gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous synchronous synaptic calcium transients in cultured cortical neurons (1992)

The firing pattern displayed by neuronal aggregates is thought to play a key role in cortical development and physiology. In this study, we have employed optical recording of intracellular calcium to monitor activity of multiple neurons simultaneously in primary cortical cultures. With this approach, we have observed spontaneous synchronous calcium transients among adjacent cortical neurons. These transients appear to be mediated by prominent spontaneous synaptic excitation, as they are enhanced by picrotoxin, a blocker of inhibitory GABAergic transmission, and reduced by antagonism of glutamate receptors or addition of TTX. After picrotoxin treatment, the calcium transients exhibit regular frequency and amplitude, and occur in synchrony with bursts of excitatory synaptic potentials every 10-20 sec. Using electrical stimulation, we have identified a relative refractory period, extending up to 5 sec after a synchronous burst, that may play a role in cell synchronization. NMDA receptor antagonists or reduced extracellular calcium levels lower the amplitude of the calcium transients yet fail to alter their frequency, suggesting that intracellular calcium levels may not be a major determinant of burst frequency. In contrast, mild depolarization with kainic acid (0.5-1 microM) increased burst frequency up to fivefold, suggesting a critical dependence of rhythmic activity on membrane potential. Chronic blockade of electrical activity with TTX beginning a few days after plating of cultures dampens the amplitude and significantly increases the frequency of calcium transients in mature cultures. These studies demonstrate that aggregates of cultured cortical neurons express synchronous firing activity in vitro and that this network activity is dependent in part on neuronal firing during development.
일제강점기 대구지역 일반은행의 존재 양상 (2017)

본고는 한말 및 일제강점기 근대은행사의 전체상을 묘사하는데 일조를 하고자 일제강점기, 특히 일반은행의 합병이 본격적으로 이루어진 1920년대까지 대구지역 일반은행의 존재 양상, 즉 설립과정 및 존립 현황과 경영성과들을 분석하였다. 대구지역의 일반은행은 1910년대에 선남은행과 대구은행 2개가 존재했으며 1920년대에는 경일은행과 경상공립은행이 설립되어 4개가 존재했다. 1910년대에 대구은행은 경쟁은행인 선남은행에 비해 거의 모든 면에서 우위를 점하였고, 1920년대에도 선남은행, 경일은행, 경상공립은행 등과 평가해 보면, 대구은행이 적어도 다른 은행들보다는 경영상태가 나쁘지 않았음을 알 수 있었다. 특히, 1928년 대구은행과 합병 상대인 부산의 경남은행보다는 경영성과는 훨씬 나았음을 알 수 있다. 이런 분석을 토대로 대구은행의 합병은 경제적 요인보다는 경제 외적 요인에 의해 이루어진 것이 확실시 된다는 결론도 도출할 수 있다. 이런 결론은 정태헌의 연구 결과와 유사한 것 같지만, 실질적 경제적 요인이라고 볼 수 있는 경영성과의 분석에 입각한 결론이므로 보다 높은 타당성을 부여하고 있는 것이다.
Viscoelasticity of silica aerogels at ultrasonic frequencies (2002)

In this letter, the possibility to use a technique based on the analysis of thickness resonances of air-surrounded aerogel plates at ultrasonic frequencies to obtain viscoelastic properties is investigated. These resonances were excited and sensed by airborne ultrasonic waves. Toward this purpose, specially designed air-coupled, high-sensitivity, and broadband piezoelectric transducers were used. Precise and simultaneous measurements of the velocity and attenuation of longitudinal and shear waves at different frequencies, as well as aerogel density, were obtained. It allowed us to afford a full characterization of the viscoelastic properties of these materials at ultrasonic frequencies.
The myogenic kinome: protein kinases critical to mammalian skeletal myogenesis (2011)

