gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte Subsets from Human Renal Cell Carcinoma: Specific Reactivity Defined by Cytotoxicity, Interferon-?? Secretion, and Proliferation (1994)

The detection of T cells with specificity for human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been difficult to document. In an attempt to improve our identification of RCC-reactive T cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were expanded in interleukin-2/interleukin-4 (IL-2/IL-4) and then separated into CD4+ and CD8+ subsets using antibody-coated biomagnetic beads. TIL grown in IL-2/IL-4 expanded to greater numbers than TIL grown in IL-2 alone. From 16 patients in whom subset separation was performed, three CD4+ and three CD8+ TIL consistently had specificity for RCC that was detected by cytotoxicity, proliferation, or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production. Four of the six lines were derived from the IL-2/IL-4 cultures. Two CD8+ TIL lines displayed specific lytic activity, lysing the autologous tumor but not allogeneic RCC or nonrenal tumors. Moreover, the lytic activity of these lines was blocked by anti-CD3 antibody, suggesting that tumor recognition was through the TCR/CD3 complex. Two additional TIL lines showed preferential lysis of RCC because they were cytotoxic for autologous tumor and one or more allogeneic RCC but not other tumor types. Two nonlytic CD4+ lines as well as the two CD8+ lines that were specifically lytic also produced IFN-gamma in response to the autologous tumor but not allogeneic RCC. Although these TIL lines produce IFN-gamma when stimulated with tumor alone, the addition of 5 U/ml of IL-2 significantly enhanced IFN-gamma secretion. The four TIL lines that showed specificity for RCC in terms of IFN-gamma production also had enhanced proliferation to the autologous RCC plus IL-2 but not to multiple allogeneic RCC plus IL-2. These studies demonstrate that TIL from RCC patients contain both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that have specificity for RCC. In addition to cytotoxicity, specificity to RCC can be defined by IFN-gamma production and proliferation.
Low expression of the putative tumour suppressor gene gravin in chronic myeloid leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukaemia (2004)

The putative tumour suppressor gene gravin is down-regulated in several solid tumours and is implicated in tumorigenesis. We have evaluated the expression levels of the gravin gene in the CD34(+)/blast cells of a range of myeloid malignancies as compared with controls using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Gravin was markedly down-regulated in 41 of 41 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), nine of 10 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and 33 of 33 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), of whom 24 were in blast crisis (BC). We have shown that gravin is consistently down-regulated in the CD34(+)/blast cells of myeloid malignancies and may play a role in the molecular pathogenesis of these disorders.
Microsecond scale vibrational spectroscopic imaging by multiplex stimulated Raman scattering microscopy (2015)

Real-time vibrational spectroscopic imaging is desired for monitoring cellular states and cellular processes in a label-free manner. Raman spectroscopic imaging of highly dynamic systems is inhibited by relatively slow spectral acquisition on millisecond to second scale. Here, we report microsecond scale vibrational spectroscopic imaging by lock-in free parallel detection of spectrally dispersed stimulated Raman scattering signal. Using a homebuilt tuned amplifier array, our method enables Raman spectral acquisition, within the window defined by the broadband pulse, at the speed of 32 microseconds and with close to shot-noise limited detection sensitivity. Incorporated with multivariate curve resolution analysis, our platform allows compositional mapping of lipid droplets in single live cells, observation of intracellular retinoid metabolism, discrimination of fat droplets from protein-rich organelles in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans,</i> spectral detection of fast flowing tumor cells, and monitoring drug diffusion through skin tissue <i>in vivo</i>. The reported technique opens new opportunities for compositional analysis of cellular compartment in a microscope setting and high-throughput spectral profiling of single cells in a flow cytometer setting.
Compression of Black-White Images with Arithmetic Coding (1981)

A new approach for black and white image compression is described, with which the eight CCITT test documents can be compressed in a lossless manner 20-30 percent better than with the best existing compression algorithms. The coding and the modeling aspects are treated separately. The key to these improvements is an efficient binary arithmetic code. The code is relatively simple to implement because it avoids the multiplication operation inherent in some earlier arithmetic codes. Arithmetic coding permits the compression of binary sequences where the statistics change on a bit-to-bit basis. Model statistics are studied from stationary, stationary adaptive, and nonstationary adaptive assumptions.
A single proteolytic cleavage within the lower hinge of trastuzumab reduces immune effector function and in vivo efficacy (2012)

Trastuzumab can be cleaved by matrix metalloproteinases within the lower hinge. scIgG-T exhibited a significantly reduced anti-tumor efficacy in vivo due to the weakened immune effector function such as ADCC. The results suggest that the lower hinge cleavage of trastuzumab can occur in the tumor microenvironment where matrix metalloproteinases often have high levels of expression and scIgG-T might compromise its anti-tumor efficacy in the clinic. However, further studies are needed to validate these hypotheses in the clinical setting.
Thermodynamics of H2-consuming and H2-producing metabolic reactions in diverse methanogenic environments under in situ conditions (1986)

In situ concentrations of hydrogen and other metabolites involved in H2-consuming and H2-producing reactions were measured in anoxic methanogenic lake sediments, sewage sludge and fetid liquid of cottonwood. The data were used to calculate the Gibbs free energies of the metabolic reactions under the conditions prevailing in situ. The thermodynamics of most of the reactions studied were exergonic with Gibbs free energies being more negative for H2-dependent sulfate reduction methanogenesis acetogenesis and for H2-producing lactate fermentation ethanol fermentation. Butyrate and propionate fermentation, on the other hand, were endergonic under in situ conditions. This observation is interpreted by suggesting that butyrate and propionate is degraded within microbial clusters which shield the fermentating bacteria from the outside H2 (and acetate) pool.
A single-chip linear optical amplifier (2002)

The performance of a new, single-chip linear optical amplifier (LOA) is compared to a semiconductor optical amplifier and an EDFA. Bit-error-rate measurements of the LOA show no power penalty in a 10 Gb/s WDM transmission system test.
People with intellectual disability and their health problems: a review of comparative studies (2004)

there are only few studies focusing on health problems in people with ID in which a control group of individuals without ID is included. Most comparative studies on health problems in people with ID are based on comparison with reported prevalence rates of general health surveys.
One Wilms' Tumor Gene Is Cloned; Are There More? (1989)

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Effectiveness of an Intravascular Cooling Method Compared With a Conventional Cooling Technique in Neurologic Patients (2007)

Fever is common among neurologic patients and is usually treated by antipyretic drugs and external cooling. An alternative method for temperature management may be an intravascular approach. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness and the therapeutic costs of this new method with conventional treatment in neurologic patients. Twenty-six patients who suffered from subarachnoid hemorrhage or traumatic brain injury with febrile episodes were included the study and were randomized into 2 different groups. In the "Conventional" group, fever was treated with antipyretic drugs and/or surface cooling techniques to achieve a body core temperature of 36.5 degrees C. In the "CoolGard" group, patients were treated with an intravascular cooling catheter (Coolgard, Alsius, CA). We compared the effectiveness of these 2 approaches by calculating the mean deviation from 36.5 degrees C during a 48-hour period (fever burden). We found a significant difference in the fever burden [CoolGard: -0.49 to 1.22 (median -0.06) degrees C vs. Conventional: 1.05-2.34 (median 1.41) degrees C, P<0.05]. Costs varied significantly between the CoolGard and the Conventional groups, with markedly higher daily costs in the CoolGard group [CoolGard: 15 to 140 US dollars (USD) (median 39 USD) vs. Conventional: 1 to 9 USD (median 5 USD), P<0.05]. The effectiveness of the intravascular cooling catheter is excellent compared with conventional cooling therapies.
Functions of Pulmonary Epithelial Integrins: From Development to Disease (2003)

Signals from integrins are now known to play critical roles in virtually every aspect of the behavior of epithelial cells, including survival, proliferation, maintenance of polarity, secretory differentiation, and malignant transformation. The cells that line the conducting airways and alveoli of the lung, like most surface epithelia, simultaneously express multiple members of the integrin family, including several with broadly overlapping ligand binding specificities. Although multiple integrins on airway epithelial cells may support adhesion to the same ligands, the functional roles of each integrin that has been examined in detail are quite distinct. Findings from mice expressing null mutations of some of these integrins have identified roles for epithelial cells and epithelial integrins in lung development and in the regulation of lung inflammation, macrophage protease expression, pulmonary fibrosis, and the pulmonary edema that follows acute lung injury. Epithelial integrins are thus attractive targets for intervention in a number of common lung disorders.
Review: The plasma kallikrein/kinin and renin angiotensin systems in blood pressure regulation in sepsis (2004)

The hemodynamics of septic shock after endotoxinemiai s influenced by the plasma kallikrein/kinin and the renin angiotensin systems. In recent years, new information has improved understanding of the protein/biologically active peptide interactions between these two systems. The plasma kallikrein/kinin system, more commonly known as the contact system, has undergone a re-evaluation as to how it assembles on cell membranes for physiological and pathophysiological activation and as to its role in Gram-negative sepsis. It has been proposed that it counterbalances the plasma renin angiotensin system. Furthermore, more knowledge about the renin angiotensin system has become available on how it either opposes the actions of the kallikrein/kinin system or, in some cases, summates with it. Understanding the interactions between these two systems may lead to development of better pharmacological treatments for endotoxin-induced shock.
Expression of BAG‐1 protein correlates with aggressive behavior of prostate cancers (2006)

Increased cytosolic and nuclear BAG-1 expression may denote more aggressive variants of prostate cancer.
Clinician and Researcher: Case for Commentary (2002)

Internist Michael Hoover has been in practice in a mid-sized city for 12 years. He is a member of an internal medicine group practice, so he frequently sees patients of his partners when their own physician is unavailable. The group's patients range in age from early 30s to late 80s, the majority in the 40-to 75-year range. Those whom Dr. Hoover sees on a regular basis have hypertension, heart disease, headaches, arthritis, or respiratory and other organ system complaints, often related to aging. Some have cancers; a few have chronic conditions such as diabetes and lupus. Most of the group's patients have some health insurance or Medicare; 8 to 10 percent of care is uncompensated.
Variable hypomethylation of D4Z4 in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (2005)

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) progressively affects the facial, shoulder, and upper arm muscles and is associated with contractions of the polymorphic D4Z4 repeat array in 4q35. Recently, we demonstrated that FSHD alleles are hypomethylated at D4Z4. To study potential relationships between D4Z4 hypomethylation and both residual repeat size and clinical severity, we compared the clinical severity score with D4Z4 methylation in unrelated FSHD patients. Correcting the clinical severity score for age at examination improves the parameter to define clinical severity and provides further support for hypomethylation of FSHD alleles. However, a linear relationship between repeat size and clinical severity of the disease cannot be established. Interestingly, FSHD can be separated in two clinical severity classes: patients with residual repeat sizes of 10 to 20 kb are severely affected and show pronounced D4Z4 hypomethylation. In contrast, patients with repeat sizes of 20 to 31kb show large interindividual variation in clinical severity and D4Z4 hypomethylation. Because the majority of familial FSHD cases are represented in this interval and considering the overt variation in clinical severity in these familial cases, it thus is imperative to develop comprehensive allele-specific assays monitoring total D4Z4 methylation to investigate whether interindividual variation in D4Z4 methylation can be translated into a prognostic factor for clinical severity.
Squalene Production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2014)

Squalene is a valuable natural substance found in nearly all organisms, and can be produced by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The key regulatory enzyme in squalene biosynthesis is 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase (Hmg1). To overcome further down regulation of Hmg1, a truncated Hmg1 (tHmg1), an enzyme which has the catalytic domain of the Hmg1 only, and is not regulated by intermediates, was overexpressed instead of the original enzyme. Because of its strong and fast glycolysis, S. cerevisiae converts substantial portions of glucose into ethanol rather than into the squalene. In order to overcome this problem, the slower glucose assimilating S. cerevisiae (SK2) was employed for the overexpression of the tHmg1 enzyme. Accumulated squalene in the SK2 cells were extracted by using the alcohol/KOH method. The SK2 strain with the overexpression of tHMG1 produced about 30 times more squalene than the strain without the tHMG1. Additionally, the Methanol/KOH combination for squalene extraction showed better squalene recovery than ethanol/KOH combination.
Writing applications for uniform operation on a mainframe or PC: a metric conversion program (1990)

The metric system of measurement is the primary standard in all countries except the USA and two others. Use of the metric system is becoming more important to the USA for trade and commerce in the world economy. A metric conversion program was developed to convert 350 measurement units between inch-pound (or USA customary) and metric systems for engineering design and documentation. The program follows the primary national metric standard with its conversion factors and special rules for arithmetic, rounding, accuracy, formatting, and terminology. It was first developed in APL on a VM CMS mainframe system, but subsequent demand warranted a PC version. The program has been presented at national metric meetings and is briefly described here. The portability of APL2 under VM CMS and PC DOS was exploited in moving the mainframe program to the PC, maintaining much of the code in identical form, thus giving advantages in testing, verification, and user experience. Differences between the environments fell mainly in the user and file interface areas, which led to a matched set of cover functions for system dependent operations. These functions and differences between the two systems are described for file operations, pop-up windows, printing, stack and host system commands. The capability and portability of APL enabled this application to become the first internally written example at this company of IBM's new user interface guidelines working on both a central mainframe and a PC.
Histopathologic Study of Nine Branch Retinal Vein Occlusions (1982)

Occlusions of nine branch retinal veins in eight eyes of seven patients were studied histopathologically by serial sections through the affected areas. Intravitreal neovascularization from the disc, retina, or both was noted in four eyes. Two additional eyes had intraretinal neovascularization (intraretinal microvascular abnormalities). Cystoid macular edema was present in five eyes. A fresh or recanalized thrombus was noted at the site of vein occlusion in all eyes. Inner ischemic atrophy of the retina was found distal to the area of occlusion in six of the nine affected quadrants of the eight eyes. Although the corresponding branch retinal arteries showed varying degrees of sclerosis (severe, three eyes; moderate, five eyes; and minimal, one eye), no definite thrombus was observed in any of them.
Microfabrication of freestanding metal structures released from graphite substrates (2003)

A sacrificial layer is usually used to release electroformed microstructures. Because of the chemistry applied to the sacrificial layer, only a limited number of metals can be used for electroforming. A novel method to fabricate freestanding electroformed copper structures is presented. A graphite substrate allows the release of the metal part, by abrasive removal of the graphite after electroforming. Results on fabrication of high-aspect-ratio freestanding copper grids are presented; these can be used as x-ray collimator in medical imaging to reduce scattered radiation. This process has potential application to the fabrication of injection molds and microparts on pick-and-place carriers for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
Evidence for Cytokine Dysregulation in Multiple Sclerosis: Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Production of Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines During Relapse and Remission (2003)

We investigated circulating anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and their ex vivo PBMC production in the absence or presence of the neuroantigens myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and T cell mitogen (PHA) in MS patients in relapse and remission, patients with other neurological disorders (OND) and normal healthy controls. MS patients in relapse exhibited significantly increased PBMC production of TNF-alpha spontaneously compared with MS remission and healthy controls and with MBP compared with MS remission. Patients in relapse had significantly increased spontaneous, PHA- and MBP-induced PBMC IL-1beta production compared with remission MS, and was increased compared (PHA only) with OND and healthy controls. In relapse there was also significantly increased PBMC IFN-gamma production (PHA only) compared with remission and a significantly lower production of biologically active TGF-beta1 (PHA only) compared with remission MS and OND. In contrast, MS patients in remission produced significantly less spontaneous and MBP-induced TNF-alpha, spontaneous, PHA- and MBP-induced IL-1beta and PHA-induced IFN-gamma together with increased production of biologically active TGF-beta1. MOG non-specifically increased PBMC TNF-alpha and IL-1beta production in all groups. Pro-inflammatory cytokines in corresponding plasma samples were undetectable whilst the concentration of biologically active TGF-beta1 was the reverse of ex vivo PBMC findings. The increase in biologically active TGF-beta1 production ex vivo in OND patients, despite active disease, compared with the low level in the MS relapse may indicate a regulatory defect in MS. We conclude that the balance between biologically active TGF-beta1 and the pro-inflammatory TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IFN-gamma is dysregulated during MS relapse-remission and that normal counter-regulatory mechanisms during the relapse phase are defective.
Multiple viewpoint rendering for three-dimensional displays (1997)

This thesis describes a computer graphics method for efficiently rendering images of static geometric scene databases from multiple viewpoints. Three-dimensional displays such as parallax panogramagrams, lenticular panoramagrams, and holographic stereograms require samples of image data captured from a large number of regularly spaced camera images in order to produce a three-dimensional image. Computer graphics algorithms that render these images sequentially are inefficient because they do not take advantage of the perspective coherence of the scene. A new algorithm, multiple viewpoint rendering (MVR), is described which produces an equivalent set of images one to two orders of magnitude faster than previous approaches by considering the image set as a single spatio-perspective volume. MVR uses a computer graphics camera geometry based on a common model of parallax-based three-dimensional displays. MVR can be implemented using variations of traditional computer graphics algorithms and accelerated using standard computer graphics hardware systems. Details of the algorithm design and implementation are given, including geometric transformation, shading, texture mapping and reflection mapping. Performance of a hardware-based prototype implementation and comparison of MVR-rendered and conventionally rendered images are included. Applications of MVR to holographic video and other display systems, to three-dimensional image compression, and to other camera geometries are also given.
Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA (1980)

A method is presented for the rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA (50,000 base pairs or more in length) which is free of contaminants which interfere with complete digestion by restriction endonucleases. The procedure yields total cellular DNA (i.e. nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial DNA). The technique is ideal for the rapid isolation of small amounts of DNA from many different species and is also useful for large scale isolations.
Improving the performance of phosphorescent polymer light-emitting diodes using morphology-stable carbazole-based iridium complexes (2007)

A series of morphology-stable carbazole-based iridium(III) complexes with green to red emission have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy. Their thermal, electrochemical, electronic absorption, and photoluminescent properties have been studied. Highly efficient polymer light-emitting devices by using these complexes as dopant emitters, both non-conjugated polymer (PVK) and conjugated polymer, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-terminated poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) [PFO(poss)], as the host materials, have been achieved. With the device structure of ITO/PEDOT/(PFO(poss) + 30% PBD)–2 wt.% 1/Ba/Al, a maximum external quantum efficiency of 6.4% and a maximum luminous efficiency of 6.00 cd A−1 with red emission at 608 nm were obtained. With the device configuration of ITO/PEDOT/(PFO(poss) + 30% PBD)–4 wt.% 4/Ba/Al, a maximum external quantum efficiency of 9.9% and a maximum luminous efficiency of 22.4 cd A−1 with yellow–green emission at 544 nm were realized. The increased morphology stability of 1 and 2 imparted by the N-decyl long chains at the N atom of carbazole results in significantly better device performance than their short chain analogues 1a and 2a under identical device configurations.