gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of combinations of beta-lactams, daptomycin, gentamicin, and glycopeptides against glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (1991)

Activities of combinations of beta-lactams, daptomycin, gentamicin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin against 11 clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium highly resistant to glycopeptides, three plasmid-cured derivatives, eight E. faecalis and E. faecium transconjugants, and two susceptible recipient strains were tested. A marked synergy between penicillins or imipenem and glycopeptides against the glycopeptide-resistant strains but not against the glycopeptide-susceptible strains was observed by the double-disk agar diffusion assay. The synergy of combinations of amoxicillin, imipenem, penicillin G, or piperacillin with vancomycin or teicoplanin against resistant strains was confirmed by the checkerboard technique. The fractional inhibitory concentration indexes were generally below 0.25, except for one strain of E. faecium resistant to high levels of penicillin G. However, the combinations were not bactericidal as tested by time-killing experiments, and high concentrations (64 micrograms/ml) of amoxicillin, penicillin G, or piperacillin combined with 8 micrograms of vancomycin or teicoplanin per ml tended to be antagonistic. Addition of 4 micrograms of gentamicin per ml to these combinations enhanced their bactericidal effect, but they occasionally remained slightly less effective than beta-lactams associated with gentamicin. The combination of 10 micrograms of daptomycin per ml with gentamicin was bactericidal after 6 h against 11 glycopeptide-resistant strains.
Carbohydrate Structure Suite (CSS): analysis of carbohydrate 3D structures derived from the PDB (2004)

Knowledge of the 3D structure of glycoproteins and protein-carbohydrate complexes is indispensable to fully understand the biological processes they are involved in. Carbohydrate Structure Suite is an attempt to automatically analyse carbohydrate structures contained in the PDB and make the results publicly available on the internet. Characteristic torsion angles, glycoprotein sequences and carbohydrate-protein interactions are analysed. Furthermore, tools to crosslink the PDB and carbohydrate databases and to check the integrity of carbohydrate 3D structures are included. The service is available at (www.dkfz.de/spec/css/).
Dual‐Setting Calcium Phosphate Cement Modified with Ammonium Polyacrylate (2003)

alpha-Tricalcium phosphate bone cement, as formerly designed and developed by Driessens et al., consists of a powder composed by alpha-tricalcium phosphate (alpha-TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) seeds, and an aqueous solution of Na2HPO4 as mixing liquid. After mixing powder and liquid, alpha-TCP dissolves into the liquid and calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA), more insoluble than the former, precipitates as an entanglement of crystals, which causes the setting and hardening of the cement. alpha-TCP bone cement offers several advantages in comparison to calcium phosphate bioceramics and acrylic bone cements as bone graft and repairing material, like perfect adaptability to the defect size and shape, osteotransductibility, and absence of thermal effect during setting. The main handicap is its low mechanical strength. Therefore, approaching its mechanical strength to that of human bone could considerably extend its applications. In the present work, an in situ polymerization system based on acrylamide (AA) and ammonium polyacrylate (PA) as liquid reducer was added to alpha-TCP cement to increase its mechanical strength. The results showed that the addition of 20 wt% of acrylamide and 1 wt% AP to the liquid increased the compressive and tensile strength of alpha-TCP bone cement by 149 and 69% (55 and 21 MPa), respectively. The improvement in mechanical strength seems to be caused by a decrease of porosity and the reinforcing effect of a polyacrylamide network coexisting with the entanglement of CDHA crystals. The studied additives do not affect the nature of the final product of the setting reaction, CDHA, but promote the reduction of its crystal size.
Molecular Mousetraps: Gas‐Phase Studies of the Covalent Coupling of Noncovalent Complexes Initiated by Reactive Carbenes Formed by Controlled Activation of Diazo Precursors (2003)

The covalent linking of noncovalently bound host–guest complexes in the gas phase is achieved by the formation of a highly reactive carbene from the host molecule, which is generated by collision-activated dissociation. Possible mechanisms for the resulting intermolecular reactions are explored by theory and experiment.
Factors influencing the size distribution of aerosols from jet nebulisers. (1983)

The size distribution of saline and bronchodilator (terbutaline) aerosol droplets generated from four widely used jet nebulisers (Acorn, Upmist, Turret, and Inspiron Mini-neb) has been measured with a Malvern 2200 Laser Particle Sizer. The mass median diameter of aerosol droplets generated by each nebuliser was strongly influenced by the driving flow rate of compressed air. By increasing the flow rate from 4 to 8 1 min-1 mass median diameters were halved (p less than 0.01) and there was an increase in the mass of aerosol within the optimum respirable range (less than 5 micron). To achieve this range the following individual flow rates were required: Turret 4 1 min-1, Acorn and Upmist 6 1 min-1, and Inspiron Mini-neb 8 1 min-1. A significant inverse relation (p less than 0.001) was found between mass median diameter and the geometric standard deviation, indicating that the aerosols were smaller but more heterodisperse at high flow rates. Changes in drug concentration had little effect on aerosol size. In 72% of the nebulisations followed to dryness there was no significant change in mass median diameter during the course of nebulisation and in the remainder it was less than 1.3 micron.
The fate and lifespan of human monocyte subsets in steady state and systemic inflammation (2017)

In humans, the monocyte pool comprises three subsets (classical, intermediate, and nonclassical) that circulate in dynamic equilibrium. The kinetics underlying their generation, differentiation, and disappearance are critical to understanding both steady-state homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Here, using human in vivo deuterium labeling, we demonstrate that classical monocytes emerge first from marrow, after a postmitotic interval of 1.6 d, and circulate for a day. Subsequent labeling of intermediate and nonclassical monocytes is consistent with a model of sequential transition. Intermediate and nonclassical monocytes have longer circulating lifespans (∼4 and ∼7 d, respectively). In a human experimental endotoxemia model, a transient but profound monocytopenia was observed; restoration of circulating monocytes was achieved by the early release of classical monocytes from bone marrow. The sequence of repopulation recapitulated the order of maturation in healthy homeostasis. This developmental relationship between monocyte subsets was verified by fate mapping grafted human classical monocytes into humanized mice, which were able to differentiate sequentially into intermediate and nonclassical cells.
Transformation of ciliates with a circular plasmid derived from an overamplified macronuclear DNA of Stylonychia lemnae. (1994)

Transformation of ciliates was attempted with a circular plasmid containing a chromosomal DNA of the hypotrichous ciliate Stylonychia lemnae by calcium phosphate-mediated transfection. The plasmid, designated Tübingen-3, was constructed from a bacterial plasmid, a gene for neomycin resistance derived from a vector for the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium, and a 1.2 kb macronuclear chromosomal DNA of Stylonychia. Transformants were obtained at a frequency of one per 104 to 105 of input cells in Stylonychia lemnae and at a lower frequency, one per 10 6, in Tetrahymena thermophila. The vector when simply linearized by digestion with restriction enzymes failed to give transformants, whereas when the vector was linearized so as to have short telomeric sequences at both ends, effective transformation was again observed. The Dictyostelium vector, pCERF DRpl4, with a segment of DNA that contained the putative origin of replication was found, unexpectedly, to be effective in transforming Stylonychia cells. The origin of replication in Stylonychia and Dictyostelium might thus be functionally similar.
The Carboxyl Termini of β-Amyloid Peptides 1-40 and 1-42 Are Generated by Distinct γ-Secretase Activities (1996)

We have studied the effects of peptide aldehyde protease inhibitors on the secretion of beta-amyloid peptide 1-40 (Abeta(1-40)) and Abeta(1-42) by HEK 293 and COS-1 cells expressing beta-amyloid precursor protein with the Swedish double mutation. A multiphasic SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system was used for the discrimination of Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42). Calpain inhibitor I, carbobenzoxyl-Leu-Leu-leucinal, and calpeptin were found to reduce the amount of Abeta(1-40) released into the medium in a dose-dependent manner. The reduction of Abeta(1-40) after treatment with 50 microM calpain inhibitor I or 5 microM carbobenzoxyl-Leu-Leu-leucinal was accompanied by a slight increase of Abeta(1-42) released into the medium. These observations suggest that the cleavages at residues 40 and 42 are accomplished by different enzyme activities.
The microvacuolar system: how connective tissue sliding works (2010)

The term 'fascia' has been applied to a large number of very different tissues within the hand. These range from aligned ligamentous formations such as the longitudinal bands of the palmar fascia or Grayson's and Cleland's ligaments, to the loose packing tissues that surround all of the moving structures within the hand. In other parts of the body the terms 'superficial' and 'deep fascia' are often used but these have little application in the hand and fingers. Fascia can be divided into tissues that restrain motion, act as anchors for the skin, or provide lubrication and gliding. Whereas the deep fascia is preserved and easily characterized in anatomical dissection, the remaining fascial tissue is poorly described. Understanding its structure and dynamic anatomy may help improve outcomes after hand injury and disease. This review describes the sliding tissue of the hand or the 'microvacuolar system' and demonstrates how movement of tissues can occur with minimal distortion of the overlying skin while maintaining tissue continuity.
Neurotrophin-3 Promotes the Differentiation of Muscle Spindle Afferents in the Absence of Peripheral Targets (1997)

The neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) that supply muscle spindles require target-derived factors for survival. One necessary factor for these neurons is neurotrophin-3 (NT3). To determine whether NT3 can promote the survival of these neurons in the absence of other target-derived factors, we analyzed the effects of exogenous NT3 after early limb bud deletion in the chick. In control embryos, limb bud deletion eliminated approximately 90% of the trkC-positive (trkC+) neurons in lumbar DRG on the deleted side. In addition, the deletion led to a dramatic loss of collateral sensory projections to motoneurons. Exogenous NT3 restored a normal population of trkC+ neurons in lumbar DRG on the deleted side and increased the number of trkC+ neurons in DRG with normal targets (contralateral lumbar and thoracic). The effect was highly selective; NT3 increased the number of trkC+ neurons without significantly changing the number of either trkA+ or trkB+ neurons. The effect of NT3 was attributable to the rescue of DRG neurons from cell death, because exogenous NT3 reduced the number of pyknotic nuclei without significantly altering proliferation. Analysis of spinal projections showed further that many of the trkC+ neurons rescued by NT3 projected to the ventral spinal cord. These neurons thus had central projections characteristic of muscle spindle afferents. Together, our results indicate that NT3 signaling is both necessary and sufficient for the development of the proprioceptive phenotype, even in the absence of other signals from limb muscle.
Role of glycine in nociceptive and non-nociceptive bladder reflexes and pudendal afferent inhibition of these reflexes in cats (2015)

Glycinergic inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system plays an unexpected role to tonically enhance the magnitude and reduce the bladder volume threshold for triggering the non-nociceptive bladder reflex. This is attributable to inhibition by glycine of another inhibitory mechanism. Glycine also has a minor role in PNS inhibition of the nociceptive bladder reflex. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:798-804, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development and Application of a Chemically Defined Medium for the In Vitro Production of Porcine Embryos (2011)

Recent advances in systems for in vitro production (IVP) of porcine embryos, including in vitro oocyte maturation, fertilization and embryo culture, have enabled us to generate viable embryos that can develop to full term after transfer into recipients. This technology is being applied now to developments in gamete/embryo biology and agriculture, as well as in producing cloned and genetically modified pigs. Chemically defined media for IVP of embryos are useful for a precise analysis of the physical action of substances on gametogenesis and early embryogenesis, because they eliminate undefined factors present in biological materials, such as serum or serum albumin. Use of a chemically defined medium also improves the reliability of media formulations, yields a higher reproducibility of results and ensures biosafety of culture media by eliminating protein preparations, which may be contaminated with pathogens. Therefore, it has certain advantages for research and for commercial purposes. We have recently developed a defined IVP system for porcine embryos using a single basic medium based on the composition of porcine oviductal fluid. This paper discusses the developmental ability and normality of porcine IVP embryos, and limitations and advancements in this system.
Arginine‐rich cell‐penetrating peptides (2009)

Arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides are short cationic peptides capable of traversing the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells. While successful intracellular delivery of many biologically active macromolecules has been accomplished using these peptides, their mechanisms of cell entry are still under investigation. Recent dialogue has centered on a debate over the roles that direct translocation and endocytotic pathways play in internalization of cell-penetrating peptides. In this paper, we review the evidence for the broad range of proposed mechanisms, and show that each distinct process requires negative Gaussian membrane curvature as a necessary condition. Generation of negative Gaussian curvature by cell-penetrating peptides is directly related to their arginine content. We illustrate these concepts using HIV TAT as an example.
Comparison of two antibody-based methods for elimination of breast cancer cells from human bone marrow. (1994)

Three monoclonal antibodies reactive with antigens abundantly expressed on human carcinoma cells were used to develop and compare the efficacy of immunotoxins (ITs) and immunobeads for purging breast cancer cells from bone marrow. ITs constructed as conjugates of the monoclonal antibodies and Pseudomonas exotoxin A showed high specific cytotoxicity against three breast cancer cell lines, inhibiting protein synthesis by 50% at concentrations of 4 x 10(-13) M to 1 x 10(-10) M. Tested in a reproducible clonogenic assay, two of the ITs used at a concentration of 0.1 microgram/ml killed > 5 log units of MCF7 cells, the maximal sensitivity for assessing cytotoxic effects, and 1.5 log of T-47D tumor cells. At 1 microgram/ml, each of the three ITs eliminated > 5 log of both cell lines. The immunobead procedure removed 2.0-4.1 log of tumor cells with one purging cycle and up to 6.0 log with two cycles. The mixture of the three ITs or immunobeads was not clearly superior in efficacy, compared to the use of individual molecules, probably reflecting an overlap in expression of the respective antigens in these cell lines. For both methods, the purging efficacy was not reduced when the tumor cells were admixed with normal bone marrow cells at a ratio of 1:10. The survival of colony-forming units, granulocyte/macrophage, was 49-86% with the immunobeads and 44-75% even at high concentrations (up to 2.5 micrograms/ml x 3) of the ITs. The results indicate that each of the two immunological methods can be safely used for effective elimination of tumor cells from the graft of breast cancer patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation.
High-power Nd:YAG laser picosecond pulse delivery by a polymer-coated silver hollow-glass waveguide (1999)

An oscillator-amplifier high-power Nd:YAG laser system was used for transmission of a single 50-ps-long pulse or a train of pulses through a cyclic olefin polymer-coated silver hollow-glass waveguide. The maximum energy that was transmitted was 150 mJ for the train of pulses and 40 mJ for the single pulse, from which followed a delivered power of 100 GW/cm(2) . The characteristics that were obtained make these waveguides promising for the delivery of high-power laser pulses in medical as well as other applications.
Power-aware content-adaptive H.264 video encoding (2009)

H.264 is a computationally intensive video codec striving for achieving the best quality for the compressed video. The computational complexity poses as a challenge for power-constrained applications. We present a system level complexity reduction for H.264 video encoding by allocating resources based on computational complexity and quality trade-off. We develop a framework which allocates the computational power of the encoder adaptive to video contents and also scales with the available battery power using a ROI classification method. Analysis is done to profile the key modules of the encoder which can be power-optimized while allocating resources. The results of the encoder module analysis are combined with the motion content analysis to obtain a power efficient encoder parameter set which reduces the computations and hence the power consumed. Our simulation results on the JM H.264 framework confirm our hypothesis and computational savings of more than 50% with quality degradation less than 1% is achieved thereby extending it's feasibility for battery powered wireless devices.
Primary structure of human microsomal dipeptidase deduced from molecular cloning. (1990)

Two cDNA clones corresponding to human microsomal dipeptidase (MDP, formerly referred to as dehydropeptidase-I or renal dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.11] were isolated from human placental and renal cDNA libraries employing rapid amplification of cDNA ends strategy. The complete amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNAs contains 411 residues, beginning with a signal peptide of 16 residues. A highly hydrophobic sequence of 16 amino acids is located at the carboxyl terminus, supporting the previous observation which suggested that mature MDP is anchored to the membrane by covalently attached phosphatidylinositol. MDP has four potential N-glycosylation sites and has no apparent sequence similarity to other metallopeptidases. Expression of immunologically cross-reactive and enzymatically active MDP was attained in COS cells transfected with the cDNA. DNA and RNA blot analyses indicated the existence of a single gene and a substantial amount of 1.8-kilobase mRNA in kidney.
Effects of Supercritical Solvents on the Rates of Homogeneous Chemical Reactions (1987)

Solvatochromic shift data have been obtained for phenol blue in supercritical fluid carbon dioxide both with and without a co-solvent over a wide range in temperature and pressure. At 45°C, SF CO2 must be compressed to a pressure of over 2 kbar in order to obtain a transition energy, ET, and likewise a polarizability per unit volume which is comparable to that of liquid n-hexane. The ET, data can be used to predict that the solvent effect on rate constants of certain reactions is extremely pronounced in the near critical region where the magnitude of the activation volume approaches several liters/mole.
Efficient Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complex with Superior Operational Stability (2016)

A tetradentate cyclometalated Pt(II) complex (PtN3N) is developed as an efficient, stable phosphorescent emitter. One PtN3N device exhibits an estimated LT<sub>97</sub> of 2057 h at an initial luminance of 1000 cd m<sup>-2</sup> , while maintaining an external quantum efficiency of 15.3% at such high brightness, demonstrating performance to overcome the last technical barrier to the commercialization of Pt complexes for many applications.
The Role of NAD+ Dependent Histone Deacetylases (sirtuins) in Ageing (2006)

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that are able to deacetylate lysine side chains in histones and certain non-histone proteins which leads to altered states of conformation and activity for the proteins in question. Three classes of histone deacetylases have been recognized in humans. Class I and II are zinc-dependent amidohydrolases and eleven subtypes have been discovered (HDAC1-11). Class III enzymes depend in their catalysis on NAD(+) and subsequently, O-acetyl ADP ribose and nicotinamide are formed as a consequence of the acetyl transfer. Due to the homology to the yeast histone deacetylase Sir2p the NAD(+)-dependent deacetylases are also termed sirtuins and seven members (Sirt1-7) are known in humans. Sirtuins are found from bacteria to eukaryotes and altogether about 60 isoforms have been characterized in different organisms. Sirtuins have been implicated in the regulation of molecular mechanisms of aging. The overexpression of sirtuin enzymatic activity leads to an increase of lifespan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans that can also be reached by calorie restriction. Sirtuins have been proposed to act as sensors for glucose uptake that respond to the levels of NAD(+) but more complex ways of action have been suggested as well. This article will present the members of the human sirtuin family with their respective functions and review the existing druglike inhibitors and activators of sirtuin activity.