Myogenesis is a complex and tightly regulated process, the end result of which is the formation of a multinucleated myofibre with contractile capability. Typically, this process is described as being regulated by a coordinated transcriptional hierarchy. However, like any cellular process, myogenesis is also controlled by members of the protein kinase family, which transmit and execute signals initiated by promyogenic stimuli. In this review, we describe the various kinases involved in mammalian skeletal myogenesis: which step of myogenesis a particular kinase regulates, how it is activated (if known) and what its downstream effects are. We present a scheme of protein kinase activity, similar to that which exists for the myogenic transcription factors, to better clarify the complex signalling that underlies muscle development.
The effects of a ground shield on the characteristics and performance of spiral inductors (2002)

The frequency dependence of the model parameters of patterned ground shield (PGS) inductors in large part is explained as a consequence of modeling a distributed system with a lumped model. The effects of PGS shape and material on inductor characteristics have been examined and explained. There is an optimum area for a PGS to maximize Q. Using an n/sup +/ buried/n-well PGS, the peak Q is improved by /spl sim/25% from that of an inductor without a PGS while only slightly changing L and C/sub p/ in comparison to inductors with other PGSs. Having a PGS does not significantly improve isolation between adjacent inductors when isolation is limited by magnetic coupling since a PGS is specifically designed to limit termination of magnetic fields.
A scenario-matching approach to the description and model checking of real-time properties (2005)

A major obstacle in the technology transfer agenda of behavioral analysis and design methods is the need for logics or automata to express properties for control-intensive systems. Interaction-modeling notations may offer a replacement or a complement, with a practitioner-appealing and lightweight flavor, due partly to the sub specification of intended behavior by means of scenarios. We propose a novel approach consisting of engineering a new formal notation of this sort based on a simple compact declarative semantics: VTS (visual timed event scenarios). Scenarios represent event patterns, graphically depicting conditions over traces. They predicate general system events and provide features to describe complex properties not expressible with MSC-like notations. The underlying formalism supports partial orders and real-time constraints. The problem of checking whether a timed-automaton model has a matching trace is proven decidable. On top of this kernel, we introduce a notation to state properties over all system traces: conditional scenarios, allowing engineers to describe uniquely rich connections between antecedent and consequent portions of the scenario. An undecidability result is presented for the general case of the model-checking problem over dense-time domains, to later identify a decidable-yet practically relevant-subclass, where verification is solvable by generating antiscenarios expressed in the VTS-kernel notation.
A novel glycoasparagine isolated from an ovalbumin glycopeptide fraction (GP-IV). Anion-exchange borate chromatography and structural analysis of GP-IV glycoasparagines (1983)

The fraction GP-IV obtained from hen ovalbumin has been further fractionated on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 in borate buffer, a new system for the separation and isolation of glycoasparagines on columns. The structures of one major and two minor glycoasparagines thus obtained were determined by enzymatic (endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase D and H digestion), chemical (modified Smith degradation, acetolysis, and methylation analysis), and instrumental (270 MHz 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) analyses. The following structure is novel for carbohydrate moieties in ovalbumin glycoasparagines: (formula; see text) The present anion exchange chromatography in borate solution is well suited for separating and preparing oligosaccharides having similar molecular size but differing in content of vicinal cis-diol group.
Two robot arms in assembly (1986)

When two robot arms execute coordinated motions in assembly, collision between the two end-effectors cannot be avoided. The collision effects on the robot motions are studied in this paper. Firstly, the joint velocities of the two coordinating arms have abrubt changes at the instant of collision. Secondly, an impulsive force exerted on the end-effector is generated. The magnitude and the direction of the impulsive force depend on the relative position and orientation between two collideing end-effectors. Therefore the impulsive force can be used to detect the position and orientation errors between two coordinating arms. A wrist force sensor is suggested to be installed at the wrist of each robot arm. The information produced by the wrist force sensors can then be used to adjust the relative position and orientation of the two robot arms in assembly.
Regulation of the Chicken Ovalbumin Gene by Estrogen and Corticosterone Requires a Novel DNA Element That Binds a Labile Protein, Chirp-I (1996)

