gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Processing of Lagging-Strand Intermediates In Vitro by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 DNA Polymerase (2010)

The processing of lagging-strand intermediates has not been demonstrated in vitro for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Human flap endonuclease-1 (Fen-1) was examined for its ability to produce ligatable products with model lagging-strand intermediates in the presence of the wild-type or exonuclease-deficient (exo(-)) HSV-1 DNA polymerase (pol). Primer/templates were composed of a minicircle single-stranded DNA template annealed to primers that contained 5' DNA flaps or 5' annealed DNA or RNA sequences. Gapped DNA primer/templates were extended but not significantly strand displaced by the wild-type HSV-1 pol, although significant strand displacement was observed with exo(-) HSV-1 pol. Nevertheless, the incubation of primer/templates containing 5' flaps with either wild-type or exo(-) HSV-1 pol and Fen-1 led to the efficient production of nicks that could be sealed with DNA ligase I. Both polymerases stimulated the nick translation activity of Fen-1 on DNA- or RNA-containing primer/templates, indicating that the activities were coordinated. Further evidence for Fen-1 involvement in HSV-1 DNA synthesis is suggested by the ability of a transiently expressed green fluorescent protein fusion with Fen-1 to accumulate in viral DNA replication compartments in infected cells and by the ability of endogenous Fen-1 to coimmunoprecipitate with an essential viral DNA replication protein in HSV-1-infected cells.
A Modeling Approach for Gearbox Monitoring Using Stator Current Signature in Induction Machines (2008)

The gearbox monitoring using motor current signature analysis has been rarely proposed while gearboxes are widely used in the industrial applications and they are subjected to progressive deterioration. In this paper, a simple dynamic model of a single stage gearbox is used to show accurately the effect of the rotating input, output and mesh frequency components in the stator current signature for induction machine-based electromechanical systems. With this model, the influence of the transmission error and of the eccentricities of pinion and wheel is shown in the stator current spectrum and it gives an accurate location of the gearbox input and output rotating frequencies. In the same way, the influence of the pinion-wheel teeth contact stiffness variation, which is at the origin of the mesh frequency components in the stator current signature, is demonstrated even for a healthy gearbox. In order to validate the proposed model, a test-bed based on a wound-rotor 4kW three-phase induction machine connected to a gearbox has been used.
Biosynthesis and Distribution of Chlorophyll among the Photosystems during Recovery of the Green Alga Dunaliella salina from Irradiance Stress (2002)

To elucidate the mechanism of an irradiance-dependent adjustment in the chlorophyll (Chl) antenna size of Dunaliella salina, we investigated the regulation of expression of the Chla oxygenase (CAO) and light-harvesting complex b (Lhcb) genes as a function of Chl availability in the photosynthetic apparatus. After a high-light to low-light shift of the cultures, levels of both CAO andLhcb transcripts were rapidly induced by about 6-fold and reached a high steady-state level within 1.5 h of the shift. This was accompanied by repair of photodamaged photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers, accumulation of Chl a and Chlb (4:1 ratio), photosystem I (PSI), light-harvesting complex, and by enlargement of the Chl antenna size of both photosystems. In gabaculine-treated cells, induction ofCAO and Lhcb transcripts was not affected despite substantial inhibition in de novo Chl biosynthesis. However, cells were able to synthesize and accumulate some Chl aand Chl b (1:1 ratio), resulting in a marked lowering of the Chl a to Chl b ratio in the presence of this inhibitor. Assembly incorporation of light-harvesting complex and a corresponding Chl antenna size increase, mostly for the existing photosystems, was noted in the presence of gabaculine. Repair of photodamaged PSII was not affected by gabaculine. However, assembly accumulation of new PSI was limited under such conditions. These results suggest a coordinate regulation of CAO andLhcb gene transcription by irradiance, independent of Chl availability. The results are discussed in terms of different signal transduction pathways for the regulation of the photosynthetic apparatus organization by irradiance.
The C-terminal domain of FUSCA3 negatively regulates mRNA and protein levels, and mediates sensitivity to the hormones abscisic acid and gibberellic acid in Arabidopsis (2010)

The transcription factor FUSCA3 (FUS3) controls the transition from the embryonic to the vegetative phase of development by regulating abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) levels in Arabidopsis thaliana. In a feedback loop, FUS3 accumulation is negatively and positively regulated by GA and ABA, respectively, by an uncharacterized mechanism. Here, we use a FUS3-GFP construct to show that the level of the FUS3 protein decreases dramatically during mid to late embryogenesis, whereas its mRNA is present at a high level. Deletion studies identify a C-terminal domain (CTD) that negatively regulates mRNA and protein levels, and mediates sensitivity to ABA and GA. Indeed, a CTD-truncated FUS3 variant accumulates at high level, and is insensitive to the destabilizing and stabilizing effects of GA and ABA, respectively. In contrast, fusion of various fragments of the CTD with GFP is sufficient to greatly reduce GFP fluorescence. The GFP-CTD fluorescence can be increased by ABA and paclobutrazol, an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis. Cell-free degradation assays show that FUS3 is a short-lived protein. FUS3 degradation follows the 26S proteasome in vitro and in vivo, and the CTD affects its degradation rate. In contrast to the native form, the CTD-truncated FUS3 is unable to fully rescue the fus3-3 mutant, and is thus required for FUS3 function. In conclusion, this study identifies a CTD that maintains low levels of FUS3 during embryogenesis and early germination, and is required for normal FUS3 function and sensitivity to ABA and GA.
A double-stranded RNA unwinding activity introduces structural alterations by means of adenosine to inosine conversions in mammalian cells and Xenopus eggs. (1989)

Amphibian eggs and embryos as well as mammalian cells have been reported to contain an activity that unwinds double-stranded RNA. We have now found that adenosine residues have been modified in the RNA products of this unwinding activity. Although the modified RNA remains double-stranded, the modification causes the RNA to be susceptible to single-strand-specific RNase and to migrate as a retarded smear on a native polyacrylamide electrophoresis gel. The modification is specific for double-stranded RNA. At least 40% of the adenosine residues can be modified in vitro in a given random sequence RNA molecule. By using standard two-dimensional TLC and HPLC analyses, the modified base has been identified as inosine. Mismatched base-pairing between inosine and uridine appears to be responsible for the observed characteristics of the unwound RNA. The biological significance of this modifying activity and also of the modified double-stranded RNA is discussed.
The Effect of Chronic Immunostimulation of the Nonlactating Bovine Mammary Gland with Interleukin-2, Pokeweed Mitogen, and Lipopolysaccharide (1992)

Interleukin-2, pokeweed mitogen, and lipopolysaccharide were evaluated for their ability to accelerate involution and to stimulate local cellular defenses in the nonlactating bovine mammary gland. Twelve cows were divided into three treatment groups of 4 cows each to receive interleukin-2, pokeweed mitogen, or lipopolysaccharide. One day after drying off, 3 mammary quarters of each cow were infused with 100 micrograms of immunostimulant daily for 21 d; the remaining control quarter received PBS. Secretion samples were collected weekly to determine bacteriologic status, total SCC, and differential cell counts. On d 21, cows were killed, and tissues were collected for microscopy. Overall, SCC were higher in immunostimulated quarters, but only those infused with interleukin-2 were significantly elevated over controls. By wk 3, the percentage of neutrophils decreased in interleukin-2 and pokeweed mitogen quarters over pretreatment values, percentage of macrophages increased in interleukin-2 quarters, and percentage of lymphocytes increased in pokeweed mitogen and lipopolysaccharide quarters. Percentage of alveolar lumina was reduced, and connective tissue stroma increased, in all immunostimulated quarters compared with those of controls, suggesting accelerated involution. Involution was greatest in quarters treated with interleukin-2. Leukocyte infiltration was greater in immunostimulated quarters than in control quarters. Similarly, concentrations of Ig-producing plasma cells were greater in immunostimulated quarters than in control quarters. Quarters infused with interleukin-2 exhibited the greatest concentration of plasma cells, followed by quarters treated with pokeweed mitogen and lipopolysaccharide; IgG1 plasma cells predominated, followed by IgG2, IgA, and IgM. Interleukin-2 accelerated involution and stimulated local antibody production more than did the two mitogens, suggesting a potential role for this cytokine as a general immunostimulant at drying off.
Vaccinia virus GLV-1h153 is a novel agent for detection and effective local control of positive surgical margins for breast cancer (2013)

This is the first study to our knowledge to demonstrate a novel vaccinia virus carrying hNIS as an imaging tool in identifying positive surgical margins of breast cancers in an orthotopic murine model. Moreover, our results suggest that GLV-1h153 is a promising therapeutic agent in achieving local control for positive surgical margins in resected breast tumors.
Oral Tolerance: Therapeutic Implications for Autoimmune Diseases (2006)

Oral tolerance is classically defined as the suppression of immune responses to antigens (Ag) that have been administered previously by the oral route. Multiple mechanisms of tolerance are induced by oral Ag. Low doses favor active suppression, whereas higher doses favor clonal anergy/deletion. Oral Ag induces Th2 (IL-4/IL-10) and Th3 (TGF-beta) regulatory T cells (Tregs) plus CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells and LAP+T cells. Induction of oral tolerance is enhanced by IL-4, IL-10, anti-IL-12, TGF-beta, cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), Flt-3 ligand, anti-CD40 ligand and continuous feeding of Ag. In addition to oral tolerance, nasal tolerance has also been shown to be effective in suppressing inflammatory conditions with the advantage of a lower dose requirement. Oral and nasal tolerance suppress several animal models of autoimmune diseases including experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), uveitis, thyroiditis, myasthenia, arthritis and diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, plus non-autoimmune diseases such as asthma, atherosclerosis, colitis and stroke. Oral tolerance has been tested in human autoimmune diseases including MS, arthritis, uveitis and diabetes and in allergy, contact sensitivity to DNCB, nickel allergy. Positive results have been observed in phase II trials and new trials for arthritis, MS and diabetes are underway. Mucosal tolerance is an attractive approach for treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases because of lack of toxicity, ease of administration over time and Ag-specific mechanism of action. The successful application of oral tolerance for the treatment of human diseases will depend on dose, developing immune markers to assess immunologic effects, route (nasal versus oral), formulation, mucosal adjuvants, combination therapy and early therapy.
NOT, a human immediate-early response gene closely related to the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor NAK1/TR3. (1994)

By analyzing the early genetic response of human T cells following mitogenic activation we have identified NOT, a member of the steroid/thyroid hormone family of receptors. NOT has all structural features of steroid/thyroid hormone receptors (C2C2 zinc-finger domain, ligand binding domain), but is rapidly and only very transiently expressed after cell activation, which is clearly at variance with classical steroid receptors such as glucocorticoid or estrogen receptors. NOT gene induction is independent of de novo protein synthesis, defining NOT as an immediate-early response gene. Short-lived NOT mRNA (4.2 kilobases) expression could be observed in vitro in a greater number of tissue types following activation by a variety of distinct stimuli. In vivo, NOT mRNA expression was detected exclusively in the brain, where a very strong signal was observed. By immunoblot analysis of human T cell lysates with NOT specific antisera two activation-dependent protein bands (66 and 59 kilodaltons) could be detected. NOT gene was localized to human chromosome 2q22-q23. Sequence comparison revealed that NOT is the human homolog of the murine NURR1 and rat RNR-1. Moreover NOT is closely related to NAK1/TR3, a previously identified human orphan steroid receptor. Several lines of evidence indicate that NOT and NAK1/TR3 form a distinct and exclusive subgroup of orphan steroid receptors, whose expression characteristics in vitro and in vivo resemble the expression of nonsteroid immediate-early transcription factors such as jun and fos. NOT and NAK1/TR3 thus may function as general coactivators of gene transcription rather than participate in the induction of specific target genes, as is the case with classical steroid receptors.
Galectin-3: A Novel Mediator of Heart Failure Development and Progression (2009)

Galectins are a family of soluble beta-galactoside-binding lectins that play many important regulatory roles in inflammation, immunity, and cancer. Recently, a role for galectin-3 in the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF) has been suggested. Numerous studies have demonstrated the up-regulation of galectin-3 in hypertrophied hearts, its stimulatory effect on macrophage migration, fibroblast proliferation, and the development of fibrosis. The latter observation is particularly relevant as cardiac remodelling is an important determinant of the clinical outcome of HF and is linked to disease progression and poor prognosis. Because galectin-3 expression is maximal at peak fibrosis and virtually absent after recovery, routine measurement in patients with HF may prove valuable to identify those patients at highest risk for readmission or death, thus enabling physicians to tailor the level of care to individual patient needs. This review summarizes the most recent advances in galectin-3 research, with an emphasis on the role galectin-3 plays in the development and progression of HF.
DNA-uptake in the naturally competent cyanobacterium,Synechocystis sp.PCC 6803 (1995)

Uptake of DNA has been examined in the naturally competent cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. Pasteur Culture Collection (PCC) 6803. This bacterium is easily transformed by exogenously offered, homologous as well as heterologous DNA. During uptake, the DNA is converted from double stranded to single stranded form. A Ca-dependent nuclease, located in the cytoplasmic membrane, probably processes the DNA offered for uptake and converts it into single stranded form. The cyanobacterial DNA-uptake process is discussed in comparison to respective phenomena in other bacteria.
Differential Localization and Regulation of Death and Decoy Receptors for TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) in Human Melanoma Cells (2000)

Induction of apoptosis in cells by TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a member of the TNF family, is believed to be regulated by expression of two death-inducing and two inhibitory (decoy) receptors on the cell surface. In previous studies we found no correlation between expression of decoy receptors and susceptibility of human melanoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In view of this, we studied the localization of the receptors in melanoma cells by confocal microscopy to better understand their function. We show that the death receptors TRAIL-R1 and R2 are located in the trans-Golgi network, whereas the inhibitory receptors TRAIL-R3 and -R4 are located in the nucleus. After exposure to TRAIL, TRAIL-R1 and -R2 are internalized into endosomes, whereas TRAIL-R3 and -R4 undergo relocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and cell membranes. This movement of decoy receptors was dependent on signals from TRAIL-R1 and -R2, as shown by blocking experiments with Abs to TRAIL-R1 and -R2. The location of TRAIL-R1, -R3, and -R4 in melanoma cells transfected with cDNA for these receptors was similar to that in nontransfected cells. Transfection of TRAIL-R3 and -R4 increased resistance of the melanoma lines to TRAIL-induced apoptosis even in melanoma lines that naturally expressed these receptors. These results indicate that abnormalities in "decoy" receptor location or function may contribute to sensitivity of melanoma to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and suggest that further studies are needed on the functional significance of their nuclear location and TRAIL-induced movement within cells.
Characterization of local hyperfibrinolysis in chronic subdural hematomas by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot (1994)

Fibrinogen, fibrin monomer, and D dimer were analyzed in 41 cases of chronic subdural hematoma (SDH) to characterize local rebleeding, coagulation, and fibrinolysis using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting. Chronic SDH's were divided into five groups according to their appearance on computerized tomography: high-density, isodensity, low-density, mixed-density, and layering types. The concentration of fibrinogen, which indicates rebleeding, was higher in the mixed-density (15.7 +/- 3.4 mg/dl (mean +/- standard error of the mean)) and layering (15.7 +/- 2.6 mg/dl) types of hematoma, and lower in the low-density hematomas (1.4 +/- 0.6 mg/dl) compared with the isodense hematomas (6.9 +/- 1.1 mg/dl). Fibrin monomer, which indicates coagulative activity, had a distribution similar to that of fibrinogen: 87 +/- 22, 18 +/- 8, 175 +/- 40, and 177 +/- 23 micrograms/ml in isodense, low and mixed-density, and layering types of hematomas, respectively. The D dimer, which indicates fibrinolytic activity, was higher in the layering hematoma type (2032 +/- 384 micrograms/ml), and lower in low-density hematomas (301 +/- 164 micrograms/ml) compared to isodense (1310 +/- 256 micrograms/ml) and mixed-density (1039 +/- 207 micrograms/ml) types of hematomas. These observations suggest the following characterization of each type of chronic SDH. The layering type is active, with a high tendency to rebleed and for hyperfibrinolytic activity. The mixed-density type has a high tendency to rebleed with lower hyperfibrinolytic activity than the layering type. The low-density hematoma is stable with a low tendency to rebleed and to fibrinolytic activity.
Multifunctional poly(ester urethane) laminates with encoded information (2013)

