gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the reliability of the "reading the mind in the eyes test" in a Turkish population. (2011)

The Turkish version of the RMET was found to be reliable in a healthy population. The educational level should be taken into account. The 32-item version of the Turkish RMET can be used to evaluate the social, cognitive and emotional processes in adults.
Tumor classification based on gene expression profiling shows that uveal melanomas with and without monosomy 3 represent two distinct entities. (2003)

Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular malignancy. About 50% of patients die of metastases, which almost exclusively originate from primary tumors that have lost one chromosome 3 (monosomy 3). To gain insight into the biological mechanisms that underlie the various metastasizing potential of uveal melanoma, we have determined gene expression levels in 20 primary tumors using oligonucleotide microarrays containing 12500 probe sets. The expression measurements of those 7902 genes that were expressed in more than 10% of tumors were analyzed using two different statistical approaches. We used a modified Wilcoxon rank-sum test to identify genes differentially expressed between tumors with and without monosomy 3. Seven genes showed complete loss of expression in tumors with monosomy 3 but were expressed in tumors with disomy 3. Two of them, CHL1 and fls485, are located within or close to the uveal melanoma susceptibility locus UVM2 at 3p25. However, mutation analysis of both genes in eight tumors with monosomy 3 did not reveal structural or epigenetic alteration. To identify tumor classes, we performed unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis; this approach separated uveal melanomas into two groups. We found that this classification is strikingly robust because, when tested by "resampling," the same grouping is obtained from 47 of 50 subsamples of genes. In clusterings of the three remaining subsamples, the grouping of only one tumor does not conform with the original classification. Excluding this tumor, cluster analyses of subsamples containing as few as 300 randomly chosen genes consistently result in the same classification, thus indicating that the difference between the two tumor classes is pervasive. Interestingly, all of the tumors in one of the groups have disomy 3, whereas all of the others have monosomy 3. Our findings suggest that there are two distinct entities of uveal melanoma that were previously unrecognized because they are not obviously distinguishable by clinicopathological features.
Breaking the Barrier: Methods for Reversible Permeabilization of Cellular Membranes (1997)

Plasma membrane constitutes a major barrier for the entry of hydrophilic molecules into the cell interior. Selective and reversible permeabilization of this barrier is a prerequisite for many biotechnological applications. This article reviews general principles of membrane permeabilization based on biological, chemical, and physical methods and mechanisms of the delivery of extrinsic substances to cell interior. The emphasis is given on the methods that have significantly contributed to our understanding of biological phenomena on membrane level or have been widely used in current biotechnology, such as delivery by membrane vehicles, electropermeabilization, microinjection, and biolistics. The mechanisms of the internalization of extrinsic substances and the advantages and drawbacks of individual techniques are discussed with respect to specific applications in biotechnology.
Mycoplasmas and oncogenesis: persistent infection and multistage malignant transformation. (1995)

Oncogenic potential of human mycoplasmas was studied using cultured mouse embryo cells, C3H/10T1/2 (C3H). Mycoplasma fermentans and Mycoplasma penetrans, mycoplasmas found in unusually high frequencies among patients with AIDS, were examined. Instead of acute transformation, a multistage process in promotion and progression of malignant cell transformation with long latency was noted; after 6 passages (1 wk per passage) of persistent infection with M. fermentans, C3H cells exhibited phenotypic changes with malignant characteristics that became progressively more prominent with further prolonged infection. Up to at least the 11th passage, all malignant changes were reversible if mycoplasmas were eradicated by antibiotic treatment. Further persistent infection with the mycoplasmas until 18 passages resulted in an irreversible form of transformation that included the ability to form tumors in animals and high soft agar cloning efficiency. Whereas chromosomal loss and translocational changes in C3H cells infected by either mycoplasma during the reversible stage were not prominent, the onset of the irreversible phase of transformation coincided with such karyotypic alteration. Genetic instability--i.e., prominent chromosomal alteration of permanently transformed cells--was most likely caused by mutation of a gene(s) responsible for fidelity of DNA replication or repair. Once induced, chromosomal alterations continued to accumulate both in cultured cells and in animals without the continued presence of the transforming microbes. Mycoplasma-mediated multistage oncogenesis exhibited here shares many characteristics found in the development of human cancer.
The pea plastocyanin promoter directs cell‐specific but not full light‐regulated expression in transgenic tobacco plants (1993)

A series of 5' deletions of the pea plastocyanin gene (petE) promoter fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene has been examined for expression in transgenic tobacco plants. Strong positive and negative cis-elements which modulate quantitative expression of the transgene in the light and the dark have been detected within the petE promoter. Disruption of a negative regulatory element at -784 bp produced the strongest photosynthesis-gene promoter so far described. Histochemical analysis demonstrated that all petE-GUS constructs directed expression in chloroplast-containing cells, and that a region from -176 bp to +4 bp from the translation start site was sufficient for such cell-specific expression. The petE-promoter fusions were expressed at high levels in etiolated transgenic tobacco seedlings but there was no marked induction of GUS activity in the light. The endogenous tobacco plastocyanin genes and the complete pea plastocyanin gene in transgenic tobacco plants were also expressed in the dark, but showed a three- to sevenfold increase in the light. This indicates a requirement for sequences 3' to the promoter for the full light response of the petE gene.
Electron Microscopy for Compound Semiconductors (1985)

Cross-sectional observation with an electron microscope is applied successfully to the studies of compound semiconductors. Multilayered compound structures are evaluated by bright-field, dark-field and lattice Images. Properties of the layered structure are evaluated. The application of the present technique will become Increasingly Important in developing compound semiconductor devices.
Alacrity: Software that asks shrewd questions (1989)

We invited two Ernst &amp; Young consultants familiar with decision‐support software to test Alacrity's “expert system” for strategy development. Their review provides a detailed assessment of Alacrity's strengths and weaknesses to help you clarify your purchasing decision process.
Bioluminescence in the Crustacea (1985)

Journal Article Bioluminescence in the Crustacea Get access Peter J. Herring Peter J. Herring 1Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Natural Environment Research Council, Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GU8 5UB, United Kingdom Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Crustacean Biology, Volume 5, Issue 4, 1 October 1985, Pages 557–573, https://doi.org/10.2307/1548235 Published: 01 October 1985 Article history Received: 20 February 1985 Published: 01 October 1985
Pharmacokinetic and in vivo studies with azithromycin (CP-62,993), a new macrolide with an extended half-life and excellent tissue distribution (1987)

Azithromycin (CP-62,993), a new acid-stable 15-membered-ring macrolide, was well absorbed following oral administration in mice, rats, dogs, and cynomolgus monkeys. This compound exhibited a uniformly long elimination half-life and was distributed exceptionally well into all tissues. This extravascular penetration of azithromycin was demonstrated by tissue/plasma area-under-the-curve ratios ranging from 13.6 to 137 compared with ratios for erythromycin of 3.1 to 11.6. The significance of these pharmacokinetic advantages of azithromycin over erythromycin was shown through efficacy in a series of animal infection models. Azithromycin was orally effective in treating middle ear infections induced in gerbils by transbulla challenges with amoxicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae or susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae; erythromycin failed and cefaclor was only marginally active against the H. influenzae challenge. Azithromycin was equivalent to cefaclor and erythromycin against Streptococcus pneumoniae. In mouse models, the new macrolide was 10-fold more potent than erythromycin and four other antibiotics against an anaerobic infection produced by Fusobacterium necrophorum. Similarly, azithromycin was effective against established tissue infections induced by Salmonella enteritidis (liver and spleen) and Staphylococcus aureus (thigh muscle); erythromycin failed against both infections. The oral and subcutaneous activities of azithromycin, erythromycin, and cefaclor were similar against acute systemic infections produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus viridans, or S. aureus, whereas azithromycin was more potent than erythromycin and cefaclor against the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. The pharmacokinetic advantage of azithromycin over erythromycin in half-life was clearly demonstrated in prophylactic treatment of an acute mouse model of S. aureus infection. These properties of azithromycin strongly support the further evaluation of this new macrolide for use in community-acquired infections of skin or soft tissue and respiratory diseases.
Growth of Crystalline Cu2S Nanowire Arrays on Copper Surface:  Effect of Copper Surface Structure, Reagent Gas Composition, and Reaction Temperature (2001)

