gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
pH-sensitive immunoliposomes mediate target-cell-specific delivery and controlled expression of a foreign gene in mouse. (1987)

A plasmid containing the Escherichia coli chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene under the control of a mammalian cAMP-regulated promoter was entrapped in H-2Kk antibody-coated liposomes composed of dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine, cholesterol, and oleic acid (pH-sensitive immunoliposomes). The entrapped or free DNA was injected intraperitoneally into immunodeficient (nude) BALB/c mice bearing ascites tumor generated by H-2Kk-positive RDM-4 lymphoma cells. About 20% of the injected immunoliposomes were taken up by the target RDM-4 cells. Uptake was much less when liposomes without antibody were used. The presence of the targeting antibody on liposomes also significantly decreased the nonspecific uptake of liposomes by the spleen. Significant CAT enzyme activity was detected in RDM-4 cells from mice treated with DNA entrapped in the pH-sensitive immunoliposomes. Furthermore, CAT expression in RDM-4 cells was under the control of cAMP, as only the cells from mice injected with 8-bromo-cAMP and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine showed CAT activity. CAT activity in liver and spleen was much lower (by factors of 12 and 5, respectively) than in the RDM-4 cells, and the activities in these reticuloendothelial organs were not regulated by cAMP. CAT activity in RDM-4 cells from mice injected with DNA entrapped in pH-insensitive immunoliposomes (containing phosphatidylcholine in place of phosphatidylethanolamine) was approximately one-fourth that in RDM-4 cells from mice injected with pH-sensitive immunoliposomes, indicating the superior delivery efficiency of the pH-sensitive liposomes. These results are discussed in terms of the DNA-carrier potential of immunoliposomes in therapy of cancer and genetic diseases.
Ethylene oxide does not extinguish the osteoinductive capacity of demineralized bone: A reappraisal in rats (1997)

We examined the influence of ethylene oxide (EO) and gamma irradiation on the osteoinductive capacity of demineralized bone. Demineralized bone powder prepared from Wistar rats was exposed to EO (55 degrees C or 40 degrees C) or gamma irradiation (25 KGy) or was preserved in ethanol. Sterilely-prepared bones served as controls. The powder was packed in a gelatin capsule and implanted for 6 weeks in muscles of 6-week-old female rats. Exposure of demineralized bone particles to EO 55 degrees C resulted in an almost complete loss of osteoinductivity. Irradiated bones lost about 40% of their osteoinductive capacity, while sterilization with EO at 40 degrees C resulted in only a slight alteration of the osteoinductivity, as assessed by the recovered weight ratio, calcium content, alkaline phosphatase activity measurements and histomorphometry. Ethanol treatment had no influence on the new bone yield when compared to controls. As EO exposure at 40 degrees C is a true sterilization procedure, it can be recommended in a clinical setting for its small effect on osteoinductive capacity as assessed experimentally in rats.
Bringing androgens up a NOTCH in breast cancer (2014)

While it has been known for decades that androgen hormones influence normal breast development and breast carcinogenesis, the underlying mechanisms have only been recently elucidated. To date, most studies have focused on androgen action in breast cancer cell lines, yet these studies represent artificial systems that often do not faithfully replicate/recapitulate the cellular, molecular and hormonal environments of breast tumours in vivo. It is critical to have a better understanding of how androgens act in the normal mammary gland as well as in in vivo systems that maintain a relevant tumour microenvironment to gain insights into the role of androgens in the modulation of breast cancer development. This in turn will facilitate application of androgen-modulation therapy in breast cancer. This is particularly relevant as current clinical trials focus on inhibiting androgen action as breast cancer therapy but, depending on the steroid receptor profile of the tumour, certain individuals may be better served by selectively stimulating androgen action. Androgen receptor (AR) protein is primarily expressed by the hormone-sensing compartment of normal breast epithelium, commonly referred to as oestrogen receptor alpha (ERa (ESR1))-positive breast epithelial cells, which also express progesterone receptors (PRs) and prolactin receptors and exert powerful developmental influences on adjacent breast epithelial cells. Recent lineage-tracing studies, particularly those focussed on NOTCH signalling, and genetic analysis of cancer risk in the normal breast highlight how signalling via the hormone-sensing compartment can influence normal breast development and breast cancer susceptibility. This provides an impetus to focus on the relationship between androgens, AR and NOTCH signalling and the crosstalk between ERa and PR signalling in the hormone-sensing component of breast epithelium in order to unravel the mechanisms behind the ability of androgens to modulate breast cancer initiation and growth.
In Vivo Estimates of the Position of Advanced Bionics Electrode Arrays in the Human Cochlea (2007)

