gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Non-Fullerene Electron Acceptors for Use in Organic Solar Cells (2015)

The active layer in a solution processed organic photovoltaic device comprises a light absorbing electron donor semiconductor, typically a polymer, and an electron accepting fullerene acceptor. Although there has been huge effort targeted to optimize the absorbing, energetic, and transport properties of the donor material, fullerenes remain as the exclusive electron acceptor in all high performance devices. Very recently, some new non-fullerene acceptors have been demonstrated to outperform fullerenes in comparative devices. This Account describes this progress, discussing molecular design considerations and the structure-property relationships that are emerging. The motivation to replace fullerene acceptors stems from their synthetic inflexibility, leading to constraints in manipulating frontier energy levels, as well as poor absorption in the solar spectrum range, and an inherent tendency to undergo postfabrication crystallization, resulting in device instability. New acceptors have to address these limitations, providing tunable absorption with high extinction coefficients, thus contributing to device photocurrent. The ability to vary and optimize the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level for a specific donor polymer is also an important requirement, ensuring minimal energy loss on electron transfer and as high an internal voltage as possible. Initially perylene diimide acceptors were evaluated as promising acceptor materials. These electron deficient aromatic molecules can exhibit good electron transport, facilitated by close packed herringbone crystal motifs, and their energy levels can be synthetically tuned. The principal drawback of this class of materials, their tendency to crystallize on too large a length scale for an optimal heterojunction nanostructure, has been shown to be overcome through introduction of conformation twisting through steric effects. This has been primarily achieved by coupling two units together, forming dimers with a large intramolecular twist, which suppresses both nucleation and crystal growth. The generic design concept of rotationally symmetrical aromatic small molecules with extended π orbital delocalization, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons, phthalocyanines, etc., has also provided some excellent small molecule acceptors. In most cases, additional electron withdrawing functionality, such as imide or ester groups, can be incorporated to stabilize the LUMO and improve properties. New calamitic acceptors have been developed, where molecular orbital hybridization of electron rich and poor segments can be judiciously employed to precisely control energy levels. Conformation and intermolecular associations can be controlled by peripheral functionalization leading to optimization of crystallization length scales. In particular, the use of rhodanine end groups, coupled electronically through short bridged aromatic chains, has been a successful strategy, with promising device efficiencies attributed to high lying LUMO energy levels and subsequently large open circuit voltages.
Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Treatment in Pre-Dialysis Patients (1989)

Recombinant human erythropoietin is effective and safe in ameliorating the anemia of pre-dialysis patients.
BEAM CONTROL IN THE SPOT SCANNING IRRADIATION (2001)

Secondary beam course and its irradiation system have been constructed in HIMAC. In this system, positron emitter beam can be used to measure the irradiated volume with PET. As an irradiation method to use beam efficiently, the spot scanning irradiation was adopted. With this spot scanning system, irradiation test has been done with 11 C beam. In this paper, the current status of the beam control system will be presented.
Maintenance of biological activity of pertussis toxin radioiodinated while bound to fetuin-agarose (1987)

We developed a method to produce radioiodinated pertussis toxin (PT) which was active in the goose erythrocyte agglutination and CHO cell assay systems. The procedure used fetuin coupled to agarose to prevent inactivation of the toxin during the iodination reaction. Analysis of the labeled PT by affinity chromatography on fetuin-agarose and wheat germ agglutinin-agarose and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that there were minimal amounts of labeled fetuin or other contaminants in the labeled PT preparations. All five of the subunits of the toxin appeared to be labeled by the procedure. The labeling method will facilitate further investigations into the nature of the interaction and activity of PT in host tissues.
Cold Adaptation in the Antarctic Archaeon Methanococcoides burtonii Involves Membrane Lipid Unsaturation (2004)

