gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bombesin and glucocorticoids stimulate human breast cancer cells to produce endothelin, a paracrine mitogen for breast stromal cells. (1992)

Human breast cancer cells have been recently reported to produce endothelin (ET) 1. To investigate the potential regulation of ET production in breast cancer cells, we have measured the release of ET-like immunoreactivity from the T47D cell line in response to various paracrine/endocrine factors. Bombesin (0.1 microM) and cortisol (1 microM) stimulated maximal respective increases in IR-ET release to 580 and 369% of basal values after 6 h. The responses to cortisol and bombesin were additive. The response to bombesin was dose dependent with a median effective dose around 1 nM and was inhibited by the receptor antagonist [Leu13-psi-CH2NH-Leu14]bombesin. Pretreatment of T47D cells with pertussis toxin had no effect on bombesin-induced inositol lipid hydrolysis but inhibited ET-like immunoreactivity release in response to bombesin in the presence of glucocorticoid, by 56%. ET-1 (10 nM) and insulin-like growth factor (10 ng/ml) stimulated modest separate increases in DNA synthesis in human breast fibroblasts of 35 and 71%, respectively, but together exhibited a strong synergistic response to 905% of control values. This in vitro study demonstrates the potential for bombesin and glucocorticoid to regulate ET production in human breast cancer cells, which may in turn have a paracrine influence on neighboring stromal cell function.
Human herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific CD8+ CTL clones recognize HSV-2-infected fibroblasts after treatment with IFN-γ or when virion host shutoff functions are disabled (1996)

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific CD8+ CTL cloned from individuals infected with HSV-2 efficiently lyse HSV-infected EBV-transformed B lymphoblastoid cells; however, these same CTL fail to lyse infected dermal fibroblasts. By 3 h after infection (early), class I MHC expression is reduced to less than 20% of that in uninfected fibroblasts, and expression is further reduced to less than 1% of the level in uninfected cells between 6 and 18 h after infection (late). We used an HSV-2 mutant that lacked the virion host shutoff (vhs) function to demonstrate that vhs plays a role in the loss of class I expression. While fibroblasts infected with this mutant are lysed by CTL that recognize virion proteins presented early as a consequence of introduction into the cytoplasm by the infecting virus, they are resistant to lysis by CTL that recognize viral proteins that must be synthesized de novo to be presented as class I Ags. Fibroblasts infected with a mutant that lacks the transporter-associated protein inhibitor ICP47 and is partially vhs defective are sensitive to CTL lysis. Pretreatment of fibroblasts with IFN-gamma prior to HSV infection sustained the level of class I expression for longer periods after infection, and these fibroblasts, infected with wild-type HSV-2, were partially sensitive to lysis by HSV-specific CTL. Taken together, these results suggest that the combined effects of the HSV-2 vhs and ICP47 gene products are to block Ag presentation by class I MHC. However, this effect can be transiently counteracted by IFN-gamma providing an early role for CD8+ CTL in the cellular immune response to HSV-2.
The Sound Pattern of English (1968)

Since this classic work in phonology was published in 1968, there has been no other book that gives as broad a view of the subject, combining generally applicable theoretical contributions with analysis of the details of a single language. The theoretical issues raised in The Sound Pattern of English continue to be critical to current phonology, and in many instances the solutions proposed by Chomsky and Halle have yet to be improved upon.Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle are Institute Professors of Linguistics and Philosophy at MIT.
Plasma Wave Electronics (2003)

Plasma waves are oscillations of electron density in time and space. In deep submicron field effect transistors plasma wave frequencies lie in the terahertz range and can be tuned by applied gate bias. Since the plasma wave frequency is much larger that the inverse electron transit time in the device, it is easier to reach "ballistic" regimes for plasma waves than for electrons moving with drift velocities. In the ballistic regime, no collisions of electrons with impurities or lattice vibrations occur on a time scale on the order of the plasma oscillation period, and the device channel acts as a resonant cavity for the plasma waves, making possible tunable resonant detection or even emission of the electromagnetic radiation in the terahertz range. We review the theory of plasma waves in field effect transistors; discuss instabilities of these waves in different device structures and their applications for detection and generation of the terahertz radiation.
[Current developments in biostatistics]. (1996)

