gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of a β-Adrenergic Agonist to Alter Muscle and Fat Deposition in Lambs1 (1984)

Clenbuterol [benzyl alcohol, 4-amino-α-(t-butylamino)methyl-3,5-dichloro] was tested in a high concentrate diet for its effects on performance and body composition of finishing crossbred wethers in three studies each of 8 wk duration. In Exp. I, administration of clenbuterol at 0, 1, 10 and 100 ppm resulted in feed:gain ratios of 8.13, 7.91, 7.51 (>.05) and 6.73 (different from control P≤.05), respectively, with no change in average daily gain. Dressing percentage, longissimus muscle area (LA) at the 12 th rib and protien content of the hindquarters were increased and fat content decreased by treatment (all P<.01). In Exp. II, clenbuterol was administered at 0, .5, 2 and 10 ppm. Feed efficiency and average daily gain were not affected by treatment. Dressing percentage, LA and protein content of the hindquarters were increased and fat content of the hindquarters decreased by treatment (all P<.01). In Exp. III, treatment with 2 ppm clenbuterol in comparison with control showed 263 vs 212 g for average daily gain, 6.72 vs 8.31 for feed/gain, 57.2 vs 54.6% for dressing percentage and 23.85 vs 16.85 cm2 for LA (all P<.01). These data suggest that treatment with clenbuterol causes a repartitioning of nutrients resulting in improved feed conversion, reduced fat deposition and increased muscle deposition.
Swelling Inhibition by Polyglycols in Montmorillonite Dispersions (2004)

Abstract In this study the inhibition by polyglycols of the swelling of montmorillonite in aqueous solutions was investigated through linear swelling and particle size distribution experiments. With addition of KCl, polyglycol adsorbing on montmorillonite can complex with K+ and promote clay particles aggregation and efficiently decrease the swelling of montmorillonite. The more hydrophobic copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene‐oxide induces greater aggregation than the homopolymer of ethylene oxide.
Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in patients with diabetes and no symptoms of coronary artery disease: comparison of 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy and heart rate variability (2010)

The current study revealed a high prevalence of CAN in patients with type 2 diabetes. Secondly, disagreement between HRV and (123)I-mIBG scintigraphy for the assessment of CAN was observed.
Predictive precharging for bitline leakage energy reduction [microprocessor caches] (2003)

As technology scales down into deep-submicron, leakage energy is becoming a dominant source of energy consumption. Leakage energy is generally proportional to the area of a circuit, and caches constitute a large portion of the processor die area. Therefore, there has been much effort to reduce leakage energy in caches. Most techniques have been targeted at cell leakage energy optimization. Bitline leakage energy also is critical. Thus, we propose a predictive precharging scheme to reduce bitline leakage energy. Results show that energy savings are significant with little performance degradation. Also, our predictive precharging is more beneficial in more aggressively scaled technologies.
Efficacy of 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate in the Prevention of Premature Labor (1975)

We conducted a double-blind study to determine the efficacy of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in preventing premature delivery in 43 high-risk patients. Premature delivery did not occur in 18 patients receiving the progestational agent, whereas 41 per cent of the 22 receiving the palcebo had premature delivery (P less than 0.01). The mean duration of pregnancy and the mean birth weight in the former group (38.6 weeks +/- 1.6 S.D., and 2836 g +/- 412 S.D.) were both significantly greater (P less than 0.025) than that in the latter (35.2 weeks +/- 6.7 S.D.; 2361 g +/- 1085 S.D.). The perinatal mortality rate in the group given the progestational agent (O per cent) was significantly less than that observed in the placebo group (27 per cent) (P less than 0.05). Although there were no complications attributable to the progestational drug, the study population was too small for assessment of immediate or long term safety. However, the results indicate a possible obstetric use for this drug.
Post-CMOS processing for high-aspect-ratio integrated silicon microstructures (2002)

Presents a new fabrication sequence for integrated-silicon microstructures designed and manufactured in a conventional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process. The sequence employs a post-CMOS deep silicon backside etch, which allows fabrication of high aspect ratio (25:1) and flat (greater than 10 mm radius of curvature) MEMS devices with integrated circuitry. A comb-drive resonator, a cantilever beam array and a z-axis accelerometer were fabricated using this process sequence. Electrical isolation of single-crystal silicon was realized by using the undercut of the reactive ion etch (RIE) process. Measured out-of-plane curling across a 120-/spl mu/m-wide 25-/spl mu/m-thick silicon released plate was 0.15 /spl mu/m, which is about ten times smaller than curl of the identical design as a thin-film CMOS microstructure. The z-axis DRIE accelerometer structure is 0.4 mm by 0.5 mm in size and has a 25-/spl mu/m-thick single-crystal silicon proof mass. The measured noise floor is 1 mG//spl radic/Hz, limited by electronic noise. A vertical electrostatic spring "hardening" effect was theoretically predicted and experimentally verified.
Atoh1 induces auditory hair cell recovery in mice after ototoxic injury (2011)

Ad28.gfap.atoh1 promotes hair cell regeneration in cochlea ablated with kanamycin and furosemide resulting in moderate hearing recovery.
The GLY1 Gene of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Encodes a Low‐Specific L‐threonine Aldolase that Catalyzes Cleavage of L‐allo‐Threonine and L‐threonine to Glycine (1997)

The GLY1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for the biosynthesis of glycine for cell growth [McNeil, J. B., McIntosh, E. V., Taylor, B. V., Zhang, F-R., Tang, S. & Bognar, A. L. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 9155-9165], but its gene product has not been identified. We have found that the GLY1 protein is similar in primary structure to L-allo-threonine aldolase of Aeromonas jandiae DK-39, which stereospecifically catalyzes the interconversion of L-allo-threonine and glycine. The GLY1 gene was amplified by PCR, with a designed ribosome-binding site, cloned into pUC118, and expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity, as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme has a molecular mass of about 170 kDa and consists of four subunits identical in molecular mass. The enzyme contains 2 mol pyridoxal 5'-phosphate/4 mol of subunit as a cofactor, and its absorption spectrum exhibits maxima at 280 nm and 420 nm. The enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of not only L-allo-threonine to glycine but also L-threonine. We have termed the enzyme a low-specific L-threonine aldolase to distinguish it from L-allo-threonine aldolase.
Cellular adaptation to mechanical stress: role of integrins, Rho, cytoskeletal tension and mechanosensitive ion channels (2006)

To understand how cells sense and adapt to mechanical stress, we applied tensional forces to magnetic microbeads bound to cell-surface integrin receptors and measured changes in bead displacement with sub-micrometer resolution using optical microscopy. Cells exhibited four types of mechanical responses: (1) an immediate viscoelastic response; (2) early adaptive behavior characterized by pulse-to-pulse attenuation in response to oscillatory forces; (3) later adaptive cell stiffening with sustained (>15 second) static stresses; and (4) a large-scale repositioning response with prolonged (>1 minute) stress. Importantly, these adaptation responses differed biochemically. The immediate and early responses were affected by chemically dissipating cytoskeletal prestress (isometric tension), whereas the later adaptive response was not. The repositioning response was prevented by inhibiting tension through interference with Rho signaling, similar to the case of the immediate and early responses, but it was also prevented by blocking mechanosensitive ion channels or by inhibiting Src tyrosine kinases. All adaptive responses were suppressed by cooling cells to 4 degrees C to slow biochemical remodeling. Thus, cells use multiple mechanisms to sense and respond to static and dynamic changes in the level of mechanical stress applied to integrins.
Clostridium difficileToxin A Carboxyl-Terminus Peptide Lacking ADP-Ribosyltransferase Activity Acts as a Mucosal Adjuvant (2004)

The receptor binding domains of the most potent mucosal adjuvants, bacterial toxins and plant lectins, are organized in repeat units to recognize specific sugar residues. The lectin-like structure of the C-terminal region of Clostridium difficile toxin A prompted us to investigate the mucosal adjuvant properties of a nontoxigenic peptide corresponding to amino acids 2394 to 2706 (TxA(C314)). We compared TxA(C314) adjuvant activity to those of cholera toxin (CT) and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin subunit B (EtxB) coadministered orally or nasotracheally with poor peptide antigens (keyhole limpet hemocyanin [KLH] and hen egg lysozyme [HEL]). Levels of anti-KLH-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA as well as that of mucosal IgA were significantly higher in animals immunized orally with TxA(C314) plus KLH than with KLH alone, CT plus KLH, or EtxB plus KLH. Following intranasal immunization with TxA(C314) plus HEL, levels of serum- and mucosa-specific antibodies were comparable to those induced by coadministering HEL with CT or EtxB. The TxA(C314) adjuvant effect following oral, but not intranasal, immunization was dose dependent. The analysis of the subclasses of anti-KLH-specific IgG isotypes and the cytokines released from splenocytes of immunized mice challenged in vitro with KLH indicates the induction of a mixed Th1/Th2-type immune response, with prevalence of the Th1 branch. We conclude that TxA(C314) enhances immune responses against mucosa-coadministered foreign antigens and represents a promising mucosal adjuvant, especially because its ability to stimulate mixed Th1/Th2 responses with a strong a Th1 component is extremely worthwhile against intracellular pathogens.
Nontarget DNA sequences reduce the transgene length necessary for RNA-mediated tospovirus resistance in transgenic plants (1997)

RNA-mediated virus resistance has recently been shown to be the result of post-transcriptional transgene silencing in transgenic plants. This study was undertaken to characterize the effect of transgene length and nontarget DNA sequences on RNA-mediated tospovirus resistance in transgenic plants. Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants were generated to express different regions of the nucleocapsid (N) protein of tomato spotted wilt (TSWV) tospovirus. Transgenic plants expressing half-gene segments (387-453 bp) of the N gene displayed resistance through post-transcriptional gene silencing. Although smaller N gene segments (92-235 bp) were ineffective in conferring resistance when expressed alone in transgenic plants, these segments conferred resistance when fused to the nontarget green fluorescent protein gene DNA. These results demonstrate that (i) a critical length of N transgene (236-387 bp) is required for a high level of transgene expression and consequent gene silencing, and (ii) the post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism can trans-inactivate the incoming tospovirus genome with homologous transgene segments that are as short as 110 bp. Therefore, the activation of post-transcriptional transgene silencing requires a significantly larger transgene than is required for the trans-inactivation of the incoming viral genome. These results raise the possibility of developing a simple new strategy for engineering multiple virus resistance in transgenic plants.
Reinforcement and backpropagation training for an optical neural network using self-lensing effects (2000)

