gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human cytomegalovirus expresses novel microRNAs during productive viral infection (2005)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large class of approximately 22-nucleotide non-coding RNAs that facilitate mRNA cleavage and translation repression through the RNA interference pathway. Until recently, miRNAs have been exclusively found in eukaryotic organisms. A non-immunogenic molecule requiring minimal genomic investment, these RNAs may offer an efficient means for viruses to modulate both their own and the host's gene expression during a productive viral infection. In this study we report that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) expresses miRNAs during its productive lytic infection of four clinically relevant human cell types: fibroblast, endothelial, epithelial and astrocyte cells. The sequences of the miRNAs, expressed from the UL23 and US24 loci of the viral genome, were conserved among all HCMV strains examined and in chimpanzee cytomegalovirus. Furthermore, their expression was detected from both a laboratory-adapted strain and a clinical isolate of HCMV. The conservation of these miRNAs and their expression in different cell types suggests that they represent an evolutionarily primitive feature in the viral genome, and that virus-encoded miRNAs may be more common than previously believed.
Wideband UHF ISM-band transceiver supporting multichannel reception and DSSS modulation (2013)

Wireless car keys, tire pressure sensors and wireless car diagnostic systems operate in the UHF ISM-bands using FSK/GFSK or ASK/OOK modulation with data rates between 0.5 and 200Kb/s. Recently, long-range car key applications have become popular, requiring the support of longer radio links within the boundaries of legislation and battery life. BPSK DSSS modulation allows increasing the transmitter power without violating legislation on maximum transmitted power density, but at the cost of having a non-constant RF signal envelope and a larger signal bandwidth. Unfortunately both these properties are not supported by classical narrow-band FSK/ASK transceivers.
Clients’ Different Moves in Managing the Client–Consultant Relationship (2009)

Research into client-consultancy relationship is very much dominated by the discussion of\nclients and consultants as “insiders” and “outsiders”. Whilst each rests on the notion of their\nbeing two distinct but interrelated parties they evince different role possibilities. In this context\npast research has portrayed each party as an undifferentiated agent. In this paper we unpack\nthe nature of the client system to investigate what kinds of clients’ moves constitute the\nconsultancy-client relationship, how these moves are used to manage the relationship with\nconsultants and how these moves relate to the structural/power features of the various levels\nof consultancy-client relationship.&lt;br/&gt;We apply the theoretical perspectives of moves and structuration and employ a definition of\nknowledge as “situated performance or praxis” (Pentland 1992). The research method is\nbased on a single longitudinal field study including extensive interviews with consultants and\nclients and observation of key interactions and meetings between the two parties over a\nperiod of two years.&lt;br/&gt;The findings illustrate a taxonomy of clients’ moves showing how clients might respond in the\ncontext of consultants proposing recommendations. The different types of clients are shown\nas an important resource that the client’s organization calls upon in order to manage their\nrelationship with the consultants. The different moves initiated by clients enact and display the\nrelationship, power and structure within an organization and allow clients to exercise power\nover the consultants. We argue that the successful outcome of consultants’ work depends on\ntheir knowledge of the different client systems during an assignment.
Seven genes of the Enhancer of split complex of Drosophila melanogaster encode helix-loop-helix proteins. (1992)

Enhancer of split [E(spl)] is one of the neurogenic loci of Drosophila and, as such, is required for normal segregation of neural and epidermal cell progenitors. Genetic observations indicate that the E(spl) locus is in fact a gene complex comprising a cluster of related genes and that other genes of the region are also required for normal early neurogenesis. Three of the genes of the complex were known to encode helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins and to be transcribed in nearly identical patterns. Here, we show that four other genes in the vicinity also encode HLH proteins and, during neuroblast segregation, three of them are expressed in the same pattern. We show by germ-line transformation that these three genes are also necessary to allow epidermal development of the neuroectodermal cells.
M13 Phage Growth and Single-Stranded DNA Preparation (2003)

