gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ranking Reservoirs for Carbon Dioxide Flooding Processes (1994)

SUMMARY The screening of large number of reservoirs for the application of EOR processes has been generally done through "rules of thumb" which oftentimes fail to identify the most suitable reservoirs, due to their binary characteristics, which do not take into account synergistic effects on process performance. Therefore, a new screening method is developed in this work to rank reservoirs for carbon dioxide flooding which attempts to solve this shortcoming. The method is based on a parametric study, carried out systematically to determine the effect of reservoir properties on reservoir response to the gas injection. The study was done using a fully compositional simulator, a black oil model with a mixing parameter, and a semi-analytical predictive model. Results obtained with the three simulators are presented and compared in this paper. Reservoir parameters examined were temperature, pressure, porosity, permeability, dip, API gravity, oil saturation, net oil sand thickness, minimum miscibility pressure, saturation pressure, remaining oil in place, and reservoir depth. The optimum set of parameters which gave the best average oil production rate for a base case was obtained from the simulation studies. The base case consisted of the injection of 2000 MSCF/D of carbon dioxide in a inverted five spot, 40 acres pattern. The decrease in oil production rate with departures of the characteristic parameters from the optimum values were also determined to quantify the importance or weight of each property. Actual reservoirs were ranked by an arbitrary heuristic function, called the exponentially varying function, whose value depended exponentially on the weighted differences between the properties, characteristic of the reservoir, and the optimum values obtained from the simulation studies. Results obtained with the three simulators compare quite well and indicate that on the average, the best reservoir for carbon dioxide injection should have an oil gravity of 36°API, a temperature of 150 °F, a permeability of 300 mD, an oil saturation at the start of the injection of 60%, a reservoir pressure at the time of injection of around 200 psi over minimum miscibility pressure, a porosity of 20%, a net sand thickness of 40 ft and a reservoir dip of 20°. Of the above parameters, those whose changes around the optimum influence the most process performance are API gravity, oil saturation and reservoir pressure. Therefore, the reservoirs with these three parameters closer to the optimum values are the best candidates for CO2 injection. This is taken adequately by the exponentially varying function defined in the paper. The procedure was applied to rank about six hundred reservoirs in the greater Anaco and Oficina areas of Eastern Venezuela in order to identify the most suitables for a pilot test. The reservoir ranked 30th by the method hereby described was chosen to implement the pilot. This procedure could be easily extended to other EOR processes once the necessary simulations are carried out.
Reduction and Stabilization of Silver Nanoparticles in Ethanol by Nonionic Surfactants (1996)

The reduction of Ag+ ions in ethanol when certain surfactants are also present in the solution is shown to take place, even in the total absence of light. The reduction process leads to dispersions of silver nanoparticles, which are stable for weeks, although they show a certain tendency to stick to glass walls. Several surfactants were tested, showing that there is a dependency on their nature and concentration. Nonionic ethoxylated surfactants proved to be the most effective of all the surfactants tested, the reduction then being due to the oxidation of oxyethylene groups. In any case, the yield is very low (around 1%). Colloidal stability is achieved by adsorption of surfactant molecules onto the particles, which permits easy transfer of the particles into nonpolar solvents. The reduction rate markedly depends in a first-order fashion on silver salt concentration and depends on temperature according to Arrhenius's law. The optical properties of the obtained colloids are influenced by the surfactant molecules attached to the particle surface.
Recognition of a Cell-Surface Oligosaccharide of Pathogenic Salmonella by an Antibody Fab Fragment (1991)

The 2.05 angstrom (A) resolution crystal structure of a dodecasaccharide-Fab complex revealed an unusual carbohydrate recognition site, defined by aromatic amino acids and a structured water molecule, rather than the carboxylic acid and amide side chains and a structured water molecule, rather than the carboxylic acid and amide side chains that are features of transport and other carbohydrate binding proteins. A trisaccharide epitope of a branched bacterial lipopolysaccharide fills this hydrophobic pocket (8 A deep by 7 A wide) in an entropy-assisted association (association constant = 2.05 x 10(5) liters per mole, enthalpy = -20.5 +/- 1.7 kilojoules per mole, and temperature times entropy = +10.0 +/- 2.9 kilojoules per mole). The requirement for the complementarity of van der Waals surfaces and the requirements of saccharide-saccharide and protein-saccharide hydrogen-bonding networks determine the antigen conformation adopted in the bound state.
A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems (2000)

