gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Different types of botulinum toxin in humans (2004)

In humans, botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotype A (BoNT/A) is a useful therapeutic tool, but different BoNT serotypes may be useful when a specific immune resistance related to BoNT/A is proved. BoNT serotype F (BoNT/F) was injected into human muscles but its effects are shorter compared to BoNT/A, whereas BoNT serotype B (BoNT/B) is effective in humans only if injected at very high doses. BoNT serotype C (BoNT/C) has a general profile of action similar to BoNT/A. Nevertheless, a comparison between these different BoNTs in human has not yet been reported. To establish the general profile of these different BoNTs in humans and the spread in near and untreated muscles we conducted an electrophysiological evaluation in 12 healthy volunteers by injecting BoNT/A (BOTOX 15MU), BoNT/B (NeuroBloc 1500MU), BoNT/F (15MU), BoNT/C (15MU) and a saline solution (placebo) in the abductor digiti minimi muscle (ADM) in a double-blind manner. The compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude variation, before and at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after the injections, was evaluated in the ADM, the fourth dorsal interosseus, the first dorsal interosseus and the abductor pollicis brevis APB. We detected an earlier recovery for BoNT/F when compared to the other BoNTs. No significant differences in the local or distant BoNT spread was observed among the different serotypes. We conclude that in humans, BoNT/B and BoNT/C have a general profile similar to BoNT/A and as such these serotypes could be alternative therapies to BoNT/A. BoNT/F might be useful when only a short duration of neuromuscular blockade is required.
Artist detection in music with Minnowmatch (2002)

In this paper we demonstrate the artist detection component of Minnowmatch, a machine listening and music retrieval engine. Minnowmatch (Mima) automatically determines various meta-data and makes classifications concerning a piece of audio using neural networks and support vector machines. The technologies developed in Minnowmatch may be used to create audio information retrieval systems, copyright protection devices, and recommendation agents. This paper concentrates on the artist or source detection component of Mima, which we show to classify a one-in-n artist space correctly 91% over a small song-set and 70% over a larger song set. We show that scaling problems using only neural networks for classification can be addressed with a pre-classification step of multiple support vector machines.
News (1981)

News| December 01 1981 News David Trend, David Trend Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Catherine Lord Catherine Lord Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Afterimage (1981) 9 (5): 2–3. https://doi.org/10.1525/aft.1981.9.5.2 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation David Trend, Catherine Lord; News. Afterimage 1 December 1981; 9 (5): 2–3. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/aft.1981.9.5.2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAfterimage Search This content is only available via PDF. © 1981 by The Regents of the University of California1981 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Elimination of infused amino acids from plasma of control subjects and of patients with cirrhosis of the liver (1982)

In four control subjects and four patients with cirrhosis of the liver a multiple amino acid mixture was infused for 12 h at a constant rate of 68 and 56 mumol alpha-amino N/s, respectively. Before infusion the plasma amino N concentration was 2.4 +/- 0.2 (mean +/- SD) mmol/l in control subjects and 3.5 +/- 0.7 mmol/in patients (P less than 0.025). The concentration of alanine, proline, arginine, tyrosine, and citrulline was significantly increased in the cirrhosis group. 12 h after the infusion began approximately constant amino N concentrations of 11.4 +/- 1.8 mmol/l in controls and 13.7 +/- 3.9 mmol/l in patients were attained, and the urea N synthesis rate was 63 +/- 17 and 44 +/- 8 mumol/s, respectively (P less than 0.05). After correction for loss of amino acids in urine this means that on the average 94 per cent of the N load was recovered as urea. The plasma clearance of infused amino acids, calculated as the ratio between infusion rate and steady state concentration, was 6.0 +/- 1.2 and 4.1 +/- 0.9 ml/s for amino N in the control and cirrhosis group, respectively (P less than 0.025). The clearance of individual amino acids ranged between 2.5 and 28 ml/s. The clearance of most amino acids was decreased in the cirrhosis groups, and of glycine, proline, lysine, threonine, and arginine significantly so (P less than 0.05), reflecting accumulation of amino acids in patients. This indicates that a primary defect in the conversion of amino N in cirrhosis is the reduced urea synthesis.
Disclosure ofAPOEGenotype for Risk of Alzheimer's Disease (2009)

