gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Macrophage cytotoxicity: interleukin 1 as a mediator of tumor cytostasis. (1986)

Purified macrophage interleukin 1 (IL 1) induced a concentration-dependent inhibition of the proliferation of two commonly used tumor cell target lines, the human myeloid K562 and the murine T lymphoma Eb. In contrast, mastocytoma-derived P815 cells were not inhibited. The cytostatic action of IL 1 was not associated with direct cytotoxicity and was only partially reversible. PGE or interferon did not appear to mediate these effects. IL 1 treatment of the multipotential K562 cells revealed no morphologic evidence for the induction of specific differentiation. FACS analysis of IL 1-treated K562 cells showed a rapid decrease in transferrin receptor density, and a more delayed, but highly significant, increase in HLA-A,B,C antigen density. These findings provide one explanation for the frequently reported macrophage cytostatic actions against tumor cells, and indicate as well that IL 1, like interferon, may enhance the expression of Class I MHC antigens. These observations further extend the range of IL 1 actions and underscore the fundamental and direct role of this monokine in macrophage antitumor activity.
Enlisting rangers and scouts for reconnaissance and surveillance (2000)

Reconnaissance and surveillance are important activities for both military and civilian organizations, for hostage and survivor rescue, drug raids, response to chemical or toxic waste spills etc. We have developed a distributed heterogeneous robotic team that is based mainly on a miniature robotic system. Because some operations require covert action, most of the robots are extremely small. This also allows them to be easily transported and allows for a greater number to be brought into use for a single operation. This makes them expendable without jeopardizing the overall mission. We call these small robots scouts. Their individual components must all be exceedingly small, and their overall design must make maximum use of all available space. They must make efficient use of resources (e.g., batteries). We meet these challenges with an innovative design and creative use of additional support. We team the scouts with larger ranger robots, which can transport the scouts over distances of several kilometers, deploy them rapidly over a large area, coordinate their behavior, and collect and present the resulting data. We present the scouts and rangers, discuss their capabilities along with the associated software, and describe demonstrations conducted to test the innovative aspects of the system. We also discuss related work, analyze our results, and draw conclusions.
Cu2+-Induced Blue Shift of the Pyrene Excimer Emission:  A New Signal Transduction Mode of Pyrene Probes (2001)

A pentiptycene-bispyrenyl system (1) has been synthesized and investigated as a fluorescent chemosensor for metal ions. A novel blue shift along with an intensity enhancement of the pyrene excimer emission is observed for 1 in the presence of Cu(2+). Such a new signal transduction mode of pyrene probes results from the formation of a static pyrene excimer that has very different characteristics from its dynamic counterpart.
Identification of differential proteins in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells with p53 silence by proteome analysis (2006)

Although mutation of p53 tumor-suppressor gene is rare in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), NPC has a high frequency of overexpression of p53 protein. There seem to be complex mechanisms of inactivation and stabilization of p53 in NPC. To detect proteins associated with the function of p53 in high throughout screening, we succeeded in establishing p53 knockdown human NPC CNE2 cell line (CNE2sip53) using stable RNA interference, and compared the proteomic changes between CNE2sip53 and control cell line CNE2/pSUPER using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Twenty-two differentially expressed proteins between the two cell lines were identified by both matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, some of which are known to be associated with the p53 function (HSP27, hnRNP K, 14-3-3sigma, etc.), and others may be novel proteins associated with p53 function (eIF4B, TPT1, hnRNP H3, SFRS1 etc.). Furthermore, several differential proteins including HSP27, HSP70, GRP75 and GRP78 were verified as p53 interacting proteins in NPC by immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis, and the suppression of HSP27 expression by HSP27 antisense oligonucleotides could decrease the p53 protein level. Our data suggest that these differential proteins may be associated with the function of p53 in NPC, and provide new clues to elucidate the mechanisms of inactivation and stabilization of p53 in NPC.
Positron Emission Tomography Using [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose for Monitoring Primary Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer (2000)

