gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Nucleation of Gold Nanoparticles in a Polymer Film at a Liquid−Liquid Interface (2004)

Simultaneous nucleation of gold nanoparticles and polymerization of tyramine has been carried out at an immiscible electrolyte interface. By transferring the gold ion of tetraoctylammoniumtetracloroaurate (TOAAuCl(4)) from the organic to the aqueous phase, a fast homogeneous electron transfer from the tyramine monomer reduces the gold ion. Electropolymerization then proceeds, and gold nanoparticles form. The newly formed nanoparticles act as nucleation sites for the deposition of the oligomers/polymer (and possibly vice versa). This results in gold nanoparticles stabilized in a polytyramine matrix. The size of the nanoparticles is controlled by the concentration of oligomers/polymer in solution. The polymer nanoparticle composite film was analyzed with TEM, XPS, and AFM.
Synthesis of pipelined systems for the contemporaneous execution of periodic and aperiodic tasks with hard real-time constraints (2004)

Summary form only given. We address the design of pipelined systems able to sustain the throughput of a given periodic task and, at the same time, to serve aperiodic requests associated with hard real-time constraints. The proposed method is based on the allocation of the global graph (periodic and aperiodic tasks), over-dimensioning the design of the system devoted to process the periodic task, deserving the unused parts of the resources to the management of aperiodic requests. A formal definition of such a mapping problem, together with the formalization of the searching space, is given. The searching space is structured in a way such as the minimization process moves toward a solution, which satisfies, if possible, all the real-time constraints and has minimal HW requirements. Once formulated as a minimization problem, the pipelined architecture and the corresponding scheduling are determined by means of a simulated annealing algorithm. A theorem is given to ensure that all the feasible mappings are reachable in the optimization process.
AtHKT1 is a salt tolerance determinant that controls Na + entry into plant roots (2001)

Two Arabidopsis thaliana extragenic mutations that suppress NaCl hypersensitivity of the sos3-1 mutant were identified in a screen of a T-DNA insertion population in the genetic background of Col-0 gl1 sos3-1. Analysis of the genome sequence in the region flanking the T-DNA left border indicated that sos3-1 hkt1-1 and sos3-1 hkt1-2 plants have allelic mutations in AtHKT1. AtHKT1 mRNA is more abundant in roots than shoots of wild-type plants but is not detected in plants of either mutant, indicating that this gene is inactivated by the mutations. hkt1-1 and hkt1-2 mutations can suppress to an equivalent extent the Na(+) sensitivity of sos3-1 seedlings and reduce the intracellular accumulation of this cytotoxic ion. Moreover, sos3-1 hkt1-1 and sos3-1 hkt1-2 seedlings are able to maintain [K(+)](int) in medium supplemented with NaCl and exhibit a substantially higher intracellular ratio of K(+)/Na(+) than the sos3-1 mutant. Furthermore, the hkt1 mutations abrogate the growth inhibition of the sos3-1 mutant that is caused by K(+) deficiency on culture medium with low Ca(2+) (0.15 mM) and <200 microM K(+). Interestingly, the capacity of hkt1 mutations to suppress the Na(+) hypersensitivity of the sos3-1 mutant is reduced substantially when seedlings are grown in medium with low Ca(2+) (0.15 mM). These results indicate that AtHKT1 is a salt tolerance determinant that controls Na(+) entry and high affinity K(+) uptake. The hkt1 mutations have revealed the existence of another Na(+) influx system(s) whose activity is reduced by high [Ca(2+)](ext).
INCREASED EXPRESSION OF BCL-2 IN DRUG-RESISTANT SQUAMOUS-CELL LUNG CARCINOMAS (1995)

