gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An injection-locking scheme for precision quadrature generation (2002)

We describe a novel quadrature splitter based on injection locking a cascade of ring oscillators to a low-phase-noise (external) single-phase reference clock. The output signals are in accurate quadrature with low phase noise over a wide bandwidth. This scheme inherently operates at high signal frequencies and is insensitive to the shape of the reference clock waveform. Experimental results at 2.7 GHz are reported for a prototype implementation in 0.25-/spl mu/m BiCMOS technology. To prove the viability of this scheme, a single-sideband upconverter was implemented along with the splitter. Over several chips, an average sideband suppression better than 45 dB over a large signal bandwidth of 100 MHz was achieved.
Tissue Sites of Persistent Infection and Active Replication of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus during Acute Disease and Asymptomatic Infection in Experimentally Infected Equids (2000)

ABSTRACT Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) infection of horses is characterized by recurring cycles of disease and viremia that typically progress to an inapparent infection in which clinical symptoms are absent as host immune responses maintain control of virus replication indefinitely. The dynamics of EIAV viremia and its association with disease cycles have been well characterized, but there has been to date no comprehensive quantitative analyses of the specific tissue sites of EIAV infection and replication in experimentally infected equids during acute disease episodes and during asymptomatic infections in long-term inapparent carriers. To characterize the in vivo site(s) of viral infection and replication, we developed a quantitative competitive PCR assay capable of detecting 10 copies of viral DNA and a quantitative competitive reverse transcription-PCR assay with a sensitivity of about 30 copies of viral singly spliced mRNA. Animals were experimentally infected with one of two reference viruses: the animal-passaged field isolate designated EIAV Wyo and the virulent cell-adapted strain designated EIAV PV . Tissues and blood cells were isolated during the initial acute disease or from asymptomatic animals and analyzed for viral DNA and RNA levels by the respective quantitative assays. The results of these experiments demonstrated that the appearance of clinical symptoms in experimentally infected equids coincided with rapid widespread seeding of viral infection and replication in a variety of tissues. During acute disease, the predominant cellular site of viral infection and replication was the spleen, which typically accounted for over 90% of the cellular viral burden. In asymptomatic animals, viral DNA and RNA persisted in virtually all tissues tested, but at extremely low levels, a finding indicative of tight but incomplete immune control of EIAV replication. During all disease states, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were found to harbor less than 1% of the cellular viral burden. These quantitative studies demonstrate that tissues, rather than PBMC, constitute the predominant sites of virus replication during acute disease in infected equids and serve as resilient reservoirs of virus infection, even in the presence of highly effective immune responses that maintain a stringent control of virus replication in long-term inapparent carriers. Thus, these observations with EIAV, a predominantly macrophage-tropic lentivirus, highlight the role of tissues in sequestering lentiviral infections from host immune surveillance.
Concise Total Synthesis of Biologically Interesting Pyranochalcone Natural Products: Citrunobin, Boesenbergin A, Boesenbergin B, Xanthohumol C, and Glabrachromene (2007)

New and efficient synthetic approaches to the biologically interesting natural products citrunobin, boesenbergins A and B, xanthohumol C, and glabrachromene are described. The key strategies involve ethylenediamine diacetate catalyzed benzopyran formation reactions and base-catalyzed aldol reactions.
Efficient Zero-Knowledge Proof of Algebraic and Non-Algebraic Statements with Applications to Privacy Preserving Credentials. (2016)

Practical anonymous credential systems are generally built around sigma-protocol ZK proofs. This requires that credentials be based on specially formed signatures. Here we ask whether we can instead use a standard say, RSA, or ECDSA signature that includes formatting and hashing messages, as a credential, and still provide privacy. Existing techniques do not provide efficient solutions for proving knowledge of such a signature: On the one hand, ZK proofs based on garbled circuits Jawurek et al. 2013 give efficient proofs for checking formatting of messages and evaluating hash functions. On the other hand they are expensive for checking algebraic relations such as RSA or discrete-log, which can be done efficiently with sigma protocols.

