gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Form‐Geitleria (2015)

Geit.ler' i.a . M.L. fem. n. Geitleria Geitler, named after L. Geitler, Austrian botanist and specialist in cyanobacteria, 1899–1990. Cyanobacteria / Subsection V / Incertae Sedis / Form‐Geitleria Branching is pseudodichotomous, dichotomous, and lateral (Figure 1). The sheath becomes heavily calcified, and only cells near the tips of trichomes are able to give rise to a lateral branch or, when an apical cell undergoes an oblique division followed by further divisions of both cells, to a false dichotomy (Friedmann, 1955). The ultrastructure of decalcified specimens, including pore channels (i.e. “pit connections”), has been studied by Couté (1982, 1985) (Figure 1). No cultures of this genus have been established.
Molecular PCA3 diagnostics on prostatic fluid (2007)

The PCA3 test can be performed on both urine and prostatic fluid in the diagnosis of PCa with comparable results.
Production and characterization of a secreted, C‐terminally processed tyrosinase from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (2006)

A homology search of the genome database of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei identified a new T. reesei tyrosinase gene tyr2, encoding a protein with a putative signal sequence. The gene was overexpressed in the native host under the strong cbh1 promoter, and the tyrosinase enzyme was secreted into the culture supernatant. This is the first report on a secreted fungal tyrosinase. Expression of TYR2 in T. reesei resulted in good yields, corresponding to approximately 0.3 and 1 g.L(-1) tyrosinase in shake flask cultures and laboratory-scale batch fermentation, respectively. T. reesei TYR2 was purified with a three-step purification procedure, consisting of desalting by gel filtration, cation exchange chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. The purified TYR2 protein had a significantly lower molecular mass (43.2 kDa) than that calculated from the putative amino acid sequence (61.151 kDa). According to N-terminal and C-terminal structural analyses by fragmentation, chromatography, MS and peptide sequencing, the mature protein is processed from the C-terminus by a cleavage of a peptide fragment of about 20 kDa. The T. reesei TYR2 polypeptide chain was found to be glycosylated at its only potential N-glycosylation site, with a glycan consisting of two N-acetylglucosamines and five mannoses. Also, low amounts of shorter glycan forms were detected at this site. T. reesei TYR2 showed the highest activity and stability within a neutral and alkaline pH range, having an optimum at pH 9. T. reesei tyrosinase retained its activity well at 30 degrees C, whereas at higher temperatures the enzyme started to lose its activity relatively quickly. T. reesei TYR2 was active on both l-tyrosine and l-dopa, and it showed broad substrate specificity.
Long-term update of a phase II study of rituximab in combination with CHOP chemotherapy in patients with previously untreated, aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (2005)

The present study aimed to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of chimeric anti-CD 20 antibody rituxan (rituximab, Biogen IDEC, San Diego, CA, USA; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA) in combination with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP) chemotherapy in previously untreated patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Thirty-three patients with previously untreated aggressive B-cell NHL received six infusions of rituximab (375 mg/m(2) per dose) on day 1 of each cycle of CHOP chemotherapy, given on day 3 of each cycle of therapy. Currently, the patients now have a median follow-up of 63 months (range 34 - 82 months). The overall response (OR) rate was 94% and the complete response (CR) rate was 61% at the end of therapy. Of the 33 patients, 2 patients experienced disease progression and subsequently died of their disease, 2 patients experienced disease progression but were alive at last follow-up following additional therapy, and 2 patients died without experiencing disease progression: one due to a cerebral vascular accident at 9 months after therapy and a second patient due to small cell lung carcinoma at 55 months. The 5-year survival rate was 88% (95% confidence interval (CI) 72 - 97) and the 5-year progression-free survival was 82% (95% CI 64 - 93). There were no long-term adverse events noted directly related to the rituximab. The long-term follow-up of patients in this phase II trial of rituximab with CHOP chemotherapy for previously untreated aggressive NHL demonstrates a high response rate, which remains very durable with high 5-year overall and progression-free survivals.
Phase I clinical investigation of 9,10-anthracenedicarboxaldehyde bis[(4,5-dihydro-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)hydrazone] dihydrochloride (CL216,942). (1981)

9,10-Anthracenedicarboxaldehyde bis[(4,5-dihydro-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)hydrazone] dihydrochloride (CL216,942) is a new anthracene bishydrazone derivative that was evaluated in a Phase I clinical trial. The schedule of administration consisted of a single i.v. injection repeated at 4-week intervals. Twenty-eight patients received a total of 61 courses of the drug in a dose range of 20 to 280 mg/sq m. Leukopenia was the dose-limiting toxicity. It was of short duration and reversible. A drug-induced hypotension was noted at higher doses in three patients. The hypotension was not dose limiting, it was reversible, and it could largely be avoided by prolonging the drug infusion time to 1 hr. One patient with unsuspected severe coronary artery disease died of complications of myocardial infarction subsequent to a hypotensive episode. Significant phlebitis was also noted at higher doses of drug. This degree of phlebitis could be lessened by diluting the drug in larger volumes of fluid. Three patients experienced diaphoresis, nausea, palpitations, and chest discomfort at the conclusion of the infusions. None of the patients had electrocardiographic changes. Mild fever, alopecia, and nausea and vomiting were noted occasionally. One patient with a hypernephroma and one patient with hepatocellular carcinoma experienced partial responses of their tumors secondary to the drug. Phase II studies of CL216,942 are planned at a starting dose of 260 mg/sq m as a single dose repeated at 21- to 28-day intervals.
Maternal administration of thalidomide or valproic acid causes abnormal serotonergic neurons in the offspring: implication for pathogenesis of autism (2004)

Embryonic exposure to thalidomide (THAL) or valproic acid (VPA) before neural tube closure has been demonstrated as a useful model for human autism in rats. Abnormalities of the serotonergic system which are often observed in human autism have been shown in these rats. Thus, we examined whether early serotonergic neuronal development is perturbed by THAL/VPA. When pregnant rats were exposed to THAL or VPA on embryonic day 9, a dramatic shift of the distribution of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus was observed on postnatal day 50. This alteration is thought to reflect abnormality of serotonergic neuronal differentiation and migration. In vitro studies revealed that VPA retards the maturation of serotonergic neuron from ES cell-derived neuronal progenitors, whereas exogenously added Sonic hedgehog, a morphogen that has been implicated in serotonergic cell fate, partially prevented this retardation. These results indicate that disruption of early serotonergic neuronal development might be involved in the etiology of autism.
Adalimumab: efficacy and safety in psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis (2004)

The next generation of targeted biologic therapies for psoriasis will either be directed against new protein targets or improve on the efficacy, safety, or convenience of medications available for an already validated area in the immune response. Adalimumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody directed against tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a central cytokine in the immune response in psoriasis that has already been shown to be an effective target for therapy. This medication is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Early phrase II studies with adalimumab have shown excellent efficacy for psoriasis with either weekly or every other week subcutaneous injection. Moreover, the safety and tolerability of adalimumab in large clinical studies of rheumatoid arthritis have shown good results. Thus, adalimumab shows significant promise for the therapy of psoriasis in the future.
Electron Transitions on Deep Dirac Levels I (1993)

AbstractThe original solutions of the Schrodinger relativistic equation and the Dirac equation for hydrogen-like atoms were analyzed for the possible existence of some other electron levels, which were not originally derived. It was found that besides the known atomic levels, each atom should also have the deep Dirac levels (DDLs). The electron transition on such DDLs would produce large amounts of atomic energy (400 to 510 keV per transition depending on the Z of the atom). A possible explanation is given for the excess heat effect observed recently in the electrolysis of lithium or potassium ions, based on existing Dirac quantum theory. The same calculation technique is applied to atoms formed from elementary particles such as e−e+, µ+µ−, τ+τ−, e−µ+, e−τ+, µ−τ+, etc.
Study of system instability in current-mode converter power systems operating in solar array voltage regulation mode (2002)

A study of power system stability, based on analytical modeling, is presented for application to a current-mode DC-DC converter power system with a solar array input and a line-filter interface. A fundamental analytical background is provided for use in analyses of systems of similar architecture. With this architecture, there is a potential for two sources of instability: (1) the relatively high-Q resonant tank formed by the input filter inductance and the array capacitance combined with excessive array voltage regulation loop-gain; and (2) positive feedback due to in-phase response produced by the current-mode converter at low frequencies. Such a low-frequency instability is dependent upon the magnitude of the array current, the array impedance, and the array voltage regulation loop-gain.
Hepatitis B vaccination of 113 hemophiliacs: Lower antibody response in anti‐LAV/HTLV‐III‐positive patients (1986)

One-hundred thirteen adults and children with hemophilia or other congenital bleeding disorders were vaccinated against the hepatitis B virus. Each patient was given three subcutaneous injections of the vaccine at monthly intervals and then a fourth booster dose 14 months after the first. The vaccine was highly immunogenic, since 111 of 113 patients (98%) produced anti-HBs (10 mIU/ml or more). After the first three vaccine doses and after the booster dose, ten anti-LAV/HTLV-III-positive hemophiliacs produced anti-HBs but had a lower average titer than anti-LAV/HTLV-III-negative hemophiliacs. Of the 23 patients treated with concentrates in the 15 month postvaccination period only, none acquired HBV infection. Of the 50 patients treated with concentrates also in the 6 month prevaccination period, one developed hepatitis B. In summary, the vaccine was highly immunogenic in both children and adults with hemophilia; anti-LAV/HTLV-III-positive patients responded to the vaccine, but the average anti-HBs response was lower; no case of hepatitis B occurred in patients treated with concentrates only in the postvaccination period.
Exciton−Plasmon Interaction in a Composite Metal−Insulator−Semiconductor Nanowire System (2007)

We report about the synthesis and optical properties of a composite metal-insulator-semiconductor nanowire system which consists of a wet-chemically grown silver wire core surrounded by a SiO2 shell of controlled thickness, followed by an outer shell of highly luminescent CdSe nanocrystals. With microphotoluminescence (micro-PL) experiments, we studied the exciton-plasmon interaction in individual nanowires and analyzed the spatially resolved nanocrystal emission for different nanowire length, SiO2-shell thickness, nanocrystal shape, pump power, and emission polarization. For an SiO2 spacer thickness of approximately 15 nm, we observed an efficient excitation of surface plasmons by excitonic emission of CdSe nanocrystals. For nanowire lengths up to approximately 10 microm, the composite metal-insulator-semiconductor nanowires ((Ag)SiO2)CdSe act as a waveguide for 1D-surface plasmons at optical frequencies with efficient photon outcoupling at the nanowire tips, which is promising for efficient exciton-plasmon-photon conversion and surface plasmon guiding on a submicron scale in the visible spectral range.
Interactions between cell growth-regulating domains in the products of the adenovirus E1A oncogene. (1988)

Among the various biological activities expressed by the products of the adenovirus E1A gene are the abilities to induce cellular DNA synthesis and proliferation in quiescent primary baby rat kidney cells. The functional sites for these activities lie principally within two regions of the E1A proteins: an N-terminal region and a small second region of approximately 20 amino acids further downstream. To study the biological functions of the first domain, we constructed an in-frame deletion of amino acid positions 23 through 107 of the E1A products. This deletion did not impede the ability of the E1A products to transactivate the adenovirus early region 3 promoter in a transient-expression assay in HeLa cells. The ability to induce DNA synthesis in quiescent baby rat kidney cells was, however, lost in the absence of these sequences. Deletion of the small second region induced a form of S phase in which DNA synthesis occurred in the apparent absence of controls required for the cessation of DNA synthesis and progression through the remainder of the cell cycle. These cells did not appear to accumulate in or before G2, and many appeared to have a DNA content greater than that in G2. The functions of both domains are required for production of transformed foci in a ras cooperation assay. Focus formation occurred, however, even when the two domains were introduced on two separate plasmids. This complementation effect appeared to require expression of both of the mutant proteins and did not appear to result merely from recombination at the DNA level.
Lower skin temperature decreases maximal cycling performance. (2011)

Whole body skin surface cooling prior to exercise restricts anaerobic capacity, especially in the initial phase of exercise.
Induction of Antiviral Immunity by Double-Stranded RNA in a Marine Invertebrate (2004)

Vertebrates mount a strong innate immune response against viruses, largely by activating the interferon system. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a common intermediate formed during the life cycle of many viruses, is a potent trigger of this response. In contrast, no general inducible antiviral defense mechanism has been reported in any invertebrate. Here we show that dsRNA induces antiviral protection in the marine crustacean Litopenaeus vannamei. When treated with dsRNA, shrimp showed increased resistance to infection by two unrelated viruses, white spot syndrome virus and Taura syndrome virus. Induction of this antiviral state is independent of the sequence of the dsRNA used and therefore distinct from the sequence-specific dsRNA-mediated genetic interference phenomenon. This demonstrates for the first time that an invertebrate immune system, like its vertebrate counterparts, can recognize dsRNA as a virus-associated molecular pattern, resulting in the activation of an innate antiviral response.
Synergistic effects of Miconazole and Polymyxin B on microbial pathogens (2008)

The therapeutic value of antibiotics depends on the susceptibility of the infecting microorganism and the pharmacological profile of the drugs. To assess the value of an antibiotic combination of polymyxin B and miconazole this study examined the in vitro synergistic potential of the two drugs on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and yeast. Antifungal and antibacterial activity was tested by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of broth macrodilution and urea broth microdilution, by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Synergism was calculated using the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICi). With Staphylococcus intermedius as target we found up to an eightfold reduction of the individual MICs when both drugs were combined. However, the FICi was 0.63 suggesting no real interaction between the two drugs. With Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Malassezia pachydermatis as targets the antimicrobial drug combination reduced the MICs of polymyxin B and miconazole from fourfold to hundredfold resulting in FICi between 0.06 and 0.5 which defines a synergistic action. Thus, if polymyxin B and miconazole are combined their effect is greater than the sum of the effects observed with polymyxin B and miconazole independently, revealing bactericidal and fungicidal synergism. Our results indicate a strong therapeutic value for the combination of these antimicrobial agents against Gram-negative bacteria and yeast and a weaker value against Gram positive bacteria for clinical situations where these pathogens are involved.
Widespread expression of perlecan proteoglycan in basement membranes and extracellular matrices of human tissues as detected by a novel monoclonal antibody against domain III and by in situ hybridization. (1994)

Perlecan, a multidomain heparan sulfate proteoglycan (PG), is an intrinsic component of basement membranes and extracellular matrices. We used a prokaryotic expression vector to generate fusion proteins encoding various domains of human perlecan protein core and these recombinant proteins were used as immunogens to produce mouse anti-human monoclonal antibodies (MAb). One MAb, designated 7B5, was characterized by Western blotting and ELISA and was shown to react specifically with the laminin-like region of perlecan (Domain III) but not with two other fusion proteins encoding Domain II or V. This perlecan epitope was detected by immunoenzymatic staining in the basement membranes of human tissues including pituitary gland, skin, breast, thymus, prostate, colon, liver, pancreas, spleen, heart, and lung. All vascular basement membranes tested contained this gene product. In addition, sinusoidal vessels of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and pituitary gland expressed high levels of perlecan in the subendothelial region. In situ hybridization, using as probe the same human cDNA-encoding Domain III, localized perlecan mRNA to specific cell types within the tissues and demonstrated that in skin, perlecan appears to be synthesized exclusively by connective tissue cells in the dermal layer. The availability of MAb against precise regions of human perlecan will allow the investigation of this gene product in normal and diseased states.
Developing a Clinically Feasible Personalized Medicine Approach to Pediatric Septic Shock (2014)

We developed and tested a gene expression-based classification method for pediatric septic shock that meets the time constraints of the critical care environment, and can potentially inform therapeutic decisions.
Intermediate filaments in alpha-keratins. (1986)

Previous x-ray diffraction studies on the alpha-keratins of hair and wool have revealed that the intermediate filaments (IF) have a helical structure rendered imperfect by a precisely defined dislocation. It has also been possible to deduce a surface lattice for the IF and to determine the number of IF molecules associated with each lattice point. In this work this information is combined with data on the ionic interactions between the coiled-coil rope segments of the IF molecules to provide a plausible model for the pattern of interactions that stabilize the framework of the IF in the "hard" alpha-keratins. Similar interaction studies of the proteins from the IF in the so-called "soft" alpha-keratin from the stratum corneum layer of the skin suggest that they are likely to have an essentially similar pattern.
Glucose transporter type I deficiency syndrome: Epilepsy phenotypes and outcomes (2012)

Glut 1 DS is a genetic metabolic encephalopathy with variable focal and multifocal seizure types and electroencephalographic findings. Infants with seizures, spasms, or paroxysmal events should be tested for Glut 1 DS. Evidence is insufficient to recommend specific AEDs as alternatives to KD. Early diagnosis and initiation of KD and prevention of unnecessary AED trials in Glut 1 DS are important goals for the treatment of children with epilepsy.
Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing Induced by Short Interfering RNAs in Cultured Transgenic Plant Cells (2004)

Short interfering RNA (siRNA) is widely used for studying post-transcriptional gene silencing and holds great promise as a tool for both identifying function of novel genes and validating drug targets. Two siRNA fragments (siRNA-a and -b), which were designed against different specific areas of coding region of the same target green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, were used to silence GFP expression in cultured gfp transgenic cells of rice (Oryza sativa L.; OS), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.; GH), Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir; AF], and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.; PV). Differential gene silencing was observed in the bombarded transgenic cells between two siRNAs, and these results were consistent with the inactivation of GFP confirmed by laser scanning microscopy, Northern blot, and siRNA analysis in tested transgenic cell cultures. These data suggest that siRNA-mediated gene inactivation can be the siRNA specific in different plant species. These results indicate that siRNA is a highly specific tool for targeted gene knockdown and for establishing siRNA-mediated gene silencing, which could be a reliable approach for large-scale screening of gene function and drug target validation.
Molecular Basis of the Interaction between Plasma Platelet-activating Factor Acetylhydrolase and Low Density Lipoprotein (1999)

The platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases are enzymes that were initially characterized by their ability to hydrolyze platelet-activating factor (PAF). In human plasma, PAF acetylhydrolase (EC 3.1.1.47) circulates in a complex with low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL). This association defines the physical state of PAF acetylhydrolase, confers a long half-life, and is a major determinant of its catalytic efficiency in vivo. The lipoprotein-associated enzyme accounts for all of the PAF hydrolysis in plasma but only two-thirds of the protein mass. To characterize the enzyme-lipoprotein interaction, we employed site-directed mutagenesis techniques. Two domains within the primary sequence of human PAF acetylhydrolase, tyrosine 205 and residues 115 and 116, were important for its binding to LDL. Mutation or deletion of those sequences prevented the association of the enzyme with lipoproteins. When residues 115 and 116 from human PAF acetylhydrolase were introduced into mouse PAF acetylhydrolase (which normally does not associate with LDL), the mutant mouse PAF acetylhydrolase associated with lipoproteins. To analyze the role of apolipoprotein (apo) B100 in the formation of the PAF acetylhydrolase-LDL complex, we tested the ability of PAF acetylhydrolase to bind to lipoproteins containing truncated forms of apoB. These studies indicated that the carboxyl terminus of apoB plays a key role in the association of PAF acetylhydrolase with LDL. These data on the molecular basis of the PAF acetylhydrolase-LDL association provide a new level of understanding regarding the pathway for the catabolism of PAF in human blood.