gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Renal stone disease: causes, evaluation and medical treatment (2006)

The purpose of the present review is to provide an update about the most common risk factors or medical conditions associated with renal stone formation, the current methods available for metabolic investigation, dietary recommendations and medical treatment. Laboratory investigation of hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, hyperoxaluria, cystinuria, hypocitraturia, renal tubular acidosis, urinary tract infection and reduction of urinary volume is based on the results of 24-hr urine collection and a spot urine for urinary sediment, culture and pH. Blood analysis for creatinine, calcium and uric acid must be obtained. Bone mineral density has to be determined mainly among hypercalciurics and primary hyperparathyroidism has to be ruled out. Current knowledge does not support calcium restriction recommendation because it can lead to secondary hyperoxaluria and bone demineralization. Reduction of animal protein and salt intake, higher fluid intake and potassium consumption should be implemented. Medical treatments involve the use of thiazides, allopurinol, potassium citrate or other drugs according to the metabolic disturbances. The correction of those metabolic abnormalities is the basic tool for prevention or reduction of recurrent stone formation.
Biological Signatures of Brain Damage Associated with High Serum Ferritin Levels in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and Thrombolytic Treatment (2008)

Background and purpose : Increased body iron stores have been related to greater oxidative stress and brain injury in clinical and experimental cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. We aimed to investigate the biological signatures of excitotoxicity, inflammation and blood brain barrier disruption potentially associated with high serum ferritin levels‐related damage in acute stroke patients treated with i.v. t‐PA. Methods : Serum levels of ferritin (as index of increased cellular iron stores), glutamate, interleukin‐6, matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and cellular fibronectin were determined in 134 patients treated with i.v. t‐PA within 3 hours from stroke onset in blood samples obtained before t‐PA treatment, at 24 and 72 hours. Results : Serum ferritin levels before t‐PA infusion correlated to glutamate ( r = 0.59, p &lt; 0.001) and interleukin‐6 ( r = 0.55, p &lt;0.001) levels at baseline, and with glutamate ( r = 0.57, p &lt;0.001), interleukin‐6 ( r = 0.49, p &lt;0.001), metalloproteinase‐9 ( r = 0.23, p = 0.007) and cellular fibronectin ( r = 0.27, p = 0.002) levels measured at 24 hours and glutamate ( r = 0.415, p &lt; 0.001), interleukin‐6 ( r = 0.359, p &lt; 0.001) and metalloproteinase‐9 ( r = 0.261, p = 0.004) at 72 hours. The association between ferritin and glutamate levels remained after adjustment for confounding factors in generalized linear models. Conclusions : Brain damage associated with increased iron stores in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with iv. tPA may be mediated by mechanisms linked to excitotoxic damage. The role of inflammation, blood brain barrier disruption and oxidative stress in this condition needs further research.
Effects of halofenate and probenecid on serum lipids and uric acid in hyperlipidemic, hyperuricemic adults (1977)

The effect of halofenate was compared with that of probenecid in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia and hyperuricemia. Halofenate induced a prompt and sustained lowering ( 12.7%) of serum triglycerides, but probenecid induced no change in serum triglycerides. Both drugs promptly induced reductions (32%) of serum uric acid. Halofenate induced a 13.3 % increase in serum lactic dehydrogenase. Both drugs induced mild but significant decreases in hemoglobin and in serum albumin, but the between‐group differences were not significant. When the effects of the two drugs were divided into subgroups below and above the baseline median value for serum triglycerides, cholesterol, uric acid, and percent ideal body weight, a differential effect on serum triglycerides was noted when serum uric acid and percent ideal body weight were taken as the segregating variables. There was a greater serum triglyceride decline after halofenate in the high‐weight group than in the lower‐weight group (‐25.5% vs +2.7%), and a greater serum triglyceride decline in the high uric acid group than in the lower uric acid group (‐22 .6% vs ‐2.4%). The divergent behavior in regard to initial percent ideal body weight and uric acid level may account for the greater halofenate‐induced reductions in serum triglycerides reported by others. In the halofenate group, there was a significant correlation between percent change in triglycerides and percent calories from alcohol. Further study of these responses may provide increased understanding of halofenate action and of the pathogenesis of some types of hyperlipidemia.
Combination of Intracranial Temozolomide With Intracranial Carmustine Improves Survival When Compared With Either Treatment Alone in a Rodent Glioma Model (2010)

The survival of tumor-bearing animals in the 9L and F98 glioma models was improved with the local delivery of BCNU and TMZ combined with XRT when compared with either treatment alone or oral TMZ, local BCNU, and XRT.
The receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 is involved in non‐canonical Wnt5a/JNK signalling pathway (2003)

Our findings indicate that Wnt5a and Ror2 interact physically and functionally. Ror2 may thus act as a receptor for Wnt5a to activate non-canonical Wnt signalling.
Do topical antibiotics improve wound healing (2007)

The use of topical triple-antibiotic ointments significantly decreases infection rates in minor contaminated wounds compared with a petrolatum control. Plain petrolatum ointment is equivalent to triple-antibiotic ointments for sterile wounds as a post- procedure wound dressing (strength of recommendation [SOR]: A, based on randomized controlled trials [RCTs]).
Electronic Effects in Migratory Groups. [1,4]- versus [1,2]-Rearrangement in Rhodium Carbenoid Generated Bicyclic Oxonium Ylides (2001)

The variety of alpha-diazo beta-keto esters (3a-f, 8a-f) with varying substituents (ED/EW) on the phenyl ring of the O-benzyl group were prepared. The rhodium(II) acetate catalyzed decomposition of diazo compounds in benzene reflux conditions. The ratio of 1,4 versus 1,2 migration product was determined. It was found that an increase in electron density on the benzylic carbon of the migrating group prefers 1,4 migration products (4, 9) while a decrease in electron density leads to a preponderance of 1,2 migration products (5, 10). The results obtained were correlated to the mechanistic aspect of the product selectivity. The intermediacy of the intramolecular oxonium ylide formation was demonstrated by crossover experiments. The preference for the formation of 2,3 sigmatropic rearrangement product over 1,2 and 1,4 was demonstrated by performing the reaction with alpha-diazo beta-keto esters (13a, 13b) with O-allyl and O-propargyl at C3. The effect of solvent, temperature, and mole percentage of rhodium(II) acetate was also studied.
Computer Simulation of Single-Well Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SW-SAGD), SUPRI TR-119 (1999)

Steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is an effective method of producing heavy oil and bitumen. In a typical SAGD approach, steam is injected into a horizontal well located directly above a horizontal producer. A steam chamber grows around the injection well and helps displace heated oil toward the production well. Single-well (SW) SAGD attempts to create a similar process using only one horizontal well. This may include steam injection from the toe of the horizontal well with production at the heel. Obvious advantages of SW-SAGD include cost savings and utility in relatively thin reservoirs. However, the process is technically challenging. To improve early-time response of SW-SAGD, it is necessary to heat the near-wellbore area to reduce oil viscosity and allow gravity drainage to take place. Ideally heating should occur with minimal circulation or bypassing of stream. Since project economics are sensitive to early production response, we are interested in optimizing the start -up procedure.
Theory and Experiments on Vector Quantized Autoencoders (2018)

Deep neural networks with discrete latent variables offer the promise of better symbolic reasoning, and learning abstractions that are more useful to new tasks. There has been a surge in interest in discrete latent variable models, however, despite several recent improvements, the training of discrete latent variable models has remained challenging and their performance has mostly failed to match their continuous counterparts. Recent work on vector quantized autoencoders (VQ-VAE) has made substantial progress in this direction, with its perplexity almost matching that of a VAE on datasets such as CIFAR-10. In this work, we investigate an alternate training technique for VQ-VAE, inspired by its connection to the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm. Training the discrete bottleneck with EM helps us achieve better image generation results on CIFAR-10, and together with knowledge distillation, allows us to develop a non-autoregressive machine translation model whose accuracy almost matches a strong greedy autoregressive baseline Transformer, while being 3.3 times faster at inference.
A Phase 1 Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Rectal Safety and Acceptability Study of Tenofovir 1% Gel (MTN-007) (2013)

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01232803.
Enumeration of lymphocyte‐target cell conjugates by cytofluorometry (1985)

Using fluorescein-labeled effector lymphocytes and tetramethyl rhodamine-labeled target cells a cytofluorometric method is described for the detection and quantification of lymphocyte-target cell cluster (conjugate) formation. Conjugation levels measured by cytofluorography correspond well with those scored microscopically. The method has so far been used successfully to monitor conjugate formation by specifically sensitized cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). In preliminary experiments it has been applied to nonspecific, lectin concanavalin A-dependent conjugate formation by CTL, as well as to conjugates formed by hybridoma CTL. The procedure has potential application in other cell-cell interactions, relevant to immunology as well as to cell biology.
Mechanism of interaction of ticlopidine and its analogues with the energy-conserving mechanism in mitochondria (1986)

It was shown recently that the antiaggregating agent ticlopidine and some of its analogues inhibit the energy-conserving mechanism in mitochondria [Abou-Khalil et al., Biochem. Pharmac. 33, 3893 (1984)]. In the present investigation, the mechanism of inhibition by these drugs was investigated by studying their effects on key reactions of oxidative phosphorylation. Liver mitochondria were isolated from Sprague-Dawley male rats, and the interactions of ticlopidine and six of its analogues with those key reactions were tested. We found: The transport of phosphate, glutamate and succinate into mitochondria was not affected significantly by ticlopidine or any of its analogues; however, it was inhibited by both mersalyl and N-ethylmaleimide as expected. There was no inhibitory effect of the tested drugs on the mitochondrial [3H]ADP translocation activity; rather, ticlopidine produced a concentration-dependent increase of that activity, reaching 54% with 20 micrograms/ml. Ticlopidine and its analogue, PCR 5325, increased the latent ATPase activity by about 400% and the DNP-dependent ATPase by about 50%. Also, PCR 4099 caused a 115% increase in the latent activity, whereas the effects of the remaining analogues varied from slight activation to slight inhibition. Under nonphosphorylation conditions, the mitochondrial H+ extrusion resulting from succinate oxidation was inhibited by ticlopidine in a concentration-dependent manner reaching a quasi total inhibition with 40 micrograms/ml. While PCR 5325 gave results similar to ticlopidine, PCR 4099 was less inhibitory and the other analogues were ineffective. These data indicate that the inhibitory action caused by ticlopidine and some of its analogues on oxidative phosphorylation does not reside at one particular site in the mitochondrial membrane; rather, the inhibition seems to be the outcome of profound alterations in mitochondrial ADP translocase, latent ATPase, and proton translocation in the respiratory chain.
Technosphere® Insulin: Defining the Role of Technosphere Particles at the Cellular Level (2009)

These results demonstrate that TI is not cytotoxic in an in vitro human lung cell model and does not function as a penetration enhancer. Furthermore, TI does not appear to affect the transport of insulin across cellular barriers.
Improvements in LC/Electrospray Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry Performance Using an Off-Axis Nebulizer (1999)

Charged residues from the electrospray process have been hypothesized to limit the sensitivity and dynamic range of an ion trap mass spectrometry operation. Incorporation of an off-axis nebulizer (positioned 90-95° from the sampling orifice) was found to drastically reduce the detrimental effects caused by the charged particles or droplets compared to typical on-axis nebulization configurations (spraying 10-20° from sampling orifices). The off-axis nebulizer reduced total ion currents that enter the ion trap (through the reduction of charged residues) by a factor of 5-7 while resulting in an increase of analyte [M + H](+) signal by a factor of 6 compared to an on-axis sprayer at flow rates of 20 μL/min. At higher flow rates (e.g., 800 μL/min) these enhancements are more evident. At flows greater than 200 μL/min, off-axis nebulization reduced total ion current that enters the ion trap by a factor of 30 and resulted in a factor of more than 20 increase in [M + H](+) signal relative to on-axis nebulization. Incorporation of the off-axis nebulizer improved the detection limit and precision for determination of dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in plasma compared to on-axis nebulization. The LC/MS/MS detection limits obtained for the off-axis nebulizer on the ion trap was within a factor of 2 from the detection limit determined by the triple quadrupole. The relative standard deviation of the dihydroxyvitamin D(3) determination was less than 8% for both off-axis ion trap and triple-quadrupole determinations.
Neutralizing murine monoclonal antibodies to human IL-5 isolated from hybridomas and a filamentous phage Fab display library. (1995)

Conventional hybridomas and combinatorial Ab libraries were used to develop neutralizing murine mAbs to human IL-5. Mice were immunized with rIL-5. Spleens from two mice were used to generate hybridomas. Spleens from an additional three mice were used to construct a combinatorial library. In both instances, Abs were identified and selected by ELISA using 96-well plates coated with rIL-5. These Abs were tested for the ability to block binding of iodinated rIL-5 to the alpha-chain of the human IL-5 receptor (IL-5R alpha) and to inhibit proliferation of IL-5-dependent cells. By hybridoma technology, 16 mAbs were obtained, 11 of which blocked binding to IL-5R alpha, including three that inhibited proliferation. Quantitative binding assays and sequence analysis revealed that these latter three mAbs were closely related. Combinatorial cloning and selection by phage display was used to isolate 24 bacterial colonies secreting Fabs that bound to 125I-rIL-5 and to rIL-5-coated plates. Sequencing of 10 of the Fabs indicated that four unique Abs were obtained, comprising one predominant VH paired with one of two different VL. The sequence of the Fabs was distinct from the sequences of the neutralizing mAbs. In contrast to the mAbs, none of the Fabs blocked binding of 125I-IL-5 to IL-5R alpha or neutralized the biologic activity of IL-5. The inability to identify neutralizing Fabs was shown not to result from their monovalency, because a Fab derived from one of the neutralizing mAbs, by cloning and expression of its Fd and kappa light chains, retained neutralizing activity. By chain shuffling, pairing of the Fd fragment of the heavy chain of one of the neutralizing mAbs (2B6), with the light chain library derived from the IL-5-immunized mice, neutralizing Fabs were obtained. These Fabs contained light chain sequences closely related to the original light chain of 2B6. Hence, chain shuffling allowed detection of a light chain sequence that was not evident upon two-chain combinatorial selection. The results reveal differences in the Abs obtained from a combinatorial library vs hybridomas and demonstrate how these approaches can be used in concert to select mAbs with neutralizing activity.
The Use of Piezoelectric Ceramics for Electric Power Generation Within Orthopedic Implants (2005)

This paper presents the results of tests that demonstrate the feasibility of using piezoelectric (PZT) ceramics to generate in vivo electrical energy for orthopedic implants. Sensors encapsulated within implants could provide in vivo diagnostic capabilities such as the monitoring of implant duty (i.e., walking) cycle, detecting abnormally asymmetric or high forces, sensing misalignment and early loosening, and early detection of wear. Early diagnosis of abnormalities or impending failure is critical to minimize patient harm. However, the routine use of sensors and microprocessors embedded within orthopedic implants for diagnostic and monitoring purposes has been limited by the lack of a long-term self-contained power source capable of lasting the expected 20-year implant lifetimes. By embedding PZT materials within orthopedic implants, a small amount of the mechanical energy generated during normal physical activity can be converted into useful electrical energy. This in vivo energy source can power embedded microprocessors and sensors for a broad range of biomedical uses. The current work investigates the application of this technology to total knee replacement (TKR) implants, but it is applicable to many other implanted biomedical devices.
Model and Experiment of Detecting Multiple Magnetic Nanoparticles as Biomolecular Labels by Spin Valve Sensors (2004)

We present an analytical model for detection of multiple magnetic nanoparticles (NP) as biomolecular labels by spin valve (SV) sensors, aiming to establish the relationship between the SV sensor signal and the number of magnetic labels. The model is based on the assumptions of equivalent average field of magnetic NPs and the coherent magnetization rotation of SVs free layer. Using the model, we have calculated the sensor signals of multiple NPs uniformly or randomly distributed over a SV sensor at various aspect ratios of the NP array. Satisfactory signal linearity at low particle number or high aspect ratio has been found. The model also reveals that the SV sensors could be made insensitive to the random configuration of NPs and only sensitive to the number of NPs. This feature is desired for quantitative bio-detection. To check the validity of the model, we performed experiments on a monolayer of 16-nm Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/ NPs coated on 0.3-/spl mu/m-wide SV sensors. We found that the measured signals could be well described by the analytical model.
New methods for the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids and esters (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew methods for the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids and estersElias J. Corey, Norman W. Gilman, and B. E. GanemCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 20, 5616–5617Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01022a059https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01022a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views8543Altmetric-Citations464LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Molecular characterization of a kinesin-related antigen of Leishmania chagasi that detects specific antibody in African and American visceral leishmaniasis. (1993)

We report the cloning of a Leishmania chagasi antigen gene and an evaluation of leishmaniasis patient antibody responses to the recombinant protein, rK39. rK39 contains a 39-amino acid repeat that is part of a 230-kDa protein predominant in L. chagasi tissue amastigotes. Sequence analyses showed this protein, LcKin, to be related to the kinesin superfamily of motor proteins. Southern blot analyses demonstrated LcKin-related sequences in seven species of Leishmania, with conservation of the repeat between L. chagasi and Leishmania donovani. Serological evaluation revealed that 98% (56 of 57) of Brazilian and 100% (52 of 52) of Sudanese visceral leishmaniasis patients have high antibody levels to the rK39 repeat. Detectable anti-K39 antibody was virtually absent in cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis patients and in individuals infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. The data show that rK39 may replace crude parasite antigens as a basis for serological diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis.
A 50-kDa integrin-associated protein is required for integrin-regulated calcium entry in endothelial cells. (1993)

A 50-kDa integrin-associated protein (IAP), identified by its role in activation of neutrophils by extracellular matrix proteins, has recently been found to have a primary sequence that predicts five transmembrane domains, raising the possibility that the protein participates in ion transport. In endothelial cells, extracellular matrix proteins and anti-integrin antibodies have been shown to trigger an influx of [Ca2+]i via voltage-independent membrane channels. We now show that monoclonal antibodies to IAP that block neutrophil activation completely inhibited the fibronectin-stimulated rise in [Ca2+]i in endothelial cells. An antibody that binds IAP but does not block neutrophil function had no effect on endothelial cell [Ca2+]i. Inhibition of IAP function had no effect on endothelial cell adhesion, no effect on the integrin-mediated rise in intracellular pH, and no effect on the integrin-mediated increase in tyrosine phosphorylation. In addition, inhibition of IAP had no effect on the influx of Ca2+ triggered by histamine. These results demonstrate that IAP is specifically required for the integrin-regulated calcium influx and suggest that IAP itself might be an integrin-associated calcium channel.
Characterization of the last step of the aerobic phenylacetic acid degradation pathway (2007)

Phenylacetic acid (PA) degradation in bacteria involves an aerobic hybrid pathway encoded by the paa gene cluster. It is shown here that succinyl-CoA is one of the final products of this pathway in Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that the paaE gene encodes the beta-ketoadipyl-CoA thiolase that catalyses the last step of the PA catabolic pathway, i.e. the thiolytic cleavage of beta-ketoadipyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. Succinyl-CoA is suggested as a common final product of aerobic hybrid pathways devoted to the catabolism of aromatic compounds.