gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cold-induced alterations of phospholipid fatty acyl composition in brown adipose tissue mitochondria are independent of uncoupling protein-1 (2007)

The recruitment process induced by acclimation of mammals to cold includes a marked alteration in the acyl composition of the phospholipids of mitochondria from brown adipose tissue: increases in 18:0, 18:2(n-6), and 20:4(n-6) and decreases in 16:0, 16:1, 18:1, and 22:6(n-3). A basic question is whether these alterations are caused by changes in the concentration of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) or the thermogenesis it mediates-implying that they are secondary effects-or whether they are an integrated, independent part of the recruitment process. This question was addressed here using wild-type and UCP1-ablated C57BL/6 mice acclimated to 24 degrees C or 4 degrees C. In wild-type mice, the phospholipid fatty acyl composition of mitochondria from brown adipose tissue showed the changes in response to cold that were expected from observations in other species and strains. The changes were specific, as different changes occurred in skeletal muscle mitochondria. In UCP1-ablated mice, cold acclimation induced acyl alterations in brown adipose tissue that were qualitatively identical and quantitatively similar to those in wild-type mice. Therefore, neither the increased content of UCP1 nor mitochondrial uncoupling altered the effect of cold on acyl composition. Cold acclimation in wild-type mice had little effect on phospholipid acyl composition in muscle mitochondria, but cold-acclimation in UCP1-ablated mice caused significant alterations, probably due to sustained shivering. Thus, the alterations in brown adipose tissue phospholipid acyl composition are revealed to be an independent part of the recruitment process, and their functional significance for thermogenesis should be elucidated.
Short-term Effects of Phytoestrogen-rich Diet on Postmenopausal Women (1997)

AbstractExperimental and epidemiologic evidence support the hypothesis that phytoestrogens have both estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects in humans. The authors investigated the effects of short-term (12 weeks) dietary intervention with phytoestrogen-rich diet on menopausal symptoms and serum level
A hybrid framework combining background subtraction and deep neural networks for rapid person detection (2018)

Currently, the number of surveillance cameras is rapidly increasing responding to security issues. But constructing an intelligent detection system is not easy because it needs high computing performance. This study aims to construct a real-world video surveillance system that can effectively detect moving person using limited resources. To this end, we propose a simple framework to detect and recognize moving objects using outdoor CCTV video footages by combining background subtraction and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). A background subtraction algorithm is first applied to each video frame to find the regions of interest (ROIs). A CNN classification is then carried out to classify the obtained ROIs into one of the predefined classes. Our approach much reduces the computation complexity in comparison to other object detection algorithms. For the experiments, new datasets are constructed by filming alleys and playgrounds, places where crimes are likely to occur. Different image sizes and experimental settings are tested to construct the best classifier for detecting people. The best classification accuracy of 0.85 was obtained for a test set from the same camera with training set and 0.82 with different cameras.
Co-morbid major depression and generalized anxiety disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey follow-up (2007)

The existence of differences in risk factors for GAD and MDE argues against the view that the two disorders are merely different manifestations of a single underlying internalizing syndrome or that GAD is merely a prodrome, residual, or severity marker of MDE.
Optimal induction of tumor necrosis factor production in human monocytes requires complete S-form lipopolysaccharide (1989)

Endotoxin derived from Serratia marcescens, as well as a hydrolyzed polysaccharide-rich derivative from the bacteria similar to the White-type polysaccharide (WPS), and hydrolyzed split products of endotoxin, including Lipid A and the nontoxic polysaccharide (PS), were studied in terms of their ability to induce mitogenic proliferation of murine spleen cells in vitro and enhancement of antibody formation to sheep erythrocytes. The intact endotoxin and the Lipid A component induced marked proliferative activity of normal lymphoid cells, but the PS components obtained after a 30 min or longer mild hydrolysis of the endotoxin had much less mitogenic activity. The WPS preparation retained mitogenic activity after 30 min but lost it during continued hydrolysis. Nevertheless, all of the components were marked adjuvants for murine spleen cells in vitro in terms of enhancing the antibody response to sheep red cells. Both the intact endotoxin as well as the Lipid A component induced interleukin-1 and interferons, including alpha/beta and gamma, following stimulation of spleen cell cultures for 24 h in vitro. Although only the endotoxin and Lipid A, but not the PS components, were mitogenic for murine splenocytes, all of these preparations had immune adjuvant effects and induced spleen cells to produce or release interferons. However, the PS-rich derivative did not induce tumor necrosis factor. These distinct properties of components of endotoxin indicate that the nontoxic PS-rich derivative, as compared to the toxic endotoxin or Lipid A, has some immunostimulatory activities but lacks others.
Localized laser etching of compound semiconductors in aqueous solution (1982)

