gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet Photobleaching of Free Radicals Created in γ-Irradiated Amino Acids (1973)

The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of γ-irradiated single crystals of organic materials are often complicated by the creation of more than one free radical. Some complex EPR spectra have been simplified by exposing the damaged crystals to intense ultraviolet light. In glycine, the damaging radiation creates $\dot{{\rm C}}{\rm H}_{2}{\rm COO}^{-}$ and ${\rm N}^{+}{\rm H}_{3}\dot{{\rm C}}{\rm HCOO}^{-}$. A 15-second exposure to uv light removes the $\dot{{\rm C}}{\rm H}_{2}{\rm COO}^{-}$ radical. In threonine, γ-irradiation creates two free radicals, neither of which have been previously identified. A one minute exposure to uv light temporarily removes one radical making it possible to identify the other radical as ${\rm CH}_{3}\dot{{\rm C}}({\rm OH}){\rm CH}({\rm N}^{+}{\rm H}_{3}){\rm COO}^{-}$. In malonic acid, malonamide, and adipic acid, unstable radicals are removed by uv photobleaching. When β-alanine is γ-irradiated at room temperature several unstable radicals are created. Exposure to uv l...
Structured Parallel Programming: Theory meets Practice (1996)

We address the issue of what should be the proper relationship between theoretical computer science and practical computing. Starting from an analysis of what we perceive as the failure of formally based research to have as much impact on practical computing as is merited we propose a diagnosis based on the way formally based research is conducted and the way it is envisaged that results from these areas will be translated into practice. We suggest that it is the responsibility of practitioners of theoretical computer science to work more closely with the practical areas in order to identify ways in which their ideas can be used to augment current practice rather than seeking to replace it. As a case in point we examine functional programming and its relationship to programming parallel machines. We introduce a development, structured parallel programming, that seeks to combine the theoretical advantages of functional programming with established practice in these areas. We show how the full power of functional programming, for example highlevel abstraction and program transformation, can be made compatible with conventional imperative programming languages, providing practical solutions to many long standing problems in parallel computing.
The Development of Urinary Biomarkers for Kidney Disease Is the Search for Our Renal Troponin (2009)

The practice of nephrology is long recognized to treat and comfort on the basis of a blend of science and art. As nephrologists, we do an amazing job of monitoring kidney function with rather rudimentary measures such as serum creatinine and urine output. When patients ask what are the “normal” values for each of these measures, we all answer in a similar and somewhat nonspecific manner reflecting the “art” of interpretation: What is normal creatinine? Answer: It is like golf: High is bad, low is good. What is a normal amount of urine? Answer: Depends on how much you drank and ate.

The new field of biomarkers for kidney injury or disease is an exciting and rapidly advancing scientific area. Recent developments in the study of several urinary biomarkers of kidney injury have focused on NGAL, NAG, and KIM-1. Two articles in this issue of JASN are part of a growing literature that will shift the balance between the art and science of understanding—shifting toward new evidence that anticipates changes in kidney function more reflective of better science.1,2 As we read this rapidly growing literature and seek out our “renal troponin,” we can take a lesson from our cardiology colleagues: Our ultimate goal is to identify patients with a clinical syndrome earlier to initiate promptly a therapy that ultimately affects …
Current Recommendations for the Treatment of Dyslipidemia (2004)

Cardiovascular risk is independently increased by abnormalities in low-density and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides. Many patients have more than one lipid abnormality. Combination therapy with lipid-modifying agents offers an important therapeutic option for improving the overall lipid profile. Combinations have demonstrated additive efficacy and significant reductions in coronary events. Health care providers who understand combination therapy can play an important role in the effective use of these treatment options for dyslipidemia.
Augmentation of tumor cell immunogenicity by viruses--an approach to specific immunotherapy of cancer. (1990)

Several viruses have been evaluated as potential agents for cancer treatment using either their oncolytic properties, in order to lyse cancer cells, or their potential augmenting effects on the immune response to tumors. However, the direct oncolytic effect was found to be limited in time, in scope and in specificity, whereas the use of viral oncolysates to augment antitumor immunity was shown to be better than tumor cell homogenates or extracts but inferior to noninfected intact tumor cells, attesting for the importance of membrane architecture in preserving immunogenicity of tumor specific surface antigens. In order to get the maximum benefit from this approach we selected a nonlytic virus-tumor cell combination, using Newcastle disease virus as a nonpathogenic virus, to treat the experimental tumor model, Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) in mice. The virus effectively infected 3LL cells without any cytopathic effect. The infected cells induced strong antitumor immunity, as judged by the appearance of immune cells in the spleen (Winn test and lymphocytotoxicity) and by the resistance to challenge with the 3LL cells after immunization. The antitumor immunity was superior to that obtained with intact noninfected tumor cells. We also designed a treatment protocol using the same virus-tumor cell preparation to treat mice after tumor inoculation. This treatment resulted in cure of 40% of the animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Efficient distributed path selection for shared restoration connections (2003)

