gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Positive and negative regulation of T-cell activation through kinases and phosphatases (2003)

The sequence of events in T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signalling leading to T-cell activation involves regulation of a number of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and the phosphorylation status of many of their substrates. Proximal signalling pathways involve PTKs of the Src, Syk, Csk and Tec families, adapter proteins and effector enzymes in a highly organized tyrosine-phosphorylation cascade. In intact cells, tyrosine phosphorylation is rapidly reversible and generally of a very low stoichiometry even under induced conditions due to the fact that the enzymes removing phosphate from tyrosine-phosphorylated substrates, the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases), have a capacity that is several orders of magnitude higher than that of the PTKs. It follows that a relatively minor change in the PTK/PTPase balance can have a major impact on net tyrosine phosphorylation and thereby on activation and proliferation of T-cells. This review focuses on the involvement of PTKs and PTPases in positive and negative regulation of T-cell activation, the emerging theme of reciprocal regulation of each type of enzyme by the other, as well as regulation of phosphotyrosine turnover by Ser/Thr phosphorylation and regulation of localization of signal components.
A 3.8Gb/s large-scale MIMO detector for 3GPP LTE-Advanced (2014)

This paper proposes - to the best of our knowledge - the first ASIC design for high-throughput data detection in single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA)-based large-scale MIMO systems, such as systems building on future 3GPP LTE-Advanced standards. In order to substantially reduce the complexity of linear soft-output data detection in systems having hundreds of antennas at the base station (BS), the proposed detector builds upon a truncated Neumann series expansion to compute the necessary matrix inverse at low complexity. To achieve high throughput in the 3GPP LTE-A uplink, we develop a systolic VLSI architecture including all necessary processing blocks. We present a corresponding ASIC design that achieves 3.8 Gb/s for a 128 antenna, 8 user 3GPP LTE-A based large-scale MIMO system, while occupying 11.1 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in a TSMC 45nm CMOS technology.
A Direct and Polymer-Free Method for Transferring Graphene Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition to Any Substrate (2014)

We demonstrate a polymer-free method that can routinely transfer relatively large-area graphene to any substrate with advanced electrical properties and superior atomic and chemical structures as compared to the graphene sheets transferred with conventional polymer-assisted methods. The graphene films that are transferred with polymer-free method show high electrical conductance and excellent optical transmittance. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray/ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy also confirm the presence of high quality graphene sheets with little contamination after transfer. Atom-resolved images can be obtained using scanning tunneling microscope on as-transferred graphene sheets without additional cleaning process. The mobility of the polymer-free graphene monolayer is as high as 63,000 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), which is 50% higher than the similar sample transferred with the conventional method. More importantly, this method allows us to place graphene directly on top of devices made of soft materials, such as organic and polymeric thin films, which widens the applications of graphene in soft electronics.
Regulation of Photosynthesis in C3 and C4 Plants: A Molecular Approach. (1995)

