gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to Respiratory Epithelial Cells Is Inhibited by Sialylated Oligosaccharides (1998)

To study carbohydrate-mediated adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to the human airway, we measured binding of live S. pneumoniae organisms to a cultured cell line derived from the lining of the conjunctiva and to primary monolayers of human bronchial epithelial cells in the presence and absence of oligosaccharide inhibitors. Both encapsulated and nonencapsulated strains of S. pneumoniae grown to mid-logarithmic phase in suspension culture adhered to cultured primary respiratory epithelial cells and the conjunctival cell line. Adherence of nine clinically prevalent S. pneumoniae capsular types studied was inhibited preferentially by sialylated oligosaccharides that terminate with the disaccharide NeuAc alpha2-3(or 6)Galbeta1. Adherence of some strains also was weakly inhibited by oligosaccharides that terminate with lactosamine (Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1). When sialylated oligosaccharides were covalently coupled to human serum albumin at a density of approximately 20 oligosaccharides per molecule of protein, the molar inhibitory potency of the oligosaccharide inhibitor was enhanced 500-fold. The above-mentioned experiments reveal a previously unreported dependence upon sialylated carbohydrate ligands for adherence of S. pneumoniae to human upper airway epithelial cells. Enhanced inhibitory potencies of polyvalent over monovalent forms of oligosaccharide inhibitors of adherence suggest that the putative adhesin(s) that recognizes the structure NeuAc alpha2-3(or 6)Galbeta1 is arranged on the bacterial surface in such a manner that it may be cross-linked by oligosaccharides covalently linked to human serum albumin.
Listeriolysin O is a target of the immune response to Listeria monocytogenes. (1992)

The immunologic mechanism of protective immunity to the intracellular parasite Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is not well understood, however, antilisterial immunity can be adoptively transferred with T lymphocytes from Lm-immune donors. The Lm-immune cells are believed to produce macrophage-activating lymphokines, which leads to the eventual macrophage-dependent eradication of the bacterium. Increasing evidence suggests that immunity to Lm resides exclusively within the CD8+ T cell subset. It is possible that the Lm-immune CD8+ T cells function to release sequestered Lm from nonprofessional phagocytes to awaiting activated macrophage populations. This study was conducted to determine if listeriolysin O (LLO), which is an essential determinant of Lm pathogenicity, is also a target of the antilisterial immune response. We have found that target cells infected with a LLO+ Lm strain are lysed by Lm-immune cytotoxic cells, whereas target cells infected with a LLO- Lm mutant, or pulsed with a heat-killed Lm preparation, are not lysed by the Lm-immune effector cells. We have used a Bacillus subtilis (Bs) construct that expresses the LLO gene product and found that target cells infected with the LLO+ Bs construct are lysed by antilisterial cytotoxic cells. The antilisterial cytotoxic response is targeted against LLO, in that we have also used a Bs construct that expresses the perfringolysin (PLO) gene product and found that target cells infected with the PLO+ Bs are not lysed by antilisterial cytotoxic effector cells. These data strongly suggest that LLO is a target antigen of antilisterial immunity and may represent the dominant target during the expression of the immune response to Lm.
Development of a Nanoscale Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Mass Spectrometry Methodology for the Detection and Identification of DNA Adducts (1997)

In this work, the coupling of liquid nanochromatography to NanoFlow electrospray mass spectrometry was evaluated for the detection of DNA adducts. The NanoFlow ES LC/MS system was compared with the capillary and conventional ES LC/MS system by analyzing an in vitro reaction mixture resulting from the interaction of 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate with bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and by injecting 2'-deoxyadenosine. By using NanoFlow ES LC/MS, the mass sensitivity could be improved by a factor of 3300. Three different injection methods used in liquid nanochromatography, i.e., split, large-volume, and column-switching injections were compared in terms of sensitivity. Furthermore, NanoFlow ES LC/MS was used to detect 2'-deoxynucleotide adducts isolated from an in vitro mixture of calf thymus DNA and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether. Different 2'-deoxynucleotide adducts could be identified by monitoring typical product ions, diagnostic for the adducts.
Review of the CE‐MS platform as a powerful alternative to conventional couplings in bio‐omics and target‐based applications (2014)

Many recent papers and reviews have confirmed the powerful coupling between CE and MS due to efficient and selective separation in combination with selective detection allowing detailed characterization of many biomolecules. It is known that CE-MS is an increasingly used and sought after technique for analysis in different fields such as environmental science, food analysis, biotechnology, pharmaceutical analysis, biomedical science, forensic science, toxicology, and genetic analysis. CE-MS is particularly used in bio-omic applications (proteomic, metabolomic, and also genomic applications) for the determination of biomarkers, disease diagnosis, and therapeutic treatment monitoring. Biomarker qualification, clinical proteomics, and its implementation in routine clinical analysis have certain limitations associated with reproducibility and analytical robustness. However, CE-MS has been successfully used in numerous clinical applications in recent years when compared with other platforms. The main advantage lies in the availability of large comparable datasets that were all obtained by using the same procedure for sample preparation, analysis, and subsequent data evaluation. The scope of this review is to discuss the performance of CE-MS as a platform for bio-omics analysis and target-based applications focusing on quadrupole (Q), IT, and TOF analyzers, and the types of bioapplications that apply to the particular analyzers. Papers and reviews that were published in 2012 and 2013 with relevant CE-MS applications are considered in this review.
<title>Duality between resource reservation and proportional share resource allocation</title> (1997)

We describe anew framework for resource allocation that unifies the well-known proportional share and resource reservation policies. Each client is characterized by two parameters: a weight that represents the rate at which the client 'pays' for the resource, and a share that represents the fraction of the resource that the client should receive. A fixed rate corresponds to a proportional share allocation, while a fixed share corresponds to a reservation. Furthermore, rates and shares are duals of each other. Once one parameters is fixed the other becomes fixed as well. If a client asks for a fixed share then the level of competition for the resource determines the rate at which it has to pay, while if the rate is fixed, level of competition determines the service time the clients should receive. To implement this framework we use a new proportional share algorithm, called earliest eligible virtual deadline first, that achieves optical accuracy in the rates at which process execute. This makes it possible to provide support for highly predictable, real-time services. As a proof of concept we have implemented a prototype of a CPU scheduler under the FreeBSD operating system. The experimental results show that our scheduler achieves the goal of providing integrated support for batch and real-time applications.
Distributed video networks for incident detection and management (2002)

We describe a novel architecture for developing distributed video networks for incident detection and management. The networks utilize both rectilinear and omnidirectional cameras. It is recognized that robust and reliable segmentation of automobiles and shadows is critical in our application. We describe new segmentation procedure and present experimental results to support the basic feasibility and utility of the algorithms.
Genetic regulation and photocontrol of anthocyanin accumulation in maize seedlings. (1990)

The flavonoid pathway leading to anthocyanin biosynthesis in maize is controlled by multiple regulatory genes and induced by various developmental and environmental factors. We have investigated the effect of the regulatory loci R, B, and Pl on anthocyanin accumulation and on the expression of four genes (C2, A1, Bz1, and Bz2) in the biosynthetic pathway during an inductive light treatment. The results show that light-mediated anthocyanin biosynthesis is regulated solely by R; the contributions of B and Pl are negligible in young seedlings. Induction of the A1 and Bz2 genes by high fluence-rate white light requires the expression of a dominant R allele, whereas accumulation of C2 and Bz1 mRNA occurs with either a dominant or recessive allele at R. A1 and Bz2 mRNA accumulate only in response to high fluence-rate white light, but Bz1 is fully expressed in dim red light. Some C2 mRNA is induced by dim red light, but accumulation is far greater in high fluence-rate white light. Furthermore, expression from both dominant and recessive alleles of the regulatory gene R is enhanced by high fluence-rate white light. Seedlings with a recessive allele at R produce functional chalcone synthase protein (the C2 gene product) but accumulate no anthocyanins, suggesting that, in contrast to the R-mediated coordinate regulation of C2 and Bz1 observed in the aleurone, C2 expression in seedlings is independent of R and appears to be regulated by a different light-sensitive pathway.
Bacopasaponin C: Critical Evaluation of Anti-Leishmanial Properties in Various Delivery Modes (2002)

Bacopasaponin C, an indigenous glycoside, was isolated from Indian medicinal plant Bacopa monniera (b. brahmi) and was tested for antileishmanial properties both in free and in various delivery modes, e.g., niosomes, microspheres, and nanoparticles that are used now as alternatives to more commonly used liposomes. The different vesicles were prepared by published protocols. The percent intercalation of Bacopasaponin C in liposomes, niosomes, and micropspheres determined at its absorption maximal (lambda(max) = 238 nm, epsilon = 8.6 x 10(3) M(-1) x cm(-1)) was found to be 30; for nanoparticles it was 50. At equivalent dose of 1.75 mg/kg body weight, every third day for a total of 6 doses in 15 days, Bacopasaponin C in all the vesicular forms was found to be very active. An inverse linear relationship between the efficacy and the size of the vesicles was established. As analyzed from tissue histology, blood pathology, and specific tests related to normal liver and kidney functions, Bacopasaponin C in each of the four vesicular forms was found to be without any side effects. Thus, because of its indigenous origin and non-toxic nature, Bacopasaponin C could very well be considered for application in the clinic through these alternative delivery modes.
Complex formation in protic and aprotic media (1979)

Complex formatin between a metal ion and a ligand occurs in competition with solvation reactions. In protic solvents, hydrogen-bonding ligands are especially strongly solvated and therefore not as amenable to COII\Plex formation as in aprotic solvente. Relative to complexes of ligands forming no hydrogen bonds, the complexes or hydrogen-bonding ligands should therefore be much more stable in aprotic than in protic solvents. This inference has been borneOUt by COII\Parisons betweenthe halide and thiocyanate complexes formed by zinc(II), cadmium(II), mercury(II) and copper (I) in the protic solvent wa~er and theaprotic .solvent dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Especially the chloride but a!'so the bromide complexes are much more stable in DMSO than in wate~, while the stabilities of the iodide and the thiocyanate complexes do not differ ve.ry much between the two solvents. Considering the stronger solvation of the metal ions, and also of the iodide ion in DMSO, the high absolute stabilities found in this solvent are not self-evident. They are due to the fact that entropy changes are much more favourable in the fairiy structureless DMSO than in the well-structured water. Also in this respect, the hydrogen-bonding properties of the protic solvent are evidently very important. h tr H+ 1103 43.9 -25.5 Li+ 0.93 533 -18.9 3.1 -26.4 + Na 1.17 417 -20.4 -10.2 -27.7 K+ 1.49 333 -20.0 -21.9 -34.9 Rb+ 1.64 307 -19.7 -24.6 -33.5 es + 1.83 289 -15.9 -26.8 -30.0 Ag+ 1.12 483 -21.3 -16.7 -54.0 zn 2 + 0.75 2063 -60 Cd 2 + 0.95 1830 -67 Hg2+ 1.02 1940 -76 + 2.7 127 5.9 0.7 -2.8 Et 4 N . + 4.15 46 Ph 4 P -13.4 -9.3 + 4.3 42 hl -14.6 -11.9 Ph 4 As F 1.16 502 -Cl 1.64 366 7.9 26.4 18.8 Br 1.80 335 3.8 13.6 3.5 I 2.04 294 -1.6 -3.3 -12.8 -CF 3 coo 10 32.6 c104 2.3 -4.6 -16.4 -19.2 BPh4 4.05 47 hl -14.6 -11.9
Optimisation of substitution at the 2- and 5- positions of 3,4-dialkoxythiophenes via the Mannich reaction: the influences of steric crowding, electrophile reactivity and temperature (2001)

A number of 3,4-dialkoxythiophene compounds have been synthesised and their reactivities assessed via the Mannich reaction with secondary amines. These reactions surprisingly gave the bis-Mannich bases substituted at the 2- and 5-positions as well as the expected mono-Mannich bases substituted at the 2-position. Conditions were optimised to give symmetrical bis-2,5-Mannich bases in one step and asymmetrical bis-2,5-Mannich bases in two steps. Several bis(thien-2-ylmethyl)amines derived from 3,4-dialkoxythiophenes are reported, their synthesis being performed under both normal and high dilution conditions. Some syntheses also afforded the (thien-2-ylmethyl)amine oligomers. Further substitution of the bis(thien-2-ylmethyl)amines at the 5-position via the Mannich reaction also proved successful. The factors affecting the yields and substitution patterns are discussed, together with molecular modelling of the spatial requirements.
Biodegradable, Elastic Shape-Memory Polymers for Potential Biomedical Applications (2002)

