gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Introduction (1994)

The software program Mathematica combines the following features into a unified, interactive environment:
The Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (1995)

The APHAB is a potentially valuable clinical instrument. It can be useful for quantifying the disability associated with a hearing loss and the reduction of disability that is achieved with a hearing aid.
Protic Acid Immobilized on Solid Support as an Extremely Efficient Recyclable Catalyst System for a Direct and Atom Economical Esterification of Carboxylic Acids with Alcohols (2009)

A convenient and clean procedure of esterification is reported by direct condensation of equimolar amounts of carboxylic acids with alcohols catalyzed by an easy to prepare catalyst system of perchloric acid immobilized on silica gel (HClO(4)-SiO(2)). The direct condensation of aryl, heteroaryl, styryl, aryl alkyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, and long-chain aliphatic carboxylic acids with primary/secondary alkyl/cycloalkyl, allyl, propargyl, and long-chain aliphatic alcohols has been achieved to afford the corresponding esters in excellent yields. Chiral alcohol and N-t-Boc protected chiral amino acid also resulted in ester formation with the representative carboxylic acid or alcohol without competitive N-t-Boc deprotection and detrimental effect on the optical purity of the product demonstrating the mildness and chemoselectivity of the procedure. The esters of long-chain (>C(10)) acids and alcohols are obtained in high yields. The catalyst is recovered and recycled without significant loss of activity. The industrial application of the esterification process is demonstrated by the synthesis of prodrugs of ibuprofen and a few commercial flavoring agents. Other protic acids such as H(2)SO(4), HBr, TfOH, HBF(4), and TFA that were adsorbed on silica gel were less effective compared to HClO(4)-SiO(2) following the order HClO(4)-SiO(2) >> H(2)SO(4)-SiO(2) > HBr-SiO(2) > TfOH-SiO(2) >> HBF(4)-SiO(2) approximately TFA-SiO(2). When HClO(4) was immobilized on other solid supports the catalytic efficiency followed the order HClO(4)-SiO(2) > HClO(4)-K10 > HClO(4)-Al(2)O(3) (neutral) > HClO(4)-Al(2)O(3) (acidic) > HClO(4)-Al(2)O(3) (basic).
Low Temperature Chemical Vapor Deposition of Hafnium Nitride−Boron Nitride Nanocomposite Films (2009)

Nanocomposite HfNx-BN thin films are deposited by chemical vapor deposition at substrate temperatures of 350−800 °C using the single-source precursor hafnium borohydride, Hf(BH4)4, in combination with ammonia, NH3. Below 350 °C, the product is metallic HfB2 with essentially no incorporation of nitrogen. However, the presence of ammonia decreases the HfB2 deposition rate considerably; this growth suppression effect is attributed to blocking of reactive surface sites by adsorbed ammonia molecules. At substrate temperatures above 350 °C, film deposition occurs; however, the HfB2 phase is completely absent. The resulting film stoichiometry is HfByN2.5; although the value of y is difficult to determine precisely, it is about unity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis detects Hf−N and B−N bonds but no Hf−B bonds; thus the films are nanocomposites that consist of a mixture of hafnium nitride, HfNx with x > 1 and boron nitride. The deposited films are X-ray amorphous and Raman inactive. Compared to HfB2 films grown under similar precursor pressure and substrate temperature, the HfNx-BN films are smoother and have a denser microstructure. The thermal activation energy for growth of HfNx/BN in the reaction-rate limted regime is ∼0.72 eV (70 kJ/mol), a value 0.3 eV larger than that for the growth of HfB2 from Hf(BH4)4 alone. This difference in activation energy indicates that growth is governed by a different rate-limiting step; we interpret that the Hf(BH4)4 precursor reacts with ammonia on the growth surface to generate species with Hf−N and B−N bonds, which subsequently lose H2 and BHy to generate the nanocomposite. The HfNx/BN films have resistivities ∼10 Ω·cm. Optical transmission and spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements indicate a bandgap of ∼2.6 eV.
A neural survival factor is a candidate oncogene in breast cancer (2003)