This study demonstrates that in patients with advanced breast cancer undergoing primary chemotherapy, FDG-PET differentiates responders from nonresponders early in the course of therapy. This may help improve patient management by avoiding ineffective chemotherapy and supporting the decision to continue dose-intensive preoperative chemotherapy in responding patients.
1-(N, N-dimethylamino)-2-(N-phenylcarbamoyl)-1-buten-3-one as a building block for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds (2002)

Acetoacetanilide 1 reacted with DMF-DMA to give the enaminone 2. Compound 2, when treated with hydrazines gives the pyrazoles 4a and 4b respectively, and with pyrazole derivatives Sa and 5b the pyrazolopyrimidines 7. On the other hand, in reaction of 2 with benzimidazole and benzimidazole-2-acetonitrile, the pyrimidobenzimidazole 14 and the pyridobenzimidazole 17 were formed. 2 reacts with hippuric acid in boiling acetic anhydride to afford the pyridine 20. In the reaction of 2 with malononitrile, cyanoacetamide or malononitrile dimer compounds 21, 22 and 24 were formed. Compound 22 was further reacted with arylidenemalononitriles to give the benzopyridine derivatives 28. Pyridone 22 treated with S-DMF mixture gives thienopyridine 29, while refluxed with DMFDMA yielded the pyridopyridine 30.
THE SCHISTOSOMICIDAL AND TOXIC EFFECTS OF SOME αω‐DI(p‐AMINOPHENOXY)ALKANES AND RELATED MONOAMINES (1958)

An account is given of the results obtained with a number of p-aminophenoxyalkanes which were examined for activity against Schistosoma mansoni in mice and for the presence of retinotoxicity in cats. The first compound to be found active, 1:5-di(p-aminophenoxy)-pentane dihydrochloride (M & B 968A), was modified in a variety of ways in an attempt to increase its activity and to eliminate its ocular effects. It was found that a p-aminophenoxyalkyl group was common to all the active compounds, but that the rest of the molecule could be any of several different groups, including alkoxy, phenoxy, and phenyl groups, without diminishing the activity. Although at least one p-aminophenoxyalkyl group was essential for schistosomicidal activity, ocular toxicity was also shown by a p-aminophenylalkyl derivative in which the ether linkage was absent.
Intraoperative electrical stimulation of the stapedius reflex in children. (1997)

The responses serve to test the implant, provide guidance in avoiding overstimulation of the child when the device is switched on, and estimate the optimal C-levels.
An Integrated Multifunctional Nanosystem from Command Nanoparticles and Enzymes (2009)

A hierarchical nanosytem combines pH-responsive Pickering emulsion and specific enzymatic reactions (see image). Multiple signals received from the surrounding environment and processed by the integrated nanosystem are used for the direct (without an external computer or energy source) regulating and turning on and off of a range of properties of the integrated system (electrical conductivity, transport of ions, water- and oil-soluble molecules) Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A curve evolution-based variational approach to simultaneous image restoration and segmentation (2003)

In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for simultaneous restoration and segmentation of blurred noisy images by approaching a variant of the Mumford-Shah functional from a curve evolution perspective. In particular, by viewing the active contour as the set of discontinuities in the image, we derive a gradient flow to minimize an extended Mumford-Shah functional where the known blurring function is incorporated as part of the data fidelity term. Each gradient step involves solving a discrete approximation of the corresponding partial differential equation to obtain a smooth and deblurred estimate of the observed image without blurring across the curve. The experimental results based on both synthetic and real images demonstrate that the proposed method segments and restores the blurred images effectively. We conclude that our work is an edge-preserving image restoration technique that couples segmentation, denoising, and deblurring within a single framework. In addition, this framework provides an intellectual connection between regularization theory (used to solve the deblurring inverse problem) and the theory of curve evolution.
Analysis and design of an all-digital demodulator for trellis coded 16-QAM transmission over a nonlinear satellite channel (1995)