We design new constructions obtaining the best of both worlds: combining the efficiency of the garbled circuit approach for non-algebraic statements and that of sigma protocols for algebraic ones. We then discuss how to use these as building-blocks to construct privacy-preserving credential systems based on standard RSA and ECDSA signatures.

Other applications of our techniques include anonymous credentials with more complex policies, the ability to efficiently switch between commitments and signatures in different groups, and secure two-party computation on committed/signed inputs.
Development of new N-arylbenzamides as STAT3 dimerization inhibitors (2013)

The <i>O</i>-tosylsalicylamide <b>S3I-201</b> (<b>10</b>) was used as a starting point for design and synthesis of novel STAT-3 dimerization inhibitors with improved drug-like qualities. The phosphonic acid <b>12d</b> and salicylic acids <b>13f</b>, <b>13g</b> with a shorter amide linker lacking the <i>O</i>-tosyl group had improved STAT-3 inhibitory activity. The equivalent potencies observed by the replacement of phosphonic acid moiety of <b>12d</b> with 5-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid group as in <b>13f</b> further validates 5-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid as a phosphotyrosine mimic. The salicylic acid <b>13f</b> displayed improved whole cell activity. The focused library of salicylic acids <b>13</b> with benzamide linker indicated that hydrophobic heptyl and cyclohexyl are the best tolerated R groups and a biphenyl ether (as the Ar group) significantly contributes to STAT3 inhibitory activity. Our docking studies indicated that the acidic groups of <b>12d</b>, <b>13f</b> and <b>13g</b> interact in the p-Tyr-705 binding site in a broadly similar manner, while the phenoxybenzoyl group and the cyclohexylbenzyl group occupying pY+1 and pY-X hydrophobic pockets respectively. The <i>in vitro</i> and cell based potency of <b>13f</b> warrants further development of this scaffold as STAT3 inhibitors.
Selective Stimulation of Cat Sciatic Nerve Using an Array of Varying-Length Microelectrodes (2001)

Restoration of motor function to individuals who have had spinal cord injuries or stroke has been hampered by the lack of an interface to the peripheral nervous system. A suitable interface should provide selective stimulation of a large number of individual muscle groups with graded recruitment of force. We have developed a new neural interface, the Utah Slanted Electrode Array (USEA), that was designed to be implanted into peripheral nerves. Its goal is to provide such an interface that could be useful in rehabilitation as well as neuroscience applications. In this study, the stimulation capabilities of the USEA were evaluated in acute experiments in cat sciatic nerve. The recruitment properties and the selectivity of stimulation were examined by determining the target muscles excited by stimulation via each of the 100 electrodes in the array and using force transducers to record the force produced in these muscles. It is shown in the results that groups of up to 15 electrodes were inserted into individual fascicles. Stimulation slightly above threshold was selective to one muscle group for most individual electrodes. At higher currents, co-activation of agonist but not antagonist muscles was observed in some instances. Recruitment curves for the electrode array were broader with twitch thresholds starting at much lower currents than for cuff electrodes. In these experiments, it is also shown that certain combinations of electrode pairs, inserted into an individual fascicle, excite fiber populations with substantial overlap, whereas other pairs appear to address independent populations. We conclude that the USEA permits more selective stimulation at much lower current intensities with more graded recruitment of individual muscles than is achieved by conventional cuff electrodes.
Birth Weight and Illness Severity: Independent Predictors of Neonatal Mortality (1993)

This simplified clinical score provides accurate mortality risk estimates for application in a broad array of clinical and research settings.
A compact model for speaker-adaptive training (2002)

We formulate a novel approach to estimating the parameters of continuous density HMMs for speaker-independent (SI) continuous speech recognition. It is motivated by the fact that variability in SI acoustic models is attributed to both phonetic variation and variation among the speakers of the training population, that is independent of the information content of the speech signal. These two variation sources are decoupled and the proposed method jointly annihilates the inter-speaker variation and estimates the HMM parameters of the SI acoustic models. We compare the proposed training algorithm to the common SI training paradigm within the context of supervised adaptation. We show that the proposed acoustic models are more efficiently adapted to the test speakers, thus achieving significant overall word error rate reductions of 19% and 25% for 20K and 5K vocabulary tasks respectively.
Genetic and epitopic analysis of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) autoantibodies: markers of the human thyroid autoimmune response (1995)

TPO autoantibodies, the hallmark of human autoimmune thyroid disease, are of IgG class and are associated with thyroid destruction and hypothyroidism. Using the immunoglobulin gene combinatorial library approach, a panel of human monoclonal TPO autoantibodies (expressed as Fab) has been generated from thyroid tissue-infiltrating B cells. TPO-specific Fab closely resemble patients' serum autoantibodies in terms of L chain type, IgG subclass, affinities for TPO as well as epitopes recognized by > 80% of TPO autoantibodies in an individual's serum. TPO autoantibody V region genes are not unique; H chain V genes are usually mutated, while L chain V genes are sometimes in germ-line conformation. The autoantibodies recognize an immunodominant region involving conformational, overlapping epitopes in domains A and B. Finally, TPO autoantibody epitopic fingerprints are distinctive for individual sera, are not associated with hypothyroidism, but are conserved over time (indicating a lack of B cell epitope spreading). Evidence for conservation as well as inheritance of the fingerprints in some families, together with VH gene polymorphisms, may provide insight into the genetic basis of human autoimmune thyroid disease. Furthermore, monoclonal human TPO autoantibodies will be invaluable for B cell presentation of TPO to determine the T cell epitopes involved in TPO autoantibody production.
Consistency of quality attributes for the glycosylated monoclonal antibody Humira® (adalimumab) (2015)

Humira® (adalimumab) is a recombinant human IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) glycoprotein consisting of 1330 amino acids that is specific for human tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The biological activity and clinical profile of mAb therapeutics, including adalimumab, is influenced by their protein structure and glycosylation patterns, which can be affected by the expression system, cell culture conditions and purification process methodology. While clinical outcome cannot yet be attributed to many of the individual structural features that constitute a mAb, it is evident that detailed structural attribute analysis is necessary if structural contributions to function are to be comprehensively defined. Adalimumab product quality data generated from over a decade of manufacturing across multiple production sites and through a series of manufacturing scale changes are presented here. These data reveal a consistent and tightly controlled profile for the product.
Recent Developments in Recombinant AAV-Mediated Gene Therapy for Lung Diseases (2005)

Recent studies have shed light on a number of important obstacles to safe and effective gene transfer to the respiratory tract with recombinant AAV vectors. Among these are blocks at the level of receptor binding and internalizations, evasion of proteasomal degradation, inefficiency of nuclear entry, and nuclear factors that inhibit the conversion of rAAV genomes into active double-stranded DNA form. Other important issues have been the size constraints of the vector, the lack of retention of episomal forms of the vector genome, and immune responses which may limit the efficiency of repeated doses of rAAV. Each of these potential obstacles has been addressed with new vector designs. In addition, the availability of an abundance of novel rAAV serotypes, each with its own receptor tropism, has expanded the range of possibilities for long-term success of gene therapy in the respiratory tract.
Experimental Evaluation of TCP Protocols for High-Speed Networks (2007)

In this paper, we present experimental results evaluating the performance of the scalable-TCP, HS-TCP, BIC-TCP, FAST-TCP, and H-TCP proposals in a series of benchmark tests. In summary, we find that both scalable-TCP and FAST-TCP consistently exhibit substantial unfairness, even when competing flows share identical network path characteristics. Scalable-TCP, HS-TCP, FAST-TCP, and BIC-TCP all exhibit much greater RTT unfairness than does standard TCP, to the extent that long RTT flows may be completely starved of bandwidth. Scalable-TCP, HS-TCP, and BIC-TCP all exhibit slow convergence and sustained unfairness following changes in network conditions such as the start-up of a new flow. FAST-TCP exhibits complex convergence behavior.
Solenoidal and planar microcoils for NMR spectroscopy (2004)

The extraction of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of samples having smaller and smaller volumes is a real challenge. Reductions of volume are dictated by the difficulties of production of sufficiently large samples or by necessities of miniaturization of the analyzing system. In both cases a careful design of the radiofrequency (RF) coil, ensuring an optimum reception of the NMR signal, is mandatory. We evaluated the usefulness of an electromagnetic simulation software for the design and optimization of these radio-frequency coils, which are more and more used in biology and health research projects. The contribution of different effects (dc, skin and proximity) at the total resistance of the coils were assessed as well as the expected SNR per sample volume unit and the quality factor. Designed for a biological application, these coils have to be as less invasive as possible and they must allow small quantities analysis of metabolites inside capillary tubs or surrounding the microcoil. In order to evaluate detection efficiency and spectral resolution, preliminary experiments have been performed at 85.13 MHz under a static magnetic field of 2 T.
Local search procedures in a multi-objective genetic local search algorithm for scheduling problems (2003)

We have already proposed a multi-objective genetic local search algorithm for finding non-dominated solutions of multi-objective optimization problems (Ishibuchi and Murata 1998). In our hybrid algorithm, a local search procedure is applied to each solution generated by genetic operations (i.e., selection, crossover, and mutation). Since our optimization problem involves multiple objectives, the application of the local search is not straightforward. We examine various methods for implementing local search procedures in our multi-objective genetic local search algorithm. One method uses a weighted sum of multiple objectives as a scalar fitness function where weight values are randomly updated whenever a pair of parent solutions is selected. Such a fitness function is used in the local search as well as the selection of parent solutions. In a variant of this method, weight values for a solution in the local search are specified according to its location in the objective space. Another method uses an inequality relation between solutions based on multiple objectives when a local search procedure determines whether the current solution is to be replaced with a new solution. The performance of multi-objective genetic local search algorithms with various local search procedures is examined by computer simulations on two-objective flowshop scheduling problems.
Real-Time Nonintrusive Monitoring and Prediction of Driver Fatigue (2004)

Abstract—This paper describes a real-time online prototype driver-fatigue monitor. It uses remotely located charge-coupled-device cameras equipped with active infrared illuminators to acquire video images of the driver. Various visual cues that typically characterize the level of alertness of a person are extracted in real time and systematically combined to infer the fatigue level of the driver. The visual cues employed characterize eyelid movement, gaze movement, head movement, and facial expression. A probabilistic model is developed to model human fatigue and to predict fatigue based on the visual cues obtained. The simultaneous use of multiple visual cues and their systematic combination yields a much more robust and accurate fatigue characterization than using a single visual cue. This system was validated under real-life fatigue conditions with human subjects of different ethnic backgrounds, genders, and ages; with/without glasses; and under different illumination conditions. It was found to be reasonably robust, reliable, and accurate in fatigue characterization. Index Terms—Driver vigilance, human fatigue, probabilistic model, visual cues. I.
Mobile Commerce (2001)

Advances in wireless technology increase the number of mobile device users and give pace to the rapid development of e-commerce using these devices. The new type of e-commerce, conducting transactions via mobile terminals, is called mobile commerce. Due to its inherent characteristics such as ubiquity, personalization, flexibility, and dissemination, mobile commerce promises businesses unprecedented market potential, great productivity, and high profitability. This paper presents an overview of mobile commerce development by examining the enabling technologies, the impact of mobile commerce on the business world, and the implications to mobile commerce providers. The paper also provides an agenda for future research in the area.
Activation of the Cytokine Network and Unfavorable Outcome in Patients with Yellow Fever (2004)

