gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Call for Limiting Absolute Privilege: How Victims of Domestic Violence, Suffering with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Are Discriminated Against by the U.S. Judicial System (2017)

The U.S. court system often traumatizes victims of domestic violence (“DV”) through institutional gender discrimination, which has plagued women throughout the United States since colonial American times. In many ways the court system becomes a participant in re-victimizing and continuing the abuse of the DV victim. Abusive power and control of women exposes them to DV in alarming numbers; this causes many DV victims to experience severe trauma that results in psychological injuries such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (“PTSD”). In the court system, the DV abuser enters the legal process with an advantage over his victim who suffers from PTSD. Absolute privilege and the innately adversarial nature of the family law court system harms the DV victim who is ill prepared mentally, physically, and emotionally to wage legal war against her abuser; thus, the abuser manipulates the court system as a weapon to inflict additional harms against his psychologically injured victim. As a result, the victim leaves the court with an unjust and unfair judicial outcome. Such a result runs afoul to the principles of the U.S. legal system. Reforms to the U.S. court system need to be enacted to protect injured DV victims who suffer from PTSD. The Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) requires public spaces to be changed to allow free and open use of public services for people with disabilities to exercise their legal rights. DV victims suffering from PTSD should have the same legal protection afforded by the ADA in order to modify absolute privilege, allowing for a just and fair legal outcome in cases with their abuser.
Inhibitory effect of epidermal growth factor on resveratrol-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells is mediated by protein kinase C-alpha. (2004)

Resveratrol, a naturally occurring stilbene with antitumor properties, caused mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)] activation, nuclear translocation of Ser15-phosphorylated p53, and p53-dependent apoptosis in hormone-insensitive DU145 prostate cancer cells. Exposure of these cells to epidermal growth factor (EGF) for up to 4 hours resulted in brief activation of MAPK followed by inhibition of resveratrol-induced signal transduction, p53 phosphorylation, and apoptosis. Resveratrol stimulated c-fos and c-jun expression in DU145 cells, an effect also suppressed by EGF. An inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha, -beta, and -gamma (CGP41251) enhanced Ser15 phosphorylation of p53 by resveratrol in the absence of EGF and blocked EGF inhibition of the resveratrol effect. EGF caused PKC-alpha/beta phosphorylation in DU145 cells, an effect reversed by CGP41251. Activation of PKC by phorbol ester (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) enhanced EGF action on ERK1/2 phosphorylation without significantly altering p53 phosphorylation by resveratrol. DU145 cells transfected with a dominant-negative PKC-alpha construct showed resveratrol-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and Ser15 phosphorylation of p53 but were unresponsive to EGF. Thus, resveratrol and EGF activate MAPK by discrete mechanisms in DU145 cells. The stilbene promoted p53-dependent apoptosis, whereas EGF opposed induction of apoptosis by resveratrol via a PKC-alpha-mediated mechanism. Resveratrol also induced p53 phosphorylation in LNCaP prostate cancer cells, an effect also inhibited by EGF. Inhibition of PKC activation in LNCaP cells, however, resulted in a reduction, rather than increase, in p53 activation and apoptosis, suggesting that resveratrol-induced apoptosis in these two cell lines occurs through different PKC-mediated and MAPK-dependent pathways.
Direct Access Valve Replacement (DAVR) — are we entering a new era in cardiac surgery?☆ (2006)

Seventeen pigs underwent direct access valve replacement of the aortic valve with deployment of a valved stent into the native aorta. Eleven valves observed for an average 5-h period showed satisfactory, postimplantation valve function.
OSPF Extensions in Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) (2005)

This document specifies encoding of extensions to the OSPF routing
protocol in support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
(GMPLS). [STANDARDS-TRACK]
PostScript Language Program Design (1988)

Introduces the Postscript programming language, describes the imaging model, and discusses emulators, page design, program structure, scanned images, file merging, and error handling.
Modern Coding Theory (2008)

