gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adenosine A 2A receptor activation and macrophage‐mediated experimental glomerulonephritis (2007)

In immune-induced inflammation, leukocytes are key mediators of tissue damage. Since A(2A) adenosine receptors (A(2A)Rs) are endogenous suppressors of inflammation, we examined cellular and molecular mechanisms of kidney damage to determine if selective activation of A(2A)R would suppress inflammation in a rat model of glomerulonephritis. Activation of A(2A)R reduced the degree of kidney injury in both the acute inflammatory phase and the progressive phase of glomerulonephritis. This protection against acute and chronic inflammation was associated with suppression of the glomerular expression of the MDC/CCL22 chemokine and down-regulation of MIP-1alpha/CCL3, RANTES/CCL5, MIP-1beta/CCL4, and MCP-1/CCL2 chemokines. The expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, interluekin (IL)-4 and IL-10, also increased. The mechanism for these anti-inflammatory responses to the A(2A)R agonist was suppression of macrophages function. A(2A)R expression was increased in macrophages, macrophage-derived chemokines were reduced in response to the A(2A)R agonist, and chemokines not expressed in macrophages did not respond to A(2A)R activation. Thus, activation of the A(2A)R on macrophages inhibits immune-associated inflammation. In glomerulonephritis, A(2A)R activation modulates inflammation and tissue damage even in the progressive phase of glomerulonephritis. Accordingly, pharmacological activation of A(2A)R could be developed into a novel treatment for glomerulonephritis and other macrophage-related inflammatory diseases.
CD44-Positive Cancer Stem Cells Expressing Cellular Prion Protein Contribute to Metastatic Capacity in Colorectal Cancer (2013)

Cancer stem cells are implicated in tumor progression, metastasis, and recurrence, although the exact mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the expression of cellular prion protein (PrPc, PRNP) is positively correlated with an increased risk of metastasis in colorectal cancer. PrPc defines a subpopulation of CD44-positive cancer stem cells that contributes to metastatic capacity. PrPc(+)CD44(+) colorectal cancer stem cells displayed high liver metastatic capability, unlike PrPc(-)CD44(+) stem cells, that was inhibited by RNAi-mediated attenuation of PrPc. Notably, administration of PrPc monoclonal antibodies significantly inhibited tumorigenicity and metastasis of colorectal cancer stem cells in mouse models of orthotopic metastasis. PrPc promoted epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) via the ERK2 (MAPK1) pathway, thereby conferring high metastatic capacity. Our findings reveal the function of PrPc in regulating EMT in cancer stem cells, and they identify PrPc as candidate therapeutic target in metastatic colorectal cancer.
Near-unity below-band-gap absorption by microstructured silicon (2001)

We increased the absorptance of light by silicon to approximately 90% from the near ultraviolet (0.25 μm) to the near infrared (2.5 μm) by surface microstructuring using laser-chemical etching. The remarkable absorptance most likely comes from a high density of impurities and structural defects in the silicon lattice, enhanced by surface texturing. Microstructured avalanche photodiodes show significant enhancement of below-band-gap photocurrent generation at 1.06 and 1.31 μm, indicating promise for use in infrared photodetectors.
The Halogen/Magnesium-Exchange Using iPrMgCl·LiCl and Related Exchange Reagents (2013)

We have described the regio-and chemoselective preparation of various (hetero)aryl-Grignard reagents via halogen/magnesium-exchange along with applications of these organometallics in various reactions.The LiCl-mediated halogen/magnesium-exchange proceeds readily under mild conditions and offers the opportunity to convert not only organic iodides, but less activated organic bromides, as well.Furthermore, this exchange tolerates a broad spectrum of sensitive functionalities such as triazenes, methyl esters, silylated cyanohydrins, alcohols and acrylates.Electron-rich aryl derivatives can be converted into the corresponding Mg-species by using more activated bis-alkylmagnesium compounds.Subsequent functionalization reactions such as cross-couplings, allylations, acylations, addition reactions to ketones, cyclization reactions, fluorinations, disulfenylations, aminations as well as sulfoxide/magnesium-exchange reactions have been performed, readily furnishing highly functionalized derivatives as well as biologically active heterocycles.
Autoimmunity Correlates With Tumor Regression in Patients With Metastatic Melanoma Treated With Anti–Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4 (2005)

Administration of anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody plus peptide vaccination can cause durable objective responses, which correlate with the induction of autoimmunity, in patients with metastatic melanoma.
Back-illuminated photodiodes for multislice CT (2003)

Conventional 2D photodiodes used in multislice CT detectors impose a limitation on the number of slices that can be achieved. The limitations encountered are in the number of metal lines that can be run between photodiode elements without significantly reducing the photodiode active area and in the density of wirebonds that can be accomodated at the edge of the chip. In addition, the photodiodes cannot easily be tiled in two directions due to the need for wirebonding on at least one edge. We have developed a 2D back illuminated photodiode array for multislice CT that overcomes the above limitations. The light sensitivity, sensitivity profiles, risetime, crosstalk, linearity and shunt resistance of the back illuminated photodiodes have been evaluated. The results show that these parameters either meet or exceed the specifications required for CT. The back illuminated photodiode represents an enabling technology for truly large area CT detection systems.
Histological, chemical, and crystallographic analysis of four calcium phosphate cements in different rabbit osseous sites (1998)

Four calcium phosphate cement formulations were implanted in the rabbit distal femoral metaphysis and middiaphysis. Chemical, crystallographic, and histological analyses were made at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after implantation. When implanted into the metaphysis, part of the brushite cement was converted into carbonated apatite by 2 weeks. Some of the brushite cement was removed by mononuclear macrophages prior to its conversion into apatite. Osteoclastlike cell mediated remodeling was predominant at 8 weeks after brushite had converted to apatite. The same histological results were seen for brushite plus calcite aggregate cement, except with calcite aggregates still present at 8 weeks. However, when implanted in the diaphysis, brushite and brushite plus calcite aggregate did not convert to another calcium phosphate phase by 4 weeks. Carbonated apatite cement implanted in the metaphysis did not transform to another calcium phosphate phase. There was no evidence of adverse foreign body reaction. Osteoclastlike cell mediated remodeling was predominant at 8 weeks. The apatite plus calcite aggregate cement implanted in the metaphysis that was not remodeled remained as poorly crystalline apatite. Calcite aggregates were still present at 8 weeks. There was no evidence of foreign body reaction. Osteoclastlike cell remodeling was predominant at 8 weeks. Response to brushite cements prior to conversion to apatite was macrophage dominated, and response to apatite cements was osteoclast dominated. Mineralogy, chemical composition, and osseous implantation site of these calcium phosphates significantly affected their in vivo host response.
The role of the beta-lactamase signal sequence in the secretion of proteins by Escherichia coli. (1984)

A derivative of pBR322 has been constructed that contains both a unique EcoRI restriction site right at the beginning of the signal codons of the beta-lactamase (bla) gene and a unique BstEII site just at the end of the bla signal codons. Although the signal peptide encoded by the new plasmid differs from the wild type (pBR322) by 2 amino acid residues (Ser 2 to Arg 2 and Ala 23 to Gly 23), the synthesis, transport, and processing of the beta-lactamase remain unchanged in Escherichia coli. Two deletion mutants, in which the bla signal codons have been almost completely excised, have also been constructed. Bacteria containing either of these plasmids produce, but do not secrete, an active beta-lactamase. Last, the bla signal codons have been precisely joined to the cDNA version of the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) gene from chicken. Expression of this fusion gene in E. coli gives a hybrid protein that is neither secreted into the periplasm nor proteolytically processed. This result supports the view that there are characteristics of the mature protein that are necessary for the secretion across the inner membrane of E. coli.
Flow and heat transfer in gas turbine disk cavities subject to nonuniform external pressure field (1995)

Ingestion of hot gas from the main-stream gas path into turbine disk cavities, particularly the first-stage disk cavity, has become a serious concern for the next-generation industrial gas turbines features high rotor inlet temperature. Fluid temperature in the cavities increases further due to windage generated by fluid drag at the rotating and stationary surfaces. The resulting problem of rotor disk heat-up is exacerbated by the high disk rim temperature due to adverse (relatively flat) temperature profile of the mainstream gas in the annular flow passage of the turbine. This describes an investigation into local convective heat transfer coefficient and cooling effectiveness of the rotor disk, flow field in the disk cavity, computation of the flow field and heat transfer in the disk cavity, and mainstream gas injection and rotor disk cooling effectiveness by mass transfer analogy.
Cytopathic Mechanisms of HIV-1 (2007)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been intensely investigated since its discovery in 1983 as the cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). With relatively few proteins made by the virus, it is able to accomplish many tasks, with each protein serving multiple functions. The Envelope glycoprotein, composed of the two noncovalently linked subunits, SU (surface glycoprotein) and TM (transmembrane glycoprotein) is largely responsible for host cell recognition and entry respectively. While the roles of the N-terminal residues of TM is well established as a fusion pore and anchor for Env into cell membranes, the role of the C-terminus of the protein is not well understood and is fiercely debated. This review gathers information on TM in an attempt to shed some light on the functional regions of this protein.
Synthesis and Applications for Unnatural Sugar Nucleotides (1999)

The synthesis and biological evaluation of carbohydrate mimetics has begun to more clearly define the diverse roles of carbohydrates in nature. Often the strategy invoves the design and synthesis of glycosyltransferase and glycosidase inhibitors both as tools to elucidate the mechanism of action of these enzymes and as potential therapeutic agents. An array of unnatural sugar nucleotides have found utility in chemo-enzymatic synthesis. The regio- and stereoselective transfer of sugars by glycosyltransferases such as b1,4-galactosyltransferase, a1,3-fucosyltransferase, a2,3- and a2, 6-sialyltransferases and N-acethylglucosaminyltransferase V has demonstrated the broad application of this approach. This review summarizes the specificity of these well-studied glycosyltransferases for both unnatural sugar donors and acceptors. This information combined with the knowledge of the mechanism of action of those enzymes is valuable in the design of potent selective glycosyltransferase inhibitors and the chemo-enzymatic synthesis of novel carbohydrate mimetics.
Relationship of lesion location to clinical outcome following microelectrode-guided pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease (1999)

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between lesion location and clinical outcome following globus pallidus internus (GPi) pallidotomy for advanced Parkinson's disease. Thirty-three patients were prospectively studied with extensive neurological examinations before and at 6 and 12 months following microelectrode-guided pallidotomy. Lesion location was characterized using volumetric MRI. The position of lesions within the posteroventral region of the GPi was measured, from anteromedial to posterolateral along an axis parallel to the internal capsule. To relate lesion position to clinical outcome, hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used. The variance in outcome measures that was related to preoperative scores and lesion volume was first calculated, and then the remaining variance attributable to lesion location was determined. Lesion location along the anteromedial-to-posterolateral axis within the GPi influenced the variance in total score on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale in the postoperative 'off' period, and in 'on' period dyskinesia scores. Within the posteroventral GPi, anteromedial lesions were associated with greater improvement in 'off' period contralateral rigidity and 'on' period dyskinesia, whereas more centrally located lesions correlated with better postoperative scores of contralateral akinesia and postural instability/gait disturbance. Improvement in contralateral tremor was weakly related to lesion location, being greater with posterolateral lesions. We conclude that improvement in specific motor signs in Parkinson's disease following pallidotomy is related to lesion position within the posteroventral GPi. These findings are consistent with the known segregated but parallel organization of specific motor circuits in the basal ganglia, and may explain the variability in clinical outcome after pallidotomy and therefore have important therapeutic implications.
Intermedin is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and regulates cell proliferation and survival (2012)

Angiogenesis is one of the hallmarks of tumor growth and metastasis. Identification of tumor angiogenic factors has been a critical component in understanding cancer biology and treatment. Intermedin (IMD) has been reported to promote angiogenesis in a rat ischemic model and human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. Our study sought to determine the role of IMD in human hepatocellular carcinoma tumor progression. High IMD mRNA expression levels were observed in human hepatocellular carcinoma tumors, even in early stage disease, by real-time RT-PCR. Immunohistochemical analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma clinical samples demonstrated that the tumor regions were significantly more immunoreactive for IMD than adjacent benign liver. Inhibition of IMD expression using RNA interference reduced cell proliferation in SK-Hep-1 and SNU-398 cells. Blockage of IMD signaling using either an antagonist peptide or a neutralizing antibody inhibited growth in a dose-dependent manner with concomitant induction of apoptosis, causing cleavage of caspase-8 and downregulation of Gli1 and Bcl2. Conversely, addition of IMD active peptide increased the phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Thus, IMD might play an important role in cell proliferation and survival of hepatocellular carcinoma. Our data suggests that IMD is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Neural Machine Translation (2016)

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is a simple new architecture for getting machines to learn to translate. Despite being relatively new (Kalchbrenner and Blunsom, 2013; Cho et al., 2014; Sutskever et al., 2014), NMT has already shown promising results, achieving state-of-the-art performances for various language pairs (Luong et al, 2015a; Jean et al, 2015; Luong et al, 2015b; Sennrich et al., 2016; Luong and Manning, 2016). While many of these NMT papers were presented to the ACL community, research and practice of NMT are only at their beginning stage. This tutorial would be a great opportunity for the whole community of machine translation and natural language processing to learn more about a very promising new approach to MT. This tutorial has four parts.In the first part, we start with an overview of MT approaches, including: (a) traditional methods that have been dominant over the past twenty years and (b) recent hybrid models with the use of neural network components. From these, we motivate why an end-to-end approach like neural machine translation is needed. The second part introduces a basic instance of NMT. We start out with a discussion of recurrent neural networks, including the back-propagation-through-time algorithm and stochastic gradient descent optimizers, as these are the foundation on which NMT builds. We then describe in detail the basic sequence-to-sequence architecture of NMT (Cho et al., 2014; Sutskever et al., 2014), the maximum likelihood training approach, and a simple beam-search decoder to produce translations.The third part of our tutorial describes techniques to build state-of-the-art NMT. We start with approaches to extend the vocabulary coverage of NMT (Luong et al., 2015a; Jean et al., 2015; Chitnis and DeNero, 2015). We then introduce the idea of jointly learning both translations and alignments through an attention mechanism (Bahdanau et al., 2015); other variants of attention (Luong et al., 2015b; Tu et al., 2016) are discussed too. We describe a recent trend in NMT, that is to translate at the sub-word level (Chung et al., 2016; Luong and Manning, 2016; Sennrich et al., 2016), so that language variations can be effectively handled. We then give tips on training and testing NMT systems such as batching and ensembling. In the final part of the tutorial, we briefly describe promising approaches, such as (a) how to combine multiple tasks to help translation (Dong et al., 2015; Luong et al., 2016; Firat et al., 2016; Zoph and Knight, 2016) and (b) how to utilize monolingual corpora (Sennrich et al., 2016). Lastly, we conclude with challenges remained to be solved for future NMT.PS: we would also like to acknowledge the very first paper by Forcada and Neco (1997) on sequence-to-sequence models for translation!
Imaging of Intratumoral Inflammation during Oncolytic Virotherapy of Tumors by 19F-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (2013)

These results suggest (19)F MRI as a non-invasive methodology to document the tumor-associated host immune response as well as the extent of intratumoral viral replication. Thus, (19)F MRI represents a new platform to non-invasively investigate the role of the host immune response for therapeutic outcome of oncolytic virotherapy and individual patient response.
Traitement des glaucomes par la brimonidine : (Alphagan® 0,2 %) (2000)

PURPOSE: The main purpose of our study was to assess the systemic safety of brimonidine tartrate 0.2%, an alpha 2 highly selective agonist in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension Material-Methods: Brimonidine was administered alone or in combination in 128 patients suffering from glaucoma or ocular hypertension in order to improve the IOP effect and/or to replace a drug which prescription was limited due to its secondary effects. In addition to the standard follow up and IOP reduction evaluation, our study was focused on the appreciation of the systemic tolerance to brimonidine. RESULTS: The average age of our patients was 65.2 +/- 13.8 years and the mean follow up was 4.5 +/- 3.4 months. Brimondine was administered in monotherapy in 15 patients (7.8%) and in combination with another drug in the others (92.2%), the combination with a beta-blocking agent being the most frequent combination. 113 among the 128 patients suffered from POAG. 51.6% of patients described systemic side effects at various degrees (drowsiness, fatigue, general uneasiness, mouth dryness.). All these systemic side effects were significantly more frequent in patients older than 60 years (p&lt;0.05). They did not seem to be influenced by an intercurrent illness or a systemic concurrent treatment with drugs potentially acting with the noradrenergic transmission (monoamine oxydase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, mianserine, alpha-sympatholytics.). Brimonidine was interrupted in 82 patients (64.1%) secondary to a systemic intolerance in 21 patients, an allergic blepharo-conjunctivitis in 12 patients, and a non optimal IOP reduction in 42 patients. Considering the all patients and treatments, IOP dropped from 20.5 +/- 3.6mmHg to 19.8 +/- 4.6mmHg at the last examination (p&lt;0.05). In bitherapies, the observed IOP reduction was not significantly different from the one achieved with the previous association. CONCLUSION: Our medium-term results have shown that brimonidine was an efficient ocular hypotensive agent and had a satisfactory ocular tolerance in nearly all the patients. However, its systemic tolerance appeared to be less favourable than previously reported. A systematic eyelid closure and punctal occlusion following each instillation is advisable in older patients.
Dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon are enriched in culture through immunoreaction with monoclonal antibody to neural specific protein 4 and flow cytometry. (1987)

Dopaminergic neurons represent a rare neurotransmitter phenotype within the mammalian central nervous system. The mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons form the ascending dopaminergic pathways in mammals and are involved in motor and limbic functions. Here we report that about 30% of all developing mouse mesencephalic cells, including virtually all of the dopaminergic phenotype, express surface membrane determinant(s) recognized by a monoclonal antibody to neural specific protein 4 (NSP4). We have been able to isolate and culture neurons from the mesencephalon according to their expression of NSP4, using the anti-NSP4 immunoreaction in conjunction with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Cultures of NSP4+-sorted cells showed a significant enrichment in three morphologically distinct putative dopaminergic phenotypes when compared to unsorted mesencephalic cultures, whereas the cultures of NSP4--sorted cells were virtually devoid of dopaminergic neurons. This flow cytometric enrichment in dopaminergic neurons should provide the necessary cells for multidisciplinary study of dopaminergic phenotype differentiation.
Image-Based Rendering and Synthesis (2007)

One of the most important applications in multiview imaging (MVI) is the development of advanced immersive viewing or visualization systems using, for instance, 3DTV. With the introduction of multiview TVs, it is expected that a new age of 3DTV systems will arrive in the near future. Image-based rendering (IBR) refers to a collection of techniques and representations that allow 3-D scenes and objects to be visualized in a realistic way without full 3-D model reconstruction. IBR uses images as the primary substrate. The potential for photorealistic visualization has tremendous appeal, and it has been receiving increasing attention over the years. Applications such as video games, virtual travel, and E-commerce stand to benefit from this technology. This article serves as a tutorial introduction and brief review of this important technology. First the classification, principles, and key research issues of IBR are discussed. Then, an object-based IBR system to illustrate the techniques involved and its potential application in view synthesis and processing are explained. Stereo matching, which is an important technique for depth estimation and view synthesis, is briefly explained and some of the top-ranked methods are highlighted. Finally, the challenging problem of interactive IBR is explained. Possible solutions and some state-of-the-art systems are also reviewed.