gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective suspension in aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate according to electronic structure type allows simple separation of metallic from semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (2009)

Both density gradient centrifugation and gel electrophoresis have been reported to allow high throughput separation of metallic from semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) when using aqueous sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) suspensions. We show here that both methods rely on an initial dispersion-by-sonication step, which is already selective with respect to electronic structure type. The corresponding aqueous SDS “starting” suspensions obtained after sonication and purification by simple centrifugation (70,000 g, 1 h) contain semiconducting SWNTs primarily in the form of small bundles whereas metallic SWNTs are predominantly suspended as individual tubes. Density gradient centrifugation then separates the bundles from the individual tubes on the basis of differences in their overall buoyant densities. Gel electrophoresis separates the longer bundles from the shorter individual tubes on the basis of their different mobilities. We also demonstrate that such starting suspensions can be fractionated according to electronic structure type by even simpler techniques such as size exclusion chromatography or gel filtration, thus opening the way for simple scale-up.
Speculative virtual verification (2005)

A key problem facing current computing systems is the inability to autonomously manage security vulnerabilities as well as more mundane errors. Since the design of computer architectures is usually performance-driven, hardware often lacks primitives for tasks in which raw speed is not the primary goal. There is little architectural support for monitoring execution at the instruction level, and no mechanisms for assisting an automated response.This paper advocates modifying general-purpose processors to provide both program supervision and automatic response via a policy-driven monitoring mechanism and instruction stream rewriting, respectively. These capabilities form the basis of speculative virtual verification (SVV).SVV is a model for the speculative execution of code based on high-level security and safety constraints. We introduce architectural enhancements to support this framework, including the ability to supply an automated response by rewriting the instruction stream. Finally, given the novelty of the SVV approach to executing software, we briefly consider some important challenges for SVV-based systems.
Spectator: detection and containment of JavaScript worms (2008)

Recent popularity of interactive AJAX-based Web 2.0 applications has given rise to a new breed of security threats: JavaScript worms. In this paper we propose Spectator, the first automatic detection and containment solution for JavaScript worms. Spectator performs distributed data tainting by observing and tagging the traffic between the browser and the Web application. When a piece of data propagates too far, a worm is reported. To prevent worm propagation, subsequent upload attempts performed by the same worm are blocked. Spectator is able to detect fast and slow moving, monomorphic and polymorphic worms with a low rate of false positives. In addition to our detection and containment solution, we propose a range of deployment models for Spectator, ranging from simple intranet-wide deployments to a scalable load-balancing scheme appropriate for large Web sites. In this paper we demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of Spectator through both large-scale simulations as well as a case study that observes the behavior of a real-life JavaScript worm propagating across a social networking site. Spectator is able to detect all JavaScript worms released to date while maintaining a low detection overhead for a range of workloads. 1
Increased MET Gene Copy Number Negatively Affects Survival of Surgically Resected Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients (2009)

MET increased gene copy number is an independent negative prognostic factor in surgically resected NSCLC. EGFR gene gain does not impact survival after resection.
The Synthesis and Evaluation of New α-Hydrogen Nitroxides for ‘Living’ Free Radical Polymerization (2005)

Three N-alkoxyamines were synthesized for use in nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization. Upon thermolysis, they generate new acyclic α-hydrogen nitroxides: one adamantyl substituted and two diol-containing nitroxides. The initiators were tested in polymerization reactions in direct comparison with the initiator derived from the nitroxide TIPNO.
HEADPHONE SURROUND MONITORING FOR STUDIOS (2008)

Smyth SVS is an audio virtualisation algorithm for use with standard stereo headphones. Its design goal was simply to reproduce the sound of loudspeakers, in a known environment, with a level of fidelity that would render the headphone presentation indistinguishable from that of the real loudspeakers. To achieve this, room impulse responses from each loudspeaker in a real listening room, captured using miniature microphones placed in the listener’s ears, are used to create a personalised virtual listening environment, forming the basis of the SVS algorithm. The algorithm also responds to head-tracking data to maintain the realism and accuracy of the virtual speakers over a limited range of head movements. As implemented in the Smyth Realiser, SVS can be readily used by professionals as a multi-channel surround monitoring tool for recording, post-production and broadcasting. It also has immediate applications in consumer soundtrack playback.
A Computer-Assisted Translation Tool based on Finite-State Technology (2006)

The Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT) paradigm tries to integrate human expertise into the automatic translation process. In this paradigm,
The Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Organotin Reagents with Organic Electrophiles [New Synthetic Methods (58)] (1986)

