gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Virus-like particles as HIV-1 vaccines (2004)

Traditional successful antiviral vaccines have relied mostly on live-attenuated viruses. Live-attenuated HIV vaccine candidates are not ideal as they pose risks of reversion, recombination or mutations. Other current HIV vaccine candidates have difficulties generating broadly effective neutralising antibodies and cytotoxic T cell immune responses to primary HIV isolates. Virus-like-particles (VLPs) have been demonstrated to be safe to administer to animals and human patients as well as being potent and efficient stimulators of cellular and humoral immune responses. Therefore, VLPs are being considered as possible HIV vaccines. Chimeric HIV-1 VLPs constructed with either HIV or SIV capsid protein plus HIV immune epitopes and immuno-stimulatory molecules have further improved on early VLP designs, leading to enhanced immune stimulation. The administration of VLP vaccines via mucosal surfaces has also emerged as a promising strategy with which to elicit mucosal and systemic humoral and cellular immune responses. Additionally, new information on antigen processing and the presentation of particulate antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) has created new strategies for improved VLP vaccine candidates. This paper reviews the field of HIV-1 VLP vaccine development, focusing on recent studies that will likely uncover promising prospects for new HIV vaccines.
Neuropeptides: Multiple Molecular Forms, Metabolic Pathways, and Receptors (1986)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
On the Characteristics of Ion Implanted Metallic Surfaces Inducing Dropwise Condensation of Steam (2010)

The present work provides new information on the characteristics of ion implanted metallic surfaces responsible for the adjustment of stable dropwise condensation (DWC) of steam. The results are based on condensation experiments and surface analyses via contact angle (CA) and surface free energy (SFE) measurements as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For studying possible influences of the base material and the implanted ion species, commercially pure titanium grade 1, aluminum alloy Al 6951, and stainless steel AISI 321 were treated with N(+), C(+), O(+), or Ar(+) using ion beam implantation technology. The studies suggest that chemically inhomogeneous surfaces are instrumental in inducing DWC. As this inhomogeneity is apparently caused by particulate precipitates bonded to the metal surface, the resulting nanoscale surface roughness may also influence the condensation form. On such surfaces nucleation mechanisms seem to be capable of maintaining DWC even when CA and SFE measurements indicate increased wettability. The precipitates are probably formed due to the supersaturation of ion implanted metal surfaces with doping elements. For high-alloyed materials like AISI 321 or Hastelloy C-276, oxidation stimulated by the condensation process obviously tends to produce similar surfaces suitable for DWC.
Improved Immunostimulatory Function of Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages Transduced with the Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor Gene (1997)

Professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) play a prominent role in generation of antitumor immunity. Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulator factor (GM-CSF) has been shown to increase antigen presenting capacity of macrophages and dendritic cells. We examined whether retroviral mediated gene transfer of the murine GM-CSF cDNA into bone marrow precursor cells would result in generation of mature APCs with improved immunostimulatory function. We show that murine bone marrow cells can be stably transduced to produce GM-CSF (200-300 pg/mL per 10(6) cells in 24 hours). These cells proliferated in the absence of exogenous growth factor for 25 days and expressed the macrophage markers Mac-1, Mac-3 and F4/80. GM-CSF transduced bone marrow cells had enhanced stimulatory capacity in a primary mixed lymphocyte-APC reaction and improved antigen presenting function in a T helper clone proliferation assay. These data demonstrate that bone marrow cells can be genetically engineered to secrete GM-CSF resulting in expansion of effective APCs. GM-CSF transduced APCs may be used as natural adjuvants in stimulating immune responses in vivo.
The electro-optic properties of colloidal silica filled nematics (2002)

Abstract The optical and electro-optical properties of filled nematic liquid crystals, nematic systems with added colloidal silica nanoparticles (⩽ 6%), have been studied. The macroscopic near IR birefringence of cells constructed from these materials was measured for wavelengths between 2 and 5 mum, and a wavelength independent value of 0.16 was obtained. The visible optical behaviour of cells formed with untreated ITO substrates using both filled nematic, and filled nematic and dichroic dyes was similar to those observed in polymer dispersed liquid crystals. At an electric field of 1–2 V μm -1, the cells were highly transmitting, while at low fields they were highly scattering. The effects of colloidal silica nanoparticle concentration, cell thickness, electric field and substrate preparation (rubbed polyimide versus no surface treatment) on the electro-optical behaviour of these cells were studied.
Reactions of diaryliodonium fluoroborates with inorganic anions (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of diaryliodonium fluoroborates with inorganic anionsJacek J. Lubinkowski, Matilde Gomez, Jose L. Calderon, and William E. McEwenCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 12, 2432–2435Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00406a029https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00406a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views269Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Biochemical, Metabolic, and Clinical Implications (2009)

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Steatosis, the hallmark feature of NAFLD, occurs when the rate of hepatic fatty acid uptake from plasma and de novo fatty acid synthesis is greater than the rate of fatty acid oxidation and export (as triglyceride within very low-density lipoprotein). Therefore, an excessive amount of intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) represents an imbalance between complex interactions of metabolic events. The presence of steatosis is associated with a constellation of adverse alterations in glucose, fatty acid, and lipoprotein metabolism. It is likely that abnormalities in fatty acid metabolism, in conjunction with adipose tissue, hepatic, and systemic inflammation, are key factors involved in the development of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and other cardiometabolic risk factors associated with NAFLD. However, it is not clear whether NAFLD causes metabolic dysfunction or whether metabolic dysfunction is responsible for IHTG accumulation, or possibly both. Understanding the precise factors involved in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of NAFLD will provide important insights into the mechanisms responsible for the cardiometabolic complications of obesity.
Characterization of nuclear localization signals in the type III effectors HsvG and HsvB of the gall-forming bacterium Pantoea agglomerans (2011)

HsvG and HsvB, two paralogous type III effectors of the gall-forming bacteria Pantoea agglomerans pv. gypsophilae and P. agglomerans pv. betae, determine host specificity on gypsophila and beet, respectively. They were previously shown to be DNA-binding proteins imported into host and non-host nuclei and might act as transcriptional activators. Sequence analysis of these effectors did not detect canonical nuclear localization signals (NLSs), but two basic amino acid clusters designated putative NLS1 and NLS2 were detected in their N-terminal and C-terminal regions, respectively. pNIA assay for nuclear import in yeast and bombardment of melon leaves with each of the NLSs fused to a 2xYFP reporter indicated that putative NLS1 and NLS2 were functional in transport of HsvG into the nucleus. A yeast two-hybrid assay showed that HsvB, HsvG, putative NLS1, putative NLS2, HsvG converted into HsvB, or HsvB converted into HsvG by exchanging the repeat domain, all interacted with AtKAP-α and importin-α3 of Arabidopsis thaliana. Deletion analysis of the NLS domains in HsvG suggested that putative NLS1 or NLS2 were required for pathogenicity on gypsophila cuttings and presumably for import of HsvG into the nucleus. This study demonstrates the presence of two functional NLSs in the type III effectors HsvG and HsvB.
Ribozyme Protocols (1997)

Ribozyme Protocols brings together a broad spectrum of essential and easily reproducible techniques currently used by leading researchers to manipulate RNA molecules and to inactivate gene expression in vivo. The methods collected here range from theoretical design to clinical application and include the synthesis and assay of ribozymes, as well as their use both in vitro and in vivo. Each method is presented by an expert with substantial hands-on experience and in far greater detail than is generally to be found in the research literature. Ribozyme Protocols will help all investigators perform meaningful and successful experiments using ribozymes in both clinical and basic research, as well as launch fresh application initiatives. It is certain to be found indispensable not only by those workers new to the field, but also by experienced researchers who wish to expand their range of expertise
The construction of a highly efficient and versatile set of mammalian expression vectors (1989)

Journal Article The construction of a highly efficient and versatile set of mammalian expression vectors Get access P.E. Stephens, P.E. Stephens Celltech Ltd216 Bath Road, Slough SL1 4EN, Berkshire, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M.I. Cockett M.I. Cockett Celltech Ltd216 Bath Road, Slough SL1 4EN, Berkshire, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 17, Issue 17, 11 September 1989, Page 7110, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/17.17.7110 Published: 11 September 1989 Article history Received: 03 August 1989 Published: 11 September 1989
<title>Robust camera calibration under complete lens distortion</title> (1993)

In this paper we shall present a novel algorithm for camera calibration with an improvement in mathematical simplicity, accuracy and computational efficiency in the solution of 12 extrinsic and 7 intrinsic parameters. The method involves a direct transformation from the three- dimensional (3D) object world to the two-dimensional (2D) image plane in terms of 'homogeneous vector forms'. Next, we have demonstrated a strong robust property of the proposed algorithm by proving (with experimental corroboration) that if the camera is calibrated with image data not compensated for image center displacement and scale factor, the algorithm yields parameters that cause no error in the computation of both image and world coordinates. In addition, we have discussed a new method of parameter computation under a complete lens distortion effect (both radial and tangential distortions) with analytical proofs of convergence. Finally, we have proposed a new Incremental Model for correspondence of tolerances between the object world and image plans. Experimental results on a coplanar set of object points are provided to support our models.
Structural Dynamics of Actin during Active Interaction with Myosin:  Different Effects of Weakly and Strongly Bound Myosin Heads (2004)

We have used optical spectroscopy (transient phosphorescence anisotropy, TPA, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer, FRET) to detect the effects of weakly bound myosin S1 on actin during the actomyosin ATPase cycle. The changes in actin were reported by (a) a phosphorescent probe (ErIA) attached to Cys 374 and (b) a FRET donor-acceptor pair, IAEDANS attached to Cys 374 and a nucleotide analogue (TNPADP) in the nucleotide-binding cleft. Strong interactions were detected in the absence of ATP, and weak interactions were detected in the presence of ATP or its slowly hydrolyzed analogue ATP-gamma-S, under conditions where a significant fraction of weakly bound acto-S1 complex was present and the rate of nucleotide hydrolysis was low enough to enable steady-state measurements. The results show that actin in the weakly bound complex with S1 assumes a new structural state in which (a) the actin filament has microsecond rotational dynamics intermediate between that of free actin and the strongly bound complex and (b) S1-induced changes are not propagated along the actin filament, in contrast to the highly cooperative changes due to the strongly bound complex. We propose that the transition on the acto-myosin interface from weak to strong binding is accompanied by transitions in the structural dynamics of actin parallel to transitions in the dynamics of interacting myosin heads.
Quantitative measurement of strain field in strained-channel-transistor arrays by scanning moiré fringe imaging (2013)

We have applied scanning moiré fringe (SMF) imaging in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to the quantitative measurement of a strain field introduced in p-type channels of transistors with an embedded Si1−xGex source and drain. The compressive strain field parallel to the channels was revealed by the SMF image. We showed that the quantitative strain profile extracted from the SMF image was coincident with the independent measurement by a high-resolution STEM image. In addition, we demonstrated that the strain measurement by SMF imaging can be performed for an extended field of view that is larger than half a micrometer.
Efficient hardware hashing functions for high performance computers (1997)

Hashing is critical for high performance computer architecture. Hashing is used extensively in hardware applications, such as page tables, for address translation. Bit extraction and exclusive ORing hashing "methods" are two commonly used hashing functions for hardware applications. There is no study of the performance of these functions and no mention anywhere of the practical performance of the hashing functions in comparison with the theoretical performance prediction of hashing schemes. In this paper, we show that, by choosing hashing functions at random from a particular class, called H/sub 3/, of hashing functions, the analytical performance of hashing can be achieved in practice on real-life data. Our results about the expected worst case performance of hashing are of special significance, as they provide evidence for earlier theoretical predictions.
DGAT1, a new positional and functional candidate gene for intramuscular fat deposition in cattle (2003)

Intramuscular fat content, also assessed as marbling of meat, represents an important beef quality trait. Recent work has mapped a quantitative trait locus (QTL) with an effect on marbling to the centromeric region of bovine chromosome 14, with the gene encoding thyroglobulin (TG) being proposed as a positional and functional candidate gene for this QTL. Recently, the gene encoding diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT1), which also has been mapped within the region of the marbling QTL, has been demonstrated to affect the fat content of milk. In the present study, the effects of a 5'-polymorphism of TG and of a lysine/alanine polymorphism of DGAT1 on the fat content of musculus (m.) semitendinosus and m. longissimus dorsi in 55 bovine animals (28 German Holstein and 27 Charolais) has been investigated. Significant effects were found for both candidate genes in both the breeds. These effects seem to be independent of one another because the alleles of the two polymorphisms showed no statistically significant disequilibrium. The DGAT1 effect is mainly on the m. semitendinosus. The TG polymorphism only affects m. longissimus dorsi. However, both intramuscular fat enhancing effects seem to be recessive. The possibility of two linked loci, acting recessively on intramuscular fat content, will require special strategies when selecting for higher marbling scores.
Chip integrated strategies for acoustic separation and manipulation of cells and particles (2006)

Acoustic standing wave technology combined with microtechnology opens up new areas for the development of advanced particle and cell separating microfluidic systems. This tutorial review outlines the fundamental work performed on continuous flow acoustic standing wave separation of particles in macro scale systems. The transition to the microchip format is further surveyed, where both fabrication and design issues are discussed. The acoustic technology offers attractive features, such as reasonable throughput and ability to separate particles in a size domain of about tenths of micrometers to tens of micrometers. Examples of different particle separation modes enabled in microfluidic chips, utilizing standing wave technology, are described along a discussion of several potential applications in life science research and in the medical clinic. Chip integrated acoustic standing wave separation technology is still in its infancy and it can be anticipated that new laboratory standards very well may emerge from the current research.
Rates of Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in an Outpatient Population (2003)

MRSA and MSSA colonization is common in our outpatient population. Colonization is best detected by nares cultures and most carriers of MRSA are without apparent predisposing risk factors for acquisition. Colonizing isolates of MRSA are heterogeneous and, unlike nosocomial isolates, often retain susceptibility to other non-beta-lactam antibiotics.
Development and use of a radioimmunoassay for human interleukin-1 beta. (1987)

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) mediates immunological, physiological, and metabolic changes associated with inflammation and host defense systems. Measurement of IL-1 activity can vary with the bioassay employed and substances have been described in several bioassay systems that either inhibit or mimic IL-1 activity. We now report a sensitive, rapid (24 hour), and specific radioimmunoassay for human IL-1 beta. Using 125I-labeled IL-1 beta and polyclonal rabbit antisera raised against recombinant human IL-1 beta, a competitive inhibition assay is described which detects 250 pg/ml of recombinant human IL-1 beta and 500 pg/ml of pI 7 human monocyte IL-1. The assay does not detect human IL-1 alpha, human interleukin-2, human tumor necrosis factor-alpha or human interferon-gamma. Nearly 100% of IL-1 beta added to human serum or urine can be quantitatively recovered. Substances such as fetal calf serum, phytohemagglutinin, opsonized Staphylococcus albus or E. coli endotoxin do not affect the assay. Using this assay, IL-1 beta was measured in both the intracellular and extracellular compartments of stimulated human blood mononuclear cells. These results were unaffected by the presence of substances that interfere with bioassays for IL-1 such as indomethacin or BW 755C, a lipoxygenase inhibitor. These studies establish the usefulness of quantitating immunoreactive human IL-1 beta produced by human blood cells and that which may be present in human body fluids in the presence of other cytokines.
The Study of Aqueous Extract of Puerariae Radix. IV. The Isolation of Daidzin from the Active Extract (MTF-101) and Its Antifebrile and Spasmolytic Effect (1977)

From the aqueous extract (MTF-101) of Puerariae radix, daidzin (daidzein-7-glucoside) was isolated in 0.14% yield. The hypothermic effect of daidzin on rats and its spasmolytic effect on mice were examined in comparison with those of daidzein. Neither daidzin nor daidzein showed a hypothermic effect in a dose of 30 mg/kg s.c. on rats. Daidzein showed about 1/3 spasmolytic effect of papaverine on the small intestine of mice but daidzin showed no spasmolytic effect.
Using Raman Spectroscopy to Elucidate the Aggregation State of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2004)

Raman spectroscopy can be used to probe the aggregation state of single-walled carbon nanotubes in solution or as solids with a range of varying morphologies. Carbon nanotubes experience an orthogonal electronic dispersion when in electrical contact that broadens (from 40 meV to roughly 80 meV) and shifts the interband transition to lower energy (by 60 meV). We show that the magnitude of this shift is dependent on the extent of bundle organization and the inter-nanotube contact area. In the Raman spectrum, aggregation shifts the effective excitation profile and causes peaks to increase or decrease, depending on where the transition lies, relative to the excitation wavelength. The results are modeled using a simplified δ-function representation of nanotube electronic structure. The findings are particularly relevant for evaluating nanotube separation processes, where relative peak changes in the Raman spectrum can be confused for selective enrichment.
Nitric oxide regulation of microvascular oxygen exchange during hypoxia and hyperoxia (2005)

The objective of this work was to test the hypothesis that the limitation of nitric oxide (NO) availability accentuates microvascular reactivity to oxygen. The awake hamster chamber window model was rendered hypoxic and hyperoxic by ventilation with 10 and 100% oxygen. Systemic and microvascular parameters were determined in the two conditions and compared with normoxia in a group receiving the NO scavenger nitronyl nitroxide and a control group receiving only the vehicle (saline). Mean arterial blood pressure did not change with different gas mixtures during infusion of the vehicle, but it increased significantly in the NO-depleted group. NO scavenging increased the reactivity of microvessels to the changed oxygen supply, causing the arteriolar wall to significantly increase oxygen consumption. Tissue Po2 was correspondingly significantly reduced during NO scavenger infusion. The present findings support the hypothesis that microvascular oxygen consumption is proportional to oxygen-induced vasoconstriction. The effect of oxygen on vascular tone is modulated by NO. As a consequence, NO acts as a regulator of the vessel wall oxygen consumption. The vessel wall consumes oxygen in proportion to the local Po2, and an impairment of NO availability renders the circulation more sensitive to changes in the oxygen supply.