gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Infectivity of Hepatitis C Virus Is Influenced by Association with Apolipoprotein E Isoforms (2010)

ABSTRACT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a causative agent of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV in circulating blood associates with lipoproteins such as very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Although these associations suggest that lipoproteins are important for HCV infectivity, the roles of lipoproteins in HCV production and infectivity are not fully understood. To clarify the roles of lipoprotein in the HCV life cycle, we analyzed the effect of apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a component of lipoprotein, on virus production and infectivity. The production of infectious HCV was significantly reduced by the knockdown of ApoE. When an ApoE mutant that fails to be secreted into the culture medium was used, the amount of infectious HCV in the culture medium was dramatically reduced; the infectious HCV accumulated inside these cells, suggesting that infectious HCV must associate with ApoE prior to virus release. We performed rescue experiments in which ApoE isoforms were ectopically expressed in cells depleted of endogenous ApoE. The ectopic expression of the ApoE2 isoform, which has low affinity for the LDL receptor (LDLR), resulted in poor recovery of infectious HCV, whereas the expression of other isoforms, ApoE3 and ApoE4, rescued the production of infectious virus, raising it to an almost normal level. Furthermore, we found that the infectivity of HCV required both the LDLR and scavenger receptor class B, member I (SR-BI), ligands for ApoE. These findings indicate that ApoE is an essential apolipoprotein for HCV infectivity.
Catenin Family Genes Are Not Commonly Mutated in Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer (2012)

Germline mutations in CTNNA1, CTNNB1, JUP, or CTNND1 are unlikely to play a major role in HDGC.
Broadleaf Weed Control in Soybean (Glycine max) with CGA-277476 and Four Postemergence Herbicides1 (2000)

Field research was conducted at three locations in Mississippi to evaluate CGA-277476 tank mixtures with four broadleaf herbicides for possible improvement of broadleaf weed control. Tank mixtures in this research were typically additive, although some instances of antagonism were noted. Control of morningglory (Ipomoea) species and hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) was not consistently improved by the addition of acifluorfen, chlorimuron, fomesafen, or imazaquin to 59 or 79 g ai/ha CGA-277476. However, when a large population of weeds was present, the addition of acifluorfen, chlorimuron, or fomesafen to 59 or 79 g/ha CGA-277476 improved control over CGA-277476 alone. Prickly sida (Sida spinosa) was not controlled more than 68% with any treatment in this study; however, horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum) was controlled at least 90% with either 79 g/ha CGA-277476 alone or tank-mixed with acifluorfen, fomesafen, chlorimuron, or imazaquin. The addition of CGA-277476 to acifluorfen or fomesafen did not improve control over acifluorfen or fomesafen alone on any of the weeds evaluated; however, the addition of CGA-277476 to imazaquin improved hemp sesbania control over imazaquin alone. Tank mixtures did not result in yields greater than CGA-277476 alone in areas with moderate weed pressure, whereas in areas with severe weed pressure, tank mixtures improved soybean (Glycine max) yield over CGA-277476 alone.Nomenclature: CGA-277476, 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl] benzoic acid; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray #3 IPOHG; hemp sesbania, Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex A.W. Hill # SEBEX; horse purslane, Trianthema portulacastrum L. # TRTPO; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. # IPOLA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Hartz 4994’, ‘Pioneer 9592’.Additional index words: Tank mixture, acifluorfen, chlorimuron, fomesafen, imazaquin, IPOHG, IPOLA, SEBEX, SIDSP, TRTPO.Abbreviations: Grn, Greenville; POST, postemergence; Stk-N, Starkville-North; Stk-S, Starkville-South; WAT, weeks after treatment.
Interleukin 2-dependent natural killer (NK) cell lines from patients with primary T cell immunodeficiencies. (1983)

