gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Contrasting Reactivity of Fluoropyridines at Palladium and Platinum:  C−F Oxidative Addition at Palladium, P−C and C−F Activation at Platinum (2004)

The divergent behavior of palladium(0) and platinum(0) is revealed in the reactivity of [M(PR3)2] (M = Pd or Pt; R = Cy or iPr) toward pentafluoropyridine and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyridine. The palladium complexes react with pentafluoropyridine at 100 °C to yield the fluoride complexes trans-[Pd(F)(4-C5NF4)(PR3)2]. They do not react with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyridine. The reaction of platinum(0) complexes [Pt(PR3)2] with pentafluoropyridine in THF at ambient temperature yields trans-[Pt(R)(4-C5NF4)(PR3)(PFR2)] complexes, whereas the reaction of [Pt(PCy3)2] with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyridine results in C−H activation to form cis-[Pt(H)(4-C5NF4)(PCy3)2]; this complex may be converted to the trans isomer by photolysis. The cis-hydride also forms during the reaction of [Pt(PCy3)2] with C5NF5 in hexane. These reactions also contrast with earlier studies of the reactivity of the same substrates toward {Ni(PEt3)2}, which yield [Ni(F)(2-C5NF5)(PEt3)2] with pentafluoropyridine and [Ni(F)(2-C5NF4H)(PEt3)2] with tetrafluoropyridine. Thus palladium has different regioselectivity from nickel and is the least reactive. Platinum is capable of both C−F and C−H activation and is alone in the triad in undergoing rearrangement to the alkyl complex with the fluorophosphine ligand. Mechanisms for the rearrangement are proposed. The platinum dihydride complex trans-[Pt(H)2(PR3)2] reacts with pentafluoropyridine at room temperature, yielding a 1:1:1 mixture of trans-[PtH(FHF)(PR3)2], trans-[Pt(H)(4-C5NF4)(PR3)2], and trans-[Pt(R)(4-C5NF4)(PR3)(PFR2)]. Crystal structures are reported for trans-[Pd(F)(4-C5NF4)(PCy3)2]·H2O·C6H6, trans-[Pd(F)(4-C5NF4)(PiPr3)2], trans-[Pt(C6H11)(4-C5NF4)(PCy3)(PFCy2)]· CH2Cl2, and cis-[Pt(H)(4-C5NF4)(PCy3)2].
Differential induction of the interleukin-6 gene by tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1. (1994)

Although tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL) induce the expression of the IL-8, TNF-stimulated gene 6, and plasminogen activation inhibitor-2 genes and the activation of NF-kappa B with nearly identical kinetics, the two cytokines differ significantly in the induction of the IL-6 gene in all primary fibroblasts tested. IL-1 induces IL-6 gene expression after 30 min of IL-1 treatment, reaching a maximum level by 7 h, and is sustained for up to 14 h. TNF also induces the IL-6 gene expression at 30 min but the induction was low. A similar differences in the amount of IL-6 secreted was observed in the IL-1/TNF-treated cells. Measurement of IL-6 gene transcription by nuclear run-on transcription assays indicated a 4-fold higher rate of IL-6 gene transcription in IL-1-treated than in TNF-treated cells. The IL-1-induced IL-6 mRNA has a significantly longer half-life (> 6 h) compared to 30 min for TNF-treated cells. These results suggest that the induction of the IL-6 gene expression in primary human fibroblasts by TNF and IL-1 is differentially regulated at the transcriptional as well as at the post-transcriptional level.
An enhanced least significant bit modification technique for audio steganography (2011)

Increased use of electronic communication has given birth to new ways of transmitting information securely. Audio steganography is the science of hiding some secret text or audio information in a host message. The host message before steganography and stego message after steganography have the same characteristics. Least Significant Bit (LSB) modification technique is the most simple and efficient technique used for audio steganography. The conventional LSB modification technique is vulnerable to steganalysis. This paper proposes two ways to improve the conventional LSB modification technique. The first way is to randomize bit number of host message used for embedding secret message while the second way is to randomize sample number containing next secret message bit. The improvised proposed technique works against steganalysis and decreases the probability of secret message being extracted by an intruder. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with 256 bits key length is used to secure secret message in case the steganography technique breaks. Proposed technique has been tested successfully on a. wav file at a sampling frequency of 8000 samples/second with each sample containing 8 bits.
National Cancer Institute roundtable on prostate cancer: future research directions. (1991)