Having trouble deciding which coding scheme to employ, how to design a new scheme, or how to improve an existing system? This summary of the state-of-the-art in iterative coding makes this decision more straightforward. With emphasis on the underlying theory, techniques to analyse and design practical iterative coding systems are presented. Using Gallager's original ensemble of LDPC codes, the basic concepts are extended for several general codes, including the practically important class of turbo codes. The simplicity of the binary erasure channel is exploited to develop analytical techniques and intuition, which are then applied to general channel models. A chapter on factor graphs helps to unify the important topics of information theory, coding and communication theory. Covering the most recent advances, this text is ideal for graduate students in electrical engineering and computer science, and practitioners. Additional resources, including instructor's solutions and figures, available online: www.cambridge.org/9780521852296.
Contribution of Monocytes/Macrophages to Compensatory Neovascularization (2000)

In a transgenic model of ischemic cardiomyopathy in which monocytes are attracted to the myocardium by the targeted overexpression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), we have observed the presence of endothelial NO synthase and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1-negative tunnels, occasionally containing blood-derived cells, that probe the cardiac tissue. Immunohistochemical data show that monocytes/macrophages (MCs/Mphs) drill tunnels using the broad-spectrum mouse macrophage metalloelastase. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation and neo-endothelial markers present in the microvasculature of MCP-1 mouse hearts suggest an active angiogenic process. Further studies will be required to establish that the MC-/Mph-drilled tunnels evolve to become capillaries, connected to the existing vessels and colonized by circulating endothelial cell progenitors. This possibility is supported by the availability of these cells, which is demonstrated by cell tagging with beta-galactosidase placed under an active endothelial Tie-2 promoter. This phenomenon might represent another mechanism, in addition to the secretion of the angiogenic factors, by which MCs/MPhs may participate in the elaboration of new blood vessels in adult tissues.
Olfactory Sensitivity for Carboxylic Acids in Spider Monkeys and Pigtail Macaques (2004)

Using a conditioning paradigm, the olfactory sensitivity of four spider monkeys and four pigtail macaques for a homologous series of carboxylic acids (n-propionic acid to n-heptanoic acid) was investigated. With only few exceptions, the animals of both species significantly discriminated concentrations <1 p.p.m. from the odorless solvent and in several cases individual monkeys even demonstrated thresholds <1 p.p.b. The results showed (i). both primate species to have a well-developed olfactory sensitivity for carboxylic acids, which for some substances matches or even is markedly better than that of species such as the rat or the dog and (ii). a significant correlation between perceptibility in terms of olfactory detection thresholds and carbon chain length of the carboxylic acids in both species tested. These findings lend further support to the growing body of evidence suggesting that between-species comparisons of the number of functional olfactory receptor genes or of neuroanatomical features are poor predictors of olfactory performance, and that general labels such as 'microsmat' or 'macrosmat'-which usually are based on allometric comparisons of olfactory brain structures-are inadequate to describe a species' olfactory capabilities.
Pro-drugs as Novel Drug Delivery Systems (1975)

Historically the term pro-drug was first introduced by Albert (1,2) who used the word "pro-drug" or "pro-agent" to describe compounds which undergo biotransformation prior to exhibiting their pharmacological effects. Albert suggested that this concept could be used for many different purposes. For example, in his book "Selective Toxicity" (2) he mentions that "as a means of introducing selectivity into toxicity, the principle of latent activity has endless possibilities." Albert himself points out that the pro-drug approach is not new. Methenamine (I) and aspirin (II), both synthesized in the late nineteenth century, are examples of bioreversible derivatives of formaldehyde and salicylic acid respectively. Use of salicylic acid as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent was somewhat limited by its corrosiveness which was in part overcome with the use of II. Formaldehyde, although a useful topical antiseptic, could not be used orally as a urinary tract antiseptic until it was converted to I
Immunocytochemical Localization of the NPY/PYY Y1 Receptor in the Developing Pancreas1 (1997)

Neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, and pancreatic polypeptide are structurally related peptides that are considered to play a role in the regulation of pancreatic secretion and blood flow. Several receptor subtypes for these peptides have been identified, and the Y1, Y2, Y4/PP1, Y5, and Y5/PP2/Y2b receptors are cloned. We have prepared polyclonal peptide antibodies that recognize the Y1 receptor and now report on its localization in the adult and developing rat pancreas. In the adult pancreas, Y1 receptors were detected both in some centroacinar and intralobular duct cells and in endothelial cells. In the developing pancreas (E12.5-E16.5), Y1 receptor immunoreactivity was observed in numerous nonendocrine epithelial cells. These cells occurred in the immediate vicinity of peptide YY-positive endocrine cells. At E16.5, a fraction of these Y1 receptor-containing cells co-stored amylase. One day later, Y1 receptor immunoreactivity became restricted to pancreatic duct-like cells that occurred in close proximity to peptide YY cells. In fetal rats, intense Y1 receptor staining was also observed in endothelial cells. These observations, together with the finding of early pancreatic peptide YY expression, suggest that peptide YY produced by fetal endocrine cells may exert an action on exocrine cells, duct cells and endothelial cells during development.
Reinstalling Antitumor Immunity by Inhibiting Tumor-Derived Immunosuppressive Molecule IDO through RNA Interference (2006)

Tumor-derived immune suppression is a major impediment to successful immune/gene cancer therapy. In the present study, we describe a novel strategy to disrupt tumor-derived immune suppression by silencing a tolerogenic molecule of tumor origin, IDO, using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Silencing of IDO in B16F10 cells in vitro using IDO-siRNA prevented catabolism of tryptophan and inhibited apoptosis of T cells. IDO-siRNA treatment of B16F10 cells in vitro inhibited subsequent growth, tumor formation, and the size of tumor formed, by those cells when transplanted into host mice. In vivo treatment of B16F10 tumor-bearing mice successfully postponed tumor formation time and significantly decreased tumor size. Furthermore, in vivo IDO-siRNA treatment resulted in recovery of T cells responses and enhancement of tumor-specific killing. Thus, silencing IDO may break tumor-derived immune suppression. These data indicate that RNA interference has potential to enhance cancer therapy by reinstalling anticancer immunity.
Self-assembled monolayers of thiols (1998)

The synthesis of organthiols and their assembly into monolayers on gold, P.E. Laibinis et al The kinetics and thermodynamics of monolayer formation - in situ measurement of alkanethiol adsorption onto gold, G.J. Blanchard et al Atomic force microscopy studies on self-assembled monolayers of thiols, G. Liu et al X-ray and the HeAtom diffraction studies of self-assembled monolayers, P. Fenter The structure of alkanethiol films on liquid mercury - an X-ray study, M. Deutsch et al NMR spectroscopy of self-assembled monolayers, L. Reven Simulations of self-assembled monolayers of thiols on gold, J.I. Siepmann, I.R. McDonald Microcontact printing of SAMs, J. Tien et al.
Introduction (2015)

People continually reflect on themselves and their worlds, and they are continually called upon to give accounts of themselves. People have hopes, fears, reasons, intentions, and values, and they may experience times of satisfaction, confusion, and demoralization. The premise of this book is that researchers ought to and can study these matters. In this book, we give readers the conceptual framework and practical tools to do so.
Distribution of irradiation damage in silicon bombarded with hydrogen (1977)

Damage distribution in [001] silicon crystals bombarded with a fluence of ${10}^{16}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ to ${10}^{17}$${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ ions at 50-250 keV and at implantation temperatures from -170 to 600\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C was measured by use of high-energy $^{4}\mathrm{He}^{+}$ channeling. The depth profiles were verified by spreading-resistivity measurements, by radiation-enhanced diffusion measurements, and by sectioning of a sample on which blisters had formed. The hydrogen profile, measured by $^{15}\mathrm{N}(p,\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\gamma})^{12}\mathrm{C}$ reaction, agrees with the damage distribution. For 200 keV the depth measurements agree with values calculated by theoretical methods, and the depth distribution is 30%-60% narrower.
Three-dimensional confocal microscopy of colloids (2001)

Confocal microscopy is used in the study of colloidal gels, glasses, and binary fluids. We measure the three-dimensional positions of colloidal particles with a precision of approximately 50 nm (a small fraction of each particle's radius) and with a time resolution sufficient for tracking the thermal motions of several thousand particles at once. This information allows us to characterize the structure and the dynamics of these materials in qualitatively new ways, for example, by quantifying the topology of chains and clusters of particles as well as by measuring the spatial correlations between particles with high mobilities. We describe our experimental technique and describe measurements that complement the results of light scattering.
Modified DNA Analogues That Sense Light Exposure with Color Changes (2004)

We report the discovery of a new class of light-sensing molecules. These light sensors are composed of fluorophore oligomers assembled on a DNA backbone. A combinatorial library of tetrafluorophores consisting of over 14 000 compounds was synthesized and screened for rapid responses toward light exposure. Among the most light-sensitive molecules, at least three tetramers were found to respond to light exposure with apparent color changes, rather than simple photobleaching.
Opioid system in the medial prefrontal cortex mediates binge‐like eating (2013)

Binge eating disorder is an addiction-like disorder characterized by excessive food consumption within discrete periods of time. This study was aimed at understanding the role of the opioid system within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the consummatory and motivational aspects of binge-like eating. For this purpose, we trained male rats to obtain either a sugary, highly palatable diet (Palatable rats) or a chow diet (Chow rats) for 1 hour/day. We then evaluated the effects of the opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone, given either systemically or site-specifically into the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) or the mPFC on a fixed ratio 1 (FR1) and a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement for food. Finally, we assessed the expression of the genes proopiomelanocortin (POMC), pro-dynorphin (PDyn) and pro-enkephalin (PEnk), coding for the opioids peptides in the NAcc and the mPFC in both groups. Palatable rats rapidly escalated their intake by four times. Naltrexone, when administered systemically and into the NAcc, reduced FR1 responding for food and motivation to eat under a progressive ratio in both Chow and Palatable rats; conversely, when administered into the mPFC, the effects were highly selective for binge eating rats. Furthermore, we found a twofold increase in POMC and a ∼50% reduction in PDyn gene expression in the mPFC of Palatable rats, when compared to control rats; however, no changes were observed in the NAcc. Our data suggest that neuroadaptations of the opioid system in the mPFC occur following intermittent access to highly palatable food, which may be responsible for the development of binge-like eating.
Advantage of a residualizing iodine radiolabel for radioimmunotherapy of xenografts of human non-small-cell carcinoma of the lung. (1997)

The use of the residualizing radiolabel DLT provides a therapeutic advantage in comparison to conventional 131I-labeled RS11.
Metal-enhanced emission from indocyanine green: a new approach to in vivo imaging (2003)

Indocyanine green (ICG) is widely used in medical imaging and testing. Its complex spectral behavior and low quantum yield limits some applications. We show that proximity of ICG to a metallic silver particle increases its intensity approximately 20-fold and decreases the decay time. Since the rate of photobleaching is not increased, our results suggest that ICG-silver particle complexes can yield at least 20-fold more photons per ICG molecule for improved medical imaging.
A naturally occurring mutation of insulin receptor alanine 1134 impairs tyrosine kinase function and is associated with dominantly inherited insulin resistance. (1990)

We have identified a previously undescribed genetic variant of the insulin receptor (Ala1134----Thr1134) in a family with the Type A syndrome of insulin resistance. Using the polymerase chain reaction to amplify insulin receptor cDNA and genomic DNA (exon 19), this mutation was detected in 1/2 alleles in the proband, her two affected sisters, and her affected father. Two normal alleles were present in the unaffected mother. No additional structural changes were encoded by the remainder of the proband's receptor cDNA. The Ala1134 mutant receptor was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The expressed mutant receptors were processed normally and displayed normal affinity of insulin binding but were markedly deficient in insulin-stimulated autophosphorylation. The mutant receptor was unable to catalyze the phosphorylation of the endogenous substrate, pp185, and insulin-stimulated kinase activity toward an exogenous substrate in vitro also was markedly impaired. Ala1134 is a highly conserved residue located in a consensus sequence found in most tyrosine kinases. It is likely that this previously uncharacterized residue and/or the immediate region surrounding it are important for normal kinase function in other members of this receptor family. This study also demonstrates that severe insulin resistance with dominant inheritance may be caused by a missense mutation in one allele of the insulin receptor gene.
A short-time objective intelligibility measure for time-frequency weighted noisy speech (2010)

Existing objective speech-intelligibility measures are suitable for several types of degradation, however, it turns out that they are less appropriate for methods where noisy speech is processed by a time-frequency (TF) weighting, e.g., noise reduction and speech separation. In this paper, we present an objective intelligibility measure, which shows high correlation (rho=0.95) with the intelligibility of both noisy, and TF-weighted noisy speech. The proposed method shows significantly better performance than three other, more sophisticated, objective measures. Furthermore, it is based on an intermediate intelligibility measure for short-time (approximately 400 ms) TF-regions, and uses a simple DFT-based TF-decomposition. In addition, a free Matlab implementation is provided.
First Results in Near and Mid IR Lithium Niobate-Based Integrated Optics Interferometer Based on SWIFTS-Lippmann Concept (2014)

High-resolution spectrometers are nowadays achievable in compact devices using integrated optics. The approach developed here consists in obtaining a static interferogram by means of a Fresnel reflection at the waveguide output (Lippmann interference between forward and backward beams) and then sample the fringes by periodically etching the waveguide with transverse nanogrooves, that will collect a negligible part of the flux. We present the first SWIFTS-Lippmann interferometer in the near and mid-infrared, thanks to high form factor grooves obtained by focused ion beam in lithium niobate, which opens the way to electrooptic modulation of the interferogram and thus, sampling on-chip, without any moving part. Possible applications are high-resolution spectroscopy and accurate measurement of effective refractive index of a waveguide. A measurement of the effective group refractive index of the guided mode is presented.
Radioimmunodetection of murine mammary adenocarcinoma (TA3/Ha) lung and liver metastases with radioiodinated PNA (1985)

Organ-specific lung and liver metastatic variants of the murine TA3/Ha mammary adenocarcinoma cell line were selected by sequential in vivo growth with intervening in vitro cell culture. These variants readily formed specific lung or liver metastatic lesions upon i.v. injection into A/J mice. TA3/Ha cells produce a large cell surface glycoprotein called epiglycanin, which contains a high proportion of Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigenic structures. The presence of non-cryptic TF has been associated with malignancy in humans and animals. We used peanut lectin agglutinin (PNA), which has a preferential affinity for TF antigenic structures, to determine whether these selected metastatic variants retained the TF antigen expression. In vitro, the TA3/Ha metastatic variant lines exhibited strong PNA binding similar to that seen with human RBC after neuraminidase treatment to expose the cryptic TF antigen. In contrast, the non-epiglycanin-producing TA3/St subline did not bind PNA appreciably. Autoradiography of liver sections with TA3/Ha metastatic lesions after 125I-PNA i.v. indicated an avid uptake throughout the viable tumor mass and FITC-PNA staining of these tissue sections readily identified the metastatic tumors under fluorescence microscopy. Tissue biodistribution studies revealed that lung or liver containing the TA3/Ha metastatic variant nodules retained about 7 to 8 times as much of an i.v. dose of radioiodinated PNA as did controls, allowing for clear delineation of tumor-infiltrated lung or liver by gamma scintigraphy. These in vitro and in vivo tests confirm that the selected organ-specific TA3/Ha variants retained the binding characteristics of the parent TA3/Ha line. These observations illustrate the potential utility of radiolabelled PNA for the detection of TF-antigen-expressing tumors and metastases. This murine system with organ-specific TA3/Ha metastatic variants also provides a model for evaluation of various other macromolecular probes for tumor radioimmunodetection of metastatic lesions.
Parental serum alkaline phosphatase activity as an auxiliary tool for prenatal diagnosis of hypophosphatasia (2017)

Parental ALP measurement might be an auxiliary tool to hone in the prenatal diagnosis of fetal HPP. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.