gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Separating Style and Content for Generalized Style Transfer (2018)

Neural style transfer has drawn broad attention in recent years. However, most existing methods aim to explicitly model the transformation between different styles, and the learned model is thus not generalizable to new styles. We here attempt to separate the representations for styles and contents, and propose a generalized style transfer network consisting of style encoder, content encoder, mixer and decoder. The style encoder and content encoder are used to extract the style and content factors from the style reference images and content reference images, respectively. The mixer employs a bilinear model to integrate the above two factors and finally feeds it into a decoder to generate images with target style and content. To separate the style features and content features, we leverage the conditional dependence of styles and contents given an image. During training, the encoder network learns to extract styles and contents from two sets of reference images in limited size, one with shared style and the other with shared content. This learning framework allows simultaneous style transfer among multiple styles and can be deemed as a special 'multi-task' learning scenario. The encoders are expected to capture the underlying features for different styles and contents which is generalizable to new styles and contents. For validation, we applied the proposed algorithm to the Chinese Typeface transfer problem. Extensive experiment results on character generation have demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of our method.
Human immunodeficiency virus protease expressed in Escherichia coli exhibits autoprocessing and specific maturation of the gag precursor. (1987)

The mature gag and pol proteins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and all retroviruses derive from large gag and gag-pol polyprotein precursors by posttranslational cleavage. A highly specific, virally encoded protease is required for this essential proteolytic processing. In this study, the HIV protease gene product was expressed in Escherichia coli and shown to autocatalyze its maturation from a larger precursor. In addition, this bacterially produced HIV protease specifically processed an HIV p55 gag polyprotein precursor when coexpressed in E. coli. This system will allow detailed structure-function analysis of the HIV protease and provides a simple assay for the development of potential therapeutic agents directed against this critical viral enzyme.
Functional Brain Imaging (1996)

Major advances in computing and mathematics,especially the back-projection algorithms introduced for reconstructing tomographic data obtained by non-invasive imaging, have led to new opportunities for the study of the structure, function and structure-function relationships of the human brain. Functional neuro-imaging methods fall, broadly, into two classes. Those methods that provide information about synaptic activity and those that provide information of a chemical or neurochemical nature. The former methods usually depend on some form of perfusion mapping because of the tight coupling between local glucose metabolism and blood flow in the brain at rest and at times of altered synaptic activity. The latter methods depend on identification of a chemical species of interest by using an appropriate radioligand, or by using the intrinsic magnetic properties of a compound.
Memories in my pocket (1991)

Electrophysiological recordings were made of five closely observed hens, all permanently implanted with both EEG and EMG electrodes. Five behavioural postures were distinguished and percentages of wakefulness, sleep and presumably paradoxical sleep (PS) were determined during the third and sixth hour of the dark period. Substantial agreement was generally found between behaviour and sleep with the exception of sitting or standing motionless with at least one eye open. During two thirds of this behavioural posture, the EEG showed large amplitude slow waves undistinguishable from slow wave sleep. Characteristics of PS were determined: periods were short, whereas its percentage increased during the night. Furthermore, EMG atonia was never found. An all night recording was made, and delta activity (2-5 Hz) was filtered and plotted against time for three of the hens. A significant decrease in delta activity across the night was found. Differences and similarities between sleep in hens and in mammals are discussed. Although large similarities exist it is concluded that some properties of birds' sleep make it unique and are a challenge for further study.
Aryl Alkyl Ketones in a One-Pot Gewald Synthesis of 2-Aminothiophenes (2006)

2-Aminothiophene-3-carboxylates bearing various aryl groups at the 4-position are readily obtained in good to moderate yields by the one-pot Gewald reaction of aryl alkyl ketones with ethyl cyanoacetate and elemental sulfur in the presence of mor­pholinium acetate and excess morpholine.
The ERK signaling cascade—Views from different subcellular compartments (2009)

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade is a central signaling pathway that is stimulated by various extracellular stimuli. The signals of these stimuli are then transferred by the cascade's components to a large number of targets at distinct subcellular compartments, which in turn induce and regulate a large number of cellular processes. To achieve these functions, the cascade exhibits versatile and dynamic subcellular distribution that allows proper temporal and spatial modulation of the appropriate processes. In this review, we discuss the intracellular localizations of different components of the ERK cascade, and the impact of these localizations on their activation and specificity.
A novel group of pumilio mutations affects the asymmetric division of germline stem cells in the Drosophila ovary (1997)

