gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nitric Oxide Catalysis in Automotive Exhaust Systems (1993)

This review covers the literature through 1991 on nitric oxide catalysis as applied to automobile exhaust systems. Attention is given to the threeway catalyst system which simultaneously promotes the reduction of nitrogen oxides and the oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. These systems have been used on most passenger cars in the United States since 1982. Prior to 1980, emission control catalysts were oxidation catalysts, and reduction in exhaust nitric oxide was achieved using engine modifications (i.e., exhaust gas recirculation). This review focuses on catalytic control of NO, for gasoline-fueled vehicles (not diesels and alternate fuels) and primarily on developments reported since 1982. The term NO, refers to both NO and NOz. The reader is referred to an earlier publication by the author for a general review of automobile catalytic converters [1] and to a review by Egelhoff [2] on the nitric oxide literature through 1980. The recent literature on NO, reduction in lean exhaust is cited although such catalyst systems have not reached commercial application.
Mechanisms and Significance of Eryptosis, the Suicidal Death of Erythrocytes (2012)

Eryptosis, the suicidal death of erythrocytes, is characterized by erythrocyte shrinkage, blebbing, and phospholipid scrambling of the cell membrane. Eryptosis is triggered by increased cytosolic Ca(2+) activity, which may result from Ca(2+) entry through PGE(2)-activated Ca(2+)-permeable cation channels. The Ca(2+) sensitivity of the scrambling machinery is enhanced by ceramide, which is formed by an acid sphingomyelinase, an enzyme stimulated by platelet-activating factor. Eryptosis is enhanced in a variety of clinical conditions such as sickle-cell anemia, β-thalassemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, hereditary spherocytosis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, myelodysplastic syndrome, phosphate depletion, iron deficiency, sepsis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, renal insufficiency, diabetes, malaria, mycoplasma infection, and Wilson's disease. Eryptosis is enhanced in mouse models of sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, as well as in mice lacking functional annexin 7, cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I, AMP-activated protein kinase, Janus kinase 3, anion exchanger 1, adenomatous polyposis coli, or Klotho. Eryptosis is triggered by osmotic shock, oxidative stress, energy depletion, hyperthermia, and a myriad of small molecules. Eryptosis is inhibited by a variety of substances including nitric oxide and catecholamines. Erythropoietin counteracts eryptosis in part by inhibiting the Ca(2+)-permeable cation channels. Excessive erythropoietin concentrations lead, however, to formation of erythrocytes, which are particularly sensitive to eryptotic stimuli. Accelerated eryptosis may be compensated by enhanced erythropoiesis, which is apparent from reticulocytosis. If the compensation is not sufficient, clinically relevant anemia develops. Beyond that, adhesion of eryptotic erythrocytes to the vascular wall may lead to impairment of microcirculation.
Soluble starch synthase I: a major determinant for the synthesis of amylopectin in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves (2005)

A minimum of four soluble starch synthase families have been documented in all starch-storing green plants. These activities are involved in amylopectin synthesis and are extremely well conserved throughout the plant kingdom. Mutants or transgenic plants defective for SSII and SSIII isoforms have been previously shown to have a large and specific impact on the synthesis of amylopectin while the function of the SSI type of enzymes has remained elusive. We report here that Arabidopsis mutants, lacking a plastidial starch synthase isoform belonging to the SSI family, display a major and novel type of structural alteration within their amylopectin. Comparative analysis of beta-limit dextrins for both wild type and mutant amylopectins suggests a specific and crucial function of SSI during the synthesis of transient starch in Arabidopsis leaves. Considering our own characterization of SSI activity and the previously described kinetic properties of maize SSI, our results suggest that the function of SSI is mainly involved in the synthesis of small outer chains during amylopectin cluster synthesis.
New methods applied to the microstructure analysis of Messel oil shale: confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) (2003)

Investigations of mass movements of the Messel oil shale in Germany presumed that swell- and especially shrink-deformations of the organic-rich clay were among the factors triggering initial displacements. Within the scope of the present studies, delicate clay/organic microstructures had to be deciphered. Reactions of clay minerals and microstructures upon dehydration were observed by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and the distribution of organic matter was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in fluorescence mode. ESEM and CLSM have been demonstrated to be valuable tools for the microstructural characterization of laminated organic-rich sediments. The application of these analytical and imaging techniques will be of great interest to a wide range of geological disciplines such as palaeontology, organic petrology, engineering geology and global change studies.
Clinical Grand Rounds: Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (2012)

