gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Versatile Approach for Synthesis of 2,3-Dimethyl Chroman-4-ones, Intermediate for Calanolide Anti-HIV Agents,VIAAldol/Mitsunobu Reactions (1996)

Abstract Combined aldol/Mitsunobu reactions have been employed for the first time for synthesis of 2,3-dimethyl chroman-4-ones, intermediates for calanolide anti-HIV agents. Thus, the lithium enolate of chromene 1 reacted with acetaldehyde at -78°C to afford the aldol products 4 and 5. Under Mitsunobu conditions (Ph3P/DEAD), the syn aldol product 4 led to the formation of trans-2,3-dimethyl chroman-4-one 2 while the anti aldol product 5 yielded both trans and cis derivatives (2 and 3). The use of other phosphorous and azo compounds in this reaction has also been investigated.
Inhibiting the effects of cytokines in human diseases. (1995)

In reviewing some of the mechanisms whereby cytokine effects are inhibited or blocked, this chapter has illustrated that the cytokine network is truly self-regulating. Exaggerated effects of particular cytokines in disease processes may be due to unregulated production of proinflammatory cytokines or inadequate production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, cytokine effects may be regulated at the levels of production, protein binding, receptor expression, soluble receptor generation, or receptor binding. Monoclonal antibodies to TNF-alpha, soluble receptors for IL-1 or TNF, and IL-1ra represent four promising approaches for therapeutic intervention in human diseases. As more knowledge is gained about the cytokine network in human diseases, additional avenues for treatment through inhibition of cytokine effects are certain to evolve.
Electrostatic plugging of open-ended magnetic containment systems (1969)

The results of a theoretical study of the use of electrostatic fields to suppress the plasma losses from magnetic cusps or mirrors are reported. Numerical estimates are given for the maximum plasma densities which can be contained. Assuming stability, the use of electrostatic fields, combined with controlled electron and ion beam injection, makes it possible t o generate cusps with a width of 4 ρ e , where ρ e is the electron Larmor radius. With such narrow cusps, densities which are sufficiently high for a fusion reactor can be contained electrostatically. High values of the electric stress tensor (E 2 /8π) are required near the positive electrodes but the magnitude of these values is shown to be appreciably less than the plasma pressure and to be within practical limits. When the electrostatic fields are combined with a non-adiabatic cusp magnetic field, a form of particle beam injection is possible which is orders of magnitude more efficient than existing methods. The main body of the plasma should have a high degree of stability; the only weak regions for stability are in the cusps, where the electrons have been separated from the ions. The conditions in the cusps are greatly different from any model which has been treated by stability theory; the finite dimensions and non-uniformity in both the longitudinal and transverse directions will have stabilizing effects and the resultant stability of the electron cusps is an open question.
Active Care Management Supported by Home Telemonitoring in Veterans With Type 2 Diabetes (2009)

OBJECTIVE We compared the short-term efficacy of home telemonitoring coupled with active medication management by a nurse practitioner with a monthly care coordination telephone call on glycemic control in veterans with type 2 diabetes and entry A1C > or =7.5%. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Veterans who received primary care at the VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System from June 2004 to December 2005, who were taking oral hypoglycemic agents and/or insulin for > or =1 year, and who had A1C > or =7.5% at enrollment were randomly assigned to either active care management with home telemonitoring (ACM+HT group, n = 73) or a monthly care coordination telephone call (CC group, n = 77). Both groups received monthly calls for diabetes education and self-management review. ACM+HT group participants transmitted blood glucose, blood pressure, and weight to a nurse practitioner using the Viterion 100 TeleHealth Monitor; the nurse practitioner adjusted medications for glucose, blood pressure, and lipid control based on established American Diabetes Association targets. Measures were obtained at baseline, 3-month, and 6-month visits. RESULTS Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups, with mean A1C of 9.4% (CC group) and 9.6% (ACM+HT group). Compared with the CC group, the ACM+HT group demonstrated significantly larger decreases in A1C at 3 months (1.7 vs. 0.7%) and 6 months (1.7 vs. 0.8%; P < 0.001 for each), with most improvement occurring by 3 months. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the CC group, the ACM+HT group demonstrated significantly greater reductions in A1C by 3 and 6 months. However, both interventions improved glycemic control in primary care patients with previously inadequate control.
Induction of Robust Cellular and Humoral Virus-Specific Adaptive Immune Responses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Humanized BLT Mice (2009)

The generation of humanized BLT mice by the cotransplantation of human fetal thymus and liver tissues and CD34(+) fetal liver cells into nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice allows for the long-term reconstitution of a functional human immune system, with human T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and monocytes/macrophages repopulating mouse tissues. Here, we show that humanized BLT mice sustained high-level disseminated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, resulting in CD4(+) T-cell depletion and generalized immune activation. Following infection, HIV-specific humoral responses were present in all mice by 3 months, and HIV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses were detected in the majority of mice tested after 9 weeks of infection. Despite robust HIV-specific responses, however, viral loads remained elevated in infected BLT mice, raising the possibility that these responses are dysfunctional. The increased T-cell expression of the negative costimulator PD-1 recently has been postulated to contribute to T-cell dysfunction in chronic HIV infection. As seen in human infection, both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells demonstrated increased PD-1 expression in HIV-infected BLT mice, and PD-1 levels in these cells correlated positively with viral load and inversely with CD4(+) cell levels. The ability of humanized BLT mice to generate both cellular and humoral immune responses to HIV will allow the further investigation of human HIV-specific immune responses in vivo and suggests that these mice are able to provide a platform to assess candidate HIV vaccines and other immunotherapeutic strategies.
Healthy subjects produce both anti-factor VIII and specific anti-idiotypic antibodies. (1994)

Anti-Factor VIII (FVIII) antibodies were prepared by a combination of salt precipitation, gel filtration chromatography, and specific adsorption over insolubilized FVIII from the serum of 10 healthy subjects with normal levels of FVIII. Antibody specificity was confirmed by the capacity to recognize soluble and insolubilized FVIII and to neutralize FVIII cofactor activity in FX activation. Epitope mapping was carried out using a competition ELISA in which affinity-purified human antibodies inhibited the binding of labeled monoclonal antibodies. In most cases, a single region of the A3 domain of the FVIII light chain was recognized by the antibodies, while the reactivity toward heavy chain epitopes differed from one antibody preparation to the other. Sera or IgG fractions of the serum before immunoadsorption over insolubilized FVIII did not bind to FVIII. The IgG fraction that was not retained on the FVIII immunosorbent contained IgG that bound to the variable part of anti-FVIII mouse monoclonal antibodies and inhibited the binding of labeled FVIII; in addition, the IgG fraction inhibited the binding of affinity-purified human antibodies to FVIII, thereby strongly suggesting the presence of anti-idiotypic antibodies. These findings indicate that the presence of anti-FVIII antibodies is a more universal phenomenon than previously thought and that anti-idiotypic antibodies capable of inhibiting the binding of anti-FVIII antibodies to FVIII are produced spontaneously.
Bringing physics to the surface (2008)

This paper explores the intersection of emerging surface technologies, capable of sensing multiple contacts and of-ten shape information, and advanced games physics engines. We define a technique for modeling the data sensed from such surfaces as input within a physics simulation. This affords the user the ability to interact with digital objects in ways analogous to manipulation of real objects. Our technique is capable of modeling both multiple contact points and more sophisticated shape information, such as the entire hand or other physical objects, and of mapping this user input to contact forces due to friction and collisions within the physics simulation. This enables a variety of fine-grained and casual interactions, supporting finger-based, whole-hand, and tangible input. We demonstrate how our technique can be used to add real-world dynamics to interactive surfaces such as a vision-based tabletop, creating a fluid and natural experience. Our approach hides from application developers many of the complexities inherent in using physics engines, allowing the creation of applications without preprogrammed interaction behavior or gesture recognition.
Roles of fimB and fimE in site-specific DNA inversion associated with phase variation of type 1 fimbriae in Escherichia coli (1991)

Evidence obtained with an improved in vivo assay of fimbrial phase variation in Escherichia coli supported a revised understanding of the roles of fimB and fimE in the site-specific DNA rearrangement with which they are associated. A previously proposed model argued that fimB and fimE play antagonistic, unidirectional roles in regulating the orientation of the invertible DNA element located immediately upstream of fimA, the gene encoding the major subunit of type 1 fimbriae. This conclusion, though, is based on an in vivo DNA inversion assay using recombinant plasmid substrates under conditions that, among other things, were incapable of detecting recombination of the fim invertible element from the on to the off orientation. Using a modified system that overcome this and several additional technical problems, we confirmed that fimB acts independently of fimE on the invertible element and that the additional presence of fimE results in the preferential rearrangement of the element to the off orientation. It is now demonstrated that fimE can act in the absence of fimB in this recombination to promote inversion primarily from on to off. In contrast to the previous studies, the effect of fimB on a substrate carrying the invertible element in the on orientation could be examined. It was found that fimB mediates DNA inversion from on to off, as well as from off to on, and that, contrary to prior interpretations, the fimB-associated inversion occurs with only minimal orientational preference to the on phase.
Incidence of Antitachycardia Therapy Suspension Due to Magnet Reversion in Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (2004)

Electromagnetic interference may result in transient or persistent suspension of antitachycardia therapies in ICDs. The incidence of such events has not been assessed so far. Patient charts were retrospectively analyzed for the occurrence of temporary suspension of antitachycardia therapies as it is stored in the Holter of St. Jude Medical or Ventritex ICDs. Follow-up data of 46 patients and 83.7-patient years were analyzed. Overall, 43 episodes of transient ICD inactivation occurred. Twenty-two of these episodes were related to intentional ICD inactivation in the emergency room or during surgery and 12 episodes were related to ICD follow-up. In nine episodes an environmental source of electromagnetic interference is presumed. None of the interactions resulted in persistent ICD inactivation or reprogramming of the devices. The risk for temporary suspension of ICD therapies unrelated to surgery, intentional magnet application in the emergency room, or routine follow-up is 11% per patient and year. Evaluation of its potential sources and the prevalence of ICD inhibition is warranted.
Implications of Proximity Effects for Analog Design (2006)

This paper addresses two significant proximity effects, well proximity and STI stress, as they relate to analog circuit design. Device performance is impacted by layout features located near, but not part of the device. This adds new complexities to analog design. In either case, bias points can shift by 20-30%, causing potentially catastrophic failures in circuits. We show, for the first time, that a MOSFET placed close to a well-edge creates a graded channel
In Vitro Study of the Chemopreventive Effects of Chinese Herbs against Hepatocarcinogenesis (2004)

The chemopreventive effects of seven Chinese herbs against hepatocarcinogenesis were evaluated in vitro. The water extracts from Scutellaria barbata and Hedyotis diffusa among the seven herbs as well as Curcuma zedoaria (positive control), strongly inhibited cell growth of four human hepatoma cell lines; HuH-7 (p53 mutant), PLC/PRF/5 (p53 mutant), HepG2 (p53 wild-type) and Hep3B (p53 null). These two extracts also induced apoptotic cell death of these cell lines, as evaluated by DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation. It is suggested that these Chinese herb extracts might contain active components which are able to induce apoptosis independent of the p53-induced process.
Leaf Disk Transformation Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Expression of Heterologous Genes in Tobacco (2003)

Leaf disk transformation of tobacco is a very simple and robust method. It is used with success in many laboratories. The protocol presented here is a simplified version of that of Horsch et al. (1). Basically, it consists of immersing the leaf disks in a liquid culture of Agrobacterium carrying the chosen transformation vector. The plant tissue and Agrobacterium are then cocultivated on regeneration medium for a period of 2 d at the end of which the leaf disks are transferred to regeneration medium supplemented with an antibiotic to kill the bacteria (cefotaxime), and a selective agent against untransformed plant cells. It takes about 2 mo to obtain rooted plantlets that can be transferred to soil. The protocol presented here works well in our hands with Nicotiana tabacum cultivar “petit havana” mutant SR1 (2) and Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 (3) harboring binary vectors conferring kanamycin resistance (100 mg/L). We have also used pBIB-HYG (4), which confers hygromycin resistance (50 mg/L).
Efficacy of Several Serological Tests and Antigens for Diagnosis of Bovine Brucellosis in the Presence of False-Positive Serological Results Due to Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 (2005)

Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 bears a smooth lipopolysaccharide (S-LPS) of Brucella sp. O-chain A+C/Y epitopic structure and is a cause of false-positive serological reactions (FPSR) in standard tests for cattle brucellosis. Brucella S-LPS, cross-reacting S-LPSs representing several O-chain epitope combinations, Brucella core lipid A epitopes (rough LPS), Brucella abortus S-LPS-derived polysaccharide, native hapten polysaccharide, rough LPS group 3 outer membrane protein complexes, recombinant BP26, and cytosolic proteins were tested in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and precipitation tests to detect cattle brucellosis (sensitivity) and to differentiate it from FPSR (specificity). No single serological test and antigen combination showed 100% sensitivity and specificity simultaneously. Immunoprecipitation tests with native hapten polysaccharide, counterimmunoelectrophoresis with cytosolic proteins, and a chaotropic ELISA with Brucella S-LPS were 100% specific but less sensitive than the Rose Bengal test, complement fixation, and indirect ELISA with Brucella S-LPSs and native hapten or S-LPS-derived polysaccharides. A competitive ELISA with Brucella S-LPS and M84 C/Y-specific monoclonal antibody was not 100% specific and was less sensitive than other tests. ELISA with Brucella suis bv. 2 S-LPS (deficient in C epitopes), Escherichia hermannii S-LPSs [lacking the contiguous alpha-(1-2)-linked perosamine residues characteristic of Y. enterocolitica S-LPS], BP26 recombinant protein, and Brucella cytosolic fractions did not provide adequate sensitivity/specificity ratios. Although no serological test and antigen combination fully resolved the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in the presence of FPSR, some are simple and practical alternatives to the brucellin skin test currently recommended for differential diagnosis.
Estrogen Receptor in a Human Cell Line (MCF-7) from Breast Carcinoma (1973)

Abstract A stable cell line (MCF-7) derived by pleural effusion from a breast cancer patient has been demonstrated to contain significant amounts of 17β-estradiol receptor. This binding protein is specific for 17β-estradiol and has a Kd equal to 2.5 nm, a sedimentation constant of 4.0 S (and 9.2 S), and a mechanism capable of transporting the 17β-estradiol into the nucleus.
Neural networks for sensor management and diagnostics (2003)

The application of neural network technology to control system input signal management and diagnostics is explored. Control systems for critical plants, where operation must not be interrupted for safety reasons, are often configured with redundant sensing, computing, and actuating elements to provide fault tolerance and ensure the required degree of safety. In one such test case, the validation, selection and diagnosis of redundant sensor signals required 40%-50% of the control system hardware and software, while the control algorithms required less than 20% of these resources. Neural networks are investigated to determine if they can reduce the computational requirement and improve the performance of control system input signal management and diagnostics. Four neural networks are investigated to determine if they can reduce the computational requirement and improve the performance of control system input signal management and diagnostics. Four neural networks were trained to perform signal validation and selection of redundant sensors, sensor estimation from the data redundancy among dissimilar sensors, diagnostics, and estimation of unobservable control parameters. The performance of the neural networks are compared against plant models, and the results are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Molecular Recognition of cAMP by an RNA Aptamer (2000)

