gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of Nitric Oxide in the Control of Renal Oxygen Consumption and the Regulation of Chemical Work in the Kidney (1998)

Inhibition of NO synthesis has recently been shown to increase oxygen extraction in vivo, and NO has been proposed to play a significant role in the regulation of oxygen consumption by both skeletal and cardiac muscle in vivo and in vitro. It was our aim to determine whether NO also has such a role in the kidney, a tissue with a relatively low basal oxygen extraction. In chronically instrumented conscious dogs, administration of an inhibitor of NO synthase, nitro-L-arginine (NLA, 30 mg/kg i.v.), caused a maintained increase in mean arterial pressure and renal vascular resistance and a decrease in heart rate (all P<0.05). At 60 minutes, urine flow rate and glomerular flow rate decreased by 44+/-12% and 45+/-7%, respectively; moreover, the amount of sodium reabsorbed fell from 16+/-1.7 to 8.5+/-1.1 mmol/min (all P<0.05). At this time, oxygen uptake and extraction increased markedly by 115+/-37% and 102+/-34%, respectively (P<0.05). Oxygen consumption also significantly increased from 4.5+/-0.6 to 7.1+/-0.9 mL O2/min. Most important, the ratio of oxygen consumption to sodium reabsorbed increased dramatically from 0.33+/-0.07 to 0.75+/-0.11 mL O2/mmol Na+ (P<0.05), suggesting a reduction in renal efficiency for transporting sodium. In vitro, both a NO-donating agent and the NO synthase-stimulating agonist bradykinin significantly decreased both cortical and medullary renal oxygen consumption. In conclusion, NO plays a role in maintaining a balance between oxygen consumption and sodium reabsorption, the major ATP-consuming process in the kidney, in conscious dogs, and NO can inhibit mitochondrial oxygen consumption in canine renal slices in vitro.
Stable Accumulation of Modified 2S Albumin Seed Storage Proteins with Higher Methionine Contents in Transgenic Plants (1990)

We present the results of two sets of experiments designed to express high methionine proteins in transgenic seeds in three different plant species. In the first approach, two chimeric genes were constructed in which parts of the Arabidopsis 2S albumin gene 1 (AT2S1) were fused at different positions to a Brazil nut 2S albumin cDNA clone. Brazil nut 2S albumin was found to accumulate stably in transgenic Arabidopsis, Brassica napus, and tobacco seeds. In the second approach, methionine-enriched AT2S1 genes were constructed by deleting sequences encoding a region of the protein which is not highly conserved among 2S albumins of different species and replacing them with methioninerich sequences. Introduction of the modified AT2S1 genes into three different plant species resulted in the accumulation of the methionine-enriched 2S albumins in all three species at levels reaching 1 to 2% of the total high salt-extractable seed protein.
Ex Vivo Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Spinal Cord Injury in Rats of Varying Degrees of Severity (2013)

The aim of this study was to characterize magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in proximal regions of the spinal cord following a thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI). Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) were administered a control, mild, moderate, or severe contusion injury at the T8 vertebral level. Six direction diffusion weighted images (DWIs) were collected ex vivo along the length of the spinal cord, with an echo/repetition time of 31.6 ms/14 sec and b=500 sec/mm². Diffusion metrics were correlated to hindlimb motor function. Significant differences were found for whole cord region of interest (ROI) drawings for fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), longitudinal diffusion coefficient (LD), and radial diffusion coefficient (RD) at each of the cervical levels (p<0.01). Motor function correlated with MD in the cervical segments of the spinal cord (r(2)=0.80). The diffusivity of water significantly decreased throughout "uninjured" portions of the spinal cord following a contusion injury (p<0.05). Diffusivity metrics were found to be altered following SCI in both white and gray matter regions. Injury severity was associated with diffusion changes over the entire length of the cord. This study demonstrates that DTI is sensitive to SCI in regions remote from injury, suggesting that the diffusion metrics may be used as a biomarker for severity of injury.
Recognition in a new key-towards a science of spoken language (2002)