M13 bacteriophage has a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome, and has proven an extremely useful vector from which to derive single-stranded templates for sequencing and site-directed mutagenesis. During infection of its host cell, the phage DNA replicates as a double-stranded intermediate from which the ssDNA containing phage particles are produced. Infected cells do not lyse, but instead phage particles are continuously released. Cells infected with M13 phage, however, have a longer replication cycle, which means that as the infection proceeds, the areas of slower-growing cells can be visualized as turbid plaques on the lawn of unaffected E. coli (1). Recombinant M13 phage can be cloned from well-separated plaques and used as a source of SSDNA.
Morphological Evaluation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) to Investigate Invasive Breast Cancer Immunogenicity, Reveal Lymphocytic Networks and Help Relapse Prediction: A Retrospective Study (2017)

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer are a key representative of the tumor immune microenvironment and have been shown to provide prognostic and predictive biomarkers. The extent of lymphocytic infiltration in tumor tissues can be assessed by evaluating hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E)-stained tumor sections. We investigated tissue microarrays of 31 invasive breast cancer patients, looking at quantity and topological distribution of CD3+, CD8+, CD20+, Ki67+, FoxP3+ TILs and CD3+/FoxP3+, CD8+/FoxP3+ cell ratios. We separately evaluated TILs at the invasive edge and at the center of the tumor, to find any clinical implications of tumor heterogeneity. No statistically significant difference was found in quantity and distribution of both TIL subsets and TIL ratios, by comparing patients who suffered from a local or distant recurrence of the tumor (relapse group: 13 patients) with patients not showing cancer relapse (non-relapse group: 18 patients). In the whole sample, we observed three main statistically significant positive correlations: (1) between CD3+ and CD8+ T-cells; (2) between FoxP3+ and Ki67+ lymphocyte infiltration; (3) between CD3+/FoxP3+ cell ratio (C3FR) and CD8+/FoxP3+ cell ratio (C8FR). Tumor heterogeneity and stronger positive TIL associations were found in the non-relapse group, where both CD3-CD8 and FoxP3-Ki67 inter-correlations were found to be significant at the center of the tumor, while the correlation between C3FR and C8FR was significant at the invasive edge. No correlations between TIL subsets were detected in the relapse group. Our findings suggest the existence of stronger inter-subtype lymphocytic networks in invasive breast cancer not showing recurrence. Further evaluations of clinical and topological correlations between and within TIL subsets are needed, in addition to the assessment of TIL quantification and distribution, in order to follow up on whether morphological evaluation of TILs might reveal the underlying lymphocytic functional connectivity and help relapse prediction.
Differences between Chinese and Australian students: some implications for distance educators. (1999)

First year undergraduate Business and Computing Chinese students studying on‐campus in Australia and from Confucian cultural heritage societies were compared with first year Australian undergraduate students of the same courses using Entwistle and Ramsden's (1983) Approaches to Studying Inventory (ASI). Results were analysed for each ASI scale using analyses of variance. Significant differences were shown for a number of scales, with implications for the design and delivery of effective off‐shore distance education directed towards Confucian heritage cultures. The results are discussed in a context of the factor structure identified for Chinese students by Smith, Miller and Crassini (1998) with a view to informing instructional decision‐making.
[The effect of blocking TNF-alpha in patients with cancer-related cachexia and anorexia]. (2010)

Cancer-related cachexia and anorexia are present in more than 80% of patients with malignancies. The pathophysiology is not fully known and during the past several years major attention was attributed to the function of secreted cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, as a fundamental part of the process. In the attempt to prevent the weight loss, which in many cases causes the patients' death, many studies have been conducted where the effect of the cytokine TNF-alpha was blocked. This article presents two different studies from the past several years where the effect was inhibited by two different methods: one by the monoclonal antibody Infliximab and the other by blocking the TNF-alpha receptor with Etanercept. Both were double-blinded and the patients were randomly divided into arms, with the control group treated with placebo. In both groups, primary and secondary outcomes were defined, however, in the end, no statistical significance was achieved. In conclusion, cancer-related cachexia and anorexia are not the result of one cytokine by itself and blocking it causes only a minimal change without any statistical significance in cancer patients. It is reasonable to assume that the body adaptation to the tumor, which results in cachexia, is due to several mediators working together rather than a single major mediator.
Minocycline-induced skin pigmentation: an update. (2009)

Minocycline is a commonly used antibiotic for long-term treatment of acne vulgaris. A well-documented and cosmetically dis-pleasing side effect is skin pigmentation. Three distinct types occur: Type I, blue-black/grey pigment on the face in areas of scarring or inflammation associated with acne; type II, blue-grey pigment on normal skin on the shins and forearms; type III, diffuse muddy-brown discoloration in areas of sun exposure. Types I and II stain for iron and melanin extracellularly and within macrophages in the dermis. Type III shows nonspecific increased melanin in basal keratinocytes and dermal melanophages staining for melanin only. The etiology of this pigmentation is unknown, but may be related to polymerized reactive metabolites, insoluble chelation products, and lengthy treatment durations of minocycline compared to other tetracyclines. Types I and II tend to resolve slowly over time, whereas type III persists indefinitely. Treatment involves early recognition, discontinuation of the drug, sun protection, and laser for persistent pigmentation.
Serum levels of YKL-40 and PIIINP as prognostic markers in patients with alcoholic liver disease (2003)

Serum levels of YKL-40 and PIIINP are elevated in alcoholic patients, related to the presence of liver fibrosis and may provide prognostic information.
Nutrient intake in lysinuric protein intolerance (2007)

Lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by defective transport of cationic amino acids. Poor intestinal absorption and increased renal loss of arginine, ornithine and lysine lead to low plasma concentrations of these amino acids and, subsequently, to impaired urea cycle function. The patients therefore have decreased nitrogen tolerance, which may lead to hyperammonaemia after ingestion of normal amounts of dietary protein. As a protective mechanism, most patients develop strong aversion to protein-rich foods early in life. Oral supplementation with citrulline, which is absorbed normally and metabolized to arginine and ornithine, improves protein tolerance to some extent, as do sodium benzoate and sodium phenylbutyrate also used by some patients. Despite effective prevention of hyperammonaemia, the patients still consume a very restricted diet, which may be deficient in energy, essential amino acids and some vitamins and minerals. To investigate the potential nutritional problems of patients with lysinuric protein intolerance, 77 three- to four-day food records of 28 Finnish LPI patients aged 1.5-61 years were analysed. The data suggest that the patients are clearly at risk for many nutritional deficiencies, which may contribute to their symptoms. Their diet is highly deficient in calcium, vitamin D, iron and zinc. Individualized nutritional supplementation accompanied by regular monitoring of dietary intake is therefore an essential part of the treatment of LPI.
A mutant deficient in the plastid lipid DGD is defective in protein import into chloroplasts (1998)

Most proteins in chloroplasts are encoded by the nuclear genome and synthesized in the cytosol with N-terminal extensions called transit peptides. Transit peptides function as the import signal to chloroplasts. The import process requires several protein components in the envelope and stroma and also requires the hydrolysis of ATP. Lipids have been implicated in the import process based on theories or experiments with in vitro model systems. We show here that chloroplasts isolated from an Arabidopsis mutant deficient in the plastid lipid digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGD) were normal in importing a chloroplast outer membrane protein, but were defective in importing precursor proteins targeted to the interior of chloroplasts. The impairment includes the binding, or docking, step of the import process that is supported by 100 microM ATP.
[The role of RANK/RANKL and OPG in multiple myeloma]. (2006)

Multiple myeloma (MM) almost exclusively develops in the bone marrow and generates devastating bone destruction by osteoclasts (OCs) recruited around myeloma cells. The severity of bone disease correlates with tumor burden. The interaction between RANK, expressed on the surface of OCs, and RANKL, a key molecule in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis expressed on bone marrow stromal cells, plays a role in the development and activation of OCs, whereas OPG, a decoy receptor for RANKL secreted from stromal cells, inhibits RANKL/RANK signaling. Myeloma cells stimulate osteoclastogenesis by triggering an increase in RANKL and decrease in OPG in bone marrow cells. They also express syndecan-1, a molecule which binds and stimulates OPG degradation in myeloma cells. MM cells can themselves express RANKL which can interact directly with RANK on OCs to promote osteoclast formation in a stromal cell-independent manner. Moreover, myeloma cells may additionally inhibit osteoblastogenesis directly or indirectly. The mechanisms involved in these coordinated processes are described and discussed.
Total Synthesis and Immunosuppressive Activity of (−)-Pateamine A and Related Compounds:  Implementation of a β-Lactam-Based Macrocyclization (1998)

The asymmetric synthesis of the potent immunosuppressive agent (−)-pateamine A isolated from the marine sponge Mycale sp. is described. A key strategy employed in the synthesis was a β-lactam-based macrocyclization to form the 19-membered dilactone macrolide. The synthesis confirms the relative and absolute stereochemistry as 3R,5S,10S,24S and sets the stage for studies into the mechanism of action of pateamine A. Other studies and findings made in the course of the synthesis and described herein include the following: (1) a Stille coupling can be competitive with π-allyl formation, (2) SmI2 effects a mild N−O cleavage of N-benzyloxy-β-lactams, (3) the synthesis of a pateamine A-dexamethasone hybrid molecule for use in a yeast three-hybrid assay was accomplished, and (4) IC50 values were determined for synthetic and natural pateamine A and related compounds in the interleukin 2 reporter gene assay.
Macrophage apolipoprotein E and proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells: role of LXR. (2013)

This study highlights the protective role of LXR-activated macrophages against breast cancer growth, and the implication of APOE protein in the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects observed.
Green tea powder and Lactobacillus plantarum affect gut microbiota, lipid metabolism and inflammation in high-fat fed C57BL/6J mice (2012)

Green tea powder in combination with a single strain of Lactobacillus plantarum was able to promote growth of Lactobacillus in the intestine and to attenuate high fat diet-induced inflammation. In addition, a component of the microbiota, Akkermansia, correlated negatively with several metabolic parameters known to be risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes.
한글 표기의 새로운 현상에 관한 연구 (2003)

우리들의 모습을 담고 있는 글자는 그 시대의 문화적인 현상에 따라서 변화되어 간가. 글자는 무형의 정보를 나타내는 것으로, 발신자가 수신자에게 글자를 통하여 시각적인 정보를 전달하는 것이다. 한글은 표음문자이고 모아쓰기 구조 등의 문제로 인하여 다양한 표현이 이루어지지 못하고 있다. 또한 디지털 미디어에 의한 정보화 시대에는 우리의 한글을 사용하고는 있으나 한글 맞춤법 표기가 무시되고 있으며, 특히 외래어 표기는 정확한 기준이 없는 것인 현실이다. 또한 인터넷에서 사용되는 채팅시의 한글 표현이나 이모티콘은 일반적인 한계를 넘어서고 있다. 이러한 네티즌들의 커뮤니케이션 방법을 연구하여 다양한 한글의 가능성을 예측하고자 한다. 이러한 시대적 변화 속에서 한글을 통한 원활한 커뮤니케이션이 이루어지기 위해서는 한글 표기 방법이 수정되고 보완되어야한다. 한그 ㄹ표기의 새로운 현상들을 받아들이고 새롭게 보완되어야만 한글이 직접적인 내용전달과 더불어 감각적인 언어로써 더욱 강한 커뮤니케이션을 달성할 수 있다.
Daidzin and daidzein suppress free-choice ethanol intake by Syrian golden hamsters. (1993)

Syrian Golden hamsters prefer and consume large and remarkably constant amounts of ethanol in a simple two-bottle free-choice regimen. Ethanol intake is significantly suppressed by zimelidine, bromocriptine, buspirone, and lithium carbonate, pharmacological agents that have been shown to be beneficial in controlling ethanol intake in alcohol-dependent humans. These results suggest that this ethanol-drinking animal model has high "predictive validity" and can be used effectively in the search for and identification of new agents for the treatment of alcohol abuse. The model has enabled us to confirm the putative antidipsotropic effect of Radix puerariae (RP), an herb long used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of patients who abuse alcohol. A crude extract of RP at a dose of 1.5 g.kg-1 x day-1 significantly suppresses (> 50%) the free-choice ethanol intake of Golden hamsters. Moreover, two major constituents of RP, daidzein (4',7-dihydroxyisoflavone) and daidzin (the 7-glucoside of daidzein), were also shown to suppress free-choice ethanol intake. Daidzin and daidzein, at doses of 150 and 230 mg.kg-1 x day-1, respectively, suppress ethanol intake by > 50%. RP, daidzein, and daidzin treatment do not significantly affect the body weight and water or food intake of the hamsters. These findings identify a class of compounds that offer promise as safe and effective therapeutic agents for alcohol abuse.
Efficient spatial-spectral compression of hyperspectral data (2001)

Mean-normalized vector quantization (M-NVQ) has been demonstrated to be the preferred technique for lossless compression of hyperspectral data. In this paper, a jointly optimized spatial M-NVQ/spectral DCT technique is shown to produce compression ratios significantly better than those obtained by the optimized spatial M-NVQ technique alone.
Biological Profiles in Subjects With Recurrent Acute Coronary Events Compared With Subjects With Long-Standing Stable Angina (2001)

An inflammatory biological profile distinguished patients with previous multiple acute coronary events from those with long-standing stable angina and predicted acute coronary instability.
Neuroimaging Studies of Emotional Responses in PTSD (2006)

Neuroimaging research offers a powerful and noninvasive means to understand healthy as well as dysregulated emotional processing in healthy subjects and PTSD patients. Functional neuroimaging findings suggest specific roles for subregions of the medial prefrontal (mPFC), orbito frontal (OFC), anterior cingulate (ACC), and insular cortices as well as the sublenticular extended amygdala (SLEA) and hippocampus in various components of emotional processing. Some of the same regions appear to be associated with emotional response to trauma, and with symptom formation in PTSD. Neuroimaging findings of emotional processing in healthy subjects and PTSD patients are discussed, addressing the specific roles of cortical regions like mPFC, ACC, and insula, and their potential contribution to PTSD pathophysiology. Processes of cognitive-emotional interactions and social emotions are discussed in an attempt to synthesize the prefrontal findings in healthy subjects and PTSD patients. Further links between functional neuroanatomy of emotional responses and neuroendocrine stress regulation are proposed.
The Human Apolipoprotein AV Gene Is Regulated by Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-α and Contains a Novel Farnesoid X-activated Receptor Response Element (2003)

The newly identified apolipoprotein AV (apoAV) gene is a key player in determining plasma triglyceride concentrations. Because hypertriglyceridemia is a major independent risk factor in coronary artery disease, the understanding of the regulation of the expression of this gene is of considerable importance. We presently characterize the structure, the transcription start site, and the promoter of the human apoAV gene. Since the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) and the farnesoid X-activated receptor (FXR) have been shown to modulate the expression of genes involved in triglyceride metabolism, we evaluated the potential role of these nuclear receptors in the regulation of apoAV transcription. Bile acids and FXR induced the apoAV gene promoter activity. 5'-Deletion, mutagenesis, and gel shift analysis identified a heretofore unknown element at positions -103/-84 consisting of an inverted repeat of two consensus receptor-binding hexads separated by 8 nucleotides (IR8), which was required for the response to bile acid-activated FXR. The isolated IR8 element conferred FXR responsiveness on a heterologous promoter. On the other hand, in apoAV-expressing human hepatic Hep3B cells, transfection of PPARalpha specifically enhanced apoAV promoter activity. By deletion, site-directed mutagenesis, and binding analysis, a PPARalpha response element located 271 bp upstream of the transcription start site was identified. Finally, treatment with a specific PPARalpha activator led to a significant induction of apoAV mRNA expression in hepatocytes. The identification of apoAV as a PPARalpha target gene has major implications with respect to mechanisms whereby pharmacological PPARalpha agonists may exert their beneficial hypotriglyceridemic actions.
Reversal of impaired wound repair in iNOS-deficient mice by topical adenoviral-mediated iNOS gene transfer. (1998)

Most evidence indicates that nitric oxide plays a role in normal wound repair; however, involvement of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has not been established. Experiments were carried out to determine the requirement for iNOS in closing excisional wounds. Wound closure was delayed by 31% in iNOS knockout mice compared with wild-type animals. An identical delay in wound closure was observed in wild-type mice given a continuous infusion of the partially selective iNOS inhibitor N6-(iminoethyl)-L-lysine. Delayed wound healing in iNOS-deficient mice was completely reversed by a single application of an adenoviral vector containing human iNOS cDNA (AdiNOS) at the time of wounding. Reverse transcription PCR identified iNOS mRNA expression in wild-type mice peaking 4-6 d after wounding, and confirmed expression of human iNOS in the adenoviral vector containing human iNOS cDNA-treated animals. These results establish the key role of iNOS in wound closure, and suggest a gene therapy strategy to improve wound healing in iNOS-deficient states such as diabetes, and during steroid treatment.