Solvent-cast films from shape memory poly(ester urethane) (PEU) containing different weight contents of microencapsulated thermochromic pigments (T-PIGs) were prepared by drying in air. Spectrophotometric investigations unveiled that gradual loading with T-PIG black resulted in continuous darkening of the films up to filler contents of 20 wt%, accompanied by a steady enhancement of thermochromic properties. Taking this composition as standard, PEU films equipped with T-PIG black, blue and red were deposited atop PEU plaques to obtain laminate structures. Herein, the cover layer thickness (100 ± 5 μm) and the good dispersion of T-PIGs inside the polymer matrix were verified by scanning electron microscopy. Machine-readable information carriers were prepared by laser engraving quick response (QR) codes into the cover layer of the laminates and subsequently cutting cuboidal samples therefrom. Finally, thermo-mechanical programming of the QR code carriers was applied to randomly distort the code patterns, thus rendering them unreadable. Upon heating, surface decolorization and shape recovering occurred; during the ensuing cooling, the surface color and contrast reappeared whereupon the QR codes could be read out. Spectrophotometric, calorimetric and thermo-mechanical investigations gave evidence that the color switching temperature of the T-PIGs roughly coincided with the melting temperature of the ester-based switching segment and thus with the activation temperature of the shape memory effect. Apart from that unique functionality, manifold design concepts may render information carriers difficult-to-copy. Therefore, we anticipate tremendous potential as anti-counterfeiting technology.
ET Comes of Age: Envelope Tracking for Higher-Efficiency Power Amplifiers (2016)

Envelope tracking (ET) is by now a well-established technique that improves the efficiency of microwave power amplifiers (PAs) compared to what can be obtained with conventional class-AB or class-B operation for amplifying signals with a time-varying envelope, such as most of those used in present wireless communication systems. ET is poised to be deployed extensively in coming generations of amplifiers for cellular handsets because it can reduce power dissipation for signals using the long-term evolution (LTE) standard required for fourthgeneration (4G) wireless systems, which feature high peak-to-average power ratios (PAPRs). The ET technique continues to be actively developed for higher carrier frequencies and broader bandwidths. This article reviews the concepts and history of ET, discusses several applications currently on the drawing board, presents challenges for future development, and highlights some directions for improving the technique.
Sleep duration and quality in healthy nulliparous and multiparous women across pregnancy and post‐partum (2007)

These changes should be used to inform women about the extent of change in sleep, particularly early post-partum, and to help health-care providers identify women experiencing severe sleep loss and disruption and discuss possible coping strategies with them.
Polaron and Exciton-Phonon Complexes in CuCl Nanocrystals (1995)

We report the first evidence of an excitonic polaron and exciton-phonon complexes in nanosize semiconductor crystals. These are observed in CuCl nanocrystal excitonic luminescence spectra under resonant size-selective excitation. The theory of exciton coupling with spherical phonons through the Fr\"ohlich and deformation potentials is developed and describes both the size dependence of the polaron binding energy and the degree of the exciton-phonon hybridization near resonance, when the $1P$ and $1S$ exciton level spacing coincides with the one- or two-phonon energy.
Ion-Containing Membranes from Microemulsion Polymerization (1999)

Ion-containing membranes were constructed using a single-step microemulsion polymerization. In addition to conventional characterization, their ionic conductivities were assessed by alternating current impedance spectroscopy. The ionic conductivities of the membranes are in the range of (2−3) × 10-3 S/cm and are much higher than conventional PEO-type polymer electrolytes, or about 1 order of magnitude lower than that of perfluorosulfonate ionomers. The main conducting mechanism for the membrane is related to the existence of the aqueous phase. Further improvement on the conductivity of the membrane is in progress.