gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A photodecomposition fluorimetric method for determination of riboflavin in the various constitutents of blood. (1977)

The phenomenon of the (A,B,C) triplet of infrared OH bands at similar to 2800, similar to 2400 and similar to 1700 cm(-1), well-known for strong X-OH ... Y molecular H-complexes in solutions, liquids, and solids, is studied for the first time for surface H-complexes using CD3CN and CCl3CN adsorption on deuterated H-ZSM5 and H-FeSil zeolites. A direct experimental proof is given that the minimum between the A and B bands of D- complexes occurs at nearly exactly the 2 delta(OD) in-plane bending overtone frequency of the perturbed OD group. This verifies the resonance theory of the (A,B) doublet by Claydon and Sheppard. In reference to zeolites this means that the similar to 2800 and similar to 2400 cm(-1) OH bands recently found in adsorption of many basic molecules on zeolitic OH groups are actually pseudobands, caused by the subdivision of the very broad v(OH) +/- kv(OH ... Y) superposition band of the perturbed OH groups by Evans transmission window at the 2 delta(OH) similar to 2600 cm(-1) frequency
Reversing Ontogeny (1993)

Humans, other primates, and ruminants benefit from having a structurally and functionally distinct hemoglobin during fetal development. In human fetal hemoglobin (α2(γ)2), the (γ) subunit differs from the β subunit of adult hemoglobin A (α2β2) in 39 of its 146 amino acids. Consequently, fetal red cells have a relatively high affinity for oxygen, thereby facilitating the transport of oxygen across the placenta. Shortly before birth, the β-globin gene is turned on with torrential force, whereas (γ)-globin-gene expression is reduced to a mere trickle. As a result, in normal persons over six months . . .
Expression of PGT in MDCK cell monolayers: polarized apical localization and induction of active PG transport (2002)

The PG transporter (PGT) is expressed in subapical vesicles in the kidney collecting duct. To gain insight into the possible function of the PGT in this tubule segment, we tagged rat PGT with green fluorescent protein at the COOH terminus and generated stable PGT-expressing Madin-Darby canine kidney cell lines. When grown on permeable filters, green fluorescent protein-PGT was expressed predominantly at the apical membrane. Although the basal-to-apical transepithelial flux of [(3)H]PGE(2) was little changed by PGT expression, the apical-to-basolateral flux was increased 100-fold compared with wild-type cells. Analysis of driving forces revealed that this flux represents PGT-mediated active transepithelial PGE(2) transport. We propose that endogenous PGT is exocytically inserted into the collecting duct apical membrane, where it could control the concentration of luminal PGs.
In vivo antitumor effect of a novel inhibitor of protein geranylgeranyltransferase-I (2009)

Protein geranylgeranyltransferase-I (GGTase-I) catalyzes protein geranylgeranylation, which is critical for the function of proteins such as Rho, Rac, and Ral. We previously identified several small-molecule inhibitors of GGTase-I from an allenoate-derived compound library and showed that these compounds exhibit specific inhibition of GGTase-I resulting in the inhibition of proliferation associated with the induction of G(1) cell cycle arrest of a variety of cancer cell lines. Because inhibition of GGTase-I is expected to suppress tumor growth, we investigated in vivo effects of one of these GGTase-I inhibitors (GGTI), P61A6, by using a human pancreatic cancer xenograft model in mice. The new compound GGTI P61A6 showed an excellent antitumor effect. I.p. administration of P61A6 significantly suppressed tumor growth of the PANC-1 xenograft. Even once per week administration of GGTI was enough to suppress tumor growth. Immunohistochemical examination indicated the inhibition of cell proliferation in the tumors by P61A6 treatment, but neither apoptosis nor antiangiogenesis was observed. Increased cytosolic localization of proteins such as Rap1 and RhoA in tumors was observed. In addition, the enzyme activity of GGTase-I in tumors was inhibited. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the plasma half-life of GGTI is ∼6 h, suggesting its prolonged effect. These data suggest that the novel GGTI compound P61A6 is an excellent chemotherapeutic drug candidate for human pancreatic cancer. They also provide evidence that protein GGTase-I may be a valid target for cancer therapy.
Common Molecular Determinants of Tarantula Huwentoxin-IV Inhibition of Na+ Channel Voltage Sensors in Domains II and IV (2011)

The voltage sensors of domains II and IV of sodium channels are important determinants of activation and inactivation, respectively. Animal toxins that alter electrophysiological excitability of muscles and neurons often modify sodium channel activation by selectively interacting with domain II and inactivation by selectively interacting with domain IV. This suggests that there may be substantial differences between the toxin-binding sites in these two important domains. Here we explore the ability of the tarantula huwentoxin-IV (HWTX-IV) to inhibit the activity of the domain II and IV voltage sensors. HWTX-IV is specific for domain II, and we identify five residues in the S1-S2 (Glu-753) and S3-S4 (Glu-811, Leu-814, Asp-816, and Glu-818) regions of domain II that are crucial for inhibition of activation by HWTX-IV. These data indicate that a single residue in the S3-S4 linker (Glu-818 in hNav1.7) is crucial for allowing HWTX-IV to interact with the other key residues and trap the voltage sensor in the closed configuration. Mutagenesis analysis indicates that the five corresponding residues in domain IV are all critical for endowing HWTX-IV with the ability to inhibit fast inactivation. Our data suggest that the toxin-binding motif in domain II is conserved in domain IV. Increasing our understanding of the molecular determinants of toxin interactions with voltage-gated sodium channels may permit development of enhanced isoform-specific voltage-gating modifiers.
Thermostable Phenylalanine Dehydrogenase of Thermoactinomyces intermedius: Cloning, Expression, and Sequencing of Its Gene1 (1991)

The gene encoding the thermostable phenylalanine dehydrogenase [EC 1.4.1.-] of a thermophile, Thermoactinomyces intermedius, was cloned and its complete DNA sequence was determined. The phenylalanine dehydrogenase gene (pdh) consists of 1,098 nucleotides and encodes 366 amino acid residues corresponding to the subunit (Mr 41,000) of the hexameric enzyme. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the pdh gene of T. intermedius was 56.0 and 42.1% homologous to those of the phenylalanine dehydrogenases of Bacillus sphaericus and Sporosarcina ureae, respectively. It shows 47.5% homology to that of the thermostable leucine dehydrogenase from B. stearothermophilus. The pdh gene was highly expressed in E. coli JM109, the amount of phenylalanine dehydrogenase produced amounting up to about 8.3% of that of the total soluble protein. We purified the enzyme to homogeneity from transformant cells in a day, with a 58% recovery.
The effect of neutrophil migration on epithelial permeability. (1986)

To reach an inflammatory lesion, neutrophils must frequently traverse the epithelium of an infected organ. Whether the actual migration of neutrophils alters the epithelial permeability is unknown. Through the use of an in vitro model system it was possible to directly determine the effect of neutrophil emigration on the transepithelial electrical resistance of the monolayer. Human neutrophils (5 X 10(6) cells/ml) were placed in the upper compartment of a combined chemotaxis/resistance chamber and stimulated for 40 min by a gradient of 10(-7) M n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine to traverse a confluent monolayer of canine kidney epithelial cells grown on micropore filters. Neither the chemoattractant alone (10(-5)-10(-9) M) nor the accumulation of an average of eight neutrophils per millimeter of epithelium lowered the transepithelial electrical resistance. However, under certain conditions the migration of neutrophils temporarily increased the permeability of the monolayer. The resistance fell approximately 48% within 5 min if the migratory cells were stimulated to reverse their migration across the same monolayer. As re-migration continued, the resistance returned to its initial levels within 60 min. Doubling the initial neutrophil concentration to 10 X 10(6) cells/ml resulted in the accumulation of an average of 66 neutrophils per millimeter of epithelium and an average fall in resistance of 46% (r = 0.98; P less than 0.001) in 40 min. If the resistance had fallen less than 45%, removal of the neutrophils remaining in the upper compartment resulted in a return of the transepithelial electrical resistance to its initial level within 65 min. However, when the fall was greater than 45%, the resistance only recovered to 23.5% of its initial levels within the same time frame. Thus, these results suggest that the integrity of an epithelium can, under certain conditions, be affected by the emigration of neutrophils, but that this effect is either completely or partially reversible within 65 min.
Fatigue crack propagation behavior of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene under mixed mode conditions (1994)

Analytical studies of the stresses on and within ultra high molecular weight polyethylene joint components suggest that damage modes associated with polyethylene fatigue failure are caused by a combination of surface and subsurface crack propagation. Fatigue crack propagation tests under mixed mode loading conditions were conducted on center-cracked tension specimens machined from extruded blocks of sterilized polyethylene in an attempt to determine how fatigue cracks change direction in this material. Cyclic testing was performed using a sinusoidal wave form at a frequency of 5 Hz and an R-ratio (minimum load/maximum load) of 0.15. Specimens had the notch oriented perpendicular to the direction of applied load and at angles of 60 degrees and 45 degrees to the loading direction. Numerical analyses were used to interpret the experimental test and to predict the fatigue behavior of polyethylene under mixed mode conditions. It was found that all cracks eventually propagated horizontally, regardless of the initial angle of inclination of the notch to the direction of applied cyclic load. In fact, the extent of the curvilinear crack growth was quite limited. An effective range of cyclic stress intensity factor was calculated for correlation with the rate of crack growth. The results followed a Paris relation, with crack growth rate linearly related to a power of the range of stress intensity, for all three crack orientations. The numerical analyses adequately modeled the experimental fatigue crack growth results.
Changes induced in the permeability barrier of the yeast plasma membrane by cupric ion (1988)

A specific effect of Cu2+ eliciting selective changes in the permeability of intact Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells is described. When 100 microM CuCl2 was added to a cell suspension in a buffer of low ionic strength, the permeability barrier of the plasma membranes of the cells was lost within 2 min at 25 degrees C. The release of amino acids was partial, and the composition of the amino acids released was different from that of those retained in the cells. Mostly glutamate was released, but arginine was mainly retained in the cells. Cellular K+ was released rapidly after CuCl2 addition, but 30% of the total K+ was retained in the cells. These and other observations suggested that Cu2+ caused selective lesions of the permeability barrier of the plasma membrane but did not affect the permeability of the vacuolar membrane. These selective changes were not induced by the other divalent cations tested. A novel and simple method for differential extraction of vacuolar and cytosolic amino acid pools by Cu2+ treatment was established. When Ca2+ was added to Cu2+-treated cells, a large amount of Ca2+ was sequestered into vacuoles, with formation of an inclusion of a Ca2+-polyphosphate complex in the vacuoles. Cu2+-treated cells also showed enhanced uptake of basic amino acids and S-adenosylmethionine. The transport of these substrates showed saturable kinetics with low affinities, reflecting the vacuolar transport process in situ. With Cu2+ treatment, selective leakage of K+ from the cytosolic compartment appears to create a large concentration gradient of K+ across the vacuolar membrane and generates an inside-negative membrane potential, which may provide a driving force of uptake of positively charged substances into vacuoles. Cu2+ treatment provides a useful in situ method for investigating the mechanisms of differential solute pool formation and specific transport phenomena across the vacuolar membrane.
Postprandial hypotension: Microneurographic analysis and treatment with vasopressin (1991)

To clarify the mechanism of postprandial hypotension (PPH), we made microneurographic analyses of patients with PPH and 10 healthy controls by recording multi-unit vasoconstrictive impulses of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) directly from the tibial nerve fascicles during a glucose tolerance test. Oral intake of 75 grams glucose in 225 ml of water produced significant and prolonged hypotension in all patients and an increase in MSNA in all healthy subjects. Insulin and glucose responses were not significantly correlated with arterial blood pressure reduction. PPH was prevented by an infusion of vasopressin (0.3 U/min) given before glucose intake. These results suggest that PPH is caused by the lack of sympathetic compensation for the systemic hypotensive stress of splanchnic blood pooling that occurs after food ingestion, and that prior treatment with vasopressin reduces the portal venous flow by constricting the splanchnic vessels in patients with PPH.
The Campaigns for Christ Church, Spitalfields and Nicholas Hawksmoor, 1960–1995 (1996)

The following paper gives a first-hand, account of the Hawksmoor Committee's efforts, beginning in 1960, to save Christ Church, Spitalfields from a threat of demolition, and to establish Nicholas Hawksmoor, its architect, in the pantheon of British architects. The latter purpose was secured by 1966; but although Christ Church's future became safe, sufficient funds for full restoration are only now in sight.In 1995, English Heritage offered nearly half a million pounds; then in April 1996, the National Heritage Memorial Fund announced £2,441,500 for Christ Church, and a further £500,000 came as a gift from the Monument Trust of the Sainsbury family charitable trusts. Even these huge sums will not be enough to complete the necessary works, and fundraising will need to continue—for the crypt, the organ and the churchyard. The Friends of Christ Church, Spitalfields have launched an appeal for the rest. Work will now start later this year and the fabric should be complete for the millennium.Important buildings, it is argued, need bodies of ‘Friends’, both to ensure their survival and to provide the alternative and additional uses that the ‘system’, however well it operates, cannot.
Species-Specific, Postentry Barriers to Primate Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (1999)

By using replication-defective vectors derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV(mac)), and murine leukemia virus (MuLV), all of which were pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G glycoprotein, the efficiency of postentry, early infection events was examined in target cells of several mammalian species. Titers of HIV-1 vectors were significantly lower than those of SIV(mac) and MuLV vectors in most cell lines and primary cells from Old World monkeys. By contrast, most New World monkey cells exhibited much lower titers for the SIV(mac) vector compared with those of the HIV-1 vector. Prosimian cells were resistant to both HIV-1 and SIV(mac) vectors, although the MuLV vector was able to infect these cells. Cells from other mammalian species were roughly equivalent in susceptibility to the three vectors, with the exception of rabbit cells, which were specifically resistant to the HIV-1 vector. The level of HIV-1 vector expression was very low in transduced cells of rodent, rabbit, cow, and pig origin. Early postentry restriction of primate immunodeficiency virus infection exhibits patterns largely coincident with species borders and applies to diverse cell types within an individual host, suggesting the involvement of species-specific, widely expressed cellular factors.
Antibodies in the protection against mycobacterial infections: what have we learned? (2010)

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Despite of the massive global use of BCG, there is a need for other TB vaccines. Newer animal models are needed to test candidate vaccine efficacy to protect animals against challenge with M. tuberculosis virulent strains in more realistic scenarios than currently done. Also, the elucidation of the importance of humoral immune defenses against intracellular pathogens constitutes a priority to improve the rational design of new vaccines. Our group has been actively testing the protective role of antibodies in different models of pulmonary TB infection through evaluation of bacterial loads and morphometric and histological changes in the lungs of infected mice. Results presented here suggest a protective role for antibodies and the humoral response against tuberculosis infection.
Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on ionic liquid and spectrophotometric determination of mercury in water samples (2008)

A new simple and rapid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on ionic liquid (IL) has been applied for the first time to preconcentrate trace levels of mercury as a prior step to its determination by spectrophotometric detection. In this method, small amount of an IL (1-hexyl-3-methylimmidazolium bis(trifluormethylsulfonyl)imid) as the extraction solvent was dissolved in acetone as the disperser solvent and the binary solution was then rapidly injected by a syringe into the water sample containing Hg cations which were complexed by 4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)thiobenzophenone (TMK) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate as the anti-sticking agent. Thereby, a cloudy solution was formed and the Hg–TMK complex was extracted into the fine IL droplets. After centrifuging, the droplets of extractant were settled at the bottom of a conical test tube and the extracted phase was determined by spectrophotometry at 575 nm. Usually some parameters affect the complex formation and extraction, such as the type and volumes of extraction and disperser solvents, type and concentration of anti-sticking agent, salt concentration, pH and concentration of chelating agent, which have also been optimised for the presented method. Under optimum conditions, the enrichment factor of 18.8 was obtained from 10 mL of water. The detection limit of the method was found to be 3.9 µg L−1 and the relative standard deviation (n = 5) for 50 µg L−1 of mercury was 1.7%.
Histone deacetylases 1 and 2 control the progression of neural precursors to neurons during brain development (2009)

The molecular mechanism by which neural progenitor cells commit to a specified lineage of the central nervous system remains unknown. We show that HDAC1 and HDAC2 redundantly control neuronal development and are required for neuronal specification. Mice lacking HDAC1 or HDAC2 in neuronal precursors show no overt histoarchitectural phenotypes, whereas deletion of both HDAC1 and HDAC2 in developing neurons results in severe hippocampal abnormalities, absence of cerebellar foliation, disorganization of cortical neurons, and lethality by postnatal day 7. These abnormalities in brain formation can be attributed to a failure of neuronal precursors to differentiate into mature neurons and to excessive cell death. These results reveal redundant and essential roles for HDAC1 and HDAC2 in the progression of neuronal precursors to mature neurons in vivo.
Dielectric function of Si-SiO2 and Si-Si3N4 mixtures (1979)

Expressions for the dielectric function of Si-SiO2 and Si-Si3N4 composites are obtained by combining the Si-centered tetrahedral model of Philipp with composite-media theory. The similarity between dielectric-function spectra of a-Si and Si3N4, with scaling parameters related by the plasma sum rule and the dielectric theory of Phillips and Van Vechten is used to obtain the polarization response function for the bond part of a given tetrahedron. By treating the N and O contributions on an equal basis with Si, reasonable agreement to existing spectra is obtained for these materials over an energy range of 0–8 eV.
Perspectives and Retrospectives in Mass Spectrometry: One View (2010)

Mass spectrometry benefits from a flexible definition which equates it with many aspects of the science of matter in the ionized state. The field continues to expand rapidly, not only to encompass larger and more complex molecules through more powerful instruments, but simultaneously towards in-situ measurements made using smaller, more flexible and just-sufficiently-powerful instruments. The senior author has been fortunate to work in mass spectrometry from 1967 to the present and has been involved in a wide range of efforts which have covered analytical, biological, organic, instrumental and physical aspects of the subject. This effort has been made in the company of a remarkable set of colleagues. From this vantage, it is possible to look both backwards and forwards in this prospective and retrospective piece. This presentation involves a personal look at places, people, instruments, and concepts engaged in along a path through Mass Spectrometry. The journey goes from Natal, South Africa, via Cambridge, UK, through Kansas and on to Purdue University, in the great state of Indiana. It starts with natural products chemistry and moves to the physical chemistry of fragmentation and energy partitioning on to complex mixture analysis by tandem mass spectrometry and hence to the concepts of thermochemical determination by the kinetic method, preparation of materials by ion soft landing, the possible role of amino acid clusters in the origin of homochiral life, and the elaboration of a set of ambient ionization methods for chemical analysis performed using samples in their native state. Special attention is given to novel concepts and instrumentation and to the emerging areas of ambient ionization, molecular imaging and miniature mass spectrometers. Personal mass spectrometers appear to be just over the horizon as is the large-scale use of mass spectrometry in field-based analysis, including point-of-care medical diagnostics.
kvm : the Linux Virtual Machine Monitor (2007)

Virtualization is a hot topic in operating systems these days. It is useful in many scenarios: server consolida-tion, virtual test environments, and for Linux enthusiasts who still can not decide which distribution is best. Re-cently, hardware vendors of commodity x86 processors have added virtualization extensions to the instruction set that can be utilized to write relatively simple virtual machine monitors. The Kernel-based Virtual Machine, or kvm, is a new Linux subsystem which leverages these virtualization extensions to add a virtual machine monitor (or hyper-visor) capability to Linux. Using kvm, one can create and run multiple virtual machines. These virtual ma-chines appear as normal Linux processes and integrate seamlessly with the rest of the system. 1
NMR study of some anthraquinones from rhubarb (1992)

Abstract The 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra of the anthraquinones physcion, emodin, chrysophanol, aloe‐emodin and rhein were assigned. The previously preferred assignments for C‐2 and C‐4 in physcion were reversed. The NOE technique was used for the assignment of the 1 H signals and SEFT and/or heteronuclear decoupling for 13 C resonances.