The current status of lithium-niobate external-modulator technology is reviewed with emphasis on design, fabrication, system requirements, performance, and reliability. The technology meets the performance and reliability requirements of current 2.5-, 10-, and 40-Gb/s digital communication systems, as well as CATV analog systems. The current trend in device topology is toward higher data rates and increased levels of integration. In particular, multiple high-speed modulation functions, such as 10-Gb/s return-to-zero pulse generation plus data modulation, have been achieved in a single device.
Retinoid-tamoxifen interaction in mammary cancer chemoprevention (1986)

The synthetic retinoid, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR), and bilateral ovariectomy act synergistically to inhibit mammary cancer induction in female rats. Two parallel studies were conducted to determine if a similar interaction would be obtained with 4-HPR and the anti-estrogen, tamoxifen. Fifty-day-old, virgin, female Sprague-Dawley rats were given a single i.v. injection of 50 mg N-methyl-N-nitrosourea/kg body weight. Beginning 7 days post-carcinogen, groups of 30 rats were administered 4-HPR (391 or 782 mg/kg diet) and/or tamoxifen (2.5, 5, 10 or 100 micrograms s.c. three times per week); controls received a placebo diet and injections of vehicle only. Exposure to 4-HPR alone or tamoxifen alone reduced mammary cancer multiplicity and increased tumor latent period compared with the control. Combined administration of 4-HPR plus tamoxifen resulted in an enhanced inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis and caused a significant reduction in tumor-related mortality. These data suggest that retinoid administration may provide a means to increase the efficacy of hormonal manipulation in cancer prevention and therapy.
Evaluation of sharpness measures and search algorithms for the auto focusing of high-magnification images (2006)

Digital imaging systems with extreme zoom capabilities are traditionally found in astronomy and wild life monitoring. More recently, the need for such capabilities has extended to long range surveillance and wide area monitoring such as forest fires, airport perimeters, harbors, and waterways. Auto-focusing is an indispensable function for imaging systems designed for such applications. This paper studies the feasibility of an image based passive auto-focusing control for high magnification systems based on off-the-shelf telescopes and digital cameras/camcorders, with concentration on two associated elements: the cost function (usually the image sharpness measure) and the search strategy. An extensive review of existing sharpness measures and search algorithms is conducted and their performances compared. In addition, their applicability and adaptability to a wide range of high magnifications (50×~1500×) are addressed. This study builds up the foundation for the development of auto-focusing schemes with particular applications to high magnification systems.
Cloning, Expression, and Purification of a Thermostable Nonhomodimeric Restriction Enzyme, Bsl I (2000)

BslI is a thermostable type II restriction endonuclease with interrupted recognition sequence CCNNNNN/NNGG (/, cleavage position). The BslI restriction-modification system from Bacillus species was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The system is encoded by three genes: the 2,739-bp BslI methylase gene (bslIM), the bslIRalpha gene, and the bslIRbeta gene. The alpha and beta subunits of BslI can be expressed independently in E. coli in the absence of BslI methylase (M.BslI) protection. BslI endonuclease activity can be reconstituted in vitro by mixing the two subunits together. Gel filtration chromatography and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that BslI forms heterodimers (alphabeta), heterotetramers (alpha(2)beta(2)), and possibly oligomers in solution. Two beta subunits can be cross-linked by a chemical cross-linking agent, indicating formation of heterotetramer BslI complex (alpha(2)beta(2)). In DNA mobility shift assays, neither subunit alone can bind DNA. DNA mobility shift activity was detected after mixing the two subunits together. Because of the symmetric recognition sequence of the BslI endonuclease, we propose that its active form is alpha(2)beta(2). M.BslI contains nine conserved motifs of N-4 cytosine DNA methylases within the beta group of aminomethyltransferase. Synthetic duplex deoxyoligonucleotides containing cytosine hemimethylated or fully methylated at N-4 in BslI sites in the first or second cytosine are resistant to BslI digestion. C-5 methylation of the second cytosine on both strands within the recognition sequence also renders the site refractory to BslI digestion. Two putative zinc fingers are found in the alpha subunit of BslI endonuclease.
A new fuzzy logic controller and its performance (2007)

Abstract:- A new fuzzy logic controller is designed, which can enhance the efficiency of a control process. This controller employs the implication logic to determine the weights of the defuzzification of the control signals. To verify its performance, the new controller is applied to stabilizing a torsion pendulum. Compared with the traditional fuzzy control approach, simulation shows that the new design can improve the control performance with shorter settling time. Key-Words:- fuzzy control, implication logic, torsion pendulum 1
Elevation of Prostate Specific Antigen from Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-Induced Granulomatous Prostatitis (1991)

The serum prostate specific antigen profile of a patient with granulomatous prostatitis owing to bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy suggests that this pathological process may result in an abnormal elevation of this serum tumor marker.
Use of Arabidopsis Mutants and Genes to Study Amide Amino Acid Biosynthesis (1995)

Hon-Ming Lam, Karen Coschigano, Carolyn Schultz, Rosana Melo-Oliveira, Gabrielle Tjaden, Igor Oliveira, Nora Ngai, Ming-Hsiun Hsieh, Gloria Coruzzi, Use of Arabidopsis Mutants and Genes to Study Amide Amino Acid Biosynthesis, The Plant Cell, Vol. 7, No. 7, Special Review Issue on Plant Biochemistry (Jul., 1995), pp. 887-898
New In Vivo Measurements of Pressures in the Intervertebral Disc in Daily Life (1999)

Good correlation was found with Nachemson's data during many exercises, with the exception of the comparison of standing and sitting or of the various lying positions. Notwithstanding the limitations related to the single-subject design of this study, these differences may be explained by the different transducers used. It can be cautiously concluded that the intradiscal pressure during sitting may in fact be less than that in erect standing, that muscle activity increases pressure, that constantly changing position is important to promote flow of fluid (nutrition) to the disc, and that many of the physiotherapy methods studied are valid, but a number of them should be re-evaluated.
Biodegradable Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles as a New Vehicle for Delivery of a Potential Ocular Hypotensive Agent (2002)

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a newly prepared formulation containing biodegradable calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CAP) and 7-hydroxy-2-dipropyl-aminotetralin (7-OH-DPAT) in pigmented and non-pigmented rabbits using the surrogate end points of intraocular pressure (IOP) and aqueous flow rate. IOP (mmHg) was measured by utilizing a manometrically calibrated Mentor pneumatonometer. Rates of aqueous humor flow were measured with a Fluorotron Master by estimating the dilution rate of fluorescein. In non-pigmented rabbits, the ocular hypotension induced by topical administration of 7-OH-DPAT (75 μg) with CAP (115 μg) was more pronounced and sustained than that of 7-OH-DPAT without CAP. Furthermore, IOP-lowering effects of topically administered 7-OH-DPAT (125 μg) alone were markedly diminished in pigmented rabbits compared to non-pigmented rabbits. However, topical application of 7-OH-DPAT formulated with CAP produced significant dose-related (37.5, 75, 125 μg) reductions of IOP accompanied by suppression of aqueous humor flow rates in pigmented rabbits. It is postulated that 7-OH-DPAT in vehicle without CAP binds to pigments in the anterior segment of the pigmented rabbit's eyes, and this binding limits the 7-OH-DPAT's action. Pretreatment with raclopride, a dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist, reduced the ocular hypotensive effect induced by 7-OH-DPAT in vehicle containing CAP thereby supporting the role for dopamine D2/D3 receptors in modulating IOP. It is concluded that CAP, as a delivery system, enhances activity by 7-OH-DPAT in pigmented rabbit eyes suggesting that CAP is potentially useful for achieving controlled and targeted drug delivery for treatment of ocular diseases.
The application of alternative splicing graphs in quantitative analysis of alternative splicing form from EST database (2005)

