gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Class-specific antibody response to group B Neisseria meningitidis capsular polysaccharide: use of polylysine precoating in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (1982)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for measuring immunoglobulin class-specific antibodies to Neisseria meningitidis capsular polysaccharides. The polysaccharides were fixed to the solid phase by precoating the polystyrene surface with basic polyamino acids. Polylysine precoating was found to give optimal antibody values with the meningococcal polysaccharides studied. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure antibodies against group B meningococcal polysaccharide in healthy adults and in patients with group B meningitis. Antibodies to group B polysaccharide in sera obtained from healthy adults were primarily immunoglobulin M (IgM). Although the antibody response to disease was mostly IgM, both IgG and IgM antibodies increased. Infection with group B organisms stimulated anti-group B polysaccharide antibodies even in young patients, aged 6 to 7 months, and the magnitude of the B polysaccharide response increased with the age of the patient.
Comparison of relational methods, attribute-based methods and hybrid methods. (1999)

Most of the data mining methods in real-world intelligent systems are attribute-based machine learning methods such as neural networks, nearest neighbors and decision trees. They are relatively simple,- efficient, and can handle noisy data. However, these methods have two strong limitations: (1) the background knowledge can be expressed in rather limited form and (2) the lack of relations other than “object-attribute ” makes the concept description language inappropriate for some applications. Relational and hybrid data mining methods based on first-order logic are compared with Neural Networks and other benchmark methods on different data sets. These computational experiments show several advantages of relational and hybrid methods.
The Role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV in the Cleavage of Glucagon Family Peptides (2003)

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP-IV) is a cell surface serine dipeptidase that is involved in the regulation of the incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). There is accumulating evidence that other members of the glucagon family of peptides are also endogenous substrates for this enzyme. To identify candidate substrates for DP-IV, a mass spectrometry-based protease assay was developed that measures cleavage efficiencies (kcat/Km) of polypeptides in a mixture, using only a few picomoles of each substrate and physiological amounts of enzyme in a single kinetic experiment. Oxyntomodulin and the growth hormone-(1-43) fragment were identified as new candidate in vivo substrates. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-(1-38) (PACAP38), a critical mediator of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, was also determined to be efficiently processed by DP-IV in vitro. The catabolism of exogenously administered PACAP38 in wild type and DP-IV-deficient C57Bl/6 mice was monitored by tandem mass spectrometry. Animals lacking DP-IV exhibited a significantly slower clearance of the circulating peptide with virtually complete suppression of the inactive DP-IV metabolite, PACAP-(3-38). These in vivo results suggest that DP-IV plays a major role in the degradation of circulating PACAP38.
Compact-footprint focusing lithographically scribed planar holographic Bragg reflector (2003)

Planar holographic Bragg reflectors (HBR’s) are slab-waveguide-based computer-generated two-dimensional in-plane refractive-index holograms. The slab waveguide allows signals to propagate freely in two dimensions, a geometry that enables HBR’s to offer powerful holographic function in the form of simultaneous spectral and spatial signal processing in a single element. Owing to their planar structure HBR’s are fully consistent with photolithographic fabrication which provides complete amplitude and phase control over individual diffractive elements thus providing a flexible means to precisely engineer device spectral transfer functions. Here, we report on a photolithographically-fabricated silica-on-silicon slab-waveguide-based HBR that provides 17 GHz, essentially Fourier-transform limited, spectral resolution in a device footprint of only 0.3 cm<sup>2</sup> . The device maps the input beam to a spatially distinct output with diffraction-limited performance. Our results conclusively establish that the silica-on-silicon format and submicron photolithography can provide fully coherent planar holographic structures of centimeter scale.
Forty-Five Years of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in The Netherlands (2014)

The current study gives detailed information about the disease course of DMD patients, provides evidence for the positive effect of steroid treatment and mechanical ventilation and supports the use of patient registries as a valuable resource for evaluating improvements in care.
Scanning tunneling microscope images of adenine and thymine at atomic resolution. (1991)

