gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on passivation behavior of tungsten in application to chemical mechanical polishing (1999)

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is considered to be the enabling technology for meeting the planarization requirements in &amp;lt;0.35 μm feature sized multilevel semiconductor device fabrication. CMP of tungsten is done in order to planarize and remove excess tungsten in the process to form inter-level contacts. Considerable importance is given to the role played by the passive oxide film formation on the surface during tungsten CMP. In this study, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to understand the oxide growth mechanism in tungsten. Tungsten wafers are polarized to different anodic potentials in static pH 4 solutions of KIO3 and H2O2, two commonly used oxidizers in CMP. XPS measurements are employed to probe the chemical and stoichiometric changes in the surface oxide films treated under these conditions. These results are then compared with the electrochemical polarization results.
Inhibition of HIV-1 Multiplication in a Human CD4 + Lymphocytic Cell Line Expressing Antisense and Sense RNA Molecules Containing HIV-1 Packaging Signal and Rev Response Element(s) (1994)

Moloney murine leukemia virua (MoMuLV)-derived retroviral vectors were engineered to express human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) packaging (psi) signal and Rev response element (RRE) sequences in either sense or antisense orientation. The RRE sequences were expressed under the control of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase (tk) promoter fused to the HIV-1 trans-activation-responsive (TAR) element, while the psi signal sequences were expressed under control of the HSV tk promoter. Both RRE and psi signal sequences were expressed as part of the 3' untranslated region of the neomycin phosphotransferase (neo) mRNA. The constructs were used to transfect/infect packaging cell lines and the retroviral vector particles released were used to infect a human CD4+ lymphocyte-derived MT4 cell line. The stable MT4 transformants, harboring proviral vector DNA expressing one to two copies of HIV-1 RRE and psi signal in either antisense or sense orientation, were each tested for their susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Compared to the results obtained with the control cells lacking any of the test DNA sequences, the rate of HIV-1 production remained unaltered in RRE1+ (sense RNA containing a single copy of RRE) RNA-containing cells, whereas it was delayed in cells expressing both RRE2+ (sense RNA containing two copies of RRE) and RRE1- (antisense RNA containing a single copy of RRE) RNA-expressing cells. In cells expressing HIV-1 psi signal, HIV-1 production remained unaltered in psi + RNA-expressing cells, whereas it was delayed by up to 30 days in psi - RNA-expressing cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Investigation and treatment of orogenital ulceration; studies on a possible mode of action of thalidomide (1985)

Journal Article Investigation and treatment of orogenital ulceration; studies on a possible mode of action of thalidomide Get access R. J. POWELL, R. J. POWELL Departments of Immunology, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham Dr R. J. Powell, Consultant Immunologist, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U. K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B. R. ALLEN, B. R. ALLEN Dermatology, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. S. JENKINS, J. S. JENKINS Departments of Immunology, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar L. STEELE, L. STEELE The Boots Company PLC, Nottingham, U. K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar I. HUNNEYBALL, I. HUNNEYBALL The Boots Company PLC, Nottingham, U. K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P. D. L. MAURICE, P. D. L. MAURICE Dermatology, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S. M. LITTLEWOOD S. M. LITTLEWOOD Dermatology, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 113, Issue s28, 1 July 1985, Pages 141–144, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1985.tb15645.x Published: 01 July 1985
Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Cystine Peptides: Directed Disulfide Pairing with the Sulfenohydrazide Method (1984)

Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Cystine Peptides: Directed Disulfide Pairing with the Sulfenohydrazide Method was published in Volume 2 Proceedings of the Fourth USSR-FRG Symposium Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany June 8–12, 1982 on page 29.
Color coded triarylmethyl protecting groups useful for deoxypolynucleotide synthesis (1983)

Triarylmethyl groups having different colors but similar chemical reactivities in acid were examined as potential aids for monitoring the stepwise addition of mononucleotides to a deoxyoligonucleotide. The successful application of these protecting groups to deoxyoligonucleotide synthesis on polymer supports was demonstrated.
Motion-compensating real-time format converter for video on multimedia displays (2002)

This paper introduces a high-quality, low-cost video converter for the conversion of interlaced TV signals into progressive display formats of the same or higher frame repetition rate. This conversion is performed by motion compensated filtering which is preceded by motion estimation. The applied motion estimation algorithm operates on blocks sized 4/spl times/4 pixels. For each of these blocks, a candidate vector is chosen out of temporal and spatial predecessors using a displayed field differences error criterion. The optimal candidate is updated by a series of pixel recursive steps. The filter algorithm employs a motion compensating median filter whose shape depends on the motion vector. A fallback mode is implemented to deal with areas for which no accurate motion vectors could be derived. Single-chip integration of the whole format conversion system is feasible.
Estrogen receptors and their downstream targets in cancer (2004)

