gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrohydrodynamic printing under applied pole-type nozzle configuration (2013)

A pole-type nozzle has an inserted pole that jams a contraction flow into capillary in electrohydrodynamic deposition. The jammed solution improves Taylor cone formation by shortening the hysteresis time so that pole-type nozzle is suitable for high-resolution electrohydrodynamic printing. Experimental results demonstrate a governed frequency-dividing relationship with an integral ratio of applied voltage frequency to droplet deposition frequency. It is observed that low integral frequency ratio is in favor of low voltage amplitude and duty cycle, and high voltage frequency, since polymer solution jets in a small fluidic volume per droplet under low electric force and short pulse duration.
A Facile and Mild Synthesis of 1-D ZnO, CuO, and α-Fe2O3 Nanostructures and Nanostructured Arrays (2008)

ZnO nanowires, CuO nanowires, and α-Fe2O3 nanotubes as well as their corresponding arrays have been successfully synthesized via a low cost, generalizable, and simplistic template method. Diameters of one-dimensional (1-D) metal oxide nanostructures (∼60−260 nm), measuring micrometers in length, can be reliably and reproducibly controlled by the template pore channel dimensions. Associated vertically aligned arrays have been attached to the surfaces of a number of geometrically significant substrates, such as curved plastic and glass rod motifs. The methodology reported herein relies on the initial formation of an insoluble metal hydroxide precursor, initially resulting from the reaction of the corresponding metal solution and sodium hydroxide, and its subsequent transformation under mild conditions into the desired metal oxide nanostructures. Size- and shape-dependent optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties of as-prepared 1-D metal oxides were investigated and noted to be mainly comparable to or better than the associated properties of the corresponding bulk oxides. A plausible mechanism for as-observed wire and tube-like motifs is also discussed.
Delivery of antigen in allogeneic cells preferentially generates CD4+ Th1 cells (2003)

We have examined the possibility of evoking antigen-specific T cell immune response by using allogeneic cells as a source of adjuvant and also as a vehicle to deliver antigen. The mice were immunized with different preparations of antigen-pulsed allogeneic and syngeneic splenocytes. It was observed during the study that the animals immunized with antigen-pulsed mitomycin C treated allogeneic cells elicited antigen specific CD(4+) Th1 cell response. Predominant release of IL-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma and IgG2a-isotype also occurred. In contrast, mice immunized with antigen-pulsed syngeneic cells chiefly enhanced the production of interleukin (IL)-4 and IgG1-isotype. Further, allogeneic macrophages induced better T cell response than B cells or splenocytes and prominently induced the expression of B7-1 and B7-2. Immunization with antigen-pulsed macrophages provided better recall responses compared to B cells. This was manifested by the high LFA-1alpha and low CD45RB expression on T cells. Because it is already known that mitomycin C-treated cells undergo apoptosis and dendritic cells engulf apoptotic cells, we therefore propose that generation of T cell response using antigen-pulsed allogeneic cells may be due to the engulfment of these cells by dendritic cells, which may then process and present antigen entrapped in allogeneic cells to activate naive CD(4+) T cells and differentiate them to Th1 cells. This study therefore provides a rational basis for manipulating antigen-specific responses by immunizing with antigen-pulsed allogeneic cells.
HYPOMAGNESEMIA IN DIABETIC CHILDREN (1983)

Serum concentrations of iron, copper, zinc and magnesium were determined in 27 Swedish children with well controlled diabetes without longterm diabetic complications. Thirteen of the diabetic children had age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Significantly lower serum magnesium concentrations were found in the diabetic children than in the matched healthy controls (p less than 0.01). The levels of iron, copper and zinc did not differ in the diabetic children from those in the controls. A negative correlation between serum magnesium level and duration of diabetes was found (p less than 0.05). This is seemingly the first report of hypomagnesemia in diabetic children.
Deoxyribozyme-Based Ligase Logic Gates and Their Initial Circuits (2005)