The optical bench training of an optical feedforward neural network, developed by the authors, is presented. The network uses an optical nonlinear material for neuron processing and a trainable applied optical pattern as the network weights. The nonlinear material, with the applied weight pattern, modulates the phase front of a forward propagating information beam by dynamically altering the index of refraction profile of the material. To verify that the network can be trained in real time, six logic gates were trained using a reinforcement training paradigm. More importantly, to demonstrate optical backpropagation, three gates were trained via optical error backpropagation. The output error is optically backpropagated, detected with a CCD camera, and the weight pattern is updated and stored on a computer. The obtained results lay the ground work for the implementation of multilayer neural networks that are trained using optical error backpropagation and are able to solve more complex problems.
Characterization of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIV SM /Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Vpx Function in Human Myeloid Cells (2008)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2)/simian immunodeficiency virus SIV(SM) Vpx is incorporated into virion particles and is thus present during the early steps of infection, when it has been reported to influence the nuclear import of viral DNA. We recently reported that Vpx promoted the accumulation of full-length viral DNA following the infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). This positive effect was exerted following the infection of DCs with cognate viruses and with retroviruses as divergent as HIV-1, feline immunodeficiency virus, and even murine leukemia virus, leading us to suggest that Vpx counteracted an antiviral restriction present in DCs. Here, we show that Vpx is required, albeit to a different extent, for the infection of all myeloid but not of lymphoid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and monocytoid THP-1 cells that had been induced to differentiate with phorbol esters. The intracellular localization of Vpx was highly heterogeneous and cell type dependent, since Vpx localized differently in HeLa cells and DCs. Despite these differences, no clear correlation between the functionality of Vpx and its intracellular localization could be drawn. As a first insight into its function, we determined that SIV(SM)/HIV-2 and SIV(RCM) Vpx proteins interact with the DCAF1 adaptor of the Cul4-based E3 ubiquitin ligase complex recently described to associate with HIV-1 Vpr and HIV-2 Vpx. However, the functionality of Vpx proteins in the infection of DCs did not strictly correlate with DCAF1 binding, and knockdown experiments failed to reveal a functional role for this association in differentiated THP-1 cells. Lastly, when transferred in the context of a replication-competent viral clone, Vpx was required for replication in DCs.
Co-localization of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3?? (Mip-3??) and Its Receptor, CCR6, Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Cell Invasion (2004)

Co-localization of Mip-3alpha and its CCR6 receptor promotes pancreatic cancer cell invasion of type IV collagen. This finding continues to highlight the importance that inflammation plays in the progression of pancreatic cancer. As the relationship between the inflammatory and neoplastic processes involved with pancreatic cancer becomes better defined, therapies targeting the inflammatory process may help prevent pancreatic cancer invasion and metastasis.
New polymer‐chemical developments in clinical dental polymer materials: Enamel–dentin adhesives and restorative composites (2012)

Abstract In the past 10 years, many new components were synthesized and evaluated for an application in enamel–dentin adhesives and direct composite restoratives. New bisacrylamide cross‐linkers with improved hydrolytic stability and new strongly acidic polymerizable phosphonic acids and dihydrogen phosphates, as well as novel photoinitator systems, in combination with the implementation of novel application devices, have significantly improved the performance of the current enamel–dentin adhesives. The currently used resins for direct composite restoratives are mainly based on methacrylate chemistry to this day. A continuous improvement of the properties of current composites was achieved with the use of new tailor‐made methacrylate cross‐linkers, new additives, and photoinitiators as well as tailor‐made fillers. Nowadays, dental adhesives and methacrylate‐based direct restorative materials have found wide‐spread acceptance. Nevertheless, future developments in the field of dental adhesives and direct composite restoratives will focus on improving durability and biocompatibility as well as the development of materials with a broader application spectrum and of smart adhesives or composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Mobilization of CD34+ cells in elderly patients (≥ 70 years) with multiple myeloma: influence of age, prior therapy, platelet count and mobilization regimen (2003)

The mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells was studied in 984 multiple myeloma patients, including 106 patients aged >/= 70 years. Increasing age correlated inversely with CD34+ yield (P < 0.0001), but also with >/= 12 months of prior standard chemotherapy (P = 0.0001), < 200 x 10(9)/l platelets (P = 0.0006) premobilization and mobilization with growth factors only (P = 0.0001). After controlling for these age covariates, multivariate analysis identified </= 12 months standard therapy and platelet count >/= 200 x 10(9)/l premobilization as favourable variables (both P < 0.0001), while increasing patient age remained an unfavourable factor (P = 0.0009). With both favourable variables, 85% of elderly patients collected >/= 4 x 10(6)/kg CD34+ cells in a median of one collection. The effect of age was incremental with no age threshold showing acceleration in the decline of CD34+ yield. Chemotherapy significantly increased CD34+ yield compared with growth factors only. However, the subgroup of patients with > 12 months prior therapy and premobilization platelet count < 200 x 10(9)/l mobilized as many CD34+ cells with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) alone as with chemotherapy and haematopoietic growth factors. Increasing patient age had no effect on post-transplant neutrophil recovery, but significantly delayed platelet recovery (>/= 50 x 10(9)/l) if < 2 x 10(6)/kg CD34+ cells were infused, but this effect was eliminated completely with infusion of >/= 4 x 10(6)/kg CD34+ cells. Increasing age adversely affected CD34+ yield even with limited premobilization therapy, indicating that early collection is important in elderly patients.
Non-volatile resistive switching for advanced memory applications (2006)

