gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expression in Brain of a Messenger RNA Encoding a Novel Neuropeptide Homologous to Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (1985)

As a consequence of alternative RNA processing events, a single rat gene can generate messenger RNA's (mRNA's) encoding either calcitonin or a neuropeptide referred to as alpha-type calcitonin gene-related peptide (alpha-CGRP). An mRNA product of a related gene has been identified in rat brain and thyroid encoding the protein precursor of a peptide differing from alpha-CGRP by only a single amino acid. The RNA encoding this peptide, which is referred to as beta-CGRP, appears to be the only mature transcript of the beta-CGRP gene. Hybridization histochemistry reveals a similar distribution of alpha- and beta-CGRP mRNA's, but their relative levels of expression vary in different cranial nerve nuclei. Thus beta-CGRP is a new member of a family of related genes with potential functions in regulating the transduction of sensory and motor information.
Sequence and characterization of the human intestinal alkaline phosphatase gene. (1988)

At least four genes encode the human alkaline phosphatases (ALPs). The genes encoding three of these proteins (intestinal, placental, and placental-like ALPs), are linked on the long arm of chromosome 2, while the fourth gene (encoding liver/bone/kidney ALP) is located on chromosome 1. One of the linked genes, intestinal alkaline phosphatase, has been isolated on two overlapping phage clones and sequenced in its entirety. The gene is composed of 11 exons interrupted by 10 introns. Introns in intestinal, placental, and liver/bone/kidney ALPs occur at analogous positions (see accompanying articles), confirming that these genes arose from a single ancestral ALP gene. Multiple intestinal ALP mRNA species can be detected in RNA isolated from adult and fetal intestine and from cell line RNAs. In cell line RNA, the various species are the result of differential use of at least three of the four polyadenylation signals present in the intestinal ALP gene. A 125-base pair fragment located 5' to the first exon can function as a promoter in mammalian cells. This region contains two putative transcription signals, a TATA-like sequence and a consensus binding site for the transcription factor Sp1.
DNA sequence selectivity of guanine–N7 alkylation by nitrogen mustards (1986)

Nitrogen mustards alkylate DNA primarily at the N7 position of guanine. Using an approach analogous to that of the Maxam-Gilbert procedure for DNA sequence analysis, we have examined the relative frequencies of alkylation for a number of nitrogen mustards at different guanine-N7 sites on a DNA fragment of known sequence. Most nitrogen mustards were found to have similar patterns of alkylation, with the sites of greatest alkylation being runs of contiguous guanines, and relatively weak alkylation at isolated guanines. Uracil mustard and quinacrine mustard, however, were found to have uniquely enhanced reaction with at least some 5'-PyGCC-3' and 5'-GT-3' sequences, respectively. In addition, quinacrine mustard showed a greater reaction at runs of contiguous guanines than did other nitrogen mustards, whereas uracil mustard showed little preference for these sequences. A comparison of the sequence-dependent variations of molecular electrostatic potential at the N7-position of guanine with the sequence dependent variations of alkylation intensity for mechlorethamine and L-phenylalanine mustard showed a good correlation in some regions of the DNA, but not others. It is concluded that electrostatic interactions may contribute strongly to the reaction rates of cationic compounds such as the reactive aziridinium species of nitrogen mustards, but that other sequence selectivities can be introduced in different nitrogen mustard derivatives.
Depth from diffracted rotation (2006)

The accuracy of depth estimation based on defocus effects has been essentially limited by the depth of field of the imaging system. We show that depth estimation can be improved significantly relative to classical methods by exploiting three-dimensional diffraction effects. We formulate the problem by using information theory analysis and present, to the best of our knowledge, a new paradigm for depth estimation based on spatially rotating point-spread functions (PSFs). Such PSFs are fundamentally more sensitive to defocus thanks to their first-order axial variation. Our system acquires a frame by using a rotating PSF and jointly processes it with an image acquired by using a standard PSF to recover depth information. Analytical, numerical, and experimental evidence suggest that the approach is suitable for applications such as microscopy and machine vision.
Wafer steppers for the 64-M and 256-Mbit memory generations (1994)

