gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unwired energy questions asked, answered (2007)

The “Unwired Energy” Update item (Physics Today January 2007, page 26) reports a wireless energy-transmission system working over a few meters, proposed by Marin Soljačićc, Aristeidis Karalis, and John Joannopoulos of MIT.The item concludes with the statement that “Soljačić and his MIT colleagues are now working on demonstrating the technology in practice.” I strongly recommend that they consult with the MIT Radio Society and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) before testing anything, since simple calculations show that their system would be a terrible and illegal electromagnetic polluter.The system proposed by the researchers uses conducting wire rings that are series-resonated with capacitors and that operate at a frequency of 6.4 MHz. Practical examples of these resonated rings for 7.0 MHz are sold by various vendors.The proposed system provides 4 watts of output from the receiving ring, at a cost of 11 W dissipated as heat in the transmitting ring and 1.5 W of power radiated from the system. Simple calculation shows that the 1.5 W exceeds the FCC’s radiated-emission power limit by a factor of 800 000.As most amateur radio operators know, 1.5 W of radiated power at 7.0 MHz is enough for worldwide radio communications under good conditions, and indeed some of the resonated rings available for purchase are marketed as radio antennas. The 3- to 30-MHz frequency range is intensively used for long-distance radio communications and broadcasting even today, because it is the only channel that provides long-distance communications with no transmission infrastructure at all.I consider it deeply unwise to pollute this unique channel for the sake of short-range systems.© 2007 American Institute of Physics.
Microwave Schottky diode with beam-lead contacts (2002)

This paper presents a prototype Schottky diode with beam-lead contacts. The prototype was elaborated in the Microwave Department at the Institute of Electron Technology in Warsaw. The results of measurements for the prototype diodes are included.
Adenovirus-mediated transfer of the HST-1 (FGF4) gene induces increased levels of platelet count in vivo. (1994)

The HST-1 (fibroblast growth factor 4, FGF4) protein is a potent mitogen for a variety of cell types of mesodermal and neuroectodermal origin, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and melanocytes in vitro. To identify the cells and tissue targets of HST-1 in vivo, adenovirus-mediated HST-1 gene transfer was performed. In nude mice, intraperitoneal injection of 3 x 10(9) plaque-forming units of adenoviruses carrying the HST-1 gene (Adex1HST-1L) caused an increase in the number of platelets in the peripheral blood. The number of platelets reached twice the pretreated level by 12 days after the virus injection and the increased level continued up to 20-30 days thereafter. Administration of recombinant HST-1 protein resulted in a transient increase in the platelet count. The number of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and spleen of the animals with Adex1HST-1L was increased compared with the control animals. Other hematological changes attributed to HST-1 were not observed. Although the mechanisms involved in increased levels of platelet count by HST-1 protein remain to be elucidated, these findings also suggest that adenovirus with the HST-1 gene may be efficiently used for the treatment of thrombocytopenia in various diseases.
Summary thumbnails (2005)

In order to display web pages designed for desktop-sized monitors, some small-screen web browsers provide single-column or thumbnail views. Both have limitations. Single-column views affect page layouts and require users to scroll significantly more. Thumbnail views tend to reduce contained text beyond readability, so differentiating visually similar areas requires users to zoom. In this paper, we present Summary Thumbnails-thumbnail views enhanced with readable text fragments. Summary Thumbnails help users identify viewed material and distinguish between visually similar areas. In our user study, participants located content in web pages about 41% faster and with 71% lower error rates when using the Summary Thumbnail interface than when using the Single-Column interface, and zoomed 59% less than when using the Thumbnail interface. Nine of the eleven participants preferred Summary Thumbnails over both the Thumbnail and Single-Column interfaces.
13-W average power ultrafast filter laser (2000)

The main technological challenge of achieving 10's of watts of average power from a fiber-based ultrashort-pulse system is essentially determined by the limited pulsed peak-powers in a fiber core. Indirectly, this limitation also sets significant constrains on the fiber amplifier pumping, since the limited pulse-propagation length also limits pump-power absorption in a tiber amplifier. As a result, all previous high-power femtosecond tiber systems has been limited to ~ l-2 W of average power. Here we demonstrate that single-mode propagation in suitably designed large-size and multimodc core fibers as well as the use of parabolic pulses in positive dispersion fiber amplifiers allows to scale-up the output powers to beyond 10W. This constitutes more than an order of magnitude increase compared to earlier high-power ultrafast fiber systems. We have demonstrated a very simple approach for the generation of more than I 0 W of average power from an ultrafast fiber system. Achieved powers were merely limited by the available pump power rather than nonlinear effects in the fiber core. hnthennore, our analysis indicates that fiber cores larger that 50μm could be used for single-mode propagation, allowing for even higher peak and coupled pump powers. Equally, significantly longer chirped pulses can he employed in the scheme reported here. Consequently, the demonstrated approach is suitable lor further scaling to significantly higher output powers at green and infrared wavelengths in futme tiber systems.
Peptide–protein interactions studied by surface plasmon and nuclear magnetic resonances (2001)

The structural features of the complexes that alpha-bungarotoxin forms with three different synthetic peptides, mimotopes of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding site, have been compared to the corresponding nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) data. For the considered peptides, the observed different affinities towards the toxin could not be accounted simply by static structural considerations. A combined analysis of the SPR- and NMR-derived dynamic parameters shows new correlations between complex formation and dissociation and the overall pattern of intramolecular and intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effects. These features could be crucial for a rational design of protein ligands.
Nanostars Shine Bright for You: Colloidal Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Branched Metallic Nanoparticles* (2020)

This chapter describes the main synthetic processes for the fabrication of branched nanoparticles, often termed as nanostars, as well as some of the principal applications that have been found. It focuses on optical properties related to localized surface plasmon resonances and surface-enhanced spectroscopies, for which nanostars have been predicted and demonstrated to shine brighter than any other shapes, thus opening new avenues for highly sensitive detection or biolabelling, among other applications. A wide variety of wet chemistry-based synthetic methods is available for the preparation of anisotropic nanoparticles within narrow size and shape distributions. The choice of one of these preparative methods for star-shaped metal nanocrystals depends on a number of relevant experimental parameters that determine the nucleation and growth processes in colloid particle synthesis, potentially leading to a reasonable control over the size and degree of branching of the obtained nanoparticles. The chapter overviews the protocols, establishing two main categories of synthetic fabrication strategies: seeded-growth and one-pot methods.
Heterotrophic Nitrification in an Acid Forest Soil and by an Acid-Tolerant Fungus (1986)

Nitrate was formed from ammonium at pH 3.2 to 6.1 in suspensions of a naturally acid forest soil; the maximum rates of formation occurred at ca. pH 4 to 5. Nitrate was also formed from soil nitrogen in suspensions incubated at 50 degrees C. Autotrophic nitrifying bacteria could not be isolated from this soil. Enrichment cultures produced nitrate in a medium with beta-alanine if much soil was added to the medium, and nitrite but not nitrate was formed in the presence of small amounts of soil. Nitrification by these enrichments was abolished by eucaryotic but not procaryotic inhibitors. A strain of Absidia cylindrospora isolated from this soil was found to produce nitrate and nitrite in a medium with beta-alanine at pH values ranging from 4.0 to 4.8. Nitrate production by A. cylindrospora required the presence of sterile soil. Free and bound hydroxylamine, hydroxamic acids, and primary aliphatic nitro compounds did not accumulate during the conversion of beta-alanine to nitrite by the fungus. The organism also formed nitrite from ammonium in a medium containing acetate. We suggest that nitrification in this soil is a heterotrophic process catalyzed by acid-tolerant fungi and not by autotrophs or heterotrophs in nonacid microsites.
Resilient Networked Control of Distributed Energy Resources (2012)

This paper considers networked systems and develops distributed algorithm that is resilient against potential packet drops in the communication links between system components. We apply this algorithm to the problem of coordinating distributed energy resources (DERs) for the provision of ancillary services in electrical networks, e.g., reactive power support for voltage control. In this problem, each system component can contribute a certain amount of active and/or reactive power, bounded from above and (possibly) below by capacity constraints, and the objective is to coordinate the components so as to collectively provide a predetermined total amount of active and/or reactive power. In the algorithm we propose to address this problem, each DER maintains a set of variables and updates them through information exchange with neighboring DERs. We show that, as long as the underlying graph that describes the information exchange between components is strongly connected, and the predetermined total amount of active and/or reactive power does not violate (upper or lower) total capacity constraints, DERs can use this approach to calculate, in a distributed fashion, their fair contribution (subject to their capacity constraints). We show that the proposed algorithms reach almost surely convergence to the fair solution, even in the presence of communication link failures.
Noninvasive Observations of Fluorinated Anesthetics in Rabbit Brain by Fluorine-19 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1983)

Fluorinated anesthetics were observed noninvasively in the brain of intact rabbits with fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. High-resolution fluorine-19 spectra of halothane, methoxyflurane, and isoflurane were obtained with a surface coil centered over the calvarium. Elimination of halothane from the brain was also monitored by this technique. Residual fluorine-19 signals from halothane (or a metabolite) could be detected as long as 98 hours after termination of anesthesia. These observations demonstrate the feasibility of using this technique to study the fate of fluorinated anesthetics in live mammals.
Effects of fibrin micromorphology on neurite growth from dorsal root ganglia cultured in three-dimensional fibrin gels (1998)

The effect of fibrin matrix micromorphology on neurite growth was investigated by measuring the length of neurites growing in three-dimensional fibrin gels with well characterized micromorphologies. Dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) from 7-day chick embryos were entrapped and cultured in gels made from varying concentrations of fibrinogen (5-15 mg/mL) or calcium (2-10 mM). The length of growing neurites was measured with light videomicroscopy, and the number and diameter of fibrin fiber bundles were measured from scanning electron micrographs. An increase in fibrinogen concentration caused a decrease in the average fiber bundle thickness, an increase in the number of fiber bundles, and a marked decrease in neurite length. Gels made with different calcium concentrations had a similar range of variation in fibrin fiber bundle number or diameter, but these variations had little effect on neurite and associated nonneuronal cell outgrowth. These results provide insights into the process of neurite advance within fibrin and may be useful in the design of fibrin-based materials used for peripheral nerve regeneration. Furthermore, this study provides the first detailed experimental data on the micromorphology of fibrin matrices made from more than 5 mg/mL of fibrinogen and indicates that existing kinetic models of fibrin polymerization do not accurately predict fibrin structure at these higher concentrations.
Chimeric green fluorescent protein-aequorin as bioluminescent Ca 2+ reporters at the single-cell level (2000)

Monitoring calcium fluxes in real time could help to understand the development, the plasticity, and the functioning of the central nervous system. In jellyfish, the chemiluminescent calcium binding aequorin protein is associated with the green fluorescent protein and a green bioluminescent signal is emitted upon Ca(2+) stimulation. We decided to use this chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer between the two molecules. Calcium-sensitive bioluminescent reporter genes have been constructed by fusing green fluorescent protein and aequorin, resulting in much more light being emitted. Chemiluminescent and fluorescent activities of these fusion proteins have been assessed in mammalian cells. Cytosolic Ca(2+) increases were imaged at the single-cell level with a cooled intensified charge-coupled device camera. This bifunctional reporter gene should allow the investigation of calcium activities in neuronal networks and in specific subcellular compartments in transgenic animals.
Analyzing Risk Evaluation Frameworks and Risk Assessment Methods (2020)

Over the recent years, cyber insurance has become increasingly important, as our society has relied more and more on the cyber domain for almost all aspects of our daily life and work. The number of vulnerabilities is continually increasing and so do the cyber-attacks and data breaches. Security engineers have a harder time than ever to score the risk their organization is exposed to. Moreover, putting a tag with the costs, a company may need to overcome a possible cyber-attack is really challenging, because financial assessment hasn't developed enough, neither in the academic environment, nor in the business sector.
New silicon reach-through avalanche photodiodes with enhanced sensitivity in the DUV/UV wavelength range (2013)

Many applications, particularly in the medical and bio-medical fields, require highly sensitive detectors in the short wavelength range (blue and below); so far there have been few commercially available avalanche photodetectors with adequate performance to satisfy demands of such applications. We have developed a new silicon reach-through avalanche photodiode (RAPD) operating in the blue wavelength range with improved sensitivity and noise performance superior to any similar detectors available on the market today. This has been accomplished thanks to an innovative, ultra-thin and highly doped surface top layer grown using a new epitaxial technique developed at Delft University of Technology in The Netherlands. An important additional advantage of this new RAPD is its unmatched noise performance over the widest commercially available wavelength range from 250 nm to 1100 nm. Short wavelength response is limited only by the transmission of the package window optimized for wavelengths starting at 250 nm and up, but devices can operate at wavelength even below 100 nm if assembled in a vacuum.
Fabrication of individually seeded nanowire arrays by vapour–liquid–solid growth (2003)

We report on a method of synthesizing arrays of individually seeded nanowires. An electron beam lithography and metal lift-off method was used to pattern InP(111)B substrates with catalysing gold particles. Vertical InP(111)B nanowire arrays were then grown from the gold particles, using metal-organic vapour phase epitaxy. The lithographic nature of the method allows individual control over each nanowire. Possible applications for such deterministic and uniform arrays include producing arrays of nanowire devices, two-dimensional photonic band gap structures and field emission displays, amongst others.
Thermal and electrical conductivity of monolithic carbon aerogels (1993)

The thermal and electrical conductivity of monolithic carbon aerogels was investigated at room temperature. Results showed both the solid thermal conductivity and the electrical conductivity scale with the density in the range between 60 and 650 kg m−3. The scaling exponents for the two conductivities have identical values of 1.5. For a density of 82 kg m−3 a thermal conductivity of 0.029 W m−1 K−1 in air and 0.018 W m−1 K−1 after evacuation was found.
Eltrombopag for the treatment of thrombocytopenia in patients with malignant and non-malignant hematologic disorders (2013)

