gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Primary cutaneous myxoid spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma: a rare skin cancer (2015)

A 72-year-old woman presented to the plastic surgery outpatient department with a nodular lesion to her shin. This nodule had increased in size, but was slow growing. The patient had a history of sun-damaged skin. On visual examination, the lesion was thought to be a naevus or basal cell carcinoma. The nodule was excised. Histologically, the lesion was classified as a primary cutaneous myxoid spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma. Currently, there is only one other paper that describes this rare skin cancer. As a result of the histological findings, the lesion margin was further excised. The wound failed to heal as expected due to the patient developing a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. She is currently being closely monitored due to the unknown pathway the carcinoma may take.
WNT7a induces E-cadherin in lung cancer cells (2003)

E-cadherin loss in cancer is associated with de-differentiation, invasion, and metastasis. Drosophila DE-cadherin is regulated by Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, although this has not been demonstrated in mammalian cells. We previously reported that expression of WNT7a, encoded on 3p25, was frequently downregulated in lung cancer, and that loss of E-cadherin or beta-catenin was a poor prognostic feature. Here we show that WNT7a both activates E-cadherin expression via a beta-catenin specific mechanism in lung cancer cells and is involved in a positive feedback loop. Li+, a GSK3 beta inhibitor, led to E-cadherin induction in an inositol-independent manner. Similarly, exposure to mWNT7a specifically induced free beta-catenin and E-cadherin. Among known transcriptional suppressors of E-cadherin, ZEB1 was uniquely correlated with E-cadherin loss in lung cancer cell lines, and its inhibition by RNA interference resulted in E-cadherin induction. Pharmacologic reversal of E-cadherin and WNT7a losses was achieved with Li+, histone deacetylase inhibition, or in some cases only with combined inhibitors. Our findings provide support that E-cadherin induction by WNT/beta-catenin signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway operative in lung cancer cells, and that loss of WNT7a expression may be important in lung cancer development or progression by its effects on E-cadherin.
Performance aspects of Bluetooth scatternet formation (2000)

The emergence of Bluetooth as a default radio interface allows handheld electronic devices to be rapidly interconnected into ad hoc networks. Bluetooth allows large numbers of piconets to form a scatternet using designated nodes that participate in multiple piconets. In this work we study the performance implications of forming scatternets from piconets. The contribution of our work is twofold. First, we establish a network model and define performance metrics for Bluetooth scatternets. Our model is derived from constraints specific to the Bluetooth technology, but is sufficiently abstract to relate to the more general field of ad hoc networking. Second, using a number of simulation studies, we relate scatternet parameters to performance metrics and discover correlations between scatternet formation rules and performance. These results reveal some important performance implications of scatternet design decisions and can serve as guidelines for future scatternet formation algorithms.
Two Key Residues in EphrinB3 Are Critical for Its Use as an Alternative Receptor for Nipah Virus (2006)

EphrinB2 was recently discovered as a functional receptor for Nipah virus (NiV), a lethal emerging paramyxovirus. Ephrins constitute a class of homologous ligands for the Eph class of receptor tyrosine kinases and exhibit overlapping expression patterns. Thus, we examined whether other ephrins might serve as alternative receptors for NiV. Here, we show that of all known ephrins (ephrinA1-A5 and ephrinB1-B3), only the soluble Fc-fusion proteins of ephrinB3, in addition to ephrinB2, bound to soluble NiV attachment protein G (NiV-G). Soluble NiV-G bound to cell surface ephrinB3 and B2 with subnanomolar affinities (Kd = 0.58 nM and 0.06 nM for ephrinB3 and B2, respectively). Surface plasmon resonance analysis indicated that the relatively lower affinity of NiV-G for ephrinB3 was largely due to a faster off-rate (K(off) = 1.94 x 10(-3) s(-1) versus 1.06 x 10(-4) s(-1) for ephrinB3 and B2, respectively). EphrinB3 was sufficient to allow for viral entry of both pseudotype and live NiV. Soluble ephrinB2 and B3 were able to compete for NiV-envelope-mediated viral entry on both ephrinB2- and B3-expressing cells, suggesting that NiV-G interacts with both ephrinB2 and B3 via an overlapping site. Mutational analysis indicated that the Leu-Trp residues in the solvent exposed G-H loop of ephrinB2 and B3 were critical determinants of NiV binding and entry. Indeed, replacement of the Tyr-Met residues in the homologous positions in ephrinB1 with Leu-Trp conferred NiV receptor activity to ephrinB1. Thus, ephrinB3 is a bona fide alternate receptor for NiV entry, and two residues in the G-H loop of the ephrin B-class ligands are critical determinants of NiV receptor activity.
Direct television broadcasting with a medium-size satellite (2003)

The low-risk, high reliability DBS (direct broadcasting satellite) design approach that led to the world's first DBS delivery-in-orbit type contact is described relative to the unique TWTA (traveling-wave-tube amplifier), redundancy, and battery technology used on the medium-size Hughes HS 376 spacecraft. The general DBS technical and commercial problems that have been encountered worldwide to date are summarized. DBS coverage of Great Britain, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Switzerland, Thailand, and the US are considered, as is the community broadcasting satellite service to Australia's remote outback via Aussat's existing HS 376 satellite system. Edge-of-coverage effective isotropic radiated power from 47 to 59 dBW is identified and the varying 7-to-15 year lifetimes resulting from different booster capabilities that have been observed are noted. Antenna patterns are provided for each application discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A shoulder structure of muscle-driven humanoid with shoulder blades (2005)

We are trying to create an innovative humanoid which has increased flexibility by imitating the structure of a human shoulder, especially the shoulder blade. We designed a flexible shoulder structure for a muscle-driven humanoid robot which has the following merits, 1) wide range of movement and flexible shoulder like humans, 2) having the shoulder structure built on to the outside of the chest, allowing space for a lot of parts inside the chest. We developed a prototype humanoid robot named "Blade" which has a musculo-skeletal humanoid torso with the shoulder blade, driven by motor-actuated tendons. This paper describes the advantages of the structure of the shoulder blade, the development of a humanoid with the shoulder blade, and some experiments showing its range of movement using the prototype humanoid robot we presented.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Intermolecular C–H Silylation of Arenes with High Steric Regiocontrol (2014)

Regioselective C-H functionalization of arenes has widespread applications in synthetic chemistry. The regioselectivity of these reactions is often controlled by directing groups or steric hindrance ortho to a potential reaction site. Here, we report a catalytic intermolecular C-H silylation of unactivated arenes that manifests very high regioselectivity through steric effects of substituents meta to a potential site of reactivity. The silyl moiety can be further functionalized under mild conditions but is also inert toward many common organic transformations, rendering the silylarene products useful building blocks. The remote steric effect that we observe results from the steric properties of both the rhodium catalyst and the silane.
Engineering nanostructured electrodes away from equilibrium for lithium-ion batteries (2011)

