gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SEQUENCE TRAINING OF ENCODER-DECODER MODEL USING POLICY GRADIENT FOR END- TO-END SPEECH RECOGNITION (2018)

The standard evaluation metric of automatic speech recognition (ASR) is the word error rate (WER), which measures the dissimilarity between recognized word sequences and their ground truth. Many training algorithms designed to reduce sequence-level errors such as WER have been proposed for hidden Markov model (HMM)-based ASR, e.g., state-level minimum Bayes risk (sMBR). However, these approaches cannot be used directly for encoder-decoder model based end-to-end ASR, because the encoder-decoder model employs very different mechanisms from HMM-based approaches. In this paper, we propose a new method for optimizing the encoder-decoder model based on a sequence-level evaluation metric. Since the WER is not directly differentiable, we adopt a policy gradient objective function to train the encoder-decoder model, which enables us to minimize the expected WER of the model predictions. This training method employs the scoring of multiple hypotheses as in the decoding stage while usual cross entropy training uses only the ground truth. Therefore, we can expect it to improve the decoding results of the encoder-decoder model. We perform experiments using the Tedlium corpus to demonstrate the potential of our proposed method for improving the recognition performance of the encoder-decoder model.
Repeatable Photoinduced Self‐Healing of Covalently Cross‐Linked Polymers through Reshuffling of Trithiocarbonate Units (2011)

Well-healed: Polymers cross-linked with trithiocarbonate (TTC) units were prepared by a RAFT polymerization. The repeatable self-healing systems or macroscopic fusions were accomplished by UV irradiation of the cross-linked polymer in solution and in the bulk state. The macroscopic fusion of completely separated parts was successful (see pictures, BA=n-butyl acrylate).
Role of elongation factor 2 in regulating peptide-chain elongation in the heart (1994)

Cardiac muscles of experimentally induced diabetic rats show a progressive decrease in the rate of protein synthesis. The decline in protein synthesis is associated with decreases in both the number and efficiency of cardiac ribosomes. In hearts from 48 h diabetic rats, the decrease in protein synthesis was accounted for solely by a 28% reduction in the ribosome content. In contrast, the inhibition of protein synthesis in hearts from 72 h diabetic rats resulted from a reduction in both the ribosome content (28%) and the translational efficiency (30%). The decreased translational efficiency was not associated with an increase of RNA in ribosomal subunits, indicating the defect resulted from an inhibition of peptide-chain elongation/termination. Diabetes of 72 h duration resulted in a 37% inhibition in the rate of peptide-chain elongation. The decreased rate of peptide-chain elongation was associated with a 66% reduction in the amount of elongation factor 2 (EF-2). Treatment of diabetic rats with insulin for 3 days was sufficient to reverse the effects of 72 h diabetes on protein synthesis, RNA content, and translational efficiency. Also, insulin therapy increased the EF-2 content of diabetic rats to control values. These studies suggest that decreased EF-2 content is a molecular mechanism for the impaired rates of peptide-chain elongation in diabetes.
Smart IDReader: Document Recognition in Video Stream (2017)

This work is devoted to an identity document recognition system design for use in mobile phones and tablets using the computational capabilities of the device itself. Key differences are discussed in relation to conservative cloud recognition systems which commonly use single images as an input by design. A mobile recognition system chart is presented which is constructed with computational limitations in mind and which is implemented in a commercial solution. An original approach designed to improve recognition precision and reliability using post-OCR results integration in video stream, as opposed to approaches which rely on frame image integration using "super-resolution" algorithms. An interactive feedback between the system and its operator is discussed, such as automatic video stream recognition stopping decision. Experimental results are presented for an implemented commercial system "Smart IDReader" designed for identity documents recognition.
Afro-Asian Cultural Production and the Rise of the Global Culture (2013)

This chapter uses Lee’s film Way of the Dragon (1972) as a model for interpreting representations of contemporary Afro-Asian cultural interaction. The film shows the successful navigation of a racialized urban landscape shaped by an emerging global economy, thus providing a cross-cultural model that resonated with African Americans. Way of the Dragon also resonated with youth emigrating from China to Hong Kong in the 1960s and 1970s who sought to maintain ties to a national identity in a strange and bustling metropolis. The film creates a transnational imaginary that places ethnicity at its center, resonating with Asian Americans during a time when they were being conflated with an Asian enemy of the United States during and after the Vietnam War.
Introduction of Genetic Material into Plant Cells (1983)

The tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of the soil microorganism Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the agent of crown gall disease in dicotyledonous plants. The Ti plasmid contains two regions that are essential for the production of transformed cells. One of these regions, termed transfer DNA, induces tumor formation and is found in all established plant tumor lines; the other, termed the virulence region, is essential for the formation but not the maintenance of tumors. Transfer DNA, which transfers to the plant genomes in a somewhat predictable manner, can be increased in size by the insertion of foreign DNA without its transferring ability being affected. The tumor-causing genes can be removed so that they no longer interfere with normal plant growth and differentiation. This modified Ti plasmid can thus be used as a vector for the transfer of foreign genes into plants.
Activation of T cells by cross‐linking an anti‐CD3 antibody with a second anti‐T cell antibody: mechanism and subset‐specific activation (1987)

Binding of anti-CD3 antibody BMA030-F(ab')2 to T cells is not able to induce T cell proliferation even after additional cross-linking by plastic-bound goat anti-mouse Ig antibodies (panning) and addition of either interleukin (IL) 1 or IL2. In search for agents able to complement the signals provided by BMA030-F(ab')2, several antibodies directed against CD2, CD4, CD5, CD6 and CD8 were used. Neither of these caused T cell proliferation either by themselves or when simply added together with BMA030-F(ab')2. However, if BMA030-F(ab')2 and any other of these anti-CD2, CD4, CD5, CD6 or CD8 antibodies were cross-linked, then proliferation of T cells occurred. The mitogenic effect of cross-linking BMA030-F(ab')2 and a second anti-T cell antibody is dependent on the presence of monocytes or exogenously added IL2. The enhancing effect of monocytes could not be replaced by addition of IL1, suggesting that other soluble factors or monocyte contact might be involved in induction of activation signals. The mechanism leading to this mitogenic effect is dependent on combining cross-linking of BMA030 with the second anti-T cell antibody, whereby the second antibody appears to act as an "anchor" for the CD3 antibody, controlling and/or changing the signal transduction via the CD3 structure. This "anchor" hypothesis could be substantiated by the following observations: the best stimulatory signals were obtained at a BMA030/anti-T cell antibody ratio of 1:1; the effect is independent of the antibody isotype and the epitope recognized by the second antibody; the binding of BMA030 and separate cross-linking of the anti-T cell antibody was not sufficient to trigger T cell mitogenesis; immobilization by direct binding of the CD3 antibody alone or of the CD3 and second membrane structure/antibody complex separately was not sufficient to stimulate T cell proliferation. A further interesting aspect of this finding is the fact that a selective T cell stimulation is possible, since cross-linking BMA030-F(ab')2 plus anti-CD4 antibodies induced a selective stimulation of T4 cells, while cross-linking BMA030-F(ab')2 plus anti-CD8 activated solely T8 cells. It is thus possible to selectively activate T cell subsets in vitro.
Goodput analysis and link adaptation for IEEE 802.11a wireless LANs (2002)

Link adaptation to dynamically select the data transmission rate at a given time has been recognized as an effective way to improve the goodput performance of the IEEE 802.11 wireless local-area networks (WLANs). Recently, with the introduction of the new high-speed 802.11a physical layer (PHY), it is even more important to have a well-designed link adaptation scheme work with the 802.11a PHY such that its multiple transmission rates can be exploited. In this paper, we first present a generic method to analyze the goodput performance of an 802.11a system under the distributed coordination function (DCF) and express the expected effective goodput as a closed-form function of the data payload length, the frame retry count, the wireless channel condition, and the selected data transmission rate. Then, based on the theoretical analysis, we propose a novel MPDU (MAC protocol data unit)-based link adaptation scheme for the 802.11a systems. It is a simple table-driven approach and the basic idea is to preestablish a best PHY mode table by applying the dynamic programming technique. The best PHY mode table is indexed by the system status triplet that consists of the data payload length, the wireless channel condition, and the frame retry count. At runtime, a wireless station determines the most appropriate PHY mode for the next transmission attempt by a simple table lookup, using the most up-to-date system status as the index. Our in-depth simulation shows that the proposed MPDU-based link adaptation scheme outperforms the single-mode schemes and the autorate fallback (ARF) scheme-which is used in Lucent Technologies' WaveLAN-II networking devices-significantly in terms of the average goodput, the frame drop rate, and the average number of transmission attempts per data frame delivery.
Modulators of Coagulation (1992)

Widespread intravascular coagulation is common in patients with sepsis. Coagulation abnormalities may result from exposure to endotoxin, from tumor necrosis factor a or interleukin 1 release, or from the actions of a more specific mediator, such as vascular permeability factor. The result is marked activation of the contact and coagulation systems; simultaneously, there is decreased fibrinolysis and depressed levels of the inhibitors of the contact and coagulation systems. Multiple agents are being studied to correct these abnormalities. Antithrombin III holds promise because it inhibits a number of factors important in contact and coagulation activation, not just thrombin. Plasminogen activators may prove helpful in increasing fibrinolysis during sepsis; because they have been associated with rebound thrombin generation, however, plasminogen activators may be most effective if used in conjunction with hirudin or a synthetic hirudin analogue. Bradykinin may offset hypotension in sepsis. Protein C may inhibit thrombin formation and also complex with plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, thereby promoting fibrinolysis. Other agents that may prove effective include α<sub>1</sub>-antitrypsin Pittsburgh, C1-esterase inhibitor, monoclonal antibodies to contact factors, soybean trypsin inhibitors, thrombomodulin, prostaglandin I<sub>2</sub>, and aprotinin. There are no data to support the use of heparin or fibronectin, except in limited circumstances. (<i>Arch Intern Med</i>. 1992;152:1381-1389)
Gene Cloning and Nucleotide Sequencing and Properties of a Cocaine Esterase fromRhodococcussp. Strain MB1 (2000)

ABSTRACT A strain of Rhodococcus designated MB1, which was capable of utilizing cocaine as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen for growth, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of the tropane alkaloid-producing plant Erythroxylum coca . A cocaine esterase was found to initiate degradation of cocaine, which was hydrolyzed to ecgonine methyl ester and benzoate; both of these esterolytic products were further metabolized by Rhodococcus sp. strain MB1. The structural gene encoding a cocaine esterase, designated cocE , was cloned from Rhodococcus sp. strain MB1 genomic libraries by screening recombinant strains of Rhodococcus erythropolis CW25 for growth on cocaine. The nucleotide sequence of cocE corresponded to an open reading frame of 1,724 bp that codes for a protein of 574 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of cocaine esterase has a region of similarity with the active serine consensus of X-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidases, suggesting that the cocaine esterase is a serine esterase. The cocE coding sequence was subcloned into the pCFX1 expression plasmid and expressed in Escherichia coli . The recombinant cocaine esterase was purified to apparent homogeneity and was found to be monomeric, with an M r of approximately 65,000. The apparent K m of the enzyme (mean ± standard deviation) for cocaine was measured as 1.33 ± 0.085 mM. These findings are of potential use in the development of a linked assay for the detection of illicit cocaine.
Oxidative Modification of Low-Density Lipoprotein and Atherogenetic Risk in β-Thalassemia (1998)

We investigated the oxidative state of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in patients with β-thalassemia to determine whether there was an association with atherogenesis. Conjugated diene lipid hydroperoxides (CD) and the level of major lipid antioxidants in LDL, as well as modified LDL protein, were evaluated in 35 β-thalassemia intermedia patients, aged 10 to 60, and compared with age-matched healthy controls. Vitamin E and β-carotene levels in LDL from patients were 45% and 24% of that observed in healthy controls, respectively. In contrast, the mean amount of LDL-CD was threefold higher and lysil residues of apo B-100 were decreased by 17%. LDL-CD in thalassemia patients showed a strong inverse correlation with LDL vitamin E (r = −0.784; P &lt; .0001), while a negative trend was observed with LDL-β–carotene (r = −0.443; P = .149). In the plasma of thalassemia patients, malondialdehyde (MDA), a byproduct of lipid peroxidation, was increased by about twofold, while vitamin E showed a 52% decrease versus healthy controls. LDL-CD were inversely correlated with plasma vitamin E (r = −0.659; P &lt; .0001) and correlated positively with plasma MDA (r = 0.621; P &lt; .0001). Plasma ferritin was positively correlated with LDL-CD (r = 0.583; P =.0002). No correlation was found between the age of the patients and plasma MDA or LDL-CD. The LDL from thalassemia patients was cytotoxic to cultured human fibroblasts and cytotoxicity increased with the content of lipid peroxidation products. Clinical evidence of mild to severe vascular complications in nine of the patients was then matched with levels of LDL-CD, which were 36% to 118% higher than the mean levels of the patients. Our results could account for the incidence of atherogenic vascular diseases often reported in β-thalassemia patients. We suggest that the level of plasma MDA in β-thalassemia patients may represent a sensitive index of the oxidative status of LDL in vivo and of its potential atherogenicity.
Enhancement of Canola Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence at Low Temperature by Priming (1994)

Some seedlots of canola ( Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.) have low percentage germination and poor seedling vigor. The effect of priming canola on both seed germination and seedling emergence was investigated in controlled environment cabinets. Germination was investigated using petri dish assays, whereas emergence was studied by sowing seeds into pots containing a sandy loam soil. Seed germination and seedling emergence from soil at 10°C was enhanced for several cultivars of both species due to priming. Time to 50% germination and emergence was also reduced. A B. campestris cv. Goldrush seedlot, which showed low germination in preliminary studies, was found to be particularly responsive to priming and, therefore, was used in subsequent studies to optimize the technique. The optimal priming time varied with temperature. Excellent responses occurred with priming for 14 to 16 h at 23°C or 60 h at 10°C. Temperature during priming had little effect on percentage germination, emergence percentage, or time to 50% germination or emergence. Seeds primed for 16 h at 23°C or for 60 h at 10°C initiated seedling emergence at 10°C 4 d earlier than nonprimed seeds. Seedling emergence of primed seeds was 73% compared with 31% for the nonprimed seeds. The benefits of priming on both percentage emergence and time to 50% emergence were reduced if the seeds were primed under anaerobic conditions. In addition, the leachate from primed seeds was inhibitory to both percentage germination and time to 50% germination, particularly at 10°C. The results obtained from this study indicate that seed priming has potential for improving seed germination and subsequent seedling establishment of canola seedlots with low germination, with low vigor, or when seeds are planted in cool (&lt;10°C) soils.
Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle (2001)

The aim of this study was to investigate local muscle O(2) consumption (muscV(O(2))) and forearm blood flow (FBF) in resting and exercising muscle by use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and to compare the results with the global muscV(O(2)) and FBF derived from the well-established Fick method and plethysmography. muscV(O(2)) was derived from 1) NIRS using venous occlusion, 2) NIRS using arterial occlusion, and 3) the Fick method [muscV(O(2(Fick)))]. FBF was derived from 1) NIRS and 2) strain-gauge plethysmography. Twenty-six healthy subjects were tested at rest and during sustained isometric handgrip exercise. Local variations were investigated with two independent and simultaneously operating NIRS systems at two different muscles and two measurement depths. muscV(O(2)) increased more than fivefold in the active flexor digitorum superficialis muscle, and it increased 1.6 times in the brachioradialis muscle. The average increase in muscV(O(2(Fick))) was twofold. FBF increased 1.4 times independent of the muscle or the method. It is concluded that NIRS is an appropriate tool to provide information about local muscV(O(2)) and local FBF because both place and depth of the NIRS measurements reveal local differences that are not detectable by the more established, but also more global, Fick method.
Gene therapy for T cell-mediated autoimmunity: teaching the immune system how to restrain its own harmful activities by targeted DNA vaccines. (2000)

We recently used a modification of gene therapy (naked DNA vaccination) to induce immunological memory against self-pro-inflammatory chemokines such as macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and against the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha. First, DNA constructs encoding each of the different pro-inflammatory mediators together with a repeated immunostimulatory sequence were prepared. Then, experiment animals were subjected to a repeated administration of each construct. Under these conditions, tolerance to the product of each insert was broken, and immunological memory established. Upon induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that serves as a model for multiple sclerosis or adjuvant induced arthritis, this memory was "turned on" to provide DNA-vaccinated animals a high state of disease resistance. Antibodies to the product of each inserted gene were isolated form these animals. Each antibody was found capable of neutralizing in vitro the chemoattractive properties of each relevant chemokine, thereby transferring disease resistance. Interestingly, the level of their production was dependent on disease severity, that is, each titer was accelerated in accordance with disease progression. Thus, by using a simple gene therapy technique the immune system could be "re-educated" to restrain its own harmful activities.
High Sensitivity MEMS Strain Sensor: Design and Simulation (2008)

In this article, we report on the new design of a miniaturized strain microsensor. The proposed sensor utilizes the piezoresistive properties of doped single crystal silicon. Employing the Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology, high sensor sensitivities and resolutions have been achieved. The current sensor design employs different levels of signal amplifications. These amplifications include geometric, material and electronic levels. The sensor and the electronic circuits can be integrated on a single chip, and packaged as a small functional unit. The sensor converts input strain to resistance change, which can be transformed to bridge imbalance voltage. An analog output that demonstrates high sensitivity (0.03mV/me), high absolute resolution (1μe) and low power consumption (100μA) with a maximum range of ±4000μe has been reported. These performance characteristics have been achieved with high signal stability over a wide temperature range (±50<sup>o</sup>C), which introduces the proposed MEMS strain sensor as a strong candidate for wireless strain sensing applications under harsh environmental conditions. Moreover, this sensor has been designed, verified and can be easily modified to measure other values such as force, torque…etc. In this work, the sensor design is achieved using Finite Element Method (FEM) with the application of the piezoresistivity theory. This design process and the microfabrication process flow to prototype the design have been presented.
Airway epithelial cells as regulators of airway inflammation (Review). (1998)

Airway epithelial cells (AEC) are known to play an integral role in the airway defense mechanism via mucociliary system as well as mechanical barriers. Recent studies further indicate that AEC can produce and release biologically active compounds including lipid mediators, growth factors, endothelin and a variety of cytokines/chemokines important in the pathogenesis of airway disorders. Human bronchial epithelial cells were isolated from normal and diseased states, and purely cultured in hormonally defined, serum-free medium. Culture supernatants of AEC contained detectable amounts of cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF and GM-CSF. Proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNFalpha generally upregulated expression and release of these cytokines. Moreover, human bronchial epithelial cells from patients with airway diseases such as asthma showed increased levels of mRNA for the cytokines. AEC are considered to interact with immune and inflammatory cells by direct adhesion as well as by humoral factors including cytokines. For example, eosinophil adhesion to AEC may be an important signal for the activation and degranulation of eosinophils. AEC is also believed to take part in the airway mucosal immunity by interacting with lymphocytes. Finally, AEC may play a crucial role in the processes of airway remodelling found in chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These findings strongly suggest that AEC are actively involved as regulators of airway inflammatory responses playing an important role in the pathogenesis of airway disorders, and become a target for therapeutic intervention.