gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Perfusion Systems for Cell Cultivation (2018)

Perfusion permits culture homogeneity rather than a feed-and-fast regime, and has permitted the development of bioreactors which have no gas headspace and significant scale-up of cell density. A wide range of culture systems has been reviewed with the emphasis on attached cells. The prime objective of using perfusion techniques is to achieve a controlled and homogeneous environment within the bioreactor. The use of perfusion to keep small fragments of tissue viable in microscope chambers developed in complexity between 1912 and 1970, culminating in Rose's dual-rotary circumfusion system. The cytogenerator also encouraged the development of perfusion systems for substrate or anchorage-dependent cells. The use of perfusion techniques carries this risk because of continuous entry and exit of materials from the reactor, often through vulnerable tubing in pumps, etc. Both the bioreactor and the associated equipment should be critically evaluated with this in mind.
Strategic Options for a Led-Like Approach in III-V Concentrator Photovoltaics (2006)

Well-designed strategies are required in order to push III-V concentration to low cost scenarios that beat the prices of the already existing silicon-based concentration systems operating at 250-400 suns. Several laboratories and pilot production lines are starting to use in III-V solar cells similar approaches than those used for LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes). We firstly proposed the so-called "LED-like approach" in 1997. From then, we have analysed theoretically its main aspects thus guiding our manufacture developments with high concentrator III-V cells. This paper goes a step forward in the description of the "LED-like approach" advantages and in the influence of such approach on final cost
Persisters: a distinct physiological state of E. coli. (2006)

Background Bacterial populations contain persisters, phenotypic variants that constitute approximately 1% of cells in stationary phase and biofilm cultures. Multidrug tolerance of persisters is largely responsible for the inability of antibiotics to completely eradicate infections. Recent progress in understanding persisters is encouraging, but the main obstacle in understanding their nature was our inability to isolate these elusive cells from a wild-type population since their discovery in 1944.
Two unusual forms of human immunoglobulin E encoded by alternative RNA splicing of epsilon heavy chain membrane exons. (1992)

We present evidence for RNA transcripts encoding two forms of human epsilon immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain that differ significantly from those of other isotypes. We previously demonstrated three human epsilon mRNA species, instead of the two, corresponding to membrane and secreted proteins, seen with other heavy chain transcripts. In human genomic DNA downstream of the C epsilon gene, we identified sequences homologous to the two putative murine exons M1 (encoding a hydrophobic, presumably transmembrane region) and M2 (encoding hydrophilic residues). To determine the structures of epsilon transcripts containing these sequences, we amplified epsilon-related RNAs with the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RNA was examined from fresh human B cells stimulated to IgE production by interleukin 4 plus anti-CD40, as well as from the human IgE-producing line AF10. Instead of the single CH4-M1-M2 splice product predicted for murine membrane IgE, we found two other RNA species. One form has the structure CH4-M1'-M2, in which M1' includes the human sequence homologous to the murine M1 as well as a unique segment of 52 codons further upstream in the genomic sequence; this RNA species apparently encodes the IgE expressed on the membrane of IgE-producing lymphocytes. The other RNA has the structure CH4-M2', in which M2' is spliced in an alternative reading frame that includes an additional 109 codons downstream of the termination codon of the CH4-M1'-M2 form. Because the CH4-M2' mRNA form does not encode a hydrophobic segment, its translated product should be secreted. A secreted epsilon protein of approximately the size predicted for this form was identified by Western blotting. This novel IgE protein could play a significant and distinctive role in allergic disorders.
Sheared DNA fragment sizing: comparison of techniques (1976)

DNA fragmented by conventional French press shearing procedures (30,000 lbs/in2) has a number-average fragment size of 230 base pairs. This is considerably smaller than the 450 base pairs typically reported for DNA sheared by this method. Comparison of 5 sizing techniques indicates that sheared DNA fragment size is overestimated by either measurement of velocity sedimentation or Kleinschmidt Electron Microscopic visualization. Both adsorption grid electron microscopic visualization and gel electrophoresis yield the most reliable estimates of the mean size of small DNA fragment populations. In addition, the assessment of fragment size distribution (not possible from sedimentation analysis) potentially allows more critical evaluation of DNA hybridization and reassociation kinetic and measurement parameters.
RNAs involved in copy-number control and incompatibility of plasmid R1. (1981)

