gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple Factors Independently RegulatehilAand Invasion Gene Expression inSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium (2000)

HilA activates the expression of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium invasion genes. To learn more about regulation of hilA, we isolated Tn5 mutants exhibiting reduced hilA and/or invasion gene expression. In addition to expected mutations, we identified Tn5 insertions in pstS, fadD, flhD, flhC, and fliA. Analysis of the pstS mutant indicates that hilA and invasion genes are repressed by the response regulator PhoB in the absence of the Pst high-affinity inorganic phosphate uptake system. This system is required for negative control of the PhoR-PhoB two-component regulatory system, suggesting that hilA expression may be repressed by PhoR-PhoB under low extracellular inorganic phosphate conditions. FadD is required for uptake and degradation of long-chain fatty acids, and our analysis of the fadD mutant indicates that hilA is regulated by a FadD-dependent, FadR-independent mechanism. Thus, fatty acid derivatives may act as intracellular signals to regulate hilA expression. flhDC and fliA encode transcription factors required for flagellum production, motility, and chemotaxis. Complementation studies with flhC and fliA mutants indicate that FliZ, which is encoded in an operon with fliA, activates expression of hilA, linking regulation of hilA with motility. Finally, epistasis tests showed that PhoB, FadD, FliZ, SirA, and EnvZ act independently to regulate hilA expression and invasion. In summary, our screen has identified several distinct pathways that can modulate S. enterica serovar Typhimurium's ability to express hilA and invade host cells. Integration of signals from these different pathways may help restrict invasion gene expression during infection.
Photoengineering of Bone Repair Processes (2006)

It is possible that the laser therapy effect on bone regeneration depends not only on the total dose of irradiation, but also on the irradiation time and the irradiation mode. The threshold parameter energy density and intensity are biologically independent of one another. This independence accounts for the success and the failure of laser therapy achieved at low-energy density levels.
First MCL-1-selective BH3 mimetics as potential therapeutics for targeted treatment of cancer (2015)

First MCL-1-selective BH3 mimetics as potential therapeutics for targeted treatment of cancer
Preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) (1980)

A multicenter, ongoing study of early-diagnosed cases of systemic sclerosis and comparison patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, and Raynaud's phenomenon was conducted in order to develop classification criteria for systemic sclerosis. Preliminary criteria are proposed namely, the finding of either the sole major criterion, i.e., proximal scleroderma, or two or more of the minor criteria, i.e., 1) sclerodactyly, 2) digital pitting scars of fingertips or loss of substance of the distal finger pad, and 3) bilateral basilar pulmonary fibrosis. When applied to the case and comparison patients included in this study, these proposed criteria had a 97% sensitivity for definite systemic sclerosis and 98% specificity.
Sortilin/Neurotensin Receptor-3 Binds and Mediates Degradation of Lipoprotein Lipase (1999)

Lipoprotein lipase and the receptor-associated protein (RAP) bind to overlapping sites on the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/alpha2-macroglobulin receptor (LRP). We have investigated if lipoprotein lipase interacts with the RAP binding but structurally distinct receptor sortilin/neurotensin receptor-3. We show, by chemical cross-linking and surface plasmon resonance analysis, that soluble sortilin binds lipoprotein lipase with an affinity similar to that of LRP. The binding was inhibited by heparin and RAP and by the newly discovered sortilin ligand neurotensin. In 35S-labeled 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with the cross-linker dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate), lipoprotein lipase-containing complexes were isolated by anti-sortilin antibodies. To elucidate function in cells, sortilin-negative Chinese hamster ovary cells were transfected with full-length sortilin and shown to express about 8% of the receptors on the cell surface. These cells degraded 125I-labeled lipoprotein lipase much faster than the wild-type cells. The degradation was inhibited by unlabeled lipoprotein lipase, indicating a saturable pathway, and by RAP and heparin. Moreover, inhibition by the weak base chloroquine suggested that degradation occurs in an acidic vesicle compartment. The results demonstrate that sortilin is a multifunctional receptor that binds lipoprotein lipase and, when expressed on the cell surface, mediates its endocytosis and degradation.
Crucial Role of the Disulfide Bridge between Botulinum Neurotoxin Light and Heavy Chains in Protease Translocation across Membranes (2007)

