gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic Properties of Copper Complexes Used as Catalysts in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (2010)

The thermodynamic properties of some copper complexes, among those frequently used as catalysts in controlled/living radical polymerization, has been studied in CH3CN + 0.1 M (C2H5)4NBF4. A combination of different techniques, namely potentiometry, spectrophotometry and cyclic voltammetry, has been used to determine the stability constants of all possible complexes of CuI and CuII present in binary and ternary systems composed of CuI or CuII, a halide ion (X=Cl-, Br-) and a polyamine ligand (L = pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, tris(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amine). The binary Cu-X systems show only mononuclear CuXx complexes, where x=1, 2, 3, 4 for CuII, and x=1, 2 for CuI. Conversely, in the case of the binary Cu-L systems, besides the mononuclear complexes CuLl, where l=1 or 2, also dinuclear complexes Cu2L were found. The ternary systems give rise to a mixture of mononuclear and dinuclear complexes of general formula CumLlXx. Besides the 1:1:1 complex obtained in all combinations, the following species were found: CuIILX2, CuI2LX and CuI2LX2. The stability constants of all these species were determined and used to construct speciation diagrams for both CuI and CuII species. Such diagrams show that often conditions favoring the quantitative formation of CuIIL, CuIIL2, or CuIILX can be easily realized, whereas isolation of a single predominant CuI species can hardly be achieved. Speciation diagrams for CuI as a function of CX/CCuI show interesting results that may be helpful in rationalizing the role of termination reactions in atom transfer radical polymerization.
Complete Genome Sequence of Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae Type Strain ATCC 13047 (2010)

Enterobacter cloacae is an important nosocomial pathogen. Here, we report the completion of the genome sequence of E. cloacae ATCC 13047, the type strain of E. cloacae subsp. cloacae. Multiple sets of virulence determinant and heavy-metal resistance genes have been found in the genome. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first complete genome sequence of the E. cloacae species.
Evaluating combination drug therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. (1991)

It is now recognized that the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with single drugs in sequence has too often failed to prevent disease progression and joint damage. For this reason, we proposed that patients be treated early in the course of their disease with a combination of medications to control inflammatory synovitis and prevent joint destruction
Scanner conformity in CT densitometry of the lungs. (1995)

After correction for poor air calibration, scanner conformity was acceptable when the reproducibility of lung densitometry in clinical practice was set as a reference.
Influence of caloric restriction on motor behavior, longevity, and brain lipid composition in Sandhoff disease mice (2006)

Caloric restriction (CR), which improves health and increases longevity, was studied as a therapy in a hexosaminidase beta knockout mouse model of Sandhoff disease (SD), an incurable neurodegenerative disease involving accumulation of brain ganglioside GM2 and asialo-GM2 (GA2). Adult mice were fed a rodent chow diet either ad libitum (AL) or restricted to reduce body weight by 15-18% (CR). Although GM2 and GA2 were elevated, no significant differences were seen between the Hexb-/- and the Hexb+/- mice for most brain phospholipids and cholesterol. Cerebrosides and sulfatides were reduced in the Hexb-/- mice. In addition, rotorod performance was significantly worse in the Hexb-/- mice than in the Hexb+/- mice. CR, which decreased circulating glucose and elevated ketone bodies, significantly improved rotorod performance and extended longevity in the Hexb-/- mice but had no significant effect on brain lipid composition or on cytoplasmic neuronal vacuoles. The expression of CD68 and F4/80 was significantly less in the CR-fed than in the AL-fed Hexb-/- mice. We suggest that the CR delays disease progression in SD and possibly in other ganglioside storage diseases through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
High impedance fault detection in low voltage networks (1993)

High impedance faults are those with fault current magnitude similar to load currents. Experimental results were obtained that confirm operating experience that such faults can occur in the low voltage (600 V and below) underground distribution networks typically found in urban power systems. These faults produce current waveforms qualitatively similar to those found on overhead feeders, but quantitatively smaller. Loose connectors can produce similar, but cleaner current characteristics. Noisy loads remain a major impediment to reliable detection. Design and installation of an inexpensive prototype fault detector on the Seattle City Light street network is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
25 nm CMOS Omega FETs (2003)

