gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2) in the Immune Response to an Intracellular Pathogen (1998)

The costimulatory ligands CD80 and CD86 play a crucial role in the initiation and maintenance of an immune response. We demonstrate that whereas infection of human monocytes with viable tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii resulted in rapid induction of expression of CD80 and up-regulation of expression of CD86, incubation with killed organisms failed to alter the levels of expression of these costimulatory ligands. The T. gondii-mediated changes in levels of expression of these molecules are critical to the T cell response to the parasite. Proliferation of resting T cells in response to parasite-infected cells was dependent on both CD80 and CD86. More importantly, early production of IFN-gamma in response to T. gondii by T cells from T. gondii-seronegative individuals occurred only after stimulation with monocytes that exhibited increased expression of CD80 and CD86 (monocytes infected with viable parasites) and was almost completely ablated by the combination of anti-CD80 plus anti-CD86 mAb. Moreover, proliferation and IFN-gamma production by CD4+ CD45RA+ T cells from unexposed individuals were dependent on both CD80 and CD86. These data indicate that pathogen-monocyte interaction influences the ensuing T cell response.
Prognostic value of miR-155 in individuals with monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and patients with B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (2013)

Noncoding RNAs play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We hypothesized that microRNAs (miRs) are involved in the transition from monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) to CLL and tested miR-15a/16-1 cluster, miR-21, and miR-155 expression in purified B cells of normal individuals, individuals with MBL, and patients with CLL. When we analyzed 224 samples from 2 independent training and validation cohorts, we found that miR-155 was overexpressed in B cells from individuals with MBL, and even more so in B cells from patients with CLL, when compared with B cells from normal individuals. Furthermore, we were able to identify miR-155 in circulating microvesicles from both individuals with MBL and patients with CLL. Next, to examine the prognostic role of miR-155, we measured its expression level in plasma samples collected before treatment initiation in 228 patients with CLL. We found significantly higher miR-155 expression levels in patients who failed to achieve a complete response compared with those who experienced complete response. Our findings support the use of cellular and plasma levels of miR-155 as biomarkers for the risk of progression in individuals with MBL, as well as to identify patients with CLL who may not respond well to therapy.
Analysis of peptides derived from Pro Atrial Natriuretic Peptide that circulate in man and increase in heart disease (1998)

The present investigation was designed to determine the levels and circulating forms of peptides derived from Pro Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ProANP) and to assess their usefulness as markers for severity of heart disease. A sensitive and specific "two-site" immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for the measurement of C-terminal ProANP 99-126 (alpha ANP) and two radioimmunoassays (RIAs) for the measurement of N-terminal ProANP 31-67 and ProANP 79-98 were developed. Immunoassays were validated by measurement of circulating peptide concentrations in 15 normal volunteers and 44 patients with varying degrees of heart disease. Mean concentrations of immunoreactive (ir) alpha ANP, ProANP 79-98 and ProANP 31-67 in normal volunteers (n = 15) were 8.5 +/- 1.1, 143 +/- 16 and 587 +/- 83 pmoles/l, respectively, increasing in patients with mild heart disease (NYHA I to II; n = 22) to 17.1 +/- 2.1, 691 +/- 197 and 2160 +/- 540 pmoles/l with greatest increases being observed in patients with severe heart disease (NYHA III to IV; n = 22) of 103 +/- 23, 4550 +/- 590 and 10,600 +/- 1350 pmoles/l, respectively. RP-HPLC of pooled plasma revealed peaks corresponding to alpha ANP, beta ANP, ProANP 1-126, ProANP 1-98, ProANP 31-67 and ProANP 79-98, all apparently increased in heart disease. In conclusion, using a series of immunoassays, we observed the graded increase of alpha ANP, irProANP 31-67 and irProANP 79-98 with increasing severity of heart disease. All peptides proved useful markers, but only ProANP 79-98 levels were able to distinguish patients with mild heart disease (NYHA I) from normals. Finally, RP-HPLC analysis indicated that ProANPs 31-67 and 79-98 circulate as distinct entities, in addition to ProANP 1-98.
Assays for the Interferon-Induced Enzyme 2′,5′ Oligoadenylate Synthetases (2005)

Inhibition of protein synthesis by interferon treatment is mediated by two major pathways: the 2'-5'-linked oligoadenylates [2-5 (A)] synthetase-RNase L pathway and the double-stranded ribonucleic acid-dependent protein kinase-mediated pathway. 2-5 (A) synthetases are unique interferon-inducible enzymes that, upon activation by double-stranded RNA, polymerize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to 2-5 (A) synthases. These 2-5 (A) synthetases bind and activate the latent RNase L, causing RNA degradation. In addition to the three major size classes of enzymatically active oligoadenylate synthetase proteins, at least one inactive oligoadenylate synthetase is known in human and mouse. Structure-function studies and recent crystal structure determination have identified several distinct sites in these proteins responsible for different biochemical functions. RNase L is the only known protein that binds to 2-5 (A) synthetases with very high affinity. Gene knockout studies of RNase L have identified its role in antiviral actions of interferon and in apoptosis. Recently, it has also been implicated in prostate cancer metastasis. In this chapter we describe several methodologies for studying biochemical and physiological properties of the 2-5 (A) synthetase-RNase L pathway.
PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION OF VOLATILE FLAVOR COMPOUNDS IN THE NEUTRAL FRACTION OF ROAST BEEF (1979)

ABSTRACT The volatile flavor compounds (VFC) in the neutral fraction of roast beef flavor isolate were identified in this study. The VFC from 150 lb of eye round roast beef were isolated and separated into acidic, basic and neutral fractions. Since the latter fraction was the only one to have a pleasant roast beef‐like aroma, it was the only fraction further analyzed. The components of the neutral VFC fraction were separated into relatively pure subfractions by repetitive gas chromatography and collection in “hairpin” cold traps. The relatively pure subfractions were then analyzed by GC‐MS combination. More than 120 compounds were identified including a number of lactones, substituted aromatic compounds, furan compounds, and sulfur‐containing compounds. The aforementioned classes of compounds may play significant roles in the roast beef flavor.
In Vitro Effect of 1-β- d -Ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-Triazole-3-Carboxamide (Virazole, ICN 1229) on Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Ribonucleic Acid Viruses (1973)

Virazole (1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) is a highly soluble new synthetic nucleoside having significant, reproducible activity against a broad spectrum of deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid viruses in vitro. The drug inhibited viral cytopathogenic effects in monolayers of cells infected for 3 days with type 3 adeno, types 1 and 2 herpes, myxoma, cytomegalo, vaccinia, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, types 1A, 2, 8, 13, and 56 rhino, types 1 and 3 parainfluenza, vesicular stomatitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, Semliki Forest, Newcastle disease, and measles viruses. Hemagglutinin production by influenza A(2), influenza B, and type 1 parainfluenza viruses in chicken embryo cells was reduced by Virazole treatment. Recoverable intra- and extracellular virus titers were reduced by the drug in experiments with type 1 herpes, vaccinia, type 3 parainfluenza, and vesicular stomatitis viruses. Plaque formation by type 1 herpesvirus was also inhibited by exposure of the infected cells to Virazole. Pretreatment of cells with the compound, followed by its removal before addition of type 1 herpesvirus, severely lessened the antiviral activity; the compound was still moderately effective in reducing the viral effects on the cells when added as long as 22 hr after the virus. Parallel experiments, in which the antiviral activity of a number of known active drugs was compared, indicated Virazole to have at least a comparable degree of activity, and it was also active against a wider variety of viruses than any of these known active materials. The CCED(50) of Virazole to chicken embryo cells was approximately 1,000 mug/ml, although concentrations as low as 10 mug/ml caused slight (15%) inhibition in total cellular protein after 72 hr of incubation.
The Planning Process (1992)

Planning procedures in the construction industry appear to vary widely between companies. They tend to be governed by the following factors
Chemical Modification of Reactive Multilayered Films Fabricated from Poly(2-alkenyl azlactone)s: Design of Surfaces that Prevent or Promote Mammalian Cell Adhesion and Bacterial Biofilm Growth (2009)

We report an approach to the design of reactive polymer films that can be functionalized post-fabrication to either prevent or promote the attachment and growth of cells. Our approach is based on the reactive layer-by-layer assembly of covalently crosslinked thin films using a synthetic polyamine and a polymer containing reactive azlactone functionality. Our results demonstrate (i) that the residual azlactone functionality in these films can be exploited to immobilize amine-functionalized chemical motifs similar to those that promote or prevent cell and protein adhesion when assembled as self-assembled monolayers on gold-coated surfaces and (ii) that the immobilization of these motifs changes significantly the behaviors and interactions of cells with the surfaces of these polymer films. We demonstrate that films treated with the hydrophobic molecule decylamine support the attachment and growth of mammalian cells in vitro. In contrast, films treated with the hydrophilic carbohydrate d-glucamine prevent cell adhesion and growth almost completely. The results of additional experiments suggest that these large differences in cell behavior can be understood, at least in part, in terms of differences in the abilities of these two different chemical motifs to promote or prevent the adsorption of protein onto film-coated surfaces. We demonstrate further that this approach can be used to pattern regions of these reactive films that resist the initial attachment and subsequent invasion of mammalian cells for periods of at least one month in the presence of serum-containing cell culture media. Finally, we report that films that prevent the adhesion and growth of mammalian cells also prevent the initial formation of bacterial biofilms when incubated in the presence of the clinically relevant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The results of these studies, collectively, suggest the basis of general approaches to the fabrication and functionalization of thin films that prevent, promote, or pattern cell growth or the formation of biofilms on surfaces of interest in the contexts of both fundamental biological studies and a broad range of other practical applications.
Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus RNA in Plasma during the Course of Infection (2005)

We examined severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) RNA in plasma of 32 patients (probable SARS cases) by a quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay and reported that the highest detection rate, 75%, was found between day 5 and day 7 of illness, followed by rates of 64, 50, and 38% found between day 8 and day 11, day 2 and day 4, and day 12 and day 16, respectively. Analysis of sequential SARS-CoV load in plasma from six cases revealed different patterns of viremia, with the peak between day 4 and day 8. Our findings of the high detection rate of SARS-CoV RNA in plasma before day 11, together with the relative convenience of collecting and handling plasma, suggest that plasma can be used for early diagnosis of SARS.
Normalized cuts and image segmentation (2002)

We propose a novel approach for solving the perceptual grouping problem in vision. Rather than focusing on local features and their consistencies in the image data, our approach aims at extracting the global impression of an image. We treat image segmentation as a graph partitioning problem and propose a novel global criterion, the normalized cut, for segmenting the graph. The normalized cut criterion measures both the total dissimilarity between the different groups as well as the total similarity within the groups. We show that an efficient computational technique based on a generalized eigenvalue problem can be used to optimize this criterion. We have applied this approach to segmenting static images and found results very encouraging.
Differentiation and interaction of tibial versus spinal nerve stimulation for micturition control in the rat (2013)

Based on the current experiments, it would appear that SN neuromodulation of bladder activity is preferable to TN stimulation and there is no evidence to suggest that stimulation at both sites would offer a therapeutic advantage over spinal stimulation alone.
Glucose metabolism in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant human breast cancer cells monitored by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. (1988)

Glucose utilization and lactate production have been monitored as a function of time using 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy and [13C1]-glucose with perfused wild type MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and a drug-resistant (AdrR) cell line derived from them. Compared to wild type cells, AdrR cells exhibited an enhanced (3-fold) rate of glycolysis, indicating an increased demand for ATP production. We have investigated the effects of glucose depletion and azide, an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation, on the levels of intracellular phosphates (Pi, ATP) and intracellular pH using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy and on the rates of glycolysis. In both cell lines, ATP levels and the rates of glucose utilization and lactate production were invariant in the presence of azide. ATP production, especially in AdrR cells, was highly dependent on active glucose metabolism. The results of these direct measurements confirm that these cells survive by predominantly utilizing glycolysis. Glutamate and myo-inositol were observed in 13C spectra of acid extracts of AdrR but not wild type cells. Both metabolites are potential substrates in drug detoxification. These differences in rates of glycolysis, ATP production, and the production of certain metabolites may reflect metabolic adaptations associated with the development of drug resistance.
Age-related changes in BAFF and APRIL profiles and upregulation of BAFF and APRIL expression in patients with primary antibody deficiency (2008)

