gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Expert Consensus Guideline Series: Medication Treatment of Bipolar Disorder 2000. (2000)

The experts reached high levels of consensus on key steps in treating bipolar disorder despite obvious gaps in high-quality data. To evaluate many of the treatment options in this survey, the experts had to extrapolate beyond controlled data; however, their recommendations are generally conservative. Experts reserve strongest support for initial strategies and individual medications for which there are high-quality research data, or for which there are longstanding patterns of clinical usage. Within the limits of expert opinion and with the understanding that new research data may take precedence, these guidelines provide clear pathways for addressing common clinical questions in a manner that can be used to inform clinicians and educate patients regarding the relative merits of a variety of interventions.
Inhibition of relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL mice by feeding the immunodominant PLP139-151 peptide (1996)

Peripheral antigen-specific tolerance can be induced by feeding protein antigens. The mechanism has been described as either clonal anergy/deletion or induction of antigen-specific regulatory cells that produce transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). These two mechanisms have been linked to the magnitude and frequency of the dose of antigen fed; a single high dose induces anergy/deletion, whereas multiple low doses of antigen induce TGF-beta-secreting regulatory cells. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms of feeding soluble peptides of proteolipid protein (PLP) for prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by either intact PLP or the immunodominant PLP139-151 peptide. Feeding PLP139-151 prevented acute and relapsing EAE induced by either PLP139-151 or intact PLP. PLP139-151 feeding induced anergy in the T helper 1 (Th1) population as measured by an inhibition of both proliferation and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) production was increased, but increased TGF-beta production was not observed. Importantly, PLP139-151 feeding induced anergy in peripheral and central nervous system (CNS)-in-filtrating T cells. Feeding of the subdominant PLP epitope (PLP178-191) failed to inhibit EAE induced by PLP139-151; therefore, oral tolerance was not due to induction of bystander suppression. These results demonstrate that both acute and relapsing paralysis in EAE can be prevented by feeding the immunodominant peptide of PLP.
Electric Fields of the Brain (2006)

This text is the second edition of this book. It expands the widely acclaimed 1981 book, filling more gaps between EEG and the physical sciences. EEG opens a “window on the mind” by finding new connections between psychology and physiology. Topics include synaptic sources, electrode placement, choice of reference, volume conduction, power and coherence, projection of scalp potentials to dura surface, dynamic signatures of conscious experience, and neural networks immersed in global fields of synaptic action.
Image data compression: A review (1981)

With the continuing growth of modern communications technology, demand for image transmission and storage is increasing rapidly. Advances in computer technology for mass storage and digital processing have paved the way for implementing advanced data compression techniques to improve the efficiency of transmission and storage of images. In this paper a large variety of algorithms for image data compression are considered. Starting with simple techniques of sampling and pulse code modulation (PCM), state of the art algorithms for two-dimensional data transmission are reviewed. Topics covered include differential PCM (DPCM) and predictive coding, transform coding, hybrid coding, interframe coding, adaptive techniques, and applications. Effects of channel errors and other miscellaneous related topics are also considered. While most of the examples and image models have been specialized for visual images, the techniques discussed here could be easily adapted more generally for multidimensional data compression. Our emphasis here is on fundamentals of the various techniques. A comprehensive bibliography with comments is included for a reader interested in further details of the theoretical and experimental results discussed here.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the tetracyclines including glycylcyclines (2006)

The pharmacokinetics of tetracyclines and glycylcyclines are described in three groups. Group 1, the oldest group, represented by tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, demeclocycline, lymecycline, methacycline and rolitetracycline is characterized by poor absorption after food. Group 2, represented by doxycycline and minocycline, is more reliably absorbed orally, while group 3, represented by the glycylcycline tigecycline, is injectable only, with an improved antibacterial spectrum compared with the tetracyclines. Though incompletely understood, the pharmacodynamic properties of the tetracyclines and glycylcyclines are summarized.
Tourism and Economic Growth Malaysia: Evidence from Tourist Arrivals from ASEAN-5 Countries (2012)

