gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Field Testing of Multiphase Meters (1999)

Abstract During the past few years, Saudi Aramco has installed and field tested eight different types of multiphase flow meters (MPFM). These newly developed, compact MPFM are targeted for wellhead installation at remote onshore fields and unmanned offshore platforms, where weight and space are major concerns. MPFMs could provide continuous well test data, which would lead to more accurate production allocation and better reservoir management. The application of MPFMs in Saudi Aramco’s production operations, if proven successful, will provide continuous online well production monitoring, and eliminate large conventional test separators, test lines, and offshore test barges. As a result, tremendous economic savings could be realized due to the significant reduction in capital and operating expenditures associated with well testing activities. The test installations cover a wide range of multiphase applications from over six different oil fields. The objective of the field testing program was to establish the ability of each meter to accurately measure the three production phases (oil, water and gas), and to determine meter reliability in a field environment. Field test results of the multiphase meters are compared to reference conventional test separators. The paper also presents the current status of multiphase metering technology, and discusses in detail the multiphase metering evaluation program at Saudi Aramco.
Neurotrophic Factors and Neural Prostheses: Potential Clinical Applications Based Upon Findings in the Auditory System (2007)

Spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) are the target cells of the cochlear implant, a neural prosthesis designed to provide important auditory cues to severely or profoundly deaf patients. The ongoing degeneration of SGNs that occurs following a sensorineural hearing loss is, therefore, considered a limiting factor in cochlear implant efficacy. We review neurobiological techniques aimed at preventing SGN degeneration using exogenous delivery of neurotrophic factors. Application of these proteins prevents SGN degeneration and can enhance neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, chronic electrical stimulation of SGNs increases neurotrophic factor-induced survival and is correlated with functional benefits. The application of neurotrophic factors has the potential to enhance the benefits that patients can derive from cochlear implants; moreover, these techniques may be relevant for use with neural prostheses in other neurological conditions.
Thalidomide--effect on T cell subsets as a possible mechanism of action. (1985)

Thalidomide is the drug of choice in the erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) type of lepra reaction. Lately it has been used successfully in other diseases, such as discoid lupus erythematosus, actinic prurigo, Behcet's disease, etc. However, its mechanism of action remains unknown. In patients for whom thalidomide provided relief in their disorder, the proportions of T lymphocytes and their subsets in peripheral blood were assessed by means of monoclonal antibodies. Three lepromatous leprosy patients with ENL had their T helper populations significantly increased after thalidomide therapy. A 14-year-old girl with Behcet's syndrome showed a consistent decrease in Ia+ cells throughout her three-month course of thalidomide therapy. The same findings were observed in two patients with the actinic prurigo type of polymorphous light eruption. From these results, we conclude that thalidomide may act as an immunomodulating agent on T cell subsets.
Regulation of intestinal inflammation by microbiota following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (2012)

Despite a growing understanding of the link between intestinal inflammation and resident gut microbes, longitudinal studies of human flora before initial onset of intestinal inflammation have not been reported. Here, we demonstrate in murine and human recipients of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) that intestinal inflammation secondary to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is associated with major shifts in the composition of the intestinal microbiota. The microbiota, in turn, can modulate the severity of intestinal inflammation. In mouse models of GVHD, we observed loss of overall diversity and expansion of Lactobacillales and loss of Clostridiales. Eliminating Lactobacillales from the flora of mice before BMT aggravated GVHD, whereas reintroducing the predominant species of Lactobacillus mediated significant protection against GVHD. We then characterized gut flora of patients during onset of intestinal inflammation caused by GVHD and found patterns mirroring those in mice. We also identified increased microbial chaos early after allogeneic BMT as a potential risk factor for subsequent GVHD. Together, these data demonstrate regulation of flora by intestinal inflammation and suggest that flora manipulation may reduce intestinal inflammation and improve outcomes for allogeneic BMT recipients.
Increase of Brain Oxidative Stress in Mild Cognitive Impairment (2002)

