gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic fine-grain leakage reduction using leakage-biased bitlines (2002)

Leakage power is dominated by critical paths, and hence dynamic deactivation of fast transistors can yield large savings. We introduce metrics for comparing fine-grain dynamic deactivation techniques that include the effects of deactivation energy and startup latencies, as well as long-term leakage current. We present a new circuit-level technique for leakage current reduction, leakage-biased bitlines, that has low deactivation energy and fast wakeup times. We show how this technique can be applied at a fine grain within an active microprocessor, and how microarchitectural scheduling policies can improve its performance. Using leakage-biased bitlines to deactivate SRAM read paths within I-cache memories saves over 24% of leakage energy and 22% of total I-cache energy when using a 70nm process. In the register file, fine-grained read port deactivation saves nearly 50% of leakage energy and 22% of total energy. Independently, turning off idle register file subbanks saves over 67% of leakage energy (57% total register file energy) with no loss in performance.
Therapeutic effect of post-ischemic hypothermia duration on cerebral ischemic injury (2008)

Post-ischemic mild brain hypothermia can significantly suppress the excessive release of amino acids, monoamine neurotransmitters and inflammation response in ischemic tissue. It can also stabilize the function of the cell membrane, which is associated with the mechanism of cerebral protection by mild hypothermia. These results suggest that mild hypothermia should be applied immediately after ischemia and last for more than 60 minutes in order to obtain neuroprotective effects.
Osteogenic differentiation of purified, culture‐expanded human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro (1997)

Human bone marrow contains a population of cells capable of differentiating along multiple mesenchymal cell lineages. Recently, techniques for the purification and culture-expansion of these human marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have been developed. The goals of the current study were to establish a reproducible system for the in vitro osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs, and to characterize the effect of changes in the microenvironment upon the process. MSCs derived from 2nd or 3rd passage were cultured for 16 days in various base media containing 1 to 1000 nM dexamethasone (Dex), 0.01 to 4 mM L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate (AsAP) or 0.25 mM ascorbic acid, and 1 to 10 mM β-glycerophosphate (βGP). Optimal osteogenic differentiation, as determined by osteoblastic morphology, expression of alkaline phosphatase (APase), reactivity with anti-osteogenic cell surface monoclonal antibodies, modulation of osteocalcin mRNA production, and the formation of a mineralized extracellular matrix containing hydroxyapatite was achieved with DMEM base medium plus 100 nM Dex, 0.05 mM AsAP, and 10 mM βGP. The formation of a continuously interconnected network of APase-positive cells and mineralized matrix supports the characterization of this progenitor population as homogeneous. While higher initial seeding densities did not affect cell number or APase activity, significantly more mineral was deposited in these cultures, suggesting that events which occur early in the differentiation process are linked to end-stage phenotypic expression. Furthermore, cultures allowed to concentrate their soluble products in the media produced more mineralized matrix, thereby implying a role for autocrine or paracrine factors synthesized by human MSCs undergoing osteoblastic lineage progression. This culture system is responsive to subtle manipulations including the basal nutrient medium, dose of physiologic supplements, cell seeding density, and volume of tissue culture medium. Cultured human MSCs provide a useful model for evaluating the multiple factors responsible for the step-wise progression of cells from undifferentiated precursors to secretory osteoblasts, and eventually terminally differentiated osteocytes. J. Cell. Biochem. 64:295–312. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Assessment of the Health Effects of Chemicals in Humans: I. QSAR Estimation of the Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) and No Effect Level (NOEL) of Organic Chemicals Based on Clinical Trial Data1 (2004)

