gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Organic semiconductors: A theoretical characterization of the basic parameters governing charge transport (2002)

Organic semiconductors based on pi-conjugated oligomers and polymers constitute the active elements in new generations of plastic (opto)electronic devices. The performance of these devices depends largely on the efficiency of the charge-transport processes; at the microscopic level, one of the major parameters governing the transport properties is the amplitude of the electronic transfer integrals between adjacent oligomer or polymer chains. Here, quantum-chemical calculations are performed on model systems to address the way transfer integrals between adjacent chains are affected by the nature and relative positions of the interacting units. Compounds under investigation include oligothienylenes, hexabenzocoronene, oligoacenes, and perylene. It is shown that the amplitude of the transfer integrals is extremely sensitive to the molecular packing. Interestingly, in contrast to conventional wisdom, specific arrangements can lead to electron mobilities that are larger than hole mobilities, which is, for instance, the case of perylene.
Swartkrans. A cave's chronicle of early man (1993)

Ce site du TranSvaal qui a livre des restes d'hominides et des artefacts remontant entre 2 et 1 million d'annees, est au centre d'une polemique sur l'apparation de l'outil en os et les capacites de chasse des Austropithecines
Information retrieval theory and design based on a model of the user's concept relations (1980)

Viewing information retrieval (IR) systems as models of human assessment of the similarity between requests and documents (SRD)t contributes to development of theory for IR and can aid in development of IR systems. This chapter reports the development and testing of a theory of IR based on this system-as· model (SAM) view;:. Implications for IR research and development are then considered. The SAM theory of IR is an expansion of the present model used in IR research. That model, and its expansion into a theory of IR, are described in the two sections below§.
Influence of env and long terminal repeat sequences on the tissue tropism of avian leukosis viruses (1988)

Adsorption and penetration of retroviruses into eucaryotic cells is mediated by retroviral envelope glycoproteins interacting with host receptors. Recombinant avian leukosis viruses (ALVs) differing only in envelope determinants that interact with host receptors for subgroup A or E ALVs have been found to have unexpectedly distinctive patterns of tissue-specific replication. Recombinants of both subgroups were highly expressed in bursal lymphocytes as well as in cultured chicken embryo fibroblasts. In contrast, the subgroup A but not subgroup E host range allowed high levels of expression in skeletal muscle, while subgroup E but not subgroup A envelope glycoproteins permitted efficient replication in the thymus. A subgroup B virus (RAV-2), like the subgroup E viruses, demonstrated a distinct bursal and thymic tropism, further supporting the theory that genes encoding receptors for subgroup B and E viruses are allelic. The source of long terminal repeats (LTRs) or adjacent sequences also influenced tissue-specific replication, with the LTRs from endogenous virus RAV-0 supporting efficient replication in the bursa and thymus but not in skeletal muscle. These results indicate that ALV env and LTR regions are responsible for unexpectedly distinctive tissue tropisms.
Studies on the Manufacture of Tobacco Stem Pulp (1962)

Some alkaline cooking processes were applied to obtain the pulp from Tobacco stem in laboratory scale, and the physical properties of those Tobacco pulps were investigated.The cold soda pulps were produced at the comparative low yield between 64% to 67% with the immersion for long time. The defibration and refining of immersed chips were carried out in the Lampen mill and the small beater, but the fine shieves remained considerably in abundance after the pulps were bleached.The washed and air-dried chips were cooked with the various amount of sodium hydroxide. The consumption of alkali was slightly low level as compared with the common case of alkaline pulping of wood. The soda pulp having brightness value of 70 could be easily obtained by the usual process; for example, the combination of the cooking with 16.4% active alkali and the single stage hypochlorite bleaching with 10% available chlorine. Excepting the conditions of cooking and bleaching, the wire mesh of screen for the pulp washing and the decay of Tobacco stem were distinctly the affecting factors on the yield and properties of pulp.The washed chips were cooked with 19.5% active alkali at the various temperature by the sulphate process. The cooking temperature had relatively little effect on the strength properties of pulp, although the yield of pulp tended to decrease with increasing temperature. The sulphate pulp having brightness value of 73 was obtained at the yield about 38% by the two-stage bleaching with sodium chlorite and calcium hypochlorite.It is concluded that the manufacture of the peculiar papermaking pulp from Tobacco stem can be possible by means of selecting the suitable condition. The papers from Tobacco stem pulps have generally such the character as high density and low opacity, and in the strength properties they are similar to the hardwood pulp of good quality.
Sodium Channel Blockers in Neuropathic Pain (2005)

Subtypes of tetrodotoxin resistant voltage-gated sodium channels are involved in the development of certain types of neuropathic pains. After nerve injury hyperexcitability and spontaneous firing develop at the site of injury and also in the dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. This hyperexcitability results at least partly from accumulation of sodium channels at the site of injury. The facts that these sodium channels seem to exist in peripheral nerves only and that they can be blocked at the resting state (use-dependent block) offer the possibility to develop drugs, which selectively block these damaged, overexcited nerves. At the moment no such drugs are available. However, some of the most potent drugs that are currently used to manage neuropathic pain e.g. amitriptyline and other tricyclic antidepressants, also block these channels in addition to having several other mechanisms of action. Also most anticonvulsants that are used to alleviate neuropathic pain are sodium channel blockers. Lidocaine, the prototype drug, has been shown to be effective in peripheral neuropathic pain. Its use is limited by the fact that it cannot be administered orally. An oral local anesthetic type sodium channel blocker, mexiletine is an antiarrhythmic agent that is effective in neuropathic pain. However, effective doses may be difficult to achieve because of adverse effects.
Conformation of progesterone side chain: conflict between x-ray data and force-field calculations (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConformation of progesterone side chain: conflict between x-ray data and force-field calculationsWilliam L. Duax, Jane F. Griffin, and Douglas C. RohrerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 22, 6705–6712Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00412a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00412a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views208Altmetric-Citations61LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH Kinase or RAS Pathway Mutations in Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines (2007)

Constitutive activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K) and RAS signaling pathways are important events in tumor formation. This is illustrated by the frequent genetic alteration of several key players from these pathways in a wide variety of human cancers. Here, we report a detailed sequence analysis of the PTEN, PIK3CA, KRAS, HRAS, NRAS, and BRAF genes in a collection of 40 human breast cancer cell lines. We identified a surprisingly large proportion of cell lines with mutations in the PI3K or RAS pathways (54% and 25%, respectively), with mutants for each of the six genes. The PIK3CA, KRAS, and BRAF mutation spectra of the breast cancer cell lines were similar to those of colorectal cancers. Unlike in colorectal cancers, however, mutational activation of the PI3K pathway was mutually exclusive with mutational activation of the RAS pathway in all but 1 of 30 mutant breast cancer cell lines (P = 0.001). These results suggest that there is a fine distinction between the signaling activators and downstream effectors of the oncogenic PI3K and RAS pathways in breast epithelium and those in other tissues.
Modular assembly of transposon integratable multigene vectors using RecWay assembly (2013)

Studying complex biological processes such as cancer development, stem cell induction and transdifferentiation requires the modulation of multiple genes or pathways at one time in a single cell. Herein, we describe straightforward methods for rapid and efficient assembly of bacterial marker free multigene cassettes containing up to six complementary DNAs/short hairpin RNAs. We have termed this method RecWay assembly, as it makes use of both Cre recombinase and the commercially available Gateway cloning system. Further, because RecWay assembly uses truly modular components, it allows for the generation of randomly assembled multigene vector libraries. These multigene vectors are integratable, and later excisable, using the highly efficient piggyBac (PB) DNA transposon system. Moreover, we have dramatically improved the expression of stably integrated multigene vectors by incorporation of insulator elements to prevent promoter interference seen with multigene vectors. We demonstrate that insulated multigene PB transposons can stably integrate and faithfully express up to five fluorescent proteins and the puromycin-thymidine kinase resistance gene in vitro, with up to 70-fold higher gene expression compared with analogous uninsulated vectors. RecWay assembly of multigene transposon vectors allows for widely applicable modelling of highly complex biological processes and can be easily performed by other research laboratories.
Aqueous-Core Lipid Nanocapsules for Encapsulating Fragile Hydrophilic and/or Lipophilic Molecules (2009)

This paper presents the original method of producing aqueous-core lipid nanocapsule, able to encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic species with relevant yields. The scope offered by the integration of both hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules within the same colloidal objects make this method a prime candidate for the numerous anticancer therapies for which chemotherapy frequently requires the association of several molecules. The proof of concept study is proposed here (i) describing in detail the formulation of such objects and their characterization (TEM, cryo-TEM, soft particle analysis), (ii) showing the encapsulation of hydrophilic species alone, using examples of very different molecular weights, such as a dye (methylene blue) and a protein (BSA-isothycianate fluorecein labeled), and (iii) showing the simultaneous encapsulation of hydrophilic (methylene blue) and lipophilic (also a dye, red Sudan III) species.
Secretion of active membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP‐14) into extracellular space in microvesicular exosomes (2008)

Membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP, MMP14) is an efficient extracellular matrix (ECM) degrading enzyme that plays important roles in tissue homeostasis and cell invasion. Like a number of type I membrane proteins, MT1-MMP can be internalized from the cell surface through early and recycling endosomes to late endosomes, and recycled to the plasma membrane. Late endosomes participate in the biogenesis of small (30-100 nm) vesicles, exosomes, which redirect plasma membrane proteins for extracellular secretion. We hypothesized that some of the endosomal MT1-MMP could be directed to exosomes for extracellular release. Using cultured human fibrosarcoma (HT-1080) and melanoma (G361) cells we provide evidence that both the full-length 60 kDa and the proteolytically processed 43 kDa forms of MT1-MMP are secreted in exosomes. The isolated exosomes were identified by their vesicular structure in electron microscopy and by exosomal marker proteins CD9 and tumor susceptibility gene (TSG101). Furthermore, exosomes contained beta1-integrin (CD29). The exosomes were able to activate pro-MMP-2 and degrade type 1 collagen and gelatin, suggesting that the exosomal MT1-MMP was functionally active. The targeting of MT1-MMP in exosomes represents a novel mechanism for cancer cells to secrete membrane type metalloproteolytic activity into the extracellular space.
Delivery of an Adeno-Associated Virus Vector into Cerebrospinal Fluid Attenuates Central Nervous System Disease in Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II Mice (2016)

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a rare X-linked genetic disorder caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS), leading to impaired catabolism of ubiquitous polysaccharides and abnormal accumulation of these undegraded substrates in the lysosome. Like many lysosomal storage diseases, MPS II is characterized by both somatic and central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Intravenous enzyme replacement therapy can improve somatic manifestations of MPS II, but systemic IDS does not cross the blood-brain barrier and therefore cannot address CNS disease. In this study, an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 vector carrying the IDS gene was injected into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of IDS deficient mice, a model of MPS II. Treated mice exhibited dose-dependent IDS expression and resolution of brain storage lesions, as well as improvement in long-term memory in a novel object recognition test. These findings suggest that delivery of adeno-associated virus vectors into CSF could serve as a platform for efficient, long-term enzyme delivery to the CNS, potentially addressing this critical unmet need for patients with MPS II and many related lysosomal enzyme deficiencies.
Vibrational Normal Modes of Polymer Nanoparticle Dimers Using the Time-Averaged Normal Coordinate Analysis Method (2002)

The recently developed time-averaged normal coordinate analysis method is employed to investigate the normal modes of polymer nanoparticle dimers. In addition to providing the first accurate calculation of vibrational frequencies and vibrational displacements in dimerized nanoparticles, the normal mode corresponding to the particle dimer vibration is observed for the first time. It is observed that the nanoparticle dimer vibration is only minimally coupled to the other internal motions of the particle, showing a true correspondence to the vibrational motion in diatomic species. Several other characteristic vibrations of the dimerized species are observed, which correspond to coupled indifferent modes of the monomer particles.
A new design for bispecific antibodies enables efficient production of stable molecules with good pharmacodynamic properties. (2007)

Antibody-based therapeutics have shown remarkable success in the treatment of conditions such as cancer, inflammation and infectious disease. Yet the clinical efficacy of this class of therapeutic agent is likely to be improved even further through research on antibody design. A report by Wu et al. 1 in this issue explores one especially promising avenue: the generation of bispecific antibodies that simultaneously recognize two different molecules. The ease with which the new method produces bispecific, tetravalent antibodies of many different binding specificities suggests that such agents may soon prove clinically important. The biological and structural properties of the antibody make it an attractive therapeutic (Fig. 1a). Antibodies are assembled from two heavy (H) and two light (L) chains. Both the heavy and light chains are divided into variable and constant regions. The variable regions of the heavy (VH) and the light (VL) chain associate to form the binding site of the antibody and together are called the Fv fragment. Flexible linkers can be used to covalently join a VH and a VL chain, forming a single-chain Fv (scFv) that retains the
Input sensitive high-level power analysis (2002)

An input sensitive table based power estimation technique is proposed. The proposed technique has been applied to different circuits and validated using circuit-level simulation for 0.25 /spl mu/m, 2.5 V CMOS technology. It is observed that the proposed scheme achieves an average error margin of 3.2% as compared to HSPICE, while running 27 times faster.
Soft Maximum Likelihood Decoding using GRAND (2020)

Maximum Likelihood (ML) decoding of forward error correction codes is known to be optimally accurate, but is not used in practice as it proves too challenging to efficiently implement. Here we propose a development of a previously described hard detection ML decoder called Guessing Random Additive Noise Decoding (GRAND). We introduce Soft GRAND (SGRAND), a ML decoder that fully avails of soft detection information and is suitable for use with any arbitrary high-rate, short-length block code. We assess SGRAND's performance on Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)-aided Polar (CA-Polar) codes, which will be used for all control channel communication in 5G New Radio (NR), comparing its accuracy with CRC-Aided Successive Cancellation List decoding (CA-SCL), a state-of-the-art soft-information decoder specific to CA-Polar codes.
CCL22 and CCL17 in rat radiation pneumonitis and in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (2004)

Pulmonary fibrosis is caused by various known and unknown aetiologies, but the key pathogenic mechanisms are still ill-defined. Chemokines are a large family of chemotactic cytokines that play pivotal roles in various inflammatory diseases. In the present study, the roles of chemokines in a rat model of radiation pneumonitis/ pulmonary fibrosis were examined. Accumulation of inflammatory cells and pneumonitis were observed on day 28, and diffuse alveolar wall thickening with extensive fibrosis was observed on day 56. In addition to the previously reported CCL2 (macrophage chemoattractant protein-1) induction, selective upregulation of CCL22 (macrophage-derived chemokine) and CCL17 (thymus and activation-regulated chemokine) were demonstrated for the first time in the irradiated lung tissues. Immunohistochemically, it was demonstrated that CCL22 and CCL17 were localised primarily to alveolar macrophages, whereas their receptor CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) was detected on alveolar lymphocytes and macrophages. On further analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis, elevated levels of CCL22, but not of CCL17, were observed in the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. Since these two chemokines play pivotal roles in various type-2 T-helper cell-dominant diseases, it was speculated that CCL22, and probably CCL17, are involved in the pathophysiology of radiation pneumonitis/pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis through the recruitment of CC chemokine receptor 4-positive type-2 T-helper cells and alveolar macrophages.
Characterization of SDS−PAGE-Separated Proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (1996)

A new strategy to characterize SDS--PAGE-separated proteins with MALDI MS is described. The proteins, electroblotted onto nitrocellulose after SDS--PAGE separation and stained with reversible Ponceau S dye, are readily recovered by dissolving the membrane in matrix solutions prepared with acetone. The resulting mixtures are amenable to direct MALDI MS analysis, which provides a rapid and accurate means of measuring the molecular weights of SDS--PAGE-separated proteins and of peptides that result from CNBr digestion of proteins on the nitrocellulose membrane. Compared with the traditional elution method, this procedure provides more efficient detection of proteins and peptides, especially the higher molecular weight proteins from the membrane. As little as 3.5 pmol of lysozyme and 15 pmol of bovine albumin loaded onto a gel can be detected using this method. The detection sensitivity is higher than or comparable to that of the traditional Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining procedure.
Detection of low back pain using pH level-dependent imaging of the intervertebral disc using the ratio of R1ρdispersion and −OH chemical exchange saturation transfer (RROC) (2014)

RROC imaging is a promising pH level dependent MRI technique that has the potential to be a noninvasive imaging tool to detect painful IVDs in vivo.
Electrical and optical characterization of field emitter tips with integrated vertically stacked focus (2003)

A revised version of the authors' BPM that includes quantitatively accurate closed-form expressions for the Fowler-Nordheim coefficients is summarized. For field emitter arrays with integrated focus with the gate and focus biased at the same potential (V/sub G/, = V/sub F/) the emission current was 100 nA/tip at 42 V, with about 50% intercepted by the focus. It was deduced that the tip radius of curvature is 2.4-3.6 nm. Analytical model, numerical simulation, and transmission electron microscopy micrographs all gave tip ROC values in this range. We studied electron beam collimation with lowering the focus voltage VF at different values of the gate voltage V/sub G/, and observed that the optimal VF is about 0.25 V/sub G/, confirming earlier predictions by the authors. From the measurements of beam collimation as a function of cathode-anode separation, we deduced the horizontal velocity of electrons. Under optimal collimation the estimated horizontal velocity was practically zero, and diameter of the spot size produced by a 5 /spl times/ 5 array with a 40 /spl times/ 40 /spl mu/m footprint on the phosphor screen biased at 5 kV and located 15 mm away was at most 50 /spl mu/m.