gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
6-Deoxytetracyclines. IV.1,2 Preparation, C-6 Stereochemistry, and Reactions (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT6-Deoxytetracyclines. IV.1,2Preparation, C-6 Stereochemistry, and ReactionsCharles R. Stephens, John J. Beereboom, Hans H. Rennhard, Philip N. Gordon, Kotaro. Murai, Robert K. Blackwood, and M. Schach. von WittenauCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 17, 2643–2652Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00900a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00900a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views742Altmetric-Citations67LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
T7 DNA‐dependent RNA polymerase can transcribe RNA from tick‐borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) cDNA with SP6 promoter (1996)

T7 RNA polymerase is shown to recognize the SP6 promoter including 17 base pairs before the transcription start site and produce the 5′‐end TBEV RNA. The yield of TBEV RNA synthesized by heterologous T7 RNA polymerase from cDNA construction with SP6 promoter is higher than the RNA production by homologous SP6 RNA polymerase. The addition of 1 pmol template DNA with SP6 17 bp promoter in transcription mixture for SP6 or T7 RNA polymerases resulted in 1–5 × 10 −2 pmol RNA production.
Case Study on Preformed Particle Gel for In-Depth Fluid Diversion (2008)

Abstract The paper describes preformed particle gel (PPG) treatments for in-depth fluid diversion in four injection wells located in the north of Lamadian, Daqing oilfield, China. Lamadian is sandstone oilfield with thick net zones. The selected four injectors have 46 connected producers with average water cut of 95.4% before treatment. The paper reports the detailed information for the four well treatments, including well candidate selection criteria, PPG treatment optimization, real-time monitoring result during PPG injection and reservoir performance after treatment. In addition, a discussion is made to analyze why so large amount of large particles can be injected into the reservoir. Large volume of PPG suspension with concentrations of 2,000–2,500 mg/L and particle sizes of 0.06–3.0 mm was injected into each well and it took about 4 months to finish each injection. The injection volume ranges from 11,458 to 17,625 m3 per well with a total of 56,269 m3 of PPG suspension (295,680 lbs of dried PPG) for the four wells. During PPG injection, the increase of the wellhead pressure was quite stable and no PPG was produced from adjacent producers. Recorded real-time monitoring Data about injection pressure and rate, PPG particle size change during PPG injection provide invaluable information to analysis the possibility of fracture/channel in the reservoir. The treatments resulted in an oil increase of 34.8 t/d and average water cut decrease of 0.94% within 10 months after treatments.
High-Resolution Technique for Fabricating Environmentally Sensitive Hydrogel Microstructures (2004)

This communication introduces a novel high-resolution technique for fabricating hydrogel microstructures using photoresist lithography and dry etching. This method alleviates the need for photoinitiators used in conventional approaches and is applicable to a broad range of hydrogels. This technique is also compatible with traditional microfabrication methods, thus allowing the integration of hydrogels with microelectronics and microelectromechanical system microstructures. Environmentally sensitive hydrogels of different shapes and sizes were patterned in a batch scale (wafer-level) with resolutions down to 2.5 μm. The patterned pH-sensitive hydrogels with micron-sized dimensions exhibit volume responses within seconds of change in pH. Deposited aluminum thin films on top of hydrogel microstructures were used to fabricate environmentally sensitive free-standing micromirrors with a vertical displacement sensitivity of 7 μm/pH at pH 5.0. These structures open the possibility of fabricating on-chip photonic-based hydrogel microsensors.
Synthesis of a Morpholino Nucleic Acid (MNA)-Uridine Phosphoramidite, and Exon Skipping Using MNA/2′-O-Methyl Mixmer Antisense Oligonucleotide (2016)

In this study, we synthesised a morpholino nucleoside-uridine (MNA-U) phosphoramidite and evaluated the potential of a MNA-modified antisense oligonucleotide (AO) sequences to induce exon 23 skipping in <i>mdx</i> mouse myotubes in vitro towards extending the applicability of morpholino chemistry with other nucleotide monomers. We designed, synthesised, and compared exon skipping efficiencies of 20 mer MNA-modified 2'-<i>O</i>-methyl RNA mixmer AO on a phosphorothioate backbone (MNA/2'-OMePS) to the corresponding fully modified 2'-<i>O</i>-methyl RNA AO (2'-OMePS) as a control. Our results showed that the MNA/2'-OMePS efficiently induced exon 23 skipping. As expected, the 2'-OMePS AO control yielded efficient exon 23 skipping. Under the applied conditions, both the AOs showed minor products corresponding to exon 22/23 dual exon skipping in low yield. As these are very preliminary data, more detailed studies are necessary; however, based on the preliminary results, MNA nucleotides might be useful in constructing antisense oligonucleotides.
Anatomical comparison of sciatic nerves between adults and newborns: clinical implications for ultrasound guided block (2013)

The sciatic nerve (SN) is easily blocked under ultrasound guidance by identifying either the SN common trunk or its two components: the tibial nerve (TN) and the common peroneal nerve (CPN). The authors investigate whether there are anatomical differences between newborns and adults. The SN, TN and CPN of both lower extremities in 24 (11 neonatal and 13 adults) formolized cadavers were dissected. Distances were measured from the origin of the SN (passing under the piriformis muscle) to its division into TN and CPN, and from there to the popliteal crease. The sciatic/thigh coefficient (proportion relating SN length to thigh length) and the variation coefficient for the SN were calculated. The distance from the popliteal crease to the SN division was significantly shorter in neonates than in adults (1.04 ± 0.9 cm vs. 5.6 ± 5.1 cm, P = 0.0003). In addition, the neonatal SN divided at a proportionally more distal position in the thigh than it did in adults (86 ± 13 vs. 74 ± 15%, P = 0.0059). However, the coefficient of variation between the SN-division distances was not statistically different in infants and adults (12.8 vs. 18.2%, P = 0.4345). The variations in the point of SN division seen in the adult SN are already seen in the neonatal period, but in newborns the SN divided in a more distal position in relation to the thigh than in adults, so this finding of anatomical variability in neonates suggests that ultrasound guidance can be useful when performing a SN block in these small patients.
The human anti-IL-1β monoclonal antibody ACZ885 is effective in joint inflammation models in mice and in a proof-of-concept study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (2008)

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00619905.
Chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Anaxagorea brevipes (Annonaceae) and evaluation of its bioactivity (2015)

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves of Anaxagorea brevipes was analysed by gas chromatography fitted with a flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) and coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty one components were identified, representing around 75.7% of total oil. The major components were β-eudesmol (13.16%), α-eudesmol (13.05%), γ-eudesmol (7.54%), guaiol (5.12%), caryophyllene oxide (4.18%) and β-bisabolene (4.10%). The essential oil showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and yeast with the MIC values between 25.0 and 100 μg/mL. The highest antiproliferative activity was observed for the oil against MCF-7 (breast, TGI = 12.8 μg/mL), NCI-H460 (lung, TGI = 13.0 μg/mL) and PC-3 (prostate, TGI = 9.6 μg/mL) cell lines, while against no cancer cell line HaCat (keratinocyte) the TGI was 38.8 μg/mL. The oil exhibited a small antioxidant activity assessed through ORAC-FL assay (517 μmol TE/g). This is the first report regarding the chemical composition and bioactivity of A. brevipes essential oil.
Evidence that tetracycline analogs whose primary target is not the bacterial ribosome cause lysis of Escherichia coli (1992)

