gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increased sensitivity of injured and adjacent uninjured rat primary sensory neurons to exogenous tumor necrosis factor-alpha after spinal nerve ligation. (2003)

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is upregulated after nerve injury, causes pain on injection, and its blockade reduces pain behavior resulting from nerve injury; thus it is strongly implicated in neuropathic pain. We investigated responses of intact and nerve-injured dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons to locally applied TNF using parallel in vivo and in vitro paradigms. In vivo, TNF (0.1-10 pg/ml) or vehicle was injected into L5 DRG in naive rats and in rats that had received L5 and L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) immediately before injection. In naive rats, TNF, but not vehicle, elicited long-lasting allodynia. In SNL rats, subthreshold doses of TNF synergized with nerve injury to elicit faster onset of allodynia and spontaneous pain behavior. Tactile allodynia was present in both injured and adjacent uninjured (L4) dermatomes. Preemptive treatment with the TNF antagonist etanercept reduced SNL-induced allodynia by almost 50%. In vitro, the electrophysiological responses of naive, SNL-injured, or adjacent uninjured DRG to TNF (0.1-1000 pg/ml) were assessed by single-fiber recordings of teased dorsal root microfilaments. In vitro perfusion of TNF (100-1000 pg/ml) to naive DRG evoked short-lasting neuronal discharges. In injured DRG, TNF, at much lower concentrations, elicited earlier onset, markedly higher, and longer-lasting discharges. TNF concentrations that were subthreshold in naive DRG also elicited high-frequency discharges when applied to uninjured, adjacent DRG. We conclude that injured and adjacent uninjured DRG neurons are sensitized to TNF after SNL. Sensitization to endogenous TNF may be essential for the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain.
Fusion of GFP to the Carboxyl Terminus of Connexin43 Increases Gap Junction Size in HeLa Cells (2003)

The pattern of gap junctional coupling between cells is thought to be important for the proper function of many types of tissues. At present, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control the size and distribution of gap junctions. We addressed this issue by expressing connexin43 (Cx43) constructs in HeLa cells, a connexin-deficient cell line. HeLa cells expressing exogenously introduced wild-type Cx43 formed small, punctate gap junctions. By contrast, cells expressing Cx43-GFP formed large, sheet-like gap junctions. These results suggest that the GFP tag, which is fused to the carboxyl terminus of Cx43, alters gap junction size by masking the carboxyl terminal amino acids of Cx43 that comprise a zonula occludins-1 (ZO-1) binding site. We are currently testing this hypothesis using deletion and dominant-negative constructs that directly target the interaction between Cx43 and ZO-1.
Characterization of RAC3, a Novel Member of the Rho Family (1997)

The small GTP-binding proteins Rac1 and Rac2 are critically important in regulating multiple signal transduction pathways in eukaryotic cells. Here we report the isolation of a novel third Rac family member, Rac3. Rac3 differs from Rac1/2 at its carboxyl-terminal end, a domain associated with subcellular localization and binding to specific cellular regulators. RAC3 mRNA expression patterns differ from those of RAC2, which is hematopoietic specific and also from those of RAC1. The RAC3 gene was mapped to chromosome 17q23-25, a region frequently deleted in breast cancer. Rac3 protein levels are not affected by organization of the actin cytoskeleton but remarkably, are serum-inducible. Rac3 is an active GTPase, and this activity is regulated by Bcr. When constitutively activated, Rac3 is able to stimulate efficiently the c-Jun amino-terminal kinase signaling pathway. These findings support a role for Rac3 in intracellular signaling.
The Johnson-Lindenstrauss Transform Itself Preserves Differential Privacy (2012)

This paper proves that an "old dog", namely - the classical Johnson-Lindenstrauss transform, "performs new tricks" - it gives a novel way of preserving differential privacy. We show that if we take two databases, D and D', such that (i) D'-D is a rank-1 matrix of bounded norm and (ii) all singular values of D and D' are sufficiently large, then multiplying either D or D' with a vector of iid normal Gaussians yields two statistically close distributions in the sense of differential privacy. Furthermore, a small, deterministic and public alteration of the input is enough to assert that all singular values of D are large. We apply the Johnson-Lindenstrauss transform to the task of approximating cut-queries: the number of edges crossing a (S, S)-cut in a graph. We show that the JL transform allows us to publish a sanitized graph that preserves edge differential privacy (where two graphs are neighbors if they differ on a single edge) while adding only O(|S|ϵ) random noise to any given query (w.h.p). Comparing the additive noise of our algorithm to existing algorithms for answering cut-queries in a differentially private manner, we outperform all others on small cuts (|S| = o(n)). We also apply our technique to the task of estimating the variance of a given matrix in any given direction. The JL transform allows us to publish a sanitized covariance matrix that preserves differential privacy w.r.t bounded changes (each row in the matrix can change by at most a norm-1 vector) while adding random noise of magnitude independent of the size of the matrix (w.h.p). In contrast, existing algorithms introduce an error which depends on the matrix dimensions.
High-Throughput DNA Sequencing Analysis of Antibody Repertoires (2014)

New high-throughput DNA sequencing (HTS) technologies developed in the past decade have begun to be applied to the study of the complex gene rearrangements that encode human antibodies. This article first reviews the genetic features of Ig loci and the HTS technologies that have been applied to human repertoire studies, then discusses key choices for experimental design and data analysis in these experiments and the insights gained in immunological and infectious disease studies with the use of these approaches.
Parallax method for direct measurement of membrane penetration depth utilizing fluorescence quenching by spin-labeled phospholipids (1987)

This report describes a method suitable for determining the depth of a wide variety of fluorescent molecules embedded in membranes. The method involves determination of the parallax in the apparent location of fluorophores detected when quenching by phospholipids spin-labeled at two different depths is compared. By use of straightforward algebraic expressions, the method allows calculation of depth in angstroms. Furthermore, the analysis can be extended to quenching by energy-transfer acceptors or brominated probes under appropriate conditions. Application of the method to quenching of 7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl (NBD)-labeled lipids by spin-labeled lipids located at three different depths is demonstrated in model membranes. It is shown that the calculated depths of the NBD groups are self-consistent to the extent that they are the same no matter which two spin-labels have been used in a particular experiment. In addition, the calculated depth is independent of spin-label concentration in the membrane within +/- 1 A, ruling out major effects due to spin-label perturbation. The quenching experiments show that the location of the NBD group in head-group-labeled phosphatidylethanolamine is at the polar/hydrocarbon interface and that of an NBD label on the "tail" of cholesterol is deeply buried, as expected. Unexpectedly, NBD labels placed at the end of fatty acyl chains of phosphatidylcholines are also near the polar/hydrocarbon interface. Presumably, the polarity of the NBD group results in "looping" back to the surface of the NBD groups attached to flexible acyl chains.
Deep eutectic solvents: Synthesis, application, and focus on lipase‐catalyzed reactions (2013)

Abstract In recent years, a novel medium with similar properties to ionic liquids but with additional advantages regarding cost, environmental impact, and synthesis has been developed: deep eutectic solvents (DESs). These solvents result from the association between an organic salt (ammonium or phosphonium) with a hydrogen‐bond donor such as alcohols, acids, or amides. To date, the availability of green, inexpensive and easy to handle solvents is almost non‐existent. Therefore, DESs currently arouse growing interest in many research fields. This review deals with the major applications of this new family of solvents with a particular focus on lipase‐catalyzed reactions such as hydrolysis, aminolysis, or alcoholysis.
Semiquantitative FTIR Analysis of the Crosslinking Density of Poly(ester amide)‐Based Thermoset Elastomers (2015)

Thermoset elastomers represent a class of polymers for a wide range of biomedical applications. Crosslinking density of thermoset elastomers is considered as an important parameter. In this study, semiquantitative Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis is developed as a novel method to determine crosslinking density of poly (ester amide) thermoset elastomers. Poly(1,3‐diamino‐2‐hydroxypropane‐ co‐ polyol sebacate) (APS) is an example of poly(ester amide) thermoset elastomer. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been recently incorporated into APS polymer structure to obtain novel PEGylated APS‐based elastomers with tunable properties. The crosslinking densities of different APS and APS‐ co ‐PEG films are determined by the theory of rubber elasticity and FTIR. These results show that the intensity ratios between amide and carbonyl peak correlate well with the calculated crosslinking density from the elastic modulus. Thus, semiquantitative FTIR analysis offers a direct, facile, and less variable method to determine the crosslinking density and guide the consistent synthesis of poly(ester amide) thermoset elastomers. image
Nonfullerene Tandem Organic Solar Cells with High Performance of 14.11% (2018)

Fabricating solar cells with tandem structure is an efficient way to broaden the photon response range without further increasing the thermalization loss in the system. In this work, a tandem organic solar cell (TOSC) based on highly efficient nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) with series connection type is demonstrated. To meet the different demands of front and rear sub-cells, two NFAs named F-M and NOBDT with a whole absorption range from 300 to 900 nm are designed, when blended with wide bandgap polymer poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione))] (PBDB-T) and narrow bandgap polymer PTB7-Th, respectively, the PBDB-T: F-M system exhibits a high V<sub>oc</sub> of 0.98 V and the PTB7-Th: NOBDT system shows a remarkable J<sub>sc</sub> of 19.16 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> , which demonstrate their potential in the TOSCs. With the guidance of optical simulation, by systematically optimizing the thickness of each layer in the TOSC, an outstanding power conversion efficiency of 14.11%, with a V<sub>oc</sub> of 1.71 V, a J<sub>sc</sub> of 11.72 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> , and a satisfactory fill factor of 0.70 is achieved; this result is one of the top efficiencies reported to date in the field of organic solar cells.
Teacher-training course design: a case study (1988)

Course design for teacher training is something of a closed book. This article is an attempt to remedy the matter. It stems from work done since 1984 at King Mongkut's Institute of Technology, Thonburi (Thailand), on developing a series of teaching methodology courses as part of the programme for the MA in English for Science and Technology. In what follows, the main features of these courses are presented, together with an account of the trials and tribulations involved in the design process. Some general conclusions about teacher training course design are also drawn.1
Protein Synthesis at Synaptic Sites on Dendrites (2001)

Studies over the past 20 years have revealed that gene expression in neurons is carried out by a distributed network of translational machinery. One component of this network is localized in dendrites, where polyribosomes and associated membranous elements are positioned beneath synapses and translate a particular population of dendritic mRNAs. The localization of translation machinery and mRNAs at synapses endows individual synapses with the capability to independently control synaptic strength through the local synthesis of proteins. The present review discusses recent studies linking synaptic plasticity to dendritic protein synthesis and mRNA trafficking and considers how these processes are regulated. We summarize recent information about how synaptic signaling is coupled to local translation and to the delivery of newly transcribed mRNAs to activated synaptic sites and how local translation may play a role in activity-dependent synaptic modification.
A computational model of filtering, detection, and compression in the cochlea (2005)

We claim that speech analysis algorithms should be based on computational models of human audition, starting at the ears. While much is known about how hearing works, little of this knowledge has been applied in the speech analysis field. We propose models of the inner ear, or cochlea, which are expressed as time- and place-domain signal processing operations; i.e. the models are computational expressions of the important functions of the cochlea. The main parts of the models concern mechanical filtering effects and the mapping of mechanical vibrations into neural representation. Our model cleanly separates these effects into time-invariant linear filtering based on a simple cascade/parallel filterbank network of second-order sections, plus transduction and compression based on half-wave rectification with a nonlinear coupled automatic gain control network. Compared to other speech analysis techniques, this model does a much better job of preserving important detail in both time and frequency, which is important for robust sound analysis. We discuss the ways in which this model differs from more detailed cochlear models.
Establishing value mappings using statistical models and user feedback (2005)

In this paper, we present a "value mapping" algorithm that does not rely on syntactic similarity or semantic interpretation of the values. The algorithm first constructs a statistical model (e.g., co-occurrence frequency or entropy vector) that captures the unique characteristics of values and their co-occurrence. It then finds the matching values by computing the distances between the models while refining the models using user feedback through iterations. Our experimental results suggest that our approach successfully establishes value mappings even in the presence of opaque data values and thus can be a useful addition to the existing data integration techniques.
Displacement-based design for passive energy dissipation systems added viscous dampers (2006)

The general design methods for passive energy dissipation systems with viscous dampers,such as seismic retrofitting of buildings and seismic regulation of new building,a lot of pilot calculations must be required and its process is very complex.When a MDOF structure is transformed in an equivalent SDOF system,supplemental damping ratio based on the target displacement can be solved conveniently.When reasonable dampers distribution patterns are given,the quantity of dampers fixed in each storey will be gained.The procedure was applied to 5-storey new building and 10-storey seismic retrofitting of building for verification.According to the earthquake time history analysis and mode pushover analysis results,higher accuracy can be achieved for structure in which the pushover analysis can be applied.
Effects of chloroquine and its enantiomers on the development of rat embryos in vitro (1995)

The effects of the antimalarial drug chloroquine (CQ) and its enantiomers [(+)-CQ and (-)-CQ] on 9 1/2-day post-implantation rat conceptuses were studied by the whole-embryo culture technique over a 48 hr period. At a concentration of 500 ng/ml of culture medium (0.97 microM), which falls within serum levels attained during long-term CQ therapy, the drugs produced varying degrees of growth retardation and dysmorphogenesis in the conceptuses. These effects were most severe with exposure to racemic CQ (100%) and also to equimolar concentrations of the two enantiomers (90%). Dysmorphogenesis was least with (+)-CQ (30%) and intermediate in severity in those exposed to (-)-CQ (32%). In the CQ and combined enantiomer groups, there was significant reduction in yolk sac diameter to 81% and 73%, the crown-rump length to 77% and 71%, the number of somites to 76% and 74%, and the embryonic protein content to 64% and 49%, respectively, of control values. In the (-)-enantiomer group the only parameter significantly affected was the somite number which was reduced to 83% of control. The growth parameters of (+)-CQ-treated embryos did not differ significantly from controls. The commonest morphological abnormalities observed in all treatment groups were those of axial rotation. Unfused and underdeveloped cranial neural tube, microophthalmia and abnormal otic primordium also occurred frequently, especially in the CQ and enantiomeric combination groups. The results suggest that the commercially available form of chloroquine, CQ, is embryotoxic in doses comparable to serum levels reached during long-term therapy with the drug. It also appears that although the individual enantiomers show minimal embryotoxicity at the dosage used, they potentiate each other's effects in the racemic mixture.
Unsupervised semantic parsing (2009)

We present the first unsupervised approach to the problem of learning a semantic parser, using Markov logic. Our USP system transforms dependency trees into quasi-logical forms, recursively induces lambda forms from these, and clusters them to abstract away syntactic variations of the same meaning. The MAP semantic parse of a sentence is obtained by recursively assigning its parts to lambda-form clusters and composing them. We evaluate our approach by using it to extract a knowledge base from biomedical abstracts and answer questions. USP substantially outperforms TextRunner, DIRT and an informed baseline on both precision and recall on this task.
Effect of clopidogrel on bleeding after coronary artery bypass surgery (2001)

Preoperative use of clopidogrel in combination with aspirin is associated with increased need for surgical reexploration as well as risk of packed red blood cell and cryoprecipitate transfusions after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
Contributions of the Classical and Alternate Complement Pathways to the Biological Effects of Endotoxin (1973)

The interactions of endotoxin with sera from normal guinea pigs and sera from C4-deficient (C4D) guinea pigs that had a complete block in function of the classical complement sequence were examined. Endotoxin fixed the late components of complement (C3–C9) in both normal and C4D sera, demonstrating the existence of an alternate pathway that bypasses the early components of complement. Activation of the alternate pathway generates normal quantities of chemotactic factors, and the kinetics of chemotactic-factor generation is normal. The alternate pathway can opsonize bacteria and mediate the bactericidal reaction, although a difference in kinetics was observed. However, injection of endotoxin into normal and C4D animals revealed that activation of the classical pathway was an absolute requirement for thrombocytopenia and for induction of the hypercoagulable state.
Effects on platelet functions and pharmacokinetics of azapropazone and ketorolac tromethamine given as single parenteral doses. (1994)

The biosynthesis of thromboxane (TX) B2 and immunoreactive prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha in clotting whole blood ex vivo as well as collagen-induced platelet aggregation were determined before and up to 72 h after intravenous injection of 600 mg azapropazone 2H2O and intramuscular injection of 30 mg ketorolac tromethamine in six healthy subjects. The drug doses were selected on the basis of comparable analgesic activity (maximal recommended analgesic dose). Both platelet aggregation and prostanoid biosynthesis were inhibited by racketorolac to a significantly greater extent and for a longer period of time than by azapropazone. Correlations between serum concentrations and the inhibitory effects on TXB2 biosynthesis were observed for both drugs. Using the sigmoidal Emax model the mean serum concentration of azapropazone inhibiting platelet TXB2 generation by 50% (EC50) was found to be 98.1 +/- 41.9 (s.d.) micrograms ml-1, a value 1000 times higher than that for rac-ketorolac. The moderate inhibition of platelet function by azapropazone as compared with rac-ketorolac might be an advantage with regard to its use as a post-operative analgesic.
Effects of anesthesia on cardiovascular control mechanisms. (1978)

The manner in which general anesthesia affects circulatory control was studied by examining the effects of commonly employed anesthetics on left ventricular function and distribution of cardiac output, and the extent to which responses to physiological and pharmacological stimuli are modified by general anesthesia. While commonly employed anesthetics affect almost every aspect of the circulatory system, the importance of general anesthesia on the circulation tends to be underestimated by considering only its direct effects. More important is the modification of the organism's integrative response to any perturbation. Major differences often directionally opposite, in responses of conscious and anesthetized animals were found for reflex control of the circulation, effects of hemorrhage and alterations in preload and after load. In addition, commonly employed pharmacologic agents, e.g., cardiac glycosdies, catecholamines, and morphine sulfate exerted differing actions in the conscious and anesthetized states. Thus, while it is generally held that the overall responses to complex physiological functions such as exercise or eating can be best described in the intact, conscious organism, the importance of conducting any experiment involving integrative control of the circulation in the conscious organism should also be recognized.
Effect of High Temperature at Grain Filling Stage on Grain Formation Physiology of Hybrid Rice "Liangyou-peijiu" (2012)

In order to investigate the effect of high temperature during the grain filling on grain formation physiology of hybrid rice Liangyou-peijiu.Liangyou-peijiu was treated under high temperature and proper temperature conditions in phytotrone,and the following indexes were analyzed,such as grain mass,protein and amylose mass fraction,ADPG pyrophosphorylase(ADPGPase),granule-bound starch synthase(GBSS),glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(GPT) activities.The results showed that,under the high temperature condition,the grain mass and amylose mass fraction increased quickly but continued for a few days,and the grain mass and amylose mass fraction were lower than those under the proper temperature condition,and the soluble protein mass fraction in grains was higher than that under the proper temperature condition.Under the high temperature condition,the activities of enzymes such as ADPGPase,GBSS,GOT and GPT in grains were improved immediately at 7-10 d after flowering and reached the peaks at 10 d,then decreased.Under the proper temperature condition,the activities of ADPGPase and GBSS changed slowly,and the peak time of the two enzyme activities was 13 d after flowering,and the activities of GOT and GPT decreased slowly in grains after flowering,and at 13-25 d after flowering,the activities of enzymes such as ADPGPase,GBSS,GOT and GPT in grains under the proper temperature condition were higher than that under the high temperature.To sum up,at the middle and late stage of grain filling,the comparatively low mean daily temperature during filling favored the rising of the enzyme activities such as ADPGPase,GBSS,GOT and GPT in grains and improved the rice grain quality.