gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Organization of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum in Hippocampal CA1 Dendrites and Dendritic Spines of the Immature and Mature Rat (1997)

Recent studies have shown high levels of calcium in activated dendritic spines, where the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is likely to be important for regulating calcium. Here, the dimensions and organization of the SER in hippocampal spines and dendrites were measured through serial electron microscopy and three-dimensional analysis. SER of some form was found in 58% of the immature spines and in 48% of the adult spines. Less than 50% of the small spines at either age contained SER, suggesting that other mechanisms, such as cytoplasmic buffers, regulate ion fluxes within their small volumes. In contrast, >80% of the large mushroom spines of the adult had a spine apparatus, an organelle containing stacks of SER and dense-staining plates. Reconstructed SER occupied 0.001-0.022 microm3, which was only 2-3.5% of the total spine volume; however, the convoluted SER membranes had surface areas of 0.12-2.19 microm2, which were 12 to 40% of the spine surface area. Coated vesicles and multivesicular bodies occurred in some spines, suggesting local endocytotic activity. Smooth vesicles and tubules of SER were found in continuity with the spine plasma membrane and margins of the postsynaptic density (PSD), respectively, suggesting a role for the SER in the addition and recycling of spine membranes and synapses. The amount of SER in the parent dendrites was proportional to the number of spines and synapses originating along their lengths. These measurements support the hypothesis that the SER regulates the ionic and structural milieu of some, but not all, hippocampal dendritic spines.
Size Effects in Electronic and Catalytic Properties of Unsupported Palladium Nanoparticles in Electrooxidation of Formic Acid (2006)

We report a combined X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and chronoamperometry (CA) study of formic acid electrooxidation on unsupported palladium nanoparticle catalysts in the particle size range from 9 to 40 nm. The CV and CA measurements show that the most active catalyst is made of the smallest (9 and 11 nm) Pd nanoparticles. Besides the high reactivity, XPS data show that such nanoparticles display the highest core-level binding energy (BE) shift and the highest valence band (VB) center downshift with respect to the Fermi level. We believe therefore that we found a correlation between formic acid oxidation current and BE and VB center shifts, which, in turn, can directly be related to the electronic structure of palladium nanoparticles of different particle sizes. Clearly, such a trend using unsupported catalysts has never been reported. According to the density functional theory of heterogeneous catalysis, and mechanistic considerations, the observed shifts are caused by a weakening of the bond strength of the COOH intermediate adsorption on the catalyst surface. This, in turn, results in the increase in the formic acid oxidation rate to CO2 (and in the associated oxidation current). Overall, our measurements demonstrate the particle size effect on the electronic properties of palladium that yields different catalytic activity in the HCOOH oxidation reaction. Our work highlights the significance of the core-level binding energy and center of the d-band shifts in electrocatalysis and underlines the value of the theory that connects the center of the d-band shifts to catalytic reactivity.
Stereochemical investigation of carotenoids in the antarctic krill Euphausia superba. (1985)

The carotenoids from the carapace, flesh, and eyes in the antarctic krill Euphausia superba were investigated.The total amounts of carotenoids in the carapace, flesh, and eyes were found to be 1.13mg/100g, 1.06mg/100g, and 90.82mg/100g, respectively.Astaxanthin diester(55-64%), astaxanthin monoester (25-35%), astaxanthin (7-8%), and unknown carotenoids (3-4%) were isolated from those three organs. Each astaxanthin fraction consists of the three stereoisomers. (3R, 3'R)-astaxanthin (1) (62-71%) existed as a major component along with(3R, 3'S; meso)-astaxanthin (2) (11-14%) and (3S, 3'S)-astaxanthin (3) (16-26%).
Multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the mouse. Evidence for stimulation of a cytotoxic cellular immune response against an insulin-producing beta cell line. (1984)