Replication of plasmid R1 is controlled by the products of two genes, copA and copB, that act as inhibitors of replication. Here it is shown that one small RNA synthesized from the copA gene acts as replication inhibitor. This RNA molecule was identified from analyses of RNAs synthesized in EScherichia coli minicells carrying R1 miniplasmids or chimeric plasmids containing the copA gene. In minicells, This RNA was found to be unstable with a half-life of less than a few minutes. Two mutant hybrid plasmids lacking the inhibitor function did not express the RNA normally made from plasmids carrying the wild-type copA allele. Nucleotide sequence analysis of one of the copA mutants showed that a base substitution had occurred within the promoter sequence in front of the copA gene. DNA sequence analysis of the other mutant showed that a putative transcription-termination sequence was affected. The DNA sequence analysis also showed that the RNA molecule synthesized from the copA gene is untranslatable but has the potential for a high degree of secondary structure.
Campylobacter Protein Glycosylation Affects Host Cell Interactions (2002)

Campylobacter jejuni 81-176 pgl mutants impaired in general protein glycosylation showed reduced ability to adhere to and invade INT407 cells and to colonize intestinal tracts of mice.
Sensitivity of transvaginal ultrasound screening for endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women: a case-control study within the UKCTOCS cohort (2010)

Our findings show that TVS screening for endometrial cancer has good sensitivity in postmenopausal women. The burden of diagnostic procedures and false-positive results can be reduced by limiting screening to a higher-risk group. The role of population screening for endometrial cancer remains uncertain, but our findings are of immediate value in the management of increased endometrial thickness in postmenopausal women undergoing pelvic scans for reasons other than vaginal bleeding.
Evidence that PrfA, the pleiotropic activator of virulence genes in Listeria monocytogenes, can be present but inactive (1997)

All virulence genes of Listeria monocytogenes identified to date are positively regulated by PrfA, a transcriptional activator belonging to the Crp-Fnr family. Low temperature and cellobiose are two environmental signals known to repress expression of virulence genes in L. monocytogenes. In the present work, we analyzed the effect of temperature and cellobiose on the expression of the PrfA protein. At low temperature, PrfA was undetected, although prfA monocistronic transcripts are present. In contrast, PrfA was fully expressed in the presence of cellobiose. These results strongly suggest that virulence gene activation depends on both the presence of PrfA and additional regulatory pathways that either modify PrfA or act synergistically with PrfA.
Evaluation of platelet concentrates prepared from buffy coats and stored in a glucose‐free crystalloid medium (1989)

Comparison was made between platelet concentrates prepared from pools of buffy coats removed from standard blood donations and stored in a glucose-free, commercially available crystalloid solution (BC-PCs) and standard platelet concentrates prepared from platelet-rich plasma (PRP-PCs). Platelet yield in BC-PCs and PRP-PCs was 59 and 75 percent of donated platelets, respectively. The number of total white cells in 1 BC-PC unit, prepared from a pool of 7 buffy coats, was 21 x 10(6), i.e., 50 times lower than that of 7 units of PRP-PCs. The in vitro values of adequate platelet quality were maintained for 10 days in BC-PCs stored in 1000-mL polyolefin bags. Prolonged bleeding times were reduced or corrected in three of three thrombocytopenic leukemic patients evaluated before and after transfusion of stored BC-PCs. Pretransfusion and 1- and 24-hour posttransfusion median platelet counts in 57 leukemic recipients during 4 months of routine transfusion of BC-PCs (n = 93) were 14, 35, and 27 x 10(9) per L, while those of PRP-PCs (n = 246) were 13, 37, and 31 x 10(9) per L, respectively. No reactions to BC-PCs were reported, but a 1.3 percent rate of reaction to PRP-PC transfusions was reported. This study indicates that BC-PCs are a good alternative to PRP-PCs for platelet support of thrombocytopenic patients.
Triplicated alpha-globin loci in humans. (1980)

