gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FTY720: A Most Promising Immunosuppressant Modulating Immune Cell Functions (2007)

FTY720, the pharmacological analog of S1P, acts as an agonist of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors, resulting in the inhibition of lymphocyte egress from secondary lymphoid tissues and thymocytes from the thymus, peripheral lymphopenia and interfering with normal functions of several other cell types. FTY720 has been clinically tried for transplantation and multiple sclerosis, showing promising protective effects. This review will summarize potential applications and effects of FTY720.
Size reduction of waveguide grating router throughfolding back the input/output fan-outs (1997)

The authors show that the size of the waveguide grating router on InP can be reduced by almost one order of magnitude by exploiting mirror reflections off cleaved facets. The sensitivity of the optical channel spacing against cleaving accuracy is investigated. Routers with large free-space regions require less cleaving accuracy than those with small free-space regions.
Characterization of In Vivo Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Biodegradable Gelatin Hydrogel Microspheres on Degenerated Intervertebral Discs (2009)

We have previously shown that administration of platelet-rich plasma-impregnated gelatin hydrogel microspheres (PRP-GHMs) into a degenerated intervertebral disc (IVD) markedly suppresses progression of IVD degeneration. In the current study, we characterized the in vivo effects of PRP-GHM treatment in a degenerated IVD model in rabbit. On magnetic resonance images, the IVD height was significantly greater after treatment with PRP-GHMs compared with phosphate-buffered saline-impregnated GHMs, PRP without GHMs, and needle puncture only. Water content was also preserved in PRP-GHM-treated IVDs. Consistent with this observation, the mRNA expression of proteoglycan core protein and type II collagen was significantly higher after PRP-GHM treatment compared with other treatment groups. No proliferating cells were found in the nucleus pulposus and inner annulus fibrosus in any groups, but the number of apoptotic cells in the nucleus pulposus after PRP-GHM treatment was significantly lower than that after other treatments. These results provide an improved understanding of the therapeutic effects of PRP-GHM treatment of degenerated IVDs.
Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enhances elimination of virus-infected macrophages in an animal model of HIV-1 encephalitis (2005)

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. IDO activity is linked with immunosuppression by its ability to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation, and with neurotoxicity through the generation of quinolinic acid and other toxins. IDO is induced in macrophages by HIV-1 infection, and it is up regulated in macrophages in human brain tissue with HIV-1 encephalitis (HIVE). Using a model of HIVE, we investigated whether IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-d-tryptophan (1-MT) could affect the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and clearance of virus-infected macrophages from the brain. Severe combined immunodeficient mice were reconstituted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and encephalitis was induced by intracranial injection of autologous HIV-1-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Animals treated with 1-MT demonstrated increased numbers of human CD3+, CD8+, CD8+/interferon-gamma+ T cells, and HIV-1(gag/pol)-specific CTLs in peripheral blood compared with controls. At week 2 after MDM injection in the basal ganglia, mice treated with 1-MT showed a 2-fold increase in CD8+ T lymphocytes in the areas of the brain containing HIV-1-infected MDMs compared with untreated controls. By week 3, 1-MT-treated mice showed 89% reduction in HIV-infected MDMs in brain as compared with controls. Thus, manipulation of immunosuppressive IDO activity in HIVE may enhance the generation of HIV-1-specific CTLs, leading to elimination of HIV-1-infected macrophages in brain.
Mutational analysis of genes implicated in LPS and capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in the opportunistic pathogen Bacteroides fragilis (2009)

The obligate anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis is a normal resident of the human gastrointestinal tract. The clinically derived B. fragilis strain NCTC 9343 produces an extensive array of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), including antigenically distinct large, small and micro- capsules. The genome of NCTC 9343 encodes multiple gene clusters potentially involved in the biosynthesis of EPS, eight of which are implicated in production of the antigenically variable micro-capsule. We have developed a rapid and robust method for generating marked and markerless deletions, together with efficient electroporation using unmodified plasmid DNA to enable complementation of mutations. We show that deletion of a putative wzz homologue prevents production of high-molecular-mass polysaccharides (HMMPS), which form the micro-capsule. This observation suggests that micro-capsule HMMPS constitute the distal component of LPS in B. fragilis. The long chain length of this polysaccharide is strikingly different from classical enteric O-antigen, which consists of short-chain polysaccharides. We also demonstrate that deletion of a putative wbaP homologue prevents expression of the phase-variable large capsule and that expression can be restored by complementation. This suggests that synthesis of the large capsule is mechanistically equivalent to production of Escherichia coli group 1 and 4 capsules.
Linear prediction: A tutorial review (1975)