Bulk cultured cell lines with natural killer (NK) activity were derived by in vitro culture with interleukin 2-containing conditioned medium (IL 2-CM) of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBL) from patients with primary T cell deficiencies. Lines were developed from three patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and one patient with Nezelof's syndrome and contained several populations of cells with distinct phenotypes. All lines contained a cell population expressing the Leu-5 (50K) (sheep red blood cell receptor), 3A1 (40K), and OKT10 antigens, but lacking the pan T cell antigens Leu-1 (67K) and Leu-4 (19K) as well as the markers of T cell subsets Leu-2a (32K) and Leu-3a (56K). These cells failed to express the Leu-7 antigen and only weakly expressed OKM1. In addition, one line contained a population of Leu-5+, 3A1+, OKT10+, Leu-2a+, Leu 1-, and Leu 4- cells. Three of the lines also contained populations with classic T cell (Leu-1 and-Leu 4+) phenotypes. The lines were enriched in NK activity compared with the PBL from which they were derived. Their growth was strictly dependent on IL 2-CM. Highly purified IL 2, lacking any other detectable protein contaminants or lymphokine activities, was capable of supporting the growth of the Leu-5+, 3A1+ "null" cell populations from these lines without alteration in their functional activity or phenotype. Thus, studies of in vitro expanded cell lines from patients with severe disorders of T cell function and thymic involution indicate that this "null" cell population does not require thymic maturation to develop its effector function. This "null" cell population can be maintained in vitro in the presence of IL 2. This finding is analogous to the data obtained from study of NK cells in athymic (nude) mice.
Mechanism of metal ion promoted hydrogen exchange reactions. Magnesium(II) and acetonyl phosphonate (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMechanism of metal ion promoted hydrogen exchange reactions. Magnesium(II) and acetonyl phosphonateRonald. Kluger and Philip. WassersteinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 4, 1071–1074Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00785a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00785a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views135Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: On the Chemistry of Binding Sites. Part 6. Suitability of Various Aldehydes and Keto‐ nes as Binding Sites for Monoalcohols. (1986)

Abstract Suitable binding sites in chemoselective affinity chromatography should possess a favorable state and a very fast adjustment of the equilibrium with Substrates.
Pharmacological Advances in the Treatment of Insomnia (2011)

Insomnia is a highly prevalent condition, and due to ongoing demand from patients suffering with this condition, new pharmacological treatments are actively being sought. As our neurophysiological understanding of insomnia grows, so too do the available treatment options. A significant advance in the treatment of insomnia came with the development of the nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic medications, zolpidem, zaleplon and eszopiclone. These medications have shorter durations of action than many traditional benzodiazepines and may be associated with less risk of tolerance and abuse. They have also been demonstrated to be helpful in cases in which insomnia is comorbid with depression or anxiety, leading to beneficial effects not only with sleep but also with mood and anxiety symptoms. Melatonin, a naturally-occurring substance intimately involved in the regulation of the circadian rhythm, has also been explored as a hypnotic. Little data to date support its use; however, there is evidence that ramelteon, a melatonin agonist, may be helpful for sleep initiation difficulties. Tri-cyclic antidepressants have long been used for insomnia, but use has been limited by unwanted anticholinergic side effects. Low-dose doxepin, at doses of 3 and 6mg, has been demonstrated to have the unique property among its class of being free of anticholinergic effects at those doses. In addition, it seems to have particular efficacy for sleep maintenance insomnia, exhibiting the most robust effects in the latter third of the night. The hypocretin/orexin system has been identified as a possible target. Almorexant, a hypocretin/orexin antagonist displayed evidence of efficacy during Phase III clinical trials but these trials were recently discontinued due to its side effect profile. Another hypocretin/orexin antagonist with a different mechanism of action, MK-4035, is presently in clinical trials. Serotonin antagonists and inverse agonists have been investigated; however, a recent trial with APD125 was discontinued due to lack of efficacy. Sodium oxybate has been used off-label for insomnia by some providers, although data supporting its use are limited. While the sleep-promoting effects of GABA(A) (nonbenzodiazepines and benzodiazepines) enhancement is well-established, newer research examining other mechanisms of action suggest that agents which modulate the histaminergic, serotonergic, melontonergic, and hypocretin/orexin and perhaps GABA-B systems show promise.
Use of an Oxygen Extractor to Minimize Oxidation of compounded Preparations. (2015)

