gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scanning probe tips formed by focused ion beams (1991)

Probe tips for scanning tunneling microscopy have been sharpened using focused ion beam milling. Reproducible tips were formed on polycrystalline W and Pt-Ir shanks, but this technique is not limited to these materials. The tips were found to have cone angles of 12±3° and radii of curvature as sharp as 4 nm. Focused ion beam machining allows precise control of the final shape of the tips which is important in metrology measurements of various nanostructure devices.
Patient blood management -- the GP's guide. (2013)

There are a number of ways in which GPs can contribute to patient blood management, particularly in the care of patients scheduled for elective surgery. These include awareness, identification, investigation and management of patients with or at risk of anaemia; assessment of the adequacy of iron stores in patients undergoing planned procedures in which substantial blood loss is anticipated; awareness and assessment of medications and complementary medicines that might increase bleeding risk; and awareness of and ability to discuss with patients, the possible risks associated with blood transfusion and alternatives that may be available.
Serotype-specific glycoprotein of simian 11 rotavirus: coding assignment and gene sequence. (1983)

Cloned DNA copies of the double-stranded RNA genomic segments of simian 11 rotavirus have been used to determine the coding assignment for VP7, the type-specific antigen of this virus. Translation of hybrid-selected mRNAs in an in vitro system supplemented with canine pancreatic microsomes permitted VP7 to be assigned to segment 9 and the two nonstructural viral proteins NCVP4 and NCVP3, to segments 7 and 8, respectively. Hybridization of cloned DNA probes for segments 7-9 with the corresponding segments of human rotavirus Wa confirmed these assignments. The complete nucleotide sequence of gene 9 has been determined. The deduced amino acid sequence reveals VP7 to be 326 amino acids in length with two NH2-terminal hydrophobic regions and a single glycosylation site at residues 69-71.
Adaptive Caches: Effective Shaping of Cache Behavior to Workloads (2006)

We present and evaluate the idea of adaptive processor cache management. Specifically, we describe a novel and general scheme by which we can combine any two cache management algorithms (e.g., LRU, LFU, FIFO, Random) and adaptively switch between them, closely tracking the locality characteristics of a given program. The scheme is inspired by recent work in virtual memory management at the operating system level, which has shown that it is possible to adapt over two replacement policies to provide an aggregate policy that always performs within a constant factor of the better component policy. A hardware implementation of adaptivity requires very simple logic but duplicate tag structures. To reduce the overhead, we use partial tags, which achieve good performance with a small hardware cost. In particular, adapting between LRU and LFU replacement policies on an 8-way 512KB L2 cache yields a 12.7% improvement in average CPI on applications that exhibit a non-negligible L2 miss ratio. Our approach increases total cache storage by 4.0%, but it still provides slightly better performance than a conventional 10-way set-associative 640KB cache which requires 25% more storage
Problems of the experimental implementation of MTJ (2015)

The results of experimental studies of MRAM technology based on standard magnetic tunneling junctions are presented. Basic steps of experimental fabrication of MRAM cell are considered. Experimental samples of MTJ with variable lateral sizes are fabricated. Current-voltage characteristics of the tunnel barriers are investigated. Main parameters of the tunnel barriers are estimated from comparison of the experimental data with the theory.
Delaying the Mitochondrial Decay of Aging (2004)

Mitochondrial dysfunction may be a principal underlying event in aging, including the degenerative diseases of aging such as brain degeneration. Mitochondria provide energy for basic metabolic processes, and their decay with age impairs cellular metabolism and leads to cellular decline. Progress over the last decade in delaying the mitochondrial decay of aging is reviewed.
Addition of 4-ethoxyimidazoles to dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and transformation of the adducts to pyrimidin-5-yl acetates. (1988)

Four new 4-ethoxy-2-substituted imidazoles (1) were synthesized and high reactivity toward electrophiles was observed at the 5-position rather than the N atoms. For example, 1 reacted with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to afford dimethyl (4-ethoxyimidazol-5-yl)fumarates (6) and-maleates (5). When 6 was treated with acid, a novel ring transformation occurred to give methyl (6-ethoxycarbonyl-3, 4-dihydro-4-oxopyrimidin-5-yl)acetates (12).
Extrinsic innervation of the canine abdominal vena cava and the origin of cholinergic vasoconstrictor nerves (1982)

1. The effects of electrical stimulation of the greater splanchnic nerve and the vagus nerve on the middle segment of the inferior vena cava (i.v.c.) were studied in anaesthetized and unilaterally or bilaterally adrenalectomized dogs. The vascular response of the segment was measured as the change in pressure of an intravascular cuff inserted into the lumen of the segment.2. Electrical stimulation of the greater splanchnic nerve of either side caused an increase in the tension of the vein with a delay of less than 3 sec. The tension increased with frequency of stimulation until it reached a maximum at the frequency of 32 Hz. The maximum tension development was consistently larger, by a factor of about two, when the right greater splanchnic nerve was stimulated than when the left was. It seems that the right greater splanchnic nerve supplies more sympathetic nerve fibres to the middle segment of the i.v.c. than does the left.3. The response to electrical stimulation of the right or left greater splanchnic nerve was markedly reduced by phentolamine or hexamethonium. The response remaining after treatment with phentolamine or hexamethonium was augmented by neostigmine and diminished by atropine.4. The electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve elicited no response of the vein before and after treatment with neostigmine.5. The effects of electrical stimulation of the right greater splanchnic nerve were further confirmed by a preparation in which the middle segment of the i.v.c. was perfused with Krebs solution in situ. The relation between the frequency of stimulation and the magnitude of the response was almost the same as in the in vivo experiments.6. It was also confirmed in the perfused preparation that the response to electrical stimulation of the right greater splanchnic nerve was reduced by phentolamine and the remaining response was augmented by neostigmine and abolished by atropine.7. Our data show that the middle segment of the canine i.v.c. receives both adrenergic and cholinergic excitatory innervation, preferentially via the right greater splanchnic nerve.8. The infrarenal segment of the i.v.c. was also examined in the in vivo experiment, in which it was shown that this segment received much clearer dominant innervation of the right greater splanchnic nerve.9. The infrarenal segment of the i.v.c. is also supplied with excitatory adrenergic fibres and, in some cases, with the cholinergic ones from the right greater splanchnic nerve.
Activation of platelets in blood perfusing angioplasty-damaged coronary arteries. Flow cytometric detection. (1992)

Fluorescence-activated flow cytometry has been used to investigate platelet activation in blood flowing through atherosclerotic coronary arteries after sustaining mechanical damage induced by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTCA). For flow cytometry, platelets and platelet-derived microparticles were identified by biotinylated anti-glycoprotein (GP) Ib monoclonal antibody (mAb) and a fluorophore, phycoerythrin-streptavidin. Activated platelets were detected by using a panel of fluoresceinated mAbs specific for activation-dependent platelet epitopes, including 1) activated GPIIb-IIIa complex (PAC1); 2) fibrinogen bound to platelet GPIIb-IIIa (9F9); 3) ligand-induced binding sites on GPIIIa (anti-LIBS1); and 4) P-selectin, an alpha-granule membrane protein expressed on the platelet surface after secretion (S12). The binding of antibodies to platelets was determined in blood that was sampled continuously via heparin-coated catheters from the coronary sinus in 1) patients before, during, and for 30 minutes after PTCA and 2) control patients undergoing coronary angiography without PTCA. Platelets in coronary sinus blood showed significant binding of mAbs that specifically detect activation epitopes associated with the GPIIb-IIIa complex (PAC1, anti-LIBS1, and 9F9) during and for 30 minutes after angioplasty in four of the five patients. The relative proportion of platelets positive for PAC1 and anti-LIBS1 increased from baseline values of 2.0 +/- 0.3% (mean +/- SD) and 2.0 +/- 0.5% to 18 +/- 14% and 28 +/- 14%, respectively, during PTCA or 30 minutes after PTCA (p < 0.01 in both cases). Binding with 9F9 was less prominent. The expression of P-selectin was detected in one of the five patients. By contrast, activation-specific mAbs failed to bind detectably with platelets obtained from 1) the peripheral blood during coronary angiography in eight patients or 2) coronary sinus blood obtained via catheter throughout control catheterization procedures in three patients or before PTCA in five. We conclude that circulating platelets become activated while flowing through PTCA-damaged stenotic coronary arteries and that this process of platelet activation is readily demonstrated by measuring the expression of activation-specific membrane GP epitopes by flow cytometric analysis.
A 50 nm depleted-substrate CMOS transistor (DST) (2002)

