gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The absolute configurations of the animal metabolite, equol, three naturally occurring isoflavans, and one natural isoflavanquinone (1968)

K. Kurosawa, W. D. Ollis, B. T. Redman, I. O. Sutherland, O. R. Gottlieb and H. Magalhães Alves, Chem. Commun. (London), 1968, 1265 DOI: 10.1039/C19680001265
Medication Adherence in Schizophrenia: Exploring Patients', Carers' and Professionals' Views (2005)

One of the major clinical problems in the treatment of people with schizophrenia is suboptimal medication adherence. Most research focusing on determinants of nonadherence use quantitative research methods. These studies have some important limitations in exploring the decision-making process of patients concerning medication. In this study we explore factors influencing medication adherence behavior in people with schizophrenia using concept mapping. Concept mapping is a structured qualitative method and was performed in 4 European countries. Participants were 27 patients with schizophrenia, 29 carers, and 28 professionals of patients with schizophrenia. Five clinically relevant themes were identified that affect adherence: medication efficacy, external factors (such as patient support and therapeutic alliance), insight, side effects, and attitudes toward medication. Importance ratings of these factors differed significantly between professionals and carers and patients. Professionals, carers, and patients do not have a shared understanding of which factors are important in patients' medication adherence behavior. Adherence may be positively influenced if professionals focus on the positive aspects of medication, on enhancing insight, and on fostering a positive therapeutic relationship with patients and carers.
Über 1.2‐Diphenoxy‐äthen (1955)

Abstract Durch Abspaltung von Phenol aus 1.1.2‐Triphenoxy‐äthan mittels Phosphorpentachlorids bzw. Phosphoroxychlorids wurde 1.2‐Diphenoxy‐äthen erhalten. Dieses lieferte durch Anlagerung von Halogen 1.2‐Dichlor‐ bzw. 1.2‐Dibrom‐1.2‐diphenoxy‐äthan und durch Abspaltung von 1 Mol. Chlorwasserstoff aus der Dichlorverbindung 1‐Chlor‐1.2‐diphenoxy‐äthen. Durch Bestimmung der Hydrolysengeschwindigkeiten von 1.2‐Dichlor‐1.2‐diäthoxy‐äthan, 1.2‐Dichlor‐1‐äthoxy‐2‐phenoxy‐äthan und 1.2‐Dichlor‐1.2‐diphenoxy‐äthan wurde der Einfluß der Phenylkerne auf die Stabilität der α‐Dichloräther geprüft. IR‐Spektren von 1.2‐Diphenoxy‐äthen und 1‐Chlor‐1.2‐diphenoxy‐äthen werden diskutiert.
A novel technique for GaInAsP/InP buried heterostructure laser fabrication (1982)

A simple fabrication technique for GaInAsP/InP buried heterostructure lasers has been developed based on a newly observed mass transport phenomenon on chemically etched InP mesas. Threshold currents as low as 9.0 mA have been obtained.
Approximating Maximum Weight Matching in Near-Linear Time (2010)

Given a weighted graph, the maximum weight matching problem (MWM) is to find a set of vertex-disjoint edges with maximum weight. In the 1960s Edmonds showed that MWMs can be found in polynomial time. At present the fastest MWM algorithm, due to Gabow and Tarjan, runs in Õ(m√n) time, where m and n are the number of edges and vertices in the graph. Surprisingly, restricted versions of the problem, such as computing (1 - ϵ)-approximate MWMs or finding maximum cardinality matchings, are not known to be much easier (on sparse graphs). The best algorithms for these problems also run in Õ(m√n) time. In this paper we present the first near-linear time algorithm for computing (1 - e)-approximate MWMs. Specifically, given an arbitrary real-weighted graph and ϵ > 0, our algorithm computes such a matching in O(mϵ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> log <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> n) time. The previous best approximate MWM algorithm with comparable running time could only guarantee a (2/3 - ϵ)-approximate solution. In addition, we present a faster algorithm, running in O(m log n log ϵ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> ) time, that computes a (3/4 - ϵ)-approximate MWM.
Methods for Statistical Data Analysis of Multivariate Observations. (1978)

Reduction of Dimensionality. Development and Study of Multivariate Dependencies. Multidimensional Classification and Clustering. Assessment of Specific Aspects of Multivariate Statistical Models. Summarization and Exposure. References. Appendix. Indexes.
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-5 Induces Dendritic Outgrowth by Homophilic Adhesion (2000)

Intercellular adhesion molecule-5 (ICAM-5) is a dendritically polarized membrane glycoprotein in telencephalic neurons, which shows heterophilic binding to leukocyte beta(2)-integrins. Here, we show that the human ICAM-5 protein interacts in a homophilic manner through the binding of the immunoglobulin domain 1 to domains 4-5. Surface coated ICAM-5-Fc promoted dendritic outgrowth and arborization of ICAM- 5-expressing hippocampal neurons. During dendritogenesis in developing rat brain, ICAM-5 was in monomer form, whereas in mature neurons it migrated as a high molecular weight complex. The findings indicate that its homophilic binding activity was regulated by nonmonomer/monomer transition. Thus, ICAM-5 displays two types of adhesion activity, homophilic binding between neurons and heterophilic binding between neurons and leukocytes.
Reported emissions of organic gases are not consistent with observations (1997)

Regulatory agencies and photochemical models of ozone rely on self-reported industrial emission rates of organic gases. Incorrect self-reported emissions can severely impact on air quality models and regulatory decisions. We compared self-reported emissions of organic gases in Houston, Texas, to measurements at a receptor site near the Houston ship channel, a major petrochemical complex. We analyzed hourly observations of total nonmethane organic carbon and 54 hydrocarbon compounds from C-2 to C-9 for the period June through November, 1993. We were able to demonstrate severe inconsistencies between reported emissions and major sources as derived from the data using a multivariate receptor model. The composition and the location of the sources as deduced from the data are not consistent with the reported industrial emissions. On the other hand, our observationally based methods did correctly identify the location and composition of a relatively small nearby chemical plant. This paper provides strong empirical evidence that regulatory agencies and photochemical models are making predictions based on inaccurate industrial emissions.
Expression and mutational analysis of MET in human solid cancers (2008)

MET receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) regulate a variety of cellular functions, many of which can be dysregulated in human cancers. Activated MET signaling can lead to cell motility and scattering, angiogenesis, proliferation, branching morphogenesis, invasion, and eventual metastasis. We performed systematic analysis of the expression of the MET receptor and its ligand HGF in tumor tissue microarrays (TMA) from human solid cancers. Standard immunohistochemistry (IHC) and a computerized automated scoring system were used. DNA sequencing for MET mutations in both nonkinase and kinase domains was also performed. MET was differentially overexpressed in human solid cancers. The ligand HGF was widely expressed in both tumors, primarily intratumoral, and nonmalignant tissues. The MET/HGF likely is functional and may be activated in autocrine fashion in vivo. MET and stem cell factor (SCF) were found to be positively stained in the bronchioalevolar junctions of lung tumors. A number of novel mutations of MET were identified, particularly in the extracellular semaphorin domain and the juxtamembrane domain. MET-HGF pathway can be assayed in TMAs and is often overexpressed in a wide variety of human solid cancers. MET can be activated through overexpression, mutation, or autocrine signaling in malignant cells. Mutations in the nonkinase regions of MET might play an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. MET would be an important therapeutic antitumor target to be inhibited, and in lung cancer, MET may represent a cancer early progenitor cell marker.
Transcriptional signature of histone deacetylase inhibition in multiple myeloma: Biological and clinical implications (2003)

