gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proteolytic processing of beta-amyloid precursor by calpain I (1990)

The beta-amyloid peptide is a core component of the neuritic plaques that accumulate in Alzheimer's disease. Since the beta-peptide resides within a family of precursor proteins (APPs), proteolytic processing of APP is required for beta-amyloid deposition into plaques. Here, we have examined the role played by the calcium-dependent cysteine protease calpain I in APP processing. Immunoblotting with a specific APP antiserum was used to assess the in vitro degradation of rat brain APP, which appears as a triplet of polypeptides of Mr 110-130 kDa. Both soluble and membrane-bound APP were extraordinarily sensitive to activated calpain I. APP contains at least 3 distinct calpain I cleavage sites. The most protease-sensitive site was located within the highly acidic structural motif called the PEST domain, a second site was upstream of the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, and a third generated a 16 kDa carboxy-terminal fragment that contains the beta-peptide. Based on light microscopic immunohistochemistry, APP and calpain I were extensively colocalized within large numbers of neurons distributed throughout the rat brain, with especially high levels of each in neocortical layer 5, subiculum, globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, anterodorsal and reticular thalamic nuclei, motor trigeminal nucleus, deep cerebellar nuclei, and Purkinje cells. Both antigens were most prevalent within neuronal perikarya. Intraventricular kainate infusion, which is known to cause rapid activation of hippocampal calpain I, produced a 32% decline in APP levels after 24 hr, suggestive of in vivo degradation of APP by calpain I. Following kainate-induced neuronal loss, both APP and calpain I immunoreactivities appeared in the surrounding reactive astroglia. These results indicate that calpain I may be involved in the normal and, perhaps, pathological processing of APP, and that this processing could occur in either neurons or reactive astrocytes. Calcium influx and calpain I activation may provide a mechanism by which excitatory neurotransmission regulates APP metabolism.
SELECTIVE LASER PHOTOCOAGULATION OF COMMUNICATING VESSELS IN SEVERE TWIN–TWIN TRANSFUSION SYNDROME IN WOMEN WITH AN ANTERIOR PLACENTA (2001)

In Brief Background We describe two techniques for the laser treatment of twin–twin transfusion syndrome in women with anterior placentas. Technique In the first technique, anastomoses were photocoagulated using a flexible endoscope through a single port. The second technique used a side-firing laser fiber with a rigid angled-view endoscope (two ports). Experience Seventy-two women had surgery between July 1997 and December 1999, 35 (48.6%) of whom had anterior placentas. Survival was similar for fetuses with anterior (80%) and posterior (75.6%) placentas, but operating time was significantly longer for those with anterior placentas (81.1 compared with 64.4 minutes for the anterior and posterior placentas, respectively; P = .02, Student t test). At least one fetus survived in 76% (16 of 21) of women treated with flexible endoscopes and 86% (12 of 14) of those treated with the side-firing lasers. Six of 72 women (8.3%) had patent vascular anastomoses on placental examination, and five of them had anterior placentas (P = .08, Fisher exact test). Conclusion Although anterior placentas are surgically more challenging than posterior placentas, both techniques allow an effective percutaneous approach to the laser treatment of twin–twin transfusion syndrome. Two techniques are described for percutaneous laser treatment of twin-twin transfusion patients with anterior placentas.
Hybrid TEM-dual surface wave in a coaxial cable (1969)

A number of investigations have been published on this subject since the author&apos;s original paper three years ago, and most of them disagree with the conclusion then reached, that a thin coating of dielectric over the inner conductor of a coaxial cable could, in suitable circumstances, bring about a reduction of attenuation. On the other hand, careful experimental work has shown what appears to be behaviour very similar to the original prediction. The present paper deduces relationships between some of the parameters of the cable, by applying the ‘addition theorem’ to the relevant Bessel functions whose arguments are of near value, thereby enabling more accurate calculations to be made. The results seem to lend support to the experimental observations.
Coherent control with broadband squeezed vacuum (2003)

We report the experimental demonstration of coherent control with high power, broadband squeezed vacuum. Although incoherent and exhibiting the statistics of a thermal noise, broadband squeezed vacuum is shown to induce certain two-photon interactions as a coherent ultrashort pulse with the same spectral bandwidth. Utilizing pulse-shaping techniques we coherently control the sum-frequency generation of broadband squeezed vacuum over a range of two orders of magnitude. Coherent control of two-photon interactions with broadband squeezed vacuum can potentially obtain spectral resolutions and extinction ratios that are practically unattainable with coherent pulses.
Cellular responses to individual amino‐acid depletion in antibody‐expressing and parental CHO cell lines (2013)

