gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of a Major Subfamily of Large hsp70-like Proteins through the Cloning of the Mammalian 110-kDa Heat Shock Protein (1995)

A major mammalian heat shock protein of 110 kDa (hsp110) has long been observed, but has not been cloned. We have cloned the hamster cDNA for hsp110 and show that it hybridizes on a Northern blot to a 3.5-kilobase heat-inducible message in hamster and mouse. The hsp110 sequence was found to share an approximately 30-33% amino acid identity with members of the hsp70 family, most of which occurs in the conserved ATP-binding domain of these molecules. In addition, five sequences were found to be highly similar to hsp110. These are the sea urchin egg receptor for sperm (Foltz, K.R., Partin, J. S., and Lennarz, W.J. (1993) Science 259, 1421-1425) and additional sequences from human and Caenorhaditis elegans and two from yeast. The carboxyl-terminal two-thirds of hsp110 and these five related proteins contain a pattern of highly conserved regions of sequence unique to this group. A probe containing these conserved sequences was found to strongly cross-react on a Southern blot with genomic sequences from yeast to man. A Western blot analysis of several murine tissues indicates that hsp110 is constitutively expressed in all mouse tissues and is highly expressed in brain. Therefore, hsp110 belongs to a new category of large and structurally unique stress proteins that are the most distantly related known members of the hsp70 family.
Tables for Asymmetric Multi-Element Coupled-Transmission-Line Directional Couplers (1964)

Tables are presented for the design of TEM-mode asymmetric multi-element coupled-transmission-line directional couplers, having a very broad-band Chebyshev equal-ripple coupling response. Coupler designs of 2 to 6 elements having bandwidths up to 20:1 and mean couplings of 3, 6, 10, 15 and 20 db are tabulated.
Has myelin basic protein received a fair trial in the treatment of multiple sclerosis? (1979)

Autosensitization to some central nervous system antigen still remains one of the best hypotheses for the continuing pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Enough is now known about the cause, pathogenesis, and treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) to test this hypothesis. Reports of therapeutic failure of the encephalitogen myelin basic protein (BP) in the treatment of MS have their counterparts in similar therapeutic failures in EAE. Only highly inbred strain 13 guinea pigs respond consistently to BP therapy, and this only when BP is administered in relatively high doses. Noninbred guinea pigs respond much less well to simple BP therapy, and monkeys hardly at all. In both strains of monkeys so far studied, a nonspecific adjunctive factor--an antibiotic in Macaca mulatta and a steroid in Macaca fascicularis--is also required. Accordingly, human trials of the therapeutic efficacy of BP in MS should include its administration in large concentrations together with an adjunctive agent.
Inhalation and deposition of nebulized sodium cromoglycate in two different particle size distributions in children with asthma (2002)

The relative deposition of two inhaled droplet size distributions of sodium cromoglycate produced by a Hudson Updraft II nebulizer was evaluated, using a setup modified from the proposed Comité Européen Normalisé (CEN) standard prEN 13544-1. The modified setup comprised an Andersen 296 impactor and a Spira Electro 2 dosimeter. The setup was characterized prior to use in children with sodium cromoglycate (SCG) and sodium fluoride as tracer aerosol. The main in vivo study was designed to allow nine children with a mean age of 10 years to inhale SCG aerosol at two different relative humidities (RH), a high RH (> 90%) and a low RH (13%), which in turn resulted in two different droplet size distributions. The nebulizer/dosimeter was set to provide 1-sec nebulization during 50 inhalations. Throughout the exposures, the children were instructed to inhale in a consistent manner with target tidal volumes (0.5 L) and inhalation flows (0.4 L/sec). Blood samples were taken at predefined time intervals, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. A lung deposition program, TGLD2, was used to calculate the expected deposition, using the droplet sizes and inhalation parameters obtained during in vivo exposures. The in vivo monitoring of droplet size distribution during the exposure showed that the low, intermediate (room air), and high RHs gave a mean droplet size distribution with a mass median aerosol diameter (MMAD) of 1.2, 1.7, and 2.0 microm, respectively. The average tidal volume over all exposures was 0.51 +/- 0.12 L. The total deposition fraction was 33.4% of the estimated nebulizer output. A correlation was found between tidal volume and the calculated deposited fraction. The results indicate that there is a difference in total deposition, depending on the size of the droplet size distribution, with the larger droplet size distribution (MMAD, 2.0 microm) having a higher total deposition than the smaller droplet size distribution (MMAD, 1.2 microm). The deposition results were in good agreement with the deposition fractions estimated using the TGLD2 software for the inhalation parameters found in the study. The obtained study results can arise from differences in regional deposition, but may also be explained by differences in extrathoracic deposition.
Fine structure of human sperm entry into zona-free hamster oocyte (1978)

