gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Study of Metal Ion Catalyzed Carbon-Hydrogen Insertion of a-Alkoxy-a'-diazoketones Derived from Mandelic and Lactic Acids (1990)

Ab&Z%Z -The cupric am-ty/a~tonate h the best catalyst loinduce the carbon-hydrogen insertedreactjod for the o-a/kosy-o~d;?zoXetones derivatives L 5 and&). The side reacljons such as aromalic carbon-hydrogen insertion andrearrangement mu/d be preventedIntramolecular cyclizalion via a carbenoid C-H insertion in geometrically rigid system is a highly favored process.1The reactivity of the C-H bond inserted by the carbenoid is in the order of tertiary C-H ) secondary C-H ) primary C-H.2Similarly, it was found that an ester group deactivated bothuand P-methylene groups toward C-H insertion.3In other words, the electronic factor is very important to the regioselectivity.In contrast to the above.observation, the C-H bond adjacent to the ether oxygen was found to be the preferred site of insertion, compared to a normal aliphatic C-H bond.4Therefore, we wanted to take advantage of this observation to study the possibility of making the heterccyclic compounds containing oxygen via carbenoid route.During the study of this work, we found that the reactivity and selectivity of the C-H insertion reaction are dependent on the type of catalysts used.In this communication, we would like to describe our discoveries.The a-hydroxy acids (1 and 7 .1 were mono-Q-alkylated by treatment with sodium hydride and benzyl bromide in refluxing THF solution.)The resulted compounds (3 and 416 were treated with oxalyl chloride lollowed by reacting with excess diazomethane to give compound (5 and 6)' respectively.(Scheme1) When compound (9 was treated with 3 weight % Rh210Ack in dichloromethane, four products (Z.B. $ & U1) were IormedP (Scheme 2.Table 1) To our surprise.one of the reaction products is benzyl trans-cinnamate (Z) which was not observed in the similar Reagents (i) 3 eq.NaH, 1.5 eq.PhCH+r, THF, reflux (ii) omlyl chloride, PhH, reflux (iii) excess CHIN2, ether r rearrangement 7 0 aromatic O \ \I insenion i aliphatic C-H insertion 9 --10 Table I : Products distribution variated with different catalysts used for compound (i) catalyst I solvent -7 S g chemical yield (%: Rh2(OAc), 1 CH2C12 0 % 43% 20% 17% 30 Cu 1 benzene 50% 0% 40% 10% 58 CuSO, 1 benzene 13% 0% 68% 19% 37 CuCl I benzene 30% 0% 56% 14% 57 Cu(acac), 1 benzene 0% 0% 83%
Sequence of Aβ-Protein Deposition in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe (2000)

The deposition of Abeta protein (Abeta) and the development of neurofibrillary changes are important histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease (AD). In this study, the medial temporal lobe serves as a model for the changes in the anatomical distribution pattern of different types of Abeta-deposits occurring in the course of AD, as well as for the relationship between the development of Abeta-deposition and that of neurofibrillary pathology. In the first of 4 phases of beta-amyloidosis, diffuse non-neuritic plaques are deposited in the basal temporal neocortex. The same plaque type appears in the second phase within the external entorhinal layers pre-beta and pre-gamma, and fleecy amyloid deposits occur in the internal entorhinal layers pri-alpha, pri-beta, pri-gamma, and in CA1. In the third phase, Abeta-deposits emerge in the molecular layer of the fascia dentata, and band-like Abeta-deposits occur in the subpial portion of the molecular layer of both the entorhinal region and the temporal neocortex. In addition, confluent lake-like Abeta-deposits appear in the parvopyramidal layer of the presubicular region. The fourth phase is characterized by diffuse and core-only plaques in CA4. Diffuse plaques evolve sporadically in the external entorhinal layer pre-alpha. Parallel to the evolution of beta-amyloidosis as represented by the 4 phases, neuritic plaques gradually make their appearance in the temporal neocortex, entorhinal region, CA1, the molecular layer of the fascia dentata, and CA4. A prerequisite for their development is the presence of Abeta and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles in neurons targeting the regions where neuritic plaques evolve. Each of the different types of Abeta-deposits, including neuritic plaques, plays a specific role in the distinct developmental sequence as represented by the 4 phases so that the medial temporal lobe inexorably becomes involved to an ever greater extent. The step-for-step involvement of connected anatomical subfields highlights the importance of the entorhino-hippocampal pathways for the expansion of beta-amyloidosis. The 4 phases in the evolution of beta-amyloidosis correlate significantly with the stages of the neurofibrillary pathology proposed by Braak and Braak.
Supported mixed metal nanoparticles as electrocatalysts in low temperature fuel cells (2004)

