gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transfer of patterned ion-cut silicon layers (1998)

The technique of transferring patterned ion-cut layers from one Si wafer to another was demonstrated. The starting silicon wafer was masked with checkerboard and line patterns with a 3 μm thick polymethylmethacrylate/photoresist and was implanted with 5×1016 H+ ions/cm2 at 150 keV. After stripping off the mask, the wafer was bonded to an oxide-coated receptor wafer through low-temperature direct wafer bonding. Heat treatment of this bonded pair showed that the hydrogen-induced silicon surface layer cleavage (ion cut) could propagate throughout about 16 μm×16 μm of nonimplanted material with implanted regions only 4 μm wide. Mask width, spacing, and implantation profiles through the mask shape were shown to have effects on the internal microfracturing mechanisms.
Behavioral simulation techniques for phase/delay-locked systems (2002)

This paper presents behavioral simulation techniques for phase/delay-locked systems. Numerical simulation algorithms are compared and the issue of numerical noise is discussed. Behavioral phase noise simulation for phase/delay-locked systems is described. The role of behavioral simulation for phase/delay-locked systems in our top-down constraint-driven design methodology, and in bottom-up verification of designs, is explained with examples. Accuracy and efficiency comparisons with other methods are made. Simulation techniques are described in the framework of phase/delay-locked systems, but simulation methodology and the results attained in this work are applicable to the behavioral simulation of mixed-mode nonlinear dynamic systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Distribution of Bifidobacterial Species in Human Intestinal Microflora Examined with 16S rRNA-Gene-Targeted Species-Specific Primers (1999)

In order to clarify the distribution of bifidobacterial species in the human intestinal tract, a 16S rRNA-gene-targeted species-specific PCR technique was developed and used with DNAs extracted from fecal samples obtained from 48 healthy adults and 27 breast-fed infants. To cover all of the bifidobacterial species that have been isolated from and identified in the human intestinal tract, species-specific primers for Bifidobacterium longum, B. infantis, B. dentium, and B. gallicum were developed and used with primers for B. adolescentis, B. angulatum, B. bifidum, B. breve, and the B. catenulatum group (B. catenulatum and B. pseudocatenulatum) that were developed in a previous study (T. Matsuki, K. Watanabe, R. Tanaka, and H. Oyaizu, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 167:113-121, 1998). The specificity of the nine primers was confirmed by PCR, and the species-specific PCR method was found to be a useful means for identifying Bifidobacterium strains isolated from human feces. The results of an examination of bifidobacterial species distribution showed that the B. catenulatum group was the most commonly found taxon (detected in 44 of 48 samples [92%]), followed by B. longum and B. adolescentis, in the adult intestinal bifidobacterial flora and that B. breve, B. infantis, and B. longum were frequently found in the intestinal tracts of infants. The present study demonstrated that qualitative detection of the bifidobacterial species present in human feces can be accomplished rapidly and accurately.
Evidence for activation of the alternate complement pathway in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (2000)

Complement activation in JRA is initiated predominantly by the alternate pathway and culminates in the formation of terminal membrane attack complex.
Synthesis and properties of oligonucleotides containing aminodeoxythymidine units (1992)

Procedures are described for synthesis via solid support methodology of oligonucleotide analogues derived in part from 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine or 5'-amino-5'-deoxythymidine. Oligothymidylate decamers terminated with a 3'-amino group or containing a 3'-NHP(O)(O-)O-5' internucleoside link are found to form unusually stable complexes with poly(dA), poly(A), and oligo(dA). For related derivatives of 5'-amino-5'-deoxythymidine enhancement is less or absent, and in the case of multiple substitution destabilization of the heteroduplex may be observed. That the effect of the 3'-amino group is general for oligonucleotide derivatives is indicated by enhanced Tm values for heteroduplex complexes of the mixed-base oligomer, d(TATTCAGTCAT(NH2)), and the methyl phosphonate derivatives, TmTmTmTmTmTmTmTmTmT(NH2) and d(TmAmTmTmCmAmGmTmCmAmT(NH2)).
The Tight Constant in the Dvoretzky-Kiefer-Wolfowitz Inequality (1990)

Let $\hat{F}_n$ denote the empirical distribution function for a sample of $n$ i.i.d. random variables with distribution function $F$. In 1956 Dvoretzky, Kiefer and Wolfowitz proved that $P\big(\sqrt{n} \sup_x(\hat{F}_n(x) - F(x)) > \lambda\big) \leq C \exp(-2\lambda^2),$ where $C$ is some unspecified constant. We show that $C$ can be taken as 1 (as conjectured by Birnbaum and McCarty in 1958), provided that $\exp(-2\lambda^2) \leq \frac{1}{2}$. In particular, the two-sided inequality $P\big(\sqrt{n} \sup_x|\hat{F}_n(x) - F(x)| > \lambda\big) \leq 2 \exp(-2\lambda^2)$ holds without any restriction on $\lambda$. In the one-sided as well as in the two-sided case, the constants cannot be further improved.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Thiophene Fluorophores, Labeling and Multilabeling of Monoclonal Antibodies, and Long Lasting Staining of Fixed Cells (2009)

We report the expedient microwave-assisted synthesis of thiophene based 4-sulfo-2,3,5,6,-tetrafluorophenyl esters whose molecular structure was engineered to achieve blue to red bright fluorescence. The reactivity toward monoclonal antibodies of the newly synthesized fluorophores was analyzed in comparison with that of the corresponding N-succinimidyl esters. Single-fluorophore and multiple-fluorophore labeled antibodies were easily prepared with both types of esters. Multiple-fluorophore labeling with blue and orange emitting fluorophores resulted in white fluorescent antibodies. Thiophene based fluorophores displayed unprecedented fluorescence stability in immunostaining experiments. First-principles TD-DFT theoretical calculations helped us to interpret the behavior of fluorescence emission in different environments.
Mycosphaerella graminicola: from genomics to disease control (2011)

http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Mycgr3/Mycgr3.home.html.
Leg ulcers (1984)

Leg ulcers are almost always due to an underlying disorder that must be recognized and controlled if progression or recurrence is to be prevented. Venous insufficiency is by far the most common cause, with arterial insufficiency being the second most frequent. If a leg ulcer is managed as a venous ulcer, treatment will be effective 90% of the time. Biopsy and culture are required if the ulcer is of unknown cause, is unusual in appearance, or does not respond promptly to treatment.
Self-assembly and nanotechnology (1996)

Molecular self-assembly is a strategy for nanofabrication that involves designing molecules and supramolecular entities so that shape-complementarity causes them to aggregate into desired structures. Self-assembly has a number of advantages as a strategy: first, it carries out many of the most difficult steps in nanofabrication -- those involving atomic-level modification of structure -- using the very highly developed techniques of synthetic chemistry. Second, it draws from the enormous wealth of examples in biology for inspiration: self-assembly is one of the most important strategies used in biology for the development of complex, functional structures. Third, it can incorporate biological structures directly as components in the final systems. Fourth, because it requires that the target structures be the thermodynamically most stable ones open to the system, it tends to produce structures that are relatively defect-free and self-healing. Self-assembly also poses a number of substantial intellectual challenges. The brief summary of these challenges is that we do not yet know how to do it, and cannot even mimic those processes known to occur in biological systems at other than quite elementary levels. In addition, there are issues of function in self-assembled aggregates that need solution. The most promising avenues for self-assembly are presently those based on organic compounds, and organic compounds, as a group (although with exceptions), are electrical insulators; thus, many ideas for information processing and electrical/mechanical transduction will require either fundamental redesign in going from the macroscopic systems presently used to self-assembled systems, or the development of new types of organic molecules that show appropriate properties. This talk outlines some of these issues, and illustrates one of the approaches to self-assembled structures that has been particularly successful: that is, self- assembly on surfaces. There are now a range of different molecular systems that self-assemble -- that is, form ordered, monomolecular structures -- by the coordination of molecules to surfaces. These systems -- self-assembled monomlayers (SAMs) -- are reasonably well understood, and increasingly useful technologically. The crucial dimension in SAMs is the thickness perpendicular to the plane of the monolayer: this dimension, and the composition along this axis, can be controlled very simply at the scale of 0.1 nm by controlling the structures of the molecules making up the monolayer. (truncated)
Small Molecule Inhibitors of IκB Kinase Are Selectively Toxic for Subgroups of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Defined by Gene Expression Profiling (2005)

Abstract Constitutive activation of the NF-κB pathway is required for survival of the activated B cell–like (ABC) subgroup of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Here we show that a small molecule IκB kinase (IKK) inhibitor, PS-1145, and related compounds are toxic for ABC DLBCL cell lines but not for cell lines derived from the other prevalent form of DLBCL, germinal center B cell–like DLBCL. Treatment of ABC lines with these inhibitors rapidly induced a series of gene expression changes that were attributable to cessation of constitutive IKK activity, similar to changes induced by acute expression of genetic inhibitors of NF-κB, confirming the effectiveness and specificity of this compound. Before cell death, inhibition of IKK also induced features of apoptosis and an arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. To test further the specificity of this toxicity, an inducible form of NF-κB was created by fusing the p65 NF-κB subunit with the ligand-binding domain of the estrogen receptor (p65-ERD). In the presence of tamoxifen, p65-ERD reversed the toxicity of IKK inhibition and restored expression of many NF-κB target genes. Another subgroup of DLBCL, primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL), also expresses NF-κB target genes, and treatment of a PMBL cell line with an IKK inhibitor was toxic and induced gene expression changes of a distinct group of NF-κB target genes. These studies validate the NF-κB pathway as a promising therapeutic target in ABC DLBCL, PMBL, and other lymphomas that depend on the activity of NF-κB for survival and proliferation.
Recent Developments in the Crystallization Process: Toward the Pharmaceutical Industry (2017)

Crystallization is one of the oldest separation and purification unit operations, and has recently contributed to significant improvements in producing higher-value products with specific properties and in building efficient manufacturing processes. In this paper, we review recent developments in crystal engineering and crystallization process design and control in the pharmaceutical industry. We systematically summarize recent methods for understanding and developing new types of crystals such as co-crystals, polymorphs, and solvates, and include several milestones such as the launch of the first co-crystal drug, Entresto (Novartis), and the continuous manufacture of Orkambi (Vertex). Conventional batch and continuous processes, which are becoming increasingly mature, are being coupled with various control strategies and the recently developed crystallizers are thus adapting to the needs of the pharmaceutical industry. The development of crystallization process design and control has led to the appearance of several new and innovative crystallizer geometries for continuous operation and improved performance. This paper also reviews major recent progress in the area of process analytical technology.
Size effects in the structural phase transition of VO2 nanoparticles (2023)

We have observed size effects in the structural phase transition of submicron vanadium dioxide precipitates in silica. The VO2 nanoprecipitates are produced by the stoichiometric coimplantation of vanadium and oxygen and subsequent thermal processing. The observed size dependence in the transition temperature and hysteresis loops of the semiconductor-to-metal phase transition in VO2 is described in terms of heterogeneous nucleation statistics with a phenomenological approach in which the density of nucleating defects is a power function of the driving force.
Carbon Nanotube Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Tips for Chemically Selective Imaging (2002)

Carboxyl-terminated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were successfully immobilized from solution phases onto the apexes of gold tips for scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Gold STM tips were first modified with self-assembled monolayers of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid, and its carboxyl groups were used to anchor carboxylated SWNTs through Zn2+ ion-bridged coordination. These SWNT tips gave high-resolution STM images of a diether monolayer formed on the graphite surface. In addition and more importantly, the ether oxygens of the sample molecules were selectively observed as bright spots with the SWNT tips with significantly high reproducibility, which is due to the facilitation of electron tunneling through hydrogen bond interactions between the ether oxygens and carboxyl groups at the end of the SWNT tips.
Synthesis and Optical Properties of CdSe and CdSe/CdS Nanoparticles (1999)

This paper described the optical properties of CdSe and CdSe/CdS nanoparticles, synthesized by the microemulsion method followed by refluxing in toluene/methanol (60:1). Both optical spectroscopy and structural characterization (XPS, XRD, and HRTEM) suggested the core/shell structure of CdSe/CdS samples. Most notable in this work was that capping CdSe nanoparticles with CdS materials yielded a strong narrow band-edge luminescence, indicating a successful passivation by removing surface deep trap luminescence. Proper surface modification with cadmium ions resulted in the further enhancement of the photoluminescence quantum yields of the CdSe and CdSe/CdS nanoparticles. The XPS data confirmed the elemental composition of the CdSe and CdSe/CdS nanoparticles. The CdSe and CdS diffraction patterns exhibited peak positions corresponding to those of their bulk wurtzite crystal structures.
The analgesic properties of delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol and codeine (1975)

The administration of single oral doses of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to patients with cancer pain demonstrated a mild analgesic effect. At a dose of 20 mg, however, THC induced side effects that would prohibit its therapeutic use including somnolence, dizziness, ataxia, and blurred vision. Alarming adverse reactions were also observed at this dose. THC, 10 mg, was well tolerated and, despite its sedative effect, may analgesic potential.
Evidence of a direct relationship between neutrophil collagenase activity and periodontal tissue destruction in vivo: role of active enzyme in human periodontitis (1995)

To assess the temporal relationship between periodontal tissue destruction and the activity of collagenase, exudate from inflamed periodontal tissues was collected and latent and active collagenase activities were measured by a functional assay in a longitudinal cohort study. Comparisons were made between human subjects with either: 1) inflammation with a previous history of progressive loss of connective tissue and bone support (n = 14); 2) inflammation and previous history of bone loss but now clinically stable (n = 27); or 3) inflammation and no loss of bone support (n = 17). Experiments using specific enzyme inhibitors, blocking antibodies and SDS-PAGE fluorograph to identify the pattern of collagen substrate degradation demonstrated that the collagenase activity was derived from neutrophils and not from bacteria or other host cells. Active collagenase activity pooled from 6 sites per subject was respectively 5 and 6-fold higher in the group with progressive loss of connective tissue compared to the groups with either inflamed tissues alone or with inflammation and previous bone loss. In contrast, latent collagenase was increased up to 2 fold higher in the group with inflammation but no bone loss compared to the group with progressive lesions. Moreover, the ratio of active to total collagenase activity was 50% higher in the group with progressive lesions. Although in all subjects successive measurements of site-specific active collagenase 1 month apart demonstrated wide variation (r < 0.50), only in sites with progressive periodontal destruction was there significant increase of active collagenase with time (1.28 x 10(-4) collagenase units per day). There were also sharp elevations in active enzyme level at the time of detection of loss of connective tissue attachment in specific sites of 8 subjects. At the time of detection of connective tissue attachment loss, there was an overall 40% increase of pooled active collagenase activity in all subjects with progressive loss of connective tissue compared to pre-breakdown sampling times. These data provide strong in vivo evidence for a direct role of active neutrophil collagenase in the pathological destruction of periodontal connective tissue.
Fine‐Tuning Ligands for Catalysis Using Supramolecular Strategies (2007)

Abstract Coordinative bonds have been used to prepare supramolecular ligands leading to well‐defined catalysts formed by assembly. The construction of these ligands is based on selective metal–ligand interactions between nitrogen donor atoms of phosphorus‐nitrogen building blocks and various zinc(II) porphyrins. The major advantage of this supramolecular approach of catalyst preparation is the simplification of ligand variation enabling straightforward modification of steric, electronic and chiral properties of the supramolecular ligand. A large number of new ligands becomes accessible by this modular variation of the building blocks. The ligand assembly based on pyridyl phosphites and zinc(II) porphyrin with electron‐withdrawing substituents led to a twelve‐fold increase in activity and an increase in enantioselectivity from 17 to 50 % in the rhodium‐catalyzed hydrogenation of dimethyl itaconate. The first examples of assemblies based on non‐chiral ligands and chiral zinc(II) porphyrin template molecules show, as proof of principle, an enantiomeric excess up to 18 % in the asymmetric palladium‐catalyzed allylic alkylation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Graphene Antidot Lattices: Designed Defects and Spin Qubits (2008)

Antidot lattices, defined on a two-dimensional electron gas at a semiconductor heterostructure, are a well-studied class of man-made structures with intriguing physical properties. We point out that a closely related system, graphene sheets with regularly spaced holes ("antidots"), should display similar phenomenology, but within a much more favorable energy scale, a consequence of the Dirac fermion nature of the states around the Fermi level. Further, by leaving out some of the holes one can create defect states, or pairs of coupled defect states, which can function as hosts for electron spin qubits. We present a detailed study of the energetics of periodic graphene antidot lattices, analyze the level structure of a single defect, calculate the exchange coupling between a pair of spin qubits, and identify possible avenues for further developments.
Coaxial-Line Discontinuities (1944)

The equivalent circuits representing the effects from certain step-type discontinuities are obtained for coaxial transmission lines. It is shown that for the cases studied the effects of the local waves in the vicinity of the discontinuity can be accounted for exactly for calculation of relation between input- and output-end quantities by placing an admittance at the plane of the discontinuity in a transmission-line or principal-wave equivalent circuit. If frequency is low enough so that transverse dimensions are a small fraction of a wavelength, the discontinuity admittance is found to be a pure capacitance for these cases. Curves are presented giving the discontinuity capacitances in terms of the coaxial-line radii. Curves of a frequency factor F are calculated showing the amount the discontinuity capacitance must be corrected as transverse dimensions become comparable to wavelength. Curves of a proximity factor P are also given showing corrections to be applied to the discontinuity capacitance if a short-circuiting disk termination is placed near the plane of the discontinuity. The analysis of the case of a simple-step discontinuity on the inner cylinder is carried through in detail, and analyses of other cases are outlined.
A frame centre matching approach to registration for change detection with fine spatial resolution multi-temporal imagery (2003)

A frame centre (FC) matching approach to the acquisition and geometric processing of multi-temporal datasets derived from airborne digital frame imagery was tested to determine if registration errors could be reduced relative to more ad hoc acquisition and registration approaches. The root mean square error (RMSE) of test points from image sets derived with the FC approach was at least 50% less than when frames for the second date of imagery were not centred on frames from the first date. The registration RMSE for FC images approached 2 pixels (2 m) for the central portion of image frames that is normally used to generate an image mosaic. The FC approach yielded visual and quantitative improvements in multi-temporal difference images that are commonly utilized for change detection analyses.
A probabilistic timing approach to hot-carrier effect estimation (1994)

In this paper, a new approach is presented for estimating the hot-carrier induced degradation in MOS transistors in VLSI circuits. With the decrease in feature size, many long-term reliability issues, such as HCE (Hot-Carrier Effect), TDDB (Time-Dependent Dielectric Breakdown), etc., can no longer be ignored during the design process. In this work we mainly concentrate on HCE; however, the approach can be applied to investigate other reliability issues. HCE is a long-term reliability issue that is caused by the cumulative effects of all possible inputs on the devices in the circuit over time. Existing techniques use deterministic circuit or timing simulation to estimate HCE and try to predict the age of the design by incorporating device degradation over time. As a result, all HCE simulators are too slow (especially if linked to SPICE-circuit simulators) for large circuits; and even when fast simulation techniques are used, user-specified deterministic input waveforms are needed and, hence, the results can only represent a small sample of operating conditions. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic timing approach. The advantage of probabilistic simulation is that we can explore the cumulative effects of all possible input waveform combinations in one run. The approach has been implemented in a general-purpose simulator and tested on a number of typical examples and benchmarks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>