gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Small bowel absorption of sulfasalazine and its hepatic metabolism in human beings, cats, and rats. (1979)

To elucidate the role of the small bowel and liver in sulfasalazine (SASP) metabolism, we performed studies in patients, cats, and rats. The role of the small bowel in absorption and metabolism of SASP was determined by the amount of administered SASP excreted in ileostomy effluents, and the concentration of serum and urinary SASP and its metabolites, sulfapyridine and 5-amino salicylic acid. Seventy-five to ninety percent of the drug was excreted in ileostomy effluents of 6 patients as SASP, and only 5% of the dose was sulfapyridine. In cats, ileostomy and portal venous cannulations revealed that 20--30% of administered SASP is absorbed from the small bowel without being metabolized. The role of the liver in SASP metabolism was established in vivo and in vitro. SASP metabolites were measured in bile, serum, and urine of 2 patients with a choledochal T-tube and in serum and bile in six cats and four rats. Twenty to fifty percent of the absorbed drug was excreted in bile as SASP and no detectable sulfapyridine appeared in the bile. SASP concentration in peripheral blood and urine ranged between 3 and 12 microgram/ml, and no significant amount of sulfapyridine metabolites were detected in the bile, serum, or urine of animals with an ileostomy. In vitro experiments with liver from cats and rats showed nearly complete reduction of SASP into metabolites. These studies reveal that SASP is not metabolized by the liver in vivo, and after absorption from the small bowel, 25--50% of the SASP is excreted unchanged in the bile, and the rest enters the circulation. Implications of these results in the treatment of patients with Crohn's disease of the small intestine are discussed.
North Carolina macular dystrophy phenotype in France maps to the MCDR1 locus. (1997)

These findings indicate that the macular dystrophy gene in this French family maps to the same region as that of North Carolina macular dystrophy (MCDR1) locus but that independent mutations are involved. The disease in the French family is clinically and genetically similar to North Carolina macular dystrophy. Therefore MCDR1 occurs in various ethnic groups, is present world-wide, and there remains no evidence of genetic heterogeneity for this clinically distinct form of macular degeneration.
Divergent effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on cardiovascular hemodynamics of near‐term fetal sheep exposed to hypoxemia and maternal hypotension (2007)

After exposure to hypoxemia and maternal hypotension, ephedrine restored all fetal cardiovascular hemodynamic parameters to baseline. Phenylephrine did not reverse fetal pulmonary vasoconstriction or the relative decrease in the net forward flow through the aortic isthmus observed in fetuses with increased placental vascular resistance. Moreover, fetal left ventricular function was impaired during phenylephrine administration.
Gadd45 is a nuclear cell cycle regulated protein which interacts with p21Cip1. (1995)

GADD45 was originally identified as a cDNA clone induced by growth arrest and DNA damage. We show that Gadd45 is a nuclear protein, widely expressed in normal tissues, particularly in quiescent cellular populations. Using cell synchronisation methods we show that Gadd45 levels are highest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and are greatly reduced during S phase. Immunoprecipitation of Gadd45 from mammalian cells reveals that it is tightly associated with a protein which reacts with antibodies to the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21Cip1. Binding of recombinant Gadd45 protein to overlapping p21Cip1 peptides in ELISA assays and use of the yeast two hybrid assay show that Gadd45 directly interacts with this cell cycle inhibitor. These data suggest that Gadd45 may act in the regulation of the cell cycle. It is postulated that the interactions of Gadd45 with both p21Cip1 and PCNA are important for the modulation of cell cycles, and for the inhibition of DNA replication.
Isomerization during hydrogenation. III. Linoleic acid (1956)

Summary The isomerization that takes place during the catalytic hydrogenation of linoleic acid and methyl linoleate produces cis and trans 9, 10, 11, and 12 monoenes. The double bond at the 12 position appears to hydrogenate slightly faster than that in the 9 position. More octadecenoic acids with double bonds at the 10 or 11 positions are produced during a selective (high temperature, low pressure) hydrogenation than during a non‐selective process. Although the degree of selectivity of the hydrogenation is determined by the amount of isomerization of the original pentadiene system to a conjugated diene, only part of the methylene‐interrupted diene goes through this type of isomerization even during a highly selective hydrogenation. The half hydrogenation‐dehydrogenation reaction mechanism is applied to explain the simultaneous positional and geometrical isomerizations.
Laser Generation of Convergent Acoustic Waves and Applications to Materials Evaluation (1986)

A converging-wave technique for laser generation and detection of focused acoustic waves is described together with a number of applications to the nondestructive testing and characterization of industrial materials. An annular-shaped wave is produced by irradiating the inspected material with a laser beam focused through a suitable combination of spherical and conical lenses. The ultrasonic pulse reaches a relatively high amplitude in the center of convergence, where it is probed by a noncontact interferometric optical sensor. Applications to the ultrasonic characterization of ceramic materials, coating thickness evaluation, detection of delaminations in layered materials as well as crack inspection are described.
Methicillin-resistant–Staphylococcus aureusHospitalizations, United States (2005)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is increasingly a cause of nosocomial and community-onset infection with unknown national scope and magnitude. We used the National Hospital Discharge Survey to calculate the number of US hospital discharges listing S. aureus-specific diagnoses, defined as those having at least 1 International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 code specific for S. aureus infection. The number of hospital discharges listing S. aureus-specific diagnoses was multiplied by the proportion of methicillin resistance for each corresponding infection site to determine the number of MRSA infections. From 1999 to 2000, an estimated 125,969 hospitalizations with a diagnosis of MRSA infection occurred annually, including 31,440 for septicemia, 29,823 for pneumonia, and 64,706 for other infections, accounting for 3.95 per 1,000 hospital discharges. The method used in our analysis may provide a simple way to assess trends of the magnitude of MRSA infection nationally.
Isolation and Characterization of Multipotent Skin‐Derived Precursors from Human Skin (2005)

We have previously isolated, expanded, and characterized a multipotent precursor cell from mammalian dermis (termed skin-derived precursors [SKPs]) that can differentiate into both neural and mesodermal progeny. In this study, we report the isolation, expansion, and characterization of a similar precursor cell from neonatal human foreskin tissue. Like their rodent counterparts, human SKPs grew in suspension as spheres in the presence of the mitogens fibroblast growth factor 2 and epidermal growth factor and expressed nestin, fibronectin, vimentin, and characteristic embryonic transcription factors. Human SKPs could be maintained in culture for long periods of time and would still differentiate into neurons, glia, and smooth muscle cells, including cells with the phenotype of peripheral neurons and Schwann cells. Clonal analysis indicated that single SKP cells were multipotent and could give rise to all of these progeny. Moreover, human SKPs apparently derive from an endogenous precursor within human foreskin; a subpopulation of dissociated primary foreskin cells could differentiate into neurons, a cell type never seen in skin, and the initial spheres to develop from skin expressed the same markers and had the same potential as do passaged SKPs. Together, these data indicate that SKPs are an endogenous multipotent precursor cell present in human skin that can be isolated and expanded and differentiate into both neural and mesodermal cell types.
The Soluble Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Receptor/IL-6 Fusion Protein Enhances In Vitro Maintenance and Proliferation of Human CD34+CD38−/low Cells Capable of Repopulating Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Mice (1999)

In vitro maintenance and proliferation of human hematopoietic stem cells is crucial for many clinical applications. Early hematopoietic cells express low levels of FLT-3 and c-kit receptors, as well as the interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor signal transducing element, gp130, but do not express IL-6 receptor itself. Therefore, we have attempted to maintain human cord blood or bone marrow CD34(+) cells ex vivo in serum-free cultures containing stem cell factor (SCF) and FLT-3 ligand (FL) alone or together with a new recombinant molecule of soluble IL-6 receptor fused to IL-6 (IL6RIL6 chimera). The effect of IL6RIL6 chimera on the proliferation and differentiation of CD34(+) cells was compared with that of each chimera component added separately. The engraftment potential of in vitro-cultured cells was determined using our recently established functional in vivo assay for primitive human severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-repopulating cells (SRC). We report here that IL6RIL6 chimera induced significantly higher levels of progenitors and SRC compared with SCF + FL alone or together with IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor. IL6RIL6 chimera prolonged in vitro maintenance of SRC for up to 14 days. Stimulation of CD34(+)CD38(-/low) enriched cells with IL6RIL6 chimera maintained the early CD34(+)CD38(-/low) cell subpopulation, which could be detected in vitro for up to 14 days. Moreover, IL6RIL6 chimera preferentially stimulated the growth of early CD34(+)38(-/low) cells, resulting in significantly higher levels of progenitors compared with more mature CD34(+)38(+) cells. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the importance of IL6RIL6 chimera in stimulating the proliferation of early CD34(+). CD38(-)gp130(+)IL-6R(-) cells in vitro and extended maintenance of progenitors and SRC.
Pengembangan Aplikasi Mobile Learning untuk Pertolongan Pertama (2015)

Pengetahuan dan pelatihan mengenai Pertolongan Pertama merupakan hal yang terbilang penting. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan fasilitas yang lebih mudah bagi masyarakat yang tertarik untuk mengikuti pelatihan ini. Mengingat banyak masyarakat yang terhalang jarak dan waktu untuk mempelajarinya, maka dilakukanlah pengembangan metode pelatihan dengan memanfaatkan berbagai teknologi yang ada saat ini sehingga persoalan jarak dan waktu serta informasi dapat terselesaikan. Pengembangan yang dilakukan memungkinkan peserta melaksanakan proses pelatihan secara mobile.
[Determination of luteolin and luteolin-7-beta-D-glucoside in Chrysanthemum morfolium Ramat. from different collection time by RP-HPLC]. (2004)

The content of luteolin-7-beta-D-glucoside reflects the quality of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. more viably than that of luteolin.
Definition of Clinically Distinct Molecular Subtypes in Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Carcinomas Through Genomic Grade (2007)

The use of genomic grade can identify two clinically distinct ER-positive molecular subtypes in a simple and highly reproducible manner across multiple data sets. This study emphasizes the important role of proliferation-related genes in predicting prognosis in ER-positive BC.
Mood disorders: A potential link between ghrelin and leptin on human body? (2015)

Leptin and ghrelin are two hormones associated with multiple physiological functions, especially energy balance. Leptin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone discovered in 1950 and ghrelin which was found in 1999, is a peptide hormone produced and secreted in the stomach. A number of previous studies showed that these hormones could be associated with different types of mood disorders. The results of previous studies, nevertheless, are confounded by diverse sample selection and different methodologies. A search for related articles in the PubMed database was attempted. The search covered studies, reports, reviews and editorials published in the last ten years. Older references served as auxiliary sources for comparison purposes. However, due to the different results of the studies, there is a need for more investigation in order to establish the exact biochemical mechanisms that are responsible for these diseases and ghrelin's and leptin's effects on mood.
복막투석과 식이요법으로 조절된 단풍당뇨증 1례 (2001)

저자들은 수유 곤란, 전신적 근력저하와 경련이 나타난 생후 9일된 여아의 소변 유기산 분석과 혈장 아미노산 분석에서 고전형 단풍당뇨증 1례를 진단하고 즉시 복막투석과 함께 적절한 식이요법을 시행하여 성공적으로 조절하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.감사의 글...
DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED MicroRNAs IN SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER (2009)

Expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is characteristically altered in cancer, and they may play a role in cancer development and progression. The authors performed microarray and real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses to determine the miRNA expression profile of primary small cell lung cancer. Here we show that at least 24 miRNAs are differentially expressed between normal lung and primary small cell lung cancer (SCLC) tumors. These include miR-301, miR-183/96/182, miR-126, and miR-223, which are microRNAs deregulated in other tumor types as well; and other miRNAs, such as miR-374 and miR-210, not previously reported in association with lung cancer. The aberrant miRNA profile of SCLC may offer new insights in the biology of this aggressive tumor, and could potentially provide novel diagnostic markers.
The palindromic series I repeats in the simian cytomegalovirus major immediate-early promoter behave as both strong basal enhancers and cyclic AMP response elements (1990)

A 600-base-pair (bp) enhancer region upstream from the major IE94 gene of simian cytomegalovirus (SCMV) produces very strong basal expression of associated gene products. This domain consists of multiple sets of interspersed repetitive elements, including 11 copies of a conserved 16-bp palindromic sequence with the consensus CCATTGACGTCAATGG. These series I repeats contain an 8-bp core TGACGTCA that resembles the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response element (CRE) of cellular genes. In transient chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assays in K562 human erythroleukemia cells, a set of deleted variants of the IE94 promoter all responded up to 15-fold to induction by cAMP. However, successive removal of most of the SCMV 16-bp motifs reduced basal expression over 20-fold. The cAMP stimulation was also manifested at the steady-state RNA level after SCMV infection of K562 cells and was detectable within 1.5 h after treatment of DNA-transfected cells. Addition of a single 30-bp oligonucleotide encompassing the 16-bp palindrome conveyed up to 10-fold cAMP responsiveness onto a heterologous weak promoter but had no effect on basal expression. In contrast, two or more adjacent copies produced 20- to 40-fold increases in basal expression and provided greater than 200-fold activation in the presence of cAMP. Similar effects were obtained when the oligonucleotides were placed in a downstream location relative to the reporter gene. Studies with mutant oligonucleotides revealed that both the core CRE and the flanking sequence portions of the 16-bp elements were essential for enhancer function. Both components were also important for maximum cAMP responsiveness. Band shift assays with fractionated nuclear extracts from Raji lymphocytes revealed multiple competable complexes with cellular DNA-binding factors that recognized the series I elements. Three distinct CREB-like factors were detected that required only the core 8-bp elements for binding. We conclude that the 16-bp series I repeats provide a major contribution to the constitutive enhancer properties of the IE94 promoter and also act as functional CREs. The cAMP response properties appear likely to play a key role in reactivation of the virus from a latent state in appropriately differentiating cell types.
Effect of Postmenopausal Estrogen Replacement on Circulating Androgens (1997)

Menopausal ERT decreases serum androgen levels, decreasing DHEA-sulfate and testosterone by 23% and 42%, respectively. Whereas the decline in testosterone is likely due to decreased LH-driven ovarian stromal steroidogenesis, the declining levels of DHEA-sulfate also may imply a direct adrenal effect of estrogen. Bioavailable testosterone likely is reduced even more profoundly because sex hormone binding globulin is increased 160% by estrogen. Thus, menopausal ERT may induce relative ovarian and adrenal androgen deficiency, creating a rationale for concurrent physiologic androgen replacement.
In vitro and in vivo antitumor properties of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor CYC202 (R‐roscovitine) (2002)

Abstract CDK2 inhibitors have been proposed as effective anti‐cancer therapeutics. We show here that CYC202 ( R ‐roscovitine) is a potent inhibitor of recombinant CDK2/cyclin E kinase activity (IC 50 = 0.10 μM) with an average cytotoxic IC 50 of 15.2 μM in a panel of 19 human tumour cell lines, and we also demonstrate selectivity for rapidly proliferating cells over non‐proliferating cells. A study of the cell cycle effects of CYC202 in Lovo colorectal carcinoma cells showed that the major effect was not the predicted arrest in one part of the cycle, but rather an induction of cell death from all compartments of the cell cycle. The maximum tolerated dose given intravenously to mice was in excess of 20 mg/kg. Doses up to 2,000 mg/kg were tolerated when administered orally in mice. Following repeated intraperitoneal administration (3 times daily for 5 days) of 100 mg/kg to nude mice bearing the Lovo human colorectal tumour, CYC202 induced a significant antitumour effect with a 45% reduction in tumour growth compared to controls. A second experiment using the human uterine xenograft MESSA‐DX5 treated with orally administered CYC202 (500 mg/kg 3 times daily for 4 days) also exhibited a significant reduction in the rate of growth of the tumour (62%). These data, showing enzyme and cellular potency together with antitumour activity, confirm the potential of CDK2 inhibitors such as CYC202 as anticancer drugs. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of immunodominant epitope of F1 antigen of Yersinia pestis (2000)

The F1 antigen of Yersinia pestis has been identified as one of the major protective antigens of this bacterium. The present study aims to delineate major and minor antigenic sites of F1 antigen. Using algorithmic predictions, five peptide sequences (P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5) spanning the C-terminal region were identified and synthesized. Antibodies were generated in mice against the peptides, native F1 protein and polymerized F1 antigen using liposomes as mode of immunization. Cross-reactivity between F1 antigen and peptides was tested using both solid and solution phase assays. Similar assays were done with rabbit anti-F1 sera. Competitive inhibition assays using a different combination of antisera and competing antigen identified P2 peptide FFVRSIGSKGGKLAAGKYTDAVTV (142–165) as the immunodominant sequence. The results indicate that this sequence appears to be exposed on the surface of F1 molecule. In a solid phase binding assay, P2 peptide was recognized even at high F1 antisera dilution. However, when antisera raised to different peptides were tested for binding to F1 antigen, antisera to P4 peptide showed maximal immunoreactivity. This implies more accessibility of this region during immobilization on solid surface. There was consistency in the results obtained for different strains of mice as well as for the rabbit antisera. Such a sequence of F1 antigen, which is recognized widely in animals of different genetic background, would be useful for diagnosis and subunit vaccine.
Small Interfering RNA Screens Reveal Enhanced Cisplatin Cytotoxicity in Tumor Cells Having both BRCA Network and TP53 Disruptions (2006)

RNA interference technology allows the systematic genetic analysis of the molecular alterations in cancer cells and how these alterations affect response to therapies. Here we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) screens to identify genes that enhance the cytotoxicity (enhancers) of established anticancer chemotherapeutics. Hits identified in drug enhancer screens of cisplatin, gemcitabine, and paclitaxel were largely unique to the drug being tested and could be linked to the drug's mechanism of action. Hits identified by screening of a genome-scale siRNA library for cisplatin enhancers in TP53-deficient HeLa cells were significantly enriched for genes with annotated functions in DNA damage repair as well as poorly characterized genes likely having novel functions in this process. We followed up on a subset of the hits from the cisplatin enhancer screen and validated a number of enhancers whose products interact with BRCA1 and/or BRCA2. TP53(+/-) matched-pair cell lines were used to determine if knockdown of BRCA1, BRCA2, or validated hits that associate with BRCA1 and BRCA2 selectively enhances cisplatin cytotoxicity in TP53-deficient cells. Silencing of BRCA1, BRCA2, or BRCA1/2-associated genes enhanced cisplatin cytotoxicity approximately 4- to 7-fold more in TP53-deficient cells than in matched TP53 wild-type cells. Thus, tumor cells having disruptions in BRCA1/2 network genes and TP53 together are more sensitive to cisplatin than cells with either disruption alone.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity (2006)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is strongly related with obesity.