gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Denali: Lightweight Virtual Machines for Distributed and Networked Applications (2001)

The goal of Denali is to safely execute many independent, untrusted server applications on a single physical machine. This would enable any developer to inject a new service into third-party Internet infrastructure; for example, dynamic content generation code could be introduced into content-delivery networks or caching systems. We believe that virtual machine monitors (VMMs) are ideally suited to this application domain. A VMM provides strong isolation by default, since one virtual machine cannot directly name a resource in another. In addition, VMMs defer the implementation of high-level abstractions to guest OSs, which greatly simplifies the kernel and avoids &amp;quot;layer-below&amp;quot; attacks. The main challenge in using a VMM for this application domain is in scaling the number of concurrent virtual machines that can simultaneously execute on it.
Content-based image retrieval using hierarchical temporal memory (2008)

Several querying interfaces for content-based image retrieval (CBIR) are reviewed and a new CBIR system is introduced that uses Hierarchical Temporal Memory for the automatic indexing of architectural images and provides a sketch-based and iconic index querying interface. Experimentation shows the system is robust for recognizing query images under varying amounts of noise, distortion, occlusion, blurring, and affine transformation.
Renal tubular ACE-mediated tubular injury is the major contributor to microalbuminuria in early diabetic nephropathy (2017)

Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of end-stage renal disease in developed countries. While angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are used to treat diabetic nephropathy, how intrarenal ACE contributes to diabetic renal injury is uncertain. Here, two mouse models with different patterns of renal ACE expression were studied to determine the specific contribution of tubular vs. glomerular ACE to early diabetic nephropathy: it-ACE mice, which make endothelial ACE but lack ACE expression by renal tubular epithelium, and ACE 3/9 mice, which lack endothelial ACE and only express renal ACE in tubular epithelial cells. The absence of endothelial ACE normalized the glomerular filtration rate and endothelial injury in diabetic ACE 3/9 mice. However, these mice developed tubular injury and albuminuria and displayed low renal levels of megalin that were similar to those observed in diabetic wild-type mice. In diabetic it-ACE mice, despite hyperfiltration, the absence of renal tubular ACE greatly reduced tubulointerstitial injury and albuminuria and increased renal megalin expression compared with diabetic wild-type and diabetic ACE 3/9 mice. These findings demonstrate that endothelial ACE is a central regulator of the glomerular filtration rate while tubular ACE is a key player in the development of tubular injury and albuminuria. These data suggest that tubular injury, rather than hyperfiltration, is the main cause of microalbuminuria in early diabetic nephropathy.
Ternary Surface Monolayers for Ultrasensitive (Zeptomole) Amperometric Detection of Nucleic Acid Hybridization without Signal Amplification (2010)

A ternary surface monolayer, consisting of coassembled thiolated capture probe, mercaptohexanol and dithiothreitol, is shown to offer dramatic improvements in the signal-to-noise characteristics of electrochemical DNA hybridization biosensors based on common self-assembled monolayers. Remarkably low detection limits down to 40 zmol (in 4 μL samples) as well as only 1 CFU Escherichia coli per sensor are thus obtained without any additional amplification step in connection to the commonly used horseradish peroxidase/3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine system. Such dramatic improvements in the detection limits (compared to those of common binary alkanethiol interfaces and to those of most electrochemical DNA sensing strategies without target or signal amplification) are attributed primarily to the remarkably higher resistance to nonspecific adsorption. This reflects the highly compact layer (with lower pinhole density) produced by the coupling of the cyclic- and linear-configuration "backfillers" that leads to a remarkably low background noise even in the presence of complex sample matrixes. A wide range of surface compositions have been investigated, and the ternary mixed monolayer has been systematically optimized. Detailed impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetric studies shed useful insights into the surface coverage. The impressive sensitivity and high specificity of the simple developed methodology indicate great promise for a wide range of nucleic acid testing, including clinical diagnostics, biothreat detection, food safety, and forensic analysis.
Trace Determination of Steroids Causing Age-Related Diseases Using LC/MS Combined with Detection-Oriented Derivatization (2006)