To study the contribution of inflammatory mediators to the pathogenesis of yellow fever (YF), the serum levels of several cytokines and chemokines were measured in 7 patients with fatal YF (f-YF), 11 patients with nonfatal hemorrhagic YF (nf/h-YF), and 18 patients with nonfatal nonhemorrhagic YF (nf/nh-YF). The levels of interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interferon-inducible protein (IP)-10, tumor necrosis factor- alpha , and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) were all statistically significantly higher in the patients with f-YF than in those with nf/nh-YF. In patients with nf/h-YF, only levels of IP-10 and IL-1RA were significantly elevated. The high levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in serum from patients with f-YF are reminiscent of those seen in patients with bacterial sepsis. This finding has implications for the understanding of the pathophysiology of YF and the development of therapeutic strategies.
Platelet-derived growth factor. I. High yield purification and evidence for multiple forms. (1982)

Platelet-derived growth factor has been purified from human outdated platelet-rich plasma with a 21% overall yield. This five-step procedure represents a 500,000-fold purification over serum. 6.4 ng/ml (2 X 10(-10) M) of purified platelet-derived growth factor stimulated DNA synthesis in quiescent, density arrested cultures of Swiss 3T3 cells to a level equivalent to that produced by 5% calf serum. The growth-promoting activity and specific binding to 3T3 cells has been shown to be associated with four entities of molecular weights: 31,000, 29,000, 28,500, and 27,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions. In the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, the four molecular species are converted to three inactive chains of lower molecular weights: 17,500, 16,000, and 14,400. Other methods of chemically cleaving the disulfide bonds were investigated: reductive cleavage by S-sulfonation, reductive cleavage with dithiothreitol, and performic acid oxidation. In all cases, mitogenic activity was reduced by 80-100%. Attempts to restore mitogenic activity after reduction were unsuccessful. Two-dimensional 125I-peptide mapping of the nonreduced and reduced multiple forms was also investigated. The four nonreduced moieties gave basically identical maps. The maps of the reduced 17,500- and 16,000-dalton chains were also essentially identical, but the map of the reduced 14,400-dalton chain was significantly different. We propose that platelet-derived growth factor consists of two polypeptide chains: a 14,400-dalton chain and either a 17,500- or a 16,000-dalton chain.
The Complement Inhibitor Eculizumab in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (2006)

Eculizumab is an effective therapy for PNH.
Astroglial Protein S-100 Is an Early and Sensitive Marker of Hypoxic Brain Damage and Outcome After Cardiac Arrest in Humans (2001)

Astroglial protein S-100 is an early and sensitive marker of hypoxic brain damage and short-term outcome after cardiac arrest in humans.
The frequency of T regulatory cells modulates the survival of multiple myeloma patients: detailed characterisation of immune status in multiple myeloma (2012)

This study identifies several abnormalities of immune system in MM, which only partly could be normalised after successful therapy. The dysfunction of immune system such as decreased antigen presentation along with increased frequencies of suppressive cells and cytokines might facilitate progression of the disease and infectious complications limiting survival of MM patients.
A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR (2001)

Use of the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify cDNA products reverse transcribed from mRNA is on the way to becoming a routine tool in molecular biology to study low abundance gene expression. Real-time PCR is easy to perform, provides the necessary accuracy and produces reliable as well as rapid quantification results. But accurate quantification of nucleic acids requires a reproducible methodology and an adequate mathematical model for data analysis. This study enters into the particular topics of the relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR of a target gene transcript in comparison to a reference gene transcript. Therefore, a new mathematical model is presented. The relative expression ratio is calculated only from the real-time PCR efficiencies and the crossing point deviation of an unknown sample versus a control. This model needs no calibration curve. Control levels were included in the model to standardise each reaction run with respect to RNA integrity, sample loading and inter-PCR variations. High accuracy and reproducibility (<2.5% variation) were reached in LightCycler PCR using the established mathematical model.
Michael Additions of Indoles to 2-Oxoindolin-3-ylidene Ketones (1976)

ketones(1) and indoles(2) gave rise to C-l'(3) and/or C-3(4) adducts depending on the oxindolic N-suhstituents and the C-1' adducts(3) were converted into new