gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MEG biomarker of Alzheimer's disease: Absence of a prefrontal generator during auditory sensory gating (2017)

Magnetoencephalography (MEG), a direct measure of neuronal activity, is an underexplored tool in the search for biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we used MEG source estimates of auditory gating generators, nonlinear correlations with neuropsychological results, and multivariate analyses to examine the sensitivity and specificity of gating topology modulation to detect AD. Our results demonstrated the use of MEG localization of a medial prefrontal (mPFC) gating generator as a discrete (binary) detector of AD at the individual level and resulted in recategorizing the participant categories in: (1) controls with mPFC generator localized in response to both the standard and deviant tones; (2) a possible preclinical stage of AD participants (a lower functioning group of controls) in which mPFC activation was localized to the deviant tone only; and (3) symptomatic AD in which mPFC activation was not localized to either the deviant or standard tones. This approach showed a large effect size (0.9) and high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity (100%) in identifying symptomatic AD patients within a limited research sample. The present results demonstrate high potential of mPFC activation as a noninvasive biomarker of AD pathology during putative preclinical and clinical stages. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5180-5194, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deep centers in semi‐insulating Fe‐doped native GaN substrates grown by hydride vapour phase epitaxy (2008)

Abstract Electrical properties, Fe concentration, and deep centers in semi‐insulating Fe‐doped GaN substrates grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) were characterized by temperature‐dependent Hall‐effect measurements, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and thermally stimulated current (TSC) spectroscopy. Five adjacent samples from a low‐[Fe] wafer displayed very high resistivity, dominated by a center at 0.94 eV. At least six traps were observed in the samples by TSC, with trap B (0.56‐0.60 eV) being dominant. A metastable trap A 1 at ∼0.82 eV appeared after white‐light illumination at 300 K. A sample from a high‐[Fe] wafer displayed a lower resistivity, dominated by a center at 0.58 eV. The largest TSC peak in this sample was trap A 1 , although trap B also appeared. These TSC traps are compared with deep‐level‐transient‐spectroscopy traps reported in conductive epitaxial and bulk HVPE‐GaN. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interaction ofEscherichia coliCobalamin-Dependent Methionine Synthase and Its Physiological Partner Flavodoxin:  Binding of Flavodoxin Leads to Axial Ligand Dissociation from the Cobalamin Cofactor (1997)

Cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase from Escherichia coli catalyzes the last step in de novo methionine biosynthesis. Conversion of the inactive cob(II)alamin form of the enzyme, formed by the occasional oxidation of cob(I)alamin during turnover, to an active methylcobalamin-containing form requires a reductive methylation of the cofactor in which an electron is supplied by reduced flavodoxin and the methyl group is derived from S-adenosyl-L-methionine. E. coli flavodoxin acts specifically in this activation reaction, and neither E. coli ferredoxin nor flavodoxin from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus will substitute, despite their highly similar midpoint potentials for one-electron transfer. As assessed by EPR spectroscopy, the binding of flavodoxin to cob(II)alamin methionine synthase results in a change in the coordination geometry of the cobalt from five-coordinate to four-coordinate. Histidine 759 of methionine synthase, which replaces the normal lower ligand dimethylbenzimidazole on binding of methylcobalamin to methionine synthase, is dissociated from the cobalt of the cobalamin by the binding of flavodoxin. The association of flavodoxin and methionine synthase depends on ionic strength and pH; the pH dependence corresponds to the uptake of one proton on association. The formation of a complex between flavodoxin and methionine synthase perturbs the midpoint potentials of the flavin and cobalamin cofactors only marginally and without any significant thermodynamic advantage for electron transfer to the cobalamin of methionine synthase. No significant binding was seen between oxidized flavodoxin and methylcobalamin methionine synthase. A model for the interaction of methionine synthase with flavodoxin is proposed in which flavodoxin binding leads to changes in the distribution of methionine synthase conformations.
Automated CAD/CAM-based nanolithography using a custom atomic force microscope (2006)