This paper examined the causal relationship between tourism and economic growth in Malaysia by using panel time-series approach. Results from the panel cointegration analysis suggest the existence of cointegration between international tourism receipts and real economic growth.Results of the panel causality test based on the error correction model show Granger causality running from international tourism receipts to real economic growth indicating the existence of both short- and long-run relationship between the two.The results provide evidence of the significance contribution of tourism industry to Malaysia's economic growth justifying the necessity of public intervention in providing tourism infrastructure and facilities.
Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunction Among Newer Antidepressants (2002)

Ours is the first study to assess sexual dysfunction across the newer antidepressants using consistent methodology and a validated rating scale. Overall, SSRIs and venlafaxine XR were associated with higher rates of sexual dysfunction than bupropion or nefazodone. Because antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction is considerably underestimated by physicians, greater recognition and education are imperative when prescribing antidepressant treatment.
[Combined effects of lead and ethanol on rat sperms]. (2000)

In order to study the combined effects of lead and ethanol on rat sperm, 54 male rats were divided into 9 groups randomly. One group was given distilled water as control, and the others (A-H) groups were given lead and ethanol at the concentrations of lead 11 mg/kgBW and lead 22 mg/kgBW, ethanol 0.9 g/kgBW, ethanol 1.8 g/kgBW, lead 11 mg/kgBW + ethanol 0.9 g/kgBW, lead 11 mg/kgBW + ethanol 1.8 g/kgBW, lead 22 mg/kgBW + ethanol 0.9 g/kgBW, lead 22 mg/kgBW + ethanol 1.8 g/kgBW in stomachs respectively for four weeks. The rats were sacrificed by the end of the fourth week. Epididymis were isolated and examined for sperm motility, counts and morphology. The results showed that the spermatozoa motility as well as spermatozoa count was lower; the spermatozoa morphological changed and blood lead level and ratio of epididymis to weight were higher in all combined experimental groups than those in groups with lead or ethanol alone. ANOVA analysis indicated that there were interaction between lead and ethanol on above indices (P < 0.05 P < 0.01). The multiple linear regression showed that there was linear correlation between blood lead and spermatozoa motility, spermatozoa morphological change. It is concluded that there were notable combined effects of lead and ethanol on semen quality in male rats.
Preparation, modification and characterisation of selective zeolite based catalysts for petrochemical applications (2015)

Use of zeolite based catalysts for important petrochemical reactions was investigated. Specific reactions studied included dialkylation of naphthalene over HY zeolite, dehydration of methanol over ZSM-5 zeolite and hydrogenation of naphthalene over Ni/HY and Co/ZSM-5 zeolite. For each reaction, the catalysts were characterised by XRF, XRD, N2 adsorption–desorption and alkylamine-TPD, TPR and TGA. &#13;\nThe dialkylation of naphthalene with isopropanol was carried out over HY zeolite. The effect of reaction conditions on conversion and product distribution was studied and optimum conditions were proposed. Modification of HY zeolite was performed using transition metals (e.g. Fe3+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Cu2+). The experimental results indicate that the selectivity to 2,6-DIPN is in the order of Fe–HY &gt; Ni–HY &gt; Cu–HY &gt; Co–HY &gt; HY. &#13;\nDehydration of methanol to light olefins was studied using ZSM-5 zeolite. The effects of reaction conditions as well as the effect of zeolite/support ratio on the methanol conversion were studied. Use of γ-alumina improved the catalyst selectivity to propene and light olefins. Modification of zeolite by phosphorus, Cs, Ca and Fe increased the shape selectivity to light olefins. Cs/ZSM-5 zeolite had the highest selectivity to light olefins. &#13;\nHydrogenation of naphthalene over Co/ZSM-5, Ni/HY, Co/Silica and a commercial catalyst were studied. Ni/HY exhibited higher activity, longer life time and better selectivity to tetralin. Co/Silica catalyst showed high conversion during the first hour of the reaction, however, it decreased significantly after that time as a result of coke deposition.&#13;\n
Dissociation of I Domain and Global Conformational Changes in LFA-1:  Refinement of Small Molecule-I Domain Structure−Activity Relationships (2005)

