gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of morphology and chemical characteristics of cellulose reinforcements on the crystallinity of polylactic acid (2006)

Abstract The aim of this work has been to study the crystallization behavior of composites based on polylactic acid (PLA) and three different types of cellulose reinforcements, viz., microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), cellulose fibers (CFs), and wood flour (WF). The primary interest was to determine how the size, chemical composition, and the surface topography of cellulosic materials affect the crystallization of PLA. The studied composite materials were compounded using a twin‐screw extruder and injection‐molded to test samples. The content of cellulose reinforcements were 25% by weight. The MCC and WF were shown to have a better nucleating ability than CFs based on differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy studies. It is difficult to visualize that transcrystallization will occur during melting process and this process is influenced by the morphological and chemical characteristics of the reinforcement. Bulk crystallization seems to be mainly dependent on the processing temperature. The cold crystallization process was shown to improve the thermal stability and storage modulus of the composites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 300–310, 2006
In Search of a Standard for Judicial Review of Legal Error in Commercial Arbitration Awards (1991)

This paper surveys cases under California law in which commercial arbitration awards have been reviewed for errors of law and proposes a coherent approach to judicial review of alleged errors of law in commercial arbitration awards. Both of the following issues will be addressed: 1. When and how courts should decide whether parties to an arbitration agreement have reserved arbitrator decisions on points of law for judicial review. 2. Whether and, if so, when and by what standard courts should review arbitrator decisions on points of law when the parties have not agreed to reserve such issues for review.
Spinal cord injury is accompanied by chronic progressive demyelination (2005)

Preceding the development of therapeutic strategies for spinal cord injury is an identification of those pathological processes that might serve as therapeutic targets. Although demyelination has been documented as a secondary degenerative component of spinal cord injury in several species including humans, the extent of demyelination and its functional consequence remain unknown. In this report, we document the extent of demyelination and remyelination up to 450 days following contusive spinal cord injury in adult rats. The overall number of demyelinated axons peaked at 1 day post injury, declined by 7-14 days post injury, and then progressively increased up to 450 days post injury. Oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell remyelinated axons appeared by 14 days post injury. Although remyelinated axons were present from 14 to 450 days post injury, remyelination was incomplete, as indicated by the presence of demyelinated axons at every time point examined. These studies demonstrate for the first time that spinal cord injury is accompanied by chronic progressive demyelination, and they substantiate demyelination as a target for therapeutic intervention.
Homeostasis-Stimulated Proliferation Drives Naive T Cells to Differentiate Directly into Memory T Cells (2000)

The developmental requirements for immunological memory, a central feature of adaptive immune responses, is largely obscure. We show that as naive CD8 T cells undergo homeostasis-driven proliferation in lymphopenic mice in the absence of overt antigenic stimulation, they progressively acquire phenotypic and functional characteristics of antigen-induced memory CD8 T cells. Thus, the homeostasis-induced memory CD8 T cells express typical memory cell markers, lyse target cells directly in vitro and in vivo, respond to lower doses of antigen than naive cells, and secrete interferon gamma faster upon restimulation. Like antigen-induced memory T cell differentiation, the homeostasis-driven process requires T cell proliferation and, initially, the presence of appropriate restricting major histocompatibility complexes, but it differs by occurring without effector cell formation and without requiring interleukin 2 or costimulation via CD28. These findings define repetitive cell division plus T cell receptor ligation as the basic requirements for naive to memory T cell differentiation.
Hemopoietic stem cells: stochastic differentiation and humoral control of proliferation. (1989)

The central feature of hemopoiesis is life-long, stable cell renewal. This process is supported by hemopoietic stem cells which, in the steady state, appear to be dormant in cell cycling. The entry into cell cycle of the dormant stem cells may be promoted by such factors as interleukin-1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Once the stem cells leave G0 and begin proliferation, the subsequent process is characterized by continued proliferation and differentiation. While several models of stem cell differentiation have been proposed, micromanipulation studies of individual progenitors suggest that the commitment of multipotential progenitors to single lineages is a random (stochastic) process. The proliferation of early hemopoietic progenitors requires the presence of interleukin-3 (IL-3), and the intermediate process appears to be supported by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Once the progenitors are committed to individual lineages, the subsequent maturation process appears to be supported by late-acting, lineage-specific factors such as erythropoietin and G-CSF. Synthesis of a hemopoietic factor may take place in different cell types and is regulated by multiple factors. The physiological regulator of erythropoiesis is erythropoietin, which, by a feedback mechanism, provides fine control of erythrocyte production. Feedback mechanisms for leukocyte production have not been identified. It is possible that there is no feedback regulator of leukopoiesis. In this model, leukocyte production in the steady state is maintained at a genetically determined level. When an infection occurs, the bacterial lipopolysaccharides may augment the production of interleukin 1 alpha and beta, tumor necrosis factor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, etc.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ring-Opening Polymerization of β-Butyrolactone by Thermophilic Lipases (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTRing-Opening Polymerization of β-Butyrolactone by Thermophilic LipasesWenhua Xie, Jun Li, Depu Chen, and Peng George WangView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124 Cite this: Macromolecules 1997, 30, 22, 6997–6998Publication Date (Web):November 3, 1997Publication History Received23 May 1997Revised31 July 1997Published online3 November 1997Published inissue 1 November 1997https://doi.org/10.1021/ma970722jCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views611Altmetric-Citations57LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (108 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Lactones,Peptides and proteins,Polymerization,Polymers,Ring-opening polymerization Get e-Alerts
Heterojunction fabrication by selective area chemical vapor deposition induced by synchrotron radiation (1994)

We have fabricated a B5C, boron-carbide/Si(111) heterojunction diode by the synchrotron radiation-induced decomposition of orthocarborane. This diode can be compared with similar boron-carbide/Si(111) heterojunction diodes fabricated by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The synchrotron radiation induced chemical vapor deposition is postulated to occur via the decomposition of weakly chemisorbed species and the results suggest that ‘‘real-time’’ projection lithography (selective area deposition) of boron-carbide devices is possible.
Analysis of Sweet Diterpene Glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana:  Improved HPLC Method (2001)

An improved analytical method was developed which may be applied to quality control of stevioside and rebaudioside A contents in dried leaves of Stevia rebaudiana before processing; in a selective sampling program searching for plants of higher yield in diterpene glycosides content; or when a large number of samples are sent to the laboratory for analysis. The procedure developed involves two steps: solvent extraction followed by an isocratic HPLC analysis. The sample, 1 g of dried leaves of S. rebaudiana, is ground and solvent-extracted with EtOH 70% (w/w) in Erlenmeyer flasks by shaking for 30 min in a 70 degrees C water bath. After the extract was cooled, it was filtered and analyzed by HPLC using an NH(2) column (250 x 4.6 mm) and a mixture of acetonitrile/water (80:20, v/v) as mobile phase, pH 5 adjusted with acetic acid. The detection was in the UV range at 210 nm (0.04 AUFS). Quantitation was performed by means of an external standard calibration curve for each analyte which had been obtained from standard solutions of pure stevioside and rebaudioside A. Working under these conditions there were no observed interference effects. The method saves time in sample preparation, and reduces sample handling and chromatographic analysis time, while having little loss of precision [coefficient of variation (CV%) between 1.8% and 3.0%] and recovery [between 98.5% and 100.5%]. The method was applied to 30 samples of S. rebaudiana from Misiones (Northeastern Argentina), and the stevioside content found ranged between 3.78 and 9.75% (weight) whereas Rebaudioside A content ranged between 1.62 and 7.27% (weight).
Lens arrays for a three-dimensional imaging system (2002)

In the previously published version of this paper, there were three occasions where the incorrect unit "nm" was printed instead of "mm". The first occurrence was in the abstract where the text should read as "300 mm × 300 mm", and the other two were on page S19 where the text should read as "300 mm × 300 mm" and "150 mm × 150 mm".
Support vector machines classification with a very large-scale taxonomy (2005)

