gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Color Decoding a PCM NTSC Television Signal (1974)

Several techniques are developed for digital color decoding of NTSC television signals pulse-code modulated at 10.7-MHz rates (three times the color subcarrier frequency) and 14.3-MHz rates (four times the color subcarrier frequency). Digital comb filtering is also explored as a way to achieve superior color decoding. Encoding PCM NTSC television at the 14.3-MHz rate was found to afford the best algorithms for color decoding. A different PCM technique called Phase Alternating Line Encoding (PALE) permits encoding at 10.7 MHz and allows effective digital comb filtering and good color decoding. In the PALE technique, the phase of the 10.7-MHz digital encode command signal is inverted on adjacent television lines. Straight PCM encoding at 10.7 MHz is a poor third choice for comb filtering and color decoding applications.
Morphological Development in Solvent-Cast Polystyrene−Polybutadiene−Polystyrene (SBS) Triblock Copolymer Thin Films (1998)

This paper describes morphological development in solvent-cast polystyrene (PS)−polybutadiene (PB)−polystyrene (SBS) triblock copolymer thin films (30 wt % PS) as a function of solvent evaporation rate and post-evaporation annealing. Films were cast onto NaCl substrates to a thickness of order 100 nm. Plan-view and cross-sectional measurements by transmission electron microscopy show that the equilibrium morphology of in-plane cylinders is generated when films are given relatively long exposure to high solvent concentration or to elevated temperature. Alternate and metastable morphologies are generated under kinetically constrained conditions. Fast evaporation (∼200 nL/s) produces a microphase-separated microstructure with no long-range order. Intermediate evaporation (∼5 nL/s) generates hexagonally packed (vertical) PS cylinders in a PB matrix with the cylinder axis perpendicular to the film plane. Slow evaporation (∼1.5 nL/s) leads to a duplex microstructure of PS cylinders with domains of either vertical or in-plane cylinders. Post-evaporation annealing of films supported by a Cu TEM grid (18 h, 140 °C) converts the duplex morphology into one with only in-plane PS cylinders. Very slow solvent evaporation (∼0.2 nL/s) produces a fully in-plane cylinder microstructure. A distortion of the hexagonal PS array in the as-cast in-plane structure suggests that the as-cast block copolymer is affected by anisotropic deswelling during the final stages of solvent evaporation.
Development of an object oriented framework for design and implementation of database powered distributed Web applications with the DEMETER project as a real-life example (2002)

We develop an object-oriented framework for generating Internet-distributed database-powered World Wide Web applications. We rely on the proven technology of standard relational databases, but our tools are designed from scratch, aimed especially towards the needs of the Web with low-bandwidth connections. We use a state machine model for the design and implementation of control elements for Web pages with pure HTML. Sufficient complexity within the user interface and powerful database interaction can be achieved without Java, JavaScript or Active-X, even with more than one concurrent session at once. Based on the state machine model, our design language models the application functionality strictly separated from layout and presentation. This approach makes it independent from future changes to HTML, and we can even give an application more than one layout without changing the functional structure, e.g. to satisfy users' needs. The object-oriented structure of the design tools makes the framework extensible. With this technique, a database-powered Web application has been implemented successfully: a Europe-wide product marketing system for rural areas, which is currently in the pilot phase. This system has been constructed under the DEMETER (Distance Education, MultimEdia Teleservices and tElework for farmeRs) project, funded by the European Commission under the 4th Framework programme TURA (Telematics for Urban and and Rural Areas).
Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis Agent Infection in a Pony Vaccinated with aBorrelia burgdorferiRecombinant OspA Vaccine and Challenged by Exposure to Naturally Infected Ticks (2000)

A pony was vaccinated with recombinant OspA vaccine (rOspA) and then exposed 3 months later to Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks (Ixodes scapularis) collected in Westchester County, N.Y. At 2 weeks after tick exposure, the pony developed a high fever (105 degrees F). Buffy coat smears showed that 20% of neutrophils contained ehrlichial inclusion bodies (morulae). Flunixin Meglumine (1 g daily) was given for 2 days, and the body temperature returned to normal. PCR for ehrlichial DNA was performed on blood samples for 10 consecutive days beginning when the pony was first febrile. This pony was monitored for another 3.5 months but developed no further clinical signs. The 44-kDa immunodominant human granulocytic ehrlichiosis antigen gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into a pCR2.1 vector. DNA sequence analysis of this gene showed it was only 8 bp different (99% identity) from the results reported by others (J. W. Ijdo et al., Infect. Immun. 66:3264-3269, 1998). Western blot analysis, growth inhibition assays, and repeated attempts to isolate B. burgdorferi all demonstrated the pony was protected against B. burgdorferi infection. These results highlight the potential for ticks to harbor and transmit several pathogens simultaneously, which further complicates the diagnosis and vaccination of these emerging tick-borne diseases.
Angiotensin-(1–7) Acts as a Vasodepressor Agent Via Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptors in Conscious Rats (2005)

Given that angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-[1-7]) has been frequently reported to exert direct in vitro vascular effects but less often in vivo, we investigated whether a vasodepressor effect of Ang-(1-7) could be unmasked acutely in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) against a background of angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blockade. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate were measured over a 5-day protocol in various groups of rats randomized to receive the following drug combinations: saline, AT1 receptor (AT1R) antagonist candesartan (0.01 or 0.1 mg/kg IV) alone, Ang-(1-7) (5 pmol/min) alone, candesartan plus Ang-(1-7), and candesartan plus Ang-(1-7) and angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor (AT2R) antagonist PD123319 (50 microg/kg per minute). In Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, saline, Ang-(1-7), or candesartan alone caused no significant alteration in MAP, whereas Ang-(1-7) coadministered with candesartan caused a marked, sustained reduction in MAP. A similar unmasking of a vasodepressor response to Ang-(1-7) during AT1R blockade was observed in SHR. Moreover, the AT(2)R antagonist PD123319 markedly attenuated the enhanced depressor response evoked by the Ang-(1-7)/candesartan combination in SHR and WKY rats, whereas in other experiments, the putative Ang-(1-7) antagonist A-779 (5 and 50 pmol/min) did not attenuate this vasodepressor effect. In separate experiments, the bradykinin type 2 receptor antagonist HOE 140 (100 microg/kg IV) or the NO synthase inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (1 mg/kg IV) abolished the depressor effect of Ang-(1-7) in the presence of candesartan. Collectively, these results suggest that Ang-(1-7) evoked a depressor response during AT1R blockade via activation of AT2R, which involves the bradykinin-NO cascade.
The highly divergent beta-tubulins of Aspergillus nidulans are functionally interchangeable. (1989)

An internal 1.4-kb Bst EII fragment was used to disrupt the benA gene and establish heterokaryons. The heterokaryons demonstrated that the molecular disruption of benA results in a recessive benA null mutation. Conidia from a heterokaryon swell and germinate but cannot undergo nuclear division and are thus inviable. A chimeric beta-tubulin gene was constructed with the benA promoter driving the tubC structural gene. This chimeric gene construction was placed on a plasmid containing a selectable marker for Aspergillus transformation and the gene disrupting fragment of benA. Integration of this plasmid at benA by the internal gene disrupting fragment of benA simultaneously disrupts the benA gene and replaces it with the chimeric beta-tubulin gene, rescuing the benA null generated by the integration. Strains generated by this procedure contain only tubC beta-tubulin for all beta-tubulin functions. Strains having only tubC beta-tubulin are viable and exhibit no detectable microtubule dysfunction though they are more sensitive than wild-type strains to the antimicrotubule drug benomyl. It is concluded that the two beta-tubulin genes of Aspergillus nidulans, though highly divergent, are interchangeable.
PCFG models of linguistic tree representations (1998)

This paper points out that the Penn lI treebank representations are of the kind predicted to have such an effect, and describes a simple node relabeling transformation that improves a treebank PCFG-based parser&amp;apos;s average precision and recall by around 8%, or approximately half of the performance difference between a simple PCFG model and the best broad-coverage parsers available today. This performance variation comes about because any PCFG, and hence the corpus of trees from which the PCFG is induced, embodies independence assumptions about the distribution of words and phrases. The particular independence assumptions implicit in a tree representation can be studied theoretically and investigated empirically by means of a tree transformation / detransformation process
Salmonella typhimurium responses to a bactericidal protein from human neutrophils (1995)

Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein [BPI] is a cationic antimicrobial protein from neutrophils that specifically binds to the surfaces of Gram-negative bacteria via the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharide. To obtain information about the responses of Salmonella typhimurium to cell-surface damage by BPI, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and N-terminal microsequencing were used to identify proteins that were induced or repressed following BPI treatment. The majority of the affected proteins are involved in central metabolic processes. Upon addition of BPI, the beta-subunit of the F1 portion of Escherichia coli ATP synthase was repressed threefold whereas six proteins were induced up to 11-fold. Three of the latter were identified as lipoamide dehydrogenase, enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase, and the heat-shock protein HtpG. Additionally, a novel protein, BipA, was identified that is induced over sevenfold by BPI; sequence analysis suggests that it belongs to the GTPase superfamily and interacts with ribosomes. A conserved direct-repeat motif is present in the regulatory regions of several BPI-inducible genes, including the bipA gene. Only one of the BPI-responsive proteins was induced when cells were treated with polymyxin B, which also binds to lipid A. We therefore conclude that BPI and polymyxin B affect different global regulatory networks in S. typhimurium even though they bind with high affinity to the same cell-surface component.
Enzymatic Functions of Wild Tomato Methylketone Synthases 1 and 2 (2010)

The trichomes of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites subsp. glabratum synthesize and store high levels of methylketones, primarily 2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone, that protect the plants against various herbivorous insects. Previously, we identified cDNAs encoding two proteins necessary for methylketone biosynthesis, designated methylketone synthase 1 (ShMKS1) and ShMKS2. Here, we report the isolation of genomic sequences encoding ShMKS1 and ShMKS2 as well as the homologous genes from the cultivated tomato, Solanum lycopersicum. We show that a full-length transcript of ShMKS2 encodes a protein that is localized in the plastids. By expressing ShMKS1 and ShMKS2 in Escherichia coli and analyzing the products formed, as well as by performing in vitro assays with both ShMKS1and ShMKS2, we conclude that ShMKS2 acts as a thioesterase hydrolyzing 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier proteins (plastid-localized intermediates of fatty acid biosynthesis) to release 3-ketoacids and that ShMKS1 subsequently catalyzes the decarboxylation of these liberated 3-ketoacids, forming the methylketone products. Genes encoding proteins with high similarity to ShMKS2, a member of the "hot-dog fold" protein family that is known to include other thioesterases in nonplant organisms, are present in plant species outside the genus Solanum. We show that a related enzyme from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) also produces 3-ketoacids when recombinantly expressed in E. coli. Thus, the thioesterase activity of proteins in this family appears to be ancient. In contrast, the 3-ketoacid decarboxylase activity of ShMKS1, which belongs to the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold superfamily, appears to have emerged more recently, possibly within the genus Solanum.
Combination chemotherapy versus single agents followed by combination chemotherapy in stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer: a study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. (1989)

During the last decade, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) has studied a series of combination chemotherapy regimens in metastatic (stage IV) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In January 1984, the ECOG activated a randomized study, EST 1583, which concluded the evaluation of combination regimens in phase III trials and initiated the evaluation of single agents exclusively in previously untreated patients. The treatment regimens in EST 1583 consisted of: (1) mitomycin, vinblastine, and cisplatin (MVP); (2) vinblastine and cisplatin (VP); (3) MVP alternating with the regimen cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, methotrexate, and procarbazine (CAMP); (4) carboplatin followed by the MVP regimen at the time of progression; and (5) iproplatin followed by MVP at the time of progression. From January 1984 to July 1985, 743 patients were entered on this trial and 699 fulfilled the eligibility requirements. The following objective response rates (complete plus partial remissions) were observed: first-line MVP, 20%; VP, 13%; MVP/CAMP, 13%; carboplatin, 9%; iproplatin, 6%; and second-line MVP, 6%. First-line MVP produced a significantly higher response rate than the other treatments (P = .03) adjusted for prognostic variables. Using analyses that were adjusted for prognostic covariates, survival for patients treated on a given regimen was compared with survival for all remaining patients. These analyses showed that treatment with carboplatin was associated with longer survival (median survival time, 31.7 weeks; P = .008) while initial treatment with MVP was associated with a trend for shorter survival (median survival time, 22.7 weeks; P = .09). It should be noted that none of these regimens appear to have produced a clinically meaningful prolongation of survival. Similar analyses evaluating time to progression disclosed that carboplatin-treated patients had a significantly longer time to progression (median time to progression, 29 weeks) than all remaining patients (P = .01). Life-threatening and lethal toxicities (toxicity grades 4 and 5) were greater on the combination regimens than on the single agents (P less than .0001). Based on these results, current group-wide ECOG trials in stage IV NSCLC consist of randomized phase II trials evaluating single agents.
Limitations of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies for localization of human neoplasms. (1986)

Tumor-associated monoclonal antibodies were radiolabeled with 125I and 131I and given i.v. in pairs to 19 patients 1-26 days prior to surgical excision of primary and metastatic breast, ovarian, and gastrointestinal tumors. For individual patients each monoclonal antibody was designated as specific or nonspecific according to prior immunoperoxidase staining results on the appropriate target neoplastic tissues. Quantitation of antibody uptake was performed on resected normal and neoplastic tissues. Although good tumor:non-tumor ratios were obtained with the specific antibodies (maximal tumor:blood ratio, 35.8:1 at 12 days postadministration), the absolute amount of radiolabel detected in tumors was small (mean value of 0.015% of total injected amount per g of tumor occurring 1 day postadministration). Furthermore, both specific and nonspecific antibodies accumulated in normal lymph nodes to a significant extent (mean value of 0.0026% of total injected amount per g of tissue occurring 1 day postadministration). Knowledge of such data is essential prior to considering therapeutic uses of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigen-pulsed monocyte-derived dendritic cells from HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma patients significantly enhance specific T cell responsesin vitro (2006)

To investigate whether hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigen-pulsed monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) could mount a T cell response in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients associated with chronic HBV infection, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 36 HBV-associated HCC patients were induced into MoDC and pulsed with hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), alone and in combination. Co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86 and CD40, as well as human leucocyte antigens D-related (HLA-DR) were found to express at the highest level on MoDC pulsed with HBcAg or HBsAg + HBcAg, at a median level on MoDC pulsed with HBcAg or HBsAg alone, and at the lowest level on non-antigen-pulsed MoDC. Interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-12 cytokines were released by antigen-pulsed MoDC at increased levels in the order: no-antigen < HBsAg < HBcAg < HBcAg + HBsAg. MoDC pulsed with HBcAg or HBsAg + HBcAg also had the strongest ability to stimulate autologous T cell proliferation and intracellular interferon (IFN)-gamma production. HBcAg- or HBsAg + HBcAg-pulsed MoDC could also induce HBV core peptide-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation determined by tetramer staining. In addition, the antigen-pulsed MoDC were found to have a stronger capacity to produce IL-12 and induce T cell response in vitro for patients with higher alanine transaminase (ALT) levels than those with lower ALT levels, indicating that antigen pulse could substantially reverse the impaired function of MoDC in primary HCC patients with active chronic hepatitis B. In conclusion, HBV antigen-pulsed MoDC from HCC patients with chronic hepatitis B could induce HBV-specific T cell response in vitro.
Fluorocarbons Reduce Myocardial Ischemic Damage After Coronary Occlusion (1981)

Open-chest, anesthetized dogs with occlusions of the left anterior descending coronary artery breathed 100 percent oxygen while they were bled to a hematocrit of 25 percent and infused with an approximately equal volume (40 milliliters per kilogram) of fluorocarbon preparation or Ringer solution. Dogs breathing room air and receiving no treatment served as controls. After undergoing 6 hours of coronary occlusion, animals bled and treated with fluorocarbons developed smaller infarctions than those receiving Ringer solution or no treatment.
Locus of Enterocyte Effacement from Citrobacter rodentium : Sequence Analysis and Evidence for Horizontal Transfer among Attaching and Effacing Pathogens (2001)

The family of attaching and effacing (A/E) bacterial pathogens, which includes diarrheagenic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), remains a significant threat to human and animal health. These bacteria intimately attach to host intestinal cells, causing the effacement of brush border microvilli. The genes responsible for this phenotype are encoded in a pathogenicity island called the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). Citrobacter rodentium is the only known murine A/E pathogen and serves as a small animal model for EPEC and EHEC infections. Here we report the full DNA sequence of C. rodentium LEE and provide a comparative analysis with the published LEEs from EPEC, EHEC, and the rabbit diarrheagenic E. coli strain RDEC-1. Although C. rodentium LEE shows high similarities throughout the entire sequence and shares all 41 open reading frames with the LEE from EPEC, EHEC, and RDEC-1, it is unique in its location of the rorf1 and rorf2/espG genes and the presence of several insertion sequences (IS) and IS remnants. The LEE of EPEC and EHEC is inserted into the selC tRNA gene. In contrast, the Citrobacter LEE is flanked on one side by an operon encoding an ABC transport system, and an IS element and sequences homologous to Shigella plasmid R100 and EHEC pO157 flank the other. The presence of plasmid sequences next to C. rodentium LEE suggests that the prototype LEE resided on a horizontally transferable plasmid. Additional sequence analysis reveals that the 3-kb plasmid in C. rodentium is nearly identical to p9705 in EHEC O157:H7, suggesting that horizontal plasmid transfer among A/E pathogens has occurred. Our results indicate that the LEE has been acquired by C. rodentium and A/E E. coli strains independently during evolution.
Bierman-Thornton UD Filtering for Double-Differenced Carrier Phase Estimation Accounting for Full Mathematical Correlation (2008)

The Kalman filter is the standard method for estimating a kinematic GPS carrier phase float solution. Square-root filtering using modified Cholesky factors, also commonly known as the Bierman-Thornton UD algorithm, is an alternative to the standard Kalman filter. This method factorizes the state variance-covariance matrix into a set of matrices. These new factored matrices are propagated through the filter instead of the state variance-covariance matrix itself. More importantly, implementation of a UD factorization filter provides greater numerical stability in situations prone to roundoff error, large a priori errors and asymmetry of the state variance-covariance matrix, which may all lead to filter divergence. Having UD factors also makes it simple to pass on UD factors of the ambiguity states to LAMBDA. Doing so increases the efficiency of integer ambiguity estimation because LAMBDA’s first step is to decorrelate ambiguity states into such factors anyway. Furthermore, in our implementation, since UD matrices are factored only once (until there is a change in the makeup of the ambiguity states), the decorrelation of ambiguity states procedure is also done once, as opposed to LAMBDA, where such a decorrelation is performed at each epoch. To get further computational efficiency, decorrelation of the measurements can be done. This is a simple process where the measurement noise can be factorized into UDU T matrices. Then, substitutions are made into the measurement noise, design matrix and measurements using these factors. Once the measurements are decorrelated, it is possible to update the states and its variance-covariance matrix sequentially. There are several advantages of processing the measurements serially and they are discussed further in the paper. Theoretically, the numerical solution resulting from the Bierman-Thornton algorithm and the standard Kalman filter should be the same. Two datasets were used to assess and confirm this theory. Operational counts, quantified as flops, also show that the Bierman-Thornton method is computationally more efficient than the traditional filter.