gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Behavior and Preferences of Users on Web 2.0 Social Network Sites: An Empirical Study (2009)

The number of virtual communities on Web 2.0 sites has been growing rapidly in recent years. This study selects 25 Social Network Sites (SNS) established in Taiwan as the targets. Through two in-depth interviews and a Focus Group Interview (FGI), a userspsila state transition diagram is developed and their corresponding transitional causes are also identified. A questionnaire is designed to collect the data on the willingness to pay for using Web services. Statistical results reveal similar patterns for users who pay for subscriptions and for transactions. In addition, two measures are developed to test the preferences of users on SNS. Attractiveness represents how well the users are attracted to the Web site, and sustainability indicates the degree of userspsila inclination to revisit the Web site. Data collected from 40 Web users provide support for the two measures on the popularity of Web sites.
Osteoblasts Express Types I and II Activin Receptors During Early Intramembranous and Endochondral Bone Formation (1997)

Increasing evidence suggests a potential role for activin in bone formation. However, the cognate receptors through which activins function with respect to skeletal tissues have not yet been identified. Identification and regulation of expression of these receptors are necessary prerequisites to understanding the role of activins in bone metabolism. We detected mRNAs for three activin receptors, type I (ActRI), type II (ActRII), and type IIB (ActRIIB), in multiple skeletal tissues in rat, including tibia and costochondral growth plate, and also in cultured osteoblasts. To gain information about the relationship between receptor expression and different skeletal cell functions, we evaluated expression of the three receptors in a semiquantitative manner during the early stages of fracture healing, a model for rapid bone formation. Relatively high levels of ActRI and ActRII expression were detected in the callus at 7, 10, and 14 days after fracture, times that correlate with the interval of rapid intramembranous bone formation and the initiation of endochondral bone formation. Expression of the ActRIIB in the fracture callus was strikingly lower than either ActRI or ActRII. Immunostaining of the fracture callus and the newborn rat femur with an anti-ActRII antibody localized the receptor to osteoblasts at regions of membranous and endochondral bone formation. No staining of osteoblasts in fracture callus or bone was seen with an anti-ActRIIB antibody. These results provide strong evidence of the identification of the principal receptors through which activins could function in the skeletal system and further shed light on activin's mechanism of action in bone formation.
Differentially regulated malate synthase genes participate in carbon and nitrogen metabolism ofS.cerevisiae (1992)

We have isolated a second gene (MLS1), which in addition to DAL7, encodes malate synthase from S. cerevisiae. Expression of the two genes is specific for their physiological roles in carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Expression of MLS1, which participates in the utilization of non-fermentable carbon sources, is sensitive to carbon catabolite repression, but nearly insensitive to nitrogen catabolite repression. DAL7, which participates in catabolism of the nitrogenous compound allantoin, is insensitive to carbon catabolite repression, but highly sensitive to nitrogen catabolite repression. Results obtained with null mutations in these genes suggest that S. cerevisiae contains at least one and perhaps two additional malate synthase genes.
An Analysis of the Biological Properties of Monoclonal Antibodies against Glycoprotein D of Herpes Simplex Virus and Identification of Amino Acid Substitutions that Confer Resistance to Neutralization (1986)

Four monoclonal antibodies to glycoprotein D (gD) of herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 neutralized virus in the presence of complement but exhibited diverse activities in its absence. Amino acid substitutions that conferred resistance to neutralization by each antibody were identified by deriving the nucleotide sequence of the gD gene from resistant mutants. Each antibody selected a substitution from different parts of the molecule and mutants resistant to a single antibody always arose from the same mutation. One of the antibodies reacted with a synthetic oligopeptide corresponding to the region of the molecule in which amino acid substitution conferred resistance, but the remaining three antibodies failed to react with predicted oligopeptide targets. These antibodies may therefore react with 'discontinuous' epitopes, a view supported by the observation that two of these three antibodies competed with each other in binding assays despite the fact that substitutions conferring resistance to neutralization arose nearly 100 residues apart in the primary sequence. The four antibodies had very different biological properties. One antibody neutralized infectivity but did not inhibit cell fusion, one antibody inhibited cell fusion but did not neutralize, while a third antibody had both activities. One antibody had neither activity but enhanced the infectivity of HSV-2 in a type-specific manner. The ability of antibodies to inhibit cell fusion by syncytial virus strains correlated with an ability to prevent plaque enlargement by a non-syncytial virus strain, implying a role for gD in the intercellular spread of virus that is independent of the syncytial phenotype. We found no correlation between neutralizing activity and anti-fusion activity suggesting that, while gD is involved in cell fusion, it has at least one other function which is required for infectivity.
A simple synthesis of 4-chloro-5-hydroxy-1H-benzo[g]indoles (2005)

The reaction of methyl 2-(3-chloro-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)propenoate (2a) with primary amines gave 4-chloro-5-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-1H-benzo[g]indoles 5a-f as major compounds and 3-methoxycarbonyl-4,9-dioxo-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[f]indoles 6a-d as minor ones. Whereas the reaction of 3-(3-chloro-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)-3-buten-2-one (2b) with primary amines afforded the corresponding 1H-benzo[g]indoles 5g-i as major products and 3-acetyl-4,9-dihydro-4,9-dioxo-1H-benzo[f]indoles 7g, h as minor products.
Combination lenalidomide‐rituximab immunotherapy activates anti‐tumour immunity and induces tumour cell death by complementary mechanisms of action in follicular lymphoma (2019)

Chemotherapy plus rituximab has been the mainstay of treatment for follicular lymphoma (FL) for two decades but is associated with immunosuppression and relapse. In phase 2 studies, lenalidomide combined with rituximab (R<sup>2</sup> ) has shown clinical synergy in front-line and relapsed/refractory FL. Here, we show that lenalidomide reactivated dysfunctional T and Natural Killer (NK) cells ex vivo from FL patients by enhancing proliferative capacity and T-helper cell type 1 (Th1) cytokine release. In combination with rituximab, lenalidomide improved antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in sensitive and chemo-resistant FL cells, via a cereblon-dependent mechanism. While single-agent lenalidomide and rituximab increased formation of lytic NK cell immunological synapses with primary FL tumour cells, the combination was superior and correlated with enhanced cytotoxicity. Immunophenotyping of FL patient samples from a phase 3 trial revealed that R<sup>2</sup> treatment increased circulating T- and NK-cell counts, while R-chemotherapy was associated with reduced cell numbers. Finally, using an in vitro model of myeloid differentiation, we demonstrated that lenalidomide caused a reversible arrest in neutrophil maturation that was distinct from a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent, which may help explain the lower rates of neutropenia observed with R<sup>2</sup> versus R-chemotherapy. Taken together, we believe these data support a paradigm shift in the treatment of FL - moving from combination immunochemotherapy to chemotherapy-free immunotherapy.
RyR2 and Calpain-10 Delineate a Novel Apoptosis Pathway in Pancreatic Islets (2004)

Cells are programmed to die when critical signaling and metabolic pathways are disrupted. Inhibiting the type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) in human and mouse pancreatic beta-cells markedly increased apoptosis. This mode of programmed cell death was not associated with robust caspase-3 activation prompting a search for an alternative mechanism. Increased calpain activity and calpain gene expression suggested a role for a calpain-dependent death pathway. Using a combination of pharmacological and genetic approaches, we demonstrated that the calpain-10 isoform mediated ryanodine-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis induced by the fatty acid palmitate and by low glucose also required calpain-10. Ryanodine-induced calpain activation and apoptosis were reversed by glucagon-like peptide or short-term exposure to high glucose. Thus RyR2 activity seems to play an essential role in beta-cell survival in vitro by suppressing a death pathway mediated by calpain-10, a type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene with previously unknown function.
Inhibition of Corneal Fibrosis by Topical Application of Blocking Antibodies to TGF?? in the Rabbit (1997)

Previous studies have shown that TGF beta 1 induces activation and myofibroblast transformation of cultured rabbit corneal keratocytes. To determine whether TGF beta has a similar function in vivo, we evaluated the effect of TGF beta-blocking antibodies on corneal fibrosis after lamellar keratectomy (LK) in the rabbit. A total of 51 rabbits received standard LK wounds, and eyes were treated with 50 microliters of Celluvisc/PBS, containing 10, 50, or 100 micrograms of 1D11, a mouse monoclonal anti-TGF beta-blocking antibody. Control wounds received either 100 micrograms of an irrelevant mouse monoclonal antibody or vehicle alone. At days 14, 28, 42, and 56, eyes were evaluated by in vivo confocal microscopy (CM) and the mice were killed for light microscopy (LM) and immunostaining with antibodies to human fibronectin. In vivo CM of LK wounds clearly identified a disorganized layer that contained irregularly arranged fibroblasts and reflective extracellular matrix overlying normal corneal stroma. In a subset of 11 eyes stained with 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazinyl) aminofluorescein (DTAF) immediately after injury, the thickness of the disorganized layer identified by in vivo CM significantly correlated with both anterior corneal fibrosis (r = 0.627; p < 0.025) and depth of keratocyte activation (r = 0.8980; p < 0.0005), indicating that in vivo CM can be used quantitatively to assess anterior stromal fibrosis. In eyes treated with an irrelevant monoclonal antibody, in vivo corneal fibrosis averaged 100 +/- 26 microns thick at day 14, whereas treatment with 10, 50, and 100 micrograms anti-TGF beta significantly reduced (p < 0.0005) the anterior disorganization in a dose-dependent fashion to 101 +/- 32, 45 +/- 11, and 56 +/- 18 microns, respectively. Semiquantitative measurement of anti-fibronectin staining within the wound revealed that anti-TGF beta significantly reduced the intensity of anti-fibronectin staining in the anterior 50 microns of the corneal stroma (p < 0.003). These findings indicate that TGF beta plays an important in vivo role in keratocyte activation and myofibroblast transformation. Furthermore, the in vivo use of TGF beta-blocking antibody effects may allow modulation of corneal fibrosis after refractive surgery.
Polarisation insensitive arrayed-waveguide gratingmultiplexers with ion-exchanged waveguides in glass (1996)

For the first time, 8-channel, 50 GHz arrayed-waveguide multiplexers for 1.55 µm wavelength are realised with ion-exchanged waveguides in glass. The minimum insertion loss is 6 dB with channel crosstalk below –15 dB. The TE-TM-shift is only 0.02 nm due to the low birefringence of the waveguides.
Laboratory Evaluation and Calibration of Three Low-Cost Particle Sensors for Particulate Matter Measurement (2015)

Particle sensors offer significant advantages of compact size and low cost, and have recently drawn great attention for usage as portable monitors measuring particulate matter mass concentrations. However, most sensor systems have not been thoroughly evaluated with standardized calibration protocols, and their data quality is not well documented. In this work, three low-cost particle sensors based on light scattering (Shinyei PPD42NS, Samyoung DSM501A, and Sharp GP2Y1010AU0F) were evaluated by calibration methods adapted from the US EPA 2013 Air Sensor Workshop recommendations. With a SidePak (TSI Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA), a scanning mobility particle sizer (TSI Inc.), and an AirAssure™ PM2.5 Indoor Air Quality Monitor (TSI Inc.), which itself relies on a GP2Y1010AU0F sensor as reference instruments, six performance aspects were examined: linearity of response, precision of measurement, limit of detection, dependence on particle composition, dependence on particle size, and relative humidity and temperature influences. This work found that: (a) all three sensors demonstrated high linearity against SidePak measured concentrations, with R2 values higher than 0.8914 in the particle concentration range of 0–1000 μg/m3, and the linearity depended on the studied range of particle concentrations; (b) the standard deviations of the sensors varied from 15 to 90 μg/m3 for a concentration range of 0–1000 μg/m3; (c) the outputs of all three sensors depended highly on particle composition and size, resulting in as high as 10 times difference in the sensor outputs; and (d) humidity affected the sensor response. This article provides further recommendations for applications of the three tested sensors.Copyright 2015 American Association for Aerosol Research
Machine-Made Index for Technical Literature—An Experiment (1958)

Machine techniques for reducing technical documents to their essential discriminating indices are investigated. Human scanning patterns in selecting topic sentences and phrases composed of nouns and modifiers were simulated by computer program. The amount of condensation resulting from each method and the relative uniformity in indices are examined. It is shown that the coordinated index provided by the phrase is the more meaningful and discriminating.
HIV-1 and HIV-Associated Nephropathy 25 Years Later (2007)

Twenty-five years after the first published description of AIDS, HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) remains an important cause of kidney disease in HIV-infected patients. The pathogenesis of HIVAN involves direct HIV infection of the kidney, with both viral and host genetic factors playing an important role. The widespread use of antiretroviral therapy has influenced the epidemiology of HIV-related kidney disease, and the nephrology community should support efforts to improve access to therapy and limit HIV transmission in susceptible minority populations. This article reviews the history of HIV and HIVAN, focusing on advances in the understanding of pathogenesis, epidemiology, and treatment.
Interactions of protein antigens with antibodies. (1996)

There are now several crystal structures of antibody Fab fragments complexed to their protein antigens. These include Fab complexes with lysozyme, two Fab complexes with influenza virus neuraminidase, and three Fab complexes with their anti-idiotype Fabs. The pattern of binding that emerges is similar to that found with other protein-protein interactions, with good shape complementarity between the interacting surfaces and reasonable juxtapositions of polar residues so as to permit hydrogen-bond formation. Water molecules have been observed in cavities within the interface and on the periphery, where they often form bridging hydrogen bonds between antibody and antigen. For the most part the antigen is bound in the middle of the antibody combining site with most of the six complementarity-determining residues involved in binding. For the most studied antigen, lysozyme, the epitopes for four antibodies occupy approximately 45% of the accessible surface area. Some conformational changes have been observed to accompany binding in both the antibody and the antigen, although most of the information on conformational change in the latter comes from studies of complexes with small antigens.
High-power ultrafast laser diodes (1992)

Several ultrafast optical pulse generation techniques utilizing external cavity semiconductor lasers are described. These techniques include active mode locking, passive mode locking, hybrid mode locking, and several chirp compensation techniques. Utilizing these techniques, optical pulses of 200 fs in duration with over 160 W of peak power have been generated, making these pulses both the shortest and most intense ever generated with a semiconductor injection diode laser system. These pulses have been used to study the ultrafast amplification characteristics of semiconductor lasers. The results presented reveal the nature of the effects which dominate the pulse shaping mechanisms in external cavity hybrid mode-locked diode lasers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Stability‐increasing mutants of glucose dehydrogenase (1989)

Four stability‐increasing mutants of glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus megateriun were purified together with the wild‐type enzyme; each has a single amino acid change of Glu‐96 to Gly, Glu‐96 to Ala, Gln‐252 to Leu, or Tyr‐253 to Cys. These mutant enzymes are more heat resistant at pH 6.5 than the wild‐type enzyme; the replacement of Glu‐96 by Ala increases the thermostability by about 20°C. The mutant enzymes are also resistant to inactivation in alkaline solutions. The replacement of Glu‐96 by Gly or Ala protects the enzyme from alkaline inactivation almost completely. The kinetic constants for the activities of these mutant enzymes do not differ significantly from those of the wild‐type enzyme.
Unified Analysis of Switched-Capacitor Resonant Converters (2004)

A family of switched-capacitor resonant circuits using only two transistors is presented. The circuit operates under zero-current switching and, therefore, the switching loss is zero. It also offers a wide choice of voltage conversions including fractional as well as multiple and inverted voltage conversion ratios.
Demonstration of a Remote Optical Measurement Configuration That Correlates With Breathing, Heart Rate, Pulse Pressure, Blood Coagulation, and Blood Oxygenation (2015)

An optical approach to the extraction and separation of remote vibration sources has recently been proposed. The technique has previously been applied successfully to biomedical measurements including pulse pressure, heart rate, blood glucose and alcohol concentrations, and intraocular pressure. In this paper, we review this optical sensing technology and demonstrate its ability to monitor three additional biomedical indicators, breathing, blood oximetry, and blood coagulation, as well as its ability to simultaneously monitor indicators that were previously only monitored separately. The proposed compact and potentially low-cost biomedical sensor can be highly beneficial given the global healthcare challenges, especially in the developing countries.
Béla Bollobás, Extremal Graph Theory (Academic Press, 1978), 488 pp., £19·50. (1980)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the 'Save PDF' action button.
A complete compilation of matrix metalloproteinase expression in human malignant gliomas (2012)

Glioblastomas are characterized by an aggressive local growth pattern, a marked degree of invasiveness and poor prognosis. Tumor invasiveness is facilitated by the increased activity of proteolytic enzymes which are involved in destruction of the extracellular matrix of the surrounding healthy brain tissue. Elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were found in glioblastoma (GBM) cell-lines, as well as in GBM biopsies as compared with low-grade astrocytoma (LGA) and normal brain samples, indicating a role in malignant progression. A careful review of the available literature revealed that both the expression and role of several of the 23 human MMP proteins is controversely discussed and for some there are no data available at all. We therefore screened a panel of 15 LGA and 15 GBM biopsy samples for those MMPs for which there is either no, very limited or even contradictory data available. Hence, this is the first complete compilation of the expression pattern of all 23 human MMPs in astrocytic tumors. This study will support a better understanding of the specific expression patterns and interaction of proteolytic enzymes in malignant human glioma and may provide additional starting points for targeted patient therapy.
Overactive bladder (2005)

Overactive bladder (OAB) is defined as urgency, with or without urge incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia, in the absence of local pathological or hormonal factors. It is a common complaint of men and women alike, with estimates of 22 million sufferers. ApproximateLy 70% of men with bladder outflow obstruction will have some symptoms of OAB. The exact pathophysiology of OAB in bladder outflow obstruction is yet to be elucidated; evidence to date points to changes in both the efferent and afferent innervation and the detrusor. Management of OAB can be is generally with pharmacological agents such as anticholinergics or operative measures such as the 'Clam' cystoplasty. More recent treatment modalities include intravesicaL oxybutynin, intradetrusor botulinum toxin and neuromodulation. More specific treatment options for OAB in bladder outflow obstruction include relief of the obstruction with surgical (e.g. transurethraL resection of prostate) or pharmaceutical (e.g. a blockers) methods.
Surface Roughness and Morphology Customization of Additive Manufactured Open Porous Ti6Al4V Structures (2013)

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a production method that enables the building of porous structures with a controlled geometry. However, there is a limited control over the final surface of the product. Hence, complementary surface engineering strategies are needed. In this work, design of experiments (DoE) was used to customize post AM surface treatment for 3D selective laser melted Ti6Al4V open porous structures for bone tissue engineering. A two-level three-factor full factorial design was employed to assess the individual and interactive effects of the surface treatment duration and the concentration of the chemical etching solution on the final surface roughness and beam thickness of the treated porous structures. It was observed that the concentration of the surface treatment solution was the most important factor influencing roughness reduction. The designed beam thickness decreased the effectiveness of the surface treatment. In this case study, the optimized processing conditions for AM production and the post-AM surface treatment were defined based on the DoE output and were validated experimentally. This allowed the production of customized 3D porous structures with controlled surface roughness and overall morphological properties, which can assist in more controlled evaluation of the effect of surface roughness on various functional properties.