gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Constant denaturant gel electrophoresis as a rapid screening technique for p53 mutations. (1991)

At present, mutation of the p53 gene appears to be the most common genetic alteration found in human cancers. These mutations can occur within many different regions of the gene. We have developed a modification of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis termed "constant denaturant gel electrophoresis" (CDGE), which provides a rapid and sensitive method to screen the four conserved regions within the p53 gene where the majority of p53 mutations have been reported. The sensitivity of CDGE was first tested with known p53 mutations in all four conserved regions. The CDGE technique was then used to screen 32 breast carcinomas that had been analyzed by immunohistochemical methods for altered p53 protein levels and whose DNA had already been shown to have loss of heterozygosity for a chromosome 17p marker. By immunostaining techniques, only 6 of the 32 tumors had elevated p53 expression. However, CDGE detected p53 mutations in 11 of the 32 tumors. DNA sequence analysis was performed to determine the nucleotide positions of these mutations in all 11 samples. Loss of heterozygosity for the pYNZ22 or p144D6 markers did not associate with either the loss of heterozygosity at the p53 locus or the mutations detected by CDGE. We conclude that CDGE is a rapid and effective technique to screen for p53 mutations.
Compatible High Definition Television Broadcast Systems (1987)

This paper describes NTSC compatible HIDTV systems with incremental improvement potential. The systems are capable of increased horizontal and vertical resolution, reduced crosstalk between the components, and a wide aspect ratio. Experimental results on a split-luminance system show that 600 lines of horizontal resolution are achieved after the luminance signal band has been divided at the encoder and recombined at the decoder. Spatial splitting of the picture is employed to increase the aspect ratio. A low cost HDTV system is also presented that uses a modulated-signal combination. With this system, considerable simplification is possible with a slight reduction in resolution. All proposed systems are fully NTSC compatible and utilize two standard 6 MHz channels for transmission. The improvements can be realized incrementally because of their downward compatibility at the receiver.
Compact slanted grating couplers (2004)

We present a compact and efficient design for slanted grating couplers (SLGC's) to vertically connect fibers and planar waveguides without intermediate optics. The proposed SLGC employs a strong index modulated slanted grating. With the help of a genetic algorithm-based rigorous design tool, a 20microm-long SLGC with 80.1% input coupling efficiency has been optimized. A rigorous mode analysis reveals that the phase-matching condition and Bragg condition are satisfied simultaneously with respect to the fundamental leaky mode supported by the optimized SLGC.
Efficient optical resolution of 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl and related compounds by complex formation with novel chiral host compounds derived from tartaric acid (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEfficient optical resolution of 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl and related compounds by complex formation with novel chiral host compounds derived from tartaric acidFumio Toda and Koichi TanakaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 15, 3607–3609Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00250a037https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00250a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1210Altmetric-Citations88LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (1984)

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging is the latest, and currently most exciting and discussed, clinical diagnostic technique. This article describes, in outline, its basic concepts and methods, and attempts an assessment of its potential disadvantages.
Highly reliable M1X MLC NAND flash memory cell with novel active air-gap and p&#x002B; poly process integration technologies (2013)

Our Middle-1X nm MLC NAND (M1X) flash cell is intensively characterized with respect to reliability and manufacturability. For the first time, the novel active air-gap technology is applied to alleviate the drop of channel boosting potential of program inhibition mode, BL-BL interference is reduced to our 2y nm node level by this novel integration technology. Furthermore, it also relaxes the effect of process variation like EFH (Effective Field oxide Height) on cell Vt distribution. Better endurance and retention characteristics can be obtained by p+ doped poly gate. By optimization of active air-gap profile and poly doping level, M1X nm MLC NAND flash memory has been successfully implemented with superior manufacturability and acceptable reliability.
Necrotic Enteritis in Chickens Associated withClostridium sordellii (2015)

Three outbreaks of necrotic enteritis-like disease associated with Clostridium sordelii were diagnosed in commercial broiler chicken flocks with 18,000 to 31,000 birds between 18 and 26 days old. Clinical signs in the affected flocks included high mortality up to 2% a day, depression, and diarrhea. The main gross changes included segmental dilation of the small intestine with watery contents, gas, mucoid exudate, and roughened and uneven mucosa, occasionally covered with a pseudomembrane. Microscopic lesions in the small intestine were characterized by extensive areas of coagulative necrosis of the villi, fibrinous exudate in the lumen, and high numbers of large, Gram-positive rods, occasionally containing subterminal spores, seen in the necrotic tissue and lumen. These rods were identified as C. sordellii by immunohistochemistry. Clostridium sordellii was isolated in an almost pure culture from the intestine of affected birds. A retrospective study of commercial broiler chicken and turkey submissions to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System revealed that C. sordellii had been isolated from intestinal lesions in outbreaks of necrotic enteritis-like disease in 8 of 39 cases, 5 times together with Clostridium perfringens and 3 times alone. The latter three cases are reported here.
Drug development: longer-lived proteins (2012)

Protein therapeutics represent a powerful class of clinically approved drugs for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Once administered, the biological fate of protein therapeutics is governed by the body's various complex biochemical and biophysical clearance mechanisms, several of which may decrease the drug's circulation time and efficiency. In this tutorial review, we introduce the concepts of physiological protein clearance from the body, and describe several chemical modification and protein engineering approaches used to improve the life span of administered protein therapeutics.
Automatic flesh tone reappearance for color enhancement in TV (1997)

Color enhancement of reproduced color images has been a critical problem in TV systems. A flesh tone reappearance circuit is implemented to enhance the flesh tones as a standard reference color. The system consists of a phase detector to detect the flesh tones in real-time from the 3.58 MHz color burst signal and color signal, comparators to discriminate the types of flesh tone, and micom to represent standard flesh tone for races such as Mongolian, Caucasian, and people with sun-tan flesh. The proposed algorithm will improve the automatic flesh tone reappearance and provide a reference color to the viewer.
Multiplex single-cell profiling of chromatin accessibility by combinatorial cellular indexing (2015)

Technical advances have enabled the collection of genome and transcriptome data sets with single-cell resolution. However, single-cell characterization of the epigenome has remained challenging. Furthermore, because cells must be physically separated before biochemical processing, conventional single-cell preparatory methods scale linearly. We applied combinatorial cellular indexing to measure chromatin accessibility in thousands of single cells per assay, circumventing the need for compartmentalization of individual cells. We report chromatin accessibility profiles from more than 15,000 single cells and use these data to cluster cells on the basis of chromatin accessibility landscapes. We identify modules of coordinately regulated chromatin accessibility at the level of single cells both between and within cell types, with a scalable method that may accelerate progress toward a human cell atlas.
Dynamic Solvation in Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids on Short Time Scales (2006)

Steady-state and time-resolved Stokes shift data for the probe coumarin 153 in two imidazoles, six imidazolium-based ionic liquids, and several other solvents are presented. These results are consistent with our original suggestion (J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 10245-10255) that initial solvation is dominated by the organic moiety of the ionic liquid, and they show that for the imidazole-based liquids initial solvation is in all cases very rapid. Solvation by methylimidazole and butylimidazole is complete in 100 ps, and all of the imidazolium ionic liquids demonstrate similarly rapid initial solvation. Owing to the importance of determining the amount of initial solvation that is missed in a given experiment with finite time resolution, we discuss a method of estimating the intramolecular contribution to the reorganization energy. This method yields 2068 cm(-1) and is compared with an alternative method.
Herstellung von 1,1-Dihaloalkanen (1986)

Synthese par reaction de bis-trifluoromesylacetal d'alcanals avec le bromure ou chlorure de magnesium dans CS 2
Optimization and characterization of a structured illumination microscope (2007)

Structured illumination microscopy provides a simple and cheap mean to obtain optical sections of a sample. It can be implemented easily on a regular fluorescent microscope and is a scanning free alternative to confocal microscopy.We have analyzed theoretically the performances of the technique in terms of sectioning strength, resolution enhancement along the optical axis, and signal to background as a function of the objective used and the grid's characteristics (pitch and contrast). We show that under optimized conditions, the axial resolution can be improved by a factor of 1.5 in comparison with an epifluorescence microscope, and that optical cuts with a thickness of less than 400nm can be obtained with a 1.4 numerical aperture objective. We modified the original grid in-step modulation pattern and used a sinusoidal modulation for the grid displacement. Optical sections are computed by combining four images acquired during one modulation period. This algorithm is very stable even for modulations at high frequencies. The speed of the acquisition is thus only limited by the performance of the detector and the signal/background ratio of the sample. Finally, we compared our technique to commercial setups: a confocal microscope, a Spinning Disk Microscope and a Zeiss Apotome.
Engineered Cpf1 Enzymes with Altered PAM Specificities (2016)

Summary The RNA-guided endonuclease Cpf1 is a promising tool for genome editing in eukaryotic cells 1-5 . Compared to other genome editing platforms, Cpf1 offers distinct advantages, such as the ability to easily target multiple genes simultaneously 3 , as well as low rates of off-target activity 4, 5 . However, the Acidaminococcus sp. BV3L6 Cpf1 (AsCpf1), which has been successfully harnessed for genome editing, can only robustly cleave target sites preceded by a TTTV protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), which may limit its practical utility. To address this limitation, we used a structure- guided saturation mutagenesis screen to increase the targeting range of Cpf1. We engineered two variants of AsCpf1 with the mutations S542R/K607R and S542R/K548V/N552R that can cleave target sites with TYCV/CCCC and TATV PAMs, respectively, with enhanced activities in vitro and in human cells. Genome-wide assessment of off-target activity indicated that these variants retain a high level of DNA targeting specificity, which can be further improved by introducing mutations in non-PAM-interacting domains. Together, these variants increase the targeting range of AsCpf1 to one cleavage site for every ~8.7 bp in non-repetitive regions of the human genome, providing a useful addition to the CRISPR/Cas genome engineering toolbox.
Transformative therapy in hypophosphatasia (2016)

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare, potentially life-threatening disease characterised by hypomineralisation of bones and teeth.1 The fundamental defect is reduced functional activity of the enzyme tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (usually just termed alkaline phosphatase [ALP] in clinical practice). Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the ALPL gene result in the most severe phenotypes of HPP. However, dominant negative effects can also be observed when a single heterozygous mutation affects the binding site(s) of the ALP homodimer. ALP catabolises inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), an inhibitor of bone mineralisation, and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP; major form of vitamin B6), allowing pyridoxal to cross the blood–brain barrier and enter pathways leading to neurotransmitter synthesis.

There are six clinical forms of HPP, four of which have clear relevance in paediatric practice—perinatal, benign prenatal, infantile and juvenile HPP. In some instances the adult form has unrecognised paediatric onset, while odonto-HPP simply affects the teeth.1 Bone-targeted enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT) with asfotase alfa (administered subcutaneously 3–6 times per week) is now available, having recently been approved in several regions. For those presenting early in life, such treatment has been shown to reduce mortality during the first year of life from ∼97% in perinatally presenting cases and close to 60% in cases presenting later in infancy to ∼10% overall.

In contrast to many other disorders treated with ERT, there is no accumulation of toxic metabolites. Thus, with ERT, many of the …
Inactivation and Mutation of Cultured Mammalian Cells by Aluminium Characteristic Ultrasoft X-rays (1977)

The induction of inactivation and mutation to thioguanine-resistance of two types of cultured mammalian cells, V79 Chinese hamster and HF19 human diploid, was studied after irradiation with aluminium K characteristic ultrasoft X-rays, helium ion track intersections of different LET, 42 MeV d-Be neutrons, and hard X- or gamma-rays. The form of the dose-response curves was different for the two cell-types, and there was an overall difference in radiosensitivity, the human cells being the more sensitive to all radiations. However, for both inactivation and mutation-induction, the relative responses of both cell-types to these radiations was similar. Aluminium X-rays were considerably more effective than hard X- or gamma-rays and were at least as effective as helium ions of 20-28 keV micron-1, although aluminium X-rays produce tracks of very limited range (less than about 0.07 micron). Single track effects by aluminium X-rays cannot, therefore, extend beyond about 0.07 micron, and the subcellular sites involved in inactivation and mutation cannot be greater than this dimension or else the effectiveness of aluminium X-rays would be similar to that of low-LET radiations. This observation is in contradiction to models of radiation action which require relatively large sensitive sites; for example the 'theory of dual radiation action' requires a site diameter of about 0.4 micron to explain the shape of the dose-response curves for V79 hamster cells.
GLP-2 augments the adaptive response to massive intestinal resection in rat (1998)

To determine whether treatment with a potent protease-resistant analog of human glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) might augment the adaptive response to massive intestinal resection, rats were divided into resected, which had 75% of the midjejunoileum removed, sham-resected, and nonsurgical groups. Within each group, animals were assigned to 21 days of treatment with the drug (0.1 micrograms/g of the GLP-2 analog in phosphate-buffered saline) or vehicle alone subcutaneously twice daily. Food intake; weight gain; jejunal and ileal diameters, total and mucosal wet weights per centimeter, crypt depths, and villus heights; mucosal sucrase activity, milligrams of protein per centimeter, and micrograms of DNA per centimeter; and D-xylose absorption were measured. There was a significant increase in diameter, total and mucosal wet weights per centimeter, crypt-villus height, sucrase activity, milligrams of protein per centimeter and micrograms of DNA per centimeter in both the jejunum and ileum in response to resection and a significant additive response to the GLP-2 analog in the jejunum but not in the ileum. The ratio of milligrams of protein per centimeter to micrograms of DNA per centimeter of mucosa was not different among groups, consistent with hyperplasia. D-Xylose absorption was significantly reduced in response to resection; however, the GLP-2 analog enhanced the absorptive capacity in control animals and restored the absorptive capacity in resected animals. Thus the GLP-2 analog induces mucosal hyperplasia and enhances the rate and magnitude of the proximal intestinal adaptive response to massive resection.
Multicenter comparison of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C anti-capsular polysaccharide antibody levels measured by a standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (1994)

A standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used by 11 laboratories to measure levels of total serum antibody to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C capsular polysaccharide in 16 unpaired pre- and postvaccination serum samples. Twelve serum samples were from adults, and four were from children aged 2, 3, 5, and 9. The between-laboratory coefficient of variation for pre- and postvaccination sera ranged from 16 to 59% and 11 to 21%, respectively. The average percent difference (absolute value) from the between-laboratory means for all prevaccination sera measured by each laboratory was 24%, whereas the average percent difference was 13% for all postvaccination sera. A postvaccination quality control serum was diluted three times to give optical densities on the high, middle, and low portions of the standard reference curve. The three dilutions were assayed by the 11 laboratories a total of 241 times and yielded an overall coefficient of variation of 20%. Antibody-binding inhibition curves showed that the standardized ELISA was specific for N. meningitidis serogroup C capsular polysaccharide antibody. Fifty percent inhibition of seven serum samples was obtained after reaction with an average concentration of 0.9 micrograms of meningococcal serogroup C polysaccharide per ml; an average of 93% inhibition was obtained with 50 micrograms of polysaccharide per ml. The acceptance and use of this standardized ELISA will reduce between-laboratory assay variability and ensure a more accurate and reproducible assessment of immunogenicity for vaccines under development.
Structure of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Aromatic-Derivatized Thiols on Evaporated Gold and Silver Surfaces: Implication on Packing Mechanism (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Aromatic-Derivatized Thiols on Evaporated Gold and Silver Surfaces: Implication on Packing MechanismShun-Chi Chang, Ito Chao, and Yu-Tai TaoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 15, 6792–6805Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00094a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00094a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1258Altmetric-Citations171LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Reduction of EMI in AC Drives Through Dithering Within Limited Switching Frequency Range (2008)

In this paper, a method is presented to reduce electromagnetic (EM) emissions in AC drives. This method is applicable to many AC drives. It is proposed to dither the switching frequency of the power devices of an inverter in a pseudorandom way to spread out the emitted RF energy over a larger frequency range. The proposed method requires only software changes. Practical constraints to implement the frequency dithering approach are discussed. Simulation and measurement results show an improvement of more than 10 dB. The proposed method also converts specific spikes in the long-wave range from narrowband to broadband noise, which results in less stringent EM emission requirements for many applications.