A laser-based technique for rapid, anisotropic etching of compound semiconductors is described. Both holes for through-wafer vias and high-resolution diffraction gratings have been made with the process.
Bilayer Mechanical Properties Regulate the Transmembrane Helix Mobility and Enzymatic State of CD39 (2006)

CD39 can exist in at least two distinct functional states depending on the presence and intact membrane integration of its two transmembrane helices. In native membranes, the transmembrane helices undergo dynamic rotational motions that are required for enzymatic activity and are regulated by substrate binding. In this study, we show that bilayer mechanical properties regulate conversion between the two enzymatic functional states by modulating transmembrane helix dynamics. Alteration of membrane properties by insertion of cone-shaped or inverse cone-shaped amphiphiles or by cholesterol removal switches CD39 to the same enzymatic state that removal or solubilization of the transmembrane domains does. The same membrane alterations increase the propensity of both transmembrane helices to rotate within the packed structure, resulting in a structure with greater mobility but not an altered primary conformation. Membrane alteration also abolishes the ability of the substrate to stabilize the helices in their primary conformation, indicating a loss of coupling between substrate binding and transmembrane helix dynamics. Removal of either transmembrane helix mimics the effect of membrane alteration on the mobility and substrate sensitivity of the remaining helix, suggesting that the ends of the extracellular domain have intrinsic flexibility. We suggest that a mechanical bilayer property, potentially elasticity, regulates CD39 by altering the balance between the stability and flexibility of its transmembrane helices and, in turn, of its active site.
Capital Markets Trading Floors, Current Practice (1995)

Financial trading has been described as technological warfare. Whether or not you believe the metaphor, trading systems certainly involve a tremendous need for highly reliable, interruption free, real-time data.

Real-time, in this case, means presented accurately and without delay. Current practice of medium to large trading floors often involves Unix based workstations and significant attention to reliability. There are issues to be addressed during the construction of the physical facility, the planning and installation of the systems, and various rules of the road for support personnel. This paper attempts to address many of these areas.

In this paper some of today's common practices and the rationale behind them will be described. It is the goal to take some of the mystery of out the black art of trading floor design and support.

The ideas in this paper have been installed on several of the largest trading floors in Boston, MA (USA) covering the market segments of Foreign Exchange (F/X), derivatives, equities, fixed income, and (US) government securities. The only market segment not represented is commodities.
Beam transformation techinques for ultrasonic medical imaging (1993)

Data acquisition rates in pulsed ultrasound scanners are limited by the speed of sound in the human body. This poses severe limitations to the design of future ultrasound equipment, such as 3-D imaging scanners. The authors describe a technique for higher data acquisition rates based on the simultaneous transmission of multiple beams. By using a linear combination of the received beams, interbeam interference due to the sidelobe energy of the transmitting beams can be significantly reduced. The transformation coefficients are found by using a least squares minimization criterion. A simulation environment used for the evaluation of the authors' methodologies and various simulation results are presented.
Anti-Biofilm Efficacy of Dual-Action Nitric Oxide-Releasing Alkyl Chain Modified Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers (2015)

Herein, we describe the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing alkyl chain modified poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers of various sizes (i.e., generations). Generation 1 (G1) through generation 4 (G4) dendrimers were modified with either short (i.e., butyl) or medium (i.e., hexyl) alkyl chains via a ring-opening reaction. The resulting secondary amines were subsequently modified with N-diazeniumdiolate NO donors to establish NO payloads of ∼1.0 μmol/mg. The bactericidal efficacy of these dendrimers was evaluated against Gram-negative and Gram-positive biofilms, including antibiotic-resistant strains. The anti-biofilm action of the dendrimer biocides was found to be dependent on dendrimer generation, bacterial Gram class, and alkyl chain length, with the most effective biofilm eradication occurring when antibacterial agents were capable of efficient biofilm infiltration. The addition of NO release markedly enhanced anti-biofilm activity of dendrimers incapable of effective biofilm penetration.
Dynamical stability and quantum chaos of ions in a linear trap (2000)

The realization of a paradigm chaotic system, namely, the harmonically driven oscillator, in the quantum domain using cold trapped ions driven by lasers is theoretically investigated. The simplest characteristics of regular and chaotic dynamics are calculated. The possibilities of experimental realization are discussed.
Analysis of platelet-derived growth factor receptor domain function using a novel chimeric receptor approach (1991)

A chimeric receptor consisting of an epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor ligand-binding domain and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor transmembrane and cytoplasmic signalling domains has been constructed and shown to be fully functional in phosphorylation, mitogenesis, transformation, Ca2+ release, and pH change assays. Expression of this receptor in EGF receptor-deficient, PDGF-responsive NIH 3T3 cells allows the activation of PDGF signalling pathways by EGF. This system was used to examine the function of kinase insertion sequences (KIS). While a mutant with a KIS deletion of 83 amino acids displayed a significant but reduced ability to induce mitogenic, transforming, and Ca2+ release responses in transfected cells, deletion of 20 additional amino acids resulted in abolishment of such activities. This differential loss of signalling potential correlated with the reduced or abolished potential of these receptor mutants to phosphorylate cellular substrates such as PLC gamma. Our results suggest an integral role for KIS in PDGF receptor cytoplasmic domain conformation and an involvement in substrate interaction, but provide no evidence for an exclusive role of KIS in the mediation of biological signals.
Fluorescent DNAzyme Biosensors for Metal Ions Based on Catalytic Molecular Beacons (2006)

In this chapter, methods for designing metal ion sensors using fluorophore- and quencher-labeled DNAzymes are discussed. In contrast to the classical molecular beacon method based on binding, the methods described here utilize catalytic cleavage to release the fluorophore for detection and quantification, making it possible to take advantage of catalytic turnovers for signal amplification. Unlike classical molecular beacons that detect only nucleic acids, catalytic molecular beacons can be applied to different DNAzymes to detect a broad range of analytes. The methods described are based on the finding that almost all known trans-cleaving DNAzymes share a similar structure comprised of a catalytic DNAzyme core flanked by two substrate recognition arms. Using a typical DNAzyme called the "8-17" DNAzyme as an example, the design of highly sensitive and selective Pb2+ sensors is described in detail. The initial design employs a single fluorophore-quencher pair in close proximity, with the fluorophore on the 5'-end of the substrate and the quencher on the 3'-end of the enzyme. Although this sensor is highly sensitive and selective at 4 degrees C, high background fluorescence is observed at higher temperatures. Therefore a new design with an additional quencher attached to the 3'-end of the substrate is employed to suppress background fluorescence. The dual quencher method allows the sensor to perform at ambient temperatures with a high signal-to-noise ratio.
Microwave imaging of tissue blood content changes (1991)

Active microwave imaging gives information on the dielectric properties of of the body, allowing the collection of data that are distinct from, but complementary to, those available from other imaging methods based on different radiations. Two types of microwave imaging systems have been developed. The first is a planar system that irradiates the object with a plane wave and collects scattered phase and amplitude data at 1024 points on a parallel plane. The data can be reconstructed using a back propagation technique to give an image of the object. The second type of system is a tomographic scanner, consisting of a multiplexed 64-element circular array of waveguides. The waveguides are electronically scanned, alternately as sources and receivers, to give a complete scan of the object with no mechanical movement. A tomographic 'slice' of the object is reconstructed using spectral domain interpolation. Both systems work at 2.45 GHz with an incident power less than 1 mW cm-2 at the object and require a coupling medium (usually water) between the object and the source/receiver. Imaging parameters are appropriate for clinical use: a spatial resolution of 1 cm, measurement time of a few seconds and contrast resolution of around 1%. The effects of changes in perfusion on images of isolated animal organs are presented. Images have also been obtained, with both systems, of the internal dielectric structure of the forearm and of variations in dielectric properties due to changes of tissue blood content effected by application and release of tourniquets to the upper arm. Results show that these changes are well demonstrated by microwave imaging, and possible clinical applications are discussed.
Vaccination with a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding a “self” antigen induces autoimmune vitiligo and tumor cell destruction in mice: Requirement for CD4+T lymphocytes (1999)

Many human and mouse tumor antigens are normal, nonmutated tissue differentiation antigens. Consequently, immunization with these "self" antigens could induce autoimmunity. When we tried to induce immune responses to five mouse melanocyte differentiation antigens, gp100, MART-1, tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related proteins (TRP) 1 and TRP-2, we observed striking depigmentation and melanocyte destruction only in the skin of mice inoculated with a vaccinia virus encoding mouse TRP-1. These mice rejected a lethal challenge of B16 melanoma, indicating the immune response against TRP-1 could destroy both normal and malignant melanocytes. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for TRP-1 could not be detected in depigmented mice, but high titers of IgG anti-TRP-1 antibodies were present. Experiments with knockout mice revealed an absolute dependence on major histocompatibility complex class II, but not major histocompatibility complex class I, for the induction of both vitiligo and tumor protection. Together, these results suggest that the deliberate induction of self-reactivity using a recombinant viral vector can lead to tumor destruction, and that in this model, CD4(+) T lymphocytes are an integral part of this process. Vaccine strategies targeting tissue differentiation antigens may be valuable in cancers arising from nonessential cells and organs such as melanocytes, prostate, testis, breast, and ovary.
Volume Cytometry:  Microfluidic Sensor for High-Throughput Screening in Real Time (2005)

