gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pathogenesis and Transmission of Swine-Origin 2009 A(H1N1) Influenza Virus in Ferrets (2009)

The swine-origin A(H1N1) influenza virus that has emerged in humans in early 2009 has raised concerns about pandemic developments. In a ferret pathogenesis and transmission model, the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus was found to be more pathogenic than a seasonal A(H1N1) virus, with more extensive virus replication occurring in the respiratory tract. Replication of seasonal A(H1N1) virus was confined to the nasal cavity of ferrets, but the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus also replicated in the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. Virus shedding was more abundant from the upper respiratory tract for 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus as compared with seasonal virus, and transmission via aerosol or respiratory droplets was equally efficient. These data suggest that the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus has the ability to persist in the human population, potentially with more severe clinical consequences.
An Ex(o)citing Machinery for Invasive Tumor Growth (2010)

Cancer cells communicate with the environment through delivery of surface proteins, release of soluble factors (growth factors and cytokines), and sophisticated nanovehicles (exosomes) for establishment of invasive tumor growth. This communication occurs in part through constitutive exocytosis, regulated exocytosis, or release of intraluminal vesicles, and is modulated by small Rab GTPases, the master regulators of vesicle traffic. We studied Rab GTPases implicated in regulated exocytosis and showed a unique role for Rab27B in invasive tumor growth. Emerging evidence indicates that various exocytic routes are implemented by cancer cells to relay crucial information for fostering growth, migration, and matrix degradation.
Effects of the CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS on capsaicin‐induced carotid haemodynamic changes in anaesthetised pigs (2003)

1. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a potent vasodilator released from capsaicin-sensitive trigeminal sensory nerves, seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of migraine. Hence, CGRP receptor antagonists may serve as a novel treatment for migraine. This study was therefore designed to investigate the effects of BIBN4096BS (100, 300 and 1000 microg kg-1, i.v.), a potent and selective CGRP receptor antagonist, on capsaicin-induced carotid haemodynamic changes in anaesthetised pigs. Both vagosympathetic trunks were cut and phenylephrine was infused into the carotid artery (i.c.) to support carotid vascular tone. 2. Infusions of capsaicin (0.3, 1, 3 and 10 microg kg-1 min-1, i.c.) did not alter the heart rate, but dose-dependently increased the mean arterial blood pressure. This moderate hypertensive effect was not modified by BIBN4096BS. 3. Capsaicin infusion (10 microg kg-1 min-1, i.c.) increased total carotid, arteriovenous anastomotic and tissue blood flows and conductances as well as carotid pulsations, but decreased the difference between arterial and jugular venous oxygen saturations. These responses to capsaicin were dose-dependently blocked by BIBN4096BS. 4. Capsaicin infusion (10 microg kg-1 min-1, i.c.) more than doubled the jugular venous plasma concentration of CGRP. This effect was not blocked, but rather increased, by BIBN4096BS. 5. The above results show that BIBN4096BS behaves as a potent antagonist of capsaicin-induced carotid haemodynamic changes that are mediated via the release of CGRP. Therefore, this compound may prove effective in the treatment of migraine.
Cryogenic and room temperature strength of sapphire jointed by hydroxide-catalysis bonding (2014)

Hydroxide-catalysis bonding is a precision technique used for jointing components in opto-mechanical systems and has been implemented in the construction of quasi-monolithic silica suspensions in gravitational wave detectors. Future detectors are likely to operate at cryogenic temperatures which will lead to a change in test mass and suspension material. One candidate material is mono-crystalline sapphire. Here results are presented showing the influence of various bonding solutions on the strength of the hydroxide-catalysis bonds formed between sapphire samples, measured both at room temperature and at 77 K, and it is demonstrated that sodium silicate solution is the most promising in terms of strength, producing bonds with a mean strength of 63 MPa. In addition the results show that the strengths of bonds were undiminished when tested at cryogenic temperatures.
Diaryliodonium Salts. IX. The Synthesis of Substituted Diphenyliodonium Salts1 (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDiaryliodonium Salts. IX. The Synthesis of Substituted Diphenyliodonium Salts1F. Marshall Beringer, Robert A. Falk, Marilyn Karniol, Irving Lillien, Giulio Masullo, Marvin Mausner, and Erwin SommerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81, 2, 342–351Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01511a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01511a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2037Altmetric-Citations122LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Sprayable Microencapsulated Sex Pheromone Formulations for Mating Disruption of Four Tortricid Species: Effects of Application Height, Rate, Frequency, and Sticker Adjuvant (2007)

Several application parameters of microencapsulated (MEC) sex pheromone formulations were manipulated to determine their impact on efficacy of disruption for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.); oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck); obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris); and redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker). Depending on the experiment, the formulations evaluated were those formerly manufactured by 3M Canada (London, ON, Canada) or those that are currently available from Suterra LLC (Bend, OR). The efficacy of MEC formulations applied by air-blast sprayer evenly throughout the entire canopy of 2–3-m-tall apple (Malus spp.) trees was equivalent to treatments in which targeted applications of MECs were made to the lower or upper 1.5 m of the canopy (at equivalent overall rates) for oriental fruit moth and both leafroller species. The realized distribution of deposited microcapsules within the tree canopy corresponded well with the intended heights of application within the canopy. The additional coapplication of the pine resin sticker Nu-Film 17 increased efficacy but not longevity of MEC formulations for oriental fruit moth; this adjuvant had no added effects for codling moth or leafroller formulations. Increasing the rate of active ingredient (AI) per hectare by 20–30-fold (range 2.5–75.0 g/ha) did not improve the disruption efficacy of MECs for codling moth or either leafroller species when both low and high rates were applied at equivalent frequencies per season. A low-rate, high-frequency (nine applications per season) application protocol was compared with a standard protocol in which two to three applications were made per season, once before each moth generation for each species. The low-rate, high-frequency protocol resulted in equivalent or better disruption efficacy for each moth species, despite using two-fold less total AI per hectare per season with the former treatment. The low-rate, frequent-application protocol should make the use of MEC formulations of synthetic pheromone more economical and perhaps more effective.
Preparations of lymphotoxin induce resistance to their own cytotoxic effect. (1984)

Preparations of human lymphotoxins (LT) were effectively cytotoxic to HeLa cells when applied in the presence of cycloheximide (CHI). In the absence of CHI, however, they failed to cause any cell death. Moreover, LT applied in the absence of CHI induced resistance that was reflected in decreased vulnerability to subsequent incubation with LT in the presence of CHI. This induction of resistance to LT, in treating cells with preparations of LT, was quite rapid, reaching its maximal extent within 2 hr of LT application. It could also be observed in cells of other cultured human lines besides HeLa (SV80 and WISH), and the range of LT concentrations at which it was observed was similar to that at which death of cells was induced by LT in the presence of CHI. In fractionating LT preparations on DEAE cellulose, the resistance inducing activity appeared to co-purify with the cytotoxic activity, suggesting that both activities reside in the same molecule. We suggest that LT, or some lymphokines that are formed by lymphocytes concomitantly with the formation of LT, can induce cellular mechanisms that interfere with the cytotoxic activity of LT and that CHI makes the cell sensitive to the cytotoxicity of LT by reducing the activity of these protective mechanisms. This kind of negative feedback regulation in the function of LT might contribute to selectivity in their action.
Engineering of bio-hybrid materials by electrospinning polymer-microbe fibers (2009)

Although microbes have been used in industrial and niche applications for several decades, successful immobilization of microbes while maintaining their usefulness for any desired application has been elusive. Such a functionally bioactive system has distinct advantages over conventional batch and continuous-flow microbial reactor systems that are used in various biotechnological processes. This article describes the use of polyethylene oxide(99)-polypropylene oxide(67)-polyethylene oxide(99) triblock polymer fibers, created via electrospinning, to encapsulate microbes of 3 industrially relevant genera, namely, Pseudomonas, Zymomonas, and Escherichia. The presence of bacteria inside the fibers was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and SEM. Although the electrospinning process typically uses harsh organic solvents and extreme conditions that generally are harmful to bacteria, we describe techniques that overcome these limitations. The encapsulated microbes were viable for several months, and their metabolic activity was not affected by immobilization; thus they could be used in various applications. Furthermore, we have engineered a microbe-encapsulated cross-linked fibrous polymeric material that is insoluble. Also, the microbe-encapsulated active matrix permits efficient exchange of nutrients and metabolic products between the microorganism and the environment. The present results demonstrate the potential of the electrospinning technique for the encapsulation and immobilization of bacteria in the form of a synthetic biofilm, while retaining their metabolic activity. This study has wide-ranging implications in the engineering and use of novel bio-hybrid materials or biological thin-film catalysts.
The Osmoprotective Properties of Urine for Bacteria: The Protective Effect of Betaine and Human Urine Against Low pH and High Concentrations of Electrolytes, Sugars, and Urea (1985)

Growth of Escherichia coli was inhibited in a defined minimal medium by high concentrations of electrolytes and sugars in direct relation to their osmotic strength. Choline, betaine, proline, and human urine increased resistance to these substances. In contrast, the toxic effect of urea was not altered directly by betaine or urine, but was reduced in the presence of other osmolytes. The osmolyte protective effect was augmented by betaine. The osmoprotective effect of betaine and urine was confirmed with 40 strains of enteric bacteria. Urine from 19 healthy subjects contained osmoprotective activity greater than that observed with betaine. A methanol extract of urine was found to be highly protective. Although betaine was present in the extract, it could not account for all the protective activity. Urine contains additional low-molecular-weight osmoprotective agents.
MALDI-MS imaging of features smaller than the size of the laser beam (2005)

The feasibility of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) imaging of features smaller than the laser beam size has been demonstrated. The method involves the complete ablation of the MALDI matrix coating the sample at each sample position and moving the sample target a distance less than the diameter of the laser beam before repeating the process. In the limit of complete sample ablation, acquiring signal from adjacent positions spaced by distances smaller than the sample probe enhances image resolution as the measured analyte signal only arises from the overlap of the laser beam size and the non-ablated sample surface. Image acquisition of features smaller than the laser beam size has been demonstrated with peptide standards deposited on electron microscopy calibration grids and with neuropeptides originating from single cells. The presented MS imaging technique enables approximately 25 microm imaging spatial resolution using commercial MALDI mass spectrometers having irregular laser beam sizes of several hundred micron diameters. With appropriate sampling, the size of the laser beam is not a strict barrier to the attainable MALDI-MS imaging resolution.
Impedance Control: An Approach to Manipulation: Part III—Applications (1985)

This three-part paper presents a unified approach to the control of a manipulator applicable to free motions, kinematically constrained motions, and dynamic interaction between the manipulator and its environment. In Part I the approach was developed from a consideration of the fundamental mechanics of manipulation. Part II presented techniques for implementing a desired manipulator impedance. In Part III a technique for choosing the impedance appropriate to a given application using optimization theory is presented. Based on a simplified analysis it is shown that if the task objective is to tradeoff interface forces and motion errors, the manipulator impedance should be proportional to the environmental admittance. An application of impedance control to unconstrained motion is presented. The superposition properties of nonlinear impedances are used to develop a real-time feedback control algorithm which permits a manipulator to avoid unpredictably moving objects without explicit path planning.
Thymic and extrathymic contributions to T helper cell function in murine neonates (2009)

Murine neonatal CD4+ responses are often biased to Th2 function. There is increasing evidence that this phenomenon may be regulated both at the level of the thymus and the peripheral lymphoid compartment. In particular, residual fetal influence on the neonatal thymus may lead to an imprinting of developing T cells that is maintained in CD4+ cells when they emigrate to peripheral organs. Such imprinting may involve epigenetic modification of the Th2 cytokine gene locus and acquisition of the capacity to undergo rapid cell cycling. These properties, coupled with the homeostatic proliferation occurring in the peripheral tissues of neonates, shape a CD4+ population with the capacity for enhanced Th2 responsiveness.
Intranasal insulin: PK profile designed specifically for prandial treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (2008)

Abstract Insulin is the most effective therapy for lowering glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c) levels in Type 2 diabetics, and yet it is typically the last therapeutic option employed. Currently, the vast majority of marketed prandial insulin products require frequent injections, which may be a barrier among patients and physicians to initiating this medically important therapy. Beyond the inconvenience, concerns about potential weight gain and hypoglycemia may also limit the early use of insulin therapy. None of the approved insulin formulations (including rapid‐acting products) provide a PK response fast enough to mimic the endogenous first‐phase insulin release that is seen following bolus intravenous glucose infusion and that is associated with downregulation of gluconeogenesis. Delayed absorption of insulin from subcutaneous injection results in a relatively broad plasma insulin peak and a prolonged duration of action, potentially increasing the risk of hypoglycemia. We are developing an intranasal insulin formulation that provides a well‐tolerated and efficient means of delivering prandial insulin more rapidly than fast‐acting injectable insulin. With its fast onset and short duration of action, Nastech's intranasal insulin exhibits pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties that take advantage of the known benefits of delivering a rapid and transient burst of insulin at mealtime. This review discusses the current development of intranasal formulations and compares the characteristics of intranasal insulin to other non‐invasive insulin delivery efforts, including pulmonary, oral, and transdermal formulations. Drug Dev Res 69:143–152, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterogeneous InSb quantum well transistors on silicon for ultra-high speed, low power logic applications (2007)

The heterogeneous integration of InSb quantum well transistors onto silicon substrates is investigated for the first time. 85 nm gate length FETs with fT=305 GHz at Vds=0.5 V and DC performance suitable for digital logic are demonstrated on material with a buffer just 1.8 µm thick. An initial step towards integrating InSb FETs with mainstream Si CMOS for high-speed, energy-efficient logic applications has been achieved.
Differentiation of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma From Chronic Pancreatitis by PAM4 Immunohistochemistry (2014)

PAM4 was the only monoclonal antibody able to differentiate PDAC (and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia precursor lesions) from benign, nonneoplastic tissues of the pancreas. These results suggest the use of PAM4 for evaluation of tissue specimens, and support its role as an immunoassay for detection of PDAC.
Thalidomide treatment of resistant or relapsed multiple myeloma patients. (2001)

In responding patients the earliest response was observed after 4 weeks of treatment and the latest after 12 weeks of treatment. Our results, obtained during a long observation period, show that thalidomide is an effective drug, with an acceptable degree of toxicity, in patients with refractory multiple myeloma.
Soluble, prolonged-acting insulin derivatives. III. Degree of protraction, crystallizability and chemical stability of insulins substituted in positions A21, B13, B23, B27 and B30 (1988)

It was previously demonstrated that insulins to which positive charge has been added by substituting B13 glutamic acid with a glutamine residue, B27 threonine with an arginine or lysine residue, and by blocking the C-terminal carboxyl group of the B-chain by amidation, featured a prolonged absorption from the subcutis of rabbits and pigs after injection in solution at acidic pH. The phenomenon is ascribed to a low solubility combined with the readiness by which these analogs crystallize as the injectant is being neutralized in the tissue. However, acid solutions of insulin are chemically unstable as A21 asparagine both deamidates to aspartic acid and takes part in formation of covalent dimers via alpha-amino groups of other molecules. In order to circumvent the instability, substitutions were introduced in position A21, in addition to those in B13, B27 and B30, challenging the fact that A21 asparagine has been conserved in this position throughout the evolution. Biological potency was retained when glycine, serine, threonine, aspartic acid, histidine and arginine were introduced in this position, although to a varying degree. In the crystal structure of insulin a hydrogen bond bridges the alpha-nitrogen of A21 with the backbone carbonyl of B23 glycine. In order to investigate the importance of this hydrogen bond for biological activity a gene for the single-chain precursor B-chain(1-29)-Ala-Ala-Lys-A-chain(1-21) featuring an A21 proline was synthesized. However, this single-chain precursor failed to be properly produced by yeast, pointing to the formation of this hydrogen bond as an essential step in the folding process. The stability of the A21-substituted analogs in acid solutions (pH 3-4) with respect to deamidation and formation of dimers was approximately 5-10 times higher than that of human insulin in neutral solution. The rate of absorption of most insulins is decreased by increasing the Zn2+ concentration of the preparation. However, one analog with A21 glycine showed first-order absorption kinetics in pigs with a half-life of approximately 25 h, independent of the Zn2+ concentration. The day-to-day variation of the absorption of this analog was significantly lower than that of the conventional insulin suspensions, a property that might render such an insulin useful in the attempts to improve glucose control in diabetics by a more predictable delivery of basal insulin.
Investigating the photosensitizer-potential of targeted gallium corrole using multimode optical imaging (2011)

We recently developed a novel therapeutic particle, HerGa, for breast cancer treatment and detection. HerGa consists of a tumor-targeted cell penetration protein noncovalently assembled with a gallium-metallated corrole. The corrole is structurally similar to porphyrin, emits intense fluorescence, and has proven highly effective for breast tumor treatment preclinically, without light exposure. Here, we tested HerGa as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy and investigated its mechanism of action using multimode optical imaging. Using confocal fluorescence imaging, we observed that HerGa disrupts the mitochondrial membrane potential <i>in situ</i>, and this disruption is substantially augmented by light exposure. In addition, spectral and fluorescence lifetime imaging were utilized to both validate the mitochondrial membrane potential disruption and investigate HerGa internalization, allowing us to optimize the timing for light dosimetry. We observed, using advanced multimode optical imaging, that light at a specific wavelength promotes HerGa cytotoxicity, which is likely to cause disruption of mitochondrial function. Thus, we can identify for the first time the capacity of HerGa as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy and reveal its mechanism of action, opening possibilities for therapeutic intervention in human breast cancer management.
A tertiary care centerʼs experience with therapeutic hypothermia after pediatric cardiac arrest* (2009)

This is the largest study reported on the use of therapeutic mild hypothermia in pediatric cardiac arrest to date. We found that therapeutic hypothermia was feasible, with target temperature achieved in <3 hrs overall. Temperature below target range was associated with increased mortality. Prospective study is urgently needed to determine the efficacy of therapeutic hypothermia in pediatric patients after cardiac arrest.