gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Dendrimers:  Macromolecules for Use in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes and Solar Cells (2007)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDevelopment of Dendrimers: Macromolecules for Use in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes and Solar CellsShih-Chun Lo and Paul L. BurnView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 4, 1097–1116Publication Date (Web):March 27, 2007Publication History Received29 September 2006Published online27 March 2007Published inissue 1 April 2007https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr050136lhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr050136lresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2007 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views10222Altmetric-Citations692LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Chemical structure,Chromophores,Dendrons,Diodes,Materials Get e-Alerts
Distribution of CuZn superoxide dismutase and Mn superoxide dismutase in human tissues and extracellular fluids. (1980)

Among various human tissues liver had the highest content of both CuZn superoxide dismutase and Mn superoxide dismutase. There were comparatively small differences in CuZn superoxide dismutase among other organs. The Mn superoxide dismutase contents were roughly half as large as the CuZn superoxide dismutase contents. The total amount of CuZn superoxide dismutase in the body was estimated to be 3900 mg. The superoxide dismutase activities of serum and cerebrospinal fluid corresponded to between 0.2-0.3 mg CuZn superoxide dismutase per liter. CuZn superoxide dismutase was apparently the source of the superoxide dismutase activity in cerebrospinal fluid, whereas this enzyme only accounted for about 15% of the serum activity. The superoxide dismutase activities of ceruloplasmin, transferrin and ferritin were very low, 40 000, 350 000 and 330 000 times lower than that of human CuZn superoxide dismutase. These factors contributed very little to serum superoxide dismutase activity. The activity of lymph was more than twice that of serum. Sera from patients with severely impaired renal function or bilaterally nephrectomized had a very high superoxide dismutase activity.
Apatite-Forming Ability of Alkali-Treated Ti Metal in Body Environment (1997)

The essential requirement for an artificial material to bond to living bone is the formation of bonelike apatite layer on its surface in the living body. This apatite layer can be reproduced on its surface even in a simulated body fluid (SBF) with ion concentrations nearly equal to those of human blood plasma. In the present study, Ti metal was treated with various NaOH aqueous solutions, and apatite formation on the resultant metals were examined in SBF. A sodium titanate hydrogel layer was formed on the surface of Ti metal, when it was treated with NaOH solutions with concentrations higher than 0.5M at 60°C for periods longer than 24h. Thus treated metals exchanged Na+ ion in the surface layer for H3O+ ion in SBF to produce a hydrated titania on their surfaces and to increase the degree of supersaturation with respect to the apatite of SBF. The hydrated titania induced the apatite nucleation and the increased supersaturation accelerated the apatite nucleation. Thus formed apatite nuclei spontaneously grow by consuming calcium and phosphate ions from SBF. These results indicate that bioactive metal can be obtained by a simple alkali treatment.
From Molecular Diversity to Catalysis: Lessons from the Immune System (1995)

By combining the enormous molecular diversity of the immune system with basic mechanistic principles of chemistry, one can produce catalytic antibodies that allow control of reactions in ways heretofore not possible. Mechanistic and structural studies of these antibodies are also providing insights into important aspects of enzymatic catalysis and the evolution of catalytic function. Moreover, the ability to rationally direct the immune response to generate selective catalysts for reactions ranging from pericyclic and redox reactions to cationic rearrangement reactions underscores the chemical potential of this and other large combinatorial libraries.
Clearing the Clouds: A Study of Emerging Workloads on Modern Hardware (2011)

Emerging scale-out cloud applications need extensive amounts of computational resources. However, data centers using modern server hardware face physical constraints in space and power, limiting further expansion and calling for improvements in the computational density per server and in the per-operation energy use. Therefore, continuing to improve the computational resources of the cloud while staying within physical constraints mandates optimizing server efficiency to ensure that server hardware closely matches the needs of scale-out cloud applications. We use performance counters on modern servers to study a wide range of cloud applications, finding that todayâs predominant processor architecture is inefficient for running these workloads. We find that inefficiency comes from the mismatch between the application needs and modern processors, particularly in the organization of instruction and data memory systems and the processor core architecture. Moreover, while todayâs predominant architectures are inefficient when executing scale-out cloud applications, we find that the current hardware trends further exacerbate the mismatch. In this work, we identify the key micro-architectural needs of cloud applications, calling for a change in the trajectory of server processors that would lead to improved computational density and power efficiency in data centers.
Muscle spindle and periodontal trigeminal afferents modulate the hypoglossal motoneuronal activity. (1994)

Hypoglossal responses to electrical or natural activation of the afferent fibers of the masseteric nerve and to periodontal mechanoreceptors were recorded in rats. Electrical stimulation of the masseteric nerve, at an intensity adequate to excite prevalently the primary spindle afferents, induced various sequences of excitation-inhibition and inhibition-excitation in 55% of the tested hypoglossal motoneurons. Responses were characterized by excitation, inhibition or excitation-inhibition sequences occurring at short and long latencies. Different pattern of responses were evoked in both the protrusive and the retractive motoneurons of the homolateral hypoglossal nucleus. Moreover, jaw lowering and pressure on the incisor tooth induced antagonistic and synergistic effects on the electrical activity of the same hypoglossal motoneurons. The results show for the first time that afferent signals from both muscle spindles and periodontal receptors modulate the activity of the hypoglossal motoneurons aimed at controlling the tongue position in the mouth during mastication.
Opportunistic Space-Division Multiple Access With Beam Selection (2007)

In this paper, a novel transmission technique for the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) broadcast channel is proposed that allows simultaneous transmission to multiple users with limited feedback from each user. During a training phase, the base station modulates a training sequence on multiple sets of randomly chosen orthogonal beamforming vectors. Each user sends the index of the best beamforming vector and the corresponding signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio for that set of orthogonal vectors back to the base station. The base station opportunistically determines the users and corresponding orthogonal vectors that maximize the sum capacity. Based on the capacity expressions, the optimal amount of training to maximize the sum capacity is derived as a function of the system parameters. The main advantage of the proposed system is that it provides throughput gains for the MIMO broadcast channel with a small feedback overhead, and provides these gains even with a small number of active users. Numerical simulations show that a 20% gain in sum capacity is achieved (for a small number of users) over conventional opportunistic space division multiple access, and a 100% gain (for a large number of users) over conventional opportunistic beamforming when the number of transmit antennas is four.
Prognostic value and the changes of plasma levels of secretory type II phospholipase A2 in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (2003)

The present study showed that PCI might cause immediate elevation of circulating levels of sPLA(2)following the mechanical disruption of coronary plaque, and the elevated level of sPLA(2)had significant prognostic impact.
Guide for Contributors (2010)

DOAJ is a unique and extensive index of diverse open access journals from around the world, driven by a growing community, committed to ensuring quality content is freely available online for everyone.
Expression of bcr–abl mRNA in individual chronic myelogenous leukaemia cells as determined by in situ amplification (2001)

We present the results of a novel method developed for evaluation of in situ amplification, a molecular genetic method at the cellular level. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to study bcr-abl transcript levels in individual cells from patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML). After hybridizing a fluorochrome-labelled probe to the cell-bound RT-PCR product, bcr-abl mRNA-positive cells were determined using image analysis. A dilution series of bcr-abl-positive BV173 into normal cells showed a good correlation between expected and actual values. In 25 CML samples, the percentage of in situ PCR-positive cells showed an excellent correlation with cytogenetic results (r = 0.94, P < 0.0001), interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (r = 0.95, P = 0.001) and hypermetaphase FISH (r = 0.81, P < 0.001). The fluorescence intensity was higher in residual CML cells after interferon (IFN) treatment than in newly diagnosed patients (P = 0.004), and was highest in late-stage CML resistant to IFN therapy and lowest in CML blast crisis (P = 0.001). Mean fluorescence values correlated with bcr-abl protein levels, as determined by Western blot analysis (r = 0.62). Laser scanning cytometry allowing automated analysis of large numbers of cells confirmed the results. Thus, fluorescence in situ PCR provides a novel and quantitative approach for monitoring tumour load and bcr-abl transcript levels in CML.
Intestinal luminal pH in inflammatory bowel disease: possible determinants and implications for therapy with aminosalicylates and other drugs (2001)

