gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical characterization of polymer ion‐exchange bipolar membranes (1997)

Abstract A bipolar membrane (BM) is a layered structure composed of one cation and one anion ion‐exchange layers joined together in series. Polymer BMs offer promising applications for many industrial processes (e. g., the use of bipolar electrodialysis for environmentally clean technologies and the treatment of salt‐water effluents) because of their unique electrochemical properties. The most important of these properties is the electric field enhanced (EFE) water dissociation which arises when an electric current is forced through the membrane. This phenomenon occurs at the bipolar junction of the BM, and its coupling with ion transport, though still poorly understood, is the basis of most of the potential applications of BMs. In this review, we will focus on recent work concerning the physical chemistry of BMs and give a general overview of their electrochemical properties, emphasizing both theoretical and experimental aspects. We will model first the electric double layer at the bipolar junction between the two ion‐exchange layers, and describe then the EFE water dissociation occurring in this junction. Later, we will present in detail a complete theoretical model for the coupling of ion transport and water dissociation in BMs, and show that this model is able to explain the experimental trends observed in the electrochemical characterization of polymer BMs by means of membrane potential, current–voltage curve, and impedance measurements.
Monoclonal antibodies specific for murine CD2 reveal its presence on B as well as T cells. (1989)

Monoclonal antibodies specific for the murine CD2 antigen were identified by an efficient screening method utilizing murine CD2 cDNA transfectants. An unexpected expression of CD2 on murine B cells was revealed by immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation studies with these monoclonal antibodies and by RNA blot analysis for the murine CD2 transcript.
A slug test for determining hydraulic conductivity of unconfined aquifers with completely or partially penetrating wells (1976)

A procedure is presented for calculating the hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer near a well from the rate of rise of the water level in the well after a certain volume of water is suddenly removed. The calculation is based on the Thiem equation of steady state flow to a well. The effective radius R e over which the head difference between the equilibrium water table in the aquifer and the water level in the well is dissipated was evaluated with a resistance network analog for a wide range of system geometries. An empirical equation relating R e to the geometry of the well and aquifer was derived. The technique is applicable to completely or partially penetrating wells in unconfined aquifers. It can also be used for confined aquifers that receive water from the upper confining layer. The method's results are compatible with those obtained by other techniques for overlapping geometries.
Good T cells for bad B cells (2012)

In this issue of Blood , Kochenderfer and colleagues update their results of a phase 1 trial describing the infusion of autologous T cells rendered specific for CD19.[1][1] Their data build on the safety, feasibility, and efficacy regarding adoptive transfer of genetically modified T cells
L'art roman en Normandie. Th. Leprevost, L'épopée des ducs de pierre, 1988 (1989)

Marion Jacques. L'art roman en Normandie. Th. Leprevost, L'épopée des ducs de pierre, 1988. In: Études Normandes, 38e année, n°1, 1989. Barbey d'Aurevilly écrivain normand. p. 70.
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma by a novel synthetic triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid induces growth arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. (2003)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a member of the nuclear hormonal receptor superfamily expressed in a large number of human cancers. Here, we demonstrate that PPARgamma is expressed and transcriptionally active in breast cancer cells independent of their p53, estrogen receptor, or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status. 2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), a novel synthetic triterpenoid, is a ligand for PPARgamma. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of CDDO on proliferation and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. In all breast cancer cell lines studied, CDDO transactivated PPARgamma, induced dose- and time-dependent cell growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest in G(1)-S and G(2)-M, and apoptosis. We then used differential cDNA array analysis to investigate the molecular changes induced by CDDO. After 16-h exposure of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-435 cells to CDDO, we found genes encoding the following proteins to be up-regulated in both cell lines: p21(Waf1/CIP1); GADD153; CAAT/enhancer binding protein transcription factor family members; and proteins involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Among the down-regulated genes, we focused on the genes encoding cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and the insulin receptor substrate 1. Using Western blot analysis and/or real-time PCR, we confirmed that CDDO regulated the expression of cyclin D1, p21(Waf1/CIP1), and Bcl-2. Cyclin D1 and p21(Waf1/CIP1) were additionally confirmed as important mediators of CDDO growth inhibition in genetically modified breast cancer cell lines. CDDO was able to significantly reduce the growth of MDA-MB-435 tumor cells in immunodeficient mice in vivo. The finding that CDDO can target genes critical for the regulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, and breast carcinogenesis suggests usage of CDDO as novel targeted therapy in breast cancer.
Exciton and electron traps on structural defects in molecular crystals with dipolar molecules (1996)