Depletion of two nonessential amino acids, asparagine (Asn) and glutamine (Gln), occurred during a fed-batch production process with a CHO cell line expressing a recombinant antibody. This depletion coincided with growth suppression and the onset of the stationary phase. Experimental withdrawal of Asn led to cell cycle arrest of cell line A in G0/G1 phase. On a mechanistic level, withdrawal of either Asn or Gln stimulated the amino-acid response (AAR) pathway, indicating that depletion of nonessential amino acids can induce AAR in this cell line. Compared to withdrawal of an essential amino acid, leucine (Leu), withdrawal of either Asn or Gln induced fewer changes in downstream effectors of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling involved in regulation of global protein synthesis. Global transcriptional analysis followed by pathway analysis revealed that the cultures experienced a down-regulation of cell-cycle progression, DNA replication and nucleotide biosynthesis in an E2F-dependent manner, as well as a down-regulation of lipid metabolism in a SREBP1/2-dependent manner as a result of individual amino-acid withdrawal. Timing and magnitude of observed phenotypic and transcriptional responses to amino-acid withdrawal differed between essential (Leu) and nonessential (Asn and Gln) amino acids examined. Observed responses were similar in parental (CS9 and CHOK-1) and two other antibody-producing CHO cell lines, but the magnitude of the transcriptional response was both cell-line and amino-acid dependent. Overall, these results suggest that depletion of nonessential amino acids in cell culture plays a role in the onset of the stationary phase of production process and offer mechanistic insights into the observed growth attenuation phenotype.
High-speed VLSI designs for Lempel-Ziv-based data compression (1993)

A class of hardware algorithms for implementing the Lempel-Ziv-based data compression technique is described. The Lempel-Ziv-based compression method is a powerful technique for lossless data compression that gives high compression efficiency for text as well as image data. The proposed hardware algorithms exploit the principles of pipelining and parallelism in order to obtain high speed and throughput. A prototype CMOS VLSI chip was designed and fabricated using 2- mu m CMOS technology implementing a systolic array of nine processors. The chip gives a compression rate of 13.3 MB/s operating at 40 MHz. Two hardware algorithms for the decompression process are also described. The data compression hardware can be integrated into real-time systems so that data can be compressed and decompressed on-the-fly.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Amino acid sequence studies with Bence-Jones proteins. (1965)

Precise structural studies with Bence-Jones proteins have assumed much greater significance following the suggestion by Edelman and Poulik' that they are poly- peptide chains associated with the ey-globulins of patients with multiple myeloma and the confirmation of this suggestion by the findings2 that these myeloma globu- lins after reduction and alkylation give bands in starch gel electrophoresis which are at the same position as those given by the Bence-Jones protein (which has been similarly reduced and alkylated) from the same patient.This concept has been further strengthened by the findings of Edelman and Gally,3 Putnam,4 Schwartz and Edelman,5 and Mannik and Kunkel.6It is now accepted that the Bence-Jones proteins correspond in most instances to the light chains of the myelorna protein from the same patient.The light chains are known7 to be im- portant in antibody structure.Structural differences between different Bence- Jones proteins might not only reveal certain features responsible for antibody speci- ficity but might also yield more detailed information concerning the genetic mech- anism which determines the synthesis of light chains of antibodies.A study of the amino acid sequence of the Bence-Jones proteins from certain se- lected patients was therefore undertaken.The patients were selected on the basis of minimal heterogeneity with respect to preliminary chemical studies8 and the physical and immunological studies carried out in the laboratories of Dr. H.
In vivo commitment and functional tissue regeneration using human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal cells (2008)

Development of clinically relevant regenerative medicine therapies using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) requires production of a simple and readily expandable cell population that can be directed to form functional 3D tissue in an in vivo environment. We describe an efficient derivation method and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from hESCs (hESCd-MSCs) that have multilineage differentiation potential and are capable of producing fat, cartilage, and bone in vitro. Furthermore, we highlight their in vivo survival and commitment to the chondrogenic lineage in a microenvironment comprising chondrocyte-secreted morphogenetic factors and hydrogels. Normal cartilage architecture was established in rat osteochondral defects after treatment with chondrogenically-committed hESCd-MSCs. In view of the limited available cell sources for tissue engineering applications, these embryonic-derived cells show significant potential in musculoskeletal tissue regeneration applications.
Mouse genetic corneal disease resulting from transgenic insertional mutagenesis (2004)

Eye abnormality in T27aT15 mice results from random insertional mutagenesis of the transgene as it was only observed in one line. The corneal lesion observed in T27aT15 mice most closely resembles posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy and might result from the disruption of the equivalent mouse locus.
Inhibition of bromodomain and extra-terminal proteins (BET) as a potential therapeutic approach in haematological malignancies: emerging preclinical and clinical evidence (2015)

Post-translational modifications of the nucleosomal histone proteins orchestrate chromatin organization and gene expression in normal and cancer cells. Among them, the acetylation of N-terminal histone tails represents the fundamental epigenetic mark of open structure chromatin and active gene transcription. The bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins are epigenetic readers which utilize tandem bromodomains (BRD) modules to recognize and dock themselves on the acetylated lysine tails. The BET proteins act as scaffolds for the recruitment of transcription factors and chromatin organizers required in transcription initiation and elongation. The recent discovery of small molecules capable of blocking their lysine-binding pocket is the first paradigm of successful pharmacological inhibition of epigenetic readers. JQ1 is a prototype benzodiazepine molecule and a specific BET inhibitor with antineoplastic activity both in solid tumours and haematological malignancies. The quinolone I-BET151 and the suitable for clinical development I-BET762 benzodiazepine were introduced in parallel with JQ1 and have also shown potent antitumour activity in preclinical studies. I-BET762 is currently being tested in early phase clinical trials, along with a rapidly growing list of other BET inhibitors. Unlike older epigenetic therapies, the study of BET inhibitors has offered substantial, context-specific, mechanistic insights of their antitumour activity, which will facilitate optimal therapeutic targeting in future. Here, we review the development of this novel class of epigenetic drugs, the biology of BET protein inhibition, the emerging evidence from preclinical work and early phase clinical studies and we discuss their potential role in the treatment of haematological malignancies.
Performance, survival, necropsy, and virological findings from calves persistently infected with the bovine viral diarrhea virus originating from a single Saskatchewan beef herd. (1997)

Fifty-one calves from 652 cows and heifers that calved on a Saskatchewan ranch in 1992 were identified as persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), based on virological and necropsy findings. Herd records suggested a further 20 calves that died between birth and weaning were probably also persistently infected. Subsequent to weaning, all surviving persistently infected calves were transferred to one pen in a 10,000 head commercial feedlot, to mimic normal management practice in western Canadian beef herds. On average, when compared with healthy, BVDV-negative herdmates, persistently infected calves were "poor doers" and had poor survivability, with only 4 persistently infected calves surviving to 1 year of age. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in survival between male and female persistently infected calves. The clinical, pathological, and virological findings from these persistently infected calves varied over time. The majority of persistently infected calves had gross pathological lesions at necropsy, consistent with mucosal disease. However, approximately 25% of the persistently infected calves had gross pneumonic lesions at necropsy, with no or only mild lesions of mucosal disease. A wide variety of other lesions were also noted in persistently infected calves at necropsy. Therefore, the possibility that BVDV-induced lesions can be misdiagnosed is very real. The results of this study indicate that persistent infection with BVDV should always be considered in calves with chronic ill thrift, chronic enteritis, or respiratory disease.
Application of semi-automated interpretation methods in Western Siberia and Southern Sudan (1994)

Semi-automated inverse theory methods are becoming increasingly useful in providing estimates of the three dimensional structure of sedimentary basins from potential field data. Ongoing research at Leeds into various methods promises rapid and reliable initial interpretation of gravity and magnetic data sets. These methods which include the spectral analysis, Euler, Werner and analytical signal methods all utilise more fully the spectral content of the potential field data than the traditional forward modelling methods. Moreover, unlike forward modelling, the inverse methods do not require a priori knowledge of the geology, thus making them highly suited to evaluate frontier exploration areas such as the former USSR, Africa and China where compilations of consistent and coherent gravity and magnetic data are now becoming available. They can also be used to re-evaluate the extensive aeromagnetic and gravity data collected and interpreted by traditional methods over large areas of the world during the last 50 years.
Structural studies of phosphorylated high mannose-type oligosaccharides. (1980)

