gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advancements in Recurrent and Metastatic Cervical Cancer (2015)

Introduction Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide and is diagnosed in over 12,000 women in the united States each year. among minorities, cervical cancer has increased in incidence each year, with a global annual death rate of 275,000. Worldwide it remains one of the most common causes of cancer death among women. The human papilloma virus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer worldwide, and is implicated in over 99% of cases. Progress in the management of cervical cancer has been slow. Over the last 60 years, 2 major advances were accomplished. First, the introduction of the PaP smear as a screening method in the 1950s, which led to a 60% or higher decrease in death from cervical cancer. Second, though 50 years later, several randomized trials demonstrated a 30% to 60% reduction in the risk of death with the addition of cisplatin to radiation therapy, which led the national Cancer Institute to issue a clinical alert. Current treatment for cervical cancer can yield cures in 80% to 90% of women with early stage I and II cervical cancer and 60% in stage II. However, the prognosis for women with advanced or recurrent cervical cancer remains poor. More recently, the development of targeted therapies that selectively target specific molecular pathways involved in tumorigenesis may lead to other major advances in the management of cervical cancer. We review the literature behind current and emerging therapies in advanced and recurrent cervical cancer and their role in clinical practice.
Lack of Effect of Long-Term Supplementation with Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Malignant Neoplasms and Cardiovascular Disease (1996)

In this trial among healthy men, 12 years of supplementation with beta carotene produced neither benefit nor harm in terms of the incidence of malignant neoplasms, cardiovascular disease, or death from all causes.
Coordinated Role of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Nitric Oxide in Cardioprotectiona (1998)

The present study sought to examine the interrelationship between nitric oxide (NO) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in myocardial protection. Isolated rat hearts were perfused for 15 min with buffer only (Group I); 0.3 mM VIP (Group II); 3 mM L-arginine (a precursor of NO) (Group III); VIP and aminoguanidine (iNOS blocker) (Group IV); or L-arginine plus VIP 10-28 (VIP inhibitor) (Group V). Each heart was then made globally ischemic for 30 min followed by 2 h reperfusion. Both VIP and NO were found to provide cardioprotection during ischemia and reperfusion. However, the beneficial effects of VIP and NO were reduced by inhibition of NO and VIP, respectively, suggesting that cardioprotection by VIP is modulated by NO and vice versa. The results of this study suggested a coordinated regulation by cardioprotection by NO and VIP.
Effect of a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor on leukotriene generation and airway responses after allergen challenge in asthmatic patients. (1991)

The effect of a single oral dose (800 mg) of zileuton (A-64077), a specific 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, on the early and late airway responses to inhaled allergen was studied in a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, and crossover trial in nine subjects with atopic asthma. Leukotriene generation was also assessed in vivo by measuring urinary leukotriene (LT) E4 excretion, and ex vivo by measuring calcium ionophore stimulated whole blood LTB4 production. Zileuton almost completely inhibited ex vivo LTB4 production but reduced urinary excretion of LTE4 by only about half. There was a trend for the early asthmatic response to be less on the day of zileuton treatment, but this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.08). The zileuton induced reduction in maximum fall in FEV1 in the early asthmatic response was, however, significantly related to the reduction in urinary LTE4 excretion (r = 0.8), but not to the reduction in LTB4 generation ex vivo. There was no significant change in the allergen induced late asthmatic response, or in the increase in airway responsiveness to methacholine following antigen. The results provide some support for the hypothesis that the cysteinyl leukotrienes have a role in the allergen induced early asthmatic response. More complete in vivo inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase may be needed to produce a significant reduction in airway response to allergen challenge.
Telomere length measurement and determination of immunosenescence‐related markers (CD28, CD45RO, CD45RA, interferon‐γ and interleukin‐4) in skin‐homing T cells expressing the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen: indication of a non‐ageing T‐cell subset (2003)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the immunosenescence of skin-homing T cells expressing the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA). Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 72 healthy individuals (33 male and 39 female; median age 54 years; age-range: 18-94 years) were investigated. The expression of CD28, CD45RA and CD45RO, as well as intracellular interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) formation of CLA+ 'skin homing' T cells, was analysed. In addition, T cells were detected immunohistologically in skin specimens from 15 young and 15 old, healthy individuals. The relative telomere length (RTL) was measured by fluorescence in situ hybridization using flow cytometry (flow FISH). The total number of CLA+ T cells was found to remain constant with increasing age. In contrast to peripheral blood T cells (CD3+ CLA-), which showed significantly decreased CD28 and CD45RA expression in donors > 60 years of age, no age-related alterations of either CD28+ CLA+ T cells or CD45RA+ CLA+ T cells were observed. In the group of donors > 60 years of age, the proportion of intracellular IFN-gamma-producing CD3+ CLA- cells showed a significant increase, whereas the number of IFN-gamma- and IL-4-producing CLA+ T cells was not affected by age. After stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), CLA+ T cells from old donors did not show a reduced response compared with CLA+ T cells from young donors. Additionally, the counts of T cells in healthy skin from young and old adults were statistically not different. Furthermore, the RTL was significantly shortened in enriched CD45RO+ CLA- T cells from healthy old individuals, but not in aged CLA+ T cells. The present data suggest that CLA+ T cells might be a T-cell subpopulation which does not undergo immunosenescence. This may explain why the intensity of inflammatory skin reactions (e.g. psoriasis or eczema) seems to be independent of the patients' age.
Covalent dimerization of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor is essential for its biological activity. Evidence from Cys to Ser mutations (1994)