The disclosure of APOE genotyping results to adult children of patients with Alzheimer's disease did not result in significant short-term psychological risks. Test-related distress was reduced among those who learned that they were APOE epsilon4-negative. Persons with high levels of emotional distress before undergoing genetic testing were more likely to have emotional difficulties after disclosure. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00571025.)
The Development of C 4 Rice: Current Progress and Future Challenges (2012)

Another "green revolution" is needed for crop yields to meet demands for food. The international C(4) Rice Consortium is working toward introducing a higher-capacity photosynthetic mechanism--the C(4) pathway--into rice to increase yield. The goal is to identify the genes necessary to install C(4) photosynthesis in rice through different approaches, including genomic and transcriptional sequence comparisons and mutant screening.
The Molecular Genetics of Philadelphia Chromosome–Positive Leukemias (1988)

ACTIVATION of cellular oncogenes by chromosomal translocation has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of several cancers. One of the most striking examples of this phenomenon occurs in leukemias involving the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome. The Ph1 chromosome is a shortened chromosome 22 that arises from a reciprocal translocation, t(9;22)(q34;q11).1 , 2 This cytogenetic aberration occurs in the majority of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)3 and in a much smaller proportion of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).4 , 5 The Ph1 translocation results in transposition of the cellular abl (c-abl) gene from its usual residence . . .
Sperm Antigens and Their Use in the Development of an Immunocontraceptive (1997)

The successful results obtained thus far support the feasibility of an effective immunocontraceptive and indicate the importance for continued investigation of additional sperm antigens as contraceptive immunogen candidates.
Sleep {middle dot} 1: Obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome: definitions, epidemiology, and natural history (2003)

Arguments over the definition of obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS) have still not been satisfactorily resolved. As a result, robust estimates of the prevalence of OSAHS are not possible. New approaches are needed to identify those who have "CPAP responsive" disease, enabling more accurate estimates to be made of the prevalence of the sleep apnoea syndrome in the community.
Lifting methods for quasi-cyclic LDPC codes (2006)

In this paper, we present two simple methods to construct a quasi-cyclic LDPC (QC-LDPC) code of larger length by lifting a given QC-LDPC code. We show that its girth is always larger than or equal to that of the given QC-LDPC code. Applying the methods recursively, it is possible to construct a sequence of QC-LDPC codes generated from a single exponent matrix by proper floor or modulo operations. Simulation results show that they have no serious performance degradation, as compared with randomly constructed LDPC codes
Perivascular and intravenous administration of basic fibroblast growth factor: vascular and solid organ deposition. (1993)

The in vivo mitogenicity of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for arterial smooth muscle cells relies on the removal of endothelium, raising the question of whether the endothelium serves as a mechanical barrier preventing contact of circulating bFGF with underlying smooth muscle cells or as a biochemical barrier that produces a local inhibitor of bFGF activity. To better define the role of the intact endothelium in modulating the vascular and tissue deposition of bFGF, we compared the fate of intravenous injections of 125I-labeled bFGF with perivascular controlled growth factor release. Peak serum bFGF levels were detected within 1 min of injection, and the growth factor was cleared thereafter with a serum half-life of almost 3 min. Polymeric controlled release devices delivered bFGF to the extravascular space without transendothelial transport. Deposition within the blood vessel wall was rapidly distributed circumferentially and was substantially greater than that observed following intravenous injection. The amount of bFGF deposited in arteries adjacent to the release devices was 40 times that deposited in similar arteries in animals who received a single intravenous bolus of bFGF. Endothelial denudation had a minimal effect on deposition following perivascular release, and it increased deposition following intravenous delivery 2-fold. The presence of intimal hyperplasia increased deposition of perivascularly released bFGF 2.4-fold but decreased the deposition of intravenously injected bFGF by 67%. In contrast, bFGF was 5- to 30-fold more abundant in solid organs after intravenous injection than it was following perivascular release. Deposition was greatest in the kidney, liver, and spleen and was substantially lower in the heart and lung. Thus, bFGF is rapidly cleared following intravenous injection and is deposited within both solid organs and the walls of blood vessels. Unlike the mitogenic potential of bFGF within blood vessels, vascular deposition is virtually independent of the presence of endothelium. Perivascular delivery is far more efficient than intravenous delivery at depositing bFGF within the arterial wall, and an increased neointima may provide added substrate for potential bFGF deposition but has limited contact with intravascular growth factor as a result of dilutional and flow-mediated effects.
The Physiological Period Length of the Human Circadian Clock In Vivo Is Directly Proportional to Period in Human Fibroblasts (2010)

