gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ASIC implementation of random number generators using SR latches and its evaluation (2016)

A true random number generator (TRNG) is proposed and evaluated by field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) implementation that generates random numbers by exclusive-ORing (XORing) the outputs of many SR latches (Hata and Ichikawa, IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst. E95-D(2):426–436, 2012). This enables compact implementation and generates high-entropy random numbers. In this paper, we fabricate and evaluate 39 TRNGs using SR latches on 0.18 μm ASICs. Random numbers are generated by XORing the outputs of 256 SR latches. Our TRNGs pass the SP800-90B health tests and the AIS20/31 statistical tests in changing temperatures (from −20 to 60 °C) and voltages (1.80 ± 0.15 V). We also perform an independent and identically distributed (IID) test and calculate min-entropy according to the SP800-90B. With these tests, we are able to confirm that our TRNGs are highly robust against environmental stress. The power consumption and circuit scale of our TRNGs are 0.27 mW and 1240.5 gates, respectively. Our TRNGs that use SR latches are small enough to be implemented in embedded devices.
A precision FET-less sample-and-hold with high charge-to-droop current ratio (1978)

A monolithic sample-and-hold amplifier designed without field-effect transistors is described. Various sample-and-hold configurations are compared and their merits are discussed. Unique features of the design include a diode-bridge switch and a current booster with 50 mA of drive capability to charge the hold capacitor during large signal acquisition. The output amplifier's operating conditions are changed under logic control; it functions as a fast follower in the sample mode, and as a low input current amplifier in the hold mode. Performance characteristics include: 3.5-/spl mu/s acquisition time to 0.1 percent with a 5000-pF hold capacitor, 50 pA of droop current from 0 to 70/spl deg/C, 10/SUP 9/ charge-to-droop current ratio, and 0.3 mV of zero-scale error.
Huntingtin Interacting Protein 1 Induces Apoptosis via a Novel Caspase-dependent Death Effector Domain (2000)

Huntington disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a polymorphic glutamine tract in huntingtin. The huntingtin interacting protein (HIP-1) was identified by its altered interaction with mutant huntingtin. However, the function of HIP-1 was not known. In this study, we identify HIP-1 as a proapoptotic protein. Overexpression of HIP-1 resulted in rapid caspase 3-dependent cell death. Bioinformatics analyses identified a novel domain in HIP-1 with homology to death effector domains (DEDs) present in proteins involved in apoptosis. Expression of the HIP-1 DED alone resulted in cell death indistinguishable from HIP-1, indicating that the DED is responsible for HIP-1 toxicity. Furthermore, substitution of a conserved hydrophobic phenylalanine residue within the HIP-1 DED at position 398 eliminated HIP-1 toxicity entirely. HIP-1 activity was found to be independent of the DED-containing caspase 8 but was significantly inhibited by the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-x(L), implicating the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in HIP-1-induced cell death. Co-expression of a normal huntingtin fragment capable of binding HIP-1 significantly reduced cell death. Our data identify HIP-1 as a novel proapoptotic mediator and suggest that HIP-1 may be a molecular accomplice in the pathogenesis of Huntington disease.
DEPENDENCE OF THE KINETICS OF SINGLET-SINGLET ENERGY TRANSFER ON SPECTRAL OVERLAP (1969)

Electronic excitation energy can be transferred between chromophores separated by distances of the order of 30 A. Förster proposed that the transfer occurs by a dipole-dipole resonance interaction which depends on certain spectroscopic and geometric properties of the donor-acceptor pair. His prediction that the rate of transfer depends on the inverse sixth power of the distance between the chromophores was verified previously. In this work, we tested a second prediction of Förster's theory, namely, that the transfer rate is proportional to J, the magnitude of the overlap between the emission spectrum of the energy donor and the absorption spectrum of the energy acceptor.The energy donor was an N-methylindole moiety, and the acceptor was a ketone. These chromophores were fused to a rigid steroid that separated them by 10.2 A. Rate constants for singlet-singlet energy transfer in this system were obtained by nanosecond flash spectroscopy. J was varied over a 40-fold range simply by altering the solvent. We found that the transfer rate is proportional to J, as predicted by Förster's theory. The results bear on the potential use of this energy transfer process to measure distances in biological macromolecules. It is evident that the length of such a spectroscopic ruler can readily be controlled by varying the magnitude of the spectral overlap integral of the energy donor-acceptor pair.
Retinoid-resistant estrogen receptor-negative human breast carcinoma cells transfected with retinoic acid receptor-alpha acquire sensitivity to growth inhibition by retinoids. (1994)

