gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Soft Edge Smoothness Prior for Alpha Channel Super Resolution (2007)

Effective image prior is necessary for image super resolution, due to its severely under-determined nature. Although the edge smoothness prior can be effective, it is generally difficult to have analytical forms to evaluate the edge smoothness, especially for soft edges that exhibit gradual intensity transitions. This paper finds the connection between the soft edge smoothness and a soft cut metric on an image grid by generalizing the Geocuts method (Y. Boykov and V. Kolmogorov, 2003), and proves that the soft edge smoothness measure approximates the average length of all level lines in an intensity image. This new finding not only leads to an analytical characterization of the soft edge smoothness prior, but also gives an intuitive geometric explanation. Regularizing the super resolution problem by this new form of prior can simultaneously minimize the length of all level lines, and thus resulting in visually appealing results. In addition, this paper presents a novel combination of this soft edge smoothness prior and the alpha matting technique for color image super resolution, by normalizing edge segments with their alpha channel description, to achieve a unified treatment of edges with different contrast and scale.
Phenotypic silencing of cytoplasmic genes using sequence-specific double-stranded short interfering RNA and its application in the reverse genetics of wild type negative-strand RNA viruses (2001)

Synthetic inhibitory dsRNAs are effective in specific silencing of RNA genomes that are exclusively cytoplasmic and transcribed by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. RNA-directed RNA gene silencing does not require cloning, expression, and mutagenesis of viral cDNA, and thus, will allow the generation of phenotypic null mutants of specific RNA viral genes under normal infection conditions and at any point in the infection cycle. This will, for the first time, permit functional genomic studies, attenuated infections, reverse genetic analysis, and studies of host-virus signaling pathways using a wild type RNA virus, unencumbered by any superinfecting virus.
EVIDENCE FOR COBALT HYDROCARBONYL AS THE HYDROFORMYLATION CATALYST (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEVIDENCE FOR COBALT HYDROCARBONYL AS THE HYDROFORMYLATION CATALYSTI. Wender, H. W. Sternberg, and M. OrchinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 12, 3041–3042Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01108a528https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01108a528research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views466Altmetric-Citations76LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Microemulsions: An Overview and Pharmaceutical Applications (1999)

Microemulsions are potential drug carrier systems for oral, topical, and parenteral administration. They offer the advantage of spontaneous formation, ease of manufacturing and scale-up, thermodynamic stability, and improved drug solubilization and bioavailability. Preparing a pharmaceutically acceptable dosage form demands a clear understanding of the microemulsion structure, phase behavior, factors leading to its thermodynamic stability, factors influencing drug release from the formulation, requirements of ideal microemulsion excipients, and the potential uses and limitations of the microemulsion system. Knowledge of the various methods available to thoroughly characterize a microemulsion system is essential. An overview of these factors is presented in this review. While microemulsion is used in several fields, in this review the pharmaceutical applications are emphasized. Several references are cited, but the list is by no means exhaustive. The review is written so that a newcomer to the field can easily grasp the important facts pertaining to this novel delivery system.
Three clustered Sp1 sites are required for efficient transcription of the TATA-less promoter of the gene for insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 from the rat. (1993)

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGF-BP-2) transcription in rat liver varies with developmental age and fasting. To define the DNA elements required for efficient expression of the TATA-less rat IGFBP-2 gene, the native or mutated promoter was fused to a promoterless luciferase reporter gene and transfected into BRL-3A rat liver and 293 human embryonic kidney cell lines. Luciferase activity decreased approximately 25-fold with progressive 5' promoter deletions from nucleotide (nt) -581 to nt -189 (relative to ATG, +1). The smallest construct, however, still had > 21-fold greater luciferase activity than the promoterless construct. In DNase I foot-printing assays using native nt -276 to -36 promoter fragments or fragments containing block substitution mutations, BRL-3A nuclear extract and purified human transcription factor Sp1 protected a region from nt -234 to -215 containing one GC box and a broad region from nt -189 to -125 that contained three clustered but independent GC boxes. In gel retardation assays using an Sp1 oligonucleotide probe, BRL-3A extract formed two closely migrating complexes that were immunologically related to Sp1; Sp1 gave a single complex that co-migrated with the more retarded BRL-3A complex. Binding was competitively inhibited by oligonucleotides corresponding to each of the four GC boxes. The proximal three GC boxes were sufficient to allow trans-activation of the IGFBP-2 promoter by Sp1 in Drosophila SL2 cells. Independent block mutations indicated that all three of the GC boxes are required for promoter activity and are equally important. Thus, binding of Sp1 or Sp1-related proteins to three clustered GC boxes in the proximal IGFBP-2 promoter is essential for promoter activity. Multiple upstream regions also contribute to the full expression of the IGFBP-2 gene.
Nanoparticle Inks for Directed Assembly of Three‐Dimensional Periodic Structures (2003)

Colloidal inks , comprised of concentrated barium titanate nanoparticle gels, were directly assembled via a robotically controlled deposition technique. 3D periodic lattices were created through layer‐by‐layer patterning of parallel rods, whose periodicity far exceeded the dimension of the nanoparticle building blocks. The Figure shows a scanning electron microscopy image of a 3D periodic lattice (top view).
Recent improvements to the SMART domain-based sequence annotation resource (2002)

SMART (Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool, http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de) is a web-based resource used for the annotation of protein domains and the analysis of domain architectures, with particular emphasis on mobile eukaryotic domains. Extensive annotation for each domain family is available, providing information relating to function, subcellular localization, phyletic distribution and tertiary structure. The January 2002 release has added more than 200 hand-curated domain models. This brings the total to over 600 domain families that are widely represented among nuclear, signalling and extracellular proteins. Annotation now includes links to the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database in cases where a human disease is associated with one or more mutations in a particular domain. We have implemented new analysis methods and updated others. New advanced queries provide direct access to the SMART relational database using SQL. This database now contains information on intrinsic sequence features such as transmembrane regions, coiled-coils, signal peptides and internal repeats. SMART output can now be easily included in users' documents. A SMART mirror has been created at http://smart.ox.ac.uk.
Genetic Influences on the End-Stage Effector Phase of Arthritis (2001)

K/BxN T cell receptor transgenic mice are a model of inflammatory arthritis, most similar to rheumatoid arthritis, that is critically dependent on both T and B lymphocytes. Transfer of serum, or just immunoglobulins, from arthritic K/BxN animals into healthy recipients provokes arthritis efficiently, rapidly, and with high penetrance. We have explored the genetic heterogeneity in the response to serum transfer, thereby focussing on the end-stage effector phase of arthritis, leap-frogging the initiating events. Inbred mouse strains showed clear variability in their responses. A few were entirely refractory to disease induction, and those which did develop disease exhibited a range of severities. F1 analyses suggested that in most cases susceptibility was controlled in a polygenic additive fashion. One responder/nonresponder pair (C57Bl/6 x NOD) was studied in detail via a genome scan of F2 mice; supplementary information was provided by the examination of knock-out and congenic strains. Two genomic regions that are major, additive determinants of the rapidity and severity of K/BxN serum-transferred arthritis were highlighted. Concerning the first region, on proximal chromosome (chr)2, candidate assignment to the complement gene C5 was confirmed by both strain segregation analysis and functional data. Concerning the second, on distal chr1, coinciding with the Sle1 locus implicated in susceptibility to lupus-like autoimmune disease, a contribution by the fcgr2 candidate gene was excluded. Two other regions, on chr12 and chr18 may also contribute to susceptibility to serum-transferred arthritis, albeit to a more limited degree. The contributions of these loci are additive, but gene dosage effects at the C5 locus are such that it largely dominates. The clarity of these results argues that our focus on the terminal effector phase of arthritis in the K/BxN model will bear fruit.
Efficacy and Safety of Alirocumab in Patients with Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia not Adequately Controlled with Current Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Design and Rationale of the ODYSSEY FH Studies (2014)

The ODYSSEY FH studies are three Phase 3 studies aiming to further evaluate the efficacy and long-term safety of alirocumab as an effective therapeutic option for patients with heFH.
Pulmonary overexpression of IL-9 induces Th2 cytokine expression, leading to immune pathology (2002)

IL-9 is a pleiotropic cytokine with multiple functions on many cell types involved in the pathology of human asthma. The constitutive overexpression of IL-9 in the lungs of transgenic mice resulted in an asthma-like phenotype. To define the contribution of IL-9 to lung inflammation we generated transgenic mice in which lung-specific expression of the IL-9 transgene is inducible by doxycycline. Transgene induction resulted in lymphocytic and eosinophilic infiltration of the lung, airway epithelial cell hypertrophy with mucus production, and mast cell hyperplasia, similar to that seen in mice that constitutively expressed IL-9 in their lungs. Various cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, were expressed in the lung in response to IL-9. Blockade of IL-4 or IL-5 following IL-9 induction reduced airway eosinophilia without affecting mucus production. In contrast, neutralization of IL-13 completely abolished both lung inflammation and mucus production. These findings suggest that pathologic changes in the lung require additional signals beyond IL-9, provided by IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, to develop fully.
Treatment of Experimental Human Mesothelioma Using Adenovirus Transfer of the Herpes Simplex Thymidine Kinase Gene (1995)

These results indicate that an adenoviral vector containing the HSVtk gene is effective in treating established malignant mesothelioma in an in vivo setting and raise the possibility of using adenovirus transfer of HSVtk for clinical trials in mesothelioma and other localized tumors.
Enhanced gene delivery to human airway epithelial cells using an integrin-targeting lipoplex (2001)

