gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantification of local and referred muscle pain in humans after sequential i.m. injections of hypertonic saline (1997)

The aim of the present study was to test (1) whether muscle pain is influenced by temporal and spatial summation, and (2) whether sequential noxious muscle stimuli applied at hourly interstimulus-intervals could produce an increased sensation of pain due to central hyperexcitability. In the study eleven healthy men were exposed to computer-controlled intramuscular infusion of saline (5%) given over 20 s in m. tibialis anterior (m. TA). The intensities of local and referred pain were assessed by recordings on visual analogue scales (VAS), and the areas of local pain (around the injection site) and referred pain (outside the local pain area) were localised by the subject. Three experiments were performed. Experiment 1: Each subject participated in three tests separated by one week: (a) bolus (0.4 ml saline) infusion at one site; (b) four sequential infusions (0.1 ml saline) given at 90-s interstimulus-intervals at one site; and (c) four sequential infusions (0.1 ml saline) given at 360-s interstimulus-intervals at one site. Experiment 2: This was performed as experiment 1, but the infusions were given at spatially separated sites. Experiment 3. Hypertonic saline (0.1 ml) was injected one, four and 24 h after the sequential infusions (90-s interstimulus-intervals) given at spatially separated sites. The highest VAS peak and the largest local and referred pain areas were found after the bolus infusions. Compared to the first infusion, significant increases were found in the VAS peak, the size of the local pain area, and the size of the referred pain area (non-significant) after the four sequential infusions given at 90-s interstimulus-intervals (temporal summation). Four spatially separated infusions given simultaneously produced a higher VAS peak, a larger local pain area, and a larger referred pain area (non-significant) compared to one infusion (spatial summation). The infusion given 4 h after the sequential infusions tended to produce an increase in the referred pain area and in the pain intensity. In all three experiments significant correlations were found between the VAS peak and the size of the local (R = 0.64, P < 0.0001, n = 231) and referred (R = 0.47, P < 0.0001, n = 231) pain areas. Based on the above results it can be concluded that experimental muscle pain is influenced by temporal and spatial summation.
Inside the As/400 (1996)

From the Publisher:
Frank Soltis, a worldwide spokesman for the AS/400 and the chief architect of the machine, offers an historical and a technical perspective on the AS/400 that cannot be found anywhere else. New coverage is given of security, data warehousing, and e-commerce.
COX-2 Signaling and Cancer: New Players in Old Arena (2014)

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. The expression of COX-2 and prostaglandins has not only been associated with various types of cancer but is also directly proportional to their aggressiveness including metastasis. Thus, inhibition of COX-2 activity has been one of the preferred targets for cancer reduction. Broad spectrum inhibition of all forms of COX (using NSAIDs) is associated with various side effects ranging from gastric ulceration to renal problems. Even specific COX-2 inhibitors (COXIBs) are associated with side effects like myocardial infarction. Alternative strategies including siRNA technology are also not very victorious due to their off-target associated problems. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of strategies where COX-2 activity may be reduced without inducing any side effects. One of the approaches for designing novel inhibitors may be to target various molecules downstream of COX-2. In this review, we have tried to cover the basic biology of COX-2 and its association with different types of cancer. Various generations of COX-2 inhibitors have been covered with their merits and demerits. Possible exploitation of novel targets like EP receptors, mPGES and various other downstream molecules which can be utilized for a better COX-2 signaling inhibition and thus efficient cancer reduction with minimal side effects has been discussed.
Knockout of the mouse apolipoprotein B gene results in embryonic lethality in homozygotes and protection against diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in heterozygotes. (1995)

Apolipoprotein B is synthesized by the intestine and the liver in mammals, where it serves as the main structural component in the formation of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins, respectively. Apolipoprotein B is also expressed in mammalian fetal membranes. To examine the consequences of apolipoprotein B deficiency in mice, we used gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem cells to generate mice containing an insertional disruption of the 5' region of the apolipoprotein B gene. Mice that were heterozygous for the disrupted apolipoprotein B allele had an approximately 20% reduction in plasma cholesterol levels, markedly reduced plasma concentrations of the pre-beta and beta-migrating lipoproteins, and an approximately 70% reduction in plasma apolipoprotein B levels. When fed a diet rich in fat and cholesterol, heterozygous mice were protected from diet-induced hypercholesterolemia; these mice, which constitute an animal model for hypobetalipoproteinemia, should be useful for studying the effects of decreased apolipoprotein B expression on atherogenesis. The breeding of heterozygous mice yielded no viable homozygous apolipoprotein B knockout mice. Most homozygous embryos were resorbed by midgestation (before gestational day 11.5); several embryos that survived until later in gestation exhibited exencephalus. The embryonic lethal phenotype was rescued by complementation with a human apolipoprotein B transgene--i.e., human apolipoprotein B transgenic mice that were homozygous for the murine apolipoprotein B knockout mutation were viable. Our findings indicate that apolipoprotein B plays an essential role in mouse embryonic development.
Gametes and Fertilization: Maize as a Model System for Experimental Embryogenesis in Flowering Plants. (1993)

The involvement of each of the two sperm cells from a pollen tube in separate fusion events characterizes double fertilization: a process that is illustrated in Figure 1. This process, which initiates the development of both the embryo (via the fusion of sperm and egg) and the endosperm (via the fusion of sperm and central cell), was discovered in angiosperms nearly acentury ago (Nawaschin, 1898; Guignard, 1899; reviewed in Russell, 1992). The application of the transmission electron microscope to the study of flowering plant embryogenesis in the early 1960s by Jensen and coworkers (reviewed in Jensen, 1973, 1974) marked the beginning of great strides that have been made in our understanding of embryogenesis since Maheshwari’s (1950) comprehensive review. Jensen and Fisher (1968,1970) confirmed the cellular nature of sperm cells and noted that sperm cells remain connected after their formation from the generative cell division. Jensen (1973,1974) also showed that the two synergids that typically flank the egg are active, functional cells that play a significant role in the fertilization process. More recent studies, also employing transmission electron microscopy but extending its use to the creation of three-dimensional, computer-generated reconstructions, have led to the concept of the male germ unit, which views the sperm cells and vegetative nucleus as a functional assemblage required for normal gamete transport, recognition, and fusion (see below; Dumas et al., 1984; reviewed in Mogensen, 1992). Because the sperms of a pair are dimorphic in some species, it also became apparent that double fertilization may not be a random event, i.e., that each sperm may be preprogrammed for fusion with either the egg or the central cell (Russell, 1985). Although the process of double fertilization offers unique opportunities for studying gamete interactions and control mechanisms, it also presents special problems not encountered in animals and nonangiospermous plants. A major deterrent to physiological, molecular, and experimental studies of embryogenesis in angiosperms has been the inaccessibility of the gametes. During the past few years, however, it has become possible in some angiosperm species to isolate male and female sex cells in large enough quantities to allow for the initial phases of such analyses.
Three‐component negative‐type photosensitive polyimide precursor based on poly(amic acid), a crosslinker, and a photoacid generator (2004)

Abstract A new negative‐working and alkaline‐developable photosensitive polyimide precursor based on poly(amic acid) (PAA), 4,4′‐methylenebis[2,6‐bis(hydroxymethyl)]phenol (MBHP) as a crosslinker, and a photoacid generator (5‐propylsulfonyloxyimino‐5 H ‐thiophen‐2‐ylidene)‐2‐(methylphenyl)acetonitrile (PTMA) has been developed. PAA was prepared by ring‐opening polymerization of pyromellitic dianhydride with 4,4′‐oxydianiline. The photosensitive polyimide precursor containing PAA (65 wt %), MBHP (25 wt %), and PTMA (10 wt %) showed a clear negative image featuring 10 μm line and space patterns when it was exposed to 436 nm light at 100 mJ·cm −2 , post‐exposure baked at 130 °C for 3 min, followed by developing with a 2.38 wt % aqueous tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution at 25 °C. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 593–599, 2005
Gene Therapy for Cancer: What Have We Done and Where Are We Going? (1997)

Gene-based therapies for cancer in clinical trials include strategies that involve augmentation of immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic approaches. These strategies include ex vivo and in vivo cytokine gene transfer, drug sensitization with genes for prodrug delivery, and the use of drug-resistance genes for bone marrow protection from high-dose chemotherapy. Inactivation of oncogene expression and gene replacement for tumor suppressor genes are among the strategies for targeting the underlying genetic lesions in the cancer cell. A review of clinical trial results to date, primarily in patients with very advanced cancers refractory to conventional treatments, indicates that these treatments can mediate tumor regression with acceptably low toxicity. Vector development remains a critical area for future research. Important areas for future research include modifying viral vectors to reduce toxicity and immunogenicity, increasing the transduction efficiency of nonviral vectors, enhancing vector targeting and specificity, regulating gene expression, and identifying synergies between gene-based agents and other cancer therapeutics.
Studies on uracils. 10. A facile one-pot synthesis of pyrido[2,3-d]- and pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies on uracils. 10. A facile one-pot synthesis of pyrido[2,3-d]- and pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinesPulakjyoti Bhuyan, Romesh Chandra Boruah, and Jagir Singh SandhuCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 2, 568–571Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00289a033https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00289a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views438Altmetric-Citations71LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Model order effects on the transmission zeros of flexible space structures (1992)

