gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Composition analysis of pork carcasses by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. (1998)

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used as a noninvasive method to measure the composition of pig carcasses. A total of 181 half-carcasses (10 to 51 kg, from pigs slaughtered at approximately 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg) were scanned using a Lunar (Madison, WI) DPX-L densitometer. The DXA measurements of fat, lean, bone mineral, and total tissue mass were compared with chemical analysis for fat, water, protein, total ash, and scale weight. The mean value for total tissue mass by DXA was slightly less than the mean carcass weight (32.3 kg vs 33.6 kg, P > .05, R2 = .998). Although highly correlated (R2 = .81), the DXA measurement of the percentage of fat in the half-carcass was less (P < .001) than the chemical measurement (19.5 vs 24.9%). The DXA measurement of lean tissue mass (total mass less fat and bone mineral) was correlated with carcass protein (R2 = .97) and water (R2 = .99) content. The correlation (R2) between DXA bone mineral content and carcass ash content was only .68; however, DXA bone mineral content was more highly correlated with carcass weight (R2 = .93) than was carcass ash content (R2 = .70). When we used the DXA R value (ratio of the attenuation coefficients for fat and lean) to predict percentage of fat in the carcass, the mean value for predicted carcass fat was 25.9% (P > .05). Similarly, carcass protein and water content were predicted from DXA lean. Using DXA region of interest analysis, estimates of the fat content of the shoulder and ham regions were close to chemical values; however, DXA underestimated the fat content of the loin and side regions by 20 and 28%, respectively. When prediction equations were used to evaluate DXA measurements of the half-carcasses of 28 gilts and 37 boars slaughtered at approximately 120 kg, the half-carcasses of gilts contained more fat (33.9 vs 27.8%, P < .001), less protein (14.1 vs 16.1%, P < .001), and less water (45.9 vs 52.1%, P < .001) than those of boars. These results indicate that DXA could be a valuable research tool for measuring the composition of pig carcasses. On the basis of the results of this study, prediction equations were revised for the DXA estimation of fat, protein, and water content of the half-carcass: Fat (%) = 450 - (315 x DXA R value), Protein (g) = -145 + (.23 x DXA lean), and Water (g) = 150 + (.73 x DXA lean). Furthermore, it seems that separate prediction equations are needed for regional analysis.
Safety and Immunogenicity of Escherichia coli 018 O-Specific Polysaccharide (O-PS)-Toxin A and O-PS-Cholera Toxin Conjugate Vaccines in Humans (1991)

O-specific polysaccharide (O-PS) isolated from serotype 18 Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was covalently coupled to either Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A (TA) or or cholera toxin (CT). The conjugates were nontoxic and nonpyrogenic. The conjugates were well tolerated on parenteral administration to human volunteers, with only mild, transient local reactions reported. Immunization engendered an IgG antibody response to both the O-PS and carrier protein. Anti-LPS antibody promoted the uptake and killing of an E. coli O18 strain bearing the K1 capsule by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which was complement dependent. Antibody to carrier protein neutralized the activity of native TA or CT in cell culture assays. Passively transferred IgG isolated from the serum of immunized donors provided a significant (P less than .01) degree of protection against fatal experimental E. coli O18 sepsis in mice. This study illustrates the potential use of such conjugates as vaccines against E. coli extraintestinal infections.
A CPU utilization limit for massively parallel MIMD computers (2003)

Massively parallel computer systems based on off-the-shelf CPU chip-sets have become commercially available. The authors demonstrate a theoretical limit on the silicon (or other circuitry media) utilization of such architectures as the number of processors is scaled up. In addition, case studies of the Thinking Machines Corporation CM-5 and of the Intel Touchstone are presented in order to quantify the maximum utilization on existing machines. Based on this utilization limit, the authors examine whether computer architects' current reliance on the MIMD (multiple-instruction multiple-data) model will be practical in next-generation machines. In order to facilitate the analysis, they decouple the control parallel and data parallel models of computation from MIMD and SIMD (single-instruction multiple-data) target platforms, respectively. Utilization of control parallel paradigms executing on SIMD platforms is introduced for comparison. The authors also consider the relationship of communication overhead to machine size scaling in the presence of the need for virtual processing nodes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Combination Therapy of Oral Fluoropyrimidine Anticancer Drug S-1 and Interferon Alpha for HCC Patients with Extrahepatic Metastases (2008)

S-1/IFN is a potentially safe and suitable combination therapy for HCC patients with extrahepatic metastases, especially those with lung metastases.
Low pH-Triggered Beta-Propeller Switch of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Assists Rhinovirus Infection (2009)

Minor group human rhinoviruses (HRVs) bind three members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family: LDLR proper, very-LDLR (VLDLR) and LDLR-related protein (LRP). Whereas ICAM-1, the receptor of major group HRVs actively contributes to viral uncoating, LDLRs are rather considered passive vehicles for cargo delivery to the low-pH environment of endosomes. Since the Tyr-Trp-Thr-Asp beta-propeller domain of LDLR has been shown to be involved in the dissociation of bound LDL via intramolecular competition at low pH, we studied whether it also plays a role in HRV infection. Human cell lines deficient in LDLR family proteins are not available. Therefore, we used CHO-ldla7 cells that lack endogenous LDLR. These were stably transfected to express either wild-type (wt) human LDLR or a mutant with a deletion of the beta-propeller. When HRV2 was attached to the propeller-negative LDLR, a lower pH was required for conversion to subviral particles than when attached to wt LDLR. This indicates that high-avidity receptor binding maintains the virus in its native conformation. HRV2 internalization directed the mutant LDLR but not wt LDLR to lysosomes, resulting in reduced plasma membrane expression of propeller-negative LDLR. Infection assays using a CHO-adapted HRV2 variant showed a delay in intracellular viral conversion and de novo viral synthesis in cells expressing the truncated LDLR. Our data indicate that the beta-propeller attenuates the virus-stabilizing effect of LDLR binding and thereby facilitates RNA release from endosomes, resulting in the enhancement of infection. This is a nice example of a virus exploiting high-avidity multimodule receptor binding with an intrinsic release mechanism.
PPP LZS-DCP Compression Protocol (LZS-DCP) (1996)

This document describes the use of the Stac LZS data compression
algorithm for compressing PPP encapsulated packets, using a DCP header
[6]. This memo provides information for the Internet community. This
memo does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.
Selective detection of fluorophore layers in turbid media: the role of fiber-optic probe design (2003)

Experimental verification of the ability to alter the sensitivity to fluorophore layers in turbid media by varying illumination-collection geometry is presented. Fiber-optic probes and two-layer, fluorophore-doped, turbid phantoms are used to elucidate the roles of spot size, illumination-collection fiber separation, and probe-sample spacing. Variations in single- and multiple-fiber probe design parameters produce significant changes in the relative sensitivity to sample layers in a manner that agrees with prior computational studies.
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase 1C Promotes Human Arterial Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation (2002)

Proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is a key event in the formation of advanced atherosclerotic lesions and restenosis after angioplasty. Cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) inhibit arterial SMC proliferation, and elevation of cyclic nucleotides reduces neointimal formation after angioplasty in animal models. Degradation of cAMP and cGMP is catalyzed by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). One of these, PDE1C, hydrolyzes cAMP and cGMP and is expressed in proliferating human SMCs but is absent in quiescent human aorta. Thus, PDE1C expression is low in cultured human SMCs made quiescent by attaching to fibrillar collagen type I. After release from the fibrillar collagen, PDE1C expression is induced and associated with traverse through S-phase of the cell cycle. Further, PDE1C is expressed in vivo in human fetal aorta containing proliferating SMCs, but not in newborn aorta in which SMC proliferation has ceased. Inhibition of PDE1C in SMCs isolated from normal aorta or from lesions of atherosclerosis using antisense oligonucleotides or a PDE1 inhibitor results in suppression of SMC proliferation. In conclusion, PDE1C expression is a marker of human SMC proliferation ex vivo and in vivo. Inhibition of PDE1C leads to inhibition of human SMC proliferation. Because PDE1C is absent in quiescent SMCs, PDE1C inhibitors may target proliferating SMCs in lesions of atherosclerosis or restenosis.
Bronchial Thermoplasty in Asthma (2006)

In this review we discuss the potential of a new procedure, termed Bronchial Thermoplasty to prevent serious consequences resulting from excessive airway narrowing. The most important factor in minimizing an asthmatic attack is limiting the degree of smooth muscle shortening. The premise that airway smooth muscle can be either inactivated or obliterated without any long-term alteration of other lung tissues, and that airway function will remain normal, albeit with reduced bronchoconstriction, has now been demonstrated in dogs, a subset of normal subjects, and mild asthmatics. Bronchial Thermoplasty may thus develop into a useful clinical procedure to effectively impair the ability for airway smooth muscle to reach the levels of pathologic narrowing that characterizes an asthma attack. It may also enable more successful treatment of asthma patients who are unresponsive to more conventional therapies. Whether this will remain stable for the lifetime of the patient still remains to be determined, but at the present time, there are no indications that the smooth muscle contractility will return. This successful preliminary experience showing that Bronchial Thermoplasty could be safely performed in patients with asthma has led to an ongoing clinical trial at a number of sites in Europe and North America designed to examine the effectiveness of this procedure in subjects with moderately severe asthma.
Novel Cell- and Tissue-Based Assays for Detecting Misfolded and Aggregated Protein Accumulation Within Aggresomes and Inclusion Bodies (2010)

Aggresomes and related inclusion bodies appear to serve as storage depots for misfolded and aggregated proteins within cells, which can potentially be degraded by the autophagy pathway. A homogenous fluorescence-based assay was devised to detect aggregated proteins inside aggresomes and inclusion bodies within an authentic cellular context. The assay employs a novel red fluorescent molecular rotor dye, which is essentially nonfluorescent until it binds to structural features associated with the aggregated protein cargo. Aggresomes and related structures were generated within cultured cells using various potent, cell permeable, proteasome inhibitors: MG-132, lactacystin, epoxomicin and bortezomib, and then selectively detected with the fluorescent probe. Employing the probe in combination with various fluorescein-labeled primary antibodies facilitated co-localization of key components of the autophagy system (ubiquitin, p62, and LC3) with aggregated protein cargo by fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, cytoplasmic aggregates were highlighted in SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells incubated with exogenously supplied amyloid beta peptide 1-42. SMER28, a small molecule modulator of autophagy acting via an mTOR-independent mechanism, prevented the accumulation of amyloid beta peptide within these cells. The described assay allows assessment of the effects of protein aggregation directly in cells, without resorting to the use of non-physiological protein mutations or genetically engineered cell lines. With minor modification, the assay was also adapted to the analysis of frozen or formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections, with demonstration of co-localization of aggregated cargo with β-amyloid and tau proteins in brain tissue sections from Alzheimer's disease patients.
Host Susceptibility to endogenous viruses: defective, glycoprotein-expressing proviruses interfere with infections (1981)

Three defective endogenous avian leukosis viruses, ev3, ev6 and ev9, interfered with subgroup E virus infections, ev3, ev6, and ev9 expressed high levels of subgroup E envelope glycoproteins. These glycoproteins reduced the activity of cellular receptors for subgroup E viruses. ev3 and ev6 protected chickens and cultured cells from subgroup E virus infections.
The stochastic nature of cardiac electrical instability : theory and experiment (1985)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 1986.
Liquid-Crystal Lens-Cells with Variable Focal Length (1979)

Liquid-crystal cells shaped like a plano-convex lens or a plano-concave lens are prepared. The focal length can be varied from the value fe for an extraordinary ray, where the liquid-crystal cell takes a homogeneous alignment, to fo for an ordinary ray, where it takes a homeo-tropic alignment, by applying an electric field or a magnetic field across the lens-cell. The focal length in the lens-cell with the homogeneous alignment can also be switched between fe and fo. This is done by switching the direction of polarization of the incident light by applying a voltage across a TN cell sandwiched between the polarizer and the lens-cell. Since the thickness of the liquid-crystal layers increases in the lens-cells, the optical transmission properties are investigated as a function of the cell thickness.
Improved Double Immunofluorescence for Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (1999)

Reliable double immunofluorescence labeling for confocal laser scanning microscopy requires good separation of the signals generated by the fluorochromes. We have successfully overcome the limitation of a single argon ion laser in achieving effective excitation of dyes with well-separated emission spectra by employing the novel sulfonated rhodamine fluorochromes designated Alexa 488 and Alexa 568. The more abundant antigen was visualized using the red-emitting Alexa 568, with amplification of the signal by a biotinylated bridging antibody and labeled streptavidin. This was combined with the green-emitting Alexa 488, which yielded brighter images than fluorescein but exhibited comparable photodegradation. With appropriate controls to ensure the absence of crosstalk between fluorescence channels, these dyes permitted unequivocal demonstration of co-localization. This combination of fluorochromes may also offer advantages for users of instruments equipped with alternative laser systems.
Compliant Yet Brittle Mechanical Behavior of Li2S–P2S5 Lithium‐Ion‐Conducting Solid Electrolyte (2017)

Young's modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness are measured by instrumented nanoindentation for an amorphous Li2S–P2S5 Li-ion solid electrolyte. Although low elastic modulus suggests accommodation of significant chemomechanical strain, low fracture toughness can facilitate brittle crack formation in such materials.
Interleukin (IL)-6 induction of osteoclast differentiation depends on IL-6 receptors expressed on osteoblastic cells but not on osteoclast progenitors. (1995)

We reported that interleukin (IL) 6 alone cannot induce osteoclast formation in cocultures of mouse bone marrow and osteoblastic cells, but soluble IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) strikingly triggered osteoclast formation induced by IL-6. In this study, we examined the mechanism of osteoclast formation by IL-6 and related cytokines through the interaction between osteoblastic cells and osteoclast progenitors. When dexamethasone was added to the cocultures, IL-6 could stimulate osteoclast formation without the help of soluble IL-6R. Osteoblastic cells expressed a very low level of IL-6R mRNA, whereas fresh mouse spleen and bone marrow cells, both of which are considered to be osteoclast progenitors, constitutively expressed relatively high levels of IL-6R mRNA. Treatment of osteoblastic cells with dexamethasone induced a marked increase in the expression of IL-6R mRNA. By immunoblotting with antiphosphotyrosine antibody, IL-6 did not tyrosine-phosphorylate a protein with a molecular mass of 130 kD in osteoblastic cells but did so in dexamethasone-pretreated osteoblastic cells. Osteoblastic cells from transgenic mice constitutively expressing human IL-6R could support osteoclast development in the presence of human IL-6 alone in cocultures with normal spleen cells. In contrast, osteoclast progenitors in spleen cells from transgenic mice overexpressing human IL-6R were not able to differentiate into osteoclasts in response to IL-6 in cocultures with normal osteoblastic cells. These results clearly indicate that the ability of IL-6 to induce osteoclast differentiation depends on signal transduction mediated by IL-6R expressed on osteoblastic cells but not on osteoclast progenitors.
Find-me and eat-me signals in apoptotic cell clearance: progress and conundrums (2010)

Everyday we turnover billions of cells. The quick, efficient, and immunologically silent disposal of the dying cells requires a coordinated orchestration of multiple steps, through which phagocytes selectively recognize and engulf apoptotic cells. Recent studies have suggested an important role for soluble mediators released by apoptotic cells that attract phagocytes ("find-me" signals). New information has also emerged on multiple receptors that can recognize phosphatidylserine, the key "eat-me" signal exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells. This perspective discusses recent exciting progress, gaps in our understanding, and the conflicting issues that arise from the newly acquired knowledge.
Nonpeptidic inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase. 5. Design, synthesis, and x-ray crystallography of a series of orally active 5-aminopyrimidin-6-one-containing trifluoromethyl ketones (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNonpeptidic inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase. 5. Design, synthesis, and x-ray crystallography of a series of orally active 5-aminopyrimidin-6-one-containing trifluoromethyl ketonesChris A. Veale, Peter R. Bernstein, Craig Bryant, Christopher Ceccarelli, James R. Jr. Damewood, Roger Earley, Scott W. Feeney, Bruce Gomes, Ben J. Kosmider, and Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 1, 98–108Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00001a015https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00001a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views615Altmetric-Citations51LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (3)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Beware of What You Share: Inferring Home Location in Social Networks (2012)

In recent years, social media users are voluntarily making large volume of personal data available on the social networks. Such data (e.g., professional associations) can create opportunities for users to strengthen their social and professional ties. However, the same data can also be used against the user for viral marketing and other unsolicited purposes. The invasion of privacy occurs due to privacy unawareness and carelessness of making information publicly available. In this paper, we perform a large-scale inference study in three of the currently most popular social networks: Foursquare, Google+ and Twitter. Our work focuses on inferring a user's home location, which may be a private attribute, for many users. We analyze whether a simple method can be used to infer the user home location using publicly available attributes and also the geographic information associated with locatable friends. We find that it is possible to infer the user home city with a high accuracy, around 67%, 72% and 82% of the cases in Foursquare, Google+ and Twitter, respectively. We also apply a finer-grained inference that reveals the geographic coordinates of the residence of a selected group of users in our datasets, achieving approximately up to 60% of accuracy within a radius of six kilometers.
-Chymotrypsin: What Can We Learn about Catalysis from X-Ray Diffraction? (1972)

Investigation of the crystal structure of α-chymotrypsin by X-ray diffraction has yielded a wealth of detailed information about the static, time-averaged structure of the molecule. Without this information, discussions of the chemical origins of the hydrolytic rate observed in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction are fraught with uncertainty. With the current knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of several enzyme-inhibitor complexes and acyl-enzymes, the stereochemistry of each step in the enzymatic reaction has become clearer and we may begin to ask what we have learned about catalysis. As others have noted before, however, a few indefinitely stable structures cannot tell us anything about rates but can be used only to judge the reasonableness of a given mechanism and to suggest fresh experimental approaches. In this paper we outline what we now know about the nature of catalysis by α-chymotrypsin in the light of the most recent results obtained from structural studies.