gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional maturation of recent thymic emigrants in the periphery: Development of alloreactivity correlates with the cyclic expression of CD45RC isoforms (1992)

The transition from fully developed CD4+CD8- single-positive (SP) thymocytes into fully mature recirculating peripheral T cells is both poorly understood with regard to the expression of restricted isoforms (CD45R) of the leukocyte common antigen and in terms of T cell function. The present investigation monitored the extrathymic development of CD4+CD8- SP thymocytes in euthymic recipients using allotype-marked donor cells and monoclonal antibody OX22 which recognizes an epitope on the C exon of rat CD45R. We established that donor-derived cells in the blood 1 day later bore the phenotype of the injected SP thymocytes (CD4+ Thy-1+ CD45RC-). T cells with the identical phenotype were also present in the thoracic duct lymph of uninjected rats, suggesting that the Thy-1+ CD45RC- T cells represent recent thymic emigrants (RTE) which have migrated to the periphery of their own accord. During extrathymic maturation donor-derived peripheral RTE lost Thy-1 within 3 days and expressed the CD45RC+ high molecular weight isoform by day 7; between days 8 and 14 a proportion (25%-30%) of the donor cells once again lost the high molecular weight isoform (CD45RC-). The transition of SP (CD45RC-) thymocytes to fully mature CD45RC+ CD4 T cells via intermediate peripheral RTE was accompanied at each stage by an increased ability of the maturing T cells to induce skin allograft rejection. Unexpectedly, the subsequent loss of the high molecular weight isoform, following presumed antigen encounter, was associated with a significant reduction in the ability of this Thy-1-CD45RC- subpopulation to effect graft rejection. The cyclic expression of CD45RC isoforms on both immature and mature CD4 T cells and the fact that the low molecular weight isoform was found in the periphery on both RTE (unquestionably naive) and antigen-experienced CD4 T cells, makes it unlikely that this isoform uniquely identifies memory T cells, at least in the rat.
The action of the NK1 tachykinin receptor antagonist, CP 99,994, in antagonizing the acute and delayed emesis induced by cisplatin in the ferret (1996)

1. The anti-emetic effects of the NK1 tachykinin receptor antagonist, CP 99,994 (10 mg kg-1) were investigated in the ferret using a cisplatin-induced acute (day 1) and delayed (day 2 and 3) retching and vomiting model. 2. With a single cisplatin (10 mg kg-1) emetogenic challenge, the i.p. administration of CP 99,994 given as a single injection immediately following the first emetic episode, promptly abolished the retching and vomiting for a 4 h period. CP 99,994 was as efficacious as ondansetron (1.0 mg kg-1). The general toxicity of cisplatin 10 mg kg-1 precluded its use in studies of delayed emesis. 3. With a single cisplatin (5 mg kg-1) emetogenic challenge, the single administration of either CP 99,994 (10 mg kg-1) or ondansetron (1.0 mg kg-1) immediately following the first emetic episode markedly reduced or abolished the retching and vomiting for 4 h. Such single treatments failed to modify significantly the intensity of delayed emesis appearing on the second and third day. 4. With a cisplatin (5 mg kg-1) emetogenic challenge, administration of CP 99,994 (10 mg kg-1) at 8 hourly intervals, the first injection being administered 30 s post cisplatin, was associated with 4 or more abolitions of emesis during both the acute and delayed phase. A 4 hourly administration of CP 99,994 for 20 h during delayed emesis completely abolished the retching and vomiting. 5. It is concluded that cisplatin 5 mg kg-1 provides an emetogenic challenge causing an acute and delayed phase of retching and vomiting and that CP 99,994 can abolish both phases. The results may be relevant to the understanding and treatment of chemotherapy-induced emesis in man.
Atomic-layer deposition of ZrO2 with a Si nitride barrier layer (2002)

ZrO 2 thin films for gate dielectrics have been formed at low temperatures (200 °C) by an atomic-layer deposition (ALD) technique using Zr(t-OC4H9)4 and H2O source gases. An ultrathin (physical thickness Tphy of ∼0.5 nm) Si nitride layer was deposited on a Si substrate by ALD before the deposition of ZrO2. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the Si nitride barrier layer successfully suppressed the formation of a SiO2 interfacial layer. Because of the extremely uniform thickness control capability in the ultrathin region and the low thermal budget of the ALD process, the ALD process for the ZrO2/Si nitride stack structure is a promising candidate for fabricating the ultrathin gate dielectrics for sub-0.1-μm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor transistors.
The Discovery of Sulfonamide Endothelin Antagonists and the Development of the Orally Active ETA Antagonist 5-(Dimethylamino)-N-(3,4-dimethyl-5- isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Discovery of Sulfonamide Endothelin Antagonists and the Development of the Orally Active ETA Antagonist 5-(Dimethylamino)-N-(3,4-dimethyl-5- isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamidePhilip D. Stein, John T. Hunt, David M. Floyd, Suzanne Moreland, Kenneth E. J. Dickinson, Caroline Mitchell, Eddie C.-K. Liu, Maria L. Webb, Natesan Murugesan, and Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 3, 329–331Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00029a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00029a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views434Altmetric-Citations125LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Reconfigurable Architectures for General-Purpose Computing (1996)

General-purpose computing devices allow us to (1) customize computation after fabrication and (2) conserve area by reusing expensive active circuitry for different functions in time. We define RP-space, a restricted domain of the general-purpose architectural space focussed on reconfigurable computing architectures. Two dominant features differentiate reconfigurable from special-purpose architectures and account for most of the area overhead associated with RP devices: (1) instructions which tell the device how to behave, and (2) flexible interconnect which supports task dependent dataflow between operations. We can characterize RP-space by the allocation and structure of these resources and compare the efficiencies of architectural points across broad application characteristics. Conventional FPGAs fall at one extreme end of this space and their efficiency ranges over two orders of magnitude across the space of application characteristics. Understanding RP-space and its consequences allows us to pick the best architecture for a task and to search for more robust design points in the space. Our DPGA, a fine- grained computing device which adds small, on-chip instruction memories to FPGAs is one such design point. For typical logic applications and finite- state machines, a DPGA can implement tasks in one-third the area of a traditional FPGA. TSFPGA, a variant of the DPGA which focuses on heavily time-switched interconnect, achieves circuit densities close to the DPGA, while reducing typical physical mapping times from hours to seconds. Rigid, fabrication-time organization of instruction resources significantly narrows the range of efficiency for conventional architectures. To avoid this performance brittleness, we developed MATRIX, the first architecture to defer the binding of instruction resources until run-time, allowing the application to organize resources according to its needs. Our focus MATRIX design point is based on an array of 8-bit ALU and register-file building blocks interconnected via a byte-wide network. With today's silicon, a single chip MATRIX array can deliver over 10 Gop/s (8-bit ops). On sample image processing tasks, we show that MATRIX yields 10-20x the computational density of conventional processors. Understanding the cost structure of RP-space helps us identify these intermediate architectural points and may provide useful insight more broadly in guiding our continual search for robust and efficient general-purpose computing structures.
Computer control of an autonomous road vehicle by computer vision (2002)

A method for guiding an autonomous vehicle along roadways based on visual signals is described. The vehicle follows a white guideline on a flat road sensed by a CCD (charged coupled device) camera. The camera, mounted behind the windscreen of the vehicle, looks forward and down, detecting an area between 5 and 25 m ahead. An image processor (based on Transputers T800) scans the image for the borderline of the road. The line coordinates detected by the image processor are transmitted via transputer links to a transputer network. The implemented algorithm uses geometric coordinate-transformation and a dynamical model (Kalman filter) to identify the road curvature ahead and the relative position of the vehicle on the road. The reference angle for the electrical steering servo is computed from the lateral deviation, the yaw-angle deviation, the road curvature, and the velocity of the vehicle. All together it takes about 60 ms per image for recognition and control. The method has been tested by simulation and with a VW-Bus Caravelle on typical Autobahn scenes at a velocity of up to 120 km/h.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Memory-Efficient Accelerating Schedule for LDPC Decoder (2006)

This paper proposes a memory-efficient accelerating schedule for LDPC decoder. Important properties of the proposed techniques are as follows: (i) partitioning a pipelined operation not to read and write intermediate messages simultaneously enables the accelerated message-passing schedule to be implemented with single-port memories, (ii) FIFO-based buffering reduces the number of memory banks and words for the decoder based on the accelerated message-passing schedule. The proposed decoder reduces the memories for intermediate messages by half compared to the conventional one based on the accelerated message-passing schedule
De novo induction of antigen-specific CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in vivo following systemic antigen administration accompanied by blockade of mTOR (2008)

