gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theoretical and practical considerations for crosswell electromagnetic tomography assuming a cylindrical geometry (1995)

Abstract An iterative Born imaging scheme is employed to analyze the resolution properties of crosswell electromagnetic tomography. The imaging scheme assumes a cylindrical symmetry about a vertical magnetic dipole source and employs approximate forward modeling at each iteration to update the internal electric fields. Estimation of the anomalous conductivity is accomplished through least-squares inversion. Much of the mathematical formulation of this diffusion process appears similar to the analysis of wavefield solutions, but the attenuation implicit in the complex propagation constant invalidates many of the accepted wavefield criteria for resolution.Images of illustrative models show that vertical resolution improves with increasing frequency and with increased spatial sampling density. In addition, greater conductivity contrasts between the target and the background can result in better resolution. The horizontal resolution depends on the maximum aperture that is employed and with increasing frequency, larger apertures are needed to obtain optimal results. However, the maximum aperture that can be employed, and thus the horizontal resolution, is limited by the rate of attenuation and the noise present in the measurements. Weighting the long-offset data equally with the zero-offset data can improve the resolution if the noise is not a function of the dynamic range of the measurement system. At lower frequencies, the resolution can be improved by measuring both the horizontal and vertical components of the magnetic fields. In addition, multiple frequencies can be employed to improve the resolution for limited aperture measurements.The general applicability of the cylindrically symmetric geometry is examined by comparing the 2-D sensitivity functions to those produced by a 2.5-D model, and by imaging a 3-D body with the 2-D iterative Born scheme. For borehole separations greater than five skin depths it is demonstrated that the measurements, and thus the images, are not affected by the geometry of the conductive zone outside of the interwell plane. Thus the 2-D imaging scheme can be employed in these situations. For borehole separations less than five skin depths, artifacts are produced in the images which will lead to faulty interpretations.
Ectopic synthesis of high‐Mr calcitonin by the BEN lung carcinoma cell line reflects aberrant proteolytic processing (1986)

Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of the human calcitonin mRNA from the BEN lung carcinoma cell line, a cell line known to secrete high-Mr forms of calcitonin, showed no difference in the coding region at the nucleotide level compared with calcitonin mRNA isolated from medullary thyroid carcinoma which secretes calcitonin monomer. Therefore, the secretion of high-Mr forms of calcitonin reflects the absence or limited activity of proteolytic processing enzymes within the secretory pathway of this cell line. In all other respects, as judged by RNA blotting and S1 mapping, calcitonin/alpha-CGRP expression was identical to that found in medullary thyroid carcinoma, including the differential use of an alternative splice donor site within intron 1. The BEN cell line also produces low levels of alpha-CGRP mRNA and secretes CGRP antigenic determinants. Analysis of plasma CGRP levels in 12 patients with anaplastic lung carcinoma showed elevated levels in 11 of these, suggesting that CGRP may be an important diagnostic marker for this disease.
A High-Throughput Method for Direct Detection of Therapeutic Oligonucleotide-Induced Gene Silencing In Vivo (2015)

Preclinical development of RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapeutics requires a rapid, accurate, and robust method of simultaneously quantifying mRNA knockdown in hundreds of samples. The most well-established method to achieve this is quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), a labor-intensive methodology that requires sample purification, which increases the potential to introduce additional bias. Here, we describe that the QuantiGene(®) branched DNA (bDNA) assay linked to a 96-well Qiagen TissueLyser II is a quick and reproducible alternative to qRT-PCR for quantitative analysis of mRNA expression in vivo directly from tissue biopsies. The bDNA assay is a high-throughput, plate-based, luminescence technique, capable of directly measuring mRNA levels from tissue lysates derived from various biological samples. We have performed a systematic evaluation of this technique for in vivo detection of RNAi-based silencing. We show that similar quality data is obtained from purified RNA and tissue lysates. In general, we observe low intra- and inter-animal variability (around 10% for control samples), and high intermediate precision. This allows minimization of sample size for evaluation of oligonucleotide efficacy in vivo.
Lying, misery and illness: Towards a medical anthropology of the lie (2002)

