gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct Observation of Aminoglycoside−RNA Interactions by Surface Plasmon Resonance (1997)

The specificity of neomycin B and related aminoglycoside antibiotics in their interaction with the Rev responsive element (RRE) of HIV-1 mRNA has been studied by directly observing the aminoglycoside-RNA complexes using surface plasmon resonance. Several different RNA sequences, each with a biotin tag, have been prepared using T7 RNA polymerase-catalyzed transcription of synthetic DNA templates and have been immobilized on a streptavidin-coated surface for the binding study. The results indicate that neomycin B is not specific for the G-rich bubble region in RRE. Rather, it appears to interact with three different sites, each with a submicromolar dissociation constant, within the 67-nucleotide domain II of RRE. Further analysis of neomycin B binding with three short synthetic RNA hairpins showed binding with submicromolar affinity and 1:1 stoichiometry in each case. This suggests that neomycin B may generally bind with this affinity to regular A-form RNA or hairpin loops. The approach described here is generally useful for understanding the fundamental interactions involved in the specific recognition of nucleic acids by small molecules which is the basis of rational drug design.
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to porcine immunoglobulin gamma, alpha, and light chains (1989)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAB) to porcine immunoglobulins were produced by fusion of SP2/0 cells with splenic lymphocytes of mice that had been immunized with porcine IgG or IgA. Of 16 MAB selected for detailed study, 13 reacted with heavy chains (7 anti-gamma, 6 anti-alpha) and 3 reacted with light chains of native immunoglobulin. Several of the same MAB (3 anti-gamma chain, 1 anti-alpha chain, 3 anti-light chain) also reacted with denatured immunoglobulin by use of immunoblotting analysis. Collective results of competitive ELISA, immunodiffusion, and immunoblotting analysis indicated that the 7 MAB of anti-gamma chain specificity were directed to 3 epitopes, the 6 MAB of anti-alpha chain specificity were directed to at least 2 epitopes, and the 3 MAB of anti-light chain specificity were directed to at least 2 epitopes that may have been located of different types of light chains. When tested by immunodiffusion with 5% polyethylene glycol incorporated in the agar matrix, all anti-gamma chain and antilight chain MAB, but no anti-alpha chain MAB, had precipitating activity. When polyethylene glycol was not used, only 4 MAB (all of the anti-gamma chain specificity and of IgM isotype) had precipitating activity. These MAB, with specificity for gamma and alpha chains and those reported earlier with mu-chain specificity, should be invaluable in the detection and quantification of porcine immunoglobulin isotypes. These MAB have potential applications in delineating the porcine immune response to selected immunogens.
Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (2002)

Abnormalities in mitochondrial function relate to the spectrum of pathological changes seen in Alzheimer's disease. Here we review the causes and consequences of mitochondrial disturbances in Alzheimer's disease as well as how this information might impact on therapeutic approaches to this disease.
Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human colon cancer cells increases metastatic potential (1997)

Recent epidemiologic studies have shown a 40-50% reduction in mortality from colorectal cancer in individuals who take nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on a regular basis compared with those not taking these agents. One property shared by all of these drugs is their ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX), a key enzyme in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Two isoforms of COX have been characterized, COX-1 and COX-2. COX-2 is expressed at high levels in intestinal tumors in humans and rodents. Human colon cancer cells (Caco-2) were permanently transfected with a COX-2 expression vector or the identical vector lacking the COX-2 insert. The Caco-2 cells, which constitutively expressed COX-2, acquired increased invasiveness compared with the parental Caco-2 cells or the vector transfected control cells. Biochemical changes associated with this phenotypic change included activation of metalloproteinase-2 and increased RNA levels for the membrane-type metalloproteinase. Increased invasiveness and prostaglandin production were reversed by treatment with sulindac sulfide, a known COX inhibitor. These studies demonstrate that constitutive expression of COX-2 can lead to phenotypic changes that alter the metastatic potential of colorectal cancer cells.
Copper ion promoted esterification of (S)-2-pyridyl thioates and 2-pyridyl esters. Efficient methods for the preparation of hindered esters (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCopper ion promoted esterification of (S)-2-pyridyl thioates and 2-pyridyl esters. Efficient methods for the preparation of hindered estersSunggak Kim and Jae In LeeCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 10, 1712–1716Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00184a009https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00184a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views945Altmetric-Citations75LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dynamic CT perfusion imaging in subarachnoid hemorrhage-related vasospasm. (2006)

Animals treated with nimodipine showed (1) increased mean basilar artery diameter, (2) improved neurologic outcome, and (3) increased mean CBF despite no significant difference in the incidence and severity of delayed vasospasm. These data provide a basis for future studies comparing the efficacy of new treatments for SAH to that of nimodipine.
Corneal collagen crosslinking in progressive keratoconus: Multicenter results from the French National Reference Center for Keratoconus (2011)

Ultraviolet-A light associated with riboflavin CXL is an efficient procedure to stabilize and improve progressive keratoconus. The results reinforce previous studies highlighting the efficacy and safety of the procedure. A large prospective randomized clinical trial is needed.
Analysis of the Genome of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1: Arrangement of Cleavage Sites for Restriction Endonucleases EcoRI, BglII and BamHI (1981)

The genome of an Australian isolate of equine herpesvirus type 1 (equine abortion virus) has been analysed using the restriction endonucleases EcoRI, BglII and BamHI, and a physical map constructed. Terminal fragments were identified by exonuclease treatments, and linkage of fragments was deduced by a combination of single- and double-digest experiments and cross-blot hybridizations. The genome has a mol. wt. of 100 x 10(6) and is comprised of a short unique region bounded by repetitive sequences, which is present in both orientations in approximately equal amounts in the DNA population, and a long unique region existing in only one orientation.
The selectivity of β‐adrenoceptor antagonists at the human β1, β2 and β3 adrenoceptors (2005)

β ‐Adrenoceptor antagonists (‘ β ‐blockers’) are one of the most widely used classes of drugs in cardiovascular medicine (hypertension, ischaemic heart disease and increasingly in heart failure) as well as in the management of anxiety, migraine and glaucoma. Where known, the mode of action in cardiovascular disease is from antagonism of endogenous catecholamine responses in the heart (mainly at β 1‐adrenoceptors), while the worrisome side effects of bronchospasm result from airway β 2‐adrenoceptor blockade. The aim of this study was to determine the selectivity of β ‐antagonists for the human β ‐adrenoceptor subtypes. 3 H‐CGP 12177 whole cell‐binding studies were undertaken in CHO cell lines stably expressing either the human β 1‐, β 2‐ or the β 3‐adrenoceptor in order to determine the affinity of ligands for each receptor subtype in the same cell background. In this study, the selectivity of well‐known subtype‐selective ligands was clearly demonstrated: thus, the selective β 1 antagonist CGP 20712A was 501‐fold selective over β 2 and 4169‐fold selective over β 3; the β 2‐selective antagonist ICI 118551 was 550‐ and 661‐fold selective over β 1 and β 3, respectively, and the selective β 3 compound CL 316243 was 10‐fold selective over β 2 and more than 129‐fold selective over β 1. Those β 2‐adrenoceptor agonists used clinically for the treatment of asthma and COPD were β 2 selective: 29‐, 61‐ and 2818‐fold for salbutamol, terbutaline and salmeterol over β 1, respectively. There was little difference in the affinity of these ligands between β 1 and β 3 adrenoceptors. The clinically used β ‐antagonists studied ranged from bisoprolol (14‐fold β 1‐selective) to timolol (26‐fold β 2‐selective). However, the majority showed little selectivity for the β 1‐ over the β 2‐adrenoceptor, with many actually being more β 2‐selective. This study shows that the β 1/ β 2 selectivity of most clinically used β ‐blockers is poor in intact cells, and that some compounds that are traditionally classed as ‘ β 1‐selective’ actually have higher affinity for the β 2‐adrenoceptor. There is therefore considerable potential for developing more selective β ‐antagonists for clinical use and thereby reducing the side‐effect profile of β ‐blockers. British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 144 , 317–322. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706048
패션제품 충동구매행동에 대한 쾌락적 소비의 매개효과 - 서울시내 백화점 판매 데이터를 이용한 실증분석 (2005)

본 연구에서는 패션제품의 충동구매행동에 대한 패션관여와 브라우징 그리고 쾌락적 소비의 관계를 연구 모형으로 도출하여 쾌락적 소비의 충동구매행동에 대한 매개효과를 실증적으로 검증해 보고자 하였다. 검증된 구조 모형에 의하면, 패션제품 충동구매행동에 대한 선행구성개념으로 패션관여, 점포, 내에서의 브라우징, 쾌락적 소비가...
The adenosine-uridine binding factor recognizes the AU-rich elements of cytokine, lymphokine, and oncogene mRNAs. (1991)

Selective mRNA degradation is an important control point in the transient expression of a variety of mRNAs coding for growth regulators. A variety of labile mRNAs coding for lymphokines, cytokines, and oncogenes contain within their 3'-untranslated region an AU-rich region shown to destabilize these messages. We recently identified a cytosolic protein, adenosine-uridine binding factor (AUBF), which complexes with four tandem AUUUA reiterations of a synthetic RNA transcript. We now show that AUBF forms RNase T1-resistant band-shifted complexes with a variety of in vitro transcribed mRNAs including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-gamma, interleukin-3, c-fos, and v-myc. Formation of complexes was specifically inhibited by AUUUA containing RNA, but not by irrelevant RNA. After brief ultraviolet light-induced cross-linking, AUBF.RNA complexes with the exception of c-fos comigrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mutations within the AUUUA motifs demonstrate that both nucleotide sequence and secondary structure are important in AUBF.AUUUA RNA complex formation. Based upon these data, we suggest AUBF may interact with a variety of labile mRNAs with multiple AUUUA reiterations or single reiterations within an AU-rich 3'-untranslated region.
The Similarities and Diversities of Signal Pathways Leading to Consolidation of Conditioning and Consolidation of Extinction of Fear Memory (2003)