Boosted by the rapid advances of science and technology in the field of energy materials, Li-ion batteries have achieved significant progress in energy storage performance since their commercial debut in 1991. The development of nanostructured electrode material is regarded as one of the key potentials for the further advancement in Li-ion batteries. This feature article summarizes our recent efforts in the synthesis and characterization of nanostructured electrode materials for high-performance Li-ion batteries. The electrode materials include manganese oxide nanowall arrays, vanadium oxide nanofibers and films, vanadium oxide–carbon nanocomposites, lithium iron phosphate–carbon nanocomposite films, and titanium oxide nanotube arrays. Enhanced Li+ intercalation capacities, improved rate capabilities and better cyclic stability were achieved by constructing micro- or nanostructure, controlling materials crystallinity and introducing desired defects on the surface and/or in the bulk. The fabrication of binderless and additive-free nanostructured electrodes for Li-ion batteries via sol–gel processing is also highlighted.
New susceptibility locus for rheumatoid arthritis suggested by a genome-wide linkage study (1998)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the most common autoimmune disease, is associated in families with other autoimmune diseases, including insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Its genetic component has been suggested by familial aggregation (lambdas = 5), twin studies, and segregation analysis. HLA, which is the only susceptibility locus known, has been estimated to account for one-third of this component. The aim of this paper was to identify new RA loci. A genome scan was performed with 114 European Caucasian RA sib pairs from 97 nuclear families. Linkage was significant only for HLA (P < 2.5.10(-5)) and nominal for 19 markers in 14 other regions (P < 0.05). Four of the loci implicated in IDDM potentially overlap with these regions: the putative IDDM6, IDDM9, IDDM13, and DXS998 loci. The first two of these candidate regions, defined in the RA genome scan by the markers D18S68-D18S61-D18S469 (18q22-23) and D3S1267 (3q13), respectively, were studied in 194 additional RA sib pairs from 164 nuclear families. Support for linkage to chromosome 3 only was extended significantly (P = 0.002). The analysis of all 261 families provided a linkage evidence of P = 0. 001 and suggested an interaction between this putative RA locus and HLA. This locus could account for 16% of the genetic component of RA. Candidate genes include those coding for CD80 and CD86, molecules involved in antigen-specific T cell recognition. In conclusion, this first genome scan in RA Caucasian families revealed 14 candidate regions, one of which was supported further by the study of a second set of families.
Role of CodY in regulation of the Bacillus subtilis hut operon (1996)

Bacillus subtilis mutants deficient in amino acid repression of the histidine utilization (hut) operon were isolated by transposon mutagenesis. Genetic characterization of these mutants indicated that they most likely contained transposon insertions within the codVWXY operon. The codY gene is required for nutritional regulation of the dipeptide permease (dpp) operon. An examination of hut expression in a delta codY mutant demonstrated that amino acid repression exerted at the hutOA operator, which lies immediately downstream of the hut promoter, was defective in a delta codY mutant. The codY gene product was not required for amino acid regulation of either hut induction or the expression of proline oxidase, the first enzyme in proline degradation. This indicates that more than one mechanism of amino acid repression is present in B. subtilis. An examination of dpp and hut expression in cells during exponential growth in various media revealed that the level of CodY-dependent regulation appeared to be related to the growth rate of the culture.
A Synthesis of Two Novel Benzo[f]ninhydrin Analogs: 6-Methoxybenzo[f]ninhydrin and Thieno[f]ninhydrin (1991)

Abstract Improved methodology for the synthesis of benzo[f]ninhydrin (1) is described. The generality of this approach is illustrated with the synthesis of two novel analogs, 6-methoxybenzo[f]ninhydrin (3) and thieno[f]ninhydrin (4).
Prebiotics Decrease the Antibacterial Effect of Nano Silver and Nano TiO<sub>2</sub> Particles Against Probiotic Bacteria of Food (2014)

Probiotics have been defined as “living microorganisms, which upon ingestion exert health benefits beyond inherent general nutrition”. Prebiotics are defined as short-chain carbohydrates, which are not digested by enzymes in the digestive system, which selectively stimulate the growth and activities of specific bacteria in the gut. Nano particles Ag and TiO2 have been shown to have wide applications in medicine and food industry. We investigated the antimicrobial activity of Ag and TiO2 nano particles on three species of Lactobacillus i.e. L. casei ATCC 39392, L. plantarum ATCC 8014 and L. fermentum ATCC 9338 in the presence and absence of Raffinose, Lactulose and Inulin, respectively. Result showed that nano silver particles decreased 85%, 85% and 71% of L. casei, L. plantarum and L. fermentum respectively after 48 hour and decreased percentages of L. casei, L. plantarum and L. fermentum that were 16%, 64% and 4% in the presence of the prebiotics and nano TiO2 particles decreased 59%, 85% and 61% number of L. casei, L. plantarum and L. fermentum, respectively after 48 h and decreased percentages of L. casei, L. plantarum and L. fermentum were 16% and 2% and 4% in the presence of these prebiotics. Keywords: Probiotic, prebiotic, nano particles, antimicrobial effect.
A textual domain specific language for requirement modelling (2015)

Requirement specification is usually done with a combination of Natural Language (NL) and informal diagrams. Modeling approaches to support requirement engineering activities have involved a combination of text and graphical models. In this work, a textual domain specific modelling notation for requirement specification is presented. How certain requirement quality attributes are addressed using this notation is also demonstrated.
Effect of an acute injection of melatonin on the basal secretion of hypophyseal hormones in prepubertal and pubertal healthy subjects (1986)

It is well known that the pineal gland can modulate the secretion of pituitary hormones. Melatonin, the main hormone produced by the pineal gland, acts at the hypothalamic site, whereas hypophyseal sensitivity to melatonin seems to change with age. To investigate the influence of pubertal development on the role of the pineal gland in the regulation of the secretion of pituitary hormones, FSH, LH, Prl, TSH and GH responses to melatonin were evaluated in a group of 9 prepubertal and 10 pubertal healthy subjects of both sexes. Melatonin was given im at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight at 3 p.m. Venous blood samples were drawn -20, 0, 20, 40, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min, after melatonin injection. According to the same experimental protocol, venous blood samples were collected during a saline infusion on a separate occasion. FSH, LH, Prl, TSH and GH plasma levels were measured with RIA. In pubertal subjects, a significant rise in the mean Prl levels was seen 90 min after melatonin as compared with those during saline infusion. The Prl melatonin response area was significantly lower in prepubertal treated subjects and significantly higher in pubertal ones compared with the respective controls. The mean GH values showed a significant decrease 120 min after melatonin only in prepubertal subjects; no significant variations were seen in 8 of 10 pubertal subjects, whereas in the last 2 a marked increase was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Use of a site‐specific recombination‐based biosensor for detecting bioavailable toluene and related compounds on roots (2003)

We constructed and characterized a plasmid-based genetic system that reports the expression of a toluene-responsive promoter (PtbuA1) by effecting an irreversible, heritable change in the biosensor cell. Expression of the reporter gene gfp is strongly repressed in the absence of expression from the PtbuA1 promoter, and high level gfp expression in the original cell and its progeny is mediated by the site-specific recombination machinery of bacteriophage P22 to initiate removal of a repressor cassette. The reporter plasmid pTolLHB was functional in two soil saprophytes, Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 and Enterobacter cloacae JL1157, with the efficiency and sensitivity to low toluene concentrations being optimal in P. fluorescens A506. In culture, 80-100% of the A506 (pTolLHB) population expressed gfp following exposure to 0.2 micro m toluene for one to three hours. Compared to the response of A506 containing a plasmid-borne PtbuA1-gfp fusion, the recombination-based biosensor was more sensitive at detecting low toluene and trichloroethylene concentrations. An A506 (pTolLHB) inoculum, which had a background of 2.5% of the cells expressing gfp, was introduced onto barley roots in soil microcosms. If toluene was introduced into the microcosms, after 24 h, 72% of the A506 (pTolLHB) cells recovered from roots expressed gfp, indicating bioavailable toluene to rhizosphere bacteria. When toluene was not introduced, 16.5% of the A506 (pTolLHB) cells recovered from the roots expressed gfp, indicating that natural inducers of the PtbuA1 promoter were present in the barley rhizosphere. When introduced into rhizotrons containing barley plants and toluene vapours, the biosensor allowed localization of the availability of toluene along the seminal roots. In rhizotrons that were not exposed to toluene vapours, the biosensor exhibited high PtbuA1-promoter activity in distinct regions along the seminal roots, indicating spatial heterogeneity plant- or rhizosphere microbial community-derived inducers of the PtbuA1 promoter. This recombination-based toluene biosensor thus was useful in identifying bacterial exposure to transient or low levels of toluene, or related compounds, directly in the environment.
BMPs regulate differentiation of a putative visceral endoderm layer within human embryonic stem-cell-derived embryoid bodies (2007)

Human embryonic stem cells (HESCs), pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of human blastocysts, represent a novel tool for the study of early human developmental events. When cultured in suspension with serum, HESCs form spherical structures resembling embryoid bodies (EBs). We show that differentiation of HESCs within EBs occurs radially, with central cells then undergoing apoptosis in association with EB cavitation. Cells within the outer layer of cavitating EBs display stage-specific immunoreactivity to pan-keratin, cytokeratin-8, GATA6, alpha-fetoprotein, and transthyretin specific antibodies, and hybridization to disabled-2, GATA4, and GATA6 specific riboprobes. Transmission electron microscopy of these cells reveals clathrin-coated micropinocytotic vesicles, microvilli, and many vacuoles, a phenotype consistent with mouse visceral endoderm (VE) rather than mouse definitive or parietal endoderm. When cultured in media supplemented with the BMP inhibitor noggin, or in the absence of serum, HESC derivatives do not develop the mouse VE-like phenotype. The addition of BMP-4 to noggin-treated HESCs cultured in serum or in serum-free conditions reconstituted development of the VE-like phenotype. These data demonstrate that human EBs undergo developmental events similar to those of mouse EBs and that in vitro BMP signalling induces derivatives of the human ICM to express a phenotype similar to mouse VE.
Clustering dictionary definitions using Amazon Mechanical Turk (2010)

Vocabulary tutors need word sense disambiguation (WSD) in order to provide exercises and assessments that match the sense of words being taught. Using expert annotators to build a WSD training set for all the words supported would be too expensive. Crowdsourcing that task seems to be a good solution. However, a first required step is to define what the possible sense labels to assign to word occurrence are. This can be viewed as a clustering task on dictionary definitions. This paper evaluates the possibility of using Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) to carry out that prerequisite step to WSD. We propose two different approaches to using a crowd to accomplish clustering: one where the worker has a global view of the task, and one where only a local view is available. We discuss how we can aggregate multiple workers ‟ clusters together, as well as pros and cons of our two approaches. We show that either approach has an interannotator agreement with experts that corresponds to the agreement between experts, and so using MTurk to cluster dictionary definitions appears to be a reliable approach. 1
Efficient Transfer of Information from Hexitol Nucleic Acids to RNA during Nonenzymatic Oligomerization (1999)

Hexitol nucleic acids (HNAs) are DNA analogues that contain the standard nucleoside bases attached to a phosphorylated 1,5-anhydrohexitol backbone. We find that HNAs support efficient information transfer in nonensymatic template-directed reactions. HNA heterosequences appeared to be superior to the corresponding DNA heterosequences in facilitating synthesis of complementary oligonucleotides from nucleoside-5'-phosphoro-2-methyl imidazolides.
Tumor necrosis factor- alpha affects LTR-controlled oncogene expression in transformed mouse fibroblasts at the post-transcriptional level. (1988)

Potential mechanisms of TNF-alpha action on tumor cells have been investigated in a model of mouse fibroblasts transformed by distinct retroviral vectors carrying the v-mos, c-myc, and v-Ha-ras oncogene, respectively. Treatment of v-mos and c-myc transformed cells with murine rTNF-alpha in non-cytotoxic concentrations caused a strong inhibition of both proliferative capacity in monolayer culture and colony formation in soft agar. In contrast, v-Ha-ras transformed cells showed little sensitivity to TNF-alpha treatment. These changes in cell growth characteristics of v-mos and c-myc transformants was preceded by a selective reduction of oncogene-specific steady RNA levels, whereas no RNA down-regulation was observed for v-Ha-ras transformants. An unchanged transcriptional activity of the LTR-controlled v-mos and c-myc genes, but a decreased half-life of oncogene-specific mRNA suggests that TNF-alpha primarily affects stability of v-mos and c-myc RNA without influencing the activity of retroviral promoters. This is confirmed by an unchanged chloramphenicol acetyl transferase activity in TNF-treated LTR-chloramphenicol acetyl transferase transformants. Removal of TNF-alpha from cultures of reverted cells provoked a rapid retransformation, with full recovery of neoplastic growth characteristics 10 days after abrogation of TNF-alpha treatment. These data suggest that in cases of non-cytocidal action of TNF-alpha persistent suppression of tumor cell growth requires continuous TNF-alpha treatment.