Although regulatory CD4+CD25+ forkhead box p3+ (Foxp3+) T cells (Tregs) are generally thought to arise in the thymus as a separate lineage of CD4 T cells, they can also be induced de novo in the periphery. Peripheral development of Tregs from naïve T cells is favored by low-intensity activation and absence of inflammation. We show here that absence of CD28 costimulation results in a modest decrease in activation of naïve, antigen-specific CD4 T cells under noninflammatory conditions and benefits their initial Foxp3 induction. However, expression of Foxp3 following T cell activation without CD28 costimulation remains sensitive to the antigen dose. Furthermore, basal CD28 costimulation is critical for survival of the induced Foxp3+ CD4 T cells, and their accumulation is abrogated in the absence of CD28. In contrast, pharmacologic blockade of mammalian target of rapamycin enhances lasting induction of Tregs, irrespective of the initial antigen dose used to activate the antigen-specific T cells. This finding may have important practical, clinical implication in development of tolerance protocols.
Iron and Manganese Corroles Are Potent Catalysts for the Decomposition of Peroxynitrite (2006)

Ring cycle: Iron and manganese corroles are among the most efficient decomposition catalysts of peroxynitrite reported to date. The catalytic rate of the iron complex is higher than that of analogous porphyrins, and the manganese complex operates through the catalytic disproportionation cycle shown in the picture.
Retrograde trans-synaptic transfer of green fluorescent protein allows the genetic mapping of neuronal circuits in transgenic mice (2002)

The function of the nervous system is a consequence of the intricate synaptic connectivity of its neurons. Our understanding of these highly complex networks has profited enormously from methods used over the past two decades that are based on the mechanical injection of tracer molecules into brain regions. We have developed a genetic system for the mapping of synaptic connections during development of the mammalian central nervous system and in the mature brain. It is based on the transsynaptic transfer of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the brains of mice using a fusion protein with a nontoxic fragment of tetanus toxin (TTC) expressed in defined neurons. These transgenic mice allowed us to visualize neurons, at single-cell resolution, that are in synaptic contact by the detection of GFP in interconnected circuits. Targeted genetic expression with a specific promoter permitted us to transfer GFP to defined subsets of neurons and brain regions. GFP-TTC is coexpressed with a lacZ reporter gene to discriminate neurons that produce the tracer from cells that have acquired it transneuronally. The marker shows selective transfer in the retrograde direction. We have used electron microscopic detection of GFP to define the ultrastructural features of the system. Our work opens up a range of possibilities for brain slice and in vivo studies taking advantage of the fluorescence of GFP. We point the way toward the use of powerful multiphoton technology and set the stage for the transsynaptic transfer of other proteins in the brains of mice.
A design for an electro-optic implementation of a wideband nulling system (2002)

A design for an optical implementation of a wideband multibeam nulling antenna system is presented. The basic optical design, which consists of various electro-optical devices connected by optical fibers, can be used in either an IF-to-optical or an RF-to-optical implementation. All the required optical components are either within or slightly beyond current capabilities. In addition, the electro-optical devices have no inherent limitation that will prevent their being upgraded in several years to allow operation at frequencies well into the EHF range.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Crosstalk between the Protein Surface and Hydrophobic Core in a Core-swapped Fibronectin Type III Domain (2007)

Two homologous fibronectin type III (fnIII) domains, FNfn10 (the 10th fnIII domain of human fibronectin) and TNfn3 (the third fnIII domain of human tenascin), have essentially the same backbone structure, although they share only approximately 24% sequence identity. While they share a similar folding mechanism with a common core of key residues in the folding transition state, they differ in many other physical properties. We use a chimeric protein, FNoTNc, to investigate the molecular basis for these differences. FNoTNc is a core-swapped protein, containing the "outside" (surface and loops) of FNfn10 and the hydrophobic core of TNfn3. Remarkably, FNoTNc retains the structure of the parent proteins despite the extent of redesign, allowing us to gain insight into which components of each parent protein are responsible for different aspects of its behaviour. Naively, one would expect properties that appear to depend principally on the core to be similar to TNfn3, for example, the response to mutations, folding kinetics and side-chain dynamics, while properties apparently determined by differences in the surface and loops, such as backbone dynamics, would be more like FNfn10. While this is broadly true, it is clear that there are also unexpected crosstalk effects between the core and the surface. For example, the anomalous response of FNfn10 to mutation is not solely a property of the core as we had previously suggested.
Synthetic nanoemulsion resembling a protein-free model of 7-ketocholesterol containing low density lipoprotein: In vitro and in vivo studies (2010)

