gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lactic Dehydrogenase Activity in Blood. (1955)

1. Lactic dehydrogenase activity is present in the venous serum of normal human adults. Normal activity ranges from 260 to 850 units per ml with a mean value of470 ± 130 units per ml. 2. Venous whole blood hemolysates of normal adults have a lactic dehydrogenase activity varying between 16,000 to 67,000 units per ml with a mean value of 34,000 ± 12,000 units per ml. 3. Alterations in serum lactic dehydrogenase have been studied in a selected group of disease states. 4. Experimental and clinical myocardial infarction are associated with a rise in serum lactic dehydrogenase activity. 5. Lactic dehydrogenase like serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase rises in a characteristic fashion following myocardial infarction.
Risk of cancer in people with AIDS (1999)

This study provides strong support for the hypothesis that Hodgkin's disease is an AIDS-associated condition. There was an increased incidence of several other forms of cancer, some of which are known to occur at increased rates in transplant recipients who have received immunosuppressive therapy. Improved survival in people with HIV infection may lead to increases in the number that develop these forms of cancer.
Renal agenesis and hypodysplasia in ret-k – mutant mice result from defects in ureteric bud development (1996)

The c-ret gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that is expressed in the Wolffian duct and ureteric bud of the developing excretory system. Newborn mice homozygous for a mutation in c-ret displayed renal agenesis or severe hypodysplasia, suggesting a critical role for this gene in metanephric kidney development. To investigate the embryological basis of these defects, we characterized the early development of the excretory system in mutant homozygotes, and observed a range of defects in the formation, growth and branching of the ureteric bud, which account for the spectrum of renal defects seen at birth. Co-culture of isolated ureteric buds and metanephric mesenchyme show that the primary defect is intrinsic to the ureteric bud. While the mutant bud failed to respond to induction by wild-type mesenchyme, mutant mesenchyme was competent to induce the growth and branching of the wild-type bud. Furthermore, the mutant metanephric mesenchyme displayed a normal capacity to differentiate into nephric tubules when co-cultured with embryonic spinal cord. These findings suggest a model in which c-ret encodes the receptor for a (yet to be identified) factor produced by the metanephric mesenchyme, which mediates the inductive effects of this tissue upon the ureteric bud. This factor appears to stimulate the initial evagination of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct, as well as its subsequent growth and branching.
Efficacy of the Anti‐CandidarAls3p‐N or rAls1p‐N Vaccines against Disseminated and Mucosal Candidiasis (2006)

We have shown that vaccination with the recombinant N terminus of Als1p (rAls1p-N) protects mice against disseminated and oropharyngeal candidiasis. We now report that vaccination of mice with a related candidate, rAls3p-N, induces a broader antibody response than rAls1p-N and a similar cell-mediated immune response. The rAls3p-N vaccine was equally as effective as rAls1p-N against disseminated candidiasis but was more effective than rAls1p-N against oropharyngeal or vaginal candidiasis. Antibody titers did not correlate with protection against disseminated candidiasis, but delayed-type hypersensitivity did. The rAls3p-N vaccine is a promising new vaccine candidate for further exploration to prevent systemic and mucosal candidal infections.
Cocultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. with yeasts (2011)

Cocultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus with eight yeast species were investigated on water agar. Special mycelial structures contacting with yeast cells were found in such cultures: nipple-like appendages and coralioid hyphae. Three out of eight species, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Rhodotorula minuta, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were identified as trophic preferendum for P. ostreatus. These three yeast species were used for mushroom cultivation on sunflower seed peel. The biomass of fruiting bodies increased by 52.8–75.7% with the H. uvarum and S. cerevisiae suspension presence in the substrate.
Virus-Inspired Membrane Encapsulation of DNA Nanostructures To Achieve In Vivo Stability (2014)

