gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning to Combine Arbitrary Signals from Vision and Touch (2003)

Humans integrate visual and haptic size information in a statistically optimal fashion (Ernst Banks, 2002). Combining such size estimates is reasonable, because, naturally, both these size cues are correlated. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether cue combination is learned on the basis of a correlation between cues. Therefore, we took naturally uncorrelated cues—the object’s luminance (visual cue) and stiffness (haptic cue)—and trained 12 subjects for 1 h in an environment in which these cues were correlated. To test whether training had an effect, we compared subjects’ discrimination performance before and after training for two intermixed conditions: In one condition, the cues were consistent with the correlation during training (congruent); in the other, the cues were anticorrelated relative to training (incongruent). We predict that discrimination performance becomes slightly better for stimuli with congruent cues and worse for stimuli with incongruent cues. In agreement with our prediction, we found a significant interaction between preand posttest for the two congruent and incongruent conditions ( p &lt; .001). This indicates that subjects picked up the correlation during training and learned to combine two arbitrary cues. We conclude that combination of cues can be learned on the basis of the statistics of their co-occurrence.
Vinyl monomers derived from fats and oils (1963)

Abstract Preparation, properties, and uses of monomers containing saturated or unsaturated C 12舑18 fatty radicals derived from fats and oils and capable of polymerization or copolymerization by vinyltype mechanisms are reviewed. Principal monomers discussed are vinyl esters and ethers, acrylic esters, allylic esters and ethers, and ॅ‐olefins.
Risk assessment of offenders with an autism spectrum disorder (2013)

Purpose Integral to the process of formulating and managing the difficulties of mentally disordered offenders is the assessment of risk. However, the opinion held by many clinicians who work with offenders with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is that most conventional risk assessment tools fail to capture the underlying reasons why such individuals may offend. This needs to be explored. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a screening study of the HCR 20 risk assessment tool and some other characteristics of ‘high risk’ individuals with an ASD. Also presented is a brief literature review supported by clinical experience of the assessment of psychopathy in ASD and highlighting potential key factors to be included in a risk assessment of offenders with an ASD. Findings It was found that nine out of the 20 risk items contained in the HCR 20 are present in 50 per cent or less of the sample. Whilst some conventional risk factors are present, clinical experience and the literature suggests that it is the specific difficulties associated with having an ASD that contribute towards an individual's vulnerability to offend. Originality/value Although further examination is required, provisional findings from this small screening study of the HCR 20 profiles of high risk individuals with an ASD questions the usefulness of some conventional risk factors in understanding the difficulties within this population. It is proposed that there is a need for good practise guidelines for assessing risk in individuals with an ASD.
Cas3 is a limiting factor for CRISPR-Cas immunity in Escherichia coli cells lacking H-NS (2016)

Regulation of cas3 is responsive to phase of growth, and to growth temperature in E. coli, impacting on the efficacy of CRISPR-Cas immunity in these experimental systems.
Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors can antagonize neurogenic and calcitonin gene‐related peptide induced dilation of dural meningeal vessels (2002)

1. The detailed pathophysiology of migraine is beginning to be understood and is likely to involve activation of trigeminovascular afferents. 2. Clinically effective anti-migraine compounds are believed to have actions that include peripheral inhibition of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from trigeminal neurones, or preventing dural vessel dilation, or both. CGRP antagonists can block both neurogenic and CGRP-induced dural vessel dilation. 3. Nitric oxide (NO) can induce headache in migraine patients and often triggers a delayed migraine. The initial headache is thought to be caused via a direct action of the NO-cGMP pathway that causes vasodilation by vascular smooth muscle relaxation, while the delayed headache is likely to be a result of triggering trigeminovascular activation. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors are effective in the treatment of acute migraine. 4. The present studies used intravital microscopy to examine the effects of specific NOS inhibitors on neurogenic dural vasodilation (NDV) and CGRP-induced dilation. 5. The non-specific and neuronal NOS (nNOS) inhibitors were able to partially inhibit NDV, while the non-specific and endothelial NOS (eNOS) inhibitors were able to partially inhibit the CGRP induced dilation. 6. There was no effect of the inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor. 7. The data suggest that the delayed headache response triggered by NO donors in humans may be due, in part, to increased nNOS activity in the trigeminal system that causes CGRP release and dural vessel dilation. 8. Further, eNOS activity in the endothelium causes NO production and smooth muscle relaxation by direct activation of the NO-cGMP pathway, and may be involved in the initial headache response.
Mucoadhesive Nanoparticles May Disrupt the Protective Human Mucus Barrier by Altering Its Microstructure (2011)

