gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fibre coupling to SiGe optoelectronic devices (2000)

Recent years have seen the rapid evolution of silicon-based optoelectronics. The absorption properties of Si1−xGex alloys make them excellent materials for the realisation of photodetectors operating at the near-infrared wavelengths of 1.3 and 1.55 μm which are important for fibre optic communication systems. An important design consideration for such systems is the efficient coupling of optical fibres to optoelectronic integrated circuits. A Si1−xGex rib waveguide spot-size transformer is presented that performs two essential roles: the transformation of the large spot fibre to a small spot waveguide mode, and subsequently the transfer of the mode from a passive Si waveguiding region to an active Si1−xGex region where optical absorption may occur. This transformation is accomplished by the use of a tapered waveguide structure. An analysis technique based on the spectral index method is used to investigate the local modal behaviour of the structure and experimental results confirm its successful operation.
Diversity and evolution of the small multidrug resistance protein family (2009)

Based on this study, PSMR sequences originated recently within both SUG and SMP clades through gene duplication events and it appears that SMR members may be evolving towards specific metabolite transport.
Correction of Anaemia of Chronic Renal Failure with Recombinant Human Erythropoietin: Safety and Efficacy of One Year's Treatment in a European Multicentre Study of 150 Haemodialysis-Dependent Patients* (1989)

One hundred and fifty patients undergoing regular haemodialysis for end-stage renal failure entered a trial of treatment for anaemia with recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO). At data cut-off 37 patients (24.6%) had dropped out for various reasons; most of them (n=22) discontinued because of kidney transplantation (after 3–17 months of treatment). The initial dose was 24 U/kg i.v. thrice weekly, with subsequent dose escalations after a minimum of 2 weeks if the haemoglobin (Hb) was less than 10% above the pretreatment baseline. One hundred and forty-three patients who were eligible for efficacy analysis achieved an Hb increase of ≥2g/dl, and all 139 patients eligible for ‘full response’ analysis (Hb between 10 and 12 g/dl) were dose titrated to reach this arbitrarily defined optimal range. Patients' response to r-HuEPO treatment was independent of age, weight, nephric state or duration of dialysis treatment. To maintain the Hb within the range of 10–12 g/dl during 1 year's treatment (n=96) a median weekly r-HuEPO dose of 200 U/kg (range 150–300) divided into one, two, or three administrations appeared to be adequate. This maintenance dose depends slightly on the patient's baseline Hb. The study provides evidence that long-term treatment with r-HuEPO is safe. In 48 patients (of whom 12 had no history of hypertension) elevation of blood pressure required additional treatment, which was effective in all but one who was withdrawn from the study. Four patients had seizures and one suffered hypertensive encephalopathy without convulsions. Thrombosis of the vascular access sites occurred in 22 patients, in 16 of whom this coincided with clinically significant increases in haematocrit. No antibodies to r-HuEPO were detected in any patient throughout the entire observation period.
Plasma desorption mass spectrometry of proteins transferred from gels after sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1993)

It is demonstrated that electroblotting as well as electro-elution allows transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gels to the nitrocellulose target used in plasma desorption mass spectrometry (PDMS). The losses in the different procedures are determined using radioactively labelled human insulin and the procedures optimized to minimize losses. In spite of the fact that only a minor fraction of the protein originally applied on the gel after transfer is available for mass spectrometric analysis, both techniques are demonstrated to yield acceptable spectra for different proteins in the molecular weight range 5000–14000. In two-dimensional electrophoresis the sample amount is too small for direct electroblotting, but electro-elution of spots excised from a number of gels followed by PDMS analysis allowed molecular weight determination of a protein from Locusta migratoria, obtained after two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the complete cuticle protein mixture.
Irreversible electroporation reverses resistance to immune checkpoint blockade in pancreatic cancer (2019)

