gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DCT/DST-Based Transform Coding for Intra Prediction in Image/Video Coding (2013)

In this paper, we present a DCT/DST based transform scheme that applies either the conventional DCT or type-7 DST for all the video-coding intra-prediction modes: vertical, horizontal, and oblique. Our approach is applicable to any block-based intra prediction scheme in a codec that employs transforms along the horizontal and vertical direction separably. Previously, Han, Saxena, and Rose showed that for the intra-predicted residuals of horizontal and vertical modes, the DST is the optimal transform with performance close to the KLT. Here, we prove that this is indeed the case for the other oblique modes. The optimal choice of using DCT or DST is based on intra-prediction modes and requires no additional signaling information or rate-distortion search. The DCT/DST scheme presented in this paper was adopted in the HEVC standardization in March 2011. Further simplifications, especially to reduce implementation complexity, which remove the mode-dependency between DCT and DST, and simply always use DST for the 4 × 4 intra luma blocks, were adopted in the HEVC standard in July 2012. Simulation results conducted for the DCT/DST algorithm are shown in the reference software for the ongoing HEVC standardization. Our results show that the DCT/DST scheme provides significant BD-rate improvement over the conventional DCT based scheme for intra prediction in video sequences.
Challenges of Creating Effective Chimeric Antigen Receptors for Cancer Therapy (2013)

The immune system has the ability to recognize and attack tumor cells based on the expression or over-expression of specific antigens, but immune cells often express receptors that poorly recognize tumor antigens. However, recombinant DNA techniques combined with knowledge of immune signaling has provided a means to design powerful new receptors, called chimeric antigen receptors or CARs, that can recognize any target molecule and activate a variety of cell effector functions just at the site where antigen is present. One of the primary challenges using CAR based effector cells is to achieve good efficacy with limited toxicity. There are many different receptor designs that produce efficacious CAR cells, so there will be multiple paths that lead to success.
Enhanced GFR response to oral versus intravenous arginine administration in normal adults. (1991)

Both oral protein ingestion and intravenous amino acid infusions have been shown to increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) in normal subjects. Although the mechanism of this effect is not known, the renal responses to these loads have been associated with increases in peripheral glucagon concentrations. Conflicting data exist concerning the role of glucagon in the hyperfiltration response after an oral protein meal or administration of an intravenous amino acid mixture. Using a single amino acid as the stimulus for hyperfiltration, we compared the renal responses in six normal subjects to 30 gm oral arginine-HCl, intravenous arginine-HCl, and intravenous glucagon infused at the rate of 10 ng/kg/min. GFR, RPF, and glucagon concentration, as well as levels of plasma amino acids and selected gastrointestinal hormones, were measured for six 30-minute clearance periods after each load. Significant rises in mean peak GFR were noted after both oral arginine (104 +/- 5 ml/min x 1.73 m2 to 145 +/- 9 ml/min x 1.73 m2, p less than 0.02) and intravenous arginine (118 +/- 10 ml/min x 1.73 m2 to 134 +/- 11 ml/min x 1.73 m2, p = 0.02) administration. Mean peak RPF rose significantly after oral arginine (510 +/- 26 ml/min x 1.73 m2 to 710 +/- 32 ml/min x 1.73 m2, p less than 0.01) but not after intravenous arginine (616 +/- 60 ml/min x 1.73 m2 to 687 +/- 64 ml/min x 1.73 m2, p = 0.18). Intravenous glucagon infusion also increased both mean peak GFR (99 +/- 9 ml/min x 1.73 m2 to 149 +/- 10 ml/min x 1.73 m2, p less than 0.01) and RPF (514 +/- 48 ml/min x 1.73 m2 to 771 +/- 38 ml/min x 1.73 m2, p less than 0.01) significantly. We found the mean peak percent rise in GFR (43% +/- 13%) and RPF (42% +/- 12%) after oral arginine to be notably greater than that after intravenous arginine (14% +/- 5% and 13% +/- 9%, respectively). However, the mean peak percent rise in glucagon concentration after oral arginine was significantly lower than that after intravenous arginine (62% +/- 25% versus 479% +/- 176%, respectively, p = 0.04). Infusion of glucagon increased GFR (54% +/- 13%) and RPF (55% +/- 12%) to a degree similar to that seen after oral arginine, but again with a significantly higher mean peak percent rise in peripheral glucagon concentrations when compared with the rise after oral arginine (798% +/- 348% vs 62% +/- 25%, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Ethyl Pyruvate: A Novel Treatment for Sepsis (2007)

Pyruvic acid is a three-carbon alpha-ketocarboxylic acid that plays a central role in intermediary metabolism, being the final product of glycolysis and the starting substrate for the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Ethyl pyruvate, which is a simple aliphatic ester derived from pyruvic acid, has been shown to improve survival and ameliorate organ system dysfunction in mice with peritonitis induced by cecal ligation and perforation, even when treatment is started as late as 12-24 hours after the onset of sepsis. In studies using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage-like cells, ethyl pyruvate inhibits activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor, NF-kappaB, and down-regulates secretion of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF. In this reductionist in vitro system, ethyl pyruvate also blocks secretion of the late-appearing pro-inflammatory cytokine-like molecule, high mobility group B1 (HMGB1). In murine models of endotoxemia or sepsis, treatment with ethyl pyruvate decreases circulating levels of TNF and HMGB1. While the molecular events responsible for the salutary effects of ethyl pyruvate remain to be elucidated, one mechanism may involve covalent modification of a critical thiol residue in the p65 component of NF-kappaB. Ethyl pyruvate warrants evaluation as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of sepsis in humans.
Performance Contracting and Academic Staffers Administrative Work Systems' for Service Delivery in Selected Kenyan Universities (2014)

Performance contracting has largely been considered as the remedy to the quality of service delivery in public universities in Kenya. The study sought to specifically evaluate academic staffers administrative work systems’ contribution to service delivery. The study used a descriptive design to describe some aspects of performance contracting and make directional predictions on its effects on the quality of service delivery by university lecturers. Empirical evidence was collected from three (3) public universities comprising 848 lecturers. In total 142 staff members were randomly selected as questionnaire respondents. The descriptive findings showed that most of the lecturers had awareness of performance contracting in their institutions but understood it differently in respect of versions and terminologies. The F-test confirmed at least at 90% CI that there was a strong relationship between administrative work systems and the level of service delivery, and that it was not due by mere chance.
Formation of Extracellular Protein A by Staphylococcus aureus (1976)

Staphylococcus aureus contains cell wall protein A as well as extracellular protein A. The two types of protein A have very similar amino acid compositions, electrophoretic mobilities and sizes. The release of extracellular protein A from exponentially growing bacteria is dependent on protein synthesis de novo and protein A is released directly after being synthesized on the ribosomes. Bacteria in the stationary phase, however, release protein A as a result of cell lysis. Protoplasts have been isolated which produce protein A as extensively as the intact bacteria but because of the absence of of the formation of extracellular protein A is observed from cells also producing cell wall protein A.
The cellular and molecular basis of gastric mucosal defense (1996)

The association between colonization of the stomach by Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease has stimulated a renewal of interest in the factors that render the gastric mucosa resistant to injury induced by endogenous secretions and ingested toxins. Mucosal defense consists of a complex network of components that function in concert with one another. This network includes: 1) the extramucosal components such as acid, mucus, surface-active phospholipids, and bicarbonate; 2) the epithelium itself; 3) the microcirculation and sensory afferent neurons beneath the epithelium; 4) the mucosal immune system; and 5) the ability of the mucosa to undergo repair. In the past two decades, an enormous amount has been learned about the cellular and molecular basis of the various components of mucosal defense, including a better understanding of the chemical substances that coordinate mucosal responses to injury. In this paper, we review the factors that contribute to mucosal defense, the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which mucosal defense is modulated, and the chemical mediators that play key roles in this process.
Inverse-Leidenfrost phenomenon on nanofiber mats on hot surfaces (2011)

The Leidenfrost effect is a technically and industrially important phenomenon that severely restricts heat removal from high-heat-flux surfaces. A simple remedy to the Leidenfrost effect is provided by polymer nanofiber mats created and deposited by electrospinning on stainless steel surfaces. The influence of nanofiber mats on hydrodynamics and cooling efficiency of single drop impact onto hot surfaces has been investigated experimentally. The evolution of the drops has been recorded by a high-speed complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor camera, whereas the cooling temperature was measured by a thermocouple. A remarkable phenomenon was discovered: a mat of polymer nanofibers electrospun onto a heater surface can completely suppress the Leidenfrost effect, thereby increasing the rate of heat removal from the surface to the liquid drops significantly. The "inverse-Leidenfrost" effect is described qualitatively and quantitatively, providing clear physical reasons for the observed behavior.
Nonenzymatic Ligation of DNA with a Reversible Step and a Final Linkage that Can Be Used in PCR (2012)

Nonenzymatic DNA ligation chemistries containing a reversible step allow thermodynamic control of product formation, but they are not necessarily compatible with polymerase enzymes. We report a ligation system that uses commercially available reagents, includes a reversible step, and results in a linkage that can function as a template for PCR amplification with accurate sequence transfer.
Infections in children with malignant disease in Argentina (1981)

During six-month period, 102 consecutive episodes of fever in 68 children (ranging from 1 month to 14 years of age) with malignant diseases were prospectively evaluated. Sixty-five had acute lymphoblastic leukemia, nine had acute myeloblastic leukemia, nine had malignant lymphoma (four Hodgkin and five non-Hodgkin), five had chronic myeloid leukemia, four had rhabdomyosarcoma, three had CNS tumors, two had neuroblastoma, one had Wilms, and four had other malignant tumors. Forty cases (39.2%) showed severe neutropenia (500 neutrophil/m3) during the episode. S. aureus, E. coli, and S. pyogenes were in 53% of the 75 microbiologic isolates. Twenty-two percent of the viral studies were positive. Mycologic studies were all negative, except one case with C. Albicans. Pneumonia (33 cases), cellulitis (15 cases), pharyngitis (12 cases), and varicella (11 cases) were the most common final diagnosis. Seventy-one percent of the episodes were etiologically documented (by bacterial isolate, characteristic serology, and/or typical clinic picture); 19% of the febrile episodes were probable infections, and 10% were fever of uncertain cause. Ninety percent of the cases responded well to therapy, and mortality of this series was 7%. Gentamicin, Carbenicillin, and Methicilin were the more common antibiotics employed. We conclude that in our population 1) infection is a frequent cause of morbidity in children with malignant diseases; 2) the most common cause of the febrile episodes is bacterial infection; 3) S. aureus, E. coli and S. pyrogenes are the most frequent bacterial isolates, and P. aeruginosa is infrequent; 4)viral infections are relatively frequent in this group of children; and 5) with adequate management, the mortality is low.
Attempts to induce resistance toSchistosoma mansoniandS. haematobium in Kenyan baboons (Papio anubis) using non-specific immunostimulants (1985)

Non-specific immunostimulants were used in an attempt to protect baboons from infection by schistosomes. Subcutaneous vaccination with cord factor (4.50 mg) and muramyl dipeptide (4.56 mg) 6 days before percutaneous exposure to 3000 Schistosoma haematobium cercariae/baboon (c.p.b.) failed to protect naive baboons: baboons with a 7-month-old, 5000 c.p.b. S. haematobium primary infection had developed too strong a natural immunity to detect any protection attributable to vaccination. Subcutaneous vaccination with 0.4 ml of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG, 1-8 X 10(8) colony forming units/ml) 4 days before exposure to 1000 c.p.b. S. mansoni gave a significant (38%) reduction in worm load compared with controls. However, vaccination with 0.8 (intramuscular) and 0.2 (intradermal) ml of BCG 11 days before exposure to S. mansoni 800 c.p.b. did not protect naive baboons, nor did it significantly reduce challenge worm recovery from baboons with a 13-week-old, 500 c.p.b. S. mansoni primary infection. Obvious pathology was seen at the site of vaccination in the first but not the second BCG experiment. These results partly support the findings in mice that non-specific macrophage and monocyte activators give partial protection against schistosome infections but they also illustrate that rodents and primates do not necessarily react identically. Hence, findings from rodent models should be extrapolated to man with some caution.
Direct Quantitative Transcript Analysis of the agr Regulon of Staphylococcus aureus during Human Infection in Comparison to the Expression Profile In Vitro (2000)

Bacteria possess a repertoire of distinct regulatory systems promoting survival in disparate environments. Under in vitro conditions it was demonstrated for the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus that the expression of most virulence factors is coordinated by the global regulator agr. To monitor bacterial gene regulation in the host, we developed a method for direct transcript analysis from clinical specimens. Quantification of specific transcripts was performed by competitive reverse transcription-PCR, and results were normalized against the constitutively expressed gene for gyrase (gyr). Using sputum from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients infected with S. aureus we examined the transcription of the effector molecule RNAIII of agr, of spa (protein A), generally repressed by agr, and of hla (alpha-toxin), generally activated by agr. In the CF lung RNAIII was expressed poorly, indicating an inactive agr in vivo. Despite the low level of RNAIII expression, spa was detectable only in minute amounts and an irregular transcription of hla was observed in all sputum samples. After subculturing of patient strains agr-deficient isolates and isolates with unusual expression profiles, i.e., not consistent with those obtained from prototypic strains, were observed. In conclusion, the agr activity seems to be nonessential in CF, and from the described expression pattern of spa and hla, other regulatory circuits aside from agr are postulated in vivo.
Design technology co-optimization for a robust 10nm Metal1 solution for logic design and SRAM (2014)

The density requirement expected for the 10nm node continues to increase the pressure on patterning. With the frontend of line adopting a regular layout (mostly unidirectional), most of the complexity needed for a functional chip ends up in the interconnect layer and Metal1. Assuming that Extreme Ultra Violet Lithography (EUVL) will not be ready for the early stage of 10nm production but only for high volume manufacturing, we have studied how ArF immersion lithography can be extended for Metal1 to sustain the development of the technology as well as the early production phase, while at the same time remaining compatible with an EUVL single patterning solution. We show how close interaction between design, process and computational lithography leads to a Metal1 triple patterning solution using Negative Tone Development (NTD), and how the same design solution can be supported by EUVL single patterning. Particular attention will be paid to line end printability performance, both tip to tip and tip to line, as we believe it is a key parameter to define the best compromise between lithography performance and design density.
Advances in photochemistry. Volume 13 (1986)

