gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Is There a Role for Locally Produced Interleukin-1 in the Deleterious Effects of High Glucose or the Type 2 Diabetes Milieu to Human Pancreatic Islets? (2005)

Different degrees of beta-cell failure and apoptosis are present in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It has been recently suggested that high glucose-induced beta-cell apoptosis in type 2 diabetes shares a final common pathway with type 1 diabetes, involving interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) production by beta-cells, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, and death via Fas-FasL. The aim of this study was to test whether human islet exposure to high glucose in vitro, or to the type 2 diabetes environment in vivo, induces IL-1beta expression and consequent activation of NF-kappaB-dependent genes. Human islets were isolated from five normoglycemic organ donors. The islets were cultured for 48 h to 7 days at 5.6, 11, or 28 mmol/l glucose. For comparative purposes, islets were also exposed to IL-1beta. Gene mRNA expression levels were assessed by real-time RT-PCR in a blinded fashion. Culture of the human islets at 11 and 28 mmol/l glucose induced a four- to fivefold increase in medium insulin as compared with 5.6 mmol/l glucose, but neither IL-1beta nor IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) expression changed. IL-1beta and IL-1ra protein release to the medium was also unchanged. Stimulated human monocytes, studied in parallel, released >50-fold more IL-1beta than the islets. There was also no glucose-induced islet Fas expression. Expression of the NF-kappaB-dependent genes IkappaB-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 was induced in human islets by IL-1beta but not by high glucose. In a second set of experiments, human islets were isolated from seven type 2 diabetic patients and eight control subjects. The findings on mRNA levels were essentially the same as in the in vitro experiments, namely the in vivo diabetic state did not induce IL-1beta, Fas, or MCP-1 expression in human islets, and also did not modify IL-1ra expression. The present findings suggest that high glucose in vitro, or the diabetic milieu in vivo, does not induce IL-1beta production or NF-kappaB activation in human islets. This makes it unlikely that locally produced IL-1beta is an important mediator of glucotoxicity to human islets and argues against the IL-1beta-NF-kappaB-Fas pathway as a common mediator for beta-cell death in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
The Cancer Cachexia Syndrome: A Review of Metabolic and Clinical Manifestations (2005)

The progressive deterioration in nutrition status frequently seen in cancer patients is often referred to as cancer cachexia. Unlike starvation, in which fat stores from adipose are depleted and protein is spared from skeletal muscle, neither fat nor protein is spared in cachexia. Cachexia affects nearly half of cancer patients, causing the clinical manifestations of anorexia, muscle wasting, weight loss, early satiety, fatigue, and impaired immune response. Cachexia does not only impede the response to chemotherapy but also is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. According to clinical studies, increasing caloric intake does not necessarily reverse cachexia. The pathophysiology of cachexia involves more complex mechanisms than simply caloric deficiency. The process appears to be mediated by circulating catabolic factors, either secreted by the tumor alone or in concert with host-derived factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukins (IL-1 and IL-6), interferon (IFN-y), and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). The successful reversal of this process will require in-depth knowledge of the mechanisms involved, which will then enable the development of effective pharmacologic interventions that may not only improve quality of life, but more importantly, improve survival among cancer patients.
Dolutegravir in Antiretroviral-Experienced Patients With Raltegravir- and/or Elvitegravir-Resistant HIV-1: 24-Week Results of the Phase III VIKING-3 Study (2014)

www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01328041) and http://www.gsk-clinicalstudywww.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com (112574).
Leptosphaeria rhodopsin: Bacteriorhodopsin-like proton pump from a eukaryote (2005)

Bacteriorhodopsin-like proteins provide archaea and eubacteria with a unique bioenergetic pathway comprising light-driven transmembrane proton translocation by a single retinal-binding protein. Recently, homologous proteins were found to perform photosensory functions in lower eukaryotes, but no active ion transport by eukaryotic rhodopsins was detected. By demonstrating light-driven proton pumping in a fungal rhodopsin from Leptosphaeria maculans, we present a case of a retinal-based proton transporter from a eukaryote. This result implies that in addition to oxidative phosphorylation and chlorophyll photosynthesis, some lower eukaryotes may have retained the archaeal route of building an electrochemical transmembrane gradient of protons.
Selective reduction and chemical modification of oxidized lipase cysteine mutants (2002)

