gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Common Statistical Methods for Clinical Research with SAS Examples, Second Edition (2002)

Common Statistical Methods for Clinical Research with SAS Examples, Second Edition, provides clinical researchers with an invaluable aid for understanding the statistical methods cited most frequently in clinical protocols, statistical analysis plans, clinical and statistical reports, and medical journals. The text is written in a way that takes the non-statistician through each test using examples, yet substantive details are presented that benefit even the most experienced data analyst. Introductory chapters provide elementary statistical concepts as applied to clinical trials and an overview of statistical inference, including discussions about power, calculating sample size, p-values, and the logic behind hypothesis testing. The statistical methods discussed here represent a composite of methods most commonly used in the analysis of clinical research data. Numerous examples taken from clinical research show how to calculate statistical data both manually and using SAS. This revised edition includes sections about crossover designs and multiple comparison methods, a discussion of interim analyses, 50% more examples, and reader exercises. Extensions of methods previously presented only in their most elementary form are shown in new examples.
Natural History and Cardiac Manifestations of Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolaemia (1990)

Forty-nine patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (diagnosed on the basis of family history, xanthomatosis, total serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein receptor status) were studied over a period of 13 years, and underwent cardiovascular assessment. Eleven died, nine of myocardial infarction. Seven underwent coronary artery bypass, and another five had surgery to relieve supravalvular and valvular aortic stenosis. A distinctive pattern of disease was noted. Coronary ostial stenosis (four patients) and aortic root stenosis (six patients), both consequences of aortic root cholesterol deposition, were the typical manifestations of heart disease in childhood and adolescence. Adults developed severe coronary artery disease with a high incidence of main stem lesions (four of five patients). Surgery provided effective treatment for coronary artery disease and aortic outflow tract stenosis. Overall survival appeared to be better than reported in other studies which may reflect the 'receptor-defective' status of this group of patients.
III. Some Substituted Sulfanilamidopyridines (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIII. Some Substituted SulfanilamidopyridinesJack Bernstein, Edward J. Pribyl, Kathryn Losee, and W. A. LottCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 5, 1158–1160Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1947https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01197a049RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views59Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (349 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Carcinogenesis by Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferators: Evaluation of the Risk of Hypolipidemic Drugs and Industrial Plasticizers to Humans (1983)

In this critical review, I would like to provide a brief outline of the morphology, biochemical composition, distribution, and functions of peroxisomes. The induction of peroxisome proliferation and peroxisome-associated enzymes in the rodent liver by two classes of chemicals (hypolipidemic drugs and the industrial plasticizers) will be considered. The role of peroxisomes in lipid metabolism will be discussed. Carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice with these peroxisome proliferators will be evaluated critically. Careful consideration will be given to the hypothesis that "potent hepatic peroxisome proliferators as a class are carcinogenic." The possible mechanism(s) by which peroxisome proliferators induce liver tumors will be outlined. Particular attention will be paid to the possible role of peroxisome proliferation-mediated radical toxicity and generation of endogenous initiators of carcinogenesis.
Conserved sequence features of inteins (protein introns) and their use in identifying new inteins and related proteins (1994)

Inteins (protein introns) are internal portions of protein sequences that are posttranslationally excised while the flanking regions are spliced together, making an additional protein product. Inteins have been found in a number of homologous genes in yeast, mycobacteria, and extreme thermophile archaebacteria. The inteins are probably multifunctional, autocatalyzing their own splicing, and some were also shown to be DNA endonucleases. The splice junction regions and two regions similar to homing endonucleases were thought to be the only common sequence features of inteins. This work analyzed all published intein sequences with recently developed methods for detecting weak, conserved sequence features. The methods complemented each other in the identification and assessment of several patterns characterizing the intein sequences. New intein conserved features are discovered and the known ones are quantitatively described and localized. The general sequence description of all the known inteins is derived from the motifs and their relative positions. The intein sequence description is used to search the sequence databases for intein-like proteins. A sequence region in a mycobacterial open reading frame possessing all of the intein motifs and absent from sequences homologous to both of its flanking sequences is identified as an intein. A newly discovered putative intein in red algae chloroplasts is found not to contain the endonuclease motifs present in all other inteins. The yeast HO endonuclease is found to have an overall intein-like structure and a few viral polyprotein cleavage sites are found to be significantly similar to the inteins amino-end splice junction motif. The intein features described may serve for detection of intein sequences.
Carbocyanine Dyes as Efficient Reversible Single-Molecule Optical Switch (2005)

