gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Alkylboronic Acid Derivatives or Alkyltrifluoroborates with Aryl, Alkenyl or Alkyl Halides and Triflates (2008)

Abstract Palladium‐catalysed Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐couplings of organoboronic acids or organotrifluoroborates with aryl and alkenyl halides or triflates have become classic methods for generating carbon–carbon bonds. For this reaction, not only sp 2 ‐hybridized but also sp 3 ‐hybridized organoboron derivatives can be employed. However, alkylboronic acids or trifluoroborates are generally less reactive than arylboron derivatives. The coupling of primary alkylboronic acids or alkyltrifluoroborates with aryl or alkenyl halides is well known, and the reaction gives the coupling products with high selectivities, relatively high turnover numbers and in good yields with several catalysts. On the other hand, secondary alkylboronic acids or trifluoroborates, except for cyclopropylboron derivatives, are much less reactive, and very few catalyst are able to activate such compounds. Because of the hybridization of cyclopropanes, which confers significant aromatic character, several reactions have successfully been performed with cyclopropylboronic acids or trifluoroborates. The stereochemistries of substituted cyclopropylboron derivatives were maintained in the course of the reactions. For all these couplings with primary or secondary alkylboron derivatives, aryl iodides, bromides, chlorides or triflates and alkenyl iodides, bromides or triflates were employed. Alkenyl chlorides have attracted less attention. The reactions with alkenyl halides are stereoselective. A few examples of couplings between sp 3 ‐hybridized organoboronic acids and alkyl halides have also been reported.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing: Theory, Methods, and Applications (2003)

From the Publisher:
Nonlinear signal and image processing methods are fast emerging as an alternative to established linear methods for meeting the challenges of increasingly sophisticated applications. This book details recent advances in nonlinear theory, techniques, and an array of modern applications. Chapters contributed by well-known theorists and researchers explore current and emerging nonlinear methods from their theoretical background and practical algorithms through the application of nonlinear methods to contemporary problems and the potential of these methods to solve important open problems. Illustrative examples and instructive results are abundantly provided, and supplemental material is available for download from the Internet.
Expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase is confined to B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of germinal-center phenotype. (2003)

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is essential for somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination of the immunoglobulin (IG) genes in B cells. It has recently been proposed that AID, as the newly identified DNA mutator in man, may be instrumental in initiation and progression of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-NHL). We quantitatively measured, by real-time reverse-transcription PCR, expression of AID and of the error-prone DNA polymerase iota in normal B cells and a comprehensive panel of B-NHL entities. In pre- and postgerminal center (GC)-type B-NHLs like in normal naive and memory cells, AID did not exceed background levels. However, half of Burkitt lymphomas tested were found to express AID, at most at levels comparable with those found in normal GC B cells. Thirty percent of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas also transcribed AID, some at supraphysiological levels. Of follicular lymphoma cases, only 25% expressed significant amounts of AID. Moreover, within the group of GC-type B-NHLs, a statistically significant correlation between AID and polymerase iota expression was found. By contrast, we observed no correlation between AID expression and mutation load neither with the degree of intraclonal diversity of IG variable heavy chain genes. Interestingly, in two of seven follicular lymphomas with clinical and histological progression, selective outgrowth of AID-expressing clones occurred, suggestive for a role of the somatic diversification machinery in lymphoma transformation.
Clinical practice recommendations for the treatment of Alport syndrome: a statement of the Alport Syndrome Research Collaborative (2012)

We present clinical practice recommendations for the treatment of children with Alport syndrome who are not enrolled in clinical trials. Our goal is to promote early initiation of a standard therapeutic approach that will facilitate assessment of the safety and efficacy of the protocol. The treatment protocol is based on the reduction of proteinuria, intraglomerular pressure, and renal fibrosis via interference with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Development of stable monolithic wide-field Michelson interferometers (2011)

Bulk wide-field Michelson interferometers are very useful for high precision applications in remote sensing and astronomy. A stable monolithic Michelson interferometer is a key element in high precision radial velocity (RV) measurements for extrasolar planets searching and studies. Thermal stress analysis shows that matching coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) is a critical requirement for ensuring interferometer stability. This requirement leads to a novel design using BK7 and LAK7 materials, such that the monolithic interferometer is free from thermal distortion. The processes of design, fabrication, and testing of interferometers are described in detail. In performance evaluations, the field angle is typically 23.8° and thermal sensitivity is typically -2.6×10(-6)/°C near 550 nm, which corresponds to ∼800 m/s/°C in the RV scale. Low-cost interferometer products have been commissioned in multiple RV instruments, and they are producing high stability performance over long term operations.
Comparative Sequence Analysis of the Core Protein and Its Frameshift Product, the F Protein, of Hepatitis C Virus Subtype 1b Strains Obtained from Patients with and without Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2002)

