gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Arabidopsis F-Box Protein SLEEPY1 Targets Gibberellin Signaling Repressors for Gibberellin-Induced Degradation[W] (2004)

The nuclear DELLA proteins are highly conserved repressors of hormone gibberellin (GA) signaling in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, GA derepresses its signaling pathway by inducing proteolysis of the DELLA protein REPRESSOR OF ga1-3 (RGA). SLEEPY1 (SLY1) encodes an F-box-containing protein, and the loss-of-function sly1 mutant has a GA-insensitive dwarf phenotype and accumulates a high level of RGA. These findings suggested that SLY1 recruits RGA to the SCFSLY1 E3 ligase complex for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome. In this report, we provide new insight into the molecular mechanism of how SLY1 interacts with the DELLA proteins for controlling GA response. By yeast two-hybrid and in vitro pull-down assays, we demonstrated that SLY1 interacts directly with RGA and GA INSENSITIVE (GAI, a closely related DELLA protein) via their C-terminal GRAS domain. The rga and gai null mutations additively suppressed the recessive sly1 mutant phenotype, further supporting the model that SCFSLY1 targets both RGA and GAI for degradation. The N-terminal DELLA domain of RGA previously was shown to be essential for GA-induced degradation. However, we found that this DELLA domain is not required for protein-protein interaction with SLY1 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), suggesting that its role is in a GA-triggered conformational change of the DELLA proteins. We also identified a novel gain-of-function sly1-d mutation that increased GA signaling by reducing the levels of the DELLA protein in plants. This effect of sly1-d appears to be caused by an enhanced interaction between sly1-d and the DELLA proteins.
New phase-shifting mask technology for quarter-micron photolithography (1995)

A new phase shifting mask technology that will remarkable improve the resolution of photolithography is proposed. This new phase shifting mask has a two layer structure, which consists of a ordinary transmission pattern substrate and a phase shifting pattern substrate. These two substrates are fabricated independently. Then, two substrates are overlapped with each other. The imaging plane of the projection lens using this phase shifting mask is shifted by a small amount to the projection lens. However, this mask is very little spherical aberration. In addition, particles on the back surface of the transmission pattern substrate and the phase shifting pattern substrate are prevented from being transferred. Then, a quarter micron resist pattern can be obtained even by an i-line stepper with a resolution capability of 0.45 micrometers . This new phase shifting mask is an extremely attractive tool for quarter micron photolithography.
A New Entry into Sulfur Containing Ferrocenylphosphine Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis (1990)

The preparation of (R)-1-[(S)-1′,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethylthiol (3a) is described. Starting from the four stereoisomeric N-methyl-ephedrine derivatives 4a-d, the corresponding 1,1,2-trimethyl-3-phenylaziridinium iodides 6a-d were obtained in situ by extrusion of the hydroxyl group using an α-iodoenamine. Addition of the lithium salt of 3a to 6a-d lead to the formation of novel ligands 7a-d, N,N-dimethyl-2-{1-[1′,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethylthio}-1-methyl-2-phenylethylamines, which were used in the gold(I)-catalyzed aldol reaction.
Genetic Variation Among World Populations: Inferences From 100 Alu Insertion Polymorphisms (2003)

We examine the distribution and structure of human genetic diversity for 710 individuals representing 31 populations from Africa, East Asia, Europe, and India using 100 Alu insertion polymorphisms from all 22 autosomes. Alu diversity is highest in Africans (0.349) and lowest in Europeans (0.297). Alu insertion frequency is lowest in Africans (0.463) and higher in Indians (0.544), E. Asians (0.557), and Europeans (0.559). Large genetic distances are observed among African populations and between African and non-African populations. The root of a neighbor-joining network is located closest to the African populations. These findings are consistent with an African origin of modern humans and with a bottleneck effect in the human populations that left Africa to colonize the rest of the world. Genetic distances among all pairs of populations show a significant product-moment correlation with geographic distances (r = 0.69, P < 0.00001). F(ST), the proportion of genetic diversity attributable to population subdivision is 0.141 for Africans/E. Asians/Europeans, 0.047 for E. Asians/Indians/Europeans, and 0.090 for all 31 populations. Resampling analyses show that approximately 50 Alu polymorphisms are sufficient to obtain accurate and reliable genetic distance estimates. These analyses also demonstrate that markers with higher F(ST) values have greater resolving power and produce more consistent genetic distance estimates.
Microsomal cytochrome P-450 from neonatal pig testis: two enzymic activities (17.alpha.-hydroxalase and C17,20 associated with one protein (1981)

