gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoluminescent thin-film porous silicon on sapphire (1993)

Results from the chemical stain etch fabrication and analysis of thin-film photoluminescent porous silicon on sapphire substrates are presented. The transparent sapphire substrate allows the excitation and collection of the luminescence at either the front or back of the wafer. Morphological differences found using scanning electron microscopy between porous SOS and porous bulk silicon are attributed to preferential etching of threading dislocations. This is confirmed by an observed stress relaxation in the Raman spectra. Also, it is shown for the first time that photoluminescent porous silicon (n-type) can be produced by photoinitiation of the chemical stain etch.
Radiosensitization by 5-fluorocytosine of human colorectal carcinoma cells in culture transduced with cytosine deaminase gene. (1996)

Recently, use of the suicide gene, cytosine deaminase (CD), has shown a selective antitumor activity of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) on human colorectal carcinoma cells grown in vitro and in vivo. We hypothesized that the radiosensitivity of human colorectal carcinoma cells transduced with a retroviral vector encoding the bacterial CD gene would be selectively enhanced by the nontoxic prodrug 5-FC. The radiobiological rationale of using suicide gene therapy is based on the fact that a toxic metabolite of 5-FC, 5-fluorouracil, is a well-known radiation enhancer for the treatment of gastrointestinal and other tumors. 5-FC was found to enhance selectively the radiation cytotoxicity of human colorectal carcinoma cells expressing the CD gene. Colorectal carcinoma cells transduced with the CD gene (WiDr-CD) were highly sensitive to radiation compared with parental cells (WiDr) when exposed to 20 microgram/ml 5-FC for 72 h prior to irradiation. The sensitization enhancement ratio was 2.38. This magnitude of radiation enhancement is comparable to that obtained with 5-fluorouracil. These results suggest that the addition of radiation would substantially improve the therapeutic potential of CD gene therapy for the treatment of locally advanced colorectal carcinomas.
Early Tumor Progression Associated with Enhanced EGFR Signaling with Bortezomib, Cetuximab, and Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer (2011)

Combining bortezomib with cetuximab and radiation therapy showed unexpected early progression, evidence for EGFR stabilization, increased prosurvival signaling, and SCCHN cytokine expression, warranting avoidance of this combination.
Orthotic Design through 3D Reconstruction: A Passive‐Assistance Ankle–Foot Orthotic (2006)

Current methods of designing and manufacturing custom orthotics include manual techniques such as casting a limb in plaster, making a plaster duplicate of the limb to be treated and forming a polymer orthotic directly onto the plaster model. Such techniques are usually accompanied with numerous postmanufacture alterations to adapt the orthotic for patient comfort. External modeling techniques rely heavily on the skill of the clinician, as the axes of rotation of any joint are partially specified by the skeletal structure and are not completely inferable from the skin, especially in cases where edema is present. Clinicians could benefit from a simultaneous view of external and skeletal patient‐specific geometry. In addition to providing more information to clinicians, quantification of patient‐specific data would allow rapid production of advanced orthotics, requiring machining rather than casting. This paper presents a supplemental method of orthotic design and fitting, through 3D reconstruction of medical imaging data to parameterise an orthotic design based on a major axis of rotation, shape of rigid components and placement of skin contact surfaces. An example of this design approach is shown in the design of an ankle–foot orthotic designed around the computed tomography data from the Visible Human Project.
Electrocatalytic hydrogenation of 4-phenoxyphenol on active powders highly dispersed in a reticulated vitreous carbon electrode (1999)