Using serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), we identified a SAGE tag that was present only in invasive breast carcinomas and their lymph node metastases. The transcript corresponding to this SAGE tag, dermcidin (DCD), encodes a secreted protein normally expressed only in the pons of the brain and sweat glands. Array comparative genomic hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical analyses determined that DCD is overexpressed in approximately 10% of invasive breast carcinomas; in some cases its overexpression is coupled with a focal copy number gain of its locus at 12q13.1, and its expression is associated with advanced clinical stage and poor prognosis. Expression of DCD in breast cancer cells promotes cell growth and survival and reduces serum dependency. Putative high- and low-affinity receptors for DCD are present on the cell surface of breast carcinomas and neurons of the brain. Based on these data we hypothesize that DCD may play a role in tumorigenesis by means of enhancing cell growth and survival in a subset of breast carcinomas.
Liver X receptors (LXRs). Part I: structure, function, regulation of activity, and role in lipid metabolism. (2007)

Liver X receptors (LXRs) alpha and ss belong to a family of nuclear receptors which form heterodimers with the retinoid X receptor and, upon ligand binding, stimulate the expression of target genes. LXRs were initially described as orphan receptors and oxidized cholesterol derivatives (oxysterols) were later identified as their natural ligands. In addition, several synthetic LXR agonists such as T0901317 and GW3965 were synthesized. Oxysterols are formed in amounts proportional to cholesterol content in the cell and therefore the LXRs operate as cholesterol sensors which protect from cholesterol overload by: 1) inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption, 2) stimulating cholesterol efflux from cells to high-density lipoproteins through the ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1, 3) activating the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids in the liver, and (4) activating biliary cholesterol and bile acid excretion. In addition, LXR agonists activate de novo fatty acid synthesis by stimulating the expression of a lipogenic transcription factor, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), leading to the elevation of plasma triglycerides and liver steatosis. Here we describe the structure and function of the LXRs, their endo- and exogenous agonists and antagonists, the regulation of LXR expression and activity, and their role in the regulation of cholesterol and lipid metabolism. In the accompanying article we characterize other effects of LXRs, alterations in LXR expression, and changes in the level of their endogenous agonists in pathological conditions as well as therapeutic implications.
Intergeneric poliovirus recombinants for the treatment of malignant glioma (2000)

Poliovirus neuropathogenicity depends on sequences within the 5' nontranslated region of the virus. Exchange of the poliovirus internal ribosomal entry site with its counterpart from human rhinovirus type 2 resulted in attenuation of neurovirulence in primates. Despite deficient virus propagation in cells of neuronal origin, nonpathogenic polio recombinants retain excellent growth characteristics in cell lines derived from glial neoplasms. Susceptibility of malignant glioma cells to poliovirus may be mediated by expression of a poliovirus receptor, CD155, in glial neoplasms. Intergeneric polio recombinants with heterologous internal ribosomal entry site elements unfolded strong oncolytic potential against experimentally induced gliomas in athymic mice. Our observations suggest that highly attenuated poliovirus recombinants may have applicability as biotherapeutic antineoplastic agents.
Hands-on Mosaic: A Tutorial for Windows Users (1994)

Introduction. I. MOSAIC READY. 1. PCs on the Internet. 2. The Chameleon Sampler Diskette. 3. Connecting to the Internet. II. MOSAIC SET. 4. First Steps on the Internet. 5. Anonymous ftp. 6. Mosaic on Your PC. III. MOSAIC GO! 7. Using NCSA Mosaic from Your PC. 8. Pictures and Sounds. 9. Finding New Places, Exploring Internet Business, and Keeping Up-to-Date. Appendices.
Enriching Word Vectors with Subword Information (2017)

