gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human apolipoprotein E. The complete amino acid sequence. (1982)

The amino acid sequence of human apolipoprotein E (apo-E) has been determined.Apo-E2, one of the major isoforms of apolipoprotein E, is a polypeptide of 299 amino acids having a calculated molecular weight of 34,145.The isoform apo-E3 differs from apo-E2 by a single amino acid substitution of arginine for cysteine at residue 158 (italicized).The sequqnce of apo-E2 is:HzN-Lys-Val-Glu-Gln-Ala-Val-Glu-Thr-Glu-Pro-Glu-Pro-Glu-Leu-Arg-Gln-Gln-Thr-Glu-Trp-Gln-Ser-Gly-Gln-Arg-Trp-Glu-Leu-Ala-Leu-Gly-Arg-Phe-Trp-Asp-Tyr-Leu-Arg-Trp-Val-Gln-%-Leu-Ser-Glu-Gln-Val-Gln-Glu-Glu-Leu-Leu-Ser-Ser-Gln-Val-Thr-Gln-Glu-Leu-Arg-Ala-Leu-Met-Asp-Glu-Thr-Met-Lys-Glu-Leu-Lys-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Ser-Glu-Leu-Glu-Glu-Gln-Leu-Thr-Pro-Val-Ala-Glu-Glu-Thr-Arg-Ala-Arg-Leu-Ser-Lys-Glu-Leu-Gln-Ala-Ala-Gln-Ala-Arg-Leu-Gly-Ala-Asp-Met-Glu-Asp-Val-Cys-Gly-Arg-Leu-Val-Gln-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Glu-Val-Gln-Ala-Met-Leu-Gly-Gln-Ser-Thr-Glu-Glu-Leu-Arg-Val-Arg-Leu-Ala-Ser-His-Leu-Arg-Lys-Leu-Arg-Lys-Arg-Leu-Leu-Arg-Asp-Ala-Asp-Asp-Leu-Gln-Lys-Cys-Leu-Ala-Val-Tyr-Gln-Ala-Gly-Ala-Arg-Glu-Gly-Ala-Glu-Arg-Gly-Leu-Ser-Ala-Ile-Arg-Glu-Arg-Leu-Gly-Pro-Leu-Val-Glu-Gln-Gly-Arg-Val-Arg-Ala-Ala-%-Val-Gly-Ser-Leu-Ala-Gly-Gln-Pro-Leu-Gln-Glu-Arg-Ala-Gln-Ala-Trp-Gly-Glu-Arg-Leu-Arg-Ala-Arg
Improvement of terahertz imaging with a dynamic subtraction technique (2000)

By use of dynamic subtraction it is feasible to adopt phase-sensitive detection with a CCD camera to reduce long-term optical background drift. We report on a two-order improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio. The improved system is used to image terahertz field distribution generated by an optically rectified electro-optic crystal with a modulation depth as small as 10(-4). We also introduce a modified detection geometry that realizes near-field imaging capability with greatly improved spatial resolution.
Similarity Search in High Dimensions via Hashing (1999)

The nearest- or near-neighbor query problems arise in a large variety of database applications, usually in the context of similarity searching. Of late, there has been increasing interest in building search/index structures for performing similarity search over high-dimensional data, e.g., image databases, document collections, time-series databases, and genome databases. Unfortunately, all known techniques for solving this problem fall prey to the \\curse of dimensionality. &amp;amp;quot; That is, the data structures scale poorly with data dimensionality; in fact, if the number of dimensions exceeds 10 to 20, searching in k-d trees and related structures involves the inspection of a large fraction of the database, thereby doing no better than brute-force linear search. It has been suggested that since the selection of features and the choice of a distance metric in typical applications is rather heuristic, determining an approximate nearest neighbor should su ce for most practical purposes. In this paper, we examine a novel scheme for approximate similarity search based on hashing. The basic idea is to hash the points
Cytotoxic interactions of 5-fluorouracil and nucleoside analogues in vitro. (1997)

The cytotoxic interaction of combined 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with different nucleoside analogues was investigated in vitro on a colon (WiDr) and a breast (MCF-7) cancer cell line. Azidothymidine (AZT), 3'-deoxy-2', 3'-didehydrothymidine (D4T), 5-iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd) and 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (DDC) were tested at different concentrations (5-600 microM) as modulators of 5-FU. The experimental endpoints were cellular viability and cell cycle distribution. The combination of 5-FU and AZT or D4T yielded supra-additive cytotoxic effects in both cell lines at all concentrations. On WiDr, IdUrd at high concentrations of 50 and 100 microM showed a supra-additive effect whereas at low concentrations (5, 10 and 20 microM) the effect was antagonistic. 5-FU combined with IdUrd produced a synergistic effect on MCF-7 cells at all concentrations. DDC antagonised the toxic effect of 5-FU on the WiDr cell line. In WiDr cells, a significant increase in the overall S-phase was observed 48 and 72 hours after exposure to D4T, AZT and DDC at the low concentration of 10 microM. On the contrary, this accumulation in S-phase was not present in MCF-7 cells. The combined effect of 5-FU and nucleoside analogues in vitro is dependent on the type and concentration of nucleosides and the cell-line tested. AZT, D4T and IdUrd are more likely to be subjected to more intensive in vitro and in vivo research as far as modulation of 5-FU toxicity is concerned.
Molecularly Defined Antibody Conjugation through a Selenocysteine Interface (2009)

Antibody conjugates have broad utility in basic, preclinical, and clinical applications. Conventional antibody conjugation through the amine group of lysine or the thiol group of cysteine residues yields heterogeneous products of undefined stoichiometry and considerable batch-to-batch variability. To preserve the two hallmarks of the antibody molecule, precision and predictability, methods that enable site-specific antibody conjugation are in high demand. On the basis of a mammalian cell expression system, we describe the utilization of the 21st natural amino acid selenocysteine for the generation of IgG and Fab molecules with unique nucleophilic reactivity that affords site-specific conjugation to electrophilic derivatives of biotin, fluorescein, and poly(ethylene glycol). The resulting antibody conjugates were found to fully retain their antigen binding capability and, in the case of IgG, the ability to mediate effector functions. Gain of function was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. While these antibody conjugates are relevant for a variety of proteomic, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications, they also constitute a proof of principle for the generation of molecularly defined antibody-drug conjugates and radioimmunoconjugates. Compared to other site-specific antibody conjugation methods, selenocysteine interface technology (i) only involves a minor modification at the C-terminus that does not interfere with disulfide bridges, (ii) does not require activation, and (iii) generates unique 1:1 stoichiometries of biological and chemical components. Collectively, our method affords the generation of highly defined antibody conjugates with broad utility from proteomic applications to therapeutic intervention.
Diagnosis and management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Thalidomide modifies disease. (1993)

Promoting smoking cessation in general practiceEDrrOR,-Simon Chapman finds general practitioners wanting in their efforts to stop their patients smoking.'As a result of the government's banding scheme for health promotion activities in general practice we distributed a questionnaire to 6530 of our patients who attended our practice over six months.Altogether 1523 smokers were specifically asked if they would like our help in stopping smoking.A total of 365 replied affirmatively, and 100 of these were invited to attend a midweek evening meeting outlining information and help available to enable them to stop smoking.Twelve patients replied: eight accepted, three declined, and one had already stopped smoking.On the evening six smokers attended.All were counselled on a nearly one to one basis by the health professionals, who included a doctor, a health visitor, a district nurse, a practice nurse, and the district health authority's health promotion coordinator.The health professionals' view on stopping smoking was aired, and a video was shown and carbon monoxide monitoring demonstrated.The group agreed to meet one week later, when five patients attended.Two of these five have continued in their resolve to stop smoking.We are left wondering whether this operation was worthwhile in terms of its cost and the time required and whether our time might have been better used.
Spin trapping agent phenyl N‐tert‐butylnitrone protects against the onset of drug‐induced insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (1997)

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease believed to be caused by an inflammatory process in the pancreas leading to selective destruction of the beta-cells. Cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) have been shown to be involved in this destruction. Phenyl N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) has demonstrated protective effects against several pathological conditions including ischemia-reperfusion injury and endotoxin-induced shock. We report here that PBN co-administration can prevent the onset of the STZ-induced diabetes in mice. PBN co-treatment inhibited the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemia, the elevation in the level of glycated hemoglobin and weight loss in the treated mice. Histological observations indicated destruction of B-cells in the STZ-treated animals and its prevention by PBN co-treatment. EPR spin trapping experiments in the pancreas indicated the in vivo formation of NO in STZ-treated animals and its attenuation by PBN treatment.
Interleukin 10 suppression of monocyte prostaglandin H synthase-2. Mechanism of inhibition of prostaglandin-dependent matrix metalloproteinase production. (1994)

Monocytes/macrophages are associated with chronic inflammatory lesions, such as periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis, in which there is extensive connective tissue destruction. Stimulation of human monocytes results in the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) via a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-cAMP-dependent pathway. Modulation of many monocyte functions by interleukin 10 (IL-10) suggested that this cytokine may influence the signal transduction pathway leading to the production of MMPs by monocytes. Pre-incubation of monocytes with IL-10 for 1 h prior to stimulation with ConA resulted in significant inhibition of prostaglandin H synthase-2 (PGHS-2, the inducible form of prostaglandin synthase). In contrast, PGHS-1, the constitutive PGHS, was not affected by IL-10. Suppression of PGHS-2 mRNA and protein levels was detected at 1 ng/ml of IL-10 with maximal inhibition at 20 ng/ml. Nuclear run-on transcription assays performed on monocytes exposed to ConA or the combination of ConA and IL-10 indicated that IL-10 treatment suppressed PGHS-2 expression at the level of transcription. Attenuation of PGHS-2 by IL-10 was accompanied by decreased prostaglandin production, including PGE2. The decrease in prostaglandin production was primarily related to the effect of IL-10 on PGHS-2, since the release of arachidonic acid was unaffected by this cytokine. The inhibition of PGE2 production by IL-10 resulted in the suppression of mRNA and protein for interstitial collagenase and 92-kDa type IV collagenase/gelatinase (gelatinase B). This conclusion is supported by the ability of exogenously added PGE2 or dibutyryl cAMP to restore the production of MMPs in IL-10-treated monocytes. Additionally, PGHS-2 was also restored by PGE2 or dibutyryl cAMP, indicating that PGHS-2 is regulated through a PGE2-cAMP amplification pathway. These data add further support to the anti-inflammatory properties of IL-10.
Cancer biology for individualized therapy: correlation of growth fraction index in native-state histoculture with tumor grade and stage. (1990)

There is a need for individualization of all aspects of cancer therapy. Because of significant heterogeneity within a tumor class, there is a need to develop an in vitro test to accurately gauge tumor aggressiveness. Such a measurement would greatly aid treatment decision making. Current methodologies such as flow cytometry, which lacks unambiguous interpretation of cell-proliferative data, and determination of the thymidine-labeling index, which measures nucleotide uptake in a nonphysiological state, have not reproducibly attained this goal. We have developed an in vitro native-state three-dimensional gel-supported histoculture system that allows the growth of all human solid tumor types for relatively long time periods. The native-state system was used to identify the percent of cells capable of incorporating [3H]thymidine over a 4-day period, which we term the growth fraction index (GFI). We have compared the ability of cancer tissue to proliferate in native-state culture to the stage and histological grade of four major types of human carcinomas: breast, ovarian, colon, and lung. Eighty percent of tumor explants could be evaluated, even when sent from across the country. We have determined that the GFI correlates with tumor stage and grade for breast and ovarian carcinoma. In colon carcinoma, there is a trend toward higher GFIs in tumors of more advanced stage and grade. In non-small cell lung carcinomas, GFI, stage, and grade do not correlate. These results suggest the applicability of gel-supported three-dimensional native-state histoculture for prognostic purposes in patients with breast and ovarian cancers and demonstrate the clinical relevance of the native-state histoculture system.
New Routes to N-Alkylated Cyclic Sulfamidates (2002)

BOC- and dibenzosuberyl-protected chiral and hindered cyclic sulfamidates ([1,2,3]-oxathiazolidine-2,2-dioxides) were synthesized and subsequently deprotected using trifluoroacetic acid. The resulting crystalline sulfamidates were then used in several alkylation reactions involving benzyl bromide and alcohols in a versatile route to cyclic sulfamidates with differing N-alkyl substituents.
A 1/3-in 510(H)*492(V) CCD image sensor with mirror image function (1991)

A 1/3-in optical format 510(H)*492(V) interline charge-coupled-device (CCD) image sensor with a mirror-image function has been developed. To realize both a normal image and a mirror image, the horizontal shift register (H-CCD) is transferred forward and backward by a four-electrode, quasi-two-phase clock drive. The unit cell size is 9.6(H)*7.5(V) mu m/sup 2/. An on-chip microlens has been developed to achieve a sensitivity of 28 mV/lx, which is higher than that of the conventional 1/2-in device. The hole accumulation diode (HAD) sensor used has the advantage of low dark current, negligibly small lag, high blooming suppression, and a variable-speed electronic shutter. The smear reduction level is -83 dB. Horizontal resolution of 330 TV lines is obtained.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Gene Transfer to Nonhuman Primate Liver Can Elicit Destructive Transgene-Specific T Cell Responses (2009)

Gene transfer to murine liver with vectors based on novel adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes is efficient, stable, and safe even in the setting of antigenic transgene products. We undertook a study in cynomolgus macaques to evaluate the relevance of these findings to primates. The vectors were based on AAV serotype 7 and expressed green fluorescence protein (GFP) from the cytomegalovirus enhanced beta-actin promoter in both single-stranded and self-complementary genomes. Transduction efficiencies from the single-stranded vectors were similar to those observed in mice, although there was no advantage in primates with the self-complementary vectors. Primates elicited vibrant cytotoxic T cell responses to GFP that correlated with hepatitis and loss of transgene expression. There was no evidence of T cell activation in response to the AAV capsid. These studies indicate that under some conditions primates may activate more robust T cell responses to transgene products than is observed in mice.
Posterior attachment of ciliary muscle in young, accommodating old, presbyopic monkeys (1991)

The authors studied the posterior attachment of the ciliary muscle in seven young (3-10 yr) and five old (26-34 yr) rhesus monkeys by light microscopy and electron microscopy. Posterior attachment of the muscle bundles consisted of elastic tendons, exclusively. The elastic tendons were continuous with the elastic lamina of Bruch's membrane and were also connected by smaller elastic fibers to an elastic meshwork that surrounds the pars plana vessels. In some areas, the tendons formed focal contacts with the endothelial cells. The authors found that in old eyes, the tendons and the elastic fibers of the posterior ciliary body showed pronounced structural changes. The tendons appeared thickened, showed increased amounts of associated microfibrils, and were surrounded by dense layers of thick collagen fibrils. An increased amount of collagen fibrils was also seen between the elastic layer of Bruch's membrane and the pigmented epithelium. A mechanical link between those collagen fibrils and the elastic fibers is suggested by the presence of osmiophilic points of contact. The age-related increase in elastic fibrillar material could cause decreased compliance of the posterior insertion of ciliary muscle and could be an essential factor for presbyopia in rhesus monkeys.
Clinical studies of new “biologic” approaches to therapy of acute myeloid leukemia with monoclonal antibodies and immunoconjugates (2000)

Conventional chemotherapeutic treatments of acute leukemias are often associated with life-threatening toxic effects due to a lack of specificity for hematopoietic cells. Monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins that target antigens on leukemic blasts are being explored for their antileukemic effects and as a means of delivering chemotherapy or radiation directly to malignant cells. This approach might be safer and more effective than current non-specific chemotherapeutic agents. The cell surface antigens CD33 and CD45 are attractive targets. Although CD33 is expressed on acute myelocytic leukemic blast cells from about 90% of patients, normal hematopoietic stem cells lack this antigen, as do essentially all non-hematopoietic tissues. Anti-CD33 antibodies have been engineered to selectively target malignant myeloid and immature normal cells while sparing normal stem cells. Recently, anti-CD33 antibodies have also been used to deliver radiation or a cytotoxic agent directly to leukemic cells. The strategy for using CD45 as a target differs from CD33 in that it is expressed not only by the vast majority of leukemias, but also by normal stem cells. Therefore, 131I-labeled anti-CD45 antibody has been used in combination with conventional preparative regimens for patients receiving marrow transplantation for acute leukemia. Because the receptor for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is expressed by most myeloid leukemias, fusion proteins consisting of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor ligand associated with diphtheria toxin have been proposed as a means of delivering a toxic agent directly to leukemic cells. Both unconjugated and conjugated antibodies show significant promise in the treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia.
The First Total Synthesis of (±)-Ingenol (2002)

The first total synthesis of (+/-)-ingenol has been achieved. The key features of the synthesis include the use of a highly diastereoselective Michael reaction to fix the C-11 methyl stereochemistry and the incorporation of the dimethylcyclopropane via diastereoselective carbene addition to the Delta13,14 olefin. The intramolecular dioxenone photoaddition-fragmentation sequence leads to the establishment of the critical C-8/C-10 trans intrabridgehead stereochemistry, a central challenge in the synthesis of ingenanes. The completion of the synthesis proceeds using the C-6alpha hydroxymethyl group as the sole handle for oxidation of seven contiguous carbon centers.
Swimming in the electric eels and knifefishes (1983)

The kinematics of steady forward swimming in six species of Gymnotidae and three species of Notopteridae are described. All the gymnotids and one notopterid (Xenomystis nigri) are propelled by the action of an undulatory anal fin (gymnotiform mode). Notopterus notopterus and Notopterus chilata employ the body and anal fin as a single propulsive unit and generate a body wave. Rapid bouts of burst swimming activity (e.g., escape responses) are generated by large amplitude motions of the entire body in all species studied. Experimentally determined drag coefficients exceed the theoretical rigid body predicted minimum values for the case of a laminar boundary layer and reasons for this are suggested. Values of the drag coefficient inferred from hydromechanical theory are within 20% of the experimental values. It is concluded that fish swimming in the gymnotiform mode may be subject to significantly less viscous drag than fish of equivalent size swimming at the same speed in the subcarangiform mode. Hydromechanical theory indicates a significant enhancement of fin added mass (due to the presence of a rigid body) over that of an isolated fin. The hydromechanical efficiency of the undulating fin system ranged from about 0.6 to 0.9 over a speed range of 0.2–5.0 lengths∙s −1 (corresponding to a Reynolds number range of about 10 3 –10 5 ). It is suggested that undulatory median fin propulsion in the electric eels and knifefishes is an adaptation to swimming with high hydromechanical efficiency at low absolute forward speeds. Similarities and differences in body form between the species and the evolution of gymnotiform swimming are discussed.
Seeking Low Ice Adhesion (1979)

Abstract : Icing impairs operation of helicopters and other aircraft, antennae, power and communication lines, shipping and superstructures, canal locks, etc. Prevention or easier removal of icing requires reduction of its adhesion strength. Literature study shows that adhesion results from secondary (van der Waals) forces yet exceeds normal cohesive strengths. It depends on free surface energy, low contact angle, good contact and wetting, cleanliness, and texture. Modes of adhesion testing are briefly discussed. Poor adhesion occurs with low energy surfaces or contaminants, e.g. hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons, waxes, oils, etc., particularly when textured or porous. The resulting low contact angle, poor wetting and occlusion of air at the interface weaken the bond or provide stress loci which can initiate cracks and failure. Coefficient of expansion differences may help in release of ice. Further ideas appear among the 100 abstracts presented. A survey of over 300 manufacturers produced over 100 replies. Half of them offered some 100 products deemed worth testing. These are listed with addresses and contacts.
Combined Supercritical and Subcritical Process for Cellulose Hydrolysis to Fermentable Hexoses (2009)

A combined supercritical and subcritical process for pretreatment and hydrolysis of lignocellulosic waste has been proposed. Batch experiments and kinetic analysis were performed to investigate the secondary hydrolysis of cellulose in subcritical water as well as the feasibility of combining the whole process. A 60 mg amount of microcrystalline cellulose and 2.5 mL of deionized water were mixed in each reactor and reacted at 380 degrees C and 16 s as the primary hydrolysis, followed by different subcritical conditions for secondary hydrolysis. The products were analyzed by HPLC, which showed that the primary hydrolysis produced 28.1% oligosaccharides and 26.3% hexoses. For the secondary hydrolysis in subcritical reactions, the highest yield of hexoses, obtained at 280 degrees C and 44 s, was 39.5%. At lower temperatures, higher maximum yield of hexoses was obtained, but the reaction times were longer. Kinetic analysis showed smaller reaction rate constants for hexoses decomposition compared to those for oligosaccharides hydrolysis, and the difference between these increased with the decreasing reaction temperature. This explains the observed hexose accumulations in the subcritical reaction and indicates the feasibility and advantage of combined supercritical and subcritical processes for biomass conversion.