In some patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and immunoglobulin (Ig) A deficiency (IgAD), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family receptor transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) gene mutations have been reported. B cells from individuals with TACI mutations do not produce IgG and IgA in response to the TACI ligand a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) which probably suggests impaired isotype switching. To clarify the pathogenesis of CVID and IgAD of Japanese patients, we investigated the mutations of TNF family members TACI, APRIL, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) and BAFF receptor (BAFF-R) genes and the expression levels of BAFF and APRIL in patients with CVID, IgAD and X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA). We also investigated the relationship between age and the blood plasma levels of BAFF and APRIL. The causative gene mutations of TNF family members in our patients were not detected. In healthy subjects, the BAFF and APRIL plasma levels correlated inversely with age. The BAFF and APRIL plasma levels of patients with CVID, IgAD and XLA were significantly higher than those of healthy children. Elevated BAFF and APRIL expression levels might partially reflect the common immunological feature of primary antibody deficiency.
A 5GHz CMOS Low Phase Noise Transformer Power Combining VCO (2006)

A transformer based power combining technique is shown to be an efficient method for reducing VCO phase noise. Higher signal power and resonator Q can be achieved while avoiding breakdown without penalty in tuning range. A CMOS process was used to fabricate the 5GHz VCO. This VCO has a 4dB improvement in phase noise and 2dB improvement in FOM over a simple LC VCO. The phase noise at 1 MHz offset is -125 dBc/Hz. The VCO dissipates 5.5mA with 17.6% tuning range at a 1.5V supply voltage.
Bone marrow and peripheral blood involvement in mantle cell lymphoma (1998)

The peripheral blood smears, bone marrow aspirates and biopsies of 46 patients with mantle cell lymphoma were reviewed. The diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma was established in all cases on extramedullary tissue samples using standard morphologic, phenotypic and molecular genetic criteria. 27/35 patients (77%) had circulating lymphoma cells (median 200%m of all circulating white blood cells; range 5-90%) identified by morphology at some point during the course of their disease. No statistical difference in survival was detected in patients with or without peripheral blood involvement. Lymphoma was identified in bone marrow aspirate specimens from 33/40 patients (83%) and in bone marrow biopsy specimens from 39/43 patients (91%). The pattern of marrow biopsy involvement was nodular (31 cases; 82%), interstitial (19 cases; 50%), paratrabecular (17 cases, 45%) and diffuse (12 cases; 32%). Although the median survival of patients with > or = 50% bone marrow involvement was 13 months, and the median survival of patients with < or = 50% was 49 months; no statistically significant differences between these small subgroups were observed. Mantle cell lymphoma frequently involves the peripheral blood and bone marrow. Its appearance is distinctive but variable, and immunophenotypic studies as well as morphologic confirmation by a biopsy of tissue other than bone marrow is still required for diagnosis.
A U-Rich Element in the 5′ Untranslated Region Is Necessary for the Translation of p27 mRNA (2000)

Increased translation of p27 mRNA correlates with withdrawal of cells from the cell cycle. This raised the possibility that antimitogenic signals might mediate their effects on p27 expression by altering complexes that formed on p27 mRNA, regulating its translation. In this report, we identify a U-rich sequence in the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of p27 mRNA that is necessary for efficient translation in proliferating and nonproliferating cells. We show that a number of factors bind to the 5'UTR in vitro in a manner dependent on the U-rich element, and their availability in the cytosol is controlled in a growth- and cell cycle-dependent fashion. One of these factors is HuR, a protein previously implicated in mRNA stability, transport, and translation. Another is hnRNP C1 and C2, proteins implicated in mRNA processing and the translation of a specific subset of mRNAs expressed in differentiated cells. In lovastatin-treated MDA468 cells, the mobility of the associated hnRNP C1 and C2 proteins changed, and this correlated with increased p27 expression. Together, these data suggest that the U-rich dependent RNP complex on the 5'UTR may regulate the translation of p27 mRNA and may be a target of antimitogenic signals.
Cytosolic re-localization and optimization of valine synthesis and catabolism enables increased isobutanol production with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2012)

