gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct Ink Writing of Three‐Dimensional Ceramic Structures (2006)

The ability to pattern ceramic materials in three dimensions (3D) is critical for structural, functional, and biomedical applications. One facile approach is direct ink writing (DIW), in which 3D structures are built layer‐by‐layer through the deposition of colloidal‐ or polymer‐based inks. This approach allows one to design and rapidly fabricate ceramic materials in complex 3D shapes without the need for expensive tooling, dies, or lithographic masks. In this feature article, we present both droplet‐ and filament‐based DIW techniques. We focus on the various ink designs and their corresponding rheological behavior, ink deposition mechanics, potential shapes and the toolpaths required, and representative examples of 3D ceramic structures assembled by each technique. The opportunities and challenges associated with DIW are also highlighted.
Contrast-enhanced Dedicated Breast CT: Initial Clinical Experience (2010)

Conspicuity of malignant breast lesions, including ductal carcinoma in situ, is significantly improved at contrast-enhanced breast CT. Quantifying lesion enhancement may aid in the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer.
Jockey Injuries in the United States (2000)

Our data suggest that jockeys have a high injury rate. Efforts are needed to reduce the number of potential injury events on the track and to improve protective equipment so events do not lead to injury.
Subnanosecond Electric Pulses Cause Membrane Permeabilization and Cell Death (2011)

Subnanosecond electric pulses (200 ps) at electric field intensities on the order of 20 kV/cm cause the death of B16.F10 murine melanoma cells when applied for minutes with a pulse repetition rate of 10 kHz. The lethal effect of the ultrashort pulses is found to be caused by a combination of thermal effects and electrical effects. Studies on the cellular level show increased transport across the membrane at much lower exposure times or number of pulses. Exposed to 2000 pulses, NG108 cells exhibit an increase in membrane conductance, but only allow transmembrane currents to flow, if the medium is positively biased with respect to the cell interior. This means that the cell membrane behaves like a rectifying diode. This increase in membrane conductance is a nonthermal process, since the temperature rise due to the pulsing is negligible.
High characteristic temperature of near 1.3-/spl mu/m InGaAs/GaAs quantum-dot lasers (2000)

Summary form only given.Quantum-dot lasers are expected to attain remarkable reduction in threshold current and temperature-insensitive operation, however, high characteristic temperature of threshold current (T/sub 0/) has nor yet been achieved except lasers which required huge current injection. For example, the dot lasers with low threshold current density or currents close to 10 mA have T/sub 0/ of 40-80 K. In this paper, we report T/sub 0/ of 120 K in near-1.3-/spl mu/m InGaAs-GaAs quantum-dot lasers having a threshold current of 13 mA at room temperature. The ground-level lasing occurred up to 100/spl deg/C. We compared the optical properties of the lasers with those of other dot lasers to indicate what were the key points for the achievements.
The differential ability of human IgG1 and IgG4 to activate complement is determined by the COOH-terminal sequence of the CH2 domain. (1991)

Using domain switch chimeric antibodies, we confirm the important role of CH2 in complement activation. In addition, we demonstrate that the structures responsible for the differential ability of human IgG1 and IgG4 to activate complement are located at the COOH-terminal part (from residue 292 to 340) of the CH2 domain. The amino acids in CH2 that might be involved in complement interaction are discussed. While CH3 contributes to efficient complement activation, CH3 from IgG2 and CH3 IgG3 are equally effective.
Knockin Approaches (2003)

Molecular genetic approaches toward the study of gene function in mice have traditionally relied on either overexpression or gene ablation using transgenic or knockout mouse strategies, respectively. More recently, the knockin approach, which often combines features of both techniques, has allowed a more subtle analysis of genes. The protein coding region of a gene can be replaced by, e.g., a reporter gene, or a homologous gene of a different species, or related genes from the same organism. Even (point) mutations can be introduced into a gene, affecting the gene product itself.
Phosphorylation of the p34 subunit of human single-stranded-DNA-binding protein in cyclin A-activated G1 extracts is catalyzed by cdk-cyclin A complex and DNA-dependent protein kinase. (1994)