The scanning tunneling microscope has been used to obtain images of DNA that reveal its major and minor grooves and the direction of helical coiling, but sufficient resolution has not yet been achieved to identify its bases. To determine if this technology is capable of identifying individual DNA bases, we have examined the molecular arrangements of adenine and thymine attached to the basal plane of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. Both molecules form highly organized lattices following deposition on heated graphite. Lattice dimensions, structural periodicities, and the epitaxy of adenine and thymine molecules with respect to the basal plane of graphite have been determined. Images of these molecules at atomic resolution reveal that the aromatic regions are strongly detected in both molecules while the various side-groups are not well-resolved. These studies provide the first evidence that tunneling microscopy can be used to discriminate between purines and pyramidines.
A case study of 2,2-dimethylthiazolidine as locked cis proline amide bond: synthesis, NMR and molecular modeling studies of a δ-conotoxin EVIA peptide analog (2004)

The delta-conotoxin EVIA from the Conus ermineus venom, a recently characterized toxin, exhibits cis-trans isomerism of the Leu12-Pro13 bond associated with the triggering of its biological activity. In this paper we use the pseudoproline concept to target the presumed bioactive cis conformation. We report the design and the synthesis of loop 2 analogs from residue 8 to 18 containing either the cis-inducing Cys(PsiMe,MePro)13 unit or the natural proline residue. NMR studies in water and molecular modeling allowed us to identify the amide bond "locked" in a cis conformation for as in the suggested bioactive form of the natural toxin.
Expression of mammalian GPCRs in C. elegansgenerates novel behavioural responses to human ligands (2006)

Our results illustrate a remarkable evolutionary plasticity in interactions between mammalian GPCRs and C. elegans signalling machinery, spanning 800 million years of evolution. This in vivo system, which imparts novel avoidance behaviour on C. elegans, thus provides a simple means of studying and screening interaction of GPCRs with extracellular agonists, antagonists and intracellular binding partners.
Characterization of carbohydrate recognition by langerin, a C-type lectin of Langerhans cells (2003)

Langerin is a type II transmembrane cell surface receptor found on Langerhans cells. The extracellular domain of langerin consists of a neck region containing a series of heptad repeats and a C-terminal C-type carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD). A role for langerin in processing of glycoprotein antigens has been proposed, but until now there has been little study of the langerin protein. In this study, analytical ultracentrifugation and circular dichroism spectroscopy of recombinant soluble fragments of human langerin have been used to show that the extracellular region of this receptor exists as a stable trimer held together by a coiled coil of alpha-helices formed by the neck region. The langerin CRD shows specificity for mannose, GlcNAc, and fucose, but only the trimeric extracellular domain fragment binds to glycoprotein ligands. Langerin extracellular domain binds mammalian high mannose oligosaccharides, as well mannose-containing structures on yeast invertase but does not bind complex glycan structures. Full-length langerin stably expressed in rat fibroblast transfectants mediates efficient uptake and degradation of a mannosylated neoglycoprotein ligand. pH-dependent ligand release appears to involve interactions between the CRDs or between the CRDs and the neck region in the trimer. The results are consistent with a role for langerin in internalization of both self and nonself glycoprotein antigens.
Advanced Semiconductor Memories: Architectures, Designs, and Applications (2002)

A valuable reference for the most vital microelectronic components in the marketplace DRAMs are the technology drivers of high volume semiconductor fabrication processes for new generation products that, in addition to computer markets, are finding increased usage in automotive, aviation, military and space, telecommunications, and wireless industries. A new generation of high-density and high-performance memory architectures evolving for mass storage devices, including embedded memories and nonvolatile flash memories, are serving a diverse range of applications. Comprehensive and up to date, Advanced Semiconductor Memories: Architectures, Designs, and Applications offers professionals in the semiconductor and related industries an in-depth review of advanced semiconductor memories technology developments. It provides details on: .
Chemical Vapor Detection Using Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Acetic Acid: a Selective Nematicidal Metabolite From Culture Filtrates of Paecilomyces Lilacinus (Thom) Samson and Trichoderma Longibrachiatum Rifai (1991)

37 ref.
Identification of interferon-gamma as the lymphokine that activates human macrophage oxidative metabolism and antimicrobial activity. (1983)

