gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding the development of the ESDP: Perspectives and insights from historical institutionalism and theories of learning (2005)

How can we best understand the emergence of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP)? This paper applies the theories of historical institutionalism and experiential learning to offer a dynamic conceptualisation of moves towards an ESDP which highlights some of the causal factors that a more temporally-restricted analysis would miss. It firstly shows how the institutional and functional expansion of European Political Cooperation (EPC) over the course of the 1970s and 80s gave rise to a context in which the development of a security and defence dimension came to be viewed as more logical and even necessary. It then goes on to analyse some of the external factors (in the form of actors, events and institutions) that further pushed in this direction and proved to influence the policy’s subsequent evolution. The paper is therefore intended to act as a first-step to understanding the ESDP’s development from this perspective.
Microstructural Optimization of a Zeolite Membrane for Organic Vapor Separation (2003)

A seeded growth method for the fabrication of high-permeance, high-separation-factor zeolite (siliceous ZSM-5, [Si96O192]-MFI) membranes is reported. The method consists of growing the crystals of an oriented seed layer to a well-intergrown film by avoiding events that lead to a loss of preferred orientation, such as twin overgrowths and random nucleation. Organic polycations are used as zeolite crystal shape modifiers to enhance relative growth rates along the desirable out-of-plane direction. The polycrystalline films are thin (approximately 1 micrometer) with single grains extending along the film thickness and with large in-plane grain size (approximately 1 micrometer). The preferred orientation is such that straight channels with an open diameter of approximately 5.5 angstroms run down the membrane thickness. Comparison with previously reported membranes shows that these microstructurally optimized films have superior performance for the separation of organic mixtures with components that have small differences in size and shape, such as xylene isomers.
Synthesis, Physicochemical Properties, and Evaluation ofN-Substituted-2-alkyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridinones (1998)

The synthesis of a range of 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridinones with potential for the chelation of iron(III) is described. The pKa values of respective ligands and the stability constants of their iron(III) complexes are presented. The distribution coefficient values of a range of 48 hydroxypyridinones and their corresponding iron(III) complexes between 1-octanol and MOPS buffer (pH 7.4) are reported. The range of log Dcomplex values covers 7 orders of magnitude. The results suggest the existence of a biphasic relationship between the distribution coefficient values of the chelator and the corresponding iron(III) complexes. For ligands with a log Dligand = -1, a linear relationship exists with a value of the slope 2.53, whereas with ligands with a log Dligand < -1, a linear relationship exists with a slope of 0.49. The reduced slope for the more hydrophilic molecules of the series offers some advantage for this type of hydroxypyridinone as the distribution coefficients for such complexes do not change so rapidly with increasing ligand hydrophilicity. The ability of selected 3-hydroxypyridinones to facilitate the excretion of iron in bile was investigated in non-iron-overloaded, bile duct-cannulated rats and in a [59Fe]ferritin-loaded rat model. Both systems compare the ability of chelators to remove iron from the liver, the prime target organ in thalassemia. The N-(hydroxyalkyl)-3-hydroxypyridin-4-ones are demonstrated to be orally active under the in vivo conditions adopted. Thus both 1-(hydroxyalkyl)- and 1-(carboxyalkyl)pyridinones are able to remove iron from the liver. Although 1-(carboxyalkyl)hydroxypyridinones are active, they do not demonstrate any clear advantage over Deferiprone (1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one). Indeed 1-(hydroxyalkyl)hydroxypyridinones which are known to be rapidly converted to 1-(carboxyalkyl)hydroxypyridinones are also marginally superior to Deferiprone. In contrast, 2-ethyl-1-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one, which is not metabolized to the corresponding (carboxyalkyl)hydroxypyridinone, was found to be superior to Deferiprone and therefore deserves further consideration as an orally active iron chelator with potential for the treatment of iron overload associated with transfusion-dependent thalassemia.
Design of the Steganography System Based on the Version 4 Internet Protocol (2006)

