gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
2016 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure (2016)

he ESC Guidelines represent the views of the ESC and were produced after careful consideration of the scientific and medical knowledge and the evidence available at the time of their publication. The ESC is not responsible in the event of any contradiction, discrepancy and/or ambiguity between the ESC Guidelines and any other official recommendations or guidelines issued by the relevant public health authorities, in particular in relation to good use of healthcare or therapeutic strategies. Health professionals are encouraged to take the ESC Guidelines fully into account when exercising their clinical judgment, as well as in the determination and the implementation of preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic medical strategies; however, the ESC Guidelines do not override, in any way whatsoever, the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate and&#13;\naccurate decisions in consideration of each patient’s health condition and in consultation with that patient and, where appropriate and/or necessary, the patient’s caregiver. Nor do the ESC Guidelines exempt health professionals from taking into full and careful consideration the relevant official updated recommendations or guidelines issued by the competent public health authorities, in order to manage each patient’s case in light of the scientifically accepted data pursuant to their respective ethical and professional obligations. It is also the health professional’s responsibility to verify the applicable rules and regulations relating to drugs and medical devices at the time of prescription.
Controlled Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes from an Ordered Mesoporous Silica Template (2003)

We have grown carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with controlled orientation and diameter (1−4 nm) from thermally stable, highly ordered mesoporous SiO2 thin films by methane chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Controlled incorporation of an Fe precursor into one-dimensional (1D) and three-dimensional (3D) pore channels of mesoporous SiO2 results in a nanostructure catalytically active for CNT growth and stable to typical CVD temperatures. Growth of CNTs starts within the mesoporous SiO2, whose pore direction and pore dimension play an important role in controlling the orientation and diameter of the CNTs at the early stage of the growth. Lateral growth across micropatterned trenches results in oriented CNT assemblies with controlled tube dimension. The flexibility of constructing parallel nanotube assemblies and nanotube junctions by this simple method suggests its high potential for fabricating future integrated molecular electronic nanodevices.
In vitro reconstruction of a human capillary‐like network in a tissue‐engineered skin equivalent (1998)

For patients with extensive burns, wound coverage with an autologous in vitro reconstructed skin made of both dermis and epidermis should be the best alternative to split-thickness graft. Unfortunately, various obstacles have delayed the widespread use of composite skin substitutes. Insufficient vascularization has been proposed as the most likely reason for their unreliable survival. Our purpose was to develop a vascular-like network inside tissue-engineered skin in order to improve graft vascularization. To reach this aim, we fabricated a collagen biopolymer in which three human cell types keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and umbilical vein endothelial cells were cocultured. We demonstrated that the endothelialized skin equivalent (ESE) promoted spontaneous formation of capillary-like structures in a highly differentiated extracellular matrix. Immunohistochemical analysis and transmission electron microscopy of the ESE showed characteristics associated with the microvasculature in vivo (von Willebrand factor, Weibel-Palade bodies, basement membrane material, and intercellular junctions). We have developed the first endothelialized human tissue-engineered skin in which a network of capillary-like tubes is formed. The transplantation of this ESE on human should accelerate graft revascularization by inosculation of its preexisting capillary-like network with the patient's own blood vessels, as it is observed with autografts. In addition, the ESE turns out to be a promising in vitro angiogenesis model.
Nanoelectrode Arrays Based on Low Site Density Aligned Carbon Nanotubes (2002)

Nanoelectrode arrays (NEAs) were fabricated from low site density aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The CNTs were grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition on Ni nanoparticles made by electrochemical deposition. Each nanotube is separated from the nearest neighbor by several micrometers. NEAs of 1 cm2 consisting of up to millions of individual nanoelectrodes, each with a diameter of 100 nm, were made by this nonlithography method. These carbon NEAs could be used as templates to fabricate other metal NEAs. Electrochemical characterization including cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry were performed.
Construction of a bioluminescent mycobacterium and its use for assay of antimycobacterial agents (1993)

To show, as a model system, that mycobacteria can express heterologous luciferase genes and that bioluminescence can be a rapid method of measuring antimycobacterial activity, a bioluminescent form of Mycobacterium smegmatis was made by transformation with a Mycobacterium-Escherichia coli shuttle vector containing the luxAB genes from Vibrio harveyi. The antimycobacterial effects of antibiotics and biocides could be assayed in real time by using bioluminescent M. smegmatis.
EFFECTS OF HYDROXYL RADICAL HO˙ON CELLULOSE DEGRADATION BY BROWN-ROT FUNGI (2002)

A peptide(named Gt factor) was isolated from the extracellular culture of Gloeophyllum trabeum, the typical brown-rot fungus. Gt factor could reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ and mediated the production of HO˙ Effects of HO˙on cellulose degradation was comparatively studied with thiourea used as HO˙- specific inhibitor. All results showed that HO˙ produced by Gt factor did have some effects on cellulose degradation, it provided some evidence of HO˙be involved in oxidative mechanism of cellulose degradation by brown-rot fungi.
The fabrication and electrical properties of modulated stacked capacitor for advanced DRAM applications (1992)

A capacitor structure, called the modulated stacked (MOST) capacitor, has been developed to increase the DRAM cell capacitance using surface modulation technology. The hemispherical-shaped polysilicon deposited on top of a thick polysilicon storage electrode is used as a mask to selectively form a deep groove in the electrode, hence significantly increasing the surface area. With this structure, the surface area of the storage electrode can be increased by as much as 8 times that of an ordinary stacked capacitor (STC) which takes the same chip area. Experimental results show that electrical properties such as leakage current, breakdown voltage, and TDDB are comparable to those of a conventional stacked capacitor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Reaction of Olefins with Solid Cuprous Halides (1939)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReaction of Olefins with Solid Cuprous HalidesE. R. Gilliland, J. E. Seebold, J. R. FitzHugh, and P. S. MorganCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 8, 1960–1962Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1939https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01877a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01877a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views87Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Complete Genomic Structure of the Cultivated Rice Endophyte Azospirillum sp. B510 (2010)

We determined the nucleotide sequence of the entire genome of a diazotrophic endophyte, Azospirillum sp. B510. Strain B510 is an endophytic bacterium isolated from stems of rice plants (Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare). The genome of B510 consisted of a single chromosome (3,311,395 bp) and six plasmids, designated as pAB510a (1,455,109 bp), pAB510b (723,779 bp), pAB510c (681,723 bp), pAB510d (628,837 bp), pAB510e (537,299 bp), and pAB510f (261,596 bp). The chromosome bears 2893 potential protein-encoding genes, two sets of rRNA gene clusters (rrns), and 45 tRNA genes representing 37 tRNA species. The genomes of the six plasmids contained a total of 3416 protein-encoding genes, seven sets of rrns, and 34 tRNAs representing 19 tRNA species. Eight genes for plasmid-specific tRNA species are located on either pAB510a or pAB510d. Two out of eight genomic islands are inserted in the plasmids, pAB510b and pAB510e, and one of the islands is inserted into trnfM-CAU in the rrn located on pAB510e. Genes other than the nif gene cluster that are involved in N(2) fixation and are homologues of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 include fixABCX, fixNOQP, fixHIS, fixG, and fixLJK. Three putative plant hormone-related genes encoding tryptophan 2-monooxytenase (iaaM) and indole-3-acetaldehyde hydrolase (iaaH), which are involved in IAA biosynthesis, and ACC deaminase (acdS), which reduces ethylene levels, were identified. Multiple gene-clusters for tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic-transport systems and a diverse set of malic enzymes were identified, suggesting that B510 utilizes C(4)-dicarboxylate during its symbiotic relationship with the host plant.
Three-dimensional electron crystallography of protein microcrystals (2013)

We demonstrate that it is feasible to determine high-resolution protein structures by electron crystallography of three-dimensional crystals in an electron cryo-microscope (CryoEM). Lysozyme microcrystals were frozen on an electron microscopy grid, and electron diffraction data collected to 1.7 Å resolution. We developed a data collection protocol to collect a full-tilt series in electron diffraction to atomic resolution. A single tilt series contains up to 90 individual diffraction patterns collected from a single crystal with tilt angle increment of 0.1-1° and a total accumulated electron dose less than 10 electrons per angstrom squared. We indexed the data from three crystals and used them for structure determination of lysozyme by molecular replacement followed by crystallographic refinement to 2.9 Å resolution. This proof of principle paves the way for the implementation of a new technique, which we name 'MicroED', that may have wide applicability in structural biology. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01345.001.
Light-sensitive glycosides. II. 2-Nitrobenzyl 6-deoxy-.alpha.-L-mannopyranoside and 2-nitrobenzyl 6-deoxy-.beta.-L-galactopyranoside (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLight-sensitive glycosides. II. 2-Nitrobenzyl 6-deoxy-.alpha.-L-mannopyranoside and 2-nitrobenzyl 6-deoxy-.beta.-L-galactopyranosideUri Zehavi and Abraham PatchornikCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1972, 37, 14, 2285–2288Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00979a017https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00979a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views284Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Abstract A154: KTN3379 overcomes ErbB3-mediated resistance of BRaf/MEK inhibition in BRaf-mutated melanoma (2015)

Abstract BRaf and MEK targeting drugs result in impressive tumor response rates in melanoma cancer patients, but adaptive resistance hampers the clinical benefit by limiting durability of these drugs. We used a panel of melanoma and colorectal-derived cell lines harboring activating BRaf mutations to evaluate the role of ErbB3 signaling in mediating resistance to BRaf and MEK inhibitors. Treatment of cells with vemurafenib or trametinib results in upregulation of ErbB3 cell surface levels. These cells become hypersensitive to the effects of the ErbB3 ligand NRG; addition of NRG results in a several-fold increase of phosphorylation of ErbB3 (pErbB3) and AKT (pAKT) relative to drug-untreated cells. This effect can be reverted by KTN3379- an anti-ErbB3 monoclonal antibody in clinical development- with low nanomolar IC50 values. NRG can also rescue the cytotoxic effects of BRaf or MEK inhibition making these cells resistant to treatment with BRaf or MEK inhibitors. Addition of KTN3379 re-sensitizes the tumor cells to the antiproliferative effects of vemurafenib and trametinib. Moreover, KTN3379 potentiates the antitumor effects of a BRaf/MEK inhibitor combination in an A375 mouse xenograft model. Evaluation of mRNA databases of human tumors with 403 melanoma and 2204 CRC tumors revealed a low prevalence of NRG overexpression (1.2% and 0.8%, respectively) in these tumor types where activating BRaf mutations are common. By contrast, thyroid cancer- which has a 60% prevalence of BRaf mutations- expresses high levels of NRG, supporting a potential combination of KTN3379 with a BRaf/MEK pathway inhibitor in this setting. Currently, we are evaluating the combination of KTN3379 with vemurafenib in BRaf-mutated thyroid cancer in a Phase 1 study at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Citation Format: Gwenda F. Ligon, Jay S. Lillquist, Theresa M. LaVallee, Diego Alvarado. KTN3379 overcomes ErbB3-mediated resistance of BRaf/MEK inhibition in BRaf-mutated melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr A154.
Two divergently transcribed genes, soxR and soxS, control a superoxide response regulon of Escherichia coli (1991)

soxR governs a superoxide response regulon that contains the genes for endonuclease IV, Mn2(+)-superoxide dismutase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The soxR gene encodes a 17-kDa protein; some mutations of this gene cause constitutive overexpression of the regulon. Induction by paraquat (methyl viologen) requires both soxR and a new gene, soxS. soxS is adjacent to soxR, it encodes a 13-kDa protein, and it is required for paraquat resistance. These functions were revealed by studies in which the sequence of the 1.1-kb soxR-soxS region was determined, the 5' ends of the mRNAs were mapped, and complementation tests were performed with soxRS plasmids containing deletions of known sequence. The two genes are divergently transcribed, and the transcripts overlap. The soxS promoter is within the 85-nucleotide intergenic region, whereas the soxR promoter is within soxS. soxS mRNA increases after induction. Both protein products have possible DNA-binding (helix-turn-helix) domains. SoxR contains four cysteines (CX2CXCX5C) that might be part of a sensor region. SoxS shows 17 to 31% homology to the C-terminal portions of members of the AraC family of positive regulators.
Classification and biology of astrocytic gliomas. (1998)

The presented classification of astrocytic gliomas follows the system adopted by the WHO which was last published in 1993. The nosographic position of each tumour type is discussed in relation to previous positions and the rationale of changes is provided. The biology and pathology of anaplasia, leading from astrocytoma to glioblastoma, are discussed briefly. The increasing genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity is described in its progressive stages. A series of genetic changes are associated with the main histologic features of malignancy , such as TP53 mutations, EGFR amplification, CDKN2 deletion, etc. The genetic differences between primary and secondary glioblastomas are emphasised. Tumour-associated biological events are presented: cell invasion and spread, necrosis and apoptosis and angiogenesis are all discussed in some detail. Of each event a short survey on the principal phenotypic and molecular features is given with emphasis on their significance to pathogenesis. Each tumour type is briefly summarised from epidemiological, clinical and pathological standpoints.
Novel monoclonal antibodies identify antigenic determinants unique to cellular senescence (1990)

Normal human diploid fibroblasts exhibit a limited lifespan in vitro and are used as a model to study in vivo aging. Monoclonal antibodies were generated against partially purified surface membranes from human diploid fibroblasts at the end of their lifespan (senescent). Three hybridomas were isolated that secreted antibodies reacting to cellular determinants expressed specifically on senescent human fibroblasts of different origin, including neonatal foreskin, embryonic lung, and adult skin punch biopsy, but not expressed on matched young cells. The antibodies did not bind to immortal human cells and normal young cells made reversibly nondividing, indicating the antigens are not expressed in cells that are not senescent. The antibodies identified senescent cells in a mixed cell population and expression of the senescent cell antigens correlated strongly with the cells inability to synthesize DNA at the onset of senescence. The antigens appeared to be cell surface or extracellular matrix associated, and the epitopes were destroyed by mild trypsin treatment. Western analysis indicated all three antibodies reacted with fibronectin. Though the antigenic determinants on the fibronectin molecule were not accessible in the intact young cell, the epitopes were present in fibronectin extracted from both senescent and young cells, as well as purified human plasma fibronectin. These antibodies and the senescent specific expression of the antigens provide powerful tools to investigate the mechanisms leading to in vitro senescence. This may enable us to investigate directly the relationship between cellular aging and aging of the individual.
Adeno Associated Viral Vector Delivered RNAi for Gene Therapy of SOD1 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (2016)

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons. Mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) are a leading cause of ALS, responsible for up to 20% of familial cases. Although the exact mechanism by which mutant SOD1 causes disease remains unknown, multiple studies have shown that reduction of the mutant species leads to delayed disease onset and extension of lifespan of animal models. This makes SOD1 an ideal target for gene therapy coupling adeno associated virus vector (AAV) gene delivery with RNAi molecules. In this review we summarize the studies done thus far attempting to decrease SOD1 gene expression, using AAV vectors as delivery tools, and RNAi as therapeutic molecules. Current hurdles to be overcome, such as the need for widespread gene delivery through the entire central nervous system (CNS), are discussed. Continued efforts to improve current AAV delivery methods and capsids will accelerate the application of these therapeutics to the clinic.
Rational Site-Directed Mutations of the LLP-1 and LLP-2 Lentivirus Lytic Peptide Domains in the Intracytoplasmic Tail of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41 Indicate Common Functions in Cell-Cell Fusion but Distinct Roles in Virion Envelope Incorporation (2003)

Two highly conserved cationic amphipathic alpha-helical motifs, designated lentivirus lytic peptides 1 and 2 (LLP-1 and LLP-2), have been characterized in the carboxyl terminus of the transmembrane (TM) envelope glycoprotein (Env) of lentiviruses. Although various properties have been attributed to these domains, their structural and functional significance is not clearly understood. To determine the specific contributions of the Env LLP domains to Env expression, processing, and incorporation and to viral replication and syncytium induction, site-directed LLP mutants of a primary dualtropic infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolate (ME46) were examined. Substitutions were made for highly conserved arginine residues in either the LLP-1 or LLP-2 domain (MX1 or MX2, respectively) or in both domains (MX4). The HIV-1 mutants with altered LLP domains demonstrated distinct phenotypes. The LLP-1 mutants (MX1 and MX4) were replication defective and showed an average of 85% decrease in infectivity, which was associated with an evident decrease in gp41 incorporation into virions without a significant decrease in Env expression or processing in transfected 293T cells. In contrast, MX2 virus was replication competent and incorporated a full complement of Env into its virions, indicating a differential role for the LLP-1 domain in Env incorporation. Interestingly, the replication-competent MX2 virus was impaired in its ability to induce syncytia in T-cell lines. This defect in cell-cell fusion did not correlate with apparent defects in the levels of cell surface Env expression, oligomerization, or conformation. The lack of syncytium formation, however, correlated with a decrease of about 90% in MX2 Env fusogenicity compared to that of wild-type Env in quantitative luciferase-based cell-cell fusion assays. The LLP-1 mutant MX1 and MX4 Envs also exhibited an average of 80% decrease in fusogenicity. Altogether, these results demonstrate for the first time that the highly conserved LLP domains perform critical but distinct functions in Env incorporation and fusogenicity.