gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cryptococcal Disease in Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (1986)

Between 1 January 1981 and 1 December 1984, 34 of 396 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) developed cryptococcal infections. Twenty-six cases are reviewed. Twenty-two patients had brain or meningeal disease; the others had pulmonary disease (2 patients), pericarditis (1 patient), and antigenemia (1 patient). During treatment, 3 patients died of cryptococcosis and 3 died of other causes. Fifteen patients were followed for more than 6 weeks after treatment. Of 8 patients who received no additional amphotericin B, 4 had relapses and died of cryptococcosis within 6 months, 3 died of other causes, and 1 survived. Of 7 patients who received maintenance therapy with amphotericin B, none had relapses, 3 died of other causes, and 4 survived. Our data suggest that maintenance therapy with amphotericin may be needed to prevent relapse in patients with AIDS.
New method for extracting signals generated by magnetoresistive sensors (1994)

A new AC detection technique which reduces the influence of offset, temperature drift and remanence of magnetoresistive sensors is proposed. The technique relies on nonlinearity of the magnetoresistance, permitting mixing of excitation fields of close frequencies and detection of the sensor output signal at the difference frequency. The difference frequency component appears in the output signal spectrum only when an external DC field is applied along the excitation direction. This frequency is located further apart from the excitation frequencies, and this relatively large gap between the frequencies reduces undesirable coupling between the output and excitation circuits and alleviates the filtering problem. Another advantage of the method is due to its potentially better sensitivity (up to nearly two orders), since it enables measuring fields aligned along the sensor easy axis, for which the demagnetizing field is smaller.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Stratified Media Model for Terahertz Reflectometry of the Skin (2010)

Terahertz (THz) imaging has shown great potential as a tool for in vivo imaging of conditions which affect the hydration properties of the skin, including thermal burns, chemical irritation, and cancer. This work presents a composite model of skin based on hydration gradients measured in vivo by confocal Raman spectroscopy. Bruggeman mixing theory is used to compute the dielectric function profile of the skin model and stratified media calculations simulate the reflection spectrum of THz radiation from the skin. The reflected power in a skin reflectometry measurement is predicted to arise mostly from the hydration levels in the epidermis, where the optimal frequency band for imaging is found to be between 300 and 900 GHz. A THz reflectometry experiment is carried out on a drying polypropylene towel and the measured power trend is successfully simulated.
Clathrates and molecular inclusion phenomena (1978)

D. D. MacNicol, J. J. McKendrick and D. R. Wilson, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1978, 7, 65 DOI: 10.1039/CS9780700065
The NMDA receptor ion channel: a site for binding of huperzine A (2001)

Huperzine A (HUP-A), first isolated from the Chinese club moss Huperzia serrata, is a potent, reversible and selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) over butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (Life Sci. 54: 991–997). Because HUP-A has been shown to penetrate the blood–brain barrier, is more stable than the carbamates used as pretreatments for organophosphate poisoning (OP) and the HUP-A:AChE complex has a longer half-life than other prophylactic sequestering agents, HUP-A has been proposed as a pretreatment drug for nerve agent toxicity by protecting AChE from irreversible OP-induced phosphonylation. More recently (NeuroReport 8: 963–968), pretreatment of embryonic neuronal cultures with HUP-A reduced glutamate-induced cell death and also decreased glutamate-induced calcium mobilization. These results suggest that HUP-A might interfere with and be beneficial for excitatory amino acid overstimulation, such as seen in ischemia, where persistent elevation of internal calcium levels by activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate subtype receptor is found. We have now investigated the interaction of HUP-A with glutamate receptors. Freshly frozen cortex or synaptic plasma membranes were used, providing 60–90% specific radioligand binding. Huperzine A (≤100 µM) had no effect on the binding of [3H]glutamate (low- and high-affinity glutamate sites), [3H]MDL 105,519 (NMDA glycine regulatory site), [3H]ifenprodil (NMDA polyamine site) or [3H]CGS 19755 (NMDA antagonist). In contrast with these results, HUP-A non-competitively (Hill slope < 1) inhibited [3H]MK-801 and [3H]TCP binding (co-located NMDA ion channel PCP site) with pseudo Ki ∼ 6 µM. Furthermore, when neuronal cultures were pretreated with HUP-A for 45 min prior to NMDA exposure, HUP-A dose-dependently inhibited the NMDA-induced toxicity. Although HUP-A has been implicated to interact with cholinergic receptors, it was without effect at 100 µM on muscarinic (measured by inhibition of [3H]QNB or [3H]NMS binding) or nicotinic [3H]epibatidine binding) receptors; also, HUP-A did not perturb adenosine receptor binding [3H]PIA or [3H]NECA). Therefore, HUP-A most likely attenuates excitatory amino acid toxicity by blocking the NMDA ion channel and subsequent Ca2+ mobilization at or near the PCP and MK-801 ligand sites. Thus, on the one hand, HUP-A could be used as a pretreatment against OPs and it might also be a valuable therapeutic intervention in a variety of acute and chronic disorders by protecting against overstimulation of the excitatory amino acid pathway. By blocking NMDA ion channels without psychotomimetic side-effects, HUP-A may protect against diverse neurodegenerative states observed during ischemia or Alzheimer's disease. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A brief introduction of National Standard of the People's Republic of China "Mass Center of Chinese Adults" (2002)

