gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CARBENE BY THE DEHYDROHALOGENATION OF METHYL CHLORIDE (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCARBENE BY THE DEHYDROHALOGENATION OF METHYL CHLORIDEL. Friedman and Joel G. BergerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 21, 5758–5759Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01506a054https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01506a054research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views94Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Uniaxial-biaxial stress hybridization for super-critical strained-si directly on insulator (SC-SSOI) PMOS with different channel orientations. (2006)

This paper describes the novel stress engineering of SC-SSOI devices through the interactions between biaxial lattice strain, uniaxial relaxation, process-induced stressor and channel orientation. We have demonstrated a method of uniaxial stress relaxation with compressive capping layer (cESL) to achieve the desired stress configurations for enhanced short-channel SC-SSOIpMOS devices
Beef Carcass Maturity Indicators and Palatability Attributes (1974)

The relationship of certain beef carcass maturity indicators to the palatability of cooked beef was evaluated by use of long-issimus muscle samples from 195 wholesale ribs. Carcasses in U.S.D.A. maturity groups A and B were selected on the basis of differences in the vertebral column, ribs and exposed lean; while those in U.S.D.A. maturity groups C, D and E were assigned to selection classes according to the degree of ossification in the cartilaginous tips of the fifth, eighth and 10th thoracic vertebrae. All of the skeletal and muscle maturity scores were significantly correlated with palatability attributes. Correlations between individual maturity scores and palatability traits were of the same approximate magnitude suggesting little difference among indices of physiological maturity in explaining the observed variability in eating satisfaction. Few significant differences were detected among selection classes or U.S.D.A. maturity groups for scores assigned to tongue and cheek pressure, tooth pressure, mealiness, adhesion, fragmentation and juiciness or for shear force values. It is evident that the tenderizing or toughening effect of cookery may vary depending upon the cookery method and the final internal temperature of the cooked samples derived from various maturity groups. For complete appraisal of such effects, experiments in which more rare and well-done samples are evaluated should be considered. Therefore, results of the present study must be interpreted consistent with the cookery methods employed. Tenderness ratings assigned to samples from E and E+ maturity carcasses were usually inferior to those assigned to samples from carcasses in the other maturity groups. Although samples from the most youthful carcasses were more tender than those from the most mature carcasses, differences in tenderness between samples in eight selection classes in the A and B maturity groups were of small magnitude and not linearly related to advancing maturity. Results of the present study suggest that the number of maturity groups used in assigning U.S.D.A. quality grades to beef carcasses could be reduced.
Discovery of N-((3R,4R)-4-Fluoro-1-(6-((3-methoxy-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-9-methyl-9H-purin-2-yl)pyrrolidine-3-yl)acrylamide (PF-06747775) through Structure-Based Drug Design: A High Affinity Irreversible Inhibitor Targeting Oncogenic EGFR Mutants with Selectivity over Wild-Type EGFR (2017)

Mutant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a major driver of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Marketed first generation inhibitors, such as erlotinib, effect a transient beneficial response in EGFR mutant NSCLC patients before resistance mechanisms render these inhibitors ineffective. Secondary oncogenic EGFR mutations account for approximately 50% of relapses, the most common being the gatekeeper T790M substitution that renders existing therapies ineffective. The discovery of PF-06459988 (1), an irreversible pyrrolopyrimidine inhibitor of EGFR T790M mutants, was recently disclosed.1 Herein, we describe our continued efforts to achieve potency across EGFR oncogenic mutations and improved kinome selectivity, resulting in the discovery of clinical candidate PF-06747775 (21), which provides potent EGFR activity against the four common mutants (exon 19 deletion (Del), L858R, and double mutants T790M/L858R and T790M/Del), selectivity over wild-type EGFR, and desirable ADME properties. Compound 21 is currently being evaluated in phase-I clinical trials of mutant EGFR driven NSCLC.
Pseudouridine Formation: Evidence for RNA as an Intermediate (1965)

Experiments with intact or lysed spheroplasts from Escherichia coli indicate that conditions which impair the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA, also prevent formation of pseudouridine. Studies with uridine-labeled RNA support the concept that RNA may be a direct intermediate for pseudouridine synthesis.
An Illustration of the Potential Health and Economic Benefits of Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Gonorrhea (2017)

Preventing the emergence of ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae can potentially avert hundreds of millions of dollars in direct medical costs of gonorrhea and gonorrhea-attributable HIV infections. In the illustrative scenario we examined, emerging ceftriaxone resistance could lead to 1.2 million additional N. gonorrhoeae infections within 10 years, costing $378.2 million.
A Single-Mode Expanded Beam Separable Fiber Optic Interconnect for Silicon Photonics (2019)