Studies have been performed to test the hypothesis that cytochrome P-450 from testicular microsomes consists of a single protein with two enzymatic activities (17 alpha-hydroxylase and C17,20-lyase). Three lines of evidence to support the hypothesis were obtained. (1) The enzyme appears to be homogeneous by immunochemical criteria with anti-P-450 IgG (line of identity on immunodiffusion and a single band on immunoelectrophoresis), by demonstration of a single NH2-terminal amino acid (methionine) and the finding of 16 single amino acids at the NH2 terminus. (2) Optima for pH and temperature are the same for both enzymatic activities (pH 7.25 and 37 degrees C), and temperatures between 30 and 44 degrees C decreased both activities in such a way that the ratio of hydroxylase to lyase was the same at all temperatures tested. (3) A variety of inhibitors affect both activities to the same extent: Ki values for two competitive inhibitors (SU 8000, 0.04 microM; SU 10603, 0.3 microM) are the same for hydroxylase and lyase; partition coefficients for inhibition by carbon monoxide are similar for hydroxylase and lyase (20 +/- 2 and 27 +/- 3); anti-P-450 (serum and IgG) causes inhibition of both activities to the same extent, and the same is true of a variety of less specific inhibitors. It is concluded that a single heme protein (cytochrome P-450) from microsomes of neonatal pig testis catalyzes two reactions (hydroxylase and lyase) which are sequential steps in the synthesis of androgens by the testis leading to conversion of C21 precursors to C19 steroid hormones.
Can polite computers produce better human performance (2010)

We claim that the concept from human-human social interactions can be expanded and utilized to facilitate, inform, and predict human-computer interaction and perceptions. By expanding on a qualitative model of politeness proposed by Brown and Levinson we created a quantitative, computational model of etiquette that allows a machine to interpret and display politeness. The results from a human subject study show that the variables included in our model have important effects on subjects' decision making and performance in our experimental tasks. The results also demonstrate that variations in etiquette can result in objective, measurable consequences in human performance.
Approximating convex Pareto surfaces in multiobjective radiotherapy planning (2006)

Radiotherapy planning involves inherent tradeoffs: the primary mission, to treat the tumor with a high, uniform dose, is in conflict with normal tissue sparing. We seek to understand these tradeoffs on a case-to-case basis, by computing for each patient a database of Pareto optimal plans. A treatment plan is Pareto optimal if there does not exist another plan which is better in every measurable dimension. The set of all such plans is called the Pareto optimal surface. This article presents an algorithm for computing well distributed points on the (convex) Pareto optimal surface of a multiobjective programming problem. The algorithm is applied to intensity-modulated radiation therapy inverse planning problems, and results of a prostate case and a skull base case are presented, in three and four dimensions, investigating tradeoffs between tumor coverage and critical organ sparing.
Early events in polyoma virus infection: attachment, penetration, and nuclear entry (1976)

The plaque-assay technique was used as a tool to determine the optimal conditions for adsorption of polyoma virions to host cells. Using these optimal conditions of adsorption, an electron microscopy study of the early events of infection was performed. By electron microscopy and autoradiography, it was demonstrated that both the viral coat proteins and DNA arrive simultaneously in the nucleus as early as 15 min postinfection. When horseradish peroxidase-labeled virions, pseudovirions, and capsids were used to infect cells, only the particles with nucleic acid or a factor(s) associated with the nucleic acid, i.e., histones, appeared to enter the nucleus. Moreover, when virions were used to infect either permissive or nonpermissive cells, identical early events of viral infection, i.e., adsorption, penetration, and nuclear transport, were observed, suggesting that these early events of infection are a property of the virion and not the host cell.
Characteristics of electro-refractive modulating based on Graphene-Oxide-Silicon waveguide (2012)

Graphene has attracted a high level of research interest because of its outstanding electronic transport properties and optical properties. Based on the Kubo formalism and the Maxwell equations, it's demonstrated that the optical conductivity of graphene can be controlled through the applied voltage. And we find that the graphene-oxide-silicon (GOS) based waveguide can be made into either the electro-absorptive or electron-refractive modulators. Using graphene as the active medium, we present a new electro-refractive Mach-Zender interferometer based on the GOS structure. This new GOS-based electron-refractive modulation mechanism can enable novel architectures for on-chip optical communications.
Learning Convolutional Feature Hierarchies for Visual Recognition (2010)

We propose an unsupervised method for learning multi-stage hierarchies of sparse convolutional features. While sparse coding has become an increasingly popular method for learning visual features, it is most often trained at the patch level. Applying the resulting filters convolutionally results in highly redundant codes because overlapping patches are encoded in isolation. By training convolutionally over large image windows, our method reduces the redudancy between feature vectors at neighboring locations and improves the efficiency of the overall repre-sentation. In addition to a linear decoder that reconstructs the image from sparse features, our method trains an efficient feed-forward encoder that predicts quasi-sparse features from the input. While patch-based training rarely produces any-thing but oriented edge detectors, we show that convolutional training produces highly diverse filters, including center-surround filters, corner detectors, cross de-tectors, and oriented grating detectors. We show that using these filters in multi-stage convolutional network architecture improves performance on a number of visual recognition and detection tasks. 1
PD Fluids Contain High Concentrations of Cytotoxic GDPs Directly after Sterilization (2004)

Heat sterilization of PD fluids promotes the formation of large quantities of 3,4-DGE, rendering the fluid highly cytotoxic. During storage, the main part of 3,4-DGE is reversibly converted in a temperature-dependent manner to a less cytotoxic pool, consisting mainly of 3-DG. Cytotoxicity seems to be dependent exclusively on 3,4-DGE. In order to avoid higher levels of 3,4-DGE concentrations, PD fluids should not be used too soon after sterilization and should not be stored at temperatures above room temperature.
Structure and transcription of the tRNA1Progene fromEscherichia coli (1985)

A 5 kbp DNA fragment containing the tRNAPro1 gene from Escherichia coli was cloned into Charon 21A phage and sequenced by the M13 DNA sequencing technique. When the cloned DNA fragment was used as a template for in vitro transcription with E. coli RNA polymerase, a tRNAPro1 precursor of 120 nucleotide residues was obtained. The tRNAPro1 gene transcribed as a single transcription unit was followed by two unusual repeating sequences, both of 108 bp. These two repeating sequences were separated by a 60 bp spacer sequence. The 5'-portion of each repeating sequence overlapped 19 bp of the 3'-terminal region of the tRNAPro1 gene just like the repeating sequences in the E. coli tRNATyr1 gene. A rho-independent termination was present in the first repeating unit.
General Method for Cloning Amplified DNA by Differential Screening with Genomic Probes (1982)

Mutant Syrian hamster cell lines resistant to N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate, a potent and specific inhibitor of aspartate transcarbamylase, have amplified the gene coding for the multifunctional protein (CAD) that includes this activity. The average amount of DNA amplified is approximately 500 kilobases per gene copy, about 20 times the length of the CAD gene itself. A differential screening method which uses genomic DNAs as probes was developed to isolate recombinant phage containing fragments of amplified DNA. One probe was prepared by reassociating fragments of total genomic DNA from 165-28, a mutant cell line with 190 times the wild-type complement of CAD genes, until all of the sequences repeated about 200 times were annealed and then isolating the double-stranded DNA with hydroxyapatite. This DNA was highly enriched in sequences from the entire amplified region, whereas the same sequences were very rare in DNA prepared similarly from wild-type cells. After both DNAs were labeled by nick translation, highly repeated sequences were removed by hybridization to immobilized total genomic DNA from wild-type cells. A library of cloned DNA fragments from mutant 165-28 was screened with both probes, and nine independent fragments containing about 165 kilobases of amplified DNA, including the CAD gene, have been isolated so far. These cloned DNAs can be used to study the structure of the amplified region, to evaluate the nature of the amplification event, and to investigate gene expression from the amplified DNA. For example, one amplified fragment included a gene coding for a 3.8-kilobase, cytoplasmic, polyadenylated RNA which was overproduced greatly in cells resistant to N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate. The method for cloning amplified DNA is general and can be used to evaluate the possible involvement of gene amplification in phenomena such as drug resistance, transformation, or differentiation. DNA fragments corresponding to any region amplified about 10-fold or more can be cloned, even if no function for the region is known. The method for removing highly repetitive sequences from genomic DNA probes should also be of general use.
Bcl2L12 inhibits post-mitochondrial apoptosis signaling in glioblastoma (2007)

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an astrocytic brain tumor characterized by an aggressive clinical course and intense resistance to all therapeutic modalities. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of Bcl2L12 (Bcl2-like-12) that is robustly expressed in nearly all human primary GBMs examined. Enforced Bcl2L12 expression confers marked apoptosis resistance in primary cortical astrocytes, and, conversely, its RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown sensitizes human glioma cell lines toward apoptosis in vitro and impairs tumor growth with increased intratumoral apoptosis in vivo. Mechanistically, Bcl2L12 expression does not affect cytochrome c release or apoptosome-driven caspase-9 activation, but instead inhibits post-mitochondrial apoptosis signaling at the level of effector caspase activation. One of Bcl2L12's mechanisms of action stems from its ability to interact with and neutralize caspase-7. Notably, while enforced Bcl2L12 expression inhibits apoptosis, it also engenders a pronecrotic state, which mirrors the cellular phenotype elicited by genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of post-mitochondrial apoptosis molecules. Thus, Bcl2L12 contributes to the classical tumor biological features of GBM such as intense apoptosis resistance and florid necrosis, and may provide a target for enhanced therapeutic responsiveness of this lethal cancer.
Review of Voltage Sag Source Identification Methods for Power Quality Diagnosis (2013)

