gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antitumor Activity of α-Galactosylceramide, KRN7000, in Mice With the Melanoma B16 Hepatic Metastasis and Immunohistological Study of Tumor Infiltrating Cells (2001)

Liver metastasis of primary tumors is clinically a major problem. We examined the antitumor activity of KRN7000, an alpha-galactosylceramide, in mice with liver metastasis of the B16 melanoma. KRN7000 significantly inhibited tumor growth in the liver, and its potency was similar to that of interleukin-12. The KRN7000 administration resulted in a high percentage of cured mice, which acquired tumor-specific immunity. To study what kinds of antitumor effector cells participated in killing tumor cells, we then performed immunohistological analysis of tumor-infiltrating cells, and found that KRN7000 induced marked invasion of NK1.1+ cells, CD8+ cells, and F4/80+ cells (macrophages) into B16 tumor nodules. In addition, it appeared that KRN7000-treated, liver-associated macrophages possessed strong lytic activity against tumor cells. These results suggest that NK cells, NK1.1+ T (NKT) cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and macrophages play an important role in killing tumor cells in the liver, and that KRN7000 may be useful for the treatment of cancer liver metastasis.
A Driver Behavior Recognition Method Based on a Driver Model Framework (2000)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A method for detecting drivers' intentions is essential to facilitate operating mode transitions between driver and driver assistance systems. We propose a driver behavior recognition method using Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to characterize and detect driving maneuvers and place it in the framework of a cognitive model of human behavior. HMM-based steering behavior models for emergency and normal lane changes as well as for lane keeping were developed using a moving base driving simulator. Analysis of these models after training and recognition tests showed that driver behavior modeling and recognition of different types of lane changes is possible using HMMs.&lt;/div&gt;
Enhanced Archaerhodopsin Fluorescent Protein Voltage Indicators (2013)

A longstanding goal in neuroscience has been to develop techniques for imaging the voltage dynamics of genetically defined subsets of neurons. Optical sensors of transmembrane voltage would enhance studies of neural activity in contexts ranging from individual neurons cultured in vitro to neuronal populations in awake-behaving animals. Recent progress has identified Archaerhodopsin (Arch) based sensors as a promising, genetically encoded class of fluorescent voltage indicators that can report single action potentials. Wild-type Arch exhibits sub-millisecond fluorescence responses to trans-membrane voltage, but its light-activated proton pump also responds to the imaging illumination. An Arch mutant (Arch-D95N) exhibits no photocurrent, but has a slower, ~40 ms response to voltage transients. Here we present Arch-derived voltage sensors with trafficking signals that enhance their localization to the neural membrane. We also describe Arch mutant sensors (Arch-EEN and -EEQ) that exhibit faster kinetics and greater fluorescence dynamic range than Arch-D95N, and no photocurrent at the illumination intensities normally used for imaging. We benchmarked these voltage sensors regarding their spike detection fidelity by using a signal detection theoretic framework that takes into account the experimentally measured photon shot noise and optical waveforms for single action potentials. This analysis revealed that by combining the sequence mutations and enhanced trafficking sequences, the new sensors improved the fidelity of spike detection by nearly three-fold in comparison to Arch-D95N.
A new method for the isolation of ribonucleic acids from mammalian tissues (1956)

1. A micro-organism identified as a species of Pweudomona8 forms adaptive enzymes which oxidize a large number of polyols. The properties and specificities ofthe enzymes have been studied in cell-free extracts. They are diphosphopyridine nu- cleotide-linked dehydrogenases converting polyols into ketoses.
Chemical Structure and Sweet Taste of Isocoumarins and Related Compounds. V (1974)

On the basis of the previous findings, relationship between the structure and appearance of sweet taste was examined by synthesis of 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylaniline (III), which is the structural conversion product of β-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethylbenzene (I), by application of the theory of bioisosterism, III had a fairly sweet taste while N-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylaniline tasted bitter. modification of III molecule with a propyl group, which is considered to be equivalent with phenyl group, was then carried out based on the theory of lipophilic equivalent, and the synthesized 3- hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylpropylamine was found to be tasteless. An attempt was made to clarify the relationship between the chemical structure and sweet taste of these series of compounds on the basis of these facts.
Structure and Function of a Human TAF II 250 Double Bromodomain Module (2000)

TFIID is a large multiprotein complex that initiates assembly of the transcription machinery. It is unclear how TFIID recognizes promoters in vivo when templates are nucleosome-bound. Here, it is shown that TAFII250, the largest subunit of TFIID, contains two tandem bromodomain modules that bind selectively to multiply acetylated histone H4 peptides. The 2.1 angstrom crystal structure of the double bromodomain reveals two side-by-side, four-helix bundles with a highly polarized surface charge distribution. Each bundle contains an Nepsilon-acetyllysine binding pocket at its center, which results in a structure ideally suited for recognition of diacetylated histone H4 tails. Thus, TFIID may be targeted to specific chromatin-bound promoters and may play a role in chromatin recognition.
Spatial Distribution and Dispersal Patterns of Central North American Freshwater Crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) with Emphasis on Implications of Glacial Refugia (2014)

Spatial distributions of crayfish were evaluated in relation to glacial geography and possible modes of dispersal from refugia. Species dispersal patterns were a priori hypothesized and tested using principle components analysis (PCA). PCA factor loading plots were evaluated for hypothesized crayfish dispersal patterns. Cambarus laevis was limited to the unglaciated region, while Orconectes immunis, Orconectes virilis , and Procambarus gracilis may have dispersed from western glacial refugia in the upper Missouri drainage. Fallicambarus fodiens and Procambarus acutus dispersed from south of the glacial advance within the Mississippi embayment. Previous dispersal hypotheses for Orconectes propinquus recognized that northern refugia may have been from the Driftless Area in Wisconsin and Illinois and may have invaded more than one refuge since this species was common in unglaciated areas of southwestern Indiana. Orconectes indianensis center of abundance is in the unglaciated region. Disjunct populations likely dispersed into temporary glacial lakes that, when receded, left populations in previously glaciated areas. Cambarus polychromatus possibly dispersed from southern refugia, while Cambarus sp. A cf. diogenes dispersed from southern refugia not sympatric with C. polychromatus . The glacial refugia included western and southern areas of the glacial maximum; however, northern dispersal routes may be important with global climate change.
Differences in Potency of Intravenous Polyspecific Immunoglobulin G against Streptococcal and Staphylococcal Superantigens: Implications for Therapy of Toxic Shock Syndrome (2004)

Administration of intravenous polyspecific immunoglobulin G (IVIG) has been proposed as adjunctive therapy for toxic shock syndrome caused by Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus. We investigated whether superantigen-containing culture supernatants prepared from streptococcal isolates (n=21) and staphylococcal isolates (n=20) from cases of severe sepsis were inhibited to an equal extent by IVIG in proliferation experiments that used human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. All 3 IVIG preparations tested were highly efficient in neutralizing the superantigens, and most supernatants were completely inhibited at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 2.5 mg IVIG/mL. An important finding was that culture supernatants from S. pyogenes isolates were consistently inhibited to a greater extent than those of S. aureus isolates (P<.01). The findings demonstrate that staphylococcal superantigens are not inhibited as efficiently as streptococcal superantigens by IVIG, and, hence, a higher dose of IVIG may be required for therapy of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome in order to achieve protective titers and clinical efficacy.
Excessive Use of Rapid Tests in Respiratory Tract Infections in Swedish Primary Health Care (2004)

A 1-y retrospective study of problem oriented electronic patient records, for encounters concerning respiratory tract infection, was performed. The aim was to analyse the management of respiratory tract infections in primary health care in terms of diagnostic coding, tests and antibiotic treatment using data from electronic patient records. 12 primary health care centres with a registered population of 102,050 residents in 3 counties in southeast Sweden participated. Data were retrieved electronically from records of patient encounters concerning respiratory tract infections. The data were: patient age and gender, date of contact, diagnostic code, CRP and GABHS tests and results, as well as antibiotic prescriptions. In a total of 19,965 encounters, the most frequent diagnoses were common cold (40%), acute tonsillitis (18%), and acute bronchitis (15%). A total of 4445 GABHS tests (in 22% of encounters) and 6141 CRP tests (31%) were performed, and both tests were done in 1910 encounters (10%). A total of 7934 antibiotic prescriptions were registered. The proportion of patients tested and prescribed an antibiotic varied greatly between centres. We found an excessive, and much varying, use of rapid tests in encounters for respiratory tract infections. Data retrieval from electronic patient record systems was a feasible method to study the use of laboratory tests in relation to pharmacological treatment.
Cloning of a human kidney cDNA with similarity to the sodium-glucose cotransporter (1992)

We have used low-stringency screening with the human intestinal Na(+)-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 to isolate a 2,271-nucleotide cDNA (Hu14) from human kidney. This clone, which encodes a 672-residue protein, is 59% identical at the amino acid level to SGLT1 and has a similar number and arrangement of predicted membrane-spanning regions. It also shares significant sequence identity with other Na(+)-coupled transporters. Northern blot analysis suggests strong expression of Hu14 in kidney, but, unlike SGLT1, no significant expression in intestine. We have been unable to demonstrate definitive transport of any of a number of substrates (including amino acids, sugars, nucleosides, and vitamins) into Hu14 cRNA-injected Xenopus oocytes, although sequence conservation makes it likely that Hu14 represents another member of the Na+ cotransporter family, possibly a second Na(+)-glucose cotransporter.
Locally adaptive deblocking filter for low bit rate video (2000)

Blocking artifacts are a major degradation affecting block-based video compression. An adaptively based filter is proposed, whereby the type of filtering to be applied is chosen based on local image characteristics. Having three modes of filtering, it allows for strong filtering in flat areas where the blocking effect is most noticeable, detail preserving filtering in highly complex regions, while allowing for the smoothing of intermediate areas without excessively blurring the image. Objective, and more notably subjective testing, show the effectiveness of the proposed postprocessing technique. PSNR improvements of the order of 0.3 dB are found compared to the non-postprocessed image. Computational demands (less than a million operations per QCIF frame) make the proposed method practical for real time implementation.
Development and Validation of a Multi-marker Serum Test for the Assessment of Mucosal Healing in Crohnʼs Disease Patients (2017)

Introduction: Mucosal healing (MH) has become the primary therapeutic target in Crohn's Disease (CD). Ileocolonoscopy, currently the gold standard for assessing MH, is invasive and time-consuming with poor patient acceptance. This limits the practical feasibility for serial monitoring of mucosal disease activity and response to treatment. We developed a serum-based, multi-analyte MH algorithm incorporating a panel of biomarkers associated with biological pathways important for mucosal homeostasis in CD patients. Methods: Retrospective serum samples were taken from adult CD patients at or within 30 days of ileocolonoscopy. A panel of serum proteomics biomarkers, selected from a total of 48 markers based on their correlation with endoscopic activity, were used to train a logistic regression model against visualized endoscopic disease severity determined by either CDEIS or SES-CD scores. The model was independently validated in a prospectively collected, centrally read, longitudinal cohort of 118 patients from the TAILORIX clinical trial. The final model utilized 13 biomarkers to produce a 0-100 scale termed as the Mucosal Healing Index (MHI). The markers represent multiple biological pathways thought to be involved in the MH process including angiogenesis (Ang1, Ang2), cell adhesion (CEACAM1, VCAM1), growth factor signaling (TGF||), inflammation (CRP, SAA1), matrix remodeling (mmp-1, -2, -3, -9 and EMMPRIN), and immune modulation (IL7). Results: A total of 748 samples from 396 patients (mean age: 34 years, 49% males, 26% ileal, 52% ileocolonic and 22% colonic disease) were used for the training and validation of the MH index. The overall accuracy of the test was 90% with a negative predictive value (NPV) of 92% for identifying patients in remission (CDEIS<3) or with mild (CDEIS 3-8) endoscopic disease (MHI range 0-40) and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 87% for identifying patients with endoscopic evidence of active disease (CDEIS ≥3; MHI range 50-100). 14% of the specimens fell within an intermediate zone (MHI 41-49) with an observed 78% probability of active disease. Test performance is shown in Table 1.Table: Table. Mucosal Healing Index Performance for Detecting Mucosal Disease Severity in CD PatientsConclusion: A peripheral blood-based test has been developed that can be used as a non-invasive surrogate for mucosal endoscopic activity assessed with ileocolonoscopy in CD patients. The incorporation of this test into current practice could aid in the management and monitoring of CD patients to help determine therapeutic efficacy in a treat to target paradigm.
Involvement of the p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway in Transforming Growth Factor-β-induced Gene Expression (1999)

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase family, is suggested to be involved in TGF-beta-induced gene expression, but the signaling mechanism from TAK1 to the nucleus remains largely undefined. We have found that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and its direct activator MKK6 are rapidly activated in response to TGF-beta. Expression of dominant negative MKK6 or dominant negative TAK1 inhibited the TGF-beta-induced transcriptional activation as well as the p38 activation. Constitutive activation of the p38 pathway in the absence of TGF-beta induced the transcriptional activation, which was enhanced synergistically by coexpression of Smad2 and Smad4 and was inhibited by expression of the C-terminal truncated, dominant negative Smad4. Furthermore, we have found that activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2), which is known as a nuclear target of p38, becomes phosphorylated in the N-terminal activation domain in response to TGF-beta, that ATF-2 forms a complex with Smad4, and that the complex formation is enhanced by TGF-beta. In addition, expression of a nonphosphorylatable form of ATF-2 inhibited the TGF-beta-induced transcriptional activation. These results show that the p38 pathway is activated by TGF-beta and is involved in the TGF-beta-induced transcriptional activation by regulating the Smad-mediated pathway.
Kunitz-type protease inhibitor found in rat mast cells. Purification, properties, and amino acid sequence. (1988)

A low molecular weight serine protease inhibitor, named trypstatin, was purified from rat peritoneal mast cells. It is a single polypeptide with 61 amino acid residues and an Mr of 6610. Trypstatin markedly inhibits blood coagulation factor Xa (Ki = 1.2 x 10(-10) M) and tryptase (Ki = 3.6 x 10(-10) M) from rat mast cells, which have activities that convert prothrombin to thrombin. It also inhibits porcine pancreatic trypsin (Ki = 1.4 x 10(-8) M) and chymase (Ki = 2.4 x 10(-8) M) from rat mast cells, but not papain, alpha-thrombin, or porcine pancreatic elastase. Trypstatin forms a complex in a molar ratio of 1:1 with trypsin and one subunit of tryptase. The complete amino acid sequence of this inhibitor was determined and compared with those of Kunitz-type inhibitors. Trypstatin has a high degree of sequence homology with human and bovine inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitors, A4(751) Alzheimer's disease amyloid protein precursor, and basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. However, unlike other known Kunitz-type protease inhibitors, it inhibits factor Xa most strongly.
A new era of thromboelastometry (2017)

Severe hemorrhage with necessity of allogeneic blood transfusion is common complication in intensive care unit and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Prompt recognition and treatment of bleeding causes becomes essential for the effective control of hemorrhage, rationalizing the use of allogeneic blood components, and in this way, preventing an occurrence of their potential adverse effects. Conventional coagulation tests such as prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time present limitations in predicting bleeding and guiding transfusion therapy in critically ill patients. Viscoelastic tests such as thromboelastography and rotational thromboelastometry allow rapid detection of coagulopathy and goal-directed therapy with specific hemostatic drugs. The new era of thromboelastometry relies on its efficacy, practicality, reproducibility and cost-effectiveness to establish itself as the main diagnostic tool and transfusion guide in patients with severe active bleeding.
Mast Cells Are Early Responders After Hypoxia-Ischemia in Immature Rat Brain (2009)

MCs are early responders to HI in neonatal brain. MC stabilization provides lasting protection and suggests a new target for therapeutic interventions.
Realization of a Silicon Nanowire Vertical Surround‐Gate Field‐Effect Transistor (2005)

A generic process for fabricating vertical surround-gate field-effect transistors (FETs) from epitaxially grown silicon nanowires is presented. The process is demonstrated using n-type Si nanowires grown on a p-type substrate in ultrahigh vacuum using a Au catalyst. The process consists of various deposition and etching steps; no chemical or mechanical polishing is required. Individual as well as arrays of vertical surround-gate FETs can be fabricated.
Angiotensin IV Activates the Nuclear Transcription Factor-κB and Related Proinflammatory Genes in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (2005)

Inflammation is a key event in the development of atherosclerosis. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is important in the inflammatory response regulation. The effector peptide of the renin angiotensin system Angiotensin II (Ang II) activates NF-kappaB and upregulates some related proinflammatory genes. Our aim was to investigate whether other angiotensin-related peptides, as the N-terminal degradation peptide Ang IV, could regulate proinflammatory factors (activation of NF-kappaB and related genes) in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In these cells, Ang IV increased NF-kappaB DNA binding activity, caused nuclear translocation of p50/p65 subunits, cytosolic IkappaB degradation and induced NF-kappaB-dependent gene transcription. Ang II activates NF-kappaB via AT1 and AT2 receptors, but AT1 or AT2 antagonists did not inhibit NF-kappaB activation caused by Ang IV. In VSMC from AT1a receptor knockout mice, Ang IV also activated NF-kappaB pathway. In those cells, the AT4 antagonist divalinal diminished dose-dependently Ang IV-induced NF-kappaB activation and prevented IkappaB degradation, but had no effect on the Ang II response, indicating that Ang IV activates the NF-kappaB pathway via AT4 receptors. Ang IV also increased the expression of proinflammatory factors under NF-kappaB control, such as MCP-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, ICAM-1, and PAI-1, which were blocked by the AT4 antagonist. Our results reveal that Ang IV, via AT4 receptors, activates NF-kappaB pathway and increases proinflammatory genes. These data indicate that Ang IV possesses proinflammatory properties, suggesting that this Ang degradation peptide could participate in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
Structural data of the tysonite-type superstructure modification β -PrF 3 from X-ray powder and electron single-crystal diffraction (1995)

The crystal structure of the tysonite-type superstructure of β -PrF 3 has been studied by X-ray powder diffraction and high-energy electron diffraction from single crystals. The crystal data are: a = 7.0795(1) Å, c = 7.2380(2) Å, Z = 6, hexagonal system, space group (No. 165), ρ calc = 6.28 g cm −3 . Atomic parameters and interatomic distances are presented from the final refinement with R conv = 1.72%.
Reversible myocardial ischemic injury is not associated with increased creatine kinase activity in plasma (1997)

Abstract Creatine kinase (CK) isoenzymes MM, MB, and BB are located primarily in the cell cytosol, and increased CKMB in plasma is the hallmark of myocardial infarction. However, whether CK is released with reversible ischemic injury remains controversial. Here, we assessed plasma CK activity—cytosolic and mitochondrial CK—in serial samples (every 10 min for 60 min, then hourly or every 4 h for 48 h) from 46 conscious dogs after transient or sustained coronary occlusion. Four dogs were sham-operated (controls); four underwent sustained coronary occlusion (96 h); and 38 underwent transient coronary occlusion (10–40 min) followed by 48 h of reperfusion. In postmortem histological examination of the dogs’ hearts by light and electron microscopy, we looked for ischemia or necrosis. The presence of cell swelling and glycogen depletion was indicative of ischemia, whereas the added presence of cell disruption indicated necrosis. Coronary occlusion for ≥20 min consistently increased plasma mitochondrial and total CK activity and produced histologically evident myocardial necrosis. In contrast, after 10 to 15 min of coronary occlusion, 12 of 14 animals, despite extensive severe reversible ischemia, showed no increase in plasma CK; the remaining 2, which had increased plasma CK, had subendocardial necrosis. Thus, cytosolic or mitochondrial CK is released from the heart only when there has been irreversible myocardial injury—a finding with significant diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
Sensitivity of feedforward neural networks to weight errors (1990)

An analysis is made of the sensitivity of feedforward layered networks of Adaline elements (threshold logic units) to weight errors. An approximation is derived which expresses the probability of error for an output neuron of a large network (a network with many neurons per layer) as a function of the percentage change in the weights. As would be expected, the probability of error increases with the number of layers in the network and with the percentage change in the weights. The probability of error is essentially independent of the number of weights per neuron and of the number of neurons per layer, as long as these numbers are large (on the order of 100 or more).