gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stereotactic Limbic Leucotomy: A Preliminary Report on Forty Patients (1973)

The neurophysiological aspects and operative technique of stereotactic limbic leucotomy have been described in a previous paper (Kelly, Richardson and Mitchell-Heggs, 1973). The present investigation is a prospective study designed to assess the results of such surgery in a group of 40 severely ill psychiatric patients, who had failed to respond satisfactorily to every other type of treatment. The results have been assessed clinically, psychologically and physiologically, in a very detailed way, at six weeks; a similar follow-up at one year is in progress. A comparison is made between the results of the present series and those of a previous: study (Kelly et al. , 1972), in which more extensive leucotomy operations were carried out, and similar means of assessment were employed.
A Highly Ordered Meso@Microporous Carbon-Supported Sulfur@Smaller Sulfur Core–Shell Structured Cathode for Li–S Batteries (2014)

For lithium-sulfur batteries, commercial application is hindered by the insulating nature of sulfur and the dissolution of the reaction intermediates of polysulfides. Here, we present an ordered meso-microporous core-shell carbon (MMCS) as a sulfur container, which combines the advantages of both mesoporous and microporous carbon. With large pore volume and highly ordered porous structure, the "core" promises a sufficient sulfur loading and a high utilization of the active material, while the "shell" containing microporous carbon and smaller sulfur acts as a physical barrier and stabilizes the cycle capability of the entire S/C composite. Such a S/MMCS composite exhibits a capacity as high as 837 mAh g(-1) at 0.5 C after 200 cycles with a capacity retention of 80% vs the second cycle (a decay of only 0.1% per cycle), demonstrating that the diffusion of the polysulfides into the bulk electrolyte can be greatly reduced. We believe that the tailored highly ordered meso-microporous core-shell structured carbon can also be applicable for designing some other electrode materials for energy storage.
Experiments on and Modeling of Positive Electrodes with Multiple Active Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2009)

We adapt a previously developed lithium-ion mathematical model to treat multiple types of active materials in a single electrode; our model treats both direct (galvanostatic) and alternating (impedance) currents. We compare our simulations to experimental data from coin cells built with two positive-electrode materials (compositions based on and ) mixed in five different molar ratios and develop a model parameter set that qualitatively matches both the galvanostatic and impedance data. We found that to match the behavior of the high rate discharge curves and the impedance data (which showed a similar width of the positive-electrode kinetic arc for any composition containing ), multiple types of electronic connections between the active material and the conductive matrix were required. Our experiments showed that at high powers the specific energy from an electrode with pure exceeded that from an electrode with pure , while at low specific powers the electrode had a higher specific energy. Mixing these active materials combined power and energy characteristics. We discuss other applications in which a mixed active-material electrode may be beneficial. For example, combining a sloped-potential system with a flat-potential system may assist in electrode state-of-charge determination.
Accumulation of small murine minor satellite transcripts leads to impaired centromeric architecture and function (2006)

RNAs have been implicated in the assembly and stabilization of large-scale chromatin structures including centromeric architecture; unidentified RNAs are integral components of human pericentric heterochromatin and are required for localization of the heterochromatin protein HP1 to centromeric regions. Because satellite repeats in centromeric regions are known to be transcribed, we assessed a role for noncoding centromeric RNAs in the structure and function of the centromere. We identified minor satellite transcripts of 120 nt in murine cells that localize to centromeres and accumulate upon stress or differentiation. Forced accumulation of 120-nt transcripts leads to defects in chromosome segregation and sister-chromatid cohesion, changes in hallmark centromeric epigenetic markers, and mislocalization of centromere-associated proteins essential for centromere function. These findings suggest that small centromeric RNAs may represent one of many pathways that regulate heterochromatin assembly in mammals, possibly through tethering of kinetochore- and heterochromatin-associated proteins.
High potency silencing by single-stranded boranophosphate siRNA (2006)

