gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure-free Name Management for Evolving Distributed Environments. (1986)

Name services facilitate sharing in distributed environments by allowing objects to be named unambiguously and maintaining a set of application-defined attributes for each named object. Existing distributed name services, which manage names based on their syntactic structure, may lack the flexibility needed by large, diverse, and evolving computing communities. A new approach, structure-free name management, separates three activities: choosing names, selecting the storage sites for object attributes, and resolving an object’s name to its attributes. Administrative entities apportion the responsibility for managing various names, while the name service’s information needed to locate an object’s attributes can be independently reconfigured to improve performance or meet changing demands. CR
Error Pattern Analysis of Augmented Array Codes Using a Visual Debugging Tool (2006)

Error analysis is very important in determining the error control capabilities of any code. Traditionally these are measured by analyzing BER performance. We have designed and implemented a visual debugging tool (VDT) for tracing trellis decoding process of a class of augmented array codes. We have implemented a user-friendly interface in utilizing the VDT for introducing errors at the specifically selected positions of the array. Also certain error patterns can be added to all possible array positions in sequence. The observation of the effect of these purposely inserted errors is facilitated by VDT interface. The VDT can be effectively employed to measure error detection and/or correction power of the Viterbi decoder. The tool allows users to trace decoding process step-by-step, so it can be utilized for teaching and research activities of code design and their practical applications.
Wireless sensor glove interface and its application in digital holography (2013)

In the paper we introduce the novel intuitive user interface (UI) which is based on Wireless Sensor and Actuator Network (WSAN) technology and is implemented as a glove with a set of sensors for capturing user's gestures. The proposed UI is applied for interacting with a conventional 3D display and controlling the reconstruction of digital holograms. To the best of our knowledge the suggested interface is the first one, which is intended specifically for controlling the reconstruction parameters of digital holographic data. The suggested system includes the inter-cognitive communication as an important design parameter. In the paper we discuss in details the implementation of the interface and present the results of the experiments, in which the suggested UI was used to control the reconstruction of the holograms depicting industrially manufactured 3D objects. Based on the presented results, we distinguish the features of the developed UI and discuss the possible industrial applications of digital holography and of the suggested interface.
Head-direction cells recorded from the postsubiculum in freely moving rats. II. Effects of environmental manipulations (1990)

The discharge characteristics of postsubicular head-direction cells in a fixed environment were described in the previous paper (Taube et al., 1990). This paper reports changes in the firing properties of head-direction cells following changes in the animal's environment. Head-direction cells were recorded from rats as they moved freely in a 76-cm-diameter gray cylinder. A white card, occupying 100 degrees of arc, was taped to the inside wall of the cylinder and served as the major orienting spatial cue in the animal's environment. Rotation of the cue card produced near-equal rotation in the preferred firing direction of head-direction cells, with minimal changes in peak firing rate, directional firing range, or asymmetry of the firing-rate/head-direction function. Card removal had no effect on peak firing rate or range of firing, but in 8/13 cells the preferred direction rotated by at least 24 degrees. Similarly, changing the shape of the environment to a rectangular or square enclosure caused the preferred firing direction to rotate by at least 48 degrees for 8/10 cells in the rectangle and 3/8 cells in the square, with minimal changes in the peak firing rate or directional firing range. Hand holding the animals and moving them around the cylinder had no effect on the preferred direction or firing range of the cell, but decreased the maximal firing rate in 7/9 cells. On 2 occasions, 2 head-direction cells were recorded simultaneously. The rotation of the preferred firing direction for one cell was the same as the rotation of the preferred direction for the second cell after each environmental manipulation. These results demonstrate that specific visual cues in the environment can exert control over the preferred firing direction and indicate that head-direction cell firing is not a simple sensory response to visual cues, but rather represents more abstract information concerning the animal's spatial relationship with its environment. The constancy of the angle between the preferred firing directions of pairs of simultaneously recorded head-direction cells suggests that there is a fixed mapping of the population onto direction within the environment. Thus, environmental manipulations appear to cause only a change in the reference direction, but leave all other discharge characteristics of directional cells unchanged. In the discussion, comparisons are drawn between the responses of head-direction cells and hippocampal place cells to similar environmental manipulations (Muller and Kubie, 1987), and ways in which these 2 spatial systems interact in navigation are discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Isolation and Characterization of Acyclovir-resistant Mutants of Herpes Simplex Virus (1980)

Mutants of HSV which are resistant to acyclovir (acycloguanosine) have been isolated following serial passages of several herpes simplex virus (HSV) strains in the presence of the drug. The majority of the mutants isolated are defective in induction of thymidine kinase (TK) and this is consistent with the observation that independently isolated TK- viruses are naturally resistant to ACV. One mutant is described (SC16 R9C2) which is resistant in biochemically transformed cells which express HSV TK. This suggests that its resistance resides at a level other than TK. It is also resistant to phosphonoacetic acid, suggesting that the DNA polymerase locus may be involved. A further mutant is described [Cl (101) P2C5] which induces normal levels of TK, although the nature of resistance of this virus is not yet elucidated.
Maturity Detection in Peanuts (Arachis Hypogaea L.) Using Machine Vision (1993)

The flavor of shelled peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) is dependent on several factors including variety, growing conditions, post harvest operations, and maturity of the crop at harvest. At harvest, the peanut crop will have kernels in different stages of development due to the plants indeterminate fruiting nature. The maturity of individual peanut kernels can be determined by surface texture characteristics. However, at present, there is no automated method for separating peanut kernels by maturity. To facilitate development of a method, peanuts were hand classified into three maturity groupings (mature, mid-mature, and immature). A machine vision algorithm was developed to find useful surface texture descriptors for detecting each peanut maturity group. A descriptor derived from the gradient image of a peanut was found to be most useful in identifying peanuts of the mid-mature and immature groups in three market size classifications (jumbo, medium, and No. 1) when either white background or black background and red filter conditions were used. The gray level histogram characterization of peanut provided some information but additional experimentation will be necessary to derive texture descriptors useful for maturity sorting. Vision analysis of the gradient image appears as a promising technique for the development of an automated peanut maturity detection system.
Cancer statistics, 2016 (2016)

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data were collected by the National Cancer Institute (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results [SEER] Program), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (National Program of Cancer Registries), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2016, 1,685,210 new cancer cases and 595,690 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Overall cancer incidence trends (13 oldest SEER registries) are stable in women, but declining by 3.1% per year in men (from 2009-2012), much of which is because of recent rapid declines in prostate cancer diagnoses. The cancer death rate has dropped by 23% since 1991, translating to more than 1.7 million deaths averted through 2012. Despite this progress, death rates are increasing for cancers of the liver, pancreas, and uterine corpus, and cancer is now the leading cause of death in 21 states, primarily due to exceptionally large reductions in death from heart disease. Among children and adolescents (aged birth-19 years), brain cancer has surpassed leukemia as the leading cause of cancer death because of the dramatic therapeutic advances against leukemia. Accelerating progress against cancer requires both increased national investment in cancer research and the application of existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.
Embryonic stem cells express multiple Eph-subfamily receptor tyrosine kinases. (1996)

Eph and its homologues form the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases. Normal expression patterns of this subfamily indicate roles in differentiation and development, whereas their overexpression has been linked to oncogenesis. This study investigated the potential role of Eph-related molecules during very early embryonic development by examining their expression in embryonic stem (ES) cells and embryoid bodies differentiated from ES cells in vitro. By use of a strategy based on reverse transcriptase-mediated PCR, nine clones containing Eph-subfamily sequence were isolated from ES cells. Of these, eight were almost identical to one of four previously identified molecules (Sek, Nuk, Eck, and Mek4). However, one clone contained sequence from a novel Eph-subfamily member, which was termed embryonic stem-cell kinase or Esk. Northern analysis showed expression of Esk in ES cells, embryoid bodies, day 12 mouse embryos, and some tissues of the adult animal. Levels of expression were similar in ES cells and embryoid bodies. By comparison, Mek4 showed no significant transcription in the ES cell cultures by Northern analysis, whereas Eck displayed stronger signals in ES cells than in the embryoid bodies. These results suggest that Eph-subfamily molecules may play roles during the earliest phases of embryogenesis. Furthermore, the relative importance of different members of this subfamily appears to change as development proceeds.
Brain structure alterations in depression: Psychoradiological evidence (2018)

Depression is the leading cause of disability around the world, but little is known about its pathology. Currently, the diagnosis of depression is made based on clinical manifestations, with little objective evidence. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to investigate the pathological changes in brain anatomy associated with this disorder. MRI can identify structural alterations in depressive patients in vivo, which could make considerable contributions to clinical diagnosis and treatment. Numerous studies that focused on gray and white matter have found significant brain region alterations in major depressive disorder patients, such as in the frontal lobe, hippocampus, temporal lobe, thalamus, striatum, and amygdala. The results are inconsistent and controversial because of the different demographic and clinical characteristics. However, some regions overlapped; thus, we think that there may be a "hub" in MDD and that an impairment in these regions contributes to disease severity. Brain connections contain both structural connections and functional connections, which reflect disease from a different view and support that MDD may be caused by the interaction of multiple brain regions. According to previous reports, significant circuits include the frontal-subcortical circuit, the suicide circuit, and the reward circuit. As has been recognized, the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder is complex and changeable. The current review focuses on the significant alterations in the gray and white matter of patients with the depressive disorder to generate a better understanding of the circuits. Moreover, identifying the nuances of depressive disorder and finding a biomarker will make a significant contribution to the guidance of clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Introduction (2002)

