gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Surgery to Treat Type 2 Diabetes: Clinical Outcomes and Mechanisms of Action (2010)

Several gastrointestinal (GI) operations that were designed to promote weight loss can powerfully ameliorate type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although T2DM is traditionally viewed as a chronic, relentless disease in which delay of end-organ complications is the major treatment goal, GI surgery offers a novel endpoint: complete disease remission. Ample data confirm the excellent safety and efficacy of conventional bariatric operations-especially Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding-to treat T2DM in severely obese patients. Use of experimental procedures as well as conventional bariatric operations is increasingly being explored in less obese diabetic patients, with generally favorable results, although further assessment of risk:benefit profiles is needed. Mounting evidence indicates that certain operations involving intestinal diversions improve glucose homeostasis through varied mechanisms beyond reduced food intake and body weight, for example by modulating gut hormones. Research to elucidate such mechanisms should facilitate the design of novel pharmacotherapeutics and dedicated antidiabetes GI manipulations. Here we review evidence regarding the use and study of GI surgery to treat T2DM, focusing on available published reports as well as results from the Diabetes Surgery Summit (DSS) in Rome and the World Congress on Interventional Therapies for T2DM in New York City.
The pattern of atrophy in familial Alzheimer disease (2013)

Atrophy in FAD is observed early, both in areas commonly associated with sporadic Alzheimer disease and also in the putamen and thalamus, 2 regions associated with early amyloid deposition in FAD mutation carriers.
Toward Genetically Targeted Research and Therapeutics (1992)

Antisense Research and DevelopmentVol. 2, No. 3 Toward Genetically Targeted Research and TherapeuticsJames W. Hawkins and Arthur M. KriegJames W. HawkinsSearch for more papers by this author and Arthur M. KriegSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:3 Apr 2009https://doi.org/10.1089/ard.1992.2.185AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail "Toward Genetically Targeted Research and Therapeutics." , 2(3), p. 185FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byGene Therapy for Cancer23 June 2009 | Journal of Hematotherapy, Vol. 2, No. 3An Indexed Bibliography of Antisense Literature, 19923 April 2009 | Antisense Research and Development, Vol. 3, No. 1 Volume 2Issue 3Jan 1992 To cite this article:James W. Hawkins and Arthur M. Krieg.Toward Genetically Targeted Research and Therapeutics.Antisense Research and Development.Jan 1992.185-185.http://doi.org/10.1089/ard.1992.2.185Published in Volume: 2 Issue 3: April 3, 2009PDF download
Accuracy of Heart Rate Watches: Implications for Weight Management (2016)

These devices accurately measure heart rate. However, estimates of energy expenditure are poor and would have implications for people using these devices for weight loss.
A multi-agent systems "turing challenge" (2013)

I recently argued that Turing, were he alive now, would conjecture differently than he did in 1950, and I suggested a new Turing question, Is it imaginable that a computer (agent) team member could behave, over the long term and in uncertain, dynamic environments, in such a way that people on the team will not notice it is not human. [4]. In the last several decades, the field of multi-agent systems has developed a vast array of techniques for cooperation and collaboration as well as for agents to handle adversarial or strategic situations. Even so, current generation agents are unlikely to meet this new challenge except in very simple situations. The need for agents to work better with people has become greater and more widespread, as evidenced by the Human-Agent Interaction Design and Models Workshop at this conference and an upcoming conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing. Research in these arenas approaches human-computer collaborations from different perspectives, but shares many challenges. Meeting these challenges requires new algorithms and novel plan representations. This talk will explore the implications of this new Turing question and examine several challenges that arise in the design both of agents supporting people and of systems in which people assist computers in their work. These challenges include determining a division of labor that respects the complementary strengths of people and computer agents, development of methods for information sharing, defining incentive mechanisms for such settings, and designing empirical methodologies for evaluating agents in open mixed networks [3]. I will describe recent work by my group on interruption management, plan recognition, and test-beds for empirical studies of human-computer collaborations aimed at addressing these challenges, and will discuss our current work on developing intelligent agents able to work as a team supporting health care providers and patients to improve care coordination and in the communication of medical information.
Studies on pyrrolidinones. Synthesis and reactivity of somen‐protected pyroglutamic derivatives (1995)

Abstract The synthesis of pyroglutamoyl chloride N ‐protected by a methoxycarbonyl or a trifluoroacetyl group is described. Some aspects of the reactivity of these compounds and intermediates have been studied.
Stuhlinkontinenz – ein Update (2014)

Fecal incontinence is defined as an accidental loss of stool or the inability to control defecation. There are three subtypes of fecal incontinence: passive incontinence, urge incontinence and soiling. About 8% of the adult population suffer from fecal incontinence, but only 1/3 consults a doctor. Beside the individual handicap, fecal incontinence has a huge socio-economic impact. Causes of fecal incontinence are changes in the quantity or quality of the stool and structural or functional disorders. Diagnostics encompass the medical history, clinical examination including the digital rectal examination, imaging (particularly endoanal ultrasound) as well as functional diagnostics (anal manometry and defecography). Nowadays, the most promising conservative treatment option consists of loperamide and biofeedback therapy. The most successful invasive method is the sacral neuromodulation.
Isolation and characterization of the gene encoding a novel, thermostable serine proteinase from the mould Tritirachium album Limber (1990)

A number of proteinases are induced and secreted into the culture medium of Tritirachium album Limber when the nitrogen source is limited to exogenous proteins. We have constructed a cDNA library using the polyadenylated RNA isolated during the nutritional induction with bovine serum albumin. A full-length clone of a gene for a new proteinase (named proteinase R) was identified from this library. This clone contained sequences coding for the 108-amino-acid prepro-leader as well as for the 279-amino-acid mature proteinase. Proteinase R apparently belongs to the subtilisin group of serine proteases that contains disulphide bonds. Homology between proteinase R and proteinase K was found to be about 87% at the nucleotide as well as at the amino acid level. The Brookhaven Protein Data Base co-ordinate file of proteinase K was used as a template to study the proteinase R substitutions in three-dimensional space. The majority of the substitutions of proteinase R with respect to proteinase K were found to be on the exterior of the protein model.
Neuropeptides in Migraine and Cluster Headache (1994)

The cerebral circulation is invested by a rich network of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and noradrenaline containing sympathetic nerve fibers in arteries, arterioles and veins. However, the nerve supply of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) containing fibers is sparse. While noradrenaline and NPY cause vasoconstriction, VIP, SP and CGRP are potent vasodilators. Stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion in cat and man elicits release of SP and CGRP. Subjects with spontaneous attacks of migraine show release of CGRP in parallel with headache. Cluster headache patients have release of CGRP and VIP during bouts. Treatment with sumatriptan aborts headache in migraine and cluster headache as well as the concomitant peptide release.
Strain relief at the GaSb/GaAs interface versus substrate surface treatment and AlSb interlayers thickness (2011)

Using transmission electron microscopy we investigate the influence of AlSb monolayers and substrate surface preparation on the microstructure of GaSb grown on GaAs (001) by molecular beam epitaxy. The geometric phase analysis method is used to analyze the interface dislocation type and the residual strain, as well as the dislocation core behavior versus the thickness of the AlSb interface layer. A quantitative measurement of the local Burgers vectors shows that the misfit dislocations at the GaSb/GaAs interface are always 60° dislocations. They are arranged in pairs which are more or less distant. For the samples with the lower threading dislocation density, the average distance between the 60° pairs is smaller, the interface is flatter and the local strain is more relieved. These results show that understanding the atomic structure of interfaces may be of great help in improving the quality of GaSb grown on GaAs substrates.
Human cytochrome P450IIA3: cDNA sequence role of the enzyme in the metabolic of promutagens comparison to nitrosamine activation by human cytochrome P450IIE1 (1990)

We report that, in a human cell line, human cytochrome P450IIA3 is capable of metabolizing aflatoxin B1, benzo[a]-pyrene, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) to cytotoxic and mutagenic species. Cytochrome P450IIA3-mediated activation of NDMA and NDEA was compared with human cytochrome P450IIE1-mediated activation in the same cell system. P450IIE1 was more effective at activating NDMA than P450IIA3, while P450IIA3 was more effective at activating NDEA than P450IIE1. Whole cells and microsomal fractions obtained from control cells and from cells expressing the P450IIA3 cDNA were characterized for expression of P450IIA3. Microsomal coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity was some 40 times greater in the transfected cells than in the control cells and was catalyzed by a protein that was immunochemically related to the rat liver cytochrome P450IIA gene family. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that this protein was readily detectable in transfected cells but barely detectable in control cells. We also report the DNA and deduced amino acid sequence of the P450IIA3 cDNA isolate used in this study. Our isolate encodes a protein 489 amino acids that is five amino acids shorter at the N terminus but otherwise identical to a previously reported human P450IIA3 cDNA sequence.
CSF filtration is an effective treatment of Guillain–Barre syndrome (2001)

Although the number of patients was small, the authors found that the treatment of GBS with CSFF is at least as effective as with PE. CSFF might work by removing from the CSF inflammatory mediators, autoantibodies, or other factors.
Production of Polyclonal Antisera (2008)

Abstract Much of modern biology and biochemistry relies on the availability of highly specific antibodies for use in such ubiquitous techniques as immunohistochemistry, ELISAs, immunoprecipitation, and immunoblotting. Thus, the generation of large quantities of specific antibodies directed against proteins or peptides of interest is essential to the success of both basic and applied research programs. In addition, with the advent of antibody‐based proteomic strategies for profiling protein expression and post‐translational modification, a requirement for timely production of specific antibodies has been exemplified. Polyclonal antibodies derived from animals immunized with purified proteins or peptides are particularly valuable for use in the laboratory. This appendix provides protocols for the production of polyclonal antisera specific for protein antigens using rabbits, rats, mice, and hamsters. Curr. Protocol. Cytom . 43:A.3I.1‐A.3I.10. © 2008 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Behavioral authentication of server flows (2004)

Understanding the nature of the information flowing into and out of a system or network is fundamental to determining if there is adherence to a usage policy. Traditional methods of determining traffic type rely on the port label carried in the packet header. This method can fail, however, in the presence of proxy servers that re-map port numbers or host services that have been compromised to act as backdoors or covert channels.

We present an approach to classifying server traffic based on decision trees learned during a training phase. The trees are constructed from traffic described using a set of features we designed to capture stream behavior. Because our classification of the traffic type is independent of port label, it provides a more accurate classification in the presence of malicious activity. An empirical evaluation illustrates that models of both aggregate protocol behavior and host-specific protocol behavior obtain classification accuracies ranging from 82--100\%.
Chylomicron-Chylomicron Remnant Clearance by Liver and Bone Marrow in Rabbits (1989)

The metabolism of [14C]cholesterol- and [3H]retinol-labeled chylomicrons obtained from canine thoracic duct or rabbit mesenteric lymph was investigated in normal fasted rabbits. Typically, 70-80% of the chylomicrons injected into the rabbits were cleared from the plasma in 20 min, and their uptake was accounted for principally by the liver and the bone marrow. Surprisingly, the bone marrow was a major site of uptake; the uptake ranged from about half that of the liver to a nearly equal amount. The importance and specificity of chylomicron-chylomicron remnant uptake by the bone marrow were established by demonstrating that (a) bone marrow throughout the body accumulated these lipoproteins, (b) the level of uptake was consistent regardless of how the values were calculated or how the chylomicrons were prepared, (c) the uptake represented specific binding, and (d) radiolabeled intestinal lipoproteins induced in vivo delivered cholesterol and retinol to the marrow. Electron microscopic examination of the rabbit bone marrow established that perisinusoidal macrophages uniquely accounted for the uptake of the chylomicrons. Whereas liver cleared a variety of both triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (chylomicrons, chylomicron remnants, and very low density lipoproteins) and cholesterol-rich lipoproteins (beta-very low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein E), bone marrow uptake appeared to be restricted to the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. More chylomicron remnants (generated in a hepatectomized rabbit) were cleared by the liver than by the bone marrow, and the addition of excess apolipoprotein E to chylomicrons resulted in their preferential uptake by the liver. The role of chylomicron-chylomicron remnant delivery of lipids or lipid-soluble vitamins to rabbit bone marrow is open to speculation, and whether triglyceride-rich lipoprotein uptake occurs to a significant extent in the bone marrow of humans remains to be determined.
Synthesis of dolichol derivatives in trypanosomatids. Characterization of enzymatic patterns. (1987)

We have previously described that in certain parasitic protozoa, namely the trypanosomatids, the dolichol-P-P-linked oligosaccharides synthesized in vivo and transferred to protein are devoid of glucose residues and contain 6, 7, or 9 mannose units depending on the species. We have now conducted a cell-free characterization of the enzymatic patterns responsible for these phenotypes. Microsomes from Trypanosoma cruzi, Crithidia fasciculata, Leishmania enriettii, and Blastocrithidia culicis were found to synthesize dolichol-P-[14C]Man but not dolichol-P-[14C]Glc when incubated with rat liver dolichol-P and GDP-[14C]Man or UDP-[14C]Glc, thus providing for an explanation to the absence of glucosylated dolichol-P-P derivatives. Formation of dolichol-P-P-oligosaccharides was assayed in incubation mixtures containing rat liver dolichol-P, GDP-[14C]Man, microsomes, and unlabeled Man5-8GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol from bovine liver. Membranes from species synthesizing dolichol-P-P-linked Man6GlcNAc2 or Man7GlcNAc2 in vivo were found to synthesize the same compounds but not the higher homologues in the cell-free assay. Species forming Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol in vivo were found to synthesize lipid-linked Man7GlcNAc2, Man8GlcNAc2, and Man9GlcNAc2 in vitro. It is concluded that there are at least three and probably four different dolichol-P-Man-dependent enzymatic activities involved in the synthesis of dolichol-P-P-linked Man9GlcNAc2 and that microorganisms not forming that compound are devoid of all mannosyltransferases responsible for the addition of the missing residues and not only of the enzyme involved in the synthesis of the homologue higher than the oligosaccharide occurring in vivo by a single mannose unit.
Bioactive Components from the Mycelium of Antrodia Salmonea (2008)

Abstract Three new compounds, 2,4‐dimethoxy‐6‐methylbenzene‐1,3‐diol ( 1 ), salmoquinone ( 2 ), and 3‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐4‐isobutyl‐1 H ‐pyrrole‐2,5‐dione ( 3 ), together with six known compounds, 2‐methoxy‐6‐methyl‐ p ‐benzoquinone ( 4 ), 2,3‐dimethoxy‐5‐methyl‐ p ‐benzoquinone ( 5 ), 2‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxy‐3‐methyl‐ p ‐benzoquinone ( 6 ), eburcoic acid ( 7 ), fomefficinic acid C ( 8 ), and a pyrroledione ( 9 ), were isolated from the mycelium of Antrodia salmonea. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectrometric analyses including IR, NMR, and MS. Among these compounds, 4 and 5 exhibited cytotoxicity against KB, HepG2, and H2058 cell lines.
Expression of NF‐κB parallels COX‐2 expression in oral precancer and cancer: Association with smokeless tobacco (2007)

Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and COX-2 overexpression have been reported in head and neck cancer, but the relationship between these proteins remains to be investigated. To determine the relationship between NF-kappaB and COX-2 in Smokeless Tobacco (ST) associated oral tumorigenesis, we performed immunohistochemistry in serial sections from 107 OSCCs, 78 oral precancerous lesions (OPLs) (58 hyperplasias, 20 dysplasias) and 15 histologically normal oral tissues and correlated with clinicopathological data. Significant increase in NF-kappaB and COX-2 immunopositivity was observed from normal oral mucosa to OPLs to OSCCs (p = 0.009 and p = 0.002 respectively). Upregulation of NF-kappaB and COX-2 was observed as early as in hyperplasia [p = 0.006; OR = 6.1 and p = 0.003; OR = 7.6, respectively]. Expression of both proteins was found to be significantly associated in OPLs (p = 0.000; OR = 12.6) and OSCCs (p = 0.001; OR = 4.0). Intriguingly, khaini consumption correlated with NF-kappaB immunopositivity in OPLs (p = 0.05, OR = 3.8) and OSCCs (p = 0.01, OR = 3.4) and with COX-2 expression in OPLs (p = 0.03; OR = 4.3). In vitro experimental system of ST associated oral carcinogenesis was used to demonstrate ST (khaini) and NNK mediated activation of NF-kappaB and COX-2, supporting the clinical data. In conclusion, this study demonstrates correlation between over expression of NF-kappaB and COX-2 in early precancerous stages of development of oral cancer and sustained elevation down the tumorigenic pathway, underscoring their potential as targets for early intervention. In vitro studies demonstrated that NNK may be one of the carcinogenic components of ST (khaini) inducing activation of NF-kappaB and COX-2 in oral precancer and cancer cells, suggesting plausible role in ST-induced oral carcinogenesis.
An 180 MHz 16 bit multiplier using asynchronous logic design techniques (2002)

A CMOS digital logic design technique is described which exploits the advantages of fast precharged logic and efficient latch design commonly used in synchronous systems while maintaining the features of localized control inherent in asynchronous design. A pipelined sixteen bit multiplier is presented and its performance compared with several previously reported asynchronous and synchronous designs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
One-step assembly of large CRISPR arrays enables multi-functional targeting and reveals constraints on array design (2018)

SUMMARY CRISPR-Cas systems inherently multiplex through their CRISPR arrays--whether to confer immunity against multiple invaders or by mediating multi-target editing, regulation, imaging, and sensing. However, arrays remain difficult to generate due to their reoccurring repeat sequences. Here, we report an efficient, one-step scheme called CRATES to construct large CRISPR arrays through defined assembly junctions within the trimmed portion of array spacers. We show that the constructed arrays function with the single-effector nucleases Cas9, Cas12a, and Cas13a for multiplexed DNA/RNA cleavage and gene regulation in cell-free systems, bacteria, and yeast. We also applied CRATES to assemble composite arrays utilized by multiple Cas nucleases, where these arrays enhanced DNA targeting specificity by blocking off-target sites. Finally, array characterization revealed context-dependent loss of spacer activity and processing of unintended guide RNAs derived from Cas12a terminal repeats. CRATES thus can facilitate diverse applications requiring CRISPR multiplexing and help elucidate critical factors influencing array function.
Dual Imaging and Photoactivated Nanoprobe for Controlled Cell Tracking (2012)

A photoactivated nanoprobe for cell labeling and tracking is demonstrated. The nanoprobe enables all targeted cells to be imaged (at 680 nm) as well as specific cells to be photoactivated using 405 nm light. Photoactivated cells can then be tracked (at 525 nm) spatiotemporally in a separate channel over prolonged periods.
Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences (1989)

This 1989 book is intended as an introductory survey of the philosophy of the social sciences. It is essentially a work of exposition which offers a toolbox of mechanisms - nuts and bolts, cogs and wheels - that can be used to explain complex social phenomena. Within a brief compass, Jon Elster covers a vast range of topics. His point of departure is the conflict we all face between our desires and our opportunities. How can rational choice theory help us understand our motivation and behaviour? More significantly, what happens when the theory breaks down but we still cleave to a belief in the power of the rational? Elster describes the fascinating range of forms of irrationality - wishful thinking, the phenomenon of sour grapes, discounting the future in noncooperative behaviour. This is a remarkably lucid and comprehensive introduction to the social sciences for students of political science, philosophy, sociology and economics.
Contribution of von Willebrand Factor to Thrombus Formation on Neointima of Rabbit Stenotic Iliac Artery Under High Blood-Flow Velocity (2003)

These results indicate that vWF plays a potent role in fibrin-rich thrombus formation on the neointima under high blood-flow velocity conditions. Inhibition of plasma vWF activity might be effective for the reduction of thrombus formation and/or subsequent neointimal development after coronary interventions.
Separation and imaging of seismic diffractions using plane‐wave decomposition (2006)

We use the simulated plane wave section method to separate specular reflections and diffraction events. We show that plane wave sections naturally separate specular and diffracted events and allow us to use plane‐wave distruction filters to suppress specular events resulting in plane‐wave sections of diffractions. A synthetic example demonstrates the effectiveness of our method in imaging faults and small‐scale discontinuities.