An expanded beam optical interconnect is introduced that provides a separable connection between photonic integrated circuit and single-mode fiber. Insertion loss data are provided and stability through solder reflow is demonstrated.
Computer Aided Design of Large-Format Prefabricated Cranial Plates (2003)

The authors' objective in this project was to replace current state-of-the-art manual methods for preoperative production (i.e., prefabrication) of large-format (>100 cm2) cranioplasties with a system for computer-aided design and direct computer-aided manufacture of the implant's shape. This system uses standard 3D CT data, requires no specialized training, and produces an accurately fitting cranioplasty that can be recast in the physician's material of choice (e.g., polymethylmethacrylate [PMMA] or pre-bent titanium plating). The authors begin by locating the cranial defect margin on a skull surface image generated from a 3D head CT-scan. A right-to-left mirrored or average 3D skull surface template image is then fit to the patient's skull surface image. The area around the defect is cut out and stitched to the previously isolated defect margin. This defect-filling surface is then tapered and 3D printed. The 3D printed implant model is then recast in a biocompatible material. Manually generated cranial implants produced for five patients were compared with implants resulting from this new computer-based method. All five computer-generated implants were better fitting and more cosmetically suitable than the manually generated skull plates received by these patients. These well-fitting implants are more likely to protect the brain from trauma and infection. Therefore, the authors conclude that their new production method provides a better result with less expense than current methods for preoperative or intraoperative fabrication of large-format cranioplasties.
Posicast versus conventional types of compensation in a control system (1962)

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, 1962.
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness, atopy, airway inflammation, and asthma (1998)

Airway inflammation particularly with eosinophil infiltration is an almost invariant feature of asthma, though it may not be exclusive to asthma. BHR and atopy are common phenomena in asthmatics but not invariably so. Allergen-induced late asthmatic responses can increase non-specific hyperresponsiveness and bronchial responsiveness in turn is, at least from some studies, correlated with the degree of airway inflammation. Atopy is a major risk factor for the development of asthma and its persistence from childhood into adulthood. Airway inflammation occurs very early in the natural history of asthma. No therapeutic intervention in established asthma has been shown to achieve a cure or even modify the natural history of the disease. Therefore, further studies are urgently required to identify whether strategies of early intervention to prevent the development of airway inflammation will modify the natural history of the disease.
Learning to learn by gradient descent by gradient descent (2016)

The move from hand-designed features to learned features in machine learning has been wildly successful. In spite of this, optimization algorithms are still designed by hand. In this paper we show how the design of an optimization algorithm can be cast as a learning problem, allowing the algorithm to learn to exploit structure in the problems of interest in an automatic way. Our learned algorithms, implemented by LSTMs, outperform generic, hand-designed competitors on the tasks for which they are trained, and also generalize well to new tasks with similar structure. We demonstrate this on a number of tasks, including simple convex problems, training neural networks, and styling images with neural art.
Computerized optimization of biventricular pacing using body surface potential map (2009)

An improvement of biventricular pacing (BVP) could be possible by detecting the patient specific optimal pacemaker parameters. Body surface potential map (BSPM) is used to obtain the electrophysiology and pathology of an individual patient non-invasively. The clinical measurements of BSPM are used to parameterize the computer model of the heart to represent the individual pathology. The computer model of the heart is used to simulate the dyssynchrony of the ventricles and myocardial infarction (MI). Cardiac electrophysiology is simulated with ten Tusscher cell model, while excitation propagation is intended with adaptive cellular automaton at physiological and pathological conduction stages. The optimal electrode configurations are identified by minimizing the QRS duration error of healthy and pathology case with/without pacing between pre and post-implantation. Afterwards, the simulated ECGs for optimal pacing are compared to the post implantation clinically measured ECGs. The optimal electrode positions found by simulation are comparable to the ones meausured in hospital. The QRS duration reduction error between measured and simulated 12 ECG signals are similar with a constant offset of 15 ms. The personalized model present in this research is an effective tool for therapy planning of BVP in patients with congestive heart failure.
Antineoplastic Agents. 445. Synthesis and Evaluation of Structural Modifications of (Z)- and (E)-Combretastatin A-4 (2005)

A series of cis- and trans-stilbenes related to combretastatin A-4 (1a), with a variety of substituents at the 3'-position of the aryl B-ring, were synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory activity employing six human cancer cell lines (NCI-H460 lung carcinoma, BXPC-3 pancreas, SK-N-SH neuroblastoma, SW1736 thyroid, DU-145 prostate, and FADU pharynx-squamous sarcoma) as well as the P-388 murine lymphocyte leukemia cell line. Several of the cis-stilbene derivatives were significantly inhibitory against all cell lines used, with potencies comparable to that of the parent 1a. All were potent inhibitors of tubulin polymerization. The corresponding trans-stilbenes had little or no activity as tubulin polymerization inhibitors and were relatively inactive against the seven cancer cell lines. In terms of inhibition of both cancer cell growth and tubulin polymerization, the dimethylamino and bromo cis-stilbenes were the most potent of the new derivatives, the latter having biological activity approaching that of 1a. As part of the present study, the X-ray crystal structure of the 3'-O-phosphate of combretastatin A-4 (1b) was successfully elucidated. Compound 1b has been termed the "combretastatin A-4 prodrug", and it is currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of human cancer patients.
Magnetic Resonance–Based Anatomical Analysis of Scar-Related Ventricular Tachycardia (2007)

In catheter ablation of scar-related monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT), substrate voltage mapping is used to electrically define the scar during sinus rhythm. However, the electrically defined scar may not accurately reflect the anatomical scar. Magnetic resonance-based visualization of the scar may elucidate the 3D anatomical correlation between the fine structural details of the scar and scar-related VT circuits. We registered VT activation sequence with the 3D scar anatomy derived from high-resolution contrast-enhanced MRI in a swine model of chronic myocardial infarction using epicardial sock electrodes (n=6, epicardial group), which have direct contact with the myocardium where the electrical signal is recorded. In a separate group of animals (n=5, endocardial group), we also assessed the incidence of endocardial reentry in this model using endocardial basket catheters. Ten to 12 weeks after myocardial infarction, sustained monomorphic VT was reproducibly induced in all animals (n=11). In the epicardial group, 21 VT morphologies were induced, of which 4 (19.0%) showed epicardial reentry. The reentry isthmus was characterized by a relatively small volume of viable myocardium bound by the scar tissue at the infarct border zone or over the infarct. In the endocardial group (n=5), 6 VT morphologies were induced, of which 4 (66.7%) showed endocardial reentry. In conclusion, MRI revealed a scar with spatially complex structures, particularly at the isthmus, with substrate for multiple VT morphologies after a single ischemic episode. Magnetic resonance-based visualization of scar morphology would potentially contribute to preprocedural planning for catheter ablation of scar-related, unmappable VT.
Mouse models of the metabolic syndrome (2010)

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by obesity concomitant with other metabolic abnormalities such as hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein levels, elevated blood pressure and raised fasting glucose levels. The precise definition of MetS, the relationships of its metabolic features, and what initiates it, are debated. However, obesity is on the rise worldwide, and its association with these metabolic symptoms increases the risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease (among many other diseases). Research needs to determine the mechanisms by which obesity and MetS increase the risk of disease. In light of this growing epidemic, it is imperative to develop animal models of MetS. These models will help determine the pathophysiological basis for MetS and how MetS increases the risk for other diseases. Among the various animal models available to study MetS, mice are the most commonly used for several reasons. First, there are several spontaneously occurring obese mouse strains that have been used for decades and that are very well characterized. Second, high-fat feeding studies require only months to induce MetS. Third, it is relatively easy to study the effects of single genes by developing transgenic or gene knockouts to determine the influence of a gene on MetS. For these reasons, this review will focus on the benefits and caveats of the most common mouse models of MetS. It is our hope that the reader will be able to use this review as a guide for the selection of mouse models for their own studies.
Evaluation of Digitally Encoded Layer‐by‐layer Coated Microparticles as Cell Carriers (2008)

Abstract To obtain more biologically relevant data there is a growing interest in the use of living cells for assaying the biological activity of unknown chemical compounds. Density ‘multiplex’ cell‐based assays, where different cell types are mixed in one well and simultaneously investigated upon exposure to a certain compound are beginning to emerge. To be able to identify the cells they should be attached to microscopic carriers that are encoded. This paper investigates how digitally encoded microparticles can be loaded with cells while keeping the digital code in the microcarriers readable. It turns out that coating the surface of the encoded microcarriers with polyelectrolytes using the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) approach provides the microcarriers with a ‘highly functional’ surface. The polyelectrolyte layer allows the growth of the cells, allows the orientation of the cell loaded microcarriers in a magnetic field, and does not hamper the reading of the code. It has further been shown that the cells growing on the polyelectrolyte layer can become transduced by adenoviral particles hosted by the polyelectrolyte layer. It is concluded that the digitally encoded microparticles are promising materials for use in biomedical and pharmaceutical in‐vitro research where cells are used as tools.
Transgenically Produced Human Antithrombin: Structural and Functional Comparison to Human Plasma–Derived Antithrombin (1998)

Recombinant human antithrombin (rhAT) produced in transgenic goat milk was purified to greater than 99%. The specific activity of the rhAT was identical to human plasma-derived AT (phAT) in an in vitro thrombin inhibition assay. However, rhAT had a fourfold higher affinity for heparin than phAT. The rhAT was analyzed and compared with phAT by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography, circular dichroism, fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE), amino acid sequence, and liquid chromatography/mass spectrography peptide mapping. Based on these analyses, rhAT was determined to be structurally identical to phAT except for differences in glycosylation. Oligomannose structures were found on the Asn 155 site of the transgenic protein, whereas only complex structures were observed on the plasma protein. RhAT contained a GalNAc for galactose substitution on some N-linked oligosaccharides, as well as a high degree of fucosylation. RhAT was less sialylated than phAT and contained both N-acetylneuraminic and N-glycolylneuraminic acid. We postulate that the increase in affinity for heparin found with rhAT resulted from the presence of oligomannose-type structures on the Asn 155 glycosylation site and differences in sialylation.
The Distal Pathway of Lipoprotein-induced Cholesterol Esterification, but Not Sphingomyelinase-induced Cholesterol Esterification, Is Energy-dependent (1996)

The stimulation of the intracellular cholesterol esterification pathway by atherogenic lipoproteins in macrophages is a key step in the development of atheroma foam cells. The esterification pathway can also be stimulated by hydrolysis of cell-surface sphingomyelin by the enzyme sphingomyelinase (SMase). In both cases, intracellular cholesterol transport to the cholesterol esterifying enzyme, acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT), is thought to be critical, although the mechanism of cholesterol transport is not known. In this report, we explore two fundamental properties of the cholesterol esterification pathway, namely its dependence on energy and the effect of other treatments that block membrane vesicle trafficking. After the atherogenic lipoprotein, beta-very low density lipoprotein (beta-VLDL), was internalized by macrophages and hydrolyzed in lysosomes, the cells were depleted of energy by treatment with sodium azide and 2-deoxyglucose or by permeabilization. Under these conditions, which allowed equal beta-VLDL-cholesteryl ester hydrolysis, cholesterol esterification was markedly decreased in the energy-depleted cells. This effect was not due to blockage of lysosomal cholesterol export. In the permeabilized cell system, energy repletion restored beta-VLDL-induced cholesterol esterification. Remarkably, stimulation of cholesterol esterification by SMase was not inhibited by energy depletion. Energy depletion also inhibited beta-VLDL-induced, but not SMase-induced, cholesterol esterification in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Similar experiments were carried out using N-ethylmaleimide, low potassium medium, or inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, each of which blocks intracellular membrane vesicle trafficking. These treatments also inhibited beta-VLDL-induced, but not SMase-induced, cholesterol esterification. Finally, we show here that SMase treatment of cells leads to an increase in plasma membrane vesiculation that is relatively resistant to energy depletion. In summary, the stimulation of cholesterol esterification by lipoproteins, but not by SMase, is energy-dependent, N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive, and blocked by both low potassium and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors. The affected step or steps are distal to cholesterol export from lysosomes and not due to direct inhibition of the ACAT enzyme. Thus, the mechanisms involved in lipoprotein-induced versus SMase-induced cholesterol esterification are different, perhaps due to the involvement of energy-dependent vesicular cholesterol transport in the lipoprotein pathway and a novel, energy-independent vesicular transport mechanism in the SMase pathway.
HYBRID GPS LORAN-C: A NEXT-GENERATION OF SOLE MEANS AIR NAVIGATION (1988)

Worst case failure scenarios for the hybrid GPS/LORAN-C system for four representative locations in the United States.Hybrid GPSILORAN-C state probabilities after two years for 21 GPS satellites and 23 LORAN-C transmitters.
Surface‐Initiated Polymerization on Self‐Assembled Monolayers: Amplification of Patterns on the Micrometer and Nanometer Scale (2003)

Patterned polymer brushes can be produced on the micrometer and nanometer scale by a combination of self-assembly and lithography. Self-assembled monolayers of biphenyl thiols were structured by chemical lithography. The patterns were amplified by surface-initiated polymerization.
Towards optimal scalability in predictive video coding (2002)

We propose a method for efficient SNR scalability in predictive video coding which overcomes the known fundamental difficulties due to the prediction loop. The method is generally applicable to any scalable predictive coder but a special emphasis is given in this paper to standard DCT-based video compression. The compression efficiency of the enhancement layer is substantially improved by casting the design of its prediction module within an estimation-theoretic framework. The resulting prediction of a transform coefficient in the enhancement layer is optimal given both the corresponding reconstructed coefficient at the base layer, and the enhancement layer reconstructed coefficient in the previous frame. Simulation shows consistent, substantial improvement in PSNR of the reconstructed enhancement layer frames. For two-layer systems, such optimal prediction can be closely approximated by a simple switched prediction scheme which is of negligible complexity. The proposed method may be easily combined with known temporal scalability methods to provide further improvement in compression performance over a wide range of bit rates.