gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Requirement for the Lymphocyte Semaphorin, CD100, in the Induction of Antigen-Specific T Cells and the Maturation of Dendritic Cells (2002)

Abstract CD100 belongs to the semaphorin family, several members of which are known to act as repulsive axonal guidance factors during neuronal development. We have previously demonstrated that CD100 plays a crucial role in humoral immunity. In this study, we show that CD100 is also important for cellular immunity through the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). CD100−/− mice fail to develop experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide, because myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific T cells are not generated in the absence of CD100. In vitro studies with T cells from OVA-specific TCR-transgenic mice demonstrate that Ag-specific T cells lacking CD100 fail to differentiate into cells producing either IL-4 or IFN-γ in the presence of APCs and OVA peptide. In addition, DCs from CD100−/− mice display poor allostimulatory capabilities and defects in costimulatory molecule expression and IL-12 production. The addition of exogenous soluble rCD100 restores normal functions in CD100−/− DCs and further enhances functions of normal DCs. Furthermore, treatment of Ag-pulsed DCs with both soluble CD100 and anti-CD40 before immunization significantly enhances their immunogenicity. This treatment elicits improved T cell priming in vivo, enhancing both primary and memory T cell responses. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CD100, which enhances the maturation of DCs, is essential in the activation and differentiation of Ag-specific T cells.
First blueprint, now bricks: DNA as construction material on the nanoscale (2006)

For the most part DNA was considered Nature's instruction manual for life leading to the popular description 'blueprint of life'. However, DNA is now taking on a new aspect where it is finding use as a construction element for architecture on the nanoscale. This tutorial review addresses the importance of building ordered structures with DNA on the nanoscale, the underlying principles and approaches to build such scaffolds, the current limitations and the anticipated trajectory of the area. This is would be of interest to the chemical biology, supramolecular and bioengineering communities in particular.
Coconut fibre: A versatile material and its applications in engineering (2011)

This paper presents the versatility of coconut fibres and its applications in different branches of engineering, particularly in civil engineering as a construction material. Coconut fibre is one of the natural fibres abundantly available in tropical regions, and is extracted from the husk of coconut fruit.Not only the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of coconut fibres are shown; but also properties of composites (cement pastes, mortar and/or concrete etc), in which coconut fibres are used as reinforcement, are discussed. The research carried out and the conclusions drawn by different researchers in last few decades are also briefly presented. Graphs showing the relationship between different properties are shown in this paper. Coconut fibres reinforced composites have been used as cheap and durable non-structural elements. The aim of this review is to spread awareness of coconut fibres as a construction material in civil engineering.

	 

	Key words: Coconut fibres, construction material, composites, cement and concrete.
Isolation of a cDNA encoding the human CD38 (T10) molecule, a cell surface glycoprotein with an unusual discontinuous pattern of expression during lymphocyte differentiation. (1990)

A cDNA clone encoding the human lymphocyte differentiation Ag CD38 was isolated from a mixture of four different lymphocyte CDNA libraries expressed transiently in COS cells and screened by panning with mAb. Transfected COS cells expressed a surface protein of Mr 46,000 that was similar to the native CD38 molecule expressed on the B cell line Daudi and the T cell leukemia HPB-ALL and which was recognized by each of the CD38 specific mAb HIT-2, T16, T168, HB7, 5D2, ICO-18, and ICO-20. The CD38 cDNA sequence predicts an unusual 30-kDa polypeptide with a short N-terminal cytoplasmic tail, and a carboxyl-terminal extracellular domain carrying the four potential N-linked glycosylation sites. The absence of significant homology with other known surface Ag including members of the Ig superfamily ruled out the possibility that CD38 was the human homologue of the murine Qa2 molecule as has been suggested previously. PvuII digests of human genomic DNA revealed a polymorphism linked to the CD38 gene.
Inhibitory effects of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) on the IGF‐1 receptor and androgen dependent growth of LAPC‐4 prostate cancer cells (2008)