We demonstrate that commercially available unmodified carbocyanine dyes such as Cy5 (usually excited at 633 nm) can be used as efficient reversible single-molecule optical switch, whose fluorescent state after apparent photobleaching can be restored at room temperature upon irradiation at shorter wavelengths. Ensemble photobleaching and recovery experiments of Cy5 in aqueous solution irradiating first at 633 nm, then at 337, 488, or 532 nm, demonstrate that restoration of absorption and fluorescence strongly depends on efficient oxygen removal and the addition of the triplet quencher beta-mercaptoethylamine. Single-molecule fluorescence experiments show that individual immobilized Cy5 molecules can be switched optically in milliseconds by applying alternating excitation at 633 and 488 nm between a fluorescent and nonfluorescent state up to 100 times with a reliability of >90% at room temperature. Because of their intriguing performance, carbocyanine dyes volunteer as a simple alternative for ultrahigh-density optical data storage. Measurements on single donor/acceptor (tetramethylrhodamine/Cy5) labeled oligonucleotides point out that the described light-driven switching behavior imposes fundamental limitations on the use of carbocyanine dyes as energy transfer acceptors for the study of biological processes.
Josephson effect betweenswave anddx2-y2wave superconductors (1994)

The phase (\ensuremath{\varphi}) dependence of the Josephson current I(\ensuremath{\varphi}) between s wave and ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{x}}^{2}$-${\mathit{y}}^{2}$ wave superconductors is predicted to be sin(2\ensuremath{\varphi}), when the junction is formed along the c axis. This dependence is also obtained when the misorientation angle between the interface and the a(b) axis of the ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{x}}^{2}$-${\mathit{y}}^{2}$ superconductor is 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the a-b plane contact junction. In such cases, critical current ${\mathit{I}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is proportional to ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$-T near the transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The anomalous magnetic flux dependence of ${\mathit{I}}_{\mathit{c}}$ of the corner junction by Wollman is also predicted.
Collagen fibril formation in vitro. The role of the nonhelical terminal regions. (1979)

We showed previously that fibril formation in vitro from rat tail tendon collagen requires a temperature-dependent initiation (Step 1) following which linear assembly to form thin filaments (Step 2) proceeds as rapidly at 4 degrees C as at 26 degrees C. Step 3, lateral assembly of filaments to form fibrils, is again temperature-dependent. We now find that Step 1 is complete in 6 min at 26 degrees C and the time is independent of collagen concentration in the range 0.08 to 0.39 mg/ml. Collagen treated with pepsin, which removes the nonhelical ends but leaves the triple helix intact, forms fibrils by a similar mechanism. However, Step 1 is altered or absent and early temperature changes produce a complex response consistent with an alternate, counterproductive pathway. Assembly is also much slower, particularly Step 2, and the fibrils formed are abnormal in that native banding is often absent and short tactoidal forms are common. These results suggest that in the assembly of fibrils from normal collagen the nonhelical ends are involved in an early conformational change and critically regulate later steps.
Regulatory T Cell as a Target for Cancer Therapy (2010)

Advances in our understanding of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (T(Regs)) enabled the characterization of their activities in maintaining peripheral tolerance, preventing autoimmune diseases, and limiting chronic inflammatory diseases. Ironically, an effective action of these cells during tumor development can limit beneficial responses by suppressing immunity and limiting antitumor resistance, whereas one of the main functions of the immune system is to eliminate malignant cells. During the last years, the immunological role, mechanism of action, and clinical importance of these cells were profoundly characterized and the relationship between this subset of lymphocytes and cancerous cells arises as a key factor that influences tumor development. Recent insights obtained from clinical studies and experimental mouse models expand our perception of the potential role of T(Regs) in cancer treatment. In this review we describe the basic mechanisms of T(Reg) origin and differentiation, their potential role in cancer, as well as the future perspectives concerning the modulation of these cells as a potential approach for anticancer strategies.
Association between NM23-H1 gene expression and metastasis of human uveal melanoma in an animal model. (1996)

The expression of nm23 mRNA and nm23 antigen in human uveal melanomas is correlated closely with reduced metastatic behavior in experimental animals and may serve as a sensitive prognostic indicator of malignancy and survival in patients with uveal melanomas.
Bis(purine) Complexes oftrans-a2PtII:  Preparation and X-ray Structures of Bis(9-methyladenine) and Mixed 9-Methyladenine, 9-Methylguanine Complexes and Chemistry Relevant to Metal-Modified Nucleobase Triples and Quartets (1996)

Mononuclear bis(purine) complexes of trans-a2PtII, trans-[(NH3)2Pt(9-MeA-N7) (9-MeGH-N7)](NO3)2·H2O (1b) and trans-[(NH3)2Pt(9-MeA-N7)2](ClO4)2·H2O (3c), have been prepared and their structures determined by X-ray crystallography. 1b: Space group P1, a = 7.245 (5) Å, b = 7.715(6) Å, c = 10.907(8) Å, α = 82.36(6)°, β = 86.62(6)°, γ = 70.15(6)°, V = 568.3(7) Å3, Z = 1. 3c: Space group P21/c, a = 8.312(2) Å, b = 15.386(3) Å, c = 12.365(2) Å, β = 94.83(3)°, V = 1575.72(55) Å, Z = 2. The cation of 3c is centrosymmetric. In the cation of 1b, the two purines adopt a head−head orientation with an intramolecular H bond of 2.94(3) Å between the exocyclic amino group of 9-MeA and the exocyclic carbonyl group of 9-MeGH. Di- and trinuclear derivatives of 1b and 3c have been synthesized and/or studied in solution. They include compounds of types Cl•N1-A-N7•GH (2a), T•N1-A-N7•GH (2b), GH•N1-A-N7•T (2c), and GH•N7-A-N1•N1-A-N7•GH (2d) as well as X•N1-A-N7•N7-A-N1•X (X = Cl (4), GH (5a), T (5b)) with • representing trans-a2PtII entities (a = NH3 or CH3NH2). The fact that Pt−(A-N1) and Pt−(A-N7) vectors are at right angles and the nucleobases essentially coplanar in many cases leads to intramolecular H bonding involving NH2(6) of 9-MeA and exocyclic groups of the other nucleobases. The chemical shifts of the NH2 protons of 9-MeA in DMSO-d6 or DMF-d7 permit a differentiation between the various possibilities (no H bonding, single H bond, 2 H bonds, 1 Pt or 2 Pt coordinated to 9-MeA). As far as intermolecular H bonding is concerned, the neutral 9-MeGH ligand in 1b forms a Watson−Crick pair with 1-MeC but a 9-MeGH ≡ 9-MeG pair at pH 8. The potential usefulness of the complexes prepared with regard to the formation of two-dimensional sheet structures and molecular squares built up of purine nucleobase and trans-a2PtII entities is briefly discussed, as are aspects of the stabilization of triplex nucleic acid structures by metal ions.
Microcalorimetric detection of lower critical solution temperatures in aqueous polymer solutions (1990)

A sensitive solution microcalorimeter was used to study lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs) of aqueous polymer solutions. Endotherms with enthalpies on the order of the strength of hydrogen bonds were observed at temperatures concurring with LCSTs detected by classical cloud-point measurements for solutions of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM), poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME), poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), and hydroxypropylcelluloe (HPC). The LCST of PNIPAAM was found to be dependent on the chain length, generally increasing with decreasing M-bar_n in the range M-bar_n = 1.6 X 10^5 to 5.4 X 10^3. Treatment of the calorimetric endotherm according to a two-state transiton model afforded cooperative unit sizes of the order of the chain length for PNIPAAM, PVME, and PPG. The apparent cooperative unit for the demixing transition of HPC was found to be larger than a single chain, consistent with previous observations of aggregation of HPC below the LCST. Depression of the LCST by added salts was observed.
Enantioselective Biomimetic Cyclization of Isoprenoids Using Lewis Acid-Assisted Chiral Brønsted Acids:  Abnormal Claisen Rearrangements and Successive Cyclizations (2000)

Syntheses of polycyclic isoprenoids have been achieved by several groups; however, no general “biomimetic” method has yet been reported. In this paper we describe the biomimetic cyclization of simple isoprenoids to polycyclic isoprenoids using Lewis acid-assisted chiral Brønsted acids, “chiral LBAs”. This is the first example of a proton-induced enantioselective ene cyclization in synthetic chemistry. Geranyl phenyl ethers, o-geranylphenols, and geranylacetone derivatives were directly cyclized at −78 °C in the presence of (R)-binaphthol derivatives and tin tetrachloride. During the cyclization, [1,3] abnormal Claisen rearrangement often took place. The enantioselectivities were up to 90% ee. Compounds bearing a farnesyl group could also be cyclized under the same conditions to give the natural products (−)-Ambrox and (−)-chromazonarol. These chiral LBAs recognize a trisubstituted terminal olefin enantiotopically and generate site-selective carbocations on the substrates. The absolute stereochemistry of the cyclization is discussed with model studies using DFT calculations on the B3LYP/LANL2DZ level.
Inhibition of HIV‐1 transmission in trans from dendritic cells to CD4+ T lymphocytes by natural antibodies to the CRD domain of DC‐SIGN purified from breast milk and intravenous immunoglobulins (2007)

The present study demonstrates that human breast milk and normal human polyclonal immunoglobulins purified from plasma [intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg)] contain functional natural immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG antibodies directed against the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) domain of the dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) molecule, which is involved in the binding of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 to dendritic cells (DCs). Antibodies to DC-SIGN CRD were affinity-purified on a matrix to which a synthetic peptide corresponding to the N-terminal CRD domain (amino-acid 342-amino-acid 371) had been coupled. The affinity-purified antibodies bound to the DC-SIGN peptide and to the native DC-SIGN molecule expressed by HeLa DC-SIGN+ cells and immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (iMDDCs), in a specific and dose-dependent manner. At an optimal dose of 200 microg/ml, natural antibodies to DC-SIGN CRD peptide purified from breast milk and IVIg stained 25 and 20% of HeLa DC-SIGN+ cells and 32 and 12% of iMDDCs, respectively. Anti-DC-SIGN CRD peptide antibodies inhibited the attachment of virus to HeLa DC-SIGN by up to 78% and the attachment to iMDDCs by only 20%. Both breast milk- and IVIg-derived natural antibodies to the CRD peptide inhibited 60% of the transmission in trans of HIV-1(JRCSF), an R5-tropic strain, from iMDDCs to CD4+ T lymphocytes. Taken together, these observations suggest that the attachment of HIV to DCs and transmission in trans to autologous CD4+ T lymphocytes occur through two independent mechanisms. Our data support a role of natural antibodies to DC-SIGN in the modulation of postnatal HIV transmission through breast-feeding and in the natural host defence against HIV-1 in infected individuals.
Comparison of the Macromolecular MR Contrast Agents with Ethylenediamine-Core versus Ammonia-Core Generation-6 Polyamidoamine Dendrimer (2000)

Two novel macromolecular MRI contrast agents based upon generation-6 polyamidoamine dendrimers (G6) of presumed similar molecular size, but of different molecular weight, were compared in terms of their blood retention, tissue distribution, and renal excretion. Two G6s with either ammonia core (G6A) or with ethylenediamine core (G6E), which possessed 192 and 256 exterior primary amino groups, respectively, were used. These dendrimers were reacted with 2-(p-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-6-methyl-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (1B4M). The G6--1B4M conjugates were reacted with (153)Gd for studying biodistribution and blood clearance or Gd(III) for the MRI study. 3D-micro-MR angiography of the mice were taken with injection of 0.033 mmol of Gd/kg of G6A--(1B4M-Gd)(192) or G6E--(1B4M-Gd)(256) using a 1.5-T superconductive MRI unit. Although numerous fine vessels of approximately 100 microm diameter were visualized on subtracted 3D-MR-angiography with both G6A--(1B4M-Gd)(192) and G6E--(1B4M-Gd)(256), (153)Gd-labeled saturated G6E-(1B4M)(256) remained in the blood significantly more than (153)Gd-labeled saturated G6A--(1B4M)(192) at later than 15 min postinjection (p < 0.01). In addition, G6E--(1B4M-Gd)(256) visualized these finer vessels longer than G6A--(1B4M-Gd)(192). The G6A--(1B4M-Gd)(192) showed higher signal intensity in the kidney on the dynamic MR images and brighter kidney images than G6E--(1B4M-Gd)(256). In conclusion, the G6A--(1B4M-Gd)(192) was observed to go through glomerular filtration more efficiently than G6E--(1B4M-Gd)(256) resulting faster clearance from the blood and higher renal accumulation, even though both of G6--1B4M conjugates have almost similar molecular size and same chemical structure. In terms of the ability of intravascular contrast agents, G6E--(1B4M-Gd)(256) was better due to more Gd(III) atoms per molecule and longer retention in the circulation than G6A--(1B4M-Gd)(192).
Single dose doxycycline therapy for scrub typhus (1978)

A single dose of 200 mg of doxycycline was shown to be as effective as a seven day course of tetracycline, in patients suspected of having scrub typhus. 65 (44%) of the 149 patients studied fulfilled the criteria for definite diagnosis of scrub typhus; 10 had an additional diagnosis. Rickettsia tsutsugamushi was isolated from 49 (75%) patients. There was no difference between the two treatment groups in time to defervescence, abolition of cough and headache, or in the time taken to recover well-being. There were no relapses in either group. Of the remaining 84 patients, a causal diagnosis was achieved in 52. Irrespective of a diagnosis there was no difference in apparent response to either doxycycline or tetracycline.
The biomechanics of screws. (1989)

Screws are simple machines, commonly used in orthopaedics. Understanding the mechanics by which a screw generates compression can facilitate screw selection and insertion techniques and help reduce failure rates. Screw strength depends on both the material and size of the screw. A screw's holding strength depends both on it's type and size and on the type of bone into which it is inserted. Other factors being equal, a larger screw will have greater holding strength than a smaller screw. Properly placed lag screws greatly increase fracture stability and lead to better fracture healing.
Cavitation in a Lubrication Flow between a Moving Sphere and a Boundary (2005)

A heavy sphere is free to move inside a rotating horizontal cylinder filled with viscous liquid. The steady motion is essentially Stokesian, and the sphere rotates at a fixed location with a lubrication layer between the ball and the wall. The symmetry of the flow field suggests there will be no force to balance the normal component of the ball's weight. However, we show that a normal force can arise when a cavitation bubble is present. The bubble size was measured as a function of the cylinder rotation rate and agrees well with a model which uses the force and torque balances on the sphere.
Chitin Binding Protein (CBP21) in the Culture Supernatant ofSerratia marcescens2170 (1998)

A chitin binding protein (CBP21) 21 kDa in size, is a major protein in the culture supernatant when Serratia marcescens 2170 is grown in the presence of chitin. The gene (cbp) for CBP21 was found to be located in a region 1.5 kb downstream of the chiB gene encoding chitinase B. The cbp gene encodes a polypeptide of 197 amino acids with a calculated size of 21.6 kDa containing a putative signal sequence of 27 amino acids. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the deduced polypeptide with that of other proteins showed that CBP21 is similar (45.3% amino acid identity) to CHB1 of Streptomyces olivaceoviridis. Purified CBP21 prepared from the periplasmic fraction of Escherichia coli carrying the cloned cbp gene showed its highest binding activity to squid chitin (beta-chitin) followed by colloidal chitin and regenerated chitin. Binding of CBP21 to regenerated chitin was affected by pH, in particular, low pH reduced binding activity markedly. The presence of similar chitin binding proteins in the distantly related microorganisms, Streptomyces and Serratia, suggests a wide distribution of this type of chitin binding protein in chitinolytic microorganisms.