gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Arabidopsis Mutants Impaired in Cosuppression (1998)

Post-transcriptional gene silencing (cosuppression) results in the degradation of RNA after transcription. A transgenic Arabidopsis line showing post-transcriptional silencing of a 35S-uidA transgene and uidA-specific methylation was mutagenized using ethyl methanesulfonate. Six independent plants were isolated in which uidA mRNA accumulation and beta-glucuronidase activity were increased up to 3500-fold, whereas the transcription rate of the 35S-uidA transgene was increased only up to threefold. These plants each carried a recessive monogenic mutation that is responsible for the release of silencing. These mutations defined two genetic loci, called sgs1 and sgs2 (for suppressor of gene silencing). Transgene methylation was distinctly modified in sgs1 and sgs2 mutants. However, methylation of centromeric repeats was not affected, indicating that sgs mutants differ from ddm (for decrease in DNA methylation) and som (for somniferous) mutants. Indeed, unlike ddm and som mutations, sgs mutations were not able to release transcriptional silencing of a 35S-hpt transgene. Conversely, both sgs1 and sgs2 mutations were able to release cosuppression of host Nia genes and 35S-Nia2 transgenes. These results therefore indicate that sgs mutations act in trans to impede specifically transgene-induced post-transcriptional gene silencing.
An Input-Output Linearization Approach to the Control of an n-Body Articulated Vehicle (2001)

The problem of path-tracking for an autonomous vehicle composed of a tractor and n−1 trailers with off-axle hitching is considered in this paper. It is shown that an input-output feedback linearization technique can be adopted both in forward and backward maneuvers, leading to the stabilization of the path-tracking offset dynamics about circular paths. The location of the guide-point needs to be selected according to the direction of motion, and, when moving backward, the off-axle distances must be all positive.
Identification of ergosta‐6(7),8(14),25(27)‐trien‐3β‐ol and ergosta‐5(6),7(8),25(27)‐trien‐3β‐ol, two new steroidal trienes synthesized byPrototheca wickerhamii (1991)

Abstract Ergosta‐6(7),8(14),25(27)‐trien‐3β‐ol, ergosta‐5(6),7(8),25(27)‐trien‐3β‐ol, ergosterol, 25(27)‐dehydroergosterol (protothecasterol), ergosta‐7,25(27)‐dien‐3β‐ol and ergost‐7‐en‐3β‐ol have been isolated from cells of Prototheca wickerhamii . The structures of the compounds have been determined in stereochemical detail by a series of chromatographic and spectral techniques. The results are interpreted to imply that whereas P. wickerhamii is non‐photosynthetic and yeast‐like in appearance and synthesizes ergosterol, the organism can be biochemically distinguished from yeast and considered an alga in part through the detection of other sterols described herein, notably those with Δ 25(27) side chains.
Low-Memory Neural Network Training: A Technical Report (2019)

Memory is increasingly often the bottleneck when training neural network models. Despite this, techniques to lower the overall memory requirements of training have been less widely studied compared to the extensive literature on reducing the memory requirements of inference. In this paper we study a fundamental question: How much memory is actually needed to train a neural network? To answer this question, we profile the overall memory usage of training on two representative deep learning benchmarks -- the WideResNet model for image classification and the DynamicConv Transformer model for machine translation -- and comprehensively evaluate four standard techniques for reducing the training memory requirements: (1) imposing sparsity on the model, (2) using low precision, (3) microbatching, and (4) gradient checkpointing. We explore how each of these techniques in isolation affects both the peak memory usage of training and the quality of the end model, and explore the memory, accuracy, and computation tradeoffs incurred when combining these techniques. Using appropriate combinations of these techniques, we show that it is possible to the reduce the memory required to train a WideResNet-28-2 on CIFAR-10 by up to 60.7x with a 0.4% loss in accuracy, and reduce the memory required to train a DynamicConv model on IWSLT'14 German to English translation by up to 8.7x with a BLEU score drop of 0.15.
Comparing Outcomes and Cost of 3 Surgical Treatments for Sagittal Synostosis: A Retrospective Study Including Procedure-Related Cost Analysis (2017)