With the rapid shift to an aging society in Japan, age-related diseases, such as osteoporosis, dementia and cancer, are sharply increasing. The measurement of steroids related to these diseases in biological fluids and tissues is useful for elucidation of the nature, diagnosis and treatment of such diseases. LC/MS is considered to be the most promising method for this purpose due to its specificity and versatility, but it sometimes does not demonstrate the required sensitivity for trace amounts of steroids, because steroids have a rather low response using either electrospray ionization (ESI) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). To overcome this problem, the author developed detection-oriented derivatization procedures for steroids in LC/MS. For ESI-MS, introduction of a permanently charged moiety is effective. Based on this, 2-hydrazino-1-methylpyridine was developed and used in monitoring prostatic 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, a good index for the follow-up of patients affected by prostate cancer under androgen deprivation therapy and salivary dehydroepiandrosterone, which is now often designated as an anti-aging hormone. A proton-affinitive Cookson-type reagent, 4-[2-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalyl)ethyl]-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione, was used for the determination of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha(OH)D3], a synthetic prodrug of the active form of vitamin D3, in human plasma, and this new LC/positive-APCI-MS method enabled the pharmacokinetic study of 1alpha(OH)D3 in humans. Electron-capture APCI-MS based on derivatization with 2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylphenylhydrazine was used for the analysis of neurosteroids, which affect brain excitability through action at the neurotransmitter receptors. With this method, the stress-induced rapid biosynthesis of pregnane-type neurosteroids in rat brains was demonstrated.
A Calcium/Calmodulin-Binding Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase Homologous to the Mammalian Type II Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Is Expressed in Plant Cells (1993)

cDNA fragments corresponding to an apple (Malus domestica [L.] Borkh) calmodulin-binding polypeptide have been isolated and characterized. The protein encoded by this messenger contains a serine/threonine protein kinase catalytic domain followed by a calcium/calmodulin-binding regulatory domain, both exhibiting significant sequence similarities to the corresponding regions of the mammalian calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II subunits. These results confirm a potential regulatory role for calmodulin in phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction events.
Human Recombinant Nerve Growth Factor Replaces Deficient Neurotrophic Support in the Diabetic Rat (1995)

Manipulation of neurotrophic support is a developing strategy for new therapy aimed at neurodegenerative diseases. This study demonstrates reduced content and retrograde transport of endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) in sciatic nerve of diabetic rats. There were also reductions in the diabetic rats in NGF protein and mRNA in skin and muscle of the hindlimb. These deficits correlated with reductions in substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide--both products of NGF-influenced genes in primary afferents. These manifestations of deficient neurotrophic support were corrected by intensive insulin treatment and surmounted by administration of exogenous human recombinant NGF in a dose-related manner. Impaired neurotrophic support may, therefore, participate in the pathogenesis of diabetic and other peripheral neuropathies.
Color Doppler imaging of acoustic streaming in blood and clot (2003)

Acoustic streaming was generated in blood during coagulation using high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and imaged in real-time with regular color Doppler imaging. The streaming velocity was measured at various time points during the coagulation process until a clot was well formed. In unclotted blood the mean streaming velocity was 3.8 cm/s. During the clot formation the velocity decreased gradually to 1.6 cm/s and the reverse flow disappeared entirely. The changes in velocity magnitude and flow pattern appear to provide a method to differentiate clots from fluidic blood and estimate the state of coagulation.
Stability of esmolol hydrochloride in intravenous solutions (1994)