Low leakage and low active-power 25 nm gate length C-MOSFETs are demonstrated for the first time with a newly proposed Omega-(/spl Omega/) shaped structure, at a conservative 17-19 /spl Aring/ gate oxide thickness, and with excellent hot carrier immunity. For 1 volt operation, the transistors give drive currents of 1440 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m and 780 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m with off state leakage currents of 8 nA//spl mu/m and 0.4 nA//spl mu/m for N-FET and P-FET, respectively. A low voltage version achieves, at 0.7 V, drive currents of 1300 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m for N-FET and 550 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m for P-FET at an off current of 1 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m. N-FET gate delay (CV/I) of 0.39 ps and P-FET gate delay of 0.88 ps exceed International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) projections.
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry of oligonucleotides using 3‐hydroxypicolinic acid as an ultraviolet‐sensitive matrix (1993)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been used to produce quasi-molecular ion signals from underivatized mixed-base single-stranded DNA oligomers ranging from 10 to 67 nucleotides in length. These results were obtained with a new matrix material, 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (3-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylic acid) which showed significant improvement over many previously reported matrices studied in terms of mass range available, signal-to-noise ratio, and the ability to analyze mixed-base oligomers. The desorption and simultaneous ionization was by pulsed laser light at 10 to 50 mJ/cm2, studied at 266, 308, and 355 nm. Spectra taken at 266 nm provided the smallest amounts of doubly charged and dimer ions--characteristics desirable for DNA sequencing by this technology. Negative-ion spectra were uniformly superior to positive-ion spectra. This new matrix also is quite effective for molecular weight determinations of peptides and proteins in both positive- and negative-ion modes.
Interferons alpha, beta and gamma induce different patterns of gene expression in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. (1997)

Differences in the effects on confluent epidermal keratinocytes of treatment with interferons (IFNs) alpha, beta, and gamma were observed in their modulation of the mRNA levels of representative structural and functional cellular proteins. Comparisons of the responses in culture media with varying cellular maturation potential indicated the dependence of the modulation on the stage of differentiation. Differentiation was correlated with upregulation of all the genes by interferon gamma, but this effect was not seen with the other interferons. Even though IFNs alpha and beta share the same cell surface receptor, their effects on gene expression were clearly distinguishable and varied with the culture medium. These findings might have relevance in the treatment of skin lesions with varying degrees of differentiation.
Genomic analysis of prostate carcinoma specimens obtained via ultrasound‐guided needle biopsy may be of use in preoperative decision‐making (2004)

The authors conclude that genomic analysis of suspected prostate carcinoma specimens obtained via ultrasound-guided needle biopsy is feasible. Thus, it may be possible to use genetic markers to obtain diagnostic and/or prognostic information that is useful in the making of preoperative decisions regarding prostate carcinoma management.
Java runtime systems: characterization and architectural implications (2001)

