gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proapoptotic Protein Bax Heterodimerizes with Bcl-2 and Homodimerizes with Bax via a Novel Domain (BH3) Distinct from BH1 and BH2 (1996)

Most members of the Bcl-2 protein family of apoptosis regulating proteins contain two evolutionarily conserved domains, termed BH1 and BH2. Both BH1 and BH2 in the Bcl-2 protein are required for its function as an inhibitor of cell death and for heterodimerization with the proapoptotic protein Bax. In this report, we mapped the region in Bax required for heterodimerization with Bcl-2 and homodimerization with Bax, using yeast two-hybrid and in vitro protein-protein interaction assays. Neither the BH1 nor the BH2 domain of Bax was required for binding to the wild-type Bcl-2 and Bax proteins. Moreover, Bax (deltaBH1) and Bax (deltaBH2) mutant proteins bound efficiently to themselves and each other, further confirming the lack of requirement for BH1 and BH2 for Bax/Bax homodimerization. Bax/Bax homodimerization was not dependent on the inclusion of the NH2-terminal 58 amino acids of the Bax protein in each dimerization partner, unlike Bcl-2/Bcl-2 homodimers which involve head-to-tail interactions between the region of Bcl-2 where BH1 and BH2 resides, and an NH2-terminal domain in Bcl-2 that contains another domain BH4 which is conserved among antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family. Similarly, heterodimerization with Bcl-2 occurred without the NH2-terminal domain of either Bax or Bcl-2, suggesting a tail-to-tail interaction. The essential region in Bax required for both homodimerization with Bax and heterodimerization with Bcl-2 was mapped to residues 59-101. This region in Bax contains a stretch of 15 amino acids that is highly homologous in several members of the Bcl-2 protein family, suggesting the existence of a novel functional domain which we have termed BH3. Deletion of this 15-amino acid region abolished the ability of Bax to dimerize with itself and to heterodimerize with Bcl-2. The findings suggest that the structural features of Bax and Bcl-2 that allow them to participate in homo-and heterodimerization phenomena are markedly different, despite their amino-acid sequence similarity.
MULTIPLE ANTIGEN FOR IMMUNIZATION AGAINST POLIOMYELITIS, DIPHTHERIA, PERTUSSIS, AND TETANUS (1958)

The use of triple antigen (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus combined, or DPT) in pediatric practice is well established, and its efficacy has been reviewed and discussed by Edsall<sup>1</sup>and Ipsen and Bowen.<sup>2</sup>With the accepted schedules of four-to-six-week intervals between inoculations, there has been good response to each of the three antigens in combination even when immunization is started at a very early age.<sup>3</sup>During 1956 the attack rates for paralytic poliomyelitis were highest in one-year-old children,<sup>4</sup>thereby also indicating the need for early poliomyelitis immunization. The widespread use of killed trivalent poliomyelitis vaccine in older children has been amply justified and the vaccine shown to evoke a response in infants.<sup>5</sup>On this basis poliomyelitis immunization of infants has been advocated<sup>6</sup>and the possibility of incorporation of the poliovirus antigens into DPT has aroused considerable interest. Response of infants to pertussis vaccine or DPT
Tiempos de juego y pausa en el voleibol femenino y masculino (2003)

En este estudio se evaluaron los tiempos de juego y de pausa en una serie de cuatro partidos de voleibol femenino y dos partidos de voleibol masculino durante la Liga Argentina de Clubes 2002 - 2003. Los resultados muestran que en las mujeres el 50% de los puntos dura entre 0 y 5 segundos y el 31% entre 6 y 10 segundos. En los varones, el 40% de los puntos dura entre 21 y 30 segundos y el 34% entre 16 y 20 segundos. La duración de las pausas de juego es principalmente de 11 a 15 (43%) y de 16 a 20 (30%) segundos. En los varones las pausas duran preferentemente entre 21 y 30 (40%) y 16 y 20 (34%) segundos. La relación tiempo de juego - tiempo de pausa en las mujeres es de 1:3 y en los varones y de 1:5,5. Considero que la duración de los tiempos de trabajo y pausa tienen una importancia trascendental a la hora de planificar los entrenamientos físicos y técnico - tácticos
Role of CD8 T cells in primary Chlamydia infection (1995)

The role of CD4 and CD8 T cells in primary Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia was investigated by using in vivo depletion techniques to eliminate T-cell populations. Reduction of either CD4 T cells or CD8 T cells caused a significant increase in organism burden in the lungs, as measured by both quantitative culture and detection of chlamydial antigen on day 14 postinfection. Chlamydia-specific antibody levels in plasma or antigen-induced gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production by spleen cells was dramatically reduced by depletion of CD4 cells. The reduction in IFN-gamma achieved by depletion of CD8 cells did not reach statistical significance. In the survival studies, depletion of CD4 cells led to a significant increase in mortality. Although there was a trend toward higher mortality, depletion of CD8 cells did not significantly increase mortality. The role of CD8 T cells in host defense was clarified in studies using beta 2-microglobulin-deficient (major histocompatibility class I antigen-deficient, C1D) mice which are defective in CD8 T-cell function. In this model, a significant increase in organism burden was seen during infection in C1D mice compared with that C57BL/6 controls and a significant increase in mortality was observed as well. However, surviving C1D mice were able to clear the infection by day 34. C1D mice had increased numbers of CD4 T cells in both the spleen and the lungs during infection compared with those of C57BL/6 controls. IFN-gamma in C57BL/6 mice was produced by both CD4 and CD8 cells. Thus, there is a protective role for both CD4 and CD8 cells in host defense against Chlamydia infection, but the former appear to be dominant.
Platelet CD154 Potentiates Interferon-α Secretion by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2010)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by the involvement of multiple organs and an immune response against nuclear components. Although its pathogenesis remains poorly understood, type I interferon (IFN) and CD40 ligand (CD154) are known to contribute. Because platelets are involved in inflammatory processes and represent a major reservoir of CD154, we hypothesized that they participate in SLE pathogenesis. Here, we have shown that in SLE patients, platelets were activated by circulating immune complexes composed of autoantibodies bound to self-antigens through an Fc-gamma receptor IIa (CD32)-dependent mechanism. Further, platelet activation correlated with severity of the disease and activated platelets formed aggregates with antigen-presenting cells, including monocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. In vitro, activated platelets enhanced IFN-alpha secretion by immune complex-stimulated plasmacytoid dendritic cells through a CD154-CD40 interaction. Finally, in lupus-prone mice, depletion of platelets or administration of the P2Y(12) receptor antagonist (clopidogrel) improved all measures of disease and overall survival; transfusion of activated platelets worsened the disease course. Together, these data identify platelet activation as an important contributor to SLE pathogenesis and suggest that this process and its sequelae may provide a new therapeutic target.
Modification of a Brazilian smectite clay with different quaternary ammonium salts (2010)

In this work, a smectite clay from the State of Paraiba, Brazil, was treated with six different types of ammonium salts, which is an usual method to enhance the affinity between the clay and polymer for the preparation of nanocomposites. The clays, before and after modification, were characterized by X ray diffraction. The conformation of the salts within the platelets of the clay depended on the number of long alkyl chains of the salt. The thermal stability of the clays was also studied. The ammonium salts thermal decomposition was explained in light of their position within the organoclays.
Tunable Phosphorescent NIR Oxygen Indicators Based on Mixed Benzo- and Naphthoporphyrin Complexes (2010)

A series of π-extended phosphorescent palladium(II) and platinum(II) porphyrin complexes were synthesized, in which additional benzene rings are fused radially onto at least one of the four peripheral benzo groups. The photophysical properties of the metalloporphyrins palladium(II)-meso-tetra-(4-fluorophenyl)mononaphthotribenzoporphyrin (Pd1NF), cis-palladium(II)-meso-tetra-(4-fluorophenyl)dibenzodinaphthoporphyrin (Pd2NF), and palladium(II)-meso-tetra-(4-fluorophenyl)monobenzotrinaphthoporphyrin (Pd3NF) and the corresponding platinum(II) compounds (Pt1NF, cis-Pt2NF, Pt3NF) were investigated. The compounds under investigation absorb intensively in the near-infrared region (628-691 nm) and emit at room temperature at 815-882 nm. Phosphorescence quantum yields of the platinum(II) porphyrins range from 25 to 53% with luminescence decay times of 21 to 44 μs in deoxygenated toluene solutions at room temperature. The corresponding palladium(II) complexes exhibit quantum yields in the range of 7 to 18% with lifetimes of 106 to 206 μs. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed nonplanar geometries for all complexes and corroborate the absorption characteristics. The subsequent π extension of the porphyrin system leads to near-infrared absorbing oxygen indicators with tailor-made luminescence properties as well as tunable oxygen sensitivity.
Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation of Large Multiply Charged Ions for Biomolecule Sequencing (1994)

Characterization and verification of the structures of large biomolecules with high-resolution tandem Fourier transform mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization is critically dependent on the technique used to fragment the multiply charged ions produced. Infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) of ionized proteins as large as carbonic anhydrase (29 kDa) yields fragment information similar to, but with valuable additions to, that of other dissociation techniques. IRMPD yields product ions on-axis, providing efficient dissociation in further stages; MS3 of ubiquitin (8.6 kDa) yields 11 new sequence ions. Optimum irradiation times for protein ion dissociation vary by more than a factor of 6, with times for oligonucleotides far lower, possibly due to photon resonance with a P-O stretching frequency. IRMPD provides far greater selectivity than collisionally activated dissociation and also appears to yield much less mass discrimination and to dissociate much more stable ions. A technique to remove product ions on formation from the laser beam should improve the present efficiencies of 30-80%.
Necrotizing Surgical Site Infection After Tension-Free Vaginal Tape (2004)

This is the first case of necrotizing surgical site infection after TVT placement. Infectious morbidity risks need to be considered in these procedures.
Protein Kinase C ϵ Dependence of the Recovery from Down-regulation of S1P1 G Protein-coupled Receptors of T Lymphocytes (2003)

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) from mononuclear phagocytes and platelets signals T cells predominantly through S1P1 G protein-coupled receptors (Rs) to enhance survival, stimulate and suppress migration, and inhibit other immunologically relevant responses. Cellular S1P1 Rs and their signaling functions are rapidly down-regulated by S1P, through a protein kinase C (PKC)-independent mechanism, but characteristics of cell-surface re-expression of down-regulated S1P1 Rs have not been elucidated. T cell chemotactic responses (CT) to 10 and 100 nm S1P and inhibition of T cell chemotaxis to chemokines (CI) by 1 and 3 microm S1P were suppressed after 1 h of preincubation with 100 nm S1P, but recovered fully after 12-24 h of exposure to S1P. Late recovery of down-regulated CT and CI, but not early down-regulation, was suppressed by PKC and PKCepsilon-selective inhibitors and was absent in T cells from PKCepsilon-null mice. The same PKCepsilon inhibitors blocked S1P-evoked increases in T cell nuclear levels of c-Fos and phosphorylated c-Jun and JunD after 24 h, but not 1 h. A mixture of c-Fos plus c-Jun antisense oligonucleotides prevented late recovery of down-regulated CT and CI, without affecting S1P induction of down-regulation. Similarly, S1P-elicited threonine phosphorylation of S1P1 Rs was suppressed by a selective inhibitor of PKCepsilon after 24 h, but not 1 h. Biochemical requisites for recovery of down-regulated S1P1 Rs thus differ from those for S1P induction of down-regulation.
NCI's anticancer drug screening program may not be selecting for clinically active compounds. (1997)