Vascular permeability factor, or vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF) is an important factor in the regulation of vascular growth and vascular permeability. VPF is a secreted, dimeric protein and has 8 cysteine residues conserved with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). To study the role of some of these cysteine residues in maintaining the structure and function of VPF, we replaced the codons for the second, third, fourth, and fifth cysteine by serine codons, and expressed the mutant proteins in a mammalian expression system. Cysteine residues 2 and 4 in VPF were found to be directly involved in anti-parallel interchain disulfide bonds, as in PDGF. VPF mutants lacking one of these cysteins were severely impaired in their S-linked dimerization, while upon coexpression of both mutants the ability to form dimers was restored. The VPF mutants lacking cysteine residue 2 or 4 also competed poorly for receptor binding of labeled VPF and had low biological activity, but these defects were also complemented by coexpressing the two mutants, indicating that for efficient receptor binding and activation VPF needs to be a covalent dimer, unlike PDGF-BB. Furthermore, cysteine residue 5 was found to be essential for VPF dimerization and activity, while the mutant lacking cysteine residue 3 was only mildly affected in its ability to dimerize and had partial biological activity.
Genetic Polymorphisms of Estrogen Receptors α and β and the Risk of Developing Prostate Cancer (2009)

Estrogen may be involved in the development of prostate cancer. The association between genetic polymorphisms of estrogen receptors alpha (ESR1) and beta (ESR2) and prostate cancer risk was examined in a nested case-control study in Washington County, Maryland. Incident prostate cancer cases (n = 269) were matched to one or two controls (n = 440) by age, sex, race, and date of blood donation. Associations between estrogen receptor genotypes or dietary intake and the development of prostate cancer were examined in conditional logistic regression models. Results from this study showed that six single base-pair polymorphisms (SNPs) of ESR1 (rs1801132, rs2077647, rs746432, rs2273206, rs851982, rs2228480) and four SNPs of ESR2 (rs4986938, rs928554, rs8018687, rs number not available for ESR2 5696 bp 3' of STP A>G) were not significantly associated with prostate cancer risk, either by allelic or genotypic frequencies. However, an interactive association with BMI was observed in the relationship between prostate cancer risk and genotypes of ESR2 38 bp 3' of STP G>A (rs4986938) (p = 0.031). An interaction between intake level of phytoestrogen and genotypes of ESR1 Ex1-192G>C (rs746432) and between intake level of phytoestrogen and genotypes of ESR1 Ex8+229G>A (rs2228480) and risk of prostate cancer was observed (p = 0.0009 and p = 0.044, respectively). In conclusion, selected genetic polymorphisms of ESR1 and ESR2, overall, were not associated with prostate cancer risk. However, a variation in risk by BMI and phytoestrogen intake was implicated.
H, He, and N implant isolation of n-type GaN (1995)

The effect of ion-implantation-induced damage on the resistivity of n-type GaN has been investigated. H, He, and N ions were studied. The resistivity as a function of temperature, implant concentration, and post-implant annealing temperature has been examined. Helium implantation produced material with an as-implanted resistivity of 1010 Ω-cm. He-implanted material remained highly resistive after an 800 °C furnace anneal. The damage associated with H implantation had a significant anneal stage at 250 °C and the details of the as-implanted resistivity were sample dependent. N implants had to be annealed at 400 °C to optimize the resulting resistivity but were then thermally stable to over 800 °C. The 300 °C resistivity of thermally stabilized He- and N- implanted layers was 104 Ω-cm, whereas for H-implanted layers the 300 °C resistivity was less than 10 Ω-cm.
Fabrication and Bioactivity of Porous Titanium Implant (2007)

The aim of this study is to fabricate an implant framework for tissue engineering by sintering titanium beads and coating with hydroxyapatite and test its biocompatibility and bioactivity in vitro. The porous titanium with and without hydroxyapatite coating were involved in study groups. Osteoblastic proliferation, activity of alkaline phosphatase, mRNA of osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein were detected by MTT-assay, ALP test and real-time polymerase chain reaction respectively. The results indicated that the porous titanium material with/without HA coating could promote osteoblastic proliferation significantly contrast to the control group. However, only porous titanium with HA coating increased alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein gene expression apparently and had statistically differences with the other two groups. Abstract no. is TE-Po-044
Coordinate Accumulation of Antifungal Proteins and Hexoses Constitutes a Developmentally Controlled Defense Response during Fruit Ripening in Grape1 (1998)

During ripening of grape (Vitis labruscana L. cv Concord) berries, abundance of several proteins increased, coordinately with hexoses, to the extent that these became the predominant proteins in the ovary. These proteins have been identified by N-terminal amino acid-sequence analysis and/or function to be a thaumatin-like protein (grape osmotin), a lipid-transfer protein, and a basic and an acidic chitinase. The basic chitinase and grape osmotin exhibited activities against the principal grape fungal pathogens Guignardia bidwellii and Botrytis cinerea based on in vitro growth assays. The growth-inhibiting activity of the antifungal proteins was substantial at levels comparable to those that accumulate in the ripening fruit, and these activities were enhanced by as much as 70% in the presence of 1 m glucose, a physiological hexose concentration in berries. The simultaneous accumulation of the antifungal proteins and sugars during berry ripening was correlated with the characteristic development of pathogen resistance that occurs in fruits during ripening. Taken together, accumulation of these proteins, in combination with sugars, appears to constitute a novel, developmentally regulated defense mechanism against phytopathogens in the maturing fruit.
Adaptation of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus to BHK-21 Cells Results in the Formation of Multiple Heparan Sulfate Binding Sites in the Envelope Protein and Attenuation In Vivo (2001)

Propagation of the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis virus in BHK-21 cells selected for mutations within the large surface glycoprotein E that increased the net positive charge of the protein. In the course of 16 independent experiments, 12 different protein E mutation patterns were identified. These were located in all three of the structural domains and distributed over almost the entire upper and lateral surface of protein E. The mutations resulted in the formation of local patches of predominantly positive surface charge. Recombinant viruses carrying some of these mutations in a defined genetic backbone showed heparan sulfate (HS)-dependent phenotypes, resulting in an increased specific infectivity and binding affinity for BHK-21 cells, small plaque formation in porcine kidney cells, and significant attenuation of neuroinvasiveness in adult mice. Our results corroborate the notion that the selection of attenuated HS binding mutants is a common and frequent phenomenon during the propagation of viruses in cell culture and suggest a major role for HS dependence in flavivirus attenuation. Recognition of this principle may be of practical value for designing attenuated flavivirus strains in the future.
Escherichia coli 0157:H7: Clinical, Diagnostic, and Epidemiological Aspects of Human Infection (1995)

E. coli O157:H7 is one of many E. coli organisms that contain genes encoding one or more toxins similar in structure and function to Shiga toxin. E. coli O157:H7 is the most frequently isolated diarrheagenic type of E. coli isolated in North America today; this pathogen can cause serious, even fatal disease. Syndromes caused by E. coli O157:H7 include diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and HUS. Poorly cooked ground beef has been the most frequently implicated vehicle of transmission, but additional vehicles are being identified. Treatment consists of rehydration during hemorrhagic colitis and support of the patient during the multiple systemic complications of HUS. A policy of routine screening for E. coli O157:H7 in clinical microbiology laboratories, without reliance on the physician to request that this organism be sought or the technician to notice blood in the stool, is the most effective way to find cases. Timely and accurate diagnosis can prevent secondary transmission, avert unnecessary and possibly dangerous procedures and/or therapies, and detect continuing outbreaks. SLTEC strains other than E. coli O157:H7 may cause diseases similar to or less severe than those caused by E. coli O157:H7. At present, however, screening for such pathogens in clinical laboratories is too labor-intensive to be practical. Education and legislation should promote safe food-preparation and food-handling practices. Research should be directed at reducing the carriage of E. coli O157:H7 at its bovine source, minimizing the microbial content of food and water, and averting systemic microangiopathic hemolytic anemia after infection with this pathogen.
Short paper: semantic sensor composition (2010)

Abstract. This paper describes an application of semantics to sensors to automatically create sensor compositions. Two main contributions of this paper are a sensor ontology and a composition system. The OWL ontology describes user goals, functional and non-functional properties of sensors and sensor composition, while the Region Connection Calculus and Allen’s Interval Algebra are used for describing the spatial and temporal properties of sensors. The composition system composes sensors and sensor processes to satisfy a user specified goal. Through experiments, this paper demonstrates the feasibility of semantics for specifying sensor compositions with low reasoning times, and the composition approaches with low composition times in most cases. Some scalability issues with semantic sensor networks are resolved with reasoning, but new composition approaches are needed for large scale use requiring large compositions. 1
Sparse Signal Processing Concepts for Efficient 5G System Design (2015)

As it becomes increasingly apparent that 4G will not be able to meet the emerging demands of future mobile communication systems, the question what could make up a 5G system, what are the crucial challenges, and what are the key drivers is part of intensive, ongoing discussions. Partly due to the advent of compressive sensing, methods that can optimally exploit sparsity in signals have received tremendous attention in recent years. In this paper, we will describe a variety of scenarios in which signal sparsity arises naturally in 5G wireless systems. Signal sparsity and the associated rich collection of tools and algorithms will thus be a viable source for innovation in 5G wireless system design. We will also describe applications of this sparse signal processing paradigm in Multiple Input Multiple Output random access, cloud radio access networks, compressive channel-source network coding, and embedded security. We will also emphasize an important open problem that may arise in 5G system design, for which sparsity will potentially play a key role in their solution.
*NEG NEG (2018)

I argue that there is a grammatical (non-semantic) constraint in English that prohibits double negation, dubbed *NEG NEG. I adduce a range of structures to illustrate this constraint, and show that apparent counter-examples are not double negation.
Infection as a complication of liver transplant (1989)

The prognosis for recipients of a liver transplant has been vastly improved by the advent of cyclosporine therapy, and the future holds even more promise with improvements in drug therapy and surgical techniques. The transition from experimental procedure to accepted clinical practice requires nursing to develop standards of care to promote quality care in transplant nursing. With postoperative infection identified as a major cause of mortality for this patient group, nurses will be expected to be skillful in assessing and monitoring for signs and symptoms of infection. Nurses will also need to understand what is involved in the clinical diagnosis of infection, the role of immunosuppressive drug therapy, and the laboratory findings that predispose or herald infection. Infection control standards and methods to manage the risk of infection are appropriate areas of research for critical care nursing and hold the potential for improved patient outcomes for this vulnerable group of transplant patients.
A Comparison of Unipolar and Bipolar Electrodes During Cardiac Mapping Studies (1996)

Controversy exists as to whether the unipolar or bipolar electrode configuration is superior in detecting local activations during cardiac mapping studies. However, the strengths and weaknesses of each mode suggest that they may provide complementary information. To examine the relative merits of unipolar and bipolar electrode configurations, recordings by each were simultaneously acquired during episodes of ventricular tachycardia in eight consecutive patients undergoing map guided arrhythmia surgery. Unipolar electrograms were classified as either unambiguous or ambiguous according to whether or not they were polyphasic in nature. The activation times from the unambiguous electrograms were compared with activation times from the corresponding bipolar signals where local activation was measured both at the signal's peak amplitude (BI-PK), and at the point at which the waveform's first major, rapid transient crossed baseline (BI-TRN). Occurrences of discrete diastolic activations were also quantified from the unipolar and bipolar tracings. From a total of 415 unipolar electrograms, 301 unambiguous signals were identified as suitable for comparison with the bipolar signals. Both BI-PK and BI-TRN criteria for the determination of local activation were highly correlated with and not significantly different from the local activation from the unipolar electrogram. From 85 ambiguous unipolar electrograms, it was possible to determine local activation from the corresponding bipolar signal in 33% of the occurrences. From the eight patients, 64 diastolic potentials were recorded of which 42 were seen only in bipolar mode, 7 in only unipolar mode, and 15 were evident in both tracings. The prevalence of diastolic potentials was significantly greater in recordings made using bipolar mode. The results demonstrate that complementary information regarding local activations and diastolic potentials can be derived from unipolar and bipolar recordings and suggest that both electrode configurations should be used in multichannel cardiac mapping systems.
Control of the yeast bud-site assembly GTPase Cdc42. Catalysis of guanine nucleotide exchange by Cdc24 and stimulation of GTPase activity by Bem3. (1994)

Bud emergence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae involves cell cycle-regulated reorganizations of cortical cytoskeletal elements and requires the action of the Rho (Ras homologous)-type GTPase Cdc42. As a first step toward understanding how these cytoskeletal rearrangements are controlled, we have sought to identify those proteins that regulate the binding and hydrolysis of GTP by Cdc42. Here we report that the product of the CDC24 gene, which is required for proper bud-site selection and bud emergence, can stimulate the exchange of GTP for GDP on Cdc42. Combined with previously reported genetic data, this finding suggests that the processes of bud-site selection (which requires the action of a Ras-type GTPase) and bud-site assembly might be coordinated through an activator of a Rho-type GTPase. We also report the identification of a new gene, BEM3, that is a multicopy suppressor of the temperature-sensitive lethality caused by mutations in the bud emergence gene BEM2. Bem3 and Bem2 both contain a Rho GTPase-activating protein homology domain, but only Bem3 is able to stimulate the hydrolysis of GTP on Cdc42. These studies demonstrate that Cdc24 and Bem3 have GDP-release factor activity and GTPase-activating protein activity, respectively, toward the essential bud-site assembly GTPase Cdc42.