gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease across North America (2018)

Estimates of the prevalence of Parkinson's disease in North America have varied widely and many estimates are based on small numbers of cases and from small regional subpopulations. We sought to estimate the prevalence of Parkinson's disease in North America by combining data from a multi-study sampling strategy in diverse geographic regions and/or data sources. Five separate cohort studies in California (2), Minnesota (1), Hawaii USA (1), and Ontario, Canada (1) estimated the prevalence of PD from health-care records (3), active ascertainment through facilities, large group, and neurology practices (1), and longitudinal follow-up of a population cohort (1). US Medicare program data provided complementary estimates for the corresponding regions. Using our age- and sex-specific meta-estimates from California, Minnesota, and Ontario and the US population structure from 2010, we estimate the overall prevalence of PD among those aged ≥45 years to be 572 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval 537-614) that there were 680,000 individuals in the US aged ≥45 years with PD in 2010 and that that number will rise to approximately 930,000 in 2020 and 1,238,000 in 2030 based on the US Census Bureau population projections. Regional variations in prevalence were also observed in both the project results and the Medicare-based calculations with which they were compared. The estimates generated by the Hawaiian study were lower across age categories. These estimates can guide health-care planning but should be considered minimum estimates. Some heterogeneity exists that remains to be understood.
Cellular immunotherapy for cancer (2001)

During the past decade, our rapidly escalating understanding of immune surveillance and an appreciation of the mechanisms by which tumours escape its notice have led to promising new strategies against cancer. This paper reviews the concepts behind current research into cellular immunotherapy for cancer, presents data from clinical trials, and discusses the potential of this treatment as an adjunct to conventional modes of cancer treatment.

All three authors are involved in research into cellular immunotherapy and gene therapy. We searched PubMed and Medline databases using the terms “cancer vaccines,” “dendritic cells,” and “lymphocyte therapy.”

The importance of the interaction between the immune system and cancer cells was recognised in the 1890s when William Coley used streptococcal cultures to treat patients with advanced sarcoma. These attempts to activate general immunity led to clinical responses. More recently, antibodies and T cells that identify tumour antigens have been isolated from patients with cancer. It is clear that the immune system is capable of recognising tumour cells.



Fig 1 
Antitumour immune response. Dendritic cells capture antigens released by cancer cells. After intracellular processing, antigenic peptides are loaded onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of the dendritic cell. Specific T cells encounter these MHC-peptide complexes in conjunction with a costimulatory signal. The activated T cells proliferate and secrete cytokines, resulting in the production of a cascade of immune effector cells (IL-2=interleukin 2; GM-CSF=granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor)



Cellular immunotherapy consists of giving the patient cells that stimulate antitumour activity in the patient (tumour and dendritic cell vaccines) or that have intrinsic antitumour activity (autologous and allogeneic lymphocytes). The aim is to harness potent immunological weapons to destroy cancer cells.

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are one of the critical effector cells that are able to lyse tumour cells. Receptors on the surface of T cells recognise antigens …
Melatonin augments hypothermic neuroprotection in a perinatal asphyxia model (2012)

Despite treatment with therapeutic hypothermia, almost 50% of infants with neonatal encephalopathy still have adverse outcomes. Additional treatments are required to maximize neuroprotection. Melatonin is a naturally occurring hormone involved in physiological processes that also has neuroprotective actions against hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury in animal models. The objective of this study was to assess neuroprotective effects of combining melatonin with therapeutic hypothermia after transient hypoxia-ischaemia in a piglet model of perinatal asphyxia using clinically relevant magnetic resonance spectroscopy biomarkers supported by immunohistochemistry. After a quantified global hypoxic-ischaemic insult, 17 newborn piglets were randomized to the following: (i) therapeutic hypothermia (33.5°C from 2 to 26 h after resuscitation, n = 8) and (ii) therapeutic hypothermia plus intravenous melatonin (5 mg/kg/h over 6 h started at 10 min after resuscitation and repeated at 24 h, n = 9). Cortical white matter and deep grey matter voxel proton and whole brain (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy were acquired before and during hypoxia-ischaemia, at 24 and 48 h after resuscitation. There was no difference in baseline variables, insult severity or any physiological or biochemical measure, including mean arterial blood pressure and inotrope use during the 48 h after hypoxia-ischaemia. Plasma levels of melatonin were 10 000 times higher in the hypothermia plus melatonin than hypothermia alone group. Melatonin-augmented hypothermia significantly reduced the hypoxic-ischaemic-induced increase in the area under the curve for proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy lactate/N-acetyl aspartate and lactate/total creatine ratios in the deep grey matter. Melatonin-augmented hypothermia increased levels of whole brain (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy nucleotide triphosphate/exchangeable phosphate pool. Correlating with improved cerebral energy metabolism, TUNEL-positive nuclei were reduced in the hypothermia plus melatonin group compared with hypothermia alone in the thalamus, internal capsule, putamen and caudate, and there was reduced cleaved caspase 3 in the thalamus. Although total numbers of microglia were not decreased in grey or white matter, expression of the prototypical cytotoxic microglial activation marker CD86 was decreased in the cortex at 48 h after hypoxia-ischaemia. The safety and improved neuroprotection with a combination of melatonin with cooling support phase II clinical trials in infants with moderate and severe neonatal encephalopathy.
The Arabidopsis XET‐related gene family: environmental and hormonal regulation of expression (1996)

