gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Performance Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide Transparent Thin-Film Transistors Fabricated by Radio-Frequency Sputtering (2008)

Thin-film transistors (TFTs) based on amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) were fabricated by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering on glass substrates. The TFT device structure was a bottom-gate type, consisting of indium zinc oxide and as electrodes (gate, source, and drain) and gate dielectric, respectively. The resistivity of the a-IGZO channel layer was . TFTs with a gate length and gate width displayed a saturation mobility of , a threshold voltage of 0.44 V, a drain current on–off ratio of , and subthreshold gate-voltage swing of . After 1000 h aging time at room temperature, the saturation mobility remained almost constant while the threshold voltage shift was as small as 460 mV. The IGZO TFTs based on gate dielectrics sputtered near room temperature were found to be good candidates for applications on organic flexible substrates.
Inducible Costimulator Protein (Icos) Controls T Helper Cell Subset Polarization after Virus and Parasite Infection (2000)

It has been shown that certain pathogens can trigger efficient T cell responses in the absence of CD28, a key costimulatory receptor expressed on resting T cells. Inducible costimulator protein (ICOS) is an inducible costimulator structurally and functionally related to CD28. Here, we show that in the absence of CD28 both T helper cell type 1 (Th1) and Th2 responses were impaired but not abrogated after infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Inhibition of ICOS in CD28-deficient mice further reduced Th1/Th2 polarization. Blocking of ICOS alone had a limited but significant capacity to downregulate Th subset development. In contrast, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, which are regulated to a minor and major extent by CD28 after LCMV and VSV infection, respectively, remained unaffected by blocking ICOS. Together, our results demonstrate that ICOS regulates both CD28-dependent and CD28-independent CD4(+) subset (Th1 and Th2) responses but not CTL responses in vivo.
Internal initiation of translation of five dendritically localized neuronal mRNAs (2001)

In neurons, translation of dendritically localized mRNAs is thought to play a role in affecting synaptic efficacy. Inasmuch as components of the translation machinery may be limiting in dendrites, we investigated the mechanisms by which translation of five dendritically localized mRNAs is initiated. The 5' leader sequences of mRNAs encoding the activity-regulated cytoskeletal protein, the alpha subunit of calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II, dendrin, the microtubule-associated protein 2, and neurogranin (RC3) were evaluated for their ability to affect translation in the 5' untranslated region of a monocistronic reporter mRNA. In both neural and nonneural cell lines, the activity-regulated cytoskeletal protein, microtubule-associated protein 2, and alpha-CaM Kinase II leader sequences enhanced translation, whereas the dendrin and RC3 5' untranslated regions slightly inhibited translation as compared with controls. When cap-dependent translation of these constructs was suppressed by overexpression of a protein that binds the cap-binding protein eIF4E, it was revealed that translation of these mRNAs had both cap-dependent and cap-independent components. The cap-independent component was further analyzed by inserting the 5' leader sequences into the intercistronic region of dicistronic mRNAs. All five leader sequences mediated internal initiation via internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes). The RC3 IRES was most active and was further characterized after transfection in primary neurons. Although translation mediated by this IRES occurred throughout the cell, it was relatively more efficient in dendrites. These data suggest that IRESes may increase translation efficiency at postsynaptic sites after synaptic activation.
Equation of state for small, large, polydisperse, and associating molecules (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleEquation of state for small, large, polydisperse, and associating moleculesStanley H. Huang and Maciej RadoszCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1990, 29, 11, 2284–2294Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00107a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00107a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4644Altmetric-Citations1466LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Nucleosides and nucleotides. 94. Radical deoxygenation of tert-alcohols in 1-(2-C-alkylpentofuranosyl)pyrimidines: synthesis of (2'S)-2'-deoxy-2'-C-methylcytidine, an antileukemic nucleoside (1991)

