gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Correction: IL-26 Is Overexpressed in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Induces Proinflammatory Cytokine Production and Th17 Cell Generation (2012)

Interleukin-26 (IL-26), a member of the IL-10 cytokine family, induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells. IL-26 has been also reported overexpressed in Crohn's disease, suggesting that it may be involved in the physiopathology of chronic inflammatory disorders. Here, we have analyzed the expression and role of IL-26 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by joint synovial inflammation. We report that the concentrations of IL-26 are higher in the serums of RA patients than of healthy subjects and dramatically elevated in RA synovial fluids compared to RA serums. Immunohistochemistry reveals that synoviolin + fibroblast-like synoviocytes and CD68 + macrophage-like synoviocytes are the main IL-26-producing cells in RA joints. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes from RA patients constitutively produce IL-26 and this production is upregulated by IL-1-beta and IL-17A. We have therefore investigated the role of IL-26 in the inflammatory process. Results show that IL-26 induces the production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1-beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha by human monocytes and also upregulates the expression of numerous chemokines (mainly CCL20). Interestingly, IL-26-stimulated monocytes selectively promote the generation of RORgamma t + Th17 cells, through IL-1-beta secretion by monocytes. More precisely, IL-26-stimulated monocytes switch non-Th17 committed (IL-23R 2 or CCR6 2 CD161 2 ) CD4 + memory T cells into Th17 cells. Finally, synovial fluids from RA patients also induce Th17 cell generation and this effect is reduced after IL-26 depletion. These findings show that IL-26 is constitutively produced by RA synoviocytes, induces proinflammatory cytokine secretion by myeloid cells, and favors Th17 cell generation. IL-26 thereby appears as a novel proinflammatory cytokine, located upstream of the proinflammatory cascade, that may constitute a promising target to treat RA and chronic inflammatory disorders.
Current and future trends in the prevention, treatment and control of rabies (2006)

Rabies remains a global zoonosis of major public health, agricultural and economic significance. Dogs are the major animal reservoirs in developing regions, wildlife maintain cycles of infection even in developed countries and new viral etiological agents continue to emerge. Nearly all human rabies cases are related directly to animal bite and thus, primary disease prevention requires minimization of suspected exposures. Once exposure occurs, modern prophylaxis entails immediate wound care, local infiltration of rabies immune globulin and parenteral administration of modern cell culture vaccines in multiple doses. Pre-exposure vaccination should occur in selected population groups at risk of occupational exposure. Historically, survival from fatal rabies by at least five human patients, vaccinated prior to the onset of clinical signs, signaled initial optimism as to the theoretical utility of medical intervention. Recently, the heroic recovery of an unvaccinated teenager from clinical rabies offers hope of future specific therapy. Canine rabies elimination is the key towards ultimate reduction of the disease burden, as first illustrated in developed countries. Implementation of oral vaccination in free-ranging carnivore hosts demonstrates the feasibility of disease abatement in particular wildlife populations, such as demonstrated in Europe and North America, with an enhanced need for application to developing countries in the Americas, Africa and Eurasia.
Compartment pressure in association with closed tibial fractures. The relationship between tissue pressure, compartment, and the distance from the site of the fracture. (1994)

We studied twenty-five consecutive patients who had a closed tibial fracture to determine whether there was a relationship between compartment pressure and the distance at which the pressure was measured from the site of the fracture. Tissue pressure was measured in all four compartments of the leg at the level of the fracture and at five-centimeter increments proximal and distal to the fracture. The peak pressure was usually found at the level of the fracture and was always located within five centimeters of the fracture. The highest pressures were recorded in the anterior and the deep posterior compartments in twenty patients, including all five of those who had had a fasciotomy. The measured pressure decreased steadily when sampled at increasing distances proximal and distal to the site of the highest recorded pressure. Decreases of twenty millimeters of mercury (2.67 kilopascals) five centimeters adjacent to the site of the peak pressure were common. Compartment syndrome was diagnosed in five patients on the basis of clinical findings, and the diagnosis was confirmed when peak compartment pressures of more than the critical threshold (within twenty millimeters of mercury [2.67 kilopascals] of the diastolic blood pressure) were recorded. Three of these five patients had measured pressures that were less than the critical threshold within five centimeters of the site of the peak pressure. Failure to measure tissue pressure within a few centimeters of the zone of peak pressure may result in a serious underestimation of the maximum compartment pressure. Our results suggest that measurements should be performed in both the anterior and the deep posterior compartments at the level of the fracture as well as at locations proximal and distal to the zone of the fracture to determine reliably the location of the highest tissue pressure in a lower extremity when a compartment syndrome is suspected clinically. The highest pressure should be used in the decision-making process.
Development and preliminary study of the NTU lower extremity exoskeleton (2004)

Exoskeletons for human performance augmentation are controlled and wearable devices that can increase the speed, strength, and endurance of the operator. To help those who need to travel long distances by feet with heavy loads such as infantry soldiers, we are developing a lower extremity exoskeleton fur human performance enhancement at the Nanydng Technological University (NTU). Together with the exoskeleton linkages, an exoskeleton foot is designed to measure the human and the exoskeleton’s ZMP. Ry using the measured human ZMP and the human leg position signals, the exoskeleton’s ZMP can be modified hy trunk compensation. Simulation results are demonstrated and the prototype being developed is introduced.
CD4+Ki67+ lymphocytes in HIV-infected patients are effector T cells accumulated in the G1 phase of the cell cycle (2000)

Entry into the cell cycle represents a fundamental step before generating an effector immune response. The relationship between the cell cycle and antigen-driven T cell response remains, however, poorly understood in virus infection, including HIV. We have identified a critical fraction of CD4+CD45RO+ memory T lymphocytes that express the Ki67 antigen in chronically HIV-infected patients. A high accumulation of Ki67 protein is detected in CD4+CD45RO+Ki67+ cells that are in the G1 phase of the cell cycle (92 ¿ 5 %) but not in S and G2 + M phases, in contrast to normal individuals. Of these cells, 20 - 60 % are spontaneously producing IL-2 and IFN-, unlike CD4+CD45RO+ that do not express Ki67. In addition, HIV-p24 antigen is detectable only in a small fraction CD4+Ki67+ cells. In conclusion, CD4+Ki67+ lymphocytes are circulating effector cells accumulated in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and may be involved in the immune surveillance during HIV infection.
The history of artificial insemination: Selected notes and notables1 (2002)

Artificial insemination (AI) was the first great biotechnology applied to improve reproduction and genetics of farm animals. It has had an enormous impact worldwide in many species, particularly in dairy cattle. The acceptance of AI technology worldwide provided the impetus for developing other technologies, such as cryopreservation and sexing of sperm, estrous cycle regulation, and embryo harvesting, freezing, culture and transfer, and cloning. New, highly effective methods of sire evaluation were developed. The history of development of AI is reviewed, particularly in dairy cattle, in which the impact on genetic improvement and control of venereal diseases have been greatest. Other species briefly included are swine, horses, sheep, goats, dogs, rabbits, poultry, and endangered species. Major landmarks in AI development are cited, along with the people most closely associated with these developments. Many of these pioneers helped to develop a new generation of reproductive physiologists and biotechnologists. A bit of the flavor of the times is included, along with the historical facts. Many of the references will take the reader back to an era before electronic networks were available, so these citations of classical studies will not be found with the press of a key on the electronic keyboard. Readers are invited to explore these historical treats that have provided a springboard for the future.
Incorporation of Tissue Reaction Kinetics in a Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for Nasal Extraction of Inhaled Hydrogen Sulfide in Rats (2005)

