gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development and Testing of Energetic Materials: The Concept of High Densities Based on the Trinitroethyl Functionality (2009)

Abstract The development of new energetic materials is an emerging area of materials chemistry facilitated by a worldwide need to replace materials used at present, due to environmental considerations and safety requirements, while at the same time securing high performance. The development of such materials is complex, owing to the fact that several different and apparently mutually exclusive material properties have to be met in order for a new material to become widely accepted. In turn, understanding the basic principles of structure property relationships is highly desirable, as such an understanding would allow for a more rational design process to yield the desired properties. This article covers the trinitroethyl functionality and its potential for the design of next generation energetic materials, and describes relevant aspects of energetic materials chemistry including theoretical calculations capable of reliably predicting material properties. The synthesis, characterization, energetic properties, and structure property relationships of several new promising compounds displaying excellent material properties are reported with respect to different kinds of applications and compared to standard explosives currently used. Based on a review of trinitroethyl‐containing compounds available in the literature, as well as this new contribution, it is observed that high density can generally be obtained in a more targeted manner in energetic materials taking advantage of noncovalent bonding interactions, a prerequisite for the design of next generation energetic materials.
Calcium‐dependent KEX2‐like protease found in hepatic secretory vesicles converts proalbumin to albumin (1988)

The yeast KEX2 protease is the only enzyme that has a proven role in the activation of polypeptide hormones through cleavage at pairs of basic residues. The enzyme that fulfils this role in higher eukaryotes has yet to be unequivocally identified. In this investigation, a KEX2-like calcium-dependent protease has been identified in rat hepatic microsomes. The enzyme is membrane-bound, has a pH optimum of 5-6 and converts proalbumin to albumin. More importantly, like the KEX2 protease, it meets two other exacting criteria defined by specific mutations in humans. Namely, it does not process proalbumin Christchurch (-1 Arg----Gln) which lacks one of the requisite basic residues and, whilst not itself a serine protease, it is inhibited by the reactive center variant, alpha 1-antitrypsin Pittsburgh (358 Met----Arg) but not by normal alpha 1-antitrypsin.
Innenpolitischer Wandel und seine Auswirkungen auf die Außenpolitik Chinas (2008)

Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, welche Konsequenzen die mit den Reformen von 1979 angestoßenen sozioökonomischen und politischen Veränderungen für die Außenbeziehungen des Landes haben. Der hier zu Grunde gelegte Ansatz der liberalen Außenpolitikforschung bzw. der politischen Ökonomie basiert auf der Annahme, dass Regierungen rationale, an der Maximierung des Eigennutzes orientierte Akteure sind, deren oberstes Ziel der eigene Machterhalt ist. Aus diesem Grunde kann außenpolitisches Verhalten grundsätzlich nicht abgekoppelt von der innenpolitischen Situation betrachtet werden. Die Analyse des politischen Systems Chinas gelangt zu dem Ergebnis, dass der Wandel, den dieses System seit der Öffnungspolitik Deng Xiaopings erfahren hat, in erster Linie eine Anpassungsstrategie der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas (KPCh) zur Erlangung neuer Steuerungsmechanismen darstellt, die die eigene Macht, also das politische System erhalten sollen. Die ökonomische Liberalisierung zeitigt Rückwirkungen auf das Verhältnis von Loyalität und Repression als Instrumente des Machterhalts, die sich in der chinesischen Außenpolitik widerspiegeln. Die kaum übersehbare Wende in den Außenbeziehungen Chinas lässt sich dieser Argumentation folgend als die außenpolitische Fortsetzung der innenpolitischen Machterhaltungsstrategien darstellen. Einerseits gewinnen damit wirtschaftliche Aspekte eine größere Bedeutung in den Außenbeziehungen. Andererseits erhält die Unterstützung durch andere autokratische Regierungen für den eigenen Machterhalt einen höheren Stellenwert. (ICH2)
Solution-processed colloidal quantum dot photovoltaics: A perspective (2011)

A graphical abstract is available for this content
A class of analog CMOS circuits based on the square-law characteristic of an MOS transistor in saturation (1987)

The examined class of circuits includes voltage multipliers, current multipliers, linear V-I convertors, linear I-V convertors, current squaring circuits, and current divider circuits. Typical for these circuits is an independent control of the sum as well as the difference between two gate-source voltages. As direct use is made of the basic device characteristics, only a small number of transistors is required in the presented circuits.
Influence of substrate material and surface finishing on the morphology of the calcium‐phosphate coating (1997)

The formation of an apatite-like layer was achieved by immersing Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-Al-2.5Fe, and 316 L stainless-steel substrata in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS). The layer was characterized by surface analysis techniques, namely, X-ray microanalysis and X-ray diffraction, and the morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The concentrations of Ca and P were monitored as a function of time. The morphology of the precipitate layer seems to be dependent both on the type of metal substrate and its surface finish. Polished Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-Al-2.5Fe surfaces exhibit a plate precipitate morphology, whereas rougher surfaces show scattered crystal-like precipitation. The results suggest that the layer produced by immersion of polished titanium alloys in HBSS is constituted by an amorphous apatite. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of Novel Tetrahydroisoquinoline CXCR4 Antagonists with Rigidified Side-Chains (2017)

A structure-activity relationship study of potent TIQ15-derived CXCR4 antagonists is reported. In this investigation, the TIQ15 side-chain was constrained to improve its drug properties. The cyclohexylamino congener <b>15a</b> was found to be a potent CXCR4 inhibitor (IC<sub>50</sub> = 33 nM in CXCL12-mediated Ca<sup>2+</sup> flux) with enhanced stability in liver microsomes and reduced inhibition of CYP450 (2D6). The improved CXCR4 antagonist <b>15a</b> has potential therapeutic application as a single agent or combinatory anticancer therapy.
Carbon Nanotube/Hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene Bilayers for Discrimination Between Nonpolar Volatile Organic Compounds of Cancer and Humid Atmospheres (2010)

Cancer detection: The development of a cost-effective, portable and non-invasive diagnostic tool for detecting cancer from exhaled breath requires sensors that discriminate well between polar and nonpolar volatile organic compounds in highly humid atmospheres. Here we show that a chemiresistive bilayer comprised of a dense cap layer of discotic hexa-dodecyl-hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene derivatives (hereby, HBC-C12) and a random network of carbon nanotubes (RN-CNT) as underlayer layer could fulfill these requirements. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The mechanics of manipulation (2005)

Many manipulator operations eliminate uncertainty in the locations and shapes of objects by purely mechanical means. Rather than relying on sensors, or on auxiliary parts-feeding machinery, these operations use the intrinsic mechanics of the task environment to eliminate uncertainty. Effective use of these operations requires that a planner be able to analyze the mechanics of a given task.
Fundamental mechanisms of cutting front formation in laser cutting (1994)

This paper includes a theoretical description of some of the major physical phenomena of thermal cutting processes in general. The work is mainly focussed on the laser cutting process. Qualitatively and some quantitatively descriptions of the melt front propagation and the melt flow is described. The theory, supported by experimental studies shows, that in high quality thermal cutting, the melt flow is in front of the cut kerf with a uniform pressure at the melt surface. Furthermore is shown, that at high cutting rates, evaporation in the lower central part of the cut kerf forces the melt partially around the laser beam, reducing the cut quality. Theoretical estimation of the melt film thickness in thermal cutting is derived. It is shown that there is a maximum cutting speed, where substantial evaporation in the cut front can be neglected. This maximum cutting speed depends upon the thermal properties of the material, the thickness of the material and the pressure from the cutting gas. Furthermore the paper indicates thermal instabilities in the top of the cut front in thermal cutting processes, which is supposed to be responsible for the striation formation.
Magnetic resonance in films and photodiodes based on poly-(phenyl-phenylene-vinylene) (1996)

Films of poly-(2-phenyl-1,4-phenylene-vinylene) (PPPV) and photodiodes with PPPV as an active layer were studied by optically (ODMR) and electrically (EDMR) detected electron-spin resonance (ESR). Two different signals were observed in ODMR: enhancement of the photoluminescence (PL) at g=2.01 due to recombination of the photogenerated polarons (s=1/2), and a half-field enhancement signal, attributed to the fusion of triplet excitons. Both processes lead to the formation of singlet excitons. The spectral dependence of the s=1/2 signal follows the low energy part of the PL spectrum, indicating that delayed recombination of distant polarons is influenced by ESR, whereas the cw PL contains both prompt and delayed contributions. The linewidth and the intensity of the ODMR signal depend on the PL excitation intensity. Both effects are due to a decrease of the recombination lifetime of the polaron pairs at higher intensities. The relative decrease of the short-circuit photocurrent ISC through a PPPV photodiode by ESR saturation is due to recombination of nonthermalized, nongeminate excess charge polarons in the active layer of the device. This effect is at least two orders of magnitude stronger than the enhancement of total PL at the same temperature. This feature is found to be common for conjugated polymers investigated so far, and reflects the fact that the total photogenerated ISC is spin dependent, whereas ODMR selects only the nongeminate portion of recombining species in the sample.
Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa genes inducible by respiratory mucus derived from cystic fibrosis patients (1996)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic human pathogen, is a major causative agent of mortality and morbidity in immunocompromised individuals and those with cystic fibrosis (CF). In CF patients, the secretion of abnormally high amounts of mucus into the airways contributes to their susceptibility to infection by P. aeruginosa. To identify virulence genes of P. aeruginosa that are important in infection of CF patients, an in vivo selection system (IVET) was used to identify promoters that are specifically inducible by respiratory mucus derived from CF patients. Three genetic loci that are highly inducible by the mucus were identified. One of them is a well-characterized virulence gene (fptA), encoding the receptor for pyochelin, which is a P. aeruginosa iron siderophore. Induction of the fptA gene by mucus is suppressed by the addition of exogenous iron, demonstrating that the mucus is an iron chelator and generates an iron-deficient environment in CF lungs. Therefore, as a part of the host-defence mechanism, the mucus could also be responsible for induction of iron-regulated virulence factors of bacterial pathogens. The second locus, np20, encodes a peptide that shares sequence homology to a number of transcriptional regulators. An identical locus was previously identified to be inducible in vivo during infection of mice and was shown to be important in bacterial virulence in a neutropenic-mouse infection model. The third locus, designated migA (mucus inducible gene), was sequenced and found to encode a 299-amino-acid peptide which is homologous to glycosyltransferases of other bacteria, and is involved in the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharides or exopolysaccharides. Inducibilities of the np20 and migA genes are not affected by iron and the exact nature of the inducing signals in the mucus is not known. The possible implications of the migA inducibility by respiratory mucus is discussed in relation to the P. aeruginosa infection in CF.
Life sciences domain analysis model (2012)

The LS DAM provides common semantics for life sciences research. Through harmonization with BRIDG, it promotes interoperability in translational science.
Inhibition of Translation by UAUUUAU and UAUUUUUAU Motifs of the AU-rich RNA Instability Element in the HPV-1 Late 3′ Untranslated Region (2002)

