gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dielectric Properties of Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputter Deposited Zirconium Titanate‐Based Thin Films (1998)

We have studied the dielectric properties of thin film zirconia‐titania‐based mixed oxide compositions. Films of different Zr/Ti ratios were developed by radio frequency magnetron sputtering, and the effect of dopant addition to the composition were also investigated. We present a comparison of the electrical properties of zirconium titanate thin film capacitors in metal‐insulator‐semiconductor and metal‐insulator‐metal structures, and discuss the effect of process parameters on film properties. Stoichiometric (1:1 Zr:Ti), 320 Å zirconium titanate films on silicon exhibited an effective dielectric constant of 17 at 1 MHz. This is equivalent to an thickness of 73 Å. For 2500 Å thin zirconium titanate films on silicon, the dielectric constant was determined to be 37 at 1 MHz. On platinized silicon, the dielectric constant of 450 Å zirconium titanate films was 33. This corresponds to an equivalent thickness of 53 Å. Direct current resistivities improved by nearly two orders of magnitude by modifying the film composition with an addition of tin oxide. Tin modification also resulted in a significant improvement in the film dc breakdown characteristics, and we have achieved dielectric breakdown field greater than 7 MV/cm. Zirconium titantate‐based thin films display high resistivity and high dielectric constant, and are highly promising for ultra‐large scale integration applications. These films provide large capacitance in small area, and hence, higher charge storage capacity.
Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever (1992)

Hundreds of thousands of dengue cases are reported worldwide each year. Given the difficulty in obtaining full reporting, the actual number of human infections is probably much higher than the number reported. Dengue is usually a nonspecific febrile illness that resolves with supportive therapy but the clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic infection through severe hemorrhage and sudden fatal shock. The pathophysiology of the severe forms of dengue may be related to sequential infection with different serotypes, variations in virus virulence, interaction of the virus with environmental and host factors or a combination of these factors. Control of dengue at the present time is dependent on control of the principal vector mosquito, A. aegypti. Efforts to achieve such control are now focusing on community education and action towards eliminating this mosquito's breeding sites near human dwellings. Vaccine development continues, but at present the only way to avoid dengue in an area where it is endemic or epidemic is to use repellents and mosquito barriers. The movement of people to and from tropical areas makes dengue an important differential diagnosis in any patient with an acute illness and history of recent travel to tropical areas. Because of continued infestation of the southeastern United States with A. aegypti, indigenous transmission in the continental United States remains a public health concern.
Induction of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in human immunodeficiency virus-1 glycoprotein 120 transgenic mouse brains (1998)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 can invade the brain and cause degeneration of the central nervous system, resulting in a host of cognitive and motor impairments. HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 (gp120), has been implicated in the neurodegenerative effects of HIV infection. Here, gp120's neurotoxic potential is demonstrated in both transgenic mice and cultured cells. We observed that gp120 causes an induction of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activity and protein in transgenic mouse brains and in transfected C6 cells. We propose that induced MMP-2 may contribute to a neurodegenerative environment by degrading extracellular matrix (ECM) fibronectin and type IV collagen.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in Dairy Cows: Relationships Among Energy Balance, Body Condition, Ovarian Activity, and Estrous Behavior (1990)

The objective was to determine relationships among concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I in serum, energy balance, body condition, and ovarian activity during early lactation. From 0 to 12 wk postpartum, 11 pluriparous Holstein cows were individually fed a total mixed diet and bled twice weekly for quantification of insulin-like growth factor-I and progesterone. Estrous behavior was monitored twice daily and body condition scores were recorded weekly. Individual feed intake and milk production were recorded daily and milk composition and BW were measured weekly. Cows with positive (3.43 Mcal/d; n = 5) energy balance during the first 12 wk postpartum had greater concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I in serum and greater luteal-phase progesterone secretion than in cows with negative (-1.69 Mcal/d; n = 6) energy balance. Interval to first ovulation or first estrus did not differ between cows with positive versus negative energy balance. Correlation coefficients among weekly averages revealed positive correlations between energy balance and serum progesterone, and energy balance and serum insulin-like growth factor-I. Body condition scores were not correlated with energy balance or serum insulin-like growth factor-I. We conclude that reduced luteal activity that accompanies negative energy balance may be associated with reduced concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I in serum.
Subcutaneous Heparin Therapy during Pregnancy: a Need for Concern at the Time of Delivery (1991)

