gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lysozymes: Model Enzymes in Biochemistry and Biology (1996)

From the discovery of lysozyme to the characterization of several lysozyme families.- Lysozyme: A model enzyme in protein chemistry.- Animal lysozymes c and g: An overview.- Discovery of several families of lysozymes.- Phage lysozymes.- Bacterial lysozymes.- Plant lysozymes.- Insect lysozymes.- Lysozyme: A model enzyme in enzymology.- Lysozyme substrates.- Simulations of lysozyme: Internal motions and the reaction mechanism.- Folding of lysozyme.- Engineering of lysozyme.- Lysozyme: A model enzyme in protein crystallography.- Lysozyme: A model enzyme in protein crystallography.- Lysozyme: A model enzyme in molecular biology and genetics.- Isolation and characterization of vertebrate lysozyme genes.- Lysozyme gene expression and regulation.- Lysozyme: A model enzyme in immunology.- Polyclonal antisera elicited by lysozymes: Insights into antigenic structure and evolution.- Molecular recognition of lysozyme by monoclonal antibodies.- The crystal structures of complexes formed between lysozyme and antibody fragments.- Lysozyme: A model enzyme in evolution.- Adaptive evolution of lysozyme: Changes in amino acid sequence, regulation of expression and gene number.- Molecular evolution of ruminant lysozymes.- Proteins and enzymes related to the lysozyme family.- ?-Lactalbumins and lysozymes.- Evidence for lysozyme-type mechanism of hydrolysis in xylan-ases.- Lytic transglycosylases.- Pharmacological aspects and therapeutic applications of lysozymes.- Pharmacological aspects and therapeutic applications of lyso zymes.
THE SELF-REFLECTION AND INSIGHT SCALE: A NEW MEASURE OF PRIVATE SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS (2002)

Private self-consciousness and the subordinate constructs of self-reflection and insight are key factors in the self-regulatory process underpinning the creation of behavior change, both in clinical practice with clinical populations, and in performance enhancing coaching with nonclinical populations. This paper reports the construction and validation of the Self- Reflection and Insight Scale (SRIS) which is designed to be an advance on the Private Self-Consciousnes Scale (PrSCS; Fenigstein, Scheier, &amp; Buss, 1975). Previous work has found the PrSCS to comprise two factors, self-reflection and internal state awareness. In a series of studies two separate factor analyses found the SRIS comprised two separate factors labeled Self-Reflection (SRIS-SR) and Insight (SRIS-IN). “Need for self-reflection” and “engagement in self-reflection” loaded on the same factor. Test-retest reliability over a 7-week period was .77 (SRIS-SR) and .78 (SRIS-IN). The PrSCS correlated positively with the SRIS-SR and negatively with the SRIS-IN. The SRIS-SR correlated positively with anxiety and stress, but not with depression and alexithymia. The SRIS-IN was negatively correlated with depression, anxiety, stress and alexithymia, and positively correlated with cognitive flexibility and self-regulation. Individuals who had kept diaries had higher SRIS-SR scores but lower SRISIN scores than did those who had not kept diaries. Implications of these findings for models of self-regulation and goal attainment are discussed.
Association Between Mannose-Binding Lectin and Vascular Complications in Type 1 Diabetes (2004)

Complement activation and inflammation have been suggested in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular lesions. We investigated serum mannose-binding lectin (MBL) levels and polymorphisms in the MBL gene in type 1 diabetic patients with and without diabetic nephropathy and associated macrovascular complications. Polymorphisms in the MBL gene and serum MBL levels were determined in 199 type 1 diabetic patients with overt nephropathy and 192 type 1 diabetic patients with persistent normoalbuminuria matched for age, sex, and duration of diabetes, as well as in 100 healthy control subjects. The frequencies of high- and low-expression MBL genotypes were similar in patients with type 1 diabetic and healthy control subjects. High MBL genotypes were significantly more frequent in diabetic patients with nephropathy than in the normoalbuminuric group, and the risk of having nephropathy given a high MBL genotype assessed by odds ratio (OR) was 1.52 (1.02-2.27, P = 0.04). Median serum MBL concentrations were significantly higher in patients with nephropathy than in patients with normoalbuminuria: 2,306 microg/l (interquartile range [IQR] 753-4,867 microg/l) vs. 1,491 microg/l (577-2,944 microg/l), P = 0.0003. In addition, even when comparing patients with identical genotypes, serum MBL levels were higher in the nephropathy group than in the normoalbuminuric group. Patients with a history of cardiovascular disease had significantly elevated MBL levels independent of nephropathy status (3,178 microg/l [IQR 636-5,231 microg/l] vs. 1,741 microg/l [656-3,149 microg/l], P = 0.02). The differences in MBL levels between patients with and without vascular complications were driven primarily by pronounced differences among carriers of high MBL genotypes (P < 0.0001). Our findings suggest that MBL may be involved in the pathogenesis of micro- and macrovascular complications in type 1 diabetes, and that determination of MBL status might be used to identify patients at increased risk of developing these complications.
A transcription activation system for regulated gene expression in transgenic plants (1998)

