gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanical properties of biodegradable polymers and composites proposed for internal fixation of bone (1990)

The mechanical properties of biodegradable polymers and composites proposed for use in internal fixation (in place of stainless steel) are crucial to the performance of devices made from them for support of healing bone. To assess the reported range of properties and degradation rates, we searched and reviewed papers and abstracts published in English from 1980 through 1988. Mechanical property data were found for poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), poly(epsilon-caprolactone), polydioxanone, poly(ortho ester), poly(ethylene oxide), and/or their copolymers. Reports of composites based on several of these materials, reinforced with nondegradable and degradable fibers, were also found. The largest group of studies involved poly(lactic acid). Mechanical test methods varied widely, and studies of the degradation of mechanical properties were performed under a variety of conditions, mostly in vitro rather than in vivo. Compared to annealed stainless steel, unreinforced biodegradable polymers were initially up to 36% as strong in tension and 54% in bending, but only about 3% as stiff in either test mode. With fiber reinforcement, reported highest initial strengths exceeded that of stainless steel. Stiffness reached 62% of stainless steel with nondegradable carbon fibers, 15% with degradable inorganic fibers, but only 5% with degradable polymeric fibers. The slowest-degrading unreinforced biodegradable polymers were poly(L-lactic acid) and poly(ortho ester). Biodegradable composites with carbon or inorganic fibers generally lost strength rapidly, with a slower loss of stiffness, suggesting the difficulty of fiber-matrix coupling in these systems. The strength of composites reinforced with (lower modulus) degradable polymeric fibers decreased more slowly. Low implant stiffness might be expected to allow too much bone motion for satisfactory healing. However, unreinforced or degradable polymeric fiber reinforced materials have been used successfully clinically. The key has been careful selection of applications, plus use of designs and fixation methods distinctly different from those appropriate for stainless steel devices.
Effects of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) combined with paclitaxel (PTX) on paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cells and insights into the underlying mechanisms (2014)

Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid inhibited the growth of paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer OC3/P cells and reduced migration by the induction of cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy. These observations indicate the possible synergistic antitumor effects of sequential Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and paclitaxel treatment.
Enantioselective Copper-Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation with Dialkylzincs Using Phosphoramidite Ligands (2001)

[reaction: see text]. In the presence of a catalytic amount of copper salts, cinnamyl halides undergo a regio- and enantioselective S(N)2' alkylation with dialkylzincs using chiral phosphoramidites as ligands. An S(N)2':S(N)2 ratio of 85:15 and enantiomeric excesses up to 77% for the chiral S(N)2' products are found. Variation of solvent and reaction temperature revealed that the highest regio- and enantioselectivities are found using coordinating solvents of -40 degrees C.
Pathogenesis of Acute Bacterial Diarrheal Disorders (1981)

Acute bacterial diarrheal disease is a worldwide problem of enormous magnitude. In recent years a number of bacteria have been added to the list of recognized etiologic agents causing acute diarrheal disease. This was made possible by our increased understanding of the mechanisms by which such bacteria cause diarrhea and by the development of methods to detect these bacterial enteropathogens. We are now able to define an etiologic agent in 50-80% of cases of acute diarrhea, depending on the particular population. The bacterial agents recently incriminated as important causes of diarrhea include E coli Y. enterocolitica, B. cereus, C. fetus, V. parahemolyticus, and many other coliform organisms. Establishment of an enteric infection depends upon a complex interplay between host defense mechanisms and bacterial virulence factors adapted to overcome these defenses. Bacterial enteropathogens cause diarrhea primarily by elaborating enterotoxins (which also requires the organisms to adhere to the surface of the intestinal cell) and by invading the intestinal mucosa. The number of known bacterial enterotoxins has rapidly increased. Enterotoxins cause intestinal secretion and diarrhea by stimulating the adenyl cyclase system or the guanyl cyclase system and by other mechanisms yet to be defined. The ability of enterotoxigenic bacteria to adhere to the intestine involves a specific binding interaction between bacterial structures called pili or fimbriae and specific receptors on the surface of intestinal cells. Both bacterial pili and the intestinal receptors are under genetic control. A variety of other bacteria, Salmonellae, Shigellae, Y. enterocolitica etc, must invade the mucosa to cause diarrheal disease. The ability to invade is essential to the pathogenesis of disease and requires particular surface characteristics of the bacterium as well as the active participation of both the bacterium and the host cell. The bacteria probably elaborate substances that signal the host cell to initiate the invasive process, i.e. endocytosis. The mechanism by which invasive bacteria evoke intestinal secretion is uncertain but is probably a multifactorial process involving products elaborated by the mucosal acute inflammatory reaction and enterotoxins elaborated by the bacteria.
The in Vitro Ligation of Bacterially Expressed Proteins Using an Intein from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (1999)