Objectives: A new technique for determining the position of each electrode in the cochlea is described and applied to spiral computed tomography data from 15 patients implanted with Advanced Bionics HiFocus I, Ij, or Helix arrays. Methods: ANALYZE imaging software was used to register 3-dimensional image volumes from patients' preoperative and postoperative scans and from a single body donor whose unimplanted ears were scanned clinically, with micro computed tomography and with orthogonal-plane fluorescence optical sectioning (OPFOS) microscopy. By use of this registration, we compared the atlas of OPFOS images of soft tissue within the body donor's cochlea with the bone and fluid/tissue boundary available in patient scan data to choose the midmodiolar axis position and judge the electrode position in the scala tympani or scala vestibuli, including the distance to the medial and lateral scalar walls. The angular rotation 0° start point is a line joining the midmodiolar axis and the middle of the cochlear canal entry from the vestibule. Results: The group mean array insertion depth was 477° (range, 286° to 655°). The word scores were negatively correlated (r = −0.59; p = .028) with the number of electrodes in the scala vestibuli. Conclusions: Although the individual variability in all measures was large, repeated patterns of suboptimal electrode placement were observed across subjects, underscoring the applicability of this technique.
<title>Integrated input/output system for kernel data streaming</title> (1997)

Current multimedia server systems are based largely on the UNIX variants such as 4.4BSD. The design of the I/O subsystem in these operating systems was originally intended to mediate access by applications to I/O devices. In the 90s, multimedia applications such as web and continuous media servers have stressed the original design by streaming data between I/.O devices. This work revamps the I/O system design from the ground up. It presents a detailed description of a new I/O system architecture for UNIX and an implementation in the roadrunner kernel. The design is ambitious, requiring changes to all I/O elements including file systems, network protocols, and the device driver interface. The result is a clean architecture that maintains support for all I/O functions found in current UNIX systems but which also provides an efficient, general mechanism for streaming data with or without transformations.
Polarographic Reduction and Potential Carcinogenity of Substituted 1,3,5-Triazine Nucleosides (1995)

The DC polarographic reduction of 11 new 5-azacytidine (5-azaCyd) and 5-azauridine (5-azaUrd) derivatives in strictly anhydrous dimethylformamide (DMF) was investigated. The reduction occurred within one two-electron step for all of the substances except 6-amino-3-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1 H ,3 H )-dione, which was reduced in two one-electron steps. The 5-azaCyd monomethyl derivatives (6-methyl-5-azaCyd and N 4 -methyl-5-azaCyd) gave polarographic maxima of the 1st kind. Substitution in position 6 poses a marked hindrance to the reducibility of the nucleoside analogues. The α-lipoic acid test was applied to all the compounds to obtain the potential carcinogenity index (tg α). The highest tg α value, viz. 0.372, was found for 6-methyl-5-azaCyd; this value even exceeds that of 5-azaCyd (0.295), a compound which has been included in the category of substances probably carcinogenic to humans in the WHO classification. For the majority of the remaining compounds, the tg a values do not suggest any significant carcinogenic activity.
Inhibition of proliferation by Compound Zilian Decoction in three kinds of lung cancer cell lines (2009)

Objective: To observe the inhibition effect of Compound Zilian Decoction on proliferation of three kinds of lung cancer cell lines in vitro. Methods: After treatment of lung cancer cell lines (A549, NCL-H466 and SPCA-I) with various concentration Compound Zilian Decoction for 24, 48, and 72 hours, the proliferation capacity of cells was observed by MTT. Results: After treated with Compound Zilian Decoction, the proliferation of these lung cancer cell lines were inhibited dif ferently. The IC50 treated after 72 h of A549, NCL-H466, PGCL3 was 70.6, 176.2, 70.2 mg/L. Conclusion: Compound Zilian Decoction could inhibit the proliferation of lung cancer cells effectively in a time-and dose-dependent manner.
CCR2 and CXCR4 regulate peripheral blood monocyte pharmacodynamics and link to efficacy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (2009)