A widely applicable promoter system is described that allows a gene of interest to be activated in specific plant tissues after a cross between defined transgenic lines. The promoter, pOp, consists of lac operators cloned upstream of a minimal promoter. No expression was detected from this promoter when placed upstream of a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene in transgenic plants. Transcription from the promoter was activated by crossing reporter plants with activator lines that expressed a chimeric transcription factor, LhG4. This factor comprised transcription-activation domain-II from Gal4 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fused to a mutant lac-repressor that binds its operator with increased affinity. When LhG4 was expressed from the CaMV 35S promoter, the spatial and quantitative expression characteristics of the 35S promoter were exhibited by the GUS reporter. The LhG4/pOp system may be used to study toxic or deleterious gene products, to coordinate the expression of multiple gene products, to restrict transgene phenotypes to the F1 generation, and to generate hybrid seed. The LhG4 system offers spatially regulated gene expression in the tissues of whole plants growing under normal conditions without the need for external intervention. It complements inducible expression systems that offer temporal control of gene expression in tissues that can be treated with inducing chemicals.
Adenosine receptor antagonism causes inhibition of angiogenic activity of human ovarian cancer cells. (2000)

Angiogenesis, new blood vessels development, is an important process involved in ovarian cancer growth and metastasis. Adenosine is a known mediator of angiogenesis in hypoxic tissues. Theobromine, adenosine receptor antagonist, exerts antiangiogenic properties in many types of tumors in Balb/c mice cutaneous angiogenesis assay. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mechanism of its action. We showed that theobromine inhibits angiogenic activity of ovarian cancer cells as well as CD45 positive lymphocytes isolated from peritoneal ascitic fluid of ovarian cancer patients. Using synthetic adenosine receptor antagonists: 8-phenyl-theophylline and 8-cyclopentyl-1,3 dipropylxantine we established that antiangiogenic properties of theobromine are dependent on its interaction with A2 adenosine receptor. Our observations were confirmed in full suspensions of ascitic cells as well as in isolated cancer cells and CD45 lymphocytes. We postulate that A2 receptor antagonism may diminish angiogenesis induced by hypoxia in different cancer tissues and may find a place in future cancer therapy.
The Role of Alpha-Synuclein in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Potential Target for New Treatment Strategies? (2008)

Alpha-synuclein (AS) is the main constituent of Lewy bodies. There is an ongoing discussion if overexpression is already dangerous, or if toxicity is subjected to oligomers, protofibrils or mature aggregates. The facts that the central hydrophobic part of AS is also a constituent of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and that a majority of patients have Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in specific brain areas raised our interest in the contribution of AS to AD pathogenesis. The N-terminal amino acid sequence 1-15 of beta-synuclein (BS) seems to be a natural antiaggregation factor for AS. We synthesized a library with different sequence variations. Several of these peptides displayed neuroprotective activity in tissue culture models of neurodegeneration induced by oxidative stress or beta-amyloid 1-42. In spite of the fact that these peptides have a short half-life, a significant in vivo reduction in brain plaque load and improvement of behavior was demonstrated in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice after intranasal treatment for 2 months. KEGV, the shortest sequence, was also active after intraperitoneal application. The in vitro effects cannot be explained by the antiaggregatory potential, but most likely by interaction of BS derivates with antiapoptotic PI3/Akt or antioxidative pathways. The possibility that BS-derived peptidomimetics act as neuroprotectants and prevent protein misfolding suggests therapeutic usefulness.
The importance of specific gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in prothrombin. Evaluation by site-specific mutagenesis. (1993)

Prothrombin has 10 gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues which are essential for the metal ion binding properties and membrane binding function of the protein. To assess the importance of each gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residue we made, by site directed mutagenesis, a series of mutant human prothrombins each with a single glutamic acid to aspartic acid substitution at positions 6, 7, 14, 16, 19, 20, 25, 26, 29, or 32 which are gamma-carboxylated in native prothrombin. Along with wild-type prothrombin, the prothrombin mutants were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using polyclonal anti-prothrombin antibodies, and shown by amino acid analysis to contain the expected number of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues. Only substitution of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid 6 with aspartic acid yields a protein with procoagulant activity, affinity for phospholipid and KM(app) for prothrombinase indistinguishable from wild-type prothrombin. In contrast, the conservative gamma-carboxyglutamic acid to aspartic acid mutation at positions 16, 26, or 29 results in proteins with little or no procoagulant activity, Kd(app) for binding to phospholipid at least 200-fold higher than wild-type prothrombin and a KM(app) for interaction with the prothrombinase complex nearly 100-fold higher than wild-type prothrombin. The mutations at residues 7, 14, 19, 20, 25, or 32 yielded proteins with intermediate procoagulant activities, between 15 and 52% of wild-type prothrombin. These data have been interpreted to suggest that there are certain gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues which are important to maintaining the basic structure of the calcium-liganded Gla domain while other gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues subserve other functions including membrane binding and interdomain interactions.
Structural Basis for Thermostability of β-Glycosidase from the Thermophilic Eubacterium Thermus nonproteolyticus HG102 (2003)

The three-dimensional structure of a thermostable beta-glycosidase (Gly(Tn)) from the thermophilic eubacterium Thermus nonproteolyticus HG102 was determined at a resolution of 2.4 A. The core of the structure adopts the (betaalpha)(8) barrel fold. The sequence alignments and the positions of the two Glu residues in the active center indicate that Gly(Tn) belongs to the glycosyl hydrolases of retaining family 1. We have analyzed the structural features of Gly(Tn) related to the thermostability and compared its structure with those of other mesophilic glycosidases from plants, eubacteria, and hyperthermophilic enzymes from archaea. Several possible features contributing to the thermostability of Gly(Tn) were elucidated.
Modeling and control of squirrel cage induction generator with full power converter applied to windmills (2009)

The project aims to develop a dynamic model, of a generation system of electrical energy with
a variable speed wind turbine using a squirrel cage induction generator which is connected
to the grid by a back to back frequency converter, for testing purposes.
In the project has been done an analysis of the mathematical equations of the whole system,
separating the mechanical system (turbine and gearbox) and the electrical (generator and
converter).
We study the control design of the machine which allow us to obtain the maximum wind
power extraction, and we also study the control of the converter which couple the generator
with the network.
The proper functioning of the model is checked comparing the obtained results with some
commonly known results.
Intrapulse Dynamical Effects in Multiphoton Processes:  Theoretical Analysis (1998)

Stationary and nonstationary multilevel models are formulated to analyze ultrafast multiphoton processes with emphasis on electronic and nuclear coherence of a near-resonant intermediate state. By identifying and characterizing three intrapulse dynamical mechanisms (sequential-resonance, chirp-following, and time-delay), a clear physical picture is developed for understanding the subtle chirp dependence in intrapulse pump−probe processes. The theoretical analysis in the paper provides not only a possible interpretation for a recent three-photon experiment but also a general theoretical framework for studying ultrafast multiphoton processes in atoms and molecules.
Platelet Microparticles (2005)

Circulating PMPs may serve as a finely tuned transcellular delivery system for RANTES, triggering monocyte arrest to inflamed and atherosclerotic endothelium, introducing a novel mechanism for platelet-dependent monocyte recruitment in inflammation and atherosclerosis.
The state of the art: immune-mediated mechanisms of monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy (2009)

A number of antibody products have now become accepted as effective anti-cancer therapies. Despite being mainly designed to act by inhibiting functional tumour antigens, there is increasing evidence that Fc-mediated engagement of the immune system is an important contributor to the efficacy of several of these therapies. The optimisation of this engagement offers the potential not only to augment efficacy against existing targets, but also to exploit non-functional tumour antigens. Antibodies that achieve efficacy wholly or predominantly through Fc-mediated mechanisms, represent rich opportunities for future therapeutics in oncology. This mini review summarises some of the key challenges, which need to be addressed to select the most effective molecules. These include the identification of optimal antibody characteristics and improvement of the drug discovery process, in particular, the relevance and predictive power of existing in vitro and in vivo screening methods. Advances in our understanding of tumour immunobiology and successful application of technologies designed to enhance immune system engagement will further aid this process.
B7 co-stimulatory requirements differ for induction of immune responses by DNA, protein and recombinant pox virus vaccination (2000)

Whether B7-1 and B7-2 have distinct functions for eliciting immune responses to antigens that are presented to the immune system by intracellular and extracellular antigen processing pathways is an unresolved question. To investigate this issue we compared the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by immunizing wild-type, B7-1-/- and B7-2-/- mice with either HIV-1 gp120 plasmid DNA, recombinant gp120 protein or vaccinia virus expressing gp120. The generation of both humoral and cellular immune responses to an antigen produced intracellularly following DNA vaccination had critical requirements for B7-2, but not B7-1. Neither of the molecules was essential for the generation of antibody responses to an extracellular protein antigen administered with adjuvant; B7-1 had little effect on the elicited immune responses. When recombinant vaccinia virus was used to present antigen intracellularly in the context of a viral infection, B7-2 was absolutely required for antibody and T cell proliferative responses, but it exerted a suppressive effect on the elicited CTL activity. These results demonstrate that antigens presented to the immune system by different mechanisms have distinct B7-1 and B7-2 co-stimulatory requirements.
Optical properties of electrochromic vanadium pentoxide (1989)

Electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements were used to characterize the electrochromic behavior of sputtered V2O5 films. In response to lithium intercalation, the fundamental optical absorption edge of V2O5 shifts to high energies by 0.20–0.31 eV as the lithium concentration increases from Li0.0V2O5 to Li0.86V2O5. There is a corresponding increase in the near-infrared absorption that exhibits Beer’s law behavior at low lithium concentrations. The shift in absorption edge results in a large decrease in absorbance in the 350–450 nm wavelength range. This effect is most prevalent in thin films which exhibit a yellow to colorless optical modulation on lithium intercalation. The cathodic coloration in the near infrared is relatively weak with a maximum coloration efficiency of 35 cm2/C.
Interaction of Paclitaxel with Phospholipid Bilayers (1995)

Paclitaxel is an effective anticancer drug. Recently, paclitaxel encapsulated in liposomes was promoted as a better tolerated pharmaceutical formulation than that currently in use. The data presented in this study show the effects of paclitaxel on phospholipid bilayers. Experiments involving the phospholipid head group probe CAT-16 show significant disordering of the interfacial region. The pretransition was abolished and the main phase transition temperature in paclitaxel loaded liposomes was reduced. 2T II values of 7-NSA and 16-NSA spin probes reporting from the middle and from the core of the phospholipid bilayer, respectively, show that the presence of paclitaxel eliminated the pretransition (from Lβ/ to Pβ/) while inducing a slight reduction in the main (Pβ/ to Lα) phase transition temperature; in the same temperature interval, the central resonance line width δ H O displayed a greater rate of spin label reorientation in paclitaxel loaded bilayers. Further data are presented clearly demonstrating that the presence of paclitaxel in liposomal membrane increases the solubility of hydrophobic compounds. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to confirm that the presence of paclitaxel stabilized the lamellar structure of the bilayer and increased the transition temperature from lamellar Lα phase to hexagonal H II phase of TPE liposomes. The encapsulation of paclitaxel in liposomes depends on phospholipid characteristics; more drug is contained in the bilayer of liposomes containing unsaturated fatty acid chains and phosphorylcholine headgroups, such as DEPC and egg PC.
PML positively regulates interferon gamma signaling (2010)