Immunotherapy has only limited efficacy against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) due to the presence of an immunosuppressive tumor-associated stroma. Here, we demonstrate an effective modulation of that stroma by irreversible electroporation (IRE), a local ablation technique that has received regulatory approval in the United States. IRE induces immunogenic cell death, activates dendritic cells, and alleviates stroma-induced immunosuppression without depleting tumor-restraining collagen. The combination of IRE and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD1) immune checkpoint blockade promotes selective tumor infiltration by CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells and significantly prolongs survival in a murine orthotopic PDAC model with a long-term memory immune response. Our results suggest that IRE is a promising approach to potentiate the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade in PDAC.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (2006)

The theory and instrumentation for Fourier transform infrared spectrometry are discussed. These instruments measure infrared spectra of the same quality as spectra measured on grating spectrometers in about one thousandth of the time. Their sensitivity advantage for spectra measured in equal times is between a factor of 10 and 100. Commercial spectrometers are now available from nine vendors in North America. Important areas of chemistry include atmospheric monitoring, surface chemistry, and on-line identification of chromatographically separated materials. Many new biochemical and biomedical applications are also becoming apparent, including investigations of phase transitions in lipids and studies of the biocompatibility of implant polymers.
Dynamically bonded layer-by-layer films for self-regulated insulin release (2012)

Layer-by-layer assembled films using reversible/dynamic bonds between the polymer pairs as driving forces are dynamic in nature. They may disintegrate under certain conditions as a result of the breakage of the dynamic bonds. More importantly they disintegrate gradually under conditions of equilibrium control, making them suitable for sustained drug release. Here insulin release from dynamic LbL films was demonstrated as an example. The films were fabricated from a fluorescently-labeled insulin–PVA (PVA: polyvinyl alcohol) conjugate and poly[acrylamide-co-3-(acrylamido)-phenylboronic acid], using a reversible covalent bond, i.e., phenylboronate ester bond, as the driving force. Film fabrication was followed by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. In all cases linear film growth was observed. The film growth rate increases with decreasing pH and increasing ionic strength of the assembly solutions. Successful integration of insulin into the films was achieved by covalent conjugation of insulin with PVA. When immersed in an aqueous solution, the films disintegrate gradually, thus releasing insulin into the media. Insulin release rate increases with increasing pH and decreasing ionic strength of the media. More importantly, it increases with increasing glucose concentration in the media. The glucose response of the film was attributed to the conversion of PBA (PBA: phenylboronic acid) groups in the film from a neutral form to a negatively charged one as a result of the formation of glucose–PBA complexes, thus increasing the rate of the film disintegration.
Inhibition of interferon-gamma by an interferon-gamma receptor immunoadhesin. (1993)

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is an important cytokine which regulates inflammatory and immune response mechanisms. IFN-gamma enhances the presentation and recognition of antigens by inducing the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, by activating effector T cells and mononuclear phagocytes, and by modulating immunoglobulin production and class selection in B cells. Inappropriate production of IFN-gamma has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and in graft rejection. Here, we describe a recombinant inhibitor of IFN-gamma, termed murine IFN-gamma receptor immunoadhesin (mIFN-gamma R-IgG). We constructed this immunoadhesin by linking the extracellular portion of the mouse IFN-gamma R to the hinge and Fc region of an IgG1 heavy chain. Murine IFN-gamma R-IgG is secreted by transfected cells as a disulphide-bonded homodimer which binds IFN-gamma bivalently, with high affinity and in a species-specific manner. In vitro, mIFN-gamma R-IgG can block mIFN-gamma-induced antiviral activity and expression of the class I MHC antigen H-2Kk in cultured cells. In vivo, mIFN-gamma R-IgG can block the function of endogenous mIFN-gamma in mouse models of infection with Listeria monocytogenes and of contact sensitivity. These results show that mIFN-gamma R-IgG is an effective and specific inhibitor of mIFN-gamma both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, in general, IFN-gamma receptor immunoadhesins may be useful for investigating the biological functions of IFN-gamma as well as for preventing deleterious effects of IFN-gamma in human disease.
Human Cathepsin X:  A Cysteine Protease with Unique Carboxypeptidase Activity (1999)

Cathepsin X is a novel cysteine protease which was identified recently from the EST (expressed sequence tags) database. In a homology model of the mature cathepsin X, a unique three residue insertion between the Gln22 of the oxyanion hole and the active site Cys31 was found to be located in the primed region of the binding cleft as part of a surface loop corresponding to residues His23 to Tyr27, which we have termed the "mini-loop". From the model, it became apparent that this distinctive structural feature might confer exopeptidase activity to the enzyme. To verify this hypothesis, human procathepsin X was expressed in Pichia pastoris and converted to mature cathepsin X using small amounts of human cathepsin L. Cathepsin X was found to display excellent carboxypeptidase activity against the substrate Abz-FRF(4NO(2)), with a k(cat)/K(M) value of 1.23 x 10(5) M(-)(1) s(-)(1) at the optimal pH of 5.0. However, the activity of cathepsin X against the substrates Cbz-FR-MCA and Abz-AFRSAAQ-EDDnp was found to be extremely low, with k(cat)/K(M) values lower than 70 M(-)(1) s(-)(1). Therefore, cathepsin X displays a stricter exopeptidase activity than cathepsin B. No inhibition of cathepsin X by cystatin C could be detected up to a concentration of 4 microM of inhibitor. From a model of the protease complexed with Cbz-FRF, the bound carboxypeptidase substrate is predicted to establish a number of favorable contacts within the cathepsin X binding site, in particular with residues His23 and Tyr27 from the mini-loop. The presence of the mini-loop restricts the accessibility of cystatin C as well as of the endopeptidase and MCA substrates in the primed subsites of the protease. The marked structural and functional differences of cathepsin X relative to other members of the papain family of cysteine proteases will be of great value in designing specific inhibitors useful as research tools to investigate the physiological and potential pathological roles of this novel enzyme.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Viroporin 3a Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome (2019)

Nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) is involved in the early stages of the inflammatory responses by regulating the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-18. We previously showed that influenza virus M2 or encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) 2B proteins stimulate IL-1β secretion following activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, the mechanism by which severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) activates the NLRP3 inflammasome remains unknown. Here, we provide direct evidence that SARS-CoV 3a protein activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in lipopolysaccharide-primed macrophages. SARS-CoV 3a was sufficient to cause the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The ion channel activity of the 3a protein was essential for 3a-mediated IL-1β secretion. While cells uninfected or infected with a lentivirus expressing a 3a protein defective in ion channel activity expressed NLRP3 uniformly throughout the cytoplasm, NLRP3 was redistributed to the perinuclear space in cells infected with a lentivirus expressing the 3a protein. K+ efflux and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species were important for SARS-CoV 3a-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These results highlight the importance of viroporins, transmembrane pore-forming viral proteins, in virus-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
Fault recovery for guaranteed performance communications connections (1999)

Fault recovery techniques must be reexamined in the light of the new guaranteed performance services that high-speed packet/cell switched networks will support. We investigate the rerouting of guaranteed performance service connections on the occurrence of link faults, focusing on the aspects of route selection and establishment in the network. We model the rerouting mechanism in terms of three orthogonal components: locus of reroute, reroute timing, and retry model, and explore the effect of variations in each component on the recovery process, in the presence of single- and multiple-link faults in the network. Our schemes are simulated on a cross section of network workloads, and compared using several performance criteria quantifying speed and efficacy. Our results show that global (or end-to-end) rerouting performs well as a locus of reroute selection mechanism, and that randomization is a powerful technique to determine reroute timing. We find that retrying along a new path is less effective than rerouting at a different time, and use this result to develop a new delayed retry technique. Randomization in the retry mechanism obviates the need for randomization in the initial reroute timing, so global rerouting with immediate timing and randomized retries performs well for all our performance criteria in a spectrum of network topologies and workloads for both single and multiple failures. We observe that this combination moves most of the complexity of rerouting to the edge of the network, leading to a very lightweight recovery model.
Successful Adenovirus-Mediated Wild-Type p53 Gene Transfer in Patients With Bladder Cancer by Intravesical Vector Instillation (2002)

Intravesical instillation of SCH 58500 combined with a transduction-enhancing agent is safe, feasible, and biologically active in patients with bladder cancer. Studies to evaluate the clinical efficacy of this treatment in patients with localized high-risk bladder cancer are warranted.
γ-Band Abnormalities as Markers of Autism Spectrum Disorders (2014)

Autism is a behaviorally diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder with no current biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity. γ-band abnormalities have been reported in many studies of autism spectrum disorders. γ-band activity is associated with perceptual and cognitive functions that are compromised in autism. Some γ-band deficits have also been seen in unaffected first-degree relatives, suggesting heritability of these findings. This review covers the published literature on γ abnormalities in autism, the proposed mechanisms underlying the deficits and the potential for translation into new treatments. Although the utility of γ-band metrics as diagnostic biomarkers is currently limited, such changes in autism are also useful as endophenotypes, for evaluating potential neural mechanisms, and for use as surrogate markers of treatment response to interventions.
The Parathyroid Glands and Metabolic Bone Disease: Selected Studies (1949)

The work of the reviewer of this book is easy for two reasons: First, the authors themselves have included a critical review with the preface, and, secondly, the book is so outstanding that all a reviewer needs to do is to thank Drs. Albright and Reifenstein for having placed so much of interest in 400 pages. Although the book is primarily intended for students of the subject, it will be read with profit by all physicians. It contains chapters on the normal and pathologic physiology of the parathyroid glands, clinical hypoparathyroidism, clinical hyperparathyroidism, the mode of action of vitamin D and dihydrotachysterol, general considerations of metabolic bone disease, with separate chapters on osteoporosis, osteomalacia, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (osteitis fibrosa disseminata), and Paget's disease. In this book are considered all of the splendid advances which these authors and their associates have made in the understanding of the physiology and pathology of
AXL Is an Essential Factor and Therapeutic Target for Metastatic Ovarian Cancer (2010)

The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL is thought to play a role in metastasis; however, the therapeutic efficacy of an AXL-targeting agent remains largely untested in metastatic disease. In this study, we defined AXL as a therapeutic target for metastatic ovarian cancer. AXL is primarily expressed in metastases and advanced-stage human ovarian tumors but not in normal ovarian epithelium. Genetic inhibition of AXL in human metastatic ovarian tumor cells is sufficient to prevent the initiation of metastatic disease in vivo. Mechanistically, inhibition of AXL signaling in animals with metastatic disease results in decreased invasion and matrix metalloproteinase activity. Most importantly, soluble human AXL receptors that imposed a specific blockade of the GAS6/AXL pathway had a profound inhibitory effect on progression of established metastatic ovarian cancer without normal tissue toxicity. These results offer the first genetic validation of GAS6/AXL targeting as an effective strategy for inhibition of metastatic tumor progression in vivo. Furthermore, this study defines the soluble AXL receptor as a therapeutic candidate agent for treatment of metastatic ovarian cancer, for which current therapies are ineffective.
Identification and characterization of novel human endogenous retroviral sequences prefentially expressed in undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma cells (1991)

A novel endogenous retroviral sequence (ERV-9) has been isolated from a human embryonal carcinoma cDNA library by hybridization to a probe containing a recently described human repetitive element. DNA sequence analysis of the 4kb cDNA insert (pHE.1) revealed the presence of ORFs potentially coding for putative retrovirus-related gag, pol and env proteins. Northern blot and RNase protection experiments showed that RNA homologous to the pHE.1 insert is detected only in embryonal carcinoma cells as a 8 kb mRNA, and its expression is negatively regulated during retinoic acid induced differentiation of the human teratocarcinoma cell line NT2/D1. Using a pol specific probe we have isolated a genomic locus containing the ERV-9 sequences. Characterization by restriction enzyme analysis and DNA sequencing allowed us to define LTR-like sequences, that are composed by a complex array of subrepetitive elements. In addition we show that ERV-9 LTR sequences are capable to drive expression of linked CAT gene in a cell specific manner as LTR promoter activity has been detected only in NT2/D1 cells.
Helicobacter pylori SabA Adhesin in Persistent Infection and Chronic Inflammation (2002)

Helicobacter pylori adherence in the human gastric mucosa involves specific bacterial adhesins and cognate host receptors. Here, we identify sialyl-dimeric-Lewis x glycosphingolipid as a receptor for H. pylori and show that H. pylori infection induced formation of sialyl-Lewis x antigens in gastric epithelium in humans and in a Rhesus monkey. The corresponding sialic acid-binding adhesin (SabA) was isolated with the "retagging" method, and the underlying sabA gene (JHP662/HP0725) was identified. The ability of many H. pylori strains to adhere to sialylated glycoconjugates expressed during chronic inflammation might thus contribute to virulence and the extraordinary chronicity of H. pylori infection.
Distribution of Automobile Trip Durations for Studies of Seat Comfort (1996)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Data from the 1990 U.S. Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey were analyzed to determine the distribution of trip durations and sitting times for use in the design of automobile seat comfort studies. Two measures relating to the incidence and prevalence of long-term sitting were calculated and presented for the U.S. population and various subgroups. The information can be used to select an appropriate test duration for comfort studies. The subgroup data allow the test duration to be tailored for specific market segments.&lt;/div&gt;
A New Nonstented Balloon-Expandable Graft for Straight or Bifurcated Endoluminal Bypass (1994)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of endoluminal grafting of aneurysms using a new design of nonstented endograft. Methods: Initial studies were undertaken in bench models and by implantation of endografts into animal vessels. Between May 1992 and June 1994, endoluminal repair of aneurysms was undertaken in 47 patients (44 male, 3 female). A new balloon-expandable endoluminal graft was developed and has now been studied in 25 of these 47 cases. This graft does not require adjunctive use of a vascular stent because of its unique construction, which incorporates metallic implants (graft attachment device or “GAD”) into the graft material. The design is applicable to endovascular grafting of occlusive arterial disease, as well as aneurysms. All patients were investigated by duplex scan, calibrated angiogram, and angio-CT scan and then allocated into groups that we defined according to the following criteria: group I, considered suitable for transfemoral implantation of a straight tube graft (n = 12); group II, unsuitable for transfemoral tube graft because of short neck of aneurysm, absent distal neck, or diseased iliac arteries (n = 10); and group III, peripheral aneurysms (n = 3). All patients were followed by clinical examination, duplex scan, and CT scan, with selective use of angiography. Results: Intraluminal deployment of the graft was achieved in all 25 patients; however, 3 patients from group II subsequently required conversion to open procedures because of the following complications: (1) partial graft thrombosis resulting from inadvertent omission of systemic anticoagulation during deployment (n = 1); and (2) unsuccessful deployment of the contralateral limb of a bifurcated graft in the iliac artery (n = 2). Successful endoluminal repair was achieved in 100% of patients in groups I and III, compared to 70% in group II. Conclusions: These preliminary results (in a series of high-risk patients) have demonstrated that endoluminal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair with this graft can be achieved reliably and with low morbidity in patients who fulfill the selection criteria (group I) and in peripheral aneurysms (group III), but the results were less satisfactory in aneurysms that do not have a good proximal or distal neck or in patients with diseased iliac arteries (group II). Further modification of the bifurcated version of this graft design, together with improvements in access techniques and graft materials, is required for successful endoluminal grafting in a wider range of patients.