gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Curcumin improves learning and memory ability and its neuroprotective mechanism in mice (2008)

Background Increasing evidence suggests that many neurons may die through apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in this process of neuronal cell death. One promising approach for preventing AD is based upon anti-apoptosis to decrease death of nerve cells. In this study, we observed the memory improving properties of curcumin in mice and investigated the neuroprotective effect of curcumin in vitro and in vivo. Methods The mice were given AlCl3 orally and injections of D-galactose intraperitoneally for 90 days to establish the AD animal model. From day 45, the curcumin group was treated with curcumin for 45 days. Subsequently, the step-through test, neuropathological changes in the hippocampus and the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 were carried out to evaluate the effect of curcumin on the AD model mice. In cultured PC12 cells, AlCl3 exposure induced apoptosis. The MTT assay was used to measure cell viabilities; flow cytometric analysis to survey the rate of cell apoptosis; DNA-binding fluorochrome Hoechst 33258 to observe nuclei changes in apoptotic cells and Western blot analysis of Bax, Bcl-2 to investigate the mechanisms by which curcumin protects cells from toxicity. Results Curcumin significantly improved the memory ability of AD mice in the step-through test, as indicated by the reduced number of step-through errors (P <0.05) and prolonged step-through latency (P <0.05). Curcumin also attenuated the neuropathological changes in the hippocampus and inhibited apoptosis accompanied by an increase in Bcl-2 level (P <0.05), but the activity of Bax did not change (P >0.05). AlCl3 significantly reduced the viability of PC12 cells (P <0.01). Curcumin increased cell viability in the presence of AlCl3 (P <0.01). The rate of apoptosis decreased significantly in the curcumin group (P <0.05) when measured by flow cytometric analysis. Curcumin protected cells by increasing Bcl-2 level (P <0.05), but the level of Bax did not change (P >0.05). Conclusions This study demonstrates that curcumin improves the memory ability of AD mice and inhibits apoptosis in cultured PC12 cells induced by AlCl3. Its mechanism may involve enhancing the level of Bcl-2.
SOS wafers&#8212;Some comparisons to silicon wafers (1978)

Some comparisons between SOS wafers and silicon wafers used in the processing of MOS integrated circuits are presented. These comparisons are useful in understanding the differences in handling techniques, specifications, and costs; as well as identifying areas of future material quality improvement and cost reduction programs. Growth conditions, material quality, geometric dimensions, epitaxial-film deposition conditions, and evaluation techniques are compared.
Cell, tissue and gene products with marketing authorization in 2018 worldwide (2018)

Cell and gene therapies (CGTs) are progressively entering into clinical practice in different parts of the world. The International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy (ISCT), a global scientific society, has been committed since 1992 to supporting and developing knowledge on clinical applications of CGTs. Considering the number of products that have been progressively approved and, in some cases, withdrawn in recent years, the ISCT would like to present a brief annual report on CGTs with marketing authorization (MA) in different regions. This article reflects the dynamic momentum around authorized CGTs coinciding with the parallel increase of unproven approaches where cells are delivered without appropriate and rigorous scientific and regulatory assessment and authorization. This is intended to be a living document with a yearly update linked to a dedicated section of the ISCT website for faster adjustments. The aim is to ultimately inform, by periodic snapshots, the scientific community, healthcare stakeholders and patient associations on authorized CGT products as a way to increase communication around the approved therapeutic approaches charged with heightened expectations.
Vibroseis Data Quality Estimation from Remote Sensing Data (2005)

G017 VIBROSEIS DATA QUALITY ESTIMATION FROM REMOTE SENSING DATA Summary 1 Vibroseis technology is the most efficient seismic energy source. The feasibility of a vibroseis application depends on the accessibility and the geologic character of the surface. A method has been developed that derives a topographic and geologic characterization from remote sensing data acquired by satellites. The digital elevation model provides information about surface gradients which mainly determine accessibility. Radar data are interpreted for surface roughness. When combined with a lithogical interpretation of multispectral data areas of hard ground can be identified which lead to poor coupling and consequently low
Mechanisms of H4/ICOS costimulation: effects on proximal TCR signals and MAP kinase pathways (2002)

H4/ICOS is a costimulatory molecule related to CD28. Its effects on early TCR signals have been analyzed in mouse CD4(+) Th2 cells, expressing H4/ICOS at higher levels than Th1 clones. Anti-H4/ICOS antibodies strongly enhanced CD3-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of ZAP-70, zeta, or Vav, as well as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAP kinase activation in these cells. The association of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K) to H4/ICOS was enhanced by H4/ICOS cross-linking, and PI-3K inhibitors inhibited ERK and JNK activation and IL-4/IL-10 secretion, but not p38 MAP kinase or ZAP-70 activation. H4/ICOS-mediated activation of JNK, but not ERK or p38, is partially dependent on the expression of CD4 by the cells, whereas H4/ICOS costimulation is partially independent on CD28 expression. Cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin polymerization, inhibited ZAP-70, MAP kinase activation, or IL-4/IL-10 secretion. Neither cyclosporin A nor inhibitors of PKC produced detectable inhibition of ZAP-70 phosphorylation or MAP kinase activation in these Th2 cells. Cyclosporin A strongly inhibited IL-4, but not IL-10 secretion. ERK or JNKinhibitors partially inhibited IL-4 and IL-10 secretion, while PKC or p38 inhibitors had no significant effects on IL-4 or IL-10 secretion. Taken together, our data show clear similarities of costimulation mechanisms between H4/ICOS and CD28 during the early steps of TCR activation.
The physiology and activity of the bed-bug (Cimex lectulariusL.) in a natural infestation (1939)

A natural infestation of bed-bugs which has existed for several years in an animal room has been studied. The bugs feed on the rats kept in cages in the room. Methods are described by which the bugs were trapped during their periods of normal activity. Adult bugs appear to feed on an average once every 5 or 6 days when the temperature is in the region of 20–27° C. (68–80·6° F.). Most of the female bugs lay a continuous series of eggs at the rate of nearly three per day. Female bugs are not usually fertilized more than once a week in this wild population. In laboratory cultures copulation is much more frequent. In the animal house the bugs were most active between 3 a.m. and 6 a.m. This activity seems to be controlled by some inherent rhythm. Some marked bugs were released and the proportion of recaptures to others in the total catch was noted. From this a rough estimate of the population was made. It appears that few adults live more than 29 days as they are probably killed by the rats when trying to feed.
Death Receptor-3, a New E-Selectin Counter-Receptor that Confers Migration and Survival Advantages to Colon Carcinoma Cells by Triggering p38 and ERK MAPK Activation (2006)

E-selectin-mediated adhesion of colon cancer cells to endothelial cells is a key event in metastasis. However, the signaling mechanisms that confer metastatic advantages to cancer cells adhering to E-selectin are ill defined. By using affinity column chromatography and pull-down assays on purified membrane extracts of HT29 and LoVo cells coupled to mass spectrometry analysis, we obtained the first evidence indicating that E-selectin binds to death receptor-3 (DR3) expressed by the cancer cells. Thereafter, we accumulated several results, suggesting that DR3 is an E-selectin receptor on colon cancer cells and that its activation by E-selectin triggers the activation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and confers migration and survival advantages. First, by Western blotting, we found that the E-selectin-binding protein, identified as DR3, is recognized by two anti-DR3 antibodies. Second, the neutralization of DR3 with an antibody and its knockdown by small interfering RNA decrease the adhesion of colon cancer cells to E-selectin and E-selectin-expressing human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Third, inhibiting DR3 and knocking down its expression impair transendothelial migration of HT29 cells and block the activation of p38 and ERK by E-selectin. Fourth, high molecular weight isoforms of DR3 are expressed in samples of primary human colon carcinoma but not in samples from normal colon tissue. Intriguingly, DR3 is a death receptor but its activation by E-selectin does not induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells, except when ERK is inhibited. Our findings identify novel signaling and functional roles of DR3 activated in response to E-selectin and highlight the potential link between DR3 and metastasis.
Genomic Characteristics and Changes of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain CK/CH/LDL/97I after Serial Passages in Chicken Embryos (2014)

Sequence variations in different genes, especially the S gene and nsp3, in the genomes of CK/CH/LDL/97I viruses might contribute to differences in viral replication, pathogenicity, antigenicity, immunogenicity, and tissue tropism.
Seismicity in Deep Gold Mines of South Africa: Implications for Tectonic Earthquakes (2002)

We have studied induced seismicity associated with five deep gold mines located in the Far West Rand district, Republic of South Africa, focusing on the digital data recorded from January 1994 until February 2000 by in-mine arrays of three-component geophones. The observed seismicity, which exceeds 1,000 events per day, can be divided into two kinds of events, designated as Types A and B. Type A events are tightly clustered in time and space and generally occur within 100 m of an active mining face or development tunnel; their spectra are comparatively enriched in high frequencies, and they have an upper moment-magnitude cutoff at Mmax 1. We associate these events with the fracture-dominated rupture of com- petent rock induced by dynamic stresses during blasting and quasi-static stress per- turbations from the excavation and closure of individual stopes. In contrast, Type B events are temporally and spatially distributed throughout the active mining region; they represent friction-dominated slip in existing shear zones such as faults or dikes and have source-scaling properties that agree well with extrapolations from tectonic earthquakes. In the Far West Rand region, Type B events can have large magnitudes (M 3), but they show a distinct lower magnitude cutoff at Mmin 0. We interpret this cutoff in terms of a critical-patch size for nucleation of shear failure, and we show that the data are consistent with a rate- and state-dependent friction model in which the critical slip distance D c 10 4 m. Both the spectral predictions of this model and accelerograms of Type B events agree that f max 200 Hz.
Overview of theFlaviviridaeWith an Emphasis on the Japanese Encephalitis Group Viruses (2009)

The viruses within the Flaviviridae family are associated with significant public health and economic impacts worldwide. Of the 3 genera in this family, the Flavivirus genus is the largest, composed of 53 species divided into 12 groups. Of these groups, the Japanese encephalitis group contains the largest number of viral species associated with human disease. The majority of human infections following exposure to a mosquito vector in this group of viruses include the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), and West Nile virus (WNV). This paper provides a generalized overview of the viruses within the Flaviviridae with a focused examination of the 4 major species causing human disease within the Japanese encephalitis group.
Evaluation of the Performance of Carbon Supported Pt–Ru–Ni–P as Anode Catalyst for Methanol Electrooxidation (2010)

Abstract This research is aimed to improve the activity and stability of ternary alloy Pt–Ru–Ni/C catalyst. A novel anodic catalyst for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), carbon supported Pt–Ru–Ni–P nanoparticles, has been prepared by chemical reduction method by using NaH 2 PO 2 as a reducing agent. One glassy carbon disc working electrode is used to test the catalytic performances of the homemade catalysts by cyclic voltammetric (CV), chronoamperometric (CA) and amperometric i – t measurements in a solution of 0.5 mol L –1 H 2 SO 4 and 0.5 mol L –1 CH 3 OH. The compositions, particle sizes and morphology of home‐made catalysts are evaluated by means of energy dispersive analysis of X‐ray (EDAX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron micrographs (TEM), respectively. TEM images show that Pt–Ru–Ni–P nanoparticles have an even size distribution with an average diameter of less than 2 nm. The results of CV, CA and i – t curves indicate that the Pt–Ru–Ni–P/C catalyst shows significantly higher activity and stability for methanol electrooxidation due to the presence of non‐metal phosphorus in comparison to Pt–Ru–Ni/C one. All experimental results indicate that the addition of non‐metallic phosphorus into the Pt–Ru–Ni/C catalyst has definite value of research and practical application for enhancing the performance of DMFC.
Viral resistance to the thiazolo-iso-indolinones, a new class of nonnucleoside inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (1993)

Thiazolo-iso-indolinone derivatives with high specificity toward the reverse transcriptase (RT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were identified. The most potent compound, BM +51.0836, inhibited HIV-1 RT at a 50% inhibitory concentration of 90 nM in vitro. In cell culture assays, similar 50% inhibitory concentrations were obtained with high specificity for HIV-1. These substances were equally active against a zidovudine-resistant isolate. No antiviral effect was observed with an HIV-2 isolate. HIV-1 isolates resistant to the thiazolo-iso-indolinones were generated in cell culture, and the nucleotide sequences of the respective RT genes were analyzed subsequently. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences with the wild-type sequence showed an amino acid change at position 181 (Tyr to Cys). Substitutions of amino acid Lys-101 and Lys-103 as well as Tyr-181 and/or Tyr-188 by site-directed mutagenesis led to resistance against the thiazolo-iso-indolinones. A chimeric HIV-2 RT, substituted with amino acids at positions 179 to 190 from HIV-1, acquired only partial susceptibility to BM +51.0836.
A serial dilution microfluidic device using a ladder network generating logarithmic or linear concentrations (2008)

In this paper, we propose a serial dilution microfluidic chip which is able to generate logarithmic or linear step-wise concentrations. These concentrations were generated via adjustments in the flow rate of two converging fluids at the channel junctions of the ladder network. The desired dilution ratios are almost independent of the flow rate or diffusion length of molecules, as the dilution device is influenced only by the ratio of volumetric flow rates. Given a set of necessary dilution ratios, whether linear or logarithmic, a serial dilution chip can be constructed via the modification of a microfluidic resistance network. The design principle was suggested and both the logarithmic and linear dilution chips were fabricated in order to verify their performance in accordance with the fluorescence intensity. The diluted concentrations of a fluorescein solution in the microfluidic device evidenced relatively high linearity, and the cytotoxicity test of MCF-7 breast cancer cells via the logarithmic dilution chip was generally consistent with the results generated with manual dilution.
Towards simultaneous recognition, localization and mapping for hand-held and wearable cameras (2007)

This paper presents a system which combines single-camera SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping) with established methods for feature recognition. Besides using standard salient image features to build an on-line map of the camera's environment, this system is capable of identifying and localizing known planar objects in the scene, and incorporating their geometry into the world map. Continued measurement of these mapped objects improves both the accuracy of estimated maps and the robustness of the tracking system. In the context of hand-held or wearable vision, the system's ability to enhance generated maps with known objects increases the map's value to human operators, and also enables meaningful automatic annotation of the user's surroundings. The presented solution lies between the high order enriching of maps such as scene classification, and the efforts to introduce higher geometric primitives such as lines into probabilistic maps.
Michaelis-Arbuzov rearrangement (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleMichaelis-Arbuzov rearrangementAlok K. Bhattacharya and G. ThyagarajanCite this: Chem. Rev. 1981, 81, 4, 415–430Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00044a004https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00044a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views11069Altmetric-Citations735LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Inhibition of rat colon tumors by sulindac and sulindac sulfone is independent of K-ras (codon 12) mutation (2000)

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use reduces the risk of colorectal cancer by 40-50%. Previous studies suggest that effective inhibition of colorectal cancer by NSAIDs may be dependent on the presence or absence of a K-ras mutation. This study was aimed at determining the relationship between inhibition of colorectal cancer by sulindac and sulindac sulfone and the presence of activating K-ras mutations in the 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride rat model. Sulindac (20 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)), sulindac sulfone (40 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)), or vehicle was administered orally to male Sprague-Dawley rats for a 4-wk period beginning 20 wk after tumor induction. Tumor number and volume were measured before treatment by laparotomy and colonoscopy and again after treatment. Sulindac and sulindac sulfone treatment significantly reduced the number and volume of colorectal tumors compared with control rats. For K-ras (codon 12) mutation detection, frozen tumor tissue was collected at the endpoint. We found K-ras codon 12 mutations in 11 of 21 (52%) control tumors. The proportion of tumors with K-ras mutations in the sulindac-treated group [5 of 8 (62%); odds ratio = 1.51 (95% confidence interval = 0.29, 8.33)] and the proportion of sulindac sulfone-treated tumors [9 of 14 (64%); odds ratio = 1.63 (95% confidence interval = 0.41, 6.66)] were not significantly different from controls. Tumor inhibition did not correlate with K-ras (codon 12) mutation status, which suggests that the mechanism of inhibition of rat colorectal cancer by sulindac and sulindac sulfone is independent of K-ras mutation.
Agrobacterium biology and crown gall disease (2006)

The crown gall tumors produced in dicotyledonous plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens results from the introduction of a segment of DNA (T-DNA), derived from its tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid, into plant cells at the infected site. This disease can cause significant economic losses in perennial crops worldwide. Besides their natural hosts, Agrobacterium can deliver the T-DNA also to monocotyledonous plants, mammalian cells, yeasts, fungi and other prokaryotes, which makes it one of the most well researched organisms and as well as a promising tool for modern plant breeding. Promising future controls of this disease will include employment of biological control agents; understanding the disease signaling pathways in plants and adopting transgenic approaches for generating crown-gall resistant plants.
Innate and Adaptive Immunity for the Pathobiology of Parkinson's Disease (2009)

Innate and adaptive immunity affect the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In particular, activation of microglia influences degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Cell-to-cell interactions and immune regulation critical for neuronal homeostasis also influence immune responses. The links between T cell immunity and nigrostriatal degeneration are supported by laboratory, animal model, and human pathologic investigations. Immune-associated biomarkers in spinal fluids and brain tissue of patients with idiopathic or familial forms of PD provide means to improve diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. Relationships between oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune-mediated cell death pathways are examined in this review as they are linked to PD pathogenesis. Harnessing the immune system by drugs or by vaccination remain promising future therapeutic options.