gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biohydrogen Production as a Function of pH and Substrate Concentration (2001)

The conversion of organics in wastewaters into hydrogen gas could serve the dual role of renewable energy production and waste reduction. The chemical energy in a sucrose rich synthetic wastewater was recovered as hydrogen gas in this study. Using fractional factorial design batch experiments, the effect of varying pH (4.5-7.5) and substrate concentration (1.5-44.8 g COD/L) and their interaction on hydrogen gas production were tested. Mixed bacterial cultures obtained from a compost pile, a potato field, and a soybean field were heated to inhibit hydrogen-consuming methanogens and to enrich sporeforming, hydrogen-producing acidogens. It was determined that the highest rate (74.7 mL H2/(L*h)) of hydrogen production occurred at a pH of 5.5 and a substrate concentration of 7.5 g COD/Lwith a conversion efficiency of 38.9 mL H2/(g COD/L). The highest conversion efficiency was 46.6 mL H2/(g COD/L).
Enantioselective Organocatalytic Transfer Hydrogenation Reactions using Hantzsch Esters (2007)

Within the realm of catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation, the focus continues to be on the use of chiral metal complexes in conjunction with a hydrogen source. Recently, the widespread development of organocatalysis, including the invention of iminium activation, has led to the discovery of many new enantioselective transformations. Based on this strategy, a number of bioinspired processes for the enantioselective organocatalytic transfer hydrogenation of alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and imines have been discovered. These topics will be the focus of this Account.
A MYOELECTRICALLY CONTROLLED PROSTHETIC HAND FOR TRANSMETACARPAL AMPUTATIONS. (2002)

We have developed a new externally-powered, myoelectrically controlled partial hand\nprosthesis that is suitable for fitting those persons with amputations at or more proximal to the\nlevel of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. This hand mechanism is capable of reasonable\npinch forces (12 lbsf) and fast opening and closing (2 rads/sec). In a partial hand mechanism\nthere is very little space available for the drive mechanism if an aesthetic result is to be achieved\nand any residual motion of the wrist is to be preserved. The challenge is to be able to fit all the\nrequisite mechanisms and electronics in the highly confined volume that remains after\naccommodating the residual limb and still have reasonable performance.
Expression of neuron-specific tubulin defines a novel population in the proliferative layers of the developing telencephalon (1994)

We have used a monoclonal antibody against the neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin (TuJ1; Lee et al., 1990b) to study the distribution and morphology of immature neurons in the proliferative ventricular and subventricular zones of the developing telencephalon. Mouse brains from embryonic day 12 (E12) to postnatal day 5 (P5) were fixed either with a non-cross-linking agent, HistoChoice, or with 4% paraformaldehyde, and processed for TuJ1 immunohistochemistry. TuJ1 immunoreactivity first appeared in the proliferative zones of the developing cerebral cortex at E13-E14 as the cortical plate was emerging. After E14, tangentially oriented TuJ1-positive cells were abundant at the interface between the ventricular and subventricular zones. This tangential pattern was less conspicuous in the developing striatum. Within the cortical and striatal ventricular zone TuJ1-positive cells were less numerous and displayed a variety of orientations and morphologies. Postnatally, after the period of neurogenesis has ended, TuJ1 immunoreactivity continued to increase in the subventricular zone and remained high until the last developmental stage examined (P5). Anti-MAP2, another neuron-specific marker, never labeled the cells of the ventricular and subventricular zones, pre- or postnatally. To determine the birthdates of TuJ1-positive cells in the cortical-ventricular and subventricular zones, brains were double labeled with TuJ1 and bromodeoxyuridine according to different pulse-chase schedules. TuJ1-positive cells were postmitotic and generated throughout the period of cortical neurogenesis. Collectively, the results suggest that TuJ1 immunoreactivity distinguishes two neuronal populations: those that remain for an indefinite period of time in the proliferative zones, and those that leave the proliferative zones soon after being generated. Although the fate of the TuJ1-positive cells that reside in the proliferative zones remains unclear, their tangentially aligned orientation and their distribution suggest that they migrate independent of radial glial fibers.
Detection of BRAF mutations in colorectal tumours and peritoneal washings using a mismatch ligation assay (2005)

MLA is a suitable technique for the detection of BRAF mutations, and allows the detection of small numbers of isolated tumour cells shed from the primary tumour.
Rapid endothelialization of PhotoFix natural biomaterial vascular grafts (2003)

To date, no off-the-shelf graft has performed better than the autologous vessel in applications requiring small-bore (< 6-mm diameter) vascular grafts. Much research has been devoted to seeding endothelial cells on synthetic grafts to improve their long-term clinical performance. One key challenge is the ability to retain the endothelium on the graft lumen for extended times. The goal of this research was to develop a process to seed endothelial cells inside a vascular graft and to quickly condition the cells so as to minimize their damage or removal under physiological flow. In addition, the use of PhotoFix(R) natural biomaterial grafts as an improved substrate for human umbilical vein endothelial cells has been evaluated. A motorized system that provides uniform cell seeding of a small-diameter graft (4-mm inner diameter, 10-cm length) by automated radial rotation has been developed. The same system is subsequently adapted for gradual increases in flow rates to strengthen the endothelium, which ultimately was exposed to a final flow rate of 300 ml/min. This process is accomplished without graft transfer, decreasing risks of contamination and physical damage. Cell coverage and cell morphology were evaluated with the use of fluorescence microscopy and scanning-electron microscopy to determine the effectiveness of the flow conditioning process. It was found that endothelial cells exhibit roughly 20-50% improved adhesion to PhotoFix vessels compared to fibrin-treated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic grafts. Flow conditioning for 6 h enhanced in vitro cell retention by 24% and 40% on PhotoFix and PTFE grafts, respectively.
Effectiveness of probiotics on the duration of illness in healthy children and adults who develop common acute respiratory infectious conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2014)

Recent systematic reviews have reported a positive, although modest, effect of probiotics in terms of preventing common cold symptoms. In this systematic review, the effect of probiotics, specifically Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains, on the duration of acute respiratory infections in otherwise healthy children and adults was evaluated. To identify relevant trials, eight databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), Health Technology Assessment (HTA), Science Citation Index (SCI) and OAISTER, were searched from inception to 20 July 2012. Details regarding unpublished studies/databases were also obtained from probiotic manufacturers. Study selection, data extraction and quality assessment were carried out by two reviewers. Risk of bias was assessed using criteria adapted from those published by the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. In this review, twenty randomised controlled trials (RCT) were included, of which twelve were considered to have a low risk of bias. Meta-analysis revealed significantly fewer numbers of days of illness per person (standardised mean difference (SMD) - 0·31 (95% CI - 0·41, - 0·11), I²= 3%), shorter illness episodes by almost a day (weighted mean difference - 0·77 (95% CI - 1·50, - 0·04), I²= 80%) (without an increase in the number of illness episodes), and fewer numbers of days absent from day care/school/work (SMD - 0·17 (95% CI - 0·31, - 0·03), I²= 67%) in participants who received a probiotic intervention than in those who had taken a placebo. Reasons for heterogeneity between the studies were explored in subgroup analysis, but could not be explained, suggesting that the effect sizes found may differ between the population groups. This systematic review provides evidence from a number of good-quality RCT that probiotics reduce the duration of illness in otherwise healthy children and adults.
Candidate influenza vaccines based on recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (2009)

Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is attractive and promising as a novel viral vector for the expression of foreign genes of interest because it possesses unique properties. In particular, its excellent safety profile and the availability of versatile vector technologies have frequently made MVA the vaccinia virus of choice for preclinical and clinical studies. Owing to its avirulence and deficiency to productively replicate after in vivo inoculation, MVA can be used under biosafety level 1 conditions. In addition to a better safety profile than replication competent vaccinia viruses, the use of MVA leads to similar levels of gene expression and has better immunostimulatory properties and improved efficacy as a recombinant vaccine. In animal models, recombinant MVA vaccines were immunogenic and induced protective immunity against various infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. Here we review the progress that has been made in the development of recombinant MVA as a viral vector and candidate pandemic influenza H5N1 vaccine. Specifically, we will focus on the preclinical evaluation of recombinant MVA vector as pandemic influenza A/H5N1 vaccine candidates and discuss the possible future approaches for the use of these novel MVA-based vaccines.
The pH variation of steady-state kinetic parameters of site-specific Co(2+)-reconstituted liver alcohol dehydrogenase. A mechanistic probe for the assignment of metal-linked ionizations. (1991)

To identify ionizations of the active site metal-bound water in horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.1), the pH, solvent isotope, temperature, and anion dependences of the steady-state kinetic parameters kcat and kcat/KM have been evaluated under initial velocity conditions for the native and the active site-specific Co(2+)-reconstituted enzyme. In the oxidation of benzyl alcohol, a bell-shaped pattern of four prototropic equilibria was observed under conditions of saturating concentrations of NAD+. It is shown that the ionizations governing kcat (pK1 congruent to 6.7, pK2 congruent to 10.6) belong to the ternary enzyme-NAD(+)-alcohol complex, whereas the ionizations governing kcat/KM (pK1' congruent to 7.5, pK2' congruent to 8.9) belong to the binary enzyme-NAD+ complex. The ionizations pK1 and pK1' are not influenced by metal substitution and are ascribed to His-51 on the basis of experimental estimates of their associated enthalpies of ionization. On the other hand, pK2 and pK2' are significantly decreased (delta pKa congruent to 1.0) in the Co(2+)-enzyme and are attributed to the active site metal-bound water molecule. The shape of the pH profiles requires that the metal ion coordinates a neutral water molecule in the ternary enzyme-NAD(+)-alcohol complex under physiological conditions. The possible catalytic role of the water molecule within a pentacoordinate metal ion complex in the active site is discussed.
Underwater augmented reality game using the DOLPHYN (2012)

The introduction of virtual and mixed realities in aquatic leisure activities constitutes a technological rupture when compared with the status of related technologies. With the extension of Internet to underwater applications, the innovative character of the project becomes evident, and the impact of this development in the littoral and beach tourism may be considerable. In fact, there are recent developments to extend the use of computers and computer components, such as the mouse, to underwater uses. The Dolphyn is an underwater-computerized display system with various sensors and devices conceived for existing swimming pools and for beach shores, associating computer functions, video gaming and multisensory simulations.
Contour Tone Licensing and Contour Tone Representation (2004)

In this paper, I argue that the positional restrictions of contour tones do not result from their bimoraicity requirement for licensing. The arguments come from the licensing advantage of syllables in positions that are not moraically privileged, the extra levels of markedness distinction in contour tones that go beyond the maximum mora count allowed in the theory, the differences among contour tones with the same number of pitch targets, and the long lasting problem of moraic inconsistency. I propose a theoretical apparatus that allows more phonetic detail in both the tonal shape and rime duration to enter into phonological representations and show that it on the one hand provides a better account for the cross-linguistic behavior of contour tone licensing, but on the other hand does not endanger the predictive power of phonological theory.
Factoring in a dissipative quantum computer (1996)

We describe an array of quantum gates implementing Shor's algorithm [in Proceedings of the 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, edited by S. Goldwasser (IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, 1994), p. 116; (unpublished); Phys. Rev. A 53, R2493 (1995)] for prime factorization in a quantum computer. The array includes a circuit for modular exponentiation with several subcomponents (such as controlled multipliers and adders) that are described in terms of elementary Toffoli gates. We present a simple analysis of the impact of losses and decoherence on the performance of this quantum factoring circuit. For that purpose, we simulate a quantum computer that is running the program to factor N=15 while interacting with a dissipative environment. As a consequence of this interaction, randomly selected quantum bits (qubits) may spontaneously decay. Using the results of our numerical simulations, we analyze the efficiency of some simple error correction techniques. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Extracellular HIV-1 Tat Protein Induces the Rapid Ser133 Phosphorylation and Activation of CREB Transcription Factor in Both Jurkat Lymphoblastoid T Cells and Primary Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (1998)