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare, lifethreatening, chronic, genetic disease of uncontrolled alternative pathway complement activation. The understanding of the pathophysiology and genetics of this disease has expanded over recent decades and promising new developments in the management of aHUS have emerged. Regardless of the cause of aHUS, with or without a demonstrated mutation or autoantibody, blockade of terminal complement activation through C5 is of high interest as a mechanism to ameliorate the disease. Eculizumab, an existing monoclonal antibody directed against C5 with high affinity, prevents the perpetuation of the downstream activation of the complement cascade and the damage caused by generation of the anaphylotoxin C5a and the membrane attack complex C5b-9, by blocking C5 cleavage. We report the successful use of eculizumab in a patient after kidney transplantation and discuss the disease aHUS.
Determination of optimal sites of antisense oligonucleotide cleavage within TNFalpha mRNA (2001)

Antisense oligonucleotides provide a powerful tool in order to determine the consequences of the reduced expression of a selected target gene and may include target validation and therapeutic applications. Methods of predicting optimum antisense sites are not always effective. We have compared the efficacy of antisense oligonucleotides, which were selected in vitro using random combinatorial oligonucleotide libraries of differing length and complexity, upon putative target sites within TNFalpha mRNA. The relationship of specific target site accessibility and oligonucleotide efficacy with respect to these parameters proved to be complex. Modification of the length of the recognition sequence of the oligonucleotide library illustrated that independent target sites demonstrated a preference for antisense oligonucleotides of a defined and independent optimal length. The efficacy of antisense oligonucleotide sequences selected in vitro paralleled that observed in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-activated U937 cells. The application of methylphosphonate:phosphodiester chimaeric oligonucleotides to U937 cells reduced mRNA levels to up to 19.8% that of the untreated cell population. This approach provides a predictive means to profile any mRNA of known sequence with respect to the identification and optimisation of sites accessible to antisense oligonucleotide activity.
Immunofluorescence study of fimbrial phase variation in Escherichia coli KS71 (1984)

An immunofluorescence assay was developed to study fimbrial phase variation in a pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli strain, KS71. By using fluorochrome-labeled antibodies specific for either P, type-1C, or type-1 fimbriae of strain KS71, it was shown that in a broth culture of strain KS71 the fimbrial types mostly occurred on different cells. Only 9% of the cells carried more than one fimbrial type. The KS71 cell population was fractionated into subpopulations expressing only one of the fimbrial types or lacking fimbriae. Immunofluorescence assay of the subpopulations revealed a rapid phase variation in fimbrial synthesis. Kinetic analyses of a nonfimbriated cell population suggested that a change from one fimbrial phase to another was not totally random.
Protective activity of processed tomato products on postprandial oxidation and inflammation: A clinical trial in healthy weight men and women (2012)

The data indicate that consuming tomato products with a meal attenuates postprandial lipemia-induced oxidative stress and associated inflammatory response. The relevance of OxLDL and inflammation to vascular injury suggests a potentially important protective role of tomato in reducing cardiovascular disease risk. ClinicalTrials.gov Registration number - NCT00966550.
Structure and Function of Several Anti-Dansyl Chimeric Antibodies Formed by Domain Interchanges between Human IgM and Mouse IgG2b (1995)

Two pairs of chimeric, domain-switched immunoglobulins with identical murine, anti-dansyl (5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl) variable domains have been generated, employing as parent antibodies a human IgM and a mouse IgG2b. The first pair of chimeric antibodies mu mu gamma mu and gamma gamma mu gamma was generated by switching the C mu 3 and C gamma 2 domains between IgM and IgG2b. The second pair of chimeras mu mu gamma gamma and gamma gamma mu mu were formed by switching both C mu 3 and C mu 4 with C gamma 2 and C gamma 3. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation showed that over half (57 and 71%) of the two chimeric antibodies possessing the C mu 4 domain and tail piece formed disulfide-linked IgM-like polymers. In contrast, the two chimeric antibodies lacking the C mu 4 domain were almost entirely monomeric. Both monomeric chimeras had reduced ability to activate complement. The chimera gamma gamma mu gamma had no activity under any of the assay conditions, whereas mu mu gamma gamma caused only a small amount of cell lysis but was fully active in consuming complement at 4 degrees C. The polymeric chimera gamma gamma mu mu was much less active than IgM, bound C1 weakly and caused some cell lysis but consumed little complement with soluble antigen. The polymeric chimera mu mu gamma mu bound C1 strongly and was the most active antibody in all assays, even more active than the parental IgG2b and IgM antibodies; it was the only antibody that exhibited antigen-independent activity. The results suggest that C mu 3 alone does not constitute the complement binding site in IgM but requires both C mu 1-2 and C mu 4 for full activity.
Potent inhibition of huntingtin aggregation and cytotoxicity by a disulfide bond-free single-domain intracellular antibody (2004)

Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion in the number of polyglutamine-encoding CAG repeats in the gene that encodes the huntingtin (htt) protein. A property of the mutant protein that is intimately involved in the development of the disease is the propensity of the glutamine-expanded protein to misfold and generate an N-terminal proteolytic htt fragment that is toxic and prone to aggregation. Intracellular antibodies (intrabodies) against htt have been shown to reduce htt aggregation by binding to the toxic fragment and inactivating it or preventing its misfolding. Intrabodies may therefore be a useful gene-therapy approach to treatment of the disease. However, high levels of intrabody expression have been required to obtain even limited reductions in aggregation. We have engineered a single-domain intracellular antibody against htt for robust aggregation inhibition at low expression levels by increasing its affinity in the absence of a disulfide bond. Furthermore, the engineered intrabody variable light-chain (V(L))12.3, rescued toxicity in a neuronal model of HD. We also found that V(L)12.3 inhibited aggregation and toxicity in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae model of HD. V(L)12.3 is significantly more potent than earlier anti-htt intrabodies and is a potential candidate for gene therapy treatment for HD. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to improve affinity in the absence of a disulfide bond to improve intrabody function. The demonstrated importance of disulfide bond-independent binding for intrabody potency suggests a generally applicable approach to the development of effective intrabodies against other intracellular targets.
Improved method for PCR-mediated site-directed mutagenesis (1994)

Journal Article Improved method for PCR-mediated site-directed mutagenesis Get access Domingo Barettino, Domingo Barettino EMBL, Gene Expression Programme, Meyerhofstrasse 1,Postfach 10.2209, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Monika Feigenbutz, Monika Feigenbutz EMBL, Gene Expression Programme, Meyerhofstrasse 1,Postfach 10.2209, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Rafael Valcárcel, Rafael Valcárcel EMBL, Gene Expression Programme, Meyerhofstrasse 1,Postfach 10.2209, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Hendrik G. Stunnenberg Hendrik G. Stunnenberg EMBL, Gene Expression Programme, Meyerhofstrasse 1,Postfach 10.2209, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 22, Issue 3, 11 February 1994, Pages 541–542, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.3.541 Published: 11 February 1994 Article history Received: 17 November 1993 Accepted: 15 December 1993 Published: 11 February 1994
Plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 fused with erythropoietin (EPO) mimetic peptide (EMP) enhances the EPO activity of EMP (2000)

Erythropoietin (EPO) mimetic peptide (EMP) encoding sequence was inserted into the gene of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) between Ala348 and Pro349 (P2'-P3'), generating a novel gene, PAI-1/EMP (PMP). This was cloned into pET32a expression vector, fused with TrxA peptide in the vector, and a 63-kDa protein was expressed in inclusion bodies with an expression level >50%. The TrxA/PMP protein was purified by Ni-NTA-agarose metal-ligand affinity chromatography to a purity >90%, showing a single, silver-stained band on SDS-PAGE. Using a reticulocyte counting assay, the EPO activity of PMP was determined to be 5,000 IU/mg, 2,500-fold that of EMP.
Campath-1H therapy in refractory ocular inflammatory disease (2000)

Following Campath-1H therapy, all 10 patients showed an initial resolution of their ocular symptoms and signs. Long lasting remissions were achieved in eight patients, in whom baseline immunosuppression could subsequently be reduced to minimal levels. The possible mechanisms of action of Campath-1H therapy are discussed.
Parenteral Iron Dextran Therapy (1990)

Parenteral iron therapy is indicated in patients with iron-deficiency anemia associated with conditions that interfere with the ingestion or absorption of oral iron. Replacement doses of iron required to replenish iron stores are based on body weight and the observed hemoglobin value. Methods of administering iron dextran are reviewed, including intramuscular and intravenous injections of the undiluted drug, intravenous infusion of a diluted preparation, and as an addition to parenteral nutrition solutions. The overall incidence of adverse reactions associated with the parenteral administration of iron is low, but the potential for an anaphylactic reaction requires that an initial test dose be given followed by careful patient observation.
Acoustic Wave Microsensors (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAcoustic Wave MicrosensorsJay W. Grate, Stephen J. Martin, and Richard M. WhiteCite this: Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 21, 940A–948APublication Date (Print):November 1, 1993Publication History Published online31 May 2012Published inissue 1 November 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00069a728https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00069a728research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views980Altmetric-Citations165LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
BIOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT MOLECULAR SPECIES OF HUMAN FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE: ELECTROFOCUSING PROFILES OF EIGHT HIGHLY PURIFIED PREPARATIONS (1982)