NDGA blocks the DHT-induced growth of LAPC-4 prostate cancer cells by several mechanisms including rapid inhibition of the IGF-1R kinase, and a dose-dependent inhibition of androgen stimulation of IGF-1R expression. Clinical studies of this agent will determine its efficacy in the setting of androgen-dependent prostate cancer.
A case of Proximal Median Neuropathy Mimic Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome in a Young Dentist (2005)

P M N으로는 P T에서 포착( e n t r a p m e n t ) 이 일어나는 원엎 침근 증후군(Pronator syndrome, PS)과 F D S의 s u blimis bridge에서포착( e n t r a p m e n t ) 이 일어나는 앞뼈사 이신경증후군(Anterior interosseous syndrome, AIS) 이 대표적이며, PT상부에서포착( e n t r a p m e n t ) 이 일어나 는 경우는 매우 드물다. 저자들은 우측첫째 및 둘째 손가 락의 끝마디 뼈 관절(distal interphalangeal joint)의 구부림 장애를 호소하여 임상적 및 전기생리학적으로 A I S가 의심되었던 환자에서 P T를 침범하는 P M N로 확인 된 증례를 경험하였기에보고하는 바이다.
Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology: Corticosteroids in autoimmune disease (1999)

Corticosteroids can be used to induce a remission or reduce the morbidity in autoimmune diseases.
A mean-removed variation of weighted universal vector quantization for image coding (2002)

Weighted universal vector quantization uses traditional codeword design techniques to design locally optimal multi-codebook systems. Application of this technique to a sequence of medical images produces a 10.3 dB improvement over standard full search vector quantization followed by entropy coding at the cost of increased complexity. In this proposed variation each codebook in the system is given a mean or 'prediction' value which is subtracted from all supervectors that map to the given codebook. The chosen codebook's codewords are then used to encode the resulting residuals. Application of the mean-removed system to the medical data set achieves up to 0.5 dB improvement at no rate expense.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Endovascular Nonthermal Irreversible Electroporation: A Finite Element Analysis (2010)

Tissue ablation finds an increasing use in modern medicine. Nonthermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) is a biophysical phenomenon and an emerging novel tissue ablation modality, in which electric fields are applied in a pulsed mode to produce nanoscale defects to the cell membrane phospholipid bilayer, in such a way that Joule heating is minimized and thermal damage to other molecules in the treated volume is reduced while the cells die. Here we present a two-dimensional transient finite element model to simulate the electric field and thermal damage to the arterial wall due to an endovascular NTIRE novel device. The electric field was used to calculate the Joule heating effect, and a transient solution of the temperature is presented using the Pennes bioheat equation. This is followed by a kinetic model of the thermal damage based on the Arrhenius formulation and calculation of the Henriques and Moritz thermal damage integral. The analysis shows that the endovascular application of 90, 100 mus pulses with a potential difference of 600 V can induce electric fields of 1000 V/cm and above across the entire arterial wall, which are sufficient for irreversible electroporation. The temperature in the arterial wall reached a maximum of 66.7 degrees C with a pulse frequency of 4 Hz. Thermal damage integral showed that this protocol will thermally damage less than 2% of the molecules around the electrodes. In conclusion, endovascular NTIRE is possible. Our study sets the theoretical basis for further preclinical and clinical trials with endovascular NTIRE.
Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism of Graphene (2008)

Aiming at molecular-based magnets, ferromagnetism of pure carbon-based materials is fundamentally and technologically extremely important for many applications. While it is still not fully understood, many recent theoretical works have suggested that one-atom-thick two-dimensional graphene materials may show ferromagnetism due to the existence of various defects or topological structures as the spin units and the possible long-range ordered coupling among them. Here, we report the experimental results on the ferromagnetism of graphene-based materials at room temperature. The observed room-temperature ferromagnetism is believed to come from the defects on graphene.
The identification of genes with unique and essential functions in the development of the zebrafish, Danio rerio (1996)

In a large-scale screen, we isolated mutants displaying a specific visible phenotype in embryos or early larvae of the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Males were mutagenized with ethylnitrosourea (ENU) and F2 families of single pair matings between sibling F1 fish, heterozygous for a mutagenized genome, were raised. Egg lays were obtained from several crosses between F2 siblings, resulting in scoring of 3857 mutagenized genomes. F3 progeny were scored at the second, third and sixth day of development, using a stereomicroscope. In a subsequent screen, fixed embryos were analyzed for correct retinotectal projection. A total of 4264 mutants were identified. Two thirds of the mutants displaying rather general abnormalities were eventually discarded. We kept and characterized 1163 mutants. In complementation crosses performed between mutants with similar phenotypes, 894 mutants have been assigned to 372 genes. The average allele frequency is 2.4. We identified genes involved in early development, notochord, brain, spinal cord, somites, muscles, heart, circulation, blood, skin, fin, eye, otic vesicle, jaw and branchial arches, pigment pattern, pigment formation, gut, liver, motility and touch response. Our collection contains alleles of almost all previously described zebrafish mutants. From the allele frequencies and other considerations we estimate that the 372 genes defined by the mutants probably represent more than half of all genes that could have been discovered using the criteria of our screen. Here we give an overview of the spectrum of mutant phenotypes obtained, and discuss the limits and the potentials of a genetic saturation screen in the zebrafish.
Efficacy of a topical application of Certifect®(fipronil 6.26% w/v, amitraz 7.48% w/v, (S)-methoprene 5.63% w/v) for the treatment of canine generalized demodicosis (2013)

The efficacy of the treatment with Certifect ® (containing fipronil 6.26% w/v, amitraz 7.48% w/v, (S)-methoprene 5.63% w/v) applied topically was assessed in 18 dogs diagnosed with clinical generalized demodicosis. Three treatment regimens were compared over a 3-month period. Starting at Day 0, dogs were treated monthly (group 1) or every two weeks (group 2) with the combination of fipronil, amitraz, and (S)-methoprene or with monthly topical applications of the combination of amitraz and metaflumizone (group 3, reference treatment). Clinical examinations including deep skin scrapings were performed every month in order to evaluate the resolution of clinical signs and the reduction in mite counts. On Day 84, the percentage reduction of mite counts in group 1 was 99.8%, whereas no Demodex canis could be detected in groups 2 and 3 (i.e. 100% parasitological efficacy). As a result of the Demodex mite count reduction, the skin condition of the dogs improved significantly in all groups. This study illustrates, that both monthly and bi-weekly treatments with Certifect were effective in treating dogs with generalized demodicosis over a 3-month period.
Investigating the fundamentals of drug crystal growth using Atomic Force Microscopy (2003)

The importance of crystals to the pharmaceutical industry is evident - over 90% of pharmaceutical products contain a drug in crystalline form. However, the crystallization phenomena of drug compounds are poorly understood. An increased understanding of these processes may allow a greater degree of control over the crystallization outcomes, such as morphology, purity, or stability. In these studies, we have applied Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to the in situ investigations of drug crystal growth. We utilized AFM to assess the growth on the (001) face of aspirin crystals at two supersaturations, elucidating both the growth mechanisms and kinetics at each supersaturation. We also investigated the nucleation of aspirin crystals, using microcontact printing to arrange aspirin-binding and non-binding self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) onto surfaces. This facilitated the visualization, using AFM, of the growth of aspirin crystals adhered to the surface. Additionally, secondary nucleation was observed on the growing crystals. The effect of the additives acetanilide and metacetamol on the morphology and growth on the (001) face of paracetamol was investigated. The presence of metacetamol significantly reduced the growth rate on the face, with respect to pure paracetamol solutions. The growing steps exhibited a pinned appearance, consistent with the Cabrera and Vermilyea model. Conversely, acetanilide caused dissolution to occur. Finally, we assessed the capabilities of AFM in following the structural transformations of crystals, which can occur in unstable pharmaceutical compounds. We employed AFM to determine the process by which anion exchange, and the subsequent structural transformations, of the co-ordination polymers {[Ag(4,4'-bipy)]BF4} and {[Ag(4,4'-bipy)]NO3} occur. AFM data verified that the anion exchange process is solvent-mediated. The mechanisms underlying this process are discussed herein. These results reiterate the capability of AFM to monitor dynamic events on crystal surfaces. Analogous studies could be applied to numerous pharmaceutical compounds, thus facilitating the optimization of their crystallization parameters. In essence, future experiments using AFM may afford greater control over crystallization, and prevent the production of unwanted or unstable pharmaceutical compounds.
Agrobacterium -Mediated Plant Transformation: the Biology behind the “Gene-Jockeying” Tool (2003)

