gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oral cytokine gene therapy against murine tumor using attenuatedSalmonella typhimurium (2001)

An attenuated strain of Salmonella typhimurium was used as a vehicle for oral gene therapy against murine tumor. Eukaryotic expression vectors containing genes of human interleukin-12 (hIL-12), human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF), mouse (m)IL-12, mGM-CSF and green fluorescent protein (GFP) were used to transform attenuated Salmonella (SL3261), and such transformants were administered orally to BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. As a reporter gene, GFP expression in murine liver, spleen, tumor, intestine and kidney was confirmed by confocal and flow cytometry. Soluble cytokines were detected in murine sera, and the concentrations were much higher than those of the control, which contributed to the increased number of cytotoxic T cells and prolongation of survival. Oral cytokine gene therapy using live attenuated Salmonella demonstrated a significant protection against the development of two unrelated murine tumors. These results suggest that such gene therapy has the potential to be simple, effective and (above all) safe against tumor.
Neural stem cells : methods and protocols (2002)

Over the last decade, advances in neural stem cell research have raised the hope that one day cellular therapy will not only replace missing neurons, but also replenish absent chemical signals, metabolites, enzymes, neurotransmitters, or other missing or defective components from the diseased or injured brain. In Neural Stem Cells: Methods and Protocols, internationally recognized experts from academic, clinical, and pharmaceutical laboratories describe in great detail the most frequently used cellular, molecular, and electrophysiological methods to isolate, characterize, and utilize neural stem cells. These readily reproducible techniques introduce the various sources of stem/progenitor cells, provide a wide range of conditions for their culture, and make it possible to define their properties in culture. Additional techniques are designed to help researchers identify endogenous stem cells as well as exogenous stem cells after transplantation in the brain. The protocols range from the simplest methods of isolation and characterization of neural cell properties to such very sophisticated methods as characterizing gene expression, telomerase assays, and cell cycle kinetics. Each is written by an investigator who has used the method extensively, and includes step-by-step instructions, tips on avoiding pitfalls, and invaluable notes that make all the difference to successful experimental outcomes. Comprehensive and easy-to-follow, Neural Stem Cells: Methods and Protocols provides a powerful synthesis of today's key in vitro and in vivo techniques to identify and characterize neural stem cells for research and for developing experimental therapeutics
The JIP Group of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Scaffold Proteins (1999)

Activation of the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) group of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases is mediated by a protein kinase cascade. This signaling mechanism may be coordinated by the interaction of components of the protein kinase cascade with scaffold proteins. The JNK-interacting protein (JIP) group of scaffold proteins selectively mediates signaling by the mixed-lineage kinase (MLK)-->MAP kinase kinase 7 (MKK7)-->JNK pathway. The scaffold proteins JIP1 and JIP2 interact to form oligomeric complexes that accumulate in peripheral cytoplasmic projections extended at the cell surface. The JIP proteins function by aggregating components of a MAP kinase module (including MLK, MKK7, and JNK) and facilitate signal transmission by the protein kinase cascade.
A Portable Dextrous Master with Force Feedback (1992)

Dextrous masters control robots and artificial environments through hand gestures. Commercial products have open-loop control, without force feedback to the operator. There is a need for portable systems that have force feedback, but are still sufficiently compact to be desktop. In this paper we discuss a prototype master providing force feedback for the Dataglove. The master structure and its actuator characteristics are presented first. Then a control model is given based on finger parameters and joint coupling. The glove calibration is subsequently discussed, taking into account the influence of the feedback structure. The experimental setup and initial results are presented last.
Clinical experience of long–term treatment with epidural and intrathecal opioids – a nationwide survey (1988)

Long-term use of spinal opioids to treat chronic severe pain is widely established. However, the indications, shortcomings and complications of the method have not been completely described. Experience with spinal opioids was analysed for the period 1979-1984 in a nationwide Swedish survey. Out of 93 anaesthesia departments, 69 used the method. Approximately 750 patients were treated with epidural morphine for an average duration of 124 days (3-450). Eighteen patients were treated with intrathecal morphine for an average period for 47 days (3-90). The intrathecal approach was used in all clinics because of failure of the epidural route. In only one department was the intrathecal approach used as the primary route of therapy, depending on the mechanism of pain. The highest daily morphine dose was 480 mg and 50 mg for epidural and intrathecal routes, respectively. The patients given the highest dosages were not necessarily those subjected to the longest treatment. The need for increased dosage seems to be related not only to changes in receptor sensitivity but also to changes in pain mechanisms. No case of threatening ventilatory depression was reported. Thirty-two departments had treated a few patients with chronic non-cancer pain conditions. Initial results were considered "excellent" in 11 departments, but at follow-up results were excellent in only one department. In addition to dislocation, occlusion of the catheters or leakage, injection pain was an obstacle to successful treatment. Pruritus urinary retention, and local infections were not reported as significant problems, but one case of meningitis was reported.
An extensible test framework for the Microsoft StreamInsight query processor (2010)

Microsoft StreamInsight (StreamInsight, for brevity) is a platform for developing and deploying streaming applications. StreamInsight adopts a deterministic stream model that leverages a temporal algebra as the underlying basis for processing long-running continuous queries. In most streaming applications, continuous query processing demands the ability to cope with high input rates that are characterized by imperfections in event delivery (i.e., incomplete or out-of-order data). StreamInsight is architected to handle imperfections in event delivery, to generate real-time low-latency output, and to provide correctness guarantees on the resultant output.
Describing complex charts in natural language: a caption generation system (1998)

... This paper presents a system to do so. It uses a text planner to determine the content and structure of the captions based on: (1) a representation of the structure of the graphical presentation and its mapping to the data it depicts, (2) a framework for identifying the perceptual complexity of graphical elements, and (3) the structure of the data expressed in the graphic. The output of the planner is further processed regarding issues such as ordering, aggregation, centering, generating referring expressions and lexical choice. We discuss the architecture of our system and its strengths and limitations. Our implementation is currently limited to 2-D charts and maps, but, except for lexical information, it is completely domain independent. We illustrate our discussion with figures and generated captions about housing sales in Pittsburgh.
A1-Adenosine receptor antagonists (1997)

Potent and selective A1-adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists (derivatives of xanthine or other heterocyclic structures) have been developed during the past ten years. Recently, the problem of low water solubility found with these groups of compounds has been addressed with the introduction of hydrophilic groups in positions tolerated by the receptor. Cloning of the A1-AR of several species, including humans, has allowed mutagenesis studies to identify the binding site for agonists and antagonists. Computer modelling of the pharmacophore has been useful for developing more potent and selective ligands. Modelling of the receptor protein was attempted, but remains speculative. The first generation of A1-selective AR antagonists is under clinical development for different indications, including dementias, such as Alzheimer’s disease, hypertension and renal failure. New potential indications are being discovered and investigated, particularly in heart (treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, oedemas, as positive inotropes and as cardiac protectants), kidney (treatment of oedemas, nephritis, nephrosis syndrome), lung (asthma, oedema, lung protective) and central nervous system (CNS) (depression, stress, coma) diseases. A1-selectivity is important for specific actions and for reducing undesired side-effects, e.g., increase in locomotor activity.
Developmental roles of the histone lysine demethylases (2009)

Since the discovery of the first histone lysine demethylase in 2004, two protein families with numerous members have been identified that demethylate various histone lysine residues. Initial studies of the histone lysine demethylases focused on their in vitro enzymatic activity but, more recently, model organisms have been used to examine the roles of these enzymes in vivo. Here, we review recent insights into the roles of the histone lysine demethylases in multiple aspects of development across various species, including in germline maintenance and meiosis, in early embryonic development and differentiation, and in hormone receptor-mediated transcriptional regulation.
The β/α Peak Height Ratio of ATP (1996)

