gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Patch Renderer: a new parallel hardware architecture for fast polygon rendering (1991)

A special purpose hardware is described which is called Patch Renderer for fast polygon rendering. Patch Renderer has 64 VIMUs (vertical interpolation and masking units), where each VIMU processes a span having 64 consecutive pixels, and processes a 64*64 pixel area, called a pixel patch, at a time. The processing power of each VIMU comes from the bit-serial quadratic interpolator which performs the quadratic interpolation of the functional values such as color intensity values at all pixels within the given span. Its quadratic feature enables the authors to use the Fast Phong Shading, which produces more realistic images than Gouraud shading. The estimated performance of Patch Renderer is about 360000 Fast Phong-Shaded triangles per second at 40 MHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Ethenolysis: A Green Catalytic Tool to Cleave Carbon–Carbon Double Bonds (2016)

Remarkable innovations have been made in the field of olefin metathesis due to the design and preparation of new catalysts. Ethenolysis, which is cross-metathesis with ethylene, represents one catalytic transformation that has been used with the purpose of cleaving internal carbon-carbon double bonds. The objectives were either the ring opening of cyclic olefins to produce dienes or the shortening of unsaturated hydrocarbon chains to degrade polymers or generate valuable shorter terminal olefins in a controlled manner. This Review summarizes several aspects of this reaction: the catalysts, their degradation in the presence of ethylene, some parameters driving their productivity, the side reactions, and the applications of ethenolysis in organic synthesis and in potential industrial applications.
Impedance matching for optimization of power transfer in a capacitively excited RF plasma reactor (1998)

In RF cold plasma reactors, energy transfer from the generator to the discharge is not perfect and only 50 to 70 percent (or even less) of the power is effectively transmitted to the discharge, the reMayning part being mostly dissipated in the matching network. The choice of this circuit is therefore the most important factor in view to optimize the energy transfer from the power supply to the plasma. Two classical networks, Π- and L-type, are analytically studied in their interaction with the experimental device. From this study, in both cases, numerical values are deduced for the coil inductance, and a capacitance range is determined for the capacitors. An experimental study in argon plasma at pressure range of 40-200 mTorr and at 13.56 MHz, performed with the two types of matching networks leads to a much effective energy transfer with the L-type, which must be chosen in order to improve the energetic yield of surface processing (sputtering or etching for instance) with a RF plasma reactor.
Flavonoids as Protein Kinase Inhibitors for Cancer Chemoprevention: Direct Binding and Molecular Modeling (2010)

Protein kinases play crucial roles in the regulation of multiple cell signaling pathways and cellular functions. Deregulation of protein kinase function has been implicated in carcinogenesis. The inhibition of protein kinases has emerged as an important target for cancer chemoprevention and therapy. Accumulated data revealed that flavonoids exert chemopreventive effects through acting at protein kinase signaling pathways, more than as conventional hydrogen-donating antioxidants. Recent studies show that flavonoids can bind directly to some protein kinases, including Akt/protein kinase B (Akt/PKB), Fyn, Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase 4 (MKK4), Raf1, and zeta chain-associated 70-kDa protein (ZAP-70) kinase, and then alter their phosphorylation state to regulate multiple cell signaling pathways in carcinogenesis processes. In this review, we report recent results on the interactions of flavonoids and protein kinases, especially their direct binding and molecular modeling. The data suggest that flavonoids act as protein kinase inhibitors for cancer chemoprevention that were thought previously as conventional hydrogen-donating antioxidant. Moreover, the molecular modeling data show some hints for creating natural compound-based protein kinase inhibitors for cancer chemoprevention and therapy.
Lac permease of Escherichia: histidine-322 and glutamic acid-325 may be components of a charge-relay system (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLac permease of Escherichia: histidine-322 and glutamic acid-325 may be components of a charge-relay systemNancy Carrasco, Lisa M. Antes, Mohindar S. Poonian, and H. Ronald KabackCite this: Biochemistry 1986, 25, 16, 4486–4488Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00364a004https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00364a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views99Altmetric-Citations106LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The RET Kinase Inhibitor NVP-AST487 Blocks Growth and Calcitonin Gene Expression through Distinct Mechanisms in Medullary Thyroid Cancer Cells (2007)

The RET kinase has emerged as a promising target for the therapy of medullary thyroid cancers (MTC) and of a subset of papillary thyroid cancers. NVP-AST487, a N,N'-diphenyl urea with an IC(50) of 0.88 mumol/L on RET kinase, inhibited RET autophosphorylation and activation of downstream effectors, and potently inhibited the growth of human thyroid cancer cell lines with activating mutations of RET but not of lines without RET mutations. NVP-AST487 induced a dose-dependent growth inhibition of xenografts of NIH3T3 cells expressing oncogenic RET, and of the MTC cell line TT in nude mice. MTCs secrete calcitonin, a useful indicator of tumor burden. Human plasma calcitonin levels derived from the TT cell xenografts were inhibited shortly after treatment, when tumor volume was still unchanged, indicating that the effects of RET kinase inhibition on calcitonin secretion were temporally dissociated from its tumor-inhibitory properties. Accordingly, NVP-AST487 inhibited calcitonin gene expression in vitro in TT cells, in part, through decreased gene transcription. These data point to a previously unknown physiologic role of RET signaling on calcitonin gene expression. Indeed, the RET ligands persephin and GDNF robustly stimulated calcitonin mRNA, which was blocked by pretreatment with NVP-AST487. Antagonists of RET kinase activity in patients with MTC may result in effects on plasma calcitonin that are either disproportionate or dissociated from the effects on tumor burden, because RET kinase mediates a physiologic pathway controlling calcitonin secretion. The role of traditional tumor biomarkers may need to be reassessed as targeted therapies designed against oncoproteins with key roles in pathogenesis are implemented.
ASSESSMENT OF BARIUM IMPREGNATED POLYETHYLENE SPHERES (BIPS®) AS A MEASURE OF SOLID‐PHASE GASTRIC EMPTYING IN NORMAL DOGS‐COMPARISON TO SCINTIGRAPHY (1999)

Barium impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS) are radiopaque markers used for investigation of a variety of gastrointestinal disorders. One proposed use of the small (1.5 mm) marker is quantitative assessment of solid-phase gastric emptying, which may offer a simple, inexpensive alternative to nuclear medicine studies. In this study the rate and pattern of gastric emptying of a radiolabeled meal containing 30 small BIPS was evaluated in normal dogs by simultaneous comparison of the radiopaque marker method and a scintigraphic method. Serial scintigraphic images and radiographs were obtained for 8 hours or until 95% of the markers had left the stomach. Emptying curves were constructed and statistical analyses performed. There were significant differences in gastric emptying times and lag phase characteristics between the BIPS and scintigraphic studies. These results indicate that in normal dogs there are differences in both the rate and the pattern of solid-phase gastric emptying of a radiolabeled meal as assessed by scintigraphy and the gastric emptying of small BIPS.
Crest-factor analysis of carrier interferometry MC-CDMA and OFDM systems (2004)

This paper describes the crest-factor analysis of carrier interferometry MC-CDMA and OFDM systems. The maximum crest factor of CF signals grows as log(N). Thus there appears to be an impressive reduction in the crest factor of CI signals. The crest factor performance for carrier interferometry systems is the same as in standard systems, in the sense that the statistical distributions of CF are identical. Hence, the carrier interferometry approach has no CF gain in the asymptotic regime. This analysis is advantageous in terms of BER and diversity.
Measurement of Enzyme Kinetics Using a Continuous-Flow Microfluidic System (2003)

This paper describes a microanalytical method for determining enzyme kinetics using a continuous-flow microfluidic system. The analysis is carried out by immobilizing the enzyme on microbeads, packing the microbeads into a chip-based microreactor (volume approximately 1.0 nL), and flowing the substrate over the packed bed. Data were analyzed using the Lilly-Hornby equation and compared to values obtained from conventional measurements based on the Michaelis-Menten equation. The two different enzyme-catalyzed reactions studied were chosen so that the substrate would be nonfluorescent and the product fluorescent. The first reaction involved the horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed reaction between hydrogen peroxide and N-acetyl-3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazine (amplex red) to yield fluorescent resorufin, and the second the beta-galactosidase-catalyzed reaction of nonfluorescent resorufin-beta-D-galactopyranoside to yield D-galactose and fluorescent resorufin. In both cases, the microfluidics-based method yielded the same result obtained from the standard Michaelis-Menten treatment. The continuous-flow method required approximately 10 microL of substrate solution and 10(9) enzyme molecules. This approach provides a new means for rapid determination of enzyme kinetics in microfluidic systems, which may be useful for clinical diagnostics, and drug discovery and screening.
Evasion and Hardening of Tree Ensemble Classifiers (2015)

Classifier evasion consists in finding for a given instance $x$ the nearest instance $x'$ such that the classifier predictions of $x$ and $x'$ are different. We present two novel algorithms for systematically computing evasions for tree ensembles such as boosted trees and random forests. Our first algorithm uses a Mixed Integer Linear Program solver and finds the optimal evading instance under an expressive set of constraints. Our second algorithm trades off optimality for speed by using symbolic prediction, a novel algorithm for fast finite differences on tree ensembles. On a digit recognition task, we demonstrate that both gradient boosted trees and random forests are extremely susceptible to evasions. Finally, we harden a boosted tree model without loss of predictive accuracy by augmenting the training set of each boosting round with evading instances, a technique we call adversarial boosting.
Dengue surveillance in the Pacific Islands. (2000)

Adequate monitoring of dengue activity can be achieved using a combination of mosquito vector surveillance, fever surveillance, sentinel clinicians and laboratory screening. An apparent increase in fever cases or clinically suspected DF should prompt a careful clinical and laboratory investigation. If an outbreak of dengue is confirmed, health authorities will need to implement emergency community-wide control strategies. Laboratories will quickly feel the burden of clinical monitoring of cases admitted with DHF/DSS. Surveillance can change to clinical case definitions as health workers become familiar with the presenting features of DF and DHF/DSS. Criteria for hospital referral and admission must be well understood. Routine laboratory and sentinel surveillance may resume as the epidemic wanes, and should then continue indefinitely to monitor any resurgence of dengue activity.
Cytogenetic changes and loss of heterozygosity in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, in carcinoma of the prostate and in non-neoplastic prostate tissue using comparative genomic hybridization and multiplex-PCR (2005)

High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) are discussed to be precursors of prostate cancer (PC). Unlike high grade PIN the relation between AAH and PC is however unclear. In the present study we analyzed AAH, accompanying prostate carcinomas and carcinomas of the transitional zone after microdissection using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and multipelx-PCR with 10 microsatellite polymorphic markers. In every case non-neoplastic prostatic tissue was investigated for the same allelic imbalances. Two AAH showed allelic imbalances in multiplex-PCR. These imbalances did not correlate with the corresponding tumours and furthermore were different to the LOH found in the investigated prostate tumours of the transitional zone. One AAH showed loss on chromosome 22q. We found allelic imbalances in over 50% of non-neoplastic tissue adjacent to prostatic carcinoma. Our findings support the idea that AAH does not seem to be linked closely to PC and should not be considered as an obligate premalignant lesion.
Convergent Chemical Synthesis of Proteins by Ligation of Peptide Hydrazides (2012)

Coming together: A generally applicable strategy for convergent chemical synthesis of proteins from multiple peptide segments is developed on the basis of the ligation of peptide hydrazides. The peptide hydrazide intermediates can be made at low cost and the new strategy is used in the synthesis of the 142 residue model protein RpS25 from six peptide segments. PG=protecting group.
Interaction of truncated human interferon γ variants with the interferon γ receptor: crucial importance of Arg-129 (1997)

Recombinant human interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), produced in Escherichia coli, was selectively truncated at its C-terminus with chymotrypsin, clostripain or plasmin. The C-terminal amino acid residues of the three truncated IFN-gamma variants were identified as Phe136, Arg129 and Lys128, indicating the removal of 7, 14 and 15 amino acid residues from the full-length molecule. The absence of seven C-terminal residues did not influence the binding of IFN-gamma to its receptor. In contrast, the truncation of 14 residues resulted in a decrease in the Ka value to 1/24, as determined by surface plasmon resonance analysis. The removal of one additional amino acid residue from the C-terminal region of IFN-gamma led to a marked loss of receptor-binding capacity and biological activity. These observations demonstrate that Arg129 is an essential part of a functionally important C-terminal IFN-gamma sequence that is involved in receptor interaction.
Synthesis and antitumor activity of A-ring modified hexacyclic analogues of camptothecin. (2005)

The modification of a 1,4-oxazine-2-one ring fused with positions 9 and 10 of A-ring will reduce the antitumor activity of camptothecins.
Nitric oxide. (1994)

PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NITRIC OXIDE: The generation of nitric oxide by the vascular endothelium maintains a vasodilator tone that is essential for the regulation of blood flow and pressure. In the brain, nitric oxide acts as a mediator of cell-cell signalling. In the peripheral nervous system nitric oxide is also released from many nerves previously classified as non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic. Thus this simple gaseous molecule performs a wide variety of physiological functions. POTENTIAL FOR THERAPEUTIC MANIPULATIONS: Impaired production of nitric oxide can be countered by the administration of nitric oxide donors (in hypertension, atherosclerosis, gastrointestinal and genitourinary disorders) or by inhalation of nitric oxide gas (in chronic pulmonary hypertension or adult respiratory distress syndrome). The biggest challenge is to develop strategies that target the cytotoxic and damaging actions of nitric oxide without interfering with its essential protective functions.
Local Embryonic Matrices Determine Region-Specific Phenotypes in Neural Crest Cells (1988)

Membrane microcarriers were used to determine the ability of regional extracellular matrices to direct neural crest cell differentiation in culture. Neural crest cells from the axolotl embryo responded to extracellular matrix material explanted from the subepidermal migratory pathway by dispersing and by differentiating into pigment cells. In contrast, matrix material from the presumptive site of dorsal root ganglia stimulated pronounced cell-cell association and neurotypic expression. Cell line segregation during ontogeny of the neural crest that leads to diversification into pigment cells of the skin or into elements of the peripheral nervous system appears to be controlled in part by local cell-matrix interactions.
Microarray Platforms – Comparisons and Contrasts (2004)

In the relatively few years since their inception, DNA microarrays and Affymetrix GeneChips have gained increasing use and acceptance in the study of genetic and cellular processes. This is evident from the rising number of published literature citing microarrays each year. With time, gene chips and microarrays have matured into complex technologies as biologists have teamed with applied mathematicians and statisticians to increase the rigor of experimentation and address the problems associated with the manipulation of large data sets. Several complementary microarray technologies for measuring gene expression are now routinely employed. This review will discuss the similarities and differences among these technologies and cover recent efforts to integrate data from cross-platform comparative studies.
Functional variants within the secreted frizzled-related protein 3 gene are associated with hip osteoarthritis in females (2004)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of disability in Western society with multiple risk factors, including a complex genetic pattern. Identifying loci involved in the heredity of OA might lead to insights into the molecular pathogenesis of this common disorder. A previous genome scan mapped a primary hip OA susceptibility locus to chromosome 2q with a maximum multipoint logarithm of odds score of 1.6 in 378 affected sibling pair families. Here, microsatellite targeting of eight candidate genes in this region from 2q23-2q32 demonstrated significant associations with the tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 6 gene in all probands and the integrin alpha 6 and frizzled motif associated with bone development (FRZB) genes in female probands. However, genotyping showed lack of association for a nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism in tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 6, whereas a single-nucleotide polymorphism in FRZB resulting in an Arg324Gly substitution at the carboxyl terminus was associated with hip OA in the female probands (P = 0.04). This association was confirmed in an independent cohort of female hip cases (n = 338; P = 0.04). In addition, a haplotype coding for substitutions of two highly conserved arginine residues (Arg200Trp and Arg324Gly) in FRZB was a strong risk factor for primary hip OA, with an odds ratio of 4.1 (P = 0.004). FRZB encodes secreted frizzled-related protein 3, which is a soluble antagonist of wingless (wnt) signaling. Variant secreted frizzled-related protein 3 with the Arg324Gly substitution had diminished ability to antagonize wnt signaling in vitro. Hence, functional polymorphisms within FRZB confer susceptibility for hip OA in females and implicate the wnt signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Thermodynamic Measurements of Magnetic Ordering in Antiferromagnetic Superlattices (1996)

Direct measurements of heat capacity from 80 to 540 K of antiferromagnetic superlattices of NiO (high N\'eel temperature ${T}_{N}$), CoO (low ${T}_{N}$), and MgO (nonmagnetic) are used to study the effect of exchange coupling and layer thickness on magnetic ordering. NiO/CoO superlattices with thin layers show a single heat capacity peak similar to a N${\mathrm{i}}_{0.5}$C${\mathrm{o}}_{0.5}$O alloy; with increasing layer thickness, the peak splits into two maxima. Finite size effects are seen in uncoupled NiO and CoO. Observed shifts in ${T}_{N}$ show the importance of correlation lengths and spin fluctuations in the ordering.
Regional Differences in Cystine Accumulation Point to a Sutural Delivery Pathway to the Lens Core (2007)

These imaging approaches have revealed two distinct regions of cystine uptake in the outer cortex and core of the lens. Furthermore, this bimodal distribution of cystine has been shown to be the result of cystine delivery to the core via the sutures. This newly identified pathway opens an opportunity for the delivery of therapeutic antioxidants aimed at preventing age-related nuclear cataract.
Extracellular matrix, mechanotransduction and structural hierarchies in heart tissue engineering (2007)

The spatial and temporal scales of cardiac organogenesis and pathogenesis make engineering of artificial heart tissue a daunting challenge. The temporal scales range from nanosecond conformational changes responsible for ion channel opening to fibrillation which occurs over seconds and can lead to death. Spatial scales range from nanometre pore sizes in membrane channels and gap junctions to the metre length scale of the whole cardiovascular system in a living patient. Synchrony over these scales requires a hierarchy of control mechanisms that are governed by a single common principle: integration of structure and function. To ensure that the function of ion channels and contraction of muscle cells lead to changes in heart chamber volume, an elegant choreography of metabolic, electrical and mechanical events are executed by protein networks composed of extracellular matrix, transmembrane integrin receptors and cytoskeleton which are functionally connected across all size scales. These structural control networks are mechanoresponsive, and they process mechanical and chemical signals in a massively parallel fashion, while also serving as a bidirectional circuit for information flow. This review explores how these hierarchical structural networks regulate the form and function of living cells and tissues, as well as how microfabrication techniques can be used to probe this structural control mechanism that maintains metabolic supply, electrical activation and mechanical pumping of heart muscle. Through this process, we delineate various design principles that may be useful for engineering artificial heart tissue in the future.