gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Applications of switchable Polaroid holograms</title> (1994)

Along with the rapid growth in fixed diffractive and holographic element technology in recent years has come intensive interest in active, dynamic diffractive elements which can be electrically programmed or switched. Two different classes of electrically controllable diffractive structures may be distinguished. The more familiar class are the programmable spatial light modulators, addressed on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Less familiar is the emerging concept of monolithically switched holograms, now an active subject in several laboratories. These have a fixed, prefabricated diffractive structure whose diffraction efficiency can be modulated as a whole. Whereas spatial light modulators typically are restricted to relatively small arrays of pixels on the order of 256X256 and correspondingly low diffraction efficiencies, monolithic holograms can be of extremely high resolution, optical quality, and diffraction efficiency, with the equivalent of one million times higher pixel density. Such elements can yield new devices significantly different from SLMs, particularly if the material is also of sufficiently high optical quality to permit series stacking. Along these lines, Foster-Miller has been developing applications for a promising material, liquid crystal infused Polaroid holographic photopolymer, which appears to be a possible basis for many such devices. The present paper reviews some of our applications trials to date, including lab demonstrations of laser beam diverters, programmable beamlet array generators, dynamic lenses, fiber optic switches, both reconfigurable and continuously tunable wavelength filters, holographic optical memories and memory structures, and thermal applications for switching of white light or sunlight.
Potential and management of mangrove ecosystem in South Jailolo Sub-district, West Halmahera, North Moluccas (2012)

Abstract. Taher MM, Kamal MM, Zairion. 2012. Potential and management of mangrove ecosystem in South Jailolo Sub-district of West Halmahera, North Moluccas. Bonorowo Wetlands 2: 19-30. Mangrove ecosystem in South Jailolo District has many functions for the coastal area. This is a concern because the extent of mangrove ecosystems decreases from year to year due to the exploitation and conversion for various purposes without considering the ecological and physical functions of mangrove ecosystems. This research aims to describe the potential and existing conditions of the mangrove ecosystem and give a directive policy strategy for managing the mangrove ecosystem in this area. This study aims to determine the condition of mangrove ecosystems in the District of South Jailolo, assessing the potential ecological and economic impacts of mangrove ecosystems and how significant a reduction in mangrove area over the past 17 years, and then set the strategy of sustainable management of mangrove ecosystems This research using primary and secondary data. Primer data gathering is done by sampling, field observation, questioner, the open interview ended, and in-depth interview in the research area—secondary data gathering by unraveling various literature and related institutions. Although the reduction in mangrove forest area is still in small quantities, to maintain sustainability and ecological function, it needs management strategies. Results of analysis for management strategies found that is conservation to preserve the mangrove ecosystem area (34%), managing the mangrove ecosystem as ecotourism (32%), conservation of mangrove land as aquaculture area (21%), and make local regulations for the management of mangrove ecosystems (13%).
Markers of microglia in post-mortem brain samples from patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review (2017)

Neuroinflammation is proposed as one of the mechanisms by which Alzheimer's disease pathology, including amyloid-β plaques, leads to neuronal death and dysfunction. Increases in the expression of markers of microglia, the main neuroinmmune cell, are widely reported in brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease, but the literature has not yet been systematically reviewed to determine whether this is a consistent pathological feature. A systematic search was conducted in Medline, Embase and PsychINFO for articles published up to 23 February 2017. Papers were included if they quantitatively compared microglia markers in post-mortem brain samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease and aged controls without neurological disease. A total of 113 relevant articles were identified. Consistent increases in markers related to activation, such as major histocompatibility complex II (36/43 studies) and cluster of differentiation 68 (17/21 studies), were identified relative to nonneurological aged controls, whereas other common markers that stain both resting and activated microglia, such as ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (10/20 studies) and cluster of differentiation 11b (2/5 studies), were not consistently elevated. Studies of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 that used cell counts almost uniformly identified no difference relative to control, indicating that increases in activation occurred without an expansion of the total number of microglia. White matter and cerebellum appeared to be more resistant to these increases than other brain regions. Nine studies were identified that included high pathology controls, patients who remained free of dementia despite Alzheimer's disease pathology. The majority (5/9) of these studies reported higher levels of microglial markers in Alzheimer's disease relative to controls, suggesting that these increases are not solely a consequence of Alzheimer's disease pathology. These results show that increased markers of microglia are a consistent feature of Alzheimer's disease, though this seems to be driven primarily by increases in activation-associated markers, as opposed to markers of all microglia.
Abstract 4: Resuscitation with Adenocaine and Magnesium Reduces Fluid Requirement and Improves Cardiac Function Following 72% Blood Loss in the Pig (2011)

Introduction: Fluid therapy following severe hemorrhagic shock triggers ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and multi-organ dysfunction. The combination of adenocaine (adenosine and lidocaine), and Mg2+ (ALM) has been shown to stabilize cardiac function and hemodynamics after myocardial I/R. Hypothesis: ALM in 7.5%NaCl at resuscitation: 1) reduces fluid requirements during permissive hypotension and 2) improves post-resuscitation cardiac function. Methods: Pigs (38kg) were randomized to: Sham (n=5), Sham + ALM (n=5), hemorrhage (n=11), and hemorrhage + ALM (n=9). Animals were subjected to pressure controlled hemorrhage at a target MAP of 35mmHg. After 90 min Ringers acetate and 20ml 7.5% NaCl ± ALM (Adenosine 0.23 mg/kg; Lidocaine 0.64 mg/kg; Mg2+ 0.4 mg/kg) was infused to maintain a target MAP of 50 mmHg (permissive hypotension). After 30min 75% of the shed blood was re-infused ± ALM (Adenosine 0.82 mg/kg; Lidocaine 1.66 mg/kg) and the pigs were observed for 6 hrs. Cardiac function was evaluated by pressure-volume (P-V) analysis. Results: In the ALM group 40% less fluid was required to maintain a MAP of 50mmHg for 30min (hemorrhage: 41.5ml/kg CI: 27.7-61.8 vs. ALM: 24.7ml/kg CI:19.4-31.5*). During permissive hypotension 7.5% NaCl ALM significantly increased end-systolic pressure by 27% (hemorrhage: 70 mmHg ± 3 vs. ALM: 89 mmHg ± 9*) and cardiac contractility by 64% (dP/dtmax) (hemorrhage: 2622 mmHg/sec ± 331 vs. ALM: 4301 mmHg/sec ± 262*). Treatment with ALM at blood infusion reduced whole body O2 consumption by 27% lasting 30 min into infusion (group difference p&lt;0.05). In addition, systolic function after blood reinfusion, evaluated by the end-systolic P-V relationship and preload recruitable stroke work, was significantly improved in ALM vs. hemorrhage. Furthermore, ALM enhanced relaxation (dP/dtmin) during reperfusion (hemorrhage: -1578 mmHg/sec ± 103 vs. ALM -2178 mmHg/sec ± 189*). Conclusion: 7.5% NaCl ALM reduced fluid requirements by 40% during permissive hypotension, improved cardiac function and reduced total body O2 consumption following severe hemorrhage. Administration of ALM is effective in minimizing fluid requirements and I/R injury following hemorrhage. (* p&lt;0.05)
Nanomechanical measurements of the sequence-dependent folding landscapes of single nucleic acid hairpins (2006)

Nucleic acid hairpins provide a powerful model system for probing the formation of secondary structure. We report a systematic study of the kinetics and thermodynamics of the folding transition for individual DNA hairpins of varying stem length, loop length, and stem GC content. Folding was induced mechanically in a high-resolution optical trap using a unique force clamp arrangement with fast response times. We measured 20 different hairpin sequences with quasi-random stem sequences that were 6-30 bp long, polythymidine loops that were 3-30 nt long, and stem GC content that ranged from 0% to 100%. For all hairpins studied, folding and unfolding were characterized by a single transition. From the force dependence of these rates, we determined the position and height of the energy barrier, finding that the transition state for duplex formation involves the formation of 1-2 bp next to the loop. By measuring unfolding energies spanning one order of magnitude, transition rates covering six orders of magnitude, and hairpin opening distances with subnanometer precision, our results define the essential features of the energy landscape for folding. We find quantitative agreement over the entire range of measurements with a hybrid landscape model that combines thermodynamic nearest-neighbor free energies and nanomechanical DNA stretching energies.
Two embryonic, tissue-specific molecules identified by a double-label immunofluorescence technique for monoclonal antibodies. (1986)

We identify two tissue-specific molecules in the sea urchin embryo by an immunofluorescence technique capable of co-localizing monoclonal antibodies on the same tissue section. The technique uses monovalent Fab-fluorochrome conjugates as secondary reagents to avoid cross-talk of subsequent antibody probes. Using this technique, we show that two cell surface molecules are expressed by different cell populations in the embryo. The technique is generally applicable for antibodies regardless of species or subtype specificity, and uses commercially available reagents. The technique provides sufficient amplification and resolution for analytical work, yet is rapid enough for screening procedures. As a fluorescent counterstain, use of the dye 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) in the protocol provides a distinct fluorescent background staining of the tissue without interference with the specific antibody staining.
Framework for land acquisition policy and procedures (2002)

The Rural Investment and Local Government Project for Cambodia will support the Seila program which promotes governmental decentralization and increased local participation. Supported infrastructure subprojects are small in scale and generally cause little or no significant adverse impacts. Possible loss of land or loss of access to other resources will be mitigated by following a Framework for Land Acquisition Policy and Procedures. Subproject screening will ensure that no major land acquisition or resettlement related impacts occurred and will require subproject confirmation that no involuntary land acquisition is required; as well a land acquisition report. The Provincial Planning and Investment Component, in which civil works may be initiated and implemented by provincial officials, may involve land acquisition. This will be determined annually during the course of project implementation, and be mitigated by following the Framework for Land Acquisition and Resettlement.
Synthesis of 1,4,7,10‐Tetra‐azacyclododecan‐1,4,7,10‐tetra‐azidoethylacetic Acid (DOTAZA) and Related “Clickable” DOTA Derivatives (2014)

Herein, we report the synthesis of two enantiomeric DOTAZA esters and a related DOT3AZA ester. These compounds are tunable analogues of the well-known chelator DOTA and can be easily functionalized through click chemistry of the side-chain azide groups. Like DOTA, DOTAZA forms complexes with various di- and trivalent metals, as demonstrated in the synthesis and structural analysis of CuDOTAZA and the preparation of GdDOTAZA.
Checking Session-Oriented Interactions between Web Services (2008)

Although Web services are generally envisioned as being stateless, some of them are implicitly stateful. The reason is that the Web services often work as front-ends to enterprise systems and are used in a session-oriented way by the clients. Contrary to the case of stateless services, for a stateful Web service there exist constraints to the order in which the operations of the service may be invoked. However, specification of such constraints is not a standard part of a Web service interface, and compliance with such constraints is not checked by the standard Web service development tools. Therefore, we propose in this paper to extend a web service interface by a constraint definition that is based on behavior protocols. Also, we implemented a tool that checks whether a given BPEL code complies with the constraints of all stateful web services it communicates with. The key idea behind the tool is to translate the BPEL code into Java and then to check the Java program using Java PathFinder with behavior protocol extension.
Financing health-care (2007)

This chapter discusses the financing aspect of health-care planning. It outlines the pressures that have led to the current interest in health-care financing, and argues that country-specific analysis of these pressures needs to be undertaken by planners as a basis for policy formulation. Criteria for assessing funding mechanisms are introduced, and the major alternatives for financing health care are described. Recent developments in the way in which external support is provided are discussed.
The biology and function of exosomes in cancer (2016)

Humans circulate quadrillions of exosomes at all times. Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles released by all cells, with a size range of 40-150 nm and a lipid bilayer membrane. Exosomes contain DNA, RNA, and proteins. Exosomes likely remove excess and/or unnecessary constituents from the cells, functioning like garbage bags, although their precise physiological role remains unknown. Additionally, exosomes may mediate specific cell-to-cell communication and activate signaling pathways in cells they fuse or interact with. Exosomes are detected in the tumor microenvironment, and emerging evidence suggests that they play a role in facilitating tumorigenesis by regulating angiogenesis, immunity, and metastasis. Circulating exosomes can be used as liquid biopsies and noninvasive biomarkers for early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer patients.
Conformational study of a short Pertussis toxin T cell epitope incorporated in a multiple antigen peptide template by CD and two‐dimensional NMR (1993)

The immunogenic efficacy of multiple antigen peptides, MAPs, i.e. branched molecules in which multiple copies of a given immunogenic peptide are attached on a scaffold of lysine residues via both alpha and epsilon linkages, has been repeatedly demonstrated, but little is known about the structural arrangement of these peptide constructs. A conformational characterization was therefore performed for a known T cell epitope of the S1 subunit of Pertussis toxin, whose sequence is predicted to form alpha-helix. The peptide DNVLDHLTGR, its N-acetylated and C-amidated analogue and a tetrabranched MAP based on the N-acetylated peptide were prepared and studied by CD and two-dimensional 1H-NMR. No evidence of helical structure was obtained in water for the isolated peptides. In contrast, in triflouroethanol, the isolated epitopes fold into a helical structure spanning the segment Val3-Thr8 in the uncapped molecule and encompassing also the N-terminal region in the capped analogue. The mobile C-terminal region tends to adopt a distorted turn arrangement in both peptides due to the folding of Arg10 guanidinium over the backbone. No distortion of the helix structure was observed for the single-copy epitope in the four-branched MAP molecule in trifluoroethanol: each peptide chain is equivalent within the MAP and shows an even more regular helical pattern than the isolated end-blocked sequence. A slight difference was located at the junction with the lysine scaffold: the peptide bond to epsilon NH was found in a much more extended conformation than the corresponding link to alpha NH. These structural results correlate with in vitro T cell stimulatory activity of the three compounds examined and provide arguments supporting the previous suggestion that MAP tetramers are unlikely to elicit an immune response specific for the synthetic template assembly, a feature necessary to retain the advantage of the polymeric epitope presentation.
Immunochemical structure of the carboxy-terminal part of hepatitis B e antigen: identification of internal and surface-exposed sequences (1993)

The C-terminal region of hepatitis B virus (HBV) e antigen (HBeAg), amino acids (aa) 121 to 147, was characterized for reactivity with 15 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and sera from 16 chronic carriers on the HB surface antigen with anti-HBe. Recombinant proteins exposing fragments of the HBc/e polypeptide (aa 29 to 176, 60 to 176, 101 to 176, 121 to 176, 134 to 176, 138 to 176, 139 to 176, 140 to 176, 146 to 176 and 156 to 176) fused to the N terminus of the coat protein of RNA phage fr were constructed, as were two sets of synthetic peptides covering residues 121 to 136 and 130 to 147, where each residue was sequentially substituted by alanine. The MAbs were found to recognize overlapping epitopes in the fusion proteins within residues 121 to 176; however, none of the MAbs reacted with proteins covering residues 146 to 176 and 156 to 176. Using the synthetic peptides it was found that the MAbs recognized epitopes at residues 128-TPPAYR-133, 133-RPPNAP-138, 135-PNAPIL-140, 138-PILSTLPE-145 and 143-LPET-146. Only MAbs recognizing the epitope 128-TPPAYR-133 were found to react with both native HBeAg and denatured HBcAG, whereas MAbs recognizing epitopes located closer to the C terminus of HBeAg were reactive only with denatured HBcAg. The recognition sites for the human IgG1 overlapped with the epitopes of the MAbs recognizing native HBeAg. Our interpretation of these findings is that the region 124 to 133 is on the surface of native HBeAg and denatured HBcAg, and that the adjacent region 135 to 147 is not accessible on the surface of native HBeAg, but becomes exposed on denatured HBcAg.
Stochastic choice of basis functions in adaptive function approximation and the functional-link net (1995)

