gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recording advances for neural prosthetics (2005)

An important challenge for neural prosthetics research is to record from populations of neurons over long periods of time, ideally for the lifetime of the patient. Two new advances toward this goal are described, the use of local field potentials (LFPs) and autonomously positioned recording electrodes. LFPs are the composite extracellular potential field from several hundreds of neurons around the electrode tip. LFP recordings can be maintained for longer periods of time than single cell recordings. We find that similar information can be decoded from LFP and spike recordings, with better performance for state decodes with LFPs and, depending on the area, equivalent or slightly less than equivalent performance for signaling the direction of planned movements. Movable electrodes in microdrives can be adjusted in the tissue to optimize recordings, but their movements must be automated to be a practical benefit to patients. We have developed automation algorithms and a meso-scale autonomous electrode testbed, and demonstrated that this system can autonomously isolate and maintain the recorded signal quality of single cells in the cortex of awake, behaving monkeys. These two advances show promise for developing very long term recording for neural prosthetic applications.
A DNA Vaccine Encoding Multiple HIV CD4 Epitopes Elicits Vigorous Polyfunctional, Long-Lived CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Responses (2011)

T-cell based vaccines against HIV have the goal of limiting both transmission and disease progression by inducing broad and functionally relevant T cell responses. Moreover, polyfunctional and long-lived specific memory T cells have been associated to vaccine-induced protection. CD4(+) T cells are important for the generation and maintenance of functional CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells. We have recently developed a DNA vaccine encoding 18 conserved multiple HLA-DR-binding HIV-1 CD4 epitopes (HIVBr18), capable of eliciting broad CD4(+) T cell responses in multiple HLA class II transgenic mice. Here, we evaluated the breadth and functional profile of HIVBr18-induced immune responses in BALB/c mice. Immunized mice displayed high-magnitude, broad CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cell responses, and 8/18 vaccine-encoded peptides were recognized. In addition, HIVBr18 immunization was able to induce polyfunctional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that proliferate and produce any two cytokines (IFNγ/TNFα, IFNγ/IL-2 or TNFα/IL-2) simultaneously in response to HIV-1 peptides. For CD4(+) T cells exclusively, we also detected cells that proliferate and produce all three tested cytokines simultaneously (IFNγ/TNFα/IL-2). The vaccine also generated long-lived central and effector memory CD4(+) T cells, a desirable feature for T-cell based vaccines. By virtue of inducing broad, polyfunctional and long-lived T cell responses against conserved CD4(+) T cell epitopes, combined administration of this vaccine concept may provide sustained help for CD8(+) T cells and antibody responses- elicited by other HIV immunogens.
Trk Neurotrophin Receptors in Cholinergic Neurons of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease (1996)

Besides cortical pathology, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain but not in the caudate nucleus, putamen or mesencephalon. Since cholinergic neurons which degenerate in AD are sensitive to nerve growth factor (NGF), a link between NGF sensitivity and the vulnerability of cholinergic neurons has been suspected. Levels of NGF are not altered in patients with AD, however. Thus, cholinergic nerve cell death in AD could not result from a deficiency in NGF receptors. Using sequential immunohistochemistry with antibodies that recognize preferentially TrkA, the specific receptor for NGF, and with antibodies directed against choline acetyltransferase we analyzed the expression of neurotrophin receptors in cholinergic neurons from control and AD brains. TrkA was expressed on cholinergic neurons of the striatum and nucleus basalis of Meynert but not on those of the mesencephalon. In AD patients, the number of neurons expressing TrkA was markedly decreased in the nucleus basalis of Meynert, very likely as a consequence of cholinergic neuronal loss. No loss of TrkA-positive neurons was observed in the striatum. Taken in conjunction with our previously published report of loss of high-affinity NGF binding in the striatum of AD patients, our results suggest a reduced expression of TrkA, the specific receptor for NGF, on striatal cholinergic neurons in AD. The loss of neurotrophin receptors may contribute to the alteration of cholinergic neurons occurring in AD.
Long-range spatiotemporal motion understanding using spatiotemporal flow curves (2002)

A spatiotemporal (ST) image cube, created by stacking a temporally dense sequence of images together, is a temporally coherent data representation. Using ST surface flow, i.e., the extension of optical flow to ST surfaces, it is shown how ST flow curves can be recovered and then used to detect groups of flow curves such that each group represents a single object or surface in the scene undergoing motion. The algorithm forms clusters of similar flow curves and is based on constraints called the temporal uniqueness constraints. First, a point in an image can only move to at most one point in the next image. Second, a point in an image can come from at most one point in the previous image. When these constraints are violated, or it appears that they are violated, occlusion or disocclusion has occurred and therefore can also be detected. Successful grouping of coherent regions of the ST cube for two gray-level image sequences is shown.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Current approaches to metastatic colorectal cancer. (1994)

Despite the general perception that chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer is ineffective, over the past decade improvements have been reported. More than 30 years after its introduction into clinical trials, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) remains the most active single agent in the treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma, even though response rates are usually less than 20%. In an effort to improve outcome, investigators have been attempting to exploit the efficacy of 5-FU in various ways. Recent innovations include attempts to biochemically modulate the activity of 5-FU with other drugs, delivering 5-FU by hepatic arterial infusion, and using administration schedules that consider the biology of this tumor and the pharmacokinetics of the drug. Small but clinically significant improvements in efficacy have resulted from these attempts. The results of clinical trials using these approaches and their current and potential future clinical significance are discussed.
Mechanism of bovine prothrombin activation by an insoluble preparation of bovine factor Xa (thrombokinase) (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMechanism of bovine prothrombin activation by an insoluble preparation of bovine factor Xa (thrombokinase)K. S. Stenn and E. R. BloutCite this: Biochemistry 1972, 11, 24, 4502–4515Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00774a012https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00774a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views96Altmetric-Citations93LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Recovery of uncommon bacteria from blood: association with neoplastic disease. (1995)

Table 6 is a summary of the organisms discussed with a listing of the environmental source, the endogenous source, the predisposing factors including neoplasms, and the postulated mechanisms by which the organism can gain access to the circulation. The evidence considered indicates that the entrance of one of these microorganisms into the bloodstream of a human being depends on the presence of multiplicity of predisposing factors. In the majority of cases of bacteremia due to one of these unusual organisms, two or more predisposing factors are present. Certain predisposing factors, such as cancer chemotherapy or intravenous catheterization, often provide a barrier break, while others, such as liver disease, may render the host immune system less capable of clearing organisms from the circulation. For organisms such as Campy-lobacter, Listeria, and Salmonella spp., attributes that allow the invasion of a healthy host are present and seem to be enhanced by the simultaneous presence of a predisposing condition, such as liver disease, in the host. Although somewhat fragmentary, a number of individual case reports describe bacteremia due to one of these organisms occurring weeks to years after surgery and after other therapeutic measures had effected a supposed cure of a cancer. It may be speculated that cancer patients, even after a cure, are still susceptible to bloodstream invasion by one of the aforementioned organisms by virtue of the presence of one or more predisposing metabolic, physiologic, or immunologic factors, even though these factors may be cryptic. The predominance of hematologic malignancies among cases of bacteremia due to these unusual organisms is also apparent. Although, as pointed out by Keusch (169), the reduction in the performance of immune function in hematologic malignancies compared with solid tumors is likely to be responsible, other associations of certain organisms with specific neoplasms warrant further examination. The frequency of bloodstream infections of Salmonella typhimurium and Capno-cytophaga canimorsus in Hodgkin's disease patients seems likely due to a particular mechanism which infection by these species is favored. The specific nature of these mechanisms remains to be determined. The recovery of any unusual bacterium from blood should warrant a careful consideration of the possibility of underlying disease, especially cancer. Microbiologists should advise clinicians of the unusual nature of the identified organism and provide the counsel that certain neoplastic processes, often accompanied by neutropenia, render the human host susceptible to invasion by almost any bacterium. The recovery of such organisms as C. septicum or S. bovis should prompt the clinician to aggressively seek to identify an occult neoplasm if one has not yet been diagnosed.
Effects of Neutrophil Elastase Inhibitor on Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice (1997)

Abstract Neutrophils play an important role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). To elucidate the possible involvement of neutrophil elastase (NE) in pulmonary fibrosis, we investigated the efficacy of a new specific NE inhibitor (ONO-5046 · Na) in a murine model of human IPF, bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and histopathological analysis were performed on bleomycin-treated mice (group A), bleomycin and ONO-5046 · Na–treated mice (group B), and saline control groups at 1, 15, and 29 d after the end of bleomycin treatment. At 29 d, multifocal fibrosis was observed in group A, whereas no fibrotic regions were observed in group B. Interleukin-1 β and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 mRNA levels in BAL cells on day 1, and platelet-derived growth factor-A and insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA levels on days 1 and 15, were significantly lower in group B than in group A. Thus, we demonstrated an inhibitory effect of ONO-5046 · Na on pulmonary fibrosis in mice, indicating the involvement of NE in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. We propose that this effect might be related to suppressed expression of particular cytokines in alveolar macrophages and that this specific NE inhibitor could be a novel therapeutic agent for IPF.
PKM2 Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Glutamine Metabolism Signal a Different View of the Warburg Effect (2009)

New evidence suggests that the receptor tyrosine kinase FGFR1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1) directly phosphorylates pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), resulting in reduced conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, which is further catabolized to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase A. Mutation of the critical tyrosine Tyr(105) to Phe rendered PKM2 more active but was associated with decreased cellular lactate production, increased oxygen consumption, and decreased hypoxic cell proliferation relative to wild-type PKM2. The apparent paradoxical effect of growth signaling through tyrosine phosphorylation, which decreases rather than increases PKM2 activity, stimulates a revised perspective of the Warburg effect. This effect, which describes the propensity for cancer cells to convert glucose to lactate at a high rate, must now accommodate links among glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and glutamine metabolism in cancer cells.
Cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood CD34+Thy-1+Lin- human hematopoietic stem cells as target cells for transplantation-based gene therapy. (1995)

Gene-therapy of blood-borne disorders may be best achieved using hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) which have extensive self renewal potential as well as multilineage repopulating potential as a cellular target. The human HSC, which is CD34+Thy-1+Lin- has been isolated from fetal, adult bone marrow and cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood (MPB) (1-3). Results presented in this study show that the degree of mobilization of HSC into peripheral blood of cancer patients is highly variable and that the combined use of high dose chemotherapy and GM-CSF as a mobilization strategy is superior to the use of G-CSF with regard to the mobilization of true HSC. A multistep cell isolation procedure has been developed which utilizes high speed flow-cytometric cell sorting and allows the isolation of sufficient numbers of HSC from MPB to permit their use as an hematopoietic graft for clinical transplantation. Hematopoietic stem cells isolated from MPB are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple hematopoietic lineages as shown by their behavior in both in vitro and in vivo assays. Mobilized PB mononuclear cells isolated from cancer patients are frequently contaminated with tumor cells. Using this cell isolation procedure, HSC preparations from patients with multiple myeloma have been created with greatly reduced tumor cell burdens. These CD34+Thy-1+Lin- cells are capable of being stably transduced at high efficiency (32-75%) by co-culture on a cell line producing recombinant retroviruses containing the neomycin-resistant gene. These HSC cell populations are likely ideal targets for hematopoietic cell-based gene therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chemical Discrimination with an Unmodified Graphene Chemical Sensor (2015)

A graphene chemical vapor sensor with an unmodified surface has been fabricated and thoroughly characterized upon exposure to headspace vapor of a variety of solvents and related compounds. The vapor sensor exhibits excellent discrimination toward a variety of chemical compounds. Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed to explore the extent of grouping for each compound and separation between compounds and chemical classes. The prediction accuracy of the sensor is evaluated with linear discrimination analysis, k-nearest neighbor, random forest, and support vector classifiers. The combination of PCA and prediction accuracies demonstrates the discrimination capability of an unmodified graphene chemical vapor sensor. Such a vapor sensor is very attractive for application in small, low-power, robust, and adaptable cross-reactive arrays in electronic noses.
Protective Effect of Nimodipine against Ischemic Neuronal Damage in Rat Hippocampus without Changing Postischemic Cerebral Blood Flow (1990)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective action of nimodipine. Furthermore, the influence of nimodipine on postischemic local CBF (LCBF) was examined. Forebrain ischemia of the rat was performed for 10 min by bilateral carotid clamping, administration of trimethaphan, and blood withdrawal to obtain an MABP of 40 mm Hg. LCBF was measured after 10 min of postischemic recirculation by injecting [14C]iodoantipyrine in saline solution. Nimodipine (0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) was suspended in miglyol oil and applied orally 60 min prior to ischemia. Histological evaluation was performed 7 days after ischemia. Hippocampal neuronal damage was determined as the percentage of necrotic neurons. After preischemic application of nimodipine, neuronal damage was significantly reduced in the hippocampal CA1 subfield. Postischemic LCBF was not affected by treatment with nimodipine. These findings show that nimodipine is able to protect neurons against ischemic damage. The neuroprotective effect of nimodipine was not mediated by a postischemic cerebral vasodilation, but by a direct action on the neurons.
Scientific Basis of Transfusion Medicine: Implications for Clinical Practice (1994)

Erythropoiesis Granulopoiesis Thrombocytopoiesis Hematopoietic Growth Factors The Cellular Immune Response The Humoral Immune Response Complement Transfusion Genetics Red Cell Metabolism and Storage Red Cell Antigens Granulocyte Storage and Metabolism Granulocyte Immunology Platelet Storage and Metabolism Platelet Immunology Biochemistry of Plasma Proteins Hemostasis Fibrinolysis Plasma Proteins Intrauterine Transfusion Neonatal Transfusion Alloimmunization in Neonates Transplantation Immunology Bone Marrow Stem Cells Peripheral Blood Stem Cells Cord Blood Stem Cells Alloimmunization to Blood Group Antigens Red Blood Cell Autoantibodies Platelet Alloimmunization Transfusion Associated Graft-versus Host Disease Transfusion Associated Immunomodulation Microchimerism Epidemiology of Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases Hepatitis Cytomegalovirus Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Principles of Immunoassay Principles of Cell Survival, Kinetics and Imaging Polymerase Chain Reaction and Transfusion-Related Infections Red Cell Substitutes Viral Inactivation of Blood Products Somatic Gene Therapy
Kraft pulp and papermaking properties of Phanerochaete chrysosporium-degraded aspen (1990)

Des copeaux de Populus tremuloides ont ete soumis a l'action du champignon P. chrysosporium pendant 0 a 30 jours. Ils ont ensuite subi une cuisson kraft pendant 1, 2 ou 3 heures avec 12 ou 16% de teneur en alcali. On examine l'effet du pretraitement sur le rendement, l'aptitude au raffinage, la retention d'eau, le volume de sedimentation et les proprietes mecaniques des pâtes.
Evaluation of Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting ATXN3 in SCA3 Mouse Models (2017)

The most common dominantly inherited ataxia, spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the ATXN3 gene that encodes an abnormally long polyglutamine tract in the disease protein, ATXN3. Mice lacking ATXN3 are phenotypically normal; hence, disease gene suppression offers a compelling approach to slow the neurodegenerative cascade in SCA3. Here we tested antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) that target human ATXN3 in two complementary mouse models of SCA3: yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) MJD-Q84.2 (Q84) mice expressing the full-length human ATXN3 gene and cytomegalovirus (CMV) MJD-Q135 (Q135) mice expressing a human ATXN3 cDNA. Intracerebroventricular injection of ASOs resulted in widespread delivery to the most vulnerable brain regions in SCA3. In treated Q84 mice, three of five tested ASOs reduced disease protein levels by >50% in the diencephalon, cerebellum, and cervical spinal cord. Two ASOs also significantly reduced mutant ATXN3 in the mouse forebrain and resulted in no signs of astrogliosis or microgliosis. In Q135 mice expressing a single ATXN3 isoform via a cDNA transgene, ASOs did not result in similar robust ATXN3 silencing. Our results indicate that ASOs targeting full-length human ATXN3 would likely be well tolerated and could lead to a preventative therapy for SCA3.
New SO2 Resistant Mesoporous La—Co—Zr Mixed Oxide Catalysts for Hydrocarbon Oxidation. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
High expression of genes for calcification-regulating proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. (1994)

Calcification is common in atheromatous plaques and may contribute to plaque rupture and subsequent thrombosis. However, little is known about the mechanisms which regulate the calcification process. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry we show that two bone-associated proteins, osteopontin (OP) and matrix Gla protein (MGP), are highly expressed in human atheromatous plaques. High levels of OP mRNA and protein were found in association with necrotic lipid cores and areas of calcification. The predominant cell type in these areas was the macrophage-derived foam cell, although some smooth muscle cells could also be identified. MGP was expressed uniformly by smooth muscle cells in the normal media and at high levels in parts of the atheromatous intima. Highest levels of this matrix-associated protein were found in lipid-rich areas of the plaque. The pattern of expression of these two genes contrasted markedly with that of calponin and SM22 alpha, genes expressed predominantly by differentiated smooth muscle cells and whose expression was generally confined to the media of the vessel. The postulated function of OP and MGP as regulators of calcification in bone and the high levels and colocalization of both in atheromatous plaques suggest they have an important role in plaque pathogenesis and stability.
MicroRNA-Directed Cleavage of HOXB8 mRNA (2004)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous approximately 22-nucleotide RNAs, some of which are known to play important regulatory roles in animals by targeting the messages of protein-coding genes for translational repression. We find that miR-196, a miRNA encoded at three paralogous locations in the A, B, and C mammalian HOX clusters, has extensive, evolutionarily conserved complementarity to messages of HOXB8, HOXC8, and HOXD8. RNA fragments diagnostic of miR-196-directed cleavage of HOXB8 were detected in mouse embryos. Cell culture experiments demonstrated down-regulation of HOXB8, HOXC8, HOXD8, and HOXA7 and supported the cleavage mechanism for miR-196-directed repression of HOXB8. These results point to a miRNA-mediated mechanism for the posttranscriptional restriction of HOX gene expression during vertebrate development and demonstrate that metazoan miRNAs can repress expression of their natural targets through mRNA cleavage in addition to inhibiting productive translation.
The Good and the Bad of Antibiotics (2013)

Bactericidal antibiotics with diverse mechanisms of action induce generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in mammalian cells (Kalghatgi et al., this issue).
Therapeutic Potential of Botulinum Toxin in Neurological Disorders (1992)

Journal Article Therapeutic Potential of Botulinum Toxin in Neurological Disorders Get access CE CLARKE CE CLARKE The General InfirmaryGreat George Street, Leeds LSI 3EX Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, Volume 82, Issue 3, March 1992, Pages 197–205, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a068662 Published: 01 March 1992 Article history Accepted: 25 October 1991 Published: 01 March 1992