Human blood mononuclear leukocytes stimulated with toxoplasma antigen, concanavalin A, mezerein plus lentil lectin, or staphylococcal enterotoxin A secreted a factor (macrophage-activating factor, or MAF) that enhanced the capacity of human macrophages to release H2O2 and to kill toxoplasmas. The same lymphoid supernatants contained IFN gamma but not IFN alpha or IFN beta. The MAF activity of six of seven unfractionated supernatants was completely eliminated by a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes IFN gamma, and MAF in the remaining supernatant was almost completely neutralized. Native IFN gamma partially purified by two independent protocols to specific activities of 1 X 10(6) and 10(7) U/mg protein was enriched in MAF activity at least as much as in antiviral activity. The capacity of macrophages to secrete H2O2 after incubation in partially purified native IFN gamma (mean peak stimulation, 8.8-fold) was greater than with unpurified lymphokines (3.8-fold) and sometimes equaled or exceeded the capacity of freshly harvested monocytes. The MAF activity of the partially purified native IFN gamma preparations was abolished by monoclonal anti-IFN gamma. Finally, IFN gamma of greater than 99% estimated purity was isolated (at Genentech, Inc.) from bacteria transformed with the cloned human gene for this lymphokine. Recombinant IFN gamma had potent MAF activity, stimulating the peroxide-releasing capacity of macrophages an average of 19.8-fold at peak response and enhancing their ability to kill toxoplasmas from 2.6 +/- 1.3% for untreated cells to 54 +/- 0.4% for treated cells. Attainment of 50% of the maximal elevation in peroxide-releasing capacity required a geometric mean concentration of 0.1 antiviral U/ml of recombinant IFN gamma, which is estimated to be approximately 6 picomolar for this preparation. Peroxide secretory capacity and toxoplasmacidal activity of macrophages peaked 2-4 d after exposure to IFN gamma. Peroxide-secretory capacity remained elevated during at least 6 d of continuous exposure, but the effect of IFN gamma was reversed within about 3 d of its removal. Activation was usually but not invariably accompanied by characteristic changes in cell morphology. Thus, IFN gamma activates human macrophage oxidative metabolism and antimicrobial activity, and appeared to be the only factor consistently capable of doing so in the diverse LK preparations tested.
การใชกจกรรมการพดเพอการสอสารในการพฒนาความสามารถดานการพดภาษาองกฤษ ของนสตบรรพชตคณะมนษยศาสตรป1–4 มหาวทยาลยมหาจฬาลงกรณราชวทยาลย วทยาเขตนครราชสมา (2019)

บทคดยอ การศกษาครงนมจดมงหมาย เพอศกษาพฒนาการความสามารถดานการพดภาษาองกฤษ เพอการสอสารโดยใชกจกรรมการพดเพอการสอสาร กลมตวอยางเปนนสตบรรพชตภายในคณะมนษยศาสตรชนปท 1– ชนปท 4 ประจำภาคเรยนท 1 ปการศกษา 2561 มหาวทยาลยมหาจฬาลงกรณราชวทยาลย วทยาเขตนครราชสมา จำนวน 35 รป ทไดจากการสมตวอยางอยางงาย ใชระยะเวลาในการทดลอง 8 สปดาห สปดาหละ 2 คาบเรยน คาบเรยนละ 50 นาท รวมทงสน 16 คาบเรยน เครองมอทใชในการทดลองและเกบรวบรวมขอมล คอ แผนการจดการเรยนรโดยใชกจกรรมการพดเพอการสอสาร จำนวน 6 แผน แบบทดสอบวดความสามารถดานการพดภาษาองกฤษเพอการสอสารกอนและหลงการทดลอง แบบประเมนตนเองดานการพดภาษาองกฤษเพอ การสอสาร แบบสงเกตพฤตกรรมการพดภาษาองกฤษเพอการสอสาร สถตทใชในการวเคราะหขอมล คอ คาเฉลย คารอยละคาความเบยงเบนมาตรฐาน และสถต ทแบบไมเปนอสระจากกน (t-test for dependent samples) และ วเคราะหขอมล โดยใชคอมพวเตอรโปรแกรมประมวลผลสำเรจรป SPSS ผลการวจยพบวา ความสามารถในการพดภาษาองกฤษเพอการสอสารโดยใชกจกรรมการพด เพอการสอสารของกสมตวอยางสงกวากอนการทดลอง อยางมนยสำคญทางสถตทระดบ .01 สอดคลองกบผลการวเคราะหจากแบบสงเกตพฤตกรรมการพดภาษาองกฤษเพอการสอสารและแบบ ประเมนตนเองดานการพดภาษาองกฤษเพอการสอสาร คำสำคญ: การพดเพอการสอสาร,ความสามารถดานการพดภาษาองกฤษ ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to enhance communicative English speaking ability of Students Faculty of Humanities Year 1–Year 4 by using oral communicative activities. The subjects were 35 Monks(English Program) at Mahachulalongkornrajavityalaya University Nakhonratchasima Campus. The experiment was carried out for 16 hours in the second semester of the 2018 academic year. The instruments used in this study were 6 lesson plans on oral communicative activities, pre-post tests of communicative English speaking, the students self-assessment form and observation form. The data were statistically analyzed by mean scores, percentage, standard deviation and t-test for dependent samples. Findings of this study indicated that after using oral communicative activities there was a significant increase in the students’ communicative English speaking ability at .01 level. This result is supported by the analysis from the students’ self-assessment form and observation form. Keywords : Speaking for communication, English speaking ability
Effects of antisense oligonucleotides on brain delta‐opioid receptor density and on SNC80‐induced locomotor stimulation and colonic transit inhibition in rats (1999)

1. To reduce the density of delta-opioid receptor protein, five antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (aODN), targeting the three exons of rat delta-opioid receptor mRNA (DOR), were injected twice daily for 4 days or continuously infused for 7 days into brain lateral ventricles (i.c.v.) of Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats acting as controls were infused or injected with a mismatch sequence (mODN) of each aODN. The density of opioid receptors in rat brain membranes was measured by saturation binding experiments using selective ligands for delta, mu and kappa opioid receptors. 2. aODNs injected twice a day for 4 days left rat brain delta-opioid receptor density unchanged. The ODN targeting the DOR nucleotide sequence 280 - 299 (aODN280 - 299, exon 2), decreased brain delta-opioid receptor density significantly more than aODNs targeting exon 1 (aODN239 - 258), exon 2 (aODN361 - 380), or exon 3 (aODN741 - 760) (to 52% vs 79, 72, and 68%). None of the aODNs to the DOR changed the brain density of mu- or k-opioid receptors. 3. When in a novel environment (but not when kept in their home cages), the locomotor activity of aODN280 - 299 treated rats was significantly lower than that of saline or mODN treated rats. The delta-opioid agonist SNC80 (5 mg kg-1, s.c.) significantly and potently stimulated locomotion and delayed colonic propulsion in saline- and mODN-infused rats, but left motor behaviour and colonic transit of delta-knockdown rats unchanged. 4. The baseline nociceptive threshold and the antinociceptive response to morphine were unchanged in delta-knockdown rats.
Vaccination by the aerosol method. (1978)

After a review on vaccination by inhalation of aerosols the authors describe the group vaccination with the aid of an electroaerosol generator. 8 persons may be vaccinated simultaneously in a very short time. The vaccination by inhalation is without any hazards. The viability of the microorganisms in the aerosol is preserved. Interferon inhalation seems to reduce symptoms of intoxication in the first days after outset of influenza or acute airway infection. The efficiency of vaccination through aerosol inhalations against bacterial infections demands further researchs.
The World Wide Web (1998)

After a brief discussion of what the World Wide Web is the authors go on to discuss: client server architecture, hypertext transfer protocol and setting up a Web server.
Expression of taste molecules in the upper gastrointestinal tract in humans with and without type 2 diabetes (2008)

Taste molecules are expressed in nutrient detection regions of the proximal small intestine in humans, consistent with a role in "tasting". This taste molecule expression is decreased in diabetic subjects with elevated blood glucose concentration, and decreased by luminal glucose in mice, indicating that intestinal "taste" signalling is under dynamic metabolic and luminal control.
Immunotherapeutic Blockade of CD47 Inhibitory Signaling Enhances Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to Viral Infection (2020)

Paradoxically, early host responses to infection include the upregulation of the antiphagocytic molecule, CD47. This suggests that CD47 blockade could enhance antigen presentation and subsequent immune responses. Indeed, mice treated with anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections show increased activation of both macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), enhancement of the kinetics and potency of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell responses, and significantly improved virus control. Treatment efficacy is critically dependent on both APCs and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. In preliminary results from one of two cohorts of humanized mice infected with HIV-1 for 6 weeks, CD47 blockade reduces plasma p24 levels and restores CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell counts. The results indicate that CD47 blockade not only enhances the function of innate immune cells but also links to adaptive immune responses through improved APC function. As such, immunotherapy by CD47 blockade may have broad applicability to treat a wide range of infectious diseases.
A green look at the aldol reaction (2004)

Aldol reactions have been and are widely applied for the preparation of β-hydroxy aldehydes, β-hydroxy ketones or α,β-unsaturated aldehydes or ketones through addition or addition-elimination reactions of aldehydes and ketones. The study of the aldol reaction from the point of view of its greenness must have in mind first of all that a general synthetic method must be based on complete and efficient conversions of well defined selectivity and that greenness is more a term for comparison than an absolute kind of qualification. This comparison, when referred to the aldol reaction, applies here to the diverse modifications of the reaction. Thus, the original poorly selective, but highly atom economic catalytic procedures, have been improved by several authors by introduction of stoichiometric forms of activation in the search for better selectivities. However, the success in these improvements has been accompanied by higher levels of hazard and waste. The study of the greenness of the aldol reaction is completed by a short overview of recent contributions intended to achieve efficient, safe and clean conversions that are susceptible to becoming general green synthetic procedures. Interesting contributions are highlighted for reactions carried out under solvent-less conditions, in water, ionic liquids and supercritical fluids, with activation by microwaves, or with use of heterogeneous catalysis and especially of biocatalysis and biomimetic catalysis. Promising methods based on reduction of unsaturated ketones or on rearrangement of allylic alcohols have also recently been described.
Nucleotide sequence of the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase II gene. (1983)

The complete nucleotide sequence of the glucose-repressed alcohol dehydrogenase II gene (ADR2) from yeast has been established together with its 5'- and 3'-flanking regions. The limits of the gene have been determined by reverse transcriptase sequencing of the 5'-ends and by S1 nuclease mapping of the 3'-ends of the mature ADR2 mRNA. Comparison of the alcohol dehydrogenase I gene (ADC1) sequence (Bennetzen, J. L., and Hall, B.D. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 3018-3025) with that of ADR2 indicated four regions of sequence conservation in the 5'-flanking DNAs. One of these conserved regions contains the sequence TCAAG which may function as a yeast cap sequence. The coding sequence of ADR2 is 89% homologous with that of ADC1 and exhibits a bias in its codon utilization. Evidence is presented that the intergenic region at the 3'-end of the ADR2 gene is less than 550 base pairs.
Pharmacological properties of a potent and selective nonpeptide substance P antagonist. (1991)

We describe here the pharmacological properties of RP 67580 [(3aR,7aR)-7,7-diphenyl-2-[1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl] perhydroisoindol-4-one], a nonpeptide antagonist of substance P (SP). In vitro, the compound was found to inhibit in a competitive manner (Ki = 4.16 +/- 0.59 nM) [3H]SP binding to neurokinin receptors type 1 (NK1 receptors) in rat brain membranes. Contractions induced by SP and septide (a selective NK1 agonist) in guinea pig ileum were competitively inhibited by RP 67580 (pA2 = 7.16 and 7.59, respectively). Moreover, RP 67580 displayed the profile of a specific antagonist of NK1 receptors: it was not active on NK2 and NK3 receptors as seen in binding assays and in isolated preparations of rabbit pulmonary artery and rat portal vein. In the rat, low intravenous doses of RP 67580 totally inhibited the plasma extravasation induced by SP in the urinary bladder (ED50 = 0.04 mg/kg i.v.) and by antidromic electrical stimulation of the saphenous nerve in the hind paw skin (ED50 = 0.15 mg/kg i.v.). This compound was also active in two classical analgesic tests in mice: phenylbenzoquinone-induced writhing (ED50 = 0.07 mg/kg s.c.) and the formalin test (ED50 = 3.7 mg/kg s.c.). Its potency was of the same order as that of morphine. Thus we conclude that RP 67580, a SP antagonist, belongs to a class of drugs that may be useful in the management of various clinical pathologies where pain and neurogenic inflammation are involved.