A complete set (YES, NOT, AND, and ANDNOT) of molecular scale logic gates based on ligase deoxyribozymes was constructed. The activity of these gates was visualized through the formation of cascades with downstream phosphodieseterase YES gates, which performed fluorogenic cleavage.
Integrated Ground-Based SAR Interferometry, Terrestrial Laser Scanner, and Corner Reflector Deformation Experiments (2018)

An integrated sensor system comprised of a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), corner reflectors (CRs), and high precision linear rail is utilized to validate ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GB-SAR) interferometric micro-displacement measurements. A rail with positioning accuracy of 0.1 mm is deployed to ensure accurate and controllable deformation. The rail is equipped with a CR on a sliding platform for mobility. Three smaller CRs are installed nearby, each with a reflective sticker attached to the CR's vertex; the CRs present as high-amplitude points both in the GB-SAR images and the TLS point cloud to allow for accurate data matching. We analyze the GB-SAR zero-baseline repeated rail differential interferometry signal model to obtain 2D interferograms of the test site in time series, and then use TLS to obtain a 3D surface model. The model is matched with interferograms to produce more intuitive 3D products. The CR displacements can also be extracted via surface reconstruction algorithm. Finally, we compared the rail sensor measurement and TLS results to optimize coherent scatterer selection and filter the data. The proposed method yields accurate target displacement results via quantitative analysis of GB-SAR interferometry.
Perspectives of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte treatment in solid tumors (2021)

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy is a type of adoptive cellular therapy by harvesting infiltrated lymphocytes from tumors, culturing and amplifying them in vitro and then infusing back to treat patients. Its diverse TCR clonality, superior tumor-homing ability, and low off-target toxicity endow TIL therapy unique advantages in treating solid tumors compared with other adoptive cellular therapies. Nevertheless, the successful application of TIL therapy currently is still limited to several types of tumors. Herein in this review, we summarize the fundamental work in the field of TIL therapy and the current landscape and advances of TIL clinical trials worldwide. Moreover, the limitations of the current TIL regimen have been discussed and the opportunities and challenges in the development of next-generation TIL are highlighted. Finally, the future directions of TIL therapy towards a broader clinical application have been proposed.
Anisotropic Reactive Ion Etching of Aluminum Using Cl2, BCl3, and  CH 4 Gases (1990)

A technique for anisotropically etching fine line patterns in aluminum films using the gas combination is explored. The process is designed to avoid the use of and , both of which are known to be strong carcinogens. The etch is characterized by making use of statistically designed experiments to optimize the etch rate, selectivity, and anisotropy of the etch. The etching mechanism is explored by the use of Auger electron spectroscopy to study polymer sidewall deposits, caused by the use of and an organic mask, which prohibit undercutting. Using this etch, we have demonstrated the anisotropic etching of fine line features in Al films with minimum lines and spaces of 500 and 300 nm, respectively.
Identification of candidate genes associated with cell wall digestibility and eQTL (expression quantitative trait loci) analysis in a Flint × Flint maize recombinant inbred line population (2007)

102 candidate genes for cell-wall digestibility were validated by genetical genomics approach. Although the cDNA array highlights gene types (the tested gene and any close family members), trans-acting factors or metabolic bottlenecks seem to play the major role in controlling heritable variation of gene expression related to cell-wall digestibility, since no in silico mapped ESTs were in the same location as their own eQTL. Transcriptional variation was generally found to be oligogenic rather than monogenic inherited due to only 26% ESTs detected a single eQTL in the present study. One eQTL hotspot was co-localized with cell wall digestibility related QTL cluster on bins 3.05, implying that in this case the gene(s) underlying QTL and eQTL are identical. As the field of genetical genomics develops, it is expected to significantly improve our knowledge about complex traits, such as cell wall degradability. Comprehensive knowledge of the lignin pathway and cell wall biogenesis will allow plant breeders to choose the best genomic targets controlling these characters, for improving forage digestibility through genetic engineering or marker-assisted selection.
SVM-based prediction of linear B-cell epitopes using Bayes Feature Extraction (2010)