The modes of action of atypical tetracyclines that do not directly inhibit bacterial protein synthesis were investigated. The analogs tested, chelocardin, anhydrotetracycline, 6-thiatetracycline, anhydrochlortetracycline, and 4-epi-anhydrochlortetracycline, were bactericidal and caused the lysis of Escherichia coli accompanied by the release of the cytoplasmic enzyme beta-galactosidase into the supernatant. Examination by electron microscopy demonstrated that cells exposed to these analogs underwent marked morphological alterations that included the formation of numerous ghosts and the appearance of cellular debris in the culture medium. Although atypical tetracyclines promoted lysis in intact organisms, they did not cause lysis of E. coli spheroplasts, indicating that the analogs do not directly destroy the cytoplasmic membrane. These agents may promote cell lysis and death by interfering with the membrane's electrochemical gradient, which in turn leads to stimulation of autolytic enzyme activity and cellular lysis. The results support recently published data which indicate that tetracyclines are divisible into two classes on the basis of their modes of action.
Silica Shell/Gold Core Nanoparticles: Correlating Shell Thickness with the Plasmonic Red Shift upon Aggregation (2011)

Differences in the wavelengths of the surface plasmon band of gold nanoparticles (AuNP)--before and after particle aggregation--are widely used in bioanalytical assays. However, the gold surfaces in such bioassays can suffer from exchange and desorption of noncovalently bound ligands and from nonspecific adsorption of biomolecules. Silica shells on the surfaces of the gold can extend the available surface chemistries for bioconjugation and potentially avoid these issues. Therefore, silica was grown on gold surfaces using either hydrolysis/condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate 1 under basic conditions or diglyceroxysilane 2 at neutral pH. The former precursor permitted slow, controlled growth of shells from about 1.7 to 4.3 nm thickness. By contrast, 3-4 nm thick silica shells formed within an hour using diglyceroxysilane; thinner or thicker shells were not readily available. Within the range of shell thicknesses synthesized, the presence of a silica shell on the gold nanoparticle did not significantly affect the absorbance maximum (~5 nm) of unaggregated particles. However, the change in absorbance wavelength upon aggregation of the particles was highly dependent on the thickness of the shell. With silica shells coating the AuNP, there was a significant decrease in the absorbance maximum of the aggregated particles, from ~578 to ~536 nm, as the shell thicknesses increased from ~1.7 to ~4.3 nm, because of increased distance between adjacent gold cores. These studies provide guidance for the development of colorimetric assays using silica-coated AuNP.
Cutting Edge: Self-Peptides Drive the Peripheral Expansion of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells (2003)

CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cell selection is initiated by high-specificity interactions with self-peptides in the thymus, although how these cells respond to cytokine-derived signals and to re-exposure to self-peptide:MHC complexes in the periphery is not well understood. We have used a transgenic mouse system, in which the peptide that induces thymic selection of a clonal population of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells is known, to show that CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells proliferate in response to their selecting self-peptide in vivo. Moreover, they do not proliferate in response to lymphopenia in the absence of the selecting self-peptide, reflecting a low level of expression of the high affinity receptor for IL-7 (CD127) relative to conventional CD4(+) T cells. That their selecting self-peptide is both required for and promotes the peripheral expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells may direct their accumulation in sites where the self-peptide is expressed.
Management Strategies to Reduce Embryonic Loss (2005)

Embryonic loss may represent the single greatest economic loss for cow/calf producers. With 40,000,000 beef cows and heifers exposed to breeding each year in the U.S., annual losses exceed $1.2 billion. The mechanisms involved in pregnancy establishment and maintenance are complex, and based on the literature, we have made little progress reducing embryo wastage in the past 90 years. This paper will focus on when and why pregnancy failures occur and discuss some management practices that may alleviate these losses. In beef cattle, it is generally accepted that fertilization rates to a single service are between 90 and 100% regardless of whether natural service or artificial insemination is utilized (Sreenan and Diskin, 1983). Yet, rarely more than 70% of matings result in a positive pregnancy diagnosed 30 days later and even fewer result in a live birth. Embryonic losses are defined as those losses that occur from fertilization until day 42 of pregnancy when differentiation and implantation has occurred. Losses after day 42 are generally referred to as fetal losses. Embryonic losses are further divided into two categories and classified as Early Embryonic Mortality (EEM; fertilization to day 27) and Late Embryonic Mortality (LEM; day 28 to 42). The majority of embryonic mortality is early embryonic mortality, with rates ranging from 20 to 44% reported in beef cattle (Humbolt, 2001). Late embryonic mortality occurs in 3 to 14% of beef cows and heifers (Humbolt, 2001; Perry et al., 2005; unpublished data). A wealth of information exists on embryonic mortality in dairy cattle, but very little information exists in beef cattle. Maurer and Chenault, (1983) suggest the type of pregnancy failures among beef cows and heifers differ. In that study, the majority of pregnancy failures in heifers were due to fertilization failure rather than embryonic loss. The embryo or unfertilized egg recovery rate was lower among heifers than cows, suggesting that perhaps a portion of heifers failed to ovulate after being in heat. Accurate measurement of embryonic mortality is complicated by the fact that we are unable to assess pregnancies until approximately day 27 (via ultrasound or pregnancy specific blood indicators) without harvesting and collecting reproductive tracts at slaughter. No single factor has been proven to prevent early embryonic mortality. However, if we could prevent embryo wastage in just 5 out of every 100 cows, we would wean an additional 2,100 pounds per 100 cows.
Memoria de las I Jornadas sobre Seguridad Alimentaria. Almería. “Nuevos Alimentos e Ingredientes Alimentarios (2006)

• Actualizar el concepto de “Nuevos Alimentos” • Conocer formas de producir algunos de estos alimentos. • Revision y puesta al dia en el conocimiento de la normativa que los regula. • Profundizar en el conocimiento de las Agencias de Seguridad Alimentarias en relacion con el control de esos alimentos. • Relacionar los conceptos de Alimento/Salud. • Conocer los efectos beneficiosos en la Salud de los consumidores. • Conocer los riesgos asociados a su consumo. • Actualizar la base cientifica de los asistentes en la Promocion de la Salud.
Chronic electrical stimulation of the gasserian ganglion for the relief of pain in a series of 34 patients (1997)

The use of an implanted system for chronic electrical stimulation of the gasserian ganglion for relief of facial pain was described in 1980 by Meyerson and Håkansson. Between 1982 and 1995, the senior author (R.R.T.) performed gasserian ganglion stimulation in 34 patients for the relief of chronic medically intractable facial pain. The etiology of pain was peripheral damage to the trigeminal nerve in 22 patients (65%), central (stroke) damage in seven (21%), postherpetic neuralgia in four (12%), and unclassifiable cause in one (3%). All patients received a trial of transcutaneous stimulation (Stage 1). Successful trials in 19 patients (56%) were followed by implantation of a permanent system (Stage II). Trial and postimplantation stimulation were deemed successful when there was a reduction of pain by at least 50% whenever the stimulator was on. Success rates varied from five (71%) of seven patients for central pain to five (23%) of 22 for peripheral pain and none (0%) of four for postherpetic neuralgia. The median follow-up duration in successful cases was 22.5 months. Infections occurred in seven patients, all of whom had undergone Stage II treatment. Infections were more frequent when the stimulating electrode from Stage I was left in place for Stage II (six [43%] of 14) than when completely new hardware was used and prophylactic antibiotic drugs were administered (one [20%] of five). Other complications included iatrogenic injury to the trigeminal nerve or ganglion in three cases (9%), transient diplopia in two (6%), increased pain in two (6%), and various technical problems in 10 (29%). It is concluded that pain of central origin (stroke) is the type most likely to be relieved by this procedure. This finding is new, as the few other clinical series reported to date contain no patients with this type of pain. The risk of infection seems to be lower when completely new hardware is used for Stage II and prophylactic antibiotic drugs are administered.
A Review on Protocatechuic Acid and Its Pharmacological Potential (2014)

