gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lab-on-valve: universal microflow analyzer based on sequential and bead injection (2000)

This paper introduces a novel methodology for downscaling reagent based assays to micro- and submicroliter level. It is shown that sample handling in the sequential injection mode, which employs forward, reversed and stopped flow, can be programmed to accommodate a wide variety of assays within the same microfluidic device. Solution metering, mixing, dilution, incubation and monitoring can be executed in any desired sequence in a system of channels, integrated with a multipurpose flow cell. The channel system and flow cell are fabricated as a monolithic structure mounted atop a conventional multiposition valve. In addition to compactness, the advantage of this ‘lab-on-valve’ system is the permanent rigid position of the sample processing channels that ensures repeatability of microfluidic manipulations, controlled by conventional sized peripherals. With the exception of the integrated microconduit system, that has been designed and mesofabricated by computer aided design (CAD) technology, all peripherals (sequential injection system, fiber optic UV/VIS spectrophotometer-fluorometer) are conventional sized and commercially available components. This provides proven robustness and reliability of operation, and makes the microfluidic system compatible with real life samples and peripheral instruments. The system has been characterized by dye injection, to provide guidelines for method development. Its versatility is documented by a phosphate assay, enzymatic activity assay of protease and by a bioligand interaction assay of immunoglobulin G (IgG) based on its interaction with protein G immobilized on Sepharose beads.
In Vivo Gene Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Preclinical Evaluation of Two Different Enzyme-Directed Prodrug Therapy Systems Delivered by Identical Adenovirus Vectors (1998)

Advanced prostate cancer is invariably lethal once it becomes androgen independent (AI). With the aim of developing a new treatment we have used the human androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line, PC-3, to evaluate the effectiveness of two enzyme-directed prodrug therapy (EPT) systems as a novel means for promoting tumor cell destruction in vivo. We have confined our study to the use of a PSA promoter, in a preliminary attempt to achieve prostate specificity. The two EPT systems used were the HSVTK/GCV and PNP/6MPDR systems. These were chosen for their differential dependence on DNA replication for their mechanism of action. In the present work, either the HSVTK or PNP gene, each controlled by a PSA promoter fragment, was delivered by an E1-, replication-deficient human adenovirus (Ad5) into PC-3 tumors growing subcutaneously in BALB/c nude mice. Tumors were injected with a single dose of recombinant Ad5 and mice were treated intraperitoneally with the appropriate prodrug, twice daily, for 6 days thereafter. The growth of established PC-3 tumors was significantly suppressed and host survival increased with a single course of HSVTK/GCV or PNP/6MPDR treatment. HSVTK/GCV-treated PC-3 tumor growth was 80% less than that of control treatments on day 33, while PNP/6MPDR-treated tumor growth was approximately 75% less than that of control treatments on day 52. Survival data showed that 20% of HSVTK/GCV- or PNP/6MPDR-treated animals lived >45 and >448 days, respectively, longer than control animals. These results demonstrate that both HSVTK/GCV and PNP/6MPDR therapies interrupt the growth of an aggressive human prostate cancer cell line in vivo.
Mechanized Calculation of Unbalanced Load Flow on Radial Distribution Circuits (1967)

This paper describes a computerized method of calculating unbalanced load flow or fault currents on multi-grounded radial distribution circuits. It was developed by engineers of the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, and is now being used in operating and expanding their distribution system. The basic concept employed is that the electrical characteristics of any portion of an unbalanced 3-phase circuit can be represented by a 6-element wye-delta network. An operating program that can accommodate up to 750 circuit branches has been written for the IBM 7094 computer.
A Profile of Combat Injury (2003)

Traumatic combat injuries differ from those encountered in the civilian setting in terms of epidemiology, mechanism of wounding, pathophysiologic trajectory after injury, and outcome. Except for a few notable exceptions, data sources for combat injuries have historically been inadequate. Although the pathophysiologic process of dying is the same (i.e., dominated by exsanguination and central nervous system injury) in both the civilian and military arenas, combat trauma has unique considerations with regard to acute resuscitation, including (1) the high energy and high lethality of wounding agents; (2) multiple causes of wounding; (3) preponderance of penetrating injury; (4) persistence of threat in tactical settings; (5) austere, resource-constrained environment; and (5) delayed access to definitive care. Recognition of these differences can help bring focus to resuscitation research for combat settings and can serve to foster greater civilian-military collaboration in both basic and transitional research.
Special report: The monetary services index project of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis: introduction to the St. Louis monetary services index project (1997)

Monetary policy; Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Inheritance of antibody specificity V. Anti-2-phenyloxazolone in the mouse. (1978)

Antibodies to hapten 2-phenyloxazolone (phOx) of all BALB/c and DBA/2 mice have the same idiotype and the same major (public) isoelectric focusing pattern whose main spectrotype is called Ox-1. Neither of these characteristics could be readily demonstrated in anti-phOx antibodies of C57BL, C3H or LP mice; these antibodies were heterogeneous, and lacked public spectrotypes. Also, a fine specificty difference could be demonstrated between anti-phOx antibodies of BALB/c and C5MBL mice; the latter have a higher relative affinity than the former for a structural analogue of phOx (2-o-iodophenyloxazolone). The three BALB/c characteristics were inherited in congenic and recombinant inbred strains as an allotype-linked block, defining a new VH marker, VHphOx. Murine anti-phOx antibodies were found to exhibit three types of conservatism: (a) Every individual mouse of strains BALB/c, DBA/2 or BAB-14 had an almost indistinguishable IEF pattern. (b) These patterns (and the cross-reactive idiotype) remained virtually unchanged during an immunization course of 70 days. (c) An identical idiotype (and in some cases IEF pattern) was present in mouse strains of five different allogroups.
RhoA-kinase coordinates F-actin organization and myosin II activity during semaphorin-3A-induced axon retraction (2006)

Axon guidance is mediated by the effects of attractant and repellent guidance cues on the cytoskeleton of growth cones and axons. During development, axon retraction is an important aspect of the pruning of inappropriately targeted axons in response to repellent guidance cues. I investigated the roles of RhoA-kinase and myosin II in semaphorin-3A-induced growth cone collapse and axon retraction. I report that semaphorin 3A activates myosin II in growth cones and axons. Myosin II activity is required for axon retraction but not growth cone collapse. Furthermore, semaphorin 3A promotes the formation of intra-axonal F-actin bundles in concert with the loss of F-actin in growth cone lamellipodia and filopodia. Formation of axonal F-actin bundles was independent of myosin II, but partially required RhoA-kinase activity. Conversely, RhoA-kinase activity was required to shut down F-actin polymerization underlying protrusive activity. Collectively, these observations suggest that guidance cues cause axon retraction through the coordinated activation of myosin II and the formation of intra-axonal F-actin bundles for myosin-II-based force generation. I suggest that in the context of semaphorin 3A signaling, RhoA-kinase serves as a switch to change the function of the F-actin cytoskeleton from promoting protrusive activity to generating contractile forces.
Inhibiting nerve growth factor or its receptors downregulates calcitonin gene‐related peptide expression in rat lumbar dorsal root ganglia innervating injured intervertebral discs (2010)

Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its dual structurally unrelated receptors, tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) or p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)), cause the pathogenesis of discogenic pain. To investigate the sensory innervation of injured rat lumbar intervertebral disc (IVD), we examined the expression of neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) at dorsal root ganglia (DRG) by inhibiting NGF or its dual receptors. Sprague-Dawley rats with multiply punctured L5-L6 IVD were used. Six experimental groups were prepared: naïve, sham control, and four agent-treated groups with punctured IVD (vehicle, anti-NGF antibody, anti-TrkA antibody, and anti-p75(NTR) antibody). Retrograde neurotracer Fluoro-Gold (FG) was applied together except for the naïve group. Their lumbar DRG were harvested and immunolabeled for CGRP. FG-labeled DRG neurons were most prevalent at L1 and L2 DRG, and the proportion of FG-labeled CGRP-immunoreactive DRG neurons in the vehicle group was significantly elevated (p < 0.05) compared with the sham group, while those of antibody-treated groups, especially in the anti-p75(NTR) group, significantly decreased compared with the vehicle group (p < 0.05). Direct intradiscal application of antibody to NGF or its receptors suppressed CGRP expression, and p75(NTR) antagonism induced the most profound suppression.
Calmodulins and related potential calcium sensors of Arabidopsis (2003)

• Calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup> ) signaling is thought to orchestrate responses to cellular stimuli. The efficacy of Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling requires mediation by Ca<sup>2+</sup> -binding proteins. • The determination of the Arabidopsis genome sequence enables the identification of genes encoding potential Ca<sup>2+</sup> sensors. • Six Arabidopsis loci are defined as calmodulin (CAM) genes. Fifty additional genes are CAM-like (CML) genes, encoding proteins composed mostly of EF-hand Ca<sup>2+</sup> -binding motifs, have no other identifiable functional domains, and at least 16% identical with CaM. Number and structural diversity of the EF hands are evaluated. Intron/exon boundaries, phylogenetic tree and chromosomal distribution data for the CAMs and CMLs are presented. • Arabidopsis has 6 CAM genes, encoding only 3 isoforms. Maintenance of these genes suggests that they are unlikely to be fully redundant in function. Furthermore, the repeated EF hand motif is incorporated into at least 50 additional loci. The CaM relatives have altered EF hand number, organization, and predicted functional capacity. Additional structural differences and expression behaviors also indicate that the CML family has likely evolved distinct roles from the CAMs.
Isolation and Characterization of a New Immunomodulatory Protein, Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8), from Ganoderma lucidium (1989)

A novel protein with mitogenic activity in vitro and immunomodulating activity in vivo has been isolated from the mycelial extract of an Oriental medicinal fungus, ling zhi (Ganoderma lucidium). This protein was named ling zhi-8 (LZ-8) and its biochemical and immunological properties are described. LZ-8 was purified by two chromatographic systems, gel filtration and followed by ion-exchange, using an in vitro bioassay measuring blast-formation stimulatory activity toward mouse spleen lymphocytes to monitor purification. Analysis by several types of electrophoresis revealed a single band, with the molecular weight differing slightly depending on the system employed. Under reduced conditions, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using the method of Laemmli, U.K. ((1970) Nature 227, 680-685) indicated an apparent Mr = 17,100, while under nonreduced conditions an apparent Mr = 17,500 was found; and, using Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a value of apparent Mr = 13,100 was obtained. LZ-8 has an isoelectric point of 4.4, and sugar analysis indicated a low carbohydrate content (1.3%). Half-cysteine, histidine, and methionine were not detected from the analysis of amino acid composition after further purification of LZ-8 by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. LZ-8 was capable of hemagglutinating sheep red blood cells, but no such activity was observed toward human red blood cells (A, B, AB, and O types). In vivo, LZ-8 prevents the production of systemic anaphylaxis reaction in mice if it has been administered repeatedly, and reduction of antibody production is the suggested mechanism. The mechanisms of hemagglutination of sheep red blood cells and of blast-formation stimulation of mouse spleen cells are also discussed.
Support vector machines (1998)

My first exposure to Support Vector Machines came this spring when heard Sue Dumais present impressive results on text categorization using this analysis technique. This issue's collection of essays should help familiarize our readers with this interesting new racehorse in the Machine Learning stable. Bernhard Scholkopf, in an introductory overview, points out that a particular advantage of SVMs over other learning algorithms is that it can be analyzed theoretically using concepts from computational learning theory, and at the same time can achieve good performance when applied to real problems. Examples of these real-world applications are provided by Sue Dumais, who describes the aforementioned text-categorization problem, yielding the best results to date on the Reuters collection, and Edgar Osuna, who presents strong results on application to face detection. Our fourth author, John Platt, gives us a practical guide and a new technique for implementing the algorithm efficiently.
Reactive Cells and Their Role in Glial Regeneration in an Insect CNS (1988)

SYNOPSIS. Selective ghal disruption in cockroach central nervous connectives results in a swift and organized repair which shares a number of features with the equivalent processes in the vertebrate brain notably, a critical involvement of exogenous reactive cells derived from circulating haemocytes. These cells, which appear in the lesioned tissues in large numbers during the first few days of repair, are structurally important in ghal regeneration. They also orchestrate the recruitment and organisation of endogenous reactive cells. The invasive cells transform into, or are replaced by, functional neurogha, coincident with the restoration of the perineunal blood–brain barrier and the onset of cell division.
Antiviral protection by virus-immune cytotoxic T cells: infected target cells are lysed before infectious virus progeny is assembled. (1977)

Virus-immune cytotoxic T cells can inhibit effectively growth of vaccinia virus in acutely infected target cells in vitro by destroying infected target cells before infectious virus progeny is assembled. Together with the fact that virus-specific T cells are demonstrable after 3 days, very early during infection, and with strong circumstantial evidence from adoptive transfer models in vivo, these data suggest that in some virus infections T cells may in fact act cytolytically in vivo to prevent virus growth and spread and be an important early antiviral effector mechanism.
Update on Immunoisolation Cell Therapy for CNS Diseases (2001)

Delivery of potentially therapeutic drugs to the brain is hindered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts the diffusion of drugs from the vasculature to the brain parenchyma. One means of overcoming the BBB is with cellular implants that produce and deliver therapeutic molecules. Polymer encapsulation, or immunoisolation, provides a means of overcoming the BBB to deliver therapeutic molecules directly into the CNS region of interest. Immunoisolation is based on the observation that xenogeneic cells can be protected from host rejection by encapsulating, or surrounding, them within an immunoisolatory, semipermeable membrane. Cells can be enclosed within a selective, semipermeable membrane barrier that admits oxygen and required nutrients and releases bioactive cell secretions, but restricts passage of larger cytotoxic agents from the host immune defense system. The selective membrane eliminates the need for chronic immunosuppression of the host and allows the implanted cells to be obtained from nonhuman sources. In this review, cell immunoisolation for treating CNS diseases is updated from considerations of device configurations, membrane manufacturing and characterization in preclinical models of Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease.
The Toll-Like Receptor TLR4 Is Necessary for Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Oligodendrocyte Injury in the CNS (2002)

The immediate or innate immune response is the first line of defense against diverse microbial pathogens and requires the expression of recently discovered toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLR4 serves as a specific receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and is localized on the surface of a subset of mammalian cells. Although innate immunity is a necessary host defense against microbial pathogens, the consequences of its activation in the CNS can be deleterious, as we show here in a developing neural model. We examined the major non-neuronal cell types in the CNS for expression of TLR4 and found that microglia expressed high levels, whereas astrocytes and oligodendrocytes expressed none. Consistent with TLR4 expression solely in microglia, we show that microglia are the only CNS glial cells that bind fluorescently tagged lipopolysaccharide. Lipopolysaccharide led to extensive oligodendrocyte death in culture only under conditions in which microglia were present. To determine whether TLR4 is necessary for lipopolysaccharide-induced oligodendrocyte death in mixed glial cultures, we studied cultures generated from mice bearing a loss-of-function mutation in the tlr4 gene. Lipopolysaccharide failed to induce oligodendrocyte death in such cultures, in contrast to the death induced in cultures from wild-type mice. Finally, stereotactic intracerebral injection of lipopolysaccharide into the developing pericallosal white matter of immature rodents resulted in loss of oligodendrocytes and hypomyelination and periventricular cysts. Our data provide a general mechanistic link between (1) lipopolysaccharide and similar microbial molecular motifs and (2) injury to oligodendrocytes and myelin as occurs in periventricular leukomalacia and multiple sclerosis.
The Curry Spice Curcumin Reduces Oxidative Damage and Amyloid Pathology in an Alzheimer Transgenic Mouse (2001)

Inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients is characterized by increased cytokines and activated microglia. Epidemiological studies suggest reduced AD risk associates with long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Whereas chronic ibuprofen suppressed inflammation and plaque-related pathology in an Alzheimer transgenic APPSw mouse model (Tg2576), excessive use of NSAIDs targeting cyclooxygenase I can cause gastrointestinal, liver, and renal toxicity. One alternative NSAID is curcumin, derived from the curry spice turmeric. Curcumin has an extensive history as a food additive and herbal medicine in India and is also a potent polyphenolic antioxidant. To evaluate whether it could affect Alzheimer-like pathology in the APPSw mice, we tested a low (160 ppm) and a high dose of dietary curcumin (5000 ppm) on inflammation, oxidative damage, and plaque pathology. Low and high doses of curcumin significantly lowered oxidized proteins and interleukin-1beta, a proinflammatory cytokine elevated in the brains of these mice. With low-dose but not high-dose curcumin treatment, the astrocytic marker GFAP was reduced, and insoluble beta-amyloid (Abeta), soluble Abeta, and plaque burden were significantly decreased by 43-50%. However, levels of amyloid precursor (APP) in the membrane fraction were not reduced. Microgliosis was also suppressed in neuronal layers but not adjacent to plaques. In view of its efficacy and apparent low toxicity, this Indian spice component shows promise for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease.
Significance of Troponin Elevation After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (2008)

Elevated TnI is frequently observed after severe TBI. The level of TnI correlates with the severity of head injury and is an independent predictor of adverse outcomes. BB therapy is associated with a survival advantage in TBI patients with elevated cTnI.
Efficient high-temperature CW lasing operationof oxide-confinedlong-wavelength InAs quantum dot lasers (2000)

Efficient, continuous-wave lasing operation of narrow-stripe, oxide-confined, long-wavelength InAs quantum dot lasers in the ground state (λ ≃ 1.28 µm) has been achieved at temperatures up to 100°C. The lasers have a very low threshold current density (Jth = 24 A/cm2), high differential quantum efficiency (55%), and very low internal loss (αi = 0.77 cm-1).
Room temperature molten salts: neoteric "green" solvents for chemical reactions and processes (2000)

Ionic liquids, especially those based on the 1,3-dialkylimidazolium cation, with a large range of liquid phase, negligible vapour pressure, low viscosity and high thermal and chemical stability are emerging as a new class of `green' solvents for extraction and separation processes, organic synthesis and catalysis. The main milestones reached in the last two years, on the use of ionic liquids in green technologies, are reviewed.