A cytosolic isobutanol production pathway was successfully established in yeast by re-localization and optimization of mitochondrial valine synthesis enzymes together with overexpression of Aro10 decarboxylase and Adh2 alcohol dehydrogenase. Driving forces were generated by blocking competition with the mitochondrial valine pathway and by omitting valine from the fermentation medium. Additional deletion of pyruvate decarboxylase genes and engineering of co-factor imbalances should lead to even higher isobutanol production.
Anticancer effects of genistein, green tea catechins, and cordycepin on oral squamous cell carcinoma (2008)

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most frequent form of oral cancer and holds the eighth position in the cancer incidence ranking. OSCC patients are treated by classical therapeutic modalities consisting of surgery, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy. But OSCC still shows significant mortality rates. Thus, new therapeutic approaches have been investigated and the most promising one is naturally acquired agents with known anti-cancer effects. Genistein is a compound extracted from soy bean. Its anti-cancer effect on breast cancer is well established now and it is investigated whether it has similar effect on OSCC. It inhibited the growth and invasiveness of OSCC cells in vitro, but these effects did not work in living animals in vivo. Catechin is a compound from green tea and its anticancer effect on OSCC is known better than other agents. Catechin showed its anti-cancer effect in vitro via induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of growth, and down-regulation of invasion/metastasis. These effects were confirmed in vivo with mouse model. Cordycepin is one of major pharmacologically important components in Cordyceps Militaris and may exert its anti-cancer effect as an adenosine receptor agonist. In recent study, it inhibited the proliferation of OSCC cells via A3 adenosine receptor. But because there is very scarce evidence on this effect, more researches are needed on this theme.
Interleukin-1β Immunoreactivity and Microglia Are Enhanced in the Rat Hippocampus by Focal Kainate Application: Functional Evidence for Enhancement of Electrographic Seizures (1999)

Using immunocytochemistry and ELISA, we investigated the production of interleukin (IL)-1beta in the rat hippocampus after focal application of kainic acid inducing electroencephalographic (EEG) seizures and CA3 neuronal cell loss. Next, we studied whether EEG seizures per se induced IL-1beta and microglia changes in the hippocampus using bicuculline as a nonexcitotoxic convulsant agent. Finally, to address the functional role of this cytokine, we measured the effect of human recombinant (hr)IL-1beta on seizure activity as one marker of the response to kainate. Three and 24 hr after unilateral intrahippocampal application of 0.19 nmol of kainate, IL-1beta immunoreactivity was enhanced in glia in the injected and the contralateral hippocampi. At 24 hr, IL-1beta concentration increased by 16-fold (p < 0.01) in the injected hippocampus. Reactive microglia was enhanced with a pattern similar to IL-1beta immunoreactivity. Intrahippocampal application of 0.77 nmol of bicuculline methiodide, which induces EEG seizures but not cell loss, enhanced IL-1beta immunoreactivity and microglia, although to a less extent and for a shorter time compared with kainate. One nanogram of (hr)IL-1beta intrahippocampally injected 10 min before kainate enhanced by 226% the time spent in seizures (p < 0.01). This effect was blocked by coinjection of 1 microgram (hr)IL-1beta receptor antagonist or 0.1 ng of 3-((+)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonate, selective antagonists of IL-1beta and NMDA receptors, respectively. Thus, convulsant and/or excitotoxic stimuli increase the production of IL-1beta in microglia-like cells in the hippocampus. In addition, exogenous application of IL-1beta prolongs kainate-induced hippocampal EEG seizures by enhancing glutamatergic neurotransmission.