gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 10-bit, 550-fs step Digital-to-Time Converter in 28nm CMOS (2014)

This paper presents a 10-bit, 550-fs step Digital-to-Time Converter (DTC) used in the phase comparison path of a fractional-N, TDC-less and divider-less PLL. The DTC is devised as a single-ended architecture which uses a tunable RC network for delay control. The circuit is optimized for low phase noise not to limit the in-band phase noise performance of the fabricated PLL. Measured INL and DNL are below 1.8 LSB and 0.8 LSB, respectively. The DTC phase noise floor is below -154 dBc/Hz at 0.5 mW power consumption from a 0.9 V supply. At 10 GHz output, the in-band phase noise of the PLL with the DTC embedded is -105 dBc/Hz. The PLL achieves 270 fs RMS jitter, consuming 26 mW.
Acute Stimulation of White Adipocyte Respiration by PKA-Induced Lipolysis (2010)

Lipolysis stimulated by βAR activation or other maneuvers that increase cAMP levels in white adipocytes acutely induces mitochondrial uncoupling and cellular energetics, which are amplified in the absence of scavenging BSA. The increase in OCR is dependent on PKA-induced lipolysis and is mediated by the PTP and BAX. Because this effect is reduced with obesity, further exploration of this uncoupling mechanism will be needed to determine its cause and consequences.
Comparison of GaN p-i-n and Schottky rectifier performance (2001)

The performance of GaN p-i-n and Schottky rectifiers fabricated on the same wafer was investigated as a function of device size and operating temperature. There was a significant difference in reverse breakdown voltage (490 V for p-i-n diodes; 347 V for the Schottky diodes) and forward turn-on voltage (/spl sim/5 V for the p-i-n diodes; /spl sim/3.5 V for the Schottky diodes). Both types of device showed a negative temperature coefficient for reverse breakdown, with value -0.34/spl plusmn/0.05 V/spl middot/K/sup -1/.
Intratumoral Spatial Distribution of Hypoxia and Angiogenesis Assessed by 18F-FAZA and 125I-Gluco-RGD Autoradiography (2008)

The study revealed a substantial spatial discordance of the 18F-FAZA and 125I-Gluco-RGD tumor distribution suggesting that hypoxia and angiogenesis are not necessarily spatially linked in malignancies. These results may prove essential in developing advanced targeted systemic chemotherapeutic approaches (such as combinations of hypoxia-activated cytotoxins and antiangiogenic drugs) for hypoxic tumors.
A Novel, Unequivocal Synthesis of Polyethylene Glycols (1986)

Abstract Unequivocal synthesis of polyethyleneglycols is presented. The key step for this synthesis is the selective monobenzylation of oligoethyleneglycols by the phase transfer catalysis technique.
Serodiagnosis of Syphilis by an Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay for IgG Antibodies Against the Reiter Treponeme Flagellum (1982)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IgG antibodies against the flagellum (axial filament) of the Reiter treponeme (flagellum-ELISA) was developed and compared with the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test and the Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test with regard to diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. One serum from each of 827 individuals with and without syphilis was studied. In all diagnostic groups of syphilis there was no significant difference between the sensitivity of the FTA-ABS and the flagellum-ELISA, except in treated syphilis, where the FTA-ABS was more sensitive (P less than 0.01). In primary syphilis and in treated syphilis the sensitivity of the flagellum-ELISA was higher than the sensitivity of TPI (P less than 0.01 and P less than or equal to 0.05), respectively); in all other groups there was no significant difference between the sensitivity of TPI and flagellum-ELISA. The specificity of the flagellum-ELISA (99.0%) in 200 sera from blood donors without syphilis was not statistically different from the specificity of FTA-ABS (98.0%) and TPI (99.5%). The flagellum-ELISA seems to be well suited for routine serodiagnosis of syphilis and may replace other treponemal tests.
Perceptual Efficacy of Electrical Stimulation of Human Retina with a Microelectrode Array during Short-Term Surgical Trials (2003)

