gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Melt-processible rare earth-Ba-Cu-O superconductors based on molten Ba-Cu oxides (1987)

Ba-Cu oxides with certain compositions were found to be meltable or partly meltable at a relatively low temperature of 950 °C. High-quality, dense, and void-free high-temperature superconductors based on rare earth(RE)-Ba-Cu oxides of the form REBa2Cu3O6.5+x have been made by reactions between molten Ba-Cu oxides and solid RE-containing materials at the same temperature. This has allowed superconductive components to be made in a wide variety of shapes. This melt process will significantly alter oxide superconductor preparation procedures, and will allow growth of large single crystals aiding in the understanding of the mechanism of superconductivity and in the search for superconductivity at even higher transition temperatures.
High-frequency Codon Analysis and Its Application in Codon Analysis of Tobacco (2002)

The high-frequency codons were selected by high-frequency codon analysis according to relative frequency of synonymous codon (RFSC) which is calculated by RFCS program written by ourselves. Compared high-frequency codons of Y. lipolytica selected by high-frequency codon analysis with optimal codons selected by traditional methods, the result shows that high-frequency codon analysis is feasible.256 complete cDNA sequences of tobacco were analyzed by high-frequency codon analysis and 13 high-frequency codons were selected, which can be consulted to the research of exogene expression in tobacco.
Toward the active conformations of rhodopsin and the β2‐adrenergic receptor (2004)

Using sets of experimental distance restraints, which characterize active or inactive receptor conformations, and the X-ray crystal structure of the inactive form of bovine rhodopsin as a starting point, we have constructed models of both the active and inactive forms of rhodopsin and the beta2-adrenergic G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The distance restraints were obtained from published data for site-directed crosslinking, engineered zinc binding, site-directed spin-labeling, IR spectroscopy, and cysteine accessibility studies conducted on class A GPCRs. Molecular dynamics simulations in the presence of either "active" or "inactive" restraints were used to generate two distinguishable receptor models. The process for generating the inactive and active models was validated by the hit rates, yields, and enrichment factors determined for the selection of antagonists in the inactive model and for the selection of agonists in the active model from a set of nonadrenergic GPCR drug-like ligands in a virtual screen using ligand docking software. The simulation results provide new insights into the relationships observed between selected biochemical data, the crystal structure of rhodopsin, and the structural rearrangements that occur during activation.
Isolation and characterization of type IV group B Streptococcus capsular polysaccharide (1989)

An antigenically distinct serotype, type IV, has recently been added to the recognized serotypes of group B streptococci (GBS). We isolated and purified the capsular polysaccharide antigen from a prototype type IV GBS strain. The type IV capsular polysaccharide formed a precipitin line with rabbit antiserum to type IV GBS organisms but not with antiserum to organisms of GBS serotype Ia, Ib, II, or III. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition experiments showed no cross-reaction between type IV antiserum and other GBS serotypes. Capsular polysaccharide released from the bacterial cells with mutanolysin and that isolated from the culture supernatant had similar elution profiles on Sepharose CL-6B, with a Kav of 0.30 and an estimated Mr of 200,000. The purified type IV polysaccharide was found to contain galactose, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) as exclusive sugars. The polysaccharide contained 23% (by weight) sialic acid and galactose, glucose, and N-acetylglucosamine in a relative ratio of (1):1.10:0.55. These results are compatible with a repeating structure of six monosaccharide residues containing galactose, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and sialic acid in a molar ratio of 2:2:1:1. Unlike type Ia, II, and III GBS polysaccharides, desialylation of the type IV polysaccharide produced an antigen which formed a line of identity with the native type IV antigen in double diffusion in agar against homologous antiserum. This result suggests that sialic acid is not as critical to the immunodeterminant structure of the type IV antigen as it is for other GBS capsular types.
In vitro compatibility testing of thiol‐ene/acrylate‐based shape memory polymers for use in implantable neural interfaces (2018)

