gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of active immunization against growth-hormone releasing factor on puberty and reproductive development in gilts. (1999)

Hormones within the somatotropin cascade influence several physiological traits, including growth and reproduction. Active immunization against growth hormone-releasing factor (GRFi) initiated at 3 or 6 mo of age decreased weight gain, increased deposition of fat, and delayed puberty in heifers. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of GRFi on puberty and subsequent ovulation rate in gilts. Crossbred gilts were actively immunized against GRF-(1-29)-(Gly)2-Cys-NH2 conjugated to human serum albumin (GRFi) or against human serum albumin alone (HSAi). In Exp. 1, gilts were immunized against GRF (n = 12) or HSA (n = 12) at 92 +/- 1 d of age. At 191 d of age, antibody titers against GRF were greater (P < .05) in GRFi (55.5 +/- 1.3%) than in HSAi (.4 +/- 2%) gilts. The GRFi decreased (P < .05) BW (86 +/- 3 vs 104 +/- 3 kg) by 181 d of age and increased (P < .05) backfat depth (15.7 +/- .4 vs 14.8 +/- .4 mm) by 130 d of age. At 181 d of age, GRFi reduced the frequency of ST release (1.0 +/- .5 vs 5.0 +/- .5, peaks/24 h; P < .0001) and decreased (P < .01) ST (1.1 +/- .06 vs 1.7 +/- .06 ng/mL), IGF-I (29 +/- 2 vs 107 +/- 2 ng/mL), and insulin concentrations (3.5 +/- .2 vs 6.3 +/- .2 ng/mL). The GRFi decreased (P < .05) feed conversion efficiency but did not alter age at puberty (GRFi = 199 +/- 5 d vs HSAi = 202 +/- 5 d) or ovulation rate after second estrus (GRFi = 10.7 +/- .4 vs HSAi = 11.8 +/- .5). In Exp. 2, gilts were immunized against GRF (n = 35) or HSA (n = 35) at 35 +/- 1 d of age. The GRFi at 35 d of age did not alter the number of surface follicles or uterine weight between 93 and 102 d of age, but GRFi decreased (P < .05) ovarian weight (.41 +/- .08 vs 1.58 +/- .4 g) and uterine length (17.2 +/- 1.1 vs 25.3 +/- 2.3 cm). Immunization against GRF reduced (P < .05) serum IGF-I (GRFi = 50 +/- 4 vs HSAi = 137 +/- 4 ng/mL) and BW (GRFi = 71 +/- 3 vs HSAi = 105 +/- 3 kg) and increased (P < .05) backfat depth (GRFi = .38 +/- .03 vs HSAi = .25 +/- .02 mm/kg). Age at puberty was similar in GRFi and HSAi gilts, but ovulation rate was lower (P < .05) after third estrus in GRFi (11.3 +/- .8) than in HSAi (13.8 +/- .8) gilts. Thus, GRFi at 92 or 35 d of age decreased serum ST, IGF-I, and BW in prepubertal gilts without altering age of puberty. However, GRFi at 35 d of age, but not 92 d of age, decreased ovulation rate. These results indicate that alterations in the somatotropic axis at 1 mo of age can influence reproductive development in pubertal gilts.
SYNTHESIS OF ENANTIOPURE EPOXIDES THROUGH BIOCATALYTIC APPROACHES (1997)

Enantiopure epoxides, as well as their corresponding vicinal diols, are valuable intermediates in fine organic synthesis, in particular for the preparation of biologically active compounds. The necessity of preparing such target molecules in an optically pure form has triggered much research, leading to the emergence of various new methods based on either conventional chemistry or enzymatically catalyzed reactions. In this review, we focus on the biocatalytic approaches, which include direct epoxidation of olefinic double bonds as well as indirect biocatalytic methods, and which allow for the synthesis of these important chiral building blocks in enantiomerically enriched or even enantiopure form.
Developmental changes in rat hepatic casein kinases 1 and 2 (1987)

