gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical localization of galectin-3 in malignant and benign human thyroid tissue. (1998)

The results of this study indicate that galectin-3 gene is expressed at the protein level in most thyroid carcinomas and some adenomas. Galectin-3 expression was not clearly correlated with histopathological aggressiveness, dedifferentiation state or determination of malignancy of the follicular tumour. The role of galectin-3 in thyroid tumour biology remains to be elucidated.
Cutting Edge: IL-27 Induces the Transcription Factor c-Maf, Cytokine IL-21, and the Costimulatory Receptor ICOS that Coordinately Act Together to Promote Differentiation of IL-10-Producing Tr1 Cells (2009)

IL-27 has recently been identified as a differentiation factor for the generation of IL-10-producing regulatory type 1 (Tr1) T cells. However, how IL-27 induces the expansion of Tr1 cells has not been elucidated. In this study we demonstrate that IL-27 drives the expansion and differentiation of IL-10-producing murine Tr1 cells by inducing three key elements: the transcription factor c-Maf, the cytokine IL-21, and the costimulatory receptor ICOS. IL-27-driven c-Maf expression transactivates IL-21 production, which acts as an autocrine growth factor for the expansion and/or maintenance of IL-27-induced Tr1 cells. ICOS further promotes IL-27-driven Tr1 cells. Each of those elements is essential, because loss of c-Maf, IL-21-signaling, or ICOS decreases the frequency of IL-27-induced differentiation of IL-10-producing Tr1 cells.
Endosialin Protein Expression and Therapeutic Target Potential in Human Solid Tumors: Sarcoma versus Carcinoma (2008)

Findings suggest that an anti-endosialin immunotoxin might be a promising therapeutic approach for endosialin-positive neoplasia, especially synovial sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, liposarcoma, and osteosarcoma. Thus, a diagnostic/therapeutic targeted therapeutic approach to treatment of endosialin-expressing tumors may be possible.
Immunization against Alzheimer's β-amyloid plaques via EFRH phage administration (2000)

The epitope EFRH, corresponding to amino acids 3-6 within the human beta-amyloid peptide (AbetaP), acts as a regulatory site controlling both the formation and disaggregation process of the beta-amyloid fibrils (Abeta). Locking of this epitope by highly specific antibodies affects the dynamics of the entire AbetaP molecule, preventing self-aggregation as well as enabling resolubilization of already formed aggregates. Production of such antibodies by repeated injections of toxic human Abeta fibrils into transgenic mice suggests the feasibility of vaccination against Alzheimer's disease. Here, we report the development of an immunization procedure for the production of effective anti-aggregating beta-amyloid antibodies based on filamentous phages displaying the EFRH peptide as specific and nontoxic antigen. Effective autoimmune antibodies were obtained by EFRH phage administration in guinea pigs, which exhibit AbetaP identical to the human AbetaP region. Moreover, because of the high antigenicity of the phage, no adjuvant is required to obtain high affinity anti-aggregating IgG antibodies after a short immunization period of 3 weeks. Availability of such antibodies opens up possibilities for the development of an efficient and long-lasting vaccination for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Abracadabra (2009)

We present Abracadabra, a magnetically driven input technique that offers users wireless, unpowered, high fidelity finger input for mobile devices with very small screens. By extending the input area to many times the size of the device's screen, our approach is able to offer a high C-D gain, enabling fine motor control. Additionally, screen occlusion can be reduced by moving interaction off of the display and into unused space around the device. We discuss several example applications as a proof of concept. Finally, results from our user study indicate radial targets as small as 16 degrees can achieve greater than 92% selection accuracy, outperforming comparable radial, touch-based finger input.
Fabrication of textured Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O thick film by electrophoretic deposition (1991)

Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O thick films (≊5–40 μm) were electrophoretically deposited on silver foil using ethyl alcohol as the suspending liquid. The deposition voltage was ≊70 V/cm and the current ≊550 μA/cm2. X-ray diffraction of the as-deposited sample shows texturing. This texturing was enhanced by pressing the film uniaxially at ≊82 MPa. Samples were sintered at 810 °C in a 10% oxygen-in-argon atmosphere. Liquid at the sintering temperature promotes textured grain growth. The critical current density (Jc) of the film determined by magnetic measurement at 5 K in a 2 kOe field is ≊1.3×104 A/cm2.
An Anti-Human VEGF Monoclonal Antibody, MV833, That Exhibits Potent Anti-Tumor Activity In Vivo (1998)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic factor for tumor angiogenesis and growth. We previously established the immunoneutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to human VEGF, and showed that MV101 (IgG1) and MV303 (IgG2a) inhibited the growth of human solid tumor xenografts in nude mice. Then, we tried to develop another immunoneutralizing anti-VEGF MAb that exhibited more potent antitumor activity than MV101 or MV303. We obtained more than 140 clones of hybridomas that were producing anti-VEGF MAb from the mice immunized with recombinant human VEGF121. Among them, 26 clones showed the immunoneutralizing activity and MV833 possessed the most potent antitumor activity in vivo. A total of 9 i.p. administrations of 25 microg of MV833 inhibited the growth of human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 solid tumor xenografted in nude mice more potently than MV101 or MV303. Moreover, only 1 i.v. administration of 100 microg of MV833 on Day 1 after tumor inoculation also significantly inhibited the growth of HT-1080 in vivo, whereas MV101 and MV303 did not. All three MAbs inhibited the growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) induced by VEGF121 and the binding of 125I-labeled VEGF121 to HUVEC to a similar extent. The binding of MV101 and MV303 to VEGF121 was cross-competitive; however, MV833 weakly competed with the binding of MV101 to VEGF121. These findings indicated that MV833 recognized the region(s) of VEGF differently than MV101 or MV303, and this difference contributed to the superiority of antitumor activity of MV833.
Increased Inflammatory Properties of Adipose Tissue Macrophages Recruited During Diet-Induced Obesity (2006)

Although recent studies show that adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) participate in the inflammatory changes in obesity and contribute to insulin resistance, the properties of these cells are not well understood. We hypothesized that ATMs recruited to adipose tissue during a high-fat diet have unique inflammatory properties compared with resident tissue ATMs. Using a dye (PKH26) to pulse label ATMs in vivo, we purified macrophages recruited to white adipose tissue during a high-fat diet. Comparison of gene expression in recruited and resident ATMs using real-time RT-PCR and cDNA microarrays showed that recruited ATMs overexpress genes important in macrophage migration and phagocytosis, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2). Many of these genes were not induced in ATMs from high-fat diet-fed CCR2 knockout mice, supporting the importance of CCR2 in regulating recruitment of inflammatory ATMs during obesity. Additionally, expression of Apoe was decreased, whereas genes important in lipid metabolism, such as Pparg, Adfp, Srepf1, and Apob48r, were increased in the recruited macrophages. In agreement with this, ATMs from obese mice had increased lipid content compared with those from lean mice. These studies demonstrate that recruited ATMs in obese animals represent a subclass of macrophages with unique properties.
Anti-tumor Effects of Letrozole (2002)

The use of drugs, which inhibit estrogen biosynthesis, is an attractive treatment for postmenopausal women with hormone-dependent breast cancer. Estrogen deprivation is most specifically achieved using inhibitors which block the last stage in the biosynthetic sequence, i.e., the conversion of androgens to estrogens by the aromatase enzyme. Recently, a new generation of aromatase inhibitors has been developed. Among these, letrozole (Femara) appears to be the most potent. When given orally in milligram amounts per day to postmenopausal women, the drug almost totally inhibits peripheral aromatase and causes a marked reduction in circulating estrogens to levels that are often undetectable in conventional assays. Similarly, neoadjuvant studies demonstrate that letrozole substantially inhibits aromatase activity in both malignant and nonmalignant breast tissues, and markedly suppresses endogenous estrogens within the breast cancers. These studies also illustrate anti-estrogenic and anti-proliferative effects of letrozole in estrogen receptor (ER)-rich tumors. Thus, tumor expression of progesterone receptors and the cell-cycle marker Ki67 is significantly and consistently reduced with treatment. Additionally, clear pathological responses as evidenced by decreased cellularity and increased fibrosis are seen in the majority of cases. These results translated into clinical benefit in a series of 24 breast cancers treated neoadjuvantly with letrozole (either 2.5 or 10 mg): tumor volume reductions > 25% were observed in 23 women, and > 50% reductions in 18 patients. Pathological and clinical effects are seen much more consistently than with tamoxifen. Thus, in a multicenter randomized trial of letrozole vs. tamoxifen (PE 024), clinical study outcomes were superior for letrozole in comparison with tamoxifen with regard to overall tumor response and an increase in the proportion of patients treated by breast conserving surgery. Letrozole has also been used in advanced breast cancer, both as second-line hormone treatment following tamoxifen failure, and more recently as first-line therapy. Trials of second-line treatment in which letrozole has been compared with either older aromatase inhibitors or progestins have shown equivalent or superior clinical activity and improved tolerability favoring letrozole. In first-line comparison with tamoxifen in metastatic disease, a phase III trial of over 900 postmenopausal women showed letrozole to be significantly better than tamoxifen in terms of overall tumor response rates, clinical benefit, and time to treatment failure. In summary, letrozole is an exceptionally potent and specific endocrine agent. In patients with ER-rich tumors, high rates of pathological and clinical response have been documented, and large phase III trials against established treatments such as tamoxifen and progestin suggest superior (or at least equivalent) clinical efficacy. Letrozole is a drug of immense potential and in the future is likely to occupy a central role in the management of postmenopausal women with hormone-dependent breast cancer.
Steganalysis Using Higher-Order Image Statistics (2006)

Techniques for information hiding (steganography) are becoming increasingly more sophisticated and widespread. With high-resolution digital images as carriers, detecting hidden messages is also becoming considerably more difficult. We describe a universal approach to steganalysis for detecting the presence of hidden messages embedded within digital images. We show that, within multiscale, multiorientation image decompositions (e.g., wavelets), first- and higher-order magnitude and phase statistics are relatively consistent across a broad range of images, but are disturbed by the presence of embedded hidden messages. We show the efficacy of our approach on a large collection of images, and on eight different steganographic embedding algorithms.
Heme Oxygenase-1 Inhibits Atherogenesis in Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic Rabbits (2001)

These results suggest the possibilities that HO-1 has antiatherogenic properties in vivo and that the antiatherogenic properties of HO-1 are conducted through the prevention of lipid peroxidation.
Relationship between the incidence of type 1 diabetes and enterovirus infections in different European populations: Results from the EPIVIR project (2004)

The incidence of type 1 diabetes varies markedly between countries. As enterovirus infections have been linked to type 1 diabetes, we determined whether this variation correlates with the frequency of enterovirus infections in different Caucasian populations in Europe. Enterovirus antibodies were examined in the background population (1-year-old and 10-14-year-old children) in seven countries with either exceptionally high (Finland and Sweden) or low/intermediate incidence of diabetes (Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Russia) using EIA and neutralisation assays. Enterovirus antibodies were less frequent in countries with high diabetes incidence compared to countries with low diabetes incidence (P<0.001). This suggests that enterovirus infections are not particularly common in countries with high diabetes incidence. In contrast, there seems to be an inverse correlation between the incidence of type 1 diabetes and enterovirus infections in the background population, which is in line with the previously proposed polio hypothesis according to which the complications of enterovirus infections become more common in an environment with a decreased rate of infections.
Development of 2‘-O-Methoxyethyl Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides as Antisense Drugs under Stereochemical Control (2002)

A systematic investigation of the stereoreproducibility of 2‘-O-methoxyethylribonucleoside phosphoramidite-based phosphorothioate oligonucleotide synthesis reveals that 1H-tetrazole-catalyzed phosphoramidite coupling followed by sulfurization with phenylacetyl disulfide (PADS) is under inherent stereochemical control. Analyses of single phosphorothioate linkages in oligonucleotides as well as in dimers by 31P NMR spectroscopy reveal reproducible stereochemical control in deoxy/2‘-O-methoxyethylribo- and 2‘-O-methoxyethylribo/deoxydinucleotide phosphorothioates and in 2‘-O-methoxyethylribo/2‘-O-methoxyethylribonucleotide phosphorothioate linkages. Particularly interesting is the fact that the R,S ratio of the phosphorothioate linkage is reproducible (within limits of experimental error) between syntheses and is independent of diastereomeric composition of phosphoramidites, synthesis scale, solid support, reactor, concentration during coupling or synthesis conditions. Activators, however, play a major role in determining the diastereomeric ratio of 2‘-O-methoxyethyl RNA phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages.
HARQ for WCDMA enhanced uplink: link level performance in SHO (2005)

This paper deals with the link performance of the enhanced uplink dedicated channel (E-DCH), a new concept currently studied in 3GPP for introduction in the WCDMA/UTRA-FDD standard. A key feature of E-DCH is the physical/MAC layer retransmission, employing soft combining of different versions of the same packet to improve the performance of the link. In order to evaluate the possible gain from this new feature, extensive link-level simulations are needed, which take into account even the effect of the needed side signaling on the overall performance. This paper presents results for some interesting cases, considering in particular the situation of a user in soft handover (SHO).
Biosynthesis and Secretion of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone* (1983)

THE ANTERIOR pituitary gland synthesizes and secretes three glycoprotein hormones. Two of these, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are termed gonadotropins and exert divergent effects upon the gonads to regulate and maintain essential reproductive processes such as gametogenesis, steroidogenesis, and ovulation. We possess a basic understanding of the role played by both gonadotropins in a wide variety of physiological processes associated with reproduction. This review is intended to provide a concise body of information regarding the biological processes associated with the biosynthesis and secretion of FSH. Since both gonadotropins appear to be synthesized by the same cell in the anterior pituitary gland (1, 2) and the biosynthetic and secretory processes are influenced by the same hypothalamic hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (3), this review will consider a great deal of information obtained from the study of both gonadotropins. However the primary focus will be the biochemical, physiological, and neuroendocrine studies relative to FSH.
ACTIVE IMMUNITY TO THE CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA) IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH AN ANTI-IDIOTYPE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY VACCINE (1994)

Foon, K. A. M.D.; Chakraborty, M. Ph.D.; John, W. M.D.; Sherratt, A. M.D., Ph.D.; Köhler, H. M.D.; Bhattacharya-Chatterjee, M. Ph.D. Author Information
Acute effects of tamoxifen and third-generation aromatase inhibitors on menopausal symptoms of breast cancer patients (2004)

Endocrine treatments of breast cancer patients antagonize estrogen and may lead to consequences of estrogen deprivation including menopausal symptoms. We analyzed the changes in frequency and severity of menopausal symptoms in patients receiving tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors and identified factors influencing these symptoms. One hundred and eighty-one consecutive postmenopausal breast cancer patients scheduled to start endocrine treatment were included in this prospective study. A menopause symptom questionnaire covering vasomotor, atrophic, psychological, cognitive and somatic symptoms was filled in at baseline, and after 1 and 3 months of therapy. Both first-line tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors induced an increase in the occurrence and severity of hot flashes (p<0.0001 and p=0.014, respectively). Musculoskeletal pain and dyspareunia significantly increased under first-line non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors (p=0.0039 and p=0.001, respectively), while patients under tamoxifen had significant decrease in sexual interest (p< or =0.0001). Younger age was associated with more hot flashes and vaginal dryness at baseline, and after 1 and 3 months of therapy (all p<0.02). We conclude that there are significant differences between the early effects of tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors on menopausal symptoms of breast cancer patients. Our results underscore the need for safe and effective non-hormonal interventions to alleviate vasomotor and musculoskeletal symptoms which were the most prevalent and severe symptoms.
Vector models for data-parallel computing (1990)

Models for Data-Parallel Computing describes a model of parallelism that extends and formalizes the Data-Parallel model on which the Connection Machine and other supercomputers are based. It presents many algorithms based on the model, ranging from graph algorithms to numerical algorithms, and argues that data-parallel models are not only practical and can be applied to a surprisingly wide variety of problems, they are also well suited for very-high-level languages and lead to a concise and clear description of algorithms and their complexity. Many of the author's ideas have been incorporated into the instruction set and into algorithms currently running on the Connection Machine.The book includes the definition of a parallel vector machine; an extensive description of the uses of the scan (also called parallel-prefix) operations; the introduction of segmented vector operations; parallel data structures for trees, graphs, and grids; many parallel computational-geometry, graph, numerical and sorting algorithms; techniques for compiling nested parallelism; a compiler for Paralation Lisp; and details on the implementation of the scan operations.Guy E. Blelloch is an Assistant Professor of Computer Science and a Principal Investigator with the Super Compiler and Advanced Language project at Carnegie Mellon University.Contents: Introduction. Parallel Vector Models. The Scan Primitives. Computational-Geometry Algorithms. Graph Algorithms. Numerical Algorithms. Languages and Compilers. Correction-Oriented Languages. Flattening Nested Parallelism. A Compiler for Paralation Lisp. Paralation-Lisp Code. The Scan Vector Model. Data Structures. Implementing Parallel Vector Models. Implementing the Scan Operations. Conclusions. Glossary.
Brachial plexus injury as an unusual complication of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (2003)

Brachial plexus injury is an unusual and under-recognised complication of coronary artery bypass grafting especially when internal mammary artery harvesting takes place. It is believed to be due to sternal retraction resulting in compression of the brachial plexus. Although the majority of cases are transient, there are cases where the injury is permanent and may have severe implications as illustrated in the accompanying case history.
Reduced Affinity to and Inhibition by DKK1 Form a Common Mechanism by Which High Bone Mass-Associated Missense Mutations in LRP5 Affect Canonical Wnt Signaling (2005)

The low-density-lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5), a coreceptor in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, has been implicated in human disorders of low and high bone mass. Loss-of-function mutations cause the autosomal recessive osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, and heterozygous missense mutations in families segregating autosomal dominant high bone mass (HBM) phenotypes have been identified. We expressed seven different HBM-LRP5 missense mutations to delineate the mechanism by which they alter Wnt signaling. None of the mutations caused activation of the receptor in the absence of ligand. Each mutant receptor was able to reach the cell surface, albeit at differing amounts, and transduce exogenously supplied Wnt1 and Wnt3a signal. All HBM mutant proteins had reduced physical interaction with and reduced inhibition by DKK1. These data suggest that HBM mutant proteins can transit to the cell surface in sufficient quantity to transduce Wnt signal and that the likely mechanism for the HBM mutations' physiologic effects is via reduced affinity to and inhibition by DKK1.
Effects of Various Sugars Added to Growth and Drying Media upon Thermotolerance and Survival throughout Storage of Freeze-Dried lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (2004)

The aim of this research effort was to investigate the role of various sugar substrates in the growth medium upon thermotolerance and upon survival during storage after freeze-drying of Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Addition of the sugars tested to the growth medium, and of these and sorbitol to the drying medium (skim milk) was investigated so as to determine whether a relationship exists between growth and drying media, in terms of protection of freeze-dried cells throughout storage. The lowest decrease in viability of L. bulgaricus cells after freeze-drying was obtained when that organism was grown in the presence of mannose. However, L. bulgaricus clearly survived better during storage when cells had been grown in the presence of fructose, lactose or mannose rather than glucose (the standard sugar in the growth medium). A similar effect could not be observed in terms of thermotolerance; in this case, the growth medium supplemented with lactose was found to yield cells bearing the highest heat resistance. Supplementation of the drying medium with glucose, fructose, lactose, mannose or sorbitol led in most cases to enhancement of protection during storage, to a degree that was growth medium-dependent.
Agreement in Breast Cancer Classification between Microarray and Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR from Fresh-Frozen and Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissues (2007)

Centroid-based algorithms are robust classifiers for breast cancer subtype assignment across platforms and procurement conditions.