gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In-line FINCH super resolution digital holographic fluorescence microscopy using a high efficiency transmission liquid crystal GRIN lens (2013)

We report a new optical arrangement that creates high-efficiency, high-quality Fresnel incoherent correlation holography (FINCH) holograms using polarization sensitive transmission liquid crystal gradient index (TLCGRIN) diffractive lenses. In contrast, current universal practice in the field employs a reflective spatial light modulator (SLM) to separate sample and reference beams. Polarization sensitive TLCGRIN lenses enable a straight optical path, have >90% transmission efficiency, are not pixilated, and are free of many limitations of reflective SLM devices. For each sample point, two spherical beams created by a glass lens in combination with a polarization sensitive TLCGRIN lens interfere and create a hologram and resultant super resolution image.
PAF, a Putative Mediator of Oral Inflammation (2000)

PAF, or platelet-activating factor, is a family of structurally related phospholipids (1-O-alkyl/acyl/alkenyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) which possesses a wide spectrum of potent pro-inflammatory actions. These phospholipids are synthesized by a diverse array of cells, including neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), platelets, mast cells, monocytes/macrophages, vascular endothelial cells, and lymphocytes. PAF targets these and other cells via specific, G-protein-coupled receptors to initiate intracrine, autocrine, paracrine, and juxtacrine cell activation. Of importance, these unique acetylated phospholipids are frequently synthesized in concert with pro-inflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. Since PAF synergizes with these and other mediators to amplify the inflammatory response, it seems likely that PAF plays an integral, perhaps pivotal, role in acute and chronic inflammatory processes. PAF is present in the mixed saliva of dentate, but not edentulous, human subjects. The levels of PAF in mixed saliva or in gingival crevicular fluid and tissues are significantly increased during oral inflammatory conditions such as periodontitis and mucositis. Interestingly, the levels of salivary PAF correlate with the extent/severity of these oral diseases. These observations suggest that PAF may participate in pathophysiologic events during the course of oral inflammation. The availability of specific PAF receptor antagonists and human recombinant PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), a plasma enzyme which rapidly destroys PAF, should provide clinical tools for the investigation of the role of PAF in these and other inflammatory disorders; and perhaps, ultimately, some of these reagents may prove to be therapeutically useful in the treatment and management of these conditions.
Transcutaneous measurement of glomerular filtration rate using FITC-sinistrin in rats (2009)

The transcutaneous method described offers a precise assessment of GFR in small animals. As neither blood and/or urine sampling nor time-consuming lab work is required, GFR can be determined immediately after the clearance procedure is finished. This method, therefore, simplifies and fastens GFR determinations in small lab animals compared to conventional bolus clearance techniques based on blood sampling. A low-cost device for the measurement of transcutaneous fluorescence intensity over time is under construction.
Progress in Hedgehog signaling pathway and its inhibitors for anti-tumor therapy (2011)

Hedgehog signaling pathway is not only related with the development of embryo, formation of organ, and the regeneration and repair of tissues in adults, but also plays an important role in the growth and metastasis of tumor cells. Aberrant activation of this pathway has been found to be involved in the development of cancer. Understanding the mechanism of Hedgehog signaling pathway in various tumors is critical to the development and the use of specific agents targeting this pathway. GDC-0449 is the first small-molecule Smo-inhibitor entering clinical trials, and it shows clinical benefit.This article summarizes the relationship between the Hedgehog signaling pathway and the progression of tumor, and addresses the practical application of this pathway in tumor therapy. DOI:10.3781/j.issn.1000-7431.2011.02.018
Incorporating cleaner production and environmental management systems in environmental science education at the University of Girona (2001)

The field of environmental science and engineering is rapidly evolving. The focus has shifted more and more from the end‐of‐pipe to pollution‐prevention oriented strategies for sustainability. Cleaner production requires new attitudes, knowledge and skills for all professionals to assure that preventive environmental strategies are integrated into planning and development activities throughout society. When preparing the curriculum for the new studies in Environmental Sciences at the University of Girona in 1993, it was considered essential to introduce pollution‐prevention‐oriented courses for future graduates. “Compatible Technologies” and “Minimisation of the Industrial Environmental Impact” are two courses supplementing each other to address the integrated approach to industry environmental issues. Describes the objectives of these two courses as well as the main topics included, and the methodology applied.
Synthesis of a Complete Janus-type Guanosine–Cytosine Base and Its 2′-Deoxyribonucleoside (2011)

