gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multipoint dixon technique for water and fat proton and susceptibility imaging (1991)

Extensions to a previously described three-point Dixon magnetic resonance imaging technique are presented that use alternative water/fat phase-encoding strategies. The technique is generalized to phase encoding of (-theta, O, theta) or (O, theta, 2 theta) radians, and the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) performance is evaluated. It was found that a theta of 2 pi/3 radians has optimal S/N but that a theta of pi radians is a good compromise and that phase encoding of (O, pi, 2 pi) radians offer an advantage over the previous method, which used (-pi, O, pi) increments, in that a T2' (intravoxel susceptibility dephasing) image may be obtained in addition to the usual water, fat, and Bo images. A new four-point method with phase encoding of (O, pi, 2 pi, 3 pi) radians that can also provide a measure of the spectral width of the fat resonance is suggested. The disadvantages of the method are the extra imaging time and low S/N efficiency.
Laser thermal therapy: Real‐time MRI‐guided and computer‐controlled procedures for metastatic brain tumors (2011)

Real-time magnetic resonance (MR) guidance of laser-induced thermal therapy (LITT) offers a high level of control. This tool therefore enables a minimally invasive option for destruction and treatment of resistant focal metastatic intracranial tumors. MR-guided LITT appears to provide a safe and potentially effective treatment for recurrent focal metastatic brain disease. A larger phase II and III series would be of interest to quantify potential median survival advantage.
SYMPATHECTOMY IN BRONCHIAL ASTHMA (1925)

The favorable report of Kümmell<sup>1</sup>on resection of the cervical sympathetic ganglion in bronchial asthma led us to attempt this procedure in two severe cases of asthma. The patients had been under observation by one of us for a number of years in the clinic of the French Hospital. No improvement had resulted from the usual methods of treatment. In selecting cases for sympathectomy, we desire to stress the necessity of doing a very complete test against all available proteins, as only nonallergic cases should be subjected to this method of treatment. <h3>REPORT OF CASES</h3><h3>Case 1.—History.</h3> —J. C., a man, aged 55, had had frequent attacks of coughing, dyspnea and profuse expectoration for twenty-nine years. He had had periods of remission and felt fairly well. For the past few years, shortness of breath had been quite constant, and he had attacks of coughing almost every night. The
Adaptive power control for solar harvesting multimodal wireless smart camera (2009)

Energy efficiency for wireless smart camera networks is one of the major efforts in the distributed monitoring and surveillance community. If video cameras are equipped with circuits that receive and convert energy from regenerative sources such as solar cells, an effective power management becomes essential for the design of small sized and perpetually powered devices, which can be deployed unattended for years and feature smart vision applications. In this paper we present a simple but optimal power management tailored for multi-modal video sensor nodes and based on model predictive controller (MPC) principles. The system is designed for low-power and low-cost video surveillance and exploits small solar cells for battery recharging and pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensors to provide low-power monitoring when the camera is not needed. The aim of this work is to show how an adaptive controller helps the system to improve its performance while outperforming naive power management policies. Simulation results and measurements on the video sensor node demonstrate the efficiency of our approach.
GPR119 agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (2009)

GPR119 agonists mediate a unique nutrient-dependent dual elevation of both insulin and glucagon like peptide 1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide levels in vivo. As a stand-alone therapy or in tandem with approved DPP-IV inhibitors, they could herald a brand new treatment paradigm for type 2 diabetes mellitus. With the passage of the first GPR119 agonist clinical candidates into Phase I trials (Arena/Ortho McNeil APD597; Metabolex MBX-2982; Prosidion/OSI PSN821) and confirmatory reports of clinical proof of concept with respect to glycemic control and incretin release, the spotlight has been set for this new class of therapeutic.
Roles of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in dexamethasone-induced diabetes. (1992)

