gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Is Poor Glycemic Control Associated With Reduced Red Blood Cell Lifespan? (2004)

A major assumption in the interpretation of HbA1c as a measure of glycemic control is that the duration of Hb exposure to glucose does not vary among patients who are hematologically normal. In this issue of Diabetes Care , Virtue et al. (1) use an appealingly simple method to quantitate erythrocyte lifespan (2,3) and report an inverse correlation with glycohemoglobin concentration in patients with diabetes. They interpret this as a reduced erythrocyte lifespan at higher blood glucose concentrations. The calculation of erythrocyte lifespan depends on Hb concentration and the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) in exhaled air and in atmospheric air collected at the subject’s home just after awakening. The principles behind the method are that heme catabolism is the only endogenous source of CO and that erythrocytes removed from the circulation are the major source of heme. However, there are multiple assumptions behind the methodology, which may not be met, in the complicated scenario of diabetes. These all come together in Eq. 1 of Virtue et al. (see [1] for the definition of terms) \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \[\mathrm{Erythrocyte lifespan}{=}\frac{{[}\mathrm{Hb}{]}(22,400)(\mathrm{blood volume})}{0.7(\mathrm{endogenous} P\mathrm{\mbox{\textsc{co}}}(64,400)(1,440)(\mathrm{alveolar ventilation})}\] \end{document} which determines erythrocyte lifespan as the inverse of the CO excretion rate, estimating from CO the amount of heme metabolized, and then the amounts of Hb and, finally, red blood cells removed. Heme is a component not only of Hb but also of cytochromes and muscle myoglobin, with cytochromes being ubiquitous but particularly enriched in liver. The Hb concentration depends not only on erythrocyte mass but also on plasma volume; hence, it is sensitive to variations in …
Measurements of the absolute energy spectra of cosmic-ray positrons and electrons above 7 GeV (2002)

A measurement of the energy spectra of cosmic-ray positrons and electrons was made with a balloon-borne magnet-spectrometer, which was flown at a mean geomagnetic cut-off of 4.5 GV/c. The observed positron flux in the energy range 7–16 GeV is approximately an order of magnitude lower than that of electrons, as measured in other experiments at various energies. The power law spectral index of the observed differential energy spectrum of electrons is in the energy interval 7.5–47 GeV. For positrons the overall fit of the available data above 7 GeV has been considered. The spectral index is found to be and the fraction of positrons, /( + ), has a mean value of . The world data on /( + ) from 0.1 to 30 GeV indicate that a plerion type electron spectrum is preferred over the other types. The trend of the presently existing high energy data also suggests a possible contribution of positrons produced at the pulsar polar cap. High resolution experiments capable of identifying positrons at least up to 100 GeV with high statistics are required to pinpoint the origin of both electrons and positrons in the cosmic radiation.
Repairs of the rotator cuff. Correlation of functional results with integrity of the cuff. (1991)

We evaluated the results of 105 operative repairs of tears of the rotator cuff of the shoulder in eighty-nine patients at an average of five years postoperatively. We correlated the functional result with the integrity of the cuff, as determined by ultrasonography. Eighty per cent of the repairs of a tear involving only the supraspinatus tendon were intact at the time of the most recent follow-up, while more than 50 per cent of the repairs of a tear involving more than the supraspinatus tendon had a recurrent defect. Older patients and patients in whom a larger tear had been repaired had a greater prevalence of recurrent defects. At the time of the most recent follow-up, most of the patients were more comfortable and were satisfied with the result of the repair, even when they had sonographic evidence of a recurrent defect. The shoulders in which the repaired cuff was intact at the time of follow-up had better function during activities of daily living and a better range of active flexion (129 +/- 20 degrees compared with 71 +/- 41 degrees) compared with the shoulders that had a large recurrent defect. Similar correlations were noted for the range of active external and internal rotation and for strength of flexion, abduction, and internal rotation. In the shoulders in which the cuff was not intact, the degree of functional loss was related to the size of the recurrent defect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chemotherapy, Bevacizumab, and Cetuximab in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (2009)

Background Fluoropyrimidine- based chemotherapy plus the anti - vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) antibody bevacizumab is standard first- line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. We studied the effect of adding the anti - epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR) antibody cetuximab to a combination of capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab for metastatic colorectal cancer. Methods We randomly assigned 755 patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer to capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab ( CB regimen, 378 patients) or the same regimen plus weekly cetuximab ( CBC regimen, 377 patients). The primary end point was progression- free survival. The mutation status of the KRAS gene was evaluated as a predictor of outcome. Results The median progression- free survival was 10.7 months in the CB group and 9.4 in the CBC group ( P = 0.01). Quality- of- life scores were lower in the CBC group. The overall survival and response rates did not differ significantly in the two groups. Treated patients in the CBC group had more grade 3 or 4 adverse events, which were attributed to cetuximab- related adverse cutaneous effects. Patients treated with cetuximab who had tumors bearing a mutated KRAS gene had significantly decreased progression- free survival as compared with cetuximab- treated patients with wildtype - KRAS tumors or patients with mutated- KRAS tumors in the CB group. Conclusions The addition of cetuximab to capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab resulted in significantly shorter progression- free survival and inferior quality of life. Mutation status of the KRAS gene was a predictor of outcome in the cetuximab group. (ClinicalTrials. gov number, NCT00208546.)
Role of Cell Wall Polysaccharide in the Assessment of IgG Antibodies to the Capsular Polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Childhood (1992)

The interference of antibodies to pneumococcal cell wall polysaccharide (CWPS) in the measurement of antibodies to capsular polysaccharides in children was assessed after vaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. ELISAs were developed to measure IgG subclasses specific for pneumococcal types 3, 6, 19, and 23 and CWPS. Analysis of antibody levels to all four capsular polysaccharides was affected by the presence of antibodies to CWPS, and their removal altered both anti-capsular polysaccharide antibody levels and the interpretation of responses to the vaccine. Thus, it is likely that CWPS contaminating pure capsular polysaccharide reagents used in most standard immunoassays is responsible for falsely elevated measurements of antibodies to capsular polysaccharide and the incorrect assessment of anti-pneumococcal antibody status in childhood.
The stoned Locus of Drosophila melanogaster Produces a Dicistronic Transcript and Encodes Two Distinct Polypeptides (1996)

The stoned gene of Drosophila melanogaster is required for normal neuronal function in both adult and larva. We have identified DNA sequences that lie within a genetic region that is known to include the stoned gene and that also reveal restriction site variations in two stoned lethal mutants. This genomic region contains a single transcription unit coding for an approximately 8.4-kb transcript. The transcript is preferentially expressed in the head of adult flies. The isolation and sequencing of cDNA and genomic clones reveals that stoned appears to encode a dicistronic mRNA, although the possible existence of other forms of mRNA cannot be excluded. Antibody cross-reactivity shows that two proteins are translated from the stoned locus in vivo. Both open reading frames (ORFs) encode novel proteins. The protein encoded by the first ORF contains four tandemly repeated motifs, and one domain of the protein encoded by the second ORF shows similarity to a family of proteins (AP50s) associated with clathrin assembly protein complexes.
Impact of transmit range on throughput performance in mobile ad hoc networks (2002)

Mobile ad hoc networking offers the promise of connecting mobile nodes without the need for a fixed infrastructure. Performance limitations of these networks under real network and traffic conditions are still largely unknown. In this paper we present a simulation study which investigates the impact of transmit range of nodes on resulting throughput performance. Although this aspect has previously been studied analytically in stationary packet radio networks, those studies were based on a number of simplifying assumptions. Our aim is to find out the optimum transmit range to maximise data throughput in mobile ad hoc networks which use the channel contention of the 802.11 MAC layer. Contrary to the available analytical results, we find that under a wide set of network and load conditions multi-hop networks have lower performance than single hop networks. Data throughput is maximised when all nodes are in range of each other. Moreover, the addition of relay only nodes does not significantly improve throughput performance of multi-hop networks.
Iterative capped assembly: rapid and scalable synthesis of repeat-module DNA such as TAL effectors from individual monomers (2012)

DNA built from modular repeats presents a challenge for gene synthesis. We present a solid surface-based sequential ligation approach, which we refer to as iterative capped assembly (ICA), that adds DNA repeat monomers individually to a growing chain while using hairpin 'capping' oligonucleotides to block incompletely extended chains, greatly increasing the frequency of full-length final products. Applying ICA to a model problem, construction of custom transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) for genome engineering, we demonstrate efficient synthesis of TALE DNA-binding domains up to 21 monomers long and their ligation into a nuclease-carrying backbone vector all within 3 h. We used ICA to synthesize 20 TALENs of varying DNA target site length and tested their ability to stimulate gene editing by a donor oligonucleotide in human cells. All the TALENS show activity, with the ones >15 monomers long tending to work best. Since ICA builds full-length constructs from individual monomers rather than large exhaustive libraries of pre-fabricated oligomers, it will be trivial to incorporate future modified TALE monomers with improved or expanded function or to synthesize other types of repeat-modular DNA where the diversity of possible monomers makes exhaustive oligomer libraries impractical.
Altered gene expression in lymphocytes of patients with normal-tension glaucoma (2000)

In comparison to healthy controls, patients with vasospastic NTG seem to over- as well as under-express certain genes in their lymphocytes.
Improvement of inflammatory bowel disease after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (2003)

Because causes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain obscure and a curative therapy is still lacking, the influence of stem-cell transplantation (SCT) on IBD is of major interest. We retrospectively analyzed the course of seven patients with Crohn's disease and four patients with idiopathic ulcerative colitis who underwent allogeneic SCT between July 1994 and August 2002 for acute and chronic myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. After a median follow-up of 34 months posttransplantation, 10 patients are alive. None of the patients showed IBD activity after SCT, except one patient with mild persistent symptoms of Crohn's disease early after transplant. Colonoscopy after complete discontinuation of prophylactic posttransplant immunosuppression revealed no pathologic findings. These observations imply that host immune dysregulation plays a central role in the perpetuation of IBD. It may be influenced by the implementation of a new allogeneic immune system resulting from the transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells.
The Role of COX‐2 in Intestinal Cancer (1999)

Cyclooxygenase (COX), the key regulatory enzyme for prostaglandin synthesis is transcribed from two distinct genes. COX-1 is expressed constitutively in most tissues, and COX-2 is induced by a wide variety of stimuli and was initially identified as an immediate-early growth response gene. In addition, COX-2 expression is markedly increased in 85-90% of human colorectal adenocarcinomas, whereas COX-1 levels remain unchanged. Several epidemiological studies have reported a 40-50% reduction in the risk of developing colorectal cancer in persons who chronically take such nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as aspirin, which are classic inhibitors of cyclooxygenase. Genetic evidence also supports a role for COX-2, since mice null for COX-2 have an 86% reduction in tumor multiplicity in a background containing a mutated APC allele. These results strongly suggest that COX-2 contributes to the development of intestinal tumors and that inhibition of COX is chemo-preventative.
Are crystal structures predictable? (2003)

The one-word answer to the title question is still “No”, although at certain levels of discussion a “Maybe”, or even a conditional “Yes”, may be entertained as possible responses.
Use of 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid/4-aminophenazone chromogenic system in direct enzymic assay of uric acid in serum and urine. (1980)

A new direct colorimetric procedure for uric acid assay in serum or urine is described, utilizing a 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzene sulfonic acid/4-aminophenazone chromogenic system in the presence of horseradish peroxidase and uricase from Aspergillus flavus. This chromogen system has a high absorptivity, affording useful results with sample/reagent volume ratios as low as 0.025. The procedure is applicable to serum, plasma, or diluted urine. A single working reagent is used; the reaction is complete in less than 15 min at room temperature. The red dye formed is measured at 520 nm; a blank sample measurement is not needed. The standard curve for the method is linear for uric acid concentrations up to 1500 mumol/L. Average analytical recovery of uric acid in human sera and urine exceeded 99%; within-run and between-run precision studies showed CV's of less than or equal to 1.2 and less than or equal to 2.2%, respectively. The new procedure correlated well with the uricase/catalase and uricase/ultraviolet methods. The method is suitable for automation.
Simultaneous imaging of GFP, CFP and collagen in tumors in vivo using multiphoton microscopy (2005)

Abstract Background The development of multiphoton laser scanning microscopy has greatly facilitated the imaging of living tissues. However, the use of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins to distinguish different cell types in living animals has not been described at single cell resolution using multiphoton microscopy. Results Here we describe a method for the simultaneous imaging, by multiphoton microscopy, of Green Fluorescent Protein, Cyan Fluorescent Protein and collagen <it>in vivo </it>in living tumors. This novel method enables: 1) the simultaneous visualization of overall cell shape and sub-cellular structures such as the plasma membrane or proteins of interest in cells inside living animals, 2) direct comparison of the behavior of single cells from different cell lines in the same microenvironment <it>in vivo</it>. Conclusion Using this multi-fluor, multiphoton technique, we demonstrate that motility and metastatic differences between carcinoma cells of differing metastatic potential can be imaged in the same animal simultaneously at sub-cellular resolution.
Evidence for a locus activation region: the formation of developmentally stable hypersensitive sites in globin-expressing hybrids (1987)

We have analyzed the chromatin structure of the human beta-globin locus in somatic cell hybrids resulting from the fusion of human non-erythroid cells and mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. In these hybrids, the human adult beta-globin gene, but neither the embryonic nor fetal globin genes, is activated transcriptionally. In addition, the DNase I-resistant beta-like globin locus characteristic of the parental non-erythroid human cells (1,2) is reorganized over an approximately 80 kb region, including the formation of the developmentally stable hypersensitive sites 50 kb 5' and 20 kg 3' of the activated adult beta-globin gene (2,3). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that events occurring at the 5' and/or 3' developmentally stable hypersensitive sites are important, if not necessary, for the activation of the beta-globin locus.
Endothelial cell-derived microparticles induce plasmacytoid dendritic cell maturation: potential implications in inflammatory diseases (2009)

Background Increased circulating endothelial microparticles, resulting from vascular endothelium dysfunction, and plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation are both encountered in common inflammatory disorders. The aim of our study was to determine whether interactions between endothelial microparticles and plasmacytoid dendritic cells could contribute to such pathologies.Design and Methods Microparticles generated from endothelial cell lines, platelets or activated T cells were incubated with human plasmacytoid dendritic cells sorted from healthy donor blood or with monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Dendritic cell maturation was evaluated by flow cytometry, cytokine secretion as well as naive T-cell activation and polarization. Labeled microparticles were also used to study cellular interactions.Results Endothelial microparticles induced plasmacytoid dendritic cell maturation. In contrast, conventional dendritic cells were resistant to endothelial microparticle-induced maturation. In addition to upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules, endothelial microparticle-matured plasmacytoid dendritic cells secreted inflammatory cytokines (interleukins 6 and 8, but no interferon-α) and also induced allogeneic naive CD4+ T cells to proliferate and to produce type 1 cytokines such as interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. Endothelial microparticle endocytosis by plasmacytoid dendritic cells appeared to be required for plasmacytoid dendritic cell maturation. Importantly, the ability of endothelial microparticles to induce plasmacytoid dendritic cells to mature was specific as microparticles derived from activated T cells or platelets (the major source of circulating microparticules in healthy subjects) did not induce such plasmacytoid dendritic cell maturation.Conclusions Our data show that endothelial microparticles specifically induce plasmacytoid dendritic cell maturation and production of inflammatory cytokines. This novel activation pathway may be implicated in various inflammatory disorders and endothelial microparticles could be an important immunmodulatory therapeutic target.
Polymer brushes: Applications in biomaterials and nanotechnology (2009)

Surface-confined macromolecules known as polymer brushes are being increasing applied to a variety of areas. As more information is gained on the molecular structure of polymer brushes and how they respond to environmental stimuli, these applications are becoming wider ranging and better defined. This review seeks to highlight recent contributions in two broad areas: biotechnology and nanotechnology. These are positions in which polymer brushes are well-suited to offer performance gains. Examples are given that describe the benefits of using a well defined, covalently bound, and densely grafted polymer including in areas such as prevention of bacterial adherence, cell attachment, electrochemistry, and formation of colloidal crystals.
The Electrochemical Grafting of a Mixture of Substituted Phenyl Groups at a Glassy Carbon Electrode Surface (2008)

Two-component substituted aryl groups are simultaneously grafted onto the surface of a glassy carbon electrode by electrochemical reduction of a binary mixture of two aryl diazonium salts in acetonitrile. The electrochemical deposition is achieved potentiostatically and two different mixtures with four different ratios of diazonium salts are used. The binary mixtures comprise: 1) 4-nitrophenyl diazonium and 4-bromophenyl diazonium cations and 2) 4-bromophenyl diazonium and N,N-diethylaniline diazonium cations. The chemical composition of the two component films is determined by cyclic voltammetry in an electrolyte inert for electroactive groups such as nitrophenyl and bromophenyl. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is also used to evaluate the surface concentration of each grafted substituted phenyl group. The surface concentration of the substituted phenyl group for which the corresponding diazonium cation is the most easily reduced is higher than its concentration in the mixture of the deposition solution. The usefulness of binary films is also discussed.
Measurement of total bile acids in gastric juice. (1984)

An established method for the assay of total bile acids was validated for use in fasting and post-prandial gastric juice samples. Fasting and post-prandial intragastric bile acid concentrations were measured in 29 healthy volunteers, 15 patients after vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy (V and GJ) and 15 patients after vagotomy and pyloroplasty (V and P). Healthy female volunteers had higher post-prandial bile acid concentrations than age matched healthy males (p less than 0.02). Patients with V and GJ had higher fasting and post-prandial bile acid concentrations than age and sex matched control subjects (p less than 0.01). Patients with V and P had higher bile acid concentrations than control subjects only in post-prandial samples (p less than 0.05).
DAD: a real-time expert system for monitoring of data packet networks (1988)

A project is described that has two goals: to explore the use of expert systems techniques for developing advanced operation support systems and to build a useful tool to assist the operators of the Canadian National Datapac network to cope with the rapid growth and evolution. Progress in developing and evaluating an advanced prototype system, DAD (Datapac Advisor), is reported. The prototype's environment and each of its functional components are described. The knowledge based design techniques used are highlighted, and the testing methodology and the results of a technical trial are described. Key findings are summarized, and their significance for the development of future network operation support systems is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A 14-bit, 200 MS/s digital-to-analog converter without trimming (2004)

In this paper, a 14-bit, low DNL, INL error, 20M sample/s, current-steering digital to analog converter (DAC) without trimming is proposed and analyzed. A feedback gain stage current mirror is proposed for improving the DAC's differential non-linearity (DNL) and integral non-linearity (INL) characteristic. The post-layout simulation results show that both of the DNL and INL performance of this DAC are good. Moreover even considers Vt and /spl beta/ parameters mismatch, the DNL and INL are lower than /spl plusmn/0.5 least significant bit (LSB).