gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Constraints on biological effects of weak extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields (1991)

Concerns have been raised over the possibility that extremely-low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields are carcinogenic and leukegenic. An examination of the physical interaction of such fields with the body shows that such interactions are too weak to have a significant effect on human biology at the cell level. Because of the high electrical conductivity of tissues, the coupling of external electric fields in air to tissue in the body is such that the effects of the internal fields on cells is smaller than thermal noise. Static magnetic fields smaller than the earth's field of 50 \ensuremath{\mu}T and varying fields weaker than the 4-\ensuremath{\mu}T 60-Hz fields that are equivalent in effect to that from walking in the earth's field, cannot be expected to generate significant biological effects. Moreover, the interactions of such weak fields at the cell level are also small compared to thermal noise. These conclusions would be modified by 60-Hz cell resonances. But such resonances are shown to be incompatible with cell characteristics and the requirement from equipartition that the mean resonance energy must be kT. Hence, any biological effects of weak ELF fields on the cellular level must be found outside of the scope of conventional physics.
Intended transcriptional silencing with siRNA results in gene repression through sequence-specific off-targeting (2009)

Transcriptional gene silencing has been reported with siRNA targeting the promoter region of genes. We tested several siRNAs directed against the human VEGF promoter. Of these, siVFp(-992) exhibited > or =50% suppression of VEGF production in two human cell lines. To determine the specificity of this siRNA-mediated suppression, plasmids were prepared to express a luciferase reporter under the control of VEGF promoters featuring wild-type, mutated, or deleted target sequences. siRNA transfection assays established sequence-specific inhibition of luciferase from the reporter plasmid featuring the wild-type VEGF promoter. However, siVFp(-992) also suppressed the luciferase expression from the plasmids with mutated or deleted target sites, suggesting that silencing was due to a sequence-specific off-target phenomenon, and this was supported by subsequent microarray and bioinformatics analyses. To determine if our concerns regarding the specificity of promoter targeting siRNAs were relevant to other systems where RNA-mediated transcriptional silencing had been previously reported, we tested a published small RNA sequence directed to the HIV(SF2)-LTR promoter. siRNA transfection assays performed in human cells expressing a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the HIV(SF2)-LTR promoter revealed significant suppression whether the target sequence was intact or mutated, or when the entire HIV(SF2)-LTR was replaced by an irrelevant promoter. These data stress the need to examine target specificity when conducting investigations into transcriptional gene regulation with siRNA.
“Bound but Not Gagged”Immobilizing Single-Site α-Olefin Polymerization Catalysts (2005)

no abstract
TIMs: central regulators of immune responses (2008)

Exhaustion of T cell responses during chronic viral infections has been observed in both mouse and man and has been attributed to up-regulation of PD-1 on the surface of exhausted T cells. In patients with chronic human HIV infection, T cell exhaustion leads to opportunistic infections associated with AIDS. However, not all the exhausted T cells express PD-1, suggesting that other molecules may be involved in the phenotype. A new study now demonstrates a central role for T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein-3 (TIM-3) in T cell exhaustion during chronic HIV infection and suggests that TIM-3 may be a novel therapeutic target in chronic viral diseases.
Competitive learning mechanisms for scalable, incremental and balanced clustering of streaming texts (2004)

Automated clustering of text documents such as Web pages is becoming increasingly important for organizing the vast amounts of information available over the Internet. This problem is also very challenging since typically text is represented by very high dimensional (> 1000), normalized (unit length) vectors. Moreover documents are continually being created and their statistics also change with time because of changing new-stories etc, so one needs incremental learning algorithms that can adapt to non-stationary environments. We model high-dimensional, normalized data using a mixture of von Mises-Fisher distributions, and then modify this generative model in a principled way to yield frequency sensitive competitive learning mechanisms that are applicable to streaming data, and produce balanced clusters. Experimental results on clustering of high-dimensional text data sets are provided to show the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed techniques.
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Oral Heparin–Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles in Rabbits (2002)

