gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parallel processing techniques for hidden surface removal (1979)

Previous work in the hidden-surface problem has revealed two key concepts. First, the removal of non-visible surfaces is essentially a sorting problem. Second, some form of coherence is essential for the efficient solution of this problem. In order to provide real-time simulations, it is not only the amount of sorting which must be reduced, but the total time required for computation. One potentially economic strategy to attain this goal is the use of parallel processor systems. This approach implies that the computational time will no longer be dependent on the total amount of sorting, but more on the appropriate division of responsibility. This paper investigates two existing algorithmic approaches to the hidden-surface problem with a view towards their applicability to implementation on a parallel machine organization. In particular, the statistical results of a parallel processor implementation indicate the difficulties stemming from a loss of coherence and imply potentially important design criteria for a parallel configuration.
Non-nucleoside inhibitors of the HCV polymerase (2004)

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the leading cause of chronic liver disease. Current therapy using pegylated interferon-alpha with ribavirin is poorly tolerated and confers an overall sustained virological response around 56%. Compounds exhibiting an improved safety profile with similar or enhanced antiviral properties may represent future treatment options. Several drug discovery programmes are ongoing to directly target the viral enzymes involved in HCV replication. Recent clinical success using a peptidomimetic inhibitor of the viral serine protease has demonstrated proof-of-concept for the use of direct antiviral agents in reducing viral load. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of HCV is also required for viral RNA replication and thus represents an attractive drug discovery target. Preclinical characterization of several non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNIs) of the HCV RdRp have been described, including a promising series of benzothiadiazine derivatives which have been shown to efficiently block viral RNA synthesis in HCV replicon cell systems. Herein, the antiviral activity, mode of action, resistance profiling and therapeutic potential of the benzothiadiazine class of compounds for clinical development are explored.
Recombinant DNA- Second Edition (1992)

This updated and revised second edition acts as an introduction to the conceps and techniques of recombinant DNA research and their results. The book features 14 new chapters and 11 rewritten chapters and incorperates research published throughout 1991. The coverage of recombinant DNA centres largely on key experiments, with sections focusing on new developments in cloning, mutagenisis, and genetic engineering, plus the contribution of recombinant DNA technology to our understanding of gene function, biological processes and human genetics.
Whole-bacterial cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Streptococcus sanguis fimbrial antigens (1982)

A whole-bacterial cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bactELISA) was developed for detecting fimbrial antigens on Streptococcus sanguis. In this assay, S. sanguis cells were directly adhered to polystyrene or polyvinyl via drying. Use of the assay indicated that consistently high and uniform optical densities could be obtained from well to well. In addition, radioactive assaying indicated increased adsorption to the polystyrene wells over polyvinyl, suggesting that polystyrene may prove superior in the gram-positive bactELISA. Use of the bactELISA may prove valuable to both the clinical and research laboratory involved in the study of bacterial cell surface components or in the evaluation of antisera directed against bacterial antigens, which are difficult to prepare as purified derivatives.
Design and synthesis of a specific endothelin 1 antagonist: effects on pulmonary vasoconstriction. (1991)

The 21-amino acid vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin (Et) contains two disulfide bonds. We investigated the importance of the outer disulfide bond in Et-1 by replacing it with an amide linkage. Bioactivity was assessed in an isolated guinea pig lung preparation (perfused at constant flow with Ringer's solution/0.5% albumin) in which pulmonary artery pressure was monitored. Et-1 produced concentration-dependent pulmonary vasoconstriction at concentrations of 1 x 10(-10) M and higher. [Dpr1, Asp15]Et-1 (where Dpr is diaminopropionic acid), in which the outer disulfide was replaced by an amide bond and the inner disulfide was left intact, showed no agonist activity at 1 x 10(-6) M but 1 x 10(-7) M [Dpr1, Asp15]Et-1 inhibited Et-1-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction: effects of 1 x 10(-10) M 2 x 10(-10) M, and 1 x 10(-9) M Et-1 were inhibited by 98%, 75%, and 65%, respectively. Furthermore, this analog did not alter pulmonary vasoconstriction induced by thrombin, norepinephrine, or, most significantly, Et-3. A monocyclic Et-1 analog with the same sequence but in which the amide bond was not formed showed weak pulmonary vasoconstrictor activity (300-500 times less potent than Et-1) but had no antagonist activity. In addition, both the monocyclic control peptide and [Dpr1, Asp15]Et-1 competed effectively with 125I-labeled Et-1 for binding to cultured rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Thus, an Et-1 structural analog produced by replacement of the outer disulfide bond with an amide linkage displayed potent and specific Et-1 antagonism.
An Amylase Producing Maltotriose fromBacillus subtilis (1985)

Journal Article An Amylase Producing Maltotriose from Bacillus subtilis Get access Yoshiyuki Takasaki Yoshiyuki Takasaki Fermentation Research Institute, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, 1-1-3, Azuma, Yatabe-machi, Tsukuba-gun, Ibaraki 305, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 49, Issue 4, 1 April 1985, Pages 1091–1097, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1985.10866865 Published: 01 April 1985 Article history Received: 12 September 1984 Published: 01 April 1985
PROSPECTIVE CLINICAL AND JOINT SIMULATOR STUDIES OF A NEW TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY USING ALUMINA CERAMIC HEADS AND CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE CUPS (1996)

We report the findings from independent prospective clinical and laboratory-based joint-simulator studies of the performance of ceramic femoral heads of 22.225 mm diameter in cross-linked polyethylene (XLP) acetabular cups. We found remarkable qualitative and quantitative agreement between the clinical and simulator results for the wear characteristics with time, and confirmed that ceramic femoral heads penetrate the XLP cups at only about half the rate of otherwise comparable metal heads. In the clinical study, 19 hips in 17 patients were followed for an average of 77 months. In the hip-joint simulator a similar prosthesis was tested for 7.3 million cycles. Both clinical and simulator results showed relatively high rates of penetration over the first 18 months or 1.5 million cycles, followed by a very much lower wear thereafter. Once an initial bedding-in of 0.2 mm to 0.4 mm had taken place the subsequent rates of penetration were very small. The initial clinical wear during bedding-in averaged 0.29 mm/year; subsequent progression was an order of magnitude lower at about 0.022 mm/year, lower than the 0.07 mm/year in metal-to-UHMWP Charnley LFAs. Our results show the excellent tribological features of alumina-ceramic-to-XLP implants, and also confirm the value of well-designed joint simulators for the evaluation of total joint replacements.
Photochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol Using ZnS Microcrystallite as a Photocatalyst in the Presence of Methanol Dehydrogenase (1994)

Photoinduced reduction of formate to methanol has been achieved using microcrystalline colloid which contained formate, methanol dehydrogenase (MDH), pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) as an electron mediator for MDH, and 2‐propanol. This reaction was combined with photoreduction of carbon dioxide to formate on the microcrystallite which had already been reported to provide a new photosynthetic route for production of methanol from carbon dioxide. The production of methanol showed a saturation tendency when it was accumulated to 0.25 mmol dm−3, probably due to oxidation of the produced methanol at MDH or on the photocatalyst or both. The concentration of PQQ influenced the amount of formate production but not the methanol production. The quantum efficiency obtained at 280 nm for the reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol was 5.9%, which is the highest value that has ever been reported for the photochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol.
Fast AutoAugment. (2019)

Data augmentation is an essential technique for improving generalization ability of deep learning models. Recently, AutoAugment has been proposed as an algorithm to automatically search for augmentation policies from a dataset and has significantly enhanced performances on many image recognition tasks. However, its search method requires thousands of GPU hours even for a relatively small dataset. In this paper, we propose an algorithm called Fast AutoAugment that finds effective augmentation policies via a more efficient search strategy based on density matching. In comparison to AutoAugment, the proposed algorithm speeds up the search time by orders of magnitude while achieves comparable performances on image recognition tasks with various models and datasets including CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, SVHN, and ImageNet.
Discovery of Novel Aldose Reductase Inhibitors Characterized by an Alkoxy‐Substituted Phenylacetic Acid Core (2006)

In continuation of our effort aimed towards the development of novel aldose reductase inhibitors, several phenylacetic acids bearing an alkoxy substituent in position 3 or 4, respectively, were prepared and screened. The latter represent formal ring opening products of the cyclohexylmethyloxyphenylacetic acids IIa and IIb, recently elaborated in our group. Out of these series, compounds 4aa and 4ba characterized by an n-heptyloxy subunit turned out to be the most potent inhibitors. Based on these unexpected results, we suggest that such an alkyl side chain acts as a useful surrogate for the 4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl residue often found in potent aldose reductase inhibitors.
Aminooxy End-Functionalized Polymers Synthesized by ATRP for Chemoselective Conjugation to Proteins (2007)

Chemoselective oxime formation between aminooxy end-functional polymers and levulinyl-modified proteins is an attractive method to prepare well-defined bioconjugates. We demonstrate the synthesis of Boc-protected aminooxy initiators for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of acrylamide and methacrylate monomers. Copper-mediated ATRP of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) resulted in polymers with polydispersity indices (PDIs) as low as 1.11, 1.18, and 1.24, respectively. Kinetic analysis indicated that ATRP of HEMA was well-controlled. The polymer end groups of polyNIPAAm were deprotected with trifluoroacetic acid, exposing α-aminooxy moieties. Complete removal of the Boc groups was confirmed by 1H NMR, and the ability to form oxime bonds was verified by conjugation to aldehyde fluorescent nanospheres. Chemospecific reaction with Nε-levulinyl lysine-modified bovine serum albumin (BSA) to form “smart” polymer conjugates was demonstrated.
The Nucleus (1998)

In the previous topic we treated the nucleus as a tiny speck at the centre of the atom that determines its identity, contains most of its mass and keeps its electrons under control. In this topic we shall examine the nucleus in more detail, briefly considering its stability, together with radioactivity and transmutation (transformation of one element into another) by nuclear reactions. KeywordsAtomic NumberMass NumberNuclear ForceNeutron NumberNuclear FissionThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Effects of image noise on submicroscan interpolation (1995)

The submicroscan interpolation image-processing technique is analyzed to determine the effects of additive noise on the quality of the output imagery. Both temporal and fixed-pattern spatial noise are evaluated assuming a white Gaussian noise model. Closed-form solutions for the power spectral density of the output noise are derived for both one- and two-dimensional submicroscanning. It is found that temporal noise degrades the output imagery and determines the minimum usable submicroscan image shift. For the case of fixed-pattern noise, submicroscan interpolation causes a spectral redistribution of the noise power spectrum that tends to improve image quality.
Crystal Structure of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus Envelope Protein (2011)

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the leading global cause of viral encephalitis. The JEV envelope protein (E) facilitates cellular attachment and membrane fusion and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. We have determined the 2.1-Å resolution crystal structure of the JEV E ectodomain refolded from bacterial inclusion bodies. The E protein possesses the three domains characteristic of flavivirus envelopes and epitope mapping of neutralizing antibodies onto the structure reveals determinants that correspond to the domain I lateral ridge, fusion loop, domain III lateral ridge, and domain I-II hinge. While monomeric in solution, JEV E assembles as an antiparallel dimer in the crystal lattice organized in a highly similar fashion as seen in cryo-electron microscopy models of mature flavivirus virions. The dimer interface, however, is remarkably small and lacks many of the domain II contacts observed in other flavivirus E homodimers. In addition, uniquely conserved histidines within the JEV serocomplex suggest that pH-mediated structural transitions may be aided by lateral interactions outside the dimer interface in the icosahedral virion. Our results suggest that variation in dimer structure and stability may significantly influence the assembly, receptor interaction, and uncoating of virions.
Integrins: a role as cell signalling molecules. (1999)

Integrins form the major family of proteins that mediates cell-matrix interactions. As well as an adhesive function, it is increasingly apparent that integrins can transduce messages via classic signalling pathways and impact upon such fundamental cellular processes as proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and motility. Dysregulation of these processes are a feature of many malignancies. Altered integrin expression has been observed in many human tumours, and perturbation of integrin function or expression in experimental systems has demonstrated that altered integrin signalling may directly contribute to the development of the malignant phenotype.
Experimental Observation of an Extremely Dark Material Made By a Low-Density Nanotube Array (2008)

An ideal black material absorbs light perfectly at all angles and over all wavelengths. Here, we show that low-density vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays can be engineered to have an extremely low index of refraction, as predicted recently by theory [Garcia-Vidal, F. J.; Pitarke, J. M.; Pendry, J. B. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997, 78, 4289-4292] and, combined with the nanoscale surface roughness of the arrays, can produce a near-perfect optical absorption material. An ultralow diffused reflectance of 1 x 10(-7) measured from such arrays is an order-of-magnitude lower compared to commercial low-reflectance standard carbon. The corresponding integrated total reflectance of 0.045% from the nanotube arrays is three times lower than the lowest-ever reported values of optical reflectance from any material, making it the darkest man-made material ever.
The Crystal Structure of Sr 4Al 14 O 25 ∶Eu,Nd Noctilucent Powder (1999)

From the X ray diffraction of Sr 4Al 14 O 25 ∶Eu,Nd noctilucent sample powder,its mixed crystal structure is confirmed. Eu 2+ has replaced Sr 2+ in the matrix while Nd 3+ has replaced Al 3+ . The appearance and size range of the sample is determined by SEM.
Laboratory study of Green River oil shale retorting under pressure in a nitrogen atmosphere. [Effects of pressure, sweep-gas rate, and heating rate on yields and properties of products] (1976)

Studies were carried out on a 31-gpt Green River shale sample to determine the effects of pressure, sweep-gas rate, and heating rate on the batch retorting process. Each experiment was performed in a vertical pressure retort which could be heated at predetermined fixed rates to a final bed temperature of about 950/sup 0/F. Nitrogen sweep gas was fed at the top and exited at the bottom along with any produced gaseous and liquid products. Sweep-gas rate and pressure were independently controlled. Pressures from atmospheric to 1,500 psig, nominal heating rates from 14 to 125/sup 0/F/hr, and sweep-gas space velocities generally in the range from 1 to 125 SCF/hr/ft/sup 2/ of bed were studied. Oil yields, gas yields, and the ultimate distribution of the initial organic carbon in the raw shale are reported for each run. Within the scatter in the data, pressure was the only variable that had an appreciable effect on the results of the retorting process. With increase of pressure, the oil yields (including C/sub 4/+ gases) were found to decrease from an average of 93 percent (of Fischer assay) at atmospheric pressure to 78 percent at 1,500 psig. Other effects of increasing pressure were found to bemore » an increase in gas production, an increase in retorted shale coke, a decrease in oil specific gravity and viscosity, and an increase in the amounts of lighter distillation fractions for the oil. A simple mathematical model was developed which accounts for the effect of pressure on oil yield. This model also gives oil production curves with time that are in reasonable agreement with measurements made during the current work. Some experiments were conducted using hydrogen sweep gas. Results of this work are also presented.« less
100-kW ytterbium fiber laser (1999)

Nonlinear SRS and SBS restrictions for available peak power in single-mode fiber lasers were investigated. Various technical means to overcome the limitations were developed. As result, a feasibility of 100 kW peak power at 5 nsec pulse duration and 20 W average power with near TEMoo output beam quality was demonstrated for ytterbium fiber laser with a MOPFA configuration. As alternative, Q-switch version of similar laser was developed using high-speed acousto-optic switch in ring geometry of fiber resonator. Temporal and spectral behavior of both versions vs peak power, pulse duration and repetition rate was investigated in details.
Innate resistance of mice to Salmonella typhi infection (1982)

The basis for the natural resistance of mice to Salmonella typhi was examined. In contrast to Salmonella typhimurium, the virulence of S. typhi for mice was independent of the mouse strain and was not affected by inactivation of murine macrophages with silica. However, mice were more susceptible to S. typhi when given iron alone or iron and an iron chelator. The results suggest that the failure of S. typhi to undergo net growth in murine tissues reflects an inability of the bacterium to multiply rather than rapid killing by resident macrophages.
Side-Wall Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with 4-Hydroxymethylaniline Followed by Polymerization of ε-Caprolactone (2005)

Nanotube functionalization with 4-hydroxymethylaniline (HMA) via the diazonium salt method has been done on SWNT produced by the CoMoCAT process. Thermal analysis indicates 1 out of every 33 C atoms remains functionalized. Raman, FTIR, and optical absorption spectroscopy confirm the side-wall functionalization and show that it can be reversed by thermolysis. The OH group that is generated from the functionalization was used to start the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone. The polymer thus produced (PCL) remains grafted to the nanotube as demonstrated by FTIR and a dramatic increase in suspendibility in chloroform. By combining several techniques (TGA, TPD, and TPO) a quantification of the number of polymer chains attached to the nanotube and their average length has been attempted.
Regulation of Endothelial Cell and Endothelial Progenitor Cell Survival and Vasculogenesis by Integrin-Linked Kinase (2005)

ILK overexpression protects ECs and EPCs from anchorage- or nutrient-deprived stress and enhances neovascularization, suggesting that ILK is an optimal target gene for genetically modified cell-based therapy. Neovascularization is a dynamic process of detachment and reattachment of ECs and EPCs. Endogenous ILK expression was decreased in various stress conditions, and the gene transfer of ILK protected ECs and EPCs from temporary anchorage or nutrient deprivation. Furthermore, ILK gene transfer in EPCs significantly enhanced neovascularization in vivo.
Dispersion management up to the third order for real-time optical coherence tomography involving a phase or frequency modulator (2004)

We present an effective approach to manage dispersion compensation for a fiber-optic optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging system in which an electro-optic (EO) phase modulator or an acousto-optic (AO) frequency modulator is used. To balance both the second and third order dispersion caused by the modulator, two independent optical components would be needed. The approach reported here combines a grating-lens delay line and an extra length of a single-mode optical fiber, enabling full compensation of the dispersion caused by the modulator up to the third order. Theoretical analysis of the proposed dispersion management scheme is provided. Experimental results confirmed the theoretical prediction and an optimal OCT axial resolution offered by the light source was recovered. The proposed method can potentially incorporate dynamic dispersion compensation for the sample during depth scanning.
Mineralization and pH relationships in healing skeletal defects grafted with demineralized bone matrix (1994)

Early studies had indicated that tissue repair is initially associated with a lower than normal serum pH that later becomes more alkaline. To determine how tissue pH may affect skeletal healing and mineralization, we used a rat skeletal repair model consisting of a long bone segmental defect grafted with acid-demineralized bone matrix (DBM), a biomaterial possessing both osteoinductive and osteoconductive repair properties. In this study, femoral and tibial diaphyses from young adult Sprague Dawley rats were cut into cylinders approximately 0.5 cm in length, demineralized in acid, perforated to accommodate a needle-type combination pH microelectrode, and grafted around a 0.3-cm-long diaphyseal fibula defect. The pH of repair tissues was recorded at various time intervals up to 28 days postgrafting. Healing and mineralization were monitored histologically and by the ash and calcium content of repair tissues. During the early healing phase, tissue pH was lower than normal serum pH, presumably because of an accumulation of acidic metabolites in tissue fluids. Subsequent pH increases to more alkaline values were accompanied by a rapid mineral deposition phase and a later phase characterized by a slow, gradual increase in tissue calcium content. The results of this study support previous observations suggesting that the pH of repair tissue fluids may play a regulatory role in the healing and mineralization of bone.