This standard applies the CT (computerized tomography) method to measure the inertia parameters of Chinese adults. Male and female Chinese adults were chosen as samples to take computerized tomograms from, and 82 items of body-shape indexes were measured. The densities of 19 kinds of tissues and organs were also measured, and 16 items of human body segment parameters were obtained. In addition, the regression equations for the calculation of the inertia parameters of the human body were set up. Based on the data in the Database of Chinese Adults, the National Standard GB/T 17254-1988 ("Mass Center of Chinese Adults") has been prepared. Rubber dummies have been made in order to perform simulation experiments of human body movements. A new type of helmet was developed to improve the stress conditions of the neck, and a rational, simplified model of Chinese youths has been made. These achievements can be widely used in national defense, industry, sports, and many other fields.
A Functional Floxed Allele of Pkd1 that Can Be Conditionally Inactivated In Vivo (2004)

Gene targeting has been used to create a variety of lines of mice with Pkd1 mutations that share many common features. Homozygous Pkd1 mutants invariably develop pancreatic and renal cysts if they survive to day 15.5 post coitum and die in either the fetal or the perinatal period. In contrast, mice with heterozygous mutations of Pkd1 are generally normal and have few if any renal cysts. These features have limited the utility of these models as tools to study the pathogenesis of cyst formation and the effect of various therapeutic interventions on disease progression. This report describes a new line of mice with a floxed allele of Pkd1 (Pkd1(cond)) that has an FRT-flanked neomycin cassette inserted into intron 1 and lox P sites inserted into intron 1 and intron 4. The Pkd1(cond) allele is fully functional, and homozygotes are viable and healthy. It is shown that the lox P and FRT sites can be selectively induced to recombine to produce two new alleles, Pkd1(del2-4) and Pkd1(cond-Deltaneo), by crossing to animals that express either the cre or FLPe recombinase, respectively. It is found that Pkd1(del2-4) allele functions as a true null, whereas presence or absence of the neomycin gene has no functional effects. It also is shown that somatic loss of Pkd1 results in renal and hepatic cysts. This new line of mice will be invaluable in the study of Pkd1 biology and serve as a powerful new tool that can be used to study the pathogenesis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
Imaging Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2003)

Useful features in the imaging diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma include the identification of hypervascularity during the hepatic arterial phase, relative hypo-enhancement during the portal phase, and other features including a mosaic appearance, and portal venous enhancement of the pseudocapsule and internal septa. These characteristics correlate with gross pathology and histology, and can be assessed by the various imaging modalities. Magnetic resonance imaging is the optimal modality for detection and characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma and is the best modality for assessment of response after transarterial chemoembolization. Ultrasound contrast shows promise in increasing the utility of ultrasound for diagnosis and assessment of response. It is also invaluable in directing local ablative therapy. Multidetector technology is also improving the ability of CT to detect and characterize hepatocellular carcinoma. Overlap in imaging patterns with arterioportal shunts and dysplastic nodules still pose difficulties in diagnosis with all modalities, however.
The Use of Pedicle Screw Fixation to Improve Correction in the Lumbar Spine of Patients With Idiopathic Scoliosis (1996)

The use of pedicle screw fixation on the convex portion of the lumbar spine in patients with double major idiopathic scoliosis allows for improved correction of the lumbar Cobb measurement, horizontalization and translation of the lowest instrumented vertebra, and improved segmental lordization over the instrumented levels without increased complications.
Detection of shared MHC-restricted human melanoma antigens after vaccinia virus-mediated transduction of genes coding for HLA. (1993)

To detect shared human melanoma Ag that are recognized by HLA-A2 restricted, melanoma-specific CTL derived from tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, we have developed a convenient method to insert and express foreign HLA genes capable of presenting Ag on target cell lines. Seventeen melanoma cell lines and 11 nonmelanoma cell lines were infected with recombinant vaccinia virus containing the HLA-A2.1 gene. Infection by the vaccinia virus resulted in expression of functional HLA-A2 molecules on the cell surface of virtually 100% of infected cells within a 3.5-h period. The results showed that 11 of 17 (65%) naturally HLA-A2- melanoma cell lines were specifically lysed by the HLA-A2-restricted, melanoma-specific TIL after infection with the vaccinia-HLA-A2.1 virus. None of the nine human nonmelanoma cell lines tested (three colon cancer, four breast cancer, or two immortalized non-tumor cell lines) or two murine melanoma cell lines were lysed by the HLA-A2-restricted TIL after vaccinia-HLA-A2.1 infection. Coinfection of the vaccinia virus containing the beta 2-microglobulin gene with the vaccinia-HLA-A2.1 virus increased the surface expression of HLA-A2 and subsequent lysis by melanoma-specific tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. With this new method we could extend previous findings demonstrating that shared melanoma Ag recognized by HLA-A2-restricted tumor infiltrating lymphocytes exist among melanoma cells from different patients regardless of HLA type. These Ag represent excellent candidates for the development of vaccines to induce T cell responses for the immunotherapy of patients with melanoma.
Foundations of Digital Logic Design (1998)

Introduction to digital systems number systems, arithmetic operators and codes Boolean switching algebra combinational logic circuits special properties of Boolean functions combinational circuit implementation asynchronous sequential machines synchronous sequential machines implementation of sequential machines appendix - logic graphic symbols answers to selected topics.
Electronic Commerce: Structures and Issues (1996)

:Electronic commerce {E-commerce} is sharing business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions by means of telecommunications networks. Traditional E-commerce, conducted with the use of information technologies centering on electronic data interchange (ED!) over proprietary value-added networks, is rapidly moving to the Internet. The Internet’s World Wide Web has become the prime driver of contemporary E-commerce. This paper presents a hierarchical framework of E-commerce, consisting of three meta-levels: infrastructure, services, and products and structures, which, in turn, consist of seven functional levels. These levels of E-commerce development, as well as of analysis, range from the wide-area telecommunications infrastructure to electronic marketplaces and electronic hierarchies enabled by E-commerce. Several nodal problems are discussed that will define future development in E-commerce, including integrating electronic payment into the buying process, building a consumer marketplace, the governance of electronic business, and the new intermediation. The paper also introduces the International Journal of Electronic Commerce, which will provide an integrated view of the new E-commerce.
An Increase in the Expression of Ribonucleotide Reductase Large Subunit 1 Is Associated with Gemcitabine Resistance in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lines (2004)

The mechanisms of resistance to the antimetabolite gemcitabine in non-small cell lung cancer have not been extensively evaluated. In this study, we report the generation of two gemcitabine-selected non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, H358-G200 and H460-G400. Expression profiling results indicated that there was evidence for changes in the expression of 134 genes in H358-G200 cells compared with its parental line, whereas H460-G400 cells exhibited 233 genes that appeared to be under- or overexpressed compared with H460 cells. However, only the increased expression of ribonucleotide reductase subunit 1 (RRM1), which appeared in both resistant cell lines, met predefined analysis criteria for genes to investigate further. Quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated H358-G200 cells had a greater than 125-fold increase in RRM1 RNA expression. Western blot analysis confirmed high levels of RRM1 protein in this line compared with the gemcitabine-sensitive parent. No significant change in the expression of RRM2 was observed in either cell line, although both gemcitabine-resistant cell lines had an approximate 3-fold increase in p53R2 protein. A partial revertant of H358-G200 cells had reduced levels of RRM1 protein (compared with G200 cells), without observed changes in RRM2 or p53R2. In vitro analyses of ribonucleotide reductase activity demonstrated that despite high levels of RRM1 protein, ribonucleotide reductase activity was not increased in H358-G200 cells when compared with parental cells. The cDNA encoding RRM1 from H358-G200 cells was cloned and sequenced but did not reveal the presence of any mutations. The results from this study indicate that the level of RRM1 may affect gemcitabine response. Furthermore, RRM1 may serve as a biomarker for gemcitabine response.
Protein analysis by mass spectrometry and sequence database searching: Tools for cancer research in the post-genomic era (1999)

The post-genomic era is characterized by the deposition of sequence information for entire genomes in databases. Currently, besides the protein sequences for known human proteins, there are partial sequences from thousands more human proteins for which no biological function has been assigned. A powerful new tool for the unambiguous identification and characterization of gel-separated proteins is accomplished by the combination of mass spectrometry and sequence database searching. This combination provides the cancer biologist with the ability to (i) identify the potential protein:protein associations and (ii) fully characterize function-critical post-translational modifications, both directly from silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. In this report we describe the application of tandem mass spectrometry and database searching to two problems which are prototypical for cancer research and indeed for biomedical research in general. The first is the identification of gel-separated, low abundance proteins based on amino acid sequence composition following coimmunoprecipitation with the human apoptosis inhibitor protein BclX(L). The second is the determination of the precise sites of phosphorylation of the human regulatory protein 4E-BP1, which controls mRNA translation.
Interleukin-13 Receptors on Human Prostate Carcinoma Cell Lines Represent a Novel Target for a Chimeric Protein Composed of IL-13 and a Mutated Form of Pseudomonas Exotoxin (1997)

We have discovered a new cell surface protein in the form of interleukin-13 receptor on several solid tumor cells, including human renal cell carcinoma cells (Obiri et al., 1995; Debinski et al., 1995). This study reports that human prostate cancer cell lines also express high affinity IL-13 receptors (Kd = 159 pM). These receptors are functional because IL-13 surprisingly increased proliferation of all three prostate cancer cell lines studied as determined by thymidine uptake and clonogenic assays. IL-13 receptors on prostate cancer cell lines were targeted using a chimeric protein composed of IL-13 and a mutated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE38QQR). This molecule, termed IL13-PE38QQR, has been found cytotoxic to all three prostate cancer cell lines as determined by the inhibition of protein synthesis. The IC50 ranged between 1 nmol/l, to 15 nmol/l. These data were confirmed by clonogenic assays in which IL13-PE38QQR almost completely inhibited colony formation at 10 nmol/l. IL13-PE38QQR was not cytotoxic to cells that express little or no IL-13R. Heat inactivated IL13-PE38QQR was not cytotoxic to prostate cancer cells indicating specificity. IL13-PE38QQR was also cytotoxic to colonies when they were allowed to form first for several days before the addition of toxins. Our data suggest that additional studies should be performed to target IL-13 receptor bearing prostate cancer.
PLASMA RENIN RESPONSE TO ACUTE BLOCKADE OF ANGIOTENSIN II IN THE ANAESTHETIZED RAT (1974)

SUMMARY 1. Anaesthetized rats were infused intravenously for 1 h with a specific antagonist of angiotensin II, 1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II (P-113), at a rate of 5 μ/kg per min, or with saline. 2. Blood samples were taken, before and after infusion, for measurement of plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma renin concentration (PRC). 3. Saline infusion did not affect PRA or PRC. 4. Infusion of P-113 produced steep and highly significant increases in PRA (652%) and PRC (724%), despite a slight rise in mean arterial pressure. 5. Within 30 min of terminating P-113 infusion, PRA fell to 300%, and PRC to 278% of pre-infusion levels, and subsequently continued to fall. 6. It is suggested that the hypersecretion of renin produced by P-113 is due to blockade of the inhibitory control normally exerted by endogenous angiotensin II on renin release.
Mini 12, Miniature Mass Spectrometer for Clinical and Other Applications—Introduction and Characterization (2014)

A benchtop miniature mass spectrometer system, Mini 12, with ambient ionization source and tandem mass spectrometry capabilities has been developed and characterized. This instrument was developed as a self-contained system to produce quantitative results for unprocessed samples of small volumes including nonvolatile analytes. The ion processing system, vacuum system, and control system are detailed. An integrated sample loading system facilitates automated operation. A user interface has been developed to acquire and to interpret analytical results for personnel who have limited mass spectrometry knowledge. Peak widths of Δm/z 0.6 Th (full width at half-maximum) and a mass range of up to m/z 900 are demonstrated with the rectilinear ion trap mass analyzer. Multistage experiments up to MS(5) are accomplished. Consumable cartridges have been designed for use in ambient paper spray ionization, and the recently developed extraction spray ionization method has been employed to improve the quantitative performance. Monitoring of trace-levels of chemicals in therapeutic drugs, as well as in food safety and environmental protection operations is demonstrated. Dual MS/MS scans are implemented to obtain the intensities of the fragment ions from the analyte and its internal standard, and the ratio is used in quantitative analysis of complex samples. Limits of quantitation (LOQ) of 7.5 ng/mL, with relative standard deviations below 10%, have been obtained for selected therapeutic drugs in whole blood throughout their individual therapeutic ranges.
Evaluation of novel particles as an inhalation system for GLP‐1 (2009)

These data demonstrate the feasibility of administering native GLP-1 as GLP-1 Technosphere Inhalation Powder for diabetes therapy.
Impact of New Energy Technologies on Generation Scheduling (1984)

Certain practices for the scheduling and dispatching of electric generation have become commonplace in the utility industry. These methods all take advantage of the fact that the generation for a power system is normally supplied from a small number of large units connected to the high voltage transmission system. Most of the new generation technologies, however, are much smaller in unit size and may be well dispersed. In this paper a critical examination is made of the impact of these new technologies on the generation scheduling methods. No particular technology is examined in detail but the general characteristics of all the new technologies are taken into consideration. The scheduling practices considered range from the real time load frequepcy control and economic dispatch to the weekly (short term) and yearly (long term) scheduling of generating units. It is shown that the impact will be significant and the exact effects will depend on the level of penetration, the extent of dispersion, ownership, and the weather dependency of the technologies selected.
Induction and Control of Chromoplast-specific Carotenoid Genes by Oxidative Stress (1998)

The differentiation of chloroplasts into chromoplasts involves a series of biochemical changes that culminate with the intense accumulation of long chain chromophore carotenoids such as lycopene, rhodoxanthin, astaxanthin, anhydroeschsoltzxanthin, capsanthin, and capsorubin. The signal pathways mediating these transformations are unknown. Chromoplast carotenoids are known to accumulate in green tissues experiencing stress conditions, and studies indicate that they provide efficient protection against oxidative stress. We tested the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as regulators of chromoplast carotenoid biosynthesis in vivo. The addition of ROS progenitors, such as menadione, tert-butylhydroperoxide, or paraquat and prooxidants such as diamide or buthionine sulfoximine to green pericarp discs of pepper fruits rapidly and dramatically induce the simultaneous expression of multiple carotenogenic gene mRNAS that give rise to capsanthin. Similarly, down-regulation of catalase by amitrole induces expression of carotenogenic gene mRNAs leading to the synthesis of capsanthin in excised green pericarp discs. ROS signals from plastids and mitochondria also contribute significantly to this process. Analysis of the capsanthin-capsorubin synthase promoter in combination with a beta-glucuronidase reporter gene reveals strong activation in transformed pepper protoplasts challenged with the above ROS. Collectively these data demonstrate that ROS act as a novel class of second messengers that mediate intense carotenoid synthesis during chromoplast differentiation.