gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of tumor necrosis factor gene expression at a cellular level in human acute myeloid leukemias. (1989)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a Mr 17,000 cytokine produced by macrophages. We have recently demonstrated that TNF is also produced by transformed human epithelial cells. The present studies have examined TNF expression in human myeloid leukemic cells. We have monitored TNF expression at a cellular level using alkaline phosphatase detection of a biotinylated TNF cDNA probe in situ. Using this approach, TNF transcripts were detectable in HL-60 cells induced along the monocytic lineage by phorbol ester but not in uninduced cells. The specific detection of TNF RNA at a cellular level was supported by the absence of histochemical staining in RNase-treated cells and when using biotinylated pBR322 plasmid without insert. These studies were extended to preparations of purified acute myeloblastic leukemia cells. The results demonstrate that TNF is expressed in myeloblasts in eight of nine patients with AML. In each preparation of myeloblasts with detectable TNF RNA, transcripts were present at 89-98% of the cells. The identification of TNF RNA in situ was also associated with the detection of TNF protein in leukemic blasts by indirect immunofluorescence. Moreover, the detection of TNF protein in these preparations of myeloblasts was confirmed by immunoblotting. However, using this approach to examine AML cells before and after purification indicated that TNF expression is induced as a result of the enrichment procedures. Thus, certain populations of purified myeloid leukemic cells are capable of expressing TNF at both the RNA and protein levels.
The PROSITE database, its status in 1997 (1997)

The PROSITE database consists of biologically significant patterns and profiles formulated in such a way that with appropriate computational tools it can help to determine to which known family of protein (if any) a new sequence belongs, or which known domain(s) it contains.
Fatty acids, lipid peroxidation and diseases (1990)

Many studies have implicated oxygen radicals and lipid peroxidation in various diseases. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are believed to be one of the keys for understanding the damage that can be done to cells by free radicals. Free radical attack on PUFA may result in (1) the loss of PUFA which play important roles in cell membrane structure and as precursors for eicosanoid (prostaglandin and leukotriene) formation and (2) the formation of lipid peroxides and related compounds which can themselves cause damage to other cellular constituents.
OSPF for IPv6 (2008)

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
Incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1985–2000 (2003)

After age and sex adjustment to a common population, these prevalence and incidence rates of MS appear to have been stable rather than increasing over the past 20 years.
Well-Defined Regions of Apolipoprotein B-100 Undergo Conformational Change During Its Intravascular Metabolism (2000)

Apolipoprotein B (apoB)-100-containing lipoproteins are secreted from the liver as large triglyceride-rich very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) into the circulation, where they are transformed, through the action of lipases and plasma lipid transfer proteins, into smaller, less buoyant, cholesteryl ester-rich low density lipoproteins (LDLs). As a consequence of this intravascular metabolism, apoB-containing lipoproteins are heterogeneous in size, in hydrated density, in surface charge, and in lipid and apolipoprotein composition. To identify specific regions of apoB that may undergo conformational changes during the intravascular transformation of VLDLs into LDLs, we have used a panel of 29 well-characterized anti-apoB monoclonal antibodies to determine whether individual apoB epitopes are differentially expressed in VLDL, intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), and LDL subfractions isolated from 6 normolipidemic subjects. When analyzed in a solid-phase radioimmunoassay, the expression of most epitopes was remarkably similar in VLDLs, IDLs, and LDLs. Two epitopes that are close to the apoB LDL receptor-binding site show an increased expression in large (1.019 to 1.028 g/mL), medium (1.028 to 1.041 g/mL), and small (1.041 to 1.063 g/mL) LDLs compared with VLDLs and IDLs, and 2 epitopes situated between apoB residues 4342 and 4536 are significantly more immunoreactive in small and medium-sized LDLs compared with VLDLs, IDLs, and large LDLs. Therefore, as VLDL is converted to LDL, conformational changes identified by monoclonal antibodies occur at precise points in the metabolic cascade and are limited to well-defined regions of apoB structure. These conformational changes may correspond to alterations in apoB functional activities.
Cystatin D (CST5): An ultra-early inflammatory biomarker of traumatic brain injury (2017)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is set to become the leading cause of neurological disability across all age groups. Currently, no reliable biomarkers exist to help diagnose the severity of TBI to identify patients who are at risk of developing secondary injuries. Thus, the discovery of reliable biomarkers for the management of TBI would improve clinical interventions. Inflammatory markers are particularly suited for biomarker discovery as TBI leads to very early alterations in inflammatory proteins. Using the Proseek Multiplex Inflammation assay, we measured in patients that had suffered mild TBI (n = 10) or severe TBI (n = 10) with extra-cranial injury or extracranial injury only (EC) (n = 10), 92 inflammation-associated proteins in serum obtained: <1 hr (within 1-hour), 4-12 hr and 48-72 hr post injury. Changes were compared to healthy volunteers (HV). Our results identified CST5, AXIN1 and TRAIL as novel early biomarkers of TBI. CST5 identified patients with severe TBI from all other cohorts and importantly was able to do so within the first hour of injury. AXIN1 and TRAIL were able to discriminate between TBI and HV at <1 hr. We conclude that CST5, AXIN1 and TRAIL are worthy of further study in the context of a pre-hospital or pitch-side test to detect brain injury.
The formation of emulsions in definable fields of flow (1934)

Abstract The physical and chemical condition of emulsions of two fluids which do not mix has been the subject of many studies, but very little seems to be known about the mechanics of the stirring processes which are used in making them. The conditions which govern the breaking up of a jet of one fluid projected into another have been studied by Rayleigh and others, but most of these studies have been concerned with the effect of surface tension or dynamical forces in making a cylindrical thread unstable so that it breaks into drops. The mode of formation of the cylindrical thread has not been discussed. As a rule in experimental work it has been formed by projecting one liquid into the other under pressure through a hole. It seems that studies of this kind which neglect the disruptive effect of the viscous drag of one fluid on the other, though interesting in themselves, tell us very little about the manner in which two liquids can be stirred together to form an emulsion. When one liquid is at rest in another liquid of the same density it assumes the form of a spherical drop. Any movement of the out er fluid (apart from pure rotation or translation) will distort the drop owing to the dynamical and viscous forces which then act on its surface. Surface tension, however, will tend to keep the drop spherical. When the drop is very small, or the liquid very viscous, the stresses due to inertia will be small compared with those due to viscosity.
Chimeric BCR-abl messenger RNA as a marker for minimal residual disease in patients transplanted for Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1991)

We correlated polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-detectable BCR-abl fusion transcripts with cytogenetic status in 24 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Of 10 Philadelphia chromosome negative (Ph- ) patients, only one was found to exhibit a BCR-abl fusion transcript. Fourteen patients with Ph+ ALL, including eight in clinical remission, exhibited PCR-detectable BCR-abl rearrangements. A detectable Ph chromosome was present in only five of the eight patients in clinical remission. Of the three cytogenetically negative, BCR-abl-positive patients, two eventually succumbed to post-bone marrow transplantation (BMT) relapse. The third died of early transplant complications. Serial PCR analyses were performed on four Ph+ ALL patients in clinical remission who underwent allogeneic BMT. One patient who was PCR negative on post-BMT days 21 and 75 became PCR-positive on day 116 and died in relapse on day 154. One patient was weakly positive for BCR-abl on day 23, negative on day 56, but died of transplant complications on day 124. Two patients exhibited no post-BMT BCR-abl rearrangements and remain well on days 279 and 371. Our findings suggest that PCR analysis may be useful in the early identification of relapse in patients transplanted for Ph+ ALL.
Evaluation of Fanconi Anemia genes in familial breast cancer predisposition. (2003)

Fanconi Anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by congenital abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure, and susceptibility to cancer. FA has eight known complementation groups and is caused by mutations in at least seven genes. Biallelic BRCA2 mutations were shown recently to cause FA-D1. Monoallelic (heterozygous) BRCA2 mutations confer a high risk of breast cancer and are a major cause of familial breast cancer. To investigate whether heterozygous variants in other FA genes are high penetrance breast cancer susceptibility alleles, we screened germ-line DNA from 88 BRCA1/2-negative families, each with at least three cases of breast cancer, for mutations in FANCA, FANCC, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, and FANCG. Sixty-nine sequence variants were identified of which 25 were exonic. None of the exonic variants resulted in translational frameshifts or nonsense codons and 14 were polymorphisms documented previously. Of the remaining 11 exonic variants, 2 resulted in synonymous changes, and 7 were present in controls. Only 2 conservative missense variants, 1 in FANCA and 1 in FANCE, were each found in a single family and were not present in 300 controls. The results indicate that FA gene mutations, other than in BRCA2, are unlikely to be a frequent cause of highly penetrant breast cancer predisposition.
Rapid expression of transgenes driven by seed-specific constructs in leaf tissue: DHA production (2010)

The LEC2-extended N. benthamiana assay allows the transient activation of seed-specific promoters in leaf tissue. In this study we have used the assay as a rapid preliminary screen of a complex seed-specific transgenic construct prior to stable transformation, a feature that will become increasingly useful as genetic engineering moves from the manipulation of single genes to the engineering of complex pathways. We propose that the assay will prove useful for other applications wherein rapid expression of transgenes driven by seed-specific constructs in leaf tissue are sought.
Preparation, quality control and biological evaluation of 99mTc-labelled cationic steroid antibiotic (CSA-13) (2008)

Ceragenins (CSAs) are a new class of antimicrobial agents that display broad spectrum antibacterial activity and may find use in the treatment of various infections. A member of this class CSA-13 was labelled with 99mTc using SnCl2·H2O as a reducing agent. The labelling efficiency depended on the ligand/reductant ratio, pH and volume of the reaction mixture. The radiochemical purity and stability of 99mTc-CSA was determined by thin layer chromatography. Biodistribution studies of 99mTc-CSA were performed in Sprague Dawley rats. Liver and spleen uptake was quite high. A significantly higher accumulation of 99mTc-CSA was seen at sites of S. aureus infected rats. The results were compared with 99mTc-Ciprofloxacin.
Glass dispersed liquid crystals (1991)

Abstract Sol-gel processes have been used to trap liquid crystal droplets into silica gel glasses. Several monomer mixtures and liquid crystals have been used. In most cases, trapping of spherical droplets has been achieved and droplet sizes from < 1 to 200 μm have been obtained. Switching between opaque and transparent states has been successfully tested; the voltages required for switching and the electrooptical response times are related to pore surface composition. These voltages and times are similar to those found in polymer dispersed spherical droplets.
Activation of Rho GTPases by Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 Induces Macropinocytosis and Scavenging Activity in Epithelial Cells (2001)

Macropinocytosis, a ruffling-driven process that allows the capture of large material, is an essential aspect of normal cell function. It can be either constitutive, as in professional phagocytes where it ends with the digestion of captured material, or induced, as in epithelial cells stimulated by growth factors. In this case, the internalized material recycles back to the cell surface. We herein show that activation of Rho GTPases by a bacterial protein toxin, the Escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1), allowed epithelial cells to engulf and digest apoptotic cells in a manner similar to that of professional phagocytes. In particular, we have demonstrated that 1) the activation of all Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 by CNF1 was essential for the capture and internalization of apoptotic cells; and 2) such activation allowed the discharge of macropinosomal content into Rab7 and lysosomal associated membrane protein-1 acidic lysosomal vesicles where the ingested particles underwent degradation. Taken together, these findings indicate that CNF1-induced "switching on" of Rho GTPases may induce in epithelial cells a scavenging activity, comparable to that exerted by professional phagocytes. The activation of such activity in epithelial cells may be relevant, in mucosal tissues, in supporting or integrating the scavenging activity of resident macrophages.
Sparse Principal Component Analysis (2006)

Principal component analysis (PCA) is widely used in data processing and dimensionality reduction. However, PCA suffers from the fact that each principal component is a linear combination of all the original variables, thus it is often difficult to interpret the results. We introduce a new method called sparse principal component analysis (SPCA) using the lasso (elastic net) to produce modified principal components with sparse loadings. We first show that PCA can be formulated as a regression-type optimization problem; sparse loadings are then obtained by imposing the lasso (elastic net) constraint on the regression coefficients. Efficient algorithms are proposed to fit our SPCA models for both regular multivariate data and gene expression arrays. We also give a new formula to compute the total variance of modified principal components. As illustrations, SPCA is applied to real and simulated data with encouraging results.
Quality of experience for HTTP adaptive streaming services (2012)

The growing consumer demand for mobile video services is one of the key drivers of the evolution of new wireless multimedia solutions requiring exploration of new ways to optimize future wireless networks for video services towards delivering enhanced quality of experience (QoE). One of these key video enhancing solutions is HTTP adaptive streaming (HAS), which has recently been spreading as a form of Internet video delivery and is expected to be deployed more broadly over the next few years. As a relatively new technology in comparison with traditional push-based adaptive streaming techniques, deployment of HAS presents new challenges and opportunities for content developers, service providers, network operators and device manufacturers. One of these important challenges is developing evaluation methodologies and performance metrics to accurately assess user QoE for HAS services, and effectively utilizing these metrics for service provisioning and optimizing network adaptation. In that vein, this article provides an overview of HAS concepts, and reviews the recently standardized QoE metrics and reporting framework in 3GPP. Furthermore, we present an end-to-end QoE evaluation study on HAS conducted over 3GPP LTE networks and conclude with a discussion of future challenges and opportunities in QoE optimization for HAS services.
Statistical Methods for Semiconductor Manufacturing (1999)

Abstract The sections in this article are Statistical Distributions Hypothesis Testing Experimental Design and Anova Response Surface Methods Categorical Modeling Summary
TESTING THE CONVERGENCE AND RIPPLE EFFECTS OF REGIONAL HOUSE PRICES IN CHINA (2013)

This paper investigates the convergence and ripple effects of regional house prices in China over 1998 to 2010 by using 35 main capital cities house price indexes, by developing some innovative econometrical approaches the pairwise Granger causality tests and the panel regression models. One of this paper s originalities is the first attempt to apply above approaches into the study of regional house prices in China; and the other originality is to add the distance factors into the house price convergence study. Generally, the empirical results suggest that there is some evidence of ripple effects but not convergence between regional house prices in China; and house price shocks in some core cities ripple out to other cities, wherein Beijing, Hangzhou, Guangzhou and Shenzhen are original regions of nationwide house price swings.
Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Actin Dynamics and Cell Motility (2003)

Cell motility is a central feature of a range of normal and pathological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair, immune cell function, angiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. The dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton power cell migration. A large number of proteins are known or suspected to play roles in regulating actin dynamics. While there are now many available small molecules that target the actin cytoskeleton directly, there is a paucity of specific inhibitors of actin-binding proteins and other immediate regulators of actin dynamics and cell movement. This makes the field of exceptional interest as a meeting place between the goals of chemical biology and the needs of cell biology. Furthermore, while regulators of the cell cycle have been recognized for some time as targets for anti-cancer drug development, controlling actin dynamics and cell motility as a therapeutic approach has received scant attention in comparison until recently. This review deals with small-molecule inhibitors of actin dynamics as they relate to cell shape change and motility, from compounds targeting actin directly to those targeting proteins involved in the fundamental control of the actin cytoskeleton.
Antibodies to Phosphatidylethanolamine in Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Their Correlation with Anticardiolipin Antibodies and P2Glycoprotein-I Plasma Levels (1993)

The sera patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) were tested, by ELISA, for antibodies to phosphatidylethanolamine (aPE), as well as to cardiolipin (aCL) and compared to healthy blood donors (HBD). Both, SLE and APS patients presented a higher titre of IgM-aPE antibodies than normals, while the IgG and IgA aPE reactivity did not differ. APS patients were characterized by higher IgM-aPE antibody titres than SLE patients. In contrast, the predominant isotype of aCL antibodies in APS patients was IgG. The IgM aPE reactivity was correlated with IgM aCL reactivity, while no correlation was observed between the total IgM values and IgM-aPE binding units of sera tested. Since it was shown that beta 2-glycoprotein-I (beta 2-GPI) contributes to a complex antigen by binding to phospholipids and that this antigen is recognized by antiphospholipid antibodies from autoimmune patients, sera beta 2-GPI levels were measured and correlated to aCL and APE activity. Although APS patients had higher beta 2-GPI levels than SLE patients, no correlation was found between the beta 2-GPI levels and IgG/IgM aCL and IgM-aPE reactivities a finding suggesting that in addition to beta 2-GPI, other cofactors for aPE antibodies may exist. These findings indicate that aPE and aCL antibodies co-exist and that the IgM-isotype is predominant in APS. In addition, the IgA and IgG aPE antibodies appear to occur in low titres in these patients, as well as in normals and may exist as natural autoantibodies. We suggest that the high IgM-aPE antibodies may be viewed as a thymus independent process.
Self‐injurious behavior and the efficacy of naltrexone treatment: A quantitative synthesis (2004)

People with mental retardation, autism, and related developmental disabilities who self-injure are treated with a wide array of behavioral techniques and psychotropic medications. Despite numerous reports documenting short-term and some long-term changes in self-injury associated with the opiate antagonist naltrexone hydrochloride, no quantitative review of its efficacy has been reported. We conducted a quantitative synthesis of the peer-reviewed published literature from 1983 to 2003 documenting the use of naltrexone for the treatment of self-injurious behavior (SIB). Individual-level results were analyzed given subject and study characteristics. A sample of 27 research articles involving 86 subjects with self-injury was reviewed. Eighty percent of subjects were reported to improve relative to baseline (i.e., SIB reduced) during naltrexone administration and 47% of subjects SIB was reduced by 50% or greater. In studies reporting dose levels in milligrams, males were more likely than females to respond. No significant relations were found between treatment outcomes and autism status or form of self-injury. Results are discussed with respect to future efficacy work related to study outcomes and the pharmacological treatment of self-injury.
원저 : 아토피 피부염에서 혈중 Interferon-γ , Interleukin-4 , Interleukin - 5 및 Interleukin - 10의 농도 (1998)

목 적 : 아토피 피부염은 알레르기 기전에 의한 만성 질환으로 interferon(IFN)-γ의 생성능이 감소하여 있고, interleukin(IL)-4의 생성능이 증가하여 있다. IFN-γ와 IL-4로 대변되는 Th1/Th2 세포의 불균형으로 인하여 IgE 생성이 증가하는 것으로 알려져 있는데, IgE의 증가는 아토피 피부염의 주요한 문제점으로 알려져 있다. 아토피 피부염에서 cytokine의 생성능에 관한 연구가 많지만, 실제 혈중농도에 관하여는 아직 확실하게 보고되어 있지 않다. 본 연구의 목적은 아토피 피부염에 관여하는 것으로 알려진 IFN-γ, IL-4 및 IL-5와 Th2 세포에서 생성되는 것으로 잘 알려져 있는 IL-10의 혈중 농도가 아토피 피부염에서 임상적으로 정상에 비하여 의의있는 변화를 나타내는지를 알아보기 위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. IgE의 생성에 관여하는 것으로 알려진 IFN-γ와 IL-4의 농도가 혈중 IgE 농도와 상관관계가 있는지 살펴보았다.
대상 및 대상 : 아토피 피부염 환자군은 Hanifin과 Rajka의 기준을 만족시키는 아토피 피부염 환자 105명과 정상인 40명을 대조군으로 하였다. 대상자로부터 정맥혈 10ml을 채취하고 일반 혈액검사, 총 호산구수 및 혈중 IgE치를 측정하였다. 검체들에서 혈장을 분리하고 ELSIA법을 이용하여 IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5 및 IL-10의 농도를 측정하여 정상 대조군과 비교하였다.
결 과 : 백혈구에서 호산구의 비 및 총 호산구의 수, 그리고 혈중 IgE 치 모두 아토피 피부염 환자군에서 의미있게 증가하였으나, 혈중 백혈구의 수에는 두군에서 차이가 없었다. IFN-γ의 혈중 농도는 아토피 피부염 환자군의 경우에 0.58±2.12pg/ml, 정상 대조군 5.20±2.60pg/ml으로 아토피 피부염에서 의미있게 낮았다(P<0.01). IL-4의 혈중 농도는 아토피 피부염 환자군에서 1.00±2.05pg/ml이었으나, 정상 대조군에서는 검출되지 않았고 (P<0.001), IL-5의 혈중 농도는 아토피 피부염에서 2.18±1.96pg/ml이었으나, 정상 대조군에서는 검출되지 않았다(P<0.001), IL-10의 혈중 농도는 아토피 피부염에서 2.36±3.38pg/ml, 정상 대조군에서는 9.78±4.52pg/ml로 아토피 피부염에서 정상 대조군에 비하여 오히려 낮은 결과를 보였다(P<0.01). 혈중 IgE치와 IFN-γ 및 IL씨의 혈중 농도간에는 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않았다.
결 론 : 아토피 피부염에서 IFN-γ 및 IL-10의 혈중 농도는 정상보다 낮고, IL-4 및 IL-5 혈중 농도는 높다. 아토피 피부염에서 IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5 및 IL-10의 혈중농도는 임상적으로 의미가 있다. 혈중 IFN-γ 및 IL-4 농도는 혈중 IgE치와 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않았다.