PML, also known as TRIM19, belongs to the family encoding a characteristic RBCC/TRIM motif comprising several cysteine-rich zinc-binding domains (RING and B-boxes) and a coiled-coil domain. The RBCC domain and the covalent modification of PML by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) are required for PML localization within the nuclear bodies (NBs). Analysis of PML(-/-) mice provided evidence for a physiological role of PML in apoptosis. Cells derived from these mice are defective in the induction of apoptosis by interferon (IFN). PML is expressed as a family of cytoplasmic and nuclear isoforms (PML I-VII) as a result of alternative splicing. Herein, we show that overexpression of all nuclear PML isoforms (I-VI) in human cells increased IFNγ-induced STAT1 phosphorylation, resulting in higher binding of STAT1 to DNA, higher activation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and an increase in the expression of their products. These effects, observed with IFNγ and not IFNα, required PML localization in the nucleus as they were not observed with the cytoplasmic isoform PMLVIIb or the cytoplasmic variants of PMLIV. They also necessitated PML SUMOylation and its RING finger domain. Conversely, downregulation of PML by RNA interference was accompanied by decrease in IFNγ-induced STAT1 phosphorylation, STAT1 DNA binding, transcription of ISGs and in the expression of their products. In addition, IFNγ-mediated STAT1 DNA-binding activity was decreased in PML(-/-) MEFs compared with wild-type MEFs. Taken together these results demonstrate that PML functions as a positive regulator of IFNγ signaling.
Toxicity of Plant Essential Oils to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) (2004)

Fifty-three plant essential oils were tested for their toxicity against eggs and adults of Tetranychus urticae Koch as well as adults of Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, by using a filter paper diffusion bioassay without allowing direct contact. Responses varied according to oil type and dose, and mite species. In a plastic container (4.5 by 9.5 cm) bioassay at 14 x 10(-3) microl/ml air, caraway seed, citronella java, lemon eucalyptus, pennyroyal, and peppermint oils gave > 90% mortality against adult T. urticae, whereas 82 and 81% mortality was observed with sage and spearmint oils, respectively. With the exception of sage oil, the other six essential oils were highly effective against T. urticae eggs at 9.3 x 10(-3) microl/ml air. Against adult P. persimilis, these six test oils caused > 90% mortality at 7.1 x 10(-3) microl/ml air. Particularly peppermint oil at 4.7 x 10(-3) microl/ml air was highly toxic. In an acrylic cage (30 by 30 by 40 cm ) test, lemon eucalyptus, pennyroyal, peppermint, and spearmint oils were highly effective against adult T. urticae at 1.4 x 10(-3) microl/ml air. These results indicate that the mode of delivery of these essential oils was largely a result of action in the vapor phase via the respiratory system. The essential oils described herein merit further study as potential fumigants for T. urticae control.
Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer in the Lobund-Wistar Rat (2005)

Research on cancer prevention and therapy must focus on the refractory disease, the fatal end-stage of cancer that develops in patients with organ-related solid tumors. Refractory cancers develop spontaneously in advanced-stage tumors or in relapsed cases after failed therapy. Because neither prevention nor therapy is currently feasible, refractory cancer is a major impediment to survival. There is a great need for an animal model of prostate cancer (PC), one that develops cancer from initial premalignant to the terminal refractory stages. We describe here a model of hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) that develops spontaneously through two stages by endogenous mechanisms in the Lobund-Wistar (LW) rat. The early premalignant, testosterone (T)-dependent stage is promoted by high levels of endogenous T, and up to age 12 months is reversible by T deprivation; without this intervention, the tumorigenic process progresses to the refractory stage, which is highly aggressive and does not respond to T deprivation or to a wide range of therapies. Initial refractory tumors are palpable at approximately 18 months of age. As they continue to grow, the tumors express characteristics seen in refractory cancers in humans (i.e., hypoxia, expression of hypoxia-inducible factors, and metastasis). Chemically induced HRPCs in LW rats manifest the same two developmental stages, but with shorter latency periods. A transplantable, metastasizing cell line (PAIII) was derived from a germfree LW rat with advanced-stage cancer. Both spontaneous and chemically induced autochthonous HRPC model systems serve as outstanding models for studies on the prevention and therapy of refractory cancer.