Cytosolic histone kinase and casein kinase activities varied considerably in the late fetal and postnatal periods of liver development. Both activities showed a maximum at day 21 of gestation and decreased at birth to values close to those of adult rats. The changes in total casein kinase activity were due to variations of casein kinase 1 and casein kinase 2. Similarly the activities of both the cyclic-AMP-dependent protein (histone) kinase and the cyclic-AMP-independent histone kinase varied during development. Besides the changes in total activity, the affinity of casein kinases 1 and 2 for casein also varied in fetal and postnatal development. The Km values of casein kinase 2 increased from day 18, reached a maximum at day 20 of gestation and then started to decrease until one day after birth. In contrast the Km values of casein kinase 1 decreased from day 18, reached its lowest value at day 21 of gestation and attained values similar to those in the adult at the day of birth. Changes in this parameter were also observed when insulin (3 IU/kg) was administered by intraperitoneal injection to one-day-old rats. The Km values of casein kinase 1 decreased while those of casein kinase 2 increased after administration of this hormone. On the other hand, the Km values for ATP of casein kinases 1 and 2 as well as their apparent molecular masses and sensitivity to heparin and GTP did not significantly change during ontogeny of rat liver.
Positive control of a global antioxidant defense regulon activated by superoxide-generating agents in Escherichia coli. (1990)

Escherichia coli responds to superoxide-generating agents by inducing approximately 40 proteins. We have identified a genetic locus, soxR (superoxide response), that positively regulates 9 of these proteins during superoxide stress. Induction under soxR control is at the transcriptional level, as shown with lac fusions to five paraquat-inducible promoters. Members of the soxR regulon include at least three proteins with demonstrable antioxidant roles: Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (which destroys superoxide radicals), endonuclease IV (which repairs radical-induced damages in DNA), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (which produces NADPH). Induction of the soxR regulon also leads to diminished levels of the major outer membrane protein OmpF and alteration of the small-subunit ribosomal protein S6. These latter changes confer resistance to a variety of antibiotics. The soxR regulon may thus operate as an inducible defense against xenobiotics in general.
PD-1 Regulates Self-Reactive CD8+ T Cell Responses to Antigen in Lymph Nodes and Tissues (2007)

Abstract PD-1, an inhibitory receptor expressed on activated lymphocytes, regulates tolerance and autoimmunity. We tested the role of PD-1:PD-1 ligand (PD-L) interactions in cross-presentation and the generation and control of CD8+ responses against self-Ag. Ag-naive PD-1−/− OVA-specific OT-I CD8+ T cells exhibited exacerbated responses to cross-presented Ag in mice expressing soluble OVA under the control of the rat insulin promoter (RIP-ovahigh). Following adoptive transfer into RIP-ovahigh recipients, PD-1−/− OT-I T cells expanded in the pancreatic lymph node. In contrast to wild-type OT-I cells, PD-1−/− OT-I T cells secreted IFN-γ and migrated into the pancreas, ultimately causing diabetes. Loss of PD-1 affected CD8+ cells intrinsically, and did not significantly alter the responses of wild-type OT-I T cells adoptively transferred into the same RIP-ovahigh recipient mouse. PD-1:PD-L interactions also limited CD8+ effector cells, and PD-L1 expression on parenchymal tissues protected against effector OT-I T cell attack. Finally, we found that the loss of PD-1 on effector OT-I cells lowers the threshold for Ag recognition in peripheral tissues. These findings indicate two checkpoints where PD-1 attenuates self-reactive T cell responses: presentation of self-Ag to naive self-reactive T cells by dendritic cells in the draining lymph node and reactivation of pathogenic self-reactive T cells in the target organ.
The genetics of tasting in mice: V. Glycine and cycloheximide (1988)

Summary Glycine tastes both bitter and sweet to mice but there are differences between strains in their ability to detect each taste. With respect to the bitter taste, fifteen strains were classified as tasters and twelve strains as non-tasters. The difference is due to a single gene, Glb (glycine bitterness). Cycloheximide tastes bitter to all mice at a concentration of 8 μM, but strain differences in sensitivity to the taste of cycloheximide can be detected at lower concentrations. The BXD RI strains can be classified into two groups with respect to sensitivity to cycloheximide. This is probably due to the segregation of two alleles of a single gene, Cyx . A comparison of the distribution in RI strains of alleles of four bitterness-tasting genes shows that the loci are all closely linked and are probably in the order Cyx–Qui–Rua–Glb.
Microphysiology of Epileptiform Activity in Human Neocortex (2008)

