gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Schaum's Outline of College Chemistry (1980)

1. Quantities and Units 2. Atomic and Molecular Mass Molar Mass 3. Formulas and Composition Calculations 4. Calculations from Chemical Equations 5. Measurement of Gases 6. The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory 7. Thermochemistry 8. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Law 9. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 10. Solids and Liquids 11. Oxidation-Reduction 12. Concentration of Solutions 13. Reactions Involving Standard Solutions 14. Properties of Solutions 15. Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry 16. Thermodynamics and Chemical Equilibrium 17. Acids and Bases 18. Complex Ions Precipitates 19. Electrochemistry 20. Rates of Reactions 21. Nuclear Processes
Amino acids in psychiatric disease (1990)

Demonstrates the use of plasma amino acids as research and therapeutic tools in clinical populations, focusing on the treatment of schizophrenic and depressive patients in the United States, Denmark, England and Germany.
INHIBITION OF TRANSPLANT REJECTION FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH ANTI-B7-2 AND ANTI-B7-1 ANTIBODIES (1995)

Antigen-specific T cell activation depends initially on the interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with peptide/MHC. In addition, a costimulatory signal, mediated by distinct cell surface accessory molecules, is required for complete T cell activation leading to lymphokine production and proliferation. CD28 has been implicated as the major receptor on T cells responsible for delivering the costimulatory signal. Although two distinct ligands for CD28, B7-1 and B7-2, have been identified on antigen-presenting cells (APC), the co-stimulatory role of each molecule during a physiological immune response remains unresolved. In the present study, the relative roles of B7-1 and B7-2 interactions were evaluated in an allogeneic pancreatic islet transplant setting. In isolation, anti-B7-2 mAbs and, to a much lesser degree, anti-B7-1 mAbs suppressed T cell proliferative responses to allogeneic islets or splenic APC in vitro. Maximal inhibition of the allogeneic response was observed using a combination of the anti-B7-1 and anti-B7-2 mAbs. Administration of anti-B7-2 but not anti-B7-1 mAbs prolonged C3H allograft survival in B6 recipients, with a combination of both mAbs significantly prolonging rejection beyond either mAb alone. The immunosuppressive effects of the in vivo mAb treatment were not manifested in in vitro analyses as T cells isolated from suppressed mice responded normally to allogeneic stimuli in terms of both proliferation and lymphokine production. However, combined mAb therapy in vivo selectively delayed CD4+ T lymphocyte infiltration into the graft. These data suggest that both B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules are active in vivo, although B7-2 plays a clearly dominant role in this allograft model. The mechanism of immune suppression in vivo remains unresolved but may occur at sites distinct from the allograft.
Structure and expression of the human gene encoding major heat shock protein HSP70. (1985)

We have cloned a human gene encoding the 70,000-dalton heat shock protein (HSP70) from a human genomic library, using the Drosophila HSP70 gene as a heterologous hybridization probe. The human recombinant clone hybridized to a 2.6-kilobase polyadenylated mRNA from HeLa cells exposed to 43 degrees C for 2 h. The 2.6-kilobase mRNA was shown to direct the translation in vitro of a 70,000-dalton protein similar in electrophoretic mobility to the HSP70 synthesized in vivo. From the analysis of S1 nuclease-resistant mRNA-DNA hybrids, the HSP70 gene appears to be transcribed as an uninterrupted mRNA of 2.3 kilobases. We show that the cloned HSP70 gene contains the sequences necessary for heat shock-induced expression by two criteria. First, hamster cells transfected with a subclone containing the HSP70 gene and flanking sequences synthesized a HSP70-like protein upon heat shock. Second, human cells transfected with a chimeric gene containing the 5' flanking sequences of the HSP70 gene and the coding sequences of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene transcribed the chimeric gene upon heat shock. We show that the HSP70 mRNA transcribed in an adenovirus 5 transformed human cell line (293 cells) is identical to the HSP70 mRNA induced by heat shock.
Pharmacoeconomics of dementia. (1997)

