gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formulating Semantic Image Annotation as a Supervised Learning Problem (2005)

We introduce a new method to automatically annotate and retrieve images using a vocabulary of image semantics. The novel contributions include a discriminant formulation of the problem, a multiple instance learning solution that enables the estimation of concept probability distributions without prior image segmentation, and a hierarchical description of the density of each image class that enables very efficient training. Compared to current methods of image annotation and retrieval, the one now proposed has significantly smaller time complexity and better recognition performance. Specifically, its recognition complexity is O(C/spl times/R), where C is the number of classes (or image annotations) and R is the number of image regions, while the best results in the literature have complexity O(T/spl times/R), where T is the number of training images. Since the number of classes grows substantially slower than that of training images, the proposed method scales better during training, and processes test images faster This is illustrated through comparisons in terms of complexity, time, and recognition performance with current state-of-the-art methods.
POPULATION GENETICS OF SKELETONEMA COSTATUM (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) IN NARRAGANSETT BAY1 (1980)

ABSTRACT During a two year period 457 clones of the diatom Skeletonema costatum were isolated prior to and during the summer‐fall and winter‐spring blooms of this species in Narragansett Bay, R.I. Their allozyme banding patterns were examined for 5 enzyme loci. Genotypic frequencies indicated that the winter bloom populations were genetically different from the prevalent summer bloom populations of the same species. Genetic differences between seasonal blooms are as great as those found between species of terrestrial organisms, but are not accompanied by morphological variation. Although blooms have distinct prevalent forms, they are not genetically homogeneous. No single clone is ever representative of all populations of S. costatum. The dynamics of these allochronic populations appear to be governed by a form of cyclic natural selection, and are probably a regular feature of the cycles of abundance of this species in this area. These results cast doubt on some of the assumptions often made in the “autecological approach” to phytoplankton ecology. This study comprises the first quantitative examination of the population genetics of a microalga.
ICP0, a regulator of herpes simplex virus during lytic and latent infection (2000)

Cold sores produced by HSV-1 infection are an annoying but trivial recurrent problem for most of us, but the virus can also cause more serious disease. Episodes of active HSV-1 infection, in response to stress or sunlight, are possible because the virus establishes a latent infection in neurones which can not be eliminated. Since vigorous transcription from the whole viral genome during lytic infection contrasts with almost complete quiescence during latency, the mechanisms controlling HSV-1 gene expression have come under close scrutiny. These studies have demonstrated that the viral immediate-early protein ICP0, a promiscuous activator of gene expression, is required for efficient initiation of lytic infection and reactivation from latency. It is proposed that in the absence of functional ICP0, a cellular repression mechanism silences viral transcription. ICP0 appears to counteract this process by stimulating the degradation of a number of cellular proteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Reactive Sulfur Species:  Kinetics and Mechanism of the Equilibrium between Cysteine Sulfenyl Thiocyanate and Cysteine Thiosulfinate Ester in Acidic Aqueous Solution (2008)

The kinetics and mechanism of the hydrolysis of cysteine sulfenyl thiocyanate (CySSCN) to give cysteine thiosulfinate ester (CyS(=O)SCy) have been investigated between pH 0 and 4. The reaction is reversible. The hydrolysis of CySSCN is second-order in [CySSCN] and inverse first-order in [H+] and [SCN-]. The following mechanism is proposed for the hydrolysis of CySSCN (where the charge depends upon the pH): CySSCN0/+ + H2O <==>CySOH0/+ + SCN- + H+, CySOH0/+ + CySSCN0/+ --> CyS(=O)SCy0/+/2+ + SCN- + H+; k1 = 3.36 +/- 0.01 x 10-3 s-1, K1k2 = 0.13 +/- 0.05 Ms-1 (which yields k2/k-1 = 39 M). The observed rate law rules out alternative mechanisms for 1 <or= pH <or= 4, including the condensation of two molecules of cysteine sulfenic acid (CySOH) to give CyS(=O)SCy. The equilibrium can be approached from the opposite direction. The reaction of CyS(=O)SCy with SCN- to give CySSCN is first-order in [CyS(=O)SCy], [SCN-], and [H+] (for [H+] > 0.4 M). The following mechanism is proposed: CyS(=O)SCy2+ + H+ <==> CyS(OH)=SCy3+, Ka; CyS(OH)SCy3+ + SCN- --> CySOH+ + CySSCN+, k-2 = 0.239 +/- 0.007 M-2s-1/Ka M-1. Since cysteine sulfenic acids are known to play an important function in many enzymes, and SCN- exists in abundance in physiologic fluids, we discuss the possible role of sulfenyl thiocyanates in vivo.
IgG Binding Sites on Human FCγ Receptors (1997)

The structure for the three human Fc gamma receptors classes Fc gamma RI (CD64), Fc gamma RII (CD32) and Fc gamma RIII (CD16) has been well characterized. Here the IgG binding sites on Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RII with their responsive FG, BC and C'/E loops on the membrane proximal domains are described in detail. For Fc gamma RI the second extracellular domain is suggested as a key structure of IgG binding. The lower hinge regions of human and murine IgG binding to these Fc receptors and their structural relationship in Fc gamma R-IgG interactions are discussed. The potential of inhibiting the pathophysiological effects of Fc gamma receptors by blocking studies are considered for future therapeutic modalities.
Stem Cell Properties of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (2002)

In this study, we characterized the self-renewal capability, multi-lineage differentiation capacity, and clonogenic efficiency of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). DPSCs were capable of forming ectopic dentin and associated pulp tissue in vivo. Stromal-like cells were reestablished in culture from primary DPSC transplants and re-transplanted into immunocompromised mice to generate a dentin-pulp-like tissue, demonstrating their self-renewal capability. DPSCs were also found to be capable of differentiating into adipocytes and neural-like cells. The odontogenic potential of 12 individual single-colony-derived DPSC strains was determined. Two-thirds of the single-colony-derived DPSC strains generated abundant ectopic dentin in vivo, while only a limited amount of dentin was detected in the remaining one-third. These results indicate that single-colony-derived DPSC strains differ from each other with respect to their rate of odontogenesis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that DPSCs possess stem-cell-like qualities, including self-renewal capability and multi-lineage differentiation.
Coupled-mode theory of resonant-grating filters (1997)

An approximate closed-form expression for the loss in a planar phase grating is derived by using coupled-mode theory. It is shown that this loss expression can be used to determine the spectral and angular width of a resonant-grating filter. A resonant-grating filter is a free-space optic that takes advantage of grating resonances to create narrow-band reflection peaks. Design characteristics, such as bandwidth, have previously been determined by profiling the resonance in reflectivity with the use of numerically intensive vector-diffraction methods such as rigorous coupled-wave analysis. The coupled-mode approach described here, however, gives the resonant-filter width directly, without the need to profile the resonance. Therefore computation time and hence design time are reduced. In addition, it is shown that the coupled-mode approach provides physical insights into the factors contributing to filter bandwidth.
How many people with heart failure are appropriate for biventricular resynchronization? (2000)

Using our criteria, approximately 10% of an unselected group of heart failure admitted to a typical U.K. district general hospital over a calendar year would be appropriate for biventricular pacing. This represents a large number of patients who might derive benefit from this new therapy.
Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. (1988)

A large part of cellular proteins are in a dynamic state of turnover. Protein breakdown is responsible for essential cellular functions such as the modulation of the levels of key enzymes and regulatory proteins and removal of abnormal proteins that arise by biosynthetic errors or postsynthetic damages. The proc- ess is highly selective: the half-lives of individual proteins vary from several minutes to many days (1,2). The biochemical mechanisms of intracellular protein break- down remained obscure for a long time. An unusual mechanism was suggested by observations that it has an absolute requirement for cellular energy (3, 4). Significant progress in the elucidation of the mechanisms of energy-dependent protein breakdown has begun only in the last decade. Available information indicates diversity of mechanisms for protein degradation. The degree of functioning of the various pathways may depend upon specific cell types and changingphysiological situations. Under conditions of nutritional or hormonal deprivation, lysosomal autophagy is greatly accelerated. Lysosomal protein breakdown appears to be largely nonselective, although it has been suggested that certain proteins are targeted to the lysosome by specific amino acid sequences (5). Among cytosolic pathways of protein breakdown, some proteins may be degraded by ATP-dependent proteases such as those described in bacteria (6, 7). Another major system for selective protein degradation is the ubiquitin pathway, in which proteins are committed to degradation by their ligation to ubiquitin, a highly conserved 76-amino acid polypeptide. The objective of this Minireview is to summarize briefly what we have learned and to point out what we yet have to learn about the mode of action of the ubiquitin-mediated protein breakdown system. For more detailed description of the literature, the reader is referred to several earlier reviews (8-ll), a recent book (12), and symposium (13).
Image Restoration (2018)

