gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new interpretation of the pace‐maker current in calf Purkinje fibres. (1981)

1. The properties of the 'pace-maker' current iK2 of Purkinje fibres are investigated to verify whether its behaviour during voltage-clamp pulses is consistent with the view that iK2 is a K current deactivating on hyperpolarization in the range -50 to -100 mV. 2. During voltage-clamp pulses in the range positive to the apparent reversal potential (Erev), low concentrations of Cs depress the time-dependent current change without altering the time-independent current component. The total current becomes more outward in Cs, which on the assumption that Cs only affects the iK1 and iK2 channels implies that iK2 is inward in the voltage range analysed. 3. Ba strongly reduces the time-independent component due to iK1 and therefore limits the contribution of K depletion to the total current time course during hyperpolarizations. In the presence of barium a current reversal is not obtained even with large hyperpolarizations in normal Tyrode solution. If in Ba-containing solutions the external K concentration is raised from 3 up to 48 mM, iK2 greatly increases in the inward direction during hyperpolarizations in the range -51 to -101 mV, implying that it cannot be carried by K only. 4. In the presence of Ba, measurements of the membrane conductance due to iK2 indicate a channel-opening process during hyperpolarizations and a channel-closing process during depolarizations, in the K-concentration range analysed. 5. It is concluded that iK2 is not, as had been previously thought, a pure K current, but is rather an inward current activated during hyperpolarizations negative to about -50 mV. This provides further evidence for a possible identity between iK2 in Purkinje fibres and the current if in the SA node.
Copy protection for DVD video (1999)

The prospect of consumer digital versatile disk (DVD) recorders highlights the challenge of protecting copyrighted video content from piracy. We describe the copy-protection system currently under consideration for DVD. The copy-protection system broadly tries to prevent illicit copies from being made from either the analog or digital I/O channels of DVD recorders. An analog copy-protection system is utilized to protect the NTSC/PAL output channel by preventing copies to VHS. The digital transmission of content is protected by a robust encryption protocol between two communicating devices. Watermarking is used to encode copy-control information retrievable from both digital and analog signals. Hence, such embedded signals avoid the need for metadata to be carried in either the digital or analog domains. Finally, the copy-protection system provides the capability for one-generation copying. We discuss some proposed solutions and some of the implementation issues that are being addressed.
Flow visualization and flow cytometry with holographic video microscopy (2010)

The video stream captured by an in-line holographic microscope can be analyzed on a frame-by-frame basis to track individual colloidal particles' three-dimensional motions with nanometer resolution, and simultaneously to measure their sizes and refractive indexes. An efficient particle-tracking algorithm automates initial position estimation with sufficient accuracy to enable unattended holographic particle tracking and characterization. In this work, we demonstrated this approach to flow visualization in a microfluidic channel and also to flow cytometry of micrometer-scale colloidal spheres.
55- and 75-kilodalton tumor necrosis factor receptors mediate distinct actions in regard to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in primary human macrophages (1997)

We report in this study that repeated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) pretreatment, starting before and continued after infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), inhibits replication of the monocytotropic Ada strain in primary tissue culture-differentiated macrophages (TCDM), as assessed by sixfold lower levels of reverse transcriptase (RT) activity than that in untreated cells and absence of syncytium formation in TCDM cultures. In order to determine the pathways involved in inhibition of HIV-1 replication in primary TCDM pretreated with TNF-alpha, we tested TNF-alpha mutants T55 and T75, which recognize either the 55-kDa (TNF-R1) or the 75-kDa (TNF-R2) TNF receptor, respectively. Pretreatment of TCDM with the T75 mutant decreased the RT activity compared with that in untreated infected control cells fivefold and almost totally inhibited syncytium formation. In contrast, when TCDM were pretreated with the T55 mutant alone, syncytia were observed and RT activity was decreased about one-half. These results suggest that the inhibition of HIV-1 replication in TCDM pretreated with TNF-alpha might be mediated mainly through the 75-kDa TNF receptor (TNF-R2) rather than through the 55-kDa receptor (TNF-R1). Inhibition of HIV-1 replication in TCDM was observed with both T75 mutant pretreatment and posttreatment, starting at 1 h or 3 days after infection, whereas posttreatment with the T55 mutant, but not pretreatment, stimulated HIV-1 growth in primary TCDM. Both pre- and posttreatment with TNF-alpha inhibited HIV-1 replication in primary TCDM. The stimulation of HIV-1 replication by TNF-alpha in a chronically infected promonocytic cell line, U1, which contains two copies of integrated provirus, was mediated through the 55-kDa TNF-R1 alone and not through the 75-kDa TNF-R2. These results demonstrate that the 55-kDa TNF-R1 is involved in postintegration stimulation of HIV-1 while the 75-kDa TNF-R2 is involved in the inhibition of an early step of the viral life cycle in primary human TCDM.
All gadget and no representation makes Jack a dull environment (1998)

In an Intelligent Environment, the user and the environment work together in a unique manner; the user expresses what he wishes to do, and the environment recognizes his intentions and helps out however it can. If well-implemented, such an environment allows the user to interact with it in the manner that is most natural for him personally. He should need virtually no time to learn to use it and should be more productive once he has. But to implement a useful and natural Intelligent Environment, the designers are faced with a daunting task: they must design a software system that senses what its users do, understands their intentions, and then responds appropriately. In this paper we argue that, in order to function reasonably in any of these ways, an Intelligent Environment must make use of declarative representations of what the user might do. We present our evidence in the context of the Intelligent Classroom, a facility that aids a speaker in this way and uses i...
The molecular configuration and ultrastructural locations of an IgG Fc binding site in human colonic epithelium (1991)

Previously, we discovered a binding site for the Fc region of IgG in human small intestinal and colonic mucosa. The binding site (Fc gamma IBS) appeared to be primarily associated with goblet cells, to consist of greater than 200,000 Da and 78,000 Da components, and to be distinct from leukocyte FcR. In the present work, we used mAb made to colonocyte IgG-binding material to more accurately define the molecular structure and cellular locations of the Fc gamma IBS. In immunoblot and fast protein liquid chromatography analysis, the mAb revealed that the Fc gamma IBS consists of a 110,000- to 140,000-Da component in addition to the two components previously recognized. The greater than 200,000 component may be the critical component for IgG binding, inasmuch as mAb to it but not to the other two components inhibited binding of IgG to colonic sections in vitro. Used in immunoelectron microscopy, the mAb documented that the Fc gamma IBS is present in the endoplasmic reticulum of goblet cells, in the cytoplasmic matrix separating secretory granules of goblet cells, and within the granules themselves; occasionally it has the appearance of being secreted into the intestinal lumen with mucus. The Fc gamma IBS could not be solubilized from colonocyte homogenates by three different detergents, which suggests that it exists in complex with cytoskeletal elements. We speculate that the Fc gamma IBS aids in immunologic protection of the intestine by facilitating interaction between intestinal mucus and antigenic material in the lumen.
Immunogenicity Assessment of Antibody Therapeutics (2009)

With over 20 therapeutic antibodies currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and close to 100 leads in clinical trials, therapeutic antibodies are responsible for a considerable part of the therapeutic proteins sales worldwide. The observation of immunogenicity with the early therapeutic antibodies did not come as a surprise, as many of them were murine antibodies or chimeric variants, consisting of murine variable parts in conjunction with a human constant domain. Over time, there has been a strong evolution toward the development of humanized and fully human antibodies, thereby reducing the observed immunogenicity to a significant extent. General side effects such as anaphylaxis and allergy against protein therapeutics are also less prevalent but this is due to better manufacturing processes giving more homogeneous products.
Murine and human T11 (CD2) cDNA sequences suggest a common signal transduction mechanism (1987)

The murine equivalent of the cDNA encoding the human T11 (CD2) sheep erythrocyte-binding protein has been cloned. It codes for a putative transmembrane protein which is homologous to human T11. In contrast to immunoglobulins whose domains consist of anti-parallel beta sheets, we predict that mouse and human T11 external domains probably belong to the alpha/beta protein folding class. The cytoplasmic region of T11 is a lengthy, proline-rich segment; secondary structural analysis predicts it to have a nonglobular conformation. This elongated tail could allow for interaction with multiple other intracellular proteins and may contain a cation-binding site involved in T lineage activation.
Use of Pharmacodynamic Parameters To Predict Efficacy of Combination Therapy by Using Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Kinetics (1998)

Combination therapy with antimicrobial agents can be used against bacteria that have reduced susceptibilities to single agents. We studied various tobramycin and ceftazidime dosing regimens against four resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model to determine the usability of combination therapy for the treatment of infections due to resistant bacterial strains. For the selection of an optimal dosing regimen it is necessary to determine which pharmacodynamic parameter best predicts efficacy during combination therapy and to find a simple method for susceptibility testing. An easy-to-use, previously described E-test method was evaluated as a test for susceptibility to combination therapy. That test resulted in a MICcombi, which is the MIC of, for example, tobramycin in the presence of ceftazidime. By dividing the tobramycin and ceftazidime concentration by the MICcombi at each time point during the dosing interval, fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) curves were constructed, and from these curves new pharmacodynamic parameters for combination therapy were calculated (i.e., AUCcombi, Cmax-combi, T>MIC-combi, and T>FICi, where AUCcombi, Cmax-combi, T>MIC-combi, and T>FICi are the area under the FICcombi curve, the peak concentration of FICcombi, the time that the concentration of the combination is above the MICcombi, and the time above the FIC index, respectively). By stepwise multilinear regression analysis, the pharmacodynamic parameter T>FICi proved to be the best predictor of therapeutic efficacy during combination therapy with tobramycin and ceftazidime (R2 = 0.6821; P < 0.01). We conclude that for combination therapy with tobramycin and ceftazidime the T>FICi is the parameter best predictive of efficacy and that the E-test for susceptibility testing of combination therapy gives promising results. These new pharmacodynamic parameters for combination therapy promise to provide better insight into the rationale behind combination therapy.
Charge-Shifting Cationic Polymers That Promote Self-Assembly and Self-Disassembly with DNA (2005)

Synthetic materials that assemble reversibly with polyanions under physiological conditions are of interest for a broad range of biotechnical applications. Cationic polymers are used widely as agents for the condensation of DNA, but polycations also introduce practical limitations in applications for which subsequent dissociation or disassembly of polycation/DNA complexes is desired. The design of cationic polymers that promote the release of associated DNA presents a challenge because it requires the introduction of functionality that is inherently opposed to that required for efficient DNA condensation. Here, we report the synthesis and biophysical characterization of linear poly(ethylenimine) (LPEI) functionalized with methyl ester side chains. The gradual hydrolysis of the ester functionality in these materials under physiologically relevant conditions results in a controlled reduction in cationic charge density and a change in the nature of the electrostatic interactions between the polymers and plasmid DNA, as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. Using this approach, it is possible to mediate the dissociation of DNA from polymer over a period of hours to days by varying the mole percentage of methyl esters incorporated into the polymer. Polymers having a high degree of substitution (e.g., 80 or 100 mol %) release DNA more rapidly than less-substituted polymers (e.g., 40 and 60 mol % functionalized). Polymers having 20 mol % substitution did not release DNA in these experiments. These charge-shifting materials could provide a basis for the design and fabrication of polyelectrolyte complexes and assemblies that sustain the release of DNA in solution and at interfaces.
In situ hybridization to plant telomeres using synthetic oligomers (1991)

The distribution of telomeric repeats in Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Secale cereale (rye) was studied by DNA–DNA in situ hybridization to root-tip chromosome preparations. Biotinylated synthetic oligomers, (TTTAGGG) 6 and (CCCTAAA) 6 , homologous to the consensus sequence of the Arabidopsis thaliana telomeric repeat, were used as probes, and hybridization sites were detected by Texas red fluorescence or horseradish peroxidase catalyzed precipitation of diaminobenzidine. After examination in the light microscope, the same preparations were transferred to the electron microscope for high-resolution analysis. Sites of hybridization were visualized as single or double dots at the end of most chromosome arms. The sizes of the signal dots varied widely, indicating that individual telomeres may contain different numbers of repeats of the telomeric sequence. In contrast to many mammals, no telomere repeats were detected other than at the ends of the chromosomes. At interphase, signals were concentrated in one region of the nucleus, as would be expected from the Rabl orientation typical for dividing cells from cereal root tips.Key words: barley, rye, nuclear architecture, DNA–DNA in situ hybridization, telomeres.
SWAN: service differentiation in stateless wireless ad hoc networks (2003)

We propose SWAN, a stateless network model which uses distributed control algorithms to deliver service differentiation in mobile wireless ad hoc networks in a simple, scalable and robust manner. We use rate control for UDP and TCP best-effort traffic, and sender-based admission control for UDP real-time traffic. SWAN uses explicit congestion notification (ECN) to dynamically regulate admitted real-time traffic in the face of network dynamics brought on by mobility or traffic overload conditions. We use the term "soft" real-time services to indicate that real-time sessions could be regulated or dropped due to mobility or excessive traffic overloading at mobile wireless routers. SWAN is designed to limit such conditions, however. A novel aspect of SWAN is that it does not require the support of a QOS-capable MAC. Rather, soft real-time services are built using existing best effort wireless MAC technology. Simulation, analysis, and results from an experimental wireless testbed show that real-time applications experience low and stable delays under various multi-hop, traffic and mobility conditions. The wireless testbed and ns-2 simulator source code are available from the Web (comet.columbia.edu/swan).
Evaluation of comparative protein modeling by MODELLER (1995)

We evaluate 3D models of human nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mouse cellular retinoic acid binding protein I, and human eosinophil neurotoxin that were calculated by MODELLER, a program for comparative protein modeling by satisfaction of spatial restraints. The models have good stereochemistry and are at least as similar to the crystallographic structures as the closest template structures. The largest errors occur in the regions that were not aligned correctly or where the template structures are not similar to the correct structure. These regions correspond predominantly to exposed loops, insertions of any length, and non-conserved side chains. When a template structure with more than 40% sequence identity to the target protein is available, the model is likely to have about 90% of the mainchain atoms modeled with an rms deviation from the X-ray structure of approximately 1 A, in large part because the templates are likely to be that similar to the X-ray structure of the target. This rms deviation is comparable to the overall differences between refined NMR and X-ray crystallography structures of the same protein.
Optimizing Greenhouse Corn Production: What Is the Best Lighting and Plant Density? (2010)

This document is one entry in a series of questions and answers originally posted to the Purdue University Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture’s Plant Growth Facility Web site (http://www.hort.purdue.edu/hort/facilities/greenhouse/CornMethod.shtml) regarding best practices for corn plant growth in a greenhouse. Controlled studies were conducted with the goals of optimizing growth and yield; developing standardized methodology using readily available commercial materials; and providing recommendations for both high-tech and low-tech facilities. Digital images showing treatment differences are included, as well as statistical analysis of data. A summary of recommendations; materials and methods description; and a reference list are available in separate documents.
Five new human cancer‐germline genes identified among 12 genes expressed in spermatogonia (2003)

An important class of tumor-specific antigens is encoded by male germline-specific genes, such as MAGE genes, that are activated in many cancers of various histological types as a result of the demethylation of their promoter region. A number of these genes were shown to be expressed exclusively during the spermatogonia stage of spermatogenesis. A recent study reported the isolation of a new set of mouse genes that are expressed in spermatogonia but not in somatic tissues. Here, we tested the tumoral expression of the human orthologs of 12 of these genes. A remarkably high proportion, i.e., 5 of 12 genes, was found to be activated in a significant fraction of tumor samples of various histological types. Expression levels of the 5 genes, namely, NXF2, TAF2Q, FTHL17, TDRD1 and TEX15, were evaluated in normal and tumoral tissues. Except for TEX15, these genes showed sufficiently high expression levels in tumors and low background transcription in normal somatic tissues to qualify them as genes that potentially code for tumor-specific antigens. Like previously described cancer-germline genes, the 5 genes were induced in cells treated with a demethylating agent.
Mirroring of coefficients for Transform Skipping in Video Coding (2013)

This paper studies the Transform Skip option of the emerging High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, and presents a modification to the ordering of coefficients within a transform skipped residual block. Depending on the scanning order for the given block, the coefficients are rearranged relative to their original spatial positions. The rearrangement is achieved by mirroring the coefficients across one of the block diagonals. When the diagonal scan is used, mirroring across the anti-diagonal is used, otherwise mirroring across the main diagonal (transpose) is used. In this way the distribution of significant coefficients is closer to the distribution in a case when transform is applied. Therefore the entropy coding may benefit from the new arrangement. The experiments show BD-rate gains of up to 2.4% for Screen Content sequences.
Angiogenic Factors in Laryngeal Carcinomas: Do They Have Prognostic Relevance? (1999)

Angiogenesis is a cascade-like mechanism essential for tumour growth and metastasis. Recently developed inhibitors of angiogenesis have already proven their benefit in anticancer treatment. Therefore the existence of angiogenic molecules in individual tumours is of major interest. The factors most frequently contributing to angiogenesis are basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and some matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In order to evaluate the prognostic significance of these molecules we investigated the distribution pattern of VEGF, bFGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in 41 laryngeal carcinomas using immunohistochemical methods. The results were correlated with clinicopathological parameters, i.e. T and N stage, histological grading, freedom from disease, overall survival and microvessel density (MVD). Only VEGF revealed a correlation with MVD (p = 0.01) and a weak association with histological grading (p = 0.06). Even though there is controversy about published data on the prognostic relevance of angiogenic factors, our results suggest that the factors examined in this study are not suitable for prognosis in larynx cancer patients.
Effects of CD25 monoclonal antibody on proliferative and effector functions of alloactivated human T cells in vitro (2004)

Prophylactic treatment with CD25 mAb has led to a significant decrease of acute rejection rates after renal transplantation. However, despite its inhibitory effect on T cell proliferation and effector functions, rejections still occur. To obtain more insight in persistent alloreactivity, we evaluated the effects of the chimeric IgG1kappa CD25 mAb Basiliximab on proliferation and differentiation of alloactivated T cells from healthy individuals in vitro. Moreover, the capacity of other members of the common cytokine-receptor gamma-chain family to overcome the inhibitory effects of CD25 mAb was studied. The CD25 mAb appeared to limit expansion of alloreactive lymphocytes rather than blocking entry into cell cycle, and it did so irrespective of the previous antigen experience of the cells. Both CD4+ and CD8+ alloresponsive lymphocytes showed diminished intracellular expression of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, perforin and granzyme B. Remarkably, cytotoxicity was completely abolished. IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21 could bypass the inhibitory effects of the CD25 mAb on both proliferation and cytotoxicity. In conclusion, persistent alloreactivity in the presence of therapeutic concentrations of CD25 mAb may be caused by alloreactive T cells that still produce cytokines that can damage the allograft. In addition, other members of the common cytokine-receptor gamma-chain family can rescue the proliferative and cytotoxic activity of these alloreactive T cells.
Poly(hydroxyaminoethers): A New Family of Epoxy-Based Thermoplastics (2000)

New epoxy-based thermoplastics for barrier packaging are discussed here (see Figure). The polymers, poly (hydroxyaminoethers), are typically generated through reactions of various dinucleophiles with epoxy monomers. The effects of functionalization, branching, and copolymerization on the mechanical, adhesive, and barrier properties of these resins are reviewed.