gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Localization of basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in human glial neoplasms. (1992)

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are widely recognized as a family of molecules that can influence cell proliferation and tissue neovascularization. Although the basic form of FGF (bFGF) has been found to enhance the growth of primary cell cultures made from human glial tumors, its exact role in vivo has been unclear. Likewise, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a newly discovered addition to the growing list of angiogenic factors but, unlike bFGF, VEGF has a unique specificity for endothelial cells and possesses the properties required for secretion. In this study, we localized both basic FGF and VEGF in human gliomas to assess their possible role in the pathogenesis of these neoplasms. Retrospective analysis was performed using glial neoplasms that were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. The immunocytochemical procedures were performed using specific polyclonal antibodies raised against the amino terminus of bFGF and VEGF, respectively. Immunoreactive (IR) basic FGF was localized in normal, reactive, and neoplastic astrocytes as well as selected populations of normal neurons. IR VEGF, in contrast, was present primarily in neurons of normal brain, but was also found in both reactive and neoplastic astrocytes. In adjacent 4-microns tissue sections, strong immunoreactivity for VEGF and bFGF was found within the same populations of cells. In areas of endothelial proliferation, the strongest immunoreactivity for both growth factors was found within large anaplastic astrocytes that surrounded abnormal blood vessels. Our data support the hypothesis that VEGF may complement the actions of basic FGF in glial neoplasia.
Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Actions and Modulation of Neuroendocrine Neurons by a New Hypothalamic Peptide, Hypocretin/Orexin (1998)

A new orexigenic peptide called hypocretin (orexin) has recently been described in neurons of the lateral hypothalamus and perifornical area. The medial and lateral hypothalamus have been loosely called satiety and feeding centers of the brain, respectively. Approximately one-third of all medial and lateral hypothalamic neurons tested, but not hippocampal neurons, show a striking nanomolar sensitivity to hypocretin. As studied with calcium digital imaging with fura-2, hypocretin raises cytoplasmic calcium via a mechanism based on G-protein enhancement of calcium influx through plasma membrane channels. The peptide has a potent effect at both presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors. Most synaptic activity in hypothalamic circuits is attributable to axonal release of GABA or glutamate. With whole-cell patch-clamp recording, we show that hypocretin, acting directly at axon terminals, can increase the release of each of these amino acid transmitters. Two hypocretin peptides, hypocretin-1 and hypocretin-2, are coded by a single gene; neurons that respond to one peptide also respond to the other. In addition to its effect on feeding, we find that this peptide also regulates the synaptic activity of physiologically identified neuroendocrine neurons studied in hypothalamic slices containing the arcuate nucleus, suggesting a second function of hypocretin in hormone regulation. The widespread distribution of hypocretin axons, coupled with the strong response to the peptide at both presynaptic and postsynaptic sites, suggests that the peptide probably modulates a variety of hypothalamic regulatory systems and could regulate the axonal input to these regions presynaptically.
Adaptation of a Hexapod-Based Robotic System for Extended Endoscope-Assisted Transsphenoidal Skull Base Surgery (2004)

A robotic system could be adapted for use in endoscope-assisted transsphenoidal skull base surgery allowing simultaneous use of two instruments under endoscopic view. This opens new possibilities to extend transsphenoidal skull base surgery.
Basic Amino Acid Transport in Escherichia coli (1971)

Abstract The uptake of the basic amino acids lysine, ornithine, and arginine is mediated by three transport systems in Escherichia coli K-12 strain 7. Lysine uptake occurs by means of two kinetically distinct systems. One system, with a Km of 10 µm is specific for lysine alone. The other system transports lysine with a Km of 0.5 µm, but this transport can be inhibited by arginine and ornithine. The transport of ornithine may be mediated by a single transport system (Km = 1.4 µm) which is inhibited by lysine and arginine. Arginine appears to be transported by means of a specific, high affinity system (Km = 2.6 x 10-8 m). This system is not inhibited by either lysine or ornithine. Osmotic shock causes a reduction in the initial rate of the high affinity lysine transport system, but does not affect the low affinity system. A lysine-arginine-ornithine-binding protein is found in the shock fluid, as well as two binding proteins specific for arginine. The lysine-arginine-ornithine-binding protein was purified by conventional techniques. Dissociation constants of 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0 µm were found for the complex of the binding protein, and arginine, lysine, and ornithine, respectively. A molecular weight of 26,200 to 30,200 was determined by three different methods. The protein showed an isoelectric point of 5.1 on isoelectric focusing.
A Novel Brain-Derived Member of the Epidermal Growth Factor Family That Interacts with ErbB3 and ErbB4 (1997)

A novel member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, the neural- and thymus-derived activator for ErbB kinases (NTAK), has been purified and cloned. Five alternative spliced isoforms have been detected in the rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line, PC-12 cells. The rat NTAK alpha2a isoform exhibits 94% identity in its primary sequence with the human NTAK alpha isoform. In vivo, NTAK is only expressed in the brain of rat E11.5 embryos, and in the brain and thymus of adult rats. The soluble 46 kDa form binds directly to ErbB3 and B4, but not to ErbB1 or B2. NTAK, however, transactivates ErbB1 and B2 via heterodimerization with ErbB3 or B4. NTAK stimulates the differentiation of MDA-MB-453 cells and competitively inhibits the binding of [125I]neuregulin to these cells. In addition to these neuregulin-like properties, NTAK exhibits limited structural homology to neuregulins in the immunoglobulin (Ig)-like, EGF-like, and hydrophobic domains. Thus, NTAK appears to be a new member of the EGF family displaying neuregulin properties.
Full-Wave Iterative Image Reconstruction in Photoacoustic Tomography With Acoustically Inhomogeneous Media (2013)

Existing approaches to image reconstruction in photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) with acoustically heterogeneous media are limited to weakly varying media, are computationally burdensome, and/or cannot effectively mitigate the effects of measurement data incompleteness and noise. In this work, we develop and investigate a discrete imaging model for PACT that is based on the exact photoacoustic (PA) wave equation and facilitates the circumvention of these limitations. A key contribution of the work is the establishment of a procedure to implement a matched forward and backprojection operator pair associated with the discrete imaging model, which permits application of a wide-range of modern image reconstruction algorithms that can mitigate the effects of data incompleteness and noise. The forward and backprojection operators are based on the k-space pseudospectral method for computing numerical solutions to the PA wave equation in the time domain. The developed reconstruction methodology is investigated by use of both computer-simulated and experimental PACT measurement data.
Printed plastic electronics and paperlike displays (2002)

Abstract Plastic electronic materials and high‐resolution printing methods may be important technologies for new classes of consumer electronic devices that are lightweight, mechanically flexible and bendable, and that can cover large areas at low cost. This article summarizes some of our recent work in this area. It focuses on the materials and patterning techniques that we used to produce plastic active‐matrix backplane circuits for a type of paperlike display. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3327–3334, 2002
Selecting bits for extended reach and horizontal wells (1990)

For drilling extended reach and horizontal wells, drill bits are called upon to perform differently than in the case of making a vertical wellbore. This paper presents an overview of bit problems encountered at high angles and bit selection criteria for lateral well paths.
Metabolic Changes Following a 1-Year Diet and Exercise Intervention in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2009)

Patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing a 1-year lifestyle intervention had significant improvements in GDR, fasting glucose, FFAs and adipose tissue distribution. However, changes in overall weight (adipose tissue mass) and hepatic fat were the most important determinants of metabolic improvements.
Detection of the pathogenic parasite Toxoplasma gondii by specific amplification of ribosomal sequences using comultiplex polymerase chain reaction (1993)

