gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Induction and mechanism of action of transforming growth factor‐β‐secreting Th3 regulatory cells (2001)

Th3 CD4+ regulatory cells were identified during the course of investigating mechanisms associated with oral tolerance. Different mechanisms of tolerance are induced following oral antigen administration, including active suppression, clonal anergy and deletion. Low doses favor active suppression whereas high doses favor anergy/deletion. Th3 regulatory cells form a unique T-cell subset which primarily secretes transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, provides help for IgA and has suppressive properties for both Th1 and Th2 cells. Th3 type cells are distinct from the Th2 cells, as CD4+ TGF-beta-secreting cells with suppressive properties have been generated from interleukin (IL)-4-deficient animals. In vitro differentiation of Th3 cells from Th precursors from T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) transgenic mice is enhanced by culture with TGF-beta, IL-4, IL-10, and anti-IL-12. Th3 CD4+ myelin basic protein regulatory clones are structurally identical to Th1 encephalitogenic clones in TCR usage, MHC restriction and epitope recognition, but produce TGF-beta with various amounts of IL-4 and IL-10. Because Th3 regulatory cells are triggered in an antigen-specific fashion but suppress in an antigen-non-specific fashion, they mediate "bystander suppression" when they encounter the fed autoantigen at the target organ. In vivo induction of Th3 cells and low dose oral tolerance is enhanced by oral administration of IL-4. Anti-CD86 but not anti-CD80 blocks the induction of Th3 cells associated with low dose oral tolerance. Th3 regulatory cells have been described in other systems (e.g. recovery from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis) but may be preferentially generated following oral antigen administration due to the gut immunologic milieu that is rich in TGF-beta and has a unique class of dendritic cells. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell function also appears related to TGF-beta.
Cloning and DNA sequence analysis of two abortive infection phage resistance determinants from the lactococcal plasmid pNP40 (1995)

The lactococcal plasmid pNP40, from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis DRC3, confers complete resistance to the prolate-headed phage phi c2 and the small isometric-headed phage phi 712 in L. lactis subsp. lactis MG1614. A 6.0-kb NcoI fragment of pNP40 cloned in the lactococcal Escherichia coli shuttle vector pAM401 was found to confer partial resistance to phi 712. Subcloning and deletion analysis of the recombinant plasmid pPG01 defined a 2.5-kb ScaIHpaI fragment as conferring phage insensitivity. Sequence analysis of this region confirmed the presence of two overlapping open reading frames (ORFs). Further subcloning of pNP40 to characterize the resistance determinant active against phi c2 identified a 5.6-kb EcoRV fragment of pNP40 which, when cloned in pAM401, conferred partial resistance to both phi c2 and phi 712. Subcloning and deletion analysis of the recombinant plasmid pCG1 defined a 3.7-kb EcoRV-XbaI fragment as encoding phage insensitivity. DNA sequence analysis of this region revealed the presence of a single complete ORF. The introduction of a frameshift mutation at the unique BglII site within this ORF disrupted the phage resistance phenotype, confirming that this ORF is responsible for the observed phage insensitivity. The mechanisms encoded by pPG01 and pCG1 in L. lactis subsp. lactis MG1614 conformed to the criteria defining abortive infection and were designated AbiE and AbiF, respectively. Analysis of the phage DNA content of phi 712-infected hosts containing AbiF demonstrated that it inhibited the rate of phage DNA replication, while AbiE had little effect on phage DNA replication, suggesting a later target of inhibition. The predicted protein product of abiF shows significant homology to the products of two other lactococcal abortive infection genes, abiD and abiD1.
Preparation, structure and morphology of polymer supports (1998)

The use of polymer resin beads as an aid to synthesis is becoming an increasingly common feature in both academic and industrial synthesis laboratories. The large majority of users employ materials sourced commercially and adopt or adapt procedures already described in the literature without thinking too deeply about the physico-chemical aspects of the support. Success can be immediate, but more often a learning curve needs to be traversed. The present article seeks to describe the chemistry of synthesising supports and to present a user-friendly description of their key physico-chemical properties. A qualitative and pictorial view of how specific morphologies can be generated, and the relevance of these, is also presented. It is hoped that this insight will be of advantage to users in planning and pursuing their chemistry using polymer supports.
High pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of conjugated bile acids in human bile: simultaneous resolution of sulfated and unsulfated lithocholyl amidates and the common conjugated bile acids (1987)

A reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) system capable of simultaneously separating four lithocholyl species (sulfated and unsulfated forms of lithocholylglycine and lithocholyltaurine) as well as the eight other major conjugated bile acids present in human bile is described. The system uses a C18 octadecylsilane column and isocratic elution with methanol phosphate buffer, pH 5.35. Relative bile acid concentration is determined by absorbance at 200 nm. Retention times relative to chenodeoxycholylglycine are reported for the four lithocholic acid forms, the glycine and taurine amidate of the four major bile acids present in human bile (cholic, chenodeoxycholic, ursodeoxycholic, and deoxycholic), and for their corresponding unconjugated forms. Retention times are also reported for the glycine and taurine amidates as well as the unconjugated form of the C23 norderivatives of these bile acids. Maximal absorbance of bile acid amidates is at 200 nm and is very similar for the (unsulfated) glycine and taurine amidates. Sulfated lithocholyl amidates exhibit molar absorptivities at 200 nm which are 1.4 times greater than that of non-sulfated lithocholyl amidates. Unconjugated bile acid absorbance at 200 nm or 210 nm is 20 to 30 times less than that of corresponding peptide conjugates. The method has been applied to samples of gallbladder bile obtained from 14 healthy subjects to define the pattern of conjugated bile acids present in human bile.
Motogenic activity of IGD-containing synthetic peptides (1999)

Although the IGD amino acid motif (iso-gly-asp) is a highly conserved feature of the fibronectin type I module, no biological activity has as yet been ascribed to it. We have previously reported that the gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin stimulates the migration of human skin fibroblasts into native, but not denatured, type I collagen substrata. Two IGD-containing type I modules are present within the gelatin-binding domain. The object of this study was to ascertain whether soluble synthetic peptides containing the IGD motif stimulate fibroblast migration. We found that IGD peptides stimulated fibroblast migration in the following order of activity: IGDS (as present in the ninth type I module) > IGDQ (as present in the seventh type I module) > IGD. The scrambled SDGI peptide and the well-characterised RGDS peptide were devoid of motogenic activity. The migratory response of fibroblasts to IGD-containing peptides consisted of two distinct phases: an initial period of peptide-mediated cell activation and a subsequent period of enhanced migration manifest in the absence of further IGD peptide. Cell activation was substratum-independent (occurring equally well on both native and denatured type I collagen substrata), whilst the manifestation of enhanced migration was persistent and substratum-dependent (being evident only by cells adherent to a native collagen substratum). Our data further indicated that cell activation (1) is elicited by a signal transduction cascade occurring within minutes of cell exposure to IGD-containing peptides, (2) is dependent upon integrin alphavbeta3 functionality, (3) involves the tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (ppFAK125) and (4) is inhibited by signalling mediated through integrin alpha5beta1. The expression of migration stimulating activity by soluble IGD-containing peptides clearly distinguishes them from their RGD counterparts. This is the first identified biological activity of the highly conserved IGD motif and provides a rational platform for the development of a novel family of therapeutic compounds designed to stimulate cell migration in relevant clinical situations, such as impaired wound healing.
Clusterin, a Binding Protein with a Molten Globule-like Region (2001)

Clusterin is a heterodimeric glycoprotein found in many tissues of the body and is the most abundant protein secreted by cultured rat Sertoli cells. The function of clusterin is unknown, but it has been associated with cellular injury, lipid transport, apoptosis, and it may be involved in the clearance of cellular debris caused by cell injury or death. Consistent with this last idea, clusterin has been shown to bind to a variety of molecules with high affinity including lipids, peptides, and proteins and the hydrophobic probe 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS). Given this variety of ligands, clusterin must have specific structural features that provide the protein with its promiscuous binding activity. Using sequence analyses, we show that clusterin likely contains three long regions of natively disordered or molten globule-like structures containing putative amphipathic alpha-helices. These disordered regions were highly sensitive to trypsin digestion, indicating a flexible nature. The effects of denaturation on the fluorescence of the clusterin-ANS complex were compared between proteins with structured binding pockets and molten globular forms of proteins. Clusterin bound ANS in a manner that was very similar to that of molten globular proteins. Furthermore, we found that, when bound to ANS, at least one cleavage site within the protease-sensitive disordered regions of clusterin was protected from trypsin digestion. In addition, we show that clusterin can function as a biological detergent that can solubilize bacteriorhodopsin. We propose that natively disordered regions with amphipathic helices form a dynamic, molten globule-like binding site and provide clusterin the ability to bind to a variety of molecules.
Radiofrequency ablation of airway smooth muscle for sustained treatment of asthma: preliminary investigations (2004)

Bronchial thermoplasty is a procedure now being tested in humans for the treatment of asthma. Current studies focusing on safety are encouraging. The procedure, which causes extensive ablation of airway smooth muscle (ASM), is well tolerated, and there is a sustained reduction in airway responsiveness to methacholine. Two assumptions underlie the development of this procedure: 1) ASM is a vestigial tissue; and 2) that treatment directed at ASM alone will provide sustained symptomatic and physiological improvement in asthmatic humans. Even if this procedure is efficacious, it must be safe in the long-term. Current studies in animals and humans suggest that this is very likely to be the case. While bronchial thermoplasty may have a broad application, especially for patients who wish for a permanent amelioration of their symptoms or have difficulty adhering to medical regimens, the compelling use of this procedure is for patients who are inadequately controlled on current drug therapy or who cannot adhere to therapeutic regimens. The application of this procedure for the treatment of asthma is currently being considered by regulatory agencies, and study centres are currently disseminated throughout North America and Europe. Within the next 1-2 yrs, a profile of the potential role of this therapy in human asthma should be developed fully.
α2,3 and α2,6 N-Linked Sialic Acids Facilitate Efficient Binding and Transduction by Adeno-Associated Virus Types 1 and 6 (2006)

Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are promising vectors in the field of gene therapy. Different AAV serotypes display distinct tissue tropism, believed to be related to the distribution of their receptors on target cells. Of the 11 well-characterized AAV serotypes, heparan sulfate proteoglycan and sialic acid have been suggested to be the attachment receptors for AAV type 2 and types 4 and 5, respectively. In this report, we identify the receptor for the two closely related serotypes, AAV1 and AAV6. First, we demonstrate using coinfection experiments and luciferase reporter analysis that AAV1 and AAV6 compete for similar receptors. Unlike heparin sulfate, enzymatic or genetic removal of sialic acid markedly reduced AAV1 and AAV6 binding and transduction. Further analysis using lectin staining and lectin competition assays identified that AAV1 and AAV6 use either alpha2,3-linked or alpha2,6-linked sialic acid when transducing numerous cell types (HepG2, Pro-5, and Cos-7). Treatment of cells with proteinase K but not glycolipid inhibitor reduced AAV1 and AAV6 infection, supporting the hypothesis that the sialic acid that facilitates infection is associated with glycoproteins rather than glycolipids. In addition, we determined by inhibitor (N-benzyl GalNAc)- and cell line-specific (Lec-1) studies that AAV1 and AAV6 require N-linked and not O-linked sialic acid. Furthermore, a resialylation experiment on a deficient Lec-2 cell line confirmed a 2,3 and 2,6 N-linked sialic acid requirement, while studies of mucin with O-linked sialic acid showed no inhibition effect for AAV1 and AAV6 transduction on Cos-7 cells. Finally, using a glycan array binding assay we determined that AAV1 efficiently binds to NeuAcalpha2-3GalNAcbeta1-4GlcNAc, as well as two glycoproteins with alpha2,3 and alpha2,6 N-linked sialic acids. Taken together, competition, genetic, inhibitor, enzymatic reconstitution, and glycan array experiments support alpha2,3 and alpha2,6 sialic acids that are present on N-linked glycoproteins as primary receptors for efficient AAV1 and AAV6 viral infection.
Mucosal dosage form of lidocaine for toothache using hydroxypropyl cellulose and Carbopol. (1982)

In the present study, as a continuation of the previous work on a new mucosal dosage form for insulin using hydroxypropyl cellulose-H (HPC) and Carbopol-934 (CP), we attempted to develop a dosage form containing a local anesthetic for toothache, using lidocaine as a model drug in HPC and CP as the peripheral base. The dissolution profile of lidocaine was investigated with various mixing ratios of freeze-dried HPC/CP (FD-HPC/CP) to lidocaine in the core base, and the absorption when this dosage form was applied to the human gingiva was also studied. It was found that the rate in the dissolution test was delayed with increase in the amount of FD-HPC/CP in the core base and that the absorption of lidocaine was about 30% after 1 hour and then increased by about 10% of the initial amount per hour for 4 hours in preparations containing 5 and 10 mg of FD-HPC/CP.
Inheritance of reduced saturated fatty acid content in sunflower oil (2002)

In recent years, consumers have become concerned with reducing the saturated fat content of their diet. Studies have indicated that high levels of saturated fat consumption are correlated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. The total saturated fat content of oil from current sunflower hybrids averages about 130 g kg-1. To identify sunflower germplasm with reduced saturated fatty acid composition, a total of 884 cultivated sunflower accessions from the USDA-ARS North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Ames, Iowa, were screened for fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. PI 250542, a cultivar collected in Egypt by Paul Knowles and deposited into the National Plant Germplasm System in 1958, was identified as an accession with reduced saturated fatty acid content. The fatty acid composition of 26 half-seeds of PI 250542 was determined, and the seeds with lowest saturated fatty acids were grown in the greenhouse. Pollen from a single plant was used to pollinate NMS HA 89, and the F1 seed was grown in the field and self-pollinated. After three generations of selection by half-seed analysis, two lines with a low saturated fatty acid trait were selected. Line RS1 has a striped black and dark gray achene, whereas line RS2 has a light gray achene which often bleaches to white when grown in the field. The total saturated fatty acid composition of RS1 including C16 to C24 fatty acids was 77 g kg-1, and for RS2 was 76 g kg-1 when grown at Fargo North Dakota, in 2000. To determine inheritance of the reduced saturated fatty acid trait, RS1 and RS2 were pollinated by HA 821, a high saturated fatty acid line, and grown in the greenhouse. The resulting F1 seeds were slightly higher in saturated fatty acids than the RS1 or RS2 parents, but far lower than the HA 821 parent, suggesting that the reduced saturated fatty acid trait was partially dominant.
An Overview of Respiratory Airflow Estimation Techniques: Acoustic vs Non-Acoustic (2019)

The primary objective of this analysis to provide an overview of the respiratory airflow estimation techniques, including both acoustic and non-acoustic approaches. This paper also highlights and addresses the applications where the breathing flow estimation was found to be crucial. The detailed summary of both acoustic and non-acoustic techniques were presented. The non-acoustic methods require airflow measurement devices or sensors whereas the acoustic methods only involve processing of breath sound signals to estimate airflow. A brief discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the acoustic and non-acoustic approaches of respiratory flow estimation were included in this article. The literature discloses that current advances in computing technology provide a platform to integrate the signal processing methods and machine learning algorithms to estimate airflow non-invasively. The future studies to be extended after estimation the respiratory flow also were addressed in the paper.
Demonstration of Energy Conserving TDM-PON with Sleep Mode ONU using Fast Clock Recovery Circuit (2010)

An energy conserving TDM-PON architecture using sleep mode ONU is presented. Sleep mode ONU with fast wake-up capability is demonstrated. The architecture employs novel just-in-time sleep control scheme to enhance energy conservation and buffering performances.
Glucocorticoid receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor in nephrotic syndrome (2006)

Abstract Aim: The aim of the study was to assess plasma and urine concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in nephrotic syndrome children (NS) depending on the total dose of glucocorticoids (GC) and the percentage of lymphocytes with glucocorticoid receptor expression (CD3/GCR). Methods: We examined 51 children (2–15 years), allocated to three groups: group I: 13 children with the first NS onset, group II: 13 children with NS relapse, group C: 25 healthy children. The NS patients were examined: (A) before treatment and (B) 4–5 weeks after prednisone administration at a dose of 60 mg/m 2 /24 h. Plasma and urinary VEGF levels were determined using the immunoenzymatic ELISA method. Flow cytometry was applied to assess CD3/GCR expression. Results: Higher plasma and urinary VEGF concentrations were noted in NS children before treatment (A), as compared to control subjects (C). Following prednisone therapy (B), VEGF level was reduced but it was still higher than in the control group. Positive correlation was observed between VEGF and protein in the urine (group I r = 0.660, P &lt; 0.05, group II r = 0.818, P &lt;0.01) and a weak positive correlation between VEGF in plasma and urine (group I r = 0.531, P &lt;0.05, group II – r = 0.581, P &lt;0.05). CD3/GCR expression was lower in group II. In both groups, the correlation between plasma VEGF and CD3/GCR was positive ( P &lt;0.05). Conclusions: 1. Plasma and urinary VEGF levels increase during nephrotic syndrome onset. 2. Glucocorticoid treatment reduces plasma and urinary VEGF levels in NS children.
Central role for CD40/CD40 ligand (CD154) interactions in transplant rejection. (1998)

Major advances have been made in understanding the expression and function of CD40 and its ligand CD154. It is now clear that CD40/CD154 interactions are critical in many aspects of the immune response, including T cell activation, T cell-dependent macrophage activation, T cell-B cell interactions and endothelial activation. Moreover, increasing evidence supports a central role for CD40/CD154 interactions in the immune processes of allograft rejection. Functional studies using blocking monoclonal antibodies have revealed beneficial effects of interupting CD40/CD154 co-stimulation in animal models of transplantation, particularly in association with interuption of the CD28/B7 pathway. A next step is to develop new therapeutic approaches to interrupting this pathway in humans, either through the development of receptor antagonists or through the understanding of intracellular signaling pathways utilized by these molecules.
Specific ortho substitution of aromatic heterocyclic amines. Conversions of 2-aminopyridines (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSpecific ortho substitution of aromatic heterocyclic amines. Conversions of 2-aminopyridinesPaul G. Gassman and Chin Teh. HuangCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 13, 4453–4455Publication Date (Print):June 27, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 27 June 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00794a070https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00794a070research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views280Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Si/SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor with graded gap SiGe base made by molecular beam epitaxy (2003)

Si/SiGe heterostructure bipolar transistors (HBT) were fabricated and compared to Si homojunction transistors with the same doping levels. Low-temperature Si-MBE was used to form the heterojunction and the homojunction layer sequences. One HBT structure has a graded-gap base layer, where the Ge fraction is 20% at the emitter side and linearly graded to 0% toward the collector side. This gives an average Ge content of 10% in the base and increases the critical thickness. The second HBT structure has a spike-doped S-base, sandwiched to low-doped SiGe layers. A strain selective etching technique was used to contact the thin base layer. Both HBT structures exhibit a higher current gain than the homojunction structure.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>