gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IN VITRO STAINING OF ISLETS OF LANGERHANS FOR FLUORESCENCE-ACTIVATED CELL SORTING (1991)

A previously described technique from the author's laboratories for purification of pancreatic islets by fluorescence-activated cell sorting used the dye neutral red (NR) to obtain specific fluorescence of islets sufficient to give a sorting signal. A major drawback with this technique was the need to inject the dye intravascularly before excision of the pancreas. Preliminary investigations showed that NR would produce selective staining of islets by topical application in vitro but only at low concentrations that were insufficient to give fluorescence strong enough for sorting. The chelating agent dithizone (DTZ) produces bright red staining of islets by topical application in vitro. Further studies showed that dithizone-stained islets exhibited moderately strong fluorescence that faded too quickly for reliable sorting. By combining both NR and DTZ staining in vitro, selective fluorescence of islets was obtained that was sufficient to allow efficient sorting. Using the combined DTZ/NR stain the yield of islets obtained by sorting from a single rat pancreas was 569± 72 (n=16), corresponding to 83% of the islets present in the digest. The mean purity of the preparation, confirmed by histologic examination, was 80%. The viability of the islets was shown to be good both by supravital staining and by the successful correction of streptozo-tocin diabetes in syngeneic rats following transplantation of sorted islets.
S/MIME Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Requirement for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (2004)

RFC 3261 currently specifies 3DES as the mandatory-to-implement
ciphersuite for implementations of S/MIME in the Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP). This document updates the normative guidance of RFC
3261 to require the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) for S/MIME.
[STANDARDS-TRACK]
T cell responses of normal individuals towards recombinant protein antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1988)

Recombinant beta-galactosidase fusion proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis were purified by affinity chromatography and used for stimulation of unselected T lymphocytes freshly isolated from healthy individuals. It was found that the 12-kDa, 19-kDa, 65-kDa and 71-kDa recombinant (r) proteins tested stimulated T cells from healthy individuals in an antigen-specific way. These data demonstrate that it is feasible to screen purified r-proteins with unselected T cell populations. The existence of T cells with reactivity to these antigens in healthy individuals suggests T cell activation independent from clinical disease and hence that these proteins are not indicative for active tuberculosis.
Enzymatic Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters by Hydrolysis of Acid Oil Followed by Esterification (2007)

Abstract Acid oil, a by‐product of vegetable oil refining, was enzymatically converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Acid oil contained free fatty acids (FFA), acylglycerols, and lipophilic compounds. First, acylglycerols (11 wt%) were hydrolyzed at 30 °C by 20 units Candida rugosa lipase/g‐mixture with 40 wt% water. The resulting oil layer containing 92 wt% FFA was used for the next reaction, methyl esterification of FFA to FAME by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase. A mixture of 66 wt% oil layer and 34 wt% methanol (5 mol for FFA) were shaken at 30 °C with 1.0 wt% lipase. The degree of esterification reached 96% after 24 h. The resulting reaction mixture was then dehydrated and subjected to the second esterification that was conducted with 2.2 wt% methanol (5 mol for residual FFA) and 1.0 wt% immobilized lipase. The degree of esterification of residual FFA reached 44%. The degree increased successfully to 72% (total degree of esterification 99%) by conducting the reaction in the presence of 10 wt% glycerol, because water in the oil layer was attracted to the glycerol layer. Over 98% of total esterification was maintained, even though the first and the second esterification reactions were repeated every 24 h for 40 days. The enzymatic process comprising hydrolysis and methyl esterification produced an oil containing 91 wt% FAME, 1 wt% FFA, 1 wt% acylglycerols, and 7 wt% lipophilic compounds.
Synthesis of medium-chain length (C6–C10) fuels and chemicals via β-oxidation reversal in Escherichia coli (2015)