Abstract Novel Janus-type guanosine–cytosine pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine and its 2′-deoxyribonucleoside have been synthesized in a viable route employing the Vorbruggen method.
The PIM1 Kinase Is a Critical Component of a Survival Pathway Activated by Docetaxel and Promotes Survival of Docetaxel-treated Prostate Cancer Cells (2008)

A defining characteristic of solid tumors is the capacity to divide aggressively and disseminate under conditions of nutrient deprivation, limited oxygen availability, and exposure to cytotoxic drugs or radiation. Survival pathways are activated within tumor cells to cope with these ambient stresses. We here describe a survival pathway activated by the anti-cancer drug docetaxel in prostate cancer cells. Docetaxel activates STAT3 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity, which in turns induces expression of the PIM1 gene, encoding a serine-threonine kinase activated by many cellular stresses. Expression of PIM1 improves survival of docetaxel-treated prostate cancer cells, and PIM1 knockdown or expression of a dominant-negative PIM1 protein sensitize cells to the cytotoxic effects of docetaxel. PIM1 in turn mediates docetaxel-induced activation of NFkappaB transcriptional activity, and PIM1 depends in part on RELA/p65 proteins for its prosurvival effects. The PIM1 kinase plays a critical role in this STAT3 --> PIM1 --> NFkappaB stress response pathway and serves as a target for intervention to enhance the therapeutic effects of cytotoxic drugs such as docetaxel.
Regional and cellular distribution of the P2Y1 purinergic receptor in the human brain: Striking neuronal localisation (2000)

The biological actions of extracellular nucleotides are exerted via two families of P2 receptors, P2X and P2Y. The metabotropic P2Y receptors comprise at least 7 distinct subtypes, which have been cloned from a number of species. However, none of the P2Y receptor proteins have been visualised yet in human brain. In the present study, the regional and cellular distribution of the P2Y(1) receptor was investigated in the human brain by using immunohistochemistry. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against a synthetic peptide from the C-terminus of the P2Y(1) protein. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that P2Y(1) antiserum specifically recognised a 63-kDa band in human and rat brain membranes. Similarly, the antiserum specifically detected the human P2Y(1) receptor in transfected 1321N1 cells. Immunohistochemical analysis on perfusion-fixed human brain tissue showed a widespread distribution for this receptor throughout the brain. At the cellular level, the P2Y(1) receptor was strikingly localised to neuronal structures of the cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, red nucleus, and midbrain. Expression of the P2Y(1) receptor was not detected in other non-neuronal cell types. These results provide the first characterisation of the cellular distribution of a P2Y receptor in the human brain. The widespread and abundant distribution of the P2Y(1) receptor suggests its involvement in a number of important functions within the human brain. The neuronal localisation of this receptor points towards a possible role in neurotransmission, and also highlights a major role for extracellular nucleotides as signaling molecules within the brain.
Traffic engineering with traditional IP routing protocols (2002)

Traffic engineering involves adapting the routing of traffic to network conditions, with the joint goals of good user performance and efficient use of network resources. We describe an approach to intradomain traffic engineering that works within the existing deployed base of interior gateway protocols, such as Open Shortest Path First and Intermediate System-Intermediate System. We explain how to adapt the configuration of link weights, based on a networkwide view of the traffic and topology within a domain. In addition, we summarize the results of several studies of techniques for optimizing OSPF/IS-IS weights to the prevailing traffic. The article argues that traditional shortest path routing protocols are surprisingly effective for engineering the flow of traffic in large IP networks.
Increased epithelial cell proliferation and abnormal extracellular matrix in rat polycystic kidney disease. (1998)

