gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Thermosensitive Poly(organophosphazenes) with Methoxy-Poly(ethylene glycol) and Alkylamines as Side Groups (2002)

Thermosensitive poly(organophosphazenes) bearing methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG) and alkylamines as substituents have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, GPC, and DSC. All the polymers exhibited crystallinity, which was probably induced by the MPEG side chain of the polymers. All the polymers exhibited the lower critical solution temperature (LCSTs) in the range of 28 to <TEX>$94^{\circ}C$</TEX> depending on several factors such as mole ratio of the substituents, kinds of PEG and alkylamines. The higher content of MPEG and shorter chain length of alkylamines of the polymers afforded the higher LCST. The LCSTs of the polymers exhibited almost concentration-independent behavior in the range of 3-30 wt % of the polymers in aqueous solutions. The polymers showed the higher LCSTs in the acidic solutions than in the neutral and basic solutions. The ionic strength of the polymer solution affected the LCST, which decreased with increased NaCl concentration. The polymer bearing almost equimolar substitutuents with the -N-P-N- unit has shown the LCST more sensitive to NaCl and pH than that with the -N-P-O- unit. The polymers were found to degrade in acidic solution but be very stable in alkali solution as well as in the buffer solution of pH 7.4.
Acoustophoretic microfluidic chip for sequential elution of surface bound molecules from beads or cells (2012)

An acoustophoresis-based microfluidic flow-chip is presented as a novel platform to facilitate analysis of proteins and peptides loosely bound to the surface of beads or cells. The chip allows for direct removal of the background surrounding the beads or cells, followed by sequential treatment and collection of a sequence of up to five different buffer conditions. During this treatment, the beads/cells are retained in a single flow by acoustic radiation force. Eluted peptides are collected from the outlets and subsequently purified by miniaturized solid-phase extraction and analyzed with matrix assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry. Fundamental parameters such as the system fluidics and dispersion are presented. The device was successfully applied for wash and sequential elution of peptides bound to the surface of microbeads and human spermatozoa, respectively.
Aberrant Expression of Human Mucin GeneMUC5B in Gastric Carcinoma and Cancer Cells (2001)

In gastric cancer, altered expression of MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6 mucin genes has already been described. We show in this report by the means of in situ hybridization, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and transfection assays that MUC5B is also abnormally expressed in gastric carcinomatous tissues and cell lines. We thus undertook to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that regulate the transcription of MUC5B in gastric cancer cells. To this end, high expressing (KATO-III) and low expressing (AGS) gastric cancer cell lines were chosen to study human mucin gene MUC5B expression and promoter activity. Sequencing of the promoter region revealed a distal TATA box located 1 kilobase upstream of the proximal TATA box. Functional activity of the promoter was addressed by using deletion mutants covering 2044 nucleotides upstream of the MUC5B transcription start site. We identified a distal promoter 10 times more active than the proximal promoter in KATO-III cells. In AGS cells, both promoters, much less active, showed the same range of activity. Binding assays allowed us to show that the transcription factor ATF-1 binds to a cis-element present in the distal promoter. Sp1, which binds to both promoters specifically transactivates the proximal promoter. Treatment of transfected cells with PMA, cholera toxin A subunit, and calcium ionophore showed that only PMA led to a substantial activation of the distal promoter. MUC5B 5'-flanking region having a high GC content, influence of methylation on the MUC5B expression was assessed. Our results indicate that repression of MUC5B expression visualized in AGS cells is due in part to the presence of numerous methylated cytosine residues throughout the 5'-flanking region. Altogether these results demonstrate that MUC5B expression in gastric cancer cells is governed by a highly active distal promoter that is up-regulated by protein kinase C and that repression is under the influence of methylation.
Opto-electronic determination of binary phase-only filters for optical correlation (1992)

A simple optoelectronic system for high-speed determination of binary phase-only filters for use in an optical correlator is described. Filters determined using the system were implemented using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator in the Fourier plane of an optical correlator. Results demonstrating the operation of the system are presented.
NMR logging : principles and applications (1999)

