gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Costimulation by CD28 sFv expressed on the tumor cell surface or as a soluble bispecific molecule targeted to the L6 carcinoma antigen (1996)

Interaction of the CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) molecules on antigen presenting cells with the receptors CD28 and CTLA-4 on T cells generates signals important in the regulation of immune responses. Because this receptor system involves multiple receptor-ligand interactions, determining the function for individual receptors has been difficult. One approach is the use of antibodies and their derivatives with singular specificity as substitute ligands to explore the activities of these molecules. We have constructed recombinant mono- and bi-specific sFv molecules specific for the CD28 receptor that are capable of binding and generating costimulatory signals to activate T cells. We demonstrate that these soluble molecules are capable of higher levels of costimulation than soluble CD80Ig at equivalent concentrations. We also constructed artificial adhesion receptors on the cell surface using two different CD28-specific sFvIgs fused to the CD80 cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains. In this report, we compared costimulation by a soluble bispecific (alpha CD28-alpha L6) single chain sFvIg fusion protein to that generated by L6 antigen positive (L6+) H3347 tumor cells transduced with cell surface expressed forms of alpha CD28 sFv's. We show that the bispecific protein can target potent CD28 costimulatory activity to L6+ tumor cells in vitro. We also show that transfection of the cell surface forms of the two different CD28 sFvIgs into H3347 tumor cells allows them to generate significant costimulatory signals to activated T cells. Finally, we demonstrate that tumor cell presentation of either the soluble bispecific or transduced cell surface sFv generate similar costimulatory effects resulting in T cell activation.
A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group [see comments] (1994)

T HE HISTOLOGIC categorization of lymphoma has been a source of frustration for many years for both clinicians and pathologists.In the last 10 years, much new information has become available about the lymphomas, resulting in recognition of new entities and refinement of previously recognized disease categories, raising the question of whether it is time for a new lymphoma classification.In this paper we report the result of an international review of lymphomas, which we hope may clarify some of the confusion surrounding this topic.This review was conducted at a meeting of 19 hematopathologists with particular interest and experience in lymphomas (the International Lymphoma Study Group) in Berlin, Germany, in April 1993.At previous meetings in Europe and the United States, we had come to believe that, despite the variety of classification schemes used, many hematopathologists appeared to agree on a rather large number of distinct lymphoma entities that they recognize and diagnose in daily practice.We believed that we could provide a useful service to both pathologists and clinicians struggling with the classification of lymphomas by attempting to arrive at a consensus regarding the categories of lymphoid neoplasia that can be reliably recognized at present.What emerged from this meeting was, first, that each of us had independently evolved ways of viewing these diseases that were essentially identical.Surprisingly, there was little divergence between European and US participants.Second, it was evident that, while many of these lymphoma entities are recognized in the Kiel Classification,"6 the Lukes-Collins Classification,' and the Working Formulation,* they often go by different names in different publications and may have variable criteria for diagno~is.~Furthermore, we found that many of us had doubts about both the practical feasibility and the scientific validity of distinguishing certain subtypes in these systems.We also found that while some lymphoma categories are easy to recognize, others are disturbingly prone to subjective variability.This feature of lymphoma diagnosis has not been emphasized in previous schemes for classification, which imply that all categories are equally easy for the pathologist to recognize.Ideally lymphomas, like most other tumors, should be classified according to their presumed normal counterpart, to the extent possible.This should provide the best information about disease biology, natural history, and response to treatment.However, despite extensive study, the definition of lymphoid compartments in humans and movement of cells between these compartments still contains many uncertainties.Furthermore, there are difficulties in defining the full extent of the neoplastic clone in individual cases of lymphoma, and some well-defined lymphoma types lack obvious normal counterparts.Consequently, although differentiation schemes provide useful conceptual frameworks for
Liposomes : a practical approach (2003)

