gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wavelength-tuning interferometry of intraocular distances (1997)

We describe basic principles of wavelength-tuning interferometry and demonstrate its application in ophthalmology. The advantage of this technique compared with conventional low-coherence interferometry ranging is the simultaneous measurement of the object structure without the need for a moving reference mirror. Shifting the wavelength of an external-cavity tunable laser diode causes intensity oscillations in the interference pattern of light beams remitted from the intraocular structure. A Fourier transform of the corresponding wave-number-dependent photodetector signal yields the distribution of the scattering potential along the light beam illuminating the eye. We use an external interferometer to linearize the wave-number axis. We obtain high resolution in a model eye by slow tuning over a wide wavelength range. With lower resolution we demonstrate the simultaneous measurement of anterior segment length, vitreous chamber depth, and axial eye length in human eyes in vivo with data-acquisition times in the millisecond range.
Extraordinary Sensitivity of the Electronic Structure and Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes to Molecular Charge-Transfer (2008)

Interaction of single-walled carbon nanotubes with electron-donor and -acceptor molecules causes significant changes in the electronic and Raman spectra. Electron-donating molecules such as tetrathiafulvalene and aniline cause changes opposite to those caused by electron-withdrawing molecules such as nitrobenzene and tetracyanoethylene. Thus, a proportion of the semiconducting SWNTs becomes metallic on electron donation through molecular charge transfer. Electrical resistivity measurements reveal a systematic variation with electron-donating or -withdrawing power of the interacting molecules.
Analysis of oncogenic signaling networks in glioblastoma identifies ASPM as a molecular target (2006)

Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor of adults and one of the most lethal of all cancers. Patients with this disease have a median survival of 15 months from the time of diagnosis despite surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. New treatment approaches are needed. Recent works suggest that glioblastoma patients may benefit from molecularly targeted therapies. Here, we address the compelling need for identification of new molecular targets. Leveraging global gene expression data from two independent sets of clinical tumor samples (n = 55 and n = 65), we identify a gene coexpression module in glioblastoma that is also present in breast cancer and significantly overlaps with the "metasignature" for undifferentiated cancer. Studies in an isogenic model system demonstrate that this module is downstream of the mutant epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFRvIII, and that it can be inhibited by the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor Erlotinib. We identify ASPM (abnormal spindle-like microcephaly associated) as a key gene within this module and demonstrate its overexpression in glioblastoma relative to normal brain (or body tissues). Finally, we show that ASPM inhibition by siRNA-mediated knockdown inhibits tumor cell proliferation and neural stem cell proliferation, supporting ASPM as a potential molecular target in glioblastoma. Our weighted gene coexpression network analysis provides a blueprint for leveraging genomic data to identify key control networks and molecular targets for glioblastoma, and the principle eluted from our work can be applied to other cancers.
Dense wavelength division multiplexing networks: principles and applications (1990)

The very broad bandwidth of low-loss optical transmission in a single-mode fiber and the recent improvements in single-frequency tunable lasers have stimulated significant advances in dense wavelength division multiplexed optical networks. This technology, including wavelength-sensitive optical switching and routing elements and passive optical elements, has made it possible to consider the use of wavelength as another dimension, in addition to time and space, in network and switch design. The independence of optical signals at different wavelengths makes this a natural choice for multiple-access networks, for applications which benefit from shared transmission media, and for networks in which very large throughputs are required. Recent progress in multiwavelength networks are reviewed, some of the limitations which affect the performance of such networks are discussed, and examples of several network and switch proposals based on these ideas are presented. Discussed also are critical technologies that are essential to progress in this field.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
N-(2-Benzoylphenyl)-l-tyrosine PPARγ Agonists. 1. Discovery of a Novel Series of Potent Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic Agents (1998)

We have identified a novel series of antidiabetic N-(2-benzoylphenyl)-L-tyrosine derivatives which are potent, selective PPARgamma agonists. Through the use of in vitro PPARgamma binding and functional assays (2S)-3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-((1-methyl-3-oxo-3-phenylpropenyl)+ ++amin o)propionic acid (2) was identified as a structurally novel PPARgamma agonist. Structure-activity relationships identified the 2-aminobenzophenone moiety as a suitable isostere for the chemically labile enaminone moiety in compound 2, affording 2-((2-benzoylphenyl)amino)-3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)propionic acid (9). Replacement of the benzyl group in 9 with substituents known to confer in vivo potency in the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of antidiabetic agents provided a dramatic increase in the in vitro functional potency and affinity at PPARgamma, affording a series of potent and selective PPARgamma agonists exemplified by (2S)-((2-benzoylphenyl)amino)-3-¿4-[2-(methylpyridin-2-ylamino+ ++)ethoxy ]phenyl¿propionic acid (18), 3-¿4-[2-(benzoxazol-2-ylmethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl¿-(2S)-((2- benzoylph enyl)amino)propanoic acid (19), and (2S)-((2-benzoylphenyl)amino)-3-¿4-[2-(5-methyl-2-phenyloxazol-4-y l)e thoxy]phenyl¿propanoic acid (20). Compounds 18 and 20 show potent antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity when given orally in two rodent models of type 2 diabetes. In addition, these analogues are readily prepared in chiral nonracemic fashion from L-tyrosine and do not show a propensity to undergo racemization in vitro. The increased potency of these PPARgamma agonists relative to troglitazone may translate into superior clinical efficacy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Neuronophagia by Leukocytes in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury (1983)

Experimental spinal cord injury was produced in cats by compression trauma. The major histologic features in the first 24 hours following injury included hemorrhagic necrosis, edema, and acute inflammation of gray and white matter. Neutrophilic leukocytes (NL) were apparent in the walls of and adjacent to veins and venules within four hours of injury, but large numbers of NL were not observed in tissue until eight to 24 hours. Acute inflammation was especially prominent in gray matter, and NL frequently surrounded and phagocytized neuronal somata. Large numbers of NL and neuronophagia by leukocytes were evident only in areas of hemorrhage. The role of blood in producing the acute inflammatory response and in generating chemotactic factors responsible for neuronophagia is incompletely understood. Neutrophilic leukocytes, in addition to their response as phagocytes, release histolytic enzymes, reactive species of oxygen, and proinflammatory factors which lead to further tissue necrosis and inflammation.
Excited-state absorption-enhanced thermal optical limiting in C_60 (1993)

We report on optical limiting of Q-switched Nd:YAG radiation at 532 nm in an f/5 defocusing geometry using liquid solutions of C60 in 1-chloronaphthalene. The nonlinear optical-limiting mechanism is C60 excited-state absorption and enhanced thermal lensing in the solvent. A limiting threshold energy of 65 nJ, corresponding to an incident fluence of ∼0.3 J/cm2 at the focus in the solution, was observed with a device absorption of 25%.
Radioimmunotherapy of malignancies. (1991)

The critical issues in radioimmunotherapy are highlighted, and novel ways of improving the therapeutic indexes of radioimmunotherapeutic agents are outlined. The use of radioactively labeled monoclonal antibodies to treat malignant tumors has been investigated in animals and humans. Radionuclides suitable for labeling antibodies for such use include iodine 125, iodine 131, yttrium 90, rhenium 188, and copper 67. Radiobiological factors to be considered in radioimmunotherapy include the size and density of the tumor and the ability of a radiolabeled antibody to penetrate the tumor nodule. The dose of radiation required to destroy a tumor varies; however, the whole-body dose must not exceed 200 rads to avoid irreversible toxicity to the bone marrow. Despite the theoretical inadequacy of radiation doses to tumors indicated by conventional dosimetry, responses have been observed in animals and humans. More reliable and accurate dosimetric methods are under development. The induction of human antimouse antibodies can alter the pharmacokinetics of radiolabeled antibodies. Improving the therapeutic index of radioimmunotherapeutic agents may be achieved through regional therapy, administering a secondary antibody to improve clearance, combining radioimmunotherapy with external-beam irradiation, using an avidin-biotin conjugate system to deliver the radiolabeled antibodies, and addressing the problem of tumor antigen heterogeneity. Researchers are working to reduce or eliminate the clinical problems associated with radioimmunotherapy. Hematologic malignancies, such as lymphomas, are more likely than solid tumors to respond satisfactorily.
Rational Design of a Second Generation Catalyst for Preparation of Allylsilanes Using the Silyl-Heck Reaction (2014)

Using rational ligand design, we have developed of a second-generation ligand, bis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)(tert-butyl)phosphine, for the preparation of allylsilanes using the palladium-catalyzed silyl-Heck reaction. This new ligand provides nearly complete suppression of starting material alkene isomerization that was observed with our first-generation catalyst, providing vastly improved yields of allylsilanes from simple alkene starting materials. The studies quantifying the electronic and steric properties of the new ligand are described. Finally, we report an X-ray crystal structure of a palladium complex resulting from the oxidative addition of Me3SiI using an analogous ligand that provides significant insight into the nature of the catalytic system.
OpenDist - Incremental Software Distribution (1995)

OpenDist provides efficient procedures and tools to synchronize our software file servers. This simple goal becomes challenging because of the size and complexity of supported software, the diversity of platforms, and because of network constraints. Our current solution is based on rdist (1) [1]. However, it is not possible anymore to synchronize file servers nightly, because it takes several days just to compare distant servers. We have analyzed the update process to find bottlenecks in the current solution. We measured the effects of network bandwidth and latency on rdist. We created statistics on the number of files and file sizes within all software packages. We found that not only the line speed, but also the line delay contributes substantially to the overall update time. Our measurements revealed that adding a compression mode to rdist would not have solved our problem, so we decided to look for a new solution. We have compiled a list of requirements for evaluating software distribution solutions. Based on these requirements, we evaluated both commercial and freely available tools. None of the tools fulfilled our most important requirements, so we implemented our own solution. In the following we will describe the overall architecture of the toolset and present performance figures for the distribution engine that replaces rdist. The results of the prototype implementation are promising. We conclude with a description of the next steps for enhancing the OpenDist toolset.
Modulating reactivity and stability of metallic lithiumviaatomic doping (2020)

Doping Li with Ag or Al effectively modulate its inherent chemical activity and enables very stable Li metal batteries.
Oligomers of &#946;-Amyloid Peptide Inhibit BDNF-Induced Arc Expression in Cultured Cortical Neurons (2007)

The progressive memory loss observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accompanied by an increase in the levels of amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) and a block of synaptic plasticity. Both synaptic plasticity and memory require changes in the expression of synaptic proteins such as the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein, Arc (also termed Arg3.1). Using a model of synaptic plasticity in which BDNF increases Arc expression in cultured cortical neurons, we have found that an oligomeric form of Abeta strongly inhibits the BDNF-induced increase of Arc expression. Given that Abeta oligomers are likely to be involved in the synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairment observed in amyloid depositing mouse models, we hypothesize that inhibition of Arc induction by BDNF contributes to the synaptic and memory deficits at early stages of AD.
The double-ring electrodynamic balance for microparticle characterization (1990)

A simple form of the electrodynamic balance, suitable for a wide range of microparticle measurements, is described and analyzed. The ac electrode of the device consists of a pair of parallel rings, and the dc endcaps are either simple disks or they can be eliminated entirely by applying suitable dc bias voltages to the rings. The stability characteristics of the device are determined by extension of well-established stability theory, and experiments are compared with that theory. The device is particularly well-suited for detection of radioactive aerosols, for it has significant advantages over the bihyperboloidal device for radioactivity measurement. The detection of radioactivity levels of less than 20 pCi is feasible. Coupled with a Raman spectrometer the balance serves as a stable ‘‘platform’’ for the study of the chemistry of microparticles, and both qualitative and quantitative analysis of microdroplet chemistry are demonstrated for binary droplets of 1-octadecene and 1-bromoctadecane.
Clinically Significant Gains in Skillful Grasp Coordination by an Individual With Tetraplegia Using an Implanted Brain-Computer Interface With Forearm Transcutaneous Muscle Stimulation (2019)

Using BCI-FES, the participant performed skillful and coordinated grasps and made clinically significant gains in tests of upper limb function. Practice generalized from training objects to household items and leisure activities. Motor ability improved for palmar, lateral, and tip-to-tip grips. The expects eventual home use to confer greater independence for activities of daily living, consistent with observed neurologic level gains from C5-6 to C7-T1. This marks a critical translational step toward clinical viability for BCI neuroprosthetics.
Narcolepsy and its treatment with stimulants. ASDA standards of practice. (1994)

This review is part of the standards of practice recommendations. It has been commended and reviewed by the Board of the ASDA. It reflects recommendations of the Board for the practice of sleep medicine in North America. The subcommittee is responsible for the presented write-up.
Enzymatic Defect in Fabry's Disease (1967)

FABRY'S disease is a hereditary systemic disorder that was first recognized in affected males as a disease characterized by multiple small dark-purple macules and papules in the umbilical region, scrotum and other areas.1 Initially, attention was paid primarily toward these dermatologic manifestations, and the disease was designated angiokeratoma corporis diffusum universale. As the systemic nature of the disorder became apparent, the patients were found to have a lipid material deposited throughout the body. The lipid was at first regarded as a phospholipid, but it has recently been shown to be a neutral glycolipid.2 The abnormal gene responsible for this lipidosis . . .
Thymidylate synthetase‐positive and ‐negative murine mammary FM3A carcinoma cells as a useful system for detecting thymidylate synthetase inhibitors (1984)

The murine mammary FM3A/O and the thymidylate (dTMP) synthetase-deficient FM3A/TS- carcinoma cell lines can be considered as a novel and useful test system for the detection of nucleoside analogues which are directly aimed at the thymidylate synthetase. These compounds should be inhibitory for FM3A/O but not for FM3A/TS- cells, and their inhibitory effects on FM3A/O cell growth should be readily reversed by exogenous dThd within the concentration range of 5-20 microM.
The Human Low Affinity Fcγ Receptors IIa, IIb, and III Bind IgG with Fast Kinetics and Distinct Thermodynamic Properties (2001)

Fcgamma receptors (FcgammaRs) are expressed on all immunologically active cells. They bind the Fc portion of IgG, thereby triggering a range of immunological functions. We have used surface plasmon resonance to analyze the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the interactions between the ectodomains of human low affinity FcgammaRs (FcgammaRIIa, FcgammaRIIb, and FcgammaRIIIb-NA2) and IgG1 or the Fc fragment of IgG1. All three receptors bind Fc or IgG with similarly low affinities (K(D) approximately 0.6-2.5 microm) and fast kinetics, suggesting that FcgammaR-mediated recognition of aggregated IgG and IgG-coated particles or cells is mechanistically similar to cell-cell recognition. Interestingly, the Fc receptors exhibit distinct thermodynamic properties. Whereas the binding of the FcgammaRIIa and FcgammaRIIb to Fc is driven by favorable entropic and enthalpic changes, the binding of FcgammaRIII is characterized by highly unfavorable entropic changes. Although the structural bases for these differences remain to be determined, they suggest that the molecular events coupled to the binding differ among the low affinity FcgammaRs.
The Lidocaine Patch 5% Effectively Treats All Neuropathic Pain Qualities: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled, 3-Week Efficacy Study With Use of the Neuropathic Pain Scale (2002)

This study demonstrates that LP reduces the intensity of all common neuropathic pain qualities and thus may be of potential benefit for nonallodynic neuropathic pain states. Furthermore, these findings suggest that peripheral mechanisms may play a role in the pathophysiological development of pain qualities that heretofore have been assumed not to involve peripheral mechanisms, such as "dull," "deep," "sharp," and "burning" pains.
Recapitulation of IVIG Anti-Inflammatory Activity with a Recombinant IgG Fc (2008)

It is well established that high doses of monomeric immunoglobulin G (IgG) purified from pooled human plasma [intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)] confer anti-inflammatory activity in a variety of autoimmune settings. However, exactly how those effects are mediated is not clear because of the heterogeneity of IVIG. Recent studies have demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory activity of IgG is completely dependent on sialylation of the N-linked glycan of the IgG Fc fragment. Here we determine the precise glycan requirements for this anti-inflammatory activity, allowing us to engineer an appropriate IgG1 Fc fragment, and thus generate a fully recombinant, sialylated IgG1 Fc with greatly enhanced potency. This therapeutic molecule precisely defines the biologically active component of IVIG and helps guide development of an IVIG replacement with improved activity and availability.
Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Bibliography (2007)

Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Bibliography Peter Brueggeman Scripps Institution of Oceanography Library 12 December 2007 The Bulletin of SIO evolved in its title over the years ... 1. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution for Biological Research 2. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography 3. Bulletin (Non-Technical) of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography 4. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Technical series 5. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography A complete listing of the Bulletins follows. Those that have been converted from print to online versions are available at http://repositories.cdlib.org/sio/bulletin/ Bulletin of the Scripps Institution for Biological Research Number 1 Dedicatory addresses. David Starr Jordan, Daniel Trembly MacDougal, George Howard Parker, and William E. Ritter. 1916. Number 2 Biology's contribution to a system of morals that would be adequate for modern civilization. A paper read at the San Diego meeting of the Western Society of Naturalists, August 11, 1916. William E. Ritter. 1917. Number 3 Modern conceptions of heredity and genetic studies at the Scripps Institution. Francis Bertody Sumner. 1917. Number 4 Field research and laboratory experiment: their places in ascertaining and explaining habits in nature. Calvin O. Esterly. 1917. Number 5 Resources of the North Pacific Ocean: their extent, utilization and conservation. William E. Ritter. 1918. Number 6 The value to mankind of humanely conducted experiments upon living animals. Francis Bertody Sumner. 1918.
Engineering the Xylan Utilization System in Bacillus subtilis for Production of Acidic Xylooligosaccharides (2013)

Xylans are the predominant polysaccharides in hemicelluloses and an important potential source of biofuels and chemicals. The ability of Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis strain 168 to utilize xylans has been ascribed to secreted glycoside hydrolase family 11 (GH11) and GH30 endoxylanases, encoded by the xynA and xynC genes, respectively. Both of these enzymes have been defined with respect to structure and function. In this study, the effects of deletion of the xynA and xynC genes, individually and in combination, were evaluated for xylan utilization and formation of acidic xylooligosaccharides. Parent strain 168 depolymerizes methylglucuronoxylans (MeGXn), releasing the xylobiose and xylotriose utilized for growth and accumulating the aldouronate methylglucuronoxylotriose (MeGX3) with some methylglucuronoxylotetraose (MeGX4). The combined GH11 and GH30 activities process the products generated by their respective actions on MeGXn to release a maximal amount of neutral xylooligosaccharides for assimilation and growth, at the same time forming MeGX3 in which the internal xylose is substituted with methylglucuronate (MeG). Deletion of xynA results in the accumulation of β-1,4-xylooligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization ranging from 4 to 18 and an average degree of substitution of 1 in 7.2, each with a single MeG linked α-1,2 to the xylose penultimate to the xylose at the reducing terminus. Deletion of the xynC gene results in the accumulation of aldouronates comprised of 4 or more xylose residues in which the MeG may be linked α-1,2 to the xylose penultimate to the nonreducing xylose. These B. subtilis lines may be used for the production of acidic xylooligosaccharides with applications in human and veterinary medicine.
Rh(II)-Catalyzed Intermolecular Oxidative Sulfamidation of Aldehydes:  A Mild Efficient Synthesis of N-Sulfonylcarboxamides (2007)

Rh(II)-catalyzed oxidative coupling of aldehydes and sulfonamides has been developed to provide N-sulfonylcarboxamides in one step. A variety of sulfonamides were found to react with aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes to afford the desired products in good to excellent yields. Mechanistic data, including kinetic isotope effect experiments, suggest that the transformation proceeds through a concerted asynchronous nitrene insertion into an aldehydic hydrogen.