gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Effects of Batch and Weight Normalization in Generative Adversarial Networks (2017)

Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are highly effective unsupervised learning frameworks that can generate very sharp data, even for data such as images with complex, highly multimodal distributions. However GANs are known to be very hard to train, suffering from problems such as mode collapse and disturbing visual artifacts. Batch normalization (BN) techniques have been introduced to address the training. Though BN accelerates the training in the beginning, our experiments show that the use of BN can be unstable and negatively impact the quality of the trained model. The evaluation of BN and numerous other recent schemes for improving GAN training is hindered by the lack of an effective objective quality measure for GAN models. To address these issues, we first introduce a weight normalization (WN) approach for GAN training that significantly improves the stability, efficiency and the quality of the generated samples. To allow a methodical evaluation, we introduce squared Euclidean reconstruction error on a test set as a new objective measure, to assess training performance in terms of speed, stability, and quality of generated samples. Our experiments with a standard DCGAN architecture on commonly used datasets (CelebA, LSUN bedroom, and CIFAR-10) indicate that training using WN is generally superior to BN for GANs, achieving 10% lower mean squared loss for reconstruction and significantly better qualitative results than BN. We further demonstrate the stability of WN on a 21-layer ResNet trained with the CelebA data set. The code for this paper is available at https://github.com/stormraiser/gan-weightnorm-resnet
Combining Databases and Signal Processing in Plato (2015)

Sensors generate large amounts of spatiotemporal data that have to be stored and analyzed. However, spatiotemporal data still lack the equivalent of a DBMS that would allow their declarative analysis. We argue that the reason for this is that DBMSs have been built with the assumption that the stored data are the ground truth. This is not the case with sensor measurements, which are merely incomplete and inaccurate samples of the ground truth. Based on this observation, we present Plato; an extensible DBMS for spatiotemporal sensor data that leverages signal processing algorithms to infer from the measurements the underlying ground truth in the form of statistical models. These models are then used to answer queries over the data. By operating on the model instead of the raw data, Plato achieves significant data compression and corresponding query processing speedup. Moreover, by employing models that separate the signal from the noise, Plato produces query results of higher quality than even the original measurements.
Purification and characterization of two cartilage-inducing factors from bovine demineralized bone. (1985)

Two naturally occurring peptides that induce chondrogenesis in culture have been purified to apparent homogeneity. These cartilage-inducing factors (CIF-A and CIF-B) were isolated from bovine demineralized bone by dissociative extraction, gel filtration, cation-exchange chromatography, and reversed-phase HPLC. CIF-A and CIF-B at concentrations of 1-10 ng/ml each induce embryonic rat mesenchymal cells in culture to assume a cartilage morphology and synthesize cartilage-specific proteoglycan and type II collagen. The amino acid compositions of CIF-A and CIF-B are similar but not identical. Both factors have an apparent Mr of 26,000, as determined by NaDodSO4/PAGE. In the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, both are converted to species of about one-half that Mr, indicating that they are dimers of identical or very similar chains.
Mediation of estrogen mitogenic effect in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells by PC-cell-derived growth factor (PCDGF/granulin precursor) (2000)

PC-cell-derived growth factor (PCDGF) is an 88-kDa glycoprotein corresponding to the granulin precursor. We have reported that PCDGF was expressed in human breast cancer cells. In estrogen-receptor positive cells, 17-beta-estradiol (E(2)) transcriptionally stimulated PCDGF expression in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. We demonstrate here that PCDGF mediates the mitogenic effect of E(2) in MCF-7 cells. PCDGF substituted for E(2) to stimulate DNA synthesis. The E(2) mitogenic effect was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by anti-PCDGF neutralizing antibody. Inhibition of PCDGF expression by antisense transfection also inhibited the E(2) mitogenic effect. In contrast, overexpression of PCDGF in MCF-7 cells resulted in cells that were able to proliferate in the absence of estrogen and were tamoxifen resistant. The PCDGF signaling pathway was examined. Like E(2), PCDGF stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. PCDGF could substitute for E(2) in stimulating cyclin D1 expression. The cyclin D1 stimulation by E(2) was 50% inhibited by anti-PCDGF antibody. In contrast, PCDGF did not stimulate c-myc expression, another molecular target of E(2). We conclude that autocrine PCDGF mediates the E(2) mitogenic effect via stimulation of cyclin D1. These studies provide information on estrogen action and identify an autocrine molecular target in human breast cancer cells.
In Situ Hydrothermal Growth of Metal−Organic Framework 199 Films on Stainless Steel Fibers for Solid-Phase Microextraction of Gaseous Benzene Homologues (2009)

