gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase β Gene Is Regulated by Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Protein-1 in Liver (2003)

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) exists as two major isoforms originated from separate genes: ACCalpha (or ACC1) and ACCbeta (or ACC2). Previous data revealed that ACCbeta has two forms of mRNA with different 5'-untranslated regions derived by different usage of promoters, I and II, in human. In this study, we revealed that ACCbeta expression in liver is markedly stimulated by food intake at the transcriptional level. In the process of this induction in rat liver, promoter II plays the major role in regulating the expression of ACCbeta gene. The transient transfection with promoter II-luciferase reporters elucidated that the region from -93 to -38 nucleotides is important for the responsiveness to sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), which is known to be the principle mediator for the stimulation of gene transcriptions by insulin and diet. The Sp1-binding site (-71 to -66) and neighboring two conserved SREs (-62 to -44) play a critical role in the stimulation of ACCbeta gene expression by SREBP-1. In vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that SREBP-1 directly bound to ACCbeta promoter II in liver, and its binding was regulated by the diet. This study provides evidence that ACCbeta expression in liver is regulated at the transcriptional level by the direct interaction of SREBP-1 with promoter II.
Chemicals used for illegal purposes : a guide for first responders to identify explosives, recreational drugs, and poisons (2010)

Preface. 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. ALPHABETICAL LIST. 3. MIND-ALTERING DRUGS. Illegal Drugs. Recreational Drugs. 4. PYROTECHNICS. Ammunition. Explosives. Fireworks. Incendiary Devices (Arson). 5. CHEMICAL WEAPONS. Nerve Agents. Vesicants. Blood Agents. Choking Agents. Vomiting Agents. Tear Agents. Toxins. Other Activities Involving Hazardous Chemicals. Recon-Render Safe Ops-Sampling-Take Down/Dismantling. Odors. 6. CONFIRMATION TESTS. GLOSSARY. BIBLIOGRAPHY. CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS SERVICE REGISTRY NUMBERS. INDEX.
Associations of Presbyopia With Vision-Targeted Health-Related Quality of Life (2003)

Presbyopia is associated with worse vision-targeted health-related quality of life compared with younger subjects with emmetropia. Monovision correction of presbyopia is related to some improvements in health-related quality of life, but it is still worse than that for younger subjects with emmetropia in several areas.
Prognostic Impact of the ABCC11/MRP8 Polymorphism in Adjuvant Oral Chemotherapy with S-1 for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (2015)

S-1 has sufficient power as adjuvant chemotherapy. However, its effect might be small in the dry earwax type patient group in an adjuvant setting.
β 1 -Adrenergic Receptor Autoantibodies Mediate Dilated Cardiomyopathy by Agonistically Inducing Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis (2007)

Our data show how beta1AR-specific autoantibodies elicit DCM by agonistically inducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
Protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on dopamine-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. (2001)

Ginsenoside Rg1 protected PC12 cells against apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of caspase-3 and regulating the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax protein.
Antiangiogenic Cancer Therapy: Monitoring with Molecular US and a Clinically Translatable Contrast Agent (BR55) (2010)

Human MB(KDR) allow in vivo imaging and longitudinal monitoring of VEGFR2 expression in human colon cancer xenografts.
Chronic GvHD decreases antiviral immune responses in allogeneic BMT (2007)

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) is associated with functional immunodeficiency and an increased risk of opportunistic infections in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We used a parent to F1 model of allogeneic BMT to test the hypothesis that cGvHD leads to impaired antigen-specific antiviral immunity and compared BM transplant recipients with cGvHD to control groups of allogeneic BM transplant recipients without GvHD. Mice with and without cGvHD received a nonlethal dose of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) +100 days after transplantation. Recipients with cGvHD had more weight loss and higher viral loads in the spleen and liver. MCMV infection led to greater than 25-fold expansion of donor spleen-derived MCMV peptide-specific tetramer-positive CD8(+) T cells in blood of transplant recipients with and without cGvHD, but mice with cGvHD had far fewer antigen-specific T cells in peripheral tissues and secondary lymphoid organs. The immunosuppression associated with cGvHD was confirmed by vaccinating transplant recipients with and without cGvHD using a recombinant Listeria expressing MCMV early protein (Lm-MCMV). Secondary adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from donor mice with or without cGvHD into lymphopenic congenic recipients showed that cGvHD impaired tissue-specific homing of antigen-specific T cells. These results indicate that cGvHD causes an intrinsic immunosuppression and explain, in part, the functional immunodeficiency in allogeneic transplant recipients.
Breast cancer and protein biomarkers (2012)

Breast cancer is a healthcare concern of women worldwide. Despite procedures being available for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of breast cancer, researchers are working intensively on the disease in order to improve the life quality of breast cancer patients. At present, there is no single treatment known to bring a definite cure for breast cancer. One of the possible solutions for combating breast cancer is through identification of reliable protein biomarkers that can be effectively used for early detection, prognosis and treatments of the cancer. Therefore, the task of identification of biomarkers for breast cancer has become the focus of many researchers worldwide.
Fas ligand gene transfer to the vessel wall inhibits neointima formation and overrides the adenovirus-mediated T cell response (1998)

Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in response to injury plays a key role in the pathogenesis of vascular disorders. Fas ligand (FasL) induces apoptosis in Fas-bearing cells, and its expression on activated T cells contributes to the regulation of the immune response and physiological cell turnover. Here, we show that a replication-defective adenovirus encoding FasL (Ad-FasL) induced apoptosis in Fas-bearing VSMCs. When introduced locally to balloon-injured rat carotid arteries, a well characterized model of a VSMC-derived lesion, Ad-FasL functioned as a potent inhibitor of neointima formation. In rats immunized with an empty adenoviral vector, robust T cell infiltration of the vessel wall was detected after local delivery of a beta-galactosidase-expressing virus (Ad-betagal), whereas T cell infiltrates were not detected after local delivery of Ad-FasL. Prior immunization prevented beta-galactosidase expression from Ad-betagal, whereas the expression of the FasL transgene was unaffected. When Ad-betagal and Ad-FasL were delivered together to preimmunized animals, T cell infiltration was reduced and beta-galactosidase expression was restored. These data demonstrate that Fas ligand gene transfer can effectively inhibit injury-induced vessel lesion formation and can allow adenovirus-harboring cells to evade immune destruction.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (2009)

E mbryonic stem cells (ESCs) were first derived in the early 1980s simultaneously by 2 independent groups, 1,2 and because of their plasticity and potentially unlimited capacity for self-renewal, they were predicted to transform research in mammalian development, genetics, stem cell biology, and regenerative medicine. However, it quickly became apparent that although ESCs would become an invaluable tool to study development and stem cell biology, translating their promise into the clinics would be problematic. Twenty-eight years after the first report describing mouse ESCs and 10 years after the successful derivation of human ESCs, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the first human ESC-related clinical trial for spinal cord injuries this year; however, it is now on its second clinical hold, and no subjects have yet been enrolled. Although this delay in translation to human trials is likely multifactorial, major obstacles remain with the clinical use of ESCs over ethical issues, oncogenic risk, and the fact that ESC derivatives for tissue repair involve the use of allogeneic cells that can lead to rejection of mismatched cellular grafts. The oncogenic risk associated with stem cell therapies is no longer just theoretical. This year, the first report of a patient who developed multiple tumors in his brain and spinal cord after receiving fetal neural stem cells was published. 3 Thus, therapeutic application of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), particularly in the cardiovascular field, requires further advancement and new approaches such as that described by Zwi et al 4 in this issue of Circulation.
Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis: Ultrastructural Evidence for Two Agents in Experimentally Infected Chimpanzees (1979)

Two different ultrastructural alterations were observed in liver cells of chimpanzees inoculated with plasma derived from two different patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis. During the acute phase of illness in one group of four chimpanzees, peculiar tubular structures, composed of two unit membranes with electron-opaque material in between, were observed in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In contrast, these structures were never detected in the liver cells of the second group of five chimpanzees that received the second inoculum, However, nuclear changes, usually associated with aggregates of 20- to 27-nanometer particles, were found in hepatocytes of the latter animals. Although these particles resembled viruses, they were not as uniform as small virus particles often appear. In five other chimpanzees inoculated with non-A, non-B hepatitis material not known to be related to the first two inocula, cytoplasmic structures were found in four, and nuclear structures were found in the remaining one. Thus, all 14 chimpanzees inoculated with transmissible non-A, non-B hepatitis agents could be classified as having either nuclear or cytoplasmic changes. These observations add support to epidemiologic data suggesting that there may be more than one agent of non-A, non-B hepatitis.
Polyoxide thinning limitation and superior ONO interpoly dielectric for nonvolatile memory devices (1991)

Results obtained from a study on thin interpoly dielectrics, especially for nonvolatile memories with stacked-gate structures, are presented. First, the key factors which dominate the leakage current in polyoxide are reviewed, and intrinsic limitations in thinner polyoxide for device applications are investigated considering defect densities and edge leakage current. Second, the ONO (oxide/nitride/oxide) structure which overcomes polyoxide-thinning limitations is described. This stacked film reveals superior electric-field strength due to the inherent electron-trapping-assisted process. UV erase characteristics for EPROM cells with ONO structure are discussed. The slower erasing speed for EPROM cells with ONO interpoly dielectric is due to the decrease in photocurrent flow from a floating gate to a control gate.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Asymmetric Hydroazidation of Nitroalkenes Promoted by a Secondary Amine‐Thiourea Catalyst (2015)

Abstract Chiral β‐nitro azides are obtained by asymmetric addition of azides to nitroalkenes, with an enantioselectivity of up to 82% ee . The reaction, promoted by an easily accessible secondary amine‐thiourea catalyst, is performed with azidotrimethylsilane in the presence of benzoic acid. Products with different aliphatic β‐substituents are obtained in good yields and with the highest enantioselectivity reported to date. The presence of a secondary amine group was found to be crucial to achieve high stereocontrol. magnified image
Single-cell cytotoxicity with radiolabeled antibodies. (2001)

Previous studies demonstrated the effective, antigen-specific killing of Raji B-lymphoma cells in vitro by radiolabeled anti-CD74, attributable largely to the high level of uptake, of approximately 10(7) antibody (Ab) molecules/cell/ day. This Ab is rapidly delivered to lysosomes for catabolism, so the radionuclide delivered accumulates primarily in lysosomes. In this study, we have tested Abs that bind to the same target cells in similar amounts, but remain primarily on the cell surface, to compare the potency of radioactivity delivered to the cell surface versus the cytoplasm. The Abs tested were anti-major histocompatibility complex class II and anti-CD20. 111In-labeled conjugates made with these two Abs killed cells very effectively and specifically, with 100% kill of sample of 5 x 10(5) cells. Because these Abs remain primarily on the cell surface, it would be predicted that residualizing radiolabels, which are trapped in lysosomes after Ab catabolism, would not be required, and this was observed, i.e., these two Abs were effective when labeled with either 125I or 131I, using conventional iodination, as well as with the residualizing label 111In-labeled DTPA. These results are in contrast to results obtained with anti-CD74, which required a residualizing radiolabel for effectiveness. The uptake of these radionuclides, in cpm/cell, was monitored, and this allowed estimation of the radiation dose delivered; the cytotoxicity observed was consistent with the estimated radiation dose delivered. To establish the generality of the results, we also demonstrated that 111In-labeled anti-CD74 effectively killed three other B-lymphoma cell lines, in addition to Raji and the adherent melanoma cell line SK-MEL-37. By using more potent radionuclides or conjugates of higher specific activity, this approach might be effective with other, lower density antigens.
Functions and features of future driver information systems (1993)

Notes: Report covers the period Oct 1989 - Nov 1993. Revised from 1991 version
Divergent S Phase Checkpoint Activation Arising from Prereplicative Complex Deficiency Controls Cell Survival (2009)

The DNA replication machinery plays additional roles in S phase checkpoint control, although the identities of the replication proteins involved in checkpoint activation remain elusive. Here, we report that depletion of the prereplicative complex (pre-RC) protein Cdc6 causes human nontransformed diploid cells to arrest nonlethally in G1-G1/S and S phase, whereas multiple cancer cell lines undergo G1-G1/S arrest and cell death. These divergent phenotypes are dependent on the activation, or lack thereof, of an ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR)-dependent S phase checkpoint that inhibits replication fork progression. Although pre-RC deficiency induces chromatin structural alterations in both nontransformed and cancer cells that normally lead to ATR checkpoint activation, the sensor mechanisms in cancer cells seem to be compromised such that higher levels of DNA replication stress/damage are required to trigger checkpoint response. Our results suggest that therapy-induced disruption of pre-RC function might exert selective cytotoxic effects on tumor cells in human patients.
Properties and Applications of Photodynamic Therapy (1989)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the treatment of malignant lesions with visible light following the systemic administration of a tumor-localizing photosensitizer. Pharmacological and photochemical properties of the photosensitizer are combined with precise delivery of laser-generated light to produce a treatment which can offer selective tumoricidal action. Hematoporphyrin derivative (HD) and a purified component called Photofrin II are currently being used in clinical PDT. Initial patient results have been encouraging, and considerable interest has developed in the synthesis and evaluation of new photosensitizers with improved photochemical and pharmacological characteristics. In addition, there has been a gradual increase in knowledge related to in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of action of PDT. This report provides an overview of the properties and applications of PDT. Information and data related to drug development, photochemistry, subcellular targets, in vivo responses, and clinical trials of PDT are presented.
Lean premixed combustion stabilized by radiation feedback and heterogeneous catalysis (1995)

Gas-turbine based systems are becoming the preferred approach to electric power generation from gaseous and liquid fossil-fuels and from biomass. As coal gasification becomes more prevalent, gas turbines will also become important in the generation of electricity from coal. In smaller, distributed installations, gas turbines offer the prospect of cogeneration of electricity and heat, with increased efficiency and reduced pollutant emissions. One of the most important problems facing combustion-based power generation is the control of air pollutants, primarily nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. Catalytic combustion over noble-metal catalysts offers a method for controlling NO{sub x} emissions. This report describes tests on a gas-fired catalytic combustor and the development of a mathematical model to describe the process. The authors anticipate that the models they develop under this research program will be useful by industry and researchers alike in the design of both experiments and practical gas turbine catalytic combustors. The model--which includes transport codes, mechanisms, and postprocessing routines--is portable and can be run on UNIX workstations. Intelligent design of experiments, guided by this model, can reduce unnecessary expenditures of time and money spent in the laboratory. Likewise, the development of low-NO{sub x} gas turbine systems can be accelerated by using these models to test the effectiveness of combustor designs prior to engaging in time-consuming prototyping.
NXY-059, a Free Radical–Trapping Agent, Substantially Lessens the Functional Disability Resulting From Cerebral Ischemia in a Primate Species (2001)

This novel drug has a substantial protective effect, lessening the disability caused by an experimentally induced stroke in a primate species. These findings provide considerable encouragement for the clinical development of NXY-059.
Dissection of the Mitochondrial Import and Assembly Pathway for Human Tom40 (2005)

Tom40 is the channel-forming subunit of the translocase of the mitochondrial outer membrane (TOM complex), essential for protein import into mitochondria. Tom40 is synthesized in the cytosol and contains information for its mitochondrial targeting and assembly. A number of stable import intermediates have been identified for Tom40 precursors in fungi, the first being an association with the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM) of the outer membrane. By examining the import pathway of human Tom40, we have been able to elucidate additional features in its import. We identify that Hsp90 is involved in delivery of the Tom40 precursor to mitochondria in an ATP-dependent manner. The precursor then forms its first stable intermediate with the outer face of the TOM complex before its membrane integration and assembly. Deletion of an evolutionary conserved region within Tom40 disrupts the TOM complex intermediate and causes it to stall at a new complex in the intermembrane space that we identify to be the mammalian SAM. Unlike its fungal counterparts, the human Tom40 precursor is not found stably arrested at a SAM intermediate. Nevertheless, we show that Tom40 assembly is reduced in mitochondria depleted of human Sam50. These findings are discussed in context with current models from fungal studies.
Comparative effects of adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate and related analogues on insulin secretion from the rat pancreas (1997)

Adenosine tri- and diphosphate (ATP and ADP) and their structural analogues stimulate insulin secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas, an effect mediated by P2Y-purinoceptor activation. Concerning the base moiety of the nucleotide, it was previously shown that purine but not pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphates were active and that substitution on purine C2 with the 2-methylthio group greatly enhanced the potency. In this study, we further analyze the consequences of ribose and polyphosphate chain modifications. Modifications in 2' and 3' position on the ribose led to a decrease in insulin response when bulky substitutions were made: indeed, 2'-deoxy ATP was similar in activity to ATP, whereas arylazido-aminopropionyl ATP (ANAPP3) was weakly effective and trinitrophenyl ATP (TNP-ATP) was inactive. Substitution on the gamma phosphorus of the triphosphate chain led to a decrease (gamma-anilide ATP) or no change (gamma-azido ATP) in potency; the replacement of the bridging oxygen between beta and gamma phosphorus by a peroxide group did not significantly change the activity, whereas substitution by a methylene group completely abolished stimulation of insulin secretion. As for the phosphorothioate analogues, adenosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATP gamma S) induced an insulin response similar to that produced by ATP, whereas adenosine-5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (ADP beta S) was about 100-fold more potent than ATP, as previously shown. In conclusion, two structural features seem to have a strategic importance for increasing the insulin secretory activity of ATP analogues: substitution at the C2 position on the adenine ring of ATP and modifications of the polyphosphate chain at the level of the beta phosphorus.
Estimation of the probability of error without ground truth and known a Priori probabilities (1977)

The probability of error or, alternatively, the probability of correct classification (PCC) is an important criterion in analyzing the performance of a classifier. Labeled sample (those with ground truth) are usually employed to evaluate the performance of a classifier. Occasionally, the numbers of labeled samples are inadequate, or no labeled samples are available to evaluate a classifier's performance; for example, when crop signatures from one area from which ground truth is available are used to classify another area from which no ground truth is available. This paper reports the results of an experiment to estimate the probability of error using unlabeled test samples (i.e., without the aid of ground truth).
Classification with Noisy Labels by Importance Reweighting (2015)

In this paper, we study a classification problem in which sample labels are randomly corrupted. In this scenario, there is an unobservable sample with noise-free labels. However, before being observed, the true labels are independently flipped with a probability ρ ∈ [0,0.5), and the random label noise can be class-conditional. Here, we address two fundamental problems raised by this scenario. The first is how to best use the abundant surrogate loss functions designed for the traditional classification problem when there is label noise. We prove that any surrogate loss function can be used for classification with noisy labels by using importance reweighting, with consistency assurance that the label noise does not ultimately hinder the search for the optimal classifier of the noise-free sample. The other is the open problem of how to obtain the noise rate ρ. We show that the rate is upper bounded by the conditional probability P(∧Y|X) of the noisy sample. Consequently, the rate can be estimated, because the upper bound can be easily reached in classification problems. Experimental results on synthetic and real datasets confirm the efficiency of our methods.