From 31P NMR measurements made in vitro at 38 degrees C, I = 0.25, pH 5. 75-8.5, and calculated free [Mg2+] from 0 to 5 mM, we show that, within the physiological range of cytosolic free [Mg2+] from 0.25 to 1.5 mM, the chemical shift difference between the alpha- and beta-ATP resonances, deltaalphabeta, changes by only 0.6 ppm. Consequently, we developed new formalisms from known acid and Mg2+ dissociation constants by which the observed chemical shift of Pi, deltaPi, and the peak height ratio of the beta- and alpha-ATP resonances, hbeta/alpha, could be related to free [Mg2+] by simultaneous solution of: [equation: see text] We found that hbeta/alpha changed 2.5-fold as free [Mg2+] varied from 0.25 to 1.5 mM, providing a more sensitive and accurate measure of free cytosolic [Mg2+]. In working rat heart perfused with glucose, free [Mg2+] was 1.0 +/- 0.1 from hbeta/alpha and 1.2 +/- 0.03 from measured [citrate]/[isocitrate] but 0.51 +/- 0.1 from deltaalphabeta. Addition of ketone bodies to the perfusate decreased free [Mg2+] estimated from hbeta/alpha to 0.61 +/- 0.02 and 0.74 +/- 0.11 by [citrate]/[isocitrate] but the estimate from deltaalphabeta was unchanged at 0.46 +/- 0.04 mM. Such differences in estimated free [Mg2+] alter the apparent Keq of the creatine kinase reaction and hence the estimated cytosolic free [SigmaADP].
Firewall and Intrusion Detection Technologies (2001)

内部网的安全问题是每个建网企事业单位面临的重大问题。归纳总结了计算机网络安全机制中的两种典型安全技术：防火墙和入侵检测，并对两种技术进行了分析比较，最后指出在内部网的安全中二者起着不可替代的互为补充的重要作用。
Mortality from Alzheimer's disease: an update. (1999)

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive degenerative condition that has devastating implications for those afflicted. An estimated 4 million Americans, mainly elderly, have this condition, which is characterized by forgetfulness in early stages and increasingly severe debilitating symptoms as the disease progresses over what can be as long as a 20-year period. As an individual's impairment increases, informal or formal care giving becomes necessary to take care of basic needs. Annually, an estimated $80 to $100 billion dollars are spent on health care expenses or lost in wages for the persons with Alzheimer's disease or their care givers. At later stages of the disease, persons with Alzheimer's disease are bedridden and vulnerable to developing other medical conditions and dying before they would if they did not have Alzheimer's disease (1). Physicians report that Alzheimer's disease caused the death of 21,397 persons in 1996 and contributed to the death of 21,703 additional persons. This information is from death certificates completed by physicians for all deaths in the United States, a fundamental source of information on what caused death for the 2.3 million deaths in the United States. The risk of dying from Alzheimer's disease has leveled off in recent years after rapid increases in the early 1980's and subsequent slower growth in the 1990's. The trend likely reflects changes in attitudes of physicians and the public about attributing Alzheimer's disease as a cause of death as well as the availability of improved diagnostic procedures; the recent leveling in mortality trends from this condition may signal that death certificate diagnoses for Alzheimer's disease are more reliable now. Alzheimer's disease is a major cause of death, which exhibits variations by age, sex, race, and geographic area. This report provides recent mortality data on Alzheimer's disease. A previous report covers historic trends (2).
Heat shock protein90 in lobular neoplasia of the breast (2008)

Hsp90 was lower in LN foci both at the level of intensity and Allred score, a finding contrary to what might have been expected, given that high Hsp90 expression is detected in invasive breast carcinomas. Hsp90 deregulation does not seem to be a major event in LN pathogenesis.
Lymphoid neogenesis and immune infiltration in aged liver (2008)

