gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonmechanical steering of the field of view of broad spectral band optical systems (2005)

Methods of nonmechanically steering broad spectral band light will enable many low cost electro-optical systems that employ broadband sensors (such as flir or TV). Nonmechanical optical phased array approaches have been demonstrated for narrow band electro-optical systems. However these approaches tend to be highly dispersive because of the diffractive effects associated with the modulo 2p phase resets within the apertures. In this paper we describe approaches to compensate or minimize these dispersive effects. A means to compensate for the dispersion using wavelength independent phase modulators and achromatic Fourier transform lenses is discussed. A means to minimize dispersive effects through the use of larger-than-2p phase resets is also presented, including a possible means of implementing such an approach using cascaded microlens arrays that are electronically controllable. The addition of nonmechanical approaches for steering broadband radiation will significantly accelerate the revolution in electro- optical systems from conventional steering to non-mechanical steering.
TELOMERASE INHIBITORS – OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHORAMIDATES AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC AGENTS (2001)

We have designed, synthesized, and evaluated using physical, chemical and biochemical assays various oligonucleotide N3'-->P5' phosphoramidates, as potential telomerase inhibitors. Among the prepared compounds were 2'-deoxy, 2'-hydroxy, 2'-methoxy, 2'-ribo-fluoro, and 2'-arabino-fluoro oligonucleotide phosphoramidates, as well as novel N3'-->P5' thio-phosphoramidates. The compounds demonstrated sequence specific and dose dependent activity with IC50 values in the sub-nM to pM concentration range.
DNA assembly with gaps (Dawg): simulating sequence evolution (2005)

Dawg 1.0.0 can be obtained at the following websites: http://www.genetics.uga.edu/sw/ or http://scit.us/dawg/. The package includes source code, example files, a brief manual and helper scripts. Binary distributions are available for Windows and Macintosh OS X. A development page for Dawg exists at http://scit.us/dawg/, with links to a Subversion repository, mailing lists and updated versions.
Blood-Based Biomarkers of Aggressive Prostate Cancer (2012)

In this study, we have developed a novel, blood-based biomarker panel which can be used as the basis of a simple blood test to identify men with aggressive prostate cancer and thereby reduce the overdiagnosis and overtreatment that currently results from diagnosis using PSA alone. We discuss possible clinical uses of the panel to identify men more likely to benefit from biopsy and immediate therapy versus those more suited to an "active surveillance" strategy.
Effect of Free Surfaces on the Glass Transition Temperature of Thin Polymer Films (1996)

We report the first measurements of the glass transition temperature ${T}_{g}$ for thin freely standing polystyrene (PS) films. We have used Brillouin light scattering to measure ${T}_{g}$ for freely standing films of different thicknesses. We find that ${T}_{g}$ decreases linearly with film thickness $h$ for $h\ensuremath{\le}700\AA{}$, with a reduction of 70 K for a film with $h\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}290\AA{}$. These measurements characterize unambiguously the effects of the free surface on ${T}_{g}$ of thin polymer films. Results are compared to similar results for supported PS films [Keddie et al., Europhys. Lett. 27, 59 (1994)], and we find that their measured values are influenced strongly by the substrate.
Combining Echo Cancellation and Decision Feedback Equalization (1979)

A system for two-wire, full-duplex data transmission is proposed. It consists of two adaptive transversal filters, one accepting the transmitted symbols and working as an echo canceller, the other accepting the received symbols and functioning as a decision feedback equalizer. A joint stochastic adjustment algorithm (updates at each baud) is analyzed, and it is shown that the sum of the mean-squared errors in the coefficients of both filters can be decoupled from its difference by selecting identical gain constants in each loop. The optimum gain equals the reciprocal of the sum of the taps of both loops. Convergence is exponential, and its time is 0.23 adjustments/dB/tap. This is completely independent of all channel parameters. Implementation of the proposed structure requires neither multipliers nor A/D converters. Promising applications are seen in channels with moderate precursor distortion, such as highpass channels (dcrestoration), two-wire pbx systems with a need for high-speed, full-duplex communication, limited distance cable channels, and, most important, two-wire digital subscriber lines for digital voice/data terminals.
The Original Function of MHC Antigens as the General Plasma Membrane Anchorage Site of Organogenesis‐Directing Proteins (1977)

Immunogenicity and tolerogenicity of two epitopes (alpha 1-6 and FITC) on the same dextran B 512 carrier were investigated. The following conclusions were made: (1) Both epitopes were thymus-independent and immunogenic and tolerogenic as well. (2) The marked dose differences between the two epitopes with regard to tolerance induction were found to be a consequence of the affinity and the heterogeneity of the responding B cells as well as the epitope density employed for detecting the PFC in a predictable way. (3) The alpha 1-6 response, in contrast to the anti-FITC response, was homogeneous and of low affinity and the number of precursor B cells was low. (4) Different mouse strains were found to be high-, low- or non-responders to alpha 1-6, but all the strains tested responded to the FITC epitope coupled to dextran. (5) Dextran and FITC-dextran were polyclonal B cell activators in the strains tested, irrespective of their ability to respond to the alpha 1-6 epitope. The findings indicate that epitope density and mol. wt of the immunogen as well as Ig receptor affinity for the epitope on the B cells are variables which markedly influence the binding of the immunogen to the specific B cells and therefore affect the delivery of the non-specific triggering signal.
Corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Reduced cortical and striatal concentrations (1985)

The concentration of corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity (CRF-LI) in the human central nervous system was measured by radioimmunoassay in postmortem tissue of control patients and in those with histologically confirmed senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT). In the controls, CRF-LI was found in high concentrations in the hypothalamus and frontal cortex (Brodmann's area 10), in moderate concentrations in amygdala, substantia innominata, temporal and parietal cortex (Brodmann's areas 38 and 7), and the caudate nucleus, and in low concentrations in posterior hippocampus and nucleus accumbens. A marked reduction in the concentration of CRF-LI was observed in the frontal and temporal cortex (approximately 50%) as well as in the caudate nucleus (approximately 70%) in the SDAT group. The present findings suggest that neurons containing corticotropinreleasing factor are pathologically altered in SDAT, in addition to the previously described cholinergic and somatostatinergic neuronal degeneration. (<i>JAMA</i>1985;254:3067-3069)
Pupil plane multiplexing for multi-domain imaging sensors (2008)

We describe an approach to polarimetric imaging based on a unique folded imaging system with an annular aperture. The novelty of this approach lies in the system's collection architecture, which segments the pupil plane to measure the individual polarimetric components contributing to the Stokes vectors. Conventional approaches rely on time sequential measurements (time-multiplexed) using a conventional imaging architecture with a reconfigurable polarization filter, or measurements that segment the focal plane array (spatial multiplexing) by super-imposing an array of polarizers. Our approach achieves spatial multiplexing within the aperture in a compact, lightweight design. The aperture can be configured for sequential collection of the four polarization components required for Stokes vector calculation or in any linear combination of those components on a common focal plane array. Errors in calculating the degree of polarization caused by the manner in which the aperture is partitioned are analyzed, and approaches for reducing that error are investigated. It is shown that reconstructing individual polarization filtered images prior to calculating the Stokes parameters can reduce the error significantly.
A wideband CELP speech coder at 16 kbit/s based on mel-generalized cepstral analysis (2002)

This paper proposes a wideband CELP coder using frequency warping. Instead of linear prediction, the proposed coder adopts the mel-generalized cepstral analysis, and encodes the fullband of the speech signal through a warped frequency scale. It is shown that the subjective quality of the proposed coder at 16 kbit/s is better than that of the ITU-T G.722 at 64 kbit/s. Furthermore, the proposed coder gives a much smaller difference in performance for male and female speakers than the conventional CELP coder. These results indicate that the frequency warping makes a large contribution to the improvement of the subjective quality for wideband speech coding.
Identification of a novel activating mutation (Y842C) within the activation loop of FLT3 in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (2004)

Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) receptor mutations as internal tandem duplication (ITD) or within the kinase domain are detected in up to 35% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). N-benzoyl staurosporine (PKC412), a highly effective inhibitor of mutated FLT3 receptors, has significant antileukemic efficacy in patients with FLT3-mutated AML. Mutation screening of FLT3 exon 20 in AML patients (n = 110) revealed 2 patients with a novel mutation (Y842C) within the highly conserved activation loop of FLT3. FLT3-Y842C-transfected 32D cells showed constitutive FLT3 tyrosine phosphorylation and interleukin 3 (IL-3)-independent growth. Treatment with PKC412 led to inhibition of proliferation and apoptotic cell death. Primary AML blasts bearing FLT3-Y842C mutations showed constitutive FLT3 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT-5) tyrosine phosphorylation. Ex vivo PKC412 treatment of primary blasts resulted in suppression of constitutive FLT3 and STAT-5 activation and apoptotic cell death. Inspection of the FLT3 structure revealed that Y842 is the key residue in regulating the switch from the closed to the open (= active) conformation of the FLT3 activation loop. Overall, our data suggest that mutations at Y842 represent a significant new activating mutation in AML blasts. Since FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as PKC412 are currently being investigated in clinical trials in AML, extended sequence analysis of FLT3 may be helpful in defining the spectrum of TKI-sensitive FLT3 mutations in AML.
Identification of domains in canine parvovirus VP2 essential for the assembly of virus-like particles (1996)

Canine parvovirus capsids are composed of 60 copies of VP2 and 6 to 10 copies of VPl. To locate essential sites of interaction between VP2 monomers, we have analyzed the effects of a number of VP2 deletion mutants representing the amino terminus and the four major loops of the surface, using as an assay the formation of virus-like particles (VLPs) expressed by recombinant baculoviruses. For the amino terminus we constructed three mutants with progressively larger deletions, i.e., 9, 14, and 24 amino acids. Deletions of 9 and 14 amino acids did not affect the morphology and assembly capabilities of the mutants. However, the mutant with the 24-amino-acid deletion did not show hemagglutination properties or correct VLP morphology, stressing again the relevance of the RNER domain in canine parvovirus functionality. Three of the four mutants with deletions in the loops failed to make correct VLPs, indicating that these regions are essential for correct capsid assembly and morphology. Only the mutant with the deletion in loop 2 was able to assemble in regular VLPs, suggesting that this loop has little or no effect in capsid morphogenesis. Further research has demonstrated that this region can tolerate the insertion of foreign epitopes that are correctly exposed in the surface of the capsid. This result opens the door to the use of these VLPs for antigen delivery.
Relative Bioavailability of Ondansetron 8‐mg Oral Tablets versus Two Extemporaneous 16‐mg Suppositories: Formulation and Gender Differences (1998)

With the exception of the 16-mg Polybase formulation in women, the two suppositories closely approximated the pharmacokinetics of the 8-mg oral tablet. These results suggest that gender may be a significant factor in ondansetron's disposition.
4-D Micro-CT of the Mouse Heart (2005)

Image quality with Fenestra VC was sufficient for morphological and functional studies required for a standardized method of cardiac phenotyping of the mouse.
A new color, IR, and radar data fusion for obstacle detection and collision warning (2004)

Helicopters often strike against obstacles such as power lines. We are developing an obstacle detection and warning system for civil helicopters to reduce such collisions. A color camera, an Infrared (IR) camera and a Millimeter Wave (MMW) radar are employed as its sensors. This paper describes an image and data fusion of color and infrared images with the millimeter wave information. An outline of the obstacle detection and warning system is described first. Then, we propose a newly developed on-board system based on a fast AD converter. A new algorithm is also proposed to identify the nearest target using the radar signal where there are other far large-RCS obstacles. As the result, the system can achieve 30 cycles per second of IR and color image acquisition, radar data processing, distance calculation, fusing all data and displaying them. Finally, we propose a future plan for flight experiments planned in this year.
The 12th–14th type III repeats of fibronectin function as a highly promiscuous growth factor‐binding domain (2010)

ABSTRACT It has recently been shown that some growth factors (GFs) have strong interactions with nonproteoglycan extracellular matrix proteins. Relevant here, the 12th‐14th type three repeats of fibronectin (FN III12–14) have been shown to bind insulin‐like growth factor binding‐protein‐3, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐2, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A with high affinity. Since FN III12–14 is known to bind GFs from different families, we hypothesized that this domain could be highly promiscuous in its GF‐binding capacity. We used biochemical approaches and surface plasmon resonance to investigate such interactions with recombinant FN III12–14. We found that FN III12–14 binds most of the GFs from the platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)/VEGF and FGF families and some GFs from the transforming growth factor‐β and neurotrophin families, with K D values in the nanomolar range, without inhibiting GF activity. Overall, 25 new binding interactions were identified. In a clinically relevant fibrin matrix, a fibrin‐binding variant of FN III12–14 was highly effective as a GF delivery system. For instance, in matrices functional‐ized with FN III12–14, PDGF‐BB‐induced sprouting of human smooth muscle cell spheroids was greatly enhanced. We show that FN III12–14 is a highly promiscuous ligand for GFs and also holds great potential in clinical healing applications.—Martino, M. M., Hubbell, J. A. The 12th‐14th type III repeats of fibronectin function as a highly promiscuous growth factor binding domain. FASEB J. 24, 4711–4721 (2010). www.fasebj.org
Time course of bleomycin‐induced lung fibrosis (2002)

Intratracheal instillation (IT) of bleomycin is a widely used experimental model for lung fibrosis. In this study we describe the time-course of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice using computer-assisted morphometry. C57Bl/6J mice were treated with a single IT dose of bleomycin or control saline. Animals were killed 3, 6, 14 and 21 days post-IT. Lung injury was evaluated by analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, hydroxyproline concentration in the lung, routine light microscopic examination resulting in a semiquantitative morphological index (SMI) of lung injury, and quantitative morphological measurements (fibrosis fraction and alveolar wall area fraction) aided by optimas image analysis software. Changes in BAL fluid attributed to bleomycin treatment include increased total cell count (days 14 and 21), and increased percentage of neutrophils (days 3 and 6) followed by a sustained increase in lymphocytes (days 6, 14 and 21). Hydroxyproline levels increased in bleomycin-treated mice on days 14 and 21. Median SMI grades were significantly elevated on days 3, 14 and 21. Computer-assisted morphometry demonstrated a 3-fold increase in fibrosis fraction and a 1.3-fold increase in wall area fraction in bleomycin-treated mice on day 14, with no further increase on day 21. These data also demonstrate that the most suitable time point for assessing lung fibrosis in this model is 14 days after IT instillation of bleomycin, based on the observation that at 14 days the animals developed extensive fibrosis, but had less variability in the fibrotic response and lower mortality than later at 21 days. Computer-assisted morphometry provides objective and quantitative measurements that are a useful tool for the evaluation of bleomycin-induced lung injury.
The prognostic significance of tumour cell detection in the peripheral blood versus the bone marrow in 733 early-stage breast cancer patients (2011)

These results support the use of CTC analysis in early breast cancer to generate clinically useful prognostic information.
Luminescent oxygen channeling assay (LOCI): sensitive, broadly applicable homogeneous immunoassay method (1996)