Mice were examined for the presence of splenocytes specifically cytotoxic for a rat insulinoma cell line (RIN) during the induction of diabetes by streptozotocin (SZ) in multiple low doses (Multi-Strep). Cytotoxicity was quantitated by the release of 51Cr from damaged cells. A low but statistically significant level of cytolysis (5%) by splenocytes was first detectable on day 8 after the first dose of SZ. The cytotoxicity reached a maximum of approximately 9% on day 10 and slowly decreased thereafter, becoming undetectable 42 d after SZ was first given. The time course of the in vitro cytotoxic response correlated with the degree of insulitis demonstrable in the pancreata of the Multi-Strep mice. The degree of cytotoxicity after Multi-Strep was related to the number of effector splenocytes to which the target RIN cells were exposed and was comparable to that detectable after immunization by intraperitoneal injection of RIN cells in normal mice. The cytotoxicity was specific for insulin-producing cells; syngeneic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic lymphocytes and lymphoblasts, 3T3 cells, and a human keratinocyte cell line were not specifically lysed by the splenocytes of the Multi-Strep mice. This phenomenon was limited to the Multi-Strep mice. Splenocytes from mice made diabetic by a single, high dose of SZ exhibited a very low level of cytotoxicity against the RIN cells. The cytotoxic response was also quantitated in splenocytes from control and Multi-Strep mice (10 d after the first dose of SZ) before and after culture with mitomycin-treated RIN cells in the presence of T cell growth factor (TCGF). The cytotoxicity of the Multi-Strep splenocytes was enhanced more than fivefold after such culture, suggesting the proliferation of an effector cell that could be stimulated and supported in vitro by TCGF. These results support the hypothesis that cell-mediated anti-beta cell autoimmunity may play a role in the destruction of the beta cells in this animal model. The stimulation of this response by TCGF may provide a tool by which enough cytotoxic effector cells could be obtained to establish their possible direct pathogenetic role in the induction of insulin-dependent diabetes. In addition, such cells will be a valuable tool to define the specific beta-cell antigens that may direct the highly selective cell-mediated destruction of these cells in experimental models and, perhaps, in human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
On conductivity, permittivity, apparent diffusion coefficient, and their usefulness as cancer markers at MRI frequencies (2014)

Conductivity measurements offered limited advantages in separating cancer from normal tissue beyond what ADC already provided; conversely, permittivity added separation power when added to the discriminant function. The moderately high cancerous tissue permittivity and conductivity impose strong constraints on the capability of MRI-based tissue electrical property measurements.
Vagal feedback in the entrainment of respiration to mechanical ventilation in sleeping humans (2000)

We studied the capacity of four "normal" and six lung transplant subjects to entrain neural respiratory activity to mechanical ventilation. Two transplant subjects were studied during wakefulness and demonstrated entrainment indistinguishable from that of normal awake subjects. We studied four normal subjects and four lung transplant subjects during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Normal subjects entrained to mechanical ventilation over a range of ventilator frequencies that were within +/-3-5 breaths of the spontaneous respiratory rate of each subject. After lung transplantation, during which the vagi were cut, subjects did demonstrate entrainment during NREM sleep; however, entrainment only occurred at ventilator frequencies at or above each subject's spontaneous respiratory rate, and entrainment was less effective. We conclude that there is no absolute requirement for vagal feedback to induce entrainment in subjects, which is in striking contrast to anesthetized animals in which vagotomy uniformly abolishes entrainment. On the other hand, vagal feedback clearly enhances the fidelity of entrainment and extends the range of mechanical frequencies over which entrainment can occur.
Postmenopausal Endometrioma and Hormonal Replacement Therapy (1992)

This case of postmenopausal endometrioma following hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) demonstrates the often forgotten possibility of reactivation of endometriosis with HRT. The diagnosis of endometriosis should be considered in a postmenopausal woman who presents with pelvic pain and mass whilst on HRT.
Protein conformational changes studied by diffusion NMR spectroscopy: Application to helix‐loop‐helix calcium binding proteins (2003)

