gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of a new strain of Ehrlichia chaffeensis from a patient with nearly fatal monocytic ehrlichiosis (1995)

Ehrlichia chaffeensis is the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, a disease that ranges in severity from asymptomatic infection to death. Only one isolate of E. chaffeensis has been made, the Arkansas strain, upon which all characterizations of the agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis have been based. We report the isolation and characterization of a new strain of E. chaffeensis, the 91HE17 strain, which was cultivated from a patient with a nearly fatal illness. The new isolate grows best in culture with careful control of pH. The two isolates are nearly identical as determined by light and electron microscopy and have significant antigenic identity in fluorescent-antibody and immunoblot assays using polyclonal antisera and the E. chaffeensis-specific monoclonal antibody 1A9. Isolate 91HE17 had 99.9% nucleotide sequence identity with the Arkansas strain in the 16S rRNA gene. Parts of the Escherichia coli GroE operon homologs had identical restriction enzyme digestion patterns, and a 425-bp region of the GroEL gene had at least 99.8% sequence identity between the E. chaffeensis Arkansas and 91HE17 strains. Isolate 91HE17 lacked an epitope identified in E. chaffeensis Arkansas by the monoclonal antibody 6A1. This new E. chaffeensis isolate is very similar to the Arkansas strain and provides the opportunity to substantiate the existence of diversity among ehrlichiae which infect humans. Specific factors which differ among strains may then be compared to assess their potential contributions toward cellular pathogenicity and ultimately toward the development of disease in humans.
The Mumps Virus Neurovirulence Safety Test in Rhesus Monkeys:A Comparison of Mumps Virus Strains (1999)

Wild type mumps viruses are highly neurotropic and a frequent cause of aseptic meningitis in unvaccinated humans. To test whether attenuated mumps viruses used in the manufacture of mumps vaccines have neurovirulent properties, a monkey neurovirulence safety test (MNVT) is performed. However, results with several mumps virus MNVTs have raised questions as to whether the test can reliably discriminate neurovirulent from nonneurovirulent mumps virus strains. Here, various mumps virus strains representing a wide range of neuropathogenicity were tested in a standardized MNVT. A trend of higher neurovirulence scores was observed in monkeys inoculated with wild type mumps virus versus vaccine strains, although differences were not statistically significant. Results indicated the need for further examination and refinement of the MNVT or for development of alternative MNVTs.
Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on proliferation and on induction of apoptosis in colon cancer cells by a prostaglandin-independent pathway (1996)

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decrease the incidence of and mortality from colon cancer. We observed that NSAIDs inhibit the proliferation rate, alter the cell cycle distribution, and induce apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines. We evaluated whether the inhibition by NSAIDs of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis is required for their effects on colon cancer cells by studying two human colon cancer cell lines: HCT-15 and HT-29. HCT-15, which lacks cyclooxygenase transcripts, does not produce PGs even when exogenously stimulated, whereas HT-29 produces PGE2, PGF2 alpha, and PGI2. HCT-15 and HT-29 cells, when treated for up to 72 hr with 200 microM sulindac sulfide (an active metabolite of sulindac) or 900 microM piroxicam, showed changes in proliferation, cell cycle phase distribution, and apoptosis. Treatment with PGE2, PGF2 alpha, and PGI2, following a variety of protocols, and at concentrations between 10(-6) and 10(-11) M, failed to reverse the effects of NSAIDs on these three parameters of cell growth. We concluded that NSAIDs inhibit the proliferation rate of the two colon cancer cell lines independent of their ability to inhibit PG synthesis. Thus, alternative mechanisms for their activity on tumor cell growth must be entertained. These observations may be relevant to the mechanism of colon tumor inhibition by NSAIDs.
Mercápolis (un juego de simulación sobre el comercio y el conflicto colonial en la Era moderna) (2000)

