gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Visible photoluminescence of Ge microcrystals embedded in SiO2 glassy matrices (1991)

Ge microcrystals embedded in SiO2 glassy matrices were formed by a radio-frequency magnetron cosputtering technique and then annealed at 800 °C for 30 min. The average radius of the Ge microcrystals in SiO2 was determined to be about 3 nm by means of Raman spectroscopy and high resolution electron microscope. The annealed sample showed a strong room temperature luminescence with a peak at 2.18 eV. This is consistent with quantum confinement of electrons and holes.
A Novel Potassium Channel in Lymphocyte Mitochondria (2005)

The margatoxin-sensitive Kv1.3 is the major potassium channel in the plasma membrane of T lymphocytes. Electron microscopy, patch clamp, and immunological studies identified the potassium channel Kv1.3, thought to be localized exclusively in the cell membrane, in the inner mitochondrial membrane of T lymphocytes. Patch clamp of mitoplasts and mitochondrial membrane potential measurements disclose the functional expression of a mitochondrial margatoxin-sensitive potassium channel. To identify unambiguously the mitochondrial localization of Kv1.3, we employed a genetic model and stably transfected CTLL-2 cells, which are genetically deficient for this channel, with Kv1.3. Mitochondria isolated from Kv1.3-reconstituted CTLL-2 expressed the channel protein and displayed an activity, which was identical to that observed in Jurkat mitochondria, whereas mitochondria of mock-transfected cells lacked a channel with the characteristics of Kv1.3. Our data provide the first molecular identification of a mitochondrial potassium conductance.
Low-Temperature Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Nitride Using A New Source Gas (Hydrogen Azide) (1992)

Silicon nitride films were deposited at temperatures as low as 350°C by chemical vapor deposition using a new source gas, hydrogen azide (HN 3 ). Silicon nitride film deposited at 425°C was nitrogen-rich and showed hydrogen content of about 28 atomic%. The breakdown field strength was as high as 8.7 MV/cm and the resistivity was as high as 10 15 Ω·cm. Amorphous silicon thin-film transistors equipped with this film as the gate dielectric showed good transistor characteristics.
Effects of amino acid changes in the extracellular domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 envelope glycoprotein (1993)

Changes were introduced into conserved amino acids within the ectodomain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp41 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein. The effect of these changes on the structure and function of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins was examined. The gp41 glycoprotein contains an amino-terminal fusion peptide (residues 512 to 527) and a disulfide loop near the middle of the extracellular domain (residues 598 to 604). Mutations affecting the hydrophobic sequences between these two regions resulted in two phenotypes. Some changes in amino acids 528 to 562 resulted in a loss of the noncovalent association between gp41 and the gp120 exterior glycoprotein. Amino acid changes in other parts of the gp41 glycoprotein (residues 608 and 628) also resulted in subunit dissociation. Some changes affecting amino acids 568 to 596 resulted in envelope glycoproteins partially or completely defective in mediating membrane fusion. Syncytium formation was more sensitive than virus entry to these changes. Changes in several amino acids from 647 to 675 resulted in higher-than-wild-type syncytium-forming ability. One of these amino acid changes affecting tryptophan 666 resulted in escape from neutralization by an anti-gp41 human monoclonal antibody, 2F5. These results contribute to an understanding of the functional regions of the HIV-1 gp41 ectodomain.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF T HELPER 1, T HELPER 2, AND INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE EXPRESSION IN PATIENTS AFTER ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION (1997)

These studies suggest that the occurrence of human GVHD does not seem to be clearly associated with a T helper 1-type cytokine pattern.
Widespread Tau and Amyloid‐Beta Pathology Many Years After a Single Traumatic Brain Injury in Humans (2011)

While a history of a single traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with the later development of syndromes of cognitive impairment such as Alzheimer's disease, the long-term pathology evolving after single TBI is poorly understood. However, a progressive tauopathy, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, is described in selected cohorts with a history of repetitive concussive/mild head injury. Here, post-mortem brains from long-term survivors of just a single TBI (1-47 years survival; n=39) vs. uninjured, age-matched controls (n=47) were examined for neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques using immunohistochemistry and thioflavine-S staining. Detailed maps of findings permitted classification of pathology using semiquantitative scoring systems. NFTs were exceptionally rare in young, uninjured controls, yet were abundant and widely distributed in approximately one-third of TBI cases. In addition, Aβ-plaques were found in a greater density following TBI vs. controls. Moreover, thioflavine-S staining revealed that while all plaque-positive control cases displayed predominantly diffuse plaques, 64% of plaque-positive TBI cases displayed predominantly thioflavine-S-positive plaques or a mixed thioflavine-S-positive/diffuse pattern. These data demonstrate that widespread NFT and Aβ plaque pathologies are present in up to a third of patients following survival of a year or more from a single TBI. This suggests that a single TBI induces long-term neuropathological changes akin to those found in neurodegenerative disease.
Salmonellae activate complement differentially via the alternative pathway depending on the structure of their lipopolysaccharide O-antigen. (1983)

Differences in the O-antigen polysaccharide structure of lipopolysaccharide were previously shown to affect the rate of phagocytosis of Salmonellae strains by the murine macrophage-like cell line J774. Phagocytosis required a serum factor(s) that is labile to heat (56 degrees C for 30 min) and to zymosan treatment, which indirectly suggested the participation of C. We now show, using guinea pig serum, that these bacteria activate C3 at different rates, and this activation is proportional to the later rate of phagocytosis. Activation is predominantly via the alternative pathway, because C4 is not consumed and the reaction proceeds equally well in the serum of C4-deficient guinea pigs. Because the extent of activation of C3 and the subsequent rate of phagocytosis are inversely proportional to virulence, we propose that virulence of a strain may be influenced by the ability of the polysaccharide structure of its lipopolysaccharide to activate the alternative pathway of C, destining it for subsequent phagocytosis.
Eight-Wavelength, Dual Detection Channel Instrument for Near-Infrared Time-Resolved Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy (2018)

In this paper, we present an innovative instrument for near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy. The system is based on eight custom-designed pulsed diode lasers emitting at different wavelengths in the near-infrared region (635–1050 nm), all exhibiting an average optical power higher than 1 mW at 40 MHz pulse repetition rate, two custom-made single-photon detectors based on wide-area silicon photomultipliers and two time-measurement units based on a custom time-to-digital converter with 10 ps timing resolution. The system instrument response function has a width narrower than 160 ps (fullwidth at half-maximum) and stability better than ±1% for several hours for all the wavelengths. All the components of the instrument were designed in order to be compact. The entire system will be hosted in a standard 19 inches, 5U rack case (size 48 × 38 × 20 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ). The system communicates with the external computer through a USB 2.0 link and is designed to be employed in a clinical environment. The proposed instrument, thanks to the reduction of its cost and dimensions, paves the way to a wider diffusion of multiwavelengths near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy systems.
Atrophy of the Hippocampal Formation in Early Familial Alzheimer's Disease (1996)

The hippocampal formation (HF) is known from pathological and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies to become severely atrophied in established Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study examined whether changes in the HF could also be detected in very early AD by scanning subjects at risk of developing familial AD (FAD). Five at risk members of a pedigree with the amyloid precursor protein (APP) 717 valine to glycine mutation underwent serial MRI scanning with volumetric measurement of the HF as well as neurological and neuropsychological assessments. Over a period of two years two subjects became clinically affected, a loss of up to 20% of the volume of the HF occurred in the two years over which symptoms first appeared. Asymmetrical HF atrophy was shown to have been present before the development of overt symptoms. This may have important implications for early diagnosis in AD more generally.
Hypoxia-inducible nuclear factors bind to an enhancer element located 3' to the human erythropoietin gene. (1991)

Human erythropoietin gene expression in liver and kidney is inducible by anemia or hypoxia. DNase I-hypersensitive sites were identified 3' to the human erythropoietin gene in liver nuclei. A 256-base-pair region of 3' flanking sequence was shown by DNase I protection and electrophoretic mobility-shift assays to bind four or more different nuclear factors, at least two of which are induced by anemia in both liver and kidney, and the region functioned as a hypoxia-inducible enhancer in transient expression assays. These results provide insight into the molecular basis for the regulation of gene expression by a fundamental physiologic stimulus, hypoxia.
In vitroANDin vivoULTRAVIOLET‐INDUCED ALTERATIONS OF OXY‐ AND DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN (1992)

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation was found to convert oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin stoichiometrically into methemoglobin and a met-like product, respectively. The peak conversion efficiency for oxyhemoglobin occurred at 285 nm and decreased by a factor of 100 by 315 nm. The peak conversion efficiency for deoxyhemoglobin occurred at 290 nm and decreased by a factor of 30 by 320 nm. The transformation of oxyhemoglobin to methemoglobin was also documented in intact erythrocytes using UV-B radiation. Finally, similar transformations were found to occur in human skin with UV-B exposure but not on all volunteers tested. These results imply that methemoglobin will be formed in vivo on solar exposure and provide evidence that UV-B photons reach the blood vessels.
High expression of CD39 in gastric cancer reduces patient outcome following radical resection (2016)

Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (ENTPD1), also known as cluster of differentiation (CD)39, is the rate-limiting enzyme in the generation of immunosuppressive adenosine and is important in tumor progression. The present study evaluated the expression of CD39<sup>+</sup> and CD39<sup>+</sup> forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)<sup>+</sup> regulatory T (Treg) cells in gastric cancer (GC), and determined their prognostic roles in patients with GC following radical resection. It was observed that CD39 was expressed at significantly higher rates in tumor tissues as compared with paired peritumoral tissues. Overexpression of tumor CD39 was correlated with overall survival (OS). Furthermore, CD39 expression in GC tissues exhibited a prognostic role in OS. The CD39<sup>+</sup> FoxP3<sup>+</sup>/FoxP3<sup>+</sup> ratio in tumor tissues was higher than that in paired peritumoral tissues, and CD39<sup>+</sup> FoxP3<sup>+</sup> Treg cells were a better prognostic indicator than FoxP3<sup>+</sup> Treg cells for OS. Collectively, our study indicates that overexpression of CD39 in GC is a predictor of poor outcome for GC patients following radical resection. CD39<sup>+</sup> FoxP3<sup>+</sup> Treg cells are a potential target for cancer immunotherapy.
Genetic and Phenotypic Characterization of Manufacturing Seeds for a Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine (DENVax) (2013)

All four serotypes of master vaccine seeds retained the previously defined safety features, including all three major genetic loci of attenuation, small plaques, temperature sensitivity in mammalian cells, reduced replication in mosquito cell cultures, and reduced neurovirulence in new-born mice. In addition, the candidate vaccine viruses demonstrated greatly reduced infection and dissemination in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, and are not likely to be transmissible by these mosquitoes. This manufacturing strategy has successfully been used to produce the candidate tetravalent vaccine, which is currently being tested in human clinical trials in the United States, Central and South America, and Asia.
Intermediaries: New Places for Producing and Manipulating Web Content. (1998)

We propose a new approach to programming web applications that increases the web&amp;apos;s computational power, the web&amp;apos;s flexibility, and web programmer productivity. Whereas web servers have traditionally been responsible for producing all content, intermediaries now provide new places for producing and manipulating web data. We define intermediaries as computational elements that lie along the path of a web transaction. In this paper, we describe the fundamental ideas behind intermediaries and provide a collection of example applications. We also describe WBI, an implemented architecture for building intermediaries that we have used to construct many applications, including personal histories, password management, image distillation, collaborative filtering, targeted advertising, and web advising.
Quantitative model of cellulite: three‐dimensional skin surface topography, biophysical characterization, and relationship to human perception* (2005)

Gynoid lipodystrophy (cellulite) is the irregular, dimpled skin surface of the thighs, abdomen, and buttocks in 85% of post-adolescent women. The distinctive surface morphology is believed to result when subcutaneous adipose tissue protrudes into the lower reticular dermis, thereby creating irregularities at the surface. The biomechanical properties of epidermal and dermal tissue may also influence severity. Cellulite-affected thigh sites were measured in 51 females with varying degrees of cellulite, in 11 non-cellulite controls, and in 10 male controls. A non-contact high-resolution three-dimensional laser surface scanner was used to quantify the skin surface morphology and determine specific roughness values. The scans were evaluated by experts and naive judges (n=62). Body composition was evaluated via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; dermal thickness and the dermal-subcutaneous junction were evaluated via high-resolution 3D ultrasound and surface photography under compression. Biomechanical properties were also measured. The roughness parameters Svm (mean depth of the lowest valleys) and Sdr (ratio between the roughness surface area and the area of the xy plane) were highly correlated to the expert image grades and, therefore, designated as the quantitative measures of cellulite severity. The strength of the correlations among naive grades, expert grades, and roughness values confirmed that the data quantitatively evaluate the human perception of cellulite. Cellulite severity was correlated to BMI, thigh circumference, percent thigh fat, architecture of the dermal-subcutaneous border (ultrasound surface area, red-band SD from compressed images), compliance, and stiffness (negative correlation). Cellulite severity was predicted by the percent fat and the area of the dermal-subcutaneous border. The biomechanical properties did not significantly contribute to the prediction. Comparison of the parameters for females and males further suggest that percent thigh fat and surface area roughness deviation are the distinguishing features of cellulite.
Double-Gate Tunnel FET With High- Gate Dielectric (2007)

In this paper, we propose and validate a novel design for a double-gate tunnel field-effect transistor (DG tunnel FET), for which the simulations show significant improvements compared with single-gate devices using a gate dielectric. For the first time, DG tunnel FET devices, which are using a high-gate dielectric, are explored using realistic design parameters, showing an on-current as high as 0.23 mA for a gate voltage of 1.8 V, an off-current of less than 1 fA (neglecting gate leakage), an improved average subthreshold swing of 57 mV/dec, and a minimum point slope of 11 mV/dec. The 2D nature of tunnel FET current flow is studied, demonstrating that the current is not confined to a channel at the gate-dielectric surface. When varying temperature, tunnel FETs with a high-kappa gate dielectric have a smaller threshold voltage shift than those using SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , while the subthreshold slope for fixed values of V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> remains nearly unchanged, in contrast with the traditional MOSFET. Moreover, an I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> /I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> ratio of more than 2 times 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> is shown for simulated devices with a gate length (over the intrinsic region) of 50 nm, which indicates that the tunnel FET is a promising candidate to achieve better-than-ITRS low-standby-power switch performance.
Plasma jet dry etching using different electrode configurations (1991)

Recently a high-rate dry-etching technique, the Plasma Jet, has been presented. An active gas, SF6, and a carrier gas, Ar, are passed through a cylindrical electrode ending in a nozzle. By applying rf power to the electrode a hollow cathode discharge is created inside the nozzle. The reactive gas will be effectively dissociated and a high concentration of reactive species will be formed. The formed species will be blown out at supersonic speed through the nozzle and enter the processing chamber in a jet-like manner. Thus there will be a very high concentration of reactive particles in front of the nozzle. Etch rates magnitudes larger than obtained in conventional etch systems can be achieved by exposing a silicon substrate to this high concentration of reactive species. Etch rates as high as 0.5 mm/min have been observed. Originally the Plasma Jet created a circular etch crater with a diameter of about 2–3 mm. This etched area is not satisfactory for most applications. We have investigated a number of new electrode configurations for the nozzle exhaust. Processing parameters, important for the etch rate, have been studied for these new nozzle configurations. It is shown that the flow of argon and the reactive gas SF6 drastically influences the operating conditions of the discharge. The shape of the nozzle is also very important for the performance of the plasma jet.
A Saliency-based Convolutional Neural Network for Table and Chart Detection in Digitized Documents (2018)

Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) have recently been applied successfully to a variety of vision and multimedia tasks, thus driving development of novel solutions in several application domains. Document analysis is a particularly promising area for DCNNs: indeed, the number of available digital documents has reached unprecedented levels, and humans are no longer able to discover and retrieve all the information contained in these documents without the help of automation. Under this scenario, DCNNs offers a viable solution to automate the information extraction process from digital documents. Within the realm of information extraction from documents, detection of tables and charts is particularly needed as they contain a visual summary of the most valuable information contained in a document. For a complete automation of visual information extraction process from tables and charts, it is necessary to develop techniques that localize them and identify precisely their boundaries. In this paper we aim at solving the table/chart detection task through an approach that combines deep convolutional neural networks, graphical models and saliency concepts. In particular, we propose a saliency-based fully-convolutional neural network performing multi-scale reasoning on visual cues followed by a fully-connected conditional random field (CRF) for localizing tables and charts in digital/digitized documents. Performance analysis carried out on an extended version of ICDAR 2013 (with annotated charts as well as tables) shows that our approach yields promising results, outperforming existing models.
Carbonyl-Containing Bisphosphonate Esters as Novel Antiinflammatory and Antiarthritic Agents (1994)

A study of the decomposition of the pyrazoline bisphosphonate ester 2 identified 3 as the sole bisphosphonate component. Evaluation in a delayed-type hypersensitivity granuloma model of chronic inflammation in mice (DTH-GRA) showed 3 to be a potent inhibitor of granuloma formation (sc, 10 mg/kg, 45%), but in a murine model of antigen-induced arthritis (AIA), no significant inhibition was observed. As a result, new ketonic bisphosphonate tetraethyl esters were synthesized from vinylidenebisphosphonic acid tetraethyl ester 4 and activated carbonyl compounds in 13-84% yield. 6 significantly inhibited the pathology of both the DTH-GRA (sc, 25 mg/kg, 45%) and AIA models (sc, 25 mg/kg, 55%). Other compounds in the series were not as potent. Our results show that bisphosphonate ester 6 can inhibit the chronic inflammatory response associated with cutaneous granuloma formation and erosive arthritis.
Adjuvants and Immunization Strategies to Induce Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Stalk Antibodies (2013)

The global population remains vulnerable in the face of the next pandemic influenza virus outbreak, and reformulated vaccinations are administered annually to manage seasonal epidemics. Therefore, development of a new generation of vaccines is needed to generate broad and persistent immunity to influenza viruses. Here, we describe three adjuvants that enhance the induction of stalk-directed antibodies against heterologous and heterosubtypic influenza viruses when administered with chimeric HA proteins. Addavax, an MF59-like nanoemulsion, poly(I:C), and an RNA hairpin derived from Sendai virus (SeV) Cantell were efficacious intramuscularly. The SeV RNA and poly(I:C) also proved to be effective respiratory mucosal adjuvants. Although the quantity and quality of antibodies induced by the adjuvants varied, immunized mice demonstrated comparable levels of protection against challenge with influenza A viruses on the basis of HA stalk reactivity. Finally, we present that intranasally, but not intramuscularly, administered chimeric HA proteins induce mucosal IgA antibodies directed at the HA stalk.