gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
BDNF and gp145trkB in multiple sclerosis brain lesions: neuroprotective interactions between immune and neuronal cells? (2002)

Recent immunohistological and imaging studies emphasize the crucial role of axonal injury in determining the extent of permanent neurological deficits in patients with multiple sclerosis. We have recently shown that human immune cells are capable of producing the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which can prevent axonal and neuronal damage after various pathological insults. BDNF imported into the CNS by immune cells would thus be an attractive candidate for mediating neuroprotective effects in multiple sclerosis. The aim of the present study was to perform a detailed immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of BDNF and its receptor truncated trkB tyrosine kinase receptor (gp145trkB) in a series of multiple sclerosis brain lesions. Our data show that various types of neurones throughout the brain are BDNF immunopositive in multiple sclerosis patients as well as in controls. Furthermore, in multiple sclerosis lesions, BDNF is primarily present in immune cells (T cells, macrophages/microglia) and reactive astrocytes. The number of BDNF immunopositive cells correlates with lesional demyelinating activity. The BDNF receptor gp145trkB is found in neurones in the immediate vicinity of multiple sclerosis plaques as well as in reactive astrocytes within the lesion, but not in immune cells. Our results demonstrate that both BDNF and gp145trkB are expressed in multiple sclerosis lesions. This suggests that BDNF and gp145trkB are involved in immune-mediated neuroprotective interactions in multiple sclerosis, and supports the concept that immune cells produce both damaging and protective factors in multiple sclerosis lesions.
Wound Healing in Skin (1990)

Wound healing in mammals occurs by a process of regeneration and scar tissue production. In particular, epithelium has marked regenerative capacity. Healing is an active process from the moment the wound is inflicted--a "lag" phase does not exist. In surgery the important factors affecting wound healing are protein deficiency, uremia, corticosteroids, and local tissue injury. Stimulants to wound healing are not available for clinical application.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IMMUNE SYSTEM COMMON TO CERTAIN EXTERNAL SECRETIONS (1965)

The gamma(1)A present in saliva and colostrum exists largely in the form of higher polymers, the major component of which has a sedimentation coefficient of 11S. The 11S gamma(1)A in these fluids differs from the polymers found in normal and myeloma sera both immunologically and by the fact that their sedimentation coefficients are unaffected by disulfide bond reduction in the absence of urea. However, like other gamma-globulins the 11S gamma(1)A molecules consist of multiple polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds. Local synthesis of gamma(1)A in the salivary gland has been shown by fluorescent and autoradiographic studies, although the fraction of the total salivary gamma(1)A which is derived from local production is uncertain. No evidence of transport of intravenously administered I(131)-labeled 7S gamma(1)A from serum to saliva was obtained. Immunological specificity has been demonstrated in the salivary and colostral gamma(1)A. Whether that portion of the gamma(1)A which is immunologically specific is a piece incorporated during the local synthesis of gamma(1)A in the gland or is added by the epithelial cell in the process of transport remains to be determined. Antibody activity (isohemagglutinins) have been demonstrated in saliva and colostrum and have been shown to be of the gamma(1)A-type. In both of these fluids activity is associated primarily with gamma(1)A-polymers of 11S and 18S sizes. There appears to be an immunological system which is characteristic of certain external secretions. Its properties including the local production of a distinctive type of antibody separate it from the "systemic" system responsible for the production of circulating antibody. This system may play a significant role in the body's defense mechanisms against allergens and microorganisms.
Non-radiative energy transfer from an inorganic quantum well to a polymer overlayer (2006)

This paper is about non-radiative energy transfer from an inorganic quantum well to a polymer overlayer. It was presented at the International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors in 2006.
Isolation and characterization of IgG1 with asymmetrical Fc glycosylation (2011)

N-glycosylation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) at asparigine residue 297 plays a critical role in antibody stability and immune cell-mediated Fc effector function. Current understanding pertaining to Fc glycosylation is based on studies with IgGs that are either fully glycosylated [both heavy chain (HC) glycosylated] or aglycosylated (neither HC glycosylated). No study has been reported on the properties of hemi-glycosylated IgGs, antibodies with asymmetrical glycosylation in the Fc region such that one HC is glycosylated and the other is aglycosylated. We report here for the first time a detailed study of how hemi-glycosylation affects the stability and functional activities of an IgG1 antibody, mAb-X, in comparison to its fully glycosylated counterpart. Our results show that hemi-glycosylation does not impact Fab-mediated antigen binding, nor does it impact neonatal Fc receptor binding. Hemi-glycosylated mAb-X has slightly decreased thermal stability in the CH2 domain and a moderate decrease (∼20%) in C1q binding. More importantly, the hemi-glycosylated form shows significantly decreased binding affinities toward all Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) including the high-affinity FcγRI, and the low-affinity FcγRIIA, FcγRIIB, FcγRIIIA and FcγRIIIB. The decreased binding affinities to FcγRs result in a 3.5-fold decrease in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). As ADCC often plays an important role in therapeutic antibody efficacy, glycosylation status will not only affect the antibody quality but also may impact the biological function of the product.
Relationship Between Amygdala Responses to Masked Faces and Mood State and Treatment in Major Depressive Disorder (2010)

Emotional-processing biases occur in amygdala responses to sad faces presented below the level of conscious awareness in dMDD or rMDD individuals and to happy faces in HCs. By influencing the salience of social stimuli, mood-congruent processing biases in the amygdala may contribute to dysfunction in conscious perceptions and social interactions in MDD. Our data suggest, however, that the negative bias resolves and a positive bias develops in patients with MDD during selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment.
Valoración económica de bienes ambientales (2002)

A theme of the environmental economy is the economical of the environmental goods. The products of this valoration help to conservation and correct use of these natural resources and the regulation of theirs demand. For that the goods have value, the environmental economy applie methods of economical valoration descriptive or qualitative and quantitative for to led a sistematic evaluation of the environmental goods by the improvement of equality index that involve the numeric ponderation of the environmental characteristics and the convertion of values of medition to units limited for to do direct comparations.
A Review of Algorithms for Segmentation of Retinal Image Data Using Optical Coherence Tomography (2011)

In the context of biomedical imaging analysis and computer-assisted diagnosis, segmentation analysis is an intense field of research and development. The most difficult part of medical image analysis is the automated localization and delineation of structures of interest. Automated data evaluation is one way of enhancing the clinical utility of measurements. In particular, medical image segmentation extracts meaningful information and facilitate the display of this information in a clinically relevant way. A crucial role for automated information extraction in medical imaging usually involves the segmentation of regions of the image in order to quantify volumes and areas of interest of biological tissues for further diagnosis and localization of pathologies. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a powerful imaging modality used to image various aspects of biological tissues, such as structural information, blood flow, elastic parameters, change of polarization states and molecular content OCT uses the principle of low coherence interferometry to generate two or three dimensional imaging of biological samples by obtaining high-resolution cross-sectional backscattering profiles. A variety of successful algorithms for computer-aided diagnosis by means of OCT image analysis are presented in the literature, but robust use in clinical practice is still a major challenge for ongoing research in OCT image analysis. There are, therefore, efforts being made to improve clinical decision making based on automated analysis of OCT data. Particularly, in ophthalmology, efforts have been made to characterize clinically important features, such as damage to the fovea and optic nerve, automatically. The transfer of image analysis models from algorithmic development into clinical application is currently the major bottleneck due to the complexity of the overall process. For example, the process to establish an application for OCT medical image analysis requires difficult and complex tasks that should considers the following actions: 1) to define the OCT image data structures representing relevant biomedical features and the algorithms determining a valid example for given image values, 2) to select meaningful values for all technical parameters of the image data structures and algorithms and, as a result, to configure such a method to operate on specific OCT clinical data, 3) to run the algorithm with the selected parameters to find the individual model instance that best explains the input image and 4) to validate the procedure to ensure a trustworthy result from an automated segmentation algorithm even if a gold standard is unavailable.
Cytokine Inhibitors and Graft‐versus‐Host Disease (1995)

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains the major complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. T cells in donor bone marrow recognize and react to host alloantigens and thereby initiate GVHD, but the precise mechanisms by which host tissues are damaged remain unclear. Recently, several convergent lines of evidence suggested that inflammatory cytokines act as mediators of acute GVHD. Most of the clinical manifestations of GVHD may, in fact, be due to the dysregulated production of cytokines by T cells and other inflammatory cells. The complex interactions among cytokines and their cellular targets suggest that individual cytokines may play an important and distinctive role in the pathophysiology of GVHD. Perturbation of the cytokine network may function as a final common pathway of target organ damage, and the rapid onset of severe, acute GVHD can be considered a "cytokine storm."
Unused Natural Variation Can Lift Yield Barriers in Plant Breeding (2004)

Natural biodiversity is an underexploited sustainable resource that can enrich the genetic basis of cultivated plants with novel alleles that improve productivity and adaptation. We evaluated the progress in breeding for increased tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) yield using genotypes carrying a pyramid of three independent yield-promoting genomic regions introduced from the drought-tolerant green-fruited wild species Solanum pennellii. Yield of hybrids parented by the pyramided genotypes was more than 50% higher than that of a control market leader variety under both wet and dry field conditions that received 10% of the irrigation water. This demonstration of the breaking of agricultural yield barriers provides the rationale for implementing similar strategies for other agricultural organisms that are important for global food security.
Sparse indexing: large scale, inline deduplication using sampling and locality (2009)

We present sparse indexing, a technique that uses sampling and exploits the inherent locality within backup streams to solve for large-scale backup (e.g., hundreds of terabytes) the chunk-lookup disk bottleneck problem that inline, chunk-based deduplication schemes face. The problem is that these schemes traditionally require a full chunk index, which indexes every chunk, in order to determine which chunks have already been stored; unfortunately, at scale it is impractical to keep such an index in RAM and a disk-based index with one seek per incoming chunk is far too slow. We perform stream deduplication by breaking up an incoming stream into relatively large segments and deduplicating each segment against only a few of the most similar previous segments. To identify similar segments, we use sampling and a sparse index. We choose a small portion of the chunks in the stream as samples; our sparse index maps these samples to the existing segments in which they occur. Thus, we avoid the need for a full chunk index. Since only the sampled chunks ’ hashes are kept in RAM and the sampling rate is low, we dramatically reduce the RAM to disk ratio for effective deduplication. At the same time, only a few seeks are required per segment so the chunk-lookup disk bottleneck is avoided. Sparse indexing has recently been incorporated into number of Hewlett-Packard backup products. 1
A Numerical Analysis Approach to Cockcroft-Walton Circuit in Electron Microscope (1994)

A brief survey is given on the conventional methods of analyzing a Cockcroft-Walton (CW) circuit. It shows that these methods are not suitable for analyzing the surge and ripple performance. Thus this paper proposes a numerical approach to the CW circuits in electron microscopes (EM). In this approach, taking advantage of the cascade connection, we formulate the state equations of a CW circuit having arbitrary stages. The Gear's algorithm is used to solve the state equations numerically, overcoming the nonlinear stiff problem and obtaining accurate solutions effectively. As an example to confirm the effectiveness of the approach, we simulate the surge current and ripple voltage in the CW circuit for an ultra-High Voltage EM (ultra-HVEM) by using a supercomputer.
A Novel Method to Analyze Electromagnetic Scattering of Complex Objects (1982)

The finite-difference time-domain (FD-TD) method is proposed as a means of accurately computing electromagnetic scattering by arbitrary-shaped extremely complex metal or dielectric objects excited by an external plane wave. In the proposed method, one first uses the FD-TD method to compute the near total fields within a rectangular volume which fully encloses the object. Then, an electromagnetic-field equivalence principle is invoked at a virtual surface of this rectangular volume to transform the tangential near scattered fields to the far field. To verify the feasibility of this method, the surface currents, near scattered fields, far scattered fields, and radar cross section of two canonical two-dimensional objects are presented. For these cases, it is shown that the FD-TD method provides magnitude of current and field predictions which are within ± 2.5 percent and further phase values within ± 30 of values predicted by the method of moments ( MOM) at virtually every point including in shadow regions.
Platinum Monolayer on Nonnoble Metal−Noble Metal Core−Shell Nanoparticle Electrocatalysts for O2Reduction (2005)

We synthesized a new class of O2 electrocatalysts with a high activity and very low noble metal content. They consist of Pt monolayers deposited on the surfaces of carbon-supported nonnoble metal-noble metal core-shell nanoparticles. These core-shell nanoparticles were formed by segregating the atoms of the noble metal on to the nanoparticles' surfaces at elevated temperatures. A Pt monolayer was deposited by galvanic displacement of a Cu monolayer deposited at underpotentials. The mass activity of all the three Pt monolayer electrocatalysts investigated, viz., Pt/Au/Ni, Pt/Pd/Co, and Pt/Pt/Co, is more than order of magnitude higher than that of a state-of-the-art commercial Pt/C electrocatalyst. Geometric effects in the Pt monolayer and the effects of PtOH coverage, revealed by electrochemical data, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy data, appear to be the source of the enhanced catalytic activity. Our results demonstrated that high-activity electrocatalysts can be devised that contain only a fractional amount of Pt and a very small amount of another noble metal.
Cutting Edge: Cells That Carry A Null Allele for Toll-Like Receptor 2 Are Capable of Responding to Endotoxin (1999)

Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 have been implicated in the responses of cells to LPS (endotoxin). CD14-transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 fibroblasts (CHO/CD14) are exquisitely sensitive to endotoxin. Sequence analysis of CHO-TLR2, compared with human and mouse TLR2, revealed a single base pair deletion. This frameshift mutation resulted in an alternative stop codon, encoding a protein devoid of transmembrane and intracellular domains. CHO-TLR2 cDNA failed to enable LPS signaling upon transient transfection into human epithelial kidney 293 cells. Site-directed mutagenesis of CHO-TLR2 enabled expression of a presumed full-length hamster TLR2 that conferred LPS responsiveness in human epithelial kidney 293 cells. Genomic TLR2 DNA from primary hamster macrophages also contained the frameshift mutation found in CHO fibroblasts. Nevertheless, hamster peritoneal macrophages were found to respond normally to LPS, as evidenced by the induction of cytokines. These results imply that expression of TLR2 is sufficient but not essential for mammalian responses to endotoxin.
DNA Detection and Signal Amplification via an Engineered Allosteric Enzyme (2002)

Rapid, sensitive, and sequence-specific DNA detection can be achieved in one step using an engineered intrasterically regulated enzyme. The semi-synthetic inhibitor-DNA-enzyme (IDE) construct (left) rests in the inactive state but upon exposure to a complementary DNA sequence undergoes a DNA hybridization-triggered allosteric enzyme activation (right). The ensuing rapid substrate turnover provides the built-in signal amplification mechanism for detecting approximately 10 fmol DNA in less than 3 min under physiological conditions.
Palladium-Catalyzed α-Arylation of Carbonyl Compounds and Nitriles (2003)

The palladium-catalyzed alpha-arylation of ketones has become a useful and general synthetic method. In this process, an enolate is generated from a ketone and base in the presence of an aryl halide, and a palladium catalyst couples this enolate with the aryl halide. With the advent of new catalysts composed of sterically hindered, electron-rich alkylphosphine and N-heterocyclic carbene ligands, this process now encompasses a broad range of enolates and related anions, including those derived from amides, esters, aldehydes, nitriles, malonates, cyanoesters, nitroalkanes, sulfones, and lactones. In the proposed mechanism for this reaction, the carbon-carbon bond of the product is formed by reductive elimination from an arylpalladium enolate intermediate. The structures and reactions of arylpalladium complexes of enolate, cyanoalkyl, and malonate ions have been studied to determine how the binding mode and electronic and steric parameters influence the rate and mechanism of reductive elimination.
Isolation of the Pichia pastoris PYC1 gene encoding pyruvate carboxylase and identification of a suppressor of the pyc phenotype (1998)

We have cloned and characterized a gene encoding pyruvate carboxylase from the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Disruption of this gene produced inability to grow in minimal medium with glucose as carbon source and ammonium as nitrogen source. Growth was possible with aspartate or glutamate as nitrogen source. The gene PpPYC1 expressd from its own promoter was able to rescue the phenotype of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants devoid of pyruvate carboxylase. In a P. pastoris strain carrying a disrupted PpPYC1 gene we have isolated spontaneous mutants able to grow in non-permissive conditions. In a mutant strain grown in glucose several enzymes sensitive to catabolite repression were derepressed. The strain also had elevated levels of glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD) both in repressed and derepressed conditions. The sequence of the PpPYC1 gene has been entered in the EMBL nucleotide sequence databank: Accession Number Y11106. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A narrativa no mundo dos que cuidam e são cuidados (2000)

The purpose of the present study is to show the narrative as a methodology that enables the learning about the other's apparent and hidden world. The other may be a client or a member of the nursing team. At first, authors present their general view showing the narrative as a way of reporting the exceptional, the drama experienced by a group, and a form of acting upon a drama situation. Subsequently, authors who use the narrative to represent diseases are presented. Finally, authors show the narrative as a possibility offered to nursing to interpret and act upon its practice.
The effect of immunomodulators on the efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase: a systematic review (2021)

Published reports suggest that immunomodulation co-therapy has the potential to markedly improve pegloticase responder rates in patients with uncontrolled gout.
Effect of Topical Corticosteroids on Ulceration in Alkali-Burned Corneas (1978)

Dexamethasone sodium phosphate was administered topically to one eye of rabbits with bilateral alkali corneal burns, and saline solution was administered to the contralateral eye. Topical steroids were also administered in animals with moderate corneal ulcers and were found to enhance the severity of ulceration when given during the second and third weeks following the burn. If the corticosteroids were given daily in the first six days or in the fourth and fifth weeks following the burn, they did not have an adverse effect on the cornea. Corticosteroids can be used intensively during the first week following an alkali burn, without increasing the risk of corneal melting. The mechanism for the enhancement of corneal ulceration is not a direct augmentation of collagenase activity, but probably involves the inhibition of repair processes.