gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep sub-micron stud-via technology of superconductor VLSI circuits (2014)

A fabrication process has been developed for fully planarized Nb-based superconducting inter-layer connections (vias) with minimum size down to 250 nm for superconductor very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits with 8 and 10 superconducting layers on 200-mm wafers. Instead of single Nb wiring layers, it utilizes Nb/Al/Nb trilayers for each wiring layer to form Nb pillars (studs) providing vertical connections between the wires etched in the bottom layer of the trilayer and the next wiring layer that is also deposited as a Nb/Al/Nb trilayer. This technology makes possible a dramatic increase in the density of superconducting digital circuits by reducing the area of interconnects with respect to presently utilized etched contact holes between superconducting layers and by enabling the use of stacked vias. Results on the fabrication and size dependence of electric properties of Nb studs with dimensions near the resolution limit of 248-nm photolithography are presented in the normal and superconducting states. Superconducting critical current density in the fabricated stud-vias is about 0.3 A/{\mu}m2 and approaches the depairing current density of Nb films.
Therapeutic Antitumor Efficacy of Anti-CD137 Agonistic Monoclonal Antibody in Mouse Models of Myeloma (2008)

The immune-mediated antitumor activity of anti-CD137 mAb in mouse models holds promise for myeloma treatment in humans.
Removal of Nonhomologous DNA Ends in Double-Strand Break Recombination: the Role of the Yeast Ultraviolet Repair Gene RAD1 (1992)

Double-strand breaks (DSBs) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be repaired by gene conversions or by deletions resulting from single-strand annealing between direct repeats of homologous sequences. Although rad1 mutants are resistant to x-rays and can complete DSB-mediated mating-type switching, they could not complete recombination when the ends of the break contained approximately 60 base pairs of nonhomology. Recombination was restored when the ends of the break were made homologous to donor sequences. Additionally, the absence of RAD1 led to the frequent appearance of a previously unobserved type of recombination product. These data suggest RAD1 is required to remove nonhomologous DNA from the 3' ends of recombining DNA, a process analogous to the excision of photodimers during repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.
Stable loop in the crystal structure of the intercalated four-stranded cytosine-rich metazoan telomere. (1995)

In most metazoans, the telomeric cytosine-rich strand repeating sequence is d(TAACCC). The crystal structure of this sequence was solved to 1.9-A resolution. Four strands associate via the cytosine-containing parts to form a four-stranded intercalated structure held together by C.C+ hydrogen bonds. The base-paired strands are parallel to each other, and the two duplexes are intercalated into each other in opposite orientations. One TAA end forms a highly stabilized loop with the 5' thymine Hoogsteen-base-paired to the third adenine. The 5' end of this loop is in close proximity to the 3' end of one of the other intercalated cytosine strands. Instead of being entirely in a DNA duplex, this structure suggests the possibility of an alternative conformation for the cytosine-rich telomere strands.
Cooperative effect of TNFalpha, bFGF, and VEGF on the formation of tubular structures of human microvascular endothelial cells in a fibrin matrix. Role of urokinase activity. (1996)

In angiogenesis associated with tissue repair and disease, fibrin and inflammatory mediators are often involved. We have used three-dimensional fibrin matrices to investigate the humoral requirements of human microvascular endothelial cells (hMVEC) to form capillary-like tubular structures. bFGF and VEGF165 were unable to induce tubular structures by themselves. Simultaneous addition of one or both of these factors with TNFalpha induced outgrowth of tubules, the effect being the strongest when bFGF, VEGF165, and TNFalpha were added simultaneously. Exogenously added u-PA, but not its nonproteolytic amino-terminal fragment, could replace TNFalpha, suggesting that TNFalpha-induced u-PA synthesis was involved. Soluble u-PA receptor (u-PAR) or antibodies that inhibited u-PA activity prevented the formation of tubular structures by 59-99%. epsilon-ACA and trasylol which inhibit the formation and activity of plasmin reduced the extent of tube formation by 71-95%. TNFalpha or u-PA did not induce tubular structures without additional growth factors. bFGF and VEGF165 enhanced of the u-PAR by 72 and 46%, but TNFalpha itself also increased u-PAR in hMVEC by 30%. Induction of mitogenesis was not the major contribution of bFGF and VEGF165 because the cell number did not change significantly in the presence of TNFalpha, and tyrphostin A47, which inhibited mitosis completely, reduced the formation of tubular structures only by 28-36%. These data show that induction of cell-bound u-PA activity by the cytokine TNFalpha is required in addition to the angiogenic factors VEGF165 and/or bFGF to induce in vitro formation of capillary-like structures by hMVEC in fibrin matrices. These data may provide insight in the mechanism of angiogenesis as occurs in pathological conditions.
Human T cell activation. III. Rapid induction of a phosphorylated 28 kD/32 kD disulfide-linked early activation antigen (EA 1) by 12-o-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, mitogens, and antigens. (1986)

With human T cells activated by 12-o-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) as immunogen, an IgG2a mAb, early activation antigen 1 (EA 1), was generated against a 60-kD protein with disulfide-linked 28-kD and 32-kD subunits. Both subunits were phosphorylated. The antigen, EA 1, was readily detected on approximately 60% of isolated and cryopreserved thymocytes, as determined by indirect immunofluorescence. A low level of EA 1 expression was detectable on 6-7% of blood lymphocytes. TPA-activated T cells expressed EA 1 as early as 30 min after activation. By 1 h, 85-90% of the T cells stained with mAb EA 1. By 3-4 h, the expression of EA 1 was detected in greater than 95% of the T cells. Although the percentages of EA 1+ T cells did not change, the intensity of staining increased slightly. After 18-24 h, both the percentage of EA 1+ cells and the intensity of staining decreased gradually. TPA-induced EA 1 expression was independent of monocytes. EA 1 expression was slightly delayed in T cells that were isolated without the rosette selection and treated with TPA. Nevertheless, greater than 85% of these T cells expressed EA 1 within 1 h, and the maximal number of EA 1+ T cells was also detected at 3-4 h. In T cell populations with 1-2% monocytes, about 50-90% of the PHA- or Con A-activated T cells expressed EA 1 with a slower kinetics. EA 1 expression preceded that of IL-2-R in these activation processes. Similarly, T cells activated by soluble antigens (tetanus toxoid and PPD) and alloantigens in MLR also expressed EA 1 after a longer incubation. Approximately 20% of the T cells stained for EA 1 at day 6. EA 1 expression was not limited to activated T cells. B cells activated by TPA or anti-IgM antibody plus B cell growth factor expressed EA 1. The kinetics of EA 1 expression was markedly slower and the staining was less intense. Repeated attempts to detect EA 1 on resting and TPA-activated monocytes and granulocytes have not been successful. However, the detection of EA 1 in nonlymphoid cell lines would indicate that EA 1 may have a broader cell distribution. EA 1 expression was due to de novo synthesis, as the induction of EA 1 was blocked by cycloheximide and actinomycin D.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
MxA protein in infants and children with respiratory tract infection (1996)

MxA protein--a stable product of cells stimulated by type I interferons--was examined prospectively for its ability to discriminate between viral and bacterial respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in 182 infants and children. The nasopharyngeal secretions (NPSs) of all of them were tested for MxA using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the whole blood of 92. Seventy-three children undergoing elective surgery served as controls. These apparently healthy children had higher levels of serum MxA than adult controls. Using antigen detection and serology, a viral aetiology was diagnosed in 81/182 cases. The sensitivity and specificity of MxA ELISA were assessed at 92 and 76% for the blood test and at 40 and 91% for the NPS, respectively. The positive predictive value for a viral RTI was superior to a leucocyte count or C-reactive protein when determined only once.
Naturally Occurring Human IgM Antibody That Binds B7-DC and Potentiates T Cell Stimulation by Dendritic Cells (2003)

A human IgM Ab, serum-derived human IgM 12 (sHIgM12), is identified that binds mouse and human dendritic cells (DC), inducing dramatic immunopotentiation following treatment of the mouse DC in vitro. Competition, transfection, and knockout studies identified the ligand on mouse DC as the costimulatory molecule family member B7-DC. Potent T cell responses are stimulated by Ag-pulsed DC treated with the sHIgM12 Ab in vitro and upon adoptive transfer of Ab-treated Ag-pulsed DC into animals. The multivalent structure of pentameric IgM provides the potential for cross-linking cell surface targets, endowing the soluble Abs with biological potential not normally associated with immune function. The ability of the sHIgM12 Ab to potentiate the immune response is dependent on the multimeric structure of IgM, as bivalent monomers do not retain this property. Furthermore, pretreatment of DC with IgM monomers blocks subsequent potentiation by intact IgM pentamers, an indication that cross-linking of B7-DC on the cell surface is critical for potentiation of Ag presentation. These findings imply that, in addition to known costimulatory roles, B7-DC can function as a receptor for signals delivered by cells expressing B7-DC ligands.
Asymptotic Statistics of the Mutual Information for Spatially Correlated Rician Fading MIMO Channels With Interference (2010)

The statistics of the mutual information of a separately correlated Rician fading multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel in the presence of multiple-access interference are addressed in this paper. The approach followed is asymptotic in the number of transmit, receive, and interfering antennas, which are all assumed to grow asymptotically large while approaching finite ratios. In this asymptotic regime: i) the mean and the variance of the mutual information are calculated; and ii) the mutual information distribution is shown to converge to the Gaussian distribution, specified completely by the mean and variance, under some mild technical conditions. The asymptotic method adopted relies on two powerful tools developed in the context of theoretical physics: the replica method and <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">superanalysis</i> . The former has been already successfully applied in several research studies on MIMO systems. The application of these asymptotic results takes advantage of the fact that, in spite of being developed under the assumption of an asymptotically large number of antennas, they still represent a very accurate approximation even when the number of antennas is limited to a few units, as supported by the ample set of numerical results obtained by Monte Carlo simulations and reported in this paper.
Stepwise immunologic selection of antigenic variants during tumor growth. (1986)

Using tumor-specific effector cells as probes, we have studied the immunologic changes that occur in tumor cells during continuous growth in a host. As a model, we used a highly immunogenic ultraviolet light (UV)-induced tumor that is rejected regularly by normal mice but grows progressively when transplanted into UV-irradiated mice. The immunogenic tumor growing continuously in these partially immunocompromised mice gave rise to genetically stable progressor variants that were poorly immunogenic. A sequence of changes in susceptibility to activated macrophages and tumor-specific cytolytic T cells was observed when serial reisolates from the continuously growing tumors were analyzed. First, the tumor cells developed resistance to the cytocidal effects of activated macrophages. This was followed by the loss of one and then a second tumor-specific antigen defined by syngeneic cytolytic T cells. The phenotypes of the developing antigen loss variants and their sequence of appearance were the same in several independent experiments, and the process was apparently determined by a hierarchy of the host's immune response to multiple independent tumor-specific antigens expressed by a single malignant cell. Our ability to generate the predicted variants in vitro before they actually appear in vivo suggests a possible approach to preventing the outgrowth of such immunoselected variants from a tumor.
The ideal fibrinolytic: can drug design improve clinical results? (1999)

Table 1 Characteristics of the ideal thrombolytic agent v Rapid reperfusion v 100% TIMI grade 3 flow reperfusion v Administration as an intravenous bolus v Fibrin specific v Low incidence of systemic bleeding v Low incidence of intracranial haemorrhage v Resistant to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) v Low reocclusion rate v No effect on blood pressure v No antigenicity v Reasonable cost
Neural Tissue within Anterior Pituitary Tumors Generated by Oncogene Expression in Transgenic Mice (1992)