Luminescent oxygen channeling assay (LOCI) is a homogeneous immunoassay method capable of rapid, quantitative determination of a wide range of analytes--including high and very low concentrations of large and small molecules, free (unbound) drugs, DNA, and specific IgM. Assays have been carried out in serum and in lysed blood. Reliable detection of 1.25 microU/L thyrotropin (TSH) and 5 ng/L hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) corresponds to detection limits approximately 3- and approximately 20-fold lower, respectively, than those of the best commercially available assays. An assay of chorionic gonadotropin is capable of quantification over a 10(6)-fold range of concentrations without a biphasic response. Latex particle pairs are formed in the assay through specific binding interactions by sequentially combining the sample and two reagents. One particle contains a photosensitizer, the other a chemiluminescer. Irradiation causes photosensitized formation of singlet oxygen, which migrates to a bound particle and activates the chemiluminescer, thereby initiating a delayed luminescence emission. Assay times range from 1 to 25 min.
Deciphering Drift Time Measurements from Travelling Wave Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry Studies (2009)

Detailed knowledge of the tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins and protein complexes is of immense importance in understanding their functionality. Similarly, variations in the conformational states of proteins form the underlying mechanisms behind many biomolecular processes, numerous of which are disease-related. Thus, the availability of reliable and accurate biophysical techniques that can provide detailed information concerning these issues is of paramount importance. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) offers a unique opportunity to separate multi-component biomolecular entities and to measure the molecular mass and collision cross-section of individual components in a single, rapid (</= 2 min) experiment, providing 3D- architectural information directly. Here we report a method of calibrating a commercially available electrospray ionisation (ESI)-travelling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS)-mass spectrometer using known cross-sectional areas determined for a range of biomolecules by conventional IMS-MS. Using this method of calibration, we have analysed a range of proteins of differing mass and 3D architecture in their native conformations by ESI-TWIMS-MS and found that the cross-sectional areas measured in this way compare extremely favourably with cross-sectional areas calculated using an in-house computing method based on Protein Data Bank NMR-derived co-ordinates. This not only provides a high degree of confidence in the calibration method, but also suggests that the gas phase ESI- TWIMS-MS measurements relate well to solution-based measurements derived from other biophysical techniques. In order to determine which instrumental parameters affect the ESI-TWIMS-MS cross-sectional area calibration, a systematic study of the parameters used to optimise TWIMS drift time separations has been carried out, observing the effect each parameter has on drift times and IMS resolution. Finally, the ESI-TWIMS-MS cross-sectional area calibration has been applied to the analysis of the amyloidogenic protein beta(2)-microglobulin and measurements for three co-populated conformational families, present under denaturing conditions, have been made: the folded, partially unfolded and unfolded states.
Promise of vitamin D analogues in the treatment of hyperproliferative conditions (2006)

1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25-(OH)2D3; calcitriol] is best known as a hormone involved in calcium homeostasis but is also a potent antiproliferative agent in many cell types, particularly epithelial cells. 1Alpha,25(OH)2D3 mediates its actions through a classic steroid hormone-like transcriptional mechanism by influencing the expression of hundreds of genes. Effects of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 have been observed on expression of cell cycle regulators, growth factors and their receptors, apoptotic machinery, metastatic potential, and angiogenesis; all of which have some effect on hyperproliferative conditions. This minireview focuses on the anticancer potential of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and its analogues by summarizing the promising data from animal and human trials of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and some of the more interesting synthetic vitamin D analogues in the treatment of a variety of different animal cancer models and in human patients with advanced cancer. Optimal administration of vitamin D analogues is only just being achieved with high-dose intermittent administration overcoming bioavailability and hypercalcemia problems and combination therapy with cytotoxic agents (taxols and cisplatins), antiresorptive agents (bisphosphonates), or cytochrome P450 inhibitors being attempted. Although the potential of vitamin D as an antiproliferative drug has been realized in the treatment of psoriasis and in parathyroid cell hyperplasia associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism, the search for an anticancer treatment incorporating a vitamin D analogue remains elusive.