The smallest known intein, found in the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase gene of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (Mth RIR1 intein), was found to splice poorly in Escherichia coli with the naturally occurring proline residue adjacent to the N-terminal cysteine of the intein. Splicing proficiency increased when this proline was replaced with an alanine residue. However, constructs that displayed efficient N- and C-terminal cleavage were created by replacing either the C-terminal asparagine or N-terminal cysteine of the intein, respectively, with an alanine. Furthermore, these constructs were used to specifically generate complementary reactive groups on protein sequences for use in ligation reactions. Reaction between an intein-generated C-terminal thioester on E. coli maltose-binding protein (43 kDa) and an intein-generated cysteine at the N terminus of either T4 DNA ligase (56 kDa) or thioredoxin (12 kDa) resulted in the ligation of the proteins through a native peptide bond. Thus the smallest of the known inteins is capable of splicing and its unique properties extend the utility of intein-mediated protein ligation to include the in vitro fusion of large, bacterially expressed proteins.
Reproductive consequences of an X-autosome translocation in a swine herd. (1998)

A survey was conducted on the chromosome makeup and breeding data of pigs housed at the Arkell Research Station, University of Guelph, to determine the reproductive impact of a reciprocal translocation previously identified as t(Xp+;14q-). Blood samples were cultured and chromosome spreads were examined to identify carriers in the herd. Gonadal features of carrier boars and piglets and their age-matched normal counterparts were studied, and the reproductive history of carrier sows, including the number of breedings required for conception, mean litter size, prevalence of still births and malformations, and sex distribution among the piglets, was compared with that of normal (noncarrier) sows. Our observations on testicular histology confirmed that X-autosome translocation-carrier boars are sterile, and the analysis of reproductive data showed that the most striking effects of t(Xp+;14q-) on sows are the 50% increase in the number of breedings required for conception and the over 25% reduction in litter size compared with that of normal sows. The reproductive impact of this and similar translocations on the herd and on the swine industry in general is discussed.
BINDING OF HUMAN NATURAL ANTIBODIES TO NON??Gal XENOANTIGENS ON PORCINE ERYTHROCYTES1 (2000)

The data presented here will add to our knowledge of xenoantigens on porcine red cells and be important for developing strategies to produce modified red cells immunologically compatible to humans.
Montana Law and the Out-of-State Policy (1998)

This article discusses issues that may be encountered when attempting to ensure that Montana law applies when coverage is provided under an insurance policy issued in another state that has less consumer friendly law.
Study of novel chitosan‐gelatin artificial skin in vitro (2002)

A novel absorbable scaffold composed of chitosan and gelatin was fabricated by freezing and lyophilizing methods, resulting in an asymmetric structure. This bilaminar texture is suitable for preparing a bilayer skin substitute. The methods employed to confirm the applicability of this chitosan-gelatin scaffold as an ideal skin substitute were a water uptake ability test, in vitro fibroblast proliferation, and scaffold tests in which fibroblasts were co-cultured with keratinocytes. The chitosan-gelatin scaffolds were more wettable and adsorbed more water than did chitosan alone. In static cell culture the thinner scaffold is better than the thicker one, and because of diffusion limitations in the scaffold, culture time must be within 3 weeks before transplantation to living tissues. Keratinocytes were co-cultured with fibroblasts in chitosan-gelatin scaffolds to construct an artificial bilayer skin in vitro. The artificial skin obtained was flexible and had good mechanical properties. Moreover, there was no contraction observed in the in vitro cell culture tests. The data from this study suggest that chitosan-gelatin scaffolds are suitable for skin tissue engineering goals.
Sulfate and thiosulfate transport in Escherichia coli K-12: identification of a gene encoding a novel protein involved in thiosulfate binding (1990)