Pituitary tumorigenesis occurs in a transgenic line of mice, alpha-T7, which carries a hybrid transgene composed of the 5' flanking region of the human glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene (1.8 kb) linked to the coding region of the SV40 T-antigen gene (alpha-Tag). Tumor foci were identified within the anterior pituitary of both male and female transgenic mice. In addition to a parenchyma with hypertrophied endocrine cells, mostly of the gonadotrope lineage, we here report the unexpected presence of neural tissue within the anterior pituitary, either as foci as large as 1.0 mm in diameter or greater, or in delicate bundles ramifying amongst the granulated parenchymal cells. Areas richest in neural tissue frequently were associated with tumor tissue composed of giant cells of three varieties, all with electron-lucent cytoplasm and similar organellar distribution including small secretory granules (80-160 nm diameter). In type I cells, the secretory granules were aligned at the plasma membrane; in type II cells, the secretory granules were distributed throughout the cytoplasm; type III cells formed colloid-filled follicles and their secretory granules rarely exceeded 100 nm diameter. These giant cells frequently had bizarre pleomorphic nuclei intensely immunopositive for T-antigen and cytoplasm which was lightly immunopositive for alpha-subunit, and immunopositive either for the LH-beta or TSH-beta subunits. Neural tissue contacted the normal granulated parenchymal cells directly, i.e., without a basal lamina or any connective tissue intervening, but only rarely formed synaptoid junctions with these granulated cells. Synaptoid junctions containing round, smooth vesicles, as well as dense core vesicles, were numerous between the neural processes themselves and between the neural tissue and the giant cells of the tumor tissue. These data suggest that in alpha-T7 transgenic mice the giant cells represent highly transformed gonadotropes or thyrotropes, and that a neurotrophic factor may be expressed by these transformed pituitary parenchymal cells.
Low voltage electrowetting-on-dielectric (2002)

This article discusses and experimentally verifies how to lower the operating voltage that drives liquid droplets by the principle of electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD). A significant contact angle change (120°→80°) is desired to reliably pump the droplet in microchannels for applications such as lab-on-a-chip or micrototal analysis systems. Typically, much higher voltages (&amp;gt;100 V) are used to change the wettability of an electrolyte droplet on a dielectric layer compared with a conductive layer. The required voltage can be reduced by increasing the dielectric constant and decreasing the thickness of the dielectric layer, thus increasing the capacitance of the insulating layer. This dependence of applied voltage on dielectric thickness is confirmed through EWOD experiments for three different dielectric materials of varying thickness: Amorphous fluoropolymer (Teflon® AF, Dupont), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and parylene. The dependence on the dielectric constant is confirmed with two different dielectric materials of similar thickness: SiO2 and barium strontium titanate. In all cases, the surface is coated with a very thin (200 Å) layer of amorphous fluoropolymer to provide initial hydrophobicity. Limiting factors such as the dielectric breakdown and electrolysis are also discussed. By using very thin (700 Å) and high dielectric constant (∼180) materials, a significant contact angle change (120°→80°) has been achieved with voltages as low as 15 V. Based on these results, a microfluidic device has been fabricated and tested, demonstrating successful transporting (pumping) of a 460 nL water droplet with only 15 V.
Instructional Course Lectures, The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons - Compartment Syndrome Associated with Tibial Fracture*† (1996)

TORNETTA, PAUL III M.D.‡, BROOKLYN, NEW YORK; TEMPLEMAN, DAVID M.D.§, MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA Author Information
Highly efficient gene transfer to solid tumors in vivo by tumor-selective replicating retrovirus vectors (2010)

Tumor-selective replicating viruses are attractive tools for cancer gene therapy, but generally achieve only transitory tumor suppression. However, replicating retrovirus vectors (RRVs) can achieve highly efficient and tumor-selective transduction, as well as persistent expression of transgenes. We therefore developed RRVs that express the yeast cytosine deaminase (yCD) and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (TK), which exhibit remarkably enhanced cytotoxicity after administration of the prodrugs 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) and ganciclovir (GCV) concomitant with the efficiency of their replicative spread, and tested their therapeutic effect in vitro and in vivo. In subcutaneous MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer xenograft models, RRV-mediated yCD and TK suicide gene therapy significantly suppressed tumor growth after prodrug administration. Notably, no systemic spread of the vector to extratumoral tissues was detected. Our results thus demonstrate that efficient, tumor-selective, and stable integration achieved by RRVs causes efficient cell killing upon prodrug administration, resulting in significant suppression of tumor growth.
Self-Peeling Reversible Dry Adhesive System (2008)

Geckos rely on mechanical toe actions for adhesion detachment. Such an internal adhesion reversal mechanism is absent from synthetic gecko adhesives. We report a self-peeling reversible dry adhesive with a dry adhesive layer and a shape memory polymer layer, the latter of which introduces a thermal adhesion reversal mechanism.
Laboratory analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. (1994)

Visual, microscopic, and chemical examination of CSF is essential to the clinical management of patients with CNS disease.
Studies in phosphorylation. Part XXIX. The synthesis of dialkyl phosphates from monoalkyl phosphonates: direct oxidative esterification (1966)

Dialkyl hydrogen phosphates, RO(R′O)PO2H, are produced from monoalkyl hydrogen phosphonates, RO(HO)PHO, by oxidation either with bromine in pyridine or with carbon tetrachloride and triethylamine with stoicheiometric quantities of an alcohol. In the absence of an alcohol, the former reagent gives sym-dialkyl dihydrogen pyrophosphates in good yield. The nature of the phosphorylating entity in each system is discussed.The preparation of a nucleoside diphosphonate is described and the hydrolysis of dialkyl phosphonates (RO)2PHO, to monoalkyl hydrogen phosphonates has been re-examined.
PA32540 (Enteric-Coated Aspirin 325 mg + Immediate-Release Omeprazole 40 mg) Is Associated with Significantly Fewer Gastric Ulcers and Significantly Less Endoscopic Erosive Esophagitis than Enteric-Coated Aspirin (EC-ASA) Alone: Results of Two Phase 3 studies ACG Auxiliary Award (Member/Fellow) Presidential Poster (2012)

Purpose: Proton pump inhibitors significantly reduce aspirin (ASA)-associated upper gastrointestinal (UGI) injury. PA32540 is a coordinated-delivery tablet of 325 mg of enteric-coated aspirin (EC-ASA) + 40 mg of immediate-release omeprazole. In this study, UGI endoscopic mucosal injury and symptoms were compared between PA32540 and EC-ASA 325 mg in subjects who required ASA for 2° prevention. Methods: Two Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, active control trials enrolled patients receiving ASA for 2° cardiovascular/cerebrovascular (CV) prevention who were at risk for ASA-associated gastric ulceration to either PA32540 or EC-ASA 325 mg once-daily for 6 months. Risk was defined as age ≥55 years, or 18-54 years and documented history of gastric or duodenal ulcer (GU or DU) within 5 years prior to enrollment. At baseline, subjects were required to be H. pylori stool-Ag negative and have no endoscopic ulcers. Subsequent endoscopies were performed at Months 1, 3, and 6. The cumulative proportion of subjects who developed endoscopic GU (primary endpoint) and GU and/or DU (secondary endpoint) and new or worsening mucosal changes in the esophagus (post-hoc) over 6 months was compared between treatments. Results: In the 2 studies, 524 subjects were randomized to PA32540 and 525 to EC-ASA 325 mg. As shown in the Table, after 6 months of treatment, significantly fewer subjects treated with PA32540 developed GU. The incidence of new or worsening erosive esophagitis was 15% with EC-ASA alone, which was 5-fold higher than the incidence of esophagitis with PA32540.Table: No Caption available.Conclusion: Endoscopic injury in the gastric and esophageal mucosa was significantly reduced with PA32540 vs. EC-ASA alone. Erosive esophagitis was surprisingly high in the EC-ASA arm, and significantly lower in the PA32540 arm. The lower incidences of endoscopic injury and heartburn/dyspeptic symptoms are most likely attributed to the immediate-release omeprazole component of PA32540. Together, these results serve to help balance the GI and CV risks of long-term antiplatelet therapy. [Funded by POZEN, Inc.] Disclosure: Dr. Goldstein - Research Grant: POZEN, Inc., Logical Therapeutics, Pfizer; Honoraria: POZEN, Inc., Boehringer-Ingelheim, AstraZeneca; Consultant/Advisory Board: POZEN, Inc., AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Horizon Pharma. Dr. Cryer - Consultant: AstraZeneca, Inc., Horizon Therapeutics, PLx Pharma, Pfizer Inc., POZEN, Inc., Ritter Pharma, Sucampo, Inc.; Research Grants: PLx Pharma, Pfizer Inc. Dr. Lanas - Consultant: Bayer, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Roche Dr. Eisen - Speaker: Salix, Takeda; Advisory Board: Endocdx, Express Scripts, Olympus Dr. Scheiman - Consultant: POZEN, Inc., Astra Zeneca. Ms. Yhang - Employee: POZEN, Inc.; Stockholder: POZEN, Inc. Dr. Fort - Employee: POZEN, Inc.; Stockholder: POZEN, Inc.