Single percepts induced by single-electrode stimulation were relatively small, but the form of percepts, especially after multielectrode stimulation, often did not match the stimulation pattern, even in a normal-sighted volunteer. Reproducible percepts were more easily generated than those that matched the stimulation pattern.
Ineffectiveness and Comparative Pathogenicity of Attenuated Rabies Virus Vaccines for the Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis) (1990)

Three attenuated rabies virus vaccines (SAD-B19, ERA/BHK-21, AZA 2) were compared for efficacy and safety in the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) by the oral and intranasal routes. The SAD-B19 and ERA/BHK-21 vaccines were given orally; all three vaccines were given intranasally. Oral administration of SAD-B19 and ERA/BHK-21 vaccines induced neither seroconversion nor significant protection against rabies challenge. One skunk which consumed a SAD-B19 vaccine-laden bait succumbed to vaccine-induced rabies. Intranasal instillation of the three vaccines resulted in the deaths of two of six (AZA 2), three of six (ERA/BHK-21) and six of six (SAD-B19) skunks.
Catalytic CC, CN, and CO Ullmann‐Type Coupling Reactions (2009)

Copper-catalyzed Ullmann condensations are key reactions for the formation of carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bonds in organic synthesis. These reactions can lead to structural moieties that are prevalent in building blocks of active molecules in the life sciences and in many material precursors. An increasing number of publications have appeared concerning Ullmann-type intermolecular reactions for the coupling of aryl and vinyl halides with N, O, and C nucleophiles, and this Minireview highlights recent and major developments in this topic since 2004.
An adenovirus-simian immunodeficiency virus env vaccine elicits humoral, cellular, and mucosal immune responses in rhesus macaques and decreases viral burden following vaginal challenge (1997)

Six female rhesus macaques were immunized orally and intranasally at 0 weeks and intratracheally at 12 weeks with an adenovirus type 5 host range mutant (Ad5hr)-simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsm env recombinant and at 24 and 36 weeks with native SIVmac251 gp120 in Syntex adjuvant. Four macaques received the Ad5hr vector and adjuvant alone; two additional controls were naive. In vivo replication of the Ad5hr wild-type and recombinant vectors occurred with detection of Ad5 DNA in stool samples and/or nasal secretions in all macaques and increases in Ad5 neutralizing antibody in 9 of 10 macaques following Ad administrations. SIV-specific neutralizing antibodies appeared after the second recombinant immunization and rose to titers > 10,000 following the second subunit boost. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies able to bind gp120 developed in nasal and rectal secretions, and SIV-specific IgGs were also observed in vaginal secretions and saliva. T-cell proliferative responses to SIV gp140 and T-helper epitopes were sporadically detected in all immunized macaques. Following vaginal challenge with SIVmac251, transient or persistent infection resulted in both immunized and control monkeys. The mean viral burden in persistently infected immunized macaques was significantly decreased in the primary infection period compared to that of control macaques. These results establish in vivo use of the Ad5hr vector, which overcomes the host range restriction of human Ads for rhesus macaques, thereby providing a new model for evaluation of Ad-based vaccines. In addition, they show that a vaccine regimen using the Ad5hr-SIV env recombinant and gp120 subunit induces strong humoral, cellular, and mucosal immunity in rhesus macaques. The reduced viral burden achieved solely with an env-based vaccine supports further development of Ad-based vaccines comprising additional viral components for immune therapy and AIDS vaccine development.
High-Resolution Time-Frequency Spectrum-Based Lung Function Test from a Smartphone Microphone (2016)

In this paper, a smartphone-based lung function test, developed to estimate lung function parameters using a high-resolution time-frequency spectrum from a smartphone built-in microphone is presented. A method of estimation of the forced expiratory volume in 1 s divided by forced vital capacity (FEV₁/FVC) based on the variable frequency complex demodulation method (VFCDM) is first proposed. We evaluated our proposed method on 26 subjects, including 13 healthy subjects and 13 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, by comparing with the parameters clinically obtained from pulmonary function tests (PFTs). For the healthy subjects, we found that an absolute error (AE) and a root mean squared error (RMSE) of the FEV₁/FVC ratio were 4.49% ± 3.38% and 5.54%, respectively. For the COPD patients, we found that AE and RMSE from COPD patients were 10.30% ± 10.59% and 14.48%, respectively. For both groups, we compared the results using the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and short-time Fourier transform (STFT), and found that VFCDM was superior to CWT and STFT. Further, to estimate other parameters, including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁), and peak expiratory flow (PEF), regression analysis was conducted to establish a linear transformation. However, the parameters FVC, FEV1, and PEF had correlation factor r values of 0.323, 0.275, and -0.257, respectively, while FEV₁/FVC had an r value of 0.814. The results obtained suggest that only the FEV1/FVC ratio can be accurately estimated from a smartphone built-in microphone. The other parameters, including FVC, FEV1, and PEF, were subjective and dependent on the subject's familiarization with the test and performance of forced exhalation toward the microphone.
The national biomarker development alliance: confronting the poor productivity of biomarker research and development (2014)

Making precision (personalized) medicine a routine clinical reality will require a comprehensive inventory of validated biomarkers and molecular diagnostic tests to stratify disease subtypes and improve accuracy in diagnosis and treatment selection. Realization of this promise has been hindered by the poor productivity of biomarker identification and validation. This situation reflects deficiencies that are pervasive across the entire spectrum of biomarker R&D, from discovery to clinical validation and in the failure of regulatory and reimbursement policies to accommodate new classes of biomarkers. The launch of the National Biomarker Development Alliance is the culmination of a 2-year review and consultation process involving diverse stakeholders to advance standards, best practices and guidelines to enhance biomarker discovery and validation by adoption of systems-based approaches and trans-sector collaboration between academia, clinical medicine and relevant private and public sector stakeholders.
Study on Different Molecular Weights of Chitosan as an Immobilization Matrix for a Glucose Biosensor (2013)

Two chitosan samples (medium molecular weight (MMCHI) and low molecular weight (LMCHI)) were investigated as an enzyme immobilization matrix for the fabrication of a glucose biosensor. Chitosan membranes prepared from acetic acid were flexible, transparent, smooth and quick-drying. The FTIR spectra showed the existence of intermolecular interactions between chitosan and glucose oxidase (GOD). Higher catalytic activities were observed on for GOD-MMCHI than GOD-LMCHI and for those crosslinked with glutaraldehyde than using the adsorption technique. Enzyme loading greater than 0.6 mg decreased the activity. Under optimum conditions (pH 6.0, 35°C and applied potential of 0.6 V) response times of 85 s and 65 s were observed for medium molecular weight chitosan glucose biosensor (GOD-MMCHI/PT) and low molecular weight chitosan glucose biosensor (GOD-LMCHI/PT), respectively. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant ([Formula: see text]) was found to be 12.737 mM for GOD-MMCHI/PT and 17.692 mM for GOD-LMCHI/PT. This indicated that GOD-MMCHI/PT had greater affinity for the enzyme. Moreover, GOD-MMCHI/PT showed higher sensitivity (52.3666 nA/mM glucose) when compared with GOD-LMCHI/PT (9.8579 nA/mM glucose) at S/N>3. Better repeatability and reproducibility were achieved with GOD-MMCHI/PT than GOD-LMCHI/PT regarding glucose measurement. GOD-MMCHI/PT was found to give the highest enzymatic activity among the electrodes under investigation. The extent of interference encountered by GOD-MMCHI/PT and GOD-LMCHI/PT was not significantly different. Although the Nafion coated biosensor significantly reduced the signal due to the interferents under study, it also significantly reduced the response to glucose. The performance of the biosensors in the determination of glucose in rat serum was evaluated. Comparatively better accuracy and recovery results were obtained for GOD-MMCHI/PT. Hence, GOD-MMCHI/PT showed a better performance when compared with GOD-LMCHI/PT. In conclusion, chitosan membranes shave the potential to be a suitable matrix for the development of glucose biosensors.
Platelet-derived growth factor regulates the secretion of extracellular vesicles by adipose mesenchymal stem cells and enhances their angiogenic potential (2014)

