gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnetic interactions and reversal behavior ofNd2Fe14Bparticles diluted in a Nd matrix (2002)

Reversible magnetization measurements, micromagnetic modeling, the temperature dependence of coercivity, and magnetic viscosity measurements have been used to clarify the magnetic reversal mechanism of ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{14}\mathrm{B}$ particles contained in a Nd matrix. The coercivity was observed to increase markedly as the dilution of the ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{14}\mathrm{B}$ phase was increased. The increase in coercivity was accompanied by a change in the reversal mechanism. In the least dilute samples, domain wall motion involving several grains governed by intergrain interactions was active. In the most dilute samples nonuniform reversal of individual grains was dominant, reversal occurring particle by particle and resembling the behavior of isolated Stoner-Wohlfarth particles. The value of the coercivity in the most dilute sample was in excellent agreement with micromagnetic modeling results for isolated particles when the effect of thermal activation of magnetization reversal was accounted for. Despite the single particle reversal mechanism of the most dilute samples, a linear dependence of coercivity on packing fraction was not observed. This is attributed to a clustering of the grains in the samples and changes in grain shape with composition. In all samples, regardless of dilution, the initial magnetic state after thermal demagnetization was found to be one in which a substantial proportion of grains were in a multidomain state. However, micromagnetic simulations for isolated particles of similar shape to those in the most dilute sample showed that the single domain state is the lowest energy state. It is concluded that thermal demagnetization can result in the system remaining in a local metastable state and not the global energy minimum. Micromagnetic calculations showed that one or more domain walls can arise in a grain during thermal demagnetization and that magnetostatic effects provide a significant energy barrier in zero field to the removal of a domain wall once it is formed.
Role of Sphingolipids in Microbial Pathogenesis (2005)

The sphingolipids are a class of lipids that serve as integral components of eukaryotic cell membranes ([21][1], [49][2]). Although previously considered to be simply structural molecules, sphingolipids have more recently been shown to act as signaling molecules in many cellular functions and to
Leptospirosis (2001)

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic infection with a much greater incidence in tropical regions and has now been identified as one of the emerging infectious diseases. The epidemiology of leptospirosis has been modified by changes in animal husbandry, climate, and human behavior. Resurgent interest in leptospirosis has resulted from large outbreaks that have received significant publicity. The development of simpler, rapid assays for diagnosis has been based largely on the recognition that early initiation of antibiotic therapy is important in acute disease but also on the need for assays which can be used more widely. In this review, the complex taxonomy of leptospires, previously based on serology and recently modified by a genotypic classification, is discussed, and the clinical and epidemiological value of molecular diagnosis and typing is also evaluated.
Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Iodides (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTPalladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl IodidesJohn P. Wolfe and Stephen L. BuchwaldView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 3, 1133–1135Publication Date (Web):February 9, 1996Publication History Received12 October 1995Published online9 February 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo951844hhttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo951844hbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4865Altmetric-Citations177LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Amines,Anions,Aromatic compounds,Organic reactions,Reaction products Get e-Alerts
Mouse models for the study of colon carcinogenesis (2008)

The study of experimental colon carcinogenesis in rodents has a long history, dating back almost 80 years. There are many advantages to studying the pathogenesis of carcinogen-induced colon cancer in mouse models, including rapid and reproducible tumor induction and the recapitulation of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence that occurs in humans. The availability of recombinant inbred mouse panels and the existence of transgenic, knock-out and knock-in genetic models further increase the value of these studies. In this review, we discuss the general mechanisms of tumor initiation elicited by commonly used chemical carcinogens and how genetic background influences the extent of disease. We will also describe the general features of lesions formed in response to carcinogen treatment, including the underlying molecular aberrations and how these changes may relate to the pathogenesis of human colorectal cancer.
Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure associated with bezafibrate treatment (1995)

Journal Article Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure associated with bezafibrate treatment Get access J. L. Górriz, J. L. Górriz Department of NephrologyHospital Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar A. Sancho, A. Sancho Department of NephrologyHospital Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar E. Alcoy, E. Alcoy Department of NephrologyHospital Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. L. García-Ramos, J. L. García-Ramos Department of NephrologyHospital Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar L. M. Pallardó L. M. Pallardó Department of NephrologyHospital Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Volume 10, Issue 12, December 1995, Pages 2371–2372, https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/10.12.2371b Published: 01 December 1995
Correct End Use during End Joining of Multiple Chromosomal Double Strand Breaks Is Influenced by Repair Protein RAD50, DNA-dependent Protein Kinase DNA-PKcs, and Transcription Context (2011)

During repair of multiple chromosomal double strand breaks (DSBs), matching the correct DSB ends is essential to limit rearrangements. To investigate the maintenance of correct end use, we examined repair of two tandem noncohesive DSBs generated by endonuclease I-SceI and the 3' nonprocessive exonuclease Trex2, which can be expressed as an I-SceI-Trex2 fusion. We examined end joining (EJ) repair that maintains correct ends (proximal-EJ) versus using incorrect ends (distal-EJ), which provides a relative measure of incorrect end use (distal end use). Previous studies showed that ATM is important to limit distal end use. Here we show that DNA-PKcs kinase activity and RAD50 are also important to limit distal end use, but that H2AX is dispensable. In contrast, we find that ATM, DNA-PKcs, and RAD50 have distinct effects on repair events requiring end processing. Furthermore, we developed reporters to examine the effects of the transcription context on DSB repair, using an inducible promoter. We find that a DSB downstream from an active promoter shows a higher frequency of distal end use, and a greater reliance on ATM for limiting incorrect end use. Conversely, DSB transcription context does not affect end processing during EJ, the frequency of homology-directed repair, or the role of RAD50 and DNA-PKcs in limiting distal end use. We suggest that RAD50, DNA-PKcs kinase activity, and transcription context are each important to limit incorrect end use during EJ repair of multiple DSBs, but that these factors and conditions have distinct roles during repair events requiring end processing.
Safety, Efficacy, and Biomarkers of Nivolumab With Vaccine in Ipilimumab-Refractory or -Naive Melanoma (2013)

In patients with ipilimumab-refractory or -naive melanoma, nivolumab at 3 mg/kg with or without peptide vaccine was well tolerated and induced responses lasting up to 140 weeks. Responses to nivolumab in ipilimumab-refractory patients or to ipilimumab in nivolumab-refractory patients support combination or sequencing of nivolumab and ipilimumab.
DNA Helicases Displace Streptavidin from Biotin-Labeled Oligonucleotides (1999)

Helicases are enzymes that use energy derived from nucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis to unwind double-stranded (ds) DNA, a process vital to virtually every phase of DNA metabolism. The helicases used in this study, gp41 and Dda, are from the bacteriophage T4, an excellent system for studying enzymes that process DNA. gp41 is the replicative helicase and has been shown to form a hexamer in the presence of ATP. In this study, protein cross-linking was performed in the presence of either linear or circular single-stranded (ss) DNA substrates to determine the topology of gp41 binding to ssDNA. Results indicate that the hexamer binds ssDNA by encircling it, in a manner similar to that of other hexameric helicases. A new assay was developed for studying enzymatic activity of gp41 and Dda on single-stranded DNA. The rate of dissociation of streptavidin from various biotinylated oligonucleotides was determined in the presence of helicase by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. gp41 and Dda were found to significantly enhance the dissociation rate of streptavidin from biotin-labeled oligonucleotides in an ATP-dependent reaction. Helicase-catalyzed dissociation of streptavidin from the 3'-end of a biotin-labeled 62-mer oligonucleotide occurred with a first-order rate of 0.17 min-1, which is over 500-fold faster than the spontaneous dissociation rate of biotin from streptavidin. Dda activity leads to even faster displacement of streptavidin from the 3' end of the 62-mer, with a first-order rate of 7.9 s-1. This is more than a million-fold greater than the spontaneous dissociation rate. There was no enhancement of streptavidin dissociation from the 5'-biotin-labeled oligonucleotide by either helicase. The fact that each helicase was capable of dislodging streptavidin from the 3'-biotin label suggests that these enzymes are capable of imparting a force on a molecule blocking their path. The difference in displacement between the 5' and 3' ends of the oligonucleotide is also consistent with the possibility of a 5'-to-3' directional bias in translocation on ssDNA for each helicase.
Pathogen Recognition and Inflammatory Signaling in Innate Immune Defenses (2009)

The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading microbial pathogens and relies on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect distinct evolutionarily conserved structures on pathogens, termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Among the PRRs, the Toll-like receptors have been studied most extensively. Upon PAMP engagement, PRRs trigger intracellular signaling cascades ultimately culminating in the expression of a variety of proinflammatory molecules, which together orchestrate the early host response to infection, and also is a prerequisite for the subsequent activation and shaping of adaptive immunity. In order to avoid immunopathology, this system is tightly regulated by a number of endogenous molecules that limit the magnitude and duration of the inflammatory response. Moreover, pathogenic microbes have developed sophisticated molecular strategies to subvert host defenses by interfering with molecules involved in inflammatory signaling. This review presents current knowledge on pathogen recognition through different families of PRRs and the increasingly complex signaling pathways responsible for activation of an inflammatory and antimicrobial response. Moreover, medical implications are discussed, including the role of PRRs in primary immunodeficiencies and in the pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune diseases, as well as the possibilities for translation into clinical and therapeutic applications.
Syntheses of fused aromatic heterocycles by 1,3-dipolar addition reactions. 3-Azapyrrocolines (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSyntheses of fused aromatic heterocycles by 1,3-dipolar addition reactions. 3-AzapyrrocolinesVirgil Boekelheide and N. A. FedorukCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 5, 2062–2064Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01269a075https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01269a075research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views352Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Comparative In Vitro Activities of Meropenem, Imipenem, Temocillin, Piperacillin, and Ceftazidime in Combination with Tobramycin, Rifampin, or Ciprofloxacin against Burkholderia cepacia Isolates from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis (1999)

We evaluated the activities of meropenem, imipenem, temocillin, piperacillin, and ceftazidime by determination of the MICs for 66 genotypically characterized Burkholderia cepacia isolates obtained from the sputum of cystic fibrosis patients. In vitro synergy assays, as performed by the time-kill methodology, of two- and three-drug combinations of the beta-lactams with tobramycin, rifampin, and/or ciprofloxacin were also performed with 10 strains susceptible, intermediate, or resistant to fluoroquinolones. On the basis of the MICs, meropenem and temocillin were the most active beta-lactam agents, with MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited of 8 and 32 micrograms/ml, respectively. The addition of ciprofloxacin significantly enhanced the killing activities of piperacillin, imipenem, and meropenem against the 10 strains tested (P < 0.05). The best killing activity was obtained with the combination of meropenem and ciprofloxacin, with bactericidal activity of 3.31 +/- 0.36 log10 CFU/ml (P < 0.05). Compared to the activity of the two-drug beta-lactam-ciprofloxacin combination, the addition of rifampin or tobramycin did not significantly increase the killing activity (P > 0.05). The three-drug combinations (with or without ciprofloxacin) significantly enhanced the killing activities of piperacillin, imipenem, and meropenem relative to the activities of the beta-lactams used alone (P < 0.05). The combination beta-lactam-ciprofloxacin-tobramycin was the combination with the most consistently synergistic effect.
Specialty Contact Lenses: A Fitter's Guide (1996)

Back Toric Rigid Gas Permeable Lenses. Front Toric Rigid Gas Permeable Lenses. Toric Soft Lenses. Aspheric Rigid Gas Permeable Lenses. Presbyopia: Rigid Gas Permeable Bifocal Lenses. Presbyopia: Soft Bifocal Contact Lenses. Presbyopia: Monovision. Extended Wear: Soft Lenses. Extended Wear: Rigid Gas Permeable Lenses. Frequent Replacement and Disposable Lenses. Lenses for Sport Use. Pediatric Lenses. Contact Lens Management of Keratoconus. Post-Surgical Fitting: Refractive. Aphakia. Orthokeratology. Cosmetic Lenses: Special Purposes. X-Chrome Lenses. Post-Penetrating Keratoplasty Lens Fitting. Basic Fitting of Spherical Contact Lenses. Lens Careand Dispensing. Contact Lens Modifications. Contact Lens Complications. Questions and Answers About Legal Issues in a Contact Lens Practice. Vertex Conversion Table and Diopter Conversion Table.
Device scaling limits of Si MOSFETs and their application dependencies (2001)

This paper presents the current state of understanding of the factors that limit the continued scaling of Si complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology and provides an analysis of the ways in which application-related considerations enter into the determination of these limits. The physical origins of these limits are primarily in the tunneling currents, which leak through the various barriers in a MOS field-effect transistor (MOSFET) when it becomes very small, and in the thermally generated subthreshold currents. The dependence of these leakages on MOSFET geometry and structure is discussed along with design criteria for minimizing short-channel effects and other issues related to scaling. Scaling limits due to these leakage currents arise from application constraints related to power consumption and circuit functionality. We describe how these constraints work out for some of the most important application classes: dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), low-power portable devices, and moderate and high-performance CMOS logic. As a summary, we provide a table of our estimates of the scaling limits for various applications and device types. The end result is that there is no single end point for scaling, but that instead there are many end points, each optimally adapted to its particular applications.
Internalization of secreted antigen–targeted antibodies by the neonatal Fc receptor for precision imaging of the androgen receptor axis (2016)

Targeting the androgen receptor (AR) pathway prolongs survival in patients with prostate cancer, but resistance rapidly develops. Understanding this resistance is confounded by a lack of noninvasive means to assess AR activity in vivo. We report intracellular accumulation of a secreted antigen-targeted antibody (SATA) that can be used to characterize disease, guide therapy, and monitor response. AR-regulated human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (free hK2) is a prostate tissue-specific antigen produced in prostate cancer and androgen-stimulated breast cancer cells. Fluorescent and radio conjugates of 11B6, an antibody targeting free hK2, are internalized and noninvasively report AR pathway activity in metastatic and genetically engineered models of cancer development and treatment. Uptake is mediated by a mechanism involving the neonatal Fc receptor. Humanized 11B6, which has undergone toxicological tests in nonhuman primates, has the potential to improve patient management in these cancers. Furthermore, cell-specific SATA uptake may have a broader use for molecularly guided diagnosis and therapy in other cancers.
The Endocrinology and Developmental Biology of the Prostate* (1987)

MALE accessory sex glands such as the prostate, seminal vesicle, and bulbourethral gland have served in various capacities as models for investigating the action of androgens in regulating epithelial growth, RNA and protein synthesis, and secretory activity. The most extensively studied gland of this group is the prostate. This gland is found exclusively in mammals and produces many components of semen such as fructose, zinc ions, and various proteins important for the formation of the copulatory plug in rodents. The impetus for investigating regulation of prostatic growth and function stems in part from the many pathological complications which affect this gland. The prostate is the site of various types of inflammatory and infectious conditions (1) as well as benign and malignant proliferative changes in aging males. Despite extensive research, little of the pathogenesis or natural history of these diseases has been elucidated (2). Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), a disease in which the prostate resumes growth late in life, is the most common nonmalignant proliferative abnormality found in any internal organ (2). The incidence of BPH rises from 23% in men at 40 yr of age to 88% by the ninth decade (3). Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is the third leading cause of cancer deaths among men. Approximately 69 cases/100,000 men are diagnosed each year in the United States. It remains an intriguing paradox that malignant prostatic tumors are among the most prevalent neoplasms in men, while the seminal vesicles and bubulbourethral gland remain nearly immune to neoplastic change (<1 case of carcinoma of the seminal vesicle per year) (4).