gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hadamard Transform Raman Imaging (1988)

Hadamard mask encoding allows medium to high spatial resolution imaging with unfocused laser beams. A laser beam is imaged on the sample through a series of masks. The spatially encoded signals from each of n masks, each containing n resolution elements, are measured. The spatial distribution of the signal is recovered by Hadamard transformation of the matrix of encoded signals. Of course, the laser could be focused to an area equal to the unit resolution element. But, encoding with n-element masks reduces the power density at any point on the sample by a factor of n. We have already successfully employed masks containing 28 − 1 elements, and have estimated that it is feasible to use masks with 210 − 1 or even 212 − 1 elements. Reducing laser power density by a factor of 103 broadens the scope of spatially resolved laser spectroscopy and opens the possibility of Raman microscopy with pulsed lasers.
Functional expression of a novel human neurokinin-3 receptor homolog that binds [ 3 H]senktide and [ 125 I-MePhe 7 ]neurokinin B, and is responsive to tachykinin peptide agonists (1997)

In 1992, Xie et al. identified a cDNA sequence in the expression cloning search for the kappa opioid receptor. When the cDNA was expressed in Cos-7 cells, binding of opioid compounds was observed to be of low affinity and without kappa, mu, or delta selectivity [Xie, G.-X., Miyajima, A. and Goldstein, A. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 4124-4128]. This cDNA was highly homologous to the human neurokinin-3 (NK-3) receptor sequence, and displayed lower homology to NK-1 and NK-2 sequences. This sequence was stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, which do not express neurokinin receptors naturally, and ligand binding and second messenger characteristics were compared with a human NK-3 receptor. The NK-3 receptor homolog bound [3H] senktide with a Kd of 39 nM, similar to that of the NK-3 receptor. The rank order of tachykinin peptides competing for [3H]senktide binding at the NK-3 receptor homolog was [MePhe7]neurokinin B > senktide > substance P = neurokinin A > neurokinin B. This cell line also bound [125I-MePhe7]neurokinin B; however, neurokinin B was an effective competitor. Tachykinin peptides stimulated both inositol phospholipid hydrolysis and arachidonic acid release at NK-3 and NK-3 receptor homolog cell lines, with similar rank orders of potency of [MePhe7] neurokinin B = neurokinin B = senktide > NKA = substance P. These results indicate that expression of the NK-3 receptor homolog cDNA in the Chinese hamster ovary cell system induces the expression of a receptor site with many similarities but certain key differences from that of the human NK-3 receptor. The results are discussed with reference to the existence of a novel human tachykinin receptor.
Degradable Polyurethane/Soy Protein Shape‐Memory Polymer Blends Prepared Via Environmentally‐Friendly Aqueous Dispersions (2012)

Abstract Degradable polyurethane/soybean protein (PU/SP) shape‐memory polymer blends are synthesized using an environmentally‐friendly aqueous dispersion technique. The effects of SP concentration on the blend miscibility, thermal properties, hydrolytic degradation, and shape‐memory behavior are investigated. The shape recovery rates are found to depend on SP concentration. A porous structure can be generated using scCO 2 foaming. This degradable blend may be an interesting multifunctional candidate material for potential biomedical applications. magnified image
New antitumor anthracyclines. (1977)

&lt;p&gt;Using a recently developed alternative assay procedure to measure hormone levels from hair samples, we examined the relationships between testosterone, cortisol, 2D:4D ratio, overconfidence and risk taking. A total of 162 (53 male) participants provided a 3 cm sample of hair, a scanned image of their right and left hands from which we determined 2D:4D ratios, and completed measures of overconfidence and behavioral risk taking. While our sample size for males was less than ideal, our results revealed no evidence for a relationship between hair testosterone concentrations, 2D:4D ratios and risk taking. No relationships with overconfidence emerged. Partially consistent with the Dual Hormone Hypothesis, we did find evidence for the interacting effect of testosterone and cortisol on risk taking but only in men. Hair testosterone concentrations were positively related to risk taking when levels of hair cortisol concentrations were low, in men. Our results lend support to the suggestion that endogenous testosterone and 2D:4D ratio are unrelated and might then exert diverging activating vs. organizing effects on behavior. Comparing our results to those reported in the existing literature we speculate that behavioral correlates of testosterone such as direct effects on risk taking may be more sensitive to state-based fluctuations than baseline levels of testosterone.&lt;/p&gt;
Specific inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase and mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferase. (1992)