Voltage sag is considered as one of the most common power quality problems causing sensitive equipment to malfunction and many industrial process interruptions. Complains about the economic loss and equipment damage from industrial customers has stimulated the investigation on the voltage sag source location. As a result, many efforts have been made to know the location of voltage sags by utilizing various concepts. Generally, there are two broad categories of methods to locate voltage sags source, namely, single and multi-monitor based methods. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of articles that involves various methods to identify the location of voltage sag source. Accordingly, the concepts, advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed and tabulated for review. Although this paper does not exhibit a numerical performance comparison, most of the research publications under the subject of voltage sag source location methods have been sorted and appended for a rapid reference. Streszczenie. Zapady napiecia są jednym z wazniejszych parametrow opisjących jakośc energii. Mogą one powodowac uszkodzenia urząden i zaklocenia procesow przemyslowych. Artykul omawia metody lokalizacji źrodel zapadow napiecia. Zaprezentowano przegląd publikacji opisujących ten problem uwypuklając zalety i wady kazdej z metod. (Przegląd metod identyfikacji źrodla zapadow napiecia )
MiBench: A free, commercially representative embedded benchmark suite (2001)

This paper examines a set of commercially representative embedded programs and compares them to an existing benchmark suite, SPEC2000. A new version of SimpleScalar that has been adapted to the ARM instruction set is used to characterize the performance of the benchmarks using configurations similar to current and next generation embedded processors. Several characteristics distinguish the representative embedded programs from the existing SPEC benchmarks including instruction distribution, memory behavior, and available parallelism. The embedded benchmarks, called MiBench, are freely available to all researchers.
Selective Inhibition of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2α Dephosphorylation Potentiates Fatty Acid-induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Causes Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction and Apoptosis (2006)

Free fatty acids cause pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis and may contribute to beta-cell loss in type 2 diabetes via the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Reductions in eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 2alpha phosphorylation trigger beta-cell failure and diabetes. Salubrinal selectively inhibits eIF2alpha dephosphorylation, protects other cells against endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis, and has been proposed as a beta-cell protector. Unexpectedly, salubrinal induced apoptosis in primary beta-cells, and it potentiated the deleterious effects of oleate and palmitate. Salubrinal induced a marked eIF2alpha phosphorylation and potentiated the inhibitory effects of free fatty acids on protein synthesis and insulin release. The synergistic activation of the PERK-eIF2alpha branch of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response, but not of the IRE1 and activating transcription factor-6 pathways, led to a marked induction of activating transcription factor-4 and the pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP. Our findings demonstrate that excessive eIF2alpha phosphorylation is poorly tolerated by beta-cells and exacerbates free fatty acid-induced apoptosis. This modifies the present paradigm regarding the beneficial role of eIF2alpha phosphorylation in beta-cells and must be taken into consideration when designing therapies to protect beta-cells in type 2 diabetes.
Influence of RF oscillators on an OFDM signal (1995)

This paper explains the mechanisms that lead to a degradation of an OFDM signal because of the phase noise of the RF oscillators. An approach for easy calculation of SNR, independent of carrier numbers, will be given. This SNR approach uses a plot of the phase noise power density for the calculation. The theoretical results lead to an improved synthesizer concept. Values of SNR and BER will be given for the new synthesizer concept.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Sputter deposition of platinum films in argon/oxygen and neon/oxygen discharges (1984)

We have investigated the resistivity, crystallography, and chemistry of films sputter deposited from a platinum target in argon and neon discharges containing small amounts of oxygen. The results presented here indicate that the oxidation behavior of platinum is strongly dependent upon the type of rare gas used for the deposition. A comparison of the dependence of platinum-oxygen bond formation on cathode voltage and deposition rate suggests that oxide formation in the films is controlled by a reaction which occurs at the target surface and is enhanced when neon carrier gas is used. A large increase in resistivity above that of bulk platinum metal is always correlated with platinum-oxygen bond formation in the film.
New concepts of microbial treatment processes for the nitrogen removal in wastewater (2003)

Many countries strive to reduce the emissions of nitrogen compounds (ammonia, nitrate, NOx) to the surface waters and the atmosphere. Since mainstream domestic wastewater treatment systems are usually already overloaded with ammonia, a dedicated nitrogen removal from concentrated secondary or industrial wastewaters is often more cost-effective than the disposal of such wastes to domestic wastewater treatment. The cost-effectiveness of separate treatment has increased dramatically in the past few years, since several processes for the biological removal of ammonia from concentrated waste streams have become available. Here, we review those processes that make use of new concepts in microbiology: partial nitrification, nitrifier denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (the anammox process). These processes target the removal of ammonia from gases, and ammonium-bicarbonate from concentrated wastewaters (i.e. sludge liquor and landfill leachate). The review addresses the microbiology, its consequences for their application, the current status regarding application, and the future developments.