A theoretical justification for the random vector version of the functional-link (RVFL) net is presented in this paper, based on a general approach to adaptive function approximation. The approach consists of formulating a limit-integral representation of the function to be approximated and subsequently evaluating that integral with the Monte-Carlo method. Two main results are: (1) the RVFL is a universal approximator for continuous functions on bounded finite dimensional sets, and (2) the RVFL is an efficient universal approximator with the rate of approximation error convergence to zero of order O(C/ radicaln), where n is number of basis functions and with C independent of n. Similar results are also obtained for neural nets with hidden nodes implemented as products of univariate functions or radial basis functions. Some possible ways of enhancing the accuracy of multivariate function approximations are discussed.
Radiohalogen incorporation into organic systems (2002)

Abstract This Review reports the more recent applications of radiohalogen labelling in organic compounds. Modern synthetic methods place more emphasis upon substitution at specific sites. Electrophilic substitution, especially at aromatic carbon atoms, involves displacement of halogen or of metals rather than the earlier popular halogen‐deprotiation processes. Nucleophilic displacement, at either aliphatic or aromatic sites, has also become widespread since it may be made more selective by the inclusion of appropriate activating groups or suitable displaced groups. Microwave and thermally induced methods are both reported with a critical assessment of the value of each process. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of the Mutation Rates of Human Influenza A and B Viruses (2006)

Human influenza A viruses evolve more rapidly than influenza B viruses. To clarify the cause of this difference, we have evaluated the mutation rate of the nonstructural gene as revealed by the genetic diversity observed during the growth of individual plaques in MDCK cells. Six plaques were studied, representing two strains each of type A and B viruses. A total of 813,663 nucleotides were sequenced, giving rates of 2.0 x 10(-6) and 0.6 x 10(-6) mutations per site per infectious cycle, which, when extended to 1 year, agree well with the published annual evolutionary rates.
Ocular Poloxamer-Based Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride In Situ Forming Gels (2008)

The purpose of this study was to develop poloxamer-based in situ gelling formulations of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (HCl) aiming at prolonging corneal contact time, controlling drug release, enhancing ocular bioavailability, and increasing patient compliance. The in situ forming gels were prepared using different concentrations of poloxamer 407 (P407) and poloxamer 188 (P188). Mucoadhesives such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) or hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) were added to the formulations to enhance the gel bioadhesion properties. The prepared formulations were evaluated for their in vitro drug release, sol-gel transition temperature, rheological behavior, and mucoadhesion force. The in vivo antimicrobial efficacy of selected ciprofloxacin HCl in situ gelling formulations was studied on infected rabbit's eyes and compared with that of the marketed conventional eye drops. The gelation temperature of the prepared formulations ranged from 28.00 to 34.03 degrees C. Increasing the concentrations of P407, HPMC, and HEC increased the viscosity and mucoadhesion force of the preparations and decreased the in vitro drug release. Ciprofloxacin HCl in situ forming gel formulae composed of P407/P188/HPMC (18/13/1.5%, wt/wt), and P407/P188/HEC (18/13/0.5%, wt/wt) showed optimum release and mucoadhesion properties and improved ocular bioavailability as evidenced by an enhanced therapeutic response compared with the marketed conventional eye drops.
The neuronal nitric oxide synthase PDZ motif binds to ‐G(D,E)XV* carboxyterminal sequences (1997)

PDZ motifs are small protein-protein interaction modules that are thought to play a role in the clustering of submembranous signalling molecules. The specificity and functional consequences of their associative actions is still largely unknown. Using two-hybrid methodology we here demonstrate that the PDZ motif of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) can mediate the binding to several other proteins in brain. Peptide library screening showed that proteins bearing a carboxy-terminal G(D,E)XV* sequence are preferred targets for the nNOS amino-terminal PDZ motif. Potential nNOS targets include a melanoma-associated antigen, cyclophilins and the alpha1C-adrenergic receptor.