Recent developments in syntheses and electrocatalytic properties of mixed metal nanoparticles will be briefly reviewed specifically for applications in fuel cells. Various metals such as pure platinum and platinum–ruthenium will be discussed. The role of nanostructured supports for the nanoparticles, such as ordered mesoporous carbon, will also be discussed.
Investigation of effects of dynamics on intrinsic wrench sensing in continuum robots (2016)

Multi-backbone continuum robots have been demonstrated to possess wrench sensing capabilities by measuring the actuation load on each backbone and then using elaborate statics models. The ability to sense forces of interaction allows these robots to also control their interaction with the environment. In past studies, the force sensing models were subject to quasi-static assumptions. The goal of this paper is threefold: to update the wrench sensing model taking into account dynamic forces, to investigate the effect of these dynamic forces on the wrench sensing abilities of these robots and to present design atlases that help designers with the determination of critical dimensions ensuring bounded effect of dynamics on wrench sensing. The paper presents a simplified dynamics model using a Lagrangian formulation. This dynamics model is then used to update the wrench estimation model for a single-segment continuum robot. Finally, a set of normalized parameters is used to produce design atlases that help designers predict the effect of dynamics on the wrench estimation model. These results will allow improved performance in force sensing and control for multi-backbone continuum robots. Employing the methods presented in the paper, continuum robots, that have previously demonstrated excellent distal dexterity, will be able to control their force interaction with the anatomy better in future - thereby improving safety and the finesse of surgery.
A Role for the magnetic field in the radiation‐induced efflux of calcium ions from brain tissue in vitro (1985)

Two independent laboratories have demonstrated that electromagnetic radiation at specific frequencies can cause a change in the efflux of calcium ions from brain tissue in vitro. In a local geomagnetic field (LGF) at a density of 38 microTesla (microT), 15- and 45-Hz electromagnetic signals (40 Vp-p/m in air) have been shown to induce a change in the efflux of calcium ions from the exposed tissues, whereas 1- and 30-Hz signals do not. We now show that the effective 15-Hz signal can be rendered ineffective when the LGF is reduced to 19 microT with Helmholtz coils. In addition, the ineffective 30-Hz signal becomes effective when the LGF is changed to +/- 25.3 microT or to +/- 76 microT. These results demonstrate that the net intensity of the LGF is an important variable. The results appear to describe a resonance-like relationship in which the frequency of the electromagnetic field that can induce a change in efflux is proportional to a product of LGF density and an index, 2n + 1, where n = 0,1. These phenomenological findings may provide a basis for evaluating the apparent lack of reproducibility of biological effects caused by low-intensity extremely-low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic signals. In future investigations of this phenomenon, the LGF vector should be explicitly described. If the underlying mechanism involves a general property of tissue, then research conducted in the ambient electromagnetic environment (50/60 Hz) may be subjected to unnoticed and uncontrolled influences, depending on the density of the LGF.
Molecular scanning methods of mutation detection. (1990)

