gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suppression of current collapse in insulated gate AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors using ultrathin Al2O3 dielectric (2003)

We investigated effects of electronic states at free surfaces of AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) on the inner current transport at the heterointerfaces. The analysis on transient currents for the air-exposed and H2-plasma-treated devices showed that N-vacancy-related near-surface traps play an important role in current collapse in AlGaN/GaN HFETs. An Al2O3-based surface passivation scheme including an N2-plasma surface treatment was proposed and applied to an insulated-gate HFET. A large conduction-band offset of 2.1 eV was achieved at the Al2O3/Al0.3Ga0.7N interface. No current collapse was observed in the fabricated Al2O3 insulated-gate HFETs under both drain stress and gate stress.
A super ink jet printed zinc–silver 3D microbattery (2009)

A novel super ink jet printing (SIJP) system was used to fabricate 3D zinc–silver microbatteries directly on a substrate. The SIJP provides a simple and flexible method to deposit interesting 2D and 3D structures of varying morphologies without the waste and large energy inputs typical of standard microfabrication technologies. The system was used to print pairs of silver electrodes with arrays of pillars on glass substrates, and in the presence of an electrolyte, the battery self-assembled during the first charge. Using an aqueous electrolyte solution of KOH with dissolved ZnO, the SIJP printed structures showed similar electrochemical behavior to batteries composed of silver foil electrodes. For a sparse array of pillars (∼2.5% footprint area of each electrode pad occupied by pillars), a capacity increase of 60% was achieved in comparison with a cell with planar electrodes.
Electrical properties of atomic layer deposited aluminum oxide on gallium nitride (2011)

We report on our investigation of the electrical properties of metal/Al2O3/GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitors. We determined the conduction band offset and interface charge density of the alumina/GaN interface by analyzing the capacitance-voltage characteristics of atomic layer deposited Al2O3 films on GaN substrates. The conduction band offset at the Al2O3/GaN interface was calculated to be 2.13 eV, in agreement with theoretical predications. A non-zero field of 0.93 MV/cm in the oxide under flat-band conditions in the GaN was inferred, which we attribute to a fixed net positive charge density of magnitude 4.60 × 1012 cm−2 at the Al2O3/GaN interface. We provide hypotheses to explain the origin of this charge by analyzing the energy band line-up.
Tissue extraction of DNA and RNA and analysis by the polymerase chain reaction. (1990)

Several DNA extraction techniques were quantitatively and qualitatively compared using both fresh and paraffin wax embedded tissue and their suitability investigated for providing DNA and RNA for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A one hour incubation with proteinase K was the most efficient DNA extraction procedure for fresh tissue. For paraffin wax embedded tissue a five day incubation with proteinase K was required to produce good yields of DNA. Incubation with sodium dodecyl sulphate produced very poor yields, while boiling produced 20% as much DNA as long enzyme digestion. DNA extracted by these methods was suitable for the PCR amplification of a single copy gene. Proteinase K digestion also produced considerable amounts of RNA which has previously been shown to be suitable for PCR analysis. A delay before fixation had no effect on the amount of DNA obtained while fixation in Carnoy's reagent results in a much better preservation of DNA than formalin fixation, allowing greater yields to be extracted.
Variant antibody identification by peptide mapping (1999)

During development of CGP56901, a monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for a unique epitope on human IgE, the protein A-purified IgG from one of the candidate production cell lines, showed an additional minor heavy chain (H-chain) band with a molecular weight slightly lower than that of the principal H-chain band on SDS-PAGE. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of this minor H-chain species indicated that at least the first 30 amino acids were identical to those of the antibody light-chain (L-chain) variable domain. More detailed studies using peptide mapping and amino acid sequencing analysis confirmed a crossover event between the V genes of the antibody. The position is between Arg108 of the L chain and Ala124 of the H chain. This crossover resulted in a variant H chain, which had 16 fewer amino acid residues than the normal CGP56901 H chain. These results show that peptide mapping is a useful "first-line" analytical tool in the characterization of the quality of the monoclonal antibody.
Novel Molecular Markers for Breast Cancer (2016)

The use of molecular biomarkers assures that breast cancer (BC) patients receive optimal treatment. Established biomarkers, such as estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2, and Ki67, have been playing significant roles in the subcategorization of BC to predict the prognosis and decide the specific therapy to each patient. Antihormonal therapy using 4-hydroxytamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors have been employed in patients whose tumor cells express hormone receptors, while monoclonal antibody to HER2 has been administered to HER2-positive BCs. Although new therapeutic agents have been developed in the past few decades, many patients still die of the disease due to relapse; thus, novel molecular markers that predict therapeutic failure and those that can be targets for specific therapy are expected. We have chosen four of such molecules by reviewing recent publications, which are cyclin E, B-Myb, Twist, and DMP1β. The oncogenicity of these molecules has been demonstrated in vivo and/or in vitro through studies using transgenic mice or siRNAs, and their expressions have been shown to be associated with shortened overall or disease-free survival of BC patients. The former three molecules have been shown to accelerate epithelial-mesenchymal transition that is often associated with cancer stem cell-ness and metastasis; all these four can be novel therapeutic targets as well. Thus, large prospective studies employing immunohistochemistry will be needed to establish the predictive values of these molecules in patients with BC.
Surface charge study on pollen with a simple microelectrophoresis instrumentation setup (2010)

The investigation on pollen's electrophoretic mobility brings out useful information on how well the pollens behave, which is specifically important on the further exploration in agriculture and medical field. In order to characterise the pollens' electrophoretic mobility, a simple, inexpensive microelectrophoresis system was designed. The goal of this project is not limited only on the measurement of electrophoretic mobility, but also the construction of protocols of this research. Studies on surface charge of Lily pollen indicated that the net charge on its surface is positive. Two main parameters have been used to investigate the change of surface charge of Lily pollen, which includes different pH and applied voltages. The increase in applied voltages reduces the net positive charge of pollen. Moving to different pH, the weaker the acidic solution increases the net positive charge of pollen but the stronger the alkaline solution, net positive charge on pollen increases. Isoelectric point for Lily pollen might be at pH 4 and pH 7 as no movement is observed in both pH.
DNA Repair Enzymes (1988)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Phosphorylation and reorganization of vimentin by p21‐activated kinase (PAK) (2002)

Our observations suggest that PAK may regulate the reorganization of vimentin filaments through direct vimentin phosphorylation.
Bi‐substrate analogue ligands for affinity chromatography of protein kinases (2000)

Novel affinity ligands, consisting of ATP-resembling part coupled with specificity determining peptide fragment, were proposed for purification of protein kinases. Following this approach affinity sorbents based on two closely similar ligands AdoC-Aoc-Arg4-Lys and AdoC-Aoc-Arg4-NH(CH2)6NH2, where AdoC stands for adenosine-5'-carboxylic acid and Aoc for amino-octanoic acid, were synthesized and tested for purification of recombinant protein kinase A catalytic subunit directly from crude cell extract. Elution of the enzyme with MgATP as well as L-arginine yielded homogeneous protein kinase A preparation in a single purification step. Also protein kinase A from pig heart homogenate was selectively isolated using MgATP as eluting agent. Protein kinase with acidic specificity determinant (CK2) as well as other proteins possessing nucleotide binding site (L-type pyruvate kinase) or sites for wide variety of different ligands (bovine serum albumin) did not bind to the column, pointing to high selectivity of the bi-functional binding mode of the affinity ligand.
Meiotic behavior of a tiny fragment chromosome that carries a transposed centromere (1987)

A supernumerary, tiny chromosome with a transposed centromere, in an apparently normal maize background, was observed through meiotic stages from pachytene through anaphase II. Departures from normal meiotic chromosome behavior were noted for this tiny chromosome. These included failure of the usual degree of condensation at pachytene, failure of synapsis, and most strikingly the ability of sister centromeres to interact with the spindle on schedule with the normal dyads at anaphase I, so that monads were commonly distributed to the poles for telophase I and then often lagged at anaphase II. Possible significance of the unusual behavior is discussed.
Salicylic acid beyond defence: its role in plant growth and development (2011)

In recent years salicylic acid (SA) has been the focus of intensive research due to its function as an endogenous signal mediating local and systemic plant defence responses against pathogens. It has also been found that SA plays a role during the plant response to abiotic stresses such as drought, chilling, heavy metal toxicity, heat, and osmotic stress. In this sense, SA appears to be, just like in mammals, an 'effective therapeutic agent' for plants. Besides this function during biotic and abiotic stress, SA plays a crucial role in the regulation of physiological and biochemical processes during the entire lifespan of the plant. The discovery of its targets and the understanding of its molecular modes of action in physiological processes could help in the dissection of the complex SA signalling network, confirming its important role in both plant health and disease. Here, the evidence that supports the role of SA during plant growth and development is reviewed by comparing experiments performed by exogenous application of SA with analysis of genotypes affected by SA levels and/or perception.
Phosphatidylinositol kinase activity associates with viral p60src protein. (1989)

Immunoprecipitates of p60v-src proteins from chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with Rous sarcoma virus were assayed for phosphatidylinositol (PI) kinase activity in the absence of detergents. The product of the PI kinase reaction, phosphatidylinositol monophosphate (PIP), migrated slightly slower than did the authentic phosphatidylinositol-4-monophosphate marker in thin-layer chromatography and was indistinguishable from phosphatidylinositol-3-monophosphate produced by PI kinase type I. Furthermore, the deacylated product comigrated with glycerophosphoinositol-3-phosphate in high-performance liquid chromatography. Both sucrose gradient fractionation and the heat stability of PI kinase activity from cells infected with temperature-sensitive mutants suggest that the PI kinase activity is not intrinsic to p60v-src but is a property of another molecule complexed with p60v-src. All transforming variants of p60src were associated with PI kinase activity, whereas this enzyme activity was hardly detectable in immunoprecipitates from cells infected with nontransforming viruses encoding p60c-src or an enzymatically inactive variant. However, PI kinase activity was found in p60src immunoprecipitates from cells infected with nonmyristylated, nontransforming mutants as well as temperature-sensitive mutants at the nonpermissive temperature, which indicated that simple association of PI kinase activity with p60src is not sufficient for cell transformation.
High-speed optical three-dimensional scanner for automatic solder joint inspection (1997)

The optical principle of a high-speed three-dimensional scan- ner that can operate at high and medium resolution was developed on the basis of confocal microscopy. It was shown that 3-D detection of surfaces, essentially independent of surface characteristics such as in- clination and reflectivity, is feasible. Shading effects were found to be negligible. A data rate of 2 Mpixel/s and a 3-D resolution of 5 to 15 m ma t 150-mm to 1.5-mm height range were achieved. In a factory a high- resolution scanner has been operating successfully for automatic solder joint inspection of multichip modules since 1994. Also, a medium- resolution system for solder joint inspection of surface-mounted devices was developed and evaluated. In view of their high inspection reliability, the developed 3-D inspection systems promise to be a powerful tool for use in production lines. © 1997 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(97)02310-6)
Inhibition of the VEGF/VEGFR Pathway Improves Survival in Advanced Kidney Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2015)

Despite the improvement in progression-free survival and response rates, none of the five anti- VEGF/VEGFR agents used for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) reported a significant increase in patients' survival. This analysis aims to investigate their effect on overall survival (OS), performing a meta-analysis of the available studies. MEDLINE/PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched for randomised phase III trials that compared anti-VEGF/VEGFR agents with controls as upfront treatment for mRCC. The search was restricted to phase III trials, and data extraction was conducted according to the PRISMA statement. Five randomised phase III trials were included for a total of 3,469 patients; among these, 1,801 received anti-VEGF/VEGFR agents and 1,668 were treated with a placebo or interferon-α. In the overall population, the reduction in the risk of death was 13% (HR: 0.87; 95%CI, 0.80 - 0.95; p=0.002). When patients were divided based on use of VEGFR agents or an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody, the reduction in the risk of death was 13% and 12%, respectively. If only treatmentnaïve patients are considered, we can confirm a significant reduction of 12% (HR=0.88; 95%CI, 0.79 - 0.97; p=0.010) in the risk of death. Our analysis reports a positive improvement of OS with the inhibition of the VEGF/VEGFR pathway in mRCC.
A Pilot Study of the Combination of Interleukin-2-Based Immunotherapy and Radiation Therapy (1992)

A clinical trial was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of combining radiation therapy and immunotherapy. Twenty-eight patients with metastatic cancer were treated with rapid fractionation radiation up to 2,000 cGy, followed within 24 h by a course of interleukin 2 (IL-2) at 720,000 IU/kg or tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and IL-2 at 720,000 IU/kg. All patients tolerated treatment without any apparent increase in toxicity referable to the irradiation. Four patients had significant shrinkage of tumor at the irradiated site. Only two patients showed significant tumor shrinkage both inside and outside of the irradiated field. While rapid fractionation radiation can be safely administered in combination with immunotherapy, we observed no apparent synergy in antitumor effect in this small number of patients.
Multi-touch interaction for robot control (2009)

Recent developments in multi-touch technologies have exposed fertile ground for research in enriched human-robot interaction. Although multi-touch technologies have been used for virtual 3D applications, to the authors' knowledge, ours is the first study to explore the use of a multi-touch table with a physical robot agent. This baseline study explores the control of a single agent with a multi-touch table using an adapted, previously studied, joystick-based interface. We performed a detailed analysis of users' interaction styles with two complex functions of the multi-touch interface and isolated mismatches between user expectations and interaction functionality.
Recognition of a Single Guanine Bulge by 2-Acylamino-1,8-naphthyridine (2000)

2-Acylamino-1,8-naphthyridine (1), which possesses hydrogen bonding groups fully complementary to guanine (G), selectively binds to a single G bulge of duplex DNA. The melting temperature (Tm) of the duplex containing a G bulge was increased by the presence of 1, whereas no increase of Tm was observed for the duplexes containing adenine (A) and thymine (T) bulges as well as for normal duplex. Riboflavin-sensitized photooxidation of DNA containing GG steps opposite to G and A bulges was selectively inhibited by the presence of 1 at the G bulge. DNase I footprinting titration indicated a selective binding of 1 to the G bulge with an association constant of 3.4 ± 1 × 104 M-1. In the presence of 1, CD spectra of the G bulge-containing duplex noticeably changed, being accompanied by the induced CD at 300−350 nm, whereas no CD spectral change was observed for the duplex containing A bulge. Both the hydrogen bonding groups complementary to G and the planar bicyclic ring system are essential for the complex formation between G bulge and 1.
Survey Measures of Expected U.S. Inflation (1999)

The forecasting performance of widely accessible surveys of expected inflation are evaluated against naive and financial market benchmark forecasts. In the period of rising inflation (1960-80), the Michigan household consensus forecasts exhibited smaller errors than the Livingston Survey of economists and the benchmark forecasts. Unlike Livingston, the Michigan forecasts were unbiased. Since 1980, Livingston forecasts have been more accurate than Michigan, though unbiasedness is rejected in both cases. SPF forecasts, available since 1981, have been slightly superior to Livingston. In forecasting inflation, respondents generally failed to take account of cyclical conditions, and strong-form rationality is not supported.
Activation of an Asp‐124→Asn mutant of haloalkane dehalogenase by hydrolytic deamidation of asparagine (1995)

Haloalkane dehalogenase hydrolyses various 1-halo-n-alkanes to the corresponding alcohols by covalent catalysis with formation of an alkyl-enzyme intermediate. The carboxylate function of the nucleophilic aspartate (Asp-124) that displaces the halogen during formation of the intermediate was changed to an amide by site-directed mutagenesis (Asp-124-->Asn). Activity measurements and analysis of peptides containing the nucleophilic residue showed that the mutant enzyme was inactive, but that the activity increased by rapid deamidation of the asparagine residue, yielding wild type enzyme. There was no indication for isoaspartate formation during this process. The results suggest that a water molecule that is located close to the carboxyl function of Asp-124 in the X-ray structure is highly reactive and is responsible for the observed deamidation.
EPITOPE MAPPING OF ANTIPROTEINASE-3 AND ANTIMYELOPEROXIDASE ANTIBODIES (1995)

Anti-proteinase 3 (PR3) and anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) autoantibodies are present in many patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) and microscopic polyarteritis. The aim of this study was to determine whether these antibodies bound to linear peptide sequences on their target antigens. If common linear epitopes were demonstrated, then these could be manufactured and used in diagnostic ELISAs for anti-PR3 and anti-MPO antibodies. In addition, any homology between these epitopes and bacterial or viral sequences might implicate those microorganisms in the development of these antibodies and the pathogenesis of the associated diseases. The presence of linear epitopes on PR3 and MPO was suggested by the binding of the corresponding autoantibodies to these proteins after they had been reduced with beta-mercaptoethanol (beta-ME) and denatured with SDS or boiling, and digested with proteases. Four of the 22 sera with anti-PR3 antibodies bound to PR3 in Western blots after treatment with SDS, beta-ME and boiling for 5 min. Thermal denaturation reduced the amount of binding more than other forms of denaturation. One serum with anti-PR3 antibodies bound to Lys-C and Glu-C-digested PR3 in dot blots. Linear epitopes could not be further defined by their binding in an ELISA using overlapping peptides corresponding to the PR3 molecule because of non-specific binding. Three of the five sera with anti-MPO antibodies bound to MPO in Western blots after treatment with SDS, beta-ME and boiling for 5 min. One serum with anti-MPO antibodies bound to Lys-C and Glu-C-digested MPO in dot blots. Again, linear epitopes could not be further defined using an ELISA with overlapping peptides because of non-specific binding. Some anti-PR3 and anti-MPO antibodies are likely to recognize linear epitopes, but these cannot be defined by use of a PIN ELISA system.
THE DANGER OF SYMPATHETIC OPHTHALMIA FROM THE USE OF THE CAUTERY IN TREATING IRIS-PROLAPSEOTHER METHODS OF TREATMENT (1910)

In 1897 Trousseau<sup>1</sup>reported three cases of sympathetic ophthalmia (two of his own and one of Kalt's) following the use of the galvanocautery in treating prolapse of the iris; and in the same year<sup>2</sup>I felt impelled by my own experience to second the warning given by Trousseau. Since then I have happened to notice the histories of seven cases of sympathetic ophthalmia in which the authors mentioned incidentally that a wound or an iris prolapse had been cauterized a suitable length of time before the outbreak of the disease in the second eye. These cases were reported by the following authors: Alexander,<sup>3</sup>Darier,<sup>4</sup>Alberti,<sup>5</sup>Dimmer,<sup>6</sup>and Fuchs,<sup>7</sup>who each report a case occurring after cauterization of an iris prolapse or a cystoid scar; and Cohn<sup>8</sup>mentions two cases from the clinic of Silex in which a wound was cauterized before the
Efficient motion estimation using spatial and temporal motion vector prediction (2003)

This paper presents a motion estimation technique for the coding of moving video sequences that is based on spatial and temporal prediction. The motion vector of a moving object is tracked using spatial and temporal prediction and used as a starting point for the motion estimation search algorithm. The predicted motion vector is selected from several candidate motion vectors according to the block matching criterion. Experimental results show that spatio-temporal prediction reduces the number of computations performed by the motion search algorithm by 30% for MPEG-2 encoding and by 40% for H.263 encoding.