gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modulating parameters of excitability during and after transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex (2005)

Weak transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the human motor cortex results in excitability shifts which occur during and after stimulation. These excitability shifts are polarity-specific with anodal tDCS enhancing excitability, and cathodal reducing it. To explore the origin of this excitability modulation in more detail, we measured the input-output curve and motor thresholds as global parameters of cortico-spinal excitability, and determined intracortical inhibition and facilitation, as well as facilitatory indirect wave (I-wave) interactions. Measurements were performed during short-term tDCS, which elicits no after-effects, and during other tDCS protocols which do elicit short- and long-lasting after-effects. Resting and active motor thresholds remained stable during and after tDCS. The slope of the input-output curve was increased by anodal tDCS and decreased by cathodal tDCS. Anodal tDCS of the primary motor cortex reduced intracortical inhibition and enhanced facilitation after tDCS but not during tDCS. Cathodal tDCS reduced facilitation during, and additionally increased inhibition after its administration. During tDCS, I-wave facilitation was not influenced but, for the after-effects, anodal tDCS increased I-wave facilitation, while cathodal tDCS had only minor effects. These results suggest that the effect of tDCS on cortico-spinal excitability during a short period of stimulation (which does not induce after-effects) primarily depends on subthreshold resting membrane potential changes, which are able to modulate the input-output curve, but not motor thresholds. In contrast, the after-effects of tDCS are due to shifts in intracortical inhibition and facilitation, and at least partly also to facilitatory I-wave interaction, which is controlled by synaptic activity.
Aberrant alkaloid biosynthesis. Formation of nicotine analogs from unnatural precursors in Nicotiana glutinosa (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAberrant alkaloid biosynthesis. Formation of nicotine analogs from unnatural precursors in Nicotiana glutinosaMelvin L. Rueppel and Henry RapoportCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 25, 7021–7028Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00754a056https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00754a056research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views145Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Rationale for Combining Immunotherapy with Chemotherapy (2015)

Immunotherapy has usually been considered as an alternative to more traditional modalities. Moreover, it has previously been felt that chemotherapy is inherently immunosuppressive and not suitable for combining with immunotherapy. In this review, the concept of combining different modalities that result in cell death, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, with immunotherapy is explored. Tumors actively cause immune suppression which can be reversed by their removal but when this is not possible, enhancing the immune response with nonspecific immune stimulation can enhance the response to other modalities, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Additionally, several chemotherapy agents at low doses selectively inhibit regulatory and suppressor cells.
Shaping the radiation field of tilted fiber Bragg gratings (2005)

Over the past several years polarization-sensitive mode-coupling characteristics of tilted fiber Bragg gratings have been exploited for the development of a number of useful devices, including fiber polarimeters, gain flattening filters, spectrum analyzers, and polarization-dependent-loss compensators. Although a variety of tools are available to model blazed grating responses, to our knowledge a simplified explanation of the parametric dependencies and potential behavior has never been fully presented, making the optimization of these components difficult and elusive at times. We provide a thorough, intuitive discussion of these trends and possibilities as observed through an extensive theoretical and numerical analysis rooted in the volume current method. In addition to a review of the potential limitations and shortcomings of this formulation, some rough guidelines for the manufacture of various devices are also disclosed.
The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil,Eugenia caryophyllata(Syzigium aromaticumL. Myrtaceae): a short review (2007)

The essential oil extracted from the dried flower buds of clove, Eugenia caryophyllata L. Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae), is used as a topical application to relieve pain and to promote healing and also finds use in the fragrance and flavouring industries. The main constituents of the essential oil are phenylpropanoids such as carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde. The biological activity of Eugenia caryophyllata has been investigated on several microorganisms and parasites, including pathogenic bacteria, Herpes simplex and hepatitis C viruses. In addition to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal and antiviral activity, clove essential oil possesses antiinflammatory, cytotoxic, insect repellent and anaesthetic properties. This short review addresses the chemical composition and biological effects of clove essential oil, and includes new results from GC/MS analysis and a study of its antimicrobial activity against a large number of multi-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from dialysis biomaterials.
Agent-assisted task management that reduces email overload (2010)

RADAR is a multiagent system with a mixed-initiative user interface designed to help office workers cope with email overload. RADAR agents observe experts to learn models of their strategies and then use the models to assist other people who are working on similar tasks. The agents' assistance helps a person to transition from the normal email-centric workflow to a more efficient task-centric workflow. The Email Classifier learns to identify tasks contained within emails and then inspects new emails for similar tasks. A novel task-management user interface displays the found tasks in a to-do list, which has integrated support for performing the tasks. The Multitask Coordination Assistant learns a model of the order in which experts perform tasks and then suggests a schedule to other people who are working on similar tasks. A novel Progress Bar displays the suggested schedule of incomplete tasks as well as the completed tasks. A large evaluation demonstrated that novice users confronted with an email overload test performed significantly better (a 37% better overall score with a factor of four fewer errors) when assisted by the RADAR agents.
Consensus molecular subtypes classification of colorectal cancer as a predictive factor for chemotherapeutic efficacy against metastatic colorectal cancer (2018)

The consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) classification is one of the most robust colorectal cancer (CRC) classifications based on comprehensive gene expression profiles. This study aimed to clarify whether the CMS is a predictive factor for therapeutic effects of standard chemotherapies for metastatic CRC (mCRC). We retrospectively enrolled 193 patients with mCRCs, and using comprehensive gene expression data, classified them into 4 subtypes: CMS1-CMS4. The associations between the subtypes and treatment outcomes were analyzed. Regarding first-line chemotherapy, irinotecan (IRI)-based chemotherapy was significantly superior to oxaliplatin (OX)-based chemotherapy for progression-free survival (PFS; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.13-0.64) and overall survival (OS; HR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.19-0.99) in CMS4. Regarding the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) therapy, CMS1 showed particularly worse PFS (HR = 2.50, 95% CI 1.31-4.39) and OS (HR = 4.23, 95% CI 1.83-9.04), and CMS2 showed particularly good PFS (HR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.44-1.01) and OS (HR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.27-0.87) compared with the other subtypes. The biological characteristics of CMS may influence the efficacy of chemotherapy. CMS might be a new predictive factor for the efficacy of chemotherapy against mCRCs.
美国新版《国家猪营养指南》简介II (2012)

《国家猪营养指南》（NSNG）旨在为养猪生产者提供实用性的建议。本指南的指导委员会从全国科学研究委员会出版的《猪营养需要量》中涵盖的12-15年的数据资料着手,结合法国和荷兰两国的数据资料以及自编著本指南起进行的大量试验的数据资料,对猪营养的需求量进行了更新。在指导委员会一致确定营养需要量后,又根据许多试验商定在将消化能转换成代谢能以及再将代谢能转换成净能时的安全系数以及采用怎样的转换策略。
Intravenous administration of iron gluconate during haemodialysis (1997)

to commencing iron infusion), after 3 h, and at the end of Key words: haemodialysis; intravenous iron the infusion.
The effects of bleomycin on alveolar macrophage growth factor secretion. (1989)

Previous work in this laboratory has demonstrated increased secretion of fibroblast growth factor (MDGF) activity by alveolar macrophages obtained from mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The mechanism by which bleomycin promotes this increase in MDGF secretion is not clear, however. The purpose of this study was to determine the direct effects of bleomycin on alveolar macrophages. Normal rat alveolar macrophages obtained by lavage were cultured in the presence or absence of bleomycin; conditioned media from these cultures were dialyzed to remove bleomycin and then assayed in vitro for MDGF activity. Alveolar macrophages incubated with 0.01 microgram to 1 microgram/ml bleomycin for 18 hours secreted significantly more MDGF than macrophages incubated without bleomycin. Viability of macrophages as determined by exclusion of trypan blue and release of LDH was unaffected by any dose tested. Maximal MDGF production was seen with bleomycin doses of greater than or equal to 0.1 microgram/ml. When alveolar macrophages were incubated with 0.1 microgram/ml bleomycin for 0.5-18 hours, MDGF activity was detected as early as 1 hour, with peak responses found at 4-8 hours. Macrophages stimulated with bleomycin continued to produce significant amounts of MDGF even after bleomycin was removed and replaced with fresh (bleomycin-free) media. MDGF secretion by bleomycin-stimulated alveolar macrophages was inhibited by cycloheximide, and the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors NDGA (nordihydroguairetic acid) and BW755c, indicating not only a requirement for protein synthesis but also for metabolites of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism for full expression of activity(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Nonsense Mutation of the Sodium Channel GeneSCN2Ain a Patient with Intractable Epilepsy and Mental Decline (2004)

Mutations, exclusively missense, of voltage-gated sodium channel alpha subunit type 1 (SCN1A) and type 2 (SCN2A) genes were reported in patients with idiopathic epilepsy: generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. Nonsense and frameshift mutations of SCN1A, by contrast, were identified in intractable epilepsy: severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI). Here we describe a first nonsense mutation of SCN2A in a patient with intractable epilepsy and severe mental decline. The phenotype is similar to SMEI but distinct because of partial epilepsy, delayed onset (1 year 7 months), and absence of temperature sensitivity. A mutational analysis revealed that the patient had a heterozygous de novo nonsense mutation R102X of SCN2A. Patch-clamp analysis of Na(v)1.2 wild-type channels and the R102X mutant protein coexpressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells showed that the truncated mutant protein shifted the voltage dependence of inactivation of wild-type channels in the hyperpolarizing direction. Analysis of the subcellular localization of R102X truncated protein suggested that its dominant negative effect could arise from direct or indirect cytoskeletal interactions of the mutant protein. Haploinsufficiency of Na(v)1.2 protein is one plausible explanation for the pathology of this patient; however, our biophysical findings suggest that the R102X truncated protein exerts a dominant negative effect leading to the patient's intractable epilepsy.
Detection and Determination of Minor Components in Nominally Pure Solids by Raman Spectroscopy (1987)

The problems encountered in applying Raman spectroscopy to direct qualitative and quantitative analysis for minor impurities in nominally pure, colorless solids have been examined. Samples of sulfamethoxazole spiked with 0.5 to 5% of sulfanilamide and sulfanilic acid were used as test materials. A procedure is described which permits detection of spectral features of the specified impurities at the 0.5% level. Least-squares fitting and cross-correlation data treatment procedures for the determination of sulfanilamide in sulfamethoxazole, with limits of detection of about 0.1% for either approach, are described. Computer simulations have been used to examine detection of impurity peaks for a variety of conditions, including the worst-case scenario in which the impurity features coincide with the strongest features of the spectrum of the host material. A least-squares fitting approach is described which permits detection of the impurity peak at the 0.5% level, even under worst case conditions.
Direct answers for search queries in the long tail (2012)

Web search engines now offer more than ranked results. Queries on topics like weather, definitions, and movies may return inline results called answers that can resolve a searcher's information need without any additional interaction. Despite the usefulness of answers, they are limited to popular needs because each answer type is manually authored. To extend the reach of answers to thousands of new information needs, we introduce Tail Answers: a large collection of direct answers that are unpopular individually, but together address a large proportion of search traffic. These answers cover long-tail needs such as the average body temperature for a dog, substitutes for molasses, and the keyboard shortcut for a right-click. We introduce a combination of search log mining and paid crowdsourcing techniques to create Tail Answers. A user study with 361 participants suggests that Tail Answers significantly improved users' subjective ratings of search quality and their ability to solve needs without clicking through to a result. Our findings suggest that search engines can be extended to directly respond to a large new class of queries.
Proteomic Approach to Understanding Antibiotic Action (2003)

We have used proteomic technology to elucidate the complex cellular responses of Bacillus subtilis to antimicrobial compounds belonging to classical and emerging antibiotic classes. We established on two-dimensional gels a comprehensive database of cytoplasmic proteins with pIs covering a range of 4 to 7 that were synthesized during treatment with antibiotics or agents known to cause generalized cell damage. Although each antibiotic showed an individual protein expression profile, overlaps in the expression of marker proteins reflected similarities in molecular drug mechanisms, suggesting that novel compounds with unknown mechanisms of action may be classified. Indeed, one such substance, a structurally novel protein synthesis inhibitor (BAY 50-2369), could be classified as a peptidyltransferase inhibitor. These results suggest that this technique gives new insights into the bacterial response toward classical antibiotics and hints at modes of action of novel compounds. Such a method should prove useful in the process of antibiotic drug discovery.
A Breakdown of the Hippo Pathway in Gastric Cancer (2011)

A breakdown of the Hippo pathway may play a role in tumorigenesis and metastasis of gastric cancer.
New developments in hormonal therapy for acne. (2007)

Oral contraceptives (OCs) are a valuable option for the treatment of women with acne. The use of OCs can be considered across the spectrum of acne disease severity in women. In Canada, three preparations are approved for mild-to-moderate acne, and a fourth is indicated for severe acne. These formulations contain estrogen in the form of ethinyl estradiol and a progestin. In Canada, the most recently approved OC is ethinyl estradiol 0.03 mg and drospirenone 3mg (Yasmin, Bayer). With the accumulating evidence on the efficacy and safety of drospirenone-containing hormonal preparations, this formulation provides dermatologists with a new treatment option for acne and other hyperandrogenic disorders.
Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity of Selected Organogold(III) Compounds (2005)

The effects of a few cytotoxic organogold(III) compounds on ovarian A2780 human cancer cells were investigated in comparison to cisplatin and oxaliplatin. The tested compounds produced significant antiproliferative effects and promoted apoptosis to a greater extent than platinum drugs while causing only modest cell cycle modifications. The mechanistic implications of these findings are discussed: mitochondrial pathways are proposed to be directly involved in the apoptotic process in relation to selective inhibition of thioredoxin reductase.
Alginate Microencapsulation of Human Islets Does Not Increase Susceptibility to Acute Hypoxia (2013)

Islet transplantation in diabetes is hampered by the need of life-long immunosuppression. Encapsulation provides partial immunoprotection but could possibly limit oxygen supply, a factor that may enhance hypoxia-induced beta cell death in the early posttransplantation period. Here we tested susceptibility of alginate microencapsulated human islets to experimental hypoxia (0.1-0.3% O2 for 8 h, followed by reoxygenation) on viability and functional parameters. Hypoxia reduced viability as measured by MTT by 33.8 ± 3.5% in encapsulated and 42.9 ± 5.2% in nonencapsulated islets (P < 0.2). Nonencapsulated islets released 37.7% (median) more HMGB1 compared to encapsulated islets after hypoxic culture conditions (P < 0.001). Glucose-induced insulin release was marginally affected by hypoxia. Basal oxygen consumption was equally reduced in encapsulated and nonencapsulated islets, by 22.0 ± 6.1% versus 24.8 ± 5.7%. Among 27 tested cytokines/chemokines, hypoxia increased the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8/CXCL8 in both groups of islets, whereas an increase of MCP-1/CCL2 was seen only with nonencapsulated islets. Conclusion. Alginate microencapsulation of human islets does not increase susceptibility to acute hypoxia. This is a positive finding in relation to potential use of encapsulation for islet transplantation.
Use of an autonomous sensor to evaluate the biological performance of the advanced turbine at Wanapum Dam (2010)

Hydropower is the largest renewable energy resource in the United States and the world. However, hydropower dams have adverse ecological impacts because migrating fish may be injured or killed when they pass through hydroturbines. In the Columbia and Snake River basins, dam operators and engineers are required to make those hydroelectric facilities more fish-friendly through changes in hydroturbine design and operation after fish population declines and the subsequent listing of several species of Pacific salmon under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Public Utility District No. 2 of Grant County, Washington, requested authorization from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to replace the ten turbines at Wanapum Dam with advanced hydropower turbines designed to improve survival for fish passing through the turbines while improving operation efficiency and increasing power generation. As an additional measure to the primary metric of direct injury and mortality rates of juvenile Chinook salmon using balloon tag-recapture methodology, this study used an autonomous sensor device—the Sensor Fish—to provide insight into the specific hydraulic conditions and physical stresses experienced by the fish as well as the specific causes of fish biological response. We found that the new hydroturbine blade shape and the corresponding reduction of turbulence in the advanced hydropower turbine were effective in meeting the objectives of improving fish survival while enhancing operational efficiency of the dam. The frequency of severe events based on Sensor Fish pressure and acceleration measurements showed trends similar to those of fish survival determined by the balloon tag-recapture methodology. In addition, the new turbine provided a better pressure and rate of pressure change environment for fish passage. Overall, the Sensor Fish data indicated that the advanced hydroturbine design improved passage of juvenile salmon at Wanapum Dam.
A Preoperative Nomogram for Disease Recurrence Following Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer (1998)

A nomogram has been developed that can be used to predict the 5-year probability of treatment failure among men with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy.
Prelude to and Resolution of an Error: EEG Phase Synchrony Reveals Cognitive Control Dynamics during Action Monitoring (2009)

Error-related activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is thought to work in conjunction with lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) as a part of an action-monitoring network, where errors signal the need for increased cognitive control. The neural mechanism by which this mPFC-lPFC interaction occurs remains unknown. We hypothesized that transient synchronous oscillations in the theta range reflect a mechanism by which these structures interact. To test this hypothesis, we extracted oscillatory phase and power from current-source-density-transformed electroencephalographic data recorded during a Flanker task. Theta power in the mPFC was diminished on the trial preceding an error and increased immediately after an error, consistent with predictions of an action-monitoring system. These power dynamics appeared to take place over a response-related background of oscillatory theta phase coherence. Theta phase synchronization between FCz (mPFC) and F5/6 (lPFC) sites was robustly increased during error trials. The degree of mPFC-lPFC oscillatory synchronization predicted the degree of mPFC power on error trials, and both of these dynamics predicted the degree of posterror reaction time slowing. Oscillatory dynamics in the theta band may in part underlie a mechanism of communication between networks involved in action monitoring and cognitive control.
Anemia and Blood Transfusion in Critically Ill Patients (2002)

This multicenter observational study reveals the common occurrence of anemia and the large use of blood transfusion in critically ill patients. Additionally, this epidemiologic study provides evidence of an association between transfusions and diminished organ function as well as between transfusions and mortality.