«Mercapolis es una experiencia practica en el aula que comenzo a aplicarse en el Curso 1.992-93 con alumnos del I.E.S. Prado de Santo Domingo (Alcorcon).
 Mercapolis es un juego que simula las condiciones del mercado, la ley de la oferta y la demanda, la coercion militar, las relaciones de poder, el comportamiento de las personas y de las naciones en el marco de la economia-mundo que surge durante los siglos XVI-XVIII. El juego de simulacion es una tecnica de ensenanza que alienta a los alumnos a ponerse en lugar de otros para intentar ver una situacion desde multiples perspectivas, y a tratar de resolver un problema mediante una participacion realista en el.».
Intestinal absorption of riboflavin, studied by an in situ circulation system using radioactive analogues. (1988)

The intestinal absorption of riboflavin was studied using radioactive riboflavin and its analogues 8-demethylriboflavin, 3-methylriboflavin, 5'-deoxyriboflavin, 2'-deoxyriboflavin, 7,8-dimethyl-10-hydroxyethylisoalloxazine, lumiflavin, lumichrome, and riboflavin-5'-monosulfate, which were synthesized with high specific radioactivity. A specific absorption of riboflavin at dietary concentrations was confirmed using an in situ circulation system. The relation between the chemical structure of flavins and the absorption mechanism was studied using this system. The 8-demethylriboflavin, an analogue modified at benzene moiety of the isoalloxazine ring, was absorbed in a similar way to riboflavin, by dual kinetics: by a process specific for riboflavin at dietary concentrations and by simple diffusion (nonspecific absorption) predominating at higher concentrations (over 100 microM). However, 3-methylriboflavin and analogues modified at the ribityl group, including 5'-deoxyriboflavin, were absorbed only via simple diffusion even at dietary concentrations. Many flavins examined, except for 3-isobutylriboflavin, 3-carboxymethylriboflavin, lumichrome, and riboflavin-5'-monosulfate, interfered with the specific absorption of riboflavin. It was concluded from these results that one of the specific absorption processes for riboflavin is a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation process. Four water-soluble vitamins did not interfere with the specific absorption of riboflavin, indicating that these vitamins do not share a common specific absorption pathway with riboflavin.
Adipose tissue-derived therapeutics (2003)

Human adipose tissue provides a uniquely abundant and accessible source of adult stem cells for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The adult stem cells are isolated by collagenase digestion, differential centrifugation and subsequent adherence to a plasticware surface. Based on their immunophenotype, the cells are relatively homogeneous, with shared expression of integrin beta(1), the hyaluronate receptor, and the tetraspan protein CD9, among other markers. In response to chemical, hormonal or structural stimuli, the adipose-derived adult stem (ADAS) cells can differentiate along multiple lineage pathways, including adipocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes, neurons and osteoblasts. The cells can be transduced with viral vectors and have potential utility as gene delivery vehicles. Further studies will facilitate the clinical and commercial development of ADAS cells. First, it will be necessary to develop closed system bioreactors for the large-scale manufacture of ADAS cells. Second, methods that improve the vascularisation of in vivo implants will allow transplantation of larger engineered tissues. Finally, experiments must investigate the feasibility of transplanting allogeneic, as compared to autologous, ADAS cells for therapeutic applications. Based on the promising findings from adipose-derived and other adult stem cells to date, it is likely that future studies will address these challenges.
The role of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and RANTES/CCL5 during chronic fungal asthma in mice 1 (2001)

In the present study, we explored the role of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) in a murine model of chronic fungal asthma induced by an intrapulmonary challenge with Aspergillus fumigatus conidia (or spores). Airway hyperresponsiveness was significantly lower in A. fumigatus-sensitized mice lacking CCR5 (CCR5-/-) compared with similarly sensitized wild-type (CCR5+/+) control mice at days 2, 21, 30, and 40 after the conidia challenge. CCR5-/- mice exhibited significantly less peribronchial T-cell and eosinophil accumulation and airway-remodeling features, such as goblet cell hyperplasia and peribronchial fibrosis, compared with CCR5+/+ mice at these times after conidia. However, both groups of mice exhibited similar allergic airway disease at day 12 after the conidia challenge. In CCR5-/- mice at day 12, the allergic airway disease was associated with airway hyperresponsiveness, peribronchial allergic inflammation, and goblet cell hyperplasia. Immunoneutralization of RANTES/CCL5 in sensitized CCR5+/+ and CCR5-/- mice for 12 days after the conidia challenge significantly reduced the peribronchial inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in comparison with control wild-type and knockout mice at this time. These data demonstrate that functional CCR5 and RANTES/CCL5 are required for the persistence of chronic fungal asthma in mice.
Mixed‐Organic‐Cation Perovskite Photovoltaics for Enhanced Solar‐Light Harvesting (2014)

Hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite APbX3 pigments, such as methylammonium lead iodide, have recently emerged as excellent light harvesters in solid-state mesoscopic solar cells. An important target for the further improvement of the performance of perovskite-based photovoltaics is to extend their optical-absorption onset further into the red to enhance solar-light harvesting. Herein, we show that this goal can be reached by using a mixture of formamidinium (HN=CHNH3 (+), FA) and methylammonium (CH3 NH3 (+), MA) cations in the A position of the APbI3 perovskite structure. This combination leads to an enhanced short-circuit current and thus superior devices to those based on only CH3 NH3 (+). This concept has not been applied previously in perovskite-based solar cells. It shows great potential as a versatile tool to tune the structural, electrical, and optoelectronic properties of the light-harvesting materials.
VisualRank: Applying PageRank to Large-Scale Image Search (2008)

Because of the relative ease in understanding and processing text, commercial image-search systems often rely on techniques that are largely indistinguishable from text-search. Recently, academic studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of employing image-based features to provide alternative or additional signals. However, it remains uncertain whether such techniques will generalize to a large number of popular web queries, and whether the potential improvement to search quality warrants the additional computational cost. In this work, we cast the image-ranking problem into the task of identifying "authority" nodes on an inferred visual similarity graph and propose VisualRank to analyze the visual link structures among images. The images found to be "authorities" are chosen as those that answer the image-queries well. To understand the performance of such an approach in a real system, we conducted a series of large-scale experiments based on the task of retrieving images for 2000 of the most popular products queries. Our experimental results show significant improvement, in terms of user satisfaction and relevancy, in comparison to the most recent Google Image Search results. Maintaining modest computational cost is vital to ensuring that this procedure can be used in practice; we describe the techniques required to make this system practical for large scale deployment in commercial search engines.
Effects of FVIII immunity on hepatocyte and hematopoietic stem cell–directed gene therapy of murine hemophilia A (2016)

Immune responses to coagulation factors VIII (FVIII) and IX (FIX) represent primary obstacles to hemophilia treatment. Previously, we showed that hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) retroviral gene therapy induces immune nonresponsiveness to FVIII in both naive and preimmunized murine hemophilia A settings. Liver-directed adeno-associated viral (AAV)-FIX vector gene transfer achieved similar results in preclinical hemophilia B models. However, as clinical immune responses to FVIII and FIX differ, we investigated the ability of liver-directed AAV-FVIII gene therapy to affect FVIII immunity in hemophilia A mice. Both FVIII naive and preimmunized mice were administered recombinant AAV8 encoding a liver-directed bioengineered FVIII expression cassette. Naive animals receiving high or mid-doses subsequently achieved near normal FVIII activity levels. However, challenge with adjuvant-free recombinant FVIII induced loss of FVIII activity and anti-FVIII antibodies in mid-dose, but not high-dose AAV or HSC lentiviral (LV) vector gene therapy cohorts. Furthermore, unlike what was shown previously for FIX gene transfer, AAV-FVIII administration to hemophilia A inhibitor mice conferred no effect on anti-FVIII antibody or inhibitory titers. These data suggest that functional differences exist in the immune modulation achieved to FVIII or FIX in hemophilia mice by gene therapy approaches incorporating liver-directed AAV vectors or HSC-directed LV.
Out-of-plane growth of CNTs on graphene for supercapacitor applications (2011)