The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is the cornerstone of Java technology and its efficiency in executing the portable Java bytecodes is crucial for the success of this technology. Interpretation, Just-in-Time (JIT) compilation, and hardware realization are well-known solutions for a JVM and previous research has proposed optimizations for each of these techniques. However, each technique has its pros and cons and may not be uniformly attractive for all hardware platforms. Instead, an understanding of the architectural implications of JVM implementations with real applications can be crucial to the development of enabling technologies for efficient Java runtime system development on a wide range of platforms. Toward this goal, this paper examines architectural issues from both the hardware and JVM implementation perspectives. The paper starts by identifying the important execution characteristics of Java applications from a bytecode perspective. It then explores the potential of a smart JIT compiler strategy that can dynamically interpret or compile based on associated costs and investigates the CPU and cache architectural support that would benefit JVM implementations. We also study the available parallelism during the different execution modes using applications from the SPECjvm98 benchmarks. At the bytecode level, it is observed that less than 5 out of the 256 bytecodes constitute 90 percent of the dynamic bytecode stream. Method sizes fall into a trinodal distribution with peak of 1, 9, and 26 bytecodes across all benchmarks. The architectural issues explored in this study show that, when Java applications are executed with a JIT compiler, selective translation using good heuristics can improve performance, but the saving is only 10-15 percent at best. The instruction and data cache performance of Java applications are seen to be better than that of C/C/sub +/+ applications except in the case of data cache performance in the JIT mode. Write misses resulting from installation of JIT compiler output dominate the misses and deteriorate the data cache performance in JIT mode. A study on the available parallelism shows that Java programs executed using JIT compilers have parallelism comparable to C/C++ programs for small window sizes, but falls behind when the window size is increased. Java programs executed using the interpreter have very little parallelism due to the stack nature of the SVM instruction set, which is dominant in the interpreted execution mode. In addition, this work gives revealing insights and architectural proposals for designing an efficient Java runtime system.
Development of a new delivery system consisting in ‘drug–in cyclodextrin–in PLGA nanoparticles’ (2010)

A combined approach based on drug cyclodextrin (CD) complexation and loading into PLGA nanoparticles (NP) has been developed to improve oxaprozin therapeutic efficiency. This strategy exploits the solubilizing and stabilizing properties of CDs and the prolonged-release and targeting properties of PLGA NPs. Drug-loaded NPs, prepared by double-emulsion, were examined for dimensions, zeta-potential and entrapment efficiency. Solid-state studies demonstrated the absence of drug-polymer interactions and assessed the amorphous state of the drug-CD complex loaded into NPs. Drug release rate from NPs was strongly influenced by the presence and kind of CD used. The percentage released at 24 h varied from 16% (plain drug-loaded NPs) to 50% (drug-betaCD-loaded NPs) up to 100% (drug-methylbetaCD-loaded NPs). This result suggests the possibility of using CD complexation not only to promote, but also to regulate drug release rate from NPs, by selecting the proper type of CD or CD combination.
Design of High Power Permanent Magnet Motor With Segment Rectangular Copper Wire and Closed Slot Opening on Electric Vehicles (2010)

Brushless permanent magnet DC motors are being manufactured and used increasingly in everything from home appliances to automobiles due to their inherent advantages. The merits of these motors could be enhanced further according to another design approach method which alters the typically used winding parts for low to medium power range motors. This paper deals with the high power brushless DC motor used for traction in a 48 V golf cart system. The stator is designed with segment rectangular copper winding to maximize output power within its limited dimensions. In the design process, the closed slot opening and slot-pole combination are investigated and compared in terms of efficiency and input current density. The developed motor obtained about 120% greater power density per volume compared to a commercial motor with round winding coils at similar efficiency and variable speed range.
Oxygen-induced sharpening process of W(111) tips for scanning tunneling microscope use (1990)

Atomic resolution in scanning tunneling microscopy is usually obtained by a trial and error procedure for formation of the tunneling tip. The success of such attempts is particularly small when rough and contaminated surfaces have to be measured, where the macroscopic tip radius must be as small as possible in order to obtain a reasonable image of the sample. Here we report on a method by heating the tip in an oxygen atmosphere without an electric field, which routinely allows the generation of W(111) tips with an average tip radius of &amp;lt;2 nm. The sharpening of W tips by oxidation and annealing has already been reported by Müller [Z. Physik 108, 668 (1938)]. We have studied the mechanism of tip sharpening by scanning electron microscopy and in situ by field emission and field ion microscopy. The main effect is a preferential removal of (110)-like planes, which gives rise to strong facetting of the tip apex and the formation of sharp W microtips. The arrangement of microtips is essentially determined by the initial shape of the tip apex. In case of a very blunt tip the oxygen treatment produces several microtips. Normally, only the front microtip will contribute to the field ion microscopical images. By field desorption the outermost atomic layers were consecutively removed and the atomic structure of the microtip elucidated.
Long-Term Improvement of Hypercholesterolemia After Ex Vivo Gene Therapy in LDLR-Deficient Rabbits (1991)