We conclude that the period of human circadian behaviour is mostly driven by cellular clock properties in normal individuals and can be approximated by measurement in peripheral cells such as fibroblasts. Based upon differences among sighted and blind subjects, we also speculate that period can be modified by prolonged unusual conditions such as the total light deprivation of blindness.
Playlist Generation Using Start And End Songs. (2008)

[TODO] Add abstract here.
Review of Cellular Mechanisms of Tumor Osteolysis (2000)

The cellular and biochemical mechanisms that direct the destruction of bone at sites of tumor osteolysis are unknown. To better understand the mechanisms through which tumors direct bone resorption, research has focused on developing in vivo and in vitro experimental models that are useful for studying this process. In vivo experimental systems have been developed that permit study of tumor osteolysis from human and murine tumors, and that permit the study of tumors that arise from (sarcoma) or can metastasize (breast cancer) to bone. Recent research has focused on three questions: (1) Are osteoclasts or tumor cells responsible for bone resorption during tumor osteolysis? (2) What are the cellular mechanisms that are responsible for bone resorption during tumor osteolysis, and (3) what are the tumor cell products that regulate the cellular mechanisms that are responsible for tumor osteolysis? It has been determined that osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption at sites of tumor osteolysis by enhancing the binding of osteoclast to bone, by inducing osteoclastic bone resorption, and by stimulating osteoclast formation. Attempts to identify tumor cell products that regulate these cellular mechanisms are in progress, and findings suggest that production of macrophage colony stimulating factor may be required for tumor osteolysis to occur with some tumors.
Establishment of a human acute myeloid leukemia cell line (Kasumi-1) with 8;21 chromosome translocation (1991)

A novel leukemic cell line with an 8;21 chromosome translocation, designated as Kasumi-1, was established from the peripheral blood of a 7-year-old boy suffering from acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The Kasumi-1 cells were positive for myeloperoxidase showing a morphology of myeloid maturation. The response in proliferation assay was observed in the culture with interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and granulocytemacrophage CSF (GM-CSF), but not with IL-1 or IL-5. Neither granulocytic nor eosinophilic maturation was observed in the liquid culture by the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide, G-CSF, or IL-5, respectively. In contrast, induction of macrophagelike cells was seen by the addition of phorbol ester. This is the first report of a human AML cell line with t(8;21) that has characteristics of myeloid and macrophage lineages. The cell line could be a useful tool for elucidating the pathophysiology of AML with t(8;21).
Intron retention is a hallmark and spliceosome represents a therapeutic vulnerability in aggressive prostate cancer (2020)

The role of dysregulation of mRNA alternative splicing (AS) in the development and progression of solid tumors remains to be defined. Here we describe the first comprehensive AS landscape in the spectrum of human prostate cancer (PCa) evolution. We find that the severity of splicing dysregulation correlates with disease progression and establish intron retention as a hallmark of PCa stemness and aggressiveness. Systematic interrogation of 274 splicing-regulatory genes (SRGs) uncovers prevalent genomic copy number variations (CNVs), leading to mis-expression of ~68% of SRGs during PCa development and progression. Consequently, many SRGs are prognostic. Surprisingly, androgen receptor controls a splicing program distinct from its transcriptional regulation. The spliceosome modulator, E7107, reverses cancer aggressiveness and inhibits castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) in xenograft and autochthonous PCa models. Altogether, our studies establish aberrant AS landscape caused by dysregulated SRGs as a hallmark of PCa aggressiveness and the spliceosome as a therapeutic vulnerability for CRPC.
Extracellular Matrix Modulation: Optimizing Skin Care and Rejuvenation Procedures. (2016)

Normal aging and photoaging of the skin are chronic processes that progress gradually. The extracellular matrix (ECM), constituting over 70% of the skin, is the central hub for repair and regeneration of the skin. As such, the ECM is the area where changes related to photodamage are most evident. Degradation of the ECM with fragmentation of proteins significantly affects cross talk and signaling between cells, the matrix, and its constituents. The accumulation of collagen fragments, amorphous elastin agglutinations, and abnormal cross-linkages between the collagen fragments impedes the ECM from its normal repair and regenerative capacity, which manifests as wrinkled, non-elastic skin. Similar to how the chronic wound healing process requires wound bed preparation before therapeutic intervention, treatment of chronic aging of the skin would likely benefit from a "skin bed preparation" to optimize the outcome of rejuvenation procedures and skin maintenance programs. This involves introducing agents that can combat stress-induced oxidation, proteasome dysfunction, and non-enzymatic cross linkages involved in glycation end products, to collectively modulate this damaged ECM, and upregulate neocollagenesis and elastin production. Agents of particular interest are matrikines, peptides originating from the fragmentation of matrix proteins that exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Peptides of this type (tripeptide and hexapeptide) are incorporated in ALASTIN™ Skin Nectar with TriHex™ technology (ALASTIN Skincare, Inc., Carlsbad, CA), which is designed to target ECM modulation with a goal of optimizing results following invasive and non-invasive dermal rejuvenating procedures.
ECSTASY, an adjustable membrane-tethered/soluble protein expression system for the directed evolution of mammalian proteins (2012)

We describe an adjustable membrane-tethered/soluble protein screening methodology termed ECSTASY (enzyme cleavable surface tethered all-purpose screening system) which combines the power of high-throughput fluorescence-activated cell sorting of membrane-tethered proteins with the flexibility of soluble assays for isolation of improved mammalian recombinant proteins. In this approach, retroviral transduction is employed to stably tether a library of protein variants on the surface of mammalian cells via a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchor. High-throughput fluorescence-activated cell sorting is used to array cells expressing properly folded and/or active protein variants on their surface into microtiter culture plates. After culture to expand individual clones, treatment of cells with phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C releases soluble protein variants for multiplex measurement of protein concentration, activity and/or function. We utilized ECSTASY to rapidly generate human β-glucuronidase variants for cancer therapy by antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy with up to 30-fold greater potency to catalyze the hydrolysis of the clinically relevant camptothecin anti-cancer prodrug as compared with wild-type human β-glucuronidase. A variety of recombinant proteins could be adjustably displayed on fibroblasts, suggesting that ECSTASY represents a general, simple and versatile methodology for high-throughput screening to accelerate sequence activity-based evolution of mammalian proteins.
[Successful prevention of rhinovirus infections with chimeric ICAM-1 immunoglobulin in vitro]. (1993)

The intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is used as cellular receptor by 90% of human rhinoviruses (HRV). Recently, a recombinant, soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) has been shown to be effective in prevention of the cytopathic effect of rhinovirus infection in vitro. Aim of this study was the production of molecules with multivalent binding sites. Different chimeric proteins were constructed by fusion of two or five extracellular domains of ICAM-1 with the constant regions of IgA1, IgM and IgG1 by polymerase chain reactions (PCR). IgA- and IgG-immunoadhesion molecules were expressed in eucaryotic cells as dimers, IgM-immunoadhesion molecules as decamers. Immunoadhesion molecules were compared to sICAM-1 for their ability to neutralize HRV: The chimeric protein of five N-terminal domains of ICAM-1 and the constant regions of IgA1 was 150 times more potent than sICAM-1 in neutralizing HRV. The first and the second N-terminal of ICAM-1 fused to IgA1 or IgM were five times more active, however, fused to IgG1 four times less active than sICAM-1. Sedimentation analyses of [H3]-leucin labled HRV after preincubation with the different immunoadhesion molecules showed a dose-dependent induction of a conformational change of the viral capsid proteins. The order of efficiency of the chimeric proteins was consistent to the neutralizing experiments. Our results showed that HRV neutralizing can be dramatically increased by multimerization of ICAM-1. The chimeric molecule between IgA1 and ICAM-1 seems to be a potential candidate for clinical testing to prevent and treat HRV-infections.
Cyclic GMP-AMP Is an Endogenous Second Messenger in Innate Immune Signaling by Cytosolic DNA (2012)

Cytosolic DNA induces type I interferons and other cytokines that are important for antimicrobial defense but can also result in autoimmunity. This DNA signaling pathway requires the adaptor protein STING and the transcription factor IRF3, but the mechanism of DNA sensing is unclear. We found that mammalian cytosolic extracts synthesized cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP-AMP, or cGAMP) in vitro from adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate in the presence of DNA but not RNA. DNA transfection or DNA virus infection of mammalian cells also triggered cGAMP production. cGAMP bound to STING, leading to the activation of IRF3 and induction of interferon-β. Thus, cGAMP functions as an endogenous second messenger in metazoans and triggers interferon production in response to cytosolic DNA.
On the construction of multiphase communication protocols (2002)

The complexity of communication protocols has led to compositional techniques to design and verify protocols. We propose a framework for sequential composition of protocols. We identify two types of interactions, ordering and inhibition, required to specify such compositions. By describing these interactions separately, our framework enhances the applicability to the technique to a larger class of protocols. The technique facilitates modular design and verification. We illustrate the use of our technique by deriving several protocols.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Exopolysaccharide Alginate Protects Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Bacteria from IFN-γ-Mediated Macrophage Killing (2005)

The ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to form biofilms and cause chronic infections in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients is well documented. Numerous studies have revealed that P. aeruginosa biofilms are highly refractory to antibiotics. However, dramatically fewer studies have addressed P. aeruginosa biofilm resistance to the host's immune system. In planktonic, unattached (nonbiofilm) P. aeruginosa, the exopolysaccharide alginate provides protection against a variety of host factors yet the role of alginate in protection of biofilm bacteria is unclear. To address this issue, we tested wild-type strains PAO1, PA14, the mucoid cystic fibrosis isolate, FRD1 (mucA22+), and the respective isogenic mutants which lacked the ability to produce alginate, for their susceptibility to human leukocytes in the presence and absence of IFN-gamma. Human leukocytes, in the presence of recombinant human IFN-gamma, killed biofilm bacteria lacking alginate after a 4-h challenge at 37 degrees C. Bacterial killing was dependent on the presence of IFN-gamma. Killing of the alginate-negative biofilm bacteria was mediated through mononuclear cell phagocytosis since treatment with cytochalasin B, which prevents actin polymerization, inhibited leukocyte-specific bacterial killing. By direct microscopic observation, phagocytosis of alginate-negative biofilm bacteria was significantly increased in the presence of IFN-gamma vs all other treatments. Addition of exogenous, purified alginate to the alginate-negative biofilms restored resistance to human leukocyte killing. Our results suggest that although alginate may not play a significant role in bacterial attachment, biofilm development, and formation, it may play an important role in protecting mucoid P. aeruginosa biofilm bacteria from the human immune system.