gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New die-to-database inspection algorithm for inspection of 90-nm node reticles (2003)

The implementation of low k<sub>1</sub> 193nm lithography for 90nm node IC production brings new challenges to reticle inspection systems. The inspection tools have to deal with new attenuating films, smaller and more complex features, and more aggressive OPC. In addition, low k<sub>1</sub> lithography causes the mask error factor (MEEF) to increase, magnifying CD errors. This, in turn, makes reticle defect detection specifications more aggressive. Achieving high sensitivity, low false defect count, for a full plate inspection is a big challenge. Those three (high sensitivity, low false defect count, full plate inspection) are the three “legs” that must support real die-to-database inspection. In order to demonstrate inspection success, all three must be achieved. Without any of them, there is no die-to-database inspection solution. The capabilities described in this paper (the XPE die-to-database algorithm working with the KLA-Tencor TeraStar SLF87 system) were developed precisely because no tool in the industry was capable of meeting all of these requirements. The industry was in urgent need of a die-to-database system that is capable of inspecting reticles for the 90nm node at high sensitivity, with a low false defect count for a full plate inspection. XPE, the new die-to-database inspection algorithm for the TeraStar SLF87 (XPE-87), has been developed for the inspection of 193nm lithography reticles to be used for the 90nm node and beyond. XPE-87 uses new and improved methods for database rendering, defect detection and image contrast adjustment. The algorithm can accommodate the reticle characteritics, inspecting plates with complex features and addvanced Sub-Resolution Assist Features (SRAFs) at high sensitivity and low false defect count. Thanks to enhancements to system hardware and light calibration routines, the algorithm is very effective at inspecting 90 nm node ArF half-tone reticles. XPE-87 has been characterized with 193 nm and 248 nm EPSM versions of Spica, a new programmed defect test reticle. In the presence of complex OPC, results show a substantial improvement in sensitivity compared to previous die-to-database inspection algorithms. The new algorithm has also been used to inspect a variety of 193nmEPSM, 248 EPSM and chrome on glass production reticles. The results show significant improvement for the inspection of 90 nm node half-tone reticles including plates with SRAFs. Simulations were performed to verify the XPE-87 potential for defect detection. Evaluating changes in signal profile due to the presence of defects, a comparison was performed between the aerial profile of the XPE-87 at UV inspection aerial image and the wafer print aerial image at 193 nm. The results, show a larger signal for defects in small lines.
Plasmid-mediated catabolism of dicamba by Pseudomonas species strain PXM. (2000)

Pseudomonas species strain PXM, which is able to use dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid; CAS 1918-00-9, Banvel) as its sole carbon source for growth, has been isolated. The catabolism of dicamba and some of its putative metabolic descendants correlates with the presence of a large and unstable plasmid.
Readout of three-dimensional optical memories (1996)

The method of recording data in a volume memory determines the spatial frequency content. We use a threedimensional transfer function approach to show that this has serious implications for the choice of readout system. In particular, one cannot use a ref lection confocal system to read a photopolymer-based memory. A solution to this problem is proposed.
Event‐related beta desynchronization in human subthalamic nucleus correlates with motor performance (2004)

Although the basal ganglia play an important role in self-generated movement, their involvement in externally paced voluntary movement is less clear. We recorded local field potentials (LFPs) from the region of the subthalamic nuclei of eight patients with Parkinson's disease during the performance of a warned reaction time task in which an imperative cue instructed the subject to move or not to move. In 'go' trials, LFP activity in the beta frequency band ( approximately 20 Hz) decreased prior to movement, with an onset latency that strongly correlated with mean reaction time across patients. This was followed by a late post-movement increase in beta power. In contrast, in 'nogo' trials the beta power drop following imperative signals was prematurely terminated compared with go trials and reversed into an early beta power increase. These differences were manifest as power increases when go trials were subtracted from nogo trials. In six patients these relative beta power increases in nogo-go difference trials were of shorter latency than the respective reaction time. The findings suggest that, firstly, the subthalamic nucleus is involved in the preparation of externally paced voluntary movements in humans and, secondly, the degree of synchronization of subthalamic nucleus activity in the beta band may be an important determinant of whether motor programming and movement initiation is favoured or suppressed.
In situexpression and significance of B7 costimulatory molecules within tissues of human gastric carcinoma (2003)

ICOS-B7H costimulatory pathway may be predominant at the site of gastric carcinoma. B7-1mRNA might be the basis of ICOS-B7H interaction. ICOS-B7H interaction induces the production of IL-10 which inhibits the antitumor immune responses. Therefore, it is supposed that ICOS-B7H costimulatory pathway may be involved in the negative regulation of cell-mediated immune responses.
Probing of β-adrenergic receptors by novel fluorescent β-adrenergic blockers (1977)

The synthesis of two high-affinity fluorescent β-adrenergic blockers is described: dl-N 1 -[2-hydroxy-3-(1-naphthyloxy)propyl]- N 2 -(9-acridyl)-1,2-propanediamine (9-aminoacridylpropanolol, 9-AAP) and dl-N -[2-hydroxy-3-(1-naphthyloxy)propyl]- N ′-dansylethylenediamine (dansyl analogue of propranolol, DAPN). Both 9-AAP and DAPN inhibit competitively the l -epinephrine-dependent adenylate cyclase activity [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] in turkey erythrocyte membranes without affecting the fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. Similarly, 9-AAP and DAPN inhibit in a competitive manner the binding of [ 125 I]-iodohydroxybenzylpindolol to these β-adrenergic receptors. The two fluorescent β-adrenergic blockers 9-AAP and DAPN probe specifically β-adrenergic receptors in the central nervous system as well as in other organs when injected into rats. The fluorescence pattern can be monitored by fluorescence microscopy performed on cryostat slices of these organs. The appearance of the characteristic fluorescence pattern can be blocked in a stereospecific fashion by a prior injection of l -propranolol and not by a prior injection of d -propranolol. These compounds therefore offer a powerful means to map β-adrenergic receptors in vivo . The stereospecific displacement of 9-AAP from the β-adrenergic receptors of turkey erythrocyte membranes by l -propranolol and by l -epinephrine can be detected in vitro using front-face fluorescence. The potential use of these compounds to probe β-receptors in vitro and in vivo is discussed.
SoccerMan-reconstructing soccer games from video sequences (2002)

We present SoccerMan, a soccer game reconstruction system. SoccerMan is capable of generating a description of an animated 3D scene from a video sequence of a soccer game, enabling the user to examine the respective scene from any virtual viewpoint. Starting from a manually marked initial frame, key features (i.e. playground lines) are tracked automatically, using template matching. Camera calibration is done by a specialized linear approximation method, where only a few key features have to be visible in the input frames. Then the playground texture is extracted from the video sequence, and player shapes are detected and tracked automatically over time. Finally, playground texture and textured player shapes are used to model the virtual 3D scene.
Approximate Bayesian computation scheme for parameter inference and model selection in dynamical systems (2008)

Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) methods can be used to evaluate posterior distributions without having to calculate likelihoods. In this paper, we discuss and apply an ABC method based on sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) to estimate parameters of dynamical models. We show that ABC SMC provides information about the inferability of parameters and model sensitivity to changes in parameters, and tends to perform better than other ABC approaches. The algorithm is applied to several well-known biological systems, for which parameters and their credible intervals are inferred. Moreover, we develop ABC SMC as a tool for model selection; given a range of different mathematical descriptions, ABC SMC is able to choose the best model using the standard Bayesian model selection apparatus.
Evidence for a shared HLA-A intralocus determinant defined by monoclonal antibody 131. (1985)

We describe here a monoclonal antibody, 131, which appears to recognize a determinant shared by HLA-A locus-encoded gene products. Isoelectric focusing analysis demonstrates that 131 reacts with the products of at least seven different HLA-A alleles but none of the five HLA-B allelic products tested. Together with evidence provided by other studies, this finding indicates the existence of A-unique and B-unique determinants, which may have different biological functions. Monoclonal antibody probes, such as the one described here, specific for shared intralocus determinants, may be valuable for assessing these possible functional differences.
Investigation of Thermal Characteristics of Nanofluids During Flow in a Micro-channel Using an Array of Surface Temperature-Nano-Sensors (2010)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The thermal characteristic of nanofluid for flow in a micro-channel is reported in this study by using an array of temperature nano-sensors. In this study, K-Type Thermocouples (Chromel/Alumel) were fabricated by surface micromachining process on a silicon wafer to obtain the thin film thermocouple array (TFTA). The micro-channel with TFTA was mounted on a heater (calorimeter) for imposing a specified heat flux on the bottom surface of the micro-channel. De-ionized water (DIW) was used as the test fluid for recording the temperature profile on the wafer substrate at different flow rates and heat fluxes. Aqueous nanofluids containing alumina nanoparticles were then used to record the temperature profiles under similar heat flux and flow conditions. The temperature profile was measured with the TFTA in a linear array of 5 columns and 2 rows of sensors while the volume flow rate was varied from 5 μl/min, to 7 μl/min and to 9 μl/min. Degradation in the thermal characteristics of the nanofluid in micro-channel heat transfer was observed experimentally when the temperature exceeded a critical value. This can be explained to be due to surface fouling caused by excessive precipitation of nanoparticles.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Role of Free Apolipoprotein A-I in Cholesterol Efflux (1997)

This article characterizes products formed by the interaction of purified apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and human fibroblasts. Fibroblasts were incubated with different concentrations of purified apoA-I (1 to 30 micrograms/mL) in tissue culture medium for different periods of time (0 to 24 hours). The medium was then characterized by one- (agarose) and two-dimensional (agarose: polyacrylamide nondenaturing gradient gel) electrophoresis. At any given concentration of apoA-I, the rate of cellular cholesterol efflux appeared linear over 24 hours. Incubating purified apoA-I with fibroblasts for 4 hours, we detected five pre-alpha lipoproteins with particle sizes between 114 and 684 kDa. Formation of pre-alpha lipoproteins was concentration-dependent. At low concentrations (below 5 micrograms/mL apoA-I), all purified apoA-I (with pre-beta mobility) was converted to pre-alpha lipoproteins. At higher concentrations (greater than 5 micrograms/mL apoA-I), more apoA-I remained with pre-beta mobility. The pre-alpha lipoproteins were characterized by colocalization of apoA-I particles with 14C-cholesterol and 32P-phospholipids. Results showed that the pre-alpha particle of lowest molecular weight contained phospholipid and apoA-I but no cholesterol. The remaining pre-alpha particles contained all three substances. When pre-alpha particles were subjected to ultracentrifugation, all particles floated at d < 1.21 g/mL with some of the smallest phospholipid apoA-I only particles being present in the d > 1.21 g/mL fraction. Based on these results, we postulated that in the first stages of reverse cholesterol transport, pre-alpha lipoproteins are formed by the interaction of lipid free apoA-I and peripheral cells.
Ionic liquids as a potential tool for drug delivery systems (2016)

The pharmaceutical industries face a series of challenges in the delivery of many newly developed drug molecules because of their low solubility, bioavailability, stability and polymorphic conversion.
Characterization of the major mRNAs from adenovirus 2 early region 4 by cDNA cloning and sequencing (1984)

The sequences at the splice junctions of many early region 4 (E4) mRNAs from adenovirus 2 (Ad2) were determined by analysis of cDNA clones. The cDNAs were synthesized from poly(A)+ mRNA isolated from HeLa cells early during Ad2 infection. A standard library was constructed, in pBR322, from double stranded cDNAs initiated by oligo-dT priming. Approximately 1% of total recombinants contained E4 sequences, however among eighty clones analyzed in detail, only four contained the 5' leader sequence. A second library was prepared using a new method that led to a greatly increased representation of desired clones. This method employed oligo-dT to prime the synthesis of the first strand and an oligonucleotide ligated to pBR322, whose sequence was present in the 5' leader, to prime the synthesis of the second strand. With this method the percentage of recombinants containing E4 sequences ranged between 15 and 50% of the total colonies. Virtually all of these E4 cDNA clones contained the 5' leader sequence and several hundred were analyzed by comparing the results from single channel dideoxy sequencing reactions. Nine unique sequence patterns were identified and representative clones were completely sequenced.
A Novel Growth Hormone Secretagogue-1a Receptor Antagonist That Blocks Ghrelin-Induced Growth Hormone Secretion but Induces Increased Body Weight Gain (2005)

Ghrelin, the natural ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue-1a (GHS-1a) receptor, has received a great deal of attention due to its ability to stimulate weight gain and the hope that an antagonist of the GHS-1a receptor could be a treatment for obesity. We have discovered an analog of full-length human ghrelin, BIM-28163, which fully antagonizes GHS-1a by binding to but not activating the receptor. We further demonstrate that BIM-28163 blocks ghrelin activation of the GHS-1a receptor, and inhibits ghrelin-induced GH secretion in vivo. Unexpectedly, however, BIM-28163 acts as an agonist with regard to stimulating weight gain. These results may suggest the presence of an unknown ghrelin receptor that modulates ghrelin actions on weight gain. In keeping with our results on growth hormone (GH) secretion, BIM-28163 acts as an antagonist of ghrelin-induced Fos protein immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) in the medial arcuate nucleus, an area involved in the ghrelin modulation of GH secretion. However, in the dorsal medial hypothalamus (DMH), a region associated with regulation of food intake, both ghrelin and BIM-28163 act as agonists to upregulate Fos-IR. The observation that ghrelin and BIM-28163 have different efficacies in inducing Fos-IR in the DMH, and that concomitant administration of ghrelin and an excess of BIM-28163 results in the same level of Fos-IR as BIM-28163 administered alone may demonstrate that in the DMH both ghrelin and BIM-28163 act via the same receptor. If so, it is unlikely that this receptor is GHS-1a. Collectively, our findings suggest that the action of ghrelin to stimulate increased weight gain may be mediated by a novel receptor other than GHS-1a, and further imply that GHS-1a may not be the appropriate target for anti-obesity strategies.
Human chorionic gonadotropin-beta subunit gene expression in cultured human fetal and cancer cells of different types and origins (1995)

In addition to the authors' previous findings, the results of these studies support the concept that cancer is a problem of development and differentiation, and, to the authors' knowledge, prove definitively for the first time that synthesis and expression of hCG, its subunits, and its fragments, is a common biochemical denominator of cancer, providing the scientific basis for studies of its prevention and/or control by active and/or passive immunization against these sialoglycoproteins.
Chasing an elusive target with a mobile robot (2002)

This paper describes how a mobile robot (a six-wheeled Koala equipped with a PAL pan-tilt camera) can chase an elusive target (a remote controlled toy car) in a unknown and unconstrained environment. First, the paper demonstrates the efficiency, simplicity, and adequacy of Bayesian robot programming to quickly develop such applications. Next, it illustrates that a high information compression ratio may be obtained by some pertinent sensory-motor decoupling.
Liječnička pogreška (Doctor’s Mistake) (2007)

Lijecnickom pogreskom možemo smatrati svaku onu pogresku, koja se dogodi u radnom procesu lijecnika. Ona ide od bezazlene omaske u radu, koja se može dogoditi uslijed nepažnje zbog momentalnog psihofizickog stanja lijecnika, do strucnih pogresaka zbog nedovoljne edukacije, osposobljenosti ili opremljenosti. Njene posljedice mogu biti klasificirane kroz cijeli dijapazon varijacija od onih materijalnih i moralnih, do onih stetnih po zdravlje s  posljedicnim invaliditetom ili smrti pacijenta. One mogu biti neprimjetne, ostati neotkrivene, biti  svjesno prikrivane ili biti otkrivene, strucno opravdane ili pak  javno osuđene, proucene i iskoristene u sustavu prevencije te moralno, financijski ili pravno sankcionirane. Lijecnicka pogreska je inace samo dio pogresaka koje se javljaju u zdravstvenom sustavu, jer ne smijemo zaboraviti da pacijent može nastradati i od pogresaka ostalog medicinskog i zdravstvenog kadra kao i administrativnog osoblja. Kako je lijecnik voditelj lijecenja, on je cesto odgovaran i za pogreske ostalog medicinskog osoblja i najizloženiji je kod pojave neke pogreske u procesu lijecenja.
Temperature Controlled RF Ablation in Canine Ventricle and Coronary Sinus using 7 Fr or 5 Fr Ablation Electrodes (1998)

The safety and lesion volume of temperature controlled radiofrequency ablation (TCRFA) in the right ventricle (RV), left ventricle (LV), and coronary sinus (CS) comparing long 5 Fr to standard tip electrodes have not been previously reported. In 10 canines, TCRFA was delivered at a 70 degrees C set point for 30 seconds. Lateral and septal RV lesions were made with either a 5 Fr/5 mm or 7 Fr/4 mm tip. Lateral and septal LV lesions were made with either a 5 Fr/7 mm or 7 Fr/4 mm tip. Proximal and distal CS lesions were made with either a 7 Fr/4 mm, 5 Fr/5 mm or 5 Fr/7 mm tip. Gross and histologic examination of the lesions was completed. Lesion size, tip temperature and power required are related to electrode surface area (SA) when ablating in the RV, LV or CS. 5 Fr/7 mm tips (SA = 36 mm2) tended to create larger lesions than 7 Fr/4 mm tips (SA = 29 mm2) in the LV. 7 Fr4 mm tips tended to create larger lesions than 5 Fr/5 mm tips (SA = 26 mm2) in the RV. 7 Fr/4 LV lesions exceeded 7 Fr/4 mm RV lesions due to thicker LV walls. In the CS, 5 Fr/7 mm tips tended to create the largest lesions. In the RV, LV and CS, tips with larger SA tended to have lower temperatures and require higher power. No high temperature or high impedance shut-downs were observed. In conclusion, varying 5 Fr tip length can safely produce larger or smaller lesions compared to those created with 7 Fr/4 mm tips.
Neurons Regulate Extracellular Levels of Amyloid β-Protein via Proteolysis by Insulin-Degrading Enzyme (2000)

Progressive cerebral accumulation of amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) is an early and invariant feature of Alzheimer's disease. Little is known about how Abeta, after being secreted, is degraded and cleared from the extracellular space of the brain. Defective Abeta degradation could be a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease in some subjects. We reported previously that microglial cells release substantial amounts of an Abeta-degrading protease that, after purification, is indistinguishable from insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). Here we searched for and characterized a role for IDE in Abeta degradation by neurons, the principal cell type that produces Abeta. Whole cultures of differentiated pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells and primary rat cortical neurons actively degraded endogenously secreted Abeta via IDE. However, unlike that in microglia, IDE in differentiated neurons was not released but localized to the cell surface, as demonstrated by biotinylation. Undifferentiated PC12 cells released IDE into their medium, whereas after differentiation, IDE was cell associated but still degraded Abeta in the medium. Overexpression of IDE in mammalian cells markedly reduced the steady-state levels of extracellular Abeta(40) and Abeta(42), and the catalytic site mutation (E111Q) abolished this effect. We observed a novel membrane-associated form of IDE that is approximately 5 kDa larger than the known cytosolic form in a variety of cells, including differentiated PC12 cells. Our results support a principal role for membrane-associated and secreted IDE isoforms in the degradation and clearance of naturally secreted Abeta by neurons and microglia.
The Antiangiogenic Effects of Integrin α5β1 Inhibitor (ATN-161) In Vitro and In Vivo (2011)

Integrin α5β1 inhibition by ATN-161 may be a promising alternative therapy for CNV-related angiogenesis. In addition, SD-OCT technology allows excellent visualization of experimentally induced CNV in vivo.
Information, Technology and Information Worker Productivity: Task Level Evidence (2007)

In an effort to reveal the fine-grained relationships between IT use, patterns of information flows, and individual information-worker productivity, we study task level practices at a midsize executive recruiting firm. We analyze both project-level and individual-level performance using: (1) detailed accounting data on revenues, compensation, project completion rates, and team membership for over 1300 projects spanning 5 years, (2) direct observation of over 125,000 email messages over a period of 10 months by individual workers, and (3) data on a matched set of the same workers' self-reported IT skills, IT use and information sharing. These detailed data permit us to econometrically evaluate a multistage model of production and interaction activities at the firm, and to analyze the relationships among key technologies, work practices, and output. We find that (a) IT use is positively correlated with non-linear drivers of productivity; (b) the structure and size of workers' communication networks are highly correlated with performance; (c) an inverted-U shaped relationship exists between multitasking and productivity such that, beyond an optimum, more multitasking is associated with declining project completion rates and revenue generation; and (d) asynchronous information seeking such as email and database use promotes multitasking while synchronous information seeking over the phone shows a negative correlation. Overall, these data show statistically significant relationships among technology use, social networks, completed projects, and revenues for project-based information workers. Results are consistent with simple models of queuing and multitasking and these methods can be replicated in other settings, suggesting new frontiers for IT value and social network research.