Very large-scale classification taxonomies typically have hundreds of thousands of categories, deep hierarchies, and skewed category distribution over documents. However, it is still an open question whether the state-of-the-art technologies in automated text categorization can scale to (and perform well on) such large taxonomies. In this paper, we report the first evaluation of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) in web-page classification over the full taxonomy of the Yahoo! categories. Our accomplishments include: 1) a data analysis on the Yahoo! taxonomy; 2) the development of a scalable system for large-scale text categorization; 3) theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation of SVMs in hierarchical and non-hierarchical settings for classification; 4) an investigation of threshold tuning algorithms with respect to time complexity and their effect on the classification accuracy of SVMs. We found that, in terms of scalability, the hierarchical use of SVMs is efficient enough for very large-scale classification; however, in terms of effectiveness, the performance of SVMs over the Yahoo! Directory is still far from satisfactory, which indicates that more substantial investigation is needed.
The outcome of therapies in refractory and super-refractory convulsive status epilepticus and recommendations for therapy (2012)

In a previous paper, we reviewed the range of therapies available for the treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus. Here we report a review of the outcome of therapies in refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus. Patients (n = 1168) are reported who had therapy with: thiopental, pentobarbital, midazolam, propofol, ketamine, inhalational anaesthetics (isoflurane, desflurane), antiepileptic drugs (topiramate, lacosamide, pregabalin, levetiracetam), hypothermia, magnesium, pyridoxine, immunotherapy, ketogenic diet, emergency neurosurgery, electroconvulsive therapy, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, vagal nerve stimulation and deep brain stimulation. The outcome parameters reported include control of status epilepticus, relapse on withdrawal, breakthrough seizures and mortality. Where reported (596 cases), the long-term outcome was found to be death (35%), severe neurological deficit (13%), mild neurological deficit (13%), undefined deficit (4%) and recovery to baseline (35%). The quality of reported outcome data is generally poor and the number of cases reported for all non-anaesthetic therapies is low. Outcome assessment is complicated by changes in co-medication, delay in response and publication bias. Given these deficits, only broad recommendations can be made regarding optimal therapy. An approach to therapy, divided into first-line, second-line and third-line therapy, is suggested on the basis of this outcome evaluation. The importance of treatments directed at the cause of the status epilepticus, and of supportive ITU care is also emphasized.
Mechanism study of chitosan on lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemic rats. (2007)

It has been reported that plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations decrease when animals are fed with chitosan, but the mechanism is unclear. Four wk old male SD (Sprague-Dawley) rats were fed a commercial rat diet (cholesterol-free diet, negative control, NC), cholesterol-enriched diet containing 5% of chitosan (CH) or cholesterol-enriched diet containing 5% of cellulose (CE) and 5% of lard for 12 weeks. We would investigated the effects of chitosan on plasma and liver cholesterol levels, liver weight, bile acids concentrations of fecal and hepatic LDL receptor mRNA expression. The results showed that chitosan could decrease levels of total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in plasma (p<0.05), and TC, total triglyceride (TG) in liver (p<0.05), and increase fecal bile acids excretion (p<0.05), but the levels of TG and HDL-C in plasma was unchanged (p>0.05). In addition, the result of RT-PCR test showed that saturated fat and cholesterol fed could significantly induce the reduction of LDL receptor mRNA levels, while chitosan could increase hepatic LDL receptor mRNA levels. This study suggested that chitosan improve lipid metabolism by regulating TC and LDL-C by upregulating of hepatic LDL receptor mRNA expression, increasing the excretion of fecal bile acids.
Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels. Formation by electron beam irradiation of aqueous solutions and subsequent crystallization (1973)

Abstract Aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol) were submitted to varying doses of electron beam irradiation. By modification of the classical Flory‐Huggins equations appropriate to the initial state of solution of the polymer, the molecular weight between crosslinks, M c , was calculated as a function of radiation dose, initial polymer concentration, and temperature. Following crosslinking in the solution state, crystallization was induced by dehydrating the network at temperatures above 90°C. Following dehydration, the polymer network was reequilibrated with water and its tensile properties compared with identically prepared hydrogels not subjected to crystallization by dehydration. Greatly enhanced values of ultimate tensile strength and resistance to tear result from the treatment producing crystallization, compared with those of the crosslinked but not previously dehydrated gels.
The treatment of chronic thoracic segmental pain by radiofrequency percutaneous partial rhizotomy (1994)

Forty-five patients, 12 men and 33 women with an age range of 17 to 88 years (median 52 years), were selected for a posterior thoracic percutaneous partial rhizotomy (PPR) based on the following criteria. Each patient had at least a 6-month history of irradiating pain that followed the segmental pattern of an intercostal nerve and had not responded to conservative treatment. In addition, no causal treatment was available and there was a temporary positive response to an intercostal blockade with lidocaine. In the lower thoracic region (T8-12) PPR was performed with the usual dorsolateral technique; in the upper thoracic region a dorsal approach was used by means of a drill hole made with a Kirschner wire in the vertebral arch. The 45 patients underwent 53 thoracic PPR operations. Patients were evaluated 2 months after treatment. Thirty patients (66.7%) were pain-free: in 11 cases (24.4%) more than 50% improvement was achieved, and in four (8.9%) there was no improvement. Side effects consisting of a transient burning pain or a mild transient sensory loss occurred in eight patients (17.7%). After a follow-up period of 13 to 46 months (median 24 months) results were evaluated in 41 patients; five patients had undergone reintervention. Excellent long-term results were achieved in 20 patients (48.8%), good results in 15 (36.6%), and poor results in six (14.6%). It is concluded, that when conservative treatment fails, thoracic PPR may prove an effective and safe treatment for chronic segmental thoracic pain.
Renalase Lowers Ambulatory Blood Pressure by Metabolizing Circulating Adrenaline (2012)

Background Blood pressure is acutely regulated by the sympathetic nervous system through the action of vasoactive hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Renalase, a recently described, secreted flavoprotein, acutely decreases systemic pressure when administered in vivo. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms present in the gene are associated with hypertension, cardiac disease, and diabetes. Although renalase's crystal structure was recently solved, its natural substrate(s) remains undefined. Methods and Results Using in vitro enzymatic assays and in vivo administration of recombinant renalase, we show that the protein functions as a flavin adenine dinucleotide– and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide–dependent oxidase that lowers blood pressure by degrading plasma epinephrine. The enzyme also metabolizes the dopamine precursor L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine but has low activity against dopamine and does not metabolize norepinephrine. To test if epinephrine and L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine were renalase's only substrates, 17 246 unique small molecules were screened. Although the search revealed no additional, naturally occurring compounds, it identified dobutamine, isoproterenol, and α‐methyldopa as substrates of renalase. Mutational analysis was used to test if renalase's hypotensive effect correlated with its enzymatic activity. Single–amino acid mutations that decrease its enzymatic activity to varying degrees comparably reduce its hypotensive effect. Conclusions Renalase metabolizes circulating epinephrine and L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine, and its capacity to decrease blood pressure is directly correlated to its enzymatic activity. These findings highlight a previously unrecognized mechanism for epinephrine metabolism and blood pressure regulation, expand our understanding of the sympathetic nervous system, and could lead to the development of novel therapeutic modalities for the treatment of hypertension. ( J Am Heart Assoc . 2012;1:e002634 doi: 10.1161/ JAHA .112.002634.)
High piezoelectric properties in LiNbO<inf>3</inf> transferred layer by the Smart Cut&#x2122; technology for ultra wide band BAW filter applications (2008)

For the first time, high overtone bulk acoustic resonators (HBAR) based on thin homogeneous and single crystalline films (below 1mum) of lithium niobate (LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) have been processed and characterized between 1 and 4 GHz. k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> greater than 30% are extracted from the frequency response envelope, by far superior to k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> usually obtained with traditional deposited AlN material (limited to 7%). This result confirms the interest of this technology for ultra wide band BAW (bulk acoustic wave) filters. The thin single crystalline LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> films together with an embedded metal electrode were fabricated using the Smart Cuttrade technology. The crystalline quality of the transferred layer (characterized by XRD and HRTEM) was found to be comparable to the single crystal bulk starting material.
Progress in the application of DNA microarrays. (2001)

Microarray technology has been applied to a variety of different fields to address fundamental research questions. The use of microarrays, or DNA chips, to study the gene expression profiles of biologic samples began in 1995. Since that time, the fundamental concepts behind the chip, the technology required for making and using these chips, and the multitude of statistical tools for analyzing the data have been extensively reviewed. For this reason, the focus of this review will be not on the technology itself but on the application of microarrays as a research tool and the future challenges of the field.