gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
"Infectious" Transplantation Tolerance (1993)

The maintenance of transplantation tolerance induced in adult mice after short-term treatment with nonlytic monoclonal antibodies to CD4 and CD8 was investigated. CD4+ T cells from tolerant mice disabled naïve lymphocytes so that they too could not reject the graft. The naïve lymphocytes that had been so disabled also became tolerant and, in turn, developed the capacity to specifically disable other naïve lymphocytes. This process of "infectious" tolerance explains why no further immunosuppression was needed to maintain long-term transplantation tolerance.
Injection locking properties of a semiconductor laser (1982)

Injection locking properties of a semiconductor laser have been analyzed, taking into account the injected carrier density dependent refractive index in the active region. It has been found that this dependence significantly affects the injection locking properties, giving rise to a peculiar asymmetric tuning curve and dynamic instability. The instability originates from the intermode interaction via the modulation in the injected carrier density caused by intensity beat. The detuning dependence of the direct modulation response characteristics inside and outside of the locking range have also been examined.
EsaC substrate for the ESAT‐6 secretion pathway and its role in persistent infections of Staphylococcus aureus (2008)

Staphylococcus aureus encodes the specialized secretion system Ess (ESAT-6 secretion system). The ess locus is a cluster of eight genes (esxAB, essABC, esaABC) of which esxA and esxB display homology to secreted ESAT-6 proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. EsxA and EsxB require EssA, EssB and EssC for transport across the staphylococcal envelope. Herein, we examine the role of EsaB and EsaC and show that EsaB is a negative regulator of EsaC. Further, EsaC production is repressed when staphylococci are grown in broth and increased when staphylococci replicate in serum or infected hosts. EsaB is constitutively produced and remains in the cytoplasm whereas EsaC is secreted. This secretion requires an intact Ess pathway. Mutants lacking esaB or esaC display only a small defect in acute infection, but remarkably are unable to promote persistent abscesses during animal infection. Together, the data suggest a model whereby EsaB controls the production of effector molecules that are important for host pathogen interaction. One such effector, EsaC, is a secretion substrate of the Ess pathway and implements its pathogenic function during infection.
Assembly factors of human mitochondrial complex I and their defects in disease (2010)

NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is a large, multimeric enzyme complex involved in the generation of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Complex I is comprised of 45 subunits which must be assembled together in a coordinated process to form the mature holoenzyme. In recent years, much progress has been made into understanding how complex I is assembled and the work provides potential insights into the biogenesis of other multisubunit membrane complexes. For complex I assembly to proceed effectively, a group of proteins termed "assembly factors" are required. A number of these assembly factors have now been identified and characterized; however, their exact roles in complex I biogenesis are not yet fully understood. This review summarizes the current model of human complex I assembly and the roles played by different assembly factors at early, mid, and late assembly stages. Defects in assembly factors which disrupt complex I assembly and contribute to human disease pathogenesis will also be discussed.
Dystroglycan: brain localisation and chromosome mapping in the mouse (1994)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is accompanied by varying degrees of mental retardation. The molecular basis for this is unknown, although at least four dystrophin transcripts regulated by specific promoters and undergoing elaborate splicing control are present in brain areas associated with cognitive function. In muscle the absence of dystrophin causes instability of a dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC) linking the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix; this disruption is accompanied by muscle necrosis. The laminin-binding component of DAPC, dystroglycan, in contrast to other components of DAPC, has been found in brain homogenates. This suggests that the link between the membrane cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix mediated by dystrophin-dystroglycan may play a functional role in brain. We have cloned a mouse dystroglycan partial cDNA and have mapped this gene in the mouse to chromosome 9. Further, in situ hybridisation to mouse brain sections shows that the dystroglycan gene is expressed in relatively few structures and co-localises with dystrophin mRNA in hippocampus, dentate gyrus, olfactory bulb and Purkinje neurons but, surprisingly, not in the cortex. Dystroglycan is also expressed in those brain areas where the dystrophin-related protein (utrophin) is present. Our results provide a basis for a future characterisation of the role of dystrophin-dystroglycan association in the brain.
Self-assembled monolayers on silicon : deposition and surface chemistry (2013)

Fabrication of surfaces with versatile functional groups is an important research area. Hence, it is essential to control and tune the surface properties in a reliable manner. Vinyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) offer significant flexibility for further chemical modification and can serve as a versatile starting point for tailoring of surface properties. Here a synthetic route for the preparation of vinyl-terminated trichlorosilane self-assembling molecules: 9-decenyltrichlorosilane (CH₂=CH-(CH₂)₈-SiCl₃), 10-undecenyltrichlorosilane (CH₂=CH-(CH₂)₉-SiCl₃), and 14-pentadecenyltrichlorosilane (CH₂=CH-(CH₂)₁₃-SiCl₃) is presented. These molecules were used for the preparation of SAMs in either liquid or vapour phase processes. Commercially available methyl-terminated self-assembling molecules: decyltrichlorosilane (CH₃-(CH₂)₉-SiCl₃) and octadecanetrichlorosilane (CH₃-(CH₂)₁₇-SiCl₃) were used as controls. The resultant films were characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle analysis, ellipsometry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM).&#13;\nWell defined, vinyl-terminated SAMs were further chemically modified with carbenes (:CCl₂, :CBr₂, :CF₂) and hexafluoroacetone azine (HFAA). The reactions were performed in the liquid or the vapour phase. The resulting SAMs were characterised using the same methods as for the vinyl-terminated monolayers. Successful modification was confirmed by the appearance of new signals in the XPS spectrum, with simultaneous changes in water contact angle values and unchanged thickness values. Methyl-terminated SAMs were also exposed to carbenes and HFAA as a control system. These are the first examples of C-C bond formation on SAMs in the vapour phase.
Blood gene expression signatures predict exposure levels (2007)

To respond to potential adverse exposures properly, health care providers need accurate indicators of exposure levels. The indicators are particularly important in the case of acetaminophen (APAP) intoxication, the leading cause of liver failure in the U.S. We hypothesized that gene expression patterns derived from blood cells would provide useful indicators of acute exposure levels. To test this hypothesis, we used a blood gene expression data set from rats exposed to APAP to train classifiers in two prediction algorithms and to extract patterns for prediction using a profiling algorithm. Prediction accuracy was tested on a blinded, independent rat blood test data set and ranged from 88.9% to 95.8%. Genomic markers outperformed predictions based on traditional clinical parameters. The expression profiles of the predictor genes from the patterns extracted from the blood exhibited remarkable (97% accuracy) transtissue APAP exposure prediction when liver gene expression data were used as a test set. Analysis of human samples revealed separation of APAP-intoxicated patients from control individuals based on blood expression levels of human orthologs of the rat discriminatory genes. The major biological signal in the discriminating genes was activation of an inflammatory response after exposure to toxic doses of APAP. These results support the hypothesis that gene expression data from peripheral blood cells can provide valuable information about exposure levels, well before liver damage is detected by classical parameters. It also supports the potential use of genomic markers in the blood as surrogates for clinical markers of potential acute liver damage.
Tn7 (2014)

The bacterial transposon Tn7 is distinguished by the levels of control it displays over transposition and its capacity to utilize different kinds of target sites. Transposition is carried out using five transposon-encoded proteins, TnsA, TnsB, TnsC, TnsD, and TnsE, which facilitate transfer of the element while minimizing the chances of inactivating host genes by using two pathways of transposition. One of these pathways utilizes TnsD, which targets transposition into a single site found in bacteria (attTn7), and a second utilizes TnsE, which preferentially directs transposition into plasmids capable of moving between bacteria. Control of transposition involves a heteromeric transposase that consists of two proteins, TnsA and TnsB, and a regulator protein TnsC. Tn7 also has the ability to inhibit transposition into a region already occupied by the element in a process called target immunity. Considerable information is available about the functional interactions of the Tn7 proteins and many of the protein-DNA complexes involved in transposition. Tn7-like elements that encode homologs of all five of the proteins found in Tn7 are common in diverse bacteria, but a newly appreciated larger family of elements appears to use the same core TnsA, TnsB, and TnsC proteins with other putative target site selector proteins allowing different targeting pathways.
Understanding photosynthesis. (2011)

This chapter examines the process of photosynthesis. The importance of photosynthesis to encourage turfgrass growth is highlighted. The importance of light, carbon dioxide and water is emphasized.
Preconcentration, Separation, and Indirect Detection of Nonfluorescent Analytes Using Fluorescent Mobility Markers (2007)

We present a method to achieve separation and indirect detection of nonfluorescent species using fluorescent mobility markers. This technique leverages isotachophoresis (ITP) for both preconcentration and separation. We employ a leading electrolyte (LE), trailing electrolyte (TE), and a set of fluorescent markers of mobilities designed to bound those of nonfluorescent analytes of interest. Fluorescent markers and nonfluorescent analytes are initially mixed homogenously and ITP is initiated. The dynamics of isotachophoresis cause the analyte and fluorescent marker mixture to segregate into respective zones between the LE and TE in the order of reducing mobility. Unlabeled analytes are detected as gaps (regions with local minimums in intensity) in the fluorescent signals of mobility markers. We have successfully demonstrated preconcentration, separation, and detection of unlabeled amino acids serine, glycine, and phenylalanine; and of acetic acid, aspartic acid, and 3-phenylpropionic acid. We show detection of 12 microM concentration of analytes with signal-to-noise ratio of 4.0 and with a high degree of repeatability. We discuss methods for encoding mobility marker identity using marker fluorescence intensity level and alternating fluorescence emission wavelengths. We present example experimental results of fluorescence intensity level encoding.
Intraoperative device closure of ventricular septal defects. (1993)

Intraoperative umbrella VSD closure appears less successful than VSD closure in the catheterization laboratory. In selected patients, particularly very small infants, intraoperative device placement may be advantageous. Completeness of closure is difficult to assess intraoperatively.
Intelligent Design of Multifunctional lipid-coated Nanoparticle Platforms for Cancer Therapy (2012)

Nanotechnology is rapidly evolving and dramatically changing the paradigms of drug delivery. The small sizes, unique chemical properties, large surface areas, structural diversity and multifunctionality of nanoparticles prove to be greatly advantageous for combating notoriously therapeutically evasive diseases such as cancer. Multifunctional nanoparticles have been designed to enhance tumor uptake through either passive or active targeting, while also avoiding reticuloendothelial system uptake through the incorporation of PEG onto the surface. First-generation nanoparticle systems, such as liposomes, are good carriers for drugs and nucleic acid therapeutics, although they have some limitations. These lipid bilayers are now being utilized as excellent carriers for drug-loaded, solid core particles such as iron oxide, mesoporus silica and calcium phosphate. In this article, their design, as well as their multifunctional role in cancer therapy are discussed.
Temperature soundings with partially scanned interferograms (1977)

The information contained in a complete interferogram and in a spectra are equivalent, but within a portion of an interferogram the two contain different information and cannot be directly compared. The partial interferogram provides information about particular types of structure within the spectra and may be better suited to a particular task than the spectra which contains much information of no value to the particular task. The advantages of partially scanned interferograms for remote soundings of atmospheric temperature are discussed, and several examples are given. These suggest that partially scanned interferograms can provide more detailed and versatile information than the presently used techniques. In particular, they seem able to cope with the temperatures near the ground and temperature inversions.
Targeted drug delivery to macrophages (2013)

The design of nanocarriers for cell-mediated drug delivery may differ from those used for conventional drug delivery systems. The literature review shows that nanocarriers could supplement sustained drug delivery to the macrophages, extended duration of action, reduced therapeutic dose, improved patient compliance, and reduced adverse effects of highly toxic, potent drugs. There is still a need to identify more specific receptors that are responsible for macrophage targeting. The identification of such receptors may also facilitate drug targeting to further specific parts of the body containing different types of macrophages.
Hyperammonemia with reduced ornithine, citrulline, arginine and proline: a new inborn error caused by a mutation in the gene encoding Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (2000)

delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), a bifunctional ATP- and NADPH-dependent mitochondrial enzyme, catalyzes the reduction of glutamate to delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, a critical step in the biosynthesis of proline, ornithine and arginine. Recently, we reported the cloning and expression of human and murine P5CS cDNAs. Previously, we showed that mammalian P5CS undergoes alternative splicing to generate two isoforms differing only by a 2 amino acid insert at the N-terminus of the gamma-glutamyl kinase active site. The short isoform has high activity in the gut, where it participates in arginine biosynthesis and is inhibited by ornithine. The long isoform, expressed in multiple tissues, is necessary for the synthesis of proline from glutamate and is insensitive to ornithine. Here, we describe a newly recognized inborn error due to the deficiency of P5CS in two siblings with progressive neurodegeneration, joint laxity, skin hyperelasticity and bilateral subcapsular cataracts. Their metabolic phenotype includes hyperammonemia, hypoornithinemia, hypocitrullinemia, hypoargininemia and hypoprolinemia. Both are homozygous for the missense mutation, R84Q, which alters a conserved residue in the P5CS gamma-glutamyl kinase domain. R84Q is not present in 194 control chromosomes and dramatically reduces the activity of both P5CS isoforms when expressed in mammalian cells. Additionally, R84Q appears to destabilize the long isoform. This is the first documented report of an inborn error of P5CS and suggests that this disorder should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with neurodegeneration and/or cataracts and connective tissue disease.
Theoretical Studies on the Inverse Problem in Electrocardiography and the Uniqueness of the Solution (1982)

This paper focuses on the theoretical formulation of the inverse problem in electrocardiography under a general inhomogeneous and anisotropic configuration of the torso conductor. The following points are especially considered: 1) derivation of the Fredholm integral equation of the first kind which relates epicardial to body surface potentials, 2) specification of the conditions which its kernel must satisfy, 3) general solution method for the inverse problem by using the vector space theory, taking into consideration the ill condition of this inverse problem, and 4) proof of the uniqueness of the epicardial potentials.
The Conduct of Drug Metabolism Studies Considered Good Practice (I): Analytical Systems and In Vivo Studies (2007)

This review serial outlines practical and scientifically-based approaches to conducting contemporary drug metabolism studies considered good practice for drug development and regulatory filing. The present part addresses analytical methods used in the drug metabolism studies and evaluates advantages and disadvantages of these methods as well as the related sample preparations. The methods described here cover from conventional radioactive labeling of drugs, which includes selection of a proper radioisotope, its labeling position, and modern radio-pharmacokinetics employed in microdosing by using a radionuclide to visualize drug distribution in vivo, to currently widely-used liquid chromatography (LC) in conjunction with mass spectrometry (MS), tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for quantitative detection of metabolites and characterization of their structures. Although the analytical tools have progressed sufficiently to allow determination of metabolites, proper in vitro models and in vivo studies have to be carefully designed in order to understand drug metabolism. Points for consideration when conducting in vivo drug metabolism studies include interspecies differences in systemic exposure and metabolism pathways, identification of the major metabolites and unique human metabolites that become the regulatory focus, local metabolism in addition to liver metabolism, time points for sampling, and synthesis of the authentic metabolites to confirm their formation. The next part of this serial article will focus on in vitro drug metabolism studies.
Reduction in sputum neutrophil and eosinophil numbers by the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast in patients with COPD (2007)

PDE4 inhibition by roflumilast treatment for 4 weeks reduced the number of neutrophils and eosinophils, as well as soluble markers of neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammatory activity in induced sputum samples of patients with COPD. This anti-inflammatory effect may in part explain the concomitant improvement in post-bronchodilator FEV(1).
Matrix Metalloproteinase Activation Predicts Amelioration of Remodeling After Dietary Modification in Injured Arteries (2010)

MMP activation predicts the progression of vascular remodeling and can track the effect of dietary modification after vascular injury.
Polymorphism in Li4Zn(PO4)2 and Stabilization of its Structural Disorder to Improve Ionic Conductivity (2018)

Realization of the vulnerability of current rechargeable battery systems drives the research of solid electrolytes. In the search for a new Li ion conductor, we explored the rich crystal chemistry of Li4Zn(PO4)2, which presents a low-temperature monoclinic (α-) and a high-temperature orthorhombic (β-) polymorph. We solved the crystal structure of the β phase and found that it has a disordered Li/Zn-sublattice while showing the largest conductivity; however, it could not be stabilized at room temperature by quenching. We discovered that the partial substitution of Zn2+ with Ga3+ in Li4–xZn1–xGax(PO4)2 first leads to an intermediate β′ phase. Increasing the Ga content to 0.5 mol pfu enables us to stabilize the pure β phase at room temperature, which exhibits a conductivity by several orders of magnitude higher than the pristine sample. The crystal structures of the new β′/β-phases have been solved to elucidate the conduction mechanism, which confirms the high sensitivity of ionic conductivity on disorder.
Usage pattern analysis of smartphones (2011)

Recently, mobile traffic has increased tremendously due to the deployment of smart devices such as smartphones and smart tablets. These devices use various types of access networks such as 3G, WiFi, and mobile WiMAX. Network service providers also provide these access networks with various types of plans. There is a growing need to manage these smart devices and mobile networks. However, research on mobile network management has focused on the performance of the network itself. Few research has focused on applying the usage patterns of smartphone users to mobile network management. In this paper, we present an analysis of smartphone usage patterns. We define the five possible states of a smartphone based on such a phone's basic operations. We collected real usage log data from real smartphone users over a two month period. We show that all users have their own usage pattern. We present a case study in order to show how to apply usage pattern information to power management of smartphones. We also discuss how to apply such information to mobile device management and network management.
Structural phase behavior in II–VI semiconductor nanoparticles (1995)

Cubic structured CdS, CdSe, and CdTe, II–VI semiconductor nanoparticles have been synthesized using aqueous solution precipitation at room temperature. The ‘‘as-prepared’’ particles have a size of about 30 Å. Thermal annealing causes (a) an increase in particle size; (b) a structural transition from the cubic to the bulk, hexagonal structure for CdS and CdSe; and (c) no structural transition for CdTe. The unexpected cubic phase for small particles of CdS and CdSe may be due to either metastability or an equilibrium surface effect. The latter would imply a strong correlation between structure and the size and surface properties, and that there is a minimum size for hexagonal phase stability.
Theaflavin, a black tea extract, is a novel anti-inflammatory compound (2004)

We conclude that theaflavin is a potent inhibitor of interleukin-8 gene expression in vitro. The proximal mechanism of this effect involves, in part, inhibition of IkappaB kinase activation and activator protein-1 pathway.
Correlation of Pneumonia Score with Electronic Nose Signature: A Prospective Study (2005)

The electronic nose is a new technology that is inexpensive, noninvasive, and portable. We demonstrate its ability to predict pneumonia, based on a well-recognized scoring system. This technology promises to serve as a diagnostic adjunct in the management of VAP.