The effect of copper surface structure, reagent gas composition, and reaction temperature on the growth of Cu<sub>2</sub>S nanowire arrays has been systematically investigated. Possible mechanisms for the Cu<sub>2</sub>S nanowire growth on copper surface have been discussed on the basis of the results of the present and previous works. The common feature of the proposed mechanisms for the Cu<sub>2</sub>S nanowire growth lies in the facile diffusion of the sulfur and copper species.
Stem: The System Administration Enabler (2002)

Stem is a system administration enabler. It is not an administrative tool, but rather a general-purpose development framework that allows an administrator to craft tools to perform a wide variety of tasks in a distributed environment easily and quickly. Many common tasks can be performed with Stem scripts involving a few lines of declarations. Current example applications include log file collating and service load balancing. Using Stem, a non-programmer can craft reliable network software in a few lines of declarations that would require hundreds or thousands of lines of code in a traditional programming language such as C.
Growth Responses in a Mutant Dwarf Rat to Human Growth Hormone and Recombinant Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (1989)

A new mutant GH-deficient dwarf rat has been used to study the effects of iv infusions of human GH (hGH) and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (hIGF-I). This animal has only about 5% of normal pituitary GH content, low circulating GH levels, and no regular GH surges. The defect seems to be specific for GH. Infusions of hIGF-I at 180 micrograms/day for 9 days elevated serum IGF-I concentrations significantly over those in the saline-infused controls (713 +/- 20 ng/ml vs. 395 +/- 31 ng/ml); hGH infusions did not raise IGF-I levels significantly (435 +/- 20 ng/ml). Gel filtration of serum samples showed that the high-dose hIGF-I infusions increased free IGF concentrations, without apparently altering the pattern of IGF-I binding whereas hGH infusions increased the amount of high mol wt IGF-I binding protein. Neither IGF-I nor hGH infusions affected the small amounts of rat GH present in the dwarf rat pituitary glands. Continuous iv infusions of hGH (200 mU/day for 9 days) stimulated body wt gain (2.1 +/- 0.2 g/day) and bone growth (96 +/- 9 microns/day) significantly compared to saline-infused dwarf rats (1.2 +/- 0.3 g/day and 43 +/- 3 microns/day). Infusions of hIGF-I at 180 micrograms/day produced a body wt gain (2.1 +/- 0.5 g/day) similar to that seen in the hGH-infused group but a significantly smaller stimulation of bone growth (63 +/- 3 microns/day). Infusion of a 5-fold lower dose of hIGF-I (36 micrograms/day for 9 days) had no effect on body wt or bone growth. Food intake was unaffected by either hGH or hIGF-I infusions. The pattern of tissue growth was affected differentially by hGH and IGF-I infusions that produced the same overall body wt gain. hGH induced a relatively proportional growth in most of the organs studied, whereas hIGF-I infusion at 180 micrograms/day stimulated a disproportionately greater growth of the kidney, adrenals, and spleen. In some of the animals, tissues were extracted for RIA of IGF-I; the amounts of IGF-I in the liver were similar in control, hGH, or IGF-I-infused animals, whereas kidney and adrenals from IGF-I infused animals contained larger amounts of immunoreactive IGF-I than did those tissues from hGH-treated rats. Thus, both hGH and hIGF-I can promote growth in the mutant dwarf rat, but they differ both quantitatively and qualitatively in their pattern of actions.
Topical 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Combined With Intense Pulsed Light in the Treatment of Photoaging (2005)

The adjunctive use of 5-ALA in the treatment of facial photoaging with IPL provides significantly greater improvement in global photodamage, mottled pigmentation, and fine lines than treatment with IPL alone, without a significant increase in adverse effects. This combination treatment enhances the results of photorejuvenation and improves patient satisfaction.
Invariant Pattern Recognition using Bayesian Inference on Hierarchical Sequences (2004)