Mucus secretions typically protect exposed surfaces of the eyes and respiratory, gastrointestinal and female reproductive tracts from foreign entities, including pathogens and environmental ultrafine particles. We hypothesized that excess exposure to some foreign particles, however, may cause disruption of the mucus barrier. Many synthetic nanoparticles are likely to be mucoadhesive due to hydrophobic, electrostatic or hydrogen bonding interactions. We therefore sought to determine whether mucoadhesive particles (MAP) could alter the mucus microstructure, thereby allowing other foreign particles to more easily penetrate mucus. We engineered muco-inert probe particles 1 µm in diameter, whose diffusion in mucus is limited only by steric obstruction from the mucus mesh, and used them to measure possible MAP-induced changes to the microstructure of fresh human cervicovaginal mucus. We found that a 0.24% w/v concentration of 200 nm MAP in mucus induced a ∼10-fold increase in the average effective diffusivity of the probe particles, and a 2- to 3-fold increase in the fraction capable of penetrating physiologically thick mucus layers. The same concentration of muco-inert particles, and a low concentration (0.0006% w/v) of MAP, had no detectable effect on probe particle penetration rates. Using an obstruction-scaling model, we determined that the higher MAP dose increased the average mesh spacing ("pore" size) of mucus from 380 nm to 470 nm. The bulk viscoelasticity of mucus was unaffected by MAP exposure, suggesting MAP may not directly impair mucus clearance or its function as a lubricant, both of which depend critically on the bulk rheological properties of mucus. Our findings suggest mucoadhesive nanoparticles can substantially alter the microstructure of mucus, highlighting the potential of mucoadhesive environmental or engineered nanoparticles to disrupt mucus barriers and cause greater exposure to foreign particles, including pathogens and other potentially toxic nanomaterials.
N-oxides, N-imides, and N-ylides of five-membered heterocycles. Part 5. Reactions of 2,4,5-triphenyl-3H-pyrrol-3-one 1-oxide (1976)

2,4,5-Triphenyl-3H-pyrrol-3-one 1-oxide (1) undergoes a variety of cycloaddition reactions across the nitrone system. Adducts with alkene dipolarophiles are, in the main, stable, but other adducts rearrange to give pyridones, pyrimidones, or oxazinones. The adducts with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and with dimethyl maleate undergo an unusual decarboxylative rearrangement. Complex metal hydrides reduce the title compound to the 1-hydroxypyrrole, whereas catalytic reduction or electron transfer gives the 3-hydroxy-isomer. Reactions with hydroxylamine and related compounds give derivatives of 5-benzoyl-3,4-diphenylisoxazole.
Synthesis of 2-substituted 2,6-dihydro-3-hydroxy-7H-pyrazolo(4,3-d)pyrimidin-7-ones. (1983)

2-Substituted 2, 6-dihydro-3-hydroxy-7H-pyrazolo [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-7-ones bearing a methyl, phenyl, p-tolyl, m-tolyl or p-chlorophenyl group at the 2-position were synthesized by the reduction of ethyl 4-nitroso-5-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylates and subsequent condensation of the resulting ethyl 4-amino-5-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylates with formamide. Ethyl 4-nitroso-5-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylates were prepared by nitrosation of ethyl 5-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylates, which were derived from diethyl oxalacetate and monosubstituted hydrazines such as methyl-, phenyl-, p-tolyl-, m-tolyl-, and p-chlorophenylhydrazines.
Intron requirement for AFP gene expression in Trichoderma viride (2003)

The 430 bp ORF of the Aspergillus giganteus antifungal protein (AFP) gene, containing two small introns, was fused between the promoter and the terminator of the Aspergillus nidulans trpC gene. The AFP gene in this vector produced detectable levels of spliced mRNA in Trichoderma viride. In contrast, in the same vector configuration, its 285 bp intronless derivative showed no accumulation of mRNA when transformed into T. viride. Such expression results were confirmed at the protein level. This fact demonstrated that the introns were required for AFP gene expression in T. viride. This is thought to be a novel phenomenon found in filamentous fungi. Although the mechanism of splicing in filamentous fungi might be similar to that in other eukaryotes, little is known of how it affects expression. This study suggests that the small introns in filamentous fungal genes may not only act as intervening elements, but may also play crucial roles in gene expression by affecting mRNA accumulation. Furthermore, it may provide new evidence for intron-dependent evolution.
Shadowed sputtering of gold on V ‐shaped microtrenches etched in silicon and applications in microfabrication (1996)

Silicon micromachining has a wide range of applications in, for example, microelectronics. Here, a combination of several techniques is used in modifying the surface properties of V‐shaped microtrenches (see Figure) and for fabricating complex surface relief structures. magnified image
Pathlength independent spectrophotometric measurement of hemoglobin in solution (2003)

A spectrophotometric method that provides a quantitative estimation of hemoglobin concentration without explicit knowledge of the optical path length is described. Transmission measurements were made at six discrete wavelengths (476, 503, 661, 751, and 1015 nm) on solutions with hemoglobin content ranging form 3 g/dL to 14.8 g/dL, at path lengths from 100 mu to 1 mm. The resulting six-wavelength spectra were decomposed into contributions from both hemoglobin and water. The ratio of computed hemoglobin absorbance to the computed water absorbance is indicative of hemoglobin concentration, and is independent of the measurement path length. Application to noninvasive hematocrit monitoring is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Spin Stiffness of Mesoscopic Quantum Antiferromagnets (1995)

We study the spin stiffness of a one-dimensional quantum antiferromagnet in the whole range of system sizes $L$ and temperatures $T$. We show that for integer and half-odd integer spin cases the stiffness differs fundamentally in its $L$ and $T$ dependences, and that in the latter case the stiffness exhibits a striking dependence on the parity of the number of sites. Integer spin chains are treated in terms of the nonlinear sigma model, while half-odd integer spin chains are discussed in a renormalization group approach leading to a Luttinger liquid with Aharonov-Bohm-type boundary conditions.
Tbe complete nudeotide sequences of the cloned hepatitis B vims DNA; subtype adr and adw (1983)

The complete nucleotide sequences of two different subtypes (adr and adw) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA cloned in E. coli were determined. The sequence of the viral genome of the adr clone was 3188 nucleotides long, and that of the adw clone was 3200 nucleotides long. The adr and adw clones differed from the reported cloned ayw HBV DNA (3182 nucleotides long) in 11.2% and 10.0% of nucleotides, respectively. Heterogeneity of the HBV genome in the clones with the same subtype was observed.
The Gamma Interferon Knockout Mouse Model for Sarcocystis neurona: Comparison of Infectivity of Sporocysts and Merozoites and Routes of Inoculation (2001)

J. P. Dubey, D. S. Lindsay, O. C. H. Kwok, S. K. Shen, The Gamma Interferon Knockout Mouse Model for Sarcocystis neurona: Comparison of Infectivity of Sporocysts and Merozoites and Routes of Inoculation, The Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 87, No. 5 (Oct., 2001), pp. 1171-1173
Oral Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems (2005)

The oral mucosal cavity is a feasible, safe, and very attractive site for drug delivery with good acceptance by users. The mucosa is relatively permeable and robust, shows short recovery times after stress or damage, is tolerant to potential allergens, and has a rich blood supply. Moreover, oral mucosal drug delivery bypasses the first-pass effect and avoids presystemic elimination in the gastrointestinal tract. Bioadhesive systems provide intimate contact between a dosage form and the absorbing tissue, which may result in high concentration in a local area and hence high drug flux through the absorbing tissue. The efficacy of oral bioadhesive drug delivery systems is affected by the biological environment and the properties of the polymer and the drug. In the present paper, we review systematically some relevant citations regarding the environment, strategies for oral drug delivery and evaluation, and utilization of the main polymers.
Application of next-generation sequencing technologies in virology (2012)

The progress of science is punctuated by the advent of revolutionary technologies that provide new ways and scales to formulate scientific questions and advance knowledge. Following on from electron microscopy, cell culture and PCR, next-generation sequencing is one of these methodologies that is now changing the way that we understand viruses, particularly in the areas of genome sequencing, evolution, ecology, discovery and transcriptomics. Possibilities for these methodologies are only limited by our scientific imagination and, to some extent, by their cost, which has restricted their use to relatively small numbers of samples. Challenges remain, including the storage and analysis of the large amounts of data generated. As the chemistries employed mature, costs will decrease. In addition, improved methods for analysis will become available, opening yet further applications in virology including routine diagnostic work on individuals, and new understanding of the interaction between viral and host transcriptomes. An exciting era of viral exploration has begun, and will set us new challenges to understand the role of newly discovered viral diversity in both disease and health.
Evolving Neural Networks through Augmenting Topologies (2002)

An important question in neuroevolution is how to gain an advantage from evolving neural network topologies along with weights. We present a method, NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies (NEAT), which outperforms the best fixed-topology method on a challenging benchmark reinforcement learning task. We claim that the increased efficiency is due to (1) employing a principled method of crossover of different topologies, (2) protecting structural innovation using speciation, and (3) incrementally growing from minimal structure. We test this claim through a series of ablation studies that demonstrate that each component is necessary to the system as a whole and to each other. What results is significantly faster learning. NEAT is also an important contribution to GAs because it shows how it is possible for evolution to both optimize and complexify solutions simultaneously, offering the possibility of evolving increasingly complex solutions over generations, and strengthening the analogy with biological evolution.
Transcriptomic Biomarkers for Individual Risk Assessment in New-Onset Heart Failure (2008)

These findings suggest the potential of transcriptomic biomarkers to predict prognosis in patients with new-onset HF from a single endomyocardial biopsy sample. In addition, our findings offer potential novel therapeutic targets for HF and cardiomyopathy.
RETRACTED: β-Arrestin-mediated PDE4 cAMP phosphodiesterase recruitment regulates β-adrenoceptor switching from G s to G i (2003)

