gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radial Organization of Developing Preterm Human Cerebral Cortex Revealed by Non-invasive Water Diffusion Anisotropy MRI (2002)

Cerebral cortical development involves a complex cascade of events which are difficult to visualize in intact, living subjects. In this study, we apply diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to the evaluation of cortical development in human infants ranging from 26 to 41 weeks gestational age (GA). Apparent diffusion of water in cortex is maximally anisotropic at 26 weeks GA and anisotropy values approach zero by 36 weeks GA. During this period, the major eigenvector of the diffusion tensor in cerebral cortex is oriented radially across the cortical plate, in accord with a predominately radial deployment of its neuronal constituents. Values for the rotationally averaged water diffusion coefficient increase between 26 and 32 weeks GA, then decrease thereafter. These changes in DTI parameters are specific to cerebral cortex and reflect changes in underlying cortical architecture and formation of neuronal connections. Because of its correlation with tissue microstructure and non-invasive nature, DTI offers unique insight into cortical development in preterm human newborns and, potentially, detection of derangements of its basic cytoarchiteture.
Autocrine growth regulation of human glomerular mesangial cells is primarily mediated by basic fibroblast growth factor. (1995)

For various forms of human glomerulonephritis a close relationship between inflammatory injury and a local mesangial proliferative response has been described. Herein, we used primary cultures of human glomerular mesangial cells (HMCs) from five different donors to determine the autocrine growth-inducing capacity of their supernatants after stimulation with different cytokines and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to determine whether this effect is due to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The basal growth-inducing capacity of supernatants collected from serum-free cultured HMC and concentrated 100-fold above a cut-off size of 10 kd was significantly increased by interleukin (IL)-1 beta, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and LPS up to 15-fold, but not by IL-1 alpha, IL-6, or bFGF. An anti-human bFGF antibody blocked the majority of IL-1 or LPS-induced proliferative effect of supernatants; complete inhibition was achieved by a combination of anti-human bFGF- and anti-human platelet-derived growth factor antibodies. HMCs express different isoforms of bFGF (18, 21.5, and 24 kd) in membrane, cytosolic, and nuclear fractions. All isoforms of bFGF were found in the nuclear fraction of HMC, whether stimulated or not. Immunoblots for bFGF protein of HMC demonstrated that only a approximate to 16 kd bFGF protein was released into HMC supernatants after stimulation with IL-1 beta, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, and LPS. The 18 kd isoform of bFGF accumulated in the membranes but was not released after stimulation with IL-1 alpha, IL-6, and bFGF, suggesting that its release was a prerequisite for autocrine growth stimulation. By means of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction controlled by Southern blots, bFGF-mRNA expression of HMC was enhanced by IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and LPS. Finally, we were able to show that HMCs are expressing bFGF receptors. In summary, our data demonstrate for the first time that the autocrine proliferative response of HMC to major inflammatory factors may primarily be mediated by bFGF.
Signaling of Rat Frizzled-2 Through Phosphodiesterase and Cyclic GMP (2002)

The Frizzled-2 receptor (Rfz2) from rat binds Wnt proteins and can signal by activating calcium release from intracellular stores. We show that wild-type Rfz2 and a chimeric receptor consisting of the extracellular and transmembrane portions of the beta2-adrenergic receptor with cytoplasmic domains of Rfz2 also signaled through modulation of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP). Activation of either receptor led to a decline in the intracellular concentration of cGMP, a process that was inhibited in cells treated with pertussis toxin, reduced by suppression of the expression of the heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein (G protein) transducin, and suppressed through inhibition of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. Moreover, PDE inhibitors blocked Rfz2-induced calcium transients in zebrafish embryos. Thus, Frizzled-2 appears to couple to PDEs and calcium transients through G proteins.
Future directions in visual display systems (1997)

Visual displays have evolved in several parallel application areas including television, computer monitors, graphics monitors, portable displays, projection displays and most recently, immersive displays. Film, too, has matured as the highest resolution display medium available. One might mistakenly proclaim that today's visual displays produce an image quality which nearly matches that of our perception. The truth is that primitive cave petroglyphs viewed in fire-light far exceed the visual capacity of any modern imaging and display system. Our visual displays only represent a small piece of what our eyes perceive to be reality.Consider the visual content in a highly ornate architectural space such as the Sistine Chapel. One is immersed within great columns, arches and a ceiling covered with Michelangelo's paintings containing hundreds of human figures. One could argue that this space is a vast immersive display system designed to invoke a sense of awe and communicate a biblical world view. The environment is static, but viewing it involves a great deal of eye, head and body motion. Even our best large-format film displays are at a loss to reproduce the range of colors, dynamic range of intensities, field of view and level of detail present in such a space.Visual displays are arguably becoming our primary means of information delivery. Their design can profoundly affect how we daily communicate and interact with information. As image capture, generation and display technologies advance, we will see visual systems improve in both realism and level of immersion. Arrayed display systems are already providing a leap in simultaneous wide field of view and high resolution. These advances are fundamentally changing the way in which information can be represented by increasing information bandwidth and enabling a deeper engagement of our visual senses.
Regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation using paclitaxel-loaded poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(lactide/glycolide) nanospheres (1998)

Available data suggest that drugs should be delivered to a vascular lesion at a high concentration over an extended period of time to control vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. This study was undertaken to formulate a paclitaxel, an antimicrotubule agent, into a biodegradable poly (ethylene oxide)-poly(lactide/glycolide) (PEO-PLGA) nanosphere as a sustained drug delivery system and to study its effects on VSMC in culture. The paclitaxel-loaded nanospheres (PT/NS), prepared by an emulsion-solvent evaporation method, had an average diameter of approximately 150 nm and showed a sustained release profile over 4 weeks. The PT/NS exhibited antiproliferative effects comparable to those observed with free paclitaxel. The cellular internalization of nanospheres was visualized using confocal fluorescence microscopy, and from a flow cytometry study the progressive cellular uptake profile, uptake inhibition at low temperature, and saturation uptake kinetics (concentration dependency) were observed. These suggest that (adsorptive) pinocytosis is a major uptake mechanism of the nanospheres. The sustained drug release profile and cellular internalization results suggest that nanospheres loaded with paclitaxel may potentially be used as an endocytizable, local sustained drug delivery system for the prevention of restenosis.
The transcriptional regulator NtrC controls glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase expression and polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis through NADPH availability in Herbaspirillum seropedicae (2017)

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Extensive cell migration, axon regeneration, and improved function with polysialic acid‐modified Schwann cells after spinal cord injury (2012)

Schwann cell (SC) implantation after spinal cord injury (SCI) promotes axonal regeneration, remyelination repair, and functional recovery. Reparative efficacy, however, may be limited because of the inability of SCs to migrate outward from the lesion-implant site. Altering SC cell surface properties by overexpressing polysialic acid (PSA) has been shown to promote SC migration. In this study, a SCI contusion model was used to evaluate the migration, supraspinal axon growth support, and functional recovery associated with polysialyltransferase (PST)-overexpressing SCs [PST-green fluorescent protein (GFP) SCs] or controls (GFP SCs). Compared with GFP SCs, which remained confined to the injection site at the injury center, PST-GFP SCs migrated across the lesion:host cord interface for distances of up to 4.4 mm within adjacent host tissue. In addition, with PST-GFP SCs, there was extensive serotonergic and corticospinal axon in-growth within the implants that was limited in the GFP SC controls. The enhanced migration of PST-GFP SCs was accompanied by significant growth of these axons caudal to lesion. Animals receiving PST-GFP SCs exhibited improved functional outcome, both in the open-field and on the gridwalk test, beyond the modest improvements provided by GFP SC controls. This study for the first time demonstrates that a lack of migration by SCs may hinder their reparative benefits and that cell surface overexpression of PSA enhances the ability of implanted SCs to associate with and support the growth of corticospinal axons. These results provide further promise that PSA-modified SCs will be a potent reparative approach for SCI. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PREPARATION OF SUPERCONDUCTING POWDERS BY FREEZE-DRYING (1987)

A method of preparing superconducting powders by freeze-drying is described. Powders produced by this method are homogeneous, have high purities, and are very reactive. Materials sintered from these powders have densities up to 89% of the theoretical density, and exhibit very sharp resistivity drops and large Meissner effects. The microstructure of the materials is very sensitive to the sintering temperature.
Murine B16 Melanoma Vaccination-Induced Tumor Immunity: Identification of Specific Immune Cells and Functions Involved (2001)

Vaccination using inactivated B16 melanoma cells that have been treated in vitro for > 2 weeks with interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) (B16alpha cells) has been shown to elicit a protective host antitumor immunity. In these studies, vaccination with B16alpha cells has been shown to provide protection against primary B16 tumor challenge, established B16 tumors, and metastatic B16 tumors. Specific immune cells and factors that might mediate this tumor immunity have now been evaluated. Macrophage depletion studies suggest that macrophage function is required for expression of tumor immunity either for processing of antigen or for cytokine production but that macrophage function is not involved in direct cytotoxicity against the B16 challenge tumor. CD8(+) T cell depletion studies show that cytotoxic T cell function is required for expression of tumor immunity. Syngeneic knockout mouse experiments offer further insights into the immune cells and factors that mediate the development and expression of tumor immunity. First, interleukin-12 (IL-12) knockout mouse experiments identify IL-12 as an important cytokine in mediating the development of tumor immunity. Second, specific knockout mouse experiments show that tumor immunity requires the function of CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Third, specific knockout mouse experiments show that tumor immunity does not require the function of B cells. The results suggest that vaccination with inactivated B16alpha cells induces an active, cell-mediated immunity to B16 melanoma cells. The tumor vaccination protocol with B16alpha cell vaccinations establishes a potent tumor immunity against B16 melanoma tumors in mice and may serve as a model for induction of tumor immunity against primary or secondary melanoma tumors in humans.
Mortality and Gross Pathology of Secondary Disease in Germfree Mouse Radiation Chimeras (1971)

J. Miriam Jones, Raphael Wilson, Patricia M. Bealmear, Mortality and Gross Pathology of Secondary Disease in Germfree Mouse Radiation Chimeras, Radiation Research, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Mar., 1971), pp. 577-588
The endocytic catalysts, Rab5a and Rab7, are tandem regulators of thyroid hormone production (2002)

Rab proteins are small GTPases that control distinct vesicular transport steps. Along the endocytic pathway, Rab5a is a rate-limiting catalyst of internalization, and Rab7 controls trafficking through late endosomes to lysosomes. The dependence of thyroid hormone production by thyrocytes on thyroglobulin endocytosis and intracellular processing in late endosomes/lysosomes suggests that its rate can be regulated by the expression or function of these endocytic catalysts. We compared the expression level and membrane recruitment of Rab5a and Rab7 in autonomous thyroid adenomas (where the cAMP cascade is constitutively activated) and surrounding quiescent tissues. The concentrations of Rab5a and Rab7, but not of Rab8, were coordinately increased up to 6-fold in adenomas, and correlated with a proportionate decrease in soluble thyroglobulin content (reflecting colloid depletion by accelerated endocytic uptake in hyperactive tissue). In adenomas, a higher proportion of Rab5a and Rab7 was membrane associated, and the equilibrium density of particulate Rab7 and iodine shifted toward lysosomal fractions, indicating that progression along the degradation pathway also was promoted. In cultures of polarized human thyrocytes from normal patients, thyroid-stimulating hormone or forskolin increased, to a similar extent, Rab5a and Rab7 but not Rab8 expression, apical endocytosis of thyroglobulin and lucifer yellow, and basolateral secretion of T(3) and T(4). Taken together, these in vivo and in vitro observations demonstrate that thyroid-stimulating hormone, via cAMP, coordinately enhances the expression of Rab5a and Rab7, which promote Tg endocytosis and transfer to lysosomes, respectively, resulting in accelerated thyroid hormone production.
THE ETIOLOGY OF CHONDROMALACIA PATELLAE (1961)

1. Chondromalacia of the patella starts most frequently on the medial facet. 2. The anatomy of the medial femoral condyle is described, including the rim at its superior border, and the different arrangement at the upper border of the lateral femoral condyle. 3. Rubbing of the medial patellar facet on the rim at the upper border of the medial femoral condyle can explain in part the etiology of chondromalacia.
Femtosecond Phase-Coherent Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy (2003)

Femtosecond phase-coherent two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy has been experimentally demonstrated as the direct optical analog of 2D nuclear magnetic resonance. An acousto-optic pulse shaper created a collinear three-pulse sequence with well-controlled and variable interpulse delays and phases,which interacted with a model atomic system of rubidium vapor. The desired nonlinear polarization was selected by phase cycling (coadding experimental results obtained with different interpulse phases). This method may enhance our ability to probe the femtosecond structural dynamics of macromolecules.
Complex Induced Proximity Effects: Enantioselective Syntheses Based on Asymmetric Deprotonations of N-Boc-pyrrolidines (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTComplex Induced Proximity Effects: Enantioselective Syntheses Based on Asymmetric Deprotonations of N-Boc-pyrrolidinesPeter Beak, Shawn T. Kerrick, Shengde Wu, and Jingxi ChuCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 8, 3231–3239Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00087a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00087a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3857Altmetric-Citations293LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Synthesis of Size‐Tunable Polymeric Nanoparticles Enabled by 3D Hydrodynamic Flow Focusing in Single‐Layer Microchannels (2011)

A versatile microfluidic platform to synthesize NPs by nanoprecipitation using 3D hydrodynamic flow focusing isolates the precipitating precursors from channel walls, eliminating fouling of the channels. It is shown that this new method enables robust nanoprecipitation without polymer aggregation, regardless of the polymer molecular weight or precursor concentration implemented, where the size of the resulting polymeric NPs is tunable.
Correction of mutations within the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator by site-directed RNA editing (2013)

Adenosine deaminases that act on RNA are a conserved family of enzymes that catalyze a natural process of site-directed mutagenesis. Biochemically, they convert adenosine to inosine, a nucleotide that is read as guanosine during translation; thus when editing occurs in mRNAs, codons can be recoded and the changes can alter protein function. By removing the endogenous targeting domains from human adenosine deaminase that acts on RNA 2 and replacing them with an antisense RNA oligonucleotide, we have engineered a recombinant enzyme that can be directed to edit anywhere along the RNA registry. Here we demonstrate that this enzyme can efficiently and selectively edit a single adenosine. As proof of principle in vitro, we correct a premature termination codon in mRNAs encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator anion channel. In Xenopus oocytes, we show that a genetically encoded version of our editase can correct cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mRNA, restore full-length protein, and reestablish functional chloride currents across the plasma membrane. Finally, in a human cell line, we show that a genetically encoded version of our editase and guide RNA can correct a nonfunctional version of enhanced green fluorescent protein, which contains a premature termination codon. This technology should spearhead powerful approaches to correcting a wide variety of genetic mutations and fine-tuning protein function through targeted nucleotide deamination.
Extreme bendability of single-walled carbon nanotube networks transferred from high-temperature growth substrates to plastic and their use in thin-film transistors (2005)

In this paper we describe printing methods for transferring single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) from high-temperature growth substrates to flexible, low-cost plastic supports. Thin-film transistors (TFTs) built with networks of transferred SWNTs grown by chemical vapor deposition show good performance—mobilities and on∕off current ratios similar to those of devices fabricated on the growth substrates for a wide range of channel lengths. Bending tests on these TFTs show that their output current varies only in a narrow (±5%) range, even for bend radii that induce surface strains larger than 1%. Similar structures evaluated under sharp folding, with strains larger than 20%, show that the SWNT networks are operational even under extreme bending conditions. This level of mechanical robustness, the good electrical performance, and optical transparency make transferred SWNT networks an attractive type of electronic material for applications in macroelectronics, sensors, and other systems that require wide area coverage and unusual substrates.
Numerical Modeling of the Point Defect Aggregation during the Czochralski Silicon Crystal Growth (1992)

A real‐time simulation using the numerical method was performed in order to study the aggregation process of the intrinsic point defects during the Czochralski crystal growth. It was found that the point defect aggregation is predominated by the recombination process between silicon interstitials and vacancies. In contrast, the contribution of the long‐range diffusion of point defects is found to be negligible. In silicon saturated with interstitial oxygen the formation of vacancy‐oxygen pairs leads to silicon interstitial saturation, which in turn gives rise to a formation of interstitial‐type defects. Therefore, in addition to the crystal growth rate and the temperature gradient, the concentration of dissolved interstitial oxygen also plays a significant role in the aggregation process of point defects. In this work, a co‐aggregation model of intrinsic point defects is proposed.
Radioimmunoassay of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents. (1976)

Theapeutic monitoring of drugs has become of major importance and has stimulated development of new assay systems. Chemotherapeutic agents, many of which are toxic, have until recently been assayed by microbiological systems or other complex techniques that are impractical for a clinical laboratory. Radioimmunoassays have now been developed for some of these agents. We review the techniques for producing hapten protein conjugates and radiolabeling at specific sites on the drug molecule, and the use of these assays in clinical medicine and pharmacology.
Epilepsy biomarkers (2013)

A biomarker is defined as an objectively measured characteristic of a normal or pathologic biologic process. Identification and proper validation of biomarkers of epileptogenesis (the development of epilepsy) and ictogenesis (the propensity to generate spontaneous seizures) might predict the development of an epilepsy condition; identify the presence and severity of tissue capable of generating spontaneous seizures; measure progression after the condition is established; and determine pharmacoresistance. Such biomarkers could be used to create animal models for more cost-effective screening of potential antiepileptogenic and antiseizure drugs and devices, and to reduce the cost of clinical trials by enriching the trial population, and acting as surrogate markers to shorten trial duration. The objectives of the biomarker subgroup for the London Workshop were to define approaches for identifying possible biomarkers for these purposes. Research to identify reliable biomarkers may also reveal underlying mechanisms that could serve as therapeutic targets for the development of new antiepileptogenic and antiseizure compounds.