gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive and Nonocclusive Blood Pressure Estimation Via a Chest Sensor (2013)

The clinical demand for a device to monitor blood pressure (BP) in ambulatory scenarios with minimal use of inflation cuffs is increasing. Based on the so-called pulse wave velocity (PWV) principle, this paper introduces and evaluates a novel concept of BP monitor that can be fully integrated within a chest sensor. After a preliminary calibration, the sensor provides nonocclusive beat-by-beat estimations of mean arterial pressure (MAP) by measuring the pulse transit time (PTT) of arterial pressure pulses travelling from the ascending aorta toward the subcutaneous vasculature of the chest. In a cohort of 15 healthy male subjects, a total of 462 simultaneous readings consisting of reference MAP and chest PTT were acquired. Each subject was recorded at three different days: D, D+3, and D+14. Overall, the implemented protocol induced MAP values to range from 80 ± 6 mmHg in baseline, to 107 ± 9 mmHg during isometric handgrip maneuvers. Agreement between reference and chest-sensor MAP values was tested by using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.78) and Bland-Altman analysis (mean error = 0.7 mmHg, standard deviation = 5.1 mmHg). The cumulative percentage of MAP values provided by the chest sensor falling within a range of ±5 mmHg compared to reference MAP readings was of 70%, within ±10 mmHg was of 91%, and within ±15 mmHg was of 98%. These results point at the fact that the chest sensor complies with the British Hypertension Society requirements of Grade A BP monitors, when applied to MAP readings. Grade A performance was maintained even two weeks after having performed the initial subject-dependent calibration. In conclusion, this paper introduces a sensor and a calibration strategy to perform MAP measurements at the chest. The encouraging performance of the presented technique paves the way toward an ambulatory compliant, continuous, and nonocclusive BP monitoring system.
Overuse Tendinosis, Not Tendinitis Part 2: Applying the New Approach to Patellar Tendinopathy (2010)

Patellar tendinopathy causes substantial morbidity in both professional and recreational athletes. The condition is most common in athletes of jumping sports such as basketball and volleyball, but it also occurs in soccer, track, and tennis athletes. The disorder arises most often from collagen breakdown rather than inflammation, a tendinosis rather than a tendinitis. Physicians must address the degenerative pathology underlying patellar tendinopathy because regimens that seek to minimize (nonexistent) inflammation would appear illogical. Suggestions for applying the 'tendinosis paradigm' to patellar tendinopathy management include conservative measures such as load reduction, strengthening exercises, and massage. Surgery should be considered only after a long-term and appropriate conservative regimen has failed.
The Oxford Study Dictionary (1988)

This dictionary is specifically designed for students in the upper forms of secondary schools or in colleges. It is especially valuable for those following GCSE and more advanced courses.
In Vitro Activity of a New Ketolide Antibiotic, HMR 3647, against Chlamydia pneumoniae (1998)

The in vitro activities of HMR 3647, roxithromycin, erythromycin, and azithromycin against 19 strains of Chlamydia pneumoniae were tested. The MIC at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited and the minimum bactericidal concentration at which 90% of the isolates are killed of HMR 3647 were 0.25 microgram/ml (range, 0.015 to 2 micrograms/ml). Nine recently obtained clinical isolates from children with pneumonia were more susceptible (MICs, 0.015 to 0.0625 microgram/ml) than older strains that had been passaged more extensively.
Artificial convolution neural network techniques and applications for lung nodule detection (1995)

We have developed a double-matching method and an artificial visual neural network technique for lung nodule detection. This neural network technique is generally applicable to the recognition of medical image pattern in gray scale imaging. The structure of the artificial neural net is a simplified network structure of human vision. The fundamental operation of the artificial neural network is local two-dimensional convolution rather than full connection with weighted multiplication. Weighting coefficients of the convolution kernels are formed by the neural network through backpropagated training. In addition, we modeled radiologists' reading procedures in order to instruct the artificial neural network to recognize the image patterns predefined and those of interest to experts in radiology. We have tested this method for lung nodule detection. The performance studies have shown the potential use of this technique in a clinical setting. This program first performed an initial nodule search with high sensitivity in detecting round objects using a sphere template double-matching technique. The artificial convolution neural network acted as a final classifier to determine whether the suspected image block contains a lung nodule. The total processing time for the automatic detection of lung nodules using both prescan and convolution neural network evaluation was about 15 seconds in a DEC Alpha workstation.
Financial giants and moral pygmies? (2014)

