gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Web caching and Zipf-like distributions: evidence and implications (1999)

This paper addresses two unresolved issues about Web caching. The first issue is whether Web requests from a fixed user community are distributed according to Zipf's (1929) law. The second issue relates to a number of studies on the characteristics of Web proxy traces, which have shown that the hit-ratios and temporal locality of the traces exhibit certain asymptotic properties that are uniform across the different sets of the traces. In particular, the question is whether these properties are inherent to Web accesses or whether they are simply an artifact of the traces. An answer to these unresolved issues will facilitate both Web cache resource planning and cache hierarchy design. We show that the answers to the two questions are related. We first investigate the page request distribution seen by Web proxy caches using traces from a variety of sources. We find that the distribution does not follow Zipf's law precisely, but instead follows a Zipf-like distribution with the exponent varying from trace to trace. Furthermore, we find that there is only (i) a weak correlation between the access frequency of a Web page and its size and (ii) a weak correlation between access frequency and its rate of change. We then consider a simple model where the Web accesses are independent and the reference probability of the documents follows a Zipf-like distribution. We find that the model yields asymptotic behaviour that are consistent with the experimental observations, suggesting that the various observed properties of hit-ratios and temporal locality are indeed inherent to Web accesses observed by proxies. Finally, we revisit Web cache replacement algorithms and show that the algorithm that is suggested by this simple model performs best on real trace data. The results indicate that while page requests do indeed reveal short-term correlations and other structures, a simple model for an independent request stream following a Zipf-like distribution is sufficient to capture certain asymptotic properties observed at Web proxies.
Sesquiterpene Lactones from Inula hupehensis Inhibit Nitric Oxide Production in RAW264.7 Macrophages (2012)

Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Inula hupehensis Ling. led to the isolation and identification of 27 sesquiterpene lactones (1-27), including three new eudesmanolides (3-5), three new germacranolides (9-11), one new xanthanolide (16), two new carabrone derivatives (25-26), and 18 known sesquiterpene lactones. The structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods and comparison to previously reported spectroscopic data. All compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages, and compound 5 showed the strongest activity with the IC₅₀ value of 3.2 ± 0.4 µM.
Quality Management in Higher Education for Engineers (1993)

There are currently major changes, based on modern quality management philosophies, taking place in engineering enterprises. Progressive engineering companies are moving to a customer-oriented, value-driven approach to their businesses. These trends require graduate engineers to acquire knowledge and skills outside the traditional science and technology base of engineering and require them to be leaders or facilitators rather than supervisors of workers conforming to predetermined job designs. The IEAust and universities must better accommodate quality management philosophies in the education of new and existing engineers. The paper examines progress in quality management in university education of engineers and considers the appropriateness and conclusions of recent relevant surveys.
Massive, Irreparable Tears of the Rotator Cuff. Results of Operative Debridement and Subacromial Decompression* (1997)

Thirty-three consecutive patients in whom an irreparable tear of the rotator cuff had been treated with operative debridement and subacromial decompression were evaluated both preoperatively and postoperatively with regard to pain, ability to perform activities of daily living, range of motion, strength, and satisfaction. The assessments were performed with the Shoulder Score Index of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons and the scoring systems of the University of California at Los Angeles and Constant and Murley. At the time of follow-up, twenty-six patients thought that the condition of the shoulder was improved; three, that it was unchanged; and four, that it was worse after the operation. There was a significant decrease in pain (p = 0.001) and significant increases in the range of motion (p = 0.038) and the ability to perform activities of daily living (p = 0.016). However, these improvements were inferior to those in reported series in which torn rotator cuffs had been repaired. Strength with elevation was decreased after the operations in the present series (p = 0.0007).
Tunable radar absorbers using frequency selective surfaces (2001)

