gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Afatinib, Erlotinib and Gefitinib in the First-Line Therapy of EGFR Mutation-Positive Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Review (2013)

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) consists of several histomorphologically defined phenotypes that display an enormous genetic variability. In recent years, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive lung adenocarcinoma has emerged as a unique subset of NSCLC in terms of etiopathogenesis and tumor biology. Since the introduction of the reversible EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) erlotinib and gefitinib, patients with metastatic EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer can be offered a therapeutic alternative that has proven its superiority over standard platinum-based chemotherapy. However, primary or acquired resistance limits the therapeutic success of these targeted agents. Irreversible inhibitors targeting all ErbB family receptor tyrosine kinases, such as afatinib and dacomitinib, have been developed to confer sustained disease control in ErbB-dependent cancers. The large LUX-Lung 3 phase III trial recently reported afatinib to be clearly superior over the most effective platinum doublet in patients with EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer. To fully exploit the clinical activity of afatinib, proactive management of its gastrointestinal and dermatologic toxicities is advised.
Higher-Order Correlation Clustering for Image Segmentation (2011)

For many of the state-of-the-art computer vision algorithms, image segmentation is an important preprocessing step. As such, several image segmentation algorithms have been proposed, however, with certain reservation due to high computational load and many hand-tuning parameters. Correlation clustering, a graphpartitioning algorithm often used in natural language processing and document clustering, has the potential to perform better than previously proposed image segmentation algorithms. We improve the basic correlation clustering formulation by taking into account higher-order cluster relationships. This improves clustering in the presence of local boundary ambiguities. We first apply the pairwise correlation clustering to image segmentation over a pairwise superpixel graph and then develop higher-order correlation clustering over a hypergraph that considers higher-order relations among superpixels. Fast inference is possible by linear programming relaxation, and also effective parameter learning framework by structured support vector machine is possible. Experimental results on various datasets show that the proposed higher-order correlation clustering outperforms other state-of-the-art image segmentation algorithms. 1
Trigramin: primary structure and its inhibition of von Willebrand factor binding to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex on human platelets (1989)

Trigramin, a naturally occurring peptide purified from Trimeresurus gramineus (T. stejnegeri formosensis) snake venom, inhibits platelet aggregation and the binding of 125I-fibrinogen to ADP-stimulated platelets (Ki = 2 X 10(-8) M) without affecting the platelet-release reaction. 125I-trigramin binds to ADP-stimulated and to chymotrypsin-treated normal platelets but not to thrombasthenic platelets. 125I-trigramin binding to platelets is blocked by monoclonal antibodies directed against the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex and by Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS) [Huang et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 161]. We determined the primary structure of trigramin, which is composed of a single polypeptide chain of 72 amino acid residues and six disulfide bridges. The molecular weight of trigramin calculated on the basis of amino acid sequence was 7500, and the average pI was 5.61. An RGD sequence appeared in the carboxy-terminal domain of trigramin. An amino-terminal fragment (7-33) of trigramin showed 39% homology with a region (1555-1581) of von Willebrand factor (vWF). Trigramin also showed 36% identity in a 42 amino acid overlap and 53% identity in a 15 amino acid overlap when compared with two adhesive proteins, collagen alpha 1 (I) and laminin B1, respectively. Trigramin blocked binding of human vWF to the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex in thrombin-activated platelets in a dose-dependent manner. Reduction of trigramin resulted in a marked decrease in its ability to block vWF binding to human platelets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
3D Finite Element Analysis in the selective laser melting process (2011)

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is actually the most attractive technique in an Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology because of the possibility to build layer by layer up nearly full density metallic components without needing for post-processing. One of the main problems in SLM processes is represented by the thermal distortion of the model during forming; the part tends to be deformed and cracked due to the thermal stress. Therefore, it is important to know the effect of the process parameters on the molten zone and consequently on the density of the consolidated material. Great advantage can be obtained from the prediction of temperature evolution and distribution.
Polymerization of the Inverted Hexagonal Phase (1997)