The stability of esmolol hydrochloride in a variety of i.v. solutions was studied. Solutions of esmolol hydrochloride 10 mg/mL were prepared separately in 0.45% sodium chloride injection, 0.9% sodium chloride injection, 5% dextrose injection, 5% dextrose and 0.45% sodium chloride injection, 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride injection, 5% dextrose with lactated Ringer's injection, lactated Ringer's injection, 5% sodium bicarbonate injection, and 5% dextrose injection with potassium chloride 40 meq/L. One glass and one polyvinyl chloride container of each solution (except glass only in the case of the solution in 5% sodium bicarbonate injection) were stored in the dark at 5 degrees C, under ambient room light at 23-27 degrees C, in the dark at 40 degrees C, and under intense light at 25-30 degrees C. At storage intervals up to 168 hours, samples were tested for esmolol hydrochloride concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography. Optical density and pH were also measured. Esmolol hydrochloride was stable in the various i.v. fluids for at least 168 hours when stored at 5 degrees C or 23-27 degrees C, for at least 24 hours when stored under intense light, and, with one exception, for at least 48 hours when stored at 40 degrees C. When mixed with 5% sodium bicarbonate injection, the drug was stable for only about 24 hours at 40 degrees C. There were no substantial changes in optical density or pH. The type of container had no effect on stability. With one exception, esmolol hydrochloride was stable in all the i.v. solutions under all the conditions tested.
美国《时代》周刊对太平洋经济的分析与预测 (1985)

太平洋盆地已成为美国购买从玩具到机械工具一应俱全的商场。今年(1984年)美国将从东亚和澳大利亚进口价值1,100亿美元的商品。在过去的十八个月里,美国经济出乎意料地强劲复苏。太平洋地区充满活方的工业超速运转。今年头八个月新加坡和日本对美国的出口分别上升51％和46％。亚洲产品潮水般涌入美国;激起美国公司和工会组织呼吁采取更严厉的保护主义措施,以限制进口。
De novo sequencing, assembly and analysis of the genome of the laboratory strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae CEN.PK113-7D, a model for modern industrial biotechnology (2012)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae CEN.PK 113-7D is widely used for metabolic engineering and systems biology research in industry and academia. We sequenced, assembled, annotated and analyzed its genome. Single-nucleotide variations (SNV), insertions/deletions (indels) and differences in genome organization compared to the reference strain S. cerevisiae S288C were analyzed. In addition to a few large deletions and duplications, nearly 3000 indels were identified in the CEN.PK113-7D genome relative to S288C. These differences were overrepresented in genes whose functions are related to transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodelling. Some of these variations were caused by unstable tandem repeats, suggesting an innate evolvability of the corresponding genes. Besides a previously characterized mutation in adenylate cyclase, the CEN.PK113-7D genome sequence revealed a significant enrichment of non-synonymous mutations in genes encoding for components of the cAMP signalling pathway. Some phenotypic characteristics of the CEN.PK113-7D strains were explained by the presence of additional specific metabolic genes relative to S288C. In particular, the presence of the BIO1 and BIO6 genes correlated with a biotin prototrophy of CEN.PK113-7D. Furthermore, the copy number, chromosomal location and sequences of the MAL loci were resolved. The assembled sequence reveals that CEN.PK113-7D has a mosaic genome that combines characteristics of laboratory strains and wild-industrial strains.
Subchronic Toxicity of Triethylenetetramine Dihydrochloride in B6C3F1 Mice and F344 Rats (1996)

Triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride (trien-2HCl; CAS No. 38260-01-04), a chelating agent used to treat Wilson's disease patients who are intolerant of the drug of choice, was tested for subchronic toxicity in B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats. Mice and rats received trien-2HCl in the drinking water at concentrations of 0, 120, 600, or 3000 ppm for up to 92 days. Twenty mice and 18 rats of each sex were assigned to each dose group fed either a cereal-based (NIH-31) or a purified (AIN-76A) diet, both containing nutritionally adequate levels of copper. An additional control group of rats and mice received a Cu-deficient AIN-76A diet. This low copper diet resulted in Cu-deficiency symptoms, such as anemia, liver periportal cytomegaly, pancreatic atrophy and multifocal necrosis, spleen hematopoietic cell proliferation, and increased heart weight, together with undetectable levels of plasma copper in rats but not in mice. Trien-2HCl lowered plasma copper levels somewhat (at 600 and 3000 ppm) in rats fed the AIN-76A diet, but did not induce the usual signs of copper deficiency. Trien-2HCl caused an increased frequency of uterine dilatation at 3000 ppm in rats fed AIN-76A diet that was not noted in females fed the Cu-deficient diet. Trien-2HCl toxicity occurred only in mice in the highest dose group fed an AIN-76A diet. Increased frequencies of inflammation of the lung interstitium and liver periportal fatty infiltration were seen in both sexes, and hematopoietic cell proliferation was seen in the spleen of males. Kidney and body weights were reduced in males as was the incidence of renal cytoplasmic vacuolization. There were no signs of copper deficiency in mice exposed to trien-2HCl. The only effect of trien-2HCl in animals fed the NIH-31 diet was a reduced liver copper level in both rat sexes, noted at 3000 ppm.
A super low-k (k=1.1) silica aerogel film using supercritical drying technique (2002)

A porous silica aerogel film as low-k dielectric is demonstrated for the first time. An "on-wafer" gelation technique in ammonium hydroxide vapor is developed to enhance the process compatibility with the conventional spin-on dielectric process in ULSI technology. By using a supercritical drying process, which is free from capillary forces, a high porosity aerogel film with a k value of 1.1 is obtained.
A Decade of Histone Acetylation: Marking Eukaryotic Chromosomes with Specific Codes (2005)

Post-translational modification of histones, a major protein component of eukaryotic chromosomes, contributes to the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Distinct patterns of histone modification are observed at specific chromosomal regions and affect various reactions on chromosomes (transcription, replication, repair, and recombination). Histone modification has long been proposed to have a profound effect on eukaryotic gene expression since its discovery in 1964. Verification of this idea, however, was difficult until the identification of enzymes responsible for histone modifications. Ten years ago (1995), histone acetyltransferases (HATs), which acetylate lysine residues in histone amino-terminal tail regions, were isolated. HATs are involved in the regulation of both promoter-specific transcription and long-range/chromosome-wide transcription. Analyses of HATs and other modification enzymes have revealed mechanisms of epigenetic regulation that are mediated by post-translational modifications of histones. Here we review some major advances in the field, with emphasis on the lysine specificity of the acetylation reaction and on the regulation of gene expression over broad regions.
Burkholdines 1097 and 1229, Potent Antifungal Peptides from Burkholderia ambifaria 2.2N (2010)

Potent antifungal cyclic lipopeptides, burkholdines (Bk), were isolated from a culture of Burkholderia ambifaria 2.2N. Bk-1229 (1) and Bk-1097 (2) are octapeptides comprised of nonproteinogenic amino acids, including beta-hydroxytyrosine, beta-hydroxyasparagine, and a new fatty acyl amino acid. 1 and 2 are fungicidal against a panel of fungi with potencies 2-60-fold better than amphotericin B control.
Ochenta Años de Historia del Banco Central de Chile (2005)

El Banco Central de Chile se creó en 1925, para ¿dotar al país de una institución que estabilice la moneda y regule las tasas de intereses y descuentos, para evitar perturbaciones en el desenvolvimiento industrial y financiero de la Nación y fomentar su progreso económico¿ (Decreto Ley N°486, 22 de agosto de 1925). Pero la débil institucionalidad llevó a que los problemas que se intentaba resolver se agudizaran, lo que se tradujo en inflación alta y persistente durante varias décadas. La inflación se logró controlar recién en la última década, para lo cual fue fundamental la Ley Orgánica de 1989, que le confirió autonomía. Esta ley le permitió al Banco concentrarse en alcanzar la estabilidad de precios, lo que ha conseguido a través de un esquema de política monetaria de metas de inflación. A este proceso han contribuido también el orden de las cuentas fiscales y la construcción de un sistema financiero robusto, ambos alcanzados en forma creciente desde mediados de los años ochenta. Este trabajo analiza la historia y evolución del Banco Central de Chile desde sus orígenes, contextualizando los distintos cambios que dieron forma a su institucionalidad actual.
Evaluating design choices for shared bus multiprocessors in a throughput-oriented environment (1992)

The authors consider the evaluation of design choices in multiprocessors with a single, shared bus interconnect operating in an environment in which each task is being executed on a single processor and the performance of the multiprocessor is measured by its overall throughput. To evaluate design choices, they develop mean value analysis analytical models and validate the models by comparing their results against the results of a trace-driven simulation analysis for 5376 multiprocessor configurations. The trace-driven simulation uses actual programs and simulates their execution in a throughput-oriented environment. It is found that: (1) cache block sizes that yield the best performance in a multiprocessor differ from the block sizes that yield the best uniprocessor performance metrics, (2) a larger cache set associativity might be warranted in a multiprocessor even though it might not be warranted in a uniprocessor, (3) a split transaction, pipelined bus yields much higher multiprocessor throughput than a circuit switched bus, especially for larger main memory latencies, and (4) increasing the bus width appears to be an effective way of improving multiprocessor throughput.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Deep Reinforcement Learning With Visual Attention for Vehicle Classification (2016)

Automatic vehicle classification is crucial to intelligent transportation system, especially for vehicle-tracking by police. Due to the complex lighting and image capture conditions, image-based vehicle classification in real-world environments is still a challenging task and the performance is far from being satisfactory. However, owing to the mechanism of visual attention, the human vision system shows remarkable capability compared with the computer vision system, especially in distinguishing nuances processing. Inspired by this mechanism, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) model of visual attention for image classification. A visual attention-based image processing module is used to highlight one part of an image and weaken the others, generating a focused image. Then the focused image is input into the CNN to be classified. According to the classification probability distribution, we compute the information entropy to guide a reinforcement learning agent to achieve a better policy for image classification to select the key parts of an image. Systematic experiments on a surveillance-nature dataset which contains images captured by surveillance cameras in the front view, demonstrate that the proposed model is more competitive than the large-scale CNN in vehicle classification tasks.
Science commentary: Th1 and Th2 responses: what are they? (2000)

Cytokines are the hormonal messengers responsible for most of the biological effects in the immune system, such as cell mediated immunity and allergic type responses. Although they are numerous, cytokines can be functionally divided into two groups: those that are proinflammatory and those that are essentially anti-inflammatory but that promote allergic responses.

T lymphocytes are a major source of cytokines. These cells bear antigen specific receptors on their cell surface to allow recognition of foreign pathogens. They can also recognise normal tissue during episodes of autoimmune diseases. There are two main subsets of T lymphocytes, distinguished by the presence of cell surface molecules known as CD4 and CD8. T lymphocytes expressing CD4 …
Effect of extraction method on quality of orange juice: hand‐squeezed, commercial‐fresh squeezed and processed (2012)

High peel oil content and thermo-pasteurization process decreased cloud loss of orange juice. Extraction and finishing processes rather than pasteurization or oil content were major factors in influencing orange juice flavor quality.
Vibrational spectroscopic imaging of living systems: An emerging platform for biology and medicine (2015)

Vibrational spectroscopy has been extensively applied to the study of molecules in gas phase, in condensed phase, and at interfaces. The transition from spectroscopy to spectroscopic imaging of living systems, which allows the spectrum of biomolecules to act as natural contrast, is opening new opportunities to reveal cellular machinery and to enable molecule-based diagnosis. Such a transition, however, involves more than a simple combination of spectrometry and microscopy. We review recent efforts that have pushed the boundary of the vibrational spectroscopic imaging field in terms of spectral acquisition speed, detection sensitivity, spatial resolution, and imaging depth. We further highlight recent applications in functional analysis of single cells and in label-free detection of diseases.
Endoscopic applications of optical coherence tomography (1998)

We report results of application of our endoscopic optical coherence tomography (EOCT) system in clinical experiments to image human internal organs. Based on the experience of studying more than 100 patients, we make first general conclusions on the place and capabilities of this method in diagnosing human mucous membranes. It is demonstrated that EOCT can serve for several clinical purposes such as performing directed biopsy, monitoring functional states of human body, guiding surgical and other treatments and monitoring post-operative recovery processes. We show that applications of OCT are more informative in the case of internal organs covered by epithelium separated from underlying stroma by a smooth basal membrane and therefore concentrate on the results of the EOCT study of three internal organs, namely of larynx, bladder, and uterine cervix. Finally, we report first examination of internal organs in abdomen with the use of laparoscopic OCT.