The authors report the use of dense two-dimensional microelectrode array recordings to characterize fine resolution electrocortical activity ("microEEG") in epileptogenic human cortex. A 16-mm(2) 96 microelectrode array with 400-mum interelectrode spacing was implanted in five patients undergoing invasive EEG monitoring for medically refractory epilepsy. High spatial resolution data from the array were analyzed in conjunction with simultaneously acquired data from standard intracranial electrode grids and strips. microEEG recorded from within the epileptogenic zone demonstrates discharges resembling both interictal epileptiform activity ("microdischarges") and electrographic seizures ("microseizures") but confined to cortical regions as small as 200 microm(2). In two patients, this activity appeared to be involved in the initiation or propagation of electrographic seizures. The authors hypothesize that microdischarges and microseizures are generated by small cortical domains that form the substrate of epileptogenic cortex and play important roles in seizure initiation and propagation.
Chromosomal location of the human tumor necrosis factor receptor genes (1991)

TNFR1 and TNFR2, the genes encoding the two forms of the human tumor necrosis factor receptor, were localized to normal human chromosomes by in situ hybridization and Southern blot analysis of a series of human × mouse hybrid cell lines. TNFR1 maps to 12p13 and TNFR2 maps to 1p36.
Effect of Oral Captopril (SQ 14225) on Intraocular Pressure in Man (1995)

The effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril (SQ 14225) on intraocular pressure (IOP) were studied. Four groups were analyzed: group A, ten control subjects; group B, ten hypertensive patients with normal IOP; group C, ten normotensive patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG); and group D, ten hypertensive patients with POAG. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, pupil diameter, IOP and total outflow facility were recorded at baseline and at 1-h intervals up to 3h after an oral dose of 25 mg captopril or placebo, given in a randomized, double-blind cross-over fashion. The alternative treatment was given a week later. Captopril significantly lowered IOP in all patients, with no effects on heart rate and pupil diameter. Blood pressure changed only in patients with hypertension (groups B and D). Total outflow facility, measured by conventional tonography, increased significantly in all groups. These findings indicate that oral captopril could represent a new antiglaucomatous compound.
Viral oncolysate in the management of malignant melanoma.I. Preparation of the oncolysate and measurement of immunologic responses (1977)

Primary explants of human malignant melanoma were utilized in the preparation of oncolysates by Newcastle disease virus. The concentrated lysate, administered parenterally, was employed in an effort to augment antitumor immunologic responses in patients with metastatic melanoma. Observed cellular changes suggested a benefit, but humoral antibody measurements were not impressive.
Therapeutic Effects of Nitric Oxide Inhibition during Experimental Fecal Peritonitis: Role of Interleukin-10 and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 (1998)

This study demonstrates that the therapeutic effect of a nitric oxide inhibitor in a murine model of fecal peritonitis is mediated in part by increased levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). Female CD1 mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) with a 21-gauge needle and, immediately following surgery, were injected intraperitoneally with saline, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 8 mg/kg), or N(G)-nitro-D-arginine methyl ester (D-NAME; 8 mg/kg). At 96 h after surgery and drug treatment, 20% of mice that received D-NAME had survived whereas 60% of mice that received L-NAME were alive. To elucidate the effect of L-NAME treatment on chemokine and cytokine production during fecal peritonitis, the levels of macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), IL-10, and MCP-1 were measured in peritoneal washings from additional groups of mice 24 h after the CLP surgery. Peritoneal fluids from L-NAME-treated mice contained significantly higher levels of IL-10 and MCP-1 than did those from D-NAME-treated mice. To elucidate the effect of nitric oxide inhibition on potential cellular sources of IL-10 and MCP-1 in the CLP model, cultured alveolar and peritoneal macrophages were activated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide in the presence of L-NAME; these macrophages produced significantly more MCP-1 than did similarly activated macrophages in the presence of D-NAME. In the CLP surgery model, immunoneutralization of IL-10 alone or IL-10 and MCP-1 together with polyclonal antibodies prior to surgery significantly reduced the survival rates in L-NAME-treated groups compared with L-NAME-treated groups that received preimmune serum. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the inhibition of nitric oxide following experimental CLP fecal peritonitis is therapeutic, in part through the modulatory effect of this treatment on the synthesis of IL-10 and MCP-1.
Engineering a synthetic anaerobic respiration for reduction of xylose to xylitol using NADH output of glucose catabolism by Escherichia coli AI21 (2016)