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited disorder in humans that is caused by a deficiency of low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs). An animal model for FH, the Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic rabbit, was used to develop an approach for liver-directed gene therapy based on transplantation of autologous hepatocytes that were genetically corrected ex vivo with recombinant retroviruses. Animals transplanted with LDLR-transduced autologous hepatocytes demonstrated a 30 to 50 percent decrease in total serum cholesterol that persisted for the duration of the experiment (122 days). Recombinant-derived LDLR RNA was harvested from tissues with no diminution for up to 6.5 months after transplantation.
Front‐projection optical‐system design for reflective LCoS technology (2001)

Abstract— Optical designs for three‐panel LCoS projection systems are reviewed. The impact of polarization aberrations in prism‐based systems is discussed and a simple model to analyze the sensitivity of contrast to thermal gradients in prisms is presented. To eliminate stress birefringence in LCoS projection systems, we have developed a projection optical system that does not require the use of polarizing prisms. An improved off‐axis design has been designed that simplifies manufacture and reduces cost. The performance of systems based on this architecture will be discussed.
The barley stem rust-resistance gene Rpg1 is a novel disease-resistance gene with homology to receptor kinases (2002)

Stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici was among the most devastating diseases of barley in the northern Great Plains of the U.S. and Canada before the deployment of the stem rust-resistance gene Rpg1 in 1942. Since then, Rpg1 has provided durable protection against stem rust losses in widely grown barley cultivars (cvs.). Extensive efforts to clone Rpg1 by synteny with rice provided excellent flanking markers but failed to yield the gene because it does not seem to exist in rice. Here we report the map-based cloning and characterization of Rpg1. A high-resolution genetic map constructed with 8,518 gametes and a 330-kb bacterial artificial chromosome contig physical map positioned the gene between two crossovers approximately 0.21 centimorgan and 110 kb apart. The region including Rpg1 was searched for potential candidate genes by sequencing low-copy probes. Two receptor kinase-like genes were identified. The candidate gene alleles were sequenced from resistant and susceptible cvs. Only one of the candidate genes showed a pattern of apparently functional gene structure in the resistant cvs. and defective gene structure in the susceptible cvs. identifying it as the Rpg1 gene. Rpg1 encodes a receptor kinase-like protein with two tandem protein kinase domains, a novel structure for a plant disease-resistance gene. Thus, it may represent a new class of plant resistance genes.
PKCα regulates the hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes through extracellular signal–regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) (2002)

Members of the protein kinase C (PKC) isozyme family are important signal transducers in virtually every mammalian cell type. Within the heart, PKC isozymes are thought to participate in a signaling network that programs developmental and pathological cardiomyocyte hypertrophic growth. To investigate the function of PKC signaling in regulating cardiomyocyte growth, adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of wild-type and dominant negative mutants of PKC alpha, beta II, delta, and epsilon (only wild-type zeta) was performed in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Overexpression of wild-type PKC alpha, beta II, delta, and epsilon revealed distinct subcellular localizations upon activation suggesting unique functions of each isozyme in cardiomyocytes. Indeed, overexpression of wild-type PKC alpha, but not betaI I, delta, epsilon, or zeta induced hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes characterized by increased cell surface area, increased [(3)H]-leucine incorporation, and increased expression of the hypertrophic marker gene atrial natriuretic factor. In contrast, expression of dominant negative PKC alpha, beta II, delta, and epsilon revealed a necessary role for PKC alpha as a mediator of agonist-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, whereas dominant negative PKC epsilon reduced cellular viability. A mechanism whereby PKC alpha might regulate hypertrophy was suggested by the observations that wild-type PKC alpha induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), that dominant negative PKC alpha inhibited PMA-induced ERK1/2 activation, and that dominant negative MEK1 (up-stream of ERK1/2) inhibited wild-type PKC alpha-induced hypertrophic growth. These results implicate PKC alpha as a necessary mediator of cardiomyocyte hypertrophic growth, in part, through a ERK1/2-dependent signaling pathway.
Early changes in intramitochondrial cardiolipin distribution during apoptosis. (2002)

