gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Angiogenesis of Breast Cancer (2005)

Angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation, plays a central role in both local tumor growth and distant metastasis in breast cancer. Extensive laboratory data suggest that angiogenesis plays an essential role in breast cancer development, invasion, and metastasis. Hyperplastic murine breast papillomas and histologically normal lobules adjacent to cancerous breast tissue support angiogenesis in preclinical models, suggesting that angiogenesis precedes transformation of mammary hyperplasia to malignancy. Transfection of tumor cells with angiogenic stimulatory peptides has been shown to increase tumor growth, invasiveness, and metastasis. Conversely, transfection of tumor cells with inhibitors of angiogenesis decreases growth and metastasis. The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of enzymes degrades the basement membrane and extracellular matrix and is associated with a family of endogenous inhibitors, tissue inhibitors ofmetalloproteinases (TIMPs). Under normal physiologic conditions, the MMPs and TIMPs exist in anexquisitebalance.Thisbalance isdisrupted during active angiogenesis. Expression of MMPs increases with the progression from benign to preinvasive, invasive, and metastatic breast cancer and is associated with increasing histologic tumor grade. Microscopic metastases are growth restricted and remain dormant until they undergo an angiogenic switch, presumably a result of further mutation. This angiogenic switch often results in increased expression of MMPs. Hypoxia is a key signal for the induction of angiogenesis. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1 and HIF-2) are heterodimeric transcription factors consisting of and subunits. The subunit is constitutively expressed while the subunit is protected from degradation only under hypoxic condition. HIF-1 expression progressively increases from normal breast tissue to usual ductal hyperplasia to ductal carcinoma-insitu to invasive ductal carcinoma. HIF-1 expression is higher in poorly differentiated than in well-differentiated lesions and is associated with increased proliferation and expression of the estrogen receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Similarly, expression of carbonic anhydrase IX, an HIF-1 -dependant enzyme important in pH regulation, is associated with worse relapse-free and overall survival in patients with invasive breast cancer.
Tele-Breifs. a Novel User-Selectable Real Time News Headline Service for Cable TV (1979)

TELE-BRIEFS is a News (Wire-Services) CATV System compatible with existing headend systems and conventional home TV sets.
Hyaluronan and type III procollagen peptide concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. (1989)

The connective tissue components hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) and type III procollagen peptide were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in 22 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and 21 healthy control subjects. The patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis had higher concentrations of hyaluronan (median 46 micrograms/l) and type III procollagen peptide (median 0.45 micrograms/l) than the healthy controls (9 and less than 0.02 micrograms/l; p less than 0.001). The patients had normal serum concentrations of hyaluronan and of the procollagen peptide, and albumin concentrations in lavage fluid similar to those of the control subjects. Neutrophil and lymphocyte counts in lavage fluid were increased on average 10 and two fold respectively in the patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and both correlated with the amount of hyaluronan recovered (p less than 0.05). An inverse correlation was seen between the transfer factor for carbon monoxide and hyaluronan concentrations in lavage fluid in the patients (p less than 0.05). Deterioration in lung function and radiographic progression were seen over six months in 12 of the patients. These patients had higher lavage fluid concentrations of hyaluronan and type III procollagen peptide than the patients whose disease was stable (p less than 0.01). Increased synthesis of hyaluronan and type III procollagen peptide in lung parenchyma may reflect activation or proliferation (or both) of pulmonary fibroblasts in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and seems to be linked to the severity and activity of the lung disease.
Differential gastrin gene expression in rat gastrointestinal tract and pancreas during neonatal development. (1988)

