gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functions and Therapeutic Roles of Exosomes in Cancer (2014)

The role of exosomes in cancer development has become the focus of much research, due to the many emerging roles possessed by exosomes. These micro-vesicles that are ubiquitously released in to the extracellular milieu, have been found to regulate immune system function, particularly in tumorigenesis, as well as conditioning future metastatic sites for the attachment and growth of tumor tissue. Through an interaction with a range of host tissue, exosomes are able to generate a pro-tumor environment that is essential for carcinogenesis. Herein, we discuss the contents of exosomes and their contribution to tumorigenesis, as well as their role in chemotherapeutic resistance and the development of novel cancer treatments and the identification of cancer biomarkers.
REDUCED PUMPING POWER AND WALL TEMPERATURE IN MICROCHANNEL HEAT SINKS WITH FRACTAL-LIKE BRANCHING CHANNEL NETWORKS (2003)

Comparisons are made of the maximum channel wall temperature along, and total pressure drop across, a heat sink with a fractal-like branching channel network with those in a heat sink having a straight channel array. The total channel lengths are identical between the heat sinks, as are the applied heat fluxes. The hydraulic diameter of the straight channel array is equal to that of the terminal branch of the branching channel network. The number of branches per level, number of branching levels, and channel dimensions in the fractal-like network remain fixed. Minor losses are neglected and both hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers are assumed to reinitiate following each channel bifurcation in the branching flow network. With identical total convective surface areas for both configurations and maintaining a heat sink surface area equal to that of the convective surface area, the fractal-like channel network yielded a 60% lower pressure drop for the same total flow rate and a 30°C lower wall temperature under identical pumping power conditions. The two heat sinks were also compared under identical pressure drop conditions. Channel packing densities in which the convective surface area in the fractal-like channel network is 50% less than that in the straight channel array yield approximately the same pressure drop and maximum wall temperature for fixed-flow-rate conditions.
Raw materials as a source of contamination in large-scale cell culture. (1998)

Large-scale cell culture operations for biotechnology products use millions of litres of complex media and gases as well as huge quantities of organic and inorganic raw materials. These raw materials must always be assumed to contain contamination by adventitious agents such as Minute Virus of Mice (MVM). Genentech has had experience in dealing with two such contaminations. Although the source of these contaminations was not positively identified, there was strong evidence to suggest that the virus entered through a raw material used in cell culture. Analytical methods that can be used to detect the presence of viruses can be used as an early warning system and as part of a strategy to devise barriers against such contamination. Methods such as a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and a cell culture-based infectivity assay have been found to be efficacious in providing early detection of MVM infection. In any contamination, timely interactions with regulatory authorities are vital in minimizing delays in product manufacture.
Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor Stimulates Bone Fill and Rate of Attachment Level Gain: Results of a Large Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial (2005)

To our knowledge, this study is the largest prospective, randomized, triple-blinded, and controlled pivotal clinical trial reported to date assessing a putative periodontal regenerative and wound healing therapy. The study demonstrated that the use of rhPDGF-BB was safe and effective in the treatment of periodontal osseous defects. Treatment with rhPDGF-BB stimulated a significant increase in the rate of CAL gain, reduced gingival recession at 3 months post-surgery, and improved bone fill as compared to a beta-TCP bone substitute at 6 months.
A literature review on fuel stability studies with particular emphasis on diesel oil (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA literature review on fuel stability studies with particular emphasis on diesel oilB. D. Batts and A. Zuhdan FathoniCite this: Energy Fuels 1991, 5, 1, 2–21Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ef00025a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00025a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1556Altmetric-Citations139LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
New Applications of Microbial Products (1983)

Microbial secondary metabolites are now being used for applications other than as antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor agents. These applications include use against parasites (coccidia, helminths) and insects as well as for animal and plant growth stimulation, immunosuppression, uterocontraction, and other pharmacological activities. Further applications are possible in various areas of pharmacology and agriculture, a development catalyzed by the use of simple enzyme assays for screening prior to testing in intact animals or in the field.
Eukaryotic features of the Xanthomonas type III effector AvrBs3: protein domains involved in transcriptional activation and the interaction with nuclear import receptors from pepper (2001)