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) based on thiol-ene/acrylate formulations are an emerging class of materials with potential applications as structural and/or dielectric coatings for implantable neural interfaces. Here, we report in vitro compatibility studies of three novel thiol-ene/acrylate-based SMP formulations. In vivo cytotoxicity assays were carried out in accordance with International Organization for Standards (ISO) protocol 10993-5, using NCTC clone 929 fibroblasts as well as embryonic cortical cultures. All three SMP formulations passed standardized cytotoxicity assays (>70% normalized cell viability) using both cell types. Functional neurotoxicity assays were carried out using primary cortical networks cultured on substrate-integrated microelectrode arrays (MEAs). We observed significant reduction in cortical network activity in the case of positive control material, but no significant alterations in activity following incubation with SMP material extracts, indicating functional cytocompatibility. Finally, we assessed cell reactivity at the tissue-material interface by performing an in vitro glial scarring assay. Through immunostaining, we observed similar astrocyte-associated (GFAP) mean intensity ratios near nonsoftening SMP-coated and uncoated stainless steel microwires (1.10 ± 0.06 vs. 1.19 ± 0.10), suggesting similar glial cell reactivity. However, we observed decreased mean intensity ratios in the presence of fully softening SMP-coated microwires (1.02 ± 0.04) suggesting reduced glial cell reactivity. Overall, these results indicate that the thiol-ene/acrylate SMP formulations presented here are neither cytotoxic nor neurotoxic, and suggest that fully softening SMP may reduce foreign body response in terms of glial cell reactivity. These findings support further consideration of this class of materials as backbone or insulating materials for implantable neural stimulating/recording devices. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 2891-2898, 2018.
Through a Glass, Darkly ... Reflections on Secrecy and Censorship in Ireland (1993)

Censorship, whether justifiable or not, is first and foremost a denial of a part of reality. In Ireland traditionally, it has been about the denial of the sensual. Today, less so. Our censors in 1993 are concerned predominantly with the consequences of sex and the causes of political violence. Above all, they are driven by the conviction that supposedly unshakeable value systems will fail the test of contact with the harshness of real life, and that people are so weak-willed, that they, like children, must be protected from their baser instincts, for their own good. People must be protected from making 'wrong' decisions. But, the tide is turning, and, to a great extent, the 1992 election could be interpreted as an appraisal on the charmed, closed, golden circles of our rulers who have looked into their hearts and known what the Irish people 'really' wanted.
Shaped Films of Ionotropic Hydrogels Fabricated Using Templates of Patterned Paper (2008)

Patterned paper wet with multivalent cations can template the production of films of ionotropic hydrogels in topologically complex shapes such as Möbius strips and interlocking rings (see figure). The films have lateral dimensions as low as 2mm, and range in thickness from 0.2 to 1.3mm. The films are magnetically responsive when cross-linked by Ho3+ or Gd3+. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Effect of chronic bupivacaine infusion on seizure threshold to bupivacaine (1987)

Thirty rats were pretreated with a continuous infusion of bupivacaine or placebo. On the fourth day the acute seizure threshold to bupivacaine was determined for both groups. The seizure dose, blood and brain concentration of bupivacaine showed no difference between the groups. The tachyphylaxis seen clinically when bupivacaine is used for a regional nerve blockade does not seem to evolve for the CNS-effects.
Click chemistry for the preparation of advanced macromolecular architectures (2010)