Our findings indicate that EVs released by ASCs may contribute to the ASC-induced angiogenesis and suggest that PDGF may trigger the release of EVs with an enhanced angiogenic potential.
Quantitative Real-time PCR: A Critique of Method and Practical Considerations (2002)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKeywords: Quantitative real-time PCRPerkin Elmer ABl PRISM 7700 sequence detection system
Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells Derived from Synovium and Infrapatellar Fat Pad as a Source for Superficial Zone Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Analysis of Superficial Zone Protein/Lubricin Expression (2009)

Superficial zone protein (SZP) is a boundary lubricant of articular cartilage in joints. As SZP at the surface of articular cartilage plays an important role in the normal function of synovial joints, the localization of SZP-secreting cells at the surface of tissue-engineered cartilage is prerequisite. The aim of this study was to identify suitable progenitor cell sources for tissue engineering of superficial zone cartilage. We investigated whether mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) from synovium and infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) have the potential for secretion of SZP after chondrogenic differentiation in an aggregate pellet culture system. SZP was immunolocalized in pellets from synovium-MPCs and IFP-MPCs. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of SZP demonstrated that chondrogenically differentiated synovium-MPC and IFP-MPC pellets secreted SZP into media. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed significant upregulation of SZP mRNA in synovium-MPC and IFP-MPC pellets after chondrogenic differentiation. The synovium-MPCs demonstrated the higher colony-forming, proliferative, and chondrogenic potential, and exhibited greater SZP secretion after chondrogenic induction compared with IFP-MPCs. In conclusion, both synovium and IFP are promising cell sources for tissue engineering of superficial zone cartilage.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Amida, a Novel Protein Which Interacts with a Neuron-specific Immediate Early Gene Product Arc, Contains Novel Nuclear Localization Signals, and Causes Cell Death in Cultured Cells (2000)

Amida was isolated by the yeast two-hybrid system as a novel protein which associated with Arc, a non-transcriptional immediate early gene specific to the brain. Amida was confirmed to be associated with Arc in vitro and in vivo. Amida shows no homology to known proteins. Amida is ubiquitously expressed, although it is abundant in the brain. A transfection study revealed that Amida was localized in the nucleus and after 72 h the transfected cells underwent apoptosis. Furthermore, we found two nuclear localization signals and a domain needed for interacting with Arc was encompassed by two nuclear localization signals. Co-transfection experiment with Amida and Arc suggested that Amida transported Arc into the nucleus and negatively regulated Amida-induced cell death. These results indicate that Arc together with Amida may modulate cell death in the brain.
Gradient‐based methods (2016)

If the system of linear equations is large, instead of using a direct solution it can be solved iteratively. Individual iteration can treated be as an inverse problem by defining an objective function, and updating the solution estimate based on the gradient of the objective function. This chapter defines different gradient-based methods such as Steepest descent method, Conjugate gradient method, Biconjugate gradient method and Subspace gradient method. The steepest descent method chooses the residual vector as the updating direction. The conjugate gradient method is applicable to weakly nonlinear problems, with an objective function which is presented in non-quadratic forms but is approximately quadratic near the minimum. The biconjugate gradient method can be easily extended for solving a complex-valued system. The subspace method partitions the steepest ascent vector into several independent subvectors and chooses an optimal step length for each of them.
Tumour necrosis factor-α blockade: a new era for effective management of rheumatoid arthritis (2000)

