gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Liquid Crystalline Properties of Mono‐, Di‐ and Tri‐O‐alkyl Pentaerythritol Derivatives Bearing Tri‐, Di‐ or Monogalactosyl Heads: The Effects of Curvature of Molecular Packing on Mesophase Formation (2007)

Self-organisation and self-assembly are critical to the stability of synthetic and biological membranes. Of particular importance is consideration of the packing arrangements of the various molecular species. Both phospho- and glycolipids can pack in ways in which curvature can be introduced into self-organised or self-assembled systems. For instance, it is known that the degree of curvature can affect the structures of any condensed phases that are formed. In this article we report on a systematic study in which we have varied the shapes of glycolipids and examined the condensed phases that they form. In doing so, we have also unified the shape dependency of lyotropic liquid crystals with those of thermotropic liquid crystals. In order to undertake this systematic study a range of different pentaerythritol derivatives was synthesized, which covers combinations of one to three alkyl chains of different lengths (6,7,9,10,11,12,14,16 carbon atoms) and three to one galactosyl heads. Mono- and di-O-galactosyl derivatives were prepared directly by glycosylation of the corresponding alcohols using 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl or acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate or bromide as the donors; the tri-O-galactosyl derivatives were synthesized from O-alkyl-O-benzyl di-O-galactosyl pentaerythritol intermediates, followed by de-O-benzylation and glycosylation steps. All of the fully deprotected products were obtained by standard methods, and their self-organising and self-assembling properties examined.
Ethylenecarbodiimide-Treated Splenocytes Carrying Male CD4 Epitopes Confer Histocompatability Y Chromosome Antigen Transplant Protection by Inhibiting CD154 Upregulation (2010)

In humans and certain strains of laboratory mice, male tissue is recognized as nonself and destroyed by the female immune system via recognition of histocompatibility Y chromosome Ag (Hya). Male tissue destruction is thought to be accomplished by CTLs in a helper-dependent manner. We show that graft protection induced with the immunodominant Hya-encoded CD4 epitope (Dby) attached to female splenic leukocytes (Dby-SPs) with the chemical cross-linker ethylenecarbodiimide significantly, and often indefinitely, prolongs the survival of male skin graft transplants in an Ag-specific manner. In contrast, treatments with the Hya CD8 epitopes (Uty-/Smcy-SPs) failed to prolong graft survival. Dby-SP-tolerized CD4(+) T cells fail to proliferate, secrete IFN-gamma, or effectively prime a CD8 response in recipients of male grafts. Ag-coupled splenocyte treatment is associated with defective CD40-CD40L interactions as demonstrated by the observation that CD4 cells from treated animals exhibit a defect in CD40L upregulation following in vitro Ag challenge. Furthermore, treatment with an agonistic anti-CD40 Ab at the time of transplantation abrogates protection from graft rejection. Interestingly, anti-CD40 treatment completely restores the function of Dby-specific CD4 cells but not Uty- or Smcy-specific CD8 cells.
Heterocyclen, 60. Mitt. Kondensation von 3‐Merkapto‐5‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazol mit Monochloracetaldehyd (1987)

Abstract Die Kondensation des 3‐Merkapto‐5‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazols mit Chloracetaldehyd wird untersucht. Es wird ein chemisches und spektrales Studium der synthetisierten Stoffe unternommen.
COHERENTNONLINEARSPECTROSCOPY: From Femtosecond Dynamics to Control (2001)

This review focuses on the study of the dynamics of isolated molecules and their control using coherent nonlinear spectroscopic methods. Emphasis is placed on topics such as bound-to-free excitation and the study of concerted elimination reactions, free-to-bound excitation and the study of bimolecular reactions, and bound-to-bound excitation and the study of intramolecular rovibrational dynamics and coherence relaxation. For each case the detailed time-resolved information reveals possible strategies to control the outcome. Experimental results are shown for each of the reactions discussed. The methods discussed include pump-probe and four-wave mixing processes such as transient grating and photon echo spectroscopy. Off-resonance transient-grating experiments are shown to be ideal for the study of ground state dynamics, molecular structure, and the molecular response to strong field excitation.
Analysis of antifading reagents for fluorescence microscopy (1995)

