gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of Botulinal Neurotoxins A, B, E, and F by Amplified Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: Collaborative Study (2003)

An amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (amp-ELISA) was compared with the AOAC Official Method 977.26 for detection of Clostridium botulinum and its toxins in foods. Eleven laboratories participated and the results of 10 laboratories were used in the study. Two anaerobic culture media, tryptone peptone glucose yeast extract (TPGY) and cooked meat medium (CMM) were used to generate toxic samples with types A, B, E, and F botulinal strains. Nonbotulinal clostridia were also tested. The toxicity of each botulinal culture was determined by the AOAC method, and the cultures were then diluted, if necessary, to high (about 10,000 minimal lethal dose [MLD]/mL) and low (about 100 MLD/mL) test samples. The overall sensitivity of detection in TPGY and CMM cultures with the amp-ELISA was 94.7% at about 100 MLD/mL and 99.6% for samples with > or = 10,000 MLD/mL toxicity. The amp-ELISA detection sensitivity for low toxin samples was 92.3% in TPGY and 99.4% in CMM. The false-positive rate ranged from 1.5% for type A to 28.6% for type F in TPGY, and from 2.4% for type A to 11.4% for type F in CMM. Most of the cross-reactivity was due to detection of other botulinal types, especially in high toxin samples. The amp-ELISA could be used to screen suspect cultures for botulinal toxins. Positive amp-ELISA samples would be confirmed by the AOAC reference method.
Conceptually Driven Pharmacologic Approaches to Acute Trauma (2005)

Secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) entails intervening in the aftermath of a traumatic event to forestall the development of PTSD. There has been little psychopharmacologic research in this area. This is surprising, given that PTSD is the mental disorder with the most clearly identified cause and onset. In a translational model of PTSD's pathogenesis presented herein: A traumatic event (unconditioned stimulus) overstimulates endogenous stress hormones (unconditioned response); these mediate an overconsolidation of the event's memory trace; recall of the event in response to reminders (conditioned stimulus); releases further stress hormones (conditioned response); these cause further overconsolidation; and the overconsolidated memory generates PTSD symptoms. Noradrenergic hyperactivity in the basolateral amygdala is hypothesized to mediate this cycle. Preventing pre-synaptic norepinephrine release with alpha2-adrenergic agonists or opioids, or blocking post-synaptic norepinephrine receptors with beta-adrenergic antagonists such as propranolol, reduces hormonally enhanced memories and fear conditioning. Two controlled studies of trauma victims presenting to emergency rooms suggest that posttrauma propranolol reduces subsequent PTSD, as does one naturalistic clinical study of morphine treatment of burned children. Cortisol both enhances memory consolidation and reduces memory retrieval, leading to mixed predictions. Two controlled studies of intensive care unit patients found that cortisol reduced PTSD. One study did not find benzodiazepines effective in preventing PTSD. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, antiepileptics, and alpha2-adrenergic agonists have yet to be tried.
Towards Recognition of Diversity: Muslim Marriages in South Africa (2008)

OPSOMMINGOp pad na erkenning van diversiteit: Moslemhuwelike in Suid-Afrika Die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika bevorder die waardes van menswaardigheid, gelykheid en vryheid in 'n multikulturele samelewing.Die artikel ondersoek hoe Moslemhuwelike binne die Suid-Afrikaanse grondwetlike bedeling erken kan word.Die skrywer
Transferrin-binding protein complex is the receptor for transferrin uptake in Trypanosoma brucei. (1995)

In Trypanosoma brucei, the products of two genes, ESAG 6 and ESAG 7, located upstream of the variant surface glycoprotein gene in a polycistronic expression site form a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored transferrin-binding protein (TFBP) complex. It is shown by gel filtration and membrane-binding experiments that the TFBP complex is heterodimeric and binds one molecule of transferrin with high affinity (2,300 binding sites per cell; KD = 2.1 nM for the dominant expression site from T. brucei strain 427 and KD = 131 nM for ES1.3A of the EATRO 1125 stock). The ternary transferrin-TFBP complexes with iron-loaded or iron-free ligand are stable between pH 5 and 8. Cellular transferrin uptake can be inhibited by 90% with Fab fragments from anti-TFBP antibodies. After uptake, the TFBP complex and its ligand are routed to lysosomes where transferrin is proteolytically degraded. While the degradation products are released from the cells, iron remains cell associated and the TFBP complex is probably recycled to the membrane of the flagellar pocket, the only site for exo- and endocytosis in this organism. It is concluded that the TFBP complex serves as the receptor for the uptake of transferrin in T. brucei by a mechanism distinct from that in mammalian cells.
Para una crítica epistemológica de la praxiología motriz (2011)

