gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CMOS Fractional-N Synthesizers : Design for High Spectral Purity and Monolithic Integration (2003)

I: Abstract. List of Symbols and Abbreviations. Table of Contents. 1: Introduction. 1.1. Telecommunications: An Overview. 1.2. Telecommunications: A Market Perception. 1.3. Integration: Why, How and In What? 1.4. The Research Book. 1.5. The Outline of the Book. 2: On Frequency Synthesis. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Indirect or Phase-Locked Loop Frequency Synthesizers. 2.3. The Synthesizer Data Sheet. 2.4. Introduction to PLL building blocks. 2.5. Advanced PLL Frequency Synthesizers. 2.6. Frequency Synthesis for the DCS-1800 System. 2.7. Conclusion. 3: High-Speed CMOS Prescalers. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. The Phase-Switching Dual-Modulus Prescaler. 3.3. A Single-Ended 1.5 GHz 8/9 Dual-Modulus Prescaler in 0.7 mum CMOS. 3.4. A Single-ended 1.8 GHz 8/9 DMP in 0.8 mum 'Radiation Hardened' BiCMOS. 3.5. A 1.8 GH.z 16-modulus /64-/79 Prescaler in 0.25 mum CMOS. 3.6. A 12 GHz /128 Prescaler in 0.25 mum CMOS. 3.7. Conclusion. 4: Monolithic CMOS LC-VCOs. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. General Oscillator Theory. 4.3. A Design-Oriented Non-Linear Phase Noise Theory. 4.4. Integrated LC-tanks in CMOS. 4.5. The VCO Circuit Design. 4.6. Implementations. 4.7. Comparison with Published State-of-the-Art VCOs. 4.8. Conclusion. 5: Monolithic Phase Loops. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Loop Filter Topology Selection. 5.3. Dual-Path Fourth-Order PLL. 5.4. The PLL Building Block Circuits. 5.5. Experimental Results. 5.6. Conclusion. 6: A 1.8 GHz CMOS DS Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizer. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. The Fractional-N Principle. 6.3. Conventional Fractional Compensation Methods. 6.4. DS Modulation in Fractional-N Synthesis. 6.5. DS Modulators for Fractional-N Synthesis. 6.6. The Theoretical DS Phase Noise Analysis. 6.7. A Fast Non-Linear DS Phase Noise Analysis Method. 6.8. The Fractional-N Synthesizer Circuit Design. 6.9. Experimental Results. 6.10. Conclusion. 7: Conclusions. 7.1. A 2V CMOS Cellular Transceiver Front-End. 7.2. Main Contributions and Achievements. 7.3. Epilogue. A: DS Modulators with DC-inputs. B: Additional Results of the Non-Linear Analysis for Fractional-N Synthesizers. Index. Bibliography.
Expression, purification and identification of an immunogenic fragment in the ectodomain of prostate-specific membrane antigen (2016)

The present study aimed to identify, express and purify an immunogenic fragment in the ectodomain of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) within a fusion protein. The PSMA amino acid sequence published in National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank was used to determine sequence homology and immunogenic index analyses, additionally using BLASTN, Protean and ExPASy software to predict the polypeptide sequences of immunogenic epitopes. The gene sequence encoding the ectodomain of the polypeptide immunogenic fragments, containing the identified immunogenic epitopes, was generated using whole-gene synthesis. Prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a-r-ectodomain-PSMA was constructed and the recombinant plasmids were transformed into competent BL21 (DE3) <i>Escherichia coli</i>, which was followed by induction of recombinant protein expression using isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside. Fusion proteins were isolated and purified using affinity chromatography and their immune activity was subsequently investigated using western blot analysis. Purified protein was used to immunize BALB/c mice in order to generate polyclonal antibodies, and the binding of polyclonal antibodies to prostate cancer cell lines <i>in vitro</i> was evaluated using flow cytometry. A total of 3 polypeptide fragments with high specificity were identified following analysis using numerous software packages, and the gene sequences encoding regions containing the 2 most immunogenic fragments were synthesized and successfully inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a-r-ectodomain-PSMA. The recombinant PSMA protein fragment had a molecular weight of ~50 kDa and 95% purity. Western blot analysis revealed that the r-ectodomain-PSMA fusion protein specifically bound to the anti-PSMA ectodomain monoclonal antibody. Flow cytometry demonstrated that polyclonal antibodies raised against these recombinant proteins could specifically bind to PSMA-positive LNCaP cells, but not to PSMA-negative PC-3 cells. An immunogenic fragment in the ectodomain of PSMA was successfully expressed and purified. The present study, therefore, provides a basis for the preparation of an anti-PSMA small humanized monoclonal antibody.
Laparoscopic surgery in a mobile army surgical hospital deployed to the former Yugoslavia. (1994)

