gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
When NRF2 Talks, Who's Listening? (2010)

Activation of the KEAP1-NRF2 signaling pathway is an adaptive response to environmental and endogenous stresses and serves to render animals resistant to chemical carcinogenesis and other forms of toxicity, whereas disruption of the pathway exacerbates these outcomes. This pathway, which can be activated by sulfhydryl-reactive, small-molecule pharmacologic agents, regulates the inducible expression of an extended battery of cytoprotective genes, often by direct binding of the transcription factor to antioxidant response elements in the promoter regions of target genes. However, it is becoming evident that some of the protective effects may be mediated indirectly through cross talk with additional pathways affecting cell survival and other aspects of cell fate. These interactions provide a multi-tiered, integrated response to chemical stresses. This review highlights recent observations on the molecular interactions and their functional consequences between NRF2 and the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR), NF-κB, p53, and Notch1 signaling pathways.
On the formation of water waves by wind (1925)

Abstract It is well known that in certain circumstances a type of instability may arise at the surface of separation of two fluids when there is a finite difference between the velocities on the two sides of the surface. Some disturbances of the surface, of simple harmonic type, may increase exponentially in amplitude until the customary simplifying assumption, that the terms of the second degree in the displacements from the undisturbed state can be ignored, breaks down. One would naturally expect that in the case, for instance, of a wind blowing over the surface of water, waves would be first formed when the velocity of the wind is just great enough to make one particular type of wave grow; thus the critical wind velocity and the wave-length of the waves first formed will constitute checks on any theory of wave formation. The problem for frictionless fluids has been solved by Lord Kelvin, subject to the restriction that the disturbances considered are two-dimensional, no horizontal displacement occurring across the relative velocity of the fluids. Since, however, the possible initial deformations of a horizontal surface will not as a rule satisfy this condition, an investigation of the growth or decay of deformations of other types is desirable. 1. Hypothesis of Irrotational Motion. Let the two fluids be incompressible (a legitimate approximation so long as the wave velocity is small compared with that of sound in either fluid) and of great vertical extent. Let the origin be in the undisturbed position of the surface of separation and the axis of z vertically upwards. Let ζ be the elevation of the surface, and suppose the two fluids to have initially velocities U and U' parallel to the axis of x, accents referring to the upper fluid. Let the densities of the fluids be respectively ρ and ρ', and the velocity potentials in them Ф and Ф'. Let the operators ∂/∂t, ∂/∂x, ∂/∂y, ∂/∂z be denoted by σ, p, q, and ϑ respectively. Putting r2 for — (p2 + q2 we see that ∇2Φ = 0 (1) is equivalent to (ϑ2 — r2)Ф = 0, (2) whence Ф = Ux + erz A, (3) where A is a function of x and y, determined by the value of Ф where z is zero.
Joint Separable and Non-Separable Transforms for Next-Generation Video Coding (2018)

Throughout the past few decades, the separable Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), particularly the DCT type II, has been widely used in image and video compression. It is well known that, under first-order stationary Markov conditions, DCT is an efficient approximation of the optimal Karhunen-Loève transform. However, for natural image and video sources, the adaptivity of a single separable transform with fixed core is rather limited for the highly dynamic image statistics, e.g., textures and arbitrarily directed edges. It is also known that non-separable transforms can achieve better compression efficiency for images with directional texture patterns, yet they are computationally complex, especially when the transform size is large. In order to achieve higher transform coding gains with relatively low-complexity implementations, we propose a joint separable and non-separable transform. The proposed separable primary transform, named Enhanced Multiple Transform (EMT), applies multiple transform cores from a pre-defined subset of sinusoidal transforms, and the transform selection is signaled in a joint block level manner. Moreover, a Non-Separable Secondary Transform (NSST) method is proposed to operate in conjunction with EMT. Unlike the existing non-separable transform schemes which require excessive amounts of memory and computation, the proposed NSST efficiently improves coding gain with much lower complexity. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed methods, in a state-of-the-art video codec, such as HEVC, can provide significant coding gains (average 6.9% and 4.5% bitrate reductions for intra and random-access coding, respectively).
2,4-Bis(arylamino)pyrimidines as Antimicrobial Agents (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT2,4-Bis(arylamino)pyrimidines as Antimicrobial AgentsDolly GhoshCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1966, 9, 3, 423–424Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00321a043https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00321a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views89Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Correspondence regarding 'Clouded leopards, the secretive top-carnivore of South-East Asian rainforests: their distribution, status and conservation needs in Sabah, Malaysia' (2007)