Este artículo pretende establecer una crítica epistemológica de la disciplina científica desarrollada por Pierre Parlebas: la praxiología motriz. Principalmente se dedica a señalar las limitaciones que encuentra esta en la delimitación del objeto estudio (la acción motriz), considerado fundamental en las actividades físico deportivas. La ausencia en sus análisis de una temporalidad propia de los cursos de acción en las prácticas va a ser el principal obstáculo para una caracterización adecuada de tales actividades. Esta circunstancia va a revertir además en una concepción limitada de la capacidad de agencia de los participantes y de la racionalidad práctica de los mismos. Todo ello afectará además a sus posibles vías de aplicación (por ejemplo, en el diseño pedagógico). Como posible solución a tales deficiencias se propondrá una vuelta al análisis de los cursos de acción del juego tal y como plantea la etnometodología.
Construction of chimeric plasmids containing histone H5 cDNA from hen erythrocyte. DNA sequence of a fragment derived from the 5′ region of H5 mRNA (1982)

We report that construction and characterization of chicken erythrocyte histone H5 cDNA recombinant plasmids. cDNA was synthesized from poly(A)+ polysomal RNA enriched in H5 mRNA and inserted into the PstI site of pBR322. Several clones containing H5 cDNA sequences were obtained and one of them (p541), expressing H5 antigenic determinants, was sequenced. The DNA insert of p541 contains 118 nucleotides from the 5' non-translated region of H5 mRNA and sequences coding for up to residue 46 of the N-terminus of the arginine (position 15) H5 variant. There is a strikingly high number of repeated sequences both in the leader and coding region; among these, the octanucleotide 5' GCG GCG GC 3' is found five times along the sequence. Although the H5 mRNA 5' leader is GC-rich (66%), there is an AT-rich region, about 16 nucleotides long, which shares strong homology with the leaders of sea urchin histone H1 mRNAs.
Fetal porcine ventral mesencephalon grafts: dissection procedure and cellular characterization in culture (1995)

The objective of this study was to develop an optimal dissection procedure for fetal porcine ventral mesencephalon (VM) grafts and to characterize the cellular composition of such an explant, in particular with respect to the dopaminergic and GABAergic components. We have used a monolayer cell culture system to study and identify the various VM cell types. The in vitro development of the fetal VM cells and the effect of the addition of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was investigated during a culture period of 5 days. Extracellular dopamine levels were measured by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (LCEC). Our results indicate that the ratio of dopaminergic to GABAergic neurons changed in favour of the dopaminergic component when a more selective dissection technique was used. Although addition of BDNF to the cultures appeared to exert trophic influences on all the cellular components of pig fetal VM, this effect was most pronounced on the TH-positive cells. Highest extracellular DA levels were found in the VM culture with the addition of BDNF and when a more selective dissection method was used. Our in vitro findings suggest that porcine fetal dopaminergic cells retain their potential for development and outgrowth after proper explantation and dissociation. Anticipating on the results of ongoing transplantation studies in rat, they suggest that pig fetal VM can be a suitable alternative for the use of fetal human VM as a graft for Parkinson's disease.
TSV modeling and noise coupling in 3D IC (2010)

Through silicon via (TSV) is a promising vertical interconnection method to achieve a 3-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) system. However, TSV noise coupling becomes one of the most significant considerations due to the fine pitch integration with TSVs for the smaller form factor. Thus, electrical model of TSV is proposed which is valid up to 20GHz. With the proposed model of TSV, noise coupling model between TSVs is also presented by using 3D TLM method. As for the noise isolation methods between TSVs, p+ and deep n-well guard ring structure are proposed for the substrate noise coupling suppression. In addition, the effect of those proposed shielding techniques is studied in the frequency and time domain.
SUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION (1991)

Abstract In a typical suspension polymerization system, one or more water-insoluble monomers containing oil-solube initiator(s) are dispersed in the continuous aqueous phase by a combination of strong stirring and the use of small amounts of suspending agents (stabilizers). Suitable conditions of mechanical agitation are maintained while the monomer droplets are slowly converted from a highly mobile liquid state, through a sticky syrup-like dispersion (conversion 20–60%), to hard solid polymer particles (conversion > 70%) [1–3]. The stabilizers hinder the coalescence of the monomer droplets first, and later stabilize tHe polymer beads whose tendency to agglomerate may become critical when the polymerization has advanced to the point where the polymer beads become sticky.
Cellular selection leads to age-dependent and reversible down-regulation of transgenic immunoglobulin light chain genes (1989)

Analysis of immunoglobulin expression in mice transgenic for either a kappa light chain (driven by the kappa enhancer) or lambda light chain (driven by the IgH enhancer) revealed that the transgenic light chains are expressed by the majority of B lymphocytes in the neonatal mice. However, the proportion of B cells that express the transgenes at a detectable level decreases rapidly with age, with a concomitant increase in cells expressing rearrangements of one of the endogenous light chain loci. This appears to be the result of cellular selection. The down-regulation of transgene expression is not due to an irreversible mechanism as incubation of adult splenic lymphocytes with bacterial lipopolysaccharide leads to a rapid increase in the expression of the transgenic light chain on the B cell surface. In mice carrying the lambda transgene (but not in mice carrying the kappa transgene) the change with age in the pattern of transgene expression is accompanied by a shift towards B cells that do not express surface IgD. This shift towards IgM+/IgDlow B cells is also observed in mice transgenic for a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene linked to the IgH enhancer. This suggests that the down-regulation of IgD may either be due to the expression of a transgene that impairs B cell development or, alternatively, could be associated with the molecular events responsible for the down-regulation of IgH enhancer activity. The results also draw attention to the contribution of cellular selection in determining the pattern of expression of immunoglobulin transgenes and emphasize the importance of in vivo analysis of neonatal as well as adult transgenic mice.
<title>Smart Images using Digimarc's watermarking technology</title> (2000)

This paper introduces the concept of Smart Images and explains the use of watermarking technology in their implementation. A Smart Image is a digital or physical image that contains a digital watermark, which leads to further information about the image content via the Internet, communicates ownership rights and the procedure for obtaining usage rights, facilitates commerce, or instructs and controls other computer software or hardware. Thus, Smart Images, empowered by digital watermarking technology, act as active agents or catalysts which gracefully bridge both traditional and modern electronic commerce. This paper presents the use of Digimarc Corporation's watermarking technology to implement Smart Images. The paper presents an application that demonstrates how Smart Images facilitate both traditional and electronic commerce. The paper also analyzes the technological challenges to be faced for ubiquitous use of Smart Images.
Mutational analysis of the receptor-activating region of human parathyroid hormone (1991)

The first 4 residues of parathyroid hormone (PTH) are highly conserved in evolution and are important for biological activity. We randomly mutated codons 1-4 of human PTH (hPTH) with degenerate oligonucleotides and, after expression in COS cells, screened the mutants for receptor binding and cAMP-stimulating activity using ROS 17/2.8 cells. This survey identified Glu4 and Val2 as important determinants of receptor binding and activation, respectively. Positions 1 and 3 were more tolerant of substitutions indicating that these sites are less vital to hormone function. Activities of synthetic hPTH(1-34) analogs further demonstrated the importance of positions 2 and 4. The binding affinity of [Ala4,Tyr34] hPTH(1-34)NH2 was 100-fold reduced relative to [Tyr34]hPTH(1-34)NH2 (Kd values = 653 +/- 270 and 4 +/- 1 nM, respectively), and [Arg2, Tyr34]hPTH(1-34)NH2 was a weak partial agonist which bound well to the ROS cell receptor (Kd = 31 +/- 10 nM). The Arg2 analog was nearly as potent as PTH(3-34) as an in vitro PTH antagonist in osteoblast derived cells. However, unlike PTH(3-34), [Arg2]PTH was a full agonist in opossum kidney (OK) cells. These observations suggest that the activation domains of the OK and ROS cell PTH receptors are different. Thus, amino-terminal PTH analogs may be useful as probes for distinguishing properties of PTH receptors.
Comparison of Glioma-associated Antigen Peptide-loaded Versus Autologous Tumor Lysate-loaded Dendritic Cell Vaccination in Malignant Glioma Patients (2013)

Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination is emerging as a promising therapeutic option for malignant glioma patients. However, the optimal antigen formulation for loading these cells has yet to be established. The objective of this study was to compare the safety, feasibility, and immune responses of malignant glioma patients on 2 different DC vaccination protocols. Twenty-eight patients were treated with autologous tumor lysate (ATL)-pulsed DC vaccination, whereas 6 patients were treated with glioma-associated antigen (GAA) peptide-pulsed DCs. Safety, toxicity, feasibility, and correlative immune monitoring assay results were compared between patients on each trial. Because of HLA subtype restrictions on the GAA-DC trial, 6/15 screened patients were eligible for treatment, whereas 28/32 patients passed eligibility screening for the ATL-DC trial. Elevated frequencies of activated natural killer cells were observed in the peripheral blood from GAA-DC patients compared with the ATL-DC patients. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between decreased regulatory T lymphocyte (Treg) ratios (postvaccination/prevaccination) and overall survival (P = 0.004) in patients on both trials. In fact, Treg ratios were independently prognostic for overall survival in these patients, whereas tumor pathology was not in multivariate analyses. In conclusion, these results suggest that ATL-DC vaccination is associated with wider patient eligibility compared with GAA-DC vaccination. Decreased postvaccination/prevaccination Treg ratios and decreased frequencies of activated natural killer cells were associated with prolonged survival in patients from both trials, suggesting that these lymphocyte subsets may be relevant immune monitoring endpoints for immunotherapy protocols in malignant glioma patients.
Engineering Hot Spots for Affinity Enhancement of Antibodies (2003)

The potential of antibodies as magic bullets for targeting therapeutic drugs or imaging agents has been well-documented and is now an emerging area of molecular medicine. Because antibodies act first by binding to their specific antigens it is easy to envisage that the specific activity of antibody-based drugs depends to a large extent on the antigen-binding affinity of antibodies. For a variety of reasons under many circumstances instead of whole antibodies, smaller antigen-binding units of antibodies such as Fabs and Fvs are better suited to perform the job of the magic bullet. The conversion of whole antibodies into Fabs and Fvs (scFvs or dsFvs) is often associated with a drastic reduction in the antigen-binding affinity. It is therefore pertinent that for efficient use of Fvs as targeting agents their binding affinities need to be improved. Until the recent past there had been two different approaches to improve binding affinity of antibodies (whole IgGs, Fabs, and Fvs). One approach relied on the high-resolution crystal structure of antibody-antigen complex followed by engineering of key contact residues in the Fv portion to enhance the interaction. Although this approach is very logical and has greater chances of success, it is not readily feasible. The other approach that has been used to improve affinities of antibodies involved mutating the CDRs randomly or semirandomly and create large expression libraries (for example, scFv or Fab phagedisplay libraries), which served as a potential source of high-affinity variants. This approach has been used successfully several times and in fact has become the method of choice to improve antibody affinity. However, it requires the construction, maintenance, and handling of large and/or multiple phage-display libraries. These tasks require technical expertise and at times they can be time-consuming and expensive.
A Truncated P2X7 Receptor Variant (P2X7-j) Endogenously Expressed in Cervical Cancer Cells Antagonizes the Full-length P2X7 Receptor through Hetero-oligomerization (2006)