A new steganography system has been considered. The stego-system program on ICMP has been developed. The purpose of cryptography is hidden of contents of the message due to encryption. On the base of Internet control message protocol the methods for formation of the hide channel of the information transfer are formulated.
Guidelines for Controlled Trials of Drugs in Migraine. First Edition (1991)

The copyrights of this document belong to the International Headache Society Committee on Clinical Trials in Migraine. This document is not copyrighted in the English version provided the source is acknowledged. Translations to other languages must be authorized by a national headache society associated with the International Headache Society.
MyD88-Dependent and MyD88-Independent Pathways in Synergy, Priming, and Tolerance between TLR Agonists (2007)

TLRs sense components of microorganisms and are critical host mediators of inflammation during infection. Different TLR agonists can profoundly alter inflammatory effects of one another, and studies suggest that the sequence of exposure to TLR agonists may importantly impact on responses during infection. We tested the hypothesis that synergy, priming, and tolerance between TLR agonists follow a pattern that can be predicted based on differential engagement of the MyD88-dependent (D) and the MyD88-independent (I) intracellular signaling pathways. Inflammatory effects of combinations of D and I pathway agonists were quantified in vivo and in vitro. Experiments used several D-specific agonists, an I-specific agonist (poly(I:C)), and LPS, which acts through both the D and I pathways. D-specific agonists included: peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein, Pam3Cys, flagellin, and CpG DNA, which act through TLR2 (peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein and Pam3Cys), TLR5, and TLR9, respectively. D and I agonists were markedly synergistic in inducing cytokine production in vivo in mice. All of the D-specific agonists were synergistic with poly(I:C) in vitro in inducing TNF and IL-6 production by mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. Pretreatment of bone marrow-derived macrophages with poly(I:C) led to a primed response to subsequent D-specific agonists and vice versa, as indicated by increased cytokine production, and increased NF-kappaB translocation. Pretreatment with a D-specific agonist augmented LPS-induced IFN-beta production. All D-specific agonists induced tolerance to one another. Thus, under the conditions studied here, simultaneous and sequential activation of both the D and I pathways causes synergy and priming, respectively, and tolerance is induced by agonists that act through the same pathway.
Probing Hydroxyl Radicals and Their Imaging in Living Cells by Use of FAM–DNA–Au Nanoparticles (2007)

The incorporation of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) as quencher modules in fluorescent probes for DNA damage caused by intracellular hydroxyl radicals (HO*) is reported. Au NPs of 15 nm diameter were decorated with DNA oligomers terminating in thiol functions in their 3' positions and possessing 5' fluorophore modifications. The Au NPs, which have high extinction coefficients, functioned as excellent fluorescent quenchers in the fluorophore-Au NP composites. FRET is switched off as a factor of HO*-induced strand breakage in the single-stranded DNAs, restoring the fluorescence of the quenched fluorophores, which can be followed by spectrofluorimetry. In vitro assays with HO*-generating Fenton reagent demonstrated increases in fluorescence intensity with a linear range from 8.0 nM to 1.0 microM and a detection limit as low as 2.4 nM. Confocal microscopic imaging of macrophages and HepG2 revealed that the probe is cell-permeable and intracellular HO*-responsive. The unique combination of good selectivity and high sensitivity establishes the potential value of the probe for facilitating investigations of HO*-mediated cellular homeostasis and injury.
Identifying the Local Structures Formed during Lithiation of the Conversion Material, Iron Fluoride, in a Li Ion Battery: A Solid-State NMR, X-ray Diffraction, and Pair Distribution Function Analysis Study (2009)

