gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two self-splicing group I introns in the ribonucleotide reductase large subunit gene of Staphylococcus aureus phage Twort (2002)

We have recently described three group I introns inserted into a single gene, orf142, of the staphylococcal bacteriophage Twort and suggested the presence of at least two additional self-splicing introns in this phage genome. Here we report that two previously uncharacterized introns, 429 and 1087 nt in length, interrupt the Twort gene coding for the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (nrdE). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of RNA isolated from Staphylococcus aureus after phage infection indicates that the introns are removed from the primary transcript in vivo. Both nrdE introns show sequence similarity to the Twort orf142 introns I2 and I3, suggesting either a common origin of these introns or shuffling of intron structural elements. Intron 2 encodes a DNA endonuclease, I-TwoI, with similarity to homing endonucleases of the HNH family. Like I-HmuI and I-HmuII, intron-encoded HNH endonucleases in Bacillus subtilis phages SPO1 and SP82, I-TwoI nicks only one strand of its DNA recognition sequence. However, whereas I-HmuI and I-HmuII cleave the template strand in exon 2, I-TwoI cleaves the coding strand in exon 1. In each case, the 3' OH created on the cut strand is positioned to prime DNA synthesis towards the intron, suggesting that this reaction contributes to the mechanism of intron homing. Both nrdE introns are inserted in highly conserved regions of the ribonucleotide reductase gene, next to codons for functionally important residues.
On-chip current sensing technique for CMOS monolithic switch-mode power converters (2003)

An on-chip current sensing technique, which is suitable for monolithic switch-mode power converters, is presented in this paper. This current sensing technique has been fabricated with a standard 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS process. Experimental results show that the switching converter can operate from 300 kHz to 1 MHz with the duty-ratio ranging from 0.2 to 1. The supply voltage of this current sensing circuit is from 3 V to 4.2 V, which is suitable for lithium ion battery applications. The discrepancy between the sensed signal and the inductor current is less than 4%, corresponding to 10 mA with load current 300 mA.
Development of a direct current gas sampling glow discharge ionization source for the time-of-flight mass spectrometer (1999)

A direct current, reduced-pressure, gas sampling glow discharge (GSGD) ionization source has been developed and interfaced to an orthogonally extracted time-of-flight mass spectrometer for the purpose of generating both atomic and molecular fragmentation mass spectra. The discharge is contained within the first vacuum stage of the differentially pumped interface of the mass spectrometer. The source is mechanically and logistically simple to construct, operate, and maintain. Switching between the atomic and molecular modes of operation is achieved by altering the discharge gas composition, the operating pressure, and the current. Helium was used to generate atomic mass spectra, whereas molecular spectra were produced by use of argon. Gas flow rates were less than 1 l min –1 for each mode of ionization. This report focuses primarily upon the atomic (elemental) analytical capabilities of the GSGD interface. Atomic detection limits are in the range of 20-90 pg s –1 (as the halogen) for analytes introduced into the system with an exponential dilution device, and with boxcar averagers employed for data collection. Precision is better than 0.4% relative standard deviation (RSD) for measurement of the 79 Br + / 81 Br + isotope ratio (presented to the source as bromoform vapor) over a period of 2.5 h. A variety of chlorinated hydrocarbons were introduced into the discharge via a flow cell, and it was possible to differentiate (i.e., speciate) the compounds based upon their 35 Cl + / 12 C + elemental ratios with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.996.
Multiple steady states in ideal two‐product distillation (1991)

Abstract Simple distillation columns with ideal vapor‐liquid equilibrium may display multiple steady‐state solutions. Two fundamentally different sources for the multiplicity are presented. Both bring about the unexpected result that increasing reflux makes separation worse in the top part of the column. It corresponds to an unstable operating point. The first type of multiplicity is found for columns with mass or volume inputs (e.g., mass reflux and molar boilup). Even for constant molar flows, the transformation from the actual input units to molar units may become singular (corresponding to a pitchfork bifurcation point), resulting in multiple steady‐state solutions. The results are highly relevant in practice, as industrial columns usually have inputs on a mass or volume basis. The second type for specifications on a molar basis (e.g., molar reflux and molar boilup) depends on the presence of an energy balance in the model. The multiplicity is caused by interactions between flows and compositions in the column.
Preparation of (4-Amino-1-Hydroxybutylidene)bisphosphonic Acid Sodium Salt, MK-217 (Alendronate Sodium). An Improved Procedure for the Preparation of 1-Hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonic Acids (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of (4-Amino-1-Hydroxybutylidene)bisphosphonic Acid Sodium Salt, MK-217 (Alendronate Sodium). An Improved Procedure for the Preparation of 1-Hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonic AcidsGerard R. Kieczykowski, Ronald B. Jobson, David G. Melillo, Donald. F. Reinhold, Victor J. Grenda, and Ichiro ShinkaiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 25, 8310–8312Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00130a036https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00130a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2620Altmetric-Citations177LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Recent advances in small molecule gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptor antagonists (2004)

Targeting the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor for treatment of a variety of reproductive hormone-dependent diseases has yielded great success so far, with the use of peptide agonists. However, based on the current understanding of GnRH receptor biology, peptide agonists inevitably cause some side effects, such as the ‘flare’ effect and delayed action. By contrast, peptide or small molecule GnRH receptor antagonists should be devoid of the above-mentioned side effects. Furthermore, a small molecule antagonist is more preferable than a peptide antagonist because it also provides the possibility of oral administration, therefore allowing dose flexibility and better patient acceptance. Thus, it is not surprising to see that many patent applications on small molecule GnRH receptor antagonists have emerged over the last 10 years. This review summarises the patent applications of small molecule human GnRH receptor antagonists from 1994 to August 2003. If available, the biological data associated with patent structures are also cited from publications.
Multiple Androgen Response Elements and a Myc Consensus Site in the Androgen Receptor (AR) Coding Region Are Involved in Androgen-Mediated Up-Regulation of AR Messenger RNA (1999)

The androgen receptor (AR) gene is transcriptionally regulated by AR (autoregulation); however, the androgen response elements (AREs) required for this process have not been found in the AR promoter or in the 5'-flanking region. We previously showed that the AR cDNA contains AREs involved in AR mRNA autoregulation and that auto(up)regulation is reproduced in PC3 cells (a human prostate cancer cell line) expressing the human AR cDNA driven by a heterologous promoter. A 350-bp fragment of the AR cDNA contains the requisite AREs (ARE-1 and ARE-2) and, when linked upstream of a reporter gene, confers androgen inducibility in a cell-specific manner. Here we report that, although an AR cDNA harboring silent mutations of ARE-1 and ARE-2 produces a transcriptionally active AR, AR mRNA encoded by this mutant cDNA is not up-regulated in androgen-treated PC3 cells. Thus, ARE-1 and ARE-2 are essential for androgen-mediated up-regulation of AR mRNA in this model. Since ARE-1 and ARE-2 are located on separate exons (exons D and E) in the AR gene, we evaluated these AREs in their native context, a 6.5-kb AR genomic fragment. Androgen regulated the 6.5-kb AR genomic fragment and the 350-bp region of the AR cDNA at comparable levels, suggesting that sequences in exons D and E are likely to be involved in androgen-mediated up-regulation of the native AR gene. Furthermore, androgen regulated both responsive regions in U2OS cells, a human osteoblastic cell line that exhibits androgen-mediated up-regulation of native AR mRNA. DNAse I footprinting of the 350-bp region with recombinant AR (DNA- and ligand-binding domains) suggested the presence of additional AREs. Gel shift analyses and mutational studies showed that maximal androgen regulation and AR binding were dependent on the integrity of four AREs (ARE-1, ARE-1A, IVSARE, and ARE-2). While the presence of multiple, nonconsensus AREs is common among other androgen-regulated enhancers, the androgen-responsive region of the AR gene is unique because it contains exonic AREs. DNA binding studies with nuclear extracts were performed to determine whether non-AR transcription factors contribute to androgen regulation of the 350-bp region. These studies, in conjunction with mutational analysis and reporter gene assays with dominant negative Myc and Max expression vectors, showed that Myc and Max interaction with a Myc consensus site is required for androgen regulation of the 350-bp fragment. These results represent a novel interaction between AR and the Myc family of proteins and support a model of androgenic control of AR mRNA via AR and Myc family interaction with a unique internal androgen-responsive region harboring multiple exonic regulatory sequences.
Purification and characterization of 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase of Leuconostoc oenos (1990)

2-Oxoglutarate decarboxylase from the lactic acid bacterium Leuconostoc oenos was purified by precipitation with PEG and ion-exchange chromatography. The strictly thiamin-pyrophosphate-dependent enzyme decarboxylated 2-oxoglutarate to succinic semialdehyde. Oxalacetate was metabolized to a lesser extent. The measured K m values for 2-oxoglutarate and thiamin pyrophosphate were 1 mm and 0·03 mm respectively. The enzyme had a molecular mass in the range 65–70 kDa, did not consist of subunits and showed significant similarities to the corresponding mitochondrial enzyme of Euglena gracilis.
Survivin expression in glioblastomas correlates with proliferation, but not with apoptosis. (2008)

This double behavior can be attributed to mechanisms mediating survivin activity, either as a mitosis regulator and apoptosis inhibitor, and should be taken into account in therapeutic strategies using survivin.
Effects of SSRIs on Sexual Function (1999)