LFA-1 (alphalbeta2) is constitutively expressed on leukocytes, but its activity is rapidly regulated. This rapid activation has been proposed to be associated with conformation changes in the inserted ("I") domain within the headpiece of LFA-1 as well as conversion of the molecules from bent to extended forms. To study these molecular changes as they relate to affinity regulation of LFA-1, we developed and synthesized a fluorescent derivative of BIRT-377 [Kelly et al. (2001) J. Immunol.] to examine changes in LFA-1 affinity in a flow cytometer with live cells. BIRT-377 binds to the ligand-binding or "I" domain of LFA-1. Structure-activity relationships studies indicated that an aminoalkyl group could be added to the central hydantoin group without significantly affecting binding. Using this modified derivative [1-(N-fluoresceinylthioureidobutyl)-[5R]-(4-bromobenzyl)-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione (FBABIRT)], we analyzed the affinity of FBABIRT binding to LFA-1 on live cells. The binding affinity increases, and the dissociation rate decreases with divalent cation (Mn(2+)) stimulation. We then used FBABIRT with fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) to show that LFA-1 changes its height relative to the cell surface when cells were treated with dithiothreitol (DTT) but not Mn(2+). Competition assays among FBABIRT and BIRT derivatives defined structure-affinity relationships that refine the current model of BIRT-377 binding to the I domain. Our data supports the model in which BIRT-377 binds to the I domain and stabilizes the bent structure of LFA-1, while divalent cation activation results in a small conformational change in the I domain without significant extension of LFA-1. DTT, in contrast, induces a conversion to the extended form of LFA-1 in the presence of BIRT-377 on live cells. The structure-activity studies suggest that BIRT-377 is a fully optimized inhibitor.
Mutations in the Gene Encoding Starch Synthase II Profoundly Alter Amylopectin Structure in Pea Embryos (1998)

Josephine Craig, James R. Lloyd, Kim Tomlinson, Lorraine Barber, Anne Edwards, Trevor L. Wang, Cathie Martin, Cliff L. Hedley, Alison M. Smith, Mutations in the Gene Encoding Starch Synthase II Profoundly Alter Amylopectin Structure in Pea Embryos, The Plant Cell, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Mar., 1998), pp. 413-426
Particulate Bioglass Compared With Hydroxyapatite as a Bone Graft Substitute (1997)

Bioactive ceramics, notably hydroxyapatite, have been used clinically in various situations in which bone augmentation and restoration are required. Particulate material has been used either alone or in conjunction with freeze dried or autologous bone, with variable clinical success. In this study a bioactive glass, 45S5 Bioglass, has been compared with hydroxyapatite in an animal model to discover whether the 2 major disadvantages of hydroxyapatite may be overcome. These are the difficulty of placing and retaining the particulate in the defect and the length of time needed before full bony restoration is achieved. Bioglass is shown to be easy to manipulate and hemostatic and allows full restoration of bone in 2 weeks, rather than the 12 weeks needed for the particulate hydroxyapatite to produce a comparable response. The Bioglass particulate is used up in the process, and any problems that may be associated with the production of a composite of bone and biomaterial are avoided in the fully restored bone. In any procedure that requires bony augmentation, this rapid response to Bioglass is expected to provide a clinical advantage.
Telomerase activity: a marker to distinguish follicular thyroid adenoma from carcinoma. (1997)

The inability to distinguish microinvasive follicular thyroid cancer from benign follicular tumors preoperatively presents an important surgical dilemma. We examined 44 follicular tumors and found telomerase activity in all 11 follicular carcinomas and in 8 of 33 benign follicular tumors. It was undetectable in 22 normal thyroid tissues adjacent to the tumors. Telomerase activity may thus provide a diagnostic marker distinguishing benign from malignant follicular thyroid tumors. The ability to identify invasive follicular thyroid tumors could avert over 14,000 thyroidectomies annually in the United States, thereby significantly decreasing morbidity and health care costs.
Roles And Responsibilities In Team Projects (2005)

What roles assure that a student learns from a team project? This paper discusses student roles of (1) ready learner, (2) coachee, (3) contributor, (4) team member, and (5) academic scholar. Students can gain real world experience from a team project with a practitioner “client.” But team projects can be flawed with ambiguous activities and free-riding students. A shift from the role of passive student to the active roles discussed in this paper can improve the team project learning experience. This paper also presents a model that apportions responsibilities to the teacher, students, and clients for team project tasks. Clear responsibilities can prepare students for their active roles in a team project. A well-defined project process can minimize the ambiguity inherent in real-world projects, and help the teacher maintain his or her course workload at a manageable level. The project steps are (1) set learning goals, (2) engage a client, (3) set project objectives, (4) implementation, (5) report results, and (6) assess performance.
Effects of High Phosphorus Concentration on Diffusion into Silicon (1968)

Phosphorus diffusion into silicon has been explored near and above the solubility limit by radiochemical profiling and compared with crystal damage by x‐ray diffraction microscopy and Sirtl etch techniques. An apparent diffusion retardation has been found for very high source concentrations that results in a shallowed junction penetration for certain higher surface concentrations. The retardation phenomenon occurs over a narrow range of surface concentrations, within which diffused junctions are nonuniform, or ragged. This effect can be correlated with large amounts of crystal disorder inside the diffused area and dislocation loops outside at the peripheries. These outside loops have been found to degrade transistor gain.
Model building of antibody combining sites. (1995)

The number of high quality crystal structures of antibody fragments available in the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank is rapidly increasing. These structures provide a substantial knowledge base and support model building of novel antibody combining sites. We review some basic principles of antibody structure, describe structure-based modelling procedures, and indicate the strengths and weaknesses of the modelling approach. Applications of antibody models are discussed.
Zone-plate-array lithography in the deep ultraviolet (1998)

We describe initial steps we have taken in the development of zone-plate-array lithography (ZPAL), a proposed new paradigm for sub-100 nm lithography. The optimal implementation of ZPAL would employ an undulator emitting soft x rays of 4.5 nm wavelength. However, we have opted to concentrate initially on the major uncertainties associated with ZPAL: (1) fabrication of a large array of zone plates with a center-to-center spacing accuracy finer than the minimum zone width, (2) multiplexing of input beams to the individual zone plates, and (3) coordination of that multiplexing with precision motion of a substrate stage. We fabricated arrays of pure-phase zone plates suitable for the 193 nm output of an ArF laser, and conducted exposure tests using a modified Michelson configuration for focusing the zone plate array on the substrate. We also show the first example of simplistic writing. We show that the micromirror array manufactured by Texas Instruments, for use in projection displays, has dimensions and switching characteristics close to those needed for an ultimate ZPAL system.
Large‐Scale Synthesis of Organophilic Zirconia Nanoparticles and their Application in Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposites for Efficient Volume Holography (2007)

We present a multigram scale, one-step nonaqueous synthesis route to monodisperse, highly crystalline ZrO(2) nanoparticles. The nanoparticles can be stabilized in nonpolar solvents via a simple functionalization procedure using only minute amounts of organic stabilizers. Their great potential in materials applications is demonstrated by the fabrication of organic-inorganic nanocomposites that can be selectively photopolymerized to inscribe extremely effective and volume holographic gratings with the highest refractive index contrast (n(1) of up to 0.024) achieved so far.
A plug-and-play approach to antibody-based therapeutics via a chemoselective dual click strategy (2015)

Although recent methods for the engineering of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have gone some way to addressing the challenging issues of ADC construction, significant hurdles still remain. There is clear demand for the construction of novel ADC platforms that offer greater stability, homogeneity and flexibility. Here we describe a significant step towards a platform for next-generation antibody-based therapeutics by providing constructs that combine site-specific modification, exceptional versatility and high stability, with retention of antibody binding and structure post-modification. The relevance of the work in a biological context is also demonstrated in a cytotoxicity assay and a cell internalization study with HER2-positive and -negative breast cancer cell lines.
Pre-scaled two-parameter Gauss–Newton image reconstruction to reduce property recovery imbalance (2002)

Gauss-Newton image reconstruction in microwave imaging can be formulated in terms of a single complex quantity, the wave number squared (k2), with the understanding that the relative permittivity and conductivity images can be extracted afterwards through a simple constitutive relationship. However, this approach ignores the fact that the magnitude of the average real and imaginary components can be considerably out of balance depending on the operating frequency and tissue characteristics which can inadvertently imbalance the process in favour of one parameter over the other. In an effort to achieve property recovery which is balanced, we introduce a pre-scaling procedure at the property update stage of the reconstruction. Utilization of this concept in conjunction with our two-step regularization process for both simulation and phantom experiments demonstrates that the penalty term weighting parameters for the optimal mean-squared property errors for the two recovered distributions (relative permittivity and conductivity) together with that yielding the lowest least-squared electric field error coincide only when the scaling is applied. The scheme provides a means for simultaneous optimization of the two permittivity and conductivity images.
Ocular hypotensive mechanism of intravitreally injected brain natriuretic peptide in rabbit. (1996)

Intravitreal injection of BNP into rabbit eyes reduced IOP because of an increase in the outflow facility. Brain natriuretic peptide also increased the concentration of cGMP in the aqueous humor. It is probable that BNP-activated guanylate cyclase induced an upregulation of cGMP in the aqueous humor.
Site of action of a Vero toxin (VT2) from Escherichia coli O157:H7 and of Shiga toxin on eukaryotic ribosomes (1988)

The site of action of a Vero toxin (VT2 or Shiga-like toxin II) from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Shiga toxin from Shigella dysenteriae 1 on eukaryotic ribosomes was studied. Treatment of eukaryotic ribosomes with either toxin caused the release of a fragment of 400 nucleotides from 28S ribosomal RNA when the isolated ribosomal RNA was treated with aniline. Release of this fragment with aniline treatment was accompanied by inhibition of protein synthesis and of elongation-factor-1-dependent aminoacyl-tRNA binding to ribosomes. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the 3'-terminal fragment of 553 nucleotides of 28S rRNA of rat liver 60S ribosomal subunits suggested that an adenine base at position 4324 (A-4324) was absent in toxin-treated 28S rRNA. Further analysis by thin-layer chromatography demonstrated quantitative release of adenine from rat liver ribosomes on treatment with the toxins. These results indicate that both VT2 and Shiga toxin inactivate 60S ribosomal subunits by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond at A-4324 in 28S ribosomal RNA.
Effect of alcohol on tremors (1984)

Intravenous administration of alcohol decreased postural essential tremor but not parkinsonian resting or cerebellar intention tremor. The response to alcohol infusion occurred in all 15 patients studied, whereas only 11 of the 15 had a response to propranolol therapy. Furthermore, the response to ethanol was greater than that due to propranolol.
Head-Up Auditory Displays for Traffic Collision Avoidance System Advisories: A Preliminary Investigation (1993)

The advantage of a head-up auditory display was evaluated in a preliminary experiment designed to measure and compare the acquisition time for capturing visual targets under two auditory conditions: standard one-earpiece presentation and two-earpiece three-dimensional (3D) audio presentation. Twelve commercial airline crews were tested under full mission simulation conditions at the NASA-Ames Man-Vehicle Systems Research Facility advanced concepts flight simulator. Scenario software generated visual targets corresponding to aircraft that would activate a traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) aural advisory; the spatial auditory position was linked to the visual position with 3D audio presentation. Results showed that crew members using a 3D auditory display acquired targets approximately 2.2 s faster than did crew members who used one-earpiece headsets, but there was no significant difference in the number of targets acquired.