Optical wafer steppers are used in the fabrication of submicron and subhalf micron integrated circuits. The SIA Technology Roadmap has outlined the major requirements steppers must meet for the 64M and 256Mbit memory generations. These include 0.35 &mu;m and 0.25 &mu;m resolution over 22 and 27 mm square image fields. This article outlines these requirements and explores the impact on wafer stepper design and use. Stepper cost of ownership will be considered including the contribution of the reticle to the overall cost of the process. Two major trends can be discerned. First, the requirement of 0.25 &mu;m imaging over fields larger than a square inch forces the adoption of step and scan technologies as the cost and size of full field lenses grow noncompetitive. Second, in order to reduce the overall cost of ownership of the photolithography process, the industry is adopting mix-and-match strategies using high NA steppers to print critical mask layers and high speed, low NA, wide field steppers to print non-critical layers.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and 13C NMR Spectroscopic Characterization of C60Cl6. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Red blood cells release factors with growth and survival bioactivities for normal and leukemic T cells (2010)

Human red blood cells are emerging as a cell type capable to regulate biological processes of neighboring cells. Hereby, we show that human red blood cell conditioned media contains bioactive factors that favor proliferation of normal activated T cells and leukemic Jurkat T cells, and therefore called erythrocyte-derived growth and survival factors. Flow cytometry and electron microscopy in parallel with bioactivity assays revealed that the erythrocyte factors are present in the vesicle-free supernatant, which contains up to 20 different proteins. The erythrocyte factors are thermosensitive and do not contain lipids. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by passive elution and mass spectrometry identification reduced the potential erythrocyte factors to hemoglobin and peroxiredoxin II. Two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis of the erythrocyte factors revealed the presence of multiple hemoglobin oxy-deoxy states and peroxiredoxin II isoforms differing in their isoelectric point akin to the presence of β-globin chains. Our results show that red blood cells release protein factors with the capacity to sustain T-cell growth and survival. These factors may have an unforeseen role in sustaining malignant cell growth and survival in vivo.
Constitutive β2‐adrenergic signalling enhances sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ cycling to augment contraction in mouse heart (1999)

1. Transgenic overexpression of the beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) in mouse heart augments baseline cardiac function in a ligand-independent manner, due to the presence of spontaneously active beta2AR (beta2AR*). This study aims to elucidate the mechanism of beta2AR*-mediated modulation of cardiac excitation-contraction (EC) coupling. 2. Confocal imaging was used to analyse Ca2+ sparks and spatially resolve Ca2+ transients in single ventricular myocytes from transgenic (TG4) and non-transgenic (NTG) littermates. Whole-cell voltage- and current-clamp techniques were used to record L-type Ca2+ currents (ICa) and action potentials, respectively. 3. In the absence of any beta2AR ligand, TG4 myocytes had greater contraction amplitudes, larger Ca2+ transients and faster relaxation times than did NTG cells. 4. The action potentials of TG4 and NTG myocytes were similar, except for a prolonged end-stage repolarization in TG4 cells; the ICa density and kinetics were nearly identical. The relationship between peak Ca2+ and contraction, which reflects myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity, was similar. 5. In TG4 cells, the frequency of Ca2+ sparks (spontaneous or evoked at -40 mV) was 2-7 times greater, despite the absence of change in the resting Ca2+, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ content, and ICa. Individual sparks were brighter, broader and lasted longer, leading to a 2.3-fold greater signal mass. Thus, changes in both spark frequency and size underlie the greater Ca2+ transient in TG4 cells. 6. The inverse agonist ICI 118,551 (ICI, 5 x 10-7 M), which blocks spontaneous beta2AR activation, reversed the aforementioned beta2AR* effects on cardiac EC coupling without affecting the sarcolemmal ICa. However, ICI failed to detect significant constitutive beta2AR activity in NTG cells. 7. We conclude that beta2AR*-mediated signalling enhances SR release channel activity and Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release in TG4 cardiac myocytes, and that beta2AR* enhances EC coupling by reinforcing SR Ca2+ cycling (release and reuptake), but bypassing the sarcolemmal ICa.
Outcome of surgery for chronic pancreatitis (1997)

