gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Choice and Duration of Antimicrobial Therapy for Neonatal Sepsis and Meningitis (2011)

Neonatal sepsis is associated with increased mortality and morbidity including neurodevelopmental impairment and prolonged hospital stay. Signs and symptoms of sepsis are nonspecific, and empiric antimicrobial therapy is promptly initiated after obtaining appropriate cultures. However, many preterm and low birth weight infants who do not have infection receive antimicrobial agents during hospital stay. Prolonged and unnecessary use of antimicrobial agents is associated with deleterious effects on the host and the environment. Traditionally, the choice of antimicrobial agents is based on the local policy, and the duration of therapy is decided by the treating physician based on clinical symptoms and blood culture results. In this paper, we discuss briefly the causative organism of neonatal sepsis in both the developed and developing countries. We review the evidence for appropriate choice of empiric antimicrobial agents and optimal duration of therapy in neonates with suspected sepsis, culture-proven sepsis, and meningitis. Moreover, there is significant similarity between the causative organisms for early- and late-onset sepsis in developing countries. The choice of antibiotic described in this paper may be more applicable in developed countries.
Biodiesel Production from Corn Oil via Enzymatic Catalysis with Ethanol (2012)

This work presents experimental results on alkali and enzymatic catalysis of corn oil into biodiesel with an optimization of operating conditions and further experiments on enzyme reuse. A comparison of the alkali-catalyzed methanolysis and ethanolysis of corn oil is done, followed by the study of the enzymatic-catalyzed ethanolysis using the alcohol at different concentrations (ethanol absolute, 96%, and 70%, v/v). Results show that the best operating conditions for biodiesel production using absolute ethanol (containing no water) as reagent are an oil/alcohol molar ratio of 1:6, a catalyst/oil weight percentage of 2.8 wt %, a reaction time of 12 h, and a reaction temperature of 35 °C. For these conditions it was possible to obtain a reaction yield of 98.95 wt % with a fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) content of 69.2 wt %, with linoleate (C18:2) and oleate (C18:1) being the most significant esters (with relative percentages of 42.97 wt % and 22.54 wt %, respectively). Regarding the evaluation of the enzyme activity loss during reaction, it was concluded that under these conditions it is possible to reuse the enzyme four times after which there was a significant loss of the biodiesel quality according to the EN 14214:2009 standard.
Synthesis, biophysical properties and biological activity of second generation antisense oligonucleotides containing chiral phosphorothioate linkages (2014)

Bicyclic oxazaphospholidine monomers were used to prepare a series of phosphorothioate (PS)-modified gapmer antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) with control of the chirality of each of the PS linkages within the 10-base gap. The stereoselectivity was determined to be 98% for each coupling. The objective of this work was to study how PS chirality influences biophysical and biological properties of the ASO including binding affinity (Tm), nuclease stability, activity in vitro and in vivo, RNase H activation and cleavage patterns (both human and E. coli) in a gapmer context. Compounds that had nine or more Sp-linkages in the gap were found to be poorly active in vitro, while compounds with uniform Rp-gaps exhibited activity very similar to that of the stereo-random parent ASOs. Conversely, when tested in vivo, the full Rp-gap compound was found to be quickly metabolized resulting in low activity. A total of 31 ASOs were prepared with control of the PS chirally of each linkage within the gap in an attempt to identify favorable Rp/Sp positions. We conclude that a mix of Rp and Sp is required to achieve a balance between good activity and nuclease stability.
The optical and electrical properties of silver nanowire mesh films (2013)

We present experimental results for the transmission T, haze H, sheet resistance Rs, and its spatial fluctuations ΔRs for silver nanowire films. Mie light scattering theory of nanowires is developed to predict both T and H as a function of diameter D of wires and the surface fraction ϕs covered by the wires. Percolation theory is used to derive an equation for Rs in terms of D, the aspect ratio of wires D/L and ϕs. The critical exponent t for percolation of Rs is found to be 1.23 in close agreement with theoretical results for 2D random resistive networks (t = 1.3). These equations show the importance of both the distributions of diameter ⟨D⟩ and aspect ratio of wires ⟨D⟩⟨L⟩/⟨L2⟩ to predict the optical and electrical properties. Spatial fluctuations ΔRs/Rs can also be significant in these films and be greater than 10% as ϕs approaches the critical percolation concentration ϕc. We show that the calculated T versus Rs and H versus Rs curves are in good agreement with the experimental data. We propose figures of merit for percolating nanowire films in terms of high T, low H, and low Rs to order the quality of films for touch screen applications. The results show that D &amp;lt; 50 nm and L &amp;gt; 5 μm are needed to achieve low haze H &amp;lt; 1%, high transmission T &amp;gt; 90%, together with low Rs ∼ 100 Ω/sq for touch screen applications. Finally, we present experimental and theoretical results of the real and imaginary refractive indices of AgNW/polymer nanocomposites, and find that the Van De Hulst model is more accurate than the Maxwell Garnett models.
Biaxially Stretchable “Wavy” Silicon Nanomembranes (2007)

This Letter introduces a biaxially stretchable form of single crystalline silicon that consists of two dimensionally buckled, or “wavy”, silicon nanomembranes on elastomeric supports. Fabrication procedures for these structures are described, and various aspects of their geometries and responses to uniaxial and biaxial strains along various directions are presented. Analytical models of the mechanics of these systems provide a framework for quantitatively understanding their behavior. These classes of materials might be interesting as a route to high-performance electronics with full, two-dimensional stretchability.
Hyaluronidases:  Their Genomics, Structures, and Mechanisms of Action (2006)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHyaluronidases: Their Genomics, Structures, and Mechanisms of ActionRobert Stern and Mark J. JedrzejasView Author Information Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, and Department of Pathology and UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0511 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2006, 106, 3, 818–839Publication Date (Web):February 15, 2006Publication History Received26 April 2005Published online15 February 2006Published inissue 1 March 2006https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr050247khttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr050247kresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2006 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4545Altmetric-Citations613LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Carbohydrates,Chemical structure,Crystal structure,Degradation,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
Construction and animation of anatomically based human hand models (2003)

The human hand is a masterpiece of mechanical complexity, able to perform fine motor manipulations and powerful work alike. Designing an animatable human hand model that features the abilities of the archetype created by Nature requires a great deal of anatomical detail to be modeled. In this paper, we present a human hand model with underlying anatomical structure. Animation of the hand model is controlled by muscle contraction values. We employ a physically based hybrid muscle model to convert these contraction values into movement of skin and bones. Pseudo muscles directly control the rotation of bones based on anatomical data and mechanical laws, while geometric muscles deform the skin tissue using a mass-spring system. Thus, resulting animations automatically exhibit anatomically and physically correct finger movements and skin deformations. In addition, we present a deformation technique to create individual hand models from photographs. A radial basis warping function is set up from the correspondence of feature points and applied to the complete structure of the reference hand model, making the deformed hand model instantly animatable.
Intralymphatic Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-Alum Administration Induced Th2-Like-Specific Immunomodulation in Responder Patients: A Pilot Clinical Trial in Type 1 Diabetes (2018)