Because induction of the chicken ovalbumin (Ov) gene by steroid hormones requires concomitant protein synthesis, efforts have focused on defining the binding site in the Ov gene for a labile transcription factor. Previous gel mobility shift studies identified one such site in the steroid-dependent regulatory element (SDRE) between -900 and -853. To ascertain whether estrogen and glucocorticoid affect the binding of this labile protein, genomic footprinting of the Ov gene was done by treating primary oviduct cell cultures with dimethyl sulfate. Several alterations that include steroid-dependent protection of guanine residues -889 and -885 and hypersensitivity of adenine residues -892 and -865 were observed. Of particular importance, the in vivo footprinting data are corroborated by two functional studies, one with linker-scanning mutations and the other with point mutations. Ten-base-pair linker-scanning mutations between -900 and -878 severely reduced the induction by estrogen and glucocorticoid. Likewise, point mutations of the protected guanine residues profoundly attenuated the response to these steroid hormones. In addition, in vitro binding activity correlated with in vivo functional activity. For example, mutant A4e shows no transcriptional activity in response to steroid hormones, and a corresponding oligomer does not bind protein in vitro. In contrast, mutant A4c is fully active in both contexts. These data support the contention that the ovalbumin gene is regulated by a steroid hormone-induced transcriptional cascade that culminates in the binding of chicken ovalbumin induced regulatory protein or protein complex (Chirp-I) to a DNA element from -891 to -878 in the SDRE.
Specification of chondrocytes and cartilage tissues from embryonic stem cells (2013)

Osteoarthritis primarily affects the articular cartilage of synovial joints. Cell and/or cartilage replacement is a promising therapy, provided there is access to appropriate tissue and sufficient numbers of articular chondrocytes. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) represent a potentially unlimited source of chondrocytes and tissues as they can generate a broad spectrum of cell types under appropriate conditions in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that mouse ESC-derived chondrogenic mesoderm arises from a Flk-1(-)/Pdgfrα(+) (F(-)P(+)) population that emerges in a defined temporal pattern following the development of an early cardiogenic F(-)P(+) population. Specification of the late-arising F(-)P(+) population with BMP4 generated a highly enriched population of chondrocytes expressing genes associated with growth plate hypertrophic chondrocytes. By contrast, specification with Gdf5, together with inhibition of hedgehog and BMP signaling pathways, generated a population of non-hypertrophic chondrocytes that displayed properties of articular chondrocytes. The two chondrocyte populations retained their hypertrophic and non-hypertrophic properties when induced to generate spatially organized proteoglycan-rich cartilage-like tissue in vitro. Transplantation of either type of chondrocyte, or tissue generated from them, into immunodeficient recipients resulted in the development of cartilage tissue and bone within an 8-week period. Significant ossification was not observed when the tissue was transplanted into osteoblast-depleted mice or into diffusion chambers that prevent vascularization. Thus, through stage-specific manipulation of appropriate signaling pathways it is possible to efficiently and reproducibly derive hypertrophic and non-hypertrophic chondrocyte populations from mouse ESCs that are able to generate distinct cartilage-like tissue in vitro and maintain a cartilage tissue phenotype within an avascular and/or osteoblast-free niche in vivo.
Power line based LAN applications in residential communications and control (2003)

Southern California Edison is currently developing a system level house design that allows one central intelligent unit to control a variety of domestic tasks which will enhance customer convenience, comfort, security, energy efficiency and management. One of the control and communications strategies under test uses the CEBus (consumer electronics bus) spread spectrum technology to transmit data and control signals over existing AC power lines. This report discusses the test program and current development status. Phase I is a large scale communication test performed during the spring and summer of 1992. This test evaluated the reliability of the CEBus communication protocol in actual occupied homes. Phase II is an appliance control test in which modified appliances were controlled and operational data collected using the CEBus. Test results for both phases are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The performance of PC solid-state disks (SSDs) as a function of bandwidth, concurrency, device architecture, and system organization (2009)

As their prices decline, their storage capacities increase, and their endurance improves, NAND Flash Solid State Disks (SSD) provide an increasingly attractive alternative to Hard Disk Drives (HDD) for portable computing systems and PCs. This paper presents a study of NAND Flash SSD architectures and their management techniques, quantifying SSD performance under user-driven/PC applications in a multi-tasked environment; user activity represents typical PC workloads and includes browsing files and folders, emailing, text editing and document creation, surfing the web, listening to music and playing movies, editing large pictures, and running office applications.
Process Parameters for Influencing Polyhydroxyalkanoate Producing Bacterial Factories: An Overview (2013)

The ever increasing potentialities of petroleum plastics with respect to lack of degradation, inability to recycle and the toxic effects of incineration, has urged to design biodegradable polymers, often called Green Plastics. These biodegradable plastics are promiscuous due to their analogous properties and environmental friendliness. Bacterial factories and Plants being their natural sources for production made them a promiscuous solution. Fermentation is the procedural technology used with certain fillers that are known to enhance the chemo-mechanical properties. The process at the industrial level is not well accepted due to the certain lacunas. The review mainly focuses to assimilate a few researches that implicate the best known process parameters for Batch, Fed-batch, Continuous and Two stage modes of fermentation without compromising the downstream processing at commercial level.
Profiling and reducing processing overheads in TCP/IP (1996)

This paper presents detailed measurements of processing overheads for the Ultrix 4.2a implementation of TCP/IP network software running on a DECstation 5000/200. The performance results were used to uncover throughput and latency bottlenecks. We present a scheme for improving throughput when sending large messages by avoiding most checksum computations in a relatively safe manner. We also show that for the implementation we studied, reducing latency (when sending small messages) is a more difficult problem because processing overheads are spread over many operations; gaining a significant savings would require the optimization of many different mechanisms. This is especially important because, when processing a realistic workload, we have found that nondata-touching operations consume more time in aggregate than data-touching operations.
The ganglioside antigen GD2 is surface-expressed in Ewing sarcoma and allows for MHC-independent immune targeting (2012)

G(D2) surface expression is a characteristic of Ewing sarcomas and provides a suitable target antigen for immunotherapeutic strategies to eradicate micrometastatic cells and prevent relapse in high-risk disease.
Selective α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist GTS-21 improves survival in murine endotoxemia and severe sepsis* (2007)

These findings are of interest for the development of alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists as a new class of anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
Charge Transfer Chemical Doping of Few Layer Graphenes: Charge Distribution and Band Gap Formation (2009)

The properties of few layer (one layer (1 L) to four layer (4 L)) graphenes doped by adsorption and intercalation of Br(2) and I(2) vapors are investigated. The Raman spectra of the graphene G vibrations are observed as a function of the number of layers. There is no evidence for chemical reaction disrupting the basal plane pi electron conjugation. Adsorption of bromine on 1 L graphene creates a high doped hole density, well beyond that achieved by electrical gating with an ionic polymer electrolyte. In addition, the 2D Raman band is completely quenched. The 2 L bilayer spectra indicate that the doping by adsorbed I(2) and Br(2) is symmetrical on the top and bottom layers. Br(2) intercalates into 3 L and 4 L graphenes. The combination of both surface and interior doping with Br(2) in 3 L and 4 L creates a relatively constant doping level per layer. In contrast, the G spectra of 3 L and 4 L with surface adsorbed I(2) indicate that the hole doping density is larger on the surface layers than on the interior layers and that I(2) does not intercalate into 3 L and 4 L. This adsorption-induced potential difference between surface and interior layers implies that a band gap opens in the bilayer type bands of 3 L and 4 L.
Graphene Based Waveguide Polarizers: In-Depth Physical Analysis and Relevant Parameters (2015)

Optical polarizing devices exploiting graphene embedded in waveguides have been demonstrated in the literature recently and both the TE- and TM-pass behaviors were reported. The determination of the passing polarization is usually attributed to graphene's Fermi level (and, therefore, doping level), with, however, no direct confirmation of this assumption provided. Here we show, through numerical simulation, that rather than graphene's Fermi level, the passing polarization is determined by waveguide parameters, such as the superstrate refractive index and the waveguide's height. The results provide a consistent explanation for experimental results reported in the literature. In addition, we show that with an accurate graphene modeling, a waveguide cannot be switched between TE pass and TM pass via Fermi level tuning. Therefore, the usually overlooked contribution of the waveguide design is shown to be essential for the development of optimized TE- or TM-pass polarizers, which we show to be due to the control it provides on the fraction of the electric field that is tangential to graphene.
Essential Role for G Protein-coupled Receptor Endocytosis in the Activation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (1998)

The classical paradigm for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signal transduction involves the agonist-dependent interaction of GPCRs with heterotrimeric G proteins at the plasma membrane and the subsequent generation, by membrane-localized effectors, of soluble second messengers or ion currents. Termination of GPCR signals follows G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)- and beta-arrestin-mediated receptor uncoupling and internalization. Here we show that these paradigms are inadequate to account for GPCR-mediated, Ras-dependent activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases Erk1 and -2. In HEK293 cells expressing dominant suppressor mutants of beta-arrestin or dynamin, beta2-adrenergic receptor-mediated activation of MAP kinase is inhibited. The inhibitors of receptor internalization specifically blocked Raf-mediated activation of MEK. Plasma membrane-delimited steps in the GPCR-mediated activation of the MAP kinase pathway, such as tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc and Raf kinase activation by Ras, are unaffected by inhibitors of receptor internalization. Thus, GRKs and beta-arrestins, which uncouple GPCRs and target them for internalization, function as essential elements in the GPCR-mediated MAP kinase signaling cascade.
Luminescence of Individual Porous Si Chromophores (1998)

We spatially isolate and detect the luminescence from individual porous Si nanoparticles at room temperature. Our experiments show a variety of phenomena not previously observed in the emission from porous Si including a distribution of emission wavelengths, resolved vibronic structure, luminescence intermittency, and irreversible photobleaching. Our results indicate that the emission from porous Si nanoparticles originates from excitons in quantum confined Si, and is strongly mediated by the surface of the quantum dot.
Cytoskeletal remodeling in leukocyte function (2003)

Leukocytes need to be activated, polarize, change shape, move, or phagocytose in response to their environment. Leukocytes accomplish these processes by remodeling their cytoskeleton, the active musculoskeletal system of the cell that is not just the ultimate effector of motile responses but is also a dynamic framework for subcellular organization and regional signaling. Active areas of research include the direct and indirect reciprocal interactions between the cytoskeleton and the membrane and among cytoskeletal elements. The pervasive and multi-layered roles played by small GTPases of the Rho family and phosphoinositides in leukocyte function are also becoming clearer.
Paradoxical effects of arthritis‐regulating chromosome 4 regions on myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein‐induced encephalomyelitis in congenic rats (2003)

Immunoregulatory gene loci in different organ-specific inflammatory diseases often co-localize. We here studied myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE in rat strains congenic for arthritis-regulating genome regions on chromosome 4. We used congenic rats with a 70-centimorgan (cM) fragment from the EAE- and arthritis-resistant PVG.1AV1 rat strain on the arthritis- and EAE-permissive Dark Agouti (DA) rat background. In addition, we evaluated three recombinant strains, C4R1-C4R3, which overlap with arthritis-linked loci. PVG.1AV1 alleles in the C4R1 recombinant did not affect arthritis, but conferred protection against MOG-EAE. PVG.1AV1 alleles in the C4R2 recombinant down-regulated arthritis but had no effect in MOG-EAE. Paradoxically, PVG.1AV1 alleles in the C4R3 recombinant down-regulated arthritis, but the same fragment increased serum levels of anti-MOG Ab and aggravated clinical MOG-EAE. Thus, we provide original evidence that the same genome regions can have opposite effects in different organ-specific inflammatory diseases. Interestingly, no apparent difference in the MOG-EAE phenotype was observed in full-length congenic rats and parental DA rats, suggesting that the disease amelioration in C4R1 and aggravation in C4R3 functionally counteract each other. The data set the stage for definition of the mechanisms and positioning of the genes regulating two organ-specific inflammatory diseases differently.
The biosynthesis of chondroitin-sulfate protein complex. (1965)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.