The ES craniectomy for sagittal synostosis appeared to have less morbidity and a potential cost savings compared with the TCV reconstruction. The charges were similar to those incurred with OSS craniectomy, but patients had a shorter length of stay and fewer revisions.
The Double-Stranded RNA Binding Protein 76:NF45 Heterodimer Inhibits Translation Initiation at the Rhinovirus Type 2 Internal Ribosome Entry Site (2006)

Poliovirus (PV) plus-strand RNA genomes initiate translation in a cap-independent manner via an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in their 5' untranslated region. Viral translation is codetermined by cellular IRES trans-acting factors, which can influence viral propagation in a cell-type-specific manner. Engineering of a poliovirus recombinant devoid of neuropathogenic properties but highly lytic in malignant glioma cells was accomplished by exchange of the cognate poliovirus IRES with its counterpart from human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV2), generating PV-RIPO. Neuroblast:glioma heterokaryon analyses revealed that loss of neurovirulence is due to trans-dominant repression of PV-RIPO propagation in neuronal cells. The double-stranded RNA binding protein 76 (DRBP76) was previously identified to bind to the HRV2 IRES in neuronal cells and to inhibit PV-RIPO translation and propagation (M. Merrill, E. Dobrikova, and M. Gromeier, J. Virol. 80:3347-3356, 2006). The results of size exclusion chromatography indicate that DRBP76 heterodimerizes with nuclear factor of activated T cells, 45 kDa (NF45), in neuronal but not in glioma cells. The DRBP76:NF45 heterodimer binds to the HRV2 IRES in neuronal but not in glioma cells. Ribosomal profile analyses show that the heterodimer preferentially associates with the translation apparatus in neuronal cells and arrests translation at the HRV2 IRES, preventing PV-RIPO RNA assembly into polysomes. Results of this study suggest that the DRBP76:NF45 heterodimer selectively blocks HRV2 IRES-driven translation initiation in neuron-derived cells.
Practical Use of Emergency Tourniquets to Stop Bleeding in Major Limb Trauma (2008)

Morbidity risk was low, and there was a positive risk benefit ratio in light of the survival benefit. No limbs were lost because of tourniquet use, and tourniquet duration was not associated with increased morbidity. Education for early military tourniquet use should continue.
Primary Structure and Functional Expression of the β 1 Subunit of the Rat Brain Sodium Channel (1992)

Voltage-sensitive sodium channels are responsible for the initiation and propagation of the action potential and therefore are important for neuronal excitability. Complementary DNA clones encoding the β 1 subunit of the rat brain sodium channel were isolated by a combination of polymerase chain reaction and library screening techniques. The deduced primary structure indicates that the β 1 subunit is a 22,851-dalton protein that contains a single putative transmembrane domain and four potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites, consistent with biochemical data. Northern blot analysis reveals a 1400-nucleotide messenger RNA in rat brain, heart, skeletal muscle, and spinal cord. Coexpression of β 1 subunits with α subunits increases the size of the peak sodium current, accelerates its inactivation, and shifts the voltage dependence of inactivation to more negative membrane potentials. These results indicate that the β 1 subunit is crucial in the assembly, expression, and functional modulation of the heterotrimeric complex of the rat brain sodium channel.
Transposon Tc1 of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans jumps in human cells (1998)

The transposon Tc1 of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a member of the widespread family of Tc1/mariner transposons. The distribution pattern of virtually identical transposons among insect species that diverged 200 million years ago suggested horizontal transfer of the elements between species. Thishypothesis gained experimental support when it was shown that Tc1 and later also mariner transposons could be made to jump in vitro , with their transposase as the only protein required. Later it was shown that mariner transposons from one fruit fly species can jump in other fruit fly species and in a protozoan and, recently, that a Tc1-like transposon from the nematode jumps in fish cells and that a fish Tc1-like transposon jumps in human cells. Here we show that the Tc1 element from the nematode jumps in human cells. This provides further support for the horizontal spread hypothesis. Furthermore, it suggests that Tc1 can be used as vehicle for DNA integration in human gene therapy.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Neutralizing Antibodies Raised to a Glycoprotein 41 Peptide Expressed on the Surface of a Plant Virus (1995)