We have identified 12 individuals who are heterozygous for a chromosome with three alpha-globin genes. We determined the presence of the third alpha-globin locus by restriction endonuclease digestion and hybridization with alpha-globin cDNA probes. The three alpha-globin loci resided in an elongated fragment on digestion with EcoRI, BamHI, and Xba I, and the third locus was present in an additional 3.7-kilobase fragment on digestion with Hpa I, Sac I, and Bgl II. The locations of the restriction sites are compatible with a nonhomologous crossover mechanism producing the triple alpha loci. The frequency of the triple alpha loci was 0.0036 in American blacks and less than 0.004 in Sardinians, but was higher in Greek Crypriots (0.05). Individuals with five alpha-globin genes (alpha alpha/alpha alpha alpha) apparently showed no clinical or hematologic abnormalities.
The Case Study (2007)

Abstract This chapter discusses the reasons for using Jacksonville, Florida, as a case study of Southern politics. It presents four reasons for selecting this city: the city's Southern historical relevance; the rise of the Republican Party in that region; the joining together of the city and county under consolidation in 1968 which launched a period of rapid change and economic growth for Jacksonville; and the representativeness of the study.
Expression of angiotensin II AT2 receptor mRNA during development of rat kidney and adrenal gland (1995)

The angiotensin II (ANG II) receptors have been pharmacologically classified into two major distinct types, designated AT1 and AT2. A high transient expression of AT2 receptors in the fetal tissues has been previously demonstrated. This study describes the cellular distribution of AT2 receptor mRNA in the developing rat kidney and adrenal gland by in situ hybridization with 35S-labeled cRNA probes. From day 12 of fetal life (F12) to day 15 postpartum (D15) AT2 mRNA was detected in the undifferentiated nephrogenic mesenchymal tissue but not in the immature and mature glomeruli and tubules of the kidney. No AT2 mRNA was observed in the kidney after D22. The adrenal gland also expressed AT2 receptor mRNA early during development from F12 but, unlike the kidney, continuously expressed the mRNA at high levels through to adulthood. The disappearance of AT2 mRNA in the kidney was synchronous with the completion of nephrogenesis and suggests that ANG II might act through this receptor as a differentiation/growth factor during nephron development. In the adrenal gland ANG II could act as a hormone and also as a differentiation/growth factor via the AT2 receptor.
Report on the dosimetry of a new design brachytherapy source (1999)

Dosimetric measurements were performed to characterize a new 125I source that is a variant design of an existing source, designated as MED3631-A/S, and that has application in interstitial brachytherapy. The new source, designated as MED3631-A/M, has centralized radio-opaque markers. In the original MED3631-A/S source, the radio-opaque markers are separated. Thermoluminescent dosimeters were placed in phantom to measure transverse axis and angular dose profiles over a range of distances from 0.5 to 7 cm. The data were analyzed in terms of parameters recommended by AAPM Task Group No. 43. Tabular data evaluated in liquid water are provided for the dose-rate constant, lambda, radial dose function, g(r), the anisotropy function, F(r,theta), the anisotropy factor, phi(an)(r), the point-source approximation anisotropy constant, phi(an). The dose-rate constant was determined by an absolute method using a Cobalt-60 reference and by relative measurements using calibrated 125I source(s). Values of the dose-rate constant are provided for both the 1985 and 1999 NIST air-kerma strength standards. The new source is comparable to both the MED3631-A/S and the model 6702 125I source designs, demonstrating equivalent radial dose function, g(r). Differences in the value of the dose-rate constant, lambda, and the anisotropy of the dose distributions in phantom are discussed in light of the improved isotropy of the new design, the MED3631-A/M source, and the uncertainty involved in the dose measurement using a Cobalt-60 reference.
Complete response to combination therapy with an LHRH agonist and flutamide in metastatic male breast cancer: a case report. (1990)

Twelve months after modified radical mastectomy with axillary dissection (4 out of 13 nodes found positive) in a 66-year old man, bone scintigraphy showed multiple bone metastases. Treatment was started with the combined administration of an LHRH agonist and the pure antiandrogen Flutamide. Six and a half months later, bone scintigraphy was normal while serum testosterone was reduced to 10% of control and the serum concentration of the adrenal steroids was decreased by 23 to 45%. Following relapse of the disease at 12 months, more complete blockade of adrenal steroid secretion was achieved with aminoglutethimide and hydrocortisone. Stability of the disease was then observed up to the last evaluation performed in January 1990 (5 years of stable disease). Since the adrenal steroids are converted into active androgens and estrogens in peripheral tissues, including the breast, the combined therapy has the advantage of reducing the source of potentially active estrogens and androgens while blocking the action of androgens in target tissues. No side-effects other than those due to hypoandrogenicity, namely hot flushes and loss of libido and potency were observed. This well-tolerated treatment achieves complete medical castration, partial medical adrenalectomy, and neutralization of peripheral androgen action.
EUV sources using Xe and Sn discharge plasmas (2004)

This paper reports the basic results that have been obtained at the SRC RF TRINITI (the former Branch of the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy). The work deals with the development of high power discharge produced plasma EUV sources that can meet the requirements of high volume manufacturing lithography tools. Solving the problem of extremely high thermal loads on the electrodes of a EUV source by moving away the electrode surfaces from the plasma and using both multi-discharge systems and rotating Sn-covered disc electrodes is discussed.
IL-2 Controls the Stability of Foxp3 Expression in TGF-β–Induced Foxp3+ T Cells In Vivo (2011)

Stimulation of naive mouse CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cells in the presence of TGF-β results in the induction of Foxp3 expression and T suppressor function. However, Foxp3 expression in these induced regulatory T cells (iTreg) is unstable, raising the possibility that iTreg would not be useful for treatment of autoimmune diseases. To analyze the factors that control the stability of Foxp3 expression in iTreg, we generated OVA-specific iTreg from OT-II Foxp3-GFP knockin mice. Following transfer to normal C57BL/6 mice, OT-II GFP(+) cells maintained high levels of Foxp3 expression for 8 d. However, they rapidly lost Foxp3 expression upon stimulation with OVA in IFA in vivo. This unstable phenotype was associated with a strong methylation of the Treg-specific demethylated region within the Foxp3 locus. Administration of IL-2/anti-IL-2 complexes expanded the numbers of transferred Foxp3(+) iTreg in the absence of Ag challenge. Notably, when the iTreg were stimulated with Ag, treatment with IL-2/anti-IL-2 complexes stabilized Foxp3 expression and resulted in enhanced demethylation of the Treg-specific demethylated region. Conversely, neutralization of IL-2 or disruption of its signaling by deletion of Stat5 diminished the level of Foxp3 expression resulting in decreased suppressor function of the iTreg in vivo. Our data suggest that stimulation with TGF-β in vitro is not sufficient for imprinting T cells with stable expression of Foxp3. Administration of IL-2 in vivo results in stabilization of Foxp3 expression and may prove to be a valuable adjunct for the use of iTreg for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Alterations in surface glycoproteins and level of sialyltransferase of cells transformed by a temperature-sensitive mutant of simian virus 40. (1976)

Mouse cells transformed by a temperature-sensitive mutant of simian virus 40 belonging to complementation group A lost their ability to regulate cell growth when grown at the permissive temperature (35 degrees) but showed the low saturation density of cell growth at the restrictive temperature (39.5 degrees) that is characteristic of normal cells in vitro. Biochemical analysis of the membranes of cells grown under the restrictive and the permissive conditions demonstrated no qualitative temperature-dependent differences either in neutral glycolipids or in acidic glycolipids of the cells. Plasma membrane glycoproteins labeled with radioactive glucosamine showed significantly different patterns on both polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrofocusing. When the levels of glycoprotein glycosyltransferases of the cells were examined, the level of sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminytransferase,EC 2.4.99.1) of the cells grown at the restrictive temperature was low compared with that of cells grown at the permissive temperature. Our results indicate that the level of sialyltransferase is under the control of the gene A function of simian virus 40 and consequently is related to alterations in the cell surface glycoproteins.
Evolution of B cell lineage lymphomas in mice with a retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome, MAIDS. (1988)

Mice infected with LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus develop lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hypergammaglobulinemia, and profound immunosuppression associated with enhanced susceptibility to infection. In this study, molecular genetic analyses of spleen and lymph node cells from infected mice showed the early course of disease was associated with polyclonal proliferations of both B and T cells but that by 12 wk oligoclonal expansions of B or T cells could be detected. When near death, the mice were killed and almost all exhibited clonally restricted populations of B cells, and continuous cultures of B lineage cells were established from three of 19 mice. Histologically, lymph nodes with polyclonal lymphoproliferative lesions were indistinguishable from nodes with clonally restricted populations of cells. However, aggressive immunoblastic lymphomas of characteristic morphology were seen in nonlymphoid organs, particularly in the brain. The demonstration of terminal B cell lymphomas in murine AIDS extends the similarities between this syndrome and AIDS in humans.
Purification of porcine and human ristocetin-Willebrand factor. (1977)

A plasmatic component required for the ristocetin-induced aggregation of platelets has been purified from normal human and porcine plasma by gel filtration (4% agarose) and anion-exchange chromatography (DEAE cellulose). No factor VIII coagulant activity was found associated with the purified human or porcine component. Urea sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoretic analysis of the purified component of both species indicated that the apparent molecular weight with intact disulfides is in excess of 500,000; after disulfide reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol, single components with an apparent subunit molecular weight of 230,000 were observed. Purified porcine ristocetin-Willebrand factor (RWF) co-sedimented in sucrose gradients with the factor present in normal plasma. Amino acid analysis of both human and porcine RWF indicated that all normal amino acids are present, whereas amino sugars were undetected. However, lipid analysis indicated 1% to 2% lipids present, including monoglycerides, di- and tri-glycerides, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, some free fatty acids, and a trace of phospholipid. A single line of identity was observed between normal human plasma and purified human RWF when immunodiffusion plates were run with purified rabbit anti-human RWF immunoglobulins. Antisera raised against human and porcine RWF's do not inhibit the factor VIII coagulant activity of the homologous plasma, nor is "spontaneously occurring" human factor VIII inhibitor neutralized by the isolated material of either species.
Age-associated change in mitochondrial DNA damage (1998)

There is an age-associated decline in the mitochondrial function of the Wistar rat heart. Previous reports from this lab have shown a decrease in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity associated with a reduction in COX gene and protein expression and a similar decrease in the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Damage to mitochondrial DNA may contribute to this decline. Using the HPLC-Coularray system (ESA, USA), we measured levels of nuclear and mitochondrial 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) from 6-month (young) and 23-month-old (senescent) rat liver DNA. We measured the sensitivity of the technique by damaging calf thymus DNA with photoactivated methylene blue for 30s up to 2h. The levels of damage were linear over the entire time course including the shorter times which showed levels comparable to those expected in liver. For the liver data, 8-oxodG was reported as a fraction of 2-deoxyguanosine (2-dG). There was no change in the levels of 8-oxodG levels in the nuclear DNA from 6 to 23-months of age. However, the levels of 8-oxodG increased 2.5-fold in the mitochondrial DNA with age. At 6 months, the level of 8-oxodG in mtDNA was 5-fold higher than nuclear and increased to approximately 12-fold higher by 23 months of age. These findings agree with other reports showing an age-associated increase in levels of mtDNA damage; however, the degree to which it increases is smaller. Such damage to the mitochondrial DNA may contribute to the age-associated decline in mitochondrial function.