DNA nanotechnology enables engineering of molecular-scale devices with exquisite control over geometry and site-specific functionalization. This capability promises compelling advantages in advancing nanomedicine; nevertheless, instability in biological environments and innate immune activation remain as obstacles for in vivo application. Natural particle systems (i.e., viruses) have evolved mechanisms to maintain structural integrity and avoid immune recognition during infection, including encapsulation of their genome and protein capsid shell in a lipid envelope. Here we introduce virus-inspired enveloped DNA nanostructures as a design strategy for biomedical applications. Achieving a high yield of tightly wrapped unilamellar nanostructures, mimicking the morphology of enveloped virus particles, required precise control over the density of attached lipid conjugates and was achieved at 1 per ∼180 nm(2). Envelopment of DNA nanostructures in PEGylated lipid bilayers conferred protection against nuclease digestion. Immune activation was decreased 2 orders of magnitude below controls, and pharmacokinetic bioavailability improved by a factor of 17. By establishing a design strategy suitable for biomedical applications, we have provided a platform for the engineering of sophisticated, translation-ready DNA nanodevices.
Enhanced cooperative quantum cutting in Tm^3+- Yb^3+ codoped glass ceramics containing LaF_3 nanocrystals (2008)

Tm(3+)-Yb(3+) codoped transparent oxyfluoride glass ceramics containing LaF(3) nanocrystals were obtained by thermal treatment on the as-made glasses. The formation of LaF(3) nanocrystals and the incorporation of Tm(3+) and Yb(3+) into LaF(3) nanocrystal lattice were confirmed by X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Infrared quantum cutting involving Yb(3+) 950-1100 nm ((2)F(5/2)--> (2)F(7/2)) emission was achieved upon the excitation of the (1)G(4) energy level of Tm(3+) at 468 nm. We measured the photoluminescence properties of these glass ceramics. We also investigated the thermal treatment duration dependent quantum efficiency, and found that the quantum efficiency is 13% increased for the 0.5Tm(3+)-4Yb(3+) doped glass ceramic with a maximum value of 144%, and 16% increased for the 0.5Tm3+-8Yb3+ doped glass ceramic with a maximum value of 162%, respectively.
Scanning Acoustic Microscope Studies of the Elastic Properties of Osteons and Osteon Lamellae (1993)

Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) provides the means for studying the elastic properties of a material at a comparable level of resolution to that obtained by optical microscopy for structural studies. SAM is nondestructive and permits observation of properties in the interior of materials which are optically opaque. Two modes of ultrasonic signals have been used in a Model UH3 Scanning Acoustic Microscope (Olympus Co., Tokyo, Japan) as part of a continuing study of the microstructural properties of bone. The pulse mode, using a single narrow pulse in the range of 30 MHz to 100 MHz, has been used to survey the surface and interior of specimens of human and canine femoral compact cortical bone at resolutions down to approximately 30 microns. To obtain more detailed information at significantly higher resolution, the burst mode, comprised of tens of sinusoids, has been used at frequencies from 200 MHz to 600 MHz. This has provided details of both human and canine single osteons (or haversion systems) and ostenoic lamellae at resolutions down to approximately 1.7 microns, well within the thickness of a lamella as viewed in a specimen cut transverse to the femoral axis.
Biomechanics of the lung parenchyma: critical roles of collagen and mechanical forces (2005)

The biomechanical properties of connective tissues play fundamental roles in how mechanical interactions of the body with its environment produce physical forces at the cellular level. It is now recognized that mechanical interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) have major regulatory effects on cellular physiology and cell-cycle kinetics that can lead to the reorganization and remodeling of the ECM. The connective tissues are composed of cells and the ECM, which includes water and a variety of biological macromolecules. The macromolecules that are most important in determining the mechanical properties of these tissues are collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans. Among these macromolecules, the most abundant and perhaps most critical for structural integrity is collagen. In this review, we examine how mechanical forces affect the physiological functioning of the lung parenchyma, with special emphasis on the role of collagen. First, we overview the composition of the connective tissue of the lung and their complex structural organization. We then describe how mechanical properties of the parenchyma arise from its composition as well as from the architectural organization of the connective tissue. We argue that, because collagen is the most important load-bearing component of the parenchymal connective tissue, it is also critical in determining the homeostasis and cellular responses to injury. Finally, we overview the interactions between the parenchymal collagen network and cellular remodeling and speculate how mechanotransduction might contribute to disease propagation and the development of small- and large-scale heterogeneities with implications to impaired lung function in emphysema.
Thermal Desorption Behavior and Binding Properties of DNA Bases and Nucleosides on Gold (2002)

A comparison of the binding of DNA bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine) and nucleosides (2'deoxyadenosine, 2'deoxycytidine, 2'deoxyguanosine, and thymidine) to gold thin films is presented. Desorption of monolayer/submonolayer and multilayer films of the adsorbates on gold studied via temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and reflection-absorption infrared (RAIR) spectroscopy reveals that there are major differences in the binding affinities of the different bases to gold, for example, thymine DeltaHdes = 111 +/- 2 kJ/mol compared to guanine DeltaHdes = 146 +/- 2 kJ/mol. The differences can be rationalized by molecular structures of the bases and their binding modes to gold surfaces deduced from IR data. Similar trends in desorption energies, shifted to lower desorption energy by more than 10 kJ/mol, are observed for deoxynucleoside layers on gold thin films.
Spectroscopic and NMR identification of novel hydride ions in fractional quantum energy states formed by an exothermic reaction of atomic hydrogen with certain catalysts (2004)

2K+ to K + K2+ and K to K3+ provide a reaction with a net enthalpy equal to one and three times the potential energy of atomic hydrogen, respectively. The presence of these gaseous ions or atoms with thermally dissociated hydrogen formed a so-called resonance transfer (rt)-plasma having strong VUV emission with a stationary inverted Lyman population. Significant line broadening of the Balmer , , and lines of 18 eV was observed, compared to 3–4 eV from a hydrogen microwave plasma. Emission from rt-plasmas occurred even when the electric field applied to the plasma was zero. The reaction was exothermic since excess power of 20 mW cm−3 was measured by Calvet calorimetry. An energetic catalytic reaction was proposed involving a resonant energy transfer between hydrogen atoms and 2K+ or K to form very stable novel hydride ions H−(1/p) called hydrino hydrides having a fractional principal quantum numbers p = 2 and p = 4, respectively. Characteristic emission was observed from K2+ and K3+ that confirmed the resonant nonradiative energy transfer of 27.2 eV and 3 × 27.2 eV from atomic hydrogen to 2K+ and K, respectively. The product hydride ion H−(1/4) was observed spectroscopically at 110 nm corresponding to its predicted binding energy of 11.2 eV. The 1H MAS NMR spectrum of novel compound KH*Cl relative to external tetramethylsilane (TMS) showed a large distinct upfield resonance at −4.4 corresponding to an absolute resonance shift of −35.9 ppm that matched the theoretical prediction of p = 4. A novel peak of KH*I at −1.5 ppm relative to TMS corresponding to an absolute resonance shift of –33.0 ppm matched the theoretical prediction of p = 2. The predicted catalyst reactions, position of the upfield-shifted NMR peaks for H−(1/4) and H−(1/2), and spectroscopic data for H−(1/4) were found to be in agreement with the experimental observations as well as previously reported spectroscopic data for H−(1/2) and analysis of KH*Cl and KH*I containing these hydride ions.
Culture Conditions Affect the Molecular Weight Properties of Hyaluronic Acid Produced by Streptococcus zooepidemicus (1997)

The effect of five culture variables on the molecular weight properties of hyaluronic acid (HA) produced by Streptococcus zooepidemicus was studied in batch culture with a complex medium containing glucose and 10 g of yeast extract per liter. Neither the culture pH (pH 6.3 to 8.0) nor the agitation speed (300 to 1,000 rpm) affected the weight-average molecular weight (M(infw)) of HA under anaerobic conditions at 37(deg)C when 20 g of glucose per liter was used initially. M(infw) was in the narrow range of 1.5 x 10(sup6) to 2.3 x 10(sup6), and polydispersity (P) was between 1.8 and 2.5. When S. zooepidemicus was grown at lower temperatures or with aeration, higher-molecular-weight polymer and increased yields were observed. The polydispersity, however, remained unaffected. Anaerobically, the mean M(infw) (based on three samples taken within 4 h of glucose exhaustion) was (2.40 (plusmn) 0.10) x 10(sup6) and (1.90 (plusmn) 0.05) x 10(sup6) at 32 and 40(deg)C respectively. Aeration of the culture at 1 vol/vol/min produced HA with mean M(infw) of (2.65 (plusmn) 0.05) x 10(sup6) compared with (2.10 (plusmn) 0.10) x 10(sup6) under equivalent anaerobic conditions. The initial glucose concentration had the most pronounced effect on polymer characteristics. Increasing this concentration from 20 to 40 g/liter produced HA with mean M(infw) of (3.1 (plusmn) 0.1) x 10(sup6) at 1-vol/vol/min aeration. The molecular weight of HA also exhibited time dependency, with smaller chains (M(infw), ca. 2.5 x 10(sup6)) detected early in the culture time course, rising to a maximum (M(infw), 3.2 x 10(sup6)) in the late exponential phase of growth. The mean polydispersity was also greater (2.7 (plusmn) 0.1) under these conditions. Replicate experiments performed under conditions resulting in the lowest (40(deg)C, anaerobic) and highest (40 g of glucose per liter, 1-vol/vol/min aeration)-M(infw) polymer demonstrated excellent experimental reproducibility.
The Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS): Initial Validation of a Standardized Scale for Assessment of Sexually Related Personal Distress in Women (2002)

Recent consensus-based characterizations of female sexual dysfunction have emphasized personal distress as an essential component of their definition. To assist researchers and clinicians, we developed a new scale, the Female Sexual Distress Scale, to measure sexually related personal distress in women. In this article, we describe the initial stages in the development and validation of this instrument. Three studies involving a total of approximately 500 women were performed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the scale in different samples of sexually functional and dysfunctional women. Results indicated a unidimensional factor structure in both the original 20-item version and in a "polished" 12-item version. We observed a high degree of internal consistency and test-retest reliability in both versions across all three studies. Additionally, the scale showed a high degree of discriminative ability to distinguish between sexually dysfunctional and functional women in each of the studies. One study also showed a strong sensitivity to treatment response. Finally, we observed moderate positive correlations with other conceptually related nonsexual measures of distress, supporting the construct validity of the scale. Overall, these findings provide solid support for the FSDS as a valid and reliable measure for assessing sexually related personal distress in women.
Bcl-2 Family Member Bfl-1/A1 Sequesters Truncated Bid to Inhibit Its Collaboration with Pro-apoptotic Bak or Bax (2002)

Following caspase-8 mediated cleavage, a carboxyl-terminal fragment of the BH3 domain-only Bcl-2 family member Bid transmits the apoptotic signal from death receptors to mitochondria. In a screen for possible regulators of Bid, we defined Bfl-1/A1 as a potent Bid interacting protein. Bfl-1 is an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, whose preferential expression in hematopoietic cells and endothelium is controlled by inflammatory stimuli. Its mechanism of action is unknown. We find that Bfl-1 associates with both full-length Bid and truncated (t)Bid, via the Bid BH3 domain. Cellular expression of Bfl-1 confers protection against CD95- and Trail receptor-induced cytochrome c release. In vitro assays, using purified mitochondria and recombinant proteins, demonstrate that Bfl-1 binds full-length Bid, but does not interfere with its processing by caspase-8, or with its mitochondrial association. Confocal microscopy supports that Bfl-1, which at least in part constitutively localizes to mitochondria, does not impede tBid translocation. However, Bfl-1 remains tightly and selectively bound to tBid and blocks collaboration between tBid and Bax or Bak in the plane of the mitochondrial membrane, thereby preventing mitochondrial apoptotic activation. Lack of demonstrable interaction between Bfl-1 and Bak or Bax in the mitochondrial membrane suggests that Bfl-1 generally prevents the formation of a pro-apoptotic complex by sequestering BH3 domain-only proteins.
Direct visualization of serine hydrolase activities in complex proteomes using fluorescent active site-directed probes (2001)

The field of biochemistry is currently faced with the enormous challenge of assigning functional significance to more than thirty thousand predicted protein products encoded by the human genome. In order to accomplish this daunting task, methods will be required that facilitate the global analysis of proteins in complex biological systems. Recently, methods have been described for simultaneously monitoring the activity of multiple enzymes in crude proteomes based on their reactivity with tagged chemical probes. These activity based probes (ABPs) have used either radiochemical or biotin/avidin-based detection methods to allow consolidated visualization of numerous enzyme activities. Here we report the synthesis and evaluation of fluorescent activity based probes for the serine hydrolase super-family of enzymes. The fluorescent methods detailed herein provide superior throughput, sensitivity, and quantitative accuracy when compared to previously described ABPs, and provide a straight-forward platform for high-throughput proteome analysis.
Thermodynamic Assessment of Coating Materials for Solid-State Li, Na, and K Batteries (2019)

The development of all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) presents a pathway to enhance the energy density and safety of conventional Li-ion batteries that use liquid electrolytes. However, one of the more promising categories of solid electrolytes (SEs), sulfides, are generally unstable in contact with common electrode materials, resulting in SE decomposition and high interfacial resistance. Recent studies have indicated that the application of coatings can, in some cases, stabilize the electrode/SE interface, reducing the likelihood for harmful interfacial reactions. Here, stable coatings for Li, Na, and K ASSBs are identified. In total, the stability windows for 1112 ternary alkali-metal-based compounds were assessed, including fluorides, chlorides, oxides, sulfides, phosphides, and nitrides. In general, the fluorides and chlorides exhibit the highest oxidative stability, suggesting that they are good choices for stabilizing SE/cathode interfaces. In contrast, sulfides, phosphides, and nitrides exhibit much lower oxidative stabilities, with many of these materials predicted to decompose above 2 V. At the anode/SE interface, nitrides and oxides are predicted to be the most effective coatings, as they are generally the most stable against reductive decomposition. As expected, sulfides and phosphides are the least stable class of materials under reducing conditions. Overall, oxides appear to be the most versatile class of coating materials: several oxides are predicted to exhibit stability windows ranging from 0 to 3 V with respect to Li/Li<sup>+</sup>, Na/Na<sup>+</sup>, or K/K<sup>+</sup>. Examples of promising oxides for stabilizing the SE/anode interface include Li<sub>5</sub>AlO<sub>4</sub>, Li<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>, NaAlO<sub>2</sub>, Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, KAlO<sub>2</sub>, and K<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>. Similarly, promising compounds for stabilizing the SE/cathode interface include NaPO<sub>3</sub> and KPO<sub>3</sub>. Finally, the possibility for kinetic stabilization suggests that additional ternary oxides (e.g., based on Ga, Nb, Sb, and Ta) may be viable coatings at the SE/cathode interface.
Characterization of I-Ppo, an Intron-Encoded Endonuclease That Mediates Homing of a Group I Intron in the Ribosomal DNA of Physarum polycephalum (1990)

A novel and only recently recognized class of enzymes is composed of the site-specific endonucleases encoded by some group I introns. We have characterized several aspects of I-Ppo, the endonuclease that mediates the mobility of intron 3 in the ribosomal DNA of Physarum polycephalum. This intron is unique among mobile group I introns in that it is located in nuclear DNA. We found that I-Ppo is encoded by an open reading frame in the 5' half of intron 3, upstream of the sequences required for self-splicing of group I introns. Either of two AUG initiation codons could start this reading frame, one near the beginning of the intron and the other in the upstream exon, leading to predicted polypeptides of 138 and 160 amino acid residues. The longer polypeptide was the major form translated in vitro in a reticulocyte extract. From nuclease assays of proteins synthesized in vitro with partially deleted DNAs, we conclude that both polypeptides possess endonuclease activity. We also have expressed I-Ppo in Escherichia coli, using a bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase expression system. The longer polypeptide also was the predominant form made in this system. It showed enzymatic activity in bacteria in vivo, as demonstrated by the cleavage of a plasmid carrying the target site. Like several other intron-encoded endonucleases, I-Ppo makes a four-base staggered cut in its ribosomal DNA target sequence, very near the site where intron 3 becomes integrated in crosses of intron 3-containing and intron 3-lacking Physarum strains.
ECoG factors underlying multimodal control of a brain-computer interface (2006)

Most current brain-computer interface (BCI) systems for humans use electroencephalographic activity recorded from the scalp, and may be limited in many ways. Electrocorticography (ECoG) is believed to be a minimally-invasive alternative to electroencephalogram (EEG) for BCI systems, yielding superior signal characteristics that could allow rapid user training and faster communication rates. In addition, our preliminary results suggest that brain regions other than the sensorimotor cortex, such as auditory cortex, may be trained to control a BCI system using similar methods as those used to train motor regions of the brain. This could prove to be vital for users who have neurological disease, head trauma, or other conditions precluding the use of sensorimotor cortex for BCI control.