A non-volatile resistive switching mechanism based on trap-related space-charge-limited-conduction (SCLC) is proposed. Excellent memory characteristics have been demonstrated using near-stoichiometric cuprous oxide (Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> O) metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structures: low-power operation, fast switching speed, superior temperature characteristics, and long retention. This MIM memory cell is fully compatible with standard CMOS process. The proposed switching mechanism is a strong contender for high density and low cost memory applications
Robotics as a future and emerging technology biomimetics, cybernetics, and neuro-robotics in european projects (2005)

The evolution of the paradigm of modern biomechatronics and robotics can be seen in two main directions, standing as two extremities of a range of future biomechatronics systems: increasing the performance and miniaturization of the hardware platform and increasing the intelligence of the integrated system. Regarding the first direction, the current challenge is to develop sophisticated machines with a higher level of miniaturization and performance, as they can be inspired by insects. Towards the other extremity, there is research on intelligent and autonomous robots, like humanoids. At intermediate levels, one can envisage the development of machines with a good degree of sophistication and performance and with a moderate degree of intelligence and that are more prone to human supervision and control or even to integration with natural bodies as bionic components. In this article, three projects funded by the European Commission in the 5th Framework Programme, in the Information Society Technology-Future and Emerging Technologies (IST-FET) program, are presented as implementing three levels of this evolution of the biomechatronic paradigm: from the biomimetic wormlike microrobot for endoscopic exploration to a cybernetic hand prosthesis to an anthropomorphic robotic platform implementing learning schemes for sensory-motor coordination in manipulation.
A Novel Fusion Between MOZ and the Nuclear Receptor Coactivator TIF2 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (1998)

Abstract Chromosomal abnormalities of band 8p11 are associated with a distinct subtype of acute myeloid leukemia with French-American-British M4/5 morphology and prominent erythrophagocytosis by the blast cells. This subtype is usually associated with the t(8;16)(p11;p13), a translocation that has recently been shown to result in a fusion between the MOZ and CBP genes. We have cloned the inv(8)(p11q13), an abnormality associated with the same leukemia phenotype, and found a novel fusion between MOZ and the nuclear receptor transcriptional coactivatorTIF2/GRIP-1/NCoA-2. This gene has not previously been implicated in the pathogenesis of leukemia or other malignancies. MOZ-TIF2 retains the histone acetyltransferase homology domains of both proteins and also the CBP binding domain of TIF2. We speculate that the apparently identical leukemia cell phenotype observed in cases with the t(8;16) and the inv(8) arises by recruitment of CBP by MOZ-TIF2, resulting in modulation of the transcriptional activity of target genes by a mechanism involving abnormal histone acetylation.
Aurora Kinases: New Targets for Cancer Therapy (2006)

The Aurora kinase family is a collection of highly related serine/threonine kinases that functions as a key regulator of mitosis. In mammalian cells, Aurora has evolved into three related kinases known as Aurora-A, Aurora-B, and Aurora-C. These kinases are overexpressed in a number of human cancers, and transfection studies have established Aurora-A as a bone fide oncogene. Because Aurora overexpression is associated with malignancy, these kinases have been targeted for cancer therapy. This article reviews the multiple functions of Aurora kinase in the regulation of mitosis and the mitotic checkpoint, the role of abnormal Aurora kinase activity in the development of cancer, the putative mechanisms of Aurora kinase inhibition and its antitumor effects, the development of the first generation of Aurora kinase inhibitors, and prospects for the future of Aurora kinase inhibition in the treatment of cancer.