gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Über Steroide und Sexualhormone. 160. Mitteilung. 2α, 3α‐ und 2β, 3β‐Oxido‐chlolestane; Konfiguration der 2‐Oxy‐cholestane (1949)

Abstract Es wurde die Konfiguration der beiden 2,3‐Cholesten‐oxyde und der beiden 2‐Oxy‐cholestane bestimmt. Unter den Acetaten von Epi‐cholestanol, Cholestanol, 2α‐Oxy‐cholestan und 2β‐Oxy‐cholestan erwies sich dasjenige des letztgenannten Alkohols als am schwersten verseifbar, was mit Modellbetrachtungen übereinstimmt.
Relationship between Gallium Concentration and Resistivity of Gallium-Doped Czochralski Silicon Crystals: Investigation of a Conversion Curve (2008)

The relationship between gallium (Ga) concentration and resistivity was studied in Ga-doped Czochralski (CZ) silicon (Si) single crystals in the dopant concentration range from 1×1014 to 2×1018 atoms/cm3 by the four-point probe method, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis, and Hall-effect measurement. The resistivity of Ga-doped Si was found to be larger than that of B-doped Si, because Ga is not fully ionized at Ga concentrations higher than 1016 atoms/cm3 at 300 K. A conversion curve from resistivity to Ga concentration in the range from 1×1014 to 1×1017 atoms/cm3 is proposed.
Well Treatment Fluids Prepared With Oilfield Produced Water: Part II (2010)

Abstract As fresh water becomes more expensive, production and service companies have been trying to use low-quality water such as produced water. Broadly defined, produced water may include any unclean oilfield water that often contains bacteria and high salinity/hardness. Preparation of polysaccharide-based well treatment fluids with produced water frequently results in poor viscosity even when the water is pre-treated with biocides, possibly due to the polysaccharide degradation by bacterial enzymes in the water. This paper presents our continuous success in solving the produced water reusing problems, and discusses the chemistry and case histories of the treatments in North America. A new fluid stabilizer has been developed recently that dramatically extends the lifetime of polysaccharide when used in produced water containing bacteria, possibly because the stabilizer denatures bacterial enzymes. This stabilizer has made it possible to prepare a variety of treatment fluids with produced water. Since its introduction, the fluid stabilizer has brought greatly enhanced performance for the borate-crosslinked polysaccharide fracturing and sand control fluids, as reported in SPE 124212. In this paper we continue to explore the new and broader applications of the stabilizer. The polysaccharide fluids with metal crosslinker have been successfully prepared with the stabilizer-treated produced water. The fluids can endure higher temperatures. At the same time, the fluid pH can go below 4, making it possible to energize the fluids with carbon dioxide. The stabilizer has also been used to treat water contaminated with high counts of bacteria, which in turn has been successfully made into crosslinked polysaccharide fluids with improved high-temperature stability. The expanded applications of this fluid stabilizer have further lowered the operating costs for the production and service companies. This new technology has also contributed to the environmental improvement by saving fresh water and recycling produced water in oilfield operations.
Dynamics of Single mRNPs in Nuclei of Living Cells (2004)

Understanding gene expression requires the ability to follow the fate of individual molecules. Here we use a cellular system for monitoring messenger RNA (mRNA)expression to characterize the movement in real time of single mRNA-protein complexes (mRNPs) in the nucleus of living mammalian cells. This mobility was not directed but was governed by simple diffusion. Some mRNPs were partially corralled throughout the nonhomogenous nuclear environment, but no accumulation at subnuclear domains was observed. Following energy deprivation, energy-independent motion of mRNPs was observed in a highly ATP-dependent nuclear environment; movements were constrained to chromatin-poor domains and excluded by newly formed chromatin barriers. This observation resolves a controversy, showing that the energetic requirements of nuclear mRNP trafficking are consistent with a diffusional model.
Safety of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies (2010)

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) including antibody fusion proteins and antibody conjugates present an innovative class of (bio-)pharmaceuticals with increasing clinical importance. MAbs were initially perceived as comparatively safe drugs. As more mAbs appear on the market, characteristics of their safety profiles become apparent, including immunogenicity, i.e. the potential induced formation of human anti-drug antibodies (HADAs) in patients. European Public Assessment Reports were reviewed to provide an overview about main safety concerns and the immunogenicity of mAbs in chronic inflammatory diseases and oncology/haematology, including strategies for their prevention and clinical management. In total, both mechanism-related and non-specific adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have been reported, with infectious complications and administration-related reactions observed across the majority of mAbs. Most ADRs were predictable and manageable, although some have emerged unexpectedly. Immunogenicity occurred with almost all mAbs, with widely differing extent. Adverse consequences of HADAs were only identified for few mAbs. In conclusion, mAbs are generally safe but as they may be associated with significant ADRs, the individual risks need to be weighed against the expected therapeutic benefit. As several of the recently introduced mAbs are directed against new targets, and considering the limited understanding of immunogenicity, special caution and patient monitoring is highly recommended.
Electrochemical Equilibria of Copper in Aqueous Phosphoric Acid Solutions (2009)

The electrochemical behavior of copper in aqueous solutions containing phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid) and phosphate salts is important in a variety of industrial applications. This study presents aqueous solubility diagrams and potential-pH diagrams for a copper–phosphoric-acid–water system at a wide range of total dissolved copper, , and phosphoric acid activities, . and were used as the cupric-phosphate solid species in the constructions of the diagrams. The stability domains of these two solids were similar, but had a relatively narrower predominance region. The diagrams showed that a higher amount of is required to form the copper-phosphate solids when is increased. For the combinations of lower and higher values, phosphoric acid is expected to increase the solubility range of copper through the formation of aqueous copper-phosphate complexes. Increasing the temperature broadens the stability domain of . The aqueous solubility diagram constructed for copper electropolishing rules out the formation of any anodic solid films on the copper electrode during electropolishing in 85 wt % phosphoric acid. The predictions of the diagrams agree with the experimental data from the literature.
Analysis and sorting of apoptotic cells from fine‐needle aspirates of excised human primary breast carcinomas (1998)

Numerous recent studies have indicated the central role of apoptosis as a determinant of the growth abnormalities occurring with malignancy and of the effectiveness of a wide range of therapeutic manoeuvres in cancer treatment. However, there has been a relative paucity of studies measuring apoptosis in human solid tumours, because of the low incidence of apoptotic cells, the difficulty of identifying cells undergoing apoptosis, and the ethical and practical restrictions on obtaining repeat biopsies from patients during therapy. Fine-needle aspirates (FNAs) may be obtained from breast carcinomas as a minimally invasive technique allowing repeat sampling. We describe an approach in which the in situ end labelling (TUNEL) assay is applied to cells in FNAs prior to their analysis by flow cytometry, which allows many thousands of cells to be analysed automatically by objective criteria. Cells that were discriminated as apoptotic on flow cytometric analysis were sorted onto microscope slides and found to show nuclear morphology typical of apoptotic cells. A statistically significant relationship was found between the flow cytometric analysis and the conventional application of TUNEL on histological sections (P = 0.03). Repeat analyses of FNAs from 12 carcinomas showed a median 2.05% apoptotic cells and an overall coefficient of variation of 34.9%. Of the total variability in 12 tumours, 80% was attributed to variation between tumours, 12% between batches, and 8% was random. Thus, this technique should be able to detect the major differences in the percentage of apoptotic cells that occur between different tumours (range 0.3–11.3% by flow cytometry) and between different phases of treatment, and should provide a useful tool for further research on this process in solid tumours. Cytometry 32:291–300, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Escherichia coli enterotoxin receptors: localization in opossum kidney, intestine, and testis (1989)

The distribution of receptors for Escherichia coli enterotoxin were examined in opossum kidney, intestine, and testis. E. coli enterotoxin stimulated guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) production in renal cortex, testis, and small intestinal mucosa but had only a small effect in the colon. Atrial natriuretic factor enhanced the cGMP content of renal cortex and small intestine but had no effect on testis or colon. The enterotoxin receptors were observed to be localized in proximal tubules, to epithelial cells of crypts and villi of small intestine, to crypts of colon, and in seminiferous tubules. Both convoluted and straight portions of proximal tubules exhibited specific binding sites for 125I-labeled enterotoxin. Glomeruli and distal tubules did not have receptors. Binding of 125I-enterotoxin to brush-border membranes of kidney cortex or intestinal mucosa and to testis membranes was markedly temperature dependent. The binding affinities of these receptors for E. coli enterotoxin were similar (i.e., IC50 approximately equal to 0.4-0.5 nM). Daily administration of 20 micrograms of enterotoxin intramuscularly to opossums increased urine cGMP excretion with no apparent changes in urine volume, Na+, or K+ excretion. Thus receptors for heat-stable enterotoxins are localized to proximal tubules of kidney and to enterocytes and seminiferous tubules of intestine and testis, respectively. Apical membranes may be the site of enterotoxin receptors in these epithelia.
The viscoelastic behavior of the non-degenerate human lumbar nucleus pulposus in shear (1997)

The viscoelastic behavior of the nucleus pulposus was determined in shear under transient and dynamic conditions and was modeled using a linear viscoelastic model with a variable amplitude relaxation spectrum. During stress-relaxation tests, the shear stress of the nucleus pulposus relaxed nearly to zero indicative of the fluid nature of the tissue. Under dynamic conditions, however, the nucleus pulposus exhibited predominantly 'solid-like' behavior with values for dynamic modulus (magnitude of G*) ranging from 7 to 20 kPa and loss angle (delta) ranging from 23 to 30 degrees over the range of angular frequencies tested (1-100 rad s-1). This frequency-sensitive viscoelastic behavior is likely to be related to the highly polydisperse populations of nucleus pulposus molecular constituents. The stress-relaxation behavior, which was not linear on a semi-log plot (in the range t1 << t << t2), required a variable amplitude relaxation spectrum capable of describing this frequency sensitive behavior. The stress-relaxation behavior was well described by this linear viscoelastic model with variable amplitude relaxation spectrum; however, the dynamic moduli were underpredicted by the model which may be related to non-linearities in the material behavior.
Affinity analysis of non-steady-state data obtained under mass transport limited conditions using BIAcore technology (1999)

Binding data obtained with Biacore instrumentation is often evaluated using a kinetic transport model where reaction rate constants and a mass transport coefficient are used to describe the interaction. Here the use of a simplified model, an affinity transport model, for determination of the affinity (K(D)) but not the kinetics (k(a), k(d)) has been investigated. When binding rates were highly governed by mass transport effects the two models returned the same affinity and gave similar residuals, but k(a) and k(d) values found with the kinetic transport model were unreliable. On the other hand the affinity transport model failed to describe the data when binding curves were less influenced by mass transport effects. Under such circumstances the kinetic transport model returned correct k(a) and k(d) values. Depending on the outcome of the analysis the affinity transport model can therefore be used to reduce uncertainties of the kinetic parameters or as an easy way to determine K(D) values from non-steady-state data. The use of the affinity transport model is illustrated with simulated data and with binding data obtained for the interaction between a 439 Da thrombin inhibitor and immobilized thrombin. Since it is more difficult to resolve high k(a) values for low molecular weight analytes, the affinity transport model may be particularly useful for affinity analysis involving fast reactions between such analytes and immobilized protein targets.
Steroid Structure and Androgenic Activity (1973)

Abstract In rat ventral prostate the action of many natural androgens, including testosterone, appears to depend on their conversion to 5α-dihydrotestosterone that binds firmly to an androgen receptor (β protein) and is subsequently retained by cell nuclei. We have found, however, that many potent synthetic androgens can bind directly to β protein and to prostate cell nuclei without a metabolic conversion. For these studies, simple methods were devised to compare the receptor binding affinities of various androgenic steroids. These methods are especially useful if test compounds are available only in minute quantities (l1 µg). In general, the correlation between the relative competition indices of various synthetic androgens determined by these procedures and the relative androgenicities of these androgens was very good. This supports the concept that the β protein and nuclear binding of androgens play important roles in androgen actions in ventral prostates. Most of the highly active synthetic androgens that could bind to β protein were Δ4-3-ketosteroids without an angular methyl group at C-10. Since they can bind to β protein tightly, their androgen action may bypass the action of Δ4-3-ketosteroid-5α-oxidoreductase that appears to be necessary for the action of testosterone. These findings, together with molecular model building, indicate that the bulkiness and flatness of the steroid molecule play a more important role in receptor binding than the detailed electronic structure at the Δ4 bond of Ring A. For example, potent androgens with conjugated double bonds extending from Rings A and B to C (such as 2-oxa-17α-methyl-17β-hydroxy-estra-4,9,11-triene-3-one and 17α-methyl-17β-hydroxy-estra-4,9,11-triene-3-one) are indeed very flat molecules and bind to the androgen receptor firmly. Substitution of a 7α-methyl group in 17β-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one (19-nortestosterone) or its 17α-methyl derivative enhanced the androgenic activities of the parent compounds as well as their ability to bind to β protein and to prostate cell nuclei. Thus, 7α, 17α-dimethyl-19-nortestosterone had an apparent affinity for βprotein several times higher than that of 5α-dihydrotestosterone. A tritiated form of 7α, 17α-dimethyl-19-nortestosterone was also used to show its binding to β protein and to prostate cell nuclei. The tritiated androgen appeared to be very stable to metabolic conversion in prostate tissue. Notably, it was not reduced by prostate Δ4-3-ketosteroid-5α-oxidoreductase.
Chewing Gum—Facts and Fiction: a Review of Gum-Chewing and Oral Health (1999)

The world market for chewing gum is estimated to be 560,000 tons per year, representing approximately US $5 billion. Some 374 billion pieces of chewing gum are sold worldwide every year, representing 187 billion hours of gum-chewing if each piece of gum is chewed for 30 minutes. Chewing gum can thus be expected to have an influence on oral health. The labeling of sugar-substituted chewing gum as "safe for teeth" or "tooth-friendly" has been proven beneficial to the informed consumer. Such claims are allowed for products having been shown in vivo not to depress plaque pH below 5.7, neither during nor for 30 minutes after the consumption. However, various chewing gum manufacturers have recently begun to make distinct health promotion claims, suggesting, e.g., reparative action or substitution for mechanical hygiene. The aim of this critical review--covering the effects of the physical properties of chewing gum and those of different ingredients both of conventional and of functional chewing gum--is to provide a set of guidelines for the interpretation of such claims and to assist oral health care professionals in counseling patients.
Syndiospecific Living Polymerization of Propene with [t-BuNSiMe2Flu]TiMe2 Using MAO as Cocatalyst (2001)

Propene polymerization was conducted at 0 °C by [t-BuNSiMe2Flu]TiMe2 combined with B(C6F5)3, MAO, or the MAO which had been dried in a vacuum and washed with hexane before use. The effect of cocatalyst was investigated under atmospheric pressure of propene in a semibatch system where polymerization rate was followed by the amount of propene consumed. The B(C6F5)3 system was deactivated within 30 min, while the MAO system showed steady polymerization rate. On the other hand, the activity of the dried MAO system was so high that the kinetic profile could not be evaluated precisely. The MAO system gave the low molecular weight polymer, and the number of polymer chains was more than 10 times higher than the amount of titanium complex employed. In the dried MAO system, however, the produced polymer showed the highest molecular weight and narrowest molecular weight distributions of about 1.2. The batchwise polymerization with the dried MAO system indicated that propene polymerization proceeded quantitatively regardless of the monomer charged, and the number-average molecular weight of the polymer obtained increased linearly against the polymer yield with keeping the molecular weight distribution narrow and the number of polymer chains constant. The results of postpolymerization testified that living polymerization proceeded under these conditions. The 13C NMR measurement indicated that syndiotactic-rich polypropenes were produced in a highly regiospecific manner by this catalyst system.
Consumer electronics (1997)

This paper presents an analysis and forecast of consumer electronics developments in 1997. Products covered include television sets which can surf the Internet, advanced TV technologies, digital video disks and digital video cameras.
Photochemistry with circularly polarized light. Synthesis of optically active hexahelicene (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotochemistry with circularly polarized light. Synthesis of optically active hexaheliceneHenri Kagan, A. Moradpour, J. F. Nicoud, Gilbert Balavoine, and G. TsoucarisCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 9, 2353–2354Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00738a061https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00738a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1324Altmetric-Citations141LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Chromosome Aberrations and Cancer (1991)

Cancer may be defined as a progressive series of genetic events that occur in a single clone of cells because of alterations in a limited number of specific genes: the oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The association of consistent chromosome aberrations with particular types of cancer has led to the identification of some of these genes and the elucidation of their mechanisms of action. Consistent chromosome aberrations are observed not only in rare tumor types but also in the relatively common lung, colon, and breast cancers. Identification of additional mutated genes through other chromosomal abnormalities will lead to a more complete molecular description of oncogenesis.
A review of mass media campaigns as a form of health education (1996)

Whilst mass media campaigns constitute a popular and apparently simple method of ‘getting the message across’ it is important for those involved in the coordination of such initiatives to be aware of the benefits and limitations of this type of intervention. Mass media campaigns can play a valuable role in health education but optimum effectiveness is achieved when such initiatives are evaluated using appropriate outcome criteria and when used in combination with other health education and health promotion strategies.
A novel high-speed PLC communication modem (1992)

An innovative design for power line carrier (PLC) communication using digitally modulated signals is presented. The major contribution is a new signal coupler to the power line that achieves a stable transmission bandwidth of 4 kHz on distribution lines over long distances. Preliminary field tests achieved half-duplex operation at 1.2 kbaud over a distribution power line on the 120 V network and back with a symbol error rate of about 2% using less than about 10 W of average transmitted power, which was considerably superior to the present state-of-the-art PLC modems. Full-duplex operation over 120/240 V intrabuilding wiring has also been field tested at 9.6 kbaud over distances of 3000 ft. using 1 W of average transmitted power.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>