(2'S and 2'R)-2'-Deoxy-2'-C-methylcytidine (1i and 15) and (2'S)-2'-deoxy-2'-C-ethylcytidine (1j) have been synthesized from the corresponding 2'-C-alkylarabinofuranosyl- or -ribofuranosylpyrimidine derivatives 3 and 4 by radical deoxygenation of the methyl oxalyl esters of the 2'-tert-alcohol, followed by sequential deblocking and amination at the 4-position. (2'S)-2'-Deoxy-2'-C-methyl-5-methyluridine (8) has also been synthesized in a similar manner. Among them, compound 1i exhibits the most potent cytotoxicity to L1210 cells with potency comparable to that of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (1a). The size of the 2'-substituents and the configuration at the 2'-position are the most important for the cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity in vitro of 1i against various human cancer cell lines was also examined and compared with that of 1a and 5-fluorouracil.
Image-Based Algorithms - Semantic Graph Algorithms. (2015)

Abstract not provided.
Preferred orientation in deformed metals and rocks : an introduction to modern texture analysis (1985)

L.E. Weiss and H.-R. Wenk, An Introduction. H.-R. Wenk, Measurement of Pole Figures. L.E. Weiss and H.-R. Wenk, Symmetry of Pole Figures and Textures. H.J. Bunge, Representation of Preferred Orientations. H.J. Bunge and C. Esling, The Harmonic Method. H. Schaeben, A. Vadon, and H.-R. Wenk, Vector Method. S. Matthies and H.-R. Wenk, ODF Reproduction with Conditional Ghost Correction. D.J. Barber, Dislocations and Microstructures. G. Gottstein and H. Mecking, Recrystallization. T.G. Langdon, Regimes of Plastic Deformation. P. Van Houtte and F. Wagner, Development of Textures by Slip and Twinning. G. Oertel, Reorientation due to Grain Shape. H. Mecking, Textures of Metals. J. Hirsch and K. L cke, Interpretation of the Copper*b1Brass Texture Transition by Quantitative ODF Analysis. H. Kern and A. Richter, Microstructures and Textures in Evaporites. H. Siemes and Ch. Hennig-Michaeli, Ore Minerals. H.-R. Wenk, Carbonates. G.P. Price, Preferred Orientations in Quartzites. J.-C.C. Mercier, Olivine and Pyroxenes. G. Oertel, Phyllosilicate Textures in Slates. J.L. Rosenfeld, Schistosity. B.E. Hobbs, The Geological Significance of Microfabric Analysis. H.C. Heard, Experimental Determination of Mechanical Properties. H.J. Bunge, Physical Properties of Polycrystals. P.R. Morris and J.W. Flowers, Texture and Magnetic Properties of Metals. H. Kern and H.-R. Wenk, Anisotropy in Rocks and the Geological Significance. References. Index.
Ultrahigh-contrast Ti:sapphire/Nd:glass terawatt laser system (1992)

We have developed a 1.5-TW Ti:sapphire/Nd:glass chirped-pulse amplification system. The laser produces 640-mJ, 400-fs pulses. By using a passive pulse cleaning stage a power contrast ratio of 106 has been obtained.
Principles and Practice of Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (2002)

Peptides play key structural and functional roles in biochemistry, pharmacology, and neurobiology, and are important probes for research in enzymology, immunology, and molecular biology. The amino acid building blocks can be among the 20 genetically encoded L-residues, or else unusual ones, and the sequences can be linear, cyclic, or branched. It follows that rapid, efficient, and reliable methodology for the chemical synthesis of these molecules is of utmost interest. A number of synthetic peptides are significant commercial or pharmaceutical products, ranging from the sweet dipeptide L-Asp-L-Phe-OMe (aspartame) to clinically used hormones such as oxytocin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, calcitonin, and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) super-agonists. Synthesis can lead to potent and selective new drugs by judicious substitutions that change functional groups and/or conformations of the parent peptide. These include introduction of N- or C-alkyl substituents, unnatural or D-amino acids, side-chain modifications including sulfate or phosphate groups or carbohydrate moieties, and constraints such as disulfide bridges between half-cystines or side-chain lactams between Lys and Asp or Glu. Commercially important products that evolved from such studies include protease inhibitors, such as captopril and other angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, peptidomimetic HIV protease inhibitors, and the somatostatin analog lanreotide. Most of the biologically or medicinally important peptides which are the targets for useful structure-function studies by chemical synthesis comprise under 50 amino acid residues, but occasionally a synthetic approach can lead to important conclusions about small proteins (full or domains) in the 100-200 residue size range. Methods for synthesizing peptides are divided conveniently into two categories: solution (classical) and solid-phase pep tide synthesis (SPPS). The classical methods have evolved since the beginning of the twentieth century, and they are described amply in several reviews and books (Wünsch, 1974; Finn and Hofmann, 1976; Bodanszky and Bodanszky, 1984; Goodman et al, 2001). The solid-phase alternative was conceived and elaborated by R. B. Merrifield beginning in 1959, and has also been covered comprehensively (Erickson and Merrifield, 1976; Birr, 1978; Barany and Merrifield, 1979; Stewart and Young, 1984; Merrifield, 1986; Barany et al., 1987, 1988; Kent, 1988; Atherton and Sheppard, 1989; Fields and Noble, 1990; Barany and Albericio, 1991; Fields et al., 1992; Gutte, 1995; Fields, 1997; Lloyd-Williams et al., 1997; Chan and White, 2000; Kates and Albericio, 2000).
Blood-brain barrier leakage may lead to progression of temporal lobe epilepsy (2006)

