gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Virtual Private Networking (2004)

Preface. Acknowledgements. Chapter 1 Introduction to Virtual Private Networking. 1.1 THE VPN CONCEPT. 1.2 BOOK PREVIEW. Chapter 2 Understanding Authentication and Encryption. 2.1 AUTHENTICATION. 2.2 ENCRYPTION. Chapter 3 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite. 3.1 FRAME FORMATION. 3.2 THE NETWORK LAYER. 3.3 THE TRANSPORT LAYER. 3.4 PROXY SERVICES AND NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION. Chapter 4 Layer 2 Operations. 4.1 THE POINT--TO--POINT PROTOCOL. 4.2 POINT--TO--POINT TUNNELING PROTOCOL. 4.3 LAYER 2 FORWARDING. 4.4 LAYER 2 TUNNELING PROTOCOL. Chapter 5 Higher Layer VPNs. 5.1 UNDERSTANDING IPSEC. 5.2 WORKING WITH IPSEC. 5.3 SSL AND TLS. Chapter 6 VPN Hardware and Software. 6.1 USING THE ASANTE VPN SECURITY ROUTER. 6.2 WINDOWS VPN SOFTWARE. 6.3 WORKING WITHWINDOWS 2000 SERVER. Chapter 7 Service Provider--Based VPNs. 7.1 RATIONALE FOR USE. 7.2 TRANSPORT FACILITIES AND VPN OPERATION. 7.3 SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENTS. 7.4 VPN SERVICE PROVIDER OVERVIEW. Appendix A VPN Checklist. Index.
Bacteriochlorophylls c from Chloropseudomonas ethylicum. Composition and NMR studies of the pheophorbides and derivatives (1980)

The carbon-13 and proton NMR spectra of the methyl pheophorbides 6, methyl 2-vinylpheophorbides 2, methyl mesopheophorbides 7, and other degradation products from the green sulfur bacterium Chloropseudomonas ethylicum are described and assigned. In order to clarify certain spectra, model chlorins substituted with n-propyl, isobutyl, propenyl, and isobutenyl side chains are synthesized from the chlorophyll b degradation product, rhodin gj trimethyl ester (17). Successful separations of the homologous mixture of pheophorbides, using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, are detailed; only four major bands (rather than the six obtained from Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum cultures) were observed, and only a minute amount of 4-ethyl-5-methylpheophorbide (band 6) was apparent in the C. ethylicum culture presently being studied. © 1980, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
Human T lymphocyte response to myelin basic protein: Selection of T lymphocyte lines from mbp‐responsive donors (1989)

The goal of this study was to delineate the importance of blood T lymphocyte responses to several myelin basic protein (MBP) preparations in the ultimate selection of MBP-specific T lymphocyte lines. Proliferation responses to human myelin basic protein (MBP) were assessed in blood samples from 27 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, 20 patients with other neurologic diseases (OND), and 26 normal subjects, using five MBP preparations with different histories and electrophoretic characteristics to enhance the spectrum of epitopes represented. Substantial variations were observed in the ability of different MBP preparations to induce blood T cell proliferation in a given donor. However, four out of five of the MBPs induced modest but significant proliferation in the MS study population relative to normal individuals, with intermediate responses occurring in OND patients. Positive responses occurred more frequently in MS patients (78%) than in normal donors (31%), and were an important prerequisite for the successful selection of MBP-specific T cell lines.
Catalytic Asymmetric Oxidation of N-Sulfonyl Imines with Hydrogen Peroxide–Trichloroacetonitrile System (2013)

An efficient and highly enantioselective Payne-type oxidation of N-sulfonyl imines is developed. The reaction exhibits broad substrate generality and unique chemoselectivity based on the combined use of hydrogen peroxide and trichloroacetonitrile under the catalysis of P-spiro chiral triaminoiminophosphorane.
Spiral-type micro-machine for medical applications (2002)

The spiral-type magnetic micro-machine, which is driven by a rotating magnetic field, is characterized by wireless operation for swimming. The machine has to swim under a lower Reynolds number environment, when the machine is downsized and working inside the human body. In this study, using various silicone oils whose kinematic viscosity ranged from 1 to 5/spl times/10/sup 5/ mm/sup 2//s, the swimming performance of the machine at low Reynolds number was examined. The machine composed of a cylindrical NdFeB magnet could swim in oils under condition of Re=10/sup -7/. This Reynolds number is the same as that of a micro-machine with micron size swimming in water. In addition, the machine could turn by controlling the external rotational magnetic field, and therefore the swimming direction of the machine could be controlled. Using these principles, a magnetic micromachine, which can run in a gel, was also fabricated.
The Chemistry of Macrocyclic Ligand Complexes (1989)

This book contains an overview of complex formation by macrocyclic ligand systems. The study of macrocyclic chemistry represents a major area of activity which impinges on a range of other areas in both chemistry and biochemistry. The field has characteristically yielded many interesting and unusual compounds. The text discusses the structures and properties of macrocyclic compounds; the synthesis of macrocycles; polyether crown and related systems; metal-ion and molecular recognition (host-guest chemistry); as well as kinetic, thermodynamic and electrochemical aspects of a range of macrocyclic systems. A discussion of the different categories of naturally occurring macrocycles is also included. Specialist and non-specialist alike will find this a useful text. Apart from serving as a convenient reference for established workers in the field, it should also prove useful to new graduate students as well as to researchers from other areas who seek a general introduction to the subject. The topics discussed also provide a suitable basis for a senior undergraduate or graduate course in macrocyclic chemistry and inorganic complexes.
Optimal optical trap for bacterial viability (2008)

Optical trapping is a powerful tool for the micromanipulation of living cells--especially bacteria--but photodamage induced by the laser beam can adversely affect viability. We have explored optical trapping conditions in the near infrared (840-930 nm) that preserve the viability of E. coli, as measured by gene expression of green fluorescent protein. We have found that time-sharing the optical traps, i.e., dwelling only 10 micros-1 ms on the cell, improves viability relative to continuous wave (CW) exposure for the same exposure time. We have also observed that similar to CW traps the photodamage in a time-shared trap depends weakly on wavelength, but linearly on peak power, implying an effect induced by single photon absorption. Taken altogether, integrating the exposure time and peak power, the data indicate that there is a lethal energy dose of about 5 J for E. coli. Thus a single parameter--the energy--can be used to describe the limitation on viability.
Gas-liquid mass transfer rates by gas pumping : agitators in oxygen pressure leaching systems (2010)

Recent developments have indicated high oxygen consumption rates of about 35 g-mole/m³-min during oxidative pressure leaching. At such high oxygen consumption rates the mass transfer of dissolved oxygen at the gas-liquid interface may become rate-limiting. The objective of this study was to obtain an understanding of the gas-liquid mass transfer processes that take place in mechanically agitated pressure leaching systems. The classical reaction between sodium sulphite and dissolved oxygen to form sulphate at atmospheric pressure was used to determine the oxygen mass transfer rates in a 200-liter asymmetrical plastic tank, modelled after the shape of the first compartment of the zinc pressure leach. The effect of this asymmetry was compared with the work of Swiniarski who used a cylindrical symmetrical tank of similar volume. A number of process variables such as the impeller type and size, the impeller speed, the impeller immersion depth and the effect of full baffles that affect mixing were investigated. Also, the volumetric power consumption associated with the mass transfer rates were measured. The results indicate that the asymmetrical tank is at least 3.6 times more efficient in mass transfer than the symmetrical tank. There is a critical speed below which the mass transfer parameter, K[formula omitted], is almost zero and above which K[formula omitted] increases almost linearly with impeller tip speed. A simple energy balance model for bubble creation can predict the critical tip speed. It is shown that K[formula omitted] is enhanced at shallow depths, with a corresponding high mass transfer to energy ratio. The relative effectiveness of impeller types and sizes with regard to the use of power for gas-liquid mass transfer was established. Full baffles degrade the mass transfer rate at increased depth of impeller immersion. The results also add substantial support to the findings provided by DeGraaf [5] that: (i) The dimensionless correlations used in liquid mixing systems do not accurately predict dispersion rates by agitators. (ii) The optimum conditions for gas dispersion and the consequent generation of gas-liquid interfacial area are different from fluid mixing. (iii) The classical mixing power equations for impellers markedly overestimate power requirements during impeller gas dispersion.
Reversible blocking of amino groups with citraconic anhydride (1968)

