gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Transport of Granzyme B (Fragmentin-2) (1996)

Cytotoxic T and natural killer cells are able to kill their target cells through synergistic action of the pore-forming protein perforin and the serine protease granzyme B, resulting in very distinctive nuclear changes typical of apoptosis. Whereas perforin acts at the membrane, granzyme B appears to be both capable of entering the cytoplasm of target cells and accumulating in isolated nuclei. In this study we examine nuclear transport of fluoresceinated granzyme B both in vivo in intact cells in the presence of perforin and in vitro in semi-permeabilized cells using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Granzyme B alone was observed to enter the cytoplasm of intact cells but did not accumulate in nuclei. In the presence of sublytic concentrations of perforin, however, it accumulated strongly in intact cell nuclei to levels maximally about 1.5 times those in the cytoplasm after about 2.5 h. In vitro nuclear transport assays showed maximal levels of nuclear and nucleolar accumulation of granzyme B of about 2.5- and 3-fold those in the cytoplasm. In contrast to signal-dependent nuclear accumulation of SV40 large tumor antigen (T-Ag) fusion proteins in vitro, nuclear/nucleolar import of granzyme B was independent of ATP and not inhibitable by the non-hydrolyzable GTP analog GTPgammaS (guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate)). Similar to T-Ag fusion proteins, however, granzyme B nuclear and nucleolar accumulation was dependent on exogenously added cytosol. Specific inhibitors of granzyme B protease activity had no effect on nuclear/nucleolar accumulation, implying that proteolytic activity was not essential for nuclear targeting. The results imply that granzyme B (32 kDa) may be transported from the cytoplasm to the nucleus through passive diffusion and accumulate by binding to nuclear/nucleolar factors in a cytosolic factor-mediated process. Active and passive nuclear transport properties were normal in the presence of unlabeled granzyme B, implying that the nuclear envelope and pore complex are not granzyme B substrates.
Role-Based Access To Portable Personal Health Records (2009)

Electronic health information systems (e.g. health record systems, clinical information systems) can assist in the provision of better health care services for patients and help doctors and other health care workers treat and diagnose patients more effectively and efficiently. One of the most important issues in health-related information systems is high information security and stringent access control for patient's health data to protect the patient's privacy and to prevent the use of data harmfully or illegally. Carrying health records with a patient, for example in a personal digital assistant (PDA) or a mobile phone, could provide greater control of the patient's health data and privacy. It can also facilitate exchanging this health data with health care workers at the point of care and only to the level desired. In this paper, we propose a portable personal electronic health record architecture which natively supports a greater level of privacy using an extended digital certificate-based approach. Other challenges to security accompanying a portable device-based approach are also considered.
GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASES (2004)

▪ Abstract This review describes the three mammalian glutathione transferase (GST) families, namely cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal GST, the latter now designated MAPEG. Besides detoxifying electrophilic xenobiotics, such as chemical carcinogens, environmental pollutants, and antitumor agents, these transferases inactivate endogenous α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, quinones, epoxides, and hydroperoxides formed as secondary metabolites during oxidative stress. These enzymes are also intimately involved in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, prostaglandins, testosterone, and progesterone, as well as the degradation of tyrosine. Among their substrates, GSTs conjugate the signaling molecules 15-deoxy-Δ 12,14 -prostaglandin J 2 (15d-PGJ 2 ) and 4-hydroxynonenal with glutathione, and consequently they antagonize expression of genes trans-activated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Through metabolism of 15d-PGJ 2 , GST may enhance gene expression driven by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Cytosolic human GST exhibit genetic polymorphisms and this variation can increase susceptibility to carcinogenesis and inflammatory disease. Polymorphisms in human MAPEG are associated with alterations in lung function and increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Targeted disruption of murine genes has demonstrated that cytosolic GST isoenzymes are broadly cytoprotective, whereas MAPEG proteins have proinflammatory activities. Furthermore, knockout of mouse GSTA4 and GSTZ1 leads to overexpression of transferases in the Alpha, Mu, and Pi classes, an observation suggesting they are part of an adaptive mechanism that responds to endogenous chemical cues such as 4-hydroxynonenal and tyrosine degradation products. Consistent with this hypothesis, the promoters of cytosolic GST and MAPEG genes contain antioxidant response elements through which they are transcriptionally activated during exposure to Michael reaction acceptors and oxidative stress.
Rapid Prototyping and Engineering Applications: A Toolbox for Prototype Development (2007)

