gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SERUM PHENYLALANINE IN SCHIZOPHRENIA (1960)

1 Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas. This work was supported by a U. S. Public Health Service Summer Fellowship in the Department of Psychiatry, Kansas University Medical Center. I wish to acknowledge the assistance of the Department of Pharmacology in obtaining the blood samples, and the cooperation of Dr. E. J. Walaszek.
Reliable switching system recovery (2002)

The paper describes two techniques for ensuring reliable switching system operation and minimizing the effects of faults. One is partial initialization, which resets only the faulty processing. Protection against cases in which partial initialization does not work is also mentioned. The other technique is call saving by means of speech path memory, that is a function for saving calls by reconstructing call data in software from speech path memory when call data is corrupted. This call saving method, which does not use call data in software, is also applicable to call saving in file update operations.
17.5 A 0.8mm3 Ultrasonic Implantable Wireless Neural Recording System With Linear AM Backscattering (2019)

Miniaturization of implantable neural recording systems to micron-scale volumes will enable minimally invasive implantation and alleviate cortical scarring, gliosis, and resulting signal degradation. Ultrasound (US) power transmission has been demonstrated to have high efficiency and low tissue attenuation for mm-scale implants at depth in tissue [1, 2, 3], but has not been demonstrated with precision recording circuitry. We present an US implantable wireless neural recording system scaled to 0.8mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> , verified to safely operate at 5cm depth with state of the art neural recording performance an average circuit power dissipation of 13μW, and 28.8μW including power conversion efficiency. Sub-mm scale is achieved through single-link power and communication on a single piezocrystal (Lead Zirconate Titanate, PZT) utilizing linear analog backscattering, small die area, and eliminating all other off-chip components.
A controlled study of the activity of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of venous leg ulcers (1996)

In slow-healing wounds, i.e. those with little granulation tissue with deep necrotic tissue and exudation, complicated by inflammation, there is depolymerization and degradation of local mucopolysaccharides, especially hyaluronic acid. A local deficit of hyaluronic acid leads to insufficient regeneration of connective tissue, poor angiogenesis and deficient differentiation of histiocyte and fibroblast populations. Exogenous hyaluronic acid applied to a debrided wound keeps it moist and ensures a high concentration at the site of action. Hyaluronic acid stabilizes the clot matrix, attracts inflammatory, mesenchymal and epithelial cells into the wound area and enhances angiogenesis of the clot tissue. It also exerts an antiexudative, vasoprotective and fibrogenic action in inflamed tissues of slow-healing wounds. In this multicentre controlled study we evaluated the efficacy and safety of hyaluronic acid in 50 patients with venous leg ulcers in comparison with Dextranomer, the product of choice for this indication in France. Objective parameters, including the appearance and dimensions of the ulcer, improved significantly in both treatment groups. However, there was a faster and greater reduction in the ulcer dimensions following treatment with hyaluronic acid. Both treatments improved surrounding erythema, pain, oozing and necrosis but only hyaluronic acid caused a significant decrease in oedema. A greater number of positive efficacy judgements were seen in the hyaluronic acid group. The local tolerability of the two treatments was excellent. Hyaluronic acid is therefore a safe and effective treatment for patients with venous leg ulcers.
Crystal structure of serine dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli: important role of the C-terminal region for closed-complex formation (2011)

Serine dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli is a homotetrameric enzyme belonging to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family. This enzyme catalyses the NADP(+)-dependent oxidation of serine to 2-aminomalonate semialdehyde. The enzyme shows a stereospecificity for β-(3S)-hydroxy acid as a substrate; however, no stereospecificity was observed at the α-carbon. The structures of the ligand-free SerDH and SerDH-NADP(+)-phosphate complex were determined at 1.9 and 2.7 Å resolutions, respectively. The overall structure, including the catalytic tetrad of Asn106, Ser134, Tyr147 and Lys151, shows obvious relationships with other members of the SDR family. The structure of the substrate-binding loop and that of the C-terminal region were disordered in the ligand-free enzyme, whereas these structures were clearly defined in the SerDH-NADP(+) complex as a closed form. Interestingly, the C-terminal region was protruded from the main body and it formed an anti-parallel β-sheet with another C-terminal region on the subunit that is diagonally opposite to that in the tetramer. It is revealed that the C-terminal region possesses the important roles in substrate binding through the stabilization of the substrate-binding loop in the closed form complex. The roles of the C-terminal region along with those of the residues involved in substrate recognition were studied by site-directed mutagenesis.
Elevated phosphorylation and activation of PDK-1/AKT pathway in human breast cancer (2005)