Current techniques for controlling the radar cross-section (RCS) of military assets include careful shaping and the use of appropriate materials and construction methods. In general, these techniques are passive in the sense that once utilised in a particular asset, the latter cannot easily be modified to take account of new threat scenarios or operational requirements. Moreover, Rozanov (see IEEE Trans on Antennas and Propagation, vol.48, p.1230-1234, 2000) work has highlighted the bandwidth limitations of radar absorbing materials (RAM) based on passive constituents and these may be summarised in the following relationship: |loge(ρ0)|(λmax-λmin)&lt;2π2Σiμidi where Γ0=20log10 (ρ0) is the desired value of reflectivity, λmax and λmin define the limits of the band over which this performance is to be maintained and μi and di are the permeabilities and thicknesses of the layers comprising the absorber. Hence, it might be desirable for future military systems to be capable of some measure of dynamic RCS control so as to achieve increased operational performance, flexibility, survivability and in-service lifetime. Dynamic control of microwave reflectivity might also find application in civilian areas such as automotive and traffic engineering, e.m.c. and other r.f. test facilities and r.f. tagging and asset tracking.
Colloidal gold probes in immunocytochemistry. An optimization of their application in light microscopy by use of silver intensification procedures. (1986)

Colloidal gold particles are the markers of choice for ultrastructural localization of antigens. By reducing gold chloride with tannic acid and trisodium citrate, a broad range of narrowly determined particle sizes can be obtained. Such particles can easily be coupled to a number of proteins and the resulting conjugates are conveniently purified on a gel-chromatography column. Their application in light microscopy requires an amplification step with a silver physical developer. Silver-intensified colloidal gold probes can advantageously be used for immunostaining of cryostat, paraffin and plastic sections. Moreover, permeabilized cultured cells and whole-mount preparations can also be stained with gold-silver techniques. Silver intensification does not affect reactivity of a number of tissue antigens, thus permitting double staining combinations with immunoperoxidase or immunofluorescence methods.
Dual-Path Convolutional Image-Text Embedding. (2017)

This paper considers the task of matching images and sentences. The challenge consists in discriminatively embedding the two modalities onto a shared visual-textual space. Existing work in this field largely uses Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) for text feature learning and employs off-the-shelf Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for image feature extraction. Our system, in comparison, differs in two key aspects. Firstly, we build a convolutional network amenable for fine-tuning the visual and textual representations, where the entire network only contains four components, i.e., convolution layer, pooling layer, rectified linear unit function (ReLU), and batch normalisation. End-to-end learning allows the system to directly learn from the data and fully utilise the supervisions. Secondly, we propose instance loss according to viewing each multimodal data pair as a class. This works with a large margin objective to learn the inter-modal correspondence between images and their textual descriptions. Experiments on two generic retrieval datasets (Flickr30k and MSCOCO) demonstrate that our method yields competitive accuracy compared to state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, in language person retrieval, we improve the state of the art by a large margin. Code is available at this https URL com/layumi/Image-Text-Embedding
A multiline computer voice response system utilizing ADPCM coded speech (1974)

In this paper we discuss the issues involved in implementing an automatic computer voice response system which is capable of serving up to ten independent output channels in real time. The system has been implemented on a Data General NOVA- 800 minicomputer. Individual isolated words and phrases are coded at a rate of 24 000 bits/s using a hardware adaptive, differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM) coder, and stored on a fixed-head disk as a random access vocabulary. By exploiting the features of ADPCM coding, it is possible to create and edit automatically a vocabulary for the system from an analog tape recording of the spoken entries, with minimal operator intervention. To provide ten simultaneous output lines of speech which are independent of each other required the use of an efficient scheduling algorithm. Such an algorithm was provided by the computer manufacturer in their real-time multitasking system which was part of their Fortran software. Thus almost all the programming required to implement this real-time system was in Fortran, thereby providing flexibility and ease in making changes in the system. Initial applications of the voice response system are in computer aided voice wiring, automatic directory assistance, and experiments on speaker verification, but the system is sufficiently modular to adapt readily to other applications.
Industrial and consumer nonedible products from oils and fats (1996)

Rendering (L. Tufft). Industrial Uses of Rendered Fats and Oils (F. Wellons). Fatty Acids and Derivatives from Coconut Oil (G. Gervasio). Soap (M. Burke). Detergency (J. Lynn). Paints, Varnishes, and Related Products (K. Lin). Glycerine Processing (D. Hedtke). Leather Processing (P. Kronick). Textile Processing (Y. Kamath). Topical Pharmaceuticals (J. Wang & C. Clum). Use of Natural Fats and Oils in Cosmetics (M. Rieger). Index.
Cloning, baculovirus expression, and characterization of a second mouse prolyl 4-hydroxylase alpha-subunit isoform: formation of an alpha 2 beta 2 tetramer with the protein disulfide-isomerase/beta subunit. (1995)

Prolyl 4-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.2) catalyzes the posttranslational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in collagens. The vertebrate enzyme is an alpha 2 beta 2 tetramer, the beta subunit of which is a highly unusual multifunctional polypeptide, being identical to protein disulfide-isomerase (EC 5.3.4.1). We report here the cloning of a second mouse alpha subunit isoform, termed the alpha (II) subunit. This polypeptide consists of 518 aa and a signal peptide of 19 aa. The processed polypeptide is one residue longer than the mouse alpha (I) subunit (the previously known type), the cloning of which is also reported here. The overall amino acid sequence identity between the mouse alpha (II) and alpha (I) subunits is 63%. The mRNA for the alpha (II) subunit was found to be expressed in a variety of mouse tissues. When the alpha (II) subunit was expressed together with the human protein disulfide-isomerase/beta subunit in insect cells by baculovirus vectors, an active prolyl 4-hydroxylase was formed, and this protein appeared to be an alpha (II) 2 beta 2 tetramer. The activity of this enzyme was very similar to that of the human alpha (I) 2 beta 2 tetramer, and most of its catalytic properties were also highly similar, but it differed distinctly from the latter in that it was inhibited by poly(L-proline) only at very high concentrations. This property may explain why the type II enzyme was not recognized earlier, as an early step in the standard purification procedure for prolyl 4-hydroxylase is affinity chromatography on a poly(L-proline) column.
New Mutations in the KVLQT1 Potassium Channel That Cause Long-QT Syndrome (1998)

We have identified LQTS-causing mutations of KVLQT1 in seven families. Five KVLQT1 mutations cause the truncation of KVLQT1 protein. These data further confirm that KVLQT1 mutations cause LQTS. The location and character of these mutations expand the types of mutation, confirm a mutational hot spot, and suggest that they act through a loss-of-function mechanism or a dominant-negative mechanism.
Earnings Surprise Research: Synthesis and Perspectives (1997)

An investigation of the relation between earnings surprise and three empirical anomalies—the P/E effect, the size effect, and the Value Line enigma—indicates that the standardized unexpected earnings (SUE) effect appears to be separate and distinct from each of the three. The relations between the SUE phenomenon and firm risk, the appropriateness of the earnings expectations model, and the role of transaction costs are also investigated. The SUE phenomenon is not attributable to inappropriate risk adjustment, use of the “wrong” earnings expectations model, or ignoring transaction costs. The SUE effect may be partly explained by analysts' behavior and is both predictable and profitable. The SUE effect has also been observed in Japan.
Detection of Infectious Bronchitis Virus with the Use of Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase–PCR and Correlation with Virus Detection in Embryonated Eggs (2014)

Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays have been used to detect the presence of challenge virus when the efficacy of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine against field viruses is being experimentally evaluated. However, federal guidelines for licensing IBV vaccines indicate that challenge-virus detection following vaccination is to be conducted in embryonated eggs. In this study, we examined qRT-PCR data with the use of universal and type-specific primers and probe sets for IBV detection and compared those data with challenge-virus detection in embryonated eggs to determine if the two methods of evaluating vaccine efficacy are comparable. In addition, we tested the qRT-PCR assays on thermocyclers from two different manufacturers. We found the universal IBV primers and probe set to be comparable to challenge-virus detection in embryonated eggs. However, for some IBV types (Mass41 and Conn on the SmartCycler II and Ark, Mass41, Conn, and GA98 on the ABI 7500) the qRT-PCR assay was more sensitive than virus detection in embryonated eggs. This may simply be due to the universal IBV qRT-PCR assay being more sensitive than virus detection in eggs or to the assay detecting nucleic acid from nonviable virus. This finding is important and needs to be considered when evaluating challenge-virus detection for vaccination and challenge studies, because qRT-PCR could potentially identify positive birds that would otherwise be negative by virus detection in embryonated eggs; thus it could lead to a more stringent measure of vaccine efficacy. We also found that the IBV type-specific primers and probe sets designed in this study were in general less sensitive than the universal IBV primers and probe set. Only the Ark-DPI-spedcific assay on the SmartCycler II and the Ark-DPI-, Mass41-, and DE072/GA98- (for detection of GA98 virus only) specific assays on the ABI 7500 were comparable in sensitivity to virus detection in eggs. We found that a number of variables, including the virus type examined, primers and probe efficiency and stability, and assay conditions, including thermocycler platform, can affect the data obtained from qRT-PCR assays. These results indicate that qRT-PCR assays can be used to detect IBV challenge virus, but each assay, including the assay conditions and thermocycler, should be individually evaluated if those data are expected to be comparable to virus detection in embryonated eggs.
Unimolecular Submersible Nanomachines. Synthesis, Actuation, and Monitoring (2015)

Unimolecular submersible nanomachines (USNs) bearing light-driven motors and fluorophores are synthesized. NMR experiments demonstrate that the rotation of the motor is not quenched by the fluorophore and that the motor behaves in the same manner as the corresponding motor without attached fluorophores. No photo or thermal decomposition is observed. Through careful design of control molecules with no motor and with a slow motor, we found using single molecule fluorescence correlation spectroscopy that only the molecules with fast rotating speed (MHz range) show an enhancement in diffusion by 26% when the motor is fully activated by UV light. This suggests that the USN molecules give ∼9 nm steps upon each motor actuation. A non-unidirectional rotating motor also results in a smaller, 10%, increase in diffusion. This study gives new insight into the light actuation of motorized molecules in solution.
Heregulin‐induced activation of ErbB3 by EGFR tyrosine kinase activity promotes tumor growth and metastasis in melanoma cells (2008)

ErbB3 receptor tyrosine kinase has been shown to induce tumor progression in several types of cancer through heterodimerization with ErbB2. However, the role of ErbB3 and its ligand heregulin (HRG) in tumor metastasis remains poorly understood. In the present study, we tried to clarify their contributions to the metastasis of ErbB3-overexpressing B16-BL6 melanoma cells. Stimulation with HRG induced phosphorylation of ErbB3 and metastatic properties including MMP-9 expression, invasion, adhesion and experimental lung metastasis in vivo. These cellular responses were blocked by inhibiting the tyrosine kinase activity of EGFR with PD153035. In addition, phosphorylation of EGFR was rapidly induced by HRG, suggesting that EGFR is a possible heterodimeric counterpart of ErbB3. RNA interference demonstrated that subcutaneous tumor growth and angiogenesis was attenuated by inactivation of ErbB3 in cancer cells. Although experimental pulmonary metastasis was not affected by the knockdown of ErbB3, spontaneous metastasis was, even when primary tumors in the foot pad were amputated at a similar size. These results indicate that HRG-induced activation of ErbB3 via EGFR promotes tumor growth and metastasis of melanoma cells.
Exploiting dual data-memory banks in digital signal processors (1996)

Over the past decade, digital signal processors (DSPs) have emerged as the processors of choice for implementing embedded applications in high-volume consumer products. Through their use of specialized hardware features and small chip areas, DSPs provide the high performance necessary for embedded applications at the low costs demanded by the high-volume consumer market. One feature commonly found in DSPs is the use of dual data-memory banks to double the memory system's bandwidth. When coupled with high-order data interleaving, dual memory banks provide the same bandwidth as more costly memory organizations such as a dual-ported memory. However, making effective use of dual memory banks remains difficult, especially for high-level language (HLL) DSP compilers.In this paper, we describe two algorithms --- compaction-based (CB) data partitioning and partial data duplication --- that we developed as part of our research into the effective exploitation of dual data-memory banks in HLL DSP compilers. We show that CB partitioning is an effective technique for exploiting dual data-memory banks, and that partial data duplication can augment CB partitioning in improving execution performance. Our results show that CB partitioning improves the performance of our kernel benchmarks by 13%-40% and the performance of our application benchmarks by 3%-15%. For one of the application benchmarks, partial data duplication boosts performance from 3% to 34%.
Spectrum of activity of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 against rhinovirus reference strains and field isolates (1994)

The antiviral potency of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; the major receptor for human rhinoviruses) was determined for a subset of American Type Culture Collection reference serotypes and field isolates of rhinovirus. The results indicate that soluble ICAM-1 exhibits a broad spectrum of activity against rhinoviruses and that field isolates have a sensitivity indistinguishable from that of laboratory strains.
Johnson noise thermometer for high radiation and high temperature environments (1988)

The purpose of development work on the Johnson noise power thermometer (JNPT) was to apply the work of Nyquist, who showed that the mean-squared noise voltage spectrum appearing across an unloaded resistor of value R is given by anti e/sub n//sup 2/ = 4hfR/(exp (hf/kT) - 1)) where anti e/sub n//sup 2/ has the units volts squared per unit frequency, and h and k are the Planck and Boltzmann constants, respectively, f is the frequency in hertz (Hz) and T is the absolute temperature in kelvins (K). J.B. Johnson showed that the noise was independent of the composition of the resistor. These discoveries gave rise to a temperature measurement technique using the Johnson noise voltage and Johnson noise current in a noise power mode, which essentially gives immunity to the decalibrating effects of radiation-induced transmutations of the temperature-sensing element. Experiments have been conducted in which temperature measurements were made in the range from 300 to 1200/sup 0/K. Extrapolation of plots of these data pass through absolute zero, as expected. In-pile irradiation experiments show no perceptible decalibration after 4500 h in high neutron flux even though 80% of the original sensor material, rhenium, had been transmuted to osmium.
Enhancing Fluorescence Brightness: Effect of Reverse Intersystem Crossing Studied by Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy (2008)

Experiments based on fluorescence detection are limited by the population of the fluorescence marker's long-lived dark triplet state, leading to pronounced photobleaching reactions and blinking which reduces the average fluorescence signal obtained per time interval. By irradiation with a second, red-shifted laser line, we initiate reverse intersystem crossing (ReISC) which enhances the fluorescence signal of common fluorophores up to a factor of 14. The reverse intersystem crossing from the triplet state back to the singlet system is achieved by photoexcitation to higher-excited triplet states, which are, however, prone to photobleaching. We gain insights into the competing pathways of ReISC and photobleaching. The relative efficiencies of these two pathways and the triplet lifetime determine the achievable fluorescence enhancement, which varies strongly with the choice of dye, excitation irradiance and wavelength, and with environmental conditions. The study of ReISC not only results in a better understanding of a fluorescent label's photophysics, but the method is a possible approach to optimize fluorescence emission in experiments, where signal strength is a critical parameter.
IT(정보통신)산업이 타 산업에 미치는 파급효과(Spillover)에 관한 실증연구 (2009)

1987년 노벨 경제학상 수상자인 Robert Solow가 제시한 “생산성 역설”에 대한 IT산업에 대한 부정적인 이슈를 기반으로 IT산업에 대한 연구는 지금까지 다양하게 연구되고 있다. 1980년 초창기 IT산업에 대한 부정적인 시각이 우세했지만, 점점 IT산업이 발전하면서 생산성 역설이 아닌 IT산업에 대한 긍정적인 주장이 많이 제시되었다. 하지만 2003년 Nicholas G. Carr가 Harvard Business Review에 발표한 “IT Doesn’t Matter”이라는 주장으로 IT산업에 대한 부정적인 시각이 다시 부각되고 있으며, 현 정부 역시 IT산업에 대해서 소극적인 자세를 취하고 있는 것을 볼 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 그 동안 제시했던 산업연관표에 의한 추정자료가 아닌 현재 통계청에서 제공하는 실질적인 산업들의 데이터를 통해서 IT산업이 타 산업에 미치는 파급효과에 대해서 측정해 보았다. 이를 위해서 총 16개 산업을 선정하여 Cobb-Douglas생산함수의 프레임을 활용하여 분석하 였고, 더 나아가 Granger Causality 분석을 통해서 보다 정확한 IT산업의 파급효과를 측정해 보았다. 그 결과 총 16개 산업 중 8개 산업에 서 IT산업이 타 산업에 매우 긍정적인 파급효과를 나타내고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이를 통해서 IT산업의 긍정적인 영향을 다시 한번 제시할 수 있으며, IT산업이 주춤한 지금 IT산업에 대해서 더 많은 관심과 투자를 불러 일으킬 수 있을 것이라 기대된다.