GAD-alum given into lymph nodes to type 1 diabetes patients participating in an open-label pilot trial resulted in preservation of C-peptide similar to promising results from other trials. Here, we compared the immunomodulatory effect of giving GAD-alum directly into lymph nodes versus that induced by subcutaneous administration. Samples from T1D patients (<i>n</i> = 6) who received 4 <i>μ</i>g GAD-alum into lymph nodes (LNs), followed by two booster injections one month apart, and from patients (<i>n</i> = 6) who received two subcutaneous injections (SC) (20 <i>μ</i>g) given one month apart were compared. GADA, IA-2A, GADA subclasses, IgE, GAD<sub>65</sub>-induced cytokines, PBMC proliferation, and T cell markers were analyzed. Lower doses of GAD-alum into LN induced higher GADA levels than SC injections and reduced proliferation and IgG1 GADA subclass, while enhancing IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. The cytokine profile was dominated by the Th2-associated cytokine IL-13, and GAD<sub>65</sub> stimulation induced activated CD4 T cells. Patients responding clinically best account for most of the immunological changes. In contrast, SC treatment resulted in predominant IgG1, predominant IFN-<i>γ</i>, higher proliferation, and activated CD4 and CD8 cells. Patients from the LN group with best metabolic outcome seemed to have common immune correlates related to the treatment. This trial is registered with DIAGNODE (NCT02352974, clinicaltrials.gov) and DIABGAD (NCT01785108, clinicaltrials.gov).
Clinical efficacy and safety of travoprost and timolol eye drops in the treatment of elderly glaucoma (2013)

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of travoprost and timolol eye drops in the treatment of elderly glaucoma,and to optimize the treatment program of glaucoma. Methods 88 glaucoma patients were randomly divided into 44 cases of the travoprost group (80 eyes) and 44 cases of timolol group (76 eyes),and were respectively given travoprost and timolol eye drops,observed intraocular pressure,IOP,visual field defects before and after treatment,and recorded the occurrence of adverse reactions. Results (1)the intraocular pressure,IOP,visual field defects of travoprost and timolol after treatment were significantly lower than before treatment(P0.01 or P0.05),the intraocular pressure,IOP,visual field defects of travoprost and timolol,IOP decreased value after treatment were (19.23 ±2.43) vs (23.28±3.54),(4.03±0.78) vs (5.54±0.86),(6.82±0.34) vs (8.03±0.83),(8.25±1.31) vs (5.27 ±0.86),the intraocular pressure,IOP,visual field defects of travoprost and timolol of travoprost group were significantly lower than the timolol group,the IOP decreased value of travoprost group were significantly higher than the timolol group,all (P 0.05);(2)The adverse incidence of travoprost group and timolol group were 20% (16/80) and 18.42%(14/76),there were no statistically significant difference between two groups(x 2 =0.063,P 0.05). Conclusion Travoprost eye drops is powerful,stability and security of drugs in treatment of elderly glaucoma,can be as the preferred treatment of drug in the treatment of various types of elderly glaucoma.
Chronic oral etoposide (1991)

Etoposide is an important drug that has been recently incorporated with other agents in the curative treatment of patients with advanced neoplasms, including germ cell tumors, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL), and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Etoposide demonstrates remarkable schedule dependency. A randomized comparison has shown an impressive survival difference for patients with extensive SCLC receiving a 5-day course versus those receiving a 1-day course. Because of these and previous clinical and laboratory data, etoposide is now given intravenously or orally in a 3-day to 5-day schedule. It is generally accepted that approximately 50% of the orally administered drug is absorbed. The authors have initiated several etoposide studies using an extended administration schedule, believing that a prolonged schedule may be superior to the standard 3-day to 5-day schedule. This was initially tested in a Phase I study. Results showed that etoposide (50 mg/m2/d) given over 21 days was feasible and was associated with only moderate toxicity. Several Phase II studies have been completed or are nearing completion, including studies in patients with SCLC, NHL, germ cell tumors, soft tissue sarcoma, renal carcinoma, and ovarian carcinoma. Responses have been seen in all of these groups, particularly in patients with SCLC, lymphoma, and germ cell tumors. In these groups we saw responses in patients who were clearly resistant to etoposide plus cisplatin given in a standard schedule or in some patients who were resistant to high-dose etoposide with bone marrow transplantation. Investigators at Indiana University Medical Center who studied oral etoposide in a similar fashion in patients with advanced germ cell tumors and SCLC achieved results similar to those reported here. The authors have initiated a number of combination chemotherapy programs using the chronic oral form of etoposide. These include patients with SCLC, non-small cell lung cancer, and elderly patients with high-grade and intermediate forms of NHL. In addition, chronic intravenous oral etoposide is being used in salvage approaches for patients with acute myelocytic leukemia and recurrent resistant intermediate-grade and high-grade NHL. Preliminary pharmacokinetic data suggest that a 50-mg/m2 oral dose is highly bioavailable (91% to 96%). Therefore, during a prolonged oral course at 50 mg/m2, many patients maintain a minimum plasma concentration of 1 microgram/ml. Further studies of multiple dose or continuous infusion etoposide to maintain a potentially critical plasma level are in progress. Etoposide administered in this way could represent a "new" drug because many of its features are different, and its activity spectrum may be broader.
Self-assembled silicon nano-bridges as an enabler for nano-sensors (2005)

To build efficient sensors a large sensing area can be achieved by forming a massively parallel set of nanostructures. We have grown laterally oriented, metal-catalyzed silicon nanowires bridging between vertical (111) Si planes formed by anisotropically etching a [110]-oriented silicon wafer. The surrounding silicon can be developed into electrodes. The bridges are mechanically robust and resist significant force. By employing only coarse optical lithography to form the electrodes ("top-down" formation) combined with self-assembled ("bottom-up") fabrication of nanostructures, a large array of nano-scale sensors can be fabricated between biasing electrodes.
Gabapentin Monotherapy for the Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain: A Pilot Study (2008)

Gabapentin monotherapy seems to be well tolerated and useful for the management of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain.
Androgen regulation by the long terminal repeat of mouse mammary tumor virus. (1986)

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) has long been implicated in mouse mammary carcinogenesis, and it is now well established that the long terminal repeat (LTR) contains regulatory sequences responsible for glucocorticoid-mediated induction of viral RNA. However, we have demonstrated previously that androgens as well as glucocorticoids can regulate MMTV RNA in the S115 mouse mammary tumor cell line. To determine if androgens act directly on the LTR in these cells, plasmids were constructed with the MMTV LTR joined to the coding sequences of genes not normally expressed in the cells. Following transfection of these chimeric genes into S115 cells, we show that the expression of the genes is regulated by both androgens and glucocorticoids. Furthermore, hormonal regulation is also conferred by the LTR on the neighboring guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (gpt) gene. Thus, androgens can act on the LTR of MMTV when the appropriate receptors are present in the cells, and this interaction can influence the expression of additional adjacent genes.
Pyroelectricity: From Ancient Curiosity to Modern Imaging Tool (2005)

Changes in the net dipole moment of certain materials form the basis for a broad range of IR detectors.
A Three-Level Computational Attention Model (2019)

This article deals with a biologically-motivated three-level computational attention model architecture based on the rarity and the information theory framework. It mainly focuses on a low-level step which aims in fastly highlighting important areas and a middle-level step which analyses the behaviour of the detected areas. Their application on both still images and videos provide results to be used by the third high-level step.
On the Molecular Nature of Petroleum Asphaltenes (1982)

A survey of the methods used to determine asphaltene "structure" indicates that there are serious shortcomings in all of the methods because of the assumptions required to derive the molecular formulae. The continued insistence that a complex fraction such as asphaltenes, derived in a one-step process from petroleum as a consequence of its insolubility in nonpolar solvents, has a definitive molecular structure is of questionable value to petroleum technology, and it is certainly beyond the scope of the available methods to derive such formulae. Asphaltenes would best be described in terms of several structural types rather than definite molecular structures.
Phase-locked injection laser arrays with integrated phase shifters (1983)

Reseau de lasers a semiconducteur plus particulierement destine a des telecommunications optiques dans l'espace entre satellites et engin spatial
Estradiol and Antiestrogens Regulate a Growth Inhibitory Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 Autocrine Loop in Human Breast Cancer Cells (1996)

MCF-7 human breast cancer cells are commonly used to model tissues responsive to estrogens and antiestrogens. We examined the effects of estradiol and the antiestrogen ICI 182780 on MCF-7 cell proliferation and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) gene expression. ICI 182780-induced growth inhibition was associated with increased transcription of the IG-FBP-3 gene, increased IGFBP-3 mRNA abundance, and increased IGFBP-3 protein accumulation in the conditioned medium. The growth stimulatory effect of estradiol was associated with opposite effects, and the correlation between cellular proliferation and IGFBP-3 mRNA abundance was strong (r = -0.91). Recombinant IGFBP-3 inhibited basal and estradiol-stimulated MCF-7 cell proliferation, and an IGFBP-3 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide abolished antiestrogen-induced growth inhibition. These results provide evidence for an estradiol and antiestrogen-regulated IGFBP-3 growth inhibitory autocrine pathway in MCF-7 cells.
Expression of prolactin and prolactin receptor in human breast carcinoma. Evidence for an autocrine/paracrine loop. (1995)

The neuroendocrine hormone prolactin is a growth factor required for the proliferation and terminal differentiation of the human breast. These effects are mediated by the prolactin receptor, a member of the growth factor receptor family. Three prolactin receptor isoforms (long, intermediate, and short) have been identified in the rat, which differ in the length of their intracytoplasmic domains. In humans, however, only the long prolactin receptor isoform had been identified previously. The expression of the human intermediate prolactin receptor is demonstrated and preliminary evidence for a human short isoform is presented. Heterogeneous expression of prolactin receptor, at the immunoblot and immunohistochemical levels was observed in breast carcinoma specimens. A statistically significant correlation between prolactin receptor and estrogen receptor expression was noted. An autocrine/paracrine role for prolactin within breast tissues was further examined by performing reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on RNA isolated from cell lines and clinical specimens with prolactin-specific primers. A 585-bp product was observed and found to be identical to human prolactin. The synthesis of prolactin by breast epithelium was confirmed by in situ hybridization analysis of breast tissues and the detection of bio- and immunoreactive prolactin in breast cancer lines. These analyses indicate that the principal site for prolactin expression within the normal or malignant breast residues within the epithelium. These data indicate that prolactin may participate in an autocrine/paracrine stimulatory loop within breast tissues and suggest a role for this growth factor in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.
[Topical immunotherapy (KLH) vs. chemotherapy (Ethoglucid) in prevention of recurrence of superficial bladder cancer. A prospective randomized study]. (1994)

A prospective randomized controlled study on the effect of KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) versus etoglucid in the prevention of recurrences in primary and recurrent superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (stage pTa-pT1, grades 1-3 according to the recommendations of UICC and WHO) after complete transurethral resection of the tumor started in 198. Patients in group 1 (n = 76) were immunized with 1 mg KLH intracutaneously, after which they received bladder instillations of 30 mg (30 ml) KLH weekly for 6 weeks and then monthly for 1 year. Patients in group 2 (n = 85) received weekly bladder instillations of 0.565 g etoglucid (50 ml 1% solution) for 6 weeks and then monthly for 1 year. The percentage of recurrences, recurrence rate, disease-free interval and tumor progression rate were evaluated for both treatment groups. The end-point of the study was progression in stage or grade or more than two recurrences during the observation period. The shortest follow-up was 12 months, the mean follow-up, 27.5 months. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in percentage of recurrences (43.4% KLH-53.9% etoglucid), recurrence rate (4.4 KLH-3.9 etoglucid), mean disease-free interval (12.1 months KLH-13.6 months etoglucid) or progression rate (6.5% KLH-9.4% etoglucid).
Directed Assembly of Polymer Blends Using Nanopatterned Templates (2008)

The direct assembly of polymer blends on chemically functionalized surfaces is shown to produce a variety of nonuniform complex patterns. This method provides a powerful tool for easily producing nonuniform patterns in a rapid (30 s), one-step process with high specificity and selectivity for a variety of applications, such as nanolithography, polymeric optoelectronic devices, integrated circuits, and biosensors.