gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dependence of crystallographic tilt and defect distribution on mask material in epitaxial lateral overgrown GaN layers (2000)

We have investigated the dependence of crystallographic tilt and defect distribution on mask material in metalorganic chemical vapor deposition grown GaN layers formed utilizing an epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) technique using x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Crystallographic tilt in the ELO GaN layer was suppressed by changing the mask material from electron beam (EB)-evaporated SiO2 to plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) grown SiO2 and PECVD SiNx. Defect distribution also changes in accordance with mask materials. By depositing a thin PECVD SiNx layer on the PECVD SiO2 mask, the crystalline quality of the ELO layer changes from that used with the SiO2 mask to that used with the SiNx mask. These results suggest that the interface between the ELO GaN layer and the mask has a significant effect on crystallographic tilt and defect distribution.
Cytokine-stimulated human immunodeficiency virus replication is inhibited by N-acetyl-L-cysteine. (1990)

We show that the stimulation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) brought about by tumor necrosis factor alpha and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate can be inhibited by adding N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). NAC, which replenishes intracellular glutathione, effectively inhibits the tumor necrosis factor alpha- or phorbol ester-stimulated replication of HIV in acutely infected cell cultures. NAC also inhibits the cytokine-enhanced HIV long terminal repeat-directed expression of beta-galactosidase in in vitro HIV model systems. These results show that intracellular thiol levels influence HIV production. Furthermore, because NAC reverses tumor necrosis factor alpha toxicity both in cells and in animals and is a well-known drug that can be administered orally without known toxicity in humans, these results suggest that NAC is a possible therapeutic agent in AIDS.
Extrapyramidal Symptoms and Tolerability of Olanzapine Versus Haloperidol in the Acute Treatment of Schizophrenia (1997)

Olanzapine exhibited a statistically significantly lower extrapyramidal symptom profile than the conventional antipsychotic haloperidol at comparably effective antipsychotic doses. The lower extrapyramidal symptom profile with olanzapine was evident despite statistically significantly more frequent use of anticholinergic drugs among haloperidol-treated patients. Fewer olanzapine-treated than haloperidol-treated patients discontinued because of EPS, suggesting that olanzapine should contribute to better compliance with longer term maintenance treatment, with minimal anticholinergic-associated events.
EXPRESSION OF UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN-ACTIVATOR (UPA) AND ITS RECEPTOR (UPAR) IN HUMAN OVARIAN-CANCER CELLS AND IN-VITRO INVASION CAPACITY (1994)

Expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), their inhibitor PAI-1 and the uPA-receptor (uPAR) was characterized in six human tumor cell lines (OV-MZ-6, -10, -13, -15, -19 and OVCAR-3) established from patients with cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. The invasive potential of the ovarian cancer cell lines determined in an in vitro invasion assay did neither correlate with the antigen level of uPA, t-PA, PAI-1 or uPAR nor with the cell surface uPA activity, however, did correlate with the cell surface-bound plasmin activity. The in vitro invasiveness of three cancer cell lines selected displaying a different pattern of uPA and uPAR expression was significantly inhibited by a recombinant soluble truncated form of the uPAR functioning as a scavenger for uPA. Our results suggest that the interference of the uPA/uPAR interaction leads to a reduced in vitro invasiveness of human ovarian cancer cells independent of the level of uPA and uPAR expression.
Spectrum of Epstein-Barr Virus–Associated Diseases in Recipients of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (2013)

EBV-associated diseases other than PTLD are not rare in the recipients of allo-HSCT. The clinical manifestations of EBV end-organ diseases are similar to PTLD. EBV end-organ diseases had poorer response to rituximab-based therapy compared with PTLD.
Automatic parallelism exploitation for FPL-based accelerators (2002)

The paper introduces the first complete programming framework for coarse grain dynamically reconfigurable accelerators and their application development. It includes a general model for cooperating host/accelerator platforms and a parallelizing compilation technique derived from it. The paper is an introduction illustrating these techniques and their principles by examples: a machine architecture and its application development framework performing a "software-only" accelerator implementation (synthesis). The paper discusses the exploitation of four different levels of parallelism during this compilation process for achieving optimized speedups and hardware resource utilization.
Proliferation of totipotent hematopoietic stem cells in vitro with retention of long-term competitive in vivo reconstituting ability. (1992)

Marrow cells from male mice pretreated with 5-fluorouracil were infected with helper-free neomycin-resistant (neor) recombinant retrovirus and then used to initiate long-term cultures (LTC) on irradiated adherent marrow feeder layers. Four weeks later LTC cells were harvested and injected into lethally irradiated female recipients either alone or together with 2 x 10(5) female marrow cells with selectively compromised long-term repopulating potential to assay for totipotent and competitive repopulating units (CRU), respectively. A total of 46 unique clones were detected in recipients 5 wk to 7 mo after transplant. Half of these clones (22 of 46) included both lymphoid and myeloid progeny. Eight of the 22 lympho-myeloid clones were represented in multiple recipients, in some cases after injection of limiting numbers of CRU, thus indicating repopulation from sibling totipotent stem cells generated during the initial 4-wk period in LTC. Serial analysis of cells released into the nonadherent fraction of LTC for up to 7 wk provided additional evidence of the continuing proliferation in LTC of totipotent stem cells with long-term repopulating potential. The frequency of CRU determined from limiting-dilution analyses of LTC-derived cells was the same for recipients analyzed at 5 wk or 7 mo after transplantation and was also the same whether marrow or thymus repopulation was assessed. These assays showed that concurrent with the expansion of some totipotent cells revealed by retroviral marking, there was a slow but net 6.5-fold decrease in total CRU numbers after 4 wk in LTC. These results show the capacity of some totipotent hematopoietic stem cells to be maintained and amplified over extensive time periods in vitro without diminution of their long-term in vivo repopulating potential. These results also set the stage for analogous studies of human stem cell selection and expansion in vitro, which may be important for future gene therapy protocols.
Corrosion Mechanisms for Silver Exposed to the Atmosphere (1992)

The physical and chemical phenomena responsible for the atmospheric corrosion of silver are presented. Corrosion layer formation, morphology, and chemical makeup are discussed in the context of silver‐containing minerals and other crystalline structures that thermodynamics and kinetics suggest are likely to be present. The constituents that form during the corrosion process are then described, and the formation pathways of acanthite and chlorargyrite , the two minerals most often reported to be present in silver corrosion layers, are shown in schematic diagrams. The presence of these species and the essential absence of sulfate, nitrate, carbonate, or organic salts of silver are shown to be a natural consequence of the thin aqueous layer chemistry that obtains on silver in humid environments. The primary atmospheric agents responsible for the degradation are identified as , , particulate chloride, and possibly , all acting in the presence of moderate to high humidity. Gaseous hydrogen peroxide, which is sometimes present, strongly accelerates silver corrosion. Comprehensive kinetic simulations of the corrosion process are desirable, but await laboratory determinations of the rates of dissolution, precipitation, and transformation of silver‐containing chemical species.
Cultured adherent cells from marrow can serve as long-lasting precursor cells for bone, cartilage, and lung in irradiated mice. (1995)

Cells from transgenic mice expressing a human mini-gene for collagen I were used as markers to follow the fate of mesenchymal precursor cells from marrow that were partially enriched by adherence to plastic, expanded in culture, and then injected into irradiated mice. Sensitive PCR assays for the marker collagen I gene indicated that few of the donor cells were present in the recipient mice after 1 week, but 1-5 months later, the donor cells accounted for 1.5-12% of the cells in bone, cartilage, and lung in addition to marrow and spleen. A PCR in situ assay on lung indicated that the donor cells diffusely populated the parenchyma, and reverse transcription-PCR assays indicated that the marker collagen I gene was expressed in a tissue-specific manner. The results, therefore, demonstrated that mesenchymal precursor cells from marrow that are expanded in culture can serve as long-lasting precursors for mesenchymal cells in bone, cartilage, and lung. They suggest that cells may be particularly attractive targets for gene therapy ex vivo.
Differentiation of Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induces Immunogenicity and Limits Their Long-Term Benefits for Myocardial Repair (2010)

The long-term ability of allogeneic MSCs to preserve function in the infarcted heart is limited by a biphasic immune response whereby they transition from an immunoprivileged to an immunogenic state after differentiation, which is associated with an alteration in major histocompatibility complex-immune antigen profile.
Glycometabolic State at Admission: Important Risk Marker of Mortality in Conventionally Treated Patients With Diabetes Mellitus and Acute Myocardial Infarction (1999)

Mortality in diabetic patients with AMI is predicted by age, previous heart failure, and severity of the glycometabolic state at admission but not by conventional risk factors or sex. Intensive insulin treatment reduced long-term mortality despite high admission blood glucose and Hb AIc.
Multicompartment Core Micelles of Triblock Terpolymers in Organic Media (2009)

The formation of multicompartment micelles featuring a “spheres on sphere” core morphology in acetone as a selective solvent is presented. The polymers investigated are ABC triblock terpolymers, polybutadiene-b-poly(2-vinyl pyridine)-b-poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) (BVT), which were synthesized via living sequential anionic polymerization in THF. Two polymers with different block lengths of the methacrylate moiety were studied with respect to the formation of multicompartmental aggregates. The micelles were analyzed by static and dynamic light scattering as well as by transmission electron microscopy. Cross-linking of the polybutadiene compartment could be accomplished via two different methods, “cold vulcanization” and with photopolymerization after the addition of a multifunctional acrylate. In both cases, the multicompartmental character of the micellar core is fully preserved, and the micelles could be transformed into core-stabilized nanoparticles. The successful cross-linking of the polybutadiene core is indicated by 1H NMR and by the transfer of the aggregates into nonselective solvents such as THF or dioxane.
Changes in substrate metabolism and effects of excess fatty acids in reperfused myocardium. (1988)

The purpose of these studies was to characterize the rates of fatty acid oxidation in reperfused myocardium and test the influence of excess fatty acids (FA) on mechanical function in the extracorporeally perfused, working swine heart model. Seventeen animals were prepared. Eight were untreated (LOW FA group; serum FA averaged 0.55 +/- 0.07 mumol/ml) and nine received a constant infusion of 10% Intralipid with heparin to raise serum FA to about 1.4 +/- 0.21 mumol/ml (HIGH FA group). Coronary flow in both groups was held at aerobic levels for an equilibrium period of 40 minutes, acutely reduced regionally in the anterior descending circulation by 60% for 45 minutes, and acutely restored to aerobic levels for 60-minute reflow. Appreciable mechanical depression (-47 delta% from aerobic values; p less than 0.01) during reperfusion was noted in both groups. This was associated with modest reductions in myocardial oxygen consumption (p less than 0.05) and losses of total tissue carnitine stores (p at least less than 0.02). Reperfused myocardium showed a strong preference for and aerobic use of FA during reflow such that 14CO2 production from labeled palmitate exceeded preischemic levels (+89 delta% in LOW FA hearts; +111 delta% in HIGH FA hearts). This suggested relative preservation of restoration of certain elements in mitochondrial function during reflow. The findings argue for uncoupling between substrate metabolism and energy production, accelerated but useless energy drainage, or some impairment between energy transfer and function of contractile proteins as possible explanations for the persistent depression of mechanical function (stunning) during reperfusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Emerging Infectious Diseases (2004)

Extraordinary strides in identifying and eliminating the pathogens behind many of the major scourges of the last century prompted the US Surgeon General in 1967 to declare that the war against infectious diseases had been won. But the announcement was premature. The steady stream of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases since the 1960s has been a sobering wake-up call. Despite many accomplishments in the realm of antibiotics and vaccines such a declaration of victory was not justified. It is now clearer than ever that the human species is in the midst of a war with the microbial world—a resilient foe that will never be completely defeated. The AIDS pandemic illustrates how a new human pathogen emerged as a result of a complex series of opportunities that were presented to an unusual virus that first infected primates. After the virus crossed over to humans most likely as a result of genetic mutations together with accidental transmission human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rapidly spread among different population groups due to profound changes in social and economic conditions in certain countries. (excerpt)
Cardiac structural and functional responses to salt loading in SHR (2004)

Increased dietary salt intake induces cardiac fibrosis in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), yet little information details its effects on left ventricular (LV) function. Additionally, young normotensive rats are more sensitive to the trophic effect of dietary sodium than older rats. Thus cardiac responses to salt loading were evaluated at two ages in the SHR; LV collagen content was also examined. SHR (8 or 20 wk of age) were given an 8% salt diet; their age-matched controls received standard chow. Echocardiographic indexes, arterial pressure, and LV hydroxyproline concentration were measured at 16 and 52 wk in the younger and older SHR groups, respectively. In most SHR, salt excess increased arterial pressure, LV mass, and hydroxyproline concentration and impaired LV relaxation manifested by prolonged isovolumic relaxation time, decreased early and atrial filling velocity ratio (V(E)/V(A)), and slower propagation velocity of E wave (V(P)). LV systolic function remained normal. However, one-quarter of the young salt-loaded SHR developed cardiac failure with systolic and diastolic dysfunction associated with greater LV mass and ventricular fibrosis. They also had lower arterial pressure, decreased fractional shortening, and a restrictive pattern of mitral flow. Moreover, the shorter deceleration time of the E wave and increased V(E)/V(P), an index of LV filling pressure, indicated increased LV stiffness in these rats. These findings demonstrated that sodium sensitivity in SHR is manifested not only by further pressure elevation but also by significant LV functional impairment that most likely is related to enhanced ventricular fibrosis. Moreover, the SHR are more susceptible to cardiac damage when high dietary salt is introduced earlier in life.
Failed reinnervation in aging skeletal muscle (2016)

Our results support the hypothesis that the accumulation of denervated fibers with aging is due to failed reinnervation and that this may be affected by a limited neurotrophin response that mediates axonal sprouting following denervation.
Specific and general stress proteins in Bacillus subtilis � a two-dimensional protein electrophoresis study (1997)

A computer-aided analysis of high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels was used to investigate the changes in the protein synthesis profile in B. subtilis wild-type strains and sigB mutants in response to heat shock, salt and ethanol stress, and glucose of phosphate starvation. The data provided evidence that the induction of a least 42 general stress proteins absolutely required the alternative sigma factor sigmaB. However, at least seven stress proteins, among them ClpC, ClpP, Sod, AhpC and AhpF, remained stress-inducible in a sigB mutant. Such a detailed analysis also premitted the description of subgroups of general stress proteins which are subject to additional regulatory circuits, indicating a very thorough fine-tuning of this complex response. The relative synthesis rate of the general stress proteins constituted up to 40% of the total protein synthesis of stressed cells and thereby emphasizes the importance of the stress regulon. Besides the induction of these general or rather unspecific stress proteins, the induction of stress-specific proteins is shown and discussed.
A blueprint for automatic Boolean query processing (1982)

Conventional information retrieval systems use Boolean query formulations and inverted file technologies for search and retrieval purposes. The need to construct complex Boolean queries in order to obtain the benefit of the existing retrieval operations constitutes a substantial burden for the users. In most environments trained search intermediaries are used to facilitate the communication between system and user.In this note a new Boolean retrieval environment is outlined in which the queries are automatically constructed from the original natural language query formulations provided by the users. Any available &lt;u&gt;Boolean&lt;/u&gt; query formulations can also be improved automatically by using the natural language text of previously retrieved documents identified as relevant during previous searches. The automatic queries can be formulated in a standard Boolean system, or in an extended system in which the interpretation of the Boolean operators &lt;u&gt;and&lt;/u&gt; and &lt;u&gt;or&lt;/u&gt; is relaxed. In either case. the automatic Boolean manipulations produce better retrieval output than conventional retrieval operations based on manually prepared query statements.
Two novel (M233T and ρ278T) presenilin-1 mutations in early-onset Alzheimerʼs disease pedigrees and preliminary evidence for association of presenilin-1 mutations with a novel phenotype (1997)

Eleven early-onset dementia families, all with affected individuals who have either presented clinical symptoms of early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD) or have been confirmed to have EOFAD by autopsy, and two early onset cases with biopsy-confirmed AD pathology, were screened for missense mutations in the entire coding region of presenilin-1 (PS-1) and -2 (PS-2) genes. Missense mutations were detected by direct sequence analysis of PCR products amplified from genomic DNA templates of affected individuals. Three pedigrees were attributable to known mutations in the PS-1 gene: P264L, E280A and the splice acceptor site (G to T) mutation, which results in the deletion of residues 290-319 of PS-1 (PS-1 delta 290-319). In a fourth pedigree, a novel PS-1 mutation was identified in exon 7 (M233T), which is homologous to a pathogenic PS-2 mutation (M239V), and is characterized by a very early average age of onset (before the age of 35). In one early onset case, another novel PS-1 mutation was identified in exon 8 (R278T). Of the five remaining families and the other early onset case, none have missense mutations in the PS-1 or PS-2 genes, or in exon 16 and 17 of the APP gene. Moreover, two of the PS-1 mutations, PS-1 delta 290-319 and R278T, are associated with the co-presentation of familial spastic paraparesis (FSP) in some of the affected family members. Our data raise the possibility that the phenotypic spectrum associated with PS-1 mutations may extend beyond typical FAD to include FSP, a disease heretofore unsuspected to bear any relationship to FAD. In addition, our data suggest that other novel EOFAD loci, in addition to APP and the presenilin genes, are involved in the aetiology of up to 50% of EOFAD cases.
Hyperhomocysteinemia: An Independent Risk Factor for Vascular Disease (1991)

Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for vascular disease, including coronary disease, and in most instances is probably due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency.
Functional replacement of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Trg1/Pdi1 protein by members of the mammalian protein disulfide isomerase family. (1993)

The TRG1/PDI1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is essential for growth and encodes a lumenal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) glycoprotein that is structurally related to thioredoxin and is involved in the secretory pathway. We have tested whether the yeast Trg1/Pdi1 protein can be replaced in vivo by three members of the mammalian thioredoxin-related protein family, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), ERp72, and ERp61. Multicopy plasmids containing galactose-inducible rodent PDI and ERp72 genes support germination and growth of haploid trg1 null mutants in galactose-containing media, whereas the ERp61 gene is inactive. Strains expressing PDI or ERp72 instead of Trg1 are thermosensitive. An overproduced mutant Trg1 protein lacking the HDEL retention signal supports growth, whereas a truncated version of the protein containing only one thioredoxin-like domain is inactive. The mammalian proteins were localized to both the soluble and microsomal membrane fraction of yeast cells. Our observations indicate that the two unglycosylated mammalian proteins PDI and ERp72 are capable of replacing at least some of the critical functions of Trg1, in spite of the fact that the three proteins diverge considerably in sequences surrounding the thioredoxin-related domains.
Arterial and Plethysmographic Waveform Analysis in Anesthetized Patients with Hypovolemia (2010)

Arterial and pulse oximetry respiratory-induced changes in waveform variables are reliable indicators of mild hypovolemia in anesthetized patients. The pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveforms accurately reflect arterial waveforms during more progressive hypovolemia.
Structure of Metallated Diblock and Triblock Poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) Copolymers (2005)

Bronstein, L. M.; Sidorov, S. N.; Zhirov, V.; Zhirov, D.; Kabachii, Y. A.; Kochev, S. Y.; Valetsky, P. M.; Stein, B.; Kiseleva, O. I.; Polyakov, S. N.; Shtykova, E. V.; Nikulina, E. V.; Svergun, D. I.; Khokhlov, A. R.