We report the development of a novel nanolithographic system that combines the design capabilities of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) software with the nanolithographic abilities of the atomic force microscope (AFM). The AFM is a powerful tool for research at the nanoscale and can be used to perform a variety of serial nanolithographic techniques. A custom-built three-axis AFM system, designed to execute nanolithography, has been constructed and interfaced with a CAD/CAM design environment. This technique utilizes the CAD/CAM software to create, in a virtual design environment, the desired nanoscale patterns. Then, using a G-code interpreter and software algorithms to control the three-dimensional motion of the system, the design is replicated automatically by using conventional nanolithographic procedures. In this report, AFM-based anodization lithography on a silicon wafer and subsequent AFM imaging is used to confirm the successful automatic replication of the desired nanoscale patterns. Note to Practitioners-The impetus for this research was based on the desire to create a custom nanolithographic platform that could be changed and manipulated as per the users specifications and operated easily by anyone. Commercial atomic force microscopes (AFMs) that are used for nanolithography and other studies have their own specific software that enables little or no change to the workings of the system, rendering prototyping of new research techniques to be difficult. These closed AFM instruments can be difficult to operate and are user unfriendly. This report delineates our construction of an AFM system and how we have incorporated very familiar software environments and common computer-aided-design programming language to conduct nanolithography. A brief verification of how our system performs is included; we have deposited and imaged a series of surface features in a direct write fashion on a silicon surface using a common lithographic technique that exists in the research environment.
Clinical relevance of JAK2 (V617F) mutant allele burden (2009)

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Pintallavis, a gene expressed in the organizer and midline cells of frog embryos: involvement in the development of the neural axis (1992)

We discuss the cellular basis and tissue interactions regulating convergence and extension of the vertebrate body axis in early embryogenesis of Xenopus. Convergence and extension occur in the dorsal mesoderm (prospective notochord and somite) and in the posterior nervous system (prospective hindbrain and spinal cord) by sequential cell intercalations. Several layers of cells intercalate to form a thinner, longer array (radial intercalation) and then cells intercalate in the mediolateral orientation to form a longer, narrower array (mediolateral intercalation). Fluorescence microscopy of labeled mesodermal cells in explants shows that protrusive activity is rapid and randomly directed until the midgastrula stage, when it slows and is restricted to the medial and lateral ends of the cells. This bipolar protrusive activity results in elongation, alignment and mediolateral intercalation of the cells. Mediolateral intercalation behavior (MIB) is expressed in an anterior-posterior and lateral-medial progression in the mesoderm. MIB is first expressed laterally in both somitic and notochordal mesoderm. From its lateral origins in each tissue, MIB progresses medially. If convergence does not bring the lateral boundaries of the tissues closer to the medial cells in the notochordal and somitic territories, these cells do not express MIB. Expression of tissue-specific markers follows and parallels the expression of MIB. These facts argue that MIB and some aspects of tissue differentiation are induced by signals emanating from the lateral boundaries of the tissue territories and that convergence must bring medial cells and boundaries closer together for these signals to be effective. Grafts of dorsal marginal zone epithelium to the ventral sides of other embryos, to ventral explants and to UV-ventralized embryos show that it has a role in organising convergence and extension, and dorsal tissue differentiation among deep mesodermal cells. Grafts of involuting marginal zone to animal cap tissue of the early gastrula shows that convergence and extension of the hindbrain-spinal cord are induced by planar signals from the involuting marginal zone.
Protective Effects Of A Recombinant Amino-Terminal Fragment Of Human Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein In An Animal Model Of Gram-Negative Sepsis (1995)

Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) has bactericidal properties and also binds lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The ability of a recombinant amino-terminal fragment of BPI to protect mice from death after challenge with a number of different strains of Escherichia coli was tested. BPI prevented death in animals challenged with the J5 rough strain but not with smooth strains O111:B4 and O7K1. Protection was associated with a reduction in serum LPS and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels but not with reduction in blood bacterial counts. BPI was effective at protecting against death in mice injected with purified O111:B4 LPS. Lack of protection after injection with live O111:B4 and O7K1 may be due to production by these models of approximately 1000-fold higher blood bacterial count compared with J5. Thus, BPI is a promising therapy in the treatment of gram-negative septic shock, although the range of organisms against which it is effective remains to be determined.
INFLUENCE OF POWDER SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS ON MICROSTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF FINELY STRUCTURED PLASMA SPRAYED COATINGS (2004)

This paper is devoted to the production of finely structured ceramic coatings by Suspension Plasma Spraying (SPS). It mainly consists in injecting in a Direct Current (D.C.) plasma jet a suspension containing submicronic ceramic particles. The presented work is aimed at producing yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). First, the effect of powder size distributions on the flattening of collected splats is studied. Second, the influence of these powder size distributions on the microstructural features of coatings is highlighted. It is shown that a narrow powder size distribution centred on about 1 μm should be used to produce coatings with a reduced porosity.
Extremely small high power MW broadcasting antennas (1997)

The paper describes the reasoning behind a very small but efficient antenna now being used in several daily services for AM broadcasting on Medium Wave. The design methodology is outlined and there is a plot of the field strength measured one of the early services in 1992. Not only is the antenna wideband, but it is more efficient than normal monopole antennas, and therefore allows a reduction in power costs when radiating a comparable signal strength.
Acupuncture in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Current Experimental and Clinical Evidence (2007)

This review describes the aetiology and pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and evaluates the use of acupuncture to prevent and reduce symptoms related with PCOS. PCOS is the most common female endocrine disorder and it is strongly associated with hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction and obesity. PCOS increases the risk for metabolic disturbances such as hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance, which can lead to type 2 diabetes, hypertension and an increased likelihood of developing cardiovascular risk factors and impaired mental health later in life. Despite extensive research, little is known about the aetiology of PCOS. The syndrome is associated with peripheral and central factors that influence sympathetic nerve activity. Thus, the sympathetic nervous system may be an important factor in the development and maintenance of PCOS. Many women with PCOS require prolonged treatment. Current pharmacological approaches are effective but have adverse effects. Therefore, nonpharmacological treatment strategies need to be evaluated. Clearly, acupuncture can affect PCOS via modulation of endogenous regulatory systems, including the sympathetic nervous system, the endocrine and the neuroendocrine system. Experimental observations in rat models of steroid-induced polycystic ovaries and clinical data from studies in women with PCOS suggest that acupuncture exert long-lasting beneficial effects on metabolic and endocrine systems and ovulation.
Transcriptional Repression by Zinc Finger Peptides (1997)

A series of studies were performed to determine whether zinc finger peptides could efficiently repress transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters in vivo and to determine how such repression might depend on the position of the zinc finger binding site with respect to those of the TATA box or the initiator element. Promoter constructs were prepared with Zif268 binding sites inserted at various positions, and the activity of a reporter gene was measured in transfection studies. We found that the peptide containing the three zinc fingers of Zif268 could efficiently repress activated transcription when bound to a site near the TATA box (19-fold repression) or when bound to a site near the initiator element (18-fold repression). Repression was even more effective when the zinc finger peptide was bound to both of these sites (63-fold repression). Novel zinc finger peptides that had been selected via phage display also served as repressors of activated transcription, but repression with these proteins was somewhat less efficient than with the Zif268 peptide.
Preparation and Characterization of Novel Physically Cross‐linked Hydrogels Composed of Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Amine‐terminated Polyamidoamine Dendrimer (2004)

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are water-soluble, biocompatible and biodegradable polymers, which have been widely applied in biomedical fields. In this paper, novel physically cross-linked hydrogels composed of PVA and amine-terminated PAMAM dendrimer G6-NH(2) were prepared by cyclic freezing/thawing treatment of aqueous solutions containing PVA and G6-NH(2). The FT-IR analysis and elemental analysis indicated that PAMAM dendrimer G6-NH(2) was successfully introduced into the formed hydrogels, possibly via hydrogen bonds among hydroxyl groups, amide groups and amino groups in PVA and PAMAM dendrimer in the process of freezing-thawing cycle. Compared with physically cross-linked PVA hydrogel, PVA/G6-NH(2) hydrogels show higher swelling ratios and faster re-swelling rate due to the higher hydrophilicity of PAMAM dendrimer G6-NH(2). Higher contents of G6-NH(2) in PVA/G6-NH(2) hydrogels resulted in higher swelling ratios and faster re-swelling rates. With increasing freezing/thawing cyclic times, the swelling ratios and re-swelling rates of PVA/G6-NH(2) hydrogels decreased, which is similar to that of physically cross-linked PVA hydrogel. Combining the special host property of polyamidoamine dendrimer, these novel physically cross-linked hydrogels are expected to have potential use in drug delivery, including improving drug-loading amounts in hydrogels and prolonging drug release time. Swelling ratios of physically cross-linked PVA/G6-NH(2)-50 hydrogels prepared by three, six, nine freezing/thawing cycles. The swelling equilibrium experiments were carried out in distilled water at 25 degrees C.
Idiopathic annular submitral aneurysm associated with Takayasu's aortitis. A report of two cases. (1995)

The pathologic findings in two patients with idiopathic annular submitral left ventricular aneurysms and coexistent Takayasu's aortitis are documented. The evidence of chronic persistent myocarditis in one patient and marked myocardial fibrosis in the other supports two theoretical possibilities: first, the aneurysms may have an inflammatory etiology and, second, a common inflammatory process may have accounted for both the myocardial and the aortic lesions.
Automated recognition and quantification of pancreatic islets in Zucker diabetic fatty rats treated with exendin-4 (2012)

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by impaired insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. Quantification of the islet area in addition to the insulin-positive area is important for detailed understanding of pancreatic islet histopathology. Here we show computerized automatic recognition of the islets of Langerhans as a novel high-throughput method to quantify islet histopathology. We utilized state-of-the-art tissue pattern recognition software to enable automatic recognition of islets, eliminating the need to laboriously trace islet borders by hand. After training by a histologist, the software successfully recognized even irregularly shaped islets with depleted insulin immunostaining, which were quite difficult to automatically recognize. The results from automated image analysis were highly correlated with those from manual image analysis. To establish whether this automated, rapid, and objective determination of islet area will facilitate studies of islet histopathology, we showed the beneficial effect of chronic exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, treatment on islet histopathology in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Automated image analysis provided qualitative and quantitative evidence that exendin-4 treatment ameliorated the loss of pancreatic insulin content and gave rise to islet hypertrophy. We also showed that glucagon-positive α-cell area was decreased significantly in ZDF rat islets with disorganized structure. This study is the first to demonstrate the utility of automatic quantification of digital images to study pancreatic islet histopathology. The proposed method will facilitate evaluations in preclinical drug efficacy studies as well as elucidation of the pathophysiology of diabetes.
Dorsal root section elicits signs of neuropathic pain rather than reversing them in rats with L5 spinal nerve injury (2000)

Mechanical allodynia- and hyperalgesia-like behavior which develops in rats after L5 spinal nerve lesion has been suggested to be due to ectopic activity in the lesioned afferent neurons originating at the lesion site and/or in the dorsal root ganglion because it is eliminated by section of the dorsal root. Here we reevaluated the effect of a dorsal rhizotomy in rats after L5 spinal nerve lesion. Using calibrated von Frey hairs, paw withdrawal threshold to single stimuli and paw withdrawal incidence to repetitive stimulation were tested before and after nerve section. Neuropathic pain behavior of similar time course and magnitude also developed after cutting the L5 dorsal root, and L5 spinal nerve lesion-induced abnormal behavior could not be reversed by dorsal rhizotomy. The neuropathic pain behavior elicited by dorsal root section also developed when impulse conduction in the dorsal root axons was blocked during rhizotomy by a local anesthetic, i.e. when the immediate injury discharge was prevented from reaching the spinal cord. These results challenge the widely accepted idea that neuropathic pain behavior developing after spinal nerve lesion is dependent on ectopic activity in the lesioned afferent neurons. However, the present results do not rule out the possibility that after the two nerve lesions the mechanisms generating neuropathic pain behavior are different. After dorsal rhizotomy neuropathic pain behavior may be related to deafferentation whereas after spinal nerve lesion it may be caused by ectopic activity.
Bile reflux and intestinal metaplasia in gastric mucosa. (1993)

Bile reflux is a cause of reactive gastritis. It modifies the features of H pylori associated chronic gastritis. The changes are not confined to patients who have had surgery to their stomachs. The positive associations with atrophy and intestinal metaplasia have implications for models of gastric carcinogenesis.
Needle phobia: a neglected diagnosis. (1995)

Needle phobia is a recently defined medical condition that affects at least 10% of the population. Because persons with needle phobia typically avoid medical care, this condition is a significant impediment in the health care system. The etiology of needle phobia lies in an inherited vasovagal reflex of shock, triggered by needle puncture. Those who inherit this reflex often learn to fear needles through successive needle exposure. Needle phobia is therefore both inherited and learned. In a family practice, needle phobia can be managed by reassurance and education, avoidance of needles, postural and muscle tension techniques, benzodiazepines, nitrous oxide gas, and topical anesthesia applied by iontophoresis.
Abnormal First-Pass Flow Through the Azygos Vein From Valsalva Maneuver (1996)

A 3-month-old boy had a dynamic renal study due to antenatally proven left hydronephrosis. After injection of Tc-99m ethylene-L—dicystein (EC) into a vein in the left foot, a double stripe of abdominal labeling appeared, indicating an abdominal venous anomaly. Two subsequent studies showed a normal inferior vena cava (IVC) and the finding is ascribed to passage of the bolus through the azygos and hemiazygos veins because of a Valsalva maneuver in a restless child. The exact route to the right atrium was not distinguishable in any picture. The"duplication" appeared again in a fourth study 13 months later. The same phenomenon has been observed in another patient since.
Limited Proteolysis of Tryptophanyl-tRNA Synthetase from Beef Pancreas (1976)

Treatment of purified tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase with either chymotrypsin, papain, subtilisin or elastase converts all the enzyme into a high-molecular-weight intermediate. This protease-resistant core molecule has the same dimeric structure as the native protein and possesses the ability to bind substrates (tryptophan, ATP and tRNATrp) but is catalytically inactive. The monomer molecular weight of the protease-treated enzyme is 39000 compared to 54000 for the intact molecule. Chemical studies indicate that proteases excise the amino-terminal part of the polypeptide chain. It has been demonstrated previously that removal of a 13000-dalton fragment from the amino-terminal region of the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase converts the native enzyme to another active form. Cleavage of 20 additional amino acids produces the inactive protease-resistant core.
Domain adaptation in statistical machine translation with mixture modelling (2007)

Mixture modelling is a standard technique for density estimation, but its use in statistical machine translation (SMT) has just started to be explored. One of the main advantages of this technique is its capability to learn specific probability distributions that better fit subsets of the training dataset. This feature is even more important in SMT given the difficulties to translate polysemic terms whose semantic depends on the context in which that term appears. In this paper, we describe a mixture extension of the HMM alignment model and the derivation of Viterbi alignments to feed a state-of-the-art phrase-based system. Experiments carried out on the Europarl and News Commentary corpora show the potential interest and limitations of mixture modelling.