To discover new anticancer drugs the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI) currently screens roughly 10,000 compounds annually against a panel of 60 human tumor cell lines. Drug activity is determined using a 2-day growth inhibition assay with the cells maintained in contact with the drugs for the 2-day period. Analyses of the more than 60,000 compounds screened to date against this panel of cell lines have revealed surprisingly detailed correlations between drug activities and the molecular genotypes and phenotypes of the cells. For example, most of the drugs, particularly those active in the clinic, are most active against p53 wild-type cells. This commentary points out, however, that these patterns of activity, and by implication the compounds identified as active, may not be relevant to tumor response in vivo. This is because tumor response is determined by tumor cell kill, and there is no reason to suppose that drug-induced short-term growth inhibition should correlate with drug-induced cell kill, usually measured by the ability of the cell to divide indefinitely to form a colony. We have tested a subset of the panel of NCI cell lines for cell kill by clonogenic assay using cisplatin and mitomycin C and have found only a weak and nonsignificant correlation between cell kill and activity determined by the NCI using the growth inhibition assay. It is concluded that a more extensive comparison of the 2-day growth inhibition and clonogenic assays should be made, as well as a test of which is more relevant to the response of human tumor xenografts.
beta hCG as a prognostic marker in adenocarcinoma of the prostate. (1996)

The demonstration of beta hCG in prostatic adenocarcinoma identifies a group of patients with poor prognosis, irrespective of histological grade. This additional information will be extremely valuable in the subsequent clinical management of such patients.
Fewer Genes, More Noncoding RNA (2005)

Recent studies showing that most "messenger" RNAs do not encode proteins finally explain the long-standing discrepancy between the small number of protein-coding genes found in vertebrate genomes and the much larger and ever-increasing number of polyadenylated transcripts identified by tag-sampling or microarray-based methods. Exploring the role and diversity of these numerous noncoding RNAs now constitutes a main challenge in transcription research.
An Evaluation of the Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Test for Monitoring Patients With Resected Colon Cancer (1993)

Cancer cures attributable to CEA monitoring are, at best, infrequent. It is questionable whether this small gain justifies the substantial cost in dollars and physical and emotional stress that this intervention may cause for patients.
Stress variations due to microcracks in GaAs grown on Si (1987)

Luminescence studies of thick (≥5 μm) GaAs epitaxial layers grown on Si substrates reveal regions of nonuniform stress associated with the presence of microcracks. Using cathodoluminescence spectroscopy as a tool for microcharacterization, the magnitude of the stress, derived from the peak positions of the luminescence spectra, is shown to increase gradually as a function of distance from the intersection of two microcracks. The greatest degree of stress relief was found at this intersection.
Left ventricular decompression through a patent foramen ovale in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a case report (2004)

The foramen ovale is considered an unidirectional flap-like valvular structure. Yet, it may increase in size and allow a continuous left-to-right shunt in order to reduce left ventricular filling pressures. We report the case of a 63-year-old woman with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, referred for percutaneous closure of a coexisting secundum atrial septal defect. Before catheterization, however, transesophageal echocardiography revealed a continuous left-to-right shunt within the atrial septum, thus suggesting the diagnosis of patent foramen ovale with stable left-to-right shunt. At catheterization, performed under general anesthesia and transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring, left ventricular early- and end-diastolic pressures were 2 and 12 mmHg and pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio was 1.4. Provocative maneuvers were not able to reverse the shunt. In order to assess the effect of the increased left ventricular preload due to the abolition of the shunt, an Amplatzer sizing balloon was inflated for 5 minutes across the patent foramen ovale. Diastolic pressures rose up to 5 and 18 mmHg, respectively. Such a worsening of left ventricular function suggested us not to perform the closure procedure. Transcatheter closure of any interatrial communication with stable left-to-right shunt induces an abrupt overload of the left ventricle that may cause acute heart failure in patients with coexisting left ventricular dysfunction. The hemodynamic evaluation of left ventricular function during transient abolition of the shunt is an useful tool in order to establish the most correct therapeutic strategy. The closure procedure should not be performed if a worsening of left ventricular function occurs.
Comparison of three advanced chromatographic techniques for cannabis identification. (1994)

The development of chromatography technology, with the increasing availability of easier-to-use mass spectrometers combined with gas chromatography (GC), the use of diode-array or programmable variable-wavelength ultraviolet absorption detectors in conjunction with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the availability of scanners capable of reading thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates in the ultraviolet and visible regions, has made for easier, quicker and more positive identification of cannabis samples that standard analytical laboratories are occasionally required to undertake in the effort to combat drug addiction. At laboratories that do not possess the technique of GC combined with mass spectrometry, which provides an irrefutable identification, the following procedure involving HPLC or TLC techniques may be used: identification of the chromatographic peaks corresponding to each of the three main cannabis constituents-cannabidiol (CBD), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) and cannabinol (CBN)-by comparison with published data in conjunction with a specific absorption spectrum for each of those constituents obtained between 200 and 300 nm. The collection of the fractions corresponding to the three major cannabinoids at the HPLC system outlet and the cross-checking of their identity in the GC process with flame ionization detection can further corroborate the identification and minimize possible errors due to interference.
Trout intestinal alkaline phosphatases. II. The effect of temperature upon enzymatic activity in vitro and in vivo (1972)

Abstract Two fundamental physical properties of partially purified trout intestinal alkaline phosphatases which have been examined in detail are thermostability and activation energy. It has been clearly demonstrated that differences in thermostability exist between the trout isozymes, and that as a group they are more thermolabile than mammalian phosphatases. The activation energies of the two main trout phosphatase zones, however, are comparable to mammalian phosphatases. Experiments on cold‐acclimation of hatchery brook trout suggest that a fundamental reorganization of the intestinal alkaline phosphatase complement occurs. There are drastic quantitative differences in the isozyme patterns of 4° C‐acclimated fish and those acclimated to 10° C or 15° C. The 4° isozyme complement has a lower activation energy in the range of 2° C−10° C than does the 10° C isozyme complement. This finding strongly suggests that there is a reconstruction of the phosphatase isozyme complement with cold‐acclimation. This is functionally significant in that it results in the production of enzymes better suited to the new thermal regime. Three mechanisms are discussed as possible regulators of this process.
Characterization of lethal factor binding and cell receptor binding domains of protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis using monoclonal anti bodies (1996)

Lethal toxin from Bacillus anthracis is composed of protective antigen (PA) and lethal factor (LF). Anti-PA mAbs that neutralized lethal toxin activity, either in vivo or in vitro, identified three non-overlapping antigenic regions on PA. Two distinct antigenic regions were recognized by the four mAbs that neutralized lethal toxin activity by inhibiting the binding of 125I-LF to cell-bound PA. Mapping showed that one mAb, 1G3PA63, recognized an epitope on a 17 kDa fragment located between amino acid residues Ser-168 and Phe-314. The three other mAbs, 2D3PA, 2D5PA and 10D2PA, recognized an epitope between amino acids Ile-581 and Asn-601. A single antigenic region was recognized by the three mAbs, 3B6PA, 14B7PA and 10E10PA63, that inhibited binding of 125I-PA to cells. This region was located between amino acids Asp-671 and Ile-721. These results confirm previously defined functional domains of PA and suggest that LF may interact with two different sites on PA to form lethal toxin.
Formation of Silver Nanoparticles Induced by Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (2001)

Colloidal silver nanoparticles were easily obtained by reacting AgX (X = BF4, PF6, SbF6, SO3CF3, ClO4, NO3) with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) in a mixed solvent system of chloroform and methanol in the absence of UV irradiation. Rapid formation of colloidal silver nanoparticles was also observed when a silver salt was added to a chloroform solution containing PPO and 1-hexene. UV−vis spectra and transmission electron micrographs show that the colloidal silver particles formed from these methods are nanosized, stable, and uniformly distributed. PPO was found to be oxidized in the presence of a silver salt to give quinone and quinone derivatives which were analyzed by GC−Mass. A plausible mechanism for the formation of silver nanoparticles is proposed on the basis of the redox reaction of PPO in the presence of a silver salt.
Dynamic data temporal multisensor fusion in the Prometheus ProLab2 demonstrator (2002)

This paper deals with a temporal multisensor fusion module named Dynamic Data Manager (DDM) developed for the "ProLab 2" demonstrator of the Prometheus European program. It is used in a car, and its goal is to maintain a representation of the dynamic environment needed to inform the driver about possible collisions and risk. The information comes from numerous different perception systems that give asynchronous data. The module is based upon extended Kalman filtering and possibility theory to estimate the current situation, to predict future states and to replace the missing data with a priori estimates based upon a model of the obstacles behaviors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>