It is generally believed that consolidation of long-term memory requires activation of protein kinases, transcription of genes, and new protein synthesis. However, little is known about the signal cascades involved in the extinction of memory, which occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus. Here, we show for the first time that an intra-amygdala injection of transcription inhibitor actinomycin D at the dose that blocked acquisition failed to affect extinction of a learned response. Conversely, protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin blocked both acquisition and extinction. Extinction training-induced expression of calcineurin was blocked by anisomycin but not by actinomycin D. NMDA receptor antagonist, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3 kinase), and MAP kinase inhibitors that blocked the acquisition also blocked the extinction of conditioned fear. Likewise, PI-3 kinase inhibitor blocked fear training-induced cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation as well as extinction training-induced decrease in CREB phosphorylation, the latter of which was associated with calcineurin expression and could be reversed by a specific calcineurin inhibitor. Thus, molecular processes that underlie long-term behavioral changes after acquisition and extinction share some common mechanisms and also display different characteristics.
Lung Infections Associated with Cystic Fibrosis (2002)

While originally characterized as a collection of related syndromes, cystic fibrosis (CF) is now recognized as a single disease whose diverse symptoms stem from the wide tissue distribution of the gene product that is defective in CF, the ion channel and regulator, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Defective CFTR protein impacts the function of the pancreas and alters the consistency of mucosal secretions. The latter of these effects probably plays an important role in the defective resistance of CF patients to many pathogens. As the modalities of CF research have changed over the decades from empirical histological studies to include biophysical measurements of CFTR function, the clinical management of this disease has similarly evolved to effectively address the ever-changing spectrum of CF-related infectious diseases. These factors have led to the successful management of many CF-related infections with the notable exception of chronic lung infection with the gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The virulence of P. aeruginosa stems from multiple bacterial attributes, including antibiotic resistance, the ability to utilize quorum-sensing signals to form biofilms, the destructive potential of a multitude of its microbial toxins, and the ability to acquire a mucoid phenotype, which renders this microbe resistant to both the innate and acquired immunologic defenses of the host.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activation: An Upstream Signal for Transition of Quiescent Astrocytes into Reactive Astrocytes after Neural Injury (2006)

Modulating the behaviors of reactive astrocytes is a potential therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. We found that upregulation and activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) occur in astrocytes after different injuries in optic nerves in vivo. Activation of EGFR regulates genes and cellular processes representing most major markers of reactive astrocytes and genes related with glaucomatous optic neuropathy and other neural disorders. These results suggest that activation of EGFR is a common, regulatory pathway that triggers quiescent astrocytes into reactive astrocytes in response to neural injuries in the optic nerve, and perhaps other parts of the CNS. Targeting EGFR activation using an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor prevents the loss of retinal ganglion cells in a model of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Because these inhibitors are currently used clinically, our results present an approach to reactive astrocytes as a potential new target for the treatment of neurodegenerations.
Biochemical Applications of Mass Spectrometry, First Supplementary Volume (1980)

Provides a comprehensive, up-to-date treatment of the areas of biochemical and biological knowledge elucidated by mass spectrometry. Discusses methods and results. A supplement to the standard work, published in 1972, covering instrumentation, interpretation of spectra, and application.
Tumor immunosurveillance in human cancers (2011)

Until now, the anatomic extent of tumor (TNM classification) has been by far the most important factor to predict the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. However, in recent years, data collected from large cohorts of human cancers demonstrated that the immune contexture of the primary tumors is an essential prognostic factor for patients' disease-free and overall survival. Tumoral and immunological markers predicted by systems biology methods are involved in the shaping of an efficient immune reaction and can serve as targets for novel therapeutic approaches. Global analysis of tumor microenvironment showed that the nature, the functional orientation, the density, and the location of adaptive immune cells within distinct tumor regions influence the risk of relapse events. The density and the immune cell location within the tumor have a prognostic value that is superior to the TNM classification, and tumor invasion is statistically dependent on the host-immune reaction. Thus, the strength of the immune reaction could advance our understanding of cancer evolution and have important consequences in clinical practice.
An Evolution-Based Cache Scheme for Scalable Mobile Data Access (2007)

Streaming media data access has been a problem for several years, and the problem becomes tougher in the mobile environment in which mobile users use mobile devices that are of rather limited storage space, preventing the clients from having a large cache. In this paper, we design a novel evolutiona
Conversational AI: The Science Behind the Alexa Prize (2018)

Conversational agents are exploding in popularity. However, much work remains in the area of social conversation as well as free-form conversation over a broad range of domains and topics. To advance the state of the art in conversational AI, Amazon launched the Alexa Prize, a 2.5-million-dollar university competition where sixteen selected university teams were challenged to build conversational agents, known as socialbots, to converse coherently and engagingly with humans on popular topics such as Sports, Politics, Entertainment, Fashion and Technology for 20 minutes. The Alexa Prize offers the academic community a unique opportunity to perform research with a live system used by millions of users. The competition provided university teams with real user conversational data at scale, along with the user-provided ratings and feedback augmented with annotations by the Alexa team. This enabled teams to effectively iterate and make improvements throughout the competition while being evaluated in real-time through live user interactions. To build their socialbots, university teams combined state-of-the-art techniques with novel strategies in the areas of Natural Language Understanding, Context Modeling, Dialog Management, Response Generation, and Knowledge Acquisition. To support the efforts of participating teams, the Alexa Prize team made significant scientific and engineering investments to build and improve Conversational Speech Recognition, Topic Tracking, Dialog Evaluation, Voice User Experience, and tools for traffic management and scalability. This paper outlines the advances created by the university teams as well as the Alexa Prize team to achieve the common goal of solving the problem of Conversational AI.
Acoustic segmentation and phonetic classification in the SUMMIT system (2003)

Recently, the authors initiated a project to develop a phonetically-based spoken-language-understanding system called SUMMIT. In contrast to many of the past efforts that make use of heuristic rules whose development requires intense knowledge engineering, their approach attempts to express the speech knowledge within a formal framework using well-defined mathematical tools. In the authors' system, features and decision strategies are discovered and trained automatically, using a large body of speech data. The authors describe those parts of the system dealing with acoustic segmentation and phonetic classification and document its current performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Some neurochemical properties of pramiracetam (CI‐879), a new cognition‐enhancing agent (1983)

Abstract The present study was initiated to examine the effect of pramiracetam sulfate [N‐[2‐[bis(1‐methylethyl)amino]ethyl]‐2 oxo‐1‐pyrrolidineacetamide sulfate (1:1)] (PR), a new cognition‐activator agent, on various neurochemical parameters in order to gain some insight into the mechanism of action of this agent. PR (100 mg/kg i.p.) did not alter the concentration of norepinephrine, dopamine (DA), serotonin (5‐HT), 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic, and homovanillic acid in various brain areas. The agent also did not alter d‐methamphetamine‐induced changes in monoamine metabolism nor prolactin concentration in rat serum. PR did not exhibit any affinity in vitro for dopaminergic, adrenergic, serotoninergic, GABAergic, muscarinic, adenosine (IC 50 &gt; 10 μM), and benzodiazepine receptors (IC 50 &gt; 1 μM) binding sites. It may be concluded that the mechanism of action of pramiracetam does not appear to be due to a direct action upon DA and 5‐HT neurotransmitter systems or various brain receptors. PR (44 and 88 mg/kg i.p.) caused a significant increase in the rate of sodium‐dependent high‐affinity choline uptake (HACU) into rat hippocampal synptosomes in vitro. This was specific as no effect was observed in cerebral cortex and corpus striatum. These results would seem to indicate that PR is accelerating hippocampal acetylcholine turnover and thus septal‐hippocampal cholinergic neuronal impulse flow. This effect could be at least partially responsible for the enhancement of cognition processes observed for this agent.
Strategies for an HIV vaccine (2002)

The future of vaccine designThe development of an HIV vaccine poses an unprecedented challenge to the scientific community.The inexorable spread of HIV worldwide and the devastating clinical consequences of AIDS can only be contained by an effective vaccine.Yet, almost two decades after the first demonstration of HIV and its etiologic role in AIDS, this vaccine still is a goal, not a reality.In this Perspective, I consider the unique problems for vaccine development posed by the biology of HIV infection, and I summarize recent advances in our understanding of the immune control of HIV and the implications of these advances for vaccine development.After reviewing the sobering history of failed traditional vaccine strategies, I discuss the rationale for vaccines with novel designs and their experimental successes to date. AIDS animal modelsAppropriate animal models have been key to the elucidation of AIDS immunopathogenesis and the assessment of HIV vaccine strategies.Nonhuman primates represent a particularly powerful model for the study of AIDS.The HIV-1 and HIV-2 isolates that infect humans are members of a large family of lentiviruses that endemically infect nonhuman primate species of Africa.These nonhuman primate viruses are known as simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs).Interestingly, they cause no disease in their natural host species.However, some of these isolates cause AIDS when inoculated experimentally in Asian macaques (2).Moreover, chimeric viruses have been developed that Strategies for an HIV vaccine