The structural transformations that occur when FeF(3) is cycled at room temperature in a Li cell were investigated using a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD), pair distribution function (PDF) analysis, and magic-angle-spinning NMR spectroscopy. Two regions are seen on discharge. The first occurs between Li = 0 and 1.0 and involves an insertion reaction. This first region actually comprises two steps: First, a two-phase reaction between Li = 0 and 0.5 occurs, and the Li(0.5)FeF(3) phase that is formed gives rise to a Li NMR resonance due to Li(+) ions near both Fe(3+) and Fe(2+) ions. On the basis of the PDF data, the local structure of this phase is closer to the rutile structure than the original ReO(3) structure. Second, a single-phase intercalation reaction occurs between Li = 0.5 and 1.0, for which the Li NMR data indicate a progressive increase in the concentration of Fe(2+) ions. In the second region, the conversion reaction, superparamagnetic, nanosized ( approximately 3 nm) Fe metal is formed, as indicated by the XRD and NMR data, along with some LiF and a third phase that is rich in Li and F. The charge process involves the formation of a series of intercalation phases with increasing Fe oxidation state, which, on the basis of the Li NMR and PDF data, have local structures that are similar to the intercalation phases seen during the first stage of the discharge process. The solid-state NMR and XRD results for the rutile phase FeF(2) are presented for comparison, and the data indicate that an insertion reaction also occurs, which is accompanied by the formation of LiF. This is followed by the formation of Fe nanoparticles and LiF via a conversion reaction.
MR Imaging of Meningiomas Including Studies With and Without Gadolinium-DTPA (1985)

The magnetic resonance (MR) appearances in 12 successive cases of histologically verified meningioma are described. In six of these cases intravenous gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) (0.1 mmol/kg) was administered. Each of the eight tumours for which T1 was measured displayed an increase in T1 above that of white matter although the T2 was in the normal range for brain in two of four cases. Inversion recovery was the most useful sequence for demonstration of the tumour prior to administration of intravenous Gd-DTPA and also displayed the highest level of contrast enhancement after Gd-DTPA. The overall findings compared well with contrast enhanced X-ray CT.
Chemical Probe for Glycosidic Conformation in Telomeric DNAs (1994)

Chemical modifications are powerful tools to probe nucleic acid structure and protein-nucleic acid interactions. Nucleic acids can be modified either randomly by a variety of chemical reagents or site-specifically with synthetic base analog substitutions. We report here the use of 8-bromodeoxyguanosine (8-Br-dG) as a modification that is directly sensitive to a dihedral angle. 8-Br-dG should prove useful as a chemical probe for the conformation about glycosidic bonds in unusual nucleic acid structures.
Epidemiologic analysis of Mycoplasma spp isolated from bulk-tank milk samples obtained from dairy herds that were members of a milk cooperative (1997)

Distribution of Mycoplasma spp varied by year, number of colonies isolated per sample, season, and herd. Therefore, it may be necessary to routinely sample bulk-tank milk, and all isolates should be speciated. Culture results from milk cooperatives should be used with other monitoring information to determine the Mycoplasma status of herds.
Allosteric Interaction of Metal Ions with Saccharides in a Crowned Diboronic Acid (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAllosteric Interaction of Metal Ions with Saccharides in a Crowned Diboronic AcidGang Deng, Tony D. James, and Seiji ShinkaiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11, 4567–4572Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1994https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00090a004RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views577Altmetric-Citations58LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Comorbidity in Adults in the United States: Risk of Overall and Regional Adiposity (2001)

In addition to advocating behavioral lifestyles to curb the epidemic of obesity among at-risk populations in the United States, there is also the need for primary health care practitioners to craft their advice to the degree and type of obesity in these at-risk groups.
Conceptually New Low-Calcemic Oxime Analogues of the Hormone 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3:  Synthesis and Biological Testing (2002)

New chemical entities 16-ene-25-ketone 2b and the corresponding oxime 3b and oxime ether 4b, analogues of natural calcitriol (1), were rationally designed and synthesized on a milligram scale. Chemical introduction of the oxime ether functionality in analogue 4b was successful via direct oximation of an intact vitamin D conjugated triene system. Even though all three analogues are at least as antiproliferative in vitro as calcitriol (1) even at physiologically relevant low nanomolar concentrations, only side chain ketone 2b is more transcriptionally potent than calcitriol (1). Although oxime O-methyl ether 4b lacks the traditional side chain hydrogen bond-donating OH group of the natural hormone and lacks also the oxime-NOH group of analogue 3b, surprisingly, oxime ether 4b retains 20% of the transcriptional potency of natural calcitriol (1). In terms of in vivo toxicity (hypercalcemia), ketone 2b is strongly calcemic in rats, whereas oxime 3b and oxime ether 4b are considerably less calcemic (i.e., safer) than calcitriol (1).
A Capacitance Model to Infer Interwell Connectivity from Production and Injection Rate Fluctuations (2005)

Proposal This paper presents a new procedure to quantify communication between vertical wells in a reservoir based on fluctuations in production and injection rates. The proposed procedure uses a nonlinear signal processing model to provide information about preferential transmissibility trends and the presence of flow barriers. Previous work used a steady-state (purely resistive) model of interwell communication. Data in that work often had to be filtered to account for compressibility effects and time lags. Even though it was often successful, the filtering required subjective judgment as to the goodness of the interpretation. This work uses a more complicated model that includes capacitance (compressibility) as well as resistive (transmissibility) effects. The procedure was tested on rates obtained from a numerical flow simulator. It was then applied to a short timescale data set from an Argentinean field and a large-scale data set from a North Sea field. The simulation results and field applications show that the connectivity between wells is described by model coefficients (weights) that are consistent with known geology, the distance between wells and their relative positions. The developed procedure provides parameters that explicitly indicate the attenuation and time lag between injector and producer pairs in a field without filtering. The new procedure provides a better insight into the well-to-well connectivities for both fields than the purely resistive model. The new procedure has several additional advantages. It can be applied to fields in which wells are shut-in frequently or for long periods of time,allows for application to fields where the rates have a remnant of primary production, andhas the capability to incorporate bottom hole pressure data (if available) to enhance the investigation about well connectivity.
Standardization of Immunoglobulin M Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Routine Diagnosis of Arboviral Infections (2000)

Immunoglobulin M antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA) is a rapid and versatile diagnostic method that readily permits the combination of multiple assays. Test consolidation is especially important for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) which belong to at least three virus families: the Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Bunyaviridae. Using prototype viruses from each of these families and a panel of well-characterized human sera, we have evaluated and standardized a combined MAC-ELISA capable of identifying virus infections caused by members of each virus family. Furthermore, by grouping antigens geographically and utilizing known serological cross-reactivities, we have reduced the number of antigens necessary for testing, while maintaining adequate detection sensitivity. We have determined that a 1:400 serum dilution is most appropriate for screening antiviral antibody, using a positive-to-negative ratio of >/=2.0 as a positive cutoff value. With a blind-coded human serum panel, this combined MAC-ELISA was shown to have test sensitivity and specificity that correlated well with those of other serological techniques.
Proliferative effect of growth factors TGF-beta1, PDGF-BB and rhBMP-2 on human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells. (2003)

The regeneration of periodontal tissues lost due to periodontal disease requires cell migration, differentiation and proliferation. Several procedures have been proposed to promote wound healing events such as the application of growth factors including PDGF-BB, TGF-beta1 and rhBMP-2. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mitogenic responses of human periodontal ligament cells and gingival fibroblasts to PDGF-BB, TGF-beta1 and rhBMP-2. Human periodontal ligament cells were isolated from the mid root of three maxillary third molars extracted from three adult patients with moderate periodontitis and gingival fibroblasts were obtained from two patients also affected by moderate periodontitis, who underwent periodontal surgery. Cells were grown in 24-well dishes. On day 2 of quiescence, new medium was added with PDGF-BB or TGF-beta1 or rhBMP-2 at the concentration of 10 ng/ml. To determine the effects of the test agents on cell proliferation, DNA synthesis was estimated by measuring [3H] thymidine incorporation. After 48h of incubation the cells were processed and subject to scintillation counting. Counts per minute (cpm/ well) were determined for each sample. The results of this study demonstrated that PDGF-BB acts like a strong mitogenic agent for human periodontal ligament cells and gingival fibroblasts, TGF-beta1 mostly supports the proliferation of these cells and rhBMP-2 had an opposite effect on cell mitosis.
Elevated serum concentrations of soluble CD14 in HIV− and HIV+ patients with tuberculosis in Africa: prolonged elevation during anti-tuberculosis treatment (2000)

