gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
General Pathways of Pain Sensation and the Major Neurotransmitters Involved in Pain Regulation (2018)

Pain has been considered as a concept of sensation that we feel as a reaction to the stimulus of our surrounding, putting us in harm's way and acting as a form of defense mechanism that our body has permanently installed into its system. However, pain leads to a huge chunk of finances within the healthcare system with continuous rehabilitation of patients with adverse pain sensations, which might reduce not only their quality of life but also their productivity at work setting back the pace of our economy. It may not look like a huge deal but factor in pain as an issue for majority of us, it becomes an economical burden. Although pain has been researched into and understood by numerous researches, from its definition, mechanism of action to its inhibition in hopes of finding an absolute solution for victims of pain, the pathways of pain sensation, neurotransmitters involved in producing such a sensation are not comprehensively reviewed. Therefore, this review article aims to put in place a thorough understanding of major pain conditions that we experience-nociceptive, inflammatory and physiologically dysfunction, such as neuropathic pain and its modulation and feedback systems. Moreover, the complete mechanism of conduction is compiled within this article, elucidating understandings from various researches and breakthroughs.
A Randomised, Controlled Study of Dietary Intervention in Autistic Syndromes (2002)

Impaired social interaction, communication and imaginative skills characterize autistic syndromes. In these syndromes urinary peptide abnormalities, derived from gluten, gliadin, and casein, are reported. They reflect processes with opioid effect. The aim of this single blind study was to evaluate effect of gluten and casein-free diet for children with autistic syndromes and urinary peptide abnormalities. A randomly selected diet and control group with 10 children in each group participated. Observations and tests were done before and after a period of 1 year. The development for the group of children on diet was significantly better than for the controls.
Cement Testing in Africa – Conclusions from the First Africa-Wide Proficiency Testing Scheme (2013)

African cement infrastructure is quite complex. Apart from Northern Africa and South Africa in particular, cement plants are scarce resulting in highly unstable cement pricing. Clinker and cement are imported from overseas, e.g. from Portugal, Turkey, Pakistan, Indonesia, and China. Imports are typically determined by the lowest price, and as a result the countries of origin of products vary regularly yielding large scatter of properties. Quality control and a good quality infrastructure are thus of utmost importance for the safety of the populace, an issue, which is actually often neglected. With funding of the German Metrology Institute (PTB) and support of the SPIN project, a proficiency testing scheme for cement testing according to EN 196 was set up for African laboratories. Proficiency testing schemes, also called round robins, are inter-laboratory performance comparisons allowing participants to evaluate themselves against pre-established criteria. They are a powerful tool to help laboratories improve their performance as well as demonstrate their competences to accreditation bodies or customers. 26 laboratories from 20 nations, 18 of which from Africa, participated. The BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing acted as coordinator and provider of the scheme. The aim of the round robin was to interpret the submitted data further beyond the pure statistic analyses. The data provided a positive picture of the performance of the participants in general, but it also exhibited a number of technical fields that need improvement. The paper provides the general results of the scheme and analyses identified strengths and weak points based on the submitted and non submitted data as well as on discrepancies from the EN 196 procedures during measurements. The application of EN standards for material testing is critically discussed and since quality infrastructure is also always an issue between industrial and political stakeholders, suggestions for the mitigation of the identified shared problems are given.
An RF-Powered FDD Radio for Neural Microimplants (2017)

We present a radio system that could be used in millimeter-scale wireless neural implants. The system is RF-powered and demonstrates Mbps data rates required for neuromodulation and recording applications. The radio transmits at 58 Mb/s and receives at 2.5 Mb/s maximum data rates. The transceiver uses a duplexer to achieve full-duplex communication via frequency-division duplexing at 1.74 and 1.86 GHz for TX and RX, respectively. The average power consumption of the transmitter is 93 μW at 58 Mb/s, while that of the receiver is 7.2 μW at 2.5 Mb/s. The transceiver was fabricated using 40-nm LP CMOS process and occupies 0.8 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of die area. Including the off-chip duplexer, the system occupies 2 × 1.6 × 0.6 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> .
Soluble cytokine receptors are present in normal human urine. (1989)

Affinity chromatography of crude human urinary proteins on either human rIL-6, human rIFN-gamma, or anti-IFN-gamma-R mAb yielded the two respective soluble receptors in significant quantities. A single sequence of 30 amino acid residues was obtained by NH2-terminal microsequencing of the protein peak purified in tandem by affinity chromatography on an IL-6 column and reversed-phase HPLC. This sequence was identical to the predicted NH2-terminal sequence of IL-6-R as previously reported. Analysis of the eluted proteins from both IFN-gamma and anti-IFN-gamma-R columns by inhibition of solid phase RIA, ELISA, SDS-PAGE, and Western blotting proved the existence of soluble IFN-gamma-R in normal urine. Our finding, together with the already known presence of urinary TNF binding proteins and a soluble IL-2-R both in plasma and in urine, indicates that release of soluble cytokine receptors into body fluids is a general phenomenon that occurs under normal physiological conditions.
Non-invasive transabdominal uterine electromyography correlates with the strength of intrauterine pressure and is predictive of labor and delivery (2004)

EMG measurements correlated strongly with the strength of contractions and therefore may be a valuable alternative to invasive measurement of intrauterine pressure. Unlike TOCO, transabdominal uterine EMG can be used reliably to predict labor and delivery.
Rhesus and Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein L Are Required for Infection and Cell-to-Cell Spread of Virus but Cannot Complement Each Other (2010)

Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV), the homolog of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), serves as a model for understanding the pathogenesis of HCMV and for developing candidate vaccines. In order to develop a replication-defective virus as a vaccine candidate, we constructed RhCMV with glycoprotein L (gL) deleted. RhCMV gL was essential for viral replication, and virus with gL deleted could only replicate in cells expressing RhCMV gL. Noncomplementing cells infected with RhCMV with gL deleted released intact, noninfectious RhCMV particles that were indistinguishable from wild-type RhCMV by electron microscopy and could be rescued by treatment of cells with polyethylene glycol. In addition, noncomplementing cells infected with RhCMV with gL deleted produced levels of gB, the major target of neutralizing antibodies, at levels similar to those observed in cells infected with wild-type RhCMV. Since RhCMV and HCMV gL share 53% amino acid identity, we determined whether the two proteins could complement the heterologous virus. Cells transfected with an HCMV bacterial artificial chromosome with gL deleted yielded virus that could replicate in human cells expressing HCMV gL. This is the second HCMV mutant with an essential glycoprotein deleted that has been complemented in cell culture. Finally, we found that HCMV gL could not complement the replication of RhCMV with gL deleted and that RhCMV gL could not complement the replication of HCMV with gL deleted. These data indicate that RhCMV and HCMV gL are both essential for replication of their corresponding viruses and, although the two gLs are highly homologous, they are unable to complement each another.
Biologic effects and potential clinical applications of Flt3 ligand (1998)

Flt3 ligand (FL) is a member of a small family of growth factors that stimulate the proliferation of hematopoietic cells by binding to and activating distinct tyrosine kinase receptors. Other members of this family include M-CSF and the c-kit ligand. Expression of the Flt3 receptor is primarily restricted to the most primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells, and FL stimulates the proliferation in vitro and the expansion and mobilization in vivo of stem and progenitor cells. FL as a single factor has little proliferative activity on these stem and progenitor cells, but it synergizes with a wide range of other colony-stimulating factors and interleukins to stimulate proliferation of these cells. FL is also an effective agent for mobilizing stem and progenitor cells to peripheral blood. Recent data demonstrating anti-tumor activity of FL suggest that this protein plays a major role in activating the immune system via its ability to stimulate the production of both dendritic and natural killer cells. These biologic activities of FL may potentially prove quite useful in a number of clinical settings.
A new SOI inverter using dynamic threshold for low-power applications (1997)

A new SOI inverter using the dynamic threshold (DT) that lowers threshold voltage of MOSFET only in active operation of a logic circuit is proposed for high-speed and low-power applications. The dynamic threshold scheme is realized by dynamically biasing the body of MOSFET's. The SOI MOSFET's have been designed and fabricated to take full advantage of the reverse body effect which is affected by many device parameters. From the measurements and simulations, the proposed scheme is shown to be useful in the buffer with large load conditions and low supply voltage if the SOI MOSFET's are properly designed.
Adriamycin in the treatment of resectible and irresectible primary hepatocellular carcinoma. (1980)

The treatment of 205 patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Singapore from 1975 to 1980 is reviewed. Adriamycin given at a dose of 40 mg/m(2) intravenously every 4 weeks for irresectible tumours achieved a response rate of 32% alone and has significantly prolonged the median survival time to 4 1/2 months (135 days) in these individuals. Despite this response only 1/34 (3%) patient showed complete remission and is alive at 2 1/2 years. Use of other combinations with Adriamycin e.g. 5 Fluorouracil and Vincristine produced a significant response in the first 16 weeks (p < 0.005) but not thereafter, when completed with the historical group. To improve the response and to consolidate this response, split doses of total hepatic irradiation (to a maximum of 3,150 rads) and alternate day administration of intravenous Adriamycin 10 mg (to a maximum of 90 mg) were given. 12/23 patients (50%) responded. This was followed by a four weekly Adriamycin, 5 F.U. and Vincristine. Median survival time was 5 1/2 months (165 days). Relapse occurred in all patients. Similarly in 5 patients who had resections, early recurrences occurred in 3/5 (60%) within 3 months, inspite of postoperative chemotherapy with Adriamycin, 5 F.U., Vincristine and Cyclophosphamide given every four weeks. In view of the high recurrence rate following effective treatment, further studies on the biological behaviour of these abnormal livers is required.
Enzymatic characterization of interferon-induced antiviral GTPases murine Mx1 and human MxA proteins. (1994)

Interferons induce a number of different proteins which mediate the antiproliferative, antiviral, and immunomodulatory functions of interferons. Interferon-induced Mx proteins, which confer resistance to influenza, vesicular stomatitis, and measles viruses, contain consensus GTPase sequence elements. Insect cell-produced purified murine Mx1 and human MxA proteins were found to hydrolyze GTP with Km = 65 microM (Vmax, 7.1 min-1) and 62 microM (Vmax, 3.1 min-1), respectively. The GTPase activity of Mx1 and MxA proteins was strictly dependent on Mg2+ ions. Murine Mx1 protein was inactivated at 10 degrees C lower temperatures than MxA protein. As analyzed, by filter binding assay, Mx1 protein (at 1 microM) showed a relatively high affinity for GDP (Kd = 1.0 x 10(-7) M) and approximately 340-fold lower affinity for guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate (GTP gamma S) (Kd = 3.4 x 10(-5) M). The Kd values for MxA protein were 2.0 x 10(-7) M for GDP and 5.9 x 10(-6) M for GTP gamma S, showing approximately a 30-fold affinity difference. ATP, UTP, or CTP did not inhibit the Mx protein-dependent GTPase activity, suggesting that Mx1 and MxA proteins are highly specific for guanosine nucleotides. In conclusion recombinant nuclear murine Mx1 and cytoplasmic human MxA proteins show clear differences in their enzymatic activities and nucleotide binding characteristics. How these differences influence their cellular functions and antiviral potential is presently not known.
Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with fludarabine as a single agent (1993)

Abstract The clinical response and survival of 113 patients with at least 3-year follow-up after treatment with fludarabine as a single agent for chronic lymphocytic leukemia has been evaluated. Seventy-eight patients were previously treated and 35 were untreated. The response to therapy and survival were strongly correlated with the degree of previous therapy, the stage of disease, and whether or not the patients were refractory to alkylating agents. Other characteristics associated with survival were the age of the patient and the serum albumin level at the start of therapy. The median time to progression of responders who had not received prior therapy was 33 months and was 21 months for previously treated patients. Survival after progression of disease was also strongly correlated with the degree of prior therapy. No successful salvage regimen after initial fludarabine therapy was shown for patients refractory to alkylating agents, although fludarabine achieved further remissions in patients who had received fludarabine as their initial treatment or were not refractory to alkylating agents. The morbidity of patients in unmaintained remission on discontinuation of fludarabine was low, with less than one episode of infection per patient-year at risk. The morbidity during this time was correlated with clinical response and whether the patients had received prior therapy. Although fludarabine is a very effective cytoreductive regimen, most patients, including those who achieved true complete remissions, will have recurrent disease. Longer follow-up and comparative trials are required before the effect of fludarabine on survival is shown.
yveB, encoding endolevanase LevB, is part of the sacB–yveB–yveA levansucrase tricistronic operon in Bacillus subtilis (2001)

Transcription of sacB, yveB and yveA, three clustered genes on the Bacillus subtilis chromosome, is simultaneously induced by sucrose. Northern blotting analyses with specific probes showed three distinct mRNAs: a monocistronic 1.7 kb sacB mRNA, a bicistronic 3.3 kb sacB-yveB mRNA and a tricistronic 4.9 kb sacB-yveB-yveA mRNA. These results indicate that sacB, encoding levansucrase, is the proximal gene of a sucrose-inducible operon that includes the two other genes. The yield of the full-length transcript is lower than that of the bicistronic transcript, whose yield is itself lower than that of the monocistronic transcript. This suggested that the 3' terminal parts of sacB and yveB genes worked as internal terminator structures. The protein encoded by yveB, which remains anchored to the membrane, displays an endolevanase activity, which, coupled with exolevanase activity of SacB, leads to a complete degradation of levan, a branched fructosyl polymer. It is proposed to rename yveB as levB.
Abscisic Acid Signaling in Seeds and Seedlings (2002)

Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many agronomically important aspects of plant development, including the synthesis of seed storage proteins and lipids, the promotion of seed desiccation tolerance and dormancy, and the inhibition of the phase transitions from embryonic to germinative growth and from
Heterodimeric GTPase Core of the SRP Targeting Complex (2004)

Two structurally homologous guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) domains interact directly during signal recognition particle (SRP)-mediated cotranslational targeting of proteins to the membrane. The 2.05 angstrom structure of a complex of the NG GTPase domains of Ffh and FtsY reveals a remarkably symmetric heterodimer sequestering a composite active site that contains two bound nucleotides. The structure explains the coordinate activation of the two GTPases. Conformational changes coupled to formation of their extensive interface may function allosterically to signal formation of the targeting complex to the signal-sequence binding site and the translocon. We propose that the complex represents a molecular "latch" and that its disengagement is regulated by completion of assembly of the GTPase active site.
The anti-inflammatory mechanism of sulfasalazine is related to adenosine release at inflamed sites (1996)

The anti-inflammatory mechanism of sulfasalazine is not well understood. It has recently been shown that sulfasalazine inhibits 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamidoribonucleotide (AICAR) transformylase, an enzyme involved in de novo purine biosynthesis. We recently demonstrated that methotrexate promotes intracellular AICAR accumulation, thereby increasing adenosine release and diminishing inflammation, so we tested the hypothesis that sulfasalazine similarly promotes intracellular AICAR accumulation. We studied adenosine release and the state of inflammation in in vitro and in vivo models of the inflammatory process. The adhesion of stimulated neutrophils (FMLP) to endothelial cells preincubated with sulfasalazine was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Elimination of extracellular adenosine by addition of adenosine deaminase or inhibition of adenosine by the adenosine A2 receptor antagonist 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX) completely reversed the anti-inflammatory effect of sulfasalazine (at concentrations <1 microM in this in vitro model. To determine whether this phenomenon was relevant to inhibition of inflammation in vivo, we studied the effect of sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg/day by gastric gavage for 3 days) on leukocyte accumulation in the murine air pouch model of inflammation. Treatment with sulfasalazine markedly decreased the number of leukocytes that accumulated in the inflamed (carrageenan, 2 mg/ml) air pouch. Injection of either adenosine deaminase or DMPX, but not the A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-dipropylxanthine, significantly reversed the anti-inflammatory effects of sulfasalazine treatment. Sulfasalazine increased the exudate adenosine concentration from 127 +/- 64 nM to 869 +/- 47 nM. Moreover, sulfasalazine treatment promoted a marked increase in splenocyte AICAR concentration from 35 +/- 6 to 96 +/- 3 pmols/10(6) splenocytes, which is consistent with the in vitro observation that sulfasalazine inhibits AICAR transformylase. These results indicate that sulfasalazine, like methotrexate, enhances adenosine release at an inflamed site and that adenosine diminishes inflammation via occupancy of A2 receptors on inflammatory cells. Our studies provide evidence that sulfasalazine and methotrexate may be described as a newly recognized family of anti-inflammatory agents that share the property of using adenosine as an antagonist of inflammation.
The prognostic impact of M‐CSF, CSF‐1 receptor, CD68 and CD3 in prostatic carcinoma (2008)

This study suggests that expression of M-CSF, CSF-1R and CD3 is a significant prognostic factor in primary prostatic cancers by predicting the development of metastases.
Autocrine FGF signaling is required for vascular smooth muscle cell survival in vitro (1998)

Expression of both basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and FGF receptors (FGFR) by vascular smooth muscle cells suggests that autocrine FGF signaling mechanisms may have important functions. Inhibition of smooth muscle cell bFGF expression provokes apoptosis, suggesting that endogenous bFGF generates an anti-apoptotic signal. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the survival function of endogenous bFGF requires signaling through FGFR. A recombinant adenovirus encoding a truncated murine FGFR-1 lacking the kinase domain (DN-FGFR) efficiently expressed the transgene in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. The truncated receptor acted in a dominant negative fashion to effectively prevent receptor-mediated signaling, assessed by phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAP kinase. Expression of DN-FGFR provoked apoptosis of SMC in a dose-dependent fashion that was insensitive to recombinant bFGF but could be rescued by platelet derived growth factor or epidermal growth factor. Heterologous growth factor rescue was inhibited by PD98059, an inhibitor of MEK (MAP kinase-kinase). These data demonstrate that inhibition of FGF receptor activation results in apoptosis and suggest that an intact autocrine FGF signaling loop is required for vascular smooth muscle cell survival in vitro. These findings also implicate the Ras/Raf/MEK/MAP kinase cascade in generating or sustaining the survival signal. The functional significance of an autocrine FGF signaling loop in non-transformed cells has important implications for cardiovascular development, remodeling and disease.
The methylated N-terminal tail of RCC1 is required for stabilisation of its interaction with chromatin by Ran in live cells (2010)

These results show that the stabilisation of the dynamic interaction of RCC1alpha with chromatin by Ran in live cells requires the N-terminal tail of RCC1alpha. alpha-N-methylation is not regulated by formation of the binary complex with Ran, but it promotes chromatin binding through the tail. This work supports a model in which the association of RCC1alpha with chromatin is promoted by a conformational change in the alpha-N-terminal methylated tail that is induced allosterically in the binary complex with Ran.
Algorithms and data structures for flash memories (2005)

Flash memory is a type of electrically-erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM). Because flash memories are nonvolatile and relatively dense, they are now used to store files and other persistent objects in handheld computers, mobile phones, digital cameras, portable music players, and many other computer systems in which magnetic disks are inappropriate. Flash, like earlier EEPROM devices, suffers from two limitations. First, bits can only be cleared by erasing a large block of memory. Second, each block can only sustain a limited number of erasures, after which it can no longer reliably store data. Due to these limitations, sophisticated data structures and algorithms are required to effectively use flash memories. These algorithms and data structures support efficient not-in-place updates of data, reduce the number of erasures, and level the wear of the blocks in the device. This survey presents these algorithms and data structures, many of which have only been described in patents until now.