gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Breath Ammonia Analysis: Clinical Application and Measurement (2011)

This review covers in detail the complexity of human breath, how the body metabolizes ammonia, clinical conditions which are directly related to the regulation of ammonia concentration, and analysis of current techniques that are capable of detecting breath ammonia. Focusing on these areas provides the information needed to develop a breath ammonia sensor for monitoring dysfunction of the human body. Human breath has been broken down into its key components which are necessary for proper understanding of what to look for when attempting to isolate volatile organic compounds. A pathway has been shown which explains the origin of ammonia in the body and how it is processed within a healthy system. Following this, the hazards of several dysfunctions related to the broken ammonia pathway have been discussed. It is essential that technicians have knowledge of these inner workings of the human body along with current technology. Thus, the advantages and disadvantages of techniques from chemical ionization, gas chromatography, laser spectroscopy, and chemical sensing have been discussed.
The PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone modulates inflammation and induces neuroprotection in parkinsonian monkeys (2011)

Our results indicate that oral administration of pioglitazone is neuroprotective when administered early after inducing a parkinsonian syndrome in rhesus monkeys and supports the concept that PPAR-γ is a viable target against neurodegeneration.
Mesoporous Polystyrene Monoliths (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTMesoporous Polystyrene MonolithsAndrew S. Zalusky, Roberto Olayo-Valles, Charles J. Taylor, and Marc A. HillmyerView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7, 1519–1520Publication Date (Web):January 26, 2001Publication History Received13 November 2000Published online26 January 2001Published inissue 1 February 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja003936ghttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja003936grapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3012Altmetric-Citations193LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Biopolymers,Catalyst supports,Organic polymers,Plastics,Porous materials Get e-Alerts
Production and Characterization of Recombinant Human Lactoferrin in Transgenic Javanica Rice (2005)

The objective of the present study was to develop a functional crop that could contribute to the maintenance and improvement of human health by the introduction of the human lactoferrin (hLF) gene. Lactoferrin is an 80-kDa iron-binding glycoprotein that has been considered to play many biological roles, including the regulation of iron absorption, protection against microbial and virus infection, stimulation of the immune system and cellular growth promotion. We introduced two different constructs containing either the native signal peptide from human lactoferrin (pIG211) or the signal peptide from rice glutelin (pIG200) fused to mature human lactoferrin into Javanica rice cv. Rojolele by using the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. The expression of the hLF gene under the control of the maize ubiquitin-1 promoter was detected in all the tissues of the transgenic plants. We found that the transgenic rice plants IG200R produced a considerable amount of recombinant hLF (rhLF) in seeds, accounting for approximately 15% of the total soluble protein (TSP). RhLF was purified from mature seeds by cation-exchange chromatography. Amino acid sequencing confirmed that the N-terminal sequences of rhLF for both constructs were identical with those of native LF from human milk. Rice rhLF showed a slightly smaller molecular weight than the native hLF. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that rhLF was located in the intracellular and intercellular regions of endosperm cells. Protein extracts from transgenic rice seeds exhibited an antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633. The use of signal peptides and a constitutive ubiquitin-1 promoter for successful production of transgenic Javanica rice expressing a high level of rhLF was examined.
THE ROLE OF CHONDROCYTE SENESCENCE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF OSTEOARTHRITIS AND IN LIMITING CARTILAGE REPAIR (2003)

These findings help to explain the previously reported age-related declines in chondrocyte synthetic activity, mitotic activity, and responsiveness to anabolic cytokines and mechanical stimuli. They also suggest that in vivo chondrocyte senescence contributes to the age-related increase in the prevalence of osteoarthritis and decrease in the efficacy of cartilage repair. The creation of immortal cells with increased telomere length suggests that the progression of human chondrocytes toward senescence is not inevitable.
Supramolecular Chemistry on Water-Soluble Carbon Nanotubes for Drug Loading and Delivery (2007)