The significant increases in anti-factor Xa activity and aPTT confirmed the oral absorption in rabbits of heparin released from polymeric NPs.
Use of Reverse Genetics to Enhance the Oncolytic Properties of Newcastle Disease Virus (2007)

Naturally occurring strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have shown oncolytic therapeutic efficacy in preclinical studies and are currently in clinical trials. Here, we have evaluated the possibility to enhance the cancer therapeutic potential of NDV by means of reverse genetics. Mice bearing s.c. implanted CT26 tumors were treated with intratumoral (i.t.) injections of a recombinant NDV modified to contain a highly fusogenic F protein. These treated mice exhibited significant reduction in tumor development compared with mice treated with the unmodified virus. Furthermore, mice in a CT26 metastatic tumor model treated with an i.v. injection of the genetically engineered NDV exhibited prolonged survival compared with wild-type control virus. In addition, we examined whether the oncolytic properties of NDV could be improved by expression of immunostimulatory molecules. In this regard, we engineered several NDVs to express granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IFN-gamma, interleukin 2 (IL-2), or tumor necrosis factor alpha, and evaluated their therapeutic potential in an immunocompetent colon carcinoma tumor model. Mice bearing s.c. CT26 tumors treated with i.t. injections of recombinant NDV expressing IL-2 showed dramatic reductions in tumor growth, with a majority of the mice undergoing complete and long-lasting remission. Our data show the use of reverse genetics to develop enhanced recombinant NDV vectors as effective therapeutic agents for cancer treatment.
Energy policy and politics in China (1999)

In this paper the authors describe how, although sensitive to pollution's threat, China's political leaders have little room for manoeuvre and see worry about greenhouse gases as an ill-affordable luxury in terms of coal-fired electricity generation.
Effects of temperature, nitrogen ions, and antimony on wide depletion width GaInNAs (2007)

GaInNAs is a promising candidate material to increase the conversion efficiency of triple junction solar cells, but the dilute nitrides suffer from low-to-nonexistent minority-carrier diffusion lengths. The use of molecular beam epitaxy grown p-i-n structures with wide depletion widths can achieve high photocurrents in dilute nitrides, but this requires background doping below 2×1014cm−3 in the i layer. Here, the authors report on a number of factors that increase the net background acceptor concentration, hindering the effects to realize wide depletion widths, including high substrate temperatures, ions from the rf plasma source used to provide active nitrogen, and the addition of Sb. In addition, low substrate temperatures lead to an increase in n-type conductivity. Solar cell results that show the deleterious effects of Sb on GaInNAs devices are presented, including decreased open-circuit voltage and fill factor.
Sensor fusion for 3D human body tracking with an articulated 3D body model (2006)

This paper proposes a tracking system called VooDoo for 3D tracking of human body movements based on a 3D body model and the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm. The proposed approach is able to incorporate raw data from different input sensors, as well as results from feature trackers in 2D or 3D. All input data is processed within the same model fitting step by modeling all input measurements in 3D model space. The system has been implemented and runs in realtime at appr. 10-14 Hz. Experiments with complex human movements exhibit the characteristics and advantages of the proposed approach
Burn wound dressing with human amniotic membrane. (1979)

The use of amniotic membrane as a biological dressing for thermal injury is simple and cheap and has been found to be superior to allograft and xenograft. The membrane prevents heat and water loss from the wound surface and acts as a barrier against bacterial contamination, thus aiding the healing process and reducing morbidity. Another clinically significant and important property of the membrane is its ability to offer marked relief from pain. Over a period of 30 months amniotic membrane was used to treat 15 cases of burn in a small hospital, with uniformly satisfactory results. The practical aspects of this method of treatment can easily be adopted by any hospital regardless of its available facilities.
Potent and Selective Inhibitors of the Inositol-requiring Enzyme 1 Endoribonuclease (2011)

Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) is the most highly conserved signaling node of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and represents a potential therapeutic target for a number of diseases associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress. IRE1 activates the XBP-1 transcription factor by site-specific cleavage of two hairpin loops within its mRNA to facilitate its nonconventional splicing and alternative translation. We screened for inhibitors using a construct containing the unique cytosolic kinase and endoribonuclease domains of human IRE1α (hIRE1α-cyto) and a mini-XBP-1 stem-loop RNA as the substrate. One class compounds was salicylaldehyde analogs from the hydrolyzed product of salicylaldimines in the library. Salicylaldehyde analogs were active in inhibiting the site-specific cleavage of several mini-XBP-1 stem-loop RNAs in a dose-dependent manner. Salicyaldehyde analogs were also active in inhibiting yeast Ire1 but had little activity inhibiting RNase L or the unrelated RNases A and T1. Kinetic analysis revealed that one potent salicylaldehyde analog, 3-ethoxy-5,6-dibromosalicylaldehyde, is a non-competitive inhibitor with respect to the XBP-1 RNA substrate. Surface plasmon resonance studies confirmed this compound bound to IRE1 in a specific, reversible and dose-dependent manner. Salicylaldehydes inhibited XBP-1 splicing induced pharmacologically in human cells. These compounds also blocked transcriptional up-regulation of known XBP-1 targets as well as mRNAs targeted for degradation by IRE1. Finally, the salicylaldehyde analog 3-methoxy-6-bromosalicylaldehyde strongly inhibited XBP-1 splicing in an in vivo model of acute endoplasmic reticulum stress. To our knowledge, salicylaldehyde analogs are the first reported specific IRE1 endoribonuclease inhibitors.
Chitosan Scaffolds Containing Hyaluronic Acid for Cartilage Tissue Engineering (2011)

Scaffolds derived from natural polysaccharides are very promising in tissue engineering applications and regenerative medicine, as they resemble glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, we have prepared freeze-dried composite scaffolds of chitosan (CHT) and hyaluronic acid (HA) in different weight ratios containing either no HA (control) or 1%, 5%, or 10% of HA. We hypothesized that HA could enhance structural and biological properties of CHT scaffolds. To test this hypothesis, physicochemical and biological properties of CHT/HA scaffolds were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs, mechanical properties, swelling tests, enzymatic degradation, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) chemical maps were performed. To test the ability of the CHT/HA scaffolds to support chondrocyte adhesion and proliferation, live-dead and MTT assays were performed. Results showed that CHT/HA composite scaffolds are noncytotoxic and promote cell adhesion. ECM formation was further evaluated with safranin-O and alcian blue staining methods, and glycosaminoglycan and DNA quantifications were performed. The incorporation of HA enhanced cartilage ECM production. CHT/5HA had a better pore network configuration and exhibited enhanced ECM cartilage formation. On the basis of our results, we believe that CHT/HA composite matrixes have potential use in cartilage repair.
NF-κ B-Dependent and -Independent Pathways of HIV Activation in a Chronically Infected T Cell Line (1994)

J delta K cells were isolated as a chronically infected survivor cell line, following infection of Jurkat CD4+ T cells with dl-NF, a mutated strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) containing a deletion of the long terminal repeat (LTR) NF-kappa B sites. J delta K cells exhibited very low levels of constitutive HIV production. HIV-1 expression was activated from J delta K cells by treatment with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), sodium butyrate (NaB), or hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), but not tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), confirming the role of NF-kappa B in mediating TNF-alpha induction of HIV transcription. The strong induction of HIV expression by NaB or HMBA in J delta K cells clearly demonstrates the existence of NF-kappa B-independent mechanisms of HIV activation in chronically infected cells. J delta K cells may provide a useful model for characterizing NF-kappa B-independent transcriptional activation of the HIV LTR.
Unsupervised Learning of Depth and Ego-Motion from Video (2017)

We present an unsupervised learning framework for the task of monocular depth and camera motion estimation from unstructured video sequences. In common with recent work [10, 14, 16], we use an end-to-end learning approach with view synthesis as the supervisory signal. In contrast to the previous work, our method is completely unsupervised, requiring only monocular video sequences for training. Our method uses single-view depth and multiview pose networks, with a loss based on warping nearby views to the target using the computed depth and pose. The networks are thus coupled by the loss during training, but can be applied independently at test time. Empirical evaluation on the KITTI dataset demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach: 1) monocular depth performs comparably with supervised methods that use either ground-truth pose or depth for training, and 2) pose estimation performs favorably compared to established SLAM systems under comparable input settings.
Combined alpha-2C-interferon/VMCP polychemotherapy versus VMCP polychemotherapy as induction therapy in multiple myeloma: a prospective randomized trial. (1989)

Thirty-three previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma were randomized to either a combination of recombinant interferon-alpha-2C (rIFN-alpha-2C) plus vincristine/melphalan/cyclophosphamide and prednisone (VMCP) or VMCP chemotherapy alone. The combined regimen effected 67% responses and 26% minor responses, while 35 and 47% of VMCP-treated patients had a pathologically documented remission, respectively. Despite the somewhat earlier achievement and duration (12.0 vs. 8.0 months) of objective response, and the marginal survival benefit observed in the rIFN-alpha-2C + VMCP treatment arm, a significant improvement in therapeutic gain by adding a biologic response modifier to conventional first-line polychemotherapeutic drug treatment in myeloma patients has not yet been achieved. The combined regimen was well tolerated without unusual or unexpected toxic effects.
Anisotropic morphology of nonpolar a-plane GaN quantum dots and quantum wells (2007)

The growth of (11–20) or a-plane quantum dots and quantum wells by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy has been studied. It is shown that Ga-rich conditions lead to the formation of quantum dots, whereas quantum wells are obtained in N-rich conditions. Combining various experimental techniques, it is furthermore demonstrated that quantum dot nucleation along [1–100] and quantum well morphology in the (1–100) plane are influenced by anisotropic growth of AlN buffer layer. Moreover, it is established that peculiar morphological features of quantum dots and quantum wells, in particular the asymmetric shape of quantum dots, are related to the polar character of the [0001] direction in wurtzite nitride material.
Identification of novel VirR/VirS‐regulated genes in Clostridium perfringens (2000)

Novel genes that are regulated in Clostridium perfringens by the two-component regulatory system, VirR/VirS, were identified using a differential display method. A plasmid library was constructed from C. perfringens chromosomal DNA, and the plasmids were hybridized with cDNA probes prepared from total RNA of wild-type strain 13 and its virR mutant derivative TS133. Three clones were identified that carry newly identified VirR/VirS-regulated genes, two of which were positively regulated and one of which was negatively regulated. Genes located on the identified clones were deduced by nucleotide sequencing, and the target genes of the VirR/VirS system were identified with a set of Northern hybridizations. A 4.9 kb mRNA transcribing the metB (cystathionine gamma-synthase), cysK (cysteine synthase) and ygaG (hypothetical protein) genes was negatively regulated, whereas 1.6 and 6.0 kb transcripts encoding ptp (protein tyrosine phosphatase) and cpd (2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 2'-phosphodiesterase) respectively, were shown to be positively regulated by the VirR/VirS system. The other gene, hyp7, whose transcript was positively regulated by the VirR/VirS system, was shown to activate the transcription of the colA (kappa-toxin) and plc (alpha-toxin) genes, but not the pfoA (theta-toxin) gene in C. perfringens. These results suggested that the global regulatory system VirR/VirS could regulate various genes, other than toxin genes, both positively and negatively and that the hyp7 gene might encode a novel regulatory factor for toxin production in C. perfringens.
Low-Mass Deployable Spacecraft Booms (2010)

Long deployable booms that are light and stiff, have low thermal expansion and can be stowed in small volumes are of great importance in scientific spacecraft, particularly those with sensitive magnetometers and other instrumentation. This paper describes the design, construction and evaluation of a low mass boom concept for deploying instruments and sensors. We show how deployable lengths greater than 25 m with high bending and torsion stiffness-to-mass ratios are possible using a lenticular design and thin carbon fiber plys that are manufactured to form the boom in a continuous process. The lenticular design enables efficient stowage while maintaining high deployed stiffness. Several laminate lay-ups were investigated; the final configuration was selected for high stiffness, ease of manufacture and high reliability. Continuous production of very long booms was enabled using a novel dieless concept in which uncured prepreg was unspooled and continuously formed while cured in place. Bending and torsion tests were conducted on 3-m long prototype booms of nominally 50-mm diameter. Bending and torsion stiffness-to-mass ratios were achieved that were at least 4 times that of an equivalent aluminum boom. For the 50-mm diameter equivalent boom, a linear mass density less than 35 g/m was achieved in the prototype booms. This low mass was accompanied by the very low thermal expansion (less than 8 per cent that of aluminum) of the carbon fiber lay-up used.
MET in human cancer: germline and somatic mutations (2017)

Since the initial discovery of missense <i>MET</i> mutations in hereditary papillary renal carcinoma (HPRC), activating <i>MET</i> mutations have been identified in a diverse range of human cancers. <i>MET</i> mutations have been identified in several functional domains including the kinase, juxtamembrane, and Sema domains. Studies of these mutations have been invaluable for our understanding of the tumor initiating activity of <i>MET</i>, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) recycling and regulation, and mechanisms of resistance to kinase inhibition. These studies also demonstrate that mutationally activated MET plays a significant role in a wide range of cancers and RTKs can promote tumor progression through diverse mechanisms. This review will cover the various <i>MET</i> mutations that have been identified, their mechanism of action, and the significant role that mutationally-activated <i>MET</i> plays in tumor initiation, progression, and therapeutic resistance.
Fabrication of Biodegradable Polymeric Nanofibers with Covalently Attached NO Donors (2012)

Many common wound healing aids are created from biodegradable polymeric materials. Often, these materials are unable to induce complete healing in wounds because of their failure to prevent infection and promote cell growth. This study reports the development of therapeutic materials aimed at overcoming these limitations through the release of a naturally occurring antimicrobial agent from a porous, polymeric fiber scaffold. The antimicrobial character was achieved through the release of nitric oxide (NO) while the porous structure was fabricated through electrospinning polymers into nanofibers. Three variations of the polymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic-co-hydroxymethyl propionic acid) (PLGH) modified to include thiol and NO groups were investigated. Fibers of the modified polymers exhibited smooth, bead free morphologies with diameters averaging between 200 and 410 nm. These fibers were deposited in a random manner to create a highly porous fibrous scaffold. The fibers were found to release NO under physiological pH and temperature and have the capacity to release 0.026 to 0.280 mmol NO g(-1). The materials maintained their fibrous morphological structure after this exposure to aqueous conditions. The sustained morphological stability of the fiber structure coupled to their extended NO release gives these materials great potential for use in wound healing materials.
Practical methods in ecology (2003)

1. Estimating absolute population number by sampling a unit of habitat. 2. Estimating absolute population size -- Mark--recapture estimates. 3. Distance sampling methods for absolute population estimation. 4. Removal sampling to estimate absolute population size. 5. Comparing the magnitude of populations -- relative methods. 6. Population indices. 7. Alpha diversity and spcies richness
Interleukin-2 Triggers a Novel Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Dependent MEK Activation Pathway (1995)

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) has been implicated as a signal-transducing component in interleukin-2 (IL-2)-induced mitogenesis. However, the function of this lipid kinase in regulating IL-2-triggered downstream events has remained obscure. Using the potent and specific PI3-K inhibitor, wortmannin, we assessed the role of PI3-K in IL-2-mediated signaling and proliferation in the murine T-cell line CTLL-2. Addition of the drug to exponentially growing cells resulted in an accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, wortmannin also partially suppressed IL-2-induced S-phase entry in G1-synchronized cells. Analysis of IL-2-triggered signaling pathways revealed that wortmannin pretreatment resulted in complete inhibition of IL-2-provoked p70 S6 kinase activation and also attenuated IL-2-induced MAP kinase activation at drug concentrations identical to those required for inhibition of PI3-K catalytic activity. Wortmannin also diminished the IL-2-triggered activation of the MAP kinase activator, MEK, but did not inhibit activation of Raf, the canonical upstream activator of MEK. These results suggest that a novel wortmannin-sensitive activation pathway regulates MEK and MAP kinase in IL-2-stimulated T lymphocytes.