The primary objective of this investigation was to develop a QSAR model to estimate the no effect level (NOEL) of chemicals in humans using data derived from pharmaceutical clinical trials and the MCASE software program. We believe that a NOEL model derived from human data provides a more specific estimate of the toxic dose threshold of chemicals in humans compared to current risk assessment models which extrapolate from animals to humans employing multiple uncertainty safety factors. A database of the maximum recommended therapeutic dose (MRTD) of marketed pharmaceuticals was compiled. Chemicals with low MRTDs were classified as high-toxicity compounds; chemicals with high MRTDs were classified as low-toxicity compounds. Two separate training data sets were constructed to identify specific structural alerts associated with high and low toxicity chemicals. A total of 134 decision alerts correlated with toxicity in humans were identified from 1309 training data set chemicals. An internal validation experiment showed that predictions for high- and low-toxicity chemicals were good (positive predictivity >92%) and differences between experimental and predicted MRTDs were small (0.27-0.70 log-fold). Furthermore, the model exhibited good coverage (89.9-93.6%) for three classes of chemicals (pharmaceuticals, direct food additives, and food contact substances). An additional investigation demonstrated that the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of chemicals in rodents was poorly correlated with MRTD values in humans (R2 = 0.2005, n = 326). Finally, this report discusses experimental factors which influence the accuracy of test chemical predictions, potential applications of the model, and the advantages of this model over those that rely only on results of animal toxicology studies.
RNA as an enzyme. (1989)

The catalytic activity of ribonucleic acid is reviewed, with the intervening sequence (IVS) of the ribosomal RNA precursor of Tetrahymena serving as a major example. The IVS catalyzes its own excision from the precursor RNA and at the same time ligation of the flanking sequences, a reaction termed self-splicing. The excised IVS RNA can act as an enzyme to catalyze sequence-specific cleavage and ligation reactions on substrate RNA molecules. The RNA polymerization activity of the IVS supports the possibility that RNA catalysis could have been important in establishing a prebiotic self-replicating system. Other systems in which RNA catalysis has been found include related group I IVSs, group II IVSs, ribonuclease P, and certain plant infectious RNAs.
Fetal haemoglobin levels and haematological characteristics of compound heterozygotes for haemoglobin S and deletional hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin (2011)

Compound heterozygotes for sickle haemoglobin (HbS) and hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin (HPFH) have high fetal haemoglobin (HbF) levels but few, if any, sickle cell disease-related complications. We studied 30 cases of HbS-HPFH (types 1 and 2), confirmed by molecular analysis, and report the haematological features and change in HbF levels over time. These results were compared to those of patients with sickle cell anaemia or HbS-β(0) thalassaemia, including a subgroup of patients carrying the XmnI polymorphism, known to be associated with elevated HbF. Among the HbS-HPFH patients, HbF level was 50-90% during infancy and declined steeply within the first few years of life, stabilizing between ages 3 and 5years, at approximately 30%. Mean HbF of individuals age 5 or older was 31±3%, average haemoglobin concentration was 130±10g/l and average mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was 75±4 fl. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses significantly associated HbF with age, haemoglobin concentration, and MCV (P<0·001). There was a strong inverse association between HbF and age (r=-0·9, P<0·001). Despite having a much higher HbF level, patients with HbS-HPFH have a similar age-related pattern of HbF decline and associations as patients with sickle cell anaemia or HbS-β(0) thalassaemia.
Eosinophil-Granule Major Basic Protein, a C-Type Lectin, Binds Heparin, (2005)

The eosinophil major basic protein (EMBP), a constituent of the eosinophil secondary granule, is implicated in cytotoxicity and mediation of allergic disorders such as asthma. It is a member of the C-type lectin family, but lacks a Ca(2+)- and carbohydrate-binding site as seen in other members of this family. Here, we report the crystal structure of EMBP in complex with a heparin disaccharide and in the absence of Ca(2+), the first such report of any C-lectin with this sugar. We also provide direct evidence of binding of EMBP to heparin and heparin disaccharide by surface plasmon resonance. We propose that the sugars recognized by EMBP are likely to be proteoglycans such as heparin, leading to new interpretations for EMBP function.
44 Positive and Negative Control of Human Interferon-β Gene Expression (1992)

OVERVIEW Expression of the human interferon-β (IFN-β) gene is transiently induced by virus infection. The regulatory sequences required for this on/off switch are located within a 100-bp regulatory element located immediately upstream of the start site of transcription. This region contains at least three distinct virus-inducible elements and two negative regulatory elements. The mechanism of virus induction is thought to involve the inactivation or displacement of repressor proteins bound to the negative elements, and combinatorial interactions between virus-inducible factors that specifically bind to the three distinct positive regulatory elements. The gene is then turned off after induction by virus-inducible repressors that bind to the positive control elements. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the organization of the IFN-β gene promoter and recent studies of transcriptional activators and repressors that bind to specific sites within the promoter. INTRODUCTION The IFN-β gene is highly inducible by virus or double-stranded RNA (for review, see DeMaeyer and DeMaeyer-Guignard 1988). Prior to virus induction, the level of IFN-β gene mRNA is too low to be detected, but within hours after infection, over 2000 transcripts per cell are produced. Virus induction is transient, however, since the level of IFN-β mRNA peaks 6–12 hours after induction, then decreases rapidly. This burst of mRNA synthesis leads to the transient production of IFN-β, a secreted protein that binds to a specific cell-surface receptor. The bound receptor triggers a signal transduction pathway leading to the activation of a large number of genes encoding antiviral proteins. Virus...
Fast precessional reversal in perpendicular composite patterned media (2008)

Magnetization reversal mechanisms in composite exchange-coupled dual-layer (composite) patterned media are allowed in the regime of precessional reversal, which is characterized by substantially reduced reversal fields. An important property of precessional reversal in composite patterned media is that it can occur for recording field rise times of more than an order larger than those in patterned media comprising homogeneous elements. These longer rise times can be allowed by realistic recording systems even for materials with ultrahigh coercivity. The reversal field and rise times required for precessional reversal can be controlled by varying the soft layer parameters and coupling strength between the layers.
Samidorphan mitigates olanzapine-induced weight gain and metabolic dysfunction in rats and non-human primates (2019)

Olanzapine administration increased weight gain and adiposity, both of which were attenuated by samidorphan. Furthermore, the combination of olanzapine and samidorphan prevented olanzapine-induced insulin insensitivity. Collectively, these data indicate that samidorphan mitigates several metabolic abnormalities associated with olanzapine in both the presence and the absence of weight gain.
Bismuth telluride nanotubes and the effects on the thermoelectric properties of nanotube-containing nanocomposites (2005)

Nanotubes of quasilayered bismuth telluride compound were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. Nanotubes have diameters smaller than 100nm and spiral tube-walls. The low-dimensional morphology and hollow structure enable bismuth telluride nanotubes to be a potential thermoelectric material with a high figure of merit due to the efficient phonon blocking effect. The experimental results show that the addition of nanotubes leads to a remarkable decrease in the thermal conductivity with the electrical conductivity much less affected and thus to an increase in the figure of merit of the Bi2Te3-based material.
Importance of the carboxyl-terminal domain of enzyme I of the Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system for phosphoryl donor specificity. (1996)

The first protein component of the Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) is the 64-kDa protein enzyme I (EI), which can be phosphorylated by phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and carry out phosphotransfer to the acceptor heat-stable protein (HPr). The isolated amino-terminal domain (EIN) of E. coli EI is no longer phosphorylated by PEP but retains the ability to participate in reversible phosphotransfer to HPr. An expression vector was constructed for the production of large amounts of EIN, and conditions were developed for maximal expression of the protein. A three-column procedure is described for purification to homogeneity of EIN; a 500-ml culture yields approximately 80 mg of pure protein in about a 75% yield. Intact E. coli EI is effective in phosphotransfer from PEP to HPr from E. coli but not to the HPrs from Bacillus subtilis or Mycoplasma capricolum. Phosphotransfer from EI to enzyme IIAglc (EIIAglc) from E. coli or M. capricolum requires the intermediacy of HPr. The phosphorylated form of EIN is capable of more general phosphotransfer; it will effect phosphotransfer to HPrs from E. coli, B. subtilis, and M. capricolum as well as to EIAglc from E. coli. These studies demonstrate that the carboxyl-terminal domain of EI confers on the protein the capability to accept a phosphoryl group from PEP as well as a discriminator function that allows the intact protein to promote effective phosphoryl transfer only to E. coli HPr.
Wrist Coordination in a Kinematically Redundant Stabilization Task (2012)

We investigated how the control of a compliant object is realized by the redundancy of wrist anatomy. Subjects had to balance a one degree-of-freedom inverted pendulum using elastic linkages controlled by wrist flexion/extension (FE) and forearm pronation/supination (PS). Haptic feedback of the interaction forces between the pendulum and the wrist was provided by a robotic interface. By tuning the mechanical properties of the virtual pendulum and the stiffness of the elastic linkages it was possible to study various dynamical regimes of the simulated object. Twenty subjects (divided in two groups) were tested in four days performing the same task but with different presentation order. The stabilization strategy adopted by the subjects was characterized by primarily using the PS DoF when the pendulum was linked to stiff springs and characterized by a relatively fast dynamic response; in contrast, the stabilization task was shared by both DoFs in case of lower spring stiffness and slower dynamics of the virtual object.
Feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, hormones, and metabolites in steers actively immunized against growth hormone-releasing factor (1993)

Large-framed Simmental and Charolais steers were actively immunized against growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) to evaluate the effect on growth, carcass characteristics (especially intramuscular fat deposition), and concentrations of somatotropin (ST) and IGF-I. Primary immunizations of 1.5 mg of GRF-(1-29)-Gly-Gly-Cys-NH2 conjugated to 1.5 mg of human serum albumin (GRFi, n = 12) or 1.5 mg of human serum albumin (HSAi, n = 12) were given at approximately 10 mo of age. Booster immunizations of .5 mg of the appropriate antigen were given at d 49 and 125. Weights of steers administered GRFi were less (P < .05) than those given HSAi at 126 d (34.6 kg) or at 262 d (48.2 kg) after treatment. Carcass weights were 28.2 kg less (P < .01) for GRFi than for HSAi steers. Dry matter intake was not affected by immunization treatment, whereas feed efficiency was reduced in GRFi steers. Marbling scores were higher (P < .05) for HSAi than for GRFi steers but similar percentages (83.3) of both treatments graded Low Choice or higher. Rib sections of GRFi steers contained more fat (31.2 vs 25.0%) and less lean (63.3 vs 68.4%) than those of HSAi steers (P < .05). A breed x treatment interaction was observed for percentage of fat within the trimmed longissimus muscle (P < .05); percentage of fat was similar for Charolais and Simmental steers when immunized against HSAi but was higher for Simmental than for Charolais when immunized against GRFi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Captopril and Losartan for Mitigation of Renal Injury Caused by Single-Dose Total-Body Irradiation (2010)

It is known that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II type-1 receptor blockers (ARBs) can be used to mitigate radiation-induced renal injury. However, for a variety of reasons, these previous results are not directly applicable to the development of agents for the mitigation of injuries caused by terrorism-related radiation exposure. As part of an effort to develop an animal model that would fit the requirements of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) "Animal Efficacy Rule", we designed new studies which used an FDA-approved ACEI (captopril) or an FDA-approved ARB (losartan, Cozaar®) started 10 days after a single total-body irradiation (TBI) at drug doses that are equivalent (on a g/m(2)/day basis) to the doses prescribed to humans. Captopril and losartan were equally effective as mitigators, with DMFs of 1.23 and 1.21, respectively, for delaying renal failure. These studies show that radiation nephropathy in a realistic rodent model can be mitigated with relevant doses of FDA-approved agents. This lays the necessary groundwork for pivotal rodent studies under the FDA Animal Efficacy Rule and provides an outline of how the FDA-required large-animal studies could be designed.
Properties and characterization of codeposited boron nitride and carbon materials (1989)

The physical properties of carbon-boron nitride (C-BN) prepared from mixtures of BCl3, NH3, and selected hydrocarbons by codeposition methods have been investigated using x-ray diffraction, electron diffraction, transmission electron spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman scattering, optical reflectivity, thermal conductivity, thermopower, and electrical resistivity. Taken collectively, the results of these experiments indicate that the compression-annealed C-BN materials studied here consist of separated domains of pyrolytic boronated graphite and pyrolytic boron nitride, while as-deposited samples may possibly be a single-phase mixture of C, B, and N. As-deposited materials containing more than 20% carbon were found to be more highly oriented than unannealed pyrolytic graphite, and the crystallinity of these materials was greatly enhanced by uniaxial compression annealing. Results of the thermal conductivity, thermopower, and electrical resistivity measurements are consistent with a network of turbostratic graphite BN domains with some conduction paths for charge carrier transport between the domains. Increasing the carbon concentration from 20% to 60% leads to an increased linkage between the conducting domains and a percolation conducting network is established.
Exploitation of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (2004)

Abstract Recent advances in the exploitation of localized surface plasmons (charge density oscillations confined to metallic nanoparticles and nanostructures) in nanoscale optics and photonics, as well as in the construction of sensors and biosensors, are reviewed here. In particular, subsequent to brief surveys of the most‐commonly used methods of preparation and arraying of materials with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), and of the optical manifestations of LSPR, attention will be focused on the exploitation of metallic nanostructures as waveguides; as optical transmission, information storage, and nanophotonic devices; as switches; as resonant light scatterers (employed in the different near‐field scanning optical microscopies); and finally as sensors and biosensors.
Isolation from Turkeys of a Cell-Associated Herpesvirus Antigenically Related to Marek's Disease Virus (1970)

SUMMARY Cytopathic herpesviruses ( hvt ) were isolated in chick kidney and duck embryo fibroblast cell cultures from blood and kidneys of turkeys from 3 flocks in Indiana and Georgia. In vitro characteristics of these isolates were similar and included highly cell-associated infectivity, syncytial-type cytopathology, type A intranuclear inclusion bodies, inhibition of plaque formation by 5-bromodeoxyuridine (5- budr ), and presence of herpesvirus-type particles. The hvt isolates were serologically identical but were distinguishable from other viruses previously isolated from turkeys. The virus was nonpathogenic for both turkeys and chickens through 8 weeks; however, recovery of virus and presence of precipitating antibody indicated that both hosts were susceptible to infection. The hvt could be differentiated from virulent and attenuated isolates of Marek's disease herpesvirus ( mdhv ), but results of agar gel precipitin, fluorescent antibody, and neutralization studies revealed a substantial antigenic relationship between hvt and mdhv .
A Monoclonal Antibody against Bovine Anti-Müllerian Hormone* (1982)

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) was partially purified from incubation medium of calf fetal testes and injected into a BALB/c mouse, whose splenocytes were fused with Sp2/Ag8 myeloma cells. Hybridomas were screened for specific antibody production by double antibody precipitation of labeled AMH, which was obtained by incubating fetal calf testes in the presence of tritiated fucose and submitting the medium to the standard procedure of purification. In spite of the extremely low concentration of AMH in the preparation used for immunization, three hybridomas gave positive results in the screening assay. One was cloned and grown in mice. The monoclonal antibody purified from ascites fluid abolished anti-Müllerian activity of partially purified AMH, whether or not the immune complex was removed from solution by a second, antimouse immunoglobulin antibody. The monoclonal antibody also blocked anti-Müllerian activity of calf but not rat fetal testes. Our results indicate that the monoclonal antibody is species specific and is directed towards the antigenic determinant responsible for biological activity.
An Extension to HTTP : Digest Access Authentication (1997)

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
[Expressions of Her-2, EGFR, PS-2 and ER in breast cancer and their clinical implications]. (2006)

Expressions of Her-2 and EGFR often suggests an unfavorable prognosis while expressions of PS-2 and ER suggest a more favorable one. Expressions of Her-2, EGFR, PS-2 and ER are useful prognostic factors in breast cancer patients.