gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The epidemiology of and risk factors for invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections in western Sweden (2006)

We conducted a prospective study of all cases of invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections (ISA) in the catchment area of Skaraborg Hospital (population 255,109) in western Sweden from March 2003 to February 2005. The annual incidence was 33.9 cases/100,000 population. Of these, 49% were classified as community-acquired, 32% as nosocomial and 19% as health care-associated. The mean age was 65 y. We registered children (age < or = 18 y) in 13 episodes. The most common predisposing illnesses/conditions were persons undergoing haemodialysis (relative risk 291), peritoneal dialysis (relative risk 204), persons with rheumatoid arthritis (relative risk 9), diabetes mellitus (relative risk 8), and cancer (relative risk 7). The patients were treated at various departments; only 18% of the episodes were primarily cared for at a department of infectious diseases. The most common diagnosis was soft tissue infection (27% of the episodes), bacteraemia without focus (19%), arthritis (15%), and line-associated infection (14%). A total of 197 invasive isolates was obtained, the vast majority from blood, in 141 of 170 episodes. We documented the wide spectrum of signs and symptoms. One- quarter of the patients had no history of fever, and one-third of the bacteraemia patients had normal white blood cell count (<10 x 10(9)/l) at presentation. All cases were of MSSA (methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus).
Dramatically reduced spliceosome in Cyanidioschyzon merolae (2015)

The human spliceosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex that catalyzes pre-mRNA splicing. It consists of five snRNAs and more than 200 proteins. Because of this complexity, much work has focused on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae spliceosome, viewed as a highly simplified system with fewer than half as many splicing factors as humans. Nevertheless, it has been difficult to ascribe a mechanistic function to individual splicing factors or even to discern which are critical for catalyzing the splicing reaction. We have identified and characterized the splicing machinery from the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, which has been reported to harbor only 26 intron-containing genes. The U2, U4, U5, and U6 snRNAs contain expected conserved sequences and have the ability to adopt secondary structures and form intermolecular base-pairing interactions, as in other organisms. C. merolae has a highly reduced set of 43 identifiable core splicing proteins, compared with ∼90 in budding yeast and ∼140 in humans. Strikingly, we have been unable to find a U1 snRNA candidate or any predicted U1-associated proteins, suggesting that splicing in C. merolae may occur without the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle. In addition, based on mapping the identified proteins onto the known splicing cycle, we propose that there is far less compositional variability during splicing in C. merolae than in other organisms. The observed reduction in splicing factors is consistent with the elimination of spliceosomal components that play a peripheral or modulatory role in splicing, presumably retaining those with a more central role in organization and catalysis.
Characterization of ankle function during stair ambulation (2004)

The aim of this study was to examine the ankle joint during level walking, stair ascent, and stair descent to determine models for use in the design of prosthetic and orthotic systems. Ten healthy subjects were asked to walk (1) across a level walkway, (2) up, and (3) down an instrumented stairway. Sagittal plane kinematic and kinetic data were analyzed to obtain ankle biomechanics during the stance phase of each task. Each stance phase was broken down into sub-phases based on the power trajectory. The ideal model was taken to be the simplest combination of mechanical elements (springs, dampers, and torque actuators) that could reproduce the patterns observed in ankle biomechanics. Besides, we studied the transitions from level walking to stair ascent and from stair descent to level walking and showed that mechanical elements can be used to model these transitions as well. These results are promising to the design of next generation ankle orthotic and prosthetic systems because they show that relatively simple mechanical elements can be utilized to mimic ankle biomechanics.
Cannabinoid Administration Attenuates the Progression of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (2010)

Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC), the primary psychoactive component in marijuana, is FDA approved to ameliorate AIDS-associated wasting. Because cannabinoid receptors are expressed on cells of the immune system, chronic Δ(9)-THC use may impact HIV disease progression. We examined the impact of chronic Δ(9)-THC administration (0.32 mg/kg im, 2 × daily), starting 28 days prior to inoculation with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV(mac251); 100 TCID(50)/ml, iv), on immune and metabolic indicators of disease during the initial 6 month asymptomatic phase of infection in rhesus macaques. SIV(mac251) inoculation resulted in measurable viral load, decreased lymphocyte CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio, and increased CD8(+) proliferation. Δ(9)-THC treatment of SIV-infected animals produced minor to no effects in these parameters. However, chronic Δ(9)-THC administration decreased early mortality from SIV infection (p = 0.039), and this was associated with attenuation of plasma and CSF viral load and retention of body mass (p = NS). In vitro, Δ(9)-THC (10 μm) decreased SIV (10 TCID(50)) viral replication in MT4-R5 cells. These results indicate that chronic Δ(9)-THC does not increase viral load or aggravate morbidity and may actually ameliorate SIV disease progression. We speculate that reduced levels of SIV, retention of body mass, and attenuation of inflammation are likely mechanisms for Δ(9)-THC-mediated modulation of disease progression that warrant further study.
Molecular recognition: bis-acylguanidiniums provide a simple family of receptors for phosphodiesters (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMolecular recognition: bis-acylguanidiniums provide a simple family of receptors for phosphodiestersRobert P. Dixon, Steven J. Geib, and Andrew D. HamiltonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 1, 365–366Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00027a059https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00027a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views569Altmetric-Citations105LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Partial conservation of the sn‐2 position of dietary triglycerides in fasting plasma lipids in humans (1996)

The authors investigated the effect of the position of fatty acids within dietary triglycerides on the composition of plasma lipids. Sixty volunteers consumed two diets of equal fatty acid compositions for 3 weeks each. In the palm oil diet 82% of palmitic acid was attached to the sn-1 and sn-3, and 18% to the sn-2 position of glycerol. In the diet rich in a palm oil analogue, Betapol, these figures were 35% and 65% respectively. Oleic and linoleic acid in palm oil were mainly in the sn-2 position, and in Betapol mainly in the sn-1 and sn-3 position. The proportion of palmitic acid in the 2 position of fasting plasma triglycerides was 10·2 g 100 g-1 on palm oil and 12·3 on Betapol; that of oleic acid was 46·dot 9 vs. 43·6 (P < 0·0001). Overall oleic acid content of triglycerides was 1·4 g 100 g-1 lower on Betapol than on palm oil (P = 0·002). Betapol increased palmitic and palmitoleic acid in cholesteryl esters by 1 g 100 g-1 (P < 0·0001) at the expense of oleic and linoleic acid. The positional configuration of dietary fatty acids has small but consistent effects on lipid metabolism that persist beyond fat absorption and chylomicron clearance.
Photocross-Linkable Resin Systems (1981)

Abstract The aim of this review is to provide a survey of the chemistry and applications of light-sensitive polymer and resin systems, and in particular of materials which cross-link on irradiation with light.
Ultraviolet Photochemistry and ex Situ Ozonolysis of Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold (1999)

The ultraviolet (UV)-photoinduced chemistry at low irradiances in O2 and the O3 thermal chemistry of alkanethiolate SAMs have been studied. At the low irradiances typical of low-pressure Hg lamps, UV photolytic generation of products soluble in polar solvents from hexadecanethiol (HDT) SAMs requires both O2 and irradiation below 200 nm. Significantly, exposure of HDT SAMs to ex situ generated O3 in the dark produced the same results as UV irradiation of HDT SAMs in the presence of O2. Both of these facts suggest a leading role for photogenerated O3 in the UV photochemistry of alkanethiol SAMs. Further, O3 was found to be at least an order of magnitude more effective than other active oxygen-containing species at generating labile products under the conditions employed. The products of reaction from either O3 exposure or UV irradiation in O2 appear to be oxidized sulfur headgroups, which are easily removed by subsequent rinsing in a polar solvent. The heterogeneous reaction of O3 with alkanethiols is remarkably efficient with one oxidation event occurring for every 3300 O3 molecules transiting the flow cell. Finally oxidation at the S atom dominates reactions in the interior of the film under the conditions used. Taken together, these results are convincing evidence that UV photooxidation of HDT SAMs at low irradiances proceeds principally by generation of O3 followed by ozonolysis of the sulfur headgroup to produce solvent-labile species which can be subsequently removed.
Dihydrobenzoic acid modified nanoparticle as a MALDI-TOF MS matrix for soft ionization and structure determination of small molecules with diverse structures (2010)

Efficient structural characterization is important for quality control when developing novel materials. In this study, we demonstrated the soft ionization capability of the hybrid of immobilized silica and 2,5-dihydrobenzoic acid (DHB) on iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles in MALDI-TOF MS with a clean background. The ratio between SiO(2) and DHB was examined and was found to affect the surface immobilization of DHB on the nanoparticle, critically controlling the ionization efficiency and interference background. Compared with commercial DHB, the functionalized nanoparticle-assisted MALDI-TOF MS provided superior soft ionization with production of strong molecular ions within 5 ppm mass accuracy on a variety of new types of synthetic materials used for solar cells, light emitting devices, dendrimers, and glycolipids, including analytes with either thermally labile structures or poor protonation tendencies. In addition, the enhancements of the molecular ion signal also provided high-quality product-ion spectra allowing structural characterization and unambiguous small molecule identification. Using this technique, the structural differences among the isomers were distinguished through their characteristic fragment ions and comprehensive fragmentation patterns. With the advantages of long-term stability and simple sample preparation by deposition on a regular sample plate, the use of DHB-functionalized nanoparticles combined with high-resolution MALDI-TOF MS provides a generic platform for rapid and unambiguous structure determination of small molecules.
SMC1 is a downstream effector in the ATM/NBS1 branch of the human S-phase checkpoint (2002)

Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins (SMC1, SMC3) are evolutionarily conserved chromosomal proteins that are components of the cohesin complex, necessary for sister chromatid cohesion. These proteins may also function in DNA repair. Here we report that SMC1 is a component of the DNA damage response network that functions as an effector in the ATM/NBS1-dependent S-phase checkpoint pathway. SMC1 associates with BRCA1 and is phosphorylated in response to IR in an ATM- and NBS1-dependent manner. Using mass spectrometry, we established that ATM phosphorylates S957 and S966 of SMC1 in vivo. Phosphorylation of S957 and/or S966 of SMC1 is required for activation of the S-phase checkpoint in response to IR. We also discovered that the phosphorylation of NBS1 by ATM is required for the phosphorylation of SMC1, establishing the role of NBS1 as an adaptor in the ATM/NBS1/SMC1 pathway. The ATM/CHK2/CDC25A pathway is also involved in the S-phase checkpoint activation, but this pathway is intact in NBS cells. Our results indicate that the ATM/NBS1/SMC1 pathway is a separate branch of the S-phase checkpoint pathway, distinct from the ATM/CHK2/CDC25A branch. Therefore, this work establishes the ATM/NBS1/SMC1 branch, and provides a molecular basis for the S-phase checkpoint defect in NBS cells.
Oxygen transport by hemoglobin-based blood substitutes (1997)

A dual track approach has been applied to the study of oxygen transport behavior of erythrocyte/hemoglobin mixtures flowing in microvessels. The method includes experimental and theoretical modeling of the microcirculation. An experimental in vitro 27 $\\mu$m diameter capillary model was developed to provide detailed oxygen flux measurements for homeglobin solutions, erythrocyte suspensions, and erythrocyte/hemoglobin solution mixtures. The experimental apparatus includes computerized data acquisiton and control coupled to a Leitz Toolmaker Microscope-based, dual wavelength microspectrophotomer. Fractional oxygen saturation may be determined for various axial positions, and the resulting experimental data have been shown to agree well with simulations calculated from previously developed theoretical models of oxygen transport in hemoglobin solutions and rbc suspensions. Direct comparison of hemoglobin solutions with rbc suspensions of the same overall hemoglobin concentration and oxygen affinity shows that hemoglobin solutions are more efficient transporters of oxygen. Experiments on polymerized hemoglobin suggests that some heme pockets may have not be available for oxygen transport. The quality and quantity of the experimental data represent a significant improvement over previous experimental designs, and the results confirm existing oxygen transport models.\nUltrapurified, native and polymerized bovine hemoglobin/red blood cell mixtures were studied in the capillary. Dose response plots were generated by varying the extracellular to intracellular hemoglobin distribution ratio. Increased extracellular hemoglobin concentration increased oxygen transport efficiency for both uptake and release. When only 10% of the total hemoglobin was extracellular, half of the increased efficiency of pure hemoglobin solutions was reached. When half the hemoglobin was extracellular, the mixtures behaved like hemoglobin solutions.\nA mathematical model of the mixture experiments initially failed to fully predict the enhancement of oxygen uptake, but well described release experiments. Consideration of shear induced augmentation led to a new hypothesis for the relative importance of extracellular mixing in rbc/hemoglobin mixtures flowing in arteriolar sized conduits. The resulting semi-predictive model matches experimental data for a variety of conditions. This model may be used to predict performance of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes.
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management of Iatrogenic Parotid Sialocele (2004)