Alternative splicing is an important mechanism for generating protein diversity from a single gene. However, standard molecular biology techniques have only identified several hundred alternative splicing variants and created a bottleneck in terms of experimental validation. In this paper, we propose models of weighted alternative splicing graphs and ways of generating all alternative splicing forms from an alternative splicing graph. By formulating linear programming models, we can deduce the quantitative distributions of various alternative splicing forms. Linear time algorithms that produce all alternative splicing variants with their corresponding probabilities are proposed. Finally, by aligning sequences of EST databases to the genomic data, locations of exons as well as the alternative splicing sites can be identified, and several sets of putative alternative splicing forms is inferred using these methods.
Enhanced Thermostability of the Single-Cys Mutant Subtilisin E under Oxidizing Conditions (2000)

We obtained enhanced thermostability by replacing Ser161 with Cys in subtilisin E from Bacillus subtilis, a cysteine-free alkaline serine protease. The Ser161Cys mutant subtilisin E was purified from the culture supernatant of the recombinant B. subtilis in an oxidizing environment. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry under oxidizing conditions indicated that the mutant enzyme in part formed an oligomeric protein, which may contain an intermolecular disulfide bond between two surface Cys residues at position 161. Further, no free sulfhydryl groups were detected in the mutant enzyme, suggesting the sulfhydryl modification in a monomeric form under oxidizing conditions. The Ser161Cys mutant enzyme showed a catalytic efficiency equivalent to that of the wild-type enzyme. The half-life of thermal inactivation of the mutant was found to be 2-4 times longer than that of the wild-type enzyme. The optimum temperature of the mutant was 55 degrees C, which was 5 degrees C higher than that of the wild-type enzyme. Under reducing conditions, however, the characteristics of the mutant enzyme reverted to those of the wild-type enzyme. Similar results were obtained for another Cys mutant as to position 194 (wild-type, Ser), which is the same surface residue as Ser161. Possible reasons for the enhanced thermostability of the single-Cys mutant subtilisins E under oxidizing conditions are discussed in terms of two different mechanisms.
Endoluminal Repair of Aneurysms Containing Ostia of Essential Branch Arteries: An Experimental Model (1999)

In an acute animal model, suprarenal aortic aneurysms can be excluded from the circulation with preservation of renal flow using an endoluminally placed aortic stent-graft with separate branch grafts.
Functional Characterization of the Human Factor VII 5′-Flanking Region (1996)

Factor VII is a vitamin K-dependent coagulation protein essential for proper hemostasis. The human Factor VII gene spans 13 kilobase pairs and is located on chromosome 13 just 2.8 kilobase pairs 5' to the Factor X gene. In this report, we show that Factor VII transcripts are restricted to the liver and that steady state levels of mRNA are much lower than those of Factor X. The major transcription start site is mapped at -51 by RNase protection assay and primer extension experiments. The first 185 base pairs 5' of the translation start site are sufficient to confer maximal promoter activity in HepG2 cells. Protein binding sites are identified at nucleotides -51 to -32, -63 to -58, -108 to -84, and -233 to -215 by DNase I footprint analysis and gel mobility shift assays. A liver-enriched transcription factor, hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 (HNF-4), and a ubiquitous transcription factor, Spl, are shown to bind within the first 108 base pairs of the promoter region at nucleotide sequences ACTTTG and CCCCTCCCCC, respectively. The importance of these binding sites in promoter activity is demonstrated through independent functional mutagenesis experiments, which show dramatically reduced promoter activity. Transactivation studies with an HNF-4 expression plasmid in HeLa cells also demonstrate the importance of HNF-4 in promoting transcription in non-hepatocyte derived cells. Additionally, the sequence of a naturally occurring allele containing a previously described decanucleotide insert polymorphism at -323 is shown to reduce promoter activity by 33% compared with the more common allelic sequence.
Flagella and motility alterations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from patients with cystic fibrosis: relationship to patient clinical condition (1985)