Phosphorylation of the beta(2) adrenoreceptor (beta(2)AR) by cAMP-activated protein kinase A (PKA) switches its predominant coupling from stimulatory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein (G(s)) to inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein (G(i)). beta-Arrestins recruit the cAMP-degrading PDE4 phosphodiesterases to the beta(2)AR, thus controlling PKA activity at the membrane. Here we investigate a role for PDE4 recruitment in regulating G protein switching by the beta(2)AR. In human embryonic kidney 293 cells overexpressing a recombinant beta(2)AR, stimulation with isoprenaline recruits beta-arrestins 1 and 2 as well as both PDE4D3 and PDE4D5 to the receptor and stimulates receptor phosphorylation by PKA. The PKA phosphorylation status of the beta(2)AR is enhanced markedly when cells are treated with the selective PDE4-inhibitor rolipram or when they are transfected with a catalytically inactive PDE4D mutant (PDE4D5-D556A) that competitively inhibits isoprenaline-stimulated recruitment of native PDE4 to the beta(2)AR. Rolipram and PDE4D5-D556A also enhance beta(2)AR-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK12. This is consistent with a switch in coupling of the receptor from G(s) to G(i), because the ERK12 activation is sensitive to both inhibitors of PKA (H89) and G(i) (pertussis toxin). In cardiac myocytes, the beta(2)AR also switches from G(s) to G(i) coupling. Treating primary cardiac myocytes with isoprenaline induces recruitment of PDE4D3 and PDE4D5 to membranes and activates ERK12. Rolipram robustly enhances this activation in a manner sensitive to both pertussis toxin and H89. Adenovirus-mediated expression of PDE4D5-D556A also potentiates ERK12 activation. Thus, receptor-stimulated beta-arrestin-mediated recruitment of PDE4 plays a central role in the regulation of G protein switching by the beta(2)AR in a physiological system, the cardiac myocyte.
Synthetic approaches to nogalamycin-related anthracyclines. An approach to a western synthon (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthetic approaches to nogalamycin-related anthracyclines. An approach to a western synthonThomas H. Smith and Helen Y. WuCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 16, 3566–3573Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00392a013https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00392a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views305Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Follicular Dendritic Cells Produce IL-15 That Enhances Germinal Center B Cell Proliferation in Membrane-Bound Form (2004)

Factors that control the survival and proliferation of Ag-stimulated B cells within the germinal center (GC) are crucial for humoral immune responses with high affinity Abs against infectious agents. The follicular dendritic cell (FDC) is known as a key cellular component of the GC microenvironment for GC-B cell survival and proliferation. In this study, we report that IL-15 is produced by human FDC in vivo and by an FDC cell line, FDC/HK cells, in vitro. IL-15 is captured by IL-15Ralpha on the surface of FDC/HK cells. The surface IL-15 is functionally active and augments GC-B cell proliferation. Because GC-B cells have the signal-transducing components (IL-2/15Rbetagamma), but not a receptor for binding of soluble IL-15 (IL-15Ralpha), IL-15 signaling is possibly transduced by transpresentation from FDCs to GC-B cells via cell-cell contact. Together, these results suggest that IL-15 from FDC, in membrane-bound form, plays an important role in supporting GC-B cell proliferation, proposing a new target for immune modulation as well as treatment of B cell tumors of GC origin.
Identification of an inducible endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule. (1987)

The accumulation of blood leukocytes at sites of inflammation depends upon their localized adhesion to the vascular lining. We have investigated the hypothesis that this adhesive interaction involves inducible endothelial cell-surface structures that can bind leukocytes. Certain inflammatory/immune cytokines, namely interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor, and lymphotoxin, as well as bacterial endotoxin, act on cultured human endothelial cells (HEC) in a time- and protein-synthesis-dependent fashion to increase leukocyte adhesion. We have developed two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), H18/7 and H4/18, that identify a cell-surface antigen expressed on cytokine- and endotoxin-stimulated HEC but not on unstimulated HEC. Both mAbs immunoprecipitate the same polypeptides (major species, Mr 115,000; minor species, Mr 97,000, reduced) from biosynthetically labeled cytokine-stimulated HEC. The mediator specificity and kinetics of HEC expression of this protein(s) correlate with increased adhesiveness for leukocytes. In standardized endothelial-leukocyte adhesion assays, mAb H18/7 inhibits the adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (greater than 50%) and HL-60 cells (greater than 60%) to stimulated HEC by comparison to isotype-matched control mAb; mAb H4/18 also inhibits HL-60 adhesion but to a lesser extent. We have designated the inducible endothelial cell-surface protein recognized by mAb H18/7 and H4/18 "endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1)."