Enzymes that modify cell wall components most likely play critical roles in altering size, shape, and physical properties of plant cells. Regulation of such modifying activity is expected to be important during morphogenesis and in eliciting developmental and physiological alterations that arise in response to environmental conditions. Previous work has shown that the Arabidopsis TCH4 gene encodes a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) which acts on the major hemicellulose of the plant cell wall. The expression of TCH4 is dramatically upregulated in response to several environmental stimuli (including touch, wind, darkness, heat shock, and cold shock) as well as the growth-enhancing hormones, auxin and brassinosteroids. This paper reports the presence of an extensive XET-related (XTR) gene family in Arabidopsis. In addition to TCH4, this family includes two previously identified genes, EXT and Meri-5, and at least five additional genes. The cDNAs of the XTR family share between 46 and 79% sequence identity and the predicted XTR proteins share from 37 to 84% identity. All eight proteins include potential N-terminal signal sequences and most have a conserved motif (DEIDFEFLG) that is also found in Bacillus beta-glucanase and may be important for enzyme activity. The members of the XTR gene family are differentially sensitive to environmental and hormonal stimuli. Magnitude and kinetics of regulation are distinct for the different genes. Differential regulation of expression of this complex gene family suggests a recruitment of related, yet distinct, cell wall-modifying enzymes that may control the properties of cell walls and tissues during development and in response to environmental cues.
Fixations on low-resolution images (2011)

When an observer looks at an image, his eyes fixate on a few select points. Fixations from different observers are often consistent-observers tend to look at the same locations. We investigate how image resolution affects fixation locations and consistency across humans through an eye-tracking experiment. We showed 168 natural images and 25 pink noise images at different resolutions to 64 observers. Each image was shown at eight resolutions (height between 4 and 512 pixels) and upsampled to 860 × 1024 pixels for display. The total amount of visual information available ranged from 1/8 to 16 cycles per degree, respectively. We measure how well one observer's fixations predict another observer's fixations on the same image at different resolutions using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves as a metric. We found that: (1) Fixations from lower resolution images can predict fixations on higher resolution images. (2) Human fixations are biased toward the center for all resolutions and this bias is stronger at lower resolutions. (3) Human fixations become more consistent as resolution increases until around 16-64 pixels (1/2 to 2 cycles per degree) after which consistency remains relatively constant despite the spread of fixations away from the center. (4) Fixation consistency depends on image complexity.
Inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene-induced tumorigenesis by myristicin, a volatile aroma constituent of parsley leaf oil (1992)

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) assay-guided fractionation of parsley leaf oil from the edible plant Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. (Umbelliferae) led to the isolation of myristicin. Myristicin showed high activity as an inducer of the detoxifying enzyme GST in the liver and small intestinal mucosa of female A/J mice. Reduction of myristicin yielded dihydromyristicin that retained the GST-inducing activity. Myristicin and dihydromyristicin were tested for their capacity to inhibit benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced tumor formation in female A/J mice. A 65% inhibition of the tumor multiplicity in the lung was observed as the result of treatment of myristicin. Dihydromyristicin produced small or insignificant reduction of lung tumor formation. In the forestomach, myristicin showed a 31% inhibition of tumor formation; while dihydromyristicin exhibited a 27% inhibition. Comparison of the structures and activities indicated that the saturation of the isolated double bond in myristicin resulted in a significant decrease in the inhibitory activity against B[a]P-induced tumorigenesis. The present results showed that myristicin, an active inducer of GST activity, is an effective inhibitor of B[a]P-induced tumorigenesis in mice. Stimulation of GST activity by myristicin could be a major mechanism for its inhibition of B[a]P or other carcinogens that may be detoxified in the same manner. As a culinary herb parsley is regularly consumed by humans. Parsley leaf oil is also used extensively for garnishing and seasoning. The results of this study indicate that as a major volatile aroma constituent of parsley myristicin may be an effective cancer chemopreventive agent.
Large Scale Relation Detection (2010)

We present a technique for reading sentences and producing sets of hypothetical relations that the sentence may be expressing. The technique uses large amounts of instance-level background knowledge about the relations in order to gather statistics on the various ways the relation may be expressed in language, and was inspired by the observation that half of the linguistic forms used to express relations occur very infrequently and are simply not considered by systems that use too few seed examples. Some very early experiments are presented that show promising results. 1
Crystal Structures of [Cu2(bpy)2(H2O)(OH)2(SO4)]·4H2O and [Cu(bpy)(H2O)2]SO4 with bpy = 2, 2′‐Bipyridine (2003)

Abstract Two sulfato Cu II complexes [Cu 2 (bpy) 2 (H 2 O)(OH) 2 (SO 4 )]· 4H 2 O ( 1 ) and [Cu(bpy)(H 2 O) 2 ]SO 4 ( 2 ) were synthesized and structurally characterized by single crystal X—ray diffraction. Complex 1 consists of the asymmetric dinuclear [Cu 2 (bpy) 2 (H 2 O)(OH) 2 (SO 4 )] complex molecules and hydrogen bonded H 2 O molecules. Within the dinuclear molecules, the Cu atoms are in square pyramidal geometries, where the equatorial sites are occupied by two N atoms of one bpy ligand and two O atoms of different μ 2 —OH groups and the apical position by one aqua ligand or one sulfato group. Through intermolecular O—H···O and C—H···O hydrogen bonds and intermolecular π—π stacking interactions, the dinuclear complex molecules are assembled into layers, between which the hydrogen bonded H 2 O molecules are located. The Cu atoms in 2 are octahedrally coordinated by two N atoms of one bpy ligand and four O atoms of two H 2 O molecules and two sulfato groups with the sulfato O atoms at the trans positions and are bridged by sulfato groups into 1 [Cu(bpy)(H 2 O) 2 (SO 4 ) 2/2 ] chains. Through the interchain π—π stacking interactions and interchain C—H···O hydrogen bonds, the resulting chains are assembled into bi—chains, which are further interlinked into layers by O—H···O hydrogen bonds between adjacent bichains.
A New Day for PAH (2009)

When the editorial board first considered an issue devoted to recent clinical trial results, clinicians had 6 FDA approved drugs to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We now have 7, and it seems conceivable that we might have an 8th before the end of 2009. With collaborative, international efforts, the pace of progress has quickened in the last 5 years, and indeed, a “New Day is Dawning” on treatment options for our patients.In this issue, Bob Schilz and I wanted to provide an authoritative update on recent clinical trials and to highlight therapies that have “graduated” from bench science to bedside investigation. An author on the pivotal epoprostenol report, David Langleben has a long perspective and remains committed to bench research on mechanisms of vascular dysfunction in PAH. His article highlights Phases I and II trial data that have been reported only in abstract form at international meetings in the last 2 years. He also invites readers to consider an important question about whether our current therapies address fundamental disease mechanisms. I think readers will especially appreciate the figure illustrating how cicletanine, riociguat, and phospho-diesterase inhibitors are related in the nitric oxide-cyclic GMP signaling pathway.Murali Chakinala's information-packed article summarizes key data from recently published or presented combination trials including PACES (adding sildenafil), TRIUMPH (adding inhaled treprostinil), and PHIRST (adding tadalafil). A useful table in the paper shows trends in the baseline characteristics of patients over the last decade, and his thoughtful analysis on endpoints highlights the limitations of our current approach in drug development and invites us to “Raise the bar” for future investigations.Finally, I reviewed the progress toward a highly effective oral prostanoid; unfortunately, I had to conclude that we as investigators have endured a large amount of backsliding down a steep learning curve. We still have a mountain to master!Scott Halpern has a research interest in the ethics of clinical research. We invited him to moderate a round table discussion with 3 leaders in clinical drug development over the last 20 years: Mike McGoon, David Badesch, and Myung Park. The questions were provocative, and I think you'll really learn from the lively dialogue among these authorities with very different perspectives.Bob Schilz and I enjoyed planning this issue, and we hope that it will serve as a valuable reference point for readers who wish to update their knowledge about the drugs (and cells!) that will heavily influence therapeutic approaches now and in the next 5 years.
Graphene Frequency Multipliers (2009)

In this letter, the ambipolar transport properties of graphene flakes have been used to fabricate full-wave signal rectifiers and frequency-doubling devices. By correctly biasing an ambipolar graphene field-effect transistor in common-source configuration, a sinusoidal voltage applied to the transistor gate is rectified at the drain electrode. Using this concept, frequency multiplication of a 10-kHz input signal has been experimentally demonstrated. The spectral purity of the 20-kHz output signal is excellent, with more than 90% of the radio-frequency power in the 20-kHz frequency. This high efficiency, combined with the high electron mobility of graphene, makes graphene-based frequency multipliers a very promising option for signal generation at ultrahigh frequencies.
A macrophage receptor that recognizes oxidized low density lipoprotein but not acetylated low density lipoprotein (1989)

The formation of cholesterol-loaded macrophage foam cells in arterial tissue may occur by the uptake of modified lipoproteins via the scavenger receptor pathway. The macrophage scavenger receptor, also called the acetylated low density lipoprotein (Ac-LDL) receptor, has been reported to recognize Ac-LDL as well as oxidized LDL species such as endothelial cell-modified LDL (EC-LDL). We now report that there is another class of macrophage receptors that recognizes EC-LDL but not Ac-LDL. We performed assays of 0 degrees C binding and 37 degrees C degradation of 125I-Ac-LDL and 125I-EC-LDL by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Competition studies showed that unlabeled Ac-LDL could compete for only 25% of the binding and only 50% of the degradation of 125I-EC-LDL. Unlabeled EC-LDL, however, competed for greater than 90% of 125I-EC-LDL binding and degradation. Unlabeled Ac-LDL was greater than 90% effective against 125I-Ac-LDL; EC-LDL competed for about 80% of 125I-Ac-LDL binding and degradation. Copper-oxidized LDL behaved the same as EC-LDL in all the competition studies. Copper-mediated oxidation of Ac-LDL produced a superior competitor which could now displace 90% of 125I-EC-LDL binding. After 5 h at 37 degrees C in the presence of ligand, macrophages accumulated six times more cell-associated radioactivity from 125I-EC-LDL than from 125I-Ac-LDL, despite approximately equal amounts of degradation to trichloroacetic acid-soluble products, which may imply different intracellular processing of the two lipoproteins. Our results suggest that 1) there is more than one macrophage "scavenger receptor" for modified lipoproteins; and 2) oxidized LDL and Ac-LDL are not identical ligands with respect to macrophage recognition and uptake.
A broadband access network based on optical signal processing: the photonic highway (2002)

A broadband access network, the photonic highway, which is based on optical signal processing (OSP) and consists of photonic access nodes (PANs), which process optical signals directly, is discussed. Each PAN has an optical drop/insert function. The authors focus on the configuration of the fiber network and access nodes and describe its application to a metropolitan area network (MAN) and a CATV distribution network. They also describe the basic experiments conducted to verify the proposed architecture using newly developed bistable laser diodes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Integrating Unstructured Data into Relational Databases (2006)

In this paper we present a system for automatically integrating unstructured text into a multi-relational database using state-of-the-art statistical models for structure extraction and matching. We show how to extend current highperforming models, Conditional Random Fields and their semi-markov counterparts, to effectively exploit a variety of recognition clues available in a database of entities, thereby significantly reducing the dependence on manually labeled training data. Our system is designed to load unstructured records into columns spread across multiple tables in the database while resolving the relationship of the extracted text with existing column values, and preserving the cardinality and link constraints of the database. We show how to combine the inference algorithms of statistical models with the database imposed constraints for optimal data integration.
Optimizing antiemetic therapy in multiple-day and multiple cycles of chemotherapy (2008)

The development of the NK1-receptor antagonist aprepitant has significantly improved the antiemetic control in patients treated with multiple cycles of chemotherapy. Far too many patients still experience considerable emetic side effects. The effect of aprepitant in multiple-day chemotherapy has yet to be defined. The effect of new antiemetic agents such as palonosetron and olanzapine also needs to be investigated in randomized trials.
Modern Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter/Defibrillator Systems Can Be Magnetic Resonance Imaging Safe (2004)

These data suggest that certain modern pacemaker and ICD systems may indeed be MRI safe. This may have major clinical implications for current imaging practices.
Interaction of <i>Autographa californica</i> Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus with Two Nonpermissive Cell Lines (1984)

The interaction of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus with two nonpermissive cell lines was investigated. The insect cell line, CP 169, and the Chinese hamster cell line, CHO-K1, were able to adsorb and engulf virus particles, but there was no evidence for viral replication in these cells based on virus growth titrations, electron microscopy, dot hybridization, and synthesis of viral induced proteins.
Spectral Impairment for Two-Dimensional Higher Order Ambisonics (2008)

The representation of sound fields by spherical or cylindrical harmonics, also known as higher order Ambisonics (HOA), is a flexible format where the accuracy of the representation depends on the order N. It is shown that reproducing 2D HOA with uniformly distributed loudspeakers on a circle radiating plane waves in a nonreverberant environment will lead to spectral impairment if the number of loudspeakers M is higher than 2N + 1. The impairments vary with both the angle, that is, the angular difference between source and receiver relative to the center of the circle, and the product kr, where k is the wavenumber and r the distance from the center of the circle. It is therefore not possible to correct the impairments with a filter for multiple radii. For classical first-order Ambisonics the near perfect reconstruction area is so small that it must be regarded solely as a sweet-spot technique and filtering should be considered when using more than three loudspeakers. Furthermore, for HOA the number of loudspeakers is a tradeoff between the reproduction error for kr N.