gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Utilizing multimedia technologies for interactive telesonography (2000)

This article deals with telemedicine and in particular with telesonography. Telesonography is real-time video collaboration for remote ultrasound examinations. We present here an interactive videoconferencing system that supports the various fields of ultrasound expertise, utilizing multimedia technologies. The work here focuses on integrating such a system in the demanding environment of ultrasound examinations, including integration of multimedia tools and support for a graphical user interface. We introduce an original logical model for telesonography and detail its architecture. Special emphasis is given to describing the multimedia technologies utilized in the architecture layers. This design was implemented in the TeleUS prototype, tested in a series of simulations and experiments, and proved adequate. We elaborate on this work and the conclusions reached, throughout the article. Keywords Telemedicine, teleradiology, telesonography, ultrasound, multimedia, videoconferencing, u...
Cloning and characterization of a gene encoding flagellin of Listeria monocytogenes (1992)

The gene, flaA, encoding the flagellin protein of Listeria monocytogenes (strain 12067) has been isolated from an expression library in Escherichia coli using a flagellin-specific monoclonal antibody. DNA sequence analysis of a positive clone revealed the presence of an open reading frame of 287 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 30.4 kDa. Comparison of this sequence with flagellins from other bacteria showed a significant degree of homology in both the N- and C-terminal parts of the protein. The flagellin mRNA was determined to be 1 kb in size, which is the expected size for a monocistronic mRNA, and the temperature-dependent expression of flagellin was found to be regulated at the transcriptional level. Southern blot analysis, using the flagellin gene as probe, indicated that L. monocytogenes can be divided into two groups. These groups correspond to the flagellar antigens AB and ABC, respectively, as well as to the two types of L. monocytogenes based on the DNA sequence of the listeriolysin gene.
Tissue factor is rapidly induced in arterial smooth muscle after balloon injury. (1993)

Tissue factor (TF) is a major activator of the coagulation cascade and may play a role in initiating thrombosis after intravascular injury. To investigate whether medial vascular smooth muscle provides a source of TF following arterial injury, the induction of TF mRNA and protein was studied in balloon-injured rat aorta. After full length aortic injury, aortas were harvested at various times and the media and adventitia separated using collagenase digestion and microscopic dissection. In uninjured aortic media, TF mRNA was undetectable by RNA blot hybridization. 2 h after balloon injury TF mRNA levels increased markedly. Return to near baseline levels occurred at 24 h. In situ hybridization with a 35S-labeled antisense rat TF cRNA probe detected TF mRNA in the adventitia but not in the media or endothelium of uninjured aorta. 2 h after balloon dilatation, a marked induction of TF mRNA was observed in the adventitia and media. Using a functional clotting assay, TF procoagulant activity was detected at low levels in uninjured rat aortic media and rose by approximately 10-fold 2 h after balloon dilatation. Return to baseline occurred within 4 d. These data demonstrate that vascular injury rapidly induces active TF in arterial smooth muscle, providing a procoagulant that may result in thrombus initiation or propagation.
Simultaneous acquisition of sectional and fundus ophthalmic images with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (2005)

A high-speed spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system was built to image the human retina in vivo. A fundus image similar to the intensity image produced by a scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) was generated from the same spectra that were used for generating the OCT sectional images immediately after the spectra were collected. This function offers perfect spatial registration between the sectional OCT images and the fundus image, which is desired in ophthalmology for monitoring data quality, locating pathology, and increasing reproducibility. This function also offers a practical way to detect eye movements that occur during the acquisition of the OCT image. The system was successfully applied to imaging human retina in vivo.
Expression of T-cell activation marker CD134 (OX40) in lymphomatoid papulosis (2003)

CD134 is strongly expressed in a proportion (38%) of patients with LyP, but not in mycosis fungoides or benign lymphocytic infiltrations. Loss of CD134 expression in LyP may be a marker of an increased risk of second lymphoid malignancy.
Porphyromonas gingivalis Bacteremia Induces Coronary and Aortic Atherosclerosis in Normocholesterolemic and Hypercholesterolemic Pigs (2005)