The utility of p-phenylenediamine, 1,4-di-azobicyclo-(2.2.2.)-octane, and the commercial products Citifluor, Slowfade, and Vectashield, antifading agents frequently used as mounting media for fluorescence in situ hybridization, was investigated. Fading curves for bound fluorochromes were recorded with digital microscopy, and relative fluorescence intensities of fluorochromes in solution were measured with an aperture defined measurement system. The three commonly used fluorochromes, fluorescein, tetramethyl rhodamine, and coumarin, were studied. Vectashield offered the best antifading properties for all three fluorochromes, although their relative fluorescence intensity was slightly less in Vectashield in comparison with other antifading agents. In Vectashield, fluorescein, tetramethyl rhodamine, and coumarin showed half-life times of 96, 330, and 106 s, respectively, whereas in 90% glycerol in PBS (pH 8.5), these half-life time values were 9, 7, and 25 s, respectively. Vectashield is particularly recommended as a mounting medium for quantitative digital imaging microscopy and for multicolor applications, where it is easy to have errors due to differences in fading rates of the fluorochromes.
Total Synthesis of Monatin (2000)

The naturally occurring sweetener Monatin, a diastereomer of Monatin, and a phenyl analogue of Monatin have been prepared and isolated in their enantiomerically pure forms.
Imaging Transgene Expression in Live Animals (2001)

Monitoring the expression of therapeutic genes in targeted tissues in disease models is important to assessing the effectiveness of systems of gene therapy delivery. We applied a new light-detection cooled charged-coupled device (CCCD) camera for continuous in vivo assessment of commonly used gene therapy delivery systems (such as ex vivo manipulated cells, viral vectors, and naked DNA), without the need to kill animals. We examined a variety of criteria related to real-time monitoring of luciferase (luc) gene expression in tissues including bone, muscle, salivary glands, dermis, liver, peritoneum, testis, teeth, prostate, and bladder in living mice and rats. These criteria included determination of the efficiency of infection/transfection of various viral and nonviral delivery systems, promoter specificity, and visualization of luciferase activity, and of the ability of luciferin to reach various organs. The exposure time for detection of luc activity by the CCCD camera is relatively short (approximately 2 minutes) compared with the intensified CCD camera photon-counting method (approximately 15 minutes). Here we transduce a variety of vectors (such as viruses, transfected cells, and naked DNA) by various delivery methods, including electroporation, systemic injection of viruses, and tail-vein, high-velocity-high-volume administration of DNA plasmids. The location, intensity, and duration of luc expression in different organs were determined. The distribution of luciferin is most probably not a barrier for the detection of in vivo luciferase activity. We showed that the CCCD photon detection system is a simple, reproducible, and applicable method that enables the continuous monitoring of a gene delivery system in living animals.
Image and projection (1990)

Nursing needs a healthy image for a healthy future, says Sheila Roy
Optimizing BICM with convolutional codes for transmission over the AWGN channel (2010)

The usual comparison of trellis coded modulation and bit-interleaved coded modulation, both using convolutional codes and Viterbi decoding, leads to the well-known result that for the AWGN channel TCM clearly outperforms BICM.In fading scenarios BICM shows superior results.Based on recent results on optimized bit mappings and bit-interleaver designs for BICM, we demonstrate that the BER of BICM on AWGN channels can be significantly lowered at no additional cost.Depending on the signal constellation size and the constraint length of the convolutional code gains up to 7 dB can be achieved over BICM with random bit interleavers.
TNF neutralization in MS (1999)