This book contains papers on advances in photochemistry. Topics include the quantum theory of polyatomic photodissociation.
Stereotactic Bragg peak proton beam radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations. (1986)

A series of 709 patients with inaccessible AVMs treated with the proton beam is reported. There is a follow-up time of over 2 years for 92% of the patients. AVMs have slightly lower thresholds for proton injury than does normal brain tissue. Proton beam therapy involves very low risk. However, the risks of treatment failure grow with inadequate therapeutic doses.
Short‐chain organic acids at pH 5.0 kill Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. without causing membrane perturbation (1991)

When strains of Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella spp. were incubated with 0.5-0.7 mol/l formic or propionic acid at pH 5.0, propionic acid was more active than formic acid. It killed 90% of the cell population within 60 min compared with over 3 h for formic acid. Cell death was not associated with a reduction in culture turbidity or a loss of membrane integrity since morphologically normal membranes were observed by electron microscopy and only a small proportion of the cytoplasmic enzyme beta-galactosidase leaked into the supernatant fluid of acid-treated E. coli K12 cultures.
Nanofiber Near-Field Light–Matter Interactions for Enhanced Detection of Molecular Level Displacements and Dynamics (2013)

We experimentally demonstrate that plasmonic nanoparticles embedded in the evanescent field of subwavelength optical waveguides (WGs) are highly sensitive to distances normal to the propagation of light, showing an ~10× increase in spatial resolution compared to the optical field decay of the WG. The scattering cross-section of the Au nanoparticle is increased by the plasmon-dielectric coupling interaction when the nanoparticle is placed near the dielectric surface of the WG, and the decay of the scattering signal is enhanced, showing angstrom level distance sensitivity within 10 nm from the WG. Numerical studies with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method correlate well with the experimental results. To demonstrate real-time monitoring of a single molecule stretching in the evanescent field, we linked individual single-stranded DNA molecules between the WG and plasmonic nanoparticles and pushed on the nanoparticles with fluidic forces. The simple design and ease of obtaining optical feedback on molecular displacements makes our approach ideal for new in situ force sensing devices, imaging technologies, and high-throughput molecular analysis.
Changes of angiogenesis and tumor cell apoptosis during colorectal carcinogenesis. (1999)

Activation of the angiogenic process occurs during tumorigenesis, as does disturbance of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Seeking a potential correlation, we investigated tumor cell apoptosis, proliferation, and angiogenesis in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence of colorectal carcinogenesis using an in situ apoptosis detection kit and MIB-1 and anti-CD34 antibodies in 27 adenomas with low dysplasia, 17 adenomas with high dysplasia, and 26 carcinomas in adenoma, as well as assessed p53 and bcl-2 expressions. The results showed that the potential for apoptosis was augmented, paralleling the increment of proliferation, in adenomas with low dysplasia but diminished when adenomas progressed from low dysplasia to high dysplasia and cancer. A gradual increment of microvessel density was observed during the progression with an increase during transition from low dysplasia to high dysplasia and cancer. Correlation coefficient test showed an inverse correlation between apoptotic index and microvessel density when all of the lesions were taken into account. No apparent impact of aberrant p53 on angiogenesis or bcl-2 on apoptosis was observed in this study. These results suggest that the angiogenesis initiates during transition from low dysplasia to high dysplasia and cancer, which may, in turn, contribute to the reduction of tumor cell apoptosis during colorectal carcinogenesis.
Complement Component 1Q (C1Q) Upregulation in Retina of Murine, Primate, and Human Glaucomatous Eyes (2006)

Complement expression is upregulated in the retina of two commonly used glaucoma models (in the DBA/2 mouse and the monkey) and in some human glaucomatous eyes. The timing of this upregulation suggests that complement activation plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
Time-efficient automatic test pattern generation systems (1994)

Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) systems are tools for generating tests for digital circuits. Due to the complexity of very large scale integrated circuits, such systems are essential for achieving tests with high fault coverage. This thesis presents time efficient ATPG systems for combinational and sequential circuits. First, a fast, effective deterministic test generation algorithm provides a time efficient ATPG system for combinational circuits. This algorithm utilizes a new fast fault simulation algorithm, Parallel Pattern Critical Path Tracing (PPCPT). At the earlier stages of test set simulation, PPCPT takes advantage of critical path tracing, then dynamically transforms to parallel pattern single fault propagation as the simulation progresses. Further, for concurrent engineering design environments, an incremental ATPG concept is introduced. When there is a small circuit modification, incremental test generation utilizes information from tests for the original circuit to...