gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the electroluminescent properties of organic light-emitting devices using a thin NaCl layer (2002)

We report on the fabrication of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) using a thin NaCl interlayer as an electron-injection medium. The results show that the device containing the NaCl layer has a higher brightness and electroluminescent efficiency than the device without this layer. We also fabricated similar-structured comparable devices, which were prepared with a LiF layer as a different electron-injection medium. The maximum electroluminescent efficiency of the NaCl (1 nm)/Al cathode device was 2.85 cd/A, which is higher than the 2.25 cd/A of the LiF (1 nm)/Al cathode device. The ultrathin NaCl layer modified the carrier injection properties. In conclusion, the NaCl layer between a cathode and an emitting layer of OLEDs can be used as the carrier injection layer to improve the EL properties.
Localized heating on silicon field effect transistors: Device fabrication and temperature measurements in fluid (2009)

We demonstrate electrically addressable localized heating in fluid at the dielectric surface of silicon-on-insulator field-effect transistors via radio-frequency Joule heating of mobile ions in the Debye layer. Measurement of fluid temperatures in close vicinity to surfaces poses a challenge due to the localized nature of the temperature profile. To address this, we developed a localized thermometry technique based on the fluorescence decay rate of covalently attached fluorophores to extract the temperature within 2 nm of any oxide surface. We demonstrate precise spatial control of voltage dependent temperature profiles on the transistor surfaces. Our results introduce a new dimension to present sensing systems by enabling dual purpose silicon transistor-heaters that serve both as field effect sensors as well as temperature controllers that could perform localized bio-chemical reactions in Lab on Chip applications.
Synthesis and Reactions of Some Dibenzoxepins (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and Reactions of Some DibenzoxepinsRichard H. F. Manske and Archie E. LedinghamCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 10, 4797–4799Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01166a128https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01166a128research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views258Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fabrication and modeling of an in-plane thermoelectric micro-generator (2003)

A thermoelectric in-plane micro-generator has been fabricated using compatible standard semiconductor technologies. The active material is a fine-grained polycrystalline silicon material laid on a dielectric membrane sustained by a silicon frame. A simplified analytical one-dimensional model of the micro-generator has been made to find the optimum thermoelectric film thickness and thermoelectric leg length. The optimal geometry of the micro-generator depends on the thermal properties and emissivity of the materials as well as on its working environment i.e. air or vacuum and on its operational mode. These investigations have been extended to a more realistic geometry of micro-generators and to more efficient thermoelectric materials, using a numerical model. The performance of such micro-generators is predicted for various materials and geometry combinations.
Catalyzed Growth of a Metastable InS Crystal Structure as Colloidal Crystals (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTCatalyzed Growth of a Metastable InS Crystal Structure as Colloidal CrystalsJennifer A. Hollingsworth, Damadora M. Poojary, Abraham Clearfield, and William E. BuhroView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Washington University St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899 Symyx Technologies, 3100 Central Expressway Santa Clara, California 95051 Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 14, 3562–3563Publication Date (Web):March 28, 2000Publication History Received10 January 2000Published online28 March 2000Published inissue 1 April 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja000106uhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja000106urapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1067Altmetric-Citations95LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Cancer,Cells,Crystal structure,Crystals,Nanospheres Get e-Alerts
Reappraising the Need for Bulk Heterojunctions in Polymer−Fullerene Photovoltaics: The Role of Carrier Transport in All-Solution-Processed P3HT/PCBM Bilayer Solar Cells (2009)

The most efficient organic solar cells produced to date are bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photovoltaic devices based on blends of semiconducting polymers such as poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) with fullerene derivatives such as [6,6]-penyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl-ester (PCBM). The need for blending the two components is based on the idea that the exciton diffusion length in polymers like P3HT is only ∼10 nm, so that the polymer and fullerene components must be mixed on this length scale to efficiently split the excitons into charge carriers. In this paper, we show that the BHJ geometry is not necessary for high efficiency, and that all-solution-processed P3HT/PCBM bilayer solar cells can be nearly as efficient as BHJ solar cells fabricated from the same materials. We demonstrate that o-dichlorobenzene (ODCB) and dichloromethane serve nicely as a pair of orthogonal solvents from which sequential layers of P3HT and PCBM, respectively, can be spin-cast. Atomic force microscopy, various optical spectroscopies, and electron microscopy all demonstrate that the act of spin-coating the PCBM overlayer does not affect the morphology of the P3HT underlayer, so that our spin-cast P3HT/PCBM bilayers have a well-defined planar interface. Our fluorescence quenching experiments find that there is still significant exciton splitting in P3HT/PCBM bilayers even when the P3HT layer is quite thick. When we fabricated photovoltaic devices from these bilayers, we obtained photovoltaic power conversion efficiencies in excess of 3.5%. Part of the reason for this high efficiency is that we were able to separately optimize the roles of each component of the bilayer; for example, we found that thermal annealing has relatively little effect on the nature of P3HT layers spin-cast from ODCB, but that it significantly increases the crystallinity and thus the mobility of electrons through PCBM. Because the carriers in bilayer devices are generated at the planar P3HT/PCBM interface, we also were able to systematically vary the distance the carriers have to travel to be extracted at the electrodes by changing the layer thicknesses without altering the bulk mobility of either component or the nature of the interfaces. We found that devices have the best fill-factors when the transit times of electrons and holes through the two layers are roughly balanced. In particular, we found that the most efficient devices are made with P3HT layers that are about four times thicker than the PCBM layers, demonstrating that it is the conduction and the extraction of electrons through the fullerene that ultimately limit the performance of both bilayer and BHJ devices based on the P3HT/PCBM material combination. Overall, we believe that polymer-fullerene bilayers provide several advantages over BHJ devices, including reduced carrier recombination and a much better degree of control over the properties of the individual components and interfaces during device fabrication.
Plant resistance to insects: a fundamental approach (1990)

What is plant resistance to insects? antixenosis - the effect of plant resistance on insect behavior antibiosis - the effect of plant resistance on insect biology tolerance - the effect of plant growth characteristics on resistance to insects how is plant resistance to insects obtained? - location of sources of plant resistance to insects techniques to measure plant resistance to insects factors affecting the expression of plant resistance to insects genetics and inheritance of plant resistance to insects insect biotypes that overcome plant resistance how can plant resistance to insects be utilized? Use of plant resistance in insect pest management systems.
Non-Symmetrical Loads in a Model Grain Bin During Eccentric Discharge (1992)

Eccentric discharge imposes non-symmetrical bin wall and floor loads. A series of tests were conducted for different eccentric discharge orifice locations. Floor loads during eccentric discharge of 0.61 m diameter model bin were smaller on the side nearest the discharge orifice than on the opposite side. The horizontal pressure distribution around the circumference of the bin wall depends on the height of grain above the floor.
Electrical characterization of a JFET-accessed GaAs dynamic RAM cell (1989)

A complete one-transistor dynamic RAM cell in GaAs is discussed. Read and write operations is monitored by observing the capacitance of the storage node. Storage times on the order of a few seconds are obtained at room temperature with an activation energy slightly less than half the zero-temperature bandgap.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Case 11-1993 (1993)

Presentation of CaseA 52-year-old man with cardiomyopathy and interstitial lung disease was admitted to the hospital in extremis.Asthma began at the age of 10 years. A coarctation of the aorta was repaired at the age of 22 years. At the age of 36 years progressive exertional dyspnea developed, with orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Furosemide was prescribed, with improvement.At 37 years of age the patient was admitted to this hospital for cardiac catheterization. He consumed one or two bottles of wine and smoked 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes daily. On physical examination the blood pressure was 120/80 . . .
Biologics for rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of Cochrane reviews (2010)

based upon indirect comparisons, anakinra seemed less efficacious than etanercept, adalimumab and rituximab and etanercept seemed to cause fewer withdrawals due to adverse events than adalimumab, anakinra and infliximab. Significant heterogeneity in characteristics of trial populations imply that these finding must be interpreted.
Feature-Oriented Domain Analysis (FODA) Feasibility Study (1990)

Abstract : Successful Software reuse requires the systematic discovery and exploitation of commonality across related software systems. By examining related software systems and the underlying theory of the class of systems they represent, domain analysis can provide a generic description of the requirements of that class of systems and a set of approaches for their implementation. This report will establish methods for performing a domain analysis and describe the products of the domain analysis process. To illustrate the application of domain analysis to a representative class of software systems, this report will provide a domain analysis of window management system software.
Appendix E: Particle Size–U.S. Sieve Size and Tyler Screen Mesh Equivalents (2012)