In RNA interference (RNAi), double-stranded short interfering RNA (ds-siRNA) inhibits expression from complementary mRNAs. Recently, it was demonstrated that short, single-stranded antisense RNA (ss-siRNA) can also induce RNAi. While ss-siRNA may offer several advantages in both clinical and research applications, its overall poor activity compared with ds-siRNA has prevented its widespread use. In contrast to the poor gene silencing activity of native ss-siRNA, we found that the silencing activity of boranophosphate-modified ss-siRNA is comparable with that of unmodified ds-siRNA. Boranophosphate ss-siRNA has excellent maximum silencing activity and is highly effective at low concentrations. The silencing activity of boranophosphate ss-siRNA is also durable, with significant silencing up to 1 week after transfection. Thus, we have demonstrated that boranophosphate-modified ss-siRNA can silence gene expression as well as native ds-siRNA, suggesting that boranophosphate-modified ss-siRNAs should be investigated as a potential new class of therapeutic agents.
Monitoring Protein−Polymer Conjugation by a Fluorogenic Cu(I)-Catalyzed Azide−Alkyne 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition (2009)

The Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) has recently proven to be a powerful synthetic tool in various fields of chemistry, including protein-polymer conjugation. In this article, we describe a fluorogenic CuAAC, which allows for efficient monitoring of protein-polymer conjugation. We show that profluorescent 3-azido coumarin-terminated polymers can be reacted with an alkyne-functionalized protein to produce a strongly fluorescent triazole-linked conjugate. Upon formation of the product, the evolution of fluorescence can accurately be determined, providing information about the course of the CuAAC. As a proof of concept, we synthesized several 3-azido coumarin terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains and investigated their conjugation with alkyne-functionalized bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein. CuAAC conjugation was shown to be very efficient and proceeded rapidly. Conversion plots were constructed from measuring the fluorescence as function of reaction time. An additional benefit of the fluorogenic CuAAC is the in situ labeling of bioconjugates. We envision that the fluorogenic protein-polymer conjugation is not restricted to the reaction system reported in this work, but may also be ideal to screen for optimal reaction conditions of various other systems.
Natures antibiotics: the potential of antimicrobial peptides as new drugs. (2001)

Animals and plants make a variety of substances to prevent potentially lethal infections. These include small antibiotic proteins, or peptides, which target bacteria, fungi and viruses. Research into these peptides not only give us an insight into how we naturally prevent infections, but can also provide us with new drugs to treat the ever-increasing danger of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Nanogels for Oligonucleotide Delivery to the Brain (2003)

Systemic delivery of oligonucleotides (ODN) to the central nervous system is needed for development of therapeutic and diagnostic modalities for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Macromolecules injected in blood are poorly transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and rapidly cleared from circulation. In this work we propose a novel system for ODN delivery to the brain based on nanoscale network of cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) and polyethylenimine ("nanogel"). The methods of synthesis of nanogel and its modification with specific targeting molecules are described. Nanogels can bind and encapsulate spontaneously negatively charged ODN, resulting in formation of stable aqueous dispersion of polyelectrolyte complex with particle sizes less than 100 nm. Using polarized monolayers of bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells as an in vitro model this study demonstrates that ODN incorporated in nanogel formulations can be effectively transported across the BBB. The transport efficacy is further increased when the surface of the nanogel is modified with transferrin or insulin. Importantly the ODN is transported across the brain microvessel cells through the transcellular pathway; after transport, ODN remains mostly incorporated in the nanogel and ODN displays little degradation compared to the free ODN. Using mouse model for biodistribution studies in vivo, this work demonstrated that as a result of incorporation into nanogel 1 h after intravenous injection the accumulation of a phosphorothioate ODN in the brain increases by over 15 fold while in liver and spleen decreases by 2-fold compared to the free ODN. Overall, this study suggests that nanogel is a promising system for delivery of ODN to the brain.
Iron Balance in Hemodialysis Patients (1977)

Iron deficiency is a frequent complication in chronically hemodialyzed patients because of the significant blood losses associated with this technique. Quantitating iron stores (by marrow examination or serum iron and total iron-binding capacity) on a repetitive basis had been difficult or unreliable, often resulting in failure to recognize iron deficiency superimposed on the existing anemia of chronic renal failure, or overtreating, which can lead to iron excess. Use of the serum ferritin allows easier quantitation of iron stores and, when measured serially in dialysis patients, can predict the emergence of iron deficiency. There was no correlation between serum ferritin levels and serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, or percent transferrin saturation. Iron absorption studies show that food iron absorption is physiologic, increasing when the serum ferritin is below 30 ng/ml, decreasing when more than 300 ng/ml. Treatment of iron deficiency with oral iron compounds increases serum ferritin levels and usually can maintain iron balance.
Contact-Dependent Inhibition of Growth in Escherichia coli (2005)

Bacteria have developed mechanisms to communicate and compete with each other for limited environmental resources. We found that certain Escherichia coli, including uropathogenic strains, contained a bacterial growth-inhibition system that uses direct cell-to-cell contact. Inhibition was conditional, dependent upon the growth state of the inhibitory cell and the pili expression state of the target cell. Both a large cell-surface protein designated Contact-dependent inhibitor A (CdiA) and two-partner secretion family member CdiB were required for growth inhibition. The CdiAB system may function to regulate the growth of specific cells within a differentiated bacterial population.
Multicomponent Reactions with Isocyanides (2000)

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are fundamentally different from two-component reactions in several aspects. Among the MCRs, those with isocyanides have developed into popular organic-chemical reactions in the pharmaceutical industry for the preparation of compound libraries of low-molecular druglike compounds. With a small set of starting materials, very large libraries can be built up within a short time, which can then be used for research on medicinal substances. Due to the intensive research of the last few years, many new backbone types have become accessible. MCRs are also increasingly being employed in the total synthesis of natural products. MCRs and especially MCRs with isocyanides offer many opportunities to attain new reactions and basic structures. However, this requires that the chemist learns the “language” of MCRs, something that this review wishes to stimulate.
Ofloxacin versus cephalexin in the treatment of skin, skin structure, and soft-tissue infections in adults. (1992)

A multicenter study was conducted to compare the safety and efficacy of oral ofloxacin with that of cephalexin in microbiologic eradication of skin and skin-structure pathogens and the clinical treatment of skin and skin-structure infections. The subjects, 335 adult patients with acute localized infections of the skin, skin structure, or soft tissue, were randomly assigned to receive 400 mg of ofloxacin orally every 12 hours or 500 mg of cephalexin orally every six hours for 10 days. At admission, 398 aerobic pathogens were isolated, the most common being Staphylococcus aureus (160 isolates), Streptococcus pyogenes (49), coagulase-negative staphylococci (30), Staphylococcus epidermidis (25), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10). Of 317 isolates tested against ofloxacin, 96% were susceptible, and of 325 tested against cephalexin, 85% were susceptible (P less than 0.001). Microbiologic and clinical outcome were evaluated in 73 ofloxacin-treated patients and in 65 cephalexin-treated patients. The causative pathogens were eradicated in 95% of the ofloxacin group and in 92% of the cephalexin group. In the ofloxacin group, 75% were clinically cured and 23% improved, and in the cephalexin group, 74% and 23%, respectively. Drug-related adverse experiences were reported by 14% of the 161 ofloxacin-treated patients and by 11% of the 162 cephalexin-treated patients; gastrointestinal disturbances were reported by 8% and 7% and nervous system effects by 6% and 1%, respectively (P less than 0.05). It is concluded that both ofloxacin and cephalexin are safe and effective in the treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections.
Inversion of airborne gravity gradient data, southwestern Oklahoma (1991)

Abstract The diagonal elements of the gravity gradient tensor, as recorded by the Bell airborne Gravity Gradient Survey System (GGSS), are used to determine the basement topography in southwestern Oklahoma. This determination is accomplished through a nonlinear inverse procedure based on the conjugate gradient algorithm. The resulting model contains a ridge of shallow basement material (&amp;lt; or =3.0 km deep) trending east-southeast. This ridge is bounded on the north and the south by basement troughs; the northern trough extends as deep as 10.0 km. The gradient field which results from this model fits most of the GGSS observations within their estimated errors of 12.0 E (1 Eotvos = 10 (super -6) mGal/cm). The model is in general agreement with a set of available oil well depths to the basement and with inferred faults in these igneous rocks. To assess the derived solution, the problem was linearized about the final model and the linear parameter resolution and parameter covariances were computed. Generally, the basement depths are well resolved and the resolution matrix is diagonally dominant. Furthermore, the parameter standard errors are small: 72 parameters out of 98 have errors less than 1.0 km.
SEU simulation and testing of resistor-hardened D-latches in the SA3300 microprocessor (1991)

The SEU tolerance of the SA3300 microprocessor with feedback resistors is presented and compared to the SA3300 without feedback resistors and to the commercial version (NS32016). Upset threshold at room temperature increased from 23 MeV-cm/sup 2//mg with no feedback resistors to 60 MeV-cm/sup 2//mg and 180 MeV-cm/sup 2//mg with feedback resistors of 50 k Omega and 160 k Omega , respectively. The performance goal of 10 MHz over the full temperature range of -55 degrees C to +125 degrees C is exceeded for feedback resistors of 160 k Omega and less. Error rate calculations for this design predict that the error rate is less than once every 100 years when 50 k Omega feedback resistors are used in the D-latch design. Analysis of the SEU response using a lumped-parameter circuit simulator imply a charge collection depth of 4.5 mu m. This is much deeper than what one would expect for prompt collection in the epi and funnel regions and has been explained in terms of diffusion current in the heavily doped substrate.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
BLOCKCHAIN READY MANUFACTURING SUPPLY CHAIN USING DISTRIBUTED LEDGER (2016)

The blockchain technology as a foundation for distributed ledgers offers an innovative platform for a new decentralized and transparent transaction mechanism in industries and businesses. The inherited characteristics of this technology enhance trust through transparency and traceability within any transaction of data, goods, and financial resources. Despite initial doubts about this technology, recently governments and large corporations have investigated to adopt and improve this technology in various domains of applications, from finance, social and legal industries to design, manufacturing and supply chain networks. In this article, the authors review the current status of this technology and some of its applications. The potential benefit of such technology in manufacturing supply chain is then discussed in this article and a vision for the future blockchain ready manufacturing supply chain is proposed. Manufacturing of cardboard boxes are used as an example to demonstrate how such technology can be used in a global supply chain network. Finally, the requirements and challenges to adopt this technology in the future manufacturing systems are discussed.
Mxi2, a mitogen-activated protein kinase that recognizes and phosphorylates Max protein. (1995)

We describe Mxi2, a human protein that interacts with Max protein, the heterodimeric partner of the Myc oncoprotein. Mxi2 encodes a 297-residue protein whose sequence indicates that it is related to extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK protein kinases). Mxi2 in yeast interacts with Max and with the C terminus of c-Myc. Mxi2 phosphorylates Max both in vitro and in vivo. The Mxi2 putative substrate recognition region has sequence similarity to the helix-loop-helix region in Max and c-Myc, suggesting that substrate recognition might be mediated via this motif. Phosphorylation by Mxi2 may affect the ability of Max to oligomerize with itself and its partners, bind DNA, or regulate gene expression.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of an Aquaporin cDNA from Salivary, Lacrimal, and Respiratory Tissues (1995)

The Aquaporin family of water channels plays a fundamental role in transmembrane water movements in numerous plant and animal tissues. Since the molecular pathway by which water is secreted by salivary glands is unknown, a cDNA was isolated from rat submandibular gland by homology cloning. Similar to other Aquaporins, the salivary cDNA encodes a 265-residue polypeptide with six putative transmembrane domains separated by five connecting loops (A-E); the NH2- and COOH-terminal halves of the polypeptide are sequence-related, and each contains the motif Asn-Pro-Ala. A mercurial-inhibition site is present in extracellular loop E, and cytoplasmic loop D contains a cAMP-protein kinase phosphorylation consensus. In vitro translation yielded a 27-kDa polypeptide, and expression of the cRNA in Xenopus oocytes conferred a 20-fold increase in osmotic water permeability (Pf) which was reversibly inhibited by 1 mM HgCl2. Northern analysis demonstrated a 1.6-kilobase mRNA in submandibular, parotid, and sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal gland, eye, trachea, and lung. In situ hybridization revealed a strong hybridization over the corneal epithelium in eye and over the secretory lobules in salivary glands. These studies have identified a new mammalian member of the Aquaporin water channel family (gene symbol AQP5) which is implicated in the generation of saliva, tears, and pulmonary secretions.
Effect of Particle Size of Polymeric Nanospheres on Intravitreal Kinetics (2000)

In this study, we injected nanospheres containing a fluorescein derivative into the vitreous cavity of pigmented rabbit eyes and evaluated their intraocular kinetics as drug carriers in vivo. Polystyrene nanospheres (2 microm, 200 nm and 50 nm in diameter) containing a fluorescein derivative were used in this study. A suspension of each particle was prepared by diluting with distilled water at a concentration of 10 microg/ml equivalent to sodium fluorescein. The suspension of nanospheres was injected once into the vitreous cavity of unilateral eyes of pigmented rabbits. A sodium fluorescein solution of the same concentration was injected once into the vitreous cavity of the other eye as the control. The intraocular kinetics of nanospheres was evaluated by measuring vitreous fluorescence using a scanning fluorophotometer. To investigate elimination pathways of nanospheres in detail, serial cross-sections of the eyes were examined with a fluorescence microscope. The fluorescence derived from nanospheres was observed in the vitreous cavity for over 1 month (2 microm: t(1/2) = 5.4 +/- 0.8 days, 200 nm: t(1/2) = 8.6 +/- 0.7 days, 50 nm: t(1/2) = 10.1 +/- 1.8 days), whereas that in the control eyes completely disappeared within 3 days (t(1/2) = 7.8 +/- 0.7 h). The elimination half-life from the vitreous cavity correlated well with the particle diameter (r = -0.997, p = 0.007). Histological studies using a fluorescence microscope revealed that nanospheres with a diameter of 2 microm were seen in the vitreous cavity and trabecular meshwork, while nanospheres with a diameter of smaller than 200 nm were also observed in the retina as well as these tissues. Our findings indicated that nanospheres may be beneficial as a drug carrier to the retina, vitreous and trabecular meshwork.
Flexibility and Sequential Investment Analysis (1979)

Information on the future availability of invested funds provides a decision maker with additional insight into the characteristics of alternatives in sequential investment analysis. The flexibilty to pursue newly emergent investment opportunities is an important property of decision alternatives that describes the future mobility of invested funds. The primary purpose of this paper is to propose a method for measuring flexibility using the concept of negative project balance with project abandonment option.
Ghrelin and cell differentiation (2008)

Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, is a gastric hormone that has been found to have a wide variety of biological functions. This review summarizes our current understanding of the effects of ghrelin on cell differentiation and tissue development, with an emphasis on the lineage determination of mesenchymal stem cells.
A new resuspension medium for pyocyanine production (1969)

A medium for the production of the phenazine pigment pyocyanine by Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been developed. The medium was deficient in phosphate and contained ammonium chloride, inorganic salts, and 2-ketogluconate as sole carbon source. Rapid initiation of pigment formation was observed with synthesis being completed at 24 h. Kinetics of growth, substrate concentration, pigment elaboration, and phosphate liberation have been examined. In the presence of excess nitrogen pigment concentration was proportional to the level of 2-ketogluconate used.