Zona-free mammalian oocytes have been observed to fuse, under in vitro conditions, With non-homologous spermatozoa. Taking advantage of this heterologous gamete fusion, we designed a bioassay to test -by means of zona-free hamster oocytes- the fertile ability of human spermatozoa, from semen samples of patients attending an Infertility Clinic. To further validate our bioassay, which Was reported elsewhere, we studied the behavior of gamete membranes during fusion at the ultrastructural level. Zona-free hamster oocytes were mixed in vitro with human spermatozoa. At different times after the start of incubation, oocytes were fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde in 0. 25M cacodylate buffer pH 7. A and post-fixed in 196 osmium tetroxide. After dehydration in acetone, they were embedded in a low viscosity epoxy resin. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and examined with a Phillips 300 electron microscope.
Using Google Trends for Influenza Surveillance in South China (2013)

This study shows that Google Trends in Chinese can be used as a complementary source of data for influenza surveillance in south China. More research in the future should develop new models using search trends in Chinese language to estimate local disease activity and detect early signals of outbreaks.
Synthetic uses of the sequential ring positional reactivity in Pyridin-3-ol and derivatives (1981)

A series of ring-substituted pyridin-3-ols has been prepared. The key to the scheme is the introduction of a bromo group to a specific ring position as a temporary blocking agent. As well as hydrogenolysis of the bromo function, nucleophilic displacement has also been investigated.
22.1: Wide Field of View Compensation Scheme for Cube Polarizing Beam Splitters (2003)

Abstract A novel compensation scheme for correcting geometrical depolarization affects in cube polarizing beamsplitters is presented. The low cost, oblique, uniaxial birefringent components used can significantly improve system performance, e.g. the contrast of LCoS projection systems. The scheme is generally applicable to all mirror‐like beamsplitting elements whose performance can be improved by minimizing geometric polarization mixing.
Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum Proliferationin Vitro by Ribozymes (1997)

Catalytic RNA (ribozymes) suppressed the growth of the human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. The phosphorothioated hammerhead ribozymes targeted unique regions of the P. falciparum carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase II gene. The P. falciparum carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase II gene encodes the first and limiting enzyme in the pathway, and its mRNA transcript contains two large insert regions absent in other carbamoyl-phosphate synthetases, including that from humans. These inserts are ideal targets for nucleic acid therapy. Exogenous delivery of ribozymes to cultures reduced malarial viability up to 55% at 0.5 microM ribozyme concentrations, which is significantly greater than control levels (5-15% reduction), suggesting a sequence-specific inhibition. This inhibition was shown to be stage-specific, with optimal inhibitions being detected after 24 h, coincident with maximal production of the carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase enzyme in the course of the life cycle of the parasite. A decrease in total carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase activity was observed only in cultures treated with the ribozymes. The task of developing alternative therapeutic agents against malaria is urgent due to the evolution of drug-resistant strains of P. falciparum, the most virulent of all human malarial parasites. Another critical issue to be addressed is the possibility of eliminating or reducing any systemic toxicity to the host, which can potentially be provided by nucleic acid therapy. This work is the first reported assessment of the ability of ribozymes as antimalarials. Ribozyme inhibition assays can also aid in identifying important antimalarial loci for chemotherapy. The malarial parasite can, in turn, be a useful in vivo host to study the catalysis and function of new ribozyme designs.
Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain: progress and prospects. (2003)

Neuropathic pain, a persistent chronic pain resulting from damage to the central or peripheral pain signaling pathway, has become an area of intense research activity--largely because it represents a disorder with high unmet medical need. It is not a single disease entity, but rather includes a range of heterogeneous conditions that differ in etiology, location and initiating cause. Despite this diversity, the clinical presentation is frequently surprisingly similar, which suggests a common biological basis. Until recently, little was known of the mechanisms underlying the various neuropathic pain conditions, making the directed development of novel therapies almost impossible. However, the steady increase in our understanding of the anatomical, cellular and molecular basis of neuropathic pain, coupled with the advent of a number of experimental models of neuropathy, has permitted relatively rapid progress, and the prospects for the emergence of new, more effective therapies look very good. Gabapentin (Pfizer), which appears to act by blocking calcium channels, is the first drug to acquire widespread regulatory approval for the treatment of neuropathic pain. The Society for Medicines Research symposium held June 26, 2003, considered this treatment modality alongside other approaches to therapy, such as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists and cannabinoid receptor agonists. The whole meeting provided an excellent description of the challenges facing neuropathic pain drug discovery--at both the research and the development phases of the value chain.
Hybrid lipid oligonucleotide conjugates: synthesis, self-assemblies and biomedical applications (2011)

Hybrid lipid oligonucleotide conjugates are finding more and more biotechnological applications. This short critical review highlights their synthesis, supramolecular organization as well as their applications in the field of biotechnology (111 references).
The nomenclature of lipids (Recommendations 1976) IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (1978)

I. Fatty acids, neutral fats, long-chain alcohols and long-chain bases A. Generic terms (Lip-1.1 -1.5).
What a difference a hydroxyl makes: mutant IDH, (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate, and cancer (2013)

Mutations in metabolic enzymes, including isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2, in cancer strongly implicate altered metabolism in tumorigenesis. IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the interconversion of isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG). 2OG is a TCA cycle intermediate and an essential cofactor for many enzymes, including JmjC domain-containing histone demethylases, TET 5-methylcytosine hydroxylases, and EglN prolyl-4-hydroxylases. Cancer-associated IDH mutations alter the enzymes such that they reduce 2OG to the structurally similar metabolite (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate [(R)-2HG]. Here we review what is known about the molecular mechanisms of transformation by mutant IDH and discuss their implications for the development of targeted therapies to treat IDH mutant malignancies.
Co-translocation of a Periplasmic Enzyme Complex by a Hitchhiker Mechanism through the Bacterial Tat Pathway (1999)

Bacterial periplasmic nickel-containing hydrogenases are composed of a small subunit containing a twin-arginine signal sequence and a large subunit devoid of an export signal. To understand how the large subunit is translocated into the periplasm, we cloned the hyb operon encoding the hydrogenase 2 of Escherichia coli, constructed a deletion mutant, and studied the mechanism of translocation of hydrogenase 2. The small subunit (HybO) or the large subunit (HybC) accumulated in the cytoplasm as a precursor when either of them was expressed in the absence of the other subunit. Therefore, contrary to most classical secretory proteins, the signal sequence of the small subunit itself is not sufficient for membrane targeting and translocation if the large subunit is missing. On the other hand, the small subunit was required not only for membrane targeting of the large subunit, but also for the acquisition of nickel by the large subunit. Most interestingly, the signal sequence of the small subunit determines whether the large subunit follows the Sec or the twin-arginine translocation pathway. Taken together, these results provide for the first time compelling evidence for a naturally occurring hitchhiker co-translocation mechanism in bacteria.
A Novel Method for Enzyme Immobilization: Direct Encapsulation of Acid Phosphatase in Nanoporous Silica Host Materials (2001)

Immobilization of acid phosphatase (ACP) in mesoporous or, more generally, nanoporous silica has been accomplished via the sol-gel reactions of tetramethyl orthosilicate in the presence of ACP and of D-glucose (DG) as a nonsurfactant template, which is subsequently removed by water extraction after the formation of nanocomposite gels. Characterization of the silica host after the removal of DG shows that the pore size and volume generally increase with the DG content. At high DG contents, the silica hosts are nanoporous with interconnected nanoscaled pores/channels of regular diameter (e.g., 3.4 nm). Catalytic activity of ACP encapsulated in nanoporous hosts is significantly improved over that in microporous host prepared in the absence of DG. The apparent enzymatic activity at various pH values and substrate concentrations correlates well with the nanostructures of the host matrices. As the DG content is increased in the synthesis, the activity tends to increase. At a DG content of 42-60 wt%, the samples exhibit activities about triple that of the template-free control. These and other results from enzymatic kinetic studies suggest that the increase in the pore size and volume facilitates the transport of the substrate and product molecules in the host matrices, leading to the observed increase in activity. The thermal stability of ACP is remarkably improved upon immobilization. There is no detectable leakage of ACP from the host matrices and the biogels are reuseable. This study provides a useful protocol for the development of nanotechnology for various biocatalysts and biosensors.
Expression Hierarchy of T Cell Epitopes from Melanoma Differentiation Antigens: Unexpected High Level Presentation of Tyrosinase-HLA-A2 Complexes Revealed by Peptide-Specific, MHC-Restricted, TCR-Like Antibodies (2009)

Peptide Ags presented by class I MHC molecules on human melanomas and that are recognized by CD8(+) T cells are the subjects of many studies of antitumor immunity and represent attractive candidates for therapeutic approaches. However, no direct quantitative measurements exist to reveal their expression hierarchy on the cell surface. Using novel recombinant Abs which bind these Ags with a peptide-specific, MHC-restricted manner, we demonstrate a defined pattern of expression hierarchy of peptide-HLA-A2 complexes derived from three major differentiation Ags: gp100, Melan-A/Mart-1, and tyrosinase. Studying melanoma cell lines derived from multiple patients, we reveal a surprisingly high level of presentation of tyrosinase-derived complexes and moderate to very low expression of complexes derived from other Ags. No correlation between Ag presentation and mRNA expression was found; however, protein stability may play a major role. These results provide new insights into the characteristics of Ag presentation and are particularly important when such targets are being considered for immunotherapy. These results may shed new light on relationships between Ag presentation and immune response to cancer Ags.
Central Role of Hemoglobin Degradation in Mechanisms of Action of 4-Aminoquinolines, Quinoline Methanols, and Phenanthrene Methanols (1998)

We have used a specific inhibitor of the malarial aspartic proteinase plasmepsin I and a nonspecific cysteine proteinase inhibitor to investigate the importance of hemoglobin degradation in the mechanism of action of chloroquine, amodiaquine, quinine, mefloquine (MQ), halofantrine, and primaquine. Both proteinase inhibitors antagonized the antiparasitic activity of all drugs tested with the exception of primaquine. An inhibitor of plasmepsin I, Ro40-4388, reduced the incorporation of radiolabelled chloroquine and quinine into malarial pigment by 95%, while causing a 70% reduction in the incorporation of radiolabelled MQ. Cysteine proteinase inhibitor E64 reduced the incorporation of chloroquine and quinine into malarial pigment by 60 and 40%, respectively. This study provides definitive support for the central role of hemoglobin degradation in the mechanism of action of the 4-aminoquinolines and the quinoline and phenanthrene methanol antimalarials.
Optical Biopsy with Optical Coherence Tomographya (1998)

A need exists in medicine for a technology capable of 'optical biopsy,' imaging at or near the resolution of histopathology without the need for excisional biopsy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a recently developed imaging technology that uses infrared light to generate cross-sectional images on a micron scale. In this work, the feasibility of OCT for optical biopsy was confirmed with in vitro tissue from the skeletal and male reproductive systems. This work supports the hypothesis that OCT is an attractive technology for in vivo optical biopsy.
Resource Evaluation for Environment-friendly Regional Planning in Bonghwa-gun (2003)

Resource evaluation for environment-friendly regional planning using GIS was implemented in Bonghwa-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do And new paradigms such as 'green tourism', 'eco-tourism', 'eco-village', were considered and applied into resource indicator system. The weighted evaluation was carried out into pixel units and the scores of every 'myeon' were compared with each others. As a result, the area that has the 'Dak-sil-ma-eul' village in Bonghwa-eup got the highest score. When compared every 'myeon' in mean scores, Bonghwa-eup got the first grade, Socheon-myeon the second grade and Choonyang-myeon the third grade. In a comprehensive view, the areas that got higher scores were the lower flat areas and the 'Dak-sil-ma-eul' village in Bonghwa-eup, north-east areas in Choonyang-myeon, north-west areas and south-east areas in Socheon-myeon. In this study, resource evaluation using indicator system and GIS was implemented, and some problems that appeared in this process were resolved.
The Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Phosphorylates Sites Having a (Ser/Thr)-Pro Motif and Is Activated by Antibodies to a Region near Its COOH Terminus (1997)

The eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein, PHAS-I, was phosphorylated rapidly and stoichiometrically when incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) that had been immunoprecipitated with an antibody, mTAb1, directed against a region near the COOH terminus of mTOR. PHAS-I was phosphorylated more slowly by mTOR obtained either by immunoprecipitation with other antibodies or by affinity purification using a rapamycin/FKBP12 resin. Adding mTAb1 to either of these preparations of mTOR increased PHAS-I phosphorylation severalfold, indicating that mTAb1 activates the mTOR protein kinase. mTAb1-activated mTOR phosphorylated Thr36, Thr45, Ser64, Thr69, and Ser82 in PHAS-I. All five of these sites fit a (Ser/Thr)-Pro motif and are dephosphorylated in response to rapamycin in rat adipocytes. Thus, our findings indicate that Pro is a determinant of the mTOR protein kinase specificity and that mTOR contributes to the phosphorylation of PHAS-I in cells.
Identification and characterization of a novel rodent bocavirus from different rodent species in China (2018)

Members in the genus Bocaparvovirus are closely related to human health and have a wide host range. The diverse hosts raise the possibility of crossing species barrier, which is a feature of emerging viruses. Among the mammalian hosts, rodents are generally acknowledged to be important reservoirs of emerging viruses. Here, rodent samples collected from six provinces and autonomous regions of China (Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Xinjiang, Guangxi and Yunnan) were used to investigate the prevalence and distribution of bocaparvoviruses. By using next-generation sequencing first, a partial non-structural protein 1 (NS1) gene belonging to a possible novel bocaparvovirus was discovered. Following this, PCR-based screening of NS1 gene was conducted in 485 rodent samples, with 106 positive results found in seven rodent species (Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, Apodemus agrarius, Cricetulus barabensis, Rattus flavipectus, Rattus rattus and Rhombomys opimus). Finally, six nearly full-length genomes and three complete CDS were obtained and the newly identified bocaparvovirus was tentatively named rodent bocavirus (RoBoV). RoBoV has three ORFs: NS1, NP1, and VP, which are characteristics of bocaparvoviruses. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that porcine bocavirus isolate PBoV-KU14, a member of Ungulate bocaparvovirus 4, was the most related virus to RoBoV, with 92.1-92.9% amino acid identities in NS1 protein. Alignments of RoBoV-related sequences showed RoBoV isolates could be classified into two clades, demonstrating an inter-host genetic diversity. The results indicate a potential interspecies transmission of RoBoV between rodents and swine and expand our knowledge on bocaparvoviruses in rodent populations.