gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural Studies of Human Autoantibodies (1996)

The three-dimensional structure of the Fab of TR1.9, a high-affinity IgG1, kappa human autoantibody to thyroid peroxidase, was determined crystallographically to a resolution of 2.0 A. The combining site was found to be relatively flat, like other antibodies to large proteins. Sequence differences from the most closely related germline genes mainly occur at positions occupied by residues with outward-pointing side chains. An increased deformability of the second and third complementarity-determining regions of the heavy chain may result from the replacement of two germline asparagines and the presence of several glycines, and may allow "induced fit" in the binding to antigen. Four exposed charged residues, resulting from the use of a particular D (diversity) and J (joining) segments in the assembly of the heavy chain, may contribute to the high affinity of antigen binding. The crystal structure of TR1.9 Fab is the first for a human IgG high-affinity autoantibody.
The Nonpeptide Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonist BIBN4096BS Lowers the Activity of Neurons with Meningeal Input in the Rat Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus (2005)

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been suggested to play a major role in the pathogenesis of migraines and other primary headaches. CGRP may be involved in the control of neuronal activity in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN), which integrates nociceptive afferent inputs from trigeminal tissues, including intracranial afferents. The activity of STN neurons is thought to reflect the activity of central trigeminal nociceptive pathways causing facial pain and headaches in humans. In a rat model of meningeal nociception, single neuronal activity in the STN was recorded. All units had receptive fields located in the exposed parietal dura mater. Heat and cold stimuli were repetitively applied to the dura in a fixed pattern of ramps and steps. The nonpeptide CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS was topically applied onto the exposed dura or infused intravenously. BIBN4096BS (300 microg/kg, i.v.) reduced spontaneous activity by approximately 30%, the additional dose of 900 microg/kg intravenously by approximately 50% of the initial activity, whereas saline had no effect. The activity evoked by heat ramps was also reduced after BIBN4096BS (900 microg/kg, i.v.) by approximately 50%. Topical administration of BIBN4096BS (1 mm) did not significantly change the spontaneous neuronal activity within 15 min. We conclude that the endogenous release of CGRP significantly contributes to the maintenance of spontaneous activity in STN neurons. Blockade of CGRP receptors, possibly at central and peripheral sites, may therefore be an effective way to decrease nociceptive transmission. This may offer a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of facial pain and primary headaches.
Physological significance of apolipoprotein mutants (1995)

The major plasma lipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides are transported in the blood by different classes of lipoprotein, which can be differentiated from each other by their apoprotein and lipid constituents. Defects in the genes coding for the apolipoprotein components, besides those coding for lipolytic enzymes and cellular receptors, can cause an imbalance in the plasma lipid homeostasis. The physiological significance on lipid metabolism of genetic defects, both rare inborn errors or common genetic variation at these gene loci, are the topics of this review.
<title>Design and fabrication of MEMS-based micropropulsion devices at JPL</title> (2001)

The development and fabrication of microfabricated propulsion components at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory is reviewed. These include a vaporizing liquid micro-thruster, which vaporizes propellant to produce thrust. Thrust performances of 32 (mu) N for an input power of 0.8 W were measured. Miniature solenoid and latch valves are being developed by Moog, Inc. in collaboration with JPL.
Real‐world prognostic factors for survival among treated patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (2021)

In this real-world study of patients with mPDAC, important population prognostic factors of survival were identified in a large cohort of patients receiving systemic treatment.
Chemical Anatomy of the Brain (1984)

The development of sensitive histochemical-neuroanatomical techniques has made it possible to analyze the content of specific compounds in single nerve cells and their processes. In consequence, it has been possible to construct detailed maps of the distribution of various types of neurons on the basis of their transmitter substance. There are now many examples of neurons containing both a classical transmitter and a peptide. In some instances the peptides seem to support the action of the classical transmitters. This interaction may have applications in the prevention and treatment of nervous disease states.
Multi-Touch Surfaces: A Technical Guide (2008)

Multi-touch interaction with computationally enhanced sur-faces has received considerable recent attention. Approaches to the implementation of multi-touch interaction such as Frustrated Total Internal Reflection (FTIR) and Diffused Illumination (DI) have allowed for the low cost development of such surfaces, leading to a number of technology and ap-plication innovations. Although many of these techniques have been presented in an academic setting, the practicali-ties of building a high quality multi-touch enabled surface, both in terms of the software and hardware, are not trivial. This document aims to summarize the knowledge and ex-perience of developers of multi-touch technology who gath-ered at the Bootcamp on Construction &amp;amp; Implementation of Optical Multi-touch Surfaces at Tabletop 2008 in Ams-terdam, and seeks to provide hints and practical advice to people seeking to “build your own ” multi-touch surface. We mostly focus on technical aspects that are important in the construction of optical multi-touch surfaces, including: infrared illumination, silicone compliant surfaces, projection screens, cameras, filters, and projectors. In addition, we out-line how to integrate this hardware to allow users to create a solid multi-touch surface, and provide an overview of exist-ing software libraries for the implementation of multi-touch applications. In addition, we discuss the problem of latency introduced by the different parts of the system. A brief description of most of the common technologies to realize (multi-) touch surfaces is provided; however, the main focus is on those that utilise optical approaches.
Oxidative stress and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (2012)

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the major cause of pulmonary disease in infants. The pathophysiology and management of BPD changed with the improvement of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) management and with the increase of survival rates. Despite the improvements made, BPD is still a public health concern, resulting in frequent hospitalizations with high rates of mortality, impaired weight and height growth, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Lung injury in the neonatal period has multiple etiologic factors - genetic, hemodynamic, metabolic, nutritional, mechanical, and infectious mechanisms - act in a cumulative and synergic way. Free radical (FR) generation is largely recognized as the major cause of lung damage. Oxidative stress (OS) is the final common endpoint for a complex convergence of events, some genetically determined and some triggered by in utero stressors. Inflammatory placental disorders and chorioamnionitis also play an important role due to the coexistence of inflammatory and oxidative lesions. In addition, the contribution of airway inflammation has been extensively studied. The link between inflammation and OS injury involves the direct activation of inflammatory cells, especially granulocytes, which potentiates the inflammatory reaction. Individualized interventions to support ventilation, minimize oxygen exposure, minimize apnea, and encourage growth should decrease both the frequency and severity of BPD. Future perspectives suggest supplementation with enzymatic and/or non-enzymatic antioxidants. The use of antioxidants in preterm newborns particularly exposed to OS and at risk for BPD represents a logical strategy to ameliorate FRs injury, but further studies are needed to support this hypothesis.
IL-21 Is Produced by NKT Cells and Modulates NKT Cell Activation and Cytokine Production (2007)

The common gamma-chain cytokine, IL-21, is produced by CD4(+) T cells and mediates potent effects on a variety of immune cells including NK, T, and B cells. NKT cells express the receptor for IL-21; however, the effect of this cytokine on NKT cell function has not been studied. We show that IL-21 on its own enhances survival of NKT cells in vitro, and IL-21 increases the proliferation of NKT cells in combination with IL-2 or IL-15, and particularly with the CD1d-restricted glycosphingolipid Ag alpha-galactosylceramide. Similar to its effects on NK cells, IL-21 enhances NKT cell granular morphology, including granzyme B expression, and some inhibitory NK receptors, including Ly49C/I and CD94. IL-21 also enhanced NKT cell cytokine production in response to anti-CD3/CD28 in vitro. Furthermore, NKT cells may be subject to autocrine IL-21-mediated stimulation because they are potent producers of this cytokine following in vitro stimulation via CD3 and CD28, particularly in conjunction with IL-12 or following in vivo stimulation with alpha-galactosylceramide. Indeed, NKT cells produced much higher levels of IL-21 than conventional CD4 T cells in this assay. This study demonstrates that NKT cells are potentially a major source of IL-21, and that IL-21 may be an important factor in NKT cell-mediated immune regulation, both in its effects on NK, T, and B cells, as well as direct effects on NKT cells themselves. The influence of IL-21 in NKT cell-dependent models of tumor rejection, microbial clearance, autoimmunity, and allergy should be the subject of future investigations.
Selective isomerization of 1,2-epoxyalkanes to aldehydes with lithium dialkylamides (1994)

Reaction of a variety of 1,2-epoxyalkanes with 2.5 equiv. of bulky metal amide—lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide—affords the corresponding aldehydes exclusively in high yields; this is the first example of base-promoted isomerization of monosubstituted epoxides to aldehydes.
The Interleukin-8 Pathway in Cancer (2008)

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a proinflammatory CXC chemokine associated with the promotion of neutrophil chemotaxis and degranulation. This chemokine activates multiple intracellular signaling pathways downstream of two cell-surface, G protein-coupled receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2). Increased expression of IL-8 and/or its receptors has been characterized in cancer cells, endothelial cells, infiltrating neutrophils, and tumor-associated macrophages, suggesting that IL-8 may function as a significant regulatory factor within the tumor microenvironment. The induction of IL-8 signaling activates multiple upstream signaling pathways that (a) impinge on gene expression via regulation of numerous transcription factor activities, (b) modulate the cellular proteome at the level of translation, and/or (c) effect the organization of the cell cytoskeleton through posttranslational regulation of regulatory proteins. As a consequence of the diversity of effectors and downstream targets, IL-8 signaling promotes angiogenic responses in endothelial cells, increases proliferation and survival of endothelial and cancer cells, and potentiates the migration of cancer cells, endothelial cells, and infiltrating neutrophils at the tumor site. Accordingly, IL-8 expression correlates with the angiogenesis, tumorigenicity, and metastasis of tumors in numerous xenograft and orthotopic in vivo models. Recently, IL-8 signaling has been implicated in regulating the transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor, underpinning the transition to an androgen-independent proliferation of prostate cancer cells. In addition, stress and drug-induced IL-8 signaling has been shown to confer chemotherapeutic resistance in cancer cells. Therefore, inhibiting the effects of IL-8 signaling may be a significant therapeutic intervention in targeting the tumor microenvironment.
EFFECT OF INORGANIC SALTS ON PYROLYSIS OF WOOD, CELLULOSE, AND LIGNIN DETERMINED BY DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS. (1968)

Abstract : Differential thermal analysis was conducted in both helium and oxygen atmospheres on the thermal decomposition of wood, cellulose, and lignin, untreated and treated with 2 and 8 percent by weight of eight inorganic salts and an acid. Thermograms were obtained for the temperature ranges for endothermic and exothermic reactions, for the temperatures of maximum heat absorption or release, and for the heat intensities. These data combined with results of a previous work utilizing thermogravimetric analysis provide additional information on the characteristics of thermal decomposition. In particular, these data show that the net heat of pyrolysis for untreated and treated cellulose is endothermic. The heat of pyrolysis for both wood and lignin is initially endothermic and later becomes exothermic. However, the net exothermic heat of pyrolysis for wood is only about 2 percent of the heat of combustion. The heat of combustion from wood is released by flaming of the volatiles with a maximum release at about 310C and a glowing of the solids with a second maximum release at about 440C. The influence of the several types of effective and ineffective fire-retardant salts on the initial temperature of volatilization, rate of decomposition and heat release, transition temperatures of volatilization and heat release, and maximum heat intensities are also related by this work to theories that have been developed concerning the retarding of flaming and glowing reactions of wood and its components. (Author)
Novel therapeutic agents for systemic lupus erythematosus (2002)

The last significant breakthrough in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was the use of cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone in the treatment of lupus nephritis. Recent advances in immunology, oncology, and endocrinology have resulted in many potential therapies for SLE. These therapies include new immunosuppressants, biologic medications, tolerizing agents, immunoablation techniques, and hormonal medications. Each of these approaches will be discussed in this review. Some therapies are currently in use in clinical rheumatology practice (mycophenolate mofetil) and others are entering phase I trials (anti-BLyS monoclonal antibody). While some of these new therapies target specific inflammatory mechanisms in SLE (anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody), others work by nonspecific inhibition of the immune system (immunoablation).
Devices for wavelength multiplexing and demultiplexing (1989)

Developments of optical fibre communication systems have until recently concentrated on increasing both the distances between repeaters and the intensity modulation bandwidths for single channel optical transmission. Tremendous achievements have been made in both areas such that, in the latter case, it is electronic component limitations which are starting to restrict the speed of operation of experimental systems. In this context, there is renewed interest in wavelength division multiplexing as a technique to upgrade the transmission bandwidth capacities of existing systems together with the possible future provision of broadband multichannel systems. A critical review of the component technology to enable wavelength division multiplexing is therefore useful at this stage. The major implementations of wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer devices are discussed and compared with particular emphasis placed on their optical efficiency, spectral stability, crosstalk performance and the number of channels that may be provided. Passive devices ranging from the bulk optic implementations (i.e. prisms, gratings, filters) to integrated waveguide and fibre directional coupler realisations are considered. In addition developments associated with active devices including integrated source and detector arrays, wavelength tunable devices and optical amplifiers which may be employed within wave length multiplexed systems are outlined to provide an insight into possible future directions within the field.
Cancer translocations in human cells induced by zinc finger and TALE nucleases (2013)

Chromosomal translocations are signatures of numerous cancers and lead to expression of fusion genes that act as oncogenes. The wealth of genomic aberrations found in cancer, however, makes it challenging to assign a specific phenotypic change to a specific aberration. In this study, we set out to use genome editing with zinc finger (ZFN) and transcription activator-like effector (TALEN) nucleases to engineer, de novo, translocation-associated oncogenes at cognate endogenous loci in human cells. Using ZFNs and TALENs designed to cut precisely at relevant translocation breakpoints, we induced cancer-relevant t(11;22)(q24;q12) and t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocations found in Ewing sarcoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), respectively. We recovered both translocations with high efficiency, resulting in the expression of the EWSR1-FLI1 and NPM1-ALK fusions. Breakpoint junctions recovered after ZFN cleavage in human embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived mesenchymal precursor cells fully recapitulated the genomic characteristics found in tumor cells from Ewing sarcoma patients. This approach with tailored nucleases demonstrates that expression of fusion genes found in cancer cells can be induced from the native promoter, allowing interrogation of both the underlying mechanisms and oncogenic consequences of tumor-related translocations in human cells. With an analogous strategy, the ALCL translocation was reverted in a patient cell line to restore the integrity of the two participating chromosomes, further expanding the repertoire of genomic rearrangements that can be engineered by tailored nucleases.
Fumaric Acid and its Esters: An Emerging Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis (2009)

Fumaric acid is an intermediate product of the citric acid cycle that is a source of intracellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is generated by oxidation of adenylsuccinate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase and is then converted to maleate by the enzyme fumarase. At present, fumaric acid esters (FAE) are licensed for the treatment of psoriasis. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated immunomodulatory effects for FAE. Clinical studies in psoriasis showed a reduction of peripheral CD4(+)- and CD8(+)-T-lymphocytes due to the ability of FAE to induce apoptosis. In vitro studies with the ester dimethyl fumarate (DMF) described an inhibitory effect on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB)-dependent transcription of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induced genes in human endothelial cells. Animal studies using a model of central nervous system demyelination, MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), revealed a reduction of microglia and macrophages in inflamed lesions. A phase II clinical study in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients with a modified fumaric acid ester, BG-12, showed as "proof of principle" a significant reduction in the number of gadolinium enhancing lesions after 24 weeks of treatment as compared to placebo. Further phase III studies have now started to explore the long-term efficacy of FAE.
Physicochemical Properties and Stability in the Acidic Solution of a New Macrolide Antibiotic, Clarithromycin, in Comparison with Erythromycin. (1992)

Clarithromycin (6-O-methylerythromycin), a new 14-membered macrolide antibiotic, has been studied to clarify its physicochemical properties and stability in acidic solution, as compared with erythromycin (EM). The solubility of clarithromycin (CAM) in distilled water was lower than that of EM and decreased with increasing temperature. The solubilities of CAM and EM in the phosphate buffer solution at 37 degrees C decreased with an increasing pH and kept constant above pH 9. From pH-solubility profiles, the dissociation constants of CAM and EM were determined to be 8.76 and 8.36, respectively. The partition coefficient of CAM took a higher value than that of EM and increased with an increasing pH. In the acidic solution, the decomposition of CAM and EM obeyed the pseudo-first order kinetics. From the decomposition rate constants, the half life (T1/2) of CAM and EM were determined. In pH 1.39, CAM degraded with a T1/2 of 17 min while EM kinetics corresponded to a T1/2 of 3 s. Therefore, CAM was 340-fold more stable in pH 1.39 and markedly more stable in the acidic solution than EM.
Efficient Analytic Approximation of American Option Values (1987)

ABSTRACT This paper provides simple, analytic approximations for pricing exchange‐traded American call and put options written on commodities and commodity futures contracts. These approximations are accurate and considerably more computationally efficient than finite‐difference, binomial, or compound‐option pricing methods.
Programming the internet from the server-side with Tcl and Audience1 TM (1996)

Although innovations on the World Wide Web are currently dominated by exciting client-side products (ie. Java, VRML, Netscape Plug-Ins, etc.), we believe that there is an equally rich server-side programming opportunity. In this paper, we argue that server-side programming will remain an important part of client-server Web applications. We then argue that server language(s) and client-side languages have very different requirements, and don't have to be the same language.

As a running example, we present Audience1TM, an end-to-end publishing tool for the World Wide Web, which uses Tcl and MTtcl, a multi-threaded Tcl extension library. Currently, Audience1 is providing web service and mass customization features for the HotBot search engine (a joint venture between Inktomi and HotWired). HotBot can be found at http://www.hotbot.com.
Supercritical CO2 Processing for Submicron Imaging of Fluoropolymers (1999)

To keep pace with the ever-shrinking feature sizes required in the microelectronics industry, suitable developers with high diffusivities, selectivity, and adjustable solvating power are required. Supercritical fluid (SCF) CO2 possesses many of the above unique properties and could serve as an “environmentally responsible” alternative developer to aqueous base. In this study, the high solubility of fluorinated block copolymers in supercritical CO2 and the selectivity of supercritical CO2 to both polarity changes and the molecular structure of the polymer were utilized to develop an environmentally friendly lithographic process. Polymers with acid-cleavable tetrahydropyranyl groups and supercritical CO2 soluble, fluoro-side-chain-containing methacrylate groups were synthesized with varying volume fractions of the components, and their solubilities in supercritical CO2 were characterized. Chemical amplification was used to effect the polarity change leading to the solubility difference in supercritical CO2, and the lithographic performance was evaluated. Important parameters such as sensitivity, contrast, and resolution were investigated, and 0.2 μm features using supercritical CO2 development were demonstrated.