gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improvement of silicone endothelialization by treatment with allylamine and/or acrylic acid low‐pressure plasma (2003)

Abstract Plasma polymerization of allylamine, acrylic acid, and an allylamine/acrylic acid mixture on Silastic® silicone rubber led to a strong increase in the silicone rubber's hydrophilicity and surface energy. Analysis of the deposited layer by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy with 20° and 70° takeoff angles showed segregation of the atoms according to the depth and the incorporation of amino groups, oxygenated groups, and both. The endothelialization of untreated and treated samples was evaluated by the seeding and growth of aorta epithelial cells from pigs in cellular adherence (%), doubling time (in hours), and confluent density (10 4 cells/cm 2 ). The best results were obtained with the allylamine/acrylic acid mixture treatment, which brought a biocompatibility to Silastic® similar to classic tissue culture on polystyrene plates. The interpretation was based on the presence of NH /CO 2− microareas in the deposited layer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1794–1802, 2003
TGFβ1 Attenuates Expression of Prolactin and IGFBP-1 in Decidualized Endometrial Stromal Cells by Both SMAD-Dependent and SMAD-Independent Pathways (2010)

TGFβ1 inhibits the expression and secretion of decidual marker proteins. The impact of TGFβ1 on PRL is SMAD-dependent but the impact on IGFBP1 is via an alternative mechanism. In early pregnancy, resistance of DSC to the impact of TGFβ1 may be important to ensure tissue homeostasis.
Alpha Radiation Effects on Silicon Oxynitride Waveguides (2016)

Photonic technologies are today of great interest for use in harsh environments, such as outer space, where they can potentially replace current communication systems based on radiofrequency components. However, akin to electronic devices, the behavior of optical materials and circuits can be strongly altered by high-energy and high-dose ionizing radiation. Here, we investigate the effects of alpha (α) radiation with MeV-range energy on silicon oxynitride (SiON) optical waveguides in the 1550 nm wavelength range. Irradiation with a dose of 5 × 1015 cm–2 increases the refractive index of the SiON core by nearly 10–2, twice as much as that of the surrounding silica cladding, leading to a significant increase of the refractive index contrast of the waveguide. The higher mode confinement induced by α-radiation reduces the loss of tightly bent waveguides. We show that this increases the quality factor of microring resonators by 20%, with values larger than 105 after irradiation.
Cutting Edge: Critical Role for CD5 in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Inhibition of Engagement Reverses Disease in Mice (2004)

The induction phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice is T cell dependent and coreceptors that regulate T cell activation modulate disease development. We report here that mice lacking CD5, an important modulator of T cell activation, exhibit significantly delayed onset and decreased severity of EAE. The resistance to EAE in CD5(-/-) mice was not due to the inability of T cells to respond efficiently to stimulation with MOG(35-55) but was associated with the presence of elevated frequency of apoptotic activated T cells in spleens and DLN. We also observed a net decrease in peripheral activated CD4(+) T cells in CD5(-/-) spleens and DLN 10 days after immunization. We further show that in vivo blockade of CD5 engagement after induction of EAE by soluble CD5-Fc, a treatment that induces elimination of activated T cells, promoted recovery from EAE. Our studies indicate that CD5 regulates survival of activated T cells and provides a target for treatment of T cell-dependent autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
The Design of Ridged Waveguides (1955)

As far as we are aware, the only published design information on ridged guide transmission lines is found in a paper by S. B. Cohn and to some extent in the Waveguide Handbook. Recent applications, however, have indicated a need for additional and, in some cases, more accurate design information. The present paper is largely written with this in mind.
A Comparison of Fine-needle Aspiration, Core Biopsy, and Surgical Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Extremity Soft Tissue Masses (2010)

In soft tissue mass diagnosis, core biopsy is more accurate than fine-needle aspiration on all accounts, and open biopsy is more accurate than both in determining malignancy, establishing the exact diagnosis, and the guiding appropriate treatment.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (2011)

Ephedra-containing products were available to consumers in the USA as dietary supplements following the enactment of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA, 1994)1 for almost a decade. These supplements, which were claimed to promote weight loss2,3 and to enhance physical performance4, were aggressively marketed. However, numerous, severe adverse event reports associated with the use of ephedra were received by the FDA during this period. A resulting in-depth review of all data by the FDA led to the conclusion that ephedra use presented an unreasonable risk of illness or injury to the consumer and ultimately led to the prohibition of sale of ephedra supplements in accordance with the DSHEA5 (Table 8.1). Although a few controlled clinical studies did report a short-term weight loss with supervised ephedra use (alone or in combination with caffeine)6,7, the risks of keeping ephedra on the market were considered to far outweigh any benefits. This chapter reviews the probable reasons that made ephedra-containing supplements hazardous and discusses possible measures that can be undertaken to make dietary supplements safer.
ENDOTHELIAL CELL RESPONSES TO HYPOXIC STRESS (1999)

1. Changes in the environmental oxygen tension to which cells are exposed in vivo result in physiological and sometimes pathological consequences that are associated with differential expression of specific genes. 2. Low oxygen tension (hypoxia) affects endothelial cellular physiology in vivo and in vitro in a number of ways, including the transcriptionally regulated expression of vasoactive substances and matrix proteins involved in modulating vascular tone or remodelling the vasculature and surrounding tissue. 3. Hypoxia results in the transcriptional induction of genes encoding vasoconstrictors and smooth muscle mitogens (PDGF-B, endothelin-1, VEGF, thrombospondin-1) and genes encoding matrix or remodelling molecules (collagenase IV (MMP-9), thrombospondin-1) and reciprocal transcriptional inhibition of vasodilatory or anti-mitogenic effectors (eNOS). 4. Oxygen appears to signal through a novel haem-containing sensor and signals initiated by this sensor alter the levels and DNA-binding activity of transcription factors such as activating protein (AP)-1, nuclear factor-kappa B and hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1. 5. The genes encoding vasoactive factors regulated by oxygen tension are themselves also regulated by the vasoactive agent nitric oxide (NO). 6. Nitric oxide and oxygen transduce similar signals (i.e. their absence results in identical patterns of gene expression in endothelial cells and other cell types). 7. Thus, NO can feedback on and modulate signals induced by hypoxia and vice versa. For example, NO, which can act directly on smooth muscle cells as a vasodilator, can also facilitate vasodilation indirectly by reversing the production of vasoconstrictors induced by hypoxia. 8. Short-term exposure of endothelial cells to low oxygen tension results in the elaboration of predominantly vasoconstricting effectors, while longer-term and more severe hypoxic exposure generates factors that can induce smooth muscle proliferation and remodelling. 9. Thus, the endothelial cell response to hypoxic stress can result in two different consequences in the surrounding tissues, depending on the duration of the exposure: short-term exposure causes physiological and reversible modulation of vascular tone and blood flow; chronic hypoxic stress results in irreversible remodelling of the vasculature and surrounding tissues, with smooth muscle proliferation and fibrosis. 10. This dichotomy of responses to hypoxia may explain, in part, both the acute and chronic pathophysiological sequelae of diseases characterized by regional hypoxia, including atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, sickle cell disease and systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).
International Law and Security Dilemmas in Multiethnic States (2002)

This paper considers how the international legal system may be reconstructed through the introduction of new legal relationships among these principles of international law to encourage different ethnic and religious communities, which rely on the principle of self-determination, and central governments, which invokes the principle of territorial integrity of its state, to make rational choices that will reduce the likelihood of minority/government conflict in the future. Sub-national groups understand self-determination of peoples to include the right of secession which threatens the territorial integrity of a state, while the territorial integrity of a state prohibits self-determination to be understood as statehood. Since the principles of international law, self-determination of peoples and integrity of states have equal international status, this creates legal confusion in political relations, and constrains participants, ethnic groups, and central governments from focusing on primary goals: secession and protection of states' territorial integrity.
Differences in the electrophysiological response of canine ventricular epicardium and endocardium to ischemia. Role of the transient outward current. (1993)

Our data suggest that the presence of a prominent Ito in epicardium but not endocardium contributes importantly to the selective electrical depression of epicardium by simulated ischemia. The repolarizing influence of Ito serves to amplify the ischemia-induced changes in inward (ICa and INa) and outward (calcium-activated) currents. By facilitating loss of the dome in epicardium, Ito contributes to the development of a marked dispersion of repolarization between normal and ischemic epicardium and between epicardium and endocardium, thereby providing the electrophysiological substrate for the genesis of reentrant arrhythmias.
Nebulized antibiotic therapy: the evidence (2005)

The main indications for nebulized antibiotic use are as maintenance therapy for patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and in treatment protocols aimed at eradicating early P. aeruginosa infection. Daily nebulized antibiotic therapy has been used extensively in Europe for the last 25 years and recently in North America following the introduction of tobramycin solution for inhalation (TSI). The antibiotic is delivered directly to the site of infection, maximizing its efficacy and reducing its potential for toxicity. The efficacy of nebulized antibiotic therapy has been confirmed by meta-analyses of early studies which usually involved only small numbers of patients, and recently by large scale randomized control trials. These studies have shown that regular aerosolized antibiotic treatment results in improved respiratory function, less hospital admissions and respiratory exacerbations, and a significant reduction in the load of P. aeruginosa respiratory tract infection. Concerns about increasing bacterial resistance do not yet seem to have had any clinical impact. Successful eradication of early P. aeruginosa infection has been reported with nebulized colistin (in combination with oral ciprofloxacin), tobramycin and TSI. No advantage has been shown in studies comparing nebulized and intravenous antibiotics versus intravenous antibiotics alone in the treatment of acute respiratory exacerbations. Inhalation of antibiotics may provoke bronchospasm and patients should be assessed before and after treatment prior to continuing long-term therapy at home.
Simple and inexpensive technique for measuring oxygen consumption rate in adherent cultured cells (2017)

Measurement of cellular oxygen consumption rate (OCR) is essential in assessing roles of mitochondria in physiology and pathophysiology. Classical techniques, in which polarographic oxygen electrode measures the extracellular oxygen concentration in a closed measuring vessel, require isolation and suspension of the cell. Because cell functions depend on the extracellular milieu including the extracellular matrix, isolation of cultured cells prior to the measurement may significantly affect the OCR. More recent techniques utilize optical methods in which oxygen-dependent quenching of fluorophores determines oxygen concentration in the medium at a few microns above the surface of the cultured cells. These techniques allow the OCR measurement in cultured cells adhered to the culture dish. However, this technique requires special equipment such as a fluorescence lifetime microplate reader or specialized integrated system, which are usually quite expensive. Here, we introduce a simple and inexpensive technique for measuring OCR in adherent cultured cells that utilizes conventional fluorescence microscopy and a glassware called a gap cover glass.
Expression of S100 protein family members in the pathogenesis of bladder tumors. (2007)

The S100 proteins act as multifactional signaling factors that are involved in the regulation of diverse cellular processes. To explore the involvement of S100 genes in bladder cancers, S100 gene expressions were systematically evaluated at the RNA level by microarray and real-time PCR. Total RNAs were obtained from 4-hydroxybutyl(butyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN)-induced mouse and rat bladder cancers, human bladder cancers and matched normal bladder urothelium. Microarray analysis was performed on mouse and rat bladder cancers; real-time PCR was performed in mouse, rat and human bladder cancers and their matched normal urothelium for confirmation. Microarray analysis revealed that 9 and 6 members of the S100 gene family were differentially expressed in mouse and rat bladder cancers, respectively. Thirteen members of the S100 gene family were confirmed by real-time PCR to be differentially expressed in human bladder cancers, with overexpression of S100A2, S100A3, S100A5, S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, S100A14, S100A15, S100A16 and S100P, and underexpression of S100A1, S100A4 and S100B. S100A1, S10OA3, S100A8, S10A9, S100A14, S100A15 and S100A16 showed similar patterns of differential expression in bladder cancers from mouse, rat and human. To our knowledge this is the first report of systematic evaluation of S100 gene expressions in bladder cancers. Our results indicate that differential expression of S100 gene family members is characteristic of bladder cancers and these genes may play important roles in bladder tumorigenesis and progression.
Informativeness of VNTR genetic markers for detecting chimerism after bone marrow transplantation. (1989)

We tested the feasibility and practicability of using VNTR-type DNA genetic markers to identify chimerism in the bone marrow of patients following bone marrow transplantation. We selected eight probes which were highly polymorphic when hybridized to DNA digested with MspI. In over 50 donor-recipient combinations, autoradiograms of Southern blots yielded patterns which allowed donor DNA to be distinguished from recipient DNA after an average of two or three serial hybridizations. The strong hybridization signal of VNTR probes also made it possible to detect as little as 1 per cent DNA in DNA mixing experiments.
Health care practices in ancient Greece: The Hippocratic ideal. (2014)

Asclepius and Hippocrates focused medical practice on the natural approach and treatment of diseases, highlighting the importance of understanding the patient's health, independence of mind, and the need for harmony between the individual, social and natural environment, as reflected in the Hippocratic Oath. The aim of this study was to present the philosophy of care provision in ancient Greece and to highlight the influence of the Hippocratic ideal in modern health care practices. A literature review was carried out using browser methods in international databases. According to the literature, "healthy mind in a healthy body" was the main component of the Hippocratic philosophy. Three main categories were observed in the Hippocratic provision of care: health promotion, interventions on trauma care, and mental care and art therapy interventions. Health promotion included physical activity as an essential part of physical and mental health, and emphasized the importance of nutrition to improve performance in the Olympic Games. Interventions on trauma care included surgical practices developed by Hippocrates, mainly due to the frequent wars in ancient Greece. Mental care and art therapy interventions were in accordance with the first classification of mental disorders, which was proposed by Hippocrates. In this category music and drama were used as management tools in the treatment of illness and in the improvement of human behavior. The role of Asclepieion of Kos was highlighted which clearly indicates a holistic health care model in care provision. Finally, all practices regarded detailed recordings and evaluation of information within the guidelines. The Hippocratic philosophy on health care provision focused on the holistic health care model, applying standards and ethical rules that are still valid today.
The adjuvant activity of aliphatic nitrogenous bases. (1966)

By the use of diphtheria toxoid in guinea-pigs, high adjuvant activity has been found in a number of aliphatic nitrogenous bases including amines, quaternary ammonium compounds, guanidines, benzamidines and thiouroniums. Activity appears to depend on a combination of basicity and a long aliphatic chain of twelve or more carbon atoms. Such adjuvants tend to be haemolytic, and cause damage to tissue culture monolayers. It is suggested that their activity is connected with their surface activity and hence their ability to alter cell membranes, but that the basicity plays a further as yet undetermined role.
PIECES ON OUR CRAFT: Size Matters: Small States and International Studies (2005)

In recent years, there has been growing recognition within international studies that big (normally synonymous with “power”) is not always best. In contrast to the traditional IR focus on great powers, a number of authors have highlighted the need to “take small states seriously” in international studies and challenged Kenneth Waltz’s claim that the “story of international relations is written in terms of the great powers.” In part, this shift in emphasis reflects the mounting interest in small states amongst policy-making communities themselves. This is evident, for instance, in current debates in the World Trade Organization (WTO) about the status of small island states and within the European Union (EU) about the impact of the small enlargement states on European governance, economy and society. The remarkable economic success of small countries such as the Irish Republic has also led to increased awareness of the lessons that can be learnt from...
Immunization with an insulin peptide–MHC complex to prevent type 1 diabetes of NOD mice (2011)

Immunization with I-Ag7-B:RE#3 complex significantly delays the development of insulin autoantibodies and the onset of diabetes in NOD mice, which is associated with the induction of I-Ag7-B:RE#3 antibodies.
Formulation development of albumin based theragnostic nanoparticles as a potential delivery system for tumor targeting (2012)

These results project the newly proposed and evaluated nanoparticle formulation as a potential tumor targeting and imaging delivery system.
Plasmon resonant coupling in metallic nanowires (2001)

We investigate the plasmon resonances of interacting silver nanowires with a 50 nm diameter. Both non-touching and intersecting configurations are investigated. While individual cylinders exhibit a single plasmon resonance, we observe much more complex spectra of resonances for interacting structures. The number and magnitude of the different resonances depend on the illumination direction and on the distance between the particles. For very small separations, we observe a dramatic field enhancement between the particles, where the electric field amplitude reaches a hundredfold of the illumination. A similar enhancement is observed in the grooves created in slightly intersecting particles. The topology of these different resonances is related to the induced polarization charges. The implication of these results to surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) are discussed.
'Immunomers'--novel 3'-3'-linked CpG oligodeoxyribonucleotides as potent immunomodulatory agents (2002)

Oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing CpG dinucleotides (CpG DNAs) are currently being evaluated as novel immunomodulators in clinical trials. Recently, we showed that an accessible 5' end is required for immunostimulatory activity and blocking the 5' end of CpG DNA by conjugation of certain ligands abrogates immunostimulatory activity. Based on these results, we designed and synthesized 3'-3'-linked CpG DNAs that contained two or more identical CpG DNA segments, referred to here as 'immunomers'. The use of solid support bearing diDMT-glyceryl-linker permitted convenient synthesis of immunomers with both segments synthesized simultaneously, giving better yields and purity. The in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that as a result of accessibility to two 5' ends for recognition, immunomers show an enhanced immunostimulatory activity compared with linear CpG DNAs. We also studied the suitability of a number of different linkers for attaching the two segments of immunomers. A C3-linker was found to be optimal for joining the two segments of immunomers. Incorporation of multiple linkers between the two segments of immunomers resulted in different cytokine profiles depending on the nature and number of linkers incorporated. Additionally, the length of immunomer also plays a significant role in inducing immune responses. An immunomer containing 11 nt in each segment showed the highest activity and an 11mer linear CpG DNA failed to stimulate an immune response. These results suggest that immunomers have several advantages over conventional linear CpG DNAs for immunomodulatory activity studies.