gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A role for insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 in the antiproliferative action of the antiestrogen ICI 182780. (1996)

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are potent mitogens for breast cancer cells. Although IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) are known to regulate access of IGFs to IGF receptors, their precise biological actions are poorly defined. We observed that the potent antiestrogen ICI 182780 (ICI) increased IGFBP-5 mRNA by 2-3-fold in 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene-induced mammary tumors in vivo. In vitro studies showed that growth inhibition of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells induced by ICI was associated with increased transcription of the IGFBP-5 gene, increased IGFBP-5 mRNA abundance, and increased IGFBP-5 protein accumulation in the conditioned medium. Growth stimulation following estradiol exposure was associated with opposite effects. An IGFBP-5 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide significantly decreased IGFBP-5 accumulation in conditioned media and enhanced MCF-7 cell DNA synthesis. Furthermore, this antisense oligodeoxynucleotide attenuated both antiestrogen-induced IGFBP-5 accumulation and antiestrogen-induced growth inhibition. These data demonstrate that estradiol down-regulates and ICI up-regulates an autocrine IGFBP-5 growth inhibitory pathway in MCF-7 cells and suggest that IGFBP-5 plays a role in modulation of proliferation of breast cancers by estrogens and antiestrogens.
Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Particles and Capsules by Miniemulsion Technique (2009)

Mesoporous silica particulate structures of different morphologies from particles to capsules have been prepared by combining the sol−gel process with the cooperative self-assembly in inverse miniemulsion. We report a novel synthetic approach at room temperature, with low surfactant concentrations (5 and 10 mol %, relative to the precursor), and a short synthesis time of only a few hours. As a precursor, glycol-modified silane (tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)orthosilicate, EGMS) is used, which shows the advantage of being highly water-soluble. The precursor (EGMS) and the structuring surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) were dissolved in hydrochloric acid and dispersed in a mixture of hydrocarbons (Isopar M) by ultrasonication. In this synthesis, two different surfactants were used simultaneously. One surfactant (CTAB) acts as a lyotropic template, whereas the second surfactant is an amphiphilic block copolymer (PE/B-b-PEO) that stabilizes the droplets. For template removal, the final material was calcined. The obtained materials were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nitrogen sorption (Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) methodology). The effect of synthesis conditions such as the amount of templating surfactant (CTAB), the temperature during ultrasonication, the reaction time, the pH value, and the amount of stabilizing surfactant (PE/B-b-PEO) on cooperative self-assembly, morphology, and specific surface area were investigated. Shortly after ultrasonication, porous particles a few hundreds of nanometers in size are formed, which are transformed to capsules and finally to porous flakes with increasing reaction time. This transformation is strongly influenced by the amount of stabilizing surfactant (PE/B-b-PEO). By simply varying the amount of PE/B-b-PEO, the morphology and mesostructural ordering, as well as the porosity, can be tuned over a wide range.
Sensing Discrete Streptavidin-Biotin Interactions with Atomic Force Microscopy (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSensing Discrete Streptavidin-Biotin Interactions with Atomic Force MicroscopyGil U. Lee, David A. Kidwell, and Richard J. ColtonCite this: Langmuir 1994, 10, 2, 354–357Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00014a003https://doi.org/10.1021/la00014a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3727Altmetric-Citations595LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Effect of Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Deficiency on Allergic Dermatitis in the Mouse Ear (2002)

To investigate the involvement of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) in allergic dermatitis, we generated PAR-2-deficient (PAR-2(-/-)) mice. Ear thickness, contact hypersensitivity (CH) induced by topical application of picryl chloride (PC) or oxazolone (Ox) after sensitization, and vascular permeability after ear passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) were compared between wild-type (WT) and PAR-2(-/-) mice. Ear thickness was almost the same in untreated WT and PAR-2(-/-) mice. Topical application of PC or Ox thickened the ears at 6, 24 and 48 h after challenge with a peak at 24 h in WT mice. In PAR-2(-/-) mice, the ear swelling induced by both PC and Ox was suppressed at every time point, and significant inhibition was found at 24 h in PC-induced CH and at 24 and 48 h in Ox-induced CH. Histopathological observation of the ears at 24 h after challenge revealed that PC- or Ox-induced ear edema and infiltration of inflammatory cells in WT mice were greatly attenuated in PAR-2(-/-) mice. The vascular permeability in the ears after PCA was not different between WT and PAR-2(-/-) mice. These results strongly suggest that PAR-2 plays a crucial role in type IV allergic dermatitis but not in type I allergic dermatitis.
Mapping a gene involved in regulating dietary cholesterol absorption. The sitosterolemia locus is found at chromosome 2p21. (1998)

The molecular mechanisms regulating the amount of dietary cholesterol retained in the body as well as the body's ability to selectively exclude other dietary sterols are poorly understood. Studies of the rare autosomal recessively inherited disease sitosterolemia (OMIM 210250) may shed some light on these processes. Patients suffering from this disease appear to hyperabsorb both cholesterol and plant sterols from the intestine. Additionally, there is failure of the liver's ability to preferentially and rapidly excrete these non-cholesterol sterols into bile. Consequently, people who suffer from this disease have very elevated plasma plant sterol levels and develop tendon and tuberous xanthomas, accelerated atherosclerosis, and premature coronary artery disease. Identification of this gene defect may therefore throw light on regulation of net dietary cholesterol absorption and lead to an advancement in the management of this important cardiovascular risk factor. By studying 10 well-characterized families with this disorder, we have localized the genetic defect to chromosome 2p21, between microsatellite markers D2S1788 and D2S1352 (maximum lodscore 4.49, theta = 0.0).
Large-scale virtual screening for discovering leads in the postgenomic era (2001)

Virtual screening, or in silico screening, is a new approach attracting increasing levels of interest in the pharmaceutical industry as a productive and cost-effective technology in the search for novel lead compounds. Although the principles involved—the computational analysis of chemical databases to identify compounds appropriate for a given biological receptor—have been pursued for several years in molecular modeling groups, the availability of inexpensive high-performance computing platforms has transformed the process so that increasingly complex and more accurate analyses can be performed on very large data sets. The virtual screening technology of Protherics Molecular Design Ltd. is based on its integrated software environment for receptor-based drug design, called Prometheus. In particular, molecular docking is used to predict the binding modes and binding affinities of every compound in the data set to a given biological receptor. This method represents a very detailed and relevant basis for prioritizing compounds for biological screening. This paper discusses the broader scope of virtual screening and, as an example, describes our recent work in docking one million compounds into the estrogen hormone receptor in order to highlight the technical feasibility of performing very large-scale virtual screening as a route to identifying novel drug leads.
Energy absorption capacity of carbon nanotubes under ballistic impact (2006)

Carbon nanotubes have great potential applications in making ballistic-resistance materials. This letter analyzes the impact of a bullet on nanotubes of different radii in two extreme cases. For a nanotube with one end fixed, the maximum nanotube enduring bullet speed increases and the energy absorption efficiency decreases with the increase in relative heights at which the bullet strikes; these values are independent of the nanotube radii when the bullet hits at a particular relative height. For a nanotube with both ends fixed, the energy absorption efficiency reaches minimum when the bullet strikes around a relative height of 0.5.
New methodologies in the construction of dendritic materials (2008)

Dendritic polymers are highly branched polymer structures, with complex, secondary architectures and well-defined spatial location of functional groups. Due to their unique physical and chemical features, applications in areas such as targeted drug-delivery, macromolecular carriers, catalysis, sensors, light harvesting, surface engineering and biomimetic materials have been proposed. However, only a few dendritic materials have been exploited commercially due to time consuming syntheses and the generation of significant waste/presence of unreacted starting materials. This tutorial review describes traditional synthesis of dendritic materials as well as recent advances in synthetic strategies, for example the use of Click chemistry, as a tool to efficiently obtain complex, functional dendritic structures.
An approach to investigating linkage for bipolar disorder using large Costa Rican pedigrees (1996)

Despite the evidence that major gene effects exist for bipolar disorder (BP), efforts to map BP loci have so far been unsuccessful. A strategy for mapping BP loci is described, focused on investigation of large pedigrees from a genetically homogenous population, that of Costa Rica. This approach is based on the use of a conservative definition of the BP phenotype in preparation for whole genome screening with polymorphic markers. Linkage simulation analyses are utilized to indicate the probability of detecting evidence suggestive of linkage, using these pedigrees. These analyses are performed under a series of single locus models, ranging from recessive to nearly dominant, utilizing both lod score and affected pedigree member analyses. Additional calculations demonstrate that with any of the models employed, most of the information for linkage derives from affected rather than unaffected individuals.
Novel Avian Influenza H7N3 Strain Outbreak, British Columbia (2004)