Regulation of cell volume was one of the earliest evolutionary demands for life and remains a universal measure of cell metabolism. Since conventional methods to measure cell volume, such as microscopy, are complex and time-consuming, cell volume has not been used as the basis for cell-based screening. We have developed a microfabricated chip that can measure the volume of small numbers of cells in real time with unprecedented resolution. The method is applicable to adherent or suspended populations of cells and membrane-bound organelles. Our prototype device can detect volume changes in a monolayer of tissue-cultured astrocytes responding to anisotonic stimuli of <1mOsm. We determined the sensitivity to antibiotics of different E. coli strains in <10 min at 24 degrees C. This time can be reduced at higher temperatures enabling on-site clinical testing of infectious agents. Using the chip to screen natural products, we found a peptide in spider venom that inhibits eukaryotic volume regulation at approximately 100pM. The prototype chip made in silicon is inexpensive, reusable, and runs on low-voltage electrical power. The technology can be readily transferred to large arrays in plastic.
Multimodal nanoparticle imaging agents: design and applications (2017)

Molecular imaging, where the location of molecules or nanoscale constructs can be tracked in the body to report on disease or biochemical processes, is rapidly expanding to include combined modality or multimodal imaging. No single imaging technique can offer the optimum combination of properties (e.g. resolution, sensitivity, cost, availability). The rapid technological advances in hardware to scan patients, and software to process and fuse images, are pushing the boundaries of novel medical imaging approaches, and hand-in-hand with this is the requirement for advanced and specific multimodal imaging agents. These agents can be detected using a selection from radioisotope, magnetic resonance and optical imaging, among others. Nanoparticles offer great scope in this area as they lend themselves, via facile modification procedures, to act as multifunctional constructs. They have relevance as therapeutics and drug delivery agents that can be tracked by molecular imaging techniques with the particular development of applications in optically guided surgery and as radiosensitizers. There has been a huge amount of research work to produce nanoconstructs for imaging, and the parameters for successful clinical translation and validation of therapeutic applications are now becoming much better understood. It is an exciting time of progress for these agents as their potential is closer to being realized with translation into the clinic. The coming 5-10 years will be critical, as we will see if the predicted improvement in clinical outcomes becomes a reality. Some of the latest advances in combination modality agents are selected and the progression pathway to clinical trials analysed.This article is part of the themed issue 'Challenges for chemistry in molecular imaging'.
Alkylation of isobutane with C4 olefins. 1. First-step reactions using sulfuric acid catalyst (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAlkylation of isobutane with C4 olefins. 1. First-step reactions using sulfuric acid catalystLyle F. Albright, Mark A. Spalding, James A. Nowinski, Robert M. Ybarra, and Roger E. EckertCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1988, 27, 3, 381–386Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00075a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00075a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views606Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Position paper (2011)

As the Web has become more and more ubiquitous, the number of attacks on web applications have increased substantially. According to a recent report, over 80 percent of web applications have had at least one serious vulnerability. This percentage is alarmingly higher than traditional applications. Something must be fundamentally wrong in the web infrastructure.
The Journey of the Hero: Archetypes of Earthly Adventure and Spiritual Passage in 1 Nephi (1997)

Abstract Study of the varied metaphorical levels of the Book of Mormon continues to yield new insights into the message and meaning of that book. Several prominent typological readings of aspects of the Book of Mormon have been published, but despite calls for such an effort, little inquiry into its possible archetypal levels, or what has been called "the mythic dimension" of the book, has yet been undertaken. As an initial attempt at such an endeavor, I compare certain events described in 1 Nephi with the elements of one prominent mythic archetype, the hero’s journey, as elucidated by Joseph Campbell in his famous The Hero with a Thousand Faces. A strong correlation between the hero’s journey archetype and the events from 1 Nephi is intriguing and seems to demonstrate at least the presence of mythic patterns in the Book of Mormon. This leads to some preliminary conclusions about what the apparent presence of such patterns might signify.