gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Super Wide Field of View Head Mounted Display Using Catadioptrical Optics (2006)

Many virtual reality, mixed reality, and telepresence applications use head mounted displays (HMD). HMD systems are portable and can display stereoscopic images. However, the field of view (FOV) of commercial HMD systems is too narrow for conveying the feeling of immersion. The horizontal FOV is typically around 60°, significantly narrower than that of the human eye. In this paper, we propose new display optics for a super wide FOV head mounted display. The proposed optics consists of an ellipsoidal and a hyperboloidal mirror that will display distortionless images by using the characteristics of the mirrors, even if the image has a large FOV. We constructed a prototype HMD system with a 180° horizontal × 60° vertical FOV that includes the peripheral vision of the human eye. The FOV has a 60° × 60° overlap area that can display stereoscopic images. We estimated the resolution, focus, and aberration of the prototype in an optical simulation and experimentally confirmed that the prototype displays distortionless wide FOV images.
Adoptive Therapy With Chimeric Antigen Receptor–Modified T Cells of Defined Subset Composition (2014)

The ability to engineer T cells to recognize tumor cells through genetic modification with a synthetic chimeric antigen receptor has ushered in a new era in cancer immunotherapy. The most advanced clinical applications are in targeting CD19 on B-cell malignancies. The clinical trials of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor therapy have thus far not attempted to select defined subsets before transduction or imposed uniformity of the CD4 and CD8 cell composition of the cell products. This review will discuss the rationale for and challenges to using adoptive therapy with genetically modified T cells of defined subset and phenotypic composition.
Sox9 regulates cell proliferation and is required for Paneth cell differentiation in the intestinal epithelium (2007)

The HMG-box transcription factor Sox9 is expressed in the intestinal epithelium, specifically, in stem/progenitor cells and in Paneth cells. Sox9 expression requires an active beta-catenin-Tcf complex, the transcriptional effector of the Wnt pathway. This pathway is critical for numerous aspects of the intestinal epithelium physiopathology, but processes that specify the cell response to such multipotential signals still remain to be identified. We inactivated the Sox9 gene in the intestinal epithelium to analyze its physiological function. Sox9 inactivation affected differentiation throughout the intestinal epithelium, with a disappearance of Paneth cells and a decrease of the goblet cell lineage. Additionally, the morphology of the colon epithelium was severely altered. We detected general hyperplasia and local crypt dysplasia in the intestine, and Wnt pathway target genes were up-regulated. These results highlight the central position of Sox9 as both a transcriptional target and a regulator of the Wnt pathway in the regulation of intestinal epithelium homeostasis.
On the Existence of Cellular Tocopheryl Phosphate, its Synthesis, Degradation and Cellular Roles: A Hypothesis (2005)

The finding that alpha-tocopheryl phosphate is present in cells in small amounts, that it can be synthesized and hydrolyzed supports the hypothesis that alpha-tocopheryl phosphate might be a signaling molecule. The possible pathways needed for the synthesis, hydrolysis and signaling are considered in this hypothesis as well the possible extension of this reaction to additional molecules such as tocopherols and tocotrienols. A possible mechanism of action of other tocopherol esters (succinate and maleate) is also hypothesized.
Architecture, Fabrication, and Properties of Stretchable Micro-Electrode Arrays (2006)

Essential components of a stretchable microelectrode array (SMEA) to record from biological tissue include: a compliant and elastic substrate, stretchable conductors forming active electrodes and traces, and an electrical insulation layer. The materials and architecture of these SMEA components must be biocompatible, resistant to electrolytic environments, and electrically functional during and after mechanical stretching. While rigid MEA systems exist, many applications, such as retinal implants and sensitive skin, need soft, conformable, and stretchable electronic devices. This work focuses on the fabrication process, electromechanical characterization, and biocompatibility of stretchable micro-electrodes on silicone membranes. We deposit and pattern thin gold films on elastomeric silicone substrates, encapsulate them with an insulating photopatternable silicone layer, and show that the electrodes remain electrically conducting during stretch to >50% strain. The SMEA supports growths of organotypic brain slice cultures
Do cytotoxic T lymphocytes clear some HIV/SIV infections? (1996)