Genome sequences of chicken (low pathogenic avian influenza [LPAI] and highly pathogenic avian influenza [HPAI]) and human isolates from a 2004 outbreak of H7N3 avian influenza in Canada showed a novel insertion in the HA0 cleavage site of the human and HPAI isolate. This insertion likely occurred by recombination between the hemagglutination and matrix genes in the LPAI virus.
Reactions of N-Benzylthieno[3,2-b]pyrrole. I. Metalation and an Electrophilic Substitution1 (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of N-Benzylthieno[3,2-b]pyrrole. I. Metalation and an Electrophilic Substitution1Edmund T. Holmes and H. R. SnyderCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1964, 29, 8, 2155–2160Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01031a011https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01031a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views86Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
[Biological and biochemical characteristics of the oral spirochetes isolated from the focus of marginal periodontitis]. (1989)

Since they are found to be increased in lesions of acute necrotic ulcerative gingivitis or marginal periodontitis, agents for these diseases. In the present study, 38 pure cultured strains were obtained as a result of isolation and culture of samples collected from lesions of marginal periodontitis (periodontal pokets), and the biological and biochemical characteristics of these strains were investigated. 1) Light microscopy (including dark-field microscopy) and transmission electron microscopy (negative staining) were used for observation of the morphology and cellular structure of the strains. The cells had a spiral shape, and showed active movement. Based on the above findings the cultured strains were all confirmed to be spirochetes of small to medium size, being 0.08-0.24 micron in width. 2) Growth and motility of the strains were investigated on various types of culture medium. Intense growth and movement were noted in strains cultured in bovine liver exudate medium containing horse serum (pH 7.2) at 37 degrees C under anaerobic conditions produced by the evacuation-replacement method (95% N2, 5% CO2) for 3-7 days after inoculation. 3) Thirty-five strains were positive for indole production and decomposition of urea, mucin, hippuric acid and esculin. Production of hydrogen sulfied was observed in 31 strains. In decomposition tests for 17 carbohydrates, 17 strains were positive for galactose and 14 strains were positive for glucose, while 11 strains were positive for dextrin and 10 strains for fructose upon decomposition of soluble starch. Other carbohydrates were also decomposed by a few strains. 4) In an investigation of the production of alcohol and lower fatty acids, among the metabolic products detected by gas chromatography, a large amount of acetic acid and small amounts of ethanol, lactic acid, propionic acid, pyruvic acid were observed. 5) The results of enzyme activity tests using an API ZYM system indicated relatively high activities of esterase, esterase-lipase, alpha-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, trypsin and acid phosphatase.
Two-stage computational cost reduction algorithm based on Mahalanobis distance approximations (2002)

For many pattern recognition methods, high recognition accuracy is obtained at very high expense of computational cost. In this paper, a new algorithm that reduces the computational cost for calculating discriminant function is proposed. This algorithm consists of two stages which are feature vector. Division and dimensional reduction. The processing of feature division is based on characteristic of covariance matrix. The dimensional reduction in the second stage is done by an approximation of the Mahalanobis distance. Compared with the well-known dimensional reduction method of K-L expansion, experimental results show the proposed algorithm not only reduces the computational cost but also improves the recognition accuracy.
Rectified Linear Units Improve Restricted Boltzmann Machines (2010)

Restricted Boltzmann machines were developed using binary stochastic hidden units. These can be generalized by replacing each binary unit by an infinite number of copies that all have the same weights but have progressively more negative biases. The learning and inference rules for these Stepped Sigmoid Units are unchanged. They can be approximated efficiently by noisy, rectified linear units. Compared with binary units, these units learn features that are better for object recognition on the NORB dataset and face verification on the Labeled Faces in the Wild dataset. Unlike binary units, rectified linear units preserve information about relative intensities as information travels through multiple layers of feature detectors.
Side-Chain Derivatives of Biologically Active Nucleosides. Part 2: Synthesis and anti-HIV Activity of 5′-C-Methyl Derivatives of 3′-Fluoro-3′-Deoxythymidine (1996)

1-(3′-Fluoro-2′,3′,6′-trideoxy-β-D-allofuranosyl)thymine [7] and 1-(3′-fluoro-2′,3′,6′-trideoxy-α-L-talofuranosyl) thymine [8] were synthesized starting from the corresponding 2,3′-anhydro nucleoside derivatives. The fluorine was introduced stereoselectively by opening of the anhydro bridge in the presence of HF/AIF 3 . The 5′-C-methyl derivatives, [7] and [8], of 3′-fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine (FLT) were evaluated for their inhibitory effect against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2). The compounds [7] and [8] had antiviral activity which was three orders of magnitude lower than the reference compound 3′-fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine. None of the compounds showed appreciable activity against other RNA or DNA viruses at subtoxic concentrations.
The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 central DNA flap is a crucial determinant for lentiviral vector nuclear import and gene transduction of human hematopoietic stem cells (2000)

Gene transfer in human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has great potential for both gene therapy and the understanding of hematopoiesis. As HSCs have extensive proliferative capacities, stable gene transfer should include genomic integration of the transgene. Lentiviral vectors are now preferred to oncoretroviral vectors especially because they integrate in nondividing cells such as HSCs, thereby avoiding the use of prolonged cytokine stimulation. Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) has evolved a complex reverse transcription strategy including a central strand displacement event controlled in cis by the central polypurine tract (cPPT) and the central termination sequence (CTS). This creates, at the center of HIV-1 linear DNA molecules, a 99-nucleotide-long plus-strand overlap, the DNA flap, which acts as a cis-determinant of HIV-1 genome nuclear import. The reinsertion of the DNA flap sequence in an HIV-derived lentiviral vector promotes a striking increase of gene transduction efficiency in human CD34(+) hematopoietic cells, and the complementation of the nuclear import defect present in the parental vector accounts for this result. In a short ex vivo protocol, the flap-containing vector allows efficient transduction of the whole hierarchy of human HSCs including both slow-dividing or nondividing HSCs that have multiple lymphoid and myeloid potentials and primitive cells with long-term engraftment ability in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice (NOD/SCID).
Regular debridement is the main tool for maintaining a healthy wound bed in most chronic wounds (2009)

Sharp debridement is the most clinically and cost-effective way of physically removing and suppressing a biofilm. Continued debridement, as part of a multifaceted treatment strategy, will keep the biofilm in a weakened state.
Efficient Enrichment of Hepatic Cancer Stem-Like Cells from a Primary Rat HCC Model via a Density Gradient Centrifugation-Centered Method (2012)

Through our novel method, HCSC-like cells were successfully enriched in FIII. This study will greatly contribute to two important areas of biological interest: CSC isolation and HCC therapy.
Antimicrobial activities of saponin-rich guar meal extract (2008)

Three saponin-rich extracts (20, 60, 100% methanol), four 100% methanol subfractions\nand seven independently acquired fractions (A-G) from guar meal, Cyamopsis\ntetragonoloba L. (syn. C. psoraloides), were evaluated for antimicrobial and hemolytic\nactivities. These activities were compared against quillaja bark (Quillaja saponaria),\nyucca (Yucca schidigera), and soybean (Glycine max) saponins in 96-well plates using\neight concentrations (0.01 to 1.0 and 0.1 to 12.5 mg extract/mL). Initial guar meal\nbutanol extract was 4.8 ± 0.6% of the weight of original material dry matter (DM).\nButanol extract was purified by preparative reverse-phase C-18 chromatography. Two\nfractions eluted with 20, and one each with 60, and 100% methanol with average yields\nof 1.72 ± 0.47, 0.88 ± 0.16, 0.91 ± 0.16 and 1.55 ± 0.15% of DM, respectively. Further\npurification of the 100% methanol fraction using normal-phase silica gel preparatory\nhigh pressure liquid chromatography eluted 4 peaks at 16, 39, 44 and 46 min. Only the\n100% methanol fraction, its 16 min peak, F and G fractions, and quillaja saponin,\nexhibited both hemolytic and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus,\nSalmonella Typhimurium and E. coli, but 20 and 60% methanol fractions stimulated\nLactobacillus spp. growth. Guar meal (0 or 5%) was added to diets fed to chicks from 1 to 21 days of age. Chicks fed both diets were unchallenged or challenged with 5 x 103\nEimeria tenella sporulated oocysts at 10 days. Guar meal diets reduced oocysts shed per\ngram of feces, body weight, and feed efficiency. Adding 2.5% guar meal, 1% guar gum,\nor 0.125% saponin-rich guar meal extract to diets fed to chicks to 21 days of age showed\nthat guar meal increased the cfu concentrations of digesta more than controls following a\nchallenge with 107 cfu of Clostridium perfringens at 14 days. Body weights of chicks fed\nguar meal and saponin-rich extract were significantly lower than control body weights at\n21 days of age, whereas the weekly feed to gain ratio of chicks fed saponin-rich extract\nwas higher than controls. Guar meal reduced severity of Eimeria tenella infection and\nguar saponin-rich extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against several common\npoultry pathogens.
Computer‐assisted distraction osteogenesis by Ilizarov's method (2008)

Our method achieved high accuracy and precision in a laboratory setting, and produced acceptable outcomes in a pilot clinical study.