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors have emerged as a new treatment option for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The scientific rationale for targeting TNF-alpha in RA derives from extensive work in the laboratory, showing the importance of this pro-inflammatory cytokine as a mediator of joint inflammation. Proof of principle has now been firmly established in clinical trials where TNF-alpha inhibitors have been shown to decrease the signs and symptoms of joint inflammation and slow radiological progression of joint damage. Presently, the two TNF-alpha inhibitors available for use in RA are etanercept and infliximab. Etanercept is a soluble TNF receptor: Fc fusion protein that competes with the endogenous TNF receptors for TNF-alpha binding. Infliximab is a chimeric anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody, which also binds with high affinity to soluble TNF-alpha. Etanercept and infliximab will be rapidly incorporated into current treatment paradigms, which call for early and intensive treatment of RA using disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), such as methotrexate, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine. A major drawback to the widespread use of these biologics is their high costs. Some patients with limited financial means may be denied access to these effective anti-inflammatory agents. Moreover, long-term experience with TNF-alpha inhibitor therapy has been limited and concerns linger about the possibility that etanercept and infliximab may cause unforeseen side effects or increase the risk for opportunistic infection. Despite these caveats, TNF-alpha inhibitors represent a major advance for the treatment of RA and will likely spawn new indications for anti-TNF-alpha therapy and the development of novel therapeutic compounds with similar biological activity.
Decision networks for integrating the behaviors of virtual agents and avatars (1996)

We examine the use of decision networks in animating virtual agents. We have developed a system that allows the realization of multiple, parallel behaviors for an agent. The networks we utilize, called PaT-Nets, are used both to represent individual behaviors and also to encode rules of engagement between agents. The multiple networks simultaneously attached to an individual agent are used to control locomotion, planning, visual attention and decision-making strategy. We discuss how human players may be substituted for autonomous players and still operate under the represented behaviors in the PaT-Nets.
Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Platform (2007)

The use of polymers and polymeric structures in the treatment, diagnosis, and monitoring of biological systems is continuing to increase in sophistication. Research exploring the use of nanoparticles for drug delivery applications has included the exploration and development of nanocolloids, liposomes, micelles, nanogels, polymer‐drug conjugates, and a variety of other polymeric nanoparticles that are composed of organic polymers with specific physical or chemical properties that make them relevant delivery vehicles. One of the current trends is the fabrication of tunable, mono‐dispersed, polymeric nanostructures to be used as nanoparticle drug delivery platforms. The PRINT technology used to fabricate monodisperse particles from a wide range of particle matrix materials including biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) and bioabsorbable poly(d‐lactic acid) is described along with an abbreviated overview of other polymeric drug delivery platforms.
EDEM accelerates ERAD by preventing aberrant dimer formation of misfolded α1‐antitrypsin (2006)

Misfolded glycoproteins are degraded by a mechanism known as ERAD (ER-associated degradation) after retrotranslocation out of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This mechanism plays an important role in ER quality control. We previously reported that an ER membrane protein, EDEM, accelerates ERAD of a misfolded alpha1-antitrypsin variant, null (Hong Kong) (NHK), suggesting that EDEM may function as an acceptor of terminally misfolded glycoproteins. In this study, we constructed several genetically manipulated cell lines to test this hypothesis. EDEM expression did not alter the secretion rate of properly folded molecules and the forced retention of wild-type alpha1-antitrypsin in the ER did not cause its association with EDEM, suggesting that EDEM may function as a molecular chaperone. To examine this possibility, we analyzed the effect of EDEM over-expression on the structure of NHK, and found that the accumulation of covalent NHK dimers was selectively prevented by the over-expression of EDEM. Co-expression of NHK with two other ER membrane proteins, calnexin and H(+)/K(+)-ATPase (beta subunit), did not inhibit NHK dimer formation or accelerate NHK ERAD. These results indicate that EDEM may maintain the retrotranslocation competence of NHK by inhibiting aggregation so that unstable misfolded proteins can be accommodated by the dislocon for ERAD.