gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proper Evaluation of Shale Gas Reservoirs Leads to a More Effective Hydraulic-Fracture Stimulation (2009)

Abstract Shale-gas formations are currently being explored in the Rocky Mountain region from Montana to New Mexico. These shale-gas formations include the Cody, Hilliard, Baxter, Mancos, Gothic, Pierre, Lewis, and others. Whether the well is drilled vertically or horizontally, shale-gas wells need to be hydraulically fracture-stimulated to produce commercial amounts of natural gas. Because each shale play has unique attributes, a systematic approach to well construction, data collection, and prefrac diagnostics is an essential component in the quest for the most effective hydraulic-fracture stimulation and the best chance to achieve commercial gas production. The first step in the process is a thorough understanding of the shale's petrophysical attributes. Coupling openhole wireline-log information with laboratory measurements of core or cutting samples provides a basis to calibrate the petrophysical model that describes essential geomechanical and geochemical characteristics of the shale. With a calibrated petrophysical log-analysis model, a basic openhole, wireline-log suite consisting of a gamma ray, porosity, and resistivity is a useful evaluation tool. The inclusion of additional wireline measurements, like the spectral gamma ray, microlog, dipole sonic, and electrical borehole-image logs, will further enhance the description of the shale. Core testing can determine Young's Modulus, Poisson's Ratio, Brinell hardness, total organic carbon, kerogen type, gas content, mineral composition, fluid sensitivity, and acid solubility. The end result of this mating of logs and core data is a model that provides an understanding of the mineralogy, mechanical rock properties, britteleness, organic content, and natural fractures of the shale. The next component of the process is to use all the petrophysical analysis and tribal knowledge (current known information) to design the hydraulic-fracture treatment and select the completion intervals. Completion intervals are first selected on the basis of the brittle zones and the zones that will most likely serve as frac barriers. The selection and volumes of the appropriate fracturing fluid and proppant is based on the shale brittleness, geomechanical, and geochemical properties. The final step is to close the loop by evaluating the overall effectiveness of the stimulation treatment. This is accomplished by doing a detailed postjob treatment-pressure analysis. Microseismic mapping during the hydraulic frac treatment is also a valuable technique to evaluate the effectiveness of the frac job. The goal of this systematic process is to shorten the "ideal" frac learning cycle and provide a framework for moving into frontier areas and new shale plays.
Taste Nerve Fibers: A Random Distribution of Sensitivities to Four Tastes (1969)

The numbers of rat glossopharyngeal and chorda tympani fibers responding to one, two, three, or four taste stimuli of different quality (sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid, quinine, and sucrose) and to each of the six possible pairs of these stimuli can be predicted if there are four independent sensitivities randomly distributed among innervating fibers.
Suppression of polarization dependence in a two-mode-fiber acousto-optic device (1996)

We present a theoretical and experimental analysis of the polarization dependence of a two-mode-fiber acoustooptic device, taking into account the residual stress in the fiber and the ellipticity of the core. We successfully demonstrate the suppression of the polarization dependence by relieving the residual stress, using thermal annealing.
Reverse saturable absorption in solid xerogel matrices (1993)

Aluminophthalocyanine (APC) and fullerene carbon 60 (C60) have been studied encaged in different silica matrices. The reverse saturable absorption properties of these doped xerogels have been compared to those of reference solutions of APC and C60. We show that reverse saturable absorber molecules retain their properties even when they are enclosed in the pores of a solid xerogel matrix.
IFN-gamma stimulates IgG2a secretion by murine B cells stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. (1988)

rIFN-gamma strikingly enhances the secretion of IgG2a by murine splenic B cells stimulated with bacterial LPS in vitro and concomitantly suppresses the production of IgG3, IgG1, IgG2b, and IgE while sparing IgM secretion. IFN-gamma stimulates highly purified B cell populations to secrete IgG2a, strongly suggesting that it acts directly on B cells. It increases the frequency of precursors of IgG2a-expressing soft agar colonies and enhances the number of IgG2a+ cells in colonies indicating that it both increases the frequency of precursors of IgG2a+ cells and enhances the number of IgG2a+ daughter cells emerging from each precursor. IFN-gamma completes its action within the first 24 to 48 h of a 6-day culture with LPS and its addition cannot be delayed beyond the first 48 h. Preincubation of resting B cells in the presence of IFN-gamma leads to a time dependent increase, up to 42 h, in IgG2a secretion upon subsequent addition of LPS. IFN-gamma can exert this action on resting B cells that have been selected for absence of membrane IgG expression by cell sorting. The promotion of IgG2a secretion appears to be a specific property of IFN-gamma in that IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, granulocyte-macrophage-CSF, granulocyte-CSF, and CSF-1 fail to enhance IgG2a secretion by LPS-stimulated B cells.
Efficacy and Metabolic Effects of Metformin and Troglitazone in Type II Diabetes Mellitus (1998)