We show that large surface areas exist for supramolecular chemistry on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) prefunctionalized noncovalently or covalently by common surfactant or acid-oxidation routes. Water-soluble SWNTs with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) functionalization via these routes allow for surprisingly high degrees of pi-stacking of aromatic molecules, including a cancer drug (doxorubicin) with ultrahigh loading capacity, a widely used fluorescence molecule (fluorescein), and combinations of molecules. Binding of molecules to nanotubes and their release can be controlled by varying the pH. The strength of pi-stacking of aromatic molecules is dependent on nanotube diameter, leading to a method for controlling the release rate of molecules from SWNTs by using nanotube materials with suitable diameter. This work introduces the concept of "functionalization partitioning" of SWNTs, i.e., imparting multiple chemical species, such as PEG, drugs, and fluorescent tags, with different functionalities onto the surface of the same nanotube. Such chemical partitioning should open up new opportunities in chemical, biological, and medical applications of novel nanomaterials.
Conditions for the Deposition of CdTe by Electrochemical Atomic Layer Epitaxy (1991)

The method of electrochemical atomic layer epitaxy (ECALE) is described. It involves the alternated electrochemical deposition of atomic layers of elements to form compound semiconductors. It is being investigated as a method for forming epitaxial thin films. Presently, it appears that the method is applicable to a wide range of compound semiconductors composed of a metal and one of the following main group elements: S, Se, Te, As, Sb, or Bi. Initial studies have involved deposition. Factors controlling deposit structure and composition are discussed here. Preliminary results which show that ordered electrodeposits of can be formed by the ECALE method are also presented. Results reported here were obtained with both a polycrystalline Au thin‐layer electrochemical cell and a single‐crystal Au electrode with faces oriented to the (111), (110), and (100) planes. The single‐crystal electrode was contained in a UHV surface analysis instrument with an integral electrochemical cell. Deposits were examined without their exposure to air using LEED and Auger electron spectroscopy. Coverages were determined using coulometry in the thin‐layer electrochemical cell.
Characterization of potent inhibitors of the Bcr-Abl and the c-kit receptor tyrosine kinases. (2002)

The early stage of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is caused by the tyrosine kinase Bcr-Abl. Imatinib mesylate (also known as STI-571 and Gleevec), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has shown encouraging results in CML clinical trials and has become a paradigm for targeted cancer therapeutics. Recent reports of resistance to imatinib argue for further development of therapies for CML. During studies of signal transduction, we observed that the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine src tyrosine kinase inhibitor PD173955 inhibited Bcr-Abl-dependent cell growth. Subsequently, a related compound, PD180970, was reported as a potent inhibitor of Bcr-Abl. We have compared the potency of these two compounds and four other analogues with imatinib on Bcr-Abl-dependent cell growth, cytokine-dependent cell growth, and tyrosine kinase inhibition. PD173955 inhibited Bcr-Abl-dependent cell growth with an IC(50) of 2-35 nM in different cell lines. Fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analyses of cells treated with PD173955 showed cell cycle arrest in G(1). PD173955 has an IC(50) of 1-2 nM in kinase inhibition assays of Bcr-Abl, and in cellular growth assays it inhibits Bcr-Abl-dependent substrate tyrosine phosphorylation. Of the six pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine analogues studied, PD166326 was the most potent inhibitor of Bcr-Abl-dependent cell growth. PD173955 inhibited kit ligand-dependent c-kit autophosphorylation (IC(50) = approximately 25 nM) and kit ligand-dependent proliferation of M07e cells (IC(50) = 40 nM) but had a lesser effect on interleukin 3-dependent (IC(50) = 250 nM) or granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (IC(50) = 1 microM)-dependent cell growth. These compounds are potent inhibitors of both the Bcr-Abl and c-kit receptor tyrosine kinases and deserve further study as potential treatments for both CML and for diseases in which c-kit has a role.
GCIP, a Novel Human Grap2 and Cyclin D Interacting Protein, Regulates E2F-mediated Transcriptional Activity (2000)

