gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin inhibit cell death in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells through ERK1/2 and PI 3-kinase/AKT (2002)

Ghrelin is an acyl-peptide gastric hormone acting on the pituitary and hypothalamus to stimulate growth hormone (GH) release, adiposity, and appetite. Ghrelin endocrine activities are entirely dependent on its acylation and are mediated by GH secretagogue (GHS) receptor (GHSR)-1a, a G protein-coupled receptor mostly expressed in the pituitary and hypothalamus, previously identified as the receptor for a group of synthetic molecules featuring GH secretagogue (GHS) activity. Des-acyl ghrelin, which is far more abundant than ghrelin, does not bind GHSR-1a, is devoid of any endocrine activity, and its function is currently unknown. Ghrelin, which is expressed in heart, albeit at a much lower level than in the stomach, also exerts a cardio protective effect through an unknown mechanism, independent of GH release. Here we show that both ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin inhibit apoptosis of primary adult and H9c2 cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells in vitro through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 and Akt serine kinases. In addition, ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin recognize common high affinity binding sites on H9c2 cardiomyocytes, which do not express GHSR-1a. Finally, both MK-0677 and hexarelin, a nonpeptidyl and a peptidyl synthetic GHS, respectively, recognize the common ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin binding sites, inhibit cell death, and activate MAPK and Akt.These findings provide the first evidence that, independent of its acylation, ghrelin gene product may act as a survival factor directly on the cardiovascular system through binding to a novel, yet to be identified receptor, which is distinct from GHSR-1a.
Nucleotide bindind by the synapse associated protein SAP90 (1995)

The rat synapse associated protein SAP90 is a member of a superfamily of potential guanylate kinases localized at cell-cell contact sites. This superfamily includes the synapse associated protein SAP97, a close relative of SAP90, the Drosophila tumor suppressor gene product dlg-Ap, the mammalian zonula occludens proteins ZO-1 and ZO-2 and the erythrocyte protein p55. Here we show that SAP90 specifically binds GMP in the micromolar range while binding to ATP, GDP and ADP is at a much lower affinity (10-25 mM), whether or not binding is detected for other guanine and adenine nucleotides. No guanylate kinase activity of SAP90 was detected under our experimental conditions. The importance of the GMP binding capacity per se and an evolutionary role for conserving of the guanylate kinase domain in this superfamily are discussed.
The Lund‐Mackay staging system for chronic rhinosinusitis: How is it used and what does it predict? (2007)

This demonstrates the strengths and limitations of a commonly used staging system.
Essential oil constituents of Melia dubia, a wild relative of Azadirachta indica growing in the Eastern Ghats of Peninsular India (2001)

Abstract The leaf essential oil of Melia dubia Cav. (Meliaceae) has been studied by GC–MS. The leaf essential oil consists chiefly of monoterpenes (35.71%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (27.98%), accompanied by a relatively much smaller amount of alkanes (11.17%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (9.26%) and phenylpropanoids (3.90%). The monoterpene camphene occurs as a major constituent (21.68%) of this leaf essential oil. It is accompanied by a noticeable amount of α‐ and β‐pinene (3.12% and 5.13%, respectively) and a much smaller amount of sabinene (2.75%). The oxygenated monoterpenes are distinctly dominated by the presence of the bicyclic ketone camphor (17.85%), while iso‐borneol and borneol are detected in much smaller amounts (4.15% and 1.12%, respectively). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Interleukin 4, interferon-gamma, and prostaglandin E impact the osteoclastic cell-forming potential of murine bone marrow macrophages. (1995)

Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is an immune cytokine that inhibits bone resorption in mice and suppresses osteoclastic cell formation in vitro through an undefined mechanism. In this report, we have established the cellular identity of the IL-4 target cell using a variety of bone marrow/stromal cell coculture methods. Initially, we found that the majority of IL-4's inhibition of osteoclastic cell formation was due to its effect on bone marrow cells, not stromal cells. Consequently, bone marrow macrophages were used as osteoclastic cell progenitors after they had been transiently exposed to IL-4 (48 h), before the addition of stromal cells, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and dexamethasone. In this circumstance, IL-4 impaired subsequent osteoclastic cell formation, suggesting that the macrophage may be potentially targeted by many factors known to influence osteoclast formation. Consequently, we discovered that interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), prostaglandin E (PGE), and cell-permeant cAMP analogs also impacted osteoclastic cell formation when used to selectively treat bone marrow macrophages. IFN gamma suppressed osteoclastic cell formation, whereas PGE and cAMP analog treatment led to the formation of significantly enlarged osteoclastic cells. Importantly, PGE antagonized the inhibitory effects of both IL-4 and IFN gamma on the osteoclastic cell-forming potential of bone marrow macrophages. Collectively, these findings establish bone marrow macrophages as osteoclastic cell precursors with the degree of their commitment to the osteoclast pathway sensitive to the effects of soluble mediators, including IL-4, IFN gamma, and PGE.
Surveillance for traumatic brain injury-related deaths--United States, 1997-2007. (2011)

Accurate, timely, and comprehensive surveillance data are necessary to better understand and prevent TBI-related deaths in the United States. CDC multiple-cause-of-death public-use data files can be used to monitor the incidence of TBI-related deaths and assist public health practitioners and partners in the development, implementation, and evaluation of programs and policies to reduce and prevent TBI-related deaths in the United States. Rates of TBI-related deaths are higher in certain population groups and are primarily related to specific external causes. Better enforcement of existing seat belt laws, implementation and increased coverage of more stringent helmet laws, and the implementation of existing evidence-based fall-related prevention interventions are examples of interventions that can reduce the incidence of TBI in the United States.
miR‐15b and miR‐16 modulate multidrug resistance by targeting BCL2 in human gastric cancer cells (2008)

microRNAs are endogenous small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression negatively at posttranscriptional level. This latest addition to the complex gene regulatory circuitry revolutionizes our way to understanding physiological and pathological processes in the human body. Here we investigated the possible role of microRNAs in the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in gastric cancer cells. microRNA expression profiling revealed a limited set of microRNAs with altered expression in multidrug- resistant gastric cancer cell line SGC7901/VCR compared to its parental SGC7901 cell line. Among the downregulated microRNAs are miR-15b and miR-16, members of miR-15/16 family, whose expression was further validated by qRT-PCR. In vitro drug sensitivity assay demonstrated that overexpression of miR-15b or miR-16 sensitized SGC7901/VCR cells to anticancer drugs whereas inhibition of them using antisense oligonucleotides conferred SGC7901 cells MDR. The downregulation of miR-15b and miR-16 in SGC7901/VCR cells was concurrent with the upregulation of Bcl-2 protein. Enforced mir-15b or miR-16 expression reduced Bcl-2 protein level and the luciferase activity of a BCL2 3' untranslated region-based reporter construct in SGC7901/VCR cells, suggesting that BCL2 is a direct target of miR-15b and miR-16. Moreover, overexpression of miR-15b or miR-16 could sensitize SGC7901/VCR cells to VCR-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our findings suggest that miR-15b and miR-16 could play a role in the development of MDR in gastric cancer cells at least in part by modulation of apoptosis via targeting BCL2.
Synthesis and reaction of ortho-fluoronitroaryl nitroxides. Novel versatile synthons and reagents for spin-labelling studies (1989)