Metformin and troglitazone have equal and additive beneficial effects on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin acts primarily by decreasing endogenous glucose production, and troglitazone by increasing the rate of peripheral glucose disposal.
The CAPRA‐S score (2011)

The CAPRA-S offers good discriminatory accuracy, calibration, and ease of calculation for clinical and research settings.
In Vitro Pathogenicity ofAcanthamoebaIs Associated with the Expression of the Mannose-Binding Protein (2006)

The data demonstrating that the pathogenic potential of Acanthamoeba directly correlates with the expression level of the MBP in conjunction with our published studies showing that Acanthamoeba MBP is a major virulence protein suggest that the amoeba lectin has the potential to serve as a marker of pathogenicity.
The Effect of Etomoxir on Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetic Patients (1992)

Oral application of 50 mg Etomoxir caused a significant rise (33.1%) of insulin-mediated glucose uptake. This was shown in a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized study in 8 type 2 diabetic patients by using the euglycemic clamp technique. The mean metabolic clearance rate of glucose (MCR) was raised from 4.1 +/- 0.9 mg/(kg.min) to 5.4 +/- 1.2 mg/(kg.min) (x +/- SEM, P = 0.039). Plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFA), glucose counterregulatory hormones, lipids and C-peptide values during the clamps were not different after verum and placebo. We conclude that Etomoxir improves insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients.
Temperature mapping in the canine prostate during transurethrally‐applied local microwave hyperthermia (1992)

Although the therapeutic effects of heat on tumors have been known for more than a century, only recently has hyperthermia been applied in the treatment of various solid tumors in a scientific fashion. In preliminary clinical trials, heat applied by transurethrally or transrectally placed microwave antennas has been used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with some success. However, basic information about prostatic temperature distribution and the cellular effects of hyperthermia is lacking. In an attempt to establish the safety of local hyperthermia of the prostate and the precise temperature distribution within the gland, we performed temperature mapping studies in canine prostates. Eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and a 16 Fr catheter with three helical coil microwave antennas was placed in the bladder through a perineal urethrostomy. Laparotomy was performed and the bladder opened. The antennas were placed under direct control in the prostatic urethra. Linear array and single point thermometers (Clini-Therm TS1200 thermometry system) were placed (1) within the catheter alongside the antennas, (2) alongside the Foley catheter in the urethra, and (3) longitudinally and radially in the prostate for mapping of tissue temperature. Heating was performed with a 915-MHz ISM frequency Z-80 microprocessor controlled microwave power generator (Prostek 3000, Clini-Therm Corporation, Dallas, TX) using 2-9 watts per channel (6-27 watts total) for 30 min to 1 hr. Baseline body temperatures varied between the individual dogs from 37 degrees to 38 degrees C, but temperature distribution within the prostate was even prior to heating. With relatively low power (6 watts total), temperatures of greater than or equal to 45 degrees C were reached within the catheter. Therapeutic temperatures of approximately 43 degrees C were achieved in the periurethral prostate. Intraurethral temperatures were in general 1-2 degrees C lower than within the catheter. The radial temperature dropoff in the prostate was sharp and about 1 degrees C per 3-mm distance from the catheter. This would limit the area of effectiveness to a periurethral zone of 1 cm in diameter in this model. No unsafe temperature peaks were noted either intraurethrally or between the prostate and the rectum during steady-state conditions. Histologic studies demonstrated an intact rectal wall and varying degrees of prostatic inflammation and/or necrosis despite uniform treatment regimens administered. These studies demonstrate the short-term safety of microwave hyperthermia in the canine prostate. Further studies will be necessary to determine the clinical efficacy and toxicity in men with BPH.
REBASE--enzymes and genes for DNA restriction and modification (2007)

REBASE is a comprehensive database of information about restriction enzymes, DNA methyltransferases and related proteins involved in the biological process of restriction-modification. It contains fully referenced information about recognition and cleavage sites, isoschizomers, neoschizomers, commercial availability, methylation sensitivity, crystal and sequence data. Experimentally characterized homing endonucleases are also included. All newly sequenced genomes are analyzed for the presence of putative restriction systems and these data are included within the REBASE. The contents or REBASE may be browsed from the web (http://rebase.neb.com/rebase/rebase.ftp.html) and selected compilations can be downloaded by ftp (ftp.neb.com). Additionally, monthly updates can be requested via email.
Biomarkers of drugs targeting HER‐family signalling in cancer (2013)

