gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmaceutics : the science of dosage form design (2002)

Design of dosage forms. PART ONE SCIENTIFIC PRINICIPLES OF FORMULATION SCIENCE Solutions and their properties. Rheology and flow. Surface and interfacial phenomena. Solubility and dissolution rate. Disperse systems. Kinetics and product stability. PART TWO PARTICLE SCIENCE AND POWDER TECHNOLOGY Solid-state properties of powders. Particle size analysis. Particle size reduction. Particle size separation. Mixing. Powder flow. PART THREE BIOPHARMACEUTICS PRINCIPLES OF DRUG DELIVERY Introduction to Biopharmaceutics. Factors influencing bioavailability. Assessment of bioavailability. Dosage Regimens. Sustained and extended release. PART FOUR DOSAGE FORM DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE Preformulation. Solutions, Suspensions and Emulsions. Filtration. Powders and granules. Granulation. Drying. Tablets and compaction. Tablet coating. Capsules and encapsulation. Pulmonary drug delivery. Nasal delivery. Rectal and vaginal delivery. Parenteral products. Transdermal drug delivery. Delivery of proteins/biotech products. Packs and packaging. Materials of fabrication and corrosion. Heat transfer and the properties of steam. PART FIVE PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND STERILIZATION Fundamentals of microbiology. The action of physical and chemical agents on micro-organisms. Microbiological contamination and preservation. Principles of sterilization. Sterilization practice. Design and operation of clean rooms.
Dissipative dynamics in a quantum register (1997)

A model for a quantum register dissipatively coupled with a bosonic thermal bath is studied. The register consists of $N$ quantum bits (qubits) the bath is described by ${N}_{b}$ bosonic modes. The register-bath coupling is chosen in such a way that the total number of excitations is conserved. The Hilbert space splits, allowing the study of the dynamics separately in each sector. Assuming that the coupling with the bath is the same for all qubits, the excitation sectors have a further decomposition according the irreducible representations of the su(2) spin algebra. The stability against environment-generated noise of the information encoded in a quantum state of the register depends on its SU(2) symmetry content. At zero temperature we find that states belonging to the vacuum symmetry sector have, for long time, vanishing fidelity, whereas each lowest spin vector is decoupled from the bath and therefore is decoherence free. Numerical results are shown in the one-excitation space in the case of qubit-dependent bath-system coupling.
Role of Plk2 ( Snk ) in Mouse Development and Cell Proliferation (2003)

Plk2 (Snk) is a polo-like kinase expressed at G(1) in cultured cells and mainly in the hippocampal neurons in the brains of adult rodents, but its function is poorly understood. We have generated mice deficient in Plk2 by gene targeting. Although Plk2 is not required for postnatal growth, Plk2(-/-) embryos show retarded growth and skeletal development late in gestation. The labyrinthine zone of the placenta is diminished in Plk2(-/-) embryos due to decreased cell proliferation. Cultured Plk2(-/-) embryonic fibroblasts grow more slowly than normal cells and show delayed entry into S phase. These data suggest a role for Plk2 in the cell cycle.
Intelligent tutoring systems with conversational dialogue (2001)

Many of the intelligent tutoring systems that have been developed during the last 20 years have proven to be quite successful, particularly in the domains of mathematics, science, and technology. They produce significant learning gains beyond classroom environments. They are capable of engaging most students' attention and interest for hours. We have been working on a new generation of intelligent tutoring systems that hold mixed-initiative conversational dialogues with the learner. The tutoring systems present challenging problems and questions to the learner, the learner types in answers in English, and there is a lengthy multiturn dialogue as complete solutions or answers evolve. This article presents the tutoring systems that we have been developing. AutoTutor is a conversational agent, with a talking head, that helps college students learn about computer literacy. andes, atlas, and why2 help adults learn about physics. Instead of being mere information-delivery systems, our systems help students actively construct knowledge through conversations.
Experiential Programs: Best Practice: Effective programs are experiential (2007)

