gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sialyloligosaccharides of the respiratory epithelium in the selection of human influenza virus receptor specificity. (1990)

Human H3 strains of influenza A virus preferentially bind cell-surface oligosaccharides containing the sequence NeuAc alpha 2,6Gal, while avian influenza strains preferentially recognize the sequence NeuAc alpha 2,3Gal. The distribution of these two types of sialic acid linkages on host respiratory epithelium, the target of influenza infection, may be a factor in the selection of the different receptor specificities observed in human and avian influenza strains. To examine the distribution of these two structures on human tracheal epithelial cells, two sialic acid specific lectins were used. The Sambucus nigra lectin (SNA), which recognizes the sequence NeuAc alpha 2,6Gal/GalNac, primarily binds to the surface of the ciliated tracheal epithelial cells, and only weakly binds to mucins in the surface goblet cells. In contrast, the Maackia amurensis lectin (MAL), which is specific for the NeuAc alpha 2,3Gal sequence, binds strongly to mucus droplets in goblet cells, but not to the surface of ciliated cells. Thus, human ciliated tracheal cells appear to contain sialyloligosaccharides preferentially recognized by human influenza strains. These findings suggest that human H3 influenza strains may have evolved a receptor specificity which favors binding to ciliated cells, and minimizes binding inhibition by respiratory mucus.
Demonstration of a 120 GHz single-flux-quantum shift register circuit based on a 10 kA cm−2Nb process (2006)

Designs and test results for a single-flux-quantum (SFQ) eight-bit shift register circuit operating at frequencies above 100 GHz are described. The high-speed performance was realized by introducing a planarized 10 kA cm−2 Nb fabrication process as an advanced process and by adopting middle-damped junctions with McCumber parameters βc of 1.8–2.9 in the circuit. The middle-damped junctions were used to reduce the repulsion between SFQ pulses and to adjust the timing. The circuit was designed using a cell-based design method and was tested by constructing an on-chip test system with a ladder-type four-bit high-frequency clock generator. We confirmed its correct operations up to 120 GHz.
Functional Coatings and Microencapsulation: A General Perspective (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: An Overview of Coatings and Paints Classification of Coating Properties What are Functional Coatings Types and Application of Functional Coatings Anticorrosive Coatings High Thermal-Resistant and Fire-Retardant Coatings Scratch- and Abrasion-Resistant Coatings Self-Cleaning Coatings Antibacterial Coatings Antifouling Coatings Microencapsulation Microcapsules Morphology of Microcapsules Benefits of Microencapsulation Microencapsulation Techniques Chemical Methods Physico-Chemical Processes Physico-Mechanical Processes Enhancing Coating Functionalities with Microcapsules Conclusions
Development of an automated antibiotic consultant. (1993)

Physicians frequently need to order antibiotic therapy before the results of bacterial cultures and antibiotic susceptibility tests are available. Therapy selected empirically should be chosen on the basis of the most recent information about probable pathogens and their susceptibility to various drugs. We have developed a series of computer programs to help physicians identify the antibiotic regimens with the highest probability of acting against the pathogens that are most likely to be present at suspected sites of infection in individual patients. This automated antibiotic consultant is now available on our hospital information system. A comparison of the antibiotic regimens suggested by the computer with those indicated by cultures and susceptibility tests showed that the computer suggested an appropriate regimen for 717 of 761 culture events (94%).
Evolutionary Dynamics of the T-Cell Receptor VB Gene Family as Inferred from the Human and Mouse Genomic Sequences (2001)

The diversity of T-cell receptors is generated primarily by the variable-region gene families, each of which is composed of a large number of member genes. The entire genomic sequence of the variable region (VB) of the T- cell receptor beta chain from humans and mice has become available. To understand the evolutionary dynamics of the VB gene family, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of all VB genes from humans and mice, as well as a detailed analysis of internal DNA duplications in the human genomic VB region. The phylogenetic tree obtained shows that human and mouse VB genes intermingle extensively rather than forming two separate clusters and that many gene duplications occurred both before and after the divergence between primates and rodents. Analyzing the genomic maps of transposable elements (e.g., LINEs and SINEs) and relic VB genes in the VB gene region, we present evidence that a 20-kb VB region duplicated tandemly four times in the human lineage during the last 32 Myr, and 6 out of the 15 VB genes in this region have become nonfunctional during this period. Our results show that the VB gene family is subject to evolution by a birth-and-death process rather than to concerted evolution.
Enhanced multiplex genome engineering through co-operative oligonucleotide co-selection (2012)

