gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes (2002)

Insulin resistance plays a larger role in the type 1 diabetes disease process than is commonly recognized. The onset of type 1 diabetes is often heralded by an antecedent illness and/or the onset of puberty, both conditions associated with insulin resistance. In the face of a damaged beta-cell and thus reduced insulin secretion, this change is enough to manifest hyperglycemia. During the first year of clinical disease, considerable evidence suggests that the occurrence of clinical remission or 'honeymoon period' is due to a temporary resolution of the insulin-resistant state present at diagnosis. Intensive diabetes management is associated with both improved insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function. This indicates that the historical data on the changes in insulin secretion post-diagnosis may be inappropriate when designing current studies. The known physiological relationship between beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity complicates interpretation of insulin secretion data obtained as part of prevention or intervention trials. While it is recommended that at least a subset of subjects participating in these trials undergo formal measurements of insulin sensitivity to evaluate effects of therapy on this parameter independent of effects on the beta-cell, the sample size must be sufficient to determine an effect if present. Finally, one could speculate that it is possible that subsets of people with mild manifestations of the type 1 autoimmune disease process could benefit from treatments aimed at improving the insulin-resistant state.
Direct Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Supercritical Fluid Extraction Products (1983)

Abstract A method is described for the direct mass spectrometric analysis of the products of supercritical fluid extraction processes. A sample placed in an extraction cell is pressurized to supercritical conditions with a high pressure pump. The extracted products are continuously analyzed by direct fluid injection of a small sample (<50 μL/min) into a mass spectrometer chemical ionization ion source. The extraction process can be observed as a function of pressure to determine “threshold pressures” for individual solutes or as a function of temperature at constant pressure for nonisothermal kinetic studies. The method is demonstrated for a supercritical fluid extraction of a bituminous coal using a n-pentane-isopropanol mixture at 280°C and pressures of 10 to 100 atm.
Production and Purification of Antibody Using Bacillus subtilis as an Expression Host (1995)

Bacillus subtilis serves as an attractive expression host for the production and secretion of single-chain antibody derivatives. With the recent developments in constructing extracellular protease deficient strains and secretion vectors, production of stable and biologically active single-chain antibody fragments is technically feasible. Introduction of a histidine tag at the C-terminus of an antidigoxin single-chain antibody fragment simplifies the purification of this protein without reducing the production yield. Although the antidigoxin single-chain antibody precursor tends to form inclusion bodies, coexpression of a set of molecular chaperones (GroES/GroEL) via a binary expression vector system allows a 2.5-fold increase in the production yield of this protein. It is possible to further improve the production yield through genetic manipulations and fermentation studies.
The phase-shaped binary transmission (PSBT): a new technique to transmit far beyond the chromatic dispersion limit (1997)

This letter presents the phase-shaped binary transmissions (PSBT), which allow to bridge more than 200 km in the linear regime over standard dispersive fibers. These transmissions are based on /spl pi/ phase shifts occurring in the middle of some "0" hits inside a binary sequence. An analytical explanation is given. This letter also explains why 2-intensity level duobinary transmissions, which are a particular case of PSBT, were able to bridge experimentally up to 243 km.
Effects of estradiol and tamoxifen on human breast cancer cells in serum-free culture. (1984)

ZR-75-1 human mammary cancer cells can be grown in serum-free medium in an estradiol- and tamoxifen-sensitive manner. Growth occurs both in monolayer and suspension culture, although serum is necessary during the initial plating of the cells in monolayer culture. Optimal stimulation of proliferation by estradiol occurs at 10(-8) and 10(-9) M. Tamoxifen alone weakly stimulated growth in a dose-dependent manner up to 10(-7) M, but inhibition was observed at 10(-6) M. This inhibition was not seen if the cells were cultured in 10% dextran:charcoal-treated fetal calf serum. This difference is ascribed to tamoxifen binding components in the serum. In the absence of serum, tamoxifen (10(-6) M) abolished the proliferative effect of estradiol at all concentrations of estradiol below 10(-7) M. Higher concentrations of estradiol partially overcame the tamoxifen effect. Consistent antiestrogenic effects of tamoxifen required an estradiol:tamoxifen ratio of 1:1000.
Segmentation of document images (2003)