Although providing high spectral efficiency, sixteen-level quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) is customarily considered a power-inefficient transmission technique for satellite communication systems, due to the considerable output back-off (OBO) of the optimum operating point of the nonlinear amplifier. The authors present a technique for the compensation of nonlinear distortions in the received signal constellation in an all-digital demodulator for rate-3/4 16-state trellis coded (TC) 16-QAM. They show that, by simple modifications to the metric computer in the Viterbi decoder, the optimum operating point of the amplifier can be moved much closer to saturation than in the conventional case, without any need for on-board amplifier linearization. The simulation results demonstrate a BER of 10/sup -5/ with a power saving of roughly 3.5 dB in a typical nonlinear channel, when compared to conventional uncoded 8-PSK. This figure includes all of the impairments produced by increased satellite amplifier OBO and by the presence of the subsystems for symbol timing recovery, carrier phase estimation and automatic gain control.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Atm deficiency results in severe meiotic disruption as early as leptonema of prophase I (1998)

Infertility is a common feature of the human disorder ataxia-telangiectasia and Atm-deficient mice are completely infertile. To gain further insight into the role of ATM in meiosis, we examined meiotic cells in Atm-deficient mice during development. Spermatocyte degeneration begins between postnatal days 8 and 16.5, soon after entry into prophase I of meiosis, while oocytes degenerate late in embryogenesis prior to dictyate arrest. Using electron microscopy and immunolocalization of meiotic proteins in mutant adult spermatocytes, we found that male and female gametogenesis is severely disrupted in Atm-deficient mice as early as leptonema of prophase I, resulting in apoptotic degeneration. A small number of mutant cells progress into later stages of meiosis, but no cells proceed beyond prophase I. ATR, a protein related to ATM, DMC1, a RAD51 family member, and RAD51 are mislocalized to chromatin and have reduced localization to developing synaptonemal complexes in spermatocytes from Atm-deficient mice, suggesting dysregulation of the orderly progression of meiotic events. ATM protein is normally present at high levels primarily in ova cytoplasm of developing ovarian follicles, and in the nucleus of spermatogonia and to a lesser extent in spermatoctyes, but without localization to the synaptonemal complex. We propose a model in which ATM acts to monitor meiosis by participation in the regulation or surveillance of meiotic progression, similar to its role as a monitor of mitotic cell cycle progression.
A possible mechanism of inverse developmental regulation of alpha-fetoprotein and albumin genes. Studies with epidermal growth factor and phorbol ester. (1992)

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) synergistically suppress activities of the promoter and enhancer of the human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) gene in HuH-7 human hepatoma cells as analyzed by transient transfection assays using the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene as a reporter. In contrast to the AFP gene, albumin promoter and enhancer activities were not affected by EGF and TPA. Unexpectedly, however, Northern blot analysis revealed that the albumin mRNA level as well as the AFP mRNA level were reduced by treatment with EGF and TPA. We propose that in HuH-7 cells, the AFP enhancer stimulates the albumin promoter as well as the AFP promoter; and consequently, inhibition of the AFP enhancer by EGF and TPA results in reduction of both AFP and albumin mRNA levels. The significance of the involvement of the AFP enhancer in albumin transcription is discussed in relation to the inverse pattern of expression of the AFP and albumin genes in neonatal growth.
Bilayer Sample for Fast or Slow Magic Angle Oriented Sample Spinning Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy (2002)

An alternative setup for Magic Angle Oriented Spinning Spectroscopy is proposed. Samples were prepared by orienting lipid bilayers onto polymer films, which were wrapped into a spiral so as to fit into 4 or 7 mm MAS rotors. This geometry resulted in narrow line widths and a higher upper spinning limit when compared to the conventional MAOSS setup with stacked glass plates. Whereas orientational information was extracted from low spinning spectra, fast spinning will be applicable to high-resolution multidimensional NMR pulse sequences.
Disorders of iron metabolism. Part II: iron deficiency and iron overload (2010)

MAIN DISORDERS OF IRON METABOLISM: Increased iron requirements, limited external supply, and increased blood loss may lead to iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anaemia. In chronic inflammation, the excess of hepcidin decreases iron absorption and prevents iron recycling, resulting in hypoferraemia and iron restricted erythropoiesis, despite normal iron stores (functional iron deficiency), and finally anaemia of chronic disease (ACD), which can evolve to ACD plus true ID (ACD+ID). In contrast, low hepcidin expression may lead to hereditary haemochromatosis (HH type I, mutations of the HFE gene) and type II (mutations of the hemojuvelin and hepcidin genes). Mutations of transferrin receptor 2 lead to HH type III, whereas those of the ferroportin gene lead to HH type IV. All these syndromes are characterised by iron overload. As transferrin becomes saturated in iron overload states, non-transferrin bound iron appears. Part of this iron is highly reactive (labile plasma iron), inducing free radical formation. Free radicals are responsible for the parenchymal cell injury associated with iron overload syndromes. ROLE OF LABORATORY TESTING IN DIAGNOSIS: In iron deficiency status, laboratory tests may provide evidence of iron depletion in the body or reflect iron deficient red cell production. Increased transferrin saturation and/or ferritin levels are the main cues for further investigation of iron overload. The appropriate combination of different laboratory tests with an integrated algorithm will help to establish a correct diagnosis of iron overload, iron deficiency and anaemia. REVIEW OF TREATMENT OPTIONS: Indications, advantages and side effects of the different options for treating iron overload (phlebotomy and iron chelators) and iron deficiency (oral or intravenous iron formulations) will be discussed.
Parkin is recruited selectively to impaired mitochondria and promotes their autophagy (2008)

Loss-of-function mutations in Park2, the gene coding for the ubiquitin ligase Parkin, are a significant cause of early onset Parkinson's disease. Although the role of Parkin in neuron maintenance is unknown, recent work has linked Parkin to the regulation of mitochondria. Its loss is associated with swollen mitochondria and muscle degeneration in Drosophila melanogaster, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction and increased susceptibility to mitochondrial toxins in other species. Here, we show that Parkin is selectively recruited to dysfunctional mitochondria with low membrane potential in mammalian cells. After recruitment, Parkin mediates the engulfment of mitochondria by autophagosomes and the selective elimination of impaired mitochondria. These results show that Parkin promotes autophagy of damaged mitochondria and implicate a failure to eliminate dysfunctional mitochondria in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
Identification and characterization of a second encephalitogenic determinant of myelin proteolipid protein (residues 178-191) for SJL mice (1992)

We previously described a synthetic peptide of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), peptide 139-151, which induces experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in SJL/J (H-2s) mice. We have now identified an additional determinant, PLP residues 178-191, that is also a potent encephalitogen in this strain. When PLP peptide 178-191 was compared with peptide 139-151 on an equimolar basis, the day of onset of disease induced by PLP 178-191 was earlier, but the incidence, severity, and histologic features were indistinguishable. Lymph node cells from animals immunized with the whole PLP molecule responded to both PLP 178-191 and 139-151, suggesting immunologic codominance of the two epitopes. PLP 178-191 elicited stronger proliferative responses and this may relate to the earlier onset of disease induced with this peptide. Two CD4+, peptide-specific, I-A(s)-restricted T cell lines, selected by stimulation of lymph node cells with either PLP 178-191 or 139-151, were each encephalitogenic in naive syngeneic mice. The presence of multiple encephalitogenic codominant PLP epitopes within a single mouse strain emphasizes the complexity of the immune response to PLP and its potential as a target Ag in autoimmune demyelinating diseases.
Recent advances in the status and targets of antithrombotic agents (2002)

Cardiovascular diseases associated with intravascular thrombosis are the most common cause of death in both developed and developing countries, Clinical and experimental studies indicate that abnormalities in the normal blood flow, activation of platelets, coagulation cascade or fibrinolysis contribute to the pathogenesis of intravascular thrombosis/thromboembolism. Although the treatment strategy for thrombosis has improved with newer diagnostic and surgical tools, effective antithrombotic therapy with minimal side effects still poses a challenge to scientists around the globe. There has been an intense effort in the last decade to understand mechanisms involved in thrombosis and also to develop novel antithrombotic agents for the treatment and prevention of these disorders. Advanced understanding of the molecular mechanisms of thrombosis has helped in the development of newer and specific experimental models for evaluating the antithrombotic agents with high specificity. These developments are also expected to minimize time and the cost incurred on the newer potential antithrombotic drugs. This review describes various important targets for effective antithrombotic action. Methods for evaluating potential antithrombotic compounds against each target and status of the newer compounds developed in the respective classes are also covered.
Cell Culture Technology for Pharmaceutical and Cell-Based Therapies (2005)

Preface. Cell Culture Technology: An Overview. Recombinant DNA Technology and Cell Line Development. Medium Development. Cell Metabolism. Protein Glycosylation. Cell Culture Bioreactors. Aeration, Mixing and Hydrodynamics in Bioreactors. Instrumentation and Process Control. Cell Culture Kinetics and Modeling. Fed-Batch Cultivation Of Mammalian Cells For Production Of Recombinant Proteins. Optimization of High Density Perfusion Bioreactors. Cell Separation And Product Capture. Downstream Processing. Formulation, Finishing, and Packaging. Validation Of Cell Culture Based Processes & Qualification Of Associated Equipment And Facility. Facility Design. Transient Expression of Proteins. Large-Scale Propagation of Insect Cells. Advances In Adult Stem Cell Culture. Ex Vivo Culture Of Hematopoietic And Mesenchymal Stem Cells For Tissue Engineering And Cell-Based Therapies.
Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) treatment in relapsing–remitting MS (2000)

These results show that GA treatment may decrease both lesion inflammation and the rate of brain atrophy in RR-MS.
An HIV Vaccine — Challenges and Prospects (2008)

An HIV vaccine has thus far been elusive. Drs. Margaret Johnston and Anthony Fauci remain cautiously optimistic that a substantial increase in our understanding of HIV infection and disease will lead to creative ideas about how to design an effective HIV vaccine. Dr. Anthony Fauci discusses the 30-year search for an HIV vaccine, recent setbacks, and prospects for future success. Dr. Fauci is the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD.
CD40‐mediated signalling influences trafficking, T‐cell receptor expression, and T‐cell pathogenesis, in the NOD model of type 1 diabetes (2017)

CD40 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The mechanism of action, however, is undetermined, probably because CD40 expression has been grossly underestimated. CD40 is expressed on numerous cell types that now include T cells and pancreatic β cells. CD40<sup>+</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> cells [T helper type 40 (TH40)] prove highly pathogenic in NOD mice and in translational human T1D studies. We generated BDC2.5.CD40<sup>-/-</sup> and re-derived NOD.CD154<sup>-/-</sup> mice to better understand the CD40 mechanism of action. Fully functional CD40 expression is required not only for T1D development but also for insulitis. In NOD mice, TH40 cell expansion in pancreatic lymph nodes occurs before insulitis and demonstrates an activated phenotype compared with conventional CD4<sup>+</sup> cells, apparently regardless of antigen specificity. TH40 T-cell receptor (TCR) usage demonstrates increases in several Vα and Vβ species, particularly Vα3.2<sup>+</sup> that arise early and are sustained throughout disease development. TH40 cells isolated from diabetic pancreas demonstrate a relatively broad TCR repertoire rather than restricted clonal expansions. The expansion of the Vα/Vβ species associated with diabetes depends upon CD40 signalling; NOD.CD154<sup>-/-</sup> mice do not expand the same TCR species. Finally, CD40-mediated signals significantly increase pro-inflammatory Th1- and Th17-associated cytokines whereas CD28 co-stimulus alternatively promotes regulatory cytokines.