gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>MPEG video in software: representation, transmission, and playback</title> (1994)

A software decoder for MPEG-1 video was integrated into a continuous media playback system that supports synchronized playing of audio and video data stored on a file server. The MPEG-1 video playback system supports forward and backward play at variable speeds and random positioning. Sending and receiving side heuristics are described that adapt to frame drops due to network load and the available decoding capability of the client workstation. A series of experiments show that the playback system adds a small overhead to the stand alone software decoder and that playback is smooth when all frames or very few frames can be decoded. Between these extremes, the system behaves reasonably but can still be improved.
Influence of the Deposition Process on the Structure of Grafted Alkylsilane Layers (1997)

Monofunctional alkylsilanes, CH3(CH2)n-1Si(CH3)2R with n varying from 4 to 30 and the hydrolyzable group R = Cl or N(CH3)2, were deposited on quartz slides and on nanometric silica. Due to the presence of only one hydrolyzable group for these alkylsilanes, silane monolayers result from the grafting process. Two methods for silanization were considered: deposition from a solvent (derived from Sagiv's process) and vapor phase deposition (derived from Kovats's process). In vapor phase deposition, the physisorbed water is mainly removed from the surface during the conditioning of the specimens, whereas this is not the case for the solvent method. In addition, the two deposition processes do not take place at the same temperature: the silane needs to be heated under vacuum for the vapor deposition method, whereas the reaction takes place at room temperature for the solvent method. Characterizations of the grafting efficiency and of the structure of the grafted layers were performed with different techniques including contact angle measurements, cross polarization magic angle spinning 29Si NMR, and gas chromatography. The comparison between the two methods of deposition showed that the grafting process has a great influence on the resulting monolayers. By considering the wetting behavior, we can evidence that silane monolayers deposited from a toluene solution are less well-ordered than those resulting from the vapor phase method. In fact, the choice of the solvent for deposition is crucial. This effect is due to the competition between the solvent and the silane molecules to reach the silica surface. This competition, which infuences the packing density of the grafted layer, is dependent on the polarity and the shape of the solvent molecules and on the deposition process.
eskimo1mutants ofArabidopsisare constitutively freezing-tolerant (1998)

Temperate plants develop a greater ability to withstand freezing in response to a period of low but nonfreezing temperatures through a complex, adaptive process of cold acclimation. Very little is known about the signaling processes by which plants perceive the low temperature stimulus and transduce it into the nucleus to activate genes needed for increased freezing tolerance. To help understand the signaling processes, we have isolated mutants of Arabidopsis that are constitutively freezing-tolerant in the absence of cold acclimation. Freezing tolerance of wild-type Arabidopsis was increased from -5.5 degreesC to -12.6 degreesC by cold acclimation whereas the freezing tolerance of 26 mutant lines ranged from -6.8 degreesC to -10.6 degreesC in the absence of acclimation. Plants with mutations at the eskimo1 (esk1) locus accumulated high levels of proline, a compatible osmolyte, but did not exhibit constitutively increased expression of several cold-regulated genes involved in freezing tolerance. RNA gel blot analysis suggested that proline accumulation in esk1 plants was mediated by regulation of transcript levels of genes involved in proline synthesis and degradation. The characterization of esk1 mutants and results from other mutants suggest that distinct signaling pathways activate different aspects of cold acclimation and that activation of one pathway can result in considerable freezing tolerance without activation of other pathways.
Electrochemistry of Poly(1,5‐diaminoanthraquinone) and Its Application in Electrochemical Capacitor Materials (2000)

A poly(1,5‐diaminoanthraquinone) [poly(DAAQ)], which is a conducting polymer condensed with 1,4‐benzoquinone, was studied electrochemically and was proposed as a new category of electrochemical capacitor material. In common nonaqueous media, the poly(DAAQ) showed two sets of reproducible redox couples for repeated cycles. The potential window of the material was in the range from ca. −1.5 to +1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). In situ UV‐visible spectroscopy suggested that the redox couple observed around −1.5 V is responsible for the quinone group and that around +1.0 V is due to the π‐conjugated system. The poly(DAAQ) showed high conductivity <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="ML1" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.3</mml:mn> <mml:mo>–</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2.0</mml:mn> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">cm</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> over a wide range of potential (−2.0 to 0.8 V), which suggests extension of the π‐conjugated system. It is proposed here that one can construct an electrochemical capacitor device by utilizing poly(DAAQ) as both positive and negative electrodes. We constructed the poly(DAAQ)/poly(DAAQ) electrochemical capacitor for test purposes. The poly(DAAQ)/poly(DAAQ) electrochemical capacitor exhibited high specific energy <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="ML2" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>25</mml:mn> <mml:mo>–</mml:mo> <mml:mn>46</mml:mn> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Wh kg</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> and high specific power <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="ML3" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>200</mml:mn> <mml:mo>–</mml:mo> <mml:mn>30</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>500</mml:mn> <mml:mo>W</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">kg</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> at discharge rates from 30 to 90 C. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Comparing Corpora (2001)