Surgery is an effective treatment in carefully selected patients with chronic pancreatitis but must be tailored to the pattern of disease in each individual.
Synthesis of Compact Multidentate Ligands to Prepare Stable Hydrophilic Quantum Dot Fluorophores (2005)

We describe a simple and versatile scheme to prepare an array of heterofunctional multidentate ligands that permit strong and stable interactions with colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots, QDs) and render them soluble in aqueous environments. These ligands were synthesized by reacting various chain length poly(ethylene glycols) with thioctic acid, followed by ring opening of the dithiolane moiety, creating a bidentate thiol motif with enhanced affinity for CdSe-ZnS core-shell QDs. Functionalization with these ligands permits processability of the nanocrystals not only in aqueous but also in many other polar solvents. These ligands provide a straightforward means of preparing QDs that exhibit greater resistance to environmental changes, making them more amenable for use in live cell imaging and other biotechnological applications.
Tetraspanin Proteins Mediate Cellular Penetration, Invasion, and Fusion Events and Define a Novel Type of Membrane Microdomain (2003)

This review summarizes key aspects of tetraspanin proteins, with a focus on the functional relevance and structural features of these proteins and how they are organized into a novel type of membrane microdomain. Despite the size of the tetraspanin family and their abundance and wide distribution over many cell types, most have not been studied. However, from studies of prototype tetraspanins, information regarding functions, cell biology, and structural organization has begun to emerge. Genetic evidence points to critical roles for tetraspanins on oocytes during fertilization, in fungi during leaf invasion, in Drosophila embryos during neuromuscular synapse formation, during T and B lymphocyte activation, in brain function, and in retinal degeneration. From structure and mutagenesis studies, we are beginning to understand functional subregions within tetraspanins, as well as the levels of connections among tetraspanins and their many associated proteins. Tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs) are emerging as entities physically and functionally distinct from lipid rafts. These microdomains now provide a context in which to evaluate tetraspanins in the regulation of growth factor signaling and in the modulation of integrin-mediated post-cell adhesion events. Finally, the enrichment of tetraspanins within secreted vesicles called exosomes, coupled with hints that tetraspanins may regulate vesicle fusion and/or fission, suggests exciting new directions for future research.
Chemistry and thermodynamics of ruthenium and some of its inorganic compounds and aqueous species (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemistry and thermodynamics of ruthenium and some of its inorganic compounds and aqueous speciesJoseph A. RardCite this: Chem. Rev. 1985, 85, 1, 1–39Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1985https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00065a001RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1748Altmetric-Citations138LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (6 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Conditional Variational Auto-Encoder for Text-Driven Expressive AudioVisual Speech Synthesis (2019)

In recent years, the performance of speech synthesis systems has been improved thanks to deep learning-based models, but generating expressive audiovisual speech is still an open issue. The variational auto-encoders (VAE)s are recently proposed to learn latent representations of data. In this paper, we present a system for expressive text-to-audiovisual speech synthesis that learns a latent embedding space of emotions using a conditional generative model based on the variational auto-encoder framework. When conditioned on textual input, the VAE is able to learn an embedded representation that captures emotion characteristics from the signal, while being invariant to the phonetic content of the utterances. We applied this method in an unsuper-vised manner to generate duration, acoustic and visual features of speech. This conditional variational auto-encoder (CVAE) has been used to blend emotions together. This model was able to generate nuances of a given emotion or to generate new emotions that do not exist in our database. We conducted three perceptive experiments to evaluate our findings.
Induction of autologous tumor killing by heat treatment of fresh human tumor cells: involvement of gamma delta T cells and heat shock protein 70. (1996)

Autologous tumor killing (ATK) has been implicated as an important prognostic factor in cancer patients since the ability of blood lymphocytes to kill freshly isolated autologous tumor cells was strongly associated with good prognosis of the patients. The present study was designed to induce or enhance ATK sensitivity of fresh human tumor cells by heat stress. Brief exposure of fresh human tumor cells to elevated temperature increased their susceptibility to lysis by autologous blood lymphocytes in a short-term (51)Cr release assay. In addition, the heat-elevated ATK sensitivity was confirmed by clonogenic assays. An increase in ATK was observed with unstimulated lymphocytes in 42% of the cases and OK432 (streptococcal preparation)-activated lymphocytes in 80% of the cases. Stimulation of blood lymphocytes with autologous, heat-stressed tumor cells and OK432 resulted in an increase in number of gamma delta T cells, which was associated with elevated ATK activity against the stressed tumor cells. At the clonal level, three gamma delta T-cell clones (V gamma 9/V delta 2+) proliferated in response to autologous, heat stressed tumor cells and/or OK432 and exhibited elevated cytotoxicity against the tumor cells. Western blot analysis revealed an increased expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 in heat- treated tumor cells. Some of them expressed HSP70 on their surfaces. The elevated cytoxicity against heat-stressed tumor cells was inhibited by treatment of targets with anti-HSP70 monoclonal antibody (mAb) or of effector cells with anti-V delta2 mAb. Reactivity of gamma delta T cells to autologous, heat- stressed tumor cells was also inhibited by anti-HSP70 mAb. These results indicate that exposure to heat of tumor cells induces ATK susceptibility, especially to OK432-activated effector cells, and suggest that gamma delta T cells may be involved in ATK against stressed tumor cells through recognition of HSP70 on the target cells.
Determination of Vitamin C and Organic Acids in Various Fruits by HPLC (1992)

Liquid chromatographic methodology for determination of vitamin C and organic acids in different fruits (whortleberry, blackberry, red currant, black currant, raspberry, babaco, feijoa, kiwano, passion fruit, red and yellow tamarillos, medlar, and persimmon) cultivated in Galicia, Spain are developed. Both methods use a C18 column and an RP-18 precolumn for the stationary phase. High-performance-liquid-chromatographic-(HPLC-) grade water is brought to pH 2.2 with sulphuric acid for the mobile phase. The flow rate is 0.4 mL/min, and UV detection is at 254 nm for vitamin C and 214 nm for organic acids. Coefficients of variation of 1.84, 1.20, 1.00, and 2.60% are obtained for the vitamin C, quinic acid, malic acid and citric acid, respectively.
Thrombolysis of peripheral arterial and graft occlusions: improved results using high-dose urokinase (1985)

Ninety-three thromboembolic occlusions of peripheral arteries or grafts in 85 patients were treated with high-dose urokinase by direct intraarterial infusion. Urokinase was infused at 4000 IU/min until antegrade blood flow was reestablished and then at 1000 or 2000 IU/min until clot lysis was completed. Of the 93 infusions, 75 (81%) resulted in clinical improvement. The infusion therapy was incomplete in nine patients. The mean duration of the 84 completed infusions was 18 +/- 20 hr, the incidence of complete clot lysis was 83%, and the incidence of clinical improvement was 89%. Significant bleeding, requiring transfusion, occurred during or after four of the urokinase infusions (4%). Other complications included distad clot migration, thrombus formation on the catheter, revascularization phenomena, oliguria, skin rash, pseudoaneurysm, balloon rupture during angioplasty, and vascular spasm. There were no instances of drug resistance or adverse drug reactions. These results indicate that an initially high-dose urokinase regimen accomplishes more rapid recanalization, a higher incidence of total clot lysis, and produces fewer complications than the standard low-dose streptokinase regimen.
Effects of perindopril on hypertension and stroke prevention in experimental animals. (1994)

Treatment with the ACE inhibitor perindopril is effective in the prevention of hypertension and stroke in experimental animals.
Condensation on Ultrahydrophobic Surfaces and Its Effect on Droplet Mobility:  Ultrahydrophobic Surfaces Are Not Always Water Repellant (2006)

The condensation of water was studied on topography-based ultrahydrophobic surfaces containing hydrophobized silicon pillars. Optical microscopy showed that water nucleated and grew both on top of and between the pillars. As condensation progressed, water between the pillars became unstable and was forced upward to the surface. Macroscopic water droplets on top of the pillars coalesced with condensed water that remained between the pillars, pinning the droplets at their three-phase contact line. Dynamic contact angle measurements on ultrahydrophobic surfaces wet with condensation revealed a dramatic increase in hysteresis compared to that on dry surfaces, leading to a corresponding decrease in water drop mobility.
Poloxamer 188 and Propylene Glycol-Based Rectal Suppository Enhances Anticancer Effect of 5-Fluorouracil in Mice (2006)

The tumoricidal and apoptosis-inducing activities of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) have been demonstrated in experimental and clinical investigations. Clinically, the 5-FU suppository form has been widely adopted for its advantages of less systemic toxicity, higher local tissue concentrations, and reduced first-pass effect. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of rectal administration of 5-FU suppository based on poloxamer 188 (P188) and propylene glycol (PG) and its anticancer effect on the murine experimental cancer models. The rectal suppository was made with 70% P188 and 30% PG, which was a solid phase at room temperature and instantly melted at physiological temperature. The treatment with the 5-FU suppository was more effective than the oral route in decreasing the volume of rectal cancer in mice. In addition, the survival rate of the mice with rectal cancer was higher in the group treated with the 5-FU suppository than in the group treated with 5-FU orally. Furthermore, in mice skin cancers induced by inoculation of murine CT-26 colon carcinoma cells, the anticancer effect of 5-FU was significantly enhanced by the rectal administration of the suppository than by oral treatment. Taken together, the results suggest that a poloxamer gel system with 5-FU/P188/PG is an effective rectal dosage form for the treatment of both rectal and non-rectal cancers.
Facile selective detritylation of 5?-primary alcohols of pyrimidine nucleosides using tetra-n-butylammonium peroxydisulfate (1997)

Tetra-n-butylammonium peroxydisulfate has been found to be a good deprotecting reagent for removal of the trityl group: Treatment of 5′-O-dimethoxytrityl uridine or thymidine with tetra-n-butylammonium peroxydisulfate gave the corresponding dedimethoxytritylated nucleosides in excellent yields under neutral and mild conditions and without causing any side reactions such as cleavage of the glycosidic bond. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 8: 435–438, 1997
77-fs pulse generation from a stretched-pulse mode-locked all-fiber ring laser (1993)

By incorporating a section of large positive-dispersion fiber in an all-fiber erbium ring laser, we obtain high-energy pulses with spectral widths of 56 nm. The chirp on these pulses is highly linear and can be compensated for with dispersion in the output coupling fiber lead. The result is a fully self-starting source of 77-fs pulse with 90 pJ of energy and greater than 1 kW of peak power at a 45-MHz repetition rate.
Functional Characterization of W147A: A High-Affinity Interleukin-11 Antagonist (2003)

IL-11 is a member of the gp130 family of cytokines, which signal via assembly of multisubunit receptor complexes containing at least one molecule of the transmembrane signaling receptor gp130. IL-11 forms a high-affinity complex, thereby inducing gp130-dependent signaling. Previous studies have identified three distinct receptor binding sites, I, II, and III, crucial for the binding of murine IL-11 (mIL-11) to both the IL-11R and gp130. In this study, we have further characterized the role of the mIL-11 site III mutant W147A. We show that W147A is a high-affinity specific antagonist of mIL-11-mediated signaling in gp130/IL-11R-transfected Ba/F3 cells. The antagonistic action of W147A is due to its ability to competitively disrupt multimeric gp130/IL-11R signaling complex formation. We also show that W147A inhibits IL-11-mediated signaling in primary human endometrial cells, thus demonstrating the potential utility of W147A in suppressing IL-11 responses in vivo.