gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
N-3 Fatty Acids as Secondary Prevention against Cardiovascular Events in Patients Who Undergo Chronic Hemodialysis (2006)

Patients who are treated with chronic hemodialysis (HD) experience premature cardiovascular disease and an increased mortality. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may be effective in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, but the effects of n-3 PUFA has not previously been examined in HD patients. It was hypothesized that secondary prevention with n-3 PUFA would reduce the number of cardiovascular events and death in patients who are treated with chronic HD. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial compared the effect of n-3 PUFA and a control treatment as secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in HD patients. The primary outcome was a composite of total cardiovascular events and death. A total of 206 patients were randomly assigned to treatment with n-3 PUFA or control treatment and followed for 2 yr or until reaching a predefined end point. During the trial, 121 (59%) of 206 patients reached a primary end point. N-3 PUFA had no significant effect on the primary composite end point of cardiovascular events and death (62 versus 59; NS). In the n-3 PUFA group, a significant reduction was seen in the number of myocardial infarctions (four versus 13; P = 0.036). This trial was limited by a relatively small number of patients and a large number of withdrawals. However, it is concluded that treatment with n-3 PUFA did not reduce the total number of cardiovascular events and death in this high-risk population. N-3 PUFA significantly reduced the number of myocardial infarctions as a secondary outcome, a finding that might be of clinical interest.
Resonant tunneling via microcrystalline-silicon quantum confinement (1991)

Resonant tunneling involving discrete quantum states in microcrystalline-Si (\ensuremath{\mu}c-Si) with a-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ barriers is observed experimentally. The low interface trap densities, and the high barrier height between Si and a-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$, allow the observation of several aspects in the physics of quantum confinement. Even for extreme quantum confinement at low gate bias, applied to the Al/a-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$/\ensuremath{\mu}c-Si/a-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$/c-Si structure, the effects of quantized charge accumulation dominate over the wider separation of the energy levels of the quantum box. At high gate bias, we observe a transition from a three dimensionally to a one dimensionally confined system.
Therapeutic levels of human factor VIII and IX using HIV-1–based lentiviral vectors in mouse liver (2000)

Lentiviral vectors have the potential to play an important role in hemophilia gene therapy. The present study used human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-based lentiviral vectors containing an EF1alpha enhancer/promoter driving human factors VIII (hFVIII) or IX (hFIX) complementary DNA expression for portal vein injection into C57Bl/6 mice. Increasing doses of hFIX-expressing lentivirus resulted in a dose-dependent, sustained increase in serum hFIX levels up to approximately 50-60 ng/mL. Partial hepatectomy resulted in a 4- to 6-fold increase (P < 0.005) in serum hFIX of up to 350 ng/mL compared with the nonhepatectomized counterparts. The expression of plasma hFVIII reached 30 ng/mL (15% of normal) but was transient as the plasma levels fell concomitant with the formation of anti-hFVIII antibodies. However, hFVIII levels were persistent in immunodeficient C57Bl/6 scid mice, suggesting humoral immunity-limited gene expression in immunocompetent mice. This study demonstrates that lentiviral vectors can produce therapeutic levels of coagulation factors in vivo, which can be enhanced with hepatocellular proliferation.
Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease (2007)

European and American Cardiac Societies incorporated EPA and DHA into recent treatment guidelines for myocardial infarction, prevention of cardiovascular disease, treatment of ventricular arrhythmias and prevention of sudden cardiac death. Physicians need to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease by advocating EPA and DHA to all patients likely to benefit.
Effects of injected leukemia inhibitory factor on hematopoietic and other tissues in mice (1990)

