gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interleukin 10(IL-10) inhibits cytokine synthesis by human monocytes: an autoregulatory role of IL-10 produced by monocytes. (1991)

In the present study we demonstrate that human monocytes activated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were able to produce high levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10), previously designated cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF), in a dose dependent fashion. IL-10 was detectable 7 h after activation of the monocytes and maximal levels of IL-10 production were observed after 24-48 h. These kinetics indicated that the production of IL-10 by human monocytes was relatively late as compared to the production of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), which were all secreted at high levels 4-8 h after activation. The production of IL-10 by LPS activated monocytes was, similar to that of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, TNF alpha, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and G-CSF, inhibited by IL-4. Furthermore we demonstrate here that IL-10, added to monocytes, activated by interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), LPS, or combinations of LPS and IFN-gamma at the onset of the cultures, strongly inhibited the production of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, TNF alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF at the transcriptional level. Viral-IL-10, which has similar biological activities on human cells, also inhibited the production of TNF alpha and GM-CSF by monocytes following LPS activation. Activation of monocytes by LPS in the presence of neutralizing anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibodies resulted in the production of higher amounts of cytokines relative to LPS treatment alone, indicating that endogenously produced IL-10 inhibited the production of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, TNF alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF. In addition, IL-10 had autoregulatory effects since it strongly inhibited IL-10 mRNA synthesis in LPS activated monocytes. Furthermore, endogenously produced IL-10 was found to be responsible for the reduction in class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression following activation of monocytes with LPS. Taken together our results indicate that IL-10 has important regulatory effects on immunological and inflammatory responses because of its capacity to downregulate class II MHC expression and to inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines by monocytes.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Diabetic Plasma Increases the Activity of Core 2 GlcNAc-T and Adherence of Human Leukocytes to Retinal Endothelial Cells (2004)

A large body of evidence now implicates increased leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion as a key early event in the development of diabetic retinopathy. We recently reported that raised activity of the glycosylating enzyme core 2 beta 1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GlcNAc-T) through protein kinase C (PKC)beta2-dependent phosphorylation plays a fundamental role in increased leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and capillary occlusion in retinopathy. In the present study, we demonstrate that following exposure to plasma from diabetic patients, the human promonocytic cell line U937 exhibits a significant elevation in core 2 GlcNAc-T activity and increased adherence to cultured retinal capillary endothelial cells. These effects of diabetic plasma on enzyme activity and cell adhesion, mediated by PKCbeta2-dependent phosphorylation of the core 2 GlcNAc-T protein, were found to be triggered by increased plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Levels of enzyme activity in plasma-treated U937 cells were closely dependent on the severity of diabetic retinopathy, with the highest values observed upon treatment with plasma of patients affected by proliferative retinopathy. Furthermore, we noted much higher correlation, as compared with control subjects, between increased values of core 2 GlcNAc-T activity and cell adhesion properties. Based on the prominent role of TNF-alpha in the development of diabetic retinopathy, these observations further validate the significance of core 2 GlcNAc-T in the pathogenesis of capillary occlusion, thereby enhancing the therapeutic potential of specific enzyme inhibitors.
Algorithms for packet classification (2001)

The process of categorizing packets into "flows" in an Internet router is called packet classification. All packets belonging to the same flow obey a predefined rule and are processed in a similar manner by the router. For example, all packets with the same source and destination IP addresses may be defined to form a flow. Packet classification is needed for non-best-effort services, such as firewalls and quality of service; services that require the capability to distinguish and isolate traffic in different flows for suitable processing. In general, packet classification on multiple fields is a difficult problem. Hence, researchers have proposed a variety of algorithms which, broadly speaking, can be categorized as basic search algorithms, geometric algorithms, heuristic algorithms, or hardware-specific search algorithms. In this tutorial we describe algorithms that are representative of each category, and discuss which type of algorithm might be suitable for different applications.
Interactions between three common subunits of yeast RNA polymerases I and III. (1993)

The AC40 and AC19 subunits (encoded by RPC40 and RPC19) are shared by yeast RNA polymerases I and III and have a local sequence similarity to prokaryotic alpha subunits. Mutational analysis of the corresponding "alpha motif" indicated that its integrity is essential on AC40 subunit but is not essential on AC19 subunit. By applying the two-hybrid method, these two polypeptides were shown to associate in vivo. Extragenic suppression of rpc19 and rpc40 mutations confirmed that AC19 and AC40 subunits interact with each other in vivo and revealed an interaction with ABC10 beta subunit [encoded by RPB10; Woychick, N. A. & Young, R.A. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 17816-17819], one of the five polypeptides common to all three nuclear RNA polymerases. A correction of the RPB10 sequence showed that ABC10 beta subunit is a 70-amino acid polypeptide, as confirmed by peptide microsequencing. These results suggest that the assembly of RNA polymerase I and III requires the association of ABC10 beta subunit with an AC19/AC40 heterodimer.
Is BRCA1/BRCA2‐related breast carcinogenesis estrogen dependent? (2005)

Estrogen is a well known promoting factor of sporadic breast carcinoma. With regard to hereditary breast carcinoma, such as in BRCA1/BRCA2 syndromes, to date, the effects of estrogens on risk modification are not clear. Several studies have shown that prophylactic oophorectomy may decrease the risk of breast carcinoma in BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers. Moreover, adjuvant tamoxifen therapy for primary breast carcinoma appears to diminish the risk of a second breast malignancy in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Conversely, exogenous estrogens, such as oral contraceptives, may increase the risk of breast carcinoma in familial breast cancer, as suggested by clinical studies. Paradoxically, the majority of BRCA1-related breast carcinomas are negative for ER. There is some biologic evidence of interactions between estrogens and BRCA proteins. BRCA1 expression could be induced by estradiol in experimental models, whereas recent studies indicate that BRCA1 modifies the regulatory effects of the estrogen receptor (ER) alpha (ERalpha). Prospective studies will be required to estimate the potential benefits of estrogen suppression therapies for the prevention and adjuvant treatment of BRCA1/BRCA2-related breast carcinomas.
Kallikrein 6 signals through PAR1 and PAR2 to promote neuron injury and exacerbate glutamate neurotoxicity (2013)

CNS trauma generates a proteolytic imbalance contributing to secondary injury, including axonopathy and neuron degeneration. Kallikrein 6 (Klk6) is a serine protease implicated in neurodegeneration, and here we investigate the role of protease-activated receptors 1 (PAR1) and PAR2 in mediating these effects. First, we demonstrate Klk6 and the prototypical activator of PAR1, thrombin, as well as PAR1 and PAR2, are each elevated in murine experimental traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) at acute or subacute time points. Recombinant Klk6 triggered extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) signaling in cerebellar granule neurons and in the NSC34 spinal cord motoneuron cell line, in a phosphoinositide 3-kinae and MEK-dependent fashion. Importantly, lipopeptide inhibitors of PAR1 or PAR2, and PAR1 genetic deletion, each reduced Klk6-ERK1/2 activation. In addition, Klk6 and thrombin promoted degeneration of cerebellar neurons and exacerbated glutamate neurotoxicity. Moreover, genetic deletion of PAR1 blocked thrombin-mediated cerebellar neurotoxicity and reduced the neurotoxic effects of Klk6. Klk6 also increased glutamate-mediated Bim signaling, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase cleavage and lactate dehydrogenase release in NSC34 motoneurons and these effects were blocked by PAR1 and PAR2 lipopeptide inhibitors. Taken together, these data point to a novel Klk6-signaling axis in CNS neurons that is mediated by PAR1 and PAR2 and is positioned to contribute to neurodegeneration.
Neural induction: old problem, new findings, yet more questions (2005)

During neural induction, the embryonic neural plate is specified and set aside from other parts of the ectoderm. A popular molecular explanation is the 'default model' of neural induction, which proposes that ectodermal cells give rise to neural plate if they receive no signals at all, while BMP activity directs them to become epidermis. However, neural induction now appears to be more complex than once thought, and can no longer be fully explained by the default model alone. This review summarizes neural induction events in different species and highlights some unanswered questions about this important developmental process.
Fluorinated cyanates and isocyanates. New type of rearrangement (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFluorinated cyanates and isocyanates. New type of rearrangementCarl G. KrespanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1969, 34, 5, 1278–1281Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01257a018https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01257a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views205Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Directed Ortho Borylation of Functionalized Arenes Catalyzed by a Silica-Supported Compact Phosphine−Iridium System (2009)

An immobilized monophosphine-Ir system, which was prepared in situ from [Ir(OMe)(cod)](2) and a silica-supported, compact phosphine, showed high activities and selectivities for the borylation of aromatic C-H bonds with bis(pinacolato)diboron. This system was effective not only for the borylation of benzene but also for the ortho borylation of arenes with directing groups, such as ester, amide, sulfonate, acetal, alkoxymethyl, and chloro groups, under mild reaction conditions.
Retro-Inverso Isomer of Angiopep-2: A Stable d-Peptide Ligand Inspires Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery (2014)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents most drugs from reaching the site of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, intensively confining the therapeutic efficiency. Angiopep-2 (here termed (L)Angiopep), which is a 19-mer peptide derived from human Kunitz domain, can trigger transcytosis and traverse the BBB by recognizing low density lipoprotein-related protein 1 (LRP-1) expressed on the brain capillary endothelial cells. Various enzymes in the blood and the BBB, however, present multiple metabolic barriers to peptide-inspired brain-targeted drug delivery. Here we designed a retro-inverso isomer of (L)Angiopep, termed (D)Angiopep, to inspire brain-targeted drug delivery. Both (D)Angiopep and (L)Angiopep displayed high uptake capacity in LRP-1 overexpressed cells, including bEnd.3 and U87 cells. (D)Angiopep demonstrated lower uptake efficiency in both cell lines than did (L)Angiopep, suggestive of lower binding affinity to LRP-1 of the d-peptide. (D)Angiopep was resistant to proteolysis in fresh rat blood serum, while more than 85% of (L)Angiopep disappeared within 2 h. Endocytosed (D)Angiopep and (L)Angiopep were found to be colocalized with lysosomal compartments of bEnd.3 cells, indicating that susceptibility to proteolysis of (L)Angiopep in the BBB may further attenuate its transcytosis efficiency. In vivo, (D)Angiopep modified PEG-DSPE micelles displayed high distribution in normal brain and intracranial glioblastoma. Due to the expression of LRP-1 on the BBB and glioblastoma cells, proteolytically stable (D)Angiopep holds much potential for designing two-order brain tumor targeted delivery systems.
Augmentation of Innate Host Defense by Expression of a Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide (1999)

Antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins or cathelicidins, are effector substances of the innate immune system and are thought to have antimicrobial properties that contribute to host defense. The evidence that vertebrate antimicrobial peptides contribute to innate immunity in vivo is based on their expression pattern and in vitro activity against microorganisms. The goal of this study was to investigate whether the overexpression of an antimicrobial peptide results in augmented protection against bacterial infection. C57BL/6 mice were given an adenovirus vector containing the cDNA for LL-37/hCAP-18, a human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide. Mice treated with intratracheal LL-37/hCAP-18 vector had a lower bacterial load and a smaller inflammatory response than did untreated mice following pulmonary challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Systemic expression of LL-37/hCAP-18 after intravenous injection of recombinant adenovirus resulted in improved survival rates following intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide with galactosamine or Escherichia coli CP9. In conclusion, the data demonstrate that expression of an antimicrobial peptide by gene transfer results in augmentation of the innate immune response, providing support for the hypothesis that vertebrate antimicrobial peptides protect against microorganisms in vivo.
The importance of TGF-beta in murine visceral leishmaniasis. (1998)

IFN-gamma is critical for the cure of leishmaniasis in humans and mice. BALB/c mice are genetically susceptible to infection with the visceralizing species of Leishmania, L. chagasi. We have evidence that a soluble factor(s) inhibits IFN-gamma production by cultured liver granuloma cells from BALB/c mice during L. chagasi infection. In contrast, liver granulomas from C3H.HeJ mice, which are genetically resistant to L. chagasi infection, produce abundant IFN-gamma. According to ELISAs and neutralization studies, there was not evidence that the Th2-type cytokines IL-10 or IL-4 contributed to IFN-gamma suppression. However, both Ab neutralization and immunohistochemistry showed that granuloma-derived TGF-beta was, at least in part, responsible for inhibiting IFN-gamma release by CD4+ cells in BALB/c liver granuloma cultures. Consistently, TGF-beta levels were high in liver granulomas from susceptible BALB/c mice but low in resistant C3H mice or in BALB/c mice that were immunized against L. chagasi disease. Administration of recombinant adenovirus expressing TGF-beta (AdV-TGFbeta) but not IL-10 (AdV-IL10) caused genetically resistant C3H mice to become significantly more susceptible to L. chagasi infection. In contrast, either AdV-TGFbeta or AdV-IL10 could abrogate the protective immune response achieved by immunization of BALB/c mice. We conclude that locally secreted TGF-beta inhibits Th1-associated cure of murine visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. chagasi, independently of Th2-type cytokines.
Ultraviolet B irradiation of human skin induces an angiogenic switch that is mediated by upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and by downregulation of thrombospondin-1 (2005)

Together, these data indicate that a disruption of the balance between VEGF and TSP-1 expression leads to a UVB-induced angiogenic switch, facilitating the infiltration of elastase-producing leucocytes and cutaneous photodamage.
Update on pertussis and pertussis immunization (2010)

Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory tract disease caused by Bordetella pertussis infection. The clinical manifestation of this infection can be severe enough to cause death. Although pertussis has been supposed to be a vaccine-preventable disease ever since the widespread vaccination of children against pertussis was started, since the 1990s, cases of pertussis and related fatalities are on the rise, especially in countries with high vaccination coverage. In Korea, there have been no deaths due to pertussis since 1990, and the vaccination rate continues to be approximately 94%. However, the number of pertussis cases reported to the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention has tended to increase in the 2000s, and in 2009, there was an obvious increase in the number of pertussis cases reported. This review aims to present the latest information about the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of pertussis.
<title>Endoscopic optical coherence tomography</title> (1997)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a recently developed optical imaging technique that uses low coherence interferometry to perform high resolution, cross-sectional imaging in biological systems. While in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate the feasibility of performing optical biopsy in human tissues, key technologies must be developed to extend this technique to in vivo internal organ systems. These advances include improvements in image acquisition speed, and the development of an OCT compatible catheter-endoscope. A fast scanning OCT system has recently been constructed. This system employs a high power (200 mW) chromium doped forsterite laser as the low coherence source and a piezoelectric fiber stretcher to induce reference arm optical path length delay. The fast scanning system acquires OCT images with an acquisition rate of four images per second, an axial resolution of 15 micrometers, and a signal to noise ratio of 112 dB. When incorporated with the recently constructed OCT compatible catheter-endoscope, this system is capable of obtaining high resolution endoscopic diagnostic images of tissue microstructure in vivo.
Quadrature spectral interferometric detection and pulse shaping (2001)

We introduce a new variant of spectral interferometry, using spectrally dispersed ultrafast laser pulses and quadrature detection to measure optical thickness variations related to surface structure. We can resolve surface features with depths of 3 mm to 25 nm, using a lateral resolution of ~100mum . Quadrature detection gives a larger dynamic range and solves the sign ambiguity problem. This method has potential applications in device manufacture, optical communications, and error compensation in pulse shaping.
Effect of toremifene and ospemifene, compared to acolbifene, on estrogen-sensitive parameters in rat and human uterine tissues (2009)

The present in vitro and in vivo data show similar stimulatory effects of 4-hydroxytoremifene (OH-TORE) and OH-OSPE on estrogen-sensitive parameters. ACOL, a third generation SERM, has no effect on any of these parameters. Such data add to the potential uterine safety limitations of triphenylethylene-derived SERMs for long-term use in humans.
Energy storage systems for advanced power applications (2001)

While energy storage technologies do not represent energy sources, they provide valuable added benefits to improve stability power quality, and reliability of supply. Battery technologies have improved significantly in order to meet the challenges of practical electric vehicles and utility applications. Flywheel technologies are now used in advanced nonpolluting uninterruptible power supplies. Advanced capacitors are being considered as energy storage for power quality applications. Superconducting energy storage systems are still in their prototype stages but receiving attention for utility applications. The latest technology developments, some performance analysis, and cost considerations are addressed. This paper concentrates on the performance benefits of adding energy storage to power electronic compensators for utility applications.
Synergetic Chemical Coupling Controls the Uniformity of Carbon Nanotube Microstructure Growth (2014)

Control of the uniformity of vertically aligned carbon nanotube structures (CNT "forests"), in terms of both geometry and nanoscale morphology (density, diameter, and alignment), is crucial for applications. Many studies report complex and sometimes unexplained spatial variations of the height of macroscopic CNT forests, as well as variations among micropillars grown from lithographically patterned catalyst arrays. We present a model for chemically coupled CNT growth, which describes the origins of synergetic growth effects among CNT micropillars in proximity. Via this model, we propose that growth of CNTs is locally enhanced by active species that are catalytically produced at the substrate-bound nanoparticles. The local concentration of these active species modulates the growth rate of CNTs, in a spatially dependent manner driven by diffusion and local generation/consumption at the catalyst sites. Through experiments and numerical simulations, we study how the uniformity of CNT micropillars can be influenced by their size and spacing within arrays and predict the widely observed abrupt transition between tangled and vertical CNT growth by assigning a threshold concentration of active species. This mathematical framework enables predictive modeling of spatially dependent CNT growth, as well as design of catalyst patterns to achieve engineered uniformity.
Layer‐by‐layer assembly of polyelectrolyte films improving cytocompatibility to neural cells (2006)

The using of layer-by-layer assembly polyelectrolyte (PE) films has been suggested as a new versatile technique for surface modification aimed at tissue engineering and cell-based chips. In this study, we investigated the surface morphology of the hyaluronic acid (HA)-based PE films deposited on the amino-functionalized glass slides using atomic force microscopy. These thin films (bilayer number <9) were measured to have nanoscale roughness ranging from 10 to 100 nm. Then the primary hippocampal and cortical neural cells were cultured on the PE films, respectively. After 5 days of culturing, the cytocompatibility to neural cells was evaluated by cellular morphology, neurite outgrowth, and microtubule-associated protein 2 expressions. From the present results, the HA-based PE films were found to be able to support neural cell adhesion and neurite development, especially for the polycation-ending films. It is suggested these HA-based multilayer PE films or similar build-ups could thus be used in the future as a way to modify surfaces for nerve scaffolds and neuron-based chips.