gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
YOLO9000: Better, Faster, Stronger (2017)

We introduce YOLO9000, a state-of-the-art, real-time object detection system that can detect over 9000 object categories. First we propose various improvements to the YOLO detection method, both novel and drawn from prior work. The improved model, YOLOv2, is state-of-the-art on standard detection tasks like PASCAL VOC and COCO. Using a novel, multi-scale training method the same YOLOv2 model can run at varying sizes, offering an easy tradeoff between speed and accuracy. At 67 FPS, YOLOv2 gets 76.8 mAP on VOC 2007. At 40 FPS, YOLOv2 gets 78.6 mAP, outperforming state-of-the-art methods like Faster RCNN with ResNet and SSD while still running significantly faster. Finally we propose a method to jointly train on object detection and classification. Using this method we train YOLO9000 simultaneously on the COCO detection dataset and the ImageNet classification dataset. Our joint training allows YOLO9000 to predict detections for object classes that dont have labelled detection data. We validate our approach on the ImageNet detection task. YOLO9000 gets 19.7 mAP on the ImageNet detection validation set despite only having detection data for 44 of the 200 classes. On the 156 classes not in COCO, YOLO9000 gets 16.0 mAP. YOLO9000 predicts detections for more than 9000 different object categories, all in real-time.
Bisphosphonate Inhibitors ofToxoplasmagondiGrowth:  In Vitro,QSAR, and In Vivo Investigations (2005)

We have investigated the activity of 60 bisphosphonates against the replication of Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and of three of the most active compounds, in vivo. The two most active compounds found were n-alkyl bisphosphonates containing long (n = 9 or 10) hydrocarbon chains, not the nitrogen-containing species used in bone resorption therapy. The target of all of the most active bisphosphonates appears to be the isoprene biosynthesis pathway enzyme farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), as indicated by the correlations between T. gondii growth inhibition and FPPS (human and Leishmania major) enzyme inhibition and by the fact that a T. gondii strain engineered to overexpress FPPS required considerably higher levels of bisphosphonates to achieve 50% growth inhibition, while the IC(50) for atovaquone (which does not inhibit FPPS) remained the same in the overexpressing strain. The phosphonate inhibitor of the non-mevalonate pathway, fosmidomycin, which inhibits the enzyme 1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase, had no effect on T. gondii growth. To investigate structure-activity relationships (SARs) in more detail, we used two three-dimensional quantitative SAR methods: comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA), to investigate all 60 bisphosphonates. Both the CoMFA and CoMSIA models indicated a 60-70% contribution from steric interactions and a 30-40% contribution from electrostatic interactions and using four N = 55 training sets for each method, we found on average between a factor of 2 and 3 error in IC(50) prediction. The three most active compounds found in vitro were tested in vivo in a Smith-Webster mouse model and the two most active bisphosphonates were found to provide up to an 80% protection from death, a considerable improvement over that found previously with nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates. This effect may originate in the much higher therapeutic indices of these alkyl bisphosphonates, as deduced from in vitro assays using LD(50) values for growth inhibition of a human cell line. Overall, these results indicate that alkyl bisphosphonates are promising compounds for further development as agents against Toxoplasma gondii growth, in vivo.
Cyclotron versus synchrotron for proton beam therapy (1995)

Two categories in the beam delivery system of proton therapy, scattering and scanning, are closely related to the temporal beam structure, in turn, type of accelerators. Since the synchrotron is well matured technically, efficient and dependable routine operation will be achieved if it is combined with a scatterer system. \Vhen more sophisticated scanning system is sought for better dose distribution, suitable cw beams are delivered by a cyclotron. Obviously it can be combined with any scattering system.
Blocking and Binding Type Antibodies against All Major Vitamin B12‐Binders in a Pernicious Anaemia Serum (1979)