This paper proves that the transmission zeros of finite-dimensional models for a flexible structure exhibit precisely the same Rayleigh-Ritz convergence properties as do the poles of such models.
A multimedia query user interface (2002)

The introduction of the new media types, such as video, lead to an overwhelming need to novel techniques and systems that provide an efficient retrieval facility of the voluminous information stored in multimedia databases. Perhaps the most obvious problem in these systems is how to specify queries on wanted multimedia document portions. Previously, we proposed a multimedia query language that describes the multimedia content portion to be retrieved based on the information of the media it contains as well as the temporal and spatial relationships between these media. In this paper, we introduce a visual user interface that could be developed on top of this query language. Our main goal is to define an interface that is easy to understand by users and accomplishes visual interaction in a user-friendly manner.
Subpicometer accuracy laser wavelength sensor using multiplexed Bragg gratings (1997)

Wavelength- and angle-multiplexed holographic Bragg gratings are used as a highly sensitive wavelength sensor. An absolute wavelength accuracy as high as 0.3 pm has been demonstrated with gratings recorded in an Fe-doped LiNbO/sub 3/ photorefractive crystals of dimension of 5/spl times/5/spl times/4 (mm/sup 3/). This technique provides a simple and accurate solution to laser wavelength measurement in applications such as wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) fiber-optic networks, precision interferometry, Doppler spectroscopy, and others.
Adaptive Pulse Shaping of Femtosecond Laser Pulses in Amplitude and Phase through a Single-Mode Fiber by Referring to Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating Patterns (2002)

We numerically demonstrate that adaptive pulse shaping can deliver ultrashort pulses arbitrarily shaped in both amplitude and phase through a single-mode optical fiber. For quick evaluation of the amplitude and phase of shaped pulses during iterative optimization, two-dimensional patterns obtained from frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) measurement are used without pulse reconstruction. By controlling only the spectral phase of the input pulse before the fiber propagation to compensate the group delay dispersion and self-phase modulation, various desired pulse shapes can be generated at the fiber output. However, this scheme is limited to use with moderate peak powers.
Ligand-Receptor-Mediated Drug Delivery: An Emerging Paradigm in Cellular Drug Targeting (2001)

Receptor-mediated cellular events have received major attention in the field of drug/gene delivery in the past few years. These events, which are mediated through the endogenous ligands/epitopes, could be exploited for designing site-specific and target-oriented delivery systems. The past decade has seen the development of endogenous ligands and their mimics of exogenous origins to selectively deliver the contained or immobilized moieties to the cellular interiors using a wide range of cell surface receptors/epitopes. Ligand-mediated active targeting has emerged as a novel paradigm in targeting either vascular compartment (first-order), cellular (second-order), or intracellular (third-order) levels. Most carrier systems or bioconjugates explored so far can be used as cargo units for the site-specific presentation and delivery of various bioactives using biorelevant ligands, including antibodies, polypeptides, oligosaccharides (carbohydrates), viral proteins, fusogenic residues, and molecules of endogenous origin. In this review, we describe various ligand-receptor systems that have been investigated to date for targeted or cellular drug delivery. These include blood carbohydrate (lectin) receptors, Fc receptors, complement receptors, interleukin receptors, lipoprotein receptors, transferin receptors, scavenger receptors, receptors/epitopes expressed on tumor cells, and cell adhesion receptors. The role of receptors as molecular target has opened new opportunities for cellular or intracellular targeting using carrier systems appended with targeting handles (ligands). Research in the field of ligand-receptor-based targeted system is expected to be an armamentarium and the focal point of research in the next millennium.
Epitope mapping of inhibitory antibodies against platelet glycoprotein Ibα reveals interaction between the leucine-rich repeat N-terminal and C-terminal flanking domains of glycoprotein Ibα (2001)

The interaction of von Willebrand factor (vWF) with the platelet receptor glycoprotein Ibalpha (GPIbalpha) is important for platelet adhesion at high shear stress. Two functionally important antigenic areas within GPIbalpha were identified through the characterization of 5 new inhibitory anti-GPIb monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The binding sites of 3 of these anti-GPIb mAbs, which were intercompeting and potently inhibiting shear stress-induced binding of vWF, were mapped within the N-terminal amino acid (aa) 1-59 area by the use of canine-human chimeras. These antibodies, however, had little or no effect (approximately 40% inhibition) on the binding of vWF induced by either botrocetin or ristocetin. On the other hand, the anti-GPIb mAbs 24G10 and 6B4, which blocked GPIb-vWF binding under all conditions examined, bound to 2 different regions of GPIbalpha, aa 1-81 and aa 201-268, respectively. The epitope for 6B4 was further narrowed by phage display revealing 2 sets of peptide sequences aligning within aa 259-262 and aa 230-242. In the latter region of GPIbalpha, the gain-of-function platelet-type von Willebrand disease (PT-vWD) mutations have been identified. Alignment was partially confirmed because the binding of 6B4 to recombinant GPIbalpha fragments carrying either one of the PT-vWD mutations was considerably impaired but not completely abolished. In contrast, mAb 24G10 bound more strongly to mutant PT-vWD GPIbalpha. However, although 24G10 competed with 6B4 for binding to platelets, it bound to an epitope within aa 1-81 of GPIbalpha. In conclusion, 2 functionally important areas within GPIbalpha were identified: one localized within the leucine-rich repeat N-terminal aa 1-59 area and one composed of residues aa 1-81 in close contact with aa 201-268. Moreover, further support is provided for the existence of an intramolecular interaction between the N-terminal flanking (aa 1-81) and C-terminal flanking (aa 201-268) regions. (Blood. 2001;98:652-660)
Iterative network model to predict the behaviourof a Sierpinski fractal network (1998)

A simple, fast, numerical model to predict the input parameters of a network with the topology of the Sierpinski gasket fractal shape is introduced. The usefulness of the model is shown through comparison with experimental results for the SPK90 patch antenna.
VMPlants: Providing and Managing Virtual Machine Execution Environments for Grid Computing (2005)

Virtual machines provide flexible, powerful execution environments for Grid computing, offering isolation and security mechanisms complementary to operating systems, customization and encapsulation of entire application environments, and support for legacy applications. This paper describes a Grid service — VMPlant — that provides for automated configuration and creation of flexible VMs that, once configured to meet application needs, can then subsequently be copied ("cloned") and dynamically instantiated to provide homogeneous execution environments across distributed Grid resources. In combination with complementary middleware for user, data and resource management, the functionality enabled by VMPlant allows for problem-solving environments to deliver Grid applications to users with unprecedented flexibility. VMPlant supports a graph-based model for the definition of customized VM configuration actions; partial graph matching, VM state storage and "cloning" for efficient creation. This paper presents the VMPlant architecture, describes a prototype implementation of the service, and presents an analysis of its performance.
Treatment of a human breast cancer xenograft with an adenovirus vector containing an interferon gene results in rapid regression due to viral oncolysis and gene therapy. (1996)

Treatment of a human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-435) in nude mice with a recombinant adenovirus containing the human interferon (IFN) consensus gene, IFN-con1 (ad5/IFN), resulted in tumor regression in 100% of the animals. Tumor regression occurred when virus was injected either within 24 hr of tumor cell implantation or with established tumors. However, regression of the tumor was also observed in controls in which either the wild-type virus or a recombinant virus containing the luciferase gene was used, although tumor growth was not completely suppressed. Tumor regression was accompanied by a decrease in p53 expression. Two other tumors, the human myelogenous leukemic cell line K562 and the hamster melanoma tumor RPMI 1846, also responded to treatment but only with ad5/IFN. In the case of K562 tumors, there was complete regression of the tumor, and tumors derived from RPMI 1846 showed partial regression. We propose that the complete regression of the breast cancer with the recombinant virus ad5/IFN was the result of two events: viral oncolysis in which tumor cells are being selectively lysed by the replication-competent virus and the enhanced effect of expression of the IFN-con1 gene. K562 and RPMI 1846 tumors regressed only as a result of IFN gene therapy. This was confirmed by in vitro analysis. Our results indicate that a combination of viral oncolysis with a virus of low pathogenicity, itself resistant to the effects of IFN and IFN gene therapy, might be a fruitful approach to the treatment of a variety of different tumors, in particular breast cancers.
Use of Glycosidases to Study Protein Trafficking (1999)

As proteins transit through the cell secretory pathway, modification of their substituent sugar chains occurs in a stepwise fashion. In the course of this processing (maturation) of oligosaccharide chains, the chains acquire sensitivity or resistance to highly specific glycosidases. Thus it is possible to identify processing mileposts by analyzing the general structure of the carbohydrate chains. This unit describes reaction conditions for the family of glycosidases and analysis of the results of digestion reactions.