Electrodes consisting of particles of a transition metal entrapped and dispersed in a reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) matrix were prepared in situ by stirring the particles in the presence of an RVC cathode. Such electrodes were used for the electrocatalytic hydrogenolysis (ECHsis) of 4-phenoxyphenol, a compound representative of the 4-O-5 type linkage in lignins. The electrolyses were carried out under galvanostatic control in aqueous 1 M NaOH. Raney nickel, nickel boride, and transition metals supported on activated charcoal or alumina were used as catalytic powders. The extent and efficiency of the ECHsis of 4-phenoxyphenol was found to depend on the catalyst and on the temperature.Key words: electrocatalytic hydrogenation, electrocatalytic hydrogenolysis, 4-phenoxyphenol, Raney nickel, palladium on charcoal, palladium on alumina.
A role for Src kinase in spontaneous epileptiform activity in the CA3 region of the hippocampus (2000)

Members of the Src family of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) have been implicated in the regulation of cellular excitability and synaptic plasticity. We have investigated the role of these PTKs in in vitro models of epileptiform activity. Spontaneous epileptiform discharges were induced in vitro in the CA3 region of rat hippocampal slices by superfusion with the potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine in Mg(2+)-free medium. In hippocampal slices treated in this fashion, Src kinase activity was increased and the frequency of epileptiform discharges could be greatly reduced by inhibitor of the Src family of PTKs, 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP2), but not by the inactive structural analog 4-amino-7-phenylpyrazol[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP3). 4-Amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine also reduced epileptiform activity induced by either 4-aminopyridine or Mg(2+)-free medium alone. These observations demonstrate a role for Src family PTKs in the pathophysiology of epilepsy and suggest potential therapeutic targets for antiepileptic therapy.
Sequence analysis of mutations and translocations across breast cancer subtypes (2012)

Breast carcinoma is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide, with an estimated 1.38 million new cases and 458,000 deaths in 2008 alone. This malignancy represents a heterogeneous group of tumours with characteristic molecular features, prognosis and responses to available therapy. Recurrent somatic alterations in breast cancer have been described, including mutations and copy number alterations, notably ERBB2 amplifications, the first successful therapy target defined by a genomic aberration. Previous DNA sequencing studies of breast cancer genomes have revealed additional candidate mutations and gene rearrangements. Here we report the whole-exome sequences of DNA from 103 human breast cancers of diverse subtypes from patients in Mexico and Vietnam compared to matched-normal DNA, together with whole-genome sequences of 22 breast cancer/normal pairs. Beyond confirming recurrent somatic mutations in PIK3CA, TP53, AKT1, GATA3 and MAP3K1, we discovered recurrent mutations in the CBFB transcription factor gene and deletions of its partner RUNX1. Furthermore, we have identified a recurrent MAGI3-AKT3 fusion enriched in triple-negative breast cancer lacking oestrogen and progesterone receptors and ERBB2 expression. The MAGI3-AKT3 fusion leads to constitutive activation of AKT kinase, which is abolished by treatment with an ATP-competitive AKT small-molecule inhibitor.
Media selection for high density recording channels (1993)

The implementation of high-density partial response channels in disk drives has been hampered by nonlinear interactions between transitions occurring in the write process. It is shown that the degree of nonlinearity is not characterized by the density relative to the isolated transition pulse width, but rather by the transition spacing in relation to the transition width. Factors that determine the transition width are examined. In particular, the potential gains from using low moment media are investigated. A nonlinear model of the disk channel is discussed. The dependence of partial response signaling on linear superposition is discussed. Eye patterns are shown revealing the effects of nonlinearities on a partial response system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Acute promyelocytic leukemia: recent advances in therapy and molecular basis of response to arsenic therapies (2004)

Recent advances in the clinical use of arsenic, the mechanism of arsenic-mediated cytotoxicity, and modulations of ATO to increase its efficacy and expand its clinical spectrum are reviewed.
Evaluating the Search Phase of Neural Architecture Search (2019)

