gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential activation of antigen-stimulated suicide and cytokine production pathways in CD4+ T cells is regulated by the antigen-presenting cell (1993)

Stimulation of the TCR of activated, mature T cells by an APC produces a spectrum of functional responses. Most of those responses positively promote immunity and inflammation. However, death of the responding T cell, which would limit subsequent inflammation, can also result from such stimulation. We compare the Ag threshold necessary to promote inflammation through cytokine production with the Ag threshold necessary to limit inflammation through T cell death. These two responses are independently regulated by the APC and this regulation is selective for both different APC products and different T cell subsets. The costimulator B7 selectively decreases the Ag threshold for cytokine production in Th1 cells with no effect on the Ag threshold for Th1 death. B7 has no effect on the Th2 Ag threshold for cytokine production or death. In contrast, IFN-gamma negatively modulates a macrophage product that selectively increases the threshold of Ag necessary to stimulate death in Th2 cells, but has no effect on cytokine production by Th2 cells or cytokine production or death of Th1 cells. This selective regulation of cytokine production and T cell death may play an important role in both shaping the quality of a given immune response and in providing a general mechanism for the regulation of the immune response by limiting inflammation and through peripheral deletion of inappropriate T cell specificities.
Regulation of IgG1 and IgE Synthesis by Interleukin 4 in Mouse B Cells (1989)

Mouse interleukin 4 (IL-4) has been shown to act on B cells as an induction factor for Ig class switch. We studied the characteristics of IL-4-regulated Ig isotype production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated splenic B-cell cultures with emphasis on the comparison between the IgG1 and IgE responses. The results show that the kinetics for the appearance of IgG1 and IgE isotypes are similar, but that the dose of IL-4 required for the induction of an IgE response is 3-10 times higher than that for an IgG1 response. No requirement for T cells was found for the induction of either isotype. Pre-incubation of cells for 24 h with IL-4 alone was sufficient to induce an IgG1 response when cells were recultured with LPS from days 1 to 6. However, the simultaneous presence of both IL-4 and LPS for at least 24 h was required for a detectable IgE response. For an optimal IgE response, IL-4 needed to be present for more than 72 h in LPS-activated cultures. The possible reasons for the different regulation of IgG1 and IgE responses are discussed.
Specific endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA for ribosomal protein S20 of Escherichia coli requires the product of the ams gene in vivo and in vitro (1991)

Endonucleolytic cleavage is believed to initiate the degradation of most bacterial mRNAs, but with several exceptions, the enzymes responsible have yet to be identified. Crude (S-30) or partially fractionated extracts of Escherichia coli strains with reduced exonuclease activities catalyze the cleavage of a 372-residue RNA substrate containing the sequences coding for ribosomal protein S20 to yield a number of discrete products. The major product of 147 residues is obtained in 60 to 70% yield, is coterminal with the 3' end of the substrate, and is identical to an mRNA fragment previously characterized in vivo (G. A. Mackie, J. Bacteriol. 171:4112-4120, 1989). A number of other products of 150 to 340 residues are also formed, and the cleavage sites, typically N decreases AU sequences, have been identified in the S20 mRNA substrate by Northern (RNA) blotting and primer extension. All cleavages required a native rather than a denatured RNA substrate. The rate of cutting of the S20 mRNA substrate at the site yielding the prominent 147-residue product appears to be independent of cleavages at other sites. In addition, the activity of the putative endonuclease(s) depends strongly, both in vivo and in vitro, on the product of the ams gene, which is known to influence mRNA lifetimes in vivo. Taken together, the data show that the fractionated extract described here reproduces steps in the degradation of some mRNAs which occur in living cells.
Location of fatty acids in lipid A obtained from lipopolysaccharide of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides ATCC 17023. (1988)

Monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides ATCC 17023 was initially purified by silicic acid column chromatography to yield a single major pentaacyl MLA fraction. This fraction was methylated and further purified by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography to yield three prominent peak fractions. Laser desorption mass spectrometry of these three fractions allowed us to complete the important structural analysis of lipid A from this source. Three structurally distinct forms of dimethyl MLA were identified where Mr = 1447, 1449, and 1451 atomic mass units. These forms differed only by the presence or absence of unsaturation and keto group in the fatty acids. We established that the acyloxyacyl group (either delta 7-tetradecenoyloxytetradecanoate or tetradecanoyloxytetradecanoate) and the 3-ketotetradecanoate or hydroxytetradecanoate occupied the 2'- and 2-positions of the glucosamine disaccharide, respectively. Analysis of several minor fractions suggests that there is considerable structural heterogeneity in the MLA. With this new knowledge, the study of the structure-to-function relationship of the reported lack of toxicity of lipopolysaccharide from R. sphaeroides can be completed.
IgE Hyperproduction Through Enhanced Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Janus Kinase 3 in NC/Nga Mice, a Model for Human Atopic Dermatitis (1999)

IgE hyperproduction frequently observed in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) may greatly contribute to the pathogenesis of AD, but its mechanisms are still unclear. NC/Nga mice raised in nonsterile circumstances spontaneously suffered from AD-like skin lesions with elevation of plasma IgE levels. We investigated mechanisms of the IgE hyperproduction in NC/Nga mice. Splenic T cells from SPF NC/Nga mice had a level of CD40 ligand (CD40L) expression comparable to that of BALB/c mice. Although there was no difference in the expression of CD40 on B cells between NC/Nga and BALB/c mice, B cells of NC/Nga mice produced much more IgE in the presence of soluble CD40L and IL-4. The stimulation with CD40L and/or IL-4 resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) in B cells, which was more strongly inducible in NC/Nga mice than in BALB/c mice. In B cells isolated from PBMC of AD patients with high serum IgE levels, JAK3 was constitutively phosphorylated at the tyrosine residue, and its phosphorylation was enhanced by the treatment with CD40L and/or IL-4 as was that in splenic B cells of NC/Nga mice with dermatitis and high IgE levels. Thus, it is suggested that constitutive and enhanced JAK3 phosphorylation in B cells highly sensitive to CD40L and IL-4 may be attributable to IgE hyperproduction in NC/Nga mice and patients with AD.
Synthesis and Characterization of Osmium-Containing Silsesquioxanes:  High-Yield Routes to {Os3(CO)10(μ-H)[(μ-O)Si7O10(c-C6H11)7]} and the New Clusters {Os3(CO)10(μ-H)[(μ-O)Si7O9(OH)2(c-C6H11)7]}, {[Os3(CO)10(μ-H)]2(μ-O)2Si7O9(OH)(c-C6H11)7}, {Os3(CO)10(μ-H)[(μ-O)Si8O11(OH)(c-C6H11)8]}, and {[Os3(CO)10(μ-H)]2(μ-O)2Si8O11(c-C6H11)8} (2006)

The reactions of [Os3(CO)10(μ-H)(μ-OH)] (3) with the incompletely condensed silsesquioxanes [(c-C6H11)7Si7O9(OH)3] (1) and [(c-C6H11)8Si8O11(OH)2] (2) afford in high yield {Os3(CO)10(μ-H)[(μ-O)Si7O10(c-C6H11)7]} (4) and the new compounds {Os3(CO)10(μ-H)[(μ-O)Si7O9(OH)2(c-C6H11)7]} (5), {[Os3(CO)10(μ-H)]2(μ-O)2Si7O9(OH)(c-C6H11)7} (6), {Os3(CO)10(μ-H)[(μ-O)Si8O11(OH)(c-C6H11)8]} (8), and {[Os3(CO)10(μ-H)]2(μ-O)2Si8O11(c-C6H11)8} (9), which are discrete molecular models of silica-anchored [Os3(CO)10(μ-H)(μ-OSi⋮)]. Compounds 6 and 9 represent the first examples of complexes containing two [Os3(CO)10(μ-H)] cluster cores. The X-ray structures of 5, 8, and 9 are reported.
Misoprostol Dosage in the Prevention of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug-Induced Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers: A Comparison of Three Regimens (1995)

Misoprostol, 200 micrograms twice or three times daily, offers substantial protection against gastric and duodenal ulcers in patients receiving long-term NSAID therapy. These dosages were better tolerated than the currently approved regimen of 200 micrograms four times daily.
Expanded serotyping scheme for Ureaplasma urealyticum strains isolated from humans (1982)

For the last decade the serological heterogeneity of strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum isolated from humans has been represented by eight serotypes. We have identified two additional serotypes, strains Vancouver and Western. Using a modified metabolic inhibition test and a colony indirect epifluorescence method, we tested antisera to the above 10 types against the 11 members of the independent Lin-Kass classification. Four of the latter, K2, U24, U26, and U38, showed unique specificities; these were confirmed by reciprocal testing with antisera prepared against the respective strains. With the addition of these strains, the serotyping scheme now has 14 members. Since this expanded classification allows greater discrimination between strains, it will allow also for their future characterization. It provides, in addition, a potentially more effective epidemiological tool.
Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis: an overview. (2002)

Treatment of valvular heart disease does not remove the patient from significant risks. Inherent to a prosthetic heart valve is the risk for valvular thrombosis. Prompt recognition and treatment of prosthetic valve thrombosis is important.
A Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor, PI-103, Cooperates with Stem Cell–Delivered TRAIL in Experimental Glioma Models (2010)

The resistance of glioma cells to a number of antitumor agents and the highly invasive nature of glioma cells that escape the primary tumor mass are key impediments to the eradication of tumors in glioma patients. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of a novel PI3-kinase/mTOR inhibitor, PI-103, in established glioma lines and primary CD133(+) glioma-initiating cells and explored the potential of combining PI-103 with stem cell-delivered secretable tumor necrosis factor apoptosis-inducing ligand (S-TRAIL) both in vitro and in orthotopic mouse models of gliomas. We show that PI-103 inhibits proliferation and invasion, causes G(0)-G(1) arrest in cell cycle, and results in significant attenuation of orthotopic tumor growth in vivo. Establishing cocultures of neural stem cells (NSC) and glioma cells, we show that PI-103 augments the response of glioma cells to stem cell-delivered S-TRAIL. Using bimodal optical imaging, we show that when different regimens of systemic PI-103 delivery are combined with NSC-derived S-TRAIL, a significant reduction in tumor volumes is observed compared with PI-103 treatment alone. To our knowledge, this is the first study that reveals the antitumor effect of PI-103 in intracranial gliomas. Our findings offer a preclinical rationale for application of mechanism-based systemically delivered antiproliferative agents and novel stem cell-based proapoptotic therapies to improve treatment of malignant gliomas.
Automatic Selection of Partitioning Variables for Small Multiple Displays (2015)

Effective small multiple displays are created by partitioning a visualization on variables that reveal interesting conditional structure in the data. We propose a method that automatically ranks partitioning variables, allowing analysts to focus on the most promising small multiple displays. Our approach is based on a randomized, non-parametric permutation test, which allows us to handle a wide range of quality measures for visual patterns defined on many different visualization types, while discounting spurious patterns. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on scatterplots of real-world, multidimensional datasets.
A MOLECULAR PERSPECTIVE OF CTLA-4 FUNCTION (2005)

Within the paradigm of the two-signal model of lymphocyte activation, the interest in costimulation has witnessed a remarkable emergence in the past few years with the discovery of a large array of molecules that can serve this role, including some with an inhibitory function. Interest has been further enhanced by the realization of these molecules' potential as targets to modulate clinical immune responses. Although the therapeutic translation of mechanistic knowledge in costimulatory molecules has been relatively straightforward, the capacity to target their inhibitory counterparts has remained limited. This limited capacity is particularly apparent in the case of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), a major negative regulator of T cell responses. Because there have been several previous comprehensive reviews on the function of this molecule, we focus here on the physiological implications of its structural features. Such an exercise may ultimately help us to design immunotherapeutic agents that target CTLA-4.
Microcontact Printing: Limitations and Achievements (2009)

Abstract Microcontact printing (µCP) offers a simple and low‐cost surface patterning methodology with high versatility and sub‐micrometer accuracy. The process has undergone a spectacular evolution since its invention, improving its capability to form sub‐100 nm SAM patterns of various polar and apolar materials and biomolecules over macroscopic areas. Diverse development lines of µCP are discussed in this work detailing various printing strategies. New printing schemes with improved stamp materials render µCP a reproducible surface‐patterning technique with an increased pattern resolution. New stamp materials and PDMS surface‐treatment methods allow the use of polar molecules as inks. Flat elastomeric surfaces and low‐diffusive inks push the feature sizes to the nanometer range. Chemical and supramolecular interactions between the ink and the substrate increase the applicability of the µCP process.
Real-time through-wall imaging using an ultrawideband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) phased array radar system (2010)

A real-time acquisition and processing architecture has been developed for an ultrawideband (UWB) S-band (2-4 GHz) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) phased array radar system that facilitates greater than 10 Hz imaging rates, providing a video-like radar image of what is behind a concrete wall. Video rate imaging enhances the interpretability of range vs. range through-wall and free-space radar imagery. Images are formed without a-priori information. Video framerate imaging is achieved by designing an electronically switched bi-static array using high-performance microwave components, a multi-threaded data pipeline, and efficient hardware-accelerated processing algorithms. Experiments successfully image low radar cross section (RCS) objects, fast moving objects in free-space, and a human behind a 10 cm-thick solid concrete wall.
Structural and Electrochemical Characterization of PureLiFePO4and Nanocomposite C-LiFePO4Cathodes for Lithium Ion Rechargeable Batteries (2009)

Pure lithium iron phosphate (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>LiFePO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>) and carbon-coated<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>LiFePO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>(C-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>LiFePO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>) cathode materials were synthesized for Li-ion batteries. Structural and electrochemical properties of these materials were compared. X-ray diffraction revealed orthorhombic olivine structure. Micro-Raman scattering analysis indicates amorphous carbon, and TEM micrographs show carbon coating on<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>LiFePO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>particles. Ex situ Raman spectrum of C-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>LiFePO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>at various stages of charging and discharging showed reversibility upon electrochemical cycling. The cyclic voltammograms of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>LiFePO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>and C-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>LiFePO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>showed only a pair of peaks corresponding to the anodic and cathodic reactions. The first discharge capacities were 63, 43, and 13 mAh/g for C/5, C/3, and C/2, respectively for<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>LiFePO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>where as in case of C-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>LiFePO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>that were 163, 144, 118, and 70 mAh/g for C/5, C/3, C/2, and 1C, respectively. The capacity retention of pure<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>LiFePO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>was 69% after 25 cycles where as that of C-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>LiFePO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>was around 97% after 50 cycles. These results indicate that the capacity and the rate capability improved significantly upon carbon coating.
In vivo MHC class II presentation of cytosolic proteins revealed by rapid automated tandem mass spectrometry and functional analyses (2001)

We report a strategy for high through-put sequence analyses of large MHC class II-bound peptide repertoires which combines automated electrospray ionization tandem mass-spectrometry with computer-assisted interpretation of the tandem mass spectra using the algorithm SEQUEST. This powerful approach discerned 128 peptide sequences displayed by the murine MHC class II molecule I-Ab in activated B cells and macrophages, including a surprisingly large number of peptides derived from self cytosolic proteins. Mice lacking the chaperone molecule H-2M were used to generate T cells specific for selected self peptides. Functional T cell analyses of ex vivo antigen-presenting cells indicated that peptides originating from cytosolic proteins are efficiently presented by splenic and thymic dendritic cells, but less so by resting B cells or thymic cortical epithelial cells. These results suggest that central tolerance to at least some MHC class II-bound self peptides derived from cytosolic proteins exists in vivo.
Development of an anti‐IL‐17A auto‐vaccine that prevents experimental auto‐immune encephalomyelitis (2006)

IL-17 has been associated with multiple inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and multiple sclerosis. As these diseases require long-term treatment we turned to an auto-vaccine strategy for IL-17 neutralization in vivo. Mouse IL-17A was covalently linked to ovalbumin and used to immunize C57BL/6 mice. This vaccine induced the production of antibodies that blocked IL-17A bioactivity in vitro but did not react with the other IL-17 isoforms, including IL-17F. As the half-life of the Ab titers after the last immunogen administration was approximately 4 months, the vaccine provides for long lasting and selective inhibition of IL-17A activity in vivo. A monoclonal Ab (mAb) derived from these mice showed the same specificity for IL-17A. To test the ability of the vaccine to confer protection against an IL-17-dependent disorder, SJL mice were vaccinated with IL-17-OVA and encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced by proteolipid protein (PLP) peptide 139-151. Vaccinated mice were completely protected against the disease. The above-mentioned anti-IL-17A mAb also prevented EAE development. The absence of clinical symptoms contrasted with unaltered PLP-induced cytokine production in vitro and unmodified anti-PLP IgG titers and isotypes. These results suggest that an anti-IL-17A auto-vaccine offers new perspectives for therapy of autoimmune diseases.
Adaptive Control of Electrically Stimulated Muscle (1987)

A discrete time adaptive control system for electrically stimulated muscle has been designed and evaluated experimentally. The control system is based on a previously developed discrete time model of electrically stimulated muscle. Performance was evaluated on the basis of stability and responses to step, ramp, and sinusoidal inputs. Cat tibialis anterior muscles that had been previously electrically exercised were activated to control ankle joint torque via chronically implanted epimysial electrodes.
Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein mediates endocytosis of monoclonal antibodies in cultured cells and rabbit liver. (1990)

Monoclonal antibodies that bound to the external domain of the rabbit low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) were taken into rabbit fibroblasts by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Uptake occurred in fibroblasts from Watanabe-heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits, which lack low density lipoprotein receptors, as well as in normal rabbit fibroblasts. The fate of the internalized antibodies differed, depending on the domain of LRP that was recognized. LRP is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain that is cleaved to form a heterodimer of two noncovalently bound proteins, 1) a 515-kDa subunit that contains the binding domain, and 2) an 85-kDa subunit that contains the membrane-spanning region and cytoplasmic tail. A monoclonal antibody directed against the 515-kDa subunit (anti-LRP 515) rapidly dissociated from LRP at pH 5.2. After uptake by cells this antibody dissociated from the receptor and was degraded in lysosomes. A second antibody directed against the external portion of the 85-kDa subunit (anti-LRP 85) failed to dissociate at acid pH. After uptake by cells this antibody was not degraded, but instead was released from the cells in an acid-precipitable form. When administered intravenously to rabbits, both 125I-labeled antibodies were rapidly cleared from the circulation, 75-95% of the uptake occurring in the liver. The anti-LRP 515 antibody was degraded and acid-soluble products appeared in the plasma. No significant acid-soluble products appeared when the anti-LRP-85 antibody was infused. We conclude that LRP can carry out receptor-mediated endocytosis and that its ligand-binding domain, like the similar domain of the low density lipoprotein receptor, undergoes an acid-dependent conformational change that ejects ligands within the endosome. We also conclude that in the body this endocytotic function is expressed primarily in the liver. Both of these conclusions lend support to the hypothesis that LRP may function in humans and animals as a receptor for apolipoprotein E-enriched lipoproteins, such as chylomicron remnants.