In MPLS/GMPLS networks, a range of restoration schemes are required to support different tradeoffs between service interruption time and network resource utilization. In light of these tradeoffs, path-based, end-to-end shared restoration provides a very attractive solution. However, efficient use of capacity for shared restoration strongly relies on the selection procedure of restoration paths. We propose an efficient path-selection algorithm for restoration of connections over shared bandwidth in a fully distributed GMPLS architecture. We also describe how to extend GMPLS signaling protocols to collect the necessary information efficiently. To evaluate the algorithm's performance, we compare it via simulation with two other well-known algorithm on a typical intercity backbone network. The key figure-of-merit for restoration capacity efficiency is restoration overbuild, i.e., the extra capacity required to meet the network restoration objective as a percentage of the capacity of the network with no restoration. Our simulation results show that our algorithm uses significantly less restoration overbuild (63-68%) compared to the other two algorithms (83-90%).
New developments in international and US programs for PFC reductions in aluminium (2005)

Abstract The worldwide aluminium industry has made good progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions over the last decade and is now working towards global emission reduction goals to lower perfluorocarbon (PFC) emissions intensity by 80% and smelting energy usage by 10% by 2010 from 1990 levels. The industry is working cooperatively with governments through domestic voluntary programs and globally through voluntary programs organized by the International Aluminium Institute. Depending on the technology type, a further lowering of emissions is both technically and economically feasible for many plants around the world, including regions of rapid expansion such as China and Russia. This paper reviews recent trends in PFC emissions from the global aluminium industry and presents an update of the technical options and costs of reducing PFC greenhouse gas emissions from aluminium production. It also summarizes recent industry efforts to standardize measurement methods, consolidate global data and improve the verification of emissions and emissions inventories.
Preschoolers' Engineering Play Behaviors: Differences in Gender and Play Context (2015)

Zachary S. Gold, James Elicker, Ji Young Choi, Treshawn Anderson, Sean P. Brophy, Preschoolers' Engineering Play Behaviors: Differences in Gender and Play Context, Children, Youth and Environments, Vol. 25, No. 3 (2015), pp. 1-21
Prediction of the location of stationary steady‐state zone positions in counterflow isotachophoresis performed under constant voltage in a vortex‐stabilized annular column (2007)

A theoretical model is presented and an analytical expression derived to predict the locations of stationary steady-state zone positions in ITP as a function of current for a straight channel under a constant applied voltage. Stationary zones may form in the presence of a countercurrent flow whose average velocity falls between that of a pure leader zone and of a pure trailer zone. A comparison of model predictions with experimental data from an anionic system shows that the model is able to predict the location of protein zones with reasonable accuracy once the ITP stack has formed. This result implies that an ITP stack can be precisely directed by the operator to specific positions in a channel whence portions of the stack can be removed or redirected for further processing or analysis.
Quantitative characterization of the thrombin-heparin interaction. Discrimination between specific and nonspecific binding models. (1991)

Equilibrium binding of human alpha-thrombin to heparin was investigated at pH 7.4 as a function of thrombin and heparin concentrations, NaCl concentration, temperature, and heparin chain length with the extrinsic fluorescence probe, p-aminobenzamidine, or by quantitative affinity chromatography, in order to distinguish between sequence-specific and nonspecific electrostatic modes of binding. Analysis of binding data by a nonspecific binding model developed for protein-nucleic acid interactions, or by the discrete binding site model previously used to analyze the thrombin-heparin interaction, indicated that both models described the binding interaction equally well over the range of thrombin binding densities accessible to measurement. However, the strong dependence of the thrombin-heparin binding interaction on NaCl concentration, its minimal dependence on temperature, and the increase in apparent binding affinity with increasing heparin oligosaccharide chain length were best accounted for by a nonspecific electrostatic association of thrombin with 5 to 6 anionic residues contained in a 3-disaccharide binding site of heparin. This interaction was characterized by an intrinsic dissociation constant (KD,obs) of 6-10 microM at physiological ionic strength. Although the nonspecific binding model satisfactorily described the binding of thrombin to heparin chains ranging in size from 3 to approximately 13 disaccharides in terms of a single intrinsic KD,obs, deviations from this model were apparent with longer heparin chains (approximately 22 to approximately 35 disaccharides) from a progressive decrease in the intrinsic KD,obs of up to 4-fold. Sedimentation equilibrium analyses of thrombin-heparin complexes suggested a second weaker binding site on thrombin for heparin, which accounted for these deviations as well as the observed insolubility of thrombin-heparin complexes at high thrombin binding densities.
The Spinel Phase of LiMn2 O 4 as a Cathode in Secondary Lithium Cells (1991)

