gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Production, Origin and Role of Dehydroepiandrosterone and Δ5-Androstenediol as Androgen Prehormones in Hirsute Women1 (1973)

Blood production rates (PB) of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and Δ5-androstenediol (Δ5-diol) were measured in a group of 22 women with hirsutism. The PBDHEA averaged 14.9 mg/day (2½ times normal), and was reflected by differences in plasma DHEA concentrations, when compared with normal women. PBΔ5-diol in the hirsute women averaged 1.27 mg/day and was also 2½-fold elevated; however, since the metabolic clearance rates of Δ5-diol were 2-fold elevated, the plasma Δ5-diol levels in the hirsute group were only slightly high when compared with normal women. The peripheral metabolism of DHEA was investigated by determining its blood transfer constants (ρ) to Δ5-diol, androstenedione (Δ4-dione) and testosterone (T). Circulating DHEA accounted for 1/3 of the total Δ5-diol produced in normal women, and for ½ of the Δ5-diol produced in the hirsute group. DHEA accounted for 6–7% of Δ4-dione in both normal and hirsute women. The ρBBDHEA→T averaged 0.4% in normal women and 0.6% in hirsute women, thus accounting for only 82 μg/day or 8% of the total testosterone production in the latter group. Androstenediol metabolism was similiarly examined by measuring its ρ constants to DHEA, Δ4-dione and T. The ρBBΔ5-dilol→T was 0.023 in normal women, and 0.011 in hirsute women, accounting for only 12–14 Mg of PBT in both groups. Thus, neither DHEA nor Δ5-diol were significant prehormones of testosterone in normal or hirsute women. Adrenal vein catheterizations revealed DHEA concentrations that were 110 times greater than peripheral blood, whereas ovarian venous effluents contained 6-fold gradients of DHEA. Thus, DHEA overproduction in hirsute women was largely adrenal in origin. Androstenediol gradients were noted in ovarian venous samples in 4 of 5 hirsute women.
Staphylococcus epidermidis: Emerging Resistance and Need for Alternative Agents (1998)

Previously, Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from the blood of hospitalized patients were often considered contaminants. Now, coagulase-negative staphylococci are among the leading causes of nosocomial blood infections. Multidrug resistance could predict a true nosocomial infection rather than a blood culture contaminant. Recent studies indicated the emergence of resistance to the quinolones, particularly to ciprofloxacin. Tolerance and occasional resistance to vancomycin have been reported recently. In addition, several reports indicated that vancomycin and other glycopeptide antibiotics lose their effectiveness against S. epidermidis organisms embedded in the biofilm environment on the surface of medical devices. Alternative agents have been proposed in the prevention and treatment of device-related and glycopeptide-tolerant S. epidermidis infections. These agents include minocycline, rifampin, and, more recently, quinupristin/dalfopristin and the oxazolidinones.
Capacity theorems for the relay channel (1979)

A relay channel consists of an input <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x_{l}</tex> , a relay output <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y_{1}</tex> , a channel output <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</tex> , and a relay sender <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x_{2}</tex> (whose transmission is allowed to depend on the past symbols <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y_{1}</tex> . The dependence of the received symbols upon the inputs is given by <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p(y,y_{1}|x_{1},x_{2})</tex> . The channel is assumed to be memoryless. In this paper the following capacity theorems are proved. 1)If <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</tex> is a degraded form of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y_{1}</tex> , then <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C \: = \: \max \!_{p(x_{1},x_{2})} \min \,{I(X_{1},X_{2};Y), I(X_{1}; Y_{1}|X_{2})}</tex> . 2)If <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y_{1}</tex> is a degraded form of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</tex> , then <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C \: = \: \max \!_{p(x_{1})} \max_{x_{2}} I(X_{1};Y|x_{2})</tex> . 3)If <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p(y,y_{1}|x_{1},x_{2})</tex> is an arbitrary relay channel with feedback from <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(y,y_{1})</tex> to both <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x_{1} \and x_{2}</tex> , then <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C\: = \: \max_{p(x_{1},x_{2})} \min \,{I(X_{1},X_{2};Y),I \,(X_{1};Y,Y_{1}|X_{2})}</tex> . 4)For a general relay channel, <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C \: \leq \: \max_{p(x_{1},x_{2})} \min \,{I \,(X_{1}, X_{2};Y),I(X_{1};Y,Y_{1}|X_{2})</tex> . Superposition block Markov encoding is used to show achievability of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C</tex> , and converses are established. The capacities of the Gaussian relay channel and certain discrete relay channels are evaluated. Finally, an achievable lower bound to the capacity of the general relay channel is established.
Labeled optical burst switching for IP-over-WDM integration (2000)