These results indicate that integrin-binding peptides represent one way to enhance liposome-mediated gene delivery to pulmonary epithelia.
What visual perception tells us about mind and brain (2001)

Recent studies of visual perception have begun to reveal the connection between neuronal activity in the brain and conscious visual experience. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human occipital lobe disrupts the normal perception of objects in ways suggesting that important aspects of visual perception are based on activity in early visual cortical areas. Recordings made with microelectrodes in animals suggest that the perception of the lightness and depth of visual surfaces develops through computations performed across multiple brain areas. Activity in earlier areas is more tightly correlated with the physical properties of objects whereas neurons in later areas respond in a manner more similar to visual perception.
Correlating the transition dipole moment orientation of phosphorescent emitter molecules in OLEDs with basic material properties (2014)

The orientation of seven iridium-based emitter molecules for OLEDs is compared and surprisingly all except <bold>Ir(ppy)3</bold> show considerable horizontal orientation.
Bioequivalence of subcutaneous injections of recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (Puregon®) by Pen-injector and syringe (1999)

A randomized, single-centre, cross-over study was designed to compare the bioavailability of two pharmaceutical formulations of recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (recFSH; Puregon(R)): (i) a dissolved cake injected by a normal syringe; and (ii) a ready-for-use solution injected using a device referred to as Puregon(R)Pen. Twenty-two healthy female volunteers underwent one of two administration sequences: Puregon(R)Pen/syringe or syringe/Puregon(R)Pen, by which they received a single subcutaneous dose of recFSH (150 IU). Endogenous gonadotrophin production had been previously suppressed using an oral contraceptive (Lyndiol(R)). Pharmacokinetic parameters characterizing rate [peak concentration (Cmax) and time of peak concentration (tmax)] and extent [area under the curve (AUC) and clearance (CL)] of absorption were obtained from 20 subjects. After injection with both formulations, serum FSH concentrations reached a peak of 3.4 IU/l at 13 h after injection. The elimination half-life was approximately 34 h, irrespective of formulation. A difference of approximately 18% was found between serum FSH concentrations obtained using the two formulations, which was caused by differences between the anticipated and the actual volume injected with the normal syringe. After correction for injection losses by weighing the amount injected with a normal syringe, the two formulations were found to be bioequivalent with respect to Cmax, AUC and CL. For tmax, bioequivalence could not be proven due to high intra-subject variability and broad absorption peaks of FSH. Both methods were well tolerated, local reactions being generally mild and short-lived.
Involvement of protein kinase C activation in ornithine decarboxylase gene expression in primary culture of newborn mouse epidermal cells and in skin tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. (1986)

The role of protein kinase C in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; EC 4.1.1.17) gene expression in primary culture of newborn mouse epidermal cells (MEC) from BALB/c mice and in skin tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in female CD-1 mice was determined. A time course and the dose-response curves of ODC induction paralleled that of ODC mRNA induction by TPA in MEC. TPA treatment did not elicit any change in the size of ODC mRNA. The magnitude of ODC induction was proportional to the amount of ODC mRNA increased by TPA. TPA (2 X 10(-7) M) failed to induce ODC activity in MEC plated in Ca2+-deprived medium; TPA induction of ODC could be resumed upon Ca2+ restoration in the medium. 1-Oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol, a membrane-permeable diacylglycerol which activates protein kinase C, induced at the same rate both ODC activity and the amount of ODC mRNA in MEC. Phospholipase C, which releases diacylglycerol from membrane phospholipids, also induced ODC activity; 0.02 units of phospholipase C per ml led to about a 50-fold increase in ODC activity at 6 h after treatment. Phospholipase A2 was ineffective. Phospholipase C-induced ODC activity correlated with an increased level of ODC mRNA. Furthermore, palmitoylcarnitine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, inhibited epidermal ODC induction and the increased level of ODC mRNA by TPA. Also, palmitoylcarnitine inhibited skin tumor promotion by TPA; application of 3 mumol of palmitoylcarnitine in conjunction with each promotional treatment with 10 nmol of TPA to the initiated skin of female CD-1 mice inhibited tumor formation. Taken together, we conclude that activation of protein kinase C may be an early event in ODC gene transcription and skin tumor promotion by TPA.
Polyethyleneimine nanoparticles incorporated into resin composite cause cell death and trigger biofilm stress in vivo (2010)