Early work on the roles of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in acute viral infections in animal models showed that i) the clearance of virus coincided with the increase in CTL activity rather than specific antibody levels, ii) transfer of CTLs after infection could protect from a lethal dose of virus, and iii) in primed, compared to naive, animals, CTL activity appeared 1-3 days earlier after a challenge infection. There is now a series of findings with individuals who have been exposed to HIV but are HIV-seronegative that suggest a protective role for CTLs. Usually after in vitro culture, HIV-specific CTLs have been isolated from i) infants born of infected mothers, ii) long-time partners of HIV-infected people, iii) some prostitutes in Africa, and iv). Most recently, 7/20 seronegative health care workers exposed once to HIV have been shown to possess HIV env-specific CTLs. The findings suggest that CTLs (a type I T cell response) may rapidly clear a low dose of HIV. Experiments with SIV are proposed that may provide more direct supporting data for this possibility.
Electrospinning of Collagen Nanofibers (2002)

Electrospinning is a fabrication process that uses an electric field to control the deposition of polymer fibers onto a target substrate. This electrostatic processing strategy can be used to fabricate fibrous polymer mats composed of fiber diameters ranging from several microns down to 100 nm or less. In this study, we describe how electrospinning can be adapted to produce tissue-engineering scaffolds composed of collagen nanofibers. Optimizing conditions for calfskin type I collagen produced a matrix composed of 100 nm fibers that exhibited the 67 nm banding pattern that is characteristic of native collagen. The structural properties of electrospun collagen varied with the tissue of origin (type I from skin vs type I from placenta), the isotype (type I vs type III), and the concentration of the collagen solution used to spin the fibers. Electrospinning is a rapid and efficient process that can be used to selectively deposit polymers in a random fashion or along a predetermined and defined axis. Toward that end, our experiments demonstrate that it is possible to tailor subtle mechanical properties into a matrix by controlling fiber orientation. The inherent properties of the electrospinning process make it possible to fabricate complex, and seamless, three-dimensional shapes. Electrospun collagen promotes cell growth and the penetration of cells into the engineered matrix. The structural, material, and biological properties of electrospun collagen suggest that this material may represent a nearly ideal tissue engineering scaffold.
Targeted expression of a human pituitary tumor–derived isoform of FGF receptor-4 recapitulates pituitary tumorigenesis (2002)

MethodsCharacterization of human pituitary tissues.Pituitary tumors were obtained at surgery.Normal pituitary tissue was obtained at autopsy within 6 hours postmortem.Each tissue sample was divided, and one portion was fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin for detailed histologic and immunohistochemical analysis.The second piece was snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70C.RT-PCR analysis of mRNA.Total RNA was extracted by the guanidinium isothiocyanate method.One microgram of DNase-treated RNA was reverse-transcribed using 2.5 U/ml of murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase, 2.5 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM dNTP, 2.5 mM random hexamers, and 1 U/ml RNase inhibitor.The integrity of RNA of each sample was assessed by amplification of the PGK-1 gene.The human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line, which expresses FGFR4 (18) was used as a positive control for FGFR4 analysis.PCR analyses of FGFR4 mRNA were performed with the following sense primers: exon 1 (5-TCGGGCTGTCTGCGGACCCTG-3), exon 2 codons 73-93 (5-CCTGTTGGGGGTCCTGCTGAGTGTG-3), exon 4 codons 478-490 (5-CTTGCTGGGGGTACCT-GTGCCTATT-3), exon 5 codons 539-558 (5-TACCT-GCGGGGAACACCGTC-3), exon 6 codons 658-679 (5-CTGCGCCATCAGCACTGGAGT-3), exon 6 codons 726-744 (5-GCCTGGTAGAGAACGCTGT-3), and exon 6 codons 745-767 (5-GGCAGCATCCGCTATAACTAC-CTGC-3).The antisense primers used were exon 11 codons1536-1557 (5-CTGACCAAGCCAGCACTGTG-GC-3), and exon 18 codons 2441-2461 (5-TCGGGTCTGGGGTGCAGACA-3).The identity of all PCR products was verified by sequencing using an automated sequencer.Northern blot analysis of mRNA.Twenty micrograms of DNase-treated RNA was electrophoresed on a 1% agarose gel, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, fixed with a UV crosslinker, prehybridized, and
Terrestrial Gravity Fluctuations (2015)

Different forms of fluctuations of the terrestrial gravity field are observed by gravity experiments. For example, atmospheric pressure fluctuations generate a gravity-noise foreground in measurements with super-conducting gravimeters. Gravity changes caused by high-magnitude earthquakes have been detected with the satellite gravity experiment GRACE, and we expect high-frequency terrestrial gravity fluctuations produced by ambient seismic fields to limit the sensitivity of ground-based gravitational-wave (GW) detectors. Accordingly, terrestrial gravity fluctuations are considered noise and signal depending on the experiment. Here, we will focus on ground-based gravimetry. This field is rapidly progressing through the development of GW detectors. The technology is pushed to its current limits in the advanced generation of the LIGO and Virgo detectors, targeting gravity strain sensitivities better than 10<sup>-23</sup> Hz<sup>-1/2</sup> above a few tens of a Hz. Alternative designs for GW detectors evolving from traditional gravity gradiometers such as torsion bars, atom interferometers, and superconducting gradiometers are currently being developed to extend the detection band to frequencies below 1 Hz. The goal of this article is to provide the analytical framework to describe terrestrial gravity perturbations in these experiments. Models of terrestrial gravity perturbations related to seismic fields, atmospheric disturbances, and vibrating, rotating or moving objects, are derived and analyzed. The models are then used to evaluate passive and active gravity noise mitigation strategies in GW detectors, or alternatively, to describe their potential use in geophysics. The article reviews the current state of the field, and also presents new analyses especially with respect to the impact of seismic scattering on gravity perturbations, active gravity noise cancellation, and time-domain models of gravity perturbations from atmospheric and seismic point sources. Our understanding of terrestrial gravity fluctuations will have great impact on the future development of GW detectors and high-precision gravimetry in general, and many open questions need to be answered still as emphasized in this article.
Design and performance of GaAs MMIC CPW baluns using overlaid and spiral couplers (2002)

The design and performance of microwave and MM-wave baluns using multilayer GaAs MMIC technology is presented. For MM-wave designs a compact overlaid coupler is employed. For lower frequencies it is shown that novel spiral couplers can be used. Results for baluns operating at 30-40 GHz and 5-15 GHz are presented.
Inhibition of Angiogenesis by Adenovirus-Mediated sFlt-1 Expression in a Rat Model of Corneal Neovascularization (2001)

Pathological angiogenesis, or the production of new capillary vessels from preexisting vasculature, within the eye is a serious event that often leads to blindness. Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been linked to neovascularization in the eye, suggesting that it could be a suitable target to inhibit angiogenic changes. This work investigated whether the presence of a proven antiangiogenic factor, the soluble variant of the VEGF receptor, sFlt-1, in the anterior chamber is sufficient to inhibit new vessel formation in the cornea in an animal model of corneal neovascularization. A recombinant adenovirus vector that can mediate efficient in vivo gene transfer and expression in ocular cells was selected as a delivery agent. We have shown that after the injection of Ad.betagal into the anterior chamber of normal and cauterized rat eyes, corneal endothelial cells and cells of the trabecular meshwork were efficiently transduced and that beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) expression was maintained up to 10 days postinjection. Cauterization significantly increased the amount of immunoreactive VEGF in vehicle- or Ad.null-injected animals (t test, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). However, when cauterization was combined with Ad.sflt injection there was no statistically significant increase in the amount of immunoreactive VEGF (p = 0.12). The injection of Ad.sflt into the anterior chamber slowed or inhibited VEGF-induced angiogenic changes. After cauterization, 100% of uninjected and vehicle-injected and 82% of Ad.null-injected animals developed moderate to severe corneal angiogenesis in contrast to 18% of Ad.sflt-injected animals. These in vivo results suggest that the transient presence of antiangiogenic agents in the anterior chamber can be successfully used to inhibit the development of corneal angiogenesis.
Sonic hedgehog promotes generation and maintenance of human forebrain Olig2 progenitors (2013)

