gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cellular basis of ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats. (1995)

The remodeling of the spared non-ischemic left ventricular myocardium after different time intervals from the occlusion of the left coronary artery was examined in rats. In the presence of large infarcts, ventricular failure developed two to three days after surgery, because of chamber dilation and thinning of the wall, resulting in an average 7.5-fold increase in diastolic stress on the surviving myocardium. Mural thinning of the ventricular wall remote from and bordering the infarction occurred through side-to-side slippage of myocytes and capillaries within the wall. Although an average hypertrophic growth of 22% of the spared myocytes has been found, this amount of hypertrophy was insufficient to restore normal myocardial function. Long-term cardiac restructuring after infarction was characterized by the persistence of chamber dilatation and thinning of the ventricular wall. In addition to the side-to-side slippage, lengthening of the myocytes was an important cause of ventricular changes. As the reactive hypertrophy of the unaffected ventricle was insufficient to re-establish the ratio of ventricular mass to chamber volume, the diastolic stress remained elevated and decompensated eccentric ventricular hypertrophy developed. The anatomical remodeling of the spared left ventricular myocardium is an important conditioning factor in the short- and long-term outcome of ischemic cardiomyopathy.
The glial precursor proteoglycan, NG2, is expressed on tumour neovasculature by vascular pericytes in human malignant brain tumours (2002)

Glial precursor cells express NG2 and GD3 in the developing brain. These antigens are both over-expressed during neoplasia, which suggests they may have specific functions in the malignant progression of human brain tumours. This study describes the expression of NG2 and GD3 in 28 paediatric and adult brain tumours. Glioblastoma biopsy spheroids were also implanted into nude rats to assess the regional distribution of the molecules within the tumour. These xenografts showed extensive infiltration and growth that mimicked the growth patterns of human gliomas in situ. NG2 was identified in 20 out of 28 brain tumours, where the expression was confined to the main mass of the tumour, and was reduced towards the tumour periphery. NG2 was mainly associated with blood vessels on both the pericyte and basement membrane components of the tumour vasculature. Ki67 (MIB-1) labelling indicated that NG2 expression was associated with areas of high cellular proliferation. Conversely, all the tumours expressed GD3, which was present both in the tumour main mass and throughout the periphery. Thus, the expression of NG2 may be indicative of tumour progression and might be an amenable target for future therapeutic interventions.
Tildrakizumab (MK-3222), an anti-interleukin-23p19 monoclonal antibody, improves psoriasis in a phase IIb randomized placebo-controlled trial (2015)

Tildrakizumab had treatment effects that were superior to placebo, maintained for 52 weeks of treatment, and persisted for 20 weeks after cessation. Tildrakizumab was generally safe and well tolerated. These results suggest that IL-23p19 is a key target for suppressing psoriasis.
Toughening of Thermoresponsive Arrested Networks of Elastin-Like Polypeptides To Engineer Cytocompatible Tissue Scaffolds (2016)

Formulation of tissue engineering or regenerative scaffolds from simple bioactive polymers with tunable structure and mechanics is crucial for the regeneration of complex tissues, and hydrogels from recombinant proteins, such as elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs), are promising platforms to support these applications. The arrested phase separation of ELPs has been shown to yield remarkably stiff, biocontinuous, nanostructured networks, but these gels are limited in applications by their relatively brittle nature. Here, a gel-forming ELP is chain-extended by telechelic oxidative coupling, forming extensible, tough hydrogels. Small angle scattering indicates that the chain-extended polypeptides form a fractal network of nanoscale aggregates over a broad concentration range, accessing moduli ranging from 5 kPa to over 1 MPa over a concentration range of 5-30 wt %. These networks exhibited excellent erosion resistance and allowed for the diffusion and release of encapsulated particles consistent with a bicontinuous, porous structure with a broad distribution of pore sizes. Biofunctionalized, toughened networks were found to maintain the viability of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in 2D, demonstrating signs of osteogenesis even in cell media without osteogenic molecules. Furthermore, chondrocytes could be readily mixed into these gels via thermoresponsive assembly and remained viable in extended culture. These studies demonstrate the ability to engineer ELP-based arrested physical networks on the molecular level to form reinforced, cytocompatible hydrogel matrices, supporting the promise of these new materials as candidates for the engineering and regeneration of stiff tissues.
Can Shale Safely Host U.S. Nuclear Waste? (2013)

Even as cleanup efforts after Japan's Fukushima disaster offer a stark reminder of the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) stored at nuclear plants worldwide, the decision in 2009 to scrap Yucca Mountain as a permanent disposal site has dimmed hope for a repository for SNF and other high‐level nuclear waste (HLW) in the United States anytime soon. About 70,000 metric tons of SNF are now in pool or dry cask storage at 75 sites across the United States [ Government Accountability Office , 2012], and uncertainty about its fate is hobbling future development of nuclear power, increasing costs for utilities, and creating a liability for American taxpayers [ Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future , 2012].
Simulation Of Scintillating Fiber Gamma Ray Detectors For Medical Imaging (2005)

Plastic scintillating fibers have been shown to be very effective for high spatial and time resolution of gamma rays. They may be expected to significantly improve the resolution of current medical imaging systems such as PET and SPECT. Monte Carlo simulation of imaging systems using these detectors, provides a means to optimize their performance in this application, as well as demonstrate their resolution and efficiency. Monte Carlo results will be presented for PET and SPECT systems constructed using these detectors. I. INTRODUCIION The recently developed high photon conversion efficiency scintillating fibers will greatly enhance the spatial and time resolution for gamma ray detectors which use optical methods[l]. The combined system of these fibers, coupled with position sensitive photomultipliers or solid state photomultipliers, will have a great impact on many fields which rely on these detectors. Monte Carlo modeling provides the insight into optimizing design parameters for systems using these detectors and gives an indication of their performance. In a previous paper we discussed Monte Carlo simulation for scintillating fiber systems in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT)[2]. In this paper, we show reconstructed images which give the spatial resolution and efficiency for systems using these detectors. 11. MODELING PARAMETERS
Synthesis of 1-Deoxysphingosine Derivatives with Conformationally Restricted Pyrrolidinediol Head Groups (2006)

[structure: see text] A family of cyclic 1-deoxysphingolipid derivatives of structure 4 has been designed and synthesized, which may serve as tumorigenesis suppressors for various cancers. Compound 4 is a second-generation analogue developed from sphingosine (1), in which a hydroxyl substituent is moved from C1 to C5 and a methylene is added for conformational rigidity between the C2-nitrogen substituent and C4. The synthetic chemistry for pyrrolidine ring closure at C3-C4 features ring-closing metathesis followed by hydroboration-oxidation.
Acidic fibroblast growth factor reduces rat skeletal muscle damage caused by ischemia and reperfusion. (1995)

Acute interruption of arterial blood flow to the extremities is often associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Broad-spectrum mitogenic and non-mitogenic activities of FGFs inspired us to study its protecting effects on tissue injuries in ischemia reperfusion condition. We found that systemic administration of aFGF after reperfusion onset prevented severe skeletal muscle injuries. In rats treated with aFGF, the tissue edema was reduced significantly, the tissue viability was increased, and the muscle fibers contained more succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). The pathological results supported the concept of improved prevention with aFGF treatment. The possible tissue protection by aFGF may come from its ability to regulate the concentration of extra- and intracellular calcium ion. Besides, it may moderate other Ca2+ dependent enzyme conversion processes. Also, it may take part in the vascular tone regulation under ischemia and reperfusion conditions. These results suggest further study of tissue ischemia prevention with FGF and its possible mechanisms in the future.
Abstract P4-02-05: A novel 64Cu-liposomal PET agent (MM-DX-929) predicts response to liposomal chemotherapeutics in preclinical breast cancer models (2012)

Abstract Background: Liposomal anthracyclines (such as pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) or HER2-targeted liposomal doxorubicin (MM-302)) are being used and/or evaluated for the clinical management of breast cancer, but responses vary from patient to patient. It is hypothesized that variability in the deposition of liposomal therapeutics within tumors leads to differences in drug exposure, thereby directly influencing tumor response. We have developed MM-DX-929, a novel 64Cu-liposomal PET imaging agent, as a clinically-implementable tool to investigate whether image-based quantification of liposome deposition in tumors can predict treatment response to liposomal chemotherapeutics, including PLD, MM-302 and/or liposomal irinotecan (MM-398). Objectives: Our primary objective is to demonstrate that the extent of tumor uptake of MM-DX-929 is predictive of tumor response to MM-302 in preclinical breast cancer xenograft models. A secondary objective is to enable clinical translation of MM-DX-929 to enable incorporation into existing therapeutic trials. Methods: Mice bearing BT474-M3 mammary and subcutaneous tumors were injected intravenously with MM-DX-929 prior to dosing with MM-302. PET/CT imaging was performed at 16h post MM-DX-929 injection, and tumor uptake was determined. Response to treatment was quantified as tumor volume changes measured over a 2-month period by MRI. Results: Tumor deposition of MM-DX-929 administration correlated well with treatment response to MM-302 (Spearman correlation coefficient of −0.891 and a p-value of 0.0004). MM-DX-929 accumulation in tumors prior to the start of the MM-302 treatment successfully predicted improved tumor growth inhibition following MM-302 treatment. Conclusion: These findings support trials of MM-DX-929 as a predictive imaging agent to select patients who are most likely to respond to liposomal therapies. The clinical development of MM-DX-929 for identification of breast cancer patients likely to respond to liposomal therapeutics is currently being pursued. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-02-05.
Regulation of the Formation of Acid Phosphatases by Inorganic Phosphate in Aspergillus ficuum (1969)

Two types of extracellular acid phosphatases are synthesized by Aspergillus ficuum NRRL 3135: a nonspecific orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.2) with an optimum pH of 2.0, and an enzyme with restricted specificity, a mesoinositol-hexaphosphate phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.8; phytase) with an optimum pH of 5.5. Although the pH 5.5 enzyme is termed a phytase, both enzymes hydrolyze phytin. Synthesis of the enzymes is repressed by high orthophosphate concentrations in the fermentation medium. The highest total level for each enzyme is synthesized in low orthophosphate medium. In high orthophosphate medium, more pH 5.5 enzyme is produced than pH 2.0 enzyme. In low orthophosphate medium, more pH 5.5 enzyme is produced than pH 2.0 enzyme during the early stages of growth, but the reverse occurs after 5 days. The enzymes are differentiated by heat denaturation at acid and alkaline pH levels. They are separated into two distinct fractions on Sephadex G-100 followed by carboxymethylcellulose column chromatography. This indicates that the two enzymes are structurally different. The K(m) for both enzymes is 1.25 mm when calcium phytate is the substrate. Orthophosphate competitively inhibits the pH 2.0 (K(i) = 1.1 x 10(-2)m) but not the pH 5.5 phosphatase. Neither enzyme is denatured by 50% (w/v) urea or inhibited by 0.01 m tartrate. Thus, they differ from human prostatic phosphatase.
Switched snubber for high‐frequency switching converters (1993)

Abstract This paper proposes a switched snubber circuit for the switching converter. The switched snubber is made of a series connection of a switch and a capacitor. The switched snubber can suppress the surge over a wide range of duty ratio and is basically lossless. The switched snubber features zero‐voltage switching. A PWM controllable and low‐stress converters are developed by replacing the resonant capacitor with a switched snubber in the voltage‐mode resonant converters. Also, the region where the output voltage increases abnormally is narrow in the converters with a switched snubber.
Preparation of 9-(2-Phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine Esters as Potential Prodrugs (1994)

Esters of 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine with substituted aliphatic alcohols were prepared as potential prodrugs. Activation of the phosphonate moiety with dimethylchloromethyleneammonium chloride, generated by reaction of thionyl chloride or triphosgene with dimethylformamide, proved to be the method of choice. The esters were also prepared by alkylation of the phosphonate group with dimethylformamide dialkyl acetals or a mixture of the appropriate alcohol with dimethylformamide dineopentylacetal.
Molecular mechanism for the interaction between gibberellin and brassinosteroid signaling pathways in Arabidopsis (2012)

Plant development is modulated by the convergence of multiple environmental and endogenous signals, and the mechanisms that allow the integration of different signaling pathways is currently being unveiled. A paradigmatic case is the concurrence of brassinosteroid (BR) and gibberellin (GA) signaling in the control of cell expansion during photomorphogenesis, which is supported by physiological observations in several plants but for which no molecular mechanism has been proposed. In this work, we show that the integration of these two signaling pathways occurs through the physical interaction between the DELLA protein GAI, which is a major negative regulator of the GA pathway, and BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1 (BZR1), a transcription factor that broadly regulates gene expression in response to BRs. We provide biochemical evidence, both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that GAI inactivates the transcriptional regulatory activity of BZR1 upon their interaction by inhibiting the ability of BZR1 to bind to target promoters. The physiological relevance of this interaction was confirmed by the observation that the dominant gai-1 allele interferes with BR-regulated gene expression, whereas the bzr1-1D allele displays enhanced resistance to DELLA accumulation during hypocotyl elongation. Because DELLA proteins mediate the response to multiple environmental signals, our results provide an initial molecular framework for the integration with BRs of additional pathways that control plant development.
Molecular and biochemical characterization of an endo-β-1,3-glucanase from the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus acquired by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria (2005)

We report the cloning and functional characterization of an endo-beta-1,3-glucanase from the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus acquired by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria. This is the first gene of this type from any nematode species. We show that a similar cDNA is also present in another closely related species B. mucronatus, but that similar sequences are not present in any other nematode studied to date. The B. xylophilus gene is expressed solely in the oesophageal gland cells of the nematode and the protein is present in the nematode's secretions. The deduced amino acid sequence of the gene is very similar to glycosyl hydrolase family 16 proteins. The recombinant protein, expressed in Escherichia coli, preferentially hydrolysed the beta-1,3-glucan laminarin, and had very low levels of activity on beta-1,3-1,4-glucan, lichenan and barley beta-glucan. Laminarin was degraded in an endoglucanase mode by the enzyme. The optimal temperature and pH for activity of the recombinant enzyme were 65 degrees C and pH 4.9. The protein is probably important in allowing the nematodes to feed on fungi. Sequence comparisons suggest that the gene encoding the endo-beta-1,3-glucanase was acquired by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria. B. xylophilus therefore contains genes that have been acquired by this process from both bacteria and fungi. These findings support the idea that multiple independent horizontal gene transfer events have helped in shaping the evolution of several different life strategies in nematodes.
Preparation of Prostaglandin F from Prostaglandin E. Prostaglandins and Related Factors. 6. (1962)

Reduction of prostaglandin E (PGE) with sodium borohydride yielded 2 compounds 1 of which is identical with PGF isolated from the prostate of sheep and the other of which had different physical and biological properties but the same elementary composition. The former was designated PGF1 and the latter PGF2. Experimental data from mass spectrometry and gas-liquid chromatography analyses indicated that the PGE is an unsaturated dihydroxyketocarboxylic acid and that PGF1 and PGF2 are stereoisomeric unsaturated trihydroxycarboxylic acids. PGE contains 1 carboxyl 1 carbonyl (cyclopentanone) 2 hydroxyls 1 double bond (trans) and 1 ring whereas the PGFs contain 1 carboxyl 3 hydroxyls 1 double bond (trans) and 1 ring. (PGE gives a positive spot on test paper with nitrophenylhydrazine for the presence of a carbonyl whereas the 2 PGFs gave negative tests.)
L-2-Hydroxyglutaric Aciduria and Brain Tumors in Children with Mutations in theL2HGDHGene: Neuroimaging Findings (2008)

L-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-HGA, MIM 236792) is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by psychomotor delay, cerebellar and extrapyramidal signs and subcortical leukoencephalopathy with basal ganglia and dentate nuclei involvement. Mutations in the gene L2HGDH ( C14ORF160/DURANIN/) have been identified as causative for L-2-HGA. A feature disproportionally associated with L-2-HGA is the development of malignant brain tumors. In our cohort of 40 patients with L-2-HGA, two developed medulloblastoma and glioblastoma multiforme during the course of the disease. Two missense mutations in two patients were identified in the L2HGDH gene in exon 3 (c.292C-->T) and in exon 7 (c.887T-->A). Both mutations were present in the homozygous state. Serial MR imaging findings as well as MR spectroscopy imaging is reported in a patient who developed glioblastoma multiforme.
An Agent-Based Service Network for Personal Mobile Devices (2006)

We propose the Agent Network for Bluetooth Devices, a system that uses personal mobile devices as adaptive human-environment interfaces to supply people with ad hoc information and high-level services. The ANBD system operates with a hierarchical framework of service-providing nodes, dynamically composed and managed by mobile agents.
Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review (2012)

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia affecting millions of individuals worldwide. It is currently diagnosed only via clinical assessments and confirmed by postmortem brain pathology. The development of validated biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease is essential to improve diagnosis and accelerate the development of new therapies. Biochemical and neuroimaging markers could facilitate diagnosis, predict AD progression from a pre-AD state of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and be used to monitor efficacies of disease-modifying therapies. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau have diagnostic values in AD. Measurements of the above CSF markers in combination are useful in predicting the risk of progression from MCI to AD. New potential biomarkers are emerging, and CSF or plasma marker profiles may eventually become part of the clinician's toolkit for accurate AD diagnosis and management. These biomarkers along with clinical assessment, neuropsychological testing, and neuroimaging could achieve a much higher diagnostic accuracy for AD and related disorders in the future.
Msh2, Mlh1, Fhit, p53, Bcl-2, and Bax expression in invasive and in situ squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. (2000)

To analyze relevant factors and their effects on neoplastic progression in cervical carcinoma, a panel of genetic markers was studied. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections were obtained from 37 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix, 14 noninvasive squamous cell carcinomas (NISCCs), and 23 invasive squamous cell carcinomas (ISCCs). Immunoreactivity of Msh2, Mlh1, Fhit, p53, Bcl-2, and Bax proteins was examined by immunohistochemical staining with appropriate antibodies. Positive staining of Msh2 was detected in 13 of 14 (92.9%) NISCCs and in 13 of 23 (56.5%) ISCCs (P < 0.02). Mlh1 immunoreactivity was observed in 10 of 14 (71.4%) NISCCs and in 8 of 23 (34.8%) ISCCs (P < 0.04). Overexpression of p53 protein was found in 4 of 14 (28.6%) NISCCs and in 16 of 23 (69.6%) ISCCs (P < 0.02). Bcl-2 overexpression was detected in 2 of 14 (14.3%) NISCCs and in 15 of 23 (65.2%) ISCCs (P < 0.003). No significant difference in the two types of lesion was found for Bax and Fhit expression. The relationship between Mlh1, Msh2, and p53 protein expression was significant (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), as was that between Fhit and Bax immunoreactivity (P < 0.02). In conclusion, we consider that altered expression of Msh2, Mlh1, p53, and Bcl-2 may be a critical event during cervical cancer progression, whereas Fhit may be a component of a proapoptotic pathway.
Analysis and Reduction of Time Harmonic Rotor Loss in Solid-Rotor Synchronous Reluctance Drive (2008)

Synchronous reluctance machines with solid rotor construction have advantages in certain high-speed applications such as flywheel energy storage systems. However, the solid rotor allows the flow of eddy currents, resulting in rotor loss and heat generation. The switching harmonics in the stator voltage supplied by a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) inverter are one of the sources of the rotor loss. This paper performs an analysis for the time harmonic loss in a solid-rotor synchronous reluctance machine, and investigates design and control issues associated with the inclusion of a three-phase LC filter for reduction of the rotor loss in solid rotor. A two-phase dynamic model of the machine which incorporates the LC filter dynamics is presented. This model is used to predict rotor losses due to switching harmonics generated by the three-phase PWM inverter. A model-based current regulator is utilized, which is modified to include the effects of the LC filter. Experimental results validate the proposed approach.