Pharmacoeconomics is a new discipline with its own terminology and techniques, little known to most clinicians but destined to become more important to them and to their patients. This article reviews basic approaches in pharmacoeconomics; current knowledge of costs related to dementia; assessment of quality of life in patients with cognitive impairment; models of relationships among degree of cognitive impairment, caregiver burden, and health care utilization; existing pharmacoeconomic guidelines for drug studies; pharmacoeconomic studies of tacrine, a drug used in Alzheimer disease; and further work needed to advance the critical area of pharmacoeconomic studies in dementia.
Design of mixed-signal systems-on-a-chip (2000)

The electronics industry is increasingly focused on the consumer marketplace, which requires low-cost high-volume products to be developed very rapidly. This, combined with advances in deep submicrometer technology have resulted in the ability and the need to put entire systems on a single chip. As more of the system is included on a single chip, it is increasingly likely that the chip will contain both analog and digital sections. Developing these mixed-signal (MS) systems-on-chip presents enormous challenges both to the designers of the chips and to the developers of the computer-aided design (CAD) systems that are used during the design process. This paper presents many of the issues that act to complicate the development of large single-chip MS systems and how CAD systems are expected to develop to overcome these issues.
Regulation of FOXC1 Stability and Transcriptional Activity by an Epidermal Growth Factor-activated Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling Cascade (2006)

Mutations in the FOXC1 transcription factor gene result in Axenfeld Rieger malformations, a disorder that affects the anterior segment of the eye, the teeth, and craniofacial structures. Individuals with this disorder possess an elevated risk for developing glaucoma. Previous work in our laboratory has indicated that FOXC1 transcriptional activity may be regulated by phosphorylation. We report here that FOXC1 is a short-lived protein (t 1/2< 30 min), and serine 272 is a critical residue in maintaining proper stability of FOXC1. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that activation of the ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase through epidermal growth factor stimulation is required for maximal FOXC1 transcriptional activation and stability. Finally, we have demonstrated that FOXC1 is targeted to the ubiquitin 26 S proteasomal degradation pathway and that amino acid residues 367-553, which include the C-terminal transactivation domain of FOXC1, are essential for ubiquitin incorporation and proteolysis. These results indicate that FOXC1 protein levels and activity are tightly regulated by post-translational modifications.
Total Synthesis of Tricolorin A (1997)

Tricolorin A (1) is a novel tetrasaccharide macrolactone that is a natural herbicide. In this paper is reported a total synthesis of 1. Coupling of hydroxy ester 18 with D-fucosyl trichloroacetimidate 23 gave fucoside 24. Removal of the C-2 pivaloyl group of 24 followed by coupling with D-glucosyl trichloroacetimidate 29 resulted in isolation of disaccharide 30. Saponification of the ester groups of 30 and subsequent selective macrolactonization of the acid diol 31 by the Yonemitsu protocol gave only the desired lactone 32. The key step in the assembly of disaccharide glycosyl trichloroacetimidate 52 was coupling L-rhamnoside 47 with L-rhamnosyl trichloroacetimidate 43. Attempts to couple lactone disaccharide 32 with disaccharide 52 were unsuccessful. Using an alternate plan for assembly of the tetrasaccharide, reaction of disaccharide glycosyl trichloroacetimidate 58 with disaccharide 37 gave tetrasaccharide 59. Diester lactone 63 was generated by selective macrolactonization of tetrasaccharide acid triol 60, again using the Yonemitsu protocol, followed by addition of the chiral side chain acid to the reaction vessel. Synthetic tricolorin A (1) was obtained by deprotection of 63. Starting from fucose, glucose, rhamnose, and (S)-1-octyn-3-ol, the synthesis required 39 steps overall. The longest linear sequence was 14 steps, with an overall yield for this longest linear sequence of 6%.
Speckle fluctuations and biomedical optics: implications and applications (1993)

Laser speckle limits the resolution that can be achieved in holography. Time-varying speckle, caused by scattering from moving objects, is even more troublesome. It can destroy the correlation needed to obtain fringes in holographic interferometry and even, ifthe fluctuations are rapid compared with the exposure time needed, the coherence needed to record a hologram. These problems are discussed, with particular reference to biomedical holography, and suggestions are made for minimizing their effect. Some positive aspects of time-varying speckle are also discussed. The fluctuations obey the same statistics as the spatial variations of a stationary speckle pattern. These statistics can be used to measure the movement of the scattering particles, a technique of particular value in biomedical science. Potential applications include monitoring blood flow, motility, and intracellular activity.
Calculating Short-Circuit Currents with Contributions from Induction Motors (1982)