Real world objects have persistent structure. However, as we move about in the world the spatio-temporal patterns coming from our sensory organs vary continuously. How the brain creates invariant representations from the always-changing input patterns is a major unanswered question. We propose that the neocortex solves the invariance problem by using a hierarchical structure. Each region in the hierarchy learns and recalls sequences of inputs. Temporal sequences at each level of the hierarchy become the spatial inputs to the next higher regions. Thus the entire memory system stores sequences in sequences. The hierarchical model is highly efficient in that object representations at any level in the hierarchy can be shared among multiple higher order objects, therefore, transformations learned for one set of objects will automatically apply to others. Assuming a hierarchy of sequences, and assuming that each region in the hierarchy behaves equivalently, we derive the optimal Bayes inference rules for any level in the cortical hierarchy and we show how feedfoward and feedback can be understood within this probabilistic framework. We discuss how the hierarchical nested structure of sequences can be learned. We show that static group formation and probability density formation are special cases of remembering sequences. Thus, although normal vision is a temporal process we are able to recognize flashed static images as well. We use the most basic form of one of these special cases to train an object recognition system that exhibits robust invariant recognition.
Modified procedure to determine acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp. (1977)

If wood is treated with strong acid, carbohydrates are hydrolyzed and solubilized. The insoluble residue is by definition lignin and can be measured gravimetrically. The standard method of analysis requires samples of 1 or 2 g of wood or pulp. In research at this laboratory these amounts of sample are often not available for analytical determinations. Thus we developed a modification of the standard procedure suitable for much smaller sample amounts. The modification is based on the procedure of Saeman. Wood samples require extraction prior to lignin analysis to remove acid-insoluble extractives that will be measured as lignin. Usually this involves only a standard extraction with ethanol--benzene. However, woods high in tannin must also be subjected to extraction with alcohol. Pulps seldom require extraction.
Bone marrow processing and cryopreservation. (1982)

Three different closed procedures for concentrating bone marrow progenitor cells prior to cryopreservation have been compared. These were by a manual double centrifugation method, a Hemonetics 30 cell separator and an Aminco Celltrifuge. The best results were achieved using the paediatric pheresis set on the Hemonetics model 30. Marrow was frozen in 120 ml aliquots in a programmed freezer with rapid cooling of the freezing chamber during the phase change from the liquid to the solid state. After freeze-thawing the average nucleated cell recovery was approximately 50% and the progenitor cell recovery 80%.
Beta-subunit of bovine rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase. Comparison with the phosphodiesterase family. (1990)

A group of cDNA clones encoding the beta-subunit of bovine rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase were isolated for structural analysis. The encoded polypeptide has 853 residues with a calculated molecular mass of 98 kDa. The beta-subunit is 72% identical to the rod cGMP phosphodiesterase alpha-subunit. Like the alpha-subunit and the cone alpha'-subunit, the beta-subunit belongs to the family of phosphodiesterase genes. The beta- and alpha-subunits are more similar to each other than either is to the cone alpha'-subunit, suggesting either that the beta- and alpha-subunits diverged more recently or that their divergence was restrained by the rod functional environment.
Identification of Mycobacterium ulcerans in the Environment from Regions in Southeast Australia in Which It Is Endemic with Sequence Capture-PCR (2000)