Aged liver exhibits a marked inflammatory status accompanied by increased immune cell infiltration. Inflammation and ectopic lymphoid structures have previously been shown to be associated with carcinogenesis, a condition that becomes more prevalent with age. Thus, further study of inflammation-related changes in the microenvironment of the aged liver could provide insights into these disorders.
Engineering Complex, Layered Metal Oxides: High-Performance Nickelate Oxide Nanostructures for Oxygen Exchange and Reduction (2015)

Synthetically tuning the surface properties of many oxide catalysts to optimize their catalytic activity has been appreciably challenging, given their complex crystal structure. Nickelate oxides (e.g., La2NiO4+δ) are among complex, layered oxides with great potential toward efficiently catalyzing chemical/electrochemical reactions involving oxygen (oxygen reduction, ammonia oxidation). Our theoretical calculations show that the surface structure of La2NiO4+δ plays a critical role in its activity, with the (001)-Ni oxide-terminated surface being the most active. This is demonstrated through the effect on the energetics associated with surface oxygen exchange, a key process in reactions involving oxygen on these oxides. Using a reverse microemulsion method, we have synthesized La2NiO4+δ nanorod-structured catalysts highly populated by (001)-Ni oxide-terminated surfaces. We show that these nanostructures exhibit superior catalytic activity toward oxygen exchange/reduction as compared with traditional catalysts while maintaining stability under reaction conditions. The findings reported here pave the way for engineering complex metal oxides with optimal activity.
Mutations in the amino‐terminal domain of the human poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase that affect its catalytic activity but not its DNA binding capacity (1996)

Poly-ADP ribosylation of nuclear proteins is activated when poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a nuclear zinc-finger enzyme, binds to single-strand DNA breaks. To understand how the signal emerging from its DNA-binding domain (DBD) bound to such breaks is transduced to its catalytic domain, the structure-function relationship of the DBD was investigated. We have used mutagenesis by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to generate a random library of PARP mutants. In this work, we describe the identification of catalytically inactive mutants bearing single point mutations, located outside the two zinc fingers in the DBD, that have conserved their full capacity to bind DNA. The results obtained demonstrate that the DNA-dependent activation of PARP requires not only a capacity to bind DNA but also a number of crucial residues to maintain a conformation of the domain necessary to transfer an 'activation signal' to the catalytic domain.
Large-Scale Semi-Supervised Learning (2008)

Labeling data is expensive, whilst unlabeled data is often abundant and cheap to collect. Semi-supervised learning algorithms that use both types of data can perform significantly better than supervised algorithms that use labeled data alone. However, for such gains to be observed, the amount of unlabeled data trained on should be relatively large. Therefore, making semi-supervised algorithms scalable is paramount. In this work we review several recent techniques for semi-supervised learning, and methods for improving the scalability of these algorithms.
Diffusion-Weighted Imaging of the Brain in Preterm Infants With Focal and Diffuse White Matter Abnormality (2003)

This study provides objective evidence that DEHSI represents diffuse white matter abnormality.
Primary sequence of the glucanase gene from Oerskovia xanthineolytica. Expression and purification of the enzyme from Escherichia coli. (1991)

A 2.7-kilobase fragment of DNA from Oerskovia xanthineolytica containing the gene for a beta-1,3-glucanase has been isolated and its complete nucleotide sequence determined. The sequence was found to contain two large open reading frames. Purification of the mature native enzyme and subsequent amino-terminal sequencing defined the glucanase gene in one reading frame which potentially encodes a protein of 548 amino acids. We have expressed this glucanase gene in Escherichia coli under control of the lacUV5 promoter and found the product to be secreted into the periplasm as a mature enzyme of about the same molecular weight as that of the native protein. The recombinant enzyme was purified to near homogeneity by a single step of high performance liquid chromatography. The ability of the recombinant enzyme to digest beta-glucan substrates and to lyse viable yeast cells was found to be indistinguishable from that of the native protein. Deletion of the cysteine-rich carboxyl-terminal 117 amino acids of the enzyme, which also contain two duplicated segments, abolished the lytic activity but did not significantly affect the glucanase function of the protein. The possible involvement of this domain in interaction with the yeast cell wall is discussed.
ATTITUDES ABOUT ANTIDEPRESSANTS: INFLUENCE OF INFORMATION ABOUT WEIGHT-RELATED SIDE EFFECTS (2000)

Antidepressant drugs are frequently prescribed for women and have various side effects, including potential effects on body weight. This experiment examined the effects of information about the weight-related side effects of antidepressants on women's attitudes toward the drugs. 60 college women were randomly assigned to read about one of two drugs, fluoxetine (Prozac) or Imipramine (Tofranil). Participants were either told or not told about veridical weight-related side effects, namely, weight loss for Prozac and weight gain for Tofranil. As hypothesized, weight-gain information lowered the personal acceptability of Tofranil, and weight-loss information enhanced the acceptability of Prozac. Although research with clinical populations is required, undergraduate women's decisions about the use of antidepressant medications may be influenced by societal body-image ideals.
Improving generalization performance using double backpropagation (1992)

In order to generalize from a training set to a test set, it is desirable that small changes in the input space of a pattern do not change the output components. This can be done by forcing this behavior as part of the training algorithm. This is done in double backpropagation by forming an energy function that is the sum of the normal energy term found in backpropagation and an additional term that is a function of the Jacobian. Significant improvement is shown with different architectures and different test sets, especially with architectures that had previously been shown to have very good performance when trained using backpropagation. It is shown that double backpropagation, as compared to backpropagation, creates weights that are smaller, thereby causing the output of the neurons to spend more time in the linear region.
Amino Acids and Insulin Control Autophagic Proteolysis through Different Signaling Pathways in Relation to mTOR in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes (2004)

Autophagy, a major bulk proteolytic pathway, contributes to intracellular protein turnover, together with protein synthesis. Both are subject to dynamic control by amino acids and insulin. The mechanisms of signaling and cross-talk of their physiological anabolic effects remain elusive. Recent studies established that amino acids and insulin induce p70 S6 kinase (p70(S6k)) phosphorylation by mTOR, involved in translational control of protein synthesis. Here, the signaling mechanisms of amino acids and insulin in macroautophagy in relation to mTOR were investigated. In isolated rat hepatocytes, both regulatory amino acids (RegAA) and insulin coordinately activated p70(S6k) phosphorylation, which was completely blocked by rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor. However, rapamycin blocked proteolytic suppression by insulin, but did not block inhibition by RegAA. These contrasting results suggest that insulin controls autophagy through the mTOR pathway, but amino acids do not. Furthermore, micropermeabilization with Saccharomyces aureus alpha-toxin completely deprived hepatocytes of proteolytic responsiveness to RegAA and insulin, but still maintained p70(S6k) phosphorylation by RegAA. In contrast, Leu(8)-MAP, a non-transportable leucine analogue, did not mimic the effect of leucine on p70(S6k) phosphorylation, but maintained the activity on proteolysis. Finally, BCH, a System L-specific amino acid, did not affect proteolytic suppression or mTOR activation by leucine. All the results indicate that mTOR is not common to the signaling mechanisms of amino acids and insulin in autophagy, and that the amino acid signaling starts extracellularly with their "receptor(s)," probably other than transporters, and is mediated through a novel route distinct from the mTOR pathway employed by insulin.
Nuclear matrix proteins as biomarkers for breast cancer (2002)

Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death in women despite widespread screening, in part because screening mammography has high rates of false-negative results and because many women decline to have routine mammograms. The development of sensitive and specific assays for breast tumor markers would improve detection and facilitate screening, diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring and surveillance for recurrence. Nuclear matrix proteins (NMPs) are promising candidates for tumor markers because they are involved in malignant transformation. Therefore, they may be useful for screening and early diagnosis of small tumors. Proteomic analysis was used to demonstrate that a 28.3 kD serum protein, designated NMP66, can distinguish malignant disease from benign conditions and normal controls. NMP66 is now being evaluated as a potential biomarker for early breast cancer detection in large-scale clinical trials.