Chapter 7 of a forthcoming book, Recommended Methods for Calculating AC Short-Circuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Violet Book) is discussed. The book will be one of the IEEE Standards Board ``Color Book'' series of Recommended Practices prepared by the Industrial Power Systems Department of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. (It is being developed under IEEE Project Authorization P551.) The chapter describes the nature of induction motor short-circuit current contributions, discusses calculating techniques, and examines the simplified methods of accounting for induction motor contributions described in ANSI C37 Circuit Breaker Standard Application Guides. An extension of these simplified methods is recommended to eliminate the possible need for duplication of calculations. Examples of calculations are included. For this chapter, it is assumed that other chapters in the ``IEEE Violet Book'' cover the purpose of short-circuit calculations, calculating methods available, and details of calculations involving passive power system components and synchronous machines.
Growth Hormone Promotion of Tubulin Polymerization Stabilizes the Microtubule Network and Protects Against Colchicine-Induced Apoptosis (1998)

We have investigated the effect of GH on microtubular physiology in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with the complementary DNA for the rat GH receptor (CHO-GHR1–638). We show here that after 30 min of human GH (hGH) treatment of CHO-GHR1–638 cells, there was a significant increase in the level of polymerization of all four tubulin isoforms (α-, β-,γ -, and tyrosinated α-tubulin) compared with the serum-deprived state. However, this transient increase in the levels of polymerized tubulin after hGH treatment was particularly pronounced for β- and tyr α-tubulin. For α- and γ-tubulin, the hGH-induced increase in polymerization state lasted to approximately 3 h and then declined by 7 h, whereas for β- and tyr α-tubulin there was a decrease in the polymerization state at 1–2 h after hGH treatment compared with the level at 30 min (but still greater than the serum-deprived state) followed by a second but lesser wave of increased polymerization lasting to 7 h. The changes in the polymerization state of the tubulins were not accompanied by comparative changes in the level of total cellular tubulin. The proline rich box 1 region of the GH receptor was required for hGH to stimulate tubulin polymerization indicative that this event is JAK dependent. Increased tubulin polymerization still occurred in response to hGH in a receptor truncation lacking the carboxyl terminal half of the intracellular domain of the GH receptor indicative that hGH induced changes in intracellular calcium concentration is not required for tubulin polymerization. Prior treatment of CHO-GHR1–638 cells with hGH retarded colchicine induced microtubule depolymerization and also prevented colchicine induced apoptotic cell death. The integrity of the microtubule network was not required for GH-induced STAT5 mediated transcription as treatment of cells with colchicine, vincristine, or vinblastine did not alter the fold stimulation of the STAT5 mediated transcriptional response to GH. Thus one consequence of cellular treatment with GH is alteration in microtubule physiology.
THE STRUCTURAL BASIS OF ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY RECOGNITION (1987)

We have reviewed here the three-dimensional structure of an antigen-Fab complex as determined by X-ray crystallographic studies. The antigen is hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL), a protein whose three-dimensional structure and antigenic properties are well known. The Fab was prepared from a murine monoclonal anti-HEL antibody, IgGl,kappa, obtained by cell-hybridization techniques. The equilibrium association constant for the complex is 4.5 X 10(7) mol-1. The complex was crystallized and its three-dimensional structure was determined at 6-A and 2.8-A resolution. A three-dimensional model of the structure was built based on electron-density maps and the amino-acid sequence [determined from the nucleotide sequence of cDNA clones (M. Verhoeyen, C. Berek, J.M. Jarvis, G. Winter, in preparation)]. The three-dimensional structure of the complex shows that 17 antibody residues make close contacts (less than or equal to 4 A) with 16 antigen residues. Fifteen of the contacting antibody residues belong to the six complementarity-determining regions of the light chain (6 residues) and of the heavy chain (9 residues). The remaining two are located in regions of constant or nearly constant sequence ["framework" regions]. The 16 contacting lysozyme residues form a discontinuous, topographical determinant, since they are widely separated in the linear amino-acid sequence but are brought to relative spatial proximity by the three-dimensional folding of the polypeptide chain. The contacting surfaces are relatively flat, with protruding side chains of antigen and antibody penetrating each other over an area with maximum dimensions of 30 X 20 A. As in several other systems of protein-protein interactions, the contacts are chemically characterized as van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds. Detailed analysis of the interactions reveals that the antibody's recognition of the antigen is finely specific and is affected by antigenic variation (as observed in lysozymes from other avian species). The quaternary structure of the complexed Fab is elongated, with the axes of the variable (VH + VL) and constant (CH1 + CL) domains making an angle close to 180 degrees. Comparison of the three-dimensional structure of the complexed lysozyme with that of native lysozyme showed no significant conformational change at the current resolution (2.8 A). Comparison of the Fab moiety of the complex with other Fabs of known three-dimensional structure suggested that upon complexing no conformational change takes place in the tertiary structure of Fab either.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Androgen Response Element Composed of a Direct Repeat (1997)

Transcriptional regulation by the androgen receptor (AR) requires its binding to hormone response element nucleotide sequences in DNA. A consensus glucocorticoid response element (GRE) can mediate transactivation by AR and other members of the AR/glucocorticoid (GR)/progesterone (PR)/mineralocorticoid (MR) receptor subfamily. We identified putative androgen response element (ARE) sequences by binding of a human AR DNA-binding domain fusion protein to DNA in a random sequence selection assay. A 17-base pair consensus nucleotide sequence, termed IDR17, containing three potential GRE-like core binding sites organized as both inverted and direct repeats, was determined from a pool of degenerate oligonucleotides. IDR17 was active in mediating androgen-dependent induction of reporter gene expression in transient transfection assays. Dissection of the IDR17 sequence revealed an 11-base pair sequence (DR-1), consisting of two potential core binding sites oriented as an overlapping direct repeat, as the most potent ARE. DR-1 demonstrated a strong preference for AR binding and transactivation when compared with GR. To our knowledge, this is the first observation that a direct repeat of GRE-like core motifs functions as a preferred hormone response element within the AR/GR/PR/MR subfamily of nuclear receptors.
12,18,24개월 영유아의 음운발달 특성 (2006)

본 연구는 12, 18, 24개월 된 정상아동의 자음목록, 음절유형 및 음운변동과정을 중심으로 한 음운론적 특징을 살펴보았다. 평가절차는 아동 당 20～30분 정도 놀이감을 이용하여 상호작용을 한 후, 이 때 얻은 말자료를 음운전사해서 분석하였다. 분석결과, 월령이 늘어날수록 초성과 종성에서 사용된 자음목록의 크기가 증가하였다. 세 월령집단 아동들이 공통적으로 가장 많이 사용한 자음유형은 비음과 파열음이며, 경음이 비교적 일찍 산출되는 것으로 나타났다. 유음/ㄹ/은 종성 위치에서 먼저 발달하였다. 음절구조에서는 V, CV, CVC형이 모두 월령이 늘어남에 따라 산출율이 증가하였다. VC, CVC형의 폐쇄음절의 산출율이 V, CV형의 개방음절의 산출율보다 낮았는데, 이는 우리나라 영유아들도 개방음절을 선호한다는 점을 시사해준다. 낱말의 음소구조는 월령이 증가함에 따라 다양해지고 복잡해졌으나 개인차가 많았다.
Comparison of the pharmacokinetics and hepatotoxic effects of saporin and ricin A-chain immunotoxins on murine liver parenchymal cells. (1988)

