gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bridging the divide between neuroprosthetic design, tissue engineering and neurobiology (2010)

Neuroprosthetic devices have made a major impact in the treatment of a variety of disorders such as paralysis and stroke. However, a major impediment in the advancement of this technology is the challenge of maintaining device performance during chronic implantation (months to years) due to complex intrinsic host responses such as gliosis or glial scarring. The objective of this review is to bring together research communities in neurobiology, tissue engineering, and neuroprosthetics to address the major obstacles encountered in the translation of neuroprosthetics technology into long-term clinical use. This article draws connections between specific challenges faced by current neuroprosthetics technology and recent advances in the areas of nerve tissue engineering and neurobiology. Within the context of the device-nervous system interface and central nervous system implants, areas of synergistic opportunity are discussed, including platforms to present cells with multiple cues, controlled delivery of bioactive factors, three-dimensional constructs and in vitro models of gliosis and brain injury, nerve regeneration strategies, and neural stem/progenitor cell biology. Finally, recent insights gained from the fields of developmental neurobiology and cancer biology are discussed as examples of exciting new biological knowledge that may provide fresh inspiration toward novel technologies to address the complexities associated with long-term neuroprosthetic device performance.
The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man (1990)

After preliminary trials, the detailed changes in the concentration of specific circulating and local antibodies were followed in 15 volunteers inoculated with coronavirus 229E. Ten of them, who had significantly lower concentrations of pre-existing antibody than the rest, became infected and eight of these developed colds. A limited investigation of circulating lymphocyte populations showed some lymphocytopenia in infected volunteers. In this group, antibody concentrations started to increase 1 week after inoculation and reached a maximum about 1 week later. Thereafter antibody titres slowly declined. Although concentrations were still slightly raised 1 year later, this did not always prevent reinfection when volunteers were then challenged with the homologous virus. However, the period of virus shedding was shorter than before and none developed a cold. All of the uninfected group were infected on re-challenge although they also appeared to show some resistance to disease and in the extent of infection. These results are discussed with reference to natural infections with coronavirus and with other infections, such as rhinovirus infections.
PAMAM-drug complex for delivering anticancer drug across blood-brain barrier in-vitro and in-vivo (2009)

The delivery of anticancer drugs to the brain is profoundly limited by blood-brain barrier (BBB)The purpose of this work is to develop a new carrier for doxorubicin to overcome the BBB. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer, a novel nanoscopic high-branching polymer, was exploited as an efficient carrier of doxorubicin. The MTT assay showed that PAMAM (generation 3) had little cytotoxicity in brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs). The results of fluorescence intensity assay and fluorescent microscopy showed that the cellular uptake of  PAMAM/doxorubicin complex was much higher than that of free doxorubicin and exhibited concentration and time dependent manners. The action of PAMAM in increasing the cellular uptake of doxorubicin was stronger than that of verapamil, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor. In body distribution study, the brain uptake of doxorubicin in PAMAM/doxorubicin group increased dramatically (about 6-fold) compared to that in free doxorubicin group. These data suggest that the novel PAMAM/drug complex is a simple but efficient system, which showed great capability to cross the BBB. PAMAM dendrimer could be used as an effective carrier to deliver anticancer drugs to the brain.

	Key words: PAMAM, doxorubicin, blood-brain barrier, p-glycoprotein.
Pertussis toxin. Affinity purification of a new ADP-ribosyltransferase. (1983)

Pertussis toxin, the major toxin produced by Bordetella pertussis, catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of a specific membrane polypeptide which appears to be involved in regulation of the catalytic subunit of adenylate cyclase. In the current study, a rapid purification procedure has been developed for the preparation of pertussis toxin in high yields. Through the sequential use of the affinity matrices Affi-Gel blue and fetuin-Sepharose 4B, milligram quantities of apparently homogeneous toxin can be prepared from the culture supernatants of B. pertussis strain 165. Structural, amino acid, and immunologic analyses indicate that toxin prepared from strain 165 is indistinguishable from toxin prepared from other strains. Activation of the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity requires treatment of the toxin with a thiol reducing agent. This activation appears to be associated with the reduction of intrachain disulfide bonds present in the catalytic subunit. Activated toxin preparations catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of a protein (Mr = 40,000) present in cell membrane preparations obtained from human red blood cells and platelets, rat adipocytes, and cyc- S49 cells which are deficient in the adenylate cyclase regulatory component which is the substrate for cholera toxin.
Relationships between vitamin A and vitamin E in the chick. (1984)

Plasma levels of vitamins A and E were analysed during the dietary administration of two levels of vitamin A (10 000 or 50 000 IU/kg) in combination with four levels of supplemental vitamin E (0, 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg) and with or without a supplement of oil to the diet. Tocopherol levels in plasma were markedly decreased by the higher vitamin A supplementation. In contrast, the various vitamin E intakes had no influence on plasma retinol levels. The addition of oil to the diet did not affect this interaction. The absorption, distribution and elimination of labeled 3H-dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate after an oral or intravenous administration, in combination with a high oral dose of vitamin A (100 000 IU/chick), were studied. The high oral single dose of vitamin A reduced the levels of radioactivity in all the analysed tissues and organs, when both vitamins were administered orally. However, vitamin A did not affect distribution and elimination of radioactivity, when an interaction in the gastro-intestinal tract was avoided by different routes of administration.
Sigma-delta modulators with multibit quantising elements and single-bit feedback (1992)

The performance of multibit sigma-delta coders is analysed and compared with that available from single-bit designs. It is demonstrated that the basic difficulty with multibit coders is the need for a high-accuracy digital-analogue convertor (DAC) in the feedback loop. An expression for the reduction of in-band noise power as a function of coder order, quantiser resolution, and oversampling ratio is derived, together with a subsidiary condition imposed by the use of multibit DACs. New coder topologies are presented which use multibit quantisation with single-bit feedback, avoiding the need for high-resolution DACs. Analysis and simulations are described which show that these have a similar performance to multibit designs with multibit feedback.
Surface modification of polytetrafluoroethylene films by plasma pretreatment and graft copolymerization to improve their adhesion to bismaleimide (2008)

Abstract BACKGROUND: Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is utilized in many engineering applications, but its poor wettability and adhesion properties with other materials have limited its use. The study reported was aimed at achieving surface modification of PTFE films by radiofrequency NH 3 and N 2 plasma treatment, followed by graft copolymerization, in order to improve the interfacial adhesion of PTFE and bismaleimide. RESULTS: X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that a short‐time plasma treatment had a distinct defluorination effect and led to nitrogen functional group formation. The nitrogen chemical bonding form was different for NH 3 and N 2 plasma treatments. Under the same experimental conditions, the NH 3 plasma exhibited a better etching effect than did the N 2 plasma. Contact angle measurement showed an improvement in both surface energy and wettabliity by short‐time plasma treatment. The concentration of the surface‐grafted bismaleimide on PTFE increased after the plasma pretreatment. The lap shear strength between PTFE and bismaleimide increased significantly after surface modification. CONCLUSION: This study found that plasma treatment caused changes in surface chemistry, thus leading to an increase of the wettability of PTFE surfaces. Hence, the adhesion properties of PTFE with bismaleimide were significantly improved. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
A Novel Liposomal Bupivacaine Formulation to Produce Ultralong-Acting Analgesia (2004)

This novel liposomal formulation had a favorable drug-to-phospholipid ratio and prolonged the duration of bupivacaine analgesia in a dose-dependent manner. If these results in healthy volunteers can be duplicated in the clinical setting, this formulation has the potential to significantly impact the management of pain.
Immunoalkaline Phosphatase Labeling of Terminal Transferase in Hematologic Samples (1987)

Early studies of terminal transferase (TdT) expression in acute leukemia indicated that this enzyme is only found in acute leukemia of lymphoblastic type (ALL). More recently, however, several reports have suggested that TdT-positive blast cells may be found in a substantial number of cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, a sensitive immunoalkaline phosphatase procedure (the APAAP technic) has been used to stain normal and neoplastic blood and bone marrow samples for TdT with the use of both polyclonal and monoclonal anti-TdT antibodies. As expected, most cases of ALL studied (63 of 65) were TdT-positive. In addition, however, blast cells in 22 out of 59 (37%) cases of AML were stained by anti-TdT antibodies. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic localization were seen in each type of acute leukemia. These findings, together with previous immunocytochemical and biochemical studies, suggest that a substantial number of cases of AML express TdT (usually in a minority of blast cells) and that the frequency with which these cases are detected is directly related to the sensitivity of the staining technic used.
Nlrp3 Inflammasome Activation in Type 2 Diabetes: Is It Clinically Relevant? (2012)

Aberrant activation of the innate immune system in metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes has been recognized to be an important mechanism of disease pathogenesis (1–3). Emergence of a chronic proinflammatory state driven by the activation of myeloid lineage innate immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, has been directly linked to the emergence of insulin resistance (4,5). Until recently, the identity of specific innate immune pattern recognition receptors or sensors that recognize diverse metabolic “danger signals” to initiate a proinflammatory cascade during obesity and diabetes was unknown. Pioneering studies from Tschopp and colleagues (6) identified that “inflammasomes,” the multiprotein cytosolic molecular platforms in myeloid cells, can sense damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and control the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 in metabolic stress. Structurally, inflammasomes consist of a Nod-like receptor (NLR), the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) adaptor protein, and caspase-1 (6). Several NLR molecules including NLRP1, NLRP3, and NLRC4 control caspase-1 activation, which controls the cleavage and secretion of pro–IL-1β and pro–IL-18 into bioactive cytokines (6). Several studies using genetically modified mice that lack inflammasome components Nlrp3, Asc, and caspase-1 provided initial evidence that activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome is a key mechanism that induces metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance (7–10). Deactivation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome in obese type 2 diabetic patients that lose excess weight through lifestyle intervention is coupled with improved glucose homeostasis, suggesting that inflammasome may be a clinically relevant mechanism that links inflammation with type 2 diabetes (7). However, there is scant clinical evidence that myeloid cells of type 2 diabetic patients have elevated Nlrp3 inflammasome activation, and it is not clear whether …
A kinetic model for the formation of excimers (1997)

Argon up to pressures of 3 MPa was excited by intense electron beam pumping. At the maximum an energy of 20 meV per atom was deposited into the gas. The population of the transient argon species , , and was investigated for different pumping conditions by absorption and emission spectrometry. A kinetic model is proposed that reproduces the experimental data. The spin-flip reaction with a rate constant of is responsible for the rapid destruction of the metastable excimer and for the population of the lasing state. The rapid dissociation of vibrationally excited by plasma electrons leads to a saturation in the population of with rising pumping density.
Complete variable region sequence of a nonfunctionally rearranged kappa light chain transcribed in the nonsecretor p3-X63-Ag 8.653 myeloma cell line (1987)

Journal Article Complete variable region sequence of a nonfunctionally rearranged kappa light chain transcribed in the nonsecretor p3-X63-Ag 8.653 myeloma cell line Get access Robert Strohal, Robert Strohal Institute for General and Expeimental Pathology,University of Innsburck,Medical School,Fritz Pregl-Strasse 3,A-6020 InnsBruck,Austria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Guido Kroemer, Guido Kroemer Institute for General and Expeimental Pathology,University of Innsburck,Medical School,Fritz Pregl-Strasse 3,A-6020 InnsBruck,Austria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Georg Wick, Georg Wick Institute for General and Expeimental Pathology,University of Innsburck,Medical School,Fritz Pregl-Strasse 3,A-6020 InnsBruck,Austria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Reinhard kofter Reinhard kofter Institute for General and Expeimental Pathology,University of Innsburck,Medical School,Fritz Pregl-Strasse 3,A-6020 InnsBruck,Austria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 15, Issue 6, 25 March 1987, Page 2771, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/15.6.2771 Published: 25 March 1987 Article history Received: 27 February 1987 Published: 25 March 1987
Maintenance of ZPA signaling in cultured mouse limb bud cells (1993)

The positional signal localized to the posterior (zone of polarizing activity or ZPA) region of the vertebrate limb is transiently expressed during development and a decline in ZPA signaling is accelerated when posterior cells are dissociated and cultured in vitro. The evidence that cultured posterior cells display a precocious decline in ZPA signaling when compared to in vivo studies suggests that a factor present in the limb bud maintains or stabilizes ZPA signaling during limb outgrowth and that this maintenance factor is lost and/or exhausted in in vitro studies. We have developed a new culture technique, 'microdissociation', which preserves extracellular components that we have found to be necessary for ZPA signal maintenance. Our data suggest that the limb bud ectoderm produces a maintenance activity that becomes stored in the extracellular matrix where it acts on limb bud cells to stabilize the activity of the ZPA signal. Using our initial characterization of this maintenance activity, we have identified a growth factor, FGF-2 (bFGF), that can replace all of the ZPA signaling maintenance activity observed in microdissociate cultures. The existence of various members of the FGF family in the developing limb strongly argues a role for FGF in stabilizing ZPA signaling in vivo.
The Role of Cytokines/Chemokines in the Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis (2011)

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common and relapsing allergic disease of the skin. AD is characterized by a predominant expression of Th2-type cytokines associated with increased cellular infiltration in the skin, elevated circulating levels of IgE and eosinophilia. These findings are positively correlated with interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 expression in CD4+ T cells. In AD patients, Th2 cells, eosinophils, mast cells and dendritic cells are markedly increased in the skin lesions. However, Th1 cells are also involved in the development of AD lesions. In fact, Th1 cytokine mRNA expressions including γ-interferon and IL-12 are elevated in the chronic lesions as well as elevated Th2 cytokines in the acute AD lesions. The discovery of Th17 lineage and regulatory T (T(reg)) cells shifted the simple Th1/Th2 balance concept into a 4-way balance system. Th17/22 cells, Foxp3+ T(reg) and IL-10-producing T cells (Tr1) are involved in the mechanism of a local and systemic immunological milieu. In addition, super Th1 cells arranged from Th1 cells in high IL-18 milieu are also involved in the development of mouse AD lesions. Correction of Th2 cytokine predominance by Th1 inducers shows effectiveness in experimental models. However, fine-tuning of the delicate 4-way balance among Th1, Th2, Th17/22 and T(reg) cells is required for the control of AD. Efficacy of some biological agents in AD has been reported. However, further investigations are required to make possible the therapeutic application of biologicals, antigen-specific immunotherapy, non-antigen-specific immunotherapy, antagonists and biological response modifiers in the clinic. These novel approaches may constitute a potential curative therapy for AD.
Design, Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Dimeric Bile Acid-Amino Acid Conjugates (2007)

Nine dimeric bile acid-amino acid conjugates as the mimic of cycle peptide and they have been synthesized in good yield and their structures were well confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectra. The ESI-MSn technique was used to probe the conformation of these molecules. The preliminary bioactivity tests showed that some of the title compounds could inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cell MCF-7. The antitumor activity probably derived from the unique sandwich-type amphiphilic conformation. Keywords: Bile acid, amphiphile, electrospray mass spectrometry, cytotoxic activity
Genetically Engineered Human Therapeutic Drugs (1988)

Part 1 Therapeutic areas: therapeutic category product group therapeutic indications clinical review clinical bibliography. Part 2 Products: product group therapeutic category research category research background company background companies group.
Spatial heterodyne spectrometer for FLEX (2007)

A spatial heterodyne spectrometer (SHS) has significant advantages for high spectral resolution imaging over narrow pre-selected bands compared to traditional solutions. Given comparable optical étendue at R~6500, a field-widened SHS will have a throughput-resolution product ~170 x larger than an air-spaced etalon spectrometer, and ~1000 x larger than a standard grating spectrometer. The monolithic glass Michelson design and lack of moving parts allows maximum stability of spectral calibration over the mission life. For these reasons, SHS offers considerable advantages for the core spectrometer instrument in the European Space Agency's (ESA) Fluorescence Explorer (FLEX) mission.
Comparison of Uniform and Non-Uniform M-QAM Schemes for Mobile Video Applications (2005)

This paper introduces a unique set of techniques to support reliable and efficient video transmission over mobile channels. The twin class uniform and nonuniform partitioned M-level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) system is used to transport a compressed video bitstream which is partitioned to match the bit-error sensitivity of the transmitted symbol in terms of mapping in the constellation diagram and picture quality. The partitioning scheme is based on a separation of the Variable Length (VL) coded Discrete Cosine Transforms (DCT) coefficients within each block, and is applied to split the ITU-T H.263 coded bitstream. Various scenarios for splitting the bitstream are investigated and their results are compared and analysed thoroughly. The performance of the transmission system is evaluated under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) conditions. The results show video partitioning forms an effective method for transmitting video information over mobile channels.
Route‐Related Variation in the Immunogenicity of Killed Salmonella enteritidis Vaccine: Role of Antigen Presenting Cells (1989)

In order to assess the role of the route of immunization on the immunogenicity of killed Salmonella vaccine, mice were immunized with killed S. enteritidis by intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intradermal (i.d.) routes. Whereas the former was non-immunogenic, the i.d. immunization generated an excellent delayed-type hypersensitivity response; further, i.p. immunization could even suppress the subsequent i.d. immunization. Since the peritoneal macrophages (MO) are known to be particularly low in Ia or MHC-class II antigens, so essential for antigen presentation, the non-immunogenicity by i.p. route was thought to be due to their poor presentation efficiency. Poly I: poly C, an interferon inducer, is known to enhance the MHC-class II expression; hence effect of poly I: poly C treatment on the immunogenicity of the killed vaccine by i.p. route was tested and indeed the non-immunogenicity was corrected. Poor efficiency of presentation of S. enteritidis antigen by peritoneal cells and its improvement by prior poly I: poly C treatment was further confirmed by in vitro lymphocyte transformation test using primed T cells and peritoneal cells from normal and poly I: poly C treated mice. Poly I: poly C treatment also enhanced expression of Ia antigens on peritoneal cells.
Targeting and assembly of components of the TOC protein import complex at the chloroplast outer envelope membrane (2014)

The translocon at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts (TOC) initiates the import of thousands of nuclear encoded preproteins required for chloroplast biogenesis and function. The multimeric TOC complex contains two GTP-regulated receptors, Toc34 and Toc159, which recognize the transit peptides of preproteins and initiate protein import through a β-barrel membrane channel, Toc75. Different isoforms of Toc34 and Toc159 assemble with Toc75 to form structurally and functionally diverse translocons, and the composition and levels of TOC translocons is required for the import of specific subsets of coordinately expressed proteins during plant growth and development. Consequently, the proper assembly of the TOC complexes is key to ensuring organelle homeostasis. This review will focus on our current knowledge of the targeting and assembly of TOC components to form functional translocons at the outer membrane. Our analyses reveal that the targeting of TOC components involves elements common to the targeting of other outer membrane proteins, but also include unique features that appear to have evolved to specifically facilitate assembly of the import apparatus.