gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GaAs p-n junction formed in quantum wire crystals (1992)

A p-n junction is formed for the first time in a cross-sectional area of a GaAs wire crystal with a diameter of about 100 nm. Ultrafine cylindrical growth by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy is employed for the fabrication. Current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics confirm the formation of the p-n junction in a narrow area at the midpoint of a wire crystal. Intensive light emission by current injection is observed at 77 K and even at room temperature. These results suggest that ultrafine optoelectronic devices with quantum-size p-n junction are possible.
High-capacity lithium insertion materials of lithium nickel manganese oxides for advanced lithium-ion batteries: toward rechargeable capacity more than 300 mA h g−1 (2011)

Lithium nickel manganese oxides Li[NixLi(1/3−2x/3)Mn(2/3−x/3)]O2 (x = 1/2, 2/7, and 1/5) are prepared and characterized by XRD and FT-IR, and the samples are examined in non-aqueous lithium cells at room temperature and 55 °C. Among these materials LiNi1/2Mn1/2O2 (x = 1/2) shows the highest operating voltage and the smallest polarization with a rechargeable capacity of ca. 230 mA h g−1 and Li[Li1/5Ni1/5Mn3/5]O2 (x = 1/5) shows the lowest operating voltage and the largest polarization with a rechargeable capacity more than 300 mA h g−1. Extraordinarily large rechargeable capacity of Li[Li1/5Ni1/5Mn3/5]O2 together with an anomalously long voltage plateau at 4.5 V only observed at first charging process is examined by window-opening charge and discharge, continuous charge and discharge combined with differential chronopotentiometry at room temperature and at 55 °C, and possible mechanisms are discussed in terms of lithium insertion scheme.
Stabilization of Active Recombinant Retroviruses in an Amorphous Dry State with Trehalose (1998)

The disaccharide trehalose is found to be effective for stabilization of active recombinant retroviruses in an amorphous dry state achieved through ambient-temperature vacuum dehydration of retroviral supernatants. Studies revealed that trehalose is a significantly better desiccation protectant than sucrose, glucose, and dextran: dextran has essentially no protective effect on retroviral survival after drying and rehydration. X-ray diffractometry of the retroviral supernatant dried with trehalose demonstrated its amorphous nature. The ability to dehydrate retroviral stocks at ambient temperatures into a stable glassy state will have a profound effect for researchers and commercial biotechnology companies which supply retroviral vectors for human gene therapy and basic research.
Carbon nanotube composites (2004)

Carbon nanotubes are molecular-scale tubes of graphitic carbon with outstanding properties. They are among the stiffest and strongest fibres known, with Young's moduli as high as 1 TPa and tensile strengths of up to 63 GPa. They also have remarkable electronic properties and can be metallic or semiconducting depending on their structure and diameter. There is currently great interest in exploiting these properties by incorporating carbon nanotubes into some form of matrix. A wide range of polymer matrices have been employed, and there is growing interest in nanotube/ceramic and nanotube/metal composites. This review outlines the properties of carbon nanotubes and describes the preparation and properties of carbon nanotube composites. The prospects for commercial exploitation of these materials are discussed.
Method of segmentation of thorax organs images applied to modelling the cardiac electrical field (2002)

The paper presents the method of segmentation of thorax organs images for construction, for each individual patient, the geometrical-conductivity model applied to the simulation of cardiac electrical field. The result of above simulation are the epicardial maps, which are determined in non-invasive way on a basis of the Body Surface Potential Maps (BSPM's) measured on the thorax surface. The elaborated method is based on edge detection techniques and deals with routinely acquired X-ray images of a chest, instead of previously applying the costly and time consuming Computed Tomography (CT), or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). There have been introduced the correction coefficients defining the relations between the average model and a model referred to the individual patient. The results of numerical experiments and their comparison for average, accurate and corrected models have been presented.
Mice Deficient for Tenascin-R Display Alterations of the Extracellular Matrix and Decreased Axonal Conduction Velocities in the CNS (1999)

Tenascin-R (TN-R), an extracellular matrix glycoprotein of the CNS, localizes to nodes of Ranvier and perineuronal nets and interacts in vitro with other extracellular matrix components and recognition molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily. To characterize the functional roles of TN-R in vivo, we have generated mice deficient for TN-R by homologous recombination using embryonic stem cells. TN-R-deficient mice are viable and fertile. The anatomy of all major brain areas and the formation and structure of myelin appear normal. However, immunostaining for the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan phosphacan, a high-affinity ligand for TN-R, is weak and diffuse in the mutant when compared with wild-type mice. Compound action potential recordings from optic nerves of mutant mice show a significant decrease in conduction velocity as compared with controls. However, at nodes of Ranvier there is no apparent change in expression and distribution of Na+ channels, which are thought to bind to TN-R via their beta2 subunit. The distribution of carbohydrate epitopes of perineuronal nets recognized by the lectin Wisteria floribunda or antibodies to the HNK-1 carbohydrate on somata and dendrites of cortical and hippocampal interneurons is abnormal. These observations indicate an essential role for TN-R in the formation of perineuronal nets and in normal conduction velocity of optic nerve.
Induction of Interferon-γ Inducing Factor in the Adrenal Cortex (1997)

Interferon-gamma inducing factor (IGIF) is a recently identified cytokine also called interleukin-1gamma (IL-1gamma) or interleukin-18 (IL-18). Its biological activity is pleiotropic, and, so far, it has been shown to induce interferon-gamma production in Th1 cells, to augment the production of granulocyte-macrophage-CSF, and to decrease that of interleukin-10 (IL-10). We first detected newly synthesized IGIF mRNA by differential display in the adrenal gland of reserpine-treated rats and then isolated two transcripts by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. They were identified as rat IGIF on the basis of the high homology with mouse: 91% at both the nucleotide and the amino acid level. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of stress on IGIF mRNA levels and found that acute cold stress strongly induced IGIF gene expression. In situ hybridization analysis showed that IGIF is synthesized in the adrenal cortex, specifically in the zona reticularis and fasciculata that produce glucocorticoids. The presence of IGIF mRNA was also detected in the neurohypophysis although induction by stress was not significant. Our results call for more attention to the role of the adrenal gland as a potential effector of immunomodulation and suggest that IGIF itself might be a secreted neuroimmunomodulator and play an important role in orchestrating the immune system following a stressful experience.
Subclinical Thyroid Disease (2004)

Data supporting associations of subclinical thyroid disease with symptoms or adverse clinical outcomes or benefits of treatment are few. The consequences of subclinical thyroid disease (serum TSH 0.1-0.45 mIU/L or 4.5-10.0 mIU/L) are minimal and we recommend against routine treatment of patients with TSH levels in these ranges. There is insufficient evidence to support population-based screening. Aggressive case finding is appropriate in pregnant women, women older than 60 years, and others at high risk for thyroid dysfunction.
Fluidized-bed pyrolysis of oil shale (1981)

hj ^ ^ » | ^ ^ ^ ^ B l.fc. ^M^^^^^^HM This is a preprint of a paper intended for publication in a journal or proceedings. Since changes may be made before publication, this preprint is made available with the un-derstanding that it will not be cited or reproduced without the permission of the author. DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor the University of California nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement recommendation, or favoring of the United States Government or the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or the University of California, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.
Systems Chemistry: Logic Gates, Arithmetic Units, and Network Motifs in Small Networks (2008)

A mixture of molecules can be regarded as a network if all the molecular components participate in some kind of interaction with other molecules--either physical or functional interactions. Template-assisted ligation reactions that direct replication processes can serve as the functional elements that connect two members of a chemical network. In such a process, the template does not necessarily catalyze its own formation, but rather the formation of another molecule, which in turn can operate as a template for reactions within the network medium. It was postulated that even networks made up of small numbers of molecules possess a wealth of molecular information sufficient to perform rather complex behavior. To probe this assumption, we have constructed virtual arrays consisting of three replicating molecules, in which dimer templates are capable of catalyzing reactants to form additional templates. By using realistic parameters from peptides or DNA replication experiments, we simulate the construction of various functional motifs within the networks. Specifically, we have designed and implemented each of the three-element Boolean logic gates, and show how these networks are assembled from four basic "building blocks". We also show how the catalytic pathways can be wired together to perform more complex arithmetic units and network motifs, such as the half adder and half subtractor computational modules, and the coherent feed-forward loop network motifs under different sets of parameters. As in previous studies of chemical networks, some of the systems described display behavior that would be difficult to predict without the numerical simulations. Furthermore, the simulations reveal trends and characteristics that should be useful as "recipes" for future design of experimental functional motifs and for potential integration into modular circuits and molecular computation devices.
Prothrombin G20210A is a Bifunctional Gene Polymorphism (2002)