In the multiphase combustion area, we often encounter unburned and partially burned particles of different sizes. In the United States, these sizes are often expressed in a standard measured quantity in terms of either U.S. Sieve Size or Tyler Screen Mesh. Sieving or screening is a method of separating a mixture of particles (or grains) into two or more size fractions (see Tables E.1 and E.2). The over size particles are trapped above the screen while undersize particles can pass through the screen. Sieves can be used in stacks, to divide samples up into various size fractions and hence determine particle size distributions. Sieves and screen usually are used for larger particle sizes, d p 37 m (0.037 mm).
A Novel Splicing Variant of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (2007)

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is the most recently identified member of the proprotein convertase family. Genetic and cell biology studies have suggested a critical role of PCSK9 in regulating low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) protein levels and thus modulating plasma LDL cholesterol. Recent data on the molecular basis for PCSK9 action support the model in which PCSK9 is self-cleaved, secreted, and tightly bound to the EGF-A repeat of LDLR extracellular domain. PCSK9 binding to LDLR is essential for the ensuing receptor-mediated endocytosis and is speculated to lock LDLR in a specific conformation that favors degradation in lysosomal compartment instead of recycling back to plasma membrane. We report here a novel human PCSK9 splicing variant, which we named PCSK9sv. PCSK9sv had an in-frame deletion of the eighth exon of 58 amino acids and was expressed in multiple tissues, including liver, small intestine, prostate, uterus, brain, and adipose tissue. Unlike wild-type PCSK9, which is secreted, PCSK9sv expressed in human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells failed to process the prosegment intracellularly and thus was not secreted into the medium. Examination of potential functions revealed that PCSK9sv did not change the LDLR protein levels. Two mutations that have been reported in humans with the associated changes in plasma LDL cholesterol were within exon 8, and thus the expression and function of the two mutants were studied. Both N425S and A443T mutants were processed normally, secreted, and reduced LDLR levels. However, the physiological function of this novel splicing variant of PCSK9 has yet to be determined.
Assesment of metallic distortions of an electromagnetic tracking system (2006)

Electromagnetic tracking systems are affected by the presence of metal or more general conductive objects. In this paper results of two protocols are presented, which will access the amount of distortions caused by certain type of metals. One of the main application areas of electromagnetic tracking systems is the medical field. Therefore this paper concentrates on types of metals, which are common in a medical environment, like typical tool and implant materials and OR table steel. Results are obtained and compared for the first generation of Aurora systems (Aurora 1), released in September 2003 and for the new Aurora system (Aurora 2), which was released in September 2005.
Bax Inhibitor-1, a Conserved Cell Death Suppressor, Is a Key Molecular Switch Downstream from a Variety of Biotic and Abiotic Stress Signals in Plants (2009)

In Nature plants are constantly challenged by a variety of environmental stresses that could lead to disruptions in cellular homeostasis. Programmed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental cellular process that is often associated with defense responses to pathogens, during development and in response to abiotic stresses in fungi, animals and plants. Although there are many characteristics shared between different types of PCD events, it remains unknown whether a common mechanism drives various types of PCD in eukaryotes. One candidate regulator for such a mechanism is Bax Inhibitor-1 (BI-1), an evolutionary conserved, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein that represents an ancient cell death regulator that potentially regulates PCD in all eukaryotes. Recent findings strongly suggested that BI-1 plays an important role in the conserved ER stress response pathway to modulate cell death induction in response to multiple types of cell death signals. As ER stress signaling pathways has been suggested to play important roles not only in the control of ER homeostasis but also in other biological processes such as the response to pathogens and abiotic stress in plants, BI-1 might function to control the convergence point that modulates the level of the "pro-survival and pro-death" signals under multiple stress conditions.
Spatial Opportunity for Cognitive Radio Systems with Heterogeneous Path Loss Conditions (2007)

In this paper, the possibility for a short-range cognitive radio (secondary communication system) to be located within the service area of the primary system is discussed. Although the secondary system interferes with the primary system, there can be certain locations in the service area of the primary system where the cognitive radio can reuse the frequency of the primary system without disturbing it or being disturbed by the primary system. We say that in those locations there is a spatial opportunity for communication in the secondary system. The primary and secondary systems have different features and usage scenarios, which result in different deployment conditions. This gives rise to differences between the path loss for a link in the primary system and the path loss for the interference from the primary to secondary systems. This paper investigates the impact of the heterogeneous path loss conditions on the spatial opportunity for the secondary system. Our approach can be applied as a general way to investigate the coexistence among multiple systems. We clarify that the change of the path loss coefficient due to the different antenna heights of the primary and secondary systems can largely affect the spatial opportunity for frequency reuse by the cognitive radios.
In Situ Neutron Diffraction Monitoring of Li7La3Zr2O12 Formation: Toward a Rational Synthesis of Garnet Solid Electrolytes. (2015)

The favorable combination of fast-ionic conductivity and high electrochemical stability of Li-stuffed garnet type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) makes this material a promising candidate for applications as a solid-state electrolyte in high-energy-density batteries. However, a widespread technical use of LLZ is impeded by difficulty in reliable formation and densification of the pure fast-ion conducting phase. The present study of the phase-formation process enables rational fabrication procedures to be devised based on a thorough understanding of the complex phase formation of LLZ. In situ neutron powder diffraction monitoring of the phase formation revealed an influence of the partial melting of precursors on the formation of the fast-ion conducting phase, indicating that in the typical synthesis route LLZ is not formed in a solid-state reaction but from a partial carbonate melt that decomposes on further heating. The cooling rate critically influences lithium ordering and ionic conductivity.
Combustion Characteristics of Silicon‐Based Nanoenergetic Formulations with Reduced Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity (2012)

Abstract This paper details the synthesis and combustion characteristics of silicon‐based nanoenergetic formulations. Silicon nanostructured powder (with a wide variety of morphologies such as nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanotubes) were produced by DC plasma arc discharge route. These nanostructures were passivated with oxygen and hydrogen post‐synthesis. Their structural, morphological, and vibrational properties were investigated using X‐ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption‐desorption analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy. The silicon nanostructured powder (fuel) was mixed with varying amounts of sodium perchlorate (NaClO 4 ) nanoparticles (oxidizer) to form nanoenergetic mixtures. The NaClO 4 nanoparticles with a size distribution in the range of 5–40 nm were prepared using surfactant in a mixed solvent system. The combustion characteristics, namely (i) the combustion wave speed and (ii) the pressure‐time characteristics, were measured. The observed correlation between the basic material properties and the measured combustion characteristics is presented. These silicon‐based nanoenergetic formulations exhibit reduced sensitivity to electrostatic discharge (ESD).
Stages of soybean development (1977)

Soybean development is a continuous process that begins when a seed germinates and is completed where a mature seed is ready for harvest. During its life, the soybean plant is exposed to many factors that may encourage or retard its development and productivity. Some factors are controlled by nature, such as wind, rain, hail, and frost. But farmers also influence soybean development and productivity by application of pesticides and fertilizers or by the timing and methods of planting, cultivation, and other cultural practices.
Sunitinib in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (2006)

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00077974.
AnArabidopsismutant with deregulated ABA gene expression: implications for negative regulator function (1999)

The physiological acclimation of plants to osmotic stresses involves a complex programme of gene regulation. In one signalling pathway, elevated levels of abscisic acid (ABA) activate a subset of stress genes. Because ABA responses lack a definable morphological phenotype, we have screened for mutants that exhibit deregulated ABA-responsive gene expression. To monitor this ABA response, a line of Arabidopsis thaliana carrying a transgene composed of the ABA-responsive Arabidopsis kin2 promoter fused to the coding sequence for the firefly luciferase gene, kin2::luc, was generated. Patterns of ABA-responsive luciferase activity were monitored by photon counting. In contrast to wild-type plants which display a transient activation of kin2::luc, an ABA deregulated gene expression mutant (ade1) exhibits both sustained and enhanced levels of transgene activity. Levels of kin2, cor47 and rab18 expression in ade1 plants are also enhanced and prolonged indicating that the molecular mechanism(s) altered in ade1 plants affects the regulation of other ABA-responsive genes. The mutant phenotype is specific for the ABA response as cold-inducible kin2 expression is unaltered in ade1 plants. Genetic analyses indicate that the ade1 mutant is a monogenic recessive trait. A role for negative regulator function in ABA signalling is discussed.