gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring the aerodynamic characteristics of a blown annular wing for vertical/short take-off and landing applications (2011)

This article explores, theoretically and experimentally, a new wingform, based on an annular wing wrapped around a radial flow generator, potentially creating a vehicle with no external moving parts, reduced vehicle aerodynamic losses compared to previous vertical/short take-off and landing technologies, and substantially eliminating induced drag. Concentrating on hovering and slow flight, it is shown that such a wing works best with a thick aerofoil section and appears to offer greatest potential at a micro-aerial vehicle scale. Experimental methods are described along with results, and this work shows that wing efficiency can be substantially improved by the use of upper surface blowing technology and the Coanda effect. The main causes of efficiency loss are annular flow expansion and problems with achieving acceptable slot heights. Experimental efficiency remains below theoretical efficiency, partly due to flow asymmetry but possibly also other factors. This work is also very early in the development of this technology, and so recommendations are made for future work.
Heparin affinity of anionic and cationic capillary endothelial cell growth factors: analysis of hypothalamus-derived growth factors and fibroblast growth factors. (1985)

Bovine hypothalamus-derived growth factors (HDGF), pituitary fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and brain FGF were analyzed by chromatography on immobilized heparin and tested for the ability to stimulate the proliferation of capillary endothelial (CE) cells. Two distinct CE cell growth factors were found in hypothalamus, one anionic (aHDGF; pI of about 5) and one cationic (cHDGF; pI of about 8). Both aHDGF and cHDGF adhered tightly to immobilized heparin. They were eluted with 0.9-1.1 M NaCl and 1.3-1.5 M NaCl, respectively. Pituitary and brain FGF were also found to bind to immobilized heparin and to stimulate CE cell proliferation. Pituitary FGF was eluted at 1.4-1.6 M NaCl. The elution profile of brain FGF showed that two peaks of CE cell growth factor activity were eluted from the heparin column, one at 1.0 M NaCl and a second at 1.4-1.6 M NaCl. The tight binding of all of these growth factors to heparin (particularly aHDGF, whose binding is unexpected because of its negative charge) is presented as evidence that CE cell growth factors all share an affinity for heparin.
The Fertilizer Encyclopedia (2008)

The fertilizer encyclopedia , The fertilizer encyclopedia , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Optical Properties of Ultrashort Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Capsules Down to Sub-10 nm (2008)

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are typically long (greater than or approximately equal 100 nm) and have been well established as novel quasi one-dimensional systems with interesting electrical, mechanical, and optical properties. Here, quasi zero-dimensional SWNTs with finite lengths down to the molecular scale (7.5 nm in average) were obtained by length separation using a density gradient ultracentrifugation method. Different sedimentation rates of nanotubes with different lengths in a density gradient were taken advantage of to sort SWNTs according to length. Optical experiments on the SWNT fractions revealed that the UV-vis-NIR absorption and photoluminescence peaks of the ultrashort SWNTs blue-shift up to approximately 30 meV compared to long nanotubes, owing to quantum confinement effects along the length of ultrashort SWNTs. These nanotube capsules essentially correspond to SWNT quantum dots.
Low loss optical modulator in a silicon waveguide based on a carrier depletion horizontal structure (2007)

Experimental results on an all-silicon optical modulator integrated into a SOI micro-waveguide are reported. A boron doped layer is embedded in the intrinsic region of a PIN diode, and carrier depletion is obtained by applying a reverse bias on the diode. Contrast ratio about 10 dB and insertion loss of 5 dB have been measured. A 3 dB bandwidth larger than 1 GHz is obtained with a 4 mm long phase shifter in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
Intelligent communication filtering for limited bandwidth environments (2002)

We advocate a new architecture for distributed systems supporting mobility. In this architecture an intermediary is interposed between client and server. Its purpose is to filter or delay all but the most essential data that would travel over the slow link to the mobile host, as instructed by the client. The goal of our work is to provide a general framework to ease the installation and management of application specific filtering mechanisms.
Dissipation and decoherence in a quantum register (1998)

A model for a quantum register $\mathcal{R}$ made of $N$ replicas of a $d$-dimensional quantum system (cell) coupled with the environment is studied by means of a Born-Markov master equation (ME). Dissipation and decoherence are discussed in various cases in which a subdecoherent encoding can be rigorously found. For the quantum-bit case $(d=2)$ we have solved, for small $N,$ the ME by numerical direct integration and studied, as a function of the coherence length ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{c}$ of the bath, fidelity and decoherence rates of states of the register. For large enough ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{c}$ the singlet states of the global su(2) pseudo spin algebra of the register (noiseless at ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{c}=\ensuremath{\infty})$ are shown to have a much smaller decoherence rates than the rest of the Hilbert space.
Novel sialic acid derivatives lock open the 150-loop of an influenza A virus group-1 sialidase (2010)