Purpose – How should a multinational corporation (MNC) from a mature democracy deal with the human rights issues in a country with a poor human rights standard? The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The authors develop a mathematical model to depict MNC's behavior in response to human rights violations in the host country. Findings – The authors show that, first, in a country with a high level of human rights abuses, a firm will have to lower its human rights standards to survive; but, second, a collective effort by all firms is essential to improve the human rights conditions in the host environment; and third, a firm's human rights practices may have a multiplicative effect that can significantly affect the momentum of human rights development in a host country. Originality/value – This study is one of the first attempts to provide a theoretical framework on the issue of MNCs and human rights in host countries.
TiO2 Nanotubes: Recent Advances in Synthesis and Gas Sensing Properties (2013)

Synthesis--particularly by electrochemical anodization-, growth mechanism and chemical sensing properties of pure, doped and mixed titania tubular arrays are reviewed. The first part deals on how anodization parameters affect the size, shape and morphology of titania nanotubes. In the second part fabrication of sensing devices based on titania nanotubes is presented, together with their most notable gas sensing performances. Doping largely improves conductivity and enhances gas sensing performances of TiO2 nanotubes.
[Immunoenzyme method for demonstrating the antigen and antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus and its use for the serological examination of different population groups]. (1988)

An enzyme immune diagnosticum for the detection of the antigen and antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been developed at D. I. Ivanovskiĭ Institute of Virology of the USSR AMS. The method is based on the principle of competitive analysis using an antiviral conjugate which allows the sera to be tested without preliminary dilution and ensures a high sensitivity of the diagnosticum. The survey for HIV antibody covered 5743 subjects, among them 4898 Soviet citizens predominantly belonging to high risk groups of contracting AIDS infection, and 845 foreigners. No antibody to HIV has been detected in any of the Soviet citizens. Among the foreigners, antibody to HIV were detected in 6 subjects, all of them arriving from different African countries.
Single-shot spatially modulated Stokes polarimeter based on a GRIN lens (2014)

A new polarimeter for the simultaneous measurement of all Stokes parameters in a single shot is presented. It consists of only a gradient index (GRIN) lens, a polarizer, an imaging lens, and a CCD, without mechanical movements, electrical signal modulation, or the division of amplitude components. This design takes advantage of the continuous spatial distributions of birefringence value and the fast axis direction of a GRIN lens and derives the state of polarization (SOP) of the incident beam from the characteristic patterns on the CCD images. Tests show that this polarimeter is very accurate even with low-resolution images. It is versatile and adapts to light sources of different wavelengths. It is also very stable, robust, low cost, and simple to use.
Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskites (HOIPs): Opportunities and Challenges (2015)

The conclusions reached by a diverse group of scientists who attended an intense 2-day workshop on hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites are presented, including their thoughts on the most burning fundamental and practical questions regarding this unique class of materials, and their suggestions on various approaches to resolve these issues.
Cholesterol Accumulation in Podocytes: A Potential Novel Targetable Pathway in Diabetic Nephropathy (2013)

Diabetic nephropathy is a major complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Strict glycemic control and renin-angiotensin system inhibition delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy but do not prevent end-stage renal disease. Thus, identification of novel pathogenic mechanisms and targetable pathways is needed to change the outcome of the disease.