Several methods for segmentation of document images are explored. The authors pose the segmentation operation as a statistical classification task with two pattern classes: print and background. A number of classification strategies are available. All require some prior information about the distribution of gray levels for the two classes. Learning (either supervised or unsupervised) and automatic updating of the class-conditional densities are performed within image subregions to adapt global density estimates to the local area. After local densities have been obtained, each pixel within the window is classified; several techniques for this are considered. Results on four test images indicate that the commonly used contextual models are not suitable to all document images.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Activation of the human immunodeficiency virus by herpes simplex virus type 1 (1987)

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and some of its immediate-early genes stimulate expression of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences and the replication of HIV itself. To demonstrate this, the HIV LTR was linked to the indicator gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) and transfected into Vero cells with or without the trans-activating gene (tat) of HIV. Infection of these cells with HSV-1 strain KOS or temperature-sensitive mutant tsB21 or tsE6 resulted in a large increase in CAT activity in the absence of tat and further augmentation in the presence of tat. This stimulation was seen at both their permissive (34 degrees C) and nonpermissive (39 degrees C) temperatures, implying either that HSV-1 infection or immediate-early gene expression is all that is required. In cotransfection assays in Vero cells, cloned HSV-1 immediate-early genes ICP0 and ICP4 stimulated CAT activity in the presence of tat, while ICP27 had no effect. On the other hand, in SW480 cells, ICP4 and, to a lesser extent, ICP0 genes caused stimulation of CAT activity in the absence of tat. Deletion mutants within the HIV LTR showed that the target for HSV stimulation is distinct from the tat-responsive area and maps near the SP1 binding sites. In Hela cells, ICP0 or ICP4 stimulated the replication of a cotransfected clone of HIV, as shown by an increase in reverse transcriptase activity in the culture supernatant.
Tumor-Specific Idiotype Vaccines in the Treatment of Patients With B-Cell Lymphoma — Long-Term Results of a Clinical Trial (1997)

The surface Ig on each B-cell lymphoma has unique portions (idiotypes), which can be recognized by the immune system. In this study, we immunized patients against the Ig expressed by their tumor and observed their clinical outcomes. After standard chemotherapy, 41 patients with non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma received a series of injections with a vaccine consisting of tumor Ig protein coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and emulsified in an immunologic adjuvant. Subjects were observed for toxicity, immune responses, and tumor status. The median duration of follow-up of all patients is 7.3 years from diagnosis and 5.3 years from the last chemotherapy given before vaccine treatment. Twenty patients (49%) generated specific immune responses against the idiotypes of their tumor Ig. Two patients who had residual disease experienced complete tumor regression in association with the development of these immune responses. The median duration of freedom from disease progression and overall survival of all 20 patients mounting an anti-idiotype immune response are significantly prolonged compared to the patients who did not mount an immune response. Thirty-two patients were in their first remission and nine were in subsequent remissions before beginning vaccine treatments. Analysis of the 32 first remission patients also shows an improved clinical outcome for those patients who mounted a specific immune response compared to those who did not (freedom from progression, 7.9 years v 1.3 years P = .0001; median survival from time of last chemotherapy not yet reached v 7 years, P = .04). This study confirms an earlier report that patients with B-cell lymphoma can be induced to make a specific immune response against the Ig expressed by their own tumor. It further shows that the ability to make such an immune response is correlated with a more favorable clinical outcome. Prospective controlled trials will be needed to prove a causal relationship between anti-idiotype immunity and improved clinical outcome.
Human papillomavirus type 16 open reading frame E7 encodes a transforming gene for rat 3Y1 cells (1988)

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16) DNA is capable of morphologically transforming rat 3Y1 cells. The expression plasmids, constructed from the simian virus 40-based expression vector pSV2-0 and specific DNA fragments from the putative early region of the HPV 16 genome, were tested for their transforming capacity. Among the various pSV2 plasmids, only those containing the intact E7 coding region were found to produce foci of the transformed rat cells which could grow in a soft-agar medium. The data indicate that expression of the HPV 16 E7 open reading frame is sufficient to induce focal transformation of rat cells.
Towards pattern-based design recovery (2002)

A method and a corresponding tool is described which assist design recovery and program understanding by recognising instances of design patterns semi-automatically. The approach taken is specifically designed to overcome the existing scalability problems caused by many design and implementation variants of design pattern instances. Our approach is based on a new recognition algorithm which works incrementally rather than trying to analyse a possibly large software system in one pass without any human intervention. The new algorithm exploits domain and context knowledge given by a reverse engineer and by a special underlying data structure, namely a special form of an annotated abstract syntax graph. A comparative and quantitative evaluation of applying the approach to the Java AWT and JGL libraries is also given.
Subcutaneous Heparin Versus Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin as Thromboprophylaxis in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Surgery (2001)

Both heparin 5,000 units subcutaneously every 8 hours and enoxaparin 40 mg subcutaneously once daily provide highly effective and safe prophylaxis for patients undergoing colorectal surgery. However, given the current differences in cost, prophylaxis with low-dose heparin remains the preferred method at present.
Recognition and Specificity Determinants of the Human Cbx Chromodomains (2010)

The eight mammalian Cbx proteins are chromodomain-containing proteins involved in regulation of heterochromatin, gene expression, and developmental programs. They are evolutionarily related to the Drosophila HP1 (dHP1) and Pc (dPc) proteins that are key components of chromatin-associated complexes capable of recognizing repressive marks such as trimethylated Lys-9 and Lys-27, respectively, on histone H3. However, the binding specificity and function of the human homologs, Cbx1-8, remain unclear. To this end we employed structural, biophysical, and mutagenic approaches to characterize the molecular determinants of sequence contextual methyllysine binding to human Cbx1-8 proteins. Although all three human HP1 homologs (Cbx1, -3, -5) replicate the structural and binding features of their dHP counterparts, the five Pc homologs (Cbx2, -4, -6, -7, -8) bind with lower affinity to H3K9me3 or H3K27me3 peptides and are unable to distinguish between these two marks. Additionally, peptide permutation arrays revealed a greater sequence tolerance within the Pc family and suggest alternative nonhistone sequences as potential binding targets for this class of chromodomains. Our structures explain the divergence of peptide binding selectivity in the Pc subfamily and highlight previously unrecognized features of the chromodomain that influence binding and specificity.
Human herpesvirus 7 induces the functional up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) coupled to TRAIL-R1 down-modulation in CD4+ T cells (2001)

Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) is endemic in the adult human population. Although HHV-7 preferentially infects activated CD4(+) T lymphocytes, the consequence of T-cell infection for viral pathogenesis and immunity are still largely unknown. HHV-7 infection induces apoptosis mostly in uninfected bystander cells but not in productively infected CD4(+) T cells. To dissect the underlying molecular events, the role of death-inducing ligands belonging to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) cytokine superfamily was investigated. HHV-7 selectively up-regulated the expression of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), but not that of CD95 ligand or TNF-alpha in lymphoblastoid (SupT1) or primary activated CD4(+) T cells. Moreover, in a cell-to-cell-contact assay, HHV-7-infected CD4(+) T lymphocytes were cytotoxic for bystander uninfected CD4(+) T cells through the TRAIL pathway. By contrast, HHV-7 infection caused a marked decrease of surface TRAIL-R1, but not of TRAIL-R2, CD95, TNF-R1, or TNF-R2. Of note, the down-regulation of TRAIL-R1 selectively occurred in cells coexpressing HHV-7 antigens that became resistant to TRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that the TRAIL-mediated induction of T-cell death may represent an important immune evasion mechanism of HHV-7, helping the virus to persist in the host organism throughout its lifetime.
Simultaneous measurement of strain, temperature and curvature using a sampled fibre Bragg grating (2003)

We have shown that a single superstructured fibre Bragg grating (SFBG) can be used to provide simultaneous measurements of strain, temperature, and curvature. The spectral splitting of the SFBG loss bands facilitates measurement of the curvature, whilst the wavelength shift of the FBG harmonics and that of the midpoint between the split bands provides for determination of the axial strain. and temperature.
(-)-Sandramycin: total synthesis and preliminary DNA binding properties (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT(-)-Sandramycin: total synthesis and preliminary DNA binding propertiesDale L. Boger and Jyun Hung ChenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 24, 11624–11625Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00077a082https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00077a082research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views453Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
The effect of taurolidine on brain tumor cells. (2002)

The characteristics identified by light and electron microscopy and the data obtained by flow cytometry indicate an apoptotic mechanism of cell death via currently unknown pathways. Taurolidine was found to have a direct and selective antineoplastic effect on glial and neuronal brain tumor cells in vitro.
The type III effectors of Xanthomonas (2009)

A review of type III effectors (T3 effectors) from strains of Xanthomonas reveals a growing list of candidate and known effectors based on functional assays and sequence and structural similarity searches of genomic data. We propose that the effectors and suspected effectors should be distributed into 39 so-called Xop groups reflecting sequence similarity. Some groups have structural motifs for putative enzymatic functions, and recent studies have provided considerable insight into the interaction with host factors in their function as mediators of virulence and elicitors of resistance for a few specific T3 effectors. Many groups are related to T3 effectors of plant and animal pathogenic bacteria, and several groups appear to have been exploited primarily by Xanthomonas species based on available data. At the same time, a relatively large number of candidate effectors remain to be examined in more detail with regard to their function within host cells.
Hyper-parameter Tuning under a Budget Constraint (2019)

We study a budgeted hyper-parameter tuning problem, where we optimize the tuning result under a hard resource constraint. We propose to solve it as a sequential decision making problem, such that we can use the partial training progress of configurations to dynamically allocate the remaining budget. Our algorithm combines a Bayesian belief model which estimates the future performance of configurations, with an action-value function which balances exploration-exploitation tradeoff, to optimize the final output. It automatically adapts the tuning behaviors to different constraints, which is useful in practice. Experiment results demonstrate superior performance over existing algorithms, including the-state-of-the-art one, on real-world tuning tasks across a range of different budgets.
Peptide growth factors in the intestine (2001)

A continuously increasing number of regulatory peptides has been demonstrated to be expressed in the intestine and to modulate several functional properties of various intestinal cell populations, including the intestinal epithelium and lamina propria cell populations. These regulatory peptides include members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family, the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family, the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, the trefoil factor (TFF) family, the colony-stimulating factor (CSF) family, and a few other seemingly unrelated regulatory peptides, such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and various interleukins, interferons and tumour necrosis factor-related proteins. In addition to the well-known effects on cell proliferation, these regulatory peptide factors regulate several other functional properties of epithelial and other cell populations, such as differentiation, migration, and extracellular matrix deposition and degradation. This review is designed not to discuss all the identified factors in detail but to highlight some of the basic principles of growth factor action in the intestine. It focuses mainly on classical growth factors rather than interleukins and interferons.
A Carpet Cloak for Visible Light (2011)

We report an invisibility carpet cloak device, which is capable of making an object undetectable by visible light. The cloak is designed using quasi conformal mapping and is fabricated in a silicon nitride waveguide on a specially developed nanoporous silicon oxide substrate with a very low refractive index (n<1.25). The spatial index variation is realized by etching holes of various sizes in the nitride layer at deep subwavelength scale creating a local effective medium index. The fabricated device demonstrates wideband invisibility throughout the visible spectrum with low loss. This silicon nitride on low index substrate can also be a general scheme for implementation of transformation optical devices at visible frequencies.
Cell wall sorting of lipoproteins in Staphylococcus aureus (1996)

Many surface proteins are thought to be anchored to the cell wall of gram-positive organisms via their C termini, while the N-terminal domains of these molecules are displayed on the bacterial surface. Cell wall anchoring of surface proteins in Staphylococcus aureus requires both an N-terminal leader peptide and a C-terminal cell wall sorting signal. By fusing the cell wall sorting of protein A to the C terminus of staphylococcal beta-lactamase, we demonstrate here that lipoproteins can also be anchored to the cell wall of S. aureus. The topology of cell wall-anchored beta-lactamase is reminiscent of that described for Braun's murein lipoprotein in that the N terminus of the polypeptide chain is membrane anchored whereas the C-terminal end is tethered to the bacterial cell wall.
Characterization of the Gas Tungsten Arc Welded Cu<SUB>54</SUB>Ni<SUB>6</SUB>Zr<SUB>22</SUB>Ti<SUB>18</SUB> Bulk Metallic Glass Weld (2005)

Gas tungsten arc welding is well-established joining process for the structural materials. Due to the localized heat input, the non-uniform temperature distribution in weld is inevitable. In this regard, the thermal instability of the bulk metallic glass [BMG] should be considered for the weldability. Microstructure and phase evolutions of the Cu54Ni6Zr22Ti18 BMG weld were investigated and the fusion welded BMG weld is defined and the solid-state crystallization of the heat affected zone made the weld brittle. Furthermore, the thermal stress induced crack was propagated along the crystallized heat affected zone.
Cluster-Randomized Trial of a Mobile Phone Personalized Behavioral Intervention for Blood Glucose Control (2011)

The combination of behavioral mobile coaching with blood glucose data, lifestyle behaviors, and patient self-management data individually analyzed and presented with evidence-based guidelines to providers substantially reduced glycated hemoglobin levels over 1 year.