gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Impact of the Addition of Rare Earth Elements to Si[sub 1−x]Sn[sub x] Negative Electrode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries (2006)

The impact of the addition of cerium and lanthanum-rich misch metal (MM, a mixture of rare earth elements) to silicon-tin alloys was studied using combinatorial and high-throughput materials science methods. Combinatorial libraries of , , and were prepared using the Dalhousie University combinatorial sputtering systems. The addition of MM increases the crystallization temperature of amorphous alloys, which makes their preparation in the amorphous state more likely by rapid solidification techniques like melt-spinning. Increasing the atomic fraction of MM in both and amorphous alloys decreases the reversible specific capacity of the alloys for lithium, but does not negatively impact capacity retention. Attractive compositions were identified in pseudoternary system that: (1) remain amorphous during charge-discharge cycling between 0.005 and vs ; (2) show excellent capacity retention; (3) have specific capacities as large as ; and (4) may be compatible with rapid solidification techniques for the production of amorphous materials. In particular, amorphous alloys containing tin and MM exhibited excellent capacity retention and reversible specific capacities near .
COMPARISON OF THREE METHODS OF TARGETING THE SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS FOR CHRONIC STIMULATION IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE (2008)

The use of the RN as an internal fiducial marker for targeting the optimal region of STN stimulation was reliable and closely approximates the position of the electrode contact that provides the optimal clinical results.
Reward learning in normal and mutant Drosophila (1983)

Hungry fruit flies can be trained by exposing them to two chemical odorants, one paired with the opportunity to feed on 1 M sucrose. On later testing, when given a choice between odorants the flies migrate specifically toward the sucrose-paired odor. This appetitively reinforced learning by the flies is similar in strength and character to previously demonstrated negatively reinforced learning, but it differs in several properties. Both memory consolidation and memory decay proceed relatively slowly after training with sucrose reward. Consolidation of learned information into anesthesia-resistant long-term memory requires about 100 min after training with sucrose compared to about 30 min after training with electric shock. Memory in wild-type flies persists for 24 hr after training with sucrose compared to 4-6 hr after training with electric shock. Memory in amnesiac mutants appears to be similarly lengthened, from 1 hr to 6 hr, by substituting sucrose reward for shock punishment. Two other mutants, dunce and rutabaga, which were isolated because they failed to learn the shock-avoidance task, learn normally in response to sucrose reward but forget rapidly afterward. One mutant, turnip, does not learn in either paradigm. Reward and punishment can be combined in olfactory discrimination training by pairing one odor to sucrose and the other to electric shock. In this situation, the expression of learning is approximately the sum of that obtained by using either reinforcement alone. After such training, memory decays at two distinct rates, each characteristic of one type of reinforcement.
Proline-rich antimicrobial peptide, PR-39 gene transduction altered invasive activity and actin structure in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (1999)

PR-39 is an endogenous proline-rich antimicrobial peptide which induces the synthesis of syndecan-1, a transmembrane heparan sulphate proteoglycan involved in cell-to-matrix interactions and wound healing. Previously, we revealed that the expression of syndecan-1 was reduced in human hepatocellular carcinomas with high metastatic potential and speculated that syndecan-1 played an important role in inhibition of invasion and metastasis. It is assumed that a modification of this process with PR-39 and syndecan-1 may result in a new strategy by which it can inhibit the invasion and metastasis. Therefore, we transduced a gene of PR-39 into human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HLF, which shows a low expression of syndecan-1 and a high in vitro invasive activity, and examined whether this procedure could reduce the invasive activity of tumour cells. In two transfectants with PR-39 gene, the syndecan-1 expression was induced and the invasive activity in type I collagen-coated chamber was inhibited. Moreover, these transfectants showed the suppression of motile activity assayed by phagokinetic tracks in addition to the disorganization of actin filaments observed by a confocal imaging system. In contrast, five transfectants with syndecan-1 gene in the HLF cells revealed suppression of invasive activity but did not alter the motile activity and actin structures of the cell. These results suggest that PR-39 has functions involved in the suppression of motile activity and alteration of actin structure on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in addition to the suppression of invasive activity which might result from the induction of syndecan-1 expression.
H2S Need Not Be Deadly, Dangerous, Destructive (1974)

