gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Estimating Orientation Using Magnetic and Inertial Sensors and Different Sensor Fusion Approaches: Accuracy Assessment in Manual and Locomotion Tasks (2014)

Magnetic and inertial measurement units are an emerging technology to obtain 3D orientation of body segments in human movement analysis. In this respect, sensor fusion is used to limit the drift errors resulting from the gyroscope data integration by exploiting accelerometer and magnetic aiding sensors. The present study aims at investigating the effectiveness of sensor fusion methods under different experimental conditions. Manual and locomotion tasks, differing in time duration, measurement volume, presence/absence of static phases, and out-of-plane movements, were performed by six subjects, and recorded by one unit located on the forearm or the lower trunk, respectively. Two sensor fusion methods, representative of the stochastic (Extended Kalman Filter) and complementary (Non-linear observer) filtering, were selected, and their accuracy was assessed in terms of attitude (pitch and roll angles) and heading (yaw angle) errors using stereophotogrammetric data as a reference. The sensor fusion approaches provided significantly more accurate results than gyroscope data integration. Accuracy improved mostly for heading and when the movement exhibited stationary phases, evenly distributed 3D rotations, it occurred in a small volume, and its duration was greater than approximately 20 s. These results were independent from the specific sensor fusion method used. Practice guidelines for improving the outcome accuracy are provided.
Absence of dc-Conductivity inλ-DNA (2000)

The electrical conductivity of biomaterials on a molecular scale is of fundamental interest in the life sciences. We perform first principles electronic structure calculations, which clearly indicate that lambda-DNA chains should present large resistance values. We also present two direct procedures to measure electrical currents through DNA molecules adsorbed on mica. The lower limit for the resistivity is 10(6) Omega . cm, in agreement with our calculations. We also show that low energy electron bombardment induces a rapid contamination and dramatically affects the measured conductivity, thus providing an explanation to recent reports of high DNA conductivity.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae ISU1 and ISU2: members of a well-conserved gene family for iron-sulfur cluster assembly (1999)

Recent studies in bacteria and eukaryotes have led to the identification of several new genes implicated in the biogenesis of iron-sulfur (Fe/S) cluster-containing proteins. This report focuses on two genes of bakers yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ISU1 and ISU2, which encode homologues to bacterial IscU and NifU, potential iron-binding or cluster-assembly proteins. As with other yeast genes implicated in Fe/S protein assembly, deletion of either ISU1 or ISU2 results in increased accumulation of iron within the mitochondria, loss of activity of the [4Fe-4S] aconitase enzyme, and suppression of oxidative damage in cells lacking cytosolic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase. Both genes are induced in strains expressing an activated allele of Aft1p, the iron-sensing transcription factor, suggesting that they are regulated by the iron status of the cell. Immunoblotting studies using an antibody directed against Escherichia coli IscU reveal that both Isu1p and Isu2p are localized primarily in the mitochondria and that Isu1p is the predominant form expressed under all growth conditions tested. The possible role of the Isu proteins in the assembly and/or repair of Fe/S clusters is discussed.
Flashing and cavitation studies : technical report (1959)

Ascitic fluid of women with OHSS contains appreciable amounts of soluble selectins, suggesting their ovarian origin and possible involvement in the syndrome.
Smoothness within ruggedness: the role of neutrality in adaptation. (1996)

RNA secondary structure folding algorithms predict the existence of connected networks of RNA sequences with identical structure. On such networks, evolving populations split into subpopulations, which diffuse independently in sequence space. This demands a distinction between two mutation thresholds: one at which genotypic information is lost and one at which phenotypic information is lost. In between, diffusion enables the search of vast areas in genotype space while still preserving the dominant phenotype. By this dynamic the success of phenotypic adaptation becomes much less sensitive to the initial conditions in genotype space.
Dispersive properties of planar polymer Bragg gratings (2000)

We report on the first dispersion study performed on planar Bragg gratings for WDM systems. The gratings are produced in low-loss single-mode polymeric waveguides and have a remarkable amplitude response (reflectivity >99.99%, suppressed out-of-band features). The phase response study shows that the dispersion that they introduce in a system (<100 ps/nm) is lower than that typical of fiber Bragg gratings.
PT523 and Other Aminopterin Analogs with a Hemiphthaloyi-L ornithine Side Chain: Exceptionally Tight-binding Inhibitors of Dihydrofolate Reductase which are Transported by the Reduced Folate Carrier but cannot form Polyglutamates (1999)

Abstract: Nonpolyglutamatable antifolates are potentially of therapeutic interest for the treatment of tumors that are inherently refractory or have become resistant, to classical antifolates as a result of decreased expression of the enzyme folylpolyglutamate synthetase. An interesting class of water-soluble nonpolyglutamatable analogs of aminopterin (AMT) have been developed, which are much more cytotoxic because they bind more tightly to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and also utilize the reduced folate carrier (RFC) pathway more efficiently for influx into the cell. This review summarizes the in vitro and in vivo preclinical data on the initial lead compound, Na-(4-amino-4-deoxypteroyi)-N &gt;-hemiphthaloyi-L-ornithine (PT523}. In addition, the synthesis and in vitro biochemical and biological properties of several types of second-generation analogs are discussed. Analogs modified in the B-ring of the pteridine moiety have been found to be of particular interest because their affinity for DHFR and their influx rate into cells via the RFC pathway are even greater than those of PT523. The hemiphthaloylornithine moiety, which is larger and more hydrophobic than the glutamate side chain of classical antifolates, appears to be chiefly responsible for the exceptionally high biological potency of PT523 and its B-ring analogs.
The Pathogenesis of Cardiomyopathy in Friedreich Ataxia (2015)

Friedreich ataxia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disease with a complex neurological phenotype, but the most common cause of death is heart failure. This study presents a systematic analysis of 15 fixed and 13 frozen archival autopsy tissues of FA hearts and 10 normal controls (8 frozen) by measurement of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy; tissue frataxin assay; X-ray fluorescence (XRF) of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in polyethylene glycol-embedded samples of left and right ventricular walls (LVW, RVW) and ventricular septum (VS); metal quantification in bulk digests by inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES); Fe histochemistry; and immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence of cytosolic and mitochondrial ferritins and of the inflammatory markers CD68 and hepcidin. FA cardiomyocytes were significantly larger than normal and surrounded by fibrotic endomysium. Frataxin in LVW was reduced to less than 15 ng/g wet weight (normal 235.4 ± 75.1 ng/g). All sections displayed characteristic Fe-reactive inclusions in cardiomyocytes, and XRF confirmed significant regional Fe accumulation in LVW and VS. In contrast, ICP-OES analysis of bulk extracts revealed normal total Fe levels in LVW, RVW, and VS. Cardiac Zn remained normal by XRF and assay of bulk digests. Cytosolic and mitochondrial ferritins exhibited extensive co-localization in cardiomyocytes, representing translational and transcriptional responses to Fe, respectively. Fe accumulation progressed from a few small granules to coarse aggregates in phagocytized cardiomyocytes. All cases met the "Dallas criteria" of myocarditis. Inflammatory cells contained CD68 and cytosolic ferritin, and most also expressed the Fe-regulatory hormone hepcidin. Inflammation is an important factor in the pathogenesis of FA cardiomyopathy but may be more evident in advanced stages of the disease. Hepcidin-induced failure of Fe export from macrophages is a likely contributory cause of damage to the heart in FA. Frataxin replacement and anti-inflammatory agents are potential therapies in FA cardiomyopathy.
Lipopolysaccharide Clearance, Bacterial Clearance, and Systemic Inflammatory Responses Are Regulated by Cell Type–Specific Functions of TLR4 during Sepsis (2013)

The morbidity associated with bacterial sepsis is the result of host immune responses to pathogens, which are dependent on pathogen recognition by pattern recognition receptors, such as TLR4. TLR4 is expressed on a range of cell types, yet the mechanisms by which cell-specific functions of TLR4 lead to an integrated sepsis response are poorly understood. To address this, we generated mice in which TLR4 was specifically deleted from myeloid cells (LysMTLR4KO) or hepatocytes (HCTLR4KO) and then determined survival, bacterial counts, host inflammatory responses, and organ injury in a model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), with or without antibiotics. LysM-TLR4 was required for phagocytosis and efficient bacterial clearance in the absence of antibiotics. Survival, the magnitude of the systemic and local inflammatory responses, and liver damage were associated with bacterial levels. HCTLR4 was required for efficient LPS clearance from the circulation, and deletion of HCTLR4 was associated with enhanced macrophage phagocytosis, lower bacterial levels, and improved survival in CLP without antibiotics. Antibiotic administration during CLP revealed an important role for hepatocyte LPS clearance in limiting sepsis-induced inflammation and organ injury. Our work defines cell type-selective roles for TLR4 in coordinating complex immune responses to bacterial sepsis and suggests that future strategies for modulating microbial molecule recognition should account for varying roles of pattern recognition receptors in multiple cell populations.
Self-contained Position Tracking of Human Movement Using Small Inertial/Magnetic Sensor Modules (2007)

Numerous applications require a self-contained personal navigation system that works in indoor and outdoor environments, does not require any infrastructure support, and is not susceptible to jamming. Posture tracking with an array of inertial/magnetic sensors attached to individual human limb segments has been successfully demonstrated. The "sourceless" nature of this technique makes possible full body posture tracking in an area of unlimited size with no supporting infrastructure. Such sensor modules contain three orthogonally mounted angular rate sensors, three orthogonal linear accelerometers and three orthogonal magnetometers. This paper describes a method for using accelerometer data combined with orientation estimates from the same modules to calculate position during walking and running. The periodic nature of these motions includes short periods of zero foot velocity when the foot is in contact with the ground. This pattern allows for precise drift error correction. Relative position is calculated through double integration of drift corrected accelerometer data. Preliminary experimental results for various types of motion including walking, side stepping, and running document accuracy of distance and position estimates.
Role of adjuvants in the modulation of antibody isotype, specificity, and induction of protection by whole blood-stage Plasmodium yoelii vaccines. (1993)

Mice were immunized with whole killed blood stage Plasmodium yoelii parasites in 15 adjuvant formulations then boosted and challenged with parasitized blood. Five of six groups immunized with the Ag in oil-in-water emulsions or formulations without oil were protected. Formulations that induced protection contained saponin, pertussis, copolymer P1004, and detoxified RaLPS. In contrast, none of nine groups of animals immunized with Ag in water-in-oil emulsions were protected. Ineffective adjuvants included CFA and water-in-squalene emulsions with copolymer L141 plus detoxified RaLPS, dimethyldioctadecyl ammonium bromide, and mycobacterial cell wall skeletons. Antibody was measured by ELISA against disrupted parasites and by indirect fluorescent antibody (immunofluorescence) using intact parasites. Protection was associated with antibody of the IgG2a isotype detected by immunofluorescence but not with other isotypes detected by immunofluorescence or any type antibody detected by ELISA. The water-in-oil adjuvants induced high titers by ELISA but low titers by immunofluorescence. These results, together with Western blot analyses, suggested that adjuvant vehicles control the specificity of antibody and that this, in turn, is essential for induction of protective immune responses in this model.
Editorial (2006)

The aim of the WER is to provide authoritative and objective analysis and commentary on the Welsh economy, and regional economies in general, in a manner that promotes understanding and informs decision-making. The intended audience includes academics, economic development practitioners, policy-makers, and anyone with an interest in the Welsh economy and/or regional economics.
Dynamic Regulation of RGS2 Suggests a Novel Mechanism in G-Protein Signaling and Neuronal Plasticity (1998)

Long-term neuronal plasticity is known to be dependent on rapid de novo synthesis of mRNA and protein, and recent studies provide insight into the molecules involved in this response. Here, we demonstrate that mRNA encoding a member of the regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) family, RGS2, is rapidly induced in neurons of the hippocampus, cortex, and striatum in response to stimuli that evoke plasticity. Although several members of the RGS family are expressed in brain with discrete neuronal localizations, RGS2 appears unique in that its expression is dynamically responsive to neuronal activity. In biochemical assays, RGS2 stimulates the GTPase activity of the alpha subunit of Gq and Gi1. The effect on Gi1 was observed only after reconstitution of the protein in phospholipid vesicles containing M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. RGS2 also inhibits both Gq- and Gi-dependent responses in transfected cells. These studies suggest a novel mechanism linking neuronal activity and signal transduction.
Fat Transport in Lipoproteins — An Integrated Approach to Mechanisms and Disorders (1967)

Type IV HyperlipoproteinemiaGeneral Definition. The Type IV lipoprotein pattern is the hallmark of endogenous hyperlipemia. It implies that glycerides synthesized in the body, usually in the liver, have been excreted into plasma at rates exceeding the capacity for removal. The appearance of a Type IV pattern often suggests that something has gone wrong with carbohydrate metabolism or caloric balance. There is evidence that it can sometimes mean inordinate emotional stress, excessive alcoholic intake or some other conflict between the patient and his environment. The development of this type of hyperlipoproteinemia is often conditioned by genotype.The Type IV . . .
Purification and primary sequences of the major arginine-containing antifreeze glycopeptides from the fish Eleginus gracilis. (1986)

An Arg-containing antifreeze glycoprotein from the polar fish Eleginus gracilis was isolated, and the major components were purified to homogeneity. The general protocol for purification was chromatography of serum on DEAE-cellulose, followed by chromatography on a cation exchanger. DEAE-cellulose chromatography resulted in two fractions, A and B. Fraction A contained most of the antifreeze glycoprotein found in E. gracilis (approximately 80% by weight) and consisted of 13 distinct components. Unlike antifreeze glycoproteins from other previously studied polar fish, Fraction A contained both low and high molecular weight antifreeze glycoprotein components. The two major components of Fraction A were sequenced and compared with the sequence of antifreeze glycoproteins 7 and 8 from both Boreogadus saida and Pagothenia borchgrevinki. The antifreeze glycoproteins from E. gracilis were shown to have a similar composition to those previously studied, except for an additional Ala-Arg dipeptide at the carbon terminal in the major components of Fraction A and the position of Pro in the low molecular weight components. The activity of E. gracilis antifreeze glycoproteins is the subject of a companion article (Burcham, T. S., Osuga, D. T., Yeh, Y., and Feeney, R. E. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 6390-6397).
Photoclick Hydrogels Prepared from Functionalized Cyclodextrin and Poly(ethylene glycol) for Drug Delivery and in Situ Cell Encapsulation (2015)

Polymers or hydrogels containing modified cyclodextrin (CD) are highly useful in drug delivery applications, as CD is a cytocompatible amphiphilic molecule that can complex with a variety of hydrophobic drugs. Here, we designed modular photoclick thiol-ene hydrogels from derivatives of βCD and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), including βCD-allylether (βCD-AE), βCD-thiol (βCD-SH), PEG-thiol (PEGSH), and PEG-norbornene (PEGNB). Two types of CD-PEG hybrid hydrogels were prepared using radical-mediated thiol-ene photoclick reactions. Specifically, thiol-allylether hydrogels were formed by reacting multiarm PEGSH and βCD-AE, and thiol-norbornene hydrogels were formed by cross-linking βCD-SH and multiarm PEGNB. We characterized the properties of these two types of thiol-ene hydrogels, including gelation kinetics, gel fractions, hydrolytic stability, and cytocompatibility. Compared with thiol-allylether hydrogels, thiol-norbornene photoclick reaction formed hydrogels with faster gelation kinetics at equivalent macromer contents. Using curcumin, an anti-inflammatory and anticancer hydrophobic molecule, we demonstrated that CD-cross-linked PEG-based hydrogels, when compared with pure PEG-based hydrogels, afforded higher drug loading efficiency and prolonged delivery in vitro. Cytocompatibility of these CD-cross-linked hydrogels were evaluated by in situ encapsulation of radical sensitive pancreatic MIN6 β-cells. All formulations and cross-linking conditions tested were cytocompatible for cell encapsulation. Furthermore, hydrogels cross-linked by βCD-SH showed enhanced cell proliferation and insulin secretion as compared to gels cross-linked by either dithiothreitol (DTT) or βCD-AE, suggesting the profound impact of both macromer compositions and gelation chemistry on cell fate in chemically cross-linked hydrogels.
A NEW ANALYSIS OF ALLOGENEIC INTERACTIONS (1975)

Allogeneic reactions have conventionally been considered as typical immune responses by one population of cells to antigens present on the other. This view is inadequate, since it does not explain many features of these reactions, among which are: (1) reactivity is much higher between different strains within a species than between species, in spite of the much greater antigenic disparity in the second case; (2) a very high proportion of cells may respond to allogeneic stimuli; (3) major histocompatibility differences are not essential for vigorous allogeneic reactions; (4) the responding population need not be immunologically competent to respond to antigens of the stimulating population; (5) the stimulating population must be both metabolically active and immunocompetent. We have tried to produce a model of cell interaction which will account for these and other anomalies, which at the same time explaining both normal antigenic stimulation (through cell-cell cooperation) and allogeneic interactions as examples of the same basic mechanisms. The model is based on the Bretscher-Cohn scheme of cell interaction. An allogeneic reaction is seen as having two stages: (1) Cells come together when antibody receptors on cells of one population combine with antigens on cells of the other. To this extent, our model is the same as the conventional one. It need not be the responding population which has the receptors, however. (2) A species-specific proliferation signal passes between the cells. This is the same signal as is involved in normal antibody induction. Even antigen-receptor bonds which are very weak may result in effective stimulation of one or both partners because of enhancing effect of this signal, and because the antigens involved are probably repeated over the cell surface, enabling multipoint binding. This explains the very proportions of cells which proliferate. The exact outcome of any allogeneic interaction will depend on which of the two populations have antibody receptors for antigens on the other, which can produce the proliferative stimulus, and which can respond to either the proliferative signal alone or to this stimulus plus antigen.
The Effects of the Fanconi Anemia Zinc Finger (FAZF) on Cell Cycle, Apoptosis, and Proliferation Are Differentiation Stage-specific (2002)

FAZF, a member of the BTB/POZ family of transcriptional repressor proteins, has been shown to bind to FANCC, the protein defective in patients with the bone marrow failure syndrome Fanconi anemia complementation group C. Because bone marrow failure in Fanconi anemia has been attributed to a failure of the hematopoietic stem cell population to produce sufficient progeny, we documented the expression of FAZF in human CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells. FAZF was expressed at high levels in early stages of differentiation but declined during subsequent differentiation into erythroid and myeloid lineages. Consistent with its presumed role as a transcriptional repressor, FAZF was found in the nuclear compartment, where it resides in distinct nuclear speckles at or near sites of DNA replication. Using a FAZF-inducible myeloid cell line, we found that enforced expression of FAZF was accompanied by accumulation in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle followed later by apoptosis. These results suggest an essential role for FAZF during the proliferative stages of primitive hematopoietic progenitors, possibly acting in concert with (a subset of) the Fanconi anemia proteins.
Bactericidal Activity of both Secreted and Nonsecreted Microcin E492 Requires the Mannose Permease (2006)

Microcin E492 (MccE492) is a bactericidal protein secreted by Klebsiella pneumoniae that is active against various species of Enterobacteriaceae. Interaction of MccE492 with target cells leads to the depolarization and permeabilization of their inner membranes. Several MccE492-specific proteins are required for the maturation and secretion of active MccE492. Surprisingly, the expression of only MceA, the polypeptide backbone of MccE492, is shown here to be toxic by itself. We refer to this phenomenon as endogenous MceA bactericidal activity to differentiate it from the action of extracellularly secreted MccE492. The toxicity of endogenous MceA is enhanced by an efficient targeting to the inner membrane. However, a periplasmic intermediate state is not required for MceA toxicity. Indeed, endogenous MceA remains fully active when it is fused to thioredoxin-1, a fast-folding protein that promotes retention of the C terminus of MceA in the cytoplasm. The C-terminal domain of MccE492 is required only for delivery from the extracellular environment to the periplasm, and it is not required for inner membrane damage. A common component is absolutely essential for the bactericidal activity of both endogenous MceA and extracellular MccE492. Indeed, toxicity is strictly dependent on the presence of ManYZ, an inner membrane protein complex involved in mannose uptake. Based on these findings, we propose a new model for cell entry, inner membrane insertion, and toxic activity of MccE492.