Incorporation of cross-linked quaternary ammonium polyethylenimine (QPEI) nanoparticles in dental resin composite has a long-lasting and wide antimicrobial effect with no measured impact on biocompatibility in vitro. We hypothesized that QPEI nanoparticles incorporated into a resin composite have a potent antibacterial effect in vivo and that this stress condition triggers a suicide module in the bacterial biofilm. Ten volunteers wore a removable acrylic appliance, in which two control resin composite specimens and two resin composite specimens incorporating 1% wt/wt QPEI nanoparticles were inserted to allow the buildup of intraoral biofilms. After 4 h, the specimens were removed and tested for bacterial vitality and biofilm thickness, using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The vitality rate in specimens incorporating QPEI was reduced by > 50% (p < 0.00001), whereas biofilm thickness was increased (p < 0.05). The ability of the biofilm supernatant to restore bacterial death was tested in vitro. The in vitro tests showed a 70% decrease in viable bacteria (p < 0.05). Biofilm morphological differences were also observed in the scanning electron microscope micrographs of the resin composite versus the resin composite incorporating QPEI. These results strongly suggest that QPEI nanoparticles incorporated at a low concentration in resin composite exert a significant in vivo antibiofilm activity and exhibit a potent broad spectrum antibacterial activity against salivary bacteria.
Elastic fiber formation: A dynamic view of extracellular matrix assembly using timer reporters (2005)

To study the dynamics of elastic fiber assembly, mammalian cells were transfected with a cDNA construct encoding bovine tropoelastin in frame with the Timer reporter. Timer is a derivative of the DsRed fluorescent protein that changes from green to red over time and, hence, can be used to distinguish new from old elastin. Using dynamic imaging microscopy, we found that the first step in elastic fiber formation is the appearance of small cell surface-associated elastin globules that increased in size with time (microassembly). The elastin globules are eventually transferred to pre-existing elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix where they coalesce into larger structures (macroassembly). Mechanical forces associated with cell movement help shape the forming, extracellular elastic fiber network. Time-lapse imaging combined with the use of Timer constructs provides unique tools for studying the temporal and spatial aspects of extracellular matrix formation by live cells.
The Mutational Landscape of Circulating Tumor Cells in Multiple Myeloma (2017)

The development of sensitive and non-invasive "liquid biopsies" presents new opportunities for longitudinal monitoring of tumor dissemination and clonal evolution. The number of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is prognostic in multiple myeloma (MM), but there is little information on their genetic features. Here, we have analyzed the genomic landscape of CTCs from 29 MM patients, including eight cases with matched/paired bone marrow (BM) tumor cells. Our results show that 100% of clonal mutations in patient BM were detected in CTCs and that 99% of clonal mutations in CTCs were present in BM MM. These include typical driver mutations in MM such as in KRAS, NRAS, or BRAF. These data suggest that BM and CTC samples have similar clonal structures, as discordances between the two were restricted to subclonal mutations. Accordingly, our results pave the way for potentially less invasive mutation screening of MM patients through characterization of CTCs.
Growth and Reproductive Outcomes in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (2010)

The treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is complex.In addition to disease control, important therapeutic goals are the maintenance of normal growth and the acquisition of normal reproductive function.Here, data regarding final adult height (FH) in patients with CAH will be reviewed.Additional difficulties associated with CAH, including risks of obesity and hypertension, will be discussed.Information about fertility and reproductive outcomes in men and women with CAH will also be summarized.Although the treatment of each child with CAH needs to be individualized, close medical followup and laboratory monitoring along with good compliance can often result in positive clinical outcomes.
Comparison of Three RNA Amplification Methods as Sources of DNA for Sequencing (1998)

DNA products generated from a region of the measles virus genome by three RNA reverse transcription and amplification methods were cloned and sequenced, and the results were compared in order to evaluate the methods' relative fidelities. The methods were: (i) reverse transcription followed by a nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR), (ii) a combined RT-PCR using rTth polymerase and (iii) nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). NASBA was followed by RT-PCR with rTth polymerase or RT using AMV reverse transcriptase to generate DNA products for cloning. Products from all three sets of reactions were cloned into a vector, pT7Blue, and 790 bp of cloned DNA were sequenced and analyzed for base changes to determine the error rates for each amplification method. Sequence analysis of cloned RT-nPCR products showed no errors, whereas cloned rTth mediated RT-PCR products possessed an error rate of 0.38% and cloned NASBA products 0.38%. Products generated by NASBA followed by RT-PCR with rTth polymerase possessed an error rate of 1.9%. The results indicated that cloned DNA products generated by RT-nPCRs possessed least errors and that for NASBA, RT of reaction products before cloning and sequencing was preferable to using RT-PCR.
ChemInform Abstract: Reduction of Azides by Triphenylphosphine in the Presence of Water: a General and y Chemoselective Method of Access to Primary Amines. (1986)

Abstract The products from the reduction of azides, e.g. (II), were isolated in the form of free amines and/or amine 51 hydrochlorides.