7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) differs from cholesterol by a functional ketone group at C7. It is an oxygenated cholesterol derivative (oxysterol), commonly present in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Oxysterols are generated and participate in several physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. For instance, the cytotoxic effects of oxidized LDL have been widely attributed to bioactive compounds like oxysterols. The toxicity is in part due to 7-KC. Here we aimed to demonstrate the possibility of incorporating 7-KC into the synthetic nanoemulsion LDE, which resembles LDL in composition and behavior. This would provide a suitable artificial particle resembling LDL to study 7-KC metabolism. We were able to incorporate 7-KC in several amounts into LDE. The incorporation was evaluated and confirmed by several methods, including gel filtration chromatography, using radiolabeled lipids. The incorporation did not change the main lipid composition characteristics of the new nanoparticle. Particle sizes were also evaluated and did not differ from LDE. In vivo studies were performed by injecting the nanoemulsion into mice. The plasma kinetics and the targeted organs were the same as described for LDE. Therefore, 7-KC-LDE maintains composition, size and some functional characteristics of LDE and could be used in experiments dealing with 7-ketocholesterol metabolism in lipoproteins.
Preparation of macroporous biodegradable PLGA scaffolds for cell attachment with the use of mixed salts as porogen additives (2002)

In the present study, a mixture of ammonium-bicarbonate (NH(4)HCO(3)) and sodium-chloride (NaCl) particles was used as a porogen additive to fabricate highly macroporous biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds. A two-step salt-leaching process was performed after the sample had become semisolidified. Compared to the standard solvent-casting/particulate-leaching (SC/PL) technique, the processing time of this approach was significantly shorter: Instead of several days, only half a day was required. In addition, the polymer/salts/solvent mixture can be easily handled and molded into scaffolds of any specific shape-for example, thin sheet, cylindrical, or bone-shaped-for special applications in tissue engineering. Our results demonstrate that these scaffolds have a highly interconnected open-pore structure as well as greater mechanical properties than those made using the standard SC/PL technique. Primary rat osteoblasts seeded into the scaffolds exhibited good seeding efficiency. The method presented here is a promising approach for fabricating scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
A region of consistent deletion in neuroblastoma maps within human chromosome 1p36.2-36.3. (1995)

Deletion of the short arm of human chromosome 1 is the most common cytogenetic abnormality observed in neuroblastoma. To characterize the region of consistent deletion, we performed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) studies on 122 neuroblastoma tumor samples with 30 distal chromosome 1p polymorphisms. LOH was detected in 32 of the 122 tumors (26%). A single region of LOH, marked distally by D1Z2 and proximally by D1S228, was detected in all tumors demonstrating loss. Also, cells from a patient with a constitutional deletion of 1p36, and from a neuroblastoma cell line with a small 1p36 deletion, were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cells from both sources had interstitial deletions of 1p36.2-36.3 which overlapped the consensus region of LOH defined by the tumors. Interstitial deletion in the constitutional case was confirmed by allelic loss studies using the panel of polymorphic markers. Four proposed candidate genes--DAN, ID3 (heir-1), CDC2L1 (p58), and TNFR2--were shown to lie outside of the consensus region of allelic loss, as defined by the above deletions. These results more precisely define the location of a neuroblastoma suppressor gene within 1p36.2-36.3, eliminating 33 centimorgans of proximal 1p36 from consideration. Furthermore, a consensus region of loss, which excludes the four leading candidate genes, was found in all tumors with 1p36 LOH.
Multivesicular liposomes containing 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine for slow-release intrathecal therapy. (1987)

Optimal anticancer treatment with cell cycle-specific antimetabolites requires maintenance of a cytotoxic drug level for a prolonged period of time. We explored the use of multivesicular liposomes as a slow-release depot of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine for intrathecal administration. The intrathecal half-life of the liposome-encapsulated drug was 148 h, in contrast to the half-life of 2.7 h for the unencapsulated free drug, in a Sprague-Dawley rat model. The prolonged maintenance of a therapeutic drug level may increase efficacy, and the elimination of the very high peak level may decrease toxicity.
Generalised route to the preparation of mesoporous metallosilicates via post-synthetic metal implantation (1997)

A post-synthesis route, through which various metal elements can be grafted onto siliceous frameworks using non-aqueous solutions of AlCl3, Al(NO3)3, SnCl2, Zn(O2CMe)2 Mn(O2CMe)2, etc., is developed as a generalised means to obtain mesoporous metallosilicates molecular sieves with various structures such as MCM-41 (hexagonal), MCM-48 (cubic Ia3d), SBA-1 (cubic Pm3n), KIT-1 (disordered) and MSU-1 (disordered) with superior structural integrity, acidity and catalytic activity to those of materials having metals incorporated during synthesis.
Intersecting M--Fluxbranes (1999)

New solution to the six-dimensional vacuum Einstein's equations is constructed as a non-linear superposition of two five-dimensional solutions representing the Melvin-Gibbons-Maeda Universe and its S-dual. Then using duality between D=8 vacuum and a certain class of D=11 supergravity configurations we generate M2 and M5 fluxbranes as well as some of their intersections also including waves and KK-monopoles.