gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
25th Anniversary Article: The Evolution of Electronic Skin (E‐Skin): A Brief History, Design Considerations, and Recent Progress (2013)

Human skin is a remarkable organ. It consists of an integrated, stretchable network of sensors that relay information about tactile and thermal stimuli to the brain, allowing us to maneuver within our environment safely and effectively. Interest in large-area networks of electronic devices inspired by human skin is motivated by the promise of creating autonomous intelligent robots and biomimetic prosthetics, among other applications. The development of electronic networks comprised of flexible, stretchable, and robust devices that are compatible with large-area implementation and integrated with multiple functionalities is a testament to the progress in developing an electronic skin (e-skin) akin to human skin. E-skins are already capable of providing augmented performance over their organic counterpart, both in superior spatial resolution and thermal sensitivity. They could be further improved through the incorporation of additional functionalities (e.g., chemical and biological sensing) and desired properties (e.g., biodegradability and self-powering). Continued rapid progress in this area is promising for the development of a fully integrated e-skin in the near future.
Surfactant Protein A-Directed Toxin Gene Kills Lung Cancer Cells In Vitro (1994)

Human surfactant protein A (SPA) expression is considered a marker of respiratory epithelial differentiation. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are respiratory epithelial derivatives, and it was previously shown that a minority of these cancers expressed SPA, presumably a consequence of their respiratory epithelial origin. In the studies reported here, SPA-I gene transcriptional regulatory sequences were localized to a 2.75-kb genomic 5'-flanking region fragment obtained by screening a human genomic library. The 2.75-kb fragment was used to direct a luciferase coding sequence transcriptionally within a plasmid construct. In plasmid transduction experiments, the SPA-directed luciferase plasmid produced significant luciferase activity in the SPA-expressing NSCLC cell line, H441, but only background levels in the non-SPA-expressing A549 cells. Because Northern blot analysis of resected NSCLC showed that the majority expressed SPA, an SPA-transcriptional targeting strategy was investigated using chimeric toxin genes comprising the coding sequence for herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) under transcriptional control of SPA or SV40 regulatory sequences. As expected, transduction of the constitutive, SV40-directed plasmid followed by ganciclovir treatment reduced numbers of both the A549 and H441 cells. In contrast, the SPA-directed plasmid reduced only the SPA-expressing H441 cells and had no significant effect on the A549 cells. The results of these in vivo experiments suggest the concept of transcriptionally directing toxin genes with SPA can produce targeted toxicity in NSCLC.
Narrowband Magnetic Particle Imaging (2009)

The magnetic particle imaging (MPI) method directly images the magnetization of super-paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles, which are contrast agents commonly used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MPI, as originally envisioned, requires a high-bandwidth receiver coil and preamplifier, which are difficult to optimally noise match. This paper introduces Narrowband MPI, which dramatically reduces bandwidth requirements and increases the signal-to-noise ratio for a fixed specific absorption rate. We employ a two-tone excitation (called intermodulation) that can be tailored for a high-Q, narrowband receiver coil. We then demonstrate a new MPI instrument capable of full 3-D tomographic imaging of SPIO particles by imaging acrylic and tissue phantoms.
Expression of completely gamma-carboxylated recombinant human prothrombin. (1987)

