gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How long range is contour integration in human color vision? (2003)

We quantified and compared the effect of element spacing on contour integration between the achromatic (Ach), red-green (RG), and blue-yellow (BY) mechanisms. The task requires the linking of orientation across space to detect a contour in a stimulus composed of randomly oriented Gabor elements (1.5 cpd, sigma = 0.17 deg), measured using a temporal 2AFC method. A contour of ten elements was pasted into a 10 x 10 cells array, a ndbackground elements were randomly positioned within the available cells. The effect of element spacing was investigated by varying the mean interelement distance between two and six times the period of the Gabor elements (lambda = 0.66 deg) while the total number of elements was fixed. Contour detection was measured as a function of its curvature for jagged contours and for closed contours. At all curvatures, we found that performance for chromatic mechanisms declines more steeply with the increase in element separation than does performance for the achromatic mechanism. Averaged critical element separations were 4.6 +/- 0.7, 3.6 +/- 0.4, and 2.9 +/- 0.2 deg for Ach, BY, and RG mechanisms, respectively. These results suggest that contour integration by the chromatic mechanisms relies more on short-range interactions in comparison to the achromatic mechanism. In a further experiment, we looked at the combined effect of element size and element separation in contour integration for the Ach mechanism. We found that the critical separation decreases linearly with the spatial frequency, from about 5 deg at low spatial frequency (larger elements) to about 1 deg at high spatial frequency (smaller elements) suggesting a scale invariance in contour integration. In both experiments we also found no differences between closed and open jagged contours detection in terms of element separation. The neuroanatomical implications of these findings relatively to area V1 are discussed.
Calcitonin gene-related peptide in viscerosensitive response to colorectal distension in rats (1997)

The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on colorectal distension-induced visceral pain was investigated in conscious rats. Intracolonic administration of acetic acid (0.6%) resulted in a significantly increased number of abdominal contractions in response to colorectal balloon distension from 5.8 +/- 1.2 in controls to 16.6 +/- 1.0 in acetic acid-treated animals (P < 0.05), evidencing sensitization of visceral afferent pathways and subsequently visceral hyperalgesia. This sensitization phenomenon was not observed in animals previously treated with systemic capsaicin. Likewise, in animals not treated with capsaicin, use of an intravenous antagonist for CGRP [human CGRP-(8-37)], completely reversed the sensitizing effects of acetic acid. Furthermore, intravenous administration of CGRP dose dependently increased the number of abdominal contractions in response to colorectal distension from 3.0 +/- 1.1 (CGRP 250 ng) to 17.0 +/- 1.2 (CGRP 500 ng, P < 0.05), as previously observed in acetic acid-treated animals. Finally, intrathecal administration of hCGRP-(8-37) (mid-lumbar) also resulted in a total dose-dependent reversal of CGRP (500 ng) or acetic acid-induced visceral hypersensitivity. These results demonstrate that CGRP plays a major role in this model of visceral afferent nerve sensitization from gastrointestinal origin.
Handbook of multilevel metallization for integrated circuits : materials, technology, and applications (1993)

Handbook of Multilevel Metallization for Integrated Circuits answers and important need by pulling together in one volume a thorough technical summary of each of the key areas that make up a multilevel metal system. Included are associated design, analysis, materials, and manufacturing topics. The book serves three purposes. It functions as a good learning tool for the engineer newly assigned to work in metallization. It serves as a reference text for any MLM engineer, new or experienced, who wishes to refresh their memory. For someone who wants to further specialize in one topical areas, an extensive listing of references has been provided.
Design of Ultraspherical Window Functions with Prescribed Spectral Characteristics (2004)

A method for the design of ultraspherical window functions that achieves prescribed spectral characteristics is proposed. The method comprises a collection of techniques that can be used to determine the three independent parameters of the ultraspherical window such that a specified ripple ratio and main-lobe width or null-to-null width along with a user-defined side-lobe pattern can be achieved. Other known two-parameter windows can achieve a specified ripple ratio and main-lobe width; however, their side-lobe pattern cannot be controlled as in the proposed method. A comparison with other windows has shown that a difference in performance exists between the ultraspherical and Kaiser windows, which depends critically on the required specifications. The paper also highlights some applications of the proposed method in the areas of digital beamforming and image processing.
Mechanism of the thermal and photochemical decomposition of azoalkanes (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMechanism of the thermal and photochemical decomposition of azoalkanesPaul S. EngelCite this: Chem. Rev. 1980, 80, 2, 99–150Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60324a001https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60324a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2055Altmetric-Citations409LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Inhibin and Activin Locally Regulate Rat Ovarian Folliculogenesis (1990)