Immunotoxins containing the ribosome-inactivating protein, saporin, are very effective antitumor agents but are highly toxic to mice. They induce severe necrotic lesions in the liver parenchyma of the recipients. Such extensive damage to the liver parenchyma is not observed with ricin A-chain immunotoxins even at 5-fold higher dosage. The hepatotoxicity of the saporin immunotoxins was found in the present study to arise from a combination of two effects. First, saporin and saporin immunotoxins were 30- and 6-fold more toxic to primary cultures of mouse liver parenchymal cells than were ricin A-chain and ricin A-chain immunotoxins, respectively. This was despite the fact that the cells bound 4- to 5-fold less saporin or saporin immunotoxins than ricin A-chain or ricin A-chain immunotoxins. The binding of ricin A-chain and its immunotoxin to the cells was mediated through the carbohydrate residues present on the A-chain whereas saporin is not glycosylated and thus must bind to other sites on the cell surface which result in transport of saporin relatively efficiently to the cytosol. The second reason for the hepatotoxic action of the saporin immunotoxin was that it had a longer blood half-life (t 1/2 alpha = 1.1 h; t 1/2 beta = 17.1 h) than the ricin A-chain immunotoxin (t 1/2 = 0.52 h; t 1/2 beta = 9.7 h). Analyses using a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model showed that the two immunotoxins broke down in vivo to give free antibody at a similar rate (t 1/2 = 10-12 h) but that the ricin A-chain immunotoxin was eliminated 11 times more rapidly than the saporin immunotoxin by routes other than breakdown. It was calculated that, in mice given a median lethal dose of saporin immunotoxin, the blood levels of immunotoxin remained above the concentration that killed 50% of parenchymal cells in vitro for more than 48 h. In mice given a median lethal dose of ricin A-chain immunotoxin, the blood levels fell below the concentration that was toxic to parenchymal cells in vitro within 4 h. The longer blood half-life of the saporin immunotoxin may also explain our previous finding that it had antitumor activity superior to that of a ricin A-chain immunotoxin in mice.
Airway epithelial cells promote transmigration of eosinophils in a new three‐dimensional chemotaxis model (2002)

By utilizing a new in vitro transmigration system mimicking the airway mucosa, we have demonstrated that airway epithelial cells play an essential role in transmigration of eosinophils and that multiple factors such as chemokines, extracellular matrix proteins and exogenous inflammatory cytokines are involved in efficient transmigration.
A comparative examination of the efficiency of sequestering carbon in US agricultural soils (2002)

Abstract This paper demonstrates the need to integrate biophysical and economic data to assess the competitiveness of US agriculture to provide soil carbon (C) and participate in a market for C credits. The paper discusses alternative methods of calculating the costs of soil C sequestration and compares the cost of sequestering soil C in Iowa and Montana. Results indicate that the opportunity cost per Mg of sequestered C varies in response to regional resource endowments and net returns. Economic models show that Montana could sequester a relatively small amount of soil C annually at a lower opportunity cost per Mg than Iowa, but Iowa can sequester larger quantities more efficiently. These results are compared with estimates of the cost of C sequestration from other domestic and international studies, and suggest that US agriculture could be competitive in domestic or international markets for C reduction credits.
Comparing the actions of lanicemine and ketamine in depression: key role of the anterior cingulate (2016)

Intravenous infusion of lanicemine (formerly AZD6765), a low trapping non-selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, induces antidepressant effects with a similar time course to ketamine. We investigated whether a single dose lanicemine infusion would reproduce the previously reported decrease in subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) activity evoked by ketamine, a potential mechanism of antidepressant efficacy. Sixty un-medicated adults meeting the criteria for major depressive disorder were randomly assigned to receive constant intravenous infusions of ketamine, lanicemine or saline during a 60min pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) scan. Both ketamine and lanicemine gradually increased the blood oxygen level dependent signal in sgACC and rostral ACC as the primary outcome measure. No decreases in signal were seen in any region. Interviewer-rated psychotic and dissociative symptoms were minimal following administration of lanicemine. There was no significant antidepressant effect of either infusion compared to saline. The previously reported deactivation of sgACC after ketamine probably reflects the rapid and pronounced subjective effects evoked by the bolus-infusion method used in the previous study. Activation of the ACC was observed following two different NMDA compounds in both Manchester and Oxford using different 3T MRI scanners, and this effect predicted improvement in mood 1 and 7 days post-infusion. These findings suggest that the initial site of antidepressant action for NMDA antagonists may be the ACC (NCT01046630. A Phase I, Multi-centre, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Parallel Group Study to Assess the pharmacoMRI Effects of AZD6765 in Male and Female Subjects Fulfilling the Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder; http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01046630).