Neural Architecture Search (NAS) aims to facilitate the design of deep networks for new tasks. Existing techniques rely on two stages: searching over the architecture space and validating the best architecture. NAS algorithms are currently compared solely based on their results on the downstream task. While intuitive, this fails to explicitly evaluate the effectiveness of their search strategies. In this paper, we propose to evaluate the NAS search phase. To this end, we compare the quality of the solutions obtained by NAS search policies with that of random architecture selection. We find that: (i) On average, the state-of-the-art NAS algorithms perform similarly to the random policy; (ii) the widely-used weight sharing strategy degrades the ranking of the NAS candidates to the point of not reflecting their true performance, thus reducing the effectiveness of the search process. We believe that our evaluation framework will be key to designing NAS strategies that consistently discover architectures superior to random ones.
A miniaturized active vision system (2003)

The authors have developed a prototype miniaturized active vision system whose sensor architecture is based on a logarithmically structured space-variant pixel geometry. This system integrates a CCD sensor, miniature pan-tilt actuator, controller, general purpose processors and display. Due to the ability of space-variant sensors to cover large work-spaces yet provide high acuity with an extremely small number of pixels, space-variant active vision system architectures provide the potential for radical reductions in system size and cost. The authors describe a prototype space-variant active vision system which performs tasks such as moving object tracking and functions as a video telephone. The potential application domains for systems of this type include vision systems for mobile robots and robot manipulators, traffic monitoring systems, security and surveillance, and consumer video communications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Performance-driven Steiner tree algorithm for global routing (1993)

This paper presents two performance-driven Steiner tree algorithms or global routing which consider the
RF Characterization of SiGe HBT Power Amplifiers Under Load Mismatch (2007)

We present the RF characterization of silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor (SiGe HBT) power amplifiers (PA) under load mismatched conditions. Experimental results demonstrate a strong dependence of a PA's RF performance on the phase of mismatched antenna loads. For a load mismatch of voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) of 10:1, the 1-dB compressed RF output power (P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1 dB</sub> ), transducer gain (G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> ), output third-order intercept point, and power-added efficiency differ by 7.5 dBm, 8.1 dB, 8.3 dBm, and 15%, respectively, between the optimal and worst phase conditions, for an SiGe HBT PA biased at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</sub> =3.3 V, collector current I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CE </sub> =400 mA, and frequency of 1.88 GHz. At the optimal phase condition up to VSWR of 10:1, the SiGe HBT PA maintains its linearity, RF output power, gain, and efficiency close to that at a VSWR of 1:1. At all the nonoptimal phases, the deterioration in the RF performance increases with the magnitude of load mismatches. The nonlinear characteristic of a PA under load mismatches is due to amplitude and phase-distortion mechanisms
The SRUC Protocol for Satellite Packet Communication--A Performance Analysis (1986)

SRUC is an adaptive multiple access protocol which combines the slotted ALOHA protocol and a reservation protocol; it switches from one to the other according to the state of the channel. This paper studies SRUC with a go-back- <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> ARQ scheme (SRUC/GBN) in a satellite communication environment to improve the performance over SRUC with a stop-and-wait ARQ scheme (SRUC/SAW) previously studied. The performance of SRUC/GBN is analyzed in this paper, it is assumed that each user handles one message at a time and that the number of packets in a message is geometrically distributed. An approximate Markovian model for SRUC/GBN is developed which has a multidimensional state vector. The model is analyzed by the technique of equilibrium point analysis. The throughput and average message delay performance is derived. Numerical results from both analysis and simulation are given. The performance of SRUC/GBN is also compared with that of SRUC/SAW and other multiple access protocols.
Cross-linking identifies leukemia inhibitory factor-binding protein as a ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor component. (1993)

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) are cytokines that give rise to an identical set of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins upon addition to responsive cells. One of these proteins is the interleukin-6 signal-transducing molecule gp130, which is required for signal transduction by both CNTF and LIF. Here we identify another prominent tyrosine-phosphorylated protein as LIF receptor (LIFR) beta, which was originally cloned as a LIF-binding protein. Cross-linking experiments with iodinated factors were carried out on a cell line responsive to CNTF and LIF, as well as on COS cells that were cotransfected with various combinations of gp130, LIFR beta, and CNTF receptor (CNTFR) alpha, the previously cloned CNTF-binding protein. These experiments reveal that LIF cross-links to LIFR beta alone, as well as to gp130 when it is coexpressed with LIFR beta. However, cross-linking of CNTF to LIFR beta and gp130 is only observed in the presence of CNTFR alpha. These and other data show that the two known LIF receptor components are recruited by CNTF and CNTFR alpha to form a trimeric CNTF receptor complex.
Steroid receptor variants and their potential role in cancer. (1994)

Variant forms of steroid receptors that possess altered structure have been described in a number of human cancers. This is particularly true for tumors of the breast, which frequently contain a variety of defective estrogen receptors. Evidence for the existence of steroid receptor variants in human tumors is summarized along with what is known regarding the functional behavior of these aberrant receptors. This article also discusses the implications that steroid receptor variants have for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors of the breast and other human malignancies.
RING fingers and B-boxes: zinc-binding protein-protein interaction domains (1998)

The cysteine-rich zinc-binding motifs known as the RING and B-box are found in several unrelated proteins. Structural, biochemical, and biological studies of these motifs reveal that they mediate protein-protein interactions. Several RING-containing proteins are oncoproteins and recent data indicate that proapoptotic activities can be mediated through the RING. 1H NMR methods were used to determine the structures of RINGs and a B-box domain and to monitor the conformational changes these motifs undergo upon zinc ligation. This review discusses in detail the structural features of the RING and B-box domains. Further, possible structure function relationships for these motifs particularly in their role as protein interaction domains are discussed.
Robot technology. Vol. 3A. Teleoperation and robotics: evolution and development (1985)

Teleoperation is concerned with the exploration and exploitation of spaces which do not allow, because of their inaccessibility or hostility, direct access to man. This volume (Part 1) covers the advances in mastering teleoperation, using only a knowledge of mechanics. The story is one of a gradual orderly succession of creative designs over many years. Diagrams and photographs illustrate the designs. This a comprehensive coverage of the subject. Following a chapter on the background to the subject the chapters cover the classification of teleoperation systems, mechanical master-slave telemanipulators for handling radioactive materials, motorized unilateral telemanipulators with open-loop control, bilateral servo manipulators, transporters and vehicles and, finally, one on the art of teleoperation at the time of the introduction of computer science. The book has been translated from French. (U.K.).
Role of tumor necrosis factor-α in disease states and inflammation (1993)

Although the regulated release of TNF may exert normal physiologic effects, the uncontrolled production of TNF may lead to organ dysfunction and death. TNF mediates a variety of other physiologic processes that are unrelated to sepsis syndrome. New anti-TNF therapies appear to attenuate the injurious actions of TNF.
Enhanced cytotoxicity induced by gefitinib and specific inhibitors of the Ras or phosphatidyl inositol‐3 kinase pathways in non‐small cell lung cancer cells (2005)

In this study, we have characterized a panel of NSCLC cell lines with differential sensitivity to gefitinib for activating mutations in egfr, pik3ca, and k-ras, and basal protein expression levels of PTEN. The egfr mutant NSCLC cell line H1650 as well as the egfr wild type cell lines H292 and A431 were highly sensitive to gefitinib treatment, indicating that other factors determine gefitinib-sensitivity in egfr wild type cells. Activating k-ras mutations were specifically detected in gefitinib-resistant cells, suggesting that the occurrence of k-ras mutations is correlated with resistance to EGFR antagonists. No pik3ca mutations were detected within the panel of cell lines, and PTEN protein expression levels did not correlate with gefitinib sensitivity. Gefitinib effectively blocked Akt and Erk phosphorylation in two gefitinib-sensitive NSCLC cell lines, further supporting our previous findings that persistent activity of the PI3K/Akt and/or Ras/Erk pathways is associated with gefitinib-resistance of NSCLC cell lines. Gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cell lines, showing EGFR-independent activity of the PI3K/Akt or Ras/Erk pathways, were treated with gefitinib in combination with specific inhibitors of mTOR, P13K, Ras, and MEK. Additive cytotoxicity was observed in A549 cells co-treated with gefitinib and the MEK inhibitor U0126 or the farnesyl transferase inhibitor SCH66336 and in H460 cells treated with gefitinib and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, but not in H460 cells treated with gefitinib and rapamycin. These data suggest that combination treatment of NSCLC cells with gefitinib and specific inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt and Ras/Erk pathways may provide a successful strategy.
Normalization of cDNA microarray data by using neural networks (2003)