Automatic speech recognition in the twenty-first century will strive to emulate many properties of human speech understanding that currently lie beyond the capability of present-day systems. Such future-generation recognition will require massive amounts of empirical data in order to derive the organizational principles underlying the generation and decoding of spoken language. Such data can be efficiently collected through systematic computational experimentation designed to identify the important building blocks of speech and delineate the nature of the structural interactions among linguistic tiers associated with the extraction of semantic information.
Steps towards the synthetic biology of polyketide biosynthesis (2013)

Nature is providing a bountiful pool of valuable secondary metabolites, many of which possess therapeutic properties. However, the discovery of new bioactive secondary metabolites is slowing down, at a time when the rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens and the realization of acute and long-term side effects of widely used drugs lead to an urgent need for new therapeutic agents. Approaches such as synthetic biology are promising to deliver a much-needed boost to secondary metabolite drug development through plug-and-play optimized hosts and refactoring novel or cryptic bacterial gene clusters. Here, we discuss this prospect focusing on one comprehensively studied class of clinically relevant bioactive molecules, the polyketides. Extensive efforts towards optimization and derivatization of compounds via combinatorial biosynthesis and classical engineering have elucidated the modularity, flexibility and promiscuity of polyketide biosynthetic enzymes. Hence, a synthetic biology approach can build upon a solid basis of guidelines and principles, while providing a new perspective towards the discovery and generation of novel and new-to-nature compounds. We discuss the lessons learned from the classical engineering of polyketide synthases and indicate their importance when attempting to engineer biosynthetic pathways using synthetic biology approaches for the introduction of novelty and overexpression of products in a controllable manner.
Components of the Protein Synthesis and Folding Machinery Are Induced in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Hypertrophic and Hyperplastic Agents (1995)

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are the principal cellular component of the blood vessel wall. Atherosclerosis, hypertension, and angiogenesis are associated with abnormal VSMC growth. Angiotensin II is hypertrophic for cultured adult rat aortic VSMC, whereas platelet-derived growth factor and serum are hyperplastic. To identify changes in specific proteins associated with either hyperplastic or hypertrophic growth, high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was performed on extracts from quiescent rat aortic VSMC and from VSMC exposed for 24 h to growth factors (10% fetal calf serum, platelet-derived growth factor, or angiotensin II). 12 proteins were up-regulated and 5 down-regulated by treatment with growth factors. Eight of the up-regulated and one of the down-regulated proteins were identified by internal protein microsequencing from electroblotted two-dimensional gels or by co-electrophoresis of purified proteins in two-dimensional gels. Four of the proteins up-regulated by growth factors were identified as mediators of protein folding. These were heat shock proteins, HSP-60 and HSP-70, protein disulfide isomerase, and protein disulfide isomerase isozyme Q-2. Additional proteins were identified as elongation factor EF-1 beta, a component of the protein synthesis apparatus, and calreticulin, another putative molecular chaperone. Vimentin and actin were also up-regulated, whereas an isoform of myosin heavy chain was down-regulated. Hyperplastic and hypertrophic growth were accompanied by similar changes in protein expression, suggesting that both types of growth require up-regulation of the protein synthesis and folding machinery.
The bHLH Transcription Factor NeuroD Governs Photoreceptor Genesis and Regeneration Through Delta-Notch Signaling (2015)

These data demonstrate that during embryonic development, NeuroD governs photoreceptor genesis via non-cell-autonomous mechanisms and that, during photoreceptor development and regeneration, Notch signaling is a mechanistic link between NeuroD and cell cycle exit. In contrast, during embryonic development, NeuroD governs photoreceptor maturation via mechanisms that are independent of Notch signaling.
Tau reduction prevents disease in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome (2014)

Tau reduction may be of therapeutic benefit in Dravet syndrome and other intractable genetic epilepsies.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE OPTIMAL TIME FOR TENOLYSIS (1978)

We have attempted to define the optimal time for tenolysis by evaluating the blood supply, the rupture rate, and the tensile strength of tenolysed and control tendons. In 128 chickens tenolysis was performed 1, 3, 6, 12, 16, and 24 weeks after primary tendon repair. Tenolysis at 1 and 3 weeks resulted in devascularization, weak tendons, and high rupture rates. Tenolysis at 6 weeks after the primary repair had mixed effects on the blood supply but weakened the tendon. Tenolysis at 12 weeks after the tendon repair did not weaken the tendon and resulted in an increased blood supply. Tenolysis at 16 and 24 weeks did not weaken the tendon, but had varied effects on the blood supply. We recommend an interval of 12 weeks between primary tendon repair and tenolysis.
INTRODUCTION (2014)

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Nanoparticle-based targeted gene therapy for lung cancer. (2016)

Despite striking insights on lung cancer progression, and cutting-edge therapeutic approaches the survival of patients with lung cancer, remains poor. In recent years, targeted gene therapy with nanoparticles is one of the most rapidly evolving and extensive areas of research for lung cancer. The major goal of targeted gene therapy is to bring forward a safe and efficient treatment to cancer patients via specifically targeting and deterring cancer cells in the body. To achieve high therapeutic efficacy of gene delivery, various carriers have been engineered and developed to provide protection to the genetic materials and efficient delivery to targeted cancer cells. Nanoparticles play an important role in the area of drug delivery and have been widely applied in cancer treatments for the purposes of controlled release and cancer cell targeting. Nanoparticles composed of artificial polymers, proteins, polysaccharides and lipids have been developed for the delivery of therapeutic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequences to target cancer. In addition, the effectiveness of cancer targeting has been enhanced by surface modification or conjugation with biomolecules on the surface of nanoparticles. In this review article we provide an overview on the latest developments in nanoparticle-based targeted gene therapy for lung cancers. Firstly, we outline the conventional therapies and discuss strategies for targeted gene therapy using nanoparticles. Secondly, we provide the most representative and recent researches in lung cancers including malignant pleural mesothelioma, mainly focusing on the application of Polymeric, Lipid-based, and Metal-based nanoparticles. Finally, we discuss current achievements and future challenges.
A curvy, stretchy future for electronics (2009)

Electronics of the future will be soft and rubbery. Devices based on this new technology will be stretchable, twistable, and deformable into curvilinear shapes, thereby enabling applications that would be impossible to achieve by using the hard, rigid electronics of today. Examples range from ultrathin, conformable health-monitoring tapes that seamlessly mount on the skin, “electronic skin,” to advanced imaging devices that use hemispherical detector layouts, “electronic eyeball cameras.” In these and other systems, mechanical design will be as important as circuit design. Vella et al. (1) in this issue of PNAS introduce simple schemes to measure the mechanical properties of structures for stretchable electronics and they describe powerful analytical approaches that capture the underlying physics.
Current Treatment Strategies for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) (2007)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized as the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD is a clinicopathologic syndrome ranging from simple steatosis, which is relatively benign, to the more severe form known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is associated with significant liver related morbidity and mortality, and its underlying pathophysiology is thought to result from a multiple hit process. The initial insult is the accumulation of hepatic fat secondary to insulin resistance. In the setting of hepatic steatosis, the second hit can be caused by reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines, and adipokines. Several therapeutic modalities that target these mechanisms are under investigation, but no proven treatment has yet emerged. Insulin sensitizers such as thiazolidinediones and metformin show promise, and several studies have explored the role of lipid lowering agents, antioxidants, and cytoprotective agents. Novel agents such as anti-obesity drugs, selective cannabinoid-1 receptor blockers, and dual PPAR alpha and gamma agonists are also under investigation. Unfortunately, data on the long-term safety and efficacy of these agents and their impact on liver related histologic outcomes are currently lacking. NAFLD treatment currently focuses on reducing metabolic risk factors, with the mainstay of therapy focusing on life-style modifications such as gradual weight loss through diet and regular exercise.
Immunologic response to the influenza virus neuraminidase is influenced by prior experience with the associated viral hemagglutinin. I. Studies in human vaccinees. (1987)

Analysis of an earlier study of H3N2 and H7N2 inactivated influenza vaccines in schoolchildren demonstrated a greater viral neuraminidase (NA) immunogenicity of the vaccine containing the H7 hemagglutinin (HA) antigen to which they had not been primed, despite the lesser NA antigen content of that vaccine. Thus, prior experience with the influenza viral HA appeared to have a negative influence on immune response to NA, the associated external glycoprotein, presumably on the basis of intermolecular antigenic competition. In a second study, sequential immunologic response to influenza viral NA was compared in college students who were immunized with either conventional commercial vaccine or an antigenic reassortant H7N1 vaccine, and who subsequently experienced natural infection with an H1N1 influenza virus. Although both vaccines were only marginally immunogenic in inducing NA antibody response in seronegative subjects, in vaccinees initially seropositive for HA antibody significant NA antibody titer increases occurred with H7N1 vaccine. Subsequent natural infection boosted NA antibody less effectively in the population previously primed by natural infection than in initially seronegative subjects primed by H7N1 vaccination. It is suggested that primary immunization monospecific for influenza viral NA may alter the subsequent pattern of immune response to one more favorable to the induction of NA antibody when virus is encountered.
Design and Evaluation of Affinity Labels of Functionalized Amino Acid Anticonvulsants (2002)

Studies have shown that functionalized amino acids (FAA) exhibit outstanding activity in the maximal electroshock-induced seizure (MES) test in rodents. Affinity labels patterned in part after the potent antiepileptic (R)-N-benzyl-2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide ((R)-2) have been prepared as mechanistic probes to learn the pharmacological basis for FAA function. The chemical reactivity of the affinity labels with nucleophiles was assessed, and the labels were evaluated in in vitro radioligand assays and in the MES tests in rodents. The affinity labels did not bind to receptors known to effect seizure spread. Three affinity labels, (R,S)-N-benzyl-2-acetamido-6-isothiocyanatohexanamide ((R,S)-5), (R)-N-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide ((R)-6), and (R)-N-(3-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide ((R)-7), possessed excellent in vivo anticonvulsant activity and exhibited maximal activity at later time periods than typically observed for FAA. The anticonvulsant activity of 6 and 7 resided primarily in the (R)-enantiomer and the activity of (R)-6 and (R)-7 in rats (po) exceeded that of phenytoin. The chemical properties, pharmacological profile, and marked stereospecificity associated with 6 and 7 anticonvulsant activity make these compounds useful pharmacological tools for the study of the mode of action of FAA.
Real-time tracking of bullet trajectory based on chirp transform in a multi-sensor multi-frequency radar (2010)

Radar-based tracking technologies enable sub-time-of-flight bullet detection and trajectory tracking before the bullet reaches its target and thus lead to effective reduction of injuries and casualties. The capability of robust detection, tracking, and trajectory prediction in a weak signal environment directly translates to the awareness time for force protection. In this paper, we develop a multi-sensor multi-frequency radar platform and proposed the use of piecewise chirp transform for effective signal enhancement when the Doppler signatures are highly time-varying. Performed upon the time-frequency representations with improved phase information, multi-sensor multi-frequency radars uniquely localize and track bullets through unambiguous range and direction-of-arrival estimations.
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor significantly improves human blastocyst development and hatching in serum-free medium (1998)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) on human embryo development in vitro from days 2 to 14 post-insemination. Embryos were cultured in a complex serum-free medium (CSFM3) in the absence and presence of 1 nM and 100 nM HB-EGF. Development to the blastocyst stage of A-C-grade embryos (A grade = highest quality) was improved in the presence of 1 nM HB-EGF from 40.7% to 65.4% and significantly increased to 71.0% in the presence of 100 nM HB-EGF (P < 0.05). Moreover, the percentage of blastocysts hatching was improved in the presence of 1 nM HB-EGF from 45.5% to 70.5% and almost doubled to 81.8% (P < 0.05) in the presence of 100 nM HB-EGF. HB-EGF promoted the development of high-grade (classed as BG1) and medium-grade (BG2) blastocysts. There was no difference in blastocyst quality between the control and HB-EGF-treated embryos as assessed by blastocyst cell number and consumption of the major energy substrates, pyruvate and glucose, measured on day 6 of culture. Further development was assessed by culturing the blastocysts on growth factor-reduced Matrigel (GFR-Matrigel). Adherence and outgrowth were observed, with these embryos producing significantly more human chorionic gonadotrophin over days 7-14 compared with those cultured on plastic (47.8 +/- 8.0 mU versus 23.0 +/- 8.6 mU). The addition of recombinant human growth factors to clinical in-vitro fertilization medium may be useful in promoting embryo development with a view to carrying out blastocyst transfers.
Biological Control of Soilborne Plant Pathogens in the Rhizosphere with Bacteria (1988)

In the last 15 years, several examples of bacteria capable of providing substantial disease control in the field have been reported, and at times control approaches that in suppressive soils.These more recent successes in biologi cal control, which are in contrast to less successful attempts early in this century (49), result in part from a greater understanding of the rhizosphere and the selection of strains more adapted to growing there.Bacterial biocon trol agents improve plant growth by suppressing either major or minor pathogens.Major pathogens produce the well-known root or vascular diseases with obvious symptoms (163).Minor pathogens are parasites or saprophytes that damage mainly juvenile tissue such as root hairs and tips and cortical cells (163), and the disease symptoms are not obvious.Within the category of minor pathogens, Schippers et al ( 170) distinguished the parasitizing minor pathogens from the nonparasitizing del eterious rhizosphere microorganisms (DRMO).DRMO include deleterious rhizobacteria (DRB) (184) and deleteri ous fungi.Other discussions of this topic are available (30, 173, 174, 183).This review examines the current successes and problems of biological con trol of soilborne pathogens with bacteria in the rhizosphere.This chapter also discusses possible reasons for inconsistent performance of biocontrol agents in the field and approaches to help realize the full potential of bacteria in plant-disease control.It focuses on the mechanisms by which introduced bacteria suppress pathogens and traits that may contribute to their ability to colonize roots.
Interactions of human complement component C3 with factor B and with complement receptors type 1 (CR1, CD35) and type 3 (CR3, CD11b/CD18) involve an acidic sequence at the N-terminus of C3 alpha'-chain. (1994)

Abstract Complement component C3 is a multifunctional protein that interacts with many different ligands and receptors. Several experimental approaches involving blocking Abs, proteolytic fragmentation, and synthetic peptides have been used to predict which regions in C3 are required for its various functions. We have used site-directed mutagenesis to alter specific residues in the C3 segments 730-739 and 933-942 that have been proposed to be required for the binding of factor B by C3, and have examined, within the context of the intact C3b molecule, the effect of these substitutions on the C3b-factor B interaction. Because it has been suggested that factor H and complement receptors type 1, 2, and 3 may recognize sites in C3 that partially or completely overlap those of factor B, the relevant proteolytic fragment of each mutant C3 was tested for its ability to interact with these molecules. This study clearly demonstrates that a segment near the N-terminus of the alpha'-chain, which contains the negatively charged residues 730DE and 736EE, is involved in the interactions of C3 proteolytic fragments with factor B and complement receptors type 1 and 3, but not type 2. Factor H cofactor activity was also partially affected by these mutations. In contrast, mutation of the 937KED triplet in the C3 933-942 segment had little or no effect on any of these activities.
High reflectivity 1.55 μm (Al)GaAsSb/AlAsSb Bragg reflector lattice matched on InP substrates (1995)

We report the molecular beam epitaxy growth of (Al) GaAsSb/AlAsSb Bragg reflectors around the 1.55 μm wavelength region. Mirrors with 96% reflectivity have been achieved by using ten pairs of quarter wavelength layers. This demonstrates the capability of the (Al) GaAsSb/AlAsSb system to achieve efficient Bragg mirrors lattice matched to InP substrates.