Estrogen has crucial roles in the proliferation of cancer cells in reproductive organs such as the breast and uterus. Estrogen-stimulated growth requires two estrogen receptors (ERalpha and ERbeta) which are ligand-dependent transcription factors. High expression of ERs is observed in a large population of breast tumors. In addition, the positive expression of ERs correlates with well-differentiated tumors, a favorable prognosis, and responsiveness to an endocrine therapy with anti-estrogen drugs in patients with breast cancer. Transcription activities of ERs can be regulated by interacting proteins such as coactivators and kinases as well as ligand-binding. Moreover, ER isoforms lacking an ability to transactivate are involved in breast cancer. Downstream target genes of ERs have important roles in mediating the estrogen action in breast cancer. We have isolated and characterized several novel estrogen-responsive genes to clarify the molecular mechanism of the estrogen action in target cells. Among these genes, the estrogen-responsive finger protein (Efp) was found to be highly expressed in breast cancer. Efp as a ubiquitin ligase (E3) is involved in the proteasome-dependent degradation of the 14-3-3sigma protein, one of cell cycle brakes, this degradation resulting in the promotion of breast cancer growth. A full understanding of the expression and function of ERs and their target genes could shed light on how estrogen stimulates the initiation and promotion of cancer, providing a new approach to diagnose and treat cancer.
CLINICAL AND PHARMACOLOGIC INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF α‐TOCOPHEROL ON ADRIAMYCIN CARDIOTOXICITY* (1982)

Our data indicate that alpha-tocopherol used in an oral dose of 2 g/m2 daily results in a six- to eightfold increase of the vitamin E levels in serum. The occurrence of congestive heart failure in three patients and the observation of significant pathologic changes in endomyocardial biopsies in approximately half of the patients treated with a median cumulative adriamycin dose level of 550 mg/m2 indicate that alpha-tocopherol does not offer substantial protection against adriamycin-induced cardiac toxicity. The antitumor activity of the drug, however, is not compromised by the concomitant administration of the vitamin.
Functional and Anatomical Results After Rotator Cuff Repair (1994)

The anatomic condition of the rotator cuff and the functional results obtained were studied in a homogeneous series of 100 full thickness cuff tears in 98 patients with an average followup of 4 years. Constant's functional score, used by the European Society for Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, was done preoperatively and postoperatively in each patient, in addition to ultrasonography at followup. There was a close correlation between the anatomic condition of the cuff and Constant's functional score before surgery (p = 0.0063) and after repair, irrespective of the type of tear repaired (p = 0.0012) or the sonographic appearance of the cuff at followup (p = 0.0001). Ultrasonography showed 65% intact cuffs, 11% intact but thinned cuffs, and 24% recurrent defects. Three predisposing factors for recurrence were noted: size of tear to be repaired (p = 0.0001) accounted for 57%, age (p = 0.063) for 25%, and degree of occupational use for 18%. The functional results obtained were more related to the anatomic condition of the repaired cuff at followup than to the tear size at surgery. Predictive clinical factors for recurrence included overall Constant's functional score, reduced ability to perform daily activities, reduced active flexion, abduction and external rotation, and loss of muscular strength. Constant's functional score reflected the functional results with accuracy, reliability, and reproducibility. Additional ultrasonography appears necessary to specify the exact size of the recurrent defect and to distinguish between certain anatomic types, such as thinned cuffs, which can give rise to difficult problems in manual workers after defect repair.
Effect of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Domain Mutations on the Outcome of Patients with Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (2006)

Somatic mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been identified in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer who achieve dramatic clinical and radiographic response to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) gefitinib and erlotinib. These mutations in EGFR are found more frequently in patients with adenocarcinomas, nonsmokers, patients of Asian ethnicity, and in females: the same populations that are the most likely to have a clinical response when treated with EGFR TKIs. Retrospective studies comparing the outcomes of patients with and without EGFR mutations treated with EGFR TKIs show a significant clinical benefit of EGFR TKIs in patients with EGFR mutations. These findings suggest that for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer bearing EGFR mutations, treatment with an EGFR TKI should be incorporated as at least part of their initial therapy. These approaches are being studied in ongoing clinical trials and will spur the development of additional technology for EGFR mutation detection.
Enhanced biological activity of antisense oligonucleotides complexed with glycosylated poly-L-lysine. (1996)

International audience
Intelligent retrieval of dynamic networked information from mobile terminals using spoken natural language queries (1998)