These results imply that individuals with MCI have increased brain oxidative damage before the onset of symptomatic dementia. Measurement of this isoprostane may identify a subgroup of patients with MCI with increased lipid peroxidation who are at increased risk to progress to symptomatic AD.
Multiway cut for stereo and motion with slanted surfaces (1999)

Slanted surfaces pose a problem for correspondence algorithms utilizing search because of the greatly increased number of possibilities, when compared with fronto-parallel surfaces. In this paper we propose an algorithm to compute correspondence between stereo images or between frames of a motion sequence by minimizing an energy functional that accounts for slanted surfaces. The energy is minimized in a greedy strategy that alternates between segmenting the image into a number of non-overlapping regions (using the multiway-cut algorithm of Boykov, Veksler, and Zabih) and finding the affine parameters describing the displacement function of each region. A follow-up step enables the algorithm to escape local minima due to oversegmentation. Experiments on real images show the algorithm's ability to find an accurate segmentation and displacement map, as well as discontinuities and creases, from a wide variety of stereo and motion imagery.
Cloning and functional expression of the human islet GLP-1 receptor. Demonstration that exendin-4 is an agonist and exendin-(9-39) an antagonist of the receptor (1993)

A complementary DNA for a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor was isolated from a human pancreatic islet cDNA library. The isolated clone encoded a protein with 90% identity to the rat receptor. In stably transfected fibroblasts, the receptor bound [125I]GLP-1 with high affinity (Kd = 0.5 nM) and was coupled to adenylate cyclase as detected by a GLP-1-dependent increase in cAMP production (EC50 = 93 pM). Two peptides from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum, exendin-4 and exendin-(9-39), displayed similar ligand binding affinities to the human GLP-1 receptor. Whereas exendin-4 acted as an agonist of the receptor, inducing cAMP formation, exendin-(9-39) was an antagonist of the receptor, inhibiting GLP-1-induced cAMP production. Because GLP-1 has been proposed as a potential agent for treatment of NIDDM, our present data will contribute to the characterization of the receptor binding site and the development of new agonists of this receptor.
Attenuation of Hypertension and Heart Hypertrophy by Adeno-Associated Virus Delivering Angiotensinogen Antisense (2001)

Angiotensinogen (AGT), one of the major components in the renin-angiotensin system, has been linked to hypertension in humans and animals. We have previously systemically administered antisense oligonucleotides and plasmid vectors with DNA that targeted AGT and attenuated hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The aim of the present study was to prolong the effect of antisense treatment by the use of a recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector targeted to AGT. Using a model of lifelong hypertension in which 5-day-old spontaneously hypertensive rats are treated, a single intracardiac injection of rAAV-AGT-antisense (rAAV-AGT-AS) delayed the onset of hypertension for 91 days and significantly attenuated hypertension in adulthood for up to 6 months. Systolic blood pressure was always lower, by up to 23 mm Hg in the AS-treated group. The vector was stable and expressed a reporter gene in liver, kidney, and heart. The rAAV-AGT-AS treatment significantly decreased left ventricular hypertrophy (P=0.01) and also lowered levels of AGT in the liver (2.78+/-0.61 microgram/g tissue versus 5.23+/-0.41 microgram/g tissue for the sense-treated group, P<0.01). Measurement of liver transaminases showed no evidence for liver toxicity. We conclude that rAAV-AGT-AS offers a safe, stable approach for gene therapy of hypertension.
An adipose tissue-specific beta-adrenergic receptor. Molecular cloning and down-regulation in obesity. (1991)