Two classes of enzymes, poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase and mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferases, catalyze covalent attachment of multiple or single residues, respectively, of the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD+ to various proteins. In order to find good inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase free of side actions and applicable to in vivo studies, we made a large scale survey using an in vitro assay system, and found many potent inhibitors. The four strongest were 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide, 6(5H)- and 2-nitro-6(5H)-phenanthridinones, and 1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline. Their 50% inhibitory concentrations, 0.18-0.39 microM, were about two orders of magnitude lower than that of 3-aminobenzamide that is currently most popularly used. A common structural feature among all potent inhibitors, including 1-hydroxyisoquinoline, chlorthenoxazin, 3-hydroxybenzamide, and 4-hydroxyquinazoline, in addition to the four mentioned above, was the presence of a carbonyl group built in a polyaromatic heterocyclic skeleton or a carbamoyl group attached to an aromatic ring. Most of the inhibitors exhibited mixed-type inhibition with respect to NAD+. Comparative studies of the effects on poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase and mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferase from hen heterophils revealed high specificity of most of the potent inhibitors for poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase. On the other hand, unsaturated long-chain fatty acids inhibited both enzymes, and saturated long-chain fatty acids and vitamin K1 acted selectively on mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferase. The finding of many inhibitors of ADP-ribosyltransferases, especially poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase, supports the view that ADP-ribosylation of proteins may be regulated by a variety of metabolites or structural constituents in the cell.
Formalising Java RMI with explicit code mobility (2005)

This paper presents a Java-like core language with primitives for object-oriented distribution and explicit code mobility. We apply our formulation to prove the correctness of several optimisations for distributed programs. Our language captures crucial but often hidden aspects of distributed object-oriented programming, including object serialisation, dynamic class downloading and remote method invocation. It is defined in terms of an operational semantics that concisely models the behaviour of distributed programs using machinery from calculi of mobile processes. Type safety is established using invariant properties for distributed runtime configurations. We argue that primitives for explicit code mobility offer a programmer fine-grained control of type-safe code distribution, which is crucial for improving the performance and safety of distributed object-oriented applications.
[Preparation and analysis of monoclonal antibody against EphA4 peptide]. (2005)

The anti-EphA4 MAb generated by immunizing a synthetic peptide possesses excellent immunological properties. MAb can be applied for immunological and immunohistochemical purpose and will become an important tool in the study of EphA4 and its ligand.
Effects of gut microbiota on obesity and atherosclerosis via modulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism (2010)

Recent studies have revealed a close relationship between inflammatory and metabolic pathways, and inflammation is now recognized to have a major role in obesity and metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. The human body is home to a large number of distinct microbial communities, with the densest population in the distal gut (the gut microbiota). Bacteria have long been known to activate inflammatory pathways, and recent data demonstrate that the gut microbiota may affect lipid metabolism and function as an environmental factor that influences the development of obesity and related diseases. Here, we review how the gut microbiota may affect metabolic diseases by activating the innate immune system.
Genome structure of incomplete particles of adenovirus (1976)

Incomplete particles arising during productive growth of adenovirus were separated from infectious particles by density gradient centrifugation. The DNA contained in particles of low density was characterized by restriction enzyme analysis and by electron microscopy and heteroduplexing techniques. The DNA is heterogeneous in length, ranging in size from 15% of the normal genome to full length. Many individual molecules contain long, inverted terminal repetitions, which consist of the sequences extending from the normal left-hand end of the viral genome inward; the normal right end sequences appear to be missing from these molecules. The region of the genome reiterated in these molecules is that which has been implicated in transformation of rat cells by adenovirus (Gallimore, Sharp, and Sambrook, 1974; Graham, van der Eb, and Heijneker, 1974). A model for adenovirus replication is presented that accounts for the aberrant structures observed.
CASTp: computed atlas of surface topography of proteins with structural and topographical mapping of functionally annotated residues (2006)

Cavities on a proteins surface as well as specific amino acid positioning within it create the physicochemical properties needed for a protein to perform its function. CASTp (http://cast.engr.uic.edu) is an online tool that locates and measures pockets and voids on 3D protein structures. This new version of CASTp includes annotated functional information of specific residues on the protein structure. The annotations are derived from the Protein Data Bank (PDB), Swiss-Prot, as well as Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), the latter contains information on the variant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are known to cause disease. These annotated residues are mapped to surface pockets, interior voids or other regions of the PDB structures. We use a semi-global pair-wise sequence alignment method to obtain sequence mapping between entries in Swiss-Prot, OMIM and entries in PDB. The updated CASTp web server can be used to study surface features, functional regions and specific roles of key residues of proteins.
mTOR inhibitors effects on regulatory T cells and on dendritic cells (2016)

