gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High Energy Density All‐Solid‐State Batteries: A Challenging Concept Towards 3D Integration (2008)

Abstract Rechargeable all‐solid‐state batteries will play a key role in many autonomous devices. Planar solid‐state thin film batteries are rapidly emerging but reveal several drawbacks, such as a relatively low energy density and the use of highly reactive metallic lithium. In order to overcome these limitations a new 3D‐integrated all‐solid‐state battery concept with significantly increased surface area is presented. By depositing the active battery materials into high‐aspect ratio structures etched in, for example silicon, 3D‐integrated all‐solid‐state batteries are calculated to reach a much higher energy density. Additionally, by adopting novel high‐energy dense Li‐intercalation materials the use of metallic Lithium can be avoided. Sputtered Ta, TaN and TiN films have been investigated as potential Li‐diffusion barrier materials. TiN combines a very low response towards ionic Lithium and a high electronic conductivity. Additionally, thin film poly‐Si anodes have been electrochemically characterized with respect to their thermodynamic and kinetic Li‐intercalation properties and cycle life. The Butler‐Vollmer relationship was successfully applied, indicating favorable electrochemical charge transfer kinetics and solid‐state diffusion. Advantageously, these new Li‐intercalation anode materials were found to combine an extremely high energy density with fast rate capability, enabling future 3D‐integrated all‐solid‐state batteries.
The Forefront for Novel Therapeutic Agents Based on the Pathophysiology of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: Bladder Selectivity Based on In Vivo Drug–Receptor Binding Characteristics of Antimuscarinic Agents for Treatment of Overactive Bladder (2010)

We have reviewed the binding of antimuscarinic agents, used to treat urinary dysfunction in patients with overactive bladder, to muscarinic receptors in target and non-target tissues in vivo. Transdermal administration of oxybutynin in rats led to significant binding in the bladder without long-term binding in the submaxillary gland and the abolishment of salivation evoked by oral oxybutynin. Oral solifenacin showed significant and long-lasting binding to muscarinic receptors in mouse tissues expressing the M(3) subtype. Oral tolterodine bound more selectively to muscarinic receptors in the bladder than in the submaxillary gland in mice. The muscarinic receptor binding activity of oral darifenacin in mice was shown to be pronounced and long-lasting in the bladder, submaxillary gland, and lung. In vivo quantitative autoradiography using (+)N-[(11)C]methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate in rats showed significant occupancy of brain muscarinic receptors on intravenous injection of oxybutynin, propiverine, solifenacin, and tolterodine. The estimated in vivo bladder selectivity compared to brain was significantly greater for solifenacin and tolterodine than oxybutynin. Darifenacin occupied few brain muscarinic receptors. Similar findings were also observed with positron emission tomography in conscious rhesus monkeys. The newer generation of antimuscarinic agents may be advantageous in the bladder selectivity after systemic administration.
Disk subsystem load balancing: disk striping vs. conventional data placement (2002)

To provide improved input/output performance, as well as to accommodate growing storage requirements, disk subsystems are increasing in size. A major hurdle to obtaining the performance available from these large disk subsystems is load imbalance, or disk skew. Dynamic data placement, the conventional load balancing technique, is usually adequate to deal with load imbalance because it is forced to accept atomic data sets with rapidly changing access patterns. The authors name this rapid fluctuation 'floating load imbalance' and distinguish it from the conventional view of load imbalance, referred to as 'fixed load imbalance'. Disk striping at a high granularity is suggested as a solution to floating load imbalance, the atomic data set problem and the complexity of balancing large disk subsystems. Disk striping uniformly spreads data sets across the disks in the subsystem and essentially randomizes, the disk accessed by each request. This randomization effectively handles both fixed and floating load imbalance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Adhesion : its role in inflammatory disease (1992)

Leukocyte adherence to endothelial cells is a critical early step in the onset of inflammatory disease. This theoretical and practical compendium describes the current understanding of mechanisms of leukocyte adhesion, providing information that could eventually facilitate successful treatment of inflammation. Included in this monograph are discussions of several significant aspects of leukocyte - endothelial interactions never before addressed, for example: cytokines as activators or inhibitors of adhesion, transendothelial migration and signal transduction of adhesion molecules. The book comes with a removable colour wall chart of adhesion molecules as well as a glossary for quick reference.
A simplified disease activity index for rheumatoid arthritis for use in clinical practice (2003)

The SDAI is a valid and sensitive assessment of disease activity and treatment response that is comparable with the DAS 28 and ACR response criteria; it is easy to calculate and therefore a viable tool for day-to-day clinical assessment of RA treatment. Overall results indicate that the SDAI has content, criterion and construct validity.
Update on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (2009)

Management of incontinence is forever changing, evolving as our understanding of the pathophysiology improves. It sometimes feels like a sand castle, as the principles of therapy of yesterday are replaced by new modalities, without leaving a trace of treatments in which we so firmly believed. This special issue of TheScientificWorldJOURNAL: TSW Urology was aimed at new treatments, including terminology, the assessment of symptoms and need for urodynamics, pharmacologic therapy in the elderly, use of injectable materials, biomaterials to correct pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence, clinical experiences including the costs involved in trying to reduce morbidity, the application of techniques to improve long-term outcomes, the use of robotics, and neuromodulation of bladder over activity. It is never easy to project what will be new and exciting, yet have clinical relevance, as well as some evidence of success to put together this special issue on incontinence that offers meaningful information.
Two Novel Routes of Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing (TAP)-independent Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Antigen Processing (1997)

Jaw1 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein representative of a class of proteins post translationally inserted into membranes via a type II membrane anchor (cytosolic NH2 domain, lumenal COOH domain) in a translocon-independent manner. We found that Jaw1 can efficiently deliver a COOH-terminal antigenic peptide to class I molecules in transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-deficient cells or cells in which TAP is inactivated by the ICP47 protein. Peptide delivery mediated by Jaw1 to class I molecules was equal or better than that mediated by the adenovirus E3/19K glycoprotein signal sequence, and was sufficient to enable cytofluorographic detection of newly recruited thermostabile class I molecules at the surface of TAP-deficient cells. Deletion of the transmembrane region retargeted Jaw1 from the ER to the cytosol, and severely, although incompletely, abrogated its TAP-independent peptide carrier activity. Use of different protease inhibitors revealed the involvement of a nonproteasomal protease in the TAP-independent activity of cytosolic Jaw1. These findings demonstrate two novel TAP-independent routes of antigen processing; one based on highly efficient peptide liberation from the COOH terminus of membrane proteins in the ER, the other on delivery of a cytosolic protein to the ER by an unknown route.
Activated Endothelial Cells Induce Apoptosis in Leukemic Cells by Endothelial Interleukin-8 (1998)

Tumor cells are eradicated by several systems, including Fas ligand-Fas and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR). In the previous study, we purified an apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) to homogeneity from a medium conditioned by PDBu-treated HL-60 cells. N-terminal sequence analysis showed that AIF is identical to endothelial interleukin-8 (IL-8). A novel apoptosis system, in which endothelial cells participate via endothelial IL-8 release, is identified here. Human umbilical vein cells (VE cells) produce and secrete IL-8 by stimulation of IL-1 and TNF-. Endothelial IL-8, which is secreted from VE cells by stimulation of IL-1 and TNF- , induces apoptosis in myelogenous leukemia cell line K562 cells. Monocyte-derived IL-8 could not induce apoptosis in K562 cells. Moreover, interaction between VE cells and K562 cells induces the release of endothelial IL-8 from VE cells, and the attached K562 cells undergo apoptosis. Moreover, interactions between VE cell and other cell lines, such as HL-60, U937, Jurkat, and Daudi, induce the secretion of endothelial IL-8 and the induction of apoptosis in cell lines. Endothelial IL-8 significantly inhibits tumor growth of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous tumor mass of K562 cells and induces apoptosis in their cells in vivo. Endothelial IL-8 plays an important role in apoptosis involving endothelial cells, which may provide us with a new therapy for hematological malignancies. © 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.
Design for Plastic Ball Grid Array Solder Joint Reliability (1997)

Computational stress analysis was performed in this study to investigate the solder joint reliability of plastic ball grid array (PBGA) packages with various configurations. The packages under investigation were 27 mm body‐size, 1.27 mm ball‐pitch, perimeter PBGAs with and without thermal balls at the centre. The diagonal cross‐section of the PBGA‐printed circuit board (PCB) assembly was modelled by plane‐strain elements. The model was subjected to a uniform thermal loading and the solder joints were stressed due to the mismatch of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). A total number of 24 cases, involving different solder ball populations, chip sizes, and substrate thicknesses, were studied. The accumulated effective plastic strain was evaluated as an index for the reliability of solder joints. The results of this study revealed the effects of the aforementioned parameters on the solder joint reliability of perimeter PBGA assemblies. The findings are very useful for the design of plastic ball grid array packages.
Epitope‐specific regulation of the T cell repertoire: carrier recognition in association with I‐E or I‐A does not influence the restriction of hapten‐specific T cells (1985)

The T cell repertoire of BALB/c mice contains clones capable of recognizing p-azobenzenearsonate (ABA)-tyrosine (Tyr) in association with both I-A and I-E-encoded class II molecules. Immunization of BALB/c animals with ABA-GAT (terpolymer of L-Glu60-L-Ala30-L-Tyr10) or ABA-GLT (terpolymer of L-Glu51-L-Lys34-L-Tyr15) instead of ABA-Tyr reduces the secondary proliferative response to ABA-Tyr in vitro. Limiting dilution experiments indicate that this situation corresponds to the recruitment of fewer ABA-specific T cells in vivo. The same experiments, performed in A.TH mice, which are nonresponder to both GAT and GLT, demonstrate that the number of ABA-specific T cells stimulated in vivo with ABA conjugates depends on the Ir gene-controlled immunogenicity of the carrier rather than on the ABA epitope density on the immunogen. Although GAT is preferentially recognized in association with A, and GLT with E, ABA-GAT and ABA-GLT stimulate both A and E-restricted ABA T cells in vivo and in vitro. The ABA-Tyr-specific T cell repertoire is not qualitatively affected by the carrier. This demonstrates that the inhibition of hapten-specific T cell expression upon immunization with ABA conjugates does not result from a competition between hapten and carrier-specific T cells for epitope recognition in association with the same Ia molecule on antigen-presenting cells.
Mutational analysis of the CTNNB1 (beta-catenin) gene in human endometrial cancer: frequent mutations at codon 34 that cause nuclear accumulation. (2000)

Recently, CTNNB1 (beta-catenin) has been found to function as an oncoprotein that works in the Wnt signaling pathway, and mutation of this gene has been reported in various human cancers. In this study, we analyzed 44 endometrial cancers and found somatic missense mutations in five (11%) tumors. Interestingly, four (80%) of the five tumors with mutations would cause amino acid alterations at residues next to Ser 33, one of the targets for phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta. The tumors with mutations showed accumulation of the CTNNB1 protein in cytoplasm and nucleus. This is the first report of frequent somatic mutation of the CTNNB1 gene at codons adjacent to those encoding to Ser/Thr residues in endometrial cancer.
Strength of Damaged Suture: An In Vitro Study (2006)

The mechanical properties of damaged suture are important to all surgeons who use suture arthroscopically.
The Genetic Deconstruction of Psychosis (2007)

Psychiatric research, including the search for predisposing genes, has tended to proceed under the assumptions that schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, as defined in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, and International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, are discrete disease entities with distinct etiology and pathogenesis and that these disease entities can be identified by current "operational" diagnostic conventions. However, recent findings emerging from genetic studies show increasing evidence for an overlap in genetic susceptibility across the traditional binary classification of psychosis. Moreover, the emerging evidence suggests the possibility of relatively specific relationships between genotype and psychopathology. For example, variation in Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) may confer susceptibility to a form of illness with mixed features of schizophrenia and mania. The elucidation of genotype-phenotype relationships is at an early stage, but current findings highlight the need to consider alternative approaches to classification and conceptualization for psychiatric research rather than continuing to rely heavily on the traditional categorical approach. We can expect that, over the coming years, molecular genetics will catalyze a reappraisal of psychiatric nosology as well as contribute in a major way to our understanding of pathophysiology and to the development of improved treatments. However, our understanding of the brain mechanisms that link specific gene actions and products to the subjective experience of psychopathological symptoms is likely to be bridged by employing intermediate (or endo-) phenotypes in the domains such as cognition, neurophysiology, or neuroanatomy rather than relying upon clinical measures alone.
Myoglobin Is a Nitrite Reductase That Generates NO and Regulates Mitochondrial Respiration. (2006)

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that nitrite is an endocrine store of NO that may play an important role in hypoxic vasodilation. Nitrite can be converted to NO enzymatically by deoxyhemoglobin, in a reaction that is under allosteric control with a maximum reaction rate near the hemoglobin P50. In this study, we characterize the nitrite reductase activity of deoxymyoglobin, which reduces nitrite approximately 50-times faster than deoxyhemoglobin due to its lower redox potential. Spectrophotometric measurements show the deoxymyoglobin-nitrite reaction to be second order and linearly dependent on deoxymyoglobin, nitrite and proton concentration with a bimolecular rate constant of 11.7 M−1s−1 at pH 7.4 at 37 degrees Celsius. Using this bimolecular rate constant, we calculate that at physiological concentrations of nitrite (20uM) and myoglobin (25uM), NO will be generated at a rate of 2.85 nM/sec. Since the IC50 of inhibition of mitochondrial respiration is approximately 100nM at physiological oxygen tensions (5–10 μM), we hypothesized that the myoglobin-dependent reduction of nitrite could regulate mitochondrial respiration. Indeed, the addition of deoxymyoglobin in conjunction with nitrite to isolated rat liver mitochondria resulted in the inhibition of respiration, while myoglobin or nitrite alone had no effect. The addition of nitrite to rat heart homogenate, which contains both myoglobin and mitochondria, resulted in a measurable production of NO (with 1mM nitrite addition) and the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration (with 25μM nitrite addition) that was not significantly changed by the addition of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol. These data corroborate previous studies demonstrating that NO generated from nitrite reduction can escape heme autocapture to mediate biological responses and confirm that the regulation of mitochondrial respiration by the nitrite-myoglobin reaction is relevant even in a physiological milieu. These data have implications for the modulation of hypoxic respiration, nitrite-dependent hypoxic signaling in tissue, and the regulation of oxygen gradients in the microcirculation.
The Rearrangement of Isoquinoline-n-oxides (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Rearrangement of Isoquinoline-n-oxidesMICHAEL M. ROBISON and BONNIE L. ROBISONCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1956, 21, 12, 1337–1341Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01118a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01118a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views851Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Determinants of the immunogenicity of live virulent and mutant Vibrio cholerae O1 in rabbit intestine (1987)

Determinants of the capacity of live Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates to evoke specific immune responses in intestinal mucosa were studied in rabbits, using mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) antitoxin as the measured immune response. Antitoxin responses were evoked mostly by the primary inoculation and were dose dependent; secondary-type responses were modest and occurred only when the booster inoculum was large, i.e., 10(10) CFU. The efficiency of mucosal immunization correlated closely with the mucosal colonizing capacity of the infecting strain and was otherwise independent of toxin genotype (A+ B+ or A- B+) or whether the strain was motile or nonmotile. Live bacteria evoked mucosal antitoxin more efficiently than did purified cholera toxin. Prior immunization with a nontoxinogenic (A- B-) V. cholera strain interfered significantly with the induction of mucosal antitoxin by subsequent immunization with its fully toxinogenic (A+ B+) parent. These results demonstrate the marked efficiency with which live V. cholerae stimulate a specific enteric mucosal secretory IgA response. They support the view that mucosal colonization aids efficient delivery of bacterial antigens to responsive subepithelial lymphoid tissue. This might occur by transfer of colonizing bacteria through M cells into Peyer patches or by efficient delivery of secreted toxin to M cells by mucosa-associated organisms. Preexisting antibacterial immunity interferes with colonization, which may prevent efficient antigenic stimulation and which may explain the relatively weak response to booster immunization. The same process may also limit the efficacy of hybrid enteric bacterial vaccines when there is preexisting mucosal immunity to the carrier organism due to either natural exposure or prior immunization with another vaccine that uses the same carrier.
Speckle Noise Suppression of SAR Color Image using Hybrid Mean Median Filter (2011)

Synthetic Aperture Rader (SAR) color images are inherently affected by multiplicative speckle noise, which is a granular noise that degrades the quality of SAR information content. Image interpretation, recognition and terrain classification processes become very difficult due to the presence of speckle noise. In this paper, an algorithm using Hybrid order statistics filter- HMM (Hybrid Mean Median) is proposed, which is a combination of mean and median filters to suppress speckle noise in SAR color images. The filter is tested with color SAR color image by two different mask sizes of 7*7 and 5*5. The performance of the proposed filter is tested against the standard filters such as Frost, Kuan, Lee and Median for reduction of speckle noise. The performance metrics shows that the proposed filter performs better in terms of PSNR and MSE.
Antitumor effect of polysaccharide coated liposomal adriamycin on AH66 hepatoma in nude mice. (1998)

Drug delivery systems play a crucial role in cancer chemotherapy, not only in the achievement of sufficient tumoricidal effect but also in minimizing systemic side effects. We investigated the effect of liposomal adriamycin with tumor recognition molecule, 1-aminolactose (1-AL), on AH66 hepatoma transplanted into nude mice. Adriamycin (ADM) was encapsulated in liposome coating with cholesterol pullulan (CHP) to increase the stability in the blood stream. 1-AL was assembled to the outer layer of CHP-coated liposomal ADM as a tumor recognition molecule. In an in vivo therapeutic study. 1-AL/CHP-coated liposomal ADM restrained tumor growth more when compared with CHP-coated liposomal ADM. Thus, 1-AL/CHP-coated liposome seems to be a carrier of ADM to tumor cells.
[Neuromodulation and neurostimulation in urology]. (2001)

Functional voiding disorders, such as urge incontinence and urine retention, have a high prevalence and often lead to stigmatisation and a diminished quality of life. Patients with idiopathic voiding dysfunctions, for whom conservative treatments are insufficient, can currently be treated with sacral neuromodulation. In sacral neuromodulation a pulse generator is implanted; it is a reversible treatment that can be tested beforehand to evaluate if the patient is eligible for it. After implantation a good result is obtained, on average, in 73% of patients. Patients with spinal cord injury may currently be treated with electrical neurostimulation of the anterior sacral roots, which results in the ability to void without a residue, evacuate stools and obtain an erection or vaginal lubrication. Over 80% of the implanted patients with a spinal cord injury void without residual urine. Furthermore, continence is restored and the bladder capacity increases. In patients with therapy-resistant functional micturition disorders and in patients with spinal cord injury, neuromodulation and neurostimulation must be considered before invasive surgery is carried out.