Leakage of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is associated with various neurological disorders, including temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, it is not known whether alterations of the BBB occur during epileptogenesis and whether this can affect progression of epilepsy. We used both human and rat epileptic brain tissue and determined BBB permeability using various tracers and albumin immunocytochemistry. In addition, we studied the possible consequences of BBB opening in the rat for the subsequent progression of TLE. Albumin extravasation in human was prominent after status epilepticus (SE) in astrocytes and neurons, and also in hippocampus of TLE patients. Similarly, albumin and tracers were found in microglia, astrocytes and neurons of the rat. The BBB was permeable in rat limbic brain regions shortly after SE, but also in the latent and chronic epileptic phase. BBB permeability was positively correlated to seizure frequency in chronic epileptic rats. Artificial opening of the BBB by mannitol in the chronic epileptic phase induced a persistent increase in the number of seizures in the majority of rats. These findings indicate that BBB leakage occurs during epileptogenesis and the chronic epileptic phase and suggest that this can contribute to the progression of epilepsy.
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Induces Differentiation of Islet Duodenal Homeobox-1–Positive Pancreatic Ductal Cells Into Insulin-Secreting Cells (2001)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone capable of restoring normal glucose tolerance in aging glucose-intolerant Wistar rats. Whether the antidiabetic properties of GLP-1 are exclusively due to its insulin secretory activity remains to be determined. A GLP-1-dependent differentiation of pancreatic precursor cells into mature beta-cells has recently been proposed. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pancreatic ductal epithelial cells could be differentiated into insulin-secreting cells by exposing them to GLP-1. Rat (ARIP) and human (PANC-1) cell lines, both derived from the pancreatic ductal epithelium, were used to test this hypothesis. A major difference distinguishes these two cell lines: whereas ARIP cells spontaneously express the beta-cell differentiation factor islet duodenal homeobox-1 (IDX-1), PANC-1 cells are characteristically IDX-1 negative. GLP-1 induced the differentiation of ARIP cells into insulin-synthesizing cells, although it did not affect the phenotype of PANC-1 cells, as determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Differentiation of ARIP cells by exposure to human GLP-1 occurs in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and this is associated with an increase in IDX-1 and insulin mRNA levels. Secretion of insulin was also induced in a parallel manner, and it was regulated by the concentration of glucose in the culture medium. Interestingly, PANC-1 cells, when stably transfected with human IDX-1, gained responsiveness to GLP-1 and were able to differentiate into beta-cells, as determined by FACS analysis, insulin gene expression, intracellular insulin content, and insulin accumulation in the culture medium. Finally, we demonstrated that the receptor for GLP-1 is constitutively expressed by ARIP and PANC-1 cells and that the mRNA level for this transcript was increased by cellular transfection with human IDX-1. In summary, our study provides evidence that GLP-1 is a differentiation factor for pancreatic ductal cells and that its effect requires the expression of IDX-1.
The Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat is a strong promoter when introduced into a variety of eukaryotic cells by DNA-mediated transfection. (1982)

We characterized the transcriptional activity of the long terminal repeat (LTR) of Rous sarcoma virus by constructing a recombinant plasmid, pRSVcat, in which bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT; acetyl-CoA:chloramphenicol 3-O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.28) coding sequences are placed under LTR control. We find that the LTR directs relatively high levels of CAT synthesis within 48 hr after calcium phosphate-mediated introduction of this plasmid into CV-1 monkey kidney cells, chicken embryo fibroblasts, Chinese hamster ovary cells, HeLa cells, or mouse NIH/3T3 cells. The level of CAT synthesis is 3-fold higher in CV-1 cells and up to 10-fold higher in HeLa and mouse NIH/3T3 cells than after transfection with a related vector, pSV2cat, carrying CAT sequences under control of the simian virus 40 early promoter. We have shown, by primer extension, that the amounts of CAT-specific mRNAs encoded by pRSVcat and pSV2cat correlate with the levels of CAT enzyme activity. By both S1 nuclease mapping and primer extension, we have demonstrated that the start site for RNA transcription within the LTR of pRSVcat corresponds to previous mapping data. We estimated transfection efficiencies by monitoring immunofluorescence induced by a rhodamine-labeled CAT antibody. Our results indicate that the Rous sarcoma virus LTR can direct synthesis of high levels of functional mRNA and has a wide expression range. The observed high transcriptional activity of the LTR is significant because it has been postulated that this LTR promotes activity of adjacent cellular oncogenes.
A high-resolution structure of ligand-free human glutamate carboxypeptidase II (2007)

Human glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII; EC 3.4.17.21) is an established marker for prostate-cancer diagnosis as well as a candidate therapeutic target for the treatment of diverse pathologies that involve glutamatergic transmission. Structural data on GCPII are thus valuable for the design and optimization of GCPII-specific inhibitors and diagnostic probes. The currently available structure of ligand-free GCPII was refined to a resolution of 3.5 A. This work reports the structure of the protein refined to 1.65 A resolution, with crystallographic values of R = 0.207 and R(free) = 0.228. The new structure extends the resolution appreciably and the new model based on this data shows significant differences when compared with the previously published model.
Pharmacology, Structure and Function of Cardiac L-Type Ca<sup>2+</sup> Channels (1999)

Voltage-gated L-type Ca(2+) channels control depolarization-induced Ca(2+) entry in different electrically excitable cells, including mammalian heart. Important molecular and functional details providing new insight into L-type channel structure and modulation are reviewed in this article. This includes the identification of amino acid residues responsible for drug binding, the role of accessory subunits and alternative splicing for fine-tuning channel activity and modulation by protein kinases (A, C, tyrosine kinases), cGMP-dependent pathways, calmodulin and Ca(2+). Alterations in Ca(2+) channel activity under pathological conditions such as in heart failure or during ischemia could provide new clues for the development of drugs to treat cardiovascular diseases.
5-Thio-D-glucose: hypothermic responses in mice (1980)

Adult male mice were administered several doses of 5-thio-D-glucose (5-TG) at two environmental temperatures, 4 and 22 degrees C. Both intracerebroventricular (icv) and intraperitoneal (ip) administration of 5-TG resulted in significant (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) decrements in rectal temperature (Tre) that were dose dependent. After 30 min, the hypothermic effects were significantly (P < 0.001, icv, 100 microgram) exacerbated by cold exposure (4 vs. 22 degrees C) and were likewise intensified significantly (P < 0.005, 45 min, fed vs. 18 h fasted) by food deprivation. These reductions in Tre were accompanied by significant (P < 0.001) increases in circulating levels of glucose. The present results indicate that 5-TG may be eliciting both central and peripheral cellular glucopenia concomitant with circulatory hyperglycemia; thus, the resultant hypothermia may be arising from competitive inhibition of glycolysis by 5-TG intermediates as well as reduced availability of tissue glucose.
Amino acid sequence of bovine angiogenin (1989)

The amino acid sequence and disulfide bridges of bovine plasma derived angiogenin were determined by sequencer analysis of the intact protein and fragments derived by enzymatic and chemical digestion. Bovine angiogenin is a single-chain protein of 125 amino acids; it contains six cysteines and has a calculated molecular weight of 14,595. In contrast to the human protein its amino terminus is unblocked. It has the following sequence: H2N-Ala1-Gln-Asp-Asp-Tyr-Arg-Tyr-Ile-His-Phe10-Leu-Thr-Gln-His-Tyr -Asp-Ala-Lys- Pro-Lys20-Gly-Arg-Asn-Asp-Glu-Tyr-Cys-Phe-Asn-Met30-Met-Lys- Asn-Arg-Arg-Leu-Thr - Arg-Pro-Cys40-Lys-Asp-Arg-Asn-Thr-Phe-Ile-His-Gly-Asn50-Lys- Asn-Asp-Ile-Lys-Ala - Ile-Cys-Glu-Asp60-Arg-Asn-Gly-Gln-Pro-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Asp-Leu70- Arg-Ile-Ser-Lys-Ser - Glu-Phe-Gln-Ile-Thr80-Ile-Cys-Lys-His-Lys-Gly-Ser-Ser-Arg90- Pro-Pro-Cys-Arg-Tyr - Gly-Ala-Thr-Glu-Asp100-Ser-Arg-Val-Ile-Val-Val-Gly-Cys-Glu-Asn1 10-Gly-Leu-Pro- Val-His-Phe-Asp-Glu-Ser-Phe120-Ile-Thr-Pro-Arg-His-OH. Disulfide bonds link Cys(27)-Cys(82), Cys(40)-Cys(93), and Cys(58)-Cys(108). Bovine angiogenin is 64% identical with human angiogenin; like the human protein, it is homologous to the pancreatic ribonucleases, with conservation of active site residues. Two regions, 6-22 and 65-75, are highly conserved between the angiogenins but are significantly different from those of the ribonucleases, suggesting a possible role in the molecules' biological activity.
Countering tumor-induced immunosuppression during immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer (2009)

Background: Vaccines for pancreatic cancer have been challenged by a number of factors, especially the immunosuppressive microenvironment within the tumor that allows for escape from immune surveillance. Objective/methods: We sought to identify results that define mechanisms of pancreatic-cancer-associated immunosuppression and strategies that might be useful to overcome them thereby resulting in effective immune responses to cancer vaccines capable of deleting pancreatic cancer cells. Results/conclusion: Immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and regulatory T cells (Treg) reside in tumors, and their products along with tumor derived products (such as VEGF, TGFβ and IL-10), create a microenvironment that counters immune activation and attack. Immunotherapy with cancer vaccines must include strategies to modulate these immunosuppressive cell types and tumor byproducts. Clinical trials are beginning to test these strategies.
Synthesis of Trifluoromethylaryl Diazirine and Benzophenone Derivatives of Etomidate that Are Potent General Anesthetics and Effective Photolabels for Probing Sites on Ligand-Gated Ion Channels (2006)

To locate the binding sites of general anesthetics on ligand-gated ion channels, two derivatives of the intravenous general anesthetic etomidate (2-ethyl 1-(phenylethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate), in which the 2-ethyl group has been replaced by photoactivable groups based on either aryl diazirine or benzophenone chemistry, have been synthesized and characterized pharmacologically. TDBzl-etomidate (4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl]benzyl 1-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate) and BzBzl-etomidate (4-benzoylbenzyl-1-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate are both potent general anesthetics with half-effective anesthetic concentrations of 700 and 220 nM, respectively. Both agents resembled etomidate in enhancing currents elicited by low concentrations of GABA on heterologously expressed GABAA receptors and in shifting the GABA concentration-response curve to lower concentrations. They also allosterically enhanced the binding of flunitrazepam to mammalian brain GABAA receptors. Both agents were also effective and selective photolabels, photoincorporating into some, but not all, subunits of the Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor to a degree that was allosterically regulated by an agonist or a noncompetitive inhibitor. Thus, they have the necessary pharmacological and photochemical properties to be useful in identifying the site of etomidate-induced anesthesia.