gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Advanced Protein Glycation by 8-Quinolinecarboxylic Hydrazide (1996)

Glycation of proteins is belived to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, and thus the development of potent inhibitors of protein glycation is highly desirable. We tested the inhibitory effects of 12 hydrazide compounds against protein glycation and compared them with the effects of aminoguanidine (AG), a well-known inhibitor. When bovine serum albumin (BSA) was incubated with 100 mmol/l mannose for 10 days at 37 degrees C in the presence and absence of hydrazide compounds or AG at 1 mmol/l, only p-anisic hydrazide inhibited Amadori product formation. On the other hand, 8 hydrazides as well as AG inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). 8-Quinolinecarboxylic hydrazide (8-QCH), the most potent hydrazide, was more effective than AG. Neither 8-QCH nor AG affected the spontaneous decrease in Amadori products of preglycated BSA in the absence of sugar, but suppressed the spontaneous increase in AGEs from preglycated BSA, with higher potency of 8-QCH relative to AG. The results indicate that 8-QCH is a more potent inhibitor of AGE formation than AG and suggest that the inhibition mechanisms of 8-QCH and AG resemble each other.
Inhibition of human skin fibroblast collagenase, thermolysin, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase by peptide hydroxamic acids (1992)

The hydroxamic acid HONHCOCH2CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Trp-NHMe, isomer 6A (GM 6001), inhibits human skin fibroblast collagenase with Ki of 0.4 nM using the synthetic thiol ester substrate Ac-Pro-Leu-Gly-SCH(i-Bu)CO-Leu-Gly-OEt at pH 6.5. The other isomer, 6B, which has the opposite configuration at the CH2CH(i-Bu)CO alpha-carbon atom, has a Ki of 200 nM for this enzyme. GM 6001 is one of the most potent inhibitors of human skin fibroblast collagenase yet reported. GM 6001 has a Ki of 20 nM against thermolysin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase. Isomer 6B has a Ki of 7 nM against thermolysin and 2 nM against the elastase. 6A and 6B are the most potent hydroxamate inhibitors reported for these bacterial enzymes. The pattern of inhibition for all three enzymes suggests that isomer 6A is the (R,S) compound, stereochemically analogous to the L,L-dipeptide, and isomer 6B is the (S,S) compound, analogous to the DL-dipeptide. The tolerance of the D configuration by thermolysin and the elastase allows these inhibitors to discriminate between the human and bacterial enzymes simply by inversion of configuration at the CH2CH(i-Bu)CO alpha-carbon atom. Substitution of the potential metal liganding groups carboxylate and hydrazide for the hydroxamate group yields much weaker inhibitors for all three enzymes.
Inactivation of Lipid-Containing Viruses by Long-Chain Alcohols (1977)

This report describes the inactivation of lipid-containing viruses by several long-chain alcohols. A striking peak in antiviral activity was found for saturated alcohols having chain lengths from 10 to 14 carbons. Viruses having different membrane structure showed different susceptibilities to alcohols having different chain lengths and structural features. Decanol, dodecanol, and tetradecanol readily inactivated herpes simplex virus and the enveloped bacterial virus phi6. The lipid-containing virus PM2 was susceptible to decanol and dodecanol but comparatively unsusceptible to tetradecanol. The branched-chain alcohol phytol, a naturally occurring component of chlorophyll, was active against phi6 and herpes simplex virus but not against PM2. Polyoma virus and the bacteriophage phi23-1-a, which do not contain lipids, were not susceptible to inactivation by any of the alcohols tested. Experiments were also carried out to determine the effects of these compounds on cells. At 0.5 mM, decanol lysed human embryonic lung cells, erythrocytes, and the bacterial hosts for phi6 and PM2. Dodecanol, tetradecanol, and phytol at this concentration were less damaging to cells. At 0.05 mM, none of the alcohols caused observable cytopathic effects on human embryonic lung cells, although several of the alcohols at this concentration were active against herpes simplex virus. Our findings suggest that dodecanol, tetradecanol, and phytol may warrant further studies as potential antiviral agents, particularly for topical application to virus-infected areas of the skin.
Two color light scattering indentifies physical differences between lymphocyte subpopulations (1982)

Forward angle light scattering of two different wavelengths by cells in a flow cytometer was used to investigate physical differences between lymphocytes of different lineage, functional subclass and developmental stage. Correlation of the ultraviolet (UV: 351 nm and 364 nm) and 488 nm light scattering signals produced by lymphoid cells demonstrated that the two signals were not equivalent and that they placed different emphasis on the physical parameters characterizing lymphocytes. Both small T and B lymphocytes from peripheral lymphoid tissues and mitogenically activated large T and B lymphocyte blasts were discriminated by both wavelengths. Differences between the Lyt-2 negative and Lyt-2 positive T lymphocyte subsets were also apparent. Two color light scattering could also discriminate between immature thymocytes and mature peripheral T cells and between small bone marrow cells and mature peripheral B cells. In bone marrow an increase in UV light scattering coincided with the appearance of cell surface immunoglobulin on small cells. These data establish that two color light scattering is a sensitive probe for distinguishing cells of apparently similar morphology and that it can be used to study the physical changes that occur during lymphoid cell differentiation.
Colon Cancer Chemopreventive Activities of Pomegranate Ellagitannins and Urolithins (2010)

Pomegranate juice derived ellagitannins and their intestinal bacterial metabolites, urolithins, inhibited TCDD-induced CYP1-mediated EROD activity in vitro with IC(50) values ranging from 56.7 microM for urolithin A to 74.8 microM for urolithin C. These compounds exhibited dose- and time-dependent decreases in cell proliferation and clonogenic efficiency of HT-29 cells. Inhibition of cell proliferation was mediated through cell cycle arrest in the G(0)/G(1) and G(2)/M stages of the cell cycle followed by induction of apoptosis. These results indicate that the ellagitannins and urolithins released in the colon upon consumption of pomegranate juice in considerable amounts could potentially curtail the risk of colon cancer development, by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis.
Video Object Segmentation without Temporal Information (2018)

Video Object Segmentation, and video processing in general, has been historically dominated by methods that rely on the temporal consistency and redundancy in consecutive video frames. When the temporal smoothness is suddenly broken, such as when an object is occluded, or some frames are missing in a sequence, the result of these methods can deteriorate significantly. This paper explores the orthogonal approach of processing each frame independently, i.e., disregarding the temporal information. In particular, it tackles the task of semi-supervised video object segmentation: the separation of an object from the background in a video, given its mask in the first frame. We present Semantic One-Shot Video Object Segmentation (OSVOS$^\mathrm {S}$S), based on a fully-convolutional neural network architecture that is able to successively transfer generic semantic information, learned on ImageNet, to the task of foreground segmentation, and finally to learning the appearance of a single annotated object of the test sequence (hence one shot). We show that instance-level semantic information, when combined effectively, can dramatically improve the results of our previous method, OSVOS. We perform experiments on two recent single-object video segmentation databases, which show that OSVOS$^\mathrm {S}$S is both the fastest and most accurate method in the state of the art. Experiments on multi-object video segmentation show that OSVOS$^\mathrm {S}$S obtains competitive results.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Receptor Signaling in Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Cancer: A Supporting Role to the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (2005)

There is considerable evidence that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) cross-talk in breast cancer cells. In the present study, we have examined whether EGFR/IGF-IR cross-talk exists in EGFR-positive tamoxifen-resistant variants of MCF-7 (Tam-R) and T47D (T47D-R) breast cancer cell lines. Although Tam-R cells expressed reduced IGF-IR protein levels compared with their wild-type MCF-7 counterparts, phosphorylated IGF-IR protein levels were equivalent in the two cell lines under basal growth conditions, possibly as a consequence of increased IGF-II expression in Tam-R cells. IGF-II activated both IGF-IR and EGFR in Tam-R cells, whereas only activation of IGF-IR was observed in wild-type cells. In contrast, epidermal growth factor rapidly induced EGFR, but not IGF-IR, phosphorylation in Tam-R cells. IGF-II promoted direct association of c-SRC with IGF-IR, phosphorylated c-SRC, and increased EGFR phosphorylation at tyrosine 845, a c-SRC-dependent phosphorylation site. Pretreatment with either AG1024 (IGF-IR-specific inhibitor) or an IGF-II neutralizing antibody inhibited basal IGF-IR, c-SRC, and EGFR phosphorylation, and AG1024 significantly reduced Tam-R basal cell growth. The c-SRC inhibitor SU6656 also inhibited growth, reduced basal and IGF-II-induced c-SRC and EGFR phosphorylation, and blocked EGFR activation by TGFalpha. Similarly, in T47D-R cells, AG1024 and SU6656 inhibited basal and IGF-II-induced phosphorylation of c-SRC and EGFR, and SU6656 reduced TGFalpha-induced EGFR activity. These results suggest the existence of a unidirectional IGF-IR/EGFR cross-talk mechanism whereby IGF-II, acting through the IGF-IR, regulates basal and ligand-activated EGFR signaling and cell proliferation in a c-SRC-dependent manner in Tam-R cells. This cross-talk between IGF-IR and EGFR is not unique to Tam-R cells because this mechanism is also active in a tamoxifen-resistant T47D-R cell line.
Algorithmic Musical Composition (2001)

In this article, the author offers an overview of the common techniques of algorithmic composition, including stochastic processes, Markov chains, cellular automata, control flow algorithms, formal grammars, fractals and genetic algorithms. He also highlights what he sees as a difficulty inherent in algorithmic composition: if a composition is a creative piece of work, who then is responsible for the creativity in algorithmic music, the algorithm itself or the maker of it?
Thrombospondin as a regulator of angiogenesis (1997)

The process of angiogenesis involves multiple interactions between endothelial cells and the proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM) (Furcht, 1986; Ingber and Folkman, 1989; Ingber, 1991). ECM proteins can regulate endothelial cell function, such as proliferation and Chemotaxis, and may play a role in stabilizing newly formed capillaries (Madri and Williams, 1983; Madri et al., 1988; Montesano et al., 1995). Several components of the ECM, including laminin, SPARC (osteonectin), collagens, and tenascin influence endothelial cell morphology (Montesano et al., 1993; Form et al., 1986; Grant et al., 1989; Murphy-Ullrich et al., 1991; Sage et al., 1989). Another ECM molecule that has profound effects on endothelial cell function is thrombospondin (TSP). TSP is a large multi-functional ECM glycoprotein that can influence endothelial cell function in vitro (Tuszynski et al., 1987; Murphy-Ullrich and Mosher, 1987; Lahav, 1988; Murphy-Ullrich and Höök, 1989) and angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo (Rastinejad et al., 1989; Good et al., 1990; Iruela-Arispe et al, 1991a; DiPietro et al., 1994).
Loss of Expression of a 55 kDa Nuclear Protein (nmt55) in Estrogen Receptor-Negative Human Breast Cancer (1997)

We have identified and characterized a 55 kDa nuclear protein (referred to as nmt55) from human breast tumors and MCF-7, human adenocarcinoma breast cell line, using site-directed monoclonal antibodies. Measurements of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR), by ligand binding assays, in cytosols of 63 human breast tumors permitted classifications of these tumors into four phenotypes (ER+/PR+, ER+/ PR-, ER-/PR-, ER-/PR+). Nuclear protein (nmt55) expression in these tumors, as determined from Western blot analyses, showed a statistically significant association (p = 0.001) with tumor hormonal phenotype. Review of the pathologic characteristics of tumors analyzed suggested that lack of nmt55 expression was significantly associated with mean tumor size (p < 0.03), mean ER (p = 0.001) and mean PR (p < 0.002), but was not associated with tumor stage, grade, or type. To further study this protein, we cloned and sequenced a 2.5 kb cDNA using a monoclonal antibody to nmt55. The complete predicted open reading frame encodes a protein with 471 amino acids and a calculated molecular mass of 54,169 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibited unique regions rich in glutamine, histidine, arginine, and glutamic acid. Northern blot analysis of RNA from MCF-7 cells and ER+/PR+ human breast tumors showed a 2.6 kb mRNA. Southern blot analysis suggested the presence of a single copy of this gene. Chromosomal mapping, using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), located nmt55 gene to the X chromosome, region q13. The extensive homology between nmt55 and RNA binding proteins suggested that nmt55 may be involved in hnRNA splicing. The strong association observed between expression of nmt55, tumor hormonal phenotype, mean tumor size, mean ER, and mean PR content suggests that loss of nmt55 expression may be related to events involved in hormone insensitivity, tumor differentiation, and unregulated tumor cell growth and metastases.
Selective induction of NK cell proliferation and cytotoxicity by activated NKT cells (2000)