The depth of exciton and electron traps arising due to the presence of structural defects in organic crystals consisting of dipole molecules were calculated. In the model studied the structural defect appears if a molecule is rotated by 180° along the long axis as compared to the bulk molecules. The contribution of the electrostatic interaction to the depth of the trap state on such a defect is studied in detail. For crystals consisting of molecules which have large dipole moment in ground state and adopt large values in excited states this contribution may be dominant. The calculations are carried out for triplet excitons and electrons in benzophenone crystal.
The primary structure of branched‐chain α‐oxo acid dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis and its similarity to other α‐oxo acid dehydrogenases (1993)

The bfmB mutant of Bacillus subtilis requires branched short-chain carboxylic acids for growth because the organism is known to be defective in branched-chain alpha-oxo acid dehydrogenase. The DNA in the region of bfmB has now been cloned and sequenced, and the gene has been analyzed. The results show that there are three open reading frames in the area, each of which is preceded by a putative ribosome binding site, and the last of which is followed by a putative transcription termination site with inverted repeats. The amino acid sequences deduced by analysis of the reading frames are highly similar (with 32-49% identity) to the E1 alpha, El beta and E2 components of pyruvate, 2-oxoglutarate and branched-chain alpha-oxo acid dehydrogenases from different sources. The thiamin diphosphate binding, putative subunit interaction and phosphorylation sites of the E1 alpha of four reported branched-chain alpha-oxo acid dehydrogenases from different sources are very similar to those of the first open reading frame (E1 alpha) of bfmB. A similar result is also obtained with the lipoyl-binding site (lysine) and its domain of the E2 component of alpha-oxo acid dehydrogenases from different sources. The present data, along with the reported biochemical data, lead to the conclusion that bfmB encodes a branched-chain alpha-oxo acid dehydrogenase, which is composed of E1 alpha, E1 beta and E2 genes. This organization is identical to that of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in B. subtilis.
Characterization of Envelope Glycoprotein gp41 Genotype and Phenotypic Susceptibility to Enfuvirtide at Baseline and on Treatment in the Phase III Clinical Trials TORO-1 and TORO-2 (2006)

Enfuvirtide (T-20) is the first entry inhibitor approved for treatment of HIV infection and acts by inhibiting conformational changes in the viral envelope protein gp41 that are necessary for fusion of the virus and host cell membranes. Here we present genotypic and phenotypic data on viral envelopes obtained at baseline (n = 627) and after 48 weeks of enfuvirtide treatment (n = 302) from patients in the TORO (T-20 versus Optimized Regimen Only)-1 and -2 phase III pivotal studies. The amino acid sequence at residues 36–45 of gp41 was highly conserved at baseline except for polymorphism of approximately 16% at position 42. Substitutions within gp41 residues 36–45 on treatment were observed in virus from 92.7% of patients who met protocoldefined virological failure criteria and occurred in nearly all cases (98.8%) when decreases in susceptibility to enfuvirtide from baseline of greater than 4-fold were observed. Consistent with previous observations, a wide range of baseline susceptibilities (spanning 3 logs) was observed; however, lower in vitro baseline susceptibility was not significantly associated with a decreased virological response in vivo. Virological response was also independent of baseline coreceptor tropism and viral subtype.
Synthesis of Near-Infrared-Absorbing Nanoparticle-Assembled Capsules (2007)

Indocyanine green (ICG) is an FDA-approved photosensitizer dye used in clinical settings for optical diagnostics and near-infrared laser-based therapy. However, the rapid clearance and nonspecific vascular plasma binding issues impede ICG performance. Encapsulating ICG within a colloidal matrix is a potential approach to solving these problems, but thus far, there has been limited success. A new strategy, based on the nanoparticle assembly synthesis of stable, non-liposomal nanoparticle/polymer microcapsules, to encapsulate ICG is presented. Nanoparticle-assembled capsules (NACs) are prepared at room temperature, in aqueous solution, and at neutral pH by combining a polyallylamine solution, a phosphate solution, and an aqueous sol of silica nanoparticles; ICG-containing NACs with 0.6−1.0 μm diameter are prepared by adding an ICG solution before the nanoparticle sol. ICG loading is readily controlled with an attainable maximum loading of ∼23 wt %. There is negligible leakage from the capsules after 24 h at room temperature in phosphate buffer saline solution, with 17% ICG leakage after 8 h at 37 °C. ICG-containing NACs are capable of heat generation in response to near-infrared laser irradiation and are stable to multiple photothermal heating cycles. Fibroblast cells exposed to these capsules remain viable after 2 days of incubation. ICG-containing NACs are a promising material for new photothermal therapy applications and are illustrative of a new approach for encapsulating organic dye compounds.
AKT plays a central role in tumorigenesis (2001)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Anaerobic Nitrogen-Fixing Consortia Consisting of Clostridia Isolated from Gramineous Plants (2004)

We report here the existence of anaerobic nitrogen-fixing consortia (ANFICOs) consisting of N(2)-fixing clostridia and diverse nondiazotrophic bacteria in nonleguminous plants; we found these ANFICOs while attempting to overcome a problem with culturing nitrogen-fixing microbes from various gramineous plants. A major feature of ANFICOs is that N(2) fixation by the anaerobic clostridia is supported by the elimination of oxygen by the accompanying bacteria in the culture. In a few ANFICOs, nondiazotrophic bacteria specifically induced nitrogen fixation of the clostridia in culture. ANFICOs are widespread in wild rice species and pioneer plants, which are able to grow in unfavorable locations. These results indicate that clostridia are naturally occurring endophytes in gramineous plants and that clostridial N(2) fixation arises in association with nondiazotrophic endophytes.
Animal models of NASH: Getting both pathology and metabolic context right (2008)

Abstract Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of referral to liver clinics, and its progressive form, non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), can lead to cirrhosis and end‐stage liver disease. The main risk factors for NAFLD/NASH are the metabolic abnormalities commonly observed in metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance, visceral obesity, dyslipidemia and altered adipokine profile. At present, the causes of progression from NAFLD to NASH remain poorly defined, and research in this area has been limited by the availability of suitable animal models of this disease. In the past, the main models used to investigate the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis have either failed to reproduce the full spectrum of liver pathology that characterizes human NASH, or the liver pathology has developed in a metabolic context that is not representative of the human condition. In the last few years, a number of models have been described in which the full spectrum of liver pathology develops in an appropriate metabolic context. In general, the underlying cause of metabolic defects in these models is chronic caloric overconsumption, also known as overnutrition. Overnutrition has been achieved in a number of different ways, including forced feeding, administration of high‐fat diets, the use of genetically hyperphagic animals, or a combination of these approaches. The purpose of the present review is to critique the liver pathology and metabolic abnormalities present in currently available animal models of NASH, with particular focus on models described in approximately the last 5 years.
Lipoproteins of Bacterial Pathogens (2010)

Bacterial lipoproteins are a set of membrane proteins with many different functions. Due to this broad-ranging functionality, these proteins have a considerable significance in many phenomena, from cellular physiology through cell division and virulence. Here we give a general overview of lipoprotein biogenesis and highlight examples of the roles of lipoproteins in bacterial disease caused by a selection of medically relevant Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Neisseria meningitidis. Lipoproteins have been shown to play key roles in adhesion to host cells, modulation of inflammatory processes, and translocation of virulence factors into host cells. As such, a number of lipoproteins have been shown to be potential vaccines. This review provides a summary of some of the reported roles of lipoproteins and of how this knowledge has been exploited in some cases for the generation of novel countermeasures to bacterial diseases.
Finding sequence motifs in groups of functionally related proteins. (1990)

We have developed a method for rapidly finding patterns of conserved amino acid residues (motifs) in groups of functionally related proteins. All 3-amino acid patterns in a group of proteins of the type aa1 d1 aa2 d2 aa3, where d1 and d2 are distances that can be varied in a range up to 24 residues, are accumulated into an array. Segments of the proteins containing those patterns that occur most frequently are aligned on each other by a scoring method that obtains an average relatedness value for all the amino acids in each column of the aligned sequence block based on the Dayhoff relatedness odds matrix. The automated method successfully finds and displays nearly all of the sequence motifs that have been previously reported to occur in 33 reverse transcriptases, 18 DNA integrases, and 30 DNA methyltransferases.
Obstacle Detection with Stereo Vision for Off-Road Vehicle Navigation (2006)

In this paper we present an artificial vision algorithm for real-time obstacle detection in unstructured environments. The images have been taken using a stereoscopical vision system. The system uses a new approach, of low computational load, to calculate a V-disparity image between left and right corresponding images, in order to estimate the cameras pitch oscillation caused by the vehicle movement. Then, the obstacles are localized by stereo matching and mapped in real world coordinates. Experimental results on sequences taken from a moving vehicle (which partecipated to the DARPA Grand Challenge 2004) in different unstructured scenarios are then presented, to demonstrate the validity of the approach.
The Influence of Chimú Metalworks on Inca Metalworks (2017)

One of the cornerstones of art history is the attribution of art work to an artist, culture or time period. Art historians perform this work through a number of methods, including an analysis of medium, provenance, and object history, with the goal of placing a work within a chronological sequence. However, art historical attribution becomes a challenge when studying lesser known cultures or cultures of the past whose art works have been removed from archaeological contexts without rigorous study. As a result, attributions and classifications are sometimes based on minimal information. Once published this information is often uncritically perpetuated. One such case is the metalwork that is typically attributed to the Inca when they are more likely the work of Chimú artists. Teasing out the complex relationship of Chimú art to Inca empire, and the impact of Spanish colonialism on the pre-colonial art historical record, is the topic of this article.
Modern bioassays using metal chelates as luminescent probes (1996)

P. G. Sammes and G. Yahioglu, Nat. Prod. Rep., 1996, 13, 1 DOI: 10.1039/NP9961300001
Distinct functions of interferon‐γ for chemokine expression in models of acute lung inflammation (1998)

Challenge of the immune system with bacterial superantigens or endotoxin induces the systemic release of cytokines followed by lethal septic shock. The lung is particularly susceptible to systemic toxin exposure resulting in acute leucocyte infiltration and vascular damage. In the present study, the functions of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) for chemokine regulation during acute lung inflammation were examined. Following administration of the superantigen, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), lung mRNA levels of the chemokines cytokine-induced neutrophil chemo-attractant (KC), lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine (LIX), macrophage chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-2 were increased to a similar extent both in controls and in mice deficient for the IFN-gamma or 55 000 MW TNF receptors. In contrast, interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and monokine induced by IFN-gamma (Mig) mRNA expression was markedly reduced in mice deficient for IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma receptor, but not in 55 000 MW TNF receptor knockout mice. In situ hybridization experiments demonstrated that IP-10 was highly expressed in lung interstitial macrophages of C57BL/6, but not of IFN-gamma receptor-deficient mice. In contrast to SEB administration, treatment with lipopolysaccharide resulted in a strong induction of IP-10 and Mig in IFN-gamma receptor-deficient mice. Together, these results establish a critical function of IFN-gamma for chemokine induction in acute lung inflammation that is dependent on the nature of the inflammatory stimulus.
Premedication with Oral and Transdermal Clonidine Provides Safe and Efficacious Postoperative Sympatholysis (1994)