Continuous word representations, trained on large unlabeled corpora are useful for many natural language processing tasks. Popular models that learn such representations ignore the morphology of words, by assigning a distinct vector to each word. This is a limitation, especially for languages with large vocabularies and many rare words. In this paper, we propose a new approach based on the skipgram model, where each word is represented as a bag of character n-grams. A vector representation is associated to each character n-gram; words being represented as the sum of these representations. Our method is fast, allowing to train models on large corpora quickly and allows us to compute word representations for words that did not appear in the training data. We evaluate our word representations on nine different languages, both on word similarity and analogy tasks. By comparing to recently proposed morphological word representations, we show that our vectors achieve state-of-the-art performance on these tasks.
A Review on the Monoacylglycerol Lipase: At the Interface Between Fat and Endocannabinoid Signalling (2010)

Together with anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) constitutes one of the main representatives of a family of endogenous lipids known as endocannabinoids. These act by binding to CB(1) and CB(2) cannabinoid receptors, the molecular target of the psychoactive compound Delta(9)-THC, both in the periphery and in the central nervous system, where they behave as retrograde messengers to modulate synaptic transmission. These last years, evidence has accumulated to demonstrate the lead role played by the monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) in the regulation of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) levels. Considering the numerous physiological functions played by this endocannabinoid, MAGL is now considered a promising target for therapeutics, as inhibitors of this enzyme could reveal useful for the treatment of pain and inflammatory disorders, as well as in cancer research, among others. Here we review the milestones that punctuated MAGL history, from its discovery to recent advances in the field of inhibitors development. An emphasis is given on the recent elucidation of the tridimensional structure of the enzyme, which could offer new opportunities for rational drug design.
Effects of repeated eccentric contractions on structure and mechanical properties of toad sartorius muscle (1993)

It has been proposed that lengthening of active muscle at long lengths is nonuniformly distributed between sarcomeres, with a few being stretched beyond overlap and most hardly being stretched at all. A small fraction of the overstretched sarcomeres may fail to reinterdigitate on subsequent relaxation, leading to progressive changes in the muscle's mechanical properties. Sartorius muscles of the toad Bufo marinus were subjected to repeated lengthening (eccentric) contractions at long lengths, while controls were passively stretched and then contracted isometrically or stretched at short lengths. The muscles undergoing eccentric contractions showed a progressive shift to the right of the length-tension curve, a fall in the yield point during stretch, an increase in slope of the tension response during stretch, and a fall in isometric tension. In control muscles, changes, if any, were significantly less. In electron micrographs, muscle fibers that had been subjected to a series of eccentric contractions showed sarcomeres with A bands displaced toward one half-sarcomere, leaving no overlap in the other half. Adjacent regions often looked normal. These results are all in agreement with the predictions of the nonuniform stretch of sarcomeres hypothesis.
Immunohistochemistry analysis of platelet-derived growth factor A and B chains and platelet-derived growth factor alpha and beta receptor expression in benign prostatic hyperplasias and Gleason-graded human prostate adenocarcinomas. (1994)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in the expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptors were associated with prostate cancer. Peroxidase-anti-peroxidase-immunoperoxidase labeling was used to detect the A and B chains and alpha and beta receptors of PDGF in 5 benign prostatic hyperplasias and 13 human prostate adenocarcinomas (Gleason grades 2 to 9). In all 5 benign prostatic hyperplasias, none of the PDGF antibodies (even at high titers, 1:50 dilutions) labeled the epithelial or the stromal cells. In adenocarcinomas, the A chain and alpha receptor antibodies labeled both epithelial and stromal cells. The intensity of the staining was relatively high in low Gleason grade (<6) and low in high Gleason grade (>7) tissue; however, the B chain and beta receptor antibodies failed to label either epithelial or stromal cells in any of the 13 adenocarcinomas. The data suggest that PDGF A and alpha receptor genes may be preferentially turned on in epithelial and stromal prostate tumor cells.
Spatiotemporal Trends and Climatic Factors of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Epidemic in Shandong Province, China (2010)