The aim of this investigation was to prove whether or not an association exists between Bcl-2 expression and in vitro resistance to doxorubicin in biopsies of 85 human squamous cell lung carcinomas. Additionally, the relationship of Bcl-2 expression with resistance related proteins (P-glycoprotein, glutathione S-transferase-pi, catalase) was analyzed. Of the 85 carcinomas, 17 (20%) revealed Bcl-2 expression by immunohistochemistry. Seventeen of the tumors were classified as sensitive and 68 as resistant by an in vitro predictive test. All 17 Bcl-2-positive carcinomas were resistant to doxorubicin (p=0.018; chi(2)-test). A correlation was found between expression of Bcl-2 and expression of the resistance-related proteins P-glycoprotein and glutathione S-transferase-pi. The median survival time for patients with Bcl-2-negative carcinomas was two years and for Bcl-2-positive tumors over six years (log-rank test; p=0.08). Multivariate analysis (Cox regression model) revealed a borderline significant influence of Bcl-2 (p=0.07), whereas all other clinical factors (age, stage, metastasis) were of no significant influence on survival.
A simple oxidation of formycin to oxoformycin and oxoformycin B. Synthesis of 6‐methyloxoformycin, AC‐nucleoside analog of doridosine (1984)

Abstract A simple, high‐yield procedure has now been developed for the direct oxidation of formycin to oxoformycin and oxoformycin B. Treatment of formycin (1) with bromine/water provided oxoformycin (8) . A similar treatment of formycin B (4) gave oxoformycin B (6) . Upon prolonged exposure of either 1 or 8 to bromine/water at reflux temperature, conversion to 6 occurred in good yield. Application of this procedure to 1‐methylformycin (2) , 1‐methylformycin B (5) and 2‐methylformycin (17) gave 1‐methyloxoformycin (9) , 1‐methyloxoformycin B (7) and 2‐methyloxoformycin (18) , respectively. Deamination of 8 and 9 with nitrosyl chloride also gave 6 and 7 , respectively. This selective oxidation of 6‐methylformycin gave 7‐amino‐6‐methyl‐3‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpyrazolo[4,3‐ d ]pyrimidin‐5(4 H )‐one (10) , a C ‐nucleoside analog of doridosine. A similar oxidation of 1,6‐dimethylformycin B (11) gave 1,6‐dimethyloxoformycin B (12) . This direct introduction of the 5‐oxo function into the pyrazolo[4,3‐ d ]pyrimidine ring appears to be due to the attack of Br + at N(4), followed by the addition of water to C(5) and subsequent elimination of hydrogen bromide from the transient intermediate 3 .
Copper and herbivory lead to priming and synergism in phytohormones and plant volatiles in the absence of salicylate-jasmonate antagonism (2013)

Abiotic stress factors can interfere with the emission of herbivore-induced plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and thus disrupt chemical communication channels between plants and other organisms. We investigated whether copper (Cu) stress alone or in conjunction with insect damage modifies the kinetics of (1) VOCs, (2) the VOC-inducing phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) and (3) its putative antagonist salicylic acid (SA). Hydroponically grown Zea mays exposed to 10 and 80 µM of Cu showed no increases in JA or VOC levels in the absence of herbivory. However when challenged by herbivores, Cu (80 µM) caused ROS generation in root tissues and primed for increased JA accumulation and VOC emission in leaves. SA synthesis was equally primed but higher concentrations were also apparent before insects started feeding. In contrast, plants grown at 10 µM Cu did not differ from controls. These results show that abiotic and biotic stresses result in concentration-dependent, non-additive defense responses. Further support is given to the notion that JA-SA antagonism is absent in Z. mays.
Isotropically etched radial micropore for cell concentration, immobilization, and picodroplet generation (2009)

To enable several on-chip cell handling operations in a fused-silica substrate, small shallow micropores are radially embedded in larger deeper microchannels using an adaptation of single-level isotropic wet etching. By varying the distance between features on the photolithographic mask (mask distance), we can precisely control the overlap between two etch fronts and create a zero-thickness semi-elliptical micropore (e.g. 20 microm wide, 6 microm deep). Geometrical models derived from a hemispherical etch front show that micropore width and depth can be expressed as a function of mask distance and etch depth. These models are experimentally validated at different etch depths (25.03 and 29.78 microm) and for different configurations (point-to-point and point-to-edge). Good reproducibility confirms the validity of this approach to fabricate micropores with a desired size. To illustrate the wide range of cell handling operations enabled by micropores, we present three on-chip functionalities: continuous-flow particle concentration, immobilization of single cells, and picoliter droplet generation. (1) Using pressure differentials, particles are concentrated by removing the carrier fluid successively through a series of 44 shunts terminated by 31 microm wide, 5 microm deep micropores. Theoretical values for the concentration factor determined by a flow circuit model in conjunction with finite volume modeling are experimentally validated. (2) Flowing macrophages are individually trapped in 20 microm wide, 6 microm deep micropores by hydrodynamic confinement. The translocation of transcription factor NF-kappaB into the nucleus upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation is imaged by fluorescence microscopy. (3) Picoliter-sized droplets are generated at a 20 microm wide, 7 microm deep micropore T-junction in an oil stream for the encapsulation of individual E. coli bacteria cells.
Stretched-pulse additive pulse mode-locking in fiber ring lasers: theory and experiment (1995)

Stretched-pulse additive pulse mode-locking uses segments of fiber of large positive and large negative group velocity dispersion (GVD) in the cavity. The changes in pulse width per pass due to the varying GVD can be an order of magnitude or more. A theory is developed based on the master equation that covers this case of large pulse changes in one transit. The general predictions of the theory are verified by experimental results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Communications Satellite Handbook (1989)

Partial table of contents: Obtaining Access to the Satellite. TELETRAFFIC. Interfaces Between Terrestrial and Satellite Systems. Telecommunications Systems. COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE SYSTEMS. System Modeling. Overall System Calculations. MULTIPLE-ACCESS TECHNIQUES. Frequency Domain Multiple Access. Time Domain Multiple Access. Space Domain Multiple Access. Code Domain Multiple Access. Random Multiple Access. SPACECRAFT TECHNOLOGY. Space Configuration and Subsystems. Telemetry, Tracking, and Command. Solar Arrays. Attitude Control. Thermal Control. SATELLITE ORBITS. Direction of Orbit Normals and of Sun. Elliptical Orbits in a Plane. Earth Station--Azimuth, Elevation, and Range. Lunar and Solar Perturbations. Launching into a Geostationary Orbit. Index.
Interleukin-1, Interleukin-1 Receptors and Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (1998)

IL-1 (IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta) is the prototypic "multifunctional" cytokine. Unlike the lymphocyte and colony stimulating growth factors, IL-1 affects nearly every cell type, and often in concert with other cytokines or small mediator molecules. Although some lymphocyte and colony stimulating growth factors may be therapeutically useful, IL-1 is a highly inflammatory cytokine and the margin between clinical benefit and unacceptable toxicity in humans is exceedingly narrow. In contrast, agents that reduce the production and/or activity of IL-1 are likely to have an impact on clinical medicine. In support of this concept, there is growing evidence that the production and activity of IL-1, particularly IL-1 beta, are tightly regulated events as if nature has placed specific "road blocks" to reduce the response to IL-1 during disease. In addition to controlling gene expression, synthesis and secretion, this regulation extends to surface receptors, soluble receptors and a receptor antagonist. Investigators have studied how production of the different members of the IL-1 family is controlled, the various biological activities of IL-1, the distinct and various functions of the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) family and the complexity of intracellular signaling. Mice deficient in IL-1 beta, IL-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) and IL-1R type I have also been studied. Humans have been injected with IL-1 (either IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta) for enhancing bone marrow recovery and for cancer treatment. The IL-1 specific receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) has also been tested in clinical trials.
Dysfunction of Mouse Liver Mitochondria Induced by 2,2′-Azobis-(2-Amidinopropane) Dihydrochloride, A Radical Initiator,in VitroAndin Vivo (1994)

Mouse liver mitochondria were uncoupled in a time dependent by intraperitoneal injection of a radical initiator, 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (100 mg/kg). State 3 respiration, ADP/O ratio and respiratory control ratio (RCR) were decreased 30 min after injection but there was no effect on state 4 respiration. Lipid peroxidation was increased and oxidative phosphorylation was uncoupled at one hr after drug injection but gradually recovered to normal levels after 14 hr in vivo. State 3 respiration, RCR and ADP/O ratio but not state 4 respiration of isolated mouse mitochondria were inhibited by short term incubation with AAPH in vitro. This inhibitory action was concentration dependent (ID50 = 5 mM) but was not prevented by alpha-tocopherol. AAPH had no effect on electron transport or the membrane potential of these isolated mitochondria. However, mitochondria were uncoupled via lipid peroxidation and swelling by long term incubation with AAPH. These inhibitory effects of AAPH were reduced by its spontaneous degradation not only in vitro but also in vivo. Thus AAPH induces mitochondrial dysfunction by direct action in the early period of treatment and free radicals produced from AAPH mediate mitochondrial swelling via lipid peroxidation in the late period. From these findings, it is concluded that mitochondrial phosphorylation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of liver injury induced by AAPH and that radicals generated by AAPH might be a source of liver injury and mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo.
Role of chronic ryanodine receptor phosphorylation in heart failure and β-adrenergic receptor blockade in mice (2010)