Direct analysis of membrane lipids by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry was used to demonstrate the role of unsaturation in ether lipids in the adaptation of Methanococcoides burtonii to low temperature. A proteomics approach using two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis, and a pathway for lipid biosynthesis was reconstructed from the M. burtonii draft genome sequence. The major phospholipids were archaeol phosphatidylglycerol, archaeol phosphatidylinositol, hydroxyarchaeol phosphatidylglycerol, and hydroxyarchaeol phosphatidylinositol. All phospholipid classes contained a series of unsaturated analogues, with the degree of unsaturation dependent on phospholipid class. The proportion of unsaturated lipids from cells grown at 4 degrees C was significantly higher than for cells grown at 23 degrees C. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase were identified in the expressed proteome, and most genes involved in the mevalonate pathway and processes leading to the formation of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol were identified in the genome sequence. In addition, M. burtonii encodes CDP-inositol and CDP-glycerol transferases and a number of homologs of the plant geranylgeranyl reductase. It therefore appears that the unsaturation of lipids may be due to incomplete reduction of an archaeol precursor rather than to a desaturase mechanism. This study shows that cold adaptation in M. burtonii involves specific changes in membrane lipid unsaturation. It also demonstrates that global methods of analysis for lipids and proteomics linked to a draft genome sequence can be effectively combined to infer specific mechanisms of key biological processes.
Immunohistochemistry and quantitative analysis of protein expression. (2006)

Although there is a long history of efforts to quantify immunohistochemistry, there has been a lack of broad acceptance because the resultant objective accuracy has not significantly improved outcome measures compared with the traditional, conventional analysis by eye. As the demand grows for companion diagnostics with complex assessment requirements, we are likely to see increased usage of quantitative platforms, especially those with the capacity to do multiplexed analysis. This most likely will be driven by a requirement for outcomes that cannot be achieved by traditional methods.
Von Willebrand factor in diabetic angiopathy. (1998)

Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia responsible for complications affecting the kidneys, eyes, peripheral nerves and micro- and macrovascular systems. Von Willebrand factor (vWf), a multimeric glycoprotein mainly synthesised by endothelial cells, is involved in platelet adhesion and aggregation and acts as the carrier of coagulation factor VIII in plasma. Increased levels of vWf, reflecting activation of or damage to endothelial cells, have been described in association with atherosclerosis and diabetes. vWf appears to be a predictive marker of diabetic nephropathy and neuropathy, although not of retinopathy, which suggests that endothelial dysfunction precedes the onset of diabetic microangiopathy. This dysfunction could be especially involved in the pathogenesis of renal abnormalities of diabetes. vWf is not a predictive marker of macroangiopathy when diabetes is associated with atherosclerotic risk factors. In the presence of chronic diabetic complications, vWf levels are not associated with any grade of retinopathy but increase with the severity of nephropathy and would appear to be a risk factor for macrovascular mortality in these patients. The endothelial dysfunction of diabetes can generate atherosclerotic lesions responsible for damage to the arterial wall, atheroma and formation of platelet microaggregates. Concomitant with high vWf levels, other possible mechanisms of endothelial damage include reduced synthesis or release of nitric oxide, hyperglycaemic pseudohypoxia and protein kinase-C activation, increased synthesis of proteins bearing advanced glycosylation end-products or transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) activation of coagulation and inhibition of fibrinolysis. At present, it is not known whether high vWf levels are inherent to the physiopathology of diabetes, nor whether diabetes induces endothelial dysfunction through other pathways. However, since angiopathy resulting from endothelial dysfunction is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients, appropriate therapy is necessary to reduce these complications. Glycaemic control seems to be insufficient to normalise plasma vWf, whereas a decrease can be obtained by ingestion of diets rich in oleic acid or by treatment with statins. Inhibition of the binding of vWf to the GPlba receptor by synthetic peptides, aurin tricarboxylic acid or monoclonal antibodies has been proposed to prevent the thrombosis induced by high levels of plasma vWf. Thus, vWf probably represents an interesting target for the inhibition of thrombosis in diabetes.
Optogenetic Control of Targeted Peripheral Axons in Freely Moving Animals (2013)

Optogenetic control of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) would enable novel studies of motor control, somatosensory transduction, and pain processing. Such control requires the development of methods to deliver opsins and light to targeted sub-populations of neurons within peripheral nerves. We report here methods to deliver opsins and light to targeted peripheral neurons and robust optogenetic modulation of motor neuron activity in freely moving, non-transgenic mammals. We show that intramuscular injection of adeno-associated virus serotype 6 enables expression of channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in motor neurons innervating the injected muscle. Illumination of nerves containing mixed populations of axons from these targeted neurons and from neurons innervating other muscles produces ChR2-mediated optogenetic activation restricted to the injected muscle. We demonstrate that an implanted optical nerve cuff is well-tolerated, delivers light to the sciatic nerve, and optically stimulates muscle in freely moving rats. These methods can be broadly applied to study PNS disorders and lay the groundwork for future therapeutic application of optogenetics.
Dielectric response of a dilute suspension of spheres with thin double layers in an asymmetric electrolyte (1984)

The low-frequency dielectric response of a suspension of spherical particles surrounded by thin double layers has been studied and the analysis of Dukhin and Shilov has been extended to asymmetric electrolytes. In addition to the cases of constant surface charge density and of constant surface potential, the case in which changes in the surface charge density are determined by changes in the surface potential according to a first-order kinetic equation has also been examined.
siRNA and miRNA gene silencing : from bench to bedside (2009)

RNA interference has become a key method in the suppression of gene expression and the development of therapeutic agents, yet there is still the problem of delivery, stability, and the danger of off-target effects such as the silencing of unwanted genes and activation of innate immunity. In siRNA and miRNA Gene Silencing: From Bench to Bedside, expert researchers explore the most recent advances in siRNA design, expression, delivery, in vivo imaging, and methods to minimize siRNA's unwanted effects and promote successful use in patients. As part of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology™ series, the chapters focus on their respective subjects with easy-to-use, up-to-date information, including several step-by-step laboratory protocols on topics such as new delivery formulations and strategies with promising applications in vitro and in vivo, validated therapeutic target genes, and components of miRNA function, biogenesis, and interference with virus infection. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, siRNA and miRNA Gene Silencing: From Bench to Bedside offers an excellent collection of chapters to aid all those with an interest in RNAi, gene regulation, and new therapies
Wound Healing Modulation in Glaucoma Filtration Surgery (1993)

In some cases, modulation of wound healing, in association with glaucoma filtration surgery, results in lower postoperative intraocular pressures than would occur without such therapy. Treatments affecting wound healing increase the likelihood of achieving long-term filtration, especially in eyes with a poor surgical prognosis. After summarizing the wound-healing process following filtration procedures, we review the mechanism of action, the effectiveness, and the complications associated with some of the most commonly used wound healing inhibitors and then discuss new alternatives currently under investigation. Although much progress has been made, the challenge remains to develop new drugs or combinations of drugs that are less toxic and can yield more predictable results.
Modulation of Osteoclast Differentiation (1992)

BONE is a complex tissue in which resorption and formation continue throughout life. This process is called bone remodeling. Osteotropic hormones such as 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3], PTH, and calcitonin preferentially modulate the process of bone resorption to maintain bone remodeling. The bone tissue contains various types of cells, of which the bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts are mainly responsible for bone remodeling. Osteoblasts are believed to be derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, which further differentiate into osteocytes and are embedded in calcified tissues. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells present only in bone. It is believed that osteoclast progenitors are of hemopoietic origin, and they are recruited from hemopoietic tissues such as bone marrow and circulating blood to bone. Osteoclast progenitors then proliferate and differentiate into mononuclear preosteoclasts and fuse with each other to form multinucleated osteoclasts. Osteoclasts have a unique morphology and function to resorb calcified bone by making resorption pits (Howship's lacunae). Because of the inaccessibility and fragility of osteoclasts studies on their function have been hampered. Furthermore, it is extremely difficult to obtain a large number of mammalian osteoclasts.
CCR7 is required for the in vivo function of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (2007)

CCR7-mediated migration of naive T cells into the secondary lymphoid organs is a prerequisite for their encounter with mature dendritic cells, the productive presentation of cognate antigen, and consequent T cell proliferation and effector differentiation. Therefore, CCR7 was suggested to play an important role in the initiation of adaptive immune responses. In this study, we show that primary immunity can also develop in the absence of CCR7. Moreover, CCR7-deficient knockout (KO) mice display augmented immune responses. Our data cumulatively suggest that enhanced immunity in CCR7 KO mice is caused by the defective lymph node (LN) positioning of FoxP3(+) CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells (T reg cells) and the consequent impediment of their function. The FoxP3(+) T reg cells express CCR7 and, after their adoptive transfer, migrate into the LNs of wild-type mice. Here, they proliferate in situ upon antigen stimulation and inhibit the generation of antigen-specific T cells. Conversely, transferred CCR7-deficient T reg cells fail to migrate into the LNs and suppress antigen-induced T cell responses. The transfer of combinations of naive and T reg cells from wild-type and CCR7 KO mice into syngeneic severe combined immunodeficient mice directly demonstrates that CCR7-deficient T reg cells are less effective than their wild-type counterparts in preventing the development of inflammatory bowel disease.
Edge Detection Based on Spiking Neural Network Model (2007)

Abstract. Inspired by the behaviour of biological receptive fields and the human visual system, a network model based on spiking neurons is proposed to detect edges in a visual image. The structure and the properties of the network are detailed in this paper. Simulation results show that the network based on spiking neurons is able to perform edge detection within a time interval of 100 ms. This processing time is consistent with the human visual system. A firing rate map recorded in the simulation is comparable to Sobel and Canny edge graphics. In addition, the network can separate different edges using synapse plasticity, and the network provides an attention mechanism in which edges in an attention area can be enhanced.
CT diagnosis of primary retroperitoneal tumors (2012)

Objective To investigate the CT diagnosis of primary retroperitoneal tumors (PRPT).Methods CT images and clinical data of 21 patients with PRPT proved pathologically were reviewed and retrospectively analyzed.Results Nine cases out of 21 were benign tumor and the rest were malignant ones.Seventeen cases (80.9％) of the mass were correctly localized by CT,13 cases (61.9％) of the tumors were correctly qualitative diagnosed.Conclusions CT has high diagnosis value for the diagnosis of retroperitoneal tumor and show the relationship of the tumor and surrounding structures.CT scanning is valuable for diagnosis and clinical treatment of tumors.

Key words: 
Primary retroperitoneal tumors; X-ray computer; Diagnosis
Dramatic Improvement in Catalyst Loadings and Molar Ratios of Coupling Partners for Ni/Cr-Mediated Coupling Reactions: Heterobimetallic Catalysts (2009)

Two new ligands 1a,b are reported. Upon treatment with 1 equiv of NiCl(2) x (MeOCH(2))(2), 1a,b give the corresponding Ni complexes. X-ray analysis of 1a x NiCl(2) established that the NiCl(2) is selectively coordinated to the phenanthroline nitrogens. Ni/Cr heterobimetallic catalysts 1a,b x CrCl(2)/NiCl(2), prepared from 1a,b x NiCl(2), have been shown to behave exceptionally well in catalytic asymmetric Ni/Cr-mediated couplings, with highlights including the following: (1) 1-2 mol % catalyst is sufficient to complete the coupling; (2) only negligible amounts of the dimers, byproducts formed through the alkenyl Ni species, are observed; (3) the coupling goes to completion even with a 1:1 molar ratio of the coupling partners; and (4) the asymmetric induction is practically identical with that obtained from the coupling with the Cr catalysts prepared from (S)-sulfonamides 2a,b. The scope of the new Ni/Cr heterobimetallic catalysts was briefly studied using four additional aldehydes. The applicability of the new catalysts to polyfunctional substrates was demonstrated by two C-C bond formations chosen from the halichondrin/E7389 synthesis as examples.
B Cell-Deficient Mice Are Highly Resistant to Leishmania donovani Infection, but Develop Neutrophil-Mediated Tissue Pathology (2000)

Resolution of Leishmania infection is T cell-dependent, and B lymphocytes have been considered to play a minimal role in host defense. In this study, the contribution of B lymphocytes to the response against Leishmania donovani was investigated using genetically modified IgM transmembrane domain (muMT) mutant mice, which lack mature B lymphocytes. When compared with wild-type mice, muMT mice cleared parasites more rapidly from the liver, and infection failed to establish in the spleen. The rapid clearance of parasites in muMT mice was associated with accelerated and more extensive hepatic granuloma formation compared with wild-type mice. However, the liver of infected muMT mice also showed signs of destructive pathology, associated with the presence of increased numbers of neutrophils. The role of neutrophils in controlling parasite growth in the viscera was determined by depletion with the mAb RB6-8C5. This treatment led to a dramatic enhancement of parasite growth in both the liver and spleen of muMT and wild-type mice. As assessed by transfer of both normal and chronic-infection serum, Ig protects microMT mice from destructive hepatic pathology, but minimally alters their resistance compared with wild-type mice. However, adoptive transfer of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into recombinase activating gene 1 (RAG1-/-) recipients, suggested that T cell function was not altered by maturation in a B cell-deficient environment. Taken together, these data suggest an inhibitory role for B lymphocytes in resistance to L. donovani unrelated to the presence or absence of Ig. However, Ig protects muMT mice from the exaggerated pathology that occurs during infection.
Photodetection with Active Optical Antennas (2011)

Nanoantennas are key optical components for light harvesting; photodiodes convert light into a current of electrons for photodetection. We show that these two distinct, independent functions can be combined into the same structure. Photons coupled into a metallic nanoantenna excite resonant plasmons, which decay into energetic, "hot" electrons injected over a potential barrier at the nanoantenna-semiconductor interface, resulting in a photocurrent. This dual-function structure is a highly compact, wavelength-resonant, and polarization-specific light detector, with a spectral response extending to energies well below the semiconductor band edge.
Prevention of malalignment during non-reversed femorodistal bypass. (1992)

A simple technique is described using a Doppler flowmeter to prevent malalignment of a vein graft during femorodistal reconstruction. In 63 non-reversed vein bypass grafts, this technique has been used and no evidence of malalignment has been found on subsequent completion arteriography.
Real-Time Conversion of Stereo Audio to 5.1 Channel Audio for Providing Realistic Sounds (2010)

In this paper, we address issues associated with the real-time implementation of upmixing stereo audio into 5.1 channel audio in order to improve audio realism. First, we review four different upmixing methods, including a passive surround decoding method, a least-meansquare based upmixing method, a principal component analysis based upmixing method, and an adaptive panning method. After that, we implement a simulator that includes the upmixing methods and audio controls to play both stereo and upmixed 5.1 channel audio signals. Finally, we carry out a MUSHRA test to compare the quality of the upmixed 5.1 channel audio signals to that of the original stereo audio signal. It is shown from the test that the upmixed 5.1 channel audio signals generated by the four different upmixing methods are preferred to the original stereo audio signals.
Single-lobed far-field pattern operation in a phased array with an integrated phase shifter (1987)

A phased array with an integrated phase shifter which can convert a 180° phase mode into an in-phase mode was demonstrated. An Al2O3 facet coating with a different thickness on each array element was performed. It should act as the phase shifter. A stable single-lobed far-field pattern was obtained from the array with the phase shifter.