gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Refocusing the immune system to react with human tumors by targeting human lymphocytes with bispecific antibodies. (1990)

Recent studies have established that crosslinking triggering sites on an immune cell, such as CD3 or FcR, to antigens on target cells with redirect the target-cell specificity of the immune cell. We are testing whether the human immune system can be refocused against human tumors with bifunctional antibodies produced by chemically crosslinking monoclonal antibodies against CD3 and tumor antigens with SPDP. The tumor model consists of immunodeficient (athymic) mice injected i.p. with a human ovarian cell line, OVCAR 3. Mice are treated 4-6 days later, after tumor growth has been established, with i.p. injections of human PBL from normal donors and bifunctional antibodies. Tumor growth is assessed by the amount of tumor cells and cell-free tumor antigen recovered in peritoneal lavage fluid 15 days after tumor injection. Relative to lymphocytes alone, bifunctional antibodies (including Fab preparations) increase the % of tumor-free mic from about 20 to 60%. A variety of controls show that both the bifunctional antibodies and the lymphocytes are required for the anti-tumor effect. Thus, heterocrosslinked antibodies can greatly enhance the anti-tumor activity in human PBL and may provide a new immunotherapeutic approach for treating human cancer.
Context matters: Improving the uses of big data for forecasting civil unrest: Emerging phenomena and big data (2013)

Open Source Indicators (OSI) such as Google Trends (GT) promise to uncover the social dynamics associated with behavior that precede episodes of civil unrest. There are myriad reasons why societies may become unstable: Our analysis does not require or inquire the underlying reasons for discontent but instead takes into account differences associated with variegated social contexts. This paper examines instances of this volatile behavior and suggests a simple model for predicting civil unrest events using GT as an open source indicator (OSI). It grounds the possibilities for prediction on the fact that social processes occur within a particular social context. As such, paying attention to the particular signals associated from each country is an important moderator for any model keen on predicting cases of extreme social behavior such as civil unrest.
Lasing with low threshold current and high outputpower fromcolumnar-shaped InAs/GaAs quantum dots (1998)

Lasers with a new type of quantum dot achieve low threshold current and high output power. By supplying a small amount of InAs and GaAs alternately on GaAs substrates, dots with high uniformity and high emission efficiency were self-assembled. The lasers exhibited a threshold current of 5.4 mA, a current density of 160 A/cm2, and an output power of 110 mW at room temperature.
Activation through CD3 molecule leads to clonal expansion of all human peripheral blood T lymphocytes: functional analysis of clonally expanded cells. (1985)

Monoclonal antibodies directed against CD3, a T cell-specific surface molecule essentially required for activation of these cells, are highly mitogenic for resting human peripheral blood T lymphocytes. A predetermined optimal concentration of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody WT32 was employed to activate T cells cultured in limiting-dilution microcultures containing irradiated feeder cells and exogeneous interleukin 2. Frequencies of cells triggered into clonal expansion by WT32 under these culture conditions were 0.57 to 0.72 and 0.90 to 1.10 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and E rosette-positive cells, respectively. It appeared that WT32 could induce virtually every human peripheral blood T lymphocyte to expand into a clonal progeny of 5 to 40 X 10(4) cells in 14 to 18 days of culture. This progeny was tested for cytolytic effector function with 51Cr-labeled murine P815 targets in the presence of PHA to detect all cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) regardless of specificity, and was also assayed for natural killer like activity against K562 target cells. Frequencies of cells in the human peripheral blood T cell compartment giving rise to a clonal progeny expressing CTL function was 1/3, whereas 1/6 to 1/5 expanded into effector cell populations possessing NK activity. Frequency analysis of CD4-positive and CD8-positive populations, activated by WT32 in limiting dilution microcultures, demonstrated that 1 to 6% of the CD4-positive and 100% of the CD8-positive peripheral blood T lymphocytes expanded into CTL.
Certification of programs for secure information flow (1977)

ertification mechanism for verifying the secure flow of information through a program. Because it exploits the properties of a lattice structure among security classes, the procedure is sufficiently simple that it can easily be included in the analysis phase of most existing compilers. Appropriate semantics are presented and proved correct. An important application is the confinement problem: The mechanism can prove that a program cannot cause supposedly nonconfidential results to depend on confidential input data.
Electrodeposition of Silicon from Nonaqueous Solvents (2005)

A study of the electrodeposition (ED) of silicon from silicon halides in a nonaqueous electrolyte solution is described. In spite of the use of nonoxidizing electrolytes, the electrodeposits usually become oxidized on air exposure. In similarity to other work, it is postulated that this is due to the deposit being formed with a spongy or honeycombed morphology. However, secondary neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses show that a region of the deposit close to the substrate has sufficient purity for semiconductor properties. This is verified by observing diode behavior at junctions of the deposited layers and mercury contacts. For deposition on crystal silicon substrates, it proved possible to form a p-doped ED-Si/c-Si heterojunction which showed a solar cell conversion efficiency of 1.8%. This is probably the first photovoltaic cell which uses electrodeposited silicon in a heterojunction.
Process to separate per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances from water using colloidal gas aphrons (2022)

Abstract Current ex situ per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) remediation strategies often involve the treatment of large volumes of PFAS‐impacted water via separation processes to concentrate PFAS for subsequent treatment or disposal. This study presents a new method for concentrating PFAS that relies on colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs), unusual microstructures composed of water, multilayers of surfactants, and air, that can be used for separation via electrostatic and hydrophobic sorption. This study successfully demonstrates the efficacy of CGAs in removing ionic dyes (as PFAS surrogates) (81%–91%), as well as ultra‐short and short‐chain PFAS (60%–90%) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 88%) within 10 min. However, poor removal of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS, 0%) was observed within 10 min of treatment. Compared to bubbling with nitrogen alone, and nitrogen with cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) in bulk solution, CGAs demonstrate significantly higher removal of perfluorobutanoic acid, a short‐chain PFAS (0% for N 2 , 11% for N 2 + CTAB, and 90% for CGAs). These results suggest that CGAs may serve as a promising new separation and concentration technology for removing a suite of PFAS from water, particularly for difficult to remove short‐chained compounds.
Bit-stream implementation of a phase-locked loop (2011)

Bit-stream is a new technique for controlling power electronics applications by interconnecting appropriate control elements inside an field programmable gate array (FPGA). This paper presents a bit-stream-based phase locked loop (PLL), which is essential for the implementation of sophisticated power electronics control systems using bit-streams. The proposed PLL consists of a phase detector, loop filter and numerically controlled oscillator, each of which is designed using standard analogue methods and converted to equivalent bit-stream elements. The bit-stream-based PLL is modelled using Matlab/Simulink and ModelSim, and results show that the PLL successfully locks onto a 50 Hz three-phase voltage source. Experimental results of a prototype, constructed using an Altera Cyclone II FPGA and controlled using a bit-stream-based PLL, are presented and compared to a similar, microprocessor-based, PLL to demonstrate that the bit-stream-based PLL successfully locks onto the line voltage waveform. The practical viability of the proposed bit-stream PLL is investigated using a prototype three-phase, 3 kW, controlled rectifier. The experimental implementation of the PLL requires approximately 350 logic elements.
IL‐21 Modulates Activation of NKT Cells in Patients with Stage IV Malignant Melanoma (2013)

Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a common γ-chain cytokine produced by T helper and natural killer T (NKT) cells. It has been shown to regulate the response of various lymphocyte subsets including NK, NKT, T and B cells. Owing to its potent anti-tumor function in preclinical studies and its ability to induce cytotoxicity and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production in NK and CD8 T cells, recombinant IL-21 (rIL-21) was fast-tracked into early-phase clinical trials of patients with various malignancies. In a phase 2a trial of patients with metastatic melanoma, we analyzed the frequency and function of NKT cells in patients receiving rIL-21. NKT cells were present at a low frequency, but their levels were relatively stable in patients administered rIL-21. Unlike our observations in NK and CD8 T cells, rIL-21 appeared to reduce IFN-γ and TNF production by NKT cells, whereas it enhanced IL-4 production. It also modulated the expression of cell surface markers, specifically on CD4(-) NKT cells. In addition, an increase in CD3(+)CD56(+) NKT-like cells was observed over the course of rIL-21 administration. These results highlight that IL-21 is a potent regulator of NKT cell function in vivo.
Differential Gene Expression Analysis Reveals Activation of Growth Promoting Signaling Pathways by Tenascin-C (2004)

Tenascin-C is an adhesion-modulating extracellular matrix molecule that is highly expressed in tumor stroma and stimulates tumor cell proliferation. Adhesion of T98G glioblastoma cells to a fibronectin substratum is inhibited by tenascin-C. To address the mechanism of action, we performed a RNA expression analysis of T89G cells grown in the presence or absence of tenascin-C and found that tenascin-C down-regulates tropomyosin-1. Upon overexpression of tropomyosin-1, cell spreading on a fibronectin/tenascin-C substratum was restored, indicating that tenascin-C destabilizes actin stress fibers through down-regulation of tropomyosin-1. Tenascin-C also increased the expression of the endothelin receptor type A and stimulated the corresponding mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, which triggers extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation and c-Fos expression. Tenascin-C additionally caused down-regulation of the Wnt inhibitor Dickkopf 1. In consequence, Wnt signaling was enhanced through stabilization of beta-catenin and stimulated the expression of the beta-catenin target Id2. Finally, our in vivo data derived from astrocytoma tissue arrays link increased tenascin-C and Id2 expression with high malignancy. Because increased endothelin and Wnt signaling, as well as reduced tropomyosin-1 expression, are closely linked to transformation and tumorigenesis, we suggest that tenascin-C specifically modulates these signaling pathways to enhance proliferation of glioma cells.
Compensation of transmission non-linearity distortion with memory effect for a WLAN802.11a transmitter (2012)

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a digital modulation scheme that has resilience to multipath effects and is one of the most widely adopted schemes for modern wireless systems. The scheme is critically dependent on linearity in hardware systems due to the Fourier transformation and its inherently high peak-to-average power ratio, which makes minimisation of non-linearity a priority. This work investigates the effect of non-linearity caused by a typical radio frequency high-power amplifier on the performance of an OFDM signal based on the WLAN 802.11a standard. To overcome the non-linear distortion, an adaptive baseband predistorter (PD) based on the Hammerstein system and new parameter estimation technique is developed. The performance of the predistorter is assessed using S-band lateral MOSFET transistor amplifier as transmitter, of 40-dBm peak envelope power. The effectiveness of the compensator is investigated with measurement of the error vector magnitude (EVM) in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and the adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR). The experimental results confirm the accurate prediction of PA nonlinear behaviour with memory effect and a useful trade-off between accuracy and convergence speed in the reduction of nonlinear distortion, as well as good suppression of spectrum regrowth.
Cholesterol controls the clustering of the glycophospholipid-anchored membrane receptor for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. (1990)

The folate receptor is a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane protein that mediates the delivery of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to the cytoplasm of MA104 cells. Ordinarily the receptor is sequestered into numerous discrete clusters that are associated with an uncoated pit membrane specialization called a caveola. By using two different methodological approaches, we found that the maintenance of both receptor clusters and caveolae depends upon the presence of cholesterol in the membrane. These results suggest that cholesterol plays a critical role in maintaining the caveola membrane domain and modulates the interaction of GPI-anchored membrane proteins via their phospholipid anchors.
Pathology and immunogenicity in the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) model after infection with a bovine adenovirus type 3 recombinant virus expressing the firefly luciferase gene (1996)

The histopathology of adenovirus pneumonia in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) due to bovine adenovirus type 3-luciferase recombinant virus (BAd3-Luc), which has a 0.7 kb deletion from the early region 3 (E3) replaced with the firefly luciferase gene, was compared with that produced by the parental wild-type (wt) bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAd3). After intranasal inoculation of cotton rats with 3 x 10(7) p.f.u. of BAd3-Luc, the infectious virus titres in the lungs at various times post-infection were similar to those of animals infected with the parental virus. Quantitative analysis of histopathological changes and immunohistochemical staining showed that the character and severity of the lesions were indistinguishable in the two infections. Luciferase activity was detected in the lungs of BAd3-Luc-inoculated animals until 4 days post-infection (p.i.). Antibodies to both BAd3 and luciferase were detected in sera collected from BAd3-Luc-infected animals until at least 6 weeks p.i. These results show that Bad3-Luc produces pulmonary lesions in cotton rats similar to those of wt BAd3 and suggest that BAd3-based vectors may be suitable for the development of live recombinant virus vaccines.
Highly-Associative Caches for Low-Power Processors (2000)

Introduction Since caches consume a significant fraction of total processor energy, e.g., 43% for StrongARM-1 [8], many studies have investigated energy-efficient cache designs [1, 5, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18]. However, none of these design studies have considered using content-addressable-memory (CAM) tags in highly-associative caches. This is particularly surprising given that the leading commercial lowpower processors over the last decade have all employed CAM-tag caches. For example, the ARM3 with 4 KBytes of 64-way set-associative CAM-tag cache was released in 1989 [9] and the new Intel XScale processor employs 64way set-associative CAM tags. Publications which describe processors with CAM-tag caches [8, 9, 11, 16] include some discussion of the reasons for choosing CAM tags but do not include detailed quantitative arguments in favor of these designs. In this paper, we restate the advantages of CAM-tag caches based on a new cache energy model extracted from circuit designs for ag
High-isolation polarization-independent quasi-optical circulator (1992)

A polarization-independent quasi-optical circulator having high isolation over a wide wavelength range is reported. The proposed quasi-circulator is composed of two polarization beam splitters, two pentagonal prisms, two nonreciprocal rotators, and two walkoff polarizing beam splitters. Its structure is very simple. A three-port quasi-circulator has been fabricated with single-mode fibers. Its insertion loss and isolation have been measured to be <or=1.7 and >or=48.6 dB, respectively, at the nominal wavelength of 1.3 mu m. A loss ratio of over 47.0 dB has been realized. The wavelength range over a 50-dB isolation between two fibers was measured to be about 50 nm.<<ETX>>
Stimulation artifact rejection in closed-loop, distributed neural interfaces (2016)

A prototype neuromuscular interface with distributed sensing and stimulation functions was developed to evaluate power isolation and maximize stimulation artifact rejection. Evaluation was performed in saline with representative stimulating and sensing electrodes. Stimulation pulses paced at 100 Hz were applied while sensing frequencies from 2.5 to 500 Hz. Two isolation topologies were evaluated, one in which a common ground connection was shared among the modules with AC-coupled power and one in which power and ground were both AC-coupled. The fully AC-coupled design provided 23 dB better common-mode rejection of stimulation artifact than the shared ground design. The effect of reference impedance between the fully isolated sense module and the saline tank was also found to significantly impact stimulation artifact rejection. These results inform system-level design for closed-loop distributed systems wherein the application necessitates concurrent stimulation and biomarker sensing functions.
Inhibition of MAP Kinase Kinase Prevents Cytokine and Prostaglandin E2 Production in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Monocytes (1998)

Activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway has been shown to occur in monocytes following stimulation with LPS. However, the importance of this event for monocyte function is not clear. To address this issue, we used the novel MAP/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, U0126. Stimulation of monocytes with LPS resulted in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members ERK, Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. Treatment of monocytes with LPS in the presence of U0126 blocked the activation of ERK1 and ERK2. However, the activation of Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p38 family members was not affected by the compound, confirming the selectivity of U0126. To examine the effects of MEK inhibition on monocyte function, we measured production of the cytokines IL-1, IL-8, and TNF, as well as PGE2. Monocytes treated with LPS in the presence of U0126 failed to release IL-1, IL-8, TNF, or PGE2. The failure to secrete IL-1 and TNF was due to decreased levels of mRNA. These results demonstrate that activation of MEK/ERK is critical for cytokine and PGE2 production by monocytes in response to LPS.
A Novel Compact Wide-Band Planar Antenna for Mobile Handsets (2006)