An oligonucleotide encoding the amino acids 731-752 of the gp41 envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain IIIB, which is known to induce cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies in humans, was inserted into a full-length clone of the RNA encoding the coat proteins of cowpea mosaic virus (RNA 2 of CPMV). When transfected together with RNA 1 of CPMV, transcribed RNA 2 was able to replicate in plants and form infectious virions (CPMV-HIV). Purified virions were injected subcutaneously with alum adjuvant into adult C57/BL6 mice to determine their ability to stimulate ELISA and neutralizing antibody specific for HIV-1. Antisera to CPMV-HIV obtained after only two injections gave a strong ELISA response (mean of 1:25,800) using the free gp41 peptide as antigen, showing that the gp41 peptide incorporated into the chimera was immunogenic. The same antisera gave 97% neutralization of HIV-1 IIIB at 1:100 dilution, with a highly uniform response in all (six of six) animals tested. A third injection barely increased the neutralization titer. Normal mouse serum had no neutralizing activity. Antisera also strongly neutralized the HIV-1 strains RF and SF2. ELISA and neutralizing activity to HIV-1 IIIB declined after the second injection and were undetectable after 7 weeks, but were restimulated to the same level after the third injection. Neutralization was marginally more stable after the third injection. Antibody specific for CPMV epitopes was equally short lived. A bonus of this system was unexpected neutralizing activity specifically stimulated by unmodified CPMV virions, although this amounted to no more than 10% of the neutralizing activity stimulated by the CPMV-HIV chimera.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Under‐expression of VHL and over‐expression of HDAC‐1, HIF‐1α, LL‐37, and IAP‐2 in affected skin biopsies of patients with psoriasis (2006)

These findings suggest that there could be an association of HDAC-1, HIF-1alpha, LL-37, VHL, and IAP-2 with angiogenic and apoptotic mechanisms in psoriasis.
Peptides encoded by the calcitonin gene inhibit macrophage function. (1989)

Neuropeptides are considered to play an important role in the modulation of a number of immune functions. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), one of the neuropeptides, was found to profoundly inhibit the ability of macrophages to produce H2O2 in response to IFN-gamma or to act as APC. For the inhibition of H2O2 production to occur, preincubation of the macrophages with CGRP was required. Among neuropeptides that are similar in size, calcitonin also prevented macrophage activation but adrenocorticotropic hormone did not. These findings suggest that CGRP and calcitonin play an important role in modulating the ability of macrophages to present Ag and to respond to activating factors.
Weichselian and Holocene river dynamics in relation to climate change in the Halle-Leipziger Tieflandsbucht (Germany) (1995)

Abstract. Die genaue Beziehung zwischen Flußentwicklung und Klimaänderung ist noch immer nicht deutlich. Mit dieser Arbeit ist beabsichtigt, einen Beitrag zu leisten für die Zunahme von Kenntnissen über dieses Thema. Die Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die weichselzeitliche und holozäne Flußentwicklung in der Halle-Leipziger Tieflandsbucht (Deutschland). Die Ergebnisse werden mit Daten von Polen und der Niederlande korreliert. Schließlich wird die Bedeutung von Klimaänderungen auf die Flußentwicklung erläutert.
Cyclotron resonance measurements of electron effective mass in strained AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs pseudomorphic structures (1988)

Electron effective mass in the InxGa1−xAs conduction channel of strained AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs pseudomorphic structures is measured using far-infrared cyclotron resonance techniques at 4.2 K. The measured cyclotron mass is heavier than the conduction-band-edge mass in bulk InxGa1−xAs. This result is explained by the large two-dimensional electron density realized in the structure, and the lattice strain that exists in the InxGa1−xAs layer.
Improving the accuracy of touch screens: an experimental evaluation of three strategies (1988)

A study comparing the speed, accuracy, and user satisfaction of three different touch screen strategies was performed. The purpose of the experiment was to evaluate the merits of the more intricate touch strategies that are possible on touch screens that return a continuous stream of touch data. The results showed that a touch strategy providing continuous feedback until a selection was confirmed had fewer errors than other touch strategies. The implications of the results for touch screens containing small, densely-packed targets were discussed.
Molecular evolution of phosphoeno/pyruvate carboxylase (1994)

ABSTRACT Phospho enol pyruvate carboxylase is an enzyme involved in a wide variety of important metabolic pathways of plants such as anaplerotic reactions and C4 and CAM photosynthetic pathways. The accumulation of molecular sequence data of phospho enol pyruvate carboxylases has enabled us to investigate the function and molecular evolution of the enzymes by computer‐assisted sequence comparison. Here we report the results of sequence comparison of phospho enol pyruvate carboxylases: (1) Phosphoenofpyruvate carboxylases were classified into four groups; a subgroup of bacterial enzymes and three subgroups of plants enzymes. (2) The divergence time of the monocot enzymes involved in the C 4 pathways was roughly estimated to be 150—300 million years. On the other hand, the phylogenetic tree of the enzymes suggested that those for the dicot enzymes involved in the C 4 and CAM pathways might be close to the divergence time between the monocots and the dicots. (3) The evolutionary positions of the enzymes prevalent in roots or root nodules were identified. (4) Although sorghum and maize contained at least three genes for the enzymes in their genomes, the rates of amino acid substitution of the enzymes were different from gene to gene. The difference could not be explained by either lineage effects nor bias in base contents.
독자의 on-Line 및 off-Line 서점의 이용과 충족에 관한 연구 (2009)

본 연구는 소비자 입장에서 온라인 서점과 오프라인 서점을 어떠한 이유에서 이용하고, 어떤 점에서 만족도를 느끼는지를 이용과 충족의 관점에서 살펴보고자 하였다. 즉 독자입장에서 온라인 서점과 오프라인 서점의 이용동기 요인 및 만족도 요인을 각각 파악함으로써 온-오프프라인 서점에 대한 객관적 평가와 더불어 개선점을 제시하는데 일조하고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 소비자들은 온라인 서점의 보안 시스템, 최신 정보의 개인서비스에서 만족도가 높게 나타나는 반면 가격 할인에 대한 만족도는 떨어지는 것으로 파악되었다. 오프라인 서점의 경우 시간을 절약할 수 있고, 내용을 볼 수 있다는 데서 장점을 가진다고 인식하고 있었다. 결론부분에서는 이용과 충족 관점에서 본 연구결과의 학문적, 실무적 의미에 관하여 살펴보았다. 덧붙여 이 연구의 제한점과 후속연구를 위한 제언이 제시되었다.
Transmission‐blocking antibodies against multiple, non‐variant target epitopes of the Plasmodium falciparum gamete surface antigen Pfs230 are all complement‐fixing (1994)

We have studied the properties of 16 newly derived monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against Pfs230, a gamete surface protein of Plasmodium falciparum and a target of transmission-blocking antibodies. All 16 MoAbs recognized Pfs230 by immunoprecipitation from non-ionic detergent extracts of the protein radio-labelled with 125Iodine. The MoAbs also recognized this protein on Western blots under non-reducing conditions but none of them recognized the protein under reducing conditions. Using an immunoradiometric assay the MoAbs appear to define nine different epitope regions. The MoAbs were tested for their ability to lyse extra-cellular female gametes of P. falciparum isolate 3D7. Eight of the MoAbs, all of isotype IgG2a, mediated complement-dependent lysis of the gametes; seven of the MoAbs, all isotype IgG1, failed to lyse the gametes in the presence of active complement. The eight complement-fixing MoAbs mediated almost total suppression of infectivity of gametocytes of P. falciparum 3D7 to mosquitoes; where tested this suppression was mainly complement-dependent. The seven non-complement-fixing MoAbs had no significant effect on the infectivity of gametocytes of P. falciparum 3D7 to mosquitoes. When tested by immunofluorescence the target epitopes of all the MoAbs were conserved in each of the five different isolates of P. falciparum which were tested.
Abstract 3415: PAICS is the prognostic marker in colorectal cancer patients with stage III (2015)

Abstract PAICS (Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase/phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase) is an important bifunctional enzyme in de novo purine biosynthesis. It could be an attractive target for anticancer drug design, since rapidly dividing cancer cells rely on the purine through de novo pathway for synthesis of adenine and guanine, whereas normal cells favor the salvage pathway. Previous reports demonstrated that PAICS expression was up-regulated in ALL, lung cancer, and glioblastoma. In the present study, we first performed the comparison of PAICS mRNA expression between cancer tissue and normal colonic mucosa in 83 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients by realtime RT-PCR. We further investigated PAICS expression by immunohistochemical staining in 258 CRC patients and analyzed the association between PAICS expression and clinicopathological factors and prognosis. To understand the biological significance of PAICS expresssion, knockdown experiments of PAICS expression were performed by a siRNA method using the colon cancer cell line, HCT116. We analyzed the relationship between PAICS mRNA expression and genetic status and prognosis using several databases. PAICS mRNA expression in CRC tissue was significantly enhanced when compared to that in normal tissue. In immunohistochemical examination, PAICS expression was observed in cytoplasm of cancer cells. PAICS expression was detected in 55% cases of colorectal cancer patients. There were significant association between PAICS expression and histology (p = 0.049). There was not significant correlation between PAICS expression and overall survival in CRC patients. Regarding CRC patients with stage III, patients with positive expression of PAICS had significantly good prognosis as compared to those with negative expression (p = 0.015). Knockdown of PAICS expression acquired the ability of cellular invasion using colon cancer cell lines, HCT116 and SW480. In all CRC databases we analyzed, stage III patients with high expression of PAICS had good prognosis as compared to those with low expression of PAICS. We concluded that PAICS expression was up-regulated in approximately 55% CRC, and higher level of PAICS expression might serve as a good prognostic marker in advanced CRC patients. Citation Format: Yusuke Kobayashi, Kensuke Kumamoto, Yoshiko Matsumoto, Motonobu Saito, Tatsuo Shimura, Seiichi Takenoshita. PAICS is the prognostic marker in colorectal cancer patients with stage III. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3415. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3415
Effects of an insecticidal dip containing d-limonene in the cat (1986)

A study was undertaken to determine the effects of a single dermal application of a commercial insecticidal dip containing 78.2% d-limonene in cats. At the manufacturer's recommended concentration of 1.5 oz/gal of water, no clinical signs or lesions of toxicosis were seen. At 5 times the recommended concentration, clinical signs were mild and consisted of hypersalivation of short duration, ataxia, and muscle tremors resembling shivering. At 15 times the recommended concentration, clinical signs included hypersalivation lasting 15 to 30 minutes, moderate-to-severe ataxia lasting 1 to 5 hours, muscle tremors resembling shivering lasting 1 to 4 hours, and severe hypothermia beginning soon after treatment and lasting 5 hours. Gross lesions were confined to excoriation of the scrotal and perineal areas of the treated male cats at the 15 X concentration. No deaths or other lasting effects were seen at any dosage.
Nature of protective immunity to Francisella tularensis. (1989)

Tularemia is caused by the facultative intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis. Attenuated live vaccines, such as F. tularensis LVS (live vaccine strain), afford good--although not complete--protection; how to judge the degree of this protection has long been a problem. Both natural infection and vaccination result in immunospecific and long-lasting humoral and cell-mediated immunity. The latter is the crucial protective mechanism, whereas the humoral response protects only against strains of reduced virulence, such as those used in the vaccines. Immune serum has been used to screen for structures of F. tularensis with the ability to induce a protective immune response. This immune serum is, however, primarily directed toward antigens different from those involved in cell-mediated immunity. Serum antibodies from primed individuals recognize carbohydrate capsule antigens of F. tularensis, whereas T lymphocytes recognize membrane polypeptides of the organism. The preparation of membrane polypeptides from F. tularensis is now facilitated by the availability of a capsule-deficient mutant of F. tularensis LVS. In vitro, several membrane polypeptides of the mutant stimulate T lymphocytes from vaccinees and from naturally infected individuals. Further studies of the mechanisms of induction of protective immunity should focus on these membrane polypeptides.