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) affect cell growth at the transcriptional level by regulating the acetylation status of nucleosomal histones. HDAC inhibition induces differentiation and/or apoptosis in transformed cells. We recently showed that HDAC inhibitors, such as suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), potently induce apoptosis of human multiple myeloma (MM) cells. In this study, we focused on MM as a model to study the transcriptional profile of HDAC inhibitor treatment on tumor cells and to address their pathophysiological implications with confirmatory mechanistic and functional assays. We found that MM cells are irreversibly committed to cell death within few hours of incubation with SAHA. The hallmark molecular profile of MM cells before their commitment to SAHA-induced cell death is a constellation of antiproliferative and/or proapoptotic molecular events, including down-regulation of transcripts for members of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)/IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) signaling cascades, antiapoptotic molecules (e.g., caspase inhibitors), oncogenic kinases, DNA synthesis/repair enzymes, and transcription factors (e.g., XBP-1, E2F-1) implicated in MM pathophysiology. Importantly, SAHA treatment suppresses the activity of the proteasome and expression of its subunits, and enhances MM cell sensitivity to proteasome inhibition by bortezomib (PS-341). SAHA also enhances the anti-MM activity of other proapoptotic agents, including dexamethasone, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and thalidomide analogs. These findings highlight the pleiotropic antitumor effects of HDAC inhibition, and provide the framework for future clinical applications of SAHA to improve patient outcome in MM.
Cell cycle‐dependent transduction of cell‐permeant Cre recombinase proteins (2003)

Protein transduction has been widely used to analyze biochemical processes in living cells quantitatively and under non-steady-state conditions. The present study analyzed the effects of cell cycle on the uptake and activity of cell-permeant Cre recombinase proteins. Previous studies had suggested that the efficiency of recombination and/or protein transduction varied among individual cells, even within a clonal population. We report here that cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle undergo recombination at a lower rate than cells at other phases of the cell cycle, and that this variation results largely from differences in protein uptake, associated with differences in cell size. These results have implications regarding the mechanism of protein transduction and identify a source of heterogeneity that can influence the response of individual cells to cell-permeant proteins.
Control of peptide conformation by the Thorpe-Ingold effect (C?-tetrasubstitution) (2001)

The preferred conformations of peptides heavily based on the currently extensively exploited achiral and chiral alpha-amino acids with a quaternary alpha-carbon atom, as determined by conformational energy computations, crystal-state (x-ray diffraction) analyses, and solution ((1)H-NMR and spectroscopic) investigations, are reviewed. It is concluded that 3(10)/alpha-helical structures and the fully extended (C(5)) conformation are preferentially adopted by peptide sequences characterized by this family of amino acids, depending upon overall bulkiness and nature (e.g., whether acyclic or C(alpha) (i) <--> C(alpha) (i) cyclized) of their side chains. The intriguing relationship between alpha-carbon chirality and bend/helix handedness is also illustrated. gamma-Bends and semiextended conformations are rarely observed. Formation of beta-sheet structures is prevented.
Increased Activation of Protein Kinase C with Cubic Phase Lipid Compared with Liposomes (1998)

Protein kinase C (PKC) activation is measured using liposomes containing phosphatidylserine. Certain lipids display a wide range of polymorphism, depending on conditions. They can give rise to nonlamellar phases, such as hexagonal or cubic phases, as well as to lamellar phases. In this paper, we studied the activity and membrane binding of PKC in lipid bicontinuous cubic phases and hexagonal phases. The cubic phase lipid systems were (1) monoolein with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-phosphatidylserine (MO/PS) and (2) dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine/alamethicin (DEPE/alamethicin). Under fully hydrated conditions, both of the above lipid mixtures are bicontinuous cubic phases with a space group of Pn3m within certain concentration ratios and temperature ranges. Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) with up to 10 mol % PS exists in the hexagonal phase at room temperature. These cubic and hexagonal phases were able to support the PKC-catalyzed phosphorylation of histone. The amount of PKC bound to the MO/PS cubic phase showed little increase between 5 and 10 mol % PS. For both of the cubic phase systems studied, only a minor fraction of the PKC was bound to the membrane. This indicates that the specific activity of the enzyme bound to cubic phase membranes is much greater than that bound to phospholipid in the lamellar phase. Addition of up to 50 mol % MO to lipid in the lamellar phase had relatively small effects on the activity of PKC. The increase in PKC activity correlated well with an increase in PKC binding, resulting in little change in the specific activity of the membrane-bound form. These findings may be physiologically relevant due to the apparent presence of the cubic phase in certain biological structures. Also, these phases have little or no curvature strain, a property which has been shown to correlate with activation of PKC. Therefore, other factors, such as a curved morphology and/or interfacial polarity, must be responsible for the activation of PKC in these lipid systems.
Antibody, T-cell and Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy for Malignant Brain Tumors (2013)

Modest improvement in brain tumor patient survival has been achieved through advances in surgical, adjuvant radiation and chemotherapeutic strategies. However, these traditional approaches have been unsuccessful in permanently controlling these aggressive tumors, with recurrence being quite common. Hence, there is a need for novel therapeutic approaches that specifically target the molecularly diverse brain tumor cell population. The ability of the immune system to recognize altered tumor cells while avoiding surrounding normal cells offers an enormous advantage over the nonspecific nature of the conventional treatment schemes. Therefore, immunotherapy represents a promising approach that may supplement the standard therapies in eliminating the residual brain tumor cells. This review summarizes different immunotherapeutic approaches currently being tested for malignant brain tumor treatment.
Cationic Polyhexylcyanoacrylate Nanoparticles as Carriers for Antisense Oligonucleotides (1997)

After antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) were suggested for therapeutic use in 1978, major advances were made in developing modified oligonucleotides with increased nuclease resistance and improved cellular uptake. In the present report, positively charged nanoparticles prepared from diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-dextran and polyhexylcyanoacrylate (PHCA) were evaluated as carriers for ODNs. The oligonucleotides were analyzed by anion-exchange HPLC. The nanoparticles exhibited a high loading capacity, with approximately 35 mumol ODNs adsorbed per gram of polymeric material. The adsorption efficacy was found to be dependent on the pH, on the ionic strength of the medium, and on the amount of DEAE-dextran. Highest loading for ODNs was achieved at pH 5.5, using a 10 mM phosphate buffer. Oligonucleotides adsorbed to the surface of the nanoparticles were nearly completely protected against degradation by the endonuclease DNase I and under in vitro cell culture conditions, whereas unprotected ODNs were totally digested under these conditions. Nanoparticles led to a 20-fold increase in cellular uptake of FITC-oligonucleotides. The internalized oligonucleotides were frequently localized as vesicular structures in the cytoplasmatic compartment. Because of their temperature-dependent uptake, we propose an active uptake mechanism, such as endocytosis, for the internalization of the ODN-nanoparticle formulations.
Magnetic Properties of Nanostructured Materials (1996)

Understanding the correlation between magnetic properties and nanostructure involves collaborative efforts between chemists, physicists, and materials scientists to study both fundamental properties and potential applications. This article introduces a classification of nanostructure morphology according to the mechanism responsible for the magnetic properties. The fundamental magnetic properties of interest and the theoretical frameworks developed to model these properties are summarized. Common chemical and physical techniques for the fabrication of magnetic nanostructures are surveyed, followed by some examples of recent investigations of magnetic systems with structure on the nanometer scale. The article concludes with a brief discussion of some promising experimental techniques in synthesis and measurements.
A rational synthetic route leading to 3d–3d′–4f heterospin systems: self-assembly processes involving heterobinuclear 3d–4f complexes and hexacyanometallates (2003)

A novel heterospin system, [{CuL}Gd(H2O)3{Fe(CN)6}]·4H2O, is obtained by reacting the mononuclear complex, [CuL], with gadolinium(III) nitrate, followed by the substitution of the nitrato groups with [Fe(CN)6]3− ions (L2− = N,N′-propylenedi(3-methoxysalicylideneiminato)).
Simple and Effective Parameter Tuning for Domain Adaptation of Statistical Machine Translation (2012)

Current state-of-the-art Statistical Machine Translation systems are based on log-linear models\nthat combine a set of feature functions to score translation hypotheses during decoding. The\nmodels are parametrized by a vector of weights usually optimized on a set of sentences and\ntheir reference translations, called development data. In this paper, we explore a (common\nand industry relevant) scenario where a system trained and tuned on general domain data\nneeds to be adapted to a specific domain for which no or only very limited in-domain bilingual\ndata is available. It turns out that such systems can be adapted successfully by re-tuning model\nparameters using surprisingly small amounts of parallel in-domain data, by cross-tuning or no\ntuning at all. We show in detail how and why this is effective, compare the approaches and\neffort involved. We also study the effect of system hyperparameters (such as maximum phrase\nlength and development data size) and their optimal values in this scenario.
Expression of a truncated Int3 gene in developing secretory mammary epithelium specifically retards lobular differentiation resulting in tumorigenesis. (1996)

Insertional mutation of the Int3 gene, a member of the Notch gene family, is frequently associated with primary mouse mammary tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). A major consequence of these mutations is the production of a shortened 2.4-kb tumor specific Int3 RNA transcript that encodes the entire intracellular domain of the Int3 protein. Previous studies have demonstrated that mammary gland development and function was severely impaired in transgenic mice expressing the truncated Int3 gene product from the MMTV viral promoter. Both mammary ductal growth and secretory lobule development were curtailed in these mice. These results were attributed to a gain of function modification of the Int3 gene, which led to a restriction of cell fate selection in the affected mammary epithelial cells. To confirm and extend these findings, truncated Int3 was expressed from the whey acidic protein (WAP) promoter, the activity of which, unlike that of the MMTV long terminal repeat, is restricted to the secretory mammary epithelial population. In transgenic mice carrying the WAP/Int3 construct, mammary ductal growth was unaffected in virgin females, but growth and differentiation of secretory lobules during gestation was profoundly inhibited. Coincidental with the block in lobular secretory differentiation, mammary dysplasia and tumorigenesis occurred in all breeding females by 25 weeks of age. In nonbreeding WAP/Int3 females, mammary tumor incidence also reached 100%, but only after 70 weeks. The WAP/Int3 mammary tumors were highly malignant, and most tumor-bearing females, irrespective of breeding history, developed metastatic lung lesions. These results suggest that WAP promotor-targeted Int3 function is associated with mammary secretory cell differentiation and maintenance in this transgenic model. Consistent with the conclusion that WAP-driven truncated Int3 expression influenced only lobular differentiation and not ductal growth and extension during mammary gland development, transplants of WAP/Int3 gland into nontransgenic mammary fat pads produced complete mammary ductal outgrowths in virgin FVB/N mice but failed to develop secretory lobules when the females were impregnated.
B7/BB-1 is a leucocyte differentiation antigen on human dendritic cells induced by activation. (1993)

Activation of a primary T-lymphocyte response requires additional signals apart from interaction of the T-cell receptor (TcR)/CD3 complex with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on the antigen-presenting cell. The CD28 antigen on T lymphocytes provides an important co-stimulatory signal to T lymphocytes and we therefore searched for the presence of its ligand, the B7/BB-1 antigen, on blood and tonsil dendritic cells (DC). Blood DC, prepared from peripheral blood mononuclear cells with a minimal period of in vitro culture, did not stain with the monoclonal antibody BB-1 using flow cytometry analysis. In contrast, tonsil DC stained weakly for B7/BB-1 compared to positive control cell lines. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a 605 base pair (bp) fragment from human B7/BB-1 mRNA and demonstrated significant amounts of B7/BB-1 mRNA in tonsil DC but no specific product was obtained from blood DC, confirming the surface-staining results. Weak expression of B7/BB-1 antigen was detected by immunofluorescence analysis following culture of blood DC with either interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). These data support the concept that blood DC give rise to tissue and/or lymphoid DC, which acquire co-stimulatory ligands as a result of activation and/or differentiation.