The introduction of biodegradable implant materials as well as minimally invasive surgical procedures in medicine has substantially improved health care within the past few decades. This report describes a group of degradable thermoplastic polymers that are able to change their shape after an increase in temperature. Their shape-memory capability enables bulky implants to be placed in the body through small incisions or to perform complex mechanical deformations automatically. A smart degradable suture was created to illustrate the potential of these shape-memory thermoplastics in biomedical applications.
Self-Assembled Monolayers and Polymer Brushes in Biotechnology:  Current Applications and Future Perspectives (2005)

The chemistry and topography of a surface affect biological response and are of fundamental importance, especially when living systems encounter synthetic surfaces. Most biomolecules have immense recognition power (specific binding) and simultaneously have a tendency to physically adsorb onto a solid substrate without specific receptor recognition (nonspecific adsorption). Therefore, to create useful materials for many biotechnology applications, interfaces are required that have both enhanced specific binding and reduced nonspecific binding. Thus, in applications such as sensors, the tailoring of surface chemistry and the use of micro or nanofabrication techniques becomes an important avenue for the production of surfaces with specific binding properties and minimal background interference. Both self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and polymer brushes have attracted considerable attention as surface-active materials. In this review, we discuss both of these materials with their potential applications in biotechnology. We also summarize lithographic methods for pattern formation using combined top-down and bottom-up approaches and briefly discuss the future of these materials by describing emerging new applications.
Serotypic Similarity and Diversity of Rotaviruses of Mammalian and Avian Origin as Studied by Plaque-Reduction Neutralization (1984)

A total of 16 different strains of rotavirus derived from seven mammalian species (four each from human and porcine species, two each from equine and simian species, and one each from canine and bovine species) and two avian species (one each from turkeys and chickens) were examined in plaque-reduction neutralization tests. Seven antigenically distinct serotypes were established on the basis of a greater than or equal to 20-fold difference between titers of homologous and heterologous reciprocal neutralizing antibodies. Serotypes 1 (strain Wa) and 2 (strain DS-1) were recovered only from humans. Serotype 3 included human rotavirus strain WALK 57/14, rhesus monkey rotavirus strain MMU18006 , vervet monkey rotavirus strain SA-11, dog rotavirus strain CU-1, and horse rotavirus strain H-2. The newly established serotype 4 was identified in both humans (strain St. Thomas no. 4) and pigs (strains Gottfried , SB-1A, and SB-2). Porcine (strain OSU ) and equine (strain H-1) rotaviruses made up a possible fifth serotype. Bovine rotavirus (strain NCDV) constituted a sixth serotype, and chicken rotavirus (strain Ch 2), which had a prime-strain relation with turkey rotavirus (strain Ty 1), was designated serotype 7. A surprising observation that emerged from this study was the existence of a rotavirus (porcine strain SB-1A) bridging serotypes 4 and 5.
A Test Apparatus for Measuring the Effects of Waviness in Mechanical Face Seals (1981)

A unique mechanical-face seal test apparatus is described, and some experimental results are presented. The apparatus is designed to test a single 96-mm shaft diameter face seal. Provision is made to measure friction torque, leakage and seal face temperature and to record these data as a function of time automatically using a computerized data acquisition system. The unique feature of the machine is that face waviness is imposed on one of the rings using gas pressure. In order to minimize the effects of wear on the waviness so that long-term tests can be made, the waviness is moved slowly relative lo the ring. Results show that seal wear and friction are greatly reduced by the face waviness when compared to a flat face seal.
Predominant role of catalase in the disposal of hydrogen peroxide within human erythrocytes (1996)

Purified enzymes were mixed to form a cell-free system that simulated the conditions for removal of hydrogen peroxide within human erythrocytes. Human glutathione peroxidase disposed of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at a rate that was only 17% of the rate at which human catalase simultaneously removed hydrogen peroxide. The relative rates observed were in agreement with the relative rates predicted from the kinetic constants of the two enzymes. These results confirm two earlier studies on intact erythrocytes, which refuted the notion that glutathione peroxidase is the primary enzyme for removal of hydrogen peroxide within erythrocytes. The present findings differ from the results with intact cells, however, in showing that glutathione peroxidase accounts for even less than 50% of the removal of hydrogen peroxide. A means is proposed for calculating the relative contribution of glutathione peroxidase and catalase in other cells and species. The present results raise the possibility that the major function of glutathione peroxidase may be the disposal of organic peroxides rather than the removal of hydrogen peroxide.
GAUSSIAN ANALYSIS OF NON-GAUSSIAN TIME SERIES (2010)

A framework is proposed for the analysis of non-Gaussian time series under the Gaussian assumption. The analysis is based on the Gaussian autocorrelation computed from the transform of the sample autocorrelation. It is shown that this approach improves the linear autoregressive fit. We also use it to generate time series that preserve the original autocorrelation and marginal distribution and develop a combined test that discriminates whether a linear stochastic time series is a monotonic or non-monotonic transform of a Gaussian time series. The usefulness of the proposed analysis is demonstrated on stock exchange volumes of several world markets.
Decimation of m -sequences leading to any desired phase shift (1977)

If every kth bit of an m-sequence A of periodicity 2n − 1 is sampled, where (k, 2n − 1) = 1, the resultant sequence A(k) is also an m-sequence with the same periodicity. The dependence between the first n bits of A and those of A(k) is shown here. For k = 2m, A(k) is a shifted version of A. It si also shown how the n-tuple is to be determined with which A should start in order that the phase shift between A and A(k) should be q,0 ≤ q ≤ 2n – 2.
Preparation and Evaluation of Hemoglobin‐Polyethylene Glycol Conjugate (Pyridoxalated Polyethylene Glycol Hemoglobin) as an Oxygen‐Carrying Resuscitation Fluid (1986)

Human hemoglobin was pyridoxalated and subsequently coupled with the activated ester of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to provide an oxygen-carrying resuscitation fluid. The PEG conjugate of pyridoxalated hemoglobin (pyridoxalated PEG hemoglobin) has a longer half-life in the circulation (12.8 h) than does hemoglobin (2.2 h) when the solutions are exchange-transfused by approximately 60%. The P50 of pyridoxalated PEG hemoglobin, which is the partial pressure of oxygen at which one-half of the absorbed oxygen is released, was 21.3 +/- 1.4 mm Hg (mean +/- SD, n = 5) (37 degrees C, pH = 7.4), which is close to that of human whole blood (25.9 +/- 0.6 mm Hg). The colloidal osmotic pressure and the viscosity were 36.5 +/- 2.4 mm Hg (n = 5) and 2.6 +/- 0.4 cp (n = 5), respectively. The results indicate that the pyridoxalated PEG hemoglobin solution has favorable properties for use as an oxygen-carrying resuscitation fluid.
Incretin-based therapies: a new potential treatment approach to overcome clinical inertia in type 2 diabetes. (2008)

Maintaining an adequate metabolic control is still a challenge in many patients with type 2 diabetes. Among the many factors advocated to explain the failure to achieve recommended goals, clinical inertia is increasingly recognised as a primary cause of poor glycaemic control. The existence of a "metabolic memory" strongly supports the adoption of a more aggressive treat-to-target approach, instead of waiting for treatment failure. This approach may be particularly important in the initial phases of the disease, to slow the progressive decline of beta-cell function and improve overall outcomes. The fear of hypoglycaemia and weight gain associated with most of the available treatments are among the main causes of clinical inertia, and strongly affect the attitudes of providers and patients toward therapy intensification. The incretin-based therapies represent a new potential goal-oriented treatment approach. Two classes of incretin-based drugs have been developed: GLP-1 mimetics (exenatide and liraglutide) and DPP-IV inhibitors (sitagliptin and vildagliptin). Incretino-mimetics have a peculiar mechanism of action that is associated with lack of hypoglycaemia and weight loss or neutrality; these characteristics may facilitate therapy intensification and help to attain established goals. Furthermore, they can induce benefits in terms of post-prandial hyperglicemia control and beta-cell function preservation. An early use of this class of drugs may show a positive impact on the disease progression and a delay in the need of insulin injections.