gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimizing the Lighting in Automatic Inspection System using Monte Carlo Method (1999)

The lighting affects the cost, stability and quality of image formation in an inspection system. The inspection results are simultaneously affected by such as the light configuration, the reflectance of the inspected object, and the performance of lens, therefore it is difficult to supply the resolution either by measuring or analytical methods. The illumination effect of two different light sources in an automatic inspection system is studied by means of Monte Carlo (MC) method in this paper. The theoretical analysis and simulation results reveal as follows: It is possible to examine the performance of the different light sources and the reflection characteristics of the inspected object in an automatic inspection system by MC simulation method. When the size and the surface roughness of the inspected object vary, the collection result of lens under a desired annular light source has a better effect than under a sloped planar light source. However, with the reflector depth of the annular fluorescent lamp increasing, the efficiency decreases. This research not only supplies an available method for the analysis of light configuration but also points out a new way for light source selection in an automatic inspection system.
Matrix protein of Vesicular stomatitis virus harbours a cryptic mitochondrial-targeting motif (2006)

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a rhabdovirus that has attracted attention of late as an oncolytic virus and as a vaccine vector. Mutations in the matrix (M) gene of VSV yield attenuated strains that may be very useful in both settings. As a result of this interest in the M protein, this study analysed various M-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion constructs. Remarkably, fusion of the N terminus of the M protein to GFP targeted the fluorescent protein to the surface of mitochondria. Mutational analysis indicated that a mitochondrial-targeting motif exists within aa 33-67. Expression of these fusion proteins led to loss of mitochondrial membrane permeability and to an alteration in mitochondrial organization mirroring that seen during viral infection. In addition, a portion of the M protein present in infected cells co-purified with mitochondria. This work may indicate a novel function for this multifunctional viral protein.
Insulin-like growth factor receptor expression and function in human breast cancer. (1990)

The insulin-like growth factors IGF-I and IGF-II are potent mitogens for several breast tumor cell lines in culture. Additionally, both IGF-I and IGF-II mRNAs are easily detected in the majority of breast tumor specimens examined, while no breast cancer epithelial cell lines we have studied express authentic IGF-I mRNA, and few lines express IGF-II mRNA. Although receptors for insulin, IGF-I, and IGF-II have been described, there is significant cross-reactivity between the various receptors and ligands in the insulin/insulin-like growth factor family, and it is not clear which receptor or receptors are responsible for the biological effects of these growth factors in this system. Using an RNase protection assay, we examined breast tumor specimens and breast cancer epithelial cell lines for expression of mRNA encoding the type I and type II IGF receptors as well as the insulin receptor. Virtually all of the specimens examined expressed mRNA for all three receptors. We then examined estrogen-dependent MCF-7 cells for the mitogenic effects of IGF-I and II in the presence of antibodies to both the type I and type II receptors. alpha IR-3, a monoclonal antibody which blocks the type I receptor, abolished the mitogenic effects of both IGF-I and IGF-II. It did not, however, block the mitogenic effects of insulin. We conclude that type I and type II IGF receptors are ubiquitously expressed in breast cancer, and our experiments with MCF-7 cells suggest the mitogenic effects of both IGF-I and IGF-II are mediated via the type I IGF receptor.
Identification and characterization of a uroepithelial cell adhesin from a uropathogenic isolate of Proteus mirabilis (1986)

Proteus mirabilis is a frequent cause of urinary tract infections in rehabilitation hospitals and among persons with structural abnormalities of the urinary tract. Adherence to uroepithelial tissues may be an important virulence determinant in these infections because most Proteus strains adhere to desquamated uroepithelial cells. To identify the adherence factor responsible for this phenomenon, we sheared outer membrane material from 35SO4-radiolabeled bacteria and allowed it to bind to uroepithelial cells. Following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the major adherence element was a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 17,500 and was provisionally designated as the uroepithelial cell adhesin. This adhesin was purified by heat shock and gel filtration on Sepharose CL-4B. After purification, the adhesin was seen assembled as long, flexible rods by electron microscopy. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the subunit had limited homology with that of the K99 fimbriae of Escherichia coli.
Sharing the data center network (2011)