In this paper we show a Depleted-Substrate Transistor (DST) technology which demonstrates significant performance gain over bulk Si transistors without the floating body effect (FBE). We have fabricated depleted-substrate CMOS transistors on thin silicon body (/spl les/30 nm) with physical gate lengths down to 50 nm which show much steeper subthreshold slopes (/spl les/75 mV/decade) and improved DIBL (/spl les/50 mV/V) over both partially-depleted (P-D) SOI and bulk Si, for both PMOS and NMOS transistors. The salicide formation and high parasitic resistance problems associated with the use of thin Si body can be overcome by using raised source/drain. Depleted-substrate PMOS transistors with 50 nm physical gate length and raised source/drain were fabricated and achieved I/sub on/=0.65 mA/um and I/sub off/=9 nA/um at V/sub cc/=1.3 V. This PMOS drive current is the highest ever reported, and is about 30% higher than any previously published PMOS I/sub on/ value for both PD-SOI and bulk Si at a given I/sub off/. The use of raised source/drain improved the I/sub on/ of the depleted-substrate NMOS transistors by /spl sim/20%. Depleted-substrate NMOS transistors with 65 nm physical gate length and raised source/drain achieved DIBL=45 mV/V, subthreshold slope=75 mV/decade, I/sub on/=1.18 mA/um and I/sub off/ =60 nA/um at V/sub cc/=1.3 V, as well as significant improvement in Id-Vd characteristics due to a 60% reduction in DIBL and >25% improvement in subthreshold slope over the bulk Si.
Highly parallel optics in ATM switching networks (1997)

The use of an optical crossbar provides a means of overcoming the intermodule interconnection problems of very large (terabit/s) electronic ATM switches. The operation of the hybrid electro-optic switching module (ETOSET) is described and the place of ETOSET in a network context is discussed. A novel control algorithm minimises contention for switch paths and gives a low control processing overhead. Performance is evaluated in terms of switch size, cell loss and control overhead.
Color order systems (2005)

Having studied radiometry, colorimetry, and the psychophysics of our visual perception, we now have the appropriate background to study the subject of color order systems. This is a subject that is often discussed on an intuitive level, but the concepts and the logic of color order systems can be much better appreciated if we have a proper knowledge of the physics of color and the psychophysics of human color perception. Therefore, we have delayed discussion of this subject until now. Color order systems are important in applications because they provide some practical solutions for many color problems in our daily life, such as how to specify the paint color we want and how to coordinate the colors of furniture. Color order systems are also quite important for the explicit expression of our theoretical thinking and understanding of how we perceive colors, such as the opponent-color processes.
Plasma Viremia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (1989)

To determine which markers of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) replication correlate most closely with progressive disease, we compared the following: (1) the frequency of isolation of HIV from peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), (2) the frequency of isolation of the virus from cell-free plasma (plasma viremia), (3) the presence and titer of p24 antigen in plasma, and (4) the presence and titer of antibody to p24 antigen. We studied 213 persons who were positive for HIV antibody and 71 who were negative. HIV was isolated from PBMC from 207 of the 213 antibody-positive patients (97 percent), regardless of the clinical stage of the infection. Plasma viremia, in contrast, was correlated with the clinical stage of the infection. It was detected in 11 of 48 patients (23 percent) with asymptomatic infection, 32 of 71 (45 percent) in Class IVa of the Centers for Disease Control (those with AIDS-related complex), and 75 of 92 (82 percent) in Class IVc (those with AIDS) (P less than 0.01). Plasma HIV titers ranged from 10(0) to 10(4.3) and rose from a mean of 10(1.4) in asymptomatic patients to 10(2.5) in those with AIDS (P less than 0.02). Only 45 percent of patients with plasma viremia had HIV p24 antigen in either serum or plasma, and no correlation was found between the amount of p24 antigen in plasma and the plasma HIV titers. Follow-up tests indicated that plasma viremia was associated with a more marked decline in the CD4-lymphocyte cell count and the development of symptomatic disease (P = 0.034). We conclude that plasma viremia is a more sensitive virologic marker of the clinical stage of HIV infection and viral replication than the presence of p24 antigen or antibody in plasma. Not only whole blood but cell-free plasma from HIV-infected patients should be considered potentially infectious.
Bone Metastases in Advanced Prostate Cancer (2005)

Men with advanced prostate cancer are at high risk for development of bone metastases,resulting in clinically significant skeletal morbidity and severe bone pain. Studies of early-generation bisphosphonates,clodronate, and pamidronate,demonstrated transient palliative effects on bone pain in patients with bone metastases, but failed to demonstrate long-term clinical benefit.A small,open-label study of ibandronate demonstrated significant reductions in pain,but these results have not been confirmed in a larger,randomized,controlled trial. Currently,zoledronic acid is the only bisphosphonate that has demonstrated statistically significant reductions in skeletal morbidity – including durable pain reduction– in this patient population in a randomized placebocontrolled trial.Therefore,zoledronic acid therapy should be considered to prevent skeletal morbidity and improve the quality of life of prostate cancer patients with bone metastases.
All Roads Lead to mTOR: Integrating Inflammation and Tumor Angiogenesis (2007)

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a crucial molecule in the control of cell size and proliferation; dysregulation of the mTOR pathway is commonly found in human cancers. Many cancer-promoting kinases have been identified as regulators of mTOR activity through phosphorylation and inactivation of the TSC1-TSC2 complex. Tumorassociated macrophages (TAMs) are tumor-promoting factors in inflammation-mediated tumor development, and the signaling molecules involved in TAMs-mediated tumor angiogenesis are not well understood. Therefore, it is urgent to elucidate the cross-talk between inflammatory cells and cancers and to explore the precise pathways involved in TAMsinduced tumor angiogenesis. Recently IKKbeta was found to activate the mTOR pathway and to promote tumor angiogenesis through inactivation of the TSC1-TSC2 complex by phosphorylating TSC1. This finding provides critical insights into and suggests one mechanism behind inflammation-mediated tumor angiogenesis. In this extra-view, we briefly discuss the possible influence of TAMs-released proangiogenic factors on mTOR activation and propose a model of the cross-talk between tumors and TAMs in tumor angiogenesis.
Advances in gender preselection in swine. (1997)

Gender preselection using isolated populations of X- and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa that have been separated on the basis of DNA content is currently possible in swine and other farm animals, as well as in humans. Semen from most livestock species can now be successfully separated into predominantly X or Y sperm populations before their use for intra-tubal insemination, deep-uterine insemination or for in vitro fertilization (IVF) to produce sexed offspring. Birth of progeny of the desired sex in cattle, sheep and swine under semi-practical conditions has successfully validated the sexing technology. Spermatozoa are separated on the basis of inherent differences in DNA content in the X- and Y-chromosome bearing sperm population using modified flow cytometry/cell sorting technology. Spermatozoa are stained with Hoechst 33342 which binds to the DNA in an amount proportional to the amount of DNA present in the individual spermatozoa. Over 300 animals from various species at several locations have been born using the USDA-Beltsville Sperm Sexing Technology for separating X and Y spermatozoa. Sex ratios are shifted from the normal 50:50 to 85 to 90% of one sex or the other. In swine, offspring have been born as the result of surgical intratubal insemination of separated spermatozoa and also from IVF and embryo transfer. At the present time, standard swine artificial insemination techniques are not optimized for use with the small numbers of flow cytometrically separated X or Y sperm populations. Cattle, swine and rabbit offspring have been reproduced through the second generation with normal morphology and reproductive function. Numerous improvements have been made in the sexing technology since it was first reported in 1989. Increasing the speed of the sexing process to make the application of the technology available to a larger segment of the livestock industry is paramount, even with insemination technology designed for small numbers of spermatozoa.
Rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosusA systematic review of off-label use in 188 cases (2009)

The complexity of the therapeutic approach in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is increased by the large number of patients who do not respond to the first-line therapies and by relapses after initial clinical remission. In these patients, second-line drugs are often prescribed according to individual clinical decisions. The emergence of biological therapies has increased the therapeutic armamentarium available in these complex situations, but their use is limited by the lack of licensing. Available data on the use of rituximab in SLE rely on a large number of case reports and some observational studies. We analyzed current evidence on the therapeutic use of rituximab in adult SLE patients by a systematic review of reports included in the PubMed database between 2002 and 2007. A total of 188 SLE patients treated with rituximab were identified; 171 (91%) patients showed a significant improvement in one or more of the systemic SLE manifestations. There were 103 patients with lupus nephritis, with an overall rate of therapeutic response of renal involvement of 91%. Adverse events were reported in 44 (23%) patients; the most frequent were infections (19%). Although it is not yet possible to make definite recommendations, the global analysis of all cases reported to date support the off-label use of rituximab in severe, refractory SLE cases, whereas its use as a first-line therapy or in patients with a predominantly mild form of the disease is not advised.
Biochemical and cellular pharmacology of 1843U89, a novel benzoquinazoline inhibitor of thymidylate synthase. (1993)

Studies on a series of benzoquinazoline folate analogues as inhibitors of human thymidylate synthase led to the selection of 1843U89 for further evaluation. This compound had a Ki of 90 pM versus human thymidylate synthase and was noncompetitive with (6R,S)-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. It was a good substrate for the addition of the second glutamate by hog liver folylpolyglutamate synthetase, having a Vmax/Km value 7.8-fold higher than (6R,S)-tetrahydrofolate. The data indicate that 1843U89 was transported into cells via the reduced folate carrier. The Kt for 1843U89 in MOLT-4 cells was 0.33 microM, which was 3-fold lower than that for methotrexate and 16-fold lower than that for (6S-5-formyltetrahydrofolate. V/K values were 20.3 for 1843U89 versus 1.2 and 1.9 for methotrexate and (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolate, respectively. It was a potent inhibitor of the growth of human cells, having 50% inhibitory concentrations below 1 nM for all cell lines tested. Growth inhibition was reversed by thymidine alone, indicating that thymidylate synthase was the only site of action of this compound. Growth inhibition was not affected by (6R,S-5-formyltetrahydrofolate at concentrations below 5 microM. However, the 50% inhibitory concentration increased when the concentration in the medium was increased to 100 microM, presumably due to competition for transport. Relative to the human cell lines used, murine cell lines were 80-1300-fold less sensitive to 1843U89 and the other benzoquinazolines tested. This decreased sensitivity appeared to be due, at least in part, to decreased transport or accumulation in murine cells. Ki values for inhibition of methotrexate transport for the benzoquinazolines were 5-17-fold higher in L1210 cells than in MOLT-4 cells. 1843U89, the benzoquinazoline which was transported most efficiently and which was the most potent inhibitor of the growth of human cells, exhibited the largest difference between binding to the MOLT-4 human and L1210 murine transporter. The V/K for L1210 transport was 80-fold less than that for MOLT-4. Initial antitumor studies, using the human thymidine kinase-deficient line GC3TK- to circumvent problems associated with murine transport as well as the high circulating thymidine levels in mice, indicated that 1843U89 had marked in vivo antitumor activity.