gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Action of and Resistance to Quinolones (2001)

A topoisomerase was identified as the bacterial target site for quinolone action in the late 1970s. Since that time, further study identified two bacterial topoisomerases, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, as sites of antibacterial activity DNA gyrase appears to be the primary quinolone target for gram-negative bacteria. Topoisomerase IV appears to be the preferential target in gram-positive organisms, but this varies with the drug. Three mechanisms of resistance against quinolones are mutations of topoisomerases, decreased membrane permeability, and active drug efflux. Although these mechanisms occur singly, several resistance factors are often required to produce clinically applicable increases in minimum inhibitory concentrations. Appropriate drug selection and dosage and prudent human and veterinary interventions are important factors in controlling the emergence of resistance.
Natural killer T cells in health and disease (2010)

Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that share surface markers and functional characteristics with both conventional T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Most NKT cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor that reacts with glycolipid antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex class I-related protein CD1d on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. NKT cells become activated during a variety of infections and inflammatory conditions, rapidly producing large amounts of immunomodulatory cytokines. NKT cells can influence the activation state and functional properties of multiple other cell types in the immune system and, thus, modulate immune responses against infectious agents, autoantigens, tumors, tissue grafts and allergens. One attractive aspect of NKT cells is that their immunomodulatory activities can be readily harnessed with cognate glycolipid antigens, such as the marine sponge-derived glycosphingolipid alpha-galactosylceramide. These properties of NKT cells are being exploited for therapeutic intervention to prevent or treat cancer, infections, and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Principles of electronic circuits (1987)

The basic concepts of electronics and circuit analysis are introduced in this work. Among the selection of realistic examples offered by the book is SPICE, a circuit simulation software program used widely in EE departments. In simple terms, SPICE is used as an analysis tool to test electronic devices and their performance in circuits. The book has three key objectives: to describe device models for diodes, bipolar junction transistors and field-effect transistors; to apply these device models in a wide variety of realistic examples; and to integrate the use of SPICE throughout as a powerful design tool for circuit analysis.
Langmuir−Blodgett Films of Known Layered Solids:  Preparation and Structural Properties of Octadecylphosphonate Bilayers with Divalent Metals and Characterization of a Magnetic Langmuir−Blodgett Film (1997)

Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) films of a series of divalent metal octadecylphosphonates have been prepared and characterized. The films are each shown to be LB analogs of known solid-state metal phosphonates possessing 2-dimensional ionic−covalent metal phosphonate layers. The metal phosphonate layers crystallize during the LB deposition process. Films were characterized with XPS, X-ray diffraction, ellipsometry, attenuated total reflectance FTIR, and, in the case of the manganese film, SQUID magnetometry. Octadecylphosphonate films with Mn2+, Mg2+, and Cd2+ form with the stoichiometry M(O3PC17H37)·H2O and have metal phosphonate bonding consistent with the analogous M(O3PR)·H2O layered solids. The Ca2+ film forms as Ca(HO3PC18H37)2, which is also a known solid-state phase. Magnetic measurements reveal that the manganese octadecylphosphonate film undergoes a magnetic ordering transition at 13.5 K resulting in a “weak ferromagnet”. The behavior is similar to that of the known layered solid-state manganese alkylphosphonates which are also “weak ferromagnets”. The magnetic ordering is antiferromagnetic where incomplete cancellation of the magnetic sublattices, due to low site symmetry, results in a spontaneous magnetization. A spin-flop transition is observed at 2.5 T in magnetization vs applied field measurements of the ordered state. The film also exhibits magnetic memory, with a small remnant magnetization and a coercive field of 20 mT at 2 K. The results demonstrate that magnetic ordering phenomena can be incorporated into LB films and that LB film methods can be used to prepare monolayer and multilayer films of known solid-state materials.
Design, synthesis and SAR of a new class of small molecule inhibitors of β-Secretase. (2010)

β-Secretase is the enzyme responsible for the Amyloid-β plaques found in Alzheimer’s disease. Inhibition of this enzyme should prove to be very useful in combating Alzheimer’s disease by preventing this build-up. After a computational screening of the NCID-2 library a molecule was found to possess a 2- propanol structure with aromatic groups on either side. This moiety was replicated by a combinatorial library of 150 compounds. These compounds were screened initially against β-secretase at 100, 50, and then 25 μM to narrow down to 17 structures showing 50% inhibition at 25 μM. The IC50 for each of the 17 molecules was found experimentally resulting in one lead compound 15, 4.93 μM ± 0.86 μM. This compound was modified by making slight changes to the 2-propanol moiety resulting in mostly loss of activity.
Physiologic Fluctuations of Serum Estradiol Levels Influence Biochemical Markers of Bone Resorption in Young Women (2000)

We investigated the effect of physiologic variations in sex hormone levels during the menstrual cycle on biomarkers of bone turnover. Blood and 24-h and fasting urine samples were obtained in nine women (age, 25.1+/-3.0 yr) with regular menstrual cycles during the early follicular period (t1), 3 days before ovulation (t2), 3 days after ovulation (t3), at the midluteal period (t4) and again during the early follicular period of the next cycle (t5). All subjects had a calcium intake covering current dietary recommendations (above 1,000 mg/day, standardized food record). Serum calcium, phosphorus, calcitriol, 24-h and 2-h fasting urinary calcium, and phosphorus excretion remained constant during the menstrual cycle. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels decreased slightly from the beginning until the end of the study (P<0.05), indicating low cutaneous vitamin D synthesis during wintertime. The serum levels of sex hormones showed typical monthly variations, with the lowest estradiol (E2) levels at t1 and t5. Fasting 2-h pyridinoline (Pyd) concentrations (a marker of bone resorption) fell from t1 to t3 and rose again at t5 (P<0.01). Similar variations were observed for the resorption marker deoxypyridinoline (Dpd; P<0.05). The amplitude of the two biomarkers was 32% and 33%, respectively. The serum levels of the carboxyterminal propeptide of type I collagen (a marker of bone formation) showed an inverse cyclic pattern, as compared with the pyridinium cross-links. Low concentrations were observed at t1; a rise occurred until t3 and was followed by a decrease until t5 (P<0.05). A similar cyclic pattern was observed for serum PTH levels, with the highest concentrations at t3 (P<0.05). Dpd and Pyd values were significantly correlated with serum E2 levels (r = 0.52; P<0.0001 and r = 0.50; P<0.001, respectively). Neither progesterone nor LH nor FSH was correlated with Pyd or Dpd levels. The data suggest that normal menstrual cycling in young women is associated with monthly fluctuations in bone turnover. This physiological effect of the menstrual cycle is most probably related to variations in serum E2 concentrations.
Relaxation of strained Si layers grown on SiGe buffers (1999)

Thin strained Si layers grown on SiGe layers graded to 20% Ge were studied for resistance to relaxation. It was observed that in the presence of ∼105/cm2 threading dislocations from the underlying graded layers, the barrier to misfit dislocation formation is sufficiently reduced to induce relaxation in Si layers even when the layer thickness is less than the predicted critical thickness. Raman spectroscopy revealed that elastic strain accumulation in the uniform SiGe layers is a significant contributor to strain relaxation in the Si cap layers. Upon annealing, thermal mismatch causes the Si layers to relax further, but most of the strain relaxation is accommodated by elastic strain increase in the SiGe layers. This prevents the rampant increase in defect density that would otherwise accompany the strain relaxation. Annealing in an oxidizing ambient appears to pin pre-existing threading dislocations causing nucleation of new threading dislocations and short misfit segments to relieve the thermal mismatch stresses.
Cellulite: a review with a focus on subcision (2017)

Cellulite is an alteration in skin topography most often found on the buttocks and posterolateral thighs of the majority of postpubertal females. This article aims to review the background, potential pathophysiology, and potential treatment options for cellulite, highlighting subcision as an ideal therapeutic option for this cosmetically distressing condition.
A new model system for tomato genetics (1997)

The purpose of this study was to develop a model system for studying tomato genetics. Agronomic, genetic, and molecular data are presented which show that the miniature Lycopersicon esculentum cultivar, Micro‐Tom (Micro tomato), fulfills the requirements for such a model. It grows at high density (up to 1357 plants/m −2 ); it has a short life cycle (70–90 days from sowing to fruit ripening); and it can be transformed at frequencies of up to 80% through Agrobacterium ‐mediated transformation of cotyledons. Moreover, it differs from standard tomato cultivars by only two major genes. Therefore, any mutation or transgene can be conveniently studied in Micro‐Tom’s background and, when needed, transferred into a standard background. We took advantage of Micro‐Tom’s features to improve the infrastructure for mutagenesis in tomato. A screening of 9000 M1 and 20 000 M2 EMS mutagenized plants is described. Mutants with altered pigmentation or modified shape of leaves, flowers and fruits were found. In addition, an enhancer trapping and a gene trapping system, based on the Ac/Ds maize transposable elements, were transformed into Micro‐Tom and found to be active. In summary, Micro‐Tom opens new prospects to achieve saturated mutagenesis in tomato, and facilitates the application of transposon‐based technologies such as gene tagging, trapping and knockout.
Two Distinct Regions of the Immunophilin-like Protein XAP2 Regulate Dioxin Receptor Function and Interaction with hsp90 (2002)

The dioxin (aryl hydrocarbon) receptor is a ligand inducible transcription factor, which mediates cellular responses to a variety of xenobiotic compounds such as dioxins. In the absence of ligand the receptor is associated with the molecular chaperone hsp90 and the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR-) containing immunophilin-like protein XAP2. XAP2 has been implicated in regulation of the intracellular localization of the dioxin receptor and protection of the receptor against degradation. In this study a series of XAP2 mutants has been generated in order to identify the structural motif(s) mediating interaction with the dioxin receptor-hsp90 complex and modulation of receptor function. Immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that the C-terminal part of XAP2, including the TPR motifs and the region outside the TPR motifs, was required to directly contact hsp90. The N-terminal part of XAP2 was required for the stability of the ternary dioxin receptor-hsp90-XAP2 complex. In addition, the integrity of the N-terminal region of XAP2 was essential for XAP2 to regulate the intracellular localization of the dioxin receptor. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that two distinct regions of XAP2 modulate dioxin receptor function and interaction with hps90, illustrating the complexity in regulation of dioxin receptor signaling by the hsp90 molecular chaperone machinery.
Functional verification methodology for the PowerPC 604 microprocessor (1996)

Functional (i.e., logic) verification of the current generation of complex, super-scalar microprocessors such as the PowerPC 604 microprocessor presents significant challenges to a project's verification participants. Simple architectural level tests are insufficient to gain confidence in the quality of the design. Detailed planning must be combined with a broad collection of methods and tools to ensure that design defects are detected as early as possible in a project's life-cycle. This paper discusses the methodology applied to the functional verification of the PowerPC 604 microprocessor.
Deposition of Newtonian Particles Entrained in a Turbulent Axisymmetric Free Jet (2012)

In the past 10 years there has been a significant amount of research into two-phase particle transport. The terrorist events of September 11, 2001 sparked a series of studies analyzing particle entrainment and deposition in turbulent airflows. One area of research needing further attention has been the study of particles entrained in axisymmetric air jets. An experimental rig was designed and built to study entrainment properties and deposition of Newtonian particles, after injection into a turbulent axisymmetric free air jet. Newtonian spherical particles, ranging from 1mm to 6mm in diameter, were injected into a turbulent airstream and blown through a nozzle into a large, open space. As the particles fell out of the jet stream, their linear distances, from nozzle to initial-ground-contact, were recorded and analyzed. The experiments conducted indicated particle size and density to be significant factors when considering Newtonian particle entrainment. Additionally, particle deposition distribution revealed a consistent positive skewness, as opposed to an expected Gaussian form. The data presented in this paper provide a starting point for understanding entrainment of Newtonian spherical particles in jets. The simple experimental rig geometry and results also provide an opportunity for computational fluid dynamics models to be validated, answering a call from the 2006 Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics.
Anomalous transhorizon propagation and meteorological processes of a multilink path (1995)

An event‐based approach is developed and applied to 3 years of data of a four link transhorizon path over the English Channel (La Manche). The signal enhancements (events) observed on the chart recordings during anomalous propagation are selected and, according to their dynamical signatures, categorized into three main patterns of ducting, layer reflection, and high k factor diffraction. The statistical analysis carried out on this event basis gives the correlation between the signal levels of different links and the cross correlation between signal levels and local N index derived from surface meteorological monitoring. The results reveal the fundamental properties of the anomalous propagation regimes. Using case studies of several interesting events, the meteorological processes and resultant impact on transhorizon transmission are also explained. This extensive work contributes to a better understanding of anomalous propagation mechanisms present in transhorizon links.
The molecular basis of carbon‐starvation‐induced general resistance in Escherichia coli (1991)

At the onset of starvation Escherichia coli undergoes a temporally ordered program of starvation gene expression involving 40-80 genes which some four hours later yields cells possessing an enhanced general resistance. Two classes of genes are induced upon carbon starvation: the cst genes, requiring cyclic AMP, and the pex genes, not requiring this nucleotide for induction. The cst genes are not involved in the development of the resistant state and are concerned with escape from starvation, while the pex gene induction appears to be associated with resistance. Many of the latter are induced in response to a variety of starvation conditions. They include heat shock and oxidation resistance genes, and some utilize minor, stationary-phase-specific sigma factors for induction during starvation. The protective role of stress proteins may be due to their ability to rescue misfolded macromolecules. The starvation promoters can be potentially useful for selective expression of desired genes in metabolically sluggish populations, e.g. in high-density industrial fermentations and in situ bioremediation.
Functionalizing Titanium−Phosphinimide Complexes (2006)

The reaction of the titanacycle CpTi(NPt-Bu3)(C4H8) (1) with benzyl halides, 4-bromo-1-butene, and allyl chloride proceeds with loss of ethylene to give CpTiX(NPt-Bu3)(CH2Ph) (X = Cl, 3; Br, 4), CpTiBr(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CH2CHCH2) (5), and CpTiCl(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CHCH2) (6), respectively. Complexes 4 and 6 were readily alkylated to CpTiMe(NPt-Bu3)(CH2Ph) (7) and CpTiMe(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CHCH2) (8), respectively. Loss of ethylene also occurs on reaction of 1 with bipyridine to give CpTi(NPt-Bu3)(bipy) (9). In contrast, reaction of 1 with ClSiMePh2 in the presence of PMe3 gave CpTiCl(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CH2SiPh2Me) (10). In a similar fashion, the two-carbon derivatives CpTiCl(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CH2SiMe3) (11), CpTiCl(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CH2Si(SiMe3)3) (12), CpTi(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CH2SiMe3)(OSO2CF3) (13), CpTiCl(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CH2Snn-Bu3) (14), CpTiCl(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CH2SiCl3) (15), and [CpTiCl(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CH2)]2SiCl2 (16) were produced. In the absence of PMe3, reaction of 1 with SiCl4 and ClSnMe3 gave the four-carbon derivatives CpTiCl(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CH2CH2CH2SiCl3) (17) and CpTiCl(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CH2CH2CH2SnMe3) (18), while reaction of 1 with ClSnPh3 gave only the two-carbon chain derivative CpTiCl(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CH2SnPh3) (19). Nonetheless, in the presence and absence of PMe3 reaction of 1 with ClBcat or ClPPh2 gave the analogous two- and four-carbon derivatives CpTiCl(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CH2Bcat) (20), CpTiCl(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CH2CH2CH2Bcat) (21), CpTiCl(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CH2PPh2)(22), and CpTiCl(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CH2CH2CH2PPh2) (23), respectively. The corresponding species CpTiCl(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH2PPh2) (24) was prepared from CpTi(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CHMe)2 (2), while complexation of 23 and 24 afforded CpTiCl(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CH2CH2CH2PPh2)RhCl(cod) (25) and CpTiCl(NPt-Bu3)(CH2CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH2PPh2)RhCl(cod) (26). The mechanisms affording the functionalized two- and four-carbon derivatives above are discussed and the implications considered.
Exploring feature interactions in the wild (2013)

The feature-interaction problem has been keeping researchers and practitioners in suspense for years. Although there has been substantial progress in developing approaches for modeling, detecting, managing, and resolving feature interactions, we lack sufficient knowledge on the kind of feature interactions that occur in real-world systems. In this position paper, we set out the goal to explore the nature of feature interactions systematically and comprehensively, classified in terms of order and visibility. Understanding this nature will have significant implications on research in this area, for example, on the efficiency of interaction-detection or performance-prediction techniques. A set of preliminary results as well as a discussion of possible experimental setups and corresponding challenges give us confidence that this endeavor is within reach but requires a collaborative effort of the community.
Structure-property relationships inD-glucitol derivatives with two geminal hydrocarbon chains. Part 1.—Thermotropic and lyotropic liquid-crystalline behaviour (1995)

Two homologous series of N-acyl N-alkyl 1-amino-l-deoxy-D-glucitol derivatives were prepared. In the first series (2), the alkyl chain length was kept constant (n-dodecyl) and in the second series (3) the acyl chain length was kept constant (n-tetradecanoyl). A number of acid addition salts, 4 and 5, were also prepared. The thermotropic properties of the compounds in series 2 and 3 changed from enantiotropic smectic Ad(SAd)via monotropic SAd and non-mesogenic to monotropic disordered hexagonal columnar (Dhd) and finally enantiotropic Dhd. Clearly, this change in thermotropic behaviour corresponds to a change in molecular shape from rod-like to (inverted) wedge-like. The acid addition salt 4 was found to form a Dhd phase which is similar to a normal hexagonal (HI) phase. Several of the acid addition salts 5 showed an interesting polymorphism on heating. Initially, an SAd phase was formed which transformed to a Dhd phase before reaching the clearing point. The formation of lyotropic mesophases was studied qualitatively (contact preparation method) for all the compounds. The expected range of lyotropic phases in compounds 2 and 3, from normal hexagonal (HI) in the molecules with one long and one short apolar chain to inverted hexagonal (HII) for molecules with two long apolar chains, was indeed observed. Compounds 5 formed the so-called ‘myelin figures’ when heated in the presence of water.
Cysteine3 of Src family protein tyrosine kinase determines palmitoylation and localization in caveolae. (1994)

Recent work has demonstrated that p56lck, a member of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), is modified by palmitoylation of a cysteine residue(s) within the first 10 amino acids of the protein (in addition to amino-terminal myristoylation that is a common modification of the Src family of PTKs). This is now extended to three other members of this family by showing incorporation of [3H]palmitate into p59fyn, p55fgr, and p56hck, but not into p60src. The [3H]palmitate was released by treatment with neutral hydroxylamine, indicating a thioester linkage to the protein. Individual replacement of the two cysteine residues within the first 10 amino acids of p59fyn and p56lck with serine indicated that Cys3 was the major determinant of palmitoylation, as well as association of the PTK with glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. Introduction of Cys3 into p60src led to its palmitoylation. p59fyn but not p60src partitioned into Triton-insoluble complexes that contain caveolae, microinvaginations of the plasma membrane. Mapping of the requirement for partitioning into caveolae demonstrated that the amino-terminal sequence Met-Gly-Cys is both necessary and sufficient within the context of a Src family PTK to confer localization into caveolae. Palmitoylation of this motif in p59fyn also modestly increased its overall avidity for membranes. These results highlight the role of the amino-terminal motif Met-Gly-Cys in determining the structure and properties of members of the Src family of PTKs.
Stretchable Inorganic‐Semiconductor Electronic Systems (2011)

A stretchable array of commercially available inorganic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) shows no change in electrical properties under repeated tensile strains in excess of 100%. The array is built using a widely applicable fabrication process in which the LEDs can be substituted for other commercially available electronic components to build all types of stretchable electronic systems, thereby expanding the application space of electronics. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.