gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DNA interaction with metal complexes and salts of substituted boranes and hydroborates in murine and human tumor cell lines (1991)

A series of metal complexes and sodium salts of substituted boranes and hydroborates was shown to have cytotoxicity in murine and human tumor screens. Most of these agents were active against the growth of L-1210, Tmolt3 and Hela-S3. Selected agents demonstrated activity against the growth of monolayer human cell lines derived from solid tumors. Interestingly, many of the compounds demonstrated even lower ED50 values in the solid tumor than the L-1210 leukemic screen. Four compounds, Cu2(m-CH3)3NBH2CO2)4.2(CH3)NBH2COOH (I), [Fe3O((CH3)3NBH2CO2)6(CH3OH)3]NO3.CH3CN (II), cis-[Co(en)2((CH3)3N.BH2CO2)2]Cl.2.5 H2O.0.5 CH3OH (V), and Na(CH3)3NBH2CO2.0.25 CH3OH (IX) were shown preferentially to inhibit DNA synthesis of L-1210 cells with only moderate inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis. In preliminary studies these agents effectively inhibited the activities of regulatory enzymes involved in the purine pathway and nucleoside kinases resulting in the suppression of d(NTP) pool levels. The boron derivatives also caused L-1210 DNA strand scission. These drugs may act together to inhibit DNA synthesis and induce cytotoxicity.
Control of Angiogenesis with Synthetic Heparin Substitutes (1989)

Many diseases are dominated by persistent growth of capillary blood vessels. Tumor growth is also angiogenesis-dependent. Safe and effective angiogenesis inhibitors are needed to determine whether control of angiogenesis would be therapeutic. Heparin and certain steroids, administered together, can inhibit angiogenesis in a synergistic manner. This "pair" effect suggested that specific hydrophilic cycloamyloses may be suitable heparin substitutes. beta-Cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate administered with a steroid inhibits angiogenesis at 100 to 1000 times the effectiveness of heparin in the chick embryo bioassay. This cyclic oligosaccharide also augments the anti-angiogenic effect of angiostatic steroids against corneal neovascularization in rabbits when beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate and a steroid are inserted into the cornea or applied topically as eyedrops.
Utilizing Graphene Nano-Ribbon Transistor in Data Converters: A Comparative Study (2019)

In recent years, efforts to perform more processing operation on a silicon chip have made a strong enthusiasm for making the circuit components smaller in order to reduce the power and increase the speed. Due to silicon constraints, there will be no possibility to follow Moore's law. That's why we should look for an alternative to silicon. Therefore, due to high mobility, high current density, and low noise, the study on Graphene Nano Ribbon (GNR) began. ADCs and DACs have a major share in the electronics industry. An ADC prepares signals for the digital world and microprocessor processing. There are different methods for converting analog to digital signals. Among them, due to unique features such as high speed; Flash ADC has attracted the attention of designers. In this research first, a model for simulating of the GNR field effect transistor (GNRFET), is introduced. Then, this model is used to design a flash ADC. The results of this study indicate that the designed circuit has a desirable performance as an ADC. In addition, compared to a same Si-CMOS sample, errors such as DNL, INL, Offset, and Full scale are reduced. Moreover, GNR-based ADC shows less power consumption. The maximum and minimum power consumption are equal to 27.8% and 17.6% which corresponds to 5-bit and 4-bit GNR-based flash ADCs compared with their CMOS counterpart. Moreover, this research indicates a significant improvement in the delay that is at least 86.3% and maximum 88.6% which corresponds to 5-bit and 3-bit GNR-based flash ADCs.
CD133, a novel marker for human prostatic epithelial stem cells (2004)

Stem cells are clonogenic cells with self-renewal and differentiation properties, which may represent a major target for genetic damage leading to prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Stem cells remain poorly characterised because of the absence of specific molecular markers that permit us to distinguish them from their progeny, the transit amplifying cells, which have a more restricted proliferative potential. Human CD133 antigen, also known as AC133, was recently identified as a haematopoietic stem cell marker. Here we show that a small population (approximately 1%) of human prostate basal cells express the cell surface marker CD133 and are restricted to the alpha(2)beta(1)(hi) population, previously shown to be a marker of stem cells in prostate epithelia. alpha(2)beta(1)(hi)/CD133(+) cells exhibit two important attributes of epithelial stem cells: they possess a high in vitro proliferative potential and can reconstitute prostatic-like acini in immunocompromised male nude mice.
Organic small molecule solar cells with a homogeneously mixed copper phthalocyanine: C60 active layer (2004)