Image Denoising: Past, Present, and Future, X. Li Historical Review of Image Denoising First Episode: Local Wiener Filtering Second Episode: Understanding Transient Events Third Generation: Understanding Nonlocal Similarity Conclusions and Perspectives Fundamentals of Image Restoration, B.K. Gunturk Linear Shift-Invariant Degradation Model Image Restoration Methods Blind Image Restoration Other Methods of Image Restoration Super Resolution Image Restoration Regularization Parameter Estimation Beyond Linear Shift-Invariant Imaging Model Restoration in the Presence of Unknown Spatially Varying Blur, M. Sorel and F. Sroubek Blur models Space-Variant Super Resolution Image Denoising and Restoration Based on Nonlocal Means, P. van Beek, Y. Su, and J. Yang Image Denoising Based on the Nonlocal Means Image Deblurring Using Nonlocal Means Regularization Recent Nonlocal and Sparse Modeling Methods Reducing Computational Cost of NLM-Based Methods Sparsity-Regularized Image Restoration: Locality and Convexity Revisited, W. Dong and X. Li Historical Review of Sparse Representations From Local to Nonlocal Sparse Representations From Convex to Nonconvex Optimization Algorithms Reproducible Experimental Results Conclusions and Connections Resolution Enhancement Using Prior Information, H.M. Shieh, C.L. Byrne, and M.A. Fiddy Fourier Transform Estimation and Minimum L2-Norm Solution Minimum Weighted L2-Norm Solution Solution Sparsity and Data Sampling Minimum L1-Norm and Minimum Weighted L1-Norm Solutions Modification with Nonuniform Weights Summary and Conclusions Transform Domain-Based Learning for Super Resolution Restoration, P.P. Gajjar, M.V. Joshi, and K.P. Upla Introduction to Super Resolution Related Work Description of the Proposed Approach Transform Domain-Based Learning of the Initial HR Estimate Experimental Results Conclusions and Future Research Work Super Resolution for Multispectral Image Classification, F. Li, X. Jia, D. Fraser, and A. Lambert Methodology Experimental Results Color Image Restoration Using Vector Filtering Operators, R. Lukac Color Imaging Basics Color Space Conversions Color Image Filtering Color Image Quality Evaluation Document Image Restoration and Analysis as Separation of Mixtures of Patterns: From Linear to Nonlinear Models, A. Tonazzini, I. Gerace, and F. Martinelli Linear Instantaneous Data Model Linear Convolutional Data Model Nonlinear Convolutional Data Model for the Recto-Verso Case Conclusions and Future Prospects Correction of Spatially Varying Image and Video Motion Blur Using a Hybrid Camera, Y.-W. Tai and M.S. Brown Related Work Hybrid Camera System Optimization Framework Deblurring of Moving Objects Temporal Upsampling Results and Comparisons
Use of a ring chromosome and pulsed-field gels to study interhomolog recombination, double-strand DNA breaks and sister-chromatid exchange in yeast. (1989)

We describe a system that uses pulsed-field gels for the physical detection of recombinant DNA molecules, double-strand DNA breaks (DSB) and sister-chromatid exchange in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The system makes use of a circular variant of chromosome III (Chr. III). Meiotic recombination between this ring chromosome and a linear homolog produces new molecules of sizes distinguishable on gels from either parental molecule. We demonstrate that these recombinant molecules are not present either in strains with two linear Chr. III molecules or in rad50 mutants, which are defective in meiotic recombination. In conjunction with the molecular endpoints, we present data on the timing of commitment to meiotic recombination scored genetically. We have used x-rays to linearize circular Chr. III, both to develop a sensitive method for measuring frequency of DSB and as a means of detecting double-sized circles originating in part from sister-chromatid exchange, which we find to be frequent during meiosis.
Directed In Vitro Myogenesis of Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Their In Vivo Engraftment (2013)

Development of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-based therapy requires derivation of in vitro expandable cell populations that can readily differentiate to specified cell types and engraft upon transplantation. Here, we report that hESCs can differentiate into skeletal muscle cells without genetic manipulation. This is achieved through the isolation of cells expressing a mesodermal marker, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRA), following embryoid body (EB) formation. The ESC-derived cells differentiated into myoblasts in vitro as evident by upregulation of various myogenic genes, irrespective of the presence of serum in the medium. This result is further corroborated by the presence of sarcomeric myosin and desmin, markers for terminally differentiated cells. When transplanted in vivo, these pre-myogenically committed cells were viable in tibialis anterior muscles 14 days post-implantation. These hESC-derived cells, which readily undergo myogenic differentiation in culture medium containing serum, could be a viable cell source for skeletal muscle repair and tissue engineering to ameliorate various muscle wasting diseases.
CD69‐null mice protected from arthritis induced with anti‐type II collagen antibodies (2003)

CD69, known as an early activation marker antigen on T and B cells, is also expressed on platelets and activated neutrophils, suggesting certain roles in inflammatory diseases. In order to address the role of CD69 in the pathogenesis of arthritis, we established CD69-null mice. CD69-null mice displayed a markedly attenuated arthritic inflammatory response when injected with anti-type II collagen antibodies. Cell transfer experiments with neutrophils, but not T cells or spleen cells, from wild-type mice into CD69-null mice restored the induction of arthritis. These results indicate a critical role for CD69 in neutrophil function in arthritis induction during the effector phase. Thus, CD69 would be a possible therapeutic target for arthritis in human patients.
Expression of alpha-lactalbumin, alpha-S1-casein, and lactoferrin genes is heterogeneous in sheep and cattle mammary tissue. (1992)

We used 35S-labeled cRNA probes to localize the sites of alpha-lactalbumin, alpha-S1-casein, and lactoferrin mRNA synthesis in sheep and forcibly weaned cattle mammary tissue. Expression of alpha-lactalbumin was absent in three of four "virgin" glands studied, present in some alveoli of "pregnant" glands but not in others, despite a similar histological appearance. In the early lactating gland, expression was high in those alveoli with few fat globules in their cells and lumen and was absent in alveoli with abundant fat globules. These observations suggest either that alpha-lactalbumin gene expression is linked to the long-term secretory activity of cells and falls once cells are resting or regressing, or that there are cyclical variations in expression, or that in the lactating gland some groups of epithelial cells are synthesizing alpha-lactalbumin and some are synthesizing fat. Expression patterns of alpha-S1-casein were similar to those of alpha-lactalbumin. Lactoferrin, in contrast, was expressed almost exclusively in the "fatty alveoli" of both species. Our results show that dramatic variations in milk gene expression can occur throughout the mammary gland of sheep and cattle and that at no stage of pregnancy, lactation, or involution can the gland be considered metabolically homogeneous.
A Determination Method for Initial Values of Coplanar Camera Calibration Parameters (2006)

This paper discusses a determination method for initial values of coplanar camera calibration parameters. In the conventional methods, it is assumed that the image center is ignored or known in advance. The determination of the initial calibration parameters of image corrupted with quantization noise and lens distortion becomes sometimes unstable under the above assumption. In this paper, a method to find the stable initial values of the calibration parameters is proposed under assumption on the aspect ratio of the image. In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed method, the comparison results with the conventional method are shown. It was found from the experimental results that the proposed method gives more accurate results than those of the conventional methods
The functional domain of hirudin, a thrombin‐specific inhibitor (1983)

Hirudin is a thrombin-specific inhibitor of Mr 8000 (65 amino acid residues). Native hirudin contains 3 disulfide linkages within the first 39 amino-terminal residues, and a highly acidic C-terminal segment which is freely accessible to enzyme digestion by both endo- and exo-peptidases. Removal of the acidic C-terminal amino acids of native hirudin by both chemical and enzymatic methods resulted in a concomitant loss of hirudin inhibition activity. It is concluded that this acidic C-terminal segment of hirudin is essential for hirudin-thrombin interaction. The implication of the hirudin-thrombin interaction for the enzymatic specificity of thrombin is also discussed.
Deletion of autophagy inducerRB1CC1results in degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (2015)

Autophagy regulates cellular homeostasis and response to environmental stress. Within the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the eye, the level of autophagy can change with both age and disease. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between reduced autophagy and age-related degeneration of the RPE. The gene encoding RB1CC1/FIP200 (RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1), a protein essential for induction of autophagy, was selectively knocked out in the RPE by crossing Best1-Cre mice with mice in which the Rb1cc1 gene was flanked with Lox-P sites (Rb1cc1(flox/flox)). Ex vivo and in vivo analyses, including western blot, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, and electroretinography were performed to assess the structure and function of the retina as a function of age. Deletion of Rb1cc1 resulted in multiple autophagy defects within the RPE including decreased conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, accumulation of autophagy-targeted precursors, and increased numbers of mitochondria. Age-dependent degeneration of the RPE occurred, with formation of atrophic patches, subretinal migration of activated microglial cells, subRPE deposition of inflammatory and oxidatively damaged proteins, subretinal drusenoid deposits, and occasional foci of choroidal neovascularization. There was secondary loss of photoreceptors overlying the degenerated RPE and reduction in the electroretinogram. These observations are consistent with a critical role of autophagy in the maintenance of normal homeostasis in the aging RPE, and indicate that disruption of autophagy leads to retinal phenotypes associated with age-related degeneration.
The Structure of 2-Pyrazolin-5-one Dyes (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Structure of 2-Pyrazolin-5-one DyesHeinosuke Yasuda and Hiroshi MidorikawaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1966, 31, 6, 1722–1725Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01344a014https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01344a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views88Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts