gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neurocontrol and elastic fuzzy logic: capabilities, concepts, and applications (1993)

The author shows how elastic fuzzy logic (EFL) nets make it possible to combine the capabilities of expert systems with the learning capabilities of neural networks at a high level. ANN (artificial neural network) implementations have advantages in terms of hardware implementation, ease of use, generality, and links to the brain, which is still the only true intelligent controller available. Neurocontrol is useful in cloning experts, tracking trajectories or setpoints, and optimization (e.g., approximate dynamic programming). There has been substantial success in controlling robot arms (including the main arm of the Space Shuttle), chemical process control, continuous production of high-quality parts, and other aerospace applications. A review of the basic designs and concepts, with reference to both the applications and future research opportunities, is given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Characterization of Hantaan Virions, the Prototype Virus of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (1983)

Hantaan virus, strain 76-118, was propagated to high titer in a clone of Vero cells, and infectious virions were successfully concentrated and purified. Infectivity and virus antigenic activity were closely associated with a virus particle that exhibited a sedimentation rate indistinguishable from a representative member of the Bunyaviridae. Purified virions sedimented to a density of 1.16-1.17 in sucrose and 1.20-1.21 in cesium chloride. Detergent disruption of virions resulted in a nucleocapsid structure (density, 1.18 in sucrose and 1.25 in cesium chloride) and soluble protein antigens. Three separate nucleocapsids were resolved by rate-zonal centrifugation and contained a single but common polypeptide of 50,000 daltons. Electrophoresis of radiolabeled RNA extracted from purified virions yielded a profile of three RNA species with apparent molecular weights of 2.7, 1.2, and 0.6 X 10(6). These data support earlier electron microscopy reports which suggested that Hantaan virus has characteristics similar to some members of the virus family Bunyaviridae.
Thermodynamics of T cell receptor binding to peptide–MHC: Evidence for a general mechanism of molecular scanning (1999)

Antigen-dependent activation of T lymphocytes requires T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated recognition of specific peptides, together with the MHC molecules to which they are bound. To achieve this recognition in a reasonable time frame, the TCR must scan and discriminate rapidly between thousands of MHC molecules differing from each other only in their bound peptides. Kinetic analysis of the interaction between a TCR and its cognate peptide-MHC complex indicates that both association and dissociation depend heavily on the temperature, indicating the presence of large energy barriers in both phases. Thermodynamic analysis reveals changes in heat capacity and entropy that are characteristic of protein-ligand associations in which local folding is coupled to binding. Such an "induced-fit" mechanism is characteristic of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that must also recognize specific ligands in the presence of a high background of competing elements. Here, we propose that induced fit may endow the TCR with its requisite discriminatory capacity and suggest a model whereby the loosely structured antigen-binding loops of the TCR rapidly explore peptide-MHC complexes on the cell surface until some critical structural complementarity is achieved through localized folding transitions. We further suggest that conformational changes, implicit in this model, may also propagate beyond the TCR antigen-binding site and directly affect self-association of ligated TCRs or TCR-CD3 interactions required for signaling.
Receptors for complement C5a. The importance of C5aR and the enigmatic role of C5L2 (2008)

Complement component C5a is one of the most potent inflammatory chemoattractants and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory diseases. C5a binds two receptors, C5aR and C5L2. Most of the C5a functional effects occur through C5aR, and the pharmaceutical industry has focused on this receptor for the development of new anti-inflammatory therapies. We used a novel approach to generate and test therapeutics that target C5aR. We created human C5aR knock-in mice, and used neutrophils from these to immunize wild-type mice. This yielded high-affinity blocking mAbs to human C5aR. We tested these anti-human C5aR mAbs in mouse models of inflammation, using the human C5aR knock-in mice. These antibodies completely prevented disease onset and were also able to reverse established disease in the K/B x N arthritis model. The physiological role of the other C5a receptor, C5L2 is still unclear, and our studies with blocking mAbs to human C5L2 have failed to demonstrate a clear functional role in signaling to C5a. The development of effective mAbs to human C5aR is an alternative approach to drug development, for this highly attractive target.
Recent improvements in the CMU spoken language understanding system (1994)

We have been developing a spoken language system to recognize and understand spontaneous speech. It is difficult for such systems to achieve good coverage of the lexicon and grammar that subjects might use because spontaneous speech often contains disfluencies and ungrammatical constructions. Our goal is to respond appropriately to input, even though coverage is not complete. The natural language component of our system is oriented toward the extraction of information relevant to a task, and seeks to directly optimize the correctness of the extracted information (and therefore the system response). We use a flexible frame-based parser, which parses as much of the input as possible. This approach leads both to high accuracy and robustness. We have implemented a version of this system for the Air Travel Information Service (ATIS) task, which is being used by several ARPA-funded sites to develop and evaluate speech understanding systems. Users are asked to perform a task that requires getting information from an Air Travel database. In this paper, we describe recent improvements in our system resulting from our efforts to improve the coverage given a limited amount of training data. These improvements address a number of problems including generating an adequate lexicon and grammar for the recognizer, generating and generalizing an appropriate grammar for the parser, and dealing with ambiguous parses.
Gene Therapy for Peritoneal Dissemination of Pancreatic Cancer by Liposome-Mediated Transfer of Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase Gene (1997)

Peritoneal dissemination is one of the most common complications of the malignancies of the digestive system, such as gastric or pancreatic cancers. Yet, no effective therapy has been established so far to alleviate this devastating and often fatal end-stage condition. Here we describe a novel approach of intraperitoneal (i.p.) lipofection of a suicidal gene to the pancreatic cancer cells in a mouse peritoneal dissemination model. A human pancreatic cancer cell line, PSN-1, was inoculated into the peritoneal cavity of nude mice. Eight days later, a herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene expression plasmid under a potent hybrid promoter CAG was injected as a DNA-lipopolyamine complex. Ganciclovir (GCV) was then administered for 8 days, and the mice were examined for tumor development at the 24th day after the tumor inoculation. Although all 24 control mice showed macroscopic peritoneal dissemination and solid tumors on the pancreas, 8 of the 14 mice treated with HSV-TK and GCV were free of tumors, and only a few small tumors were observed in the remaining 6 mice. Treatment-related toxicity was not observed. The semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis suggested that the HSV-TK transgene was expressed in about 10% of tumor cells but not in the normal pancreas or in the small intestine. When the lacZ gene was transduced in place of the HSV-TK gene, the blue-stained cells were identified only in tumor nodules and not in normal organs. This preclinical study suggests the therapeutic feasibility of the i.p. lipofection-based suicidal gene/prodrug strategy for peritoneal dissemination of pancreatic cancer.
The extracytoplasmic domain of the erythropoietin receptor forms a monomeric complex with erythropoietin (1993)

Abstract We have generated a truncated form of the erythropoietin receptor (EPO- R), the extracytoplasmic ligand-binding domain, that is secreted from a transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line. The truncated receptor is readily purified from CHO conditioned media as a 33-Kd glycosylated protein, which is converted to a 25-Kd species upon treatment with protein N-glycan glycosidase F. Cross-linking of radioiodinated EPO to the secreted receptor yielded a complex of 72 Kd. Also, the growth of the EPO-dependent cell line, FDCPE, was inhibited in a dose-responsive manner by the truncated receptor. The complex of the secreted receptor and EPO was isolated by gel filtration and shown to be a one-to-one complex of the receptor and growth factor by quantitative amino terminal sequencing. Finally, analysis of the interaction of the receptor and growth factor by gel filtration indicated an apparent dissociation constant of 1.1 nmol/L for the truncated receptor.
The resistive barrier discharge (2002)

Nonequilibrium, atmospheric pressure plasma discharges are increasingly being used in various novel applications. In many of these applications, a nonthermal, large volume, atmospheric pressure discharge, which can be generated in a practical and economical way is sought. We present a novel method to produce such plasma. This method uses a similar configuration to the dielectric barrier discharge. However, instead of a dielectric, a resistive layer is used to cover at least one of the electrodes. This allows the operation of the discharge in either DC or AC (60 Hz) modes.
Insulin and GLP-1 analog combinations in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a critical review (2012)

Limited data currently available from placebo-controlled trials support the use of exenatide twice daily or liraglutide once daily in combination with basal insulin and metformin in subjects with type 2 diabetes unable to attain treatment goals. Several randomized controlled trials are currently studying combinations of insulin with various GLP-1 analogs. Additional guidance on the clinical use of these combinations will likely be forthcoming once these studies are reported. Insulin/GLP-1 analog combinations will require optimization of blood glucose monitoring strategies and delivery systems to decrease the risk of administration errors and reduce the potential complexity of these regimens.
Dopamine D2 receptor gene variants: association and linkage studies in impulsive-addictive-compulsive behaviour (1995)

Drug and alcohol seeking behaviour has become a great global problem affecting millions of inhabitants with a cost to society in the billions. Dopaminergic reward pathways have frequently been implicated in the etiology of addictive behaviour. While other neurotransmitters have also been implicated, to date the only molecular genetic defect which has been found to associate with alcoholism, drug dependency, obesity, smoking, pathological gambling, attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Tourette syndrome, as well as other related compulsive behaviours, are the variants of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2). In this review of the available data on the subject, we report a number of independent meta-analyses that confirm an association of DRD2 polymorphisms and impulsive-additive-compulsive behaviour (IACB), which we have termed "Reward Deficiency Syndrome". While we agree that Meta-analyses of all exant studies support an association of variants of DRD2 and IACB, correct negative findings with alcoholism may be due to differences in assessing controls and inclusion/exclusion criteria for selection of diseased probands.
Construction of a ribozyme directed against human interleukin-6 mRNA: evaluation of its catalytic activity in vitro and in vivo (1994)

We have designed a ribozyme (Rz) that cleaves human interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA in vivo. This Rz was tested in vitro, and was found to give expected size fragments. It was then incorporated into a mammalian expression vector containing the constitutive cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter and transfected into human U amniotic cells (UAC). Cell clones that stably express this catalytic RNA have been obtained. Some of them displayed a marked reduction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced IL-6 production. Their reduced ability to express IL-6 was related to the amount of Rz they produced and to the extent of IL-6 mRNA cleavage as observed by a ribonuclease protection assay. These data provide a method to study further the role of IL-6 production in various biologic situations, and suggest the feasibility of developing Rzs directed against various cytokines to study their biologic role and mechanism of action.
Management of Bipolar Disorder During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period (2004)

Since treatment can be managed most effectively if pregnancy is planned, clinicians should discuss the issue of pregnancy and its management with every bipolar disorder patient who has childbearing potential, regardless of future reproductive plans. Additional research should address the risks of disturbed sleep to pregnant and postpartum women with bipolar disorder, as well as structural and behavioral consequences to offspring when mood stabilizers are used during pregnancy. Longitudinal and cohort studies can promote these efforts. Given the rate of bipolar disorder in the general population, research efforts will need to be broad based and include multiple collaborating centers.
A simple method for identification of point mutations using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (1993)

Journal Article A simple method for identification of point mutations using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis Get access Per Guldberg, Per Guldberg Danish Center for Human Genome Research, The John F.Kennedy InstituteGl. Landevej 7, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Flemming Guttler Flemming Guttler Danish Center for Human Genome Research, The John F.Kennedy InstituteGl. Landevej 7, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 21, Issue 9, 11 May 1993, Pages 2261–2262, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/21.9.2261 Published: 11 May 1993 Article history Received: 22 March 1993 Accepted: 01 April 1993 Published: 11 May 1993
Expression of the pro-inflammatory protein S100A12 (EN-RAGE) in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis (2003)

Local expression of S100A12 in inflamed tissue suggests a role in synovitis, especially in PsA. High serum concentrations of S100A12 in patients with active arthritis compared with healthy controls or patients in remission point to its usefulness as a serum marker.
Extremely low frequency‐modulated static magnetic fields to treat cancer: A pilot study on patients with advanced neoplasm to assess safety and acute toxicity (2004)

Results of a toxicity pilot human study approved by the competent ethical Committee are reported. Eleven patients with heavily pre-treated advanced cancer were enrolled in a pilot study with different schedules of time exposure to static magnetic fields (MF), amplitude modulated by ELF. An area including the neck, thoracic and abdomen was MF exposed daily, 5 days/week for 4 weeks according to two different schedules: 20 min daily (4 patients) and 70 min daily (7 patients). ECOG performance status was 1 (2 patients), 2 (8 patients), 3 (1 patient). Toxicity was assessed according to WHO criteria. ECG, Chest X-ray, physical examination, blood cell count and complete blood chemistry were performed before and at the end of the treatment. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation (grade 2 toxicity) in 1 patient and microscopic urinary abnormalities in 5 patients were the only negative effects observed. We conclude that MF can be safely administrated according to the MF exposure schedules.
Chronic Heart Failure Induced by Multiple Sequential Coronary Microembolization in Sheep (2008)

We conclude that multiple sequential intracoronary microembolization can effectively induce myocardial dysfunction with clinical and echocardiographical signs of chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy. The present model may be suitable in experimental work on heart failure and left ventricular assist devices, e.g. for studying the impact of mechanical unloading, mechanisms of recovery and reverse remodeling.
6 mW and 30 mW laser threshold for respectively 1 st and 2 nd Brillouin Stokes order in a Ge10As24Se68 chalcogenide fiber (2014)

A compact second-order Stokes Brillouin fiber laser made of microstructured chalcogenide glass is reported for the first time. This laser has very low optical pump-power threshold for Stokes conversion: 6 mW for first order and only 30 mW for second order with nonresonant pumping.
Towards a novel classification of human malignancies based on gene expression patterns (2001)

As a result of progress on the human genome project, approximately 19 000 genes have been identified and tens of thousands more tentatively identified as partial fragments of genes termed expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Most of these genes are only partially characterized and the functions of the vast majority are as yet unknown. It is likely that many genes that might be useful for diagnosis and/or prognostication of human malignancies have yet to be recognized. The advent of cDNA microarray technology now allows the efficient measurement of expression for almost every gene in the human genome in a single overnight hybridization experiment. This genomic scale approach has begun to reveal novel molecular-based sub-classes of tumours in breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma, lymphoma, leukaemia, and melanoma. In several instances, gene microarray analysis has already identified genes that appear to be useful for predicting clinical behaviour. This review discusses some recent findings using gene microarray technology and describes how this and related technologies are likely to contribute to the emergence of novel molecular classifications of human malignancies.
Type I Collagen-Functionalized Supported Lipid Bilayer as a Cell Culture Platform (2010)

The supported phospholipid bilayer serves as an important biomimetic model for the cell membrane in both basic and applied scientific research. We have constructed a biomimetic platform based on a supported phospholipid bilayer that is functionalized with type I collagen to serve as a substrate for cell culture. To create the type I collagen-functionalized lipid bilayer assembly, a simple chemical approach was employed: lipid vesicles composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(glutaryl) (DP-NGPE), a carboxylic acid-functionalized phospholipid, were prepared and then fused onto an SiO(2) substrate to form a supported lipid bilayer. Subsequently, type I collagen molecules were introduced to form stable collagen-lipid conjugates via amide linkages with activated DP-NGPE lipids. The binding kinetics of the conjugation process and the resultant changes in film thickness and viscoelasticity were followed using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring. The morphology of the conjugated collagen adlayer was investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM). We observed that the adsorbed collagen molecules tended to self-assemble into fibrillar structures. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) was utilized to estimate lateral lipid mobility, which was reduced by up to 20% after the coupling of type I collagen to the underlying lipid bilayer. As a cell culture platform, the collagen-conjugated supported lipid bilayer showed promising results. Smooth muscle cells (A10) retained normal growth behavior on the collagen-functionalized platform, unlike the bare POPC lipid bilayer and the POPC/DG-NGPE bilayer without collagen. The biomimetic functionalized lipid system presented here is a simple, yet effective approach for constructing a cell culture platform to explore the interactions between extracellular matrix components and cells.
Increased tumor necrosis factor-α receptor number in chronic hepatitis B virus infection (1991)

Production of the antiviral cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha is increased in chronic hepatitis B virus infection, and clinical studies of tumor necrosis factor-alpha have indicated a proviral effect at higher doses. To determine whether this might be related to abnormal cell surface tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor expression, binding characteristics of cell surface tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers were studied using radioiodinated recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The specific binding curves generated were analyzed according to the method of Scatchard to determine cell surface receptor numbers and dissociation constants. A single class of cell surface tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor was demonstrated on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and mononuclear subsets. The median number (range) of cell surface tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from controls (n = 11), chronic hepatitis B virus patients seropositive for hepatitis B virus DNA (n = 8) and seronegative for hepatitis B virus DNA (n = 8) were 2,329 (range = 1,538 to 3,133), 3,375 (range = 2,300 to 6,718) (p less than 0.01) and 3,113 (range = 2,229 to 5,246) (p less than 0.05) sites/cell, respectively. They all had similar dissociation constants of 8.4 x 10(-10) mol/L (range = 4.1 to 16.9), respectively. Further dissection of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed that this increase in cell surface receptor number was confined to the monocyte fraction (p less than 0.01). Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in five patients with increased monocyte cell surface tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor numbers were also elevated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Is Infant Immunization a Risk Factor for Childhood Asthma or Allergy? (1997)

The Christchurch Health and Development Study comprises 1,265 children born in 1977. The 23 children who received no diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus (DPT) and polio immunizations had no recorded asthma episodes or consultations for asthma or other allergic illness before age 10 years; in the immunized children, 23.1% had asthma episodes, 22.5% asthma consultations, and 30.0% consultations for other allergic illness. Similar differences were observed at ages 5 and 16 years. These findings do not appear to be due to differential use of health services (although this possibility cannot be excluded) or con-founding by ethnicity, socioeconomic status, parental atopy, or parental smoking.
An edge-adaptive iterative method for image restoration (1992)

The paper proposes an edge-adaptive iterative method for restoring a blurred image. An original image is represented as a multiple image model composed of four kinds of edge regions and a flat region. The image is restored with the maximum a posteriori (MAP) criterion, which is realized by the steepest descent technique. The parameters of the original image and edge orientation are estimated from the image temporally restored by a deconvolution method. Computer simulations show that this method suppresses ringing artifacts near sharp edges and avoids smoothing edges in the cases of a motion blur and an out-of-focus blur.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>