This paper presents a working architecture for intelligent retrieval of dynamic networked information from mobile terminals using spoken natural language queries. A very efficient dynamic keyword extraction technique is used to extract automatically limited numbers of keywords to specify the huge amount of networked information, so as to reduce the very difficult problem of recognizing unconstrained spoken natural language queries into the tractable task of spotting limited number of keywords embedded in the voice queries. A vocabulary-flexible voice keyword spotting technique is used to handle the live, dynamic and ever-changing networked information. A client-server architecture is used to integrate the dynamic keyword extraction and voice keyword spotter modules under a mobile network environment. Very encouraging experimental results indicating the feasibility of the proposed approach have been obtained.
Proton NMR and fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry analysis of the melanoma-associated ganglioside 9-O-acetyl-GD3. (1985)

A glycolipid antigen, detected by a monoclonal antibody (ME 31 1) obtained by immunizing mice with a human metastatic melanoma cell line (WM 46), was isolated and structurally characterized.Using immunostaining on thin-layer chromatograms for monitoring, 1.0 mg of a pure alkali-labile disialoganglioside was obtained from 23 g of packed melanoma cells (WM 164).Fractionation of the lipid extract was done on DEAE-Sepharose columns into total disialogangliosides which were repeatedly separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography.On mild alkaline treatment, the ganglioside was converted to a slower migrating species identical with a ganglioside GD3 isolated from the same source (Neu5Aca2+8Neu5Aca24 3Gal/31+4Glc/31+1-cer-amide) and specifically detected by monoclonal antibody R24.Comparison of the two gangliosides by fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry (revealing an acetyl group on the terminal sialic acid on the alkali-labile species) and by 'H NMR (indicating the position of the acetyl group) suggested the following structure: Neu5,9Ac2a2+ 8Neu5Aca2+3Ga1/31~4Glc/3l+l-ceramide.This is identical with a ganglioside proposed earlier to exist in melanoma cells (Cheresh, D.
Attempted Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) (Jdi Strain) by Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae), Dermacentor variabilis, and Amblyomma americanum (1992)

Laboratory-reared Ixodes scapularis Say, Amblyomma americanum (L.), and Dermacentor variabilis (Say) were fed on New Zealand white rabbits experimentally infected with Borrelia burgdorferi (JDI strain). At repletion, spirochetes could be detected by dark-field microscopy only in I. scapularis. Acquisition rates were 18 and 21%. When previously exposed nymphs of each species were fed on susceptible rabbits, I. scapularis was the only tick of the three species that transmitted B. burgdorferi. When a single rabbit was experimentally infected with B. burgdorferi and infested at 7-d intervals with I. scapularis, A. americanum, D. variabilis, and a second time with I. scapularis, B. burgdorferi was detected again only in cultures from the two groups of I. scapularis. When molted nymphs from each tick species were allowed to feed on susceptible rabbits, spirochetes again were isolated only at necropsy from the rabbits on which the two groups of I. scapularis fed.
Using transparent WDM metro rings to provide an out-of-band control network for OpenFlow in MAN (2013)

OpenFlow is a protocol that enables networks to evolve and change flexibly, by giving a remote controller the capability of modifying the behavior of network devices. In an OpenFlow network, each device needs to maintain a dedicated and separated connection with a remote controller. All these connections can be described as the OpenFlow control network, that is the data network which transports control plane information, and can be deployed together with the data infrastructure plane (in-band) or separated (out-of-band), with advantages and disadvantages in both cases. The control network is a critical subsystem since the communication with the controller must be reliable and ideally should be protected against failures. This paper proposes a novel ring architecture to efficiently transport both the data plane and an out-of-band control network.
HIF-1, An Oxygen and Metal Responsive Transcription Factor (2004)

Normal development and function of metazoan organisms depend on oxygen availability. The level of oxygen can be sensed by individual cells, which respond to reduced oxygenation (hypoxia) largely through activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). At the organism level the response to hypoxia involves an increase in red blood cell production. Within tissues, HIF activation increases the blood supply and blood vessel growth. At the individual cell level it is manifested as an increase in anaerobic metabolism in order to sustain basic cellular functions. Iron is central to the oxygen sensing mechanism, and sensitivity to other metals, namely cobalt and nickel, is a distinctive feature of the HIF system; in fact, this is often used as an initial way of implicating HIF-1 in a biological response. Historically, the fact that nickel or cobalt mimicked hypoxia provided an important clue as to the nature of the oxygen sensing mechanism. It also raises the possibility that nickel or cobalt exposure may have important toxic and pathological effects mediated by HIF activation. Here we review the implications of the metal sensitivity of the HIF-1 system, and examine the hypothesis that HIF-1 activation may play an important role in metal induced carcinogenesis.
Inhibition of acute myelogenous leukemia blast proliferation by interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist and soluble IL-1 receptors (1992)