The spread of HFRS in Shandong Province may have been accompanied by seasonal shifts of HTNV-dominated transmission to SEOV-dominated transmission over the past three decades. The variations in HFRS incidence were significantly associated with local precipitation, humidity, and temperature.
Cloning of chromosomal genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae. (1981)

A system for molecular cloning in Streptococcus pneumoniae was developed. The multicopy plasmids pMV158 (5.4 kilobases) and pLS1 (4.3 kilobases), which confer tetracycline resistance, were used as vectors to clone chromosomal genes of S. pneumoniae in host cells of this species. A 3.3-kilobase restriction fragment containing the malM gene, which codes for amylomaltase, was cloned in a deletion mutant lacking chromosomal homology with the fragment. The recombinant plasmid pLS70, could transform over 50% of a recipient population to maltose utilization. Amylomaltase constituted up to 10% of the protein of cells containing pLS70. A derivative with a deletion, pLS69, appeared to gain a selective advantage by producing less enzyme. A 10-kilobase restriction fragment containing the sul-d gene for sulfonamide resistance was cloned in the presence of the homologous chromosomal gene. De novo establishment of a recombinant plasmid was just as frequent as transformation in an endogenous plasmid. Despite the processing of DNA during uptake in the transformation of S. pneumoniae, recombinant plasmids can be introduced. Models for the reconstruction of recombinant DNA in cells of S. pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis are considered and compared.
The Effect of Charge on Cellular Uptake and Phototoxicity of Polylysine Chlorine6Conjugates (1997)

The effect of charge on the cellular uptake, localization and phototoxicity of conjugates between chlorin(e6) (ce6) and poly-L-lysine was studied in vitro. These conjugates (average MW 35-55 kDa) were synthesized to have polycationic, polyanionic or neutral charges. Two human cell lines (A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells and EA.hy926 hybrid endothelial cells) were studied and the cellular uptake of ce6 delivered by the conjugates of varying charge and free ce6 was measured at conjugate ce6 equivalent concentrations up to 0.4 microM. Uptake was time and concentration dependent and temperature dependent in the case of neutral and anionic conjugates. Relative uptake at 6 h for A431 cells was 73:15:4:1 and for EA.hy926 cells was 63:11:3:1 for cationic, anionic, neutral and free ce67 respectively, but EA.hy926 cells took up 1.5-2 times as much ce6 from all the conjugates as A431 cells. Localization as studied by fluorescence microscopy indicated that the cationic conjugate was in aggregates bound to the plasma membrane, while the other forms were internalized in organelles and membranes. Phototoxicity was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay after irradiation with 5-20 J cm2 of 666 nm light. In contrast to the uptake, the order of phototoxicity for both cell types per mole of ce6 uptake per cell was neutral >> anionic > cationic > free ce6. Polymeric ce6 conjugates bearing positive, negative and neutral charges may have different tissue-localizing properties and could play a role in photodynamic therapy.
Generation of an ICF Syndrome Model by Efficient Genome Editing of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using the CRISPR System (2013)

Genome manipulation of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is essential to achieve their full potential as tools for regenerative medicine. To date, however, gene targeting in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has proven to be extremely difficult. Recently, an efficient genome manipulation technology using the RNA-guided DNase Cas9, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system, has been developed. Here we report the efficient generation of an iPS cell model for immunodeficiency, centromeric region instability, facial anomalies syndrome (ICF) syndrome using the CRISPR system. We obtained iPS cells with mutations in both alleles of DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B) in 63% of transfected clones. Our data suggest that the CRISPR system is highly efficient and useful for genome engineering of human iPS cells.
The effect of recombinant mast cell growth factor on purified murine hematopoietic stem cells. (1991)