The AvrBs3 protein of the phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is targeted to host-plant cells by the bacterial Hrp type III secretion system. In pepper plants containing the Bs3 resistance gene, AvrBs3 induces the hypersensitive response (HR). AvrBs3 recognition is thought to occur in the plant cell nucleus as HR induction is dependent on nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and an acidic transcription activation domain (AAD). In a search for AvrBs3-interacting pepper proteins using the yeast two-hybrid system, we have isolated eight different classes of cDNA inserts including two genes for importin alpha proteins. Importin alpha is part of the nuclear import machinery and interacts with AvrBs3 through an NLS in the carboxy-terminus of the protein, both in yeast and in vitro. The mechanism of AvrBs3 recognition was further studied by analysis of the C-terminal AAD. This putative transcription-activation domain was shown to be required for AvrBs3 HR-inducing activity, and could be functionally replaced with the VP16 AAD from the Herpes simplex virus. Our data support the model in which the AvrBs3 effector localizes to the nucleus, where the Bs3-mediated surveillance system of resistant plants detects AvrBs3 through its interference with host gene transcription.
InGaAs-GaAs quantum-dot lasers (1997)

Quantum-dot (QD) lasers provide superior lasing characteristics compared to quantum-well (QW) and QW wire lasers due to their delta like density of states. Record threshold current densities of 40 A/spl middot/cm/sup -2/ at 77 K and of 62 A/spl middot/cm/sup -2/ at 300 K are obtained while a characteristic temperature of 385 K is maintained up to 300 K. The internal quantum efficiency approaches values of /spl sim/80 %. Currently, operating QD lasers show broad-gain spectra with full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) up to /spl sim/50 meV, ultrahigh material gain of /spl sim/10/sup 5/ cm/sup -1/, differential gain of /spl sim/10/sup -13/ cm/sup 2/ and strong nonlinear gain effects with a gain compression coefficient of /spl sim/10/sup -16/ cm/sup 3/. The modulation bandwidth is limited by nonlinear gain effects but can be increased by careful choice of the energy difference between QD and barrier states. The linewidth enhancement factor is /spl sim/0.5. The InGaAs-GaAs QD emission can be tuned between 0.95 /spl mu/m and 1.37 /spl mu/m at 300 K.
Progress Toward A Nonviral Gene Therapy Protocol for The Treatment of Anemia (2007)

Anemia frequently accompanies chronic diseases such as progressive renal failure, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and cancer. Patients are currently treated with erythropoietin (EPO) replacement therapy, using various recombinant human EPO protein formulations. Although this treatment is effective, gene therapy could be more economical and more convenient for the long-term management of the disease. The objective of this study was to develop a naked DNA-based gene therapy protocol that could fill this need. Hydrodynamic limb vein technology has been shown to be an effective and safe procedure for delivering naked plasmid DNA (pDNA) into the skeletal muscles of limbs. Using this method, we addressed the major challenge of an EPO-based gene therapy of anemia: maintaining stable, long-term expression at a level that sufficiently promotes erythropoiesis without leading to polycythemia. The results of our study, using a rat anemia model, provide proof of principle that repeated delivery of small pDNA doses has an additive effect and can gradually lead to the correction of anemia without triggering excessive hematopoiesis. This simple method provides an alternative approach for regulating EPO expression. EPO expression was also proportional to the injected pDNA dose in nonhuman primates. In addition, long-term (more than 450 days) expression was obtained after delivering rhesus EPO cDNA under the transcriptional control of the muscle-specific creatine kinase (MCK) promoter. In conclusion, these data suggest that the repeated delivery of small doses of EPO expressing pDNA into skeletal muscle is a promising, clinically viable approach to alleviate the symptoms of anemia.
Impairment of intestinal glutathione synthesis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (1998)

Decreased activity of key enzymes involved in GSH synthesis accompanied by a decreased availability of cyst(e)ine for GSH synthesis contribute to mucosal GSH deficiency in IBD. As the impaired mucosal antioxidative capacity may further promote oxidative damage, GSH deficiency might be a target for therapeutic intervention in IBD.
<title>Advanced signal processing method for interferometric fiber optic sensors with straightforward spectral detection</title> (1998)

The advanced method for straightforward spectral signal processing in interferometric fiber-optic sensors is presented. It is based on the analysis of the output spectrum of sensing interferometer in the domain of Fourier images. The main idea of the proposed method is to use the sensing interferometer with finesse &gt; 2 and process the higher harmonics in addition to the first one. The technique does not suffer from power and spectral fluctuations of LED and sufficiently noise resistant.It is insensitive to the influence of parasitic interferometers appearing in the optical connectors, multimode fibers and other parts of the instrument. Devices based on such principles does not recalibration after switching on and further operation. The optimization of sensor's parameters based on numerical simulations is presented switching on and further operation. The optimization of sensor's parameters based on numerical simulations is presented.
The effects of subclass on the ability of anti-phosphocholine antibodies to protect mice from fatal infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. (1984)

We have compared the abilities of IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG3 antibodies to protect mice against infection with a bacterial pathogen for which antibody-mediated protection is thought to be a function of killing by phagocytes rather than complement-mediated lysis. For this study, we used anti-phosphocholine (PC) antibodies of the T15 idiotype, since they are known to have very similar binding sites and have the ability to protect mice from Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Our results indicated that antibodies with the three different IgG constant regions gave similar degrees of protection. This finding was surprising, since earlier data showed a strong restriction of anti-carbohydrate and anti-PC antibodies to the IgG3 subclass. Our data raise the possibility that the restriction of most immune responses to particular IgG subclasses may be more to allow isotype-specific regulation than to utilize special effector functions of different IgG isotypes.
Differential effects of protein kinase C on human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration (2001)

Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation contribute to intimal hyperplasia, and protein kinase C (PKC) may be required for both events. In this report, we investigated the role of PKC in proliferation and migration of SMC derived from the human saphenous vein. Activation of PKC by phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) or (-)-indolactam [(-)-ILV] increases SMC proliferation. Downregulation of PKC activity by prolonged incubation with phorbol ester or inhibition of PKC with chelerythrine in SMC diminished agonist-stimulated proliferation. In contrast, stimulation of PKC with PDBu or (-)-ILV inhibited basal and agonist-induced SMC chemotaxis. Moreover, downregulation of PKC or inhibition with chelerythrine accentuated migration. We postulated that the inhibitory effect of PKC on SMC chemotaxis was mediated through cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A, PKA). In support of this hypothesis, we found that activation of PKC in SMC stimulated PKA activity. The cAMP agonist forskolin significantly inhibited SMC chemotaxis. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of PKC on SMC chemotaxis was completely reversed by cAMP or PKA inhibitors. In search of the PKC isotype(s) underlying these differential effects of PKC in SMC, we identified eight isotypes expressed in human SMC. Only PKC-alpha, -beta I, -delta, and -epsilon were eliminated by downregulation, suggesting that one or more of these four enzymes facilitate the observed phorbol ester-dependent effects of PKC in SMC. In summary, we found that PKC activation enhances proliferation but inhibits migration of human vascular SMC. These differential effect of PKC on vascular cells appears to be mediated through PKC-alpha, -beta I, -delta, and/or -epsilon.
Precise determination of the diversity of a combinatorial antibody library gives insight into the human immunoglobulin repertoire (2009)

Antibody repertoire diversity, potentially as high as 10(11) unique molecules in a single individual, confounds characterization by conventional sequence analyses. In this study, we present a general method for assessing human antibody sequence diversity displayed on phage using massively parallel pyrosequencing, a novel application of Kabat column-labeled profile Hidden Markov Models, and translated complementarity determining region (CDR) capture-recapture analysis. Pyrosequencing of domain amplicon and RCA PCR products generated 1.5 x 10(6) reads, including more than 1.9 x 10(5) high quality, full-length sequences of antibody variable fragment (Fv) variable domains. Novel methods for germline and CDR classification and fine characterization of sequence diversity in the 6 CDRs are presented. Diverse germline contributions to the repertoire with random heavy and light chain pairing are observed. All germline families were found to be represented in 1.7 x 10(4) sequences obtained from repeated panning of the library. While the most variable CDR (CDR-H3) presents significant length and sequence variability, we find a substantial contribution to total diversity from somatically mutated germline encoded CDRs 1 and 2. Using a capture-recapture method, the total diversity of the antibody library obtained from a human donor Immunoglobulin M (IgM) pool was determined to be at least 3.5 x 10(10). The results provide insights into the role of IgM diversification, display library construction, and productive germline usages in antibody libraries and the humoral repertoire.
Identification of a Genetic Locus for Familial Atrial Fibrillation (1997)

Identification of the gene for familial atrial fibrillation will help to elucidate the molecular basis of the disease and provide insights into acquired forms. The strategy of pooling DNA samples for analysis is more time and cost effective than conventional screening and should accelerate the process of gene mapping in the future.
<title>Possibilistic particle swarms for optimization</title> (2005)

We present a new approach for extending the particle swarm optimization algorithm to multi-optima problems by using ideas from possibility theory. An elastic constraint is used to let the particles dynamically explore the solution space in two phases. In the exploratory phase, particles explore the space in an effort to track the global minima while also traversing the local minima. In the exploitatory phase, particles disperse in the local neighborhoods to locate the best local minima. The proposed PPSO has been applied to data clustering and object detection. Our preliminary results indicate that the proposed approach is efficient and robust.
Millimetre wave coplanar slow wave structure on GaAs suitable for use in electro-optic modulators (1993)