Genome-scale engineering of living organisms requires precise and economical methods to efficiently modify many loci within chromosomes. One such example is the directed integration of chemically synthesized single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (oligonucleotides) into the chromosome of Escherichia coli during replication. Herein, we present a general co-selection strategy in multiplex genome engineering that yields highly modified cells. We demonstrate that disparate sites throughout the genome can be easily modified simultaneously by leveraging selectable markers within 500 kb of the target sites. We apply this technique to the modification of 80 sites in the E. coli genome.
Growth of human gastric cancer cells in nude mice is delayed by a ketogenic diet supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids and medium-chain triglycerides (2008)

Application of an unrestricted ketogenic diet enriched with omega-3 fatty acids and MCT delayed tumour growth in a mouse xenograft model. Further studies are needed to address the impact of this diet on other tumour-relevant functions such as invasive growth and metastasis.
Molecular cloning and biological characterization of a human gene, ERCC2, that corrects the nucleotide excision repair defect in CHO UV5 cells. (1988)

The UV-sensitive Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line UV5, which is defective in the incision step of nucleotide excision repair, was used to identify and clone a complementing human gene, ERCC2, and to study the repair process. Genomic DNA from a human-hamster hybrid cell line was sheared and cotransferred with pSV2gpt plasmid DNA into UV5 cells to obtain five primary transformants. Transfer of sheared DNA from one primary transformant resulted in a secondary transformant expressing both gpt and ERCC2. The human repair gene was identified with a probe for Alu-family repetitive sequences. For most primary, secondary, and cosmid transformants, survival after UV exposure showed a return to wild-type levels of resistance. The levels of UV-induced mutation at the aprt locus for secondary and cosmid transformants varied from 50 to 130% of the wild-type level. Measurements of the initial rate of UV-induced strand incision by alkaline elution indicated that, whereas the UV5 rate was 3% of the wild-type level, rates of cosmid-transformed lines were similar to that of the wild type, and the secondary transformant rate was about 165% of the wild-type rate. Analysis of overlapping cosmids determined that ERCC2 is between 15.5 and 20 kilobases and identified a closely linked gpt gene. Cosmids were obtained with functional copies of both ERCC2 and gpt. ERCC2 corrects only the first of the five CHO complementation groups of incision-defective mutants.
IN SITU HYDROGEL: DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY (2013)

Ophthalmic drug delivery is one of the more interesting and challenging endeavor facing the pharmaceutical scientist. The conventional ophthalmic drug delivery systems like solution, suspensions and ointment’s show drawbacks such as increased pre-corneal elimination, high variability in efficiency and blurred vision respectively. To overcome these drawbacks there are considerable efforts directed towards newer drug delivery system for ophthalmic administration. Newer research in ophthalmic drug delivery system is directed towards amalgamation of several drug delivery technologies, that includes to build up systems which is not only extend the contact time of the vehicle at the ocular surface, increase corneal absorption of drug, but at the same time slow down the removal of the drug.. In situ forming ophthalmic hydro-gels are liquid upon instillation undergoes phase transition in the ocular cul-de-sac to form visco elastic gel and this provides a response to environmental changes. The factors considered during the formulation of in situ Hydrogel like temperature modulation, pH change, and presence of ion. The choice of a particular in situ Hydrogel depends on its intrinsic properties and envisaged therapeutic use. In situ forming ophthalmic gelling system provides ease of administration and reduces frequency of administration, improve patient compliance and comfort.
Mapping of Phosphorylation Sites of Gel-Isolated Proteins by Nanoelectrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry:  Potentials and Limitations (1998)

Precursor ion scans have proven to be extremely useful for the characterization of unseparated peptide mixtures. In conjunction with the nanoelectrospray source, precursor ion scans provide a sensitive tool for the detection of posttranslationally modified peptides and have been used to determine phosphorylation sites of proteins digested in solution. In this report, we extend our previous work to the determination of protein phosphorylation sites of gel-isolated proteins. The in-gel digestion procedure developed in our laboratory for protein microsequencing was found to be suitable for phosphorylation mapping as well. The risk of losing hydrophilic peptides in the desalting step was decreased by using column packing material designed for the purification of oligonucleotides and by adjusting the pH conditions to the needs of phosphopeptide analysis. With this method, the tryptic phosphopeptides of beta-casein were detected after in-gel digestion at a sensitivity of 250 fmol of protein applied to the gel. The phosphorylation sites of two other proteins, Src-delta U and Op18, have similarly been mapped. Subpicomole to low-picomole amounts of protein starting material are needed in general, although we and others have reported attomole sensitivity for the detection of model phosphopeptides using precursor ion scans. This indicates that the success in determining phosphorylation sites depends crucially on the digestion, extraction, and detection efficiency for individual phosphopeptides.
Clostridium difficileInfection in Patients Discharged from US Short-stay Hospitals, 1996–20031 (2006)

US hospital discharges for which Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) was listed as any diagnosis doubled from 82,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 71,000-94,000) or 31/100,000 population in 1996 to 178,000 (95% CI 151,000-205,000) or 61/100,000 in 2003; this increase was significant between 2000 and 2003 (slope of linear trend 9.48; 95% CI 6.16-12.80, p = 0.01). The overall rate during this period was severalfold higher in persons >65 years of age (228/100,000) than in the age group with the next highest rate, 45-64 years (40/100,000; p < or = 0.001). CDAD appears to be increasing rapidly in the United States and is disproportionately affecting older persons. Clinicians should be aware of the increasing risk for CDAD and make efforts to control transmission of C. difficile and prevent disease.
Chronic Conditions, Functional Limitations, and Special Health Care Needs of School-aged Children Born With Extremely Low-Birth-Weight in the 1990s (2005)

The ELBW survivors in school at age 8 years who were born in the 1990s have considerable long-term health and educational needs.
The glutamatergic system expression in human PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells. (2009)

These data suggest that the Glu system could be an important regulator of prostate cancer cell biology.
Functional Ephrin-B2 Expression for Promotive Interaction Between Arterial and Venous Vessels in Postnatal Neovascularization (2005)

Our study indicates that the ephrin-B2 ligand is likely to have functional expression on angiogenic arterial ECs and induce a subsequent promotive effect on venous vessels during postnatal neovascularization.
Yeast as a model system for understanding the control of DNA replication in eukaryotes (1990)

In the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the initiation of DNA replication is controlled at a point called START. At this point, the cellular environment is assessed; only if conditions are appropriate do cells traverse START, thus becoming committed to initiate DNA replication and complete the remainder of the cell cycle. The cdc2+/CDC28+ gene, encoding the protein kinase p34, is a key element in this complex control. The identification of structural and functional homologues of p34 suggests that it has a role in the control of DNA replication in all eukaryotes. The WHI1+, CLN1+ and CLN2+ gene products, identified in S. cerevisiae, are positive regulators that function at START and may interact with p34. Determining how passing the START control point leads to the initiation of DNA replication is a major outstanding challenge in cell cycle studies.
Fine Structure of the Human Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase Gene (1986)

The human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene has been characterized by molecular cloning, mapping, and DNA sequencing techniques. The entire gene, which is about 44 kilobases in length, is composed of nine exon elements. The positions of the introns within the coding sequence are identical to those of the previously-characterized mouse HPRT gene, although there are significant differences between intron sizes for the two genes. HPRT minigenes have been used in a transient expression assay involving microinjection into HPRT- cells to demonstrate functional promoter activity within a 234-base-pair region upstream from the ATG codon. The promoter of this gene resembles those of other recently characterized "housekeeping" genes in that it lacks CAAT- and TATA-like sequences, but contains several copies of the sequence GGGCGG. Both RNase protection and primer extension analysis indicate that human HPRT mRNA is heterogeneous at the 5' terminus, with transcription initiation occurring at sites located congruent to 104 to congruent to 169 base pairs upstream from the ATG codon. Comparison of the mouse and human HPRT 5'-flanking sequences indicates that there are only limited stretches of conserved sequence, although there are other shared features, such as an extremely high density of potential methylation sites, that may have functional significance.
Influence of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films on Calcium Phosphate Nucleation (2000)

International audience
Transcriptional control of the murine albumin/alpha-fetoprotein locus during development. (1982)

The ontogeny of expression of the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and albumin genes was examined in livers from late prenatal to 1-month-postpartum C3H/He mice. A parallel accumulation of both AFP and albumin mRNAs before birth, followed by a selective nonreciprocal decrease in AFP mRNA after birth, was observed. The decrease in AFP mRNA was the result of a decrease in transcription of the AFP gene, as measured by an in vitro nuclear transcription assay. We suggest a model for hepatic expression of the AFP and albumin gene cluster in which transcription of the two genes is activated simultaneously during differentiation and each gene is thereafter modulated independently in committed cells.
VMware vSphere and Virtual Infrastructure Security: Securing the Virtual Environment (2009)

