gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Behavior recognition using cognitive swarms and fuzzy graphs (2007)

Behavior analysis deals with understanding and parsing a video sequence to generate a high-level description of object actions and inter-object interactions. In this paper, we describe a behavior recognition system that can model and detect spatio-temporal interactions between detected entities in a visual scene by using ideas from swarm optimization, fuzzy graphs, and object recognition. Extensions of Particle Swarm Optimization based approaches for object recognition are first used to detect entities in video scenes. Our hierarchical generic event detection scheme uses fuzzy graphical models for representing the spatial associations as well as the temporal dynamics of the discovered scene entities. The spatial and temporal attributes of associated objects and groups of objects are handled in separate layers in the hierarchy. We also describe a new behavior specification language that helps the user analyst easily describe the event that needs to be detected using either simple linguistic queries or graphical queries. Our experimental results show that the approach is promising for detecting complex behaviors.
Recent Advances in Paper-Based Sensors (2012)

Paper-based sensors are a new alternative technology for fabricating simple, low-cost, portable and disposable analytical devices for many application areas including clinical diagnosis, food quality control and environmental monitoring. The unique properties of paper which allow passive liquid transport and compatibility with chemicals/biochemicals are the main advantages of using paper as a sensing platform. Depending on the main goal to be achieved in paper-based sensors, the fabrication methods and the analysis techniques can be tuned to fulfill the needs of the end-user. Current paper-based sensors are focused on microfluidic delivery of solution to the detection site whereas more advanced designs involve complex 3-D geometries based on the same microfluidic principles. Although paper-based sensors are very promising, they still suffer from certain limitations such as accuracy and sensitivity. However, it is anticipated that in the future, with advances in fabrication and analytical techniques, that there will be more new and innovative developments in paper-based sensors. These sensors could better meet the current objectives of a viable low-cost and portable device in addition to offering high sensitivity and selectivity, and multiple analyte discrimination. This paper is a review of recent advances in paper-based sensors and covers the following topics: existing fabrication techniques, analytical methods and application areas. Finally, the present challenges and future outlooks are discussed.
Characterization of the Porous Structure of SBA-15 (2000)

SBA-15 ordered mesoporous silicas were synthesized using the method reported by Zhao et al. The structures of these materials were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and nitrogen adsorption. The samples were found to exhibit structural properties similar to those reported earlier. Our study confirmed that the size of primary mesopores of SBA-15 can be tailored by the choice of synthesis temperature and that SBA-15 exhibits a significant amount of disordered micropores and small mesopores. The volume and size of these complementary pores were found to be dependent to some extent on the synthesis/aging temperature. It was shown that the washing of as-synthesized SBA-15 in water or ethanol was accompanied by an appreciable structural shrinkage and led to the removal of a significant part of the polymeric template. Therefore, washing needs to be avoided if one wants to isolate SBA-15 without appreciable loss of the template. It was confirmed that water-washed SBA-15 samples have fully accessible primary mesopores. Ethanol-washed samples also were found to exhibit accessible porosity. Despite an appreciable content of the template in the water- and ethanol-washed samples, their pore sizes were usually larger than those of the calcined materials. The observed structural properties of SBA-15 and their dependence on the synthesis temperature and washing were attributed to the changes in the degree of penetration of the poly(ethylene oxide) chains of the triblock copolymer template within the siliceous walls of SBA-15.
MIC Quality Control Guidelines and Disk Diffusion Test Optimization for CEM-101, a Novel Fluoroketolide (2009)

The development of diagnostic susceptibility tests for CEM-101, a new fluoroketolide, was addressed by structured studies to determine the optimal disk diffusion test concentration and effects of various testing conditions or supplements and to establish the quality control (QC) ranges for reference broth microdilution tests. The 15-microg CEM-101 disk was selected, and MIC ranges for a total of four QC organisms were proposed, with only three doubling dilutions each that included 95.6 to 99.7% of values reported from the eight-laboratory investigation.
Identification and partial characterization of a retinal pigment epithelial membrane receptor for plasma retinol-binding protein (1991)

We have developed a membrane binding assay by which we have been able to characterize the interaction between 125I-labeled retinol-binding protein and its receptor in microsome fractions derived from retinal pigment epithelial cells. The binding of retinol-binding protein to the membranes was fast, with a dissociation constant in the range of 31-72 nM, and maximum binding occurred at neutral pH. Receptor binding sites were also found in microsome fractions of liver and kidney, whereas lung and muscle contained few, if any. Chemical cross-linking of retinol-binding protein to the microsomal membranes yielded a major molecular complex of Mr 86,000 upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein responsible for binding of retinol-binding protein was identified as a Mr 63,000 protein using a label transfer cross-linking technique. Further characterization demonstrated that the receptor for retinol-binding protein is a terminally glycosylated membrane protein noncovalently associated with a high molecular weight complex.
INVESTIGATION OF FLY ASH AND ACTIVATED CARBON OBTAINED FROM PULVERIZED COAL BOILERS (2005)

One of the techniques for Hg capture in coal-fired boilers involves injection of activated carbon (AC) into the boiler downstream of the air preheater. Hg is adsorbed onto the AC particles and fly ash, which are then both removed in an electrostatic precipitator or baghouse. This project addresses the issues of Hg on activated carbon and on fly ash from a materials re-use point of view. It also addresses the possible connection between SCR reactors, fly ash properties and Hg capture. The project is determining the feasibility of separating AC from fly ash in a fluidized bed and of regenerating the separated AC by heating the AC to elevated temperatures in a fluidized bed. The temperatures needed to drive off the Hg from the ash in a fluidized bed are also being determined. Finally, samples of fly ash from power plants with SCR reactors for NO{sub x} control, are being analyzed to determine the effect of SCR on the ash.
De novo design and structural characterization of an alpha-helical hairpin peptide: a model system for the study of protein folding intermediates. (1994)

The de novo design and structural characterization of an alpha-helical hairpin peptide (alpha-helix/turn/alpha-helix, alpha t alpha) are reported. The peptide is intended to provide a model system for the study of the interactions of secondary structural elements during protein folding. Both the diffusion-collision and framework models of protein folding envision that the earliest intermediates in protein folding are transient secondary structures or microdomains which interact and become mutually stabilizing. Design principles for the alpha t alpha peptide were drawn from the large body of work on the structure of peptides in solution. Computer modeling was not used in the design process. Study of alpha t alpha by circular dichroism and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance indicates that the designed peptide is monomeric, helical, and stable in aqueous solution at room temperature. Analysis of two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance experiments indicates that the two helices and the turn form in the intended positions and that the helices associate in the designed orientation. Development of alpha t alpha represents an advance in protein design in that both the secondary structural elements and designed tertiary interactions have been realized and can be detected in solution by nuclear magnetic resonance. The resulting model system resembles a protein folding intermediate and will allow the study of interacting helices in a context that approximates an early stage in protein folding.
Cell-free fetal DNA levels in pregnancies conceived by IVF (2005)

IVF does not affect levels of cffDNA, which appears to be independent of traditional screening markers (e.g. HCG). Therefore, cffDNA can be used as an additional serum marker (e.g. Down syndrome screening) without adjustment for IVF pregnancies.
SEL-Sensitive Area Mapping and the Effects of Reflection and Diffraction From Metal Lines on Laser SEE Testing (2013)

Laser and heavy-ion data reveal the areas and shapes of single-event latchup (SEL)-sensitive regions in CMOS test structures and their positions relative to the affected p-n-p-n paths. Contrary to previous two-dimensional studies, this three-dimensional study shows that the position of maximum SEL sensitivity in these structures is not centered on a p-n-p-n region, but between two neighboring p-n-p-n regions, suggesting that synergistic triggering increases SEL sensitivity. The SEL-sensitivity maps suggest that laser light scattered from metal lines toward the silicon can contribute to the SEE response, for both back-side-incident two-photon absorption and front-side-incident single-photon absorption laser tests. We describe the metallization configurations and laser pulse energies for which reflected and/or diffracted laser light may contribute to the single-event effect (SEE) response.
X chromosome map at 75-kb STS resolution, revealing extremes of recombination and GC content. (1997)

A YAC/STS map of the X chromosome has reached an inter-STS resolution of 75 kb. The map density is sufficient to provide YACs or other large-insert clones that are cross-validated as sequencing substrates across the chromosome. Marker density also permits estimates of regional gene content and a detailed comparison of genetic and physical map distances. Five regions are detected with relatively high G + C, correlated with gene richness; and a 17-Mb region with very low recombination is revealed between the Xq13.3 [XIST] and Xq21.3 XY homology loci.
Emerging Technologies for Molecular Diagnosis of Sepsis (2018)

Rapid and accurate profiling of infection-causing pathogens remains a significant challenge in modern health care. Despite advances in molecular diagnostic techniques, blood culture analysis remains the gold standard for diagnosing sepsis. However, this method is too slow and cumbersome to significantly influence the initial management of patients. The swift initiation of precise and targeted antibiotic therapies depends on the ability of a sepsis diagnostic test to capture clinically relevant organisms along with antimicrobial resistance within 1 to 3 h. The administration of appropriate, narrow-spectrum antibiotics demands that such a test be extremely sensitive with a high negative predictive value. In addition, it should utilize small sample volumes and detect polymicrobial infections and contaminants. All of this must be accomplished with a platform that is easily integrated into the clinical workflow. In this review, we outline the limitations of routine blood culture testing and discuss how emerging sepsis technologies are converging on the characteristics of the ideal sepsis diagnostic test. We include seven molecular technologies that have been validated on clinical blood specimens or mock samples using human blood. In addition, we discuss advances in machine learning technologies that use electronic medical record data to provide contextual evaluation support for clinical decision-making.
Review: Cytokine Involvement in Ovarian Processes (1997)

Thus, TNF and IL-1 are multifunctional factors affecting various ovarian processes.
<title>Application of neural networks to the dynamic spatial distribution of nodes within an urban wireless network</title> (1995)

The optimal location of wireless transceivers or communicating sensor devices in an urban area and within large human-made structures is considered. The purpose of the positioning of the devices is formation of a distributed network, either in a mesh or hub-spoke topology, that achieves robust connectivity of the nodes. Real-world examples include wireless local area networks (LANs) within buildings and radio beacons in an outdoor mobile radio environment. Operating environments contain both fixed and moving interferers that correspond to both stationary and time-varying spatial distributions of path distortion of stationary and transient fading and multipath delays that impede connectivity. The positioning of the autonomous wireless devices in an area with an unknown spatial pattern of interferers would normally be a slow incremental process. The proposed objective is determination of the spatial distribution of the devices to achieve the maximum radio connectivity in a minimal number of iterative steps. Impeding the optimal distribution of wireless nodes is the corresponding distribution of environmental interferers in the area or volume of network operation. The problem of network formation is posed as an adaptive learning problem, in particular, a self-organizing map of locally competitive wireless units that recursively update their positions and individual operating configurations at each iterative step of the neural algorithm. The scheme allows the wireless units to adaptively learn the pattern distribution of interferers in their operating environment based on the level of radio interference measured at each node by an equivalent received signal strength from wireless units within the node's hearing distance. Two cases are considered. The first is an indoor human-made environment where the interference pattern is largely deterministic and stationary and the units are positioned to form a wireless LAN. The second situation applies to an outdoor urban environment, where a fixed number of units on mobile platforms operating in a random spatial distribution of interferers.
Ccr5 But Not Ccr1 Deficiency Reduces Development of Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis in Mice (2006)

