gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cultivation and Clinical Application ofAloe veraLeaf (1938)

Recent reports in the literature by Collins and Collins (1) and Wright (2) advocate the use of Aloe vera leaf in the treatment of radiation injuries. Our experience, though rather limited, leads us to concur in the opinions expressed by these writers. However, we have found that supplies of the leaf at times are difficult to procure, and in the case of indigent patients, to be so expensive as to limit or forbid its use. We decided to investigate the possibility of cultivating the plant so as to have an abundant and cheap source always at hand. Aloe vera is a member of the family of Liliaceae, with a large number of representatives which are difficult to differentiate. It is a tropical or semitropical plant, native to northern Africa and southeastern Europe, and is much esteemed for its curative properties. We had considerable difficulty in obtaining a plant, for, although many florists offered us samples, none was the variety desired. It is suggested that before purchase, the plant be identified by a qualified botanist. We finally were able to obtain a specimen from the city conservatory. The leaves are pale yellowish-green, flecked with white spots, with small thorns at the borders, the green becoming darker as the leaves become older. New plants develop by suckers from the roots. While the plant can be cultivated in one's home, it is our impression that a greenhouse, in which the temperature is more equable and the humidity fairly constant, is preferable. The plants require little attention, and too much water should be avoided. The soil preferably should be porous; a coarse sandy loam to which some manure has been added seems to be adequate. New plants can be procured quickly by leaving the original plant undisturbed in a small pot, as this tends to hasten the production of suckers. The latter, when large enough, are separated from the original plant and replanted. Leaves are cut away with a sharp knife close to the stem. The leaves keep fairly well if covered with wax paper and kept in a cool atmosphere not below 50 or above 70 degrees. The method of clinical application has been amply described by others, but for the sake of completeness, it will be described here briefly. The leaf is cut to the size and shape of the lesion. The flat outer covering is trimmed away with a sharp knife, exposing the transparent greenish-yellow pulp which is crisscrossed by several knife cuts so as to cause the leaf to “bleed.” The jelly gradually dries out or is absorbed, and at this time is replaced by a fresh leaf. Another method is to scrape the jelly from the leaf, apply it to the lesion, and keep it in place with wax paper or oiled silk dressing until it dries out or is absorbed. Clinically, we have used it in several cases following intensive radiation in order to assist healing, and we have found epithelization to be hastened.
Depth‐of‐Field Rendering by Pyramidal Image Processing (2007)

Abstract We present an image‐based algorithm for interactive rendering depth‐of‐field effects in images with depth maps. While previously published methods for interactive depth‐of‐field rendering suffer from various rendering artifacts such as color bleeding and sharpened or darkened silhouettes, our algorithm achieves a significantly improved image quality by employing recently proposed GPU‐based pyramid methods for image blurring and pixel disocclusion. Due to the same reason, our algorithm offers an interactive rendering performance on modern GPUs and is suitable for real‐time rendering for small circles of confusion. We validate the image quality provided by our algorithm by side‐by‐side comparisons with results obtained by distributed ray tracing.
New Turns for High Efficiency Knock-In of Large DNA in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (2018)

The groundbreaking CRISPR technology is revolutionizing biomedical research with its superior simplicity, high efficiency, and robust accuracy. Recent technological advances by a coupling CRISPR system with various DNA repair mechanisms have further opened up new opportunities to overcome existing challenges in knocking-in foreign DNA in human pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). In this review, we summarized the very recent development of CRISPR-based knock-in strategies and discussed the results obtained as well as potential applications in human ESC and iPSC.
The first minutes of reperfusion: a window of opportunity for cardioprotection (2004)

During the past decade, the understanding has grown that control of the conditions of reperfusion is critical for salvaging ischemic-reperfused myocardium. The first few minutes of reperfusion constitute a critical phase, as here lethal tissue injury in addition to that already developed during ischemia may be initiated. The identification of the mechanisms of reperfusion-induced cell death opens a new window of opportunity for cardioprotection in the clinic. Development of cardiomyocyte hypercontracture is a predominant feature of reperfusion injury. We and others have shown that control of hypercontracture in reperfusion reduces the extent of tissue injury. On the cellular level, it was shown that reperfusion-induced hypercontracture might either originate from a rigor-type mechanism, when energy recovery proceeds very slowly, or from Ca2+ overload, when energy recovery is rapid but cytosolic Ca2+ load is high. These two mechanisms can be influenced by various interventions that either connect with cytosolic Ca2+ control or myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity or with mitochondrial energy production. These experimental approaches will hopefully lead to novel strategies for clinical cardioprotection during the early phase of reperfusion.
Robust Motion/Force Control of Uncertain Holonomic/ Nonholonomic Mechanical Systems (2004)

In this paper, robust control strategies are presented systematically for both holonomic mechanical systems and a large class of nonholonomic mechanical systems in the presence of uncertainties and disturbances. First, robust control strategies are presented for both kinds of systems using the bounds of system parameters, respectively. Then, adaptive robust control strategies are presented by tuning the parameter estimates online. Proportional plus integral feedback control is used for force control for the benefit of real-time implementation. The proposed control strategies guarantee that the system motion converges to the desired manifold with prescribed performance while the constraint force remains bounded.
Evidence-based blood pressure reducing actions of electroacupuncture: mechanisms and clinical application. (2017)

Hypertension is a serious world-wide health problem as it increases cardiovascular atherosclerotic risk, stroke and attending morbidity and mortality. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures and particularly systolic pressure increase with aging. The downsides from pharmacological therapy have led to consideration of additional treatments, including acupuncture, which evokes endogenous neural-hormonal systems to lower blood pressure. Using basic science studies to guide clinical approaches to research, it is apparent that low frequency, low intensity electroacupuncture reduces sympathetic outflow in approximately 70% of patients with mild to moderate hypertension who are off antihypertensive drugs. Systolic and, to a lesser extent, diastolic arterial blood pressures can be lowered over two to four weeks for prolonged periods, lasting as long as one month, after cessation of an eight weeks of once weekly stimulation. Many questions about long-term therapy, treatment of resistant patients and efficacy in patients on medication remain to be studied. Current data, however, suggest that there may be a role of acupuncture in treatment of hypertension.
N,N‐Dimethylformamide Additions to the Solution for the Electrospinning of Poly(ε‐caprolactone) Nanofibers (2004)

Abstract Summary: Additives that exhibit polyelectrolyte behavior such as N , N ‐dimethylformamide (DMF) may improve the electrospinning characteristics of viscoelastic polymer solutions. DMF additions to the solution lead to extensive jet splaying, thereby reducing the fiber diameter significantly. Nanofibrous structures with diameters of the order of 150 nm can be produced by the addition of about 10 vol.‐% DMF to the solvent (chloroform). DMF additions also yield a narrow, unimodal distribution of fibers, compared to the bimodal distribution typically detected in electrospun polymers. Jet breakdown without (left) and with DMF addition to the solution. image Jet breakdown without (left) and with DMF addition to the solution.
A weight-adaptive dynamic model for shape segmentation (2005)

Physically based dynamic models are able to describe variable shapes without prior training. Their behaviour to find an object is intuitive, which facilitates corrections of false results. Expressing shape variation as physical feature, however, may be difficult because the physics of the model has little to do with the shape variation of instances of a class of objects. We present a dynamic model, which automatically adapts model parameters based on results of previous segmentations. The model was applied to artificial data and to images of leaves. Results show that the adapted model finds the correct shape more accurate than a model with preset parameters. Investigation of the parameterisation from adaptation also showed that they may be interpreted in terms of the semantics of the shape class represented.
Membrane-binding properties of filensin, a cytoskeletal protein of the lens fiber cells (1992)

Filensin is a 100/110 kDa membrane-associated protein found in lens fiber cells. Previous studies have shown that this protein polymerizes in vitro and binds strongly to vimentin and to another 47 kDa lens membrane protein. Using cosedimentation assays, flotation assays and immunoelectron microscopy, we have examined the properties of purified filensin and measured its binding to lens membranes. Filensin behaves as a ureaextractable, hydrophilic protein which does not partition with Triton X-114 and is not affected by 1 M hydroxylamine at alkaline pH, an agent known to release fatty-acylated proteins from the membrane. Immunoblotting of urea-extracted lens membranes with two different affinity-purified antibodies reveals that, unlike intact filensin, a COOH-terminal filensin degradation product (51 kDa) remains tightly associated with the membranes. Purified filensin binds directly to urea-stripped lens membranes, but not to protein-free vesicles reconstituted from total lens lipids. The binding of filensin is not significantly influenced by the purified 47 kDa protein. Interestingly, the filensin-binding capacity of urea-extracted membranes is increased at least two-fold after trypsin treatment, which removes entirely the 51 kDa peptide from the membranes and presumably unmasks additional filensin-acceptor sites. Consistent with this, filensin binds to trypsinized and non-trypsinized membranes with similar affinities (2 x 10(-7) and 4 x 10(-7) M, respectively). Treatment of the membranes with thrombin, which also eliminates the 51 kDa peptide, does not increase their binding capacity, apparently because filensin-acceptor sites are also destroyed during proteolysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Infrequent Delivery of a Long-Acting PTH-Fc Fusion Protein Has Potent Anabolic Effects on Cortical and Cancellous Bone (2007)

These results challenge the notion that brief daily exposure to PTH is essential for its anabolic effects on cortical and cancellous bone. PTH-derived molecules with a sustained circulating half-life may represent a powerful and previously undefined anabolic regimen for cortical and cancellous bone.
Risk of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Pregnant and Postpartum Women (2013)

Pregnant and postpartum women are more likely to experience OCD compared to the general population.
Target cell‐induced T cell activation with bi‐ and trispecific antibody fragments (1991)

Previously we proposed a concept for tumor immunotherapy in which two different bispecific antibody conjugates, an anti-target x anti-CD3 and an anti-target x anti-CD28 conjugate, induce the activation of resting human T cells upon binding to the respective tumor target cells. After in vivo application of these reagents, this model of a "target cell-induced T cell activation" envisages the destruction of target cells by in situ activated T cells. Obviously however, for in vivo application, the use of Fc-free antibody fragments is mandatory to prevent binding of the conjugates to Fc receptor-positive cells which would lead to Fc-mediated T cell activation. Here we report a simplification of published procedures for the generation of bispecific Fab-hybrid fragments, univalent for each antigen. We demonstrate that an anti-target x anti-CD3/anti-target x anti-CD28 combination of such hybrids, as well as an identical combination of covalently coupled F(ab')2 fragments, mediate "target cell-induced T cell activation" in an in vitro test system. Thus, these reagents may be capable of inducing an in situ activation of human T cells upon systemic in vivo application according to the concept outlined above. A trispecific conjugate with anti-target, anti-CD3- and anti-CD28 specificity appears to be unsuitable for this purpose because it activates resting T cells in soluble form without requiring immobilization through binding via its anti-target portion.
Resolution of Lung Inflammation by CD44 (2002)

Successful repair after tissue injury and inflammation requires resolution of the inflammatory response and removal of extracellular matrix breakdown products. We have examined whether the cell-surface adhesion molecule and hyaluronan receptor CD44 plays a role in resolving lung inflammation. CD44-deficient mice succumb to unremitting inflammation following noninfectious lung injury, characterized by impaired clearance of apoptotic neutrophils, persistent accumulation of hyaluronan fragments at the site of tissue injury, and impaired activation of transforming growth factor-beta1. This phenotype was partially reversed by reconstitution with CD44+ cells, thus demonstrating a critical role for this receptor in resolving lung inflammation.
The distribution and causes of meiotic recombination in the human genome (2006)

Using the statistical analysis of genetic variation, we have developed a high-resolution genetic map of recombination hotspots and recombination rate variation across the human genome. This map, which has a resolution several orders of magnitude greater than previous studies, identifies over 25,000 recombination hotspots and gives new insights into the distribution and determination of recombination. Wavelet-based analysis demonstrates scale-specific influences of base composition, coding context and DNA repeats on recombination rates, though, in contrast with other species, no association with DNase I hypersensitivity. We have also identified specific DNA motifs that are strongly associated with recombination hotspots and whose activity is influenced by local context. Comparative analysis of recombination rates in humans and chimpanzees demonstrates very high rates of evolution of the fine-scale structure of the recombination landscape. In the light of these observations, we suggest possible resolutions of the hotspot paradox.
[The role of angiostatin, vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase 9 and 12 in the angiogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma]. (2004)

These results indicate that angiogenesis in HCC is a complex process involving multiple factors including angiostatin, VEGF, and MMP. Our results suggest that angiostatin is generated by MMP-mediated proteolysis of plasminogen in HCC cells.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 enhances production of insulin in insulin-producing cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (2005)

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be differentiated into insulin-producing cells by a five-stage procedure involving altering culture conditions and addition of nicotinamide. The amounts of insulin in these cells are lower than those found in pancreatic beta cells. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induces the differentiation of beta cells from ductal progenitor cells. We examined the possibility of GLP-1, and its long-acting agonist exendin-4, enhancing the differentiation of insulin-producing cells from mouse ESCs (mESCs). A five-stage culturing strategy starting with embryoid bodies (EBs) was used in this study. mRNA for pancreatic duodenal homeobox gene 1 (PDX-1) and neurogenic differentiation (NeuroD) was detected from stage 1, hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 beta (HNF3beta) and insulin 2 from stage 2, Ngn3 and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) from stage 3, and insulin 1 and other beta-cell markers, at stages 4-5. Cells at stage 5 secreted C-peptide, being 0.68 +/- 0.01 pmol/10(6) cells per 2 days, and had an immunoreactive insulin content of 13.5 +/- 0.7 pmol/10(6) cells. Addition of GLP-1 (100 nM) and nicotinamide (10 mM) at stage 5 resulted in a 50% and 48% increase in insulin content and C-peptide secretion respectively compared with nicotinamide alone. Glucose-induced insulin secretion was enhanced 4-fold by addition of both growth factors. The GLP-1 receptor was present at all five stages of the culture. Addition of exendin-4 to cells at stage 2 resulted in a 4.9-fold increase in expression of the gene for insulin 1 and a 2-fold increase in insulin content compared with the effect of nicotinamide alone at stage 5. It is concluded that both GLP-1 and exendin-4 enhance the level of expression of insulin in glucose-responsive insulin-producing cells derived from the R1 mESC line.
Role of neutrophil Fc gamma RIIa (CD32) and Fc gamma RIIIb (CD16) polymorphic forms in phagocytosis of human IgG1- and IgG3-opsonized bacteria and erythrocytes. (1994)

The four subclasses of IgG have different biological activities associated with their Fc regions. Fc gamma receptors on leucocytes (Fc gamma R) mediate binding and phagocytosis of opsonized particles. Two structurally and functionally distinct allelic polymorphisms of the Fc gamma R have been defined: the H/R131 forms of Fc gamma RIIa (CD32), and the neutrophil antigen 1 (NA1)/NA2 forms of Fc gamma RIIIb (CD16). In this study the activities of allotypes of CD16 are analysed with antibacterial IgG subclass antibodies and with IgG1 and IgG3 anti-Rhesus D, and the activities of CD32 with IgG1 and IgG3 anti-Rhesus D. With respect to the allotypes of CD16, polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) homozygous for Fc gamma RIIb-NA2 exhibited a lower (21-25%) IgG1-mediated phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus strain Wood (STAW), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and Neisseria meningitidis group B (NMen) than IIIb-NA1 PMN. The difference was apparent only when the micro-organisms were opsonized in the absence of complement, and was furthermore enhanced (34-52%) upon blockade of Fc gamma RIIa. In addition, monoclonal IgG3 anti-D-mediated rosette formation and phagocytosis was consistently found to be lower (16%) with Fc gamma RIIIb-NA2 than with IIIb-NA1 PMN. For the allotypes of CD32 we now show that IgG3 anti-D sensitized erythrocytes formed more (50%) rosettes and were phagocytosed at a higher rate with PMN carrying Fc gamma RIIa-H131 than with PMN carrying IIa-R131. Heterozygous Fc gamma RIIa-H/R131 PMN exhibited intermediate phagocytic activity in this respect. This study illustrates a critical role of Fc gamma R allotypes in functional interactions with biologically relevant IgG subclass antibodies.
AMPK in Health and Disease (2009)

The function and survival of all organisms is dependent on the dynamic control of energy metabolism, when energy demand is matched to energy supply. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alphabetagamma heterotrimer has emerged as an important integrator of signals that control energy balance through the regulation of multiple biochemical pathways in all eukaryotes. In this review, we begin with the discovery of the AMPK family and discuss the recent structural studies that have revealed the molecular basis for AMP binding to the enzyme's gamma subunit. AMPK's regulation involves autoinhibitory features and phosphorylation of both the catalytic alpha subunit and the beta-targeting subunit. We review the role of AMPK at the cellular level through examination of its many substrates and discuss how it controls cellular energy balance. We look at how AMPK integrates stress responses such as exercise as well as nutrient and hormonal signals to control food intake, energy expenditure, and substrate utilization at the whole body level. Lastly, we review the possible role of AMPK in multiple common diseases and the role of the new age of drugs targeting AMPK signaling.
Breast Cancer (2009)

Category 1: The recommendation is based on high-level evidence (e.g., randomized controlled trials) and there is uniform NCCN consensus. Category 2A: The recommendation is based on lower-level evidence and there is uniform NCCN consensus. Category 2B: The recommendation is based on lower-level evidence and there is nonuniform NCCN consensus (but no major disagreement). Category 3: The recommendation is based on any level of evidence but reflects major disagreement.
The ATP-waiting conformation of rotating F 1 -ATPase revealed by single-pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer (2003)

F1-ATPase is an ATP-driven rotary motor in which a rod-shaped gamma subunit rotates inside a cylinder made of alpha3beta3 subunits. To elucidate the conformations of rotating F1, we measured fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between a donor on one of the three betas and an acceptor on gamma in single F1 molecules. The yield of FRET changed stepwise at low ATP concentrations, reflecting the stepwise rotation of gamma. In the ATP-waiting state, the FRET yields indicated a gamma position approximately 40 degrees counterclockwise (= direction of rotation) from that in the crystal structures of mitochondrial F1, suggesting that the crystal structures mimic a metastable state before product release.
The Handbook of cognitive neuropsychology: what deficits reveal about the human mind (2001)

Part 1. Foundations. M. Coltheart, Assumptions and Methods in Cognitive Neuropsychology. O. Selnes, Contributions from the Study of Deficits to Our Understanding of Brain Function: A Historical Overview. Part 2. Objects. M.J. Riddoch, G. Humphreys, Recognizing and Identifying Objects. E. de Haan, Face Recognition. Part 3. Attention. C. Umilta, Mechanisms of Attention. M. Farah, Consciousness. Part 4. Words. A. Hillis, The Organization of Lexical Knowledge. W. Badecker, Allen, Morphology: The Internal Structure of Words. B. Rapp, J. Folk, Reading Words. M. Tainturier, B. Rapp, Spelling Words. L. Nickels, Spoken Word Production. Part 5. Sentences. R. Martin, Understanding Sentences. R. Berndt, Producing Sentences. T. Gollan, J. Kroll, Bilingualism. Part 6. Memory. A. Parkin, Memory Systems. J. Shelton, A. Caramazza, Semantic Categories. D. Schacter, C. Dodson, Constructive Processes in Memory. Part 7. Space, Time, Numerosity and Music. M. Noel, Numerical Cognition. I. Peretz, Musical Cognition. M. McCloskey, Spatial Frames of Reference. J. Mangels, R. Ivry, Temporal Processing. Part 8. Actions and Plans. L. Buxbaum, B. Coslett, Motor Programming and Execution. G. Humphreys, Planning and Executing Complex Action Sequences. Part 9. Future Directions. M. McCloskey, Future Directions.