gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth Factor-Dependent Proliferation and Invasion of Muscle Satellite Cells Require the Cell-Associated Fibrinolytic System (2002)

The process of muscle regeneration in normal and dystrophic muscle depends on locally produced cytokines and growth factors and requires the activity of the urokinase plasminogen activator/urokinase plasminogen activator receptor/plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 system. In this study we tested the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) on the fibrinolytic pattern of normal and dystrophic satellite cells, their mitogenic and motogenic activities and the dependence of such activities on the cell-associated fibrinolytic system. We have observed that the urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA) receptor is weakly upregulated by bFGF in normal satellite cells, while it is strongly up-regulated by TGFbeta, mainly in dystrophic myoblasts. bFGF up-regulated u-PA in both normal and dystrophic myoblasts grown in primary culture, while a striking down-regulation was observed with TGFbeta. TGFbeta was the only growth factor able to exceptionally up-regulate plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), mainly in dystrophic satellite cells. HGF did not show any activity on the fibrinolytic system. Proliferation and invasion into Matrigel matrices of normal and dystrophic cells occurred regardless of the growth factor-dependent regulation of the fibrinolytic system. Nevertheless, each growth factor required the efficiency of the constitutive cell-associated fibrinolytic system to operate, as shown by impairment of growth factor activity with antagonists of u-PA and of its receptor. Noteworthy, TGFbeta induced a dose-dependent increase of Matrigel invasion only in dystrophic myoblasts. Since TGFbeta-challenged dystrophic myoblasts undergo an exceptional up-regulation of the receptor and of PAI-1, we propose the possibility that the TGFbeta-induced fibrinolytic pattern (low urokinase plasminogen activator, high receptor and high PAI-1) may be exploited to promote survival and spreading of transplanted engineered myoblasts in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Dynamic epigenetic regulation of glioblastoma tumorigenicity through LSD1 modulation of MYC expression (2015)

The available evidence suggests that the lethality of glioblastoma is driven by small subpopulations of cells that self-renew and exhibit tumorigenicity. It remains unclear whether tumorigenicity exists as a static property of a few cells or as a dynamically acquired property. We used tumor-sphere and xenograft formation as assays for tumorigenicity and examined subclones isolated from established and primary glioblastoma lines. Our results indicate that glioblastoma tumorigenicity is largely deterministic, yet the property can be acquired spontaneously at low frequencies. Further, these dynamic transitions are governed by epigenetic reprogramming through the lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1). LSD depletion increases trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 4 at the avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC) locus, which elevates MYC expression. MYC, in turn, regulates oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 (OLIG2), SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2), and POU class 3 homeobox 2 (POU3F2), a core set of transcription factors required for reprogramming glioblastoma cells into stem-like states. Our model suggests epigenetic regulation of key transcription factors governs transitions between tumorigenic states and provides a framework for glioblastoma therapeutic development.
Forum (1990)

A Forum for Our Readers Forum is intended to provide a sounding board for our readers. Perhaps you have a special way to treat a common medical problem, or you may want to air your views on a controversial topic. You may object to an article that we have published, or you may want to support one. You may have a new trend to report, identified through an interesting case or a series of patients. Whatever your ideas, we invite you to send them to us. Illustrative figures are welcomed. Address correspondence to Forum, THE PHYSICIAN AND SPORTSMEDICINE, 4530 W 77th St, Minneapolis, MN 55435.
Development of Polypropylene Nanofiber Production System (2011)

In recent years, the electrospinning system has been attracting great attention due to various potential applications in many areas of science and technology as a cost-effective and highly versatile technique used to produce continuous nanofibers. However, solution electrospinning of polyolefins, including polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), has been limited due to their high solvent resistance and very high electrical resistivity. Here, we review the recently developed PP nanofiber production system by solution electrospinning, melt blown electrospinning, and novel handspinning, and report the morphologies, microstructures, and mechanical properties of the resultant PP nanofibers prepared by three different methods, respectively. We believe that this review will offer potential opportunities for a wide variety of applications of the PP nanofibers.
TGF beta signalling and its role in tumour pathogenesis. (2005)

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and survival/or apoptosis of many cells. Knock-out experiments in mice for the three isoforms of TGF-beta have demonstrated their importance in regulating inflammation and tissue repair. TGF-beta is implicated in the pathogenesis of human diseases, including tissue fibrosis and carcinogenesis. TGF-beta receptors act through multiple intracellular pathways. Upon binding of TGF-beta with its receptor, receptor-regulated Smad2/3 proteins become phosphorylated and associate with Smad4. Such complex translocates to the nucleus, binds to DNA and regulates transcription of specific genes. Negative regulation of TGF-beta/Smad signalling may occur through the inhibitory Smad6/7. Furthermore, TGF-beta-activated kinase-1 (TAK1) is a component of TGF-beta signalling and activates stress-activated kinases: p38 through MKK6 or MKK3 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) via MKK4. In the brain TGF-beta, normally expressed at the very low level, increases dramatically after injury. Increased mRNA levels of the three TGF-beta isoforms correlate with the degree of malignancy of human gliomas. TGF-betas are secreted as latent precursors requiring activation into the mature form. TGF-beta may contribute to tumour pathogenesis by direct support of tumour growth and influence on local microenvironment, resulting in immunosuppression, induction of angiogenesis, and modification of the extracellular matrix. TGF-beta1,2 may stimulate production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-I), that are involved in vascular remodelling occurring during angiogenesis. Blocking of TGF-beta action inhibits tumour viability, migration, metastases in mammary cancer, melanoma and prostate cancer model. Reduction of TGF-beta production and activity may be a promising target of therapeutic strategies to control tumour growth.
Functional and genomic profiling of effector CD8 T cell subsets with distinct memory fates (2008)

An important question in memory development is understanding the differences between effector CD8 T cells that die versus effector cells that survive and give rise to memory cells. In this study, we provide a comprehensive phenotypic, functional, and genomic profiling of terminal effectors and memory precursors. Using killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 as a marker to distinguish these effector subsets, we found that despite their diverse cell fates, both subsets possessed remarkably similar gene expression profiles and functioned as equally potent killer cells. However, only the memory precursors were capable of making interleukin (IL) 2, thus defining a novel effector cell that was cytotoxic, expressed granzyme B, and produced inflammatory cytokines in addition to IL-2. This effector population then differentiated into long-lived protective memory T cells capable of self-renewal and rapid recall responses. Experiments to understand the signals that regulate the generation of terminal effectors versus memory precursors showed that cells that continued to receive antigenic stimulation during the later stages of infection were more likely to become terminal effectors. Importantly, curtailing antigenic stimulation toward the tail end of the acute infection enhanced the generation of memory cells. These studies support the decreasing potential model of memory differentiation and show that the duration of antigenic stimulation is a critical regulator of memory formation.
Monitoring Chemical Reactions by Using Ion‐Channel‐Forming Peptides (2006)

Current affairs. We demonstrate that it is possible to detect the conversion of reactive chemical groups on molecules attached to gramicidin A in the presence of external chemical reagents, such as KNO2, by monitoring the change in single-channel conductances across planar lipid bilayers. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2268/2006/z500532_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Generation of βA4 from the amyloid protein precursor and fragments thereof (1993)

The cellular mechanisms underlying the generation of beta A4 in Alzheimer's disease and its relationship to the normal metabolism of the amyloid protein precursor (APP) are unknown. In this report, we show that expression of the C-terminal 100 residues of APP, with (SPA4CT) or without (A4CT) a signal sequence in the N-terminal position, in human neuroblastoma cells results in secretion of a 4 kDa beta A4-like peptide. In A4CT and SPA4CT expressing SY5Y cells, beta A4 generation could not be inhibited by the lysosomotropic amines chloroquine and ammonium chloride but was inhibited by brefeldin A, monensin and methylamine. The last also selectively inhibits APP secretion in neuroblastoma cells [1]. The finding that chloroquine and ammonium chloride inhibit beta A4 generation from full length APP but not from A4CT and SPA4CT are consistent with the assumption that the two cleavages necessary to generate beta A4 operate in two different compartments. Our data suggest the cleavage which generates the C-terminus of beta A4 takes place in the same compartment (late Golgi or endosomal vesicles) in which the APP-secretase operates.
Aminoglycosides: Perspectives on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance and Strategies to Counter Resistance (2000)

Aminoglycosides are among the most commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotics in the anti-infective armamentarium. The vast majority of aminoglycosides are bactericidal, they have predictable pharmacokinetics, and they often act in synergy with other antibiotics, properties that make them valuable as
Molecular Detection of Noninvasive and Invasive Bladder Tumor Tissues and Exfoliated Cells by Aberrant Promoter Methylation of Laminin-5 Encoding Genes (2004)

Laminin-5 (LN5) anchors epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane, and it is encoded by three distinct genes: LAMA3, LAMB3, and LAMC2. To metastasize and grow, cancer cells must invade and destroy the basement membrane. Our previous work has shown that epigenetic inactivation is a major mechanism of silencing LN5 genes in lung cancers. We extended our methylation studies to resected bladder tumors (n = 128) and exfoliated cell samples (bladder washes and voided urine; n = 71) and correlated the data with clinicopathologic findings. Nonmalignant urothelium had uniform expression of LN5 genes and lacked methylation. The methylation frequencies for LN5 genes in tumors were 21-45%, and there was excellent concordance between methylation in tumors and corresponding exfoliated cells. Methylation of LAMA3 and LAMB3 and the methylation index were correlated significantly with several parameters of poor prognosis (tumor grade, growth pattern, muscle invasion, tumor stage, and ploidy pattern), whereas methylation of LAMC2 and methylation index were associated with shortened patient survival. Of particular interest, methylation frequencies of LAMA3 helped to distinguish invasive (72%) from noninvasive (12%) tumors. These results suggest that methylation of LN5 genes has potential clinical applications in bladder cancers.
Recognizing Text-Based Traffic Signs (2014)

We propose a novel system for the automatic detection and recognition of text in traffic signs. Scene structure is used to define search regions within the image, in which traffic sign candidates are then found. Maximally stable extremal regions (MSERs) and hue, saturation, and value color thresholding are used to locate a large number of candidates, which are then reduced by applying constraints based on temporal and structural information. A recognition stage interprets the text contained within detected candidate regions. Individual text characters are detected as MSERs and are grouped into lines, before being interpreted using optical character recognition (OCR). Recognition accuracy is vastly improved through the temporal fusion of text results across consecutive frames. The method is comparatively evaluated and achieves an overall $F_{\rm measure}$ of 0.87.
Localization of DNA-binding polyamides in living cells. (2005)

Regulation of the processing of genes into nucleic acids and proteins is a substantial goal in medicine. Small molecules that could enter cells, localize to the nucleus, and bind chromosomal DNA sequence-specifically and with high affinity would be important tools for gene regulation. Pyrrole-imidazole polyamides are small molecules that bind the minor groove of DNA in a sequence-specific fashion according to a set of pairing rules, and with affinities rivaling natural transcription factors. Several in vitro experiments have shown that by directly competing with transcription factors for binding sites in gene promoter regions, polyamides can act to inhibit transcription of those genes. Polyamides bearing transcription activation domains can bind to promoter regions, recruit the transcriptional machinery to the gene, and activate transcription in vitro. Attempts to reproduce these results in vivo were largely unsuccessful, perhaps due to poor cellular trafficking properties of polyamides and polyamide-peptide conjugates.

It was found that polyamides bearing the Bodipy fluorophore localize primarily to the cytoplasm of cells, or were excluded from cells altogether. In attempts to overcome this quality, peptides shown to improve cellular trafficking were appended to the polyamides. These peptides were generally not successful at inducing uptake, and were in many cases toxic to the cells. Small molecules were also appended to polyamides, likewise to improve uptake properties, but met with limited success. Surprisingly, the addition of a fluorescein or fluorescein-like fluorophore to polyamides permit them to localize to the nuclei of all cell lines tested, in a molecular content- and shape-dependent manner. This technology has been applied to several in vivo experiments, including the inhibition of androgen receptor binding to its cognate element in gene promoter regions.
Identification and nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein gB gene of equine herpesvirus 4 (1989)

The nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein gB gene of equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) was determined. The gene was located within a BamHI genomic library by a combination of Southern and dot-blot hybridization with probes derived from the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) gB DNA sequence. The predominant portion of the coding sequences was mapped to a 2.95-kilobase BamHI-EcoRI subfragment at the left-hand end of BamHI-C. Potential TATA box, CAT box, and mRNA start site sequences and the translational initiation codon were located in the BamHI M fragment of the virus, which is located immediately to the left of BamHI-C. A polyadenylation signal, AATAAA, occurs nine nucleotides past the chain termination codon. Translation of these sequences would give a 110-kilodalton protein possessing a 5' hydrophobic signal sequence, a hydrophilic surface domain containing 11 potential N-linked glycosylation sites, a hydrophobic transmembrane domain, and a 3' highly charged cytoplasmic domain. A potential internal proteolytic cleavage site, Arg-Arg/Ser, was identified at residues 459 to 461. Analysis of this protein revealed amino acid sequence homologies of 47% with HSV-1 gB, 54% with pseudorabies virus gpII, 51% with varicella-zoster virus gpII, 29% with human cytomegalovirus gB, and 30% with Epstein-Barr virus gB. Alignment of EHV-4 gB with HSV-1 (KOS) gB further revealed that four potential N-linked glycosylation sites and all 10 cysteine residues on the external surface of the molecules are perfectly conserved, suggesting that the proteins possess similar secondary and tertiary structures. Thus, we showed that EHV-4 gB is highly conserved with the gB and gpII glycoproteins of other herpesviruses, suggesting that this glycoprotein has a similar overall function in each virus.
Identification of new B cell epitopes in the sera of rheumatoid arthritis patients using a random nanopeptide phage library (1993)

A random nanopeptide phage library was used to screen a pool of immunoglobulin fractions obtained from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. After three rounds of panning, random individual phages were selected by their capacity to react with individual sera from RA patients. By sequencing the inserts corresponding to the peptides displayed on the surface of the phages, we found that phages displaying particular peptides were overrepresented in the selected libraries. The peptides displayed by these phages were: pep1 = Ala-Asp-Gly-Gly-Ala-Gln-Gly-Thr-Ala; pep2 = Pro-Gly-Pro-Ser-Arg-Ala-His-Phe-Leu; pep3 = Leu-Ser-Ser-Arg-Glu-Pro-Gln-Ala-Arg; pep4 = Arg-Leu-Thr-Arg-Glu-Leu-Tyr-Ala-Gln and pep5 = Tyr-Thr-Gln-Lys-His-Gln-Ala. The percentage of sera positive for pep1 was higher in RA patients as compared to the normal adults (p < 0.0004) and the reacting antibody was mainly of IgG isotype. The specificity of binding to the phage displaying pep1 was confirmed by competition experiments using both isolated phages and a synthetic peptide. Interestingly, a mutated phage displaying only Ala-Asp-Gln-Gly-Thr-Ala had no significant reactivity with the sera, indicating that the amino acids (Gly-Gly-Ala) of pep1 are the vital for the binding. Taken together this study demonstrates that it is possible to select specific ligands from a random phage library using sera from RA patients. In addition, this approach could be useful for identifying peptide antigens that might be part of causitive agents in autoimmune diseases.
Electronic, optical, and structural properties of some wurtzite crystals (1993)

Using the first-principles orthogonalized linear-combination-of-atomic-orbitals method in the local-density approximation, the electronic structures and the linear-optical properties of ten wurtzite crystals, BeO, BN, SiC, AlN, GaN, InN, ZnO, ZnS, CdS, and CdSe are investigated. Results on band structures, density of states, effective masses, charge-density distributions, and effective charges are presented and compared. Optical properties of the ten wurtzite crystals up to a photon energy of 40 eV are calculated and the dielectric functions are resolved into components perpendicular and parallel to the z axis. The calculated results are compared with the available experimental data and other recent calculations. The structural properties of the wurtzite crystals are also studied by means of local-density total-energy calculations. It is shown that the calculated equilibrium volume and the bulk modulus are in good agreement with recent experimental data.
Abnormal Sulphatase Activities in Two Human Diseases (Metachromatic Leucodystrophy and Gargoylism) (1964)

Research Article| November 01 1964 Abnormal Sulphatase Activities in Two Human Diseases (Metachromatic Leucodystrophy and Gargoylism) James Austin; James Austin Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Donald McAfee; Donald McAfee Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Donald Armstrong; Donald Armstrong Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Michael O'Rouirke; Michael O'Rouirke Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Leslie Shearer; Leslie Shearer Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Bnial Bachhawat; Bnial Bachhawat Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar R. H. Bowman R. H. Bowman Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Author and article information Publisher: Portland Press Ltd © 1964 The Biochemical Society1964 Biochem J (1964) 93 (2): 15C–17C. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0930015C Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation James Austin, Donald McAfee, Donald Armstrong, Michael O'Rouirke, Leslie Shearer, Bnial Bachhawat, R. H. Bowman; Abnormal Sulphatase Activities in Two Human Diseases (Metachromatic Leucodystrophy and Gargoylism). Biochem J 1 November 1964; 93 (2): 15C–17C. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0930015C Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1964 The Biochemical Society1964 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.