gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Method of Preventing Insulin Atrophy (1953)

POISONING BRrRNsHIn the present case the rapid development of the fibrous stricture of the pyloric antrum and the pyloric stenosis can be seen by comparison of the two barium-meal examina- tions done 16 days apart.This clearly excludes a congenital abnormality. SummaryA case of pyloric stenosis and fibrous stricture of the pyloric antrum developing in under two months in a child after swallowing compound ferrous sulphate tablets is described.Death was due to acute suppurative peritonitis following jejunostomy.The literature on ferrous sulphate poisoning and fibrous stricture of the stomach due to the ingestion of corrosive poisons is briefly reviewed.My thanks are due to the physicians and surgeons under whose care the patient was at Hammersmith and Margate Hospitals for permission to publish the case, to Dr. J. Duncan White and Dr. J. P. Thierens for permission to use the radiographs, to Dr. Keith Simpson for his necropsy report, and to Mr.
Contrast-enhanced Digital Mammography: Initial Clinical Experience (2003)

The results of this preliminary study suggest that contrast-enhanced digital mammography potentially may be useful in identification of lesions in the mammographically dense breast. Further investigation of contrast-enhanced digital mammography as a diagnostic tool for breast cancer is warranted.
There is no set of all truths (1984)

Journal Article There is no set of all truths Get access Patrick Grim Patrick Grim State University of New YorkStony Brook, NY 11794, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Analysis, Volume 44, Issue 4, October 1984, Pages 206–208, https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/44.4.206 Published: 01 October 1984
Insights into the Human CD59 Complement Binding Interface Toward Engineering New Therapeutics (2005)

CD59 is a 77-amino acid membrane glycoprotein that plays an important role in regulating the terminal pathway of complement by inhibiting formation of the cytolytic membrane attack complex (MAC or C5b-9). The MAC is formed by the self assembly of C5b, C6, C7, C8, and multiple C9 molecules, with CD59 functioning by binding C5b-8 and C5b-9 in the assembling complex. We performed a scanning alanine mutagenesis screen of residues 16-57, a region previously identified to contain the C8/C9 binding interface. We have also created an improved NMR model from previously published data for structural understanding of CD59. Based on the scanning mutagenesis data, refined models, and additional site-specific mutations, we identified a binding interface that is much broader than previously thought. In addition to identifying substitutions that decreased CD59 activity, a surprising number of substitutions significantly enhanced CD59 activity. Because CD59 has significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions, we investigated further the ability to enhance CD59 activity by additional mutagenesis studies. Based on the enhanced activity of membrane-bound mutant CD59 molecules, clinically relevant soluble mutant CD59-based proteins were prepared and shown to have up to a 3-fold increase in complement inhibitory activity.
Effects of Clostridium difficile Toxin on Tissue-Cultured Cells (1980)

A partially purified toxin of Clostridium difficile induced similar morphologic changes in three different tissue-cultured mammalian cell lines. The morphologic changes were not associated with biochemical changes indentical to those caused by the enterotoxins of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli. Although the mechanisms responsible for the noncytotoxic morphologic effects remain to be delineated, the toxin appears to exert its effects by directly affecting membrane constituents.
First year growth of preterm infants fed standard compared to marine oil n−3 supplemented formula (1992)

Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (748-1390 g, n = 65) were randomly assigned to receive control or marine oil-supplemented formula when they achieved intakes > 454 kJ (110 kcal)/kg/d of a formula designed for VLBW infants. Study formulas with or without marine oil were provided until 79 wk of postconceptional age (PCA), first in a formula designed for preterm infants followed by a formula designed for term infants. Infants were studied at regular intervals through 92 wk PCA. Weight, length, and head circumference were determined by standardized procedures and normalized to the National Center for Health Statistics figures for growth of infants born at term of the same age and gender. Mean normalized weight, weight-to-length, and head circumference were greatest at 48 wk and decreased thereafter. The decline in normalized weight was greater in infants fed the marine oil-supplemented formula. Beginning at 40 wk, marine oil-supplemented infants compared to controls had significantly poorer Z-scores for weight, length and head circumference. In addition, birth order (negatively) and maternal height (positively) influenced weight and length achievement in infancy as shown previously in infants born at term.
Transferrin As A Targeting Ligand for Liposomes and Anticancer Drugs (1999)

In cancer treatment, one of the approaches is targeting of the drug to tumor cells via receptor specific ligands. Transferrin (molecular weight 80,000) has been used as a ligand for delivering anticancer drugs or drug containing liposomes mostly due to the increased number of transferrin (trf) receptors found on tumor cells as compared to normal cells. Transferrin was linked to methotrexate (MTX) containing small unilamellar liposomes and its activity was compared to antitransferrin receptor antibody (7D-3) linked to MTX liposomes. In each of these conjugates, the method of coupling was the same and a disulphide linkage was formed between the ligand and MTX liposomes. No significant differences in the potency of 7D-3 conjugate or trf conjugate with MTX liposomes were observed in studies performed in vitro against various human tumor cell lines (Hela, KB and Colon). Trf was also linked to adriamycin via a schiff base which was formed by using glutaraldehyde. This conjugate was found to be effective in vitro against various human tumors (Lovo, HL-60, SW 403 and Hep2) and also in vivo against H-mesothelioma tumors. Transferrin receptor has also been used for gene delivery. Gene delivery to K562 haematopoietic leukaemic cells was achieved by using a transferrin-polycation (poly-L-lysine or protamine) conjugate. This review will cover the various important applications of transferrin based drug delivery formulations in the chemotherapy of cancer and the related work performed in our and other laboratories.
Sideroblastic Anemia Associated with Multiple Myeloma in Turner's Syndrome. (1992)

A 67-year-old female was admitted to our hospital because of pancytopenia. Forty-six percent of erythroblasts in the bone marrow were ringed sideroblasts. Laboratory findings showed an IgG-kappa monoclonal gammopathy. She was diagnosed as having sideroblastic anemia associated with multiple myeloma in mosaic (45, X/46, XX/47, XXX) Turner's syndrome. There was no response to therapy. The chromosomal pattern of the patient was varied, and was accompanied by the development of refractory anemia with an excess of blasts from refractory anemia with ringed sideroblast 4 months after presentation. Cytogenetic studies suggested that the abnormal clone was restricted to the monosomic cell line.
Proliferation and Differentiation of Porcine Inner Cell Mass and Epiblast in Vitro1 (1997)

The proliferation rate and differentiation state were investigated in porcine inner cell masses (ICMs) and epiblasts in vitro. ICMs isolated from early blastocysts (Day 7 of pregnancy) and epiblasts isolated from preelongated blastocysts (Day 11 of pregnancy) were cultured for up to 5 days in the presence of human leukemia inhibitory factor (hLIF) (1000 U/ml). The proliferation rate was evaluated by determination of the percentage of cells in S-phase. The differentiation state was determined by studying the expression of the stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1), a marker for undifferentiated murine embryonic stem (ES) cells, and the expression of laminin and cytokeratins 8/18, markers of ES cell differentiation. The staining pattern showed that freshly collected Day 11 epiblasts appeared undifferentiated but rapidly lost this characteristic in vitro. A decrease in the proliferation rate was also observed during culture. This decrease was reduced in the presence of high concentrations of hLIF (optimal concentrations: 5000 U/ml). Conversely, treatment of Day 11 epiblast cells with retinoic acid, an agent known to induce differentiation in murine ES cells, caused a dramatic decrease in the proliferation rate in vitro. In contrast to Day 11 epiblasts, Day 7 ICMs expressed SSEA-1 in vitro and showed a higher proliferation rate (p < 0.01). However, their proliferation rate also decreased during culture and following trypsinization. These results indicate that the undifferentiated characteristics of Day 7 ICMs are more likely to be maintained in vitro than are those of Day 11 epiblasts, which are rapidly committed into early differentiation.
Changes of telomere length cause reciprocal changes in the lifespan of mother cells in  Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1997)

Budding yeast cells divide asymmetrically, giving rise to a mother and its daughter. Mother cells have a limited division potential, called their lifespan, which ends in proliferation-arrest and lysis. In this report we mutate telomerase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to shorten telomeres and show that, rather than shortening lifespan, this leads to a significant extension in lifespan. This extension requires the product of the SIR3 gene, an essential component of the silencing machinery which binds to telomeres. In contrast, longer telomeres in a genotypically wild-type strain lead to a decrease in lifespan. These findings suggest that the length of telomeres dictates the lifespan by regulating the amount of the silencing machinery available to nontelomeric locations in the yeast genome.
Development of human T and natural killer cells (1995)

ELLS BELONGING to the lymphoid lineages are instrumental in protecting their hosts against an enormous diversity of foreign agents. Of these, T and B cells are most extensively studied. The way these cells recognize foreign antigens through the T-cell receptor (TCR) and Igs is now well understood. These receptors are generated by gene rearrangements, providing T and B cells with an almost unlimited capacity to recognize potential pathogens. Several mechanisms exist to ensure that T and B cells stay indifferent towards self antigens and insight into how this is achieved is increasing. Cells belonging to the third lymphoid lineage, natural killer (NK) cells, are able to kill a wide variety of target cells, including tumor cells and cells infected with bacteria and viruses. The physiologic role of these cells is not fully understood, but it is generally believed that these cells form a first line of defense towards infections by cytolytic activity or the secretion of certain cytokines. NK cells do not possess rearranged receptor genes, but recent work has established that NK cells do have the capacity to recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens in vitro and in vivo.' However, in contrast to T cells that are generally activated by the interaction between MHC/ peptide complexes and TCR, NK cells are turned off by interaction of their specific receptors with MHC class I antigens. The developmental relationship of the three lymphoid lineages is not precisely known. Like all hematopoietic cells, the lymphoid lineages are derived from pluripotent stem cells, operationally defined not only by their capacity to give rise to blood cells but also to self-renew. A popular model of lymphoid differentiation postulates that when stem cells differentiate to mature lymphoid cells they pass through a common lymphoid progenitor cell. This still elusive cell type should be committed to the lymphoid lineages and should have lost the capacity to differentiate into any of the other hematopoietic cell lineages. Evidence for a separate regulation of lymphoid and myeloiderythroid development is provided by the observation that mice functionally deficient for the transcription factor Ikaros have myeloid and erythroid cells but lack T, B, and NK cek2 However, there is some evidence from studies with hematopoietic tumors that preB cells have not completely lost their capacity to develop into myeloid cells.3 As an alternative to the idea of a fixed sequence of branchpoints involving irreversible differentia
Information Density Estimation for Content Retrieval in MANETs (2008)

The paper focuses on a cooperative environment in wireless ad hoc networks, where mobile nodes share information in a peer-to-peer fashion. Nodes follow a pure peer-to-peer approach (i.e., without the intervention of servers), thus requiring an efficient query/response propagation algorithm to prevent network congestion. The main contribution of the paper is the proposal of a novel solution, called Eureka, that identifies the regions of the network where the required information is more likely to be stored and steers the queries toward those regions. To discriminate among regions, the concept of information density is introduced, along with a procedure that allows nodes its estimation. Eureka does not require the use of satellite positioning systems, and proves to be very effective in both vehicular and pedestrian environments.
Current and Future Techniques in Wound Healing Modulation after Glaucoma Filtering Surgeries (2016)

Filtering surgeries are frequently used for controlling intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients. The long-term success of operation is intimately influenced by the process of wound healing at the site of surgery. Indeed, if has not been anticipated and managed accordingly, filtering surgery in high-risk patients could end up in bleb failure. Several strategies have been developed so far to overcome excessive scarring after filtering surgery. The principal step involves meticulous tissue handling and modification of surgical technique, which can minimize the severity of wound healing response at the first place. However, this is usually insufficient, especially in those with high-risk criteria. Thus, several adjuvants have been tried to stifle the exuberant scarring after filtration surgery. Conventionally, corticosteroids and anti-fibrotic agents (including 5-fluorouracil and Mitomycin-C) have been used for over three decades with semi-acceptable outcomes. Blebs and bleb associated complications are catastrophic side effects of anti-fibrotic agents, which occasionally are encountered in a subset of patients. Therefore, research continues to find a safer, yet effective adjuvant for filtering surgery. Recent efforts have primarily focused on selective inhibition of growth factors that promote scarring during wound healing process. Currently, only anti-VEGF agents have gained widespread acceptance to be translated into routine clinical practice. Robust evidence for other agents is still lacking and future confirmative studies are warranted. In this review, we explain the importance of wound healing process during filtering surgery, and describe the conventional as well as potential future adjuvants for filtration surgeries.
Zinc-oxide thin-film ammonia gas sensors with high sensitivity and excellent selectivity (1986)

A sensor with a high sensitivity and an excellent selectivity for ammonia gas was prepared by using sputtered ZnO thin films. The sensor exhibited an increase of resistance for exposure to ammonia gas whereas it exhibited a decrease of resistance for exposure to many other gases such as inflammable and organic gases. The resistance change and the selectivity of the sensor were enhanced by doping group III metal impurities such as Al, In, and Ga. The lower limit of the detection for ammonia gas was about 1 ppm at a working temperature of 350 °C.
Why don't nurses monitor the respiratory rates of patients? (2006)

Early warning systems (EWS) are being introduced to acute ward areas across the country to support the early recognition of patients at risk of developing a critical illness. All the systems are based on the monitoring of physiological observations of pulse, blood pressure, temperature, respirations and consciousness level. The main problem identified when attempting to introduce an early warning system to the acute general ward areas in one hospital was the general paucity of monitoring of patients observations by the nursing team. Respiratory rate was identified as the one parameter which nursing staff recorded less than 50% of the time. This qualitative study used focus groups in an attempt to understand the reasons behind the paucity in patient observation practice and explore the nurses' values and beliefs about patient monitoring within the context of care. The study identified four major factors associated with the paucity of patient monitoring: organization of nursing care activities, development of nursing observation skills, clinical decision making processes and equipment management issues.
Increase in bone mineral density of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF-α antibody: a prospective open-label pilot study (2005)

The data support the hypothesis that anti-TNF therapy may exert beneficial effects on bone metabolism in RA patients.
Characterization and Development of Two Reporter Gene Systems for Clostridium acetobutylicum (2004)

The use of lacZ from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes (encoding beta-galactosidase) and lucB from Photinus pyralis (encoding luciferase) as reporter genes in Clostridium acetobutylicum was analyzed with promoters of genes required for solventogenesis and acidogenesis. Both systems proved to be well suited and allowed the detection of differences in promoter strength at least up to 100-fold. The luciferase assay could be performed much faster and comes close to online measurement. Resequencing of lacZ revealed a sequence error in the original database entry, which resulted in beta-galactosidase with an additional 31 amino acids. Cutting off part of the gene encoding this C terminus resulted in decreased enzyme activity. The lacZ reporter data showed that bdhA (encoding butanol dehydrogenase A) is expressed during the early growth phase, followed by sol (encoding butyraldehyde/butanol dehydrogenase E and coenzyme A transferase) and bdhB (encoding butanol dehydrogenase B) expression. adc (encoding acetoacetate decarboxylase) was also induced early. There is about a 100-fold difference in expression between adc and bdhB (higher) and bdhA and the sol operon (lower). The lucB reporter activity could be increased 10-fold by the addition of ATP to the assay. Washing of the cells proved to be important in order to prevent a red shift of bioluminescence in an acidic environment (for reliable data). lucB reporter measurements confirmed the expression pattern of the sol and ptb-buk (encoding phosphotransbutyrylase and butyrate kinase) operons as determined by the lacZ reporter and showed that the expression level from the ptb promoter is 59-fold higher than that from the sol operon promoter.
Non-hypnotic low-dose etomidate for rapid correction of hypercortisolism (1987)

Blockade of the cytochrome-P-450 dependent adrenal enzymes 11 β-hydroxylase and desmolase by the anaesthetic drug etomidate (Eto) has been well documented [1]. In vitro, a mean Eto concentration of 97 nmol/1 led to 50% inhibition of Cortisol secretion in isolated adrenal cells [2]. This is substantially lower than the target mean plasma concentration of 560 nmol/1 used to produce sedation. We therefore studied the effect of a non-hypnotic dose of Eto in five patients with Cushing’s syndrome.
Autoimmunity as a Double Agent in Tumor Killing and Cancer Promotion (2014)

Cancer immunotherapy through manipulation of the immune system holds great potential for the treatment of human cancers. However, recent trials targeting the negative immune regulators cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, programed death 1 (PD-1), and PD-1 receptor ligand (PD-L1) demonstrated that clinically significant antitumor responses were often associated with the induction of autoimmune toxicity. This finding suggests that the same immune mechanisms that elicit autoimmunity may also contribute to the destruction of tumors. Given the fact that the immunological identity of tumors might be largely an immunoprivileged self, autoimmunity may not represent a wholly undesirable outcome in the context of cancer immunotherapy. Rather, targeted killing of cancer cells and autoimmune damage to healthy tissues may be intricately linked through molecular mechanisms, in particular inflammatory cytokine signaling. On the other hand, since chronic inflammation is a well-recognized condition that promotes tumor development, it appears that autoimmunity can be a "double agent" in mediating either pro-tumor or antitumor effects. This review surveys the tumor-promoting and tumoricidal activities of several prominent cytokines: IFN-γ, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-17, IL-23, IL-4, and IL-13, produced by three major subsets of T helper cells that interact with innate immune cells. Many of these cytokines exert divergent and seemingly contradictory effects on cancer development in different human and animal models, suggesting a high degree of context dependence in their functions. We hypothesize that these inflammatory cytokines could mediate a feedback loop of autoimmunity, antitumor immunity, and tumorigenesis. Understanding the diverse and paradoxical roles of cytokines from autoimmune responses in the setting of cancer will advance the long-term goal of improving cancer immunotherapy, while minimizing the hazards of immune-mediated tissue damage and the possibility of de novo tumorigenesis, through proper monitoring and preventive measures.
Scalable NMR Quantum Computation (1998)

Nuclear magnetic resonance offers an appealing prospect for implementation of quantum computers, because of the long coherence times associated with nuclear spins, and extensive laboratory experience in manipulating the spins with radio frequency pulses. Existing proposals, however, suffer from a signal-to-noise ratio that decays exponentially in the number of qubits in the quantum computer. This places a severe limit on the size of the computations that can be performed by such a computer; estimates of that limit are well within the range in which a conventional computer taking exponentially more steps would still be practical. We give an NMR implementation in which the signal-to-noise ratio depends only on features of NMR technology, not the size of the computer. This provides a means for NMR computation techniques to scale to sizes at which the exponential speedup enables quantum computation to solve problems beyond the capabilities of classical computers.