Corpus linguistics lacks strategies for describing and comparing corpora. Currently most descriptions of corpora are textual, and questions such as ‘what sort of a corpus is this?’, or ‘how does this corpus compare to that?’ can only be answered impressionistically. This paper considers various ways in which different corpora can be compared more objectively. First we address the issue, ‘which words are particularly characteristic of a corpus?’, reviewing and critiquing the statistical methods which have been applied to the question and proposing the use of the Mann-Whitney ranks test. Results of two corpus comparisons using the ranks test are presented. Then, we consider measures for corpus similarity. After discussing limitations of the idea of corpus similarity, we present a method for evaluating corpus similarity measures. We consider several measures and establish that a\chi\tsup{2}-based one performs best. All methods considered in this paper are based on word and ngram frequencies; the strategy is defended.
Human interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor: site-specific mutagenesis and expression in yeast. (1988)

The two human colony stimulating factors, interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, have been molecularly cloned and expressed as secreted proteins in yeast. In both cases, non-glycosylated and glycosylated forms of the molecules were produced. Removal of N-linked glycosylation sites from the genes by site-directed mutagenesis prevented addition of most of the sugar residues, but revealed a low level of residual O-linked glycosylation on a portion of the molecules. No difference in specific biological activity was found between the different forms of the proteins. It was found that a significant proportion of human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor was degraded by the yeast KEX2 protease that was cleaving after the dibasic sequence Arg-Arg at positions 23-24 of the mature protein. Site-specific mutagenesis was employed to change this sequence to Leu-Arg, and this change resulted in greatly increased expression levels of full length protein and biological activity.
Global regulation by CsrA in Salmonella typhimurium (2003)

CsrA is a regulator of invasion genes in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. To investigate the wider role of CsrA in gene regulation, we compared the expression of Salmonella genes in a csrA mutant with those in the wild type using a DNA microarray. As expected, we found that expression of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) invasion genes was greatly reduced in the csrA mutant, as were genes outside the island that encode proteins translocated into eukaryotic cells by the SPI-1 type III secretion apparatus. The flagellar synthesis operons, flg and fli, were also poorly expressed, and the csrA mutant was aflagellate and non-motile. The genes of two metabolic pathways likely to be used by Salmonella in the intestinal milieu also showed reduced expression: the pdu operon for utilization of 1,2-propanediol and the eut operon for ethanolamine catabolism. Reduced expression of reporter fusions in these two operons confirmed the microarray data. Moreover, csrA was found to regulate co-ordinately the cob operon for synthesis of vitamin B12, required for the metabolism of either 1,2-propanediol or ethanolamine. Additionally, the csrA mutant poorly expressed the genes of the mal operon, required for transport and use of maltose and maltodextrins, and had reduced amounts of maltoporin, normally a dominant protein of the outer membrane. These results show that csrA controls a number of gene classes in addition to those required for invasion, some of them unique to Salmonella, and suggests a co-ordinated bacterial response to conditions that exist at the site of bacterial invasion, the intestinal tract of a host animal.
Precipitation Process in a Mg&ndash;Ce Alloy (1975)

The aging characteristics of quenched Mg-1.3 wt%Ce alloy were studied by electron microscopy and hardness measurements. On isothermal aging at 150°C, precipitates occurred first on the grain boundaries and dislocations, followed by precipitation within grains. At an early stage of aging at temperatures higher than 200°C, precipitation on the grain boundaries and dislocations, and within grains took place simultaneously. The diffraction effect observed in the present experiment suggests that the precipitates formed and dispersed uniformly within the matrix at an early stage of aging were to be of an intermediate phase in which cerium atoms might be enriched on (10\bar10) planes of the matrix. In a later stage of aging, the precipitates transformed into the equilibrium hexagonal phase of β, ribbon shaped, with the following orientation relationship with the matrix:(0001)M〈11\bar20〉M⁄⁄(0001)P〈10\bar10〉P, cM≈cP, 3d{11\bar20}M\lesssimd{10\bar10}P.The ribbon shaped precipitates grew predominantly in the direction of 〈0001〉, and, to a much lesser extent, in the direction of 〈11\bar20〉 of the matrix. Significant age hardening observed in the present alloy should be associated with the precipitation of fine particles dispersed uniformly in the matrix. A certain amount of the intermediate precipitates appeared to remain even in a stage where the maximum hardness was attained. An activation energy for the age hardening process was determined to be 30 kcal/mol.
Synthesis, Utility, and Structure of Novel Bis(sulfinyl)imidoamidine Ligands for Asymmetric Lewis Acid Catalysis (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTSynthesis, Utility, and Structure of Novel Bis(sulfinyl)imidoamidine Ligands for Asymmetric Lewis Acid CatalysisTimothy D. Owens, Frederick J. Hollander, Allen G. Oliver, and Jonathan A. EllmanView Author Information Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, California 94720 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7, 1539–1540Publication Date (Web):January 24, 2001Publication History Received22 September 2000Published online24 January 2001Published inissue 1 February 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja005635chttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja005635crapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2099Altmetric-Citations108LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (3)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Asymmetric catalysis,Catalysts,Enantioselective synthesis,Ligands,Selectivity Get e-Alerts
Surfactant Proteins A and D Increase in Response to Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide (1996)

Surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) are "collectins": proteins with collagen-like region and lectin domain that bind carbohydrates in a calcium-dependent manner. Mannose-binding protein, a serum collectin, is an acute-phase protein. We hypothesized that SP-A and SP-D would respond to an acute stress, such as lung inflammation, in the same manner as does mannose-binding protein, with increased messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein production. Rats received intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.5 mg/kg) or vehicle and were killed 1, 6, 24, and 72 h later. Their lungs were lavaged and the lung tissue homogenized and analyzed for SP-A, SP-D, and phospholipids. Tissue levels of SP-A were increased by 6 h, peaked at 24 h, and were still elevated at 72 h in LPS-treated animals as compared with those given vehicle. SP-A and SP-D levels in lavage fluid were significantly elevated at 72 h. Message levels for SP-A and SP-D, but not SP-B, were significantly increased at 24 h. Lavage phospholipid levels first increased, then decreased in both the control and LPS-treated animals, and significantly less phospholipid was recovered in the lavage fluid of the LPS-treated animals than in that of controls at 72 h. Although other mechanisms, including altered surfactant metabolism, may be involved, these data are consistent with our hypothesis that SP-A and SP-D are upregulated by an acute inflammatory stress in a manner analogous to that of the structurally and functionally related serum acute-phase reactant, mannose-binding protein. We speculate that this upregulation may be a protective response for the lungs.
Synthesis of New Sialidase Inhibitors, 6‐Amino‐6‐Deoxysialic Acids (1988)

Abstract The synthesis of the 6‐amino‐6‐deoxysialic‐acid analogues 4, 5 , and 6 , is described. Mitsunobu reaction of the 1‐ C ‐nitroglycal 8 , (PPh 3 , HCOOH, DEAD) gave the formiate 10 with inversion of configuration at C(3) ( Scheme 2 ). Treatment of 10 with aq. NH 3 and subsequent protection of the amino function gave the imines 14 and 15 ( Scheme 3 ), which were transformed into the triflates 17 . Substitution by azide, deprotection, and N ‐acetylation gave the anormeric 2‐acetamido‐3‐azido‐1‐deoxy‐1‐nitro‐ D ‐mannoses 16 and the enol ether 18 . Chain elongation of the nitro azides 16 followed by hydroylsis gave the nonulosonates 20/22 , which upon reduction yielded the diols 23 and 24 , respectively ( Scheme 4 ). The diol 23 was transformed into the sialic‐acid analogues 5, 6 , and 32 by ozonolysis, transfer hydrogenation, hydorgenolysis, and deprotection ( Scheme 5 ), and the diol 24 into 4 by a similar reaction sequence. The sialic‐acid analogues 4 and 6 inhibit bacterial and viral sialidases competitively. The inbibitor constants for this enzyme from Vibrio cholerae are 0.12 mm for 4 and 0.19 mm for 6 , respectively. The activity of fowl plague virus sialidase was reduced by 17% and 36% under the influence of 4 and 6 , respectively, at a concentration of 0.1 m M . Compound 5 was inactive.
The Sintheses of Novel-2-(2-Quinoxalinyl)pyridazin-3(2H)-ones (1985)

The first syntheses of 4-chlor0-2-(2-quinoxalinyl)pyridazin-3(2g)-one derivatives are reported.They could be synthesized from 2-hydrazinoquinoxaline derivatives as starting materials.Quinoxaline derivatives are widely used as pharmaceutical and agricultural particularly, ethyl 2 -[ 4 -( 6 -c h l o r o -2 -q u i n o x a l i n y 1 o x y ) p h e n o x y ] - propanoate (NCI-96683, quizalofop-ethyl) has recently attracted special interest as a selective herbicide.'It is effective for controlling gramineous weeds without any phytotoxicity to broadleaf crop plants as well as broadleaf weeds especially in a post emergence treatment.Quinoxaline moiety of this compound is used as a building black for the biological activities.5 On the other hand, 4-chloro-5-methylamino-2-(3-trif1~oromethylphenyl~pyrid~zin-3(2H)-one (monometflurazone) and its related compounds are used as a pre emergence herbicide.6It is known that these pyridazin-3(2?)-one derivatives inhibit chlorophyl formation and a chlorine atom of monometflurazone is essential for the herbicidal activities.
Virulence factors of Bordetella bronchiseptica associated with the production of infectious atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia in experimentally infected neonatal swine (1987)

Four strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica (CSU-P-1, 64-C-0406, 1120-A-83-013, and B205BT) with defined virulence for neonatal swine were examined, and an attempt was made to correlate the presence of certain in vitro phenotypic characteristics with the ability of a particular B. bronchiseptica strain to produce turbinate and lung lesions in piglets. All of the strains except CSU-P-1 colonized the nasal passages of the pigs heavily, and strains 1120-A-83-013 and B205BT produced moderate to severe nasal and lung lesions in experimentally infected piglets. All of the strains attached equally well to porcine tracheal ring explant cultures, and all of the strains except CSU-P-1 produced smooth, hemolytic colonies on Bordet-Gengou medium, agglutinated porcine erythrocytes, and possessed adenylate cyclase activity. Strains 1120-A-83-013 and B205BT produced considerably higher levels of dermonecrotic toxin activity than did strains CSU-P-1 and 64-C-0406. These results indicate that production of nasal and lung lesions in neonatal piglets by the B. bronchiseptica strains tested can be directly correlated with their level of dermonecrotic toxin production.
Dissecting the role of insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome (2009)

These data point to a central role for insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, as hyperglycemia, atherosclerosis, and cholesterol gallstones can all be caused by insulin resistance. However, hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic steatosis are not due directly to insulin resistance and should be considered pathogenically distinct features of the metabolic syndrome.
Geometric Phase Induced by a Cyclically Evolving Squeezed Vacuum Reservoir (2006)

We propose a new way to generate an observable geometric phase by means of a completely incoherent phenomenon. We show how to imprint a geometric phase to a system by adiabatically manipulating the environment with which it interacts. As a specific scheme, we analyze a multilevel atom interacting with a broadband squeezed vacuum bosonic bath. As the squeezing parameters are smoothly changed in time along a closed loop, the ground state of the system acquires a geometric phase. We also propose a scheme to measure such a geometric phase by means of a suitable polarization detection.
Biomaterials and Bioengineering Handbook (2001)

A report on progress in the development of materials used in or on the human body, ranging from biopolymers used in controlled-release drug delivery systems and prosthetic devices to metals used in bone repair and plastics used in absorbable mechanisms such as sutures. The work examines both research and clinical issues surrounding traditional and emerging biomaterials from a variety of professional perspectives.
Inference by Eye: Confidence Intervals and How to Read Pictures of Data. (2005)

Wider use in psychology of confidence intervals (CIs), especially as error bars in figures, is a desirable development. However, psychologists seldom use CIs and may not understand them well. The authors discuss the interpretation of figures with error bars and analyze the relationship between CIs and statistical significance testing. They propose 7 rules of eye to guide the inferential use of figures with error bars. These include general principles: Seek bars that relate directly to effects of interest, be sensitive to experimental design, and interpret the intervals. They also include guidelines for inferential interpretation of the overlap of CIs on independent group means. Wider use of interval estimation in psychology has the potential to improve research communication substantially.
Pre-filled syringes: a review of the history, manufacturing and challenges (2015)

Pre-filled syringes are convenient devices for the delivery of parenteral medications. They are small which makes them easy to carry and are dependable for delivering a precise dose of medication. These and many other reasons are leading to their growth in the pharmaceutical market. There are a number of review articles that describe the advantages and disadvantages of pre-filled syringes. However, there are few journal articles that present information on their manufacturing and challenges. The intent of this review article is to provide information on the history of the pre-filled syringe, methods of their manufacture, methods of filling syringes as a drug product and to examine the types of syringes available. This type of knowledge can familiarize the formulation scientist with the choices available and their possible challenges.