Proliferation of renal tubular epithelial cells is considered a major factor leading to cyst formation in human polycystic kidney disease (PKD). The Han:SPRD rat model for inherited PKD permits a close scrutiny, especially for early stages of the disease, and shows numerous similarities to human autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD). In this study, the exact in vivo proliferation rate in Han:SPRD rat kidneys was evaluated in a cell type-specific manner, using immunohistochemistry with antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The proliferation index (PI; percentage of PCNA-positive cell nuclei) was determined in normal and cystically altered tissue, and a relationship between proliferative activity and alterations in extracellular matrix expression was established using in situ hybridization for collagen I and IV mRNA. Heterozygously affected rats (cy/+) showed strong increases of PI values in cystically altered nephron portions that were mostly derived from proximal tubule. Cell proliferation obviously preceded cyst formation, because early in the progression of the disease, the normal-appearing tubules from PKD kidneys had markedly increased PI values compared with healthy controls (14.1-fold in 3-mo-old rats and 11.9-fold in 12-mo-old rats; P < 0.05), whereas later stages revealed a more generalized cystic degeneration of the nephron, with increases in PI between 14- and 82-fold, depending on the respective category of cystic epithelia. In cysts with a distal phenotype, changes were less pronounced. No significant differences were encountered between the two age groups. Proliferation was also present in interstitial cells, whereas glomeruli were unchanged. Increases in epithelial and interstitial proliferation coincided with an overexpression of matrix compounds. For comparison, changes in homozygously affected rats (cy/cy) showed up to several hundred-fold elevated PI values. These results indicate that in the Han:SPRD model for ADPKD, cystic malformation of the nephron is preceded by and coincides with enhanced epithelial and interstitial cell proliferation. Altered cell-matrix interactions seem to be directly involved in the disruption of epithelial differentiation.
The analysis and design of spatial control systems in strip metal rolling (1998)

Commercial pressures on metal strip manufacturers drive ever greater demands on the control of residual stress distributions within the finished strip. Rolling mills in current use have a range of actuators available to attempt this control and new designs are being offered with arrays of similar actuators distributed across the width of the mill. The interaction of these actuators motivates a thorough analysis of spatial control in strip metal rolling. This paper takes theory that has been successfully applied to the paper and plastics industry and applies it for the first time to the strip rolling process, giving a toolkit for the analysis and design of current and future cross-directional control systems. Data from a state of the art commercial mill is used to allow characterization of typical error signals in terms of orthogonal basis functions. Actuators are analyzed to show how much power they have within the "spectrum" of this basis function expansion. Sensors are analyzed to show their filtering effect within the spectrum. The consequent theory is used to give a rationale to future actuator design and a benchmark for the assessment of control performance with existing actuators. Two control strategies are investigated and compared-minimum variance and mini-max-and their achievements characterized. Control system sensitivity is assessed.
Cell-context dependent modulation of receptor tyrosine kinases by ganglioside GM1 / (2002)

The understanding o f signal transduction pathways is critical to the understanding o f cellular differentiation, proliferation, and survival.Several o f these pathways are mediated by transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs).RTKs are a large and diverse superfamily o f molecules that are activated by the binding o f specific ligands.Gangliosides are ubiquitous sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids that are capable o f modulating RTK activity.The exogenous addition o f ganglioside GM1 to the medium o f cultured cells has been reported to affect the signaling o f two important RTKs: the platelet-derived growth factor receptor p (PDGFRP) and the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor TrkA.In Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts, GM1 inhibits ligand-mediated activation o f the PDGFRp.In PC 12 cells, GM1 can promote the ligand-mediated activation o f the TrkA receptor.However, no studies have examined GM1 modulation o f both receptors in the same cell line.In this work, I have used several cell lines to examine the effects o f GM1 ganglioside.The results show that cell context is important for GM1-mediated inhibition o f the PDGFRP since GM1 inhibited this receptor in Swiss 3T3 cells and U-1242 MG glioma cells but not in transfected PC 12 cells or transfected HepG2 cells.In contrast, cell context is not important for NGF-mediated activation o f TrkA since GM1 did not ii
Dietary Supplementation With n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Vitamin E After Myocardial Infarction: Results of the Gissi-Prevenzione Trial (2000)

Investigators, Gissi-PrevenzioneEditor(s): Cannistra, Lauralyn MD; Carlin, Brian MD; Keteyian, Steven J. PhD
The Effect of Dietary Supplementation with n—3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Synthesis of Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor by Mononuclear Cells (1989)

We examined whether the synthesis of interleukin-1 or tumor necrosis factor, two cytokines with potent inflammatory activities, is influenced by dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids. Nine healthy volunteers added 18 g of fish-oil concentrate per day to their normal Western diet for six weeks. We used a radioimmunoassay to measure interleukin-1 (IL-1 beta and IL-1 alpha) and tumor necrosis factor produced in vitro by stimulated peripheral-blood mononuclear cells. With endotoxin as a stimulus, the synthesis of IL-1 beta was suppressed from 7.4 +/- 0.9 ng per milliliter at base line to 4.2 +/- 0.5 ng per milliliter after six weeks of supplementation (43 percent decrease; P = 0.048). Ten weeks after the end of n-3 supplementation, we observed a further decrease to 2.9 +/- 0.5 ng per milliliter (61 percent decrease; P = 0.005). The production of IL-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor responded in a similar manner. Twenty weeks after the end of supplementation, the production of IL-1 beta, IL-1 alpha, and tumor necrosis factor had returned to the presupplement level. The decreased production of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor was accompanied by a decreased ratio of arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid in the membrane phospholipids of mononuclear cells. We conclude that the synthesis of IL-1 beta, IL-1 alpha, and tumor necrosis factor can be suppressed by dietary supplementation with long-chain n-3 fatty acids. The reported antiinflammatory effect of these n-3 fatty acids may be mediated in part by their inhibitory effect on the production of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor.
Structural coincidence of alpha PDGFR epitopes binding to platelet-derived growth factor-AA and a potent neutralizing monoclonal antibody. (1994)

We have generated two groups of deletion mutants of the alpha PDGFR and one group of chimeras between alpha PDGFR and beta PDGFR to further investigate the structural requirements of the alpha PDGFR for binding to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA and to a monoclonal antibody against alpha PDGFR (designated as mAb-alpha R1). The mAb-alpha R1 has recently been reported to block high affinity binding of PDGF-AA to alpha PDGFR. The first group of mutants were carboxyl-terminal deletion mutants encoding the first two immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains (alpha R1-216), the first four Ig-like domains (alpha R1-415), or all five Ig-like domains (alpha R1-530) of the alpha PDGFR. Since these mutants lacked transmembrane domains, their expression in NIH/3T3 cells resulted in secretion of the truncated alpha PDGFRs. Using conditioned medium from NIH/3T3 transfectants, we showed that mAb-alpha R1 was able to immunoprecipitate each of these secreted form of alpha PDGFRs, suggesting that the epitope recognized by mAb-alpha R1 is located within Ig-like domains 1 and 2 of the alpha PDGFR. Furthermore, PDGF-AA exhibited detectable binding to alpha R1-415 or alpha R1-530 but failed to interact with alpha R1-216, suggesting that the first two Ig-like domains of the alpha PDGFR are not sufficient for PDGF-AA binding. The second group of alpha PDGFR mutants were internal deletion mutants lacking Ig-like loop 1 (alpha R delta 49-100), Ig-like loop 2 (alpha R delta 150-189), Ig-like loop 3 (alpha R delta 235-290), or part of Ig-like loops 4 and 5 (alpha R delta 375-450). The internal deletion mutants were transfected into 32D cells which lack both alpha PDGFR and beta PDGFR. PDGF-AA bound with high affinity to 32D cells expressing alpha R delta 375-450 but not to 32D cells expressing the other three internal deletion mutants, suggesting that the region required for PDGF-AA binding should be within the first three Ig-like domains of the alpha PDGFR. In addition, mAb-alpha R1 bound to 32D cells expressing alpha R delta 235-290 but failed to bind 32D cells transfected with alpha R delta 49-100 or alpha R delta 150-189.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Deletion of rapQONML from the Rapamycin Gene Cluster of Streptomyces hygroscopicus Gives Production of the 16-O-Desmethyl-27-desmethoxy Analog. (2001)

Five contiguous genes in the rapamycin gene cluster, rapQONML, of Streptomyces hygroscopicus ATCC29253 were replaced with a neomycin resistance marker by double homologous recombination. The resulting strain, if fed pipecolate, produced the analog 16-O-desmethyl-27-desmethoxyrapamycin instead of rapamycin. This indicates that the P450 hydroxylase encoded by rapN is specific for C-27, and that the O-methyltransferases encoded by rapQ and rapM methylate the hydroxyl groups on C-16 and C-27. By inference, the remaining P450 hydroxylase and methyltransferase genes (rapI and rapJ) are responsible for hydroxylation of C-9 and methylation of the C-39 hydroxyl, consistent with their homology to fkbD and fkbM, respectively, in the FK506 cluster. The relatively high level of 16-O-desmethyl-27-desmethoxyrapamycin produced indicates that the reactions at C-9 and C-39 do not require previous modification of the macrolactone precursor at either C-16 or C-27.
Ground-based Vision Cloud Image Classification based on Extreme Learning Machine (2015)

Cloud radiation properties and distribution significantly affect the forecasting accuracy, climate monitoring effectiveness and global climate's change. A simple method was proposed to automatically recognize four different sky conditions (cirrus, cumulus, stratus and clear sky) by means of extracting some features from visual images that can be used for training classifier. In this paper, texture features, color features and SIFT features were extracted and extreme learning machine was used for cloud-type classification under different experimental conditions. The experiment results show that the proposed approach using texture features, color features and SIFT features together showed better performance than using these features alone or any two of them together. The accurate identification rate of cirrus, cumulus, stratus and clear sky were 87.67%, 90.75%, 74.50% and 93.63%, respectively with an average of 86.64%. Under the same experimental condition, the proposed method outperformed the artificial neutral network (ANN), k-nearest neighbor (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM).
Exosomes released from macrophages infected with intracellular pathogens stimulate a proinflammatory response in vitro and in vivo (2007)

Intracellular pathogens and the molecules they express have limited contact with the immune system. Here, we show that macrophages infected with intracellular pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M bovis BCG, Salmonella typhimurium, or Toxoplasma gondii release from cells small vesicles known as exosomes which contain pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These exosomes, when exposed to uninfected macrophages, stimulate a proinflammatory response in a Toll-like receptor- and myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent manner. Further, exosomes isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of M bovis BCG-infected mice contain the mycobacteria components lipoarabinomannan and the 19-kDa lipoprotein and can stimulate TNF-alpha production in naive macrophages. Moreover, exosomes isolated from M bovis BCG- and M tuberculosis-infected macrophages, when injected intranasally into mice, stimulate TNF-alpha and IL-12 production as well as neutrophil and macrophage recruitment in the lung. These studies identify a previously unknown function for exosomes in promoting intercellular communication during an immune response to intracellular pathogens, and we hypothesize that extracellular release of exosomes containing PAMPs is an important mechanism of immune surveillance.
Identification of Neuromedin U as the Cognate Ligand of the Orphan G Protein-coupled Receptor FM-3 (2000)

Neuromedin U is a bioactive peptide first isolated from porcine spinal cord. In this paper, we demonstrate that neuromedin U is the cognate ligand for the orphan G protein-coupled receptor, FM-3, isolated originally as a homologue of neurotensin and growth hormone secretogogue receptors. Neuromedin U induced specific and evident elevation of extracellular acidification rates, arachidonic acid metabolite release, and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human FM-3. In addition, radiolabeled neuromedin U specifically bound to membrane fractions prepared from these cells with high affinity. We subsequently analyzed the tissue distribution of neuromedin U and FM-3 mRNAs in rats using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Neuromedin U mRNA was highly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, and the highest expression was detected in the pituitary gland. On the other hand, FM-3 mRNA was highly expressed in the small intestine and lung, suggesting that neuromedin U plays important roles in these tissues. The identification of a specific and functional receptor for neuromedin U will facilitate studies on their physiological roles and the search for receptor agonists and antagonists.