gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NULL Convention Logic/sup TM/: a complete and consistent logic for asynchronous digital circuit synthesis (2002)

NULL Convention Logic (NCL) is a symbolically complete logic which expresses process completely in terms of the logic itself and inherently and conveniently expresses asynchronous digital circuits. The traditional form of Boolean logic is not symbolically complete in the sense that it requires the participation of a fundamentally different form of expression, time in the form of the clock, which has to be very carefully coordinated with the logic part of the expression to completely and effectively express a process. We introduce NULL Convention Logic in relation to Boolean logic as a four value logic, and as a three value logic and finally as two value logic quite different from traditional Boolean logic. We then show how systems can be constructed entirely in terms of NULL Convention Logic.
Autosomal Dominant Transmission of Congenital Thyroid Hypoplasia Due to Loss-of-Function Mutation of PAX8 (2001)

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a relatively frequent and potentially severe disease. it is classically subdivided into: 1) thyroid dysgenesis (TD), a defect in the organogenesis of the gland leading to hypoplastic, ectopic, or absent thyroid gland; or 2) thyroid dyshormonogenesis, a defect in one of the biochemical mechanisms responsible for thyroid hormone synthesis. Most cases of TD are sporadic, although familial occurrences have occasionally been described. Recently, several genes have been implicated in a small proportion of TD, but, in the majority of the cases, the etiology remains unknown. PAX8 is a transcription factor involved in thyroid development. So far, three loss-of-function mutations of PAX8 have been described, two in sporadic cases and one in familial thyroid hypoplasia. Here, we describe a novel mutation of PAX8 causing autosomal dominant transmission of CH with thyroid hypoplasia. The mutation consists of the substitution of a tyrosine for cysteine 57 in the paired domain of PAX8. When tested in cotransfection experiments with a thyroid peroxidasse promoter construct, the mutant allele was unable to exert its normal transactivation effect on transcription. Our results give further evidence that, contrary to the situation in knockout mice, haplo-insufficiency of PAX8 is a cause of CH in humans.
Circulating tumor cells: Cancer’s deadly couriers (2014)

Malignant cells in the blood can be a valuable source of information in the fight against cancer. But detecting and isolating them is a technical challenge.
Suppression of the parallel-plate noise in high-speed circuits using a metallic electromagnetic band-gap structure (2003)

A novel approach for the suppression of the parallel-plate noise in high-speed circuits is proposed by utilizing a metallic electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structure. The key idea relies on replacing one of the two solid electric conductor plates with a metallic EBG surface of compact texture. To validate the concept, an EBG surface was fabricated and employed in a number of via-containing parallel-plate test boards. Frequency domain measurements showed a band-gap of about 1.7 GHz around 3.77 GHz. More importantly, suppression of the parallel-plate noise by 65% was achieved based on time domain reflectometry experiments.
Circuit Elements at Optical Frequencies: Nanoinductors, Nanocapacitors, and Nanoresistors (2005)

We present the concept of circuit nanoelements in the optical domain using plasmonic and nonplasmonic nanoparticles. Three basic circuit elements, i.e., nanoinductors, nanocapacitors, and nanoresistors, are discussed in terms of small nanostructures with different material properties. Coupled nanoscale circuits and parallel and series combinations are also envisioned, which may provide road maps for the synthesis of more complex circuits in the IR and visible bands. Ideas for the optical implementation of right-handed and left-handed nanotransmission lines are also forecasted.
Gene transfer into hematopoietic progenitor cells from normal and cyclic hematopoietic dogs using retroviral vectors (1988)

The Moloney murine leukemia retrovirus-derived vector N2 was used to transfer the bacterial NeoR gene (conferring resistance to the neomycin analogue G418) into hematopoietic progenitor cells. Approximately 5% of day seven CFU-GM were resistant to 2,000 micrograms/ml G418, using a supernatant infection protocol in the absence of vector-producing cells. A greater proportion of CFU-GM colonies were recovered relative to uninfected controls as the stringency of selection was diminished. Enzyme activity was detected in drug-resistant colonies, confirming that the resistant colonies obtained after infection with N2 represented cells producing neomycin phosphotransferase. Activity in the CFU-GM colonies approached 50% of that of drug-resistant vector- producing cells on a per cell basis. To test the hypothesis that more rapidly cycling bone marrow cells would be more susceptible to vector infection, we treated progenitor cells obtained from cyclic hematopoietic (CH) dogs with the N2 vector. Despite the increased numbers of hematopoietic progenitor cells obtained from CH dogs, the proportion of G418-resistant CFU-GM did not increase over that obtained with N2-infected normal marrow. These results demonstrate that retroviral vectors can be used to transfer and express exogenous genes in canine hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Collaborative Filtering Recommender Systems Using Tag Information (2008)

Recommender Systems is one of the effective tools to deal with information overload issue. Similar with the explicit rating and other implicit rating behaviors such as purchase behavior, click streams, and browsing history etc., the tagging information implies userpsilas important personal interests and preferences information, which can be used to recommend personalized items to users. This paper is to explore how to utilize tagging information to do personalized recommendations. Based on the distinctive three dimensional relationships among users, tags and items, a new user profiling and similarity measure method is proposed. The experiments suggest that the proposed approach is better than the traditional collaborative filtering recommender systems using only rating data.
Technology of argon plasma coagulation with particular regard to endoscopic applications. (1994)

Argon plasma coagulation is especially suited for thermal coagulation of tissue surfaces, for the haemostasis of surface bleeding and for the devitalisation of defined pathologic tissue layers. The maximum coagulation depth achievable under good control is 3-4 mm. Argon plasma coagulation has been tested successfully and is presently being used clinically in open surgery, especially for the haemostasis of surface bleeding in parenchymal organs. Consequently, the coagulation technique described here is gaining more and more interest in endoscopic surgery. The absence of the adhesion effect between the coagulation electrode and coagulum, of smoke production and of carbonization of the coagulum have played an important role in this development. There are already various applicators available for the endoscopic application of argon plasma coagulation. Their success is an encouragement to further development of this coagulation technique for endoscopic operations.
Mortality Factors in Patients With Acute Stroke (1973)

Although cerebrovascular disease is the third most common cause of death in the United States, there is little information about the actual mechanism of death in patients with an acute, terminal stroke. We have investigated the records of 200 patients who were admitted to the Evanston Hospital with the diagnosis of stroke, died, and had autopsies. Our data show that patients who died within a week after onset presented important differences in the probable causes of death from those who died later. In the latter group, death appeared much more frequently to be due to nonneurologic diseases such as pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and urinary tract infections.
Non-parametric estimation of posterior error probabilities associated with peptides identified by tandem mass spectrometry (2008)

C++ code implementing the method as well as supplementary information is available at http://noble.gs. washington.edu/proj/qvality
Cell cycle: Aetiology of age-associated aneuploidy: a mechanism based on the 'free radical theory of ageing' (1995)

A general model is put forward to explain the mechanism by which age-associated aneuploidies are produced. This is based on the free radical theory of ageing, which assumes a rise in oxidative stress with age. It is proposed that determination of indicators of oxidative stress in oocytes from various sources could be a first step in the testing of this hypothesis.
3D object scaling in integral imaging display by varying the spatial ray sampling rate (2005)

In this paper, we present a method to scale (that is, to enlarge or reduce) three-dimensional integral images of objects. The scaling is achieved by controlling the spatial ray sampling rate of elemental images in the pickup procedure of the object. The sampling is obtained by using a moving array-lenslet technique (MALT) during the recording stage. In the display process, a stationary display lenslet array is used. The lateral and longitudinal magnifications obtained with the proposed method are the same, therefore three-dimensional image distortion can be avoided. To illustrate the feasibility of our method, experiments are performed to magnify a small object in three-dimensional space.
Oral Insulin Delivery in a Physiologic Context: Review (2017)

Insulin remains indispensable to the treatment of diabetes, but its availability in injectable form only has hampered its timely and broader use. The development of an oral insulin remains an ultimate goal to both enhance ease of use, and to provide therapeutic advantages rooted in its direct delivery to the portal vein and liver. By mimicking the physiological path taken by pancreatic insulin, oral insulin is expected to have a distinct effect on the hepatic aspect of carbohydrate metabolism, hepatic insulin resistance, and, at the same time, avoid hyperinsulinemia and minimize the risk of hypoglycemia. With oral insulin approaching late stages of development, the goal of this review is to examine oral insulin in a physiological context and report on recent progress in its development.
Computational and molecular analysis of conserved influenza A virus RNA secondary structures involved in infectious virion production (2016)

As well as encoding viral proteins, genomes of RNA viruses harbor secondary and tertiary RNA structures that have been associated with functions essential for successful replication and propagation. Here, we identified stem-loop structures that are extremely conserved among 1,884 M segment sequences of influenza A virus (IAV) strains from various subtypes and host species using computational and evolutionary methods. These structures were predicted within the 3' and 5' ends of the coding regions of M1 and M2, respectively, where packaging signals have been previously proposed to exist. These signals are thought to be required for the incorporation of a single copy of 8 different negative-strand RNA segments (vRNAs) into an IAV particle. To directly test the functionality of conserved stem-loop structures, we undertook reverse genetic experiments to introduce synonymous mutations designed to disrupt secondary structures predicted at 3 locations and found them to attenuate infectivity of recombinant virus. In one mutant, predicted to disrupt stem loop structure at nucleotide positions 219-240, attenuation was more evident at increased temperature and was accompanied by an increase in the production of defective virus particles. Our results suggest that the conserved secondary structures predicted in the M segment are involved in the production of infectious viral particles during IAV replication.
Redox Potentials of Glutaredoxins and Other Thiol-Disulfide Oxidoreductases of the Thioredoxin Superfamily Determined by Direct Protein-Protein Redox Equilibria (1997)

Glutaredoxins belong to the thioredoxin superfamily of structurally similar thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases catalyzing thiol-disulfide exchange reactions via reversible oxidation of two active-site cysteine residues separated by two amino acids (CX1X2C). Standard state redox potential (E degrees ') values for glutaredoxins are presently unknown, and use of glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) redox buffers for determining E degrees ' resulted in variable levels of GSH-mixed disulfides. To overcome this complication, we have used reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography to separate and quantify the oxidized and reduced forms present in the thiol-disulfide exchange reaction at equilibrium after mixing one oxidized and one reduced protein. This allowed for direct and quantitative pair-wise comparisons of the reducing capacities of the proteins and mutant forms. Equilibrium constants from pair-wise reaction with thioredoxin or its P34H mutant, which have accurately determined E degrees ' values from their redox equilibrium with NADPH catalyzed by thioredoxin reductase, allowed for transformation into standard state values. Using this new procedure, the standard state redox potentials for the Escherichia coli glutaredoxins 1 and 3, which contain identical active site sequences CPYC, were found to be E degrees ' = -233 and -198 mV, respectively. These values were confirmed independently by using the thermodynamic linkage between the stability of the disulfide bond and the stability of the protein to denaturation. Comparison of calculated E degrees ' values from a number of proteins ranging from -270 mV for E. coli Trx to -124 mV for DsbA obtained using this method with those determined using glutathione redox buffers provides independent confirmation of the standard state redox potential of glutathione as -240 mV. Determining redox potentials through direct protein-protein equilibria is of general interest as it overcomes errors in determining redox potentials calculated from large equilibrium constants with the strongly reducing NADPH or by accumulating mixed disulfides with GSH.
Robustness in Geometric Computations* (2001)

Geometric computation software tends to be fragile and fails occasionally. This robustness problem is rooted in the difficulty of making unambiguous decisions about incidence and nonincidence, fundamentally impairing layering the geometry software reliably. Additionally, geometric operations tend to have a large number of special and singular cases, further adding to the difficulty of creating dependable geometric software. We review the problem origins and ways to address it.
Wideband speech and audio coding (1993)

Typical parameters of wideband speech and audio signals, including digitized versions of each, potential applications, and available transmission media, are described. Facts about human auditory perception that are exploited in audio coding and quality measures that play an important role in coder evaluations and designs are reviewed. Techniques for efficient coding of wideband speech and audio signals, with an emphasis on existing standards, are discussed. The audio coding standard developed by the Moving Pictures Expert Group within the International Organization for standardization (ISO/MPEG) is covered in some detail, since it will be used in many application areas, including digital storage, transmission, and broadcasting of audio-only signals and audiovisual applications such as videotelephony, videoconferencing, and TV broadcasting. Ongoing research and standardization work is outlined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Effect of Brood Type on Varroa-Sensitive Hygiene by Worker Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (2008)

Abstract Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) have been selectively bred for varroa-sensitive hygiene (VSH), which is the removal of pupae that are infested by Varroa destructor Anderson &amp; Trueman from capped brood cells. This hygienic behavior is a complex interaction of bees and brood in which brood cells are inspected, and then brood is either removed or recapped. Previous work has shown that VSH bees uncap and remove significantly more varroa-infested worker pupae than nonhygienic bees do, but nothing is known about the reactions of VSH bees to mite-infested drone brood. This study compared the reactions of VSH bees with mite-infested worker and drone brood in a laboratory test and a field test. VSH bees inspected brood cells containing mite-infested pupae of both types of brood, but they removed significantly fewer mite-infested drone pupae than mite-infested worker pupae after 1 wk. This result suggests that mite populations in VSH colonies could increase more rapidly when drone brood is available. Additionally, the percentages of uncapped pupae and uncapped mite-infested pupae were positively correlated to the natural infestation rate of brood after a 24-h exposure, but not after an exposure of 1 wk. This result suggests that the rate of uncapping brood by hygienic bees may depend on the infestation rate, which gradually decreases with longer exposures to bees that remove mite-infested pupae from capped brood.
Pharmacological control of gastric acid secretion. (1993)

Gastric acid produced by the parietal cells has a significant role in a variety of gastrointestinal diseases, such as duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. We address acid production by the parietal cell and the pharmacological means to control gastric acid secretion. The physiology of parietal cell acid secretion is reviewed. The role of acid-suppressive therapy with histamine H2 antagonists and omeprazole in duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, and gastroesophageal reflux disease is discussed. Pharmacology, side-effect profile, and dosage requirements of the histamine H2 antagonists and omeprazole are outlined.
ChemInform Abstract: INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS. III. SYNTHESIS OF JH‐3 ANALOGS SUBSTITUTED IN THE 5‐ OR 7‐POSITION (1978)

Abstract Wittig‐Reaktion von (i)‐Citronellal (i)‐(I) mit dem Phosphoran (II) ergibt ein E/Z‐Gemisch des Dihydropseudojonons (III), das zu 93% aus dem E‐Isomeren besteht.
Synthesis, Light Emission, Nanoaggregation, and Restricted Intramolecular Rotation of 1,1-Substituted 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenylsiloles (2003)

A series of ten 2,3,4,5-tetraphenylsiloles with different 1,1-substituents [XYSi(CPh)(4)] were prepared, and three of these, i.e., 1,1,2,3,4,5-hexaphenylsilole [X = Y = Ph (3)], 1-ethynyl-1,2,3,4,5-pentaphenylsilole [X = Ph, Y = CdropCH (15)], and 1,1-bis(phenylethynyl)-2,3,4,5-tetraphenylsilole [X = Y = CdropCPh (18)], were characterized crystallographically. The ground-and excited-states of the siloles were influenced by the inductive effect of the 1,1-substituents: with an increase in their electronegativity, the absorption and emission spectra of the siloles bathochromically shifted. A simple and reliable TLC-based method was developed for measurement of the solid-state luminescence spectra of the siloles. When molecularly dissolved in common solvents at room temperature, all the siloles were practically nonemissive (''off''). When poor solvents were added, the silole molecules clustered into nanoaggregates, which turned the emission \\
Calorie restriction suppresses subgenomic mink cytopathic focus-forming murine leukemia virus transcription and frequency of genomic expression while impairing lymphoma formation. (1991)

Calorie restriction suppresses mammary proviral mRNA expression and protooncogene activation in breast tumor-prone C3H/Ou mice while inhibiting tumor formation. To determine whether the beneficial effects of chronic energy-intake restriction (CEIR) can be extended to an organ site of retrovirus-induced tumorigenesis where the dynamics of growth and sexual maturity are not paramount as they are in breast tissue, calorie restriction of 40% was imposed on thymic lymphoma-prone AKR mice when 4 weeks old. Recombination between various murine leukemia virus (MuLV) mRNAs, resulting in the generation of an 8.4-kilobase genomic-length transcript with mink cytopathic focus-forming (MCF) characteristics, is considered the proximal retroviral event in AKR lymphomagenesis. Thymic expression of subgenomic MCF MuLV mRNA was uniformly suppressed among 6- and 8-week-old CEIR mice (P less than 0.02). This suppression of MuLV transcription preceded a 25% reduction in the appearance of genomic-length MCF transcripts among CEIR mice and a 28% reduction in cumulative lymphoma mortality. The latency to median tumor incidence was extended greater than 3 months by calorie restriction, and median lifespan was extended approximately 50%. Survival curves for the full-fed and CEIR dietary cohorts were found to be significantly different (P less than 0.0001), with full-fed mice experiencing a 3 times greater risk of lymphoma mortality. These findings extend the known range of pathologic states influenced by CEIR in inbred mice and show that retroviral mechanisms involved in generation of lymphoid malignancy can be significantly impaired by calorie restriction.
Reliability and validity of six systems for the clinical assessment of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (1989)

Six systems for defining and evaluating disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (the Ropes system, the National Institutes of Health [NIH] system, the New York Hospital for Special Surgery system, the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group [BILAG] scale, the University of Toronto SLE Disease Activity Index [SLE-DAI], and the Systemic Lupus Activity Measure [SLAM]) were tested on 25 SLE patients who were selected to represent a range of disease activity. The patients were evaluated independently by 2 physicians on 2 occasions approximately 1 month apart. Differences between patients demonstrated the largest source of variation in scores, accounting for 56-84% of the total variance, depending on the instrument. Differences between physicians (i.e., error) showed the next largest variation, 11-28% of the total variance, and differences between visits made up 5-16% of the total. The BILAG, SLE-DAI, and SLAM had the best inter-visit and inter-rater reliability. Convergent validity was shown by the strong correlations of scores among the different instruments (r = 0.81-0.97). All instruments correlated highly with the physicians' clinical impression of disease but less well with their evaluation of disease severity. The number of American Rheumatism Association criteria for SLE that were met by the patients correlated poorly with the physicians' global evaluation and with the scores of the instruments. The patients' self-reported disease activity scores correlated highly with the physicians' assessments of disease activity (r = 0.85-0.91), and the mean values from self-reports and from physicians' assessments were nearly equal. In contrast, severity scores correlated less well between self-reports and physician assessments (r = 0.49-0.69), and mean self-reported severity values were lower than the means from physicians. The BILAG, SLE-DAI, and SLAM systems appear to have better psychometric properties than the others for clinical research.