gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The capacity region of the symbol-asynchronous Gaussian multiple-access channel (1989)

An equivalent discrete-time Gaussian channel parametrized by the signal cross-correlations is derived to obtain an equivalent channel model with discrete-time outputs. The main feature introduced by the lack of symbol synchronism is that the channel has memory. This is due to the overlap of each symbol transmitted by a user with two consecutive symbols transmitted by the other user. It is shown that if the transmitters are assigned the same waveform, symbol asynchronism has no effect on the two-user capacity region of the white Gaussian channel which is equal to the Cover-Syner pentagon, whereas if the assigned waveforms are different (e.g., code division multiple access), the symbol-asynchronous capacity region is no longer a pentagon. An alternative representation of the capacity region which results in a particularly compact characterization of the fundamental limits of the multiple-access channel in the region of signal-to-noise ratios is also considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A rapid and sensitive chemiluminescence assay for evaluation of functional opsonic activity of Haemophilus influenzae type b-specific antibodies (1995)

Luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) of heterologous neutrophils was used to assess the capacity of a 1-ng/ml concentration of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)-specific antibodies to induce opsonization of Hib with autologous heat-inactivated sera from children immunized with Hib capsular polysaccharide-polyribosylribitolphosphate (Hib-PRP) conjugate vaccine. Serum samples from 15 of 36 children (42%) vaccinated with Hib-PRP conjugate vaccine had protective levels of Hib-specific antibodies of > or = 1,000 ng/ml. Ten of these 15 (67%) had poor or nonfunctional opsonic activity. Of the 10 children whose sera lacked opsonic activity, 5 (50%) presented with recurrent Hib infection. In contrast, none of the sera of 20 healthy adults lacked opsonic capability. CL intensity was proportional to the concentration of anti-Hib antibodies used for opsonization. Furthermore, the titers of Hib-PRP-specific antibody in children and adults did not correlate with opsonic activity. These results suggest that luminol-enhanced CL as described here with minute concentrations of antibody for opsonization can be used to assess functional capacity of anti-Hib antibodies after vaccination or natural infection in the evaluation of patients with recurrent infections.
Erythropoietin is neuroprotective, improves functional recovery, and reduces neuronal apoptosis and inflammation in a rodent model of experimental closed head injury (2005)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young people in industrialized countries. Although various anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic modalities have shown neuroprotective effects in experimental models of TBI, to date, no specific pharmacological agent aimed at blocking the progression of secondary brain damage has been approved for clinical use. Erythropoietin (Epo) belongs to the cytokine superfamily and has traditionally been viewed as a hematopoiesis-regulating hormone. The newly discovered neuroprotective properties of Epo lead us to investigate its effect in TBI in a mouse model of closed head injury. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) was injected at 1 and 24 h after TBI, and the effect on recovery of motor and cognitive functions, tissue inflammation, axonal degeneration, and apoptosis was evaluated up to 14 days. Motor deficits were lower, cognitive function was restored faster, and less apoptotic neurons and caspase-3 expression were found in rhEpo-treated as compared with vehicle-treated animals (P<0.05). Axons at the trauma area in rhEpo-treated mice were relatively well preserved compared with controls (shown by their density; P<0.01). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a reduced activation of glial cells by staining for GFAP and complement receptor type 3 (CD11b/CD18) in the injured hemisphere of Epo- vs. vehicle-treated animals. We propose that further studies on Epo in TBI should be conducted in order to consider it as a novel therapy for TBI.
Ultrarapid, highly efficient viral gene transfer to the heart (1997)

Gene therapy for common myocardial diseases will require effective and homogeneous gene delivery throughout the intact heart. We created two experimental models to identify and optimize parameters important for adenovirus-mediated cardiac gene transfer. In cultured rabbit ventricular myocytes, the percentage of infected cells increased with higher absolute numbers of virus particles, longer durations of virus exposure, physiological temperatures, and specific culture media compositions. Simulating the in vitro conditions, we delivered adenovirus to intact rabbit hearts by intracoronary perfusion. The percentage of infected cells increased with higher coronary flow rates, longer virus exposure times, and higher virus concentrations. Under optimal conditions, nearly 100% of myocytes expressed the reporter gene beta-galactosidase after ex vivo infection. This novel delivery method, the first to demonstrate virtually complete transduction of any intact organ, could be adapted to achieve widespread gene transfer in vivo.
P‐59: Technology of Stacking HPDLC for Higher Reflectance (2000)

Abstract The ability to stack multiple HPDLC layers between one set of electrodes is an important milestone. This will enable increased reflection efficiency for HPDLC color display, color filter and other applications. We present the results of a novel stacking technology that yields switchable, highly reflective and multicolor HPDLC devices.
Regulation of Hepatic Insig-2 by the Farnesoid X Receptor (2007)

Activation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXRalpha) affects genes controlling many pathways, including those involved in bile acid and glucose homeostasis. Here we report that a critical gene involved in cholesterol homeostasis, Insig-2, was induced when mice or cultured cells were treated with FXRalpha agonists or infected with constitutively active FXRalpha. No such induction was observed in agonist-treated FXRalpha-/- mice. Further analysis, which included EMSAs, reporter gene activation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation, identified two functional FXRalpha response elements within intron 2 of the mouse Insig-2 gene. In addition to increasing hepatic Insig-2 protein levels in wild-type mice, FXRalpha activation also reduced lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase mRNA levels and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase protein levels. Together, these changes likely account for the decrease in cholesterol synthesis observed after activation of FXR in primary hepatocytes. In conclusion, the current study links hepatic FXRalpha activation to regulation of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Articular Cartilage in the Knee. An Evaluation with Use of Fast-Spin-Echo Imaging* (1998)

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that specialized magnetic resonance imaging provides an accurate assessment of lesions of the articular cartilage of the knee. Arthroscopy was used as the comparative standard. Eighty-eight patients who had an average age of thirty-eight years were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging and subsequent arthroscopy because of a suspected meniscal or ligamentous injury. The magnetic resonance imaging was performed with a specialized sequence in the sagittal, coronal, and axial planes. Seven articular surfaces (the patellar facets, the trochlea, the femoral condyles, and the tibial plateaus) were graded prospectively on the magnetic resonance images by two independent readers with use of the 5-point classification system of Outerbridge, which was also used at arthroscopy. Six hundred and sixteen articular surfaces were assessed, and 248 lesions were identified at arthroscopy. Eighty-two surfaces had chondral softening; seventy-five, mild ulceration; fifty-three, deep ulceration, fibrillation, or a flap without exposure of subchondral bone; and thirty-eight, full-thickness wear. To simplify the statistical analysis, grades 0 and 1 were regarded as disease-negative status and grades 2, 3, and 4 were regarded as disease-positive status. When the grades that had been assigned by reader 1 were used for the analysis, magnetic resonance imaging had a sensitivity of 87 per cent (144 of 166), a specificity of 94 per cent (424 of 450), an accuracy of 92 per cent (568 of 616), a positive predictive value of 85 per cent (144 of 170), and a negative predictive value of 95 per cent (424 of 446) for the detection of a chondral lesion. Interobserver variability was minimum, as indicated by a weighted kappa statistic of 0.93 (almost perfect agreement). With use of this readily available modified magnetic resonance imaging sequence, it is possible to assess all articular surfaces of the knee accurately and thereby identify lesions that are amenable to arthroscopic treatment.
Properties of Tyrosyl Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Synthetase from Two tyrS Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 (1972)

Tyrosyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase was purified from two tyrS mutants of Escherichia coli. A comparison of the properties of the mutant and wild type enzymes demonstrated a striking difference in the apparent Km for tyrosine; it had been increased by these mutations several hundred-fold in both the ATP-pyrophosphate exchange and the tRNA acylation reactions. The affinity for the tyrosine analogue, tyramine, was not as drastically affected. There was little or no change in the apparent Km for tRNA in the acylation reaction, in its Ki in ATP-PPi exchange and in the apparent Km for tyrosyl-tRNA in deacylation. The apparent Km for ATP was also probably not altered by these mutations. The change in the Km for tyrosine and the heat lability of the mutationally altered enzymes establish that tyrS is the structural gene for tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. The growth of tyrS mutants that were phenotypically Tyr- was inhibited by phenylalanine. Phenylalanine inhibited the uptake of tyrosine into the cell which prevented protein synthesis in these mutants but not in the wild type strain.
Coherent Expanded-Aerogels (1932)

