gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Reaction of Articular Cartilage to Injury and Osteoarthritis (1974)

THE principal purpose of this review is to outline the state of knowledge of the response of articular cartilage to trauma and to attempt to relate the data to osteoarthritic disease. In consideration of this subject, it seems important to define the biologic characteristics of normal articular cartilage and then to indicate the nature of the response of this tissue to injury.Normal Articular CartilageThe hyaline cartilages covering the articulating ends of the component bones of diarthrodial joints are composed of a highly specialized form of connective tissue, with biochemical and biophysical characteristics well suited to its dual role . . .
RUBISCO: Structure, Regulatory Interactions, and Possibilities for a Better Enzyme (2002)

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) catalyzes the first step in net photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and photorespiratory carbon oxidation. The enzyme is notoriously inefficient as a catalyst for the carboxylation of RuBP and is subject to competitive inhibition by O2, inactivation by loss of carbamylation, and dead-end inhibition by RuBP. These inadequacies make Rubisco rate limiting for photosynthesis and an obvious target for increasing agricultural productivity. Resolution of X-ray crystal structures and detailed analysis of divergent, mutant, and hybrid enzymes have increased our insight into the structure/function relationships of Rubisco. The interactions and associations relatively far from the Rubisco active site, including regulatory interactions with Rubisco activase, may present new approaches and strategies for understanding and ultimately improving this complex enzyme.
Knowledge-based simulation of genetic regulation in bacteriophage lambda (1984)

We have developed a general-purpose computer program for the functional simulation of regulatory genetics. This simulator is knowledge-based and was developed using the Unit System, a software tool for the acquisition, representation, and manipulation of hierarchically organized knowledge. The advantages of a knowledge-based design are presented, and the simulator's architecture is described. Its performance on the decision between lytic and lysogenic growth in Bacteriophage Lambda is reported.
Metal photosurface deposition in As-S-Ag glasses (1975)

A phenomenon of the surface deposition of metallic Ag in the As-S-Ag glasses, exposed to a mercury lamp (500 W), has been found. The photographic images for As15S40Ag45 glass, which consist of a great number of Ag deposits, are shown herein. It is suggested that the fundamental process in this phenomenon is associated with both photoeffects and thermal effects.
An Experimental Study on the Optimal Arrangement of Cameras Used for the Robot's Vision Control Scheme (2010)

The objective of this study is to investigate the optimal arrangement of cameras used for the robot's vision control scheme. The used robot's vision control scheme involves two estimation models, which are the parameter estimation and robot's joint angle estimation models. In order to perform this study, robot's working region is divided into three work spaces such as left, central and right spaces. Also, cameras are positioned on circular arcs with radius of 1.5m, 2.0m and 2.5m. Seven cameras are placed on each circular arc. For the experiment, nine cases of camera arrangement are selected in each robot's work space, and each case uses three cameras. Six parameters are estimated for each camera using the developed parameter estimation model in order to show the suitability of the vision system model in nine cases of each robot's work space. Finally, the robot's joint angles are estimated using the joint angle estimation model according to the arrangement of cameras for robot's point-position control. Thus, the effect of camera arrangement used for the robot's vision control scheme is shown for robot's point-position control experimentally.
A SIMO one-bit time reversal for UWB communication systems (2012)

With the one-bit time reversal ultra wideband (OTR-UWB) transceiver, the data symbols are encoded using the reversed order of the channel phase. The major factor limiting SISO OTR capacity and performance is intersymbol interference (ISI). As the data rate goes up, the ISI becomes more severe and it degrades system performance and capacity. In this article, a new single input multiple output (SIMO) system is proposed for an OTR-UWB system. The proposed transceiver structure is based on spatial focusing property of OTR. The performance of the proposed SIMO OTR-UWB system is analyzed in terms of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR). It is shown that using a SIMO OTR transceiver, ISI is reduced and the system capacity is increased almost linearly with the number of received antenna. Transmitted signal power at SIMO OTR decreases therefore in low data rates, SISO performance is better than SIMO, but in high rate scenario, SIMO OTR suppresses ISI better than SISO OTR and its performance is better. It is possible to compensate the reduced power using a receiver with more sensitivity, but to compensate the ISI effects, an MMSE receiver or equalizer techniques should be used, since the computational complexity of MMSE receiver grows exponentially with channel length and equalizers reduce the efficient bit rate. It is shown that the proposed SIMO-OTR capacity linearly increases with the number of antennas and decreases logarithmic (almost linearly).
Biology and Management of Bladder Cancer (1990)