Introduction Development of A Successful Product Product Prototyping and Its Impact Product Prototyping and Product Development Product Prototyping Prototype Planning and Management Product and Prototype Cost Estimation Prototype Design Methods Prototype Design Tools Paper Prototyping Learning from Nature Modeling and Virtual Prototyping Mathematical Modeling Modeling of Physical Systems Product Modeling Using Commercial Software for Virtual Prototyping Virtual Reality and Virtual Prototyping Materials Selection and Product Prototyping Prototyping Materials Modeling of Material Properties Modeling and Design of Materials and Structures Direct Digital Prototyping and Manufacturing Solid Models and Prototype Representation Reverse Engineering and Product Prototyping Prototyping and Manufacturing Using CNC Machining Fully Automated Digital Prototyping and Manufacturing Rapid Prototyping Processes Rapid Prototyping Overview Rapid Prototyping Procedure Liquid Based RP Part Solid Based RP Processes Powder Based RP Processes Summary and Future RP Processes Building A Prototype Using Off-the-Shelf Components How to Decide What to Purchase? How to Find the Catalogs that Have the Needed Components? How to Ensure that the Purchased Components Will Work Together? Tolerance Analysis Tolerance Stack Analysis Assembly Slacks Process Capability Statistical Tolerance Analysis Case Study: Conceptual Design of A Chamber Cover Prototyping of Automated Systems Actuators Sensors Controllers and Analyzers Mechanisms Using Prototypes for Product Assessment Introduction to Design of Experiments Orthogonal Arrays Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) ANOVA Using Excel Quality Characteristic (QC) An Example: Optimization of A Prototype Laser Deposition Process Prototype Optimization Formulation of Engineering Problems for Optimization Optimization Using Differential Calculus Optimization Using Lagrange's Multiplier Method Optimization Using Microsoft Excel Case Study: Application of Optimization in Fixture Design Appendices
Chemokines stimulate human T lymphocyte transendothelial migration to utilize VLA-4 in addition to LFA-1 (2001)

Lymphocyte infiltration in inflammation is induced by the dual actions of chemokines and cell adhesion molecules. The role of LFA-1 and VLA-4 in chemokine-induced T cell transendothelial migration (TEM) across cytokine-activated endothelium has not been examined. LFA-1, but not VLA-4, mediated blood T cell TEM to RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), and across tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) -stimulated endothelial cells (EC). Chemokine stimulation in combination with TNF-alpha activation of EC induced TEM, which was partially mediated by VLA-4. SDF-1 increased a beta1-integrin activation epitope on T cells and enhanced VLA-4-mediated adhesion. Thus, LFA-1 mediates TEM under most conditions, but VLA-4 can also mediate TEM, although, in contrast to LFA-1, this requires exogenous chemokines and EC activation. In addition, an LFA-1- and VLA-4-independent pathway of lymphocyte TEM can also be induced by SDF-1.
Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels and Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies (2006)

The idiopathic generalized epilepsies encompass a class of epileptic seizure types that exhibit a polygenic and heritable etiology. Advances in molecular biology and genetics have implicated defects in certain types of voltage-gated calcium channels and their ancillary subunits as important players in this form of epilepsy. Both T-type and P/Q-type channels appear to mediate important contributions to seizure genesis, modulation of network activity, and genetic seizure susceptibility. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the roles of these channels and associated subunits in normal and pathological brain activity within the context of idiopathic generalized epilepsy.
Solution Of Electrical Impedance Tomography Equations Using Boundary Element Methods (1997)