This paper gives an exposition of linear prediction in the analysis of discrete signals. The signal is modeled as a linear combination of its past values and present and past values of a hypothetical input to a system whose output is the given signal. In the frequency domain, this is equivalent to modeling the signal spectrum by a pole-zero spectrum. The major part of the paper is devoted to all-pole models. The model parameters are obtained by a least squares analysis in the time domain. Two methods result, depending on whether the signal is assumed to be stationary or nonstationary. The same results are then derived in the frequency domain. The resulting spectral matching formulation allows for the modeling of selected portions of a spectrum, for arbitrary spectral shaping in the frequency domain, and for the modeling of continuous as well as discrete spectra. This also leads to a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the least squares error criterion. A spectral interpretation is given to the normalized minimum prediction error. Applications of the normalized error are given, including the determination of an "optimal" number of poles. The use of linear prediction in data compression is reviewed. For purposes of transmission, particular attention is given to the quantization and encoding of the reflection (or partial correlation) coefficients. Finally, a brief introduction to pole-zero modeling is given.
Adapting a commercial power system simulator for smart grid based system study and vulnerability assessment (2012)

The smart grid is the future of the power grid. Smart meters and the associated network play a major role in the distributed system of the smart grid. Advance Metering Infrastructure (AMI) can enhance the reliability of the grid, generate efficient energy management opportunities and many innovations around the future smart grid. These innovations involve intense research not only on the AMI network itself but as also on the influence an AMI network can have upon the rest of the power grid. This research describes a smart meter testbed with hardware in loop that can facilitate future research in an AMI network. The smart meters in the testbed were developed such that their functionality can be customized to simulate any given scenario such as integrating new hardware components into a smart meter or developing new encryption algorithms in firmware. These smart meters were integrated into the power system simulator to simulate the power flow variation in the power grid on different AMI activities. Each smart meter in the network also provides a communication interface to the home area network. This research delivers a testbed for emulating the AMI activities and monitoring their effect on the smart grid.
A Comparative Study for Search Engines Business Model - Based on the Case of Baidu and Google (2010)

Due to the advantages of the search engine’s business value, search engine has been rapidly developed in the network economy era. With the market competition become white-hot, search engine enterprises are facing the problem how to choose an effective business model. A search engine’s business model was designed in this paper. Based on the six dimensions in business model, a comparative study about the representative search engine enterprises in China and the USA was conducted. It was found that Baidu and Google have a unique competitive advantage in market and products respectively. But to win the future market, Baidu and other Chinese search engine enterprises should pay more attention to product design, market segmentation, as well as understanding of the Internet culture, and to provide users with differentiated products and unique user experience as a competitive strategy.
Micronuclei assay by laser scanning cytometry (2001)

LSC can be used to obtain unbiased estimate of MN frequencies. Unlike flow cytometry, it also allows one to characterize individual cells with respect to frequency and DNA content of MN residing in these cells. These analytical capabilities of LSC may be helpful not only to score MN but also to study mechanisms by which clastogenic agents induce MN.
Field test and analysis: the behavior of 3-J concentrator cells under the control of cell temperature (2005)

The behavior of triple junction concentrator cell (InGaP/(In)GaAs/Ge) under the control of cell temperature is investigated and evaluated at Toyota Technological Institute of Japan. The aim of this study is to investigate an accurate temperature coefficient as comparing the outdoor test with the theoretical calculation as a function of a sunlight concentration. Recently, the field test consisted of a total of 6 modules at two sites (Inuyama, Toyohashi) of Japan shows the peak efficiency of 26.8%/spl plusmn/1.5%, and the triple junction cell shows the efficiency of 38.9% at 489 suns. In this study, a new dome-typed Fresnel lens (550/spl times/) that has the optical efficiency of 85.8% was used. The homogenizer is placed on the holder designed to control the cell temperature, and the outdoor test using the solar tracker was carried out under the 400/spl times/, 550/spl times/ lenses. The conversion efficiency increases with the direct solar radiation, and decreases as increasing the receiver temperature. However, no change in I/sub SC/ was observed, and V/sub OC/ decreased slightly as a function of the receiver temperatures. The temperature coefficient obtained from the receiver at TTI shows the similar trends with them from the bare cell at Nara-AIST.
Association of Nonribosomal Nucleolar Proteins in Ribonucleoprotein Complexes during Interphase and Mitosis (1999)

rRNA precursors are bound throughout their length by specific proteins, as the pre-rRNAs emerge from the transcription machinery. The association of pre-rRNA with proteins as ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes persists during maturation of 18S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNA, and through assembly of ribosomal subunits in the nucleolus. Preribosomal RNP complexes contain, in addition to ribosomal proteins, an unknown number of nonribosomal nucleolar proteins, as well as small nucleolar RNA-ribonucleoproteins (sno-RNPs). This report describes the use of a specific, rapid, and mild immunopurification approach to isolate and analyze human RNP complexes that contain nonribosomal nucleolar proteins, as well as ribosomal proteins and rRNA. Complexes immunopurified with antibodies to nucleolin-a major nucleolar RNA-binding protein-contain several distinct specific polypeptides that include, in addition to nucleolin, the previously identified nucleolar proteins B23 and fibrillarin, proteins with electrophoretic mobilities characteristic of ribosomal proteins including ribosomal protein S6, and a number of additional unidentified proteins. The physical association of these proteins with one another is mediated largely by RNA, in that the complexes dissociate upon digestion with RNase. Complexes isolated from M-phase cells are similar in protein composition to those isolated from interphase cell nuclear extracts. Therefore, the predominant proteins that associate with nucleolin in interphase remain in RNP complexes during mitosis, despite the cessation of rRNA synthesis and processing in M-phase. In addition, precursor rRNA, as well as processed 18S and 28S rRNA and candidate rRNA processing intermediates, is found associated with the immunopurified complexes. The characteristics of the rRNP complexes described here, therefore, indicate that they represent bona fide precursors of mature cytoplasmic ribosomal subunits.
Analysis and optimization of polarization-insensitive semiconductor optical amplifiers with delta-strained quantum wells (2001)

Polarization sensitivity of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) with delta-strained quantum-well (QW) structures is investigated. The valence band structures and TE, TM optical gain spectra are calculated for the various delta-strained QW structures. It is shown that the number and location of the delta layers affect the polarization dependence of the delta-strained quantum well SOA signal gains. The optimal delta-strained QW structure for the SOA application is identified and its theoretical verification is provided.
Phage Display of Peptide Libraries on Protein Scaffolds (2003)

Early examples of phage-display hbrarres were used to identify short, linear peptide eprtopes that could bind an antrbody or other target (,). Phage display offers a means not only to identify such peptides, but also to select high-affinity protein variants with improved affinity and specrftcity, by randomrzation of specrfrc residues within their binding eprtopes for receptors or other target molecules. Examples of such affinity- or specificity-improved proteins have included human growth hormone, zinc fingers, protease inhibitors, ANP., and antibodies (reviewed in ,). Since the btoactivity of such molecules is related to their fractional occupancy of a receptor or other binding target, higher-affinity and higher-specrficity variants have the potential to improve the effectiveness of and lower the dosage required for these molecules in therapeutic applications.
Toxin acidic residue evolutionary function-guided design of de novo peptide drugs for the immunotherapeutic target, the Kv1.3 channel (2015)

During the long-term evolution of animal toxins acting on potassium channels, the acidic residues can orientate the toxin binding interfaces by adjusting the molecular polarity. Based on the evolutionary function of toxin acidic residues, de novo peptide drugs with distinct binding interfaces were designed for the immunotherapeutic target, the Kv1.3 channel. Using a natural basic toxin, BmKTX, as a template, which contains 2 acidic residues (Asp19 and Asp33), we engineered two new peptides BmKTX-19 with 1 acidic residue (Asp33), and BmKTX-196 with 2 acidic residues (Asp6 and Asp33) through only adjusting acidic residue distribution for reorientation of BmKTX binding interface. Pharmacological experiments indicated that BmKTX-19 and BmKTX-196 peptides were specific inhibitors of the Kv1.3 channel and effectively suppressed cytokine secretion. In addition to the structural similarity between the designed and native peptides, both experimental alanine-scanning mutagenesis and computational simulation further indicated that the binding interface of wild-type BmKTX was successfully reoriented in BmKTX-19 and BmKTX-196, which adopted distinct toxin surfaces as binding interfaces. Together, these findings indicate not only the promising prospect of BmKTX-19 and BmKTX-196 as drug candidates but also the desirable feasibility of the evolution-guided peptide drug design for discovering numerous peptide drugs for the Kv1.3 channel.
Translational Suppression by Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion at FMR1 (1995)

Fragile X syndrome is the result of the unstable expansion of a trinucleotide repeat in the 5'-untranslated region of the FMR1 gene. Fibroblast subclones from a mildly affected patient, each containing stable FMR1 alleles with 57 to 285 CGG repeats, were shown to exhibit normal steady-state levels of FMR1 messenger RNA. However, FMR protein was markedly diminished from transcript with more than 200 repeats. Such transcripts were associated with stalled 40S ribosomal subunits. These results suggest that a structural RNA transition beyond 200 repeats impedes the linear 40S migration along the 5'-untranslated region. This results in translational inhibition by trinucleotide repeat expansion.
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Long-term Efficacy of Carvedilol in Patients With Severe Chronic Heart Failure (1995)

Carvedilol produces clinical and hemodynamic improvement in patients who have severe heart failure despite treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
Biological properties of recombinant human monocyte-derived interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. (1990)

Human monocytes cultured on adherent IgG produce a specific IL-1 inhibitor that functions as a receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). This molecular has been purified, sequenced, cloned as a cDNA, and expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant IL-1ra has 17,000 mol wt and binds to IL-1 receptors on T lymphocytes, synovial cells, and chondrocytes with an affinity nearly equal to that of IL-1. These studies have examined some biological properties of purified recombinant human IL-1ra. This protein exhibits a dose-responsive inhibition of Il-1 alpha and Il-1 beta augmentation of PHA-induced murine thymocyte proliferation. The recombinant IL-1ra also blocks IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta stimulation of PGE2 production in human synovial cells and rabbit articular chondrocytes, and of collagenase production by the synovial cells. A 50% inhibition of these IL-1-induced biological responses requires amounts of IL-1ra up to 100-fold in excess of the amounts of IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta present. IL-1ra may play an important role in normal physiology or in pathophysiological states by functioning as a natural IL-1 receptor antagonist in the cell microenvironment.
Environmental Application, Fate, Effects, and Concerns of Ionic Liquids: A Review (2015)

Ionic liquids (ILs) comprise mostly of organic salts with negligible vapor pressure and low flammability that are proposed as replacements for volatile solvents. ILs have been promoted as "green" solvents and widely investigated for their various applications. Although the utility of these chemicals is unquestionable, their toxic effects have attracted great attention. In order to manage their potential hazards and design environmentally benign ILs, understanding their environmental behavior, fate and effects is important. In this review, environmentally relevant issues of ILs, including their environmental application, environmental behavior and toxicity are addressed. In addition, also presented are the influence of ILs on the environmental fate and toxicity of other coexisting contaminants, important routes for designing nontoxic ILs and the techniques that might be adopted for the removal of ILs.
AAV-Mediated, Optogenetic Ablation of Müller Glia Leads to Structural and Functional Changes in the Mouse Retina (2013)

Müller glia, the primary glial cell in the retina, provide structural and metabolic support for neurons and are essential for retinal integrity. Müller cells are closely involved in many retinal degenerative diseases, including macular telangiectasia type 2, in which impairment of central vision may be linked to a primary defect in Müller glia. Here, we used an engineered, Müller-specific variant of AAV, called ShH10, to deliver a photo-inducibly toxic protein, KillerRed, to Müller cells in the mouse retina. We characterized the results of specific ablation of these cells on visual function and retinal structure. ShH10-KillerRed expression was obtained following intravitreal injection and eyes were then irradiated with green light to induce toxicity. Induction of KillerRed led to loss of Müller cells and a concomitant decrease of Müller cell markers glutamine synthetase and cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein, reduction of rhodopsin and cone opsin, and upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein. Loss of Müller cells also resulted in retinal disorganization, including thinning of the outer nuclear layer and the photoreceptor inner and outer segments. High resolution imaging of thin sections revealed displacement of photoreceptors from the ONL, formation of rosette-like structures and the presence of phagocytic cells. Furthermore, Müller cell ablation resulted in increased area and volume of retinal blood vessels, as well as the formation of tortuous blood vessels and vascular leakage. Electrophysiologic measures demonstrated reduced retinal function, evident in decreased photopic and scotopic electroretinogram amplitudes. These results show that loss of Müller cells can cause progressive retinal degenerative disease, and suggest that AAV delivery of an inducibly toxic protein in Müller cells may be useful to create large animal models of retinal dystrophies.
[Therapy for liver fibrosis]. (2005)

1.抗肝纤维化治疗某些新的认识:(1)肝星状细胞(HSC)的活化过程,细胞因子、多肽、细胞外基质(ECM)等均能致HSC的活化.有报道丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的核心蛋白与HBxAg也有直接激活HSC的作用.Canbay等指出肝细胞的凋亡能诱导HSC的活化,抑制肝细胞凋亡的一个小分子半胱氨酸-天门冬氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂近年已开始临床试用;还可以通过RNA干扰技术阻止肝细胞凋亡而达抗肝纤维化治疗目的。
Increase in bronchopulmonary infection due to branhamella catarrhalis. (1986)

In a six month prospective study during the winter Branhamella catarrhalis was isolated from the sputum of 63 patients with symptoms of bronchopulmonary infection: 49 isolates were in pure culture and 14 were with another pathogen, Haemophilus influenzae being the commonest (found with 10 of the 14 B catarrhalis isolates). Of 36 patients infected in the community, 26 required admission to hospital. The remaining 27 patients were infected while in hospital. Forty four of the 63 isolates produced beta lactamase; 26 of these had been acquired in the community. As a result 29 patients were treated inappropriately with ampicillin and did not respond to this treatment. beta Lactamase produced by B catarrhalis may also protect other pathogens normally susceptible to beta lactam antibiotics. Most patients had chronic lung diseases or lung cancer, but three otherwise healthy patients who did not smoke developed bronchitis. B catarrhalis contributed to the death of five patients. A survey of the antibiotic prescribing habits of the referring general practitioners together with the sensitivity results of B catarrhalis suggest that changes in antibiotic prescribing habits in the community may be responsible for the increase in B catarrhalis infection.
Venlafaxine: A Structurally Unique and Novel Antidepressant (1995)

Although venlafaxine has recently become available for use as an antidepressant in the US, few clinical trials have been conducted to help the practitioner evaluate its place in the treatment of depression. There are no comparative trials of venlafaxine with the serotonin specific reuptake inhibitor antidepressants, which are rapidly becoming the newest comparative standard. The clinical place for venlafaxine in the treatment of depression has yet to be determined.
Continuous monitoring of regional cerebral blood flow: experimental and clinical validation of a novel thermal diffusion microprobe (2000)

The novel TD microprobe provides a sensitive, continuous, and real-time assessment of intraparenchymal rCBF in absolute flow values that are in good agreement with sXe-rCBF measurements. This study provides the basis for the integration of TD-rCBF into multimodal monitoring of patients who are at risk for secondary brain injury.