Different click chemistry methods have been used together with Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) mediated polymerization to synthesize macromolecular architectures.A new leaving group for RAFT was introduced.This triazole leaving group allows for easy conjugation of the RAFT agent to various substrates via the copper I catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction.Subsequently monomer can be polymerized onto the substrate using the RAFT agent.This connects the polymer to the substrate via a hydrolytically stable 1,2,3-triazole.The Mitsunobu reaction was used to chain-end functionalize polymers.The Mitsunobu reaction allows for the substitution of primary and secondary alcohols with a nucleophile.The modification of polymer chain-ends was done in two ways.Firstly, thiol-functional chain-ends were used as the nucleophile in the Mitsunobu reaction using propargyl alcohol as the alcohol.This yielded alkyne-functional polymers.Thiol chain-end functional polymers were obtained by the aminolysis of polymers synthesized via RAFT.Secondly, alcohol-functional polymers were modified.In the case of poly(vinylpyrrolidone), the RAFT group was hydrolyzed and alcohols were obtained.Hydroxyl functional PEG was obtained commercially.The hydroxyl functionality was reacted in the Mitsunobu reaction using hydrazoic acid (HN3) as the nucleophile.Azide chain end functional polymers were obtained.These alkyne and azide chain end functional polymers were subsequently used in the copper I catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction.Ultra Fast Hetero Diels-Alder click chemistry (UFHDA) was used to synthesizes norbornenelike structures (substituted 2-thiabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene moieties).Norbornene-like structures can be polymerized via Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP).Monomers were synthesized using phenethyl(diethoxyphosphoryl)dithioformate and cyclopentadiene.Macromonomers were obtained from the UFHDA of Polystyrene (PSTY) synthesized via RAFT, using phenethyl(diethoxyphosphoryl) dithioformate as the RAFT agent, and cyclopentadiene or cyclopentadienyl-terminated PEG as the dienes.The obtained (macro) monomers were homo-and copolymerized using Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP).For the ROMP, four different Grubbs type catalysts were tested.http://scholar.sun.ac.za IIThe ring-strain promoted Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction uses cyclooctynes as the alkyne.The ring-strain in this molecule allows for a fast reaction at room temperature.This reaction is potentially very interesting for biological applications because it doesn't require the toxic copper catalyst.In this work three routes towards cyclooctynes are investigated.PEG was chain end functionalized with the obtained cyclooctyne derivatives.Overall, click chemistry methodologies were applied to synthesize different macromolecular architectures.Results include a new type of RAFT agent that allows for easy conjugation to substrates, reaction methods for chain end modification of polymers, and the synthesis of new monomers and polymers.
Influences of Image Communication Paradigm of Sports Information on Sports Behavior of University Students (2012)

Image communication paradigm is the most important means of sports information dissemination. As mass communication media, TV, video website and other mass media are means that promote the development of modern sport. With a questionnaire survey on university students in non-sports majors, this article analyses influences of image communication paradigm of sports information on exercise behavior of university students, so as to correctly guide sports consciousness and sports behavior of university students, which is likely to lay a solid foundation for letting students form a good habit of physical training and develop lifelong sports consciousness.
Misdiagnosed Avulsion Fracture of the Triceps Tendon From the Olecranon Insertion: Case Report (2006)

Department of Orthopedics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China Reprints: Dr. Shyu-Jye Wang, MD, Department of Orthopedics, Tri-Service General Hospital, 325, Section 2, Cheng-Gong Road, Taipei, Taiwan (e-mail: [email protected]).
Synthesis and Antifungal Activities of Glycosylated Derivatives of the Cyclic Peptide Fungicide Caspofungin (2012)

Diseases caused by systemic fungal infections have become a significant clinical problem in recent decades. A series of glycosyl derivatives of the approved cyclic peptide antifungal drug caspofungin conjugated with β-D-glucopyranose, β-D-galactopyranose, β-D-xylopyranose, β-L-rhamnopyranose, β-maltose and β-lactose units were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as new potential antifungal drugs. The compounds were obtained by coupling the corresponding glycosyl amines to the free primary amino groups of caspofungin through a bifunctional glutaryl linker. In contrast to caspofungin, these glycosylated derivatives are soluble in water, but are not hygroscopic and moreover, are more stable than caspofungin under high humidity and temperature. CD studies showed that glycosylation has very little impact on the conformation of the cyclic peptide of caspofungin. In vitro antifungal tests against seven human pathogenic fungi revealed that the caspofungin-monosaccharide conjugates, but not the disaccharide conjugates, have increased antifungal activities against the majority of tested fungus species relative to caspofungin. The β-D-glucopyranosyl derivative 2 a showed the strongest and broadest antifungal activity, providing a lead for further studies.
Feature Article: Optimization for simulation: Theory vs. Practice (2002)