Activation of kinases signalling pathways contributes to various malignant phenotypes in human cancers, including breast tumour. To examine the possible activation of these signalling molecules, we examined the phosphorylation status in 12 protein kinases and transcription factors in normal primary human mammary epithelial cells, telomerase-immortalised human breast epithelial cell line, and two breast cancer lines, MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7, using Kinexus phosphorylated protein screening assays. The phosphorylation of FAK, mTOR, p70S6K, and PDK-1 were elevated in both breast cancer cell lines, whereas the phosphorylation of AKT, EGFR, ErbB2/Her2, PDGFR, Shc, and Stat3 were elevated in only one breast cancer line compared to normal primary mammary epithelial cells and telomerase-immortalised breast epithelial cells. The same findings were confirmed by Western blotting and by kinase assays. We further substantiated the phosphorylation status of these molecules in tissue microarray slides containing 89 invasive breast cancer tissues as well as six normal mammary tissues with immunohistochemistry staining using phospho-specific antibodies. Consistent findings were obtained as greater than 70% of invasive breast carcinomas expressed moderate to high levels of phosphorylated PDK-1, AKT, p70S6K, and EGFR. In sharp contrast, phosphorylation of the same proteins was nearly undetectable or was at low levels in normal mammary tissues under the same assay. Elevated phosphorylation of PDK-1, AKT, mTOR, p70S6K, S6, EGFR, and Stat3 were highly associated with invasive breast tumours (P<0.05). Taken together, our results suggest that activation of these kinase pathways by phosphorylation may in part account for molecular pathogenesis of human breast carcinoma. Particularly, moderate to high level of PDK-1 phosphorylation was found in 86% of high-grade metastasised breast tumours. This is the first report demonstrating phosphorylation of PDK-1 is frequently elevated in breast cancer with concomitantly increased phosphorylation of downstream kinases, including AKT, mTOR, p70S6K, S6, and Stat3. This finding thus suggested PDK-1 may promote oncogenesis in part through the activation of AKT and p70S6K and rationalised that PDK-1 as well as downstream components of PDK-1 signalling pathway may be promising therapeutic targets to treat breast cancer.
Assembly of a Chromosomal Replication Machine: Two DNA Polymerases, a Clamp Loader, and Sliding Clamps in One Holoenzyme Particle. (1995)

The gamma complex (gamma delta delta' chi psi) and tau complex (tau delta delta' chi psi) clamp loaders require ATP hydrolysis to load beta sliding clamps onto DNA. The beta sliding clamp tethers the polymerase (Pol) III* replicase to DNA for processive synthesis. Pol III* contains both gamma and tau, but only one each of the delta, delta', chi, and psi subunits. Hence, there is ambiguity with respect to which clamp loader, the gamma or tau complex, exists in the Pol III* replicase structure. In this study, ATP-binding site mutants of gamma and tau have been prepared, and these mutants, when assembled into either the gamma or tau complex, are inactive in clamp loading. These mutants have been used as a tool to determine the identity of the clamp loader in Pol III*. The nine-subunit Pol III* has been assembled using either mutant gamma or tau in place of wild-type gamma or tau. The results show that mutation of gamma inactivates Pol III* activity, but mutation of tau does not, indicating that the gamma complex (and not the tau complex) is the clamp loader of Pol III*. The tau subunit carries the task of dimerizing the core polymerase, and it is this association of tau with core that appears to direct the single copy subunits away from tau and onto gamma.
Combination of antibodies inhibits accelerated rejection mediated by memory T cells in xenoantigen-primed mice (2010)

Treatment with a combination of antibodies could significantly reverse the accelerated rejection mediated by donor-reactive memory T cells by inhibiting cellular and humoral immune responses.
Differential clinical efficacy of anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies in rat adjuvant arthritis is paralleled by differential influence on NF-κB binding activity and TNF-α secretion of T cells (2002)

The aim of this study was to analyze the differential effects of three anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (with distinct epitope specifities) in the treatment of rat adjuvant arthritis (AA) and on T-cell function and signal transduction. Rat AA was preventively treated by intraperitoneal injection of the anti-CD4 mAbs W3/25, OX35, and RIB5/2 (on days -1, 0, 3, and 6, i.e. 1 day before AA induction, on the day of induction [day 0], and thereafter). The effects on T-cell reactivity in vivo (delayed-type hypersensitivity), ex vivo (ConA-induced proliferation), and in vitro (mixed lymphocyte culture) were assessed. The in vitro effects of anti-CD4 preincubation on T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3-induced cytokine production and signal transduction were also analyzed. While preventive treatment with OX35 and W3/25 significantly ameliorated AA from the onset, treatment with RIB5/2 even accelerated the onset of AA by approximately 2 days (day 10), and ameliorated the arthritis only in the late phase (day 27). Differential clinical effects at the onset of AA were paralleled by a differential influence of the mAbs on T-cell functions, i.e. in comparison with OX35 and W3/25, the 'accelerating' mAb RIB5/2 failed to increase the delayed-type hypersentivity (DTH) to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, increased the in vitro tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha secretion, and more strongly induced NF-kappaB binding activity after anti-CD4 preincubation and subsequent TCR/CD3-stimulation. Depending on their epitope specificity, different anti-CD4 mAbs differentially influence individual proinflammatory functions of T cells. This fine regulation may explain the differential efficacy in the treatment of AA and may contribute to the understanding of such treatments in other immunopathologies.
Distribution and role in regeneration of N-CAM in the basal laminae of muscle and Schwann cells. (1988)

The neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) is a membrane glycoprotein involved in neuron-neuron and neuron-muscle adhesion. It can be synthesized in various forms by both nerve and muscle and it becomes concentrated at the motor endplate. Biochemical analysis of a frog muscle extract enriched in basal lamina revealed the presence of a polydisperse, polysialylated form of N-CAM with an average Mr of approximately 160,000 as determined by SDS-PAGE, which was converted to a form of 125,000 Mr by treatment with neuraminidase. To define further the role of N-CAM in neuromuscular junction organization, we studied the distribution of N-CAM in an in vivo preparation of frog basal lamina sheaths obtained by inducing the degeneration of both nerve and muscle fibers. Immunoreactive material could be readily detected by anti-N-CAM antibodies in such basal lamina sheaths. Ultrastructural analysis using immunogold techniques revealed N-CAM in close association with the basal lamina sheaths, present in dense accumulation at places that presumably correspond to synaptic regions. N-CAM epitopes were also associated with collagen fibrils in the extracellular matrix. The ability of anti-N-CAM antibodies to perturb nerve regeneration and reinnervation of the remaining basal lamina sheaths was then examined. In control animals, myelinating Schwann cells wrapped around the regenerated axon and reinnervation occurred only at the old synaptic areas; new contacts between nerve and basal lamina had a terminal Schwann cell capping the nerve terminal. In the presence of anti-N-CAM antibodies, three major abnormalities were observed in the regeneration and reinnervation processes: (a) regenerated axons in nerve trunks that had grown back into the old Schwann cell basal lamina were rarely associated with myelinating Schwann cell processes, (b) ectopic synapses were often present, and (c) many of the axon terminals lacked a terminal Schwann cell capping the nerve-basal lamina contact area. These results suggest that N-CAM may play an important role not only in the determination of synaptic areas but also in Schwann cell-axon interactions during nerve regeneration.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of Human Platelet-activating Factor Receptor Impairs G-protein Activation (2001)

Various proinflammatory and vasoactive actions of platelet-activating factor (PAF) are mediated through a specific G-protein-coupled PAF receptor (PAFR). We identified a novel DNA variant in the human PAFR gene, which substitutes an aspartic acid for an alanine residue at position 224 (A224D) in the putative third cytoplasmic loop. This mutation was observed in a Japanese population at an allele frequency of 7.8%. To delineate the functional consequences of this structural alteration, Chinese hamster ovary cells were stably transfected with constructs encoding either wild-type or A224D mutated PAFR. No significant difference was observed in the expression level of the receptor or the affinity to PAF or to an antagonist, WEB2086, between the cells transfected with wild-type and mutant PAFR. Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing A224D mutant PAFR displayed partial but significant reduction of PAF-induced intracellular signals such as calcium mobilization, inositol phosphate production, inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, and chemotaxis. These findings suggest that this variant receptor produced by a naturally occurring mutation exhibits impaired coupling to G-proteins and may be a basis for interindividual variation in PAF-related physiological responses, disease predisposition or phenotypes, and drug responsiveness.
Human 12(R)-Lipoxygenase and the Mouse Ortholog (1998)

Expressed sequence tag information was used to clone the full-length sequence for a new human lipoxygenase from the B cell line CCL-156. A related mouse sequence with 83% nucleotide identity to the human sequence was also cloned. The human lipoxygenase, when expressed via the baculovirus/insect cell system produced an approximately 80-kDa protein capable of metabolizing arachidonic acid to a product identified as 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid by mass spectrometry. Using chiral phase-high performance liquid chromatography, the product was identified as >98% 12(R)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid as opposed to the S-stereoisomer formed by all other known mammalian lipoxygenases. The single copy human 12(R)-lipoxygenase gene was localized to the chromosome 17p13 region, the locus where most other lipoxygenase genes are known to reside. By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, but not by Northern blot, analysis the 12(R)-lipoxygenase mRNA was detected in B cells and adult skin. However, the related mouse lipoxygenase mRNA was highly expressed in epidermis of newborn mice and to a lesser extent in adult brain cortex. By in situ hybridization the mouse lipoxygenase gene was demonstrated to be temporally and spatially regulated during embryogenesis. Expression was induced at embryonic day 15.5 in epidermis, nasal epithelium, and surface of the tongue. These results broaden the mammalian lipoxygenase family to include a 12(R)-lipoxygenase whose biological function remains to be determined.
Multiple Hypothesis Tracking Implementation (2012)

Laserscanner sensors deliver distance measurements from the reflections of objects in the environment. In most automotive applications, the output of the sensor should consist of a list of detected objects. A common architecture for object detection in a laserscanner processing system is the following: www.intechopen.
Analysis and realisation of the LINC transmitter using the combined analogue locked loop universal modulator (CALLUM) (2002)

A novel modulator and transmitter subsystem is presented which provides amplification through RF synthesis. The technique has the potential for 100% dc to RF conversion efficiency whilst providing a highly linear output. Based on the LINC concept, the modulator employs feedback around the entire transmitter subsystem to maintain linearity and efficiency with practical component tolerances.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Increases in Gastric Acidity in Response to Electroacupuncture Stimulation of the Hindlimb of Anesthetized Rats. (1996)

Acupuncture treatment has been used as physiotherapy to treat gastrointestinal disorders in traditional Oriental medicine. In the present study, we selected anesthetized animals as the subjects of this experiment in order to eliminate emotional factors, and investigated the responses to acupuncture stimulation at only a single point by changing animal conditions. 1) There was marked enhancement of gastric acid secretion by electroacupuncture stimulation of the hindlimb based on pH values of the perfusate. However, the enduring response after the momentary initial decrease suggested the existence of humoral factors. 2) The electroacupuncture-specific response was not observed in rats after sciatic nerve denervation. However, the pH values of the perfusate decreased in response to electroacupuncture stimulation of the hindlimb on the sciatic nerve intact side of the same rat. This suggests that the input pathway of acupuncture stimulation was a somatic nerve efferent pathway from the hindlimb. 3) No response to electroacupuncture stimulation was observed in the rats after vagotomy, but a clear enhancement response was seen after sympathectomy. These findings show that the major efferent path of the responses to acupuncture stimulation is the vagus nerve. The results of this experiment suggest that electroacupuncture stimulation of the hindlimb of anesthetized rats increases gastric acid secretion with somatic nerves as the afferent pathway and branches of the vagus nerve to the stomach as the efferent pathway.
Histone deacetylase is a component of the internal nuclear matrix. (1991)

In chicken immature erythrocytes, approximately 4% of the modifiable histone lysine sites participate in active acetylation. There are two categories of actively acetylated histone H4. Although both are acetylated at the same rate (t1/2 = 12 min), one is acetylated to the tetraacetylated form and is rapidly deacetylated (class 1), and the other is acetylated to mono- and diacetylated forms and is slowly deacetylated (class 2). We show that the chromatin distribution of the class 1 labeled tetraacetylated H4 species paralleled that of the transcriptionally active DNA sequences. For example, the chromatin fragments of the insoluble nuclear material contained 76% of the active DNA and 74% of the labeled tetraacetylated H4. Class 2 labeled acetylated H4 species were found in repressed chromatin and were enriched in active/competent gene-enriched chromatin fragments. The majority of the histone deacetylase activity (75-80%) was located with the insoluble residual nuclear material. Further, approximately 40-50% of the enzyme activity was associated with nuclear matrices prepared by two methods using high salt and intermediate/high salt extraction. Histone deacetylase was solubilized by extracting the nuclear matrices with high salt and 2-mercaptoethanol, a procedure that generates nuclear pore-lamina complexes. These results demonstrate that histone deacetylase is a component of the internal nuclear matrix.
Total serum cholesterol levels and mortality risk as a function of age. A report based on the Framingham data. (1993)

Physicians should be cautious about initiating cholesterol-lowering treatment in men and women above 65 to 70 years of age. Only randomized clinical trials in older people can settle the debate over the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of lipid-lowering interventions for reducing mortality and morbidity in this population.
Modulation of Viral Immunoinflammatory Responses with Cytokine DNA Administered by Different Routes (1998)

The efficacy of plasmid DNA encoding cytokine administered by different routes, systemic or surface exposure, was evaluated and compared for their modulating effects on subsequent lesions caused by infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV). Systemic or topical administration of both interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 DNA but not IL-2 DNA caused a long-lasting suppression of HSV-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity response. IL-4 or IL-10 DNA preadministration also modulated the expression of immunoinflammatory lesions associated with corneal infection of HSV. Suppression of ocular lesions required that the DNA be administered to the nasal mucosa or ocular surfaces and was not evident after intramuscular administration. The modulating effect of IL-10 DNA was most evident after topical ocular administration, whereas the effects of IL-4 DNA given by both routes appeared to be equal. Preexposure of IL-4 DNA, but not IL-10 DNA, resulted in a significant change in Th subset balance following HSV infection. Our results indicate that the modulating effect of IL-4 or IL-10 DNA may proceed by different mechanisms. Furthermore, our results suggest that surface administration of cytokine DNA is a convenient means of modulating immunoinflammatory lesions.
Positioned nucleosomes inhibit Dam methylation invivo. (1994)

Escherichia coli Dam DNA methyltransferase can methylate genomic GATC sites when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Others have observed changes in the level of methylation at specific sites and suggested that these changes are related to transcriptional state or chromosomal context. To test directly the influence of nucleosome location on the ability of Dam methyltransferase to modify GATC sites in chromatin, we analyzed minichromosomes containing precisely positioned nucleosomes in dam-expressing yeast strains. Levels of methylation at individual GATC sites were rigorously quantified by an oligonucleotide-probing procedure. Within the linker and adjacent 21 bp of nucleosome-associated DNA, GATC sites were highly methylated, whereas methylation was severely inhibited by histone-DNA contacts nearer to the nucleosomal pseudodyad. Other DNA-protein complexes also interfere with Dam methylation. These data are consistent with a model in which nucleosomes exert a repressive influence on the biological functions of DNA by restricting access of trans-acting factors to DNA.