We developed a SVM prediction model utilizing Bayes Feature Extraction and showed that it was effective in discriminating epitopes from non-epitopes in benchmark datasets and annotated antigenic proteins. A web server for predicting linear B-cell epitopes was developed and is available, together with supplementary materials, at http://www.immunopred.org/bayesb/index.html.
Development of Approaches to Improve the Healing following Muscle Contusion (1998)

Muscle injuries are a challenging problem in traumatology, and the most frequent occurrence in sports medicine. Muscle contusions are among the most common muscle injuries. Although this injury is capable of healing, an incomplete functional recovery often occurs, depending on the severity of the blunt trauma. We have developed an animal model of muscle contusion in mice (high energy blunt trauma) and characterized the muscle's ability to heal following this injury using histology and immunohistochemistry to determine the level of muscle regeneration and the development of scar tissue. We have observed a massive muscle regeneration occurring in the first 2 wk postinjury that is subsequently followed by the development of muscle fibrosis. Based on these observations, we propose that the enhancement of muscle growth and regeneration, as well as the prevention of fibrotic development, could be used as approach(es) to improve the healing of muscle injuries. In fact, we have identified three growth factors (bFGF, IGF-1, and NGF) capable of enhancing myoblast proliferation and differentiation in vitro and improving the healing of the injured muscle in vivo. Furthermore, the ability of adenovirus to mediate direct and ex vivo gene transfer of β-galactosidase into the injured site opens possibilities of delivering an efficient and persistent expression of these growth factors in the injured muscle. These studies should help in the development of strategies to promote efficient muscle healing with complete functional recovery following muscle contusion. © 1998 Elsevier Science Inc.
Strategies for Winter Highway Maintenance (1996)

Winter is a powerful force to reckon with in the northern portion of the United States, and the harsh effects of winter weather can take quite a toll on transportation infrastructure and its users. It is therefore important for winter maintenance practices to be as efficient and cost-effective as possible. This report examines the current state of practice in winter maintenance, reviews current and relevant literature, and suggests strategies to improve current winter maintenance practices. Two surveys were conducted in the course of this study. The first was mailed to all Iowa counties and all cities in Iowa with populations greater than 25,000; the second surveyed state Departments of Transportation. The response rate was very high, and the data collected have proven extremely useful toward understanding how winter maintenance is conducted at present and pinpointing major problems. Survey results were cross referenced with the authors' review of current literature to identify areas where research is being conducted to meet the needs expressed by survey respondents.
Dynamic load balancing strategies for conservative parallel simulations (1997)

This paper studies the problem of load balancing for conservative parallel simulations for execution on a multicomputer. The synchronization protocol makes use of Chandy-Misra null-messages. We propose a dynamic load balancing algorithm which assumes no compile time knowledge about the workload parameters. It is based upon a process migration mechanism, and the notion of CPU-queue length, which indicates the workload at each processor.We examine two variations for the algorithm which we refer to as centralized and multi-level hierarchical methods, in the context of queueing network simulation of a torus. The torus was chosen because it of its many cycles aid in the formation of deadlock making it a stress test for any conservative synchronization protocols. Our experiments indicate that our dynamic load balancing schemes significantly reduce the run time of an optimized version of Chandy-Misra null message approach, and decreases by 30-40\% the synchronization overhead when compared to the use of a static partitioning algorithm. Significantly, the results obtained also indicate that the multi-level scheme always outperforms both the centralized load balancing approach and the static partitioning algorithm.
NF-ATp, a T lymphocyte DNA-binding protein that is a target for calcineurin and immunosuppressive drugs. (1993)