We recently described the use of PCR to identify the environmental source of Mycobacterium ulcerans during an outbreak of ulcerative disease that occurred in a localized region of southeast Australia. The PCR used was based on amplification of the M. ulcerans-specific insertion sequence, IS2404. In this study we developed a new test that is a substantial improvement over the original PCR method in terms of sensitivity, reliability, and ease of use. In the new method magnetic bead sequence capture-PCR is used to detect two M. ulcerans sequences (IS2404 and IS2606) and total mycobacterial 16S ribosomal DNA. We used sequence capture-PCR to test water and plant material collected over a 12-month period during 1998 and 1999 from sites near the centers of two distinct foci of M. ulcerans infections. A golf course irrigation system in one area and a small shallow lake in another area repeatedly were PCR positive for M. ulcerans. Nearby sites and sites unrelated to the endemic areas were negative. Based on the PCR data, a most-probable-number method was used to estimate the concentration of M. ulcerans cells in positive samples from both regions. This procedure resulted in average concentrations of 0.5 cell per 100 ml of water and 40 cells per 100 g of detritus. Loss of the PCR signal coincided with a decrease in ulcerative disease in each area. These results provide further evidence that M. ulcerans may be transmitted from a point environmental source and demonstrate the utility of magnetic bead sequence capture-PCR for identification of nonculturable microbial pathogens in the environment.
Preclinical Studies with Doxorubicin Encapsulated in Polyethyleneglycol-Coated Liposomes (1993)

Doxorubicin (DOX) has been encapsulated with high efficiency in the water phase of small-sized lipid vesicles. Plasma-induced drug leakage from these vesicles is minimal when hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine is present as the main component. A prolonged circulation time of liposome-encapsulated DOX is observed in animal models when a small fraction of polyethyleneglycol-derivatized phospholipid (PEG) is present in the liposome bilayer. Using these PEG-coated liposomes, we found that the concentration of DOX in tumor implants of the mouse M-109 carcinoma is significantly enhanced by liposome delivery. The antitumor activity of liposome-encapsulated DOX in a lung metastases model of the M-109 carcinoma is superior to that of free DOX. The minimal lethal dose of DOX to tumor-free mice was substantially increased by encapsulation in PEG-coated liposomes, indicating that toxicity is reduced. We also found that the vesicant of DOX after intradermal injection is prevented by liposome encapsulation. These preclinical observations, suggesting that encapsulation of DOX in PEG-coated liposomes may lead to a significant improvement of the therapeutic index of DOX, have led to the initiation of clinical trials in cancer patients.
Split-Intron Retroviral Vectors: Enhanced Expression with Improved Safety (2000)

The inclusion of retrovirus-derived introns within retrovirus-based expression vectors leads to a fraction of the resulting transcripts being spliced. Such splicing has been shown to markedly improve expression (W. J. Krall et al., Gene Ther. 3:37-48, 1996). One way to improve upon this still further might involve the use of more efficient introns instead of those from the provirus. Currently, however, incorporation of such introns remains self-defeating since they are removed in the nucleus of the producer cell. In the past, elaborate ways to overcome this problem have included the use of alphaviruses to make the vector transcripts within the cytoplasm, thus avoiding the nuclear splicing machinery during vector production (K. J. Li and H. Garoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:3650-3654, 1998). We now present a novel design for the inclusion of introns within a retroviral vector. In essence, this is achieved by exploiting the retroviral replication process to copy not only the U3 promoter but also a synthetic splice donor to the 5'-long-terminal-repeat position during reverse transcription. Once copied, synthesized transcripts then contain a splice donor at their 5' end capable of interacting with a consensus splice acceptor engineered downstream of the packaging signal. Upon transduction, we demonstrate these vectors to produce enhanced expression from near fully spliced (and thus packaging signal minus) transcripts. The unique design of these high titer and high-expression retroviral vectors may be of use in a number of gene therapy applications.
Direct evidence for an iron(iv)-oxo porphyrin π-cation radical as an active oxidant in catalytic oxygenation reactions (2008)

A high-valent iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin pi-cation radical is an active oxidant in the catalytic oxygenation of organic substrates by an iron(III) porphyrin complex and peracids, whereas an iron(III)-oxidant porphyrin adduct is a sluggish oxidant in iron porphyrin model reactions.
Two Phase III randomised double-blind studies of fixed-dose TC-5214 (dexmecamylamine) adjunct to ongoing antidepressant therapy in patients with major depressive disorder and an inadequate response to prior antidepressant therapy (2015)

TC-5214 adjunct to antidepressant was generally well tolerated. However, the studies were not supportive of an antidepressant effect for TC-5214 in patients with MDD and inadequate response to prior antidepressant therapy.