gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A binding site for Gli proteins is essential for HNF-3β floor plate enhancer activity in transgenics and can respond to Shh in vitro (1997)

The floor plate plays important roles in ventral pattern formation and axonal guidance within the neural tube of vertebrate embryos. A critical event for floor plate development is the induction of a winged helix transcription factor, Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-3beta (HNF-3beta). The enhancer for floor plate expression of HNF-3beta is located 3' of the transcription unit and consists of multiple elements. HNF-3beta induction depends on the notochord-derived signal, Sonic hedgehog (Shh). Genetic analysis in Drosophila has led to the identification of genes involved in the Hh signalling pathway, and cubitus interruptus (ci), encoding a protein with five zinc finger motifs, was placed downstream. In the present work, we test the involvement of Gli proteins, the mouse homologues of Ci, in activation of the floor plate enhancer of HNF-3beta. Transgenic analysis shows that a Gli-binding site is required for the activity of the minimal floor plate enhancer of HNF-3beta in vivo. Three Gli genes are differentially expressed in the developing neural tube. Gli expression is restricted to the ventral part, while Gli2 and Gli3 are expressed throughout the neural tube and dorsally, respectively. Strong Gli and Gli2, and weak Gli3 expressions transiently overlap with HNF-3beta at the time of its induction. Consistent with ventrally localized expression, Gli expression can be up-regulated by Shh in a cell line. Finally, the Gli-binding site acts as a Shh responsive element, and human GLI, but not GLI3, can activate this binding site in tissue culture. Taken together, these findings suggest that Gli, and probably also Gli2, are good candidates for transcriptional activators of the HNF-3beta floor plate enhancer, and the binding site for Gli proteins is a key element for response to Shh signalling. These results also support the idea that Gli/Ci are evolutionary conserved transcription factors in the Hedgehog signalling pathway.
Comparison of Batch Elution and Continuous Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography (1998)

The production of chirality with maximum economy is one of the most challenging tasks of today's pharmaceutical industry. Apart from the use of inherent chirality (starting material from the chiral pool, e.g., amino acid derivatives, carbohydrates), the creation of chiral centers via biocatalysis or asymmetric synthesis is commonly used. Another way to obtain pure enantiomers is the separation of racemates via kinetic resolution through preferred crystallization or preparative chromatography on chiral stationary phases. This paper emphasizes this last method, explains the possibilities of this technique, especially in its application form as simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography, and shows its benefits and limitations. Therefore, comparisons to classical batch elution chromatographic processes as well as other unit operations (such as crystallization, etc.) must take cost calculations into account. In this paper, a theoretical comparison of optimized SMB and batch elution processes by simulation studies based on rigorous process models is presented for the separation of two different binary mixtures. These examples are chosen to demonstrate the different effects which dominate the applications in large-scale isomer separations and production-scale enantiomer separation. The first example is a fructose/glucose separation with linear isotherms. The model parameters are measured by Nicoud. The second characteristic example is an enantioseparation. The corresponding isotherms are of the modified Langmuir type. The performance of each separation process is quantified by three characteristic objective functions: productivity, dilution, and solvent requirement. Last, the specific separation costs or the total costs of separation are calculated as an objective function to lay emphasis on the economy of the separation, including product recovery and solvent recycling. The comparison of these objective functions, which are determined for batch and SMB processes, leads finally to certain rules of consideration to decide what kind of process (either batch elution or SMB) is preferable as a function of the physical properties of the given binary mixture and the separation task.
Structure of the Cl-passivated GaAs(111) surface (1998)

Cl $1s$ (K-shell) near-edge and extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure spectroscopy has been used to study the chemistry and structure of the Cl passivated GaAs(111) surface. The Cl passivation is achieved in ambient atmosphere by wet chemical methods. It is found that Cl forms a stable monochloride structure with Cl bonded to Ga. Strong polarization dependence was observed both in the Cl $1\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{s}3p$ \ensuremath{\sigma}-resonance and in the extended fine-structure region. Quantitative analysis, including numerical calculations using the multiple-scattering method on an 85-atom cluster, show that the Ga-Cl bond is oriented along the 〈111〉 surface normal with a Ga-Cl bond length of $2.17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02\AA{}.$
Utility of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in the Diagnosis of Lower Extremity Compartment Syndrome (2000)

Near-infrared spectroscopy-derived StO2 values in the lower extremities of trauma patients with CS were diminished relative to the control patients and usually normalized after fasciotomy. Near-infrared spectroscopy evaluation may offer a rapid, noninvasive method of assessing extremities at risk for CS.
The use of pyruvic acid in the treatment of acne (2004)

The results of our study indicate that peeling with pyruvic acid can be considered an effective, safe and well-tolerated procedure in the treatment of patients affected by mild to moderate papulo-pustular acne.
An automatic method of finding topic boundaries (1994)

This article outlines a new method of locating discourse boundaries based on lexical cohesion and a graphical technique called dotplotting. The application of dotplotting to discourse segmentation can be performed either manually, by examining a graph, or automatically, using an optimization algorithm. The results of two experiments involving automatically locating boundaries between a series of concatenated documents are presented. Areas of application and future directions for this work are also outlined.
Resistance to Diverse Drugs and Ultraviolet Light Conferred by Overexpression of a Novel Human 26 S Proteasome Subunit (1997)

We have investigated the usefulness of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model organism for the discovery of novel modes of drug resistance in human cells. In fission yeast, overexpression of the essential pad1(+) gene confers pleiotropic drug resistance through a pathway involving an AP-1 transcription factor encoded by pap1(+). We have identified POH1, a human pad1 homologue that can substitute fully for pad1(+) and induce AP-1-dependent drug resistance in fission yeast. POH1 also confers P-glycoprotein-independent resistance to taxol (paclitaxel), doxorubicin, 7-hydroxystaurosporine, and ultraviolet light when transiently overexpressed in mammalian cells. Poh1 is a previously unidentified component of the human 26 S proteasome, a multiprotein complex that degrades proteins targeted for destruction by the ubiquitin pathway. Hence, Poh1 is part of a conserved mechanism that determines cellular susceptibility to cytotoxic agents, perhaps by influencing the ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of transcription factors.
Synergistic Processing in Cell's Multicore Architecture (2006)

Eight synergistic processor units enable the Cell Broadband Engine's breakthrough performance. The SPU architecture implements a novel, pervasively data-parallel architecture combining scalar and SIMD processing on a wide data path. A large number of SPUs per chip provide high thread-level parallelism. The streamlined architecture provides an efficient multithreaded execution environment for both scalar and SIMD threads and represents a reaffirmation of the RISC principles of combining leading edge architecture and compiler optimizations. These design decisions have enabled the Cell BE to deliver unprecedented supercomputer-class compute power for consumer applications
GR43175, a selective agonist for the 5‐HT1‐like receptor in dog isolated saphenous vein (1988)

1. We describe the actions of a novel and selective 5-HT1-like receptor agonist, GR43175, in a range of isolated tissue preparations containing different 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor types. 2. GR43175 was a potent agonist at 5-HT1-like receptors mediating contraction of the dog isolated saphenous vein and also at those inhibiting neuronally mediated contractions in the same preparations. For both actions, GR43175 was approximately four times weaker than 5-HT. 3. GR43175 was devoid of agonist properties at 5-HT1-like receptors mediating relaxation of the cat isolated saphenous vein. 4. GR43175 was devoid of agonist properties at 5-HT2 receptors mediating contraction of the rabbit isolated aorta, pig coronary artery, greyhound coronary artery and beagle femoral artery. 5. GR43175 was devoid of agonist properties at 5-HT3 receptors mediating depolarization of the rat isolated vagus nerve. 6. The contractile response to GR43175 in the dog isolated saphenous vein was selectively antagonized by methiothepin but was resistant to antagonism by the 5-HT2 receptor blocking drug ketanserin and the 5-HT3 receptor blocking drug MDL 72222. Methiothepin antagonized the contractile action of 5-HT and GR43175 to an equal extent suggesting that both agonists act at the same receptor. 7. The results demonstrate that GR43175 is a highly selective agonist for the 5-HT1-like receptors found in the dog saphenous vein. The absence of an action of GR43175 at 5-HT1-like receptors mediating relaxation of the cat isolated saphenous vein provides further evidence that 5-HT1-like receptors are heterogeneous.
Observations on Subdivisions of the Rh Antigen D (1962)

Summary The interactions between cells and sera of certain people thought to have D in their red cells and anti‐D in their serum are recorded. The cells fall into six categories: in one (Rh a c d in the classification of Wiener and Unger ) the abnormality seems to be attributable to the antigen G rather than to D. Two further examples are in a different class for their « anti‐D » can be absorbed by dd cells. Résumé Les auteurs rapportent sur les interactions entre cellules et sérum observées chez certaines personnes qui possèdent à première we l'anti‐D dam leur sérum et du D sur leurs érythrocytes. Ces érythrocytes peuvent faire partie de six catégories: dans l'une d'entre elles (Rh a c d , dans la classification de Wiener et Unger ) l'anomalie sernble être d'avantage attribuable à l'antigène G qu'à l'antigène D. Deux autres exemples se trouvent dans une autre catégorie parce que leur « anti‐D » est absorbable par des érythrocytes dd. Zusammenfassung Bei Individuen, bei denen angeblich D‐Antigen in den Erythrozyten und Anti‐D‐Antikörper im Serum festgestellt worden waren, werden die gegenseitigen Beziehungen zwischen den Zellen und den Serumantikörpern untersucht. Die Zellen lassen sich in 6 Gruppen unterteilen: bei einer Gruppe (Rh a c d in der Klassifikation von Wiener und Unger ) betrifft die Ariomalie eher das Antigen G als D. Zwei weitere Beispiele gehören in eine weitere Gruppe, da deren « Anti‐D » durch dd‐Zellen absorbiert werden konnte.
Global Partnership: Re-Vision the Macedonaian Vision – A Voice from the Global South (2015)

Living in the 21st century, we are clearly now in the era of globalization. While the formation of globalization helps the advancement of the Great Commission by providing many unconventional tools (such as Skype calls, Internet-based UUPG database like Joshua Project, etc.), globalization also signals several unique challenges for the global mission in this generation. Among these challenges, this article will focus on the challenge of global partnership. Coming from the background of the Global South (to be more specific, born and grew up in Asia, saved and called in America, and serving in Africa now), the author would like to discuss about the challenge of the global partnership based on the passage of the Macedonian Vision given in Acts 16.
Mechansism of cellular uptake of modified oligodeoxynucleotides containing methylphosphonate linkages (1991)

The cellular uptake and intracellular distribution of methylphosphonate oligonucleotides (15 mers) has been examined using both 32P labeled and fluorescent labeled oligonucleotides. The cellular uptake process for methylphosphonate oligonucleotides is highly temperature dependent, with a major increase in uptake occurring between 15 and 20 degrees C. Most of the label which becomes cell associated at 37 degrees C cannot be removed by acid washing or trypsinization and thus seems to be within the cell. Visualization of rhodamine labeled methylphosphonate oligonucleotides using digital imaging fluorescence microscopy reveals a vesicular subcellular distribution suggestive of an endosomal localization. There was extensive co-localization of rhodamine labeled methylphosphonate oligonucleotides with fluorescein-dextran, an endosomal/lysosomal marker substance. The apparent endocytotic uptake of labeled methylphosphonate oligonucleotides could not be blocked by competition with unlabeled methylphosphonate or phosphodiester oligonucleotides, nor by ATP. This contrasts with the situation for radiolabeled phosphodiester oligonucleotides whose uptake can be completely blocked with unlabeled competitor. Uptake of phosphodiester oligonucleotides, but not of methylphosphonate oligonucleotides, could be blocked by acidification of the cytosol. These observations suggest that the pathway of cellular uptake of methylphosphonate oligonucleotides involves fluid phase or adsorbtive endocytosis, and is distinct from the uptake pathway for phosphodiester oligonucleotides.
Cutting Edge: Selective Expression of Inhibitory or Activating Killer Cell Ig-Like Receptors in Circulating CD4+ T Lymphocytes (2008)

Apart from NK cells, TCRgammadelta and CD8+ T cells, killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) expression was described on a minor subset of CD4+ T cells. However, their functions remain to be elucidated in this latter lymphocyte population. We demonstrated that KIR2DL2/L3 (CD158b) and KIR2DS2 (CD158j) transcripts were synthesized by sorted CD4+CD158b/j+ T cells obtained from healthy individuals. In contrast, we observed that only the inhibitory or activating receptor was expressed at the cell surface according to the donor tested. In CD158b-expressing cells, KIR triggering leads to an inhibition of the CD3-induced cell proliferation and Erk activation, and the receptor exhibits an activation-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation and association with the Src homology 2-containing phosphatase 1. In CD158j-positive cells, KIR-engagement results in an enhanced CD3-mediated cell growth and Erk phosphorylation. Our results suggested that, in contrast to NK cells, the functions of KIR in CD4+ T lymphocytes might derive from a selective expression of their activating or inhibiting forms.
Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma and Serum: Roles in Diagnosis and Prognosis in Diabetes and Cancer (2008)

The presence of DNA and RNA circulating in human plasma and serum is described. The possible sources of the DNA/RNA in blood, their ability to enter other cells and to express in the recipient cells are discussed and the relationship with metastases considered. The possible role(s) of the DNA/RNA in clinical diagnosis, in monitoring treatment and in prognosis are considered for diabetes and oncology.
Buffering and dilution in red blood cell storage (2005)

It is possible to store RBCs for 8 weeks in buffered conventional volume ASs. Combining buffering and increased AS volume improves stored RBC characteristics further.
Pump/probe self heterodyned 2D spectroscopy of vibrational transitions of a small globular peptide (2000)

Pump/probe self-heterodyne experiments on the amide I band of a small de novo cyclic pentapeptide were utilized to demonstrate a novel form of two-dimensional (2D) vibrational spectroscopy. Spectrally resolved cross peaks are observed, which measure the coupling between different peptide units and which can be related to the structure of the peptide, in analogy to 2D-NMR spectroscopy. In contrast to our previous work, these experiments work in the time domain in the semiimpulsive limit, employing two intense ultrashort infrared laser pulses. A theoretical formalism is presented in order to model the interstate coherent wave packet generated by the excitation pulse and the resulting spectroscopic signal. The observed coherences provide an independent proof of excitonic coupling within the amide I manifold of the peptide backbone.
Ultrasensitive Flow-based Immunoassays Using Single-Molecule Counting (2007)

The Erenna IA-based technology reproducibly measures protein biomarkers with detection limits of 10-100 pg/L, with a dynamic range of >4.5 logs in sample volumes of 50-150 microL.
Molecular structure and polymorphic map of the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene (1986)

Human phenylalanine hydroxylase is a liver-specific enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. Absence of enzymatic activity results in phenylketonuria, a genetic disorder that causes development of severe mental retardation in untreated children. In this paper we report the cloning and structure of the normal human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene, which was isolated in four overlapping cosmid clones that span more than 125 kilobases (kb) of the genetic locus. The peptide coding region of the gene is about 90 kb in length and contains 13 exons, with intron sizes ranging from 1 to 23 kb. Exons at the 3' half of the gene are compact, whereas those at the 5' half are separated by large introns. The human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene codes for a mature messenger RNA of approximately 2.4 kb, and its noncoding to coding DNA ratio is one of the highest among eukaryotic genes characterized to date. The map positions of nine polymorphic restriction sites identified within the locus were established by restriction enzyme mapping of the cloned gene fragments. Two clusters of polymorphic sites were demonstrated: (1) BglII, PvuII(a), and PvuII(b) at the 5' end of the gene and (2) EcoRI, XmnI, MspI(a), MspI(b), EcoRV, and HindIII at the 3' end. The polymorphic site distribution within this gene is a useful tool for prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection of the genetic disorder, while knowledge of normal gene structure is a prerequisite for future characterization of mutant alleles.
Dendritic Cell Activation and Cytokine Production Induced by Group BNeisseria meningitidis: Interleukin-12 Production Depends on Lipopolysaccharide Expression in Intact Bacteria (2001)

Interactions between dendritic cells (DCs) and microbial pathogens are fundamental to the generation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Upon stimulation with bacteria or bacterial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), immature DCs undergo a maturation process that involves expression of costimulatory molecules, HLA molecules, and cytokines and chemokines, thus providing critical signals for lymphocyte development and differentiation. In this study, we investigated the response of in vitro-generated human DCs to a serogroup B strain of Neisseria meningitidis compared to an isogenic mutant lpxA strain totally deficient in LPS and purified LPS from the same strain. We show that the parent strain, lpxA mutant, and meningococcal LPS all induce DC maturation as measured by increased surface expression of costimulatory molecules and HLA class I and II molecules. Both the parent and lpxA strains induced production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), and IL-6 in DCs, although the parent was the more potent stimulus. In contrast, high-level IL-12 production was only seen with the parent strain. Compared to intact bacteria, purified LPS was a very poor inducer of IL-1alpha, IL-6, and TNF-alpha production and induced no detectable IL-12. Addition of exogenous LPS to the lpxA strain only partially restored cytokine production and did not restore IL-12 production. These data show that non-LPS components of N. meningitidis induce DC maturation, but that LPS in the context of the intact bacterium is required for high-level cytokine production, especially that of IL-12. These findings may be useful in assessing components of N. meningitidis as potential vaccine candidates.
Interrupción Diaria de la Sedación en Pacientes Críticos en Ventilación Mecánica (1970)

Las infusiones continuas de sedación en las unidades de cuidados críticos pueden prolongar la duración de la ventilación mecánica, prolongar la estancia en la unidad y la hospitalaria e impedir la valoración neurológica, aumentando el número de pruebas de imagen que se realizan a un paciente. Partiendo de esta premisa se desarrollaron varios estudios desde los años 90 encaminados a resolver este problema. Varios de estos trabajos han demostrado que los pacientes críticos tienen un destete más rápido y un menor riesgo de delirio cuando se utilizan estrategias que disminuyen la sedación excesiva. Si bien, la sedación se utiliza en estas unidades para asegurar el confort, reducir la ansiedad, el estrés y facilitar las tareas de cuidado de estos pacientes. Así, se han elaborado diversos protocolos en los que el personal de enfermería regula el fármaco administrado en función del nivel de sedación, regulado por escalas, que se quiere alcanzar en cada tipo de paciente. Hasta el momento parece que el uso de un protocolo de sedación en nuestros pacientes si representa un beneficio, pero el hecho de realizar interrupciones diarias de esa sedación aún es controvertido.
Mobilizing applications (1997)

Wireless communication links are expensive and slow, and are therefore a scarce resource. Their usage should be subject to special scrutiny, especially when used by general-purpose application programs. We present the services of the "Mobile Application Framework" which supports conventional applications while using these links in three aspects: first, by optimizing outgoing communication calls via call interception and the spoofing of replies; second, by allowing disconnected operation through file logging and automatic modification reconciliation; and third, by scheduling and communication calls to allow the user to specify a monetary communications budget. As an example application, we show how the system can be used to mobilize a conventional e-mail system. Similar functionality to that provided by dedicated mobile e-mail clients and the ability to adapt to changing network environments is achieved without requiring any changes to the e-mail system itself or its user interface.