Most plants use the C3 pathway of photosynthesis, also called the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle (PCR), shown in Figure 1A. C3 plants have a single chloroplast type that performs all of the reactions that convert light energy into the chemical energy that is used to fix COp and to synthesize the reduced carbon compounds upon which all life depends. Ribulose-i ,5-bisphosphate carboxylaseloxygenase (Rubisco) catalyzes primary carbon fixation, in which a fivecarbon sugar phosphate, ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), and COp are converted to two molecules of the threecarbon compound 3-phosphoglycerate (hence the name C3). Phosphoglycerate is then phosphorylated and reduced by the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis (ATP and NADPH) to produce triose phosphate (TP). TP can be exported from the chloroplast via the chloroplast envelope phosphate (Pi) transporter to the cytosol and used in the synthesis of sucrose, which is then translocated throughout the plant (see Sonnewald et al., 1994), or it can be retained within the chloroplast for starch synthesis or recycling to RuBP. Rubisco also catalyzes the fixation of Op in a process known as photorespiration, which competes directly with fixation of COp. At air levels of Coa, for every three COp molecules fixed by Rubisco to form 3-phosphoglycerate, approximately one O2 molecule is fixed, producing Sphosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycolate (Figure 1A). Because 3-phosphoglycolate cannot be used in the PCR cycle, it must be recycled to phosphoglycerate via the photorespiratory pathway, expending ATP and NADPH. This competition between 0 2 and COp and the energy costs associated with recycling phosphoglycolate largely determine the efficiency of C3 photosynthesis in air (Hatch, 1988; Woodrow and Berry, 1988). The C4 pathway is a complexadaptation of the C3 pathway that overcomes the limitation of photorespiration and is found in a diverse collection of species, many of which grow in hot climates with sporadic rainfall. The C4 pathway effectively suppresses photorespiration by elevating the C02 concentration at the site of Rubisco using a biochemical C02 pump. C4 plants have two chloroplast types, each found in a specialized cell type. Leaves of C4 plants show extensive vascularization,
Deficiency of Type I IFN Receptor in Lupus-Prone New Zealand Mixed 2328 Mice Decreases Dendritic Cell Numbers and Activation and Protects from Disease (2009)

Type I IFNs are potent regulators of innate and adaptive immunity and are implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Here we report that clinical and pathological lupus nephritis and serum anti-nuclear Ab levels are greatly attenuated in New Zealand Mixed (NZM) 2328 mice deficient in type I IFN receptors (IFNAR). To determine whether the inflammatory environment in NZM 2328 mice leads to IFNAR-regulated changes in dendritic cells (DC), the number, activation, and function of DC subsets were compared in 2- and 5-mo-old (clinically healthy) female NZM and NZM-IFNAR(-/-) mice. Numbers of activated CD40(high) plasmacytoid DC (pDC) were significantly increased in renal lymph nodes of 2-mo-old NZM but not NZM-IFNAR(-/-) mice, suggesting an early IFNAR-dependent expansion and activation of pDC at disease sites. Relative to NZM spleens, NZM-IFNAR(-/-) spleens in 5-mo-old mice were significantly decreased in size and contained reduced numbers of conventional DC subsets, but not pDC. Splenic and renal lymph node NZM-IFNAR(-/-) DC analyzed directly ex vivo expressed significantly less CD40, CD86, and PDL1 than did NZM DC. Upon activation with synthetic TLR9 ligands in vitro, splenic NZM-IFNAR(-/-) DC produced less IL-12p40/70 and TNF-alpha than did NZM DC. The limited IFNAR(-/-) DC response to endogenous activating stimuli correlated with reduced numbers of splenic activated memory CD4(+) T cells and CD19(+) B cells in older mice. Thus, IFNAR signaling significantly increases DC numbers, acquisition of Ag presentation competence, and proinflammatory function before onset of clinically apparent lupus disease.
Effect of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype and Genomic Structure on Liver Transduction and Biodistribution in Mice of Both Genders (2009)

Recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have unique properties, which make them suitable vectors for gene transfer. Here we assess the liver transduction efficiency and biodistribution of AAV-pseudotyped capsids (serotypes) 1, 5, 6, and 8, combined with single-stranded and double-stranded genomic AAV2 structures carrying the luciferase reporter gene after systemic administration. The analysis was performed in vivo and ex vivo, in male and female mice. Gender-related differences in AAV-mediated transduction and biodistribution were shown for the four serotypes. Our data confirm the superiority of AAV8 over the rest of the serotypes, as well as a significant advantage of double-stranded genomes in terms of liver transduction efficiency, particularly in females. Regarding biodistribution, AAV5 displayed a narrower tropism than the other serotypes tested, transducing, almost exclusively, the liver. Interestingly, AAV1 and AAV8, in particular those having single-stranded genomes, showed high transduction efficiency of female gonads. However, no inadvertent germ line transmission of AAV genomes was observed after breeding single-stranded AAV8-injected female mice with untreated males. In conclusion, double-stranded AAV8 vectors led to the highest levels of liver transduction in mice, as demonstrated by luciferase expression. Nevertheless, the transduction of other organs with AAV8 vectors could favor the use of less efficient serotypes, such as AAV5, which display a narrow tropism.
Acute Coronary Syndromes (1998)