A truncated naturally occurring variant of the human receptor P2X7 was identified in cancer cervical cells. The novel protein (P2X7-j), a polypeptide of 258 amino acids, lacks the entire intracellular carboxyl terminus, the second transmembrane domain, and the distal third of the extracellular loop of the full-length P2X7 receptor. The P2X7-j was expressed in the plasma membrane; it showed diminished ligand-binding and channel function capacities and failed to form pores and mediate apoptosis in response to treatment with the P2X7 receptor agonist benzoyl-ATP. The P2X7-j interacted with the full-length P2X7 in a manner suggesting heterooligomerization and blocked the P2X7-mediated actions. Interestingly, P2X7-j immunoreactivity and mRNA expression were similar in lysates of human cancer and normal cervical tissues, but full-length P2X7 immunoreactivity and mRNA expression were higher in normal than in cancer tissues, and cancer tissues lacked 205-kDa P2X7 immunoreactivity suggesting lack of P2X7 homo(tri)-oligomerization. These results identify a novel P2X7 variant with apoptosis-inhibitory actions, and demonstrate a distinct regulatory property for a truncated variant to antagonize its full-length counterpart through hetero-oligomerization. This may represent a general paradigm for regulation of a protein function by its variant.
Solid-state disconnects based on SiC power JFETs (2011)

This work presents the development of a novel bidirectional Solid State Disconnect (SSD) module based on Silicon Carbide (SiC) Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFET) capable of a fast disconnect action upon reaching a preset value of the current through the SSD. Due to the superior properties of SiC material and the low on-resistance of the normally-on SiC JFET, a very low insertion loss can be realized for high power applications. For application in 10kW power systems an insertion loss of less than 0.7% was achieved with a current fall time of 0.26μs for trip currents of about 70A. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other solid-state disconnects available of comparable parameters.
Pharmaceutical particle technologies: An approach to improve drug solubility, dissolution and bioavailability (2014)

Pharmaceutical particle technology is employed to improve poor aqueous solubility of drug compounds that limits in vivo bioavailability owing to their low dissolution rate in the gastrointestinal fluids following oral administration. The particle technology involves several approaches from the conventional size reduction processes to the newer, novel particle technologies that modify the solubility properties of the drugs and produce solid, powdered form of the drugs that are readily soluble in water and can be easily formulated into various dosage forms. This review highlights the solid particle technologies available for improving solubility, dissolution and bioavailability of drugs with poor aqueous solubility.
Catalytic Polymerization and Post Polymerization Catalysis Fifty Years After the Discovery of Ziegler's Catalysts (2003)

Abstract During the 1950's the discoveries of Ziegler's organometallic catalyst systems and Natta's stereoselective olefin polymerization set the stage for extraordinary progress in polymer science and technology. Today advanced catalyst systems are available for catalytic carbon carbon bond formation by means of polyinsertion, metathesis, coupling reactions, and controlled radical polymerization. Modern catalytic olefin polymerization processes and polyolefins are environmentally friendly and meet the demands of a sustainable development. The architectures of homo‐ and copolymers based upon olefin, cycloolefin, diene, styrene and arene feed stocks are tailored as a function of single site catalysts' ligand frameworks. Polymer properties are varied over a very wide range, e.g., liquid/solid, rigid/soft, crystalline/amorphous/rubbery, permeable/impermeable, opaque/transparent, moldable/thermosetting, insulating/conducting. Advanced polymerization reaction engineering, copolymerization processes, reactor granule and reactor blend technologies, tailor‐made single site catalysts, catalyst blends and tandem catalysis improve property profiles, stability, morphology, and melt processing. Tuned cycloolefin polymers are new functional materials for electronic applications. Catalytic chain transfer (CCT) and atom transfer polymerization (ATRP) produce a variety of new functional polymers, reactive oligomers, and block copolymers. Aqueous polyolefin emulsions are obtained when catalytic olefin polymerization is performed in nanodroplets of catalyst miniemulsions. The scope of catalytic polymerization and post polymerization catalysis is progressing well beyond the frontiers of commodity polyolefin manufacturing. Advanced catalytic processes produce polar polymers such as polyethers, polyketones, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyaramids, and polyimides. The new phosgene free polycarbonate syntheses are based upon the palladium catalyzed oxidative carbonylation. This overview highlights history, recent progress and modern trends in catalytic polymerization and catalytic polymer modification illustrated by selected examples. Ziegler's glass reactor for performing his Mülheim low pressure ethylene polymerization. The reactor is on display at the Max Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung in Mülheim (this picture was made available by courtesy of G. Fink). magnified image Ziegler's glass reactor for performing his Mülheim low pressure ethylene polymerization. The reactor is on display at the Max Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung in Mülheim (this picture was made available by courtesy of G. Fink).