<b><i>Objective:</i></b> A double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study was conducted in 168 patients, most with relapsing-remitting MS, to evaluate whether lenercept would reduce new lesions on MRI. <b><i>Background:</i></b> Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been implicated in MS pathogenesis, has been identified in active MS lesions, is toxic to oligodendrocytes in vitro, and worsens the severity of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in animals. Lenercept, a recombinant TNF receptor p55 immunoglobulin fusion protein (sTNFR-IgG p55), protects against EAE. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Patients received 10, 50, or 100 mg of lenercept or placebo IV every 4 weeks for up to 48 weeks. MRI scans and clinical evaluations were performed at screening, at baseline, and then every 4 weeks (immediately before dosing) through study week 24. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There were no significant differences between groups on any MRI study measure, but the number of lenercept-treated patients experiencing exacerbations was significantly increased compared with patients receiving placebo (<i>p</i> = 0.007) and their exacerbations occurred earlier (<i>p</i> = 0.006). Neurologic deficits tended to be more severe in the lenercept treatment groups, although this did not affect Expanded Disability Status Scale scores. Anti-lenercept antibodies were present in a substantial number of treated patients; serum lenercept trough concentrations were detectable in only a third. Adverse events that increased in frequency in treated patients included headache, nausea, abdominal pain, and hot flushes. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Lenercept failed to be beneficial, but insight into the role of TNF in MS exacerbations was gained.
Interleukin-2 regulatory effect on P-selectin and interleukin-8 production in patients with chronic renal failure. (2006)

Patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) show a clinical state of immunodysfunction that occurs in both humoral and cellular immunity as well as inflammatory response. In this study, we investigated the mononuclear-endothelial cells (MCs/ECs) interaction and the possible protective role of IL-2 as the main T lymphocyte activator in CRF patients. The levels of soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) as the two main mediators of MCs/ECs interaction were measured in IL-2 supplemented and non-supplemented peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) supernatant of CRF patients. The obtained results were correlated with those of sex and age matched controls. Significantly higher levels of sP-selectin and IL-8 were detected in both IL-2 supplemented and non-supplemented PBMCs culture supernatant of CRF patients than controls (P = 0.000). Those levels were significantly lower in IL-2 supplemented PBMCs culture supernatant than non-supplemented ones of both CRF (P = 0.000) (for both mediators) and normal control groups (P = 0.01, P= 0.04 for sP-selectin and IL-8 respectively). The higher sP-selectin in CRF indicates impairment of MCs/ECs interaction that may be resulted from blockade of P-selectin receptors on PBMCs by P-selectin molecules shedded from ECs to plasma and bind to PBMCs in vivo. The elevated IL-8 level in PBMCs of CRF reflect the imbalance of Thl/Th2 ratio and subsequent impairment of cellular immunity in those patients. The lower level of both sP-selectin and IL-8 in IL-2 supplemented PBMCs supernatant than in non-supplemented one seemed to be due to the IL-2 induced proliferation of Th1 lymphocytes yielding newly in vitro formed T cells which do not carry P-selectin as well as relative increase of Th1/Th2 ratio in both normal and CRF groups. Thus, IL-2 may improve the MCs/ECs interaction and correct the Th1/Th2 ratio in CRF providing a novel promising therapeutic approach to improve the immuno-pathological condition of those patients.
Telomere Length Recovery: A Strong Predictor of Overall Survival in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (2016)

Telomeres are the capping ends of chromosomes that protect the loss of genetic material and prevent chromosomal instability. In human tissue-specific stem/progenitor cells, telomere length (TL) is maintained by the telomerase complex, which consists of a reverse transcriptase catalytic subunit (TERT) and an RNA template (TERC). Very short telomeres and loss-of-function mutations in the TERT and TERC genes have been reported in acute myeloid leukemia, but the role of telomeres in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has not been well established. We report the results for a large cohort of 187 PML/RARα-positive APL patients. No germline mutations in the TERT or TERC genes were identified. Codon 279 and 1062 TERT polymorphisms were present at a frequency similar to that in the general population. TL measured in blood or marrow mononuclear cells at diagnosis was significantly shorter in the APL patients than in healthy volunteers, and shorter telomeres at diagnosis were significantly associated with high-risk disease. For patients who achieved complete remission, the median increase in TL from diagnosis to remission (delta TL) was 2.0 kilobase (kb), and we found delta TL to be the most powerful predictor of overall survival when compared with well-established risk factors for poor outcomes in APL.
Decreased Nocturnal Plasma Melatonin Peak in Patients with Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer (1982)

Plasma melatonin concentrations were determined over a period of 24 hours in 20 women with clinical stage I or II breast cancer. In ten of the patients, whose tumors were estrogen receptor positive, the nocturnal increase in plasma melatonin was much lower than that observed in eight control subjects. Women with the lowest peak concentration of melatonin had tumors with the highest concentrations of estrogen receptors. A significant correlation was found between the peak plasma melatonin concentration and the tumor estrogen receptor concentration in 19 of the patients. These data suggest that low nocturnal melatonin concentrations may indicate the presence of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer and could conceivably have etiologic significance.
Increased expression of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, survivin and XIAP, in non-small cell lung carcinoma (2009)

Members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, survivin and X-chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP), contribute to apoptosis resistance of cancer cells, and an increase in their expression may elevate the apoptotic threshold of malignant tumours during their growth and progression. In the present study, we investigated the expression status of survivin and its interactants hepatitis B X-interacting protein (HBXIP) and XIAP in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines and NSCLC tumours and matched lungs from surgically treated patients in relation to their clinicopathological data. The expression of survivin, HBXIP and XIAP mRNAs was quantitated by real-time RT-PCR. The expression of survivin and XIAP proteins was analysed by Western blotting and ELISA. Survivin mRNA and protein levels were highly upregulated in NSCLC cells and tissues as compared to the lungs. In fact, the levels of survivin mRNA and protein in the tumours were more than 10-fold higher in 96 (64%) and 72 (82%) of the 150 and 88 examined NSCLC patients, respectively. The expression of survivin mRNA was higher in squamous cell lung carcinomas than in lung adenocarcinomas (LACs; P=0.003) and in less-differentiated tumours than in well-differentiated ones (P=0.007). The level of survivin protein was higher in stage IB and stage II+III tumours (P=0.049 and P=0.044), than in stage IA tumours. The BIRC5 promoter polymorphism at nucleotide -31 did not influence the expression of survivin mRNA and protein in NSCLC cells and tumours. HBXIP mRNA was abundantly expressed in NSCLC cell lines and NSCLC tumours and lungs, while its level was comparable in the tumours and lungs. The expression of XIAP mRNA in NSCLC cell lines and NSCLC tumours and lungs was not significantly different. However, the expression of XIAP protein was higher in NSCLC tumours, particularly in LACs, as compared to the lungs (P=0.017 and P=0.004). In conclusion, the overexpression of survivin in the majority of NSCLCs together with the abundant or upregulated expression of HBXIP and XIAP suggest that tumours are endowed with resistance against a variety of apoptosis-inducing conditions.
Regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical relevance and mechanisms in disease (2008)

The current work aimed to look at both phenotypic and functional differences in regulatory T cells (Tregs) from active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients compared to healthy controls and RA patients receiving infliximab therapy. There was an increase in the number Foxp3+ Tregs in infliximab patients compared to healthy controls or active RA patients. Etanercept patients had similar Foxp3 levels to healthy controls. Active RA Tregs expressed significantly lower levels of CCR5, whilst CD40L was significantly up regulated. Analysis of CTLA-4 in active RA Tregs revealed differential results: CTLA-4 was up regulated on CD4+CD25hl cells, but significantly down regulated on CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs. Furthermore, CTLA-4 remained low in infliximab-treated RA patients. Addition of recombinant TNF-a led to healthy Tregs phenotypically resembling active RA Tregs with respect to the markers described above. Interestingly, Tregs from intliximab-treated patients were predominantly CD62L, in contrast to Tregs from active RA patients and healthy controls. CD62L Tregs from infliximab patients were found to be more potent suppressors of T effector proliferation and cytokine production, than their CD62L+ counterparts. Additionally, blockade of TGF-P and IL-10 abrogated their suppressive capacity, whereas healthy Tregs suppressed independently of these cytokines. Active RA Tregs and CD62L+, but not CD62L Tregs from infliximab patients produced comparable levels of IL-17. In vitro addition of infliximab to RA T effectors induced functionally suppressive Foxp3+ T cells, an effect not observed in healthy T effectors. Moreover, blockade of TGF-P in these // vitro cultures inhibited infliximab-induced Foxp3+. Finally, analysis of the TGF-P signalling pathway in RA T effectors demonstrated that these cells expressed significantly lower levels of TGF-p receptor II, and decreased Smad2 phosphorylation, but not total protein. Taken together, the current work demonstrates that active RA Tregs are phenotypically abnormal, which may partly explain their defective function. Moreover, infliximab therapy does not appear to simply restore the defect in the existing conventional Treg (CD62L+) population, but rather induces a distinct population, which differs both phenotypically and functionally, suggesting that altering the pro-inflammatory environment is an important mechanism to restore tolerance.
Hepatic Steatosis: Quantification by Proton Density Fat Fraction with MR Imaging versus Liver Biopsy (2013)

