gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A is a cellular target of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev activation domain mediating trans-activation. (1993)

Expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) structural proteins requires the presence of the viral trans-activator protein Rev. Rev is localized in the nucleus and binds specifically to the Rev response element (RRE) sequence in viral RNA. Furthermore, the interaction of the Rev activation domain with a cellular cofactor is essential for Rev function in vivo. Using cross-linking experiments and Biospecific Interaction Analysis (BIA) we identify eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) as a cellular factor binding specifically to the HIV-1 Rev activation domain. Indirect immunofluorescence studies demonstrate that a significant fraction of eIF-5A localizes to the nucleus. We also provide evidence that Rev transactivation is functionally mediated by eIF-5A in Xenopus oocytes. Furthermore, we are able to block Rev function in mammalian cells by antisense inhibition of eIF-5A gene expression. Thus, regulation of HIV-1 gene expression by Rev involves the targeting of RRE-containing RNA to components of the cellular translation initiation complex.
Receptor heterodimerization leads to a switch in signaling: β‐arrestin2‐mediated ERK activation by μ‐δ opioid receptor heterodimers (2007)

Opiates are analgesics of choice in the treatment of chronic pain, but their long-term use leads to the development of physiological tolerance. Thus, understanding the mechanisms modulating the response of their receptor, the mu opioid receptor (muOR), is of great clinical relevance. Here we show that heterodimerization of muOR with delta opioid receptors (deltaOR) leads to a constitutive recruitment of beta-arrestin2 to the receptor complex resulting in changes in the spatio-temporal regulation of ERK1/2 signaling. The involvement of beta-arrestin2 is further supported by studies using beta-arrestin2 siRNA in cells endogenously expressing the heterodimers. The association of beta-arrestin2 with the heterodimer can be altered by treatment with a combination of muOR agonist (DAMGO) and deltaOR antagonist (Tipp(psi)), and this leads to a shift in the pattern of ERK1/2 phosphorylation to the pattern observed with muOR alone. These data indicate that, in the naive state, muOR-deltaOR heterodimers are in a conformation conducive to beta-arrestin-mediated signaling. Destabilization of this conformation by cotreatment with muOR and deltaOR ligands leads to a switch to a non-beta-arrestin-mediated signaling. Taken together, these results show for the first time that muOR-deltaOR heterodimers, by differentially recruiting beta-arrestin, modulate the spatio-temporal dynamics of opioid receptor signaling.
Functional and morphological differentiation induction of a human megakaryoblastic leukemia cell line (MEG-01s) by phorbol diesters (1988)

The effect of differentiation induction by a tumor-promoting phorbol diester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on a clonal human megakaryoblastic cell line, MEG-O1s, was investigated, and a prominent response was demonstrated. The cells became weakly adherent, developed conspicuous cytoplasmic blebs, and displayed mature megakaryocytic characteristics by light microscopy such as the development of azurophilic cytoplasmic granules and a mosaic pattern of oxyphilic patches, multiplication of nuclei, and enhancement of the PAS reaction and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase staining. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated the development of prominent cytoplasmic blebs, budding of blebs, and multiplication of nuclei. Numerous granules with central nucleoids that are similar to alpha granules had developed as well as granules with high electron density and clearly demarcated zones. Surface marker analysis revealed a moderate increase in IgG Fc receptor levels and a profound decrease in C3 receptor sites. By an immunofluorescent technique using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, a dramatic change in the expression of several megakaryocyte-platelet- specific proteins was demonstrated. All the proteins that had been expressed before induction such as platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, factor XIIIA, beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG), and HLA class 1 antigen were profoundly enhanced after induction by TPA. Induction by TPA led to the expression of fibronectin and factor V, which were not detected on nontreated cells. An ultrastructural immunoperoxidase study demonstrated platelet GPIb and GPIIb/IIIa in both plasma membranes and protein synthesis areas such as perinuclear cisternae and endoplasmic reticulum after TPA induction. beta-TG was also observed in some cytoplasmic granules of TPA-treated cells. TPA remarkably increased the secretion of beta-TG into the culture medium of MEG-01s. Ploidy was also increased from 2C to 4C to 4C to 8C. Similar maturation of MEG-01s was induced by other phorbol diester analogues such as phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate, but not by phorbol itself. These results indicate that phorbol diester, TPA, can bring about differentiation and maturation of a human megakaryoblastic cell line (MEG-01s) and that MEG-01s cells will provide a useful model for studying megakaryocytic differentiation and numerous megakaryocyte- platelet-specific proteins.
An Imposed Oscillating Electrical Field Improves the Recovery of Function in Neurologically Complete Paraplegic Dogs (1999)

We show that an applied electric field in which the polarity is reversed every 15 minutes can improve the outcome from severe, acute spinal cord injury in dogs. This study utilized naturally injured, neurologically complete paraplegic dogs as a model for human spinal cord injury. The recovery of paraplegic dogs treated with oscillating electric field stimulation (OFS) (approximately 500 to 600 microV/mm; n = 20) was compared with that of sham-treated animals (n = 14). Active and sham stimulators were fabricated in West Lafayette, Indiana. They were coded, randomized, sterilized, and packaged in Warsaw, Indiana, and returned to Purdue University for blinded surgical implantation. The stimulators were of a previously unpublished design and meet the requirements for phase I human clinical testing. All dogs were treated within 18 days of the onset of paraplegia. During the experimental applications, all received the highest standard of conventional management, including surgical decompression, spinal stabilization (if required), and acute administration of methylprednisolone sodium succinate. A radiologic and neurologic examination was performed on every dog entering the study, the latter consisting of standard reflex testing, urologic tests, urodynamic testing, tests for deep and superficial pain appreciation, proprioceptive placing of the hind limbs, ambulation, and evoked potential testing. Dogs were evaluated before and after surgery and at 6 weeks and 6 months after surgery. A greater proportion of experimentally treated dogs than of sham-treated animals showed improvement in every category of functional evaluation at both the 6-week and 6-month recheck, with no reverse trend. Statistical significance was not reached in comparisons of some individual categories of functional evaluation between sham-treated and OFS-treated dogs (ambulation, proprioceptive placing); an early trend towards significance was shown in others (deep pain), and significance was reached in evaluations of superficial pain appreciation. An average of all individual scores for all categories of blinded behavioral evaluation (combined neurologic score) was used to compare group outcomes. At the 6-month recheck period, the combined neurologic score of OFS-treated dogs was significantly better than that of control dogs (p = 0.047; Mann-Whitney, two-tailed).
A Technical, Economic, and Environmental Assessment of Amine-Based CO2 Capture Technology for Power Plant Greenhouse Gas Control (2002)

Capture and sequestration of CO2 from fossil fuel power plants is gaining widespread interest as a potential method of controlling greenhouse gas emissions. Performance and cost models of an amine (MEA)-based CO2 absorption system for postcombustion flue gas applications have been developed and integrated with an existing power plant modeling framework that includes multipollutant control technologies for other regulated emissions. The integrated model has been applied to study the feasibility and cost of carbon capture and sequestration at both new and existing coal-burning power plants. The cost of carbon avoidance was shown to depend strongly on assumptions about the reference plant design, details of the CO2 capture system design, interactions with other pollution control systems, and method of CO2 storage. The CO2 avoidance cost for retrofit systems was found to be generally higher than for new plants, mainly because of the higher energy penalty resulting from less efficient heat integration as well as site-specific difficulties typically encountered in retrofit applications. For all cases, a small reduction in CO2 capture cost was afforded by the SO2 emission trading credits generated by amine-based capture systems. Efforts are underway to model a broader suite of carbon capture and sequestration technologies for more comprehensive assessments in the context of multipollutant environmental management.
Minimally Invasive Treatment for Varicose Veins: A Review of Endovenous Laser Treatment and Radiofrequency Ablation (2004)

Varicose veins are a common problem, conventionally treated by an operation. Within the last few years, minimally invasive techniques have been developed as alternatives to surgery in an attempt to reduce morbidity and improve recovery time. Radiofrequency ablation and endovenous laser ablation are the most promising of these new techniques. This review article looks at the evidence for these techniques and the clinical experience to date and discusses their role in the future treatment of varicose veins.
The Worldwide Spread of Antidumping Protection (2004)

Antidumping duties; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization); World Trade Organization
A Petri Net Method for Schedulability and Scheduling Problems in Single-Arm Cluster Tools With Wafer Residency Time Constraints (2008)

With wafer residency time constraints for some wafer fabrication processes, such as low pressure chemical-vapor deposition, the schedulability and scheduling problems are still open. This paper aims to solve both problems. A Petri net (PN) model is developed for the system. This model describes when the robot should wait and a robot wait is modeled as an event in an explicit way. Thus, to schedule a single-arm cluster tool with wafer residency time constraint is to decide how long a robot wait should be. Based on this model, for the first time, we present the necessary and sufficient conditions under which a single-arm cluster tool with residency time constraints is schedulable, which can be checked analytically. Meanwhile, a closed form scheduling algorithm is developed to find an optimal periodic schedule if it is schedulable. Also, a simple method is presented for the implementation of the periodic schedule for steady state, which is not seen in any previous work.
Expression and Transmission of Wild‐Type Pigmentation in the Skin of Transgenic Orange‐Colored Variants of Medaka (Oryzias latipes) Bearing the Gene for Mouse Tyrosinase (1992)

Transgenic fish carrying a reconstructed mouse tyrosinase gene, mg-Tyrs-J, were produced by microinjecting the gene into the oocyte nucleus of an orange-colored variant of medaka (Oryzias latipes). Of 64 oocytes microinjected and subsequently inseminated, 13 embryos developed normally beyond hatching and three of them exhibited brown skin pigmentation in the adult as was commonly observed in the wild type of this species. Light and electron microscopic examination disclosed a ubiquitous distribution of typical melanophores in the skin of these transgenic fish. Judging from their population density and distribution pattern, it was presumed that melanogenesis in these fish was elicited in amelanotic melanophores that resided in the skin of the orange-colored fish of this variant. Immunofluorescence with use of the anti-mouse tyrosinase antiserum lacking reactivity to medaka tyrosinase clearly disclosed that the gene introduced was expressed in the melanophores of transgenic fish. Crosses of female transgenic fish and males from an orange-colored variant yielded offspring exhibiting wild-type or orange-colored pigmentation in a ratio of 1:1, thus implying that mg-Tyrs-J integrated into the medaka genome behaves like a dominant gene. Little melanogenesis was observed in xanthophores, leucophores and iridophores in transgenic fish, suggesting possible specificity in recognition of teleostean cell types (i.e., melanophores) by the regulatory region of the mouse tyrosinase gene.
Defined culture conditions of human embryonic stem cells (2006)

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent cells that have the potential to differentiate into any tissue in the human body; therefore, they are a valuable resource for regenerative medicine, drug screening, and developmental studies. However, the clinical application of hESCs is hampered by the difficulties of eliminating animal products in the culture medium and/or the complexity of conditions required to support hESC growth. We have developed a simple medium [termed hESC Cocktail (HESCO)] containing basic fibroblast growth factor, Wnt3a, April (a proliferation-inducing ligand)/BAFF (B cell-activating factor belonging to TNF), albumin, cholesterol, insulin, and transferrin, which is sufficient for hESC self-renewal and proliferation. Cells grown in HESCO were maintained in an undifferentiated state as determined by using six different stem cell markers, and their genomic integrity was confirmed by karyotyping. Cells cultured in HESCO readily form embryoid bodies in tissue culture and teratomas in mice. In both cases, the cells differentiated into each of the three cell lineages, ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm, indicating that they maintained their pluripotency. The use of a minimal medium sufficient for hESC growth is expected to greatly facilitate clinical application and developmental studies of hESCs.
Scaling rules for isocratic elution chromatography (1988)

Abstract Scaling rules for both linear and nonlinear elution chromatography with independent solutes are discussed. The scaling method utilizes smaller diameter particles with high mass transfer rates. The column length, diameter, and cycle time are then scaled so that pressure drop, separation, and throughput are the same or better than in the old design. The new design uses much less packing and cycles more rapidly than the old design. Mathematical derivation shows that the scaling rules for systems with linear and nonlinear isotherms are the same in certain circumstances. Gaussian solutions are used for studying linear systems. Mass transfer zone and diffusive wave analyses are used for constant and proportional patterns, respectively, to describe elution when plateaus form at the feed concentration. Numerical examination of the constant‐pattern elution curve using the Thomas solution shows that the scaling rules are applicable to short columns, which means that there is a negligible entrance effect on the scaling rules. The Thomas solution also shows that the mass transfer resistance has little effect on the scaling rules for the proportional‐pattern wave of a nonlinear solute. Shock and diffusive wave analyses based on the local equilibrium model are employed to describe the separation when the elution curves do not have plateaus. The calculated results show that the scaling rules are followed exactly when pore diffusion controls. Separation of two noninteracting nonlinear components and of a linear and a nonlinear component remains constant when these scaling rules are followed. Several example calculations are used to demonstrate the method.
Specificities and functions of CD4+ HLA class II-restricted T cell clones against a human sarcoma: evidence for several recognized antigens (1996)

CD4+ T cells play an important role for tumor immunity in animal tumor models, yet there are few reports about the role of CD4+ HLA class II-restricted T cells in the immune response against human tumors. Against a human sarcoma exclusively CD4+, T cell clones could be established. These T cell clones were cytotoxic and secreted TNF and additional cytokines in response to the IFN-gamma-treated, HLA class II-positive autologous sarcoma cells. Several Ags were recognized by representative T cell clones: an Ag presented by HLA-DR and specific for the sarcoma; Ags presented by both HLA-DR alleles of the sarcoma, HLA-DR4 and -15, and shared by allogenic HLA-DR matched cell lines of different tissue lineages, including B cell blasts; and a sarcoma Ag presented by HLA-DP or DQ. Cytokine profiles of sarcoma-reactive T cell clones were dependent on the cytokine environment present during establishment of the T cell clones. The addition of exogenous IL-4 shifted the cytokine patterns of sarcoma-reactive T cell clones from Th1-like patterns to Th0/Th2-like patterns and decreased IL-10 production. TNF, IFN-gamma, IL-4, and supernatants of T cell clones induced HLA-DR expression on the sarcoma cells and, thus, were able to enhance Ag presentation. This autologous T cell response to a human sarcoma represents a new model for HLA class II-restricted T cell responses to human tumors.
Postmortem monoamine oxidase enzyme kinetics in the frontal cortex of suicide victims and controls (1984)

Serotonin, a preferred monoamine oxidase (MAO) A substrate may be deficient centrally in suicide victims. In postmortem samples of frontal cortex from suicide victims we demonstrated receptor changes in the serotonergic system supportive of this hypothesis. These changes were not accompanied in this series of brain samples by alterations in either MAO A or B enzyme kinetics. Thus brain MAO A is not a useful indicator of altered serotonergic function in suicide victims. We did confirm an age-related increase in cortical MAO B but not MAO A enzyme concentrations in both controls and suicide victims.
A novel flexible, retrievable endovascular stent system for small-vessel anatomy: preliminary in vivo data. (2005)

This electrolytically detachable stent is promising as a treatment for intracranial arteries, because it can be delivered through microcatheters small enough for intracranial navigation. It is fully retrievable, thus providing greater control than currently available stents. Noninvasive imaging by using IVDSA, MR angiography, and CT angiography is feasible in this stent system and may be useful for follow-up. Further long-term data are needed.
Hierarchical Question Answering for Long Documents (2016)

We present a framework for question answering that can efficiently scale to longer documents while maintaining or even improving performance of state-of-the-art models. While most successful approaches for reading comprehension rely on recurrent neural networks (RNNs), running them over long documents is prohibitively slow because it is difficult to parallelize over sequences. Inspired by how people first skim the document, identify relevant parts, and carefully read these parts to produce an answer, we combine a coarse, fast model for selecting relevant sentences and a more expensive RNN for producing the answer from those sentences. We treat sentence selection as a latent variable trained jointly from the answer only using reinforcement learning. Experiments demonstrate the state of the art performance on a challenging subset of the Wikireading and on a new dataset, while speeding up the model by 3.5x-6.7x.
Monoclonal antibody covalently coupled with fatty acid. A reagent for in vitro liposome targeting. (1980)

Monoclonal antibody to the mouse histocompatibility antigen, H-2k, was derivatized with palmitic acid using an activated ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide. About 70% of the resulting amphipathic antibody could be incorporated into liposomes by a detergent-dialysis method. The antibody-bound liposomes were about 900 A in diameter and were heterogeneous in terms of the number of antibody molecules per liposome. These liposomes showed specific binding affinity to mouse L-929 cells (H-2k), but not to A-31 cells (H-2d), whereas native liposomes showed no detectable binding to either cell type. The specific binding of anti-H-2k-bound liposomes to L-929 cells could be blocked by a preincubation of cells with an excess of free, underivatized anti-H-2k antibody but not by normal mouse IgG. Using a fluorescent phospholipid, liposomes containing anti-H-2k specifically labeled L-929 cells but not A-31 cells in a mixed culture. Liposomes containing normal mouse IgG did not significantly label either cell type. These results clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of the monoclonal antibody for liposome targeting.
Three-dimensional self-assembly of structures using the pressure due to a ferrofluid in a magnetic field gradient (2006)

We developed an inexpensive and simple system for three-dimensional self-assembly of micron-sized nonmagnetic particles into millimeter-scale structures using the differential pressure exerted by ferrofluids in the presence of magnetic field gradients. We demonstrate it by assembling separate individual 5, 10, and 21μm diam polystyrene beads into millimeter-sized spherical and ellipsoidal structures. The system can also self-organize its smaller components by volume and provide compressive forces of hundreds of piconewtons on millimeter-scale structures. Extensions of this method have assembled multicellular systems.
Διαχείριση Δασικών Οικοσυστημάτων με χρήση Γεωγραφικών Συστημάτων Πληροφοριών. Η περίπτωση του Δημοσίου Δάσους Σκρα-Φανού (2015)

Η χρήση των Γeωγραφικών Συστημάτων Πληροφοριών (G.I.S.)  στην δημόσια διοίκηση και eιδικότeρα στις δασικές υπηρeσίeς συγκeντρώνeι τα τeλeυταία χρόνια ολοένα αυξανόμeνο eνδιαφέρον, λόγω του όγκου και της πολυπλοκότητας της δασοδιαχeιριστικής πληροφορίας. Σκοπός eνός άξονα του διασυνοριακού προγράμματος AITOLOS ήταν η πιλοτική eφαρμογή της διαχeιριστικής μeλέτης του Δημόσιου Δάσους Σκρα-Φανού στην πeριοχή της Γουμένισσας μe τη βοήθeια των Γeωγραφικών Συστημάτων Πληροφοριών για να αναδeίξeι τα πλeονeκτήματα της αeιφορικής διαχeίρισης των δασών, να προτeίνeι τρόπους χωρικής σύνδeσης της νόμιμης υλοτομίας και της σήμανσης αυτής μέσω των RFID tags. Χρησιμοποιώντας στατιστικά στοιχeία σχeτικά μe τη λαθροϋλοτομία, eπιχeιρήθηκe χαρτογραφική σύνθeση μe τις πeριοχές που συγκeντρώνουν τις προτιμήσeις των λαθροϋλοτόμων ώστe να eίναι δυνατή η eπιλeκτική πeριφρούρηση του δάσους. Για να eπιτeυχθeί η οικονομικότeρη λύση της πιλοτικής eφαρμογής eπιλέχθηκe  eλeύθeρο λογισμικό Γeωγραφικών Συστημάτων Πληροφοριών (QGIS) και ακόμη η μeταφορά της διαχeιριστικής μeλέτης σe λeιτουργικό σύστημα Αndroid (που φέρουν tablets και κινητά τηλέφωνα) ώστe να eίναι δυνατός ο έλeγχος και η συλλογή στοιχeίων στο πeδίο. Λέξeις Κλeιδιά: Δασική διαχeιριστική μeλέτη, Γeωγραφικά Συστήματα Πληροφοριών, RFID, Λαθροϋλοτομία, QGIS. ABSTRACT: Last years, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) increasingly gaining ground in Public Administration, especially in Forest Services due to complexity of forest management data. Main purpose of “AITOLOS” cross - border project is the pilot implementation of the Management Study of Skra-Fanos state forest in Goumenissa region using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to highlight the benefits of sustainable forest management, to propose ways for spatial association of legal logging and signaling through RFID tags. By using statistic data from illegal logging until today, a cartographic composition is being attempted of areas which concentrate mind-preferences illegal logging, so as to allow selective safeguard of forest. To achieve the most economical solution for the pilot case study, open source GIS software (QGIS) was selected and yet the transfer of management study to Αndroid operating system (carrying tablets and mobile phones) for application in the field, testing and data collection. Keywords: Forest management study, Geographic Information Systems, RFID, Illegal logging, QGIS.