Extracellular HIV-1 Tat protein (0.1-100 ng/ml) induced a rapid (peak at 30 min) increase in the Ser133 phosphorylation levels of the transcription factor CREB in serum-starved Jurkat cells, as revealed by Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence analyses. Nuclear cAMP-responsive element (CRE) binding activity in electrophoretic mobility shift assays was constitutive in unstimulated Jurkat cells, showing only a small increase upon Tat treatment. However, transient transfection experiments performed with various chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CAT) constructs showed that Tat produced a fourfold induction of CAT activity only in the presence of a CRE-dependent CAT construct. Moreover, the use of plasmids encoding for GAL4-CREB fusion proteins demonstrated that Tat induction of pG4-CAT reporter gene required the CREB moiety of the GAL4-CREB fusion protein and that Ser133 CREB was essential for Tat activity. Extracellular Tat also stimulated Ser133 CREB phosphorylation in freshly isolated PBMC; this effect was completely blocked by either staurosporin, a broad-spectrum inhibitor of various protein kinases, or PD 98059, a specific inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Furthermore, extracellular Tat induced a rapid (peak at 5-15 min) stimulation of the MAPK catalytic activity in primary PBMC. Altogether, these findings suggest that HIV-1 Tat protein activates CREB in lymphoid cells through a signal cascade involving the MAPK pathway.
Photo tourism (2006)

We present a system for interactively browsing and exploring large unstructured collections of photographs of a scene using a novel 3D interface. Our system consists of an image-based modeling front end that automatically computes the viewpoint of each photograph as well as a sparse 3D model of the scene and image to model correspondences. Our photo explorer uses image-based rendering techniques to smoothly transition between photographs, while also enabling full 3D navigation and exploration of the set of images and world geometry, along with auxiliary information such as overhead maps. Our system also makes it easy to construct photo tours of scenic or historic locations, and to annotate image details, which are automatically transferred to other relevant images. We demonstrate our system on several large personal photo collections as well as images gathered from Internet photo sharing sites.
Mox-1 and Mox-2 define a novel homeobox gene subfamily and are differentially expressed during early mesodermal patterning in mouse embryos (1992)

We have isolated two mouse genes, Mox-1 and Mox-2 that, by sequence, genomic structure and expression pattern, define a novel homeobox gene family probably involved in mesodermal regionalization and somitic differentiation. Mox-1 is genetically linked to the keratin and Hox-2 genes of chromosome 11, while Mox-2 maps to chromosome 12. At primitive streak stages (approximately 7.0 days post coitum), Mox-1 is expressed in mesoderm lying posterior of the future primordial head and heart. It is not expressed in neural tissue, ectoderm, or endoderm. Mox-1 expression may therefore define an extensive 'posterior' domain of embryonic mesoderm before, or at the earliest stages of, patterning of the mesoderm and neuroectoderm by the Hox cluster genes. Between 7.5 and 9.5 days post coitum, Mox-1 is expressed in presomitic mesoderm, epithelial and differentiating somites (dermatome, myotome and sclerotome) and in lateral plate mesoderm. In the body of midgestation embryos, Mox-1 signal is restricted to loose undifferentiated mesenchyme. Mox-1 signal is also prominent over the mesenchyme of the heart cushions and truncus arteriosus, which arises from epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and over a limited number of craniofacial foci of neural crest-derived mesenchyme that are associated with muscle attachment sites. The expression profile of Mox-2 is similar to, but different from, that of Mox-1. For example, Mox-2 is apparently not expressed before somites form, is then expressed over the entire epithelial somite, but during somitic differentiation, Mox-2 signal rapidly becomes restricted to sclerotomal derivatives. The expression patterns of these genes suggest regulatory roles for Mox-1 and Mox-2 in the initial anterior-posterior regionalization of vertebrate embryonic mesoderm and, in addition, in somite specification and differentiation.
Glutamate Induces Calcium Waves in Cultured Astrocytes: Long-Range Glial Signaling (1990)

The finding that astrocytes possess glutamate-sensitive ion channels hinted at a previously unrecognized signaling role for these cells. Now it is reported that cultured hippocampal astrocytes can respond to glutamate with a prompt and oscillatory elevation of cytoplasmic free calcium, visible through use of the fluorescent calcium indicator fluo-3. Two types of glutamate receptor--one preferring quisqualate and releasing calcium from intracellular stores and the other preferring kainate and promoting surface-membrane calcium influx--appear to be involved. Moreover, glutamate-induced increases in cytoplasmic free calcium frequently propagate as waves within the cytoplasm of individual astrocytes and between adjacent astrocytes in confluent cultures. These propagating waves of calcium suggest that networks of astrocytes may constitute a long-range signaling system within the brain.
KINETICS OF INDUCTION OF TRANSPLANTATION TOLERANCE WITH A NONDEPLETING ANTI-Cd4 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY AND DONOR-SPECIFIC TRANSFUSION BEFORE TRANSPLANTATION (1996)

The combination of a depleting anti-Cd43 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and a single donor-specific transfusion before transplantation has been shown to induce operational transplantation tolerance in the majority of cardiac allograft recipients in a mouse model. To examine a protocol which might be more clinically relevant, we have modified this tolerance-inducing protocol by substituting the depleting with a nondepleting anti-Cd4 mAb. We show that this form of pretreatment can also induce immunologic unresponsiveness in most recipients (C3H/He, H2(k)), provided a critical period of time, in this case 28 days, is allowed between pretreatment and transplantation of a fully mismatched heart graft (H2(b)). When only 1 or 2 weeks were allowed between pretreatment and transplantation, only slight graft prolongation was obtained when compared with recipients receiving anti-Cd4 mAb alone, at these time points. Maintenance of tolerance in this model was due, at least in part, to active mechanisms as immunologic unresponsiveness to donor antigens could be transferred to naive syngeneic mice by splenocytes from recipients bearing long-term functioning grafts. These findings suggest that a population of regulatory cells develop after pretreatment with nondepleting anti-Cd4 mAb and donor-specific transfusion, and that it takes at least 1 month for these cells to expand and effectively drive the recipient's immune system toward immunologic unresponsiveness.
Incorporation of the B18R Gene of Vaccinia Virus Into an Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Improves Antitumor Activity (2012)

Interferon (IFN) antiviral defense mechanism plays a critical role in controlling virus infection. It thus represents a formidable hurdle for virotherapy. Despite the reported ability of herpes simplex virus (HSV) to counteract this defense, the duration and extent of HSV infection in vivo is still largely dictated by host's IFN activity status. Because the HSV genes that have been reported to block IFN activity mainly act intracellularly, we hypothesized that their inhibitory effect could be enhanced by exploiting a gene whose product acts extracellularly. The B18R gene from vaccinia virus encodes a secreted decoy receptor with a broad antagonizing effect against type I IFNs. We therefore cloned B18R into an HSV-1-based oncolytic virus to generate Synco-B18R. In the presence of increased IFN levels in vitro, Synco-B18R largely retained its oncolytic effect, whereas the tumor-killing ability of the parental virus, Synco-2D, was severely compromised. When injected intratumorally in vivo, Synco-B18R showed significantly greater oncolytic activity than Synco-2D. Our results suggest that incorporation of the vaccinia virus B18R gene can safely potentiate the antitumor effect of an oncolytic HSV, and that similar strategies may be useful with other types of oncolytic viruses.
The feasibility of using ultrasound for cardiac ablation (1995)

The feasibility of using ultrasound to induce cardiac tissue necrosis for the treatment of arrhythmias was investigated. A theoretical model was used to optimize the operating frequency for necrosis of highly perfused muscle tissue. From these simulations it appeared that frequencies from 10-15 MHz produce the deepest lesions at ultrasound intensities between 15 and 30 W/cm2. Test catheters with a planar ultrasound transducer (diameter 2.3 mm = 7 F) were also constructed and in vitro and in vivo tests with canine heart muscle were performed. Both of these tests showed that the ultrasound catheters could deliver adequate energy to necrose cardiac tissue. The in vivo lesion depths of 5-9 mm indicated that ultrasound has significant potential for cardiac ablation for the treatment of arrhythmias.