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have received great attention due to their fascinating structures and intriguing potential applications in various fields. Herein, we report the first example of the utilization of MOFs for solid-phase microextraction (SPME). MOF-199 with unique pores and open metal sites (Lewis acid sites) was employed as the coating for SPME fiber to extract volatile and harmful benzene homologues. The SPME fiber was fabricated by in situ hydrothermal growth of thin MOF-199 films on etched stainless steel wire. The MOF-199-coated fiber not only offered large enhancement factors from 19,613 (benzene) to 110,860 (p-xylene), but also exhibited wide linearity with 3 orders of magnitude for the tested benzene homologues. The limits of detection for the benzene homologues were 8.3-23.3 ng L(-1). The relative standard deviation (RSD) for six replicate extractions using one SPME fiber ranged from 2.0% to 7.7%. The fiber-to-fiber reproducibility for three parallel prepared fibers was 3.5%-9.4% (RSD). Indoor air samples were analyzed for the benzene homologues using the SPME with the MOF-199-coated fiber in combination with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. The recoveries for the spiked benzene homologues in the collected indoor air samples were in the range of 87%-106%. The high affinity of the MOF-199-coated fiber to benzene homologues resulted from the combined effects of the large surface area and the unique porous structure of the MOF-199, the pi-pi interactions of the aromatic rings of the analytes with the framework 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid molecules, and the pi-complexation of the electron-rich analytes to the Lewis acid sites in the pores of MOF-199.
A predicted S‐type pyocin shows a bactericidal activity against clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates through membrane damage (2010)

The nucleic acid sequence at the positions 1067817-1066321 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 genome was predicted to encode a novel S-type pyocin, designated S5, based on the genome sequence. However, its antimicrobial spectrum, activity and mechanism have not been investigated. Herein, we report that pyocin S5 has an antimicrobial activity against seven clinical P. aeruginosa isolates (DWW3, InA, InB, In3, In4, In7, and In8). Among them, DWW3 is most sensitive with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.6 microg/ml and a killing percentage of 95.7 at 225 microg/ml. Further, we demonstrated that the antimicrobial mechanism of pyocin S5 is membrane damage, evidenced by the leakage of intracellular materials, the increase of membrane permeability, and cell surface disruption.
Irreversible Electroporation Therapy in the Management of Locally Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (2012)

IRE ablation of locally advanced pancreatic cancer tumors is a safe and feasible primary local treatment in unresectable, locally advanced disease. Confirming these early results must occur in a planned phase II investigational device exemption (IDE) study to be initiated in 2012.
Quotas for Women (1998)

Abstract In recent decades, a significant number of political parties have taken steps to increase the representation of women in national assemblies, often by introducing gender quotas. The arguments for this fall into four categories: those that dwell on the role model that successful women politicians offer; those that appeal to principles of justice between the sexes; those that identify particular interests of women that would otherwise be overlooked; and those that see women as introducing new forms of political behaviour. The case for quotas depends on the idea that interests are gendered, but should not presume a unitary set of women's interests. The use of quotas raises new questions about the accountability of representatives to their constituents.
Intense lasing in discharge excited noble-gas monochlorides (1978)

Intense lasing of XeCl (180 mJ) and KrCl (100 mJ) occurs using HCl as the halogen doner. The low energies obtained from e-beam devices are believed to result from Ar+2 molecular-ion absorption. Very long XeCl lasing lifetime with respect to gas fill is observed; this is postulated to be the result of photodissociation of Cl2 due to the laser wavelength which, in turn, results in enhanced rates for the formation of HCl.
Lysophosphatidate Induces Chemo-Resistance by Releasing Breast Cancer Cells from Taxol-Induced Mitotic Arrest (2011)

This work demonstrates a previously unknown consequence of lysophosphatidate action that explains why autotaxin and lysophosphatidate protect against Taxol-induced cell death and promote resistance to the action of this important therapeutic agent.
Molecular cloning and expression of the cDNA for a novel A2-adenosine receptor subtype. (1992)

A novel adenosine receptor subtype has been cloned from a rat brain cDNA library using a probe generated by the polymerase chain reaction. The cDNA, designated RFL9, encodes a protein of 332 amino acids. The structure of RFL9 is most similar to that of the recently cloned rat A2-adenosine receptor, with a sequence identity of 73% within the presumed seven transmembrane domains. Expression of RFL9 in COS-6M cells resulted in ligand binding and functional activity characteristics of an adenosine receptor that is coupled positively to adenylyl cyclase. Examination of the tissue distribution of RFL9 mRNA by Northern blot analysis showed a restricted distribution with highest levels expressed in large intestine, cecum, and urinary bladder; this pattern was distinct from that of either the A1- or A2-adenosine receptor mRNAs. In situ hybridization studies of RFL9 mRNA showed no specific hybridization pattern in brain, but a hybridization signal was readily observed in the hypophyseal pars tuberalis. Thus, RFL9 encodes a novel A2-adenosine receptor subtype.
Cell Type-specific Post-translational Modifications of Mouse Osteopontin Are Associated with Different Adhesive Properties (2007)

Osteopontin (OPN) is a highly modified integrin-binding protein found in all body fluids. Expression of OPN is strongly correlated with poor prognosis in many different human cancers, suggesting an important but poorly understood role for this protein in tumorigenesis and metastasis. The protein exists in a number of different isoforms differing in the degree of post-translational modifications that are likely to exhibit different functional properties. This study examines for the first time the post-translational modifications of OPN from transformed cells and the effects of these modifications on cell biology. We have characterized the complete phosphorylation and glycosylation patterns of OPN expressed by murine ras-transformed fibroblasts (FbOPN) and differentiating osteoblasts (ObOPN) by a combination of mass spectrometric analyses and Edman degradation. Mass spectrometric analysis showed masses of 34.9 and 35.9 kDa for FbOPN and ObOPN, respectively. Enzymatic dephosphorylation, sequence, and mass analyses demonstrated that FbOPN contains approximately four phosphate groups distributed over 16 potential phosphorylation sites, whereas ObOPN contains approximately 21 phosphate groups distributed over 27 sites. Five residues are O-glycosylated in both isoforms. These residues are fully modified in FbOPN, whereas one site is partially glycosylated in ObOPN. Although both forms of OPN mediated robust integrin-mediated adhesion of mouse ras-transformed fibroblasts, the less phosphorylated FbOPN mediated binding of MDA-MD-435 human tumor cells almost 6-fold more than the heavy phosphorylated ObOPN. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the degree of phosphorylation of OPN produced by different cell types can regulate its function.
The characterisation and modelling of electrostrictive ceramics for transducers (1999)

Abstract We have measured the electromechanical properties of the “reversible” electrostrictive ceramic (TRS Ceramics Inc) PMN/PT/La (0.9/0.1/1%) at room temperature, which is slightly above Tmax, the temperature at which the real part of the material's low frequency permittivity has a maximum. Under DC bias fields up to about 0.5 MV/m, the material behaves as a piezoelectric ceramic material with C\infty symmetry. The effective piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling coefficients having a linear dependence on the bias field while the dielectric constant (at constant stress) and elastic constant (at constant field) are found to have a quadratic dependence on the bias field. Under higher bias fields, the piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling coefficients begin to saturate. In order to understand our measurements, we have used Mason's model for electrostriction and we have developed a nonlinear macroscopic model for electromechanical materials based on a Taylor's series expansion of the thermodynamic potentials to third and higher order terms in field and stress. The resonance equations for the DC biased length extensional resonator have been obtained and DC biased resonance techniques are shown to be useful in determining the electrostrictive and other higher order coefficients. The saturation at higher bias fields arises from higher fourth order terms (S∞kE4, with k negative) that result from saturation in the dielectric response.
E-Cadherin/p120-Catenin and Tetraspanin Co-029 Cooperate for Cell Motility Control in Human Colon Carcinoma (2010)

Tumor invasion and metastasis are major obstacles to clinical treatment that rely on cell migration. Here, we elucidate a mechanism of colon carcinoma cell migration that is supported by the cell surface tetraspanin Co-029 (tspan8), which is known to favor tumor progression and metastasis. This mechanism is unmasked by silencing of E-cadherin or its associated adapter molecule p120-catenin (p120ctn), and it involves a switch in signaling between the collagen-binding integrins α(1)β(1) and α(2)β(1). Direct interaction between E-cadherin and Co-029 was documented by chemical cross-linking and immunohistologic analysis of colon carcinomas. High expression of Co-029 and cytoplasmic delocalization of p120ctn were each associated with poor prognosis. Cell motility was reduced severely by antibody-mediated disruption of Co-029 only when p120ctn was silenced, suggesting that tumor progression may be hindered by Co-029 targeting. Our findings define a function for tetraspanin Co-029 as a modifier of cancer cell motility and reveal an adhesion signaling network implicated in progression and metastasis.
Improving risk grouping rules for prostate cancer patients with optimization (2004)

Data mining techniques provide a popular and powerful toolset to address both clinical and management issues in the area of health care. This paper describes the study of assigning prostate cancer patients into homogenous groups with the aim to support future clinical treatment decisions. The cluster analysis based model is suggested and an application of non-smooth non-convex optimization techniques to solve this model is discussed. It is demonstrated that using the optimization based approach to data mining of a prostate cancer patients database can lead to generation of a significant amount of new knowledge that can be effectively utilized to enhance clinical decision making.
Electron drift velocity and diffusivity in germanium (1981)

Experimental results for electron drift velocity and diffusivity in germanium, obtained with the time-of-flight technique in hyperpure material, are presented for temperatures between 8 and 240 K and fields between 1 and ${10}^{4}$ V/cm oriented along $〈111〉$ and $〈100〉$ directions. An anisotropy of the drift velocity and of the diffusion coefficient is found with the electric field applied along $〈111〉$ and $〈100〉$ directions, the latter due to the intervalley diffusion. The effect of the electron-electron interaction in the anisotropy properties has also been investigated. Theoretical Monte Carlo calculations have been performed with a model which includes lower, $〈111〉$, nonparabolic bands as well as upper bands at the center of the Brillouin zone and along the $〈100〉$ directions. Acoustic scattering with proper energy relaxation, optical scattering, and intervalley scattering between equivalent and nonequivalent valleys has been taken into account. Besides drift velocities and diffusion coefficients, other quantities such as mean electron energy, electron distribution function, and valley repopulation have been obtained from the Monte Carlo simulation.
Specific binding of Haemophilus influenzae to minor gangliosides of human respiratory epithelial cells (1997)

Gangliosides are sialylated glycosphingolipids that serve as receptors for various bacteria. To investigate endogenous gangliosides of human respiratory epithelial cells as potential receptors for Haemophilus influenzae, three strains, including nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHI) 1479, and isogenic fimbriated (f+) and nonfimbriated (f0) H. influenzae type b 770235, were 3H labeled and overlaid on two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates containing either purified HEp-2 gangliosides or murine brain gangliosides. NTHI 1479 bound exclusively to two distinct minor ganglioside doublets, with mobilities near that of GM1. These minor gangliosides comprised only 14.2 and 9.4% of the total, respectively. NTHI 1479 also bound to a distinct ganglioside of human macrophages whose chromatographic mobilities closely resemble those of one of the NTHI-binding gangliosides of HEp-2 cells. H. influenzae type b 770235 f+ and f0 each bound to a different minor HEp-2 ganglioside doublet, with proportionately weaker affinity for a major ganglioside doublet. Remarkably, none of the three strains bound to any murine brain gangliosides. Moreover, when 80 to 90% of sialic acid residues were enzymatically removed from HEp-2 gangliosides, NTHI 1479 binding was proportionately impaired, compared with untreated controls. Our findings support a role for specific gangliosides of specific cells as receptors for H. influenzae strains. Our findings further demonstrate that individual minor gangliosides possess unique biological properties.
Amygdala Response to Fearful Faces in Anxious and Depressed Children (2001)

