gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurements of Piezoelectric Coefficient d33 of Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films Using a Mini Force Hammer (2013)

Lead zirconate titanate (PbZrxTi1-xO3, or PZT) is a piezoelectric material widely used as sensors and actuators. For microactuators, PZT often appears in the form of thin films to maintain proper aspect ratios. One major challenge encountered is accurate measurement of piezoelectric coefficients of PZT thin films. In this paper, we present a simple, low-cost, and effective method to measure piezoelectric coefficient d33 of PZT thin films through use of basic principles in mechanics of vibration. A small impact hammer with a tiny tip acts perpendicularly to the PZT thin-film surface to generate an impulsive force. In the meantime, a load cell at the hammer tip measures the impulsive force and a charge amplifier measures the responding charge of the PZT thin film. Then the piezoelectric coefficient d33 is obtained from the measured force and charge based on piezoelectricity and a finite element modeling. We also conduct a thorough parametric study to understand the sensitivity of this method on various parameters, such as substrate material, boundary conditions, specimen size, specimen thickness, thickness ratio, and PZT thin-film material. Two rounds of experiments are conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of this new method. The first experiment is to measure d33 of a PZT disk resonator whose d33 is known. Experimental results show that d33 measured via this method is as accurate as that from the manufacturer's specifications within its tolerance. The second experiment is to measure d33 of PZT thin films deposited on silicon substrates. With the measured d33, we predict the displacement of PZT thin-film membrane microactuators. In the meantime, the actuator displacement is measured via a laser Doppler vibrometer. The predicted and measured displacements agree very well validating the accuracy of this new method.
Measurement of the Temperature Fluctuation in a Resistor Generating 1/f Fluctuation (1983)

A new method is devised to measure the temperature fluctuation in a current-carrying resistor. The spectrum of the temperature fluctuation is determined from the values of the resistance fluctuation, the variance fluctuation, and their product. It is found to be proportional to f 1.1 and the temperature fluctuation amounts to 0.13 K 2 in the frequency range of 10 4 –10 2 Hz. This agress well with the calculated value of the equilibrium temperature fluctuation in the effective volume generating 1/ f noise.
Isolation Forest (2008)

Most existing model-based approaches to anomaly detection construct a profile of normal instances, then identify instances that do not conform to the normal profile as anomalies. This paper proposes a fundamentally different model-based method that explicitly isolates anomalies instead of profiles normal points. To our best knowledge, the concept of isolation has not been explored in current literature. The use of isolation enables the proposed method, iForest, to exploit sub-sampling to an extent that is not feasible in existing methods, creating an algorithm which has a linear time complexity with a low constant and a low memory requirement. Our empirical evaluation shows that iForest performs favourably to ORCA, a near-linear time complexity distance-based method, LOF and random forests in terms of AUC and processing time, and especially in large data sets. iForest also works well in high dimensional problems which have a large number of irrelevant attributes, and in situations where training set does not contain any anomalies.
Characterization of an Activated Human ros Gene (1986)

A human oncogene, mcf3, previously detected by a combination of DNA-mediated gene transfer and a tumorigenicity assay, derives from a human homology of the avian v-ros oncogene. Both v-ros and mcf3 can encode a protein with homology to tyrosine-specific protein kinases, and both mcf3 and v-ros encode a potential transmembrane domain N terminal to the kinase domain. mcf3 probably arose during gene transfer from a normal human ros gene by the loss of a putative extracellular domain. There do not appear to be any other gross rearrangements in the structure of mcf3.
Pretreatment of rats with pulsed electromagnetic fields enhances regeneration of the sciatic nerve (1993)

Regeneration of the sciatic nerve was studied in rats pretreated in a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF). The rats were exposed between a pair of Helmholtz coils at a pulse repetition rate of 2 pps at a field density of 60 or 300 microT. The PEMF treatment was then discontinued. After an interval of recovery, regeneration of the sciatic nerve was initiated by a crush lesion. Regeneration of sensory fibers was measured by the "pinch test" after an additional 3-6 days. A variety of PEMF pretreatments including 4 h/day for 1-4 days or exposure for 15 min/day during 2 days resulted in an increased regeneration distance, measured 3 days after the crush lesion. This effect could be demonstrated even after a 14-day recovery period. In contrast, pretreatment for 4 h/day for 2 days at 60 microT did not affect the regeneration distance. The results showed that PEMF pretreatment conditioned the rat sciatic nerve in a manner similar to that which occurs after a crush lesion, which indicates that PEMF affects the neuronal cell body. However, the mechanism of this effect remains obscure.
Arg encodes a widely expressed 145 kDa protein-tyrosine kinase. (1991)

Arg encodes a protein highly related to the c-abl gene product with regard to overall structural architecture as well as the amino acid sequences of their tyrosine kinase, and src-homologous 2 and 3 domains. The two genes form a distinct subfamily of non-receptor tyrosine kinases and share a common homolog in Drosophila. In this study we characterized the arg protein product by expression of its coding sequence in bacteria. The recombinant arg protein was detected in bacterial lysates by immunoblotting and exhibited a molecular mass of 145 kDa. Phosphoamino acid analysis of the arg gene product following an immune complex autokinase reaction revealed tyrosine phosphorylation and established that it possesses tyrosine kinase activity. High-titer antibody capable of detecting the cellular arg gene product was generated by expressing a carboxy-terminal segment of arg in bacteria and using the recombinant protein as an immunogen. The arg gene product was identified in cultured human cells as a 145 kDa protein that exhibited autokinase activity. Analysis of arg expression in murine tissues revealed that arg, like c-abl, is widely expressed, further extending the similarities between the two genes, and suggesting that arg probably functions in signaling pathways fundamental to many cell types.
Role of endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of reperfusion injury after myocardial ischemia (1991)

Endothelial dysfunction occurs after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion characterized by a marked reduction in endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) due to reduced release or action of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). This reduced EDR occurs in coronary rings isolated from cats 2.5 min after reperfusion and in isolated perfused cat hearts 2.5 min after reperfusion. No decrease in EDR occurs before reperfusion in either preparation, suggesting that this impairment in EDR occurs during reperfusion. The decrease in EDR occurs soon after the generation of superoxide radicals by the reperfused coronary endothelium. Accumulation of neutrophils and myocardial cell injury does not occur until 3-4.5 h after reperfusion. Thus, endothelial generation of superoxide radicals acts as a trigger mechanism for endothelial dysfunction which is then amplified by neutrophil adherence and diapedesis into the ischemic region enhancing post-reperfusion ischemic injury. Agents that preserve endothelial function or inhibit neutrophil activation (e.g., superoxide dismutase, prostacyclin analogs, TGF-beta, antibodies to adhesive proteins) can protect against endothelial dysfunction and myocardial injury, if administered before reperfusion.
Tick-Borne Diseases of Humans (2005)

Table of Contents I. Ticks, Their Interactions with Hosts, and the Diseases They Transmit 1. Overview of Tick-Borne Infections of Humans, David T. Dennis and Joseph F. Piesman 2. The Biology of Tick Vectors of Human Disease, Daniel E. Sonenshine 3. The Tick: a Different Kind of Host for Human Pathogens, Ulrike G. Munderloh, Steven D. Jauron, and Timothy J. Kurtti 4. Management of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases, Howard S. Ginsberg and Kirby C. Stafford III 5. The Clinical Approach to the Patient with a Possible Tick-Borne Illness, Jesse L. Goodman 6. The Human Reaction to Ticks, Uwe U. Muller-Doblies and Stephen K. Wikel 7. Tick Systematics and Identification, James E. Keirans and Lance A. Durden II. Specific Diseases 8. Colorado Tick Fever and Related Coltivirus Infections, Anthony A. Marfin and Grant L. Campbell 9. Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Patricia A. Nuttall and Milan Labuda 10. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Felicity J. Burt and Robert Swanepoel 11. Lyme Borreliosis, Allen C. Steere, Jenifer Coburn, and Lisa Glickstein 12. Tularemia, Edward B. Hayes 13. Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Jesse L. Goodman 14. Human Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis, J. E. Dawson, S. A. Ewing, W. R. Davidson, J. E. Childs, S. E. Little, and S. M. Standaert 15. Other Tick-Borne Ehrlichioses, Including Ehrlichia ewingii, Christopher D. Paddock, Allison M. Liddell, and Gregory A. Storch 16. Relapsing Fever, Alan G. Barbour 17. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses, Kevin R. Macaluso and Abdu F. Azad 18. Mediterranean Spotted Fever and Other Tick-Borne Rickettsioses, Pierre-Edouard Fournier and Didier Raoult 19. Q Fever, Herbert A. Thompson, David T. Dennis, and Gregory Dasch 20. Human Babesiosis, Mary J. Homer and David H. Persing III. Color Atlases 21. Geographic Distributions of Tick-Borne Diseases and Their Vectors, Richard N. Brown, Robert S. Lane, and David T. Dennis Color Plates, prepared by J. Stephen Dumler and Christopher D. Paddock
Small molecule inhibition of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase suppresses t cell activation (2012)

Our data demonstrate that inhibition of the PFKFB3 kinase activity attenuates the activation of T cells in vitro and suppresses T cell dependent immunity in vivo and indicate that small molecule antagonists of PFKFB3 may prove effective as T cell immunosuppressive agents.
Spontaneous polarization model for surface orientation dependence of diamond hole accumulation layer and its transistor performance (2008)

Diamond metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (FETs) have been fabricated on IIa-type large-grain diamond substrates with a (110) preferential surface. The drain current and cutoff frequency are −790mA∕mm and 45GHz, respectively, which are higher than those of single-crystal diamond FETs fabricated on (001) homoepitaxial diamond films. The hole carrier density of the hole accumulation layer depends on the orientation of the hydrogen-terminated diamond surface, for which (110) preferentially oriented films show 50%–70% lower sheet resistance than a (001) substrate. We propose that the hole density of the surface accumulation layer is proportional to the C–H bond density on the surface.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,1‐Benzisothiazoline 2,2‐Dioxide and Derivatives. (1987)

Abstract The title compound (II) is prepared either from the o‐chlorobenzylsulfonamide (I) or from the o‐aminobenzylsulfonate (III) by ring closure.
The Treatment of Multiple Myeloma (1994)

Multiple myeloma accounts for 10 percent of hematologic cancers and kills approximately 10,000 Americans each year. The disease is more common in older persons, and blacks are affected twice as frequently as whites. The cause of multiple myeloma is unknown, and its extent, complications, sensitivity to drugs, and clinical course vary widely among patients. Since many aspects of the biology of this disease have recently been discussed elsewhere,1 this review will focus on treatment.Solitary Bone MyelomaApproximately 3 percent of patients have only one bone lesion and no evidence of bone marrow plasmacytosis. Fifty percent of such patients have . . .
Transient effects in wavelength-modulated dye lasers (1975)

A new laser transient effect is observed in a wavelength-modulated cw dye laser. A theory for this effect is developed and shown to be in close agreement with the observed transients.
Frequent PVT1 Rearrangement and Novel Chimeric Genes PVT1-NBEA and PVT1-WWOX Occur in Multiple Myeloma with 8q24 Abnormality (2012)

Chromosome 8q24 rearrangements are occasionally found in multiple myeloma and are associated with tumor progression. The 8q24 rearrangements were detected by FISH in 12 of 54 patients with multiple myeloma (22.2%) and in 8 of 11 multiple myeloma cell lines (72.7%). The breakpoints of 8q24 in 10 patients with multiple myeloma and in all multiple myeloma cell lines were assigned to a 360 kb segment, which was divided into 4 regions: approximately 120 kb centromeric to MYC (5' side of MYC), the region centromerically adjacent to PVT1 (~ 170 kb region, including MYC, of 5' side of PVT1), the PVT1 region, and the telomeric region to PVT1. PVT1 rearrangements were most common and found in 7 of 12 patients (58.3%) and 5 of 8 cell lines (62.5%) with 8q24 abnormalities. A combination of spectral karyotyping (SKY), FISH, and oligonucleotide array identified several partner loci of PVT1 rearrangements, such as 4p16, 4q13, 13q13, 14q32, and 16q23-24. Two novel chimeric genes were identified: PVT1-NBEA in the AMU-MM1 cell line harboring t(8;13)(q24;q13) and PVT1-WWOX in RPMI8226 cell line harboring der(16)t(16;22)ins(16;8)(q23;q24). The PVT1-NBEA chimera in which PVT1 exon 1 was fused to NBEA exon 2 and the PVT1-WWOX in which PVT1 exon 1 was fused to WWOX exon 9 were associated with the expression of abnormal NBEA and WWOX lacking their N-terminus, respectively. These findings suggest that PVT1 rearrangements may represent a novel molecular paradigm underlying the pathology of 8q24 rearrangement-positive multiple myeloma.
Inhibition of CXCR4-Mediated Breast Cancer Metastasis: A Potential Role for Heparinoids? (2007)

Clinically relevant concentrations of tinzaparin inhibit the interaction between CXCL12 and CXCR4 and may be useful to prevent chemokine-driven breast cancer metastasis.
Modification of human cytomegalovirus tropism through propagation in vitro is associated with changes in the viral genome (1999)

Following extensive propagation in fibroblasts, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) loses tropism for a number of otherwise natural host cells, in particular, endothelial cells. In this study, the hypothesis was tested that loss of endothelial tropism is associated with the appearance of genomic variants. Initial quantitative focus expansion assays on endothelial monolayers demonstrated that, while the laboratory strains AD169 and Towne failed to form detectable foci, 29 out of 30 recent clinical HCMV isolates had the potential to expand in endothelial cell culture. By long-term adaptation in fibroblast cultures, nonendotheliotropic strains could be selected from clinical HCMV isolates, while long-term endothelial-adapted strains of the same isolates retained both fibroblast tropism and endothelial tropism. Such differentially adapted isolate pairs always displayed genomic differences in restriction fragment length analyses. Coinfection of endothelial cells by two nonendotheliotropic HCMV strains yielded an endotheliotropic recombinant HCMV variant combining portions of the genomes of both parental viruses. When DNA purified from various isolates was transfected into fibroblasts, progeny virus retained the specific tropism of parental virus from which the DNA was isolated. These findings demonstrate that endothelial tropism is an inherent property of most clinical HCMV isolates and is determined by the viral genome. Although the specific determinants of HCMV cell tropism are still unknown, this study provides the first evidence for a genetic contribution.
Growth Hormone-Binding Protein: II. Studies in Pygmies and Normal Statured Subjects* (1990)

The serum concentrations of a specific GH-binding protein, derived from the GH receptor, were assayed in sera from 62 African pygmies and 101 normal statured controls. Samples were assayed in the absence and presence of excess GH using 2 separatory procedures. Interassay variability for samples was corrected by a standard reference pool of sera from adults assayed with all unknown samples. Results were expressed as specific binding relative to this standard. The mean percent relative specific binding for GH increased with age in normal-statured controls throughout childhood and adolescence. Relative specific binding for GH was 37.0 +/- 2.0% (mean +/- SEM) in control subjects between the ages of 1-5 yr (mean age, 2.9 yr) and increased progressively to 93.0 +/- 7.0% in young adults (mean age, 23 yr). The relative specific binding of GH by serum from pygmies did not exceed 30.1 +/- 3.4% of the control adult standard at any age period (P less than 0.001), and there was no progressive age-related increase in binding. The decrease from normal binding was minimal in pygmies during childhood (29%), but the decrease from normal was 60-70% in adolescents and adults. Thus, short stature in pygmies probably results not from an absolute deficiency of GH receptors per se, as in Laron dwarfism, but from a failure of cellular GH receptors to increase in a normal manner. This is most compatible with a change in regulating expression of the GH receptor gene, rather than a structural defect in the coding sequence of the GH receptor gene.
Selective Impairment in Sympathetic Vasomotor Control With Norepinephrine Transporter Inhibition (2003)

NET inhibition profoundly and selectively reduces baroreflex control of sympathetic vasomotor tone and attenuates the responsiveness to sympathetic stimuli. The reduction in baroreflex buffering increases the sensitivity to vasoactive medications. Therefore, our findings represent a novel mechanism for drug interactions.
Dual-frequency 2D-IR spectroscopy heterodyned photon echo of the peptide bond (2003)

The structure fluctuations of the peptide bond interacting with solvent are examined through the coupling and correlations of the frequency distributions of amide I and amide II transitions. The fluctuations of the two modes are anticorrelated as a result of the solvent-induced changes in the mixing of the dominant valence-bond structures of the peptide. Significant anharmonic coupling of the two modes is seen. The results are the application of a new approach to two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopy in which the pulse sequences used to produce the vibrational echoes incorporate two frequencies. This dual-frequency arrangement greatly extends the capabilities of 2D-IR spectroscopy by allowing the coupling between widely separated modes to be characterized in analogy with heteronuclear NMR. The experiment exposes the cross peaks, representing the mode coupling, free of the interference of the strong diagonal peaks that typically dominate 2D-IR spectroscopy. The alignment and dephasing of coupled transitions, in this example the amide I and amide II transition dipoles, is also determined by these experiments.
On the preprocessing and postprocessing of HRTF individualization based on sparse representation of anthropometric features (2015)

Individualization of head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) can be realized using the person's anthropometry with a pretrained model. This model usually establishes a direct linear or non-linear mapping from anthropometry to HRTFs in the training database. Due to the complex relation between anthropometry and HRTFs, the accuracy of this model depends heavily on the correct selection of the anthropometric features. To alleviate this problem and improve the accuracy of HRTF individualization, an indirect HRTF individualization framework was proposed recently, where HRTFs are synthesized using a sparse representation trained from the anthropometric features. In this paper, we extend their study on this framework by investigating the effects of different preprocessing and postprocessing methods on HRTF individualization. Our experimental results showed that preprocessing and postprocessing methods are crucial for achieving accurate HRTF individualization.
Optimizing World-Wide Web for weakly connected mobile workstations: An indirect approach (2002)

Modern portable computers and wireless connections over cellular telephone networks have created a new platform for distributed information processing. We have designed a communication architecture that makes it possible to exploit the existing TCP/IP communication protocols but that also takes into account specific features of cellular links. Our communication architecture is based on the concept of indirect interaction. The mediating interceptor is the bridge between the worlds of wireless and wireline communication. It also provides enhanced functionality that improves fault-tolerance and performance. In this paper we demonstrate how the architecture is used to improve the performance of the WWW information browsing. Similar solution methods can be applied to other existing applications and protocols.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Operative versus non-operative treatment of recent injuries to the ligaments of the knee. A prospective randomized study. (1987)

Two hundred consecutively seen patients who had an injury to either the anterior cruciate ligament or the medial collateral ligament, or both, were randomly allocated to treatment by either conservative or a surgical regimen. Injuries to the medial collateral ligament could not be demonstrated to benefit from surgical treatment in any respect--with or without surgery the results were excellent. With injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament, recovery was more rapid without surgery but otherwise the results differed between the groups in only one respect: the pivot-shift test was more often positive after conservative treatment. The results were good in both treatment groups even though most of the patients who had an injury of the anterior cruciate ligament were somewhat less pleased with the outcome after a period of time.
A comparison of the Cassegrain and other beam expanders in high-power pulsed dye lasers (1982)

We have constructed and compared high peak power YAG-pumped dye lasers using a variety of beam expansion methods, particularly the Cassegrainian telescope, grazing-incidence, and achromaticprism beam expander designs. We find that the Cassegrainian design offers a modest advantage over the conventional Hänsch or refractive telescope design in larger magnification and hence, narrower linewidth, while retaining several inherent drawbacks in cost, alignment difficulty, and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) problems. New problems specific to the Cassegrainian design in high-power operation include limited wavelength range of the telescope secondary and a severe diffraction grating damage mechanism during alignment. We conclude that, on the whole, the Hänsch and Cassegrainian designs offer roughly equal performance. By comparison, the grazing-incidence design offers significant advantages in cost, ease of alignment, and linewidth without an etalon, but with reductions in efficiency, power output, and in some cases, wavelength stability. Our final judgment is that for high-power multimode operation, the four-prism achromatic beam expander is generally superior to the other designs. For single-mode operation, however, the prism design is rivaled by several ingenious grazing-incidence variations.