Butler, Harris, Hartley & Leberman (1967) showed that maleic anhydride could be used for the reversible blocking of amino groups. The maleyl group could be removed because the protonated form of the free carboxyl group catalysed the hydrolysis of the amide bond, presumably by intramolecular general acid catalysis (cf. Bender, Chow & Chloupek, 1958). The present paper reports the effects of introducing methyl groups into the molecule of maleic anhydride.
Allelic exclusion of immunoglobulin genes: models and mechanisms (2010)

The allelic exclusion of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes is one of the most evolutionarily conserved features of the adaptive immune system and underlies the monospecificity of B cells. While much has been learned about how Ig allelic exclusion is established during B-cell development, the relevance of monospecificity to B-cell function remains enigmatic. Here, we review the theoretical models that have been proposed to explain the establishment of Ig allelic exclusion and focus on the molecular mechanisms utilized by developing B cells to ensure the monoallelic expression of Ig kappa and Ig lambda light chain genes. We also discuss the physiological consequences of Ig allelic exclusion and speculate on the importance of monospecificity of B cells for immune recognition.
Platinum(IV) Analogues of AMD473 (cis-[PtCl2(NH3)(2-picoline)]):  Preparative, Structural, and Electrochemical Studies (2006)

The preparation and oxidation of the anticancer drug AMD473, cis-[PtCl2(NH3)(2-pic)] (2-pic = 2-methylpyridine), has been investigated. cis-[PtCl2(NH3)(2-pic)] is readily oxidized with peroxide to give the trans-dihydroxoplatinum(IV) complex cis,trans,cis-[PtCl2(OH)2(NH3)(2-pic)]. The crystal structure of this complex reveals that it is highly strained as a result of a steric clash between the methyl group of the 2-picoline ligand and an axial hydroxo ligand, with the Pt-N-C angle adjacent to this clash opened up to an unprecedented 138.6(6) degrees . Attempts at converting the dihydroxoplatinum(IV) complex to dichloro and diacetato analogues were unsuccessful with reaction with HCl leading to loss and protonation of the 2-picoline ligand to form the salt (2-picH)[PtCl5(NH3)] and the platinum(II) complex cis-[PtCl2(NH3)(2-pic)], both confirmed by crystallography. Electrochemical studies revealed that cis,trans,cis-[PtCl2(OH)2(NH3)(2-pic)] is reduced more readily (-714 mV vs Ag/AgCl) than its pyridine analogue cis,trans,cis-[PtCl2(OH)2(NH3)(pyridine)] (-770 mV vs Ag/AgCl) consistent with the steric clash in the former complex destabilizing the platinum(IV) oxidation state.
Mechanism of the sliding beta-clamp of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme (1991)

DNA polymerase III holoenzyme (holoenzyme), the multiprotein replicase of Escherichia coli, is essentially unlimited in processive DNA synthesis. Processive activity can be reconstituted from two components. One component, the beta preinitiation complex, is a beta dimer clamped onto primed DNA. The beta preinitiation complex is formed by the five-protein gamma complex, which hydrolyzes ATP to chaperone beta onto primed DNA. The other component is the alpha epsilon polymerase. The alpha epsilon polymerase itself is not processive, but is endowed with extremely high processive activity upon assembly with the beta preinitiation complex. Here we examine the mechanism by which the beta preinitiation complex confers processivity onto the alpha epsilon polymerase. We find the beta preinitiation complex to be mobile on DNA. Diffusion of beta on DNA is specific to duplex DNA, is bidirectional, does not require ATP, and appears to diffuse linearly along the duplex. Furthermore, beta directly binds the alpha epsilon polymerase through contact with alpha, the DNA polymerase subunit. Hence, the high processivity of the holoenzyme is rooted in a "sliding clamp" of beta on DNA that tethers the polymerase to the primed template. Implications for transcription and translation are discussed.
Dipole Active Vibrational Motion in the Physisorption Well (1997)

We demonstrate by electron energy-loss measurements that the vibrational motion in the physisorption well is dipole active. This is a general phenomenon and data for adsorbed ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, and HD reveal a strong nonlinear dependence of the induced dipole moments on displacement. We find that a good estimate of the dipole moment function can be obtained from a van der Waals model.
Identification and Functional Analysis of Splice Variants of the Germ Cell Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase (2001)

In mammalian germ cells, cAMP signaling is dependent on two forms of adenylyl cyclase, the conventional membrane-bound ACIII and a soluble form of adenylyl cyclase (sAC). Recent elucidation of the sAC sequence indicates that this enzyme is phylogenetically distinct from the membrane-bound AC, does not interact with G proteins, and its activity is regulated by bicarbonate ions. Here we have investigated the properties and regulation of this enzyme during spermatogenesis. Two different transcripts encoding a full-length and truncated sAC were identified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and RNase protection analysis. The truncated sAC transcript lacks exon 11 with a premature termination of the open reading frame after the catalytic domain. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction with testis RNA from adult mouse and rat of different ages, as well as RNase protection, showed that both transcripts are absent at 11 days of age, appear between 20 and 30 days of age, and are retained in the adult testis. The presence of corresponding proteins in testis, germ cells, and spermatozoa was demonstrated by fast protein liquid chromatography and differential immunoprecipitation with full-length sAC-specific antibodies. Bicarbonate ions activated both sAC forms and increased cAMP levels in germ cells isolated from 25- and 50-day-old rats and adult rats in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings provide evidence that full-length and truncated sAC are generated by alternate splicing. Both forms are active in spermatids, and the bicarbonate present in the seminiferous tubule may be a signal that regulates cAMP levels in these cells.
Administration of donor apoptotic cells: an alternative cell-based therapy to induce tolerance?1 (2003)

Apoptotic cells are endowed with immunomodulatory properties. The authors propose infusing apoptotic cells as a cell-based therapy product to facilitate allogeneic hematopoietic engraftment after a nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen. Such an approach may be used to obtain macrochimerism in combined hematopoietic cells and solid organ transplantation. In this article, the authors describe the mechanisms of combined hematopoietic and organ allograft transplantation and the potential difficulties. The authors discuss how intravenous apoptotic cell infusion may influence the outcome of combined transplantation. This may prove to be an interesting approach for future development in cell therapy.
Measuring Meaningful Work (2012)

Many people desire work that is meaningful. However, research in this area has attracted diverse ideas about meaningful work (MW), accompanied by an equally disparate collection of ways of assessing MW. To further advance study in this area, the authors propose a multidimensional model of work as a subjectively meaningful experience consisting of experiencing positive meaning in work, sensing that work is a key avenue for making meaning, and perceiving one’s work to benefit some greater good. The development of a scale to measure these dimensions is described, an initial appraisal of the reliability and construct validity of the instrument’s scores is reported using a sample of university employees ( N = 370) representing diverse occupations. MW scores correlated in predicted ways with work-related and general well-being indices, and accounted for unique variance beyond common predictors of job satisfaction, days reported absent from work, and life satisfaction. The authors discuss ways in which this conceptual model provides advantages to scholars, counselors, and organizations interested in fostering MW.
Polymer-Functionalized Silica Nanosphere Labels for Ultrasensitive Detection of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (2011)

A signal amplification strategy for sensitive detection of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) using quantum dots (QDs)-polymer-functionalized silica nanosphere as the label was proposed. In this approach, silica nanospheres with good monodispersity and uniform structure were employed as carriers for surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate, which is readily available functional monomer that possessing easily transformable epoxy groups for subsequent CdTe QDs binding through ring-open reaction. Then, human anti rabbit TNF-α antibody (anti-TNF-α, Ab2, served as a model protein) was bonded to CdTe QDs-modified silica nanospheres coated with polymer to obtain QDs-polymer-functionalized silica nanosphere labels (Si/PGMA/QD/Ab2). The Si/PGMA/QD/Ab2 labels were attached onto a gold electrode surface through a subsequent "sandwich" immunoreaction. This reaction was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence microscopic images. Enhanced sensitivity could be achieved by an increase of CdTe QD loading per immunoassay event, because of a large number of surface functional epoxy groups offered by the PGMA. As a result, the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and square-wave voltammetry (SWV) measurements showed 10.0- and 5.5-fold increases in detection signals, respectively, in comparison with the unamplified method. The detection limits of 7.0 pg mL(-1) and 3.0 pg mL(-1) for TNF-α antibodies by ECL and SWV measurements, respectively, were achieved. The proposed strategy successfully demonstrated a simple, reproducible, specific, and potent method that can be expanded to detect other proteins and DNA.
Killing Time for Cancer Stem Cells (CSC): Discovery and Development of Selective CSC Inhibitors (2006)

Can cancer be cured or will it have to be controlled as a chronic disease? Despite a better understanding of the biology of tumour cells, the treatment of most cancers has not significantly changed for the past three decades. Are current cancer drugs targeted at the wrong kind of cells? Accumulating evidence has implicated that cancer is a disease of stem cells. In this context, a small fraction of cancer cells adopt the properties of stem cells. In some cases, the cancer stem cells (CSC) could be the close derivative of normal tissue stem cells. In either situation, the net result will be the same, in that CSC are the cells to be used as targets in the development of molecular and pharmaceutical therapies to treat and prevent human cancer. This could be a paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer, away from targeting the blast cells and towards the targeting of the CSC. A challenge to this approach will be to find a way to specifically target CSC without toxicity to normal cells. In this article, we propose how CSC can be used in therapy programs (target identification, drug discovery, etc.). Therefore, in the future, it might be possible to rid a patient of all his/her cancer cells, including the cancer stem cells.
Single‐molecule mass spectrometry (2016)

In single-molecule mass spectrometry, the mass of each ion is measured individually; making it suitable for the analysis of very large, heterogeneous objects that cannot be analyzed by conventional means. A range of single-molecule mass spectrometry techniques has been developed, including time-of-flight with cryogenic detectors, a quadrupole ion trap with optical detection, single-molecule Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, charge detection mass spectrometry, quadrupole ion traps coupled to charge detector plates, and nanomechanical oscillators. In addition to providing information on mass and heterogeneity, these techniques have been used to study impact craters from cosmic dust, monitor the assembly of viruses, elucidate the fluorescence dynamics of quantum dots, and much more. This review focuses on the merits of each of these technologies, their limitations, and their applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:715-733, 2017.
Estimation of competitive antagonist affinity from functional inhibition curves using the Gaddum, Schild and Cheng‐Prusoíf equations (1993)

1. The estimation of antagonist affinity from functional experiments in which the effect of a fixed agonist concentration is reduced by a range of antagonist concentrations ('functional inhibition curves') has been considered from both a theoretical and experimental viewpoint. 2. Theoretical predictions are compared with results obtained from the stimulation of [35S]-GTP gamma S binding by acetylcholine to membranes of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with human m1-m4 muscarinic receptors, and inhibition of the stimulated binding by pirenzepine and AQ-RA 741. 3. The usual procedure of applying the Cheng-Prusoff correction is shown to be theoretically invalid, and predictions are made of the size and distribution of errors associated with this procedure. 4. A different procedure for estimating antagonist affinity, using the principles of dose-ratio analysis and analogous to use of the Gaddum equation, is found to be accurate and theoretically valid. 5. A novel method of analysis allows accurate estimation of both antagonist affinity and Schild slope, by fitting the combined data from an antagonist inhibition curve and an agonist activation curve directly to a form of the Schild equation (derived by Waud) using non-linear regression analysis. 6. It is shown that the conventional Schild analysis can be enhanced by treating part of the data as a family of inhibition curves and including in the Schild plot dose-ratios estimated from the inhibition curves.