gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expression and Differential Polarization of the Reduced-folate Transporter-1 and the Folate Receptor α in Mammalian Retinal Pigment Epithelium (2000)

The differential polarized distribution of the reduced- folate transporter (RFT-1) and folate receptor alpha (FRalpha), the two proteins involved in the transport of folate, has been characterized in normal mouse retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and in cultured human RPE cells. RPE cells mediate the vectorial transfer of nutrients from choroidal blood to neural retina. Whereas FRalpha is known to be present in many cell types of the neural retina, in situ hybridization analysis in the present study demonstrated that RFT-1 is present only in RPE. Laser-scanning confocal microscopy using antibodies specific for RFT-1 demonstrated an apical distribution of this protein in cultured human and intact mouse RPE, which contrasts with the basolateral distribution of FRalpha in these cells. The expression of RFT-1 in the RPE cell apical membrane was confirmed by functional studies with purified apical membrane vesicles from bovine RPE. These studies, done with N(5)-methyltetrahydrofolate (the predominant folate derivative in blood) and folate as substrates, have shown that RFT-1 functions in a Na(+)- and C1(-)-independent manner. The transporter is specific for folate and its analogs. A transmembrane H(+) gradient influences the transport function of this protein markedly; the transport mechanism is likely to be either folate/H(+) co-transport or folate/OH(-) exchange. Based on the differential polarization of FRalpha and RFT-1 in RPE, we suggest that these two proteins work in a concerted manner to bring about the vectorial transfer of folate across the RPE cell layer from the choroidal blood to the neural retina. This constitutes the first report of the differential polarization of the two folate transport proteins in any polarized epithelium.
THE IN VITRO DESENSITIZATION OF SENSITIVE CELLS BY TRYPSIN (1964)

Peritoneal exudate cells from animals exhibiting delayed hypersensitivity are inhibited from migrating in vitro by specific antigen. This inhibition is completely abolished by pretreatment of the sensitive cells with trypsin. The action of trypsin is prevented by soybean trypsin inhibitor. The results of experiments with mixtures of normal and sensitive cells suggest that trypsin alters an immunologic capacity of the sensitive cells. Trypsinized sensitive cells are capable of passively transferring delayed hypersensitivity and peritoneal cells taken from recipient animals are inhibited from migrating in vitro by specific antigen. These results suggest that the cells rapidly resynthesize the material removed by trypsin. The possible nature of the material removed by trypsin is discussed.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2008)

For over forty years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been scrutinized and studied, garnering much attention due to their broad therapeutic efficacy. In Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Methods and Protocols, leaders in the field were assembled to contribute detailed methodologies for the isolation and characterization of human and rodent MSCs. Recently, these vital cells have shown therapeutic benefits in the treatment of myocardial infarction, stroke, lung diseases, spinal cord injury and other neurological disorders, thus promising a boundless future in their study. Written to the specifications of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology™ series format, each chapter contains step-by-step laboratory protocols, a list of the necessary materials, and a Notes section with tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting edge and easy to use, Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Methods and Protocols is the perfect resource for scientists attempting to pursue this important and ever-developing field of research
Measurement of Gelatinase B (MMP-9) in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients With Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer Disease (2004)

Patients with multiinfarct and small vessel VaD have elevated levels of MMP-9 in the CSF compared with AD and controls. Although CSF MMP-9 increases in other neurological conditions and is not specific for VaD, it could provide an additional biological marker for the separation of patients with VaD and AD.
HLA Mismatching Strategies for Solid Organ Transplantation – A Balancing Act (2016)

HLA matching provides numerous benefits in organ transplantation including better graft function, fewer rejection episodes, longer graft survival, and the possibility of reduced immunosuppression. Mismatches are attended by more frequent rejection episodes that require increased immunosuppression that, in turn, can increase the risk of infection and malignancy. HLA mismatches also incur the risk of sensitization, which can reduce the opportunity and increase waiting time for a subsequent transplant. However, other factors such as donor age, donor type, and immunosuppression protocol, can affect the benefit derived from matching. Furthermore, finding a well-matched donor may not be possible for all patients and usually prolongs waiting time. Strategies to optimize transplantation for patients without a well-matched donor should take into account the immunologic barrier represented by different mismatches: what are the least immunogenic mismatches considering the patient's HLA phenotype; should repeated mismatches be avoided; is the patient sensitized to HLA and, if so, what are the strengths of the patient's antibodies? This information can then be used to define the HLA type of an immunologically optimal donor and the probability of such a donor occurring. A probability that is considered to be too low may require expanding the donor population through paired donation or modifying what is acceptable, which may require employing treatment to overcome immunologic barriers such as increased immunosuppression or desensitization. Thus, transplantation must strike a balance between the risk associated with waiting for the optimal donor and the risk associated with a less than optimal donor.
Stimulation of fetal hemoglobin production by short chain fatty acids (1995)

Butyrate, a four-carbon fatty acid, and its two-carbon metabolic product, acetate, are inducers of gamma-globin synthesis. To test whether other short-chain fatty acids share this property, we first examined whether propionic acid, a three-carbon fatty acid that is not catabolized to acetate, induces gamma-globin expression. Sodium propionate increased the frequency of fetal hemoglobin containing erythroblasts and the gamma/gamma + beta mRNA ratios in adult erythroid cell cultures and F reticulocyte production in a nonanemic juvenile baboon. Short-chain fatty acids containing five (pentanoic), six (hexanoic), seven (heptanoic), eight (octanoic), and nine (nonanoic) carbons induced gamma-globin expression (as measured by increase in gamma-positive erythroblasts and gamma/gamma + beta mRNA ratios) in adult erythroid burst-forming unit cultures. There was a clear-cut relationship between the concentration of fatty acids in culture and the degree of induction of gamma-globin expression. Three-, four-, and five-carbon fatty acids were better inducers of gamma globin in culture as compared with six- to nine-carbon fatty acids. These results suggest that all short-chain fatty acids share the property of gamma-globin gene inducibility. The fact that valproic acid, a derivative of pentanoic acid, also induces gamma-globin expression suggests that short-chain fatty acid derivatives that are already approved for human use may possess the property of gamma-globin inducibility and may be of therapeutic relevance to the beta-chain hemoglobinopathies.
Expression of GABA transporter subtypes (GAT1, GAT3) in the developing rabbit retina (1999)

GABA neurotransmission starts to develop already the first one to three days after birth, reaches the mature neuron pattern at about PN9 to PN10 but is not fully developed until about PN20. Neither GAT1 nor GAT3 appears to be involved in trophic actions by GABA in the prenatal retina.
Oxidative Stress and DNA Methylation in Prostate Cancer (2010)

The protective effects of fruits, vegetables, and other foods on prostate cancer may be due to their antioxidant properties. An imbalance in the oxidative stress/antioxidant status is observed in prostate cancer patients. Genome oxidative damage in prostate cancer patients is associated with higher lipid peroxidation and lower antioxidant levels. Oxygen radicals are associated with different steps of carcinogenesis, including structural DNA damage, epigenetic changes, and protein and lipid alterations. Epigenetics affects genetic regulation, cellular differentiation, embryology, aging, cancer, and other diseases. DNA methylation is perhaps the most extensively studied epigenetic modification, which plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression and chromatin architecture, in association with histone modification and other chromatin-associated proteins. This review will provide a broad overview of the interplay of oxidative stress and DNA methylation, DNA methylation changes in regulation of gene expression, lifestyle changes for prostate cancer prevention, DNA methylation as biomarkers for prostate cancer, methods for detection of methylation, and clinical application of DNA methylation inhibitors for epigenetic therapy.
IL-4 is required to generate and sustain in vivo IgE responses. (1988)

Antibodies of the IgE isotype play a predominant role in immediate hypersensitivity reactions. IL-4, a T cell-derived lymphokine that stimulates increased Ia expression by resting B cells and increased IgG1 secretion by LPS-activated B cells in vitro, has also been shown to regulate in vitro and in vivo polyclonal IgE responses. We report that large quantities of a purified anti-IL-4 mAb inhibit primary in vivo polyclonal IgE responses by 99% in mice infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis or injected with anti-IgD antibodies, and totally inhibit secondary Ag-specific IgE responses to TNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin without effect on either IgG1 or IgG2a responses to these stimuli. The lack of effect of anti-IL-4 antibody on IgG1 secretion cannot be explained simply by inadequate neutralization of IL-4, inasmuch as the doses of anti-IL-4 antibody used blocked an N. brasiliensis-induced increase in B cell Ia expression by more than 85%, whereas in vitro studies indicate that enhancement of B cell Ia expression requires less IL-4 than induction of IgG1 secretion. In addition to demonstrating that IL-4 plays a necessary role in the generation of an in vivo IgE response, we show that IL-4 has an important role in sustaining established IgE responses, because anti-IL-4 antibody, when given at the peak of an N. brasiliensis- or TNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin-induced IgE response, accelerates the declines in total serum IgE and in IgE anti-TNP antibody levels, respectively. These observations suggest that the effects of IL-4 on in vivo immune responses may be more specific than might have been predicted from in vitro observations, and that regulation of IL-4 production or action may be useful for the prevention or therapy of immediate hypersensitivity disorders.
Cytotoxicity of Antiosteosarcoma Recombinant Immunotoxins Composed of TP-3 Fv Fragments and a Truncated Pseudomonas Exotoxin A (2001)

Regrowth of drug-resistant tumor cells is responsible for approximately half of an unselected osteosarcoma population still dying of the disease despite aggressive combination therapy. Two monoclonal antibodies, TP-1 (immunoglobulin 2a) and TP-3 (immunoglobulin 2b) are available, which specifically recognize an antigen on osteosarcoma cells. In this work, we have fused the variable (V) genes of TP-3 to a truncated fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin A, referred to as PE38. Two immunotoxins were made that differed in the Fv portion: TP-3(scFv)-PE38, which contains a peptide linker, and TP-3(dsFv)-PE38, which contains a disulfide bond for stabilization of the association between the V domains. Recombinant TP-3 immunotoxins were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified from inclusion bodies. We describe the design and expression of these immunotoxins, and their properties with regard to antigen binding, stability, and cytotoxicity. Toxicity studies were done in mice. We found that the immunotoxins exhibited very similar in vitro properties, whereas in vivo TP-3(dsFv)-PE38 was much better tolerated than TP-3(scFv)-PE38.
Data compression for light-field rendering (2000)

Two light-field compression schemes are presented. The codecs are compared with regard to compression efficiency and rendering performance. The first proposed coder is based on video-compression techniques that have been modified to code the four-dimensional light-field data structure efficiently. The second coder relies entirely on disparity-compensated image prediction, establishing a hierarchical structure among the light-field images. The coding performance of both schemes is evaluated using publicly available light fields of synthetic, as well as real-world, scenes. Compression ratios vary between 100:1 and 2000:1, depending on the reconstruction quality and light-field scene characteristics.
Chromosome mediated gene transfer of six DNA markers linked to the cystic fibrosis locus on human chromosome seven (1986)

The DNA probes met and pJ3.11 are derived from loci on chromosome seven that are closely linked to, and probably flanking, the gene mutation causing cystic fibrosis (CF). We have shown that mitotic chromosomes from the cell line MNNG-HOS, which contains an activated met oncogene, can induce morphological transformation of mouse NIH-3T3 cells. Southern analysis of isolated transfectant cell lines with cloned dispersed repetitive human DNA sequences as probes demonstrated that several lines of transformed NIH 3T3 cells had stabley incorporated large segments of chromosome seven DNA. Southern blot analysis also demonstrated the presence of met, pJ3.11 and several other single copy sequences that had been previously localised to chromosome 7 within the transgenomes. In this way a further four genetic markers were shown to be physically linked to met, and thus to CF. These probes may prove useful in confirming the order of loci around CF and in the prenatal diagnosis of this common autosomal recessive disease.
New polymerization catalysts for methyl methacrylate (1957)

Abstract New free radical catalysts for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate and other acrylic monomers have been reported. They comprise mixtures or salts of N , N ‐dialkyl aryl amines and o ‐benzoic sulfimide (saccharin). A p ‐substituent on N , N ‐dimethylaniline or N , N ‐diethylaniline had a significant influence upon polymerization. Electron‐donating groups such as methyl or methoxy increased the total yield of the polymer, while electron‐withdrawing groups, namely, chlorine, bromine, or aldehyde, reduced the yield of the polymer. When electron‐withdrawing groups, namely, nitro, nitroso, or phenylazo, were present in the para position of dimethylaniline, no polymer was obtained. Presence of a methyl group in the meta position in dimethylaniline enhanced the yield of the polymer. However, when a methyl group was present in the ortho position, the yield of the polymer was significantly reduced, probably due to a steric factor. Binary mixtures containing equimolar proportions of saccharin and the amine were better initiators for methyl methacrylate polymerization than the corresponding salts of saccharin and amine. A number of organic acids in admixture with dimethylaniline also polymerized methyl methacrylate. The stronger the acid, the greater was the yield of the polymer. However, the yields were considerably lower than in case of dimethaniline‐saccharin mixture as catalyst.
Humoral Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Iceland (2020)

Our results indicate that antiviral antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 did not decline within 4 months after diagnosis. We estimate that the risk of death from infection was 0.3% and that 44% of persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Iceland were not diagnosed by qPCR.
<title>Application of knowledge-based vision to closed-loop control of the injection molding process</title> (1997)

An investigation is under way to develop a control system for an industrial process which uses a vision systems as a sensor. The research is aimed at the improvement of product quality in commercial injection molding system. A significant enhancement has been achieved in the level of application of visually based inspection techniques to component quality. The aim of the research has been the investigation, and employment, of inspection methods that use knowledge based machine vision. The application of such techniques in this context is comprehensive, extending from object oriented analysis, design and programming of the inspection program, to the application of rule based reasoning, to image interpretation, vision system diagnostics, component diagnostics and molding machine control. In this way, knowledge handling methods are exploited wherever they prove to be beneficial. The vision knowledge base contains information on the procedures required to achieve successful identification of component surface defects. A collection of image processing and pattern recognition algorithms are applied selectively. Once inspection of the component has been performed, defects are related to process variables which affect the quality of the component, and another knowledge base is used to effect a control action at the molding machine. Feedback from other machine sensor is also used to direct the control procedure. Results from the knowledge based vision inspection system are encouraging. They indicate that rapid and effective fault detection and analysis is feasible, as is the verification of system integrity.
Crystal Structure of Rat Bcl-xL (1997)

Bcl-xL is a member of the Bcl-2 protein family, which regulates apoptosis. Preparation of recombinant rat Bcl-xL yielded two forms, one deamidated at -Asn-Gly- sequences to produce isoaspartates and the other not deamidated. The crystal structures of the two forms show that they both adopt an essentially identical backbone structure which resembles the fold of human Bcl-xL: three layers of two alpha-helices each, capped at one end by two short helices. Both forms have a long disordered region, which contains the potential deamidation sites. The molecular structure exhibits a low level of interhelical interactions, the presence of three cavities, and a notable hydrophobic cleft surrounded by walls rich in basic residues. These unique structural features may be favorable for its accommodation into membranes or for possible rearrangement to modulate homo-/heterodimerization. Homology modeling of Bcl-2 and Bax, based on the Bcl-xL structure, suggests that Bax has the strongest potential for membrane insertion. Furthermore, we found a possible interface for interaction with non-Bcl-2 family member proteins, such as CED-4 homologues.
Efficient algorithm for non-equidistant interpolation of sampled data (1992)

An algorithm is derived suitable for obtaining interpolated values of sampled bandlimited data at arbitrary non-equidistant points. When applied to the problem of dispersion elimination in optical coherence-domain reflectometry (OCDR) the computation time is shortened by up to three orders of magnitude.
Sequence-independent autoregulation of the adenovirus type 5 E1A transcription unit. (1985)

The adenovirus E1A gene is known to be autoregulated at the level of transcription. Autoregulation was found to be mediated by products of the E1A 13S mRNA, which induced a fivefold increase in E1A transcription rate. Deletion analysis suggested that the autoregulation did not require any specific sequence in the E1A transcriptional control region. This conclusion was reinforced by the demonstration that a cellular alpha-globin gene substituted for the E1A gene on the adenovirus chromosome was also positively regulated by E1A gene products.
Tumor endothelial markers: new targets for cancer therapy (2003)

Technological advances in cellular fractionation and genomics enabled the identification of several markers preferentially expressed on human tumor endothelium. Studies of these TEMs are expected to aid in our understanding of angiogenesis and could lead to the development of new imaging and diagnostic agents for cancer.
A computational framework for ontologically storing and analyzing very large overhead image sets (2014)

We describe a computational approach to remote sensing image analysis that addresses many of the classic problems associated with storage, search, and query. This process starts by automatically annotating the fundamental objects in the image data set that will be used as a basis for an ontology, including both the objects (such as building, road, water, etc.) and their spatial and temporal relationships (is within 100 m of, is surrounded by, has changed in the past year, etc.). Data sets that can include multiple time slices of the same area are then processed using automated tools that reduce the images to the objects and relationships defined in an ontology based on the primitive objects, and this representation is stored in a geospatial-temporal semantic graph. Image searches are then defined in terms of the ontology (e.g. find a building greater than 103 m2 that borders a body of water), and the graph is searched for such relationships. This approach also enables the incorporation of non-image data that is related to the ontology. We demonstrate through an initial implementation of the entire system on large data sets (109 -- 1011 pixels) that this system is robust against variations in different image collection parameters, provides a way for analysts to query data sets in a more natural way, and can greatly reduce the memory footprint of the search.
Carbon Nanotubes--the Route Toward Applications (2002)

Many potential applications have been proposed for carbon nanotubes, including conductive and high-strength composites; energy storage and energy conversion devices; sensors; field emission displays and radiation sources; hydrogen storage media; and nanometer-sized semiconductor devices, probes, and interconnects. Some of these applications are now realized in products. Others are demonstrated in early to advanced devices, and one, hydrogen storage, is clouded by controversy. Nanotube cost, polydispersity in nanotube type, and limitations in processing and assembly methods are important barriers for some applications of single-walled nanotubes.
ScanImage: Flexible software for operating laser scanning microscopes (2003)

We present ScanImage, software to run a flexible laser scanning microscope that allows easy custom design.
Prevention and Treatment of Corneal Neovascularization: Comparison of Different Doses of Subconjunctival Bevacizumab with Corticosteroid in Experimental Rats (2009)

Single subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab is efficacious in the prevention of formation as well as regression of major vessels compared to betamethasone in this rat model of corneal neovascularization. Even lower doses of bevacizumab might be efficacious.
How good are predictions of protein secondary structure? (1983)

The three most widely used methods for the prediction of protein secondary structure from the amino acid sequence are tested on 62 proteins of known structure using a program package and data collection not previously available. None of these methods predicts better than 56% of the residues correctly, for a three state model (helix, sheet and loop). The algorithms of Robson et al. [J. Mol. Biol. (1978) 120, 97-120] and Lim [J. Mol. Biol. (1974) 88, 873-894] are the best of those tested. New methods, now under development, can be tested against this benchmark.