The hydration of polar natural and synthetic lipids yields a variety of lipid phases including various inverted cubic phases and the inverted hexagonal (HII) phase. The HII phase can be considered as aqueous columns encased with a monolayer of lipids and arranged in a hexagonal pattern. The polar head groups are well-ordered at the water interface, whereas the lipid tails are disordered to fill the volume between the tubes of water. A particularly interesting characteristic of the HII phase is the large temperature effect on the basis vector length d of the hexagonal lattice. Previous studies indicate that polymerization of the lipid region of the HII phase might reduce the sensitivity of the basis vector to temperature. A phosphoethanolamine (PE) was designed and synthesized with dienoyl groups in each lipid tail in an attempt to cross-link the lipids around and along the water core of the HII phase. The synthesis of the the PE was accomplished by acylation of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-sn-glycerol with 2,4,13-(E,E,Z)-docosatrienoic acid, followed by deprotection, then phosphorylation with dichloro-[[N-[(2,2,2-trichloroethoxy)carbonyl]-2-amino]ethyl]phosphinic acid to give the Troc-PE, which was converted to the PE with activated zinc and acetic acid. The hydrated PE (1/1 weight lipid/water) formed the HII phase over an extended temperature range. Polymerization to high conversion was accomplished at 60 °C with the aid of redox initiators. Polymerization was followed in-situ using X-ray diffraction over a period of 48 h. The scattering, which weakened over the course of the reaction, remained consistent with a hexagonal phase. Temperature cycling of the polymerized HII phase showed an unaltered pattern on decreasing temperature while maintaining the same lattice parameter, unlike that of the unpolymerized phase where the value increased with decreasing temperature. Thus it is possible to fix the dimensions of the HII phase by cross-linking polymerization of appropriately designed reactive lipids.
Aneutronic fusion on the base of asymmetrical centrifugal trap (2006)

A physical design of a device that can be a base for a direct-conversion nuclear electric power station is considered. The project considers the aneutronic reaction P–11B in the asymmetric centrifugal trap. Kinetic energy of nuclear particles (alpha particles) is converted into electrical energy inside this device; no thermal cycle is used. Heating and recuperation of energy of protons and boron ions take place in the plasma space. The presented scheme differs significantly from the conventional thermonuclear fusion. 'Fast' protons, which are the main energy component of plasma, have an almost monoenergetic spectrum. This makes it possible to realize the 'resonance' fusion.
Cloning, sequencing and expression in Escherichia coli of Pha a 1 and four isoforms of Pha a 5, the major allergens of canary grass pollen (1995)

Group 1 and four isoforms of group 5 allergens of canary grass pollen have been cloned and upon sequencing demonstrated strong nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities with other group 1 and 5 grass pollen allergens.
Investigation of Electrospinning with the Use of a Multi-jet Electrospinning Head (2005)

Institute of Chemical Fibres ul. M.Sklodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Łodź, Poland e-mail: kangurek@iwch.lodz.pl Abstract Three types of multi-jet electrospinning heads, series, elliptic and concentric, were constructed in compact forms. Their usefulness for electrospinning was tested with the use of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) water solution as the spinning liquid. The efficiency of the manufacture of nanofibrous mats was controlled by standard weighting procedure. The thickness of nanofibres and the morphology of the mats were investigated with a scanning electron microscope. The concentric electrospinning head was selected as the best type with respect to both the efficiency and quality of the process. It can produce 1 mg of dry PVA nanofibres from one spinning pipe during one minute. Additionally, the utility of the electrospinning stage with a rotating tube as a collecting electrode and equipped with a concentric electrospinning head was examined.
Expression of an endoglucanase gene of Pseudomonas fluorescens var. cellulosa in Zymomonas mobilis (1988)

Using a broad host-range, mobilizable plasmid vector, the endoglucanase gene eglX from Pseudomonas fluorescens var. cellulosa was cloned and expressed in the bacterial ethanologen Zymomonas rnobilis. The enzyme was intracellular in this new host. It was produced throughout the growth phase and was not repressed by glucose. We postulate that transcription of the eglX gene was initiated from a promoter of the vector in Z. mobilis.
Classification of intended phoneme production from chronic intracortical microelectrode recordings in speech-motor cortex (2011)

We conducted a neurophysiological study of attempted speech production in a paralyzed human volunteer using chronic microelectrode recordings. The volunteer suffers from locked-in syndrome leaving him in a state of near-total paralysis, though he maintains good cognition and sensation. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of supervised classification techniques for prediction of intended phoneme production in the absence of any overt movements including speech. Such classification or decoding ability has the potential to greatly improve the quality-of-life of many people who are otherwise unable to speak by providing a direct communicative link to the general community. We examined the performance of three classifiers on a multi-class discrimination problem in which the items were 38 American English phonemes including monophthong and diphthong vowels and consonants. The three classifiers differed in performance, but averaged between 16 and 21% overall accuracy (chance-level is 1/38 or 2.6%). Further, the distribution of phonemes classified statistically above chance was non-uniform though 20 of 38 phonemes were classified with statistical significance for all three classifiers. These preliminary results suggest supervised classification techniques are capable of performing large scale multi-class discrimination for attempted speech production and may provide the basis for future communication prostheses.
Dimethoxypyrimidines as Novel Herbicides. Part 2. Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity ofO-Pyrimidinylsalicylates and Analogues (1996)

A new series of the O-pyrimidinylsalicylates was synthesized and their herbicidal activity was examined. Some of these compounds showed very strong herbicidal activity under pre- and post-emergent treatment conditions against various kinds of grass and broadleaf weeds. Among these compounds, O-(4, 6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl) salicylic acid and its methyl ester were found to exhibit the highest activity. The herbicidal symptoms observed after the treatments included early cessation of plant growth followed by chlorosis, necrosis and plant death. The symptoms were similar to those caused by sulfonylureas and imidazolinones, which inhibit branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis.
Synthesis and Application of (3R,4R)-3,4-Bis(diphenylphosphino)tetrahydrofuran as Ligand for Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Acrylic Acids (1992)

A new, chiral bisphosphine, (3R,4R)-3, 4-bis(diphenylphosphino)tetrahydrofuran (4), is synthesized in three steps from (R,R)-tartaric acid esters. With rhodium(I) complexes of 4enantiomeric excesses of 54 to 97% are obtained on catalytic hydrogenation of 2-(acetylamino)acrylic acid, 2-(acetylamino)cinnamic acids and itaconic acid. The applied substrate/catalyst ratios were between 250: 1 and 11000:1.
Determination of immunoreactivity of doxorubicin antibody immunoconjugates by a Ley competitive RIA (1992)

Many monoclonal antibody-drug immunoconjugates have been evaluated for their ability to deliver cytotoxic drugs to tumors. It is essential to establish that the ability of the conjugates to bind antigen, i.e. their immunoreactivity, is not adversely affected by the drug conjugation procedure. We have described herein a measurement of the immunoreactivity of BR96-DOX, a conjugate comprised of BR96, a chimeric monoclonal antibody specific for the Le(y) tetrasaccharide commonly expressed on human carcinomas, and doxorubicin, an anticancer agent in widespread clinical use. We have employed a competitive RIA, in which microtiter wells were coated with synthetic Le(y) conjugated to human serum albumin and then incubated with 125I-labeled antibody BR96 in the presence of test conjugate or intact BR96 mAb. The test conjugates were found to compete as effectively as unconjugated BR96. This assay is highly applicable to QC processes with the intra-assay CV = 2.0% and the interassay CV = 4.3%.
CONDOR: a database resource of developmentally associated conserved non-coding elements (2007)

By providing access to data with an approachable graphics interface, the CONDOR database presents a rich resource for further studies into the regulation and evolution of genes involved in early development.
Serially concatenated continuous phase modulation with iterative decoding (2001)

Serially concatenated and interleaved continuous phase modulation (CPM) with iterative decoding is investigated. An a posteriori probability (APP) algorithm for CPM is developed based on the classic APP algorithm for channel codes. The system is analyzed through upper bounds on the average bit error probability. For coded and interleaved minimum shift keying, the weight spectrum is computed, resulting in a transfer function bound. This is cumbersome for a general CPM system; instead, only the most significant error events contributing to the weight spectrum are identified. Simulations show that, firstly, these events give a satisfactory view of system performance when equal outer codes are used, and secondly, that remarkably good performance can be obtained for some simple systems. Finally, power spectral densities and bandwidths are computed, allowing for a bandwidth/performanee comparison of different combinations.
Partial TCR Signals Delivered by FcR-Nonbinding Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibodies Differentially Regulate Individual Th Subsets (1998)

Anti-CD3 mAbs with low FcR affinity prolong graft survival in the absence of the cytokine-mediated toxicity observed with conventional anti-CD3 treatment. Previous studies have shown that FcR-nonbinding anti-CD3 mAbs suppress immune responses, at least in part, by delivering a partial signal resulting in Th1 unresponsiveness. In this study, the biochemical and functional consequences of FcR-nonbinding anti-CD3 treatment for various activated T cell populations were examined. In contrast to Th1 cells, FcR-nonbinding anti-CD3-treated Th2 cells secreted IL-4 and proliferated. Furthermore, Th2 cells cultured with the mAb were not rendered unresponsive. Mixed "Th0" populations responded to FcR-nonbinding anti-CD3 by producing IL-4, and showed a selective decrease in IL-2 production following preculture with the mAb. The stimulation of IL-4-producing cells did not reflect a more complete TCR signal, since similar defects in zeta, ZAP-70, and MAP kinase phosphorylation were observed in Th1 and Th2 cells. Despite the proximal signaling defects, FcR-nonbinding anti-CD3 induced nuclear translocation of NF-ATc. Thus, Abs that deliver partial TCR signals may promote development of a Th2 phenotype during the course of an immune response via selective effects on different Th subsets.
Monoclonal antibodies to 5'-triphospho-(2'-5')adenyladenosine oligonucleotides. (1982)

Thirteen monoclonal antibodies to ppp(A2'p5')nA oligonucleotides have been produced by fusing Y3 myeloma cells with spleen cells of rat hyperimmunized with A2'p5'A succinyl albumin as immunogen. 125I-labeled A2'p5'A succinyl tyrosine methyl ester was used as a labeled probe. Antibodies were detected by their ability to bind the labeled analog and were selected for their affinity for A2'p5'A. There were no significant differences between the properties of the monoclonal antibodies and of the antiserum. They discriminated between 2'-5' and 3'-5' phosphodiester bonds: they crossreacted poorly with (A3'p5')2A (crossreactivity ratio, greater than 10(4)) and even less with ATP an adenosine (crossreactivity ratio, greater than (6)). The affinity was high (Kd = 6 x 10(-12) M) for succinyl A2'p5'A, which is the best ligand, and also high for A2'p5'A (crossreactivity ratio, 3) and (A2'p5')2A, (A2'p5')3A, and (As'p5')4A (crossreactivity ratio, 7.5). The binding to triphosphorylated isomers, ppp(A2'p5)nA, was affected by the presence of the triphosphate groups, and the affinity increased as the length of the isomer increased (crossreactivity ratio, 10,000 for n = 1 to 200 for n = 4). Thermodynamic analysis of these data demonstrated that, in dephosphorylated isomers, the binding site of highest affinity was located at the 5'-OH end of the molecule whereas in phosphorylated isomers, the favorable binding sites were in the middle and at the 2'-OH end of the chain. Use of monoclonal antibodies of such a specificity together with the 125I-labeled 2-5A analog allows quantification of (A2'p5')nA directly and of ppp(A2'p5')nA after removal of the terminal phosphates by alkaline phosphatase treatment.
Formation and Clearance of Active and Inactive Metabolites of Opiates in Humans (1998)

The results of recent investigations of the analgesic and the nonanalgesic effects of opioid glucuronides are relevant to the research on drug abuse in forensic toxicology. As has been shown for heroin, knowledge of the state of distribution and elimination of active and inactive metabolites and glucuronides offers new possibilities in forensic interpretation of analytic results. Because of similar metabolic degradation, calculation of the time-dependent ratio of the concentration of morphine and its glucuronide metabolites in blood or serum allows a rough estimation of increased dosage and of time elapsed since the last application. Drug effects can be examined with respect to individual case histories, including overdose and survival time if the patient died. However, different methods of administration and the strong influence of different volumes or compartments of distribution of parent compounds and metabolites on concentrations in human body tissues require careful use of glucuronide concentration data. In Germany, dihydrocodeine (DHC) is prescribed as a heroin substitute, and relative overdoses are needed to be effective. DHC metabolism was studied in three patients who died from overdoses. All metabolites (dihydrocodeine-6-glucuronide [DHC6], nor-DHC [NDHC], dihydromorphine [DHM], nor-DHM [NDHM], and DHM-3- and 6-glucuronide [DHM3G, DHM6G]) were determined using HPLC and fluorescence detection. Concentrations of DHM (0.16 mg/L to 0.22 mg/L serum) were found. The DHM glucuronide ratios were similar to those of morphine. Receptor binding studies showed that the binding affinity of DHM to porcine mu-receptor was higher than that of morphine, and DHM6G's binding affinity was as high as that of morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G). Metabolites may play an important role in the effectiveness of DHC in substitution and toxicity. Because of enzyme polymorphism, the formation of DHC poses a risk for proper dosage in patients who are either poor or extensive metabolizers. The distribution of opioid glucuronides in cerebral spinal fluid in relation to transcellular transport in central nervous tissue is discussed with respect to the receptor binding of opiates and drug effect.
A 4 Gbps wireless true uncompressed 1080p-capable HD A/V transceiver using 60 GHz (2007)

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on the market for wireless high definition audio visual systems (HD A/V) Some of the specific topics discussed include: the benefits of HD A/V systems; data rates; challenges and solutions for 60 Ghz operations; wireless video area network design; the features of SiBeam's uncompressedf 50 GHz wireless HD chipset; and new areas of technological development for HD wireless A/V transceivers.
Einstufensynthese von 2,4‐Bis(sec‐alkylamino) ‐6‐halogen‐3‐pyridincarbonitrilen (1980)

Abstract Malonsäuredinitril ( 1 ) liefert mit sec ‐Alkylhalogniden/Aluminiumchlorid (mit Ausnahme der Alkylfluoride) bei Raumtemperatur die Titelverbindungen (z. B. 2a‐c Oder 7. Diese lassen sich glatt in die entsprechenden 2,4‐Bis( sec ‐alkylamino)pyridine überführen. 1 oder das aus 2 Molekülen 1 gebildete 10b mit R = H geben mit Bromwasserstoff 2,4‐Diamino‐6‐brom‐5‐pyridincarbonitril ( 17 ).
Vectors for the Expression of Recombinant Proteins in E. coli (2003)

Escherichia coli is the most commonly used and best characterized organism for overexpressing foreign and nonforeign proteins. The use of E. coli confers several immediate advantages to the user: rapid and high-level expression as a result of the speed of cell growth to high density; low complexity and low cost of growth media; and the ability to target proteins to the desired subcellular location (1). In addition, a number of mutant host strains are available that can improve recombinant protein expression. For example, the use of host strains with mutations in cytoplasmic protease genes decreases protein degradation. Hosts that encode tRNAs for codons seldom found in E. coli can successfully express some otherwise difficult to express proteins that contain these rare codons (see Chapter 3 ).