gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The lethal and edema factors of anthrax toxin bind only to oligomeric forms of the protective antigen (2002)

The three proteins that comprise anthrax toxin, edema factor (EF), lethal factor (LF), and protective antigen (PA), assemble at the mammalian cell surface into toxic complexes. After binding to its receptor, PA is proteolytically activated, yielding a carboxyl-terminal 63-kDa fragment (PA(63)) that coordinates assembly of the complexes, promotes their endocytosis, and translocates EF and LF to the cytosol. PA(63) spontaneously oligomerizes to form symmetric ring-shaped heptamers that are capable of binding three molecules of EF and/or LF as competing ligands. To determine whether binding of these ligands depends on oligomerization of PA(63), we prepared two oligomerization-deficient forms of this protein, each mutated on a different PA(63)-PA(63) contact face. In solution or when bound to receptors on Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells, neither mutant alone bound ligand, but a mixture of them did. After the two mutants were proteolytically activated and mixed with ligand in solution, a ternary complex was isolated containing one molecule of each protein. Thus EF and LF bind stably only to PA(63) dimers or higher order oligomers. These findings are relevant to the kinetics and pathways of assembly of anthrax toxin complexes.
Effect of human immunodeficiency virus gp120 glycoprotein on the association of the protein tyrosine kinase p56lck with CD4 in human T lymphocytes (1991)

The human immunodeficiency virus binds to CD4+ T lymphocytes through the interaction of its envelope glycoprotein (gp120) with the CD4 molecule. The src-related protein tyrosine kinase p56lck is physically associated with CD4 and is co-immunoprecipitated by CD4 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Activators of protein kinase C (PKC) cause the dissociation of p56lck from CD4. Here we report that gp120 mAb immunoprecipitated the p56lck.CD4.gp120 complex after short term treatment (20 min) of human T lymphocytes with gp120. The p56lck that was associated with the CD4.gp120 complex was dissociated by activators of PKC. This effect was abolished by pretreatment of cells with PKC inhibitors. Thus the p56lck.CD4.gp120 immune complex immunoprecipitated by gp120 mAb behaves in a similar manner, with respect to PKC activation or inhibition, to the p56lck.CD4 complex immunoprecipitated by CD4 mAb. Short term treatment of cells with gp120, followed by gp120 mAb, resulted in an increase in the tyrosine kinase activity of p56lck associated with CD4. However, the amount of enzyme associated with CD4 remained unchanged. Long term treatment (20 h) of human T lymphocytes with gp120 resulted in the down-regulation of cell surface CD4 molecules. A parallel decrease in CD4-associated gp120 was also observed. In addition, gp120 caused the dissociation of p56lck and CD4. However, the dissociation of the p56lck from CD4 occurred at much faster rate than the down-regulation of surface CD4 molecules. Such mechanisms may account for the down-regulation of cell surface CD4 molecules and the depletion of functional CD4+ T lymphocytes which are characteristic of human immunodeficiency virus infections and acquired immune deficiency syndrome pathogenesis.
Follicular helper T cells are required for systemic autoimmunity (2009)

Production of high-affinity pathogenic autoantibodies appears to be central to the pathogenesis of lupus. Because normal high-affinity antibodies arise from germinal centers (GCs), aberrant selection of GC B cells, caused by either failure of negative selection or enhanced positive selection by follicular helper T (T(FH)) cells, is a plausible explanation for these autoantibodies. Mice homozygous for the san allele of Roquin, which encodes a RING-type ubiquitin ligase, develop GCs in the absence of foreign antigen, excessive T(FH) cell numbers, and features of lupus. We postulated a positive selection defect in GCs to account for autoantibodies. We first demonstrate that autoimmunity in Roquin(san/san) (sanroque) mice is GC dependent: deletion of one allele of Bcl6 specifically reduces the number of GC cells, ameliorating pathology. We show that Roquin(san) acts autonomously to cause accumulation of T(FH) cells. Introduction of a null allele of the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family adaptor Sap into the sanroque background resulted in a substantial and selective reduction in sanroque T(FH) cells, and abrogated formation of GCs, autoantibody formation, and renal pathology. In contrast, adoptive transfer of sanroque T(FH) cells led to spontaneous GC formation. These findings identify T(FH) dysfunction within GCs and aberrant positive selection as a pathway to systemic autoimmunity.
A DCT-based MPEG-2 transparent scrambling algorithm (2003)

