gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms of the Dopamine D2 Receptor Increase Inflammation and Fibrosis in Human Renal Proximal Tubule Cells (2013)

The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) negatively regulates inflammation in mouse renal proximal tubule cells (RPTCs), and lack or downregulation of the receptor in mice increases the vulnerability to renal inflammation independent of blood pressure. Some common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs6276, rs6277, and rs1800497) in the human DRD2 gene are associated with decreased D2R expression and function, as well as high blood pressure. We tested the hypothesis that human RPTCs (hRPTCs) expressing these SNPs have increased expression of inflammatory and injury markers. We studied immortalized hRPTCs carrying D2R SNPs and compared them with cells carrying no D2R SNPs. RPTCs with D2R SNPs had decreased D2R expression and function. The expressions of the proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α and the profibrotic transforming growth factor-β1 and its signaling targets Smad3 and Snail1 were increased in hRPTC with D2R SNPs. These cells also showed induction of epithelial mesenchymal transition and production of extracellular matrix proteins, assessed by increased vimentin, fibronectin 1, and collagen I a1. To test the specificity of these D2R SNP effects, hRPTC with D2R SNPs were transfected with a plasmid encoding wild-type DRD2. The expression of D2R was increased and that of transforming growth factor-β1, Smad3, Snail1, vimentin, fibronectin 1, and collagen I a1 was decreased in hRPTC with D2R SNPs transfected with wild-type DRD2 compared with hRPTC-D2R SNP transfected with empty vector. These data support the hypothesis that D2R function has protective effects in hRPTCs and suggest that carriers of these SNPs may be prone to chronic renal disease and high blood pressure.
<title>Calculated Temperature Distribution In A Cylindrical Tissue Volume Under Laser Irradiation Below The Vaporization Threshold</title> (1987)

Several recently proposed medical procedures involve intralumenal laser irradiation at power densities below the vaporization threshold. Typically the radiation is transported to the tissue to be treated by an optical fiber, and then applied to the inner wall by an energy diffusing source. The tissue is heated but not removed; in fact extensive tissue vaporization is potentially disastrous. The goal is therefore to elevate the tissue to a defined temperature within a range bounded by the threshold for effectiveness and the threshold for damage. The temperature reached is a function of the dimensions and properties of the tissue and of wavelength, exposure duration, power density, and certain boundary conditions. For example, a heat sink can be placed in contact with the inner surface, substantially altering the temperature distribution. We have constructed a simple model to calculate the radial temperature distribution in a cylinder of tissue subjected to continuous or long pulse optical irradiation from an axial source. The intent is to permit dosimetry based on experimentally supported calculations, rather than on trial and error. The temperature reached results from two competing effects: absorption of the radiation and conductive processes. The wavelength dependence is introduced through choice of absorption and attenuation coefficients, with tissue properties summarized in the thermal diffusivity. The effect of scattering is assumed to be no more than an alteration of the attenuation coefficient; the possibility of relaxing this assumption is considered. The model allows investigation of the effects of power density, pulse duration, and heat sinking on the time evolution of the temperature distribution.
Deepwater Christmas Tree Development (1989)

ABSTRACT This paper will present the work to date accomplished by a petroleum equipment company and its licencer in conjunction with a major oil company in developing a subsea satellite layaway christmas tree to be used in l800m water depths. The paper describes the techno logical agreement tree description; the solution adopted in key areas of the design; how interfaces points were defined for installation and operation; and future work plans on prototype fabrication and tests. Upon completion of this project this will be the first subsea satellite tree built to be used up to this water depths. INTRODUCTION In the beginning of the 80?s t with the deep water oil fields discovered in Brazil one question came out: "How to produce the oil in so deep water depth?" Research studies was initiated to investigate and evaluate conceptions to answer that question, and in 1986 a technological agreement with the oil company was officilized to develop a deep water christmas tree to make possible production up to l800m water depth. The preliminary specification was defined in the contract and after some recommended revisions considering the operational and installation procedures for this water depth, the tree design has been defined and this paper presents the design of the equipment, result of the united work that join the operational and technological experiences. TREE AND WELLHEAD SYSTEM OVERVIEW The DLL-GLL-1800m subsea christmas tree, is totally diverless and is installed without guide lines in a maximum water depth of 1800 meters. It has been designed to land on 16-3/4" × 10,000 PSI tubing spool. Material mechanical properties are controlled to allow service in high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2s). The design provides a layaway flowline system to land flowlines attached to the tree or attached to the tubing spool. Wellhead description The wellhead on to which the tree will be installed is an 16-3/4" × 10,000 PSI SG- 5 external profile guidelineless system. The tree design can be easily adapted to land on to other wellhead profile. Tree description The subsea christmas tree has one 4-1/16" production bore and one 2-1/16" annulus bore. Vertical wireline access is provided for both bores. The tree is rated to 5000 PSI maximum working pressure. All hydralically operated tree gate valves have a hydraulic override to be operated by a R.O.V. The valves maybe mechanically locked open in case of problems with hydraulic lines. They are fail close excepting the optional external crossover valve. The production tubing strings is suspended by a tubing hanger set in a tubing spool. Tree and tubing hanger will be run on a 9.5/8" completion riser. Operation for the SCSSV is provided by two separate lines during tubing hanger installation and after tree installation by one line from the surface with by-pass for both lines on tubing strings.
Synthesis of hexagonal gold nanoparticles using a microfluidic reaction system (2008)

A new microfluidic reaction system capable of mixing, transporting and reacting is developed for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. It allows for a rapid and a cost-effective approach to accelerate the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. The microfluidic reaction chip is made from micro-electro-mechanical-system technologies which integrate a micro-mixer, micro-pumps, a micro-valve, micro-heaters and a micro temperature sensor on a single chip. Successful synthesis of dispersed gold nanoparticles has been demonstrated within a shorter period of time, as compared to traditional methods. It is experimentally found that precise control of the mixing/heating time for gold salts and reducing agents plays an essential role in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. The growth process of hexagonal gold nanoparticles by a thermal aqueous approach is also systematically studied by using the same microfluidic reaction system. The development of the microfluidic reaction system could be promising for the synthesis of functional nanoparticles for future biomedical applications.
Current therapeutic strategies for hyperhidrosis: a review. (2002)

Overproduction of sweat by the exocrine sweat glands is called hyperhidrosis. It is differentiated into two forms - a localised (e.g. axillary, palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis) and a generalised form that affects the entire skin. Patients with increased sweat production often suffer from enormous psychosocial stress because they are restricted in both their private and professional lives. If the hyperhidrosis is not caused by a primary disease (e.g. hyperthyroidism or phaeochromocytoma) that can be treated, with elimination of the sweating problem, then only symptomatic treatment is possible. For axillary hyperhidrosis, local application of aluminium chloride seems to be the method of choice; an alternative is botulinum toxin whose efficacy for 3 to 9 months is an advantage. Surgical options should not be considered until conservative methods have failed. Curettage with a scraper and liposuction are reliable and safe treatments for axillary hyperhidrosis. The method of choice in treating palmoplantar hyperhidrosis is tap water iontophoresis. Adding anticholinergic substances to the water produces a more rapid therapeutic success that also lasts longer. Botulinum toxin can be an effective and promising alternative. Surgical treatment, i.e. sympathectomy, does bring about a long-term resolution of the problem, but should only be considered in well-justified cases because of the highly invasive character of the procedure. The use of systemic anticholinergic medication for patients with localised or generalised tendency to sweat can be tried, but is often limited because of the profile of adverse effects. It can be stated that in spite of the interesting and promising new alternatives, especially using botulinum toxin, the tried-and-true procedures such as tap water iontophoresis and aluminium chloride salts still have a firm place in the treatment of hyperhidrosis.
Blue, Green, and Amber InGaN/GaN Light-Emitting Diodes on Semipolar {11-22} GaN Bulk Substrates (2006)

We demonstrate the fabrication of blue, green, and amber InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on semipolar {11-22} bulk GaN substrates. The {11-22}GaN substrates used in this study are produced by cutting out from a c-oriented GaN bulk crystal grown by hydride vapor epitaxy. The LEDs have a dimension of 320 ×320 µm2 and are packed in an epoxide resin. The output power and external quantum efficiency (EQE) at a driving current of 20 mA are 1.76 mW and 3.0%, respectively, for the blue LED, 1.91 mW and 4.1% for the green LED, and 0.54 mW and 1.3% for the amber LED. The maximum output powers obtained with a maximum current of 200 mA are 19.0 mW (blue), 13.4 mW (green), and 1.9 mW (amber), while the maximum EQEs are 4.0% at 140 mA (blue), 4.9% at 0.2 mA (green), and 1.6% at 1 mA (amber). It is confirmed that the emission light is polarized along the [1-100] direction, reflecting the low crystal symmetry of the {11-22} plane.
Characterization of the Cellular Binding Site for the Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator (1989)

Human urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) binds rapidly and with high affinity to a number of human cell types; this localizes plasmin generation to the close environment of the cell surface. uPA binding to HeLa and U937 cells is mediated by a single class of sites with an affinity of 3.4 +/- 1.3 x 10(-10) M. Binding is abolished by treatment of the cells with trypsin. Chemical cross-linking of Mr 55,000 125I-uPA to the surface of HeLa and U937 cells with disuccinimidyl suberate or with formaldehyde results in the formation of a labeled complex of Mr 100,000, suggesting a Mr of 45,000 +/- 5,000 for the receptor or a subunit thereof. When cells solubilized in Triton X-114 are subjected to heat-induced phase separation, unoccupied receptor, receptor-bound 125I-uPA, and cross-linked 125I-uPA-receptor complex all partition in the detergent phase, whereas the unbound ligand remains in the aqueous phase; similar phase partitioning is observed with endogenous uPA-receptor complexes from cultured human and murine cells. Thus, uPA bound at the cell surface is tightly associated with an amphiphilic membrane protein. Interaction of uPA with this plasma membrane receptor is species-specific, since human uPA fails to bind to murine cells, and murine uPA does not bind to human cells. Finally, incubation of HeLa cells in the presence of epidermal growth factor or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate results, over a period of 24 h, in a progressive change in uPA binding: an approximately 10-fold increase in the number of sites is accompanied by a 10-fold decrease in their affinity. Cross-linking and phase partitioning of 125I-uPA bound to epidermal growth factor- or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-treated cells indicate that, as in control conditions, it is associated with a Mr 45,000 cell surface amphiphilic polypeptide.
Discovery of a Novel Human Pegivirus in Blood Associated with Hepatitis C Virus Co-Infection (2015)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human pegivirus (HPgV), formerly GBV-C, are the only known human viruses in the Hepacivirus and Pegivirus genera, respectively, of the family Flaviviridae. We present the discovery of a second pegivirus, provisionally designated human pegivirus 2 (HPgV-2), by next-generation sequencing of plasma from an HCV-infected patient with multiple bloodborne exposures who died from sepsis of unknown etiology. HPgV-2 is highly divergent, situated on a deep phylogenetic branch in a clade that includes rodent and bat pegiviruses, with which it shares <32% amino acid identity. Molecular and serological tools were developed and validated for high-throughput screening of plasma samples, and a panel of 3 independent serological markers strongly correlated antibody responses with viral RNA positivity (99.9% negative predictive value). Discovery of 11 additional RNA-positive samples from a total of 2440 screened (0.45%) revealed 93-94% nucleotide identity between HPgV-2 strains. All 12 HPgV-2 RNA-positive cases were identified in individuals also testing positive for HCV RNA (12 of 983; 1.22%), including 2 samples co-infected with HIV, but HPgV-2 RNA was not detected in non-HCV-infected individuals (p<0.0001), including those singly infected by HIV (p = 0.0075) or HBV (p = 0.0077), nor in volunteer blood donors (p = 0.0082). Nine of the 12 (75%) HPgV-2 RNA positive samples were reactive for antibodies to viral serologic markers, whereas only 28 of 2,429 (1.15%) HPgV-2 RNA negative samples were seropositive. Longitudinal sampling in two individuals revealed that active HPgV-2 infection can persist in blood for at least 7 weeks, despite the presence of virus-specific antibodies. One individual harboring both HPgV-2 and HCV RNA was found to be seronegative for both viruses, suggesting a high likelihood of simultaneous acquisition of HCV and HPgV-2 infection from an acute co-transmission event. Taken together, our results indicate that HPgV-2 is a novel bloodborne infectious virus of humans and likely transmitted via the parenteral route.
Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy of colorectal neoplasia (1993)

Adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer continues to excite significant interest, particularly for “high-risk” patients in whom systemic 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin should be considered. However, intraportal 5-fluorouracil and intraperitoneal chemotherapy require further assessment. For rectal cancer, combined chemo- and radiotherapy have demonstrated survival advantages. In patients with advanced or recurrent disease, modification of 5-fluorouracil with folinic acid and locoregional infusion treatment have both demonstrated efficacy. In general immunotherapy, studies have so far proved disappointing for advanced colorectal cancer.
Wind power forecasting using fuzzy neural networks enhanced with on-line prediction risk assessment (2004)

The paper presents an advanced wind forecasting system that uses on-line SCADA measurements, as well as numerical weather predictions (NWP) as input, to predict the power production of wind parks 48 hours ahead. The prediction system integrates models based on adaptive fuzzy-neural networks configured either for short-term (1-10 hours) or long-term (1-48 hours) forecasting. The paper presents detailed one-year evaluation results of the models on the case study of Ireland, where the output of several wind farms is predicted using HIRLAM meteorological forecasts as input. A method for the online estimation of confidence intervals of the forecasts is developed together with an appropriate index for assessing online the risk due to the inaccuracy of the numerical weather predictions.
Synthetic DNA Vaccines: Improved Vaccine Potency by Electroporation and Co-Delivered Genetic Adjuvants (2013)

In recent years, DNA vaccines have undergone a number of technological advancements that have incited renewed interest and heightened promise in the field. Two such improvements are the use of genetically engineered cytokine adjuvants and plasmid delivery via in vivo electroporation (EP), the latter of which has been shown to increase antigen delivery by nearly 1000-fold compared to naked DNA plasmid delivery alone. Both strategies, either separately or in combination, have been shown to augment cellular and humoral immune responses in not only mice, but also in large animal models. These promising results, coupled with recent clinical trials that have shown enhanced immune responses in humans, highlight the bright prospects for DNA vaccines to address many human diseases.
The evaluation and treatment of swallowing disorders (1998)

The effects of laryngotracheoesophageal cleft, rheumatoid arthritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, supracricoid partial laryngectomy with cricohyoidopexy, and postsurgical unilateral recurrent nerve paralysis on swallowing function are examined. Procedures for screening patients for symptoms of swallowing problems and diagnostic techniques that define swallowing anatomy and physiology are compared and contrasted. Surgical and behavioral treatments for swallowing disorders are described.
Online Monitoring of Polymerization Reactions in Inverse Emulsions (2005)

Automatic continuous online monitoring of polymerization reactions (ACOMP) was adapted to the monitoring of acrylamide polymerization in inverse emulsions. This is the first application of ACOMP to heterogeneous phase polymerization. The conversion and reduced viscosity were monitored by continuously inverting and diluting the emulsion phase using a small reactor sample stream and a breaker surfactant solution, followed by UV absorption and viscometric detection. This inversion into a stable portion of the polymer/surfactant phase diagram is accomplished in tens of seconds, yielding dilute solutions containing acrylamide (Aam), polyacrylamide (PA), oil droplets, and small quantities of surfactant, initiator and other debris, and low molecular weight compounds. After establishing the means of making ACOMP measurements, a first application of the method is made to resolving some of the kinetic issues involved in emulsion polymerization, including the evolution of molecular mass, and the simultaneous action of an "intrinsic" initiator and an added chemical initiator.
Influences on the reduction of relative telomere length over 10 years in the population-based Bruneck Study: introduction of a well-controlled high-throughput assay (2009)

Background Telomeres play a key role in the maintenance of chromosome integrity. Short telomeres are linked to age-associated diseases and cancer. Our aim was to determine the decrease rate of relative telomere length (RTL) over 10 years and whether this rate was influenced by age, sex and smoking behaviour. Methods We compared RTL in 510 sample pairs from the longitudinal population-based Bruneck Study, which were collected in 1995 and recollected in 2005, and additionally determined RTL from 159 participants who died during follow-up. RTL were determined by a high-throughput real-time PCR assay and by applying a mathematical model. Results The telomeres shortened, on average, by 455 bp over 10 years. The RTL shortening rate was highly correlated with baseline RTL (r = 0.674, P < 0.001). Participants who died within the observed period had considerably shorter telomeres than those who survived (median RTL of 0.98 vs 1.49; P < 0.001). In contrast to previous studies, smoking behaviour had no influence on RTL and on telomere shortening. Conclusion This is the first comprehensive longitudinal study of individuals who were, on average, 60 at baseline, and who were re-evaluated 10 years later. Our methodology proved to be a reliable tool for a rapid, accurate and cost-efficient determination of RTL with a low amount of DNA.
A class of hybrid polar inducers of transformed cell differentiation inhibits histone deacetylases (1998)

Hybrid polar compounds (HPCs) have been synthesized that induce terminal differentiation and/or apoptosis in various transformed cells. We have previously reported on the development of the second-generation HPCs suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and m-carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide (CBHA) that are 2,000-fold more potent inducers on a molar basis than the prototype HPC hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA). Herein we report that CBHA and SAHA inhibit histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) activity in vitro. Treatment of cells in culture with SAHA results in a marked hyperacetylation of histone H4, but culture with HMBA does not. Murine erythroleukemia cells developed for resistance to SAHA are cross-resistant to trichostatin A, a known deacetylase inhibitor and differentiation inducer, but are not cross-resistant to HMBA. These studies show that the second-generation HPCs, unlike HMBA, are potent inhibitors of HDAC activity. In this sense, HMBA and the second-generation HPCs appear to induce differentiation by different pathways.
Progesterone derivatives that bind to the digitalis receptor: synthesis of 14.beta.-hydroxyprogesterone: a novel steroid with positive inotropic activity (1987)

The synthesis of 14-hydroxy-14 beta-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (14 beta-hydroxyprogesterone) is described. This novel steroid is about 10 times more potent than progesterone and one-tenth as potent as ouabagenin in an [3H]ouabain radioligand binding assay and is the first in a series of progesterone congeners that interact at the cardiac glycoside receptor both to possess the C/D cis ring junction and to enhance contractility of isolated cardiac tissue.
On improving application utility prediction (2010)

When using the computer, each user has some notion that "these applications are important" at a given point in time. We term this subset of applications that the user values as high-utility applications. Identifying these high-utility applications is critical to the fields of Task Analysis, User Interruptions, Workflow Analysis, and Goal Prediction. Yet, existing techniques to identify high-utility applications are based upon task identification, conglomeration of related windows, limited qualitative observation, or common sense. Our work directly associates measurable computer interaction (CPU consumption, window area, etc.) with the user's perceived application utility. In this paper, we present an objective utility function that accurately predicts the user's subjective impressions of application importance. Our work is based upon 321 hours of real-world data from 22 users (both professional and academic) improving existing techniques by over 53%.