gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
LEARNING ARM KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS (1989)

In this review I have discussed how the form of representation used in internal models of the motor apparatus affects how and what a system can learn. Tabular models and structured models have benefits and drawbacks. Structured models incorporate knowledge of the structure of the controlled motor apparatus. If that knowledge is correct, or close to the actual system structure, the structured models will support global generalization and rapid, efficient learning. Tabular models can play an important role in learning to control systems when either the system structure is not known or only known approximately. Tabular models are general and flexible. Techniques for combining these different representations to attain the benefits of both are currently under investigation. In the control of multijoint systems such as the human arm, internal models of the motor apparatus are necessary to interpret performance errors. In the study of movements restricted to one joint, the problem of interpreting performance errors is greatly simplified and often overlooked, as performance errors can usually be related to command corrections by a single gain. When multijoint movements of the same motor systems are examined, however, the complex nature of the control and coordination problems faced by the nervous system become evident, as well as the sophistication of the brain's solutions to these problems. Recent progress in the understanding of adaptive control of eye movements provides a good example of this (Berthoz & Melvill-Jones 1985). Experimental studies of the psychophysics of motor learning can play an important role in bridging the gap between computational theories of how abstract motor systems might learn and physiological exploration of how actual nervous systems implement learning. Quantitative analyses of the patterns of motor learning of biological systems may help distinguish alternative hypotheses about the representations used for motor control and learning. What a system can and cannot learn, the amount of generalization, and the rate of learning give clues as to the underlying performance architecture. It is also important to know the actual performance level of the motor system (Loeb 1983). Different proposed control strategies will be able to attain different performance levels, and the use of simplifying control strategies may be evident in the control and learning performance of motor systems.
<title>Analysis Of Image Field Placement Deviations Of A 5x Microlithographic Reduction Lens</title> (1982)

A simple model of the deviations in position between an ideal grid and a corresponding grid imaged through a photolithographic projection lens is presented. The model describes the dependence within the image field of origin translation, rotation, lens magnification, lens trapezoid, and lens distortion. The model has been used to analyze the image placement behavior of a Zeiss reduction lens mounted in a David Mann wafer stepper. The method of measurement of image field placement deviations relies upon the overlay of optical position verniers. One vernier half is arrayed by step-and-repeat to form an ideal grid in the image plane, while the other vernier half derives from an ideal vernier array in the object plane projected through the reduction lens. Vernier readings then yield placement deviations throughout the image field of the lens. A single reticle is used to generate this data, and its design will be briefly discussed. These measurements have been made utilizing a GCA 4800 DSWtm wafer stepper to construct the ideal grid. The lens evaluated was a Zeiss 10 78 06 5X reduction lens. The results of these measurements are then fit to the model in a least squares fashion. This allows separation of the mechanisms leading to placement deviations and assesses their relative importance. The overall measurement and fitting procedure is capable of detecting changes in the model coefficients which correspond to image field deviations as small as .03pm at the image field edge. Image field deviation values for a single lens will be shown along with the data fit coefficients and residuals. Systematic errors relating to generation of the ideal grid, as well as lens behavior outside the scope of the model will be discussed.
Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis: biological regulation via destruction (2000)

The ubiquitin proteolytic system plays an important role in a broad array of basic cellular processes. Among these are regulation of cell cycle, modulation of the immune and inflammatory responses, control of signal transduction pathways, development and differentiation. These complex processes are controlled via specific degradation of a single or a subset of proteins. Degradation of a protein by the ubiquitin system involves two successive steps, conjugation of multiple moieties of ubiquitin and degradation of the tagged protein by the 26S proteasome. An important question concerns the identity of the mechanisms that underlie the high degree of specificity of the system. Substrate recognition is governed by a large family ubiquitin ligases that recognize the substrates, bind them and catalyze/facilitate their interaction with ubiquitin. BioEssays 22:442—451, 2000. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha by inflammatory granuloma fibroblasts. (1994)