The recently engineered reversal of the β-oxidation cycle has been proposed as a potential platform for the efficient synthesis of longer chain (C ≥ 4) fuels and chemicals. Here, we demonstrate the utility of this platform for the synthesis of medium-chain length (C6-C10) products through the manipulation of key components of the pathway. Deletion of endogenous thioesterases provided a clean background in which the expression of various thiolase and termination components, along with required core enzymes, resulted in the ability to alter the chain length distribution and functionality of target products. This approach enabled the synthesis of medium-chain length carboxylic acids and primary alcohols from glycerol, a low-value feedstock. The use of BktB as the thiolase component with thioesterase TesA' as the termination enzyme enabled the synthesis of about 1.3 g/L C6-C10 saturated carboxylic acids. Tailoring of product formation to primary alcohol synthesis was achieved with the use of various acyl-CoA reductases. The combination of AtoB and FadA as the thiolase components with the alcohol-forming acyl-CoA reductase Maqu2507 from M. aquaeolei resulted in the synthesis of nearly 0.3 g/L C6-C10 alcohols. These results further demonstrate the versatile nature of a β-oxidation reversal, and highlight several key aspects and control points that can be further manipulated to fine-tune the synthesis of various fuels and chemicals.
Out of Eden: Stem Cells and Their Niches (2000)

Stem cells are currently in the news for two reasons: the successful cultivation of human embryonic stem cell lines and reports that adult stem cells can differentiate into developmentally unrelated cell types, such as nerve cells into blood cells. Both intrinsic and extrinsic signals regulate stem cell fate and some of these signals have now been identified. Certain aspects of the stem cell microenvironment, or niche, are conserved between tissues, and this can be exploited in the application of stem cells to tissue replacement therapy.
Real-Time Transrectal Ultrasound Guidance During Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: Impact on Surgical Margins (2006)

Intraoperative TRUS monitoring during LRP allows individualized, precise dissection tailored to the specific prostate contour anatomy, thus, compensating for the muted tactile feedback of laparoscopy. In what is to our knowledge the initial experience real-time TRUS guidance significantly decreased the incidence of positive surgical margins during LRP. In the future this concept of rectum based, intraoperative real-time navigation may facilitate a more sophisticated performance of radical prostatectomy.
Personalized Therapy in Pain Management: Where Do We Stand? (2010)

Genomic variations influencing response to pharmacotherapy of pain are currently under investigation. Drug-metabolizing enzymes represent a major target of ongoing research in order to identify associations between an individual's drug response and genetic profile. Polymorphisms of the cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP2D6) influence metabolism of codeine, tramadol, hydrocodone, oxycodone and tricyclic antidepressants. Blood concentrations of some NSAIDs depend on CYP2C9 and/or CYP2C8 activity. Genomic variants of these genes associate well with NSAIDs' side effect profile. Other candidate genes, such as those encoding (opioid) receptors, transporters and other molecules important for pharmacotherapy in pain management, are discussed; however, study results are often equivocal. Besides genetic variants, further variables, for example, age, disease, comorbidity, concomitant medication, organ function as well as patients' compliance, may have an impact on pharmacotherapy and need to be addressed when pain therapists prescribe medication. Although pharmacogenetics as a diagnostic tool has the potential to improve patient therapy, well-designed studies are needed to demonstrate superiority to conventional dosing regimes.
Contemporary trends and techniques in tooth whitening: a review. (2004)

This article presents the use of three different types of whitening agents for improved aesthetics. Upon reading this article, the reader should be able to: Distinguish the difference between professionally administered in-office and at-home tooth-whitening results. Identify the effects of whitening agents on dental tissues.
A Human Genomic Library Enriched in Transcriptionally Active Sequences (aDNA Library) (2000)

Core histone hyperacetylation, in particular of H4, is concentrated in the promoter-upstream regions of active genes and in certain cases is locuswide. Antibodies to hyperacetylated H4 were used to immunoprecipitate dinucleosomal chromatin derived from K562 human erythroleukemic cells by micrococcal nuclease digestion. The extracted DNA was made into a genomic library and was expected to contain sequences from genes active in K562 cells (an active, 'aDNA' library). Clones (180) were randomly selected from the library; 24 of 103 tested (23%) contained highly repeated sequences, as determined by their hybridization to total genomic DNA, and were not analyzed further. An additional 10 clones (6%) were shown to contain no insert DNA. The remaining 146 were sequenced and compared with the nucleic acid databases and in all six frames to the protein databases: Sixeen clones could be assigned to known genes, the majority of which (12) were tissue specific. All but 2 of these 16 corresponded to segments 5' of the coding sequences, as expected if H4 acetylation is concentrated at promoter regions. Thirty-three clones (23%) displayed high sequence identity to cDNAs in the expressed sequence tag database (dbEST). Northern blots and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR were used to determine the proportion of clones representing sequences expressed in K562 cells: Although only 1 of 34 tested clones showed a band in Northern hybridization, RT-PCR demonstrated that at least 12 of 40 tested clones (30%) were present in the mRNA population. Because a further 8 of these 40 clones were identified as gene fragments by database sequence comparisons, it follows that about half of this subset of 40 clones is derived from genes. The aDNA library is thus very gene rich and not skewed toward the most highly expressed sequences, as in mRNA libraries. The aDNA library is also rich in promoters and could be a valuable source of such sequences, particularly those that lack CpG islands or other features that allow their specific selection.
A Regression Method for Real Estate Price Index Construction (1963)

Abstract Quality differences make estimation of price indexes for real properties difficult, but these can be largely avoided by basing an index on sales prices of the same property at different times. The problem of combining price relatives of repeat sales of properties to obtain a price index can be converted into a regression problem, and standard techniques of regression analysis can be used to estimate the index. This method of estimation is more efficient than others for combining price relatives in that it utilizes information about the price index for earlier periods contained in sales prices in later periods. Standard errors of the estimated index numbers can be readily computed using the regression method, and it permits certain effects on the value of real properties to be eliminated from the index.
Metronomic Low-Dose Chemotherapy Boosts CD95-Dependent Antiangiogenic Effect of the Thrombospondin Peptide ABT-510: A Complementation Antiangiogenic Strategy (2005)

Blocking angiogenesis is a promising approach in cancer therapy. Natural inhibitors of angiogenesis and derivatives induce receptor-mediated signals, which often result in the endothelial cell death. Low-dose chemotherapy, given at short regular intervals with no prolonged breaks (metronomic chemotherapy), also targets angiogenesis by obliterating proliferating endothelial cells and circulating endothelial cell precursors. ABT-510, a peptide derivative of thrombospondin, kills endothelial cell by increasing CD95L, a ligand for the CD95 death receptor. However, CD95 expression itself is unaffected by ABT-510 and limits its efficacy. We found that multiple chemotherapy agents, cyclophosphamide (cytoxan), cisplatin, and docetaxel, induced endothelial CD95 in vitro and in vivo at low doses that failed to kill endothelial cells (cytoxan > cisplatin > docetaxel). Thus, we concluded that some of these agents might complement each other and together block angiogenesis with maximal efficacy. As a proof of principle, we designed an antiangiogenic cocktail combining ABT-510 with cytoxan or cisplatin. Cyclophosphamide and cisplatin synergistically increased in vivo endothelial cell apoptosis and angiosuppression by ABT-510. This synergy required CD95, as it was reversible with the CD95 decoy receptor. In a mouse model, ABT-510 and cytoxan, applied together at low doses, acted in synergy to delay tumor take, to stabilize the growth of established tumors, and to cause a long-term progression delay of PC-3 prostate carcinoma. These antitumor effects were accompanied by major decreases in microvascular density and concomitant increases of the vascular CD95, CD95L, and apoptosis. Thus, our study shows a "complementation" design of an optimal cancer treatment with the antiangiogenic peptide and a metronomic chemotherapy.
Critical evaluation of stability constants for alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid complexes with protons and metal ions and the accompanying enthalpy changes. Part II. Aliphatic 2-hydroxycarboxylic acids (IUPAC Technical Report) (2003)

Abstract Stability constants for different aliphatic 2-hydroxycarboxylic acid complexes in aqueous solutions with protons and metal ions published between 1960 and the end of 1994 have been critically evaluated.
Use of an Absorbable Mesh to Repair Contaminated Abdominal-Wall Defects (1986)

When polypropylene mesh (Marlex) is used to repair contaminated abdominal-wall hernias, a high incidence of mesh-related chronic infection, drainage, erosion, and bleeding is noted. As an alternative to placing polypropylene mesh in a contaminated field, in the past 18 months we have used an absorbable polyglycolic acid mesh (Dexon) to repair contaminated abdominal-wall defects in eight patients--three with necrotizing abdominal-wall infections, one with an extensive electrical burn of the abdominal wall, three with infected polypropylene mesh from a previous repair, and one whose hernia was covered by a chronically infected scar. In seven of the eight cases, a single sheet of polyglycolic acid mesh was sewn to the fascial margins. In four cases, skin was closed over the mesh; wound packing and subsequent skin grafting were required in the other four. In follow-up studies that ranged from three to 18 months, six of the eight patients developed abdominal-wall hernias at the site of absorbable mesh placement. None of the patients required an abdominal binder. Postoperative hernia development is probable in patients whose defects are repaired with absorbable mesh. However, this complication is balanced against the more serious complications of fistula, bleeding, skin erosion, drainage, and chronic infection, which require removal of the more rigid nonabsorbable meshes in 50% to 90% of cases when the latter are placed under contaminated conditions. Placement of absorbable mesh for temporary abdominal-wall support until wound contamination resolves enhances the likelihood of subsequent successful placement of a permanent mesh.
Efficient bacterial production of bovine and porcine growth hormones (1983)

Author: Seeburg, Peter H. et al.; Genre: Journal Article; Published in Print: 1983; Keywords: Efficient bacterial production of bovine and porcine growth hormones; Title: Efficient bacterial production of bovine and porcine growth hormones
Topology of allosteric regulation of lactose permease (1997)

Sugar transport by some permeases in Escherichia coli is allosterically regulated by the phosphorylation state of the intracellular regulatory protein, enzyme IIAglc of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system. A sensitive radiochemical assay for the interaction of enzyme IIAglc with membrane-associated lactose permease was used to characterize the binding reaction. The binding is stimulated by transportable substrates such as lactose, melibiose, and raffinose, but not by sugars that are not transported (maltose and sucrose). Treatment of lactose permease with N-ethylmaleimide, which blocks ligand binding and transport by alkylating Cys-148, also blocks enzyme IIAglc binding. Preincubation with the substrate analog beta-D-galactopyranosyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside protects both lactose transport and enzyme IIAglc binding against inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide. A collection of lactose permease replacement mutants at Cys-148 showed, with the exception of C148V, a good correlation of relative transport activity and enzyme IIAglc binding. The nature of the interaction of enzyme IIAglc with the cytoplasmic face of lactose permease was explored. The N- and C-termini, as well as five hydrophilic loops in the permease, are exposed on the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane and it has been proposed that the central cytoplasmic loop of lactose permease is the major determinant for interaction with enzyme IIAglc. Lactose permease mutants with polyhistidine insertions in cytoplasmic loops IV/V and VI/VII and periplasmic loop VII/VIII retain transport activity and therefore substrate binding, but do not bind enzyme IIAglc, indicating that these regions of lactose permease may be involved in recognition of enzyme IIAglc. Taken together, these results suggest that interaction of lactose permease with substrate promotes a conformational change that brings several cytoplasmic loops into an arrangement optimal for interaction with the regulatory protein, enzyme IIAglc. A topological map of the proposed interaction is presented.
Penetrance and Clinical Manifestations of Non-Hotspot Germline RET Mutation, C630R, in a Family with Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (2005)

Germline mutations in specific hot spot-codons of the RET proto-oncogene are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2). Clinical RET gene testing has been routine for the last 10 years in some countries. In Argentina, RET testing excluding MEN 2B was always reported with a mutation at codon 634, with one exception: we described a novel mutation T > C transition at codon 630 (C630R), the family to which we extend the study in the present report. This family comprised 29 members in four generations including 6 individuals affected with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), positive for the C630R mutation and normal adrenaline/ noradrenaline and ionized calcium/parathyroid hormone levels. Two asymptomatic mutation carriers aged 5 and 11 years underwent total thyroidectomy. The histopathologic examination showed C-cell hyperplasia and microcarcinoma foci, while preoperative basal calcitonins were normal for both. Our report emphasizes the importance of testing for non-hot spot RET mutations in apparently mutation negative MEN 2 families. Furthermore, it would appear that C630R mirrors C634R in penetrance (100% in this family) and in early age of onset of MTC, although paradoxically, no pheochromocytomas and hyperparathyroidism have developed. In addition to recommending RET testing before 5 years of age; we also can postulate that codon 630 may be the key point along the extracellular domain, important in the tissue-specific penetrance.
Biology of Bone Cancer Pain (2006)

Bone cancer pain is a devastating manifestation of metastatic cancer. Unfortunately, current therapies can be ineffective, and when they are effective, the duration of the patient's survival typically exceeds the duration of pain relief. New, mechanistically based therapies are desperately needed. Study of experimental animal models has provided insight into the mechanisms that drive bone cancer pain and provides an opportunity for developing targeted therapies. Mechanisms that drive bone cancer pain include tumor-directed osteoclast-mediated osteolysis, tumor cells themselves, tumor-induced nerve injury, stimulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 ion channel, endothelin A, and host cell production of nerve growth factor. Current and future therapies include external beam radiation, osteoclast-targeted inhibiting agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 antagonists, and antibody therapies that target nerve growth factor or tumor angiogenesis. It is likely that a combination of these therapies will be superior to any one therapy alone.
Preparing for Humanitarian Demining in Post-conflict Colombia (2015)

Nearly a decade after launching an effort to build national capacity to clear landmines from its territory, the Colombian government still faces significant challenges in addressing the country’s mine problem, which has claimed more than 11,000 victims since 1991.1 Although the overall number of new landmine victims significantly decreased over the past eight years, survey and clearance work has been limited to more secure zones of the countryside because of the threat from nonstate armed groups to deminers and people living in conflict areas. Meanwhile, the risk to civilians living in parts of the country where demining activities have not taken place has not changed significantly, and Colombia remains among the countries with the highest number of mine casualties each year.
Permeability of the Alveolar Membrane to Solutes (1965)

The lower lobe of the left lung of 54 dogs was isolated and perfused with a dextran-Tyrode's solution. The alveoli were filled with Tyrode's solution, and permeability coefficients were measured for diffusion of several substances across the alveolar membrane. The permeability coefficients of the pulmonary membrane for K 42 , urea, Na 24 , glucose, D 2 O, and dinitrophenal(DNP) were 56.5 ± 3.5, 22.9±9.2, 7.5±2.1, 3.1±0.7, 400, and 400x10 -7 cm/sec, respectively. The effect of varying the flow rate on the permeability coefficient of Na 24 was investigated, and the data failed to show any significant correlation between the flow limits of 3.8 to 12. 8 cm/min/g lung tissue. The effect of two different procedures for filling the alveoli with fluid on the permeability coefficients was also investigated and no difference could be discerned in the results. The data support the thesis that the alveolar membrane has permeability characteristics similar to those of the usual cell membrane. The interstitial fluid volume of the lung (extravascular sodium space) was measured and yielded a value in normal lungs of 0.250 ± 0.129 cc/g lung tissiue. In three edematous lungs, this space averaged three times the normal value.
Accessory protein function in the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme from E. coli (1992)

DNA polymerases which duplicate cellular chromosomes are multiprotein complexes. The individual functions of the many proteins required to duplicate a chromosome are not fully understood. The multiprotein complex which duplicates the Escherichia coli chromosome, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme (holoenzyme), contains a DNA polymerase subunit and nine accessory proteins. This report summarizes our current understanding of the individual functions of the accessory proteins within the holoenzyme, lending insight into why a chromosomal replicase needs such a complex structure.