gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Taxol inhibits neointimal smooth muscle cell accumulation after angioplasty in the rat. (1995)

Despite significant improvements in the primary success rate of the medical and surgical treatments for atherosclerotic disease, including angioplasty, bypass grafting, and endarterectomy, secondary failure due to late restenosis continues to occur in 30-50% of individuals. Restenosis and the later stages in atherosclerotic lesions are due to a complex series of fibroproliferative responses to vascular injury involving potent growth-regulatory molecules (such as platelet-derived growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor) and resulting in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, migration, and neointimal accumulation. We show here, based on experiments with both taxol and deuterium oxide, that microtubules are necessary for VSMCs to undergo the multiple transformations contributing to the development of the neointimal fibroproliferative lesion. Taxol was found to interfere both with platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated VSMC migration and with VSMC migration and with VSMC proliferation, at nanomolar levels in vitro. In vivo, taxol prevented medial VSMC proliferation and the neointimal VSMC accumulation in the rat carotid artery after balloon dilatation and endothelial denudation injury. This effect occurred at plasma levels approximately two orders of magnitude lower than that used clinically to treat human malignancy (peak levels achieved in this model were approximately 50-60 nM). Taxol may therefore be of therapeutic value in preventing human restenosis with minimal toxicity.
Electromagnetic tracking in the clinical environment (2009)

When choosing an electromagnetic tracking system (EMTS) for image-guided procedures several factors must be taken into consideration. Among others these include the system's refresh rate, the number of sensors that need to be tracked, the size of the navigated region, the system interaction with the environment, whether the sensors can be embedded into the tools and provide the desired transformation data, and tracking accuracy and robustness. To date, the only factors that have been studied extensively are the accuracy and the susceptibility of EMTSs to distortions caused by ferromagnetic materials. In this paper the authors shift the focus from analysis of system accuracy and stability to the broader set of factors influencing the utility of EMTS in the clinical environment. The authors provide an analysis based on all of the factors specified above, as assessed in three clinical environments. They evaluate two commercial tracking systems, the Aurora system from Northern Digital Inc., and the 3D Guidance system with three different field generators from Ascension Technology Corp. The authors show that these systems are applicable to specific procedures and specific environments, but that currently, no single system configuration provides a comprehensive solution across procedures and environments.
Spontaneous Autoimmune Diabetes in Monoclonal T Cell Nonobese Diabetic Mice (1997)

It has been established that insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice results from a CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-dependent autoimmune process directed against the pancreatic beta cells. The precise roles that beta cell-reactive CD8+ and CD4+ T cells play in the disease process, however, remain ill defined. Here we have investigated whether naive beta cell-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells can spontaneously accumulate in pancreatic islets, differentiate into effector cells, and destroy beta cells in the absence of other T cell specificities. This was done by introducing Kd- or I-Ag7-restricted beta cell-specific T cell receptor (TCR) transgenes that are highly diabetogenic in NOD mice (8.3- and 4.1-TCR, respectively), into recombination-activating gene (RAG)-2-deficient NOD mice, which cannot rearrange endogenous TCR genes and thus bear monoclonal TCR repertoires. We show that while RAG-2(-/-) 4.1-NOD mice, which only bear beta cell-specific CD4+ T cells, develop diabetes as early and as frequently as RAG-2+ 4.1-NOD mice, RAG-2(-/-) 8.3-NOD mice, which only bear beta cell-specific CD8+ T cells, develop diabetes less frequently and significantly later than RAG-2(+) 8.3-NOD mice. The monoclonal CD8+ T cells of RAG-2(-/-) 8.3-NOD mice mature properly, proliferate vigorously in response to antigenic stimulation in vitro, and can differentiate into beta cell-cytotoxic T cells in vivo, but do not efficiently accumulate in islets in the absence of a CD4+ T cell-derived signal, which can be provided by splenic CD4+ T cells from nontransgenic NOD mice. These results demonstrate that naive beta cell- specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells can trigger diabetes in the absence of other T or B cell specificities, but suggest that efficient recruitment of naive diabetogenic beta cell-reactive CD8+ T cells to islets requires the assistance of beta cell-reactive CD4+ T cells.
Biodegradable and radically polymerized elastomers with enhanced processing capabilities (2008)

The development of biodegradable materials with elastomeric properties is beneficial for a variety of applications, including for use in the engineering of soft tissues. Although others have developed biodegradable elastomers, they are restricted by their processing at high temperatures and under vacuum, which limits their fabrication into complex scaffolds. To overcome this, we have modified precursors to a tough biodegradable elastomer, poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) with acrylates to impart control over the crosslinking process and allow for more processing options. The acrylated-PGS (Acr-PGS) macromers are capable of crosslinking through free radical initiation mechanisms (e.g., redox and photo-initiated polymerizations). Alterations in the molecular weight and % acrylation of the Acr-PGS led to changes in formed network mechanical properties. In general, Young's modulus increased with % acrylation and the % strain at break increased with molecular weight when the % acrylation was held constant. Based on the mechanical properties, one macromer was further investigated for in vitro and in vivo degradation and biocompatibility. A mild to moderate inflammatory response typical of implantable biodegradable polymers was observed, even when formed as an injectable system with redox initiation. Moreover, fibrous scaffolds of Acr-PGS and a carrier polymer, poly(ethylene oxide), were prepared via an electrospinning and photopolymerization technique and the fiber morphology was dependent on the ratio of these components. This system provides biodegradable polymers with tunable properties and enhanced processing capabilities towards the advancement of approaches in engineering soft tissues.
CD20 levels determine the in vitro susceptibility to rituximab and complement of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: further regulation by CD55 and CD59 (2001)

Complement-dependent cytotoxicity is thought to be an important mechanism of action of the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab. This study investigates the sensitivity of freshly isolated cells obtained from 33 patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), 5 patients with prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL), and 6 patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) to be lysed by rituximab and complement in vitro. The results showed that in B-CLL and PLL, the levels of CD20, measured by standard immunofluorescence or using calibrated beads, correlated linearly with the lytic response (coefficient greater than or equal to 0.9; P <.0001). Furthermore, the correlation remained highly significant when the 6 patients with MCL were included in the analysis (coefficient 0.91; P <.0001), which suggests that CD20 levels primarily determine lysis regardless of diagnostic group. The role of the complement inhibitors CD46, CD55, and CD59 was also investigated. All B-CLL and PLL cells expressed these molecules, but at different levels. CD46 was relatively weak on all samples (mean fluorescence intensity less than 100), whereas CD55 and CD59 showed variability of expression (mean fluorescence intensity 20-1200 and 20-250, respectively). Although CD55 and CD59 levels did not permit prediction of complement susceptibility, the functional block of these inhibitors demonstrated that they play an important role in regulating complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Thus, lysis of poorly responding B-CLL samples was increased 5- to 6-fold after blocking both CD55 and CD59, whereas that of high responders was essentially complete in the presence of a single blocking antibody. These data demonstrate that CD20, CD55, and CD59 are important factors determining the in vitro response to rituximab and complement and indicate potential strategies to improve the clinical response to this biologic therapy.
Charge Profile in Vortices (2001)

The electric charge density in the vortex lattice of superconductors is studied within the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theory. We show that the electrostatic potential varphi is proportional to the GL function, varphi /psi/2-/psi(infinity)/2. Numerical results for the triangular vortex lattice are presented.
Photonic hook: a new curved light beam (2018)

It is well known that electromagnetic radiation propagates along a straight line, but this common sense was broken by the artificial curved light-the Airy beam. In this Letter, we demonstrate a new type of curved light beam besides the Airy beam, the so-called "photonic hook." This photonic hook is a curved high-intensity focus by a dielectric trapezoid particle illuminated by a plane wave. The difference between the phase velocity and the interference of the waves inside the particle causes the phenomenon of focus bending.
Effect of Leukocyte Proteinases on Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (1992)

The effect of human neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G on recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) was investigated. A weak inhibition by TFPI of both elastase (Ki = 0.4 microM) and cathepsin G (Ki = 0.1 microM) was observed. Neutrophil elastase rapidly cleaved TFPI at the Thr87-Thr88 bond situated at the link between Kunitz domains I and II. Cleavage of TFPI by cathepsin G was also observed, but the reaction was much slower and resulted in a number of fragments. Proteolytic cleavage by both elastase and cathepsin G resulted in destruction of inhibitor function with respect to TFPI's inhibition of factor Xa. Cleavage by neutrophil elastase was capable of restoring factor Xa amidolytic activity after its initial inhibition by TFPI. Inhibition of cathepsin G by TFPI was strongly augmented by stoichiometric amounts of factor Xa. However, the augmentation was temporary, presumably due to concomitant cleavage of TFPI by cathepsin G. These observations may have implications for the putative effect of neutrophil leukocyte stimulation on the regulation of the tissue factor-mediated coagulation pathway. Conversely, formation of a factor Xa/TFPI complex may reduce or modulate the proteolytic potential of stimulated leukocytes by temporary inhibition of cathepsin G.
CFTR gene and male fertility (1998)

Secretion of electrolytes and water by the epididymal epithelium is important in the formation an optimal fluid environment for sperm maturation and transport. This process is disrupted in the genetic disease cystic fibrosis caused by mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmemebrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Recent findings of CFTR gene mutations in healthy men with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens or poor sperm quality may indicate that CFTR gene mutations have a far-reaching effect on human reproduction.
Anti-U5 Small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) Antibodies: A Rare Anti-U snRNP Specificity (1996)

We surveyed for autoantibodies to the U small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) in sera from 1171 patients with various connective tissue diseases by immunoprecipitation assay. We found serum, termed LaJ, which principally recognized the U5 snRNP from one patient with systemic sclerosis-polymyositis overlap syndrome. Anti-LaJ serum immunoprecipitated predominantly U5 snRNA from a 32PO4-labeled HeLa cell extract and at least five U5-specific proteins as well as the Sm core proteins from a [35S]methionine-labeled extract. Anti-LaJ serum immunoprecipitated both U5 snRNA and these five proteins in identical fractions at 15-20S by parallel sucrose gradient, suggesting physical association of these two components. Thus, we concluded that anti-LaJ serum contained antibody specific to the U5 snRNP. Antibodies specific to U5 snRNP were found in a single serum; in contrast, the prevalence of anti-U1 snRNP and anti-Sm antibody was considerably higher. Thus, the specific proteins of the U5 snRNP are rare targets for autoantibodies in patients with connective tissue disease.
Phase Diagrams and Solvate Structures of Binary Mixtures of Glymes and Na Salts (2013)

We prepared a series of binary mixtures composed of selected Na salts and glymes (tetraglyme, G4, and pentaglyme, G5) with different salt concentrations and anionic species ([X](-): [N(SO2CF3)2](-) = [TFSA](-), [N(SO2F)2](-) = [FSA](-), ClO4(-), PF6(-)) and studied the effects of concentration, anionic structure, and glyme chain length on their phase diagrams and solvate structures. The phase diagrams clearly illustrate that all the mixtures form 1:1 complexes, [Na(G4 or G5)1][X]. The thermal stability of the equimolar mixtures was drastically improved in comparison with those of diluted systems, indicating that all the glyme molecules coordinate to Na(+) cations to form equimolar complexes. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography revealed that [Na(G5)1][X] forms characteristic solvate structures in the crystalline state irrespective of the paired anion species. A comparison of the solvate structures of the glyme-Na complexes with those of the glyme-Li complexes suggests that the ionic radii of the coordinated alkali-metal cations have substantial effects on the resulting solvate structures. The Raman bands of the complex cations were assigned by quantum chemical calculations. Concentration dependencies of cationic and anionic Raman spectra show good agreement with the corresponding phase diagrams. In addition, the Raman spectra of the 1:1 complexes strongly suggest that the glymes coordinate to Na(+) cation in the same way in both liquid and crystalline states. However, the aggregated structure in the crystalline state is broken by melting, which is accompanied by a change in the anion coordination.
Performance of a MEMS based micro capillary pumped loop for chip-level temperature control (2002)

To provide direct cooling to electronics and microelectromechanical systems, a three port micro-capillary pumped loop (CPL) was designed, fabricated and tested using current MEMS technology. The two wafer design consists of a silicon and a borofloat glass wafer. An evaporator, condenser, reservoir, and liquid and vapor lines were etched into the silicon wafer, while the glass wafer serves as a cover plate into which grooves were etched for capillary pumping. The geometry of the components of the device were determined via an analytical study. A finished device was run near steady state using laser spot heating and water as the working fluid. It was determined that a 1 mm/spl times/2 mm evaporator operates at a constant 100 /spl deg/C until wick dry-out at a laser power of 7.5 W (+/-2 W). Furthermore, with the same laser power the micro-CPL resulted in a backside cooling of at least 7 degrees C.
Comparison of the relative toxicities of Shiga-like toxins type I and type II for mice (1993)

In earlier studies using a streptomycin-treated mouse model of infection caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), animals fed Shiga-like toxin type II (SLT-II)-producing strains developed acute renal cortical necrosis and died, while mice fed Shiga-like toxin type I (SLT-I)-producing clones did not die (E. A. Wadolkowski, L. M. Sung, J. A. Burris, J. E. Samuel, and A. D. O'Brien, Infect. Immun. 58:3959-3965, 1990). To examine the bases for the differences we noted between the two toxins in the murine infection model, we injected mice with purified toxins and carried out histopathological examinations. Despite the genetic and structural similarities between the two toxins, SLT-II had a 50% lethal dose (LD50) which was approximately 400 times lower than that of SLT-I when injected intravenously or intraperitoneally into mice. Histopathologic examination of toxin-injected mice revealed that detectable damage was limited to renal cortical tubule epithelial cells. Passive administration of anti-SLT-II antibodies protected mice from SLT-II-mediated kidney damage and death. Immunofluorescence staining of normal murine kidney sections incubated with purified SLT-I or SLT-II demonstrated that both toxins bound to cortical tubule and medullary duct epithelial cells. Compared with SLT-I, SLT-II was more heat and pH stable, suggesting that SLT-II is a relatively more stable macromolecule. Although both toxins bound to globotriaosylceramide, SLT-I bound with a higher affinity in a solid-phase binding assay. Differences in enzymatic activity between the two toxins were not detected. These data suggest that structural/functional differences between the two toxins, possibly involving holotoxin stability and/or receptor affinity, may contribute to the differential LD50s in mice.
TGF-β signaling in fibrosis (2011)

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a central mediator of fibrogenesis. TGF-β is upregulated and activated in fibrotic diseases and modulates fibroblast phenotype and function, inducing myofibroblast transdifferentiation while promoting matrix preservation. Studies in a wide range of experimental models have demonstrated the involvement of the canonical activin receptor-like kinase 5/Smad3 pathway in fibrosis. Smad-independent pathways may regulate Smad activation and, under certain conditions, may directly transduce fibrogenic signals. The profibrotic actions of TGF-β are mediated, at least in part, through induction of its downstream effector, connective tissue growth factor. In light of its essential role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis, TGF-β has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target. However, the pleiotropic and multifunctional effects of TGF-β and its role in tissue homeostasis, immunity and cell proliferation raise concerns regarding potential side effects that may be caused by TGF-β blockade. This minireview summarizes the role of TGF-β signaling pathways in the fibrotic response.
Relating Structure to Function in 29 DNA Polymerase (1996)

Minireviews
Dropwise Condensation of Low Surface Tension Fluids on Omniphobic Surfaces (2014)

Compared to the significant body of work devoted to surface engineering for promoting dropwise condensation heat transfer of steam, much less attention has been dedicated to fluids with lower interfacial tension. A vast array of low-surface tension fluids such as hydrocarbons, cryogens, and fluorinated refrigerants are used in a number of industrial applications, and the development of passive means for increasing their condensation heat transfer coefficients has potential for significant efficiency enhancements. Here we investigate condensation behavior of a variety of liquids with surface tensions in the range of 12 to 28 mN/m on three types of omniphobic surfaces: smooth oleophobic, re-entrant superomniphobic, and lubricant-impregnated surfaces. We demonstrate that although smooth oleophobic and lubricant-impregnated surfaces can promote dropwise condensation of the majority of these fluids, re-entrant omniphobic surfaces became flooded and reverted to filmwise condensation. We also demonstrate that on the lubricant-impregnated surfaces, the choice of lubricant and underlying surface texture play a crucial role in stabilizing the lubricant and reducing pinning of the condensate. With properly engineered surfaces to promote dropwise condensation of low-surface tension fluids, we demonstrate a four to eight-fold improvement in the heat transfer coefficient.
Constituents of Vietnamese pemou oil—a reinvestigation (1999)

The Vietnamese wood oil of Fokienia hodginsii L. (Cupressaceae) was analysed about 30 years ago. The reinvestigation gave nearly the same composition and percentages as reported in 1971. The oil contains exclusively sesquiterpenes with (E)-nerolidol (9, 35%) and fokienol (10, 26%) as main constituents and dauca-8(14),11-dien-9-ol (16, 3%) as a biogenetic key compound. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MPEG video decoding with the UltraSPARC visual instruction set (2002)

The UltraSPARC microprocessor is equipped with a rich "visual instruction set" (VIS) which can perform ALU and other operations on several pixels in parallel. Significant performance gains are possible in the areas of video compression and decompression, as well as other areas of image processing. In this paper, we present a computational complexity analysis of MPEG video decompression, and derive a quantitative performance bound for software MPEG decoders. Based on this estimate, we show that by combining VIS and a high superscalar instruction rate, UltraSPARC is capable of decoding MPEG digital video at 720/spl times/480/spl times/30 resolution entirely in software. A coding example for the YUV to RGB colorspace conversion is also presented.
Functional analysis of a human A1 adenosine receptor/green fluorescent protein/Gi1α fusion protein following stable expression in CHO cells (1999)

Fusion proteins between the human A(1) adenosine receptor and the pertussis toxin resistant (Cys351Gly) mutant of the G-protein alpha subunit G(i1)alpha (A1/Gi), and between the human A(1) adenosine receptor, the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Cys351Gly G(i1)alpha (A1/GFP/Gi), were expressed in CHO cells. The agonist NECA caused a stimulation of [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding at both fusion proteins with similar concentration dependence as at the native receptor. However in the presence of pertussis toxin NECA stimulation of [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding was only seen at the A1/GFP/Gi fusion protein. The regulation of the adenylyl cyclase and MAP kinase effector systems by both fusion proteins was attenuated following pertussis toxin treatment. These studies demonstrate for the first time the characterisation of a fusion protein between a G-protein coupled receptor, GFP and a G-protein alpha subunit.