Function of oligodendrocytes (OLs), myelin forming cells in the CNS, is disrupted in demyelinating diseases such as periventricular leukomalacia or multiple sclerosis. It is, thus, important to better understand factors that can affect generation or differentiation of human OLs. In rodents, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is influencing expression of Olig2, a helix-loop-helix transcription factor required for development of OLs. In humans, Olig2 is present in cortical progenitors at midgestation, however the role of Shh in the specification of human OLs, including Olig2 positive (Olig2(+)) progenitors, is not fully understood. Here we studied in vitro effects of Shh signaling on proliferation and specification of human cortical Olig2(+) progenitors at midgestation. First, we established that the spatial pattern of Olig2 expression in the human developing CNS, described on cryosections, was preserved in mixed and enriched radial glia cell (RGC) cultures. Next, we demonstrated that in vitro treatment with Shh induced an increase in the number of Olig2(+) progenitors. Shh treatment increased the density of early oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPCs) at the expense of RGC, while the number of late OPCs, did not change. However, inhibition of endogenous Shh with cyclopamine did not reduce the density of Olig2(+) cells, implying the presence of an additional Shh-independent mechanism for OLs generation in vitro. These results suggest that the primary role of Shh signaling in the human dorsal oligodendrogenesis is the expansion and specification of multipotent radial glia progenitors into Olig2(+) early OPCs. These results obtained in vitro are relevant to understand primary myelination during CNS development, as well as remyelination in demyelinating diseases.
S18327 (1-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)piperid-1-yl]ethyl]3-phenyl imidazolin-2-one), a novel, potential antipsychotic displaying marked antagonist properties at alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors: II. Functional profile and a multiparametric comparison with haloperidol, clozapine, and 11 other antipsychotic agents. (2000)

S18327 was dose-dependently active in several models of potential antipsychotic activity involving dopaminergic hyperactivity: inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing in mice, of cocaine- and amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in rats, and of conditioned avoidance responses in rats. Furthermore, reflecting its high affinity at serotonin(2A) sites, S18327 potently blocked phencyclidine-induced locomotion and 1-[2, 5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl]-2-aminopropane-induced head-twitches in rats. In models of glutamatergic hypoactivity, S18327 blocked hyperlocomotion and spontaneous tail-flicks elicited by the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist dizocilpine. The actions of S18327, together with its binding profile at multiple monoaminergic receptors (15 parameters in total), were compared with those of clozapine, haloperidol, and 11 other antipsychotics by multiparametric analysis, and the resulting dendrogram positioned S18327 close to clozapine. Consistent with a clopazine-like profile, S18327 generalized to a clozapine discriminative stimulus and evoked latent inhibition in rats, blocked aggression in isolated mice, and displayed anxiolytic properties in the ultrasonic vocalization and Vogel procedures in rats. Relative to the above paradigms, only markedly (>20-fold) higher doses of S18327 were active in models predictive of potential extrapyramidal side effects: induction of catalepsy and prolactin secretion, and inhibition of methylphenidate-induced gnawing in rats. S18327 showed only modest affinity for histaminic and muscarinic receptors. Multiparametric analysis of these data distinguished S18327 from both haloperidol (high extrapyramidal potential) and clozapine (high histaminic and muscarinic affinity). In conclusion, S18327 displays a broad-based pattern of potential antipsychotic activity at doses appreciably lower than those eliciting extrapyramidal side effects. In this respect, S18327 closely resembles clozapine, but it is chemically distinct and displays weak affinity for histaminic and muscarinic receptors.
Cyclopropene fatty acids of selected seed oils from bombacaceae, malvaceae, and sterculiaceae (1978)

Fatty acid compositions of seed oils from three species of Bombacaceae, eleven from Malvaceae, and six from Sterculiaceae were determined. Each of the seed oils contains varying amounts of both malvalic and sterculic acids accompanied by one or both of the corresponding cyclopropane fatty acids. In addition, the seed oil of Pachira aquatic Aubl. (Bombacaceae) contains 12.8% alpha-hydroxysterculic acid.
Creation of a Long-Acting Nanoformulated 2′,3′-Dideoxy-3′-Thiacytidine (2016)

Sustained release of long-acting antiretroviral therapy is a new therapeutic frontier for HIV/AIDS. 3TC depot formation in monocyte-derived macrophages can be facilitated through stable subcellular internalization and slow drug release.
Characterization and crystallization of recombinant human neurotrophin-4. (1994)

Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) is the most recently discovered member of the neurotrophin family. We have expressed, refolded, and purified recombinant human NT-4 from Escherichia coli and compared it with recombinant human NT-4 secreted into the culture medium of baculovirus-infected insect cells. Both preparations were characterized and determined to be indistinguishable according to several biochemical criteria. Recombinant NT-4 from E. coli was crystallized in a form suitable for x-ray analysis, and characterization of these crystals indicated that NT-4 was present as a dimer within the asymmetric unit. NT-4 was active in promoting the survival of rat TrkB receptor-expressing fibroblasts, but was inactive on embryonic chicken sensory neurons, unlike the other members of the neurotrophin family and in contrast to the reported activities of partially purified NT-4.
Targeting Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in Cancer: Lessons from Mice, Hopes for Therapeutic Applications in Humans (2006)

The activity of cyclins and their associated cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) is frequently deranged in human cancers. For this reason, cyclin-CDK complexes have been considered as very promising therapeutic targets in human malignancies. An obvious concern, however, is whether blocking cyclin-CDK function would preferentially affect cancer cells, but not normal, non-transformed cells. Two recent reports addressed the requirement for cyclin D1-CDK4 kinase in mouse development versus in neoplasia. These studies documented that the kinase activity of cyclin D1-CDK complexes is largely dispensable for normal development, but it is critically required for the initiation and maintenance of mammary carcinomas. Here we summarize the lessons learned from mouse knockout experiments, and discuss the utility of CDK inhibitors in therapy of human cancers, and possibly of other diseases.
The chemistry of pyrrolic compounds. VIII. Dipyrrylthiones (1969)

A number of symmetrical dipyrrylthiones have been prepared by the action of thiophosgene on the appropriate 5-unsubstituted pyrrole. From an examination of their spectroscopic properties it is concluded that these compounds exist predominantly as the thione tautomer. Some chemical properties of the system are described including the conversion of the thiones into ketones by treatment with alkaline peroxide. The mass spectra of dipyrrylthiones and dipyrrylketones are compared.
A tendon-driven continuum robot with extensible sections (2015)

Tendon-driven continuum robots offer increased dexterity and manipulability in comparison to conventional rigid link serial manipulators. Being able to conform to complex curves in 3D space, continuum robots are in particular useful for applications in restricted and hardly accessible environments. The workspace of a tendon-driven continuum robot depends on the number of sections, as well as the length of each section and its range of bending radii. Common tendon-driven robot designs have fixed section lengths such that deployment along a tortuous paths requires additional linear translation of the whole robot. In this paper, we propose a novel tendon-driven continuum robot with extensible sections. A telescoping backbone allows control of the section length during operation in addition to bending through tendon actuation. Thus, the arc length of a section can vary and the range of bending radii is enlarged. As a result, the novel robot design inherently allows for deployment along tortuous paths in a follow-the-leader fashion. We suggest the use of spacer disks equipped with permanent magnets with alternating pole orientation. The magnetic repulsion forces enable equidistant spacing of the disks at any lengths of a robot section. We prove the concepts of our novel design with experiments using a first prototype.