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has recently been reported to play an important role in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) blast proliferation. We therefore investigated the effect of soluble IL-1 receptors (sIL-1R) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) on the growth of AML bone marrow blast progenitors from 25 patients. In the AML blast colony culture assay, sIL-1R and IL-1RA inhibited blast colony-forming cell replication in a dose-dependent fashion, at concentrations ranging from 10 to 500 ng/mL (sIL-1R) and 10 to 1,000 ng/mL (IL-1RA), and their inhibitory effect was partially reversed by IL-1 beta. A similar inhibitory effect was also noted with the use of anti-IL-1 beta neutralizing antibodies. When AML blast progenitors were grown either in the presence of fetal calf serum (FCS) alone or with one of the following: phytohemagglutinin leukocyte-conditioned medium (PHA-LCM), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF, interleukin-3 (IL-3), or stem cell factor (SCF), addition of 100 ng/mL sIL-1R or IL-1RA inhibited blast colony formation by 3% to 96% and 2% to 97%, respectively. In sharp contrast, neither of these IL-1-inhibitory molecules significantly inhibited proliferation of normal marrow hematopoietic progenitors. Lysates of 2 x 10(7) low-density AML marrow cells were tested for intrinsic IL-1 beta content using an enzyme-linked immunoadsorbant assay (ELISA). Samples from five of six patients showed high concentrations (ranging from 501 to 2,041 pg), whereas 2 x 10(7) cells from two normal marrow aspirates yielded 54.6 pg of IL-1 beta. AML blast colony-forming cells from all six patients were inhibited by sIL-1R, IL-1RA, or both. Incubation of nine samples of AML low-density cells with either sIL-1R or IL-1RA reduced GM-CSF concentrations in cell lysates, and supernatants from nine (P less than .01) and six samples (P less than .037), respectively, and G-CSF concentration in lysates from six of nine samples (P less than .03), and in supernatants from five of six samples (P less than .06) when studied by ELISAs. Our data implicate IL-1 in AML blast proliferation and suggest the potential benefits of using IL-1-inhibitory molecules in future therapies for AML.
Spot market mechanism design and competitivity issues in electric power (2002)

Continuing previous research on market power issues in electricity markets, the authors report new experiments which compare the sealed bid offer (SBO) market mechanism, studied by Backerman et al. (1997), with a uniform price double auction mechanism (UPDA) that updates nodal prices and allocations continuously as new bids and offers arrive in real time down to the close when the market is "called" and all standing accepted bids and offers become binding spot contracts. They compare the performance of the SBO and UPDA institutions in terms of their impact on incentives affecting market efficiency (the ability to exhaust the gains from exchange), generator and wholesale buyer profitability, and delivery price. Under each of the two trading institutions they compare markets in which the available generator capacities and their costs are held by three versus six independent companies.
Target cells in bone for parathormone and calcitonin are different: enrichment for each cell type by sequential digestion of mouse calvaria and selective adhesion to polymeric surfaces. (1975)

Six populations of bone cells (populations 1-6) were obtained by sequential digestion of mouse calvaria with collagenase and trypsin. After release from the tissue, each cell population was cultured for seven days. Parathormone, but not calcitonin, elicited an increase in intracellular cyclic AMP in the cells of populations 4, 5, and 6. In contrast, both hormones elicited increases in cyclic AMP in populations 2 and 3 but had no effect on population 1. When the cells of population 2 were exposed to a Falcontissue culture polystyrene surface for periods of time up to 5 min, many cells adhered. The nonadhering cell population contained a lesser proportion of cells responsive to calcitonin, whereas the adhering population contained a greater proportion responsive to this hormone. Conversely, when the cells of population 2 were exposed to an acid-treated nylon surface, the nonadhering cells contained a larger proportion of those responsive to calcitonin and a smaller proportion responsive to parathormone. When those cells that were enriched for calcitonin responsiveness were examined, we found an increased proportion that exhibited an asymmetric bipolar morphology. These differed from large amorphous, often binucleate, cells which predominated in those populations that responded exclusively to parathormone. These results establish that bone contains at least two types of target cells--one that responds to parathormone but not calcitonin, the other that responds predominantly to calcitonin.
Digital Analysis of Protein Properties by an Ensemble of DNA Quadruplexes (2009)

Here we show how different principles developed in the area of molecular logic gates can be applied to diagnostic technologies for proteins. Simultaneous operation of YES NOT and PASS 1 logic gates, produced by a protein sensing ensemble of DNA G-quadruplexes, is used to encode concentration levels of medicinally important proteins. An AND logic gate is another example, where molecular computation can be used to follow the interaction between proteins and metal ions. Combination of molecular Boolean logic with combinatorial sensing is demonstrated as a general strategy to realizing small scale, real time diagnosis of a variety of protein samples.