Gastrin gene expression exhibits a complex pattern of tissue-specific expression during the neonatal development of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. In the rat fetus, the pancreas is the major site of gastrin expression; very little gastrin is found in the antrum which is the major site of adult expression. Pancreatic gastrin mRNA is identical to the antral species having the same transcriptional initiation site. The post-translational processing of the pancreatic gastrin peptide, however, differs in being fully tyrosine sulfated, and thus it resembles gastrin's homologue, cholecystokinin. Pancreatic gastrin is maximally expressed during late fetal gestation before the marked rise in somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon mRNA levels which occurs during the last 4 days of gestation. After birth, gastrin mRNA levels rapidly disappear as the other islet mRNAs achieve stable maximal levels. Unlike the pancreas, gastrin gene expression in the duodenum and antrum is similar to the development profiles of somatostatin and glucagon gene expression. In the duodenum, however, expression of cholecystokinin differs from the common developmental pattern in being expressed only after birth. Thus, pancreatic gastrin gene expression shows a reciprocal relationship to the developmental expression of cholecystokinin in the duodenum.
Protein kinase A is a common negative regulator of Hedgehog signaling in the vertebrate embryo. (1996)

Midline signaling by Hedgehog (Hh) family members has been implicated in patterning the vertebrate embryo. We have explored the potential regulatory role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) in these events. Zebrafish embryos injected with RNAs encoding Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), or a dominant-negative regulatory subunit of PKA, PKI, have equivalent phenotypes. These include the expansion of proximal fates in the eye, ventral fates in the brain, and adaxial fates in somites and head mesenchyme. Moreover, ectopic expression of PKI partially rescues somite and optic stalk defects in no tail and cyclops mutants that lack midline structures that normally synthesize Shh. Conversely, all cell types promoted by ectopic expression of hhs and PKI are suppressed in embryos injected with RNA encoding a constitutively active catalytic subunit of PKA (PKA*). These results, together with epistasis studies on the block of ectopic Hh signaling by PKA*, indicate that PKA acts in target cells as a common negative regulator of Hedgehog signaling.
Photoinduced C−Br Homolysis of 2-Bromobenzophenones and Pschorr Ring Closure of 2-Aroylaryl Radicals to Fluorenones (2007)

A variety of diversely substituted 2-aroylaryl radicals, generated by photoinduced homolysis of 2-bromoarylketones, is shown to undergo Pschorr cyclization to yield fluorenones in moderate to excellent yields. The photochemical results illustrate that the substituents in the two phenyl rings of the 2-bromobenzophenone skeleton exert a dramatic influence on the reactivity of the derived 2-aroylaryl radicals. The disubstitution by methoxy groups in the radical ring renders the aryl sigma-radical highly electrophilic and unreactive for hydrogen abstraction and cyclization. On the other hand, the substituents in the non-radical ring that strongly stabilize the hydrofluorenyl pi-radical, formed subsequent to the attack of the 2-aroylaryl radical on the non-radical ring, promote cyclization to furnish fluorenones in excellent isolated yields.
The N terminal region of human tau is present in Alzheimer's disease protein A68 and is incorporated into paired helical filaments. (1991)

Antibody (Ab) E-1 was raised to the amino terminus (19 to 33 amino acid residues) of human tau. It recognized Alzheimer's disease proteins A68 (MW 60, 64, 68 kd), labeled paired helical filaments, and had no reactivity with tau from rat, mouse, and bovine brains. The results indicate that the N terminus of tau is incorporated in A68 proteins and paired helical filaments and that human tau proteins contain species-specific amino acid sequences.
Rap1 Signaling Is Required for Suppression of Ras-Generated Reactive Oxygen Species and Protection Against Oxidative Stress in T Lymphocytes (2004)

Transient production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in optimizing transcriptional and proliferative responses to TCR signaling in T lymphocytes. Conversely, chronic oxidative stress leads to decreased proliferative responses and enhanced transcription of inflammatory gene products, and is thought to underlie the altered pathogenic behavior of T lymphocytes in some human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although the signaling mechanisms regulating ROS production in T lymphocytes has not been identified, activation of the small GTPase Ras has been shown to couple agonist stimulation to ROS production in other cell types. We find that Ras signaling via Ral stimulates ROS production in human T lymphocytes, and is required for TCR and phorbol ester-induced ROS production. The related small GTPase Rap1 suppresses agonist, Ras and Ral-dependent ROS production through a PI3K-dependent pathway, identifying a novel mechanism by which Rap1 can distally antagonize Ras signaling pathways. In synovial fluid T lymphocytes from RA patients we observed a high rate of endogenous ROS production, correlating with constitutive Ras activation and inhibition of Rap1 activation. Introduction of dominant-negative Ras into synovial fluid T cells restored redox balance, providing evidence that deregulated Ras and Rap1 signaling underlies oxidative stress and consequent altered T cell function observed in RA.
Simultaneous Production and Recovery of Fumaric Acid from Immobilized Rhizopus oryzae with a Rotary Biofilm Contactor and an Adsorption Column (1996)

An integrated system of simultaneous fermentation-adsorption for the production and recovery of fumaric acid from glucose by Rhizopus oryzae was investigated. The system was constructed such that growing Rhizopus mycelia were self-immobilized on the plastic discs of a rotary biofilm contactor during the nitrogen-rich growth phase. During the nongrowth, production phase, the biofilm was alternately exposed to liquid medium and air upon rotation of the discs in the horizontal fermentation vessel. The product of fermentation, fumaric acid, was removed simultaneously and continuously by a coupled adsorption column, thereby moderating inhibition, enhancing the fermentation rate, and sustaining cell viability. Another beneficial effect of the removal of fumaric acid is release of hydroxyl ions from a polyvinyl pyridine adsorbent into the circulating fermentation broth. This moderates the decrease in pH that would otherwise occur. Polyvinyl pyridine and IRA-900 gave the highest loading for this type of fermentation. This fermentation system is capable of producing fumaric acid with an average yield of 85 g/liter from 100 g of glucose per liter within 20 h under repetitive fed-batch cycles. On a weight yield basis, 91% of the theoretical maximum was obtained with a productivity of 4.25 g/liter/h. This is in contrast to stirred-tank fermentation supplemented with calcium carbonate, whose average weight yield was 65% after 72 h with a productivity of 0.9 g/liter/h. The immobilized reactor was operated repetitively for 2 weeks without loss of biological activity.
Symmetry of spatial-dispersion-induced birefringence and its implications for <inline-formula><math display="inline" overflow="scroll"><msub><mi>CaF</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></inline-formula> ultraviolet optics (2002)

The discovery of a significant spatial-dispersion-induced birefringence (intrinsic birefringence) in CaF2 at ultraviolet wavelengths has had a major impact on the design of 157 nm lithography systems, requiring complete redesign of the optics to take account of the imaging aberrations resulting from the birefringence and the accompanying index anisotropy. This intrinsic birefringence phenomena results from a symmetry-breaking effect of the finite wave vector of the photon on the symmetry of the light-matter interaction in fluorite-structure cubic crystals. As a follow-up to our original concise report of measurements and theory of the effect in CaF2 and BaF2, we present here a more detailed analysis of the theory, focusing on the symmetry and its consequences. We also provide the full directional dependence of the effect in useful closed forms. We analyze the implications for precision optical design with CaF2 optical elements, and discuss qualitatively the approaches being considered to compensate for it.
Flywheel batteries come around again (2002)

Today's flywheel batteries, embody technological advances, and they are serious contenders for a variety of important energy-storage applications. They are, for example, competitive with chemical batteries in applications like transportation or improving power quality, which involve many charge-discharge cycles and little in the way of long-term storage. Progress in power electronics, particularly in high-power insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and field-effect transistors (FETs), underlies higher-power flywheel operation. While the stored energy is determined by the speed, mass, and geometry of the wheel, the limits on input and output power are in general set by the power electronics. With these higher power devices, fewer individual components are needed, so the power electronics package can be comparable in size to the flywheel plus motor-generator combination. This paper describes the main features of flywheel energy storage systems and space, hybrid electric vehicle, and combat vehicle applications.
Switching of the core structures of glycosphingolipids from globo- and lacto- to ganglio-series upon human embryonic stem cell differentiation (2010)

