gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Facial Expression Recognition in Image Sequences Using Geometric Deformation Features and Support Vector Machines (2006)

In this paper, two novel methods for facial expression recognition in facial image sequences are presented. The user has to manually place some of Candide grid nodes to face landmarks depicted at the first frame of the image sequence under examination. The grid-tracking and deformation system used, based on deformable models, tracks the grid in consecutive video frames over time, as the facial expression evolves, until the frame that corresponds to the greatest facial expression intensity. The geometrical displacement of certain selected Candide nodes, defined as the difference of the node coordinates between the first and the greatest facial expression intensity frame, is used as an input to a novel multiclass Support Vector Machine (SVM) system of classifiers that are used to recognize either the six basic facial expressions or a set of chosen Facial Action Units (FAUs). The results on the Cohn-Kanade database show a recognition accuracy of 99.7% for facial expression recognition using the proposed multiclass SVMs and 95.1% for facial expression recognition based on FAU detection.
A20 Inhibits Cytokine-Induced Apoptosis and Nuclear Factor κB–Dependent Gene Activation in Islets (1999)

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is an autoimmune disease resulting from apoptotic destruction of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans. Low expression of antioxidants and a predilection to produce nitric oxide (NO) have been shown to underscore beta cell apoptosis. With this perspective in mind, we questioned whether beta cells could mount an induced protective response to inflammation. Here we show that human and rat islets can be induced to rapidly express the antiapoptotic gene A20 after interleukin (IL)-1beta activation. Overexpression of A20 by means of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer protects islets from IL-1beta and interferon gamma-induced apoptosis. The cytoprotective effect of A20 against apoptosis correlates with and is dependent on the abrogation of cytokine-induced NO production. The inhibitory effect of A20 on cytokine-stimulated NO production is due to transcriptional blockade of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) induction; A20 inhibits the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB at a level upstream of IkappaBalpha degradation. These data demonstrate a dual antiapoptotic and antiinflammatory function for A20 in beta cells. This qualifies A20 as part of the physiological cytoprotective response of islets. We propose that A20 may have therapeutic potential as a gene therapy candidate to achieve successful islet transplantation and the cure of IDDM.
Inhibitory Effect of Green Tea Polyphenols on Membrane-Type 1 Matrix Metalloproteinase, MT1-MMP1) (2003)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), which generates an active form of MMP-2 from proMMP-2, are deeply involved in angiogenesis as well as in tumor cell migration and metastasis. To obtain a specific inhibitor for MT1-MMP, we screened a number of natural and synthetic compounds using recombinant human MMP-2, MMP-7, and soluble MT1-MMP in a fluorogenic peptide cleavage assay. (-)-Epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCG) followed by (-)-epigallocatechin 3,5-di-O-gallate and epitheaflagallin 3-O-gallate, was found to have potent and distinct inhibitory activity against MT1-MMP. Therefore, we investigated the effect of EGCG on the suppression of MMP-2 activation as determined by gelatin zymography, and observed that the active form of MMP-2 in the conditioned medium of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was decreased in the presence of EGCG. The results suggest the possibility that tea polyphenols suppress tumor growth through the suppression of angiogenesis.
Effects of cigarette smoke on the human airway epithelial cell transcriptome (2004)

Cigarette smoke is the major cause of lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer death, and of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. Using high-density gene expression arrays, we describe genes that are normally expressed in a subset of human airway epithelial cells obtained at bronchoscopy (the airway transcriptome), define how cigarette smoking alters the transcriptome, and detail the effects of variables, such as cumulative exposure, age, sex, and race, on cigarette smoke-induced changes in gene expression. We also determine which changes in gene expression are and are not reversible when smoking is discontinued. The persistent altered expression of a subset of genes in former smokers may explain the risk these individuals have for developing lung cancer long after they have discontinued smoking. The use of gene expression profiling to explore the normal biology of a specific subset of cells within a complex organ across a broad spectrum of healthy individuals and to define the reversible and irreversible genetic effects of cigarette smoke on human airway epithelial cells has not been previously reported.
Mechanism of the abnormal vitamin k-dependent γ-carboxylation process in human hepatocellular carcinomas (1994)

Tumor vitamin K content has a critical role in the synthesis of des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin. Furthermore, the gamma-carboxylase defect, which is observed in some secreting tumors, is the result of the defective gene expression of a normal enzyme and not the consequence of the presence of a competitive inhibitor. It is possible that a 75% reduction in gamma-carboxylase gene expression could take a part in the secretion of des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin, but this mechanism is not predominant.
T-cadherin is a receptor for hexameric and high-molecular-weight forms of Acrp30/adiponectin (2004)

Acrp30/adiponectin is reduced in the serum of obese and diabetic individuals, and the genetic locus of adiponectin is linked to the metabolic syndrome. Recombinant adiponectin, administered to diet-induced obese mice, induced weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity. In muscle and liver, adiponectin stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase activation and fatty acid oxidation. To expression-clone molecules capable of binding adiponectin, we transduced a C2C12 myoblast cDNA retroviral expression library into Ba/F3 cells and panned infected cells on recombinant adiponectin linked to magnetic beads. We identified T-cadherin as a receptor for the hexameric and high-molecular-weight species of adiponectin but not for the trimeric or globular species. Only eukaryotically expressed adiponectin bound to T-cadherin, implying that posttranslational modifications of adiponectin are critical for binding. An adiponectin mutant lacking a conserved N-terminal cysteine residue required for formation of hexamer and high-molecular-weight species did not bind T-cadherin in coimmunoprecipitation studies. Although lacking known cellular functions, T-cadherin is expressed in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, where it is positioned to interact with adiponectin. Because T-cadherin is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored extracellular protein, it may act as a coreceptor for an as-yet-unidentified signaling receptor through which adiponectin transmits metabolic signals.
Costimulatory T cell engagement via a novel bispecific anti-CD137 /anti-HER2 protein (2015)

Meeting abstracts CD137 is a potent costimulatory immunoreceptor and a member of the TNF-receptor (TNFR) superfamily. The receptor, also known as 4-1BB, is mainly expressed on activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, activated B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. While multiple lines of evidence show
An Advanced Defect-Monitoring Test Structure for Electrical Screening and Defect Localization (2004)

A new test structure for the detection and localization of short and open defects in large-scale integrated intralayer wiring processes is proposed. In the structure, an open-monitoring element in the first metal layer meanders around lines of short-monitoring elements placed in contact with N-type diffusion regions to make the structure compact. The proposed structure allows defective test structures to be screened through electrical measurements and killer defects to be localized through voltage contrast or optical microscopy methods.
Discovery and Structure−Activity Relationship of Quinuclidine Benzamides as Agonists of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (2005)

A library of benzamides was tested for alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist activity using a chimeric receptor in a functional, cell-based, high-throughput assay. From this library, quinuclidine benzamides were found to have alpha7 nAChR agonist activity. The SAR diverged from the activity of this compound class verses the 5-HT(3) receptor, a structural homologue of the alpha7 nAChR. PNU-282987, the most potent compound from this series, was also shown to open native alpha7 nAChRs in cultured rat neurons and to reverse an amphetamine-induced gating deficit in rats.
High performance, direct drive machines for aerospace applications (2013)

For aerospace related electric systems, torque/force density, reliability and fault tolerance are of the utmost importance. A method by which high figures of reliability can be achieved is by eliminating any mechanical gearing or interconnection elements between the electrical machine and its mechanical load. This means that direct drive, electrical machines must be employed. However, to implement such solutions (without any mechanical advantages), electrical machines with excellent torque density (for rotational machines) and force density (for linear machines) performances are required. \n\nIn this work, the main aim is to propose and investigate possible methods for extending and improving the torque/force density capabilities of high performance, state of the art, electrical machines (both rotational and linear). This is done in order to be able to meet the performance requirements while lacking the mechanical advantages synonymous with gearing and/or mechanical interconnections. Novel electro-magnetic and thermal management structures, detailed design and optimisation procedures for electrical machines are presented in this thesis. As vehicles to investigate these novel concepts, a tubular linear, permanent magnet motor and a rotational, synchronous permanent magnet motor are designed, built and experimentally tested. These machines which are both for aerospace related applications serve to show and validate the worthiness of the proposed, performance enhancement measures.
PCR thermal management in an integrated Lab on Chip (2006)

Thermal management modelling and simulations of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) device to be integrated on a lab on chip (LOC) have been carried out and presented. A typical MEMS PCR in symmetrical configuration is the base model for this study. When the PCR device is integrated on a fluidic chip with many other bio-analysis components such as DNA extraction, RNA extraction, electro-chemical sensor, flow through components and channels etc., thermal symmetry required for uniform temperature across the PCR chamber is normally lost. In this paper, ANSYS 8.0 simulations in varying conditions and corresponding physical basis have been investigated and presented. Model optimizations are carried out when PCR chamber is placed, one, in the centre (symmetry) and two, in the corner (asymmetry) of the integrated chip. In both cases, temperature uniformity within ±0.5 °C variation is obtained.
New food sources of essential trace elements produced by biotechnology facilities (2007)

Population satiety with trace elements (TE) is a problem that is widely discussed in nutrition science. For optimal nutrition, the form of TE eaten in food is very important. Organic forms of TE in nutrition are appropriate as human metabolism has adapted to these kinds of nutrients during species evolution. This is now considered a reason for the beneficial use of biotechnologically produced TE sources in human food. Advanced matrixes for TE incorporation are unicellular organisms such as yeast, lactobacilli and Spirulina. Addition of inorganic salts at certain concentrations into cultivation media enables the mineral ions to incorporate into the microbial biomass. As a consequence, the biomass becomes enriched with organic forms of incorporated TE, which are presented by their complexes with amino acids, proteins and probably lipids and polysaccharides. In addition, a new direction of research has made good advances, in which technology has been developed for production of organic forms of TE through complex formation between transition metals (zinc, copper, manganese, chromium, iron) with amino acids and peptides formed during enzymatic hydrolysis of food protein. This brief review discusses the results demonstrating the advances in the biotechnological production of new TE sources, to obtain food components destined for wide prophylaxis of TE deficiency or for dietary treatment of the adverse consequences of these deficiencies.
Estrogen Stimulates a Transient Increase in the Number of New Neurons in the Dentate Gyrus of the Adult Female Rat (1999)

To determine whether a sex difference exists in the production of hippocampal cells during adulthood, we examined proliferating cells and their progeny in adult rats using the thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) combined with immunohistochemistry for markers of neurons and glia. Additionally, to determine whether ovarian hormones affect cell proliferation, we examined the numbers of BrdU-labeled cells at different estrous cycle stages and after ovarian steroid manipulation. Stereological analyses of the numbers of BrdU-labeled cells revealed that females produced more cells than males in the dentate gyrus but not in the subventricular zone. The production of new hippocampal cells in females appears to be affected by ovarian hormone levels; ovariectomy diminished the number of BrdU-labeled cells, an effect reversed by estrogen replacement. A natural fluctuation in cell proliferation was also noted; females produced more cells during proestrus (when estrogen levels are highest) compared with estrus and diestrus. Many of these cells acquired neuronal characteristics, including the formation of dendrites and expression of Turned-On-After-Division 64 kDa, a marker of immature granule neurons, and the calcium-binding protein calbindin, a marker of mature granule neurons. However, examination of the numbers of pyknotic cells and the numbers of BrdU-labeled cells at longer survival times revealed that many new cells in the dentate gyrus eventually degenerate. Consistently the number of labeled cells in females is no longer higher than that observed in males by 2 weeks after the last BrdU injection. These findings suggest that estrogen-enhanced cell proliferation during proestrus results in more immature neurons in the hippocampal formation of females compared with males and present the possibility that these new cells exert an important influence on hippocampal function.
A Cohort Study of Health Care Workers to Assess Nosocomial Transmissibility of Nipah Virus, Malaysia, 1999 (2001)

During 1998-1999, an outbreak of Nipah virus encephalitis occurred in Malaysia. To assess the possibility of nosocomial transmission, 338 health care workers (HCWs) exposed and 288 HCWs unexposed to outbreak-related patients were surveyed, and their serum samples were tested for anti-Nipah virus antibody. Needlestick injuries were reported by 12 (3%) HCWs, mucosal surface exposure to body fluids by 39 (11%), and skin exposure to body fluids by 89 (25%). No encephalitis occurred in either group. Three exposed and no unexposed HCWs tested positive by EIA for IgG antibodies. It is likely that these 3 were false positives; no IgM response occurred, and the serum samples were negative for anti-Nipah virus neutralizing antibodies. The risk of nosocomial transmission of Nipah virus appears to be low; however, given the high case-fatality rate and the presence of virus in respiratory secretions and urine of some patients, standard and droplet infection-control practices should be maintained with these patients.
Photolysis of chloroform and other organic molecules in aqueous titanium dioxide suspensions (1991)

The photocatalytic degradation of chloroform has been&#13;\ninvestigated in aqueous suspensions of TiO_2 over the&#13;\nwavelength range of 310-380 nm. A detailed reaction&#13;\nmechanism has been proposed in which the rate-determining&#13;\nstep is the reaction of surface-bound *OH with&#13;\nadsorbed CHCl_3. A pH-stat titration technique was developed&#13;\nfor the measurement of the rates of degradation&#13;\nof chlorinated hydrocarbons. The quantum efficiency (Ф&#13;\n= 0.56 at ⋋ = 330 nm) of the degradation of CHCl_3, was&#13;\nfound to be inversely proportional to the square root of&#13;\nthe incident light intensity. This relationship can be explained in terms of a direct competition between a second-order recombination of surface-bound 'OH and the&#13;\nrate-determining reaction of surface-bound 'OH with&#13;\nCHCl_3. The rates of degradation of several electron donors&#13;\nhave been correlated with their computed surface speciation.&#13;\nThe results of this study show that the adsorption&#13;\nof electron donors and acceptors to the TiO_2 surface plays&#13;\na more important role in determining the rate of the&#13;\nphotocatalytic reactions than the effect of pH-dependent&#13;\nFermi-level shifts.
Chemical Basis for the Histological Use of Safranin O in the Study of Articular Cartilage (1971)

Interpretation of the histological behavior of metachromatic dyes requires information regarding their absorption spectra in solution and in histological sections. This information, previously unavailable for the interaction of safranin O with chondroitin sulphate or keratan sulphate in solution is provided by the work reported. The orthochromatic and metachromatic absorption spectra of safranin O in solution have been compared with the spectra of safranin O in histological sections of cartilage mounted under water or permanently mounted after dehydration through alcohol and xylene. Under water, safranin O is bound to cartilage mucopolysaccharide in the metachromatic form; in permanently mounted sections, safranin O is transformed to the orthochromatic form. In permanently mounted sections, safranin O seems to bind only to tissue polyanions and not to collagen. Chemical studies of the interaction of safranin O with chondroitin 6-sulphate and keratan sulphate in solution indicate that essentially one molecule of the dye is bound to each negatively charged group of both mucopolysaccharides. Of two cationic dyes studied, safranin O most nearly begins to meet three criteria proposed as a basis for a simple quantitative histochemical method for following changes in the concentration of mucopolysaccharides in cartilage ground substance.
Application of Combined Ozone–Hydrogen Peroxide for the Removal of Aromatic Compounds from a Groundwater (1990)

Abstract Nitro and chlorobenzene compounds, which are widely used in dye industries, have been associated recently with groundwater contamination. Because of their potential toxicity and for taste and odor considerations, three main actions were undertaken to solve the problem. First, to follow the advance of pollution toward the wells, samples were collected automatically and analyzed using GC-MS. Results indicate that o-chloronitrobenzene was the main pollutant in concentrations ranging from 10 to 2000μg/L. Second, to monitor the drinking water quality, an on-line spectrophotometer was used to measure the optical density at 254 nm at the inlet and outlet of the plant. Third, the feasibility of using the O3/H2O9 combination was determined at a 450 L/h pilot plant. Reduction of concentrations of chloronitrobenzenes from 1900 μ/L to less than 20 μg/L could be reached by the application of 8 mg O3/L and 3 mg H2O9/L with a 20-minute contact time. To avoid an eventual bacterial egrowfn in the network due to biodegradability of the oxidation by-products, sand and GAC filtration were tested after oxidation. An evaluation of the costs of these different treatments is also presented.
4-Coumarate:Coenzyme A Ligase from Loblolly Pine Xylem (Isolation, Characterization, and Complementary DNA Cloning) (1995)

4-Coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL, EC 6.2.1.12) was purified from differentiating xylem of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). The pine enzyme had an apparent molecular mass of 64 kD and was similar in size and kinetic properties to 4CL isolated from Norway spruce. The pine enzyme used 4-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and cinnamic acid as substrates but had no detectable activity using sinapic acid. 4CL was inhibited by naringenin and coniferin, products of phenylpropanoid metabolism. Although the lignin composition in compression wood is higher in p-hydroxyphenyl units than lignin from normal wood, there was no evidence for a different form of 4CL enzyme in differentiating xylem that was forming compression wood. cDNA clones for 4CL were obtained from a xylem expression library. The cDNA sequences matched pine xylem 4CL protein sequences and showed 60 to 66% DNA sequence identity with 4CL sequences from herbaceous angiosperms. There were two classes of cDNA obtained from pine xylem, and the genetic analysis showed that they were products of a single gene.
Connexin-36 Contributes to Control Function of Insulin-producing Cells (2003)

Connexin-36 (Cx36) is a gap junction protein expressed by the insulin-producing beta-cells. We investigated the contribution of this protein in normal beta-cell function by using a viral gene transfer approach to alter Cx36 content in the insulin-producing line of INS-1E cells and rat pancreatic islets. Transcripts for Cx43, Cx45, and Cx36 were detected by reverse transcriptase-PCR in freshly isolated pancreatic islets, whereas only a transcript for Cx36 was detected in INS-1E cells. After infection with a sense viral vector, which induced de novo Cx36 expression in the Cx-defective HeLa cells we used to control the transgene expression, Western blot, immunofluorescence, and freeze-fracture analysis showed a large increase of Cx36 within INS-1E cell membranes. In contrast, after infection with an antisense vector, Cx36 content was decreased by 80%. Glucose-induced insulin release and insulin content were decreased, whether infected INS-1E cells expressed Cx36 levels that were largely higher or lower than those observed in wild-type control cells. In both cases, basal insulin secretion was unaffected. Comparable observations on basal secretion and insulin content were made in freshly isolated rat pancreatic islets. The data indicate that large changes in Cx36 alter insulin content and, at least in INS-1E cells, also affect glucose-induced insulin release.
Lack of Association of PAX4 Gene With Type 1 Diabetes in the Finnish and Hungarian Populations (2005)

We aimed to assess the possible contribution of the PAX4 transcription factor gene to the genetic background of type 1 diabetes. We analyzed four coding polymorphisms of the PAX4 gene in 498 cases with type 1 diabetes and 825 control subjects from Finland and Hungary. All patients were diagnosed under the age of 15 years according to the World Health Organization criteria. All four PAX4 variants (three in exon 9 and one in exon 3) were genotyped using DNA sequencing. In addition, all Finnish subjects were typed for HLA DR-DQ, insulin gene (-23) HphI, and CTLA4 CT60 polymorphisms. The +1,168 C/A coding variant of PAX4 was found to be polymorphic in both populations (P321H, rs712701). No difference was observed in the genotype frequencies between cases and control subjects, nor was any disease association detected when patients were stratified according to age at diagnosis, sex, HLA, insulin gene, or CTLA4 genotypes. Our data indicate that the +1,168 C/A variant of PAX4 gene does not play any essential role in genetic type 1 diabetes susceptibility. The strong coherence between the datasets of the two ethnic groups studied with highly contrasting disease incidence, socioeconomic characteristics, and profoundly diverse environment emphasizes the impact of this finding.