IN recent years, there have been important advances in our understanding of the biology of bladder cancer. They have been achieved with the use of new experimental models, the study of oncogenes in bladder cancer, and the demonstration of a wide range of functional heterogeneity in populations of morphologically identical bladder cancer cells. The development of new techniques of management — including diagnosis and staging, the use of intravesical chemotherapy and preemptive (neoadjuvant) intravenous chemotherapy, and the application of new monoclonal antibodies — appears to be yielding higher rates of response, prolonged disease-free survival, and perhaps even improved rates of . . .
The role of IL-13 in IgE synthesis by allergic asthma patients (1998)

IgE antibodies play a crucial role in allergic type I reactions. Only IL-4 and IL-13 are able to induce an immunoglobulin isotype switch to IgE in B cells. A major question is to what extent these cytokines contribute to the production of IgE in allergic patients. To address this question we used an in vitro culture system in which the production of IgE is dependent on endogenously produced IL-4 and IL-13. In cultures of purified T and B cells from allergic asthma patients and non-atopic controls, T cells were polyclonally stimulated to obtain IL-4, IL-13 and subsequently IgE secretion. The absolute amount of IgE produced was not significantly different between patients and controls. When neutralizing IL-4 antibodies were included during culture, the production of IgE was dramatically inhibited in both patients and controls (production of IgE was reduced to 12%). However, neutralization of IL-13 led to a significantly stronger inhibition of IgE production in the patient group: production of IgE was reduced to 23 +/- 3% versus 50 +/- 10% in the control group. Corresponding with these results, we also observed a higher production of IL-13 by the patients, while the production of IL-4 was not significantly different. A more detailed analysis of the production of IL-13 revealed that patients' T cells were less sensitive to a negative signal controlling IL-13 production. Our results indicate that, at least in vitro, IgE production in allergic asthma patients is more dependent on IL-13 than in non-atopics, due to enhanced IL-13 production and to enhanced IgE production in response to IL-13.
Genetic analysis of the RecE pathway of genetic recombination in Escherichia coli K-12 (1981)

The RecE pathway of genetic recombination in Escherichia coli K-12 was defined to be the pathway that is utilized in deoxyribonucleic acid exonuclease V (ExoV)-defective cells which express constitutively recE+, the structural gene for deoxyribonucleic acid exonuclease VIII. Dependence on ExoVIII was shown by the occurrence in a recB21 sbcA23 strain of recombination deficiency mutations in recE, the structural gene for ExoVIII. Point mutations in recE were found as well as deletion mutations in which the entire Rac prophage, carrying recE, was lost. In addition, strain construction and mutagenesis revealed the dependence of the RecE pathway on recA+ and on recF+. Dependence on a fourth gene was shown by a mutation (rec-77) which does not map near the other genes. The problem of distinguishing the RecE pathway from that previously called RecF is discussed.
Synthesis, Reaction, and Recycle of Light Fluorous Grubbs−Hoveyda Catalysts for Alkene Metathesis (2005)

Light fluorous versions of first- and second-generation Grubbs-Hoveyda metathesis catalysts are introduced. These exhibit the expected reactivity profile, are readily recovered from reaction mixtures by fluorous solid-phase extraction, and can be routinely reused five or more times. The catalysts can be used in a stand alone fashion, or supported on fluorous silica gel.
Analysis of SNPs and other genomic variations using gel-based chips (2002)

Application of microarrays for the analysis of point mutations and SNPs in genomic DNAs is currently under intensive development. Various technologies are being investigated, employing enzymatic, chemical, and physical tools [for review, see Tillib and Mirzabekov, 2001]. Our current approach is based on the use of IMAGE chips (immobilized microarrays of gel elements) consisting of an array of gel pads attached to a hydrophobic glass surface. The gel pads range in size from picoliters to nanoliters and are used for immobilization of oligonucleotide probes, as well as miniature test tubes for chemical or enzymatic reactions with tethered compounds. Nucleic acids are hybridized, fractionated, modified, and subjected to enzymatic reactions inside the pads. All steps of sequence analysis (PCR-amplification, activation or release of primers and products, DNA extension, hybridization, and reading of the results) can be performed within the same pad. A flexible and inexpensive technology platform enables one to monitor processes in the arrays in both real time and steady-state. Identification of SNPs, microsequencing, and other specific tasks are easily performed. In particular, stacking interactions with short oligonucleotides enhance the capability of high-throughput screening. The IMAGE chips can be analyzed using a variety of equipment, from a dedicated multi-color fluorescent microscope or MALDI-spectrometer to an inexpensive portable analyzer suitable for field conditions. Customized gel-based chips were successfully used for screening of SNPs in a broad range of biologically meaningful genes.
3D Printing of Free Standing Liquid Metal Microstructures (2013)

This paper describes a method to direct-write 3D liquid metal microcomponents at room temperature. The thin oxide layer on the surface of the metal allows the formation of mechanically stable structures strong enough to stand against gravity and the large surface tension of the liquid. The method is capable of printing wires, arrays of spheres, arches, and interconnects.
Formation of Cylindrical Multicellular Aggregate (Cylindroid) of Rat Hepatocytes on Pressed Sheet of Polyurethane Foam (2006)

Primary rat hepatocytes formed cylindrical multicellular aggregates on a pressed sheet of polyurethane foam (pressed-PUF) as a culture substratum. The sheet was made up by pressing PUF during the process of foaming. The diameter and length of the hepatocyte cylindroid is approximately 200 ~ 500 μm and 500 μm ~ 2 mm, respectively. Its activities of liver specific functions (albumin secretion and ammonia metabolism) were equal to those of hepatocyte spheroids. These results indicated that hepatocytes cylindroid are a kind of organoid, and will provide a useful culture technique for high cell density culture.
Co-purification of the Lewis blood group N-acetylglucosaminide alpha 1 goes to 4 fucosyltransferase and an N-acetylglucosaminide alpha 1 goes to 3 fucosyltransferase from human milk. (1981)

The Lewis blood group-specified N-acetylglucosaminide alpha 1 goes to 4 fucosyltransferase and an N-acetylglucosaminide alpha 1 goes to 3 fucosyltransferase have been copurified over 500,000-fold from human milk by affinity chromatography on GDP-hexanolamine agarose. The purified enzyme preparation migrates as two major bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with apparent Mr = 53,000 and 51,000. Analysis of the acceptor substrate specificity of the transferase(s) and structural characterization of the reaction products indicate that the enzyme(s) forms the Fuc alpha 1 goes to 4GlcNAc, Fuc alpha 1 goes to 3GlcNAc, and Fuc alpha 1 goes to 3Glc linkages with oligosaccharide acceptors containing the nonreducing terminal sequences Gal beta 1 goes to 3GlcNAc, Gal beta 1 goes to 4GlcNAc, and Gal beta 1 goes to 4Glc, respectively. The two fucosyltransferase activities are activated to the same extent by a variety of divalent metal ions, inactivated at identical rates by thermal denaturation or reaction with N-ethylmaleimide, and inhibited to the same extent by rabbit antiserum prepared against the purified fucosyltransferase(s). In addition, kinetic analysis of the initial rate data obtained using acceptors for one of the fucosyltransferase activities as an inhibitor of the second suggests that acceptors for both fucosyltransferase activities bind at a single active site.
A Weighted Estimation for Risk Model (2013)

We propose a weighted estimation method for risk models. Two examples of natural disasters are studied: hurricane loss in the USA and forest fire loss in Canada. Risk data is often fitted by a heavy-tailed distribution, for example, a Pareto distribution, which has many applications in economics, actuarial science, survival analysis, networks, and other stochastic models. There is a difficulty in the inference of the Pareto distribution which has infinite moments in the heavy-tailed case. Firstly this paper applies the truncated Pareto distribution to overcome this difficulty. Secondly, we propose a weighted semiparametric method to estimate the truncated Pareto distribution. The idea of the new method is to place less weight on the extreme data values. This paper gives an exact efficiency function, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>1</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>- optimal weights and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>2</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>- optimal weights of the new estimator. Monte Carlo simulation results confirm the theoretical conclusions. The two above mentioned examples are analyzed by using the proposed method. This paper shows that the new estimation method is more efficient by mean square error relative to several existing methods and fits risk data well.
Role of pili and the phase-variable PilC protein in natural competence for transformation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. (1995)

The Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae is naturally competent for transformation with species-related DNA. We show here that two phase-variable pilus-associated proteins, the major pilus subunit (pilin, or PilE) and PilC, a factor known to function in the assembly and adherence of gonococcal pili, are essential for transformation competence. The PilE and PilC proteins are necessary for the conversion of linearized plasmid DNA carrying the Neisseria-specific DNA uptake signal into a DNase-resistant form. The biogenesis of typical pilus fibers is neither essential nor sufficient for this process. DNA uptake deficiency of defined piliated pilC1,2 double mutants can be complemented by expression of a cloned pilC2 gene in trans. The PilC defect can also be restored by the addition of purified PilC protein, or better, pili containing PilC protein, to the mutant gonococci. Our data suggest that the two phase-variable Pil proteins act on the bacterial cell surface and cooperate in DNA recognition and/or outer membrane translocation.
Laboratory-scale setup for anionic polymerization under inert atmosphere (1995)

‘‘Living’’ anionic polymerization offers a readily feasible preparation of very well-controlled homo- or copolymers in a wide range of molar masses and chemical structures. Such samples are vital in experimental polymer physics and the technique presented here offers self-sufficiency with such samples. The technique of anionic polymerization performed under inert atmosphere is presented here. The components of the setup are described in detail. Purification procedures for glassware and chemicals for specific polymerizations are given. Illustrative examples and results are presented.
APRIL: a high-level framework for creating augmented reality presentations (2005)

While augmented reality (AR) technology is steadily maturing, application development is still lacking advanced authoring tools - even the simple presentation of information, which should not require any programming, is not systematically addressed by development tools. Moreover, there is also a severe lack of agreed techniques or best practices for the structuring of AR content. In this paper we present APRIL, the Augmented Presentation and Interaction Language, an authoring platform for AR presentations which provides concepts and techniques that are independent of specific applications or target hardware platforms, and should be suitable to raise the level of abstraction on which AR content creators can operate.
The neural cell adhesion molecule and synaptic plasticity (1995)

Abstract Highly stereotyped patterns of neuronal connections are laid down during the development of the nervous system via a range of activity independent and activity dependent mechanisms. Whereas the coarse hard‐wiring of the nervous system appears to rely on molecular recognition events between the neuron, its pathway, and its target, the establishment of precisely patterned functional circuits is thought to be driven by neuronal activity. In this review we discuss the role that the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) plays in morphological plasticity. Recent studies on NCAM and its probable species homologue in Aplysia (apCAM) suggests that an individual CAM can function to both promote synaptic plasticity and maintain the structure of the synapse. In the adult brain, changes between stability and plasticity are likely to underlie dynamic morphological changes in synaptic structures associated with learning and memory. In this review we use NCAM as an example to illustrate mechanisms that can change the function of an individual CAM from a molecule that promotes plasticity to one that does not. We also discuss evidence that NCAM promotes plasticity by activating a conventional signal transduction cascade, rather than by modulating adhesion perse . Finally, we consider the evidence that supports a role for NCAM in learning and memory. © 1995 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
An alphavirus vector overcomes the presence of neutralizing antibodies and elevated numbers of Tregs to induce immune responses in humans with advanced cancer (2010)

Therapeutic anticancer vaccines are designed to boost patients' immune responses to tumors. One approach is to use a viral vector to deliver antigen to in situ DCs, which then activate tumor-specific T cell and antibody responses. However, vector-specific neutralizing antibodies and suppressive cell populations such as Tregs remain great challenges to the efficacy of this approach. We report here that an alphavirus vector, packaged in virus-like replicon particles (VRP) and capable of efficiently infecting DCs, could be repeatedly administered to patients with metastatic cancer expressing the tumor antigen carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and that it overcame high titers of neutralizing antibodies and elevated Treg levels to induce clinically relevant CEA-specific T cell and antibody responses. The CEA-specific antibodies mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against tumor cells from human colorectal cancer metastases. In addition, patients with CEA-specific T cell responses exhibited longer overall survival. These data suggest that VRP-based vectors can overcome the presence of neutralizing antibodies to break tolerance to self antigen and may be clinically useful for immunotherapy in the setting of tumor-induced immunosuppression.
A case study of an ORC geothermal power demonstration system under partial load conditions in Huabei Oilfield, China (2017)

Liubei reservoir of Huabei oilfield, a typical mature oil and gas field in China, now has a water cut of 98% and the traditional "oil" field has become a "water" field. To further exploit the oilfield, a 500kW organic Rankine cycle using R245fa as the working fluid was designed and set up to use the coproduced fluid. Experiments under partial load conditions indicate that it is a good choice to use a plate heat exchanger as the preheater to be responsible for part load of the evaporator. In addition, dynamic test results show that the fluctuating of the geothermal water strongly affects the stability of the system's performances, so attention should be paid on the stability of the geothermal water flow rate. Compared with the design generating capacity, the system did not get as much electricity as expected. Besides, exergy comparison analysis between design and partial load condition reveals that the intermediate heat exchanger (IHE) used to transfer heat from geothermal water to hot water becomes the main obstacle in view of exergy utilization ratio. Therefore, methods should be adopted to decrease the heat transfer temperature difference between the geothermal water and hot water, to reduce the exergy loss of the system.
Abnormal Vitamin D Metabolism in the X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Mouse* (1980)

The vitamin D metabolites, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (250HD) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D], were measured in samples of plasma from normal and X-linked hypophosphatemic (Hyp) mice, which are a model for this common form a human vitamin D-resistant rickets. Each sample was the pooled plasma from the exsanguination of 10-15 mice. On stock diets plasma 1,25-(OH)2D was the same in Hyp mice as in normal mice [normal vs. Hyp, 70 +/- 4 vs. 66 +/- 4 pM; (mean +/- SE) n = 8; P = NS]. However, plasma 25OHD was lower in Hyp mice (59 +/- 4 vs. 37 +/- 4 nM; n = 6; P < 0.01). Since hypophosphatemia usually elevates plasms 1,25-(OH)2D in rats, we suspected that Hyp mice were unresponsive to hypophosphatemia. To test this, mice were challenged with a low phosphorus (P) diet for 6 days . A low P diet lowered plasma P and raised plasma calcium levels in both normal and Hyp mice. In both genotypes, the low P diet also increased magnesium levels in urine and transiently in plasma. The low P diet raised plasma 1,25-(OH)2D in normal mice, but lowered it in Hyp mice to nondetectable levels. There was no significant effect of the low P diet on plasma levels of 25OHD. We conclude that Hyp mice have a defective control system for plasma levels of 1,25-(OH)2D that does not respond to a low P stimulus with elevated plasma levels of the hormone.