gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Iron Metabolism in Pathogenic Bacteria (2000)

The ability of pathogens to obtain iron from transferrins, ferritin, hemoglobin, and other iron-containing proteins of their host is central to whether they live or die. To combat invading bacteria, animals go into an iron-withholding mode and also use a protein (Nramp1) to generate reactive oxygen species in an attempt to kill the pathogens. Some invading bacteria respond by producing specific iron chelators-siderophores-that remove the iron from the host sources. Other bacteria rely on direct contact with host iron proteins, either abstracting the iron at their surface or, as with heme, taking it up into the cytoplasm. The expression of a large number of genes (>40 in some cases) is directly controlled by the prevailing intracellular concentration of Fe(II) via its complexing to a regulatory protein (the Fur protein or equivalent). In this way, the biochemistry of the bacterial cell can accommodate the challenges from the host. Agents that interfere with bacterial iron metabolism may prove extremely valuable for chemotherapy of diseases.
An inexpensive hybrid video imaging system (1995)

The core components of a low-cost hybrid imaging system are an 80386-based computer, a video digitizer board (frame grabber), and a consumer video camera/recorder. With the addition of a rotating mirror (or chopper), optical filters, and software from the Internet, this system becomes a powerful and versatile diagnostic tool. Although the system is bound by the NTSC or PAL video standards, an understanding of these limitations allows the development of techniques that fully utilize its characteristic spatiotemporal resolutions. The operation of the system is demonstrated via data acquisition from an ac neon Geissler tube.
Synthesis and Application of Carbohydrate-Containing Polymers (2002)

Polysaccharides and glycoproteins participate in a number of biochemical reactions and cell−cell recognition processes in vivo. Synthetic carbohydrate-based polymers are being increasingly explored as biodegradable, biocompatible, and biorenewable materials for use as water absorbents, chromatographic supports, and medical devices. Moreover, synthetic polymers bearing sugar residues can also offer a good surface for cell attachment and, thus, might be applied to cell recognization events in antimicrobial/viral and tissue engineering. This review presents various synthetic approaches for the preparation of sugar-containing polymers.
Síntesis y aplicaciones de 1,2-azoles c-sililados y c-estannilados (2000)

La Tesis Doctoral tiene como objetivo fundamental la sintesis de C-silil y C-estannilpirazoles e isoxazoles. Para ello se han utilizado dos vias distintas: a)metalacion del heterociclo ya formado y b)ciclaciones con sustratos metalados.
La metalacion de los heterociclos se han realizado, bien en dos pasos por reaccion con clorosilanos o cloroestannanos de los correspondientes organo-liticos obtenidos, a su vez, por intercambio hidrogeno-litio o halogeno-litio, o en una sola etapa por reaccion del haloazol con silil- o estannil-cupratos de litio. De este modo hemos sintetizado con buenos rendimientos azoles 4- o 5-metalados y 4,5-dimetalados por diferentes grupos sililo y/o estannilo.
Mediante reacciones de cicloadicion con sustratos metalados se ha preparado regioselectivamente 5-silil y 5-estannilpirazoles e isoxazoles por adicion de hidroxilamina e hidrazina a cetones acetilenicas B-sililadas y se han sintetizado, tambien regioselectivamente, 3-,3,4-di,3,5-di,4,5-di o 3,4, 5-tri-metalados por diversos grupos sililo y estannilo.
Por otra parte, la facil ipso-sustitucion de estos grupos metalicos ha permitido la introduccion de una variedad de grupos carbonados o heteroaticos dificiles o imposibles de introducir directamente en el heterociclo. Ademas en el caso de los grupos estannilo la sustitucion ha sido posible por transmetalacion con butillitio y reaccion con electrofilo o por acoplamientos de Stille con catalizadores de Pdo. Aparte de su interes en sintesis organica algunos de estos azoles C-sustituidos tienen aplicacion en Medicina y Agricultura.
On the optimal search problem: the case when the target distribution is unknown (2002)

