gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FLT3 ligand administration inhibits tumor growth in murine melanoma and lymphoma. (1998)

Successful treatment of melanoma and lymphoma may result from the induction of specific antitumor immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful antigen-presenting cells and show a remarkable capacity to stimulate antigen-specific T-cell responses. Administration of FLT3 ligand (FL) results in a reversible accumulation of functionally active DCs in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Therefore, we evaluated the possible antitumor effect of FL in murine melanoma (B16 and CL8-1) and lymphoma (EL-4) models. In all experiments, tumor growth was significantly inhibited by FL administration. Analysis by immunohistochemistry revealed an increase in the DC accumulation within B16 and EL-4 tumors after treatment with FL. No change was observed for CL8-1 melanoma. These data suggest a potential role for FL in the immunotherapy of malignant skin tumors and possible DC involvement in this effect.
Construction of a Pichia pastoris Cell-Surface Display System Using Flo1p Anchor System (2006)

A Pichia pastoris cell-surface display system was constructed using a Flo1p anchor system, which was developed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The lipase from Rhizopus oryzae with a pro sequence (ProROL) was used as the model protein and was genetically fused to the anchor consisting of amino acids 1-1099 of Flo1p (FS anchor). The resulting fusion protein FSProROL was expressed under the control of the alcohol oxidase 1 promoter (pAOX1). The fluorescence microscopy of immunolabeled P. pastoris cells revealed that ProROL was displayed on the cell surface, and Western blot analysis revealed that the fusion protein FSProROL was noncovalently attached to the cell wall and highly glycosylated. The lipase activity of P. pastoris cells was affected by the methanol concentration for the induction phase. Surprisingly, the activity of lipase displayed on the cells incubated at 60 degrees C was not only stable but also increased to about 6.5 times the initial value after 4 h incubation.
Simultaneous optimization of beam orientations and beam weights in conformal radiotherapy (2001)

A methodology for the concurrent optimization of beam orientations and beam weights in conformal radiotherapy treatment planning has been developed and tested on a cohort of five patients. The algorithm is based on a beam-weight optimization scheme with a downhill simplex optimization engine. The use of random voxels in the dose calculation provides much of the required speed up in the optimization process, and allows the simultaneous optimization of beam orientations and beam weights in a reasonable time. In the implementation of the beam-weight optimization algorithm just 10% of the original patient voxels are used for the dose calculation and cost function evaluation. A fast simulated annealing algorithm controls the optimization of the beam arrangement. The optimization algorithm was able to produce clinically acceptable plans for the five patients in the cohort study. The algorithm equalized the dose to the optic nerves compared to the standard plans and reduced the mean dose to the brain stem by an average of 4.4% (+/- 1.9, 1 SD), p value = 0.007. The dose distribution to the PTV was not compromised by developing beam arrangements via the optimization algorithm. In conclusion, the simultaneous optimization of beam orientations and beam weights has been developed to be routinely used in a realistic time. The results of optimization in a small cohort study show that the optimization can reliably produce clinically acceptable dose distributions and may be able to improve dose distributions compared to those from a human planner.
A Novel Aqueous Aluminum/Ferricyanide Battery (1992)

Aluminum ferricyanide batteries based on aqueous solution‐phase alkaline ferricyanide cathodes and solid aluminum anodes are introduced and investigated. The battery is expressed by aluminum oxidation and ferricyanide reduction for an overall battery discharge consisting of
Directed Evolution of Proteins throughIn VitroProtein Synthesis in Liposomes (2012)

Directed evolution of proteins is a technique used to modify protein functions through "Darwinian selection." In vitro compartmentalization (IVC) is an in vitro gene screening system for directed evolution of proteins. IVC establishes the link between genetic information (genotype) and the protein translated from the information (phenotype), which is essential for all directed evolution methods, by encapsulating both in a nonliving microcompartment. Herein, we introduce a new liposome-based IVC system consisting of a liposome, the protein synthesis using recombinant elements (PURE) system and a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) used as a microcompartment, in vitro protein synthesis system, and high-throughput screen, respectively. Liposome-based IVC is characterized by in vitro protein synthesis from a single copy of a gene in a cell-sized unilamellar liposome and quantitative functional evaluation of the synthesized proteins. Examples of liposome-based IVC for screening proteins such as GFP and β-glucuronidase are described. We discuss the future directions for this method and its applications.
A New Energy Management Strategy for (2006)

This paper investigates the design problem of an integrated power and attitude control system (IPACS) for spacecrafts. A Lyapunov-typed IPACS controller is designed firstly for a spacecraft equipped with 4 flywheels (3 orthogonal +1 skew). This controller keeps in the nonlinear properties of original systems, so the control result can be more precise. A control law of the flywheels is also proposed to accomplish the attitude control and energy storage simultaneously. Aiming at the limitations existed in the power conversion characteristic and the wheel's motor, a new strategy of energy management is proposed at the last part of this work. If the power provided by the solar arrays is assumed as a constant, as doing in general research, it may lose the energy more than 5%. In the practice, since the plane of the array is cold when the spacecraft just enters into the sunlight period, the efficiency of power conversion is rising. Then the power conversion effect is decreasing along with the rising of array's temperature. To make use of this part of energy, a new strategy of energy management has been proposed. The strategy can not only make the charged/ discharged energy reaching balance in each orbital period, but also sufficiently utilize the power provided by the solar arrays. Therefore, it can make the size and mass of solar arrays decreased and the cost of spacecraft economized. A simulation example illustrates the validity of the designed IPACS.
Model for unistroke writing time (2001)

Unistrokes are a viable form of text input in pen-based user interfaces. However, they are a very heterogeneous group of gestures the only common feature being that all are drawn with a single stroke. Several unistroke alphabets have been proposed including the original Unistrokes, Graffiti, Allegro, T-Cube and MDITIM. Comparing these methods usually requires a lengthy study with many writers and even then the results are biased by the earlier handwriting experience that the writers have. Therefore, a simple descriptive model for predicting the writing time for an expert user on any given unistroke alphabet thus enabling sounder argumentation on the properties of different writing methods.
A Fabry-Perot interferometer with a spatially variable resonance gap employed as a Fourier transform spectrometer (2011)

We demonstrate a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) using a Fabry-Perot interferometer with the gap between its partially reflecting layers varying orthogonal to the optical axis to produce a gradient in optical path difference at a detector. The gradient produces a period fringe pattern that can be analyzed with standard FTS techniques. Experiments in the visible and IR demonstrate the feasibility of this method for spectroscopy.
Differentiation and function of rat adipocyte precursor cells in primary culture. (1980)

Precursor cells to adipocytes were purified from the epididymal fat pads of small rats and studied in primary culture. A culture system in which substrate and cofactors were not rate-limiting for complete adipocyte conversion was used by utilizing an agarose feeding-layer. Detachment of cells from the culture dish was prevented by addition of a viscous layer of culture medium, containing methyl cellulose. This system allowed quantitation and definite characterization of formed adipocytes, defined as cells accumulating a lipid droplet >20 micro m in diameter. The cells could be subcultured but then gradually lost their adipocyte conversion ability. Age of the donor depressed the adipocyte conversion which, however, never seemed to stop completely. Prostaglandin E(1) and F(2alpha) had no definite effect in the physiological concentration range while indomethachin possibly had a weak inhibitory effect. Insulin, heparin, and isobutylmethylxanthine increased adipocyte formation. Development of characteristic adipocyte functions with time was examined. Lipoprotein lipase activity was very low in the isolated precursor cells before culture, but developed in culture at confluence and was a thousand-fold higher within a few days. At this peak lipoprotein lipase activity was 50-fold higher than in mature adipocytes from the same donor animal. Triglyceride synthesis from glucose peaked in parallel but never reached the value of mature adipocytes and very little fatty acid was synthesized. Hormone-sensitive glycerol release developed at confluence and reached the level of activity of mature adipocytes. This study and previous work have indicated a role for the cyclase system in the development of adipocytes from precursor cells. Dibutyrylcyclic AMP caused an enhancement of lipoprotein lipase activity and adipocyte conversion. In suspension media, the nucleotide caused inhibition. These results are compatible with an effect of the nucleotide, not directly on lipoprotein lipase and cell determination, but via events taking place at confluence associated with cell to cell interactions. In comparison with previously described cells from an established cell line which undergo adipose conversion (3T3 cells), the cells described in the present work, like adipocytes, showed more metabolic activity in pathways for fatty acid incorporation from exogenous lipid sources (lipoprotein lipase activity) than from de novo synthesis. Furthermore, host-factors could be followed such as in the age- and site-dependence of adipocyte formation. Physiological stimuli such as insulin, lipid substrate, and heparin had effects on adipocyte formation. It was therefore concluded that this cell preparation has a potential of yielding information of physiological significance in studies of the regulation of adipocyte multiplication.-Björntorp, P., M. Karlsson, P. Pettersson, and G. Sypniewska. Differentiation and function of rat adipocyte precursor cells in primary culture.
Improving macromolecular electrostatics calculations (1999)

Electrostatic interactions play a key role in many aspects of protein engineering. Consequently, much effort has been put into the design of software for calculating electrostatic fields around macromolecules. We show that optimization of hydrogen bonding networks can improve both the results of pK(a) calculations and the results of electrostatic calculations performed by commonly used programs such as DelPhi. Further optimization can often be achieved by flipping the side chains of asparagine, histidine and glutamine around their chi2, chi2 and chi3 torsion angles, respectively, when this improves the local hydrogen bonding network. These optimizations are applied to some well characterized proteins: BPTI, hen egg white lysozyme and superoxide dismutase. A search for flipped residues in the PDB revealed that significant improvements in electrostatic calculations in or near the active site of enzymes can be expected for about one quarter of all enzymes in the PDB.
Clinical responses to adoptive T-cell transfer can be modeled in an autologous immune-humanized mouse model (2017)

Immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of autologous tumor-infiltrating T cells have shown durable responses in patients with melanoma. To study ACT and immunotherapies in a humanized model, we have developed PDXv2.0 - a melanoma PDX model where tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating T cells from the same patient are transplanted sequentially in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immune-deficient/common gamma chain (NOG/NSG) knockout mouse. Key to T-cell survival/effect in this model is the continuous presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Tumors that grow in PDXv2.0 are eradicated if the autologous tumor cells and T cells come from a patient that exhibited an objective response to ACT in the clinic. However, T cells from patients that are non-responders to ACT cannot kill tumor cells in PDXv2.0. Taken together, PDXv2.0 provides the potential framework to further model genetically diverse human cancers for assessing the efficacy of immunotherapies as well as combination therapies.Combining different types of immune therapies might benefit certain patients. Here, the authors develop an autologous immune-humanized melanoma mouse model that allows the preclinical assessment of cancer cell-T cell interactions from each individual patient and the benefits of immunotherapies combinations.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Gliocladin C (2006)

The first total synthesis of gliocladin C, a fungal-derived marine alkaloid containing a rare trioxopiperazine fragment, is reported. This asymmetric synthesis establishes the absolute configuration of this structurally novel natural product. [reaction: see text].
Ar+-ion milling characteristics of III-V nitrides (1994)

Ion milling of thin-film GaN, InN, AlN, and InGaN was performed with 100–500 eV Ar+ ions at beam angles of incidence ranging from 0° to 75° from normal incidence. The mill rates normalized to the Ar+ beam current for the single-crystal GaN, AlN, and InGaN were typically a factor of 2 lower than for GaAs and InP. For the polycrystalline InN, the mill rates were similar to those of GaAs and InP. The surface morphology of the ion-milled nitrides was smooth even at 500 eV Ar+ energy, with no evidence for preferential sputtering of the N, a result confirmed by Auger electron spectroscopy. The surface region was not amorphized by extended ion milling (35 min) at 500 eV with the samples held at 10 °C, as determined by Rutherford backscattering. Since the ion mill rates are slow for single-crystal nitrides and less than the mill rates of common masking materials (SiO2, SiNx, photoresist) it appears this technique is useful only for shallow-mesa applications, and that dry etching methods involving an additional chemical component or ion implantation isolation are more practical alternatives for device patterning.
A Role for Dictyostelium RacE in Cortical Tension and Cleavage Furrow Progression (1998)

The small GTPase racE is essential for cytokinesis in Dictyostelium. We found that this requirement is restricted to cells grown in suspension. When attached to a substrate, racE null cells form an actomyosin contractile ring and complete cytokinesis normally. Nonetheless, racE null cells fail completely in cytokinesis when in suspension. To understand this conditional requirement for racE, we developed a method to observe cytokinesis in suspension. Using this approach, we found that racE null cells attempt cytokinesis in suspension by forming a contractile ring and cleavage furrow. However, the cells form multiple blebs and fail in cytokinesis by regression of the cleavage furrow. We believe this phenotype is caused by the extremely low level of cortical tension found in racE null cells compared to wild-type cells. The reduced cortical tension of racE null cells is not caused by a decrease in their content of F-actin. Instead, mitotic racE null cells contain abnormal F-actin aggregates. These results suggest that racE is essential for the organization of the cortical cytoskeleton to maintain proper cortical integrity. This function of racE is independent of attachment to a substrate, but can be bypassed by other signaling pathways induced by adhesion to a substrate.
Oxygen Poisoning and X-irradiation: A Mechanism in Common (1954)

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews oxygen poisoning and X-irradiation. Exposure to unphysiologically high tensions of oxygen causes irreversible damage to living matter. The problem of oxygen toxicity is important in clinical medicine and in deep-sea diving. A consideration of various isolated reports leads to the hypothesis that oxygen poisoning and the primary action of X-irradiation have a common basis of action: possibly the formation of the oxidizing free radicals OH, and O2H, and H2O2. The evidence of a protective effect of coenzyme A against X-rays and against oxygen toxicity in experiments is incomplete and needs further studies. The chapter presents a table reporting the effect of X-rays and protective agents on oxygen poisoning in mice.
Prostaglandin G/H Synthase-2 (Cyclooxygenase-2) mRNA Expression is Decreased in Alzheimer's Disease (1996)

Recent evidence suggests that the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) is beneficial for therapy or prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The major anti-inflammatory action of NSAIDS is to inhibit prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 (PGHS-2), the first committed enzymatic step for prostaglandin biosynthesis. We have previously shown that PGHS-2 message is induced by Interleukin-1β and other inflammatory mediators in primary cultures of rodent astrocytes. To determine whether similar elevations of PGHS-2 occur as part of the gliosis in AD, we quantified PGHS-2 mRNA levels in control and AD brain by Northern hybridization analysis. To our surprise we found that PGHS-2 mRNA levels were reduced threefold in AD neocortex relative to control brain tissue. In contrast, levels were not reduced in putamen, an area that is relatively spared in AD. To localize PGHS-2 mRNA production in control and AD brain, sections of neocortex and hippocampus were hybridized with a 35S-labeled riboprobe for human PGHS-2 followed by immunocytochemistry with antibodies against neuron specific enolase (NSE) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Our findings indicate that PGHS-2 message is primarily localized to cells that stain for NSE rather than GFAP. Furthermore, in the three cases we examined, PGHS-2 hybridization per neuron appeared to be reduced in AD. Thus, the decrease we observe in overall PGSH-2 mRNA levels is likely to reflect both the known decline in numbers of neurons in AD as well as a lowered capacity for neuronal synthesis of PGHS-2, perhaps due to dysfunction or a loss of synaptic input.
Tissue Doppler Imaging Consistently Detects Myocardial Contraction and Relaxation Abnormalities, Irrespective of Cardiac Hypertrophy, in a Transgenic Rabbit Model of Human Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (2000)

Myocardial contraction and relaxation were reduced in the mutant beta-myosin heavy chain-glutamic acid(403) transgenic rabbit model of human HCM, irrespective of the presence or absence of LVH. In addition, tissue Doppler imaging is more sensitive than conventional echocardiography for HCM screening.
Polydextrose, Lactitol, and Fructo-Oligosaccharide Fermentation by Colonic Bacteria in a Three-Stage Continuous Culture System (2004)

In vitro fermentations were carried out by using a model of the human colon to simulate microbial activities of lower gut bacteria. Bacterial populations (and their metabolic products) were evaluated under the effects of various fermentable substrates. Carbohydrates tested were polydextrose, lactitol, and fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS). Bacterial groups of interest were evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization as well as by species-specific PCR to determine bifidobacterial species and percent-G+C profiling of the bacterial communities present. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced during the fermentations were also evaluated. Polydextrose had a stimulatory effect upon colonic bifidobacteria at concentrations of 1 and 2% (using a single and pooled human fecal inoculum, respectively). The bifidogenic effect was sustained throughout all three vessels of the in vitro system (P = 0.01 seen in vessel 3), as corroborated by the bacterial community profile revealed by %G+C analysis. This substrate supported a wide variety of bifidobacteria and was the only substrate where Bifidobacterium infantis was detected. The fermentation of lactitol had a deleterious effect on both bifidobacterial and bacteroides populations (P = 0.01) and decreased total cell numbers. SCFA production was stimulated, however, particularly butyrate (beneficial for host colonocytes). FOS also had a stimulatory effect upon bifidobacterial and lactobacilli populations that used a single inoculum (P = 0.01 for all vessels) as well as a bifidogenic effect in vessels 2 and 3 (P = 0.01) when a pooled inoculum was used. A decrease in bifidobacteria throughout the model was reflected in the percent-G+C profiles.
5‐(Chloromethyl)furfural is the New HMF: Functionally Equivalent But More Practical in Terms of its Production From Biomass (2015)

5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF) is a disruptive innovation in the biorefinery. Chemically, it is at least as versatile as the well-known HMF but, unlike HMF, it is accessible in high yield directly from cellulosic biomass due to its lipophilicity and stability under acidic conditions, which facilitate isolation. It has a rich derivative chemistry that includes biofuels, renewable polymers, specialty chemicals, and value-added agrochemical and pharmaceutical products.
Breakdown of the Internet under Intentional Attack (2001)

We study the tolerance of random networks to intentional attack, whereby a fraction p of the most connected sites is removed. We focus on scale-free networks, having connectivity distribution P(k) approximately k(-alpha), and use percolation theory to study analytically and numerically the critical fraction p(c) needed for the disintegration of the network, as well as the size of the largest connected cluster. We find that even networks with alpha < or = 3, known to be resilient to random removal of sites, are sensitive to intentional attack. We also argue that, near criticality, the average distance between sites in the spanning (largest) cluster scales with its mass, M, as square root of [M], rather than as log (k)M, as expected for random networks away from criticality.