gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bone structure and strength at different ages in laying hens and effects of dietary particulate limestone, vitamin K and ascorbic acid (1998)

1. A range of bone structural and strength characteristics was determined in laying hens at 15, 25, 50 and 70 weeks of age. The birds were fed up to 25 weeks on diets supplemented with additional vitamin K (10 mg menadione/kg) or ascorbic acid (250 mg/kg) or up to 70 weeks on diets containing limestone in powder or particulate form. 2. There were important effects of age on all bone characteristics. Between 15 and 25 weeks there was a rapid loss of cancellous bone and a rapid accumulation of medullary bone in the proximal tarsometatarsus (PTM). These changes continued at a slower rate up to 70 weeks. Cancellous bone content of the free thoracic vertebra (FTV) also declined after 15 weeks. 3. Breaking strengths of tibia and humerus did not change between 15 and 25 weeks but decreased later in lay. 4. None of the nutritional treatments affected bone characteristics at 15 weeks of age. 5. Increasing the dietary vitamin K supplement from 2 to 12 mg menadione/kg increased cancellous bone volume in the PTM at 25 weeks. 6. Dietary ascorbic acid did not affect any of the bone characteristics measured up to 25 weeks. 7. Particulate limestone resulted in a smaller loss of cancellous bone between 15 and 25 weeks and increased accumulation of medullary bone in the PTM. Breaking strength of the tibia and radiographic densities of tibia and keel were also improved. 8. It is concluded that patterns of bone loss over the lifetime of laying hens vary, depending upon the bone type. Feeding a particulate source of calcium can help to alleviate some of the characteristics of osteoporosis. Supplementation with extra vitamin K may also be beneficial.
Degradation of the Met Tyrosine Kinase Receptor by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway (1997)

The Met tyrosine kinase receptor is a widely expressed molecule which mediates pleiotropic cellular responses following activation by its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF). In this communication we demonstrate that significant Met degradation is induced by HGF/SF and that this degradation can be blocked by lactacystin, an inhibitor of proteasome activity. We also show that Met is rapidly polyubiquitinated in response to ligand and that polyubiquitinated Met molecules, which are normally unstable, are stabilized by lactacystin. Both HGF/SF-induced degradation and polyubiquitination of Met were shown to be dependent on the receptor possessing intact tyrosine kinase activity. Finally, we found that a normally highly labile 55-kDa fragment of the Met receptor is stabilized by lactacystin and demonstrate that it represents a cell-associated remnant that is generated following the ligand-independent proteolytic cleavage of the Met receptor in its extracellular domain. This truncated Met molecule encompasses the kinase domain of the receptor and is itself tyrosine phosphorylated. We conclude that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays a significant role in the degradation of the Met tyrosine kinase receptor as directed by ligand-dependent and -independent signals. We propose that this proteolytic pathway may be important for averting cellular transformation by desensitizing Met signaling following ligand stimulation and by eliminating potentially oncogenic fragments generated via extracellular cleavage of the Met receptor.
The Binding of Desialylated Glycoproteins by Plasma Membranes of Rat Liver (1971)

Abstract Evidence is presented to identify plasma membranes of liver as the major locus of binding for circulating glycoproteins. The binding process involves a dual role for sialic acid in that its presence on the membranes is essential, whereas its presence on the glycoprotein is incompatible with binding. Enzymatic restoration of sialic acid residues onto partially desialylated membranes is accompanied by increased binding activity and is suggestive of the presence of an intrinsic membrane-associated sialyltransferase. In addition to the requirement for sialic acid, the binding of proteins by plasma membranes exhibits an absolute dependence upon the presence of calcium. Changes in the concentration of this ion, within the pH range of 6.0 to 7.8, result in a rapid reversal of the binding process and provide a model system for the study of protein uptake and transport by the intact liver cell.
Virtual Private Network Architecture (1999)

This document describes an architecture how QoS-enabled virtual private networks over the Internet can be built and managed. The basic technologies for secure VPNs and for QoS support are introduced in the first chapter. The second chapter describes our vision of a QoS-enabled VPN service over the Internet. It also discusses in detail the required components and their interactions of an appropriate architecture. Based on this architecture, a demonstrator will be implemented. Chapter 3 presents the simplified implementation scenario and some implementation details in order to achieve secure and QoS-enabled VPNs. Virtual Private Network Architecture 2 T. Braun, M. Gunter, M. Kasumi, I. Khalil
Redox regulation by thioredoxin superfamily; protection against oxidative stress and aging (2000)

Thioredoxin (TRX) is a 12 kD protein with redox-active dithiol in the active site; -Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys-. We originally cloned human TRX as adult T cell leukemia derived factor (ADF) produced by HTLV-I transformed cells. TRX and related molecules maintain a cellular reducing enviroment, working in concert with the glutathione system. Physiologically, TRX has cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress. TRX promotes DNA binding of transcription factors such as NF-kB, AP-1, p53, and PEBP-2. The TRX superfamily, including thioredoxin-2 (mitochondrial thioredoxin) and glutaredoxin, are involved in biologically important phenomena via the redox-regulating system. Thioredoxin-binding protein-2, which we recently identified by a yeast two-hybrid system, is a type of endogenous modulator of TRX activity. TRX is secreted from the cells and exhibits cytokine-like and chemokine-like activities. Redox regulation by TRX plays a crucial role in biological responses against oxidative stress.
Novel semiconductor substrate formed by hydrogen ion implantation into silicon (1989)

A high-resistivity layer formed beneath the silicon surface layer by using proton implantation and two-step annealing is described. Rapid thermal annealing with tungsten halogen lamps was carried out during the first annealing step and the time of the high-temperature treatment in the second annealing step was comparatively long. Experiments show that the quality of the top layer has been improved with the increase in surface Hall mobility of ∼25%. This novel semiconductor will likely be a new material for the manufacture of very high speed integrated circuits.
Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: Unintentional overcooling is common using ice packs and conventional cooling blankets (2006)

The majority of the cases reviewed demonstrated unintentional overcooling below target temperature. Improved mechanisms for temperature control are required to prevent potentially deleterious complications of more profound hypothermia.
Mode of action of human urinary colony-stimulating factor. (1986)

Human urinary colony-stimulating factor (CSF-HU) has been highly purified using procedures containing DEAE cellulose, phenyl Sepharose CL-4B, Sephadex G-200, hydroxylapatite, and high performance liquid chromatography. The final preparation had a specific activity of 3.3 X 10(7) U/mg protein. Although the purified CSF-HU was not active on human monocyte-depleted bone marrow cells, it stimulated human peripheral blood monocytes obtained from five healthy volunteers to produce human active granulocytic colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), which stimulated human monocyte-depleted bone marrow cells to form granulocytic colonies. The human G-CSF-producing activity of CSF-HU was not neutralized by polymyxin B, which is known to inhibit the effect of endotoxin. Newly produced G-CSF had an approximate molecular weight of 24,000 daltons as judged by chromatography on Sephadex G-150. These results indicate that CSF-HU stimulates human monocytes to produce human G-CSF in vitro.
Cholera Vaccines (1992)

The currently licensed parenteral cholera vaccine has not been a useful public health tool in the control of cholera. Building on the knowledge that primary infection offers significant protection against reinfection and that mucosal immunity mediates this protection, several oral cholera vaccines have been developed. These vaccine candidates or future candidates derived using the techniques of molecular biology will no doubt contribute to the control of cholera.
Inherited disorders of cholestasis in adulthood (2013)

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Cloning and Characterization of the Vitamin D Receptor from Xenopus laevis* (1997)

The Vitamin D receptor (VDR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, mediates the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on mineral ion homeostasis. Although the mammalian and avian VDRs have been extensively studied, little is known about the VDR in lower vertebrate species. To address this, we have isolated the Xenopus laevis VDR (xVDR) complementary DNA. Overall, the xVDR shares 79%, 73%, 73%, and 75% identity at the amino acid level with the chicken, mouse, rat, and human VDRs, respectively. The amino acid residues and subdomains important for DNA binding, hormone binding, dimerization, and transactivation are mostly conserved among all VDR species. The xVDR polypeptide can heterodimerize with the mouse retinoid X receptor alpha, bind to the rat osteocalcin vitamin D response element (VDRE), and induce vitamin D-dependent transactivation in transfected mammalian cells. Northern analysis reveals two xVDR messenger RNA species of 2.2 kb and 1.8 kb in stage 60 Xenopus tissues. In the adult, xVDR expression is detected in many tissues including kidney, intestine, skin, and bone. During Xenopus development, xVDR messenger RNA first appears at developmental stage 13 (pre-neurulation), increasing to maximum at stages 57-61 (metamorphosis). Our data demonstrate that, in Xenopus, VDR expression is developmentally regulated and that the vitamin D endocrine system is highly conserved during evolution.
INTRAPARENCHYMAL AND INTRATUMORAL INTERSTITIAL INFUSION OF ANTI-GLIOMA MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY 8H9 (2008)

Finally, intratumoral interstitial infusion of a reactive MAb has been performed similarly to delivery to a normal brain. This finding is encouraging from a therapeutic standpoint, given the clinical need to affect large domains of these infiltrative tumors.
Maintenance of Pluripotency in Human Embryonic Stem Cells Stably Over-expressing Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (2004)

The availability of human embryonic stem (HES) cells with a readily evaluated genetic marker such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) could facilitate a number of experimental opportunities. We constructed a novel plasmid with two elongation factor-1alpha (EF-1alpha) promoters (YPL2) to obtain a vector with mammalian promoters for simultaneous transgene expression in HES cells. An enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) cDNA was inserted under the control of the first EF-1alpha promoter to construct plasmid YPL2-EGFP. The second EF1-alpha promoter was upstream of the neomycin resistance gene. H1 HES cells were transfected with YPL2-EGFP using Fugene 6. Following 100 microg/ml neomycin selection, individual colonies demonstrating stable EGFP expression were observed. After 4 months of passage under neomycin selection, the cells continued to maintain typical HES cell morphology. Undifferentiated cells showed no change in EGFP expression as determined by FACS analysis. Immunostaining demonstrated maintenance of Oct-3/4 expression in undifferentiated H1EGFP cells that was indistinguishable from wild-type HES cells. Addition of 10 ng/ml bone morphogenic protein-4 (BMP-4) to the cells provoked morphological and functional differentiation to trophoblasts, but no loss of EGFP expression. Following injection of EGFP-HES cells into immunodeficient mice, there was robust formation of teratomas that demonstrated a broad range of morphological pluripotency with widespread EGFP expression. EGFP expression was also maintained in differentiating embryoid bodies formed from EGFP-HES cells. This report demonstrates that ES cells carrying EGFP will be useful in diverse areas of embryonic stem cell research.
Polymer–CO2 systems exhibiting retrograde behavior and formation of nanofoams (2006)

Abstract The sorption of compressed gases in polymers causing a reduction in the glass transition temperature ( T g ) is well established. There is, however, limited information on polymer–gas systems with favorable interactions, producing a unique retrograde behavior. This paper reports on using a combination of established techniques of in situ gravimetric and stepwise heat capacity ( C p ) measurements using high‐pressure differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to demonstrate the occurrence of this behavior in acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer (ABS)–CO 2 and syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (sPMMA)–CO 2 systems. The solubility and diffusion coefficient of CO 2 in the range 0 to 65 °C and pressures up to 5.5 MPa were determined, which resulted in a heat of sorption of − 15.5 and − 15 kJ mol −1 , and an activation energy for diffusion of 28.3 and 32.1 kJ mol −1 in the two systems, respectively. The fundamental kinetic data and the changes in C p of the polymer–gas systems were used to determine the plasticization glass transition temperature profile, its relationship to the amount of gas dissolved in the polymer, and hence the formation of nano‐morphologies. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Managing the Training of Technical Staff in a Large Consulting Office (1991)

This paper describes the approach to the training of technical staff in the use of CADD techniques in the Adelaide office of Kinhill Engineers Pty Ltd. A brief description of the cultures associated with the various groups of technical staff is presented, and training frameworks for these groups are proposed. It has been found that the training methods employed are influenced by the culture of the staff and by the cost of undertaking the training programmes.
A General Rate Duality of the MIMO Multiple Access Channel and the MIMO Broadcast Channel (2008)

We present a general rate duality between the multiple access channel (MAC) and the broadcast channel (BC) which is applicable to systems with and without nonlinear interference cancellation. Different to the state-of-the-art rate duality with interference subtraction from Vishwanath et al., the proposed duality is filter-based instead of covariance-based and exploits the arising unitary degree of freedom to decorrelate every point- to-point link. Therefore, it allows for noncooperative stream-wise decoding which reduces complexity and latency. Moreover, the conversion from one domain to the other does not exhibit any dependencies during its computation making it accessible to a parallel implementation instead of a serial one. We additionally derive a rate duality for systems with multi-antenna terminals when linear filtering without interference (pre-)subtraction is applied and the different streams of a single user are not treated as self-interference. Both dualities are based on a framework already applied to a mean-square-error duality between the MAC and the BC. Thanks to this novel rate duality, any rate-based optimization with linear filtering in the BC can now be handled in the dual MAC where the arising expressions lead to more efficient algorithmic solutions than in the BC due to the alignment of the channel and precoder indices.
When Symptoms Persist: Clozapine Augmentation Strategies (2001)

Recent data and clinical experience confirm that, in spite of superior efficacy for treatment-refractory schizophrenia, a substantial proportion of patients receiving clozapine will continue to experience disabling symptoms. Optimizing clozapine monotherapy is the first step in the management of "clozapine nonresponders." Described here is a synthesis of the available literature on the range and efficacy of clozapine augmentation strategies that may be used when monotherapy fails. Treatment options include adjunctive antipsychotic medications, mood stabilizers, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, glycinergic agents, and electroconvulsive therapy. The evidence favoring one augmentation strategy over another is lacking; overall, adjunctive therapy is associated with only modest clinical improvement. Moreover, case series and open-labeled clinical trials dominate the extant literature, and there is a dearth of double-blind trials comparing these augmentation agents. Current systematic efforts to enhance the treatment of these patients with adjunctive therapies are worthy of being studied in carefully conducted clinical trials.
Axotomy-induced axonal degeneration is mediated by calcium influx through ion-specific channels (1995)

We examined the role of extracellular calcium entry, the possible involvement of axonal calcium channels, and the potential protective effect of calcium channel and calpain antagonists in axotomy-induced axonal degeneration using murine dorsal root ganglia in cell culture. We found that calcium entry is both necessary and sufficient to induce axonal degeneration after axotomy, and may be inhibited by cobalt, manganese, dihydropyridines, and bepridil. Tetrodotoxin and omega-conotoxin are ineffective in preventing axonal degeneration. The activation of calpains also appears to be necessary and sufficient for axonal degeneration to proceed, and can be blocked with membrane-permeant leupeptin analogs and the oxirane aloxistatin. Although other calcium-activated events may occur, it appears that inhibition of calpain is sufficient to preserve the axon at the light microscope level, and to prevent axonal cytoskeleton degradation as detected by immunofluorescent staining. Our results suggest that axonal degeneration after axotomy involves the following sequence of events: (1) a lag-period after axotomy prior to the onset of axonal degeneration, (2) entry of calcium into the axon through an intact axolemma via a calcium-specific ion transport mechanism, (3) activation of calcium-dependent effector molecules such as calpains, (4) degradation of the axonal cytoskeleton. The details of the second step require further elucidation, and are of particular interest because this step is a potential target for therapies directed towards peripheral neuropathies.
The EntF and EntE adenylation domains of Escherichia coli enterobactin synthetase: Sequestration and selectivity in acyl-AMP transfers to thiolation domain cosubstrates (2000)

Enterobactin, the tris-(N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)serine) trilactone siderophore of Escherichia coli, is synthesized by a three-protein (EntE, B, F) six-module nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). In this work, the 142-kDa four-domain protein EntF was bisected into two double-domain fragments: a 108-kDa condensation and adenylation construct, EntF C-A, and a 37-kDa peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) and thioesterase protein, EntF PCP-TE. The adenylation domain activity of EntF C-A formed seryl-AMP but lost the ability to transfer the seryl moiety to the cognate EntF PCP-TE in trans. Seryl transfer to heterologous PCP protein fragments, the SrfB1 PCP from surfactin synthetase and Ybt PCP1 from yersiniabactin synthetase, was observed at rates of 0.5 min(-1) and 0.01 min(-1), respectively. The possibility that these slow acylation rates reflected dissociation of acyl/aminoacyl-AMP followed by adventitious thiolation by the heterologous PCPs in solution was addressed by measuring catalytic turnover of pyrophosphate (PP(i)) released from the adenylation domain. The holo SrfB1 PCP protein as well as Ybt PCP1 did not stimulate an increase in PP(i) release from EntF C-A or EntE. In this light, aminoacylations in trans between A and PCP domain fragments of NRPS assembly lines must be subjected to kinetic scrutiny to determine whether transfer is truly between protein domains or results from slow aminoacyl-AMP release and subsequent nonenzymatic thiol capture.
Cloning and Characterization of a Eukaryotic Pantothenate Kinase Gene (panK) from Aspergillus nidulans (1999)

Pantothenate kinase (PanK) is the key regulatory enzyme in the CoA biosynthetic pathway. The PanK gene from Escherichia coli (coaA) has been previously cloned and the enzyme biochemically characterized; highly related genes exist in other prokaryotes. We isolated a PanK cDNA clone from the eukaryotic fungus Aspergillus nidulans by functional complementation of a temperature-sensitive E. coli PanK mutant. The cDNA clone allowed the isolation of the genomic clone and the characterization of the A. nidulans gene designated panK. The panK gene is located on chromosome 3 (linkage group III), is interrupted by three small introns, and is expressed constitutively. The amino acid sequence of A. nidulans PanK (aPanK) predicted a subunit size of 46.9 kDa and bore little resemblance to its bacterial counterpart, whereas a highly related protein was detected in the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In contrast to E. coli PanK (bPanK), which is regulated by CoA and to a lesser extent by its thioesters, aPanK activity was selectively and potently inhibited by acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA inhibition of aPanK was competitive with respect to ATP. Thus, the eukaryotic PanK has a distinct primary structure and unique regulatory properties that clearly distinguish it from its prokaryotic counterpart.
The use of subwoofers in the context of surround sound program reproduction (1998)

As part of the Eureka 1187 (ADTT) project, an audio working group conducted brief assessments of different subwoofer arrangements on the premises of Bang & Olufsen in Struer, Denmark, during 1996 April. The aim was to determine, for the test environment and the loudspeakers used, what constraints there might be on the location and the number of subwoofers needed to support a 3/2 surround sound system. The conclusion were that for a crossover frequency of 85 Hz, a single subwoofer, located at the boundary of the room, would suffice. This leads to useful economies in the design of the main loudspeakers themselves.
Narrow-band pass filter array for integrated opto-electronic spectroscopy detectors to assess esophageal tissue (2011)

A strategy for spectroscopy tissue diagnosis using a small number of wavelengths is reported. The feasibility to accurately quantify tissue information using only 16 wavelengths is demonstrated with several wavelength reduction simulations of the existing esophageal data set. These results are an important step for the development of a miniaturized, robust and low-cost spectroscopy system. This system is based on a sub-millimeter high-selective filter array that offers prospects for a simplified miniature spectrographic detector for a future diagnostic tool to improve the diagnosis of dysplasia. Several thin-film optical filters are optimized and fabricated and its spectral performance is shown to be sufficient for the selection of specific wavelength bands.