In microarray experiments, there are a variety of systematic errors to affect the measured gene expression levels. Although a number of algorithms were proposed for the normalization of different types of cDNA microarray data, they have encountered many difficulties due to the complex nonlinear sources of systematic error. In this case, a nonlinear normalization method is of great potential to deal with this difficult problem. The paper first proposes a nonlinear method for the normalization, i.e. neural network normalization (N3) approach, of cDNA microarray experiments in the community of bioinformatics. By utilizing the instinctive nonlinear processing ability of neural networks, N3 is able to balance the complex nonlinear dependence between two different dyed channels in cDNA microarray experiments. In such a way, we can obtain much better normalization performance of cDNA microarray data than current existing approaches. Several experiments are conducted to illustrate the validation of our proposed methods in detail.
Kaposi's Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus Immunoevasion and Tumorigenesis: Two Sides of the Same Coin? (2003)

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) [or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)] is the most frequent cause of malignancy among AIDS patients. KSHV and related herpesviruses have extensively pirated cellular cDNAs from the host genome, providing a unique opportunity to examine the range of viral mechanisms for controlling cell proliferation. Many of the viral regulatory homologs encode proteins that directly inhibit host adaptive and innate immunity. Other viral proteins target retinoblastoma protein and p53 control of tumor suppressor pathways, which also play key effector roles in intracellular immune responses. The immune evasion strategies employed by KSHV, by targeting tumor suppressor pathways activated during immune system signaling, may lead to inadvertent cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in susceptible hosts.
Catnip, <I>Nepeta cataria</I> (Lamiales: Lamiaceae)—A Closer Look: Seasonal Occurrence of Nepetalactone Isomers and Comparative Repellency of Three Terpenoids to Insects (2004)

Abstract Evidence of repellent properties in catnip, Nepeta cataria L., to flies and cockroaches was observed in preliminary studies. This study compared catnip essential oil from steam distillation and elemol, a major constituent of osage orange essential oil, to current commercial repellents. These comparative studies found both the catnip steam distillate and elemol to be as good, and in some cases better, at repelling house flies, Musca domestica L., and American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana L., than N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) or citronellal. Both short-term and long-term repellency bioassays were used to assess repellency. Catnip essential oil showed greater repellency than DEET and citronellal in the short term. Extended repellency bioassays showed elemol to be more repellent than catnip steam distillate, citronellal, and DEET. Nepetalactone, the major constituent of catnip essential oil, is present as two isomers, and previous studies have shown the E,Z-nepetalactone [2-(2-hydroxy-1-methylethenyl)-5-methyl-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid delta lactone] isomer to be even more repellent to cockroaches than the dominant isomer, Z,E-nepetalactone. This study examined the seasonal variation of the two isomers, Z,E- and E,Z-nepetalactone, in catnip. Samples of fresh catnip mature leaves, immature leaves, and stems were steam-distilled separately, and isomer composition was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography (GC). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences by week. The mature leaf essential oil samples were tested in a repellency bioassay and exhibited significant repellency to German cockroaches, Blattella germanica L. The catnip floral volatiles were sampled using solid phase microextraction, and analysis with GC/mass spectrometry showed the presence of Z,E-nepetalactone, E,Z-nepetalactone, and β-caryophyllene as the major constituents. Phytophagous insects and potential pollinators present on sampling dates were recorded.