The epidermal growth factor receptor family (EGFR/HER) is frequently deregulated in human cancers. Several aberrations at various levels have been successfully exploited as targets for anti-cancer therapies. However, with very few exceptions, drugs targeting HER signalling have shown only modest activity when used alone in cancers where a HER-related target can be identified. Optimization of the use of these drugs either alone or in combination with other anti-cancer agents would require a more precise definition of alterations that could predict for activity or resistance. Clinical validation of the several potential biomarkers emerging from clinical and translational studies is a challenging process. Thanks to combined efforts, collection of tumour tissues and other potentially relevant patients' materials has become more and more frequently mandatory in prospective studies with biologically targeted therapies. As a consequence, information on the value of promising biomarkers of drugs targeting HER-family receptor targeting is becoming available. This review will focus on breast cancer, where the HER2 subset has been the subject of a major research effort in the last two decades, and on gastric cancer, where HER2 targeting has emerged recently as a successful strategy.
Expression of the fusion protein of human respiratory syncytial virus from recombinant vaccinia virus vectors and protection of vaccinated mice (1987)

Vaccinia virus (VV) recombinants were constructed that contained full-length cDNA copies of the fusion (F) protein gene of human respiratory syncytial (RS) virus. The F protein gene was placed next to the strong early-late VV 7.5-kilodalton promoter and was located within the VV thymidine kinase (tk) gene. Full-length recombinant transcripts that initiated at both the tk and the 7.5-kilodalton promoters accumulated in cells early in infection, and one or more of these transcripts was translated to yield a glycoprotein which comigrated with Fo, the fusion protein precursor. This precursor was processed by proteolytic cleavage to produce the two disulfide-linked subunits F1 and F2, which were both glycosylated and of the same electrophoretic mobility as authentic F1 and F2. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that the mature F protein was transported to and expressed on the surface of recombinant VV-infected cells. Inoculation of rabbits with a recombinant vector expressing F resulted in the production of antiserum specific for the RS virus F protein. This antiserum neutralized virus infectivity and was capable of preventing fusion in RS virus-infected cells. Mice were vaccinated with recombinants expressing the F protein. At 3 weeks postinoculation, these animals had serum antibody against RS virus F protein. At 5 days after intranasal challenge with RS virus, the lungs of the mice previously vaccinated with recombinants expressing F protein were free of detectable RS virus, whereas the lungs of unvaccinated mice contained 10(4.2) PFU of virus per g.
Controlling Binding Site Densities on Glass Surfaces (2006)

The density of surface-immobilized ligands or binding sites is an important issue for the development of sensors, array- or chip-based assays, and single-molecule detection methods. The goal of this research is to control the binding site density of reactive ligands on surfaces by diluting surface amine groups in self-assembled and cross-linked monolayers on glass prepared from solutions containing very low concentrations of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and much higher concentrations of (2-cyanoethyl)triethoxysilane. The surface amine sites are suitable for attaching labels and ligands by reaction with succinimidyl ester reagents. Labeling the amine sites with fluorescent molecules and imaging the single molecules with fluorescence microscopy provides a means of determining the density of amine sites on the surface, which were incorporated into the self-assembled monolayer with micrometer spacings in proportion to the concentration of APTES in the synthesis. Biotin ligands were also bound to these surface amine sites using a succinimidyl ester linker, and the immobilized biotin was then reacted with either streptavidin-conjugated gold colloid particles or fluorescently labeled neutravidin. Imaging of these samples yields consistent amine and biotin site coverages, indicating that quantitative control and chemical conversion of binding sites can be achieved at very low (<10(-7)) fractions of a monolayer.
Concentration and recovery of carbon dioxide from flue gas by pressure swing adsorption (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConcentration and recovery of carbon dioxide from flue gas by pressure swing adsorptionE. S. Kikkinides, R. T. Yang, and S. H. ChoCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1993, 32, 11, 2714–2720Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00023a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00023a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3681Altmetric-Citations330LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The human cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor. Cloning and sequence of the full-length cDNA and expression of functional receptor in COS cells. (1988)

We have cloned and sequenced the full-length cDNA for the human cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor from four overlapping clones. The 9104-nucleotide sequence contains 7473 nucleotides which encode a protein of 2491 amino acids. The amino acid sequence includes a putative signal sequence of 40 amino acids, an extracytoplasmic domain consisting of 15 homologous repeat sequences of 134-167 amino acids, a transmembrane region of 23 amino acids, and a cytoplasmic domain of 164 amino acids. The predicted molecular size is greater than 270 kDa. Repeats 7-15 of the extracytoplasmic domain of the human receptor are highly homologous with the sequence recently reported for the partial cDNA for the bovine receptor (Lobel, P., Dahms, N. M., Breitmeyer, J., Chirgwin, J. M., and Kornfeld, S. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 2233-2237). The nucleotide sequence for the full-length cDNA and the deduced amino acid sequence for the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor, which are reported here, are strikingly similar (99.8% identical at the nucleotide level and 99.4% identical at the amino acid level) to those recently reported for the human insulin-like growth factor II receptor from HepG2 hepatoma cells (Morgan, D. O., Edman, J.D., Standring, D. N., Fried, V. A., Smith, M. C., Roth, R. A., and Rutter, W. J. (1987) Nature 329, 301-307). These findings support the suggestion that the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor for lysosomal enzymes is a multifunctional binding protein which is identical with the insulin-like growth factor II receptor. A cDNA construct containing the full coding sequence for the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor in the expression vector pSVL was used to transfect COS cells. Expression of the cDNA in transfected COS cells produced a cell-surface protein which co-migrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with authentic human receptor, bound to an affinity column and was specifically eluted with mannose 6-phosphate, mediated cell-surface binding and endocytosis of beta-glucuronidase, and targeted the endocytosed enzyme to lysosomes.
A Novel Glycosylphosphatidyl Inositol-Anchored Protein on Human Leukocytes: A Possible Role for Regulation of Neutrophil Adherence and Migration (1999)

We report here a novel glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein on human leukocytes. Treatment of neutrophils with a mAb (3H9) to this molecule sequentially up-regulates and down-regulates beta2 integrin-dependent adhesion of these cells as well as their transendothelial migration in vitro. In addition, this mAb simultaneously modulates the avidity of beta2 integrin for its ligand, iC3b, with kinetics similar to those observed in 3H9 modulation of neutrophil adherence. This mAb also induces beta2 integrin-dependent cytoskeletal remodeling. This novel GPI-anchored protein (GPI-80) is highly homologous with Vanin-1, a recently reported GPI-anchored protein that is expressed on perivascular thymic stromal cells and is involved in thymus homing in mice. The finding that both GPI-80 and Vanin-1 are 40% homologous with human biotinidase suggests the existence of a biotinidase superfamily of molecules that may be involved in the regulation of leukocyte trafficking.
The L2 open reading frame of human papillomavirus type 1a encodes a minor structural protein carrying type-specific antigens (1986)

The proteins encoded by the open reading frames of papillomavirus genomes and the minor polypeptides detected in purified virions are still poorly defined. We show here by its expression in Escherichia coli that the open reading frame L2 of human papillomavirus type 1a codes for a minor structural protein of Mr 76,000. Antisera raised against a truncated L2-beta-galactosidase fusion protein in which the conserved N-terminal region of L2 is missing are type specific for human papillomavirus type 1 virions and are reactive at high dilutions. Expression of the L2-encoded type-specific antigens thus provides a powerful new tool for the identification of papillomaviruses.
In Vivo/Ex Vivo and In Situ Assays Used in Cancer Research: A Brief Review (2008)

Predicting whether a potential new anticancer agent will have a positive therapeutic index in patients remains a challenge. This brief review provides examples of preclinical in vivo/ex vivo and in situ assays used to assess the therapeutic potential of experimental anticancer therapeutics. Excision assays involving removal of tumor, bone marrow, and other tissues from the host after treatment to determine the effects of therapy in ex vivo assays are important preclinical tools. The survival of malignant cells from tumors treated in vivo and then excised is often determined by colony formation (CFU) in culture. When mice bearing in vivo alkylating agent-resistant tumors were treated with anticancer drugs such as cyclophosphamide, the survival pattern of bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage-colony forming units (CFU-GM) paralleled tumor cell survival. When TNP-470 and minocycline, an antiangiogenic combination, were added to treatment with cytotoxic anticancer therapies, tumor response markedly increased. TNP-470/minocycline-treated mice had higher tissue drug levels than did mice treated with the drug alone. Enzastaurin, an antiangiogenic protein kinase Cbeta inhibitor, treatment decreased intratumoral vessels to one half to one quarter of controls. Simultaneous and sequential treatment regimens with enzastaurin and BCNU delayed tumor growth and increased lifespan in mice bearing subcutaneous or intracranial human T98G glioblastoma multiforme. Both TNP-470 and enzastaurin have undergone clinical trials. Enzastaurin is currently in Phase III clinical trials.
KNI-102, a novel tripeptide HIV protease inhibitor containing allophenylnorstatine as a transition-state mimic. (1991)

HIV-1 protease inhibitors containing allophenylnorstatine [Apns; (2S,3S)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyric acid]-Pro (syn diastereomer) as a transition-state mimic were established to be potent and highly selective. Z-Asn-Apns-Pro-NHBut (KNI-102) is the only tripeptide exhibiting substantial anti-HIV activity and may be of minimum size for potent, selective inhibition of HIV protease. Ready availability due to its simple chemical structure and stability should make it valuable for studies of the development of metabolically stable anti-AIDS drugs.