Imaging using Electrical Impedance Tomography requires repeated solution of the diffusion equation V • ( for successive approximations of the spatially varying conductivity, a. The dual reciprocity boundary element method is an attractive method for the efficient solution of the problem, and the feasibility of using such a method was shown earlier by us. In this article we attempt to optimize the method on an example problem by studying the influence of using different interpolating radial basis functions, and of the distribution of internal points on the accuracy of the solution.
Working with the Hook: A Comparative Study of London and New York Dockworkers, 1945–1955 (2000)

The purpose of this essay is to compare the working lives of London and New York dockworkers. It was their relationship to work that defined their day-to-day existence, a trait shared by all workers. London and New York City dockers challenged definitions of their work by creating a cultural identity that recognized their skills and 'knowledge' of the job. The post-World War II working world of London and New York dockworkers had changed little since the beginning of the twentieth century. The increasing use of forklifts had alleviated some of the heavy lifting, but the physical movement of cargoes in and out of ships remained a backbreaking job. What is remarkable about both sets of workers was their shared sense of work. True, there existed enormous differences in terms of race and ethnicity. While New York longshoremen were strictly segregated by race and ethnicity, London dockers on the whole were a unified but not necessarily monolithic group. When examining their respective work cultures what is evident are the connections between them, that is, similarities of the work transferred into attitudes and behaviour on the job. The intention of this essay is to highlight those connections by examining the job of the dockworker, the attitudes of the men to the work, the perils of the job including accident rates and poor sanitary conditions, and the use of pilferage as a vital indicator of entitlement.
Oestradiol is a protective factor for non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in healthy men (2012)

Visceral fat is a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A reduction in sex hormones is associated with increased abdominal fat. Thus, we investigated whether reduced testosterone (T) or oestradiol (E2) levels in men are associated with NAFLD and central obesity. The study involved a survey of 1,882 men between 20 and 60 years of age. We detected hepatic fat infiltration by ultrasound. Early morning serum was analyzed for total testosterone (TT), E2, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Free testosterone (FT) was calculated using the Vermeulen method. In the studied population, the prevalence of NAFLD, FSH, LH and SHBG increased with age, TT and FT declined with age, and E2 remained stable. However, in the NAFLD group, TT remained stable, FT and E2 declined, and hepatic fat infiltration increased (P < 0.001 for both). Using multivariate analysis, a correlation was found between E2 and NAFLD, with an odds ratio of 0.954 (95% confidence interval: 0.946-0.967). E2 is one of the protective factors against NAFLD in healthy men. T has no significant correlation with NAFLD. Further investigation would be required to assess the clinical consequences of reduced E2 in men with NAFLD, particularly for men whose TT remained stable.
Multilayer DNA Origami Packed on Hexagonal and Hybrid Lattices (2011)

"Scaffolded DNA origami" has been proven to be a powerful and efficient approach to construct two-dimensional or three-dimensional objects with great complexity. Multilayer DNA origami has been demonstrated with helices packing along either honeycomb-lattice geometry or square-lattice geometry. Here we report successful folding of multilayer DNA origami with helices arranged on a close-packed hexagonal lattice. This arrangement yields a higher density of helical packing and therefore higher resolution of spatial addressing than has been shown previously. We also demonstrate hybrid multilayer DNA origami with honeycomb-lattice, square-lattice, and hexagonal-lattice packing of helices all in one design. The availability of hexagonal close-packing of helices extends our ability to build complex structures using DNA nanotechnology.
Transient Moisture Gradient in Fire-Exposed Wood Slab (2007)

Improved tire endurance design procedures for heavy timber members may require the input of moisture content-dependent allowable stresses.Therefore, experiments were conducted to characterize the transient moisture gradient in a wood slab subjected to fire on one face.Electrodes and thermocouples embedded within the wood sections monitored moisture and temperature levels at selected locations.Time-moisture content curves indicated an increase in moisture content that appeared to be associated with the vaporization of the bound water in the wood.For the eight slabs tested, the average peak moisture content was 1.26 to 2.00 times greater than the initial moisture content.
The Insecticide Avermectin Bla Activates A Chloride Channel In Crayfish Muscle Membrane (1989)

Effects of avermectin Bl a (AVM) have been tested on excised outside-out or inside-out patches of crayfish stomach muscle membrane. Continuous supervision of AVM (0.1-1 pmoll (-1)) to the outside-out patches induced openings of channels(22 pS) which were similar in conductance and kinetics to the chloride channels activated by glutamate, quisqualic acid, ibotenic acid and nicotinic agonists,whereas GAB A mainly activated a second, larger conductance state (44 pS). This effect was reversible. AVM did not activate the excitatory, glutamate-activated cation channel. Upon raising the AVM-concentration to 10 pmol1(-1) and above, an enormous increase in the rate of openings of channels (22 pS) occurred. This effect could not be washed out during the lifetime of the patch. Using inside-out patches,it was shown that the single-channel current amplitude, for both the reversible and irreversible drug actions, strongly depended on intracellular chloride concentration.Applied to the sarcoplasmic side of inside-out patches, AVM did not activate any channel. The distribution of open times for 0-1 pmol1(-1) AVM could be fitted by a single exponential ((tau)=3-3 ms). For a higher AVM concentration(1 pmol1(-1)) two exponentials ((tau)(1) = 0-5 ms, (tau)(2) = 2-4 ms) were needed to fit the distribution. A similar effect was elicited by decreasing the extracellular Ca2(+)concentration from 13-5 to 1 mmol1(-1) during the application of 0.1 pmol1(-1) AVM.Picrotoxin blocked the activation of chloride channels for both the reversible and irreversible effects of AVM. It is suggested that AVM activates the multi transmitter-gated chloride channel in this preparation. Binding sites for the drug are discussed.
The Science of Hair Care (2005)

Scalp and Hair Hygiene: Shampoos. Hair Treatment and Hair Care Products. Premanent Waving and Hair Straightening. Oxidation Coloring. Efficacy Assessment of Hair Products. Skin Tests. Occupational Disorders of Hairdressers. Hair Shaft Abnormailities. Greying of Hair. Dandruff. Eczematous Dermatitis of the Scalp. Hair and Psychology.
ChemInform Abstract: HYDANTOINS, THIOHYDANTOINS AND GLYCOCYAMIDINES, PART 43. THE REACTION OF N‐(T‐BUTYL)‐α‐HALO‐α,α‐DIARYLACETAMIDES WITH CYANOAMIDE AND MONOSUBSTITUTED CYANOAMIDE SALTS (1977)

Abstract Das Chloressigsäureamid (I) reagiert mit den Cyanamiden (II) zu den Cine‐ Substitutionsprodukten (III) und den Glycocyamidinen (IV), mit den Cyanamiden (V) nur zu den Glycocyamidinen (VI), mit dem Cyanamid (VII) zu den Isomeren (VIIIa) und (VIIIb) (möglicherweise tautomere Formen) und mit dem Cyanamid (IX) zu dem Glycocyamidin (X) (möglicherweise tautomere Form).
Glucose metabolism and glutamate analog acutely alkalinize pH of insulin secretory vesicles of pancreatic β-cells (2003)

We studied acute changes of secretory vesicle pH in pancreatic beta-cells with a fluorescent pH indicator, lysosensor green DND-189. Fluorescence was decreased by 0.66 +/- 0.10% at 149 +/- 16 s with 22.2 mM glucose stimulation, indicating that vesicular pH was alkalinized by approximately 0.016 unit. Glucose-responsive pH increase was observed when cytosolic Ca2+ influx was blocked but disappeared when an inhibitor of glycolysis or mitochondrial ATP synthase was present. Glutamate dimethyl ester (GME), a plasma membrane-permeable analog of glutamate, potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion at 5 mM without changing cellular ATP content or cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]). Application of GME at basal glucose concentration decreased DND-189 fluorescence by 0.83 +/- 0.19% at 38 +/- 2 s. These results indicated that the acutely alkalinizing effect of glucose on beta-cell secretory vesicle pH was dependent on glucose metabolism but independent of modulations of cytosolic [Ca2+]. Moreover, glutamate derived from glucose may be one of the mediators of this alkalinizing effect of glucose, which may have potential relevance to the alteration of secretory function by glutamate.
IgG2b Inducing Factor from Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fluid Synergizes with Transforming Growth Factor‐β in Promoting IgG2b Antibody Production in Mouse B Lymphocytes (1997)

Rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid (RA-SF) contains a distinct biological activity that selectively induces IgG2b production in LPS-activated murine B blasts. This IgG2b inducing factor (IgG2bIF) acts directly on purified LPS-activated B blasts from normal and Bruton's tyrosine kinase-defective CBA/N mice. In order to test the possibility that TGF-beta and IgG2bIF in RA-SF act in concert to induce IgG2b production, anti-TGF-beta monoclonal antibodies and RA-SF were added to LPS-activated CBA B blasts, which led to a marked reduction of IgG2b-producing cells. This result indicates that TGF-beta and IgG2bIF in RA-SF synergize in the induction of IgG2b production. TGF-beta antibodies do not inhibit IgG2b production in CBA/N B blasts, further substantiating our earlier notion that CBA/N B blasts have a higher endogenous production of TGF-beta after LPS stimulation, which might be responsible for the aberrant reactivity in btk deficient CBA/N mice. RA-SF is able to reconstitute the deficient IgG1 response in LPS- and IL-4-stimulated CBA/N B blasts. Addition of antibodies against TGF-beta had only a marginal effect on the IgG1 response, indicating that the reconstitution is mediated by another factor(s), which is present in RA-SF.
Aspects of Neural Networks in Intelligent Collision Avoidance Systems for Prometheus (1993)

This paper presents our work on adaptive driver modelling and obstacle classification applications, which will be incorporated into an intelligent collision avoidance system (ICAS) for road vehicles. The reliability of the ICAS is largely determined by the accuracy of these models. Multi-layered-Perceptron and Cerebellar-Model-Articulated-Controller neural networks were used in constructing the driver and obstacle classification models, and were evaluated using a car-following scenario for the driver model and a two-class obstacle (car or pedestrian) for the classification model. In the driver modelling application where the input dimension was low and training samples were rich, the CMAC network was found to achieve better accuracy than the MLP network. On the other hand, in the obstacle classification application where the input dimension was high and training samples were sparse, the MLP network was found to have fewer classification errors than the CMAC network. In both cases, the CMAC network converged significantly faster than the MLP network.
Triglycerides and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (2006)

Available prospective studies in Western populations consistently indicate moderate and highly significant associations between triglyceride values and coronary heart disease risk. Because these associations depend considerably on levels of established risk factors, however, further studies are needed to help assess the nature of any independent associations.
Synthesis and anti-HIV-1 activity of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-5-methylimidazo[4,5,1-jk][1,4]benzodiazepin-2(1H)-one (TIBO) derivatives. 2 (1991)

In previous papers, we have described the discovery of a new series of compounds, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-5-methylimidazo[4,5,1-jk][1,4]benzodiazepin-2(1 H)- ones, TlBO (1 and 1a), with potent anti-HIV-1 activity and the synthesis of analogues to better define the structure-activity relationships (SAR) in terms of changes in substituents at the N-6 position and variations of the five-membered urea ring as well as the seven-membered diazepine ring. This paper describes the synthesis of TlBO analogues with various substitutents on the aromatic ring and their SAR in terms of anti-HIV-1 properties. Substituents on the 8-position furnished the most rewarding results and gave a large improvement in potency versus the parent compound. These included halogen, thiomethyl, and methyl. Analogues like 8-cyano, -methoxy, and -acetylene were equipotent, while 8-amino, -acetylamino, -dimethylamino, and -nitro were inactive (Table 1). Substituents at the 9-position tended to have little effect on activity, and 10-substituents decreased activity. The 8-chloro compound 6a with IC50 = 0.0043 microM is currently under clinical development.