"Lying, misery and illness: Towards a medical anthropology of the lie." Anthropology & Medicine, 9(2), pp. 85–95
A non-radioactive complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay for anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (1997)

A simple and non-radioactive complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay was developed to determine the relative potency of an anti-CD20 mAb, IDEC-C2B8. The assay measures the relative number of viable cells based on the uptake and metabolism of the redox dye, Alamar blue. A linear relationship between the relative fluorescence unit generated and the number of viable cells was demonstrated. The assay is simple, has high throughput (performed in 96-well microtiter plates), and shows reproducible dose-response curves in the concentration range of 0.02-3.3 micrograms/ml. With intra-assay variability of 5-12%, interassay variability of 6-10% and spike recoveries of 101-109%, the assay has high precision and accuracy. Specificity was demonstrated by the lack of activity of immunoglobulins that do not bind CD20, or anti-CD20 antibody isotype (gamma 4) which does not bind complement. The assay is able to detect degradative changes in the molecule caused by heat, light and proteolytic treatments, suggesting its use as a stability-indicating method. Finally, the Alamar blue method compared favorably with other more conventional methods used to assess cell viability. The assay has the desired properties for use as a potency assay for quality control testing of anti-CD20 mAb.
The dual role of the novel Wnt receptor tyrosine kinase, ROR2, in human carcinogenesis (2012)

The Wnt signaling pathway is involved in the development and progression of many human cancers, yet attempts to target the pathway therapeutically have been disappointing to date. The recent discovery that the ROR2 receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is a novel Wnt receptor provides the potential to target the non-canonical Wnt pathway for cancer treatments. As a member of the RTK superfamily of surface receptors ROR2 appears to possess dual roles as a tumor suppressor or activator depending on tumor type. This review will explore the dual role of ROR2 in tumorigenesis and provide an up to date analysis of current literature in this rapidly expanding field.
Immunoaffinity Purification of Factor VIII Complex (1987)

Murine monoclonal antibodies to human von Willebrand factor (vWf) were immobilised on Sephacryl S-1000. Various solutes were screened for their ability to elute 125I-vWf from the immobilised antibodies. The most effective solutions were then tested to determine which allowed retention of factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIII:C) and activity of vWf measured by platelet aggregation in the presence of ristocetin (Ristocetin cofactor activity R. cof.). Finally, F VIII complex was purified from both plasma and cryoprecipitate by immunoaffinity chromatography under the selected conditions. The product had a specific activity of 45 units of VIII:C per mg of protein and 60 units of R. cof. per mg representing a 4000-fold purification from plasma. The fibrinogen and fibronectin content were each less than 4% of the total protein with vWf accounting for 60% of the total protein in the final product. Multimer analysis of the product showed a similar pattern to normal plasma and contamination by murine monoclonal antibody was less than 300 ng per mg of protein. A novel product is thus obtained containing both clinically relevant VIII:C and R. cof. in a single vial whilst using only one specific monoclonal antibody.
A spatiotemporal evaluation of the contribution of the dorsal mesenchymal protrusion to cardiac development (2007)

The mesenchymal tissues involved in cardiac septation are derived from different sources. In addition to endocardial-derived mesenchyme, the heart also receives contributions from the neural crest, the proepicardium, and the dorsal mesenchymal protrusion (DMP). Whereas the contributions of the neural crest and proepicardium have been thoroughly studied, the DMP has received little attention. Here, we present the results of a comprehensive spatiotemporal study of the DMP in cardiac development. Using the Tie2-Cre mouse, immunohistochemistry, and AMIRA reconstructions, we show that the DMP, in combination with the mesenchymal cap on the primary atrial septum, fuse with the major atrioventricular cushions to close the primary atrial foramen and to form the atrioventricular mesenchymal complex. In this complex, the DMP constitutes a discrete prominent mesenchymal component, wedged in between the major cushions. This new model for atrioventricular septation may provide novel insights into understanding the etiology of congenital cardiac malformations.
p53 and c-myc Expression in Stage A1 Prostatic Adenocarcinoma: Useful Prognostic Determinants? (1993)

Forty-five stage A1 prostatic adenocarcinomas from patients with a mean age of 65 years were examined for p53 and c-myc expression to determine whether the presence or absence of these proteins could predict tumor behavior. Thirteen (6 of 45) and seventy-three percent (33 of 45) of cases were respectively p53 and c-myc positive. p53 expression was confirmed to the tumor cells, whereas c-myc immunoreactivity was present in both malignant and surrounding hyperplastic prostate. Statistical analysis showed that although p53 and c-myc expression were positively correlated, expression of neither nuclear protein was associated with a significantly worse survival (p53: p = 0.0791 exact two-tailed; c-myc: p = 0.738 exact two-tailed). These results suggest that while both p53 and c-myc may play a role in prostatic carcinogenesis, neither appears to identify patients who may benefit from treatment in stage A disease.
Ehrlichia ruminantium: A Promiscuous Genome (2005)

The intracellular bacterium, Ehrlichia ruminantium, is the causative agent of heartwater, a tick-borne disease of livestock. Because vaccines need to incorporate components from several virulent isolates, it is essential to have information on the extent of genetic variation among isolates. We therefore amplified and sequenced a panel of seven core function genes.
Effect of Retinoic Acid on Bone-Marrow Committed Stem Cells (Cfu-c) from Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients (1984)

The effect of retinoic acid (all-trans) on the clonal growth of chronic myeloid leukemia marrow was studied. The results indicate that 3 X 10(-5) M, 3 X 10(-6) M, 3 X 10(-7) M and 3 X 10(-8) M of retinoic acid inhibits the colony stimulating activity of placental conditioned medium.
Anchor Structure of Staphylococcal Surface Proteins (1998)

Surface proteins of the Gram-positive organism Staphylococcus aureus are anchored to the bacterial cell wall by a transpeptidation mechanism during which the polypeptide is cleaved between the threonine (T) and the glycine (G) of the LPXTG motif. The carboxyl of threonine is subsequently amide linked to the amino of the pentaglycyl cross-bridge within the staphylococcal peptidoglycan. Previous work examined the anchor structure of surface proteins solubilized from the peptidoglycan by treatment with lysostaphin or phi11 hydrolase and identified COOH-terminally linked triglycyl or L-Ala-D-iGln-L-Lys(Gly5)-D-Ala and MurNAc-[L-Ala-D-iGln-L-Lys(Gly5)-D-Ala](beta1-4)-GlcNAc, respectively. Here, we report the anchor structure of surface proteins solubilized with N-acetylmuramidase and N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase. N-Acetylmuramidase-released surface protein was linked to MurNAc-[L-Ala-D-iGln-L-Lys(Gly5)-D-Ala](beta1-4)-GlcNAc, whereas N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase treatment of the cell wall solubilized surface proteins linked to L-Ala-D-iGln-L-Lys(Gly5)-D-Ala. Most, but not all, anchor structures were cross-linked to other cell wall subunits, in which the D-alanyl at position four was amide linked to the pentaglycyl of a neighboring wall peptide.
Integration of optical proximity correction strategies in strong phase shifters design for poly-gate layers (1999)

In this paper we discuss some of the problems and solutions discovered when implementing 2-mask strong phase shifter designs for the poly gate level in logic designs. Experimental results are presented showing pattern fidelity for different reticle designs. Simulations are presented indicating the improvement in pattern fidelity that can be expected from using OPC. Simulations, PSM assignment and model-based OPC correction are performed by the Calibre WORKbench, Calibre DRC, Calibre PSMgate and Calibre OPCpro tools from Mentor Graphics. In conclusion, we show that while fairly simple designs can be used to achieve 250 nm design rules (approximately 150 nm gates), in order to achieve both pattern fidelity as well as small feature size it is necessary to use 3-layer/phase-aware model-based OPC to correct for pattern distortion for design rules of 180 nm and below (approximately 100 nm phase-shifted gates).
Clickable initiators, monomers and polymers in controlled radical polymerizations – a prospective combination in polymer science (2010)

Preparation of multifunctional and well-defined macromolecules requires a smart selection of the most suitable controlled polymerization technique in combination with appropriate click reactions. In this review, we provide an overview on the use of various “clickable” initiators and monomers as well as on the postpolymerization modifications that have been widely used to construct clickable macromolecules. As such, this contribution will aid polymer chemists to select a suitable combination of CRP and click methodologies to design the target structures.
Presynaptic Localization of Neprilysin Contributes to Efficient Clearance of Amyloid-β Peptide in Mouse Brain (2004)

A local increase in amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) is closely associated with synaptic dysfunction in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. Here, we report on the catabolic mechanism of Abeta at the presynaptic sites. Neprilysin, an Abeta-degrading enzyme, expressed by recombinant adeno-associated viral vector-mediated gene transfer, was axonally transported to presynaptic sites through afferent projections of neuronal circuits. This gene transfer abolished the increase in Abeta levels in the hippocampal formations of neprilysin-deficient mice and also reduced the increase in young mutant amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. In the latter case, Abeta levels in the hippocampal formation contralateral to the vector-injected side were also significantly reduced as a result of transport of neprilysin from the ipsilateral side, and in both sides soluble Abeta was degraded more efficiently than insoluble Abeta. Furthermore, amyloid deposition in aged mutant amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice was remarkably decelerated. Thus, presynaptic neprilysin has been demonstrated to degrade Abeta efficiently and to retard development of amyloid pathology.
Activation and Functional Characterization of the Mosaic Receptor SorLA/LR11 (2001)

We previously isolated and sequenced the approximately 250-kDa type 1 receptor sorLA/LR11, a mosaic protein with elements characterizing the Vps10p domain receptor family as well as the low density lipoprotein receptor family. The N terminus of the Vps10p domain comprises a consensus sequence for cleavage by furin ((50)RRKR(53)) that precedes a truncation found in sorLA isolated from human brain. Here we show that sorLA, like sortilin-1/neurotensin receptor-3, whose lumenal domain consists of a Vps10p domain only, is synthesized as a proreceptor that is cleaved by furin in late Golgi compartments. We show that the truncation conditions the Vps10p domain for propeptide inhibitable binding of neuropeptides and the receptor-associated protein. We further demonstrate that avid binding of the receptor-associated protein, apolipoprotein E, and lipoprotein lipase not inhibited by propeptide occurs to sites located in other lumenal domains. In transfected cells, about 10% of full-length sorLA were expressed on the cell surface capable of mediating endocytosis. However, the major pool of receptors was found in late Golgi compartments, suggesting possible interaction with newly synthesized ligands. The results show that sorLA, following activation by truncation, binds multiple ligands and may mediate both endocytosis and sorting.
Mechanism of Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry1Ac in a Greenhouse Population of the Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni (2006)

The cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, is one of only two insect species that have evolved resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in agricultural situations. The trait of resistance to B. thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac from a greenhouse-evolved resistant population of T. ni was introgressed into a highly inbred susceptible laboratory strain. The resulting introgression strain, GLEN-Cry1Ac-BCS, and its nearly isogenic susceptible strain were subjected to comparative genetic and biochemical studies to determine the mechanism of resistance. Results showed that midgut proteases, hemolymph melanization activity, and midgut esterase were not altered in the GLEN-Cry1Ac-BCS strain. The pattern of cross-resistance of the GLEN-Cry1Ac-BCS strain to 11 B. thuringiensis Cry toxins showed a correlation of the resistance with the Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac binding site in T. ni. This cross-resistance pattern is different from that found in a previously reported laboratory-selected Cry1Ab-resistant T. ni strain, evidently indicating that the greenhouse-evolved resistance involves a mechanism different from the laboratory-selected resistance. Determination of specific binding of B. thuringiensis toxins Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac to the midgut brush border membranes confirmed the loss of midgut binding to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac in the resistant larvae. The loss of midgut binding to Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac is inherited as a recessive trait, which is consistent with the recessive inheritance of Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac resistance in this greenhouse-derived T. ni population. Therefore, it is concluded that the mechanism for the greenhouse-evolved Cry1Ac resistance in T. ni is an alteration affecting the binding of Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac to the Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac binding site in the midgut.
Aromatic steroids. Part II. Chromium trioxide oxidation of some oestra-1,3,5(10)-trienes (1969)

The effect of varying the position and nature of aryl substituents on the oxidation of oestra-1,3,5(10)-trienes with chromium trioxide has been examined. The deshielding effect of a C-6 keto-group is discussed.
Compositing digital images (1984)

Most computer graphics pictures have been computed all at once, so that the rendering program takes care of all computations relating to the overlap of objects. There are several applications, however, where elements must be rendered separately, relying on compositing techniques for the anti-aliased accumulation of the full image. This paper presents the case for four-channel pictures, demonstrating that a matte component can be computed similarly to the color channels. The paper discusses guidelines for the generation of elements and the arithmetic for their arbitrary compositing.
Water-Soluble Dendritic Architectures with Carbohydrate Shells for the Templation and Stabilization of Catalytically Active Metal Nanoparticles (2005)

Hyperbranched poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) with amino groups or carbohydrate terminal groups have been used as support materials for metal nanoparticles (i.e., Cu, Ag, Au, and Pt) in water. Various parameters have been optimized, such as pH, concentration of the polymer in solution, and [metal ions]/[polymer] ratio in order to obtain stable metal nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution. TEM measurements revealed that particles with a diameter as low as 1.4 nm were obtained. An increase of stability was obtained after functionalization of PEI with glycidol, gluconolactone, or lactobionic acid. In the case of Pt the catalytical activity of the corresponding nanoparticles was evidenced.
Anti-glycoprotein D antibodies that permit adsorption but block infection by herpes simplex virus 1 prevent virion-cell fusion at the cell surface. (1987)

Certain monoclonal antibodies specific for glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus have potent neutralizing activity but fail to block attachment of virus to cells. Here we have investigated the fate of neutralized and infectious virus after attachment to primate cells. Infectious virions fused with the cell surface such that naked nucleocapsids were detectable in the cytoplasm near or just under the plasma membrane. Neutralized virions did not fuse with the cell. They remained attached to the cell surface and could be rendered infectious by treatment with polyethylene glycol. We conclude that some anti-glycoprotein D neutralizing antibodies can inhibit the penetration of herpes simplex virus by blocking fusion of the virion envelope with the plasma membrane. These results identify a pathway of entry that initiates successful herpes simplex virus infection and a step in this pathway that is highly sensitive to neutralizing antibodies. A role for glycoprotein D in virion-cell fusion is indicated.
Effect of Viscosity on the Accuracy and Stability of Elastic Impression Materials (1973)

A ram and cylinder penetrometer was designed to measure the viscosity of impression materials at their time of placement. Viscosity had no effect on accuracy or stability of the impression materials within the viscosity ranges studied.
A phase II trial of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol in patients with previously untreated stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. (2001)

At the current doses and schedule, flavopiridol does not have cytotoxic activity in NSCLC, although protracted periods of disease stability were observed with an acceptable degree of toxicity.
Micro‐electrode studies on mammalian vascular muscle (1966)

1. Transmembrane potentials were measured in smooth muscle cells in the walls of small arteries in the frog tongue and skin of the lateral abdomen. Resting potentials had mean values of 64.7 and 43.6 mV respectively, and action potentials of up to 60 mV amplitude and 100-200 msec duration could be elicited by electrical stimulation in the tongue vessels.2. Micro-electrodes were inserted into smooth muscle cells in the walls of small arteries and arterioles of the rat mesenteric circulation. Intracellular potentials varied continually and maximum polarization averaged 39.4 mV.3. Rhythmic slow waves with a period varying from 4.5 to 7.8 sec were observed, and their amplitude but not their frequency was affected by the level of anaesthesia.4. Spike potentials were recorded, amplitude up to 35 mV, with occasional overshoot, and duration 40-50 msec; these were followed by a positive after-potential, 100-150 msec duration and amplitude up to 8 mV.5. Experiments using chemical and surgical means of interfering with the autonomic nervous system showed that the amplitude, but not the frequency, of the slow waves and the occurrence of action potentials were markedly affected by nervous influences.6. Stimulation of the smooth muscle by asphyxia, electrical stimulation of the splanchnic nerves, and local application of adrenaline, noradrenaline and vasopressin increased the frequency of action potentials and the amplitude of the slow waves, and inhibiting agents such as acetylcholine and removal of the nerve supply depressed the electrical activity.