gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Is an Irreversible Inhibitor of Human Thioredoxin Reductase (1995)

Human thioredoxin reductase is a dimeric enzyme that catalyzes reduction of the disulfide in oxidized thioredoxin by a mechanism involving transfer of electrons from NADPH via FAD to a redox-active disulfide. 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) is an alkylating agent used for depleting intracellular GSH and also showing distinct immunomodulatory properties. We have discovered that low concentrations of DNCB completely inactivated human or bovine thioredoxin reductase, with a second order rate constant in excess of 200 M-1 s-1, which is almost 10,000-fold faster than alkylation of GSH. Total inactivation of 50 nM reduced thioredoxin reductase was obtained by 100 microM DNCB after 5 reductase was obtained by 100 microM DNCB after 5 min of incubation at 20 degrees C also in the presence of 1 mM GSH. The inhibition occurred with enzyme only in the presence of NADPH and persisted after removal of DNCB, suggesting alkylation of the active site nascent thiols as the mechanism of inactivation. Thioredoxin reductase modified by DNCB lacked reducing activity with oxidized thioredoxin, 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), or sodium selenite. However, the DNCB-modified enzyme oxidized NADPH at a rate of 4.7 nmol/min/nmol of enzyme in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. This activity was not dependent on the presence of DNCB in solution and constituted a 34-fold increase of the inherent low NADPH oxidase activity of the native enzyme. DNCB is a specific inhibitor of mammalian thioredoxin reductase, which reacted 100-fold faster than glutathione reductase. The inactivation of the disulfide reducing activity of thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin with a concomitant large increase of the NADPH oxidase activity producing reactive oxygen intermediates may mediate effects of DNCB on cells in vivo.
Vitamin K2 induces phosphorylation of protein kinase A and expression of novel target genes in osteoblastic cells (2007)

Vitamin K is known as a critical nutrient required for bone homeostasis and blood coagulation, and it is clinically used as a therapeutic agent for osteoporosis in Japan. Besides its enzymatic action as a cofactor of vitamin K-dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), we have previously shown that vitamin K(2) is a transcriptional regulator of bone marker genes and extracellular matrix-related genes, by activating the steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR). To explore a novel action of vitamin K in osteoblastic cells, we identified genes up-regulated by a vitamin K(2) isoform menaquinone-4 (MK-4) using oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Among these up-regulated genes by MK-4, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and stanniocalcin 2 (STC2) were identified as novel MK-4 target genes independent of GGCX and SXR pathways in human and mouse osteoblastic cells. The induction of GDF15 and STC2 is likely specific to MK-4, as it was not exerted by another vitamin K(2) isoform MK-7, vitamin K(1), or the MK-4 side chain structure geranylgeraniol. Investigation of the involved signaling pathways revealed that MK-4 enhanced the phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA), and the MK-4-dependent induction of both GDF15 and STC2 genes was reduced by the treatment with a PKA inhibitor H89 or siRNA against PKA. These results suggest that vitamin K(2) modulates its target gene expression in osteoblastic cells through the PKA-dependent mechanism, which may be distinct from the previously known vitamin K signaling pathways.
Beware of your Stakeholders (1989)

As a result of its “stakeholder” approach, human resource development strategies were developed and successfully implemented to serve a most important stakeholder group – the employees – by an international computer corporation. Information about the company and its history is presented, the stakeholder concept chosen is described, including all the human resource strategies and a model to show how these are integrated, and an evaluation is given based on the organisation′s experiences to date.
Inferring causality in brain images: a perturbation approach (2005)

When engaged by a stimulus, different nodes of a neural circuit respond in a coordinated fashion. We often ask whether there is a cause and effect in such interregional interactions. This paper proposes that we can infer causality in functional connectivity by employing a 'perturb and measure' approach. In the human brain, this has been achieved by combining transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging or electroencephalography. Here, I will illustrate this approach by reviewing some of our TMS/PET work, and will conclude by discussing a few methodological and theoretical challenges facing those studying neural connectivity using a perturbation.
ChemInform Abstract: SOLID PHASE SYNTHESIS WITHOUT REPETITIVE ACIDOLYSIS. PREPARATION OF LEUCYL‐ALANYL‐GLYCYL‐VALINE USING 9‐FLUORENYLMETHYLOXYCARBONYLAMINO ACIDS (1979)

Abstract Seit der Einführung der Merrifieldmethode zum Aufbau von Peptiden, wurde das Verfahren laufend verbessert, so daß z.B. das Peptid (X) mit einer Ausbeute von 50% gewonnen werden konnte.
Optical Communication Systems for Short-Haul Applications (1974)

This report describes an availability model for short-haul optical communication links operating through the atmosphere. To check this model, to assess equipment reliability, and to determine problems associated with fog, rain, snow, and atmospheric turbulence, a commercial link was operated for six months on a 3000-ft path near Boulder, Colorado.
Dispersion of Clays and Shales by Fluid Motion (1940)

It is the purpose of this article to present the results of an investigation of certain clay and shale suspensions having viscosities that are materiallyinfluenced by fluid motion, and to discuss the bearing of these results uponthe choice of policy in the control of drilling fluids. A previous articledescribed the design and the characteristics of an instrument adapted tomeasure the viscosity of plastic suspensions during continuous uniform motionand at a variety of speeds. It has long been recognized that the viscosity of a clay suspension depends onthe past history of the fluid motion. Since an abundance of literature isavailable on this phenomenon, it is not necessary to describe it in more thangeneral terms. It is usually observed that rapid motion reduces the viscosityof a clay suspension, and that some time is required for the viscosity to fallto its equilibrium value after the steady motion is started. On reducing thespeed of motion to some lower value, the viscosity again rises, but it alsorequires some time to attain a steady viscosity value at the slower rate ofmotion. Thus clay suspensions are usually observed to be increasing inviscosity as time passes when the measurement has been immediately preceded byfluid motion that was more rapid than that employed in the measurement. And itis usually observed that the viscosity falls as time passes when themeasurement has been preceded by more quiescent conditions. Reed, and Broughtonand Hand have reported a condition of observation of clay suspensions in whichthe viscosity was observed to fall during the first few moments of steadymotion, and rise thereafter. T.P. 1125
CD18 Activation Epitopes Induced by Leukocyte Activation (2001)

The cell surface adhesion molecule LFA-1 coordinates leukocyte trafficking and is a costimulatory molecule for T cell activation. We developed a panel of mAbs that recognize activation epitopes on the CD18 subunit, and show that stimulation of T lymphocytes appears to be accompanied by a conformational change in a subpopulation of LFA-1 that does not require ligand binding. Activation epitope up-regulation requires divalent cations, is sensitive to cellular signal transduction events, and correlates with cell adhesion. In addition, the stimulated appearance of these activation epitopes is absent in cell lines from patients with leukocyte adhesion deficiency-1/variant that has previously been shown to be defective in LFA-1 activation. Thus, these activation epitope Abs can be used to dissect signal transmission to CD18. Evidence suggests that these CD18 activation epitopes are induced early in cellular activation and are independent of actin rearrangement necessary for avid adhesion. We have also determined that function-blocking CD18 Abs inhibit the induction of activation epitopes. One activation epitope Ab binds to a site on CD18 distinct from that of the blocking Abs, indicating that the blocking Abs suppress a conformational change in LFA-1. We also find that these neoepitopes are present on rLFA-1 with high affinity for ICAM-1 and their binding is modulated in parallel with the affinity of LFA-1 for ICAM-1. Collectively, these neoepitope Abs identify a subpopulation of LFA-1 most likely with high affinity for ICAM-1 and necessary for LFA-1 function.
Recognition of Duplex RNA by Helix-Threading Peptides (2004)

Many important biological processes, from the interferon antiviral response to the generation of microRNA regulators of translation, involve duplex RNA. Small molecules capable of binding duplex RNA structures with high affinity and selectivity will be useful in regulating these processes and, as such, are valuable research tools and potentially therapeutic. In this paper, the synthesis and duplex RNA-binding properties of EDTA.Fe-modified peptide-intercalator conjugates (PICs) are described. Peptide appendages at the 4- and 9-positions of the planar acridine ring system render these PICs threading intercalators, directing the substituents into both grooves of double helical RNA simultaneously. Directed hydroxyl radical cleavage experiments conducted with varying RNA stem-loop structures indicate a preferred binding polarity with the N- and C-termini of the PIC in the minor and major grooves, respectively. However, this binding polarity is shown to be dependent on both the structure of the PIC and the RNA secondary structure adjacent to the intercalation site. Definition of the minimal RNA structure required for binding to one of these PICs led to the identification of an intercalation site in a pre-microRNA from Caenorhabditis elegans. Results presented will guide both rational design and combinatorial approaches for the generation of new RNA binding PICs and will continue to facilitate the identification of naturally occurring RNA targets for these small molecules.
Isolation of circovirus from lesions of pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. (1998)

Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), an apparently new disease, has been recognized in swine herds in western Canada. Young pigs with this disease have progressive weight loss, tachypnea, dyspnea, and jaundice, accompanied by interstitial pneumonia, lymphadenopathy, hepatitis, and nephritis. We examined more than 400 pigs from more than 70 herds in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba with cases of PMWS. A small virus was isolated from a range of tissues from 8 of 8 affected pigs examined. The agent was identified as a circovirus-like virus using electron microscopy, immunohistochemical staining with porcine and rabbit immune serum, and in situ hybridization. Immunohistochemical examination of tissues from more than 100 affected pigs has revealed widespread viral antigen, often contained in circovirus-like inclusion bodies, in lesions from numerous organs. Although Koch's postulates remain to be fulfilled, these results demonstrate a high degree of association between the presence of the circovirus-like virus and PMWS in affected swine.
PUF designed with Resistive RAM and Ternary States (2016)

The designs of Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) described in this paper are based on Resistive RAMs incorporating ternary states with the objective to reduce false negative authentications (FNA) with low Challenge-Response-Pair (CRP) error rates. Unlike other error correction method, the method is not increasing false positive authentications (FPA). The ternary states, the "Xs", allow the blanking of all cells that are not characterized as consistently capable to generate stable and easy to read "1s" or "0s" PUF challenges. Experimental data extracted from Cu/TaOx/Pt Resistive RAM samples confirms that such a method can generate CRPs having error rates below 8 ppm useable for secure hardware authentication. Random Number Generators (RNG) can also be enhanced by the same ternary architecture.
Evolutionary Screening of Biomimetic Coatings for Selective Detection of Explosives (2008)

Susceptibility of chemical sensors to false positive signals remains a common drawback due to insufficient sensor coating selectivity. By mimicking biology, we have demonstrated the use of sequence-specific biopolymers to generate highly selective receptors for trinitrotoluene and 2,4-dinitrotoluene. Using mutational analysis, we show that the identified binding peptides recognize the target substrate through multivalent binding with key side chain amino acid elements. Additionally, our peptide-based receptors embedded in a hydrogel show selective binding to target molecules in the gas phase. These experiments demonstrate the technique of receptor screening in liquid to be translated to selective gas-phase target binding, potentially impacting the design of a new class of sensor coatings.
Symmetric motions for bimanual rehabilitation (2010)

Many daily tasks require that a person use both hands simultaneously, such as moving a large book or opening the lid on a jar. Such bimanual tasks are difficult for people who have a stroke, but the tight neural coupling across the body has been hypothesized to allow individuals to self-rehabilitate by physically coupling their hands. To examine potential methods for robot-assisted bimanual rehabilitation, we performed a haptic tracking task where individuals experience a one degree of freedom trajectory on one hand and attempt to recreate it with their other hand. Despite the biomechanical and neurological symmetries present across the human body, subjects performed this task worse when working in the joint space (i.e., mirrored motion) than they did in the visually centered space. We also examined multiple input paths and show alternative rhythmic motions that may aid in rehabilitation.
Advanced Demand Side Management for the Future Smart Grid Using Mechanism Design (2012)

In the future smart grid, both users and power companies can potentially benefit from the economical and environmental advantages of smart pricing methods to more effectively reflect the fluctuations of the wholesale price into the customer side. In addition, smart pricing can be used to seek social benefits and to implement social objectives. To achieve social objectives, the utility company may need to collect various information about users and their energy consumption behavior, which can be challenging. In this paper, we propose an efficient pricing method to tackle this problem. We assume that each user is equipped with an energy consumption controller (ECC) as part of its smart meter. All smart meters are connected to not only the power grid but also a communication infrastructure. This allows two-way communication among smart meters and the utility company. We analytically model each user's preferences and energy consumption patterns in form of a utility function. Based on this model, we propose a Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism which aims to maximize the social welfare, i.e., the aggregate utility functions of all users minus the total energy cost. Our design requires that each user provides some information about its energy demand. In return, the energy provider will determine each user's electricity bill payment. Finally, we verify some important properties of our proposed VCG mechanism for demand side management such as efficiency, user truthfulness, and nonnegative transfer. Simulation results confirm that the proposed pricing method can benefit both users and utility companies.
DNA-binding specificities of the GATA transcription factor family. (1993)

Members of the GATA family of transcription factors, which are related by a high degree of amino acid sequence identity within their zinc finger DNA-binding domains, each show distinct but overlapping patterns of tissue-restricted expression. Although GATA-1, -2, and -3 have been shown to recognize a consensus sequence derived from regulatory elements in erythroid cell-specific genes, WGATAR (in which W indicates A/T and R indicates A/G), the potential for more subtle differences in the binding preferences of each factor has not been previously addressed. By employing a binding selection and polymerase chain reaction amplification scheme with randomized oligonucleotides, we have determined the binding-site specificities of bacterially expressed chicken GATA-1, -2, and -3 transcription factors. Whereas all three GATA factors bind an AGATAA erythroid consensus motif with high affinity, a second, alternative consensus DNA sequence, AGATCTTA, is also recognized well by GATA-2 and GATA-3 but only poorly by GATA-1. These studies suggest that all three GATA factors are capable of mediating transcriptional effects via a common erythroid consensus DNA-binding motif. Furthermore, GATA-2 and GATA-3, because of their distinct expression patterns and broader DNA recognition properties, may be involved in additional regulatory processes beyond those of GATA-1. The definition of an alternative GATA-2-GATA-3 consensus sequence may facilitate the identification of new target genes in the further elucidation of the roles that these transcription factors play during development.
Theory of Acoustic Radiation Pressure (1951)

Abstract : A detailed study is presented of the acoustic radiation pressure exerted by plane compressional waves in nonviscous liquids and gases upon a plane obstacle. The present report is largely a further development and extension of a very comprehensive and penetrating treatment of acoustic radiation pressure by L. Brillouin. The theory of plane waves in liquids is extended to the case of finite amplitudes. From this more general point of view the effects at small amplitudes are derived and discussed in detail. Formulas are given for normal and oblique incidence of the acoustic beam for small amplitudes, valid for any reflection coefficient of the receiving plane. The radiation pressure at finite amplitudes upon a perfect absorber is calculated. Special consideration is devoted to the actual physical processes involved; the meaning of the so called Rayleigh pressure and Langevin pressure is discussed. For gases the radiation pressure as well as the Rayleigh pressure in progressive and standing waves are computed. The report concludes with an assembly of the chief equations.
GASTRO‐INTESTINAL SIDE EFFECTS AND PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS (1969)

Gastro-intestinal side effects commonly occur with psychotropic drugs, particularly when more than one agent is taken. Because of their widespread prescription and the continued social use of alcohol, it is necessary to test for interaction between these agents. Drug-induced atropine-like effects in humans (including dry mouth, constipation and paralytic ileus) are described and related to animal experiments. Radiological investigations in mice indicate that alcohol delays the passage of barium along the gut, and this effect is enhanced by psychotropic drugs. Related drug interactions may result in prolonged or delayed adverse reactions. Late (delayed) deaths, recently recorded in humans and animals, may be associated with the inhibition of gastro-intestinal motility by ethical psychotropic agents, particularly when taken together with alcohol. Patients given these drugs should in general be warned against the concurrent use of alcohol.
Bacteriology of Degenerated Lumbar Intervertebral Disks (2012)

: Diagnostic level III.
The Use of Millimeter Wavelength Electromagnetic Waves in Cardiology (2000)

This paper concerns the problems of the use of millimeter wavelength electromagnetic waves for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. The prospects for this use are considered.
Element 97 (1950)

NGLE graphite crystals are known to be good conductors along the graphite planes and very poor ones across (ratio of resistivities 104 or higher. '} Coulson' and Wallace' have shown that a graphite crystal along the planes is a semiconductor with zero activation energy, the only difference with a metal consisting in a decrease of the density of states to zero for both the filled and un6lled bands as one approaches their common limit. Although the tight binding approximation does not yield a completely satisfactory description of all the properties of a graphite crystal, the result mentioned seems well established. The theory is, however, developed only for the case of in6nitely large crystals.
Reperfusion arrhythmias in isolated perfused pig hearts. Inhomogeneities in extracellular potassium, ST and TQ potentials, and transmembrane action potentials. (1992)

We recorded direct current electrograms and local [K+]o at multiple sites and transmembrane potentials at selected sites during reperfusion after 5 minutes and 10 minutes of regional ischemia in isolated perfused pig hearts. After 10 minutes of ischemia, the incidence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) was 38%. At 80-90 seconds after reperfusion, [K+]o was 0.8 mM less than in normal tissue in half of the reperfused tissue, especially in the border zone. This was associated with TQ elevation of +4.5 mV and large peaked T waves. The latter was caused by an abrupt decrease of action potential duration in reperfused tissue, leading to a difference of up to 165 msec with normal tissue. Reperfusion VF started with a closely coupled ventricular premature beat. Activation block between reperfused and normal tissue permitted reentrant activation, leading to VF. Pretreatment with ryanodine (10(-6) M) and reperfusion with elevated [K+] (both of which prevent delayed afterdepolarizations) did not prevent closely coupled ventricular premature beats or VF. Five minutes of ischemia never caused VF. K+ depletion and TQ elevation in the reperfused zone was less frequent and smaller (-0.4 mM and 1.8 mV, respectively). Peaked T waves did not occur, and shortening of the action potential duration was less. We conclude that extracellular K+ depletion and marked action potential duration shortening in the reperfused tissue play a role in the genesis of reperfusion VF, which is caused by reentry. The closely coupled ventricular premature beat that initiates reentry is not caused by delayed afterdepolarizations but most likely by intramural reentry.