gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of CD68+lin− Peripheral Blood Cells with Dendritic Precursor Characteristics (1998)

Expression of CD68 (macrosialin) in the absence of surface and lysosomal lineage marker molecules is a characteristic feature of T zone-associated plasmacytoid monocytes, which were recently shown to represent precursors of dendritic cells (DC). We demonstrate here a minor population of strongly CD68-positive (CD68bright) blood cells that lack all analyzed myeloid surface (CD14-, CD33-, CD13-, CD11b-, CD11c-) and lysosomal (myeloperoxidase, MPO- and lysozyme, LZ-) marker molecules (0.4 +/- 2% of the total mononuclear cells). These CD68bright, lineage marker-negative (lin-) cells can be induced to proliferate in the presence of IL-3. They do not acquire myeloid features even upon stimulation with granulocyte-macrophage CSF plus IL-1, IL-3, and IL-6. Instead, these cells develop typical DC characteristics upon culture. Furthermore, these CD68brightlin- DC precursors acquire mature DC characteristics (CD86+, CD83+, CD54bright) upon stimulation with CD40 ligand plus IL-3. A second subset of DC precursor-like blood cells was found to weakly express CD68 (0.3 +/- 0.2% of the total mononuclear cells) and to coexpress several myeloid lineage associated molecules (LZ+, CD11c+, CD33+, CD13+). Cells of this second subset resemble both previously described myeloid-related peripheral blood DC and germinal center DC. Analysis of peripheral blood leukocytes for CD68 thus revealed the existence of two cell subsets that phenotypically resemble lymphoid tissue-associated DC. The unique phenotype CD68brightlin- is highly reminiscent of T zone-associated plasmacytoid monocytes. CD68brightlin- blood leukocytes also functionally resemble plasmacytoid monocytes. The lack of all analyzed myeloid features by CD68brightlin- blood leukocytes suggests that these cells arise from a novel nonmyeloid human DC differentiation pathway.
High-Resolution Microscopy on Nanostructured Interfaces (2010)

Nano- and micro-patterned substrates have become a powerful tool in cell biology in recent years. Although great progress has been made in applying these substrates to cell populations or single cells, visualization of cells in direct contact with nanostructured interfaces remains a challenge. A central question that needs to be addressed by imaging is the number of biomolecules in contact with a single cell.
Whole Body Skeletal Muscle Transduction in Neonatal Dogs with AAV-9 (2010)

Gene therapy of muscular dystrophy requires systemic gene delivery to all muscles in the body. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have been shown to lead to body-wide muscle transduction after a single intravascular injection. Proof-of-principle has been demonstrated in mouse models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and limb girdle muscular dystrophy. Before initiating clinical trials, it is important to validate these promising results in large animal models. More than a dozen canine muscular dystrophy models have been developed. Here, we outline a protocol for performing systemic AAV gene transfer in neonatal dogs. Implementing this technique in dystrophic dogs will accelerate translational muscular dystrophy research.
Monoclonal IgM Antiphosphatidylserine Antibody Reacts Against Cytoskeleton‐Like Structures in Cultured Human Umbilical Cord Endothelial Cells (1995)

These results suggest that phospholipid-dependent antigenic determinants are not expressed on the surface of resting endothelial cells but that a PS-dependent antigenic determinant is associated with endothelial cell intermediate filaments.
Hepatocyte progenitors in man and in rodents – multiple pathways, multiple candidates (2005)

In severe injury, liver-cell progenitors may play a role in recovery, proliferating, and subsequently differentiating into mature liver cells. Identifying these progenitors has major therapeutic potential for ex vivo pharmaceutical testing, bioartificial liver support, tissue engineering and gene therapy protocols. Potential liver-cell progenitors have been identified from bone marrow, peripheral blood, cord blood, foetal liver, adult liver and embryonic stem cells. Differences and similarities are found among cells isolated from rodents and humans. This review will discuss identifying markers and differentiation potential in in vitro and in vivo models of these putative progenitors in both humans and rodents.
Machine translation: An American perspective (1986)

