gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acid neutralization and bile acid binding capacity of hydrotalcite compared with other antacids: An in vitro study (2003)

OBJECTIVE: Antacids are used worldwide for the treatment of acid‐related conditions such as heartburn and gastro‐esophageal reflux disease. The present study investigated the in vitro acid neutralization and bile acid binding capacities of hydrotalcite compared with other antacids that are available in Germany and China. It has been reported that hydrotalcite is effective in the treatment of bile reflux gastritis because of its binding capacity to bile acids. METHODS: Hydrotalcite and other preparations of antacids were tested in a comparative in vitro study. The neutralization properties were determined with static and dynamic tests (preliminary antacid test, acid neutralization capacity (ANC) test, Rossett‐Rice (RR) test) and the bile acid binding test with a standardized commercial test kit (Merckotest bile acids). RESULTS: In the static and dynamic tests hydrotalcite 500 mg and some other antacids, such as magaldrate, almasilate, algedrate Mg hydroxide, Ca/Mg carbonate and calcium carbonate, demonstrated favorable ANC reflected by rapid onset and long duration of action, and high buffering capacity. In the RR test, a hydrotalcite dose of 1000 mg was able to keep the pH level above 3 for 76.9 min. The bile acid binding capacity test yielded that hydrotalcite had the highest binding potential to taurodeoxycholic acid, a lipophilic bile acid associated with cell and mucosa toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Hydrotalcite has a rapid onset of action, a high buffering capacity and a long duration of action. In particular, hydrotalcite binds cytotoxic bile acids. These pharmacochemical properties make hydrotalcite a most suitable antacid.
Some N-Phenethyl-4-Heteroaryl-4-Piperidinols and Related Compounds (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEArticleNEXTSome N-Phenethyl-4-Heteroaryl-4-Piperidinols and Related CompoundsA. H. Beckett, A. F. Casy, and P. M. PhillipsCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1959, 2, 3, 245–261Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm50010a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jm50010a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views114Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Interferons: cell signalling, immune modulation, antiviral response and virus countermeasures (2000)

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.
The Dual AngII/AVP Receptor Gene N119S/C163R Variant Exhibits Sodium-Induced Dysfunction and Cosegregates With Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in the Dahl Salt-Sensitive Hypertensive Rat Model (2002)

The observed molecular dysfunction in the Dahl S AngII/AVP receptor is consistent with increased tubular sodium and fluid reabsorption observed in Dahl S rats. Interestingly, the AngII/AVPr locus is within the narrowed chromosome 1 QTL region for blood pressure detected in different rat intercross linkage analyses. Altogether, the data strongly suggest that the AngII/AVP receptor is a hypertension susceptibility gene in the Dahl S rat model, as well as raises the hypothesis that it too underlies the chromosome 1 blood pressure QTL identified in other hypertension rat models.
Plk Is an M-Phase-Specific Protein Kinase and Interacts with a Kinesin-Like Protein, CHO1/MKLP-1 (1995)

PLK (STPK13) encodes a murine protein kinase closely related to those encoded by the Drosophila melanogaster polo gene and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC5 gene, which are required for normal mitotic and meiotic divisions. Affinity-purified antibody generated against the C-terminal 13 amino acids of Plk specifically recognizes a single polypeptide of 66 kDa in MELC, NIH 3T3, and HeLa cellular extracts. The expression levels of both poly(A)+ PLK mRNA and its encoded protein are most abundant about 17 h after serum stimulation of NIH 3T3 cells. Plk protein begins to accumulate at the S/G2 boundary and reaches the maximum level at the G2/M boundary in continuously cycling cells. Concurrent with cyclin B-associated cdc2 kinase activity, Plk kinase activity sharply peaks at the onset of mitosis. Plk enzymatic activity gradually decreases as M phase proceeds but persists longer than cyclin B-associated cdc2 kinase activity. Plk is localized to the area surrounding the chromosomes in prometaphase, appears condensed as several discrete bands along the spindle axis at the interzone in anaphase, and finally concentrates at the midbody during telophase and cytokinesis. Plk and CHO1/mitotic kinesin-like protein 1 (MKLP-1), which induces microtubule bundling and antiparallel movement in vitro, are colocalized during late M phase. In addition, CHO1/MKLP-1 appears to interact with Plk in vivo and to be phosphorylated by Plk-associated kinase activity in vitro.
Experimental vaccine protection against homologous and heterologous strains of feline immunodeficiency virus (1993)

More than 90% of cats immunized with inactivated whole infected-cell or cell-free feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) vaccines were protected against intraperitoneal infection with 10 50% animal infectious doses of either homologous FIV Petaluma (28 of 30 cats) or heterologous FIV Dixon strain (27 of 28 cats). All 15 control cats were readily infected with either strain of FIV. Protection appears to correlate with antiviral envelope antibody levels by a mechanism yet to be determined.
Spectral sensitivity of LINC transmitters to quadrature modulator misalignments (2000)

The effects of misalignments in quadrature modulators on the LINC transmitter performance are studied by means of analysis and simulation. Ideally, each branch in the LINC system carries a constant amplitude signal allowing nonlinear high efficiency amplifiers to be used without generating intermodulation distortion (IMD). Misalignments in the quadrature modulators, however, introduce amplitude modulation on the branch signals and consequently IMD in the amplifiers resulting in an unwanted residual spectrum at the output. A method is presented and used to quickly estimate LINC transmitter output spectrum as a function of the misalignments without lengthy simulations for every set of parameters. Instead, spectral properties are collected once for a given modulation scheme by means of simulation and thereafter the LINC transmitter output spectrum can be calculated directly for various sets of parameters including power amplifier nonlinearities. Numerical results show that these misalignments give residual spectrum levels on a par with those caused by the mismatch between the two branches. However, misalignments in quadrature modulators are more serious since they cannot be compensated for as easily as a mismatch between the branches. In practice, the method can be used to calculate the boundaries for the misalignments from a given spectrum mask specification and, based on this, select appropriate quadrature modulators or correction techniques for reducing the misalignments.
Acoustic Pulse Echoes Probed with Time-Resolved X-Ray Triple-Crystal Diffractometry (2006)

Acoustic pulse echoes generated by femtosecond laser irradiation were detected using time-resolved x-ray triple-crystal diffractometry. The determined time-dependent longitudinal strain component for pulse echoes in silicon and gallium arsenide plates showed that the polarity of the strain pulse was dependent on the optically induced initial stress, and that the bipolar pulse waveform was gradually deformed and broadened in the course of propagation. The three-dimensional wave front distortion of pulse echoes was shown simply as the pulse duration broadening, which was consistent with a boundary roughness for an unpolished plate.
Engraftment potential of human fetal hematopoietic cells in NOD/SCID mice is not restricted to mitotically quiescent cells (2002)

During fetal development, there is a continued demand for large numbers of primitive and mature hematopoietic cells. This demand may require that all potential hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) migrate effectively to emerging hematopoietic sites and subsequently contribute to blood cell production, regardless of their cell cycle status. We recently established that umbilical cord blood cells in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle have a repopulating potential similar to cells in G(0), suggesting that cycling prenatal and neonatal HSCs may have the same functional capabilities described for quiescent, but not cycling, cells from adult sources. To establish the relationship between cell cycle status and hematopoietic potential at early stages of human ontogeny, the in vivo engraftment potential of mitotically defined fetal liver (FL) and fetal bone marrow (FBM) cells were examined in NOD/SCID recipients. Following transplantation of the same numbers of G(0), G(1), or S/G(2)+M CD34(+) cells from FL, equivalent percentages of recipient mice were chimeric (55%, 60%, and 60%, respectively). FBM-derived CD34(+) cells in all phases of the cell cycle engrafted in conditioned recipients and sustained human hematopoiesis, albeit at lower levels than their FL-derived counterparts. Multilineage differentiation was evident in all transplanted mice independent of the source or cell cycle status of graft cells. In addition, levels of chimerism in mice transplanted with fetal blood-derived G(0) or G(1) CD34(+) lineage-depleted cells were similar. These results support the assertion that mitotically quiescent and cycling fetal hematopoietic cells contain marrow-repopulating stem cells capable of multilineage engraftment in NOD/SCID mouse recipients.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Risk Factors, Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis (1989)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined in this chapter, and the relation between its two major components, (a) chronic bronchitis and emphysema and (b) nonremitting asthma, is discussed. Intensity of tobacco smoking and age are the major risk factors for the development of chronic airways obstruction. Environmental air pollution, childhood infections, and familial factors other than alpha-1 protease inhibitor deficiency appear to play only small roles. Emphysema is the major cause of severe airways obstruction; bronchiolitis is a contributing factor and likely is responsible for the minor reversible element of airways obstruction. The elastase-antielastase hypothesis, which is based mainly on indirect evidence, is the best explanation for the pathogenesis of emphysema. Extensive airspace enlargement with fibrosis is infrequently observed; this mechanism may play a role in the pathogenesis of the centrilobular emphysema of smokers.
RefineNet: Multi-Path Refinement Networks for High-Resolution Semantic Segmentation (2016)

Recently, very deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have shown outstanding performance in object recognition and have also been the first choice for dense classification problems such as semantic segmentation. However, repeated subsampling operations like pooling or convolution striding in deep CNNs lead to a significant decrease in the initial image resolution. Here, we present RefineNet, a generic multi-path refinement network that explicitly exploits all the information available along the down-sampling process to enable high-resolution prediction using long-range residual connections. In this way, the deeper layers that capture high-level semantic features can be directly refined using fine-grained features from earlier convolutions. The individual components of RefineNet employ residual connections following the identity mapping mindset, which allows for effective end-to-end training. Further, we introduce chained residual pooling, which captures rich background context in an efficient manner. We carry out comprehensive experiments and set new state-of-the-art results on seven public datasets. In particular, we achieve an intersection-over-union score of 83.4 on the challenging PASCAL VOC 2012 dataset, which is the best reported result to date.
Large Area Nanolithographic Templates by Selective Etching of Chemically Stained Block Copolymer Thin Films (2004)

Magnetic nanodot arrays were prepared from thin film templates of cylinder-forming polystyrene-polylactide diblock copolymers by first annealing the films to obtain PLA cylinders oriented perpendicular to the surface, then selectively staining the PS matrix with RuO4 vapors, followed by etching the cylinders by O2-reactive ion etching. Metal was then deposited by molecular beam deposition and finally the polymer mask was lifted off.
Probing Prokaryotic Social Behaviors with Bacterial “Lobster Traps” (2010)

Bacteria are social organisms that display distinct behaviors/phenotypes when present in groups. These behaviors include the abilities to construct antibiotic-resistant sessile biofilm communities and to communicate with small signaling molecules (quorum sensing [QS]). Our understanding of biofilms and QS arises primarily from in vitro studies of bacterial communities containing large numbers of cells, often greater than 10(8) bacteria; however, in nature, bacteria often reside in dense clusters (aggregates) consisting of significantly fewer cells. Indeed, bacterial clusters containing 10(1) to 10(5) cells are important for transmission of many bacterial pathogens. Here, we describe a versatile strategy for conducting mechanistic studies to interrogate the molecular processes controlling antibiotic resistance and QS-mediated virulence factor production in high-density bacterial clusters. This strategy involves enclosing a single bacterium within three-dimensional picoliter-scale microcavities (referred to as bacterial "lobster traps") defined by walls that are permeable to nutrients, waste products, and other bioactive small molecules. Within these traps, bacteria divide normally into extremely dense (10(12) cells/ml) clonal populations with final population sizes similar to that observed in naturally occurring bacterial clusters. Using these traps, we provide strong evidence that within low-cell-number/high-density bacterial clusters, QS is modulated not only by bacterial density but also by population size and flow rate of the surrounding medium. We also demonstrate that antibiotic resistance develops as cell density increases, with as few as ~150 confined bacteria exhibiting an antibiotic-resistant phenotype similar to biofilm bacteria. Together, these findings provide key insights into clinically relevant phenotypes in low-cell-number/high-density bacterial populations.
Distortion measurement and calibration technology research of automatic observing and aiming optical system based on CCD (2009)

With the development of science and technology, especially advanced technology, the requirement to observing and aiming optical system is higher responsibility and accuracy, more intelligence, so wide-field and short-focal-length CCD camera system is used widely in the observing and aiming optical device, which is the important part of this device. But accurate calibration of forming-image system distortion is the key, and the distortion quantitative measurement must be finished. In this paper, firstly the high performance electronic target is established whose advantages are high contrast, high brightness, excellent uniformity and so on by use of TFT-LCD space optical modulator and visible image display technology. On basis of this, the distortion measurement system is formed to measure the automatic observing and aiming optical system based on CCD. Then polynomial model is established by applying the inversion algorithm and the measured distortion is calibrated by the least squares fit. The calibrated result shows that the measurement precision using the inversion polynomial algorithm is higher than that using the positive one obviously and the average distortion after calibration is better than 0.11%.
Enhanced Electrochemical Oxidation of H[sub 2]O[sub 2] at Iodine-Modified Gold Electrode in Alkaline Media (2006)

In this report, electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen peroxide at the bare polycrystalline gold [Au (poly)] electrode and the Au (poly) electrode modified with a submonolayer of iodine (sub I) [sub (poly)] electrode in solution has been described. At the bare Au (poly) electrode, electrochemical oxidation of proceeds probably via a rate-determining chemical step, i.e., adsorption of at the Au (poly) electrode. While modification of the Au (poly) electrode by the sub I results in a change of the reaction pathway to a diffusion-controlled one and a tremendous enhancement of the oxidation current. Five times larger oxidation peak current has been achieved at the sub (poly) electrode compared with the potential-independent oxidation plateau current at the bare Au (poly) electrode. Strong electrostatic attraction between the anionic molecules and the iodine-adlayer-induced positively polarized Au (poly) electrode surface has been proposed to be responsible for the enhancement of the electrode activity toward oxidation. The effect of surface coverage of I and the concentration of on the oxidation of at the sub (poly) electrode has also been investigated. Experimental investigation has been performed on the basis of the open-circuit potential measurement and cyclic and linear sweep voltammetric studies.
High-accuracy Fabry–Perot displacement interferometry using fiber lasers (2011)

We describe ongoing work in a Fabry‐Perot interferometry system designed to measure displacements over a range of 50 mm with sub-pm uncertainty. The apparatus involves probing two nearby modes of the Fabry‐Perot cavity with narrow-linewidth fiber telecom lasers and measuring both the mode spacing and the absolute mode frequencies relative to a third, frequency-stabilized, fiber laser. We explore the improvement in resolution obtained as the frequency separation between the two modes is increased and employ an internal consistency requirement to infer the magnitude of residual systematic errors. The measurement uncertainty is sufficiently small that we are easily able to see the Gouy phase shift as the cavity length is changed over several millimeters.
The stereospecific synthesis of P-chiral biophosphates and their analogues by the Stec reaction (2003)

This manuscript summarizes the results of studies on the application of the reaction of dialkyl (aryl) phosphoramidate anions with carbonyl electrophiles for stereospecific synthesis of P-chiral biophosphates (Stec reaction). Following the results obtained with organic phosphoramidates which delineated the scope of the reaction and its stereochemical course, the application of the title reaction is presented for the preparation of diastereomerically pure P-chiral cyclic nucleotide analogues (phosphorothioates, phosphoroselenoates, phosphoroselenothioates, isotopomeric 18O-phosphates), and P-chiral nucleoside monophosphate analogues, as well as dinucleoside phosphate analogues (phosphorothioates, methanephosphonates).
Novel mutations in Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus reverse transcriptase increase thermostability through tighter binding to template-primer (2008)

In an effort to increase the thermostability of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus reverse transcriptase (MMLV RT), we screened random and site-saturation libraries for variants that show increased resistance to thermal inactivation. We discovered five mutations E69K, E302R, W313F, L435G and N454K that collectively increase the half-life of MMLV RT at 55 degrees C from less than 5 min to approximately 30 min in the presence of template-primer. In addition, these mutations alter the thermal profile by increasing specific activity of the pentuple mutant (M5) over a broad range of cDNA synthesis temperatures (25-70 degrees C). We further show that M5 generates higher cDNA yields and exhibits better RT-PCR performance compared to wild-type RT when used at high temperature to amplify RNA targets containing secondary structure. Finally, we demonstrate that M5 exhibits tighter binding (lower K(m)) to template-primer, which likely protects against heat inactivation.
Haplotype-specific linkage disequilibrium patterns define the genetic topography of the human MHC (2003)

Detailed knowledge of linkage disequilibrium (LD) is regarded as a prerequisite for population-based disease gene mapping. Variable patterns across the human genome are now recognized, both between regions and populations. Here, we demonstrate that LD may also vary within a genomic region in a haplotype-specific manner. In 864 Caucasian unrelated individuals, we describe haplotype-specific LD patterns across the human MHC by the construction of gene-specific allelic haplotypes at 25 loci between HLA-A and Tapasin. Strong and extensive LD is found across both common and rare haplotypes, suggesting that haplotype structure is influenced by factors other than genetic drift, including both selection and differential haplotype recombination. Knowledge of haplotype-specific LD in the HLA may explain the apparent discrepant data from previous studies of global LD, help delineate key areas in mapping HLA-associated diseases and, together with recombination data, provide valuable information about a population's demographic history and the selective pressures operating on it.
Anti‐proliferative and anti‐inflammatory effects of topical MAPK inhibition in arterialized vein grafts (2005)

Vein graft failure following bypass surgery is a frequent and important clinical problem. The vascular injury caused by arterialization is responsible for vein graft intimal hyperplasia, a lesion generated by medial smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration into the intima, increased extracellular matrix deposition, and formation of a thick neointima. Development of the neointima into a typical atherosclerotic lesion and consequent stenosis ultimately result in vein graft failure. Endothelial damage, inflammation, and intracellular signaling through mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been implicated in the early stages of this process. We therefore investigated the effects of topical inhibition of ERK-1/2 MAPK activation on vascular cell proliferation and apoptosis, and on the inflammatory response in a canine model of vein graft arterialization. For this purpose, vein grafts were incubated with the MEK-1/2 inhibitor, UO126, ex vivo for 30 min before grafting. This treatment effectively abolished arterialization-induced ERK-1/2 activation, decreased medial cell proliferation, and increased apoptosis. UO126 treatment also inhibited the vein graft infiltration by myeloperoxidase-positive inflammatory cells that follows vein graft arterialization. Thus, topical ex vivo administration of MAPK inhibitors can provide a pharmacological tool to prevent or reduce the vascular cell responses that lead to vein graft intimal hyperplasia and graft failure.