gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Fate of Myoblasts Following Transplantation into Mature Muscle (1995)

Cell transplantation has potential benefits for tissue replacement in the the enhancement of tissue regeneration and as cell-mediated gene therapy for systemic diseases. The transplantation of myoblasts into skeletal muscle also allows gene transfer into cells of the host since myoblasts fuse with host fibers thereby forming hybrid myofibers. The success of myoblast transplantation can be determined by a variety of measures, such as the percentage of myoblasts that fuse, the number of hybrid myofibers formed, or the level of transgene expression. Each measure is a reflection of the fate of the transplanted cells. In order to compare different measures of transplantation efficacy, we followed the fate of transplanted myoblasts expressing the marker enzyme beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) in two different assays. Two weeks after transplantation, the number of hybrid myofibers was determined histochemically, whereas transgene (beta-gal) expression was measured biochemically. To control for variabilities of transplantation among different animals, we obtained both measurements from each muscle by using alternate cryosections in the two assays. Within each individual muscle, both hybrid fiber number and beta-gal expression were maximal at the site of implantation and diminished in parallel with distance from the site. However, for determining the success of transplantation among groups of muscles, these two measures of efficacy yielded discordant results: the transplants with the highest number of hybrid fibers were not the transplants with the greatest beta-gal activity. Such discrepancies are likely due to regional variations at the transplantation site that arise when cells are introduced into a solid tissue. These results demonstrate the importance of multiple measures of cell fate and transplantation efficacy for studies of cell transplantation and for the application of such studies to cell therapy and cell-mediated gene therapy.
Neurosteroid Analogues. 9. Conformationally Constrained Pregnanes:  Structure−Activity Studies of 13,24-Cyclo-18,21-dinorcholane Analogues of the GABA Modulatory and Anesthetic Steroids (3α,5α)- and (3α,5β)-3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one (2003)

The hydrogen-bond-acceptor properties of the carbonyl moiety in the 17beta-acetyl group on the D-ring of the anesthetic steroids (3alpha,5alpha)- and (3alpha,5beta)-3-hydroxypregan-20-one form an important part of the anesthetic steroid pharmacophore. 13,24-Cyclo-18,21-dinorcholanes containing a ketone or conjugated ketone group at C-20, C-22, C-23, or C-24 were prepared as conformationally constrained analogues of these anesthetic steroids and were used to probe for alternate locations for the D-ring hydrogen-bond-accepting carbonyl group. The analogues were evaluated (1). in [(35)S]-tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding experiments, (2). in electrophysiological experiments using rat alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2L) GABA(A) receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and (3). as tadpole anesthetics. In the binding assay, the relative order of potencies for the analogues in the 5alpha- and 5beta-series is identical. For the ketones, the order is 24-one >or= 23-one > 20-one > 22-one. Likewise, for the enones, the order is delta(22)-24-one > delta(20(22))-23-one > delta(22)-20-one > delta(23)-22-one. Similar relative orders of potencies are also found in the other two bioassays. The activities of the 24-one and delta(22)-24-one compounds were expected to be very low, because the carbonyl group in these compounds is located over the steroid C-ring and oriented toward C-8. Instead, these compounds have the highest activities in their respective series, with the delta(22)-24-one compounds having activities comparable to those of the reference anesthetic steroids. The electrophysiology results obtained with the 24-oxo-cyclosteroids suggest that rat alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2L) GABA(A) receptors contain more than one donor for the hydrogen-bond-acceptor group of anesthetic steroids. The family of cyclosteroids should be useful for future structure-activity relationship studies of steroid modulation of other GABA(A) receptor subtypes.
Estimation of polyamine binding to macromolecules and ATP in bovine lymphocytes and rat liver. (1991)

To estimate the polyamine distribution in bovine lymphocytes and rat liver, the binding constants (K) for DNA, RNA, phospholipid, and ATP were determined under the conditions of 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 2 mM Mg2+, and 150 mM K+. The binding constants of spermine for calf thymus DNA, Escherichia coli 16 S rRNA, phospholipid in rat liver microsomes and ATP were 1.15 x 10(2), 6.69 x 10(2), 2.22 x 10(2), and 5.95 x 10(2) M-1, respectively. From these binding constants and experimentally determined cellular concentrations of macromolecules, ATP, and polyamines, spermine distribution in the cells was estimated. In bovine lymphocytes, the mols of spermine bound to DNA, RNA, phospholipid, and ATP were 0.79, 3.7, 0.23, and 4.3 per 100 mol of phosphate of macromolecules or ATP, respectively. In rat liver, they were 0.19, 1.0, 0.05, and 0.97/100 mol of phosphate of macromolecules or ATP, respectively. The binding constants of spermidine for macromolecules and ATP were smaller than those of spermine, but a similar tendency was observed with spermidine distribution among macromolecules and ATP in the above two cells. The amount of polyamine bound to DNA and phospholipid was significantly lower than that to RNA. When either the Mg2+ or K+ concentration increased, the amount of free spermine and that bound to RNA and ATP increased, but the amount of spermine bound to DNA and phospholipid decreased. The results indicate that most polyamines exist as a polyamine-RNA complex in cells. Under the conditions that globin synthesis is stimulated by spermine in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system, the amount of spermine bound to RNA was very close to the value estimated in the cells.
GripSense (2012)

We introduce GripSense, a system that leverages mobile device touchscreens and their built-in inertial sensors and vibration motor to infer hand postures including one- or two-handed interaction, use of thumb or index finger, or use on a table. GripSense also senses the amount of pres-sure a user exerts on the touchscreen despite a lack of direct pressure sensors by inferring from gyroscope readings when the vibration motor is "pulsed." In a controlled study with 10 participants, GripSense accurately differentiated device usage on a table vs. in hand with 99.67% accuracy and when in hand, it inferred hand postures with 84.26% accuracy. In addition, GripSense distinguished three levels of pressure with 95.1% accuracy. A usability analysis of GripSense was conducted in three custom applications and showed that pressure input and hand-posture sensing can be useful in a number of scenarios.
Lipolytic catecholamine resistance due to decreased beta 2-adrenoceptor expression in fat cells. (1992)

The existence of lipolytic beta-adrenoceptor (BAR) resistance was investigated in vivo and in isolated abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes in 65 healthy and drug-free subjects. The concentration of isoprenaline (nonselective BAR agonist) causing half-maximum lipolysis effect (ED50) varied bimodally and 10(6)-fold between individuals but was almost constant in the same subject when measured two times at rest or before and 30 min after exercise. The subjects were categorized as having either high or low isoprenaline sensitivity. The former group had a 50% reduced in vivo lipolytic response to exercise and mental stress, despite a 50% increased plasma noradrenaline response (P < 0.01) and a 350% increased plasma adrenaline response (P < 0.02). In fat cells the lipolytic ED50 values for noradrenaline and terbutaline (BAR2 agonist) were 10 times lower (P < 0.001) in low-sensitive subjects, but the maximum lipolytic actions of these agents (and of isoprenaline) were similar in both groups. The action on lipolysis of dobutamine (BAR1 agonist), forskolin (stimulating adenylate cyclase), dibutyryl cyclic AMP (activating protein kinase), clonidine (alpha 2-adrenergic agonist), or phenyl isopropyladenosine (adenosine receptor agonist) were almost identical in high- and low-sensitivity subjects. ED50 for isoprenaline correlated with ED50 for terbutaline (r = 0.75), but not with ED50 for dobutamine. In high-sensitivity subjects the number of BAR2 was almost three-fold increased (P < 0.002) and the steady-state adipocyte mRNA level for BAR2 was sixfold increased (P < 0.005). BAR2 affinity as well as BAR1 number, affinity and mRNA expression were similar in both groups. In 11 cholecystectomy patients (otherwise healthy) lipolytic ED50 for beta agonists correlated in omental and subcutaneous fat cells (r = 0.85 for isoprenaline; r = 0.95 for terbutaline). In conclusion, lipolytic resistance to catecholamines is present in vivo in apparently healthy subjects due to reduced expression of BAR2 in adipocytes.
Generation of both MHC class I‐ and class II‐restricted antigenic peptides from exogenously added ovalbumin in murine phagosomes (2000)

The phagosome fraction derived from a murine macrophage cell line (J774.1), which had internalized ovalbumin (OVA)-coated latex beads, was isolated. The peptides recovered from the phagosome fraction were separated on reverse phase HPLC and each fraction was analyzed for the content of either major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I- or class II-restricted OVA-derived peptide. Both peptides were detected in the phagosome fraction after less than 15 min of internalization. It was also indicated that phagosomes degrade OVA protein into both MHC class I- and class II-restricted antigenic peptides by employing the same types of cathepsins. Furthermore, the results suggest that the MHC class I-restricted peptide rapidly exits from the phagosome to the cytosol. These findings illustrate a potential role for phagosomes not only in MHC class II-restricted but also in MHC class I-restricted exogenous antigen presentation pathways. Our results also point to the vital role of phagosomes in non-cytosolic antigen presentation pathway, in which further degradation of antigens by the proteasome is dispensable.
Incidence and prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: review of the literature (2012)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown aetiology. It is a rare disease, and its incidence and prevalence are not clear. Therefore, we sought to review the published evidence on the global epidemiology of IPF. A comprehensive review of English language literature was performed by searching Medline and EMBASE for studies on IPF epidemiology published between January 1990 and August 2011. Studies providing quantitative data on IPF incidence and/or prevalence were identified and key data collected. 15 studies reporting on the incidence and/or prevalence of IPF were identified and summarised. IPF prevalence estimates in the USA varied between 14 and 27.9 cases per 100,000 population using narrow case definitions, and 42.7 and 63 per 100,000 population using broad case definitions. In Europe, IPF prevalence ranged from 1.25 to 23.4 cases per 100,000 population. The annual incidence of IPF in the USA was estimated at 6.8-8.8 per 100,000 population using narrow case definitions and 16.3-17.4 per 100,000 population using broad case definitions. In Europe, the annual incidence ranged between 0.22 and 7.4 per 100,000 population. IPF prevalence and incidence increase with age, are higher among males and appear to be on the increase in recent years. IPF is an orphan disease that affects a potentially increasing number of people in Europe and the USA. The observed variability in IPF incidence and prevalence may be explained by the differences in diagnostic criteria used, case definition, study population and study design.
Generation and Characterization of a Humanized Antibody with Specificity for preS2 Surface Antigen of Hepatitis B Virus (1996)

For the prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the surface antigens of HBV would offer several advantages over the current human polyclonal antibody. We have developed a humanized antibody with specificity for the preS2 surface antigen of HBV and evaluated the neutralizing activity of the humanized antibody. The complementarity-determining regions of the heavy and light chains of a murine monoclonal antibody (H8) were grafted onto the variable regions of a highly homologous human anti-Sm antibody, which were then combined with the constant regions of human gamma 1 and kappa, respectively. The affinity of the resulting humanized antibody (Z6B) was about one tenth that of the chimeric antibody. The new version (ZP39) of the humanized antibody, which was constructed by substituting the heavy-chain framework residue at position 94 of the Z6B with original mouse residue, showed almost the same affinity as that of the chimeric antibody. The evaluation of the HBV neutralizing activity of ZP39 using in vitro infection of adult human hepatocyte primary culture by HBV showed that it had a specific activity that was approximately 1000 times higher than commercially available polyclonal hepatitis B immune globulin. We expect that the present humanized antibody will be useful in the prevention of HBV infection.
A Novel Way of Computing Dissimilarities between Nodes of a Graph, with Application to Collaborative Filtering (2004)

This work presents some general procedures for computing dissimilarities between elements of a database or, more generally, nodes of a weighted, undirected, graph. It is based on a Markov-chain model of random walk through the database. The model assigns transition probabilities to the links between elements, so that a random walker can jump from element to element. A quantity, called the average first-passage cost, computes the average cost incurred by a random walker for reaching element k for the first time when starting from element i.
Fatty Acid Transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2002)

The fatty acid transport protein Fat1p functions as a component of the long-chain fatty acid transport apparatus in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fat1p has significant homologies to the mammalian fatty acid transport proteins (FATP) and the very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (VLACS). In order to further understand the functional roles intrinsic to Fat1p (fatty acid transport and VLACS activities), a series of 16 alleles carrying site-directed mutations within FAT1 were constructed and analyzed. Sites chosen for the construction of amino acid substitutions were based on conservation between Fat1p and the mammalian FATP orthologues and included the ATP/AMP and FATP/VLACS signature motifs. Centromeric and 2 mu plasmids encoding mutant forms of Fat1p were transformed into a yeast strain containing a deletion in FAT1 (fat1Delta). For selected subsets of FAT1 mutant alleles, we observed differences between the wild type and mutants in 1) growth rates when fatty acid synthase was inhibited with 45 microm cerulenin in the presence of 100 microm oleate (C(18:1)), 2) levels of fatty acid import monitored using the accumulation of the fluorescent fatty acid 4,4-difluoro-5-methyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-S-indacene-3-dodecanoic acid and [(3)H]oleate, 3) levels of lignoceryl (C(24:0)) CoA synthetase activities, and 4) fatty acid profiles monitored using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In most cases, there was a correlation between growth on fatty acid/cerulenin plates, the levels of fatty acid accumulation, very long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase activities, and the fatty acid profiles in the different FAT1 mutants. For several notable exceptions, the fatty acid transport and very long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase activities were distinguishable. The characterization of these novel mutants provides a platform to more completely understand the role of Fat1p in the linkage between fatty acid import and activation to CoA thioesters.
Oncolytic virotherapy in veterinary medicine: current status and future prospects for canine patients (2012)

Oncolytic viruses refer to those that are able to eliminate malignancies by direct targeting and lysis of cancer cells, leaving non-cancerous tissues unharmed. Several oncolytic viruses including adenovirus strains, canine distemper virus and vaccinia virus strains have been used for canine cancer therapy in preclinical studies. However, in contrast to human studies, clinical trials with oncolytic viruses for canine cancer patients have not been reported. An 'ideal' virus has yet to be identified. This review is focused on the prospective use of oncolytic viruses in the treatment of canine tumors - a knowledge that will undoubtedly contribute to the development of oncolytic viral agents for canine cancer therapy in the future.
The Rising Power of Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers (2007)

The first rare-earth-doped fiber lasers were operated in the early 1960s, and produced a few milliwatts at a wavelength around 1 mum. Since the beginning of the decade, an enormous increase of fiber laser output power has been reported, the realm of kilowatt power has been entered, and power levels as high as 100 kW are envisaged. Apart from the power, fiber laser systems are renowned for their inherent compactness, monolithic architecture, and a power-independent beam quality. This paper reviews the challenges, achievements, and perspectives of high-power continuous-wave (CW) laser generation and amplification in fibers.
Molecular structures that influence the immunomodulatory properties of the lipid A and inner core region oligosaccharides of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (1994)

The relationship between chain length as well as the position of fatty acyl groups to the ability of lipid A to abolish the expression of suppressor T-cell (Ts) activity was examined. Fatty acyl chain lengths of C12 to C14, as in the lipid A of Escherichia coli and Salmonella minnesota, appear to be optimal for this bioactivity, since lipid A preparations with fatty acyl groups of relatively short chain length (C10 to C12 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Chromobacterium violaceum) or predominantly long chain length (C18 for Helicobacter pylori) are without effect. The presence of an acyloxyacyl group of appropriate chain length at the 3' position of the glucosamine disaccharide backbone of lipid A also plays a decisive role. By contrast, the lipid A proximal inner core region oligosaccharides of some bacterial lipopolysaccharides increase the expression of Ts activity; this is due mainly to the capacity of such oligosaccharides, which are relatively conserved in structure among gram-negative bacteria, to enlarge or expand upon the population of CD8+ Ts generated during the course of a normal antibody response to unrelated microbial antigens. The minimal structure required for the expression of the added immunosuppression observed appears to be a hexasaccharide containing one 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate residue, two glucose residues, and three heptose residues to which are attached two pyrophosphorylethanolamine groups. The relevance of these findings to virulence and to the pathogenesis of gram-negative infections is discussed.
On the fidelity of mRNA translation in the nuclease-treated rabbit reticulocyte lysate system (1989)

As a test of the fidelity of the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, we have examined the products of translation of various different influenza virus mRNAs, produced by in vitro transcription. A common finding with all mRNA species was that the ratio of full-length translation product to incomplete products decreased with increasing mRNA concentration. These short products are a mixture of (i) polypeptides initiated at the authentic initiation site but terminated prematurely, and (ii) polypeptides initiated at internal sites and terminated at the correct site. Analysis of mRNA stability during the translation assay showed very little degradation, quite insufficient to be the principle cause of incomplete product synthesis. Investigation of the influence of various parameters on the ratio of full-length to incomplete products leads to the conclusion that a high fidelity of translation can be obtained provided certain precautions are followed: the use of capped, rather than uncapped, mRNAs at low concentrations, with KCl concentrations about 20 mM above the level that gives maximum incorporation.
Alleles of the Maize P Gene with Distinct Tissue Specificities Encode Myb-Homologous Proteins with C-Terminal Replacements (1996)

Surinder Chopra, Prasanna Athma, Thomas Peterson, Alleles of the Maize P Gene with Distinct Tissue Specificities Encode Myb-Homologous Proteins with C-Terminal Replacements, The Plant Cell, Vol. 8, No. 7 (Jul., 1996), pp. 1149-1158
Berry Fruits: Compositional Elements, Biochemical Activities, and the Impact of Their Intake on Human Health, Performance, and Disease (2008)

An overwhelming body of research has now firmly established that the dietary intake of berry fruits has a positive and profound impact on human health, performance, and disease. Berry fruits, which are commercially cultivated and commonly consumed in fresh and processed forms in North America, include blackberry ( Rubus spp.), black raspberry ( Rubus occidentalis), blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum), cranberry (i.e., the American cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, distinct from the European cranberry, V. oxycoccus), red raspberry ( Rubus idaeus) and strawberry ( Fragaria x ananassa). Other berry fruits, which are lesser known but consumed in the traditional diets of North American tribal communities, include chokecherry ( Prunus virginiana), highbush cranberry ( Viburnum trilobum), serviceberry ( Amelanchier alnifolia), and silver buffaloberry ( Shepherdia argentea). In addition, berry fruits such as arctic bramble ( Rubus articus), bilberries ( Vaccinuim myrtillus; also known as bog whortleberries), black currant ( Ribes nigrum), boysenberries ( Rubus spp.), cloudberries ( Rubus chamaemorus), crowberries ( Empetrum nigrum, E. hermaphroditum), elderberries ( Sambucus spp.), gooseberry ( Ribes uva-crispa), lingonberries ( Vaccinium vitis-idaea), loganberry ( Rubus loganobaccus), marionberries ( Rubus spp.), Rowan berries ( Sorbus spp.), and sea buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides), are also popularly consumed in other parts of the world. Recently, there has also been a surge in the consumption of exotic "berry-type" fruits such as the pomegranate ( Punica granatum), goji berries ( Lycium barbarum; also known as wolfberry), mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana), the Brazilian açaí berry ( Euterpe oleraceae), and the Chilean maqui berry ( Aristotelia chilensis). Given the wide consumption of berry fruits and their potential impact on human health and disease, conferences and symposia that target the latest scientific research (and, of equal importance, the dissemination of this information to the general public), on the chemistry and biological and physiological functions of these "superfoods" are necessary.
Extra-insensitive input shapers for controlling flexible spacecraft (1996)

A procedure for designing command profiles for flexible spacecraft is presented. The command profiles are required to move a spacecraft from rest to rest or to accelerate a spacecraft to a constant velocity with very little residual vibration. To model the case where the spacecraft is equipped with on-off reaction jets, the command signals are restricted to positive or negative constant-amplitude pulses. The technique results in command profiles that are significantly more robust to modeling errors than profiles developed with similar procedures that have been previously reported. Commands are generated that are much more fuel efficient than profiles obtained with related methods. A technique for eliminating multiple modes of vibration is presented. The control technique is evaluated with both hardware experiments and a highly realistic computer simulation that is used to plan Space Shuttle flights.