Thirteen single-cysteine mutants of the 33 kDa fungal triacylglycerol lipase Thermomyces (formerly Humicola) lanuginosa lipase (TLL, EC 3.1.1.3) were produced and characterized for the purpose of site-directed chemical modification with spectroscopic reporter groups. All cysteine mutants were found to be predominantly blocked by oxidation to disulfides with endogenous cysteine during production. The fraction of lipase molecules with free sulfhydryl groups was analyzed by labeling with N-biotinylaminoethyl methanethiosulfonate, followed by a novel dot-blot method based on biotin-streptavidin interactions. A non-invasive method for the reduction of the introduced cysteine was elaborated for this protein containing three native disulfide bridges. The site-specifically reduced TLL mutants were then labeled with the sulfhydryl-specific reagents 2-(5-dimethylaminonaphth-1-ylsulfonamido)ethyl methanethiosulfonate or (1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-Δ 3 -pyrroline-3-methyl) methanethiosulfonate, and studied by fluorescence and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy.Key words: lipase, cysteine mutant, selective reduction, chemical modification, methanethiosulfonate.
An Approach for Semantic Search by Matching RDF Graphs (2002)

The World Wide Web is developing rapidly, but neither recall nor precision of traditional search engines can satisfy the increasing demands of users. Presently, RDF is widely accepted as a standard for semantic representation of information on the Web, which makes possible the advanced search among web resources. In this paper, we introduce an approach for semantic search by matching RDF graphs. New similarity between RDF graphs is defined and ontologies on arcs as well as on nodes are employed. The implementation of a demonstration system on our method is currently in progress.
Functional selectivity of recombinant mammalian SWI/SNF subunits (2000)

Phytochromes are informational photoreceptors through which plants adapt their growth and development to prevailing light conditions. These adaptations are effected primarily through phytochrome regulation of gene expression by mechanisms that remain unclear. We describe a new mutant, hfr1 (long hypocotyl in far-red), that exhibits a reduction in seedling responsiveness specifically to continuous far-red light (FRc), thereby suggesting a locus likely to be involved in phytochrome A (phyA) signal transduction. Using an insertionally tagged allele, we cloned the HFR1 gene and subsequently confirmed its identity with additional alleles derived from a directed genetic screen. HFR1 encodes a nuclear protein with strong similarity to the bHLH family of DNA-binding proteins but with an atypical basic region. In contrast to PIF3, a related bHLH protein previously shown to bind phyB, HFR1 did not bind either phyA or B. However, HFR1 did bind PIF3, suggesting heterodimerization, and both the HFR1/PIF3 complex and PIF3 homodimer bound preferentially to the Pfr form of both phytochromes. Thus, HFR1 may function to modulate phyA signaling via heterodimerization with PIF3. HFR1 mRNA is 30-fold more abundant in FRc than in continuous red light, suggesting a potential mechanistic basis for the specificity of HFR1 to phyA signaling.
A new optoacoustic cell with improved performance (1977)

We report a novel optoacoustic (OA) cell construction which has improved small absorption measurement capability from 10−9 cm−1 to 10−10 cm−1. The new OA cell is ideally suitable for use with planar output lasers, e.g., diode lasers. Now optoacoustic spectroscopy can be extended to include the effects of low temperatures, electric fields, and magnetic field effects.
[Recent advances in basic research on primary liver cancer]. (2004)

原发性肝癌是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,我国每年新发病例约占全球45%,已成为世界上肝癌发病最集中的国家.经过近半个世纪的努力,我国医学工作者在肝癌的外科治疗上取得了举世瞩目的成绩.但肝癌术后的复发和转移率很高,要提高肝癌患者的生存率应加强肝癌的基础研究,促进肝癌生物治疗的发展。
The GATA Family of Transcription Factors in Arabidopsis and Rice (2004)

GATA transcription factors are a group of DNA binding proteins broadly distributed in eukaryotes. The GATA factors DNA binding domain is a class IV zinc finger motif in the form CX(2)CX(17-20)CX(2)C followed by a basic region. In plants, GATA DNA motifs have been implicated in light-dependent and nitrate-dependent control of transcription. Herein, we show that the Arabidopsis and the rice (Oryza sativa) genomes present 29 and 28 loci, respectively, that encode for putative GATA factors. A phylogenetic analysis of the 57 GATA factors encoding genes, as well as the study of their intron-exon structure, indicates the existence of seven subfamilies of GATA genes. Some of these subfamilies are represented in both species but others are exclusive for one of them. In addition to the GATA zinc finger motif, polypeptides of the different subfamilies are characterized by the presence of additional domains such as an acidic domain, a CCT (CONSTANS, CO-like, and TOC1) domain, or a transposase-like domain also found in FAR1 and FHY3. Subfamily VI comprises genes that encode putative bi-zinc finger polypeptides, also found in metazoan and fungi, and a tri-zinc finger protein which has not been previously reported in eukaryotes. The phylogeny of the GATA zinc finger motif, excluding flanking regions, evidenced the existence of four classes of GATA zinc fingers, three of them containing 18 residues in the zinc finger loop and one containing a 20-residue loop. Our results support multiple models of evolution of the GATA gene family in plants including gene duplication and exon shuffling.
In-situ realtime monitoring of nanoscale gold electroplating using micro-electro-mechanical systems liquid cell operating in transmission electron microscopy (2016)

The dynamics of nanoscale electroplating between gold electrodes was investigated using a microfabricated liquid cell mounted on a scanning transmission electron microscope. The electroplating was recorded in-situ for 10 min with a spatial resolution higher than 6 nm. At the beginning of the electroplating, gold spike-like structures of about 50 nm in size grew from an electrode, connected gold nanoclusters around them, and form three dimensional nanoscale structures. We visualized the elementary process of the gold electroplating, and believe that the results lead to the deeper understanding of electroplating at the nanoscale.
The medical complications of obesity (2006)

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing worldwide.1 A comparison of data from 1976–802 with that from 1999–2000 shows that the prevalence of overweight (defined as body mass index, BMI, of 25–29.9 kg/m2) increased from 46% to 64.5%, and the prevalence of obesity (BMI ⩾ 30 kg/m2) doubled to 30.5%. The epidemic of obesity is not just isolated to the US, but is worldwide,3,,4 including less affluent countries.4

Obesity and overweight have many causes, including genetic, metabolic, behavioural and environmental. The rapid increase in prevalence suggests that behavioural and environmental influences predominate, rather than biological changes.

We summarize data from many studies evaluating the impact of obesity on mortality and morbidity, discuss some controversies and provide practical guidelines for managing obese patients.

Direct associations between obesity and several diseases, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and ischaemic heart disease, are well recognized. Despite this, the relationship between body weight and all-cause mortality is more controversial. A very high degree of obesity (BMI ⩾35 kg/m2) seems to be linked to higher mortality rates,5 but the relationship between more modest degrees of overweight and mortality is unclear.

Initial data from actuarial studies of more than 4 million men and women showed a direct positive association between body weight and overall mortality rates.6 Subsequent studies confirmed increased mortality risk above a certain threshold, but found a U-shaped association between weight and mortality.7,,8 In the Build study,9 there was a higher mortality in lean subjects, but there was no adjustment for smoking. The American Cancer Society found a much stronger association between leanness and mortality, specifically cancer mortality, in the group of smokers compared to non-smokers.10

The Harvard Alumni Study11 was a prospective cohort study of more than 19 000 middle-aged … 

Address correspondence to Dr S.D.H. Malnick, Department of Internal Medicine C, Kaplan Medical Centre, Rehovot 76100, Israel. email: stevash{at}trendline.co.il
Use of fast protein size-exclusion liquid chromatography to study the unfolding of proteins which denature through the molten globule (1993)

Fast protein size-exclusion liquid chromatography (SEC-FPLC) was used to study solvent-induced unfolding of six proteins. Two of them (sperm whale myoglobin and hen white lysozyme) denature on the simple N (native)<-->U (completely unfolded) scheme. The other four proteins [bovine and human alpha-lactalbumin, bovine carbonic anhydrase B (BCAB), and beta-lactamase from Staphylococcus aureus] denature through the molten globule (MG) state (i.e., on the N<-->MG<-->U denaturation scheme). We have shown that the permeation properties of the Superose 12 columns are practically independent of temperature, pH, and denaturants in wide concentration intervals. In the case of myoglobin and lysozyme denaturation at 4 degrees C (when the exchange between the native and unfolded states is slower than the characteristic time of chromatography), a bimodal distribution on molecular dimensions in the transition region was observed. This indicates that, under denaturant action, protein molecules can only be in one of the two states with different compactness. In other words, this shows that FPLC is one of the most direct approaches to establish the "all-or-none" mechanism of the equilibrium solvent-induced denaturation of globular proteins. The curves of guanidinium hydrochloride- (GdmHCl) or urea-induced unfolding (N<-->U or MG<-->U transitions) of a protein on a column (monitored either by the relative areas of two peaks or--for fast exchange--by the position of the average peak) coincide with those monitored by far-UV CD in solution. The Stokes radius values obtained with the use of FPLC for the molten globule states of BCAB (1.6 M GdmHCl in 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 6.8, and acid form at pH 3.6) and for the human alpha-lactalbumin molten globule (2.0 M GdmHCl in 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 6.8) coincide with those known from literature. Thus, it has been shown that fast protein size-exclusion liquid chromatography (FPLC) is an "inert" technique, i.e., it does not shift the equilibrium between N, MG, and U states and, therefore, can be used for qualitative and quantitative studies of protein denaturation.
First-line treatment of seasonal (ragweed) rhinoconjunctivitis. A randomized management trial comparing a nasal steroid spray and a nonsedating antihistamine. (1997)

There is little difference in the therapeutic benefit between the 2 approaches for the treatment of ragweed pollen hay fever. Therefore, the approach to treatment should be based on patient preference, convenience and cost. Regardless of the treatment, at least 50% of patients will need to take both types of medication in combination to control symptoms adequately.
Finding Similar Items (2014)

A fundamental data-mining problem is to examine data for “similar” items. We shall take up applications in Section 3.1, but an example would be looking at a collection of Web pages and finding near-duplicate pages. These pages could be plagiarisms, for example, or they could be mirrors that have almost the same content but differ in information about the host and about other mirrors.
Current approaches and future directions of gene therapy in Alzheimer’s disease (2011)

We review the results of preclinical studies and clinical trials of gene therapy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The possible application of gene-therapy approaches is discussed from the point of view of the pathogenesis of this disease. The problems and future directions of the clinical use of gene therapy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease are discussed.
A Mean/Variance Analysis of Tracking Error (1992)

Investment managers are often hired to produce positive return performance over a benchmark index while keeping tracking error volatility to a minimum. This article provides the exact composition of the particular portfolio for the manager who faithfully adheres to this strategy. Usually the selected portfolio will not be total return mean/variance efficient. It will have a beta greater than 1.0 and cannot dominate the benchmark by having a lower total volatility and a higher expected return. Constraining the beta can improve the managed portfolio.
Tissue-specific expression in the salivary glands of transgenic mice (1992)

Using a DNA construct, named Lama, derived from the murine parotid secretory protein (PSP) gene, we have obtained salivary gland specific gene expression in transgenic mice. Lama is a PSP minigene and allows analysis of the PSP gene 5' regulatory region by transgenesis. We show here that the regulatory region included in Lama with 4.6 kb of 5' flanking sequence is sufficient to direct expression specifically to the salivary glands. The expression level in the parotid gland is only about one percent of the PSP mRNA level, while that of the sublingual gland is near the PSP mRNA level. This suggests significant differences in the PSP gene regulation in the two glands. In addition, Lama is a secretory expression vector in which cDNAs or genomic fragments can be inserted. We demonstrate that the Lama construct can direct the expression of a heterologous cDNA encoding the C-terminal peptide of human factor VIII to salivary glands and that the corresponding peptide is secreted into saliva.
Corporate governance and impression management in annual press releases (2009)

We study the association between corporate governance and impression management in annual results press releases (ARPRs). Press releases constitute a timely vehicle to communicate firm performance to third parties. However, oftentimes, managers provide self-serving disclosures that attempt to distort readers¿ perceptions of corporate achievements. Corporate governance mechanisms actively monitor managerial disclosures, improving firm transparency. Thus, we predict that strong governance (i) increases firm voluntary release of ARPRs, and (ii) reduces impression management in those ARPRs. Tests are based on a sample of Spanish firms. The results confirm that strong governance firms are more likely to release an ARPR. In particular, board independence and the existence of remuneration and audit committees significantly determine this type of voluntary disclosure. We also show that strong governance limits impression management practices, consistent with governance monitoring effectively reducing self-serving disclosures by management. Our evidence is consistent with impression management being associated to firm news, suggesting that these practices respond, at least partly, to informative motivations. En este trabajo investigamos la asociación entre el gobierno corporativo y la manipulación de la presentación de la información en las notas de prensa. Las notas de prensa son uno de los medios que usan las empresas para comunicarse con terceras partes. A veces, las empresas revelan información con la intención de mostrar una imagen sesgada de la empresa. El gobierno corporativo es uno de los mecanismos que controlan la manipulación en la revelación de información y mejora la transparencia. Nuestras expectativas son que empresas con mejor gobierno corporativo (i) incrementen la revelación voluntaria y (2) muestren menos manipulación de la presentación de información en sus notas de prensa. Hemos analizado empresas Españolas cotizando en la Bolsa de Madrid. En particular, hemos encontrado que la independencia de los directivos y la existencia de comités de remuneración y de auditoria determinan el tipo de revelación de información voluntaria. Estos resultados confirman el papel de control que ejerce el gobierno corporativo para reducir efectivamente la presentación engañosa de la información. Nuestros resultados también muestran que la manipulación esta relacionada con las noticias de las empresas, lo que sugiere que estas practicas responden, al menos en parte, a razones informativas.
Fully-integrated 57 mV cold start of a thermoelectric energy harvester using a cross-coupled complementary charge pump (2018)

This paper presents a low-voltage cold-start architecture for battery-less thermoelectric energy harvesters that achieves fast start-up from an input voltage of 57 mV. The fully-integrated design uses a novel cross-coupled complementary charge pump with clocks generated using an ultra-low voltage ring oscillator to create a fast switching edge that assists in starting an inductive boost converter. The autonomous harvester implemented in a 180 nm CMOS process achieves start-up in 135 ms while consuming only 90 nJ of energy from the harvesting source to start the primary converter. This work demonstrates cold-start of a thermoelectric energy harvester at the lowest input voltage reported to date for a fully-integrated solution.
Somatic hypermutation of a lambda 2 transgene under the control of the lambda enhancer or the heavy chain intron enhancer (1996)

Previous experiments have suggested an important role for the Ig enhancers and transcription in targeting somatic hypermutation. To determine whether the requirement of the enhancers is Ig chain specific, we analyzed two lambda 2 light chain transgenes under the control of different enhancers, either the lambda 2-4 enhancer or the heavy chain intron enhancer. The transgenes were amplified and cloned from B220+PNAhigh B cells from either Peyer's patches (PP) or SRBC-immunized spleen. The lambda 2 transgene under the control of the lambda 2-4 enhancer underwent mutation in both the PP and splenic B cell populations, but at a frequency lower than endogenous light chain genes. This requirement for the lambda 2-4 enhancer could be replaced by the heavy chain intron enhancer. Interestingly, the heavy chain intron enhancer-driven lambda 2 construct showed evidence of statistically significant mutation in the PP B cell population, but not the spleen-derived population. This difference in somatic hypermutation suggests that a lower mutation frequency can be more readily detected in B220+PNAhigh B cells isolated from the PP. The ability of the heavy chain intron enhancer to replace the lambda 2-4 enhancer shows that the requirement for the Ig enhancers in somatic hypermutation is not Ig locus specific. Given that these Ig enhancers have very few elements in common, our results further suggest that the Ig enhancers are primarily important in the timing of transcription in the mutating B cell population.