gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Yb-doped LMA triple-clad fiber laser (2006)

The ytterbium-doped large mode area triple-clad fiber design allows for a high concentration of ytterbium in the fiber core which is difficult to achieve with a standard double-clad design. The novelty of the triple-clad fiber design consists in adding to the double-clad fiber design, a first clad next to its core. This first clad offers a better control of the core effective area. With this design a low numerical aperture is achievable (~0.06) for highly rare earth doped large mode area fiber. A 33-&#956;m core ytterbium doped fiber has been fabricated using MCVD and solution doping processes. Selective doping and optimized first clad thickness have been used in the triple-clad design to obtain a nearly bending insensitive and nearly diffraction-limited fiber output. The fiber has been tested in a free-running laser configuration and its slope efficiency is 84% with a laser threshold of 1.4 W. A maximum output power of 26 W at 1070 nm has been achieved for a launched pump power of 34 W at 976 nm. The mode-field diameter has been measured at 18 &#956;m and the output beam M<sup>2</sup> quality factor is below 1.1. Both output power and beam quality were not significantly affected by fiber bending with loops diameter as small as 2.5 cm. The optical performance of the triple-clad fiber design is robust to mechanical stress and well suited for building very compact high power fiber lasers and amplifier sources.
Immunohistochemical observations on spinal tissue innervation: A review of hypothetical mechanisms of back pain (1991)

Immunohistochemical studies support earlier reports of a rich nerve supply to the posterior longitudinal ligament, a less developed innervation of the anterior ligament and the outermost annular ring, and a total lack of innervation in deeper parts of the intervertebral disc. Whether this pattern of innervation is altered when the disc becomes severely degenerated is presently uncertain. Recent studies have also revealed neuropeptide-immunoreactive nerves in the outermost parts of the annulus and adjacent peridiscal ligaments. These nerves are probably involved in discogenic back pain, and may become sensitized when disc tissue is injured. This sensitization appears to be coupled to an alteration of neuropeptide pools in the nearby dorsal root ganglion, the important site of neuropeptide production. Direct influences on the dorsal root ganglion, mechanical and/or chemical, may also be important, and may be involved in spinal segment degeneration.
Bid-induced Conformational Change of Bax Is Responsible for Mitochondrial Cytochrome c Release during Apoptosis (1999)

Here we report that in staurosporine-induced apoptosis of HeLa cells, Bid, a BH3 domain containing protein, translocates from the cytosol to mitochondria. This event is associated with a change in conformation of Bax which leads to the unmasking of its NH2-terminal domain and is accompanied by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. A similar finding is reported for cerebellar granule cells undergoing apoptosis induced by serum and potassium deprivation. The Bax-conformational change is prevented by Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL but not by caspase inhibitors. Using isolated mitochondria and various BH3 mutants of Bid, we demonstrate that direct binding of Bid to Bax is a prerequisite for Bax structural change and cytochrome c release. Bcl-xL can inhibit the effect of Bid by interacting directly with Bax. Moreover, using mitochondria from Bax-deficient tumor cell lines, we show that Bid- induced release of cytochrome c is negligible when Bid is added alone, but dramatically increased when Bid and Bax are added together. Taken together, our results suggest that, during certain types of apoptosis, Bid translocates to mitochondria and binds to Bax, leading to a change in conformation of Bax and to cytochrome c release from mitochondria.
Identification of two novel members oferbAsuperfamily by molecular cloning: the gene products of the two are highly related to each other (1988)

Two v-erbA-related genes, named ear-2 and ear-3, have been identified in the human genome and characterized by cDNA cloning. These genes are predicted to encode proteins that are very similar in primary structure to receptors for steroid hormones or thyroid hormone (T3). In addition, amino acid sequences of the ear-2 and ear-3 gene products are very similar each other especially at the DNA binding domain (86% homology) and at the putative ligand binding domain (76% homology). Northern hybridization with ear DNA probes of RNAs from various tissues of a human fetus reveals that the expression of ear-2 is high in the liver whereas the expression of ear-3 is relatively ubiquitous. Hybridization analysis of DNAs from sorted chromosomes shows that the ear-2 gene is located on chromosome 19 and ear-3 on chromosome 5, indicating that the two genes are clearly different from each other.
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of a Humanized Anti-Semaphorin 4D Antibody, in a First-In-Human Study of Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors (2015)

VX15/2503 was well tolerated and produced expected PD effects. The correlation between immune cell levels at baseline and progression-free survival is consistent with an immune-mediated mechanism of action. Future investigations will be in combination with immunomodulatory agents.
Security and Privacy for Partial Order Time (1994)

Partial order time expresses issues central to many problems in asynchronous distributed systems, but su ers from inherent security and privacy risks. Secure partial order clocks provide a general method to develop application protocols that transparently protect against these risks. Our previous Signed Vector Timestamp [32] protocol provided a partial order time service with some security: no one could forge dependence on an honest process. However, that protocol still permitted some forgery of dependence, permitted all denial of precedence, and leaked private information. This paper uses secure coprocessors to improve the vector protocol: our new Sealed Vector Timestamp protocol detects both the presence and absence of precedence even in the presence of malicious processes, and protects against some privacy risks as well. Our new protocol solves previously open security problems, and provides a foundation for incorporating security and privacy into distributed application protocols based on partial order time.
1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D3 Inhibits Adipocyte Differentiation and Gene Expression in Murine Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Clones and Primary Cultures* (1998)

Bone marrow stromal stem cells differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts. These two lineages are thought to be reciprocally related, in part due to the observation that the osteoblast-inducing factor, 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], inhibited adipogenesis of rat femoral-derived stromal cell cultures. However, the literature is divided concerning the adipogenic effects of this steroid hormone. This work examined the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 (10(-12)-10(-8) M) on murine femoral-derived bone marrow stromal cell differentiation in response to adipogenic agonists employing two different classes of nuclear hormone receptors: the glucocorticoid receptor (hydrocortisone) or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (thiazolidinediones). Experiments used the multipotent murine bone marrow stromal cell line, BMS2, and its subclones, as well as primary-derived murine bone marrow stromal cell cultures. In all systems examined, 1,25(OH)2D3 blocked adipogenesis induced by hydrocortisone, methylisobutylxanthine, and indomethacin based on flow cytometric analysis of lipid accumulation. This correlated with reduced messenger RNA levels of the late adipocyte gene markers, aP2 and adipsin. In the BMS2 subclone no. 24, the 1,25(OH)2D3 actions were concentration dependent. Whereas 1,25(OH)2D3 partially inhibited thiazolidinedione-induced adipogenesis in the parental BMS2 cell line, it had minimal effect on the thiazolidinedione-induced differentiation of the BMS2 subclone and primary cultures. These findings indicate that 1,25(OH)2D3, at nanomolar concentrations, completely inhibits murine bone marrow stromal cell differentiation in response to glucocorticoid-based adipogenic agonists but is a less effective adipogenic antagonist following induction with thiazolidinediones. This work supports the conclusion that 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits murine femoral-derived bone marrow stromal cell adipogenesis.
Differentiating between heat pain intensities: The combined effect of multiple autonomic parameters (2012)

Although it is well known that pain induces changes in autonomic parameters, the extent to which these changes correlate with the experience of pain is under debate. The aim of the present study was to compare a combination of multiple autonomic parameters and each parameter alone in their ability to differentiate among 4 categories of pain intensity. Tonic heat stimuli (1minute) were individually adjusted to induce no pain, low, medium, and high pain in 45 healthy volunteers. Electrocardiogram, photoplethysmogram, and galvanic skin response were recorded, and the following parameters were calculated: heart rate; heart rate variability-high frequency (0.15 to 0.4Hz) spectral power; skin conductance level; number of skin conduction fluctuations; and photoplethysmographic pulse wave amplitude. A combination of parameters was created by fitting an ordinal cumulative logit model to the data and using linear coefficients of the model. Friedman test with post-hoc Wilcoxon test were used to compare between pain intensity categories for every parameter alone and for their linear combination. All of the parameters successfully differentiated between no pain and all other pain categories. However, none of the parameters differentiated between all 3 pain categories (i.e., low and medium; medium and high; low and high). In contrast, the linear combination of parameters significantly differentiated not only between pain and no pain, but also between all pain categories (P<.001 to .02). These results suggest that multiparameter approaches should be further investigated to make progress toward reliable autonomic-based pain assessment.
Continuously tuneable optical filters from self-assembled block copolymer blends (2011)

We demonstrate that two symmetric high molecular weight diblock copolymers, of differing molecular weights, can be blended together and subsequently shear aligned to form one photonic structure without macrophase separation. The lameller period depends on the composition of the blend and gives a photonic structure that is easily tuneable in the wavelength range (λpeak = 400–850 nm).
Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (1993)