A systematic survey of expression profiles of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) in two hESC lines and their differentiated embryoid body (EB) outgrowth with three germ layers was carried out using immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and MALDI-MS and MS/MS analyses. In addition to the well-known hESC-specific markers stage-specific embryonic antigen 3 (SSEA-3) and SSEA-4, we identified several globosides and lacto-series GSLs, previously unrevealed in hESCs, including Gb(4)Cer, Lc(4)Cer, fucosyl Lc(4)Cer, Globo H, and disialyl Gb(5)Cer. During hESC differentiation into EBs, MS analysis revealed a clear-cut switch in the core structures of GSLs from globo- and lacto- to ganglio-series, which was not as evident by immunostaining with antibodies against SSEA-3 and SSEA-4, owing to their cross-reactivities with various glycosphingolipids. Such a switch was attributable to altered expression of key glycosyltransferases (GTs) in the biosynthetic pathways by the up-regulation of ganglio-series-related GTs with simultaneous down-regulation of globo- and lacto-series-related GTs. Thus, these results provide insights into the unique stage-specific transition and mechanism for alterations of GSL core structures during hESC differentiation. In addition, unique glycan structures uncovered by MS analyses may serve as surface markers for further delineation of hESCs and help identify of their functional roles not only in hESCs but also in cancers.
Fluorine-18-fluoro-L-DOPA dosimetry with carbidopa pretreatment. (1998)

Urinary excretion of fluoro-DOPA was altered significantly by pretreatment with carbidopa. In general, any manipulation of tracer metabolism in the body should be expected to produce changes in biodistribution and dosimetry. The largest radiation dose was to the bladder wall, for which our estimate was one-fifth of that from the original report. The methods used reflect realistic urinary physiology and typical use of this tracer. The principles of MIRD Pamphlet No. 14 should be used in planning studies using tracers excreted in the urine to minimize the absorbed dose.
Retroviral vectors for gene therapy. (1998)

Although there are many hurdles to overcome for successful gene therapy, there is a vast potential to permanently incorporate genes into cells to correct genetic disorders and to combat viral infections. Retroviruses, inspite of some limitations, offer the best hope in this direction and lentiviral vectors, which infect nondividing cells, may be the choice in the future, especially in gene therapy for central nervous system disorders.
[Supplying therapeutic equipment to tuberculosis departments and hospitals]. (1999)

The paper provides evidence for that the development of new treatments of tuberculosis by using up-to-date technical means and their introduction into practice. It gives the data of the researches and developments made by the VNIIMP-VITA close joint stock company, which are both aimed at providing tuberculous units and hospitals with necessary therapeutical equipment, such as devices for pneumothorax, endoscopic studies, etc.
Chemoprevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease by resveratrol. (1999)

Resveratrol (trans-3,4',5-trihydroxystibene) is a phytopolyphenol isolated from the seeds and skins of grapes. Recent studies indicate that resveratrol can block the process of multistep carcinogenesis, namely, tumor initiation, promotion and progression. Resveratrol can also reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in man. The molecular mechanisms of resveratrol in chemoprevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease are interesting and under intensive investigation. Resveratrol was found to strongly inhibit nitric oxide (NO) generation in activated macrophages, as measured by the amount of nitrite released into the culture medium, and resveratrol strongly reduced the amount of cytosolic inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein. The activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was inhibited by resveratrol. The phosphorylation and degradation of nuclear factor inhibitor kappa B alpha (I kappa B alpha) were inhibited by resveratrol simultaneously. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are regarded as having carcinogenic potential and have been associated with tumor promotion. Resveratrol may act as a reactive oxygen species scavenger to suppress tumor development. In addition, resveratrol may block multistep carcinogenesis through mitotic signal transduction blockade. Reactive oxygen species are pivotal factors in the genesis of heart disease. Meanwhile, efficient endogenous antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), and catalase, are present in tissues. A fine balance between reactive oxygen species and endogenous antioxidants is believed to exist. Any disturbance of this balance in favor of reactive oxygen species causes an increase in oxidative stress and initiates subcellular changes, leading to cardiomyopathy and heart failure. The experimental results indicate that exogenous antioxidant resveratrol is of value in chemopreventing the development of heart disease. It is urgent that more efforts be made to investigate newer therapies employing antioxidants for the chemoprevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Genetic and physical analysis of plasmid recombination in recB recC sbcB and recB recC sbcA Escherichia coli K-12 mutants. (1989)

The effect of mutations in known recombination genes (recA, recB, recC, recE, recF, recJ, recN, recO, recQ and ruv) on intramolecular recombination of plasmids was studied in recB recC sbcB and recB recC sbcA Escherichia coli mutants. The rate of recombination of circular dimer plasmids was at least 1000-fold higher in recB recC sbcB or recB recC sbcA mutants as compared to wild-type cells. The rate was decreased by mutations in recA, recF, recJ, recO, ruv or mutS in recB recC sbcB mutants, and by mutations in recE, recN, recO, recQ, ruv or mutS in recB recC sbcA mutants. In addition to measuring the recombination rate of circular dimer plasmids, the recombination-mediated transformation of linear dimer plasmids was also studied. Linear dimer plasmids transformed recB recC sbcB and recB recC sbcA mutants 20- to 40-fold more efficiently than wild-type cells. The transformation efficiency of linear dimer plasmids in recB recC sbcB mutants was decreased by mutations in recA, recF, recJ, recO, recQ or lexA (lexA3). In recB recC sbcA mutants the transformation efficiency of linear dimers was decreased only by a recE mutation. Physical analysis of linear dimer- or circular dimer-transformed recB recC sbcB mutants revealed that all transformants contained recombinant monomer genotypes. This suggests that recombination in recB recC sbcB cells is very efficient.
Evaluation of conventional imaging performance in a research whole-body CT system with a photon-counting detector array (2016)

This study evaluated the conventional imaging performance of a research whole-body photon-counting CT system and investigated its feasibility for imaging using clinically realistic levels of x-ray photon flux. This research system was built on the platform of a 2nd generation dual-source CT system: one source coupled to an energy integrating detector (EID) and the other coupled to a photon-counting detector (PCD). Phantom studies were conducted to measure CT number accuracy and uniformity for water, CT number energy dependency for high-Z materials, spatial resolution, noise, and contrast-to-noise ratio. The results from the EID and PCD subsystems were compared. The impact of high photon flux, such as pulse pile-up, was assessed by studying the noise-to-tube-current relationship using a neonate water phantom and high x-ray photon flux. Finally, clinical feasibility of the PCD subsystem was investigated using anthropomorphic phantoms, a cadaveric head, and a whole-body cadaver, which were scanned at dose levels equivalent to or higher than those used clinically. Phantom measurements demonstrated that the PCD subsystem provided comparable image quality to the EID subsystem, except that the PCD subsystem provided slightly better longitudinal spatial resolution and about 25% improvement in contrast-to-noise ratio for iodine. The impact of high photon flux was found to be negligible for the PCD subsystem: only subtle high-flux effects were noticed for tube currents higher than 300 mA in images of the neonate water phantom. Results of the anthropomorphic phantom and cadaver scans demonstrated comparable image quality between the EID and PCD subsystems. There were no noticeable ring, streaking, or cupping/capping artifacts in the PCD images. In addition, the PCD subsystem provided spectral information. Our experiments demonstrated that the research whole-body photon-counting CT system is capable of providing clinical image quality at clinically realistic levels of x-ray photon flux.
Efficacy and Safety of α-Lipoic Acid Supplementation in the Treatment of Symptomatic Diabetic Neuropathy (2007)

Based on these results, ALA should be considered as a treatment option for patients with PDN. When discussing supplementation with patients, it is important to discuss potential side effects; vitamin, mineral, and drug interactions; and current evidence available regarding efficacy.