The human papillomavirus type 1 (HPV-1) late mRNAs contain a 57-nucleotide adenosine- and uridine-rich RNA instability element termed h1ARE in their late 3' untranslated regions. Here we show that five sequence motifs in the h1ARE (named I-V) affect the mRNA half-life in an additive manner. The minimal inhibitory sequence in motifs I and II was mapped to UAUUUAU, and the minimal inhibitory sequence in motifs III-V was mapped to UAUUUUUAU. We also provide evidence that the same motifs in the AU-RNA instability element inhibit mRNA translation, an effect that was entirely dependent on the presence of a poly(A) tail on the mRNA. Additional experiments demonstrated that the h1ARE interacted directly with the poly(A)-binding protein, suggesting that the h1ARE inhibits translation by interfering with the function of the poly(A)-binding protein.
Cytoplasmic β‐catenin in esophageal cancers (1999)

β-Catenin has 2 distinct roles in E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and carcinogenesis through APC gene mutation. One occurs at cell-adhesion sites, where cadherins become linked to the actin-based cytoskeleton. The others occur in the cytoplasm and nuclei and are thought to regulate cell transformation. We studied these different β-catenins and evaluated their significance in carcinogenesis. Fresh surgical specimens were obtained from 22 patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus. β-Catenin in the free soluble fraction and the insoluble fraction was immunoblotted separately. At the same time, its localization was observed by immuno-histochemical techniques. In the normal esophageal epithelium, 91% of β-catenin was detected in the insoluble fraction and β-catenin staining occurred at the cell membrane, in co-existence with E-cadherin. In cancerous tissues, the amount of soluble β-catenin was significantly (about 4-fold) higher than in normal tissues. Also, in cancerous tissues with higher amounts of soluble β-catenin, immuno-histochemical techniques revealed the presence of β-catenin in the cytoplasm and nuclei, as well as in the cell membrane. However, in samples with lower amounts of β-catenin, expression was found only at the cell boundaries. The amount of soluble β-catenin was not associated with the clinico-pathological grading of the tumors. Our results show that the accumulation of free soluble β-catenin in the cytoplasm and nuclei frequently occurs during carcinogenesis of the squamous epithelium of the esophagus. Int. J. Cancer (Pred. Oncol.) 84:174–178, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Implementing microbiology course reform for stomatology majors (2012)

This article introduced the thoughts and practice of implementing microbiology course reform for stomatology majors in school of stomatology and department of microbiology in Tianjin medical university.To make the introductory courses more suitable and meet the needs of stomatology better,our microbiology classes included the basic knowledge of oral microoganism.

Key words: 
Microbiology;  Oral microbiology;  Teaching reform
Phase I clinical trial of cis-dichloro-trans-dihydroxy-bis-isopropylamine platinum(IV) (CHIP). (1983)

cis-Dichloro-trans-dihydroxy-bis-isopropylamine platinum(IV) (CHIP), a second-generation platinum complex with little or no nephrotoxicity in preclinical studies, has undergone phase I clinical testing and initial pharmacokinetic evaluation in 26 patients with solid tumors who received 40 courses of treatment. Doses of 20-350 mg/m2 were evaluated as single 2-hr infusions given every 3 weeks for two doses, with 2 L of pretreatment hydration (but no diuretics) in all but five patients. Nausea and vomiting was almost universal but was severe in only three courses. The dose-limiting toxic effect was myelosuppression, with a median wbc count nadir of 2500/mm3 and a median platelet count nadir of 32,000/mm3 at the maximum tolerated dose of 350 mg/m2. No increase in serum creatinine or decrease in creatinine clearance was seen. No pretreatment hydration was given in five of the seven patients treated at 350 mg/m2. Two cases of hypersensitivity were seen. No hearing loss was observed and no other toxic effects were noted. Plasma decay of total platinum was biexponential with a prolonged beta phase. Recovery of platinum in the urine was rapid up to 8-10 hrs and slow thereafter. Recoveries were incomplete and variable (16.5%-62% of the dose at 48 hrs).
Involvement of Microtubules in the Regulation of Bcl2 Phosphorylation and Apoptosis through Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase (1998)

The Bcl2 family of proteins plays a significant role in regulation of apoptosis. In this study, the microtubule-damaging drugs paclitaxel, vincristine, and vinblastine induced Bcl2 hyperphosphorylation and apoptosis in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells and reduced Bcl2-Bax dimerization. Paclitaxel or vincristine induced increased expression of Bax, while overexpression of Bcl2 in these cell lines counteracted the effects of low doses of these drugs. In addition, paclitaxel- and vincristine-induced activation of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A [PKA]) induced Bcl2 hyperphosphorylation and apoptosis, which were blocked by the PKA inhibitor Rp diastereomers of cAMP (Rp-cAMP). This finding suggests that activation of PKA due to microtubule damage is an important event in Bcl2 hyperphosphorylation and induction of apoptosis. These microtubule-damaging drugs caused growth arrest in G2-M phase of the cell cycle and had no effect on p53 induction, suggesting that hyperphosphorylation mediated inactivation of Bcl2 and apoptosis without the involvement of p53. By comparison, the DNA-damaging drugs methotrexate and doxorubicin had no effect on Bcl2 hyperphosphorylation but induced p53 expression. Interestingly, paclitaxel or vincristine induced activation of caspase 3 and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase downstream of Bcl2 hyperphosphorylation. These data suggest that there may be a signaling cascade induced by agents that disrupt or damage the cytoskeleton that is distinct from (i.e., p53 independent), but perhaps related to (i.e., involves kinase activation and leads to apoptosis), the cellular response to DNA damage.
Lexical acquisition in the Core Language Engine (1989)

The SRI Core Language Engine (CLE) is a general-purpose natural language front end for interactive systems. It translates English expressions into representations of their literal meanings. This paper presents the lexical acquisition component of the CLE, which allows the creation of lexicon entries by users with knowledge of the application domain but not of linguistics or of the detailed workings of the system. It is argued that the need to cater for a wide range of types of back end leads naturally to an approach based on eliciting grammaticality judgments from the user. This approach, which has been used to define a 1200-word core lexicon of English, is described and evaluated.
The melanin‐concentrating hormone system of the rat brain: An immuno‐ and hybridization histochemical characterization (1992)

In addition to a nonadecapeptide homologous to the teleost melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), the amino acid sequence predicted from a rat prepro-MCH (ppMCH) cDNA suggested that at least one (neuropeptide EI, or NEI), and possibly a second (NGE), additional neuropeptide may be encoded by this precursor. Cross-reactivity with epitopes of NEI or NGE can account for reported localization of alpha-MSH, rat CRF, and human GRF in rat dorsolateral hypothalamic neurons. We have used antisera raised against rat MCH and NEI in immunohistochemical studies at the light and electron microscopic levels, along with hybridization histochemical localization of ppMCH mRNA, to define the organization of this system. As expected, ppMCH mRNA is prominently expressed in cells in the lateral hypothalamic area and zona incerta. The MCH and NEI peptides were extensively colocalized in neurons in both of these areas. In addition, smaller cell groups in the olfactory tubercle and pontine tegmentum were also positively hybridized for ppMCH mRNA and immunostained for MCH and NEI. Fibers stained for MCH and NEI were similarly, and very broadly, distributed throughout the central nervous system in patterns that generally conformed with known projection fields of the lateral hypothalamic area and zona incerta. A differential distribution was seen in at least one region, the interanterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, which contained a prominent terminal field stained for MCH but not NEI. At the electron microscopic level, MCH-stained perikarya displayed a prominent staining associated with the Golgi apparatus; this was not encountered in NEI-stained cells. Both peptides were distributed similarly in terminals in the lateral hypothalamic area and median eminence, with staining associated principally with dense-cored vesicles. The results suggest that ppMCH-derived peptides may serve as neurotransmitters or modulators of prominence in a surprisingly expansive projection field of incerto-hypothalamic neurons. The terminal distributions of this system seem most compatible with functional roles in generalized arousal and sensorimotor integration, processes previously implicated as being subject to modulation by the lateral hypothalamic area.