Regulation of mammalian cell growth and proliferation is governed through receptor-mediated signaling networks that ultimately converge on the cell cycle machinery. Adaptor proteins play essential roles in the formation of intracellular signaling complexes, relaying extracellular signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus of a cell. The leukocyte-specific adaptor protein Grap2 is a central linker protein in immune cell signaling and activation. Using Grap2 as bait protein, we identified a novel human protein, GCIP (Grap2 cyclin-D interacting protein). We found that GCIP bound to Grap2 in both yeast two-hybrid assays and in mammalian cells through binding to the COOH-terminal unique domain and SH3 domain (designated QC domain) of Grap2. GCIP also associated with cyclin D both in vitro and in vivo. The expression of GCIP was found in all human tissues examined with the highest level of expression in the heart, muscle, peripheral blood leukocytes, and brain. Furthermore, phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein by cyclin D-dependent protein kinase was reduced and E2F1-mediated transcription activity was inhibited in cells transfected with GCIP. High level expression of GCIP in terminally differentiated tissues and the inhibition of E2F1 transcription activation suggest that GCIP could play an important role in controlling cell differentiation and proliferation.
Expression of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase and activation of progelatinase A in human osteoarthritic cartilage. (1997)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are expressed in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage and are thought to be involved in the degradation of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM). Among these proteinases, MMP-2 (gelatinase A) demonstrates a wide range of substrate specificity against the ECM present in cartilage. Although MMP-2 expression increases in OA cartilage, the activation mechanism of the corresponding zymogen (pro-MMP-2) in cartilage is unknown. In this study, we examined the expression pattern of membrane-type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP) in human OA articular cartilage and its correlation with the activation of pro-MMP-2. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrate that MT1-MMP localizes to the chondrocytes in the superficial and transitional zones in all of the samples examined directly correlating with cartilage degradation. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed the predominant expression of MT1-MMP mRNA in the OA cartilage. In situ hybridization revealed the site of expression of MT1-MMP in OA cartilage to be the chondrocytes. Through gelatin zymography and a sandwich enzyme immunoassay it was demonstrated that OA cartilage explants secrete significantly higher levels of pro-MMP-2 than normal samples. Pro-MMP-2 activation was enhanced in the OA cartilage samples and correlated with MT1-MMP expression in the cartilage. Plasma membranes prepared from cultured chondrocytes with MT1-MMP expression and those directly isolated from OA cartilage could activate pro-MMP-2. MT1-MMP gene expression in cultured chondrocytes was induced by treatment with interleukin-1 alpha and/or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. These data suggest that cytokine-induced MT1-MMP in the chondrocytes may play a key role in the activation of pro-MMP-2 in the OA articular cartilage, leading to cartilage destruction through ECM degradation.
Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (2004)

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of the erbB family of tyrosine kinase receptors (RTK). The EGFR is involved in cell proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis, and is expressed in a large proportion of epithelial tumours. The two main classes of EGFR inhibitors in clinical trials are the RTK inhibitors and the monoclonal antibodies. The clinical development of EGFR inhibitors has introduced new challenges to the design of phase I, II, and III trials. Both classes of agents can be safely administered at doses sufficient to inhibit the EGFR system. Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been extensively evaluated in non-small-cell lung cancer. In this setting, gefitinib has demonstrated activity in patients who fail initial chemotherapy. Monoclonal antibodies have been developed in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy in several tumour types, most notably colorectal and head and neck cancer. The preliminary results suggest an increase in response rate and time to progression with the combination of cetuximab and chemotherapy in both disease models. Future issues in the development of EGFR inhibitors include the identification of biologic predictors of response, combination with other targeted agents, and their utilisation in earlier stage malignancies.
In vivo pharmacological characterization of SoRI 9409, a nonpeptidic opioid mu-agonist/delta-antagonist that produces limited antinociceptive tolerance and attenuates morphine physical dependence. (2001)