In this issue, Merscher-Gomez et al. (1) report that cholesterol accumulation in podocytes plays a pathogenic role in diabetic nephropathy and provide evidence of the beneficial effect of targeting this pathway. Using a cell assay, the authors show that serum from patients with diabetic nephropathy (as opposed to that of diabetic patients without nephropathy) induces abnormal accumulation of cholesterol in human podocytes in culture, which is associated with downregulation of the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 , increased apoptosis, cell blebbing, and loss of caveolin phosphorylation. Notably, these changes are prevented by exposure to methyl-β-cyclodextrin (methyl-β-CD), an oligosaccharide that mobilizes cholesterol from lipid rafts. Microarray and PCR analysis of human biopsies from a cohort of type 2 diabetic patients confirmed ABCA1 downregulation in diabetic nephropathy. In addition, Merscher-Gomez et al. used a type 2 diabetic mouse model carrying homozygous leptin mutation on insulin-resistant genetic background (BTBR: ob/ob ) (2) to target this pathway, and found that long-term parenteral methyl-β-CD administration improves albuminuria and mesangial expansion, as well as insulin resistance and obesity …
Regulation of Endothelial Cell Motility by Complexes of Tetraspan Molecules CD81/TAPA-1 and CD151/PETA-3 with α3β1 Integrin Localized at Endothelial Lateral Junctions (1998)

Cell-to-cell junction structures play a key role in cell growth rate control and cell polarization. In endothelial cells (EC), these structures are also involved in regulation of vascular permeability and leukocyte extravasation. To identify novel components in EC intercellular junctions, mAbs against these cells were produced and selected using a morphological screening by immunofluorescence microscopy. Two novel mAbs, LIA1/1 and VJ1/16, specifically recognized a 25-kD protein that was selectively localized at cell–cell junctions of EC, both in the primary formation of cell monolayers and when EC reorganized in the process of wound healing. This antigen corresponded to the recently cloned platelet-endothelial tetraspan antigen CD151/PETA-3 (platelet-endothelial tetraspan antigen-3), and was consistently detected at EC cell–cell contact sites. In addition to CD151/PETA-3, two other members of the tetraspan superfamily, CD9 and CD81/ TAPA-1 (target of antiproliferative antibody-1), localized at endothelial cell-to-cell junctions. Biochemical analysis demonstrated molecular associations among tetraspan molecules themselves and those of CD151/ PETA-3 and CD9 with α3β1 integrin. Interestingly, mAbs directed to both CD151/PETA-3 and CD81/ TAPA-1 as well as mAb specific for α3 integrin, were able to inhibit the migration of ECs in the process of wound healing. The engagement of CD151/PETA-3 and CD81/TAPA-1 inhibited the movement of individual ECs, as determined by quantitative time-lapse video microscopy studies. Furthermore, mAbs against the CD151/PETA-3 molecule diminished the rate of EC invasion into collagen gels. In addition, these mAbs were able to increase the adhesion of EC to extracellular matrix proteins. Together these results indicate that CD81/TAPA-1 and CD151/PETA-3 tetraspan molecules are components of the endothelial lateral junctions implicated in the regulation of cell motility, either directly or by modulation of the function of the associated integrin heterodimers.
The neuropsychology of conduct disorder (1993)

Abstract This article reviews evidence from neuropsychological tests that brain dysfunction is a correlate of conduct disorder. Most studies report consistent findings of differential neuropsychological deficits for antisocial samples in verbal and “executive” functions. Neuropsychological measures are related to some of the best indicators of poor outcome for children with conduct symptoms, such as early onset, stability across time, hyperactive symptoms, and aggressiveness. Neuropsychological tests statistically predict variance in antisocial behavior independently of appropriate control variables. This article argues that neuropsychological variables warrant further study as possible causal factors for conduct disorder and presents one developmental perspective on how neuropsychological problems might contribute risk for conduct disorder.
新发现的13世纪蒙古帝国的造币厂——阿拉斡耳朵-阿拉阿赞姆（和田）和喀巴克 (2006)

新疆——对于无数研究东方钱币的学者来说，都是一片充满神秘色彩的土地，这里曾出土过无数神秘待考的神奇钱币。甚至就在30年前，许多钱币学者都根本无法想象，在西域马斯乌德（回历670年／公元1271年至1272年，AH670／1271—72AD）改革之前，该区域众多的造币厂曾打制了大量的钱币，早在1981年K．Baipakov和V．Nastich教授的文章中，第一次提到在奥特拉（Otrar，吉尔吉斯坦南部）13世纪的一个银器及钱币窖藏中，发现叶密里，博乐和当时其他一些新疆境内的地方打制的银币（Baipakov，Nastich，1981，pp．20—62）。
Malarial Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase (2002)

The malarial parasite relies on de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis to maintain its pyrimidine pools, and unlike the human host cell it is unable to scavenge preformed pyrimidines. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) catalyzes the oxidation of dihydroorotate (DHO) to produce orotate, a key step in pyrimidine biosynthesis. The enzyme is located in the outer membrane of the mitochondria of the malarial parasite. To characterize the biochemical properties of the malarial enzyme, an N-terminally truncated version of P. falciparum DHODH has been expressed as a soluble, active enzyme in E. coli. The recombinant enzyme binds 0.9 molar equivalents of the cofactor FMN and it has a pH maximum of 8.0 (k(cat) 8 s(-1), K(m)(app) DHO (40-80 microm)). The substrate specificity of the ubiquinone cofactor (CoQ(n)) that is required for the oxidation of FMN in the second step of the reaction was also determined. The isoprenoid (n) length of CoQ(n) was a determinant of reaction efficiency; CoQ(4), CoQ(6) and decylubiquinone (CoQ(D)) were efficiently utilized in the reaction, however cofactors lacking an isoprenoid tail (CoQ(0) and vitamin K(3)) showed decreased catalytic efficiency resulting from a 4 to 7-fold increase in K(m)(app). Five potent inhibitors of mammalian DHODH, Redoxal, dichloroallyl lawsone (DCL), and three analogs of A77 1726 were tested as inhibitors of the malarial enzyme. All five compounds were poor inhibitors of the malarial enzyme, with IC(50)'s ranging from 0.1-1.0 mm. The IC(50) values for inhibition of the malarial enzyme are 10(2)-10(4)-fold higher than the values reported for the mammalian enzyme, demonstrating that inhibitor binding to DHODH is species specific. These studies provide direct evidence that the malarial DHODH active site is different from the host enzyme, and that it is an attractive target for the development of new anti-malarial agents.
NMR three‐dimensional solution structure of the serine protease inhibitor cyclotheonamide A (1997)

The nmr solution conformation of cyclotheonamide A (CtA) was determined in aqueous media. The data produced 15 distance and 10 torsional constraints which were used to generate conformations using restrained simulated annealing (SA) and distance geometry/simulated annealing (DG/SA) calculations. Two different calculation protocols were performed to ensure proper sampling of conformational space and even though the torsional restraints were input differently, both calculation methods yielded the same conformation of CtA. In the structure calculations, all solutions of the Karplus equation were sampled simultaneously using the restrained SA protocol and large ranges were used for the dihedral restraints in the DG/SA protocol because all solutions to the Karplus equation could not be sampled simultaneously. The solution conformation was also compared to the solid state x-ray conformations of CtA bound to thrombin and trypsin. The conformation of the residues important for active site binding (d-Phe, h-Arg, and Pro) are nearly identical in aqueous solution and solid state with largest differences at the a-Ala and v-Tyr residues. CtA appears to be preordered in structure and does not undergo a significant conformational change upon binding to the enzyme active site. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Is human Type 2 diabetes maternally inherited? Insights from an animal model (2004)

We therefore conclude that there is no evidence for maternal transmission of diabetes in the GK rat. Mothers were able to adjust their supply of milk so that offspring attained similar weights independent of litter size. The weight of the offspring remained independent of litter size into adult life.
Androgen receptor signaling intensity is a key factor in determining the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to selenium inhibition of growth and cancer-specific biomarkers (2005)

Our previous report showed that methylseleninic acid (MSA) significantly decreases the expression of androgen receptor and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in LNCaP cells. The present study extended the above observations by showing the universality of this phenomenon and that the inhibitory effect of MSA on prostate cancer cell growth and cancer-specific biomarkers is mediated through androgen receptor down-regulation. First, MSA decreases the expression of androgen receptor and PSA in five human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, LAPC-4, CWR22Rv1, LNCaP-C81, and LNCaP-LN3), irrespective of their androgen receptor genotype (wild type versus mutant) or sensitivity to androgen-stimulated growth. Second, by using the ARE-luciferase reporter gene assay, we found that MSA suppression of androgen receptor transactivation is accounted for primarily by the reduction of androgen receptor protein level. Third, MSA inhibition of five androgen receptor-regulated genes implicated in prostate carcinogenesis (PSA, KLK2, ABCC4, DHCR24, and GUCY1A3) is significantly attenuated by androgen receptor overexpression. Fourth, transfection of androgen receptor in LNCaP cells weakened noticeably the inhibitory effect of MSA on cell growth and proliferation. Androgen receptor signaling has been documented extensively to play an important role in the development of both androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer. Our finding that MSA reduces androgen receptor availability by blocking androgen receptor transcription provides justification for a mechanism-driven intervention strategy in using selenium to control prostate cancer progression.
Fine mapping and molecular cloning of mutations in the herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase locus (1984)