Disruption of a single gene by mutation can have profound effects on a cultured cell or an entire organism. This review will not address the detection of known disease-causing mutations but rather the scanning methods that have evolved to define unknown mutations. It will be seen that the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)’ (1, 2) has revolutionized the methods available for the detection of DNA mutations at the molecular level. Although specific human genes will be used as examples in this review, the techniques described have universal application to the study of any cloned gene. The varieties of mutations found in the human genome can range from the alteration of a single base to major rearrangements affecting large parts of or whole chromosomes. The existence of different types of mutation therefore means that diverse ap- proaches to mutation detection are required. Methods which detect large-scale alterations will be insensitive to point muta- tions, but on the other hand it is impractical to sequence vast stretches of DNA with no knowledge of where the mutation might occur. In some cases there is an observed predisposition to a particular kind of mutation affecting a gene, such as the dystro- phin and steroid sulfatase genes being prone to deletions (3-6) and the HPRT gene being prone to small mutations (7, 8). Mutation detection procedures can thus be tailored to the partic- ular gene of interest if such a predisposition exists or designed to detect virtually all types of mutation for a more universal ap- proach. Mutation Detection Methods
The United States of storage [electric energy storage (2005)

The collaboration between the states and the DOE's Energy Storage Research Program is proving to be an outstanding success. The selected projects show a good portfolio of advanced energy storage media: a ZnBr flow battery, the NaS battery, supercapacitors, and flywheels. The applications are equally varied: mitigation of substation congestion, grid frequency control, load management, and stabilization of a microgrid. The goal of these partnerships with the states is to demonstrate electric energy storage as a technically viable, cost-effective, and broadly applicable option for increasing the reliability of the electricity system and for electric energy management.
RNA Folding Affects the Recruitment of SR Proteins by Mouse and Human Polypurinic Enhancer Elements in the Fibronectin EDA Exon (2004)

In humans, inclusion or exclusion of the fibronectin EDA exon is mainly regulated by a polypurinic enhancer element (exonic splicing enhancer [ESE]) and a nearby silencer element (exonic splicing silencer [ESS]). While human and mouse ESEs behave identically, mutations introduced into the homologous mouse ESS sequence result either in no change in splicing efficiency or in complete exclusion of the exon. Here, we show that this apparently contradictory behavior cannot be simply accounted for by a localized sequence variation between the two species. Rather, the nucleotide differences as a whole determine several changes in the respective RNA secondary structures. By comparing how the two different structures respond to homologous deletions in their putative ESS sequences, we show that changes in splicing behavior can be accounted for by a differential ESE display in the two RNAs. This is confirmed by RNA-protein interaction analysis of levels of SR protein binding to each exon. The immunoprecipitation patterns show the presence of complex multi-SR protein-RNA interactions that are lost with secondary-structure variations after the introduction of ESE and ESS variations. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the sequence context, in addition to the primary sequence identity, can heavily contribute to the making of functional units capable of influencing pre-mRNA splicing.
Nondecarboxylating and Decarboxylating Isocitrate Dehydrogenases: Oxalosuccinate Reductase as an Ancestral Form of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (2008)

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) from Hydrogenobacter thermophilus catalyzes the reduction of oxalosuccinate, which corresponds to the second step of the reductive carboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate in the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. In this study, the oxidation reaction catalyzed by H. thermophilus ICDH was kinetically analyzed. As a result, a rapid equilibrium random-order mechanism was suggested. The affinities of both substrates (isocitrate and NAD+) toward the enzyme were extremely low compared to other known ICDHs. The binding activities of isocitrate and NAD+ were not independent; rather, the binding of one substrate considerably promoted the binding of the other. A product inhibition assay demonstrated that NADH is a potent inhibitor, although 2-oxoglutarate did not exhibit an inhibitory effect. Further chromatographic analysis demonstrated that oxalosuccinate, rather than 2-oxoglutarate, is the reaction product. Thus, it was shown that H. thermophilus ICDH is a nondecarboxylating ICDH that catalyzes the conversion between isocitrate and oxalosuccinate by oxidation and reduction. This nondecarboxylating ICDH is distinct from well-known decarboxylating ICDHs and should be categorized as a new enzyme. Oxalosuccinate-reducing enzyme may be the ancestral form of ICDH, which evolved to the extant isocitrate oxidative decarboxylating enzyme by acquiring higher substrate affinities.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization for the Y-chromosome can be used to detect cells of recipient origin in allografted hearts following cardiac transplantation. (1993)

The purpose of this study was to determine if fluorescence in situ hybridization for the Y-chromosome can be used to detect cells of recipient origin in allografted hearts following cardiac transplantation. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of coronary arteries from two hearts surgically explanted from heart transplant recipients undergoing retransplantation because of accelerated arteriosclerosis were examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization for the presence of cells containing the Y-chromosome using a biotinylated Y-chromosome cocktail probe. In both cases, the recipients were male and the original donor hearts were obtained from female donors. Hybridization was detected in cells morphologically recognizable as infiltrating lymphocytes, macrophages, and mast cells, establishing that these cells in the donor hearts were of recipient origin. In contrast, hybridization was not detected in cardiac myocytes, in vascular smooth muscle cells, or in the majority (>95%) of endothelial cells, suggesting that these cells were of donor origin. Although hybridization was detected in rare flattened cells lining vascular lumina, these cells did not stain for factor VIII, suggesting that they were, in fact, flattened inflammatory cells and not endothelial cells. These results demonstrate that, when the recipient and donor are of the opposite sex, fluorescence in situ hybridization for the Y-chromosome can be used to detect graft chimerism in transplanted hearts.
The revascularization of healing flexor tendons in the digital sheath. A vascular injection study in dogs. (1991)

The role of revascularization in the nutritional support of repair of the flexor tendons is not completely understood. To explore the extent to which intrasynovial flexor tendons revascularize after transection and suture, a vascular injection study was carried out in a canine model. The tendons to the second and fifth digits of the forepaw in twelve adult mongrel dogs were transected and repaired. There were twenty-four experimental tendons and twenty-four normal tendons. The limb was placed in a polyurethane shoulder-spica cast, and the paw was treated with immediate protected passive mobilization. At three, seven, ten, seventeen, and twenty-eight days, the animals were killed and the major arteries supplying both the paw that had been operated on (left) and the contralateral normal paw (right) were injected with 200 milliliters of India ink. Segments of repaired and normal tendons were then clarified by a modified Spalteholz technique. The normal tendons demonstrated a well developed mesotenon that provided vascularization of the proximal portion of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon. A consistent three-cubic-millimeter avascular intrasynovial portion of tendon was noted. Distally, vessels arose from the vinculum breve, supplying the terminal twenty millimeters of tendon substance. In the experimental tendons, longitudinal and transverse clarified sections showed consistent revascularization of the site of repair by proximal vessels in the absence of ingrowth of peripheral adhesions. Vessels in the epitenon progressively extended for a distance of ten millimeters, through normally avascular regions, to reach the site of repair by the seventeenth postoperative day. Intratendinous vessels about the site of repair consistently originated from surface vessels, rather than from extensions of pre-existing intratendinous vessels. New vessels penetrated all areas, including the normally avascular volar segments of tendon, irrespective of previous topical zones of avascularity. Proximal vascular plexi were characterized by large tortuous vessels with frequent circuitous branches. More distal vessels had a longitudinally oriented, feathery appearance.
Effect of oral L-type calcium channel blocker on repetitive paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: spectral analysis of fibrillation waves in the Holter monitoring (2007)

Verapamil prevented the increase in fibrillatory frequency in PAF patients in relatively long-term observation. Verapamil might be effective for prevention of the electrophysiological change and increase in PAF episodes at least in specific type of PAF cases.
Analysis of a Variable SIW Resonator Enabled by Dielectric Material Perturbations and Applications (2012)

This paper details the analysis of a variable substrate integrated waveguide resonator enabled by dielectric material perturbations. A circuit model and closed-form expressions are developed. Fluidic dispersions composed of low dielectric oil and high dielectric particles are utilized in a prototype resonator to provide proof-of-concept demonstrations for three applications, which are: 1) a tunable resonator; 2) a material measurement device; and 3) a fluid sensor. Theoretical values for the dielectric constant and loss tangent of the fluidic dispersion show a possible tuning range of ~ 20% across <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X</i> -band. However, measurements show the materials composing the fluidic dispersion have more losses than expected and hinder performance for practical filtering applications ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> drops to 10 s). It is noted that utilizing better materials for the fluidic dispersions will greatly increase the performance as a tunable resonator. In the next application, the measurements on the prototype resonator and parametric studies from simulation are used to estimate new properties for the fluidic dispersions constituents. The final application utilizes the prototype as a fluidic sensor for measuring the volume fraction of a particulate in a fluid medium.
Annexin V—coated intraocular lenses (1996)

Annexin V-coated lenses effectively reduced postoperative inflammation in rabbit eyes.
Neural Temporal Adaptive Sampling and Denoising (2020)

Abstract Despite recent advances in Monte Carlo path tracing at interactive rates, denoised image sequences generated with few samples per‐pixel often yield temporally unstable results and loss of high‐frequency details. We present a novel adaptive rendering method that increases temporal stability and image fidelity of low sample count path tracing by distributing samples via spatio‐temporal joint optimization of sampling and denoising. Adding temporal optimization to the sample predictor enables it to learn spatio‐temporal sampling strategies such as placing more samples in disoccluded regions, tracking specular highlights, etc; adding temporal feedback to the denoiser boosts the effective input sample count and increases temporal stability. The temporal approach also allows us to remove the initial uniform sampling step typically present in adaptive sampling algorithms. The sample predictor and denoiser are deep neural networks that we co‐train end‐to‐end over multiple consecutive frames. Our approach is scalable, allowing trade‐off between quality and performance, and runs at near real‐time rates while achieving significantly better image quality and temporal stability than previous methods.
Character interaction with handheld projectors (2010)

I present a summary of my research dealing with character interaction using handheld projectors. My work draws from the tradition of pre-cinema handheld projectors that use direct physical manipulation to control projected imagery. I build upon this work with a system allowing users to interactively control characters by moving and gesturing with the handheld projector itself. This creates a unified interaction style where input and output are tied together within a single device. I present a prototype handheld platform, several games, and augmented reality application scenarios to illustrate the approach.
The Molecular Chaperone, α-Crystallin, Inhibits Amyloid Formation by Apolipoprotein C-II (2001)

Under lipid-free conditions, human apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) exists in an unfolded conformation that over several days forms amyloid ribbons. We examined the influence of the molecular chaperone, alpha-crystallin, on amyloid formation by apoC-II. Time-dependent changes in apoC-II turbidity (at 0.3 mg/ml) were suppressed potently by substoichiometric subunit concentrations of alpha-crystallin (1-10 microg/ml). alpha-Crystallin also inhibits time-dependent changes in the CD spectra, thioflavin T binding, and sedimentation coefficient of apoC-II. This contrasts with stoichiometric concentrations of alpha-crystallin required to suppress the amorphous aggregation of stressed proteins such as reduced alpha-lactalbumin. Two pieces of evidence suggest that alpha-crystallin directly interacts with amyloidogenic intermediates. First, sedimentation equilibrium and velocity experiments exclude high affinity interactions between alpha-crystallin and unstructured monomeric apoC-II. Second, the addition of alpha-crystallin does not lead to the accumulation of intermediate sized apoC-II species between monomer and large aggregates as indicated by gel filtration and sedimentation velocity experiments, suggesting that alpha-crystallin does not inhibit the relatively rapid fibril elongation upon nucleation. We propose that alpha-crystallin interacts stoichiometrically with partly structured amyloidogenic precursors, inhibiting amyloid formation at nucleation rather than the elongation phase. In doing so, alpha-crystallin forms transient complexes with apoC-II, in contrast to its chaperone behavior with stressed proteins.