Cardiolipin (CL) is essential for the functionality of several mitochondrial proteins. Its distribution between the inner and outer leaflet of the mitochondrial internal membrane is crucial for ATP synthesis. We have investigated alterations in CL distribution during the early phases of apoptosis. Using two classical models (staurosporine-treated HL-60 cells and tumor necrosis factor alpha-treated U937 cells), we found that in apoptotic cells CL moves to the outer leaflet of mitochondrial inner membrane in a time-dependent manner. This occurs before the appearance of apoptosis markers such as plasma-membrane exposure of phosphatidylserine, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA fragmentation, but after the production of reactive oxygen species. The exposure of a phospholipid on the outer surface during apoptosis thus occurs not only at the plasma membrane level but also in mitochondria, reinforcing the hypothesis of mitoptosis as a crucial regulating system for programmed cell death, also occurring in cancer cells after treatment with antineoplastic agents.
A Novel Fusion of ALT-803 (Interleukin (IL)-15 Superagonist) with an Antibody Demonstrates Antigen-specific Antitumor Responses (2016)

IL-15 and its receptor α (IL-15Rα) are co-expressed on antigen-presenting cells, allowing transpresentation of IL-15 to immune cells bearing IL-2Rβγ<sub>C</sub> and stimulation of effector immune responses. We reported previously that the high-affinity interactions between an IL-15 superagonist (IL-15N72D) and the extracellular IL-15Rα sushi domain (IL-15RαSu) could be exploited to create a functional scaffold for the design of multivalent disease-targeted complexes. The IL-15N72D·IL-15RαSuFc complex, also known as ALT-803, is a multimeric complex constructed by fusing IL-15N72D·IL-15RαSu to the Fc domain of IgG1. ALT-803 is an IL-15 superagonist complex that has been developed as a potent antitumor immunotherapeutic agent and is in clinical trials. Here we describe the creation of a novel fusion molecule, 2B8T2M, using the ALT-803 scaffold fused to four single chains of the tumor-targeting monoclonal antibody rituximab. This molecule displays trispecific binding activity through its recognition of the CD20 molecule on tumor cells, stimulation via IL-2Rβγ<sub>C</sub> displayed on immune effector cells, and binding to Fcγ receptors on natural killer cells and macrophages. 2B8T2M activates natural killer cells to enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, mediates complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and induces apoptosis of B-lymphoma cells. Compared with rituximab, 2B8T2M exhibits significantly stronger antitumor activity in a xenograft SCID mouse model and depletes B cells in cynomolgus monkeys more efficiently. Thus, ALT-803 can be modified as a functional scaffold for creating multispecific, targeted IL-15-based immunotherapeutic agents and may serve as a novel platform to improve the antitumor activity and clinical efficacy of therapeutic antibodies.
Low-profile enhanced-bandwidth PIFA antennas for wireless communications packaging (1997)

The development of small integrated antennas plays a significant role in the progress of the rapidly expanding military and commercial communications applications. The recent advances in RF and microwave high-density circuit packaging technologies in multifunction wireless communications systems have called for the parallel development of compact and efficient antennas that can be used over a wide frequency range. This paper addresses the development and characterization of several low-profile and integrated antennas with enhanced bandwidth for wireless communications systems. The new radiators are developed by adding parasitic elements or tuning devices to a familiar integrated antenna-the planar inverted F antenna (PIFA). Simulations based upon the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and method of moments (MoM) are used to model the performance of the antennas. Comparisons with measured results on fabricated antenna structures are provided for simulations validation.