Selected physiological parameters of 31 classic and rough Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from respiratory tract cultures of patients with cystic fibrosis were examined. An association of a patient's clinical condition (good or poor) with strain physiology was made. Rough strains from patients in poor clinical condition demonstrated severe alterations in motility when compared with M-2, a highly motile and chemotactic burn strain. Of the 10 rough strains from patients in poor clinical condition, 70% lacked flagella, as determined by electron microscopy. The remaining few flagellated strains from this group exhibited weak motility both in soft agar and by the capillary assay. Their chemotactic response to three amino acids, when compared with that of strain M-2, was reduced approximately 30 to 90%. Classic strains from patients in poor clinical condition were less chemotactic than those from patients in good clinical condition. A majority of classic and rough strains from patients in good clinical condition were comparable to M-2 in both chemotaxis and motility. Changes in other physiological characteristics indicated by reduced growth rates, or auxotrophy, were seldom observed in the cystic fibrosis strains studied. The data suggest that host-selective pressures, associated primarily with patients with cystic fibrosis that are in poor clinical condition, result in the loss of factors related to invasiveness such as motility and chemotaxis. We propose that these results may reflect that there is a more general alteration in the cell envelope of cystic fibrosis strains.
Progress and Trends in Ink-jet Printing Technology (1998)

This paper provides a brief review of the various paths undertaken in the development of ink-jet printing. Highlights of recent progress and trends in this technology are discussed. The technologies embedded in the latest ink-jet products from current industry leaders in both thermal and piezoelectric drop-on-demand ink-jet methods are also described. Finally, this article presents a list of the potential ink-jet technology applications that have emerged in the past few years.
Sequence of the swine major histocompatibility complex region containing all non‐classical class I genes (2001)

A segment of 158,063 nucleotides of the pig major histocompatibility complex (SLA) and corresponding to the junction of the class I and class III regions was sequenced entirely. The centromeric part of the segment contained six class III genes including the three tumor necrosis factor genes, while the telomeric part contained three genes belonging to the class I region. The order and the molecular organization of these genes were exactly conserved in the SLA and HLA complexes, except for the SC1 gene which displayed a shift of the reading frame in swine. The cluster of the three SLA class I-related genes (Ib) and the MIC1 and MIC2 genes were located in the middle of the segment, in the following order from the centromeric side onwards, SLA-6, SLA-7, SLA-8, MIC-1 and MIC-2. All three SLA Ib genes displayed an overall molecular structure compatible with the expression of membrane-anchored glycoproteins. The SLA-7 and SLA-8 genes bear greater resemblance than to the SLA-6 gene. Six SLA-6 alleles have been previously defined differing each from the other by unique point mutations. One of them, appeared to have arisen through the occurrence of a gene conversion event in which the SLA-7 gene served as template. Only MIC-2 gene might be functional, the second MIC-1 gene being truncated. In all, the 14 genes characterized spans 37% of the total sequence. The remaining 63% nucleotides comprised a number of repeat DNA motives, including LINE fragments, SINEs, microsatellites, and also numerous nucleotide stretches not yet defined in swine.
Diffraction-based automated crystal centering (2007)

A fully automated procedure for detecting and centering protein crystals in the X-ray beam of a macromolecular crystallography beamline has been developed. A cryo-loop centering routine that analyzes video images with an edge detection algorithm is first used to determine the dimensions of the loop holding the sample; then low-dose X-rays are used to record diffraction images in a grid over the edge and face plane of the loop. A three-dimensional profile of the crystal based on the number of diffraction spots in each image is constructed. The derived center of mass is then used to align the crystal to the X-ray beam. Typical samples can be accurately aligned in approximately 2-3 min. Because the procedure is based on the number of ;good' spots as determined by the program Spotfinder, the best diffracting part of the crystal is aligned to the X-ray beam.
What Is the State of the Art? (2003)

From the Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. Reprints: Bradley H. Collins, MD, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, 110 B Bell Building/Box 3512, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. E-mail: [email protected]