gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the syntheses of branched saturated fatty acids (1993)

Abstract In order to investigate the relation between the structure of mono‐branched saturated fatty acids and their physical properties, a three‐factor central composite design was constructed. For this purpose sixteen different fatty acids were prepared. The synthetic strategy was to use if possible, a few common starting materials for the preparation of most of the acids. Thus alkylation and hydrolysis of oxazolines were used for the preparation of 2‐butylhexanoic acid, 2‐methyloctadecanoic acid, 2‐hexadecyloctadecanoic acid and 2‐pentyloctadecanoic acid. A number of acids were prepared from thiophene derivatives followed by desulfurization with Raney‐Nickel alloy under alkaline conditions. Thus, starting from 3‐ethylthiophene, 4‐ethyl‐2‐thiophenecarboxylic acid and 4‐ethyl‐2‐methyl‐5‐thiophenecarboxylic acid were prepared, which upon desulfurization gave the desired 4‐methylhexanoic acid. From 3‐bromo‐2‐methylthiophene, 3‐ethyl‐2‐methyl‐5‐thiophenecarboxylic acid was prepared via 3‐acetyl‐2‐methylthiophene and 3‐ethyl‐2‐methylthiophene. Desulfurization gave 4‐ethylhexanoic acid. Another approach started with 2‐acylthiophenes, which were reacted with Grignard reagent to yield the appropriate olefins. By metalation and reaction with carbon dioxide, these were transformed to the corresponding 2‐thiophenecarboxylic acids. Upon desulfurization, the desired fatty acids were obtained. In this way 6‐propyldecanoic acid, 6‐hexyldodecanoic acid, 6‐methyldodecanoic acid and 6‐pentylpentadecanoic acid were prepared. The remaining four acids were prepared from some of the branched acids described above through Kolbe reactions of dioic acids. Thus 16‐methyloctadecanoic acid and 10‐methyl‐dodecanoic acid were obtained from 4‐methylhexanoic acid, 16‐ethyloctadecanoic acid from 4‐ethylhexanoic acid and 9‐pentyloctadecanoic acid from 6‐pentylpentadecanoic acid.
Comparison of radiationless decay processes in osmium and platinum porphyrins (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTComparison of radiationless decay processes in osmium and platinum porphyrinsGlauco Ponterini, Nick Serpone, Michael A. Bergkamp, and Thomas L. NetzelCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 14, 4639–4645Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00352a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00352a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views621Altmetric-Citations70LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Factorizing complex symmetric matrices with positive definite real and imaginary parts (1998)

Complex symmetric matrices whose real and imaginary parts are positive definite are shown to have a growth factor bounded by 2 for LU factorization. This result adds to the classes of matrix for which it is known to be safe not to pivot in LU factorization. Block <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="normal upper L normal upper D normal upper L Superscript normal upper T"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi> <mml:msup> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathrm {LDL^T}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> factorization with the pivoting strategy of Bunch and Kaufman is also considered, and it is shown that for such matrices only <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="1 times 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">1\times 1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> pivots are used and the same growth factor bound of 2 holds, but that interchanges that destroy band structure may be made. The latter results hold whether the pivoting strategy uses the usual absolute value or the modification employed in LINPACK and LAPACK.
In Situ Strand Displacement Amplification: An Improved Technique for the Detection of Low Copy Nucleic Acids (2000)

Strand displacement amplification (SDA) is an isothermal, enzymatic method for the exponential synthesis of target nucleic acids which traditionally requires two pairs of oligoprimers. One pair, described as "bumpers", serves to generate target specific single stranded DNA after heat denaturation of double stranded DNA subsequent to primer annealing and extension. We report here the in situ (IS) application of SDA (IS-SDA) using nicked DNA targets which eliminate the need for heat denaturation and bumpers. Productive nicking can be generated by restriction endonuclease activity, exposure to dry heat, paraffin embedding, or mild depurination. IS-SDA, followed by in situ hybridization (ISH) allows for the routine detection of single copy HIV-1 DNA as well as HPV DNA in both cell lines and tissue sections. Detection of hepatitis C RNA in liver biopsy specimens using reverse transcription IS-SDA (RT-IS-SDA) was performed with direct incorporation of the reporter nucleotide. The amplification of RNA targets does require bumper primers, although not an initial denaturation step. Extensive analyzes demonstrated that SDA-ISH is as sensitive as polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-ISH and that each are more sensitive than in situ hybridization coupled to catalyzed signal amplification (CSA). Moreover. SDA-ISH is technically much simpler than PCR-ISH because it is isothermal and does not require an initial denaturation.
Correctness of Local Probability Propagation in Graphical Models with Loops (2000)

Graphical models, such as Bayesian networks and Markov networks, represent joint distributions over a set of variables by means of a graph. When the graph is singly connected, local propagation rules of the sort proposed by Pearl (1988) are guaranteed to converge to the correct posterior probabilities. Recently a number of researchers have empirically demonstrated good performance of these same local propagation schemes on graphs with loops, but a theoretical understanding of this performance has yet to be achieved. For graphical models with a single loop, we derive an analytical relationship between the probabilities computed using local propagation and the correct marginals. Using this relationship we show a category of graphical models with loops for which local propagation gives rise to provably optimal maximum a posteriori assignments (although the computed marginals will be incorrect). We also show how nodes can use local information in the messages they receive in order to correct their computed marginals. We discuss how these results can be extended to graphical models with multiple loops and show simulation results suggesting that some properties of propagation on single-loop graphs may hold for a larger class of graphs. Specifically we discuss the implication of our results for understanding a class of recently proposed error-correcting codes known as turbo codes.
Inhibitory Effect of Tachyplesin I on the Proliferation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in vitro (1991)

An antimicrobial peptide, tachyplesin I, isolated from hemocytes of the Japanese horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) was examined for its inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in vitro. At a concentration of 7.5 micrograms/ml, tachyplesin I suppressed the development of cytopathic effects (CPE) by more than 70% in MT-4 cells infected with HIV (lymphadenopathy-associated virus). This inhibitory effect was observed only when the drug was added during the adsorption period of the virus to the cells. In cocultures of MOLT-4 and persistently HIV-infected cells (MOLT-4/HIV), tachyplesin I at the same concentration completely inhibited multinucleated giant cell formation. Infectivity of HIV was reduced by 10(-2.5) in medium free from fetal calf serum containing tachyplesin I at a concentration of 200 micrograms/ml. Tachyplesin I did not show any inhibitory effect on reverse transcriptase activity of HIV at concentrations of 9-80 micrograms/ml at which tachyplesin I inhibited HIV infection. These results suggest that the anti-HIV action of tachyplesin I was due to the inhibition of virus adsorption.
Multidrug Resistance Protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) Regulates cAMP Cellular Levels and Controls Human Leukemia Cell Proliferation and Differentiation (2011)

Increased intracellular cAMP concentration plays a well established role in leukemic cell maturation. We previously reported that U937 cells stimulated by H2 receptor agonists, despite a robust increase in cAMP, fail to mature because of rapid H2 receptor desensitization and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activation. Here we show that intracellular cAMP levels not only in U937 cells but also in other acute myeloid leukemia cell lines are also regulated by multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs), particularly MRP4. U937, HL-60, and KG-1a cells, exposed to amthamine (H2-receptor agonist), augmented intracellular cAMP concentration with a concomitant increase in the efflux. Extrusion of cAMP was ATP-dependent and probenecid-sensitive, supporting that the transport was MRP-mediated. Cells exposed to amthamine and the PDE4 inhibitor showed enhanced cAMP extrusion, but this response was inhibited by MRP blockade. Amthamine stimulation, combined with PDE4 and MRP inhibition, induced maximal cell arrest proliferation. Knockdown strategy by shRNA revealed that this process was mediated by MRP4. Furthermore, blockade by probenecid or MRP4 knockdown showed that increased intracellular cAMP levels induce maturation in U937 cells. These findings confirm the key role of intracellular cAMP levels in leukemic cell maturation and provide the first evidence that MRP4 may represent a new potential target for leukemia differentiation therapy.
The Bowel Microbiota and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (2010)

The human bowel contains a large and biodiverse bacterial community known as the microbiota or microbiome. It seems likely that the microbiota, fractions of the microbiota, or specific species comprising the microbiota provide the antigenic fuel that drives the chronic immune inflammation of the bowel mucosa that is characteristic of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. At least twenty years of microbiological research have been expended on analysis of the composition of the bowel microbiota of inflammatory bowel disease patients in comparison to that of control subjects. Despite extensive speculations about the aetiological role of dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel diseases, knowledge that can be easily translated into effective remedies for patients has not eventuated. The causes of this failure may be due to poorly defined and executed bacteriological studies, as well as the overwhelming complexity of a biome that contains hundreds of bacterial species and trillions of bacterial cells.
Ultrafast Spin-Dependent Electron Dynamics in fcc Co (1997)

The spin dependence of the lifetime of electrons excited in ferromagnetic cobalt is measured directly in a femtosecond real-time experiment. Using time- and spin-resolved two photon photoemission, we show that the lifetime of majority-spin electrons at 1 eV above the Fermi energy is twice as long as that of minority-spin electrons. The results demonstrate the feasibility of studying spin-dependent electron relaxation in ferromagnetic solids directly in the time domain and provide a basis for understanding the dynamics of electron transport in ferromagnetic solids and thin films.
Selective Cation Exchange in Substituted Tobermorites (1989)

Selective cation exchange in tobermorites with three levels of Al 3+ and Na + substitution for Si 4+ has been investigated. The cation exchange selectivity for a tobermorite with 2 mol% Al 3+ and 0 mol% Na + substitution increased as follows: Mg 2+ &gt; Ba 2+ &gt; Sr 2+ . Cation exchange in the above tobermorite is postulated to take place mainly from edge and planar surface sites and apparently from interlayer Ca 2+ sites. Tobermorites with 10 and 15 mol% Al 3+ (and Na + ) substitution have additional Na + exchange sites in the interlayers and show the following selectivity: Ba 2+ &gt; Sr 2+ &gt; Mg 2+ . The cation exchange selectivity in the substituted tobermorites can be explained by the hydrated radii of cations and the steric limitations of the ion exchange cavity in tobermorite; the latter was determined by 27 Al and 29 Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These basic selective cation exchange studies of substituted tobermorites are of relevance in nuclear waste treatment and disposal.
Type I interferons protect neonates from acute inflammation through interleukin 10–producing B cells (2007)

Newborns and infants are highly susceptible to viral and bacterial infections, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. We show that neonatal B cells effectively control the production of proinflammatory cytokines by both neonatal plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells, in an interleukin (IL) 10-dependent manner, after Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 triggering. This antiinflammatory property of neonatal B cells may extend to other TLR agonists (Pam3CSK4, lipopolysaccharide, and R848) and viruses. In the absence of B cells or of CD5(+) B cell subsets, neonatal mice developed stronger inflammatory responses and became lethally susceptible to CpG challenge after galactosamine sensitization, whereas wild-type (WT) mice were resistant. Paradoxically, interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta enhanced the inflammatory response to CpG challenge in adult mice, whereas they helped to control neonatal acute inflammation by stimulating the secretion of IL-10 by neonatal B cells. Finally, WT neonatal B cells rescued IL-10(-/-) neonates from a lethal CpG challenge, whereas IFN-alpha/beta receptor-deficient B cells did not. Our results show that type I IFNs support a negative regulatory role of neonatal B cells on TLR-mediated inflammation, with important implications for neonatal inflammation and infection.
A Bayesian Approach to Learning Causal Networks (2007)

. Bayesian methods have been developed for learning Bayesian networks from data. Most of this work has concentrated on Bayesian networks interpreted as a representation of probabilistic conditional independence without considering causation. Other researchers have shown that having a causal interpretation can be important because it allows us to predict the effects of interventions in a domain. In this chapter, we extend Bayesian methods for learning acausal Bayesian networks to causal Bayesian networks.
Structural requirements of six naturally occurring isoforms of the IL-18 binding protein to inhibit IL-18 (2000)

A novel, constitutively expressed and secreted IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) neutralizes IL-18 and thereby suppresses the production of IFN-gamma, resulting in reduced T-helper type 1 immune responses. In the present study, four human and two mouse isoforms, resulting from mRNA splicing and found in various cDNA libraries, were expressed, purified, and assessed for binding and neutralization of IL-18 biological activities. Human IL-18BP isoform a (IL-18BPa) exhibited the greatest affinity for IL-18 with a rapid on-rate, a slow off-rate, and a dissociation constant (K(d)) of 399 pM. IL-18BPc shares the Ig domain of IL-18BPa except for the 29 C-terminal amino acids; the K(d) of IL-18BPc is 10-fold less (2.94 nM). Nevertheless, IL-18BPa and IL-18BPc neutralize IL-18 >95% at a molar excess of two. IL-18BPb and IL-18BPd isoforms lack a complete Ig domain and lack the ability to bind or neutralize IL-18. Murine IL-18BPc and IL-18BPd isoforms, possessing the identical Ig domain, also neutralize >95% murine IL-18 at a molar excess of two. However, murine IL-18BPd, which shares a common C-terminal motif with human IL-18BPa, also neutralizes human IL-18. Molecular modeling identified a large mixed electrostatic and hydrophobic binding site in the Ig domain of IL-18BP, which could account for its high affinity binding to the ligand. It is likely that preferential secretion of functional and nonfunctional isoforms of IL-18BP affect the immune response.
Determinants of health in children and the problem of early childhood caries. (2003)

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a significant dental problem for many low-income and minority children in the United States. The diagnosis, prevention, and management of ECC have been based upon both experiential knowledge and scientific evidence. In the prevention and management of ECC, the focus has been on modifying the dental, infectious, and behavioral determinants of the disease. The purpose of this concept paper is to expand the paradigm used to understand the etiology of ECC and design programs to prevent and manage this condition.
Observation of Perpendicular Orientation in Symmetric Diblock Copolymer Thin Films on Rough Substrates (2003)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTObservation of Perpendicular Orientation in Symmetric Diblock Copolymer Thin Films on Rough SubstratesE. Sivaniah, Y. Hayashi, M. Iino, T. Hashimoto, and K. FukunagaView Author Information Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan UBE Industries, Ltd., 8-1 Goi-minamikaigan, Ichihara, Chiba 290-0045, Japan Cite this: Macromolecules 2003, 36, 16, 5894–5896Publication Date (Web):July 15, 2003Publication History Received25 October 2002Published online15 July 2003Published inissue 1 August 2003https://doi.org/10.1021/ma021625fCopyright © 2003 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views983Altmetric-Citations90LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (118 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Atmospheric chemistry,Copolymers,Substrates,Surface roughness,Thin films Get e-Alerts
Synthesis and assembly of infectious bovine papillomavirus particles in vitro (1993)

Bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) virions were produced in vitro using vaccinia virus (VV) recombinants expressing the BPV-1 L1 and L2 capsid proteins. Particles morphologically resembling papillomaviruses were observed in the nucleus of cells infected with a VV recombinant for the BPV-1 L1 protein, and greater numbers of similar particles were seen in the nuclei of cells infected with a VV double recombinant for L1 and L2. Virus-like particles (VLPs) assembled in cells infected with the VV double recombinant for BPV-1 L1 and L2, and not those assembled in cells infected with the VV recombinant for BPV-1 L1 alone, were able to package BPV-1 DNA. Transcription of the BPV-1 E1 viral open reading frame was observed after a mouse fibroblast cell line was exposed to VLPs produced using a BPV-1 L1/L2 VV recombinant in a cell line containing episomal BPV-1 DNA. E1 transcription was not observed when the VLPs were pre-incubated with antibodies to the capsid protein of BPV-1. This system should allow an in vitro approach to the definition of the BPV-1 cellular receptor.
Chemical modulation of chemotherapy resistance in cultured oesophageal carcinoma cells (2000)

Oesophageal carcinoma is a common form of cancer in developing countries, especially in the Caspian littoral and northern China. In contrast, it has a much lower incidence in Japan, the U.S.A. and western Europe. Certainly in the case of squamous cell oesophageal carcinoma, dietary composition, smoking, alcohol and exposure to nitrosamines are major risk factors that may partly explain the disease's geographical distribution. The prognosis for oesophageal carcinoma is generally poor, due to the high incidence of distant metastasis and local recurrence. Combination treatment with both cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil is the most common chemotherapy regime used. We have carried out a detailed study of sensitivity of two oesophageal cell lines: OC1 cells from a squamous carcinoma of a male patient, and OC2, a squamous carcinoma obtained from a female patient. Both cell lines are sensitive to Vinca alkaloids and doxorubicin, while being quite resistant to alkylating agents such as cisplatin and 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. This pattern of resistance suggests a possible role for glutathione S-transferase (GST) and/or glutathione (GSH) in resistance, and would seem to exclude the multidrug resistance phenotype. Both cell lines possess mainly Pi-class GSTs, and have distinct levels of GSH, with OC2 possessing some 25% of the level of OC1 cells. Effects of a variety of modulating agents on the pattern of resistance, such as the GSH depleter, buthionine sulphoximine, and the GST inhibitor, ethacrynic acid, were determined. An unexpected observation was that ethacrynic acid appears to increase the level of GSH in both cell lines.
Vacuum conditions for sputtering thin film TiNi (1995)

Sputter deposition of TiNi has been problematic due to the extreme reactivity of titanium. There are several advantages in depositing TiNi with other metals such as Ti and Cu since the shape memory effect properties can be changed selectively, including coring of the thin film. Simultaneous codeposition of cored material using sputter deposition becomes technically difficult as this implies that the sample to target distance increases. In this article, we discuss a relationship developed so that a basic base vacuum pressure can be found with target–sample distance and correlated to the observed phases for both Ti and TiNi samples. Practical limitations imposed by the vacuum system on both devices and device quality are discussed.
Contents Page (2008)

The SA Journal of Radiology is the official journal of the Radiological Society of South Africa and the Professional Association of Radiologists in South Africa and Namibia. The SA Journal of Radiology is a general diagnostic radiological journal which carries original research and review articles, pictorial essays, case reports, letters, editorials, radiological practice and other radiological articles.