Abstract This chapter presents a background to the study on the cult of saints among Muslims and Jews in medieval Syria. The study aims to explain the nature and practice of the cult of saints from the eleventh to sixteenth centuries, as well as its conception and articulation. It draws upon examples from Greater Syria, Iraq, and Egypt to situate the cult of saints within the context of widespread phenomena, which assumed similar ritual and physical dimensions throughout the Near East.
31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the Sherpa heart: a phosphocreatine/adenosine triphosphate signature of metabolic defense against hypobaric hypoxia. (1996)

Of all humans thus far studied, Sherpas are considered by many high-altitude biomedical scientists as most exquisitely adapted for life under continuous hypobaric hypoxia. However, little is known about how the heart is protected in hypoxia. Hypoxia defense mechanisms in the Sherpa heart were explored by in vivo, noninvasive 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Six Sherpas were examined under two experimental conditions [normoxic (21% FiO2) and hypoxic (11% FiO2) and in two adaptational states--the acclimated state (on arrival at low-altitude study sites) and the deacclimating state (4 weeks of ongoing exposure to low altitude). Four lowland subjects were used for comparison. We found that the concentration ratios of phosphocreatine (PCr)/adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were maintained at steady-state normoxic values (0.96, SEM = 0.22) that were about half those found in normoxic lowlanders (1.76, SEM = 0.03) monitored the same way at the same time. These differences in heart energetic status between Sherpas and lowlanders compared under normoxic conditions remained highly significant (P < 0.02) even after 4 weeks of deacclimation at low altitudes. In Sherpas under acute hypoxia, the heart rate increased by 20 beats per min from resting values of about 70 beats per min, and the percent saturation of hemoglobin decreased to about 75%. However, these perturbations did not alter the PCr/ATP concentration ratios, which remained at about 50% of the values expected in healthy lowlanders. Because the creatine phosphokinase reaction functions close to equilibrium, these steady-state PCr/ATP ratios presumably coincided with about 3-fold higher free adenosine diphosphate (ADP) concentrations. Higher ADP concentrations (i.e., lower [PCr]/[ATP] ratios) were interpreted to correlate with the Km values for ADP-requiring kinases of glycolysis and to reflect elevated carbohydrate contributions to heart energy needs. This metabolic organization is postulated as advantageous in hypobaria because the ATP yield per O2 molecule is 25-60% higher with glucose than with free fatty acids (the usual fuels utilized in the human heart in postfasting conditions).
Regulation of the Heat-shock Protein 70 Reaction Cycle by the Mammalian DnaJ Homolog, Hsp40 (1996)

The effects of the human DnaJ homolog, Hsp40, on the ATPase and chaperone functions of the constitutively expressed Hsp70 homolog, Hsc70, were analyzed. Hsp40 stimulates the hydrolysis of ATP by Hsc70, causing a approximately 7-fold increase in its steady-state ATPase activity. In contrast to the prokaryotic Hsp70 system, ATP-hydrolysis and not the release of bound ADP is the rate-limiting step in the overall ATPase cycle of mammalian Hsc70. The ability to activate the Hsc70 ATPase is partially preserved in a deletion mutant containing the J-domain and the G/F region of Hsp40 but not in a deletion mutant that contains the J-domain alone. As a result of its ATPase stimulating activity, addition of Hsp40 allows Hsc70 to bind peptide in the presence of ATP, whereas in the absence of Hsp40, peptide is efficiently released upon ATP binding to Hsc70. The functional cooperation of Hsp40 with Hsc70 is essential to ensure the ATP hydrolysis-dependent binding of aggregation-sensitive denatured polypeptides, such as thermally denatured firefly luciferase and chemically denatured rhodanese. Binding of these proteins results in the formation of ternary complexes of Hsc70, Hsp40, and substrates. Hsc70 and Hsp40 cooperate with further factors in protein renaturation, as demonstrated by the finding that luciferase, thermally denatured in the presence of Hsc70, Hsp40, and ATP, refolds upon addition of rabbit reticulocyte cytosol. Our results indicate that Hsp40 has a critical regulatory function in the Hsc70 ATPase cycle that is required for the efficient loading of peptide substrate onto Hsc70.
Caveolin-1 and MAL are located on prostasomes secreted by the prostate cancer PC-3 cell line (2004)

MAL, BENE and MAL2 are raft-associated integral membrane proteins of the MAL family of proteins involved in membrane trafficking processes. We show here that the human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cell line expresses the transcripts for the three proteins simultaneously. MAL, BENE and MAL2 co-fractionated with caveolin-1 in the raft fraction of PC-3 cells, and immunofluorescence analysis showed colocalization of these proteins with caveolin-1 in a multivesicular intracellular compartment. Markers of the Golgi apparatus, early and recycling endosomes and lipid droplets were excluded from this compartment. Prostate epithelial cells contain vesicular organelles enriched in raft components named prostasomes that are secreted in the prostate fluid. Interestingly, the prostasome fraction isolated from the culture supernatant of PC-3 cells consisted mainly of 30-130 nm cup-shaped vesicles that were positive for MAL, caveolin-1 and CD59, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein previously found in prostasomes. CD63, an integral membrane protein found in multivesicular bodies/lysosomes and secretory granules was also found in PC-3 cell-derived prostasomes. Prostasome secretion was not inhibited by brefeldin A, a compound that blocks the conventional secretory pathway. However, wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, reduced the secretion of prostasomes in PC-3 cells. Our results suggest that MAL family proteins are associated with caveolin-1 in a multivesicular compartment that may be involved in prostasomal secretion in PC-3 cells.
Skeletal Abnormalities in Pth-Null Mice Are Influenced by Dietary Calcium (2004)

We have examined the role of PTH in the postnatal state in a mouse model of PTH deficiency generated by targeting the Pth gene in embryonic stem cells. Mice homozygous for the ablated allele, when maintained on a normal calcium intake, developed hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and low circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] levels consistent with primary hypoparathyroidism. Bone turnover was reduced, leading to increased trabecular and cortical bone volume in PTH-deficient mice. When mutant mice were placed on a low-calcium diet, renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1 alpha-hydroxylase expression increased despite the absence of PTH, leading to a rise in circulating 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) levels, marked osteoclastogenesis, and profound bone resorption. These studies demonstrate the dependence of the skeletal phenotype in animals with genetically depleted PTH on the external environment as well as on internal hormonal and ionic circulatory factors. They also show that, although PTH action is the first defense against hypocalcemia, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) can be mobilized, even in the absence of PTH, to guard against extreme calcium deficiency.
A novel electrophoretic mechanism and separation parameter for selective nucleic acid concentration based on synchronous coefficient of drag alteration (SCODA) (2009)

Molecular manipulation and separation techniques form the building blocks for much of fundamental science, yet many separation challenges still remain, in fields as diverse as forensics and metagenomics. This thesis presents SCODA (Synchronous Coefficient of Drag Alteration), a novel and general molecular separation and concentration technique aimed at addressing such challenges. SCODA takes advantage of physical molecular properties associated with the non‐linear response of long, charged polymers to electrophoretic fields, which define a novel parameter for DNA separation. The SCODA method is based on superposition of synchronous, time-varying electrophoretic fields, which can generate net drift of charged molecules even when the time-averaged molecule displacement generated by each field individually is zero. Such drift can only occur for molecules, such as DNA, whose motive response to electrophoretic fields is non-linear. This thesis presents the development of SCODA for extraction of DNA, and outlines the design of the instrumentation required to achieve the SCODA effect. We then demonstrate the selectivity, efficiency, and sensitivity of the technique. Contaminant rejection is also quantified for humic acids and proteins, with SCODA displaying excellent performance compared to existing technologies. Additionally, the ability of this technology to extract high molecular weight DNA is demonstrated, as is its inherent fragment length selection capability. Finally, we demonstrate two applications of this method to metagenomics projects where existing technologies performed poorly or failed altogether. The first is the extraction of high molecular weight DNA from soil, which is limited in length to fragments smaller than 50 kb with current direct extraction methods. SCODA was able to recover DNA an order of magnitude larger than this. The second application is DNA extraction from highly contaminated samples originating in the Athabasca tar sands, where existing technology had failed to recover any usable DNA. SCODA was able to recover sufficient DNA to enable the discovery of 200 putatively novel organisms.
Combined Effects of Laser Irradiation/Solution Fluoride Ion on Enamel Demineralization (1998)

These findings are consistent with the mechanism that laser irradiation of dental enamel results in significant reduction of the effective solubility of enamel mineral and that there is a significant synergism between laser irradiation and solution fluoride with regard to this effect.
Naturally occurring nucleoside modifications suppress the immunostimulatory activity of RNA: implication for therapeutic RNA development. (2007)

DNA and RNA stimulate the mammalian innate immune system by triggering a variety of sensors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLR9 signals upon exposure to DNA, while TLR3, TLR7 and TLR8 respond to RNA. Most DNA and RNA from natural sources contain modified nucleosides. Methylation of CpG motifs in DNA blocks TLR9 signaling. The question of whether an analogous effect can be attributed to nucleoside modifications in RNA has only recently been addressed. This review characterizes a few naturally occurring nucleoside modifications of RNA and their influence on the capacity of RNA to activate immune cells and TLRs. RNAs containing modified nucleosides, and thus lacking immune-activating properties, have potential importance in clinical applications.