A novel printed compact wide-band planar antenna for mobile handsets is proposed and analyzed in this paper. The radiating patch of the proposed antenna is designed jointly with the shape of the ground plane. A prototype of the proposed antenna with 30 mm in height and 50 mm in width has been fabricated and tested. Its operating bandwidth with voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) lower than 3:1 is 870-2450 MHz, which covers the global system for mobile communication (GSM, 890-960 MHz), the global positioning system (GPS, 1575.42 MHz), digital communication system (DCS, 1710-1880 MHz), personal communication system (PCS, 1850-1990 MHz), universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS, 1920-2170 MHz), and wireless local area network (WLAN, 2400-2484 MHz) bands. Therefore, it could be applicable for the existing and future mobile communication systems. Design details and experimental results are also presented and discussed.
Resistance toCoccidioides immitisin Mice after Immunization with Recombinant Protein or a DNA Vaccine of a Proline-Rich Antigen (1999)

Two inbred strains of mice (BALB/c and C57BL/6) were vaccinated with either recombinant expression protein of a Coccidioides immitis spherule-derived proline-rich antigen (rPRA) in monophosphoryl lipid A-oil emulsion adjuvant or a DNA vaccine based on the same antigen. Four weeks after vaccination, mice were infected intraperitoneally with arthroconidia. By 2 weeks, groups of mice receiving saline or plasmids with no PRA insert exhibited significant weight loss, and quantitative CFUs in the lungs ranged from 5.9 to 6.4 log10. In contrast, groups of mice immunized with either rPRA or DNA vaccine had significantly smaller pulmonary fungal burdens, ranging from 3.0 to 4.5 log10 fewer CFUs. In vitro immunologic markers of lymphocyte proliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) release after splenocytes were stimulated with rPRA correlated with protection. Also, plasma concentrations of rPRA-specific total immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG1, and IgG2a showed increases in vaccinated mice. These studies expand earlier work by demonstrating protection in mice which differ in H-2 background, by using an adjuvant that is potentially applicable to human use, and by achieving comparable protections with a DNA-based vaccine. Our in vitro results substantiate a Th1 response as evidenced by IFN-gamma release and increased IgG2a. However, IgG1 was also stimulated, suggesting some Th2 response as well. PRA is a promising vaccine candidate for prevention of coccidioidomycosis and warrants further investigation.
Absorption and emission of light in nanoscale silicon structures (1994)

A unified model of phonon-assisted and zero-phonon radiative transitions in nanoscale silicon structures is presented. For characteristic sizes above 15--20 \AA{}, phonon-assisted transitions dominate, while zero-phonon transitions, allowed due to the finite-size effect, are more important for smaller length scales. Light emission from porous silicon is analyzed on the basis of these results showing that phonon-assisted transitions should dominate the emission in the observed red band.
Integrated Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology Model‐Based Analyses to Guide GnRH Receptor Modulator Development for Management of Endometriosis (2012)

Endometriosis is a gynecological condition resulting from proliferation of endometrial-like tissue outside the endometrial cavity. Estrogen suppression therapies, mediated through gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) modulation, decrease endometriotic implants and diminish associated pain albeit at the expense of bone mineral density (BMD) loss. Our goal was to provide model-based guidance for GnRH-modulating clinical programs intended for endometriosis management. This included developing an estrogen suppression target expected to provide symptomatic relief with minimal BMD loss and to evaluate end points and study durations supportive of efficient development decisions. An existing multiscale model of calcium and bone was adapted to include systematic estrogen pharmacologic effects to describe estrogen concentration-related effects on BMD. A logistic regression fit to patient-level data from three clinical GnRH agonist (nafarelin) studies described the relationship of estrogen with endometrial-related pain. Targeting estradiol between 20 and 40 pg/ml was predicted to provide efficacious endometrial pain response while minimizing BMD effects.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2012) 1, e11; doi:10.1038/psp.2012.10; advance online publication 17 October 2012.