Salivary gland sialoceles are relatively common and may be a complication of trauma with a penetrating salivary gland injury or may be a complication of salivary gland surgery. The development of new diagnostic tools such as magnetic resonance sialography and endoscopic techniques has led to further improvements in the clinical and diagnostic assessment of this condition, and botulinum toxin therapy has recently been described in the management of parotid sialoceles. We here report the case of a 41-year-old patient with an unusually complicated parotid sialocele following an unsuccessful attempt to remove a stone located in the distal third of Stensen's duct. Magnetic resonance sialography and sialoendoscopy were used in order to obtain an adequate diagnostic assessment. The patient underwent extracorporeal lithotripsy that led to partial symptom regression. After the development of a parotid abscess, he received antibiotics and a botulinum toxin type A injection that induced spontaneous drainage and disappearance of the symptoms. Magnetic resonance sialography and sialoendoscopy are promising new diagnostic techniques for better noninvasive management of iatrogenic sialoceles.
T Helper 1 Response Is Dominant and Localized to the Synovial Fluid in Patients with Lyme Arthritis (1998)

Cytokines produced by subsets of CD4+ T helper cells responding to an infection influences the efficiency with which the host is able to mount a protective immune response. In an attempt to elucidate the population of active cells involved in the propagation of Lyme arthritis we have utilized intracellular cytokine staining to analyze the polyclonal immune response at the single cell level. We have determined the Th phenotype in the synovial fluid of patients with a variety of chronic inflammatory arthritides, including patients representative of the spectrum of Lyme arthritis. Th1 cells dominate the immune response in the synovial fluid of patients with Lyme as well as those with rheumatoid or other types of chronic inflammatory arthritis. In addition, the severity of Lyme arthritis directly correlates with the ratio of Th1 to Th2 cells in the synovial fluid, such that the larger the effusion, the higher the ratio (r = 0.67, p < 0.05). These results suggest that Th1 cells play a direct role in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory process seen in Lyme arthritis, and that Th2 cells modulate the pro-inflammatory response generated by Th1 cells in the joint. Finally, we identify Th1 cells specific for outer surface protein A of Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease. These cells are restricted to patients with Lyme arthritis and are localized to the joint. Furthermore, they persist in patients with prolonged antibiotic treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis, suggesting the possibility of an autoimmune process.
Review: Treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (2008)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease comprises a range of disorders from steatosis and steatohepatitis through to cirrhosis. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis can progress to cirrhosis and liver-related death. Therefore, managing this common disorder is becoming an important public health issue. Lifestyle measures are commonly suggested but robust data are lacking. Trials with antioxidants (vitamin E, betaine) as well as cytoprotectants (ursodeoxycholic acid) have been disappointing. While data for insulin sensitizers such as metformin are less conclusive, thiazolidinediones appear promising. However, not all patients respond to thiazolidinediones. Moreover, issues related to weight gain, cardiovascular risk need to be addressed. The use of endocannabinoid antagonists and insulin secretagogues are novel strategies to combat this disorder.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Separation and Purification of Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Procyanidins According to Degree of Polymerization Using a Diol Stationary Phase (2006)

A new chromatographic approach for separating cacao procyanidins according to their degree of polymerization has been developed. It utilizes diol stationary phase columns operating in normal phase mode with a binary gradient of acidified acetonitrile and methanol-water. Performance of the diol stationary phase was evaluated on an analytical scale utilizing classical chromatographic conditions for the normal phase separation of procyanidins according to their degree of polymerization. The new separation approach was developed on an analytical scale but further extended to the preparative scale. These newly developed analytical and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography procedures were successfully applied to the separation, as well as isolation, of cacao procyanidins from unfermented cacao seeds. The degree of polymerization associated with each molecular weight fraction was determined by mass spectrometry.
How I treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (2009)

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare clonal blood disorder that manifests with hemolytic anemia, bone marrow failure, and thrombosis. Many of the clinical manifestations of the disease result from complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is the only curative therapy for PNH. Eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks terminal complement activation, is highly effective in reducing hemolysis, improving quality of life, and reducing the risk for thrombosis in PNH patients. Insights into the relevance of detecting PNH cells in PNH and other bone marrow failure disorders are highlighted, and indications for treating PNH patients with bone marrow transplantation and eculizumab are explored.