The role of inhibin and activin in the initiation of follicular development, growth, and atresia was examined. Human recombinant inhibin (1 microgram) was unilaterally injected into the ovarian intrabursal space of 25-day-old rats. The contralateral ovary served as a control. Recruited growing follicles (350-500 microns) were observed 24 h after injection. The accumulation of follicles was greater in the inhibin-treated ovaries than in contralateral control ovaries. Moreover, the size distribution of the follicles was similar to the distribution of follicles recruited by systemic exogenous PMSG treatment. The effect of inhibin plus PMSG on follicular development was not different from that of PMSG treatment alone. Injection of human recombinant activin (1 microgram) into the ovarian bursa caused follicular atresia. Activin therapy blocked the follicular development caused by PMSG treatment. The effect of inhibin and activin on follicular development was further characterized by measuring the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into dividing cells. Inhibin enhanced follicular thymidine incorporation, while activin decreased granulosa cell proliferation. Furthermore, receptors for inhibin-A (6.4 x 10(3) receptors/cell) and activin-A (2.3 X 10(4) receptors/cell) were identified on granulosa cells. The evidence suggests that inhibin and activin act in a paracrine manner to regulate follicular development, inhibin as a follicular growth signal and activin as an atretagenic signal.
Stromal support enhances cell-free retroviral vector transduction of human bone marrow long-term culture-initiating cells (1992)

Gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells by cell-free virions is a goal for gene therapy of hematolymphoid disorders. Because the hematopoietic microenvironment provided by the stroma is required for stem cell maintenance both in vivo and in vitro, we reasoned that cell-free transduction of bone marrow cells (BMC) may be aided by stromal support. We used two high-titer replication-defective retroviral vectors to differentially mark progenitor cells. The transducing vector was shown to be a specific DNA fragment by polymerase chain reaction of colony-forming cells derived from progenitors maintained in long-term culture (LTC). BMC were infected separately by cell-free virions with or without pre-established, irradiated, allogeneic stromal layers, and in the presence or absence of exogenous growth factors (GF). The GF assessed were interleukin-3 (IL-3) and IL-6 in combination, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), mast cell growth factor (MGF), and LIF and MGF in combination. In addition, we developed a competitive LTC system to directly assess the effect of infection conditions on the transduction of clonogenic progenitors as reflected by the presence of a predominate provirus after maintenance in the same microenvironment. The results show gene transfer into human LTC-initiating cells by cell-free retroviral vector and a beneficial effect of stromal support allowing a transduction efficiency of 64.6% in contrast to 15.8% without a supporting stromal layer. A high transduction rate was achieved independent of stimulation with exogenous GF. We propose that autologous marrow stromal support during the transduction period may have application in clinical gene therapy protocols.
<title>Functional topographic imaging of the human retina by confocal scanning laser angiography</title> (1999)

We present a new method for processing confocal fluorescence angiographies in order to extract the topography of the perfused surface. The topographies extracted for various normal and pathologic conditions agree well with morphological and functional conditions. They allow, for example, the quantification of leakage and the verification of treatment success in photodynamic therapy and provide thus a new valuable tool for analyzing the topography of functional pathologies.
Iterleukin 1 alpha is a marker of endothelial cellular senescent (2006)

Our results indicate that a dysfunction of the cytokine network associates with aging and point to a specific role of IL-1alpha in endothelial senescence.
5' flanking sequences of the rat tyrosine hydroxylase gene target accurate tissue-specific, developmental, and transsynaptic expression in transgenic mice (1992)

Transgenic mice were generated in which sequences that flank the rat tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene were linked to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene. Mice bearing 4.8 kilobases (kb) of 5' flanking DNA exhibited correct tissue-specific expression in the CNS and periphery. Expression was more robust in the CNS than in the periphery, although CAT activity was clearly detected in sympathetic ganglia (superior cervical ganglia) and the adrenal, the two peripheral tissues that contain TH-positive cells. Within the brain, CAT expression was seen in all the expected areas containing TH-positive cell bodies, with little or no expression in other regions. In the olfactory bulb, which contains the majority of the CNS TH cells, developmental expression of CAT was quantifiable and was found to parallel the postnatal rise in endogenous TH, with both TH and CAT reaching adult levels by postnatal day 21. Since TH activity in the olfactory bulb requires afferent input, the dependence of CAT activity on transsynaptic input was also assayed in transgenic mice. Like the endogenous TH activity, CAT levels were also reduced by deafferentation, in parallel with loss in endogenous dopamine levels. While previous experiments demonstrated that shorter 5' flanking regions (2.5 kb and 3.5 kb of 5' upstream sequences of the human and mouse TH gene, respectively) failed to direct accurate tissue-specific expression, our data demonstrate that 4.8 kb of 5' flanking sequence of the rat TH gene contains sufficient regulatory information to mediate appropriate tissue-specific expression in all CNS and PNS tissues, as well as to mediate developmental and transsynaptic expression in the olfactory bulb.
Technological Solutions and Main Indices for the Assessment of Newborns’ Nutritive Sucking: A Review (2014)

Nutritive Sucking (NS) is a highly organized process that is essential for infants' feeding during the first six months of their life. It requires the complex coordination of sucking, swallowing and breathing. The infant's inability to perform a safe and successful oral feeding can be an early detector of immaturity of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Even though the importance of early sucking measures has been confirmed over the years, the need for standardized instrumental assessment tools still exists. Clinicians would benefit from specifically designed devices to assess oral feeding ability in their routine clinical monitoring and decision-making process. This work is a review of the main instrumental solutions developed to assess an infant's NS behavior, with a detailed survey of the main quantities and indices measured and/or estimated to characterize sucking behavior skills and their development. The adopted sensing measuring systems will be described, and their main advantages and weaknesses will be discussed, taking into account their application to clinical practice, or to at-home monitoring as post-discharge assessment tools. Finally, the study will highlight the most suitable sensing solutions and give some prompts for further research.
Basic fibroblast growth factor for stimulation of bone formation in osteoinductive or conductive implants (1996)

Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) is one of the endogenous factors found in bone matrix. bFGF is a mitogen for many cell types, including osteoblasts and chondrocytes. It can stimulate angiogenesis and osteoblast gene expression. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether exogenous bFGF can stimulate the formation of bone in bone grafts and in a bone graft substitute. In a model using demineralized bone matrix implants for bone induction, a dose of 15 ng bFGF per implant increased the number of chondrocytes and the amount of bone, whereas 1900 ng greatly inhibited cartilage and bone formation. These results are consistent with previous studies with this model, showing that a lower dose of bFGF increased bone calcium content and a higher dose reduced it. Thus, exogenous bFGF can stimulate proliferation during early phases of bone induction. A new device, the bone conduction chamber, was developed for the application of bFGF to bone conductive materials. This model made it possible to demonstrate a difference between the conductive properties of bone grafts and porous hydroxyapatite. bFGF increased bone ingrowth into bone graft inside the chamber and showed a biphasic dose-response curve, so that 8-200 ng per implant (0.4-10 ng/mm3) increased bone ingrowth, but higher or lower doses had no effect. The same doses had the same effects in porous hydroxyapatite. In both bone grafts and porous hydroxyapatite, the highest dose still caused an increase in ingrowth of fibrous tissue. The effect on bone ingrowth was first detected after 6 weeks, regardless if administration of bFGF started at implantation or 2 weeks later, using an implanted minipump. Hyaluronate gel was effective as a slow-release carrier for bFGF. In conclusion, bFGF stimulates bone formation in bone implants, depending on dose and method for administration.
The Mechanism of Action of the Vacuum-Assisted Closure Device (2008)

These data provide profound insights into the mechanism of action of the vacuum-assisted closure device, providing an explanation for the increases in wound bed vascularity and cell proliferation based on its components. Results suggest that the vascular response is related to the polyurethane foam, whereas tissue strains induced by the vacuum-assisted closure device stimulated cell proliferation.
Association of -1171 promoter polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase-3 with increased risk for oral cancer. (2008)

The results of this study suggest that the high expression 5A allele of the MMP-3 gene is associated with an increased risk for oral cancer in certain individuals.
Chance and Necessity in the Selection of Nucleic Acid Catalysts (1996)

In Tom Stoppard's famous play [Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead], the ill-fated heroes toss a coin 101 times. The first 100 times they do so the coin lands heads up. The chance of this happening is approximately 1 in 10(30), a sequence of events so rare that one might argue that it could only happen in such a delightful fiction. Similarly rare events, however, may underlie the origins of biological catalysis. What is the probability that an RNA, DNA, or protein molecule of a given random sequence will display a particular catalytic activity? The answer to this question determines whether a collection of such sequences, such as might result from prebiotic chemistry on the early earth, is extremely likely or unlikely to contain catalytically active molecules, and hence whether the origin of life itself is a virtually inevitable consequence of chemical laws or merely a bizarre fluke. The fact that a priori estimates of this probability, given by otherwise informed chemists and biologists, ranged from 10(-5) to 10(-50), inspired us to begin to address the question experimentally. As it turns out, the chance that a given random sequence RNA molecule will be able to catalyze an RNA polymerase-like phosphoryl transfer reaction is close to 1 in 10(13), rare enough, to be sure, but nevertheless in a range that is comfortably accessible by experiment. It is the purpose of this Account to describe the recent advances in combinatorial biochemistry that have made it possible for us to explore the abundance and diversity of catalysts existing in nucleic acid sequence space.
Synthesis, Structure−Activity Relationships, and RARγ−Ligand Interactions of Nitrogen Heteroarotinoids (1999)

Three heteroarotinoids containing a nitrogen atom in the first ring and a C-O linking group between the two aryl rings were synthesized and evaluated for RAR and RXR retinoid receptor transactivation, tumor cell growth inhibition, and transglutaminase (TGase) induction. Ethyl 4-(N,4,4-trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl)benzoate (1) contained an N-CH(3) group and activated all retinoid receptors except for RARgamma. Inceasing the hydrophobicity around the rings with analogues ethyl 4-(N,4,4,7-tetramethyl-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-oyloxy)benzoate (2) [7-methyl group added] and ethyl 4-(4,4-dimethyl-N-isopropyl-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-oyloxy)benzoate (3) [NCH(CH(3))(2) group at C-4] increased the potency and specificity for RARalpha, RARbeta, and RXRalpha, compared to 1, but had little effect on RXRbeta and RXRgamma activation. Although 1 and 3 were unable to activate RARgamma, 2 did activate this receptor with efficacy and high potency equal to that of 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-c-RA). All three heteroarotinoids exhibited 5-8-fold greater specificities for RARbeta over RARalpha. In addition, esters 1-3 inhibited the growth of two cell lines each derived from cervix, vulvar, ovarian, and head/neck tumors with similar efficiencies to that of 9-c-RA through a mechanism independent of apoptosis. The vulvar cell lines were the most sensitive, and the ovarian lines were the least sensitive. Ester 2 was similar to 1 and 3 except that 2 was a much more potent growth inhibitor of the two vulvar cell lines, which is consistent with strong RARgamma activation by 2 (but not by 1 and 3) and the high levels of RARgamma expression in skin. All three heteroarotinoids induced production of TGase, a marker of retinoid activity in human erythroleukemic cells. Esters 2 and 3 were the more potent TGase activators than 1, in agreement with the stronger activation of the RAR receptors by 2 and 3. The biological activities of these agents, and the RARgamma potency of 2 in particular, demonstrate the promise of these compounds as pharmaceutics for cancer and skin disorders.
Pla de mobilitat de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (2008)

Amb l’objectiu de desenvolupar el Pla Estrategic d’Accessibilitat, i conscient que l’accessibilitat de la UAB com a node metropolita precisa de la participacio de totes les administracions responsables (UAB, Ajuntament de Cerdanyola, Autoritat Territorial de la Mobilitat i Generalitat de Catalunya), la UAB va implicar aquestes administracions en l’elaboracio d’una eina de planificacio amb mesures concretes, pressupost i calendari definits i compromisos politics ferms. Aquesta eina es el Pla de Mobilitat de la UAB.
Biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharide galactoglucan in Sinorhizobium meliloti is subject to a complex control by the phosphate-dependent regulator PhoB and the proteins ExpG and MucR (1999)

The soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti (Rhizobium meliloti) has the ability to produce the alternative exopolysaccharide galactoglucan (EPS II) in addition to succinoglycan (EPS I). In the wild-type strain EPS II production is induced by phosphate-limiting conditions or by extra copies of the exp gene cluster. Based on similarities to transcriptional regulators of the MarR family, an additional putative regulatory gene, expG, was identified in the exp gene cluster. Using exp-lacZ transcriptional fusions, a stimulating effect of extra copies of this expG gene on the transcription of all exp complementation groups was determined. Phosphate limitation also resulted in increased expression of the exp-lacZ fusions. This increase was reduced in strains characterized by a deletion of expG. The previously reported high level of exp gene transcription in a mucR mutant was further elevated under phosphate-limiting conditions. The expA, expD, expG and expE promoters contain sequences with similarities to the PHO box known as the PhoB-binding site in phosphate-regulated promoters in Escherichia coli. The S. meliloti phoB gene was required for the activation of exp gene expression under phosphate limitation, but not for induction of exp expression by MucR or ExpG.
Posterior localization of vasa protein correlates with, but is not sufficient for, pole cell development. (1990)

The protein product of the Drosophila maternal-effect posterior group gene vasa is localized to the posterior pole of the oocyte and is sequestered by the pole cells as they form. It is, however, present at easily detectable levels throughout the oocyte and pre-blastoderm embryo. The protein is present in the pole cells and their germ line derivatives throughout all stages of development. An antiserum against this protein recognizes a pole-cell-specific antigen in seven other Drosophila species. Of six other maternal-effect loci essential for embryonic pole cell development, none affects expression of vasa, mutations in four abolish vasa protein localization, and mutations in two, tudor and valois, have little, if any, effect on vasa expression or localization. This indicates that vasa protein, when properly localized, is not sufficient for induction of pole cell development, and that at least the tudor and valois wild-type functions are also required specifically for this process. These results are discussed with respect to the multiple functions of the vasa gene.