Sexual problems are highly prevalent in both men and women and are affected by, among other factors, mood state, interpersonal functioning, and psychotropic medications. The incidence of antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction is difficult to estimate because of the potentially confounding effects of the illness itself, social and interpersonal comorbidities, medication effects, and design and assessment problems in most studies. Estimates of sexual dysfunction vary from a small percentage to more than 80%. This article reviews current evidence regarding sexual side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Among the sexual side effects most commonly associated with SSRIs are delayed ejaculation and absent or delayed orgasm. Sexual desire (libido) and arousal difficulties are also frequently reported, although the specific association of these disorders to SSRI use has not been consistently shown. The effects of SSRIs on sexual functioning seem strongly dose-related and may vary among the group according to serotonin and dopamine reuptake mechanisms, induction of prolactin release, anticholinergic effects, inhibition of nitric oxide synthetase, and propensity for accumulation over time. A variety of strategies have been reported in the management of SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction, including waiting for tolerance to develop, dosage reduction, drug holidays, substitution of another antidepressant drug, and various augmentation strategies with 5-hydroxytryptamine-2 (5-HT2), 5-HT3, and alpha2 adrenergic receptor antagonists, 5-HT1A and dopamine receptor agonists, and phosphodiesterase (PDE5) enzyme inhibitors. Sexual side effects of SSRIs should not be viewed as entirely negative; some studies have shown improved control of premature ejaculation in men. The impacts of sexual side effects of SSRIs on treatment compliance and on patients' quality of life are important clinical considerations.
A graph based knowledge retrieval system (2002)

The development of a natural language knowledge retrieval (NLKR) system of building an intelligent help prototype is outlined. The objectives of NLKR systems are defined. A general architecture, the main components of which are a semantic interpreter, a query processor, and a natural language generator, is proposed. The current implementation of an NLKR system, called GKR (graph-based knowledge retrieval) system, is described. The GKR system is based on the use of conceptual graphs as a knowledge representation scheme. Query processing is treated as a graph matching process, and retrieval is performed by a semantic-based search. The query processor uses an algorithm that automatically generates additional queries (subgoals) in conceptual graph form. The GKR system is implemented in Prolog. Its possible integration into hypertext environments is described. Related work is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Fast automatic skinning transformations (2012)

Skinning transformations are a popular way to articulate shapes and characters. However, traditional animation interfaces require all of the skinning transformations to be specified explicitly, typically using a control structure (a rig). We propose a system where the user specifies only a subset of the degrees of freedom and the rest are automatically inferred using nonlinear, rigidity energies. By utilizing a low-order model and reformulating our energy functions accordingly, our algorithm runs orders of magnitude faster than previous methods without compromising quality. In addition to the immediate boosts in performance for existing modeling and real time animation tools, our approach also opens the door to new modes of control: disconnected skeletons combined with shape-aware inverse kinematics. With automatically generated skinning weights, our method can also be used for fast variational shape modeling.
Depression in Youth: Psychosocial Interventions (2001)

Witnessed over the past 20 years are major advances in knowledge regarding depression in children and adolescents. Although additional research is needed, clinicians can now turn to treatment strategies with demonstrated efficacy. In this article we review the literature on psychosocial interventions for depression in youth and offer a working model to guide the treatment of depressed youth. We begin with a brief overview of the model, followed by a review of the treatment efficacy and prevention literatures. We offer some caveats that impact the ability to move from this treatment literature to the real world of clinical practice. We conclude by considering how extant research can inform treatment decisions and highlight critical questions that need to be addressed through future research.
Acute and Long-Term Hemodynamic Effects of Pimobendan (UD-CG 115 BS) in Comparison with Captopril (1989)

The acute and long-term hemodynamic efficacy of the positive inotropic and vasodilatory drug pimobendan (5 mg b.i.d.) was compared with that of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril (25 mg t.i.d.) in a double-blind, randomized study in 20 patients suffering from chronic congestive heart failure (NYHA functional classes II-III). The hemodynamics at rest and under comparable exercise conditions were always obtained on the first and 14th treatment day before and 2 h following drug administration. Under resting conditions, pimobendan reduced the end-diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure measured 2 h after drug administration by 33% (p less than 0.05) and increased the cardiac output by 16% (p less than 0.05). These effects were maintained after a treatment period of 14 days. Following administration of captopril, no significant hemodynamic changes at rest were noted 2 h after the first dose on day 1 and the last dose on day 14. There was, however, a tendency to continuous decline of the end-diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure over the study period. Under comparable work load (median of 25 W), both substances decreased the end-diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure 2 h following the first dose (pimobendan, -38%, p less than 0.01; captopril, -9%, p less than 0.05). The difference in the magnitude of effect between both treatment groups was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Following a treatment period of 14 days, the end-diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure before drug administration was significantly reduced (-24%, p less than 0.05) only in the pimobendan group, whereas the reduction in the captopril group (-11%) could not be statistically verified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Tamoxifen inhibits acidification in cells independent of the estrogen receptor (1999)

Tamoxifen has been reported to have numerous physiological effects that are independent of the estrogen receptor, including sensitization of resistant tumor cells to many chemotherapeutic agents. Drug-resistant cells sequester weak base chemotherapeutics in acidic organelles away from their sites of action in the cytosol and nucleus. This work reports that tamoxifen causes redistribution of weak base chemotherapeutics from acidic organelles to the nucleus in drug-resistant cells. Agents that disrupt organelle acidification (e.g., monensin, bafilomycin A1) cause a similar redistribution. Measurement of cellular pH in several cell lines reveals that tamoxifen inhibits acidification of endosomes and lysosomes without affecting cytoplasmic pH. Similar to monensin, tamoxifen decreased the rate of vesicular transport though the recycling and secretory pathways. Organellar acidification is required for many cellular functions, and its disruption could account for many of the side effects of tamoxifen.
Fibrin Mimics Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in SEM (2010)

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are extracellular web-like structures produced by activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils. NETs kill bacteria extracellularly, but their role in human pathology remains largely unclear. One possible way of studying NETs is through the SEM approach. However, web-like structures observed with SEM in sites of inflammation have been interpreted either as NETs or as fibrin. Thus, the question arises whether a reliable SEM discrimination between NETs and fibrin is at all possible. NET samples were collected as purulent crevicular exudate from periodontal pockets. DNase-digested controls for SEM were employed to demonstrate the DNA backbone and immuno-staining for confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to show the citrullinated histones of NETs. Blood clot samples were treated in the same way as the exudate samples to demonstrate that fibrin and fibrinolysis can mimic NETs and DNA digestion, respectively. No discrimination between fibrin and NETs based on morphological criteria in SEM was possible. Furthermore, only a vague distinction between DNA digestion and fibrinolysis could be made. These findings unambiguously indicate that the discrimination between NETs and fibrin by means of SEM is untrustworthy for samples of inflammatory exudate.
Asymmetric Division of Labor in Human Skilled Bimanual Action (1987)

This article presents a tentative theoretical framework for the study of asymmetry in the context of human bimanual action. It is emphasized that in man most skilled manual activities involve two hands playing different roles, a fact that has been often overlooked in the experimental study of human manual lateralization. As an alternative to the current concepts of manual preference and manual superiority-whose relevance is limited to the particular case of unimanual actions-the more general concept of lateral preference is proposed to denote preference for one of the two possible ways of assigning two roles to two hands. A simple model describing man's favored intermanual division of labor in the model are the following. 1) The two hands represent two motors, that is, decomplexity is ignored in the suggested approach. 2) In man, the two manual motors cooperate with one another as if they were assembled in series, thereby forming a kinematic chain: In a right-hander allowed to follow his or her lateral preferences, motion produced by the right hand tends to articulate with motion produced by the left. It is suggested that the kinematic chain model may help in understanding the adaptive advantage of human manual specialization.
Ice Nucleation Induced by Pseudomonas syringae1 (1974)

Broth cultures of suspensions of Pseudomonas syringae isolated from decaying alder leaves (Alnus tenuifolia) were found to freeze at very warm (-1.8 to -3.8 C) temperatures. The initiation of freezing appears associated with the intact cell and not with extracellular material. Chemical treatments and physical destruction of the cell destroy activity. Bacteria must be in concentrations of approximately 106/ml before freezing at warm temperatures occurs.
The synergistic effects of Al and Te on the structure and Li+-mobility of garnet-type solid electrolytes (2014)

The cubic garnet-type solid electrolyte Li<sub>7</sub>La<sub>3</sub>Zr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>12</sub> with aliovalent doping exhibits a high ionic conductivity.
Interleukin-6 concentration in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis patients. (2001)

IL-6 participation in the basic MS immune processes is confirmed by its elevated concentration in serum and CSF, its relation to disease severity with the more expressed rise in cerebrospinal fluid.
Uridine Abrogates the Adverse Effects of Antiretroviral Pyrimidine Analogues on Adipose Cell Functions (2006)

Uridine supplementation protects adipocytes from the adverse effects of d4T, ZDV and ddC on lipid accumulation, cell survival and mitochondrial functions, suggesting that the toxic effects could be linked to intracellular depletion of uridine or its metabolites. Uridine is an interesting candidate in the prevention of NRTI-induced lipoatrophy in vivo.