gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SPECIAL REPORT Regulation of muscle glycogen metabolism by CGRP and amylin: CGRP receptors not involved (1995)

The aim of the present study was to determine whether amylin and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) act through shared or distinct receptors to inhibit insulin-stimulated incorporation of [14C]-glucose into glycogen. Rat amylin was 3 fold more potent than either rat alpha CGRP or rat beta CGRP at reducing glycogen synthesis from [14C]-glucose in insulin-treated rat soleus muscle. This action was blocked by peptide antagonists, with the rank order of potency being AC187 > salmon calcitonin8-32 (sCT8-32) > h-alpha CGRP8-37 for antagonism of either amylin or CGRP. The antagonist potency order correlated with affinity for amylin receptors measured in rat nucleus accumbens but not CGRP receptors measured in rat L6 muscle cells. Inhibition of glucose incorporation into glycogen by amylin and CGRP appears to be mediated by shared receptors that have the pharmacological characteristics of amylin receptors, and are distinct from previously described CGRP receptors.
Lassa Fever, a New Virus Disease of Man from West Africa (1970)

An investigator was infected with Lassa virus while working with tissue cultures and mice infected with the virus. Prodromal symptoms of illness were malaise, shivering sensations, and severe pain in the lower portion of both thighs. A severe, acute, systemic, febrile illness ensued; its prominent features were myositis, myocarditis, and thrombocytopenia. Lassa virus was isolated from throat washings, blood serum, and urine. Complement-fixing antibody against Lassa virus was detected on the 52nd day after onset of illness. Administration of 500 ml of plasma from a person recovered from infection with Lassa virus, on the 10th day of illness, seemingly resulted in aborting the course of the disease.
Finite element analysis of BAW devices: Principles and perspectives (2015)

This work summarizes the principles of Finite-Element-Modeling for bulk-acoustic-wave devices. It illustrates the model setup in terms of the governing system of equations and boundary conditions, as well as the efficient computer implementation. While some problems require the significant effort of 3D models, various effects can be addressed by fast and efficient 2D simulations. Multiple examples will be demonstrated of how numerical simulations can improve our understanding of the underlying physics, support the design of actual products, and help to pioneer the way into new technologies by facilitating to explore novel device concepts.
Amyloid‐β Oligomers: Possible Roles as Key Neurotoxins in Alzheimer's Disease (2010)

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of senile dementia. Although the amyloid-beta peptide was identified in 1984 as the major constituent of the senile plaques that characterize the disease, accumulating evidence indicates that the plaque density does not correspond well to the concurrent disease state. In order to resolve this disconnect, a number of recent studies have shifted away from the senile plaque and classical fibrillar forms of amyloid toward a less well structured species as the proximate neurotoxic factor underlying cognitive failure in Alzheimer's disease: soluble amyloid-beta peptide oligomer (also known as the amyloid-beta peptide-derived diffusible ligand). Paradoxically, several studies in the last 2 years have shown that picomolar levels of amyloid-beta peptide have neutral activity or perhaps even an essential role in learning and memory. Here we highlight some of the key observations underlying the growing focus on the amyloid-beta peptide oligomer.
Querying XML Views of Relational Data (2001)

XML has emerged as the standard data exchange format for Internet-based business applications. This has created the need to publish existing business data, stored in relational databases, as XML. A general way to publish relational data as XML is to provide XML views over relational data, and allow business partners to query these views using an XML query language. In this paper, we address the problem of evaluating XML queries over XML views of relational data. This paper makes two main contributions. The first is a general framework for processing arbitrarily complex queries specified using the XQuery query language. The second is a technique for efficiently evaluating XML queries by pushing most of the query computation down to the relational engine. 1.
Biocompatibility and Toxicological Studies of Carbon Nanotubes Doped with Nitrogen (2006)

In this report, we compare the toxicological effects between pure carbon multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs) and N-doped multiwalled carbon (CNx) nanotubes. Different doses of tubes were administered in various ways to mice: nasal, oral, intratracheal, and intraperitoneal. We have found that when MWNTs were injected into the mice's trachea, the mice could die by dyspnea depending on the MWNTs doses. However, CNx nanotubes never caused the death of any mouse. We always found that CNx nanotubes were far more tolerated by the mice when compared to MWNTs. Extremely high concentrations of CNx nanotubes administrated directly into the mice's trachea only induced granulomatous inflammatory responses. Importantly, all other routes of administration did not induce signs of distress or tissue changes on any treated mouse. We therefore believe that CNx nanotubes are less harmful than MWNTs or SWNTs and might be more advantageous for bioapplications.
Mesenchymal stem cells may ameliorate inflammation in an ex vivo model of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (2019)

The addition of mesenchymal stem cells during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may cause an increase in transforming growth factor-β1. This is despite their ability to adhere to the membrane oxygenator. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.
A Traveling-Wave Ferromagnetic Amplifier (1958)

A theory of a ferromagnetic traveling-wave amplifier of parametric type is presented here. Amplification of signal power in the form of growing waves is obtained in a propagating structure which is partially or totally embedded in a ferromagnetic medium. The structure, in one of its possible forms, possesses two propagating modes: one of the modes is excited by a signal at the input end, and the other is used as an idling circuit. The structure should also support a traveling wave supplied by a local oscillator which provides, through the motion of the magnetization, a time-varying coupling between the two propagating modes. The problem is essentially that of two coupled transmission lines with a time-dependent coupling coefficient. Optimum conditions for amplification are derived. A structure consisting of two pairs of parallel wires is calculated to illustrate the general principles.
Geometry Controls Conformation of Graphene Sheets: Membranes, Ribbons, and Scrolls (2010)

Graphene features a two-dimensional structure, where applications from electronic building blocks to reinforced composites are emerging, enabled through the utilization of its intriguing electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. These properties are controlled by the structural makeup of graphene, which is known to display multiple morphologies that change under thermal fluctuations and variations of its geometry. However, as of now, a systematic understanding of the relationship between the conformation of graphene and its geometry remains unknown, preventing rational bottom-up design of materials, structures, and devices. Here, we present a conformational phase diagram for rectangular graphene sheets, defined by their geometry (size and aspect ratio), boundary conditions, and the environmental conditions such as supporting substrates and chemical modifications, as well as changes in temperature. We discover the occurrence of three major structural arrangements in membrane, ribbon, and scroll phases as the aspect ratio of the graphene nanoribbon increases. A theoretical and computational analysis of governing mechanisms for each conformation is provided.
Target-Sensitive Liposomes (1994)

Target-sensitive liposomes are liposomes which spontaneously destablize when they come into contact with target membrane/surface. The principle lipid in the liposomes ingredient is dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) which readily forms inverted micelle at physiological conditions. Earlier design of the liposomes uses acylated antibody as both a bilayer stabilizer and a targeting ligand. Although the immunoliposomes specifically release then-contents upon binding with the target membrane, they are not stable enough for long-term storage. Recent improvement in the design uses a charged phospholipid as a bilayer stabilizer and uses acylated antibody or other ligands at a much lower concentration. The new liposomes are stable for long-term storage, yet still destablize when bound with a target membrane. The rate of destabilization is significantly enhanced at elevated temperatures. The physical and biological properties of these liposomes are reviewed in this paper.
Polymorphisms in predicted microRNA-binding sites in integrin genes and breast cancer: ITGB4 as prognostic marker (2008)

Integrins control the cell attachment to the extracellular matrix and play an important role in mediating cell proliferation, migration and survival. A number of important cancer-associated integrin genes can be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs) that bind to their target sites in the 3' untranslated regions. We examined the effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in predicted miRNA target sites of six integrin genes (ITGA3, ITGA6, ITGAv, ITGB3, ITGB4 and ITGB5) on breast cancer (BC) risk and clinical outcome. Six SNPs were genotyped in 749 Swedish incident BC cases with detailed clinical data and up to 15 years of follow-up together with 1493 matched controls. We evaluated associations between genotypes and BC risk and clinical tumour characteristics. Survival probabilities were compared between different subgroups. As a novel finding, several SNPs seemed to associate with the hormone receptor status. The strongest association was observed between the A allele of the SNP rs743554 in the ITGB4 gene and oestrogen receptor-negative tumours [odds ratio 2.09, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 1.19-3.67]. The same SNP was associated with survival. The A allele carriers had a worse survival compared with the wild-type genotype carriers (hazard ratio 2.11, 95% CIs 1.21-3.68). The poor survival was significantly associated with the aggressive tumour characteristics: high grade, lymph node metastasis and high stage. None of the SNPs was significantly associated with BC risk. As the ITGB4 SNP seems to influence tumour aggressiveness and survival, it may have prognostic value in the clinic.
Lewis Acid Adducts of Narrow Band Gap Conjugated Polymers (2011)

We report on the interaction of Lewis acids with narrow band gap conjugated copolymers containing donor and acceptor units. Examination of the widely used poly[(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)cyclopenta-[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene)-2,6-(diyl-alt-benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazole)-4,7-diyl] (1) shows weaker binding with B(C(6)F(5))(3) when compared with a small molecule that contains a cyclopenta-[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene (CDT) unit flanked by two benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazole (BT) fragments. Studies on model compounds representative of 1, together with a comparison between B(C(6)F(5))(3) and BBr(3), indicate that the propensity for Lewis acid coordination is decreased because of steric encumbrance surrounding the BT nitrogen sites. These observations led to the design of chromophores that incorporate an acceptor unit with a more basic nitrogen site, namely pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole (PT). That this strategy leads to a stronger B-N interaction was demonstrated through the examination of the reaction of B(C(6)F(5))(3) with two small molecules bis(4,4-bis(hexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']dithiophene)-4,7-pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole (8) and bis{2-thienyl-(4,4-bis(hexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']dithiophene)}-4,7-pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole (9) and two polymer systems (poly[(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)cyclopenta-[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene)-2,6-diyl-alt-([1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine)-4,7-diyl] (10) and poly[(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)cyclopenta-[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene)-2,6-diyl-alt-(4',7'-bis(2-thienyl)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine)-5,5-diyl] (11). From a materials perspective, it is worth pointing out that through the binding of B(C(6)F(5))(3), new NIR-absorbing polymers can be generated with band gaps from 1.31 to 0.89 eV. A combination of studies involving ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory shows that the narrowing of the band gap upon borane coordination to the pyridal nitrogen on PT is a result of lowering the energies of both the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the optically relevant fragments; however, the LUMO is decreased to a greater extent, thereby giving rise to the narrowing of the gap.
Managing Variability in the IO Performance of Petascale Storage Systems (2010)

Significant challenges exist for achieving peak or even consistent levels of performance when using IO systems at scale. They stem from sharing IO system resources across the processes of single largescale applications and/or multiple simultaneous programs causing internal and external interference, which in turn, causes substantial reductions in IO performance. This paper presents interference effects measurements for two different file systems at multiple supercomputing sites. These measurements motivate developing a 'managed' IO approach using adaptive algorithms varying the IO system workload based on current levels and use areas. An implementation of these methods deployed for the shared, general scratch storage system on Oak Ridge National Laboratory machines achieves higher overall performance and less variability in both a typical usage environment and with artificially introduced levels of 'noise'. The latter serving to clearly delineate and illustrate potential problems arising from shared system usage and the advantages derived from actively managing it.
Theoretical analysis of a novel ultrasound generator on an optical fiber tip (2010)

A novel ultrasound generator consisting of a single mode optical fiber with a layer of gold nanoparticles on its tip has been designed. The generator utilizes the optical and photo-acoustic properties of gold nanoparticles. When heated by laser pulses, a thin absorption layer made up of these nanoparticles at the cleaved surface of a single mode fiber generates a mechanical shock wave caused by thermal expansion. Mie's theory was applied in a MATLAB simulation to determine the relationship between the absorption efficiency and the optical resonance wavelengths of a layer of gold nanospheres. Results showed that the absorption efficiency and related resonance wavelengths of gold nanospheres varied based on the size of the gold nanosphere particles. In order to obtain the bandwidths associated with ultrasound, another MATLAB simulation was run to study the relationship between the power of the laser being used, the size of the gold nanosphere, and the energy decay time. The results of this and the previous simulation showed that the energy decay time is picoseconds in length.
Tribological properties of hydrophilic polymer brushes under wet conditions (2010)

This article demonstrates a water-lubrication system using high-density hydrophilic polymer brushes consisting of 2,3-dehydroxypropyl methacrylate (DHMA), vinyl alcohol, oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate, 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyltrimethylammonium chloride (MTAC), 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt (SPMK), and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) prepared by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization. Macroscopic frictional properties of brush surfaces were characterized by sliding a glass ball probe in water using a ball-on-plate type tribotester under the load of 0.1-0.49 N at the sliding velocity of 10(-5)-10(-1) m s(-1) at 298 K. A poly(DHMA) brush showed a relatively larger friction coefficient in water, whereas the polyelectrolyte brushes, such as poly(SPMK) and poly(MPC), revealed significantly low friction coefficients below 0.02 in water and in humid air conditions. A drastic reduction in the friction coefficient of polyelectrolyte brushes in aqueous solution was observed at around 10(-3)-10(-2) m s(-1) owing to the hydrodynamic lubrication effect, however, an increase in salt concentration in the aqueous solution led to the increase in the friction coefficients of poly(MTAC) and poly(SPMK) brushes. The poly(SPMK) brush showed a stable and low friction coefficient in water even after sliding over 450 friction cycles, indicating a good wear resistance of the brush film.
Supermolecular Building Blocks (SBBs) for the Design and Synthesis of Highly Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks (2008)

Here, we report a novel approach for the bottom-up assembly of hierarchical building blocks: simple molecular building blocks (MBBs) and the resultant supermolecular building blocks (SBBs) to build highly coordinated nets. A specific network, the (3,24)-connected rht, was used as a blueprint to construct a metal-organic framework where the MBBs/SBBs augment the net.
Effects of differentiation on neuropeptide-Y receptors and responses in rat pheochromocytoma cells (1994)

Undifferentiated rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells resemble immature adrenal chromaffin cells, express neuropeptide-Y (NPY) receptors of the Y1 subtype, and synthesize catecholamines as well as NPY. In the present study, we examined how phenotypic alteration of PC12 cells by nerve growth factor (NGF) or glucocorticoid affected cellular responsiveness to NPY and related agonists, especially with regard to modulation of catecholamine overflow. Unlike undifferentiated PC12 cells, cells differentiated to a sympathetic neuronal phenotype with NGF were responsive to the Y2 receptor-selective agonist, NPY 13-36. NPY 13-36 1) inhibited binding of [125I]NPY 1-36, 2) inhibited accumulation of evoked cAMP, and 3) inhibited evoked catecholamine overflow. NGF-differentiated cells were also responsive to the Y1 receptor-selective agonist [Leu31,Pro34]NPY (LP-NPY). Like NPY-(13-36), LP-NPY inhibited binding of [125I]NPY-(1-36); however, LP-NPY and NPY-(13-36) exerted their effects through heterogeneous receptors, as LP-NPY enhanced while NPY 13-36 inhibited evoked catecholamine overflow in NGF-differentiated cells, despite the fact that both agonists inhibited the evoked cAMP. In contrast to NGF-differentiated cells, cells differentiated to a mature chromaffin phenotype with dexamethasone were unresponsive to NPY-(13-36), nor did the Y2 agonist inhibit binding of [125I]NPY-(1-36). Dexamethasone-differentiated PC12 cells were, however, responsive to LP-NPY, as this agonist enhanced evoked catecholamine overflow and inhibited binding of [125I]NPY-(1-36). Peptide-YY also enhanced catecholamine overflow, but only significantly at 100 nM. The data suggest differential expression of NPY receptor subtypes on neuronal and endocrine cells where catecholamine overflow is a key feature. These studies further demonstrate inhibitory or excitatory modulation of catecholamine transmission by NPY via distinct receptor subtypes in homogeneous sympathoadrenomedullary models resembling sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells.
Studies on the constituents of Luffa operculata Cogn. II. Isolation and structure elucidation of saponins in the herb. (1989)

Four oleanane-type triterpene saponins named luperosides I, J, K and L were isolated as their methyl esters from the MeOH extract of the herb of Luffa operculata COGN., and their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral evidence. Luperosides I and J are 3-O-[β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid]-28-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-quinovopyranosyl] gypsogenin (I) and 3-O-[β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid]-28-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-quinovopyranosyl] gypsogenin (J), respectively. Luperosides K and L are quillaic acid glycosides corresponding to luperosides I and J, respectively.
Programmable RNA microstructures for coordinated delivery of siRNAs (2016)

RNA is a natural multifunctional polymer, and is an essential component in both complex pathways and structures within the cellular environment. For this reason, artificial self-assembling RNA nanostructures are emerging as a powerful tool with broad applications in drug delivery and metabolic pathway regulation. To date, coordinated delivery of functional molecules via programmable RNA assemblies has been primarily done using nanosize RNA scaffolds. However, larger scaffolds could expand existing capabilities for spatial arrangement of ligands, and enable the controlled delivery of highly concentrated molecular loads. Here, we investigate whether micron-size RNA scaffolds can be assembled and further functionalized with different cargos (e.g. various siRNAs and fluorescent tags) for their synchronized delivery to diseased cells. Since known design approaches to build large RNA scaffolds are still underdeveloped, we apply a tiling method widely used in DNA nanotechnology. DNA tiles have been extensively used to build a variety of scalable and modular structures that are easily decorated with other ligands. Here, we adapt a double crossover (DX) DNA tile motif to design de novo DX RNA tiles that assemble and form lattices via programmed sticky end interactions. We optimize assembly protocols to guarantee high yield of RNA lattices. The resulting constructs are robust and modular with respect to the presence of distinct siRNAs and fluorophores. RNA tiles and lattices are successfully transfected in either human breast cancer or prostate cancer cells, where they efficiently knockdown the expression of target genes. Blood serum stability assays indicate that RNA lattices are more resilient to nuclease degradation when compared to individual tiles, thus making them better suited for therapeutic purposes. Overall, because of its design simplicity, we anticipate that this approach will be utilized for a wide range of applications in therapeutic RNA nanotechnology.
Intravenous Branched Chain Amino Acid Trial in Marrow Transplant Recipients (1987)

Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) improve nitrogen balance and end-organ function in surgical patients, but are untested in marrow transplant recipients. We compared nitrogen balance, urinary 3-methylhistidine-to-creatinine ratio, upper arm anthropometry, serum prealbumin, and day to peripheral engraftment in a randomized, double-blinded trial between 45% (high-leucine) and 23% BCAA intravenous solutions in 40 adult leukemia patients for 1 month following allogeneic marrow transplantation. Nutritional support, provided at approximately 30 nonprotein calories/kg and 0.21 g nitrogen/kg ideal weight, did not differ between groups. Despite greater nitrogen loss and muscle breakdown evidenced by increased 3-methylhistidine-to-creatinine ratio and loss of arm muscle area by study end in the 45% BCAA, no statistical differences were observed when nitrogen balance was compared by week and within stress level as defined by organ and infectious complications. It is likely the patients in the 45% BCAA experienced greater metabolic stress by study end. Serum prealbumin and day posttransplant to peripheral engraftment also did not differ between groups. The chances (power) of this study exceeded 85% in detecting a difference in nitrogen balance of 2.5 g during study week 1 and 4.0 g during week 2. The power during week 3 was 77% for detecting a difference of 4.0 g, and it is unlikely that the true difference exceeds this magnitude. Thus, we did not find any evidence that intravenous BCAA-enriched solutions improved nitrogen balance during the first month after marrow transplantation.