Clones encoding an atypical &adrenergic receptor were isolated from a rat brown adipose tissue cDNA library.This receptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells displays a low affinity for @-adrenergic antagonists and a high affinity for BRL 37344, an agonist that selectively stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue.The rank order of potency for agonistmediated increases in intracellular cAMP in transfected cells correlates with that for agonist-mediated stimulation of lipolysis in brown adipocytes.Northern blot analysis demonstrates that this receptor subtype is expressed only in brown and white adipose tissue where it represents the predominant &receptor subtype.The amount of atypical &adrenergic receptor present in adipose tissue of obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats is reduced by up to 71% as compared with lean (Fa/Fa) control animals.These findings suggest that a change in the expression of this &adrenergic receptor subtype may play a role in obesity.
Photochemistry and Patterning of Self-Assembled Monolayer Films Containing Aromatic Hydrocarbon Functional Groups (1996)

The deep ultraviolet (λ < ∼250 nm) photochemistry of chemisorbed organosilane self-assembled films of the type R(CH2)nSiO−surface where n = 0, 1, 2 and R = phenyl, naphthyl, or anthracenyl is explored. Photochemistry is examined using 193 and 248 nm laser irradiation as well as deep ultraviolet lamp sources. It is demonstrated for a variety of systems, including single and multiple rings as well as heterocycles, that the primary photochemical mechanism is cleavage of the Si−C bond. Photocleavage of the organic group generates a polar, wettable silanol surface that is amenable to subsequent remodification by organosilane chemisorption, allowing the fabrication of high-resolution patterns of chemical functional groups in a single molecular plane. The use of patterned monolayers as templates of reactivity for subsequent selective chemical reactions is demonstrated.
Macrophages and Tissue Injury: Agents of Defense or Destruction? (2011)

The past several years have seen the accumulation of evidence demonstrating that tissue injury induced by diverse toxicants is due not only to their direct effects on target tissues but also indirectly to the actions of resident and infiltrating macrophages. These cells release an array of mediators with cytotoxic, pro- and anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, fibrogenic, and mitogenic activity, which function to fight infections, limit tissue injury, and promote wound healing. However, following exposure to toxicants, macrophages can become hyperresponsive, resulting in uncontrolled or dysregulated release of mediators that exacerbate acute tissue injury and/or promote the development of chronic diseases such as fibrosis and cancer. Evidence suggests that the diverse activity of macrophages is mediated by distinct subpopulations that develop in response to signals within their microenvironment. Understanding the precise roles of these different macrophage populations in the pathogenic response to toxicants is key to designing effective treatments for minimizing tissue damage and chronic disease and for facilitating wound repair.
Photoluminescence-dark-spot-free AlGaAs grown on Si substrate (1992)

GaAs and AlGaAs are grown on an UCGAS (undercut GaAs on Si) in which a part of the GaAs layer grown on Si substrate is separated from the substrate by the post-growth processing. The grown layers are characterized by the high-magnification (×1600) photoluminescence image which is capable of visualizing the very small (less than 1 μm) dark spots in the AlGaAs layer. No dark spot is found in the layer grown on the UCGAS. A planar AlGaAs on Si, on the other hand, has the dark-spot density (DSD) of more than 108 cm−2. The DSDs of the layers grown on planar GaAs on Si and on the mesa are more than 108 cm−2 and in the order of 107 cm−2, respectively. The dark-spot-free region exactly corresponds to the UCGAS part, showing that the UCGAS is quite effective to eliminate the defects in AlGaAs on Si. The two factors, the reduced stress and the absence of the GaAs/Si interface in the UCGAS, are thought to be responsible for this improvement.
Zn2+ Inhibits Coronavirus and Arterivirus RNA Polymerase Activity In Vitro and Zinc Ionophores Block the Replication of These Viruses in Cell Culture (2010)

Increasing the intracellular Zn(2+) concentration with zinc-ionophores like pyrithione (PT) can efficiently impair the replication of a variety of RNA viruses, including poliovirus and influenza virus. For some viruses this effect has been attributed to interference with viral polyprotein processing. In this study we demonstrate that the combination of Zn(2+) and PT at low concentrations (2 µM Zn(2+) and 2 µM PT) inhibits the replication of SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and equine arteritis virus (EAV) in cell culture. The RNA synthesis of these two distantly related nidoviruses is catalyzed by an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is the core enzyme of their multiprotein replication and transcription complex (RTC). Using an activity assay for RTCs isolated from cells infected with SARS-CoV or EAV--thus eliminating the need for PT to transport Zn(2+) across the plasma membrane--we show that Zn(2+) efficiently inhibits the RNA-synthesizing activity of the RTCs of both viruses. Enzymatic studies using recombinant RdRps (SARS-CoV nsp12 and EAV nsp9) purified from E. coli subsequently revealed that Zn(2+) directly inhibited the in vitro activity of both nidovirus polymerases. More specifically, Zn(2+) was found to block the initiation step of EAV RNA synthesis, whereas in the case of the SARS-CoV RdRp elongation was inhibited and template binding reduced. By chelating Zn(2+) with MgEDTA, the inhibitory effect of the divalent cation could be reversed, which provides a novel experimental tool for in vitro studies of the molecular details of nidovirus replication and transcription.
Anatomic features in victims of sudden coronary death. Coronary artery pathology. (1992)

Study of the detailed pathology of the myocardium and coronary arteries in ambulatory subjects dying suddenly of coronary heart disease shows that they can be divided into two groups. In one group, there is atherosclerosis with a new vascular event involving coronary thrombosis, which initiates acute myocardial ischemia. In the other group, there is chronic high-grade stenosis due to atherosclerosis, but there is no recent vascular change; the myocardium in this group shows scarring from a previously healed infarction acting as a substrate for reentrant ventricular arrhythmias. A study of 168 consecutive cases of sudden coronary death in London showed 73.3% to have had a recent coronary thrombotic lesion, giving a ratio of 2.7:1 for patients with versus patients without new acute myocardial ischemia. The widely differing ratios reported in the literature probably reflect the patterns of case selection. Prodromal pain immediately before the onset of ventricular fibrillation in a patient without previous known coronary disease selects for a thrombotic cause and acute myocardial ischemia. Absence of pain in a patient known to have had a previous infarction selects for a primary arrhythmia on the basis of preexisting myocardial hypertrophy and/or scarring.
Digital micromirror device-based laser-illumination Fourier ptychographic microscopy (2015)

We report a novel approach to Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) by using a digital micromirror device (DMD) and a coherent laser source (532 nm) for generating spatially modulated sample illumination. Previously demonstrated FPM systems are all based on partially-coherent illumination, which offers limited throughput due to insufficient brightness. Our FPM employs a high power coherent laser source to enable shot-noise limited high-speed imaging. For the first time, a digital micromirror device (DMD), imaged onto the back focal plane of the illumination objective, is used to generate spatially modulated sample illumination field for ptychography. By coding the on/off states of the micromirrors, the illumination plane wave angle can be varied at speeds more than 4 kHz. A set of intensity images, resulting from different oblique illuminations, are used to numerically reconstruct one high-resolution image without obvious laser speckle. Experiments were conducted using a USAF resolution target and a fiber sample, demonstrating high-resolution imaging capability of our system. We envision that our approach, if combined with a coded-aperture compressive-sensing algorithm, will further improve the imaging speed in DMD-based FPM systems.
Recovery of Stem Cells from Cryopreserved Periodontal Ligament (2005)

Human post-natal stem cells possess a great potential to be utilized in stem-cell-mediated clinical therapies and tissue engineering. It is not known whether cryopreserved human tissues contain functional post-natal stem cells. In this study, we utilized human periodontal ligament to test the hypothesis that cryopreserved human periodontal ligament contains retrievable post-natal stem cells. These cryopreserved periodontal ligament stem cells maintained normal periodontal ligament stem cell characteristics, including expression of the mesenchymal stem cell surface molecule STRO-1, single-colony-strain generation, multipotential differentiation, cementum/periodontal-ligament-like tissue regeneration, and a normal diploid karyotype. Collectively, this study provides valuable evidence demonstrating a practical approach to the preservation of solid-frozen human tissues for subsequent post-natal stem cell isolation and tissue regeneration. The present study demonstrates that human post-natal stem cells can be recovered from cryopreserved human periodontal ligament, thereby providing a practical clinical approach for the utilization of frozen tissues for stem cell isolation.
Dynamic multidimensional optical networking based on spatial and spectral processing (2012)

