gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prostaglandin E receptor EP1 controls impulsive behavior under stress (2005)

Animals under stress take adaptive actions that may lead to various types of behavioral disinhibition. Such behavioral disinhibition, when expressed excessively and impulsively, can result in harm in individuals and cause a problem in our society. We now show that, under social or environmental stress, mice deficient in prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP1 (Ptger1(-/-)) manifest behavioral disinhibition, including impulsive aggression with defective social interaction, impaired cliff avoidance, and an exaggerated acoustic startle response. This phenotype was reproduced in wild-type mice by administration of an EP1-selective antagonist, whereas administration of an EP1-selective agonist suppressed electric-shock-induced impulsive aggression. Dopamine turnover in the frontal cortex and striatum was increased in Ptger1(-/-) mice, and administration of dopaminergic antagonists corrected their behavioral phenotype. These results suggest that prostaglandin E(2) acts through EP1 to control impulsive behavior under stress, a finding potentially exploitable for development of drugs that attenuate impulsive behavior in humans.
Hybrid Si-VO_2-Au optical modulator based on near-field plasmonic coupling (2015)

We present a computational design for an integrated electro-optic modulator based on near-field plasmonic coupling between gold nanodisks and a thin film of vanadium dioxide on a silicon substrate. Active modulation is achieved by applying a time-varying electric field to initiate large changes in the refractive index of vanadium dioxide. Significant decrease in device footprint (200 nm x 560 nm) and increase in extinction ratio per unit length (9 dB/µm) compared to state-of-the-art photonic and plasmonic modulators are predicted.
The Ethics of Movement and Membership (2016)

Abstract This chapter outlines the central themes of the volume. It introduces the three parts of the book: 1) exit and entry, which focuses on issues of freedom of movement across state borders; 2) migration, equality, and justice; and 3) migration and membership, which includes discussion of citizenship and refugees. It highlights the ways in which the chapters draw. The chapters in Part 1, on entry and exit, explore the scope of the freedom to move within and across state borders. The chapters in Part 2, on migration, equality, and justice, address questions regarding the fair treatment of existing migrants, current residents, and those beyond the state’s borders. The chapters in Part 3, on migration and membership, discuss conceptual and normative issues regarding citizenship, residence and refugees. The introduction illustrates how the volume draws on the resources of political theory to critically examine central assumptions about the ethics of movement and membership, and to call into question the legitimacy of some common migration practices and policies.
The Functions of Type I and Type II Natural Killer T Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (2013)

CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells are a distinct subset of T cells that rapidly produce an array of cytokines on activation and play a critical role in regulating various immune responses. NKT cells are classified into 2 groups based on differences in T-cell receptor usage. Type I NKT cells have an invariant T-cell receptor α-chain and are readily detectable by α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-loaded CD1d tetramers. Type II NKT cells have a more diverse T-cell receptor repertoire and cannot be directly identified. Both types of NKT cells and multiple CD1d-expressing cell types are present in the intestine, and their interactions are likely to be modulated by pathogenic and commensal microbes, which in turn contribute to the intestinal immune responses in health and disease. Indeed, in several animal models of inflammatory bowel disease, type I NKT cells have been shown to make both protective and pathogenic contributions to disease. In contrast, in patients with ulcerative colitis, and a mouse model in which both CD1d expression and the frequency of type II NKT cells are increased, type II NKT cells seem to promote intestinal inflammation. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge on the antigen recognition, activation, and function of NKT cells with a particular focus on their role in inflammatory bowel disease and discuss factors that may influence the functional outcome of NKT cell responses in intestinal inflammation.
Hyaluronan Accumulates With High-Fat Feeding and Contributes to Insulin Resistance (2013)

Increased deposition of specific extracellular matrix (ECM) components is a characteristic of insulin-resistant skeletal muscle. Hyaluronan (HA) is a major constituent of the ECM. The hypotheses that 1) HA content is increased in the ECM of insulin-resistant skeletal muscle and 2) reduction of HA in the muscle ECM by long-acting pegylated human recombinant PH20 hyaluronidase (PEGPH20) reverses high-fat (HF) diet-induced muscle insulin resistance were tested. We show that muscle HA was increased in HF diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and that treatment of PEGPH20, which dose-dependently reduced HA in muscle ECM, decreased fat mass, adipocyte size, and hepatic and muscle insulin resistance in DIO mice at 10 mg/kg. Reduced muscle insulin resistance was associated with increased insulin signaling, muscle vascularization, and percent cardiac output to muscle rather than insulin sensitization of muscle per se. Dose-response studies revealed that PEGPH20 dose-dependently increased insulin sensitivity in DIO mice with a minimally effective dose of 0.01 mg/kg. PEGPH20 at doses of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg reduced muscle HA to levels seen in chow-fed mice, decreased fat mass, and increased muscle glucose uptake. These findings suggest that ECM HA is a target for treatment of insulin resistance.
A "string-of-beads" vaccine, comprising linked minigenes, confers protection from lethal-dose virus challenge (1993)

We have previously demonstrated that induction of antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), in the absence of antiviral antibodies, can confer protection against a lethal-dose virus challenge. Here we extend those findings as follows. First, three discrete viral CTL epitopes expressed from minigenes encoding peptides as short as 12 amino acids can be recognized when expressed from recombinant vaccinia virus; second, concentrating on two of the three epitopes, we show that these vaccinia virus recombinants can confer protection in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted manner; third, the minigenes can be fused to generate a "string of beads," and the close proximity of the two epitopes within one oligopeptide does not disrupt recognition of either epitope; fourth, this string-of-beads vaccine, in contrast to the single epitope vaccines, can protect on both MHC backgrounds; and, fifth, CTL to different epitopes may act synergistically, as protection is improved when the vaccine contains more than one CTL epitope for a given MHC background.
Efficient temperature and strain discrimination with a single type I fiber Bragg grating transducer (2002)

Writing a single fibre Bragg grating (FBG) with a proper non-sinusoidal axial in-core index increment profile, the highly desirable simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain using an FBG transducer can be efficiently reached. The optimised UV energy that equalize the first and second harmonics on a hydrogenated standard telecommunication fiber is demonstrated. Using this approach, the number of in-line multiplexed transducers for typical optical source bandwidths is practically doubled.
The Mitochondrial Apoptosis-induced Channel (MAC) Corresponds to a Late Apoptotic Event (2004)

We have investigated the mechanism responsible for mitochondria permeabilization occurring during cell apoptosis. We have developed an in vivo model of apoptotic rat liver. Mitochondria appeared as an homogenous population in control liver. On the contrary, mitochondria varied in size, morphology, and the matrical density in apoptotic liver. Mitochondria were purified from control and apoptotic livers. In control conditions, a single mitochondrial population was identified; whereas three populations of mitochondria were purified from apoptotic liver. Our data show that these apoptotic populations correspond to early, intermediate, and late apoptotic mitochondria, which are characterized by an increasing extent of permeabilization of their outer membrane and a gradual enrichment in oligomerized Bax protein. Remarkably, a new ionic channel was observed in apoptotic but not in control mitochondria. The biophysical and pharmacological properties of this channel are in good agreement with those reported for a previously described mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel (MAC) (Pavlov, E. V., Priault, M., Pietkiewicz, D., Cheng, E. H., Antonsson, B., Manon, S., Korsmeyer, S. J., Mannella, C. A., and Kinnally, K. W. (2001) J. Cell Biol. 155, 725-731). However, MAC activity was only observed in the late apoptotic mitochondrial population. Thus, our study establishes that MAC activity is related to the overall apoptotic process but corresponds to a late event.
Regulation of CD45 Alternative Splicing by Heterogeneous Ribonucleoprotein, hnRNPLL (2008)

The transition from naïve to activated T cells is marked by alternative splicing of pre-mRNA encoding the transmembrane phosphatase CD45. Using a short hairpin RNA interference screen, we identified heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein L-like (hnRNPLL) as a critical inducible regulator of CD45 alternative splicing. HnRNPLL was up-regulated in stimulated T cells, bound CD45 transcripts, and was both necessary and sufficient for CD45 alternative splicing. Depletion or overexpression of hnRNPLL in B and T cell lines and primary T cells resulted in reciprocal alteration of CD45RA and RO expression. Exon array analysis suggested that hnRNPLL acts as a global regulator of alternative splicing in activated T cells. Induction of hnRNPLL during hematopoietic cell activation and differentiation may allow cells to rapidly shift their transcriptomes to favor proliferation and inhibit cell death.
The Advantages of Superposition (1998)

If a computer could be built from quantum elements, which can exist in superpositions of many states rather than the 1s and 0s of conventional binary logic, then important hard problems could be solved rapidly. One example is the prime number factorization problem at the heart of modern encryption: Given the product of two large primes, find the primes themselves. Another important problem is exhaustive search: Given an unstructured list of items, quickly find the one that satisfies a certain property. A pair of Research Commentaries in this issue discuss some important new results in which simple quantum computers have been constructed with liquids probed by nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The first, by L. K. Grover of Bell Labs, describes the theoretical situation and the implementation of an algorithm that he designed for exhaustive search. The second, by
 J. A. Jones
 of Oxford University, UK, discusses the recent experimental approaches to quantum computing with nuclear magnetic resonance.
Minority carrier lifetime improvement by single strained layer epitaxy of InP (1986)

By applying a single LPE-grown isoelectronically doped strained layer, on top of a conventional InP wafer, a strong reduction of dislocation and deep level density occurs. As a result an improvement in minority carrier lifetime and diffusion length and a better uniformity across the wafer is achieved. This is demonstrated by the comparison of p-n diodes fabricated with and without the strained layer.
An ultra-sensitive optical MEMS sensor for partial discharge detection (2004)

A diaphragm-based interferometric fiber optical microelectromechanical system sensor with high sensitivity is designed and tested for on-line detection of the acoustic waves generated by partial discharges (PD) inside high-voltage power transformers. In principle, the sensor is made according to Fabry Perot interference, which is placed on a micro-machined rectangular silicon membrane as a pressure-sensitive element. A fiber-optic readout scheme has been used to monitor sensor membrane deflection. Sensor design, fabrication, characterization, and application in PD acoustic detection are described. Test results indicate that the fiber optical sensor is capable of detecting PD acoustic signals propagating inside transformer oil with high sensitivity.
Introduction of a Chimeric Chalcone Synthase Gene into Petunia Results in Reversible Co-Suppression of Homologous Genes in trans (1990)

Carolyn Napoli, Christine Lemieux, Richard Jorgensen, Introduction of a Chimeric Chalcone Synthase Gene into Petunia Results in Reversible Co-Suppression of Homologous Genes in trans, The Plant Cell, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Apr., 1990), pp. 279-289
Learning classifiers from only positive and unlabeled data (2008)

The input to an algorithm that learns a binary classifier normally consists of two sets of examples, where one set consists of positive examples of the concept to be learned, and the other set consists of negative examples. However, it is often the case that the available training data are an incomplete set of positive examples, and a set of unlabeled examples, some of which are positive and some of which are negative. The problem solved in this paper is how to learn a standard binary classifier given a nontraditional training set of this nature.
Human placental ribonuclease inhibitor abolishes both angiogenic and ribonucleolytic activities of angiogenin. (1987)

Human placental ribonuclease inhibitor (PRI) abolishes both the ribonucleolytic activity of angiogenin toward 28S and 18S rRNA and its angiogenic activity on the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Treatment of the angiogenin-PRI complex with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate releases enzymatically active angiogenin. Assays measuring competition between angiogenin and bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A for PRI reveal that binding of the inhibitor to angiogenin is extremely tight, with a Ki value well below 0.1 nM. The stability of the angiogenin-PRI complex was assessed by cation-exchange HPLC quantitation of free angiogenin. No significant dissociation was detected after 17 hr at 25 degrees C in the presence of a large excess of bovine ribonuclease, which serves as a scavenger for free inhibitor. The results of these experiments, based on the predictive capacity of the angiogenin/RNase homology, suggest that PRI and related inhibitors may participate in the in vivo regulation of angiogenin and that this might have pharmacologic and/or therapeutic implications.
Chronic Amiodarone Evokes No Torsade de Pointes Arrhythmias Despite QT Lengthening in an Animal Model of Acquired Long-QT Syndrome (2001)

