gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Use of Electromyography for Seat Assessment and Comfort Evaluation (1995)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A need to develop methodologies to obtain objective measurements of the effects of different seat contours on people is evident. In an effort to monitor muscle activity during static seated postures, electromyography (EMG) was employed. In an experimental setting, fatigue was induced in back extensor muscles for different seated postures. The resultant EMG signals were then sampled bilaterally for three different vertebral levels and the effects of the different seating systems on posture were evaluated.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In preliminary tests involving 4 subjects of similar size and build, utilizing three differently contoured seats, findings support the use of EMG to quantify muscular fatigue as a viable means of objectively measuring the effects of different seat contours.&lt;/div&gt;
Postamputation pain: epidemiology, mechanisms, and treatment (2013)

Postamputation pain (PAP) is highly prevalent after limb amputation but remains an extremely challenging pain condition to treat. A large part of its intractability stems from the myriad pathophysiological mechanisms. A state-of-art understanding of the pathophysiologic basis underlying postamputation phenomena can be broadly categorized in terms of supraspinal, spinal, and peripheral mechanisms. Supraspinal mechanisms involve somatosensory cortical reorganization of the area representing the deafferentated limb and are predominant in phantom limb pain and phantom sensations. Spinal reorganization in the dorsal horn occurs after deafferentataion from a peripheral nerve injury. Peripherally, axonal nerve damage initiates inflammation, regenerative sprouting, and increased "ectopic" afferent input which is thought by many to be the predominant mechanism involved in residual limb pain or neuroma pain, but may also contribute to phantom phenomena. To optimize treatment outcomes, therapy should be individually tailored and mechanism based. Treatment modalities include injection therapy, pharmacotherapy, complementary and alternative therapy, surgical therapy, and interventions aimed at prevention. Unfortunately, there is a lack of high quality clinical trials to support most of these treatments. Most of the randomized controlled trials in PAP have evaluated medications, with a trend for short-term Efficacy noted for ketamine and opioids. Evidence for peripheral injection therapy with botulinum toxin and pulsed radiofrequency for residual limb pain is limited to very small trials and case series. Mirror therapy is a safe and cost-effective alternative treatment modality for PAP. Neuromodulation using implanted motor cortex stimulation has shown a trend toward effectiveness for refractory phantom limb pain, though the evidence is largely anecdotal. Studies that aim to prevent PA P using epidural and perineural catheters have yielded inconsistent results, though there may be some benefit for epidural prevention when the infusions are started more than 24 hours preoperatively and compared with nonoptimized alternatives. Further investigation into the mechanisms responsible for and the factors associated with the development of PAP is needed to provide an evidence-based foundation to guide current and future treatment approaches.
Interleukin-31 stimulates production of inflammatory mediators from human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts (2007)

Interleukin (IL)-31 is mainly produced by CD4+ T cells, in particular T cells skewed toward a Th2 phenotype. Here we report for the first time that IL-31 stimulates secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) from human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts (SEMFs). The effects of IL-31 were investigated by cDNA microarrays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and real-time PCR. IL-31 effectively induced chemokines [IL-8, GRO-alpha (growth-related oncogene-alpha), MCP-3 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-3), CXCL3, CCL13 and CCL15], proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-16 and IL-32) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-25 and MMP-7). IL-31 dose-dependently induced secretion of IL-6, IL-8, GRO-alpha, MCP-3, MMP-1 and MMP-3. The effects of IL-31 were comparable to the effects of IL-17A. IL-31 and IL-17A showed additive effects on IL-6, IL-8, GRO-alpha, MCP-3, MMP-1 and MMP-3 secretion. In conclusion, we demonstrated that IL-31 is a potent inducer of proinflammatory mediators in human colonic SEMFs. IL-31 may function as a proinflammatory cytokine derived from Th2 cells.
Extended Phenotype in the Transthyretin Tyr77 Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy (2005)

The transthyretin Tyr77 variant of familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) has been identified in a few North American and European patients, but the full spectrum of its clinical manifestations is still not known. We report a 3-generation family of Jewish-Yemenite origin with Tyr77 FAP presenting with atypical features. The affected individuals had sensorimotor and autonomic neuropathy and cardiomyopathy accompanied by prominent dysphagia, hearing loss and asymptomatic carpal tunnel syndrome. Brain MRI in the proband showed multifocal white matter lesions. These features extend the reported Tyr77 phenotype and support the modifying effect of additional factors on the disease expression.
Engines for Education (1995)

Engines is a “hyper-booki written by Roger Schank, Director of ILS, and Chip Cleary, a graduate student of Dr. Schank, about what's wrong with the education system, how to reform it, and especially, about the role of educational technology in that reform.
Artificial neural networks for learning inverse kinematics of humanoid robot arms (2015)