Abstract The cross‐coupling of organotin reagents with a variety of organic electrophiles, catalyzed by palladium, provides a novel method for generating a carbon‐carbon bond. Because this mild, versatile reaction is tolerant of a wide variety of functional groups on either coupling partner, is stereospecific and regioselective, and gives high yields of product, it is ideal for use in the synthesis of elaborate organic molecules. When the coupling reaction is carried out in the presence of carbon monoxide, instead of a direct coupling, carbon monoxide insertion takes place, stitching the two coupling partners together and generating a ketone.
Lifting schemes for biorthogonal modulated filter banks (2002)

We connect the design of biorthogonal modulated filter banks with the idea of lifting schemes, which were proposed for the construction of biorthogonal wavelets. Based on this formulation, we derive a lattice-like structure for the polyphase components. As the rotation-based structures for the design and implementation of paraunitary modulated filter banks, our structure automatically guarantees the perfect reconstruction (PR) property of the filter bank. The coefficients can be freely chosen and used for filter optimization.
A New Phosphoramidite Reagent for the Incorporation of Diazaphenoxazinone Nucleoside With Enhanced Base-Pairing Properties into Oligodeoxynucleotides (1997)

Abstract New phosphoramidite reagent 7 suitable for incorporation of dC analogue was synthesized. ODNs containing diazaphenoxaziione residues in defined positions were prepared. The stability of duplexes formed was increased up to 3-5°C per modified base. Preliminary results of molecular biological testing were reported.
Association in Level 2 fusion (2004)

After a number of years of intensive research on Level 1 fusion, the focus is shifting to higher levels. Level 2 fusion differs from Level 1 fusion in its emphasis on relations among objects rather than on the characteristics (position, velocity, type) of single objects. While the number of such characteristics grows linearly with the number of objects considered by an information fusion system, this cannot be said about the number of possible relations, which can grow exponentially. To alleviate the problems of computational complexity in Level 2 processing, the authors of this paper have suggested the use of ontologies. In this paper we analyze the issue of association in Level 2 fusion. In particular, we investigate ways in which the use of ontologies and annotations of situations in terms of the ontologies can be used for deciding which of the objects, and/or relations among such, can be considered to be the same. This is analogous to data association in Level 1 fusion. First, we show the kinds of reasoning that can be carried out on the annotations in order to identify various objects and possible coreferences. Second, we analyze how uncertainty information can be incorporated into the process. The reasoning aspect depends on the features of the ontology representation language used. We focus on OWL - the web ontology language. This language comprises, among others, constructs related to expressing multiplicity constraints as well as such features like “functional property” and “inverse functional property”. We will show how these features can be used in resolving the identities of objects and relations. Moreover, we will show how a consistency-checking tool (ConsVISor) developed by the authors can be used in this process.
ContraveTM: novel treatment for obesity (2009)

The development of novel pharmacological agents capable of aiding weight loss is urgently required to help combat the global epidemic of obesity. ContraveTM is a fixed-dose combination of bupropion sustained release and naltrexone sustained release that is currently being examined in Phase III clinical trials as a potential new pharmacological treatment for obesity. Bupropion, a nonselective dopamine- and norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor, is believed to reduce weight by stimulating hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin neurons, which in turn act to reduce appetite and increase energy expenditure, a mechanism that is inhibited by b-endorphin. Naltrexone, a ì-opioid receptor antagonist, acts in a synergistic manner with bupropion to induce weight loss, by blocking the b-endorphin-mediated inhibition of the proopiomelanocortin neuron. Preliminary results from ongoing Phase III clinical studies have recently reported that Contrave is both safe and efficacious as a pharmacological treatment for obesity, providing a potentially novel therapeutic strategy for its treatment. However, further rigorous clinical testing in nonselected patient populations will be required before this novel treatment strategy enters clinical use.
Stereoselective Biocatalysis (2000)

This book offers an explanation of the specific ways that biocatalysis outperforms chemical catalysis by: utilizing ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure to minimize problems of isomerization, racemization, and epimerization; employing microbial cells and enzymes that can be immobilized and reused over many cycles; and overexpressing enzymes for greater economy and efficiency.
4(5)-METHYLIMIDAZOLIUM CHLORIDE (1969)

(1969). 4(5)-METHYLIMIDAZOLIUM CHLORIDE. Organic Preparations and Procedures: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-3.
Stress-Activated Cytokines and The Heart: From Adaptation to Maladaptation (2003)