Recently, several encryption algorithms have been proposed, which are applied to MPEG-2 video streams. These algorithms try to optimize the encryption process and improve encryption speed by exploiting the spatial and temporal properties of video retrieval and display process. As a new branch of encryption, transparent scrambling has its own merits and special prospects. A new transparent scrambling algorithm proposed in this paper performs an arbitrarily degraded view of decoded picture by encrypting in DCT domain. This technique is applicable to the broadcast systems such as DVB/ATSC, which use MPEG-2 as compression standard.
Dendrimers in medicine and biotechnology. New molecular tools (2006)

Chapter 1: Dendrimers: Design, synthesis and chemical properties 1.1: Introduction 1.2: Terms and nomenclature in dendrimer chemistry 1.3: Dendrimer design 1.4: Dendrimer synthesis 1.5: Physicochemical properties of dendrimers 1.6: Summary Chapter 2: Properties of dendrimers in biological systems 2.1: Significance of multivalent binding in biological interactions 2.2: Biocompatibility of dendrimers 2.3: Summary Chapter 3: Dendrimers as drug delivery devices 3.1: Introduction 3.2: Dendrimer hosts 3.3: Covalently bound dendrimer conjugates 3.4: Dendrimers as gene transfer reagents 3.5: Summary Chapter 4: Dendrimer drugs 4.1: Introduction 4.2: Antiviral dendrimers 4.3: Antibacterial dendrimers 4.4: Dendrimers in antitumor therapy 4.5: Dendrimer in therapy of other diseases 4.6: Dendrimer based vaccines 4.7: Dendrimer interactions with proteins. Solubilisation of protein aggregates 4.7: Summary Chapter 5: Dendrimers in diagnostics 5.1: Contrast agents based on dendrimers 5.2: Fluorescence enhanced by dendrimers 5.3: Dendrimers in bioassays 5.4: Summary Chapter 6: Dendrimers as biomimics 6.1: Introduction 6.2: Deddrimers as protein mimics 6.3: Dendrimers as artificial enzymes 6.4: Dendrimers as artificial antigens, antibodies and cell surfaces 6.5: Summary
Pulse transit time measured from the ECG: an unreliable marker of beat-to-beat blood pressure (2005)

The arterial pulse-wave transit time can be measured between the ECG R-wave and the finger pulse (rPTT), and has been shown previously to have a linear correlation with blood pressure (BP). We hypothesized that the relationship between rPTT, preejection period (PEP; the R-wave/mechanical cardiac delay), and BP would vary with different vasoactive drugs. Twelve healthy men (mean age 22 yr) were studied. Beat-to-beat measurements were made of rPTT (using ECG and photoplethysmograph finger probe), intra-arterial radial pressure, PEP (using cardiac bioimpedance), and transit time minus PEP (pPTT). Four drugs (glyceryl trinitrate, angiotensin II, norepinephrine, salbutamol) were administered intravenously over 15 min, with stepped dosage increase every 5 min and a 25-min saline washout between agents. All subjects in all conditions had a negative linear correlation (R2 = 0.39) between rPTT and systolic BP (SBP), generally constant between different drugs, apart from four subjects who had a positive rPTT/SBP correlation with salbutamol. The 95% limits of agreement between measured and rPTT-predicted SBP were +/-17.0 mmHg. Beat-to-beat variability of rPTT showed better coherence with SBP variability than it did with heart rate variability (P < 0.001). PEP accounted for a substantial and variable proportion of rPTT (12-35%). Diastolic (DBP) and mean arterial BP (MAP) correlated poorly with rPTT (R2 = 0.02 and 0.08, respectively) but better with pPTT (rPTT corrected for PEP, R2 = 0.41 and 0.45, respectively). The 95% limits of agreement between measured and pPTT-predicted DBP were +/- 17.3 mmHg. In conclusion, the negative correlation between rPTT and SBP is generally constant, even with marked hemodynamic perturbations. However, the relationship is not reliable enough for rPTT to be used as a surrogate marker of SBP, although it may be useful in assessing BP variability. DBP and MAP cannot be predicted from rPTT without correction for PEP. The significant contribution of PEP to rPTT means that rPTT should not be used as a marker of purely vascular function.
Pneumovirus and Metapneumovirus: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus (2010)

Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus–the Type Species Pneumovirus Avian pneumovirus (APV)–the Type Species Metapneumovirus Classification Pneumovirus Proteins Metapneumovirus Proteins Polymorphisms among Pneumovirus and Metapneumovirus Virus Replication Virus Assembly Infection and Experimental Animal Models Disease Pathogenesis Diagnosis Management and Treatment Vaccine Development Immunology and Host Factors Immunopathology and the Response to RSV Proteins Epidemiology Perspective
Influence of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide on Germination and Seedling Development of Corn (Zea mays L.)1 (1965)

Synopsis Corn seeds were germinated and the seedlings permitted to develop on wet filter paper in sealed containers at various pressures of oxygen or mixtures of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The seeds germinated over a wide range of oxygen pressures, but further radicle elongation was inhibited by 0.0‐ and 150.0‐cm. Hg oxygen pressure. Maximum radicle growth occurred at 20.0 cm. pressure. Sharp reductions in growth were noted for oxygen pressures less than 20.0 cm. Radicle growth in mixtures of oxygen and carbon dioxide was significantly greater than growth in oxygen alone.
Preserving Access to Government Websites: Development and Practice in the CyberCemetery (2008)

In the late 1990’s, online U.S. government information was appearing and disappearing at a rapid pace. In 1999, the University of North Texas Libraries (UNT) formed a partnership with the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) to address this issue by archiving electronic government websites. This archive, known as the CyberCemetery, provides permanent public access to the websites and publications of defunct U.S. government agencies and commissions. This partnership between UNT and GPO has expanded to include the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). This paper covers the CyberCemetery’s development and the process of identifying, capturing, and publishing content in the archive.
Kinetic defects in the processing of the low density lipoprotein receptor in fibroblasts from WHHL rabbits and a family with familial hypercholesterolemia. (1983)

The receptor for low density lipoprotein (LDL), the major cholesterol transport protein in plasma, is synthesized as a 120,000 dalton precursor that undergoes post-translational processing to form a mature cell surface glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 160,000. We previously described seven mutations in the gene for the LDL receptor that disrupt the biosynthesis of the receptor, abolish its processing, or produce receptors of an abnormal size. In the current studies, we describe a new class of mutations that produce receptors whose processing is delayed, but not abolished. This class of mutations has been identified in a family with familial hypercholesterolemia (the O. family) and a strain of rabbits (WHHL rabbits) that manifests a clinical syndrome analogous to the human disease. The mutant receptors in the O. family and in WHHL rabbits are processed to the mature form at a markedly reduced rate, presumably owing to a delay in transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex. Thus, the responsible mutations may have affected a signal for intracellular transport that is normally contained within the receptor molecule. In addition to their slow processing, the abnormal receptors bind LDL poorly. Thus, a single mutation can disrupt two functional domains of the LDL receptor molecule: the putative intracellular transport signal and the LDL binding site.
Cross-Cultural Study of Refusal Speech Acts with American English and Taiwanese Mandarin (2008)

As Kasper (1990) noted, there is a need to conduct more studies to address potential inter-lingual variation to obtain a better understanding of the cross-cultural aspects of speech act performance. This study investigated the effect of the initiating acts on refusal strategies used by forty native speakers of Taiwanese Mandarin and forty native speakers of American English in three situations. Their responses were analyzed based on the taxonomy developed by Beebe, Takahashi, & Uliss-Weltz (1990). Results showed that indirect refusals were preferred by both of the groups, and higher frequencies of indirect refusals were found in refusals to requests, followed by refusals to invitations, and refusals to suggestions. Although there was no significant difference in indirect refusals, we have found that both of the groups had the highest frequencies in refusals to requests than in refusing to invitations and suggestions. Also, cross-cultural variations in indirect refusal substrategies were observed. For instance, Americans used more dissuading interlocutors in refusing requests; they also used more alternatives in refusing invitations. Their differences in refusals could be explained from cultural perspectives.
Catechins Delay Lipid Oxidation and alpha-Tocopherol and beta-Carotene Depletion Following Ascorbate Depletion in Human Plasma (2000)