The human single-stranded-DNA-binding protein (HSSB, also called RP-A) is a trimeric complex (p70, p34, and p14) required for multiple functions in DNA transactions. We report here that the p34 subunit of HSSB was hyperphosphorylated by kinase activities present in G1 extract (obtained from HeLa cells in G1 phase) preincubated with human cyclin A. This hyperphosphorylated HSSB product included at least four species of p34 that migrated more slowly through denaturing polyacrylamide gels than the hypophosphorylated form. Fractionation of cyclin A-activated G1 extract identified two kinases involved in the hyperphosphorylation of HSSB p34: cdk-cyclin A complex and DNA-dependent p350 protein kinase (DNA-PK). Kinetic analysis revealed that in cyclin A-activated G1 extract, p34 was first phosphorylated by cdk-cyclin A prior to the action of DNA-PK. Addition of p21cip1, a specific inhibitor of cdk-cyclin A but not DNA-PK, nearly abolished the hyperphosphorylation of HSSB p34 in G1 extract preincubated with cyclin A. This suggests a requirement of the cdk-cyclin A activity for the phosphorylation of p34 by DNA-PK in G1 extract.
DirectShow/sup TM/ RTP support for adaptivity in networked multimedia applications (2002)

Execution of a collaboration application or a distributed game involves many individual multimedia applications that concurrently generate and consume audio and video streams. As the resource requirements of individual streams change and as streams/applications are started or terminated, the amount of available resources may change dynamically. Networked MultiMedia applications must be willing to adapt to these changes by taking advantage of the fact that they can deliver varying levels of service that are acceptable to users. The paper addresses the problem of adding network and host adaptive capability to DirectShow/sup TM/ RTP. DirectShow/sup TM/ is Microsoft's architecture for capture and presentation of multimedia data. DirectShow RTP is a framework that extends the DirectShow architecture, adding support for streaming multimedia data using the RTP protocol. We have extended this framework by adding support for streaming applications which dynamically compensate for varying resource availability on the local host and on the computer networks being used to deliver multimedia data to and from these applications. The lessons learned are useful both to applications and to designers of frameworks used to build such applications.
MUC1 synthetic peptide inhibition of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and MUC1 binding requires six tandem repeats. (1998)

We reported recently that breast cancer-associated MUC1 is a ligand for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; L. H. Regimbald et al., Cancer Res., 56: 4244-4249, 1996). We report here the results of a competitive indirect binding assay to detect the molecular requirements for binding between ICAM-1 and MUC1. The assay involved inhibition of the binding of recombinant human ICAM-1 to a murine breast adenocarcinoma cell line transfected with human MUC1. The addition of a library of human MUC1 synthetic peptides ranging from 9 to 24 amino acids (aa) showed minimal or no inhibition. However, a 120-aa peptide that corresponds to six tandem repeats of the human mucin MUC1 was as effective an inhibitor as purified tumor MUC1 and MUC1 epitope (PDTRPAP)-specific antibody (B27.29). We conclude that the number of MUC1 tandem repeats necessary for an ordered tertiary structure (D. Fontenot et al., Cancer Res., 53: 5386-5394, 1993) is also important for ICAM-1 recognition. These findings are similar to those described recently for MUC1 induction of T-cell anergy (B. Agrawal et al., Nat. Med., 4: 43-49, 1998). This suggests that the anergy induction by MUC1 may be due to ICAM-1 binding by MUC1.
Comparative accessory cell function of human peripheral blood dendritic cells and monocytes. (1993)

The capacity of human peripheral blood (PB) dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes to facilitate T cell activation and the interaction molecules employed were compared. We have shown that precursors of DC constitute 2 to 3% of circulating PBMC, and can be isolated as CD33+CD14dim cells, whereas monocytes are CD33+CD14bright. Freshly obtained DC expressed similar densities of HLA-DR and the accessory molecules LFA-3, ICAM-1, and B7 as monocytes; after a 36-h incubation the expression of HLA-DR, ICAM-1, and B7 increased on both APC. Accessory cell function was examined in PB T cell cultures stimulated by suboptimal concentrations of immobilized mAb to CD3, and by stimulation of an allospecific T cell line. Freshly isolated monocytes and DC were comparable accessory cells in these assays, but their accessory function was increased by in vitro preincubation, although cultured DC and monocytes were comparably active. In contrast, DC were much more effective stimulators of freshly isolated allogeneic T cells than monocytes. DC were much more effective stimulators of freshly isolated allogeneic PB CD4+ naive and memory T cells than monocytes, whereas DC and monocytes were comparable accessory cells for memory and naive T cells stimulated with immobilized anti-CD3. The accessory molecules ICAM-1, LFA-3, and B7 were used comparably by DC and monocytes for accessory function in the presence of immobilized anti-CD3 and in the MLR, and none was unique for either APC population. These accessory molecules costimulated T cells in an additive fashion. Although immature blood DC and monocytes expressed minimal B7 and did not utilize it as an accessory molecule, B7 played an important role in the increased accessory function of differentiated APC. The results indicate that PB DC and monocytes function most efficiently after differentiation into mature cells that express increased amounts of MHC and other accessory molecules. Because DC and monocytes exhibit comparable accessory function in anti-CD3 T cell stimulation, differences in the expression of MHC molecules and/or their bound peptides are likely to explain the markedly enhanced capacity of DC to stimulate allogeneic PB T cells.
Morphology and Toxicity of Aβ-(1-42) Dimer Derived from Neuritic and Vascular Amyloid Deposits of Alzheimer's Disease (1996)

In the course of analyzing the chemical composition of Alzheimer's disease neuritic and vascular amyloid, we have purified stable dimeric and trimeric components of Abeta peptides. These peptides (molecular mass 9.0 and 13.5 kDa) were separated by size exclusion chromatography in the presence of 80% formic acid or 5 guanidine thiocyanate, pH 7.4. The average ratio of monomers, dimers, and trimers was 55:30:15, respectively. Similar structures were produced over time upon incubation of synthetic Abeta-(1-42) at pH 7.4. The stability of these oligomeric forms was also demonstrated by Western blot and mass spectrometry. Atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy rotary shadowing revealed that the monomers polymerized into 8-10-nm filaments, whereas the dimers generated prolate ellipsoids measuring 3-4 nm in diameter. The pathogenic effects of the dimeric Abeta-(1-40/42) were tested in cultures of rat hippocampal neuron glia cells. Only in the presence of microglia did the dimer elicit neuronal killing. It is possible that these potentially pathogenic Abeta-(1-40/42) dimers and trimers from Alzheimer's disease amyloid represent the soluble oligomers of Abeta recently described in Alzheimer's disease brains (Kuo, Y.-M., Emmerling, M. R., Vigo-Pelfrey, C., Kasunic, T. C., Kirkpatrick, J. B., Murdoch, G. H., Ball, M. J., and Roher, A. E. (1996) J. Biol. Chem., 271, 4077-4081).
Directed Evolution of Mesophilic Enzymes into Their Thermophilic Counterparts (1999)

Thermophillic enzymes tend to be less active at low temperatures than are their natural mesophillic or psychrophillic counterparts, which in turn are less thermostable (Fig. 1). Enzymes that are both highly thermostable and highly active at low temperature are not observed in nature. Our study addresses the following question: Are such enzymes physically possible?
Randomized Trial of an Inhibitor of Formation of Advanced Glycation End Products in Diabetic Nephropathy (2004)

While this study did not demonstrate a statistically significant beneficial effect of pimagedine on the progression of overt nephropathy resulting from type 1 diabetes, it is noteworthy in providing the first clinical proof of the concept that inhibiting advanced glycation end product formation can result in a clinically important attenuation of the serious complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
3-D ICs: a novel chip design for improving deep-submicrometer interconnect performance and systems-on-chip integration (2001)

Performance of deep-submicrometer very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits is being increasingly dominated by the interconnects due to decreasing wire pitch and increasing die size. Additionally, heterogeneous integration of different technologies in one single chip is becoming increasingly desirable, for which planar (two-dimensional) ICs may not be suitable. This paper analyzes the limitations of the existing interconnect technologies and design methodologies and presents a novel three-dimensional (3-D) chip design strategy that exploits the vertical dimension to alleviate the interconnect related problems and to facilitate heterogeneous integration of technologies to realize a system-on-a-chip (SoC) design. A comprehensive analytical treatment of these 3-D ICs has been presented and it has been shown that by simply dividing a planar chip into separate blocks, each occurring a separate physical level interconnected by short and vertical interlayer interconnects (VILICs), significant improvement in performance and reduction in wire-limited chip area can be achieved, without the aid of any other circuit or design innovations. A scheme to optimize the interconnect distribution among different interconnect tiers is presented and the effect of transferring the repeaters to upper Si layers has been quantified in this analysis for a two-layer 3-D chip. Furthermore, one of the major concerns in 3-D ICs arising due to power dissipation problems has been analyzed and an analytical model has been presented to estimate the temperatures of the different active layers. It is demonstrated that advancement in heat sinking technology will be necessary in order to extract maximum performance from these chips. Implications of 3-D device architecture on several design issues have also been discussed with special attention to SoC design strategies. Finally some of the promising technologies for manufacturing 3-D ICs have been outlined.
Development of an efficient endothelial cell specific vector using promoter and 5' untranslated sequences from the human preproendothelin-1 gene (2003)

We report here, that a vector constructed based on ppET-1 gene promoter and 5' untranslated region induced a high level of gene expression in endothelial cells and the specificity is even further enhanced under hypoxia-mimic conditions due to a natural hypoxia responsive element within the promoter region. A naked DNA vector that confers endothelial cell specific gene expression as well as efficient levels of gene expression was constructed with an endothelial cell specific naked DNA vector, pETlong, by using the full length promoter of the preproendothelin-1 gene and the entire 5' untranslated region upstream from the start codon. Inclusion of the entire 5' untranslated region in pETlong increased gene expression 2.96 fold as compared with that from pETshort, which contains only the promoter sequences. Reporter gene expression from pETlong was 7.9 fold higher as compared with that from CMV-driven promoter based vector in calf pulmonary endothelial cells. However, in nonendothelial COS cells, luciferase activity from pETlong was only 0.3 fold as compared with that of CMV-based vector. Similar results were observed in other nonendothelial cells. These results demonstrate that the pETlong drives gene expression in endothelial cells with high efficacy and specificity. We have examined hypoxia responsiveness of pETlong as the promoter region of the preproendothelin-1 gene contains hypoxia responsive elements. The activity of the pETlong vector was increased 1.6 fold under hypoxia-mimic conditions using cobalt chloride. The high levels of hypoxia-inducible expression in endothelial cells relative to the low levels of background expression in other cells shows that pETlong could be a useful tool for vascular targeting of vascular disease and cancer gene therapy.
WYSIWIS revised: early experiences with multiuser interfaces (1987)

WYSIWIS (What You See Is What I See) is a foundational abstraction for multiuser interfaces that expresses many of the characteristics of a chalkboard in face-to-face meetings. In its strictest interpretation, it means that everyone can also see the same written information and also see where anyone else is pointing. In our attempts to build software support for collaboration in meetings, we have discovered that WYSIWIS is crucial, yet too inflexible when strictly enforced. This paper is about the design issues and choices that arose in our first generation of meeting tools based on WYSIWIS. Several examples of multiuser interfaces that start from this abstraction are presented. These tools illustrate that there are inherent conflicts between the needs of a group and the needs of individuals, since user interfaces compete for the same display space and meeting time. To help minimize the effect of these conflicts, constraints were relaxed along four key dimensions of WYSIWIS: display space, time of display, subgroup population, and congruence of view. Meeting tools must be designed to support the changing needs of information sharing during process transitions, as subgroups are formed and dissolved, as individuals shift their focus of activity, and as the group shifts from multiple parallel activities to a single focused activity and back again.
The mechanisms for nitration and nitrotyrosine formationin vitroandin vivo: Impact of diet (2001)

The detection of 3-nitro-L-tyrosine residues associated with many disease states, including gastric cancer, has implicated a role for peroxynitrite in vivo, and thus endogenously produced nitric oxide and superoxide. Additionally, dietary nitrate has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer through a mechanism involving reduction to nitrite and subsequent formation of potentially mutagenic nitroso-compounds. Studies have now demonstrated that a multitude of reactive nitrogen species other than peroxynitrite are capable of producing nitrotyrosine. Thus, we have reviewed the evidence that dietary nitrate, amongst other reactive nitrogen species, may contribute to the body burden of nitrotyrosine.
Modulating T cell responses for the treatment of psoriasis: a focus on efalizumab (2003)

An improved understanding regarding the pathophysiology of psoriasis, coupled with advances in molecular research, has prompted the development of targeted biologic treatments for patients with plaque psoriasis. T lymphocytes play an important role in initiating the immune system and the inflammatory responses that result in the development and maintenance of psoriatic plaques. Efalizumab (anti-CD11a, Raptiva; Genentech, Inc.) is a mAb that targets the T cell adhesion molecule, leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1). By binding to CD11a - the alpha-subunit of LFA-1 - LFA-1 is prevented from binding with its ligand, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). This inhibits various T cell processes believed to be important in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, including T cell activation, T cell adhesion to endothelial cells and T cell migration. Clinical trials demonstrate that efalizumab, given subcutaneously once-weekly, provides clinical benefit, including improved quality of life, in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Efalizumab is associated with an early onset of action, with improvement noted as early as 14 days. Studies with extended treatment suggest that continuing efalizumab therapy is more beneficial in maintaining and improving responses. Relapse of psoriasis is usually seen within 60 - 70 days after discontinuation of therapy, and rebound in approximately 5% of patients (i.e., flare to > 125% of baseline) is noted. Efalizumab is associated with acute adverse events during the first and second injections, which decrease in incidence with each subsequent injection. Data indicate that efalizumab can be safely administered for extended periods of time. Given the efficacy, early onset of clinical benefit, the safety profile and the convenience of once-weekly subcutaneous home dosing, efalizumab offers an interesting new therapeutic option for the treatment of psoriasis and the potential for improved and potentially safer long-term, continuous 'maintenance' therapy.
Fast spiral fourier transform for iterative MR image reconstruction (2005)

We present a fast and accurate discrete spiral Fourier transform and its inverse. The inverse solves the problem of reconstructing an image from MRI data acquired along a spiral k-space trajectory. First, we define the spiral FT and its adjoint. These discrete operators allow us to efficiently compute the inverse using fast-converging conjugate gradient methods. Next, we developed a fast approximate spiral FT using the pseudo-polar FFT, to enhance the computational performances and numerical accuracy of the algorithm. Preliminary results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is more accurate than existing iterative methods that use similar interpolation and grid size.
Quinolone Antibiotics Induce Shiga Toxin–Encoding Bacteriophages, Toxin Production, and Death in Mice (2000)

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) cause significant disease; treatment is supportive and antibiotic use is controversial. Ciprofloxacin but not fosfomycin causes Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophage induction and enhanced Shiga toxin (Stx) production from E. coli O157:H7 in vitro. The potential clinical relevance of this was examined in mice colonized with E. coli O157:H7 and given either ciprofloxacin or fosfomycin. Both antibiotics caused a reduction in fecal STEC. However, animals treated with ciprofloxacin had a marked increase in free fecal Stx, associated with death in two-thirds of the mice, whereas fosfomycin did not. Experiments that used a kanamycin-marked Stx2 prophage demonstrated that ciprofloxacin, but not fosfomycin, caused enhanced intraintestinal transfer of Stx2 prophage from one E. coli to another. These observations suggest that treatment of human STEC infection with bacteriophage-inducing antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones, may have significant adverse clinical consequences and that fluoroquinolone antibiotics may enhance the movement of virulence factors in vivo.