Genetic deletion of Ccr5 but not Ccr1 in ApoE-/- mice protects from diet-induced atherosclerosis, associated with a more stable plaque phenotype, reduced mononuclear cell infiltration, Th1-type immune responses, and increased interleukin-10 expression. This corroborates CCR5 as a promising therapeutic target.
OFDM for Optical Communications (2009)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation technique which is now used in most new and emerging broadband wired and wireless communication systems because it is an effective solution to intersymbol interference caused by a dispersive channel. Very recently a number of researchers have shown that OFDM is also a promising technology for optical communications. This paper gives a tutorial overview of OFDM highlighting the aspects that are likely to be important in optical applications. To achieve good performance in optical systems OFDM must be adapted in various ways. The constraints imposed by single mode optical fiber, multimode optical fiber and optical wireless are discussed and the new forms of optical OFDM which have been developed are outlined. The main drawbacks of OFDM are its high peak to average power ratio and its sensitivity to phase noise and frequency offset. The impairments that these cause are described and their implications for optical systems discussed.
Conversion of oils and fats using advanced mesoporous heterogeneous catalysts (2006)

Abstract Natural oils and fats are emerging as a biobased alternative feedstock to conventional crude oil in the production of chemicals and transportation fuel. However, many of these biobased chemicals are not currently cost competitive with petrochemicals because of high raw material and production costs. To improve the economic outlook of the biobased chemicals, the use of suitable catalysts becomes imperative. Recently, the discovery of advanced material synthesis strategies such as supramolecular‐assembled mesoporous materials has created new opportunities in tailoring catalyst properties specifically for the conversion challenges encountered with oils and fats. These nanostructured materials have a combination of extremely high surface areas and flexible pore sizes that makes them attractive for catalysis applications. This article reviews the application of this new class of advanced materials for the conversion of oils and fats to biobased chemicals.
Reactions of pyruvic acid with thiolacetic acid and cysteine (1936)

observed that the action of ethyl-, phenyl-and p-bromophenyl- mercaptans on pyruvic acid led to the exothermic formation of substances which could be recrystallized from benzene and possesMed well-defined melting-points. Though stable in the solid state and in benzene solution, these compounds were rapidly broken down to their original constituents when dissolved in water, and were regarded by Baumann as having the general structure RS . C(OH)(CH3). COOH. When treated with dry HCI the thiophenylpyruvic acid passes into the mercaptol (RS)2C(CH3) . COGH. The mercaptals and mercaptols [Baumann, 1885, 1,2] have been extensively studied both by Baumann and his school and by other investigators, but the unstable "hemimercaptals" and "hemimercaptols" were little investigated until the recent work of Schonberg & Schuitz [1927], Levi [1932] and Schubert [1935; 1936] appeared. Their work is of interest both from the point of view of the chemistry of the formation of mercaptals [Fromm, 1889; Levi, 1932] on which the present paper and recent work [Girsavicius & Heyfetz, 1935; 1936, 1] throw some light, and also from a biological aspect. Lohmann's [1932] well-known discovery that the transformation of methyl- glyoxal into lactic acid by glyoxalase requires the presence of reduced glu- tathione as a necessary and specific co-enzyme, together with the observations of Kuhnau [1931], of Lohmann [1932] and of Jowett & Quastel [1933], that gluta- thione reacts in aqueous solution with methylglyoxal to form a fairly unstable compound, have led to the hypothesis [Jowett & Quastel, 1933] that a hemi- mercaptal-like compound of methylglyoxal with glutathione forms a necessary intermediate stage in the enzymic reaction. Further evidence for this view has been advanced by Platt & Schroeder [1934] and by Girsavicius & Heyfetz [1936, 2]. Possiblythe biological significance ofreactions of this type may extend beyond their participation in glyoxalase action [see Kuhnau, 1931; Bersin, 1935].
Two Types of Thalamocortical Projections from the Motor Thalamic Nuclei of the Rat: A Single Neuron-Tracing Study Using Viral Vectors (2009)

