gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesizing Nanoscale Iron Particles for Rapid and Complete Dechlorination of TCE and PCBs (1997)

Transformation of halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) by zero-valent iron represents one of the latest innovative technologies for environmental remediation. For example, iron can be used to construct a reactive wall in the path of a contaminated groundwater plume to degrade HOCs. In this paper, an efficient method of synthesizing nanoscale (1−100 nm) iron and palladized iron particles is presented. Nanoscale particles are characterized by high surface area to volume ratios and high reactivities. BET specific surface area of the synthesized metal particles is 33.5 m2/g. In comparison, a commercially available Fe powder (<10 μm) has a specific surface area of just 0.9 m2/g. Batch studies demonstrated that these nanoscale particles can quickly and completely dechlorinate several chlorinated aliphatic compounds and a mixture of PCBs at relatively low metal to solution ratio (2−5 g/100 mL). Surface-area-normalized rate constants (KSA) are calculated to be 10−100 times higher than those of commercially available iron particles. The approach presented offers unique opportunities for both fundamental research and technological applications of zero-valent metals. For example, a potential application of the nanoscale particles is to inject the metal particles directly into contaminated aquifers instead of building iron walls.
Intramolecular disulphide bond arrangements in nonhomologous proteins (2005)

The presence and location of intramolecular disulphide bonds are a key determinant of the structure and function of proteins. Intramolecular disulphide bonds in proteins have previously been analyzed under the assumption that there is no clear relationship between disulphide arrangement and disulphide concentration. To investigate this, a set of sequence nonhomologous protein chains containing one or more intramolecular disulphide bonds was extracted from the Protein Data Bank, and the arrangements of the bonds, Protein Data Bank header, and Structural Characterization of Proteins fold were analyzed as a function of intramolecular disulphide bond concentration. Two populations of intramolecular disulphide bond-containing proteins were identified, with a naturally occurring partition at 25 residues per bond. These populations were named intramolecular disulphide bond-rich and -poor. Benefits of partitioning were illustrated by three results: (1) rich chains most frequently contained three disulphides, explaining the plateaux in extant disulphide frequency distributions; (2) a positive relationship between median chain length and the number of disulphides, only seen when the data were partitioned; and (3) the most common bonding pattern for chains with three disulphide bonds was based on the most common for two, only when the data were partitioned. The two populations had different headers, folds, bond arrangements, and chain lengths. Associations between IDSB concentration, IDSB bonding pattern, loop sizes, SCOP fold, and PDB header were also found. From this, we found that intramolecular disulphide bond-rich and -poor proteins follow different bonding rules, and must be considered separately to generate meaningful models of bond formation.
BRD4-NUT fusion oncogene: a novel mechanism in aggressive carcinoma. (2003)

The poorly differentiated carcinoma with t(15;19)(q13, p13.1) is characterized by its highly aggressive, invariably lethal clinical course. The chromosome 19 translocation breakpoint targets the BRD4 double bromodomain-containing gene, which functions in regulation of cell cycle progression. Herein we demonstrate that BRD4 is fused with nearly the entire transcript of the novel 15q13 gene, NUT (nuclear protein in testis), forming a 6.4-kb fusion oncogene, BRD4-NUT. NUT, like BRD4, is predicted to encode a nuclear protein but, unlike the ubiquitous BRD4 transcript, is expressed only in testis. These findings establish a model to elucidate the oncogenic consequences of unscheduled NUT expression and altered BRD4 function. Very few fusion oncogenes have been identified in epithelial tumors, and BRD4-NUT is the first fusion oncogene mechanism identified in a highly lethal form of carcinoma.
Prostate stem cell antigen: Identification of immunogenic peptides and assessment of reactive CD8+ T cells in prostate cancer patients (2002)

Identification of TAAs recognized by CD8(+) CTLs paved the way for new concepts in cancer therapy. In view of the heterogeneity of tumors and their diverse escape mechanisms, CTL-based cancer therapy largely depends on an appropriate number of TAAs. In prostate cancer, the number of antigens defined as suitable targets of CTLs remains rather limited. PSCA is widely distributed in prostate cancer. In this report, we define immunogenic peptides of PSCA which are recognized by circulating CD8(+) T cells from prostate cancer patients and able to activate CTLs in vitro. Screening the amino acid sequence of PSCA for peptides containing a binding motif for HLA-A*0201 resulted in 8 candidate peptides. Specificity and affinity of peptide binding were verified in a competition assay. Frequencies of CD8(+) T lymphocytes reactive against selected epitopes were determined in the blood of prostate cancer patients using the ELISPOT assay. Increased frequencies were revealed for CD8(+) T cells recognizing the peptides ALQPGTALL and AILALLPAL. CTLs from prostate cancer patients were raised against these 2 peptides in vitro when presented by autologous DCs. They specifically recognized peptide-pulsed T2 target cells and prostate cancer cells that were HLA-A*0201- and PSCA-positive, indicating that these peptides were naturally generated by tumor cells. These data suggest that PSCA is a promising target for the immunotherapy of prostate cancer.
7th Southest Asian Western Pacific Regional Meeting of Pharmacologists Pharmacology of Natural Products (1996)

Symposium Papers Cardiovascular protection by ginsenosides and their nitric oxide releasing action X Chen Probing excitation‐contraction coupling in trachealis smooth muscle with the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid D Amoako, Y Quian, C‐Y Kwan and J‐P Bourreau Antihypertensive effects of DL‐tetrahydropalmatine: An active principle isolated from Corydalis MT Lin, FY Chueh, MT Hsieh and CF Chen A family of novel actin‐inhibiting marine toxins S‐Y Saito and H Karaki In vitro inhibitory effects of chebulinic acid on the contractile responses of cardiovascular muscles Y‐Y Guan, C‐Y Kwan, F‐L Hsu and J‐T Cheng Tetrandrine as a calcium antagonist H Takemura, K Imoto, H Ohshika and C‐ Y Kwan
Can an Apple a Day Keep the Doctor Away? (2004)

The modern pharmaceutical industry based on synthetic chemistry severed the historical connection between plants, food and medicines. The growing costs of discovering new chemical entity-based drugs through high throughput screening methods may yet again reconnect plants and human health at a new level of technological sophistication. Multi-component botanical therapeutics that comprise functional foods, dietary supplements and botanical drugs hold several advantages over conventional drugs that may earn them a more prominent place in the medicine of the future. They can deliver mixtures of multi-functional molecules with potentiating and synergistic effects and pleiotropic targeting at a reasonable cost and with fewer regulatory constraints. They are well suited for long-term disease prevention in an era of genetic testing and increased life expectancy. They also provide additional vehicles for delivering health and wellness. Technologies that address the needs of discovery, development and manufacturing of multi-component botanical therapeutics are emerging. They include computational and bioinformatics approaches, cell based gene expression and high-content screening systems, and phytochemical elicitation and unique plant cultivation / extraction methods designed to optimize the production of bioactives, standardize overall extract composition and assure batch-to-batch product consistency. Nevertheless, multi-component botanical therapeutics carry risks associated with potential interactions with conventional drugs and adverse reactions, which are difficult to detect and diagnose. They face problems of acceptance by the medical community and pharmaceutical industry, safety and efficacy validation, poor standardization and quality control, and difficulties in identifying active ingredients and determining their complex mode(s) of action. Solving these problems will accelerate the merger of grocery stores with pharmacies and agriculture with chemical manufacturing and provide physicians and patients with broader and more individualized choices for disease prevention and treatment.
Genetic analysis of barley mutants with modifications of powdery mildew resistance gene Ml-a12 (1988)

Fifteen mutants with increased powdery mildew susceptibility (infection types between 0–1 and 3–4) were crossed with the Ml-a12 resistant mother line 'Sultan-5' (infection type 0) and the susceptible variety 'Carlsberg II'. Analysis of the material revealed that 13 mutants had mutational modifications of the Ml-a12 gene. Two mutants had a suppressor-mutant gene that modified the phenotypic expression of gene Ml-a12. One suppressor gene was recessive, the other was semidominant. The possible function of gene Ml-a12 is discussed.Key words: barley, Hordeum vulgare, powdery mildew, Erysiphe graminis hordei, mutation, resistance, suppressor.
Analysis and design of spherical microphone arrays (2004)

Spherical microphone arrays have been recently studied for sound-field recordings, beamforming, and sound-field analysis which use spherical harmonics in the design. Although the microphone arrays and the associated algorithms were presented, no comprehensive theoretical analysis of performance was provided. This work presents a spherical-harmonics-based design and analysis framework for spherical microphone arrays. In particular, alternative spatial sampling schemes for the positioning of microphones on a sphere are presented, and the errors introduced by finite number of microphones, spatial aliasing, inaccuracies in microphone positioning, and measurement noise are investigated both theoretically and by using simulations. The analysis framework can also provide a useful guide for the design and analysis of more general spherical microphone arrays which do not use spherical harmonics explicitly.
Natural phenolics in the prevention of UV-induced skin damage. A review (2003)

UV skin exposure induces extensive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These can react with DNA, proteins, fatty acids and saccharides causing oxidative damage. Such injuries result in a number of harmful effects: disturbed cell metabolism, morphological and ultrastructural changes, attack on the regulation pathways and, alterations in the differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of skin cells. These processes can lead to photoaging and skin cancer development. One approach to protecting human skin against the harmful effects of UV irradiation is to use antioxidants as photoprotectives. In recent years naturally occurring herbal compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and high molecular weight polyphenols have gained considerable attention as beneficial protective agents. In this review, we strive to summarize the findings of studies performed to date, regarding the photoprotective effects of plant phenolics on the skin damage induced by UV radiation.
Nucleosides and Nucleotides. 158. 1-(3-C-Ethynyl-β-d-ribo-pentofuranosyl)- cytosine, 1-(3-C-Ethynyl-β-d-ribo-pentofuranosyl)uracil, and Their Nucleobase Analogues as New Potential Multifunctional Antitumor Nucleosides with a Broad Spectrum of Activity (1996)

We previously designed 1-(3-C-ethynyl-beta-D-ribo-pentofuranosyl)uracil (EUrd) as a potential multifunctional antitumor nucleoside antimetabolite. It showed a potent and broad spectrum of antitumor activity against various human tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. To determine the structure-activity relationship, various nucleobase analogues of EUrd, such as 5-fluorouracil, thymine, cytosine, 5-fluorocytosine, adenine, and guanine derivatives, were synthesized by condensation of 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-3-C-ethynyl-alpha,beta-D-ribo-pentofur anose (6) and the corresponding pertrimethylsilylated nucleobases in the presence of SnCl4 or TMSOTf as a Lewis acid in CH3CN followed by debenzoylation. The in vitro tumor cell growth inhibitory activity of these 3'-C-ethynyl nucleosides against mouse leukemia L1210 and human nasopharyngeal KB cells showed that 1-(3-C-ethynyl-beta-D-ribo-pentofuranosyl)cytosine (ECyd) and EUrd were the most potent inhibitors in the series, with IC50 values for L1210 cells of 0.016 and 0.13 microM and for KB cells of 0.028 and 0.029 microM, respectively. 5-Fluorocytosine, 5-fluorouracil, and adenine nucleosides showed much lower activity, with IC50 values of 0.4-2.5 microM, while thymine and guanine nucleosides did not exhibit any activity up to 300 microM. We next evaluated the tumor cell growth inhibitory activity of ECyd and EUrd against 36 human tumor cell lines in vitro and found that they were highly effective against these cell lines with IC50 values in the nanomolar to micromolar range. These nucleosides have a similar inhibitory spectrum. The in vivo antitumor activities of ECyd and EUrd were compared to that of 5-fluorouracil against 11 human tumor xenografts including three stomach, three colon, two pancreas, one renal, one breast, and one bile duct cancers. ECyd and EUrd showed a potent tumor inhibition ratio (73-92% inhibition relative to the control) in 9 of 11 and 8 of 11 human tumors, respectively, when administered intravenously for 10 consecutive days at doses of 0.25 and 2.0 mg/kg, respectively, while 5-fluorouracil showed potent inhibitory activity against only one tumor. Such excellent antitumor activity suggests that ECyd and EUrd are worth evaluating further for use in the treatment of human cancers.
PRESERVATION AND REPERFUSION INJURIES IN LIVER ALLOGRAFTS (1992)

The Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute and the Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital and the University of Toronto Liver Transplantation Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Spontaneous onset and transplant models of the Vk*MYC mouse show immunological sequelae comparable to human multiple myeloma (2016)

These findings have important implications for the application of this mouse model in the development of MM immunotherapies. Trial registration LitVacc ANZCTR trial ID ACTRN12613000344796; RevLite ANZCTR trial ID NCT00482261.
A model for the tissue factor pathway to thrombin. I. An empirical study. (1994)

The activation of prothrombin, factor V, factor VIII, factor IX, and factor X by the tissue factor-factor VIIa complex, in vitro, in a system in which each precursor protein was present at plasma concentration, was evaluated using a combination of activity assays, immunoblots, active-site blots, and autoradiography. The thrombin generation curves observed were distinctly nonlinear and typically displayed a time lag in which little or no thrombin was observed. This was followed by an almost linear propagation phase of thrombin formation. The lag was a function of tissue factor/factor VIIa concentration and represented primarily the interval of factor V and factor VIII activation. The postlag propagation phase of thrombin generation was nearly independent of the initial activator (factor VIIa or tissue factor) concentration over a 10(3)-fold range in factor VIIa-tissue factor concentration. Maximum thrombin generation rates were observed when less than 1% of the factor IX and X present was activated but when nearly 100% activation of the cofactors, factor V and factor VIII, was achieved. Analyses of the activation pattern of factor V indicated that the cofactor is activated by both factor Xa and thrombin which are formed at low levels during the lag phase of the reaction. When the initial reaction mixture contained factor Va instead of factor V, the lag was substantially reduced. When factor V was deleted from the reaction mixture, no thrombin formation was observed. When either factor VII or factor IX was deleted from the reaction system, the propagation phase of thrombin formation (at 5 pM tissue factor-factor VIIa complex) was only one-third that observed for reactions which contained factor VIII and factor IX. The addition of factor XI to the experimental system increased the rate of thrombin formation by 15% during the propagation phase but had no effect upon the lag phase of the reaction. Our data suggest that normal hemostasis may be initiated by the factor VIIa-tissue factor complex and support the concept of multiple feedback reactions which amplify and propagate the hemostatic response.
A single dose immunization with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus major capsid protein produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces protection. (1997)

The gene coding for the major capsid protein (VP60) from rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the phosphoglycerate kinase promoter. The recombinant VP60 produced in yeast was antigenically similar to the viral polypeptide as determined with a polyclonal serum. Electron microscopic observation of the recombinant yeast-derived antigen revealed the presence of virus-like particles similar in size and appearance to native capsids. Subcutaneous vaccination of rabbits with a single dose of this antigen in the absence of commercial adjuvants conferred complete protection against the haemorrhagic disease.
Motion tracking: no silver bullet, but a respectable arsenal (2002)

This article introduces the physical principles underlying the variety of approaches to motion tracking. Although no single technology will work for all purposes, certain methods work quite well for specific applications.
Interfacially Controlled Synthesis of Hollow Mesoporous Silica Spheres with Radially Oriented Pore Structures (2010)

This paper reports an alternative process to prepare hollow mesoporous silica spheres (HMS) using a single cationic surfactant with a tunable wall thickness and radially oriented pore structures. Using N,N-dimethylformide (DMF) as the intermediate solvent bridging the organic and aqueous phase, hollow mesoporous silica spheres were synthesized with interfacial hydrolysis reactions at the surface of liquid droplets. These spheres have an ordered pore structure aligned along the radial direction, and the wall thickness and sphere sizes can be tuned by adjusting the experimental conditions. Transmission electron microscopy and nitrogen absorption techniques were used to characterize HMS and its formation procedure. A hypothetic formation mechanism was proposed on the basis of a morphology transformation with the correct amount of DMF and a careful observation of the early hydrolysis stages. Au and magnetic Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles have been encapsulated in the HMS hollow core for potential applications.
Depth from defocus using the hermite transform (2002)

This paper presents an algorithm for a dense computation of the difference in blur between two images. The two images are acquired by varying the intrinsic parameters of the camera. The image formation system is assumed to be passive. The algorithm is based on a local image decomposition technique using the Hermite polynomial basis. We show that any coefficient of the Hermite polynomial computed using the unfocused image is a function of the partial derivatives of the focused image and the blur difference. Hence, the blur difference can be computed by resolving a system of equations. An algorithm is presented for estimation of the blur in 1D and 2D images. The algorithm is tested using synthetic and real images. The results obtained are very encouraging.
Multimedia processors (1998)

This paper describes large-scale-integration programmable processors designed for multimedia processing such as real-time compression and decompression of audio and video as well as the generation of computer graphics. As the target of these processors is to handle audio and video in real time, the processing capability must be increased tenfold compared to that of conventional microprocessors, which were designed to handle mainly texts, figures, tables, and photographs. To clarify the advantages of a high-speed multimedia processing capability, we define these chips as multimedia processors. General-purpose microprocessors for workstations and personal computers (PCs) use special built-in hardware for multimedia processing, so the multimedia processors described include these modified general-purpose microprocessors. After reviewing the history of programmable processors, we classify multimedia processors into five categories depending on their basic architecture. The categories are reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessors for workstations, complex instruction set computer microprocessors for PCs, embedded RISCs, low-power digital signal processors (DSPs), which are mainly used for mobile communications devices, and media processors that support PCs for multimedia applications. These five classes are then grouped into two: microprocessors with a multimedia instruction set and highly parallel DSPs. An architectural comparison between these two groups on the basis of Moving Picture Experts Group decoding applications is made, and the advantages and disadvantages of each class are clarified. Future processors, including "system on a chip," and their applications are also discussed.
Monoclonal antibody immunoradiometric assay for an antigenic determinant (CA 72) on a novel pancarcinoma antigen (TAG‐72) (1986)

CA 72 is a monoclonal antibody (MAb) -defined antigenic determinant expressed on a pancarcinoma antigen (TAG-72) found in more than 85% of human colorectal carcinomas. An immunoradiometric assay has been developed using the murine MAb B72.3 to quantitate CA 72 in human serum. In a simultaneous immunoradiometric assay, the mean CA 72 concentration in 1,099 serum samples from healthy blood donors was 1.83 +/- 2.03 (SD) units/ml. If the upper limit of normal was set at 10 mu/mol of serum, a value including 99% of healthy blood donors, only 4 of 101 serum samples (4%) from patients with benign disease were elevated, whereas 15 of 26 (58%) and 14 of 25 (56%) of rectal and colon carcinoma patient sera, respectively, were positive. Serum samples from 84 benign colorectal disease cases were examined; of these, 0 of 28 (0%) colorectal adenoma, 1 of 39 (3%) ulcerative proctocolitis, 0 of 15 (0%) diverticulosis, and 0 of 2 (0%) irritable bowel disease sera contained more than 10 mu/ml CA 72. At a reference value of 20 mu/ml, 0 of 101 (0%) benign disease and 2 of 1,060 (0.2%) blood donor sera had elevated values, whereas 10 of 26 (38%) and 9 of 25 (36%) rectal and colon patient sera, respectively, remained positive. The majority of patients with pancreatic and ovarian cancer, and a significant fraction of stomach cancer patient sera, also contained elevated levels of CA 72. The ability of this assay to discriminate between malignant and benign diseases suggests its further evaluation for monitoring and diagnosis in groups at risk for development of cancer.