The electrochemical properties of and were studied for different conditions of sample preparation and different degrees of cation substitution . In the voltage range 3.5–4.5 V, cells of either spinel or (made by leaching the Li from ) reversibly insert 0.4 Li per Mn at an average voltage of 4.1 V, leading to an energy density of 480 Wh/kg of cathode. Cells cycled 50 times lost less than 10% of their initial capacity, suggesting that this material could be used instead of or as the cathode in the new generation of "rocking chair batteries." Replacing Mn with cations of valence 2 (Ni, Zn) or 3 (Fe) reduces the amount of Mn+3 and correspondingly reduces the capacity of the cells at 4.1 V, but does not affect their cycling performance.
The Digital Video Effects (DVE) System (1978)

Modern technology has made available digital real-time video processing units which can produce many of the effects previously limited to optical techniques. As the video processor is generally required to be used with a production switcher to complete the desired effects, it would be possible to integrate the two functions and simplify the operator interface. The Digital Video Effects or DVE system, comprising an NEC (Nippon Electric Co., Ltd.) digital video processor (FS-15, DVP-15 combination) and a special interface unit, has been successfully integrated with the GVG 1600 series of production switchers. This has been achieved with a minimum of additional controls by the use of an interface which examines the status of the production switcher and processes this data to activate the required control lines to the video processor. A novel auto-mask feature has been included which can be used to produce a tracking mask key.
Palladium-Catalyzed Hydrophosphinylation of Alkenes and Alkynes (2002)

Various palladium catalysts promote the addition of hypophosphorous derivatives ROP(O)H(2) to alkenes and alkynes in good yields and under mild conditions. Particularly, Cl(2)Pd(PPh(3))(2)/2 MeLi, and Pd(2)dba(3)/xantphos allow for phosphorus-carbon bond formation instead of transfer hydrogenation. Commercial aqueous solutions of hypophosphorous acid can be employed successfully at ambient temperature. With styrene and terminal alkynes, the regioselectivity (linear versus branched products) can be controlled to some extent with the catalytic system employed. The methodology considerably extends upon previous routes for the preparation of H-phosphinic acids and other organophosphorus compounds.
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-activated murine macrophages kill syngeneic melanoma cells under strict anaerobic conditions. (1984)

We have studied the spontaneous killing of B5(59) melanoma cells by Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-elicited macrophages under strictly anaerobic conditions to investigate the role of oxygen in macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity. The number of melanoma cells capable of forming colonies after aerobic or anaerobic incubation with BCG-macrophages was used as the index of cytotoxicity. The BCG-macrophages killed melanoma cells regardless of the amount of oxygen present. The killing observed was proportional to the ratio of effector cells added; a ratio of 25:1 effector to target cells was required to achieve nearly 90% cytotoxicity both aerobically and anaerobically. This cytotoxicity was not dependent on a diffusible macrophage product nor on alteration of the medium by macrophages, since tumor cells incubated in the same culture medium, but not in contact with a mixed population of tumor cells and macrophages, were not killed. These results also indicated that macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity was dependent on macrophage-tumor cell contact. The mechanism responsible for the oxygen-independent cytotoxicity is unknown at present.
Photorefractive correlation filtering of time-varying laser speckles for vibration monitoring (1998)

We proposed and experimentally studied a technique of vibration object monitoring. The technique is based on self-diffraction of the speckle pattern on the adaptive correlation filter recorded in photorefractive Bi12TiO20 crystal. This filter is recorded owing to the light-induced scattering known as fanning effect. The proposed technique is as sensitive as interferometric systems and it is very simple for implementation: neither reference nor readout beam is needed for operation. It is shown that the system has a linear response on the lateral displacement of the object surface and its dynamic range can be easily varied depending on experimental conditions.
THE ROLE OF INITIAL TRAUMA IN THE HOST'S RESPONSE TO INJURY AND HEMORRHAGE (2006)

Trauma and hemorrhagic shock (HS) elicit severe physiological disturbances that predispose the victims to subsequent organ dysfunction and death. The general lack of effective therapeutic options for these patients is mainly due to the complex interplay of interacting inflammatory and physiological elements working at multiple levels. Systems biology has emerged as a new paradigm that allows the study of large portions of physiological networks simultaneously. Seeking a better understanding of the interplay among known inflammatory pathways, we constructed a mathematical model encompassing the dynamics of the acute inflammatory response that incorporates the intertwined effects of inflammation and global tissue damage. The model was calibrated using data from C57Bl/6 mice subjected to endotoxemia, sham operation (i.e., surgical trauma induced by cannulation [ST]) or ST + HS+ resuscitation (ST-HS-R). An in silico simulation, made at whole-organism level, suggested that similar pathways of different magnitudes were operant as the degree of total body damage increased. We sought to validate this hypothesis by subjecting mice to HS and comparing the models predictions to circulating markers of inflammation and tissue injury as well as the global transcriptomic response of the liver. C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to ST or ST-HS (without resuscitation). Liver gene expression was assessed using an Affymetrix DNA microarray (GeneChip Mouse Expression Set 430A, Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA), which contains 22,621 probe sets and effectively interrogates 12,341 mouse genes. The microarray data sets were subjected to hierarchical clustering and pathway analysis. In agreement with model predictions, circulating levels of inflammation/tissue injury markers and the microarray analysis both demonstrated that ST alone accounts for a substantial proportion of the observed phenotypic and genetic/molecular changes versus untreated animals. The addition of HS further increased the magnitude of gene expression, but relatively few additional genes were recruited. Mathematical simulations and DNA microarrays, both systems biology tools, may provide valuable insight into the complex global physiological interactions that occur in response to trauma and hemorrhagic shock.
Signaling Pathways Controlling Pluripotency and Early Cell Fate Decisions of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (2009)