Abstract There are few topics in colloid chemistry that have experienced such extensive investigation as that of the structure of gels. Numerous hypotheses have been presented and supported by experimental data of one character or another. Certain aspects of gels have seemed to classify them as solid solutions, others as emulsions, while yet others give strong support to a two-phase, solid-liquid structure. Although the latter theory in similar form to that postulated by Nageli in 1858 has been accepted by most of the foremost colloid chemists, the evidence has not been sufficiently unequivocal to convince all. The evidence presented in the results of diffusion experiments through gels, the fact that the electrical conductivity, refractive index, and vapor pressure before and after setting are identical, at least in certain cases, and the known facts of syneresis would seem to leave little room for doubt of the two-phase nature of gels in general. A theory in order to be perfectly acceptable must, however...
An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing (2011)

The seminal importance of DNA sequencing to the life sciences, biotechnology and medicine has driven the search for more scalable and lower-cost solutions. Here we describe a DNA sequencing technology in which scalable, low-cost semiconductor manufacturing techniques are used to make an integrated circuit able to directly perform non-optical DNA sequencing of genomes. Sequence data are obtained by directly sensing the ions produced by template-directed DNA polymerase synthesis using all-natural nucleotides on this massively parallel semiconductor-sensing device or ion chip. The ion chip contains ion-sensitive, field-effect transistor-based sensors in perfect register with 1.2 million wells, which provide confinement and allow parallel, simultaneous detection of independent sequencing reactions. Use of the most widely used technology for constructing integrated circuits, the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process, allows for low-cost, large-scale production and scaling of the device to higher densities and larger array sizes. We show the performance of the system by sequencing three bacterial genomes, its robustness and scalability by producing ion chips with up to 10 times as many sensors and sequencing a human genome.
Low drive voltage (1.5 Vp.p.) and high power DFB-LD/modulatorintegrated light sources usingbandgap energy controlled selective MOVPE (1996)

The authors have reduced modulator drive voltage in DFB-LD/modulator integrated light sources (DFB/MODs) taking fabrication tolerance into account. By enhancing the quantum confined Stark effect through well width increase and optimising the doping profile, DFB/MODS with &gt;13 dB extinction ratio at 1.5 V and &gt;4 mW (+6 dBm) output power at 100 mA were achieved while maintaining a reasonably large fabrication tolerance.
Near-optimal speedup of graphics algorithms using multigauge parallel computers. Technical report (1986)

Although the Amsel criteria method is a convenient and inexpensive means of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis, it is not always reliable. Alternative reliable and inexpensive diagnostic methods that unify clinical and microbiological parameters, thus increasing sensitivity while retaining specificity, are needed.
<title>Enhanced biosensor performance using an avidin-biotin bridge for antibody immobilization</title> (1997)

Maintaining antibody function after immobilization is critical to the performance of a biosensor. The conventional methods to immobilize antibodies onto surfaces are via covalent attachment using a crosslinker or by adsorption. Often, these methods of immobilization result in partial denaturation of the antibody and conformational changes leading to a reduced activity of the antibody. In this paper, we report on the immobilization of antibodies onto the surface of an optical fiber through an avidin-biotin bridge for the detection of ricin, ovalbumin, and Bacillus globigii (Bg). The assays are performed in a sandwich format. First, a capture antibody is immobilized, followed by the addition of the analyte. Finally, a fluorophore- labeled antibody is added for the specific detection of the analyte. The evanescent wave-induced fluorescence is coupled back through the same fiber to be detected using a photodiode. In all cases, we observe an improved performance of the biosensor, i.e., lower limit of detection and wide linear dynamic range, for the assays in which the antibody is immobilized via avidin-biotin bridges compared to covalent attachment method.
In vitro Evaluation of the Hemostatic Effectiveness of Non Viable Platelet Preparations: Studies with Frozen‐Thawed, Sonicated or Lyophilized Platelets (1997)

Preparations containing nonviable platelets may still retain some hemostatic properties.
Immunoreactive calcitonin in amyloid fibrils of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. An immunogold staining technique. (1986)

A lymph node containing metastatic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland was examined immunohistochemically for the presence of calcitonin by light and electron microscopy. Electron microscopy showed dense, selective labeling of the tumor-associated amyloid fibrils and labeling of the scanty intracytoplasmic neurosecretory granules. By light microscopy, a few tumor cells showed strong staining, whereas the amyloid fibrils showed equivocal staining.
Cardioprotective effects of 70-kDa heat shock protein in transgenic mice. (1996)

Heat shock proteins are proposed to limit injury resulting from diverse environmental stresses, but direct metabolic evidence for such a cytoprotective function in vertebrates has been largely limited to studies of cultured cells. We generated lines of transgenic mice to express human 70-kDa heat shock protein constitutively in the myocardium. Hearts isolated from these animals demonstrated enhanced recovery of high energy phosphate stores and correction of metabolic acidosis following brief periods of global ischemia sufficient to induce sustained abnormalities of these variables in hearts from nontransgenic littermates. These data demonstrate a direct cardioprotective effect of 70-kDa heat shock protein to enhance postischemic recovery of the intact heart.
Immune and inflammatory responses in TNF alpha-deficient mice: a critical requirement for TNF alpha in the formation of primary B cell follicles, follicular dendritic cell networks and germinal centers, and in the maturation of the humoral immune response. (1996)

To investigate the role of TNF alpha in the development of in vivo immune response we have generated TNF alpha-deficient mice by gene targeting. Homozygous mutant mice are viable and fertile, develop lymph nodes and Peyer's patches and show no apparent phenotypic abnormalities, indicating that TNF alpha is not required for normal mouse development. In the absence of TNF alpha mice readily succumb to L. monocytogenes infections and show reduced contact hypersensitivity responses. Furthermore, TNF alpha knockout mice are resistant to the systemic toxicity of LPS upon D-galactosamine sensitization, yet they remain sensitive to high doses of LPS alone. Most interestingly, TNF alpha knockout mice completely lack splenic primary B cell follicles and cannot form organized follicular dendritic cell (FDC) networks and germinal centers. However, despite the absence of B cell follicles, Ig class-switching can still occur, yet deregulated humoral immune responses against either thymus-dependent (TD) or thymus-independent (TI) antigens are observed. Complementation of TNF alpha functioning by the expression of either human or murine TNF alpha transgenes is sufficient to reconstitute these defects, establishing a physiological role for TNF alpha in regulating the development and organization of splenic follicular architecture and in the maturation of the humoral immune response.
Duration of Lactation and Maternal Adipokines at 3 Years Postpartum (2011)

In this prospective cohort study, we found a direct relationship between the duration of lactation and both ghrelin and PYY at 3 years postpartum.
Nanomaterials in Targeting Cancer Stem Cells for Cancer Therapy (2017)

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in almost all cancers and give rise to metastases and can also act as a reservoir of cancer cells that may cause a relapse after surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. Thus they are obvious targets in therapeutic approaches and also a great challenge in cancer treatment. The threat presented by CSCs lies in their unlimited proliferative ability and multidrug resistance. These findings have necessitated an effective novel strategy to target CSCs for cancer treatment. Nanomaterials are on the route to providing novel methods in cancer therapies. Although, there have been a large number of excellent work in the field of targeted cancer therapy, it remains an open question how nanomaterials can meet future demands for targeting and eradicating of CSCs. In this review, we summarized recent and highlighted future prospects for targeting CSCs for cancer therapies by using a variety of nanomaterials.
Cleavage of disulfide bonds in endocytosed macromolecules. A processing not associated with lysosomes or endosomes. (1990)

Whereas there is biological evidence that the reductive cleavage of disulfide bonds is critical for the activation of endocytosed macromolecules such as toxins, immunotoxins, and other drug carriers, virtually nothing is known about the specifics of this cleavage. To study this process, a model compound was synthesized in which a radioiodinated tyramine was linked through a disulfide bond to an undegradable carrier, poly(D-lysine), known to be efficiently endocytosed. Cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells were pulse-labeled with this probe, and the disulfide cleavage was measured as released acid-soluble radioactivity at different times of chase. Pulse-labeled cells were also subjected to subcellular fractionation to identify intracellular structures associated with disulfide cleavage. Cleavage began without lag, amounted to about approximately 7% of the initial cell-bound radioactivity in the first hour and continued for more than 6 h. It was abolished in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide. When sulfhydryl groups present at the cell surface were blocked with cell-impermeant sulfhydryl reagent, the initial phase of disulfide cleavage was inhibited, indicating that cleavage began at the cell surface. A long-lasting intracellular phase of disulfide cleavage began after about approximately 30 min of chase. Subcellular fractionation and kinetic analysis indicated that neither lysosomes nor endosomes were participating in that phase, leaving the Golgi apparatus as the most probable site of endocytic disulfide cleavage.
Increased UDP-GlcNAc:Gal beta 1-3GaLNAc-R (GlcNAc to GaLNAc) beta-1, 6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity in metastatic murine tumor cell lines. Control of polylactosamine synthesis (1991)

Malignant transformation of rodent cell lines by polyoma virus and by activated ras genes is associated with increased UDP-GlcNAc:Man alpha-R beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GlcNAc-transferase V) activity and it product -GlcNAc beta 1-6Man alpha 1-6Man beta 1-branched Asn-linked oligosaccharides. In this report, we have compared beta 1-6GlcNAc branching of core O- and N-linked oligosaccharides in three experimental models of malignancy, namely (a) rat2 fibroblasts and their malignant T24H-ras-transfected counterpart; (b) benign SP1 mammary carcinoma cells and two metastic sublines of SP1; and (c) the metastatic MDAY-D2 lymphoma cell line and its poorly metastatic glycosylation mutant KBL-1. In addition to the previously reported increase in GlcNAc-transferase V activity, UDP-GlcNAc:Gal beta 1-3GalNAc alpha-R (GlcNAc to GalNAc) beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (core 2 GlcNAc-transferase, EC 2.4.1.102) activity was found to be elevated by 70% in the malignant rat2 and SP1 cell lines while several other glycosyltransferase activities were not significantly different. The action of core 2 GlcNAc-transferase followed by beta 1-4Gal-transferase provides an N-acetyllactosamine antenna that can be extended with polylactosamine (i.e. repeating Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3) provided UDP-GlcNAc:Gal beta-R beta 1-3GlcNAc-transferase (GlcNAc-transferase) (i)) activity is present. Polylactosamine content in microsomal membrane glycoproteins was quantitated by labeling the GlcNAc termini resulting from the action of Escherichia freundii endo-beta-galactosidase with bovine galactosyltransferase/UDP-[3H] Gal. Glycopeptidase F- sensitive and -insensitive fractions were measured to assess the N- and O-linked components. In the SP1 tumor model, the metastatic sublines showed increased core 2 GlcNAc-transferase and GlcNAc-transferase V activities but no change in GlcNAc-transferase (i) activity, yet polylactosamine was increased in both O- and N-linked oligosaccharides. In rat2 cells, down-regulation of GlcNAc-transferase (i) following transformation was associated with decreased polyactosamine even though core 2 GlcNAc-transferase and GlcNAc-transferase V were elevated in the cells. Finally, a 3-fold decrease in GlcNAc-transferase V in KBL-1, the glycosylation mutant of MDAY-D2 cells, resulted in complete loss of polylactosamine in N-linked but no change in O-linked polylactosamine content. These results suggest that, provided GlcNAc-transferase (i) is not limiting, the beta 1-6-branching enzymes core 2 GlcNAc-transferase and GlcNAc-transferase V regulate the levels of polyactosamine in O- and N-linked oligosaccharides, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)