Correspondence regarding Wilting A, Fischer F, Bakar SA, Linsenmair KE: Clouded leopards, the secretive top-carnivore of South-East Asian rainforests: their distribution, status and conservation needs in Sabah, Malaysia. BMC Ecol 2006, 6:16. Wilting et al. have provided their response to Gordon et al., directly following the correspondence.
Toward Smarter Lumping and Smarter Splitting: Rethinking Strategies for Sepsis and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Clinical Trial Design (2016)

Both quality improvement and clinical research efforts over the past few decades have focused on consensus definition of sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although clinical definitions based on readily available clinical data have advanced recognition and timely use of broad supportive treatments, they likely hinder the identification of more targeted therapies that manipulate select biological mechanisms underlying critical illness. Sepsis and ARDS are by definition heterogeneous, and patients vary in both their underlying biology and their severity of illness. We have long been able to identify subtypes of sepsis and ARDS that confer different prognoses. The key is that we are now on the verge of identifying subtypes that may confer different response to therapy. In this perspective, inspired by a 2015 American Thoracic Society International Conference Symposium entitled "Lumpers and Splitters: Phenotyping in Critical Illness," we highlight promising approaches to uncovering patient subtypes that may predict treatment responsiveness and not just differences in prognosis. We then discuss how this information can be leveraged to improve the success and translatability of clinical trials by using predictive enrichment and other design strategies. Last, we discuss the challenges and limitations to identifying biomarkers and endotypes and incorporating them into routine clinical practice.
Application of Microwave Technology to the Processing and Immunolabeling of Plastic-embedded and Cryosections (2000)

We have adapted existing microwave irradiation (MWI) protocols and applied them to the processing and immunoelectron microscopy of both plastic-embedded and frozen sections. Rat livers were fixed by rapid MW irradiation in a mild fixation solution. Fixed liver tissue was either cryosectioned or dehydrated and embedded in Spurr's, Unicryl, or LR White resin. Frozen sections and sections of acrylic-embedded tissue were immunolabeled in the MW oven with an anti-catalase antibody, followed by gold labeling. Controls were processed conventionally at room temperature (RT). The use of MWI greatly shortened the fixation, processing, and immunolabeling times without compromising the quality of ultrastructural preservation and the specificity of labeling. The higher immunogold labeling intensity was achieved after a 15-min incubation of primary antibody and gold markers under discontinued MWI at 37C. Quantification of the immunolabeling for catalase indicated a density increase of up to fourfold in the sections immunolabeled in the MW oven over that of samples immunolabeled at RT. These studies define the general conditions of fixation and immunolabeling for both acrylic resin-embedded material and frozen sections.
A 128Mb Floating Body RAM(FBRAM) on SOI with Multi-Averaging Scheme of Dummy Cell (2006)

A 128Mbit FBRAM using the floating body cell (FBC) the size of 0.17mum <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (6.24F <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> with F=0.165mum) was successfully fabricated and a high bit yield (~99.999%) was obtained
The neuronal PAS domain protein 3 transcription factor controls FGF-mediated adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice (2005)

The neuronal PAS domain protein 3 (NPAS3) gene encoding a brain-enriched transcription factor was recently found to be disrupted in a family suffering from schizophrenia. Mice harboring compound disruptions in the NPAS3 and related NPAS1 genes manifest behavioral and neuroanatomical abnormalities reminiscent of schizophrenia. Herein we demonstrate that Npas3-/- mice are deficient in expression of hippocampal FGF receptor subtype 1 mRNA, most notably in the dentate gyrus. In vivo BrdUrd-labeling shows that basal neural precursor cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of Npas3-/- mice is reduced by 84% relative to wild-type littermates. We propose that a deficiency in adult neurogenesis may cause the behavioral and neuroanatomical abnormalities seen in Npas3-/- mice, and we speculate that impaired neurogenesis may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
[Pharmacologic and toxicologic properties of humic acids and their activity profile for veterinary medicine therapy]. (1989)

Humic acids derive from a class of natural substances in humic substances. The chemical properties of certain defined humic acid products enable their application in diseases of the digestive system of mammals when combined with metabolic disorders, especially in rearing age. The simple administration (via feed), their exceptional safety and the absence of side effects (e. g. allergy, resistance) as well as no residue formation in animal derived products allow a broad application of these substances in veterinary medicine, even when regarding ecotoxicological aspects.
Infection of cultured central nervous system neurons with a defective herpes simplex virus 1 vector results in stable expression of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase. (1990)

We have developed a defective herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector system that permits the introduction of virtually any gene into mammalian central nervous system neurons. The prototype vector, pHSVlac, contains a transcription unit that places the Escherichia coli lacZ gene under the control of the HSV-1 immediate early 4/5 promoter. pHSVlac was propagated using the HSV-1 temperature-sensitive mutant ts K as helper virus. Infection of rat neurons in primary culture derived from various regions throughout the central nervous system, including spinal cord, cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia, hippocampus, occipital cortex, temporal cortex, and frontal cortex, resulted in stable expression of high levels of beta-galactosidase for at least 2 weeks, without cell damage. Since other genes can be expressed from pHSVlac, HSV-1 vectors may prove useful for delivery of genes into central nervous system neurons for studies on nervous system physiology or to perform gene therapy for neurological conditions.
Integration of field work and hyperspectral data for oil and gas exploration (2007)

Hydrocarbon microseepage theory establishes a cause-and-effect relation between oil and gas reservoirs and special surface anomalies, mainly including surface hydrocarbons and related mineral alterations. Thus, diagnostic spectral features of hydrocarbons and mineral alterations are capable of providing reliable evidences for the oil and gas exploration. In the paper, the integrated practical system of exploring for oil, gas is introduced by using reflectance spectroscopy and hydrocarbon microseepage theory. This system is applied to processing and analyzing not only hyperspectral remote sensing data but also the data provided by field work. Furthermore, great efforts are focused on spectral model of hydrocarbon microseepage and Hyperion data classification algorithms. In our work, two exploration targets of natural gas are identified from the study area which covers 2100 km <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . All the two exploration targets have been proven industrial reserves by China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) in July 2006.
Dynamic optical interconnections (1987)

An optical configuration is described that uses an addressable reflective component (a liquid-crystal light valve) permitting free-space interconnections between points located on the same substrate. The scheme is attractive for generating programmable interconnections between electronic elements located on the same chip or wafer, in particular since it is highly resistant to system misalignment. Experimental results indicating a fan-out capability, which is desirable for clock signal distribution, are presented.
Thin-Film Solid Oxide Fuel Cells on Porous Nickel Substrates with Multistage Nanohole Array (2006)

A novel support/electrode/catalyst structure for a low-temperature thin-film solid oxide-fuel cell SOFC is fabricated using a two-step replication process. This so-called nickel substrate has channels connecting both sides of the substrate. The channel diameter gradually changes from about 20 nm to about 200 nm through the thickness. During fabrication, an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) with a multistage nanopore structure is used as a template. The multistage pore structure is then filled with PMMA syrup to obtain the negative geometry. The filled PMMA syrup is UV cured, and the subsequent removal of AAO in a basic solution completes the negative structure. The final structure is obtained by nickel electroplating on the negative structure followed by the removal of the negative structure in an organic solvent. A thin-film SOFC with a 200 nm thick yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is fabricated on the nanoporous substrate and the cell is operated at a low temperature range, between 370-550°C. The maximum output power density of 7 mW/cm 2 is obtained at 400°C.
Microtubule-associated protein 2: monoclonal antibodies demonstrate the selective incorporation of certain epitopes into Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles. (1984)

Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) are the principal structural alteration of neuronal cell bodies in Alzheimer disease as well as in normal aging of the human brain. While the ultrastructure of these intraneuronal lesions has been extensively studied, the biochemical composition of the fibers comprising the NFT is unknown. We report the production of three monoclonal antibodies against the microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), one of which intensely labels Alzheimer NFT. All three antibodies specifically recognize MAP-2 on immunoblots and stain brain tissue in a characteristic dendritic pattern. The three antibodies are directed against at least two different antigenic sites on the MAP-2 molecule, and one appears to recognize a phosphorylation site on MAP-2. That only one of the three antibodies immunolabels NFT suggests that the formation of the tangle involves some modification of the MAP-2 molecule. Our findings suggest that one aspect of Alzheimer-type neurofibrillary pathology is an aggregation of MAP-2 or MAP-2 fragments with altered neurofilamentous elements present in NFT. Normal interactive function, which putatively occurs between neurofilaments and MAP-2, may thus be disrupted in Alzheimer disease.
Administration of Fludarabine-Loaded Autologous Red Blood Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Sooty Mangabeys Depletes pSTAT-1-Expressing Macrophages and Delays the Rebound of Viremia after Suspension of Antiretroviral Therapy (2006)

A major limitation of highly active antiretroviral therapy is that it fails to eradicate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection due to its limited effects on viral reservoirs carrying replication-competent HIV, including monocytes/macrophages (M/M). Therefore, therapeutic approaches aimed at targeting HIV-infected M/M may prove useful in the clinical management of HIV-infected patients. In previous studies, we have shown that administration of fludarabine-loaded red blood cells (RBC) in vitro selectively induces cell death in HIV-infected M/M via a pSTAT1-dependent pathway. To determine the in vivo efficacy of this novel therapeutic strategy, we treated six naturally simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected sooty mangabeys (SMs) with either 9-[2-(R)-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA) only, fludarabine-loaded RBC only, or PMPA in association with fludarabine-loaded RBC. The rationale of this treatment was to target infected M/M with fludarabine-loaded RBC at a time when PMPA is suppressing viral replication taking place in activated CD4+ T cells. In vivo administration of fludarabine-loaded RBC was well tolerated and did not induce any discernible side effect. Importantly, addition of fludarabine-loaded RBC to PMPA delayed the rebound of viral replication after suspension of therapy, thus suggesting a reduction in the size of SIV reservoirs. While administrations of fludarabine-loaded RBC did not induce any change in the CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell compartments, we observed, in chronically SIV-infected SMs, a selective depletion of M/M expressing pSTAT1. This study suggests that therapeutic strategies based on the administration of fludarabine-loaded RBC may be further explored as interventions aimed at reducing the size of the M/M reservoirs during chronic HIV infection.
Classification and Regression Trees. (1984)

The methodology used to construct tree structured rules is the focus of this monograph. Unlike many other statistical procedures, which moved from pencil and paper to calculators, this text's use of trees was unthinkable before computers. Both the practical and theoretical sides have been developed in the authors' study of tree methods. Classification and Regression Trees reflects these two sides, covering the use of trees as a data analysis method, and in a more mathematical framework, proving some of their fundamental properties.
Relationship between vasculogenesis, angiogenesis and haemopoiesis during avian ontogeny (1989)

Quail-chick intracoelomic grafts of organ rudiments were used to study the origin of endothelia and haemopoietic cells during avian organogenesis in conjunction with the monoclonal antibody QH1 which recognizes the quail haemangioblastic lineage. Results differed according to the germ-layer constitution of the grafted rudiments. In the case of the limb buds, endothelial cells from the host invaded the graft through an angiogenic process. Haemopoietic progenitors from the host also colonized the grafted bone marrow. In contrast, rudiments of internal organs provided their own contingent of endothelial precursors, a process termed vasculogenesis. Nevertheless, haemopoietic cells in these organs were all derived from the host. In the lung, this extrinsic cell population appeared regularly scattered around the parabronchi and had a macrophage-like phenotype. In the pancreas, the granulocytes which differentiate as dense aggregates located in the wall of the largest vessels were extrinsic. Similarly in the spleen, a mesodermal primordium that develops in close association with the pancreatic endoderm, endothelial cells were intrinsic and haemopoietic cells host-derived. This study demonstrates that, in ontogeny, vascularization obeys different rules depending on which germ layer the mesoderm is associated with: in mesodermal/ectodermal rudiments angiogenesis is the rule; in mesodermal/endodermal rudiments, vasculogenesis occurs. However, in these internal organs undergoing vasculogenesis, endothelial and haemopoietic cells have separate origins. We put forward the hypothesis that the endoderm induces the emergence of endothelial cells in the associated mesoderm. Formation of blood stem cells may also involve interactions between endoderm and mesoderm, but in this case the responding capacity of the mesoderm appears restricted to the paraaortic region.
Vibrational imaging based on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy (2009)

A stimulated Raman scattering microscope with near-infrared picosecond laser pulses at high repetition rates (76 MHz) and radio-frequency lock-in detection is accomplished. Based on stimulated Raman loss detection, we demonstrate noninvasive point-by-point vibrational mapping of chemical and biological samples with high sensitivity and without the requirement for labeling of the sample with natural or artificial fluorophores. We experimentally demonstrate a major benefit of this technique, which is the capability to respond exclusively to the linear Raman-resonance properties of the sample, thus allowing a direct quantitative interpretation of image contrast in terms of the number density of Raman-active modes.
Broadband robustly single-mode hollow-core PCF by resonant filtering of higher-order modes (2016)

We report a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber that is engineered so as to strongly suppress higher-order modes, i.e., to provide robust LP<sub>01</sub> single-mode guidance in all the wavelength ranges where the fiber guides with low loss. Encircling the core is a single ring of nontouching glass elements whose modes are tailored to ensure resonant phase-matched coupling to higher-order core modes. We show that the resulting modal filtering effect depends on only one dimensionless shape parameter, akin to the well-known d/Λ parameter for endlessly single-mode solid-core PCF. Fabricated fibers show higher-order mode losses some ∼100 higher than for the LP<sub>01</sub> mode, with LP<sub>01</sub> losses <0.2 dB/m in the near-infrared and a spectral flatness ∼1 dB over a >110 THz bandwidth.