This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of a hybrid nanostructure comprised of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown on graphene layers for supercapacitor applications. The entire nanostructure (CNTs and graphene) was fabricated via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) and designed to minimize self-aggregation of the graphene and CNTs. Growth parameters of the CNTs were optimized by adjusting the gas flow rates of hydrogen and methane to control the simultaneous, competing reactions of carbon formation toward CNT growth and hydrogenation which suppresses CNT growth via hydrogen etching of carbon. Characterization of the supercapacitor performance of the CNT-graphene hybrid nanostructure indicated that the average measured capacitance of a fabricated graphene-CNT structure was 653.7 μF cm(-2) at 10 mV s(-1) with a standard rectangular cyclic voltammetry curve. Rapid charging-discharging characteristics (mV s(-1)) were exhibited with a capacitance of approximately 75% (490.3 μF cm(-2)). These experimental results indicate that this CNT-graphene structure has the potential towards three-dimensional (3D) graphene-CNT multi-stack structures for high-performance supercapacitors.
Preparation and property analysis of a hepatocyte targeting pH-sensitive liposome (2004)

Liposome 18-gal can be further developed as a potential hepatocyte- targeting delivery system.
Identification of a Receptor-Binding Domain in the S Protein of the Novel Human Coronavirus Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus as an Essential Target for Vaccine Development (2013)

A novel human Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) caused outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like illness with a high mortality rate, raising concerns of its pandemic potential. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) was recently identified as its receptor. Here we showed that residues 377 to 662 in the S protein of MERS-CoV specifically bound to DPP4-expressing cells and soluble DPP4 protein and induced significant neutralizing antibody responses, suggesting that this region contains the receptor-binding domain (RBD), which has a potential to be developed as a MERS-CoV vaccine.
Systematic Review of Conservative Operative Caries Management Strategies (2001)

The relationship between cavity preparation extension and restoration longevity is examined through a systemic review of the available evidence on specific conservative, operative caries-management strategies. Evidence tables are provided for three specific techniques in the permanent dentition: 1) the proximal "tunnel" restoration, 2) the proximal "box-only" restoration, and 3) the preventive resin restoration. In the primary dentition, the clinical trials involving the proximal box-only restoration, most of which involved glass-ionomer materials, are reviewed. In the permanent dentition, the evidence reveals low effectiveness for "tunnel" restorations, limited but supportive results for proximal-only restorations, and generally favorable outcomes for the occlusal composite resin-sealant restoration. The weak link in the latter is the overlying fissure sealant, which requires adequate ongoing maintenance. Conservative operative strategies in the primary dentition have not been uniformly successful, and deleterious material effects dominate restoration performance. This systematic review concludes that operative conservatism per se does not guarantee increased restoration longevity and that all restorations are vulnerable to caries recurrence, material failures, and technical deficiencies. The more successful conservative strategies are expected to enhance tooth longevity, provided concomitant caries control is effective.
Two distinct forms of the 64,000 M r protein of the cleavage stimulation factor are expressed in mouse male germ cells (1999)

Polyadenylation in male germ cells differs from that in somatic cells. Many germ cell mRNAs do not contain the canonical AAUAAA in their 3′ ends but are efficiently polyadenylated. To determine whether the 64,000 M r protein of the cleavage stimulation factor (CstF-64) is altered in male germ cells, we examined its expression in mouse testis. In addition to the 64,000 M r form, we found a related ≈70,000 M r protein that is abundant in testis, at low levels in brain, and undetectable in all other tissues examined. Expression of the ≈70,000 M r CstF-64 was limited to meiotic spermatocytes and postmeiotic spermatids in testis. In contrast, the 64,000 M r form was absent from spermatocytes, suggesting that the testis-specific CstF-64 might control expression of meiosis-specific genes. To determine why the 64,000 M r CstF-64 is not expressed in spermatocytes, we mapped its chromosomal location to the X chromosome in both mouse and human. CstF-64 may, therefore, be absent in spermatocytes because the X chromosome is inactivated during male meiosis. By extension, the testis-specific CstF-64 may be expressed from an autosomal homolog of the X chromosomal gene.
The Influence of Immunomodulatory Diets on Transplant Success and Complications (2005)

Dietary supplementation with L-arginine and canola oil is a safe, inexpensive, and unique treatment, which is associated with decreased rejection rates and CNI toxicity after the first month in renal transplant patients. Due to reductions in NODM and cardiac events, long-term benefits for patient survival may be particularly important.
Prothrombin Time Sensitivity and Specificity to Mild Clotting Factor Deficiencies of the Extrinsic Pathway: Evaluation of Eight Commercial Thromboplastins (1996)

Prothrombin-time (PT) sensitivity and specificity to mild clotting factor II, V, VII and X deficiencies have rarely been studied. We therefore carried out a prospective study, in 350 patients, of eight commercial thromboplastins (CTs) in their ability to detect mild clotting factor deficiencies, notably in factor VII. In each patient the factor II, V, VII and X clotting activities and PT performed with each CT were determined. For each CT, PT sensitivity and specificity in detecting factor deficiencies below 0.5 U/ml or below 0.4 U/ml were determined at various PTs, and then Receiver Operator Characteristic curves constructed. At optimum PT threshold level (sensitivity = specificity), exactitude varied from 0.64 to 0.74 (p < 0.01) and from 0.67 to 0.81 (p < 0.0001) in detecting deficiencies below 0.5 and 0.4 U/ml respectively. In conclusion, this study shows the limits of the PT test as performed with 8 CTs in patients with mild clotting factor deficiencies. The impact of such differences in sensitivity and specificity on monitoring certain patients subjects to decrease in coagulation factor, and, in particular, of those under low dose oral anticoagulant, remains to be determined.
Effect of Oxidation Rate on Cross-Linking of Mussel Adhesive Proteins (2003)

The cross-linking behavior of mussel adhesive protein Mefp-1 was studied by measuring the rate of aggregation of the protein by photon correlation spectroscopy. To be able to calculate the aggregation numbers, the hydrodynamic radius of monomer Mefp-1 (10 nm) was determined under reducing conditions. The aggregation is controlled by the redox potential of the solution, and the aggregation number varied, independent of pH, over a factor 2 within the experimentally accessible redox potential window. A kinetic model for cross-linking, based on the intricate interplay of the oxidation and auto-oxidation of the hydroquinones of Mefp-1, is proposed. The oxidation rate strongly depends on redox potential. The cross-linking rate is taken to be proportional to the rate of auto-oxidation. The model correctly predicts the experimentally observed phenomena. When the oxidation rate is slower than the auto-oxidation rate, cross-linking is efficient and controlled by the oxidation rate. When the rate of auto-oxidation rate is slower than the oxidation rate, the cross-linking is inefficient due to the quick exhaustion of the hydroquinones. The experimentally determined rate constant for cross-linking is found to be much smaller than those found for auto-oxidation of hydroquinones because of the excluded volume interactions imposed by the protein backbone. Tuning the interplay between oxidation and auto-oxidation presents the potential of controlling cross-linking density independent of the density of reactive groups.
Catalytic Selective Synthesis (2012)

Complete control of the product of a catalytic reaction can be achieved on the basis of catalyst structure, even when the reaction conditions are nearly identical. Catalyst-controlled selectivity is well established for enantioselective catalysis but less formulated for catalytic regio-, chemo-, or product-selective reactions. This Review describes selective transformations of the same starting materials into two or more different products simply by the choice of catalyst. By collecting and highlighting examples of selective catalysis, we hope that the field will be encouraged by the progress that has been made while bringing attention to unmet needs in the design and mechanistic understanding of selective catalysts.
Cutting Edge: FISP (IL-4-Induced Secreted Protein), a Novel Cytokine-Like Molecule Secreted by Th2 Cells (2001)

Th cell subsets, namely Th1 and Th2 cells, play an important role in mounting an immune response against invading pathogens. Several genes are selectively up-regulated during differentiation and effector phases of Th subsets. In this study, we report the identification of a novel cytokine-like molecule designated FISP (IL-4-induced secreted protein), which is selectively expressed and secreted by Th2 cells. Detectable levels of FISP are observed only 3 days after initiation of Th2 differentiation. Expression of FISP in developing Th cells requires at least two signals: TCR signaling involving protein kinase C activation and STAT6-dependent IL-4R signaling.