Agrobacterium tumefaciens and related Agrobacterium species have been known as plant pathogens since the beginning of the 20th century. However, only in the past two decades has the ability of Agrobacterium to transfer DNA to plant cells been harnessed for the purposes of plant genetic engineering. Since the initial reports in the early 1980s using Agrobacterium to generate transgenic plants, scientists have attempted to improve this "natural genetic engineer" for biotechnology purposes. Some of these modifications have resulted in extending the host range of the bacterium to economically important crop species. However, in most instances, major improvements involved alterations in plant tissue culture transformation and regeneration conditions rather than manipulation of bacterial or host genes. Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation is a highly complex and evolved process involving genetic determinants of both the bacterium and the host plant cell. In this article, I review some of the basic biology concerned with Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. Knowledge of fundamental biological principles embracing both the host and the pathogen have been and will continue to be key to extending the utility of Agrobacterium for genetic engineering purposes.
cDNA cloning and characterization of eck, an epithelial cell receptor protein-tyrosine kinase in the eph/elk family of protein kinases. (1990)

A human epithelial (HeLa) cDNA library was screened with degenerate oligonucleotides designed to hybridize to highly conserved regions of protein-tyrosine kinases. One cDNA from this screen was shown to contain a putative protein-tyrosine kinase catalytic domain and subsequently used to isolate another cDNA from a human keratinocyte library that encompasses the entire coding region of a 976-amino-acid polypeptide. The predicted protein has an external domain of 534 amino acids with a presumptive N-terminal signal peptide, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain of 418 amino acids that includes a canonical protein-tyrosine kinase catalytic domain. Molecular phylogeny indicates that this protein kinase is closely related to eph and elk and that this receptor family is more closely related to the non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase families than to other receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. Antibodies raised against a TrpE fusion protein immunoprecipitated a 130-kDa protein that became phosphorylated on tyrosine in immune complex kinase assays, indicating that this protein is a bona fide protein-tyrosine kinase. Analysis of RNA from 13 adult rat organs showed that the eck gene is expressed most highly in tissues that contain a high proportion of epithelial cells, e.g., skin, intestine, lung, and ovary. Several cell lines of epithelial origin were found to express the eck protein kinase at the protein and RNA levels. Immunohistochemical analysis of several rat organs also showed staining in epithelial cells. These observations prompted us to name this protein kinase eck, for epithelial cell kinase.
Performance testing of the Nordon high impedance ground fault detector on a distribution feeder (2002)

Distribution primary conductors which fault to ground rather than to the neutral conductor or other grounded object are known to result in fault currents which are too low to be detected by conventional overcurrent devices. Such faults, however, are shown to result in distorted currents which can be recognized as distinct from other distribution current distortions. The operating theory of a high-impedance fault alarm system (HIFAS) which can detect these low-current faults is presented. Procedures for safely conducting 13 kV line fault tests to confirm the performance of these new relay operating parameters without jeopardizing customer service are described. Test results that confirm the soundness of the detection principle are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
p16 Overexpression Identifies HPV-positive Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinomas (2006)

