gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity by IgG Intrinsic and Apparent Affinity for Target Antigen (2007)

Unconjugated mAbs have emerged as useful cancer therapeutics. Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is believed to be a major antitumor mechanism of some anticancer Abs. However, the factors that regulate the magnitude of ADCC are incompletely understood. In this study, we described the relationship between Ab affinity and ADCC. A series of human IgG1 isotype Abs was created from the anti-HER2/neu (also named c-erbB2) C6.5 single-chain Fv (scFv) and its affinity mutants. The scFv affinities range from 10(-7) to 10(-11) M, and the IgG Abs retain the affinities of the scFv from which they were derived. The apparent affinity of the Abs ranged from nearly 10(-10) M (the lowest affinity variant) to almost 10(-11) M (the other variants). The IgG molecules were tested for their ability to elicit ADCC in vitro against three tumor cell lines with differing levels of HER2/neu expression using unactivated human PBMC from healthy donors as the effector cells. The results demonstrated that both the apparent affinity and intrinsic affinity of the Abs studied regulate ADCC. High-affinity tumor Ag binding by the IgGs led to the most efficient and powerful ADCC. Tumor cells expressing high levels of HER2/neu are more susceptible to the ADCC triggered by Abs than the cells expressing lower amounts of HER2/neu. These findings justify the examination of high affinity Abs for ADCC promotion. Because high affinity may impair in vivo tumor targeting, a careful examination of Ab structure to function relationships is required to develop optimized therapeutic unconjugated Abs.
Generation of a high-titer retroviral vector capable of expressing high levels of the human beta-globin gene. (1995)

Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer into hematopoietic cells may provide a means of treating both inherited and acquired diseases involving hematopoietic cells. Implementation of this approach for disorders resulting from mutations affecting the beta-globin gene (e.g., beta-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia), however, has been hampered by the inability to generate recombinant viruses able to efficiently and faithfully transmit the necessary sequences for appropriate gene expression. We have addressed this problem by carefully examining the interactions between retroviral and beta-globin gene sequences which affect vector transmission, stability, and expression. First, we examined the transmission properties of a large number of different recombinant proviral genomes which vary both in the precise nature of vector, beta-globin structural gene, and locus control region (LCR) core sequences incorporated and in the placement and orientation of those sequences. Through this analysis, we identified one specific vector, termed M beta 6L, which carries both the human beta-globin gene and core elements HS2, HS3, and HS4 from the LCR and faithfully transmits recombinant proviral sequences to cells with titers greater than 10(6) per ml. Populations of murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells transduced by this virus expressed levels of human beta-globin transcript which, on a per gene copy basis, were 78% of the levels detected in an MEL-derived cell line, Hu11, which carries human chromosome 11, the site of the beta-globin locus. Analysis of individual transduced MEL cell clones, however, indicated that, while expression was detected in every clone tested (n = 17), the levels of human beta-globin treatment varied between 4% and 146% of the levels in Hu11. This clonal variation in expression levels suggests that small beta-globin LCR sequences may not provide for as strict chromosomal position-independent expression of beta-globin as previously suspected, at least in the context of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer.
Detection of lymphocytes producing a human retrovirus associated with adult T-cell leukemia by syncytia induction assay. (1983)

Recently 10 T-cell lines were established from patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). During establishment of these cell lines, it was found that when T-cell lines expressing the ATL-associated retroviral antigen were cocultivated with 8C cat cells, multinucleated syncytia were formed. Retroviral antigen-negative T-cell lines did not induce syncytia. Peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from ATL patients did not express the retroviral antigen before cultivation in vitro but became positive for the retroviral antigen after cultivation for a short period; these retroviral antigen-positive lymphocytes, but not retroviral antigen-negative lymphocytes, induced syncytia upon cocultivation with 8C cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia of T-cell origin or Sézary syndrome or from normal adults and lymph node cells from a patient with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy-like T-cell lymphoma did not express the retroviral antigen even after cultivation in vitro and did not induce syncytia upon cocultivation with 8C cells. Thus, there was complete agreement between the presence of the retroviral antigen in established T-cell lines or freshly isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes and their ability to induce syncytia. Syncytia formation was enhanced 5- to 20-fold by the presence of Polybrene and inhibited by addition of plasma of ATL patients to the cocultures. Syncytia were detected within 4 hr on cocultivation of 8C cells with the retroviral antigen-positive T-cells, indicating that most syncytia were formed by early polykaryocytosis. After cocultivation, a clone of 8C cells that harbored the ATL virus genome and had syncytia-inducing activity was isolated. These findings indicate that the retrovirus associated with ATL has syncytia-inducing activity. Syncytia induction assay using 8C cells will be useful for detection and characterization of human retrovirus associated with T-cell malignancies.
Immunogenicity of conjugate vaccines consisting of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide types 6B, 14, 19F, and 23F and a meningococcal outer membrane protein complex (1992)

In an effort to prepare pneumococcal (Pn) capsular polysaccharide (Ps) vaccines that would be immunogenic in infants, covalent conjugates were prepared for Pn types 6B, 14, 19F, and 23F. Each Ps type was covalently bound to an outer membrane protein complex from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B and evaluated for immunogenicity in mice and infant monkeys. The conjugates induced specific anti-Ps antibody responses in mice and in infant rhesus and African green monkeys; a conjugate of 6B and outer membrane protein complex was immunogenic at Ps doses as low as 20 ng. Although low levels of the Pn group-common cell wall polysaccharide were present in all type-specific Ps preparations, anti-cell wall polysaccharide responses induced by covalent conjugates were < 1% of the total anti-Ps response after two doses of vaccine. In contrast, the anti-cell wall polysaccharide response of a noncovalent conjugate represented 41% of the anti-Ps response after two doses. Relative T-cell dependence, a requirement for the human target population of infants less than 18 months old, was demonstrated for all four Pn Ps conjugates in an athymic mouse model. Therefore, these Pn Ps-outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccines are excellent candidates for evaluation in human infants.
Spectroscopic and Calorimetric Characterizations of DNA Duplexes Containing 2-Aminopurine (1996)

The base analog 2-aminopurine (AP) strongly promotes A.T to G.C and G.C to A.T transitions in bacteria and bacteriophage. During DNA replication, the primary mutagenic event involves formation of a heteroduplex with an AP.C site at a much higher frequency than formation of the corresponding heteroduplex with an A.C site. It is not known if AP-induced mutagenesis correlates with differences in the thermodynamic properties of an AP.C versus an A.C site, or whether interactions involving DNA polymerases are controlling. To address this specific question, and more generally to characterize AP-containing duplexes, we have used a combination of spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques to determine the thermodynamic properties of six 11-mer duplexes. The sequences of these duplexes are identical except for the identity of the variable central base pair which can be either A.T, A.C, AP.T, AP.C, AP.A, or AP.G, and which we use to designate each duplex. Analyses and interpretation of the optically and calorimetrically derived thermal and thermodynamic data on these six duplexes reveal the relative stabilizing influence of the central base pairs to be A.T > AP.T > AP.C > AP.A > AP.G > A.C, with the AP.C-containing duplex being significantly more stable than the A.C-containing duplex. In the aggregate, our results suggest that during incorporation, base pair discrimination by DNA polymerases is influenced, in part, by differences in the thermodynamic stabilities of the newly formed base pairs.
THE ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN DIVERSE SHOCK STATES (2005)

A poorly controlled acute inflammatory response can lead to organ dysfunction and death. Severe systemic inflammation can be induced and perpetuated by diverse insults such as the administration of toxic bacterial products (e.g., endotoxin), traumatic injury, and hemorrhage. Here, we probe whether these varied shock states can be explained by a universal inflammatory system that is initiated through different means and, once initiated, follows a course specified by the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the immune and endocrine systems. To examine this question, we developed a mathematical model incorporating major elements of the acute inflammatory response in C57Bl/6 mice, using input from experimental data. We found that a single model with different initiators including the autonomic system could describe the response to various insults. This model was able to predict a dose range of endotoxin at which mice would die despite having been calibrated only in nonlethal inflammatory paradigms. These results show that the complex biology of inflammation can be modeled and supports the hypothesis that shock states induced by a range of physiologic challenges could arise from a universal response that is differently initiated and modulated.
Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport in gallium nitride (1993)

The results of an ensemble Monte Carlo simulation of the electron transport in gallium nitride (GaN) are presented. The calculation shows that intervalley electron transfer plays a dominant role in GaN in high electric fields leading to a strongly inverted electron distribution and to a large negative differential conductance. An analytic expression for the polar optical momentum relaxation time for phonon energies larger than the thermal energy is also derived. This expression applies to many wide-gap semiconductors, such as GaN and SiC, at room temperature since these semiconductors have large polar optical-phonon energies (on the order of 100 meV). The calculated mobility agrees well with the results of the Monte Carlo calculation.
Mitochondrial transfer between oocytes: potential applications of mitochondrial donation and the issue of heteroplasmy (1998)

The developmental competence of mouse and human early embryos appears to be directly related to the metabolic capacity of a finite complement of maternally inherited mitochondria that appear to begin to replicate after implantation. Mitochondrial dysfunctions resulting from a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic influences, including genetic abnormalities, hypoxia and oxidative stress, can profoundly influence the level of ATP generation in oocytes and early embryos, which in turn may result in aberrant chromosomal segregation or developmental arrest. Deletions and mutations in oocyte mitochondrial DNA may subtend metabolic deficiencies or replication disorders in some infertile women and in women of increased reproductive age. Here, we describe methods for (i) the compartmentalization of mouse and human oocyte mitochondria into unique cytoplasts enriched for these organelles, and (ii) their transfer by microinjection into intact recipient oocytes. Metabolically active mitochondria in donor and recipient metaphase II stage oocytes were labelled with mitochondria-specific fluorescent probes, and the fate and location of donated mitochondria in recipient oocytes were followed by conventional epifluorescence and scanning laser confocal fluorescence microscopy. The net ATP content of undisturbed and recipient oocytes from the same cohort(s) was measured quantitatively at timed intervals after mitochondrial injection. The results demonstrate the feasibility of isolating and transferring mitochondria between oocytes, an apparent increase in net ATP production in the recipients, and the persistence of activity in the transferred mitochondria. The findings are discussed with respect to mitochondrial function and dysfunction in mammalian oocytes and embryos, and to the potential clinical applications of mitochondrial donation as they relate to the creation of heteroplasmic embryos.
Various Methods of Breast Reconstruction After Mastectomy (1993)

This study is an economic comparison of various methods of breast reconstruction after mastectomy. The hospital bills of 287 patients undergoing breast reconstruction at three institutions from June of 1988 to March of 1991 were analyzed. The procedures examined included mastectomy, implant and tissue-expander reconstruction, and TRAM and latissimus pedicle flaps, as well as free TRAM and free gluteal flaps. These procedures were subdivided into those which were performed at the time of mastectomy and those performed at a later admission. In addition, auxiliary procedures (i.e., revision, nipple reconstruction, tissue-expander exchange, and contralateral mastopexy/reduction) also were examined. Where appropriate, these procedures were subdivided into those performed under general or local anesthesia and by inpatient or outpatient status. Data from the three institutions were converted to N.Y.U. Medical Center costs for standardization. A table is presented that summarizes the costs of each individual procedure with all the pertinent variations. In addition, a unique and novel method of analyzing the data was developed. This paper describes a menu system whereby other data regarding morbidity, mortality, and revision rates may be superimposed. With this information, the final cost of reconstruction can be extrapolated and the various methods of reconstruction can be compared. This method can be applied to almost any complex series of multiple procedures. The most salient points elucidated by this study are as follows: The savings generated by performing immediate reconstruction varies between $5092 (p < 0.05) for free gluteal flaps and $10,616 (p < 0.05) for pedicled TRAM flaps.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topological defects and interactions in nematic emulsions (1998)

Inverse nematic emulsions, in which surfactant-coated water droplets are dispersed in a nematic host fluid, have distinctive properties that set them apart from dispersions of two isotropic fluids or of nematic droplets in an isotropic fluid. We present a comprehensive theoretical study of the distortions produced in the nematic host by the dispersed droplets and of solvent-mediated dipolar interactions between droplets that lead to their experimentally observed chaining. A single droplet in a nematic host acts like a macroscopic hedgehog defect. Global boundary conditions force the nucleation of compensating topological defects in the nematic host. Using variational techniques, we show that in the lowest energy configuration, a single water droplet draws a single hedgehog out of the nematic host to form a tightly bound dipole. Configurations in which the water droplet is encircled by a disclination ring have higher energy. The droplet dipole induces distortions in the nematic host that lead to an effective dipole-dipole interaction between droplets, and hence to chaining.
Improving vascular grafts: the importance of mechanical and haemodynamic properties (2000)

In the last 40 years, as techniques and materials have improved, the success rate of vascular prostheses with a diameter greater than 6mm has risen steadily, 5-year survival rates exceeding 95% in most centres. With smaller grafts no comparable improvement has occurred, the majority failing within 5 years, usually as a result of intimal hyperplasia and, ultimately atherosclerosis, in and around the downstream anastomosis. Clinical evidence suggests that the patency rates of small grafts are improved by matching the elastic properties of the graft to that of the artery into which it is placed. Although there is little reliable evidence that 'elastic mismatch' per se is the cause of intimal hyperplasia, it is generally accepted that mechanical factors are important in its genesis. These include disturbed flow at the anastomosis leading to fluctuations in shear stress at the endothelium (a known cause of intimal hyperplasia in normal arteries), injury due to suturing and stress concentration at the anastomosis. Few suitable materials or techniques have yet been developed to improve the long-term survival rates of small grafts. Recent advances in tissue engineering in which prostheses are manufactured by culturing vascular smooth muscle cells on a tubular scaffold of biodegradable polymer may ultimately make it possible to manufacture biologically and haemodynamically compatible grafts with diameters as small as 1mm.
Oxidations by methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane. 2. Oxyfunctionalization of saturated hydrocarbons (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxidations by methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane. 2. Oxyfunctionalization of saturated hydrocarbonsRossella Mello, Michele Fiorentino, Caterina Fusco, and Ruggero CurciCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 17, 6749–6757Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00199a039https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00199a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5411Altmetric-Citations276LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Physical key-protected one-time pad (2013)

We describe an encrypted communication principle that forms a secure link between two parties without electronically saving either of their keys. Instead, random cryptographic bits are kept safe within the unique mesoscopic randomness of two volumetric scattering materials. We demonstrate how a shared set of patterned optical probes can generate 10 gigabits of statistically verified randomness between a pair of unique 2 mm(3) scattering objects. This shared randomness is used to facilitate information-theoretically secure communication following a modified one-time pad protocol. Benefits of volumetric physical storage over electronic memory include the inability to probe, duplicate or selectively reset any bits without fundamentally altering the entire key space. Our ability to securely couple the randomness contained within two unique physical objects can extend to strengthen hardware required by a variety of cryptographic protocols, which is currently a critically weak link in the security pipeline of our increasingly mobile communication culture.
Functional Group Imaging by Chemical Force Microscopy (1994)

Mapping the spatial arrangement of chemical functional groups and their interactions is of significant importance to problems ranging from lubrication and adhesion to recognition in biological systems. A force microscope has been used to measure the adhesive and friction forces between molecularly modified probe tips and organic monolayers terminating in a lithographically defined pattern of distinct functional groups. The adhesive interactions between simple CH(3)/CH(3), CH(3)/COOH, and COOH/COOH functional groups correlate directly with friction images of sample surfaces patterned with these groups. Thus, by monitoring the friction between a specifically functionalized tip and sample, one can produce friction images that display predictable contrast and correspond to the spatial distribution of functional groups on the sample surface. Applications of this chemically sensitive imaging technique are discussed.
A Cognitive Analysis of Hedges in Teacher Talk (2015)

Teacher talk considerably contributes to teacher-student interaction which is a major medium of classroom exchange and the adoption of hedges in teacher talk can lead to their negotiation of meaning and be the samples for students to learn a second language. The paper is intended to approach the linguistic phenomenon concerning the application and construal of hedges in teacher talk of the classroom context from the perspective of prototype theory in order to reveal the enlightenment and significance of hedges application in second language learning.
A 1-V multigigahertz RF mixer core in 0.5-μm CMOS (1998)

Mixing was realized in a four-terminal MOS transistor by applying radio-frequency and local oscillator (LO) signals to the front and back gates of the device. A mixer core so designed in a 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS process is able to operate with 1 V supply and less than 0.2 mW of power while having a conversion gain up to 10 GHz using 0 dBm LO. Measured results include: 6 dB gain, 9.6 dB noise figure, 10 dBm IIP3 at 2 GHz and 6 dB gain, 18 dB noise figure, and -2 dBm IIP3 at 7 GHz.
Percutaneous absorption of 5α‐dihydrotestosterone in man (1982)

The particularities of percutaneous absorption of a natural androgen, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, were evaluated in substitutive androgen therapy in masculine hypogonadism. Nine men presenting idiopathic haemochromatosis complicated by severe hypogonadism were treated with percutaneous administration of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (125 mg/day) for 5 months. Plasma levels of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol are greatly increased by treatment (from 0.86 to 18.39 nmol/l and 0.16 to 3.40 nmol/l, respectively). There is no modification of testosterone and oestradiol-17 beta. Double blind study demonstrated the direct stimulating effect of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone on sexual behaviour and psychism. Hepatic and metabolic tolerance was excellent in these patients, despite the preceding deleterious effects of the iron excess. The percutaneous route is original, practical and improves the androgen therapy of hypogonadism in men.