Our results suggest that amygdala function is affected in both anxiety and depression during childhood and adolescence. Moreover, this disruption appears to be specific to the child's own rating of everyday anxiety.
Absence of a sertraline-mediated effect on digoxin pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic findings. (1996)

The results of this study suggest that dosing adjustments of digoxin may not be necessary in patients receiving concomitant sertraline administration.
A new broad-band, dual-frequency coplanar waveguide fed slot-antenna (2003)

This paper describes the design of a new broad-band, dual-frequency coplanar waveguide fed slot-antenna. This antenna operates at about 27 GHz and 40 GHz. It has a return loss that is about 20 dB at each of the two operating frequencies, with a maximum gain of about 4.5 dBi. The cross-polarization is about 30 dB less than the co-polarization. Matching the antenna at the two widely separated frequencies is achieved using a special matching network of resonant slot antennas.
Stable Expression of Soluble Therapeutic Peptides in Eukaryotic Cells by Multimerisation: Application to the HIV‐1 Fusion Inhibitory Peptide C46 (2006)

A major drawback of therapeutic peptides is their short half-life, which results in the need for multiple applications and high synthesis costs. To overcome this, we established a eukaryotic expression system that allows the stable expression of small therapeutic peptides by multimerisation. By inserting the sequence encoding the therapeutic peptide between a signal peptide and the multimerising domain of the alpha-chain from the human C4bp plasma protein, therapeutic peptides as small as 5 kDa are secreted as multimers from transfected cells; this allows easy purification. As proof of principle, we show that the T20-derived HIV-1 fusion inhibitory peptide C46 in its multimeric form: i) was efficiently secreted, ii) was more stable than the current antiviral drug T20 in vitro and in vivo, and iii) inihibited HIV-1 entry with similar efficiency in vitro. Besides the gain in stability, multimerisation also leads to increased valency and allows the combination of several therapeutic functions. Furthermore, by expressing the multimers from cells, post-translational modifications could easily be introduced.
Modulations in lipid A and phospholipid biosynthesis pathways influence outer membrane protein assembly in Escherichia coli K‐12 (1998)

The assembly defect of a mutant outer membrane protein, OmpF315, can be corrected by suppressor mutations that lower lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels and indirectly elevate phospholipid levels. One such assembly suppressor mutation, asmB1, is an allele of lpxC (envA) whose product catalyses the first rate-limiting step in the lipid A (LPS) biosynthesis pathway. Besides reducing LPS levels, asmB1 confers sensitivity to MacConkey medium. A mutation, sabA1, that reverses the MacConkey sensitivity phenotype of asmB1 maps within fabZ (whose product is needed for phospholipid synthesis from a precursor) is also required for lipid A synthesis. In addition to reversing MacConkey sensitivity, the sabA1 mutation reverses the OmpF315 assembly suppression phenotype of asmB1. These results show that OmpF315 assembly suppression by asmB1, which is achieved by lowering LPS levels, can be averted by a subsequent aberration in phospholipid synthesis at a point where the biosynthetic pathways for these two lipid molecules split. OmpF315 assembly suppression can also be achieved in an asmB+ background where FabZ expression is increased. The data obtained in this study provide genetic evidence that elevated phospholipid levels and/or phospholipid to LPS ratios are necessary for assembly suppression.
Bis‐dendritic polyethylene prepared by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization in the presence of bis‐dendritic chain transfer agents (2005)

Abstract The synthesis of ABA triblock copolymers is described, in which the A blocks are poly(benzyl ether) dendrons and the B block is polycyclooctene or polyethylene. Bis‐dendritic cis ‐olefins were synthesized and used as chain transfer agents in ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of cyclooctene in a process that inserts the dendrons at the polymer chain‐ends. Evaluation of the polymer products by spectroscopic, chromatographic, and titration methods supports their triblock structure. Hydrogenation of the unsaturated polycyclooctene B‐block of these ABA triblock copolymers provides the first reported synthesis of bisdendritic polyethylene. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5429–5439, 2005