The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) is essential for transcription of the interleukin-2 gene upon T cell activation. Here we use a technique involving elution and renaturation of proteins from SDS-acrylamide gels to identify a DNA-binding component of NF-AT (NF-ATp) that is present in hypotonic extracts of T cells prior to activation and appears in nuclear extracts when T cells are activated. NF-ATp is present in resting T cells predominantly in a form migrating with an apparent molecular weight of 110,000-140,000, while NF-ATp from nuclear extracts of activated T cells migrates with a lower apparent molecular weight (90,000-125,000). This difference is likely to reflect dephosphorylation of NF-ATp, since treatment of NF-ATp with calf intestinal phosphatase or the calcium- and calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin in vitro results in a similar decrease in its apparent molecular weight. We show that NF-ATp is dephosphorylated in cell lysates by a calcium-dependent process that is blocked by inclusion of EGTA or a specific peptide inhibitor of calcineurin in the cell lysis buffer. Moreover, dephosphorylation of NF-ATp in cell extracts is inhibited by prior treatment of T cells with the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A or FK506, which inhibit the phosphatase activity of calcineurin when complexed with their specific binding proteins, cyclophilin and FK506-binding protein. This work identifies NF-ATp as a DNA-binding phosphoprotein and a target for the drug/immunophilin/calcineurin complexes thought to mediate the inhibition of interleukin-2 gene induction by cyclosporin A and FK506.
Biodegradation of estolides from monounsaturated fatty acids (1997)

Abstract Mono‐ and polyestolides, made from oleic acid, meadowfoam oil fatty acids and erucic acid, were subjected to biodegradation with mixed cultures of Penicillium verucosum, Mucor racemosus , and Enterobacter aerogenes . Fermentations were continued for 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 d. Meadowfoam oil and its fatty acids, oleic acid and soybean oil were also biodegraded under the same conditions. After 10 d, oleic acid and soybean oil were degraded 99.8 and 99.2%, respectively; meadowfoam oil and its fatty acids were degraded 89.0 and 97.7%, respectively. After 30 d, oleic acid‐derived poly‐ and monoestolides were degraded 98.6 and 90.0%, respectively, meadowfoam estolides were degraded 75.7%, and erucic acid estolides were degraded 84.0%.
An iterative optimization approach for unified image segmentation and matting (2005)

Separating a foreground object from the background in a static image involves determining both full and partial pixel coverages, also known as extracting a matte. Previous approaches require the input image to be presegmented into three regions: foreground, background and unknown, which are called a trimap. Partial opacity values are then computed only for pixels inside the unknown region. This presegmentation based approach fails for images with large portions of semitransparent foreground where the trimap is difficult to create even manually. In this paper, we combine the segmentation and matting problem together and propose a unified optimization approach based on belief propagation. We iteratively estimate the opacity value for every pixel in the image, based on a small sample of foreground and background pixels marked by the user. Experimental results show that compared with previous approaches, our method is more efficient to extract high quality mattes for foregrounds with significant semitransparent regions
[The mortality because of conditions related to alcohol consumption]. (2013)

The article presents the systematization of data concerning alcohol-depended mortality as a occurrence with complicated structure. It is established that grouping of alcohol-depended mortality on isolated components is conditioned by different nature of unhealthy consumption of alcohol in the development of alcohol-depended conditions as a conditional and/or supporting factor. Among other causation factors article points out the input of pattern of alcohol consumption into the value of risk of development of alcohol-attributive conditions and two-way impact of unhealthy alcohol consumption at the risk of development of particular alcohol-attributive conditions.
The role of genetic variation in thiopurine methyltransferase activity and the efficacy and/or side effects of azathioprine therapy in dermatologic patients (1995)

<h3>Background:</h3> Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) is one of three major enzymes involved in the metabolism of azathioprine and its active metabolite 6-mercaptopurine. Thiopurine methyltransferase activity is determined by an allelic polymorphism for either high (TPMT<sup>H</sup>) or low (TPMT<sup>L</sup>) enzyme activity. Homozygotes for the low activity allele are known to be at risk for profound myelosuppression with azathioprine. Heterozygotes may be at risk for myelosuppression. Homozygotes for the high activity allele may be inadequately immunosuppressed with conventional, empiric doses of azathioprine. We analyzed TPMT activity in red blood cell (RBC) lysates and determined the TPMT genotypes (based on normal population screening) of 28 dermatologic patients. This information was correlated with the observed efficacy and side effects of azathioprine therapy. <h3>Observations:</h3> Two patients with TPMT levels of less than 12.5 U/mL RBCs (both TPMT<sup>H</sup>heterozygotes) experienced leukopenia (white blood count &lt;4.0× 10<sup>9</sup>/L) with azathioprine doses around 1.5 mg/kg. A third patient who experienced leukopenia had a TPMT level at the lower end of the homozygous range (15.5 U/mL RBCs) but received the highest dose of azathioprine (2.6 mg/ kg) of all patients in this series. Ten patients with TPMT levels of more than 18.5 U/mL RBCs (all TPMT<sup>H</sup>homozygotes) receiving less than 1.5 mg/kg of azathioprine were judged to have a poor clinical response. In comparison, seven patients with TPMT levels between 12.5 and 18.5 U/mL RBCs (six TPMT<sup>H</sup>homozygotes and one TPMT<sup>H</sup>heterozygote) receiving 0.9 to 1.8 mg/kg of azathioprine had a favorable clinical response. Adverse effects of gastrointestinal upset and liver function test abnormalities did not appear to correlate with TPMT activity. <h3>Conclusion:</h3> The TPMT<sup>H</sup>heterozygotes may be at increased risk for myelosuppression with standard, empiric doses of azathioprine. On the other hand, homozygotes for TPMT<sup>H</sup>, particularly those with TPMT levels at the upper end of the homozygous range, may have a poor clinical response to azathioprine due to inadequate empiric dosing. (Arch Dermatol. 1995;131:193-197)
RAS Mutations in Cutaneous Squamous-Cell Carcinomas in Patients Treated with BRAF Inhibitors (2012)

Mutations in RAS, particularly HRAS, are frequent in cutaneous squamous-cell carcinomas and keratoacanthomas that develop in patients treated with vemurafenib. The molecular mechanism is consistent with the paradoxical activation of MAPK signaling and leads to accelerated growth of these lesions. (Funded by Hoffmann-La Roche and others; ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT00405587, NCT00949702, NCT01001299, and NCT01006980.).
Pursuit Compensation during Self-Motion (2001)

The pattern of motion in the retinal image during self-motion contains information about the person's movement. Pursuit eye movements perturb the pattern of retinal-image motion, complicating the problem of self-motion perception. A question of considerable current interest is the relative importance of retinal and extra-retinal signals in compensating for these effects of pursuit on the retinal image. We addressed this question by examining the effect of prior motion stimuli on self-motion judgments during pursuit. Observers viewed 300 ms random-dot displays simulating forward self-motion during pursuit to the right or to the left; at the end of each display a probe appeared and observers judged whether they would pass left or right of it. The display was preceded by a 300 ms dot pattern that was either stationary or moved in the same direction as, or opposite to, the eye movement. This prior motion stimulus had a large effect on self-motion judgments when the simulated scene was a frontoparallel wall (experiment 1), but not when it was a three-dimensional (3-D) scene (experiment 2). Corresponding simulated-pursuit conditions controlled for purely retinal motion aftereffects, implying that the effect in experiment 1 is mediated by an interaction between retinal and extra-retinal signals. In experiment 3, we examined self-motion judgments with respect to a 3-D scene with mixtures of real and simulated pursuit. When real and simulated pursuits were in opposite directions, performance was determined by the total amount of pursuit-related retinal motion, consistent with an extra-retinal 'trigger' signal that facilitates the action of a retinally based pursuit-compensation mechanism. However, results of experiment 1 without a prior motion stimulus imply that extra-retinal signals are more informative when retinal information is lacking. We conclude that the relative importance of retinal and extra-retinal signals for pursuit compensation varies with the informativeness of the retinal motion pattern, at least for short durations. Our results provide partial explanations for a number of findings in the literature on perception of self-motion and motion in the frontal plane.
Recent Progress in Phase-ChangeMemory Technology (2016)

We survey progress in the PCM field over the past five years, ranging from large-scale PCM demonstrations to materials improvements for high–temperature retention and faster switching. Both materials and new cell designs that support lower-power switching are discussed, as well as higher reliability for long cycling endurance. Two paths towards higher density are discussed: through 3D integration by the combination of PCM and 3D-capable access devices, and through multiple bits per cell, by understanding and managing resistance drift caused by structural relaxation of the amorphous phase. We also briefly survey work in the nascent field of brain-inspired neuromorphic systems that use PCM to implement non-Von Neumann computing.