2-Flurophenyl- and 2,5-bis(fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-1-oxyls (2 and 6) were synthesized from the corresponding nitrones 1,4, and 5 with the Grignard reagent prepared from 1-bromo-4-fluorobenzene. The reaction of 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-formyl-3-pyrrolin-1-oxyl (8) with (4-FC 6 H 4 ) 2 Cd gave 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-(α-hydroxy-4-fluorobenzyl)-3-pyrrolin-1-oxyl (9), which was oxidized with MnO 2 to 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-3-pyrrolin-1-oxyl (10). The aryl nitroxides 2, 6, and 10 were nitrated with concentrated H 2 SO 4 /HNO 3 to ortho-fluoronitrophenyl compounds 3, 7, and 11. The fluoro nitro derivatives served as versatile synthons in the nucleophilic replacement of fluorine with OH, NH 2 , α-amino acid ester, or thiol. The hydroxy nitroaryl compounds 16, 26, and 30 were nitrated further to give dinitrophenol derivatives 17, 27, and 31. Keywords: fluorophenyl nitroxides, nitroaryl nitroxides, NMR spectra of nitroxides.
Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha release in rat experimental endotoxemia by treatment with the 21-aminosteroid U-74389G (1999)

The study demonstrated that administration of U-74389G, which has radical-scavenging and membrane-stabilizing properties, decreased TNF-alpha release during endotoxemia. Thus, 21-aminosteroids may lend themselves to evaluation in the treatment of septic states.
InGaN/GaN nanorod array white light-emitting diode (2010)

Conventional InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes based on planar quantum well structures do not allow for efficient long-wavelength operation beyond the blue region due to a strong quantum confined Stark effect in lattice-mismatched polar InGaN quantum wells. Here we overcome the limitation by using self-assembled GaN nanorod arrays as strain-free growth templates for thick InGaN nanodisks. In combination with enhanced carrier localization and high crystalline quality, this approach allows us to realize full-color InGaN nanodisk emitters. By tailoring the numbers, positions, and thicknesses of polychromatic nanodisk ensembles embedded vertically in the GaN nanorod p-n junction, we are able to demonstrate natural white (color temperature ∼6000 K) electroluminescence from InGaN/GaN nanorod arrays.
Time course of induction of metabolism of all-trans-retinoic acid and the up-regulation of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein. (1993)

A study of chronic i.v. dosing of all-trans-retinoic acid (all-trans-RA) was performed to determine whether induction of the capacity-limited elimination process for all-trans-RA occurred with long-term drug administration. Because up-regulation of the cellular retinoic acid-binding proteins (CRABP) may act to bind all-trans-RA intracellularly, the amount of CRABP in skin biopsy samples obtained during and following the course of all-trans-RA administration was also determined. Four adult rhesus monkeys received 50 mg/m2 of all-trans-RA by bolus i.v. injection daily for 8 consecutive days and again for one additional dose following a 7-day period without drug. The plasma disappearance curve of all-trans-RA was characterized by a plateau phase, the duration of which decreased during the period of chronic drug administration, followed by a terminal exponential decay phase, which is consistent with a capacity-limited (saturable) elimination process. The Vmax of this process increased from 0.06 mumol/min on the first day to 0.17 mumol/min by the eighth day of all-trans-RA administration, consistent with induction of an enzymatic process. The amount of CRABP measured in skin biopsy specimens was rapidly induced, increasing to approximately 3-fold baseline levels by day 3 of all-trans-RA administration. It remained at this level throughout the period of chronic drug administration but diminished following the 7-day period without drug. These findings suggest that an intermittent schedule of administration for all-trans-RA has potential advantages over a continuous administration schedule. A period of time without drug administration would allow for return of plasma drug clearance toward baseline levels and down-regulation of CRABP, which could result in higher plasma drug concentrations and possibly less cytoplasmic binding of drug.
Reducible cationic lipids for gene transfer (2001)

One of the main challenges of gene therapy remains the increase of gene delivery into eukaryotic cells. We tested whether intracellular DNA release, an essential step for gene transfer, could be facilitated by using reducible cationic DNA-delivery vectors. For this purpose, plasmid DNA was complexed with cationic lipids bearing a disulphide bond. This reduction-sensitive linker is expected to be reduced and cleaved in the reducing milieu of the cytoplasm, thus potentially improving DNA release and consequently transfection. The DNA–disulphide-lipid complexation was monitored by ethidium bromide exclusion, and the size of complexes was determined by dynamic light scattering. It was found that the reduction kinetics of disulphide groups in DNA–lipid complexes depended on the position of the disulphide linker within the lipid molecule. Furthermore, the internal structure of DNA–lipid particles was examined by small-angle X-ray scattering before and after lipid reduction. DNA release from lipid complexes was observed after the reduction of disulphide bonds of several lipids. Cell-transfection experiments suggested that complexes formed with selected reducible lipids resulted in up to 1000-fold higher reporter-gene activity, when compared with their analogues without disulphide bonds. In conclusion, reduction-sensitive groups introduced into cationic lipid backbones potentially allow enhanced DNA release from DNA–lipid complexes after intracellular reduction and represent a tool for improved vectorization.
Neutral Mitochondrial Heteroplasmy Alters Physiological Function in Mice1 (2007)

Cytoplasmic transfer is an assisted reproductive technique that involves the infusion of ooplasm from a donor oocyte into a recipient oocyte of inferior developmental competence. Although this technique has shown some success for couples with recurrent in vitro fertilization failure, it results in mitochondrial heteroplasmy in the offspring, defined as the presence of two different mitochondrial genomes in the same individual. Because the long-term health consequences of mitochondrial heteroplasmy are unknown, there is a need for appropriate animal models to evaluate any physiological changes of dual mtDNA genotypes. This longitudinal study was designed as a preliminary screen of basic physiological functions for heteroplasmic mice (NZB mtDNA on a BALB/cByJ background). The mice were tested for cardiovascular and metabolic function, hematological parameters, body mass analysis, ovarian reserve, and tissue histologic abnormalities over a period of 15 mo. Heteroplasmic mice developed systemic hypertension that corrected over time and was accompanied by cardiac changes consistent with pulmonary hypertension. In addition, heteroplasmic animals had increased body mass and fat mass compared with controls at all ages. Finally, these animals had abnormalities in electrolytes and hematological parameters. Our findings suggest that there are significant physiological differences between heteroplasmic and control mice. Because ooplasm transfer appears to be consistently associated with mitochondrial heteroplasmy, children conceived through ooplasm transfer should be closely followed to determine if they are at risk for any health problems.
Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction (2000)

Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) is a syndrome defined by the presence of chronic intestinal dilation and dysmotility in the absence of mechanical obstruction or gross inflammatory disease. Specific diseases may affect any level of the brain-gut axis. For most patients, the diagnosis relies upon a combination of historical, laboratory, manometric and histological features. Recent advances into the autoimmune nature of etiologies such as Chagas' disease and paraneoplastic dysmotility and into the genetic basis of mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy, multiple endocrine neoplasia IIB and Hirschsprung's disease have greatly refined our understanding and diagnosis of these disorders. At present, medical therapy of CIPO remains limited. Current and future developments in pharmacologic agents targeting specific enteric neurotransmitters and motility patterns hold much promise for improving the care of the patients afflicted with this complex and often debilitating syndrome.
The treatment of advanced stage favorable histology non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a preliminary report of a randomized trial comparing single agent chemotherapy, combination chemotherapy, and whole body irradiation (1981)

Between 1975 and 1978, 51 patients with favorable histology non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, pathologic stage III-IV, were treated prospectively on a randomized treatment protocol. Treatment options were single alkylating agent chemotherapy, combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CVP), or fractionated whole body irradiation followed by low dose involved field irradiation. The median follow-up interval in this group of patients is not 41 mo. Actuarial survival is excellent, 84% at 4 yr for the entire group, with similar survival observed for each of the three treatment options. Initial complete remission rates (64%, 88%, and 71%) were not significantly different in the three treatment arms. Frequent relapse after initial remission induction was noted, however, with a freedom from relapse at 4 yr of only 25%. The toxicities of the three therapies were acceptable. Acute complications of therapy were most numerous in the group of patients treated with CVP; however, long-term hematologic depression was most commonly observed in patients treated with whole body irradiation. In general, hematologic complications were more frequent among patients who had marrow involvement and intact spleens at the time of initial therapy. The relationship of this study to other clinical trials in the management of patients with advanced stage favorable histology lymphomas and its implications for future clinical trials are discussed.
Watermelon‐stomach as a cause of chronic iron deficiency anemia in a patient with systemic sclerosis (1999)

Abstract Watermelon‐stomach is a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. There has been an increasing number of reports on the association of this lesion with diseases of the scleroderma group, causing chronic, sometimes severe gastrointestinal blood loss. The present report presents the case of a 75‐year‐old female with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis and watermelon‐stomach, which was the cause of her long‐standing sideropenic anemia.
The New Biology (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe New BiologyRalph MitchellCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1989, 23, 6, 624Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1989Publication History Published online15 October 2003Published inissue 1 June 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00064a608https://doi.org/10.1021/es00064a608research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views33Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dynamic state feedback control of constrained robot manipulators (2003)

The problem of simultaneous motion and force control of a constrained robot manipulator is studied. It is recognized that the degrees of freedom of the manipulator are reduced in the presence of constraints. A dynamic model suitable for motion and force control is derived. Both motion and force control loops are exactly linearized and decoupled by using a dynamic nonlinear state feedback and a nonlinear state transformation. Separate inputs are designated for control of the end effector motion and the constraint force. The system stability, in particular the force control stability, is theoretically analyzed. The application of the proposed control method to redundant manipulators is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Interaction of the Novel Anticonvulsant, BIA 2‐093, with Voltage‐Gated Sodium Channels: Comparison with Carbamazepine (2001)

BIA 2-093, like CBZ, inhibits sodium currents in a voltage-dependent way by an interaction predominantly with the inactivated state of the channel and interacts with neurotoxin receptor site 2, but not with receptor site 1. BIA 2-093 displayed a potency blocking VGSCs similar to that of CBZ.
One-Dimensional Ceria as Catalyst for the Low-Temperature Water−Gas Shift Reaction (2009)

Synchrotron-based in situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy were used to study pure ceria and Pd-loaded ceria nanotubes and nanorods (1D-ceria) as catalysts for the water−gas shift (WGS) reaction. While bulk ceria is very poor as WGS catalysts, pure 1D-ceria displayed catalytic activity at a temperature as low as 300 °C. The reduction of the pure 1D-ceria in pure hydrogen started at 150 °C, which is a much lower temperature than those previously reported for the reduction of 3D ceria nanoparticles. This low reduction temperature reflects the novel morphology of the oxide systems and may be responsible for the low-temperature WGS catalytic activity seen for the 1D-ceria. Pd-loaded 1D ceria displayed significant WGS activity starting at 200 °C. During pretreatment in H2, the ceria lattice parameter increased significantly around 60 °C, which indicates that Pd-oxygen interactions may facilitate the reduction of Pd-loaded 1D-ceria. Pd and ceria both participate in the formation of the active sites for the catalytic reactions. The low-temperature hydrogen pretreatment results in higher WGS activity for Pd-loaded 1D-ceria.
Electrochemical and In Situ X‐Ray Diffraction Studies of Lithium Intercalation in Li x CoO2 (1992)

Electrochemical properties of are studied as Li is deintercalated from . High precision voltage measurements and in situ x‐ray diffraction indicate a sequence of three distinct phase transitions as varies from 1 to 0.4. Two of the transitions are situated slightly above and below and are caused by an order/disorder transition of the lithium ions. The order/disorder transition is studied as a function of temperature allowing the determination of an order/disorder phase diagram. In situ x‐ray diffraction measurements facilitate a direct observation of the effects of deintercalation on the host lattice crystal structure. The other phase transition is shown to be first order (coexisting phases are observed for ) involving a significant expansion of the parameter of the hexagonal unit cell. We report the variation of the lattice constants of with and show that the phase transition to the lithium ordered phase near is accompanied by a lattice distortion to a monoclinic unit cell with , , and . Finally we report an overall phase diagram for and .