The roles of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in glucocorticoid-induced diabetes were determined in Wistar and Zucker (fa/fa) rats. All Wistar rats treated with 5 mg/kg per d of dexamethasone for 24 d exhibited increased beta-cell mass and basal and arginine-stimulated insulin secretion, indicating insulin resistance, but only 16% became diabetic. The insulin response to 20 mM glucose was normal in the perfused pancreas of all normoglycemic dexamethasone-treated rats but absent in every diabetic rat. Immunostainable high Km beta-cell transporter, GLUT-2, was present in approximately 100% of beta-cells of normoglycemic rats, but in only 25% of beta cells of diabetic rats. GLUT-2 mRNA was not reduced. All Zucker (fa/fa) rats treated with 0.2-0.4 mg/kg per d of dexamethasone for 24 d became diabetic and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was absent in all. High Km glucose transport in islets was 50% below nondiabetic controls. Only 25% of beta cells of diabetic rats were GLUT-2-positive compared with approximately 100% in controls. Total pancreatic GLUT-2 mRNA was increased twofold suggesting a posttranscriptional abnormality. We conclude that dexamethasone induces insulin resistance, whether or not it induces hyperglycemia. Whenever hyperglycemia is present, GLUT-2-positive beta cells are reduced, high Km glucose transport into beta cells is attenuated and the insulin response to glucose is absent.
Tissue-type plasminogen activator induces opening of the blood-brain barrier via the LDL receptor–related protein (2003)

The regulation of cerebrovascular permeability is critical for normal brain homeostasis, and the “breakdown” of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is associated with the development of vasogenic edema and intracranial hypertension in a number of neurological disorders. In this study we demonstrate that an increase in endogenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) activity in the perivascular tissue following cerebral ischemia induces opening of the BBB via a mechanism that is independent of both plasminogen (Plg) and MMP-9. We also show that injection of tPA into the cerebrospinal fluid in the absence of ischemia results in a rapid dose-dependent increase in vascular permeability. This activity is not seen with urokinase-type Plg activator (uPA) but is induced in Plg–/– mice, confirming that the effect is Plg-independent. However, the activity is blocked by antibodies to the LDL receptor–related protein (LRP) and by the LRP antagonist, receptor-associated protein (RAP), suggesting a receptor-mediated process. Together these studies demonstrate that tPA is both necessary and sufficient to directly increase vascular permeability in the early stages of BBB opening, and suggest that this occurs through a receptor-mediated cell signaling event and not through generalized degradation of the vascular basement membrane.
Detection of Intensity Change Points in Time-Resolved Single-Molecule Measurements (2004)

We present a method for the analysis of optical single molecule emission data that exhibit discrete intensity jumps. This new method uses a generalized likelihood ratio test that determines the location of an intensity change point based on individual photon arrival times. This test is applied recursively to an entire single molecule intensity trajectory, thus finding each change points. Expectation-maximization clustering and the Bayesian information criterion is then used for accurate determination of the true number of states accessible to the system. This procedure allows rigorous and quantitative determination of intensity change points without the artificial time resolution limitations that arise from binning and thresholding.
Modifications of Low Dielectric Constant Fluorinated Amorphous Carbon Films by Multiple Plasma Treatments (2002)

This study investigated the material and electrical characteristics of hydrogen, nitrogen plasma-treated fluorinated amorphous carbon (a-C:F) films in relation to their thermal stability. Experimental results indicate that the nitridation passivation layer and hydrogen passivated chemical bonds on the film surface effectively suppress thermal decomposition during high temperature annealing. Accordingly, a multiple plasma treatment on a-C:F films was proposed. In this treatment, nitrogen plasma nitridation was performed not only to passivate the a-C:F films against copper diffusion, but also to prevent the fluorine contents from penetrating into copper intermetals. Hydrogen plasma treatment then recovered unstable bonds formed during the nitridation process, thus yielding stable chemical structures and inducing hydrophobic characteristics of the film surface. The multiple plasma-treated a-C:F films demonstrated the desired performance as interlayer dielectrics. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Interdigestive intestinal motility in dogs with chronic exclusion of bile from the digestive tract (1987)

To elucidate the role of bile delivery into the duodenum on the regulation of plasma motilin and on the interdigestive migrating complex, three dogs were operated upon to ligate the main bile duct and divert the biliary flow into the urinary bladder via a Foley catheter. After the operation, despite the chronic diversion of bile from the digestive tract, all animals maintained an excellent health status and exhibited recurrent periods of phase III motor activity migrating from the duodenum to the ileum, which were associated with cyclic increases in plasma motilin. Following the infusion of pooled dog bile (1 mL/min for 10 min) into the duodenum, a premature phase III and a concomitant rise in plasma motilin were observed. These results suggest, that although bile delivery into the duodenum can induce motilin increase in plasma and period of phase III activity in the gut, this phenomenon does not constitute an essential stimulus for the release of motilin and for the induction of the phase III of the interdigestive migrating complex.
High performance half-micron PMOSFETs with 0.1um shallow P<sup>+</sup>N junction utilizing selective silicon growth and rapid thermal annealing (1987)

High performance half-micron PMOSFETs with extremely shallow junction and low parasitic resistance have been realized utilizing selective silicon growth(SSG) with rapid thermal anneal(RTA) processing. In the technology, SSG greatly contributes to reduction of effective junction depth for MOSFETs because of raised source/drain(S/D) structures, and RTA can effectively reduce the junction depth, S/D resistance, and contact resistance due to its excellent activation characteristics of implanted ions and anneal-out of fluorine induced defects. By combining SSG with RTA, shallow P <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> N junction of 0.1µm depth, sheet resistance of 56ohm/square, and contact resistance of 30ohms for 0.8µm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> contact were achieved simultaneously. Moreover, this device structure can provide relaxed alignment tolerances as well as more reliable contact characteristics by avoiding aluminum spiking. The feasibility of the fabrication process and device structure has been demonstrated.
The Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infection (PANDAS) Etiology for Tics and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms: Hypothesis or Entity? Practical Considerations for the Clinician (2004)

Clinicians have been faced with much publicity and contradictory scientific evidence regarding a recently described condition termed pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS). It has been proposed that children with PANDAS experience tics, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and perhaps other neuropsychiatric symptoms as an autoimmune response to streptococcal infection. We review current scientific information and conclude that PANDAS remains a yet-unproven hypothesis. Until more definitive scientific proof is forthcoming, there seems to be insufficient evidence to support 1) routine microbiologic or serologic testing for group A streptococcus in children who present with neuropsychiatric symptoms or 2) the clinical use of antibiotic or immune-modifying therapies in such patients. The optimum diagnostic and therapeutic approach awaits the results of additional research studies.
Image-driven view management for augmented reality browsers (2012)

In this paper, we introduce a novel view management technique for placing labels in Augmented Reality systems. A common issue in many Augmented Reality applications is the absence of knowledge of the real environment, limiting the efficient representation and optimal layout of the digital information augmented onto the real world. To overcome this problem, we introduce an image-based approach, which combines a visual saliency algorithm with edge analysis to identify potentially important image regions and geometric constraints for placing labels. Our proposed solution also includes adaptive rendering techniques that allow a designer to control the appearance of depth cues. We describe the results obtained from a user study considering different scenarios, which we performed for validating our approach. Our technique will provide special benefits to Augmented Reality browsers that usually lack scene knowledge, but also to many other applications in the domain of Augmented Reality such as cultural heritage and maintenance applications.
Microheterogeneity of Erythropoietin Carbohydrate Structure (1995)

The microheterogeneity of the carbohydrate structures on recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells has been evaluated by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) of glycopeptide fragments. The microheterogeneity is largely associated with the presence or absence of terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) residues, varying amounts of O-acetylation of the Neu5Ac residues, and the presence or absence of N-acetyllactosamine extensions. The N-linked carbohydrate structures were structurally diverse; 52 different N-linked oligosaccharide structures were identified. Consistent structural assignments could be made from data obtained using different proteolytic digests, ESI solvent systems (aqueous/methanol systems with acetic or formic acid), and on-line or off-line LC/MS analysis. All glycosylation sites exhibited some level of O-acetylation of Neu5Ac residues. Interestingly, glycosylation site asparagine-83 exhibits mono-O-acetyl and di-O-acetyl Neu5Ac residues, while the other sites, asparagine-24, asparagine-38, and serine-126, exhibit mainly mono-O-acetyl Neu5Ac derivatization. This difference in O-acetylation may be site specific or due to sample handling of labile structures. However, mild base treatment of rHuEPO with NaOH on ice removed the O-acetyl groups associated with a given carbohydrate structure, without adversely affecting the underlying oligosaccharide structure, resulting in a simplified mass spectra. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of Neu5Ac residues released by neuraminidase treatment of total rHuEPO indicated that Neu5,9Ac2 residues were present. Additional resonances were also observed that were consistent with other Neu5Ac O-acetyl linkages; these O-acetyl resonances could be removed by mild base hydrolysis of rHuEPO.
Handbook of Organophosphorus Chemistry (1992)

This practical work summarizes the development of organophosphorus chemistry in topical areas and details the discipline's current state - providing applications and experimental procedures throughout.;Written by 18 leading authorities in the field, the Handbook of Organophosphorus Chemistry: examines advances in the mechanistic understanding of the Perkow and related organophosphorus reactions; describes methods for the reduction of quinquevalent to trivalent phosphorus and their applications to standard synthetic procedures; emphasizes the preparation of phosphonates bearing hydroxy, amino, and thiol functions at the alpha-position relative to the phosphoryl group; reviews the basics of NMR as it applies to the 31P nucleus, considering the use of the latest measurement techniques in solving structural and mechanistic problems; compares the characteristics of polymer-based and monomeric materials; and presents recent progress in the design of insecticides and covers their chemical and biological characteristics.;Generously referenced with close to 3000 bibliographic citations, the Handbook of Organophosphorus Chemistry is an important volume for organic, medicinal, and agricultural chemists and biochemists; pharmacists; chemical engineers; and graduate-level students in these disciplines.
Self-medication for the control of dental pain: what are our patients taking? (1994)

As all dental practitioners are aware, patients suffering from dental pain often self-medicate with over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics in order to alleviate their symptoms: indeed, some patients seem to view the use of these drugs as a means of avoiding the need for dental attendance altogether. The use (and abuse) of such medication is entirely under the control of the patient. The study reported in this article shows which commonly available analgesics are chosen by patients and how effective they are considered to be. The authors also assess the overall pattern of analgesic self-medication, and discuss the problem of over-consumption.
Conformation Heterogeneity and Mobility of Surfactant Molecules in Intercalated Clay Minerals Studied by Solid-State NMR (2000)

The conformation heterogeneity and mobility of surfactant molecules in intercalated montmorillonite clay minerals have been investigated using variable-temperature solid-state 13C NMR and two-dimensional proton wide-line separation (2D WISE) 1H−13C NMR spectroscopy. Previous FTIR studies by Vaia et al. for the first time revealed the existence of a gauche conformation of surfactant molecules in clay minerals and further illustrated the transition from an ordered conformation, to a liquid crystalline state, to completely liquidlike behavior. The NMR study reported in this paper clearly demonstrates the coexistence of order and disordered chain conformations. Two main resonance peaks are resolved and associated with the backbone alkyl chains: the resonance at 33 ppm corresponds to the ordered conformation (all-trans), and the resonance at 30 ppm corresponds to the disordered conformation (mixture of trans and gauche). The NMR technique allows detailed characterization and quantification of the conformational heterogeneity, which is difficult to determine by other techniques. Furthermore, variable-temperature NMR also directly provides quantitative information on the rigidity of the different conformations. Results from cross-polarization time constant TCH measurements along with 2D WISE NMR suggest that molecules in the ordered all-trans conformation are as rigid as those in solid crystalline materials and that molecules in the disordered conformation are similar to those in liquid crystalline materials. Upon heating, the molecules in the disordered conformation remain more or less unchanged, while the molecules in the ordered conformation become disordered. However, the intercalated molecules in the clay minerals never attained the complete liquidlike behavior even after all the bound surfactant assumed a disordered conformation.
The Limited Reliability of Physical Signs for Estimating Hemodynamics in Chronic Heart Failure (1989)