NK T cells produce cytokines when their semi-invariant TCR engages glycolipids associated with CD1d. The physiological consequences of NKT cell activation remain controversial, although they have been implicated in control of autoimmunity, parasites and tumors. We show here that specific activation of NKT cells in liver and spleen leads to a rapid induction of extensive NK cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. This NK cell activation is dependent, at least in part, on IFN-gamma production by NKT cells and IL-12 production by antigen-presenting cells. Remarkably, activation of NK cells by NKT cells is highly selective, since bystander T and B lymphocytes show transient expression of activation markers but almost no proliferation. Collectively our data suggest that CD1d-dependent NKT cells regulate innate immunity by sampling blood-borne glycolipid antigens and rapidly activating NK cells.
Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve 5 (Trigeminal) (2019)

The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve (CN V). Its primary function is to provide sensory and motor innervation to the face. The trigeminal nerve consists of three branches on either side that extend to different territories of the face. These branches join at the trigeminal ganglia which are located within the Meckel cave of the cranial cavity. The different branches are namely the ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) nerves. The ophthalmic nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the face and skull above the palpebral fissure as well as the eye and portions of the nasal cavity. The maxillary nerve is also a sensory branch and innervates portions of the nasal cavity, sinuses, maxillary teeth, palate, and the middle portion of the face and skull above the mouth and below the forehead. The mandibular nerve is unique in that it contains both sensory and motor fibers. It provides sensory innervation of the buccal mucosa, mandibular teeth, and the skin below the mouth. The motor portion of V3 innervates all the muscles of mastication. Additionally, V3 provides sensory information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue; this is differentiated from taste which is produced by CN VII.
Nucleotide sequence analysis of TL-DNA of Agrobacterium rhizogenes agropine type plasmid. Identification of open reading frames. (1986)

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the Ri TL-DNA region from an Agrobacterium rhizogenes agropine-type plasmid using subcloned regions from the essentially identical Ri TL-DNAs from strains A4 and HRI. This sequenced region of 21,126 base pairs (bp) contains the complete TL-DNA region of the Ri plasmid as determined by analysis of TL-DNA borders in the genome of infected, clonal, Convolvulus arvensis plants. The left and right borders of the TL-DNA are flanked by 25-bp sequences which match the 25-bp terminal sequences found near the borders of T-DNA regions of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmids. Other DNA sequences similar to these 25-bp terminal sequences are found within the TL region, and some of these sequences appear to be associated with Ri TL-DNA structures found in transformed tobacco plants. The TL-DNA region contains 18 open reading frames, many of which have 5' and 3' regulatory elements similar to those found in eukaryotic genes. In many cases, CCAAT and TATA elements were found upstream from putative transcriptional initiation codons, and poly(A) addition (AATAAA) elements were observed in presumed 3'-noncoding regions. Comparison of Ri TL-DNA coding and noncoding sequence regions with T-DNA sequence regions from octopine type Ti plasmid pTi15955 reveals no extensive sequence homologies.
Cardiac sympathetic afferent cell bodies are located in the peripheral nervous system of the cat. (1989)

Studies of the stellate ganglion and middle cervical ganglion indicate that sympathetic efferent nerve activity can be modified by peripheral excitatory inputs and that these neural connections may function as pathways for a peripheral reflex at the level of the thoracic sympathetic ganglia. This excitatory synaptic input could have a soma in either the central or the peripheral nervous system. A study was designed to determine whether chronic decentralization (3 weeks) of the stellate ganglion in cats would 1) abolish sympathetic cardiac afferent nerve activity recorded at the stellate cardiac nerve and 2) abolish local thoracic reflexes that are generated by stimulation of peripheral nerves. The ansae subclaviae, T3 and T4 rami, and stellate ganglion were also examined by electron microscopy for the extent of Wallerian degeneration. Afferent cardiac activation of the axon collaterals arising from cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglia was abolished due to degeneration. However, sympathetic afferent nerve activity from the left ventricular receptors was still present and was recorded from the stellate cardiac nerve in all cats. Cardiac receptors were sensitive to mechanical distortion, increases in the left ventricular pressure, and epicardial application of veratrine hydrochloride. These data imply that 1) cardiovascular afferent input to the stellate ganglion persists following chronic decentralization and 2) the sensory neurons are located in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Thus, we find that regulation of the heart occurs in part via thoracic ganglia, independently of the central nervous system.
Decoherence in Josephson Qubits from Dielectric Loss (2005)

Dielectric loss from two-level states is shown to be a dominant decoherence source in superconducting quantum bits. Depending on the qubit design, dielectric loss from insulating materials or the tunnel junction can lead to short coherence times. We show that a variety of microwave and qubit measurements are well modeled by loss from resonant absorption of two-level defects. Our results demonstrate that this loss can be significantly reduced by using better dielectrics and fabricating junctions of small area . With a redesigned phase qubit employing low-loss dielectrics, the energy relaxation rate has been improved by a factor of 20, opening up the possibility of multiqubit gates and algorithms.
Private memoirs of a smart meter (2010)

Household smart meters that measure power consumption in real-time at fine granularities are the foundation of a future smart electricity grid. However, the widespread deployment of smart meters has serious privacy implications since they inadvertently leak detailed information about household activities. In this paper, we show that even without a priori knowledge of household activities or prior training, it is possible to extract complex usage patterns from smart meter data using off-the-shelf statistical methods. Our analysis uses two months of data from three homes, which we instrumented to log aggregate household power consumption every second. With the data from our small-scale deployment, we demonstrate the potential for power consumption patterns to reveal a range of information, such as how many people are in the home, sleeping routines, eating routines, etc. We then sketch out the design of a privacy-enhancing smart meter architecture that allows an electric utility to achieve its net metering goals without compromising the privacy of its customers.
Phase-Based Methods for Heart Rate Detection Using UWB Impulse Doppler Radar (2016)

Ultra-wideband (UWB) pulse Doppler radars can be used for noncontact vital signs monitoring of more than one subject. However, their detected signals typically have low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) causing significant heart rate (HR) detection errors, as the spurious harmonics of respiration signals and mixed products of respiration and heartbeat signals (that can be relatively higher than heartbeat signals) corrupt conventional fast Fourier transform spectrograms. In this paper, we extend the complex signal demodulation (CSD) and arctangent demodulation (AD) techniques previously used for accurately detecting the phase variations of reflected signals of continuous wave radars to UWB pulse radars as well. These detection techniques reduce the impact of the interfering harmonic signals, thus improving the SNR of the detected vital sign signals. To further enhance the accuracy of the HR estimation, a recently developed state-space method has been successfully combined with CSD and AD techniques and over 10 dB improvements in SNR is demonstrated. The implementation of these various detection techniques has been experimentally investigated and full error and SNR analysis of the HR detection are presented.
THE LAMBERT-EATON MYASTHENIC SYNDROME (1988)

The clinical and electrophysiological features of 50 consecutive patients with the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) have been analysed. Carcinoma was detected (CD group) in 25, of whom 21 had small cell lung cancer (SCLC). SCLC was evident within 2 yrs of onset of LEMS symptoms in 20/21 cases, and at 3.8 yrs in 1/21. In the cases in whom no carcinoma was detected (NCD group), 14/25 had a history of LEMS greater than 5 yrs. The dominant neurological features were similar in the CD and NCD groups, and consisted of proximal lower limb weakness (100%), depressed tendon reflexes (92%) with posttetanic potentiation (78%), autonomic features, especially dryness of the mouth (74%) and mild/moderate ptosis (54%). The compound evoked muscle action potential amplitude in abductor digiti minimi was below the lower limit of control values in 48/50, and the increment following maximum voluntary contraction above the upper limit of control values in 48/50. Single fibre electromyographic abnormalities were found in 29/29 cases. The analysis indicates that a patient presenting with LEMS has a 62% risk of an underlying SCLC, and that this risk declines sharply after 2 yrs, becoming very low at 4 to 5 yrs. It is argued that in SCLC cases antigenic determinants on tumour cells initiate the autoimmune response, often early in the course of the malignancy, but that the association of LEMS with tumours other than SCLC may be fortuitous. In the latter, and in NCD patients, the initiating factor(s) are unknown.