Data are limited regarding serum concentrations of soluble CD14 (sCD14), a marker of macrophage activation, in patients with active tuberculosis (TB) and during drug treatment. In this study, concentrations of sCD14 were measured in serum samples obtained from 105 African subjects who were categorized into one of four groups: persons with pulmonary TB alone (TB+HIV-, n = 30), pulmonary TB and HIV co-infection (TB+HIV+, n = 20), or HIV infection alone (TB-HIV+, n = 25), and healthy controls (TB-HIV-, n = 30). Mean total sCD14 was significantly increased in serum of patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary TB (mean = 6.6 g/ml, s.d. = 1.6 g/ml) compared with healthy controls (mean = 3.1 g/ml, s.d. = 0.6 g/ml; P < 0.0001), and this elevation comprised proportionate increases in the alpha (2.1-fold greater, P < 0.0001) and beta (2.0-fold greater, P < 0. 0001) forms of sCD14. Total sCD14 was also increased in serum of HIV-infected patients (mean = 4.1 g/ml, s.d. = 1.9 g/ml; P < 0.01), but the highest concentrations were observed in patients with pulmonary TB and HIV co-infection (mean = 8.7 g/ml, s.d. = 3.1 g/ml; P < 0.0001). Analysis of serum samples prospectively collected from TB+HIV-patients during the first 3 months of successful anti-TB treatment demonstrated steep reductions in mean concentrations of the acute-phase protein, C-reactive protein, and the soluble lymphocyte activation marker, sCD25. In contrast, levels of sCD14 increased during the first month of treatment and slowly declined thereafter. These data indicate that the serum concentration of sCD14 is not a sensitive index of response to anti-TB treatment and suggest that cellular activation resolves more slowly in the macrophage pool compared with the lymphocyte pool during anti-TB treatment.
Direct Shoot Bud Differentiation and Plantlet Regeneration from Leaf and Petiole Explants of Begonia tuberhybrida (2011)

We report here an efficient and high-frequency protocol for direct shoot bud differentiation from mature leaves and petioles of greenhouse-grown Begonia tuberhybrida plants. Shoot buds were induced directly on the adaxial surface of leaf tissues from not only at the cut ends, but also across the entire surface of both leaf and petiole segments. The highest frequency of shoot bud formation was 90%, and the maximum number of shoots (132) per leaf explant was achieved with modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) media supplemented with 1.0 mg·L −1 α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 2.0 mg·L −1 thidiazuron (TDZ). In petioles, the highest frequency of shoot buds was 82%. A maximum number of 33 shoots per explant was achieved with 0.5 mg·L −1 NAA and 2.0 mg·L −1 TDZ. The number of shoots produced in both explants was drastically reduced in the treatment with benzyl-aminopurine (BAP) alone or in combination with NAA and/or TDZ. The regenerated shoots were rooted on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·L −1 NAA. All the elongated shoots developed into complete, rooted plantlets within 3 months. All the plantlets were successfully transferred to soil in pots in the greenhouse and they produced morphologically normal flowers. Chemical names used: α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), N-phenyl-N′-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5ylurea (TDZ; thidiazuron), 6-benzyl aminopurine (BAP)