An efficient organic solar cell with a vacuum codeposited donor–acceptor copper phthalocyanine (CuPc):C60 mixed layer is described. A device with a structure of indium tin oxide/330 Å CuPc:C60(1:1)/100 Å C60/75 Å 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline/Ag has a series resistance of only RS=0.25 Ω cm2, resulting in a current density of ∼1 A/cm2 at a forward bias of +1 V, and a rectification ratio of 106 at ±1 V. Under simulated solar illumination, the short circuit current density increases linearly with light intensity up to 2.4 suns. The maximum power conversion efficiency is ηP=(3.6±0.2)% at 0.3 suns (AM1.5G simulated solar spectrum) and ηP=(3.5±0.2)% at 1 sun. Although the fill factor decreases with increasing intensity, a power efficiency as high as ηP=(3.3±0.2)% is observed at 2.4 suns intensity.
The Utility of Phosphonate Carbanions in Olefin Synthesis (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Utility of Phosphonate Carbanions in Olefin SynthesisWilliam S. Wadsworth and William D. EmmonsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 7, 1733–1738Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01468a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01468a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views9150Altmetric-Citations1217LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Challenges and new frontiers in analytical characterization of antibody-drug conjugates (2018)

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a growing class of biotherapeutics in which a potent small molecule is linked to an antibody. ADCs are highly complex and structurally heterogeneous, typically containing numerous product-related species. One of the most impactful steps in ADC development is the identification of critical quality attributes to determine product characteristics that may affect safety and efficacy. However, due to the additional complexity of ADCs relative to the parent antibodies, establishing a solid understanding of the major quality attributes and determining their criticality are a major undertaking in ADC development. Here, we review the development challenges, especially for reliable detection of quality attributes, citing literature and new data from our laboratories, highlight recent improvements in major analytical techniques for ADC characterization and control, and discuss newer techniques, such as two-dimensional liquid chromatography, that have potential to be included in analytical control strategies.
Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol–Lowering Effects of AMG 145, a Monoclonal Antibody to Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Serine Protease in Patients With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia (2012)

URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01375751.
A fourth type of rabbit protein kinase C (1988)

Three rabbit cDNA clones coding for three types of protein kinase C (PKC alpha, beta, and gamma) have recently been identified and the structures determined [Ohno, S., Kawasaki, H., Imajoh, S., Suzuki, K., Inagaki, M., Yokokura, H., Sakoh, T., & Hidaka, H. (1987) Nature (London) 325, 161-166]. By use of these cloned cDNAs as hybridization probes, a fourth type (delta) of cDNA clone, which encodes a protein highly homologous to PKC alpha, beta, and gamma, was identified. PKC delta is composed of 697 amino acid residues and contains several peptide sequences determined at the protein level with the brain PKC preparation. This indicates that this molecular type (PKC delta) is, along with PKC alpha, beta, and gamma, a constituent of the brain PKC preparation. Sequence comparison among the four PKC types revealed that PKC delta is somewhat distinct from the other PKC types. PKC delta shows 99% amino acid sequence identity with rat PKC type I [Knopf, J. L., Lee, M.-H., Sultzman, L. A., Kriz, R. W., Loomis, C. R., Hewick, R. M., & Bell, R. M. (1986) Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 46, 491-502], indicating relationship of these PKC types. The mRNA for PKC delta is exclusively concentrated in the brain.
Leishmania major thialysine Nε‐acetyltransferase: Identification of amino acid residues crucial for substrate binding (2005)

Thialysine N(epsilon)-acetyltransferases and spermidine/spermine N-acetyltransferases (SSAT) are closely related members of the GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase superfamily. Accordingly, a putative orthologue from the human protozoan parasite Leishmania major exhibits an almost equal similarity to human SSAT and thialysine N(epsilon)-acetyltransferase. Characterisation of the recombinantly expressed L. major protein indicated that it represents a thialysine N(epsilon)-acetyltransferase, preferring thialysine (S-aminoethyl-l-cysteine) and structurally related amino acids as acceptor molecules. The known thialysine N(epsilon)-acetyltransferases contain five conserved amino acid residues that are replaced in SSAT sequences. Kinetic analyses of the respective recombinant mutant proteins suggest that Ser(82) and Thr(83) of L. major thialysine N(epsilon)-acetyltransferase are key residues for acceptor binding. In addition, the conserved Leu(130) is tentatively involved in specific interaction with the sulphur-containing side chain of thialysine. The presence of these three amino acid residues is suggested to be a means by which thialysine N(epsilon)-acetyltransferases can be distinguished from SSAT sequences.
Discovery, Characterization, and Structure−Activity Relationships Studies of Proapoptotic Polyphenols Targeting B-Cell Lymphocyte/Leukemia-2 Proteins (2003)

Among the most promising chemopreventive agents, certain natural polyphenols have recently received a great deal of attention because of their demonstrated inhibitory activity against tumorigenesis. In view of their anticancer properties, these compounds also hold great promise as potential chemotherapeutic agents. However, to translate these chemopreventive agents into chemotherapeutic compounds, their exact mechanisms of action must be delineated. By using a multidisciplinary approach guided by modern nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques, fluorescence polarization displacement assays, and cell-based assays, we have begun to unravel the mechanisms of actions of certain polyphenols such as Gossypol (a compound from cotton seed extracts) and Purpurogallin (a natural compound extracted from Quercus sp. nutgall) and their derivatives. Our findings suggest that these natural products bind and antagonize the antiapoptotic effects of B-cell lymphocyte/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins such as Bcl-x(L). Our in vitro and in vivo data not only open a window of opportunities for the development of novel cancer treatments with these compounds but also provide structural information that can be used for the design and development of novel and more effective analogues.
THE PATH OF CARBON IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS (1961)

It is almost sixty years since Emil Fischer was describing on a platform such as this one some of the work which led to the basic knowledge of the structure of glucose and its relatives. Today we will be concerned with a description of the experiments which have led to a knowledge of the principal reactions by which those carbohydrate structures are created by photosynthetic organisms from carbon dioxide and water, using the energy of light. The speculations on the way in which carbohydrate was built from carbon dioxide began not long after the recognition of the basic reaction and were carried forward first by Justus von Liebig and then by Adolf von Baeyer and, finally, by Richard Wilstatter and Arthur Stoll into this century. Actually, the route by which animal organisms performed the reverse reaction, that is, the combustion of carbohydrate to carbon dioxide and water with the utilization of the energy resulting from this combination, turned out to be the first one to be successfully mapped, primarily by Otto Meyerhoi and Hans Krebs. Our own interest in the basic process of solar energy conversion by green plants began some time in the years between 1935 and 1937, during my postdoctoral studies with Professor Michael Polanyi at Manchester. It was there I first became conscious of the remarkable properties of coordinated metal compounds, particularly metalloporphyins as represented by heme and chlorophyll. A study was begun at that time, which is still continuing, on the electronic behavior of such metalloporphyrins. It was extended and generalized by the stimulus of Professor Gilbert N. Lewis upon my arrival in Berkeley. I hope these continuing studies may one day contribute to the understanding of the precise way in which chlorophyll and its relatives accomplish the primary quantum conversion into chemical potential which is used to drive the carbohydrate synthesis reaction.
Proteoglycan degradation after injurious compression of bovine and human articular cartilage in vitro: Interaction with exogenous cytokines (2003)

The cytokines IL-1alpha and TNFalpha can cause a synergistic loss of PG from mechanically injured bovine and human cartilage. By attempting to incorporate interactions with other joint tissues that may be sources of cytokines, in vitro models of mechanical cartilage injury may explain aspects of the interactions between mechanical forces and degradative pathways which lead to OA progression.
p53 mutations in benign breast tissue. (1995)

The clinical significance of p53 mutation, p53 overexpression, and low-level HER-2/neu expression in benign breast tissue remains to be determined. Further research will be necessary to evaluate whether these markers could serve as useful adjuncts to histology in evaluation of the malignant potential of benign breast tissue.
Enhanced Electron Collection in TiO2 Nanoparticle-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by an Array of Metal Micropillars on a Planar Fluorinated Tin Oxide Anode (2010)

Charge collection efficiency exhibits a strong influence on the overall efficiency of nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cells. It highly depends on the quality of the TiO2 nanoparticulate layer in the photoanode, and hence most efforts have been directed on the improvement and deliberate optimization of the quality the TiO2 nanocrystalline layer. In this work, we aim to reduce the electron collection distance between the place of origin in the TiO2 layer to the electron-collecting TCO anode as an alternative way to enhance the charge collection efficiency. We use an array of metal micropillars on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) as the colleting anode. Under the same conditions, the Ni micropillar-on-FTO-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) exhibit a remarkably enhanced current density, which is approximately 1.8 times greater compared with the bare FTO-based DSSCs. Electron transport was investigated using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique. Our results reveal that the electron collection time in Ni micropillar-on-FTO-based DSSCs is much shorter than that of bare FTO-based DSSCs, indicating faster electron collection due to the Ni micropillars buried in TiO2 nanoparticulate layer that serve as electron transport shortcuts. As a result, the charge collection efficiency was enhanced by 15−20% with respect to that of the bare FTO-based DSSCs. Consequently, the overall energy conversion efficiency was found to increase from 2.6% in bare FTO-based DSSCs to 4.8% in Ni micropillar-on-FTO-based DSSCs for a 6 μm-thick TiO2 NP film.
Monoclonal Antibodies in the Management of Solid Tumors (2006)

Thorough understanding of the complex interactions between components of immunological response has led to the arousal of the concept of immune-mediated anti-cancer therapy. Although, the use of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in hematological malignancies met with success, therapy of solid tumors has been impeded by many obstacles. Some MAbs have increased the efficacy of treatment of certain tumors with acceptable adverse events. Trastuzumab, cetuximab and bevacizumab have become FDA approved for the treatment of breast and colorectal cancer, respectively. The dosing strategies, timing and schedule of antibody administration, duration of treatment are yet to be determined under specific circumstances. Combinations with other biologic agents, such as small-molecule inhibitors of the same pathway would be really useful. Multimodality approaches are based on synergistic effects observed with the combination of antibodies with chemotherapeutic drugs and/or radiotherapy. Immune-mediated effects may be further exploited with the use of bivalent (bispecific) molecules, while radioimmunotherapy via radiolabelling of the antibody is feasible. Modified recombinant antibodies could be applied for toxin delivery to tumor cells, while molecules fused with drug-activating enzymes can mediate prodrug therapy. Increased penetrability into tumors can also be achieved with novel antibody fragments. In the future, better selection of patient subpopulations with tumors overexpressing disease-related clinical biomarkers could result in an increase in both efficacy and specificity of antibody-based treatment.
Synergistic Interactions between Mammalian Antimicrobial Defense Peptides (2001)

A single animal can express several cationic antimicrobial peptides with different sequences and structures. We demonstrate that mammalian peptides from different structural classes frequently show synergy with each other and selectively show synergy with human lysozyme.
A framework for robust and flexible handling of inputs with uncertainty (2010)

New input technologies (such as touch), recognition based input (such as pen gestures) and next-generation interactions (such as inexact interaction) all hold the promise of more natural user interfaces. However, these techniques all create inputs with some uncertainty. Unfortunately, conventional infrastructure lacks a method for easily handling uncertainty, and as a result input produced by these technologies is often converted to conventional events as quickly as possible, leading to a stunted interactive experience. We present a framework for handling input with uncertainty in a systematic, extensible, and easy to manipulate fashion. To illustrate this framework, we present several traditional interactors which have been extended to provide feedback about uncertain inputs and to allow for the possibility that in the end that input will be judged wrong (or end up going to a different interactor). Our six demonstrations include tiny buttons that are manipulable using touch input, a text box that can handle multiple interpretations of spoken input, a scrollbar that can respond to inexactly placed input, and buttons which are easier to click for people with motor impairments. Our framework supports all of these interactions by carrying uncertainty forward all the way through selection of possible target interactors, interpretation by interactors, generation of (uncertain) candidate actions to take, and a mediation process that decides (in a lazy fashion) which actions should become final.
Donepezil Use in Alzheimer Disease (1998)

Donepezil is an effective symptomatic treatment for some patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease. Although no comparative trials have been reported, donepezil appears to be a safe alternative for tacrine, given its convenient once-daily dosing, minimal adverse effects, and lower total cost.
Cocoa bean cell and embryo culture (1984)

Abstract Callus culture of cocoa bean was initiated from immature cotyledons on agar medium. By dispersing these callus cells, a liquid suspension culture was established. The lipid composition of cocoa suspension culture was investigated and compared with those of cocoa beans of different maturities. Factors affecting fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis in cocoa suspension cultures also were studied. In parallel studies, asexual embryos were proliferated from immature zygotic embryos cultured in semisolid or liquid medium. The factors affecting the lipid composition in cultured embryos are discussed.
Antibodies against a synthetic peptide identify the Epstein-Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen. (1984)

Five peptides corresponding to amino acid sequences predicted from all three reading frames of the nucleotide sequence of the third internal repeat array (IR3) of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome were synthesized chemically. All five peptides elicited antipeptide antibodies in rabbits. The antiserum raised against a 14-residue copolymer of glycine and alanine gave brilliant EBV-specific nuclear staining in the anticomplement immunofluorescence (ACIF) assay, in line with the original definition of the EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) [Reedman, B. M. & Klein, G. (1973) Int. J. Cancer 11, 499-520]. Eight EBNA and EBV DNA-carrying lines showed nuclear staining with the antipeptide antibody, whereas five EBV DNA negative lines failed to stain. The staining pattern was more discretely punctate than the finely dispersed diffuse EBNA staining obtained with human antisera. Human EBV antibody-positive but not EBV-negative sera reacted with the synthetic peptide in an ELISA test. The peptide-specific antibodies were purified from the sera of healthy EBV-seropositive persons by affinity chromatography with the peptide. They gave an EBV-specific, brilliant punctate nuclear ACIF staining similar to that of the rabbit antipeptide antibodies. It was concluded that the glycine-alanine structure encoded by the IR3 region contains a native determinant of EBNA, detected by the ACIF test. Immunoblotting with the rabbit and human peptide-specific antibodies identified poly-peptides that varied between 70 and 92 kilodaltons in size in different EBV-positive cell lines, corresponding closely to a previously identified variation pattern in the size of EBNA. In addition, rabbit antipeptide antibodies identified two cellular polypeptides, 44 and 49 kilodaltons in size.