It is anticipated that this report will serve as a nucleus for stimulating meaningful studies of the biology of prostate cancer. Such studies will be essential for the control and ultimately the prevention of prostate cancer. The present focus was arrived at by consensus of an expert panel on prostate cancer. It is not the only focus and other developing areas will surely be opportune for new and creative research approaches. New concepts and novel treatments are urgently required to stem the increasing impact of prostate cancer.
Use of adenovirus proteins to enhance the transfection activity of synthetic gene delivery systems. (2002)

This review focuses on the growing field of research concerned with the application of adenovirus proteins to improve the transfection efficiency of synthetic gene delivery systems. Several adenovirus component proteins influence cellular activity of the infecting adenovirus and the overall effect is a highly regulated and efficient infection pathway. It is possible that some of these proteins may be incorporated into synthetic gene delivery vectors, to Improve specific components of their cellular processing and improve transfection activity. Several adenovirus proteins have been introduced into synthetic vector systems. In particular, the penton base, which participates in cellular entry and endosomal escape of the adenovirus, shows an ability to increase cellular uptake and cytoplasmic penetration of synthetic systems. Similarly, hexon, the major adenovirus coat protein, is involved in the nuclear delivery of the infecting virus and can be exploited for enhancing nuclear targeting of synthetic systems. The possibility of using classical nuclear localization sequences from adenovirus proteins has also been evaluated. Finally, there is considerable interest in the use of adenovirus core proteins, such as mu, to improve properties of DNA condensation and unpackaging following the arrival of synthetic vectors in the nuclei of target cells.
Tetracyclines. 10. Chemical-structural properties of tetracycline derivatives. 5. A total synthesis and structural aspects of racemic 8-oxygenated tetracyclines (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTetracyclines. 10. Chemical-structural properties of tetracycline derivatives. 5. A total synthesis and structural aspects of racemic 8-oxygenated tetracyclinesB. Glatz, G. Helmchen, H. Muxfeldt, H. Porcher, R. Prewo, J. Senn, J. J. Stezowski, R. J. Stojda, and D. R. WhiteCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 8, 2171–2181Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00502a039https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00502a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views516Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Changes in Colorectal Carcinoma Genomes under Anti-EGFR Therapy Identified by Whole-Genome Plasma DNA Sequencing (2014)

Monoclonal antibodies targeting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), such as cetuximab and panitumumab, have evolved to important therapeutic options in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). However, almost all patients with clinical response to anti-EGFR therapies show disease progression within a few months and little is known about mechanism and timing of resistance evolution. Here we analyzed plasma DNA from ten patients treated with anti-EGFR therapy by whole genome sequencing (plasma-Seq) and ultra-sensitive deep sequencing of genes associated with resistance to anti-EGFR treatment such as KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and EGFR. Surprisingly, we observed that the development of resistance to anti-EGFR therapies was associated with acquired gains of KRAS in four patients (40%), which occurred either as novel focal amplifications (n = 3) or as high level polysomy of 12p (n = 1). In addition, we observed focal amplifications of other genes recently shown to be involved in acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapies, such as MET (n = 2) and ERBB2 (n = 1). Overrepresentation of the EGFR gene was associated with a good initial anti-EGFR efficacy. Overall, we identified predictive biomarkers associated with anti-EGFR efficacy in seven patients (70%), which correlated well with treatment response. In contrast, ultra-sensitive deep sequencing of KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and EGFR did not reveal the occurrence of novel, acquired mutations. Thus, plasma-Seq enables the identification of novel mutant clones and may therefore facilitate early adjustments of therapies that may delay or prevent disease progression.
Fibrin Adhesive System (FAS) Influence on Bone Healing Rate:A Microradiographical Evaluation using the Bone Growth Chamber (1982)

A dividable titanium implant containing two canals was inserted into both tibial metaphyses of 5 adult rabbits to test whether the Fibrin Adhesive System (FAS) can accelerate bone regeneration. On one side the implants were pretreated with FAS whereas the implants on the contralateral side were bathed in autologous blood and marrow. After a healing time of 4-5 weeks the assembled implants were removed and then taken apart. The amount of bone which had grown into the canals was quantified by microradiography and microdensitometry. The FAS-treated implants showed a tendency to contain less bone than the medullary cell-treated ones. It is concluded that more evidence should be gathered before recommending FAS treatment to accelerate bone regeneration. It is submitted in addition that the dividable titanium implant, the Bone Growth Chamber, may be useful for quantification of early bone formation under various experimental conditions.
On the development of a hole filling algorithm for triangular meshes (2007)

