gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An animal model for oral cancer. (1992)

Human head and neck squamous cell carcinogenesis (SCC) is a common malignancy that appears to be related to continuous exposure to putative carcinogens or promoters such as tobacco and alcohol. To understand the mechanisms of the development of head and neck cancer and to test the efficiency of new therapeutic approaches, the characterization of an animal model system is necessary. The check-pouch carcinogenesis model in Syrian golden hamsters is probably the best known animal system that is most closely comparable with the development of premalignant and malignant lesions in human oral cancer. Furthermore, it is one of the most well-characterized animal system models for SCC. Our first approach to understanding the cellular and molecular changes that occur in the hamster cheek-pouch carcinogenesis process was to compare this model to the mouse-skin system, in which a number of critical events have been well characterized. We examined the sequential expression of hyperplasia, micronucleated cells, ornithine decarboxylase activity, polyamine levels, transglutaminase I activity, epidermal growth factor receptor levels, expression of several keratins, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and nucleolar organizer regions. We suggest that these markers can be used to understand mechanisms of carcinogenesis and, in addition, can serve as alternative shorter end points in studies of chemoprevention. We also present preliminary molecular studies in the experimental oral model. We obtained a partial sequence of exon 2 of the Ha-ras gene and detected an A182----T transversion in codon 61 in hamster cheek-pouch SCC induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene.
High Power Laser Handbook (2011)

"In-depth details on kilowatt level high-power lasers and their commercial, industrial, and military applications. High power laser handbook introduces the physics and engineering of high-power laser sources as well as their most relevant applications. This work provides a useful and up-to-date reference by compiling, in a single source, a description of the state of the art across a broad range of laser technologies. The book emphasizes phenomenology over first principles derivations to streamline the presentation and enable discussion of applications. High power laser handbook Is edited by three engineers from industry leader Northrop Grumman Presents thorough physical principles of high-power lasers Includes all types of high-power lasers including gas lasers, chemical lasers, free electron lasers, semiconductor lasers, and SSL covers typical performance parameters for each major class of lasers and what constitutes "high power" for a particular class Features examples of real-world applications The state of the art of high-power lasers: General principles of lasers; Gas lasers; Chemical lasers; Free electron lasers; Semiconductor lasers; Solid state lasers; Fiber lasers; Beam combining; Nonlinear processes and Wavelength conversion"--provided by publisher
Structural Transformation by Electrodeposition on Patterned Substrates (STEPS): A New Versatile Nanofabrication Method (2011)

Arrays of high-aspect-ratio (HAR) nano- and microstructures are of great interest for designing surfaces for applications in optics, bio-nano interfaces, microelectromechanical systems, and microfluidics, but the difficulty of systematically and conveniently varying the geometries of these structures significantly limits their design and optimization for a specific function. This paper demonstrates a low-cost, high-throughput benchtop method that enables a HAR array to be reshaped with nanoscale precision by electrodeposition of conductive polymers. The method-named STEPS (structural transformation by electrodeposition on patterned substrates)-makes it possible to create patterns with proportionally increasing size of original features, to convert isolated HAR features into a closed-cell substrate with a continuous HAR wall, and to transform a simple parent two-dimensional HAR array into new three-dimensional patterned structures with tapered, tilted, anisotropic, or overhanging geometries by controlling the deposition conditions. We demonstrate the fabrication of substrates with continuous or discrete gradients of nanostructure features, as well as libraries of various patterns, starting from a single master structure. By providing exemplary applications in plasmonics, bacterial patterning, and formation of mechanically reinforced structures, we show that STEPS enables a wide range of studies of the effect of substrate topography on surface properties leading to optimization of the structures for a specific application. This research identifies solution-based deposition of conductive polymers as a new tool in nanofabrication and allows access to 3D architectures that were previously difficult to fabricate.
Human dendritic cells express functional formyl peptide receptor-like-2 (FPRL2) throughout maturation (2002)