Energy Production in Plant Cells (J. Bryce & S. Hill). Photosynthesis in C3 Plants: The Benson-Calvin Cycle and Photorespiration (R. Leegood). Carbon Dioxide-Concentrating Mechanisms: C4 Photosynthesis and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (R. Leegood). Carbohydrate Biochemistry (C. Smith). Plant Lipids - Their Metabolism, Function and Utilization (D. Murphy). Nitrogen Fixation (R. Smith, et al.). Nitrogen Metabolism (P. Lea). Secondary Metabolism (R. Edwards & J. Gatehouse). Plant Pigments (G. Hendry). Genome Organization, Protein Synthesis and Processing in Plants (M. Watson & D. Murphy). Regulation of Gene Expression (A. Shirsat, et al.). Molecular Control of Development (J. Bryant & A. Cuming). Cell Culture, Transformation and Gene Technology (R. Walden). Index.
Poly(ether ether ketone)s and Poly(ether sulfones) with Pendent Adamantyl Groups (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTPoly(ether ether ketone)s and Poly(ether sulfones) with Pendent Adamantyl GroupsLon J. Mathias, Charles M. Lewis, and Kurt N. WiegelView Author Information University of Southern Mississippi, Department of Polymer Science, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-0076 Cite this: Macromolecules 1997, 30, 19, 5970–5975Publication Date (Web):September 22, 1997Publication History Received3 January 1996Revised17 February 1997Published online22 September 1997Published inissue 1 September 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma960012yhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ma960012ybrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views731Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Copolymers,Ethers,Polymers,Solvents,Sulfones Get e-Alerts
Evidence that diffusion limitation determines oxygen uptake kinetics during exercise in humans. (1990)

To determine the role of arterial O2 content on the mechanism of muscle O2 utilization, we studied the effect of 2, 11, and 20% carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) on O2 uptake (VO2), and CO2 output (VCO2) kinetics in response to 6 min of constant moderate- and heavy-intensity cycle exercise in 10 subjects. Increased COHb did not affect resting heart rate, VO2 or VCO2. Also, the COHb did not affect the asymptotic VO2 in response to exercise. However, VO2 and VCO2 kinetics were affected differently. The time constant (TC) of VO2 significantly increased with increased COHb for both moderate and heavy work intensities. VO2 TC was positively correlated with blood lactate. In contrast, VCO2 TC was negatively correlated with increased COHb for the moderate but unchanged for the heavy work intensity. The gas exchange ratio reflected a smaller increase in CO2 stores and faster VCO2 kinetics relative to VO2 with increased COHb. These changes can be explained by compensatory cardiac output (heart rate) increase in response to reduced arterial O2 content. The selective slowing of VO2 kinetics, with decreased blood O2 content and increased cardiac output, suggests that O2 is diffusion limited at the levels of exercise studied.
Context-Aware Data and Task Placement in Edge Computing Environments (2019)

Computationally intensive tasks of IoT applications can be offloaded to powerful devices in the edge. Code offloading reduces energy consumption and increases performance. However, applications that use face recognition, machine learning, or image rendering, rely on large amounts of data. The transfer of this data leads to latencies which contradicts the responsiveness required by many pervasive applications. As a solution, decoupling the data from the tasks allows to apply new scheduling strategies that place data on remote devices before the actual task execution. Grid computing approaches use this technique effectively, however, edge computing introduces further challenges such as device fluctuation and heterogeneity.In this paper, we propose a data management approach for edge computing environments that decouples data placement from task scheduling. We present a multi-level scheduler, which places data on resource providers in the system considering multiple context dimensions. The scheduler allocates tasks according to the current context and observes the state during runtime. If required, the system adjusts the number of data copies to optimize the trade-off between execution latencies and data management overhead. The paper has three contributions: (1) a context-aware multi-level scheduler, (2) the integration of four data placement, three task scheduling, and three runtime adaptation algorithms, (3) an evaluation in a real-world testbed.
A Single Amino Acid Difference between Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and −2 (COX-2) Reverses the Selectivity of COX-2 Specific Inhibitors (1996)

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) currently available for clinical use inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. This suggests that clinically useful NSAIDs inhibit pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs) derived from the activity of COX-2, as well as PGs in tissues like the stomach and kidney (via COX-1). A new class of compounds has recently been developed (SC-58125) that have a high degree of selectivity for the inducible form of cyxlooxygenase (COX-2) over the constitutive form (COX-1). This unique class of compounds exhibit a time-dependent irreversible inhibition of COX-2, while reversibly inhibiting COX-1. The molecular basis of this selectivity was probed by site-directed mutagenesis of the active site of COX-2. The sequence differences in the active site were determined by amino acid replacement of the COX-2 sequences based on the known crystal structure of COX-1, which revealed a single amino acid difference in the active site (valine 509 to isoleucine) and a series of differences at the mouth of the active site. Mutants with the single amino acid substitution in the active site and a combination of three changes in the mouth of the active site were made in human COX-2, expressed in insect cells and purified. The single amino acid change of valine 509 to isoleucine confers selectivity of COX-2 inhibitors in the class of SC-58125 and others of the same class (SC-236, NS-398), while commonly used NSAIDs such as indomethacin showed no change in selectivity. Substitutions of COX-1 sequences in COX-2 at the mouth of the active site of COX-2 did not change the selectivity of SC-58125. This indicates that the single amino acid substitution of isoleucine at position 509 for a valine is sufficient to confer COX-2 selectivity in this example of a diaryl-heterocycle COX inhibitor.
CIPID: Contact Information for the Presence Information Data Format (2006)

The Presence Information Data Format (PIDF) defines a basic XML format for presenting presence information for a presentity.The Contact Information for the Presence Information Data format (CIPID) is an extension that adds elements to PIDF that provide additional contact information about a presentity and its contacts, including references to address book entries and icons.Schulzrinne
Two-level system in a one-mode quantum field: numerical solution on the basis of the operator method (1996)

Accurate eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of a two-level system interacting with a one-mode quantum field are calculated numerically. A special iteration procedure based on the operator method permits one to consider the solution within a wide range of the Hamiltonian parameters and to find the uniformly approximating analytical formula for the eigenvalues. Characteristic features of the model are considered, such as the level intersections, the population of the field states and the chaotization in the system through the doubling of the frequencies.
Dispersion of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Aqueous Solutions of the Anionic Surfactant NaDDBS (2003)

The insolubility of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) in either water or organic solvents has been a limitation for the practical application of this unique material. Recent studies have demonstrated that the suspendability of SWNT can be greatly enhanced by employing appropriate surfactants. Although the efficiency of anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants has been demonstrated to different extents, the exact mechanism by which carbon nanotubes and the different surfactants interact is still uncertain. To deepen the understanding of this interfacial phenomenon, we have investigated the effects of chemical modifications of the surface on the extent of nanotube−surfactant interaction. Such changes in the surface chemistry of the SWNT can be achieved by simply varying the pretreatment method, which can be acidic or basic. We have found that intrinsic surface properties such as the PZC (point of zero charge) are greatly affected by the purification method. That is, the electrical charge of the SWNT surface varies with the pH of the surrounding media. However, it has been found that during the adsorption of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (NaDDBS) on SWNT Coulombic forces do not play a central role, but are overcome by the hydrophobic interactions between the surfactant tail and the nanotube walls. Only at pH values far from the PZC do the Coulombic forces become important. The hydrophobic forces between the surfactant tail and the nanotube determine the structure of the surfactant-stabilized nanotubes. In such a structure, each nanotube is covered by a monolayer of surfactant molecules in which the heads form a compact outer surface while the tails remain in contact with the nanotube walls. It is important to note that although the final configuration can be described as a cylindrical micelle with a nanotube in the center, the mechanism of formation of this structure does not proceed by incorporation of a nanotube into a micelle, but rather by a two-step adsorption that ends up in the formation of a surfactant monolayer.
In Vivo Evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 toward Increased Pathogenicity through CXCR4-Mediated Killing of Uninfected CD4 T Cells (2003)

The destruction of the immune system by progressive loss of CD4 T cells is the hallmark of AIDS. CCR5-dependent (R5) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates predominate in the early, asymptomatic stages of HIV-1 infection, while CXCR4-dependent (X4) isolates typically emerge at later stages, frequently coinciding with a rapid decline in CD4 T cells. Lymphocyte killing in vivo primarily occurs through apoptosis, but the importance of apoptosis of HIV-1-infected cells relative to apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells is controversial. Here we show that in human lymphoid tissues ex vivo, apoptosis of uninfected bystander CD4 T cells is a major mechanism of lymphocyte depletion caused by X4 HIV-1 strains but is only a minor mechanism of depletion by R5 strains. Further, X4 HIV-1-induced bystander apoptosis requires the interaction of the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 with the CXCR4 coreceptor on CD4 T cells. These results emphasize the contribution of bystander apoptosis to HIV-1 cytotoxicity and suggest that in association with a coreceptor switch in HIV disease, T-cell killing evolves from an infection-restricted stage to generalized toxicity that involves a high degree of bystander apoptosis.
A ray tracing solution for diffuse interreflection (1988)

An efficient ray tracing method is presented for calculating interreflections between surfaces with both diffuse and specular components. A Monte Carlo technique computes the indirect contributions to illuminance at locations chosen by the rendering process. The indirect illuminance values are averaged over surfaces and used in place of a constant "ambient" term. Illuminance calculations are made only for those areas participating in the selected view, and the results are stored so that subsequent views can reuse common values. The density of the calculation is adjusted to maintain a constant accuracy, permitting less populated portions of the scene to be computed quickly. Successive reflections use proportionally fewer samples, which speeds the process and provides a natural limit to recursion. The technique can also model diffuse transmission and illumination from large area sources, such as the sky.