Measurements of luminal pH in the normal gastrointestinal tract have shown a progressive increase in pH from the duodenum to the terminal ileum, a decrease in the caecum, and then a slow rise along the colon to the rectum. Some data in patients with ulcerative colitis suggest a substantial reduction below normal values in the right colon, while limited results in Crohn's disease have been contradictory. Determinants of luminal pH in the colon include mucosal bicarbonate and lactate production, bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates and mucosal absorption of short chain fatty acids, and possibly intestinal transit. Alterations in these factors, as a result of mucosal disease and changes in diet, are likely to explain abnormal pH measurements in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is conceivable that reduced intracolonic pH in active ulcerative colitis impairs bioavailability of 5-aminosalicylic acid from pH dependent release formulations (Asacol, Salofalk) and those requiring cleavage by bacterial azo reductase (sulphasalazine, olsalazine, balsalazide), but further pharmacokinetic studies are needed to confirm this possibility. Reports that balsalazide and olsalazine may be more efficacious in active and quiescent ulcerative colitis, respectively, than Asacol suggest that low pH may be a more critical factor in patients taking directly pH dependent release than azo bonded preparations. Reduced intracolonic pH also needs to be considered in the development of pH dependent colonic release formulations of budesonide and azathioprine for use in ulcerative and Crohn's colitis. This paper reviews methods for measuring gut pH, its changes in IBD, and how these may influence current and future therapies.
A data base oriented model to determine the pedestrain level wind climate around buildings (1998)

Buildings that are significantly higher than their surroundings often have a detrimental effect on the wind condi-tions in their immediate vicinity. High-rise buildings can be a source of severe wind nuisance and troublesome for both pedestrians and bicyclists. So far, wind engineering specialists were the only ones able to advise on potential wind nuisance. Because of this, the whole issue is hardly considered in the design stage of the
Paracrine Factors of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Recruit Macrophages and Endothelial Lineage Cells and Enhance Wound Healing (2008)

Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have been shown to enhance wound healing; however, the mechanisms involved are barely understood. In this study, we examined paracrine factors released by BM-MSCs and their effects on the cells participating in wound healing compared to those released by dermal fibroblasts. Analyses of BM-MSCs with Real-Time PCR and of BM-MSC-conditioned medium by antibody-based protein array and ELISA indicated that BM-MSCs secreted distinctively different cytokines and chemokines, such as greater amounts of VEGF-alpha, IGF-1, EGF, keratinocyte growth factor, angiopoietin-1, stromal derived factor-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and beta and erythropoietin, compared to dermal fibroblasts. These molecules are known to be important in normal wound healing. BM-MSC-conditioned medium significantly enhanced migration of macrophages, keratinocytes and endothelial cells and proliferation of keratinocytes and endothelial cells compared to fibroblast-conditioned medium. Moreover, in a mouse model of excisional wound healing, where concentrated BM-MSC-conditioned medium was applied, accelerated wound healing occurred compared to administration of pre-conditioned or fibroblast-conditioned medium. Analysis of cell suspensions derived from the wound by FACS showed that wounds treated with BM-MSC-conditioned medium had increased proportions of CD4/80-positive macrophages and Flk-1-, CD34- or c-kit-positive endothelial (progenitor) cells compared to wounds treated with pre-conditioned medium or fibroblast-conditioned medium. Consistent with the above findings, immunohistochemical analysis of wound sections showed that wounds treated with BM-MSC-conditioned medium had increased abundance of macrophages. Our results suggest that factors released by BM-MSCs recruit macrophages and endothelial lineage cells into the wound thus enhancing wound healing.
Epidemiologic Study on Clinical Features of Patient with Pressure Ulcer - A Prospective Study (2005)

Objective: To investigate the characteristics, predictors, and consequences of pressure ulcers and to provide prospective epidemiologic data. Method: The prospective data of 100 patients with pressure ulcers were collected who were admitted to the department of rehabilitation medicine of 4 hospitals from 2002 June to 2003 September. We have collected the informations on eli nical features of pressure ulcer prospectively. Results: Quadriplegia/Tetraplegia was the most commonly involved type of injury, followed by hemiplegia, paraplegia. Most patients developed pressure ulcer before they were transferred to the rehabilitation unit. The average Braden scale scores was 13.06 3.46 and were 16 point or below in 80% of patients, and this point was considered as the cut-off score of the patients with high risk. Sacrum was the most common site of the ulcers and most ulcers were 2nd and 3rd stage. The ulcers were treaed with conservative (82 %) or surgical management (18%). The more severe and larger ulcers required the surgical management. Conclusion: The results of this prospective study on clinical features would be helpful for the understandings, prevention and management of pressure ulcers.
Studies on the base pairing properties of deoxyinosine by solid phase hybridisation to oligonucleotides (1994)

Extensive analyses of the base-pairing properties of deoxyinosine to A, C, G, and T were carried out by measuring the hybridisation of oligonucleotides with deoxyinosine in various positions to complementary sets of oligonucleotides made as an array on the surface of a glass microscope slide. With deoxyinosine in internal positions, results are consistent with previous studies, showing a preferential order for pairing of I-C > I-A > I-G approximately I-T. With two adjacent deoxyinosines in the centre of the oligonucleotide, the order in duplex yield is CC > CA > AA > AC > GC > GA > CG > TA > TC > CT = AG > AT > GT > TT. With deoxyinosine at the ends of the oligonucleotide, we find that at the 3' end there is the same order in duplex yield as for the deoxyinosine in internal positions, though with lower discrimination between the bases. When hybridisation is carried out in TMACI there is little base pairing discrimination with deoxyinosine, or indeed any of the four natural bases at the 5' end. Changing the cation to Na+ increased discrimination slightly.
Understanding and mitigating the impact of RF interference on 802.11 networks (2007)

We study the impact on 802.11 networks of RF interference from devices such as Zigbee and cordless phones that increasingly crowd the 2.4GHz ISM band, and from devices such as wireless camera jammers and non-compliant 802.11 devices that seek to disrupt 802.11 operation. Our experiments show that commodity 802.11 equipment is surprisingly vulnerable to certain patterns of weak or narrow-band interference. This enables us to disrupt a link with an interfering signal whose power is 1000 times weaker than the victim's 802.11 signals, or to shut down a multiple AP, multiple channel managed network at a location with a single radio interferer. We identify several factors that lead to these vulnerabilities, ranging from MAC layer driver implementation strategies to PHY layer radio frequency implementation strategies. Our results further show that these factors are not overcome by simply changing 802.11 operational parameters (such as CCA threshold, rate and packet size) with the exception of frequency shifts. This leads us to explore rapid channel hopping as a strategy to withstand RF interference. We prototype a channel hopping design using PRISM NICs, and find that it can sustain throughput at levels of RF interference well above that needed to disrupt unmodified links, and at a reasonable cost in terms of switching overheads.
How to Construct Polar Codes (2013)

A method for efficiently constructing polar codes is presented and analyzed. Although polar codes are explicitly defined, straightforward construction is intractable since the resulting polar bit-channels have an output alphabet that grows exponentially with the code length. Thus, the core problem that needs to be solved is that of faithfully approximating a bit-channel with an intractably large alphabet by another channel having a manageable alphabet size. We devise two approximation methods which “sandwich” the original bit-channel between a degraded and an upgraded version thereof. Both approximations can be efficiently computed and turn out to be extremely close in practice. We also provide theoretical analysis of our construction algorithms, proving that for any fixed ε > 0 and all sufficiently large code lengths n, polar codes whose rate is within ε of channel capacity can be constructed in time and space that are both linear in n.
Dielectrophoresis-based programmable fluidic processors (2004)

Droplet-based programmable processors promise to offer solutions to a wide range of applications in which chemical and biological analysis and/or small-scale synthesis are required, suggesting they will become the microfluidic equivalents of microprocessors by offering off-the-shelf solutions for almost any fluid based analysis or small scale synthesis problem. A general purpose droplet processor should be able to manipulate droplets of different compositions (including those that are electrically conductive or insulating and those of polar or non-polar nature), to control reagent titrations accurately, and to remain free of contamination and carry over on its reaction surfaces. In this article we discuss the application of dielectrophoresis to droplet based processors and demonstrate that it can provide the means for accurately titrating, moving and mixing polar or non-polar droplets whether they are electrically conductive or not. DEP does not require contact with control surfaces and several strategies for minimizing surface contact are presented. As an example of a DEP actuated general purpose droplet processor, we show an embodiment based on a scaleable CMOS architecture that uses DEP manipulation on a 32 x 32 electrode array having built-in control and switching circuitry. Lastly, we demonstrate the concept of a general-purpose programming environment that facilitates droplet software development for any type of droplet processor.
The gas‐phase reactivity of epichlorohydrin with hydroxide (2004)

Abstract The reaction of hydroxide with epichlorohydrin in the gas phase was investigated with ab initio calculations. Three mechanisms were examined, each corresponding to nucleophilic attack at a different carbon atom of the substrate. It was determined that through attack at the ring methylene position was favored, whereas attacks at the alkyl methylene or ring methine positions were found to have larger activation energies. These results are consistent with experimental results found in the literature. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.