I schemic heart disease includes a wide spectrum of condi- tions, ranging from silent ischemia and exertion-induced angina, through unstable angina, to acute MI.Unstable angina occupies the center of this spectrum, causing disability and risk greater than that of chronic stable angina but less than that of acute MI 1 (Fig 1).Although non-Q-wave MI for many years was considered prognostically similar to unstable angina, recent longitudinal studies indicate that it is similar to Q-wave infarction 2,3 (Fig 2).The concept of unstable angina has emerged from observations of frequent symptoms preceding acute MI, followed by prospective documentation that unstable symptoms frequently culminated in acute MI.The syndrome was rapidly accepted as a well-defined clinical entity as specific clinical manifestations, pathophysiological mechanisms, laboratory findings, and treatment became better characterized.Unstable angina is currently one of the leading causes of hospital admission for CAD, and non-Q-wave MI accounts for Ͼ30% of admissions for acute MI. 1,4 Yet, the diagnosis of unstable angina remains clinical, based on symptom recognition.The physician caring for patients with unstable angina is in a privileged position of recognizing rapidly evolving CAD and being able to intervene to prevent irreversible left ventricular damage and progression of CAD.Unstable angina is classically described as a heterogeneous disease, referring to a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations from stable angina to MI, of disease processes from coronary vasospasm to thrombus formation, and of extent of CAD from no significant stenosis to severe three-vessel disease.Not surprisingly, therefore, the prognosis of unstable angina is quite variable.Despite all these heterogeneous features, the recent progress made in knowledge and management of unstable angina and acute MI has driven the acute coronary syndromes to the forefront of modern cardiology, helping shape future research and development.The new concepts are active coronary plaque and triggers and promoters of inflammation and of thrombus formation.The new therapeutic goals are plaque stabilization and prevention of accelerated atherosclerosis.
Shape and spatially-varying BRDFs from photometric stereo (2005)

This paper describes a photometric stereo method designed for surfaces with spatially-varying BRDFs, including surfaces with both varying diffuse and specular properties. Our method builds on the observation that most objects are composed of a small number of fundamental materials. This approach recovers not only the shape but also material BRDFs and weight maps, yielding compelling results for a wide variety of objects. We also show examples of interactive lighting and editing operations made possible by our method.
Time domain echo pattern evaluations from normal and atherosclerotic arterial walls: a study in vitro. (1988)

The aim of this study in vitro of human fresh specimens was to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of the aqueous phase-intima interface (the first 400 msec of the reflected signal) in normal and atherosclerotic arterial walls. Seventy-five samples were studied, 15 normal, 15 fatty, 15 fibrofatty, 15 fibrous, and 15 calcific. A broadband transducer (4 to 14 MHz) was used. The aqueous phase-intima reflection (expressed in dB, mean +/- SD) was lowest in the fatty plaques (-35.3 +/- 2.5), differing in a highly significant way from that in all other groups: normal (-13.2 +/- 8.8), fibrofatty (-20.4 +/- 8.3), fibrous (-13.0 +/- 9.7), calcific (-5.9 +/- 3.4). The echo coming from the intima-media transition was of relatively low amplitude in normal and in fatty samples; typically, strong reflections from the intima-media transitions were present in the other pathologic subsets. In conclusion, the time domain echo pattern of the arterial wall may provide a useful clue to the structure of the plaque.
Evaluation of Clearance Mechanisms with Transscleral Drug Delivery (2010)

Conjunctival blood and lymphatic vessel elimination considerably limit transscleral hydrophilic drug delivery to the retina.
Infrared response from metallic particles embedded in a single-crystal Si matrix: The layered internal photoemission sensor (1990)

Infrared radiation at wavelengths of 1–2 μm has been detected in a new device labeled the layered internal photoemission sensor. The device structure, which is grown by molecular beam epitaxy, incorporates epitaxial CoSi2 particles with dimensions of 10–50 nm. Radiation absorbed by these particles photoexcites carriers into a surrounding single-crystal silicon matrix. A peak quantum efficiency of 1.3% is measured, which is approximately six times higher than in planar CoSi2 Schottky diodes with 5 nm silicide thickness.
MUTATION OF A HETEROTHALLIC STRAIN TO HOMOTHALLISM (1975)

Upon mutagenesis, a heterothallic alpha-alpha diploit strain mutated to homothallism. The gene confering homothallism is nuclear, recessive, and unlinked to mating type. This gene is not allelic to the HO gene, which is responsible for previously described instances of homothallism in yeast. We have designated this new gene for homothallism as cmt (change of mating type).
Phenacyl photosensitive blocking groups (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhenacyl photosensitive blocking groupsJohn C. Sheehan and Kazuo UmezawaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1973, 38, 21, 3771–3774Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00961a027https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00961a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views939Altmetric-Citations131LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Immunostimulatory effects of a plasmid expressing CD40 ligand (CD154) on gene immunization (1997)

Interaction of CD40 with its ligand (CD154) can induce CD40-bearing APCs to express immune stimulatory accessory molecules that facilitate immune recognition. We evaluated whether a plasmid vector encoding CD154 (pCD40L) could influence the immune response to a transgene protein encoded by coinjected plasmid DNA. We found that coinjection of pCD40L in BALB/c mice enhanced the Ab response to beta-galactosidase induced by i.m. or intradermal injection of placZ, a plasmid DNA vector encoding beta-galactosidase. Furthermore, i.m. or intradermal coinjection of pCD40L with placZ enhanced the generation of CTL specific for P815 cells transfected with placZ. This study indicates that pCD40L can serve as a genetic adjuvant capable of augmenting humoral and cellular immune responses to Ags encoded by plasmid DNA expression vectors.
Human breast cancer cell lines contain stem-like cells that self-renew, give rise to phenotypically diverse progeny and survive chemotherapy (2008)

These data validate the use of cancer cell lines as models for the development and testing of novel therapeutics aimed at eradicating cancer stem cells.
Immunological Detection of O-GlcNAc (2003)

N-acetylglucosamine O-glycosidically linked (O-GlcNAc) to serine or threonine residues of proteins has been shown to be ubiquitous among eukaryotic proteins of the nucleus, cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, and has also been detected on cytosolic tails of membrane proteins (1,2). The exact function of this carbohydrate modification is not yet known. Studies from several groups point at potential roles in: (1) signaling as an alternative to phosphorylation, (2) protein-protein interactions, and (3) protection against protein degradation.
Role of XIAP in the malignant phenotype of transitional cell cancer (TCC) and therapeutic activity of XIAP antisense oligonucleotides against multidrug‐resistant TCC in vitro (2002)

XIAP directly inhibits executor caspases, making it the most downstream antiapoptotic molecule. Here, we examined the expression and function of XIAP in normal urothelium and TCC. We also examined the therapeutic effect of xiap AS PODN on the cell cycle and apoptosis of multidrug-resistant T24 bladder cancer cells. XIAP was moderately expressed in normal transitional epithelium with prominent expression on the superficial layer cells. Seventy-nine of 108 (73.15%) tumor samples were positive for XIAP protein, but XIAP positivity was not correlated with tumor stage or grade. Moreover, 4 bladder cancer cell lines (SCaBER, HT1376, T24 and RT4) expressed similar levels of XIAP. xiap AS PODN dose-dependently reduced the XIAP protein level and induced apoptosis, leading to decreased cell viability by 87%. Combined administration with doxorubicin resulted in marked cytotoxicity due to escalation of apoptosis. Overexpression of XIAP in T24 cells resulted in a modest but statistically significant (p < 0.01) survival advantage compared to parental cells. Thus, XIAP expression may be critical for maintaining the viability and drug resistance of TCC, and endogenous XIAP levels are sufficient to protect cells from apoptosis. Our results suggest that XIAP may play an important role early in human TCC carcinogenesis. xiap AS may be a candidate for use as a cancer therapy for overcoming drug resistance in highly malignant TCC.
Exploiting Cytokine Secretion to Rapidly Produce Multivirus-Specific T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy (2008)

Abstract Viral infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and conventional small-molecule therapeutics often have modest benefit, high cost and adverse effects. Adoptive transfer of donor-derived, virus-specific T cells specific for cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and adenovirus (AdV) proved feasible and safe after HSCT, and reconstituted immunity to all 3 viruses. Current protocols to generate multivirus-specific T cells are lengthy, taking up to 12 weeks. Since viral infections often occur &amp;lt;30 days after HSCT, more rapid production is required. The IFN-γ capture (Miltenyi) and tetramer methods can select antigenspecific T cells directly from peripheral blood and have been used clinically to prevent infections with AdV and CMV respectively. Tetramer selection is limited to certain HLA class I molecules with known epitope specificities. By contrast, the IFN-γ capture assay can be used to select multi-epitope and multi-antigen, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from any donor, irrespective of HLA type. We now describe a modified rapid selection method for production and characterization of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells specific for CMV, EBV and AdV in a single infusate using the IFN-γ capture assay. We could manufacture a specific product from small volumes of peripheral blood over a 48 hour time period. These cells are suited for infusion into immunocompromised patients. Activated PBMCs were transduced either with Ad5f35pp65 vector or Ad5f35LMP2 vector and then combined. After overnight culture, IFN-γ-secreting antigen-specific T cells were captured. The number of selected cells ranged from 0.06 ×106 to 0.36 ×106 cells (mean: 0.14 ± 0.06 ×106; n=5) per 20 × 106 PBMCs.Importantly, we demonstrate that the selected cells lack alloreactivity, indicating that the infused cells should be safe in vivo. By expanding a small fraction of the selected product we could characterize the phenotype, specificity and function of the infused product, to allow subsequent comparison with clinical outcome. All products were able to secrete IFN-γ in response to each antigen and kill CMV, EBV and AdV antigen-expressing targets. These results show that we can successfully generate trivirus-specific T cells for infusion within 3 days without sacrificing the product characterization required to correlate product with clinical outcome.
Adsorption of horseradish peroxidase, ovomucoid and anti-immunoglobulin to colloidal gold for the indirect detection of concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin and goat anti-human immunoglobulin G on cell surfaces at the electron microscopic level: a new method, theory and application. (1977)

A method is described for the adsorption of selected macromolecules to colloidal gold which is then used as an electron dense marker for the indirect detection of specific cell surface molecules. Membrane bound concanavalin A, which binds specific sugars on horseradish peroxidase, and wheat germ agglutinin, which binds specific sugars on ovomucoid are detected indirectly with gold labeled horseradish peroxidase and ovomucoid, respectively. Goat anti-human IgM on blood lymphocytes is detected with gold labeled rabbit anti-goat IgG. In the preparation of colloidal gold labeled proteins, the problems of flocculation of colloidal gold by proteins and nonadsorption of proteins to colloidal gold, are solved through a combination of concentration of protein and pH variable adsorption isotherms, which allows one to determine the conditions for adsorption of proteins to colloidal gold. Adsorption is pH dependent, the pH conditions correlating with the isoelectric point(s) of the major protein fraction(s); adsorption is influenced by interfacial tension, solubility and by the electrical charge on the molecules. Colloidal gold is inexpensive and preparation of a useful label is rapid, reproducible and the results easily quantitated from electron micrographs.