Retinoids mediate their actions via RARs (retinoic acid receptors) and RXRs (retinoid X receptors). Each class of these nuclear retinoid receptors is further subdivided into three species, namely alpha, beta, and gamma. Recent studies demonstrate that estrogen receptor (ER)-positive human breast carcinoma (HBC) cell lines and tumor samples exhibit significantly higher levels of RAR alpha than their ER-negative counterparts. ER-positive HBC cell lines are sensitive to, and ER-negative cell lines are resistant to, growth inhibitory effects of retinoic acid (RA). We previously demonstrated that the expression of functional ERs in an established ER-negative cell line resulted in higher levels of RAR alpha and sensitivity to growth inhibition by RA. To further investigate the major role of RAR alpha in retinoid-mediated inhibition of growth, we transfected RAR alpha cDNA in two RA-resistant ER-negative HBC cell lines. Analyses of different clonal populations of RAR alpha transfectants from each cell line revealed growth inhibition by retinoids. Utilizing RAR- and RXR-class selective retinoids, we further demonstrated that only the RAR alpha-selective retinoids mediated the growth inhibition in these cells, while the RXR-selective retinoids were biologically inert. We thus provide evidence that the molecular mechanisms of retinoid inhibition of HBC proliferation predominantly involve RAR alpha.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 2 Secreted by a Tumorigenic Cell Line Supports Ex Vivo Expansion of Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cells (2008)

Successful hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is often limited by the numbers of HSCs, and robust methods to expand HSCs ex vivo are needed. We previously showed that angiopoietin-like proteins (Angptls), a group of growth factors isolated from a fetal liver HSC-supportive cell population, improved ex vivo expansion of HSCs. Here, we demonstrate that insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), secreted by a tumorigenic cell line, also enhanced ex vivo expansion of mouse HSCs. On the basis of these findings, we established a completely defined, serum-free culture system for mouse HSCs, containing SCF, thrombopoietin, fibroblast growth factor 1, Angptl3, and IGFBP2. As measured by competitive repopulation analyses, there was a 48-fold increase in numbers of long-term repopulating mouse HSCs after 21 days of culture. This is the first demonstration that IGFBP2 stimulates expansion or proliferation of murine stem cells. Our finding also suggests that certain cancer cells synthesize proteins that can stimulate HSC expansion. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Treinta años de ciencia y amistad. (1999)

In 69 patients, the severity of Helicobactor pylori (H. pylori) infection was evaluated by bacterial density of tissue implants and inflammatory responses by histology. The specimens were taken from gastric angle and antrum (greater and lesser curvature sides) by gastroduodenal endoscopy. In urease test, the severity was measured in 3 grades according to color change of the agar: those change are within 30 minutes (grade 3), 30 minutes to 3 hours (grade 2), and 3 to 6 hours (grade 1), respectively; while the grade 0 indicated no color change occurring 6 hours after tissue inoculation. The severity of infection was assessed according to the bacterial density under high power microscopic fields (Gram's stain). Grade 0 indicated no bacterium seen; grade 1, only 1 to 10 bacteria at all fields; grade 2, 1 to 3 bacteria in each high power field; and grade 3 was 4 bacteria or more on average in each high power field. The degree of inflammatory response was evaluated by inflammatory cell infiltration (H & E stain) and classified into grade 0, 1 and 2, which indicated the inflammatory cell infiltration below 50%, between 50% and 75%, and above 75%, respectively. There are no positive relationships among urease test reaction time, bacterial density grading and degrees of inflammatory cell infiltration. Clinically, the reaction time of urease test cannot reflect the severity of H. pylori infection semi-quantitatively, either in terms of bacterial density or cellular inflammatory response.
Re-annotating the Mycoplasma pneumoniae genome sequence: adding value, function and reading frames (2000)

Four years after the original sequence submission, we have re-annotated the genome of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to incorporate novel data. The total number of ORFss has been increased from 677 to 688 (10 new proteins were predicted in intergenic regions, two further were newly identified by mass spectrometry and one protein ORF was dismissed) and the number of RNAs from 39 to 42 genes. For 19 of the now 35 tRNAs and for six other functional RNAs the exact genome positions were re-annotated and two new tRNA(Leu) and a small 200 nt RNA were identified. Sixteen protein reading frames were extended and eight shortened. For each ORF a consistent annotation vocabulary has been introduced. Annotation reasoning, annotation categories and comparisons to other published data on M.pneumoniae functional assignments are given. Experimental evidence includes 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis in combination with mass spectrometry as well as gene expression data from this study. Compared to the original annotation, we increased the number of proteins with predicted functional features from 349 to 458. The increase includes 36 new predictions and 73 protein assignments confirmed by the published literature. Furthermore, there are 23 reductions and 30 additions with respect to the previous annotation. mRNA expression data support transcription of 184 of the functionally unassigned reading frames.
General review of issues and perspectives for advanced copper interconnections using air gap as ultra-low K material (2004)

The present paper deals with the different techniques investigated in the whole microelectronics community to integrate air cavities, usually known as air gaps, in-between copper lines for advanced interconnects. The different integration processes were split into two categories, i.e. (i) using a non-conformal CVD deposition inside patterned trenches and (ii) by removing a sacrificial material using a specific technological operation. Advantages and drawbacks of the different approaches will be discussed, including integration issues, manufacturability, and electrical performances. The aim of the paper is to sensitize the BEOL community on these specific approaches that now appear attractive considering the electrical performances required for 45 nm and below technological nodes.
Smart distribution system volt/VAR control using distributed intelligence and wireless communication (2015)

This study presents a smart volt/VAR control (VVC) technique for smart distribution systems, which is designed to be integrated into a distributed real‐time analysis and control framework implemented with the use of multiple processing units equipped with wireless communication transceivers. The distributed processing units collaborate to perform power flow analysis based on smart meter measurements for controlling and coordinating the switched capacitor banks and voltage‐regulating transformers. The objective is to maintain acceptable voltage levels along the distribution feeder, minimise system losses, and limit the number of switching operations. GNU‐Octave simulations are employed as a means of evaluating the performance of the proposed smart VVC technique with respect to loss reduction and number of switching operations. The network simulator ns‐3 is used to simulate the distributed processing units that execute the proposed smart VVC technique. Worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and long‐term evolution (LTE) communication networks are employed in the ns‐3 simulations in order to provide data connectivity among the distributed processing units. The performance of the communication network is evaluated in terms of the execution time of the smart VVC technique, the average packet delay and the average packet delivery ratio.
Role of glutathioneS-transferase P1, P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 in acquired doxorubicin resistance (2001)

While P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) are known to be important in acquired doxorubicin resistance, the role of glutathione S-transferases (GST) remains unclear. Our study assessed roles of these 3 factors in a human drug-sensitive carcinoma cell line (HEp2), a subclone made resistant by prolonged incubation in doxorubicin (HEp2A), and HEp2 cells stably transfected with human GSTP1. Drug-resistant HEp2A cells showed greater total GST activity, GSTP class enzyme expression, Pgp expression, MRP1 transcript expression, drug efflux and at least 13-fold greater resistance to doxorubicin than the parent HEp2 cell line. GSTM class enzyme expression was similar in both cell types, while GSTA class enzymes were not detected. In the resistant HEp2A cells, cytotoxicity was markedly enhanced by the Pgp/MRP inhibitor verapamil at low doxorubicin concentrations. The GST inhibitor curcumin also enhanced cytotoxicity in HEp2A cells when the Pgp/MRP efflux barrier had been reversed by verapamil or overcome by high doxorubicin concentrations. In addition, curcumin had a chemosensitising effect at low doxorubicin concentrations in HEp2 cells. Stable transfection of HEp2 cells with human GSTP1 increases doxorubicin resistance 3-fold over control cells. Our study indicates involvement of GSTP enzymes as well as efflux mechanisms in the acquired doxorubicin-resistance phenotype.
The Origin and Dispersal of the Domesticated Chinese Oak Silkworm,Antheraea pernyi, in China: A Reconstruction Based on Ancient Texts (2010)

Sericulture is one of the great inventions of the ancient Chinese. Besides the mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori), Chinese farmers developed rearing of the Chinese oak silkworm (Antheraea pernyi) about 400 years ago. In this paper, the historic records of the origins and dispersal of the domesticated Chinese oak silkworm in China are summarized. The first document with clearly recorded oak silkworm artificial rearing appeared in 1651, although Chinese oak silkworm was documented in about 270 AD. All of the evidence in the available historic records suggests that the domesticated Chinese oak silkworm originated in central and southern areas of Shandong Province in China around the 16th century, and then was introduced directly and indirectly by human commerce into the present habitations in China after the late 17th century. The results strongly support the hypothesis that only one geographically distinct event occurred in domestication of the modern Chinese oak silkworm.
Nucleotide sequence analysis and comparison of the structural genes for Shiga-like toxin I and Shiga-like toxin II encoded by bacteriophages from Escherichia coli 933 (1987)

The nucleotide sequence of the Shiga-like toxin type II (SLT-II) structural genes cloned from bacteriophage 933W of the enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain 933 was determined. This sequence was compared with the published sequence for the structural genes of the antigenically distinct Shiga-like toxin type I (SLT-I) encoded by bacteriophage 933J. The SLT-I and SLT-II structural genes shared 58% overall nucleotide and 56% amino acid sequence homologies. The A and B subunits of SLT-I and SLT-II were nearly identical in size and had similar secondary structures and hydropathy plots. The regulation proposed for the SLT-II operon is similar to that previously proposed for SLT-I.
Efficient transport layer and socket API for ICN (2018)

In this demonstration, we showcase a transport layer and socket API [10] that can be used in several ICN architectures such as NDN, CCN and hICN [8]. The current design follows the successful BSD socket approach: a simple API that can be easily inserted in current applications and used to develop novel ones. In the PoC, we compare the performance of some of the transport services provided by both our transport layer and the today's transport layer: reliable communication, data segmentation and reassembly, data integrity. Moreover, we show the benefits of adopting our transport layer in existing application in terms of CPU load reduction and a lower memory consumption.
Original Article : A Comparative Biocompatibility Study of Chondrocyte-derived ECM and Silk Fibroin Scaffolds In Vitro and in Rat Acute Traumatic Brain Injury (2009)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often leads to critical tissue damage and loss. Brain tissue engineering is a promising technique for cellular replacement and neurological functional recovery in animals. However, useful biomaterial scaffolds have not been found so far. In order to explore the feasibility of stem cell based brain tissue engineering, it is first necessary to evaluate the biocompatibility of biomaterials with stem cells and brain tissues. In the present study, two biomaterials, chondrocyte derived ECM (ECM) and silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds, were investigated for their biocompatibility in vitro and in acute TBI. We found that when the ECM scaffold was cultured with rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) or implanted directly into brain injury, had a good biocompatibility. rMSCs, seeded on the ECM scaffold, were evenly distributed with a spindle shape and attached well, while on SF scaffold attached with a round shape relatively weakly. In the TBI model, the SF scaffold resulted in a significant increase in the cavity volume at 6 weeks postimplantation, but not the ECM scaffold. In addition, the ECM scaffold induced a lower inflammatory response, with active microglia/macrophages at 1 week, than the SF scaffold and control. Interestingly, both scaffolds reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurocan expression in the cavity boundary throughout the experimental periods. These results indicate that the scaffolds tested inhibit the glial scar formation in injured brain tissue. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the neurological outcome and weight body gain, when compared with the brain injury alone. Taken together, these findings reveal that the ECM scaffold showed good biocompatibility to the donor rMSCs and host brain tissue. Thus, the ECM scaffold seems to be beneficial as a biomaterial for brain tissue engineering.
Antioxidants in cancer therapy; their actions and interactions with oncologic therapies. (1999)

There is a concern that antioxidants might reduce oxidizing free radicals created by radiotherapy and some forms of chemotherapy, and thereby decrease the effectiveness of the therapy. The question has arisen whether concurrent administration of oral antioxidants is contraindicated during cancer therapeutics. Evidence reviewed here demonstrates exogenous antioxidants alone produce beneficial effects in various cancers, and except for a few specific cases, animal and human studies demonstrate no reduction of efficacy of chemotherapy or radiation when given with antioxidants. In fact, considerable data exists showing increased effectiveness of many cancer therapeutic agents, as well as a decrease in adverse effects, when given concurrently with antioxidants.
Palladium-Catalyzed Additions of Terminal Alkynes to Acceptor Alkynes (1997)

The development of addition reactions wherein the product is the simple sum of the reactants plus anything else (only needed catalytically) constitutes an important goal for enhanced synthetic efficiency. The C−H bond of terminal alkynes (the donor alkynes) can be added to either terminal alkynes (self-coupling) or activated internal alkynes (cross-coupling) (the acceptor alkynes) in the presence of a catalytic amount of palladium acetate and an electron rich sterically encumbered ligand, tris(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)phosphine. The activated internal alkynes for cross-coupling (the acceptor alkyne) include alkynes bearing an ester, sulfone, and ketone. Self-coupling is completely overwhelmed by cross-coupling, even at 1:1 ratios of donor and acceptor alkynes. The reaction exhibits extraordinary chemoselectivity with free carboxaldehydes, alcohols, ketones (saturated and conjugated), esters (saturated and conjugated), sulfones (saturated and conjugated), malonates, and silyl ethers all proving to be compatible. A 1:2 donor/acceptor alkyne adduct can also be optimized. Ethyl propiolate fails as an acceptor but its C-silylated analogue serves with the proper choice of silyl substituent. The products of the latter serve as useful precursors to β-keto esters. An iterative sequence is readily performed and led to a novel conformationally rigid retinoid analogue. The mechanism of this mild method for construction of conjugated enynes, versatile building blocks, is discussed.
Significance of the Geminal Dimethyl Group in the Odor Principle of Ambrox® (1985)

Abstract The diastereoisomeric 18‐nor‐ and 19‐norambrox ((6α)‐ and (6β)‐dodecahydro‐3a,6,9a‐trimethylnaphtho[2,1‐ b ]furans resp.) as well as the corresponding 18,19‐dinor‐derivatives (dodecahydro‐3a,9a‐dimethylnaphtho[2,1‐ b ]furans) have been synthesized and subjected to sensory evaluation. Threshold data and odor determination give an enlarged insight into the structure‐activity relationship (SAR) in ambrox‐type ambergris fragrances. As a general conclusion, the accumulation of axial CH 3 groups in the tricyclic ethers 1 – 12 leads to the strongest receptor affinity.
Mutant mice lacking the gamma isoform of protein kinase C show decreased behavioral actions of ethanol and altered function of gamma-aminobutyrate type A receptors. (1995)

Calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C, PKC) has been suggested to play a role in the sensitivity of gamma-aminobutyrate type A (GABAA) receptors to ethanol. We tested a line of null mutant mice that lacks the gamma isoform of PKC (PKC gamma) to determine the role of this brain-specific isoenzyme in ethanol sensitivity. We found that the mutation reduced the amount of PKC gamma immunoreactivity in cerebellum to undetectable levels without altering the levels of the alpha, beta I, or beta II isoforms of PKC. The mutant mice display reduced sensitivity to the effects of ethanol on loss of righting reflex and hypothermia but show normal responses to flunitrazepam or pentobarbital. Likewise, GABAA receptor function of isolated brain membranes showed that the mutation abolished the action of ethanol but did not alter actions of flunitrazepam or pentobarbital. These studies show the unique interactions of ethanol with GABAA receptors and suggest protein kinase isoenzymes as possible determinants of genetic differences in response to ethanol.