A number of drugs are sensitive to the presence of oxygen resulting in oxidative degradation and a shortened shelf-life. This is usually minimized by either the addition of antioxidants to the formulation or the replacement of headspace air with an inert gas, such as nitrogen. A new alternative is presented and involves the use of an oxygen extractor. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of the device in removing oxygen from drug vials. Aqueous epinephrine solutions were prepared from deoxygenated water. Twenty milliliters of the solution was filled into vials to which caps were affixed; some caps contained the oxygen extractor and others did not. The oxygen content of the headspace was analyzed and the appearance of the solutions was observed over a period of up to 19 days. The results showed that the vials with the oxygen extractor remained clear for the 19 days' duration with essentially no oxygen present; whereas the vials without the unit discolored within 24 hours, turning to black, oily films in 15 days. This technology may provide compounding pharmacists with a method of packaging oxygen-sensitive preparations with enhanced stability.
Immune‐reactivity of recombinant isoforms of the major house dust mite allergen Der p 2 (1998)

Monoclonal antibodies raised against natural Der p 2 can sometimes discriminate between different isoforms, allowing the study of the natural occurrence of isoforms. For application in allergen-measurement assays, non-discriminating monoclonal antibodies should be selected.
Cowpeat as a Substitute for Peat in Container Substrates for Foliage Plant Propagation (2009)

This study evaluated the potential for using cowpeat, a composted dairy manure, as a component of container substrates for foliage plant propagation. Using a commercial formulation (20% perlite and 20% vermiculite with 60% Canadian or Florida peat based on volume) as controls, peat was replaced by cowpeat at 10% increments up to 60%, which resulted in a total of 14 substrates. Physical and chemical properties such as air space, bulk density, container capacity, total porosity, pH, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, and cation exchange capacity of the cowpeat-substituted substrates were largely similar to those of the respective control. However, the electrical conductivity (EC) increased with the increased volume of cowpeat. The 14 substrates were used for rooting single-node cuttings of golden pothos ( Epipremnum aureum ) and heartleaf philodendron ( Philodendron scandens ssp. oxycardium ) and three-node cuttings of ‘Florida Spire’ fig ( Ficus benjamina ) and germinating seeds of sprenger asparagus ( Asparagus densiflorus ) in a shaded greenhouse. All cuttings rooted in the 14 substrates, and the resultant shoot and root dry weights of golden pothos and ‘Florida Spire’ fig 2 months after rooting did not significantly vary across seven Canadian peat- or Florida peat-based substrates. Shoot dry weights of heartleaf philodendron were also similar across substrates, but the root dry weight produced in the Canadian peat-based control substrate was much greater than that produced in the substrate containing 60% cowpeat. Root dry weight and root length produced in the Florida peat-based control substrate were also significantly greater than those produced in substrates substituted by 60% cowpeat. These results may indicate that cuttings of golden pothos and ‘Florida Spire’ fig are more tolerant of higher EC than those of heartleaf philodendron, as the substrate with 60% cowpeat had EC ≥ 4.16 dS·m −1 . Seed germination rates of sprenger asparagus from cowpeat-substituted Canadian peat-based substrates were greater than or comparable to those of the control substrate. Seed germination rates were similar across the seven Florida peat-based substrates. The root-to-shoot ratios of seedlings germinated from both control substrates were significantly greater than those germinated from substrates substituted by cowpeat. This difference could be partially explained by the higher nutrient content in cowpeat-substituted substrates where shoot growth was favored over root growth. Propagation is a critical stage in commercial production of containerized plants. The success in using up to 60% cowpeat in rooting and seed germination substrates may suggest that cowpeat could be an alternative to peat for foliage plant propagation.
The development of photoreceptors in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. II. Function (1984)