Human pluripotent stem cells from embryonic origins and those generated from reprogrammed somatic cells share many characteristics, including indefinite proliferation and a sustained capacity to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. However, it remains to be demonstrated whether both cell types rely on similar mechanisms to maintain their pluripotent status and to control their differentiation. Any differences in such mechanisms would suggest that reprogramming of fibroblasts to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) results in novel states of pluripotency. In that event, current methods for expanding and differentiating human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) might not be directly applicable to human iPSCs. However, we show here that human iPSCs rely on activin/nodal signaling to control Nanog expression and thereby maintain pluripotency, thus revealing their mechanistic similarity to human ESCs. We also show that growth factors necessary and sufficient for achieving specification of human ESCs into extraembryonic tissues, neuroectoderm, and mesendoderm also drive differentiation of human iPSCs into the same tissues. Importantly, these experiments were performed in fully chemically defined medium devoid of factors that could obscure analysis of developmental mechanisms or render the resulting tissues incompatible with future clinical applications. Together these data reveal that human iPSCs rely on mechanisms similar to human ESCs to maintain their pluripotency and to control their differentiation, showing that these pluripotent cell types are functionally equivalent.
Poxvirus vector-based HIV vaccines (2010)

The RV-144 phase III has provided for the first time evidence that an HIV vaccine can prevent HIV infection. The results from the RV-144 trial are providing the scientific rationale for the future development of the HIV vaccine field and for designing future efficacy trials.
Murine six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate, prostate stem cell antigen, and prostate-specific membrane antigen: prostate-specific cell-surface antigens highly expressed in prostate cancer of transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate mice. (2001)

To identify genes that are differentially up-regulated in prostate cancer of transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice, we subtracted cDNA isolated from mouse kidney and spleen from cDNA isolated from TRAMP-C1 cells, a prostate tumor cell line derived from a TRAMP mouse. Using this strategy, cDNA clones that were homologous to human six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate (STEAP) and prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) were isolated. Mouse STEAP (mSteap) is 80% homologous to human STEAP at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels and contains six potential membrane-spanning regions similar to human STEAP. Mouse PSCA (mPsca) shares 65% homology with human PSCA at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. mRNA expression of mSteap and mPsca is largely prostate-specific and highly detected in primary prostate tumors and metastases of TRAMP mice. Both mSteap and mPsca map to chromosome 5. Another known gene coding for mouse prostate-specific membrane antigen (mPsma) is also highly expressed in both primary and metastatic lesions of TRAMP mice. These results indicate that the TRAMP mouse model can be used to effectively identify genes homologous to human prostate-specific genes, thereby allowing for the investigation of their functional roles in prostate cancer. mSteap, mPsca, and mPsma constitute new tools for preventative and/or therapeutic vaccine construction and immune monitoring in the TRAMP mouse model that may provide insights into the treatment of human prostate cancer.
Incidence of Blinding Vitamin A Deficiency in North West Frontier Province and its Adjoining Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan (2009)

Our surveillance data provide evidence that blinding xerophthalmia does occur in children in NWFP and its adjoining FATA. The surveillance system identified high risk age groups, systemic illnesses, seasons and community groups. The detection system detects minimal numbers of cases and it is likely that the problem is even more severe.
New Techniques for Purifying Large DNAs and Studying Their Properties and Packaging (1983)

Anyone who has ever handled an unsheared sample of high-molecular-weight DNA is familiar with the enormous mechanical and hydrodynamic challenge that such material presents both in vitro and in vivo. Eukaryotic cells use a hierarchy of protein packaging and organization to render their DNA more manageable. However, to study aspects of that DNA structure and organization, one must frequently remove most or all of this packaging and face the full obstacle presented by such large and relatively rigid molecules. Prokaryotic cells and viruses appear to use less-sophisticated DNA-packaging mechanisms, consistent with their smaller size. Very little is known about the details of this packaging.