Increasing reducing power (NADH equivalent) output per glucose catabolized was achieved by anaerobic expression of both the pdh operon (pyruvate dehydrogenase) and the sdhCDAB-sucABCD operon, resulting in a strain capable of generating 10 NADH equivalent per glucose under anaerobic condition. The new E. coli strain AI21 (pAI02) achieved an actual 96 % conversion of xylose to xylitol (via synthetic respiration), and 6 xylitol (from xylose) per glucose catabolized (YRPG = 6, the highest known value). This strategy can be used to engineer microbial strains for the production of other reduced products from redox neutral sugars using glucose as a source of reducing power.
Interfering with interferons: Hepatitis C virus counters innate immunity (2005)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has evolved highly successful mechanisms for evading host immune responses. Approximately 3% of the global population is infected with HCV, and it is estimated that only one of five newly infected individuals will mount an immune response sufficient to clear infection (1). Chronic HCV infection leads to degenerative liver disease culminating in cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (2). Failure of host immunity is at least partially due to the ability of HCV to antagonize both the production of and signaling through type I IFNs. Host cells characteristically initiate IFN synthesis by recognizing a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). In the case of viral infection, dsRNA is often produced as a byproduct of virus replication and can be detected by at least two distinct PAMP receptors. Extracellular dsRNA recognition occurs through Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), whereas intracellular dsRNA is detected by retinoic-acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) (3, 4). However, these responses fail during HCV infection. Until now, the precise mechanisms by which HCV thwarts the immune response have remained a mystery. In this issue of PNAS, Li et al. (5) demonstrate that the NS3/4A protease of HCV eliminates the IFN response by targeting a newly identified antiviral protein, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS; also named VISA, IPS-1, and CARDIF), which functions downstream of RIG-I, and thus explain one means by which HCV can establish a chronic infection (5).

Type I IFNs, which consist of IFN-α and -β, provide a “front line” of defense against invading viruses. Recently, progress has been made in understanding the events leading to type I IFN synthesis. RIG-I is a cytosolic …
Adaptive arrays (1976)

A method for adaptively optimizing the signal-to-noise ratio of an array antenna is presented. Optimum element weights are derived for a prescribed environment and a given signal direction. The derivation is extended to the optimization of a "generalized" signal-to-noise ratio which permits specification of preferred weights for the normal quiescent environment. The relation of the adaptive array to sidelobe cancellation is shown, and a real-time adaptive implementation is discussed. For illustration, the performance of an adaptive linear array is presented for various jammer configurations.
PCR Clamping (2000)

An efficient, PCR based method for the selective amplification of DNA target sequences that differs by a single base pair is described. The method utilises the high affinity and specificity of PNA for their complementary nucleic acids and that PNA cannot function as primers for DNA polymerases.
Adaptive multicarrier modulation: a convenient framework for time-frequency processing in wireless communications (2000)

A historical perspective of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is given with reference to its literature. Its advantages and disadvantages are reviewed, and its performance is characterized over highly dispersive channels. The effects of both time- and frequency-domain synchronization errors are quantified, and a range of solutions proposed in the recent literature are reviewed. One of the main objectives of this review is to highlight the recent thinking behind adaptive bit allocation and turbo coding in the context of OFDM. This paper concludes with a wide-ranging throughput comparison of the schemes discussed herein under the unified constraint of a fixed target bit error rate of 10/sup -4/.
Requirement of the Inositol Trisphosphate Receptor for Activation of Store-Operated Ca 2+ Channels (2000)

The coupling mechanism between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium ion (Ca2+) stores and plasma membrane (PM) store-operated channels (SOCs) is crucial to Ca2+ signaling but has eluded detection. SOCs may be functionally related to the TRP family of receptor-operated channels. Direct comparison of endogenous SOCs with stably expressed TRP3 channels in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells revealed that TRP3 channels differ in being store independent. However, condensed cortical F-actin prevented activation of both SOC and TRP3 channels, which suggests that ER-PM interactions underlie coupling of both channels. A cell-permeant inhibitor of inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) function, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, prevented both receptor-induced TRP3 activation and store-induced SOC activation. It is concluded that InsP3Rs mediate both SOC and TRP channel opening and that the InsP3R is essential for maintaining coupling between store emptying and physiological activation of SOCs.
Multiplex Detection of Protease Activity with Quantum Dot Nanosensors Prepared by Intein-Mediated Specific Bioconjugation (2008)