Recent developments in biostatistics in three key areas: survival analysis of censured data, generalised linear models for correlated data, Bayesian modelling of complex data, are presented. Particular emphasis is placed upon illustrating common trends in these areas, in particular advances in computer intensive methods, the development of unifying modelling structures and the increasing variety of complex biomedical problems which can be realistically analysed.
<title>Three-dimensional fabrication and observation of microstructures using two-photon absorption and fluorescence</title> (2000)

We have presented a method to fabricate and image 3D microstructure by using two-photon absorption and imaging with sub-micron resolution capability. This method is based on two-photon-induced absorption and fluorescence into a photopolymerizable resin which is stained with a fluorescent dye, and is able to produce complex microstructuring such as boxes, gear, tubes and icosahedron.
A biotinidase Km variant causing late onset bilateral optic neuropathy. (1992)

A patient with a newly recognised variant of biotinidase deficiency presented with acute loss of vision at the age of 10 years. Progressive bilateral optic neuropathy, spastic paraparesis, and a predominantly motor type neuropathy developed over the next five years. Metabolic investigations revealed biotin depletion causing multiple carboxylase deficiency. The basic defect was a biotin recycling disorder due to a mutant biotinidase with residual activity of 4.4% assayed routinely. Biocytin excretion in urine was only slightly increased. Further investigations on plasma biotinidase revealed biphasic kinetics with two different reduced values for maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) and two for the Michaelis constant (Km), one being almost normal and the other considerably raised. In contrast to this patient, two age matched children with partial biotinidase deficiency (2.8% and 2.9% of normal), but with a normal Km for biocytin, remained asymptomatic. After six months of oral substitution with 10 mg biotin per day the coecocentral and peripheral scotomata regressed, the pyramidal signs in the lower limbs disappeared, and further progression of the motor neuropathy arrested. We conclude that the differential diagnosis of unexplained bilateral optic neuropathy of juvenile onset, particularly when associated with upper and lower motor neuron disease, should include biotinidase deficiency.
XENOGRAFTS OF RAT ISLETS INTO DIABETIC MICE (1992)

Healthy rat islets were encapsulated in alginate-polylysine-alginate capsules measuring 0.25-0.35 mm in diameter using a modified encapsulation technique. The encapsulated islets were transplanted intraperitoneally in nonimmunosuppressed streptozotocin-induced diabetic BALB/c mice. The diabetic condition of the experimental animals was reversed within two days following the transplantation and the animals remained normoglycemic for up to 308 days, with a mean xenograft survival of 219.8 +/- 46.2 days. Four and six months posttransplant the capsules were removed from two recipients. This resulted in regression to a hyperglycemic state. After a second transplant of encapsulated islets, the animals returned to normoglycemia. In control mice that received free unencapsulated islets, the xenografts remained functional for no more than 12 days. Our study clearly demonstrates that the encapsulation of islets in the new smaller capsules can effectively prolong xenograft survival without immunosuppression.
Inhibition of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Is Effective in the Treatment of Experimental Crescentic Glomerulonephritis and Suppresses Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 but Not IL-1β or IL-6 (2007)

Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is known to be important in cytokine production and cell survival in inflammation. This study examined the effect of inhibiting p38 MAPK after onset of renal injury in an experimental model of crescentic glomerulonephritis. Furthermore, this study investigated whether p38 MAPK inhibition would cause widespread suppression of the cytokine network in vivo or uncontrolled apoptosis. In the in vivo studies, daily treatment with a p38 MAPKalpha/beta inhibitor was started 1 h (early treatment study) or 4 d (late treatment study) after induction of nephrotoxic nephritis in Wistar Kyoto rats. The treated rats remained healthy with normal weight gain during the study. Both early and late treatment with p38 MAPK inhibitor reduced renal monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels, the number of glomerular macrophages, the severity of tissue injury, and proteinuria compared with the vehicle group. Unexpected, treatment with p38 MAPK inhibitor did not suppress renal levels of IL-1beta or IL-6. In the in vitro study, the p38 MAPKalpha/beta inhibitor reduced production of MCP-1 and IL-6 by TNF-alpha-or IL-1beta-stimulated mesangial cells without any effect on cell viability or apoptosis. In conclusion, p38 MAPK inhibition is effective in reducing the severity of crescentic glomerulonephritis even when treatment is started after onset of disease. The therapeutic effect is associated with selective suppression of MCP-1, without widespread suppression of cytokine production or increased apoptosis. Therefore, p38 MAPK therapeutic blockade is a promising strategy in the treatment of antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis.
Synthesis and antitumor and antiviral properties of 5-halo- and 5-(trifluoromethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphates and neutral triesters (1986)

The title diesters (11-15; halo substituents F, Cl, Br, I) were prepared by DCC-induced cyclization of the precursor 5'-monophosphate or direct halogenation of the 2'-deoxyuridine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. Antitumor activities of 11-15 in cell systems (L1210 and Raji/0) were compared to those of the corresponding nucleosides and 5'-monophosphates. Thus, the 5-F- and 5-CF3-2'-deoxyuridines proved to be highly active derivatives [ID50 values (microgram/mL) for L1210, 0.002 and 0.06, respectively], with the 5'-monophosphates showing comparable potencies. The corresponding 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate diesters were 20-30 times less potent but nonetheless highly cytostatic. All derivatives including 11-15 had greatly increased ID50 values for the thymidine kinase deficient (TK-) L1210 and Raji cells. The 3',5'-cyclic diesters (11-15) evidently are not efficient prodrug sources of the nucleoside 5'-monophosphates in TK- cells. They also proved to be 100- to 2000-fold less efficient inhibitors of L1210 thymidylate synthetase than were the 5'-monophosphates. The 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines and their 5'-monophosphates were potent inhibitors of herpes simplex virus (MIC50 mostly 0.07-10 micrograms/mL) and vaccinia virus (MIC50 0.07-0.2 microgram/mL), with antiviral activity decreasing in the order 5-I, 5-Br greater than 5-CF3 greater than 5-Cl greater than 5-F. The 3',5'-cyclic monophosphates (11-15) were for the most part 10- to 40-fold less active than the 5'-monophosphates in the virus assay systems (e.g., MIC50 for the 5-Br and 5-I derivatives ranged 1-20 micrograms/mL). By contrast 11-15 were considerably more potent inhibitors of vaccinia virus growth (MIC50 0.4-2 micrograms/mL). As the neutral 3',5'-cyclic methyl phosphate triesters (16-18), the 5-I and 5-Br compounds were less potent in antiviral and cytostatic agents than the 3',5'-cyclic diesters, while the 5-iodo benzyl triester was in several cases as active as the 3',5'-cyclic diester. The title compounds (11-15) appear to require extracellular hydrolysis to the nucleoside before functioning as antitumor or antiviral agents.
Chiral Bisphosphine BINAP-Stabilized Gold and Palladium Nanoparticles with Small Size and Their Palladium Nanoparticle-Catalyzed Asymmetric Reaction (2003)

The reduction of tetrachloroaurate or potassium tetrachloropalladate with sodium borohydride in the presence of optically active 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl [BINAP] gave the chiral (S)- or (R)-BINAP-stabilized gold or palladium nanoparticles which showed the small core (1.7 nm for BINAP-Au and 2.0 nm for BINAP-Pd) with narrow size distribution and remarkably high stability. Asymmetric hydrosilylation of styrene with trichlorosilane in the presence of chiral BINAP-Pd nanoparticles afforded an optically active 1-phenyl-1-trichlorosilylethane which was converted into an optically active 1-phenylethanol (95% enantiomeric excess) by oxidative cleavage of the carbon-silicon bond.
Treatment of advanced dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans with imatinib mesylate with or without surgical resection (2010)

We have confirmed the profound anti-tumour effect of imatinib in DFSP harbouring t(17;22) with long-term responses. Imatinib therapy may in some cases lead to tumour resectability of lesser disfiguration.
Microtubule‐associated protein 2 (MAP2) in Purkinje cell dendrites: Evidence that factors other than binding to microtubules are involved in determining its cytoplasmic distribution (1990)

