gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Estrogen, androgen and antiestrogen responses in the accessory organs of male rats during different phases of life (1998)

Recent studies have indicated that estrogen has a stimulatory influence on the male reproductive tract. Evidence includes the presence of measurable levels of estrogen in the circulation, retention of exogenous estrogen, and presence of estrogen receptors in the male accessory sex organs during prepubertal life. In the present study, estrogen antagonists (CDRI-85/287 and centchroman) have been used to examine this concept by antagonising estrogen action at critical stages in the life in rat. Centchroman or 85/287 administration to 14 day old rats for 7 days did not alter gonadal or accessory organ weight. In contrast, in 21 day old castrated rats, treatment with either compound from day 28-35 of life stimulated an increase in all organ weights. When administered to normal rats during the critical phase of transition, i.e. days 30-60 of life, both testis and accessory organs showed an increase in weight. In contrast castrated rats treated with estrogen alone or in combination with 85/287 from days 37-45 of life and sacrificed on day 46 did not show any change, but 85/287 per se markedly reduced the weight of accessory organs. In adult castrated rats, the potency of DHT as a promoter of growth was potentiated by estradiol. Compound 85/287 negated the estradiol-induced increase. Glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) and sialic acid levels showed about 100% increase, with both high and low doses of 85/287 (treated from 30-60 days of life), However, centchroman (CDRI-67/20) was less potent in this regard. The effect of estrogen antagonists in relation to epididymal physiology during different phases of life in the rat is discussed.
Current Trends in Pediatric Spine Deformity Surgery: Multimodal Pain Management and Rapid Recovery (2019)

A rapid recovery pathway using the multimodal approach for pediatric scoliosis correction may offer superior postoperative pain management and faster recovery than traditional opioid only pain protocols.
Structure and physical properties of single crystals of the 84-K superconductorBi2.2Sr2Ca0.8Cu2O8+δ (1988)

Single crystal sof the 84-K superconductor ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2.2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.8}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ were characterized by x-ray diffraction, dc magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity, and microwave absorption. The structure has ${[\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}]}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$ planes separated by calcium atoms, edge-shared bismuth oxide double layers, and an incommensurate superlattice along $b$ with a period of 4.76. The in-plane resistivity above ${T}_{c}$ is linear in $T$, with ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{RT}}=130$ \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega} cm. Initial results on Pb substitution yielding ${T}_{c}'\mathrm{s}$ of 107 K are reported.
Molecular cloning of the six mRNA species of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, a fish rhabdovirus, and gene order determination by R-loop mapping (1985)

Plasmids carrying cDNA sequences to the mRNA species of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus were constructed and cloned into Escherichia coli. Characterization of 21 cloned plasmids by hybridization to mRNA blots identified sets of plasmids with homology to each of the six viral mRNA species. R-loop mapping with these cDNA plasmids determined that the gene order on the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus genome is (3')N-M1-M2-G-NV-L(5').
Activated T-cell adhesion to thrombospondin is mediated by the alpha 4 beta 1 (VLA-4) and alpha 5 beta 1 (VLA-5) integrins. (1993)

T lymphocytes utilize adhesion receptors in a regulated manner to interact with other cells and with components of the extracellular matrix. These cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions serve a critical role in T cell recognition of foreign Ag and in the migration of T cells to various anatomic sites in vivo. Thrombospondin is an extracellular matrix protein that is transiently expressed at high concentration in damaged and inflamed tissue. Given recent evidence implicating a role for the extracellular matrix in modulating T-cell migration and function, we analyzed T-lymphocyte interactions with thrombospondin. We show here that CD4+ T cells specifically adhere to thrombospondin predominantly via the 70 kDa core region of the thrombospondin molecule. Antibody blocking and affinity chromatography analysis suggest that T-cell adhesion to thrombospondin involves three distinct receptors: an activation-independent receptor that mediates adhesion of resting T cells, and the alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 5 beta 1 integrins, which mediate a rapid increase in adhesion to thrombospondin upon activation. These three molecules appear to be novel thrombospondin receptors, as other receptors previously implicated in the adhesion of nonlymphoid cells to thrombospondin appear not to be involved in T-cell/thrombospondin interactions. The up-regulation of alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 5 beta 1 functional activity upon activation is associated with the preferential adhesion of memory T cells to thrombospondin. Our results thus define three novel thrombospondin receptors, and provide additional evidence that extracellular matrix proteins play an important role in lymphocyte migration into, and retention in, inflammatory sites.
Pharmacokinetics of tea catechins after ingestion of green tea and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate by humans: formation of different metabolites and individual variability. (2002)

Green tea and tea polyphenols have been studied extensively as cancer chemopreventive agents in recent years. The bioavailability and metabolic fate of tea polyphenols in humans, however, are not clearly understood. In this report, the pharmacokinetic parameters of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and (-)-epicatechin (EC) were analyzed after administration of a single oral dose of green tea or decaffeinated green tea (20 mg tea solids/kg) or EGCG (2 mg/kg) to eight subjects. The plasma and urine levels of total EGCG, EGC, and EC (free plus conjugated forms) were quantified by HPLC coupled to an electrochemical detector. The plasma concentration time curves of the catechins were fitted in a one-compartment model. The maximum plasma concentrations of EGCG, EGC, and EC in the three repeated experiments with green tea were 77.9 +/- 22.2, 223.4 +/- 35.2, and 124.03 +/- 7.86 ng/ml, respectively, and the corresponding AUC values were 508.2 +/- 227, 945.4 +/- 438.4, and 529.5 +/- 244.4 ng x h x ml(-1), respectively. The time needed to reach the peak concentrations was in the range of 1.3-1.6 h. The elimination half-lives were 3.4 +/- 0.3, 1.7 +/- 0.4, and 2.0 +/- 0.4 h, respectively. Considerable interindividual differences and variations between repeated experiments in the pharmacokinetic parameters were noted. Significant differences in these pharmacokinetic parameters were not observed when EGCG was given in decaffeinated green tea or in pure form. In the plasma, EGCG was mostly present in the free form, whereas EGC and EC were mostly in the conjugated form. Over 90% of the total urinary EGC and EC, almost all in the conjugated forms, were excreted between 0 and 8 h. Substantial amounts of 4'-O-methyl EGC, at levels higher than EGC, were detected in the urine and plasma. The plasma level of 4'-O-methyl EGC peaked at 1.7 +/- 0.5 h with a half life of 4.4 +/- 1.1 h. Two ring-fission metabolites, (-)-5-(3',4',5'-trihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone (M4) and (-)-5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-valerolactone (M6), appeared in significant amounts after 3 h and peaked at 8-15 h in the urine as well as in the plasma. These results may be useful for designing the dose and dose frequency in intervention studies with tea and for development of biomarkers of tea consumption.
Proton spin imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance (1976)

Abstract An account of the recent development of NMR spin imaging is given. The basic principles of NMR necessary to understand imaging are introduced. The main methods of imaging are described and illustrated with examples of images of proton spin distributions in a number of biological specimens.
Treatment of posttransplantation recurrence of hepatitis C with interferon and ribavirin: Lessons on tolerability and efficacy (2002)

Recurrence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection after orthotopic liver transplantation is a major cause of graft failure. The aim of our study was to determine the safety, efficacy, and tolerability of combination therapy with interferon and ribavirin in the treatment of recurrent hepatitis after liver transplantation. Twenty-six patients (18 men) with histologically established HCV recurrence after liver transplantation for cirrhosis secondary to chronic HCV infection were treated with a combination of interferon alfa-2b (3 million units three times weekly) and ribavirin (800 to 1,000 mg/d). Dosage modifications were according to a standard protocol incorporating laboratory values and clinical side effects. Fifty percent of patients completed 1 year or more of therapy. On an intention-to-treat basis, nine patients (35%) showed an end-of-treatment virological response. Six of these nine patients completed greater than 6 additional months of follow-up, and all have had sustained virological responses. A histological response (decrease in histological activity index > or = 2) was seen in 75% of virological responders and 67% of nonresponders. Adverse events requiring dose modification or cessation of therapy occurred in 66% of patients. Adjuvant therapies used to support hemoglobin levels included erythropoietin and red blood cell transfusions. There were no independent pretreatment predictors of a virological response, perhaps because of the small sample size. Combination therapy with interferon and ribavirin may be beneficial in patients with recurrent HCV after liver transplantation. The majority of patients require dose modifications because of side effects. Histological response is common in virological nonresponders.
Recent developments in PDMS surface modification for microfluidic devices (2009)

PDMS is enjoying continued and ever increasing popularity as the material of choice for microfluidic devices due to its low cost, ease of fabrication, oxygen permeability and optical transparency. However, PDMS's hydrophobicity and fast hydrophobic recovery after surface hydrophilization, attributed to its low glass transition temperature of less than -120 degrees C, negatively impacts on the performance of PDMS-based microfluidic device components. This issue has spawned a flurry of research to devise longer lasting surface modifications of PDMS, with particular emphasis on microfluidic applications. This review will present recent research on surface modifications of PDMS using techniques ranging from metal layer coatings and layer-by-layer depositions to dynamic surfactant treatments and the adsorption of amphipathic proteins. We will also discuss significant advances that have been made with a broad palette of gas-phase processing methods including plasma processing, sol-gel coatings and chemical vapor deposition. Finally, we will present examples of applications and future prospects of modified PDMS surfaces in microfluidics, in areas such as molecular separations, cell culture in microchannels and biomolecular detection via immunoassays.
Shader algebra (2004)

An algebra consists of a set of objects and a set of operators that act on those objects. We treat shader programs as first-class objects and define two operators: connection and combination. Connection is functional composition: the outputs of one shader are fed into the inputs of another. Combination concatenates the input channels, output channels, and computations of two shaders. Similar operators can be used to manipulate streams and apply computational kernels expressed as shaders to streams. Connecting a shader program to a stream applies that program to all elements of the stream; combining streams concatenates the record definitions of those streams.In conjunction with an optimizing compiler, these operators can manipulate shader programs in many useful ways, including specialization, without modifying the original source code. We demonstrate these operators in Sh, a metaprogramming shading language embedded in C++.
Two Independent Internal Ribosome Entry Sites Are Involved in Translation Initiation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor mRNA (1998)

The mRNA of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the major angiogenic growth factor, contains an unusually long (1,038 nucleotides) and structured 5' untranslated region (UTR). According to the classical translation initiation model of ribosome scanning, such a 5' UTR is expected to be a strong translation inhibitor. In vitro and bicistronic strategies were used to show that the VEGF mRNA translation was cap independent and occurred by an internal ribosome entry process. For the first time, we demonstrate that two independent internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) are present in this 5' UTR. IRES A is located within the 300 nucleotides upstream from the AUG start codon. RNA secondary structure prediction and site-directed mutagenesis allowed the identification of a 49-nucleotide structural domain (D4) essential to IRES A activity. UV cross-linking experiments revealed that IRES A activity was correlated with binding of a 100-kDa protein to the D4 domain. IRES B is located in the first half of the 5' UTR. An element between nucleotides 379 and 483 is required for its activity. Immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that a main IRES B-bound protein was the polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB), a well-known regulator of picornavirus IRESs. However, we showed that binding of the PTB on IRES B does not seem to be correlated with its activity. Evidence is provided of an original cumulative effect of two IRESs, probably controlled by different factors, to promote an efficient initiation of translation at the same AUG codon.
Tumor‐initiating cells and tumor vascularization (2010)

Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) with stem-like cell properties initiate and sustain progressive growth, resulting in a heterogeneous tumor mass. The survival and growth of tumors rely on the development of a vasculature to provide nutrients and oxygen. Crosstalk between TICs and vascularization may be one of the central players in the initiation, long-term maintenance, and progression of tumors. This review surveys current evidence concerning the crosstalk that occurs in tumor/stromal interactions, including genetic change, vascular niche, hypoxia, and dormancy of tumors. A better understanding of this crosstalk might help provide the basis for developing more effective therapeutic drug targets.
Supporting QoS routing in mobile ad hoc networks using probabilistic locality and load balancing (2002)

Harnessing the time varying topological aspect of mobile ad hoc networks so as to support Quality of Service (QoS) measures is a challenging problem. In this paper we develop and investigate the use of a simple spatial probabilistic locality model to enhance the performance of current on-demand routing algorithms. To explore the applicability of our approach, we examine two basic routing problems. The first problem calls for evaluating the likelihood that a given source-destination route exists, given that each mobile host on the route can be in any position of its locality set. The second problem calls for choosing the most probable route between a given source-destination pair that avoids traffic bottlenecks. In each case, we formalize a suitable problem, and devise an efficient solution strategy.
Turbo coding performance in OFDM packet transmission (2002)

In transmission of the packets using OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) system recommended by IEEE.802.11 there is a constraint on the interleaving depth due to the maximum allowable packet size and processing delay requirement. This results in a non-ideal interleaving which effectively limits the maximum achievable diversity from the channel. In such a channel, fading occurs in block wise manner, i.e., all transmitted symbols of the same block sense the same fade. Also, there is considerable correlation among the fade blocks. We call such a channel as correlated block fading (CBF) channel. With the excellent performance of turbo codes over AWGN, and ideally interleaved fading channels in mind, we tried to get similarly good performance by using turbo codes in OFDM packet transmission. We observed that the system severely suffers from the block fading behavior of the channel. A performance analysis is presented for CBF systems, and simulations for the OFDM system using rate 1/2 convolutional codes and turbo codes are performed. While the turbo code has no gain over the convolutional code with K=7 in BER (bit error rate) performance, it brings about 1.3 dB gain in PER (packet error rate) performance which is more important in packet transmission.
The bacterially expressed yeast CDC34 gene product can undergo autoubiquitination to form a multiubiquitin chain-linked protein. (1993)

The CDC34 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a 295-residue ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2). The function of this ubiquitin-conjugating activity remains to be defined as its in vivo substrates are presently unknown. The bacterially expressed and purified Cdc34 protein is shown here to catalyze its own ubiquitination via an intramolecular transfer of its thiol ester-linked ubiquitin to a lysine. In this process, multiple ubiquitin groups are added to Cdc34, and these ubiquitin groups were shown to be arranged predominantly in the form of a single Lys48-specific multiubiquitin chain. Analysis of the hydroxylamine-dependent cleavage of ubiquitin-Cdc34 conjugates at the single Asn-Gly sequence in Cdc34 placed the major ubiquitin linkage site within the C-terminal 215-295 residues of Cdc34. The 4 Lys residues (Lys273, Lys277, Lys293, and Lys294) in this region of CDC34 were substituted by arginine either singly or in combination to produce a set of Cdc34 mutants. Analysis of these Cdc34 mutants for autoubiquitination revealed that the multiubiquitin chain can be formed on any one of these 4 lysines although most Cdc34 conjugates contain a single multiubiquitin chain. Since the presence of a Lys48-specific multiubiquitin chain in protein conjugates is known to target acceptor proteins for degradation in the ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic pathway, the present result raises the possibility that one function of the ubiquitin-conjugating activity in CDC34 may be used to target its own degradation.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF α‐AMINO KETONES VIA SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF ACYL CYANIDES (1984)

Abstract Aus den Acyl‐cyaniden (I) erhält man bei der Reduktion mit Zn/Eisessig sowie Acetanhydrid die Acetamide (II).
Potential nuclease-based strategies for HIV gene therapy (2000)

Gene therapy for HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) involves the introduction of a therapeutic gene into the infected individual for the purposes of reducing viral load and ultimately reconstituting a healthy immune system. Clinical trials for HIV gene therapy have not yet reported therapeutic benefit. In addition to improving the efficiency of gene delivery and the maintenance of gene expression, better therapeutic genes must be designed before this therapy becomes available to patients. A new class of therapeutic genes expressing nucleases may be designed. These nucleases may be classified into three categories based on their mode of action: (i) 'targeted nucleases' for specifically cleaving HIV RNA within the cell, (ii) 'colocalized nucleases' for cleaving HIV genomic DNA or RNA present within the cell or progeny virus, and (iii) 'cytotoxic nucleases' for conferring selective toxicity to HIV-infected cells. The focus of this review is on the design and application of these nucleases for HIV gene therapy.
Combined effects of GDNF, BDNF, and CNTF on motoneuron differentiation in vitro (1996)

We have previously shown that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), in addition to promoting the survival of dopaminergic neurons in cultures from embryonic rat ventral mesencephalon,also increases the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the cranial motoneurons present in these cultures (Zurn et al.: Neuroreport 6:113-118, 1994). By using the intermediate filament protein peripherin as a motoneuron marker, we report here that GDNF increases the number of motoneurons as well as the length of their neurites. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) also promote ChAT activity, motoneuron survival, and neurite outgrowth in these cultures, but to varying degrees. Although these three molecules have similar effects on cultured motoneurons, we provide evidence for a distinct mode of action of GDNF, BDNF, and CNTF, since combinations of GDNF and BDNF, GDNF and CNTF, and BDNF and CNTF have either additive or synergistic effects on ChAT activity and motoneuron number. In addition to the previously described motoneuron-specific neurotrophic factors BDNF and CNTF, GDNF combined with the latter two factors may provide an important tool for the treatment of human motoneuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy, both by increasing efficiency of treatment, and by decreasing the likelihood of deleterious side-effects.
Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phytoremediation of the organochlorine herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2006)

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is a selective systemic herbicide for the control of broad-leaved weeds, which is widely used throughout the world. The persistence of its residues and its potential to migrate in the soil make it necessary to reduce its concentrations in contaminated soil and groundwater. The nature of this compound makes it particularly toxic to the broad-leaved plants, such as the poplar (Populus) and willow (Salix), which are often used in phytoremediation projects. We describe the inoculation of a model plant, the pea (Pisum sativum), with a genetically tagged bacterial endophyte that naturally possesses the ability to degrade 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The results showed that this strain actively colonized inoculated plants internally (and in the rhizosphere). Inoculated plants showed a higher capacity for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid removal from soil and showed no 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid accumulation in their aerial tissues. This demonstrates the usefulness of bacterial endophytes to enhance the phytoremediation of herbicide-contaminated substrates and reduce levels of toxic herbicide residues in crop plants.
Interleukin-8 Production by Macrophages From Atheromatous Plaques (1996)

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a chemotactic peptide produced by macrophages that may be involved in the recruitment of inflammatory cells into atherosclerotic plaques. In vitro, IL-8 production by macrophages isolated from carotid plaques (1240 +/- 510 pg.10(5) cells-1.24h-1, mean +/- SEM, n = 6) and noncarotid plaques (4312 +/- 1588 pg.10(5) cells-1.24 h-1, n = 9) was significantly greater than IL-8 production by blood monocytes isolated from the same patients (526 +/- 278 pg.10(5) cells-1.24 h-1, n = 6, P < .05 and 726 +/- 384 pg.10(5) cells-1.24 h-1, n = 9, P < .01, respectively). IL-8 produced by atherosclerotic macrophages was demonstrated to be biologically active in a neutrophil chemotaxis assay. IL-8 mRNA was detectable in plaque macrophages and blood monocytes from these patients, but blood monocytes from normal donors did not exhibit detectable IL-8 mRNA. IL-8 mRNA was localized in macrophage-rich areas of atherosclerotic plaques by in situ hybridization. These studies demonstrate that macrophages from atherosclerotic plaques show an enhanced capacity to produce IL-8 compared with normal and patient blood monocytes and that macrophages are a major site of IL-8 mRNA production in atherosclerotic plaques. These results provide further evidence for a proinflammatory role for macrophages in atherosclerosis.