We report here a protease sensing nanoplatform based on semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (QD-BRET) to detect the protease activity in complex biological samples. These nanosensors consist of bioluminescent proteins as the BRET donor, quantum dots as the BRET acceptor, and protease substrates sandwiched between the two as a sensing group. An intein-mediated conjugation strategy was developed for site-specific conjugation of proteins to QDs in preparing these QD nanosensors. In this traceless ligation, the intein itself is spliced out and excluded from the final conjugation product. With this method, we have synthesized a series of QD nanosensors for highly sensitive detection of an important class of protease matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. We demonstrated that these nanosensors can detect the MMP activity in buffers and in mouse serum with the sensitivity to a few nanograms per milliliter and secreted proteases by tumor cells. The suitability of these nanosensors for a multiplex protease assay has also been shown.
The human homolog T of the mouse T(Brachyury) gene; gene structure, cDNA sequence, and assignment to chromosome 6q27. (1996)

We have cloned the human gene encoding the transcription factor T. T protein is vital for the formation of posterior mesoderm and axial development in all vertebrates. Brachyury mutant mice, which lack T protein, die in utero with abnormal notochord, posterior somites, and allantois. We have identified human T genomic clones and derived the mRNA sequence and gene structure. There is 91% amino acid identity between human and mouse T proteins overall and complete identity across 77 amino acids of the T-box motif within the DNA-binding domain. Human T expression is very similar to that found for T in other vertebrate species and is confined to cells derived from the notochord. The human T gene maps to chromosome 6q27 and is only the second human member of the T-box gene family to be described.
Structure of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 5 (2004)

Adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) requires sialic acid on host cells to bind and infect. Other parvoviruses, including Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV), canine parvovirus (CPV), minute virus of mice, and bovine parvovirus, also bind sialic acid. Hence, structural homology may explain this functional homology. The amino acids required for CPV sialic acid binding map to a site at the icosahedral twofold axes of the capsid. In contrast to AAV5, AAV2 does not bind sialic acid, but rather binds heparan sulfate proteoglycans at its threefold axes of symmetry. To explore the structure-function relationships among parvoviruses with respect to cell receptor attachment, we determined the structure of AAV5 by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and image reconstruction at a resolution of 16 A. Surface features common to some parvoviruses, namely depressions encircling the fivefold axes and protrusions at or surrounding the threefold axes, are preserved in the AAV5 capsid. However, even though there were some similarities, a comparison of the AAV5 structure with those of ADV and CPV failed to reveal a feature which could account for the sialic acid binding phenotype common to all three viruses. In contrast, the overall surface topologies of AAV5 and AAV2 are similar. A pseudo-atomic model generated for AAV5 based on the crystal structure of AAV2 and constrained by the AAV5 cryo-EM envelope revealed differences only in surface loop regions. Surprisingly, the surface topologies of AAV5 and AAV2 are remarkably similar to that of ADV despite only exhibiting approximately 20% identity in amino acid sequences. Thus, capsid surface features are shared among parvoviruses and may not be unique to their replication phenotypes, i.e., whether they require a helper or are autonomous. Furthermore, specific surface features alone do not explain the variability in carbohydrate requirements for host cell receptor interactions among parvoviruses.
Tracking players and estimation of the 3D position of a ball in soccer games (2002)

In soccer games, understanding the movement of players and the ball is essential for the analysis of matches or tactics. In this paper, we present a system to track the players and ball and to estimate their positions from video images. Our system tracks the players by extracting their shirt and pants regions and can cope with the posture change and occlusion by considering their colors, positions, and velocities in the image. The system extracts ball candidates by using the color and motion information, and determines the ball among them based on motion continuity. To determine the player who is holding the ball, the position of players on the field and the 3D position of the ball are estimated. The ball position is estimated by fitting a physical model of movement in 3D space to the observed ball trajectory. Experimental results on real image sequences show the effectiveness of the system.