PDFF measurement by MR imaging provided a noninvasive, accurate estimation of the presence and grading of hepatic steatosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatic fibrosis reduced the correlation between biopsy results and PDFF.
Sequential allocation and global pattern of movement of the definitive endoderm in the mouse embryo during gastrulation (2006)

During mouse gastrulation, endoderm cells of the dorsal foregut are recruited ahead of the ventral foregut and move to the anterior region of the embryo via different routes. Precursors of the anterior-most part of the foregut and those of the mid- and hind-gut are allocated to the endoderm of the mid-streak-stage embryo, whereas the precursors of the rest of the foregut are recruited at later stages of gastrulation. Loss of Mixl1 function results in reduced recruitment of the definitive endoderm, and causes cells in the endoderm to remain stationary during gastrulation. The observation that the endoderm cells are inherently unable to move despite the expansion of the mesoderm in the Mixl1-null mutant suggests that the movement of the endoderm and the mesoderm is driven independently of one another.
Sb-heterostructure interband backward diodes (2000)

Backward diodes are a version of Esaki tunnel diodes that are useful for mixing and detection. Ge backward diodes in particular have been used as temperature insensitive, zero bias square law detectors, capable of translating low level RF power into DC voltage or current with extreme linearity and low noise. However, Ge diodes are difficult to reproducibly manufacture and are physically fragile. Here we demonstrate specially designed Sb-heterostructure-based backward diodes grown by molecular beam epitaxy. These diodes have superior figures of merit compared to Ge diodes, especially the current density and junction resistance, and are reproducible and physically rugged. In addition, the flexibility of MBE growth allows easy tailoring of the layer structure to maximize the desired figure of merit for a given application.
Glycosphingolipids with Lewis Blood Group Activity: Uptake by Human Erythrocytes (1969)

The Lewis blood group antigens of the human erythrocyte are acquired from plasma and not synthesized in situ. Although assumed previously to be glycoproteins, tile Lewis antigens in plasma are glycosphingolipids Which are taken up by the the erythrocyte membrane from lipoproteins or from aqueous dispersions.
Hyaluronate capsule and surface M protein in resistance to opsonization of group A streptococci (1996)

The major virulence determinant of group A streptococci is the ability to resist opsonization and phagocytic ingestion. The present studies were performed to compare the mechanisms of resistance to opsonization of type 18 and type 24 streptococci and to determine the relative roles of M protein-fibrinogen interaction and the hyaluronate capsule in preventing phagocytic ingestion and killing. By use of parent strains and acapsular transposon mutants in the presence and absence of fibrinogen, we show that type 18 and type 24 streptococci rely on somewhat different mechanisms for resistance to opsonization. Type 24 streptococci bound fibrinogen avidly to their surfaces, and encapsulated organisms were completely resistant to opsonization only in the presence of fibrinogen. In contrast, type 18 streptococci bound 10-fold less fibrinogen than type 24 streptococci and were fully resistant to phagocytosis only when they expressed capsule. The general structural characteristics of the amino-terminal halves of type 18 and type 24 M proteins differed in that type 18 M protein contained only one complete B repeat, whereas type 24 M protein contained five complete B repeats, a structural difference which could potentially be related to the differences in fibrinogen binding between the two serotypes. Immunofluorescence assays of complement deposition were used in combination with 125I-C3 binding assays to show that encapsulated type 24 streptococci were fully resistant to opsonization by C3 only in the presence of plasma. Encapsulated and unencapsulated type 18 streptococci were equally opsonized by C3 in either plasma or serum, yet only encapsulated organisms resisted phagocytic killing in blood. The results of this study indicate that opsonization by C3 does not necessarily lead to phagocytic ingestion and that the hyaluronate capsule and M proteins are variably important in resistance to different group A streptococci to opsonization and phagocytic killing.