The core protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis. In order to determine whether there is a correlation between mutations of the core protein and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the core protein-coding sequence of the viral genome of HCV subtype 1b (HCV-1b) obtained from patients with and without HCC was analyzed. We found that 12 (40.0%) of 30 HCV-1b isolates from patients with HCC but none of 29 isolates from patients without HCC had a point mutation(s) in an N-terminal region of 20 residues. Similarly, 10 (33.3%) of 30 isolates from patients with HCC had mutations in a limited region between residues 141 and 160, whereas only 2 (6.9%) of 29 isolates from patients without HCC did. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant. The mutations were found in isolates from both cancerous and adjacent noncancerous tissues of patients with HCC, suggesting that the mutations were present before the development of HCC. The other regions of the core protein of some isolates also had mutations, but no significant difference was observed between isolates from patients with HCC and those from patients without HCC. The F protein, a frameshift product that is still hypothetical for HCV-1b strains, showed more sequence diversity than the core protein among the isolates analyzed, but there were no significant differences in the mutation rates or positions between isolates from patients with HCC and isolates from patients without HCC, except for a short N-terminal sequence of approximately 11 residues that is shared with the core protein.
Interleukin 12: still a promising candidate for tumor immunotherapy? (2014)

Interleukin 12 (IL-12) seemed to represent the ideal candidate for tumor immunotherapy, due to its ability to activate both innate (NK cells) and adaptive (cytotoxic T lymphocytes) immunities. However, despite encouraging results in animal models, very modest antitumor effects of IL-12 in early clinical trials, often accompanied by unacceptable levels of adverse events, markedly dampened hopes of the successful use of this cytokine in cancer patients. Recently, several clinical studies have been initiated in which IL-12 is applied as an adjuvant in cancer vaccines, in gene therapy including locoregional injections of IL-12 plasmid and in the form of tumor-targeting immunocytokines (IL-12 fused to monoclonal antibodies). The near future will show whether this renewed interest in the use of IL-12 in oncology will result in meaningful therapeutic effects in a select group of cancer patients.
Princlples of developmental genetics (2007)

Unlike anything currently available in the market, Dr. Sally A. Moody and a team of world-renowned experts provide a groundbreaking view of developmental genetics that will influence scientific approaches in embryology, comparative biology, as well as the newly emerging fields of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. Principles of Developmental Genetics highlights the intersection of developmental biology with new revolutionary genomic technologies, and details how these advances have accelerated our understanding of the molecular genetic processes that regulates development. This definitive resource provides researchers with the opportunity to gain important insights into the clinical applicability of emerging new technologies and animal model data.This book is a must-have for all researchers in genetics, developmental biology, regenerative medicine, and stem cell biology. It includes new research not previously published in any other book on the molecular genetic processes that regulates development. It contains chapters which present a broad understanding on the application of animal model systems, allowing researchers to better treat clinical disorders and comprehend human development. It relates the application of new technologies to the manipulation of stem cells, causes of human birth defects, and several human disease conditions. Each chapter includes a bulleted summary highlighting clinical aspects of animal models.
Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in postsurgical pediatric intensive care unit patients: Preliminary study* (2007)

Dexmedetomidine, administered as a continuous infusion, produces consistent, predictable concentrations in children and infants. Further evaluations of the safety, efficacy, and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine are warranted.
Anti-inflammatory activity of macrolides: a new therapeutic potential? (1998)

The important role played by macrolides in the chemotherapy of infectious diseases is well established, but there is still much speculation about their anti-inflammatory potential. A review of in-vitro and ex-vivo studies reported in the literature shows that macrolides have potentially relevant immunomodulatory effects. In-vitro data suggest that erythromycin A derivatives have a direct effect on neutrophil function and the production of cytokines involved in the inflammation cascade. The ex-vivo results indicate that short-term administration of macrolides may enhance the immune response while long-term administration results in immunosuppression. Further research is required to improve our understanding of the therapeutic activity of macrolides.
Complete De Novo Assembly of Monoclonal Antibody Sequences (2016)

De novo protein sequencing is one of the key problems in mass spectrometry-based proteomics, especially for novel proteins such as monoclonal antibodies for which genome information is often limited or not available. However, due to limitations in peptides fragmentation and coverage, as well as ambiguities in spectra interpretation, complete de novo assembly of unknown protein sequences still remains challenging. To address this problem, we propose an integrated system, ALPS, which for the first time can automatically assemble full-length monoclonal antibody sequences. Our system integrates de novo sequencing peptides, their quality scores and error-correction information from databases into a weighted de Bruijn graph to assemble protein sequences. We evaluated ALPS performance on two antibody data sets, each including a heavy chain and a light chain. The results show that ALPS was able to assemble three complete monoclonal antibody sequences of length 216-441 AA, at 100% coverage, and 96.64-100% accuracy.
Inhibition of the Raf–MEK1/2–ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway, Bcl-xL Down-Regulation, and Chemosensitization of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma B Cells by Rituximab (2004)

Rituximab (Rituxan, IDEC-C2B8) has been shown to sensitize non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) cell lines to chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis. Rituximab treatment of Bcl-2-deficient Ramos cells and Bcl-2-expressing Daudi cells selectively decreases Bcl-(xL) expression and sensitizes the cells to paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. This study delineates the signaling pathway involved in rituximab-mediated Bcl-(xL) down-regulation in Ramos and Daudi NHL B cells. We hypothesized that rituximab may interfere with the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 pathway, leading to decreased Bcl-(xL) expression. Rituximab (20 microg/mL) inhibited the kinase activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) 1/2 and reduced the phosphorylation of the components of the ERK1/2 pathway (Raf-1, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2) and decreased activator protein-1 DNA binding activity and Bcl-(xL) gene expression. These events occurred with similar kinetics and were observed 3 to 6 hours after rituximab treatment. Rituximab-mediated effects were corroborated by using specific inhibitors of the ERK1/2 pathway, which also reduced Bcl-(xL) levels and sensitized the NHL B cells to paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Previous findings implicated a negative regulatory role of the Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) on the ERK1/2 pathway. Rituximab treatment of NHL B cells significantly up-regulated RKIP expression, thus interrupting the ERK1/2 signaling pathway through the physical association between Raf-1 and RKIP, which was concomitant with Bcl-(xL) down-regulation. These novel findings reveal a signaling pathway triggered by rituximab, whereby rituximab-mediated up-regulation of RKIP adversely regulates the activity of the ERK1/2 pathway, Bcl-(xL) expression, and subsequent chemosensitization of drug-refractory NHL B cells. The significance of these findings is discussed.
American Lawyers: Qualities for Greatness (1996)

This article is about a discussion with Soia Mentschikoff, who worked with the Uniform Commercial Code
Variations in S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine and adenosine concentrations in rat liver. (1992)

The hepatic concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and adenosine (Ado) in the rat were examined diurnally and as a function of fasting. Ado concentrations increased continuously throughout the fasting period; concentrations after 2 days of fasting were 7.5-fold higher than control values. Diurnally, the concentration of Ado was highest during the light hours. SAM and the ratio of SAM/SAH were reduced greater than 50% due to fasting and exhibited a significant daily rhythm which appeared to be related to dietary methionine availability. Hepatic SAM concentrations decreased continuously during the light hours and increased during the dark period to levels 7.3-fold greater than the lowest light values. The concentration of SAH was altered in a similar fashion yet to a much lesser degree such that the ratio of SAM/SAH paralleled the changes in the concentration of SAM. The SAM/SAH ratio exhibited a 4.5-fold difference between the peak and nadir values.
Measurement of surface topography of magnetic tapes by Mirau interferometry (1985)

Stylus-profiling techniques cannot be used for surface characterization of polymeric surfaces, such as magnetic tapes, because of their relatively low hardness. An interferometric-optical-profiling microscope system was used to obtain high-accuracy surface profiles of magnetic media, rapidly and without physical contact with the sample. The profilometer consists of a conventional, reflection-type optical microscope with a Mirau two-beam interferometer attachment. The interference patterns of the surface can be observed through the eyepieces and can be detected with a solid-state linear array of 1024 detector elements. By translating the reference surface of the interferometer with a piezoelectric transducer while taking consecutive measurements, accurate surface-height measurements can be obtained from each detector element. The microscope system is controlled by a microcomputer, which communicates with a desk-top computer for further analysis of the surface-profile data. A computer-controlled specimen stage is added to increase the sample size. The reasons for selecting the Mirau two-beam interferometry are also discussed. Sample data of magnetic tapes are presented. Experimental data presented in the paper show that optimization of surface roughness is necessary to obtain optimum magnetic amplitude, friction, and wear properties.
Studies on the rate and site-specificity of P element transposition. (1991)

A single genetically marked P element can be efficiently mobilized to insertionally mutagenize the Drosophila genome. We have investigated how the structure of the starting element and its location along the X chromosome influenced the rate and location of mutations recovered. The structure of two P[rosy+] elements strongly affected mobilization by the autonomous "Jumpstarter-1" element. Their average transposition rates differed more than 12-fold, while their initial chromosomal location had a smaller effect. The lethal and sterile mutations induced by mobilizing a P[rosy+] element from position 1F were compared with those identified previously using a P[neoR] element at position 9C. With one possible exception, insertion hotspots for one element were frequently also targets of the other transposon. These experiments suggested that the genomic location of a P element does not usually influence its target sites on nonhomologous chromosomes. During the course of these experiments, Y-linked insertions expressing rosy+ were recovered, suggesting that marked P elements can sometimes insert and function at heterochromatic sites.
Treatment of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency with Polyethylene Glycol–Modified Adenosine Deaminase (1987)

We treated two children who had adenosine deaminase deficiency and severe combined immunodeficiency disease by injecting bovine adenosine deaminase modified by conjugation with polyethylene glycol. The modified enzyme was rapidly absorbed after intramuscular injection and had a half-life in plasma of 48 to 72 hours. Weekly doses of approximately 15 U per kilogram of body weight maintained plasma adenosine deaminase activity at two to three times the level of erythrocyte adenosine deaminase activity in normal subjects. The principal biochemical consequences of adenosine deaminase deficiency were almost completely reversed. In erythrocytes, adenosine nucleotides increased and deoxyadenosine nucleotides decreased to less than 0.5 percent of total adenine nucleotides. The activity of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, which is inactivated by deoxyadenosine, increased to normal in red cells and nucleated marrow cells. Neither toxic effects nor hypersensitivity reactions were observed. In vitro tests of the cellular immune function of each patient showed marked improvement, along with an increase in circulating T lymphocytes. Clinical improvement was indicated by absence of infection and resumption of weight gain. We conclude that from the standpoints of efficacy, convenience, and safety, polyethylene glycol-modified adenosine deaminase is preferable to red-cell transfusion as a treatment for adenosine deaminase deficiency. Patients with other inherited metabolic diseases in which accumulated metabolites equilibrate with plasma could benefit from treatment with the appropriate polyethylene glycol-modified enzyme.
Structuring Context Aware Applications: Five-Layer Model and Example Case (2002)

Structuring context aware applications is important for modularising their implementation. The modularization is necessary for re-use and sharing of software and hardware components. For this end, a five-layer model for structuring context aware applications is presented. The layers are Physical, Data, Semantic, Inference and Application. (An example case involving a context aware mobile terminal in various user roles has been devised and implemented and this case is then mapped on to the five-layer model giving an example of its use. NOT DISCUSSED IN THIS POSITION PAPER)
Improving monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy (2004)

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies have emerged as a promising class of pharmaceuticals for the treatment of many human diseases, including cancer. Historically, an inability to target monoclonal antibodies to solid tumors in sufficient quantities and with high enough specificity has hampered the effectiveness of antibodies as therapeutics. This review focuses on recent efforts in the field of antibody‐engineering directed at improving both the targeting of antibody‐based therapeutics as well as enhancing the efficacy of those therapeutics once they have been targeted to tumor. Drug Dev. Res. 61:172–187, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solution Behavior of Poly(styrene)-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) Micelles Containing Gold Nanoparticles (2000)

Formation and structural transformation of inverse poly(styrene)-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) micelles whose polyvinylpyridine core was loaded with HAuCl4 or with elementary gold nanoclusters was studied by combined static and dynamic light scattering. A transformation in the morphology from spherical particles (small Rg/Rh ratio) to large anisomeric objects (large Rg/Rh ratio) was observed by decreasing the concentration of the block copolymer below the critical micelle concentration. At this point, the polymer chains are molecularly dispersed and no longer able to prevent uncontrolled growth of the gold nanoclusters.
Un testimonio español sobre los asuntos de Suecia en la "Era de la Libertad" (2014)

Como “Era de la libertad” se conoce el casi medio siglo transcurrido desde la muerte de Carlos XII (1718) hasta el golpe de estado de Gustavo III en 1772, en el que como consecuencia de la “Gran Guerra del Norte” el poder en Suecia estuvo en su practica totalidad en manos del parlamento. Espectador privilegiado de esta epoca seria Jeronimo Grimaldi y Pallavicini, embajador de Espana entre 1749 y 1752, una decada antes de su entrada en la primera secretaria de Estado y del Despacho.
Diagnostic efficiency, embryonic development and clinical outcome after the biopsy of one or two blastomeres for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (2007)

While removal of two blastomeres decreases the likelihood of blastocyst formation, compared with removal of one blastomere, Day 3 in vitro developmental stage is a stronger predictor for Day 5 developmental potential than the removal of one or two cells. The biopsy of only one cell significantly lowers the efficiency of a PCR-based diagnosis, whereas the efficiency of the FISH PGD procedure remains similar whether one or two cells are removed. Delivery rates with live birth per started cycle were not significantly different.