Abstract Hole‐filling is a process to repair the holes in a triangular model and to keep the topology accurate and preserve the smoothness of the original surface as new meshes are added. We propose a hole‐filling algorithm by fitting the vertices in the vicinity of a hole into a B‐spline surface and plan new vertices on the u‐v domain corresponding to such a surface. The main advantage of such a method is that the u‐v plane, instead of a 3D plane conventionally used, can better be used for the planning of new vertices distributed appropriately on the hole, especially for curved holes with steep slopes. The points on the u‐v plane are mapped onto the B‐spline surface to yield 3D vertices. Since the surface does not pass through the boundary vertices of the hole completely, a modification algorithm based on the local moving least squares method is proposed to modify the 3D vertices. Successful examples are presented to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.
Evidence for covalent attachment of the adeno-associated virus (AAV) rep protein to the ends of the AAV genome (1990)

We have demonstrated that when the covalently joined ends of linear adeno-associated virus (AAV) DNA are resolved in vitro, the virus-encoded Rep protein becomes covalently attached to the 5' ends of the DNA. The covalent bond is between a tyrosine residue of the AAV Rep protein and a 5' phosphate of a thymidine residue in the AAV genome. Only the Rep protein encoded by the AAV p5 promoter, Rep68, was capable of becoming covalently attached to the ends of the AAV genome; the Rep proteins encoded by the p19 promoter were not. We also investigated some of the requirements for the complete in vitro resolution reaction. Inhibitor studies suggested that terminal resolution required DNA polymerase delta, ATP, and the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates but did not require the remaining ribonucleoside triphosphates, DNA polymerase alpha, RNA polymerase II, or topoisomerases I and II. Finally, purified AAV Rep68, when added to the crude cytosol from uninfected HeLa cells, was sufficient for resolution. This suggested that terminal resolution relies on host enzymes and the virus-encoded p5 Rep proteins.
Anti–Factor H Autoantibodies Associated with Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (2004)

Several studies have demonstrated genetic predisposition in non-shigatoxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), involving regulatory proteins of the complement alternative pathway: Factor H (FH) and membrane co-factor protein (CD46). Regarding the observations of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura patients, in whom a von Willebrand factor protease (ADAMST-13) deficiency may be inherited or acquired secondary to IgG antibodies, it was speculated that HUS might occur in a context of an autoimmune disease with the development of anti-FH antibodies leading to an acquired FH deficiency. The presence of FH autoantibodies was investigated by an ELISA method using coated purified human FH in a series of 48 children who presented with atypical HUS and were recruited from French university hospitals. Anti-FH IgG antibodies were detected in the plasma of three children who presented with recurrent HUS. The anti-FH specificity was conserved by the Fab'2 fraction. The plasma FH activity was found to be decreased, whereas plasma FH antigenic levels and FH gene analysis were normal, indicating that the presence of anti-FH antibodies led to an acquired functional FH deficiency. This report supports for the first time that HUS may occur in a context of an autoimmune disease with the development of anti-FH-specific antibody leading to an acquired FH deficiency. This new mechanism of functional FH deficiency may lead to the design of new approaches of diagnosis and treatment with a particular interest in plasma exchanges or immunosuppressive therapies.
Conversion of a conventional superconductor into a topological superconductor by topological proximity effect (2020)

Realization of topological superconductors (TSCs) hosting Majorana fermions is a central challenge in condensed-matter physics. One approach is to use the superconducting proximity effect (SPE) in heterostructures, where a topological insulator contacted with a superconductor hosts an effective p-wave pairing by the penetration of Cooper pairs across the interface. However, this approach suffers a difficulty in accessing the topological interface buried deep beneath the surface. Here, we propose an alternative approach to realize topological superconductivity without SPE. In a Pb(111) thin film grown on TlBiSe<sub>2</sub>, we discover that the Dirac-cone state of substrate TlBiSe<sub>2</sub> migrates to the top surface of Pb film and obtains an energy gap below the superconducting transition temperature of Pb. This suggests that a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superconductor is converted into a TSC by the topological proximity effect. Our discovery opens a route to manipulate topological superconducting properties of materials.
The Arc and Mnt repressors (1989)

Genetic, biochemical, and biophysical studies have begun to reveal details of the structures of Arc and Mnt and show that these repressors use residues at their N-terminal ends for operator recognition and binding. Some of the DNA contacts made by these residues have been identified, and this information together with NMR studies has permitted the construction of models of the DNA binding region. Although the accuracy of these models remains to be determined, it seems clear that Arc and Mnt are members of a new class of DNA-binding proteins.
Tumor vaccines for the management of prostate cancer. (2000)

Prostate cancer is a significant health problem and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death among men. Given the typically long natural history of the disease, there is considerable interest in developing new therapies to treat or prevent metastatic disease, and cancer vaccines are a particularly attractive immune-based approach. Early clinical studies using non-specific immunomodulatory treatments have met with limited success, but also suggest that improved immunologic approaches might be useful in treating human prostate cancer. Over the last decade, the identification of immune cells responsible for actual destruction of prostate tissue and advances in immunologic and molecular techniques have led to a variety of vaccination approaches that are currently being evaluated in human clinical trials. The present article discusses the rationale in animal models for particular immunization strategies and describes the vaccines currently being used in patients with prostate cancer. The ongoing identification of tumor antigens and proteins involved in prostate cancer progression and the development of better immunologic animal models suggest a hopeful future for the design of effective prostate cancer vaccines.
On Evaluating and Comparing Conversational Agents (2018)

Conversational agents are exploding in popularity. However, much work remains in the area of non goal-oriented conversations, despite significant growth in research interest over recent years. To advance the state of the art in conversational AI, Amazon launched the Alexa Prize, a 2.5-million dollar university competition where sixteen selected university teams built conversational agents to deliver the best social conversational experience. Alexa Prize provided the academic community with the unique opportunity to perform research with a live system used by millions of users. The subjectivity associated with evaluating conversations is key element underlying the challenge of building non-goal oriented dialogue systems. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive evaluation strategy with multiple metrics designed to reduce subjectivity by selecting metrics which correlate well with human judgement. The proposed metrics provide granular analysis of the conversational agents, which is not captured in human ratings. We show that these metrics can be used as a reasonable proxy for human judgment. We provide a mechanism to unify the metrics for selecting the top performing agents, which has also been applied throughout the Alexa Prize competition. To our knowledge, to date it is the largest setting for evaluating agents with millions of conversations and hundreds of thousands of ratings from users. We believe that this work is a step towards an automatic evaluation process for conversational AIs.
Quality Control of Hemoglobin-Based Blood Substitutes (1988)

Preparation and use of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes, from stroma-free hemoglobin (SFH or Hb) and its DPG analogue-modified derivatives (PLP-Hb, ATP-Hb etc.) without thorough characterization and quality control in animal or human testing have produced, and may continue to produce, artifacts in the finished product. Thus the development of such a natural substitute for the volume expansion and oxygen delivery functions of the blood will be impeded. A case is made for the use of affinity purified hemoglobin and modified hemoglobin as standard starting materials for the preparation of Hb-based blood substitute(s) in general, and in particular poly PLP-Hb. Development of a commercial scale blood-substitute is only possible after the safety and toxicity issues of substitutes have been resolved by applying rigorous quality control.
RED LIGHT RUNNING (2000)

This research project consisted of three parts. Firstly, an analysis of injury crashes in three states: Victoria; Queensland and Western Australia. The second part involved the development and testing of a technique to observe intersections in an effort to identify red light running incidents. The final part involved observing 15 intersections throughout Melbourne and Victoria to determine the extent of red light running and to find any patterns in the occurrence of red light running. The results indicated that the percentage of red light running injury crashes of all injury crashes at signalised intersections has remained relatively unchanged since the early 1980s, that is between 15 percent to 21 percent. From the observations conducted, it was revealed that the number of red light running incidents was on average 24 incidents per hour of recorded traffic movements; 3.9 incidents per 1,000 vehicles; or, one red light runner approximately every 25 cycles. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no. E202589.
Effect of Limestone Fillers on Ca-Leaching and Carbonation of Cement Pastes (2016)

Because of its environmental and economic benefits, part of cement is replaced by limestone fillers (LS). However, the effect of LS on the chemical degradation of cement-based materials is still unclear. In this study, accelerated leaching and carbonation were applied on cement pastes to study the effects of LS replacement on the degradation rates and microstructural alterations of degraded materials. Ammonium nitrate solution was used to accelerate the leaching process, while carbonation was speeded up by applying an elevated pressure gradient of pure CO 2 on samples with 65% relative humidity. The carbonation rate was characterized by phenolphthalein carbonation depth and CO 2 uptake, while leaching rate was quantified by phenolphthalein leaching depth and Ca-leached amount. Leached/carbonated samples were analyzed by a series of post-analysis techniques to characterize the microstructural and mineralogical changes. Results showed that, for a similar w/c ratio, a higher LS replacement resulted in lower leaching rate. For carbonation, LS replacement promoted the CO 2 uptake despite similar carbonation depth. Furthermore, LS replacement led to less C-S-H carbonation compared to samples without LS.