Mutations in five phenotypically distinct mutants derived from herpes simplex virus type 1 strain KOS which lie in or near the herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase (pol) locus have been fine mapped with the aid of cloned fragments of mutant and wild-type viral DNAs to distinct restriction fragments of 1.1 kilobase pairs (kbp) or less. DNA sequences containing a mutation or mutations conferring resistance to the antiviral drugs phosphonoacetic acid, acyclovir, and arabinosyladenine of pol mutant PAAr5 have been cloned as a 27-kbp Bg+II fragment in Escherichia coli. These drug resistance markers have been mapped more finely in marker transfer experiments to a 1.1-kbp fragment (coordinates 0.427 to 0.434). In intratypic marker rescue experiments, temperature-sensitive (ts), phosphonoacetic acid resistance, and acyclovir resistance markers of pol mutant tsD9 were mapped to a 0.8-kbp fragment at the left end of the EcoRI M fragment (coordinates 0.422 to 0.427). The ts mutation of pol mutant tsC4 maps within a 0.3-kbp sequence (coordinates 0.420 to 0.422), whereas that of tsC7 lies within the 1.1-kbp fragment immediately to the left (coordinates 0.413 to 0.420). tsC4 displays the novel phenotype of hypersensitivity to phosphonoacetic acid; however, the phosphonoacetic acid hypersensitivity phenotype is almost certainly not due to the mutation(s) conferring temperature sensitivity. The ts mutation of mutant tsN20--which does not affect DNA polymerase activity--maps to a 0.5-kbp fragment at the right-hand end of the EcoRI M fragment (coordinates 0.445 to 0.448). The mapping of the mutations in these five mutants further defines the limits of the pol locus and separates mutations differentially affecting catalytic functions of the polymerase.
Preparation and in vitro cytotoxicity of a methotrexate‐anti‐MM46 monoclonal antibody conjugate via an oligopeptide spacer (1989)

Abstract A method was developed by which conjugates of methotrexate (MTX) with antibody were prepared via an oligopeptide spacer which, after internalization of the conjugates into the target cells, would be cleaved by lysosomal enzymes to liberate MTX or its derivative(s) for entry of the drug into the cytoplasm through the lysosomal membrane. The conjugate of MTX with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) (aMM46) to mouse mammary carcinoma MM46 cells prepared by this method via Leu‐Ala‐Leu‐Ala showed potent, antibody‐directed cytotoxicity through lysosomal degradation of the conjugate, most likely at the tetrapeptide spacer. This was supported by the following observations: (a) the cytotoxicity of the aMM46 conjugate was more potent than that of the corresponding normal γ‐globulin conjugate, the antibody alone not being cytotoxic; (b) the conjugate retained its potent cytotoxicity to MM46 cells even after removal, by hydroxylamine treatment, of a less stably bound MTX derivative which might have been released extracellularly and have caused non‐specific cytotoxicity by entering the cells via the membrane active transport system for MTX; (c) the cytotoxicity was not inhibited by thiamine pyrophosphate, an inhibitor of the MTX transport system; (d) the cytotoxicity was inhibited significantly with ammonium chloride, which inactivates lysosomal enzymes by raising the pH; and (e) the cleavability of the Leu‐Ala‐Leu‐Ala spacer by the lysosomal enzymes was verified by using bio‐undegradable poly(D‐lysine) and biodegradable poly(L‐lysine) as the lysosomotropic macromolecular carriers: unlike the poly(L‐lysine) counterpart, the direct MTX‐poly(D‐lysine) conjugate showed very weak cytotoxicity while the tetrapeptide‐mediated conjugate of MTX with poly(D‐lysine) exhibited potent cytotoxicity.