The ability of the myocardium to successfully compensate for and adapt to environmental stress ultimately determines whether the heart will decompensate and fail or maintain preserved function. Despite the importance of the myocardial response to environmental stress, very little is known with respect to the biochemical mechanisms that are responsible for mediating and integrating the stress response in the heart. In the present review we summarize recent experimental material suggesting that the cytokines expressed within the myocardium in response to environmental injury, namely tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family, play an important role in initiating and integrating homeostatic responses. However, these stress-activated cytokines all have the potential to produce cardiac decompensation when expressed at sufficiently high concentrations. Accordingly, the theme to emerge from this review is that the short-term expression of stress-activated cytokines within the heart may be an adaptive response to stress, whereas long-term expression of these molecules may be frankly maladaptive by producing cardiac decompensation.
Human antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and natural killer cytotoxicity to herpes simplex virus-infected autologous and allogeneic cells. (1983)

Using cultured skin shavings, human cellular cytotoxicity to uninfected and herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected autologous and allogeneic fibroblasts and Chang liver cells was analysed in a 51Cr release assay. The effector cell requirements and characterization, time kinetics and antibody requirements were similar using each HSV-infected target cell in an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) system. There was lower natural killer cytotoxicity (NKC) to uninfected autologous cells than unrelated cells in an 18 hr assay. NKC to infected autologous and unrelated fibroblasts was similar to that mediated against Chang liver cells. Thus NKC to uninfected fibroblasts correlated with the relationship of effector and target cells while NKC to infected cells correlated with the intrinsic lytic potential of the effector cells. The autologous system offers little advantage in the analysis of ADCC or NKC in normal individuals to virus-infected cells, but is probably crucial for the detection of HLA-restricted T-cell cytotoxicity. The demonstration of autologous anti-viral ADCC and NKC lends further credence to the in vivo importance of the mechanisms.
Functionalised Polymers in Organic Chemistry; Part 2 (2000)

The applications of functionalised polymers in organic synthesis are outlined. Literature from July 1997 to July 1999 is discussed.
Nitrogen as Leaving Group: Aliphatic Diazonium Ions (1976)

Abstract Nitrogen is one of the best known leaving groups. Decomposition of aliphatic diazonium ions has rendered carbocations (carbon cations) accessible in cases where the solvolysis of halides or sulfonic esters follows different pathways. The limits of unassisted decomposition are seen in primary diazonium ions, where the participation of external nucleophiles and of neighboring groups in the elimination of nitrogen becomes noticeable. Cyclopropanediazonium ions occupy a position intermediate between aliphatic and aromatic diazonium ions. New versatile methods of generating aliphatic diazonium ions facilitate their preparative use.
The Nature of Datacenter Traffic: Measurements & Analysis (2009)

We explore the nature of traffic in data centers, designed to support the mining of massive data sets. We instrument the servers to collect socket-level logs, with negligible performance impact. In a  server operational cluster, we thus amass roughly a petabyte of measurements over two months, from which we obtain and report detailed views of traffic and congestion conditions and patterns. We further consider whether traffic matrices in the cluster might be obtained instead via tomographic inference from coarser-grained counter data.
Adaptive image synthesis for compressive displays (2013)

Recent years have seen proposals for exciting new computational display technologies that are compressive in the sense that they generate high resolution images or light fields with relatively few display parameters. Image synthesis for these types of displays involves two major tasks: sampling and rendering high-dimensional target imagery, such as light fields or time-varying light fields, as well as optimizing the display parameters to provide a good approximation of the target content. In this paper, we introduce an adaptive optimization framework for compressive displays that generates high quality images and light fields using only a fraction of the total plenoptic samples. We demonstrate the framework for a large set of display technologies, including several types of auto-stereoscopic displays, high dynamic range displays, and high-resolution displays. We achieve significant performance gains, and in some cases are able to process data that would be infeasible with existing methods.
Pseudotyped Influenza A Virus as a Vaccine for the Induction of Heterotypic Immunity (2012)

There is a need for vaccines that can protect broadly across all influenza A strains. We have produced a pseudotyped influenza virus based on suppression of the A/PR/8/34 hemagglutinin signal sequence (S-FLU) that can infect cells and express the viral core proteins and neuraminidase but cannot replicate. We show that when given by inhalation to mice, S-FLU is nonpathogenic but generates a vigorous T cell response in the lung associated with markedly reduced viral titers and weight loss after challenge with H1 and H3 influenza viruses. These properties of S-FLU suggest that it may have potential as a broadly protective A virus vaccine, particularly in the setting of a threatened pandemic before matched subunit vaccines become available.
Correlation between the conformational phenotype of p53 and its subcellular location. (1992)

In order to obtain insight into the parameters determining the subcellular localization of mutant and wild-type forms of p53, we analysed the subcellular distribution of p53 in four Balb/c mouse-derived cell lines ranging in their cellular phenotypes from normal (3T3), via minimal transformant (T3T3), to maximally transformed (3T3tx, Meth A). Epitope mapping showed the p53 proteins in 3T3 and in T3T3 cells to be in a wild-type conformation, as they reacted with PAb246, whereas p53 in 3T3tx and in Meth A cells were PAb246 negative and thus displayed a mutant conformation. Despite its reactivity with PAb246, p53 in T3T3 cells had an extended half-life and accumulated to abnormally high levels. We show that the conformationally wild-type p53 in 3T3 and T3T3 cells predominantly localized to the cell nucleus, with about half of it being tightly associated with nuclear structures. In contrast, approximately 60% of mutant p53 in 3T3tx and Meth A cells localized to the cytoplasm, the rest residing in the cell nucleus; all the nuclear p53 in these cells appeared to be structurally bound. The cytoplasmic location of mutant p53 in 3T3tx and Meth A cells was not seen by immunofluorescence microscopic analysis, and required cell fractionation for its detection. Both cytoplasmic and nuclear p53 of the mutant phenotype bound to hsc proteins with a similar stoichiometry, suggesting that hsc binding is not directly related to the subcellular distribution of these proteins. We suggest that the conformational phenotype of p53 is a major determinant of its subcellular location.
Abnormal biopterin metabolism is a major cause of impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation through nitric oxide/O2- imbalance in insulin-resistant rat aorta. (1999)

To investigate underlying mechanisms responsible for the impaired nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vascular relaxation in the insulin-resistant state, we examined production of both NO and superoxide anion radical (O2-) and those modulating factors in aortas obtained from normal (CTR), insulin-treated (INS), or high fructose-fed (FR) rats. FR rats showed insulin resistance with endogenous hyperinsulinemia, whereas INS rats showed normal insulin sensitivity. Only FR aortic strips with endothelium elicited impaired relaxation in response to either acetylcholine or calcium ionophore A23187. Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity and its mRNA levels were increased only in vessels from INS rats (P < 0.001), whereas eNOS activity in FR rats was decreased by 58% (P < 0.05) when compared with CTR rats. NO production from aortic strips stimulated with A23187 was significantly lower in FR than CTR rats. In contrast, A23187-stimulated O2- production was higher (P < 0.01) in FR than CTR rats. These differences were abolished when aortic strips were preincubated in the media including (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), an active cofactor for eNOS. Furthermore, as compared with CTR rats, aortic BH4 contents in FR rats were decreased (P < 0.001), whereas the levels of 7,8-dihydrobiopterin, the oxidized form of BH4, were increased, with opposite results in INS rats. These results indicate that insulin resistance rather than hyperinsulinemia itself may be a pathogenic factor for decreased vascular relaxation through impaired eNOS activity and increased oxidative breakdown of NO due to enhanced formation of O2- (NO/O2- imbalance), which are caused by relative deficiency of BH4 in vascular endothelial cells.
Topical Anesthetic Creams (2008)

Topical anesthetic creams have positive applications in plastic surgery. For certain procedures, they can replace injected local anesthetics. By replacing injections with a topical cream, the negative effects associated with injections, such as pain, needle anxiety, and edema at the surgical site, are eliminated. A variety of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved topical anesthetic creams are available for use; however, much care must be taken when prescribing and administering these drugs, as anesthetic creams compounded in nonstandard doses can result in severe toxicity and death. When used appropriately, topical anesthetic creams can provide a safe and effective alternative to other forms of anesthesia. This article provides an overview of topical anesthetic creams, including availability, composition, safety, and efficacy.
Best Arm Identification in Multi-Armed Bandits (2010)

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et a ̀ la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Genetically modified Lactococcus lactis: novel tools for drug delivery (2006)

The dairy bacterium Lactococcus lactis can be genetically engineered to secrete bioactive cytokines. This enabled the development of an entirely novel drug delivery system: topical and active delivery of therapeutic proteins by genetically modified micro‐organisms. In mice, intestinal inflammation can be successfully treated with interleukin‐10‐ (IL‐10) or trefoil factor‐secreting L. lactis . In human application, biological containment is guaranteed by exchange of the gene encoding thymidylate synthase for IL‐10. The recombinant strain is now absolutely dependent on exogenous thymidine. Thymidine starvation will irreversibly lead to ‘thymidine‐less death’ induction. This accomplishment has opened applications in human medicine.