II complex and T cell activation. We show that the antigenic peptide is derived from a previously unknown listeria gene product with characteristics of a membrane-bound protein.
3D‐printed individual labware in biosciences by rapid prototyping: A proof of principle (2014)

The fabrication of individual labware is a sophisticated task that requires dedicated machines and skills. Three‐dimensional (3D) printing has the great potential to simplify this procedure drastically. In the near future, scientists will design labware digitally and then print them three dimensionally directly in the laboratory. With the available rapid prototyping printer systems, it is possible to achieve this. The materials accessible meet the needs of biotechnological laboratories that include biocompatibility and withstanding sterilization conditions. This will lead to a completely new approach of adapting the labware to the experiment or even tailor‐made it to the organism it is being used for, not adapting the experiment to a certain standard labware. Thus, it will encourage the creativity of scientists and enrich the future laboratory work. We present different examples illustrating the potential and possibilities of using 3D printing for individualizing labware. This includes a well plate with different baffle geometries, shake flask cap with built‐in luer connections, and filter holder for an in‐house developed membrane reactor system.