Subcutaneous heparin is the treatment of choice for women requiring anticoagulant therapy during pregnancy. However, heparin therapy presents a management problem at delivery because of its potential to cause a persistent anticoagulant effect and thus increase the risk of bleeding. In order to avoid therapeutic complications it has been our practice to have women either discontinue their heparin injections with the onset of labour or to terminate heparin injections 12 h prior to elective induction. To determine the safety of our anticoagulant protocol at delivery we reviewed consecutive patients treated with subcutaneous heparin therapy during pregnancy, at our centre. Over a 23 month period we found that six of 11 women receiving subcutaneous heparin during pregnancy delivered while their aPTT was prolonged. In addition, three women received intravenous protamine sulphate prior to delivery and in one patient major bleeding occurred during an emergency cesarean section. Those women who had elevated aPTTs at the time of delivery all gave birth within 28 h of their last injection of heparin. In order to avoid a prolonged aPTT at delivery, we have now adopted a more conservative approach to the management of subcutaneous heparin use at term. Subcutaneous heparin is discontinued 24 h prior to commencing an elective induction of labour.
Aging Alters Functionally Human Dermal Papillary Fibroblasts but Not Reticular Fibroblasts: A New View of Skin Morphogenesis and Aging (2008)

Understanding the contribution of the dermis in skin aging is a key question, since this tissue is particularly important for skin integrity, and because its properties can affect the epidermis. Characteristics of matched pairs of dermal papillary and reticular fibroblasts (Fp and Fr) were investigated throughout aging, comparing morphology, secretion of cytokines, MMPs/TIMPs, growth potential, and interaction with epidermal keratinocytes. We observed that Fp populations were characterized by a higher proportion of small cells with low granularity and a higher growth potential than Fr populations. However, these differences became less marked with increasing age of donors. Aging was also associated with changes in the secretion activity of both Fp and Fr. Using a reconstructed skin model, we evidenced that Fp and Fr cells do not possess equivalent capacities to sustain keratinopoiesis. Comparing Fp and Fr from young donors, we noticed that dermal equivalents containing Fp were more potent to promote epidermal morphogenesis than those containing Fr. These data emphasize the complexity of dermal fibroblast biology and document the specific functional properties of Fp and Fr. Our results suggest a new model of skin aging in which marked alterations of Fp may affect the histological characteristics of skin.
Ribonucleotide Reductase Encoded by Herpes Simplex Virus Is a Determinant of the Pathogenicity of the Virus in Mice and a Valid Antiviral Target (1988)

The role of the herpes simplex virus (HSV)-encoded ribonucleotide reductase (RR) in the pathogenicity of the virus has been examined by use of mutants with lesions in either the large or small subunit of the enzyme. The virulence of the mutants in mice was reduced by about 10(6)-fold when compared with that of the parental virus (HSV type 1 strain 17), while the virulence of a revertant of one of the mutants was restored to within about 100-fold of that of the parent virus. These experiments demonstrate that activity of the HSV RR is essential for virus pathogenicity in mice and suggests that the enzyme is a valid target for specific antiviral compounds.
Laser welding of steels: Relationship between laser power, penetration depth, welding speed and beam polarization (1990)

Experimental data have been generated for the bead-on-plate keyhole welding of mild steel using the TEM∞ beam from a 1.5 kW CO2 laser and a range of material thicknesses from 0.64 to 2.6 mm. For each thickness, the maximum welding speed was measured for laser powers from 600 to 1500 W, using the criterion of full penetration along a 5 cm length. Analysis of the data has yielded a simple correlation between laser power (P,kW), penetration depth (d,cm) and welding speed (v,cm/s). An analytical expression of this relationship has been derived for speeds from 1 to 16 cm/s. Stainless steel samples yield similar results. This correlation is interpreted in terms of the minimum energy envelope or range for laser welding as proposed by other workers and also in terms of the Swift-Hook and Gick theory of laser welding. Data on the effect of polarization are also presented and discussed in terms of the present correlation. Above a critical welding speed the welding efficiency is enhanced when the polarization of the laser beam is aligned with the direction of welding.
Ultrathin single-crystalline-silicon cantilever resonators: Fabrication technology and significant specimen size effect on Young’s modulus (2003)

Ultrathin resonant cantilevers are promising for ultrasensitive detection. A technique is developed for high-yield fabrication of single-crystalline-silicon cantilevers as thin as 12 nm. The formed cantilever resonators are characterized by resonance testing in high vacuum. Significant specimen size effect on Young’s modulus of ultrathin (12–170 nm) silicon is detected. The Young’s modulus decreases monotonously as the cantilevers become thinner. The size effect is consistent with the published simulation results of direct-atomistic model, in which surface effects are taken into consideration.
Pulmonary lesions in primary respiratory syncytial virus infection, reinfection, and vaccine-enhanced disease in the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus). (1999)

Infection of the cotton rat lung with a human strain of respiratory syncytial virus results in substantial virus replication and is associated with mild-to-moderate peribronchiolitis, perivasculitis, and bronchitis. Reinfection after 49 days did not result in detectable virus replication, but surprisingly, was associated with an earlier appearance and accentuation of the three types of lesions seen in cotton rats undergoing primary infection. Animals primed with formalin-inactivated virus and challenged after 49 days had pulmonary viral titers 1/10 to 1/100 of that seen in naive animals, but developed markedly accentuated lesions of the same type as in animals undergoing primary or secondary infection. In addition, the animals with the vaccine-enhanced disease developed alveolitis and interstitial pneumonitis, which seem to be specific markers for the vaccine enhancement. These latter markers may be useful in determining the safety of nonreplicating vaccines.
A New Class of Infectious Agents Detectable by the Production of Chorioallantoic Membrane Lesions by Human Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines and Their Culture Supernatants 2 (1977)

Intravenous injection of cells and their tissue culture supernatants (CS) from human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) induced the formation of lesions on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chicken embryo. Injection of cells and CS from non-LCL and normal human lymphocytes induced few or no lesions. Irradiated chick embryos were more sensitive to lesion formation than were nonirradiated embryos. The log10 CAM lesions induced in irradiated (500 rads) embryos were a linear function of the log10 cells (from LCL) in the inoculum; the slope was 1.0, within experimental error. The formation of CAM lesions did not depend on the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) since lesions were also induced by cells and extracts derived from EBV genome-free LCL. Lesion-inducing activity associated with CS was filterable through 0.22-mu filters, sedimented at 78,000 x g, and sensitive to inactivation by heat (56 degrees C for 30 min), UV irradiation, chloroform, sera from chickens immunized against CS, and certain human sera. Lesion-inducing activity associated with cells and extracts was resistant to 5,000 rads of gamma-radiation. B2/B2 embryos (the B locus is the major histocompatibility locus of chickens) were more sensitive to lesion formation than were B15/B21 and outbred embryos; this suggested a genetic influence on lesion formation. Our data suggest that the irradiated chicken embryo may be a highly sensitive and useful means for the detection of an unidentified or unknown agent or agents that may play an important role in human oncogenic lymphocyte transformation or might interact with transforming viruses.
Micropallet arrays with poly(ethylene glycol) walls (2008)

Arrays of releasable micropallets with surrounding walls of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were fabricated for the patterning and sorting of adherent cells. PEG walls were fabricated between the SU-8 pallets using a simple, mask-free strategy. By utilizing the difference in UV-transmittance of glass and SU-8, PEG monomer was selectively photopolymerized in the space surrounding the pallets. Since the PEG walls are composed of a cross-linked structure, the stability of the walls is independent of the pallet array geometry and the properties of the overlying solution. Even though surrounded with PEG walls, the individual pallets were detached from the array by the mechanical force generated by a focused laser pulse, with a release threshold of 6 microJ. Since the PEG hydrogels are repellent to protein adsorption and cell attachment, the walls localized cell growth to the pallet top surface. Cells grown in the microwells formed by the PEG walls were released by detaching the underlying pallet. The released cells/pallets were collected, cultured and clonally expanded. The micropallet arrays with PEG walls provide a platform for performing single cell analysis and sorting on chip.
Transnational collective bargaining in the European Union (2008)

In many European countries collective labour agreements play a crucial role in organising industrial relations. A research of the European Industrial Relations Observatory established that in the year 2002 more than 70% of the employees within the member states of the European Union (‘Member States’) at that time, excluding Greece, were, on average, covered by a collective labour agreement.1 These collective labour agreements are all concluded regionally or nationally and are therefore limited by the rules and the jurisdiction of the country to which they apply. Clearly, as the integration of the Member States develops further and as globalisation is a fact nowadays, labour relations are becoming more and more international. As is, or at least should be, (collective) labour law.2 Social partners, the key fi gures in collective labour law, could take advantage of the international opportunities presented to them. They could, for instance, enter into transnational collective labour agreements that apply within the entire European Union (‘EU’) or within a number of Member States. This brings us to this contribution’s subject: transnational collective labour agreements having force in (part of) the EU.3 More in particular, this contribution tries to answer the questions (i) whether a new system should be developed for such transnational collective labour agreements and (ii) if so, whether the proposal to that effect which has been drafted by a group of experts in their 2006 report (the ‘Expert
A Cell-Targeted Photodynamic Nanomedicine Strategy for Head and Neck Cancers (2013)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) holds great promise for the treatment of head and neck (H&N) carcinomas where repeated loco-regional therapy often becomes necessary due to the highly aggressive and recurrent nature of the cancers. While interstitial light delivery technologies are being refined for PDT of H&N and other cancers, a parallel clinically relevant research area is the formulation of photosensitizers in nanovehicles that allow systemic administration yet preferential enhanced uptake in the tumor. This approach can render dual-selectivity of PDT, by harnessing both the drug and the light delivery within the tumor. To this end, we report on a cell-targeted nanomedicine approach for the photosensitizer silicon phthalocyanine-4 (Pc 4), by packaging it within polymeric micelles that are surface-decorated with GE11-peptides to promote enhanced cell-selective binding and receptor-mediated internalization in EGFR-overexpressing H&N cancer cells. Using fluorescence spectroscopy and confocal microscopy, we demonstrate in vitro that the EGFR-targeted Pc 4-nanoformulation undergoes faster and higher uptake in EGFR-overexpressing H&N SCC-15 cells. We further demonstrate that this enhanced Pc 4 uptake results in significant cell-killing and drastically reduced post-PDT clonogenicity. Building on this in vitro data, we demonstrate that the EGFR-targeted Pc 4-nanoformulation results in significant intratumoral drug uptake and subsequent enhanced PDT response, in vivo, in SCC-15 xenografts in mice. Altogether our results show significant promise toward a cell-targeted photodynamic nanomedicine for effective treatment of H&N carcinomas.
Immediate Early Transcription Activation by Salicylic Acid via the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus as-1 Element (1994)

Xiao-Feng Qin, Loreto Holuigue, Diana M. Horvath, Nam-Hai Chua, Immediate Early Transcription Activation by Salicylic Acid via the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus as-1 Element, The Plant Cell, Vol. 6, No. 6 (Jun., 1994), pp. 863-874
Immunomic analysis of human sarcoma (2003)

The screening of cDNA expression libraries from human tumors with serum antibody (SEREX) has proven to be a powerful method for identifying the repertoire of tumor antigens recognized by the immune system of cancer patients, referred to as the cancer immunome. In this regard, cancer/testis (CT) antigens are of particular interest because of their immunogenicity and restricted expression patterns. Synoivial sarcomas are striking with regard to CT antigen expression, with >80% of specimens homogeneously expressing NY-ESO-1 and MAGE-A3. In the present study, 54 sarcoma patients were tested for serum antibodies to NY-ESO-1, SSX2, MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, MAGE-A10, CT7, and CT10. Two patients had detectable antibodies to CT antigens, and this seroreactivity was restricted to NY-ESO-1. Thus, although highly expressed in sarcoma, CT antigens do not induce frequent humoral immune responses in sarcoma patients. Sera from these two patients were used to immunoscreen cDNA libraries from two synovial sarcoma cell lines and normal testis, resulting in the identification of 113 distinct antigens. Thirty-nine antigens were previously identified by SEREX analysis of other tumor types, and 2339 antigens (59%) had a serological profile that was not restricted to cancer patients, indicating that only a proportion of SEREX-defined antigens are cancer-related. A novel CT antigen, NY-SAR-35, mapping to chromosome Xq28 was identified among the cancer-related antigens, and encodes a putative extracellular protein. In addition to testis-restricted expression, NY-SAR-35 mRNA was expressed in sarcoma, melanoma, esophageal cancer, lung cancer and breast cancer. NY-SAR-35 is therefore a potential target for cancer vaccines and monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapies.
cPLA2 phosphorylation at serine-515 and serine-505 is required for arachidonic acid release in vascular smooth muscle cells (2008)

Cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) is activated by phosphorylation at serine-505 (S505) by extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). However, rat brain calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) phosphorylates recombinant cPLA(2) at serine-515 (S515) and increases its activity in vitro. We have studied the sites of cPLA(2) phosphorylation and their significance in arachidonic acid (AA) release in response to norepinephrine (NE) in vivo in rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) using specific anti-phospho-S515- and -S505 cPLA(2) antibodies and by mutagenesis of S515 and S505 to alanine. NE increased the phosphorylation of cPLA(2) at S515, followed by phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and consequently phosphorylation of cPLA(2) at S505. The CaMKII inhibitor 2-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)]-N-(4-methoxybenzene-sulfonyl)]amino-N-(4-chlorocinnamyl)-methylbenzylamine attenuated cPLA(2) at S515 and S505, whereas the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 reduced phosphorylation at S505 but not at S515. NE in cells transduced with adenovirus carrying enhanced cyan fluorescent protein cPLA(2) wild type caused phosphorylation at S515 and S505 and increased AA release. Expression of the S515A mutant in VSMCs reduced the phosphorylation of S505, ERK1/2, and AA release in response to NE. Transduction with a double mutant (S515A/S505A) blocked the phosphorylation of cPLA(2) and AA release. These data suggest that the NE-stimulated phosphorylation of cPLA(2) at S515 is required for the phosphorylation of S505 by ERK1/2 and that both sites of phosphorylation are important for AA release in VSMCs.
Risk factors and comorbid conditions associated with lower urinary tract symptoms: EpiLUTS (2009)

In this large population study, many comorbid conditions and risk factors were significantly associated with LUTS among both men and women. Further longitudinal investigations of the associations noted here would help physicians to understand the pathophysiology of LUTS and comorbid conditions, and provide clinical guidelines for patient management of comorbid conditions sharing common pathophysiological pathways.
EphA2 as a Glioma-Associated Antigen: A Novel Target for Glioma Vaccines (2005)

EphA2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase and is frequently overexpressed in a wide array of advanced cancers. We demonstrate in the current study that the EphA2 protein is restrictedly expressed in primary glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma tissues in comparison to normal brain tissues. To evaluate the possibility of targeting EphA2 in glioma vaccine strategies, we stimulated human leukocyte antigen (HLA) A2+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from healthy donors and glioma patients with autologous dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with synthetic EphA2883-891 peptide (TLADFDPRV), which has previously been reported to induce interferon-gamma in HLA-A2+ PBMCs. Stimulated PBMCs demonstrated antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses as detected by specific lysis of T2 cells loaded with the EphA2883 peptide as well as HLA-A2+ glioma cells, SNB19 and U251, that express EphA2. Furthermore, in vivo immunization of HLA-A2 transgenic HHD mice with the EphA2883-891 peptide resulted in the development of an epitope-specific CTL response in splenocytes, despite the fact that EphA2883-891 is an autoantigen in these mice. Taken together, these data suggest that EphA2883-891 may be an attractive antigen epitope for molecularly targeted glioma vaccines.