gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Increases Efficacy of Cisplatin in in Vivo Ovarian Cancer Models (2006)

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt cascade has an important role in the resistance of ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin in vitro; however, there have been no reports about whether blocking the PI3K/Akt cascade enhances the sensitivity to cisplatin in vivo. We investigated whether inhibition of PI3K increased the efficacy of cisplatin in an in vivo ovarian cancer model. Blocking the PI3K/Akt cascade with a PI3K inhibitor (wortmannin) increased the efficacy of cisplatin-induced inhibition of intraabdominal dissemination and production of ascites in athymic nude mice inoculated ip with the Caov-3 human ovarian cancer cell line. In addition, wortmannin increased the efficacy of cisplatin-induced apoptosis in tumors cells. There were no detectable side effects in mice treated with wortmannin. Moreover, the antitumor effect of cisplatin detected in mice inoculated with Caov-3 cells stably transfected with empty vector was significantly attenuated, compared with mice inoculated with Caov-3 cells stably transfected with a dominant-negative Akt, K179M-Akt. We confirmed that wortmannin blocked Akt phosphorylation and the downstream targets of the PI3K/Akt cascade, such as BAD (Bcl-2-associated death protein) and nuclear factor-kappaB in vivo by immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. In accordance with the previously reported in vitro results, these in vivo results support the idea that combination therapy with cisplatin and a PI3K inhibitor would increase the therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin.
<title>Freehand three-dimensional ultrasound: implementation and applications</title> (1996)

Three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) offers a valuable approach to many diagnostic imaging problems and provides a relatively low cost alternative to 3D imaging modalities such as MRI and CT. To obtain a 3DUS image, a clinical ultrasound scanner is used to produce a sequence of adjacent 'slices' of the region of interest, which are recorded and used to reconstruct a volume. The required location of each slice may be found either by a priori knowledge of the scan path (mechanized scanning) or by tracking the path of the transducer at scan time (freehand scanning). For some imaging applications the scan path is irregular, making mechanized scanning difficult or impossible. Some examples are: imaging vascular disease in the carotid arteries, joint imaging and obstetrics. We have developed a freehand 3DUS system that is capable of such imaging tasks. We used phantoms containing a wire and a 50% stenosed cylinder phantom to test our system for vascular applications. We found the mean error in locating any image plane to be less than 0.1 mm ((sigma) equals 0.05 mm), with minimal geometric distortion. The degree of stenosis of the phantom was measured from a reconstructed volume to be 52.6% ((sigma) equals 2%). We have started a clinical stenosis study and a pilot joint imaging study. Our clinical results indicate that measurement of stenosis in patients should be possible.
TGF-β2 Induces Senescence-Associated Changes in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells (2010)

TGF-β2 induces senescence-associated TM changes and activates the senescence-related p16-pRb signal transduction pathway in vitro. Thus, minimizing TGF-β2 levels may help to prevent the ageing process in the TM as seen in POAG.
Asymmetric IrI‐Catalysed Allylic Alkylation Of Monosubstituted Allylic Acetates With Phosphorus Amidites As Ligands (2003)

Abstract Monodentate phosphorus amidites derived from 2,2′‐binaphthol and a variety of chiral amines were employed as ligands in Ir I ‐catalysed allylic alkylations of unsymmetrically substituted allylic acetates. The enantio‐ and regioselectivities of these reactions were investigated. Phosphorus amidites of bulky secondary chiral amines induced enantioselectivities of up to 94% ee in reactions of linear substrates. Phosphorus amidites derived from chiral primary amines, which have not been previously employed in asymmetric catalysis, furnished improved regioselectivities. The use of LiCl as additive led to improved regio‐ and enantioselectivities. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Identification of two types of tumor necrosis factor receptors on human cell lines by monoclonal antibodies. (1990)

The pleiotropic cyto/lymphokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) exerts its functions by binding to specific cell-surface receptors. We have prepared two sets of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against TNF-binding proteins from the HL-60 (htr-mAb series) and U-937 (utr-mAb series) cell lines. The htr antibodies inhibit the binding of 125I-labeled TNF-alpha to HL-60 cells only partially, whereas they block the TNF-alpha binding to several adenocarcinoma cell lines (HEp-2, HeLa, and MCF7) almost completely. In contrast, the utr antibodies have no effect on TNF-alpha binding to the adenocarcinoma cell lines but partially inhibit TNF-alpha binding to HL-60 and U-937 cells. However, htr-9 and utr-1 antibodies in combination fully inhibit the TNF-alpha binding to HL-60 and U-937 cells. The binding of TNF-beta to HEp-2 and U-937 cells is also inhibited by htr and utr antibodies. Neither htr nor utr mAb has an effect on the TNF-sensitive murine cell lines L929 and WEHI 164. Flow cytometry studies show that mAbs htr-9 and utr-1 detect two distinct TNF-binding sites on human cell lines. Immunologic blot and immunoprecipitation analyses indicate that mAbs htr-9 and utr-1 recognize proteins of approximately 55 kDa and 75 kDa, respectively. These data provide evidence for the existence of two distinct TNF receptor molecules that contribute to varying extent to the TNF binding by different human cells.
Innovation Tournaments: Creating and Selecting Exceptional Opportunities (2009)

Managers, entrepreneurs, and venture capitalists all seek to maximize the financial returns from innovation, and profits are driven largely by the quality of the opportunities they pursue. Based on a structured and process-driven approach this book demonstrates how to systematically identify exceptional opportunities for innovation. An innovation tournament, just like its counterpart in sports, starts with a large number of candidates, with opportunities as the players. These opportunities are pitted against each other until only the exceptional survive. This book provides a principled approach for the effective management of innovation tournaments - identifying a wealth of promising opportunities and then evaluating and filtering them intelligently for greatest profitability. With a set of practical tools for creating and identifying new opportunities, it guides the reader in evaluating and screening opportunities. The book demonstrates how to construct an innovation portfolio and how to align the innovation process with an organization's competitive strategy. Innovation Tournaments employs quirky, fresh examples ranging from movies to medical devices. The authors' tool kit is built on their extensive research, their entrepreneurial backgrounds, and their teaching and consulting work with many highly innovative organizations.
NSF Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval (1995)

The Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval (CIIR) was started at the University of Massachusetts two years ago to do research and technology transfer in the area of distributed, text-based information systems. The CIIR is part of the NSF State/Industry University Collaborative Research Centers program and relies heavily on government and industrial partners, in addition to federal funding. There are currently 24 members from a variety of industries and government agencies, and many of these are involved in both research and development projects.
Circumventing Anti-Androgen Resistance by Molecular Design (2007)

Nuclear/steroid hormone receptors (NHRs) function as ligand-dependent transcriptional regulators of diverse sets of genes involved in development and homeostasis. Mutations to the androgen receptor (AR), a member of NHRs, have been linked to the failure of hormonal therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). It has been proposed that AR mutations such as Thr877→Ala, Trp741→Leu, and Trp741→Cys that cause anti-androgens such as flutamide and bicalutamide to function as agonists are likely associated with anti-androgen withdrawal syndrome in PCa therapy. The recently solved crystal structure of bicalutamide was used to design analogues that would complement the Trp741→Leu mutation, effectively restoring antagonist action of the ligand. Three out of the six designed analogues showed potent antagonistic activity in all three mutations as well as wild-type, suggesting that these analogues may be considered “pan-antagonists” of AR.
Chemical, immunological and biological properties of peptides like vasoactive‐intestinal‐peptide and peptide‐histidine‐isoleucinamide extracted from the venom of two lizards (Heloderma horridum and Heloderma suspectum) (1987)

Having previously isolated helodermin, the major peptide like vasoactive-intestinal-peptide and peptide-histidine-isoleucinamide, from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum, we decided on a systematic exploration of all (VIP-PHI)-like peptides present in the venom of another lizard of the Helodermatidae family: Heloderma horridum. Six (VIP-PHI)-like peptides (PHH1 to 6) were purified to homogeneity from the venom of the lizard H. horridum with PHH3 and PHH4 representing two minor forms. All peptides cross-reacted in radioimmunoassays for helodermin and PHI but not for VIP. They yielded four fragments (T1 to T4) after trypsin digestion. T1, T2 and T3 showed the same retention time by reverse-phase HPLC and the same amino acid composition; the differences were confined to T4, the C-terminal sequence. PHH5 and PHH6 were found to be identical to synthetic helospectins I and II respectively. PHH1 and PHH3 probably resulted from a secondary modification of PHH5, while PHH2 and PHH4 derived from PHH6. Thus, the VIP-like peptides, previously called helospectins, are in fact typical of H. horridum venom. We confirmed that helodermin is the major (VIP-PHI)-like peptide of the venom of H. suspectum and observed its absence in H. horridum venom. Also, we found that positions 8 and 9 of helodermin are occupied by two Glu residues instead of two Gln as previously published. Helospectin-like material was also present in H. suspectum venom but in very small amount. In both venoms all VIP-like peptides were equally potent and efficient when tested for (a) their ability to occupy VIP as well as secretin receptors in rat pancreatic membranes and VIP receptors in rat liver membranes, and (b) the ensuing activation of adenylate cyclase in both membrane preparations.
Identification of an essential upstream element in the nopaline synthase promoter by stable and transient assays (1987)

We studied the fine structure of the nopaline synthase (nos) promoter, which is active constitutively in a wide range of plant tissues, by both transient and stable transformation expression analyses. 3' and 5' deletion fragments were linked to form a set of internal deletion and duplication mutants that scanned the nos promoter. These mutated promoters were linked to the gene for the marker chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CATase) as a means to readily assay promoter strength. The stable transformation analysis revealed the functional importance of an extended CCAAT box region (-97 to -63). Deletion of an upstream region (-112 to -101) containing an octameric repeated element resulted in a reduction in promoter strength by a factor of 30. A further deletion (-119 to -101) disrupted a potential Z-DNA-forming element as well, totally eliminating promoter function. Thus, a 19-base deletion across a repeated octamer and a potential Z-DNA-forming element identifies an essential upstream activator in the nos promoter. Duplication of the upstream element tripled promoter activity. Electroporation-mediated transient analysis was unable to distinguish downstream promoter elements. However, the upstream element behaved similarly in both assays in that deletion of the entire upstream element resulted in no promoter activity and that duplication of the element significantly enhanced the promoter strength.
Monitoring of end tidal carbon dioxide and transcutaneous carbon dioxide during neonatal transport (2005)

Petco2 had an unacceptable under-recording bias. TcPco2 should currently be considered the preferred method of non-invasive CO2 monitoring for neonatal transport.
Implementation of self-organizing neural networks for visuo-motor control of an industrial robot (1993)

The implementation of two neural network algorithms for visuo-motor control of an industrial robot (Puma 562) is reported. The first algorithm uses a vector quantization technique, the ;neural-gas' network, together with an error correction scheme based on a Widrow-Hoff-type learning rule. The second algorithm employs an extended self-organizing feature map algorithm. Based on visual information provided by two cameras, the robot learns to position its end effector without an external teacher. Within only 3000 training steps, the robot-camera system is capable of reducing the positioning error of the robot's end effector to approximately 0.1% of the linear dimension of the work space. By employing adaptive feedback the robot succeeds in compensating not only slow calibration drifts, but also sudden changes in its geometry. Hardware aspects of the robot-camera system are discussed.
Crystal structure of a complex between lumiflavin and 2,6-diamino-9-ethylpurine: a flavin adenine dinucleotide model exhibiting charge-transfer interactions. (1976)

The x-ray structure of the deep red crystalline complex lumiflavin-2,6-diamino-9-ethylpurine has been determined. The flavin and adenine derivatives form hydrogen-bonded base pairs of the Watson-Crick type. The molecules in the crystal also associate via extensively overlapped flavin/adenine and flavin/flavin stacking interactions in which there are several contacts that are closer than van der Waals distances. This, together with the red color of the crystals, is indicative of the formation of a charge-transfer complex.
Teapot: a domain-specific language for writing cache coherence protocols (1999)

In this paper, we describe Teapot, a domain-specific language for writing cache coherence protocols. Cache coherence is of concern when parallel and distributed systems make local replicas of shared data to improve scalability and performance. In both distributed shared memory systems and distributed file systems, a coherence protocol maintains agreement among the replicated copies as the underlying data are modified by programs running on the system. Cache coherence protocols are notoriously difficult to implement, debug, and maintain. Moreover, protocols are not off-the-shelf, reusable components, because their details depend on the requirements of the system under consideration. The complexity of engineering coherence protocols can discourage users from experimenting with new, potentially more efficient protocols. We have designed and implemented Teapot, a domain-specific language that attempts to address this complexity. Teapot's language constructs, such as a state-centric control structure and continuations, are better suited to expressing protocol code than those of a typical systems programming language. Teapot also facilitates automatic verification of protocols, so hard to find protocol bugs, such as deadlocks, can be detected and fixed before encountering them on an actual execution. We describe the design rationale of Teapot, present an empirical evaluation of the language using two case studies, and relate the lessons that we learned in building a domain-specific language for systems programming.
Recent Advances in Carbon-Based Sulfonated Catalyst: Preparation and Application (2013)

Carbon-based sulfonated catalyst (CBSC) becomes a research hot-spot in recent years. In this paper, the preparation and application of CBSC are reviewed. In the preparation of CBSC, various carbon raw materials, various sulfonating agents, and various carbonization operation conditions have been developed. Biomass derived CBSC would be promising as biomass is renewable, abundant, low-cost, and easy for preparation. CBSC was widely studied and showed high catalytic activities in many chemical reactions, including hydrolysis, dehydration, esterification, alkylation, condensation, oxathioketalization, dimerization, benzylation and trimethylsilylation, etc. CBSC is a high potential solid acid catalyst due to its high catalytic activities and extensive applications. However, further works on economic study, improvement of catalytic stability, and mechanical strength should be conducted
The clearance and antidiuretic potency of neurohypophysial hormones in man, and their plasma binding and stability (1969)

1. Bio-assay techniques have been used to measure plasma levels of neurohypophysial hormones in man, following either a single injection or a continuous infusion.2. The median half-life of oxytocin after a single injection of 2 u. was 3.2 min (2.0-5.7, 95% confidence limits); this increased significantly (P < 0.01) to 4.8 min (4.4-6.1) when the hormone was infused at a rate of 500 m-u./min. The vasopressins had appreciably longer half-lives. After a single injection of 1 or 1.5 u. 8-lysine vasopressin (LVP), the half-life was 5.7 min (3.6-6.0). Continuous infusions of the hormones at a rate of 120 m-u./min yielded half-lives of 5.5 min (5.0-7.1) for LVP, and 5.6 min (3.9-9.5) for 8-arginine vasopressin (AVP).3. The apparent volumes of distribution of the hormones were all of the order of two thirds the extracellular volume.4. In accordance with its shorter half-life, the clearance of oxytocin was greater than that of the vasopressins (1.5 l./min, compared with 1.0 l./min).5. The antidiuretic potencies of the hormones were studied in over-hydrated subjects, by measuring the rate of urine excretion following an I.V. injection. Duration of antidiuretic action increased in the order: oxytocin, LVP, AVP. A 5:1 mixture of oxytocin and AVP was not as long-lasting as AVP alone. 8.5% (4-22) of an administered dose of AVP was excreted in the urine, and this amount was significantly correlated with urine volume (r = +0.67, P < 0.05).6. Ultrafiltration of human plasma containing exogenous hormones showed that 30% (13-50) of AVP was bound, the degree of binding being independent of concentration over the range used (50-400 mu-u./ml.) In contrast, oxytocin was completely unbound.7. Exogenous oxytocin was more stable than exogenous AVP in human plasma. At 4 degrees C there was no significant loss of oxytocin until 7 days, whereas 20% of AVP was inactivated in 2 days. At 37 degrees C a 20% loss of AVP occurred within 4 hr, and a 50% loss within 24 hr; corresponding times for oxytocin were 24 and 48 hr.
Visible spectrum light-emitting transistors (2006)

Visible radiative recombination in the base layer of AlGaInP∕InGaP light-emitting transistors (LETs) is reported. For this form of transistor, which previously has not existed, and with an emitter area of 100×100μm2, we demonstrate a current gain β (β≡ΔIC∕ΔIB) of 3.5 for the device operating in the common-emitter configuration. The LET In0.49Ga0.51P base recombination radiation is centered in the visible at λ=650nm (red emission).
Miniature Plasmonic Wave Plates (2008)

Linear birefringence, as implemented in wave plates, is a natural way to control the state of polarization of light. We report on a general method for designing miniature planar wave plates using surface plasmons. The resonant optical device considered here is a single circular aperture surrounded by an elliptical antenna grating. The difference between the short and long axis of each ellipsis introduces a phase shift on the surface plasmons which enables the realization of a quarter wave plate. Furthermore, the experimental results and the theoretical analysis show that the general procedure used does not influence the optical coherence of the polarization state and allows us to explore completely the surface of the unit Poincaré sphere by changing only the shape of the elliptical grating.
Creatinine: a review. (1980)

Measurement of creatinine has many applications. We review the determination of urinary creatinine as a valid index of completeness of 24-h urine collection, the clinical utility of the determination of creatinine clearance ratios, and measurement of the ratio of the clearance of specific analytes, such as amylase, to the ratio of clearance of creatinine. The chemistry and variables that affect the Jaffé reaction are reviewed, and attempts at improvement of specificity are discussed. We also review and assess techniques other than the Jaffé reaction for measurement of creatinine.
Cardiac Myosin Activation: A Potential Therapeutic Approach for Systolic Heart Failure (2011)

Decreased cardiac contractility is a central feature of systolic heart failure. Existing drugs increase cardiac contractility indirectly through signaling cascades but are limited by their mechanism-related adverse effects. To avoid these limitations, we previously developed omecamtiv mecarbil, a small-molecule, direct activator of cardiac myosin. Here, we show that it binds to the myosin catalytic domain and operates by an allosteric mechanism to increase the transition rate of myosin into the strongly actin-bound force-generating state. Paradoxically, it inhibits adenosine 5'-triphosphate turnover in the absence of actin, which suggests that it stabilizes an actin-bound conformation of myosin. In animal models, omecamtiv mecarbil increases cardiac function by increasing the duration of ejection without changing the rates of contraction. Cardiac myosin activation may provide a new therapeutic approach for systolic heart failure.
SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2003 (2006)

The annual SEER Cancer Statistics Review (CSR), containing the most recent incidence, mortality, prevalence, and survival statistics, is published by the Cancer Statistics Branch of the NCI. The scope and purpose of the CSR follow a report to the Senate Appropriations Committee (Breslow, 1988), which recommended that a broad profile of cancer be presented regularly to the American public. This CSR includes incidence, mortality, prevalence, and survival data from 1975 through 2003, the most recent year for which data are available.
2-Oxepane-1,5-dione:  A Precursor of a Novel Class of Versatile Semicrystalline Biodegradable (Co)polyesters (2002)

2-oxepane-1,5-dione (OPD) was synthesized by Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of 1,4 cyclohexanedione and ring-opening polymerized by 1-phenyl- 2-propanol / tin octoate with formation of a semicrystalline polyester of high melting temperature (Tm :147°C). Dibutyin dimethoxide and 2,2-dibutyl-2-stanna-1,3-dioxepane (DSDOP) proved to be efficient initiators for the random copolymerization of ε-caprolactone (εCL) and OPD. Random distribution of the comonomer units was confirmed by DSC, 1H and 13C NMR analyses. A single Tm was observed, which varies regularly and monotonically with the OPD content as result of a cocrystallisation phenomenon. The single glass transition temperature (Tg) obeys the Fox equation. It is noteworthy that a copolymer containing 30 mol % OPD exhibits a Tm of 90°C. It is stable up to 140°C under nitrogen for one hour, such that processing by extrusion is quite possible. The OPD decomposition is maximum at 223°C for a heating rate of 10°C/min. The mechanism of thermal degradation was investigated and cleared up. The ketone increases the copolymer hydrophilicity and thus sensitivity to hydrolysis. The mechanical properties are quite reminiscent of PCL of comparable molecular weight. Quite interestingly, OPD imparts sensitivity to photo-cross-linking to this novel class of materials.