gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism and Activity of Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts (2001)

This report details the effects of ligand variation on the mechanism and activity of ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts. A series of ruthenium complexes of the general formula L(PR(3))(X)(2)Ru=CHR(1) have been prepared, and the influence of the substituents L, X, R, and R(1) on the rates of phosphine dissociation and initiation as well as overall activity for olefin metathesis reactions was examined. In all cases, initiation proceeds by dissociative substitution of a phosphine ligand (PR(3)) with an olefinic substrate. All of the ligands L, X, R, and R(1) have a significant impact on initiation rates and on catalyst activity. The origins of the observed substituent effects as well as the implications of these studies for the design and implementation of new olefin metathesis catalysts and substrates are discussed in detail.
Involvement of Domain 3 in Oligomerization by the Protective Antigen Moiety of Anthrax Toxin (2001)

Protective antigen (PA), a component of anthrax toxin, binds receptors on mammalian cells and is activated by a cell surface protease. The resulting active fragment, PA(63), forms ring-shaped heptamers, binds the enzymic moieties of the toxin, and translocates them to the cytosol. Of the four crystallographic domains of PA, domain 1 has been implicated in binding the enzymic moieties; domain 2 is involved in membrane insertion and oligomerization; and domain 4 binds receptor. To determine the function of domain 3, we developed a screen that allowed us to isolate random mutations that cause defects in the activity of PA. We identified several mutations in domain 3 that affect monomer-monomer interactions in the PA(63) heptamer, indicating that this may be the primary function of this domain.
Effects of parathyroid hormone and the synthetic 1–34 amino-terminal fragment in rats and dogs (1983)

Since the structural requirements for all known biological activities of parathyroid hormone (PTH(1-84)) are virtually satisfied by the amino-terminal 34 amino acid fragment, PTH(1-34), we investigated whether this fragment could elaborate the overall actions of the intact hormone in the whole animal by comparing the effects of equimolar infusions of each peptide to dogs and rats. Infusion of bovine PTH(1-84) (bPTH(1-84)) at 17 pmol/kg per h for 20 h to three dogs or at 100 and 200 pmol/kg per h to groups of six rats for 5 days produced greater hypercalcaemia (3.02 +/- 0.03, 2.52 +/- 0.07 and 3.24 +/- 0.11 mmol/l respectively) than equimolar infusions of human PTH(1-34) (hPTH(1-34)) (2.61 +/- 0.03, 2.46 +/- 0.05 and 2.71 +/- 0.09 mmol/l respectively). A significant calcium rise was not observed in dogs until after 4 h of PTH infusion. No rise in plasma calcium was apparent in rats, however, until the third day of PTH infusion. Only in parathyroidectomized rats was there a rise in plasma calcium within 24 h of starting an infusion of PTH. The hypercalciuria and plasma phosphate responses in dogs during equimolar infusions of hPTH(1-34) and bPTH(1-84) were not significantly different. However, by day 5 of infusion in rats greater hypercalciuria was produced by bPTH(1-84). Although infusion of hPTH(1-34) and bPTH(1-84) caused rises in urinary cyclic AMP excretion (measured only in the dog) of immediate onset and equal magnitude, bPTH(1-84) tended to produce greater phosphaturia than hPTH(1-34) in both species. If the assumption is correct that the half-lives of hPTH(1-34) and bPTH(1-84) in the circulation are similar and provided that hPTH does not inherently have less biological activity than bPTH, then during equimolar infusions of these peptides into dogs and rats, the greater responses observed with bPTH(1-84) suggest that intact PTH may have a direct action of its own in vivo before being metabolized into smaller biologically active fragments. In additional experiments using parathyroidectomized rats, the infusion rate of bPTH(1-84) required to restore normocalcaemia was 26 pmol/kg per h. Although near-normal calcaemia and intestinal calcium absorption could still be maintained when the infusion rate was increased to 39 pmol/kg per h, hypercalciuria and phosphaturia became apparent.
Specific Inhibition of Heparanase by a Glycopolymer with Well-Defined Sulfation Pattern Prevents Breast Cancer Metastasis in Mice (2018)

Heparanase, the heparan sulfate polysaccharide degrading endoglycosidase enzyme, has been correlated with tumor angiogenesis and metastasis and therefore has become a potential target for anticancer drug development. In this systematic study, the sulfation pattern of the pendant disaccharide moiety on synthetic glycopolymers was synthetically manipulated to achieve optimal heparanase inhibition. Upon evaluation, a glycopolymer with 12 repeating units was determined to be the most potent inhibitor of heparanase (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.10 ± 0.36 nM). This glycopolymer was further examined for cross-bioactivity using a solution-based competitive biolayer interferometry assay with other HS-binding proteins (growth factors, P-selectin, and platelet factor 4), which are responsible for mediating angiogenic activity, cell metastasis, and antibody-induced thrombocytopenia. The synthetic glycopolymer has low affinity for these HS-binding proteins in comparison to natural heparin. In addition, the glycopolymer possessed no proliferative properties toward human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) and a potent antimetastatic effect against 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells. Thus, our study not only establishes a specific inhibitor of heparanase with high affinity but also illustrates the high effectiveness of this multivalent heparanase inhibitor in inhibiting experimental metastasis in vivo.
Food and Drug Administration approval process for ophthalmic drugs in the US (2008)

New drugs are brought to the US market after review of the New Drug Application or Biologic License Application by the FDA. This review process requires the teamwork of an interdisciplinary team of clinicians, scientists and regulatory personnel. This team is ultimately responsible for recommending to the Secretary of Health and Human Services (or designee) the approvability of a drug based on defined requirements including the drug's risk/benefit profile, quality and purity, and the drug's ability to be labeled effectively. Within the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research this review team for ophthalmic drugs resides primarily within the Division of Anti-Infective and Ophthalmology Products.
An Energy-Efficient Data Delivery Protocol for Multihop Wireless Sensor Networks (2007)

For increasing the life of wireless sensor networks,each node must conserve energy as much as possible.To reduce the energy consumption significantly,a node should turn off its radio most of the time,except when it has to participate in data forwarding.In this paper,we proposed a novel geographic forwarding protocol for reliable and energy-efficient data delivery(REEGF)in large-scale wireless sensor networks,in which the saving energy and reliable date delivery are ensured by using both listening periodically of the wakeup radio and synchronization awakening of the main radio in the node.The hidden and exposed terminal problems are solved by using both RTS/CTS-based message exchange and busy tones,and the optimal relaying node via contention among receivers are selected,which is based on the geographical location of the nodes involved,and the resources of the node are saved due to integrating routing,Medium Access Control(MAC),and topology management into a single layer.It is shown that the proposed protocol is more reliable and energy-efficient than the existing geographic random forwarding protocol(GeRaF),and its latency is smaller in moderate node density environment.
New roles for rheumatoid factor. (1991)

In the 1940s, anti-IgG autoantibodies were discovered in the sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and given the term rheumatoid factors (RF).' The measurement of agglutinating IgM-RF is still the most useful serological test for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. High titers of IgM-RF are also present in primary Sjogren's syndrome, mixed cryoglobulinemia, and in several different chronic infections (1).
<title>Performance evaluation of nonscalable MPEG-2 video coding</title> (1994)

The second phase of the ISO Moving Picture Experts Group audio-visual coding standard (MPEG-2) is nearly complete and this standard is expected to be used in a wide range of applications at variety of bitrates. While the standard specifies the syntax of the compressed bitstream and the semantics of the decoding process, it allows considerably flexibility in choice of encoding parameters and options enabling appropriate tradeoffs in performance versus complexity as might be suitable for an application. First, we present a review of profile and level structure in MPEG-2 which is the key for enabling use of coding tools in MPEG-2. Next, we include a brief review of tools for nonscalable coding within MPEG-2 standard. Finally, we investigate via simulations, tradeoffs in coding performance with choice of various parameters and options so that within the encoder complexity that can be afforded, encoder design with good performance tradeoffs can be accomplished. Simulations are performed on standard TV and HDTV resolution video of various formats and at many bitrates using nonscalable (single layer) video coding tools of the MPEG-2 standard.
Detection of nuclear matrix proteins in serum from cancer patients. (1992)

Morphological characteristics of the cell nucleus have long been used by pathologists in the clinical diagnosis of cancer. The nuclear matrix of the cell, the structure that serves to organize the chromatin within the nucleus, is known to reflect these morphological characteristics with regard to cell and cancer type. Monoclonal antibodies were developed to extracted nuclear matrix proteins. These antibodies were used in two-site immunometric assays to detect soluble nuclear matrix proteins in the supernatants of two dying cell lines and 15 tumor tissues. Furthermore, nuclear matrix proteins were detected at elevated levels in the sera of cancer patients compared with normal patient sera. In one assay, 63.2% of cancer sera read above 95% of normal sera, and in another assay, 73.7% of cancer sera read above 95% of the normal sera. With the development of monoclonal antibodies with greater cancer specificity, the detection of circulating nuclear matrix proteins may become an important clinical tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of cancer.
Private policing (2012)

As Sir Ian Blair (2012) recently noted, the tender offered by West Midlands and Surrey police signals a shift that would allow the private sector to provide staff that can carry out routine and repetitive tasks at cheaper rates. When combined with the proposals by Lincolnshire Police to outsource ‘middle and back office functions’ – and even give over the running of a whole police station – to the private security firm G4S (see, BBC News, 2012), we are encountering a new wave of private provision within public policing.
An Efficient Synthesis of 4-Hydroxy-1H-indole-2-carbonitrile and Its Conversion to DPI 201–106 (1995)

Abstract A three-step synthesis of 4-hydroxy-1H-indole-2-carbonitrile (3) from commercially available 1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-indol-4-one (4) via cyanation and subsequent halogenation/ dehydrohalogenation proceeds in 84% overall yield. The conversion of 3 into positive inotrope DPI 201–106 (1) is also described.
Generation of 16-fsec frequency-tunable pulses by optical pulse compression (1985)

Using a two-stage optical-fiber pulse compressor together with an optical amplifier, we have compressed the 5.4-psec pulses from a synchronously pumped mode-locked dye laser to 16-fsec duration. The compressed pulses had peak powers of 80 kW and a repetition rate of 200 Hz and were tunable over the wavelength of the dye laser.
Isolation and characterization of soybean‐associated bacteria and their potential for plant growth promotion (2004)

Endophytic and epiphytic bacteria were isolated from two soybean cultivars (Foscarin and Cristalina). Significant differences were observed in bacterial population densities in relation to season of isolation, soybean growth phase and the tissues from which the isolates were obtained. The isolates were identified by partial 16S rDNA sequence analysis, with most of the isolates belonging to the Pseudomonaceae, Burkholderiacea and Enterobacteriaceae groups. The potential of the isolates for plant growth promotion was evaluated by screening for indoleacetic acid (IAA) production and mineral phosphate solubilization; 34% of endophytic bacteria produced IAA and 49% were able to solubilize mineral phosphate whereas only 21% of epiphytic bacteria produced IAA although 52% were able to solubilize mineral phosphate. A high frequency of IAA producing isolates occurred in the early ripening Foscarin cultivar whereas a high percentage of phosphate solubilizing isolates were obtained from plants in the initial development stage (V6). We also found that 60% of endophytic and 69% of epiphytic isolates that produced IAA and solubilized mineral phosphate were also able to fix nitrogen in vitro. The soybean-associated bacteria showing characteristics related to plant growth promotion were identified as belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Enterobacter, Pantoea and Acinetobacter.
An Investigation on the Potential Applications of Near Infrared PbSe Nanocrystal Quantum Dots in Photovoltaic Cells (2006)

Abstract not Available.
Stimulated Raman Scattering: From Bulk to Nano (2016)

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) describes a family of techniques first discovered and developed in the 1960s. Whereas the nascent history of the technique is parallel to that of laser light sources, recent advances have spurred a resurgence in its use and development that has spanned across scientific fields and spatial scales. SRS is a nonlinear technique that probes the same vibrational modes of molecules that are seen in spontaneous Raman scattering. While spontaneous Raman scattering is an incoherent technique, SRS is a coherent process, and this fact provides several advantages over conventional Raman techniques, among which are much stronger signals and the ability to time-resolve the vibrational motions. Technological improvements in pulse generation and detection strategies have allowed SRS to probe increasingly smaller volumes and shorter time scales. This has enabled SRS research to move from its original domain, of probing bulk media, to imaging biological tissues and single cells at the micro scale, and, ultimately, to characterizing samples with subdiffraction resolution at the nanoscale. In this Review, we give an overview of the history of the technique, outline its basic properties, and present historical and current uses at multiple length scales to underline the utility of SRS to the molecular sciences.
The haptic display of complex graphical environments (1997)

Article Free Access Share on The haptic display of complex graphical environments Authors: Diego C. Ruspini Robotics Laboratory, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA Robotics Laboratory, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CAView Profile , Krasimir Kolarov Interval Research Corporation, 1801 Page Mill Road, Building C, Palo Alto, CA Interval Research Corporation, 1801 Page Mill Road, Building C, Palo Alto, CAView Profile , Oussama Khatib Robotics Laboratory, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA Robotics Laboratory, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CAView Profile Authors Info & Claims SIGGRAPH '97: Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniquesAugust 1997 Pages 345–352https://doi.org/10.1145/258734.258878Online:03 August 1997Publication History 365citation2,772DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations365Total Downloads2,772Last 12 Months160Last 6 weeks21 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
The Transferrin Receptor: Its Diagnostic Value and its Potential as Therapeutic Target (1993)

Transferrin receptors are present on almost all mammalian cells. The receptor participates in the cellular acquisition of iron from transferrin by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Receptor abundancy is generally regulated by two factors: i) cellular iron status and ii) cell growth. These two factors form the basis for the utilization of transferrin receptor determination as a diagnostic tool. In the assessment of body iron status and erythropoietic activity the measurement of circulating transferrin receptor has proved to be of value as a measure of mild tissue iron deficiency, to distinguish iron deficiency anemia from the anemias of chronic disease, and as a sensitive index of iron deficiency during pregnancy. Histochemical analysis of the presence and abundancy of the transferrin receptor will continue to serve as an additional tool in special cases to distinguish between malignant and normal cell growth, and to provide additional information about the biological behaviour of tumor cells. Finally, the transferrin receptor holds a potential as a target for direct and indirect drug delivery in the therapy of malignant cell growth.
Frequent Alternative Splicing of Human Genes (1999)

Alternative splicing can produce variant proteins and expression patterns as different as the products of different genes, yet the prevalence of alternative splicing has not been quantified. Here the spliced alignment algorithm was used to make a first inventory of exon-intron structures of known human genes using EST contigs from the TIGR Human Gene Index. The results on any one gene may be incomplete and will require verification, yet the overall trends are significant. Evidence of alternative splicing was shown in 35% of genes and the majority of splicing events occurred in 5' untranslated regions, suggesting wide occurrence of alternative regulation. Most of the alternative splices of coding regions generated additional protein domains rather than alternating domains.
Purification and characterization of a protease from Clostridium botulinum type A that nicks single-chain type A botulinum neurotoxin into the di-chain form (1990)

A protease that nicks the approximately 150-kilodalton (kDa) single-chain type A botulinum neurotoxin into the approximately 150-kDa di-chain form in vitro was isolated from Clostridium botulinum type A (Hall strain) cultures. The di-chain neurotoxin generated in vitro is composed of an approximately 50-kDa light chain and an approximately 100-kDa heavy chain which are disulfide linked and is indistinguishable from the di-chain neurotoxin that forms in vivo and is routinely isolated (M.L. Dekleva and B.R. DasGupta, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 162:767-772, 1989). This enzyme was purified greater than 1,000-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation, QAE-Sephadex Q-50, Sephadex G-100, and CM-Sephadex C-50 chromatography steps with the synthetic substrate N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide. The approximately 62-kDa amidase (protease) is a complex of 15.5- and 48-kDa polypeptides (determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) that could not be separated without sodium dodecyl sulfate. The enzyme has an isoelectric point of pH 5.73, a pH optimum of 6.2 to 6.4, an absolute requirement for a thiol-reducing agent as well as a divalent metallic cation (probably Ca2+) for activity, and a temperature optimum of 70 degrees C. Tests with several synthetic substrates indicated the high specificity of the enzyme for arginyl amide bonds.
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) regulates tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis of fibroblast-like synovial cells (FLS) by phosphorylation of Akt. (2010)

Our results suggest a first observation that CaMKII regulates TRAIL-mediated apoptosis of FLS through Akt, standing an upstream of caspase-8-dependent cascades. Furthermore, CaMKII is suggested to be a new therapeutic target molecule of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Effects of Exchanged Cation on the Microporosity of Montmorillonite (1997)

Abstract The micropore volumes of 2 montmorillonites (SAz-1 and SWy-1), each exchanged with Ca, Na, K, Cs and tetramethylammonium (TMA) ions, were calculated from the measured vapor adsorption data of N 2 and neo -hexane by use of t - and α s -plots. The corresponding surface areas of the exchanged clays were determined from Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) plots of N 2 adsorption data. Micropore volumes and surface areas of the samples increased with the size of exchanged cation: TMA &gt; Cs &gt; K &gt; Ca &gt; Na. The SAz-1 exchanged clays showed generally greater micropore volumes and surface areas than the corresponding SWy-1 clays. The vapor adsorption data and d (001) measurements for dry clay samples were used together to evaluate the likely locations and accessibility of clay micropores, especially the relative accessibility of their interlayer spacing. For both source clays exchanged with Na, Ca and K ions, the interlayer spacing appeared to be too small to admit nonpolar gases and the accessible micropores appeared to have dimensions greater than 5.0 Å, the limiting molecular dimension of neo -hexane. In these systems, there was a good consistency of micropore volumes detected by N 2 and neo -hexane. When the clays were intercalated with relatively large cations (TMA and possibly Cs), the large layer expansion created additional microporosity, which was more readily accessible to small N 2 than to relatively large neo -hexane. Hence, the micropore volume as detected by N 2 was greater than that detected by neo -hexane. The micropore volumes with pore dimensions greater than 5 Å determined for clays exchanged with Na, Ca and K likely resulted from the pores on particle edges and void created by overlap regions of layers. The increase in micropore volumes with pore dimensions less than 5 Å determined for clays exchanged with TMA and possibly Cs could be caused by opening of the interlayer region by the intercalation of these large cations.
Calibration of linear structured light system by planar checkerboard (2005)

Linear structured light system is an increasing common means for acquiring three-dimensional geometry of objects due to its accuracy and robustness. Accuracy and less complexity of system calibration is a key challenge to future scanner designs. A calibration method by a planar checkerboard to minimize calibration complexity and cost is proposed. This method consists of two steps: the camera calibration with distortion and the projector calibration by plane properties. A simple system was designed and calibrated by this method, and a good 3D reconstruction quality is achieved by the calibrated system.