Human prothrombin cDNA has been expressed in mammalian cells to yield biologically active, fully gamma-carboxylated prothrombin. A 2.0-kilobase cDNA encoding full-length prothrombin was isolated from a human fetal liver library using a cDNA fragment recovered from a lambda gt11 human hepatoma expression library. Prothrombin cDNA was cloned into a mammalian expression vector and transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells. Selection for expression of dihydrofolate reductase yielded cell lines secreting up to 0.55 microgram/ml of prothrombin. Recombinant prothrombin synthesized in the presence of vitamin K was quantitatively recovered from tissue culture medium by affinity chromatography using conformation-specific antibodies directed against the metal-stabilized, gamma-carboxylated conformer. The purified material migrated as a single band on denaturing polyacrylamide gels with an electrophoretic mobility equivalent to that of plasma-derived human prothrombin. Automated Edman degradation of recombinant prothrombin revealed a single amino-terminal sequence identical to that of plasma-derived prothrombin. Recombinant and plasma-derived prothrombin interacted similarly with antibodies specific for total prothrombin, abnormal des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin, and two metal-stabilized conformers of prothrombin. Recombinant prothrombin exhibited a specific coagulant activity equivalent to that of plasma-derived prothrombin. The gamma-carboxyglutamic acid analysis of recombinant prothrombin demonstrated 9.9 +/- 0.4 mol of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid/mol of prothrombin. These results represent the first description of the expression of a recombinant vitamin K-dependent protein in which all of the expressed protein is gamma-carboxylated.
Mast cell tryptase and histamine concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with interstitial lung disease (1991)

1. Mast cell activation in the lung was investigated by measuring concentrations of mast cell tryptase and histamine in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with bronchial carcinoma, sarcoidosis, extrinsic allergic alveolitis or cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and from normal subjects. 2. Histamine concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid supernatants were elevated in the bronchial carcinoma and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis groups, and were correlated with the histamine content of the cells recovered. 3. An avidin-biotin-enhanced antigen-capture e.l.i.s.a., using polyclonal rabbit antibody specific for tryptase, and mouse monoclonal antibody AA5, allowed the quantification of tryptase in all samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Tryptase concentrations were increased in the bronchial carcinoma and extrinsic allergic alveolitis groups and in some of the patients with sarcoidosis, and the levels correlated with mast cell numbers and also with concentrations of albumin. 4. There was no significant correlation between levels of tryptase and histamine, suggesting differences in the rates of metabolism or different cellular sources. 5. The tryptase and histamine concentrations measured suggest that there is continuous degranulation of mast cells within the normal lung, but that this process is more pronounced in patients with bronchial carcinoma or interstitial lung disease.
Concurrent bug patterns and how to test them (2004)

We present and categorize a taxonomy of concurrent bug patterns. We then use the taxonomy to create new timing heuristics for ConTest. Initial industrial experience indicates that these heuristics improve the bug finding ability of ConTest. We also show how concurrent bug patterns can be derived from concurrent design patterns. Further research is required to complete the concurrent bug taxonomy and formal experiments are needed to show that heuristics derived from the taxonomy improve the bug finding ability of ConTest.
Common causes of blindness and visual handicap in the west of Scotland. (1983)

An analysis of blind registration forms was made to determine the commonest causes of blindness in the west of Scotland. It was found that the leading causes of blindness in order of frequency of incidence were senile macular degeneration, glaucoma, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, and myopic degeneration. Diabetic retinopathy was the leading cause of blindness among persons of working age.
Mice bearing the E mu-myc and E mu-pim-1 transgenes develop pre-B-cell leukemia prenatally. (1991)

Previously, it has been shown that E mu-pim-1 transgenic mice are predisposed to T-cell lymphomas, whereas E mu-myc transgenic mice are predisposed to pre-B-cell lymphomas. Here we show that double-transgenic E mu-myc E mu-pim-1 mice exhibit pre-B-cell leukemia in utero. Upon transplantation into recipient mice, embryo-derived double-transgenic leukemic cells frequently progressed to highly malignant monoclonal tumors, indicating that additional (epi)genetic events had occurred during the progression of the disease.
Transcriptomic analysis of the dialogue between Pseudorabies virus and porcine epithelial cells during infection (2008)

Our results show that the gene expression of both PrV and porcine cells can be analyzed simultaneously with microarrays, providing a chronology of PrV gene transcription, which has never been described before, and a global picture of transcription with a direct temporal link between viral and host gene expression.
Towards a decentralized search engine for P2P-network communities (2003)

The paper considers the data search problem in distributed P2P networks. Since no central search engines are available, other effective methods must be developed to avoid a complete search of all nodes each time. We investigate mechanisms and introduce the main structure and functionality of such a decentralized cooperative search engine. It is working on the basis of so called ants. This search engine reduces the search time for information, which are needed by more than one node in a peer-to-peer network community. Therefore, the ants are able to switch in a special manner between different behavior strategies to search, concentrate and return the respective information. The various strategies are derived from ant colonies and were simulated in a small world community environment.
The frequency of type I heterozygous protein S and protein C deficiency in 141 unrelated young patients with venous thrombosis. (1988)

The frequency of heterozygous protein C and protein S deficiency, detected by measuring total plasma antigen, in a group (n = 141) of young unrelated patients (less than 45 years old) with venous thrombotic disease was studied and compared to that of antithrombin III, fibrinogen, and plasminogen deficiencies. Among 91 patients not receiving oral anticoagulants, six had low protein S antigen levels and one had a low protein C antigen level. Among 50 patients receiving oral anticoagulant therapy, abnormally low ratios of protein S or C to other vitamin K-dependent factors were presented by one patient for protein S and five for protein C. Thus, heterozygous Type I protein S deficiency appeared in seven of 141 patients (5%) and heterozygous Type I protein C deficiency in six of 141 patients (4%). Eleven of thirteen deficient patients had recurrent venous thrombosis. In this group of 141 patients, 1% had an identifiable fibrinogen abnormality, 2% a plasminogen abnormality, and 3% an antithrombin III deficiency. Thus, among the known plasma protein deficiencies associated with venous thrombosis, protein S and protein C deficiencies (9%) emerge as the leading identifiable associated abnormalities.
Matrix protein from Escherichia coli outer membranes forms voltage-controlled channels in lipid bilayers. (1978)

Matrix protein from Escherichia coli was integrated into planar lipid bilayers. The incorporated protein generates aqueous channels across these membranes. Channels are induced irreversibly by voltage, and their number is proportional to the protein content of the membrane and stays constant over hours. They are uniform in size, with a diameter of about 1 nm and a single-channel conductance of 0.14 nS in 0.1 M NaCl. In addition to ionic conductance, the channels allow free diffusion of small, uncharged molecules. Channels assume either an open or a closed state. Membrane potentials shift this two-state equilibrium distribution in favor of closed channels, an observation that explains both negative resistance and inactivation at high potentials. Channels are not randomly distributed in the membrane but interact cooperatively within aggregates. The smallest entity inducible consists of three channels.
Stable and efficient lattice methods for linear prediction (1977)

A class of stable and efficient recursive lattice methods for linear prediction is presented. These methods guarantee the stability of the all-pole filter, with or without windowing of the signal, with finite wordlength computations, and at a computational cost comparable to the traditional autocorrelation and covariance methods. In addition, for data-compression purposes, quantization of the reflection coefficients can be accomplished within the recursion, if desired.
Dark-field microscopy for detection of malaria in unstained blood films (1983)

Pigment present in different forms of Plasmodium species infecting humans exhibits light scattering when blood films are viewed by dark-field microscopy. This facilitates the detection of parasite-infected cells owing to their brightly illuminated appearance. The technique was described long ago for the detection of certain highly pigmented forms of malarial parasites such as schizonts and gametocytes but has not found an application in routine diagnosis. Here, modifications are described which allow the detection of all forms of human malarial parasites, including ring forms, in unstained blood films. The technique offers the distinct advantages of rapid diagnosis, increased sensitivity, and adaptability to field work.
Localization of the receptor gene for type D simian retroviruses on human chromosome 19 (1990)

Simian retrovirus (SRV) serotypes 1 to 5 are exogenous type D viruses causing immune suppression in macaque monkeys. These viruses exhibit receptor interference with each other, with two endogenous type D viruses of the langur (PO-1-Lu) and squirrel monkey, and with two type C retroviruses, feline endogenous virus (RD114/CCC) and baboon endogenous virus (BaEV), indicating that each utilizes the same cell surface receptor (M. A. Sommerfelt and R. A. Weiss, Virology 176:58-69, 1990). Vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype particles bearing envelope glycoproteins of RD114, BaEV, and the seven SRV strains were employed to detect receptors expressed in human-rodent somatic cell hybrids segregating human chromosomes. The only human chromosome common to all the susceptible hybrids was chromosome 19. By using hybrids retaining different fragments of chromosome 19, a provisional subchromosomal localization of the receptor gene was made to 19q13.1-13.2. Antibodies previously reported to be specific to a BaEV receptor (L. Thiry, J. Cogniaux-Leclerc, R. Olislager, S. Sprecher-Goldberger, and P. Burkens, J. Virol. 48:697-708, 1983) did not block BaEV, RD114, or SRV pseudotypes or syncytia. Antibodies to known surface markers determined by genes mapped to chromosome 19 did not block virus-receptor interaction. The identity of the receptor remains to be determined.
Selective Blockade of IL-15 by Soluble IL-15 Receptor α-Chain Enhances Cardiac Allograft Survival (2000)

IL-15 is a T cell growth factor that shares many functional similarities with IL-2 and has recently been shown to be present in tissue and organ allografts, leading to speculation that IL-15 may contribute to graft rejection. Here, we report on the in vivo use of an IL-15 antagonist, a soluble fragment of the murine IL-15R alpha-chain, to investigate the contribution of IL-15 to the rejection of fully vascularized cardiac allografts in a mouse experimental model. Administration of soluble fragment of the murine IL-15R alpha-chain (sIL-15Ralpha) to CBA/Ca (H-2k) recipients for 10 days completely prevented rejection of minor histocompatibility complex-mismatched B10.BR (H-2k) heart grafts (median survival time (MST) of >100 days vs MST of 10 days for control recipients) and led to a state of donor-specific immunologic tolerance. Treatment of CBA/Ca recipients with sIL-15Ralpha alone had only a modest effect on the survival of fully MHC-mismatched BALB/c (H-2d) heart grafts. However, administration of sIL-15Ralpha together with a single dose of a nondepleting anti-CD4 mAb (YTS 177.9) delayed mononuclear cell infiltration of the grafts and markedly prolonged graft survival (MST of 60 days vs MST of 20 days for treatment with anti-CD4 alone). Prolonged graft survival was accompanied in vitro by reduced proliferation and IFN-gamma production by spleen cells, whereas CTL and alloantibody levels were similar to those in animals given anti-CD4 mAb alone. These findings demonstrate that IL-15 plays an important role in the rejection of a vascularized organ allograft and that antagonists to IL-15 may be of therapeutic value in preventing allograft rejection.
Neurocan Is Upregulated in Injured Brain and in Cytokine-Treated Astrocytes (2000)

Injury to the CNS results in the formation of the glial scar, a primarily astrocytic structure that represents an obstacle to regrowing axons. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) are greatly upregulated in the glial scar, and a large body of evidence suggests that these molecules are inhibitory to axon regeneration. We show that the CSPG neurocan, which is expressed in the CNS, exerts a repulsive effect on growing cerebellar axons. Expression of neurocan was examined in the normal and damaged CNS. Frozen sections labeled with anti-neurocan monoclonal antibodies 7 d after a unilateral knife lesion to the cerebral cortex revealed an upregulation of neurocan around the lesion. Western blot analysis of extracts prepared from injured and uninjured tissue also revealed substantially more neurocan in the injured CNS. Western blot analysis revealed neurocan and the processed forms neurocan-C and neurocan-130 to be present in the conditioned medium of highly purified rat astrocytes. The amount detected was increased by transforming growth factor beta and to a greater extent by epidermal growth factor and was decreased by platelet-derived growth factor and, to a lesser extent, by interferon gamma. O-2A lineage cells were also capable of synthesizing and processing neurocan. Immunocytochemistry revealed neurocan to be deposited on the substrate around and under astrocytes but not on the cells. Astrocytes therefore lack the means to retain neurocan at the cell surface. These findings raise the possibility that neurocan interferes with axonal regeneration after CNS injury.
Frequent ongoing T-cell receptor rearrangements in childhood B- precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: implications for monitoring minimal residual disease (1995)

Crosslineage T-cell receptor delta (TCR delta) rearrangements are widely used as tumor markers for the follow up of minimal residual disease in childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The major drawback of this approach is the risk of false-negative results due to clonal evolution. We investigated the stability of V delta 2D delta 3 rearrangements in a group of 56 childhood B-precursor ALL patients by PCR and Southern blot analysis. At the PCR level, V delta 2D delta 3-to-J alpha rearranged subclones (one pathway for secondary TCR delta recombination) were demonstrated in 85.2% of V delta 2D delta 3-positive patients tested, which showed that small subclones are present in the large majority of patients despite apparently monoclonal TCR delta Southern blot patterns. Sequence analysis of V delta 2D delta 3J alpha rearrangements showed a biased J alpha gene usage, with HAPO5 and J alpha F in 26 of 32 and 6 of 32 clones, respectively. Comparison of V delta 2D delta 3 rearrangement status between diagnosis and first relapse showed differences in seven of eight patients studied. In contrast, from first relapse onward, no clonal changes were observed in six patients studied. To investigate the occurrence of crosslineage TCR delta rearrangements in normal B and T cells, fluorescence-activated cell sorter-sorted peripheral blood CD19+/CD3- and CD19-/CD3+ cell populations from three healthy donors were analyzed. V delta 2D delta 3 rearrangements were detected at low frequencies in both B and T cells, which suggests that V delta 2-to-D delta 3 joining also occurs during normal B-cell differentiation. A model for crosslineage TCR delta rearrangements in B-precursor ALL is deduced that explains the observed clonal changes between diagnosis and relapse and is compatible with multistep leukemogenesis of B-precursor ALL.
Nonclassical Routes for Amide Bond Formation (2016)

The present review offers an overview of nonclassical (e.g., with no pre- or in situ activation of a carboxylic acid partner) approaches for the construction of amide bonds. The review aims to comprehensively discuss relevant work, which was mainly done in the field in the last 20 years. Organization of the data follows a subdivision according to substrate classes: catalytic direct formation of amides from carboxylic and amines ( section 2 ); the use of carboxylic acid surrogates ( section 3 ); and the use of amine surrogates ( section 4 ). The ligation strategies (NCL, Staudinger, KAHA, KATs, etc.) that could involve both carboxylic acid and amine surrogates are treated separately in section 5 .
MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in protein chemistry (2000)

Mass spectrometry has in the last decade been accepted as a key analytical technique in protein chemistry. It is now the preferred technique for identification of proteins separated by one- or two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, i.e. in proteome analysis. It is the dominating technique for determination of posttranslational modifications in proteins. The two ionization techniques presently widely used in protein studies are matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) in combination with time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzers and electrospray ionization (ESI) in combination with a variety of mass analyzers. In this chapter the principles and performance of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry will be described as well as the application of this technique to a variety of applications.
Using Luminescent Nanoparticles as Staining Probes for Affymetrix GeneChips (2007)

Microarray technology provides efficient access to genetic information using miniaturized, high-density arrays of DNA probes. We investigated the application of luminescent nanoparticles as probes for Affymetrix GeneChips detection without the need for signal amplification. Our goal is to investigate the feasibility of using luminescent nanoparticles as probes in a commercial microarray system without changing its configurations. With the present imaging modality and existing optical excitation and detection systems of the Affymetrix GeneChips, our early results indicate that nanoparticles not only can be used for GeneChip labeling but also are superior to the traditional fluorescent protein streptavidin-phycoerythrin (SAPE). The advantage of the particles lies in a simplified staining procedure, higher photobleaching threshold, and enhanced luminescence signal. The nanoparticles can be used for detection of low-abundance targets without any amplification step. A concentration detection limit of 50 fM has been achieved. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using luminescent nanoparticles as probes for commercial microarray systems, making them less costly, more reproducible, and potentially quantitative.