While today's data centers are multiplexed across many non-cooperating applications, they lack effective means to share their network. Relying on TCP's congestion control, as we show from experiments in production data centers, opens up the network to denial of service attacks and performance interference. We present Seawall, a network bandwidth allocation scheme that divides network capacity based on an administrator-specified policy. Seawall computes and enforces allocations by tunneling traffic through congestion controlled, point to multipoint, edge to edge tunnels. The resulting allocations remain stable regardless of the number of flows, protocols, or destinations in the application's traffic mix. Unlike alternate proposals, Seawall easily supports dynamic policy changes and scales to the number of applications and churn of today's data centers. Through evaluation of a prototype, we show that Seawall adds little overhead and achieves strong performance isolation.
A regioselective route to 3‐alkyl‐1‐aryl‐1H‐pyrazole‐5‐carboxylates: Synthetic studies and structural assignments (1993)

Abstract Ethyl 2,4‐dioxooctanoate ( 1 ) was selectively protected as the 2‐(methoxyimino) derivative 2 . When 2 was reacted with phenylhydrazine hydrochloride, ethyl 3‐butyl‐1‐phenyl‐1 H ‐pyrazole‐5‐carboxylate ( 4 ) was favored over the corresponding 5‐butyl‐1‐phenyl‐1 H ‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxylate product 5 by a ratio of at least 6:1, a complete reversal of the regioselectivity observed for 1 . The structures of 4 and 5 were assigned definitively by NOE difference experiments. Regiochemical and configurational assignments of the mono‐ and bis(methoxyimino) derivatives of 1 were also achieved by ID and 2D 1 H and 13 C nmr methods.
Mutations of BRCA genes in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. (2002)

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the main genetic elements associated with hereditary susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer that have been isolated to date. DNA analysis can identify carriers of mutations in these genes, who, accordingly, can benefit by adequate clinical programs for the reduction of cancer risk. Unfortunately, the analysis is complicated by the complexity of associated mutation spectra. The procedure for mutation testing in BRCA genes and its limitations are discussed.
High-Resolution Protein Design with Backbone Freedom (1998)

Recent advances in computational techniques have allowed the design of precise side-chain packing in proteins with predetermined, naturally occurring backbone structures. Because these methods do not model protein main-chain flexibility, they lack the breadth to explore novel backbone conformations. Here the de novo design of a family of alpha-helical bundle proteins with a right-handed superhelical twist is described. In the design, the overall protein fold was specified by hydrophobic-polar residue patterning, whereas the bundle oligomerization state, detailed main-chain conformation, and interior side-chain rotamers were engineered by computational enumerations of packing in alternate backbone structures. Main-chain flexibility was incorporated through an algebraic parameterization of the backbone. The designed peptides form alpha-helical dimers, trimers, and tetramers in accord with the design goals. The crystal structure of the tetramer matches the designed structure in atomic detail.
The Treatment of Migraine with Variable Frequency Photo‐Stimulation (1989)

Variable Frequency Photo-stimulation (VFP) goggles are a form of portable stroboscope, using red Light Emitting Diodes to alternately illuminate the right and left eyes, with the eyelids closed, at a rate of 0.5 to 50 Hz. VFP goggles were used in the treatment of 7 patients with migraine headache. Of 50 migraine headaches recorded, 49 were rated by the patient as being helped and 36 as being stopped by using the VFP goggles. Treatment reduced the median duration of headache in all patients. The interval between migraine headaches appeared to be increased in the two cases with a follow up of more than 18 months. We conclude in this preliminary study that VFP appears to be effective in the treatment of migraine.
Vascular endothelial dysfunction: does tetrahydrobiopterin play a role? (2001)

Tetrahydrobiopterin is one of the most potent naturally occurring reducing agents and an essential cofactor required for enzymatic activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The exact role of tetrahydrobiopterin in the control of NOS catalytic activity is not completely understood. Existing evidence suggests that it can act as allosteric and redox cofactors. Suboptimal concentration of tetrahydrobiopterin reduces formation of nitric oxide and favors "uncoupling" of NOS leading to NOS-mediated reduction of oxygen and formation of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide. Recent findings suggest that accelerated catabolism of tetrahydrobiopterin in arteries exposed to oxidative stress may contribute to pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction present in arteries exposed to hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, smoking, and ischemia-reperfusion. Beneficial effects of acute and chronic tetrahydrobiopterin supplementation on endothelial function have been reported in experimental animals and humans. Furthermore, it appears that beneficial effects of some antioxidants (e.g., vitamin C) on vascular function could be mediated via increased intracellular concentration of tetrahydrobiopterin. In this review, the potential role of tetrahydrobiopterin in the pathogenesis of vascular endothelial dysfunction and mechanisms underlying beneficial vascular effects of tetrahydrobiopterin will be discussed.
Chiral Brønsted Acid Directed Iron‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with β‐Aryl α′‐Hydroxy Enones (2009)

A cooperative catalytic system established by the combination of an iron salt and a chiral Brønsted acid has proven to be effective in the asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with beta-aryl alpha'-hydroxy enones. Good to excellent yields and enatioselectivities were observed for a variety of alpha'-hydroxy enones and indoles, particularly for the beta-aryl alpha'-hydroxy enones bearing an electron-withdrawing group at the para position of the phenyl ring (up to 90 % yield and 91 % ee). The proton of the chiral Brønsted acid, the Lewis acid activation site, as well as the inherent basic site for the hydrogen-bonding interaction of the Brønsted acid are responsible for the high catalytic activities and enantioselectivities of the title reaction. A possible reaction mechanism was proposed. The key catalytic species in the catalytic system, the phosphate salt of Fe(III), which was thought to be responsible for the high activity and good enantioselectivity, was then confirmed by ESIMS studies.
Mouse Interferons: Production by Ehrlich Ascites Tumour Cells Infected with Newcastle Disease Virus and its Enhancement by Theophylline (1980)

Conditions are described for the production of 0.3 to 0.7 NIH mouse reference standard units of interferon per cell from Ehrlich ascites tumour cells cultured as monolayers and induced by infection with Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Inclusion of theophylline (6 mM) in the medium increased the interferon yield three to four times. Cells infected with NDV started to lyse at about 15 p.i., but infected, theophylline-treated cells lysed only 24 p.i. Several other methylxanthines (e.g. theobromine, caffeine and isobutylmethylxanthine) when tested a concentrations similar to that of theophylline, did not boost interferon production. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (10(-10) to 10(-2)M) did not substitute for theophylline in increasing interferon production, and, if used together with theophylline, did not cause further enhancement.
The reaction of low levels of nitrogen dioxide with methyl linoleate in the presence and absence of oxygen (1994)

The reaction of methyl linoleate with low levels of nitrogen dioxide in a carrier gas, such as helium or air, at nitrogen dioxide concentrations ranging from 2 to 228 ppm was studied and the products formed were monitored. In both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, low concentrations of nitrogen dioxide reacted with methyl linoleate predominantly to form allylic products. When a 1:1 mixture of methyl palmitate/methyl linoleate was layered over an aqueous buffer and a nitrogen dioxide stream was passed from underneath, so that the stream passed through the aqueous layer before contacting the organic layer, allylic products again predominated. In the absence of air, the allylic products consisted of allylic nitro and nitrite, derivatives of linoleate, whereas in the presence of air, allylic hydroperoxides were the principal products. The findings suggest that fatty acids with doubly allylic hydrogen atoms react preferentially by a hydrogen atom abstraction reaction rather than by the addition of nitrogen dioxide to a double bond.
Immobilized Gallium(III) Affinity Chromatography of Phosphopeptides (1999)

A novel procedure for micropurification of phosphorylated peptides, as a front end to mass spectrometric analysis, is described. As a result of a systematic study, we propose the use of an immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) in a microtip (Erdjument-Bromage, H.; et al. J. Chromatogr., A 1998, 826, 167-181) format, more specifically in combination with Ga(III) ions. Manual Ga-(III) IMAC is easy to perform; phosphopeptides are retrieved in a near-quantitative and highly selective manner, to yield a concentrated sample for direct analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight and nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Ga-(III) ions offer distinct advantages over the use of other metals, such as Fe(III) and Al(III), in terms of both selectivity and versatility, including facile base elution. Selectivity is best illustrated by effective enrichment of phosphopeptides that were present in a molar ratio of approximately 2% on a background of unphosphorylated protein, a situation very typical perhaps for protein phosphorylation states in the cell. The system was also used to retrieve and tentatively identify five previously uncharacterized phosphopeptides from a tryptic digest of human beta 4 integrin, isolated from cell extracts by immunoprecipitation.
Adenoviral-Mediated Transfer of the TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/Apo-2 Ligand Gene Induces Tumor Cell Apoptosis (2000)

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily of cytokines that induces apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells. The results presented in this study demonstrate that introduction of the human TRAIL gene into TRAIL-sensitive tumor cells using an adenoviral vector leads to the rapid production and expression of TRAIL protein, and subsequent death of the tumor cells. Tumor cell death was mediated by an apoptotic mechanism, as evidenced by the activation of caspase-8, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, binding of annexin V, and inhibition by caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk. These results define a novel method of using TRAIL as an antitumor therapeutic, and suggest the potential use for an adenovirus-encoding TRAIL as a method of gene therapy for numerous cancer types in vivo.
Immunoregulatory activity of peptides related to platelet factor 4. (1989)

Platelet factor 4 (PF4), a secreted platelet protein, alleviates concanavalin A-induced immunosuppression in mice. We now find that activity also resides in (i) the C-terminal tridecapeptide of PF4 (P13S), (ii) an analog of this in which arginine replaces the lysine residues and in which the last two amino acids are absent, (iii) the C-terminal 18 amino acids of low-affinity platelet factor 4, which is very similar to P13S, and (iv) peptide fragments of P13S that contain only 5-9 amino acids. P13S treated with fluorescamine to derivatize the free amino groups retained immunoregulatory activity but did not bind to heparin-agarose. The N-terminal and middle portions of PF4, polylysine, protamine, and three unrelated peptides were inactive in this assay.
Expression of Aedes trypsin-modulating oostatic factor on the virion of TMV: A potential larvicide (2006)

We report the engineering of the surface of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) virion with a mosquito decapeptide hormone, trypsin-modulating oostatic factor (TMOF). The TMV coat protein (CP) was fused to TMOF at the C terminus by using a read-through, leaky stop codon that facilitated expression of CP and chimeric CP-TMOF (20:1 ratio) that were coassembled into virus particles in infected Nicotiana tabacum. Plants that were infected with the hybrid TMV RNA accumulated TMOF to levels of 1.3% of total soluble protein. Infected tobacco leaf discs that were fed to Heliothis virescens fourth-instar larvae stunted their growth and inhibited trypsin and chymotrypsin activity in their midgut. Purified CP-TMOF virions fed to mosquito larvae stopped larval growth and caused death. Because TMV has a wide host range, expressing TMV-TMOF in plants can be used as a general method to protect them against agricultural insect pests and to control vector mosquitoes.
Functional Viability of Chondrocytes Stored at 4°C (1996)

Little is known about the survival and function of chondrocytes when stored as a suspension at different temperatures. We compared the functional viability of chondrocytes stored in suspension at room temperature to those stored at 4 degrees C in either tissue culture medium or phosphate-buffered saline. Approximately half (47%) of the cells stored in culture media at 4 degrees C maintained viability after 4 weeks, while the cells stored at 4 degrees C in phosphate-buffered saline or in either suspension at room temperature for the same time demonstrated almost no viability. Viable cells that had been stored in cold culture media demonstrated the ability to multiply at the same rate as they had prior to cold storage, when returned to an incubator at 37 degrees C. These cells also maintained their ability to form new cartilage when seeded onto polymer matrices and implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. This investigation indicates that preservation of bovine chondrocytes at 4 degrees C in an appropriate media yields viable, functional cells that can be subsequently utilized to engineer new cartilage.
Data Warehousing in Action (1997)

From the Publisher:
Construct and implement a data warehousing plan.[In their efforts to collect information that will give them an edge, many companies have amassed vast amounts of data. Often this data becomes unwieldy and difficult to translate into anything useful. Data warehousing, storing all of this data in a system that allows for rapid retrieval of customized information, is the solution. This book, written by a data warehousing authority, is a step-by-step guide to creating and managing a data warehouse from start to finish, reviewing marketing, technology, and design issues.
STEP61: A Member of a Family of Brain-Enriched PTPs Is Localized to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (1996)

The STEP family of protein tyrosine phosphatases is highly enriched within the CNS. Members of this family are alternatively spliced to produce both transmembrane and cytosolic variants. This manuscript describes the distinctive intracellular distribution and enzymatic activity of the membrane-associated isoform STEP61. Transfection experiments in fibroblasts, as well as subcellular fractionations, sucrose density gradients, immunocytochemical labeling, and electron microscopy in brain tissue, show that STEP61 is an intrinsic membrane protein of striatal neurons and is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, structural analysis of the novel N-terminal region of STEP61 reveals several motifs not present in the cytosolic variant STEP46. These include two putative transmembrane domains, two sequences rich in Pro, Glu, Asp, Ser, and Thr (PEST sequences), and two polyproline-rich domains. Like STEP46, STEP61 is enriched in the brain, but the recombinant protein has less enzymatic activity than STEP46. Because STEP46 is contained in its entirety within STEP61 and differs only in the extended N terminus of STEP61, this amino acid sequence is responsible for the association of STEP61 with membrane compartments and may also regulate its enzymatic activity.
Evaluating systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity using molecular markers of hemostasis (1996)

These results strongly suggest that measurement of molecular markers of hemostasis is useful for evaluating disease activity in patients with SLE.
Characterisation of severely deformed austenitic stainless steel wire (2005)

AbstractAbstractThe microstructure of 8 μm diameter wire produced by the severe deformation of 316L austenitic stainless steel has been examined using TEM and X-ray diffraction. The deformation imparted amounts to a true strain of 6·3. Data from previous studies on strain induced transformation of this steel have been combined with new results to show that true strains >2 are required in order to observe mechanical stabilisation, i.e. the cessation of martensitic transformation when the martensite/austenite interfaces are unable to propagate through the dislocation debris created in the austenite.Keywords: MARTENSITEMECHANICAL STABILIZATIONINTERFACE STRUCTURESTAINLESS STEEL
MRI Techniques for the Examination of Trabecular Bone Structure (2005)

It is well known that bone mineral density measurement is a widely available means of identifying individuals with osteoporosis. However, bone strength depends not only on the amount of material but also on properties related to bone quality. Significant progress has been made in the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques for assessing bone status during the past years. This review discusses the technical principles, clinical applications, recent advances, limitations, and future trends of MRI techniques available for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Using MRI, bone status can be evaluated either by T2* measurements, which are sensitive to field inhomogeneities caused by susceptibility differences at the marrowbone interfaces, or by high-resolution imaging. In T2* relaxometry, the decrease in marrow T2* measurements and its decay characteristics provide useful information about the structure and quality of the trabecular bone. T2* measurements have been performed at several locations of the axial and peripheral skeleton such as spine, proximal femur and calcaneus. It has also been shown that osteoporotic and normal subjects may be distinguished using T2* decay characteristics. In addition to T2* relaxometry, high-resolution MR imaging may be used to quantify trabecular bone architecture. Gradient echo and spin echo sequences have been used to obtain images in vitro and in vivo mainly at peripheral sites of the skeleton. Several image-processing methods have been applied to measure bone structure. Technological advances in MRI scanners offer exciting new possibilities in bone analysis and may contribute to our understanding of osteoporosis. Keywords: magnetic resonance imaging, mr relaxometry, high resolution mr, osteoporosis