Eight highly purified human pituitary FSH preparations and purified preparations of the α-and β-subunits of FSH were fractionated by an electrofocusing technique in the pH range of 2·5–10·0 on a sucrose density gradient. The human (h) FSH activity in each of the eluted fractions was monitored by an in-vitro bioassay and a radioimmunoassay procedure. After electrofocusing, the overall recovery of the biological activity of the eight preparations was between 80 and 94% (mean 88%). On the other hand, the recovery of immunoreactivity ranged between 30 and 84% (mean 71%). A loss of over 85% of hFSH immunoreactivity was observed when the α- and β-subunits of hFSH were fractionated by the same procedure. The specific loss of varying amounts of immunoreactivity in all preparations during electrofocusing was also reflected by a proportional increase in the ratios of biological activity (B) to immunoreactivity (I); preparation A, which exhibited a loss of 70% of the immunoreactivity, had a threefold increase in its B/I ratio after electrofocusing. Significant differences were observed in the electrofocusing profiles of the eight preparations both in terms of their pI values and of their spread. The disparity in the relative distribution of hFSH activities in different pH regions suggested major differences in the carbohydrate moieties (sialic acid content) of the preparations studied, probably as a result of the chemical manipulations involved in the purification of the hormone. It is suggested that a combination of several (but certainly not all) of the preparations might serve as a provisional International Reference Preparation for hFSH radioimmunoassays.
Maximum Likelihood Coordinate Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks: from physical coordinates to topology coordinates (2018)

Many WSN protocols require the location coordinates of the sensor nodes, as it is useful to consider the data collected by the sensors in the context of the location from which they were collected. Thus, one of the major challenges in WSNs is to determine the coordinates of sensors while minimizing the hardware cost. To address this, numerous localization algorithms have been proposed in the literature. However, outcomes of these algorithms are affected by noise, fading, and interference. As a result, their levels of accuracy may become unacceptable in complex environments that contain obstacles and reflecting surfaces. The alternative is to use topological maps based only on connectivity information. Since they do not contain information about physical distances, however, they are not faithful representatives of the physical layout. Thus, the primary goal of this research is to discover a topology map that provides more accurate information about physical layouts. In doing so, this research has resulted in four main contributions. First, a novel concept Maximum-Likelihood Topology Map for RF WSNs is presented. This topology map provides a more accurate physical representation, by using the probability of packet reception. The second contribution is Millimetre wave Topology Map calculation, which is a novel topology mapping algorithm based on maximum likelihood estimation for millimetre wave WSNs. The third contribution is a distributed algorithm being proposed to calculate the topology coordinates of sensors by themselves as two algorithms above calculate centrally, which requires time. Since a topology map contains significant non-linear distortions, two WSN applications i.e. target searching and extremum seeking, which use a proposed topology map to localize the sensors and perform its specified task are presented as the final contribution of this dissertation.
Clothoid spline transition spirals (1992)

Highway and railway designers use clothoid splines (planar <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper G squared"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{G^2}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> curves consisting of straight line segments, circular arcs, and clothoid segments) as center lines in route location. This paper considers the problem of finding a clothoid spline transition spiral which joins two given points and matches given curvatures and unit tangents at the two points. Conditions are given for the existence and uniqueness of the clothoid spline transition spirals, and algorithms for finding them are outlined.
Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase from Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium (1975)

The purine nucleoside phosphorylases from Escherichia coli and from Salmonella typhimurium have been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and crystallized. Comparative studies revealed that the two enzymes are very much alike. They obey simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics for their substrates with the exception of phosphate for which they show negative cooperativity. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 of the native enzymes revealed a molecular weight for both enzymes of 138000 plus or minus 10%. By use of dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis a subunit molecular weight of 23700 plus or minus 5% was determined, suggesting that both enzymes consist of six subunits of equal molecular weight. When the subunits were partially crosslinked with dimethyl suberimidate before dodecylsulphate electrophoresis six protein bands were observed in agreement with the proposed oligomeric state of the enzyme, consisting of six subunits of equal molecular weight. Analysis of the amino acid composition also indicates that the subunits are identical. 6M guanidinium chloride dissociates the enzymes; association experiments with native and succinylated enzymes suggested that only the hexameric form is active. Both enzymes could be dissociated into subunits by p-chloromercuribenzoate; this dissociation is prevented by the substrates: the nucleosides, the pentose 1-phosphates, and mixtures of phosphate and purine bases.