Immature and mature dendritic cells (iDC and mDC, respectively) migrate to different anatomical sites, e.g., sites of antigen (Ag) deposition and secondary lymphoid organs, respectively, to fulfill their roles in the induction of primary, Ag-specific immune responses. The trafficking pattern of iDC and mDC is based on their expression of functional chemotactic receptors and the in vivo sites expressing the corresponding ligands including chemokines and/or classical chemoattractants. In this study, we have evaluated the expression of the formyl peptide receptor like-2 (FPRL2) by human iDC and mDC. We show that iDC respond chemotactically and by Ca(2+) mobilization to N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe and a recently identified synthetic peptide Trp-Lys-Tyr-Met-Val-D-Met (WKYMVm), whereas mDC derived from the same donor only respond to WKYMVm. Furthermore, iDC and mDC express FPRL2 mRNA and protein. As mDC do not express any other members of the human FPR subfamily, FPRL2 expressed by DC must be functional and mediate the effect of WKYMVm on DC. Indeed, treatment of iDC and mDC with WKYMVm induces the internalization of FPRL2. Thus, human myeloid DC express functional FPRL2 and maintain its expression even after maturation, suggesting that the interaction of FPRL2 and its endogenous ligand(s) may be involved in regulating DC trafficking during Ag uptake and processing in the periphery as well as the T cell-stimulating phase of the immune responses.
Simulations of theoretically informed coarse grain models of polymeric systems (2009)

Simulations of theoretically informed coarse grain models, where the interaction energy is given by a functional of the local density, are discussed in the context of polymeric melts. Two different implementations are presented by addressing two examples. The first relies on a grid-based representation of non-bonded interactions and focuses on the concept of density multiplication in block copolymer lithography. Monte Carlo simulations are used in a high-throughput manner to explore the parameter space, and to identify morphologies amenable to lithographic fabrication. In the second example, which focuses on the order-disorder transition of block copolymers, the constraints imposed by a grid are removed, thereby enabling simulations in arbitrary ensembles and direct calculation of local stresses and free energies.
Effects of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) (avocado) ethanolicleaf extract (PAE) on blood glucose and kidney function instreptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and on kidney cell linesof the proximal (LLC-PK1) and distal tubules (MDBK) (2008)

Extracts of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) ("Avocado") have been traditionally used to treat hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Accordingly, we studied the hypoglycaemic and renal function effects of P. americana leaf ethanolic extracts (PAE) in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Oral glucose tolerance responses to various doses of PAE were monitored in fasted rats following a glucose load. Rats treated with deionized water or standard hypoglycaemic drugs acted as untreated and treated positive controls, respectively. Acute renal effects of PAE were investigated in anesthetized rats challenged with 0.077 M NaCl after a 3.5-h equilibration for 4 h comprising 1 h control, 1.5 h treatment and 1.5 h recovery periods. PAE was added to the infusate during the treatment period. Hepatic glycogen concentration was measured after 6 weeks of daily treatment with PAE. PAE induced dose-dependent hypoglycaemic responses in STZ-induced diabetic rats while subchronic PAE treatment additionally increased hepatic glycogen concentrations. Acute PAE infusion decreased urine flow and electrolyte excretion rates, whilst subchronic treatment reduced plasma creatinine and urea concentrations. These results indicate not only the basis of the ethnomedicinal use of P. americana leaf extract in diabetes management, but also of need for further studies to identify and evaluate the safety of PAE's bioactive compounds.
Toward universal mobile interaction for shared displays (2004)

Researchers have noted conflicting trends in collaboration technologies between delivering more information on larger displays and exploiting mobility on smaller devices. Large, shared displays provide greater choice in the presentation of information, but mobile devices offer greater flexibility in the access of information. We describe a platform that leverages the best of both worlds by allowing multiple users to access and interact with a large, shared display using their own personal mobile devices, such as a cell phone, laptop, or wireless PDA. We highlight three applications built on top of the platform that demonstrate its generality and utility in a variety of group settings: namely, web browsing, polling, and entertainment.
HCV Drug Resistance Challenges in Japan: The Role of Pre-Existing Variants and Emerging Resistant Strains in Direct Acting Antiviral Therapy (2015)

Sustained virological response (SVR) rates have increased dramatically following the approval of direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapies. While individual DAAs have a low barrier to resistance, most patients can be successfully treated using DAA combination therapy. However, DAAs are vulnerable to drug resistance, and resistance-associated variants (RAVs) may occur naturally prior to DAA therapy or may emerge following drug exposure. While most RAVs are quickly lost in the absence of DAAs, compensatory mutations may reinforce fitness. However, the presence of RAVs does not necessarily preclude successful treatment. Although developments in hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy in Asia have largely paralleled those in the United States, Japan's July 2014 approval of asunaprevir plus daclatasvir combination therapy as the first all-oral interferon-free therapy was not repeated in the United States. Instead, two different combination therapies were approved: sofosbuvir/ledipasvir and paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir/dasabuvir. This divergence in treatment approaches may lead to differences in resistance challenges faced by Japan and the US. However, the recent approval of sofosbuvir plus ledipasvir in Japan and the recent submissions of petitions for approval of paritaprevir/ritonavir plus ombitasvir suggest a trend towards a new consensus on emerging DAA regimens.
Axotomy results in delayed death and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in adult rats (1994)

Using quantitative anatomical techniques, we show that after intraorbital optic nerve transection in adult rats, virtually all retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) survive for 5 d and then die abruptly in large numbers, reducing the RGC population to approximately 50% of normal by day 7 and to less than 10% on day 14. During this period of rapid cell loss, some RGCs show cytochemical alterations indicative of apoptosis ("programmed cell death"), a change not previously categorized after axotomy in adult mammals. With intracranial lesions 8-9 mm from the eye, the onset of cell death is delayed until day 8 and is greater with cut than crush. The demonstration that axotomy results in apoptosis, the long interval between axonal injury and RGC death, and the different time of onset of the massive RGC loss with optic nerve lesions near or far from the eye suggest that axonal interruption triggers a cascade of molecular events whose outcome may be critically dependent on the availability of neuronal trophic support from endogenous or exogenous sources. The role of such molecules in RGC survival and the reversible nature of these injury-induced changes is underscored by the temporary rescue of most RGCs by a single intravitreal injection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor during the first 5 d after intraorbital optic nerve injury (Mansour-Robaey et al., 1994). The delayed pattern of RGC loss observed in the present experiments likely explains such a critical period for effective neurotrophin administration.
A comparison of telesonography with standard ultrasound care in a rural Dominican clinic (2009)

We compared telesonography to usual patient care in a rural clinic in the Dominican Republic. A total of 108 low-income Dominican and Haitian patients volunteered to participate. The patients were randomly assigned to either telesonography or control groups. Patients in the telesonography group were scanned and sonographic images and Request for Interpretation (RFI) forms were sent by email to six volunteer radiologists in the USA. Completed RFI forms were transmitted back to the clinic at the radiologists' earliest convenience. Patients in the control group received an ordinary ultrasound referral, which required travel to a tertiary medical centre where their scans were completed by a local sonographer. Sonographic reports from the control group were hand delivered to the referring physician at patient follow-up. The telesonography system provided a four-fold increase in the proportion of patient follow-ups and a six-fold increase in the proportion of returned radiological reports. In the telemedicine group, the median total elapsed time from referral to report return was 17.8 h (interquartile range, IQR 12.2-27.1) and the median time to patient follow-up was 67.1 h (IQR 45.9-113.7). The latter was similar in the control group, where the median total elapsed time was 76.7 h (IQR 65.8-144.7). The pilot study demonstrated that store-and-forward telesonography reduced time to diagnosis and increased the continuity of care compared to the usual ultrasound referral system in the region of the Dominican Republic which was studied.
Cell‐based bonding of articular cartilage: An extended study (2003)

This study evaluated the biomechanical characteristics of newly formed cartilaginous tissue synthesized from isolated chondrocytes and seeded onto devitalized cartilage in an extended study in vivo. Cartilage from porcine articular joints was cut into regular discs and devitalized by multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Articular chondrocytes were enzymatically isolated and incubated in suspension culture in the presence of devitalized cartilage discs for 21 days. This procedure allowed the isolated chondrocytes to adhere to the devitalized matrix surfaces. Chondrocyte-matrix constructs were assembled with fibrin glue and implanted in dorsal subcutaneous pockets in nude mice for up to 8 months. Histological evaluation and biomechanical testing were performed to quantify the integration of cartilage pieces and the mechanical properties of the constructs over time. Histological analysis indicated that chondrocytes grown on devitalized cartilage discs produced new matrix that bonded and integrated individual cartilage elements with mechanically functional tissue. Biomechanical testing demonstrated a time dependent increase in tensile strength, failure strain, failure energy, and tensile modulus to values 5-30% of normal articular cartilage by 8 months in vivo. The values recorded at 4 months were not statistically different from those collected at the latest time point, indicating that the limits of the biomechanical property values were reached after four months from implantation.
Cell-free translation and characterization of corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan core proteins (1991)

Bovine corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan (KSPG) contains two core proteins, 37 and 25 kDa, if fully deglycosylated, but 47 and 35 kDa, respectively, after endo-beta-galactosidase (Funderburgh, J. L., and Conrad, G. W. (1990) J. Biol Chem. 265, 8297-8303). Chicken corneal KSPG released a single core protein of 47 kDa after endo-beta-galactosidase, and of 35 and 36 kDa, if deglycosylated with N-glycanase or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. Affinity purified rabbit antibodies against each KSPG recognized only the intact proteoglycan or its core proteins in immunoblots of unfractionated guanidine-HCl extracts of whole cornea after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Affinity purified antibody to a synthetic peptide duplicating the NH2-terminal sequence of the 37-kDa bovine core protein showed little reactivity with untreated corneal extract but reacted with the 47-kDa bovine protein in endo-beta-galactosidase-treated extracts. RNA was isolated from bovine and chick corneal stromas and used for in vitro translation. Antibody against bovine KSPG immunoprecipitated two proteins of 56-53 kDa and a protein of 41 kDa after translation of bovine RNA. Translation of chick RNA produced a double band of 38-39 kDa and a single band of 25 kDa precipitating with antibody against chicken KSPG. Homologous unlabeled KSPG competed for binding of antibodies to these translation products. These data suggest that in vertebrate corneas, the multiple KSPG core protein isoforms may arise as products of separate mRNAs, rather than from proteolytic processing of a large polypeptide precursor.
CXCR2 inhibition suppresses acute and chronic pancreatic inflammation (2015)

Pancreatitis is a significant clinical problem and the lack of effective therapeutic options means that treatment is often palliative rather than curative. A deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic pancreatitis is necessary to develop new therapies. Pathological changes in pancreatitis are dependent on innate immune cell recruitment to the site of initial tissue damage, and on the coordination of downstream inflammatory pathways. The chemokine receptor CXCR2 drives neutrophil recruitment during inflammation, and to investigate its role in pancreatic inflammation, we induced acute and chronic pancreatitis in wild-type and Cxcr2(-/-) mice. Strikingly, Cxcr2(-/-) mice were strongly protected from tissue damage in models of acute pancreatitis, and this could be recapitulated by neutrophil depletion or by the specific deletion of Cxcr2 from myeloid cells. The pancreata of Cxcr2(-/-) mice were also substantially protected from damage during chronic pancreatitis. Neutrophil depletion was less effective in this model, suggesting that CXCR2 on non-neutrophils contributes to the development of chronic pancreatitis. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of CXCR2 in wild-type mice replicated the protection seen in Cxcr2(-/-) mice in acute and chronic models of pancreatitis. Moreover, acute pancreatic inflammation was reversible by inhibition of CXCR2. Thus, CXCR2 is critically involved in the development of acute and chronic pancreatitis in mice, and its inhibition or loss protects against pancreatic damage. CXCR2 may therefore be a viable therapeutic target in the treatment of pancreatitis.
Thermal Cycle Dideoxy DNA Sequencing (2003)

Since DNA sequencing has rapidly become standard practice in many laboratories, a large variety of new cloning vectors, sequencing strategies, and techniques have been developed to allow more efficient sequencing of a large variety of DNA templates. Despite a current focus on the automation of DNA sequencing procedures, other methods are still required until automated DNA sequencing is in more general use. One recent addition to this repertoire of sequencing methods is termed thermal cycle sequencing.
Ets-2 transdominant mutant abolishes anchorage-independent growth and macrophage colony-stimulating factor-stimulated invasion by BT20 breast carcinoma cells. (1998)

Activation of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (CSF-1R) by its cognate ligand CSF-1 dramatically increases the tumorigenicity and invasive potential of both normal and neoplastic mammary epithelial cells. Recent studies have suggested that the Ets2 transcription factor plays a central role in mediating CSF-1R-induced mitogenesis in fibroblasts. To determine whether the Ets2 transcription factor can also mediate CSF-1- and CSF-1R-stimulated signaling pathways in mammary epithelial cells, we expressed a dominant negative mutant, Ets2, in the CSF-1R- and Ets2-positive BT20 breast carcinoma cell line and examined its effects on CSF-1-induced cellular invasion and on colony formation in soft agar. Our data show that stable expression of the mutant Ets2 in BT20 cells completely inhibits the formation of soft agar colonies and abolishes the CSF-1-stimulated invasion of these cells through a barrier of reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel). We have also demonstrated that the expression of this Ets2 mutant is capable of interrupting the CSF-1R-regulated intracellular signaling pathways by inhibiting CSF-1-induced c-myc, c-fos, and c-jun expression in BT20 cells. Our results are the first demonstration of an important role for the Ets2 transcription factor in the regulation of the anchorage-independent growth and cellular invasiveness of neoplastic mammary epithelial cells.
Expression of melanin-related genes in cultured adult human retinal pigment epithelium and uveal melanoma cells. (2007)

Human RPE cells under standard culture circumstances do not produce melanin and do not express the four key genes required in melanin biosynthesis pathway. In contrast, human uveal melanoma cells produce melanin and express all of these melanogenic genes in vitro.
A Multi-UCAV Cooperative Decision-Making Method Based on an MAPPO Algorithm for Beyond-Visual-Range Air Combat (2022)

To solve the problems of autonomous decision making and the cooperative operation of multiple unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) in beyond-visual-range air combat, this paper proposes an air combat decision-making method that is based on a multi-agent proximal policy optimization (MAPPO) algorithm. Firstly, the model of the unmanned combat aircraft is established on the simulation platform, and the corresponding maneuver library is designed. In order to simulate the real beyond-visual-range air combat, the missile attack area model is established, and the probability of damage occurring is given according to both the enemy and us. Secondly, to overcome the sparse return problem of traditional reinforcement learning, according to the angle, speed, altitude, distance of the unmanned combat aircraft, and the damage of the missile attack area, this paper designs a comprehensive reward function. Finally, the idea of centralized training and distributed implementation is adopted to improve the decision-making ability of the unmanned combat aircraft and improve the training efficiency of the algorithm. The simulation results show that this algorithm can carry out a multi-aircraft air combat confrontation drill, form new tactical decisions in the drill process, and provide new ideas for multi-UCAV air combat.