Two types of vulvar squamous cell carcinomas (VSCCs) are recognized according to their relationship to human papillomavirus (HPV). Basaloid or warty carcinomas are considered HPV-associated tumors, whereas differentiated keratinizing neoplasms are considered non-HPV-associated. Recently, immunohistochemical detection of p16 and p53 has been proposed to differentiate these 2 types of VSCCs. We conducted a histologic study with immunohistochemical evaluation of p16 and p53 and HPV detection and typing by polymerase chain reaction using 2 different sets of primers in 92 cases of VSCCs to evaluate the usefulness of immunohistochemistry in the classification of VSCCs and to describe the clinico-pathologic characteristics of both types of VSCCs. HPV was detected in 16/92 (17.4%) specimens, HPV16 being identified in 75% of positive cases. A significant number of discrepancies between histology and HPV detection were observed, with 37.5% of HPV-positive tumors being keratinizing and 9.2% of HPV-negative carcinomas showing basaloid or warty features. Diffuse positivity for p16 and p53 was observed in 100% and 6.2% of HPV-positive tumors and in 2.3% and 64.5% of HPV-negative neoplasms, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of p16 immunostaining to detect HPV-associated carcinomas (100% and 98.7%, respectively) were better than those of histologic criteria (93.8% and 35.5%) and of p53 negative stain (62.5% and 93.4%). Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 of basaloid/warty type was identified in 53.8% HPV-positive tumors, including 3 keratinizing tumors. All these cases were p16 positive and p53 negative. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 of differentiated type was observed in 45.6% of HPV-negative cases; 90.8% of them were positive for p53 but all were negative for p16. No differences in age, stage, or development of recurrence were observed between HPV-positive and negative tumors. In summary, the current morphologic criteria to discriminate HPV-positive and negative VSCCs have a significant overlap. Immunostaining for p16 is a reliable marker for HPV-positive VSSCs, which improves the results of histologic classification.
Role of cytokines (interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor, and transforming growth factor beta) in natural and lipopolysaccharide-enhanced radioresistance. (1991)

Studies of radioresistance and radioprotection provide an excellent in vivo model for dissection of the pathophysiological role of cytokines. The availability of neutralizing antibodies to cytokines has made it possible to assess the contribution of cytokines to host defense and repair processes involved in radioresistance and radioprotection. Administration of anti-interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R) antibody (35F5) or anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antibody (TN3 19.12) reduced survival of irradiated CD2F1 mice. These results demonstrate conclusively that natural levels of IL-1 and TNF contribute to radioresistance of normal mice. Furthermore, the radioprotective effect of administered IL-1 was blocked not only with anti-IL-1R antibody but also with anti-TNF antibody. Similarly, the radioprotective effect of TNF was reduced with anti-IL-1R antibody. These data suggest that cooperative interaction of both cytokines is necessary to achieve successful radioprotection. Finally, when LPS was used as a radioprotector, the combined administration of anti-IL-1R and anti-TNF not only blocked the radioprotection with LPS, but actually revealed LPS to have a radiosensitizing effect. This effect may be due to induction of TGF-beta, since administration of this cytokine results in reduced survival of irradiated mice.
Fast-Forward Playback of Recent Memory Sequences in Prefrontal Cortex During Sleep (2007)

As previously shown in the hippocampus and other brain areas, patterns of firing-rate correlations between neurons in the rat medial prefrontal cortex during a repetitive sequence task were preserved during subsequent sleep, suggesting that waking patterns are reactivated. We found that, during sleep, reactivation of spatiotemporal patterns was coherent across the network and compressed in time by a factor of 6 to 7. Thus, when behavioral constraints are removed, the brain's intrinsic processing speed may be much faster than it is in real time. Given recent evidence implicating the medial prefrontal cortex in retrieval of long-term memories, the observed replay may play a role in the process of memory consolidation.
Recombinant Influenza A Virus Vaccines for the Pathogenic Human A/Hong Kong/97 (H5N1) Viruses (1999)

Recombinant reassortment technology was used to prepare H5N1 influenza vaccine strains containing a modified hemagglutinin (HA) gene and neuraminidase gene from the A/Hong Kong/156/97 and A/Hong Kong/483/97 isolates and the internal genes from the attenuated cold-adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60 influenza virus strain. The HA cleavage site (HA1/HA2) of each H5N1 isolate was modified to resemble that of "low-pathogenic" avian strains. Five of 6 basic amino acids at the cleavage site were deleted, and a threonine was added upstream of the remaining arginine. The H5 HA cleavage site modification resulted in the expected trypsin-dependent phenotype without altering the antigenic character of the H5 HA molecule. The temperature-sensitive and cold-adapted phenotype of the attenuated parent virus was maintained in the recombinant strains, and they grew to 108.5-9.4 EID50/mL in eggs. Both H5N1 vaccine virus strains were safe and immunogenic in ferrets and protected chickens against wild-type H5N1 virus challenge.