gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative Hazard Evaluation of Near-infrared Diode Lasers (1994)

Hazard evaluation methods from various laser protection standards differ when applied to extended-source, near-infrared lasers. By way of example, various hazard analyses are applied to laser training systems, which incorporate diode lasers, specifically those that assist in training military or law enforcement personnel in the proper use of weapons by simulating actual firing by the substitution of a beam of near-infrared energy for bullets. A correct hazard evaluation of these lasers is necessary since simulators are designed to be directed toward personnel during normal use. The differences among laser standards are most apparent when determining the hazard class of a laser. Hazard classification is based on a comparison of the potential exposures with the maximum permissible exposures in the 1986 and 1993 versions of the American National Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers, Z136.1, and the accessible emission limits of the federal laser product performance standard. Necessary safety design features of a particular system depend on the hazard class. The ANSI Z136.1-1993 standard provides a simpler and more accurate hazard assessment of low-power, near-infrared, diode laser systems than the 1986 ANSI standard. Although a specific system is evaluated, the techniques described can be readily applied to other near-infrared lasers or laser training systems.
Evidence that 4-Hydroxynonenal Mediates Oxidative Stress-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis (1997)

Oxidative stress is believed to play important roles in neuronal cell death associated with many different neurodegenerative conditions (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cerebral ischemia), and it is believed also that apoptosis is an important mode of cell death in these disorders. Membrane lipid peroxidation has been documented in the brain regions affected in these disorders as well as in cell culture and in vivo models. We now provide evidence that 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), an aldehydic product of membrane lipid peroxidation, is a key mediator of neuronal apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. HNE induced apoptosis in PC12 cells and primary rat hippocampal neurons. Oxidative insults (FeSO4 and amyloid beta-peptide) induced lipid peroxidation, cellular accumulation of HNE, and apoptosis. Bcl-2 prevented apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by oxidative stress and HNE. Antioxidants that suppress lipid peroxidation protected against apoptosis induced by oxidative insults, but not that induced by HNE. Glutathione, which binds HNE, protected neurons against apoptosis induced by oxidative stress and HNE. PC12 cells expressing Bcl-2 exhibited higher levels of glutathione and lower levels of HNE after oxidative stress. Collectively, the data identify that HNE is a novel nonprotein mediator of oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis and suggest that the antiapoptotic action of glutathione may involve detoxification of HNE.
The Challenging Experience Questionnaire: Characterization of challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms (2016)

Acute adverse psychological reactions to classic hallucinogens ("bad trips" or "challenging experiences"), while usually benign with proper screening, preparation, and support in controlled settings, remain a safety concern in uncontrolled settings (such as illicit use contexts). Anecdotal and case reports suggest potential adverse acute symptoms including affective (panic, depressed mood), cognitive (confusion, feelings of losing sanity), and somatic (nausea, heart palpitation) symptoms. Responses to items from several hallucinogen-sensitive questionnaires (Hallucinogen Rating Scale, the States of Consciousness Questionnaire, and the Five-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness questionnaire) in an Internet survey of challenging experiences with the classic hallucinogen psilocybin were used to construct and validate a Challenging Experience Questionnaire. The stand-alone Challenging Experience Questionnaire was then validated in a separate sample. Seven Challenging Experience Questionnaire factors (grief, fear, death, insanity, isolation, physical distress, and paranoia) provide a phenomenological profile of challenging aspects of experiences with psilocybin. Factor scores were associated with difficulty, meaningfulness, spiritual significance, and change in well-being attributed to the challenging experiences. The factor structure did not differ based on gender or prior struggle with anxiety or depression. The Challenging Experience Questionnaire provides a basis for future investigation of predictors and outcomes of challenging experiences with classic hallucinogens.
Glucocorticoid receptors in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. (1982)

Abstract Glucocorticoid receptor levels were quantitated in leukemic blasts from bone marrow aspirates of 174 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Using a whole-cell assay, we found that [3H]dexamethasone binding had the following characteristics: (a) reached a steady state in 30 min at 22° and was stable for at least 2 hr; (b) was linear with cell number between 1 and 6 × 106 cells/assay; (c) was higher in freshly prepared blasts compared to blasts stored for 18 hr at 4 or 22°; (d) was specific for glucocorticoids; (e) had a Kd of ≈1 × 10-8m; and (f) required a postincubation washing step to maximize sensitivity and decrease nonspecific binding. Glucocorticoid receptor levels in patient samples exhibited a wide range from 2,248 to 79,364 sites/cell (median, 18,123). A lower level was correlated with the following biological and clinical characteristics at diagnosis: high leukocyte count; positive sheep erythrocyte rosette test; T-cell surface antigens; presence of mediastinal mass; age 10 years; central nervous system leukemia; and black race. There was no correlation of receptor levels with in vitro [3H]thymidine labeling indices, terminal deoxynucleotide transferase levels, FAB classification, or sex. For 43 patients treated on Total Therapy Study IX (follow-up duration from 24 to 33 months), a lower receptor level ( 100 × 103/cu mm, positive erythrocyte rosette test, central nervous system involvement, and mediastinal mass) were excluded, lower glucocorticoid receptor levels were still associated with higher risk of relapse (p = 0.007). We conclude that glucocorticoid receptor levels may be an important prognostic indicator in childbood acute lymphocytic leukemia.
High temperature creep behavior of phosphoric acid-polybenzimidazole gel membranes (2015)

This work investigates the effects of polymer solids content and macromolecular structure on the high temperature creep behavior of polybenzimidazole (PBI) gel membranes imbibed with phosphoric acid (PA) after preparation via a polyphosphoric acid (PPA) mediated sol-gel process Low-solids, highly acid-doped PBI membranes demonstrate outstanding fuel cell performance under anhydrous, ambient pressure, and high temperature (120–200 °C) operating conditions. However, PBI membranes are susceptible to creep under compressive loads at elevated temperatures, so their long-term mechanical durability is a major concern. Here, we report results for the creep behavior of PBI membranes subject to compression at 180 °C. For para- and meta-PBI homopolymers, increasing polymer solids content results in lower creep compliance and higher extensional viscosity, which may be rationalized by increasing chain density in the sol-gel network. Comparing various homo- and copolymers at similar solids loading, differences in creep behavior may be rationalized in terms of chain–chain and chain-solvent interactions that control macromolecular solubility and stiffness in the PA solvent. The results demonstrate the feasibility of improving the mechanical properties of PA-doped PBI membranes by control of polymer solids content and rational design of PBI macromolecular structure. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 1527–1538
Six methods of inducing RNAi in mammalian cells (2005)

The capacity to utilize a cell's naturally occurring RNA interference (RNAi) pathway to silence target gene expression has precipitated a new era in functional genomic research (McManus and Sharp, 2003; Dillin, 2003). RNAi can be induced in mammalian cells by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that target complementary mRNAs for degradation. Because of its specificity, reproducibility, and ease of use, RNAi is greatly accelerating the functional characterization of disease-relevant genes for drug discovery, target validation, and basic research efforts.
MWIR uncooled microbolometer: a way to increase the number of applications (2005)

Uncooled infrared focal plane arrays are being developed for a wide range of thermal imaging applications. ULIS now offers a new type of detector for middle and long wave applications. This detector has been designed from the standard product using the same focal plane array and the same package, only the window is different in terms of spectral transmission. This device is well adapted to high temperature measurements, special industrial processes and gas detection. After some brief microbolometer technological background, we will present the interest for such detectors by comparing LWIR/MWIR detector signal to noise ratio, we will then determine the advantages for different applications. Finally, we will describe and give the main EO characteristics and performances of this Ulis product.
BIOTEX—Biosensing Textiles for Personalised Healthcare Management (2010)

Textile-based sensors offer an unobtrusive method of continually monitoring physiological parameters during daily activities. Chemical analysis of body fluids, noninvasively, is a novel and exciting area of personalized wearable healthcare systems. BIOTEX was an EU-funded project that aimed to develop textile sensors to measure physiological parameters and the chemical composition of body fluids, with a particular interest in sweat. A wearable sensing system has been developed that integrates a textile-based fluid handling system for sample collection and transport with a number of sensors including sodium, conductivity, and pH sensors. Sensors for sweat rate, ECG, respiration, and blood oxygenation were also developed. For the first time, it has been possible to monitor a number of physiological parameters together with sweat composition in real time. This has been carried out via a network of wearable sensors distributed around the body of a subject user. This has huge implications for the field of sports and human performance and opens a whole new field of research in the clinical setting.
Substrate Specificity of 2-Hydroxyglutaryl-CoA Dehydratase from Clostridium symbiosum: Toward a Bio-Based Production of Adipic Acid (2011)

Expression of six genes from two glutamate fermenting clostridia converted Escherichia coli into a producer of glutaconate from 2-oxoglutarate of the general metabolism (Djurdjevic, I. et al. 2010, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.77, 320-322). The present work examines whether this pathway can also be used to reduce 2-oxoadipate to (R)-2-hydroxyadipic acid and dehydrate its CoA thioester to 2-hexenedioic acid, an unsaturated precursor of the biotechnologically valuable adipic acid (hexanedioic acid). 2-Hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase from Clostridium symbiosum, the key enzyme of this pathway and a potential radical enzyme, catalyzes the reversible dehydration of (R)-2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA to (E)-glutaconyl-CoA. Using a spectrophotometric assay and mass spectrometry, it was found that (R)-2-hydroxyadipoyl-CoA, oxalocrotonyl-CoA, muconyl-CoA, and butynedioyl-CoA, but not 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA, served as alternative substrates. Hydration of butynedioyl-CoA most likely led to 2-oxosuccinyl-CoA, which spontaneously hydrolyzed to oxaloacetate and CoASH. The dehydratase is not specific for the CoA-moiety because (R)-2-hydroxyglutaryl-thioesters of N-acetylcysteamine and pantetheine served as almost equal substrates. Whereas the related 2-hydroxyisocaproyl-CoA dehydratase generated the stable and inhibitory 2,4-pentadienoyl-CoA radical, the analogous allylic ketyl radical could not be detected with muconyl-CoA and 2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase. With the exception of (R)-2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA, all mono-CoA-thioesters of dicarboxylates used in this study were synthesized with glutaconate CoA-transferase from Acidaminococcus fermentans. The now possible conversion of (R)-2-hydroxyadipate via (R)-2-hydroxyadipoyl-CoA and 2-hexenedioyl-CoA to 2-hexenedioate paves the road for a bio-based production of adipic acid.
Engineering a long-acting, potent GLP-1 analog for microstructure-based transdermal delivery (2016)

Antidiabetic treatments aiming to reduce body weight are currently gaining increased interest. Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist administered twice daily via s.c. injection, improves glycemic control, often with associated weight reduction. To further improve the therapeutic efficacy of exendin-4, we have developed a novel peptide engineering strategy that incorporates a serum protein binding motif onto a covalent side-chain staple and applied to the peptide to enhance its helicity and, as a consequence, its potency and serum half-life. We demonstrated that one of the resulting peptides, E6, has significantly improved half-life and glucose tolerance in an oral glucose tolerance test in rodents. Chronic treatment of E6 significantly decreased body weight and fasting blood glucose, improved lipid metabolism, and also reduced hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obese mice. Moreover, the high potency of E6 allowed us to administer this peptide using a dissolvable microstructure-based transdermal delivery system. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in guinea pigs showed that a single 5-min application of a microstructure system containing E6 significantly improved glucose tolerance for 96 h. This delivery strategy may offer an effective and patient-friendly alternative to currently marketed GLP-1 injectables and can likely be extended to other peptide hormones.
The Enantioselective Tsuji Allylation (2004)

The first catalytic enantioselective examples of the Tsuji allylation using enol carbonates and enol silanes are described. The products possess a quaternary stereogenic center and are useful building blocks for synthetic chemistry.
Between neuron, culture and logic: explicating the cognitive nexus Neurones, culture et logique: vers une connexion cognitive (1991)

The paradigm shift from behaviorism to cognitive science has wrought many changes in our methodologies, experimental techniques, and models of human activity. Not the least of these changes has been the legitimation of such hidden variables as mental processes. The cognitive science paradigm has been a swift river carrying us to new horizons but there are now a number of major counter-currents. The positivism of behaviorism is being replaced by the reductionism of neural networks—how do mental processes arise out of physical cellular activity? The ontogenetic bias of both behaviorism and cognitive science is being challenged by ethnomethodological perspectives in which the very notion of an individual is an experimental artifact—how do mental processes arise out of the lifeworld? Meanwhile the promise of greater understanding of the knowledge level is being fulfilled, and operational models of human cognition and action are being generated—how do mental processes relate to the logical structures of overt knowledge? This paper surveys these issues both theoretically and in terms of practical applications. It suggests that it is from the underlying tensions that the strength of the cognitive science paradigm arises, but to harness that strength requires much broader concepts of cognition and mental processes than are conventionally accepted. Resume: Le deplacement du paradigme du behaviorisme vers celui des sciences cognitives a suscite de nombreux changements dans notre methodologie, nos techniques experimentales et nos modeles du comportement humain: en particulier, la legitimation de ces variables cachees que sont les processus mentaux. Le paradigme des sciences cognitives est un fleuve rapide qui nous transporte vers d'autres horizons ou cependant se dessinent plusieurs contre-courants majeurs. Le positivisme du behaviorisme est remplace par le reductionnisme des reseaux neuromimetiques—comment les processus mentaux sont-ils issus de l'activite physique cellulaire? La perspective ontogenetique commune au behaviorisme et aux sciences cognitives est disputee par la perspective ethnomethodologique selon laquelle la notion meme d'individu devient un artefact experimental—comment les processus mentaux sont-ils issus du monde vivant? Pendant ce temps, les promesses d'une plus grande maitrise du niveau de la connaissance se realisent—comment les processus mentaux sont-ils relies la structure logique de la connaissance explicite? Cet article effectue un survol de cette problematique la fois du point de vue theorique et du point de vue des applications. Nous emettons l'hypothese que ce sont les tensions sous-jacentes au paradigme des sciences cognitives qui en font la force, mais que la canalisation de cette force exige un elargissement au-de des definitions traditionnelles des concepts de cognition et de processus mentaux.
Phage Libraries for Generation of Anti-Botulinum scFv Antibodies (2003)

The biotechnological generation of high affinity monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) has traditionally involved the production of hybridomas from spleen cells of immunized animals (). This event, together with availability of increasingly sophisticated molecular biology and protein engineering techniques, opened up the field of numerous applications and benefits in not only the medical but also industrial world. Now the use of phage antibodies offers a new route for the generation of antibodies, including antibodies of human origin, which cannot be easily obtained by conventional hybridoma technology. Recent advances in the expression of antibody fragments in E. coli (,) and the application of the polymerase chain reaction () for cloning of immunoglobulin DNA (,) have mainly contributed to these achievements. With phage display, antibodies can be made completely in vitro, bypassing the immune system and the immunization procedures.
Development of Antidrug Antibodies Against Adalimumab and Association With Disease Activity and Treatment Failure During Long-term Follow-up (2011)

Among outpatients with RA in whom adalimumab was started over 3 years, the development of antidrug antibodies was associated with lower adalimumab concentration and lower likelihood of minimal disease activity or clinical remission.
Carbon Nanotube Sensors for Gas and Organic Vapor Detection (2003)

A gas sensor, fabricated by the simple casting of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on an interdigitated electrode (IDE), is presented for gas and organic vapor detection at room temperature. The sensor responses are linear for concentrations of sub ppm to hundreds of ppm with detection limits of 44 ppb for NO2 and 262 ppb for nitrotoluene. The time is on the order of seconds for the detection response and minutes for the recovery. The variation of the sensitivity is less than 6% for all of the tested devices, comparable with commercial metal oxide or polymer microfilm sensors while retaining the room-temperature high sensitivity of the SWNT transistor sensors and manufacturability of the commercial sensors. The extended detection capability from gas to organic vapors is attributed to direct charge transfer on individual semiconducting SWNT conductivity with additional electron hopping effects on intertube conductivity through physically adsorbed molecules between SWNTs.
Combinatorial Modification of Degradable Polymers Enables Transfection of Human Cells Comparable to Adenovirus (2007)

End-modified poly(β-amino ester)s, easy-to-synthesize degradable polymers, are able to deliver DNA to primary human cells at levels comparable to adenovirus and two orders of magnitude better than the commonly used non-viral vector, polyethylenimine. Small structural changes are found to affect multiple steps of gene delivery including the DNA binding affinity, nanoparticle size, intracellular DNA uptake, and final protein expression. In vivo, these polymer modifications enhance DNA delivery to ovarian tumors.
Small Molecule Inhibitors of KDR (VEGFR-2) Kinase: An Overview of Structure Activity Relationships (2002)

The Kinase insert Domain containing Receptor (KDR), alternatively referred to as VEGFR-2, is a receptor for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs) and functions as a key regulator of angiogenesis, the process by which new capillaries are created from preexisting blood vessels. The induction of angiogenesis, or the "angiogenic switch," is a critical step in tumor progression, and inhibitors of KDR have been demonstrated both to induce tumor regression and reduce metastatic potential in preclinical models. In the last few years, medicinal chemists have expanded the kinase selectivity profile of known inhibitor classes to include KDR, and also identified novel classes of KDR inhibitors. This review presents structure activity relationships (SAR) of small molecule inhibitors of KDR, with an emphasis on the pharmacophore elements of the scaffolds employed. Binding hypotheses based on X-ray crystallographic analyses will also be described. Additionally, the efficacy of representative compounds in in vitro and in vivo models of tumor progression and angiogenesis are discussed.
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of tert-Butyl Acrylate and Preparation of Block Copolymers (2000)

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of tert-butyl acrylate is reported. Controlled polymerizations were performed using a CuBr/N,N,N‘,N‘ ‘,N‘ ‘-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine catalyst system in conjunction with an alkyl bromide as the initiator. Low molecular weight polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions were obtained by the addition of a solvent to create a homogeneous catalytic system. The addition of the solvent was necessary to decrease the polymerization rate and afford low polydispersity materials. This differs from the ATRP of methyl or n-butyl acrylate using this catalytic system, which do not require the addition of a solvent to obtain well-defined polymers. Subsequent hydrolysis of the polymer in refluxing dioxane with addition of HCl afforded poly(acrylic acid). Characterization using 1H NMR and FT-IR confirmed complete hydrolysis of the ester group. Further use of poly(tert-butyl acrylate) as a macroinitiator for block copolymerizations followed by hydrolysis of the ester group produced amphiphilic block copolymers. In addition, the preparation of an ABC triblock copolymer of poly(tert-butyl acrylate)-b-poly(styrene)-b-poly(methyl acrylate) by ATRP is reported.