We have studied the distribution of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) in the Purkinje cell dendrites of rats whose cerebella were exposed to X-irradiation during the second postnatal week. The Purkinje cells of such animals have abnormally elongated apical primary processes that branch in the other molecular layer rather than close to the cell body as in normal tissue. The results show that in these distorted dendrites the MAP2 distribution is "shifted" distally relative to the normal pattern, in which MAP2 is distributed evenly throughout the dendritic tree. Tubulin and other microtubule-associated proteins, such as MAP1, are not affected and remain evenly distributed throughout the dendritic tree despite the anatomical distortion. We conclude that the distribution of MAP2 in Purkinje cells is not determined solely by its binding to tubulin. Other factors must be involved and these appear to be related to dendritic morphology and possibly to branching.
Comparison of Process Parameters for Microencapsulation of Plasmid DNA in Poly(D,L-Lactic-co-Glycolic) Acid Microspheres (1999)

Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres containing plasmid DNA encoding the firefly luciferase gene were prepared using the water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsion and solvent evaporation method. In this study, we investigated the effects of three process parameters on DNA microencapsulation: (1) emulsification method used to generate the primary emulsion, (2) water/oil ratio during formation of the first emulsion, and (3) surfactant concentration used in the preparation of the second emulsion. The resulting formulations were also analyzed for microsphere size, encapsulation efficiency, and kinetics of DNA release. We found that although each process alteration resulted in encapsulation of biologically active, structurally intact DNA, the surfactant and water/oil ratio significantly affected the size, release kinetics and encapsulation efficiency of plasmid DNA.
Clinical development of MVA-based therapeutic cancer vaccines (2008)

Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) have been formulated into vaccines that, combined with adjuvants, cytokines or other strategies to boost the immune response, are now in clinical development. Both humoral and cellular immune responses to TAAs have been generated using these vaccines. This approach relies on the patient's own immune system generating an effective anti-tumor immune response. The advantage of this over therapy with monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of cancer is that multiple antigenic epitopes can be involved and the immune system is able to adapt to the most effective antigenic specificity for tumor growth control and rejection. In this article, we describe the clinical use of vaccinia virus, in particular modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), to express TAAs in vivo and to stimulate an effective immune response to the cancer antigens.
DNA Extraction Method for Screening Yeast Clones by PCR (2000)

A simple procedure for isolating yeast DNA suitable for use as a template for PCR amplification is described. SDS treatment alone is sufficient for extraction of chromosomal DNA from yeast cells. Cells of a yeast colony are suspended in a small volume (about 20 microL) of a 0.25% SDS solution, mixed vigorously and centrifuged. The supernatant can be directly used as a template after dilution to give an SDS concentration of less than 0.01% in the final PCR mixture.
Introduction to the Theory of Ferromagnetism (1997)

1.: Introduction. 2.: Molecular field approximation. 3.: The Heisenberg Hamiltonian. 4.: Magnetization vs. temperature. 5.: Anisotropy and time effects. 6.: Another energy term. 7.: Basic micromagnetics. 8.: Energy minimization. 9.: The nucleation problem. 10.: Analytic micromagnetics. 11.: Numerical micromagnetics. References. Index
Portraits of breast cancer progression (2007)

We confirm that the cancer phenotype can be identified in early stage because the genes altered in this stage progressively alter further as the disease progresses through DCIS into IDC. We identify six subtypes of disease which have distinct genetic signatures and remain separated in the clustering hierarchy. Our findings suggest that the heterogeneity of disease across subtypes is higher than the heterogeneity of the disease progression within a subtype, indicating that the subtypes are in fact distinct diseases.
Thin aerogel films for optical, thermal, acoustic, and electronic applications (1994)

Aerogels are a special class of continuously porous solid materials which are characterized by nanometer size particles and pores. Typically, aerogels are made using sol-gel chemistry to form a solvent filled, high porosity gel that is dried by removing the solvent without collapsing the tenuous solid phase. As bulk materials, aerogels are known to have many exceptional, and even some unique physical properties. Aerogels provide the highest thermal insulation and lowest dielectric constant of any other material known. However, some important applications require the aerogels in the form of thin films or sheets. For example, electronic applications require micrometer thin aerogel films bonded to a substrate, and others require thicker films, either on a substrate or as free standing sheets. Special methods are required to make aerogel thin films or sheets. In this paper, the authors discuss the special conditions needed to fabricate thin aerogel films and they describe methods to make films and thin sheets. They also give some specific applications for which aerogel films are being developed.
Swift: a storage architecture for large objects (2002)

The authors describe an input/output architecture called Swift that addresses the problem of storing and retrieving very large data objects from slow secondary storage at very high data rates. Swift addresses the problem of providing data rates required by digital video by exploiting the available interconnection capacity and by using several slower storage devices in parallel. Two studies have been performed to validate the Swift architecture: a simulation study and an Ethernet-based, proof-of-concept implementation. Both studies indicate that the aggregation principle proposed in Swift can yield very high data-rates.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Gene therapy via primary myoblasts: long-term expression of factor IX protein following transplantation in vivo. (1992)

We have explored the use of primary myoblasts as a somatic tissue for gene therapy of acquired and inherited diseases where systemic delivery of a gene product may have therapeutic effects. Mouse primary myoblasts were infected with replication-defective retroviruses expressing canine factor IX cDNA under the control of a mouse muscle creatine kinase enhancer and human cytomegalovirus promoter. The infected myoblasts were injected into the hindlegs of recipient mice and levels of secreted factor IX protein were monitored in the plasma. We report sustained expression of factor IX protein for over 6 months without any apparent adverse effect on the recipient mice.
Uptake of Protein by Mammalian Cells: An Underdeveloped Area (1968)

Although it is accepted on the basis of biological and morphological evidence that mammalian cells will take up macromolecules, little is known about the kinetics, the specificity, and the functions of this uptake. With labeled proteins used as models, it is found that the transport proceeds at very low rates, requires little energy, and is markedly enhanced by polybasic compounds. Molecular charge and size are important factors: cells clearly favor cationic macromolecules of large molecular weights. Neither factor, however, can fully account for the selectivity detected in the uptake of different proteins. Ingested albumin undergoes rapid and extensive degradation. This fact suggests that macromolecules have only a limited chance to express their biological activity in target cells, a finding that is relevant also to the role of foreign nucleic acids and the possibility of achieving genetic transformation in animal cells. There are concrete indications, however, that in spite of their short half-life, proteins can act as carriers, as precursors of active agents, and as regulators of metabolic functions in host cells. They may also be important in the control of growth and differentiation. These functions of exogenous proteins are still largely unexplored.
Metal Chlorides in Ionic Liquid Solvents Convert Sugars to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (2007)

Replacing petroleum feedstocks by biomass requires efficient methods to convert carbohydrates to a variety of chemical compounds. We report the catalytic conversion of sugars giving high yield to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a versatile intermediate. Metal halides in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride are catalysts, among which chromium (II) chloride is found to be uniquely effective, leading to the conversion of glucose to HMF with a yield near 70%. A wide range of metal halides is found to catalyze the conversion of fructose to HMF. Only a negligible amount of levulinic acid is formed in these reactions.
Interpretable VAEs for nonlinear group factor analysis (2018)

Deep generative models have recently yielded encouraging results in producing subjectively realistic samples of complex data. Far less attention has been paid to making these generative models interpretable. In many scenarios, ranging from scientific applications to finance, the observed variables have a natural grouping. It is often of interest to understand systems of interaction amongst these groups, and latent factor models (LFMs) are an attractive approach. However, traditional LFMs are limited by assuming a linear correlation structure. We present an output interpretable VAE (oi-VAE) for grouped data that models complex, nonlinear latent-to-observed relationships. We combine a structured VAE comprised of group-specific generators with a sparsity-inducing prior. We demonstrate that oi-VAE yields meaningful notions of interpretability in the analysis of motion capture and MEG data. We further show that in these situations, the regularization inherent to oi-VAE can actually lead to improved generalization and learned generative processes.