gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dendritic cells (II): Role and therapeutic implications in cancer. (2001)

The potential to harness the effectiveness and specificity of the immune system underlies the growing interest in cancer immunotherapy. One such approach uses bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs), phenotypically distinct and very potent antigen-presenting cells, to present tumour-associated antigens (TAAgs) and, thereby, generate tumour-specific immunity. Support for this strategy comes from animal studies that have demonstrated that DCs, when loaded ex vivo with tumour Ags or pulsed with peptides and administered to cancer-bearing hosts, can elicit T cell-mediated cancer destruction. These observations have led to clinical trials designed to investigate the immunological and clinical effects of Ag-pulsed DCs administered as a therapeutic vaccine to patients with cancer. In the design and conduct of such trials, important considerations include Ag selection, methods for introducing TAAgs into MHC class I and II processing pathways, methods for isolating and activating DCs, and route of administration. Although current DC-based vaccination methods are cumbersome and complex, promising preliminary results from clinical trials in patients with malignant lymphoma, melanoma, and prostate cancer suggest that immuno-therapeutic strategies, that take advantage of the unique properties of DCs, may ultimately prove both efficacious and widely applicable treatment in patients with cancer.
<title>Liquid-crystal-based tunable optical filtering devices for DWDM</title> (2001)

We report a new configuration of tunable optical filter for DWDM applications. In this design, first-order diffracted signal light by a grating is directed to a lens and focused on to a transmission-type liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM). Wavelength channels are selected by opening the appropriate pixels of the LC-SLM for transmission. The device is demonstrated by using a broad-band AR-coated laser diode as the signal light. For conceptual demonstration, we use optical fibers with a core diameter of 50 microns instead of the LC-SLM. A total of 37 channels, spanning 33.6 nm were successfully selected with channel spacing of 0.94 nm and bandwidth of 0.4 nm. With 100 micron-wide pixels separated by 5 microns in the LC-SLM and a 1800 lines/mm grating, we show selection of five channels with channel spacing of 0. 78 nm. The bandwidth is 0.43 nm. The channel isolation is better than 20 dB. At a wavelength of 1.5 micron, channel spacing as small as 12.4 GHz can be realized. This device is also expected to be useful for other DWDM applications, e.g., switching and routing.
A cell culture model of the blood-brain barrier. (1991)

Endothelial cells that make up brain capillaries and constitute the blood-brain barrier become different from peripheral endothelial cells in response to inductive factors found in the nervous system. We have established a cell culture model of the blood-brain barrier by treating brain endothelial cells with a combination of astrocyte-conditioned medium and agents that elevate intracellular cAMP. These cells form high resistance tight junctions and exhibit low rates of paracellular leakage and fluid-phase endocytosis. They also undergo a dramatic structural reorganization as they form tight junctions. Results from these studies suggest modes of manipulating the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, potentially providing the basis for increasing the penetration of drugs into the central nervous system.
Transcriptional Regulation During Cardiac Growth and Development (1993)

Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages have been activated at a given point in space and time. Polarization is not fixed, as macrophages are sufficiently plastic to integrate multiple signals, such as those from microbes, damaged tissues, and ...Read More
Adolescent risk factors for late-onset smoking among African American young men (2007)

This study examined adolescent risk factors for late-onset cigarette smoking among African American males. Data came from the Pittsburgh Youth Study, a longitudinal study of young men followed from age 13 to age 25. Individuals who began smoking at age 17 or older were compared with those who began smoking by age 16 and with those who never smoked in terms of risk factors measured in middle (at age 16) and late adolescence (from age 17 to 19). The study included 281 African American young men. A total of 18 psychological, behavioral, and environmental risk factors were measured at age 16, and 19 risk factors were measured between ages 17 and 19. Several risk factors at age 16 differed between early-onset and late-onset smokers or nonsmokers; however, in multivariate analyses, only peer drug use and truancy were significant. Among the age 16 risk factors, only truancy differentiated late-onset smokers from nonsmokers. Late adolescence behavioral risk factors were significantly related to late-onset smoking. However, only smoking marijuana and highest grade completed differentiated late-onset smokers from nonsmokers in multivariate analyses. Well-established predictors of cigarette smoking assessed in middle adolescence could identify individuals who already smoked but could not distinguish between those who would and would not begin smoking later. Late adolescence life transitions were not related to late-onset smoking. More research is needed to examine contextual factors in late adolescence and early adulthood that protect against and precipitate late-onset of smoking for African Americans.
Effect of Leukocytic Endogenous Mediators (LEM) on the Secretory Response of the Endocrine Pancreas. (1976)

In addition to previous reports of metabolic alterations, these data show that one hour after the intraperitoneal injection of LEM, plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations are elevated; at 2 hours the preceding hormonal alterations are manifested by hepatic metabolic alterations. There is a 30 percent increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP), glycogen concentrations are depressed, and the concentration of C(14) labeled non-metabolizable amino acid analogs is elevated. The plasma hormone concentrations continue to increase and reach maximum levels by 5 hours, declining to basal by 24 hours. The plasma insulin and glucagon respones to LEM can explain the observed increases in hepatic cyclic-AMP, uptake of C(14)-labeled amino acid analogs, and glycogenolysis as well as the relative hypoglycemia.
Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Novel 6-Monosubstituted 5,11-Dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazoles and Preparation of Different Derivatives (2006)

The synthesis of novel 6-monosubstituted 5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazoles was accomplished by a three-stage one-pot procedure involving condensation of indole and an aldehyde ­affording 3,3′-bis(indolyl)methanes, followed by isomerization to the 2,3′-analogues and acid-catalyzed intramolecular reaction with triethyl orthoformate to give the corresponding 6-monosubstituted indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles in good overall yield. Different substitution patterns, such as N-alkylation, N-arylation, formylation and bromination, were successfully introduced, leading to the formation of novel substituted 5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole derivatives.
Block in Development at the Pre-B-II to Immature B Cell Stage in Mice Without Igκ and Igλ Light Chain (2003)

Silencing individual C (constant region) lambda genes in a kappa(-/-) background reduces mature B cell levels, and L chain-deficient (lambda(-/-)kappa(-/-)) mice attain a complete block in B cell development at the stage when L chain rearrangement, resulting in surface IgM expression, should be completed. L chain deficiency prevents B cell receptor association, and L chain function cannot be substituted (e.g., by surrogate L chain). Nevertheless, precursor cell levels, controlled by developmental progression and checkpoint apoptosis, are maintained, and B cell development in the bone marrow is fully retained up to the immature stage. L chain deficiency allows H chain retention in the cytoplasm, but prevents H chain release from the cell, and as a result secondary lymphoid organs are B cell depleted while T cell levels remain normal.
Deformyldistamycin-DNA Interaction; DNA Conformational Changes as Revealed by Titration Rotational Viscometry (1996)

The conformational changes of a natural DNA species on binding of deformyl-distamycin (dDst) have been analysed, at 22 degrees C and 7.6 degrees C, in terms of changes of apparent persistence length (a) and of apparent contour length (L), by means of titration rotational viscometry with both high and low molar mass calf thymus (ct) DNA molecules. Next to ligand binding mediated alterations in DNA stiffness, changes of a are the result of helix bending and also of unbending of intrinsic helix bends. A test for the latter are viscosity measurements at different temperatures. Changes of L, on binding of non-intercalating ligands, are interpreted as the result of changes in the intrinsic solenoidal structure components of the natural eukaryotic DNA. Such tertiary-structure components do exist if base sequence dependent helix bends of (nucleosomal) DNA are phased with the helix screw [Drew & Travers, JMB 186, 773 (1985); Reinert et al., JBSD 9, 537 (1991)]. Hence, the measured very small changes of L at ligand/DNA-P ratios r < 0.02 are mainly understood as a partial abolition of intrinsic tertiary structure components and the following negative ones as a respective reinforcement of such structures by dDst binding to AT rich binding sites. Several r-intervals with different slope of the viscosity changes could be resolved at r < 0.05. The resolution of more than four modes of dDst interaction with ctDNA at very low r values is comparable to DNA interaction of Nt and several other ligands but not of distamycin. Advanced titration rotational DNA-viscometry is again able to resolve subtle quantitative details of ligand mediated DNA conformational changes of high stereochemical relevance.
Monolayer-Protected Clusters:  Molecular Precursors to Metal Films (2000)

Monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs) are used to prepare solid, continuous metal films containing a single white metal or an alloy thereof. MPCs consist of nanoscopic metal cores coated with monolayers of thiolate ligands. In one method, multilayer films of carboxylate-functionalized alkanethiolate MPCs are assembled using Cu2+ coordinative bridges. The MPC film can be thermally decomposed at moderate temperature (<350 °C) to produce films of the core metal; the thiolate ligands escape as volatile disulfides. In another method, solutions of MPCs with alkanethiolate monolayers are cast or painted onto substrates, followed again by thermolysis to produce films of core metals. Films prepared from MPCs having metal alloy cores tend to exhibit metal segregation. A third method uses electrochemical generation of iodide at a Pt electrode to destabilize the MPC monolayer, an action that effectively coats the electrode with Au. The metal films are analyzed by stylus profilometry, atomic force microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemistry.
τ4/τc/AF-2 of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor Relieves Silencing of the Retinoic Acid Receptor Silencer Core Independent of Both τ4 Activation Function and Full Dissociation of Corepressors (1997)

Members of the thyroid hormone (TR)-retinoic acid receptor (RAR) subfamily of nuclear hormone receptors silence gene expression in the absence of hormone. Addition of cognate ligands leads to dissociation of corepressors, association of coactivators, and transcriptional activation. Here, we used the hRAR alpha silencer core, which encompasses the ligand binding domain, including receptor regions D and E of RAR alpha without the activation function called tau4/tau c/AF-2 and without the F region, to analyze the mechanisms by which transcriptional silencing is relieved. Although the RAR silencer core is able to bind ligand, it acts as a constitutive transcriptional silencer. We have fused various small activation domains to the C terminus of the silencer core and analyzed hormone-dependent changes in receptor function. We show that nine amino acids derived from the hTRbeta are sufficient to transform the RAR silencer core into a hormone-dependent activator. Lengthening the linker between the silencer core and these nine amino acids is not critical for mediating ligand-induced relief of silencing and activation. In addition, we show that a transactivation function at the C terminus is not required for relief of silencing by the hormone, but it is required for transcriptional activation. Furthermore, we created functional silencer fusions which lose their repressive function upon addition of hormone, although the corepressors SMRT and N-CoR remain attached to the receptor.
Generating New Molecular Function: A Lesson from Nature (1999)

Trying to model nature: Nature has evolved new molecular function by creating diverse collections of chemical structures and selecting for molecules with desired biological properties. An example of this is the recombination of germ-line genes for the formation of antibodies with refined specificities (see scheme). Chemists, biologists, and physicists are now employing this combinatorial approach with great success to generate molecules with properties never before observed in nature or in the laboratory.
Clinical Potential of Targeting Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (2008)

Targeting Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) with a small-molecule inhibitor may be useful in treatment of BTK-expressing malignancies because of the antiapoptotic function of BTK in cancer cells. Furthermore, BTK inhibitors also exhibit antithrombotic properties, which may be desirable in the context of the increased risk of thromboembolic complications in cancer patients. This review will focus on the role of BTK in drug resistance in cancer, thromboembolism, and various pathologic immune responses, such as graft-versus-host disease. The therapeutic potential of targeting BTK is illustrated by discussion of the biologic activity profile of the rationally designed BTK inhibitor LFM-A13.
An Enzymatically Active Chimeric HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT) with the RNase-H Domain of Murine Leukemia Virus RT Exists as a Monomer (1998)

The existence of retroviral reverse transcriptases as monomers or dimers is rather intriguing. A classical example of the former is murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (MuLV RT), while human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RT represents the latter. A careful scrutiny of the amino acid sequence alignment of the two enzymes pinpoints the region tentatively responsible for this phenomenon. We report here the construction of a chimeric enzyme containing the first 425 amino acid residues from the N-terminal domain of HIV-1 RT and 200 amino acid residues from the C-terminal domain of MuLV RT. The chimeric enzyme exists as a monomer with intact DNA polymerase and RNase-H functions.
Variability in Content of the Anti-AIDS Drug Candidate Prostratin in Samoan Populations of Homalanthus nutans (2008)

Homalanthus nutans, used by Samoan healers to treat hepatitis, produces the antiviral compound 12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate, prostratin (1). Prostratin is being developed as an adjuvant therapy to clear latent viral reservoirs, the major obstacle to eradication of HIV-AIDS within the human body. A validated reversed-phase HPLC method was developed to assay concentrations of 1 in H. nutans. A survey of four distinct populations on two different Samoan islands revealed significant variability in content. The stem tissue (range 0.2-52.6 microg/g 1), used by healers in indigenous therapies,gave a higher median concentration of prostratin (3.5 microg/g) than root or leaf tissues (2.9 and 2.5 microg/g, respectively).The high variability and skewness of these data indicate that cultivar selection for drug production will be important for this species. The reversed-phase HPLC assay will allow plants to be selected for agricultural development and genetic analysis by identifying those individuals above and below a 95% confidence interval for the median concentration.
Fluorescence-based planar waveguide biosensors (1999)

In this paper, different luminescence-based sensing configurations and examples of applications in bioaffinity assays relevant for the key life science areas, demonstrating the achieved system performance, will be presented and compared with literature results from refraction-based techniques.
<title>Acousto-Optic Laser Scanning</title> (1979)

Acousto-optic laser deflectors with 24UU and 4UU0 spot resolution have been proven in several working systems built at Isomet. These deflectors, made of single crystal Te0<sub>2</sub>, offer the advantage of no moving parts, no facet errors and no realignment because of bearing wear. The high resolution Te0<sub>2</sub> deflectors have been developed to the point where they can offer an attractive alternative to mechanical scanning; for very high resolution at high speeds (50 spots/µs), A-0 scanning is superior.
Automated Installation of Linux Systems Using YaST (1999)

Permission is granted for noncommercial reproduction of the work for educational or research purposes.
A Novel Self-Diverting-Acid Developed for Matrix Stimulation of Carbonate Reservoirs (2001)

Abstract A Self-Diverting-Acid (SDA) using a Visco-Elastic Surfactant (VES) has been developed. The viscosity of the solution does not develop until the acid reacts with carbonate in the formation. The increases in Ca2+ ions and pH due to the HCl-carbonate reaction cause in situ gelling of the acid. The high viscosity temporarily blocks the wormholes formed in the rock matrix, allowing the acid to cover the un-acidized area. The viscosity of the gelled acid can be completely reduced by post flush of solvent or by the hydrocarbon in the formation during flow back. Unlike the polymer based gelled acid systems, the new material does not leave any residue once it has broken. Multi-Core flood testing incorporating a post acidizing Computed Tomography (CT) scans showed that the VES based Self-Diverting-Acid successfully diverted acid from high permeability section into lower permeability sections. The rock face remained clean without any trace of residue. Rheology measurements showed the consistency of the viscosity development by the gelled acid upon reacting with carbonates.
gp49B1 Inhibits IgE-initiated Mast Cell Activation through Both Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Inhibitory Motifs, Recruitment ofsrc Homology 2 Domain-containing Phosphatase-1, and Suppression of Early and Late Calcium Mobilization (1999)

We define by molecular, pharmacologic, and physiologic approaches the proximal mechanism by which the immunoglobulin superfamily member gp49B1 inhibits mast cell activation mediated by the high affinity Fc receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI). In rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cells expressing transfected mouse gp49B1, mutation of tyrosine to phenylalanine in either of the two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs of the gp49B1 cytoplasmic domain partially suppressed gp49B1-mediated inhibition of exocytosis, whereas mutation of both abolished inhibitory capacity. Sodium pervanadate elicited tyrosine phosphorylation of native gp49B1 and association of the tyrosine phosphatases src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) and SHP-2 in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (mBMMCs). SHP-1 associated transiently with gp49B1 within 1 min after coligation of gp49B1 with cross-linked FcepsilonRI in mBMMCs. SHP-1-deficient mBMMCs exhibited a partial loss of gp49B1-mediated inhibition of FcepsilonRI-induced exocytosis at concentrations of IgE providing optimal exocytosis, revealing a central, but not exclusive, SHP-1 requirement in the counter-regulatory pathway. Coligation of gp49B1 with cross-linked FcepsilonRI on mBMMCs inhibited early release of calcium from intracellular stores and subsequent influx of extracellular calcium, consistent with SHP-1 participation. Because exocytosis is complete within 2 min in mBMMCs, our studies establish a role for SHP-1 in the initial counter-regulatory cellular responses whereby gp49B1 immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs rapidly transmit inhibition of FcepsilonRI-mediated exocytosis.
A β‐glucosidase gene (bgl3) from Streptomyces sp. strain QM‐B814 (1994)

A beta-glucosidase gene (bgl3) from Streptomyces sp. QM-B814 (American Type Culture Collection 11238) has been cloned by functional complementation of a beta-glucosidase-negative mutant of Streptomyces lividans. An open-reading frame of 1440 nucleotides encoding a polypeptide of 479 amino acids was found by sequencing. The encoded protein (Bgl3) shows extensive similarity (over 45% identity) with beta-glycosidases from family-1 glycosyl hydrolases. The cloned enzyme, purified following ammonium sulphate precipitation and two chromatographic steps, is monomeric with molecular mass 52.6 kDa, as determined by mass spectrometry, and an isoelectric point of pI 4.4. The enzyme appears to be a beta-glucosidase with broad substrate specificity, is active on cellooligomers, and performs transglycosylation reactions. The estimated apparent Km values for p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside and cellobiose are 0.27 mM and 7.9 mM, respectively. The Ki values for glucose and delta-gluconolactone, using p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside as a substrate, are 65 mM and 0.08 mM, respectively. The purified enzyme has a pH optimum of pH 6.5 and the temperature optimum for activity is 50 degrees C.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Silicon Nitride Thin Films: A Review of Recent Progress, Challenges, and Outlooks (2016)

With the continued miniaturization of devices in the semiconductor industry, atomic layer deposition (ALD) of silicon nitride thin films (SiN<sub>x</sub>) has attracted great interest due to the inherent benefits of this process compared to other silicon nitride thin film deposition techniques. These benefits include not only high conformality and atomic-scale thickness control, but also low deposition temperatures. Over the past 20 years, recognition of the remarkable features of SiN<sub>x</sub> ALD, reinforced by experimental and theoretical investigations of the underlying surface reaction mechanism, has contributed to the development and widespread use of ALD SiN<sub>x</sub> thin films in both laboratory studies and industrial applications. Such recognition has spurred ever-increasing opportunities for the applications of the SiN<sub>x</sub> ALD technique in various arenas. Nevertheless, this technique still faces a number of challenges, which should be addressed through a collaborative effort between academia and industry. It is expected that the SiN<sub>x</sub> ALD will be further perceived as an indispensable technique for scaling next-generation ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) technology. In this review, the authors examine the current research progress, challenges and future prospects of the SiN<sub>x</sub> ALD technique.
Specificity of Cone Connections in the Retina and Color Vision.Focus on “Specificity of Cone Inputs to Macaque Retinal Ganglion Cells” (2006)

The specificity of cone inputs to ganglion cells has implications for the development of retinal connections and the nature of information transmitted to higher areas of the brain. We introduce a rapid and precise method for measuring signs and magnitudes of cone inputs to visual neurons. Colors of stimuli are modulated around circumferences of three color planes in clockwise and counterclockwise directions. For each neuron, the projection of the preferred vector in each plane was estimated by averaging the response phases to clockwise and counterclockwise modulation. The signs and weights of cone inputs were derived directly from the preferred vectors. The efficiency of the method enables us to measure cone inputs at different temporal frequencies and short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cone adaptation levels. The results show that S-cone inputs to the parvocellular and magnocellular ganglion cells are negligible, which implies underlying connectional specificity in the retinal circuitry.