The axonal arborization of single motor thalamic neurons was examined in rat brain using a viral vector expressing membrane-targeted palmitoylation site-attached green fluorescent protein (palGFP). We first divided the ventral anterior-ventral lateral motor thalamic nuclei into 1) the rostromedial portion, which was designated inhibitory afferent-dominant zone (IZ) with intense glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity and weak vesicular glutamate transporter 2 immunoreactivity, and 2) the caudolateral portion, named excitatory subcortical afferent-dominant zone (EZ) with the reversed immunoreactivity profile. We then labeled 38 motor thalamic neurons in 29 hemispheres by injecting a diluted palGFP-Sindbis virus solution and isolated 10 IZ and EZ neurons for reconstruction. All the reconstructed IZ neurons widely projected not only to the cerebral cortex but also to the neostriatum, whereas the EZ neurons sent axons almost exclusively to the cortex. More interestingly, 47-66% of axon varicosities of IZ neurons were observed in layer I of cortical areas. In contrast, only 2-15% of varicosities of EZ neurons were found in layer I, most varicosities being located in middle layers. These results suggest that 2 forms of information from the basal ganglia and cerebellum are differentially supplied to apical and basal dendrites, respectively, of cortical pyramidal neurons and integrated to produce a motor execution command.
Mutations in the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and in KRAS Are Predictive and Prognostic Indicators in Patients With Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Chemotherapy Alone and in Combination With Erlotinib (2005)

EGFR mutations may be a positive prognostic factor for survival in advanced NSCLC patients treated with chemotherapy with or without erlotinib, and may predict greater likelihood of response. Patients with KRAS-mutant NSCLC showed poorer clinical outcomes when treated with erlotinib and chemotherapy. Further studies are needed to confirm the findings of this retrospective subset analysis.
Reliable resistive switching memory based on oxygen-vacancy-controlled bilayer structures (2016)

Reliable resistive switching memory devices were developed by controlling the oxygen vacancies in aluminum oxide layer during atomic layer deposition and by adopting bilayer structures.
Preclinical Modeling of Combination Treatments: Fantasy or Requirement? (2005)

Combination chemotherapy is considered the "norm" in cancer chemotherapy. While the development of classical combination regimens took into account factors such as single-agent activity, different toxicity profiles, and advantageous pharmacology of the component drugs, in the era of targeted therapies there are additional considerations such as new mechanisms of resistance due to modulation of pathway dependence. Since it is not feasible to test all of the possible combinations clinically, some method for preclinically identifying and prioritizing promising combinations is necessary. While in vivo animal models can be used for safety testing and some pharmacokinetics, even they can quickly become prohibitively resource intensive for the purpose of efficacy determinations. Therefore, factors such as biologic rationale, reliable in vitro results in more than one tumor type, achievable in vivo pharmacology, and selectivity of primary tumor cell activity become important in the evaluation of potential combination regimens.
NF‐κB and AP‐1 regulate activation‐dependent CD137 (4‐1BB) expression in T cells (2003)

4-1BB(CD137) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and provides a costimulatory signal by interaction with 4-1BB ligand expressed on antigen-presenting cells. The expression of 4-1BB is known to be activation-dependent. Here, we investigated the transcriptional machinery required for T cell receptor (TCR) activation-dependent induction of 4-1BB expression in CD3-CEM cells treated with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin. Using 5'-deletion constructs of 4-1BB promoter in luciferase reporter assays, we demonstrated that the transcriptional elements mediating 4-1BB upregulation were located in the region between approximately 0.9 and approximately 1.1 kb from the translational start site. Characterization of these sites by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activating protein-1 (AP-1) are involved. MEK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1 activity was required for activation-dependent 4-1BB upregulation. Thus, NF-kappaB and AP-1 are involved in the TCR stimulation-dependent transcriptional regulation of the 4-1BB promoter.