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinase, represents a key biologic "switch" modulating cell metabolisms in response to environmental signals and is now recognized as a central regulator of the immune system. There is an increasing body of evidence supporting the hypothesis that mTOR inhibitors exhibit several biological properties in addition to immunosuppression, including anti-neoplastic effects, cardio-protective activities, and an array of immunomodulatory actions facilitating the development of an operational graft tolerance. The biological mechanisms explaining how mTOR inhibition can enable a tolerogenic state are still largely unclear. The induction of transplant tolerance might at the same time decrease rejection rate and minimize immunosuppression-related side effects, leading to an improvement in long-term graft outcome. In this scenario, T cell immunoregulation has been defined as the hallmark of peripheral tolerance. Two main immunologic cell populations have been reported to play a central role in this setting: regulatory T cells (Tregs) and dendritic cells (DCs). In this review we focus on mTOR inhibitors effects on Treg and DCs differentiation, activation, and function in the transplantation setting.
Demonstration of a 600-V, 60-A, bidirectional silicon carbide solid-state circuit breaker (2011)

Bidirectional solid-state circuit breakers (BDSSCBs) can replace mechanical fault protection devices in systems having bidirectional current flow through a single bus, for increased transition speed, functionality, and reliability. Silicon carbide, 1200-V, 0.1-cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> JFETs were designed and fabricated for the BDSSCB application. A novel BDSSCB gate driver was developed for both self-triggered temperature-compensated over-current protection, and external triggering. Bidirectional 600-V, 60-A fault isolation was demonstrated in a transition time of approximately 10 μs with two packaged JFET modules, a bidirectional RCD snubber, and a series distribution bus inductance of 20 μH.
Synthesis and Properties of Photochromic Diarylethenes with Heterocyclic Aryl Groups (1998)

Abstract A new class of thermally irreversible and fatigue resistant photochromic molecules named diarylethenes has been developed. Theoretical consideration based on the state correlation diagrams of electrocyclic reactions revealed that the thermal irreversibility is attained by introducing aryl groups that have low aromatic stabilization energy. According to the molecular design principle thermally irreversible photochromic diarylethenes having heterocyclic five-membered rings, such as furan, thiophene (or benzothiophene), or thiazole rings, have been newly synthesized. Among them, diarylethenes having benzothiophene aryl groups showed an excellent fatigue resistant property. They underwent photochromic cycles more than 1.0 × 104 times. The absorption maxima of the closed-ring forms varied from 425 to 828 nm depending on the aryl groups, substituents of the aryl groups, and the substitution position of the aryl groups to the ethane moiety. The response times of both cyclization and ring-opening reactions were less than 10 ps in solution as well as in a crystalline phase. The chemical and thermal control of photochromic reactivity was achieved by introducing intramolecular hydrogen bonding groups or oligothiophene aryl groups to the diarylethenes. Some of the dithienylperfluorocyclopentene derivatives were found to show photochromic reactivity in the crystalline phase. The reactivity was dependent on the conformation and molecular packing in the crystals.
Expression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V in colorectal cancer correlates with metastasis and poor prognosis. (2000)

N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) is an enzyme that catalyzes beta 1-6 branching of N-acetylglucosamine on asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of cell proteins. Metastatic potential of various cancer cells has been shown to correlate with increase of GnT-V activity and concomitant beta 1-6 branching of N-acetylglucosamine. However, protein expression of GnT-V in human cancer tissue and its clinical significance have not yet been demonstrated. To clarify the possible relationship between metastasis and GnT-V in human colorectal cancer, protein expression of GnT-V was studied using surgically resected specimens. We established a monoclonal antibody against GnT-V and performed immunohistochemical analysis of 103 human colorectal cancer cases. Of 103 cases, 26 cases (25.2 %) showed specific expression of GnT-V in colorectal cancer tissues. The expression of GnT-V was significantly correlated with distant metastasis (P < 0.05, chi2 test). Overall 5-year survival rate was 52.8% for GnT-V-positive patients and 81.7% for GnT-V-negative patients (P < 0.01, Log-rank test). We showed direct evidence for the relationship between GnT-V and metastasis in human colorectal cancer. Screening of GnT-V expression in colorectal cancer may provide useful information for prognosis of postoperative patients.
Variants of Hepatitis B, C and D Viruses: Molecular Biology and Clinical Significance (1995)

Variants of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and of the hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) have been identified in patients both with acute and chronic infections. In the HBV DNA genome, naturally occurring mutations have been found in all viral genes, most notably in the genes coding for the structural envelope and nucleocapsid proteins. In the HCV RNA genome, the regions coding for the structural envelope proteins 1 and 2 as well as the 3'-contiguous nonstructural region 1 were found to be hypervariable. Viral variants may be associated with a specific clinical course of the infection, e.g. acute-fulminant or chronic hepatitis. Specific mutations may reduce viral clearance by immune mechanisms ('immune escape') or response to antiviral therapy ('therapy escape'). Furthermore, mutations of envelope epitopes can lead to viral variants which are not recognized or neutralized by antibodies to wild-type virus, resulting in 'diagnosis escape' or 'vaccine escape'. The exact contribution, however, of specific mutations to the pathogenesis and natural course of HBV, HCV or HDV infection, including the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, remains to be established.
Early transcriptional profiles in huntingtin-inducible striatal cells by microarray analyses (2002)