We consider the problem of searching for an object in a set of N locations (or bins) (C/sub 1/,...,C/sub N/). The probability of the object being in the location C/sub i/ is p(i). Also, the probability of locating the object in the bin within a specified time, given that it is in the bin, is given by a function called the detection function. This is typically specified by an exponential function. The intention is to allocate the available resources so as to maximize the probability of locating the object. This problem has applications in searching large databases and in developing various military and strategic policies. All of the research done in this area has assumed the knowledge of the {p(i)}-the target distribution. We consider the problem of obtaining error bounds and estimating the target distribution. To our knowledge these are the first available results in this area, and are particularly interesting because the target distribution, in itself, is unobservable.
Heparin modulation of laminin polymerization. (1990)

Previously, it has been shown that laminin will self-assemble by a two-step calcium-dependent process using end-domain interactions (Yurchenco, P. D., Tsi-library, E. C., Charonis, A. S., and Furthmayr, H. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 7636-7644). We now find that heparin, at low concentrations, modifies this polymerization by driving the equilibrium further toward aggregation, by producing a denser polymer, and by inducing aggregation in the absence of calcium. This effect on self-assembly is specific in that it is observed with heparin but not with several heparan sulfates or other glycosaminoglycans: it correlates with affinity and depends on the degree of polysaccharide sulfation. Heparin binds to laminin in a calcium-dependent manner with a single class of interaction (KD = 118 +/- 18 nM) and with a binding capacity of one heparin for two laminins. We find the long arm globule (E3) is the only laminin domain which exhibits substantial heparin binding: heparin binds E3 with an affinity (KD = 94 +/- 12 nM) and calcium dependence similar to that for intact laminin. These data strongly suggest that heparin modifies laminin assembly by binding to pairs of long arm globular domains. As a result the polymer may be stabilized at domain E3 and laminin interdomain interactions induced or modified. We further postulate that heparins may act in vivo as specific regulators of the structure and functions of basement membranes by both altering the laminin matrix and by displacing weakly binding heparan sulfates.
Chemical kinetic measurements of a mammalian acetylcholine receptor by a fast-reaction technique. (1987)

In the presence of acetylcholine, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor undergoes two rapid conformational changes: one in the 1-ms time region, leading to the formation of a transmembrane channel and signal transmission between cells, and the other in the 100-ms time region, leading to an inactive "desensitized" form with altered ligand-binding properties. To determine the properties of the receptor that are relevant for channel opening and signal transmission, we have developed a cell-flow technique that allows measurements to be made with cells prior to receptor desensitization. Here we illustrate the usefulness of the technique. A wide concentration range of both a ligand that controls the opening of receptor channels (carbamoylcholine) and a receptor inhibitor (procaine) was used to measure the dissociation constant of the receptor site controlling channel opening (2.4 X 10(-4) M), the channel-opening equilibrium constant (5.5), the inhibition constant for procaine (5.8 X 10(-5) M), and the rate coefficients for two desensitization processes of 5 s-1 and 0.2 s-1. The cell-flow technique illustrated here is of interest because, by rapid-reaction techniques, it extends the chemical kinetic approach from investigations of reactions in solutions to investigations of many different receptors that exist in membranes of central nervous system cells and whose properties are not well known.
Synthesis of quantum circuits in Linear Nearest neighbor Model using Positive Davio Lattices (2011)

We present a logic synthesis method based on lattices that realize quantum arrays in One-Dimensional Ion Trap technology. This means that all gates are built from 2x2 quantum primitives that are located only on neighbor qubits in a one-dimensional space (called also vector of qubits or Linear Nearest Neighbor (LNN) architecture). The Logic circuits designed by the proposed method are realized only with 3*3 Toffoli, Feynman and NOT quantum gates and the usage of the commonly used multi-input Toffoli gates is avoided. This realization method of quantum circuits is different from most of reversible circuits synthesis methods from the literature that use only high level quantum cost based on the number of quantum gates. Our synthesis approach applies to both standard and LNN quantum cost models. It leads to entirely new CAD algorithms for circuit synthesis and substantially decreases the quantum cost for LNN quantum circuits. The drawback of synthesizing circuits in the presented LNN architecture is the addition of ancilla qubits.
Thermistor-based breathing sensor for circadian rhythm evaluation. (2001)

One of the most frequently used methods to sense breathing pattern is to detect airflow using a nasal thermistor or a thermocouple sensor. Prolonged, minimally intrusive measurement of the breathing pattern is particularly important for polysomnography, sleeping disorders, stress monitoring, biofeedback techniques, and circadian rhythm analysis. Although most applications require only breathing pattern, some applications and diagnostic procedures require monitoring of the rhythm of change of dominant nostril. In this paper we present our design of a differential thermistor-based breathing sensor for prolonged monitoring during the normal activity. The system is designed using a low power microcontroller Texas Instruments MSP430F149 with an on-chip A/D converter for data acquisition and signal processing. We use wireless RF link to a PC for long-term data acquisition and storage. Precise measurement requires decreasing zero and sensitivity errors of the measurement. We discuss signal processing methods, calibration and parameters used to characterize breathing patterns necessary for circadian breathing rhythm evaluation.
Native point defects in yttria and relevance to its use as a high-dielectric-constant gate oxide material: First-principles study (2006)

Yttria $({\mathrm{Y}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})$ has become a promising gate oxide material to replace silicon dioxide in metal-oxide-semiconductor devices. Using a first-principles approach the electronic structure, defect structure, and formation energy of native point defects in ${\mathrm{Y}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ are studied. Vacancies, interstitials, and antisites in their relevant charge states are considered. We find that within the band gap of ${\mathrm{Y}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ oxygen vacancies, oxygen interstitials, yttrium vacancies, and yttrium interstitials can be stable depending on the Fermi level and external chemical potentials. When the Fermi level is constrained to be within the band gap of silicon, oxygen vacancies are the dominant defect type under low oxygen chemical potential condition. A higher oxygen chemical potential leads to oxygen interstitials and ultimately yttrium vacancies.
REVIEWS ‘Le Rouge et le Noir’ de Stendhal: le roman possible. By MOUILLAUDGENEVIEVE. (Collection ‘Thèmes et Textes’). Paris: Larousse. 1973. 240 pp. 9.90 F. (1977)

REVIEWS Get access ‘Le Rouge et le Noir’ de Stendhal: le roman possible. By GENEVIEVE MOUILLAUD. (Collection ‘Thèmes et Textes’). Paris: Larousse. 1973. 240 pp. 9.90 F. F. W. SAUNDERS F. W. SAUNDERS MANCHESTER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French Studies, Volume XXXI, Issue 1, January 1977, Pages 84–85, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/XXXI.1.84 Published: 01 January 1977
Enhanced SMYD3 expression is essential for the growth of breast cancer cells (2006)

We previously reported that upregulation of SMYD3, a histone H3 lysine-4-specific methyltransferase, plays a key role in the proliferation of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, we reveal that SMYD3 expression is also elevated in the great majority of breast cancer tissues. Similarly to CRC and HCC, silencing of SMYD3 by small interfering RNA to this gene resulted in the inhibited growth of breast cancer cells, suggesting that increased SMYD3 expression is also essential for the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Moreover, we show here that SMYD3 could promote breast carcinogenesis by directly regulating expression of the proto-oncogene WNT10B. These data imply that augmented SMYD3 expression plays a crucial role in breast carcinogenesis, and that inhibition of SMYD3 should be a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of breast cancer.
Genetic analysis of hereditary factor X deficiency in a French patient of Sri Lankan ancestry (2005)

We investigated a new family with cross-reactive material-positive factor X (FX) deficiency. The proband was an 11-year-old French girl from Sri Lanka with a tendency towards severe bleeding. The FX antigen level was 67%, although the activity with extrinsic pathway was 1 U/dl. The complete nucleotide sequences of all exons and exon/intron junctions of the patient's genomic DNA revealed a homozygous G <-- A substitution in exon 8, which would result in replacement of Gly366 with Ser. The proband is the first reported case of homozygote for the FX Gly366Ser mutation. Heterozygosity for Gly366Ser substitution was previously reported in a Japanese patient (FX Nagoya 2). We studied the functional consequences by expressing mutant FX Gly366Ser protein in HEK293 cells. FX Gly366Ser was secreted into the culture media at levels similar to wild-type FX; however, mutant FX activities were only 0.04, 1.05, and 0.75% of wild-type FX upon activation by the extrinsic system, the intrinsic system, and Russell's viper venom, respectively. Moreover, the activity of FX Gly366Ser was undetectable when analyzed with chromogenic-activated FX and thrombin generation assays. These data suggest that the Gly366Ser substitution would cause a major defect in function of the FX molecule.
Digital scan model for focused ion beam induced gas etching (1993)

Focused ion beam (FIB), assisted, gas etching has several advantages over physical sputtering in many FIB applications. Advantages include etch rate enhancements of 1–2 orders of magnitude, dramatically reduced redeposition of etched material on sidewalls in high-aspect ratio structures, and reduced implantation of the primary ion species in the sample. Applications which benefit from FIB gas etching include photomask and x-ray mask defect repair, integrated circuit modification for failure analysis, and sample preparation for scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope analysis. In this article, a simple model is presented which takes into account the ion beam and scanning parameters, gas flux, and basic material constants. Approximate formulas are given in terms of these parameters and compared to experimental results.
Long-Term Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Increases the Expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Cholecystokinin mRNA, but not Neuropeptide Tyrosine mRNA in Specific Areas of Rat Brain (2000)

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is increasingly used as a therapeutic tool in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, and we recently found that it has a neuroprotective effect both in vitro and in vivo. However, the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects are still unknown. We investigated the effects of long-term rTMS on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cholecystokinin (CCK), and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) mRNA in rat brain. In situ hybridization revealed a significant increase in BDNF mRNA in the hippocampal areas CA3 and CA3c, the granule cell layer, as well as in the parietal and the piriform cortex after rTMS. BDNF-like immunoreactivity was markedly increased in the same areas. A significant increase in CCK mRNA was observed in all brain regions examined. NPY mRNA expression, in contrast, was not altered. The present results suggest that BDNF may contribute to the neuroprotective effects of rTMS. Furthermore, the rTMS-induced changes in BDNF and CCK expression are similar to those reported after antidepressant drug treatment and electroconvulsive seizures, suggesting that a common molecular mechanism may underlie different antidepressant treatment strategies.
Receptors on phaeochromocytoma cells for two members of the PP‐fold family — NPY and PP (1987)

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) belong to a family of regulatory peptides which hold a distinct tertiary structure, the PP-fold, even in dilute aqueous solution. High-affinity receptors, specific for both PP and NPY, are described on the rat phaeochromocytoma cell line, PC-12. The binding of [125I-Tyr36]PP to PC-12 cells was inhibited by concentrations of unlabeled PP which correspond to physiological concentrations of the hormone, 10(-11)-10(-9) mol/l. The affinity of the receptor for the neuropeptide, NPY, was 10(2)-times lower than that of the PP receptor. C-terminal fragments of both PP (PP24-36) and NPY (NPY13-36) were between 10(2)- and 10(3)-times less potent in displacing the radiolabeled 36-amino-acid peptides from their respective receptors. It is concluded that PC-12 cells are suited for structure-function studies of the PP-fold peptides and studies on the cellular events following cellular binding of PP-fold peptides.
An ion pair scandium hydride supported by a dianionic (NNNN)-type macrocycle ligand (2013)

A scandium hydride supported by a (NNNN)-type macrocycle consists of a trinuclear cation and a trinuclear anion. The anion shows significantly higher reactivity.
Comparison of antifungal efficacies of moxifloxacin, liposomal amphotericin B, and combination treatment in experimental Candida albicans endophthalmitis in rabbits (2010)

The goal of this study was to compare in vitro and in vivo efficacy of moxifloxacin and liposomal amphotericin B (Amp-B) monotherapies and combination treatment against Candida albicans in an exogenous endophthalmitis model in rabbit eyes. Microplate dilution tests and checkerboard analysis were performed to detect in vitro efficacies. Endophthalmitis was induced by intravitreal injection of C. albicans in 40 rabbit eyes with simultaneous intravitreal drug injection according to prophylactic treatment groups. Group 1 (control group) received 0.1 mL of balanced salt solution, group 2 (moxi group) 100 microg moxifloxacin/0.1 mL, group 3 (Amp-B group) 10 microg liposomal Amp-B/0.1 mL, and group 4 (combi group) both 100 microg moxifloxacin/0.1 mL [DOSAGE ERROR CORRECTED] and 10 microg liposomal Amp-B/0.05 mL intravitreally. Clinical examination, quantitative analysis of microorganisms, and histopathologic examination were performed as in vivo studies. The minimum inhibitory concentration of liposomal Amp-B against C. albicans was found to be 1 microg/mL. Moxifloxacin showed no inhibition of in vitro C. albicans growth. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of liposomal Amp-B for C. albicans were reduced two- to eightfold with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin in vitro. In vivo, there was no C. albicans growth in the combi group (zero of eight eyes), whereas three eyes (37.5%) showed growth in the Amp-B group. Vitreous inflammation, retinal detachment, focal retinal necrosis, and outer nuclear layer loss were found to be lower in the moxi group compared with the control group. Ganglion cell and inner nuclear layer loss was observed in all eyes (100%) in both the moxi and combi groups, whereas only in 25% (two of eight eyes) in the Amp-B group. Moxifloxacin strongly augments the efficacy of liposomal Amp-B against C. albicans in vitro, although it has no in vitro antifungal activity when used alone. It is interesting that we found a synergistic effect for in vitro tests but failed to demonstrate it in vivo. When 100 microg moxifloxacin/0.1 mL is given intravitreally, it has some toxic effects that are limited to the inner retinal layers.
Human duodenal enteroendocrine cells: source of both incretin peptides, GLP-1 and GIP (2005)

Among the products of enteroendocrine cells are the incretins glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1, secreted by L cells) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP, secreted by K cells). These are key modulators of insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, and gastric emptying. Because of the rapid early rise of GLP-1 in plasma after oral glucose, we wished to definitively establish the absence or presence of L cells, as well as the relative distribution of the incretin cell types in human duodenum. We confirmed the presence of proglucagon and pro-GIP genes, their products, and glucosensory molecules by tissue immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR of laser-captured, single duodenal cells. We also assayed plasma glucose, incretin, and insulin levels in subjects with normal glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes for 120 min after they ingested 75 g of glucose. Subjects with normal glucose tolerance (n=14) had as many L cells (15+/-1), expressed per 1,000 gut epithelial cells, as K cells (13+/-1), with some containing both hormones (L/K cells, 5+/-1). In type 2 diabetes, the number of L and L/K cells was increased (26+/-2; P<0.001 and 9+/-1; P < 0.001, respectively). Both L and K cells contained glucokinase and glucose transporter-1, -2, and -3. Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects had increased plasma GLP-1 levels between 20 and 80 min, concurrently with rising plasma insulin levels. Significant coexpression of the main incretin peptides occurs in human duodenum. L and K cells are present in equal numbers. New onset type 2 diabetes is associated with a shift to the L phenotype.
Binding region for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and epitopes for HIV-blocking monoclonal antibodies of the CD4 molecule defined by site-directed mutagenesis. (1988)

The binding region for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and epitopes for a panel of HIV-blocking anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies of the CD4 molecule were defined by using in vitro site-directed mutagenesis. Codons for two amino acid residues (Ser-Arg) were inserted at selected positions within the region encoding the first and second immunoglobulin-like domains of CD4. A vaccinia virus-based expression system was used to produce soluble full-length extracellular CD4 fragments containing the insertions. The mutant proteins were tested for direct binding to soluble gp120 (the CD4-binding subunit of the viral envelope glycoprotein) and to a series of HIV-blocking anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies. Impaired gp120 binding activity resulted from insertions after amino acid residues 31, 44, 48, 52, 55, and 57 in the first immunoglobulin-like domain. The epitopes for two HIV-blocking monoclonal antibodies, OKT4A and OKT4D, were also mapped in the gp120-binding region in the first domain. Insertions after amino acid residues 21 and 91 in the first domain had no effect on gp120 binding but impaired the binding of OKT4E, suggesting that this antibody recognizes a discontinuous epitope not directly involved in gp120 binding. Moderate impairment of gp120 binding resulted from the insertion after amino acid residues 164 in the second immunoglobulin-like domain, where the epitopes for monoclonal antibodies MT151 and OKT4B were also mapped.