Germline stem cells play a pivotal role in gametogenesis; yet little is known about how they are formed, how they divide to self-renew, and how these processes are genetically controlled. Here we describe the self-renewing asymmetric division of germline stem cells in the Drosophila ovarian germline, as marked by the spectrosome, a cytoplasmic structure rich in membrane skeletal proteins. The ontogeny of the spectrosome marks the lineage of germline stem cells. We identified two new groups of mutations in which the divisional asymmetry is disrupted. The first, which we refer to as ovarette (ovt) mutations, was shown to correspond to a novel class of mutations in the pumilio locus. Since pumilio is known to posttranscriptionally repress the expression of target genes at earlier stages of germ cell development, our results suggest that a similar activity is needed to maintain germ line stem cells. We have also identified a second and novel gene, piwi, whose mutations abolish germline stem cell division.
Gangliosides are functional nerve cell ligands for myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), an inhibitor of nerve regeneration (2002)

Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) binds to the nerve cell surface and inhibits nerve regeneration. The nerve cell surface ligand(s) for MAG are not established, although sialic acid-bearing glycans have been implicated. We identify the nerve cell surface gangliosides GD1a and GT1b as specific functional ligands for MAG-mediated inhibition of neurite outgrowth from primary rat cerebellar granule neurons. MAG-mediated neurite outgrowth inhibition is attenuated by (i) neuraminidase treatment of the neurons; (ii) blocking neuronal ganglioside biosynthesis; (iii) genetically modifying the terminal structures of nerve cell surface gangliosides; and (iv) adding highly specific IgG-class antiganglioside mAbs. Furthermore, neurite outgrowth inhibition is mimicked by highly multivalent clustering of GD1a or GT1b by using precomplexed antiganglioside Abs. These data implicate the nerve cell surface gangliosides GD1a and GT1b as functional MAG ligands and suggest that the first step in MAG inhibition is multivalent ganglioside clustering.
Alignment by maximization of mutual information (2002)

A new information-theoretic approach is presented for finding the pose of an object in an image. The technique does not require information about the surface properties of the object, besides its shape, and is robust with respect to variations of illumination. In our derivation, few assumptions are made about the nature of the imaging process. As a result, the algorithms are quite general and can foreseeably be used in a wide variety of imaging situations. Experiments are presented that demonstrate the approach in registering magnetic resonance images, aligning a complex 3D object model to real scenes including clutter and occlusion, tracking a human head in a video sequence and aligning a view-based 2D object model to real images. The method is based on a formulation of the mutual information between the model and the image. As applied in this paper, the technique is intensity-based, rather than feature-based. It works well in domains where edge or gradient-magnitude based methods have difficulty, yet it is more robust then traditional correlation. Additionally, it has an efficient implementation that is based on stochastic approximation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Epitopes of the CD4 Antigen and HIV Infection (1986)

The CD4 (or T4) surface antigen of human T lymphocytes is an important part of the receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). After binding to the receptor, the HIV may enter the T cell and induce the formation of syncytia. In an attempt to identify the receptor site more closely, monoclonal antibodies (Mab's) to CD4 were tested for their ability to block HIV infection in a syncytium formation assay, and the CD4 epitopes so identified were mapped by antibody cross-blocking. The antibodies that showed strong inhibition of HIV fell into two main families while a third group of Mab's blocked syncytia formation weakly or not at all. Several different isolates of HIV as well as the laboratory strain CBL1 grown in CEM cells were used to induce the syncytia. The data indicate that only some epitopes of CD4 are important for virus binding and imply that the virus-binding site for CD4 is conserved in different isolates of HIV with substantially divergent env gene sequences. Preliminary studies of patients suggest that polymorphism of these epitopes does not play a role in determining susceptibility to infection.
Picosecond signal sampling and multiplication by using integrated tandem light modulators (1983)

A picosecond signal sampling experiment was performed successfully by using integrated optic technologies. Two interferometric modulators of the traveling-wave and lumped types were integrated in series on a LiNbO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> crystal surface. The traveling-wave modulator was oprated as a sampling gate activated by an electrical pulse train of 1-GHz repetition from a comb generator, while the lumped one was driven by a 2-GHz CW signal. The aperture time of the gate was estimated about 52 ps from the measurement using the image tube streak camera modified to sinusoidal scan at 1 GHz. Also a signal multiplication experiment was carried out using 100- and 10-MHz CW signals.
Activation of Antibacterial Silver Coatings on Surgical Implants by Direct Current: Preliminary Studies in Rabbits (1980)

Staphylococcus aureus contamination on intramedullary silver pins in the femurs of rabbits was decreased 69% by the application of 9 muA for 1 hour of positive direct current/cm2 (9muAH+DC/cm2). Injection of a solution of silver chloride or silver nitrate into the bone marrow before insertion of the contaminated pins and subsequent application of 12 muAH+DC/cm2 to the stainless steel pins reduced the colony counts 25% and 64%, respectively, and indicated a need for the Ag+ and Cl- ionic state on the pins' surfaces. Stainless steel pins electroplated with silver and charged with 12 muAH+DC/cm2 decreased the bacterial counts by 85%. A 91% inhibition with stainless steel pins electroplated with silver and chlorided indicated that bacteriostasis was possible due to the Ag+/AgCl/Cl- surface effect. Total bacterial inhibition was achieved by 12 muAH+DC/cm2 on stainless steel pins coated with 100 monomolecular layers of silver stearate. The electrical activation of this coating eliminated up to approximately 3,000 S aureau contaminating the intramedullary pins.
Structure and variability of human chromosome ends. (1990)

Mammalian telomeres are thought to be composed of a tandem array of TTAGGG repeats. To further define the type and arrangement of sequences at the ends of human chromosomes, we developed a direct cloning strategy for telomere-associated DNA. The method involves a telomere enrichment procedure based on the relative lack of restriction endonuclease cutting sites near the ends of human chromosomes. Nineteen (TTAGGG)n-bearing plasmids were isolated, two of which contain additional human sequences proximal to the telomeric repeats. These telomere-flanking sequences detect BAL 31-sensitive loci and thus are located close to chromosome ends. One of the flanking regions is part of a subtelomeric repeat that is present at 10 to 25% of the chromosome ends in the human genome. This sequence is not conserved in rodent DNA and therefore should be a helpful tool for physical characterization of human chromosomes in human-rodent hybrid cell lines; some of the chromosomes that may be analyzed in this manner have been identified, i.e., 7, 16, 17, and 21. The minimal size of the subtelomeric repeat is 4 kilobases (kb); it shows a high frequency of restriction fragment length polymorphisms and undergoes extensive de novo methylation in somatic cells. Distal to the subtelomeric repeat, the chromosomes terminate in a long region (up to 14 kb) that may be entirely composed of TTAGGG repeats. This terminal segment is unusually variable. Although sperm telomeres are 10 to 14 kb long, telomeres in somatic cells are several kilobase pairs shorter and very heterogeneous in length. Additional telomere reduction occurs in primary tumors, indicating that somatic telomeres are unstable and may continuously lose sequences from their termini.
Linker insertion mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag gene: effects on virion particle assembly, release, and infectivity (1995)

The phenotypes of a series of mutant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proviruses with linker insertion and deletion mutations within the gag coding region were characterized. These mutants were tested for their ability to make and release viral particles in COS7 cells and for their viability in vivo. Of the 12 mutant proviruses, 4 did not make extracellular virion particles when transfected into COS7 cells. All four of these mutants had mutations in the C-terminal domain of CA. These mutants appeared to have defects both in the ability to accumulate high-molecular-weight intracellular structures containing Gag and Pol products and in the ability to release virion particles. Seven of the mutant proviruses retained the ability to make, release, and process virion particles from COS7 cells. These particles contained the Env glycoprotein, viral genomic RNA, and the mature products of the Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins, yet they were noninfectious or poorly infectious. The defect in these mutants appears to be in one of the early steps of the viral life cycle. Thus, multiple regions throughout Gag appear to be important in mediating the early steps of the viral life cycle.
Effects of surfactants on the phase transition of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gel (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffects of surfactants on the phase transition of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gelEtsuo Kokufuta, Yong Qing Zhang, Toyoichi Tanaka, and Akira MamadaCite this: Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5, 1053–1059Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00057a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00057a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views822Altmetric-Citations176LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Role of Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Mammalian Aging (2007)

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) accumulates both base-substitution mutations and deletions with aging in several tissues in mammals. Here, we examine the evidence supporting a causative role for mtDNA mutations in mammalian aging. We describe and compare human diseases and mouse models associated with mitochondrial genome instability. We also discuss potential mechanisms for the generation of these mutations and the means by which they may mediate their pathological consequences. Strategies for slowing the accumulation and attenuating the effects of mtDNA mutations are discussed.
Use of physicochemical parameters in distance geometry and related three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships: A demonstration using Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors (1985)

In earlier distance geometry related three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (Ghose, A. K.; Crippen, G. M. J. Med. Chem. 1984, 27, 901) the interactions of the ligand atom or group with the receptor site were evaluated empirically by using mathematical optimization techniques, without considering their physicochemical properties. In the present work we show how to use various physicochemical parameters in our three-dimensional receptor mapping. We have developed a model for E. coli DHFR using the inhibition data of 25 pyrimidines and 14 triazines. It gave a correlation coefficient of 0.893 and standard deviation of 0.530. It successfully predicted the binding data of five pyrimidines and five triazines.
Bispecific Rabbit Fab'-Bovine Serum Albumin Conjugate Used in Hemagglutination Immunoassay for β-Microseminoprotein (1997)

A polyclonal bispecific (bifunctional) antibody was prepared to develop a hemagglutination immunoassay for beta-microseminoprotein (beta-MSP), a predominant seminal protein. Three types of F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit IgG, affinity-purified anti-human red blood cell (RBC) F(ab')2 nonaffinity-purified anti-beta-MSP F(ab')2 and nonspecific (nonimmunized) F(ab')2, were mixed to obtain a F(ab')2 mixture containing 10% anti-RBC molecules and 10% anti-beta-MSP molecules. Fab' was obtained from the F(ab')2 mixture, and then reacted with maleimide-activated bovine serum albumin (BSA) at a molar ratio of 10:1. As estimated by the decrease in the maleimide content, approximately 7 Fab' molecules were introduced per one BSA molecule. The bispecific (anti-beta-MSP and anti-RBC) Fab'-BSA conjugate thus prepared was incubated successively with a human RBC suspension and with samples. In the presence of beta-MSP, RBCs become agglutinated, providing a test simple for forensic semen identification.
A scoring system for the classification of β‐thalassemia/Hb E disease severity (2008)

Beta-thalassemia intermediate patients show a remarkable clinical heterogeneity. We examined the phenotypic diversity of 950 beta-thalassemia/Hb E patients in an attempt to construct a system for classifying disease severity. A novel scoring system based on six independent parameters, hemoglobin level, age at disease presentation, age at receiving first blood transfusion, requirement for transfusion, spleen size, and growth and development, was able to separate patients into three distinctive severity categories: mild, moderate, and severe courses. This system, therefore, can increase the accuracy of studies of genotype-phenotype interactions and facilitate decisions for appropriate patient management.
Membrane topology of multidrug resistance protein expressed in Escherichia coli. N-terminal domain. (1994)

Expression of eukaryotic polytopic membrane proteins in Escherichia coli could provide an invaluable system for structure-function studies. Recently, the functional expression of a mouse multidrug resistance protein (Mdr1) in E. coli was described (Bibi, E., Gros, P., and Kaback, H. R. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90, 9209-9213). In the present study, the phoA gene fusion approach has been utilized to determine the membrane topology of the N-terminal domain of Mdr. The results support the idea that the N-terminal half of Mdr contains six transmembrane helices (TMs). However, our observations suggest that the previously proposed TM4 (amino acid residues Thr214-Ala232) is located at the periplasmic face of the membrane. Alternatively, we propose that another stretch of amino acid residues (Leu243 (out) to Ile260 (in)) traverses the membrane. This assignment is indicated also by the following observations: 1) deletion of a segment containing the originally predicted TM4 (delta T214-K241) does not reverse the orientation of the Mdr-alkaline phosphatase hybrid that is located in the following cytoplasmic loop; 2) a "sandwich" chimera, in which alkaline phosphatase is inserted in-frame between amino acid residues Leu226 and Ser227, exhibits high alkaline phosphatase activity. The existence of an externally exposed hydrophobic domain in Mdr may have special structural and functional implications, and these may also be relevant to other members of the ABC superfamily.