CCR2 antagonism in vivo has tractable pharmacodynamic effects that can be used to align target engagement with biologic effects on disease activity.
Regulation of Monocyte Survival In Vitro by Deposited IgG: Role of Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (1999)

IgG deposition at tissue sites characteristically leads to macrophage accumulation and organ injury. Although the mechanism by which deposited IgG induces tissue injury is not known, we have recently demonstrated that deposited IgG stimulates the release of IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 from normal human monocytes, which may drive inflammation. Since IgG also induces macrophage accumulation in these diseases, we hypothesized that deposited IgG protects monocytes from apoptosis. As an in vitro model of the effect of deposited IgG on monocyte survival, monocyte apoptosis was studied after FcgammaR cross-linking. Monocytes cultured on immobilized IgG, which induces FcgammaR cross-linking, were protected from apoptosis, whereas monocytes cultured with equivalent concentrations of F(ab')2 IgG or 50 times higher concentrations of soluble IgG, neither of which induces FcgammaR cross-linking, were not protected. Moreover, this protection was transferable, as supernatants from immobilized IgG-stimulated monocytes protected freshly isolated monocytes from apoptosis and contained functional M-CSF, a known monocyte survival factor. M-CSF mediated the monocyte survival induced by FcgammaR cross-linking, as neutralizing anti-human M-CSF Abs blocked the monocyte protection provided by either immobilized IgG or IgG-stimulated monocyte supernatants. These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism by which deposited IgG targets tissue macrophage accumulation through FcgammaR-mediated M-CSF release. This pathway may play an important role in promoting and potentiating IgG-mediated tissue injury.
Training the Biofilm Generation—a Tribute to J. W. Costerton (2012)

Although bacterial growth on surfaces was described by early microbiologists including Claude ZoBell (1), the term biofilm (2) and the importance of adherent bacteria in nature and disease did not gain full prominence in the scientific community until the work of JW (Bill) Costerton9s group and the
 numerous laboratories that he collaborated with (3-5).…
Autoimmunity associated with TGF-beta1-deficiency in mice is dependent on MHC class II antigen expression. (1996)

The progressive inflammatory process found in transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1)-deficient mice is associated with several manifestations of autoimmunity, including circulating antibodies to nuclear antigens, immune complex deposition, and increased expression of both class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. The contribution of MHC class II antigens to the genesis of this phenotype has been determined by crossing the TGF-beta1-null [TGF-beta1(-/-)] genotype into the MHC class II-deficient [MHC-II(-/-)] background. Mice homozygous for both the TGF-beta1 null allele and the class II null allele [TGF-beta1(-/-);MHC-II(-/-)] are without evidence of inflammatory infiltrates, circulating autoantibodies, or glomerular immune complex deposits. Instead, these animals exhibit extensive extramedullary hematopoiesis with progressive splenomegaly and adenopathy, surviving only slightly longer than TGF-beta1(-/-);MHC-II(+/+) mice. The role of CD4+ T cells, which are also absent in MHC class II-deficient mice, is directly demonstrated through the administration of anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies in class II-positive, TGF-beta1(-/-) mice. The observed reduction in inflammation and improved survival emphasize the significance of CD4+ cells in the pathogenesis of the autoimmune process and suggest that the additional absence of class II antigens in TGF-beta1(-/-);MHC-II(-/-) mice may contribute to their extreme myeloid metaplasia. Thus, MHC class II antigens are essential for the expression of autoimmunity in TGF-beta1-deficient mice, and normally may cooperate with TGF-beta1 to regulate hematopoiesis.
<title>Spatio-temporal segmentation of video data</title> (1994)

Image segmentation provides a powerful semantic description of video imagery essential in image understanding and efficient manipulation of image data. In particular, segmentation based on image motion defines regions undergoing similar motion allowing an image coding system to more efficiently represent video sequences. This paper describes a general iterative framework for segmentation of video data. The objective of our spatiotemporal segmentation is to produce a layered image representation of the video for image coding applications whereby video data is simply described as a set of moving layers.
Dichloro Bis(acetonitrile) Palladium (2008)

[14592-56-4] C4 H6 Cl2 N2Pd (MW 259.43)





InChI = 1S/2C2H3N.2ClH.Pd/c2*1-2-3;;;/h2*1H3;2*1H;/q;;;;+2/p-2



InChIKey = RBYGDVHOECIAFC-UHFFFAOYSA-L



Main Applications: 



PdII-catalyzed oxidative functionalization of alkenes, alkynes and related unsaturated compounds.




PdII-catalyzed sigmatropic rearrangements.




Precursor of Pd0 catalyst in a wide array of cross-coupling reactions.




Precursor of other PdII dichloride complexes by acetonitrile ligand exchange.






Physical Data: mp 129–131 °C (decomp).



Solubility: sol CH2Cl2, THF, acetone, CH2Cl2/CH3CN. Insol water and aqueous solutions



Form Supplied in: orange solid; commercially available



Preparation and Purification:  PdCl2(CH3CN)2 is easily prepared by stirring PdCl2 in CH3CN at room temperature for 24 h (or 18 h at reflux) under nitrogen. The resulting orange solid is filtered, washed with Et2O, and dried. The dried product can be used without further purification. Recrystallization from CH3CN/CH2Cl2/hexane or CH3CN/Et2O gives PdCl2(CH3CN)2 as bright yellow crystals.



Handling, Storage and Precautions: This complex, kept in a closed vessel is stable for months at room temperature. PdCl2(CH3CN)2 is harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
Quercetin and Its Derivatives: Synthesis, Pharmacological Uses with Special Emphasis on Anti-Tumor Properties and Prodrug with Enhanced Bio-Availability (2009)

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. American Cancer Society reported 12 million new cases of malignancy diagnosed worldwide in 2007, with 7.6 million people dying from the disease. Plant-derived molecules have played an important role in cancer chemotherapy. Many cytotoxic plant-derived molecules such as vinblastine, vincristine, navelbine, etoposide, teniposide, taxol, taxotere, topotecan and irinotecan have been approved as anticancer drugs. Flavonoids, a plant-derived molecule has shown to regulate proliferation and cell death pathways leading to cancer. Some Flavonoids have already entered in clinical trials, among them Quercetin is emerging as prospective anticancer drug candidates and its prodrug QC12 has entered in phase-I clinical studies. In this review authors have tried to cover in brief but comprehensive way, the chemistry related to synthesis and uses of "Quercetin & its derivatives" with special emphasis on the anticancer properties.
Simulated-quantum-annealing comparison between all-to-all connectivity schemes (2016)

Quantum annealing aims to exploit quantum mechanics to speed up the search for the solution to optimization problems. Most problems exhibit complete connectivity between the logical spin variables after they are mapped to the Ising spin Hamiltonian of quantum annealing. To account for hardware constraints of current and future physical quantum annealers, methods enabling the embedding of fully connected graphs of logical spins into a constant-degree graph of physical spins are therefore essential. Here, we compare the recently proposed embedding scheme for quantum annealing with all-to-all connectivity by Lechner, Hauke, and Zoller (LHZ) [Sci. Adv. 1, e1500838 (2015)] to the commonly used minor embedding (ME) scheme. Using both simulated quantum annealing and parallel tempering simulations, we find that for a set of instances randomly chosen from a class of fully connected, random Ising problems, the ME scheme outperforms the LHZ scheme when using identical simulation parameters, despite the fault tolerance of the latter to weakly correlated spin-flip noise. This result persists even after we introduce several decoding strategies for the LHZ scheme, including a minimum-weight decoding algorithm that results in substantially improved performance over the original LHZ scheme. We explain the better performance of the ME scheme in terms of more efficient spin updates, which allows it to better tolerate the correlated spin-flip errors that arise in our model of quantum annealing. Our results leave open the question of whether the performance of the two embedding schemes can be improved using scheme-specific parameters and new error correction approaches.
Characterization of cells from invaded lymph nodes in patients with solid tumors. Lymphokine requirement for tumor-specific lymphoproliferative response. (1987)

The specific immune response against the malignant cells was investigated in patients with urinary bladder or larynx cancer. Lymphocytes from lymph nodes that drain the tumor site were tested for their proliferative and cytotoxic capacities against autologous malignant cells isolated from the primary tumor. In no occasion was a proliferative or a cytotoxic response observed. However, when the lymph node cell suspensions were depleted of cells expressing both OKM1 and Leu-7 markers by rosetting with the appropriate mAbs, a proliferative response could be observed. The lymphocytes responded to autologous tumor cells only if IL-2 was added to the cultures. IL-2 alone induced some cell proliferation, which was not, however, comparable to that observed in response to both IL-2 and tumor cells. A panel of allogeneic tumor cells consistently failed to stimulate OKM1-, Leu-7- cells in vitro. Response to autologous tumor cells was not caused by HLA-encoded molecules, as occurs in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction, since OKM1-, Leu-7- cells failed to be stimulated by autologous non-T cells. A proliferative response was observed only with cells from lymph nodes that had been classified as invaded by malignant cells according to histopathologic criteria. Cells from noninvaded lymph nodes consistently failed to respond. Cells stimulated with autologous tumor cells could be expanded in short-term lines by continuous addition of IL-2 and malignant cells. One of these lines, which comprised mainly T8+ cells, was stimulated to proliferate only by autologous tumor cells, and its proliferative response was inhibitable by anti-class I and not by anti-class II mAbs. This line showed lytic capacities against autologous malignant targets, while it was inefficient against all of the other allogeneic cells tested. In another set of experiments, the mechanisms whereby exogenous IL-2 had to be added to the cultures to sustain a proliferative response against neoplastic cells were investigated. When cocultured with autologous malignant cells, OKM1-, Leu-7- lymphocytes expressed IL-2 receptors, as could be assessed by anti-Tac fluorescent staining. Under these culture conditions, these cells did not produce IL-2, and no proliferation was observed. Addition of purified IL-1 to the cultures induced IL-2 production and cell proliferation. It is concluded that metastatic lymph nodes contain a T cell population that can be detected in a proliferative assay when both suppressor cells are removed and the appropriate molecular signals are supplied.
The Rat as a Model for the Study of Penile Erection (1989)

A model has been developed for the study of penile erection in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Anatomical dissections demonstrate a bilateral ganglion lateral to the prostate called the major pelvic ganglion. This ganglion receives input from the pelvic and hypogastric nerves and innervates the pelvic viscera. A large fiber from the major pelvic ganglion courses along the urethra and innervates the corpus cavernosum, the cavernous nerve. In 40 animals, electrical stimulation of either the cavernous nerve or the pelvic nerve resulted in reproducible repetitive tumescence of the corpora cavernosum. Following ablation of the cavernous nerve, electrical stimulation failed to produce erections. Standard mating behavior tests of mounting, intromission and ejaculation in 38 rats showed that surgical ablation of the cavernous nerve resulted in a decrease in the rate of intromissions and ejaculations compared with sham operated controls. Present models for the study of erection have been limited to the dog, monkey and cat. The rat model presented here offers several advantages over these existing models: 1) the cavernous nerve is easily identified, 2) electrical stimulation is easily accomplished and reproducible, 3) behavioral and neurophysiological studies are possible, and 4) animal purchase, housing, and maintenance costs are low. These advantages make this model a uniquely useful tool in the further study of penile erection.
Internet TV With Cu-Seeme (1995)

From the Publisher:
CU-SeeMe is the model of Internet-based video conferencing. With an inexpensive video camera, sound board, and CU-SeeMe, your computer will be able to transmit and receive video and sound from anywhere in the world. This book gives you the knowledge and expertise you need to install and configure hardware and software and troubleshoot problems. Learn how to maximize your use of this hot new technology, from connecting to friends and family to cultivating business relationships with video conferences and group discussions.