Amplification of DNA sequences from ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was tested as a specific and sensitive method for the detection of small numbers of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite cells. We applied the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the basis of detection of the 110-fold repetitive rDNA as a target by using (i) DNA sequences within the small ribosomal subunit known to be universal and conserved in all eukaryotes and (ii) small ribosomal subunit and intergenic spacer rDNA sequences known to be T. gondii species specific. The level of sensitivity obtained from a crude cell lysate allowed the detection of as few as one parasite visualized directly as a specific PCR product in agarose gels. By using a combination of universal and T. gondii species-specific primers, we propose a comultiplex-based PCR approach as a new diagnostic tool. The combination of sensitivity, specificity, and built-in positive and negative PCR controls should make detection of the rDNA sequences by comultiplex PCR a useful clinical test for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and for epidemiological studies. Finally, the idea of a built-in positive control to support or counter the T. gondii-specific PCR result is novel and is a notable advance.
What a drop can do: Dried blood spots as a minimally invasive method for integrating biomarkers into population-based research (2007)

Logistical constraints associated with the collection and analysis of biological samples in community-based settings have been a significant impediment to integrative, multilevel bio-demographic and biobehavioral research. However recent methodological developments have overcome many of these constraints and have also expanded the options for incorporating biomarkers into population-based health research in international as well as domestic contexts. In particular using dried blood spot (DBS) samples-drops of whole blood collected on filter paper from a simple finger prick-provides a minimally invasive method for collecting blood samples in nonclinical settings. After a brief discussion of biomarkers more generally, we review procedures for collecting, handling, and analyzing DBS samples. Advantages of using DBS samples-compared with venipuncture include the relative ease and low cost of sample collection, transport, and storage. Disadvantages include requirements for assay development and validation as well as the relatively small volumes of sample. We present the results of a comprehensive literature review of published protocols for analysis of DBS samples, and we provide more detailed analysis of protocols for 45 analytes likely to be of particular relevance to population-level health research. Our objective is to provide investigators with the information they need to make informed decisions regarding the appropriateness of blood spot methods for their research interests.
The SSX-2 gene, which is involved in the t(X;18) translocation of synovial sarcomas, codes for the human tumor antigen HOM-MEL-40. (1996)

Using autologous serum for the serological analysis of recombinantly expressed clones (SEREX) from a cDNA derived from a human melanoma, several new melanoma antigens were identified that are immunogenic in the autologous host. Sequence analysis revealed that one of these antigens, HOM-MEL-40, was coded for by the SSX2 gene, which has recently been described to be involved in the t(X;18) translocation of human synovial sarcomas. Expression analysis performed by Northern blot and RT-PCR demonstrated the presence of HOM-MEL-40 transcripts in a significant proportion of human melanomas (50%), colon cancers (25 %), hepatocarcinomas (30%), and breast carcinoma (20%) but not in normal tissues except for testis. Sequence comparison with transcripts cloned from testis ruled out mutations in the melanoma-derived HOM-MEL-40. Antibodies against HOM-MEL-40 were found in 10 of 89 patients with melanoma, including 3 of 8 patients with HOM-MEL-40-positive tumors, but not in 41 apparently healthy controls. In view of the specific expression pattern and immunogenicity in cancer patients, HOM-MEL-40 holds promise as a target for immune interventions in a considerable population of patients with HOM-MEL-40-positive tumors.
Characterization of second-generation monoclonal antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen (1993)

MN-14 is being evaluated for radioimmunodetection of and radioimmunotherapy for CEA-containing cancers, whereas MN-3 is being studied for the radioimmunodetection of occult infections and sites of inflammation.
Elevated Levels of Soluble and Neutrophil CD146 in Active Systemic Vasculitis (2009)

Cell adhesion molecules have been implicated to be up-regulated in systemic vasculitis and could be potentially used as clinical diagnostic biomarkers. As a newly identified adhesion molecule, the expression level of CD146 in vasculitis has never been determined. Clinical samples were collected and levels of soluble CD146 were measured in sera using sandwich ELISA and neutrophil CD146 using FACS analysis in 59 patients with active systemic vasculitis and 34 healthy controls. Expression of CD146 was significantly elevated in circulating neutrophils of patients with active small-vessel vasculitis (WG and MPA), but not in patients with large-vessel vasculitis (TA), compared with samples from healthy controls. Interestingly, elevated levels of neutrophil CD146 were dramatically decreased after treatment with immunosuppressive drugs. Moreover, a significantly increased level of soluble CD146 was found in sera from patients with MPA and vasculitis-induced renal failure. The clinical study indicated that CD146 expression was elevated in active vasculitis and correlated with its pathological progression and post-treatment remission.
Mechanisms of Resistance to PD-1 and PD-L1 Blockade (2018)

Cancer immunotherapy utilizing blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint has revolutionized the treatment of a wide variety of malignancies, leading to durable therapeutic responses not typically seen with traditional cytotoxic anticancer agents. However, these therapies are ineffective in a significant percentage of patients, and some initial responders eventually develop resistance to these therapies with relapsed disease. The mechanisms leading to both primary and acquired resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition are varied and can be both multifactorial and overlapping in an individual patient. As the mechanisms of resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade continue to be further characterized, new strategies are being developed to prevent or reverse resistance to therapy, leading to improved patient outcomes.
Growth of Anaerobic Rumen Fungi on Defined and Semi-defined Media Lacking Rumen Fluid (1985)

Summary: Anaerobic fungi were isolated from rumen digesta of sheep and cattle and were purified using a plate culture technique. The isolates were successfully cultured on a semi-defined medium which lacked rumen fluid, and on a defined medium.
Focal Adhesion Kinase Promotes the Aggressive Melanoma Phenotype (2005)

Malignant melanoma continues to remain a significant health threat, with death often occurring as a result of metastasis. The metastatic phenotype typically is characterized by augmented tumor cell invasion and migration in addition to tumor cell plasticity as shown by vasculogenic mimicry. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms that promote an aggressive phenotype is essential to predicting the likelihood of metastasis at a stage when intervention may be possible. This study focuses on the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase important for many cellular processes, including cell survival, invasion, and migration. We found FAK to be phosphorylated on its key tyrosine residues, Tyr397 and Tyr576, in only aggressive uveal and cutaneous melanoma cells, which correlates with their increased invasion, migration, and vasculogenic mimicry plasticity. Additionally, we confirmed the presence of FAK phosphorylated on Tyr397 and Tyr576 in both cutaneous and uveal melanoma tumors in situ. Examination of a functional role for FAK in aggressive melanoma revealed that disruption of FAK-mediated signal transduction pathways, through the expression of FAK-related nonkinase (FRNK), results in a decrease in melanoma cell invasion, migration, and inhibition of vasculogenic mimicry. Moreover, we found that FRNK expression resulted in a down-regulation of Erk1/2 phosphorylation resulting in a decrease in urokinase activity. Collectively, these data suggest a new mechanism involved in promoting the aggressive melanoma phenotype through FAK-mediated signal transduction pathways, thus providing new insights into possible therapeutic intervention strategies.
DNA vaccination for cancer treatment. (1995)

The recent finding that inoculation with plasmids encoding a variety of proteins leads to T cell and antibody responses in vivo against these proteins provides a novel means of active specific immunisation by plasmid vaccination. The demonstration that both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I- and Class II-mediated interactions can be elicited may make this approach suitable for development of tumour vaccines. Plasmids may prove to be an efficient way to build 'subunit' and multi-subunit vaccines based on the genetic changes that occur in carcinogenesis. Expression of DNA encoding fragments of tumour-specific proteins as neo-antigens or surrogate antigens in a novel context may be a means of breaking immunological tolerance and lead to the generation of tumour-specific immune responses.
The Thymus Plays a Role in Oral Tolerance Induction in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (2004)

Mice are protected from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) when fed myelin basic protein (MBP). Thymectomized mice do not exhibit oral tolerance. We found evidence for two mechanisms to explain the role of the thymus in oral tolerance: a site for deletion of autoreactive T cells and a source of regulatory T cells.
Dependence of TiO2Film Thickness on Photocurrent-Voltage Characteristics of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2004)

M N719 dye (Solaronix)ethanol solution for 36 h. The redox electrolyte composed of0.80 M 1,2-dimethyl-3-hexyl-immidazolium iodide (home-made) and 40 mM iodine in 3-methoxypropionitrile (Aldrich).J-V curves were measured with a Keithley 2400 sourcemeter. A 1000 W Xenon lamp (Oriel, 9113) was utilized at100 mW/cm
Ultrastable Mesostructured Silica Vesicles (1998)

A family of mesoporous molecular sieves (denoted MSU-G) with vesiclelike hierarchical structures and unprecedented thermal (1000 degreesC) and hydrothermal stabilities (more than 150 hours at 100 degreesC) associated with high SiO4 cross-linking was prepared through a supramolecular assembly pathway that relies on hydrogen bonding between electrically neutral gemini surfactants of the type CnH2n+1NH(CH2)2NH2 and silica precursors derived from tetraethylorthosilicate. The vesicle shells are constructed of one or more undulated silica sheets that are about 3 nanometers thick with mesopores (average diameters from 2.7 to 4.0 nanometers) running both parallel and orthogonal to the silica sheets, which makes the framework structure bicontinuous and highly accessible. Catalytic metal ion centers [for example, Ti(IV) and Al(III)] have been incorporated into the framework with the retention of hierarchical structure.
Profile of agomelatine and its potential in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (2015)

The efficacy and tolerability profiles of agomelatine in the treatment of GAD were good. However, the scarce number of trials, the small sample sizes, and the use of patients without any comorbid conditions were some limitations that impaired the generalization of the results in the general population. Nevertheless, agomelatine is an attractive off-label option in the treatment of GAD that needs more conclusive evidences to establish its role in future guidelines.
Molecular cloning of a novel splice variant of the alpha subunit of the mammalian Go protein. (1990)

We screened a HIT (hamster insulin-secreting tumor) cell cDNA library constructed in lambda gt11 with a Go-specific oligonucleotide probe and isolated six recombinant phages. The inserts of these phages encoded two forms of alpha o, called here alpha o1 and alpha o2. The deduced amino acid sequence of alpha o1 is identical in all of its 354 amino acids to that reported previously for rat and bovine alpha o; that of alpha o2, also of 354 amino acids, is identical to alpha o1 up to and including amino acid 248 and differs thereafter in 26 amino acids. At the nucleotide level, alpha o1 and alpha o2 are identical up to and including the second base of the codon that specifies amino acid 243 and differs thereafter in 88 nucleotides of the remaining open reading frame and has no similarity to alpha o1 in its 3'-untranslated region. We propose that alpha o1 and alpha o2 result as a consequence of alternative splicing of a single alpha o transcript. Northern analysis with specifically designed oligonucleotides indicates that both forms of alpha o are expressed in normal tissues, e.g. brain. After in vitro transcription and translation, the peptides encoded in the alpha o1 and alpha o2 cDNAs could be ADP-ribosylated by pertussis toxin in the presence of added beta gamma dimers. The count of distinct G proteins keeps increasing.
Oxygen Transfer between CO and CO2 Catalyzed by Supported Au, Pt, and Au‐Pt (1979)

Abstract The rate of oxygen transfer between CO and CO 2 has been measured on Au, Pt, and Au Pt supported on SiO 2 at 250 °C, constant partial pressure of CO of 42 Torr, and 0.25 &lt; p / p CO &lt; 2.5. Two series of Au Pt catalysts were studied. In one series the total metal loading was held constant at 0.7 w‐%, while in another series Pt loading was held constant at 0.7 w‐%.  The rate of reaction was found to decrease with increasing ratio p / p CO and to be independent of the Au/Pt ratio up to high Au content (∼80 w‐%). No reactivity difference was observed between the two series of catalysts. For supported Pt within the particle size range of 20 to 40 Å there was no influence of Pt particle size on the reaction rate. Surface collision efficiencies on the order of 10 −11 were calculated at 250°C. The nature of the catalyst support strongly influenced the reactivity of Au. In previous studies on the similar Au  Pt catalysts differences up to about one order of magnitude in the rate of hydrogen transfer between benzene and cyclohexane were found, while all catalysts had similar activity for the H 2 + D 2 reaction.  Results of the present study are discussed in the light of these earlier findings. The role of the gas phase composition for the detection of possible kinetic effects of metal particle size and surface composition in bimetallic supported catalysts is discussed.