Increased sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leak via the cardiac ryanodine receptor/calcium release channel (RyR2) is thought to play a role in heart failure (HF) progression. Inhibition of this leak is an emerging therapeutic strategy. To explore the role of chronic PKA phosphorylation of RyR2 in HF pathogenesis and treatment, we generated a knockin mouse with aspartic acid replacing serine 2808 (mice are referred to herein as RyR2-S2808D+/+ mice). This mutation mimics constitutive PKA hyperphosphorylation of RyR2, which causes depletion of the stabilizing subunit FKBP12.6 (also known as calstabin2), resulting in leaky RyR2. RyR2-S2808D+/+ mice developed age-dependent cardiomyopathy, elevated RyR2 oxidation and nitrosylation, reduced SR Ca2+ store content, and increased diastolic SR Ca2+ leak. After myocardial infarction, RyR2-S2808D+/+ mice exhibited increased mortality compared with WT littermates. Treatment with S107, a 1,4-benzothiazepine derivative that stabilizes RyR2-calstabin2 interactions, inhibited the RyR2-mediated diastolic SR Ca2+ leak and reduced HF progression in WT and RyR2-S2808D+/+ mice. In contrast, β-adrenergic receptor blockers improved cardiac function in WT but not in RyR2-S2808D+/+ mice.Thus, chronic PKA hyperphosphorylation of RyR2 results in a diastolic leak that causes cardiac dysfunction. Reversing PKA hyperphosphorylation of RyR2 is an important mechanism underlying the therapeutic action of β-blocker therapy in HF.
Secondary cytolytic T lymphocyte stimulation by purified H-2Kk in liposomes. (1981)

Purified H-2Kk incorporated into lipid vesicles induced a secondary allogeneic cytolytic T lymphocyte response. However, the level of the response was much less than that generated by using purified plasma membranes containing an equivalent amount of antigen. Similarly, reconstituted membranes stimulated less effectively than did intact plasma membranes. In both cases the stimulating activity of the antigen was increased by including a detergent-insoluble membrane matrix fraction during formation of the liposomes or reconstructed vesicles. Liposomes formed in the presence of the matrix were larger, were more irregular in shape, and had a higher density than those formed in its absence. Both the H-2 antigen and matrix proteins were incorporated into the same vesicles. The greater antigenicity of H-2 in vesicles containing the matrix protein might be due to either the larger size of the liposomes or interaction of the antigen with a component(s) of the matrix.
Anopheles gambiae PGRPLC-Mediated Defense against Bacteria Modulates Infections with Malaria Parasites (2009)

Recognition of peptidoglycan (PGN) is paramount for insect antibacterial defenses. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the transmembrane PGN Recognition Protein LC (PGRP-LC) is a receptor of the Imd signaling pathway that is activated after infection with bacteria, mainly Gram-negative (Gram-). Here we demonstrate that bacterial infections of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae are sensed by the orthologous PGRPLC protein which then activates a signaling pathway that involves the Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factor REL2. PGRPLC signaling leads to transcriptional induction of antimicrobial peptides at early stages of hemolymph infections with the Gram-positive (Gram+) bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, but a different signaling pathway might be used in infections with the Gram- bacterium Escherichia coli. The size of mosquito symbiotic bacteria populations and their dramatic proliferation after a bloodmeal, as well as intestinal bacterial infections, are also controlled by PGRPLC signaling. We show that this defense response modulates mosquito infection intensities with malaria parasites, both the rodent model parasite, Plasmodium berghei, and field isolates of the human parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. We propose that the tripartite interaction between mosquito microbial communities, PGRPLC-mediated antibacterial defense and infections with Plasmodium can be exploited in future interventions aiming to control malaria transmission. Molecular analysis and structural modeling provided mechanistic insights for the function of PGRPLC. Alternative splicing of PGRPLC transcripts produces three main isoforms, of which PGRPLC3 appears to have a key role in the resistance to bacteria and modulation of Plasmodium infections. Structural modeling indicates that PGRPLC3 is capable of binding monomeric PGN muropeptides but unable to initiate dimerization with other isoforms. A dual role of this isoform is hypothesized: it sequesters monomeric PGN dampening weak signals and locks other PGRPLC isoforms in binary immunostimulatory complexes further enhancing strong signals.
The mean free path of electrons in metals (1952)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsE.H. Sondheimer Now at the Department of Mathematics, Imperial College, London.
Ten Years of Prospective Clostridium difficile-Associated Disease Surveillance and Treatment at the Minneapolis VA Medical Center, 1982–1991 (1994)

CDAD usually responds to oral metronidazole or vancomycin but is nonetheless responsible for a high morbidity and occasional mortality in patients even when the diagnosis and treatment are pursued aggressively.
Model of Human Butyrylcholinesterase Tetramer by Homology Modeling and Dynamics Simulation (2009)

A mutant of human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with high activity against cocaine would be highly promising as a drug for therapeutic treatment of cocaine abuse and overdose. It is desirable to design a recombinant BChE mutant with a long half-life in human circulation. Studies showed that BChE subunits can be assembled by a peptide containing the proline-rich attachment domain (PRAD) to form a stable tetramer. The models of BChE tetramer complexed with PRAD with various sequences have been constructed, in the present study, on the basis of homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation of explicit water-solvated systems. The 3D models enable us to understand how the BChE subunits are arranged in the tetramer and how the tetramerization domain of BChE is associated with PRAD to form a stable tetramer of human BChE. It has been shown that the six conserved hydrophobic residues located on the C-terminal of BChE are responsible for the key electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between the tetramerization domain of BChE and PRAD. The simulated tetramer structures suggest that mutation of three residues, i.e., Phe547, Met554, and Phe561, to other hydrophobic residues may be beneficial for increasing the binding between the tetramerization domain of BChE and PRAD. Thus, the detailed structural insights obtained from this study may be valuable for rational design of a recombinant BChE tetramer with a longer residence time in circulation.
Japanese Encephalitis — A Plague of the Orient (1988)

Japanese encephalitis has attracted attention recently in the United States, Europe, and Australia because of a small number of cases among travelers, but the epidemic proportions of the disease in Asia have compelled immunization of entire regional or national populations. Japanese encephalitis, which is caused by a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, often strikes in unpredictable form. It affects principally school-age children and is greatly feared because of its high lethality and frequency of permanent neurologic sequelae.The clinical disease was described as early as 1871 in Japan, but the causative agent (Japanese encephalitis virus) was not isolated until 1934. A . . .
Surrogate Modeling-Based Optimization of SAGD Processes (2001)

Abstract This paper presents a solution methodology for the optimization of geometrical and operational parameters of SAGD processes in a heterogeneous and multiphase petroleum reservoir. The optimization refers to the maximization or minimization of performance measures such as net present value, cumulative oil production or cumulative steam injected. The solution methodology includes the construction of a "fast surrogate" of an objective function whose evaluation involves the execution of a time-consuming mathematical model (i.e. reservoir numerical simulator) based on neural networks, DACE modeling, and adaptive sampling. Using adaptive sampling, promising areas are searched considering the information provided by the surrogate model and the expected value of the errors. The proposed methodology provides a global optimization method, hence avoiding the potential problem of convergence to a local minimum in the objective function exhibited by the commonly Gauss-Newton methods. Furthermore, it exhibits an affordable computational cost, is amenable to parallel processing, and is expected to outperform other general-purpose global optimization methods such as, simulated annealing, genetic algorithms, and pattern search methods. The methodology is evaluated using a case study with vertical spacing, steam injected enthalpy, injection pressure and subcooling as the sought parameter values in a SAGD process that optimize a weighted sum of cumulative oil production and cumulative steam injected for a selected reservoir. From the results, it is concluded that the methodology can be used effectively and efficiently for the optimization of SAGD processes. In addition, the optimization approach holds promise to be useful in the optimization of objective functions involving the execution of computationally expensive reservoir numerical simulators, such as those found, not only in oil recovery processes, but also in other areas of petroleum engineering (e.g. hydraulic fracturing).