1. PREPARATION OF LIPOSOMES 2. Characterization of Liposomes 3. Physical Methods of Study: Differential Scanning of Calorimetry 4. Fluorescence methods in liposome research 5. Stability, storage and sterilization of liposomes 6. Encapsulation of weakly-basic drugs, antisense oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA within large unilamellar vesicles for drug delivery applications 7. Surface modifications of liposomes 8. Long-circulating sterically protected liposomes 9. Liposomes in biological systems 10. Cationic liposomes in gene delivery 1. PH-SENSITIVE LIPOSOMES 2. Radiolabeled liposomes for imaging and biodistribution 3. Isothermic Titration Calorimetry (ITC) 4. Vesicular phospholipid gels 5. Liposome-based DNA vaccines: Procedures for entrapment
The unreliability of CT numbers as absolute values (1982)

The use of CT numbers as absolute values was examined by scanning a standard phantom on five CT scanners under a variety of conditions simulating those encountered in routine body CT scanning. The results show that: (1) There are significant differences in absolute CT numbers between most scanners (only one scanner produced CT numbers that were equal to zero for water); (2) There are significant differences in absolute CT numbers between two scanners of the same manufacturer and model that were examined; (3) There is a significant difference in CT numbers in a single phantom scan, dependent on location in the scan, and the format of this variability is not constant from one scanner to another; and (4) There may be a significant difference in absolute CT numbers depending on various physical factors (e.g., kilovoltage, phantom orientation in scan aperture, and position of the phantom in the scan aperture). The findings suggest that there is a wide range of CT numbers observed for a given tissue type as a result of scanner performance alone, and that if absolute CT numbers are to be used for diagnosis the user must document that these machine-related variations are less than the differences thought to be significant.
Purification and characterization of phthalate oxygenase and phthalate oxygenase reductase from Pseudomonas cepacia. (1987)

An enzymatic system has been isolated that catalyzes dihydroxylation of phthalate to form 1,2-dihydroxy-4,5-dicarboxy-3,5-cyclohexadiene with consumption of NADH and O2. This system is comprised of two proteins: a flavo-iron-sulfur protein with NADH-dependent oxidoreductase activity and a nonheme iron protein with oxygenase activity. Phthalate oxygenase is a large (approximately 217 kDa) protein composed of apparently identical 48-kDa monomers. The active enzyme has one Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] center and one mononuclear iron/monomer. Removal of the mononuclear iron by incubation with EDTA or with o-phenanthroline inhibits oxygenation; ferrous ion completely restores activity. No other metals are effective. Phthalate oxygenase is specific for phthalate or other closely related compounds. However, only phthalate is tightly coupled to NADH oxidation and O2 consumption with a stoichiometry of 1:1:1. Phthalate oxygenase is chemically competent to oxygenate phthalate when artificially supplied with reducing equivalents and O2. Phthalate oxygenase reductase is required, however, for efficient catalytic activity. The reductase is a monomeric 34-kDa flavo-iron-sulfur protein containing FMN and a plant-ferredoxin-type [2Fe-2S] center in a 1:1 ratio. Phthalate oxygenase reductase is specific for NADH but can pass electrons to a variety of acceptors, including: phthalate oxygenase, cytochrome c, ferricyanide, and dichlorophenolindophenol. This system is similar to other bacterial oxygenase systems involved in aromatic degradation including: benzoate dioxygenase, toluene dioxygenase, benzene dioxygenase, and 4-methoxybenzoate demethoxylase. However, phthalate oxygenase can be isolated in large quantities and is more stable than most other such systems.
Lowering LDL--Not Only How Low, But How Long? (2006)

People with a mutation in a proteolytic enzyme are at a substantially lower risk for coronary heart disease because of their lifelong reduction of plasma low-density lipoprotein.
Growth, regeneration, and tumorigenesis of the prostate activates the PSCA promoter (2001)

The prostate gland undergoes dramatic changes in growth status during normal physiologic development, following androgen administration to castrate animals, and during tumor development. The prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA, named for its strong sequence homology to the thymocyte marker stem cell antigen 2) is a cell surface molecule associated with human and murine prostate cancer. To help define the regulation of this molecule, we created a transgenic mouse strain, which uses the human PSCA promoter region to control the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP). Expression of GFP was detected in mid-gestation following the appearance of prostatic buds from the urogenital sinus. In adult mice, GFP expression was restricted to a subset of cells located in the distal tips of the glands. GFP expression increased during puberty and regeneration driven by androgen and associated with expansive growth of the prostate. GFP-positive cells coexpressed markers associated with both basal and secretory cells in the human prostate. Prostate carcinogenesis driven by T antigen in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model results in an increased percentage and intensity level for PSCA promoter-driven GFP-positive cells. This transgenic system helps define the range of cellular changes associated with altered expression of PSCA, shows that transcriptional control is a major component regulating PSCA levels, and provides a useful tool to study subpopulations of prostate epithelial cells and factors that regulate the PSCA promoter.
Intronic polymorphism (1541‐1542delGT) of the constitutive heat shock protein 70 gene has functional significance and shows evidence of association with lung cancer risk (2004)

Somatic mutations of 11q23.3-linked constitutive heat shock protein 70 gene (HSPA8 alias HSC70) are detected by others in breast carcinomas. To examine whether intragenic, somatic mutations of HSPA8 occur in lung carcinomas, we sequenced its exons 2-8, with adjacent intronic sequences, in a series of DNA samples from non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Twenty-one polymorphisms were detected, but no somatic mutation. However, we observed an association between the HSC70 1541-1542delGT genotype and the immunohistochemical staining pattern of HSC70 protein. Tumors with weak (+) HSC70 protein staining were more frequent in the carriers of the polymorphic 1541-1542delGT allele than in the homozygotes of the major allele (20% vs. 6%, P=0.05 by Fisher's exact test). This statistically significant association prompted us to test the polymorphism functionally. The method we developed for the functional evaluation of intronic sequence alterations showed that the HSPA8 intron 2 with the deleted GT dinucleotide was associated with noticeable (approximately 20%) and statistically significant (P=0.005) reduction of the reporter gene activity. Our case-control analysis showed that the 1541-1542delGT heterozygous genotype was associated with significantly decreased risk for lung cancer (crude odds ratio (OR)=0.44; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.23-0.84). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the association between a polymorphism of a gene coding for the chaperone protein and lung cancer risk. Moreover, the simple method reported here, based on the dual-luciferase reporter assay system, can be useful for testing functional significance of polymorphisms located in introns of other genes.
Anode Interfacial Tuning via Electron‐Blocking/Hole‐Transport Layers and Indium Tin Oxide Surface Treatment in Bulk‐Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaic Cells (2009)

Abstract The effects of anode/active layer interface modification in bulk‐heterojunction organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells is investigated using poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and/or a hole‐transporting/electron‐blocking blend of 4,4′‐bis[( p ‐trichlorosilylpropylphenyl)‐phenylamino]biphenyl (TPDSi 2 ) and poly[9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐ co ‐ N ‐[4‐(3‐methylpropyl)]‐diphenylamine] (TFB) as interfacial layers (IFLs). Current–voltage data in the dark and AM1.5G light show that the TPDSi 2 :TFB IFL yields MDMO‐PPV:PCBM OPVs with substantially increased open‐circuit voltage ( V oc ), power conversion efficiency, and thermal stability versus devices having no IFL or PEDOT:PSS. Using PEDOT:PSS and TPDSi 2 :TFB together in the same cell greatly reduces dark current and produces the highest V oc (0.91 V) by combining the electron‐blocking effects of both layers. ITO anode pre‐treatment was investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy to understand why oxygen plasma, UV ozone, and solvent cleaning markedly affect cell response in combination with each IFL. O 2 plasma and UV ozone treatment most effectively clean the ITO surface and are found most effective in preparing the surface for PEDOT:PSS deposition; UV ozone produces optimum solar cells with the TPDSi 2 :TFB IFL. Solvent cleaning leaves significant residual carbon contamination on the ITO and is best followed by O 2 plasma or UV ozone treatment.
GaitTrack (2013)

Detecting abnormal health is an important issue for mobile health, especially for chronic diseases. We present a free-living health monitoring system based on simple standalone smart phones, which can accurately compute walking speed. This phone app can be used to validate status of the major chronic condition, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), by estimating gait speed of actual patients.
Neurodegeneration induced by beta-amyloid peptides in vitro: the role of peptide assembly state (1993)

The progressive neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease has been hypothesized to be mediated, at least in part, by beta-amyloid protein. A relationship between the aggregation state of beta-amyloid protein and its ability to promote degeneration in vitro has been previously suggested. To evaluate this hypothesis and to define a structure-activity relationship for beta-amyloid, aggregation properties of an overlapping series of synthetic beta-amyloid peptides (beta APs) were investigated and compared with beta AP neurotoxic properties in vitro. Using light microscopy, electrophoresis, and ultracentrifugation assays, we found that few beta APs assembled into aggregates immediately after solubilization, but that over time peptides containing the highly hydrophobic beta 29-35 region formed stable aggregations. In short-term neuronal cultures, toxicity was associated specifically with those beta APs that also exhibited significant aggregation. Further, upon the partial reversal of beta 1-42 aggregation, a concomitant loss of toxicity was observed. A synthetic peptide derived from a different amyloidogenic protein, islet amyloid polypeptide, exhibited aggregation but not toxicity, suggesting that beta AP-induced neurotoxicity in vitro is not a nonspecific reaction to aggregated protein. The correlation between beta AP aggregation and neurotoxicity was also observed in long-term neuronal cultures but not in astrocyte cultures. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that beta-amyloid protein contributes to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
Persistent Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Pregnancy (1983)

Women seropositive for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were studied during pregnancy for reactivation of latent, persistent infection. Individual women usually (94%) maintained constant titers of antibodies to EBV-specific antigens, including viral capsid antigen, early antigen, and EBV-associated nuclear antigen. The geometric mean titer of the EBV-specific antibodies was constant throughout gestation. Pregnant women did, however, differ from control subjects in that they significantly more often had antibodies to early antigen (anti-EA) (55% vs. 22%-32%). Infants born to women with anti-EA had the same incidence of low birth weight, congenital anomalies, and neonatal jaundice as did the offspring of women without anti-EA. Within the limitations of the sample, our data suggest that reactivation of latent, persistent EBV infection occurs early during gestation but that this reactivation does not adversely affect the fetus.
Energy Management Techniques in Modern Mobile Handsets (2012)

Managing energy efficiently is paramount in modern smartphones. The diverse range of wireless interfaces and sensors, and the increasing popularity of power-hungry applications that take advantage of these resources can reduce the battery life of mobile handhelds to few hours of operation. The research community, and operating system and hardware vendors found interesting optimisations and techniques to extend the battery life of mobile phones. However, the state of the art of lithium-ion batteries clearly indicates that energy efficiency must be achieved both at the hardware and software level. In this survey, we will cover the software solutions that can be found in the research literature between 1999 and May 2011 at six different levels: energy-aware operating systems, efficient resource management, the impact of users' interaction patterns with mobile devices and applications, wireless interfaces and sensors management, and finally the benefits of integrating mobile devices with cloud computing services.
Immunological Priming with Synthetic Peptides of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (1985)

A sub-immunizing dose of a synthetic peptide corresponding to the amino acids 141 to 160 region of protein VP1 from foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), serotype O1, coupled to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (141-160KLH) has been shown to prime the immune system of guinea-pigs for an FMDV serotype-specific neutralizing antibody response to a second sub-immunizing dose of the same peptide. Optimal priming required an interval of 42 days between the priming dose and the booster dose. No priming was observed in the absence of adjuvant. The secondary response was not restricted by the carrier since animals primed with 141-160KLH could be boosted with uncoupled 141-160 or 141-160 coupled to tetanus toxoid. It has also been shown that uncoupled peptide 141-160 will prime for a neutralizing antibody response when it is incorporated into a relatively non-immunogenic carrier such as small unilamellar liposomes. These results indicate that the 141-160 peptide of FMDV, as well as containing an important neutralizing antibody site, can initiate its own T-helper cell response.
Ising Superconductivity and Quantum Phase Transition in Macro-Size Monolayer NbSe2 (2017)

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have a range of unique physics properties and could be used in the development of electronics, photonics, spintronics, and quantum computing devices. The mechanical exfoliation technique of microsize TMD flakes has attracted particular interest due to its simplicity and cost effectiveness. However, for most applications, large-area and high-quality films are preferred. Furthermore, when the thickness of crystalline films is down to the 2D limit (monolayer), exotic properties can be expected due to the quantum confinement and symmetry breaking. In this paper, we have successfully prepared macro-size atomically flat monolayer NbSe<sub>2</sub> films on bilayer graphene terminated surface of 6H-SiC(0001) substrates by a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. The films exhibit an onset superconducting critical transition temperature (T<sub>c</sub><sup>onset</sup>) above 6 K and the zero resistance superconducting critical transition temperature (T<sub>c</sub><sup>zero</sup>) up to 2.40 K. Simultaneously, the transport measurements at high magnetic fields and low temperatures reveal that the parallel characteristic field B<sub>c//</sub>(T = 0) is above 5 times of the paramagnetic limiting field, consistent with Zeeman-protected Ising superconductivity mechanism. Besides, by ultralow temperature electrical transport measurements, the monolayer NbSe<sub>2</sub> film shows the signature of quantum Griffiths singularity (QGS) when approaching the zero-temperature quantum critical point.
Monoclonal antibody against a genus-specific antigen of Chlamydia species: location of the epitope on chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (1984)

Monoclonal antibodies were prepared by the fusion of murine myeloma NS1 cells with spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with Formalin-killed elementary bodies of the Chlamydia trachomatis L2 serovar. The specificity of these monoclonal antibodies was determined with a solid-phase immunoassay in which HeLa 229 cells infected with C. trachomatis serovars D, G, H, I, L2 and the Chlamydia psittaci meningopneumonitis strain Cal-10 were used. An immunoglobulin G3 monoclonal antibody (L2I-6) was identified that reacted with both C. trachomatis- and C. psittaci-infected HeLa cells. The immunoreactivity of the genus-specific epitope was heat resistant (100 degrees C, 10 min) but was destroyed by sodium metaperiodate treatment. Further characterization of the chlamydial specificity of monoclonal antibody L2I-6 by microimmunofluorescence showed that it was reactive with all 15 C. trachomatis serovars and seven C. psittaci strains isolated from five different animal species. We undertook studies to identify the biochemical nature of the chlamydial component on which the genus-specific epitope was located. The immunoreactive component was isolated by hot phenol-water extraction of dithiothreitol-reduced chlamydial elementary bodies. The component was positive in the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test (results of Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay were identical with those of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 SAI 377 Re lipopolysaccharide [LPS]), contained 8.8% 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid, was resistant to proteinase K, and possessed electrophoretic mobility and silver-staining characteristics in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis consistent with a rough LPS or glycolipid. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that the genus-specific epitope recognized by monoclonal L2I-6 is located on chlamydial LPS. We further characterized the antigenic properties of the chlamydial LPS epitope by examining the immunoreactivity of monoclonal antibody L2I-6 by immunoblotting analyses against isolated LPSs extracted from Neisseria gonorrhoeae, S. typhimurium, and Escherichia coli. Monoclonal antibody L2I-6 did not bind LPS of these organisms, demonstrating that the chlamydial genus-specific LPS epitope is apparently not shared by these gram-negative bacteria. We were able, however, to show that the chlamydial LPS does share antigenic determinants with LPS of gram-negative organisms. Polyclonal rabbit antisera raised against S. typhimurium Re LPS or lipid A showed intense immunological cross-reactivity with chlamydial LPS by immunoblotting.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)