A coplanar millimetre wave slow wave structure for which phase velocity and characteristic impedance can be independently adjusted was fabricated and measured up to 40 GHz on semi-insulating GaAs. The phase velocity was matched to that of a GaAs/AlGaAs optical waveguide up to 40 GHz while keeping the characteristic impedance at 55Ω.
trans -Packaged West Nile Virus-Like Particles: Infectious Properties In Vitro and in Infected Mosquito Vectors (2004)

A trans-packaging system for West Nile virus (WNV) subgenomic replicon RNAs (repRNAs), deleted for the structural coding region, was developed. WNV repRNAs were efficiently encapsidated by the WNV C/prM/E structural proteins expressed in trans from replication-competent, noncytopathic Sindbis virus-derived RNAs. Infectious virus-like particles (VLPs) were produced in titers of up to 10(9) infectious units/ml. WNV VLPs established a single round of infection in a variety of different cell lines without production of progeny virions. The infectious properties of WNV and VLPs were indistinguishable when efficiencies of infection of a number of different cell lines and inhibition of infection by neutralizing antibodies were determined. To investigate the usefulness of VLPs to address biological questions in vivo, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were orally and parenterally infected with VLPs, and dissected tissues were analyzed for WNV antigen expression. Antigen-positive cells in midguts of orally infected mosquitoes were detected as early as 2 days postinfection and as late as 8 days. Intrathoracic inoculation of VLPs into mosquitoes demonstrated a dose-dependent pattern of infection of secondary tissues and identified fat body, salivary glands, tracheal cells, and midgut muscle as susceptible WNV VLP infection targets. These results demonstrate that VLPs can serve as a valuable tool for the investigation of tissue tropism during the early stages of infection, where virus spread and the need for biosafety level 3 containment complicate the use of wild-type virus.
Electron inversion layer mobility in strained-Si n-MOSFETs with high channel doping concentration achieved by ion implantation (2003)

Inversion layer mobility measurements in strained-Si n-MOSFETs fabricated using a typical MOSFET process including high temperature steps and with various channel doping concentrations, achieved by boron ion implantation, are compared with co-processed bulk-Si n-MOSFETs. It is found that a near-universal mobility relationship with vertical effective electric field, E/sub eff/, exists for strained-Si and bulk-Si n-MOSFETs for all channel implant doses in this study. Significant mobility enhancement for E/sub eff/ up to 2 MV/cm (1.5-1.7 x) is obtained for channel doping concentrations ranging from 10/sup 17/-6 /spl times/ 10/sup 18/ cm/sup -3/.
Security enhancement over ad-hoc AODV routing protocol (2007)

For most existing routing protocols of mobile ad hoc network (MANET), more efficient security mechanisms against the attacks from malicious, compromised and selfish nodes are highly demanded. This paper proposes a series of security mechanisms for the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing protocol. Three techniques, including digital signature, one-way hash function and double one-way hash verification are introduced to ensure the authentication, nonrepudiation and integrity of the important routing information in AODV protocol. The comparison with some existing secure AODV protocols demonstrates that our solution expands the security scope and guards against several attacks out of their range.
Opposing actions of Arx and Pax4 in endocrine pancreas development (2003)

Genes encoding homeodomain-containing proteins potentially involved in endocrine pancreas development were isolated by combined in silico and nested-PCR approaches. One such transcription factor, Arx, exhibits Ngn3-dependent expression throughout endocrine pancreas development in alpha, beta-precursor, and delta cells. We have used gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem cells to generate Arx loss-of-function mice. Arx-deficient animals are born at the expected Mendelian frequency, but develop early-onset hypoglycemia, dehydration, and weakness, and die 2 d after birth. Immunohistological analysis of pancreas from Arx mutants reveals an early-onset loss of mature endocrine alpha cells with a concomitant increase in beta-and delta-cell numbers, whereas islet morphology remains intact. Our study indicates a requirement of Arx for alpha-cell fate acquisition and a repressive action on beta-and delta-cell destiny, which is exactly the opposite of the action of Pax4 in endocrine commitment. Using multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), we demonstrate an accumulation of Pax4 and Arx transcripts in Arx and Pax4 mutant mice, respectively. We propose that the antagonistic functions of Arx and Pax4 for proper islet cell specification are related to the pancreatic levels of the respective transcripts.
Oxadiazole-carbonylaminothioureas as SIRT1 and SIRT2 Inhibitors (2008)

A new inhibitor for human sirtuin type proteins 1 and 2 (SIRT1 and SIRT2) was discovered through virtual database screening in search of new scaffolds. A series of compounds was synthesized based on the hit compound (3-[[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)1,2,4-oxadiazole-5-carbonyl]amino]-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]thiourea). The most potent compound in the series was nearly as potent as the reference compound (6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide).