gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Separation of Plasma from Whole Human Blood in a Continuous Cross-Flow in a Molded Microfluidic Device (2006)

We designed, fabricated, and tested a microfluidic device for separation of plasma from whole human blood by size exclusion in a cross-flow. The device is made of a single mold of a silicone elastomer poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) sealed with a cover glass and is essentially disposable. When loaded with blood diluted to 20% hematocrit and driven with pulsatile pressure to prevent clogging of the channels with blood cells, the device can operate for at least 1 h, extracting approximately 8% of blood volume as plasma at an average rate of 0.65 microL/min. The flow in the device causes very little hemolysis; the extracted plasma meets the standards for common assays and is delivered to the device outlet approximately 30 s after injection of blood to the inlet. Integration of the cross-flow microchannel array with on-chip assay elements would create a microanalysis system for point-of-care diagnostics, reducing costs, turn-around times, and volumes of blood sample and reagents required for the assays.
Stable adaptive neural control scheme for nonlinear systems (1996)

Based on the Lyapunov synthesis approach, several adaptive neural control schemes have been developed during the last few years. So far, these schemes have been applied only to simple classes of nonlinear systems. This paper develops a design methodology that expands the class of nonlinear systems that adaptive neural control schemes can be applied to and relaxes some of the restrictive assumptions that are usually made. One such assumption is the requirement of a known bound on the network reconstruction error. The overall adaptive scheme is shown to guarantee semiglobal uniform ultimate boundedness. The proposed feedback control law is a smooth function of the state.
Bilateral Robot Hand Based On Estimated Force Feedback (1987)

A novel approach to the bilateral motion is realized in the master-slave robot hand system. In the approach, there are neither force sensors nor tactile sensors in the slave hand. The contact force of the slave hand is estimated by the disturbance observer in the microprocessor-based controller. The estimated force is calculated from the velocity and the current of the slave hand for the feedback to the master hand in order that the operator feels the touch quality of the object grasped by the slave hand to some extent. The position reference of the slave hand is given through the master position. These two cross feedback loops are implemented in one microprocessor. The above algorithm is tested in two similar robot hands. The obtained results show the sufficient performance of the bilateral motion.
Synthesis and antifilarial activity of N-[4-[[4-alkoxy-3-[(dialkylamino)methyl]phenyl]amino]-2-pyrimidinyl]-N'-phenylguanidines (1983)

A series of N-[4-[[4-alkoxy-3-[(dialkylamino)methyl]phenyl]amino]- 2-pyrimidinyl]-N'-phenylguanidines have been synthesized for antifilarial evaluation. Reaction of the appropriate benzenamines with N-cyanoguanidine, followed by condensation of the resultant N-phenylimidodicarbonimidic diamides (V) with ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxobutanoate provided the intermediate N-(4-hydroxy-2-pyrimidinyl)-N'-phenylguanidines VIa. Alternatively, compounds VIa were synthesized by reaction of the requisite beta-keto esters (VII) with N-cyanoguanidine to give the (4-hydroxy-2-pyrimidinyl)cyanamides (VIII), followed by treatment with the desired benzenamines. Chlorination with POCl3 and condensation with the appropriate benzenamines (IX) generated the desired guanidines (X). Antifilarial activity was confined to adult Litomosoides carinii infections, and a structure-activity relationship for this activity is discussed. Lack of activity against L. carinii microfilaria and adult Brugia pahangi infections preclude further work in this area pending evaluation in additional experimental models.
A Convenient Synthesis of 2-(Alkylamino)pyridines (2002)

The synthesis of a series of 2-(alkylamino)pyridines (1) in three steps from 2-aminopyridine (4) is reported. The products were obtained in 67-91% overall yield from 4.
Assessment of total body water and lean body mass from anthropometry, Watson formula, creatinine kinetics, and body electrical impedance compared with antipyrine kinetics in peritoneal dialysis patients (1997)

A and BEI can be used to estimate TBW, but the considerable SD (or inaccuracy) makes individual predictions hazardous. Considering the correlation coefficients and difference between LBM by ADV and LBM according to different BEI equations, Deurenberg's formula can be advocated for use in the estimation of LBM by BEI.
Inherited retinal degeneration: basic FGF induces phagocytic competence in cultured RPE cells from RCS rats (1997)

In RCS rats, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is defective in phagocytosis of photoreceptor membranes. We have previously shown reduced expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the RPE of 7-10-day-old RCS rats. This study using primary RPE cultures from rats of this age demonstrates that the phagocytic defect in the mutant RPE can be overcome by treatment with bFGF, by a mechanism involving gene transcription and that normal RPE phagocytosis, also requiring transcription, is blocked by a bFGF neutralizing antibody. The combined data point to a role for bFGF in the normal mechanism of RPE phagocytosis and the RCS defect.
Synergistic Antiviral Activity of Human Interferon Combinations in the Hepatitis C Virus Replicon System (2003)

The use of type I interferon (IFN), in combination with ribvirin, to treat chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has many drawbacks that prevent widespread application, ultimately leading to a significant unmet clinical need. Potential improvements in IFN therapy through targeted delivery, molecular alteration, and combination with other agents are ongoing in an attempt to decrease adverse effects and increase efficacy. In this report, the HCV replicon cell culture system was used to assess potential synergistic antiviral effects of multiple IFN species when administered in combination. Quantitative analysis of HCV replicon RNA by TaqMan (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and qualitative analysis of HCV protein expression were used to measure the antiviral efficacy of individual and combination IFN treatments, and synergistic responses of IFN combinations were determined through statistical analysis of the TaqMan results. We found that when administered simultaneously, type I/II IFN combinations (IFN-alpha2b + IFN-gamma or IFN-beta + IFN-gamma) resulted in dramatic antiviral synergy, whereas a type I/I combination (IFN-alpha2b + IFN-beta) demonstrated a slightly antagonistic profile. The synergistic effect is likely due to differential cell surface receptors and signaling pathways employed by types I and II IFNs. Conversely, all type I IFN species bind the same receptor and signal through similar pathways, possibly accounting for the nearly additive response observed. In support of this hypothesis, IFN treatment resulted in differential induction of Stat1 phosphorylation at Tyr 701. In conclusion, simultaneous type I/II IFN combination treatment may allow an overall decreased effective IFN dose, which may reduce the side effect profiles that hinder current therapy.
Phase Ib Trial Assessing Autologous, Tumor-pulsed Dendritic Cells as a Vaccine Administered With or Without IL-2 in Patients With Metastatic Melanoma (2008)

Twenty-four subjects with metastatic melanoma were treated on a randomized Phase Ib trial evaluating an autologous tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cell (DC) vaccine with or without interleukin (IL)-2. The vaccine consisted of autologous DCs obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) cultured in granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor and IL-4 then pulsed with autologous tumor cell lysate and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The primary end points of the trial were safety and immune response to vaccine. Subjects were randomized to vaccine administered every other week times 3, vaccine x 3 followed by low-dose IL-2, or vaccine x 3 followed by high-dose IL-2. Immune response was monitored pretreatment and at 2 and 4 weeks after the third vaccine administration. Disease evaluation was performed at 4 weeks after the third vaccination. Therapy was well tolerated with no local vaccine toxicity greater than grade 1 in any arm. IL-2 toxicity was as expected without additional toxicity from the addition of IL-2 to vaccine. Immune response defined as delayed-type hypersensitivity, PBMC interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot, and PBMC proliferation, to both autologous tumor and KLH were detected in all arms. Interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot response to KLH (7 of 10 patients) and autologous tumor (4 of 10 patients) were also detected in subjects with available vaccine draining lymph node cells. There were no differences in immune response between treatment arms. No clinical responses were seen. Autologous tumor lysate-pulsed DC vaccine with or without IL-2 was well tolerated and immunogenic but failed to induce clinical response in patients with advanced melanoma.
Leukocyte, Platelet and Endothelial Activation in Patients with Acute Renal Failure Treated by Intermittent Hemodialysis (2001)

The group of 27 patients with ARF who needed IHD, showed increased plasma concentrations of some leukocyte, platelet and endothelial activation markers (TNF-sR55, TNF-sR75, IL-6, sCD23, sP-selectin and vWF). These mediators characterize the inflammatory and procoagulant state associated with this pathologic condition. After a hemodialysis session with these low-flux membranes (cellulose-based and polysulfone membranes), we did not observe any significant variation in the concentrations of TNF-sR55, TNF-sR75, IL-6, sP-selectin and vWF of the plasma. Patients dialyzed with polysulfone membranes presented higher basal plasma concentrations of sP-selectin and significant postdialysis increase of plasma concentrations of CD23 molecule compared to patients dialyzed with cuprophane dialyzers.
Substrate specificity of a dicarboxyl-CoA: dicarboxylic acid coenzyme A transferase from rat liver mitochondria. (1992)

Substrate specificity of a dicarboxyl-CoA: dicarboxylic acids coenzyme A transferase purified from rat liver mitochondria was assayed. In addition to the previously identified substrates succinyl-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA and malonyl-CoA (Francesconi et al.(1989) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 999, 163-170) also methylmalonyl-CoA, glutaryl-CoA and adipyl-CoA acted as enzyme substrates, with the latter thioester showing the highest apparent affinity. All corresponding dicarboxylic acids, but not oxaloacetic, citric, alpha-ketoglutaric, malic, fumaric and glutamic acids, acted as coenzyme A acceptor substrates. None of the tested monocarboxylic acids, or the corresponding coenzyme A esters, were enzymatically transformed by the here described coenzyme A transferase.
Photochemical Attachment of Polymer Films to Solid Surfaces via Monolayers of Benzophenone Derivatives (1999)

We report a simple and yet effective way to photochemically attach thin polymeric layers to solid surfaces. The system is based on a photoreactive benzophenone derivative that is bound to SiO2 surfaces via a silane anchor. This substrate is then covered with a polymer film that is reacted with the benzophenone moieties by illumination with UV light (λ > 340 nm). As a result of the photochemical reaction, a thin layer of the polymer is covalently bound to the surface. Nonattached polymer is removed by extraction. As examples, we have successfully attached thin layers of poly(styrene) and poly(ethyloxazoline). The thickness of the layer is a function of the illumination time and the molecular weight of the polymer. The film thickness increases linearly with the radius of gyration of the polymers used for attachment. Using this system, we were able to photochemically attach up to 16 nm thick films of poly(styrene).
Target-selected gene inactivation in Caenorhabditis elegans by using a frozen transposon insertion mutant bank. (1993)

To understand how genotype determines the phenotype of the animal Caenorhabditis elegans, one ideally needs to know the complete sequence of the genome and the contribution of genes to phenotype, which requires an efficient strategy for reverse genetics. We here report that the Tc1 transposon induces frequent deletions of flanking DNA, apparently resulting from Tc1 excision followed by imprecise DNA repair. We use this to inactivate genes in two steps. (i) We established a frozen library of 5000 nematode lines mutagenized by Tc1 insertion, from which insertion mutants of genes of interest can be recovered. Their address within the library is determined by PCR. (ii) Animals are then screened, again by PCR, to detect derivatives in which Tc1 and 1000-2000 base pairs of flanking DNA are deleted, and thus a gene of interest is inactivated. We have thus far isolated Tc1 insertions in 16 different genes and obtained deletion derivatives of 6 of those.
Biological studies on 1,2-benzisothiazole derivatives. I. Evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and DNA-damaging activity. (1989)

The in vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and DNA-damaging properties of some 1,2-benzisothiazole compounds is described. Among all the tested compounds, XXX exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity. A selective antibacterial or antifungal activity was observed for compounds XXI, XXXI and XXXVI. Some of the compounds tested, turned out to have genotoxic properties.
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-E and HLA-F expression in gastric cancer. (2015)

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-E and HLA-F are classified as non-classical HLA class Ib antigens. Ectopic HLA-E and HLA-F expression was recently detected in cancer cells; however, the clinical implication of their expression remains unknown. A total of 209 patients with gastric cancer were enrolled in this study. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of HLA-E and HLA-F in gastric cancer specimens. HLA-E and HLA-F expression were seen in the cell membrane. HLA-E and HLA-F expression significantly correlated with depth of invasion, nodal involvement, lymphatic invasion, and venous invasion. No significant correlation between HLA-E and HLA-F expression was found (p<0.05, r=0.24). The five-year survival rate of the HLA-E-positive group and HLA-F-positive group were significantly poorer than that of their respective negative groups. Combination of HLA-E and HLA-F made the p-value smaller than single analysis (p<0.009). This is the first report detailing a clinical implication of HLA-E and HLA-F expression simultaneously in gastric cancer. We identified that the HLA-E and HLA-F in gastric cancer independently affected clinical factors, including postoperative outcome. For HLA-E- or HLA-F-positive gastric cancer, we should settle on a treatment strategy that reinforces the host immune response.
Comparison of various phase-shift strategies and application to 0.35-μm ASIC designs (1993)

Phase shifting masks for real circuits have been investigated extensively only for DRAMs. In this paper, we report on the applicability of i-line phase shifting lithography to the production of application specific ICs (ASICs). The performance of several phase shift strategies is compared, using an i-line stepper with a numerical aperture of 0.48. Data preparation and mask technology considerations are taken into account. Emphasis is placed on the two most critical levels: poly gate and contact window. Results on poly topography are shown. For the poly level, the frequency doubling alternating shifter strategy in combination with a positive resist seems to be capable of printing features down to 0.35 micrometers CD, but the development of automatic phase shift level generation software is still in a preliminary phase. Edge contrast enhancement strategies in combination with a negative resist are considerably simpler, in particular the halftone PSM strategy. These strategies are also very useful in combination with a positive resist for the contact level, where a doubling of the process latitudes was obtained.
Differentially Addressable Cavities within Metal–Organic Cage-Cross-Linked Polymeric Hydrogels (2015)

Here we report a new class of hydrogels formed by polymers that are cross-linked through subcomponent self-assembled metal-organic cages. Selective encapsulation of guest molecules within the cages creates two distinct internal phases within the hydrogel, which allows for contrasting release profiles of related molecules depending on their aptitude for encapsulation within the cages. The hydrogels were fabricated into microparticles via a droplet-based microfluidic approach and proved responsive to a variety of stimuli, including acid and competing amine or aldehyde subcomponents, allowing for the triggered release of cargo.
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-directed adoptive immunotherapy: a new era in targeted cancer therapy. (2014)

As a result of the recent advances in molecular immunology, virology, genetics, and cell processing, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-directed cancer therapy has finally arrived for clinical application. CAR-directed adoptive immunotherapy represents a novel form of gene therapy, cellular therapy, and immunotherapy, a combination of three in one. Early phase clinical trial was reported in patients with refractory chronic lymphoid leukemia with 17p deletion. Accompanying the cytokine storm and tumor lysis syndrome was the shocking disappearance of the leukemia cells refractory to chemotherapy and monoclonal antibodies. CAR therapy was reproduced in both children and adults with refractory acute lymphoid leukemia. The CAR technology is being explored for solid tumor therapy, such as glioma. Close to 30 clinical trials are underway in the related fields (www.clinicaltrials.gov). Further improvement in gene targeting, cell expansion, delivery constructs (such as using Sleeping Beauty or Piggyback transposons) will undoubtedly enhance clinical utility. It is foreseeable that CAR-engineered T cell therapy will bring targeted cancer therapy into a new era.
Detecting spammers with SNARE: spatio-temporal network-level automatic reputation engine (2009)

Users and network administrators need ways to filter email messages based primarily on the reputation of the sender. Unfortunately, conventional mechanisms for sender reputation—notably, IP blacklists—are cumbersome to maintain and evadable. This paper investigates ways to infer the reputation of an email sender based solely on network-level features, without looking at the contents of a message. First, we study first-order properties of network-level features that may help distinguish spammers from legitimate senders. We examine features that can be ascertained without ever looking at a packet’s contents, such as the distance in IP space to other email senders or the geographic distance between sender and receiver. We derive features that are lightweight, since they do not require seeing a large amount of email from a single IP address and can be gleaned without looking at an email’s contents—many such features are apparent from even a single packet. Second, we incorporate these features into a classification algorithm and evaluate the classifier’s ability to automatically classify email senders as spammers or legitimate senders. We build an automated reputation engine, SNARE, based on these features using labeled data from a deployed commercial spam-filtering system. We demonstrate that SNARE can achieve comparable accuracy to existing static IP blacklists: about a 70 % detection rate for less than a 0.3 % false positive rate. Third, we show how SNARE can be integrated into existing blacklists, essentially as a first-pass filter. 1
NaCl‐induced accumulation of glycinebetaine in four subtropical halophytes from Pakistan (1998)

Variation in both the total content and the concentration of glycinebetaine in response to increasing soil salinity was studied in the salt‐secreting Atriplex griffithii Moq., the leaf succulent Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Forssk., the stem succulent Haloxylon recurvum Bunge ex Boiss. and the osmotically adjusting desert grass Halopyrum mucronatum (L.) Stapf. collected from a subtropical maritime desert in Pakistan. Glycinebetaine content (mmol kg −1 dry weight) increased with increasing NaCl in Atriplex griffithii, Haloxylon recurvum and Halopyrum mucronatum , but peaked at 600 m M NaCl for Suaeda fruticosa and declined thereafter. Glycinebetaine concentration (mmol l −1 tissue water) increased with increasing salinity in all four halophyte species and was sufficiently high to serve as an osmoticum in all cases.
Carboxymethyl Cellulose Stimulates Rabbit Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing (2008)

Purpose: Previously, we reported carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binding to human corneal epithelial cells and promoting corneal epithelial wound closure in vitro. Using an animal model, the efficacy of CMC in promoting corneal wound healing was examined. Materials and Methods: Following corneal epithelial wounding of NZ white rabbits, CMC (0.2% or 1.0%) or control vehicle (PBS) was administered topically (4 times daily for 3 days) to wounded and unwounded eyes with or without contact lens wear. Wound healing in response to the treatments was measured as percentage reduction of fluorescein-stained wound area 0 to 72 hr post-wounding. Corneas were examined histologically and expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) tight-junction was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: Percentage wound reduction in CMC-treated groups was significantly greater than controls (p < 0.05) at 24 and 32 hr. Complete wound closure was observed by 48 hr in 100% of CMC-treated eyes compared to 45% of vehicle-treated eyes. CMC also promoted wound closure dose-dependently. Epithelial cells formed an intact layer following CMC-treatment whereas vehicle-treated cells were less ordered. Strong ZO-1 expression in corneal epithelia of CMC-treated eyes was observed at 72 hr. Contact lens wear appeared to delay wound closure compared to without lens wear during CMC-treatment (p = 0.001). Conclusions: CMC promoted dose-dependent corneal epithelial wound healing. CMC stimulated ZO-1 expression, indicating accelerated corneal epithelial resistance barrier regeneration.
Acidity measurements in THF. V. Heteroaromatic compounds containing 5-membered rings (1985)

The pK a 's of 13 heterocyclic aromatic compounds have been measured in tetrahydrofuran (THF) using 13 C nmr spectroscopy. The acidifying effect of a nitrogen heteroatom is seen to be quite large (4–6 pK units versus C—H) on an adjacent C—H bond but small on a more remote hydrogen. Most of these aromatic heterocycles are sufficiently acidic, pK a &lt; 34, to be completely deprotonated by lithium tetramethylpiperidide in THF. Benzoxazole appears to be an extremely strong carbon acid, its ring-opened isomer having a pK a of less than 15.7.