gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The blood–brain barrier transmigrating single domain antibody: mechanisms of transport and antigenic epitopes in human brain endothelial cells (2005)

Antibodies against receptors that undergo transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) have been used as vectors to target drugs or therapeutic peptides into the brain. We have recently discovered a novel single domain antibody, FC5, which transmigrates across human cerebral endothelial cells in vitro and the BBB in vivo. The purpose of this study was to characterize mechanisms of FC5 endocytosis and transcytosis across the BBB and its putative receptor on human brain endothelial cells. The transport of FC5 across human brain endothelial cells was polarized, charge independent and temperature dependent, suggesting a receptor-mediated process. FC5 taken up by human brain endothelial cells co-localized with clathrin but not with caveolin-1 by immunochemistry and was detected in clathrin-enriched subcellular fractions by western blot. The transendothelial migration of FC5 was reduced by inhibitors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, K+ depletion and chlorpromazine, but was insensitive to caveolae inhibitors, filipin, nystatin or methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Following internalization, FC5 was targeted to early endosomes, bypassed late endosomes/lysosomes and remained intact after transcytosis. The transcytosis process was inhibited by agents that affect actin cytoskeleton or intracellular signaling through PI3-kinase. Pretreatment of human brain endothelial cells with wheatgerm agglutinin, sialic acid, alpha(2,3)-neuraminidase or Maackia amurensis agglutinin that recognizes alpha(2,3)-, but not with Sambucus nigra agglutinin that recognizes alpha(2,6) sialylgalactosyl residues, significantly reduced FC5 transcytosis. FC5 failed to recognize brain endothelial cells-derived lipids, suggesting that it binds luminal alpha(2,3)-sialoglycoprotein receptor which triggers clathrin-mediated endocytosis. This putative receptor may be a new target for developing brain-targeting drug delivery vectors.
Inhibition of α-Lytic Protease by Pro Region C-Terminal Steric Occlusion of the Active Site (1997)

alpha-Lytic protease, a chymotrypsin-like serine protease, is synthesized with an N-terminal 166 amino acid pro region which is absolutely required for folding of the protease. The pro region is also the most potent inhibitor of the protease known with a Ki of approximately 10(-10) M. Compared to its role in the folding reaction, relatively little is known about the mechanism by which the pro region inhibits the mature protease. While proteinaceous protease inhibitors generally function by occluding the active sites of their respective targets [Bode, W., & Huber, R. (1992) Eur. J. Biochem. 204, 433-451], the pro region of alpha-lytic protease with its dual roles in folding and inhibition might be expected to show a novel mechanism of inhibition. However, experiments that probe both the structural and enzymatic consequences of pro region binding indicate that the pro region does not measurably distort the protease active site. Instead, the catalytic site is fully functional in the complex. Pro region inhibition of the protease is due to simple steric obstruction; the pro region C-terminus lies in the substrate binding sites of the protease. The implications of these results are discussed with regard to alpha-lytic protease maturation and folding. In addition, the proposed mechanism of alpha-lytic protease pro region inhibition is discussed with respect to data from other pro region families.
A multicenter maintenance study of oral pilocarpine tablets for radiation-induced xerostomia. (1996)

Two hundred sixty-five patients with head and neck cancer who had previously participated in either a fixed-dose, dose-titration, or dose-ranging trial of oral pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets were enrolled in a 36-month multicenter maintenance study to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of oral pilocarpine for the treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia. In this open-label study, the initial drug dose was 5.0 mg tid, with possible adjustments from 2.5 to 10.0 mg tid or bid. Efficacy was evaluated by subjective measures of oral function. Safety evaluations were based on self-report of symptoms (or of adverse effects), various examinations, and laboratory tests. There was significant improvement in all criteria of oral function. Sweating was the most frequent adverse experience (55%). Less frequent side effects, mild to moderate in nature, included increased urinary frequency, lacrimation, and rhinitis. Side effects usually diminished within hours after the cessation of therapy. We conclude that oral pilocarpine at these doses effectively and safely reduces the symptoms of radiation-induced xerostomia.
Anthelmintic resistance and management of nematode parasites on beef cattle-rearing farms in the North Island of New Zealand (2006)

It is clear that in practice anthelmintic resistance is a secondary consideration to obtaining productivity advantages from the use of anthelmintics in beef cattle. Farmers' opinions were divided on many issues and the overall impression was of confused and diverse thinking regarding the principles of the use of anthelmintics. The overall outlook regarding anthelmintic resistance in cattle is bleak unless the need for integrated and long-term research activities is acted upon soon.
Steroid Resistance in Severe Asthma: Current Mechanisms and Future Treatment (2011)

The disproportionate cost of treating asthmatic patients who do not respond to conventional anti-inflammatory therapies makes delineation of the mechanism for glucocorticoid resistance an important field of asthma research. Unbiased cluster analysis indicates that asthma is a syndrome with a number of distinct phenotypes and 5-10% of asthmatics fall into this category of relative glucocorticoid insensitivity. This sub-population is itself divided into smaller subsets which have different underlying mechanisms for this relative glucocorticoid resistance ranging from an inherited genetic basis to specific kinase signalling pathways triggered by exposure to environmental stressors such as cigarette smoking or infection. Whilst the underlying mechanisms are becoming better understood there remains a lack of effective novel therapies. However it is clear that relative glucocorticoid insensitive patients who are smokers should be encouraged to quit, thereby reducing their oxidant load. Novel treatments will consist of either developing new anti-inflammatory treatments targeting pathways aberrantly activated in these patients or of suppressing signalling pathways that attenuate glucocorticoid receptor function and thereby restoring glucocorticoid sensitivity. It will be important to uncover non-invasive biomarkers for aberrant pathway activation and for discerning which components of glucocorticoid receptor activation are abnormal if future treatments are to be tailored to address these specific issues. Conventional combination therapies will continue to be used in the near future but additional add-on treatments using drugs directed against aberrantly expressed inflammatory pathways or mediators along with an inhaled glucocorticoid are likely to prove the most effective new therapies in the future.
Differences In Tissue Injury and Ablation Outcomes In Atrial Fibrillation Patients - Manual versus Robotic Catheters. (2013)

Robots have gained their place in almost all areas of our daily life. Robotic systems have been introduced for ablation therapies associated with the hope of automation of procedures, increase in precision of lesion placement, improved energy transmission to the tissue and reduction in radiation exposure of the patients and the interventionalist. Finally, they may be associated with higher comfort for the operator by transferring his work into the control room and thereby supersede wearing sterile and radiation protective clothing. Systems providing a remote mechanical replacement of the operators´ hands have been introduced as well as systems guiding the catheter tip by external magnets. Guiding of the catheter tip has major impact on contact to the tissue and thereby modifies energy transmission. This may be advantageous in terms of higher catheter stability and modification of contact towards a more constant than intermittent type of contact. However, increasing contact bears the risk of mechanical perforation and excessive energy delivery. Many clinical studies have been conducted evaluating novel remotely guiding techniques in atrial fibrillation ablation procedures. Although only a few of them are prospectively randomized, reduction in fluoroscopy exposure has been found in most of the trials. Data on outcome is less uniform. It seems that remote navigation does not improve outcomes and on the other hand does not increase complication rates. However, large prospectively randomized trials conducted by operators well skilled not only in manual but also in remote techniques would be needed to compare outcomes particularly in terms of decrease in complication rates. Finally, the type of navigation chosen actually is and probably will remain a question of personal preference.
A 1.2 mW video-rate 2-D color subband decoder (1995)

A 2-D subband decoder has been designed for real-time video decompression in low-power applications. The chip is capable of reconstructing four levels of hierarchical subband structures for images up to 256 pixels wide. The chip's maximum performance decodes 60 M pixels per second of color RGB video output with a 5 V supply and 120 MHz clock frequency. For portable applications with a resolution of 176 pixels wide, 240 lines, and 30 frames/s color video, the chip dissipates less than 1.2 mW with a 1 V supply. Besides the reduced supply voltage, the low power consumption is achieved through algorithmic innovations for energy conservation. Higher-resolution images can be decoded by cascading multiple chips in parallel each operating on a 256 pixel wide image slice.
Non‐Competitive Inhibition by Active Site Binders (2010)

Classical enzymology has been used for generations to understand the interactions of inhibitors with their enzyme targets. Enzymology tools enabled prediction of the biological impact of inhibitors as well as the development of novel, more potent, ones. Experiments designed to examine the competition between the tested inhibitor and the enzyme substrate(s) are the tool of choice to identify inhibitors that bind in the active site. Competition between an inhibitor and a substrate is considered a strong evidence for binding of the inhibitor in the active site, while the lack of competition suggests binding to an alternative site. Nevertheless, exceptions to this notion do exist. Active site-binding inhibitors can display non-competitive inhibition patterns. This unusual behavior has been observed with enzymes utilizing an exosite for substrate binding, isomechanism enzymes, enzymes with multiple substrates and/or products and two-step binding inhibitors. In many of these cases, the mechanisms underlying the lack of competition between the substrate and the inhibitor are well understood. Tools like alternative substrates, testing the enzyme reaction in the reverse direction and monitoring inhibition time dependence can be applied to enable distinction between 'badly behaving' active site binders and true exosite inhibitors.
Flexural plate wave devices for chemical analysis (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFlexural plate wave devices for chemical analysisJay W. Grate, Stuart W. Wenzel, and Richard M. WhiteCite this: Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 15, 1552–1561Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00015a011https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00015a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views342Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An analysis of cell shape and the neuroepithelial basal lamina during optic vesicle formation in the mouse embryo (1987)

The optic vesicle develops as an evagination of the cephalic neural folds. We have examined the early development of the optic vesicle in Swiss Webster mice using correlated transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopic (LM) measurements of cell shape changes, immunohistochemical localization of basal lamina (BL) components (type IV collagen, laminin and heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG)) and ultrastructural analysis of the BL. Like the neuroepithelium in other regions, the low columnar cells of the neural plate in the future optic vesicle region become high columnar, then wedge shaped following constriction of the cell apices to form the C-shaped vesicle. In this region, the cells elongate 2 times their initial height before the neural tube closes, then shorten 20% as the vesicle is completed. Cell apices decrease in width by about one half during vesicle formation. Deposition of BL components was initially even, with type IV collagen and laminin reduced in deposition in regions of outpouching. At later stages the linear, even distribution of all four components was re-established. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed the BL discontinuity and re-establishment and correlated the observed cell shaping alterations with apparent increases in the number of microtubules (during elongation) and microfilaments (during apical constriction). The number of apical intercellular junctions also appeared to increase in number during optic vesicle formation, possibly providing stability and coordination to the evagination process.
‘감는 눈’의 시선과 폭력에의 저항 - 윤동주의 시를 읽는 새로운 방법 - (2005)

이 논문은 윤동주 시 상징의 의미구조를 분석하여 그의 시에 나타난 ‘감는 눈’의 상징과 그것이 확장, 변주된 양상을 살펴봄으로써 윤동주 시의 저항성을 새로운 방식으로 읽어내려는 시도이다. 이는 외재적 계기에 의존해 식민지 반동일화 담론으로 시를 읽어내는 선행 연구의 제한에서 벗어나 시 자체의 내재적 계기로부터 출발해 의미화에 다다르는 새로운 방법론을 제시한다. 이 논문은 주체의 존재태가 농축되어 있는 “눈”이 ‘눈을 감는’ 특수한 형태로 반복되며 상징으로 기능하고 있음에 주목한 논의이다. 이를 통해 그러한 몸 상징이 외부의 풍경과 비유적으로 결합하여 변주된 상징의 형태로 의미를 심화시키는 특성을 살펴보고, 그것이 ‘뜨는 눈’, ‘뜬 눈’과 맺는 의미상의 연관관계를 총체적으로 고찰함으로써 윤동주 시의 ‘눈’ 상징을 종합적으로 규명해낼 수 있었다. 그 결과 이 논문은 ‘감는 눈’의 상징이 실존의지를 전제한 불구의식의 표출로서, 자기의 내부로 향하는 자아 성찰의 시선뿐만 아니라 내재된 시선으로 당시의 시대적 상황을 면밀히 관찰, 그에 대응하는 근대적 저항성의 표명을 담고 있는 시선을 나타낸다는 의미적 이중성이 서로 대치되지 않고 상통함을 도출해내었다
Effect of endogenous natriuretic peptide system on ventricular and coronary function in failing heart (1997)

Ventricular concentrations of atrial, brain (BNP) and C-type natriuretic peptide are enhanced in congestive heart failure (CHF). Natriuretic peptide receptors are present on ventricular myocytes and stimulate guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) production. cGMP has been demonstrated to affect myocyte function in vitro. Thus we hypothesized that the intracardiac natriuretic peptide system may modulate myocardial and coronary function in CHF. To test this hypothesis, the effects of an intracoronary infusion of the natriuretic peptide receptor antagonist HS-142-1 on ventricular and coronary function were examined in anesthetized dogs with chronic CHF. To determine whether receptor stimulation had contrasting effects to those of receptor blockade, intracoronary BNP was infused in anesthetized normal and CHF dogs. Low-dose HS-142-1 delayed and slowed left ventricular (LV) relaxation and decreased coronary blood flow without changes in LV pressures. Higher doses further impaired LV relaxation without further decreases in coronary blood flow. In normal and CHF dogs, exogenous BNP produced the opposite effect with a quicker onset and faster rate of LV relaxation without effects on LV pressures or coronary blood flow. The endogenous natriuretic peptide system has an autocrine-paracrine role to modulate LV and coronary vascular function in CHF.
Noninvasive Native Fluorescence Imaging of Head and Neck Tumors (2002)

Fluorescence images were acquired from ex vivo head and neck tumor specimens. The excitation and emission wavelength combinations were selected to image emission from native tissue fluorophores (collagen, tryptophan, elastin and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). Two dimensional intensity ratio maps were generated from the fluorescence images and compared to histology images. The ratio maps accurately distinguished the regions of tumor from normal tissue in the specimens. Additional features, such as collagen capsules, blood vessels, mucus glands and muscles were evident in the fluorescence images.
Dynamic bandwidth allocation for quality-of-service over ethernet PONs (2003)

Ethernet-based passive optical network (EPON) technology is being considered as a promising solution for next-generation broadband access networks due to the convergence of low-cost Ethernet equipment and low-cost fiber infrastructures. A major feature for this new architecture is the use of a shared transmission media between all users; hence, medium access control arbitration mechanisms are essential for the successful implementation of EPON: i.e., to ensure a contention-free transmission and provide end users with equal access to the shared media. We propose to use the multipoint control protocol defined by the IEEE 802.3ah task force to arbitrate the transmission of different users, and we present different dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms to allocate bandwidths effectively and fairly between end users. These DBA algorithms are also augmented to support differentiated services, a crucial requirement for a converged broadband access network with heterogeneous traffic. We show that queueing delays under strict bandwidth allocation algorithms result in an unexpected behavior for certain traffic classes, and we suggest the use of DBA with appropriate local queue management to alleviate this inappropriate behavior. We conduct detailed simulation experiments to study the performance and validate the effectiveness of the proposed protocols.
Enrichment of canalicular membrane with cholesterol and sphingomyelin prevents bile salt-induced hepatic damage (1999)

These studies were undertaken to characterize the role of plasma membrane cholesterol in canalicular secretory functions and hepatocyte integrity against intravenous taurocholate administration. Cholesterol and sphingomyelin concentrations and cholesterol/phospholipid ratios were significantly increased in canalicular membranes of diosgenin-fed rats, suggesting a more resistant structure against solubilization by taurocholate. During taurocholate infusion, control rats had significantly decreased bile flow, whereas diosgenin-fed animals maintained bile flow. Maximal cholesterol output increased by 176% in diosgenin-fed rats, suggesting an increased precursor pool of biliary cholesterol in these animals. Maximal phospholipid output only increased by 43% in diosgenin-fed rats, whereas bile salt output remained at control levels. The kinetics of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in bile showed a significantly faster release in control than in diosgenin-fed rats. After 30 min of intravenous taurocholate infusion, necrotic hepatocytes were significantly increased in control animals. Preservation of bile secretory functions and hepatocellular cytoprotection by diosgenin against the intravenous infusion of toxic doses of taurocholate was associated with an increased concentration of cholesterol and sphingomyelin in the canalicular membrane. The increase of biliary cholesterol output induced by diosgenin was correlated to the enhanced concentration of cholesterol in the canalicular membrane.
Molecular simulation of aqueous electrolytes in model silica nanochannels (2003)

Abstract Aqueous electrolytes, NaCl and CaCl2, were simulated via molecular dynamics in nanochannels with radius ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 nm using a united-atom Lennard-Jones model for the SiO2 surface and the SPC/E water model. The effects were studied of nanochannel radius and charges on the wall upon the radial density profiles and axial self-diffusivities of water and ions. Only small effects of the wall were found on the axial movement of water molecules and ions. Discrete charges on the wall exert little influence on the distribution of water molecules and ions except for the strong adsorption of sodium ions at the charge sites. Surface charges were neutralized by the adsorbed sodium ions, which were essentially immobilized at the surface charge sites.
The electronic Post-it note: a model for mobile computing applications (1995)

We present a model that covers a wide range of mobile applications and, we hope, makes them easier to understand and easier to create. The model is based on the electronic equivalent of the Post-it note, which we call the stick-e note. To understand the model we start with a simple example. Assume that the user is carrying a PDA that is aware of its position. The user creates a stick-e note by entering the note on her PDA; the current position is sensed and the note behaves like an electronic Post-it note attached to the current position. The stick-e note consists of a context with some information attached; whenever the user enters the context the note is triggered.
Flexible Carbon‐Nanofiber Connectors with Anisotropic Adhesion Properties (2009)

Flexible carbon nanofiber (CNF) connectors are enabled by the direct transfer of vertical CNF arrays grown on silicon substrates to plastic substrates (see image). The vertical geometry of the CNF arrays provides strong shear adhesion strength with minimal disengagement forces. By controlling the tilt angle of the CNF arrays, directional shear adhesion properties are enabled.
Electron Transport and Recombination in Solid-State Dye Solar Cell with Spiro-OMeTAD as Hole Conductor (2008)

We show that electron transport mechanisms in TiO(2) solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (SDSCs) with spiro-OMeTAD as hole conductor are similar to those of high-performance DSCs with liquid electrolytes and ionic liquids. Impedance spectroscopy provides the parameters for transport and recombination at different conditions of steady state in the dark. The recombination rate is much higher in the solid solar cell, this being a main limiting step to obtain high-efficiency SDSCs. Thus, the expected gain in photovoltage, due to a lower hole Fermi level, is prevented by recombination losses. Under low potentials the transport is limited by the electron transport in the TiO(2), but at high potentials spiro-OMeTAD transport resistance reduces the fill factor and hence the efficiency on high-current devices.