Phosphomannosyl residues on acid hydrolases serve as recognition markers which target these enzymes to lysosomes. We have found that the oligosaccharide units of newly synthesized beta-glucuronidase contain phosphate residues in diester linkage between mannose and alpha-linked N-acetylglucosamine residues (Tabas, I., and Kornfeld, S. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 6633--6639). To obtain larger amounts of these molecules for structural studies, total cellular glycopeptides were isolated from [2-3H]mannose-labeled mouse lymphoma cells, and the phosphorylated oligosaccharides were released by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase CII and H and isolated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The fractions were characterized by alpha-mannosidase digestion before and after removal of the phosphate residues and by acetolysis. We also determined whether the phosphate was present as a phosphomonoester or as a diester. The phosphorylated oligosaccharides consisted of a family or related molecules, all of which contained a high mannose-type oligosaccharide core. The major class consisted of isomers containing a single phosphate in diester linkage to 1 of 3 mannose residues of the underlying oligosaccharide. The second class contained isomers with two phosphodiester groups located at five different positions of the oligosaccharide. In both of these classes, the phosphodiester group could be converted to a phosphomonoester by pig liver alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase, indicating that the cover is alpha-linked N-acetylglucosamine. The third class was similar to the second except that the 2 phosphate residues were present as monoester groups. The last class contained molecules with a single phosphomonoester group. These molecules differed from those with single phosphodiester groups in that the core oligosaccharides were smaller. This is consistent with their being more mature species which have undergone partial processing. These data demonstrate that phosphorylation can occur at 5 separate mannose residues on the high mannose-type oligosaccharides. Individual molecules can have 1, 2, and perhaps even 3 phosphate residues. The majority of the newly synthesized phosphorylated oligosaccharides contain phosphate groups in diester linkage.
Vacuum-Assisted Closure of Complex Perineal Wounds (2004)

The Vacuum-assisted Closure device decreases the time to wound healing, thus increasing the deposition of granulation tissue, and decreasing the use of wound care specialists. Perineal wounds present a special challenge. We present four cases of complex perineal wounds in which the Vacuum-assisted Closure device was used. In each case, wound care was simplified and healing accelerated. The Vacuum-assisted Closure device allows earlier wound closure, early skin grafting (with improved graft adherence), earlier hospital discharge, and earlier return to baseline functional status. Its use in the perineum presents a challenge, but with proper application, even the most complex perineal wounds can be healed.
A Theory for Record Linkage (1969)

Abstract A mathematical model is developed to provide a theoretical framework for a computer-oriented solution to the problem of recognizing those records in two files which represent identical persons, objects or events (said to be matched). A comparison is to be made between the recorded characteristics and values in two records (one from each file) and a decision made as to whether or not the members of the comparison-pair represent the same person or event, or whether there is insufficient evidence to justify either of these decisions at stipulated levels of error. These three decisions are referred to as link (A 1), a non-link (A 3), and a possible link (A 2). The first two decisions are called positive dispositions. The two types of error are defined as the error of the decision A 1 when the members of the comparison pair are in fact unmatched, and the error of the decision A 3 when the members of the comparison pair are, in fact matched. The probabilities of these errors are defined as and respectively where u(γ), m(γ) are the probabilities of realizing γ (a comparison vector whose components are the coded agreements and disagreements on each characteristic) for unmatched and matched record pairs respectively. The summation is over the whole comparison space r of possible realizations. A linkage rule assigns probabilities P(A 1|γ), and P(A 2|γ), and P(A 3|γ) to each possible realization of γ ε Γ. An optimal linkage rule L (μ, λ, Γ) is defined for each value of (μ, λ) as the rule that minimizes P(A 2) at those error levels. In other words, for fixed levels of error, the rule minimizes the probability of failing to make positive dispositions. A theorem describing the construction and properties of the optimal linkage rule and two corollaries to the theorem which make it a practical working tool are given.
Energy estimation of treadmill walking using on-body accelerometers and gyroscopes (2010)

Walking is the most common activity among people who are physically active. Standard practice physical activity characterization from body-mounted inertial sensors uses accelerometer-generated counts. There are two problems with this - imprecison (due to usage of proprietary counts) and incompleteness (due to incomplete description of motion). We address both these problems by directly predicting energy expenditure during steady-state treadmill walking from a hip-mounted inertial sensor comprised of a tri-axial accelerometer and a tri-axial gyroscope. We use Bayesian Linear Regression to predict energy expenditure based on modelling joint probabilities of streaming data. The prediction is significantly better with data from a 6 axis sensor as compared with streaming data from only 2 linear accelerations as is common in current practice. We also show how counts from a commercially available accelerometer can be reproduced from raw streaming acceleration data (up to a linear transformation) with high correlation (.9787 ± .0089 for the X-axis and .9141 ± .0460 for the Y-axis acceleration streams). The paper emphasizes the role of probabilistic techniques in conjunction with joint modeling of tri-axial accelerations and rotational rates to improve energy expenditure prediction for steady-state treadmill walking.
[The role of atrial natriuretic factor in cardiovascular physiopathology]. (1991)

In this review, the authors examine the biochemical mechanism involved in synthesis and release of ANF and its physiological effects concerning kidney and cardiovascular system. In addition, the authors underline the possible interactions of ANF with other hormones, particularly with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and with vasopressin. Finally, the authors consider the possible physiopathological implications of ANF in the genesis of hypertension and hydrosaline retention.