The simultaneous occurrence of blocking and binding antibodies to intrinsic factor (IF), transcobalamin (TC- II, TC I) and other R type vitamin B12 proteins in the serum of a patient with treated pernicious anaemia (PA) is reported here for the first time. The dialysed and purified immunoglobulin-G (IgG), but not the immunoglobulin-M (IgM), from a PA patient neutralized the total unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity (UB12BC) of human gastric juice, saliva and serum and also of rabbit serum, suggesting that the PA IgG contained blocking antibodies against, IF, TC II, TC I and other R-binders. In addition, the PA IgG and IgM preparations contained binding antibodies since they could form macromolecular complexes with 57Co-B12 bound to IF, TC I or TC II so that each one of the latter was totally excluded from Sephadex G-200. The presence of the binding antibodies was further confirmed by the formation of radioactive precipitation lines on agarose with each one of the vitamin B12-binders bound to 58Co-B12. The PA serum did not exhibit any measurable UB12BC after dialysis against 7.5 M guanidine-HCl followed by renaturation with phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). But it did form TC I and TC II complexes with 57Co-B12 when the latter was added during the renaturation step indicating that the serum contained circulating immunoglobulin-TC complexes. The blocking antibodies should be distinguished from the previously described binding antibodies. The blocking of the binding of vitamin B12 to TCs resulted in relatively lower serum vitamin B12 levels in the present case in contrast to the presence of binding antibodies where high serum vitamin B12 levels have been reported. In addition, the binding antibodies form immunocomplexes with TCs which can easily be detected because they can bind radioactive vitamin B12 while the corresponding immunocomplexes of blocking antibodies are hidden because they prevent the binding of the vitamin to TCs.
Bacterial Vaccines and Serotype Replacement: Lessons from Haemophilus influenzae and Prospects for Streptococcus pneumoniae (1999)

Conjugate vaccines have reduced the incidence of invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae, type b (Hib), in industrialized countries and may be highly effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, the serotype specificity of these vaccines has led to concern that their use may increase carriage of and disease from serotypes not included in the vaccine. Replacement has not occurred with the use of Hib vaccines but has occurred in trials of pneumococcal vaccines. Mathematical models can be used to elucidate these contrasting outcomes, predict the conditions under which serotype replacement is likely, interpret the results of conjugate vaccine trials, design trials that will better detect serotype replacement (if it occurs), and suggest factors to consider in choosing the serotype composition of vaccines.
Wireless communications principles and practice (2002)

From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!

Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:

An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems


Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
Visual Perception and the Statistical Properties of Natural Scenes (2007)

The environments in which we live and the tasks we must perform to survive and reproduce have shaped the design of our perceptual systems through evolution and experience. Therefore, direct measurement of the statistical regularities in natural environments (scenes) has great potential value for advancing our understanding of visual perception. This review begins with a general discussion of the natural scene statistics approach, of the different kinds of statistics that can be measured, and of some existing measurement techniques. This is followed by a summary of the natural scene statistics measured over the past 20 years. Finally, there is a summary of the hypotheses, models, and experiments that have emerged from the analysis of natural scene statistics.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained trans-2,3-Piperidinedicarboxylic Acid Derivatives (2007)

An efficient asymmetric synthesis of conformationally constrained (2S,3S)-piperidinedicarboxylic acid derivatives starting from l-aspartic acid β-tert-butyl ester and 3-chloro-2-(chloromethyl)-1-propene is described. The key steps involve N-alkylation of the aspartic acid ester followed by a stereoselective enolate intra­molecular cyclization (>95:5 dr). Various synthetic strategies were explored to achieve the cyclopropanation of the resulting olefin, ­including the Simmons-Smith reaction and palladium-catalyzed cyclopropanation.
MPEG-II video coding for noisy channels (1997)

This thesis was digitised by the British Library from microfilm. You can acquire a single copy of this thesis for research purposes by clicking on the padlock icon on the thesis file. Please be aware that the text in the supplied thesis pdf file may not be as clear as text in a thesis that was born digital or digitised directly from paper due to the conversion in format. However, all of the theses in Apollo that were digitised from microfilm are readable and have been processed by optical character recognition (OCR) technology which means the reader can search and find text within the document. If you are the author of this thesis and would like to make your work openly available, please contact us: thesis@repository.cam.ac.uk
Saliency Detection via Absorbing Markov Chain With Learnt Transition Probability (2017)

In this paper, we propose a bottom-up saliency model based on absorbing Markov chain (AMC). First, a sparsely connected graph is constructed to capture the local context information of each node. All image boundary nodes and other nodes are, respectively, treated as the absorbing nodes and transient nodes in the absorbing Markov chain. Then, the expected number of times from each transient node to all other transient nodes can be used to represent the saliency value of this node. The absorbed time depends on the weights on the path and their spatial coordinates, which are completely encoded in the transition probability matrix. Considering the importance of this matrix, we adopt different hierarchies of deep features extracted from fully convolutional networks and learn a transition probability matrix, which is called learnt transition probability matrix. Although the performance is significantly promoted, salient objects are not uniformly highlighted very well. To solve this problem, an angular embedding technique is investigated to refine the saliency results. Based on pairwise local orderings, which are produced by the saliency maps of AMC and boundary maps, we rearrange the global orderings (saliency value) of all nodes. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on six publicly available benchmark data sets.
Serum Cytokine and Chemokine Profile in Relation to the Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China (2020)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We investigated the serum cytokine and chemokine levels in asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, and convalescent SARS-CoV-2-infected cases. Proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production induced by SARS-CoV-2 were observed not only in symptomatic patients but also in asymptomatic cases, and returned to normal after recovery. IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-18, G-CSF, M-CSF, MCP-1, MCP-3, IP-10, MIG, and MIP-1α were found to be associated with the severity of COVID-19. Moreover, a set of cytokine and chemokine profiles were significantly higher in SARS-CoV-2-infected male than female patients. The serum levels of MCP-1, G-CSF, and VEGF were weakly and positively correlated with viral titers. We suggest that combinatorial analysis of serum cytokines and chemokines with clinical classification may contribute to evaluation of the severity of COVID-19 and optimize the therapeutic strategies.
Electron energy loss spectroscopy of single silicon nanocrystals: The conduction band (1993)

Spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy has been performed on single, H-terminated, Si nanocrystals in the size range 25--500 \AA{}. The particles were prepared via the gas-phase photolysis of a dilute ${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{6}$/He mixture in a gas flow cell, and deposited on a holey carbon grid for analysis. Energy loss within a few eV of the core 2p ionization edge reveals information about the conduction band states at ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{1}$ and ${\mathit{L}}_{1}$ in the Brillouin zone. The conduction band edge is observed to shift to higher energy as the inverse square of the particle radius. In addition, a strong increase in the oscillator strength for these transitions is observed for decreasing particle sizes below 60 \AA{}.
Treatment of psoriasis with intermittent short course cyclosporin (Neoral). A multicentre study. (1997)

A 1 year, prospective multicentre study was performed to investigate the efficacy and safety of intermittent treatment with cyclosporin in psoriasis vulgaris. Subjects received cyclosporin (Neoral) 5 mg/kg per day until achieving 90% reduction in area affected, or for a maximum of 12 weeks. Those failing to demonstrate a satisfactory response were withdrawn. When further treatment was required, cyclosporin was recommenced. This cycle was repeated up to three times. Psoriasis activity was recorded using the area affected and sign scores for erythema, scaling and infiltration. Overall assessments of response and tolerability were recorded. Forty-one subjects, mean age 36, mean PASI 12.8, entered the first treatment period. Thirty-three received a second period of treatment and 16 a third. Eighteen failed to complete the study as planned: five were withdrawn due to adverse events, four due to treatment failure and nine due to protocol violations. At the end of each treatment period, significant improvements were seen in all efficacy parameters. Overall response was graded as 'considerable improvement' or 'minimal or no symptoms', by over 80% of subjects and investigators. Median intervals to relapse for subjects remaining in the study were 72 days (range 28-329) and 53 days (range 14-141) after periods 1 and 2, respectively. There were significant increases in mean serum creatinine and blood pressure during each treatment period. However, there were no significant differences in either parameter between baseline and the final follow-up visit. At the end of each treatment period, overall tolerability of the treatment was considered 'good' or 'very good' by over 80% of subjects and investigators.
Realising RosettaNet PIP Compositions as Web Service Orchestrations - A Case Study (2006)

A world of ever growing competition not only forces enterprises to continuously optimise their private business processes but also to integrate their business processes with their business partners along the supply chain. RosettaNet is a non-profit standards or- ganisation dedicated to supporting B2B integration. The basis for integrating business processes with RosettaNet are so-called Partner Interface Processes (PIPs) that describe in detail the exchange of business documents for various purposes. We have investigated models for the composition of PIPs for more complex business inter- actions. The implementation of these models frequently demands for truly distributed computation because cen- tral technical infrastructure is either not available or prohibited by business politics. This paper is dedicated to the distributed implementa- tion of RosettaNet PIP compositions. We propose Web Services as enabling technique for implementation and WSBPEL for orchestrating Web Service calls. Speci- fying the correct types of calls in the correct order is a challenging task, particularly if the collaboration itself is complex and is to be executed using insecure communication media. This paper therefore proposes a roadmap for realising RosettaNet PIP compositions as robust and flexible Web Service orchestrations.
A method for improving the accuracy of non-invasive prenatal screening by cell-free foetal DNA size selection (2018)

Background Non-invasive prenatal screening (NIPS) using cell-free foetal DNA (cfDNA) has been widely used for identifying common foetal aneuploidies (e.g. trisomy 21 (T21), trisomy (T18) and trisomy 13 (T13)) in clinical practice. The sensitivity and specificity of NIPS exceeds 99%, but the positive prediction value (PPV) is approximately 70% (combined T21, T18 and T13). Thus, some 30% of pregnant women who have positive NIPS results are eventually identified as normal by amniocentesis. These women therefore must undertake needless invasive tests and risk miscarrying healthy babies because of false positive NIPS results. Methods In order to achieve higher accuracy, we amended the standard NIPS (s-NIPS) protocol with an additional cfDNA size selecting step in agarose-electrophoresis. The advantage of the new method (named e-NIPS) was validated by comparing the results of e-NIPS and s-NIPS using 114 retrospective cases selected from 15,930 cases. Results Our results showed that the foetal cfDNA fraction can be enriched significantly by a size selection step. With this modification, all 98 negative cases and 9 of 11 false positive cases of s-NIPS were correctly identified by e-NIPS, resulting in an increased PPV from 71% to 77%. Additionally, a simulation test showed that e-NIPS is more reliable than s-NIPS, especially when the foetal cfDNA concentration and sequencing coverage are low. Conclusion cfDNA size selection is an important step in improving the accuracy of non-invasive prenatal screening for chromosomal abnormalities.
Probability distributions of linear statistics in chaotic cavities and associated phase transitions (2010)

We establish large deviation formulas for linear statistics on the $N$ transmission eigenvalues ${{T}_{i}}$ of a chaotic cavity, in the framework of random matrix theory. Given any linear statistics of interest $A={\ensuremath{\sum}}_{i=1}^{N}a({T}_{i})$, the probability distribution ${\mathcal{P}}_{A}(A,N)$ of $A$ generically satisfies the large deviation formula ${\text{lim}}_{N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}}[\ensuremath{-}2\text{ }\text{log}\text{ }{\mathcal{P}}_{A}(Nx,N)/\ensuremath{\beta}{N}^{2}]={\ensuremath{\Psi}}_{A}(x)$, where ${\ensuremath{\Psi}}_{A}(x)$ is a rate function that we compute explicitly in many cases (conductance, shot noise, and moments) and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ corresponds to different symmetry classes. Using these large deviation expressions, it is possible to recover easily known results and to produce new formulas, such as a closed form expression for $v(n)={\text{lim}}_{N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}}\text{ }\text{var}({\mathcal{T}}_{n})$ (where ${\mathcal{T}}_{n}={\ensuremath{\sum}}_{i}{T}_{i}^{n}$) for arbitrary integer $n$. The universal limit ${v}^{\ensuremath{\star}}={\text{lim}}_{n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}}\text{ }v(n)=1/2\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\beta}$ is also computed exactly. The distributions display a central Gaussian region flanked on both sides by non-Gaussian tails. At the junction of the two regimes, weakly nonanalytical points appear, a direct consequence of phase transitions in an associated Coulomb gas problem. Numerical checks are also provided, which are in full agreement with our asymptotic results in both real and Laplace space even for moderately small $N$. Part of the results have been announced by Vivo et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 216809 (2008)].
EXTENSIONS AND SHARPENINGS OF JORDAN'S AND KOBER'S INEQUALITIES (2006)

ABSTRACT. In this paper the authors discuss some monotonicity properties of functions involving sine and cosine, and obtain some sharp inequalities for them. These inequalities are extensions and sharpenings of the well-known Jordan’s and Kober’s inequalities.
Glaucoma—1: Diagnosis (2004)

The glaucomas are a range of disorders with a characteristic type of optic nerve damage. The glaucomas are the second commonest cause of blindness in the world, and the commonest cause of irreversible blindness. The most effective way of preventing this damage is to lower the intraocular pressure.

Normally, the ciliary body secretes aqueous, which flows into the posterior chamber and through the pupil into the anterior chamber. It leaves the eye through the trabecular meshwork, flowing into Schlemm's canal and into episcleral veins. The flow and drainage can be obstructed in several ways.

### Raised intraocular pressure

The intraocular pressure is determined by the balance between aqueous production inside the eye and aqueous drainage out of the eye through the trabecular meshwork. Each normal eye makes about 2 μl of aqueous a minute—that is, about 70 l during the course of a lifetime. Normal intraocular pressure is 10-21 mm Hg, but it can drop as low as 0 mm Hg in hypotony and can exceed 70 mm Hg in some glaucomas.

The rate at which raised intraocular pressure causes optic nerve damage depends on many factors, including the pressure and whether glaucomatous damage is early or advanced. In general, pressures of 20-30 mm Hg usually cause damage over several years, but pressures of 40-50 mm Hg can cause rapid visual loss and also precipitate retinovascular occlusion.

### Haloes around lights and cloudy cornea

The cornea is kept transparent by the continuous removal of fluid by the endothelial cells. When the pressure rises quickly (acute closed angle glaucoma), the cornea becomes waterlogged, causing a fall in visual acuity and creating haloes around lights (like looking at a light through frosted glass).

### Pain

If the rise in pressure is slow, pain is not a feature of glaucoma until the pressure is extremely high. Pain is …