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. Abstract IRONITE SPONGE is a significant new product specifically formulated to scavenge hydrogen sulfide from drilling, completion and workover fluids. The material is believed to be unique both in terms of its composition and its reaction with H2S. Because of this it can result in a level of safety not now possible using any other method of possible using any other method of treatment. When added to the drilling, completion or workover fluid in recommended concentrations it is capable of eliminating the danger to personnel, equipment and the environment even when a high pressure, low volume feed-in containing high H2S concentrations is encountered and this even if high strength drill pipe is in use! This is possible because IRONITE SPONGE reacts on contact with H2S to form mainly FeS2, pyrite, which is safe and stable. The reaction appears to instantaneous, complete and irreversible and the efficiency is directly proportional to bottom hole pressure. proportional to bottom hole pressure Introduction Hydrogen sulfide, commonly referred to as rotten egg gas, is deadly poisonous. Concentrations above 600 poisonous. Concentrations above 600 ppm can be fatal in 3–5 minutes, Table ppm can be fatal in 3–5 minutes, Table 1. Its toxicity is comparable to cyanide. It is the most destructive gas known! Fifty ppm will cause highly stressed, high strength steel to fail in only minutes and small concentrations can reduce drill pipe life by a factor of ten. Even 0.1 ppm will greatly reduce the time to failure of highly stressed, high strength drill pipe. In addition to being the only pipe. In addition to being the only gas which causes embrittlement, H2S also contributes to corrosion fatigue of any grade of drill pipe. Heretofore there has never been a satisfactory method of scavenging H2S except in small quantities and involving less than desirable situations. The use of zinc and copper compounds results in time, temperature and pH sensitive reactions. Slow reactions, the need for high pH, plating tendencies and corrosive and unstable by-products are but a few of the problems wholly eliminated by the use problems wholly eliminated by the use of this new material. Most important, however, is the ability to protect people, pipe and the environment even people, pipe and the environment even with the well on choke due to a kick containing high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide.
Repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation in neurological disease (2013)

Well-established rules of translational initiation have been used as a cornerstone in molecular biology to understand gene expression and to frame fundamental questions on what proteins a cell synthesizes, how proteins work and to predict the consequences of mutations. For a group of neurological diseases caused by the abnormal expansion of short segments of DNA (e.g. CAG•CTG repeats), mutations within or outside of predicted coding and non-coding regions are thought to cause disease by protein gain- or loss-of-function or RNA gain-of-function mechanisms. In contrast to these predictions, the recent discovery of repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation showed expansion mutations can express homopolymeric expansion proteins in all three reading frames without an AUG start codon. This unanticipated, non-canonical type of protein translation is length-and hairpin-dependent, takes place without frameshifting or RNA editing and occurs across a variety of repeat motifs. To date, RAN proteins have been reported in spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8), myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and C9ORF72 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD). In this article, we review what is currently known about RAN translation and recent progress toward understanding its contribution to disease.
Possible Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Disease (2005)

BDNF has an important role in atherogenesis and plaque instability via the activation of NAD(P)H oxidase.
CE can identify small molecules that selectively target soluble oligomers of amyloid β protein and display antifibrillogenic activity (2009)

Soluble and toxic oligomers of amyloid beta (A beta) protein have been identified as the true neurotoxic species involved in Alzheimer's disease and considering them as targets to inhibit A beta aggregation might have a therapeutic value. We previously set up a CE method that enables the separation and quantification of transient oligomers of A beta protein-containing 42 amino acids (A beta(1-42)) along the pathway leading to fibrils and we now demonstrate how this method can be successfully applied to examine the in vitro inhibitory effects of small molecules on A beta oligomerization. To this end, we investigated mitoxantrone and pixantrone, two well-known anticancer drugs, as well as suramin and a suramin-like compound. By using CE, it is here shown how mitoxantrone and pixantrone either reduce or block A beta(1-42) oligomerization, while Thioflavin T spectrofluorimetric assay and transmission electron microscopy demonstrate how these two compounds also display antifibrillogenic activity. Interestingly, in vitro cell viability experiments indicated that pixantrone significantly reduces A beta(1-42) neurotoxicity.
Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon (2001)

| FULL TEXT | PDF | MEDLINE 4. Biological and chemical terrorism: strategic plan for preparedness and response: recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2000;49(RR-4):1-14. 5. Franz DR, Jahrling PB, Friedlander AM, et al. Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. JAMA. 1997;278:399-411. MEDLINE 6. Gill MD. Bacterial toxins: a table of lethal amounts. Microbiol Rev. 1982;46:86-94. MEDLINE 7. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (R-TECS). Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health; 1996. 8. Montecucco C, ed. Clostridial neurotoxins: the molecular pathogenesis of tetanus and botulism. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Hydroxy Amides. Part 8. Synthesis and Iron(III)‐Holding Properties of Di‐ and Trihydroxamic Acids Extending from Benzene‐di‐ and ‐tricarbonyl Units Through Oligo(ethyleneoxy) Arms. (1989)

Abstract The title compounds (III) or (IV) ‐ the latter being prepared analogously ‐ form 1:3 complexes with Fe(III) at pH 7 or pH 4 and pH 7, respectively.
Direct Antilymphoma Effects on Human Lymphoma Cells of Monotherapy and Combination Therapy with CD20 and HLA-DR Antibodies and 90Y-Labeled HLA-DR Antibodies (2005)

Lym-1 exhibited substantially greater direct antilymphoma effects than rituximab in lymphoma cells in culture. Combination of Lym-1 with rituximab or 90Y increased potency and overcame treatment resistance in lymphoma cells. Greater use of combination therapies of this type to increase potency and range of effectiveness seems likely to improve patient outcome.
Codes for DNA Sequence Profiles (2016)

We consider the problem of storing and retrieving information from synthetic DNA media. We introduce the DNA storage channel and model the read process through the use of profile vectors. We provide an asymptotic analysis of the number of profile vectors and propose new asymmetric coding techniques to combat the effects of synthesis and sequencing noise. Furthermore, we construct two families of codes for this new channel model.
Full integration and reliability evaluation of phase-change RAM based on 0.24 μm-CMOS technologies (2004)

We have fully integrated a nonvolatile random access memory by successfully incorporating a reversibly phase-changeable chalcogenide memory element with MOS transistor. As well as basic characteristics of the memory operation, we have also observed reliable performances of the device on hot temperature operation, endurance against repetitive phase transition, writing imprint, reading disturbance and data retention.
Glutamate receptors of Drosophila melanogaster (1993)

The NMDA subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors has been implicated in the activity-dependent modification of synaptic efficacy in the mammalian brain. Here we describe a cDNA isolated from Drosophila melanogaster which encodes a putative invertebrate NMDA receptor protein (DNMDAR-I). The deduced amino acid sequence of DNMDAR-I displays 46% amino acid identity to the rat NMDAR1 polypeptide and shows significant homology (16-23%) to other vertebrate and invertebrate glutamate receptor proteins. The DNMDAR-I gene maps to position 83AB of chromosome 3R and is highly expressed in the head of adult flies. Our data indicate that the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors evolved early during phylogeny and suggest the existence of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the insect brain.
An analysis scheme for estimation of crude oil quality (1991)

A seed analysis scheme was designed to rapidly estimate the quality of extracted oil. Factors of crude oil quality evaluated were: free fatty acids, oxidative status (Totox value), color, and phosphatides (soybean) or wax (sunflower). Soybean and sunflower seeds subjected to extended storage at varying moisture contents were sampled at incremental time periods to yield fifty storage‐damaged samples of each oilseed. Oil was extracted from 50‐g lots of each sample and analyzed for the crude oil quality factors according to standard methods. Alternative instrumental and chemical analyses of the quality factors were correlated with the standard methods. Hexanal content, measured by headspace‐gas Chromatographie analysis of the ground full‐fat meal, was correlated to the oxidative status. Crude oils recovered by rapid extraction, using sonication, and desolventation were monitored by spectrophotometry for color correlation. Free fatty acid content was determined by titration methods and monitored by spectrophotometry. Modified turbidimetric methods estimated the phosphatides (soybean) or wax (sunflower seed) contents. The analysis scheme provides for the rapid estimation of oil quality as impacted by various pre‐ and post‐harvest events that cause deterioration of oilseeds.
siRNA Selection Server: an automated siRNA oligonucleotide prediction server (2004)

The Whitehead siRNA (short interfering RNA) Selection Web Server (http://jura.wi.mit.edu/bioc/siRNA) automates the design of short oligonucleotides that can specifically 'knock down' expression of target genes. These short sequences are about 21 nt in length, and when synthesized as double stranded RNA and introduced into cell culture, can reduce or eliminate the function of the target gene. Depending on the length of a gene, there are potentially numerous combinations of possible 21mers. Some experimental evidence has already shown that not all 21mers in a gene have the same effectiveness at silencing gene function. Our tool incorporates published design rules and presents the scientist with information about uniqueness of the 21mers within the genome, thermodynamic stability of the double stranded RNA duplex, GC content, presence of SNPs and other features that may contribute to the effectiveness of a siRNA.
Interleukin 2 receptor‐targeted cytotoxicity. Receptor binding requirements for entry of a diphtheria toxin‐related interleukin 2 fusion protein into cells (1990)

The receptor binding requirements for entry of the NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase component of DAB486-IL 2 into target cells were examined. Experiments utilizing cell lines bearing either high-affinity or individual subunits of the interleukin 2 receptor (IL 2R) as well as human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with natural killer activity demonstrate that the high-affinity receptor facilitates delivery of fragment A from DAB486-IL 2 to the cytosol approximately 1000 times more efficiently than either the intermediate-(p75) or low-affinity (p55) forms of the IL 2R. We show that elongation factor 2 (EF-2) in these cells is not quantitatively or qualitatively altered indicating that the relative resistance to intoxication displayed by IL 2R variant cell lines cannot be attributed to an altered intracellular target of the hybrid toxin. We also demonstrate that an alteration in the binding of DAB486-IL 2 to the p75 subunit of the IL 2R may account for the selective cytotoxicity of DAB486-IL 2 for cells bearing the heterodimeric high-affinity IL 2R.
Obatoclax Interacts Synergistically with the Irreversible Proteasome Inhibitor Carfilzomib in GC- and ABC-DLBCL Cells In Vitro and In Vivo (2012)

Interactions between the irreversible proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib and the pan-BH3 mimetic obatoclax were examined in germinal center (GC)- and activated B-cell-diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL) cells. Cotreatment with minimally toxic concentrations of carfilzomib (i.e., 2-6 nmol/L) and subtoxic concentrations of obatoclax (0.05-2.0 μmol/L) synergistically increased apoptosis in multiple DLBCL cell lines and increased lethality toward primary human DLBCL but not normal CD34(+) cells. Synergistic interactions were associated with sharp increases in caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage, p-JNK induction, upregulation of Noxa, and AKT dephosphorylation. Combined treatment also diminished carfilzomib-mediated Mcl-1 upregulation whereas immunoprecipitation analysis revealed reduced associations between Bak and Mcl-1/Bcl-xL and Bim and Mcl-1. The carfilzomib/obatoclax regimen triggered translocation, conformational change, and dimerization of Bax and activation of Bak. Genetic interruption of c-jun-NH(2)-kinase (JNK) and Noxa by short hairpin RNA knockdown, ectopic Mcl-1 expression, or enforced activation of AKT significantly attenuated carfilzomib/obatoclax-mediated apoptosis. Notably, coadministration of carfilzomib/obatoclax sharply increased apoptosis in multiple bortezomib-resistant DLBCL models. Finally, in vivo administration of carfilzomib and obatoclax to mice inoculated with SUDHL4 cells substantially suppressed tumor growth, activated JNK, inactivated AKT, and increased survival compared with the effects of single-agent treatment. Together, these findings argue that a strategy combining carfilzomib and obatoclax warrants attention in DLBCL.
Characterization of functional receptors for gastrointestinal hormones on human colon cancer cells. (1992)

Studies demonstrate that some colon cancers possess receptors for various gastrointestinal hormones or neurotransmitters, the occupation of which can affect growth. These results are limited because frequently only a small number of tumors are studied, only 1 or 2 receptors are sought, and the effect on cell function is not investigated. In the present study, 10 recently characterized human colon cancer cell lines were studied to determine whether they possess receptors for any of 12 different gastrointestinal hormones or neurotransmitters and to determine whether these receptors mediate changes in cellular function. Each of the cell lines exhibited receptors for at least one radioligand. Receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and muscarinic cholinergic agents occurred on 60%, bombesin and gastrin on 30%, beta-adrenergic agents and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) on 20%, and somatostatin, opiates, neuromedin B, and substance P on 10%. Analysis of [3H]N-methylscopolamine binding revealed a Kd of 0.2 nM for N-methylscopolamine with a binding capacity of 2500 sites/cell. With the agonist carbamylcholine, the receptor exhibited 2 classes of binding sites: one of high affinity (Kd 55 microM) representing 75% of the binding sites and one of low affinity (Kd 0.3 mM) representing 25% of the binding sites. Analysis of 125I-[Tyr4]bombesin binding revealed a receptor of high affinity (Kd 2.1 microM) with a binding capacity of 3300 sites/cell. Inhibition of binding by agonists revealed relative potencies of 125I-[Tyr4]bombesin greater than GRP much greater than neuromedin B, and two recently described antagonists were similar in potency to GRP. Analysis of 125I-VIP binding revealed a receptor having 2 classes of binding sites: one of high affinity (Kd 3.6 nM) and one of low affinity (Kd 1.7 microM) which represented the majority of the 5.5 x 10(6) binding sites/cell. The relative potencies of agonists were VIP greater than helodermin greater than peptide histidine methionine greater than secretin. Evaluation of biological activity mediated by the muscarinic cholinergic and bombesin receptors revealed an increase of intracellular calcium and of inositol triphosphate by specific receptor agonists. The presence or absence of receptors detected by binding correlated closely with the ability of selective receptor agonists to alter cell function. These results demonstrate the presence of several different receptors for gastrointestinal hormones or neurotransmitters, some described for the first time, on human colon cancer cell lines, including bombesin-related peptides, VIP, somatostatin, substance P, beta-adrenergic agents, calcitonin gene-related peptide, gastrin, muscarinic cholinergic agents, and opiates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Rapid Communication with a “P300” Matrix Speller Using Electrocorticographic Signals (ECoG) (2011)

A brain-computer interface (BCI) can provide a non-muscular communication channel to severely disabled people. One particular realization of a BCI is the P300 matrix speller that was originally described by Farwell and Donchin (1988). This speller uses event-related potentials (ERPs) that include the P300 ERP. All previous online studies of the P300 matrix speller used scalp-recorded electroencephalography (EEG) and were limited in their communication performance to only a few characters per minute. In our study, we investigated the feasibility of using electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals for online operation of the matrix speller, and determined associated spelling rates. We used the matrix speller that is implemented in the BCI2000 system. This speller used ECoG signals that were recorded from frontal, parietal, and occipital areas in one subject. This subject spelled a total of 444 characters in online experiments. The results showed that the subject sustained a rate of 17 characters/min (i.e., 69 bits/min), and achieved a peak rate of 22 characters/min (i.e., 113 bits/min). Detailed analysis of the results suggests that ERPs over visual areas (i.e., visual evoked potentials) contribute significantly to the performance of the matrix speller BCI system. Our results also point to potential reasons for the apparent advantages in spelling performance of ECoG compared to EEG. Thus, with additional verification in more subjects, these results may further extend the communication options for people with serious neuromuscular disabilities.