Complete Hands-On Help for Securing VMware vSphere and Virtual Infrastructure by Edward Haletky, Author of the Best Selling Book on VMware, VMware ESX Server in the Enterprise As VMware has become increasingly ubiquitous in the enterprise, IT professionals have become increasingly concerned about securing it. Now, for the first time, leading VMware expert Edward Haletky brings together comprehensive guidance for identifying and mitigating virtualization-related security threats on all VMware platforms, including the new cloud computing platform, vSphere. This book reflects the same hands-on approach that made Haletkys VMware ESX Server in the Enterprise so popular with working professionals. Haletky doesnt just reveal where you might be vulnerable; he tells you exactly what to do and how to reconfigure your infrastructure to address the problem. VMware vSphere and Virtual Infrastructure Security begins by reviewing basic server vulnerabilities and explaining how security differs on VMware virtual servers and related products. Next, Haletky drills deep into the key components of a VMware installation, identifying both real and theoretical exploits, and introducing effective countermeasures. Coverage includes Viewing virtualization from the attackers perspective, and understanding the new security problems it can introduce Discovering which security threats the vmkernel does (and doesnt) address Learning how VMsafe enables third-party security tools to access the vmkernel API Understanding the security implications of VMI, paravirtualization, and VMware Tools Securing virtualized storage: authentication, disk encryption, virtual storage networks, isolation, and more Protecting clustered virtual environments that use VMware High Availability, Dynamic Resource Scheduling, Fault Tolerance, vMotion, and Storage vMotion Securing the deployment and management of virtual machines across the network Mitigating risks associated with backup, performance management, and other day-to-day operations Using multiple security zones and other advanced virtual network techniques Securing Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) Auditing virtual infrastructure, and conducting forensic investigations after a possible breach informit.com/ph www.Astroarch.com
Sacral Neuromodulation for the Symptomatic Treatment of Refractory Interstitial Cystitis: A Prospective Study (2003)

Results of this prospective clinical study demonstrate that sacral neuromodulation is a safe and effective treatment for the dysfunctional voiding and pelvic pain in patients with interstitial cystitis who are refractory to other forms of treatment.
Gene Therapy for Hemophilia A and B: Patient Selection and Follow-up, Requirements for a Cure (1999)

Introduction The treatment of hemophilia A and B has improved considerably in recent years. The availability of hepatitis A and B vaccines, safer clotting factor concentrates (particularly recombinant factor VIII and recombinant factor IX concentrates), and synthetic agents, such as desmopressin,1 has resulted in earlier, more aggressive treatment and prophylactic regimens aimed at preventing chronic, debilitating joint disease.2-8There have been no new cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease attributable to clotting factor in North America since 1987, and documented instances of hepatitis transmission by clotting factor concentrates have been rare in the 1990s. Concerns remain that certain nonenveloped viruses, such as human parvovirus B19 and hepatitis A virus, can still be transmitted by some plasma-derived clotting factor concentrates,9and questions linger as to whether the agents causing Creutzfeld-Jacob disease (CJD) and new variant CJD might also be transmitted. Overall, however, the products available to treat hemophilia today are safer than ever before. An increasing number of persons with hemophilia are receiving exclusively recombinant (r) products, and manufacturers are now producing new, second-generation r-factor VIII products that are stabilized with sugars, rather than albumin, or are smaller, truncated molecules.10 Scientists are now designing specific changes into the factor VIII genes in an attempt to derive unique and improved forms of r-factor VIII.11 The next logical areas of focus are to bring to fruition the promise of an “unlimited supply” of r-factor VIII and r-factor IX products, to meet the needs of persons with hemophilia, not only in developed countries, but throughout the world, and to be able to cure hemophilia through gene therapy. As gene therapy trials begin in humans with hemophilia, the scientists involved, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and perhaps most importantly, members of the hemophilia community must decide which categories of affected individuals should be entered in these trials, particularly the earliest, Phase I trials. Who is most likely to benefit if gene therapy proves to be both effective and safe? Who should be the first patients to be enrolled in each new trial? Who is at greatest risk if something unexpected happens? What would be considered a good outcome? Clearly, some of these questions are more difficult to answer than others.
LIN-12/Notch signaling: lessons from worms and flies (1998)

LIN-12/Notch proteins function as receptors for intercellular signals during development. Many aspects of LIN-12/Notch-mediated signaling have been elucidated through studies of cell–cell interactions that occur during Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster development. The basic principles that operate in these lower organisms have also been shown to apply to vertebrates (for review, see Gridley 1997). Molecular features defined in lower organisms have also been shown to be conserved in vertebrates, including components of the signaling and signal transduction systems (for review, see Weinmaster 1997). The focus of this paper is on what has been learned about LIN-12/Notch signaling from invertebrates. First, a description of roles for LIN12/Notch proteins in development is given, using different model cell fate decisions to illustrate various features. A discussion of the mechanism of LIN-12/Notch signal transduction follows, including new in vivo evidence that favors the direct participation of the intracellular domain of LIN-12/Notch proteins in regulating target gene expression. Finally, other influences on LIN-12/ Notch activity are discussed, particularly protein turnover and protein processing.
The NF-κB activation pathways, emerging molecular targets for cancer prevention and therapy (2009)

NF-kappaB is involved in cancer development, modulating NF-kappaB activation pathways has important implications in cancer prevention and therapy. Due to the complexity of NF-kappaB roles in different cancers, careful evaluation of NF-kappaB's in each cancer type is crucial in this regard. More cancer cell-specific NF-kappaB inhibiting means are desired for improving anticancer efficacy and reducing systemic toxicity.