The sequence of 1,973 nucleotides encompassing the region at and directly adjacent to the CysB-dependent promoter controlling expression and synthesis of the sulfate-thiosulfate transport system of Escherichia coli has been determined. The transcription start site has been mapped by primer extension. One open reading frame representing the first gene of the presumed sulfate transport operon was identified and designated cysP. The deduced amino acid sequence of the CysP polypeptide indicates the presence of a signal peptide. Expression of the cysP gene in the T7 promoter-polymerase system revealed the location of the gene product in the periplasm. Construction of a cysP insertional mutant and assays of binding and uptake of sulfate and thiosulfate by this mutant allowed the identification of the cysP gene product as a thiosulfate-binding protein. The TGA termination codon of cysP was found to overlap the putative ATG initiation codon of the next open reading frame, inferred as being essential for the sulfate transport system, and it was designated cysT. Preliminary sequence data from the corresponding region of the Salmonella typhimurium chromosome showed strictly homologous counterparts of the E. coli cysP and cysT genes.
In vivo selection of a highly metastatic cell line from a human pancreatic carcinoma in the nude mouse (1992)

A cell line with high metastatic capacity to the liver was established by sequential passages of a human pancreatic cancer cell line through the nude mouse liver. A subline, L3.5, established after five passages of the fast-growing variant (FG) of the human pancreatic cancer COLO 357 through the nude mouse liver produced extensive hepatic metastases in 100% of experimental animals when injected into the spleen. The incidence of pulmonary metastases decreased from 43% for FG to 9% for L3.5. The L3.5 cell line showed aggressive growth with almost complete replacement of the hepatic parenchyma in one third of the mean time required for the development of macroscopic metastases of FG in the liver after splenic injections of tumor cells. This study indicates that the nude mouse provides a good model for in vivo selection of metastatic cells from human pancreatic cancer. The L3.5 cell line will be valuable in the study of human pancreatic cancer metastasis, particularly in the area of survival and growth of metastatic cells in the microenvironment of the liver.
Staudinger Ligation:  A Peptide from a Thioester and Azide (2000)

[reaction: see text] The technique of native chemical ligation enables the total chemical synthesis of proteins. This method is limited, however, by an absolute requirement for a cysteine residue at the ligation juncture. Here, this restriction is overcome with a new chemical ligation method in which a phosphinobenzenethiol is used to link a thioester and azide. The product is an amide with no residual atoms.
Morphine pharmacokinetics after pulmonary administration from a novel aerosol delivery system* (1997)

The time courses of plasma morphine concentrations after pulmonary delivery by the AERx system and by intravenous infusions were similar. This shows the utility of the pulmonary route in providing a noninvasive method for the rapid and reproducible systemic administration of morphine if an appropriate aerosol drug delivery system is used.
Escherichia coli glycerol kinase. Cloning and sequencing of the glpK gene and the primary structure of the enzyme. (1988)

The glpK gene, which codes for Escherichia coli K-12 glycerol kinase (EC 2.1.7.30, ATP:glycerol 3-phosphotransferase), has been cloned into the HindIII site of pBR322. The gene was contained in a 2.8-kilobase DNA fragment which was obtained from a lambda transducing bacteriophage, lambda dglpK100 (Conrad, C.A., Stearns, G.W., III, Prater, W.E., Rheiner, J.A., and Johnson, J.R. (1984) Mol. Gen. Genet. 195, 376-378). The DNA sequence of 2 kilobases of the cloned HindIII fragment was obtained using the dideoxynucleotide method. The start of the open reading frame for the glpK gene was identified from the N-terminal sequence of the first 22 amino acid residues of the purified enzyme, which was determined by automated Edman degradation. The open reading frame codes for a protein of 502 amino acids and a molecular weight of 56,106 which is in good agreement with the value previously determined by sedimentation equilibrium. The primary structure of the protein as deduced from the gene sequence was corroborated by the isolation and sequencing of four tryptic peptides, which were found to occur at the following amino acid locations: 173-177, 203-211, 279-281, 464-468. The N-terminal sequence of the purified enzyme shows that the enzyme undergoes post-translational processing. Restriction digestion as well as DNA sequencing of the supercoiled plasmid shows that the HindIII fragment is inserted into pBR322 such that the glpK gene is transcribed in a counterclockwise direction. Examination of the upstream DNA sequence reveals two possible promoters of essentially the same efficiency: the P1 promoter of pBR322 and a hybrid promoter which contains both bacterial and pBR322 DNA sequences.
No genetic association between PCSK9 polymorphisms and Alzheimer??s disease and plasma cholesterol level in Japanese patients (2005)

Shibata, Nobuto; Ohnuma, Tohru; Higashi, Shinji; Higashi, Maiko; Usui, Chie; Ohkubo, Taku; Watanabe, Tomoko; Kawashima, Ritsuko; Kitajima, Akiyoshi; Ueki, Akira; Nagao, Masatsugu; Arai, Heii Author Information
Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus Occurring among Student Nurses* (1948)

IN the course of a follow-up survey‡ on a group of 750 nurses who trained at a large municipal hospital between 1932 and 1946,1 it was found that 3 of these girls had developed and succumbed to disseminated lupus erythematosus. These cases represent 23 per cent of the total mortality among the nurses, the disease being second only to tuberculosis as the major cause of death. The deaths in the entire group have numbered 13, and have been distributed as shown in Table 1.The occurrence of lupus three times in this group is by itself a curious and unexpected finding, . . .
WASH and WAVE actin regulators of the Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family are controlled by analogous structurally related complexes (2010)

We recently showed that the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family member, WASH, localizes to endosomal subdomains and regulates endocytic vesicle scission in an Arp2/3-dependent manner. Mechanisms regulating WASH activity are unknown. Here we show that WASH functions in cells within a 500 kDa core complex containing Strumpellin, FAM21, KIAA1033 (SWIP), and CCDC53. Although recombinant WASH is constitutively active toward the Arp2/3 complex, the reconstituted core assembly is inhibited, suggesting that it functions in cells to regulate actin dynamics through WASH. FAM21 interacts directly with CAPZ and inhibits its actin-capping activity. Four of the five core components show distant (approximately 15% amino acid sequence identify) but significant structural homology to components of a complex that negatively regulates the WASP family member, WAVE. Moreover, biochemical and electron microscopic analyses show that the WASH and WAVE complexes are structurally similar. Thus, these two distantly related WASP family members are controlled by analogous structurally related mechanisms. Strumpellin is mutated in the human disease hereditary spastic paraplegia, and its link to WASH suggests that misregulation of actin dynamics on endosomes may play a role in this disorder.
Tuning the Shape of Mesoporous Silica Particles by Alterations in Parameter Space: From Rods to Platelets (2013)

The knowledge of how to control the pore size and morphology of separated mesoporous silica particles is crucial for optimizing their performance in applications, such as molecular sieves and drug delivery systems. In this work, we have systematically studied the effects of various synthesis parameters to gain a deeper understanding of how particle morphologies can be altered. It was found that the morphology for isolated particles of SBA-15 type, with unusually short and wide pores, could be altered from rods to platelets by variations in the NH4F concentration. The pore length is nearly constant (~300 nm) for the different morphologies, but the particle width is increasing from 200 nm to >3 μm when decreasing the amount of NH4F, and the pore size can be tuned between 10 and 13 nm. Furthermore, other synthesis parameters such as heptane concentration, pH, silica precursor, and additions of ions have also been studied. The trend regarding particle width is independent of heptane concentration, at the same time as heptane increases the particle length up to a plateau value of ~500 nm. In all, parameters controlling particle width, length, and pore size have been separated in order to evaluate their function in the particle formation. Additionally, it was found that the formation time of the particles is strongly affected by the fluoride ion concentration, and a mechanism for particle formation for this system, where micelles transform from a foam, to multilamellar vesicles, and finally to cylindrical micelles, is suggested.
Hysteresis measurements and dynamic mechanical characterization of functionally graded natural rubber–carbon black composites (2009)