Summary of NMR Logging Applications and Benefits NMR Physics Fundamentals of NMR Petrophysics Fundamentals of NMR Hydrocarbon Typing MRIL Tool Principles Answer Products Derived from MRIL Stand-Alone Analysis Answer Products Derived from MRIL Combinations with Other Logs MRIL Job Planning MRIL Log Quality Control Glossary Index
Preclinical Characterization of a (S)-N-(4-Cyano-3-Trifluoromethyl-Phenyl)-3-(3-Fluoro, 4-Chlorophenoxy)-2-Hydroxy-2-Methyl-Propanamide: A Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator for Hormonal Male Contraception (2008)

The pharmacologic effects of (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-(3-fluoro, 4-chlorophenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanamide (S-23) were characterized in male rats as an animal model of hormonal male contraception. S-23 showed high binding affinity (inhibitory constant = 1.7 +/- 0.2 nm) and was identified as a full agonist in vitro. In castrated male rats, the ED50 of S-23 in the prostate and levator ani muscle was 0.43 and 0.079 mg/d, respectively. In intact male rats treated for 14 d, S-23 alone suppressed LH levels by greater than 50% at doses greater than 0.1 mg/d, with corresponding decreases in the size of the prostate but increases in the size of levator ani muscle. In intact male rats treated for up to 10 wk with S-23 and estradiol benzoate (EB; necessary to maintain sexual behavior in rats), S-23 showed biphasic effects on androgenic tissues and spermatogenesis by suppressing serum concentrations of LH and FSH. EB alone showed no effect on spermatogenesis. In the EB + S-23 (0.1 mg/d) group, four of six animals showed no sperm in the testis and zero pregnancies (none of six) in mating trials. After termination of treatment, infertility was fully reversible, with a 100% pregnancy rate observed after 100 d of recovery. S-23 increased bone mineral density and lean mass but reduced fat mass in a dose-dependent manner. This is the first study to show that a selective androgen receptor modulator combined with EB is an effective and reversible regimen for hormonal male contraception in rats. The beneficial effects of S-23 on the muscle, tissue selectivity, and favorable pharmacokinetic properties make it a strong candidate for use in oral male contraception.
Gallium-67 citrate imaging in Hodgkin's disease: final report of cooperative group. (1977)

&lt;p&gt;In this paper, we apply a novel immersed boundary method to simulate pore-scale level fluid flow and convective heat transfer in realistic numerically generated open-cell solid foams in a Cartesian computational domain. Five different periodic foam samples of varying porosities (ε=[0.877,0.948]) are generated by numerically mimicking the actual foam formation process (minimizing surface area). The step-by-step procedure for generating the periodic foam geometries is presented. The specific surface areas of the generated foams of different porosities are compared with real foam geometries showing a reasonable agreement. The Reynolds number (Re) is varied from Re≈0 (creeping flow) to Re≈500, and finally drag and Nusselt correlations have been proposed. A detailed analysis is presented on the local velocity and temperature field for the fluid-solid interaction in a complex cellular porous medium.&lt;/p&gt;
Regulation of the MST1 kinase by autophosphorylation, by the growth inhibitory proteins, RASSF1 and NORE1, and by Ras (2004)

MST1 (mammalian Sterile20-like 1) and MST2 are closely related Class II GC (protein Ser/Thr) kinases that initiate apoptosis when transiently overexpressed in mammalian cells. In the present study, we show that recombinant MST1/2 undergo a robust autoactivation in vitro, mediated by an intramolecular autophosphorylation of a single site [MST1(Thr183)/MST2(Thr180)] on the activation loop of an MST dimer. Endogenous full-length MST1 is activated by a variety of stressful stimuli, accompanied by the secondary appearance of a 36 kDa Thr183-phosphorylated, caspase-cleaved catalytic fragment. Recombinant MST1 exhibits only 2-5% activation during transient expression; endogenous MST1 in the cycling HeLa or KB cells has a similar low fractional activation, but 2 h incubation with okadaic acid (1 mM) results in 100% activation. Endogenous MST1 immunoprecipitated from KB cells is specifically associated with substoichiometric amounts of the growth inhibitory polypeptides RASSF1A and NORE1A (novel Ras effector 1A; a Ras-GTP-binding protein). Co-expression of RASSF1A, RASSF1C, NORE1A and NORE1B with MST1 markedly suppresses MST1(Thr183) phosphorylation in vivo and abolishes the ability of MST1 to undergo Mg-ATP-mediated autoactivation in vitro; direct addition of purified NORE1A in vitro also inhibits MST1 activation. In contrast, co-transfection of MST1 with NORE1A modified by the addition of a C-terminal CAAX motif results in a substantial increase in MST1(Thr183) phosphorylation, as does fusion of a myristoylation motif directly on to the MST1 N-terminus. Moreover, MST1 polypeptides, bound via wild-type NORE1A to Ras(G12V) (where G12V stands for Gly12Val), exhibit higher Thr183 phosphorylation compared with MST1 bound to NORE1A alone. Nevertheless, serum stimulation of KB cells does not detectably increase the activation state of endogenous MST1 or MST2 despite promoting the recruitment of the endogenous NORE1-MST1 complex to endogenous Ras. We propose that the NORE1/RASSF1 polypeptides, in addition to their role in maintaining the low activity of MST1 in vivo, direct MST1 to sites of activation and perhaps co-localization with endogenous substrates.
ENZYME RECRUITMENT IN EVOLUTION OF NEW FUNCTION (1976)

Ancient cells must have possessed small gene content. Primitive enzymes may have possessed broad specificity and undeveloped regulation mechanisms. The considerable substrate ambiguity of these enzymes resulted in the formation of minor amounts of erroneous products. Fortuitous formation of metabolites offered ancient cells maximum biochemical flexibility with minimal gene content. Gene duplication provided the opportunity for increased gene content and increased specialization of the diverging enzymes, the substrate specialization being further reinforced by the development of regualtory mechanisms. Recuritment of enzymes for new pathways did not necessarily require the sequential and backwardly evolving progression of evolutionary steps required by the hypothesis of retrograde evolution of biochemical pathways. Substrate ambiguity remains a conspicuous feature of many contemporary proteins, and evolutionary exploitation of substrate ambiguity in a variety of organisms is still apparent.
Mechanisms of Red Blood Cell Trauma in Assisted Circulation (1995)

Clinical experience with circulatory support devices has typically shown alteration of patient blood rheology exhibited through increasing blood viscosity and decreasing erythrocyte deformability. Our hemorheologic studies have additionally shown a remarkable increase in red blood cell (RBC) aggregation in the blood of artificial heart patients as compared to healthy donors. These hemorheologic changes may be caused by mechanical trauma to RBCs. The authors hypothesize that the mechanical trauma process, from a rheologic point of view, could be analogous to an "accelerated" RBC aging process. The hypothesis was examined through in vivo and in vitro experiments on RBCs, age-separated on the basis of density, specifically to identify the rheologic similarities between aged and mechanically traumatized RBCs. Older RBCs demonstrated an increased mechanical fragility, a decreased deformability, and a increased ability to aggregate as compared to younger RBCs. RBCs exposed to mechanical stress demonstrated similar alterations in the same rheologic parameters. Our experiments have also shown that mechanical stress decreases the negative surface charge of RBCs as is known to occur in aged RBCs. Similarities found between the processes of RBC mechanical trauma and senescence enhance our understanding of mechanisms of subhemolytic trauma incurred in assisted circulation. This may improve the design and evaluation of future heart assist devices through minimizing shear induced blood trauma.
On improving the accuracy of the Hough transform: theory, simulations, and experiments (2003)

The authors present two methods for very-high-precision estimation of straight-line parameters from the Hough transform and compare them with the standard method of taking the absolute peak in the Hough array and with least-squares fitting using both extensive simulation and a number of tests with real target images. Both methods use preprocessing and interpolation in the Hough array, and are based on compensating for effects that cause a spreading of the peak in Hough space. By interpolation, the authors achieve accuracy better than the accumulator cell size. A complete set of simulations show that the two methods produce similar results, which are much better than taking the absolute peak in Hough space. They also compare well with least-square fitting, which was considered optimal in the case of zero mean noise. Results of experiments with real images are reported, confirming that the Hough transform can yield very accurate results, almost as good as least-squares fitting for zero mean noise.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
HYPERTENSION AND ASSOCIATED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (1956)

• The five-year mortality rates have been obtained for 1,118 male and 1,109 female patients classified into four groups by a method of scoring objective cardiovascular findings. Group 1 contained patients with hypertension but no cardiovascular disease. Groups 2 and 3 contained patients with increasing degrees of damage in the cerebral, cardiac, or renal areas. Group 4 contained the patients with the most advanced cardiovascular changes. The tabulations show that the prognosis becomes worse as signs of cardiovascular-renal damage increase and that within each of the groups the prognosis for females with hypertensive cardiovascular disease is better than for males. Patients treated surgically by a one-stage bilateral lumbodorsal spianchnicectomy are compared with patients receiving only medical treatment. The mortality rates were significantly better in all four groups of surgically treated male patients and in groups 2 and 3 of the surgically treated female patients. In either sex, the prognosis for group 4 was shown to be poor. It is believed that patients of groups 2 and 3 in general should be treated surgically, especially if medical treatment has been found ineffective after a trial of 8 to 10 weeks.
Early and Selective Loss of Neuromuscular Synapse Subtypes with Low Sprouting Competence in Motoneuron Diseases (2000)

The addition or loss of synapses in response to changes in activity, disease, or aging is a major aspect of nervous system plasticity in the adult. The mechanisms that affect the turnover and maintenance of synapses in the adult are poorly understood and are difficult to investigate in the brain. Here, we exploited a unique anatomical arrangement in the neuromuscular system to determine whether subtypes of synapses can differ in anatomical plasticity and vulnerability. In three genetic mouse models of motoneuron disease of diverse origin and severity, we observed a gradual and selective loss of synaptic connections that begun long before the onset of clinical deficits and correlated with the timing of disease progression. A subgroup of fast-type (fast-fatiguable) neuromuscular synapses was highly vulnerable and was lost very early on. In contrast, slow-type synapses resisted up to the terminal phase of the disease. Muscle-specific differences were also evident. Similar selective losses were detected in aged mice. These selective vulnerability properties of synapses coincided with hitherto unrecognized major differences in stimulus-induced anatomical plasticity that could also be revealed in healthy mice. Using paralysis and/or growth-associated protein 43 overexpression to induce synaptic sprouting, we found that slow-type, disease-resistant synapses were particularly plastic. In contrast, fast-type synapses with the highest vulnerability failed to exhibit any stimulus-induced change. The results reveal pronounced subtype specificity in the anatomical plasticity and susceptibility to loss of neuromuscular synapses and suggest that degenerative motoneuron diseases involve a common early pathway of selective and progressive synaptic weakening also associated with aging.
Toxicokinetics of Nickel in Mice Studied with the γ-Emitting Isotope 57Ni (1993)

The γ-emitting isotope 57Ni was generated in a cyclotron to allow whole-body counting of laboratory animals dosed with nickel. 57NiCl2 was administered either orally by gastric intubation or by intraperitoneal injection to groups of mice in doses equivalent to the average human daily dietary nickel intake per mass unit. When given orally, the whole-body retention (WBR) was 0.02–0.36% of the administered dose at 45–75 hr. When given intraperitoneally, the WBR was 1–6% at 20–50 hr. After adjustment for the rapid excretion of systemic nickel, the intestinal absorption could be estimated to be 1.7–10%. The relative WBR did not vary with the magnitude of the dose within 0.05–5 μmol Ni/kg given orally or 0.005–0.5 μmol/kg given intraperitoneally. At 8 hr, the tissue concentration was highest in the kidneys, followed by the carcass, lungs, testicles, liver, and the spleen. After 20 hr, the highest concentrations were still found in the kidneys followed by the lungs, the liver, and the carcass. At 20 hr after oral administration, 50–70% of 57Ni retained in the body was within the carcass. The second highest nickel content was found in the kidneys, followed by the liver and lungs. Whereas nickel in the kidneys was rapidly excreted, the elimination from the lungs and liver was relatively slow, thereby, after 40 hr, resulting in a higher nickel content in the liver than that in the kidneys. When nickel was given intraperitoneally, practically no nickel was transported via the portal vein to the liver after 20 hr, resulting in a low nickel content in the liver and a higher content in the kidney. These results document that the use of 57Ni for studies on nickel toxicokinetics is feasible and useful, and that the method is especially well suited for comparative studies with a duration of up to 6 days.
Toxicity of a First-Generation Adenoviral Vector in Rhesus Macaques (2002)

We constructed a first-generation adenovirus vector (AVC3FIX5) that we used to assess the rhesus macaque as a nonhuman primate model for preclinical testing of hemophilia B gene therapy vectors. Although we succeeded in our primary objective of demonstrating expression of human factor IX we encountered numerous toxic side effects that proved to be dose limiting. Following intravenous administration of AVC3FIX5 at doses of 3.4 x 10(11) vector particles/kg to 3.8 x 10(12) vector particles/kg, the animals in our study developed antibodies against human factor IX, and dose-dependent elevations of enzymes specific for liver, muscle, and lung injury. In addition, these animals showed dose-dependent prolongation of clotting times as well as acute, dose-dependent decreases in platelet counts and concomitant elevation of fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor. These abnormalities may be caused by the direct toxic effects of the adenovirus vector itself, or may result indirectly from the accompanying acute inflammatory response marked by elevations in IL-6, a key regulator of the acute inflammatory response. The rhesus macaque may be a useful animal model in which to evaluate mechanisms of adenovirus toxicities that have been encountered during clinical gene therapy trials.
Linear prurigo simulating dermatitis artefacta in dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (1993)

We report a family suffering from dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, in whom linear lichenified lesions and troublesome pruritus were prominent features. We consider that this clinical picture may constitute a separate subtype of this disorder.
Cytokine Network in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2003)

Disease states, such as those characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), are due to a host of factors that act in concert to produce pathologic change. The immunologic factors that mediate the development of such mucosal inflammation have been at the forefront of IBD research. Recently, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in mucosal homeostasis and the occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been achieved with the advent of animal models of mucosal inflammation. This review discusses these models and the insights they provide into the pathogenesis and regulation of IBD.
N‐acetylcysteine for non‐paracetamol drug‐induced liver injury: a systematic review (2016)

Current available evidence is limited and does not allow for any firm conclusions to be made regarding the role of NAC in non-paracetamol DILI. We therefore highlight the need for further research in this area.
Direct Observation of the Interfacial Instability of the Fast Ionic Conductor Li10GeP2S12 at the Lithium Metal Anode (2016)

The very high ionic conductivity of Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS) makes it a potential solid electrolyte for lithium all-solid-state batteries. Besides the high ionic conductivity, another key requirement is the stability of the solid electrolyte against degradation reactions with the electrodes; here, we analyze the reaction of LGPS with lithium metal. In situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), in combination with time-resolved electrochemical measurements offers detailed information on the chemical reactions at the Li/LGPS interface. The decomposition of Li10GeP2S12 leads to the formation of an interphase composed of Li3P, Li2S, and Li–Ge alloy, which is in perfect agreement with theoretical predictions, and an increase of the interfacial resistance. These results highlight the necessity to perform long-term, time-resolved electrochemical measurements when evaluating potential new solid electrolytes for solid-state batteries. The kinetics of this interphase growth—comparable to SEI formation on lithium anodes in liquid electrolytes—seems to be governed by diffusion across the interphase, as a square root time dependence is observed.