Influenza virus sialidase has an essential role in the virus' life cycle. Two distinct groups of influenza A virus sialidases have been established, that differ in the flexibility of the '150-loop', providing a more open active site in the apo form of the group-1 compared to group-2 enzymes. In this study we show, through a multidisciplinary approach, that novel sialic acid-based derivatives can exploit this structural difference and selectively inhibit the activity of group-1 sialidases. We also demonstrate that group-1 sialidases from drug-resistant mutant influenza viruses are sensitive to these designed compounds. Moreover, we have determined, by protein X-ray crystallography, that these inhibitors lock open the group-1 sialidase flexible 150-loop, in agreement with our molecular modelling prediction. This is the first direct proof that compounds may be developed to selectively target the pandemic A/H1N1, avian A/H5N1 and other group-1 sialidase-containing viruses, based on an open 150-loop conformation of the enzyme.
A novel single-chip fabrication technique for three-dimensional MEMS structures (2002)

A novel single-chip fabrication technique for three-dimensional (3D) MEMS structures is proposed and realized. It includes four main steps, meshes formation, sacrificial layer etching, bulk silicon etching and meshes covered by deposition. The size of the meshes is optimized to meet all requirements, the flow rate of the etchant and of the bubbles produced from bulk etching and the membrane stiffness. Some 3D structures with membrane suspended on the deep cavities are fabricated in single-chip by this technique. The results show that this technique is very simple and promising to fabricate a single-chip integrated microflow system.
P1‐383: Is Alzheimers disease an outmoded concept? Putting the patient and the science first (2008)

The label Alzheimer's disease (AD) has existed for almost a hundred years. Although Dr. Alois Alzheimer himself described what became known as the first case in 1906, he was never certain he had discovered a new entity. Emile Kraepelin called it AD for the first time in his text book in 1910. What have we learned in the first century as to whether AD is a valid concept scientifically and clinically? It has undoubtedly attracted financial and political support to the field, but that is not the issue to be considered here. A review of recent literature was undertaken and opinions of patients, caregivers, and experts collected. Qualitative narrative analysis was conducted. Arguably the most important development has been the appreciation of the variability of “AD.” Genetically, four chromosomes and 100's of mutations have been identified as causing or contributing to AD. Neuropathologically, the extent and distribution of neuronal loss, plaques, and tangles and other features vary considerably. Many patients have pathological features without frank dementia. Neurochemically, some neurotransmitter systems are affected consistently (cholinergic), but others are not (serotonergic, adrenergic). Finally, the variable course of each Alzheimer's “case” that has been characterized by research centers around the world leads many, if not most, experts to now believe that multiple processes contribute to the brain changes that we currently call a singular disease_AD. So-called AD also overlaps with many other conditions such as parkinsonism and vascular dementia. Biological, psychological, and epidemiological research also shows that AD is intimately related to or identical to brain aging. Functionally significant cognitive impairments become the statistical norm after about 85. No marker can clearly discriminate normality from the so-called MCI or from AD. We have called the standard story that AD is a single condition qualitatively distinguishable from normal aging a myth (www.themythofalzheimers.com). In the future, scientific and clinical approaches should be motivated by an appreciation of this richer story of brain aging.
Antifactor Xa activity and antithrombotic activity in rats of structural analogues of the minimum antithrombin III binding sequence: discovery of compounds with a longer duration of action than of the natural pentasaccharide. (1991)

The total chemical synthesis of a series of structural analogues of the so-called natural AT III binding pentasaccharide together with the natural pentasaccharide itself has been accomplished. The structural analogues all contain an extra 3-O-sulfate group on glucosamine residue H of the pentasaccharide, some carry additional 3 or 4-O-sulfate groups on glucosamine residue D. All these structural analogues elicit a higher specific anti-Factor Xa activity than the natural pentasaccharide (700 anti-Factor Xa U/kg). The structural analogue carrying only an additional 3-O-sulfate on glucosamine unit H (Org 31550) has the highest specific activity (1230 anti-Factor Xa U/kg). The increased specific activity is presumably attributed to the stronger binding to AT III. All structural analogues have a prolonged duration of action of the plasma anti-Factor Xa activity. (T1/2, approximately 9 hours) compared with that of the natural pentasaccharide (T1/2, approximately 5 hours) after single intravenous administration of 600 anti-Factor Xa U/kg. All structural analogues exert dose-dependent antithrombotic activity in a rat stasis thrombosis model after intravenous administration. On an anti-Factor Xa basis, the compounds have the same potency as the natural pentasaccharide (ED50s are 35 to 55 anti-factor Xa U/kg). Of two structural analogues (Org 31550 and Org 31706), the time course of antithrombotic activity was assessed in the same model after subcutaneous administration of 600 anti-Factor Xa U/kg. The duration of antithrombotic activity of these compounds was four to five times longer than that of the natural pentasaccharide.
Prevention of chemical carcinogenesis by vitamin A and its synthetic analogs (retinoids). (1976)

An approach to chemoprevention of common forms of epithelial cancer, during the period of preneoplasia, is described. Vitamin A and its synthetic analogs (retinoids) are potent agents for control of cell differentiation in many epithelial tissues. Direct effects of retinoids on normal and preneoplastic cell differentiation can be measured in organ culture. In experimental animals, deficiency of dietary retinoids enhances susceptibility to chemical carcinogenesis. Natural retinoids, fed at high dietary levels, have some ability to prevent chemical carcinogenesis in epithelial tissues of bronchi, trachea, stomach, uterus, and skin of experimental animals. However, natural retinoids have limited usefulness for chemoprevention of cancer because of inadequate tissue distribution and excessive toxicity. Synthetic retinoids have been made and shown to be more potent and less toxic for prevention of cancer in animals. Several structural modifications of the ring and terminal portions of the retinoid molecule have significant biological activity; modification of the side chain has been more difficult. The potential future usefulness of this approach to cancer prevention in man will depend on further synthetic modification of the retinoid molecule.
Focal Dystonia and Repetitive Motion Disorders (1998)

It commonly is observed that focal hand dystonias, such as writer's cramp or musician's cramp, are associated with repetitive movements, although definitive proof of a causal relationship is lacking. These focal dystonias are often task specific, with involuntary muscle contractions occurring only when patients perform specific acts such as writing or playing a musical instrument. Physiologic studies show deficiencies in spinal reciprocal inhibition and abnormalities of central sensory processing and motor output that may be related to reduced cortical inhibition. Recent studies in primates support the notion that repetitive motions can induce plasticity changes in the sensory cortex leading to degradation of topographic representations of the hand, and raise the possibility that sensory training may be beneficial. Current treatment options for focal dystonia include botulinum toxin injections, anticholinergics, baclofen, benzodiazepines, and occupational therapy.
Rapid wide-field photon counting imaging with microsecond time resolution (2010)

We report a novel wide-field imaging method capable of time-correlated single photon counting. It is based on a photon counting image intensifier coupled to an ultra-fast CMOS camera running at 40 kHz frame rate. Using a pulsed excitation source and decaying luminescent sample, the arrival times of hundreds of photons can be determined simultaneously in many pixels with microsecond resolution and reduced photon pile-up. The detection system is mounted on an inverted microscope and applied to time-resolved imaging of Europium-containing polyoxometalate nanoparticles.
On the evaporation of small ions from charged droplets (1976)

Experiments are briefly reported which show that small ions separate or ’’evaporate’’ from evaporating droplets carrying electrical charges. A theoretical argument is developed to find in which conditions this ion evaporation can occur; to that end solvation free enthalpies of cluster ions are derived from existing experimental data and the absolute reaction rate theory is applied. The conditions for ion evaporation are compared with those for Rayleigh instability and it is shown that the first process should occur only when the drop reaches sizes of the order of 10−6 cm. The ion evaporation process must be operative in the evaporation of highly electrified cloud droplets when their solute concentration is low.
Herald: achieving a global event notification service (2005)

This paper presents the design philosophy and initial design decisions of Herald: a highly scalable global event notification system that is being designed and built at Microsoft Research. Herald is a distributed system designed to transparently scale in all respects, including numbers of subscribers and publishers, numbers of event subscription points, and event delivery rates. Event delivery can occur within a single machine, within a local network or Intranet, and throughout the Internet. Herald tries to take into account the lessons learned from the successes of both the Internet and the Web. Most notably, Herald is being designed, like the Internet, to operate correctly in the presence of numerous broken and disconnected components. The Herald service will be constructed as a set of protocols governing a federation of machines within cooperating but mutually suspicious domains of trust. Like the Web, Herald will try to avoid, to the extent possible, the maintenance of globally consistent state and will make failures part of the client-visible interface.
Dendritic cells enhance detection of antigen‐specific cellular immune responses by lymphocytes from rhesus macaques immunized with an HIV envelope peptide cocktail vaccine (2003)

Detection and enumeration of functional antigen-specific T cells is important for understanding the breadth of cell-mediated immunity to infections and experimental vaccines. We tested the utility of dendritic cells (DC), the professional antigen presenting cells, in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot-forming cell assay (ELISPOT) for efficient monitoring of antigen-specific immunity in rhesus macaques vaccinated with an HIV envelope peptide-cocktail. Compared with direct antigen-specific stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the DC-ELISPOT protocol involving co-culturing of macaque T cells with autologous DC pulsed with the various peptides from the vaccine cocktail yielded up to 18-fold higher numbers of interferon-gamma producing cells without increasing the background. Importantly, use of DC in the analyses revealed immune responses in vaccinated macaques that were otherwise undetectable. Similar data were obtained when recall responses to purified protein derivative were analyzed by the DC-ELISPOT method using blood samples from human volunteers. These data establish the importance of DC in improving detection sensitivity and eliminating false negative results, both essential for efficient monitoring of antigen-specific cellular immune responses.
Synthesis, tubulin binding, antineoplastic evaluation, and structure-activity relationship of oncodazole analogs (1989)

In an attempt to identify a soluble oncodazole analogue that could be easily formulated, a series of substituted oncodazoles was synthesized and evaluated for tubulin binding affinity, in vitro cytotoxicity against cultured mouse B-16 cells, and ability to prolong lifespan at the maximally tolerated dose in the P388 mouse leukemia model. Biological evaluation of all the isomeric methyloncodazoles demonstrated the thiophene 4'-position to be the only site of significant bulk tolerance, although substitution of this position with polar or charged functional groups abolished biological activity. Simple esters of the 4'-carboxymethyloncodazole were shown to have enhanced antitumor activity and tubulin binding affinity relative to oncodazole. Despite a failure of this study to identify a water-soluble oncodazole with antitumor activity, the structure-activity relationship developed led to a derivative with enhanced activity in the P388 leukemia model and facilitated the preparation of a biologically active photolabile analogue.
Temperature-controlled radiofrequency energy (SECCA) to the anal canal for the treatment of faecal incontinence offers moderate improvement (2007)

The SECCA procedure seems to be promising for patients with faecal incontinence with a persisting effect after 1 year. No significant changes in tests were found.
Fusion of Green Fluorescent Protein with the Zeocin™-Resistance Marker Allows Visual Screening and Drug Selection of Transfected Eukaryotic Cells (1998)

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the Zeocin-resistance gene Sh ble (ZeoR) were fused together to generate a bifunctional protein for the identification and selection of transfected mammalian cells. Expression of this hybrid selectable marker, GFP-ZeoR, was visually detected and conferred Zeocin resistance in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This selectable marker provides a way to determine transient transfection efficiencies in tissue culture cells using fluorescence microscopy. Expression of the GFP-ZeoR was also used to identify and select stable mammalian cell lines expressing a heterologous gene. Selection was efficient and GFP fluorescence provides an excellent, noninvasive technique to monitor the success of Zeocin selection during the development of the stable cell lines. This hybrid resistance gene combines the functional properties of the Zeocin-resistance marker and GFP and should be useful for combined selection and fluorescence in a variety of organisms.
Pulmonary Vein Diameter, Cross-sectional Area, and Shape: CT Analysis (2005)

Pulmonary vein diameter, cross-sectional area, and shape vary. Particular care must be taken when the left inferior pulmonary vein is evaluated for stenosis, as it normally narrows as it enters the left atrium.
Interleukin-11 Reduces Renal Injury and Glomerular NF-Kappa B Activity in Murine Experimental Glomerulonephritis (2005)

In this study, we provide the first in vivo evidence that IL-11 treatment decreases glomerular NF-kappaB activity and reduces renal injury in experimental glomerulonephritis.
ON THE CALCULATION OF "TURNOVER TIME" AND "TURNOVER RATE" FROM EXPERIMENTS INVOLVING THE USE OF LABELING AGENTS (1943)

1. A new method for the determination of an immediate precursor of a substance occurring in the animal body is presented. 2. Calculations on the quantitative determination of the rate of turnover of a substance and their application to experiments involving the use of labeling agents are given. These calculations take into account loss of the isotopic substance by way of breakdown or transport.
Retrovirally engineered T‐cell‐based immunotherapy targeting type III variant epidermal growth factor receptor, a glioma‐associated antigen (2010)

The isotype of epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) is often identified in glioblastomas. Previously, we created a mouse monoclonal antibody, 3C10 (IgG2b), that specifically recognized EGFRvIII, and a recombinant single-chain variable fragment of 3C10. The aim of the current study was to develop genetically engineered T cells, termed T-bodies, that express a chimeric receptor consisting of the 3C10 single-chain variable fragment coupled to signaling modules such as the CD3zeta (ζ) chain, for the treatment of tumors expressing mutant EGFR. After successful construction of the chimeric 3C10/CD3ζ T-cell receptor, its expression on the T-body was observed using western blotting and flow cytometry. The specificity of the T-body for EGFRvIII was evaluated using an interferon-gamma Elispot assay and a standard (51) Cr-release cytotoxicity assay. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the systemically delivered T-body infiltrated the intrabrain tumor and significantly delayed tumor growth. These results indicate that the T-body expressing the chimeric 3C10/CD3ζ T-cell receptor specifically recognized glioma cells expressing EGFRvIII. In conclusion, T-body-based immunotherapy appears to be a promising approach for the treatment of glioma.