Gene expression studies conducted with mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD) have revealed profound modifications in gene transcription. However, the complexity of in vivo tissue hampers definition of very early transcriptional modifications and does not allow discrimination between cell-autonomous changes and those resulting from intercellular activity processes. To identify early, cell-autonomous transcriptional changes, we compared gene expression profiles of clonal striata-derived cells expressing different N-terminal 548-amino-acid huntingtin fragments (with 26, 67, 105 or 118 glutamines) under the control of a doxycycline-regulated promoter. In these cells, mutant huntingtin did not form aggregates or cause cell death; therefore, the gene expression profiles report transcriptional changes reflecting early pathogenic events. We found that genes involved in cell signaling, transcription, lipid metabolism and vesicle trafficking were affected, in some cases, within 12 hours of mutant protein induction. Interestingly, this study revealed differential expression of a number of genes involved in cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism, suggesting that these metabolic pathways may play a role in HD pathogenesis.
Human Influenza Resulting from Aerosol Inhalation (1966)

Volunteers were given A2 influenza virus in a small-particle aerosol. Infection and typical influenza resulted from low doses of virus administered in this manner. Low levels of serum neutralizing antibody were not completely effective in preventing infection and illness. The human infectious dose of this influenza strain when administered by aerosol to subjects free of serum neutralizing antibody was approximately 3 TCID50.
The Expression of Osteoprotegerin and RANK Ligand and the Support of Osteoclast Formation by Stromal-Osteoblast Lineage Cells Is Developmentally Regulated (2000)

The one or more molecular mechanisms that determine the obligatory sequence of resorption followed by formation during bone remodeling is unclear. RANK ligand (RANK-L) is an essential requirement for osteoclastogenesis, and its activity is neutralized by binding to the soluble decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG). Because both molecules are produced by osteoblast lineage cells, we studied their developmental regulation in a conditionally immortalized human marrow stromal (hMS[2–15]) cell line. These cells can simulate the complete developmental sequence from undifferentiated precursor(s) to cells with the complete osteoblast phenotype that are capable of forming mineralized nodules. During osteoblast differentiation, RANK-L messenger RNA levels decreased by 5-fold, whereas OPG messenger RNA levels increased by 7-fold, resulting in a 35-fold change in the RANK-L/OPG ratio. OPG protein also increased by 6-fold. Mouse bone marrow cells generated osteoclast-like cells in coculture with undifferentiated hMS(2–15) cells, but did not when cocultured with hMS(2–15) cells in varying stages of differentiation, unless an excess of RANK-L was added. Thus, undifferentiated marrow stromal cells with a high RANK-L/OPG ratio can initiate and support osteoclastogenesis, but after differentiation to the mature osteoblast phenotype, they cannot. We speculate that the developmental regulation of OPG and RANK-L production by stromal/osteoblast cells contributes to the coordinated sequence of osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation during the bone remodeling cycle.
INTERACTIVE DOCUMENT DISPLAY AND ITS USE IN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL (1987)

Computers with graphics screens and pointing devices such as the ‘mouse’ provide the opportunity for highly interactive user interfaces. This paper describes some novel software for displaying documents on graphics screens: the software provides a fast and simple way for users to peruse documents and to examine the parts that interest them. One application of the software is as a front end to a document retrieval system, since it provides a way for users to identify quickly the records that are of relevance to them and to provide feedback between the user and the underlying retrieval system.
G-DNA: a twice-folded DNA structure adopted by single-stranded oligo(dG) and its implications for telomeres. (1990)

Our dimethyl sulfate modification experiments suggest that (dG)n stretches within single-stranded DNA fragments, which represent the simplest model for telomeric sequences, adopt a complex intrastrand structure other than a simple hairpin. We present a molecular model for the DNA structure that conforms to dimethyl sulfate methylation data. The principal element of this G-DNA structure is a quadruple helix formed by pairwise antiparallel segments of the twice-folded (dG)n stretch. This quadruple core has two wide and two narrow grooves connected by three loop-shaped segments. The strong stacking interactions of the neighboring guanine tetrads and the large number of hydrogen bonds formed can be the primary reasons that such structures are favored over a common hairpin for long (dG)n stretches. Such compact structures may be formed from (dG)n stretches of telomeric sequences.