gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness and safety profile of 40% trichloroacetic acid and cryotherapy for plantar warts (2016)

Plantar warts are one of the most common infectious skin disease caused by the human papillomavirus. In this study, cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen delivered by the physician, up to four treatments 2 weeks apart. Forty percent trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was applied to warts weekly up to four treatments. At the end of 4 weeks, the clinical improvement of the TCA group (n = 30) was six patients (20%) with no change, one patient (3.3%) with a mild response, 13 patients (43.3%) with a moderate response and 10 patients (33.3%) with a good response. In the cryotherapy group, clinical responses were 12 patients (40%) with no change, four patients (13.3%) with a mild response, 12 patients (40%) with a moderate response and two patients (6.7%) with a good response. There was a statistically significant difference in improvement between the two treatment groups (P = 0.027). According to our results, TCA 40% is more effective for clearance of plantar warts with significantly improved long-term safety profile.
Cerebrospinal fluid kynurenic acid is associated with manic and psychotic features in patients with bipolar I disorder (2012)

Although the causality needs to be determined, the ability of KYNA to influence dopamine transmission and behavior, along with previous reports showing increased brain levels of the compound in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, may indicate a possible pathophysiological role of KYNA in the development of manic or psychotic symptoms.
应该研究异化理论——《作为社会现象的异化》一书的序言 (1981)

又是一本关于异化的书?这书是给什么人写的?为什么要写?我能想象得到,“正统的”马克思主义者一定会惊讶地提出这些问题。一听到“异化”这个词儿,他就觉得必须对修正主义的或反共的观点提高警惕了。这本书主要不是为“正统的”马克思主义者写的;但是确实是由于马克思主义者不了解异化理论的意义与作用,我才要写这本书。这本书的主要对象是那些对异化理论深感兴趣的人,尤其是那些对这一理论本应感兴趣、本应给以正确评价的马克思主义者。我特别是写给那些政治活动家的;写给那些自觉地并公开宣称自己是根据马克思主义行动的政治家的。换句话说,这本书是研究马克思主义的,但其主要目的是政治性的。
Substitutions at the Putative Receptor-Binding Site of an Encephalitic Flavivirus Alter Virulence and Host Cell Tropism and Reveal a Role for Glycosaminoglycans in Entry (2000)

The flavivirus receptor-binding domain has been putatively assigned to a hydrophilic region (FG loop) in the envelope (E) protein. In some flaviviruses this domain harbors the integrin-binding motif Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD). One of us has shown earlier that host cell adaptation of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE) can result in the selection of attenuated variants altered at E protein residue Asp(390), which is part of an RGD motif. Here, a full-length, infectious cDNA clone of MVE was constructed and employed to systematically investigate the impact of single amino acid changes at Asp(390) on cell tropism, virus entry, and virulence. Each of 10 different E protein 390 mutants was viable. Three mutants (Gly(390), Ala(390), and His(390)) showed pronounced differences from an infectious clone-derived control virus in growth in mammalian and mosquito cells. The altered cell tropism correlated with (i) a difference in entry kinetics, (ii) an increased dependence on glycosaminoglycans (determined by inhibition of virus infectivity by heparin) for attachment of the three mutants to different mammalian cells, and (iii) the loss of virulence in mice. These results confirm a functional role of the FG loop in the flavivirus E protein in virus entry and suggest that encephalitic flaviviruses can enter cells via attachment to glycosaminoglycans. However, it appears that additional cell surface molecules are also used as receptors by natural isolates of MVE and that the increased dependence on glycosaminoglycans for entry results in the loss of neuroinvasiveness.
Aspartate‐β‐Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli (1980)

Aspartate-beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, from an Escherichia coli mutant derepressed for the biosynthesis of L-lysine, has been purified to homogeneity. Its isoelectric point is pH 4.3. This enzyme has a molecular weight of 77000 and is composed of two identical or highly similar subunits of molecular weight 38000 +/- 2000. Their N-terminal amino-acid sequence is Met-Lys-Asx-Val-Gly-. Three cysteine residues per subunit were detected: two are reactive in the native enzyme and one is partially protected by the substrate. Formation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate was also detected. Correlation of the 1H nucleár magnetic resonance spectrum of [4-2H]NADPH produced from [4-2H]NADP+ indicated that aspartate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase transfers the pro-S hydrogen from NADPH (class B dehydrogenase). A short comparison with the corresponding yeast enzyme is given.
Retinoids and Cancer Prevention (1979)

CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians publishes information about the prevention, early detection, and treatment of cancer, as well as nutrition, palliative care, survivorship, and additional topics of interest related to cancer care.
Selection and Characterization of β-Lactam–β-Lactamase Inactivator-Resistant Mutants following PCR Mutagenesis of the TEM-1 β-Lactamase Gene (1998)

Mechanism-based inactivators of beta-lactamases are used to overcome the resistance of clinical pathogens to beta-lactam antibiotics. This strategy can itself be overcome by mutations of the beta-lactamase that compromise the effectiveness of their inactivation. We used PCR mutagenesis of the TEM-1 beta-lactamase gene and sequenced the genes of 20 mutants that grew in the presence of ampicillin-clavulanate. Eleven different mutant genes from these strains contained from 1 to 10 mutations. Each had a replacement of one of the four residues, Met69, Ser130, Arg244, and Asn276, whose substitutions by themselves had been shown to result in inhibitor resistance. None of the mutant enzymes with multiple amino acid substitutions generated in this study conferred higher levels of resistance to ampicillin alone or ampicillin with beta-lactamase inactivators (clavulanate, sulbactam, or tazobactam) than the levels of resistance conferred by the corresponding single-mutant enzymes. Of the four enzymes with just a single mutation (Ser130Gly, Arg244Cys, Arg244Ser, or Asn276Asp), the Asn276Asp beta-lactamase conferred a wild-type level of ampicillin resistance and the highest levels of resistance to ampicillin in the presence of inhibitors. Site-directed random mutagenesis of the Ser130 codon yielded no other mutant with replacement of Ser130 besides Ser130Gly that produced ampicillin-clavulanate resistance. Thus, despite PCR mutagenesis we found no new mutant TEM beta-lactamase that conferred a level of resistance to ampicillin plus inactivators greater than that produced by the single-mutation enzymes that have already been reported in clinical isolates. Although this is reassuring, one must caution that other combinations of multiple mutations might still produce unexpected resistance.
The role of betaines in alkaline extracts of Ascophyllum nodosum in the reduction of Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita infestations of tomato plants (1997)

Summary - Soil application to the roots of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculenlum cv. Ailsa Craig) of a commercially available alkaJine extract of the brown alga, Ascophyllum nodosum, resulted in a significant reduction in the number of second stage juveniles of both Meloidogynejavanica and 'W. iruognita invading the roots, compared to those of plants treated with water alone. Egg recovery from the seaweed extract treated plants was also significantly lower. The three major betaines found in the seaweed extract ('y-arninobutyric acid betaine, o-arninovaleric acid betaine and glycinebetaine), when applied at concentrations equivalent to those in the extract, also led to significant reductions in both the nematode invasion proftle and egg recovery. This led to the conclusion that the betaines present in the seaweed extract play a major role in bringing about the observed effects. Application as a soil drench of the inorganic constiruents of the extract also resulted in significant reductions in egg recovery, but these reductions were not so pronounced as those produced by application of the betaines. Reswne - Role des betaines provenant de l'extraction alcaline d'Ascophyllum nodoswn dans la reduction des infestations ck pieds de tom.ates par Meloidogyne javanica et M. incognita. - L'application sur les racines de plants de tomates d'un extrait alcalin de l'algue brune Ascophyllum nodosum, disponible dans le commerce, produit une reduction significative du nombre de juveniles de deuxieme stade de Meloidogynejavanicaet M. iruognila penetrant dans les racines, en comparaison avec des plants de tomates traites uniquement avec de l'eau. Le nombre d'œufs recuperes sur les plants traites par l'extrait d'algue est egalement significativement plus faible. Lorsque les trois betaines essentielles (betaine d'acide-'Y-aminobutyrique, betaine d'acide o-aminovalerique, glycine betaine) presentes dans l'extrait d'algue sont appliques - a des concentrations equivalant a celles de l'extrait - on observe egalement une reduction significative de l'infestation par les nematodes et du nombre d'œufs recuperes. li peut donc etre conclu que les betaines presentes dans l'extrait d'algue jouent un role important dans le processus occasionnant les effets observes. Lorsque le sol est humidifie par une application des constiruants inorganique de l'extrait, on observe egalement une reduction significative du nombre d'œufs recuperes, cette reduction etant plus faible que celle produite par application de betaines.
Cytokines and costimulatory molecules as genetic adjuvants (1997)

DNA vectors expressing an antigen derived from a pathogen or a cancerous cell have been shown, after inoculation into experimental animals, to trigger de novo synthesis of foreign proteins, which induce an immune response. This immune response can be modulated by coinoculation of vectors encoding either cytokines or costimulatory molecules. A variety of cytokines such as granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-2, IL-4, IL-12 and IFN-gamma, as well as the costimulatory molecule B7.1, have been tested to date for their ability to amplify the immune response to genetic vaccines. Although the results obtained thus far clearly show that coadministration of vectors expressing immunomodulatory molecules, such as cytokines, may increase the efficacy of genetic vaccines, this approach is currently considered unsuitable for use in human patients due to the potential side effects of persistent cytokine expression.
Single molecule analysis of combinatorial splicing (2010)

Alternative splicing creates diverse mRNA isoforms from single genes and thereby enhances complexity of transcript structure and of gene function. We describe a method called spliceotyping, which translates combinatorial mRNA splicing patterns along transcripts into a library of binary strings of nucleic acid tags that encode the exon composition of individual mRNA molecules. The exon inclusion pattern of each analyzed transcript is thus represented as binary data, and the abundance of different splice variants is registered by counts of individual molecules. The technique is illustrated in a model experiment by analyzing the splicing patterns of the adenovirus early 1A gene and the beta actin reference transcript. The method permits many genes to be analyzed in parallel and it will be valuable for elucidating the complex effects of combinatorial splicing.
IRREVERSIBLE ELECTROCHEMICAL PRECIPITATION OF MAMMALIAN PLATELETS AND INTRAVASCULAR THROMBOSIS (1965)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Neutralizing Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Activity Suppresses Activation of Infiltrating Macrophages in Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis (2003)

sTNFr-IgG successfully suppresses retinal damage and impairs macrophage activation but not trafficking during EAU. sTNFr-IgG-mediated suppression of NO production results in reduced levels of apoptosis of inflammatory cells and reduction in photoreceptor damage.
A Global View of Gene Activity and Alternative Splicing by Deep Sequencing of the Human Transcriptome (2008)

The functional complexity of the human transcriptome is not yet fully elucidated. We report a high-throughput sequence of the human transcriptome from a human embryonic kidney and a B cell line. We used shotgun sequencing of transcripts to generate randomly distributed reads. Of these, 50% mapped to unique genomic locations, of which 80% corresponded to known exons. We found that 66% of the polyadenylated transcriptome mapped to known genes and 34% to nonannotated genomic regions. On the basis of known transcripts, RNA-Seq can detect 25% more genes than can microarrays. A global survey of messenger RNA splicing events identified 94,241 splice junctions (4096 of which were previously unidentified) and showed that exon skipping is the most prevalent form of alternative splicing.
Discovery of O-Alkylamino-Tethered Niclosamide Derivatives as Potent and Orally Bioavailable Anticancer Agents (2013)

Niclosamide has been identified to potently inhibit the activation, nuclear translocation, and transactivation of STAT3. Nevertheless, the poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability of niclosamide has hindered its further clinical development for cancer therapy. To discover new molecules with enhanced drug-like properties, a series of novel <i>O</i>-alkylamino tethered derivatives of niclosamide have been designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated. Among them, compound <b>11</b> (<b>HJC0152</b>) has been demonstrated to significantly suppress MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumor growth <i>in vivo</i> (i.p. & p.o.), indicating its great potential as efficacious and orally bioavailable therapeutics for human cancer.
A review of identification and monitoring methods for electric loads in commercial and residential buildings (2010)

Electricity consumption in commercial and residential buildings account for around 70 percent of the total electricity consumption in the United States. Through advanced load identification and management technologies, electric energy consumption and carbon emissions in buildings can be reduced by providing fine management of energy usage in an efficient way. This paper gives a state-of-the-art review of monitoring and identification methods for electric loads in commercial and residential buildings, compares their applicability and accuracy on different kinds of loads, and updates possible direction for future research.
A list sphere decoder based turbo receiver for groupwise space time trellis coded (GSTTC) systems (2005)

A list sphere decoder (LSD) based turbo receiver is introduced for groupwise space time trellis coded (GSTTC) systems. It can approach the single-user bound by iteratively exchanging soft information between the LSD and the soft-input soft-output (SISO) maximum a posteriori (MAP) space time trellis (STT) decoder. The LSD approximates the SISO maximum likelihood (ML) channel detector using only a subset of hypotheses, and thus greatly reduces the computational complexity. Simulation results show that good FER and BER performances as well as fast convergence can be achieved with a very small list for simple STT codes with a small number of states. For more powerful codes with more states, a large list is required. Compared with the linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) turbo receiver, the proposed receiver is more flexible and converges faster. Its performance can always be improved by increasing the list size, but at the cost of increased complexity. For higher order modulation, the performance gain is larger.
Gene conversion is a likely cause of mutation in PKD1 (1998)

Approximately 70% of the gene responsible for the most common form of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease ( PKD1 ) is replicated in several highly homologous copies located more proximally on chromosome 16. We recently have described a novel technique for mutation detection in the duplicated region of PKD1 that circumvents the difficulties posed by these homologs. We have used this method to identify two patients with a nearly identical cluster of base pair substitutions in exon 23. Since pseudogenes are known to be reservoirs for mutation via gene conversion events for a number of other diseases, we decided to test whether these sequence differences in PKD1 could have arisen as a result of this mechanism. Using changes in restriction digest patterns, we were able to show that these sequence substitutions are also present in N23HA, a rodent-human somatic cell hybrid that contains only the PKD1 homologs. Moreover, these changes were also detected in total DNA from several affected and unaffected individuals that did not harbor this mutation in their PKD1 gene copy. This is the first example of gene conversion in PKD1 , and our findings highlight the importance of using gene-specific reagents in defining PKD1 mutations.
Massively LDPC Decoding on Multicore Architectures (2010)

Unlike usual VLSI approaches necessary for the computation of intensive Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) code decoders, this paper presents flexible software-based LDPC decoders. Algorithms and data structures suitable for parallel computing are proposed in this paper to perform LDPC decoding on multicore architectures. To evaluate the efficiency of the proposed parallel algorithms, LDPC decoders were developed on recent multicores, such as off-the-shelf general-purpose x86 processors, Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), and the CELL Broadband Engine (CELL/B.E.). Challenging restrictions, such as memory access conflicts, latency, coalescence, or unknown behavior of thread and block schedulers, were unraveled and worked out. Experimental results for different code lengths show throughputs in the order of 1 \sim 2 Mbps on the general-purpose multicores, and ranging from 40 Mbps on the GPU to nearly 70 Mbps on the CELL/B.E. The analysis of the obtained results allows to conclude that the CELL/B.E. performs better for short to medium length codes, while the GPU achieves superior throughputs with larger codes. They achieve throughputs that in some cases approach very well those obtained with VLSI decoders. From the analysis of the results, we can predict a throughput increase with the rise of the number of cores.
Ratio of Serum n-3 to n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and the Incidence of Major Adverse Cardiac Events in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (2011)

The incidence of MACE in patients who have undergone PCI is significantly associated with serum EPA/AA ratio.
Acute inhibition of TAK1 protects against neuronal death in cerebral ischemia (2011)

Neuronal apoptosis contributes to ischemic brain damage and neurodegenerative disorders. Key regulators of neuronal apoptosis are the transcription factor NF-κB and the MAP kinases p38/MAPK and JNK, which share a common upstream activator, the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1). Here we investigate the function of TAK1 in ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis. In primary cortical neurons, TAK1 was activated by oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD), an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia. We found that short-term inhibition of TAK1 protected against OGD in vitro and reduced the infarct volume after middle cerebral artery occlusion in vivo. Prolonged inhibition or deletion of the TAK1 gene in neurons was, however, not protective. Short-term, but not prolonged inhibition of TAK1 interfered with the activation of p38/MAPK and JNK by OGD, the induction of the pro-oxidative genes Cox-2, Nox-2, and p40(phox), and the formation of superoxide. We found that prolonged TAK1 inhibition upregulated another MAP3K, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1, which is able to compensate for TAK1 inhibition. Our study demonstrates that TAK1 is a central target for short-term inhibition of key signaling pathways and neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia.
Cerebral embolism after mechanical thrombolysis of a clotted hemodialysis access (1999)

Clinically significant embolic complications after thrombolysis of clotted hemodialysis grafts are uncommon. Most of the concern has focused on the risks associated with pulmonary emboli. We report a case of a hemodialysis patient who developed a cerebral embolism after percutaneous graft thrombolysis who was found to have a patent foramen ovale and intermittent right-to-left shunt.
Differential Transmission of HIV Traversing Fetal Oral/Intestinal Epithelia and Adult Oral Epithelia (2011)

While human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission through the adult oral route is rare, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) through the neonatal/infant oral and/or gastrointestinal route is common. To study the mechanisms of cell-free and cell-associated HIV transmission across adult oral and neonatal/infant oral/intestinal epithelia, we established ex vivo organ tissue model systems of adult and fetal origin. Given the similarity of neonatal and fetal oral epithelia with respect to epithelial stratification and density of HIV-susceptible immune cells, we used fetal oral the epithelium as a model for neonatal/infant oral epithelium. We found that cell-free HIV traversed fetal oral and intestinal epithelia and infected HIV-susceptible CD4(+) T lymphocytes, Langerhans/dendritic cells, and macrophages. To study the penetration of cell-associated virus into fetal oral and intestinal epithelia, HIV-infected macrophages and lymphocytes were added to the surfaces of fetal oral and intestinal epithelia. HIV-infected macrophages, but not lymphocytes, transmigrated across fetal oral epithelia. HIV-infected macrophages and, to a lesser extent, lymphocytes transmigrated across fetal intestinal epithelia. In contrast to the fetal oral/intestinal epithelia, cell-free HIV transmigration through adult oral epithelia was inefficient and virions did not infect intraepithelial and subepithelial HIV-susceptible cells. In addition, HIV-infected macrophages and lymphocytes did not transmigrate through intact adult oral epithelia. Transmigration of cell-free and cell-associated HIV across the fetal oral/intestinal mucosal epithelium may serve as an initial mechanism for HIV MTCT.
A simple high-yield procedure for isolation of human urinary kallikreins (1978)

Two human urinary kallikreins (fractions A-1 and A-2) were purified to apparently homogeneous forms. The two kallikreins were separated by affinity chromatography using Trasylol (aprotinin) covalently bound to Sepharose. The kallikreins were eluted with a pH gradient (pH 9.5-3.0). Fraction A-1 was eluted between pH 6.2 and 4.2 and fraction A-2 was eluted between pH 4.2 and 3.1. Final purification was obtained by chromatography on Sephacryl SS-200. Antibodies prepared against fraction A-2 were also reactive with fraction A-1; thus it may be possible to measure both by radioimmunoassay using the same antibody preparation.
Progress In The Development Of Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Nucleoside And Nucleotide Prodrugs (2012)

The search for new anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapeutics continues as the current treatment, consisting of PEGylated IFN-α and ribavirin, is of limited efficacy, nonspecific and can cause significant side effects. Modified nucleoside analogues with improved efficacy and selectivity, may become the backbone of the future standard of care for anti-HCV therapies. Several families of modified nucleoside are known to inhibit HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a vital enzyme for viral replication. Ongoing efforts are focused on improvement of potency, selectivity and delivery of antiviral nucleoside analogues, with several recent promising advances into clinical trials. This review summarizes the current progress in the development of new anti-HCV nucleoside and nucleotide prodrugs.
A Major Ingredient of Green Tea Rescues Mice from Lethal Sepsis Partly by Inhibiting HMGB1 (2007)

Taken together, these data suggest a novel mechanism by which the major green tea component, EGCG, protects against lethal endotoxemia and sepsis.