Purified bacterially synthesized recombinant murine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was injected in varying doses for up to 2 weeks into adult DBA/2 and C3H/HeJ mice. At high doses (2 micrograms, three times daily) LIF exhibited toxic effects seen as behavioral changes, loss of body fat, and thymus atrophy. Dose-related rises were observed in blood platelets, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, and serum calcium to albumin ratios, including dose schedules with no toxic effects. LIF induced a decrease in bone marrow cell numbers, particularly in marrow lymphocytes, and a moderate increase in spleen weight with a reduction in spleen lymphocytes and an elevation of erythroid populations. LIF-injected mice showed a rise in megakaryocytes up to twofold in the marrow and fivefold in the spleen, with an associated 10-fold rise in megakaryocyte progenitor cells in the spleen. Comparable rises in other types of progenitor cells were also observed in the spleen. The observed changes indicate the biologic activity of LIF in vivo and are consistent with the known wide range of in vitro actions of this molecule. The ability of LIF to elevate megakaryocyte and platelet levels suggests a potential clinical application of LIF in the treatment of thrombocytopenias.
Multiresolution image sensor (1997)

The development of the CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) has, for the first time, permitted large scale integration of supporting circuitry and smart camera-functions on the same chip as a high-performance image sensor. This paper reports on the demonstration of a new 128/spl times/128 CMOS APS with programmable multiresolution readout capability. By placing signal processing circuitry on the imaging focal plane, the image sensor can output data at varying resolutions which can decrease the computational load of downstream image processing. For instance, software intensive image pyramid reconstruction can be eliminated. The circuit uses a passive switched capacitor network to average arbitrarily large neighborhoods of pixels which can then be read out at any user-defined resolution by configuring a set of digital shift registers. The full resolution frame rate is 30 Hz with higher rates for all other image resolutions. The sensor achieved 80 dB of dynamic range while dissipating only 5 mW of power. Circuit error was less than -34 dB and introduced no objectionable fixed pattern noise or other artifacts into the image.
A High-Capacity Digital Communication System Using TE/sub 01/ Transmission in Circular Waveguide (1975)

In this paper, we describe the characteristics and several parts of a high-capacity digital communications system using the low-loss circular waveguide.
Phase 1 trial of FVIII gene transfer for severe hemophilia A using a retroviral construct administered by peripheral intravenous infusion (2003)

In a phase 1 dose escalation study, 13 subjects with hemophilia A received by peripheral intravenous infusion a retroviral vector carrying a B-domain-deleted human factor VIII (hFVIII) gene. Infusions were well tolerated. Tests for replication competent retrovirus have been negative. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses demonstrate the persistence of vector gene sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 3 of 3 subjects tested. Factor VIII was measured in serial samples using both a one-stage clotting assay and a chromogenic assay. While no subject had sustained FVIII increases, 9 subjects had FVIII higher than 1% on at least 2 occasions 5 or more days after infusion of exogenous FVIII, with isolated levels that ranged from 2.3% to 19%. Pharmacokinetic parameters of exogenous FVIII infused into subjects 13 weeks after vector infusion showed an increased half-life (T1/2; P <.02) and area under the curve (AUC, P <.04) compared with prestudy values. Bleeding frequency decreased in 5 subjects compared with historical rates. These results demonstrate that this retroviral vector (hFVIII(V)) is safe and, in some subjects, persists more than a year in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, with measurable factor VIII levels and with increased available FVIII activity (increased T1/2 and AUC) after infusion of exogenous FVIII concentrate.
Development of a voltage-variable dielectric (VVD), electronic scan antenna (1997)

In the environment of reduced defense spending, radar systems aboard fielded, high performance air-superiority fighters need to be more affordable and reliable while providing equivalent or better performance. The mechanical antenna gimbal and the tube transmitter have historically been the most unreliable parts of the radar system. Conventional two-dimensional electronically scanned antenna (2D ESA) technology can significantly improve antenna subsystem reliability but does so with a higher recurring cost to the user. The Hughes Aircraft Company has been involved in the development of new 2D ESA concepts that address the drawbacks of conventional 2D ESAs. These concepts are being developed as part of the United States Air Force, Wright Laboratories Radar Branch (WL/AAMR) sponsored, Radar System and Aperture Technology (RSAT) program.
The function of spermine (2014)

Polyamines play important roles in cell physiology including effects on the structure of cellular macromolecules, gene expression, protein function, nucleic acid and protein synthesis, regulation of ion channels, and providing protection from oxidative damage. Vertebrates contain two polyamines, spermidine and spermine, as well as their precursor, the diamine putrescine. Although spermidine has an essential and unique role as the precursor of hypusine a post-translational modification of the elongation factor eIF5A, which is necessary for this protein to function in protein synthesis, no unique role for spermine has been identified unequivocally. The existence of a discrete spermine synthase enzyme that converts spermidine to spermine suggest that spermine must be needed and this is confirmed by studies with Gy mice and human patients with Snyder-Robinson syndrome in which spermine synthase is absent or greatly reduced. In both cases, this leads to a severe phenotype with multiple effects among which are intellectual disability, other neurological changes, hypotonia, and reduced growth of muscle and bone. This review describes these alterations and focuses on the roles of spermine which may contribute to these phenotypes including reducing damage due to reactive oxygen species, protection from stress, permitting correct current flow through inwardly rectifying K(+) channels, controlling activity of brain glutamate receptors involved in learning and memory, and affecting growth responses. Additional possibilities include acting as storage reservoir for maintaining appropriate levels of free spermidine and a possible non-catalytic role for spermine synthase protein.
A Complex Family of Highly Heterogeneous and Internally Repetitive Hyperactive Antifreeze Proteins from the Beetle Tenebrio molitor, (1999)

We have previously identified a Thr- and Cys-rich thermal hysteresis (antifreeze) protein (THP) in the beetle Tenebrio molitor that has 10-100 times the freezing point depression activity of fish antifreeze proteins. Because this 8.4 kDa protein is significantly different in its properties from THP preparations previously reported from this insect, a thorough search was undertaken for other antifreeze types. Many active proteins were observed, but all appeared to be isoforms of the THP that differed in their number of 12-amino acid repeats (consensus sequence CTxSxxCxxAxT), amino acid substitutions, and N-linked glycosylation. Mass spectral analysis has matched most of these isoforms with cDNA sequences of 17 different clones from a larval fat body library that encode eight different mature THPs containing 84, 96, or 120 amino acids. Genomic Southern blots suggest there may be 30-50 tightly linked copies of the gene, which is a signature consistently seen with unrelated fish antifreeze protein genes, and one that has been associated with the need to rapidly increase gene product in response to climate change. A three-dimensional model is proposed for the fully disulfide-bonded structure of T. molitor THP, which can accommodate addition or deletion of 12-amino acid repeats. The structure is a beta-helix that places most of the Thr in a regular array on one side of the protein to form a putative ice-binding surface.
Anti-CD137 and PD-1/PD-L1 Antibodies En Route toward Clinical Synergy (2017)

T-cell costimulation and coinhibition can be respectively exploited by blocking and agonist mAbs. Both strategies can be synergistically combined in mouse models. Early clinical results from combinations of anti-PD-1 mAbs in conjunction with agonist anti-CD137 (4-1BB) mAbs show excellent safety and promising efficacy. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 23(18); 5326-8. ©2017 AACR</i><i>See related article by Tolcher et al., p. 5349</i>.
Oxytocin inhibits the progression of human ovarian carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo (2004)

The neurohypophyseal nonapeptide oxytocin (OT) is involved in many biologic functions and regulation of cell proliferation under both physiologic and neoplastic conditions. In some cases, OT exhibits an oxytocin receptor (OTR)-mediated antiproliferative effect on cancer cells. In this study, we examined the effects of OT on ovarian carcinoma progression in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the inhibitory effects of OT on cell growth, invasion and migration in vitro. Furthermore, we examined the OT effects in vivo ovarian carcinoma model. We demonstrated OTR expressions in the large majority of ovarian carcinoma tissues, and OT inhibited not only proliferation but also migration and invasion in ovarian carcinoma cells in vitro. Furthermore, we examined the mechanisms of the antiinvasive ability of OT. Secretion of matrix metalloproteinase 2 was slightly inhibited by 10(-7) M OT, while treatment with 10(-7) M OT for 24 hr remarkably enhanced the expression of E-cadherin. In addition, our in vivo study showed that intraperitoneal administration of OT resulted in the reduction of intraperitoneal dissemination of ovarian carcinoma cells. Mean tumor burden in the OT-treated group (0.2 +/- 0.11 g) was significantly (p < 0.05) less than that of physiologic saline-treated group (0.5 +/- 0.54 g). This evidence implies that OT may functionally suppress peritoneal dissemination in ovarian carcinoma.
Electroporation of biological membranes from multicellular to nano scales (2003)

Electroporation, widely used in research and applications, is briefly reviewed. Both cell and artificial planar bilayer membranes exhibit dramatic changes if the transmembrane voltage is raised to /spl sim/0.2 to 1 V by various electric field pulses. Ionic and molecular transport increases by orders of magnitude, with both reversible and irreversible outcomes. Initially the term breakdown was used, but ion pair generation of classic dielectric breakdown was ruled out. Instead, a stochastic pore hypothesis is consistent with features of electroporation in planar lipid membranes. There is a rapid, nonlinear conduction increase through a rapidly evolving pore population, and this causes the fast membrane discharge previously termed "breakdown". Phenomena due to primary aqueous pores and secondary processes such as heating and chemical exchange have been observed in planar bilayers, cell single systems encountered mainly in vitro, multicellular systems relevant to in vivo applications, and possibly subcellular structures such as mitochondria. For membrane systems that approach nanoscales, modified behavior should occur because of conformational constraints, and deterministic processes may become more important. Understanding electroporation is a subset of a general problem: obtaining a quantitative description of how electromagnetic field-altered changes in chemical species within a biological system govern observed effects.
Acid-Base Cements (1993)

Acid-base cements have been known since the mid-nineteenth century and offer an alternative to polymerization as a route for forming solid substances. They are quick setting materials and some have unusual properties for cements, such as adhesion and translucency. They find diverse applications ranging from the biomedical to the industrial. Despite this there has been a failure to recognize them as constituting a single, well defined class of material. This book attempts to remedy this situation by unifying the subject and treating this range of materials as a single class. Following a brief historical overview, an introductory chapter defines these cements as materials that are formed by reacting a basic powder with an acidic liquid to yield a salt-like matrix. The nature of the cementation process and the cement-forming acids and bases are discussed. Other chapters are devoted to the methods of study, the structure of water and simple polyelectrolyte theory. In the remaining chapters the various types of cements classified according the anionic constituent of the matrix, are described. Thus, there are chapters on polyalkenoate, phosphate, oxychloride, oxysulphate and the non-aqueous phenolate cements. A chapter is devoted to miscellaneous aqueous cements which include the recently discovered polyphosphonate cements.
On privatization of variables for data-parallel execution (2002)

Privatization of data is an important technique that has been used by compilers to parallelize loops by eliminating storage-related dependences. When a compiler partitions computations based on the ownership of data, selecting a proper mapping of privatizable data is crucial to obtaining the benefits of privatization. This paper presents a novel framework for privatizing scalar and array variables in the context of a data-driven approach to parallelization. We show that there are numerous alternatives available for mapping privatized variables and the choice of mapping can significantly affect the performance of the program. We present an algorithm that attempts to preserve parallelism and minimize communication overheads. We also introduce the concept of partial privatization of arrays that combines data partitioning and privatization, and enables efficient handling of a class of codes with multi-dimensional data distribution that was not previously possible. Finally, we show how the ideas of privatization apply to the execution of control flow statements as well. An implementation of these ideas in the pHPF prototype compiler for High Performance Fortran on the IBM SP2 machine has shown impressive results.
A variant of FGF19 for treatment of disorders of cholestasis and bile acid metabolism. (2015)

Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is increasingly recognized as a key hormone regulating many functions. A recent publication by Luo et al. in Science Translational Medicine has advanced understanding of the diverse actions of FGF19 and has suggested how therapeutics with this protein may be optimized (1).
Life Style-Related Diseases of the Digestive System: Gene Expression in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Patients and Treatment Strategies (2007)

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a subset of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and sometimes progresses to cirrhosis and liver failure. We analyzed the expression profiles of approximately 50,000 genes and biological pathways in NASH patients in comparison with simple steatosis patients by using the analytical technique of GSEA (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis) by DNA microarrays. Although expressions of various genes were altered, GSEA showed clearly lower expression of nuclear receptors, including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) pathway. In a preliminary study we therefore investigated the therapeutic effect of low-dose pioglitazone (15 mg/day per body for 24 weeks), a synthetic ligand for PPARgamma, in 12 NASH patients. A decrease in aminotransferase (ALT) values to within the normal range was observed in 7 (58.3%) of the patients, and because the dose of pioglitazone was lower than that ordinarily used, no side effects, such as fatigue, lower extremity edema, or weight gain, were observed. In conclusion, the results confirmed involvement of the PPARgamma pathway in NASH and the therapeutic utility of a PPARgamma ligand.
Oxalyl-CPG: a labile support for synthesis of sensitive oligonucleotide derivatives (1991)

A procedure is described for linking nucleosides covalently to controlled pore glass or cross-linked polystyrene supports by means of an oxalyl anchor. Though stable to triethylamine and diisopropylamine, the nucleoside-oxalyl link can be cleaved within a few minutes at room temperature with ammonium hydroxide in methanol. This new anchor can be used in automated synthesis of conventional oligonucleotides. The primary value, however, is that it enables one to employ solid support methodology to synthesize a variety of base-sensitive oligonucleotide derivatives, as illustrated here by synthesis of oligomers with base protecting groups intact and with methyl phosphotriester groups at the internucleoside links.
High quantum efficiency two color type-II InAs∕GaSb n-i-p-p-i-n photodiodes (2008)

A n-i-p-p-i-n photodiode based on type-II InAs∕GaSb superlattice was grown on a GaSb substrate. The two channels, with respective 50% of responsivity cutoff wavelengths at 7.7 and 10μm, presented quantum efficiencies (QEs) of 47% and 39% at 77K. The devices can be operated as two diodes for simultaneous detection or as a single n-i-p-p-i-n detector for sequential detection. In the latter configuration, the QEs at 5.3 and 8.5μm were measured as high as 40% and 39% at 77K. The optical cross-talk between the two channels could be reduced from 0.36 to 0.08 by applying a 50mV bias.
Hypermethylation of the p16INK4a promoter in colectomy specimens of patients with long-standing and extensive ulcerative colitis. (1998)

Functional inactivation of the p16INK4a gene has been reported to be involved in the development of a variety of human malignancies. Recent evidence shows that transcriptional silencing as a consequence of hypermethylation of CpG islands is the predominant mechanism of p16INK4a gene inactivation in sporadic colon cancer. This study sought to identify the significance of p16INK4a methylation in the colonic epithelium of patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis. A total of 89 tissue samples was retrieved from three colectomy specimens. A methylation-specific PCR assay was applied. The methylation status was compared with histological findings and the flow cytometrically determined DNA index. Hypermethylation of the p16INK4a promoter region was detected in 12.7% of samples that were negative for dysplasia. However, 70.0% of samples with dysplasia and all of the samples with carcinomatous lesions revealed hypermethylation. Hypermethylation of the p16INK4a gene promoter was detected already in 40% of specimens with lesions indefinite for dysplasia and in 13.7% of samples with exclusively diploid cell populations. These results suggest that hypermethylation of the p16INK4a promoter region is a frequent and early occurring event during the process of neoplastic progression in ulcerative colitis.