Nowadays, many humanoid teen sized robot platforms have been developed by di erent research groups. The idea is either to conduct research or to produce a speci c task ful lling machine. This imposes many challenges on the design of algorithms for di erent actions like walk or reaching some targets. There are many sophisticated humanoid research platforms available, but one crucial aspect to look is the developmental cost associated with the task. As the name describes, the Humanoid robots are the ones that resemble humans in their design as well as their way of performing the task. In the development of humanoid robots, many design for the arm of a humanoid robot has been studied. We have developed an arm with 5 degrees of freedom using dynamixel servo motors. We used 3D plastic printing for manufacturing the part. This arm with multiple degrees of freedom enables the robot to have free movement around the body. Besides, we also designed a simulator model of a robot that works with the advanced simulators available today. A great number of approaches and algorithms have been implemented to solve the problem of inverse kinematics. The research carried out in this thesis takes the early learning in human infants as the basis. Human infants in their early age of development move their arm to reach new goals that they have not seen yet and with the help of the visual feedback they learn the limits and possibilities of reaching targets. We have used this idea to develop a learning algorithm that eventually enables the robot to reach goals in 3D space accurately. This algorithm is advantageous in the sense that it is faster than the parent approach of Rolf [2013] and no prior knowledge of the arm model is required to learn the inverse solution for correct positioning. The algorithm starts with the knowledge of only one goal in the 3D space, explores more goals in the 3D space and the learning enables the algorithm to grasp the solution of inverse positioning of the arm. The results obtained are comparable to the results generated by Rolf [2013] with the advantage that the learning is fast with our algorithm. In current research in the eld of cognitive and developmental robotics, one aim is to develop robots based on biological beings (for example humans and animals) present on our planet. Humanoid robots can be considered as an exemplary development in this sense. Similarly, the researchers are trying to move the mathematically computational solutions more towards bio-inspired computational solutions. Therefore, exploring bio-inspired learning which was achieved by taking advantage of Arti cial Neural Networks (ANNs) is another advantage associated with this work.
The bottom‐up solution to the triacylglycerol lipidome using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (2005)

Presented here is an approach to representing the data from atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry (MS) of triacylglycerols (TAG) using a set of one, two, or three Critical Ratios. These Critical Ratios may be used directly to provide structural information concerning the regioisomeric composition of the triacylglycerols (TAG), and about the degree of unsaturation in the TAG. An AAA-type, or Type I, TAG has only one Critical Ratio, the ratio of the protonated molecule, [M + H]+, to the DAG fragment ion, [AA]+. The Critical Ratio for a Type I TAG is [MH]+/Z[DAG]+, and the mass spectrum of a Type I TAG can be reproduced from only this one ratio. An ABA/AAB/BAA, or Type II, TAG has two Critical Ratios, the [MH]+/sigma[DAG]+ ratio and the [AA]+/[AB]+ ratio. The [AA]+/[AB]+ ratio for a single TAG or TAG mixture can be compared with the [AA]+/[AB]+ ratios of pure regioisomeric standards, and the percentage of each regioisomer can be estimated. The abundance of the protonated molecule and the abundances of the two [DAG]+ fragment ions can be calculated from the two Critical Ratios for a Type II TAG. To calculate the abundances, the Critical Ratios are processed through the Bottom-Up Solution to the TAG lipidome. First, Critical Limits are calculated from the Critical Ratios, and then the Critical Ratios are classified into Cases by comparison with the Critical Limits. Once the Case classification is known, the equation for the abundance of each ion in the mass spectrum is given by the Bottom-Up Solution. A Type III TAG has three different FA and three Critical Ratios. The [MH]+/Z[DAG]+ ratio is the first Critical Ratio, the [AC]+/([AB]+ + [BC]+) ratio is the second Critical Ratio, and the [BC]+/[AB]+ ratio is the third Critical Ratio. The second critical ratio for a Type III TAG can be compared with regioisomeric standards to provide an estimate of the percentage composition of the regioisomers. The three Critical Ratios for a Type III TAG can be processed through the Bottom-Up Solution to calculate the four ion abundances that make up the APCI-MS mass spectrum. The Critical Ratios constitute a reduced data set that provides more information in fewer values than the raw abundances.
Corona wind in a system with the pin-to-plane discharge geometry (2003)

Our work dealt with the problems of corona wind and acoustic emission, encountered in pin-to-plane corona generators. Our generator had 19-mm electrode separation, with anode grounded and pin driven by negative voltages from three to fifteen kilovolts. The acoustic signal generated by the corona discharge was received with a microphone (B=10 kHz, at 3 dB). Both the corona generator and microphone were placed in an acoustic anechoic chamber and samples of the acoustic signal for different voltages and corona currents taken. The sampling and on-line analysis of the signal was performed by a signal processing system (Motorola, DSP 56300, r/sub s/=43/spl times/10/sup 3/ s/sup -1/), and a PC. The time domain signal was filtered and acquired in the time domain, then Fourier transformed into the frequency domain, to yield the acoustic signature of the wind, produced by the negative corona. The corona acoustic emission expressed in terms of energy is directly proportional to the intensity of the field, which sustains the corona discharge. The acoustic signal spectrum at low voltages shows a fundamental and a number of harmonic components, superimposed on the spectrum of white noise, with a signal-to-noise ratio of better than one to five. At higher voltages, harmonic components are no longer present, and the acoustic signal energy is emitted in a single spectral line. Although the measurements were performed mostly with a pin-to-plane generator, the results and the developed technique were applied to a cylindrical and to an array generator, with similar results.
The Klason lignin determination as applied to Aspenwood with special reference to acid-soluble lignin (1960)

mination.oflignin in these woods.This thesis is submitted as a fundamental contribution to this problem.The present investigation emphasizes the fate of aspen lignin during the standard Klason procedure and permits a comparison of the action of sulfuric.acid on.thelignin in, wood and in other.ligninpreparations including Bjorkman's (6) milled wood lignin..Differences are evaluated in the light.ofthe possible effects of sulfuric-acid on lignin, and conclusions are drawn regarding the validity of the Klason lignin.determinationfor the particular species (Populus tremuloides) of aspenwood investigated.Schroth (21) use as their criteria for membership in the family of lignin, construction from guaiacyl or syringyl propane building units, and this is implied by Campbell and McDonald (22) when they state that the only satisfactory definition of "lignin" is the nonpolysaccharide portion of the wood cell wall in an extractive-free wood. THE ISOLATION OF LIGNINThe hope has been to evolve a method for the separation-of the protolignin system without alteration from the other wood constituents, but this has never been achieved.This has been the major difficulty in the chemistry of lignin, and particularly in work directed toward the determination of its structure (23).Because an isolation procedure in which there is little physical or chemical change would yield a preparation most closely resembling protolignin, there has been much interest in dissolving'lignin directly from the wood in solvents which will not react with it.The wood has been pretreated also in various ways in order to make the lignin more "accessible" to these unreactive or neutral solvents.Only a small portion of the lignin can be isolated from wood meal with neutral solvents, and this has been described by Brauns (24) for sprucewood and later by Buchanan, for aspenwood.Freshly ground wood meal pre-extracted with cold water and ether is exhaustively extracted at room temperature with alcohol.The nonlignin components in the alcohol extract.areremoved from the lignin on the basis of their water and ether solubility, and the lignin obtained as a light creamcolored powder is generally referred to as "Brauns' native lignin" (BNL).64% of the p-hydroxybenzoic acid was left with .theKlason lignin and suggests, therefore, that the Klason lignin from extractive-free aspenwood contained about 2% p-hydroxybenzoic acid..This was confirmed later by Pearl and Beyer (97)..When an isolated Klason lignin from aspenwood was fused with potassium hydroxide for five minutes at 175C., approximately 2% of the lignin was isolated as phydroxybenzoic acid.This also.indicated that the p-hydroxybenzoic acid was not condensed with the lignin during the Klason lignin determination..Apparently, the p-hydroxybenzoic acid moiety is a significant part of both the acid-soluble lignin and the Klason lignin of.aspen.
Four-color DNA sequencing with 3′- O -modified nucleotide reversible terminators and chemically cleavable fluorescent dideoxynucleotides (2008)

DNA sequencing by synthesis (SBS) on a solid surface during polymerase reaction can decipher many sequences in parallel. We report here a DNA sequencing method that is a hybrid between the Sanger dideoxynucleotide terminating reaction and SBS. In this approach, four nucleotides, modified as reversible terminators by capping the 3'-OH with a small reversible moiety so that they are still recognized by DNA polymerase as substrates, are combined with four cleavable fluorescent dideoxynucleotides to perform SBS. The ratio of the two sets of nucleotides is adjusted as the extension cycles proceed. Sequences are determined by the unique fluorescence emission of each fluorophore on the DNA products terminated by ddNTPs. On removing the 3'-OH capping group from the DNA products generated by incorporating the 3'-O-modified dNTPs and the fluorophore from the DNA products terminated with the ddNTPs, the polymerase reaction reinitiates to continue the sequence determination. By using an azidomethyl group as a chemically reversible capping moiety in the 3'-O-modified dNTPs, and an azido-based cleavable linker to attach the fluorophores to the ddNTPs, we synthesized four 3'-O-azidomethyl-dNTPs and four ddNTP-azidolinker-fluorophores for the hybrid SBS. After sequence determination by fluorescence imaging, the 3'-O-azidomethyl group and the fluorophore attached to the DNA extension product via the azidolinker are efficiently removed by using Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine in aqueous solution that is compatible with DNA. Various DNA templates, including those with homopolymer regions, were accurately sequenced with a read length of >30 bases by using this hybrid SBS method on a chip and a four-color fluorescence scanner.
The thalassemia syndromes: molecular basis and prenatal diagnosis in 1990. (1990)

In this review I have outlined the molecular basis and prenatal diagnosis of alpha-thalassemia and then concentrated on the state of our knowledge of the molecular basis of beta-thalassemia and its prenatal diagnosis. I discussed the improved but more complicated genetic counselling now available as a result of our increased knowledge of the effects of various defects in the beta-globin gene. Our knowledge of the heterogeneous molecular basis of the thalassemia syndromes has become very impressive and it is hoped that effective therapy will soon follow. For the present, however, prevention of the birth of affected children is the most effective means of reducing the suffering associated with the thalassemia syndromes, and prevention of this type is succeeding in many parts of the world, including North America.
DRAR-CPI: a server for identifying drug repositioning potential and adverse drug reactions via the chemical–protein interactome (2011)

Identifying new indications for existing drugs (drug repositioning) is an efficient way of maximizing their potential. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) is one of the leading causes of death among hospitalized patients. As both new indications and ADRs are caused by unexpected chemical-protein interactions on off-targets, it is reasonable to predict these interactions by mining the chemical-protein interactome (CPI). Making such predictions has recently been facilitated by a web server named DRAR-CPI. This server has a representative collection of drug molecules and targetable human proteins built up from our work in drug repositioning and ADR. When a user submits a molecule, the server will give the positive or negative association scores between the user's molecule and our library drugs based on their interaction profiles towards the targets. Users can thus predict the indications or ADRs of their molecule based on the association scores towards our library drugs. We have matched our predictions of drug-drug associations with those predicted via gene-expression profiles, achieving a matching rate as high as 74%. We have also successfully predicted the connections between anti-psychotics and anti-infectives, indicating the underlying relevance of anti-psychotics in the potential treatment of infections, vice versa. This server is freely available at http://cpi.bio-x.cn/drar/.
Anti-inflammatory Principles from Cordyceps sinensis (2011)

In order to explore the anti-inflammatory principles of the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis, the crude extract and partially purified fractions were examined for their inhibition of superoxide anion generation and elastase release. Further chemical investigation of the bioactive fractions has resulted in the identification of 50 compounds, including five constituents, cordysinins A-E (1-5), reported from a natural source for the first time. In addition, compounds were examined for their anti-inflammatory activity. 1-(5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furyl)-β-carboline displayed the most significant inhibition of superoxide anion generation and elastase release with IC50 values of 0.45±0.15 and 1.68±0.32 μM, respectively.
Ultrasensitive detection of rare mutations using next-generation targeted resequencing (2011)

With next-generation DNA sequencing technologies, one can interrogate a specific genomic region of interest at very high depth of coverage and identify less prevalent, rare mutations in heterogeneous clinical samples. However, the mutation detection levels are limited by the error rate of the sequencing technology as well as by the availability of variant-calling algorithms with high statistical power and low false positive rates. We demonstrate that we can robustly detect mutations at 0.1% fractional representation. This represents accurate detection of one mutant per every 1000 wild-type alleles. To achieve this sensitive level of mutation detection, we integrate a high accuracy indexing strategy and reference replication for estimating sequencing error variance. We employ a statistical model to estimate the error rate at each position of the reference and to quantify the fraction of variant base in the sample. Our method is highly specific (99%) and sensitive (100%) when applied to a known 0.1% sample fraction admixture of two synthetic DNA samples to validate our method. As a clinical application of this method, we analyzed nine clinical samples of H1N1 influenza A and detected an oseltamivir (antiviral therapy) resistance mutation in the H1N1 neuraminidase gene at a sample fraction of 0.18%.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF MARINE PRODUCTS. XXXIX. THE NUCLEOSIDES OF SPONGES. III.1 SPONGOTHYMIDINE AND SPONGOURIDINE2 (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF MARINE PRODUCTS. XXXIX. THE NUCLEOSIDES OF SPONGES. III.1 SPONGOTHYMIDINE AND SPONGOURIDINE2WERNER BERGMANN and DEREK C. BURKECite this: J. Org. Chem. 1955, 20, 11, 1501–1507Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01128a007https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01128a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views852Altmetric-Citations166LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts