gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Discrimination of Gastrointestinal Nematode Eggs from Crude Fecal Egg Preparations by Inhibitor-Resistant Conventional and Real-Time PCR (2013)

&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes relies predominantly on coproscopic methods such as flotation, Kato-Katz, McMaster or FLOTAC. Although FLOTAC allows accurate quantification, many nematode eggs can only be differentiated to genus or family level. Several molecular diagnostic tools discriminating closely related species suffer from high costs for DNA isolation from feces and limited sensitivity since most kits use only small amounts of feces (&lt;1 g). A direct PCR from crude egg preparations was designed for full compatibility with FLOTAC to accurately quantify eggs per gram feces (epg) and determine species composition. Eggs were recovered from the flotation solution and concentrated by sieving. Lysis was achieved by repeated boiling and freezing cycles – only &lt;i&gt;Trichuris&lt;/i&gt; eggs required additional mechanic disruption. Egg lysates were directly used as template for PCR with Phusion DNA polymerase which is particularly resistant to PCR inhibitors. Qualitative results were obtained with feces of goats, cattle, horses, swine, cats, dogs and mice. The finally established protocol was also compatible with quantitative real-time PCR in the presence of EvaGreen and no PCR inhibition was detectable when extracts were diluted at least fourfold. Sensitivity was comparable to DNA isolation protocols and spiked samples with five epg were reliably detected. For &lt;i&gt;Toxocara cati&lt;/i&gt; a detection limit below one epg was demonstrated. It was possible to distinguish &lt;i&gt;T. cati&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Toxocara canis&lt;/i&gt; using high resolution melt (HRM) analysis, a rapid tool for species identification. In human samples, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and HRM analysis were used to discriminate &lt;i&gt;Necator americanus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Ancylostoma duodenale&lt;/i&gt;. The method is able to significantly improve molecular diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes by increasing speed and sensitivity while decreasing overall costs. For identification of species or resistance alleles, analysis of PCR products with many different post PCR methods can be used such as RFLP, reverse-line-blot, Sanger sequencing and HRM.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
FinFET-a quasi-planar double-gate MOSFET (2002)

The quasi-planar FinFET structure has device characteristics similar to those of the conventional MOSFET. Inserting FinFET into CMOS technology requires no change in circuit architecture or layout/design tools, providing a smooth transition to post-planar CMOS technology. 2D mixed-mode simulations show FinFET circuit performance exceeds that of advanced single gate MOSFETs.
Rate of medial temporal lobe atrophy in typical aging and Alzheimer's disease (1998)

A statistically significant yearly decline in hippocampal volume and an increase in temporal horn volume was identified in elderly control subjects who represent typical aging individuals. These rates were approximately 2.5 times greater in patients with AD than in individually age- and gender-matched control subjects.
Analysis of the binding of C-reactive protein to histones and chromatin. (1988)

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase serum protein in man which binds to phosphocholine (PC) in a calcium-dependent manner. CRP has been shown to bind to chromatin and nucleosome core particles. However, CRP does not bind to DNA and there is conflicting evidence regarding the binding of CRP to histones. In the present study, binding of CRP to chromatin was confirmed by ELISA using chromatin bound to microtiter wells. When chromatin depleted of histone H1 was used in the same assay, no CRP binding was detected. Similar results were observed using a competitive inhibition ELISA. These results indicate an important role for H1 in the binding of CRP to chromatin. Further studies were done to characterize the binding of CRP to purified individual histones. CRP binding to histones was demonstrated first by blotting. Calf thymus histones were separated on a 15% SDS-polyacrylamide gel, transferred to nitrocellulose, and probed with 125I-CRP. CRP bound to H1 and H2A and to a lesser extent to H2B. Non-specific binding to H3 was seen and no binding to H4 was observed. CRP binding to purified individual histones was tested by ELISA. Essentially identical results were seen to those obtained by blotting. CRP binding to the H2A-H2B complex was observed as well as reactivity with trypsin-resistant fragments of H2A, H2B, and H3. By blotting and by ELISA all CRP reactions were blocked by PC and EDTA indicating binding through the calcium-dependent PC-binding site on CRP. These studies further characterize the nature of the binding of CRP to chromatin and histones and show that the presence of H1 on chromatin is required for CRP binding.
Sensory afferents from the gastrointestinal tract (1989)

The sections in this article are: 1 Visceral Nerves as Sensory Nerves 1.1 Pathways to the Central Nervous System 1.1.1 Central Connections of the Abdominal Vagus 1.1.2 Projections of the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius 1.1.3 Central Connections of Splanchnic and Pelvic Nerves 2 Classification of Gastrointestinal Receptors 3 Sensory Code 4 Methodology 5 Mucosal Receptors 5.1 Spontaneous Activity 5.2 Mechanosensitivity 5.3 Receptive Fields 5.4 Chemosensitivity 5.4.1 Multimodal Receptors 5.4.2 Quality-Specific Chemoreceptors 5.5 Thermoreceptors 6 Muscle Receptors 6.1 In-Series Tension Receptors 6.1.1 Resting Discharge 6.1.2 Response Characteristics 6.1.3 Regional Differences 6.1.4 Longitudinal Versus Circular Muscle Location 6.1.5 Muscle Receptors with Nonvagal Afferent Pathways 7 Serosal and Mesenteric Receptors 7.1 Receptive Fields 7.2 Spontaneous Activity 7.3 Response Characteristics 8 Functional Specificity and Transduction of Stimuli 9 Spontaneous Activity in Gastrointestinal Afferents 10 Rate of Adaptation 11 Modulation of Receptor Activity 12 Functional Significance of Gastrointestinal Receptors 12.1 Mucosal Receptors 12.2 Muscle Receptors 13 Serosal and Mesenteric Receptors 14 Conclusions
Galactose Oxidase (1991)

Galactose oxidase (GOase) catalyzes the oxidation of many primary alcohols, alditols as well as the 6-hydroxy group in D-galactose, D-talose, and D-gulose to the corresponding aldehydes. It is a convenient enzyme for synthetic applications because it can be easily obtained from a fungus and has good stability. GOase is very efficient in the oxidation of a broad range of galactosides, including oligo- and polysaccharides. However, the reactions strongly depend upon the quality of the enzyme preparations. Using a modified isolation method, significant amounts of GOase with the required purity can easily be obtained to enable efficient syntheses, of up to 10 kg, of 5-C-hydroxymethyl-L-arabinohexopyranose derivatives which are not readily available by classical synthetic methods.
Calixarenes, Macrocycles with (Almost) Unlimited Possibilities (1995)

Abstract The condensation reaction between p‐tert ‐butylphenol and formaldehyde leads in a single step to good yields of cyclic oligomers in which, depending on the reaction conditions, either four, six, or eight phenol units are joined by methylene bridges. The beakerlike shape of the most stable conformation of the tetramer has led to their being given the name “calixarenes” (calix = chalice). Resorcinol can undergo condensation in a similar manner with a variety of aldehydes to afford cyclic tetramers with the same basic structure (the resorcarenes). In both cases the reaction does not require the use of dilution techniques, so that large quantities of product can be readily obtained. In addition, the parent compounds can be modified in various ways, in particular at the phenolic hydroxy groups or the phenyl residues; these approaches can be used separately or in combination. Calixarenes are thus ideal starting materials for the synthesis of various types of host molecules and can also act as building blocks for the construction of larger molecular systems with defined structures and functions. Their potential applications range from use as highly specific ligands for analytical chemistry, sensor techniques and medical diagnostics to their use in the decontamination of waste water and the construction of artificial enzymes and the synthesis of new materials for non‐linear optics or for ultrathin layers and sieve membranes with molecular pores.
The effect of calcium and vitamin supplements on the incidence and recurrence of colorectal adenomatous polyps (1996)

More studies are necessary to confirm these findings. It may be necessary to develop other chemopreventive agents, such as aspirin, for colorectal neoplasia.
The Sacroiliac Joint: A Functional Approach (1996)

The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is a controversial source of primary low back pain, but recent studies using intraarticular injection techniques have shown it can cause significant pain. The SIJ has been reported to be responsible for approximately 20% of low back and referred pain. A number of treatment techniques from various philosophies have evolved to help rehabilitate SIJ dysfunction. There is no research recognizing one treatment protocol as superior. Likely, the most effective rehabilitation programs integrate appropriate techniques from a variety of disciplines to help provide a patient with the most effective care. If rehabilitation is not progressing, fluoroscopically guided contrast-enhanced injection procedures can be used for both diagnostic confirmation of the pain source and to help provide pain control so that rehabilitation can be facilitated. In situations where both rehabilitation and injections fail, salvage procedures may be considered, although they also are without scientific validation.
Catalytic Diastereoselective Reductive Aldol Reaction:  Optimization of Interdependent Reaction Variables by Arrayed Catalyst Evaluation (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTCatalytic Diastereoselective Reductive Aldol Reaction: Optimization of Interdependent Reaction Variables by Arrayed Catalyst EvaluationSteven J. Taylor and James P. MorkenView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Venable and Kenan Laboratories The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 51, 12202–12203Publication Date (Web):December 14, 1999Publication History Received16 August 1999Published online14 December 1999Published inissue 1 December 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja992952ehttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja992952erapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1443Altmetric-Citations90LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Aldol reactions,Anions,Catalysts,Ligands,Selectivity Get e-Alerts
Fast first-order PMD compensation with low insertionloss for 10 Gbit/s system (2001)

A fast first-order PMD compensator for 10 Gbit/s systems with low insertion loss is demonstrated. A response time of 200 ms with insertion loss &lt; 3 dB is obtained. The D/A board used in this experiment limits the response-time of the PMDC.
Network architecture for joint failure recovery and traffic engineering (2011)

Today's networks typically handle traffic engineering (e.g., tuning the routing-protocol parameters to optimize the flow of traffic) and failure recovery (e.g., pre-installed backup paths) independently. In this paper, we propose a unified way to balance load efficiently under a wide range of failure scenarios. Our architecture supports flexible splitting of traffic over multiple precomputed paths, with efficient path-level failure detection and automatic load balancing over the remaining paths. We propose two candidate solutions that differ in how the routers rebalance the load after a failure, leading to a trade-off between router complexity and load-balancing performance. We present and solve the optimization problems that compute the configuration state for each router. Our experiments with traffic measurements and topology data (including shared risks in the underlying transport network) from a large ISP identify a "sweet spot" that achieves near-optimal load balancing under a variety of failure scenarios, with a relatively small amount of state in the routers. We believe that our solution for joint traffic engineering and failure recovery will appeal to Internet Service Providers as well as the operators of data-center networks.
Use of blood-based biomarkers for early diagnosis and surveillance of colorectal cancer (2014)

Early screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) holds the key to combat and control the increasing global burden of CRC morbidity and mortality. However, the current available screening modalities are severely inadequate because of their high cost and cumbersome preparatory procedures that ultimately lead to a low participation rate. People simply do not like to have colonoscopies. It would be ideal, therefore, to develop an alternative modality based on blood biomarkers as the first line screening test. This will allow for the differentiation of the general population from high risk individuals. Colonoscopy would then become the secondary test, to further screen the high risk segment of the population. This will encourage participation and therefore help to reach the goal of early detection and thereby reduce the anticipated increasing global CRC incidence rate. A blood-based screening test is an appealing alternative as it is non-invasive and poses minimal risk to patients. It is easy to perform, can be repeated at shorter intervals, and therefore would likely lead to a much higher participation rate. This review surveys various blood-based test strategies currently under investigation, discusses the potency of what is available, and assesses how new technology may contribute to future test design.
Parallel Synthesis of a Novel C2-Aryl Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) Library (2007)

A 66-member C2-aryl pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) library has been successfully synthesized in parallel via Suzuki coupling using PS-PPh3Pd (catalyst) and PS-DEAM (scavenger) under microwave radiation. Library members were obtained in sufficient yield (up to 91%) and purity (85-98% crude) for biological evaluation.
HT06, tagging paper, taxonomy, Flickr, academic article, to read (2006)

In recent years, tagging systems have become increasingly popular. These systems enable users to add keywords (i.e., "tags") to Internet resources (e.g., web pages, images, videos) without relying on a controlled vocabulary. Tagging systems have the potential to improve search, spam detection, reputation systems, and personal organization while introducing new modalities of social communication and opportunities for data mining. This potential is largely due to the social structure that underlies many of the current systems.Despite the rapid expansion of applications that support tagging of resources, tagging systems are still not well studied or understood. In this paper, we provide a short description of the academic related work to date. We offer a model of tagging systems, specifically in the context of web-based systems, to help us illustrate the possible benefits of these tools. Since many such systems already exist, we provide a taxonomy of tagging systems to help inform their analysis and design, and thus enable researchers to frame and compare evidence for the sustainability of such systems. We also provide a simple taxonomy of incentives and contribution models to inform potential evaluative frameworks. While this work does not present comprehensive empirical results, we present a preliminary study of the photo-sharing and tagging system Flickr to demonstrate our model and explore some of the issues in one sample system. This analysis helps us outline and motivate possible future directions of research in tagging systems.
Properties of factor VIIa/tissue factor complexes in an umbilical vein model (1990)

An umbilical vein model was designed in which washed vein segments are filled with a reaction mixture containing factor VIIa, Ca(+)+, and a substrate, either 3H-factor IX or 3H-factor X. The vein wall provides the tissue factor (TF) for factor VIIa/TF complexes that activate the substrates as measured by activation peptide release. The model was developed to study TF induced on venous endothelium in situ. However, unlike previous studies with TF expressed on cultured umbilical vein endothelial cells, factors IX and X were activated without first having to expose the vein wall to a perturbing stimulus. Histologic studies revealed that washing the vein and mixing the reaction mixture before subsampling had disrupted the endothelium. Immunostaining with anti-TF antibodies revealed no staining of endothelium but intense staining in extensions of Wharton's jelly penetrating fenestrations of the muscularis media of the vein. Thus, the model provided data on factor VIIa/TF formed, not on endothelium, but within the mucoid connective tissue of Wharton's jelly. It is known that factor VIIa/TF formed with TF in suspension or with TF expressed on the surface of cultured cells activates factor X more rapidly than factor IX. In contrast, in the umbilical vein model, when each substrate was present in an 88 nmol/L concentration, factors IX and X were activated at equivalent rates (mean activation rate for factor IX, 18.8 +/- 3.6 nmol/L/h; for factor X, 17.8 +/- 2.9 nmol/L/h; n = 9 paired vein segments). These data strengthen the evidence that factor VIIa/TF activation of factor IX represents a key initial reaction of coagulation in tissues. These results also show that data obtained with factor VIIa/TF complexes formed on the surface of cultured cells need not hold for factor VIIa/TF complexes formed in extracellular matrix.
Microwave plasma-based high temperature dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons and alcohols as a single route to highly efficient gas phase synthesis of freestanding graphene (2021)

Understanding underlying processes behind the simple and easily scalable graphene synthesis methods enables their large-scale deployment in the emerging energy storage and printable device applications. Microwave plasma decomposition of organic precursors forms a high-temperature environment, above 3000 K, where the process of catalyst-free dehydrogenation and consequent formation of C<sub>2</sub>molecules leads to nucleation and growth of high-quality few-layer graphene (FLG). In this work, we show experimental evidence that a high-temperature environment with a gas mixture of H<sub>2</sub>and acetylene, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>, leads to a transition from amorphous to highly crystalline material proving the suggested dehydrogenation mechanism. The overall conversion efficiency of carbon to FLG reached up to 47%, three times as much as for methane or ethanol, and increased with increasing microwave power (i.e. with the size of the high-temperature zone) and hydrocarbon flow rate. The yield decreased with decreasing C:H ratio while the best quality FLG (low D/G-0.5 and high 2D/G-1.5 Raman band ratio) was achieved for C:H ratio of 1:3. The structures contained less than 1 at% of oxygen. No additional hydrogen was necessary for the synthesis of FLG from higher alcohols having the same stoichiometry, 1-propanol and isopropanol, but the yield was lower, 15%, and dependent on the atom arrangement of the precursor. The prepared FLG nanopowder was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, Raman, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry. Microwave plasma was monitored by optical emission spectroscopy.
Simulated annealing with restrained molecular dynamics using CONGEN: Energy refinement of the NMR solution structures of epidermal and type‐α transforming growth factors (1996)

The new functionality of the program CONGEN (Bruccoleri RE, Karplus M, 1987, Biopolymers 26:137-168; Bassolino-Klimas D et al., 1996, Protein Sci 5:593-603) has been applied for energy refinement of two previously determined solution NMR structures, murine epidermal growth factor (mEGF) and human type-alpha transforming growth factor (hTGF alpha). A summary of considerations used in converting experimental NMR data into distance constraints for CONGEN is presented. A general protocol for simulated annealing with restrained molecular dynamics is applied to generate NMR solution structures using CONGEN together with real experimental NMR data. A total of 730 NMR-derived constraints for mEGF and 424 NMR-derived constraints for hTGF alpha were used in these energy-refinement calculations. Different weighting schemes and starting conformations were studied to check and/or improve the sampling of the low-energy conformational space that is consistent with all constraints. The results demonstrate that loosened (i.e., "relaxed") sets of the EGF and hTGF alpha internuclear distance constraints allow molecules to overcome local minima in the search for a global minimum with respect to both distance restraints and conformational energy. The resulting energy-refined structures of mEGF and hTGF alpha are compared with structures determined previously and with structures of homologous proteins determined by NMR and X-ray crystallography.
Conversion of Greenhouse Gases to Synthesis Gas and Higher Hydrocarbons (2001)

The reaction of methane with carbon dioxide to produce synthesis gas (H2 + CO), gaseous hydrocarbons (C2−C4), and higher hydrocarbons was investigated over Quartz fleece, zeolite X, zeolite HY, and zeolite NaY catalysts promoted by dielectric-barrier discharges (DBDs) at low temperature and ambient pressure. Zeolite NaY is the most promising catalyst for producing synthesis gas (H2 + CO) and liquid hydrocarbons (C5+) with high methane and carbon dioxide conversions. The important variables affecting the activity and selectivity of zeolite NaY catalyst such as discharge power, wall temperature, flow rate, mixing ratio of methane to carbon dioxide, and temporal stability were studied. The conversion of CH4 was 67%, and that of CO2 was 40%. The yield of synthesis gas was 47%, and the selectivity to liquid hydrocarbons (C5+) was 34% when the reaction was performed at a wall temperature of 423 K, gas pressure of 1 bar, molar ratio of CH4 to CO2 of 1, feed gas flow rate of 200 mL/min, and input power of 500 W. The present study shows that zeolite NaY has potential application in the production of synthesis gas (H2 + CO) and liquid hydrocarbons (C5+) in a dielectric-barrier discharge reactor at low temperature and ambient pressure.
Measurement of Total Malondialdehyde in Plasma and Tissues by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Thiobarbituric Acid Assay (2006)

Objective: Malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation, is a good marker for development of oxidative stress. Mateials and Methods: In this study MDA was determined in the tissues and plasma by means of thiobarbituric acid test and directly by reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatography method after derivatisation with 2,4-dinitrophenylhidrazine. Results: We have found a significant difference between two methods by Mann-Whitney U test (p