We studied 61 patients undergoing elective major non-cardiac surgery in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-control clinical trial to test the hypothesis that the addition of clonidine to a standardized general anesthetic could safely provide postoperative sympatholysis for patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Patients were allocated randomly to receive either placebo (n = 31) or clonidine (n = 30). The treatment group received premedication with a transdermal clonidine system (0.2 mg/d) the night prior to surgery, which was left in place for 72 h, and 0.3 mg oral clonidine 60-90 min before surgery. Clonidine reduced enflurane requirements, intraoperative tachycardia, and myocardial ischemia (1/28 clonidine patients vs 5/24 placebo, P = 0.05). However, clonidine decreased heart rates only during the first five postoperative hours; the incidence of postoperative myocardial ischemia (6/28 clonidine vs 5/26 placebo) did not differ between the two groups. Patients who experienced postoperative myocardial ischemia tended to have higher heart rates after surgery. Clonidine significantly reduced the plasma levels of epinephrine (P = 0.009) and norepinephrine (P = 0.026) measured on the first postoperative morning. There were no differences in the need for intravenous fluid therapy or antihypertensive therapy after surgery. The number of hours spent in an intensive care setting and the number of days spent in hospital were not different between the two groups. These results suggest that larger doses of clonidine should be investigated for their ability to decrease postoperative tachycardia and myocardial ischemia.
Giant conductance oscillations controlled by supercurrent flow through a ballistic mesoscopic conductor (1995)

We predict giant conductance oscillations for a normal ballistic sample in contact with superconducting elements. The effect is due to quasiparticle interference leading to a resonant sensitivity of the normal current to the superconductor phase difference \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\varphi}. In contrast to the case of diffusive transport the amplitude of the oscillations can greatly exceed both ${\mathit{e}}^{2}$/h and the conductance of the system itself measured in absence of superconducting elements. We suggest an experiment where the effect can be revealed most dramatically. A simple relation between the resonant conductance and the Josephson current through the system is derived.
Clinical-Scale Selection of Anti-CD3/CD28–Activated T Cells After Transduction with a Retroviral Vector Expressing Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase and Truncated Nerve Growth Factor Receptor (2002)

Activation of T cells is necessary for efficient retroviral-mediated gene transfer. In addition, if the population of infused cells is to be limited to transduced cells, a means of positive selection is required. We describe a clinical scale procedure for activation of donor T cells with anti-CD3/CD28 beads followed by transduction with a retroviral construct expressing the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) and human nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR). Optimization of transduction parameters was performed, testing the timing of transduction, centrifugation, and the use of serum. In large-scale experiments, 3-5 x 10(8) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were activated with anti-CD3/CD28 beads and expanded to day 13. Transduction was accomplished using MFG-TKiNG supernatant produced from the PG13 packaging line 48 hr after T-cell activation. The mean transduction frequency was 37.5% based on NGFR expression, and the mean expansion observed was 42.6-fold (mean final cell number 1.85 x 10(10)). A comparison of the ability of the Baxter Isolex 300i and the Miltenyi CliniMACS to perform purification of NGFR+ cells suggests that greater purity can be achieved with the CliniMACS device (67.4% vs. 97.7%), while the yield of transduced cells appears higher with the Isolex 300i (41.3% vs. 23.5%). We conclude that a strategy based on activation of human T cells with anti-CD3/CD28 beads can result in sufficient transduction, expansion, and purification based on NGFR expression for clinical trials.