Repeated exposure to mu-opioid analgesics produces unwanted side effects, including tolerance and physical dependence. delta-Opioid antagonists attenuate development of morphine tolerance and physical dependence. We recently reported that SoRI 9409, a mixed mu-agonist/delta-antagonist, produces antinociception with limited development of tolerance after repeated i.c.v. injections. The current studies report on a more complete characterization of the compound in male ICR mice. SoRI 9409 produced limited antinociceptive effects in the 55 degrees C tail-flick test and full agonist effects in the acetic acid writhing assay after i.c.v. or i.p. administration. Repeated i.p. administration of A(90) doses of SoRI 9409 did not produce tolerance. The agonist effects of the compound were preferentially blocked by the mu-selective antagonist beta-funaltrexamine. The kappa-antagonist nor-binaltorphimine produced partial antagonism, whereas the delta-antagonist naltrindole had no effect on SoRI 9409 antinociception. Intraperitoneal administration of SoRI 9409 preferentially antagonized the antinociceptive actions of the delta-2 agonist [D-Ala(2),Glu(4)]deltorphin over the delta-1 agonist cyclic[D-Pen(2),D-Pen(5)]-enkephalin and the mu-agonist [D-Ala(2),N-Me-Phe(4),Gly(5)-ol]-enkephalin. SoRI 9409 did not antagonize the antinociceptive effects of the kappa-agonist U69,593 (doses up to 60 mg/kg). SoRI 9409 (10 mg/kg i.p.) elicited much less vertical jumping than naloxone (10 mg/kg i.p.) in acute and chronic morphine dependence models. SoRI 9409 also suppressed withdrawal jumping when coadministered with naloxone. These studies indicate that SoRI 9409 acts primarily as a partial mu-agonist/delta-antagonist and supports the hypothesis that this type of compound may have a better therapeutic profile than currently available mu-agonists.
Codon optimization of xylanase gene xynB from the thermophilic bacterium Dictyoglomus thermophilum for expression in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (2000)

The catalytic domain of the xynB (xylanase) gene from the thermophilic bacterium Dictyoglomus thermophilum was reconstructed by PCR to match the codon preference of Trichoderma reesei. The 0.6-kb DNA fragment encoding the enzyme was first amplified b
Study of Human Calcitonin Fibrillation by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1995)

The fibrillation of human calcitonin (hCT) has been investigated by NMR in aqueous solution. The time course of proton one- and two-dimensional NMR spectra of hCT (80 mg/mL at pH 2.9) was measured during the fibrillation. It showed a gradual broadening of the peptide peaks, followed by a rapid broadening and subsequent disappearance of the peaks. The gradual broadening can be attributed to equilibrium between monomer and associated hCT, whereas the rapid broadening can be attributed to formation of aggregates and to gelation of the peptide solution. All the peptide peaks did not broaden and disappear simultaneously. Peaks of residues in the N-terminal (Cys1-Cys7) and central (Met 8-Pro23) regions broadened and disappeared faster during the gradual broadening than those in the C-terminal region (Gln24-Pro32). Moreover, in the N-terminal and central residues, peaks of Cys1, Leu4,9, Met 8, Tyr12, Asp15, and Phe16,19,22 disappeared faster than those of Asn3,17, Ser5, Cys7, Gln14, Lys18, and His20. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange of amide protons indicated the formation of hydrogen bonds caused by association of hCT molecules. The amphiphilicity of the peptide appears to be important for the hCT association.
Hierarchic Template Approach for Synthesis of Silica Nanocapsules with Tuned Shell Thickness (2011)

Abstract Nanoporous silica capsules with mesosized diameter (ca. 60 nm) were prepared by using polystyrene (PS) beads and polyethyleneimine (PEI) as the hierarchic core and shell templates, respectively. The coverage of PEI on the PS beads enhanced the positive charge density on the template surface and favored the formation of well-separated hollow spheres with diameters smaller than 100 nm. By tuning the PEI shell template layer on the solid PS bead templates at different pH values, the shell thickness of the hollow silica sphere could also be controlled at the nanometer level in the range 3–12 nm.
Bacterial Interference (1999)

Bacterial interactions, antagonistic and synergistic, help maintain the balance in the normal endogenous flora. The production of bacteriocins by microorganisms is one of the important mechanisms used for interference. The ability of various microorganisms to produce bacteriocins and exhibit interfering capability is detailed in the review. These organisms include Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The role of bacterial interference (BI) in clinical infections and the effect of this phenomenon on their eradication is detailed. The infections discussed include those of the upper respiratory (pharyngo-tonsillitis, otitis media), urogenital, and gastrointestinal tracts. The influence of antimicrobial agents on these organisms and their interactions with other bacteria are also described.
A novel photoactivatable cross‐linker for the functionally‐directed region‐specific fluorescent labeling of proteins (1992)

A cleavable cross-linking reagent, sulfosuccinimidyl-2(7-azido-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetamido)-ethyl-1,3'- dithiopropionate (SAED), was synthesized for the selective transfer of a coumarin fluorophore from a 'donor' protein to a position near the binding site of an interacting 'target' protein. SAED contains a terminal N-sulfosuccinimidyl ester for conjugation to the donor, a terminal photoactivatable azido-coumarin species for cross-linking with the interacting target, and a central disulfide spacer for the release of the labeled target after cleavage. To evaluate the effectiveness of this labeling reagent, soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) was derivatized (approximately 0.5 mol/mol) with SAED and then photolyzed in the presence of trypsin. A single fluorescent cross-linked species (6-7 mol% of total STI) was observed by SDS/PAGE and, after reductive cleavage, was shown to be a 1:1 STI-trypsin complex. This complex was not detected without photolysis or with an inactivated cross-linker. Importantly, complex formation was inhibited by an excess of unmodified STI and prevented by substitution of a non-interacting protein for trypsin. Cleavage of the cross-linked complex revealed that the trypsin, but not the STI, was fluorescent; the uncomplexed trypsin fraction remained unlabeled. These results demonstrated the specificity of the labeling of trypsin by fluorescent-transfer cross-linking with SAED. An efficiency of about 15% for this cross-linking mediated labeling of trypsin was calculated. The short cross-linking span of SAED (less than or equal to 1.8 nm) strictly limited the labeling to the vicinity of the contact region of trypsin with STI. Thus, this novel cross-linker permits the region-specific targeting of a fluorophore near a functionally important binding site.
Characterization of Rarobacter faecitabidus Protease I, a Yeast-Lytic Serine Protease Having Mannose-Binding Activity (1991)

Rarobacter faecitabidus protease I, a yeast-lytic serine protease, was characterized in order to elucidate the mechanism of lysis of yeast cells by this enzyme. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme was found to be homologous to those of Lysobacter enzymogenes alpha-lytic protease and Streptomyces griseus proteases A and B around the catalytic His residue, showing that it is a mammalian type serine protease. In a study of its substrate specificity, it preferentially hydrolyzed the ester of alanine among amino acid p-nitrophenylesters. It also efficiently hydrolyzed succinyl Ala-Pro-Ala p-nitroanilide, the specific synthetic substrate for pancreatic elastase. With oxidized insulin B-chain, it hydrolyzed almost exclusively the peptide bond between valine 18 and cysteic acid 19 in the early step of the reaction, and thereafter it partially hydrolyzed Val12-Glu13, Ala14-Leu15, and Leu15-Tyr16. These results indicate that Rarobacter protease I is elastase-like in its substrate specificity, preferentially hydrolyzing the peptide bond of aliphatic amino acids. Its affinity for yeast cells was also investigated, and while Rarobacter protease I was adsorbed by yeast cells, pancreatic elastase was not. This difference was thought to account for the failure of pancreatic elastase to lyse yeast cells, even though its specificity is similar to that of the yeast-lytic enzyme. Rarobacter protease I was adsorbed by a mannose-agarose column and specifically eluted from the column with a buffer containing D-mannose or D-glucose. These monosaccharides also inhibited its yeast-lytic activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)