gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Cu Nanoclusters within Dendrimer Templates (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTPreparation of Cu Nanoclusters within Dendrimer TemplatesMingqi Zhao, Li Sun, and Richard M. CrooksView Author Information Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 300012 Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 19, 4877–4878Publication Date (Web):April 29, 1998Publication History Received9 February 1998Published online29 April 1998Published inissue 1 May 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja980438nhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja980438nrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views8133Altmetric-Citations859LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Amines,Dendrons,Ions,Ligands,Metal clusters Get e-Alerts
A Century of Tuberculosis (2004)

Here are the facts: during the last 100 years in the thousands of years-long history of tuberculosis, we have benefited from unquestioned scientific and clinical progress; but at the same time we have witnessed a global increase in the number of victims and a worsening of the efficacy of control manifested by a rising prevalence of drug resistance in many countries. Today, tuberculosis is relatively easy to diagnose; when the right combination of medications is made available and taken by the patient, the disease can be cured more than 95% of the time; and in certain targeted populations, the manifestations of the disease can be attenuated by vaccination and even prevented by chemotherapy. Despite these remarkable achievements, the estimated number of new cases of tuberculosis in the world during each of the last several years has steadily increased: from 8.0 million in 1997 to 8.3 million in 2000, and is expected to reach 10.2 million in 2005 (1, 2). There are more people infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the world this year than ever before, and from 1997 through 2000 the number of new cases of tuberculosis and the per capita incidence worldwide rose 1.8% per year and 0.4% per year, respectively (2). Although the overall global tuberculosis situation is deteriorating, it is actually improving in some countries. In the United States, for example, the incidence of newly reported cases of tuberculosis has fallen steadily since 1992 to its lowest level ever, and in 2002 (last report) was 5.2/100,000 population (3)—a stunning public health accomplishment. Such impressive progress, however, is found only in rich (industrialized) nations, although problems remain in many of their marginalized innercity communities; moreover, the reverse is occurring in many poor (developing) countries, which is where the great majority, 86%, of the world’s total population live. And not only are these destitute regions home to 95% of all the world’s cases of active tuberculosis and 98% of the nearly 2 million deaths from the disease each year, exactly the same countries are now being ravaged by the pandemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection—the most powerful factor ever known to favor the development of tuberculosis (4). This historical review examines the century-long paradox of tuberculosis and illustrates an important point made by others (5): the conquest of tuberculosis by medical advances alone will never occur until the prevailing global inequities of wealth and health care are corrected.
Assessment of tumor characteristic gene expression in cell lines using a tissue similarity index (TSI) (2005)

The gene expression profiles of 60 cell lines, derived from nine different tissues, were compared with their corresponding in vivo tumors and tissues. Cell lines expressed few tissue-specific (2%) or tumor-specific (5%) genes when analyzed group-wise. A tissue similarity index (TSI) was designed based upon singular value decomposition that measured in vivo tumor characteristic gene expression in each cell line independently. Only 34 of the 60 cell lines received the highest TSI toward its tumor of origin. In addition, we identified the most appropriate cell lines to be used as model systems for different in vivo tumors. Seven cell lines were identified as being of another origin than the originally presumed one. The proposed TSI will likely become an important tool for the selection of the most appropriate cell lines in pharmaceutical screening programs and experimental and biomedical research.
Studies on the Pathogenesis of the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (1982)

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was obtained from 24 sequentially studied patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) for assessment of potential activating and mediating factors. Proteolytic activity of the fluids was observed by measuring cleavage of radiolabeled proteins of the contact (Hageman factor) and complement systems. Proteolytic activity was observed in 17 of 24 (71%) patients with ARDS, and BAL fluid of the 7 ARDS patients without demonstrable, active, enzyme exhibited inhibitory activity for the proteolytic activity. The enzymes cleaved Hageman factor, prekallikrein, plasminogen, high molecular weight kininogen, C4, C3, C5, and Factor B of the complement system. Cleavage of the contact system proteins producted fragments similar or identical in size to the fragments observed during activation of these molecules, although continued incubation invariably reduced the protein to small peptide fragments. None of 7 normal individuals, and 29 of 99 patients (29%) with other forms of pulmonary disease contained measurable enzymes. The proteolytic activity in BAL fluid of ARDS patients was blocked by diisopropylphosphofluoridate (0.1 mM), Trasylol, soybean trypsin inhibitor, and normal plasma, or plasma deficient in inhibition of the first component of complement. Alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor (alpha1-PI)-deficient plasma failed to inhibit the proteolytic activity and addition of alpha1-PI to the deficient plasma reconstituted the inhibition. MUCH OF THE PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE BAL FLUID FROM ARDS PATIENTS WAS IDENTIFIED AS NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE: the fluids cleaved elastin and synthetic peptide substrate of neutrophil elastase, neutrophil elastase antigen was present in the BAL fluids as determined immunologically using antineutrophil elastase, alpha1-PI was the major inhibitor in plasma, and the enzyme was inhibited by diisopropylphosphofluoridate but not chelation. In addition, purified neutrophil elastase produced cleavage fragments of proteins of the contact system similar to those of the BAL fluids. In each of the seven BAL fluids of ARDS patients that did not reveal active elastase, alpha1-PI was present in active form (as determined by (125)I-trypsin binding). In 9 of the 17 patients with active elastase in the BAL fluid, alpha1-PI antigen was present in the fluid, but was inactive (no binding of (125)I-trypsin). Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of elastase and alpha1-PI throughout proteins in these BAL fluids revealed the presence of both elastase and alpha1-PI that migrated with the same R(f), suggesting the presence of an enzyme-inhibitor complex. Free, inactive alpha1-PI was also observed in these fluids. The data reveal that in BAL fluids from all 24 patients with ARDS, leukocytic elastase and/or alpha1-PI exist. A complex of elastase and alpha1-PI was observed in BAL fluids, and in some cases where active enzyme and alpha1-PI coexisted, free, but inactive alpha1-PI was present.
Structured Set Matching Networks for One-Shot Part Labeling (2018)

Diagrams often depict complex phenomena and serve as a good test bed for visual and textual reasoning. However, understanding diagrams using natural image understanding approaches requires large training datasets of diagrams, which are very hard to obtain. Instead, this can be addressed as a matching problem either between labeled diagrams, images or both. This problem is very challenging since the absence of significant color and texture renders local cues ambiguous and requires global reasoning. We consider the problem of one-shot part labeling: labeling multiple parts of an object in a target image given only a single source image of that category. For this set-to-set matching problem, we introduce the Structured Set Matching Network (SSMN), a structured prediction model that incorporates convolutional neural networks. The SSMN is trained using global normalization to maximize local match scores between corresponding elements and a global consistency score among all matched elements, while also enforcing a matching constraint between the two sets. The SSMN significantly outperforms several strong baselines on three label transfer scenarios: diagram-to-diagram, evaluated on a new diagram dataset of over 200 categories; image-to-image, evaluated on a dataset built on top of the Pascal Part Dataset; and image-to-diagram, evaluated on transferring labels across these datasets.
Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones, Nitriles, and Esters Catalyzed by a Half‐Sandwich Complex of Ruthenium (2014)

Abstract Half‐sandwich complexes [Cp(P i Pr 3 )Ru(CH 3 CN) 2 ]PF 6 ( 1 ; Cp=cyclopentadienyl) and [Cp*(phen)Ru(CH 3 CN)]PF 6 ( 2 ; Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, phen=phenanthroline) catalyse the transfer hydrogenation of ketones to alcohols, aldimines to amines, and nitriles to imines under mild conditions. In the latter process, the imine products come from the coupling of the amines formed initially with acetone derived from the reducing solvent (isopropanol). Among functionally substituted nitriles, the aldo and keto groups are reduced concomitantly with the cyano group, whereas ester and amido groups are tolerated. Amides and alkyl esters are not reduced under these conditions even upon heating to 70 °C. However, phenylbenzoates and trifluoroacetates are reduced to alcohols. Kinetic studies on the reduction of acetophenone in isopropanol established that the reaction is first order in both the substrate and the alcohol. Stoichiometric mechanistic studies showed the formation of a hydride species. A hydride mechanism was proposed to account for these observations.
Studies of the locus for androgen receptor: localization on the human X chromosome and evidence for homology with the Tfm locus in the mouse. (1981)

We have established a cell line from mouse kidney cells expressing the tfm mutation and showed that these cells lack androgen binding activity. A subclone of these simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed cells (6TGR-SV-tfm) selected in 6-thioguanine and lacking hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase was used to produce a series of mouse--human hybrids containing the normal human X chromosome or various X autosome-translocation chromosomes (expressing only segments of the human X chromosome). When the androgen receptor locus (AR) was present in the hybrid, the number of receptor sites and kinetics of binding were similar to that in the human parental cells. Analysis of hybrids with partial human X chromosomes by using assays for X chromosome-linked enzymes and for the androgen receptor protein indicate that the AR locus on the human X chromosome is near the centromere between Xq13 and Xp11 and is proximal to the locus for phosphoglycerate kinase. Hybrids derived from 6TGR-SV-tfm mouse cells and human labial fibroblasts from an XY individual with the ar- form of androgen insensitivity have no binding activity. The lack of complementation indicates that the X chromosome-linked mutations in mouse and man affect homologous loci and supports the evolutionary conservation of X chromosomal loci in mammals; however, the position of the locus on the human X chromosome indicates that intrachromosomal rearrangement has occurred.
Preliminary evaluation of the ligase chain reaction for specific detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1992)

Rapid identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in clinical specimens is essential for effective control. Traditional culture requires a minimum of 24 h, and for some specimens harboring gonococci, the gonococci fail to grow or are misidentified. The recently described ligase chain reaction (LCR) is a highly specific and sensitive DNA amplification technique which was evaluated as an alternative to routine culture. Three LCR probe sets were used. Two of the probe sets were directed against the multi-copy Opa genes (Omp-II), while the third set was targeted against the multicopy Pilin genes. Each LCR probe set was evaluated with 260 microorganisms including 136 global isolates of N. gonorrhoeae, 41 isolates of N. meningitidis, and 10 isolates of N. lactamica; 26 nonpathogenic Neisseria strains; and 47 isolates of non-Neisseria species that may reside in clinical specimens. Amplification products were detected by using the IMx LCR format (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Ill.). Strains of N. gonorrhoeae were assayed at 270 cells per LCR (approximately 6.7 x 10(4) CFU/ml) with the Opa and Pilin probes, producing signals at least 21 and 15 times above background, respectively. In contrast, only background values were observed when testing the probe sets with 124 nongonococcal strains at 1.3 x 10(6) cells per LCR (approximately 3.2 x 10(8) CFU/ml). One hundred urogenital specimens were assayed by LCR, and compared with culture, the three probes were 100% sensitive (8 of 8) and 97.8% specific (90 of 92), resulting in an agreement of 98% (98 of 100). On the basis of the results of these preliminary studies, LCR has the potential to be an accurate and rapid DNA probe assay for the detection of N. gonorrhoeae in clinical specimens.
Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Pancreas: a Clinical Review of 13 Benign and Four Malignant Tumours (1999)

IPNP is a unique variant of pancreatic exocrine neoplasm with a good prognosis after resection. The diameter of the main pancreatic duct, size of the mural nodule, and site of the tumour (main pancreatic duct or branch duct) differ significantly between benign and malignant tumours.
Thymosin β4 and a synthetic peptide containing its actin‐binding domain promote dermal wound repair in db/db diabetic mice and in aged mice (2003)

Impaired wound healing is a problem for immobilized patients, diabetics, and the elderly. Thymosin beta 4 has previously been found to promote dermal and corneal repair in normal rats. Here we report that thymosin beta 4 was also active in accelerating wound repair in full-thickness dermal wounds in both db/db diabetic and aged mice. We found that thymosin beta 4 in either phosphate-buffered saline or a hydrogel formulation is active in promoting dermal wound repair in normal rats. In diabetic mice, where healing is delayed, we found that wound contracture and collagen deposition were significantly increased in the mice treated with thymosin beta 4 in either phosphate buffered saline solution or a hydrogel formulation. No difference was observed in keratinocyte migration, with all of the diabetic animals showing almost complete coverage of the wound at 8 days. Wound healing in 26-month-old (aged) animals was significantly delayed. Thymosin beta 4 accelerated wound healing in these aged mice, with increases in keratinocyte migration, wound contracture, and collagen deposition. The hydrogel formulation generally showed similar wound healing activity with thymosin beta 4 in PBS. The actin-binding domain of thymosin beta 4 duplicated in a seven-amino acid synthetic peptide, LKKTETQ, was able to promote repair in the aged animals comparable to that observed with the parent molecule. These studies show that thymosin beta 4 is active for wound repair in models of impaired healing and may have efficacy in chronic wounds in humans.
Characterization of the Transport Pathways Induced during Low to Moderate Voltage Iontophoresis in Human Epidermal Membrane (1998)

This report describes the results of iontophoresis experiments involving the transport of polar nonelectrolytes across human epidermal membrane (HEM) at a moderate applied voltage of 2.0 V and where the data are interpreted via a convective transport model and hindered transport theory. A principal finding is that although HEM iontophoresis at 2.0 V resulted in a large increase in HEM porosity, the pore radii of the newly induced pores in HEM as calculated from the iontophoresis data using the hindered transport theory were found to be in the range of 6-12 A. This supports the view that electroporation at these modest applied voltages results in pores with sizes the same order of magnitude but somewhat smaller than those estimated for the preexisting pores in HEM prior to electroporation. This outcome is also important from a practical standpoint, as flux enhancement for large molecules (such as oligonucleotides and polypeptides) arising from electroporation under these conditions would be expected to be significantly less than if the resulting pore sizes were much greater. Providing a "prepulse" of 4.0, 8.0, and 15 V prior to the 2.0 V iontophoresis generally gave greater increases in HEM conductance (and, therefore, in porosity) but did not significantly change the deduced effective pore radii (around 5-9 A). The alteration during and the recovery of HEM after iontophoresis was also investigated. The recovery behavior was found to be dependent upon both the duration of the applied voltage and the magnitude of its effects: the recovery for a HEM sample that experienced a large increase in electrical conductance during iontophoresis was generally poorer than that for a sample that was more resistant to the electric field. Incomplete recovery was generally observed in experiments with long iontophoresis duration (50 min) and with the higher voltages (4.0, 8.0 V, and 15 V). In these cases, the barrier properties of HEM were more greatly altered as indicated by larger increases in the electrical conductance and passive permeability of HEM after iontophoresis.
Self-biasing nonmagnetic giant magnetoresistance sensor (1996)

Room temperature giant magnetoresistance (GMR) has been measured in small band-gap thin-film Hg1−xCdxTe (x∼0.1) samples with Corbino disk electrode configurations. The GMR exhibits a zero-field offset of as much as 350 G at room temperature. The resultant asymmetry in the field dependence of the GMR constitutes a self-biasing effect. We show that this self-biasing results from spatial composition fluctuations in the sample and that the bias effect can be controlled by selective doping and/or deposition masking.
The search for larger and more weakly coordinating anions (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe search for larger and more weakly coordinating anionsSteven H. StraussCite this: Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 3, 927–942Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00019a005https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00019a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views7572Altmetric-Citations915LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Novel Hydrogels via Click Chemistry:  Synthesis and Potential Biomedical Applications (2007)

A novel procedure for the in situ rapid chemical gelation of aqueous solutions of hyaluronan has been employed. In brief, water-soluble polysaccharide derivatives bearing side chains endowed with either azide or alkyne terminal functionality have been prepared. When the latter two types of derivatives are mixed together in aqueous solution they give rise to a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction resulting in fast gelation (in the presence of catalytic amounts of Cu(I)) at room temperature. Gel formation has been characterized rheologically and could also be followed qualitatively by means of IR spectroscopy. The resulting gels have been studied in terms of swelling properties and, in particular, NMR spectral features. Carrying out the gelation process in aqueous solutions of benzidamine and doxorubicin, respectively, the polysaccharide networks acted as drug reservoirs. The doxorubicin release resulted in well controllable acting upon the gels degree of cross-linking. Finally, formation of the click-gels using aqueous suspensions of Saccharomices cerevisiae yeast cells allowed the obtainment of scaffolds inside which cells were homogeneously distributed and smoothly adhered to the inner pores surfaces, according to SEM analysis. After 24 h about 60% of the entrapped cells exhibited proliferating activity. Click-gels prepared as detailed herein do have a number of positive features that make them, in perspective, materials of choice for drug release and tissue engineering manipulations.
Lightly supervised acoustic model training using consensus networks (2004)

The paper presents some recent work on using consensus networks to improve lightly supervised acoustic model training for the LIMSI Mandarin BN system. Lightly supervised acoustic model training has been attracting growing interest, since it can help to reduce the development costs for speech recognition systems substantially. Compared to supervised training with accurate transcriptions, the key problem in lightly supervised training is getting the approximate transcripts to be as close as possible to manually produced detailed ones, i.e., finding a proper way to provide the information for supervision. Previous work using a language model to provide supervision has been quite successful. The paper extends the original method by presenting a new way to get the information needed for supervision during training. Studies are carried out using the TDT4 Mandarin audio corpus and associated closed-captions. After automatically recognizing the training data, the closed-captions are aligned with a consensus network derived from the hypothesized lattices. As is the case with closed-caption filtering, this method can remove speech segments whose automatic transcripts contain errors, but it can also recover errors in the hypothesis if the information is present in the lattice. Experimental results show that, compared with simply training on all of the data, consensus network based lightly supervised acoustic model training results in a small reduction in the character error rate on the DARPA/NIST RT'03 development and evaluation data.