The formation of hepatic granulomas around persistently deposited Schistosoma mansoni eggs leads to parenchymal damage, ongoing fibrosis, and ultimate loss of liver function. In this study, the production of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) by granuloma fibroblasts was examined to establish the potential contribution of intragranuloma fibroblasts to the maintenance of the chronic inflammation. Isolated fibroblasts from dispersed acute infection hepatic granulomas were grown in tissue culture for 3 to 4 weeks and used on the third or fourth passage. We initially surveyed fibroblasts for production of MIP-1 and MCP-1 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) after stimulation with interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor, interferon (IFN)-gamma, IL-4, or IL-10: cytokines found within the granuloma. These studies demonstrated constitutive expression of MCP-1 and differential up-regulation of MIP-1 on cytokine stimulation. Protein expression was then verified by immunohistochemical localization of MIP-1 and MCP-1 in paraformaldehyde-fixed fibroblasts and by direct quantitation of MIP-1 and MCP-1 in culture supernatants by specific ELISAs. These studies demonstrated constitutive expression of MCP-1 in unstimulated and cytokine-stimulated granuloma fibroblasts. In contrast, IL-1 (0.1 to 2.5 ng/ml), IFN-gamma (10 micrograms/ml), and IL-10 (2.5 to 10 ng/ml) were able to induce the significant production of MIP-1 by the granuloma fibroblasts. Interestingly, normal noninflammatory fibroblasts from uninfected mice showed no significant production of MIP-1 or MCP-1 in response to these cytokines. These results suggest that granuloma fibroblasts may be phenotypically altered compared with normal fibroblasts and have a significant role in leukocyte recruitment, granuloma growth, and maintenance of the egg-induced lesion.
C-kit mutations in core binding factor leukemias (2000)

To the editor:

C-kit mutations in core binding factor leukemias

Positivity for CD117(c-kit) expression is present in 80% of acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) cases,[1][1] and has been associated with the expression of CD33, a marker of myeloid precursors, and CD13, a myeloid-associated antigen.[2
Analysis of metal-oxide-based charge generation layers used in stacked organic light-emitting diodes (2010)

We study electron and hole injection in MoO3 charge generation layers (CGLs) commonly used for establishing balanced injection in multilayer stacked organic light-emitting diodes (SOLEDs). A compound CGL consisting of 100-Å-thick MoO3 and Li-doped 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline in a 1:1 molar ratio is demonstrated to have a high electron generation efficiency. Charge injection from the compound CGL is modeled based on a two-step process consisting of tunneling-assisted thermionic emission over an injection barrier of (1.2±0.2) eV and a trap level due to oxygen vacancies at (0.06±0.01) eV above the MoO3 valence band edge. Peak external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of (10.5±0.2)%, (10.1±0.2)%, (8.6±0.2)%, and (8.9±0.2)% are obtained for tris-(phenylpyridine)iridium-based electrophosphorescent OLEDs with indium tin oxide (ITO) anode/CGL cathode, CGL anode/CGL cathode, CGL anode/Al cathode, and ITO anode/Al cathode contacts, respectively. Based on our analysis, a three-element green emitting electrophosphorescent SOLED is demonstrated with a peak forward-viewing EQE=(24.3±1.0)% and a power efficiency of (19±1) lm/W.
Drug-induced sialorrhea (2005)

Only a few drugs can induce drooling (sialorrhea or hypersalivation) to a clinically significant degree. When significant drooling occurs, however, it can pose a vexing management problem. Drooling is either caused by an increase in saliva flow that cannot be compensated for by swallowing, or by impaired swallowing that cannot handle normal or even reduced amounts of saliva. Major medication groups that are clearly associated with drooling are antipsychotics, particularly clozapine, and direct and indirect cholinergic agonists that are used to treat dementia of the Alzheimer type and myasthenia gravis. Drooling is also caused by certain heavy metal toxins (mercury and thallium); from exposure to irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (insecticides and nerve agents); and by a handful of other drugs (e.g., yohimbine, mucosa-irritating antibiotics). The treatment of medication-induced drooling is often only symptomatic and attempts to decrease saliva to amounts that can be swallowed (to prevent "pool and drool"). Most pharmacological approaches reduce cholinergic tone, either systemically (e.g., atropine-related oral anticholinergics) or more locally (e.g., sublingual ipratropium spray); or increase adrenergic tone (e.g., clonidine patch). Recently, botulinum injections into the parotid gland have been used successfully to treat refractory cases.
Production of Galactose Oxidase byGibberella fujikuroi (1981)

Journal Article Production of Galactose Oxidase by Gibberella fujikuroi Get access Kazuo Aisaka, Kazuo Aisaka Tokyo Research Laboratory, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Machida-shi, Tokyo 194, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Osamu Terada Osamu Terada Tokyo Research Laboratory, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Machida-shi, Tokyo 194, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 45, Issue 10, 1 October 1981, Pages 2311–2316, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1981.10864879 Published: 01 October 1981 Article history Received: 16 April 1981 Published: 01 October 1981
An Asymmetric Double Sided Two-Way Ranging for Crystal Offset (2007)

By measuring the time-of-flight (TOF) of ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) signals, the distance between two transceivers can be obtained. A two-way ranging method has been considered because one-way ranging is susceptible to the network synchronization. However offsets between the crystal oscillators in different transceivers can generate frequency errors, which will influence the estimated round trip time of the signals. Temporal errors on the order of nanoseconds will eventually reduce distance errors on the order of decimeters. This paper presents a novel asymmetric double sided two-way ranging method, which enhances the tolerance for crystal offsets compared with the conventional two-way ranging method It also reduces the detection time of the symmetric double sided two-way ranging method by half.
Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor of metallo-proteinase-2 in colorectal carcinoma invasion and metastasis (2005)

