gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human liver N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulphate sulphatase. Catalytic properties (1987)

Kinetic parameters (Km and kcat.) of the two major forms (A and B) and a minor form (C) of human liver N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulphate sulphatase [Freeman, Clements & Hopwood (1987) Biochem. J. 246, 347-354] were determined with a variety of substrates matching structural aspects of the physiological substrates in vivo, namely heparin, heparan sulphate and keratan sulphate. Enzyme activity is highly specific towards glucosamine 6-sulphate or glucose 6-sulphate residues. More structurally complex substrates, in which several aspects of the aglycone structure of the natural substrate were maintained, are hydrolysed with catalytic efficiencies up to 3900 times above that observed for the monosaccharide substrate N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulphate. Forms A and B both desulphate substrates derived from keratan sulphate and heparin. Aglycone structures that influence substrate binding and/or enzyme activity were penultimate-residue 6-carboxy and 2-sulphate ester groups for heparin-derived substrates and penultimate-residue 6-sulphate ester groups for keratan sulphate-derived substrates. The 4-hydroxy group of the N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulphate or the 2-sulphaminoglucosamine 6-sulphate under enzymic attack is involved in the catalytic mechanism. The presence of a 2-amino group in place of a 2-acetamido or a 2-sulphoamino group considerably decreases the catalytic efficiency of the sulphatase, particularly in the absence of a penultimate-aglycone-residue 6-carboxy group. Both forms A and B are exo-enzymes, since activity towards internal sulphate ester bonds was not observed. The effect of incubation pH on enzyme activity towards the variety of substrates evaluated was complex and dependent on substrate aglycone structure. The presence of aglycone 2-sulphate ester, 6-carboxy group and 6-sulphate ester groups on the glucosamine 6-sulphate residue under attack considerably affects the pH response. Sulphate and phosphate ions are potent inhibitors of enzyme activity.
Recruitment of the Auditory Cortex in Congenitally Deaf Cats by Long-Term Cochlear Electrostimulation (1999)

In congenitally deaf cats, the central auditory system is deprived of acoustic input because of degeneration of the organ of Corti before the onset of hearing. Primary auditory afferents survive and can be stimulated electrically. By means of an intracochlear implant and an accompanying sound processor, congenitally deaf kittens were exposed to sounds and conditioned to respond to tones. After months of exposure to meaningful stimuli, the cortical activity in chronically implanted cats produced field potentials of higher amplitudes, expanded in area, developed long latency responses indicative of intracortical information processing, and showed more synaptic efficacy than in naïve, unstimulated deaf cats. The activity established by auditory experience resembles activity in hearing animals.
Relation between single-molecule properties and phase behavior of intrinsically disordered proteins (2018)

Proteins that undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) have been shown to play a critical role in many physiological functions through formation of condensed liquid-like assemblies that function as membraneless organelles within biological systems. To understand how different proteins may contribute differently to these assemblies and their functions, it is important to understand the molecular driving forces of phase separation and characterize their phase boundaries and material properties. Experimental studies have shown that intrinsically disordered regions of these proteins are a major driving force, as many of them undergo LLPS in isolation. Previous work on polymer solution phase behavior suggests a potential correspondence between intramolecular and intermolecular interactions that can be leveraged to discover relationships between single-molecule properties and phase boundaries. Here, we take advantage of a recently developed coarse-grained framework to calculate the θ temperature [Formula: see text], the Boyle temperature [Formula: see text], and the critical temperature [Formula: see text] for 20 diverse protein sequences, and we show that these three properties are highly correlated. We also highlight that these correlations are not specific to our model or simulation methodology by comparing between different pairwise potentials and with data from other work. We, therefore, suggest that smaller simulations or experiments to determine [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] can provide useful insights into the corresponding phase behavior.
Hepatic Tumor Necrosis Factor Signaling and Nuclear Factor-κB: Effects on Liver Homeostasis and Beyond (2007)

The proinflammatory cytokine TNF has a pivotal role in liver pathophysiology because it holds the capacity to induce both hepatocyte cell death and hepatocyte proliferation. This dual effect of TNF on hepatocytes reflects its ability to induce both nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB)-dependent gene expression and cell death. Multiple studies have demonstrated the crucial role of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in the decision between life and death of a hepatocyte. Massive hepatocyte apoptosis preceding embryonic lethality in NF-kappaB-deficient mice constituted the first indication of an essential antiapoptotic function of NF-kappaB in the liver. Although many studies confirmed this crucial cytoprotective role of NF-kappaB in adult liver, a number of genetic studies recently obtained conflicting results on the exact role of NF-kappaB in different mouse models of TNF hepatotoxicity, demonstrating that caution should be taken when interpreting studies using different NF-kappaB-deficient mice in distinct models of liver injury. Recent reports showing a role for hepatic NF-kappaB activation in the proliferation of malignant cells during hepatocarcinogenesis, and in the progression of fatty liver diseases to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus demonstrate that NF-kappaB can also have more detrimental effects in the liver. Moreover, its role in the development of the metabolic syndrome emphasizes that hepatic NF-kappaB activation might also have adverse effects on the endocrine system. Therefore, understanding the regulation of hepatic TNF signaling and NF-kappaB activation is of critical therapeutic importance. In this review, we summarize how studies on the role of NF-kappaB in different mouse models of liver pathologies have contributed to this understanding.
On-chip Turing pattern formation for coherent high-power THz radiation (2016)

We report efficient on-chip Turing pattern formation, uniquely enabled by mode-hybridization induced phase matching. The robustness, tunability, coherence, and efficiency lend itself to an excellent pump for high-power narrow-linewidth THz radiation.
Ras, Rap, and Rac Small GTP-binding Proteins Are Targets for Clostridium sordellii Lethal Toxin Glucosylation (1996)

Lethal toxin (LT) from Clostridium sordellii is one of the high molecular mass clostridial cytotoxins. On cultured cells, it causes a rounding of cell bodies and a disruption of actin stress fibers. We demonstrate that LT is a glucosyltransferase that uses UDP-Glc as a cofactor to covalently modify 21-kDa proteins both in vitro and in vivo. LT glucosylates Ras, Rap, and Rac. In Ras, threonine at position 35 was identified as the target amino acid glucosylated by LT. Other related members of the Ras GTPase superfamily, including RhoA, Cdc42, and Rab6, were not modified by LT. Incubation of serum-starved Swiss 3T3 cells with LT prevents the epidermal growth factor-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1 and ERK2, indicating that the toxin blocks Ras function in vivo. We also demonstrate that LT acts inside the cell and that the glucosylation reaction is required to observe its dramatic effect on cell morphology. LT is thus a powerful tool to inhibit Ras function in vivo.
Colonisation of the developing human brain and spinal cord by microglia: a review (1999)

Microglia are the immune effector cells of the nervous system. The prevailing view is that microglia are derived from circulating precursors in the blood, which originate from the bone-marrow. Colonisation of the central nervous system (CNS) by microglia is an orchestrated response during human fetal development related to the maturation of the nervous system. It coincides with vascularisation, formation of radial glia, neuronal migration and myelination primarily in the 4th-5th months and beyond. Microglial influx generally conforms to a route following white matter tracts to gray areas. We have observed that colonisation of the spinal cord begins around 9 weeks, with the major influx and distribution of microglia commencing around 16 weeks. In the cerebrum, colonisation is in progress during the second trimester, and ramified microglial forms are widely distributed within the intermediate zone by the first half of intra-uterine life (20-22 weeks). A distinct pattern of migration occurs along radial glia, white matter tracts and vasculature. The distribution of these cells is likely to be co-ordinated by spatially and temporally regulated, anatomical expression of chemokines including RANTES and MCP-1 in the cortex; by ICAM-2 and PECAM on radiating cerebral vessels and on capillaries within the germinal layer, and apoptotic cell death overlying this region. The phenotype and functional characteristics of fetal microglia are also outlined in this review. The need for specific cellular interactions and targeting is greater within the central nervous system than in other tissues. In this respect, microglia may additionally contribute towards CNS histogenesis.
Synthesis of Target-Specific Radiolabeled Peptides for Diagnostic Imaging (2002)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTSynthesis of Target-Specific Radiolabeled Peptides for Diagnostic ImagingJakub Fichna and Anna JaneckaView Author Information Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lindleya 6, 90-131 Lodz, PolandCite this: Bioconjugate Chem. 2003, 14, 1, 3–17Publication Date (Web):December 19, 2002Publication History Received23 April 2002Published online19 December 2002Published inissue 1 January 2003https://doi.org/10.1021/bc025542fCopyright © 2003 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1426Altmetric-Citations109LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (215 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Conjugate acid-base pairs,Molecules,Nuclear medicine,Peptides and proteins,Pharmaceuticals Get e-Alerts
Lower Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome Compared to Obese and Lean Control Subjects (2010)

Lower BDNF in PWS suggests insufficient central BDNF production because BDNF in peripheral circulation is believed to reflect cerebral BDNF output. Decreased BDNF may be a potential cause for the disordered satiety and morbid obesity associated with PWS. Further studies are needed to confirm this preliminary pilot study in a larger cohort of patients with PWS.
A survey of human brain transcriptome diversity at the single cell level (2015)

The human brain is a tissue of vast complexity in terms of the cell types it comprises. Conventional approaches to classifying cell types in the human brain at single cell resolution have been limited to exploring relatively few markers and therefore have provided a limited molecular characterization of any given cell type. We used single cell RNA sequencing on 466 cells to capture the cellular complexity of the adult and fetal human brain at a whole transcriptome level. Healthy adult temporal lobe tissue was obtained during surgical procedures where otherwise normal tissue was removed to gain access to deeper hippocampal pathology in patients with medical refractory seizures. We were able to classify individual cells into all of the major neuronal, glial, and vascular cell types in the brain. We were able to divide neurons into individual communities and show that these communities preserve the categorization of interneuron subtypes that is typically observed with the use of classic interneuron markers. We then used single cell RNA sequencing on fetal human cortical neurons to identify genes that are differentially expressed between fetal and adult neurons and those genes that display an expression gradient that reflects the transition between replicating and quiescent fetal neuronal populations. Finally, we observed the expression of major histocompatibility complex type I genes in a subset of adult neurons, but not fetal neurons. The work presented here demonstrates the applicability of single cell RNA sequencing on the study of the adult human brain and constitutes a first step toward a comprehensive cellular atlas of the human brain.
Structure of the DPS-Like Protein from Sulfolobus solfataricus Reveals a Bacterioferritin-Like Dimetal Binding Site within a DPS-Like Dodecameric Assembly, (2006)

The superfamily of ferritin-like proteins has recently expanded to include a phylogenetically distinct class of proteins termed DPS-like (DPSL) proteins. Despite their distinct genetic signatures, members of this subclass share considerable similarity to previously recognized DPS proteins. Like DPS, these proteins are expressed in response to oxidative stress, form dodecameric cage-like particles, preferentially utilize H(2)O(2) in the controlled oxidation of Fe(2+), and possess a short N-terminal extension implicated in stabilizing cellular DNA. Given these extensive similarities, the functional properties responsible for the preservation of the DPSL signature in the genomes of diverse prokaryotes have been unclear. Here, we describe the crystal structure of a DPSL protein from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. Although the overall fold of the polypeptide chain and the oligomeric state of this protein are indistinguishable from those of authentic DPS proteins, several important differences are observed. First, rather than a ferroxidase site at the subunit interface, as is observed in all other DPS proteins, the ferroxidase site in SsDPSL is buried within the four-helix bundle, similar to bacterioferritin. Second, the structure reveals a channel leading from the exterior surface of SsDPSL to the bacterioferritin-like dimetal binding site, possibly allowing divalent cations and/or H(2)O(2) to access the active site. Third, a pair of cysteine residues unique to DPSL proteins is found adjacent to the dimetal binding site juxtaposed between the exterior surface of the protein and the active site channel. The cysteine residues in this thioferritin motif may play a redox active role, possibly serving to recycle iron at the ferroxidase center.
Four-color matrix method for correction of tristimulus colorimeters - Part 2 (1997)

A new calibration method has been developed to improve the accuracy of chromaticity coordinates obtained from a tristimulus colorimeter for color displays. Matrix methods such as the one recommended by ASTM are well known for this purpose, but they may fail to work as expected due to experimental noise and errors. As these matrix methods are based on tristimulus values, the accuracy of the luminance measurement affects the accuracy of the corrected chromaticity. This new method utilizes x, y values only, and is independent of Y values. Thus, in principle, it eliminates errors due to luminance measurement variations. A correction matrix is obtained from the x, y values of three primary colors and a white color of a display, measured by the target instrument and a reference instrument. A computer simulation was conducted to evaluate the effect of random noise in Y. Experiments were conducted using a commercial tristimulus colorimeter and a spectroradiometer, measuring 14 colors of a CRT display. The results show noticeable improvement in chromaticity accuracy over the current practice.
Neural Plasticity After Spinal Cord Injury (2005)

Spinal cord injury (SCI) has devastating physical and socioeconomical impact. However, some degree of functional recovery is frequently observed in patients after SCI. There is considerable evidence that functional plasticity occurs in cerebral cortical maps of the body, which may account for functional recovery after injury. Additionally, these plasticity changes also occur at multiple levels including the brainstem, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. Although the interaction of plasticity changes at each level has been less well studied, it is likely that changes in subcortical levels contribute to cortical reorganization. Since the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is changed, SCI-induced factors, such as cytokines and growth factors, can be involved in the plasticity events, thus affecting the final functional recovery after SCI. The mechanism of plasticity probably differs depending on the time frame. The reorganization that is rapidly induced by acute injury is likely based on unmasking of latent synapses resulting from modulation of neurotransmitters, while the long-term changes after chronic injury involve changes of synaptic efficacy modulated by long-term potentiation and axonal regeneration and sprouting. The functional significance of neural plasticity after SCI remains unclear. It indicates that in some situations plasticity changes can result in functional improvement, while in other situations they may have harmful consequences. Thus, further understanding of the mechanisms of plasticity could lead to better ways of promoting useful reorganization and preventing undesirable consequences.
Electro-Optic Mapping of Guided and Radiated Electric Fields from Microwave Integrated Circuits and Antennas (1998)

An external electro-optic field mapping system has been developed to determine the electric field distributions above devices such as microwave integrated circuits and passive and active antennas and arrays.
Metastatic colorectal cancer cells from patients previously treated with chemotherapy are sensitive to T-cell killing mediated by CEA/CD3-bispecific T-cell-engaging BiTE antibody (2009)

This study shows for the first time that metastatic CRC specimens derived from patients previously treated with conventional chemotherapy can be lysed by patient T cells. Clinical testing of cancer immunotherapies, such as MEDI-565 that result in exposure of tumours to large numbers of T cells, is warranted.
Generalized concatenated codes based on polar codes (2011)

Polar codes are demonstrated to be instances of both generalized concatenated codes and multilevel codes. It is shown that Gaussian approximation for density evolution enables one to accurately predict the performance of polar codes. A construction of generalized concatenated codes is proposed, which is based on the equal error probability design rule originally developed in the context of multilevel codes.
People who live in a cold climate: thermal adaptation differences based on availability of heating (2012)

Are there differences in thermal adaptation to cold indoor environments between people who are used to living in heating and non-heating regions in China? To answer this question, we measured thermal perceptions and physiological responses of young men from Beijing (where there are indoor space heating facilities in winter) and Shanghai (where there are not indoor space heating facilities in winter) during exposures to cold. Subjects were exposed to 12°C, 14°C, 16°C, 18°C, 20°C for 1 h. Subjects from Beijing complained of greater cold discomfort and demonstrated poorer physiological acclimatization to cold indoor environments than those from Shanghai. These findings indicate that people's chronic indoor thermal experience might be an important determinant of thermal adaptation.
2019년 근로장려세제 확대 개편의 세수귀착효과 및 소득재분배효과 분석 (2019)

현 정부는 저소득 가구의 가계소득을 증대시켜 소득재분배를 구현하고 나아가 소득주도성장을 달성한다는 목적 하에 2018년 세법개정안을 통해 근로장려 세제를 대폭 확대 개편하였다. 본 연구에서는 재정패널 10차 자료를 활용한 모의실험분석을 통해 이번 근로장려세제 확대 개편으로 인한 세수의 귀착효과, 그리고 이로 인한 소득재분배 효과를 분석하였다.
모의실험분석 결과, 먼저 이번 확대 개정으로 인해 수혜가구수는 약 2배, 총지급액은 약 3배 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 둘째, 세수의 귀착을 살펴보면, 단독가구의 수혜규모가 가장 크게 증가한 것을 확인할 수 있으며, 소득이 상대적으로 높은 구간에서는 신규 수급자 증대로 인한 양적확대와, 소득이 상대적으로 낮은 구간에서는 수급액 증가로 인한 질적 확대가 예상된다. 셋째, 2018년에 비해 2019년 소득불평등지수 개선률이 약 3배 증가할 것으로 예상되며, 이는 이번 확대 개정이 소득재분배 개선에 상당한 기여할 것이라는 근거를 제공한다. 마지막으로 소득재분배 개선의 요인분석 결과를 살펴보면, 지니계수 기준으로 지급액 상향조정이 총재분배 개선효과의 약 50.3%를 차지할 정도로 가장 높고, 소득요건 완화도 상당한 재분배 개선효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 단독가구 연령조건 완화와 재산조건 완화가 소득재분배 개선에 미친 효과는 상대적으로 낮은 것으로 나타났다.
Offshore Decommissioning Cost Estimation in the Gulf of Mexico (2006)

Decommissioning offshore structures represents the end of the production life cycle, when wells are plugged and abandoned, infrastructure is removed, and the site is remediated and cleared of debris. Decommissioning operations are generally routine, involving standard, low-technology methods, over distinct stages and relatively short time horizons. Offshore operations are more uncertain and costly than onshore, however, due to the hostile ocean environment. Cost estimation is an important aspect of the business since engineers, project managers, and financial accountants frequently perform cost estimates in support of evaluating decommissioning alternatives, divestiture opportunities, and liability assessment. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the factors that impact the primary stages of decommissioning and to describe a general methodology to estimate cost functions. A description of the regulatory requirements is presented along with the empirical construction of cost functionals for shallow-water developments in the Gulf of Mexico.
Initial Outcome and Efficacy of “Kyphoplasty” in the Treatment of Painful Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures (2001)

The inflatable bone tamp was efficacious in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Kyphoplasty is associated with early clinical improvement of pain and function as well as restoration of vertebral body height in the treatment of painful osteoporotic compression fractures.