“Teaching by pouring in” refers to a medieval belief that we could teach people by drilling holes in the human head and, with a funnel, pour information into the brain. We laugh at this idea, yet we still see educators and interpreters use passive instruction to “fill up” the brains of their audiences.\nThink back on how you learned to ride a bicycle. You took an action, saw the consequences of that action, and chose either to continue or to take a new and different action. What allowed you to master the new skill of riding a bicycle was your active participation in the event and your reflection on what you attained. Experience and reflection taught more than any manual or lecture ever could.
Temperature compensation of silicon micromechanical resonators via degenerate doping (2009)

We report on the degenerate doping of a silicon resonator as a new method for reducing its temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF). This is the first TCF reduction technique reported till date that takes advantage of free charge carrier effects on the elastic constants of silicon. The TCF of silicon bulk acoustic resonators (SiBAR) are reduced from -29 ppm/°C to -1.5 ppm/°C on 5 ¿m thick devices using degenerate boron doping and to -2.72 ppm/°C on 20 ¿m thick devices using boron-assisted aluminum doping while maintaining a high quality factor (Q) of 28000 in vacuum.
Thoth, a portable real-time operating system (1979)

Thoth is a real-time operating system which is designed to be portable over a large set of machines. It is currently running on two minicomputers with quite different architectures. Both the system and application programs which use it are written in a high-level language. Because the system is implemented by the same software on different hardware, it has the same interface to user programs. Hence, application programs which use Thoth are highly portable. Thoth encourages structuring programs as networks of communicating processes by providing efficient interprocess communication primitives.
Insights into the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases provided by new rodent models of spontaneous colitis (1995)

Journal Article Insights into the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Provided by New Rodent Models of Spontaneous Colitis Get access Balfour R. Sartor Balfour R. Sartor Division of Digestive Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. R. B. Sartor at Division of Digestive Diseases, CB 7080, Burnett-Womack Bldg., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Volume 1, Issue 1, 1 February 1995, Pages 64–75, https://doi.org/10.1097/00054725-199503000-00007 Published: 01 February 1995
The critical role of a solvent-exposed residue of an MHC class I- restricted peptide in MHC-peptide binding (1997)

The immunodominant ovalbumin257-264 (OVA-8, SIINFEKL) and herpes simplex virus gB496-503 (HSV-8, SSIEFARL) peptides share 50% amino acid identity (residues P1, P3, P5 and P8) and bind with comparable efficacy to the murine MHC-encoded class I molecule H-2Kb. However, these two peptides bind differently to H-2Kbm8, a natural H-2Kb variant with a substitution in four amino acids on the floor of the peptide-binding site; HSV-8 binds with high and OVA-8 with a relatively low efficacy. To investigate which of the non-homologous peptide residues were responsible for this differential binding, we used substituted peptide variants and the class I thermodynamic stabilization assay. Variation at the solvent-exposed peptide residues P6 and P7 did not appreciably influence binding. By contrast, variation at the buried P2 and, surprisingly, at the solvent-exposed P4 residue was found to be important. Transplantation of the HSV-8 P2 or P4 residues onto the OVA-8 backbone created variant peptides O2S (P2I-->S) and O4E (P4N-->E) that bound considerably better to H-2Kbm8 than OVA-8. Furthermore, the double-substituted peptide, O2S4E, bound even better, revealing a cooperative effect of the two residues. The reciprocally substituted peptides H2I and H4N, generated by grafting the OVA-8 P2 and P4 residues onto the HSV-8 backbone respectively, bound to H-2Kbm8 slightly worse than HSV-8 but the double-substituted peptide H2I4N bound as poorly as OVA-8. Effects exerted by the P4 residue, which is solvent accessible and therefore available for the TCR contact, demonstrated that exposed peptide residues can, in certain situations, influence not only the TCR contact but also MHC-peptide binding.
Lease premiums: taxation aspects (1993)

Analyses facets of taxation which relate to leases and lease premiums in particular. Considers tax relief, lease premium value shifting, sale and lease‐back, reverse premiums and Capital Gains aspects from the property manager′s perspective. Concludes that there are both pleasant and unpleasant surprises in tax legislation which is technical and not widely known.
Brain neurons and glial cells express Neu differentiation factor/heregulin: a survival factor for astrocytes. (1994)

Neu differentiation factor (NDF, also called heregulin) was isolated from mesenchymal cells on the basis of its ability to elevate phosphorylation of ErbB proteins. Earlier in situ hybridization analysis showed that NDF was transcribed predominantly in the central nervous system during embryonic development. To gain insights into the role of NDF in brain we analyzed its distribution by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Late-gestation (day 17) rat embryos displayed high NDF immunoreactivity in both motor (e.g., putamen) and limbic (e.g., septum) regions. Lower levels of the factor were exhibited by adult brain, except for the cerebellum, where NDF expression was increased postnatally. Both neurons and glial cells were identified by immunohistochemistry as NDF-producing cells (e.g., pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex and glial cells in the corpus callosum). By establishment of primary cultures of rat brain cells we confirmed that NDF was expressed in neurons as well as in astrocytes. In addition, by using such primary cultures we observed that NDF treatment exerted only a limited mitogenic effect, which was accompanied by significant acceleration of astrocyte maturation. Furthermore, long-term incubation with the factor specifically protected astrocytes from apoptosis, implying that NDF functions in brain as a survival and maturation factor for astrocytes.
Classical Transport in Disordered Media: Scaling and Effective-Medium Theories (1971)

Electrical conduction in resistor networks with all but a fraction $p$ of the resistors removed is studied as a paradigm of classical transport in disordered materials. A self-consistent effective-medium theory provides a quantitative description of the model, except in a small critical region, where the scaling law ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{\propto}}{(p\ensuremath{-}{p}_{c})}^{\frac{8}{5}}$ is satisfied (in three dimensions), with ${p}_{c}$ the critical probability for bond percolation. It is also contrasted with a critical-path analysis recently developed for the study of hopping conduction.
Umbilical cord blood transplants (2000)

With the establishment of cord blood banks, the number of related and unrelated umbilical cord blood transplants is increasing worldwide. Close links have been established with the cord blood banks. Available data showed that umbilical cord blood transplants offer overall results comparable to those obtained with related or unrelated bone marrow transplants. Several differences were found: engraftment with cord blood was delayed, resulting in an increased incidence of early transplant complications, and the incidence of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease was significantly reduced with cord blood grafts, even in HLA-mismatched transplants and in adults. In patients with leukemia, the rate of relapse appeared to be similar to that documented in bone marrow transplant recipients. These data confirm the potential benefit of using umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells for allogeneic transplants.
Construction and application of a full‐coverage, high‐resolution, human chromosome 8q genomic microarray for comparative genomic hybridization (2004)

A comprehensive array is presented, which provides a high-resolution method for mapping copy number alterations on chromosome 8q.
BLOOD COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT BEEF BREED TYPES (1986)

Two studies were conducted to examine the blood composition of cattle of different breed types. The first study involved 357 crossbred cows of Hereford × Angus, Charolais × British breed, Simmental × British breed and Limousin × British breed crosses, ranging in age from 12 to 14 yr. Sixteen blood characteristics were measured from the June and September blood samples. The second study used 23 Shorthorn cow-calf pairs from a line selected for yearling weight and 25 cow-calf pairs from a corresponding unselected control line of Shorthorns. These cow-calf pairs were bled 11 times, starting at calving and then at 28-d intervals thereafter, with 11 blood characteristics measured. The crosbred cows differed significantly in hemoglobin, packed cell volume, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, urea nitrogen, glucose, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, uric acid and serum total protein. Increased yearling weight resulting from selection was associated with higher blood creatinine levels at maturity (P &lt; 0.05) and during pre- and post-weaning growth (P &lt; 0.01). These results support the view that blood composition exhibits genetic variation. Key words: Beef cattle, blood composition, breed type, selection for yearling weight
Interleukin‐10 promotes B16‐melanoma growth by inhibition of macrophage functions and induction of tumour and vascular cell proliferation (2002)

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which interleukin-10 (IL-10) induces tumour growth in a mouse-melanoma model. A B16-melanoma cell line (B16-0) was transfected with IL-10 cDNA and three clones that secreted high (B16-10), medium and low amounts of IL-10 were selected. Cell proliferation and IL-10 production were compared in vitro, and tumour growth, percentages of necrotic areas, tumour cells positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) and major histocompatibility complex type I (MHC-I) and II (MHC-II), as well as infiltration of macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and blood vessels were compared in vivo among IL-10-transfected and non-transfected tumours. Proliferation and tumour growth were greater for IL-10-transfected than for non-transfected cells (P < 0.001), and correlated with IL-10 concentration (r > or =0.79, P < 0.006). Percentages of tumour cells positive for PCNA and IL-10R were 4.4- and 16.7-fold higher, respectively, in B16-10 than in B16-0 tumours (P < 0.001). Macrophage distribution changed from a diffuse pattern in non-transfected (6.4 +/- 1.7%) to a peripheral pattern in IL-10-transfected (3.8 +/- 1.7%) tumours. The percentage of CD4+ lymphocytes was 7.6 times higher in B16-10 than in B16-0 tumours (P = 0.002). The expression of MHC-I molecules was present in all B16-0 tumour cells and completely negative in B16-10 tumour cells. In B16-0 tumours, 89 +/- 4% of the whole tumour area was necrotic, whereas tumours produced by B16-10 cells showed only 4.3 +/- 6% of necrotic areas. IL-10-transfected tumours had 17-fold more blood vessels than non-transfected tumours (61.8 +/- 8% versus 3.5 +/- 1.7% blood vessels/tumour; P < 0.001). All the effects induced by IL-10 were prevented in mice treated with a neutralizing anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody. These data indicate that IL-10 could induce tumour growth in this B16-melanoma model by stimulation of tumour-cell proliferation, angiogenesis and immunosuppression.
High-voltage-tolerant I/O buffers with low-voltage CMOS process (1999)

This paper presents high-voltage-tolerant I/O buffer designs for a 1.9-V external cache interface and a 3.3-V system interface using 1.9-V MOS transistors in a 0.21-/spl mu/m process with 40-/spl Aring/ gate-oxide thickness. Various circuit techniques are used for 1.9- and 3.3-V I/O buffers to ensure that the voltage across the gate oxide of every MOS element is below specified limits of 2.2 V for transient (short duty cycle) and 1.9 V for steady state. Only one PMOS pullup driver transistor between the bond pad and the power supply, and one NMOS pulldown driver transistor between the bond pad and ground, are used for the 1.9-V I/O buffer design, while cascoded MOS transistors between the bond pad and power supply or ground terminals are used for the 3.3-V I/O buffer design. The primary design goal is to ensure the reliability of MOS elements by avoiding excessive gate oxide stress due to high electric fields. However, due to differences in requirements for speed, power-supply voltage, and tristate leakage current, completely different circuit techniques have been used for the two designs. Both of the designs have been successfully implemented in a 400-MHz UltraSPARC microprocessor.
Phage display of ricin B chain and its single binding domains: system for screening galactose-binding mutants. (1992)

We demonstrate that the B chain of ricin toxin preserves its lectin activity when expressed as a fusion protein on the surface of fd phage. Moreover, B chain, which folds into two topologically similar globular domains, can be dissected into amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal domains to form single binding domains (SBDs) of B chain, each of which displays specificity for complex galactosides. The specific binding exhibited by the fusion protein of these SBDs was eliminated when amino acid substitutions Gly-46 in SBD1 or Gly-255 in SBD2 for native asparagine were introduced to alter key residues implicated in hydrogen bonding with substrate. These data demonstrate that it is possible to use a prokaryotic expression system to stably express and screen ricin B chain and its SBDs for sugar-binding mutants. Expression of ricin B chain on the surface of fd phage provides a method that can be used to efficiently select mutants with altered binding activities from a randomly generated library.
Evaluation of the worth ofCorynebacterium parvum in conjunction with chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment for primary breast cancer: Eight-year results from the national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project B-10 (1990)

During the 1970s, information obtained from animal tumor models and from patients with a spectrum of solid tumors indicated the worth of a variety of immunostimulating agents. These findings provided a biological and clinical rationale for conducting randomized trials to evaluate the worth of those agents. Consequently, in May 1977 the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) implemented a randomized trial to determine whether Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum, CP) plus chemotherapy would be more effective than chemotherapy alone in prolonging the disease-free survival (DFS) and survival (S) of patients with primary operable breast cancer and positive axillary nodes. The results of that trial through 8 years of follow-up fail to indicate that treatment with CP used in conjunction with l-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) plus 5-fluorouracil (PF) results in a better DFS and S than that observed after chemotherapy alone. Use of the immunomodulator has instead resulted in a poorer, but not statistically significant, outcome. Despite adjustments made to account for any imbalance in distribution of prognostic factors between the two treatment groups and despite considering treatment compliance as a factor, the unfavorable outcome persisted. A high incidence of fever and chills was associated with the administration of CP. The administration of hydrocortisone before each CP treatment reduced the frequency of those and other systemic effects. The failure to demonstrate a benefit from CP is in keeping with the failure of other nonspecific stimulating agents to contribute to the creation of a new paradigm for the treatment of breast cancer.
Influence of Tołpa Peat Preparation on the phagocytic activity and bactericidal properties of granulocytes in healthy volunteers. (1993)

It was found, that Tołpa Peat Preparation (TPP) administered to healthy volunteers in doses of 100-300 mg/day during 14 days evoked the stimulation of the phagocytic and bactericidal activity of the granulocytes. The dose of 600 mg/day causes only a transient and insignificant increase of phagocytic and bactericidal properties of the granulocytes.
Design of a Coumarin-Based Triketone as a Fluorescent Protecting Group for Primary Amines (2008)

A series of 3-acetyl-4-hydroxycoumarin and its derivatives were prepared and evaluated for their potential to function as a fluorescent primary amine protection group. When primary amines or amino acids react with the protecting group 3-acetyl-4-methoxy-7- N, N-dimethylaminocoumarin, the resulting compounds emit blue fluorescence with a quantum yield of 0.25-0.50 in methylene chloride. These protected compounds display satisfactory acid/base stability, and the protecting group can be removed with 5% hydrazine hydrate in DMF within 5 min at ambient temperature.
A hitchhiker's guide to antisense and nonantisense biochemical pathways (1996)

Antisense pharmaceutical research has sought to provide drugs that would yield effective therapies for diseases resulting from the production of deleterious proteins. The original concept was straightforward: eliminate production of unwanted proteins, such as oncogenic proteins, by blocking the function of their mRNAs; and block their mRNAs by adding “antisense” nucleic acids that bind them through complementary base pairing. However, it has proven difficult to develop clinically useful antisense strategies. Conventional antisense nucleic acids are large, highly charged, complex molecules that interact with a wide variety of unintended cellular and microbial components, often causing “nonantisense effects.” It is now clear that a broad knowledge of nucleic acid biochemistry will be needed to optimize antisense molecules for use in patients. The efficacy of naturally occurring antisense molecules and the success of antisense agricultural strategies prove that antisense approaches can be powerful and specific. Pharmaceutical antisense research can be expected to yield many valuable products once sufficient information about antisense mechanisms has been gathered and applied. This article explains the biochemical events that give rise to both antisense and nonantisense effects and provides guidelines for designing and evaluating antisense experiments.
Lupus Anticoagulants and Thrombosis (1985)

25 patients with lupus anticoagulant (LA) and a history of thrombosis are described and the cases reported in the literature with this association are reviewed. From the combined data it is concluded that the prevalence of thrombosis in patients with LA is about 30%, the thrombosis sites are the leg veins in about 66%, the cerebral arteries in 25% and the peripheral arteries in 10% of the patients. High anticardiolipin levels are associated with a higher risk, while age of less than 10 years, low prothrombin activity and a platelet count of less than 50,000/microliter is associated with a lower risk of thrombosis. Heparin and oral anticoagulants are effective in the treatment and prevention of thrombosis without untoward risk of bleeding.