gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Video Description: A Survey of Methods, Datasets and Evaluation Metrics (2018)

Video description is the automatic generation of natural language sentences that describe the contents of a given video. It has applications in human-robot interaction, helping the visually impaired and video subtitling. The past few years have seen a surge of research in this area due to the unprecedented success of deep learning in computer vision and natural language processing. Numerous methods, datasets and evaluation metrics have been proposed in the literature, calling the need for a comprehensive survey to focus research efforts in this flourishing new direction. This paper fills the gap by surveying the state of the art approaches with a focus on deep learning models; comparing benchmark datasets in terms of their domains, number of classes, and repository size; and identifying the pros and cons of various evaluation metrics like SPICE, CIDEr, ROUGE, BLEU, METEOR, and WMD. Classical video description approaches combined subject, object and verb detection with template based language models to generate sentences. However, the release of large datasets revealed that these methods can not cope with the diversity in unconstrained open domain videos. Classical approaches were followed by a very short era of statistical methods which were soon replaced with deep learning, the current state of the art in video description. Our survey shows that despite the fast-paced developments, video description research is still in its infancy due to the following reasons. Analysis of video description models is challenging because it is difficult to ascertain the contributions, towards accuracy or errors, of the visual features and the adopted language model in the final description. Existing datasets neither contain adequate visual diversity nor complexity of linguistic structures. Finally, current evaluation metrics ...
Environmental Protection and Power Generation in Victoria (1977)

The continued growth of demand for electricity in Victoria requires progressive additions to the generation system, based mainly on Latrobe Valley brown coal. Although each new addition inevitably alters the environment, considerable attention is given to environmental protection in all areas of operations. The paper outlines how efforts to function efficiently and effectively in the community interest are hampered by the complexity of the current situation with respect to securing approvals for new power projects. Particular problems are identified by reference to discharges to water, discharges to air and noise emission. Suggestions are made as to how this situation could be improved.
A Bacterial Flagellin, Vibrio vulnificus FlaB, Has a Strong Mucosal Adjuvant Activity To Induce Protective Immunity (2005)

Flagellin, the structural component of flagellar filament in various locomotive bacteria, is the ligand for Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) of host cells. TLR stimulation by various pathogen-associated molecular patterns leads to activation of innate and subsequent adaptive immune responses. Therefore, TLR ligands are considered attractive adjuvant candidates in vaccine development. In this study, we show the highly potent mucosal adjuvant activity of a Vibrio vulnificus major flagellin (FlaB). Using an intranasal immunization mouse model, we observed that coadministration of the flagellin with tetanus toxoid (TT) induced significantly enhanced TT-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses in both mucosal and systemic compartments and IgG responses in the systemic compartment. The mice immunized with TT plus FlaB were completely protected from systemic challenge with a 200x minimum lethal dose of tetanus toxin. Radiolabeled FlaB administered into the nasal cavity readily reached the cervical lymph nodes and systemic circulation. FlaB bound directly to human TLR5 expressed on cultured epithelial cells and consequently induced NF-kappaB and interleukin-8 activation. Intranasally administered FlaB colocalized with CD11c as patches in putative dendritic cells and caused an increase in the number of TLR5-expressing cells in cervical lymph nodes. These results indicate that flagellin would serve as an efficacious mucosal adjuvant inducing protective immune responses through TLR5 activation.
Interactive object-based analysis and manipulation of digital video (2002)

With the advent of MPEG-4, object-based natural/synthetic hybrid multimedia content is becoming more ubiquitous. In this paper, we address object-based interactive analysis of natural video for editing/authoring natural/synthetic hybrid content. Boundary and local motion of video objects are described by snake and 2-D mesh representations, respectively. The 2-D mesh modeling in effect performs a mapping of a natural video object into a computer graphics representation, namely geometry with motion and a texture map; thus allowing for easy editing of natural video objects using tools already developed in computer graphics. This paper presents the components of a tool designed for interactive video object analysis and editing using graphical models whose syntax and semantics conform with VRML and MPEG-4 standards. The analysis tool is developed using Java and C++, while rendering and editing are performed within VRML or MPEG-4 browsers and authoring tools. Demonstrations of the video analysis and editing are included.
Interaction of p107 with Cyclin A Independent of Complex Formation with Viral Oncoproteins (1992)

The p107 protein and the retinoblastoma protein (RB) both bind specifically to two viral oncoproteins, the SV40 T antigen (T) and adenoviral protein E1A (E1A). Like RB, p107 contains a segment (the pocket) that, alone, can bind specifically to T, E1A, and multiple cellular proteins. Cyclin A bound to the p107 pocket, but not the RB pocket. Although both pockets contain two, related collinear subsegments (A and B), the unique sequence in the p107 pocket that occupies the space between A and B is required for the interaction with cyclin A.
First-in-Human Phase I Study of Pictilisib (GDC-0941), a Potent Pan–Class I Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (PI3K) Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors (2014)

Pictilisib was safely administered with a dose-proportional pharmacokinetic profile, on-target pharmacodynamic activity at dose levels ≥100 mg and signs of antitumor activity. The recommended phase II dose was continuous dosing at 330 mg once-daily.
Improved immunoturbidimetric assay for cystatin C (2001)

An immunoturbidimetric assay for cystatin C was optimized with respect to assay imprecision. After investigating the optimum pH, polyethylene glycol concentration and specimen volume, two modifications were introduced: an increase in specimen volume to 25 microL; and an extension of the pre-incubation period to 240 s. These modifications produced an assay with between-batch imprecision (coefficient of variation, n = 10 or 11) ranging from 3-9% at 0.72 mg/L to 1.3% at 5.29 mg/L. The assay was susceptible to interference from lipaemia and haemolysis but not bilirubinaemia in both the original and modified protocol. Extending the pre-incubation to 240 s improved tolerance to common interferences and retained assay applicability in the routine clinical setting.
Function and regulation of the neutrophil MEL-14 antigen in vivo: comparison with LFA-1 and MAC-1. (1989)

The CD11/18 (LFA-1, Mac-1) molecules participate in neutrophil adhesion to cultured endothelium in vitro and are critical for effective neutrophil localization into inflamed tissues in vivo. More recently, the MEL-14 Ag, which was first defined as a lymphocyte homing receptor, has also been implicated in inflammatory neutrophil extravasation. Here we compare the regulation and function of these adhesion molecules on neutrophils during the in vivo inflammatory response. The MEL-14 Ag is expressed at high levels on bone marrow and peripheral blood neutrophils, but is lost on neutrophils isolated from the thioglycollate-inflamed peritoneal cavity. In contrast, Mac-1 is up-regulated on inflammatory neutrophils and little change is seen in the level of LFA-1 expression. In vitro activation of bone marrow neutrophils with PMA or leukotriene B4 results in a dose dependent increase in Mac-1 and decrease in MEL-14 Ag expression within 1 h after treatment, thus reflecting what is found during inflammation in vivo. Neutrophils activated in vitro or in vivo (MEL-14Low, Mac-1Hi) do not home to inflammatory sites in vivo, correlating with the loss of the MEL-14 Ag and the increased Mac-1 expression. Anti-LFA-1, anti-Mac-1, or MEL-14 antibody given i.v. suppress neutrophil accumulation within the inflamed peritoneum (38%, 30%, and 37% of medium control, respectively) without affecting the levels of circulating neutrophils. However, when FITC-labeled cells are precoated with the mAb and injected i.v., only MEL-14 inhibits extravasation into the inflamed peritoneum (25% of medium control). Finally, in ex vivo adhesion assays of neutrophil binding to high endothelial venules in inflamed-lymph node frozen sections MEL-14 inhibits greater than 90%. anti-LFA-1 20 to 30% and anti-Mac-1 less than 10% of the binding of bone marrow neutrophils to inflamed-lymph node high endothelial venules. These results confirm that both the MEL-14 antigen and Mac-1/LFA-1 are important in neutrophil localization to inflamed sites in vivo, but suggest that their roles in endothelial cell interactions are distinct.
Multiple very late antigen (VLA) heterodimers on platelets. Evidence for distinct VLA-2, VLA-5 (fibronectin receptor), and VLA-6 structures. (1988)

After removal of very late antigen (VLA) 2 material from a radiolabeled detergent lysate of platelets, another VLA heterodimer was precipitated using antibody to the common VLA beta subunit. This structure was identified as VLA-5 because it contained VLA beta plus an alpha subunit that was (i) recognized by anti-alpha 5 antibodies and (ii) cleaved by V8 protease to yield a characteristic alpha 5-like pattern of peptide fragments. Besides VLA-2 and VLA-5, a third heterodimer, here named VLA-6, was also present on platelets. VLA-6 (an alpha 6 beta complex) was defined using the monoclonal antibody GoH3 (Sonnenberg, A., Janssen, H., Hogervorst, F., Calafat, J., and Hilgers, J. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 10376-10383). Although it resembled VLA-5 in size, VLA-6 was different from VLA-5 because (i) removal of the alpha 5 subunit did not remove alpha 6, (ii) removal of alpha 6 by the GoH3 antibody did not remove alpha 5, (iii) the alpha 5 and alpha 6 subunits had very distinct one-dimensional V8 peptide maps, and (iv) the alpha 6 and alpha 5 subunits had distinct migration patterns on two-dimensional O'Farrell gels. The beta subunit of VLA-6 was identified as the common VLA beta subunit because (i) it was recognized by anti-VLA beta antibody and (ii) it yielded a V8 protease cleavage map characteristic of beta. VLA-6 was not readily seen in anti-VLA beta immunoprecipitations, apparently because the alpha 6 subunit is only loosely or partially associated with the VLA beta subunit. Because VLA-5 and VLA-6 both closely resemble the previously defined Ic-IIa platelet protein complex, it is likely that there is more than one platelet "Ic" protein complexed with IIa.
Synthesis and evaluation of phenyl- and benzoylpiperazines as potential serotonergic agents (1986)

The binding of a series of phenylpiperazines (3) and benzoylpiperazines (4) to central serotonin (5-HT) sites was investigated. Several derivatives of 3 displayed nanomolar affinities for 5-HT1 sites, whereas derivatives of 4 were essentially inactive both at 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 sites. 1-(2-Methoxyphenyl)piperazine (2-MPP, 3a) was found to possess an affinity (Ki = 35 nM) for 5-HT1 sites comparable to that of the recognized 5-HT agonist 1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazine (TFMPP) (Ki = 20 nM); 3a also displayed a 100-fold selectivity for 5-HT1 sites (as compared to 8-fold for TFMPP). In tests of stimulus generalization using rats trained to discriminate TFMPP (ED50 = 0.17 mg/kg) from saline, 3a was found to be nearly equipotent (ED50 = 0.22 mg/kg) with the training drug. These results suggest that 3a may be a novel and more selective 5-HT1 agonist than TFMPP.
Palladium(II) Complexes, as Synthetic Peptidases, Regioselectively Cleave the Second Peptide Bond “Upstream” from Methionine and Histidine Side Chains (2002)

Palladium(II) complexes promote hydrolysis of natural and synthetic oligopeptides with unprecedented regioselectivity; the only cleavage site is the second peptide bond upstream from a methionine or a histidine side chain, that is, the bond involving the amino group of the residue that precedes this side chain. We investigate this regioselectivity with four N-acetylated peptides as substrates: neurotransmitter methionine enkephalin (Ac-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met) and synthetic peptides termed Met-peptide (Ac-Ala-Lys-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Met-Ala-Ala-Arg-Ala), His-peptide (Ac-Val-Lys-Gly-Gly-His-Ala-Lys-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Met(OX)-Ala-Ala-Arg-Ala), in which a Met is oxidized to sulfone, and HisMet-peptide (Ac-Val-Lys-Gly-Gly-His-Ala-Lys-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Met-Ala-Ala-Arg-Ala). While maintaining protein-like properties, these substrates are suitable for quantitative study since their coordination to Pd(II) ion can be determined (by NMR spectroscopy), and the cleavage fragments can be separated (by HPLC methods) and identified (by MALDI mass spectrometry). The only peptide bonds cleaved were the Gly3-Phe4 bond in methionine enkephalin, Gly4-Gly5 bond in Met-peptide, Gly3-Gly4 in His-peptide, and Gly3-Gly4 and Gly9-Gly10 bonds in HisMet-peptide. We explain this consistent regioselectivity of cleavage by studying the modes of Met-peptide coordination to the Pd(II) ion in [Pd(H(2)O)(4)](2+) complex. In acidic solution, the rapid attachment of the Pd(II) complex to the methionine side chain is followed by the interaction of the Pd(II) ion with the peptide backbone upstream from the anchor. In the hydrolytically active complex, Met-peptide is coordinated to Pd(II) ion as a bidentate ligand - via sulfur atom in the methionine side chain and the first peptide nitrogen upstream from this anchor - so that the Pd(II) complex approaches the scissile peptide bond. Because the increased acidity favors this hydrolytically active complex, the rate of cleavage guided by either histidine or methionine anchor increased as pH was lowered from 4.5 to 0.5. The unwanted additional cleavage of the first peptide bond upstream from the anchor is suppressed if pH is kept above 1.2. Four Pd(II) complexes cleave Met-peptide with the same regioselectivity but at somewhat different rates. Complexes in which Pd(II) ion carries labile ligands, such as [Pd(H(2)O)(4)](2+) and [Pd(NH(3))(4)](2+), are more reactive than those containing anionic ligands, such as [PdCl(4)](2)(-), or a bidentate ligand, such as cis-[Pd(en)(H(2)O)(2)](2+). When both methionine and histidine residues are present in the same substrate, as in HisMet-peptide, 1 molar equivalent of the Pd(II) complex distributes itself evenly at both anchors and provides partial cleavage, whereas 2 molar equivalents of the promoter completely cleave the second peptide bond upstream from each of the anchors. The results of this study bode well for growing use of palladium(II) reagents in biochemical and bioanalytical practice.
High-Speed Beam Steering With Phased Vertical Cavity Laser Arrays (2013)

We demonstrate electronic beam steering using phased vertical cavity laser arrays at record high speed (1.4·10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> deg/s) and sensitivity to current (1.2 deg/100 μA). The relative phase and coherence between the array elements are extracted with a Fraunhoffer propagation method. The spatially resolved spectrum and beam steering dynamics are also analyzed. The thermo-optic effect is found to dominate the phase-shifting mechanism at lower speed steering, while the electronic variation in index dominates at higher speeds (≥10 MHz).
Lacunar Infarct (2006)

The term lacuna, or cerebral infarct, refers to a well-defined, subcortical ischemic lesion at the level of a single perforating artery, determined by primary disease of the latter. The radiological image is that of a small, deep infarct. Arteries undergoing these alterations are deep or perforating arteries with a diameter ranging between 100 and 400 microm, numbering 6-12, that generally originate at right angles directly from the main arteries. The concept of lacunar syndrome was introduced in clinical practice to describe those clinical pictures that generally, although not always, have a cerebral infarct of lacunar type as the underlying mechanism. Classic clinical syndromes induced by lacunar infarcts are, in decreasing order of frequency, pure motor stroke, pure sensory stroke, sensorimotor stroke, ataxic hemiparesis, and dysarthria with motor disability of one hand, as well as a number of rare or incomplete syndromes. Small lacunar infarct that will then degenerate into a lacuna is caused by a reduction of blood flow to a perforating artery. In turn, this is the result of various arterial disorders, the most frequent of which include microatheroma, lipohyalinosis, fibrinoid necrosis, and Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm. Other forms of arteriopathy that can affect small vessels include amyloid angiopathy, and cerebral autosomic dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. Hemodynamic disorders also can be a cause of the disease. Diagnosis is made with 1,5 Tesla MRI and prognosis is generally good.
An analysis of the role of a retroendocytosis pathway in ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages (2008)

The ATP binding cassette transporter A-1 (ABCA1) is critical for apolipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux, an important mechanism employed by macrophages to avoid becoming lipid-laden foam cells, the hallmark of early atherosclerotic lesions. It has been proposed that lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) enters the cell and is resecreted as a lipidated particle via a retroendocytosis pathway during ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages. To determine the functional importance of such a pathway, confocal microscopy was used to characterize the internalization of a fully functional apoA-I cysteine mutant containing a thiol-reactive fluorescent probe in cultured macrophages. ApoA-I was also endogenously labeled with (35)S-methionine to quantify cellular uptake and to determine the metabolic fate of the internalized protein. It was found that apoA-I was specifically taken inside macrophages and that a small amount of intact apoA-I was resecreted from the cells. However, a majority of the label that reappeared in the media was degraded. We estimate that the mass of apoA-I retroendocytosed is not sufficient to account for the HDL produced by the cholesterol efflux reaction. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that lipid-free apoA-I-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages can be pharmacologically uncoupled from apoA-I internalization into cells. On the basis these findings, we present a model in which the ABCA1-mediated lipid transfer process occurs primarily at the membrane surface in macrophages, but still accounts for the observed specific internalization of apoA-I.
Directed growth of nickel silicide nanowires (2004)

Deposition of nickel silicide nanowires has been achieved in the temperature range of 320 to 420 °C by decomposition of silane on nickel surfaces. The substrates consisted of Ni foils and thin Ni films (∼10–100 nm) evaporated on 1-μm-thick layers of SiO2 predeposited on Si wafers. Nanowire growth between two metal pads was achieved with aid of an electric field. It was found that thinner diameter nanowires were produced at low temperatures and that the density of the nanowires was dependent on the reactor pressure. The current–voltage relationship of these nanowires has also been examined.
The Binary Clostridium botulinum C2 Toxin as a Protein Delivery System (2002)

The binary Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin is composed of the enzyme component C2I and the binding component C2II, which are individual and non-linked proteins. Activated C2IIa mediates cell binding and translocation of C2I into the cytoplasm. C2I ADP-ribosylates G-actin at Arg-177 to depolymerize actin filaments. A fusion toxin containing the N-terminal domain of C2I (residues 1-225) transports C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase from Clostridium limosum into cells (Barth, H., Hofmann, F., Olenik, C., Just, I., and Aktories, K. (1998) Infect. Immun. 66, 1364-1369). We characterized the adaptor function of C2I and its interaction with C2IIa. The fusion toxin GST-C2I(1-225)-C3 was efficiently transported by C2IIa, indicating that C2IIa translocates proteins into the cytosol even when the C2I(1-225) adaptor was positioned in the middle of a fusion protein. Amino acid residues 1-87 of C2I were sufficient for interaction with C2IIa and for translocation of C2I fusion toxins into HeLa cells. Residues 1-87 were the minimal part of C2I to bind to C2IIa on the cell surface, as detected by fluorescence-activated cytometry. An excess of C2I(1-87) (but not of further truncated C2I fragments) competed with Alexa488-labeled C2I for binding to C2IIa. Also, the fragment C2I(30-431) and the fusion toxin C2I(30-225)-C3 competed with C2I-Alexa488 for binding to C2IIa. C2I(30-225)-C3 did not induce cytotoxic effects on cells when applied together with C2IIa, indicating that amino acid residues 1-29 are involved in translocation of C2I but are not absolutely essential for binding to C2IIa.
Leukocytes, cytokines, growth factors and hormones in human skeletal muscle and blood after uphill or downhill running (2004)

Muscular adaptation to physical exercise has previously been described as a repair process following tissue damage. Recently, evidence has been published to question this hypothesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate inflammatory processes in human skeletal muscle and epimysium after acute physical exercise with large eccentric components. Three groups of subjects (n= 19) performed 45 min treadmill running at either 4 deg (n= 5) or 8 deg (n= 9) downhill or 4 deg uphill (n= 5) and one group served as control (n= 9). One biopsy was taken from each subject 48 h post exercise. Blood samples were taken up to 7 days post exercise. Compared to the control group, none of the markers of inflammation in muscle and epimysium samples was different in any exercised group. Only subjects in the Downhill groups experienced delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and increased serum creatine kinase activity (CK). The detected levels of immunohistochemical markers for T cells (CD3), granulocytes (CD11b), leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1beta (HIF-1beta) were greater in epimysium from exercised subjects with DOMS ratings >3 (0-10 scale) compared to exercised subjects without DOMS but not higher than controls. Eccentric physical exercise (downhill running) did not result in skeletal muscle inflammation 48 h post exercise, despite DOMS and increased CK. It is suggested that exercise can induce DOMS by activating inflammatory factors present in the epimysium before exercise. Repeated physical training may alter the content of inflammatory factors in the epimysium and thus reduce DOMS.