The G20210A polymorphism has been shown to alter the efficiency of prothrombin mRNA processing. Here we show that the G20210A mutation also alters prothrombin mRNA stability. Three-fold more prothrombin protein and mRNA were produced in NIH-3T3 cells transfected with the prothrombin cDNAs containing the 20210A variant compared to cells expressing the 20210G variant. mRNA stability assays using chimeric globin transcripts harboring the G or A variant of the 97 nt prothrombin 3'-UTR indicated that the 20210G variant conferred greater instability to the globin reporter transcript than the A variant in transfected HepG2 cells. Both variants of the prothrombin 3'-UTR were shown to provide binding sites for a number of cellular proteins including HuR, an RNA binding protein associated with mRNA stability. Our results indicate that the G20210A is a bifunctional polymorphism, as it not only alters the efficiency of mRNA processing, but also the decay rate of prothrombin mRNA.
Designing of plant artificial chromosome (PAC) by using the Chlorella smallest chromosome as a model system. (1997)

As a model for plant-type chromosomes, we have been characterizing molecular organization of the Chlorella vulgaris C-169 chromosome I. To identify chromosome structural elements including the centromeric region and replication origins, we constructed a chromosome I specific cosmid library and aligned each cosmid clones to generate contigs. So far, more than 80% of the entire chromosome I has been covered. A complete clonal physical reconstitution of chromosome I provides information on the structure and genomic organization of plant genome. We propose our strategy to construct an artificial chromosome by assembling the functional chromosome structural elements identified on Chrorella chromosome I.
polyMOFs: A Class of Interconvertible Polymer‐Metal‐Organic‐Framework Hybrid Materials (2015)

Preparation of porous materials from one-dimensional polymers is challenging because the packing of polymer chains results in a dense, non-porous arrangement. Herein, we demonstrate the remarkable adaptation of an amorphous, linear, non-porous, flexible organic polymer into a three-dimensional, highly porous, crystalline solid, as the organic component of a metal-organic framework (MOF). A polymer with aromatic dicarboxylic acids in the backbone functioned as a polymer ligand upon annealing with Zn(II), generating a polymer-metal-organic framework (polyMOF). These materials break the dogma that MOFs must be prepared from small, rigid ligands. Similarly, polyMOFs contradict conventional polymer chemistry by demonstrating that linear and amorphous polymers can be readily coaxed into a highly crystalline, porous, three-dimensional structure by coordination chemistry.
The Maize Golden2 Gene Defines a Novel Class of Transcriptional Regulators in Plants (2001)

In the C4 plant maize, three photosynthetic cell types differentiate: C4 bundle sheath, C4 mesophyll, and C3 mesophyll cells. C3 mesophyll cells represent the ground state, whereas C4 bundle sheath and C4 mesophyll cells are specialized cells that differentiate in response to light-induced positional signals. The Golden2 (G2) gene regulates plastid biogenesis in all photosynthetic cells during the C3 stages of development. However, G2 function is specifically committed to the differentiation of bundle sheath cell chloroplasts in C4 leaf blades. In this article, we report the isolation of G2-like (Glk) genes from maize and rice, providing evidence for a family of Glk genes in plants. The expression profiles of the rice Glk genes suggest that these genes may act redundantly to promote photosynthetic development in this C3 species. In maize, G2 and ZmGlk1 transcripts accumulate primarily in C4 bundle sheath and C4 mesophyll cells, respectively, suggesting a specific role for each gene in C4 differentiation. We show that G2 and ZmGLK1 both can transactivate reporter gene transcription and dimerize in yeast, which supports the idea that these proteins act as transcriptional regulators of cell-type differentiation processes.
Quantitative determination of paroxetine and its 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy metabolite in plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry: application to pharmacokinetic studies (2003)

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with tandem mass spectrometric detection is described for the determination of paroxetine, an antidepressant drug, and its metabolite (3S,4R)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenoxymethyl)piperidine (HM paroxetine) in human plasma. Plasma samples were hydrolysed with hydrochloric acid and then analytes were extracted with ethyl acetate at alkaline pH. Extracts were analysed by HPLC coupled to an atmospheric pressure ionisation-electrospray (ESI) interface and an ion trap mass spectrometer. Chromatography was performed on a reversed-phase column using acetonitrile/0.02% formic acid (66:34, v/v) as a mobile phase. The mass spectrometer was operated in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method was validated over concentration ranges of 0.75-100 microg/L and 5-100 microg/L for paroxetine and HM paroxetine, respectively. Mean recoveries of 77% for paroxetine and 76% for HM paroxetine were found, with precision always better than 15%. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.20 and 0.70 microg/L for paroxetine, and 0.70 and 2.20 microg/L for its metabolite. The method was applied to the analysis of plasma samples obtained from nine healthy male volunteers administered with a single oral dose of 20 mg paroxetine. After the 20-mg dose, the mean peak plasma concentration was 8.60 microg/L for paroxetine and 92.40 microg/L for HM paroxetine showing a tenfold ratio between the metabolite and the parent drug along the entire time-concentration curve.
Stability, power sharing, &amp; distributed secondary control in droop-controlled microgrids (2013)

Motivated by the recent and growing interest in microgrids, we study the operation of droop-controlled DC/AC inverters in an islanded inductive microgrid. We present a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a synchronized steady state that is unique and locally exponentially stable. We discuss a selection of controller gains which leads to a sharing of power among the generators, and show that this proportional selection enforces actuation constraints for the inverters. Moreover, we propose a distributed integral controller based on averaging algorithms which dynamically regulates the system frequency in the presence of a time-varying load. Remarkably, this distributed-averaging integral controller has the additional property that it maintains the power sharing properties of the primary droop controller. Finally, we present experimental results validating our controller design, along with simulations of extended scenarios. Our results hold without assumptions on uniform line admittances, inverter power ratings, or voltage magnitudes.
ANALYSIS OF WEB SITE USAGE DATA: HOW MUCH CAN WE LEARN ABOUT THE CONSUMER FROM WEB LOGFILES? (1996)

We discuss information needs of marketers on the World-Wide Web and present a classification of types of information one can possibly get about Web site visits based on its ease of gathering. We then analyze how information needs can be satisfied using different categories of information gathered with these varying degrees of ease. We conclude that, although some of the information needs of marketers can be satisfied using data that can be automatically gathered with state-of-the- art Web tracking methods, many others cannot. We also discuss relevant issues and potential solutions to this problem.
Synthesis of carbonate analogs of dinucleosides. 3'-Thymidinyl 5'-thymidinyl carbonate, 3'-thymidinyl 5'-(5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridinyl) carbonate, and 3'-(5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridinyl) 5'-thymidinyl carbonate (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of carbonate analogs of dinucleosides. 3'-Thymidinyl 5'-thymidinyl carbonate, 3'-thymidinyl 5'-(5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridinyl) carbonate, and 3'-(5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridinyl) 5'-thymidinyl carbonateMathias P. Mertes and Eugene A. CoatsCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1969, 12, 1, 154–157Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00301a041https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00301a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views133Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Preliminary Study of Aerosolized Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I in the Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis (1992)

CYSTIC fibrosis is a lethal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, a gene comprising 27 exons and 250 kilobases that resides on chromosome 7.1 2 3 4 5 The most important clinical manifestation of cystic fibrosis is chronic progressive lung disease, which despite aggressive antibiotic therapy and chest physiotherapy, remains the principal cause of disability and death.1 Airway secretions play a major part in the respiratory dysfunction in cystic fibrosis. The secretions are thick, viscous, and difficult to expectorate, and they obstruct airways and contribute to reduced lung volumes and expiratory flow rates.1 , 2 , 6 The presence of high . . .
Nrf2 Controls Constitutive and Inducible Expression of ARE-driven Genes through a Dynamic Pathway Involving Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling by Keap1 (2005)

Nrf2 regulates the expression of genes encoding antioxidant proteins involved in cellular redox homeostasis. Previous studies have suggested that activation of Nrf2 is mediated by mechanisms promoting its dissociation from Keap1, a cytosolic repressor that acts to sequester the transcription factor in the cytoplasm. As a short-lived protein, Nrf2 is also activated by mechanisms leading to its stabilization in cells under stress, and recent evidence indicates that Keap1 has an active role in the control of its stability. In this report, using immunocytochemistry, cell fractionation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses, we found that Nrf2 is primarily a nuclear protein and that it is expressed and recruited to the chromatin constitutively to drive basal gene expression. Furthermore, we found evidence indicating that Keap1 may repress Nrf2 activity by transiently shuttling into the nucleus to promote its ubiquitylation. The data suggested that the steady-state level of Nrf2 is maintained by a dynamic pathway that balances its constitutive expression with a Keap1-regulated degradation process downstream of its role as a transcriptional activator. We suggest that the stabilization of Nrf2 in cells under stress represents the central regulatory response mediated by mechanisms that interfere with its interaction with Keap1, leading to the induction of antioxidant enzymes important to maintain cellular redox homeostasis.