The balance between MMP-2 and TIMP-2 plays a crucial role in the process of colorectal carcinoma invasion and metastasis.
Carbon Nanomaterials as Catalysts for Hydrogen Uptake and Release in NaAlH4 (2009)

A synergistic approach involving experiment and first-principles theory not only shows that carbon nanostructures can be used as catalysts for hydrogen uptake and release in complex metal hydrides such as sodium alanate, NaAlH(4), but also provides an unambiguous understanding of how the catalysts work. Here we show that the stability of NaAlH(4) originates with the charge transfer from Na to the AlH(4) moiety, resulting in an ionic bond between Na(+) and AlH(4)(-) and a covalent bond between Al and H. Interaction of NaAlH(4) with an electronegative substrate such as carbon fullerene or nanotube affects the ability of Na to donate its charge to AlH(4), consequently weakening the Al-H bond and causing hydrogen to desorb at lower temperatures as well as facilitating the absorption of H(2) to reverse the dehydrogenation reaction. In addition, based on our experimental observations and theoretical calculations it appears the curvature of the carbon nanostructure plays a role in the catalytic process. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulation further reveals the time evolution of the charge transfer process.
INTRA-ABDOMINAL PRESSURES (1911)

<h3>INTRODUCTION</h3> The subject of intra-abdominal pressure falls naturally under four heads, namely: Pressure on solid viscera (liver, kidney, spleen), which cannot be other than that existing in the free peritoneal cavity. Pressures within hollow viscera; which have been fairly established under a variety of conditions, and may be wholly independent of the pressure in the abdominal cavity. Pressures within blood and lymph spaces which have been accurately determined, and are modified by the pressure in the abdominal cavity. Pressures within the peritoneal space proper. Except in so far as the pressures within the hollow viscera and the blood-vessels affect or are affected by the intraperitoneal pressure proper, they will not be treated of in this study. The pressures on the viscera must be identical with the pressure conditions of the cavity within which they are exposed wholly or in part, except where there is
On the morphology of melt-crystallized polyethylene - II. Lamellae and their crystallization conditions (1981)

Abstract The microstructure of melt-crystallized linear polyethylene has been correlated with the variables of crystallization for most readily attainable conditions. All samples are filled with well defined lamellae with an aver­age chain inclination of about 35° to lamellar normals. The lamellar thickness depends upon supercooling rather than directly on crystalliza­tion temperature, which indicates that it is a kinetically determined quantity. The simple assumption that it is a constant multiple of the height given by secondary nucleation is, however, incorrect. Lamellar profiles depend only upon the crystallization temperature and molecular mass of the polyethylene concerned. They are independent of the extent of spherulitic development and are not determined solely by the kinetic régime in which crystals grow. Dominant S-shaped lamellae (Ss) and their associated subsidiary platelets are, nevertheless, the prevalent form for crystallization within régime II, i. e. in most cases of practical import­ance. The distinction between dominant and subsidiary lamellae is linked to fractional crystallization. At low supercoolings it is shown that shorter molecules are concentrated within subsidiary lamellae, and the trend to separate later-crystallizing species is likely to persist, to a lesser degree, even to quenched samples. With the use of added branched molecules this has been demonstrated to occur. The consequences of spatial segre­gation are likely to include increased vulnerability to mechanical and environmentally induced failure.
The bisindolylmaleimide GF 109203X is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C (1991)

Staurosporine is the most potent inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) described in the literature with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 10 nM. Nevertheless, this natural product is poorly selective when assayed against other protein kinases. In order to obtain specific PKC inhibitors, a series of bisindolylmaleimides has been synthesized. Structure-activity relationship studies allowed the determination of the substructure responsible for conferring high potency and lack of selectivity in the staurosporine molecule. Several aminoalkyl bisindolylmaleimides were found to be potent and selective PKC inhibitors (IC50 values from 5 to 70 nM). Among these compounds GF 109203X has been chosen for further studies aiming at the characterization of this chemical family. GF 109203X was a competitive inhibitor with respect to ATP (Ki = 14 +/- 3 NM) and displayed high selectivity for PKC as compared to five different protein kinases. We further determined the potency and specificity of GF 109203X in two cellular models: human platelets and Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. GF 109203X efficiently prevented PKC-mediated phosphorylations of an Mr = 47,000 protein in platelets and of an Mr = 80,000 protein in Swiss 3T3 cells. In contrast, in the same models, the PKC inhibitor failed to prevent PKC-independent phosphorylations. GF 109203X inhibited collagen- and alpha-thrombin-induced platelet aggregation as well as collagen-triggered ATP secretion. However, ADP-dependent reversible aggregation was not modified. In Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts, GF 109203X reversed the inhibition of epidermal growth factor binding induced by phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate and prevented [3H] thymidine incorporation into DNA, only when this was elicited by growth promoting agents which activate PKC. Our results illustrate the potential of GF 109203X as a tool for studying the involvement of PKC in signal transduction pathways.
Nanochannel Glass Replica Membranes (1995)

The preparation of thin metallic membranes containing uniform, patterned voids with diameters as small as 40 nanometers and packing densities greater than 3 × 10 9 voids per square centimeter is described. These membranes, made of platinum, gold, tungsten, and molybdenum, have been fabricated by thin-film deposition with nanochannel glass wafers as substrates. The membranes are well suited for use as masks in substrate patterning applications such as ion implantation, reactive ion etching, and materials deposition. Results are presented on their use in the parallel patterning of silicon by direct materials deposition with features in the 100-nanometer size regime.
Fabrication of biodegradable elastomeric scaffolds with sub‐micron morphologies (2004)

The native extracellular matrix (ECM) of elastic tissues is strong and flexible and supports cell adhesion and enzymatic matrix remodeling. In an attempt to convey these ECM properties to a synthetic scaffold appropriate for soft tissue engineering applications, a biodegradable, elastomeric poly(ester urethane)urea (PEUU) was combined with type I collagen at various ratios (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 wt% collagen) and electrospun to construct elastic matrices. Randomly orientated fibers in the electrospun matrices ranged in diameter from 100-900 nm, dependent on initial polymer concentration. Picrosirius red staining of matrices and CD spectroscopy of released collagen confirmed collagen incorporation and preservation of collagen structure at the higher collagen mass fractions. Matrices were strong and distensible possessing strengths of 2-13 MPa with breaking strains of 160-280% even with low PEUU content. Collagen incorporation significantly enhanced smooth muscle cell adhesion onto electrospun scaffolds. An approach has been demonstrated that mimics elastic extracellular matrices by using a synthetic component to provide mechanical function together with a biomacromolecule, collagen. Such matrices may find application in engineering soft tissue.
Selective Colorimetric Detection of Polynucleotides Based on the Distance-Dependent Optical Properties of Gold Nanoparticles (1997)

A highly selective, colorimetric polynucleotide detection method based on mercaptoalkyloligonucleotide-modified gold nanoparticle probes is reported. Introduction of a single-stranded target oligonucleotide (30 bases) into a solution containing the appropriate probes resulted in the formation of a polymeric network of nanoparticles with a concomitant red-to-pinkish/purple color change. Hybridization was facilitated by freezing and thawing of the solutions, and the denaturation of these hybrid materials showed transition temperatures over a narrow range that allowed differentiation of a variety of imperfect targets. Transfer of the hybridization mixture to a reverse-phase silica plate resulted in a blue color upon drying that could be detected visually. The unoptimized system can detect about 10 femtomoles of an oligonucleotide.
Comprehensive analyses and characterization of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Vietnamese children (2009)

Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a fatal haematological disorder with diverse aetiology. This prospective study was undertaken to characterize HLH cases in Vietnamese children. Clinical and laboratory data, genetic analyses and outcome of the HLH patients were analysed. A total of 33 patients were enrolled from March 2007 to December 2008, with a median age of 3 years. Mutations of the SH2D1A (SAP) and PRF1 genes were detected in one patient, respectively. The virus association was high, up to 63.6% (21/33), including Epstein-Barr virus (19/33), cytomegalovirus (2/33) and dengue virus (2/33). Five patients had malignant lymphoma and two had autoimmune diseases. Twenty-eight patients were treated according to the HLH-2004 protocol. The first response rate was 64.3% (18/28), with an early death rate of 35.7% (10/28). High levels of interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, MIG and interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) were associated with early mortality (P < 0.05). Reactivation among the responders was high (9/18) and the uneventful resolution was low (3/18) after a median follow-up of 35 weeks. In conclusion, the majority of HLH cases are associated with virus infections in Vietnamese children. Familial HLH is rare. The frequent reactivation and high mortality demands a more appropriate therapeutic regimen in tropical areas like Vietnam.
Stability of insulin : studies on the physical and chemical stability of insulin in pharmaceutical formulation (1994)

Physiology of bile formation pathology and pathophysiology of cholestasis clinical aspects of paediatric cholestasis diagnostic procedures in the assessment of cholestatic liver diseases treatment of cholestatic disorders 1 - surgical and conservative treatment of cholestasis - ursodeoxycholate.