gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Operators are ready for more sophisticated multilateral well technology (1996)

Operators, encouraged by the profit-promoting successes of improved directional drilling and 3-D seismic imaging, are poised to embrace multilateral drilling and completion as they did horizontal technologies. And service companies appear ready to oblige them with the technological advances operators demand. This paper reviews the existing uses of multilateral wells, the equipment, and installation techniques along with the identified problems with these methods.
Progesterone and Preterm Labor — Still No Definite Answers (2007)

In 1930, Willard Allen and George Corner named the steroid hormone that they had extracted from rabbit ovaries “progestin” because they believed, rightly, that it helped maintain pregnancy.1 Removal of progesterone, or blockage of its receptors, reliably ends pregnancy at all gestational ages, and in many nonhuman species, falling levels precipitate natural labor.2 Progestins thus have been an obvious candidate treatment for the major health problem of preterm labor. Therapeutic studies in pregnancy have been limited because natural progesterone given orally is rapidly metabolized in the liver, and synthetic progestins that are not rapidly metabolized have androgenic effects, giving rise . . .
A modified histoimmunochemistry-assisted method for in situ RPE evaluation (2011)

We have developed a method for morphological evaluation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with minimal perturbation of RPE-Bruch's membrane-choriocapillaris complex (RBCC). To prepare RBCC, the anterior segments of the eye were removed. The remaining eye cup was radially cut into 4 to 6 pieces from periphery to the optic nerve head. Each piece was carefully dissected into 3 parts: sclera, RBCC and neurosensory retina. RBCC flatmount with RPE monolayer facing up was formed by several relaxing radial cuts. After immuno-staining with tissue specific markers, the RBCC could be distinguished as the superficial RPE monolayer and the underneath choriocapillaris layers by fluorescence microscopy. The density, distribution, and morphology of RPE cells varied among species. This method may have brought several advantages for RPE screening over other means, because of its straight forward approach, minimal manipulation of samples, plus there is no requirement for bleaching, which result in high efficiency for result readout. For a complete morphological study of RPE in situ, this method may be combined with other methods, such as cryosections, scanning electron microscopy, etc.
Effects of VC-LiBOB binary additives on SEI formation in ionic liquid–organic composite electrolyte (2012)

A safe electrolyte based on an ionic liquid–organic composite with binary additives was prepared. The stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) forms on the surface of a carbon anode by addition of vinylene carbonate (VC) and lithium bis(oxalato) borate (LiBOB) binary additives in ionic liquid–organic electrolyte mixture. The stable SEI effectively prevents the co-intercalation of PP13+ cations, thus leading to an obvious improvement in the performance of the cell.
<title>Real-time high-resolution camera with an amorphous silicon large-area sensor</title> (1998)

To provide real-time imaging, x-ray diagnostic imaging relies entirely on the combination of the x-ray image intensifier and the high-performance television camera. Although these devices have been pushed to remarkable degrees of performance, they remain complex electro-optical assemblies with significant built-in errors, instabilities and degradation mechanisms. We describe a replacement for these systems utilizing as a sensor a large array of amorphous silicon photodiodes and thin-film switching transistors. Specially, the equipment described is a replacement for a 9-inch dual-mode x-ray image intensifier with a high-performance 2000-line digital tv camera capable of operating in both real-time video and high-performance spotfilm modes.
Noxa, a BH3-Only Member of the Bcl-2 Family and Candidate Mediator of p53-Induced Apoptosis (2000)

A critical function of tumor suppressor p53 is the induction of apoptosis in cells exposed to noxious stresses. We report a previously unidentified pro-apoptotic gene, Noxa. Expression of Noxa induction in primary mouse cells exposed to x-ray irradiation was dependent on p53. Noxa encodes a Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3)-only member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins; this member contains the BH3 region but not other BH domains. When ectopically expressed, Noxa underwent BH3 motif-dependent localization to mitochondria and interacted with anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, resulting in the activation of caspase-9. We also demonstrate that blocking the endogenous Noxa induction results in the suppression of apoptosis. Noxa may thus represent a mediator of p53-dependent apoptosis.
Long-term care survey reveals challenges. Facilities grapple with five broad issues, including changes in leadership and AIDS. (1993)

The Catholic Health Association's 1992 survey of Catholic long-term care (LTC) facilities identified five broad issues LTC facilities face in the 1990s: leadership, system affiliation, community programs, resident issues, and care of persons with AIDS. The transition to lay leadership presents new challenges to the relationship between LTC facilities and their sponsors. Despite the dominance of religious sponsors, an increasing number of laypersons are serving as healthcare administrators both in long-term and acute care. Thirty percent of respondents reported being affiliated with a multi-institutional system. This percentage has changed little in the past few years, although the number of facilities that are system members continues to increase at the fastest rate of any type of LTC facility. Only 27 percent of survey respondents said they provide educational or informational programs for persons in their communities. Thirty-nine percent of system-affiliated LTC facilities reported offering such programs. One encouraging finding shows that 80 percent of facilities have written policies for living wills, 64 percent for designated proxy, and 86 percent for durable power of attorney for healthcare. LTC providers are struggling to determine their role in caring for persons with HIV and AIDS. Only 3.6 percent of respondents care for residents with AIDS. A major problem LTC administrators face is a fear of potential infection of staff or residents.
Autologous Fibrin Sealant Reduces Pain After Tonsillectomy (2001)

Fibrin sealant significantly reduced pain the evening after pediatric tonsillectomy and also decreased the chance of experiencing emesis. Thus fibrin sealant may be clinically useful as an adjunct to tonsillectomy.
Billion-fold Acceleration of the Methanolysis of Paraoxon Promoted by La(OTf)3 in Methanol (2003)

The methanolysis of the insecticide paraoxon (2) was investigated in methanol solution containing varying [La(OTf)(3)] (OTf = (-)OS(O)(2)CF(3)) as a function of at 25 degrees C. Plots of the pseudo-first-order rate constants (k(obs)) for methanolysis as a function of [La(OTf)(3)](total) were obtained under buffered conditions from 5.15 to 10.97, and the slopes of the linear parts of these were used to determine the second-order rate constants (k(2)(obs)) for the La(3+)-catalyzed methanolysis of 2. Detailed analysis of the potentiometric titration data of La(OTf)(3) in methanol through fits to a multicomponent equilibrium mixture of dimers of general stoichiometry La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)n, where n assumes values of 1-5, gives the equilibrium distribution of each as a function of. These data, when fit to a second expression describing k(2)(obs) in terms of a linear combination of individual rate constants k(2)(2:1), k(2)(2:2).k(2)(2:)n for the dimers, allow one to describe the overall catalytic profile in terms of the individual contributions. The most catalytically important species are the three dimers La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)1, La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)2, and La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)3. The catalysis of the methanolysis of 2 is spectacular: a 2 x 10(-3) M solution of [La(3+)](total), at neutral, affords a 10(9)-fold acceleration relative to the base reaction (t(1/2) approximately 20 s at 8.2) with excellent turnover. A mechanism of the catalyzed reaction involving the La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)2 species is proposed.
Detailed mass balances of the autohydrolysis of Eucalyptus globulus at 170 oC (2009)

Autohydrolysis of Eucalyptus globulus was conducted at three different intensity levels typical for prehydrolysis kraft pulping as utilized for manufacturing dissolving pulp grades. The objective was to establish for the autohydrolysis process a detailed mass balance comprising the chemical composition of all three phases: the autohydrolysate, the released gas, and the solid residue. Carbohydrate determination involved both acid methanolysis combined with gas chromatography (GC) and sulfuric acid total hydrolysis with high performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD); this allowed reliable quantification of neutral as well as acidic sugar units in cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. Uronic acids present in the Eucalyptus globulus wood were progressively degraded through decarboxylation, leading to substantial carbon dioxide formation. The degree of acetylation of xylan remaining in the wood residue was clearly reduced, while the amount of bound acetyl groups in dissolved xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) stayed relatively constant as a function of autohydrolysis intensity. The bulk of the lignin that was dissolved during autohydrolysis could be attributed to the acid-soluble lignin content of the wood. Only small amounts of Klason lignin were dissolved.
Importance of ADP-ribosylation in the morphological changes of PC12 cells induced by cholera toxin (1994)

Cholera toxin (CTX) is composed of two subunits, subunit A, which possesses ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, and subunit B, which is responsible for receptor binding. It has previously been shown that agents that increase cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in cells induce differentiation of PC12 cells into neurite-like cells. In this report, we show that as little as 100 pg of CTX per ml induces such changes. CTX was found to ADP-ribosylate at least four membrane proteins of PC12 cells in vitro and in vivo and to increase intracellular cAMP levels. We have developed an inducible ctx gene expression system in Vibrio cholerae by using the tac promoter. The culture medium of the CTX-producing bacteria was able to induce the morphological changes and the ADP-ribosylation of the PC12 cell membrane proteins. We have constructed two CTX-cross-reactive mutant proteins (CTX-CRM) by site-directed mutagenesis. The choice of glutamic acid 29 as the target amino acid was based on sequence similarities with other bacterial toxins. CTX-CRM-E29 delta, in which the Glu-29 of the A subunit was deleted, showed strongly reduced ADP-ribosyltransferase activity and did not induce significant morphological changes of PC12 cells. In contrast, CTX-CRM-E29D, in which the Glu-29 was replaced by an aspartic acid, was as active as the wild-type protein. We conclude that the ADP-ribosylation activity of CTX is important for the toxin-induced differentiation of PC12 cells. Pertussis toxin, which had no visible effect on PC12 cell morphology, was also able to ADP-ribosylate a membrane-bound protein(s) in vitro and in vivo. Pertussis toxin alone did not significantly increase cAMP levels in PC12 cells, but it acted synergistically with CTX.
Antitumor Activity in Melanoma and Anti-Self Responses in a Phase I Trial With the Anti-Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte–Associated Antigen 4 Monoclonal Antibody CP-675,206 (2005)

CP-675,206 can be administered safely to humans as a single IV dose up to 15 mg/kg, resulting in breaking of peripheral immune tolerance to self-tissues and antitumor activity in melanoma.
Remote sensing with passive specular probes (2007)

A solar illuminated glinting specular object can serve as an in situ sensor probe that is observable from long distances. Retroreflective objects produce bright glints when illuminated by coaxial illumination sources such as lasers. These glints are modulated in various ways by illumination source variances, the local probe environment, the intervening propagation paths and the remote sensing system. The modulating signals can be recovered by using reflectivity detectors with temporal, spatial, wavelength, directivity and polarization sensitivity. Clustered and moving specular probes provide additional information through geometry extraction, beam forming and multisensor noise reduction. Experimental results are shown for omnidirectional specular imaging, atmospheric wake turbulence measurement, redeye sensing and acoustic sensing.
High Prevalence of Human Enterovirus A Infections in Natural Circulation of Human Enteroviruses (2006)

Human enterovirus (HEV) infections can be asymptomatic or cause only mild illness; recent evidence may implicate HEV infection in type 1 diabetes mellitus and myocarditis. Here, we report the molecular characterization of HEV obtained in serial monthly collections from healthy Norwegian infants. A total of 1,255 fecal samples were collected from 113 healthy infants beginning at age 3 months and continuing to 28 months. The samples were analyzed for HEV nucleic acid by real-time PCR. Fifty-eight children (51.3%) had HEV infections. One hundred forty-five positive samples were typed directly by nucleotide sequencing of the VP1 region. HEV-A was detected most frequently, with an overall prevalence of 6.8%. HEV-B was present in 4.8% of the samples and HEV-C in only 0.2% of the samples. No poliovirus or HEV-D group viruses were detected. Twenty-two different serotypes were detected in the study period: the most common were EV71 (14.5%), CAV6 (10.5%), CAV4 (8.9%), E18 (8.9%), and CBV3 (7.3%). These findings suggest that the prevalence of HEV infections in general, and HEV-A infections in particular, has been underestimated in epidemiological studies based on virus culture.
Factors confounding genetic linkage between atopy and chromosome 11q (1992)

The results of testing for linkage between atopy and the chromosome 11 marker D11S97 is shown for all the 723 subjects genotyped by us up to January 1992. Lod score estimations were confounded by the high population prevalence of atopy, maternal inheritance of atopy at the 11q locus, genetic heterogeneity, and excess of atopy in families not ascertained through a single proband. Affected sib-pair analysis shows evidence for linkage which is not dependent on the definition of atopy or model specification. We suggest that presentation of sib-pair data will be suitable for meta-analysis of the different studies of genetic linkage and atopy.
STAT3 Is Necessary for Proliferation and Survival in Colon Cancer–Initiating Cells (2011)

STAT3 is constitutively activated in colon cancer but its contributions in cancer-initiating cells have not been explored. In this study, we characterized STAT3 in aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)-positive (ALDH(+)) and CD133-positive (CD133(+)) subpopulations of human colon tumor cells that exhibited more potent tumor-initiating ability than ALDH(-)/CD133(-) cells in tumor xenograft assays in mice. We found that ALDH(+)/CD133(+) cells expressed higher levels of the active phosphorylated form of STAT3 than either ALDH(-)/CD133(-) or unfractionated colon cancer cells. STAT3 inhibition by RNA interference-mediated knockdown or small-molecule inhibitors LLL12 or Stattic blocked downstream target gene expression, cell viability, and tumorsphere-forming capacity in cancer-initiating cells. Similarly, treatment of mouse tumor xenografts with STAT3 short hairpin RNA (shRNA), interleukin 6 shRNA, or LLL12 inhibited tumor growth. Our results establish that STAT3 is constitutively activated in colon cancer-initiating cells and that these cells are sensitive to STAT3 inhibition. These findings establish a powerful rationale to develop STAT3 inhibitory strategies for treating advanced colorectal cancers.
C5-Methylation of Cytosine in B-DNA Thermodynamically and Kinetically Stabilizes BI (2003)

We have examined the backbone dynamics of two alternating purine-pyrimidine dodecamers. One sequence consists of "pure" GC bases; the other one contains 5-methylcytosines. The effect of the methyl groups on the backbone substates BI/BII was investigated by means of molecular dynamics. The methylation influences, on one hand, the transition barrier between BI and BII and, on the other hand, the state of equilibrium. The kinetic consequences are an increase of the DeltaG of Gp5mC steps by 1.5 kcal/mol and a decrease of the DeltaG of 5mCpG steps by 0.8 kcal/mol (compared with the nonmethylated DNA). Thus, the additive group differentiates between the two occurring dinucleotide steps and renders the phosphate of the 5-methylcytosine more rigid, as proposed by experimental studies. The thermodynamic consequences are an increase of the DeltaG of Gp5mC steps by 1.1 kcal/mol and a decrease of the DeltaG of 5mCpG steps by 0.8 kcal/mol. The reason for this shift in equilibrium is still not completely clear on a molecular basis. But we can conclude that the indirect readout of DNA is influenced by methylation.
Subcortical Silent Brain Infarction as a Risk Factor for Clinical Stroke (1997)

The strong association of SSBI, FWT2HL, and PVH with hypertension suggests a common underlying mechanism (presumably small-vessel vasculopathy). The SSBI showed the most significant association for clinical subcortical stroke. The FWT2HL was also a risk factor for the stroke but was less significant than SSBI. The subjects with SSBI should be considered at high risk for clinical subcortical brain infarction or brain hemorrhage.
Ligand-independent activation of the androgen receptor by the differentiation agent butyrate in human prostate cancer cells. (2000)

Androgens are potent differentiation agents that regulate prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene expression via the androgen receptor (AR) that binds to androgen response elements (AREs) on the PSA gene to initiate transcription. However, in the absence of androgens, PSA gene expression can become elevated. This suggests that either the AR can be activated in the absence of androgen to elevate PSA gene expression through AREs on the PSA gene or that another transcription factor acting on the PSA promoter is stimulated. We have previously shown in vivo that butyrate, a differentiation agent that causes cell cycle arrest, increases serum PSA levels in castrated animals. Therefore, to determine the mechanism of butyrate induction of PSA, we used the LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line. Northern analyses and transfection experiments using a PSA reporter plasmid demonstrated induction of PSA gene expression by butyrate in LNCaP cells. Application of the antiandrogen bicalutamide blocked the induction of PSA mRNA by butyrate, suggesting a mechanism dependent on the AR. Consistent with this conclusion, electromobility shift assays showed increased AR-ARE complex formation with nuclear extracts from butyrate-treated cells. In addition, other reporter gene constructs that contain AREs were also induced by butyrate. Western blot analysis showed an increase in nuclear levels of AR protein in cells exposed to butyrate, whereas whole cell levels remained unchanged, suggesting that butyrate causes nuclear translocation of the AR. Thus, the differentiation agent butyrate causes ligand-independent activation of the AR to increase expression of the differentiation marker PSA in human prostate cancer cells.
Early Menopausal Changes in Bone Mass and Sex Steroids* (1985)

Eighty-four healthy perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women were divided into four groups: group A, those with slightly irregular menstrual periods and plasma FSH below 40 mIU/ml; group B, those with irregular periods and FSH above 40 mIU/ml; group C, those whose last menstrual period was within 1 yr of study; and, group D, those whose last menstrual period was between 12 and 55 months before the study. Plasma concentrations of estrone and estradiol progressively decreased in groups B, C and D compared to those in A in parallel with a decrease in the production rates, and FSH and LH were significantly increased. There was little change in the concentration of androstenedione or testosterone. Vertebral bone mass was significantly decreased in groups B, C, and D compared to that in A, and radial bone mass was decreased in group D. There was a significantly positive correlation between plasma estrone and estradiol and bone mass at both the radius and vertebra. Increased bone remodeling was suggested by increases in serum calcium and bone gla protein. These data suggest that bone loss, at least from the spine, may begin before menses cease and is correlated with decreases in estrogen production and increases in bone remodeling.
FMEHR: An Alternative Approach to Multi-Path Forwarding on Packet Switched Networks (2006)

This paper proposes a novel technique enabling flow-level multi-path forwarding on a hop-by-hop packet switched network such as IP networks. Generally on such networks, any packet from a node toward a destination is forwarded along the same path, even if some of the packets belong to a different flow with different characteristics. Depending on the packet characteristics, to fulfil demands such as traffic engineering and QoS routing, flow-level multi-path forwarding allows explicit selection of the paths on which to send packets. Multi protocol label switching (MPLS) technology has been used to perform this function so far. However, to apply MPLS on an existing IP network, all non-MPLS-enabled routers in the network must be replaced with MPLS-enabled routers. Therefore, the migration cost is generally expensive. This paper proposes a novel technique, called flow-mapping explicit host routing (FMEHR), that performs the function without MPLS, using unused address spaces such as IP private addresses. In a FMEHR network, an unused address is assigned to a particular flow, the destination addresses of all packets belonging to the flow are swapped with the address at an ingress FMEHR router and these packets are forwarded along the host route path to the address. This paper discusses the FMEHR concept, its realization on an IP network and its characteristics.
Selective cerebral hypothermia by means of transfemoral internal carotid artery catheterization. (1996)

Global cerebral hypothermia of 24 degrees C was induced without systemic cooling by means of selective hypothermic perfusion of a single internal carotid artery in four baboons. With a closed-circuit pump system, blood was withdrawn from the femoral artery, cooled in a water bath, and infused through an internal carotid artery catheter, which was positioned with fluoroscopic guidance. This endovascular technique may have applications in the treatment of neurologic disease in humans.
High level expression and purification of peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase in Escherichia coli. (1992)

The enzyme peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase catalyzes the conversion of methionine sulfoxide residues in proteins to methionine. The 636 nucleotide coding region of the peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase gene has been amplified from a genomic clone using the polymerase chain reaction and the product was subcloned into plasmid pGEX-2T downstream of the glutathione S-transferase gene under control of the tac promoter. Escherichia coli XL1-Blue cells transformed with this plasmid and induced with isopropylthio-beta-galactoside expressed high levels of the fusion protein. The protein was soluble and was purified to homogeneity by affinity binding to a glutathione-agarose resin followed by cleavage of the fusion protein with thrombin. Both the fusion protein and the purified peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase protein showed high peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase activity.