EP has the potential to be an effective supportive care agent, improving platelet counts and decreasing thrombocytopenia-related morbidity, in patients with AML and MDS. Large, randomized clinical trials are needed to assess the efficacy of EP in reducing the duration and severity of thrombocytopenia, as well assess the clinical utility of EP as an anti-leukemia agent.
Microbial Dextran-Hydrolyzing Enzymes: Fundamentals and Applications (2005)

Dextran is a chemically and physically complex polymer, breakdown of which is carried out by a variety of endo- and exodextranases. Enzymes in many groups can be classified as dextranases according to function: such enzymes include dextranhydrolases, glucodextranases, exoisomaltohydrolases, exoisomaltotriohydrases, and branched-dextran exo-1,2-alpha-glucosidases. Cycloisomalto-oligosaccharide glucanotransferase does not formally belong to the dextranases even though its side reaction produces hydrolyzed dextrans. A new classification system for glycosylhydrolases and glycosyltransferases, which is based on amino acid sequence similarities, divides the dextranases into five families. However, this classification is still incomplete since sequence information is missing for many of the enzymes that have been biochemically characterized as dextranases. Dextran-degrading enzymes have been isolated from a wide range of microorganisms. The major characteristics of these enzymes, the methods for analyzing their activities and biological roles, analysis of primary sequence data, and three-dimensional structures of dextranases have been dealt with in this review. Dextranases are promising for future use in various scientific and biotechnological applications.
Identification of Nck Family Genes, Chromosomal Localization, Expression, and Signaling Specificity (1998)

Already a dozen molecules share binding to the Src homology (SH) 3 domains of human Nck, an SH3-SH3-SH3-SH2 adapter protein. We reason that there may be multiple gene members of Nck to accommodate the large binding repertoires. Here we report identification of novel human and mouse Nck genes and rename them as the Nckalpha and Nckbeta genes (including the human Nckalpha, human Nckbeta, mouse Nckalpha, and mouse Nckbeta genes). Nckalpha and Nckbeta share 68% amino acid identity, whereas the two Nckalpha and two Nckbeta across the species show 96% identity to each other. The human Nckbeta gene is mapped to 2q12, whereas the human Nckalpha gene has previously been mapped at 3q21. Antibodies specifically against Nckalpha and Nckbeta detect Nckalpha and Nckbeta with an identical molecular mass in the same cells of various origins. Ectopically expressed Nckbeta, but not its SH2 domain mutant, strongly inhibits epidermal growth factor- and platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated DNA synthesis. Consistently, epidermal growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor preferentially interact with Nckbeta over Nckalpha in vitro. This study indicates that Nck is a multiple gene family and that each gene may have its own signaling specificity. Because previous anti-Nck (human Nckalpha) antibodies cross-react with Nckbeta, reassessment of those studies with specific Nck genes would be necessary.
Radiation sensitizers and targeted therapies. (2003)

Chemotherapeutic agents that are highly responsive to ionizing radiation and enhance the effectiveness of radiation treatment are termed radiation sensitizers. Radiation sensitizers act in a number of ways to make cancer cells more susceptible to death by radiation than surrounding normal cells, and several such compounds are now available for the treatment of solid tumors. This review discusses the biology that underlies chemotherapy and radiation interactions for one radiosensitizer--gemcitabine (Gemzar). It also provides a brief assessment of how to modify treatment regimens for various cancers to maximize the radiosensitization potential of gemcitabine in order to further increase efficacy. Newer molecularly targeted agents and their antitumor potential as monotherapy or in combination with radiation are also reviewed.
Sequence organization of barley centromeres (2001)

By sequencing, fingerprinting and in situ hybridization of a centromere-specific large insert clone (BAC 7), the sequence organization of centromeric DNA of barley could be elucidated. Within 23 kb, three copies of the Ty3/gypsy-like retroelement cereba were present. Two elements of approximately 7 kb, arranged in tandem, include long terminal repeats (LTRs) (approximately 1 kb) similar to the rice centromeric retrotransposon RIRE 7 and to the cereal centromeric sequence family, the primer binding site, the complete polygene flanked by untranslated regions, as well as a polypurine tract 5' of the downstream LTR. The high density (approximately 200 elements/centromere) and completeness of cereba elements and the absence of internally deleted elements and solo LTRs from the BAC 7 insert represent unique features of the barley centromeres as compared to those of other cereals. Obviously, the conserved cereba elements together with barley-specific G+C-rich satellite sequences constitute the major components of centromeric DNA in this species.
Regulation of branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis by α-acetolactate decarboxylase inStreptococcus thermophilus (2003)

Regulation of branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis by alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase may occur in several other micro-organisms and explain some of their growth properties.