Blood plasma was incubated with 50 mM AAPH [2, 2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride] in the absence or presence of catechins (5-100 microM). Lipid oxidation was evaluated by measuring the formation of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The concentration of alpha-tocopherol (AT), beta-carotene (BC), ascorbic acid (AA), and catechins was determined by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. All the assayed catechins inhibited plasma TBARS formation. Based on the calculated IC50, the order of effectiveness was: epicatechin gallate (ECG) > epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) > epigallocatechin (EGC) > epicatechin (EC) > catechin (C). Catechins protected plasma AT and BC from AAPH-mediated oxidation. The order of effectiveness for AT protection was ECG > EGCG > EC = C > EGC; and for BC protection, the order was EGCG > ECG > EGC > > EC > C. The addition of catechins modified the kinetics of TBARS formation and AT depletion, but the rate of AA depletion was not affected. Catechin oxidation did not start until the complete depletion of AA, and it preceded AT depletion. These results indicate that catechins are effective antioxidants in human blood plasma, delaying the lipid oxidation and depletion of endogenous lipid-soluble antioxidants (AT and BC).
Identification and Characterization of a Gene Encoding a Gut-enriched Krüppel-like Factor Expressed during Growth Arrest (1996)

A cDNA clone, named gut-enriched Krüppel-like factor (GKLF), was isolated from an NIH 3T3 library using a probe encoding the zinc finger region of the immediate-early transcription factor zif/268. The deduced GKLF amino acid sequence contains three tandem zinc fingers that are related to members of the Krüppel family of transcription factors. By indirect immunofluorescence, GKLF is localized to the cell nucleus. In cultured fibroblasts, GKLF mRNA is found in high levels in growth-arrested cells and is nearly undetectable in cells that are in the exponential phase of proliferation. The growth-arresting nature of GKLF is demonstrated by an inhibition of DNA synthesis in cells transfected with a GKLF-expressing plasmid construct. In the mouse, GKLF mRNA is present in select tissues and is most abundant in the colon, followed by the testis, lung, and small intestine. In situ hybridization experiments indicate that GKLF mRNA is enriched in epithelial cells located in the middle to upper crypt region of the colonic mucosa. Taken together, these results suggest that GKLF is potentially a negative regulator of cell growth in tissues such as the gut mucosa, where cell proliferation is intimately coupled to growth arrest and differentiation.
Molecular genetic and physical analysis of gas vesicles in buoyant enterobacteria (2016)

Different modes of bacterial taxis play important roles in environmental adaptation, survival, colonization and dissemination of disease. One mode of taxis is flotation due to the production of gas vesicles. Gas vesicles are proteinaceous intracellular organelles, permeable only to gas, that enable flotation in aquatic niches. Gene clusters for gas vesicle biosynthesis are partially conserved in various archaea, cyanobacteria, and some proteobacteria, such as the enterobacterium, Serratia sp. ATCC 39006 (S39006). Here we present the first systematic analysis of the genes required to produce gas vesicles in S39006, identifying how this differs from the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum. We define 11 proteins essential for gas vesicle production. Mutation of gvpN or gvpV produced small bicone gas vesicles, suggesting that the cognate proteins are involved in the morphogenetic assembly pathway from bicones to mature cylindrical forms. Using volumetric compression, gas vesicles were shown to comprise 17% of S39006 cells, whereas in Escherichia coli heterologously expressing the gas vesicle cluster in a deregulated environment, gas vesicles can occupy around half of cellular volume. Gas vesicle production in S39006 and E. coli was exploited to calculate the instantaneous turgor pressure within cultured bacterial cells; the first time this has been performed in either strain.
Broadly neutralizing human monoclonal JC polyomavirus VP1–specific antibodies as candidate therapeutics for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (2015)

In immunocompromised individuals, JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) may mutate and gain access to the central nervous system resulting in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an often fatal opportunistic infection for which no treatments are currently available. Despite recent progress, the contribution of JCPyV-specific humoral immunity to controlling asymptomatic infection throughout life and to eliminating JCPyV from the brain is poorly understood. We examined antibody responses against JCPyV major capsid protein VP1 (viral protein 1) variants in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of healthy donors (HDs), JCPyV-positive multiple sclerosis patients treated with the anti-VLA-4 monoclonal antibody natalizumab (NAT), and patients with NAT-associated PML. Before and during PML, CSF antibody responses against JCPyV VP1 variants show "recognition holes"; however, upon immune reconstitution, CSF antibody titers rise, then recognize PML-associated JCPyV VP1 variants, and may be involved in elimination of the virus. We therefore reasoned that the memory B cell repertoire of individuals who recovered from PML could be a source for the molecular cloning of broadly neutralizing antibodies for passive immunization. We generated a series of memory B cell-derived JCPyV VP1-specific human monoclonal antibodies from HDs and a patient with NAT-associated PML-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). These antibodies exhibited diverse binding affinity, cross-reactivity with the closely related BK polyomavirus, recognition of PML-causing VP1 variants, and JCPyV neutralization. Almost all antibodies with exquisite specificity for JCPyV, neutralizing activity, recognition of all tested JCPyV PML variants, and high affinity were derived from one patient who had recovered from PML. These antibodies are promising drug candidates for the development of a treatment of PML.
Hydrophobic Effects in 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of C,N-Diphenylnitrone with Dibutyl fumarate in Aqueous Solutions (1999)

The reaction rate of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of C,N-diphenylnitrone with dibutylfumarate increases dramatically in aqueous solutions relative to other solvents.
Contribution of Non-parenchymal Cells to the Performance of Micropatterned Hepatocytes (2006)

Hepatocytes within current bioartificial liver designs are unable to maintain the wide range of differentiated functions observed for the liver in vivo. As recent studies suggest, the absence of controlled interactions between hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cell populations of the liver may contribute to this hepatocyte dedifferentiation. The current study investigates the effect of Kupffer cells, fibroblasts, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells on hepatocyte function. To effectively study the effect of these heterotypic cell-to-cell interactions, it is necessary to establish a culture environment that controls the interactions between multiple cell types. Micropatterning is such a technique and was used in the current study. In addition, to elucidate the influence of soluble factors on hepatocyte function, the micropatterned results were compared with those of the trans-well culture system. Specifically, we compared the morphological and functional changes of hepatocytes cultured with these cells at varying ratios. Our results suggest that direct heterotypic cell-to-cell contact between hepatocytes and fibroblasts, and soluble factor exchanges between hepatocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, significantly enhanced hepatocyte performance.
Novel RNA oligonucleotide improves liver function and inhibits liver carcinogenesis in vivo (2013)

A novel injectable saRNA-oligonucleotide that enhances C/EBPα expression successfully reduces tumor burden and simultaneously improves liver function in a clinically relevant liver cirrhosis/HCC model.
Factors Associated with Binge Eating Behavior among Malaysian Adolescents (2018)

Although there are numerous studies on binge eating behavior in the Western countries, studies on this behavior in Malaysia are still limited. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with binge eating behavior among adolescents in Malaysia. The study included 356 adolescents (42.7% males and 57.3% females), aged 13 to 16 years. They completed a self-administered questionnaire on demographic and socioeconomic backgrounds, frequency of family meals, family meal environments, family cohesion, perception of body size, self-esteem, depressive symptoms, perfectionistic self-presentation, and binge eating behavior. Furthermore, their weight, height, and waist circumference were measured. It was found that 14.0% of the participants engaged in binge eating behavior (15.2% in females and 12.5% in males). Additionally, it was identified that high levels of depressive symptoms, high levels of body dissatisfaction, poor family cohesion, and low self-esteem were significantly contributed to binge eating behavior after controlling for sex (adjusted <i>R</i>² = 0.165, <i>F</i> = 15.056, <i>p</i> < 0.001). The findings may suggest that improving the relationships between family members, along with eliminating adolescents' negative emotions could help in the prevention of binge eating behavior among adolescents. The identified modifiable risk factors should be incorporated into binge eating preventive programs to increase the effectiveness of the programs.
Inkjet Printed Via-Hole Interconnections and Resistors for All-Polymer Transistor Circuits (2001)

All-polymer thin film transistor (TFT) circuits with via-holes and resistors have been fabricated by an inkjet-printing technique. Solvent drops deposited onto an insulating polymer by the inkjet technique are found to form a crater-like hole (see Figure), and the hole can act as a via-hole for a vertical interconnection. With this technique simple integrated circuits, such as inverters, can be created.