gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activation of NF-κB by Antineoplastic Agents (1997)

Paclitaxel can induce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 gene expression, similar to lipopolysaccharides. Since lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of TNF is related to activation of NF-kappaB, we determined whether NF-kappaB could be activated by paclitaxel. In the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, paclitaxel activated NF-kappaB in a dose-dependent manner with maximal activation after 2-4 h. Since paclitaxel could up-regulate TNF and interleukin-1 secretion and subsequent NF-kappaB activation could be caused by these cytokines, the effect of two other groups of anticancer drugs including vinca alkaloids (vinblastine and vincristine) and anthracyclines (daunomycin and doxorubicin), neither of which induce TNF or interleukin-1 gene expression, were examined. Like paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, daunomycin, and doxorubicin each caused activation of NF-kappaB. Therefore, it is unlikely that activation of NF-kappaB caused by these agents or by paclitaxel is mediated via cytokine up-regulation. Furthermore, actinomycin D and cycloheximide, inhibitors of transcription and translation, respectively, did not inhibit paclitaxel-induced NF-kappaB activation. Several other transcription factors such as AP-1, AP-2, CREB, SP-1, or TFIID were not activated by antineoplastic agents demonstrating specificity of NF-kappaB activation. The involvement of both subunits in the NF-kappaB DNA binding complex was demonstrated by its abrogation by anti-p65 and by supershift by anti-p50 antibodies. Since protein phosphorylation is implicated in the activation of NF-kappaB, the effect of anticancer drugs on protein kinase C activity was measured. Vincristine, daunomycin, and paclitaxel significantly increased protein kinase C activity, and vinblastine and doxorubicin caused similar trends. Following treatment with antineoplastics (1-4 h), cytoplasmic IkappaBalpha degradation occurred concomitantly with translocation of p65 to the nucleus. Specific protein kinase C inhibitors (bisindolylmaleimide (GF109203X) and calphostin C) blocked the activation of NF-kappaB by each compound. Hence, protein kinase C activation may contribute to NF-kappaB activation by antineoplastic agents.
The Chemistry of Phenols (2003)

1. General and theoretical aspects of phenols (Minh Tho Nguyen, Eugene S. Kryachko and Luc G. Vanquickenborne). 2. The structural chemistry of phenols (Menahem Kaftory). 3. Thermochemistry of phenols and related arenols (Suzanne W. Slayden and Joel F. Liebman). 4. Mass spectrometry and gas-phase ion chemistry of phenols (Dietmar Kuck). 5. NMR and IR spectroscopy of phenols (Poul Erik Hansen and Jens Spanget-Larsen). 6. Synthesis of phenols (Concepci-on Gonz-alez and Luis Castedo). 7. UV-visible spectra and photoacidity of phenols, naphthols and pyrenols (Ehud Pines). 8. Hydrogen-bonded complexes of phenols (C. Laurence, M. Berthelot and J. Graton). 9. Electrophilic reactions of phenols (V. Prakash Reddy and G. K. Surya Prakash). 10. Synthetic uses of phenols (Masahiko Yamaguchi). 11. Tautomeric equilibria and rearrangements involving phenols (Sergei M. Lukyanov and Alla V. Koblik). 12. Phenols as antioxidants (L. Ross C. Barclay and Melinda R. Vinqvist). 13. Analytical aspects of phenolic compounds (Jacob Zabicky). 14. Photochemistry of phenols (William M. Horspool). 15. Radiation chemistry of phenols (P. Neta). 16. Transient phenoxyl radicals: Formation and properties in aqueous solutions (S. Steenken and P. Neta). 17. Oxidation of phenols (Shosuke Yamamura). 18. Environmental effects of substituted phenols (Victor Glezer). 19. Calixarenes (Volker B ohmer). 20. Polymers based on phenols (D. H. Solomon, G. G. Qiao and M. J. Caulfield). Author index. Subject index.
Radioimmunotherapy for breast cancer using escalating fractionated doses of 131I-labeled chimeric L6 antibody with peripheral blood progenitor cell transfusions. (1995)

Radioimmunotherapy (RAIT) using a humanized murine monoclonal antibody, chimeric L6 (ChL6), has produced objective tumor reduction in 50% of chemotherapy-refractory patients with metastatic breast cancer in our prior studies. Because myelosuppression limited dose escalation, we evaluated the ability of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transfusions to ameliorate this problem. 131I-labeled ChL6 was given at a starting dose of 150 mCi/m2 (2,5 times the maximum tolerated dose without PBPCs) for a planned three treatments. When blood radioactivity declined to less than 1 microCi/ml after treatment, PBPCs were transfused, and G-CSF was administered. Patient 1 had minimal myelosuppression, received two cycles of therapy, and then developed human antimonoclonal antibody (HAMA). Patient 2 had prolonged thrombocytopenia that resolved after additional PBPC transfusion. Progressive disease as well as HAMA prevented further treatment. Patient 3 received all three cycles of 150 mCi/m2 at 8-week intervals. Thrombocytopenia (< 25,000/microliter) occurred but was transient (0-7 days). Because HAMA developed in all prior patients who received G-CSF with ChL6 RAIT, including patients 1 and 2, who received PBPC, patient 3 was given cyclosporin for 14 days. She did not develop HAMA or significant toxicity following 3 cycles of RAIT. Cumulative radiation doses to her lungs and tumor were estimated at 3,100 and 11,200 cGy, respectively. For 9 months, she had a reduction in bone pain, a decline in serum tumor markers, and decreased tumor uptake of F-18-deoxyglucose on a positron emission scan. Her performance status improved, and she had no pulmonary toxicity. We conclude that: (a) PBPC transfusion can modify the myelotoxicity of RAIT and can permit repetitive dosing; (b) cyclosporin is a promising means to abrogate HAMA; and (c) fractionation of intensive-dose RAIT may increase the antitumor effect and reduce normal organ toxicity.
Seamless Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (S-BFD) for Segment Routing (2015)

This document defines procedures to use Seamless Bidirectional
Forwarding Detection (S-BFD) for the Segment Routing environment.
Cloning and sequence analysis of the putative rifamycin polyketide synthase gene cluster from Amycolatopsis mediterranei (1998)

The 54-kbp Type I polyketide synthase gene cluster, most probably involved in rifamycin biosynthesis by Amycolatopsis mediterranei, was cloned in E. coli and completely sequenced. The DNA encodes five closely packed, very large open reading frames reading in one direction. As expected from the chemical structure of rifamycins, ten polyketide synthase modules and a CoA ligase domain were identified in the five open reading frames which contain one to three polyketide synthase modules each. The order of the functional domains on the DNA probably reflects the order in which they are used because each of the modules contains the predicted acetate or propionate transferase, dehydratase, and β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase functions, required for the respective step in rifamycin biosynthesis.
Pancreas and islet transplantation in humans. (1996)

Pancreas transplantation is the only treatment presently available for patients with Type 1 diabetes that establishes both insulin independence and sustained normoglycaemia. This normoglycaemia is associated with potential beneficial effects on the secondary microvascular complications of diabetes. Pancreas transplantation also improves the quality of life for diabetic patients. Islet transplantation has had only limited success to date, but when successful restores regulated insulin secretion and establishes insulin independence. However, despite the benefits of both pancreas and islet transplant for carbohydrate metabolism and diabetic complications, neither is considered standard therapy for patients with IDDM. Both types of transplantation require life-long immunosuppressive therapy. Pancreas transplant is further limited by the significant risks of the surgical procedure. In order for either pancreas or islet transplantation to achieve the clinical acceptability of other forms of transplantation, clear advantages over exogenous insulin therapy must be demonstrated.
Optically Pinpointing Magnetic Nanoparticles within Biological Tissue (2006)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text Amy L. Oldenburg and Stephen A. Boppart, "Optically Pinpointing Magnetic Nanoparticles within Biological Tissue," Optics & Photonics News 17(12), 24-24 (2006) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Incorporation of functional status into dose‐volume analysis (1999)

The dose-volume histogram (DVH) has gained wide acceptance as a mechanism for reducing the voluminous data of a three-dimensional dose distribution into a two-dimensional graph. These graphs are often converted to a single figure of merit. This data reduction technique is used both for clinical treatment plan evaluation and as part of proposed systems for estimating control and complication probabilities. It has long been recognized that a major shortcoming of the DVH as an analysis tool is that all spatial information is discarded. A subtler problem, which is addressed in this work, is that the DVH also implies homogeneity of biological consequence of irradiation in what may be a functionally heterogeneous volume of tissue. An extension to the DVH, the functional dose-volume histogram, or dose-function histogram (DFH), is proposed, that explicitly includes quantitative three-dimensional functional information. The concept is illustrated by the use of SPECT imaging to assess the functional status of irradiated lung.
Induction of mucosal immunity against herpes simplex virus by plasmid DNA immunization (1997)

The ability of mucosally delivered plasmid DNA encoding glycoprotein B (gB) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to generate systemic as well as distal mucosal immunity was evaluated. BALB/c mice were immunized intranasally (i.n.) with gB DNA or DNA expressing beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal). Two days following immunization, gB and beta-Gal gene expression was detected by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR in lungs and cervical lymph nodes (CLN). Histological analysis showed that beta-Gal protein was expressed in vivo in the lungs and the CLN of animals immunized with i.n. administered beta-Gal DNA. The immune responses generated by i.n. administration of gB DNA with or without cholera toxin (CT) were compared to those generated by intramuscular (i.m.) gB DNA and i.n. live HSV administration. Three i.n. doses of gB DNA over a 3-week period resulted in a distal mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) response. In addition, the mucosal IgA response was enhanced by coadministration of CT with gB DNA. The i.m. route of immunization induced a strong IgG response in the serum and vagina but was inefficient in generating a mucosal IgA response. Antigen-specific cytokine ELISPOT analyses as well as the serum IgG1/IgG2a ratio indicated induction of stronger Th2 responses following the additional i.n. administration of CT compared to i.n. or i.m. gB DNA or i.n. live HSV immunization. In addition, mucosal immunization with gB DNA induced anti-HSV cell-mediated immunity in vivo as measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity. Although i.n. DNA immunization was an effective means of inducing mucosal antibody, it was inferior to i.m. DNA delivery in providing protection against lethal HSV challenge via the vaginal route. In addition, both i.m. and i.n. plasmid immunizations failed to generate an immune barrier to viral invasion of the mucosa.
G protein coupling profile of mGluR6 and expression of Gα proteins in retinal ON bipolar cells (2006)

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6) is a group III, pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G protein coupled mGluR that plays a specialized role in the retina. Retinal ON bipolar cells, which receive direct glutamatergic input from photoreceptor cells, express mGluR6 as their primary postsynaptic glutamate receptor. Activation of mGluR6 in these cells initiates an intracellular signaling cascade ultimately leading to inhibition of a cation channel and cell hyperpolarization. The primary mediator of this pathway in vivo is G alpha(o), but the potential roles of other G proteins from the G alpha(i/o) family in the regulation of this or other signaling pathways in ON bipolar cells are unclear. To determine which specific G proteins from the G alpha(i/o) family are able to couple to mGluR6, a G alpha reconstitution system was employed using PTX-insensitive G alpha mutants expressed with mGluR6 in PTX-treated sympathetic neurons from the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG). The efficiency of coupling to mGluR6 was G(oa) > G(ob), G(i1) > G(i2), G(i3), whereas no coupling was observed with G alpha(z), nor with the retinal G alpha proteins, rod (GNAT2) or cone (GNAT1) transducin (G alpha(Tr-R), G alpha(Tr-C)). Finally, the expression of G alpha proteins determined to couple with mGluR6 was examined in rat ON bipolar cells using single cell RT-PCR. Co-expression of mGluR6 message was used to distinguish ON from OFF bipolar cells. Expression of G alpha(o) was detected in every ON bipolar cell examined. Message for G alpha(i1), which coupled moderately to mGluR6, was not detected in ON bipolar cells, nor was G alpha(i3), which coupled to mGluR6 in only a few cells but on average did not exhibit statistically significant coupling. Finally, though G alpha(i2) was detectable in ON bipolar cells, its coupling to mGluR6 in the SCG system was not significant. Together, these data indicate that signaling through mGluR6 in mammalian ON bipolar cells is highly focused, apparently acting through a single G alpha protein subtype.
Novel immobilization techniques in the fabrication of efficient electrochemical biosensors (1996)

The development of enzyme electrodes plays a major role in the performance of an electrochemical biosensor. In this paper, we describe two generic methods for efficient immobilization of enzymes or biomolecules at the electrode surface. These methods are based on physical entrapment of the enzymes during biochemical polymerization of phenols and electrochemical copolymerization of aromatic diamines with enzymes that are covalently coupled to the monomer. Both of these techniques have proven to be chemically mild and provide efficient polymer matrices for the fabrication of enzyme electrodes. Enzymes including horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase and glucose oxidase have been immobilized in these polymeric matrices and used for electrochemical as well as colorimetric detection of various substrates. Response times of the order of 5 - 10 seconds and sensitivities of the order of mM have been achieved with these electrodes. The use of these immobilization techniques towards the development of microelectrode arrays for multianalyte sensors is also discussed.
Patterning the vertebrate head: murine Hox 2 genes mark distinct subpopulations of premigratory and migrating cranial neural crest (1991)

The structures of the face in vertebrates are largely derived from neural crest. There is some evidence to suggest that the form of the facial pattern is determined by the crest, and that it is specified before migration as to the structures that is is able to form. The neural crest is able to control the form of surrounding, non-neural crest tissues by an instructive interaction. Some of this cranial crest is derived from a region of the hindbrain that expresses Hox 2 homeobox genes in an overlapping and segment-restricted pattern. We have found that neurogenic and mesenchymal neural crest expresses Hox 2 genes from its point of origin beside the neural plate, during migration and after migration has ceased and that rhombomeres 3 and 5 do not have any expressing neural crest beside them. Each branchial arch expresses a different combination or code of Hox genes in a segment-restricted way. The surface ectoderm over the arches initially does not express Hox genes, and later adopts an expression pattern that reflects that of neural crest that has come to underlie it. We suggest that initially the neural plate and neural crest are spatially specified, while the surface ectoderm is unpatterned. Subsequently some positional information could be transferred to the surface ectoderm as a result of an interaction with the neural crest. Given that the role of the homologous genes in insects is position specification, and that neural crest is imprinted before migration, we suggest that Hox 2 genes are providing part of this positional information to the neural crest and hence are involved in patterning the structures of the branchial arches.
36‐4: Solution‐Processed Transparent Top Electrode for QD‐LED (2020)

A solution‐processed transparent electrode has been developed for use as a top electrode in a top‐emitting electroluminescent QD‐LED. The top electrode comprises an ITO nanoparticle film and a wire grid auxiliary electrode and provides a low sheet resistance of 1.6 Ω sq −1 and a high transmission of over 93% for visible light.
Barhl1 Regulatory Sequences Required for Cell-Specific Gene Expression and Autoregulation in the Inner Ear and Central Nervous System (2008)

The development of the nervous system requires the concerted actions of multiple transcription factors, yet the molecular events leading to their expression remain poorly understood. Barhl1, a mammalian homeodomain transcription factor of the BarH class, is expressed by developing inner ear hair cells, cerebellar granule cells, precerebellar neurons, and collicular neurons. Targeted gene inactivation has demonstrated a crucial role for Barhl1 in the survival and/or migration of these sensory cells and neurons. Here we report the regulatory sequences of Barhl1 necessary for directing its proper spatiotemporal expression pattern in the inner ear and central nervous system (CNS). Using a transgenic approach, we have found that high-level and cell-specific expression of Barhl1 within the inner ear and CNS depends on both its 5' promoter and 3' enhancer sequences. Further transcriptional, binding, and mutational analyses of the 5' promoter have identified two homeoprotein binding motifs that can be occupied and activated by Barhl1. Moreover, proper Barhl1 expression in inner ear hair cells and cerebellar and precerebellar neurons requires the presence of Atoh1. Together, these data delineate useful Barhl1 regulatory sequences that direct strong and specific gene expression to inner ear hair cells and CNS sensory neurons, establish a role for autoregulation in the maintenance of Barhl1 expression, and identify Atoh1 as a key upstream regulator.
Matrigel enhances myotube development in a serum‐free defined medium (1992)

Previously reported serum-free defined media for muscle cell culture require supplementation with hormones, purified growth factors or attachment factors. This report describes a culture system that enhances embryonic chick, skeletal muscle cell growth and differentiation in a serum-free defined medium, without added specialized trophic factors. Myoblasts adhered more to and proliferated more rapidly on a reconstituted basement membrane substrate, Matrigel, than on rat-tail collagen. Matrigel contains several basement membrane attachment molecules which apparently obviate the need for added purified attachment factors. Matrigel also appeared to play a trophic role in subsequent development by enabling the serum-free growth of myotubes which suggests that Matrigel mediates the cellular interaction of growth or attachment factors. Collagen, on the other hand, did not support serum-free myotube growth. Supplementation of defined medium with increasing levels of horse serum enhanced total protein in myotubes grown on both substrates; protein was higher in Matrigel cultures for each medium tested. The serum-free defined medium supported complete morphological differentiation of myotubes grown on Matrigel and maintained myotube cultures up to 22 days. Fibroblast proliferation was higher in cultures on collagen in defined medium with high serum levels, but was virtually eliminated in cultures on Matrigel in serum-free defined medium. The culture system described supports the differentiation of embryonic muscle cells in a simple, serum-free defined medium, thus providing an in vitro model of developing myotubes which should be particularly useful for studies of regulation mediated by extracellular factors.
Wolverine: A wearable haptic interface for grasping in virtual reality (2016)

The Wolverine is a mobile, wearable haptic device designed for simulating the grasping of rigid objects in a virtual reality interface. In contrast to prior work on wearable force feedback gloves, we focus on creating a low cost and lightweight device that renders a force directly between the thumb and three fingers to simulate objects held in pad opposition (precision) type grasps. Leveraging low-power brake-based locking sliders, the system can withstand over 100N of force between each finger and the thumb, and only consumes 0.24 mWh (0.87 joules) for each braking interaction. Integrated sensors are used both for feedback control and user input: time-of-flight sensors provide the position of each finger and an IMU provides overall orientation tracking. This paper describes the mechanical design, control strategy, and performance analysis of the Wolverine system and provides a comparison with several existing wearable haptic devices.
Purification and biochemical properties of a thermostable xylose-tolerant β-D-xylosidase from Scytalidium thermophilum (2004)

The thermophilic fungus Scytalidium thermophilum produced large amounts of periplasmic beta- D-xylosidase activity when grown on xylan as carbon source. The presence of glucose in the fresh culture medium drastically reduced the level of beta- D-xylosidase activity, while cycloheximide prevented induction of the enzyme by xylan. The mycelial beta-xylosidase induced by xylan was purified using a procedure that included heating at 50 degrees C, ammonium sulfate fractioning (30-75%), and chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50. The purified beta- D-xylosidase is a monomer with an estimated molecular mass of 45 kDa (SDS-PAGE) or 38 kDa (gel filtration). The enzyme is a neutral protein (pI 7.1), with a carbohydrate content of 12% and optima of temperature and pH of 60 degrees C and 5.0, respectively. beta- D-Xylosidase activity is strongly stimulated and protected against heat inactivation by calcium ions. In the absence of substrate, the enzyme is stable for 1 h at 60 degrees C and has half-lives of 11 and 30 min at 65 degrees C in the absence or presence of calcium, respectively. The purified beta- D-xylosidase hydrolyzed p-nitrophenol-beta- D-xylopyranoside and p-nitrophenol-beta- D-glucopyranoside, exhibiting apparent K(m) and V(max) values of 1.3 mM, 88 micromol min(-1) protein(-1) and 0.5 mM, 20 micromol min(-1) protein(-1), respectively. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed xylobiose, xylotriose, and xylotetraose, and is therefore a true beta- D-xylosidase. Enzyme activity was completely insensitive to xylose, which inhibits most beta-xylosidases, at concentrations up to 200 mM. Its thermal stability and high xylose tolerance qualify this enzyme for industrial applications. The high tolerance of S. thermophilum beta-xylosidase to xylose inhibition is a positive characteristic that distinguishes this enzyme from all others described in the literature.