Probably one of the most successful interfaces between operations research and computer science has been the development of discrete-event simulation software. The recent integration of optimization techniques into simulation practice, specically into commercial software, has become nearly ubiquitous, as most discrete-event simulation packages now include some form of “optimization” routine. The main thesis of this article, how-ever,is that there is a disconnect between research in simulation optimization—which has addressed the stochastic nature of discrete-event simulation by concentratingon theoretical results of convergence and specialized algorithms that are mathematically elegant—and the recent software developments, which implement very general algorithms adopted from techniques in the deterministic optimization metaheuristic literature (e.g., genetic algorithms, tabu search, artificial neural networks). A tutorial exposition that summarizes the approaches found in the research literature is included, as well as a discussion contrasting these approaches with the algorithms implemented in commercial software. The article concludes with the author's speculations on promising research areas and possible future directions in practice.
Role of 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal in cell functions (2010)

The role of lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (4-HNE) in functional activity of cells under normal and different pathological conditions is discussed. Different pathways of 4-HNE metabolism in tissues are analyzed, with particular focus on the role the glutathione system in this process. 4-HNE is implicated in regulation of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. 4-HNE and metabolic products of other antioxidants (carotenoids) resemble each other in chemical nature of the product and influence general pathways of signal transduction. Manifestation of 4-HNE toxicity under oxidative stress conditions is regarded as a link to many diseases whose pathogenesis is connected with modifications of proteins and nucleic acids.
Endemic Goitre in Highland Villages in Northern Thailand (1988)

Prevalence of goitre was recorded in seven hill tribe villages in Mae Hong Son Province in Northern Thailand. The prevalence rate ranged from 26% to 75% with 47% of the 874 people in the sample having goitre. The prevalence and size of goitre increased with age; a 75% rate was observed in individuals under the age of 40 years. There was no association of prevalence with altitude of residence or with ethnicity. However, socio-economic level was a possible source of variation in prevalence between ethnic groups within the most accessible and best developed village (Sob Pong). No cretins were observed in these villages nor in any of the 26 nearby villages with endemic goitre. There was no evidence that cretins were hidden or subjected to passive Infanticide. In the villages that had any measures to combat iodine deficiency, the measures were inadequate and reflected a lack of knowledge in both the providers and recipients of health care. A successful programme to eradicate iodine deficiency and its accompanying diseases will require careful planning, monitoring and evaluation with the individuality of each village taken into account.
Speckle reduction in laser projection systems by diffractive optical elements (1998)

In laser projection systems the observer in the far field of the image points on the screen will recognize serious speckle noise. There are many methods to reduce or eliminate speckles in the near field by reducing or eliminating temporal or spatial coherence of the laser. But for the far field it is hardly possible to change the coherence properties of laser sources so that speckles will disappear. We propose a new method for eliminating speckles in the far field by using a diffractive optical element. The intensity modulation depth in the far-field speckle pattern can be reduced to a few percent while good beam quality is preserved.
Verifiable secret-ballot elections (1987)

Privacy in secret-ballot elections has traditionally been attained by using a ballot box or voting booth to disassociate voters from ballots. Although such a system might achieve privacy, there is often little confidence in the accuracy of the announced tally. This thesis describes a practical scheme for conducting secret-ballot elections in which the outcome of an election is verifiable by all participants and even by non-participating observers. All communications are public, yet under a suitable number-theoretic assumption, the privacy of votes remains intact.
The tools developed here to conduct such elections have additional independent applications. Cryptographic capsules allow a prover to convince verifiers that either statement A or statement B is true without revealing substantial information as to which. Secret sharing homomorphisms enable computation on shared (secret) data and give a method of distributing shares of a secret such that each shareholder can verify the validity of all shares.
Tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α): The good, the bad and potentially very effective (1996)

When the tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene was cloned the protein became available for use in clinical trials as an antineoplastic agent. However, side effects have severely limited its application in cancer treatment. Studies on the species specificity of TNF have indicated that the p75 TNF receptor (TNFR75) may play an important role in the generation of these side effects in humans. Using human TNF mutants with selective receptor-binding properties it has been demonstrated in neutrophils and endothelium that TNFR75 is involved in the mediation of the proinflammatory activity of TNF by facilitating the p55 TNF receptor (TNFR55). However, only TNFR55 appears to be involved in mediating TNF cytotoxicity. Therefore the potential exists for the successful reintroduction of TNF-alpha, in the form of TNFR55-selective mutants, into the clinical arena with the promise of reduced side effects.
Prevention of Reocclusion following Tissue Type Plasminogen Activator-Induced Thrombolysis by the RGD-Containing Peptide, Echistatin, in a Canine Model of Coronary Thrombosis (1991)

We evaluated the effect of the RGD-containing peptide, echistatin, on thrombolysis time and acute reocclusion in a canine model of coronary thrombosis/thrombolysis. Occlusive thrombus formation was induced by electrical injury, via a stimulating electrode, to the endothelial surface of the circumflex coronary artery in the open-chest, anesthetized dog in the presence of a critical stenosis. Fifteen minutes after occlusive thrombus formation, dogs received either an intravenous infusion of vehicle (saline at 0.1 ml/min) or echistatin (15 micrograms/kg/min i.v.). Heparin was given as an initial bolus (100 U/kg i.v.) 15 min after thrombus formation and repeated at hourly intervals (50 U/kg). This dose of heparin increased activated partial thromboplastin time to 1.5- to 2.5- fold over control. Thrombolysis was induced with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) at a total dose of 1 mg/kg, intravenously administered over 90 min with 10% given as an initial bolus. The vehicle-treated animals reperfused at 48 +/- 9 min with a reperfusion incidence of 60% (3/5). The echistatin-treated animals reperfused at 46 +/- 5 min with a reperfusion incidence of 100% (5/5). After stopping the tPA infusion, acute reocclusion occurred in 100% (3/3) of the vehicle-treated dogs and in only 20% (1/5) of the echistatin-treated dogs. Echistatin caused a greater than 5-fold increase in buccal mucosa bleeding time and almost completely inhibited ex vivo platelet aggregation to ADP, collagen, and U-46619. Residual thrombus wet weight, determined at the end of the experiment, was significantly lower for the echistatin group (2.1 +/- 0.2 mg) compared to the vehicle group (5.8 +/- 0.7 mg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Imaging guided trials of the angiogenesis inhibitor sunitinib in mouse models predict efficacy in pancreatic neuroendocrine but not ductal carcinoma (2011)

Preclinical trials in mice represent a critical step in the evaluation of experimental therapeutics. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) represent a promising platform for the evaluation of drugs, particularly those targeting the tumor microenvironment. We evaluated sunitinib, an angiogenesis inhibitor that targets VEGF and PDGF receptor signaling, in two GEMMs of pancreatic cancer. Sunitinib did not reduce tumor burden in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), whereas tumor burden was reduced in the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET) model, the latter results confirming and extending previous studies. To explore the basis for the lack of pathologic response in PDAC, we used noninvasive microbubble contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging, which revealed that sunitinib reduced blood flow both in PDAC and in PNET, concomitant with a reduction in vessel density; nevertheless, PDAC tumors continued to grow, whereas PNET were growth impaired. These results parallel the response in humans, where sunitinib recently garnered FDA and European approval in PNET, whereas two antiangiogenic drugs failed to demonstrate efficacy in PDAC clinical trials. The demonstration of on-target activity but with discordant benefit in the PDAC and PNET GEMMs illustrates the potential value of linked preclinical and clinical trials.