Recurrent P gingivalis bacteremia induces aortic and coronary lesions consistent with atherosclerosis in normocholesterolemic pigs and increases aortic and coronary atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic pigs.
Microspectrophotometric Determination of Nonheme Iron in Maturing Erythroblasts and its Relationship to the Endocellular Hemoglobin Formation (1960)

Abstract The strong near-UV absorption of inorganic iron makes possible the microspectrophotometric determination of nonheme intracellular iron as distinct from hemoglobin-bound iron. Erythroid cells of Salamandra Maculosa were therefore studied microspectrophotometrically in the near ultraviolet and visible region. Absorption curves from cytoplasmic areas in living and dried cells were obtained from 310 to 700 mµ., and two component analyses were made to determine the presence and amount of hemoglobin and nonhemoglobin absorption. Under the experimental conditions, intracellular hemoglobin was present largely as the carbon monoxide derivative, a stable form which provided a well defined standard to correct for nonspecific absorption and other spectral distortion due to the optical properties of single cells. Absorption curves from the youngest cells measured were found to differ from those of mature cells, the difference curve agreeing most closely with that of inorganic iron or ferritin in solution. In the youngest cells, nonheme iron appeared to exceed 6 per cent by weight of hemoglobin, or over 20 times molar hemoglobin concentration, dropping and remaining at about twice the hemoglobin molarity from the time hemoglobin synthesis was one-third complete until maturity. Allowing for the increase of total cell mass with growth, the data suggest that although young erythroblasts may already have enough Fe for subsequent Hb synthesis, they continue to incorporate excess Fe throughout maturation and may thus contain a reserve pool of nonheme iron.
The History of Parkinson's Disease: Early Clinical Descriptions and Neurological Therapies (2011)

Although components of possible Parkinson's disease can be found in very early documents, the first clear medical description was written in 1817 by James Parkinson. In the mid-1800s, Jean-Martin Charcot was particularly influential in refining and expanding this early description and in disseminating information internationally about Parkinson's disease. He separated Parkinson's disease from multiple sclerosis and other disorders characterized by tremor, and he recognized cases that later would likely be classified among the Parkinsonism-plus syndromes. Early treatments of Parkinson's disease were based on empirical observation, and anticholinergic drugs were used as early as the nineteenth century. The discovery of dopaminergic deficits in Parkinson's disease and the synthetic pathway of dopamine led to the first human trials of levodopa. Further historically important anatomical, biochemical, and physiological studies identified additional pharmacological and neurosurgical targets for Parkinson's disease and allow modern clinicians to offer an array of therapies aimed at improving function in this still incurable disease.
Transfection and Transcription of Genes in Developing Thymocytes (2003)

Thymocyte development is characterized by the stage-specific expression of CD4 and CD8 surface molecules (1). The earliest thymic immigrants, arriving from the fetal liver or bone marrow, lack CD4 and CD8 expression (CD4− CD8−, double negative (DN) (2). This population can be further subdivided into four discrete subsets defined by the differential expression of CD117 (stem cell factor, SCF, receptor; c-kit) and CD25 (IL-2Rα) (3). The earliest population is identified as CD117+ CD25−, and contains precursors for T, B, and natural killer (NK) lymphocyte lineages. Induction of CD25 expression on progenitor CD117+ thymocytes characterizes commitment to the T cell lineage (4). The CD117+ CD25+ stage is also accompanied by an increased rate of cellular proliferation (5). Loss of CD117 expression correlates with the initiation of TCR-β gene rearrangement (6). Only thymocytes that successfully rearrange their TCR-β locus expand and differentiate to the next stage; this important developmental checkpoint is known as β-selection (7,8). Expression of CD25 ends with the generation of a functionally rearranged TCR-β chain, which together with the pre-TCR-α (pre-Tβ) chain forms the pre-TCR complex (9).
Data structures for mixed workloads in in-memory databases (2010)

Traditionally, enterprise data management is divided into separate systems. Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) systems are focused on the day to day business by being optimized for retrieving and modifying complete entities. Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) systems initiate queries on specific attributes as these applications are optimized to support decision making based on the information gathered from many instances. In parallel both hardware and database applications are subject to steady improvements. For example, today's size of main memory in combination with the column oriented organization of data offer completely new possibilities such as real time analytical ad hoc queries on transactional data. Especially latest development in the area of main memory database systems raises the question whether those databases are capable of handling both OLAP and OLTP workloads in one system. This Paper discusses requirements for main memory database systems managing both workloads and analyses using appropriate data structures.
The Triterpenoid 2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic-acid Methyl Ester Has Potent Anti-diabetic Effects in Diet-induced Diabetic Mice and Lepr Mice (2010)

The triterpenoid 2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic-acid (CDDO) and its methyl ester (CDDO-Me) are undergoing clinical trials in cancer and leukemia therapy. Here we report that CDDO-Me ameliorates diabetes in high fat diet-fed type 2 diabetic mice and in Lepr(db/db) mice. CDDO-Me reduces proinflammatory cytokine expression in these animals. Oral CDDO-Me administration reduces total body fat, plasma triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels. It also improves glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests. Its potent glucose-lowering activity results from enhanced insulin action. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp reveals an increased glucose infusion rate required to maintain euglycemia and showed a significant increase in muscle-specific insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (71% soleus, 58% gastrocnemius) and peripheral glucose clearance as documented by a 48% increase in glucose disposal rate. CDDO-Me activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and via LKB1 activation in muscle and liver in vivo. Treatment of isolated hepatocytes with CDDO-Me directly stimulates AMPK activity and LKB1 phosphorylation and decreases acetyl-coA carboxylase activity; it also down-regulates lipogenic gene expression, suppresses gluconeogenesis, and increases glucose uptake. Inhibition of AMPK phosphorylation using compound C and lentiviral-mediated knockdown of AMPK completely blocks the CDDO-Me-induced effect on hepatocytes as well as C(2)C(12) cells. We conclude that the triterpenoid CDDO-Me has potent anti-diabetic action in diabetic mouse models that is mediated at least in part through AMPK activation. The in vivo anti-diabetogenic effects occur at a dose substantially lower than that used for anti-leukemia therapy. We suggest that CDDO-Me holds promise as a potential anti-diabetic agent.
Learning and evaluating classifiers under sample selection bias (2004)

Classifier learning methods commonly assume that the training data consist of randomly drawn examples from the same distribution as the test examples about which the learned model is expected to make predictions. In many practical situations, however, this assumption is violated, in a problem known in econometrics as sample selection bias. In this paper, we formalize the sample selection bias problem in machine learning terms and study analytically and experimentally how a number of well-known classifier learning methods are affected by it. We also present a bias correction method that is particularly useful for classifier evaluation under sample selection bias.
Familial adult motor neuron disease: amyotrophic lateralsclerosis (1986)

We analyzed the medical records of 103 patients with familial adult motor neuron disease (MND). In the 72 families, 329 members were known to be affected. Observations were compared with the sporadic and Mariana forms of MND. Clinical and laboratory examinations of all three forms were similar in clinical course and findings, but there were minor variations in age at onset, sex ratio, survival, and the frequency with which onset occurred in the lower extremities. Recognition of the familial form still depends on diagnosis of the disease in more than one member of a family.
Tumor-Targeted Salmonella Expressing Cytosine Deaminase as an Anticancer Agent (2002)

The study was designed to evaluate whether TAPET-CD, an attenuated strain of Salmonella typhimurium expressing Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase (CD), was capable of converting nontoxic 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) to the active antitumor agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The antitumor effect of TAPET-CD plus 5-FC against subcutaneously implanted colon tumors was also evaluated. TAPET-CD was given to tumor-bearing mice by a single bolus intravenous administration followed with 5-FC by intraperitoneal administration. TAPET-CD accumulated in tumors at levels 1000-fold higher than that in normal tissues and high levels of 5-FU were detected in tumors in mice treated with both TAPET-CD and 5-FC. No 5-FU could be detected in normal tissues. Inhibition of tumor growth was observed in mice treated with either TAPET-CD alone or TAPET-CD in combination with 5-FC (TAPET-CD/5-FC), but not with 5-FC alone. TAPET-CD/5-FC inhibited tumor growth by 88%-96%, compared to TAPET-CD alone, which inhibited tumor growth by 38%-79%. These data suggest that tumor-targeting Salmonella could be used to deliver prodrug-converting enzyme selectively to tumors and produced anti-tumor effects when the corresponding prodrug was also given.
Integrins in Drug Targeting-RGD Templates in Toxins (2006)

Integrins are a family of heterodimeric receptors, which modulate many cellular processes including: growth, death (apoptosis), adhesion, migration, and invasion by activating several signaling pathways. Integrin-binding RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) is found in several important extracellular matrix proteins which serve as adhesive integrin ligands. The RGD motif has also been found in many toxins from snake venom and other sources that specifically inhibit integrin binding function and serve as potent integrin antagonists, particularly of platelet aggregation and integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Many of these proteins have potential as therapeutic agents which can target integrins directly. Structural and functional studies of several RGD-containing toxins suggest that the inhibitory potency of these proteins lies in subtle positional requirements of the tripeptide RGD at the tip of a flexible loop, a structural feature for binding to integrins. In addition, amino acid residues in this loop in close vicinity to the RGD-motif determine the integrin-binding specificity and selectivity. This review will present a review of integrin structure and function, and of disintegrin structural features responsible for their activity as antagonists of integrin function. The use of integrins in drug targeting and integrins as targets for drug delivery by using the RGD as a template structure will also be discussed.
Location of heme axial ligands in the cytochrome d terminal oxidase complex of Escherichia coli determined by site-directed mutagenesis (1989)

The cytochrome d terminal oxidase complex is one of two terminal oxidases which are components of the aerobic respiratory chain of Escherichia coli. This membrane-bound enzyme catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of ubiquinol and the four-electron reduction of oxygen to water. Enzyme turnover generates proton and voltage gradients across the bilayer. The oxidase is a heterodimer containing 2 mol of protoheme IX and 1 or 2 mol of heme d per mol of complex. To explain the functional properties of the enzyme, a simple model has been proposed in which it is speculated that the heme prosthetic groups define two separate active sites on opposite sides of the membrane at which the oxidation of quinol and the reduction of water, respectively, are catalyzed. This paper represents an initial effort to define the axial ligands of each of the three or four hemes within the amino acid sequence of the oxidase subunits. Each of the 10 histidine residues has been altered by site-directed mutagenesis with the expectation that histidine residues are likely candidates for heme ligands. Eight of the 10 histidine residues are not essential for enzyme activity, and 2 appear to function as heme axial ligands. Histidine 186 in subunit I is required for the cytochrome b558 component of the enzyme. This residue is likely to be located near the periplasmic surface of the membrane. Histidine 19, near the amino terminus of subunit I also appears to be a heme ligand. It is concluded that two of the four or five expected heme axial ligands have been tentatively identified, although further work is required to confirm these conclusions. A minimum of two additional axial ligands must be residues other than histidine.
The SPF Pig in Research (1997)

The domestic (meat type) pig, Sus scrofa domestica, has become a common research animal used in biomedical research due to similarities to humans in many of the organ systems. So similar, in fact, that axenic, gnotobiotic, and specific pathogen-free pigs are being promoted as potential sources of organs available for xenotransplantation (Ye and others 1994). These 3 levels of microbial status, while having important differences, are commonly confused because many of the derivation and maintenance practices are similar. Pigs, like other laboratory animals, may be produced using 4 basic levels of care. Conventional animals are produced without standardized controls for microbial status. Domestic pigs and miniature pigs produced under conventional practices vary in health status, known genetic background, and level of available herd historical information. Axenic, or germ-free, pigs are produced and maintained free of any known microbial agents. Gnotobiotic animals are produced with a known flora of microbial agents. Axenic and gnotobiotic pigs are surgically delivered and maintained under strict isolation. Gnotobiotic pigs are subsequently inoculated with a known microbial flora. True gnotobiotic and axenic pigs are not generally available commercially as they are very expensive to produce and maintain. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) animals are produced free of specific microbial agents. These animals are derived using gnotobiotic procedures but are then maintained in more conventional facilities. With SPF animals, management and care procedures are geared towards restricting entry of specific indicator disease syndromes. In swine the designation SPF has a proprietary commercial meaning as well. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the definition of domestic SPF pigs, and discuss their appropriateness for biomedical research.
Effectiveness of 0·3 keV Carbon Ultrasoft X-rays for the Inactivation and Mutation of Cultured Mammalian Cells (1979)

Carbon K characteristic ultrasoft X-rays of energy 0.278 keV were found to be effective in inducing inactivation and mutation to thioguanine resistance in cultured V79 Chinese hamster cells and human diploid fibroblasts. These X-rays act as a probe of the sensitive sites within the cells since they produce low-energy photoelectron tracks of range about 7 nm; this is an order of magnitude smaller than those produced by the 1.5 keV aluminium X-rays used in previous studies. A detailed interpretation of the results requires assumptions to be made about the positions of the sensitive sites within the cells but, for any reasonable set of assumptions, the carbon X-rays are found to be more effective than gamma-rays and are probably at least as effective as long tracks of helium ions of similar LET. These observations extend the conclusions previously drawn from the observed effectiveness of aluminium X-rays regarding the sizes of the subcellular sites involved in inactivation and mutation. They imply that the sensitive sites smaller than about 7 nm, and that highly localized energy depositions consisting of less than or approximately 14 ionizations are sufficient to produce biological effects. These results are also in contradiction to models of radiation action which require relatively large sites, such as the usual form of the 'theory of dual radiation action'.
Safety of self-injection of gold and methotrexate. (1999)

With basic instruction and close supervision, self-injection of antirheumatic drugs is safe in selected patients. Self-injection reduces utilization of health care services, and is convenient and time and cost-saving to the patient.
Modern Semiconductor Devices for Integrated Circuits (2009)

3. Electrons and holes are the major characters in the play and carry opposite charge. Their mass however is altered from the mass of an electron in vacuum. The altered mass is called e ective mass, mn and mp 4. The band model is the tool required for quantitative analysis of semiconductors. From this model one can get the energy gap, E-K diagrams allowing the determination of e ective masses, analysis of the energy levels with in the gap and the conduction/valence bands etc
Maximize the efficiency of pump-and-treat systems (1998)

Contaminant releases in and around chemical process plants often lead to soil and groundwater contamination. Once the extent of the contamination has been determined, the most cost-effective cleanup strategy must be determined, and a site-specific treatment system designed. During technology evaluation and system design, two factors should be given considerable attention: hydraulic control and remediation effectiveness. The traditional pump-and-treat approach--where a series of recovery wells or interceptor trenches are installed and the contaminants are pumped out and either neutralized or destroyed at the surface--has been widely used for groundwater remediation. Continuous pumping of groundwater provides hydraulic control while removing subsurface contaminants. The paper discusses the determination of hydraulic control, estimation of contaminant removal, and a hypothetical example of benzene contamination in groundwater.