Translation of human languages was one of the first applications considered for digital computers. Indeed, the idea of mechanizing translation predated the invention of such machines, but it was only after World War II, when digital computers became generally available, that Machine Translation (MT) was taken up seriously [4]. This paper explores the field or MT from the viewpoint of an American researcher/developer, and is intended for nonspecialists. We will not dwell on historical details; see [4] for an introduction. Nor will we present a comprehensive survey of MT systems, nor a long bibliography, since [10], [11] provide these. Instead, we will concentrate on aspects of R & D that, in the author's opinion, are of critical importance in developing any large-scale Natural Language Processing (NLP) application, which MT exemplifies. Case studies will be drawn from our experience in developing an MT system that is now being marketed. For context, surrounding sections of this paper will sketch the history of MT, then outline the nature of the translation problem, present various methodological approaches to solving the problem, and, following the discussion of R & D issues, consider future directions for MT research.
DNA recovery from soils of diverse composition (1996)

A simple, rapid method for bacterial lysis and direct extraction of DNA from soils with minimal shearing was developed to address the risk of chimera formation from small template DNA during subsequent PCR. The method was based on lysis with a high-salt extraction buffer (1.5 M NaCl) and extended heating (2 to 3 h) of the soil suspension in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and proteinase K. The extraction method required 6 h and was tested on eight soils differing in organic carbon, clay content, and pH, including ones from which DNA extraction is difficult. The DNA fragment size in crude extracts from all soils was > 23 kb. Preliminary trials indicated that DNA recovery from two soils seeded with gram-negative bacteria was 92 to 99%. When the method was tested on all eight unseeded soils, microscopic examination of indigenous bacteria in soil pellets before and after extraction showed variable cell lysis efficiency (26 to 92%). Crude DNA yields from the eight soils ranged from 2.5 to 26.9 micrograms of DNA g-1, and these were positively correlated with the organic carbon content in the soil (r = 0.73). DNA yields from gram-positive bacteria from pure cultures were two to six times higher when the high-salt-SDS-heat method was combined with mortar-and-pestle grinding and freeze-thawing, and most DNA recovered was of high molecular weight. Four methods for purifying crude DNA were also evaluated for percent recovery, fragment size, speed, enzyme restriction, PCR amplification, and DNA-DNA hybridization. In general, all methods produced DNA pure enough for PCR amplification. Since soil type and microbial community characteristics will influence DNA recovery, this study provides guidance for choosing appropriate extraction and purification methods on the basis of experimental goals.
Americans’ views of scientists’ motivations for scientific work (2019)

Scholars have not examined public views of scientific motivations directly, despite scientific authority implications. A US representative sample rated 11 motivations both descriptively (they <i>do</i> motivate scientists' work) and normatively (they <i>should</i> motivate scientists) for scientists employed by federal government agency, large business corporation, advocacy group (nonprofit seeking to influence policy), or university. Descriptive and normative ratings fell into extrinsic (money, fame, power, being liked, helping employer) and intrinsic (do good science, enjoy challenge, helping society and others) motivation factors; being independent and gaining respect were outliers. People saw intrinsic motivations as more common, but wanted intrinsic motivations to dominate extrinsic ones even more. Despite a few differences for extrinsic-motivation ratings, the lay public tended to see scientific work as similarly motivated regardless of the employer. Variance in perceived science motivations was explained by scientific beliefs (positivism, credibility) and knowledge (of facts and scientific reasoning), complemented by political ideology and religiosity.
Inhibition of oncogenic Wnt signaling through direct targeting of β-catenin (2012)

Aberrant activation of signaling by the Wnt pathway is strongly implicated in the onset and progression of numerous types of cancer. Owing to the persistent dependence of these tumors on Wnt signaling for growth and survival, inhibition of this pathway is considered an attractive mechanism-based therapeutic approach. Oncogenic activation of Wnt signaling can ensue from a variety of distinct aberrations in the signaling pathway, but most share the common feature of causing increased cellular levels of β-catenin by interfering with its constitutive degradation. β-Catenin serves as a central hub in Wnt signaling by engaging in crucial protein-protein interactions with both negative and positive effectors of the pathway. Direct interference with these protein-protein interactions is a biologically compelling approach toward suppression of β-catenin hyperactivity, but such interactions have proven intransigent with respect to small-molecule targeting. Hence β-catenin remains an elusive target for translational cancer therapy. Here we report the discovery of a hydrocarbon-stapled peptide that directly targets β-catenin and interferes with its ability to serve as a transcriptional coactivator for T-cell factor (TCF) proteins, the downstream transcriptional regulators of the Wnt pathway.
Outcome of unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation in 40 children with Hurler syndrome (1996)

Long-term survival and improved neuropsychological function have occurred in selected children with Hurler syndrome (MPS I H) after successful engraftment with genotypically matched sibling bone marrow transplantation (BMT). However, because few children have HLA-identical siblings, the feasibility of unrelated donor (URD) BMT as a vehicle for adoptive enzyme therapy was evaluated in this retrospective study. Forty consecutive children (median, 1.7 years; range, 0.9 to 3.2 years) with MPS I H received high-dose chemotherapy with or without radiation followed by BMT between January 27, 1989 and May 13, 1994. Twenty-five of the 40 patients initially engrafted. An estimated 49% of patients are alive at 2 years, 63% alloengrafted and 37% autoengrafted. The probability of grade II to IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was 30%, and the probability of extensive chronic GVHD was 18%. Eleven patients received a second URD BMT because of graft rejection or failure. Of the 20 survivors, 13 children have complete donor engraftment, two children have mixed chimeric grafts, and five children have autologous marrow recovery. The BM cell dose was correlated with both donor engraftment and survival. Thirteen of 27 evaluable patients were engrafted at 1 year following URD BMT. Neither T-lymphocyte depletion (TLD) of the bone marrow nor irradiation appeared to influence the likelihood of engraftment. Ten of 16 patients alive at 1 year who received a BM cell dose greater than or equal to 3.5 x 10(8) cells/kg engrafted, and 62% are estimated to be alive at 3 years. In contrast, only 3 of 11 patients receiving less than 3.5 x 10(8) cells/kg engrafted, and 24% are estimated to be alive at 3 years (P = .05). The mental developmental index (MDI) was assessed before BMT. Both baseline and post-BMT neuropsychological data were available for 11 engrafted survivors. Eight children with a baseline MDI greater than 70 have undergone URD BMT (median age, 1.5 years; range, 1.0 to 2.4 years). Of these, two children have had BMT too recently for developmental follow-up. Of the remaining six, none has shown any decline in age equivalent scores. Four children are acquiring skills at a pace equal to or slightly below their same age peers; two children have shown a plateau in learning or extreme slowing in their learning process. For children with a baseline MDI less than 70 (median age, 2.5 years; range, 0.9 to 2.9 years), post-BMT follow-up indicated that two children have shown deterioration in their developmental skills. The remaining three children are maintaining their skills and are adding to them at a highly variable rate. We conclude that MPS I H patients with a baseline MDI greater than 70 who are engrafted survivors following URD BMT can achieve a favorable long-term outcome and improved cognitive function. Future protocols must address the high risk of graft rejection or failure and the impact of GVHD in this patient population.
Neuroinflammation and M2 microglia: the good, the bad, and the inflamed (2014)

The concept of multiple macrophage activation states is not new. However, extending this idea to resident tissue macrophages, like microglia, has gained increased interest in recent years. Unfortunately, the research on peripheral macrophage polarization does not necessarily translate accurately to their central nervous system (CNS) counterparts. Even though pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines can polarize microglia to distinct activation states, the specific functions of these states is still an area of intense debate. This review examines the multiple possible activation states microglia can be polarized to. This is followed by a detailed description of microglial polarization and the functional relevance of this process in both acute and chronic CNS disease models described in the literature. Particular attention is given to utilizing M2 microglial polarization as a potential therapeutic option in treating diseases.
A BAFF antagonist suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by targeting cell-mediated and humoral immune responses (2006)

BAFF [B cell-activating factor of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family] and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) are two TNF family members with shared receptors. While, physiological roles for APRIL are not fully understood, BAFF is critical for B cell homeostasis and also acts as a co-stimulator of T cells. Using a B and T cell-mediated mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we observed that a BAFF/APRIL antagonist (soluble BCMA-Fc) inhibited central nervous system inflammation and demyelination such that it suppressed the onset and progression of clinical symptoms of EAE. In addition to dramatically reducing the titre of MOG-specific auto-antibodies, this treatment also induced a switch in the subtype of the T(h) cell population characterized by marked alterations in cytokine production following re-stimulation with MOG in vitro. Indeed, hBCMA-Fc therapy led to significant increases in the level of transforming growth factor beta, while the levels of T(h)1 cytokines were markedly diminished. These results not only identify BAFF as a critical factor in maintaining humoral immunity in EAE but also support its role in T lymphocyte responses. Our findings demonstrate that hBCMA-Fc acts on both effector arms of the immune response in EAE, a characteristic that may be of significant therapeutic value in the treatment of MS.
Normal Development of Mice Deficient in β 2 M, MCClass I Proteins, and CD8 + T Cells (1990)

Major histocompatibility class I proteins display viral and self antigens to potentially responsive cells and are important for the maturation of T cells; beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M) is required for their normal expression. Mouse chimeras derived from embryonic stem cells with a disrupted beta 2M gene transmitted the inactivated gene to their progeny. Animals homozygous for the mutated beta 2M gene were obtained at expected frequencies after further breeding. The homozygotes appeared normal, although no class I antigens could be detected on their cells and the animals are grossly deficient in CD4- CD8+ T cells, which normally mediate cytotoxic T cell function.
Phase I/II radioimmunotherapy trial with iodine-131-labeled monoclonal antibody G250 in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. (1998)

This Phase I/II radioimmunotherapy study was carried out to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and therapeutic potential of 131I-G250. Thirty-three patients with measurable metastatic renal cell carcinoma were treated. Groups of at least three patients received escalating amounts of 1311I (30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 mCi/m2) labeled to 10 mg of mouse monoclonal antibody G250, administered as a single i.v. infusion. Fifteen patients were studied at the MTD of activity. No patient had received prior significant radiotherapy; one had received prior G250. Whole-body scintigrams and single-photon emission computed tomography images were obtained in all patients. There was targeting of radioactivity to all known tumor sites that were > or =2 cm. Reversible liver function test abnormalities were observed in the majority of patients (27 of 33 patients). There was no correlation between the amount of 131I administered or hepatic absorbed radiation dose (median, 0.073 Gy/mCi) and the extent or nature of hepatic toxicity. Two of the first six patients at 90 mCi/m2 had grade > or =3 thrombocytopenia; the MTD was determined to be 90 mCi/m2 131I. Hematological toxicity was correlated with whole-body absorbed radiation dose. All patients developed human antimouse antibodies within 4 weeks posttherapy; retreatment was, therefore, not possible. Seventeen of 33 evaluable patients had stable disease. There were no major responses. On the basis of external imaging, 131I-labeled mouse monoclonal antibody G250 showed excellent localization to all tumors that were > or =2 cm. Seventeen of 33 patients had stable disease, with tumor shrinkage observed in two patients. Antibody immunogenicity restricted therapy to a single infusion. Studies with a nonimmunogenic G250 antibody are warranted.
Fabrication and characterization of high-quality waveguide-mode resonant optical filters (2003)

Optical filters containing resonant waveguide gratings are designed and fabricated using low-loss, robust materials. The double-layer filters contain a silicon dioxide diffractive element on a hafnium dioxide waveguide deposited on a fused silica substrate. Noise-pattern formation is minimized by use of an antireflective absorption layer during holographic grating recording in photoresist. Subsequent fabrication steps include metallization, lift-off, and oxygen plasma etch to create a metal etch mask for final CF4 plasma etching of a surface-relief grating. Spectral characterization with a tunable laser shows that the resulting filter exhibits 90% efficiency, 1.2 nm linewidth, and low sidebands.
Synthesis and properties of new DNA cleavage agents based on oxoruthenium(IV) (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and properties of new DNA cleavage agents based on oxoruthenium(IV)Nishi Gupta, Neena Grover, Gregory A. Neyhart, Phirtu Singh, and H. Holden ThorpCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1993, 32, 3, 310–316Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00055a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00055a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views535Altmetric-Citations115LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Defective retrovirus-like 30S RNA species of rat and mouse cells are infectious if packaged by type C helper virus (1979)

RNA species with properties of defective retrovirus-like 30S RNA genomes have previously been detected in both rats and mice and in some rat and mouse retroviruses. Using cell lines which express high levels of this retrovirus-like RNA, we formed pseudotypes of the 30S RNAs with helper-independent type C viruses. A pseudotype virus complex containing a mouse 30S subunit was transmitted to rat cells, and a pseudotype virus complex containing a rat 30S subunit was transmitted to bat cells. In other transmission experiments, a rat 30S subunit was isolated in nonproducer bat cells without detectable expression of the helper-independent type C virus used to pseudotype it. The results provide further support for the retrovirus-like nature of the rat 30S subunit and provide evidence which supports the protovirus hypothesis proposed by Temin.
Structural Basis for Binding of the Plasmid ColIb-P9 Antisense Inc RNA to Its Target RNA with the 5′-rUUGGCG-3′ Motif in the Loop Sequence (1998)

The sequence 5'-rUUGGCG-3' is conserved within the loop regions of antisense RNAs or their targets involved in replication of various prokaryotic plasmids. In IncIalpha plasmid ColIb-P9, the partially base paired 21-nucleotide loop of a stem-loop called structure I within RepZ mRNA contains this hexanucleotide sequence, and comprises the target site for the antisense Inc RNA. In this report, we find that the base pairing interaction at the 5'-rGGC-3' sequence in the hexanucleotide motif is important for interaction between Inc RNA and structure I. In addition, the 21-base loop domain of structure I is folded tighter than predicted, with the hexanucleotide sequence at the top. The second U residue in the sequence is favored for Inc RNA binding in a base-specific manner. On the other hand, the upper domain of the Inc RNA stem-loop is loosely structured, and maintaining the loop sequence single-stranded is important for the intermolecular interaction. Based on these results, we propose that a structural feature in the loop I domain, conferred probably by the conserved 5'-rUUGGCG-3' sequence, favors binding to a complementary, single-stranded RNA. This model also explains how the RepZ mRNA pseudoknot, described in the accompanying paper (Asano, K., and Mizobuchi, K. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 11815-11825) is formed specifically with structure I. A possible conformation adopted by the 5'-rUUGGCG-3' loop sequence is discussed.
Interactive verification of knowledge-based systems (1993)

The Validator program, which interactively checks the consistency and completeness of a knowledge base, is discussed. Validator verifies and validates rule-based expert systems and guarantees that every element in the knowledge base is accessible and essential to the system. The program checks for syntactic errors, unused rules, facts, and questions, incorrectly used legal values, redundant constructs, rules that use illegal values, wrong instantiations, and multiple methods for obtaining values for expressions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>