Flavonoids and polyphenols are heterocyclic molecules that have been associated with beneficial effects on human health, such as reducing the risk of various diseases like cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular and brain diseases. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a type of widely distributed naturally occurring phenolic acid. PCA has structural similarity with gallic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid which are well-known antioxidant compounds. More than 500 plants contain PCA as active constituents imparting various pharmacological activity and these effects are due to their antioxidant activities, along with other possible mechanisms, such as anti-inflammatory properties and interaction with several enzymes. Over the past two decades, there have been an increasing number of publications on polyphenols and flavonoids, which demonstrate the importance of understanding the chemistry behind the antioxidant activities of both natural and synthesized compounds, considering the benefits from their dietary ingestion as well as pharmacological use. This work aims to review the pharmacological effects of PCA molecules in humans and the structural aspects that contribute to these effects.
Copy Number Imbalances between Screen- and Symptom-Detected Breast Cancers and Impact on Disease-Free Survival (2011)

Screening mammography results in the increased detection of indolent tumors. We hypothesized that screen- and symptom-detected tumors would show genotypic differences as copy number imbalances (CNI) that, in part, explain differences in the clinical behavior between screen- and symptom-detected breast tumors. We evaluated 850 women aged 40 and above diagnosed with stage I and II breast cancer at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center between 1985 and 2000 with information available on method of tumor detection (screen vs. symptoms). CNIs in screen- and symptom-detected tumors were identified using high-density molecular inversion probe arrays. Cox proportional modeling was used to estimate the effect of method of tumor detection on disease-free survival after adjusting for age, stage, and the CNIs. The majority of tumors were symptom detected (n = 603) compared with screen detected (n = 247). Copy number gains in chromosomes 2p, 3q, 8q, 11p, and 20q were associated with method of breast cancer detection (P < 0.00001). We estimated that 32% and 63% of the survival advantage of screen detection was accounted for by age, stage, nuclear grade, and Ki67 in women aged 50 to 70 and aged 40 to 87, respectively. In each age category, an additional 20% of the survival advantage was accounted for by CNIs associated with method of detection. Specific CNIs differ between screen- and symptom-detected tumors and explain part of the survival advantage associated with screen-detected tumors. Measurement of tumor genotype has the potential to improve discrimination between indolent and aggressive screen-detected tumors and aids patient and physician decision making about use of surgical and adjuvant treatments.
File system design for an NFS file server appliance (1994)

Network Appliance recently began shipping a new kind of network server called an NFS file server appliance, which is a dedicated server whose sole function is to provide NFS file service. The file system requirements for an NFS appliance are different from those for a general-purpose UNIX system, both because an NFS appliance must be optimized for network file access and because an appliance must be easy to use. This paper describes WAFL (Write Anywhere File Layout), which is a file system designed specifically to work in an NFS appliance. The primary focus is on the algorithms and data structures that WAFL uses to implement Snapshots™, which are read-only clones of the active file system. WAFL uses a copy-on-write technique to minimize the disk space that Snapshots consume. This paper also describes how WAFL uses Snapshots to eliminate the need for file system consistency checking after an unclean shutdown.
MaMPF: Encrypted Traffic Classification Based on Multi-Attribute Markov Probability Fingerprints (2018)

With the explosion of network applications, network anomaly detection and security management face a big challenge, of which the first and a fundamental step is traffic classification. However, for the sake of user privacy, encrypted communication protocols, e.g. the SSL/TLS protocol, are extensively used, which results in the ineffectiveness of traditional rule-based classification methods. Existing methods cannot have a satisfactory accuracy of encrypted traffic classification because of insufficient distinguishable characteristics. In this paper, we propose the Multi-attribute Markov Probability Fingerprints (MaMPF), for encrypted traffic classification. The key idea behind MaMPF is to consider multi-attributes, which includes a critical feature, namely “length block sequence” that captures the time-series packet lengths effectively using power-law distributions and relative occurrence probabilities of all considered applications. Based on the message type and length block sequences, Markov models are trained and the probabilities of all the applications are concatenated as the fingerprints for classification. MaMPF achieves 96.4% TPR and 0.2% FPR performance on a real-world dataset from campus network (including 950,000+ encrypted traffic flows and covering 18 applications), and outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.