In the CAVB dog model, both amiodarone and dronedarone prolong QT time (class III effect). The absence of TdP with amiodarone seems to be related to homogeneous APD lengthening in the majority of dogs and the lack of EADs and/or ventricular ectopic beats in all.
Resistive-strips micromegas detectors with two-dimensional readout (2012)

Micromegas detectors show very good performance for charged particle tracking in high rate environments as for example at the LHC. It is shown that two coordinates can be extracted from a single gas gap in these detectors. Several micromegas chambers with spark protection by resistive strips and two-dimensional readout have been tested in the context of the R&D work for the ATLAS Muon System upgrade.
Corpus-based Question Answering for why-Questions (2008)

This paper proposes a corpus-based approach for answering why-questions. Conventional systems use hand-crafted patterns to extract and evaluate answer candidates. However, such hand-crafted patterns are likely to have low coverage of causal expressions, and it is also difficult to assign suitable weights to the patterns by hand. In our approach, causal expressions are automatically collected from corpora tagged with semantic relations. From the collected expressions, features are created to train an answer candidate ranker that maximizes the QA performance with regards to the corpus of why-questions and answers. NAZEQA, a Japanese why-QA system based on our approach, clearly outperforms a baseline that uses hand-crafted patterns with a Mean Reciprocal Rank (top-5) of 0.305, making it presumably the best-performing fully implemented why-QA system. 1
Prolactin Modulates TRPV1 in Female Rat Trigeminal Sensory Neurons (2006)

Sex dependency in pain perception is well documented and is thought to be attributable to the effect of reproductive hormones on nociceptive processing. In the present study, we evaluated whether estradiol alters gene transcription in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of ovariectomized rats (OVX). These experiments demonstrated a dramatic (40-fold) upregulation of prolactin (PRL) expression in TG by 17-beta-estradiol (E2). PRL expression was restricted to TG neurons and was highly overlapped with transient potential receptor vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) (approximately 90%) in TG. Additionally, PRL is released from neurons during stimulation. Both forms of PRL receptors (PRLRs), short and long, were also present in TG neurons. Moreover, expression of the long PRLRs was under control of estradiol. We next evaluated the novel hypothesis that PRL acts as a neuromodulator of sensory neurons. PRL pretreatment significantly enhanced capsaicin-evoked inward currents, calcium influx, and immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide release from cultured TG neurons. This PRL modulation of capsaicin responses was abolished by withdrawal of E2 from TG cultures. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that PRL increased (>50%) phosphorylation levels of TRPV1 in TG. In a behavioral test, PRL pretreatment significantly potentiated capsaicin-evoked nocifensive behavior in female rats at proestrous and in OVX rats after E2 treatment. The in vivo potentiating effect of PRL on capsaicin responses was also dependent on E2. Collectively, these data demonstrate that PRL is a novel modulator of sensory neurons tightly regulated by E2. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that PRL could contribute to the development of certain pain disorders, possibly including those modulated by estrogen.
Transforming Growth Factor Alpha Dramatically Enhances Oncogene-Induced Carcinogenesis in Transgenic Mouse Pancreas and Liver (1993)

To characterize the effect(s) of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) during multistage carcinogenesis, we examined tumor development in pancreas and liver of transgenic mice that coexpressed TGF alpha with either viral (simian virus 40 T antigens [TAg]) or cellular (c-myc) oncogenes. In pancreas, TGF alpha itself was not oncogenic, but it nevertheless dramatically accelerated growth of tumors induced by either oncogene alone, thereby reducing the host life span up to 60%. Coexpression of TGF alpha and TAg produced an early synergistic growth response in the entire pancreas together with the more rapid appearance of preneoplastic foci. Coexpression of TGF alpha and c-myc also accelerated tumor growth in situ and produced transplantable acinar cell carcinomas whose rate of growth was TGF alpha dependent. In liver, expression of TGF alpha alone increased the incidence of hepatic cancer in aged mice. However, coexpression of TGF alpha with c-myc or TAg markedly reduced tumor latency and accelerated tumor growth. Significantly, expression of the TGF alpha and myc transgenes in hepatic tumors was induced up to 20-fold relative to expression in surrounding nonneoplastic liver, suggesting that high-level overexpression of these proteins acts as a major stimulus for tumor development. Finally, in both pancreas and liver, combined expression of TGF alpha and c-myc produced tumors with a more malignant (less differentiated) appearance than did expression of c-myc alone, consistent with an influence of TGF alpha upon the morphological character of c-myc-induced tumor progression. These findings demonstrate the importance of TGF alpha expression during multistage carcinogenesis in vivo and point to a major role for this growth factor as a potent stimulator of tumor growth.
Heterodimeric Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Show Enhanced ActivityIn VitroandIn Vivo (1996)

The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a subgroup of the TGF-beta gene super-family, are dimeric molecules involved in the growth, differentiation and repair of a wide variety of tissues. Based on the observation that several of the BMPs co-purify when isolated from bovine bone and that a pattern of co-localization exists during mouse embryogenesis, we co-expressed various combinations of BMPs in Chinese hamster ovary cells to test for possible heterodimer formation and activity. Transient co-expression of BMP-2 with either BMP-5, BMP-6 or BMP-7, or BMP-4 transiently co-expressed with BMP-7, resulted in more BMP activity than expression of any single BMP. Stable cell lines were then made in order to purify and characterize co-expressed BMPs in more detail. Co-expression of BMP-2 with BMP-7 yielded heterodimeric BMP-2/7 with a specific activity about 20-fold higher than BMP homodimers in an in vitro alkaline phosphatase induction assay. These heterodimers were also 5- to 10-fold more potent than BMP-2 in inducing cartilage and bone in an in vivo assay. Similar results were obtained with BMP-2/6 heterodimer. These experiments demonstrate the increased potency of several BMP heterodimers relative to BMP homodimers and support the hypothesis that such heterodimeric forms are likely to have natural biological functions.
ОПЫТ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ БОЛЬНЫХ ЯЗВЕННОЙ БОЛЕЗНЬЮ ДВЕНАДЦАТИПЕРСТНОЙ КИШКИ СМТ-ЭЛЕКТРОФОРЕЗОМ ТОРФЯНОЙ ЛЕЧЕБНОЙ ГРЯЗИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ДНЕВНОГО СТАЦИОНАРА (2003)

To study collagen metabolism in reparative regeneration of duodenal ulcer in response to peat mud electrophoresis of Uva sanatorium using sinusoidal modulated currents (SMC) as monotherapy in a day hospital, 82 duodenal ulcer patients in exacerbation or attenuation were examined. They received SMC-electrophoresis of peat mud diluted by sulfate sodium-calcium mineral water Uvinskaya of moderate mineralization. The dynamics of clinico-endoscopic and morphological picture of the disease was controlled with fibrogastroduo-denoscopy with target biopsy of the periulcer zone and antral stomach, investigation of secretory and acid-producing function of the stomach, hormone profile and collagen metabolism. Positive changes were found attributed to favourable shifts in the hormone status and normalization of collagen metabolism in duodenal mucosa.
Analysis of Bio-Oil, Biogas, and Biochar from Pressurized Pyrolysis of Wheat Straw Using a Tubular Reactor (2009)

The main objective of this work was to examine the influence of pyrolysis pressure on product yield from wheat straw pyrolysis. The experiments were performed in a tubular reactor at different pressures (10, 20, 30, and 40 psi) with a constant flow rate of nitrogen (50 cc/min) at a temperature of 500 °C. During pyrolysis, the products obtained are oil, gas, and char. The maximum oil yield was 37.6%, obtained at high pressure (40 psi). Liquid product was analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC−MS). The percentage of bio-oil compounds increased as operating pressure increased. The major components present in the bio-oil were phenols, methoxyphenols, and substituted methoxyphenols such as eugenol and vanillin. The gas products were mainly CO, H2, CO2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C4H10, and C3’s. Char characteristics were measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ultimate analysis. Van Krevelen diagram shows that the chars obtained from wheat straw pyrolysis have very less H: C and O: C ratios than the raw wheat straw. On the basis of the results of this study, it may be concluded that, within the pressure range studied, 20 psi is the optimum pressure for the pyrolysis of the wheat straw in a tubular reactor with respect to products (char, bio-oil, and gas) yield.