Rodents exposed to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) develop olfactory neuronal loss. This lesion has been used by the risk assessment community to develop occupational and environmental exposure standards. A correlation between lesion locations and areas of high H2S flux to airway walls has been previously demonstrated, but a quantitative dose assessment is needed to extrapolate dose at lesion sites to humans. In this study, nasal extraction (NE) of 10, 80, and 200 ppm H2S was measured in the isolated upper respiratory tract of anesthetized rats under constant unidirectional inspiratory flow rates of 75, 150, and 300 ml/min. NE was dependent on inspired H2S concentration and air flow rate: increased NE was observed when H2S exposure concentrations or inspiratory air flow rates were low. An anatomically accurate, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of rat nasal passages was used to predict NE of inhaled H2S. To account for the observed dependence of NE on H2S exposure concentration, the boundary condition used at airway walls incorporated first-order and saturable kinetics in nasal tissue to govern mass flux at the air:tissue interface. Since the kinetic parameters cannot be obtained using the CFD model, they were estimated independently by fitting a well-mixed, two-compartment pharmacokinetic (PK) model to the NE data. Predicted extraction values using this PK-motivated CFD approach were in good agreement with the experimental measurements. The CFD model provides estimates of localized H2S flux to airway walls and can be used to calibrate lesion sites by dose.
Multicultural research and practice: Theoretical issues and maximizing cultural exchange. (2010)

This article reviews literature on cross-cultural approaches to assessment, research, and clinical practice, culminating in recommendations for using a “cultural exchange” approach when working with multicultural clients. It examines challenges in studying culture and mental illness, including methodological issues and problems in defining constructs in multicultural research. Measurement of disorders crossculturally, including efforts to validate depression measures for use with multicultural populations, is also discussed. Perspectives on cultural competence are presented, including the American Psychological Association Multicultural Guidelines, and a “cultural exchange” approach to therapy is presented as a tool for maximizing the benefit of therapy with multicultural clients. Three clinical vignettes are presented to illustrate the use of this approach and how identifying the commission of Type I and Type II multicultural errors can enhance clinical work.
Empirical Bernstein stopping (2008)

Sampling is a popular way of scaling up machine learning algorithms to large datasets. The question often is how many samples are needed. Adaptive stopping algorithms monitor the performance in an online fashion and they can stop early, saving valuable resources. We consider problems where probabilistic guarantees are desired and demonstrate how recently-introduced empirical Bernstein bounds can be used to design stopping rules that are efficient. We provide upper bounds on the sample complexity of the new rules, as well as empirical results on model selection and boosting in the filtering setting.
Ascorbate up-regulates MLH1 (Mut L homologue-1) and p73: implications for the cellular response to DNA damage (2002)

We have found previously that ascorbic acid (vitamin C), as well as acting as a radical scavenger, may modulate the expression of several genes [i.e. fra-1, glutathione S-transferase Pi (GSTpi) and Mut L homologue-1 (MLH1)] in human keratinocytes. In the present paper, we demonstrate that MLH1, as well as its downstream target p73, can be positively modulated by this antioxidant vitamin, indeed, up-regulation of the two mRNAs was observed after just 2 h, and increased further up to 16 h of treatment. Modulation of MLH1 and p73 gene expression improves cellular susceptibility to apoptosis triggered by the DNA-damaging agent cisplatin. Indeed, in ascorbate-supplemented cells, increased cisplatin-induced apoptosis was seen, involving activation of the MLH1/c-Abl/p73 signalling cascade. Our results were further confirmed by studies performed on genetically defined mutants, i.e. mouse embryo fibroblasts derived from knock-out animals for c-Abl or p53, as well as human colon carcinoma cell lines deficient in MLH1. The increased sensitivity to cisplatin observed in ascorbate-loaded cells appeared to be dependent exclusively on MLH1 and c-Abl expression, and independent of p53. These data suggest a potential mechanism accounting for the anti-carcinogenic and anti-cancer activities of vitamin C.
Biosynthesis, function and metabolic engineering of plant volatile organic compounds (2013)

Plants synthesize an amazing diversity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that facilitate interactions with their environment, from attracting pollinators and seed dispersers to protecting themselves from pathogens, parasites and herbivores. Recent progress in -omics technologies resulted in the isolation of genes encoding enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of many volatiles and contributed to our understanding of regulatory mechanisms involved in VOC formation. In this review, we largely focus on the biosynthesis and regulation of plant volatiles, the involvement of floral volatiles in plant reproduction as well as their contribution to plant biodiversity and applications in agriculture via crop-pollinator interactions. In addition, metabolic engineering approaches for both the improvement of plant defense and pollinator attraction are discussed in light of methodological constraints and ecological complications that limit the transition of crops with modified volatile profiles from research laboratories to real-world implementation.
Synthesis and magnetic properties of polymer nanocomposites with embedded iron nanoparticles (2004)

Magnetic nanoparticles embedded in polymer matrices have excellent potential for electromagnetic device applications like electromagnetic interference suppression. We have synthesized polymer nanocomposites of poly(methylmethacrylate) doped with varying concentrations of iron nanoparticles (∼20 nm in size). The iron nanoparticles were produced using a microwave plasma technique and have a natural oxide surface layer for passivation. These nanocomposites were processed using melt blending technique. The polymer processing conditions were optimized to achieve good uniform dispersion of the nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. The concentration and dispersion of nanoparticles were varied in a controlled way. Surface characterization with scanning electron microscopy indicates that, to a large extent, the iron nanoparticles are embedded in the bulk; the surface mainly showed features associated with the polymer surface. Static magnetic properties such as susceptibility and M–H loops were studied using a physical property measurement system. The variation of the ferromagnetic response was consistent with the varying volume concentration of the nanoparticles, the polymer itself contributing a diamagnetic response. At room temperature, hysteresis loops exhibited a somewhat large coercivity (260 Oe) associated with a surface oxide layer on the particles. Overall, the excellent dispersion coupled with reasonable control over magnetic properties achieved in our experiments is promising for electromagnetic applications of these materials.
Intensity modulation methods for proton radiotherapy (1999)

The characteristic Bragg peak of protons or heavy ions provides a good localization of dose in three dimensions. Through their ability to deliver laterally and distally shaped homogenous fields, protons have been shown to be a precise and practical method for delivering highly conformal radiotherapy. However, in an analogous manner to intensity modulation for photons, protons can be used to construct dose distributions through the application of many individually inhomogeneous fields, but with the localization of dose in the Bragg peak providing the possibility of modulating intensity within each field in two or three dimensions. We describe four different methods of intensity modulation for protons and describe how these have been implemented in an existing proton planning system. As a preliminary evaluation of the efficacy of these methods, each has been applied to an example case using a variety of field combinations. Dose-volume histogram analysis of the resulting dose distributions shows that when large numbers of fields are used, all techniques exhibit both good target homogeneity and sparing of neighbouring critical structures, with little difference between the four techniques being discerned. As the number of fields is decreased, however, only a full 3D modulation of individual Bragg peaks can preserve both target coverage and sparing of normal tissues. We conclude that the 3D method provides the greatest flexibility for constructing conformal doses in challenging situations, but that when large numbers of beam ports are available, little advantage may be gained from the additional modulation of intensity in depth.
Prospective study of exogenous hormone use and breast cancer in seventh-day adventists (1989)

Exogenous hormone use as either oral contraceptives (OC) or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was evaluated in reference to subsequent breast cancer risk in a cohort study of 20,341 Seventh-day Adventist women, residing in California, who completed a detailed lifestyle questionnaire in 1976 and who were followed for 6 years. During the follow-up period, 215 histologically confirmed primary breast cancers were detected in the cohort. The mean age at diagnosis was 66 years, indicating a primarily postmenopausal case series. In this cohort, after taking into account potentially confounding variables, current use of HRT (in 1976) was associated with a 69% increase in breast cancer risk, which was statistically significant (RR = 1.69; CI = 1.12-2.55). However, there was no strong increase in risk with increasing duration of use of HRT. Subgroups of women who did experience HRT associated increases in breast cancer risk included those women who had ever used HRT (RR = 1.39; CI = 1.00-1.94) and those with no history of maternal breast cancer (RR = 1.45), those women with prior benign breast disease (RR = 2.80), and those women who experienced menopause at 44 years of age or later (RR = 1.56). There was no substantial increase in breast cancer risk associated with use of OC in this population, although among women with exposure to both OC and HRT there was a suggested increase in risk (RR = 1.42; CI = 0.71-2.85).
Treatment of Inflammatory Facial Acne Vulgaris with Intense Pulsed Light and Short Contact of Topical 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (2006)

BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with topical 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and red light (550–700 nm) has been introduced for effective treatment of facial acne. Untoward side effects are common, however. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the short contact of topical ALA and intense pulsed light (IPL) in treatment of inflammatory facial acne. METHODS Fourteen patients with inflammatory facial acne were treated with IPL on the left side and combination of IPL and topical ALA on the right side at 3- to 4-week intervals for three sessions. Clinical photographs and lesion counts were obtained for evaluation. RESULTS All patients revealed a reduction in number of acne lesions on both sides. On the ALA-pretreated side, lesion counts decreased 87.7% at 12 weeks after the last treatment (p<.01). Meanwhile, lesion counts on the nonpretreated side decreased 66.8% (p<.01). In addition, a number of lesion counts on the ALA-pretreated side decreased. Mild edema and minimal crust developed on the combined-treatment side. CONCLUSION Short contact of topical ALA and IPL or IPL alone showed some beneficial effect in treatment of inflammatory facial acne; however, degree of improvement was better and remained longer with the combined regimen. Side effects were mild and reversible.
Diabetic and Hypertensive Heart Disease (1996)

Considerable evidence from both experimental animal models and humans points to hypertension as a critically important factor in the pathogenesis of severe heart disease in persons with diabetes. The pathogenetic sequelae of diabetes and hypertension are devastating to the heart and often lead to premature congestive heart failure, sudden cardiac death, and acute myocardial infarction. Strict control of arterial pressure and glycemia may prevent or even ameliorate heart disease in patients with hypertension and diabetes.
Properties of L-Lysine ε-Dehydrogenase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens1 (1989)

Lysine epsilon-dehydrogenase, which has been purified to homogeneity from the extract of Agrobacterium tumefaciens ICR 1600, had a molecular weight of approximately 78,000 and consisted of two subunits identical in molecular weight (about 39,000). The enzyme showed a high substrate specificity. In addition to L-lysine, S-(beta-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine was deaminated by the enzyme, but to a far lesser extent. NAD+ and some NAD+ analogs (deamino-NAD+ and 3-acetylpyridine-NAD+) served as a cofactor. The pH optimum was at about 9.7 for the deamination of L-lysine. Although the NAD+ saturation curve was hyperbolic, a sigmoid saturation curve for L-lysine was obtained with the diluted enzyme solution, in which the dimeric enzyme was predominant. The reversible association of the enzyme to the tetramer was induced either by increasing the enzyme concentration or by addition of L-lysine. The preincubation of the enzyme with 5 mM L-lysine resulted in a 2-fold increase in the activity and gave a hyperbolic saturation curve for L-lysine. Upon modification of SH groups of the enzyme with DTNB, neither the interconversion between the dimer and the tetramer nor the activation by L-lysine occurred. These results indicated that the dimeric enzyme was activated by L-lysine and the activation resulted from the association of two dimeric enzymes to form a tetramer.
Magnetic separations in biotechnology—a review (1985)

Abstract Magnetic separation technology has a broad range of potential applications in both small and large scale biotechnology. This review considers a selection of magnetic techniques and their possible uses.