The rapid pace of development in both Internet applications and emerging optical technologies is bringing about fundamental changes in networking philosophies. Key trends are the emergence of dynamic wavelength provisioning and a corresponding reduction in wavelength provisioning timescales. As this transition continues, the current use of the wavelength-routing paradigm for carrying bursty Internet traffic will likely suffer from various shortcomings associated with circuit-switched networks. Meanwhile, optical packet switching technology is still facing significant cost and technological hurdles. Optical burst switching, or OBS, which represents a balance between circuit and packet switching, has opened up some exciting new dimensions in optical networking. This article describes the OBS paradigm, and also proposes the use of labeled OBS, or LOBS, as a natural control and provisioning solution under the ubiquitous IP multiprotocol label switching framework.
Recognition of Seven Base Pair Sequences in the Minor Groove of DNA by Ten-Ring Pyrrole−Imidazole Polyamide Hairpins (1997)

A new upper limit of binding site size is defined for the hairpin polyamide-DNA motif. Ten-ring hairpin polyamides containing pyrrole (Py) and imidazole (Im) amino acids were designed for recognition of seven base pair (bp) sequences in the minor groove of DNA. The DNA binding properties of two polyamides, ImPyPyPyPy-γ-ImPyPyPyPy-β-Dp, and ImImPyPyPy-γ-ImPyPyPyPy-β-Dp were analyzed by footprinting and affinity cleavage on a DNA fragment containing the respective match sites 5‘-TGTAACA-3‘ and 5‘-TGGAACA-3‘. Quantitative footprint titrations demonstrate that ImPyPyPyPy-γ-ImPyPyPyPy-β-Dp binds the 7-bp match sequence 5‘-TGTAACA-3‘ with an equilibrium association constant (Ka) of Ka = 1.2 × 1010 M-1 and 18-fold specificity versus the single base pair mismatch sequence 5‘-TGGAACA-3‘. ImImPyPyPy-γ-ImPyPyPyPy-β-Dp differs from ImPyPyPyPy-γ-ImPyPyPyPy-β-Dp by a single amino acid substitution and binds its match 5‘-TGGAACA-3‘ site with Ka = 3.6 × 109 M-1 and 300-fold specificity versus its corresponding single base pair mismatch sequence 5‘-TGTAACA-3‘. Ten-ring hairpin polyamides have binding affinities similar to those of eight-ring hairpin polyamides. These results indicate that the affinity of hairpin binding ceases to increase as the length of the polyamide subunits increases beyond four rings, analogous to the behavior of unlinked subunits. Therefore, recognition of seven base pairs by a ten-ring hairpin polyamide most likely represents an upper limit to the effective targetable site size of the hairpin polyamide-DNA motif.
The Relationship between Intracellular Free Iron and Cell Injury in Cultured Neurons, Astrocytes, and Oligodendrocytes (2002)

Iron is an essential element for cells but may also be an important cytotoxin. However, very little is known about iron transport, redox status, or toxicity specifically inside cells. In this study, we exploited the sensitivity of fura-2 to quenching by ferrous iron (Fe(2+)) to detect intracellular free iron ([Fe(2+)](i)) in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in primary culture. All cell types exposed to Fe(2+) in the presence of the ionophore pyrithione rapidly accumulated Fe(2+) to a similar extent. The heavy-metal chelators bipyridyl and N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridalmethyl)ethyl-enediamine rapidly reversed the increase in [Fe(2+)](i), whereas desferrioxamine had little effect. Interestingly, the Fe(2+)-mediated quenching of fura-2 fluorescence was reversed in a concentration-dependent manner by hydrogen peroxide. This was likely caused by the oxidation of Fe(2+) to Fe(3+) inside the cell. Acute exposure of cells to Fe(2+) was only toxic when the metal was applied together with pyrithione, showing that Fe(2+) is only toxic when elevated inside cells. Interestingly, only neurons and oligodendrocytes were injured by this elevation in [Fe(2+)](i), whereas astrocytes were unaffected, although [Fe(2+)](i) was elevated to the same degree in each cell type. These studies provide a novel approach for detecting [Fe(2+)](i) in a manner sensitive to the redox state of the metal. These studies also provide a model system for the study of the toxic consequences of elevated [Fe(2+)](i) in neural cells.
Amino Terminal Cu(II)- and Ni(II)-Binding (ATCUN) Motif of Proteins and Peptides:  Metal Binding, DNA Cleavage, and Other Properties (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAmino Terminal Cu(II)- and Ni(II)-Binding (ATCUN) Motif of Proteins and Peptides: Metal Binding, DNA Cleavage, and Other Properties†Catherine Harford and Bibudhendra SarkarView Author Information Department of Biochemistry Research, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada Cite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 3, 123–130Publication Date (Web):March 13, 1997Publication History Received7 May 1996Published online13 March 1997Published inissue 1 March 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar9501535https://doi.org/10.1021/ar9501535research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5628Altmetric-Citations432LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Crystal cleavage,Genetics,Monomers,Nitrogen,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
The complete amino acid sequence of a mouse ϰ light chain (1972)

The complete amino acid sequence of the kappa-chain of the mouse myeloma protein MOPC 21 was established. The protein was reduced and alkylated with iodo[2-(14)C]acetic acid, and 21 tryptic peptides were isolated, mainly by paper electrophoresis and paper chromatography. Three large tryptic peptides (of 35, 36 and 42 residues), which were difficult to isolate in this manner, were obtained pure and in excellent yields by a combination of Sephadex G-50 gel filtration in 1% (w/v) NH(4)HCO(3) and chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column in ammonium acetate buffer, pH8.1. Peptides overlapping the tryptic peptides were isolated from a chymotryptic digest. The chain is 214 residues long. Microheterogeneity of two peptides was observed and is believed to be due to deamidation. It was not excluded that such deamidation could occur in serum from which the protein was isolated. The sequence is compared with the sequences of two other mouse kappa-chains, and with the human kappa-chain basic sequences.
New frontiers of application design (2002)

Applying the lessons learned from wearable and context-aware computers.
Supramolecular assemblies built with host-stabilized charge-transfer interactions (2006)

Host-stabilized charge-transfer (CT) interactions and supramolecular assemblies built with these interactions are described. A variety of supramolecular assemblies including polyrotaxanes, molecular necklaces, and rotaxane dendrimers were synthesized through the intramolecular or intermolecular host-stabilized CT complex formation using cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) and D-A molecules having both electron-donor and electron-acceptor units connected by various types of linkers. Applications, including the design and synthesis of redox-driven molecular machines such as molecular loop locks, development of redox-controllable vesicles and detection of biologically important molecules, are also described.
Customer management and the Eurocypher conditional access system at British Satellite Broadcasting (1990)

British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB) has been the first company in Europe to implement direct broadcasting by satellite, using a high powered signal from their Satellite Marcopolo 1. The authors examine BSB's customer management system (CMS) and also BSB's use of General Instrument's Eurocypher Systems which provide conditional access to receivers in the UK. They concentrate on the CMS from the perspective of managing customers and the interface to Eurocypher Systems. They also examine the subscriber authorisation system (SAS), the programme control system (PCS), and the uplink encoder controller (UEC) in more detail. >
Reliable, Sensitive, Rapid and Quantitative Enzyme-Based Assay for Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) (2004)

Several assays for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (4-hydroxybutyrate, GHB) have been developed based on the enzyme gamma-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (GHB-DH). Enzymatic oxidation of GHB by NAD+ is coupled to diaphorase-mediated reduction of pro-dye to yield colored product. GHB-DH from Ralstonia eutropha was cloned and expressed as a stable fusion protein easily purified by affinity chromatography. Quantitative initial velocity and endpoint versions of the assay in solution are described. Michaelis-Menten parameters for oxidation of GHB and ethanol were estimated. A semi-quantitative "dipstick" version of the assay on paper also is described. Both solution endpoint and "dipstick" assays are sensitive to about 0.05 mg GHB/mL using 10 microL of sample. Ethanol at concentrations possible in urine and agents used to stabilize physiological fluids for forensics analysis do not interfere significantly. The "dipstick" assay also allows detection of GHB in alcoholic beverages after evaporation of about one-fourth drop of beverage before testing. The enzymatic assay for GHB is reliable, sensitive, inexpensive and rapid.
Comparative Analysis of Value of Travel Time Savings between Japan and Germany (2007)

This paper compares the resource allocation with the activity diary data of Tokyo, Japan and Karlsruhe, Germany. First, we compare the time and money budget allocation between two cities. The analysis shows that the people in Tokyo prefer engaging in the out-of-home leisure on a non-work day to the people in Karlsruhe. Then, we analyze the values of travel time saving (VTTS) in private travel for leisure in the two cities. The analysis results show that the ratio of VTTS to average wage rate is two to five in Tokyo whereas the ratio is almost onein Karlsruhe. These differences may reflect the preference in leisure activities, leisure facilities and transportation facilities of the two cities.
Mechanisms of seizure control mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid: role of the substantia nigra. (1985)

The substantia nigra has been identified as a critical site at which gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist drugs act to reduce susceptibility to a number of types of experimentally induced generalized seizures. Moreover, the ability of systemically administered GABA-elevating agents to protect against maximal electroshock seizures is directly correlated with an increase in GABA specifically in the nerve-terminal compartment of substantia nigra. The significance of these findings is discussed in terms of the role of specific nigral synapses for the control of seizure propagation. Evidence from lesion studies, as well as studies with opiates and substance P analogs, further supports the hypothesis that Inhibition of nigral efferents reduces susceptibility to generalized seizures. Inhibition of nigral outflow causes a decreased sensitivity to chemoconvulsants without precluding the animal's ability to exhibit any or all of the motor components of a seizure. We therefore propose that nigral outputs are capable of facilitating seizure propagation and can function as a gating mechanism for the generalization of convulsive activity.
Derepression of the Her-2 uORF is mediated by a novel post-transcriptional control mechanism in cancer cells (2006)

Transcripts harboring 5' upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are often found in genes controlling cell growth including receptors, oncogenes, or growth factors. uORFs can modulate translation or RNA stability and mediate inefficient translation of these potent proteins under normal conditions. In dysregulated cancer cells, where the gene product, for example Her-2 receptor, is overexpressed, post-transcriptional processes must exist that serve to override the inhibitory effects of the uORFs. The 5' untranslated region (UTR) of Her-2 mRNA contains a short uORF that represses translation of the downstream coding region. We demonstrate that in Her-2 overexpressing breast cancer cells, the 3' UTR of the Her-2 mRNA can override translational inhibition mediated by the Her-2 uORF. Within this 3' UTR, a translational derepression element (TDE) that binds to a 38-kDa protein was identified. These results define a novel biological mechanism in which translational control of genes harboring a 5' uORF can be modulated by elements in their 3' UTRs.
High-Throughput Structural Biology in Drug Discovery: Protein Kinases (2004)

Structural biology is an invaluable tool in modern drug discovery, providing key insights into the interactions of small-molecule drugs with their protein targets. As in many aspects of the drug discovery process, significant synergies can be realized in structural biology by the contemporaneous pursuit of many target proteins from a single structural and functional class. We will review some of those synergies here using the example of the protein kinases--an important class of drug targets that has recently been the subject of intensive study. We conclude by discussing some of the technical advances in X-ray crystallography that have enabled implementation of high-throughput structural biology as applied to drug lead optimization.
Rapid Single-Tube Screening of the C282Y Hemochromatosis Mutation by Real-Time Multiplex Allele-specific PCR without Fluorescent Probes (2000)

This homogeneous assay is rapid, reproducible, does not require fluorescent oligonucleotide probes, and correctly identifies HFE genotypes.
Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Testing in Adults With HIV Infection (1998)

Plasma HIV RNA level and CD4+ cell count are the primary values that should be used to guide the initiation of antiretroviral therapy and subsequent changes in therapy. Possible causes of treatment failure other than development of drug resistance that should be considered are adherence, drug potency, and pharmacokinetic issues. Genotypic and phenotypic testing for HIV resistance to antiretroviral drugs may prove useful for individual patient management. Assays under development need validation, standardization, and a clearer definition of their clinical roles. Possible current roles of resistance testing for choosing an initial regimen or changing antiretroviral therapy, as well as possible implications of the presence or absence of phenotypic resistance and genotypic changes, are discussed.
Surfactant Protein D Is Present in Human Tear Fluid and the Cornea and Inhibits Epithelial Cell Invasion byPseudomonas aeruginosa (2005)

We have previously shown that human tear fluid protects corneal epithelial cells against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo and that protection does not depend upon tear bacteriostatic activity. We sought to identify the responsible tear component(s). The hypothesis tested was that collectins (collagenous calcium-dependent lectins) were involved. Reflex tear fluid was collected from healthy human subjects and examined for collectin content by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot with antibody against surfactant protein D (SP-D), SP-A, or mannose-binding lectin (MBL). SP-D, but not SP-A or MBL, was detected by ELISA of human reflex tear fluid. Western blot analysis of whole tears and of high-performance liquid chromatography tear fractions confirmed the presence of SP-D, most of which eluted in the same fraction as immunoglobulin A. SP-D tear concentrations were calculated at approximately 2 to 5 microg/ml. Depletion of SP-D with mannan-conjugated Sepharose or anti-SP-D antibody reduced the protective effect of tears against P. aeruginosa invasion. Recombinant human or mouse SP-D used alone reduced P. aeruginosa invasion of epithelial cells without detectable bacteriostatic activity or bacterial aggregation. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed SP-D antibody labeling throughout the corneal epithelium of normal, but not gene-targeted SP-D knockout mice. SP-D was also detected in vitro in cultured human and mouse corneal epithelial cells. In conclusion, SP-D is present in human tear fluid and in human and mouse corneal epithelia. SP-D is involved in human tear fluid protection against P. aeruginosa invasion. Whether SP-D plays other roles in the regulation of other innate or adaptive immune responses at the ocular surface, as it does in the airways, remains to be explored.