The 212th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital was deployed from a United States military base in Germany to the former Yugoslavia to provide medical support for more than 25,000 United Nations soldiers. This medical unit was the first mobile hospital ever to deploy with a capability for laparoscopic surgery. During a 2-month trial period, seven laparoscopic procedures were performed for various abdominal emergencies. There were no complications, and all patients returned to full duty within 1 week. No equipment problems or other logistical obstacles were identified. This preliminary report suggests that laparoscopic surgery is quite feasible in a forward-deployed field hospital, allowing combat soldiers to return to full duty in a much shorter time than after conventional surgery.
Synchronous DS-SSMA system with improved decorrelating decision-feedback multiuser detection (1994)

An improved decorrelating decision-feedback multiuser detector (IDDFD) is proposed, whose complexity is linear in the number of users, but performs closely to the maximum likelihood detector (MLD), whose complexity grows exponentially with the number of users. The IDDFD also relaxes the requirement of correct power ordering which is essential to successfully cancel multiuser interference (MUI) for the standard decorrelating decision-feedback detector (DDFD). Simulation results show that in a direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access (DS-SSMA) system using Gold codes of length 31 an IDDFD with only twice the complexity of the DDFD can simultaneously service 31 users with an error rate of each user close to the interference-free case. The IDDFD is then extended and studied to user numbers larger than the processing gain, complex signature waveforms, and MPSK signaling.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Anticipations of the Geometric Phase (1990)

In science we like to emphasize the novelty and originality of our ideas. This is harmless enough, provided it does not blind us to the fact that concepts rarely arise out of nowhere. There is always a historical context, in which isolated precursors of the idea have already appeared. What we call “discovery” sometimes looks, in retrospect, more like emergence into the air from subterranean intellectual currents.
Generation of human monoclonal antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus. (1989)

Based on the finding that cells producing antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) circulate in the peripheral blood of HIV-infected individuals, attempts were made to immortalize such B cells with Epstein-Barr virus. Mononuclear cells from 58 HIV-seropositive subjects at various stages of HIV infection were transformed, and anti-HIV cell lines were derived from 4 subjects, all of whom were in early stages of infection. Seven of these cell lines have been stable with respect to antibody production for up to 15 months. Three lines are producing IgG antibody to the 41-kDa HIV transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 and 4 produce IgG antibodies to the 24-kDa HIV core protein p24, its precursors and a breakdown product. The antibodies are reactive by ELISA, by radioimmunoprecipitation, and by Western blot, demonstrating the feasibility of producing multiple stable cell lines synthesizing human monoclonal antibodies to HIV by immortalization of peripheral blood cells with Epstein-Barr virus.
Host responses to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. III. Isolation and immunologic activities of bovine T lymphocytes. (1974)

An investigation was made to determine if the nylon wool column technique of Julius et al., (9), could be used to fractionate bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes into T enriched (effluent) and B enriched (adherent) cells. After column filtration, the subpopulations were checked for surface-labeling characteristics with fluorescein-labeled anti-Ig serum (membrane fluorescence), phagocytic activity, response to mitogens, and their reactivity in two in vitro assays that quantitate cell-mediated immunity (CMI) against a bovine herpes virus-infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus. The effluent cells appeared enriched in T cells since few cells showed membrane fluorescence and these cells responded well to the T cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A). The adherent cells appeared enriched in B cells since many cells showed membrane fluorescence and the cells responded well to lipopolysaccharide (a B cell mitogen) but poorly to PHA and Con A. In the in vitro CMI assays against IBR virus, the effluent cells were far more reactive than the adherent cells implying that these assays are essentially measures of T cell activity. The implications of the results for the understanding of the mechanism of resistance to herpes virus infections is discussed.
Reinnervation of the allograft larynx in the rat laryngeal transplant model (1995)

The rat model for a vascularized laryngeal allograft is duplicated with significant technical modifications. We report the addition of unilateral host-to-allograft recurrent laryngeal nerve anastomosis to this model. Long-term survival experiments determine the feasibility of reinnervation studies of the allograft larynx with this new model. A total of 59 transplants have been performed on histocompatible Munich Wistar rats, 36 with attempted unilateral allograft reinnervation. Because of the initially high operative mortality rates, additions and modifications of the original technique resulting in reproducibly enhanced survival are detailed. Factors critical to the functional study of this model with regard to reinnervation are elucidated. Preliminary data on allograft reinnervation are reported as confirmed by videodocumentation of vocal fold mobility, evoked and spontaneous electromyography, and glycogen-depletion studies. (OTOLARYNGOL HEAD NECK SURG 1995;113:517-29.)
Fine-tuning the CAR spacer improves T-cell potency (2016)

The adoptive transfer of genetically engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has emerged as a transformative cancer therapy with curative potential, precipitating a wave of preclinical and clinical studies in academic centers and the private sector. Indeed, significant effort has been devoted to improving clinical benefit by incorporating accessory genes/CAR endodomains designed to enhance cellular migration, promote <i>in vivo</i> expansion/persistence or enhance safety by genetic programming to enable the recognition of a tumor signature. However, our efforts centered on exploring whether CAR T-cell potency could be enhanced by modifying pre-existing CAR components. We now demonstrate how molecular refinements to the CAR spacer can impact multiple biological processes including tonic signaling, cell aging, tumor localization, and antigen recognition, culminating in superior <i>in vivo</i> antitumor activity.
Elevated Tissue Plasminogen Activator and Reduced Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Promote Hyperfibrinolysis in Trauma Patients (2014)

Severe hyperfibrinolysis after trauma is a poorly understood phenomenon associated with profound shock, serious anatomic injuries, increased transfusions, and high mortality rates. Molecular mechanisms driving hyperfibrinolysis in trauma have not been completely delineated. The authors aimed to determine the relationship between severe hyperfibrinolysis and outcomes in trauma patients and characterize the role of the plasminogen activator (PA) system in this condition. A prospective observational study was performed in 163 adult level I trauma patients admitted between April and August 2012. Blood was collected on admission, and fibrinolysis was determined by plasmin-α2 antiplasmin (PAP) levels. Tissue-derived and urokinase PA (tPA and uPA, respectively), PA inhibitor (PAI-1), fibrinogen, and antithrombin levels were also measured. Patient demographics, vital signs, laboratory values, mechanisms and severity of injuries, transfusions, and outcomes were collected at admission or from patient records. Moderate fibrinolysis was defined as PAP level 1,500 to 20,000 μg/L and severe hyperfibrinolysis as PAP level more than 20,000 μg/L. Severe hyperfibrinolysis was observed in 10% of patients and associated with increased injury severity, greater transfusions, fewer ventilator and hospital-free days, and higher mortality. Plasmin-α2 antiplasmin level was directly correlated with tPA level and inversely correlated with PAI-1 level. Patients with both elevated tPA and reduced PAI-1 were more severely injured, received more transfusions, and experienced fewer ventilator and hospital-free days. In conclusion, Severe hyperfibrinolysis is observed in a small percentage of trauma patients and is associated with severe injuries, greater transfusions, and worse outcomes. This condition is mediated, in part, by excessive upregulation of profibrinolytic tPA in the absence of concomitant increases in antifibrinolytic PAI-1.
Cimex lectularius L., the common bed bug from Pharaonic Egypt (1999)

Bed bugs have been troubling humans for at least 3550 years, as shown by examples from Tell el-Amarna. Here we report on the bug's habits and history, as revealed by archaeology.
Formal methods (1996)

this report assesses the state of the art in specification and verification. For verification, we highlight advances in model checking and theorem proving. In the three sections on specification, model checking, and theorem proving, we explain what we mean by the general technique and briefly describe some successful case studies and well-known tools. The second part of this report outlines future directions in fundamental concepts, new methods and tools, integration of methods, and education and technology transfer. We close with summary remarks and pointers to resources for more information
Montanide ISA 720 and 51: a new generation of water in oil emulsions as adjuvants for human vaccines (2002)

The development of adjuvants will represent a major challenge for this century. Indeed the need for safer vaccines leads to the development of a new generation of antigens like synthetic peptide, recombinant proteins or even vectored DNA. However, this is to the detriment of their immunogenicity. The addition of adjuvant is becomes necessary to enhance immune responses and improve vaccine potency. However, adjuvants can be responsible for the apparition of secondary reactions and they must be adapted according to various criteria such as the route of immunization, the type of the immune response, the duration of immunity, or the quality of the antigen, in order to get the best balance between efficacy and safety.
Genetic landscape of ALK+ non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (pts) and response to ceritinib in ASCEND-1. (2016)

9064 Background: To better understand genetic determinants of response to ceritinib, tumor biopsies from NSCLC pts treated with ceritinib in ASCEND-1 (NCT01283516) were analyzed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Methods: Biopsies were assayed by NGS using a Foundation Medicine panel targeting 295 genes. Somatic alterations were correlated with clinical outcome (cut-off 14 Apr 2014). Results: NGS data were generated for 85 pts (ALK inhibitor [ALKi]-pretreated [n=54]; ALKi-naïve [n=31]). Baseline (BL) biopsy collection times differed among pts. The most frequent ALK rearrangements detected were EML4-ALK variant 1 (26/85) and variant 3 (23/85); 6 pts did not carry an EML4-ALK fusion but had an ALK rearrangement with another gene (HIP1 [n=2]; CLTC, CRIM1, STRN and TFG [n=1 each]). Comprehensive analysis correlating genetic landscape with ceritinib efficacy will be presented, including for 2 pts with ceritinib BL and post-progression biopsies. Of 28 pts with biopsies collected during or after prior ALKi treatment (Tx), 10 harbored an ALK tyrosine kinase domain mutation. Among these 10 pts, 8 had BL biopsies collected after (or less than 7 days before) the last day of prior ALKi Tx. All but one of these 8 pts benefited from ceritinib Tx (Table 1). One pt ALKi-naïve had a MET amplification in a ceritinib post-progression biopsy (among other somatic mutations) but not in BL biopsy. Conclusions: This analysis increases our knowledge of the mechanisms of resistance to ALK inhibition and their impact on ceritinib Tx, including the potential role of MET amplification. It also illustrates that ceritinib is active against almost all ALK resistance mutations found in ALKi-pretreated pts. Ceritinib efficacy in pts with ALK mutations in biopsies collected after (or close to) last day of prior ALKi Tx. Pt ALK mutation(s) BOR PFS, days 1 E1129V PR 337 2 L1196M PR 267 3 I1171T, F1174V PR 250 4b C1156Y SD 246+ 5 L1196M PR 213 6c C1156Y PR 174 7 L1196M PR 163 8 G1202R Unknown 26 aEfficacy per blinded independent review committee. bBiopsy 5 days before end of crizotinib Tx; + pt ongoing without event cBiopsy on last day of crizotinib Tx. BOR, best overall response; PFS, progression-free survival; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease.
THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN CANCER GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS (1996)

The past few years have seen a wider acceptance of a role for DNA methylation in cancer. This can be attributed to three developments. First, the documentation of the over-representation of mutations at CpG dinucleotides has convincingly implicated DNA methylation in the generation of oncogenic point mutations. The second important advance has been the demonstration of epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes by DNA methylation. The third development has been the utilization of experimental methods to manipulate DNA methylation levels. These studies demonstrate that DNA methylation changes in cancer cells are not mere by-products of malignant transformation, but can play an instrumental role in the cancer process. It seems clear that DNA methylation plays a variety of roles in different cancer types and probably at different stages of oncogenesis. DNA methylation is intricately involved in a wide diversity of cellular processes. Likewise, it appears to exert its influence on the cancer process through a diverse array of mechanisms. It is our task not only to identify these mechanisms, but to determine their relative importance for each stage and type of cancer. Our hope then will be to translate that knowledge into clinical applications.
Endothelial cell dynamics and complexity theory (2002)

The endothelium displays nonlinear complexity. I propose a model in which healthy endothelium retains a broad range of responses and is therefore highly active, whereas dysfunctional endothelium becomes locked into a narrow range of responses, approaching a single steady state and eventual quiescence. These concepts lay a foundation for understanding the pathophysiology of endothelial cell dysfunction in the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.
A Selective Staining Method for the Basic Proteins of Cell Nuclei (1953)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Water-Soluble Green Perylenediimide (PDI) Dyes as Potential Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (2005)

[reaction: see text] A series of water-soluble green perylenediimide (PDI) dyes have been synthesized. On red light excitation, these dyes were shown to be efficient generators of singlet oxygen, and in cell culture media, they were shown to display significant light-induced cytotoxic effects on the human erythroleukemia cell line (K-562). It appears that highly versatile PDI dyes are likely to find new applications in photodynamic therapy.
IDENTIFICATION OF AN ACTIVIN-FOLLISTATIN GROWTH MODULATORY SYSTEM IN THE HUMAN PROSTATE: SECRETION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN PRIMARY CULTURES OF PROSTATIC EPITHELIAL CELLS (1999)

These results demonstrate that cells derived from human prostate tissue secrete activin and follistatin and, as observed in human prostate cancer cell lines, activin inhibited the growth of prostatic epithelial cells. Also consistent with our earlier studies of prostate cancer cell lines, the biological activity of activin was neutralized by follistatin. These observations support the hypothesis that the activin/follistatin system plays an important role in the local regulation of human prostate cell growth.
A novel synthesis of pyrazol-3-ones from biacetyl dimer and arenediazonium salts (1978)

Arenediazonium salts (1) and biacetyl dimer (2), under acidic conditions, yield 1-aryl-5-methylpyrazol-3-ones (3). A simple procedure employing solid diazonium salts is described. Intermediate 2-arylazo-2,5-dimethylfuran-3(2H)-ones (7) are involved in the reaction. In acid media they can be converted into the pyrazolones (3). Their formation is discussed. A possible mechanism for the rearrangement of (7) to (3) is suggested.
Residues critical for retroviral integrative recombination in a region that is highly conserved among retroviral/retrotransposon integrases and bacterial insertion sequence transposases. (1992)

Our comparison of deduced amino acid sequences for retroviral/retrotransposon integrase (IN) proteins of several organisms, including Drosophila melanogaster and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, reveals strong conservation of a constellation of amino acids characterized by two invariant aspartate (D) residues and a glutamate (E) residue, which we refer to as the D,D(35)E region. The same constellation is found in the transposases of a number of bacterial insertion sequences. The conservation of this region suggests that the component residues are involved in DNA recognition, cutting, and joining, since these properties are shared among these proteins of divergent origin. We introduced amino acid substitutions in invariant residues and selected conserved and nonconserved residues throughout the D,D(35)E region of Rous sarcoma virus IN and in human immunodeficiency virus IN and assessed their effect upon the activities of the purified, mutant proteins in vitro. Changes of the invariant and conserved residues typically produce similar impairment of both viral long terminal repeat (LTR) oligonucleotide cleavage referred to as the processing reaction and the subsequent joining of the processed LTR-based oligonucleotides to DNA targets. The severity of the defects depended upon the site and the nature of the amino acid substitution(s). All substitutions of the invariant acidic D and E residues in both Rous sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus IN dramatically reduced LTR oligonucleotide processing and joining to a few percent or less of wild type, suggesting that they are essential components of the active site for both reactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)