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSC) are very rare cells whose functional capabilities can only be analyzed indirectly. For a better understanding and possible manipulation of mechanisms that regulate self-renewal and commitment to differentiation of PHSC, it is necessary to purify these cells and to develop assays for their growth in vitro. In the present study, a rapid and simple, widely applicable procedure to highly purify day 14 spleen colony-forming cells (day 14 CFU-S) is described. Low density bone marrow cells (rho less than or equal to 1.078 g/cm3) were enriched by two successive light-activated cell sorting procedures. In the first sort, cells within a predetermined light scatter (blast cell) window that are wheat germ agglutinin/Texas Red (WGA/TxR) positive and mAb 15-1.4.1/fluorescein isothiocyanate negative (granulocyte-monocyte marker) were selected. In the second sort, cells were selected on the basis of retention of the supravital dye rhodamine 123 (Rh123). Cells that take up little Rh123 (Rh123 dull cells) and those that take up more Rh123 (Rh123 bright cells) were 237-fold and 132-fold enriched, respectively, for day 14 CFU-S. Both Rh123 fractions were cultured for various time periods in vitro in the presence of mast cell growth factor (MGF), with or without interleukin 3 (IL-3) or IL-1 alpha. Both Rh123 fractions proliferated in response to MGF alone as determined by a [3H]TdR assay or by counting nucleated cells present in the cultures over time. MGF also acted synergistically with both IL-3 and IL-1 alpha to promote stem cell proliferation. Stimulation of both Rh123 fractions with MGF alone did not result in a net increase of day 14 CFU-S. Stimulation with MGF + IL-3 or MGF + IL-alpha resulted in a 4.4- or 2.6-fold increase of day 14 CFU-S in the Rh123 dull fraction, and an 11.6-fold or 2.6-fold increase of day 14 CFU-S in the Rh123 bright fraction, respectively. The data presented in this paper indicate that in vitro MGF acts on primitive hematopoietic stem cells by itself and also is a potent synergistic factor in combination with IL-3 or IL-1 alpha.
Development of CD1d‐restricted NKT cells in the mouse thymus (2004)

Using genetic and phenotypic analyses, we have analyzed the developmental pathway of mouse CD1d-restricted invariant NKT cells. We provide strong evidence that similar to conventional T cells, positive selection of NKT cells occurs during a CD4(+)CD8(+) stage. Later stages of NKT cell development involved the down-regulation of both TCR and CD4 levels and therefore diverge from conventional T cell development pathways. A unique and complete dependency for development on Fyn, a Src family kinase member, also distinguishes the NKT cell and conventional T cell populations.
Pharmacokinetics of eicosapentaenoic acid in plasma and red blood cells after multiple oral dosing with icosapent ethyl in healthy subjects (2013)

EPA pharmacokinetic profile demonstrated a slowly cleared, extensively distributed molecule with dose linearity and comparable exposures with BID and QD regimens.
T2 mapping from highly undersampled data by reconstruction of principal component coefficient maps using compressed sensing (2011)

Recently, there has been an increased interest in quantitative MR parameters to improve diagnosis and treatment. Parameter mapping requires multiple images acquired with different timings usually resulting in long acquisition times. While acquisition time can be reduced by acquiring undersampled data, obtaining accurate estimates of parameters from undersampled data is a challenging problem, in particular for structures with high spatial frequency content. In this work, principal component analysis is combined with a model-based algorithm to reconstruct maps of selected principal component coefficients from highly undersampled radial MRI data. This novel approach linearizes the cost function of the optimization problem yielding a more accurate and reliable estimation of MR parameter maps. The proposed algorithm--reconstruction of principal component coefficient maps using compressed sensing--is demonstrated in phantoms and in vivo and compared with two other algorithms previously developed for undersampled data.
Recent developments in Raman and infrared spectroscopy and imaging of bone tissue (2004)

Vibrational spectroscopy is an important tool in mineralized tissue research. This review focuses on recent applications of Raman and IR spectroscopies as contrast enhancement agents, tools for studying the chemical nature of changes in bone tissue with age and disease and understanding the molecular nature of changes in bone tissue during mechanical loading and fracture.