Abstract Functionally graded polymer composites (FGPCs) were prepared by construction based layering method employing natural rubber (NR) as a matrix and carbon black (CB) in graded form. CB particles were graded along the rectangular geometry polymer matrix comprising the variation of particle volume fraction along thickness direction. These FGPCs were characterized through hysteresis measurements and compared with uniformly dispersed polymeric composites (UDPCs) maintaining the same average amount of filler. Dynamic mechanical properties of these FGPCs and UDPCs were also compared. Dynamic mechanical characterization revealed that FGPCs show much higher storage modulus than the corresponding UDPCs for any given combination of stacking sequence. Loss tangent of FGPCs was also observed to be lesser when compared to UDPCs leading to less hysteretic losses followed by lesser heat buildup in the composite. Hysteresis measurements accorded with the results of dynamic mechanical characterization. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Neuropilin 1 is expressed on thymus-derived natural regulatory T cells, but not mucosa-generated induced Foxp3+ T reg cells (2012)

Foxp3 activity is essential for the normal function of the immune system. Two types of regulatory T (T reg) cells express Foxp3, thymus-generated natural T reg (nT reg) cells, and peripherally generated adaptive T reg (iT reg) cells. These cell types have complementary functions. Until now, it has not been possible to distinguish iT reg from nT reg cells in vivo based solely on surface markers. We report here that Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) is expressed at high levels by most nT reg cells; in contrast, mucosa-generated iT reg and other noninflammatory iT reg cells express low levels of Nrp1. We found that Nrp1 expression is under the control of TGF-β. By tracing nT reg and iT reg cells, we could establish that some tumors have a very large proportion of infiltrating iT reg cells. iT reg cells obtained from highly inflammatory environments, such as the spinal cords of mice with spontaneous autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and the lungs of mice with chronic asthma, express Nrp1. In the same animals, iT reg cells in secondary lymphoid organs remain Nrp1(low). We also determined that, in spontaneous EAE, iT reg cells help to establish a chronic phase of the disease.
Positive End-Expiratory Pressure Ventilation Elicits Increases in Endogenously Formed Nitric Oxide as Detected in Air Exhaled by Rabbits (1995)

PEEP elicited increments in exhaled NO, perhaps by a stretch-dependent effect on the respiratory system. This finding may be attributed in part to a vagally influenced mechanism.
Potent in vitro and in vivo activity of an Fc-engineered humanized anti-HM1.24 antibody against multiple myeloma via augmented effector function (2012)

HM1.24, an immunologic target for multiple myeloma (MM) cells, has not been effectively targeted with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In this study, we investigated in vitro and in vivo anti-MM activities of XmAb5592, a humanized anti-HM1.24 mAb with Fc-domain engineered to significantly enhance FcγR binding and associated immune effector functions. XmAb5592 increased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) several fold relative to the anti-HM1.24 IgG1 analog against both MM cell lines and primary patient myeloma cells. XmAb5592 also augmented antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) by macrophages. Natural killer (NK) cells became more activated by XmAb5592 than the IgG1 analog, evidenced by increased cell surface expression of granzyme B-dependent CD107a and MM cell lysis, even in the presence of bone marrow stromal cells. XmAb5592 potently inhibited tumor growth in mice bearing human MM xenografts via FcγR-dependent mechanisms, and was significantly more effective than the IgG1 analog. Lenalidomide synergistically enhanced in vitro ADCC against MM cells and in vivo tumor inhibition induced by XmAb5592. A single dose of 20 mg/kg XmAb5592 effectively depleted both blood and bone marrow plasma cells in cynomolgus monkeys. These results support clinical development of XmAb5592, both as a monotherapy and in combination with lenalidomide, to improve patient outcome of MM.