The recent introduction of optical OFDM and spatial MIMO techniques has led to considerable increases in spectral efficiency and aggregate throughput for future optical networks. However, these spatial and spectral domains can also be exploited for next-generation elastic optical networking. In this paper, we introduce the first hierarchy for dynamic multidimensional spatial and spectral optical networking and complement it with adaptive coded-modulation to form the basis of a novel elastic networking concept.
Evaluation of a Soluble Fibrin Assay in Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism (1996)

In order to determine the clinical utility of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for soluble fibrin in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE), 195 unselected patients with suspected PE underwent blood sampling for measurement of plasma levels of soluble fibrin, and objective testing for PE. A soluble fibrin result of < or = 0.75 micrograms/ml showed a sensitivity of 100% for PE and a specificity of 12.8%, whereas a soluble fibrin result of < or = 1.35 micrograms/ml showed a sensitivity of 90.3% and a specificity of 49.4% for PE. The soluble fibrin assay has potential clinical utility in excluding PE.
Medicinal herbs in the United States: research needs. (1999)

Virtually all cultures have, throughout history, used a variety of plants or materials derived from plants for the prevention and treatment of disease. Evidence of the beneficial therapeutic effects of these medicinal herbs is seen in their continued use. Additionally, the development of modern chemistry permitted the isolation of chemicals from medicinal herbs that have served as drugs or starting materials for the synthesis of many important drugs used today. Many more modern drugs have been synthesized as a result of knowledge gained from studies of mechanisms of actions of chemicals first isolated from medicinal herbs. Thus, medicinal herbs have played a major role in the development of modern medicine and continue to be widely used in their original form. Whereas it is generally agreed that most medicinal herbs are safe under the conditions used, some are toxic and should be avoided even though they are readily available, and others have significant adverse side effects when misused. Also, little has been done to investigate potential adverse effects that may be associated with extended or high-dose use of medicinal herbs. Thus, concern has been expressed that the lack of quality control used in the preparation of medicinal herbs, plus their unregulated sale and uninformed use, pose potential adverse health effects for consumers. There is also concern regarding potential herb/herb or herb/drug interactions and possible untoward health effects of medicinal herbs in sensitive subpopulations such as the young and the elderly and certain genetically predisposed individuals. In this paper, we discuss these concerns at some length and make recommendations for additional research and education discussed in the recent International Workshop to Evaluate Research Needs on the Use and Safety of Medicinal Herbs.
Signaling Through RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK: from Basics to Bedside (2007)

Aberrant signaling caused by mutations in the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway and its upstream activators critically contributes to human tumor development. Strategies, which aim at inhibiting hyperactive signaling molecules, appear conceptually straight forward, but their translation into clinical practice has been hampered by many setbacks. Understanding structure, function and regulation of this intracellular pathway as well as its crosstalk with other signaling activities in the cell will be essential to ensure reasonable usage of new therapeutic possibilities. This review provides an understanding of this signaling cascade as revealed by genetic and biochemical approaches and discusses the existing or arising possibilities to interfere with unphysiological activation in cancer. Signaling aberrations and signal transduction therapies will be discussed exemplary for two types of hematological neoplasia, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). In the future understanding the role of tumor stem cells, both as a source of tumor recurrence and tumor heterogeneity, the signals controlling their fate as well as epigenetic changes in cancer will be the next critical steps to further advance the applicability of these novel therapeutic strategies.