gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A sensitive and convenient method for lipoprotein profile analysis of individual mouse plasma samples (2000)

A simple and convenient method to determine plasma cholesterol profiles in individual mouse plasma samples is not presently available. With commonly used methods, plasma samples from several animals in a study group must often be pooled and analyzed, usually by the fast phase liquid chromatography (FPLC) method. The Column Lipoprotein Profile (or CLiP) method described here is a modification of the FPLC method that provides a simple and convenient procedure for determining plasma lipoprotein cholesterol profiles in small sample volumes, allowing determination of profiles from individual animals rather than from pooled plasma. The CLiP method is reproducible; a human sample measured five times over several days produced coefficients of variation as follows: VLDL, 10.0%; LDL, 0.93%; and HDL, 2.51%. CLiP-derived total cholesterol values of five different human samples (with total cholesterol levels ranging from 198 to 263 mg/dL) differed from VAP-II by -1.88% +/- 2.57%. Linearity of differing concentrations for each of the lipoprotein classes was determined by measuring the same sample with different aliquot sizes. The linear regression from VLDL had an r value of 0.996, while LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol all had r values of greater than 0.999. We present a direct comparison of plasma cholesterol profiles from several mouse models with gene modification or expression of transgenic proteins. In conclusion, the CLiP method provides a simple, reliable, and reproducible procedure for determination of plasma cholesterol profiles from individual plasma samples with very low sample volumes, using readily available equipment and reagents.
Both rat and mouse T cell receptors specific for the encephalitogenic determinant of myelin basic protein use similar V alpha and V beta chain genes even though the major histocompatibility complex and encephalitogenic determinants being recognized are different. (1989)

Prospects for specific immune intervention in T cell-mediated autoimmune disease via anti-idiotypic regulation depend on the degree of diversity of the responder cell antigen receptor repertoire. A highly heterogenous response against self epitopes offers little chance for such regulation. We report here that the Lewis rat autoimmune disease experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, generally considered to be a model of human multiple sclerosis, is caused by T cells that use a limited set of TCR V genes. We have cloned the rat TCR alpha and beta chain cDNAs from the Lewis rat x mouse T cell hybridoma 510, which retains the rat specificity for the encephalitogenic determinant of myelin basic protein (MBP). Using Northern blot analysis of T cell RNA with the cloned V region probes, we have found a specific, and near perfect, correlation between expression of TCR message hybridizing to the V alpha 510 and VB510 probes and specificity for the encephalitogenic determinant of MBP in both T cell hybridomas and encephalitogenic T cell clones. This restricted V gene usage provides a basis for observed idiotypic regulation of auto-reactive T cells, and possible therapy for autoimmune disease. A curious and unexplained observation is that the Lewis rat V alpha/V beta combination that dominates the encephalitogenic response to the 68-88 peptide of MBP is precisely the same V alpha/V beta combination used by the B10.PL mouse response to the encephalitogenic response to the 1-9 peptide of MBP.
Second order hyperpolarizability of a polypeptide α-helix: Poly-γ-benzyl-L glutamate (1976)

We have measured the second order β and third order γ hyperpolarizabilities of the PBLG polypeptide α-helix and find it to have an extremely large nonlinearity. The decay time of the generated harmonic has been directly determined and found to be τ=5.0 msec which is consistent with Kerr and dielectric experiments. The nonlinear saturation at large static fields has been observed and is in quantitative agreement with theory.
The synergistic effects of NGF and IGF‐1 on neurite growth in adult sensory neurons: convergence on the PI 3‐kinase signaling pathway (2003)

Nerve growth factor (NGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) play an important role in promoting axonal growth from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Adult DRG neurons exhibit neurotrophin-independent survival, providing an excellent system with which to study trophic factor effects on neurite growth in the absence of significant survival effects. Using young adult rat DRG neurons we have demonstrated a synergistic effect of NGF plus IGF (N + I), compared with either factor alone, in promoting neurite growth. Not only does the presence of NGF and IGF-1 enhance neurite initiation, it also significantly augments the extent of neurite branching and elongation. We have also examined potential mechanism(s) underlying this synergistic effect. Immunoblotting experiments of classical growth factor intermediary signalling pathways (PI 3-K-Akt-GSK-3 and Ras-Raf-MAPK) were performed using phospho-specific antibodies to assess activation state. We found that activation of Akt and MAPK correlated with neurite elongation and branching. However, using pharmacological inhibitors, we observed that a PI 3-K pathway involving both Akt and GSK-3 appeared to be more important for neurite extension and branching than MAPK-dependent signalling. In fact, inhibition of activation of MAPK with U0126 resulted in increased neuritic branching, possibly as a result of the concomitant increase observed in phospho-Akt. Furthermore, inhibition of GSK3 (which is negatively regulated by phosphorylation on S9/S21) also resulted in increased growth. Our data point to signalling convergence upon the PI 3-K-Akt-GSK-3 pathway that underlies the NGF plus IGF synergism. In addition, to our knowledge, this is the first report in primary neurons that inhibition of GSK3 results in an enhanced neurite growth.
Cultivation of Cells and Microorganisms in Wave‐Mixed Disposable Bag Bioreactors at Different Scales (2012)

Abstract Disposable bioreactors have gained an increasing importance in recent years in the pharmaceutical production. Wave‐mixed reactors were among the first systems which were applied. In contrast to stirred tank reactors, wave‐mixed bioreactors are characterized by low shear forces while the gas exchange is realized by the large gas‐liquid interface. Oxygen transfer rates obtained are often in a range between 50 and 300 h –1 . By applying nutrient‐limiting fed‐batch cultivations, in which the oxygen consumption of a culture is controlled, bacteria can be also cultivated in wave‐mixed reactors. This article describes the successful scale‐up of an Escherichia coli fed‐batch cultivation from the 12‐L to the 120‐L scale using a disposable bioreactor, in which a final biomass concentration of 45 g L –1 was obtained.
Systematic Analysis of Possible Hydrogen Bonds between Amino Acid Side Chains and B-form DNA (1983)

The ways in which amino acid side chains could make a pair of hydrogen bonds within the major groove of B DNA are systematically analyzed. Hydrogen bond donors within the major groove are characterized by determining the idealized position of the hydrogen bond acceptors that they might bond with. It appears that an amino acid side chain could, at most, contact a pair of base pairs. The ten possible pairs of base pairs are analyzed to determine how they could be recognized by the amino acid side chains.
Pyridazines. Part 30:Palladium-Catalysed Synthesis of 5-Substituted 6-Phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinones Asissted by a Retro-Ene Transformation (2002)

The efficient one-pot functionalization, through pal­ladium-catalysed reactions, of position 5 of the 6-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone system has been performed using a retro-ene-assisted fragmentation. This route allows access through a short synthetic sequence to several pharmacologically useful 3(2H)-pyridazinones.
Nonenzymatic Chloramphenicol Resistance Mediated by IncC Plasmid R55 Is Encoded by a floR Gene Variant (2001)

The IncC plasmid R55, initially described in the 1970s and isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae, confers nonenzymatic chloramphenicol resistance. The gene coding for this resistance was cloned and sequenced and shows 95 to 97% nucleotide identity with the recently reported floR gene from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 and from Escherichia coli animal isolates, respectively, conferring cross-resistance to florfenicol.
Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook. 4th Edition (1986)

Abstract : The purpose of this fourth edition is to provide a convenient compilation of information contained in the previous editions, including updated tables of published data, and to add new information. Chapter 2 contains information about how to use this handbook. Chapter new information. Chapter 2 contains information about how to use this handbook. Chapter 3 contains a discussion of the basics of electromagnetics for readers who are not physicists or engineers. Chapter 4 gives information about permittivities and contains an updated compilation of the summaries of published data from previous editions. Theoretical dosimetry is discussed in Chapter 5, including a brief discussion of methods used for dosimetric calculations, data for models of biological systems, and a tabulated summary of published work in theoretical dosimetry. The calculated dosimetric data in Chapter 6 contains, in addition to material from previous editions, some new calculated average-SAR data for spheroidal models at frequencies well beyond resonance. These calculations were made by spheroidal models at frequencies well beyond resonance. These calculations were made by a new technique called the iterative extended boundary conditions method (IEBCM) which was developed at the University of Utah after the third edition was published. Chapter 6 also contains some new calculated average-SAR data for spheroidal models irradiated by near fields. Chapter 7 contains information about experimental dosimetry, including a history of experimental dosimetry and a discussion of experimental techniques.
New antiplatelet therapies in development (2008)

Each new class of antiplatelet therapies has the potential for specific benefits and adverse effects in clinical use.
Handicapping the Race to Develop Inhibitors of the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway (2006)

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway controls many cellular processes that are important for the formation and progression of cancer, including apoptosis, transcription, translation, metabolism, angiogenesis, and cell cycle progression. Genetic alterations and biochemical activation of the pathway are frequent events in preneoplastic lesions and advanced cancers and often portend a poor prognosis. Thus, inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is an attractive concept for cancer prevention and/or therapy. Inhibitors of individual components, such as PI3K, PDK-1, Akt, and mTOR, are being developed at a rapid pace and have promise for improving the care of cancer patients. Here, we review the published data on inhibitors of the pathway and discuss relevant issues, such as the complex regulation of the pathway, the design of clinical trials, and the likelihood of finding a therapeutic index when targeting such a critical signaling pathway.
Non-epilepsy uses of antiepilepsy drugs. (2006)

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) affect various neurotransmitters (i.e. GABA, glutamate), receptors (i.e. GABAergic, glutamatergic), and ion channels (i.e. for sodium or calcium) which is responsible for their anticonvulsant activity. However, this broad spectrum of action may be also utilized in other pathological conditions. For example, both conventional and newer AEDs may be used in patients suffering from neuropathic pain, migraine, essential tremor, spasticity, restless legs syndrome and a number of psychiatric disorders (f.e. bipolar disease or schizophrenia). Also, isolated data point to their potential use in Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease. There is experimental background indicating a potent neuroprotective efficacy of AEDs in numerous models of brain ischemia. However, the clinical data are very limited and this problem requires careful assessment.
Radiopharmaceuticals in PET imaging. (1998)

PET isotopes are being used more commonly in nuclear medicine. This paper introduces the nuclear medicine technologist to the use of PET imaging. The major focus of this article is on the isotopes that are used in this modality and how they differ from traditional isotopes. The nuclear medicine technologist will become familiar with PET isotopes by reading about PET history, the production and availability of PET isotopes, and the use of this modality in a traditional hospital setting.
Activation of the STAT Signaling Pathway Can Cause Expression of Caspase 1 and Apoptosis (1997)

Protein tyrosine kinases activate the STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signaling pathway, which can play essential roles in cell differentiation, cell cycle control, and development. However, the potential role of the STAT signaling pathway in the induction of apoptosis remains unexplored. Here we show that gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) activated STAT1 and induced apoptosis in both A431 and HeLa cells, whereas epidermal growth factor (EGF) activated STAT proteins and induced apoptosis in A431 but not in HeLa cells. EGF receptor autophosphorylation and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in response to EGF were similar in both cell lines. The breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468 exhibited a similar response to A431 cells, i.e., STAT activation and apoptosis correlatively resulted from EGF or IFN-gamma treatment. In addition, in a mutant A431 cell line in which STAT activation was abolished, no apoptosis was induced by either EGF or IFN-gamma. We further demonstrated that both EGF and IFN-gamma induced caspase 1 (interleukin-1beta converting enzyme [ICE]) gene expression in a STAT-dependent manner. IFN-gamma was unable to induce ICE gene expression and apoptosis in either JAK1-deficient HeLa cells (E2A4) or STAT1-deficient cells (U3A). However, ICE gene expression and apoptosis were induced by IFN-gamma in U3A cells into which STAT1 had been reintroduced. Moreover, both EGF-induced apoptosis and IFN-gamma-induced apoptosis were effectively blocked by Z-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (ZVAD) in all the cells tested, and studies from ICE-deficient cells indicated that ICE gene expression was necessary for IFN-gamma-induced apoptosis. We conclude that activation of the STAT signaling pathway can induce apoptosis through the induction of ICE gene expression.
cDNA sequence of the 3′-coding region of PVY genome (the Chinese isolate) (1990)

Journal Article cDNA sequence of the 3′-coding region of PVY genome (the Chinese isolate) Get access Xue-Rong Zhou, Xue-Rong Zhou Department of Virology, Institute of Microbiology, the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100080, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Rong-Xiang Fang, Rong-Xiang Fang * Department of Virology, Institute of Microbiology, the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100080, China * To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cheng-Qiu Wang, Cheng-Qiu Wang Department of Virology, Institute of Microbiology, the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100080, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ke-Qiang Mang Ke-Qiang Mang Department of Virology, Institute of Microbiology, the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100080, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 18, Issue 18, 25 September 1990, Page 5554, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.18.5554 Published: 25 September 1990 Article history Received: 13 August 1990 Published: 25 September 1990
Ficolin-2 and ficolin-3 in women with malignant and benign ovarian tumours (2013)

Ficolins are serum pattern recognition molecules. They have opsonic properties and are able to activate complement via the lectin pathway. This paper reports investigations concerning ficolin-2 and ficolin-3 in ovarian cancer (OC). Their serum levels, single nucleotide polymorphisms of the corresponding FCN2 and FCN3 genes and specific mRNA expression in ovarian sections were investigated in 128 patients suffering from primary OC and 197 controls operated on for reasons other than malignancies. The latter consisted of two reference groups: those with benign tumours (n = 123) and those with normal ovaries (NO) (n = 74). Serum ficolin-2 and ficolin-3 concentrations were higher among patients with malignant disease when compared with either of the reference groups. A significant correlation between ficolin-2 and ficolin-3 concentrations was found, while no correlations with CA125 antigen or CRP were observed. No differences in the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms at sites -64, -4 (promoter), +6359, or +6424 (exon 8) (FCN2 gene) nor in the frame-shift mutation 1637delC (FCN3 gene) were found between investigated groups. In contrast to serum concentrations, the expression of FCN2 gene (reported for the first time in ovarian sections) was significantly lower in women with OC in comparison with patients with NO but not with benign ovarian tumours. In case of FCN3 gene, its expression levels in OC group inversely correlated with serum ficolin-3 and were lower in comparison with controls.
Overexpression of aurora B kinase (AURKB) in primary non-small cell lung carcinoma is frequent, generally driven from one allele, and correlates with the level of genetic instability (2005)

Aurora kinases are key regulators of chromosome segregation during mitosis. We have previously shown by microarray analysis of primary lung carcinomas and matched normal tissue that AURKB (22 out of 37) and AURKA (15 out of 37) transcripts are frequently over-represented in these tumours. We now confirm these observations in a second series of 44 carcinomas and also show that aurora B kinase protein levels are raised in the tumours compared to normal tissue. Elevated levels of expression in tumours are not a consequence of high-level amplification of the AURKB gene. Using a coding sequence polymorphism we show that in most cases (seven out of nine) tumour expression is predominantly driven from one AURKB allele. Given the function of aurora B kinase, we examined whether there was an association between expression levels and genetic instability. We defined two groups of high and low AURKB expression. Using a panel of 10 microsatellite markers, we found that the group showing the higher level of expression had a higher frequency of allelic imbalance (P=0.0012). Analysis of a number of other genes that are strongly and specifically expressed in tumour over normal lung, including SERPINB5, TERT and PRAME, showed marked allelic expression imbalances in the tumour tissue in the context of balanced or only marginally imbalanced relative allelic copy numbers. Our data support a model of early carcinogenesis wherein defects in the process of inactivation of lung stem-cell associated genes during differentiation, contributes to the development of carcinogenesis.
An all-fiber multiwavelength add-drop multiplexer (2002)

Wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) transmission systems require optical filters to multiplex or demultiplex different wavelength channels. One type of element useful in optical networks is the add-drop multiplexer (ADM) filter. We have assembled a three-wavelength ADM node, composed entirely of passive fiber components. This node can simultaneously add or drop three wavelength channels. The ADM uses four 3-dB fiber couplers, a fiber Bragg reflection filter, and four fiber biconic taper filters.
Effect of addition of amino acids, treatment with β‐galactosidase and use of heat‐shocked cultures on the acetaldehyde level in yoghurt (2002)

In this study, the biochemical activities of nonviscous and viscous yoghurt starter cultures were investigated. Yoghurt samples produced with nonviscous and viscous cultures, and viscous cultures + methionine (10 and 30 mg/100 mL milk), + threonine (5 and 10 mg/100 mL milk), + β‐galactosidase (1 mg/100 mL milk), and with a heat‐shocked culture were analysed. In the experimental yoghurts, the pH, titratable acidity, lactic acid, tyrosine and acetaldehyde contents and the number of total starter organisms were determined. According to the results obtained, the samples produced with the viscous culture had the lowest acetaldehyde levels, whereas the highest acetaldehyde level was found in the samples manufactured with the nonviscous culture. Compared with the samples inoculated with the viscous culture alone, the amino acid supplementation, lactose hydrolysis and heat‐shock treatments caused a significant increase in the level of acetaldehyde.
Recent developments of electric vehicles and their propulsion systems (1993)

Major recent electric vehicle (EV) programs in North America, Europe, and Japan are reviewed. The developments discussed include electric vehicles for fleet operation and electric passenger cars for urban transit. All major auto makers have had their own concept electric vehicle programs, targeted at commercial production in the late 1990s. It Is noted that, with different objectives for various electric vehicles, considerations such as cost, reliability, efficiency, maintenance, durability, weight, size, and noise level should be compromised for the propulsion system design. Consequently, DC motor drives, induction motor drives, and permanent magnet brushless DC motor drives will continually be used for EV propulsion systems in the future, with DC drives being gradually replaced by AC drives. The rapid advances in power semiconductor devices and microprocessors have made it possible to build reliable and cost-effective AC drive systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Chord (2001)

A fundamental problem that confronts peer-to-peer applications is to efficiently locate the node that stores a particular data item. This paper presents Chord , a distributed lookup protocol that addresses this problem. Chord provides support for just one operation: given a key, it maps the key onto a node. Data location can be easily implemented on top of Chord by associating a key with each data item, and storing the key/data item pair at the node to which the key maps. Chord adapts efficiently as nodes join and leave the system, and can answer queries even if the system is continuously changing. Results from theoretical analysis, simulations, and experiments show that Chord is scalable, with communication cost and the state maintained by each node scaling logarithmically with the number of Chord nodes.
Expression of breast cancer specific gene-1 (BCSG-1/γ-synuclein) is associated with tumour grade but not with clinical outcome of patients with breast cancer (2006)

This study examined the expression and distribution of BCSG-1 in human breast cancer tissue. IHC revealed that BCSG-1 was primarily seen as a cytosolic protein, weakly staining normal mammary epithelial cells but increased in breast tumour cells. Q-PCR revealed that node negative and positive tumours had similar levels of BCSG-1 transcript and BCSG-1/CK19 ratio. There were significantly higher levels in grade 2 and grade 3 tumours compared to grade 1. Patients with NPI (Nottingham prognostic indicator) < 3.4, had a predicted 80% 15-year survival. After a 10-year follow-up, no significant difference was seen between tumours from patients remaining disease-free and those who died of breast cancer. The levels of BCSG-1 significantly correlated with an associated molecule, transglutaminase-3 (r = 0.307, P < 0.05), and weakly with transglutaminase-7 (r = 0.183). BCSG-1 is increased in breast tumour cells, is negatively associated with tumour grade and significantly correlates with levels of transglutaminase-3.