Two classes of RNA aptamers that bind the second messenger adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP; 1) were isolated from a random-sequence pool using in vitro selection. Class I and class II aptamers are formed by 33- and 31-nucleotide RNAs, respectively, and each is comprised of similar stem-loop and single-stranded structural elements. Class II aptamers, which dominate the final selected RNA population, require divalent cations for complex formation and display a dissociation constant (K(D)) for cAMP of approximately 10 microM. A representative class II aptamer exhibits substantial discrimination against 5'- and 3'-phosphorylated nucleosides such as ATP, 5'-AMP, and 3'-AMP. However, components of cAMP such as adenine and adenosine also are bound, indicating that the adenine moiety is the primary positive determinant of ligand binding. Specificity of cAMP binding appears to be established by hydrogen bonding interactions with the adenine base as well as by steric interactions with groups on the ribose moiety. In addition, the aptamer recognizes 8,5'-O-cycloadenosine (2) but not N(3), 5'-cycloadenosine (3), indicating that this RNA might selectively recognize the anti conformation of the N-glycosidic bond of cAMP.
Azotobacter vinelandii mutS: nucleotide sequence and mutant analysis (1993)

An Azotobacter vinelandii homolog to the Salmonella typhimurium mutS gene was discovered upstream of the fdxA gene. The product of this gene is much more similar to S. typhimurium MutS than either is to the HexA protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae. An A. vinelandii delta mutS mutant strain was shown to have a spontaneous mutation frequency 65-fold greater than that of the wild type.
GRANULES ASSOCIATED WITH THE CHLOROPLAST LAMELLAE OF PORPHYRIDIUM CRUENTUM (1966)

Small granules with a diameter of approximately 350 A are attached to the chloroplast lamellae of the red alga Porphyridium cruentum. To some extent, their size depends on the culture conditions and the age of the cell. It was possible to preserve the granules only with aldehyde prefixation. It can be seen that fixed or negatively stained granules are comprised of smaller subunits. The granules are arranged regularly on the lamellae in repeating rows with a center-to-center granule distance of 400 to 500 A. Attempts at characterization of these chloroplast granules revealed that they are resistant to hydrolysis by ribonuclease and appear to be structurally unaffected by methanol-acetone extraction. Because of their close association with the chloroplast lamellae, they are considered as possible sites of phycobilin concentration. This possibility is supported by two observations: when the phycobilins are removed, the granules disappear; and, when the chlorophyll and stainable membrane portions are selectively removed, the phycobilins and granules are still present. It was found that all other marine red algae examined had granules which were associated with the chloroplast lamellae.
In vivo antitumor effect of an intracellular single‐chain antibody fragment against the E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus 16 (2013)

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated tumors still represent an urgent problem of public health in spite of the efficacy of the prophylactic HPV vaccines. Specific antibodies in single-chain format expressed as intracellular antibodies (intrabodies) are valid tools to counteract the activity of target proteins. We previously showed that the M2SD intrabody, specific for the E7 oncoprotein of HPV16 and expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum of the HPV16-positive SiHa cells, was able to inhibit cell proliferation. Here, we showed by confocal microscopy that M2SD and E7 colocalize in the endoplasmic reticulum of SiHa cells, suggesting that the E7 delocalization mediated by M2SD could account for the anti-proliferative activity of the intrabody. We then tested the M2SD antitumor activity in two mouse models for HPV tumors based respectively on TC-1 and C3 cells. The M2SD intrabody was delivered by retroviral vector to tumor cells before cell injection into C57BL/6 mice. In both models, a marked delay of tumor onset with respect to the controls was observed in all the mice injected with the M2SD-expressing tumor cells and, importantly, a significant percentage of mice remained tumor-free permanently. This is the first in vivo demonstration of the antitumor activity of an intrabody directed towards an HPV oncoprotein. We consider that these results could contribute to the development of new therapeutic molecules based on antibodies in single-chain format, to be employed against the HPV-associated lesions even in combination with other drugs.
The proximal neurovascular plate and the tri‐zonal neural architecture around the prostate gland: importance in the athermal robotic technique of nerve‐sparing prostatectomy (2006)

We have created an anatomical map of neurovascular tissue relevant to robotic prostatectomy. A tri-zonal neural architecture is described which has helped in standardizing the steps of robotic prostatectomy.