Abstract The functional development of rod and cone photoreceptors in the zebrafish ( Brachydanio rerio ) was studied by electroretinographically measuring flicker fusion frequencies. Two to 3 days after fertilization, fish gave little or no response to high intensity stimuli. Increases in sensitivity and flicker resolution were observed after this time. Biphasic response curves typical of adults could be elicited from fish as young as 2 weeks postfertilization, thus indicating a functional divergence of rods and cones. The results are consistent with behavioral and anatomical analyses of zebrafish photoreceptor development.
Ozono y factores de crecimiento ozonizados en el tratamiento de la hernia discal y discartrosis de la columna lumbar (2013)

El manejo de la hernia discal y sus complicaciones mediante tecnicas quirurgicas altamente invasivas tiene entre otros inconvenientes un elevado numero de efectos adversos. La discolisis con ozono ha demostrado una elevada eficacia terapeutica y el uso de los factores de crecimiento derivados de plaquetas es cada vez mas utilizado en la regeneracion de tejidos. El presente estudio tiene como proposito demostrar la eficacia y seguridad del ozono sobre la hernia discal y el efecto cicatrizante y reparador de los factores de crecimiento sobre el disco herniado, degenerado o danado. Se realizo un estudio prospectivo, mono-centrico, no aleatorizado en el que participaron 60 pacientes en un intervalo de edades de 35 a 82 anos con diagnostico de lumbo-ciatica severa, Escala Visual Analogica (EVA) 7-8, y sindrome degenerativo discal. Los pacientes fueron intervenidos con discolisis con plasma autologo rico en factores de crecimiento derivados de plaquetas y ozono. La evolucion de los pacientes se continuo mediante el seguimientode los sintomas clinicos, la evaluacion del EVA y metodos imagenologicos (resonancia magnetica). Los resultados evidenciaron un 90% de resolucion completa con EVA a los 4 y 6 meses de 0-2, y resonancia magnetica que mostro la resolucion de la hernia y la rehidratacion parcial de los discos danados. El 10% remanente manifesto una resolucion parcial. El 5% de los pacientes manifesto reacciones adversas (2 pacientes con cefalea transitoria leve y 1 paciente neumoencefalo). Estos resultados manifiestan la eficacia y seguridad del procedimiento en este tipo de patologia
ENZYMATIC REMOVAL OF ALPHA-GALACTOSYL EPITOPES FROM PORCINE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS DIMINISHES THE CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF NATURAL ANTIBODIES (1995)

Xenotransplantation of tissues between discordant species such as pig into human is not yet feasible due to the problem of hyperacute rejection. This rapid response to xenogeneic tissue is mediated by natural antibodies that react with antigens on the xenograft. A number of xenoantigens consist of carbohydrate residues, and a terminal galactose in alpha linkage has been shown to be involved in hyperacute rejection of pig-to-human xenografts. We show that alpha-linked galactose on porcine endothelial cells is a major epitope recognized by IgG and IgM antibodies present in monkey and human sera. Endothelial cells that had been treated with alpha-galactosidase did not react with fluorescein-labeled Griffonia simplicifolia I B4 (GS-IB4), a lectin that detects the alpha-galactosyl epitope on intact cells. The reactivity of both human and cynomolgus monkey serum with endothelial cells was decreased by 59% to 90% after treatment with coffee bean alpha-galactosidase. Using a colorimetric assay for cell viability, we show that natural antibodies present in the sera of cynomolgus monkey and humans are cytotoxic to porcine endothelial cells in the presence of exogenously added complement. When the terminal alpha-galactosy residues were removed by enzymatic digestion, the cytotoxic effect of natural antibodies on porcine endothelial cells was diminished by > 80%. Evaluation of the time course of reappearance of the alpha-galactosyl epitope at the cell surface revealed that 48 hr after alpha-galactosidase treatment, binding of GS-IB4 was diminished by 60%. These results suggest that glycosidase treatment of cells to be transplanted could prevent hyperacute rejection mediated by natural antibodies.
Non-isotopic labeling of DNA by newly developed hapten-containing platinum compounds. (1994)

A newly developed reagent was tested for its applicability in in situ hybridization and in reversed hybridization of DNA fragments generated by PCR amplification. This Platinum-complex, designated universal linkage system (ULS), equipped, for instance, with biotin or fluorescein as hapten, enables versatile nonenzymatic "one step" labeling of genomic, cloned or amplified DNA. Here we demonstrate direct in situ detection of integrated human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA in cervical carcinoma cells using DNA probes labeled with fluorescein-ULS. In cervical smears the presence of HPV or Chlamydia trachomatis was assessed by PCR. To analyze the amplified DNA, a reversed hybridization assay was developed. Immobilized probes were incubated with amplimers that were labeled post-amplification through the action of the biotinylated (BIO)-ULS complex. This novel type of nonradioactive analysis appeared to be as sensitive as its isotopic or colorimetric equivalents. This labeling procedure is simple, versatile and can be included as a universal hapten linkage system in any PCR test or in situ hybridization assay aiming at the detection and identification of DNA or RNA molecules.
Neuropharmacological Mechanisms of Drug Reward: Beyond Dopamine in the Nucleus Accumbens (1998)

Multiple lines of research have implicated the mesolimbic dopamine system in drug reward measured by either the drug self-administration or conditioned place preference paradigm. The present review summarizes recent work that examines the neuropharmacological mechanisms by which drugs impinge on this dopaminergic neural circuitry, as well as other systems that provide input and output circuits to the mesolimbic dopamine system. Studies examining the effect of selective agonist and antagonist drugs administered systemically have indicated that multiple neurotransmitters are involved, including dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, and various peptides. Direct microinjection studies have also provided crucial evidence indicating that, in addition to the mesolimbic dopamine system, other structures play a role in drug reward, including the ventral pallidum, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. GABAergic circuitry descending from the nucleus accumbens to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus via the ventral pallidum appears to be especially important in directing the behavioral sequelae associated with reward produced by various drugs of abuse. However, activation of the reward circuitry is achieved differently for various drugs of abuse. With amphetamine and cocaine, initiation of reward is controlled within the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex, respectively. With opiates, initiation of reward involves the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. It is not clear presently if these multiple anatomical structures mediate opiate reward by converging on a single output system or multiple output systems.
Metabolic Effects of New Oral Hypoglycemic Agent CS-045 in NIDDM Subjects (1992)

CS-045 improves insulin resistance, reduces insulinemia, lowers hepatic glucose production, and improves both fasting and postprandial glycemia in NIDDM subjects. CS-045 may represent a new therapeutic option for NIDDM.
Expression of hyaluronan receptors CD44 and RHAMM in stomach cancers: relevance with tumor progression. (2000)

Interactions of hyaluronic acid (HA) with its binding proteins CD44 and RHAMM (receptor for HA-mediating motility) have been proposed to be important in promoting tumor progression and dissemination. However, a comparative study of their expression patterns in stomach cancer and its associated lesions is not yet available. To address this issue, the combined examinations of pathology, immunocytochemistry and Western blot hybridization were performed on advanced gastric cancer specimens as well as their preneoplastic and non-cancerous counterparts. Alternative CD44 expression was observed in the gastric mucosa with different lesions. CD44 proteins harboring variant exon 6 (CD44 v6) was detected only in cancer tissues with a total positive rate of 14% (10/74). Intracellular RHAMM molecules in Mr 93000 to 95000 were expressed in 3/31 non-cancerous mucosa. RHAMM detection rates increased along with tumor progression. Irrespective of the differences of gross and morphological pattern, majority (54/74) of cancer cases expressed multiple RHAMM isoforms in Mr 40000-45000, 64000, 70000-73000, 85000 and 93000-95000 with the appearance of cell surface immunocytochemical labeling. Among CD44 variant isoforms, v6 is more relevant with malignant transformation of gastric epithelium. Expression of RHAMM, especially the cell surface variants, is closely correlated with tumor progression (P<0.01). Expression of CD44 and RHAMM may benefit the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells presumably in a reciprocal manner.