The cardiovascular physical examination is used commonly as a basis for diagnosis and therapy in chronic heart failure, although the relationship between physical signs, increased ventricular filling pressure, and decreased cardiac output has not been established for this population. We prospectively compared physical signs with hemodynamic measurements in 50 patients with known chronic heart failure (ejection fraction, .18 +/- .06). Rales, edema, and elevated mean jugular venous pressure were absent in 18 of 43 patients with pulmonary capillary wedge pressures greater than or equal to 22 mm Hg, for which the combination of these signs had 58% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Proportional pulse pressure correlated well with cardiac index (r = .82), and when less than 25% pulse pressure had 91% sensitivity and 83% specificity for a cardiac index less than 2.2 L/min/m2. In chronic heart failure, reliance on physical signs for elevated ventricular filling pressure might result in inadequate therapy. Conversely, the adequacy of cardiac output is assessed reliably by pulse pressure. Our results facilitate decisions regarding treatment in chronic heart failure.
Structure-Based Design of Novel HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors To Combat Drug Resistance (2006)

Structure-based design and synthesis of novel HIV protease inhibitors are described. The inhibitors are designed specifically to interact with the backbone of HIV protease active site to combat drug resistance. Inhibitor 3 has exhibited exceedingly potent enzyme inhibitory and antiviral potency. Furthermore, this inhibitor maintains impressive potency against a wide spectrum of HIV including a variety of multi-PI-resistant clinical strains. The inhibitors incorporated a stereochemically defined 5-hexahydrocyclopenta[b]furanyl urethane as the P2-ligand into the (R)-(hydroxyethylamino)sulfonamide isostere. Optically active (3aS,5R,6aR)-5-hydroxy-hexahydrocyclopenta[b]furan was prepared by an enzymatic asymmetrization of meso-diacetate with acetyl cholinesterase, radical cyclization, and Lewis acid-catalyzed anomeric reduction as the key steps. A protein-ligand X-ray crystal structure of inhibitor 3-bound HIV-1 protease (1.35 A resolution) revealed extensive interactions in the HIV protease active site including strong hydrogen bonding interactions with the backbone. This design strategy may lead to novel inhibitors that can combat drug resistance.
Molecular logic devices (half-subtractor, comparator, complementary output circuit) by controlling photoinduced charge transfer processes (2007)

The fluorescence properties of a naphthalene derivative with a methoxy and a pyridyl substituent were investigated, including the influence of protons, electron-donating amines, and dihydrogenphosphate anions. The naphthalene derivative shows strong fluorescence with a maximum at 353 nm, which can be quenched by amines through a diffusion-controlled photoinduced electron transfer. Protonation of the pyridyl residue leads to the observation of a red-shifted broad emission at 470 nm, which has been assigned to an internal charge transfer state. The interpretation of the fluorescence behaviour in the presence or absence of the chemical inputs leads to the realisation of unimolecular logic circuits, which are able to perform advanced arithmetic operations such as subtraction (XOR/INH combination) and comparison (XNOR/INH combination). Furthermore, a complementary output circuit (INH/IMP combination) was implemented. The implicated logic gates can be reconfigured, either by application of different input sets or by varying the fluorescence output observation wavelength. The system works in an all-fluorescence output mode, which leads to a superposition of the gates. This is of particular advantage as it allows reading out without any time lag, which is a commonly encountered problem in silicon circuitry based on electrical signals.