Pulsed-field gradient (PFG) diffusion NMR spectroscopy studies were conducted with several helix-loop-helix regulatory Ca(2+)-binding proteins to characterize the conformational changes associated with Ca(2+)-saturation and/or binding targets. The calmodulin (CaM) system was used as a basis for evaluation, with similar hydrodynamic radii (R(h)) obtained for apo- and Ca(2+)-CaM, consistent with previously reported R(h) data. In addition, conformational changes associated with CaM binding to target peptides from myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), phosphodiesterase (PDE), and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) were accurately determined compared with small-angle X-ray scattering results. Both sets of data demonstrate the well-established collapse of the extended Ca(2+)-CaM molecule into a globular complex upon peptide binding. The R(h) of CaM complexes with target peptides from CaM-dependent protein kinase I (CaMKI) and an N-terminal portion of the SIV peptide (SIV-N), as well as the anticancer drug cisplatin were also determined. The CaMKI complex demonstrates a collapse analogous to that observed for MLCK, PDE, and SIV, while the SIV-N shows only a partial collapse. Interestingly, the covalent CaM-cisplatin complex shows a near complete collapse, not expected from previous studies. The method was extended to related calcium binding proteins to show that the R(h) of calcium and integrin binding protein (CIB), calbrain, and the calcium-binding region from soybean calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) decrease on Ca(2+)-binding to various extents. Heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy suggests that for CIB and calbrain this is likely because of shifting the equilibrium from unfolded to folded conformations, with calbrain forming a dimer structure. These results demonstrate the utility of PFG-diffusion NMR to rapidly and accurately screen for molecular size changes on protein-ligand and protein-protein interactions for this class of proteins.
Pressure Loadings on the Walls of a Light Ion Laboratory Microfusion Facility Target Chamber (1991)

The design of target chambers for the Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Laboratory Microfusion Facility (LMF) requires a good understanding of the pressure loadings experienced by the chamber walls. Beam transport, diagnostics, and LMF applications place severe constraints on the chamber fill gas; in current light ion beam concepts only 1.5 torr-meters of helium are between the target and the closest target chamber structures. Simulations of the unavoidable vaporization of the first wall have been performed with the CONRAD computer code for a light ion beam LMF concept. Results show that the peak pressure on the wall is a function of the target x-ray power density on the wall, while the impulse on the wall is a function of x-ray fluence.
High-efficiency, multi-mode, multi-band terminal power amplifiers (2005)

Ubiquitous coverage, the ability of a mobile device to wirelessly communicate as intended from any location in the world, is not a reality today. Multiple wide-area and local-area wireless systems are now deployed in various places around the world. These mobile systems include cellular, local area networks, personal area networks, and specialized networks. Characteristics of these systems span a broad combination of constant-envelope and envelope-varying signals, time-division (half duplex) and code-division (full duplex) multiplexing, and high (several watts) to very low (microwatts) transmitter output powers. As a result, demands on the RF power amplifier (PA) in a multi-mode application are daunting. Linear RF techniques are unlikely to meet all requirements for near-future mobile terminals - particularly the need to simultaneously realize long mobile-battery life while also providing multi-mode operation using bandwidth-efficient signals. Initial results show that newer polar techniques meet many of the objectives for multi-mode and multi-band mobile terminals, including those for battery life. This is information on the cutting edge of RF progress. This article compares and contrasts advanced architectures and presents encouraging preliminary direct polar modulation results.
Using an RNAi Signature Assay To Guide the Design of Three-Drug-Conjugated Nanoparticles with Validated Mechanisms, In Vivo Efficacy, and Low Toxicity (2016)

Single-nanoparticle (NP) combination chemotherapeutics are quickly emerging as attractive alternatives to traditional chemotherapy due to their ability to increase drug solubility, reduce off-target toxicity, enhance blood circulation lifetime, and increase the amount of drug delivered to tumors. In the case of NP-bound drugs, that is, NP-prodrugs, the current standard of practice is to assume that the subcellular mechanism of action for each drug released from the NP mirrors that of the unbound, free-drug. Here, we use an RNAi signature assay for the first time to examine the mechanism of action of multidrug-conjugated NP prodrugs relative to their small molecule prodrugs and native drug mechanisms of action. Additionally, the effective additive contribution of three different drugs in a single-NP platform is characterized. The results indicate that some platinum(IV) cisplatin prodrugs, although cytotoxic, may not have the expected mechanism of action for cisplatin. This insight was utilized to develop a novel platinum(IV) oxaliplatin prodrug and incorporate it into a three-drug-conjugated NP, where each drug's mechanism of action is preserved, to treat tumor-bearing mice with otherwise lethal levels of chemotherapy.
Long-term survival and function of intrahepatic islet allografts in rhesus monkeys treated with humanized anti-CD154 (1999)

Reported effects of anti-CD154 treatment on autoimmunity, alloreactivity, and inflammatory events mediated by macrophages and endothelial cells indicated that it might be an ideal agent for the prevention of intrahepatic islet allograft failure. This hypothesis was tested in MHC-mismatched rhesus monkeys. Transplantation of an adequate number of viable islets resulted in engraftment and insulin independence in six of six recipients treated with anti-CD154 (hu5c8) induction plus monthly maintenance therapy (post-operative day >125, >246, >266, >405, >419, >476). Anti-CD154 (hu5c8) displayed no inhibitory effect on islet cell function. For monkeys followed for >100 days, continued improvement in graft function, as determined by first phase insulin release in response to intravenous glucose, was observed after the first 100 days post-transplant. No evidence of toxicity or infectious complications has been observed. All recipients treated with anti-CD154 became specifically nonresponsive to donor cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions. Furthermore, three monkeys are now off therapy (>113, >67, and >54 days off anti-CD154), with continued insulin independence and donor-specific mixed lymphocyte reaction hyporeactivity. In striking contrast to all previously tested strategies, transplantation of an adequate number of functional islets under the cover of anti-CD154 (hu5c8) monotherapy consistently allows for allogeneic islet engraftment and long-term insulin independence in this highly relevant preclinical model.
A dual-phase-shift control strategy for dual-active-bridge DC-DC converter in wide voltage range (2011)

This paper analyzes the dual-phase-shift (DPS) control strategy for a dual-active-bridge (DAB) converter in whole operation range. The DPS has two degree of freedom to control the transferring power, which can improve the performance of the DAB converter than single-phase-shift (SPS) control strategy. This paper derives the reactive power, the rms and the peak current flowing on the transformer and the zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) condition according to the operating conditions. Using this analysis and simulation results, a suitable control strategy for DAB converter is obtained. Experiments are performed to verify the proposed control strategy and to compare with the conventional SPS control strategy. The experimental results show that the proposed method can enhance the overall efficiency and expand the ZVS operation range.
Palladium-Catalyzed Amidation of Enol Triflates:  A New Synthesis of Enamides (2003)

[reaction: see text] The palladium-catalyzed coupling of a range of enol triflates with amides, carbamates, and sulfonamides has been developed. This offers a simple and widely applicable synthesis of enamides, which may not be readily available by other means.
Nanog Is the Gateway to the Pluripotent Ground State (2009)

Pluripotency is generated naturally during mammalian development through formation of the epiblast, founder tissue of the embryo proper. Pluripotency can be recreated by somatic cell reprogramming. Here we present evidence that the homeodomain protein Nanog mediates acquisition of both embryonic and induced pluripotency. Production of pluripotent hybrids by cell fusion is promoted by and dependent on Nanog. In transcription factor-induced molecular reprogramming, Nanog is initially dispensable but becomes essential for dedifferentiated intermediates to transit to ground state pluripotency. In the embryo, Nanog specifically demarcates the nascent epiblast, coincident with the domain of X chromosome reprogramming. Without Nanog, pluripotency does not develop, and the inner cell mass is trapped in a pre-pluripotent, indeterminate state that is ultimately nonviable. These findings suggest that Nanog choreographs synthesis of the naive epiblast ground state in the embryo and that this function is recapitulated in the culmination of somatic cell reprogramming.
A European study of HLA-B in Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis related to five high-risk drugs (2008)

At variance with prior results in Asia, this study shows that even when HLA-B alleles behave as strong risk factors, as for allopurinol, they are neither sufficient nor necessary to explain the disease. Further investigations are necessary to delineate the exact role of the HLA region in SJS/TEN, and to look for other associations in other regions of the genome.
Shedding kinetics of soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors after systemic TNF leaking during isolated limb perfusion. Relevance to the pathophysiology of septic shock. (1998)

We examined the kinetics of shedding of the soluble TNF receptors (TNF-Rs) in response to TNF leakage during isolated limb perfusion procedures and correlated them to the resulting hemodynamic effects. Shedding of the TNF-Rs started 7 min after TNF leakage into the systemic circulation. Three waves of shedding were observed peaking at 1, 8-12, and 48-72 h both in vivo and in cell cultures. The soluble receptors prolonged the half-life of TNF in the systemic circulation to 2.5-6 h. Excess shedding of the p75 compared with p55 TNF-Rs was noted during the first wave. The amount and speed of shedding of the p75 TNF-Rs were proportional to the serum TNF levels (P < 0.001). A maximal shedding capacity was attained only during the first wave of shedding, at TNF concentrations of approximately 1.5 ng/ml. Above this level, the linearity between TNF and its soluble receptors was lost. TNF-induced hypotension coincided with the initial imbalance between the concentrations of TNF and its soluble receptors. Despite the spontaneous correction of this imbalance at 8-12 h, the hemodynamic and biochemical alterations persisted and were further aggravated at 18 h, suggesting that other factors induced earlier by TNF are responsible for the perpetuation of the hemodynamic instability. This study may provide the basis for a more physiological therapeutic approach to TNF neutralization in septic shock patients.
Studies on antianaphylactic agents. 5. Synthesis of 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)chromones, a new series of antiallergic substances (1977)

A number of 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)chromones were synthesized and found to have antiallergic activity in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test. These compounds are active when administered orally in rats and of possible value for the treatment of asthma.
Tc4, a Caenorhabditis elegans transposable element with an unusual fold-back structure. (1991)

We have identified and characterized a family of transposable elements in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The Tc4 transposable element family is present at about 20 copies per haploid genome in the C. elegans Bristol and Bergerac strains. Although Tc4 transposition events have not been observed in these wild-type strains, we have identified Tc4 transposition events in the mut-2 mutant strain TR679, in which the elements Tc1 and Tc3 also transpose at a higher frequency than in the wild type. We determined the sequence of one Tc4 element. This 1.6-kilobase element contains almost perfect inverted terminal repeats of 774 base pairs (bp) with a 57-bp unique internal sequence. Tc4 is a fold-back element, but its long inverted terminal repeats, unlike those of the fold-back elements of other organisms, do not consist of multiple short repeats. In the two cases studied, Tc4 insertion resulted in duplication of a TNA trinucleotide target site. The family of Tc4 elements differs from other C. elegans transposable element families in structure, degree of structural heterogeneity, and target-site specificity.
Detecting Protein−Ligand Binding on Supported Bilayers by Local pH Modulation (2009)

Herein, we describe a highly sensitive technique for detecting protein-ligand binding at the liquid/solid interface. The method is based upon modulation of the interfacial pH when the protein binds. This change is detected by ortho-Texas Red DHPE, which is doped into supported phospholipid bilayers and used as a pH-sensitive dye. The dye molecule fluoresces strongly at acidic pH values but not basic ones and has an apparent pK(A) of 7.8 in 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine membranes containing 0.5 mol % biotin-cap-PE. This method was used to detect antibiotin/biotin binding interactions as well as the binding of cholera toxin B subunits to GM(1). Since these proteins are negatively charged under the conditions of the experiment the interface became slightly more acidic upon binding. In each case, the equilibrium dissociation constant was determined by following the rise in fluorescence as protein was introduced. This change is essentially linear with protein coverage under the conditions employed. For the biotin/antibiotin system it was determined that K(D) = 24 +/- 5 nM, which is in excellent agreement with classical measurements made by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy involving fluorophore-conjugated antibody molecules. Moreover, the limit of detection was approximately 350 fM at the 99% confidence level. This corresponds to 1 part in 69,000 of the K(D) value. Such a finding compares favorably with surface plasmon resonance studies of similar systems and conditions. The assay could be run in imaging mode to obtain multiple simultaneous measurements using a CCD camera.