Clostridial botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) exert their neuroparalytic action by arresting synaptic exocytosis. Intoxication requires the disulfide-linked, di-chain protein to undergo conformational changes in response to pH and redox gradients across the endosomal membrane with consequent formation of a protein-conducting channel by the heavy chain (HC) that translocates the light chain (LC) protease into the cytosol. Here, we investigate the role of the disulfide bridge in the dynamics of protein translocation. We utilize a single channel/single molecule assay to characterize in real time the BoNT channel and chaperone activities in Neuro 2A cells under conditions that emulate those prevalent across endosomes. We show that the disulfide bridge must remain intact throughout LC translocation; premature reduction of the disulfide bridge after channel formation arrests translocation. The disulfide bridge must be on the trans compartment to achieve productive translocation of LC; disulfide disruption on the cis compartment or within the bilayer during translocation aborts it. We demonstrate that a peptide linkage between LC and HC in place of a disulfide bridge is insufficient for productive LC translocation. The disulfide linkage, therefore, dictates the outcome of translocation: productive passage of cargo or abortive channel occlusion by cargo. Based on these and previous findings we suggest a sequence of events for BoNT LC translocation to be HC insertion, coupled LC unfolding, and protein conduction through the HC channel in an N to C terminus orientation and ultimate release of the LC from the HC by reduction of the disulfide bridge concomitant with LC refolding in the cytosol.
Preclinical Testing in the Development of Probiotics: A Regulatory Perspective withBacillusStrains as an Example (2008)

Preclinical testing of the microbial strains is the first important step in the development of probiotics. Requirements for the set of tests can vary depending on the bacterial species and the expected mechanism of action in the organism. Common approaches to preclinical testing of probiotic strains include strain identification (i.e., determination of phenotypic and genotypic properties), safety evaluation (i.e., characterization of history of use [safety contact], assessment of resistance to antibiotics, and evaluation of pathogenic properties in vitro and in animal models), and efficacy testing (i.e., functional characterization). Future progress in probiotics requires more studies to determine the mechanisms of their action, as well as an understanding of the basis and mechanisms of pathogenicity for different probiotic strains. Special attention should be given to recombinant probiotics, particularly in the formulation of criteria for selection of the host strain, for assessment of environmental safety, and for tracing the fate of recombinant DNA in vitro and in vivo.
{Mo2O2X2}2+ (X = O, S), a magic building block for the design of wheel shaped metalates (2005)

The self-condensation of the [Mo 2 O 2 E 2 ] 2+ precursors is at the origin of a family of discrete cyclic species. The condensation can be performed in the presence or not of guest species. With E = O, the resulting cycles delimit an anionic open cavity, which can be filled by neutral polar molecules such as aquo ligands, or by alkaline cations. With E = S, the resulting cycles delimit a cationic cavity, which can be filled with neutral molecules, or anions like halides or more sophisticated groups like caboxylates. The flexibility of the rings is at the origin of striking host–guest properties: the symmetry and the nuclearity of the inorganic backbone are directed by the size and shape of the encapsulated guest. The metal coordination versatility confers to the ring unusual dynamic properties. In the solid state, molecular rings arrange in striking 3-D networks in which alkaline cations organize in pillars or layers decorated with anionic rings. The control of the partial occupancy of the cationic pillars permits to synthesize very good ionic conductors. .
Internalin B promotes the replication of Listeria monocytogenes in mouse hepatocytes (1997)

The uptake of Listeria monocytogenes by a variety of cell types in vitro is facilitated by the protein products of the inlAB (internalin) operon expressed by the organism. In the case of mouse hepatocytes, the extent to which inlAB expression influenced the uptake of Listeria in vitro was markedly dependent upon the ratio of bacteria to cells. At a ratio of 100:1, greater than 40-fold fewer transposon-induced inl4B mutant listeriae entered hepatocytes compared to the isogenic wild-type control; the difference was only fourfold, however, in cultures inoculated at a 1:1 ratio. Similarly, the uptake of in-frame inlB or inlAB deletion mutants differed only fourfold from the uptake of wild-type or inlA mutant Listeria at a 1:1 multiplicity of infection. Mutations affecting inlB or inlAB, on the other hand, resulted in a marked decrease in the capacity of Listeria to proliferate within mouse hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro. Electron micrographs of Listeria-infected hepatocytes demonstrated the impaired capacity of inlB mutants to escape from endocytic vacuoles and to enter the cytoplasm where proliferation occurs. These findings indicate that the protein product of inlB exerts a significant effect on the intracellular replication of Listeria.
A novel photonic oscillator (1995)

Introduction RF oscillators, especially voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs), are essential to RF communication, broadcasting, and receiving systems. Their functions include generating, tracking, cleaning, amplifying, and distributing RF carriers. The VCOs in a phase-locked loop configuration can also be used for clock recovery, carrier recovery, signal modulation and demodulation, and frequency synthesizing. Photonic RF systems [1--3] embed photonic technology into the traditional RF systems. In particular, in a photonic RF system, optical waves are used as a carrier to transport RF signals through optical fiber to remote locations. In addition, some of the RF signal-processing functions, such as signal mixing [4], antenna beam steering [5,6], and signal filtering [7,8] can also be accomplished optically. The photonic technology o#ers the advantages of low loss, light weight, high frequency, high security, remoting capability, and immunity to electromagnetic interference an
Adjustable spin torque in magnetic tunnel junctions with two fixed layers (2005)

We have fabricated nanoscale magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with an additional fixed magnetic layer added above the magnetic free layer of a standard MTJ structure. This acts as a second source of spin-polarized electrons that, depending on the relative alignment of the two fixed layers, either augments or diminishes the net spin torque exerted on the free layer. The compound structure allows a quantitative comparison of spin torque from tunneling electrons and from electrons passing through metallic spacer layers, as well as analysis of Joule self-heating effects. This has significance for current-switched magnetic random access memory, where spin torque is exploited and, for magnetic sensing, where it is detrimental.
Properties of the glycerol acylating enzymes in microsomal preparations from the developing seeds of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) and turnip rape (Brassica campestris) and their ability to assemble cocoa‐butter type fats (1990)

Abstract Microsomal membrane preparations from the developing seeds of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius , var. Gila) and turnip‐rape ( Brassica campestris , var. Bele) catalyzed the assembly of triacylglycerols (triglycerides) from sn‐glycerol 3‐phosphate and acyl‐CoA. The membrane preparations were used to assess the acyl specificity properties of the initial acylating enzymes—glycerol 3‐phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) and 1‐acylglycerol 3‐phosphate acyltransferase (lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, LPAAT)—that are responsible for the fatty acids at positions sn‐1 and sn‐2 of the sn‐triacylglycerol, respectively. In spectrophotometric assays it was possible to evaluate, to some extent, how these enzymes will utilize unusual and foreign fatty acids that are not normally found in these particular plant species. The acylating enzymes from both plants used, to varying extents, a comprehensive range of acyl‐CoA donor species and some kinetic properties of the substrates involved are presented. The enzymes from safflower, however, were generally the more selective, whereas the turnip‐rape was less particular and could utilize a range of acyl substrates. The enzymes from both plants hardly utilized erucate (C22∶1), and the significance of this is discussed in terms of mechanisms which have evolved in order to exclude certain, perhaps detrimental, fatty acids from structural membrane lipids and dedicate them to storage lipid assembly. The ability of the microsomal preparations, from the developing seeds of both plants, to synthesize cocoabutter type fats was investigated. Microsomal membranes were incubated with glycerol 3‐phosphate and equimolar amounts of palmitate, oleate and stearate. Safflower preparations catalyzed the construction of sn‐triacylglycerol with largely palmitate, oleate and stearate in positions sn‐1, 2 and 3, respectively. The selectivity for acyl species in rape was less pronounced, however, substantial saturated‐unsaturated‐saturated oils were still produced. The results are discussed in terms of the acyl selectivity properties of the glycerol acylating enzymes. It is evident that given the correct composition of fatty acids, the plant can produce cocoabutter or other exotic fats.
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP): modulation by growth factors and its implication in astrocyte differentiation (1999)

Intermediate filament (IF) proteins constitute an extremely large multigene family of developmentally and tissue-regulated cytoskeleton proteins abundant in most vertebrate cell types. Astrocyte precursors of the CNS usually express vimentin as the major IF. Astrocyte maturation is followed by a switch between vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, with the latter being recognized as an astrocyte maturation marker. Levels of GFAP are regulated under developmental and pathological conditions. Upregulation of GFAP expression is one of the main characteristics of the astrocytic reaction commonly observed after CNS lesion. In this way, studies on GFAP regulation have been shown to be useful to understand not only brain physiology but also neurological disease. Modulators of GFAP expression include several hormones such as thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids and several growth factors such as FGF, CNTF and TGF beta, among others. Studies of the GFAP gene have already identified several putative growth factor binding domains in its promoter region. Data obtained from transgenic and knockout mice have provided new insights into IF protein functions. This review highlights the most recent studies on the regulation of IF function by growth factors and hormones.
Methoden zur Berechnung von Phasengleichgewichten und Enthalpien mit Hilfe von Zustandsgleichungen (1977)

Abstract Nach einer Übersicht über verfügbare Methoden zur Berechnung von Flüssigkeits/Dampf‐Gleichgewichten und von Enthalpieabweichungen mit Hilfe von Zustandsgleichungen werden Informationen über Wechselwirkungsparameter von über 140 binären Gemischen und über eine Erweiterung der Zustandsgleichung von Lee und Kesler gegeben, die es ermöglichen, wichtige thermodynamische Daten genauer zu berechnen.
Metabolic Alterations and Systemic Inflammation in Obstructive Sleep Apnea among Nonobese and Obese Prepubertal Children (2008)

OSA does not appear to induce insulin resistance in nonobese pediatric patients but seems to play a significant role in obese patients. The significant improvements in lipid profiles, C-reactive protein, and apolipoprotein B after adenotonsillectomy in the two groups suggest a pathogenic role for OSA in lipid homeostasis and systemic inflammation independent of the degree of adiposity.
Elastic cloaking theory (2011)

The transformation theory of optics and acoustics is developed for the equations of linear anisotropic elasticity. The transformed equations correspond to non-unique material properties that can be varied for a given transformation by selection of the matrix relating displacements in the two descriptions. This gauge matrix can be chosen to make the transformed density isotropic for any transformation although the stress in the transformed material is not generally symmetric. Symmetric stress is obtained only if the gauge matrix is identical to the transformation matrix, in agreement with Milton et al. (2006). The elastic transformation theory is applied to the case of cylindrical anisotropy. The equations of motion for the transformed material with isotropic density are expressed in Stroh format, suitable for modeling cylindrical elastic cloaking. It is shown that there is a preferred approximate material with symmetric stress that could be a useful candidate for making cylindrical elastic cloaking devices.
Partition of circulating lead between serum and red cells is different for internal and external sources of lead (1996)

Serum lead, whole blood lead, and lead in both tibia and calcaneus were measured in each of 49 active lead workers. Serum lead correlated more strongly with both in vivo bone lead measurements than did whole blood lead. The ratio of serum lead to whole blood lead varied from 0.8% to 2.5% and showed a positive correlation with tibia, and an even stronger correlation with calcaneus lead. This implies that lead released from bone (endogenous exposure) results in a higher proportion of whole blood lead being in serum than is the case for exogenous exposure. This observation needs to be confirmed, and the relationships amongst the parameters must be studied further, particularly in former or retired lead workers. If confirmed, since at least a portion of lead in serum is readily diffusible and thus toxicologically more immediately significant than lead bound to red cells, the health implications of endogenous exposure may have to be reassessed.
Analysis of the function of Escherichia coli poly(A) polymerase I in RNA metabolism (1999)

To help understand the role of polyadenylation in Escherichia coli RNA metabolism, we constructed an IPTG‐inducible pcnB [poly(A) polymerase I, PAP I] containing plasmid that permitted us to vary poly(A) levels without affecting cell growth or viability. Increased polyadenylation led to a decrease in the half‐life of total pulse‐labelled RNA along with decreased half‐lives of the rpsO , trxA , lpp and ompA transcripts. In contrast, the transcripts for rne (RNase E) and pnp (polynucleotide phosphorylase, PNPase), enzymes involved in mRNA decay, were stabilized. rnb (RNase II) and rnc (RNase III) transcript levels were unaffected in the presence of increased polyadenylation. Long‐term overproduction of PAP I led to slower growth and irreversible cell death. Differential display analysis showed that new RNA species were being polyadenylated after PAP I induction, including the mature 3′‐terminus of 23S rRNA, a site that was not tailed in wild‐type cells. Quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) demonstrated an almost 20‐fold variation in the level of polyadenylation among three different transcripts and that PAP I accounted for between 94% and 98.6% of their poly(A) tails. Cloning and sequencing of cDNAs derived from lpp , 23S and 16S rRNA revealed that, during exponential growth, C and U residues were polymerized into poly(A) tails in a transcript‐dependent manner.
Cannabinoid Receptor Activation Induces Apoptosis through Tumor Necrosis Factor α–Mediated Ceramide De novo Synthesis in Colon Cancer Cells (2008)

The present study shows that either CB1 or CB2 receptor activation induces apoptosis through ceramide de novo synthesis in colon cancer cells. Our data unveiled, for the first time, that TNF-alpha acts as a link between cannabinoid receptor activation and ceramide production.
Blockade of NKG2D ameliorates disease in mice with collagen‐induced arthritis: A potential pathogenic role in chronic inflammatory arthritis (2011)

Our findings indicate that blockade of NKG2D in a murine model and in human explants has beneficial therapeutic potential that merits further investigation in RA.
Synthesis of Helically Chiral Molecules: Stereoselective Total Synthesis of the Perylenequinones Phleichrome and Calphostin A (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of Helically Chiral Molecules: Stereoselective Total Synthesis of the Perylenequinones Phleichrome and Calphostin ARobert S. Coleman and Eugene B. GrantCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 44, 10889–10904Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00149a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00149a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1026Altmetric-Citations70LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts