gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract of fish and the potential application of probiotics and prebiotics in finfish aquaculture (2009)

World aquaculture is the fastest growing food-produ cing sector in the world. Globally, aquaculture is expanding into new directions, intensifying and diversifying. With inc reasing demand for environment friendly aquaculture, the use of alternatives of antibiotic growth promoters in fish nutrition is now widely accepted. Science-based kn owledge on probiotics and prebiotics has increased in recent years. No do ubt exist that in the last decade we have greatly e xpanded our knowledge about pro- and prebiotics as important functional i ngredients in finfish aquaculture. They have numero us beneficial effects: improved activity of gastro-intestinal microbiota a nd enhanced immune status, disease resistance, surv ival, feed utilization and growth performance. As natural products pro- an d prebiotics have much potential to increase the ef ficiency and sustainability of aquacultural production. Therefor e, comprehensive research to more fully characteriz e the intestinal microbiota of prominent fish species, mechanisms of action of pro- and prebiotics, and their effects o n intestinal ecosystem, immunity, fish health and performance is warranted. All pro- and prebiotics must be evaluated for thei r safety before being used in fish nutrition. Also, there is need for est ablishing dose-response relationships. The applicat ion of up to date molecular procedures to study of the gut microbiota as well as the development and validation of resea rch methods, in vitro , ex vivo and in vivo models, have provided important information to und erstand the mechanisms of action behind the effects . This review summarizes and evaluates current knowledge of microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract of fish as well as the potential application and challenges of pro- an d prebiotics in finfish aquaculture.
Comparison of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Using Vacuum-Assisted Closure With Advanced Moist Wound Therapy in the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers (2008)

NPWT appears to be as safe as and more efficacious than AMWT for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.
25.1: Similarities between TFT Arrays for Direct‐Conversion X‐Ray Sensors and High‐Aperture AMLCDS (1998)

Abstract The fabrication and operation of a 14 in. × 8.5 in. TFT array for Direct Conversion X‐ray sensors with 1536 by 2560 pixels is described. Similarities in process and design are discussed with TFT arrays for high aperture AMLCDS, that also use a low k inter‐level dielectric to improve performance.
The Synthesis of 3α-/3β- Cholesteryl and Cholestanyl Esters and Ethers - an Assessment of their Mesogenicity (1999)

Abstract Several 3α- and 3β- esters and ethers of cholesterol and cholestanol have been prepared and their synthesis and mesogenicity is discussed. Key Words: cholesterolcholestanolchiral nematicestersethersinversion
COMPLETION OF THE LIFE CYCLE OFSARCOCYSTIS NEURONA (2000)

Sarcocystis neurona is the most important cause of a neurologic disease in horses, equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). The complete life cycle of S. neurona, including the description of sarcocysts and intermediate hosts, has not been completed until now. Opossums (Didelphis spp.) are definitive hosts, and horses and other mammals are aberrant hosts. In the present study, laboratory-raised domestic cats (Felis domesticus) were fed sporocysts from the intestine of a naturally infected opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Microscopic sarcocysts, with a maximum size of 700 x 50 microm, developed in the muscles of the cats. The DNA of bradyzoites released from sarcocysts was confirmed as S. neurona. Laboratory-raised opossums (D. virginiana) fed cat muscles containing the sarcocysts shed sporocysts in their feces. The sporocysts were approximately 10(-12) x 6.5-8.0 microm in size. Gamma interferon knockout mice fed sporocysts from experimentally infected opossums developed clinical sarcocystosis, and S. neurona was identified in their tissues using S. neurona-specific polyclonal rabbit serum. Two seronegative ponies fed sporocysts from an experimentally-infected opossum developed S. neurona-specific antibodies within 14 days.
PPACK-thrombin inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and cytoplasmic acidification but does not inhibit platelet shape change (1990)

We have re-evaluated the previously reported ability of TLCK-thrombin (N alpha-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone-treated alpha-thrombin) and PPACK-thrombin (D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine chloromethyl ketone-treated alpha-thrombin) to inhibit alpha-thrombin-induced platelet activation (Harmon JT, Jamieson GA: J Biol Chem 261:15928, 1986; and Harmon JT, Jamieson GA: Biochemistry 27:2151, 1988). Despite several cycles of derivatization with TLCK (10,000-fold molar excess), preparations of TLCK-thrombin have been found to contain about 4% residual alpha-thrombin activity, suggesting that these preparations are an equilibrium mixture of TLCK-thrombin and alpha-thrombin and cannot be used for evaluating competition between these two agents. In contrast, alpha-thrombin activity was completely inhibited by PPACK at 15-fold molar excess. PPACK-thrombin, free of unreacted PPACK and devoid of residual alpha-thrombin activity, did not markedly affect platelet shape change at concentrations as high as 1 mumol/L, but inhibited aggregation and secretion in intact platelets activated with the minimal concentration of alpha-thrombin causing a full response (0.3 to 0.5 nmol/L) and yielded a 50% inhibition constant (IC50) for inhibition of aggregation by PPACK-thrombin of 110 nmol/L. This inhibition was specific for alpha-thrombin-induced platelet activation, and no inhibition was seen with activation induced by ADP, collagen, epinephrine, ristocetin, or arachidonate. At these low alpha-thrombin concentrations (approximately 0.4 nmol/L), a persistent cytoplasmic acidification was observed of -0.062 +/- 0.016 pH units, although alkalinization was observed at higher alpha-thrombin concentrations (greater than 1 nmol/L). While inhibition of aggregation and secretion occurred when alpha-thrombin and PPACK-thrombin were added simultaneously, inhibition of cytoplasmic acidification and of the elevation of cytoplasmic [Ca2+] induced by low concentrations of alpha-thrombin (0.4 nmol/L) occurred only if platelets were preincubated with PPACK-thrombin for 5 minutes before the addition of alpha-thrombin. In platelets treated with Serratia marcescens protease to remove glycoprotein lb (GPlb), alpha-thrombin-induced shape change was attenuated but persisted in the presence of a high concentration (2 mumol/L) of PPACK-thrombin, although aggregation and secretion were inhibited, as seen in intact platelets. The IC50 value for inhibition of aggregation by PPACK-thrombin was approximately 1 mumol/L at the higher alpha-thrombin concentrations (5 nmol/L) required for full activation in this case. These results suggest that PPACK-thrombin may be a useful probe of platelet function since it specifically blocks platelet aggregation and secretion induced by alpha-thrombin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Renal Denervation (2012)

The term “ultima ratio ” has multiple, though related, meanings. The motto “ultima ratio regum, ” cast on the cannons of the French army of King Louis XIV, meant that war is the last argument of kings, that is, the one to be used after all diplomatic arguments have failed. Along similar lines, we propose that, given the current evidence, renal denervation should be used as a last resort, after state-of-the-art drug treatment optimized at expert centers failed to control blood pressure. Hypertension affects an estimated 20 % to 30 % of theworld’s adult population.1 Despite the availability of numerous safe and effective pharmacological therapies, in-cluding single-pill combinations of 2 to 3 drugs, the percent-age of patients achieving adequate blood pressure control meeting guideline targets remains low.1,2 Resistant hyperten-sion is a blood pressure that remains above goal in spite of the concomitant use of antihypertensive medications from 3 drug classes.3 Patients who require 4 drug classes to have their blood pressure controlled are also considered to have resistant hypertension. Preferably, the regimen should include a diuretic, and all of the doses should be optimal.3,4 Treatment-Resistant Hypertension The online-only Data Supplement provides an overview of the epidemiology of treatment-resistant hypertension and the role of the sympathetic nervous system in maintaining un-controlled hypertension.
Formation of Arrayed Droplets by Soft Lithography and Two‐Phase Fluid Flow, and Application in Protein Crystallization (2004)

This paper presents an overview of our recent work on the use of soft lithography and two-phase fluid flow to form arrays of droplets. The crucial issues in the formation of stable arrays of droplets and alternating droplets of two sets of aqueous solutions include the geometry of the microchannels, the capillary number, and the water fraction of the system. Glass capillaries could be coupled to the PDMS microchannels and droplets could be transferred into glass capillaries for long-term storage. The arrays of droplets have been applied to screen the conditions for protein crystallization with microbatch and vapor diffusion techniques.
Black-box and gray-box strategies for virtual machine migration (2007)

Virtualization can provide significant benefits in data centers by enabling virtual machine migration to eliminate hotspots. We present Sandpiper, a system that automates the task of monitoring and detecting hotspots, determining a new mapping of physical to virtual resources and initiating the necessary migrations. Sandpiper implements a black-box approach that is fully OS- and application-agnostic and a gray-box approach that exploits OS- and application-level statistics. We implement our techniques in Xen and conduct a detailed evaluation using a mix of CPU, network and memory-intensive applications. Our results show that Sandpiper is able to resolve single server hotspots within 20 seconds and scales well to larger, data center environments. We also show that the gray-box approach can help Sandpiper make more informed decisions, particularly in response to memory pressure.
Li-decorated metal–organic framework 5: A route to achieving a suitable hydrogen storage medium (2007)

A significant improvement in molecular hydrogen uptake properties is revealed by our ab initio calculations for Li-decorated metal-organic framework 5. We have found that two Li atoms are strongly adsorbed on the surfaces of the six-carbon rings, one on each side, carrying a charge of +0.9e per Li atom. Each Li can cluster three H(2) molecules around itself with a binding energy of 12 kJ (mol H(2))(-1). Furthermore, we show from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations with a hydrogen loading of 18 H(2) per formula unit that a hydrogen uptake of 2.9 wt % at 200 K and 2.0 wt % at 300 K is achievable. To our knowledge, this is the highest hydrogen storage capacity reported for metal-organic framework 5 under such thermodynamic conditions.
Evaluation of the in vitro behavior of phenotypically defined populations of umbilical cord blood hematopoietic progenitor cells. (1994)

Umbilical cord blood (CB) has been identified as a potential source of hematopoietic stem cells suitable for clinical transplantation. We used long-term cord blood cultures (LTCBC) to evaluate the hematopoietic potential of populations of umbilical CB cells phenotypically defined and isolated by flow cytometry. LTCBC initiated with CD34+HLA-DR+ and CD34+HLA-DR- CB cells were examined over a period of 8 weeks for the production of assayable burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-E), colony-forming units-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM), and colony-forming units-mixed (CFU-GEMM) in response to repeated additions of stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6, and either erythropoietin (Epo) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The LTCBC-initiating cell (LTCBC-IC) appeared to be present among CD34+HLA-DR+ cells, in contrast to our previous findings in adult bone marrow (BM), where the long-term culture initiating cells were shown to be CD34+HLA-DR-. In addition, production of BFU-E, CFU-GM, and CFU-GEMM in CB CD34+HLA-DR+ cells displaying low uptake of the supravital dye rhodamine 123 (Rh123) exceeded those detected in the fraction of cells with high uptake of Rh123. Furthermore, on day 21 of LTCBC, the production of the high proliferative potential colony-forming units (HPP-CFC) by CB CD34+HLA-DR+Rh123dull cells was five-fold greater than that detected in cultures initiated with their Rh123bright counterparts. Collectively, these data show that, contrary to what has been documented in adult human BM, LTCBC-IC and presumably CB cells capable of in vivo engraftment reside in the CD34+HLA-DR+Rh123dull fraction of CB. Although the functional significance of these differences between the in vitro behavior of phenotypically defined populations of CB and BM remains to be determined, these findings constitute an objective parameter with which the suitability of CB for clinical transplantation may be assessed.
A New Autologous Fibrinogen-Based Adhesive for Otologic Surgery (1986)

Many middle ear reconstructive procedures would be facilitated by use of a relatively safe surgical adhesive. A fibrinogen-based adhesive (Tisseel) has been effective in otologic surgery in Europe, but because it is derived from pooled human blood, it carries a risk of transmitting hepatitis, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and other illnesses. This report details a new procedure for creating an autologous fibrinogen-based adhesive, obviating these risks. The fibrinogen and factor XIII component of the adhesive was isolated by polyethylene glycol precipitation from human plasma within a few hours, and was used either immediately or frozen for use up to 3 weeks later. Fifteen chinchillas had either the single donor adhesive, the commercial European adhesive, or saline placed on the oval and round windows, and no evidence of cochlear, mucosal, or ossicular damage was seen by light microscopy 30 days later. Auditory brain stem response thresholds remained stable, except in three animals that developed otitis media. Based on this investigation, autologous fibrinogen-based adhesive appears promising as a relatively safe, biological bonding material for otologic surgery, and is worthy of further study.
Role of cannabinoid CB1 receptors and tumor necrosis factor‐α in the gut and systemic anti‐inflammatory activity of SR 141716 (Rimonabant) in rodents (2003)

(1) We investigated the effect of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, SR 141716, on indomethacin-induced small intestine inflammation and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced plasma TNF-alpha (TNF) release in comparison to the cannabinoid CB2 receptor antagonist, SR 144528, in rodents. (2) In rats, indomethacin induced significant ulcer formation in the small intestine; this was accompanied by an increase in tissue TNF levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. SR 141716 prevented the ulcers and the rise in TNF levels (ID50 3.3, 0.4 mg kg-1, respectively) and MPO activity. SR 144528 prevented intestinal ulcers only. (3) The effect of SR 141716 against indomethacin-induced ulcers and increase of plasma TNF levels after LPS was also studied in wild-type and CB1 receptor knockout mice. Indomethacin induced intestinal ulcers in mice, but not tissue TNF production and MPO activity. SR 141716 reduced the ulcers to a similar extent in wild-type and CB1 receptor knockout mice. In rats and wild-type mice, but not in CB1 receptor knockout mice, SR 141716 inhibited the LPS-induced increase in plasma TNF levels. (4) These findings provide evidence that the indomethacin model of intestinal lesions differs in rat and mouse and support the existence of several mechanisms for the antiulcer activity of SR141716, the most important involving the inhibition of TNF production. The potent anti-inflammatory activity of SR141716 in rodents indicated its potential therapeutic interest in chronic immune-inflammatory diseases.
Cerebral Generators of Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and Its Magnetic Counterpart (MMNm) Elicited by Sound Changes (1995)

Infrequent ("deviant") sounds occurring in a sequence of repetitive ("standard") sounds elicit an event-related brain potential (ERP) response called the mismatch negativity (MMN) even in the absence of attention to these sounds. MMN appears to be caused by a neuronal mismatch between the deviant auditory input and a sensory-memory trace representing the standard stimuli. This automatic mismatch process has presumably a central role in discrimination of changes in the acoustic environment outside the focus of attention. Thus, localizing cerebral generators of MMN might help identify brain mechanisms of auditory sensory memory and involuntary attention. This review summarizes results from studies aimed at localizing MMN generators on the basis of (1) scalp-distribution, (2) magnetoencephalographic (MEG), (3) intracranial, and (4) brain-lesion data. These studies indicate that a major MMN source is located in the auditory cortex. However, the exact location of this MMN generator appears to depend on which feature of a sound is changed (e.g., frequency, intensity, or duration), as well as on the complexity of the sound (e.g., a simple tone versus complex sound). Consequently, memory traces for different acoustic features, as well as for sounds of different complexity, might be located in different regions of auditory cortex. However, MMN appears to have generators in other brain structures, too. There is some evidence for contribution of frontal-lobe activity to the MMN, which might be related to the involuntary switching of attention to a stimulus change occurring outside the focus of attention. In addition, intracranial MMN recordings in animals suggest that at least in some species, MMN subcomponents also may be generated in the thalamus and hippocampus.
Accelerated Treatment of Breast Cancer (2001)

Accelerated treatment of breast cancer using an interstitial implant to deliver radiation to the tumor bed alone over 4 to 5 days seems to produce 5-year results equivalent to those achieved with conventional ERT. Extended follow-up will be required to determine the long-term efficacy of this treatment approach.
Circulating human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A is disulfide-bridged to the proform of eosinophil major basic protein (1993)

A previously unrecognized association between pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and the proform of eosinophil major basic protein (proMBP) is demonstrated. PAPP-A isolated from pooled pregnancy serum is shown to be a disulfide-bridged complex with proMBP (PAPP-A/proMBP) in which the subunits of the constituents are present in a 1:1 molar ratio. The results are the outcome of analysis of tryptic and CNBr/tryptic peptides from PAPP-A/proMBP, sequence analysis of intact and reduced and carboxymethylated PAPP-A/proMBP, and reaction with monoclonal antibodies directed against MBP and its proform. In addition, it is shown that commercial polyclonal anti-PAPP-A is polyspecific, also reacting with MBP.
PBS Satellite Interconnection Technical Operations and Maintenance (1979)

A series of satellite earth terminals and Western Union's Westar 1 satellite will, by the end of 1978, largely replace the terrestrial microwave system which previously comprised the Public Television Interconnection. Over the past year or so much has been done to ensure that the transition to the new interconnection would be as smooth as possible and that the service provided to the Public Television stations would be equal to or better than that previously provided by the terrestrial carriers. Operation and maintenance activities such as personnel training, identification of spares, development of interim operating procedures and the provision of a repair service, all of which are necessary to ensure the orderly turn-up of a new telecommunications system, received special attention. Although very much involved with the completion of the installation and acceptance of the new interconnection, public television is looking to the future and is developing measurement and control techniques designed to further refine the operation of the system.
Deriving optimal operational rules for mitigating inter-area oscillations (2011)

This paper introduces a new method for mitigating inter-area oscillations of a large scale interconnected power system by means of generation re-dispatch. The optimal mitigation procedures are derived by searching for the shortest distance from current operating condition to a targeted operating condition with the desired damping ratio of the oscillation mode. A sensitivity-based method is used to select the most effective generators for generation re-dispatch and decision tree is trained to approximate the security boundary in a space characterized by the selected generators. The optimal operational rules can be found by solving an optimization problem where the boundary constraints are provided by the decision tree rules. This method is tested on a Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) 179-bus simplified model and simulation results have demonstrated the validity of the decision-tree-based method and shown promising application in real time operation.
Window of visibility: a psychophysical theory of fidelity in time-sampled visual motion displays (1986)

Many visual displays, such as movies and television, rely on sampling in the time domain. We derive the spatiotemporal-frequency spectra for some simple moving images and illustrate how these spectra are altered by sampling in the time domain. We construct a simple model of the human perceiver that predicts the critical sample rate required to render sampled and continuous moving images indistinguishable. The rate is shown to depend on the spatial and the temporal acuity of the observer and on the velocity and spatial-frequency content of the image. Several predictions of this model are tested and confirmed. The model is offered as an explanation of many of the phenomena known as apparent motion. Finally, the implications of the model for computer-generated imagery are discussed.
Comparative Study on the Yield and Eating Quality Traits among Xiaozhan Rice Varieties (2010)

The differences in yield and eating quality traits among Xiaozhan rice varieties were studied in this paper and the results indicated that there existed significant difference among those varieties and the CV(coefficient of variation) of all indexes could be listed in a descending order as protein content yield amylose content eating quality value.Therefore,in order to realize the high quality and high yield of Xiaozhan rice,reducing protein content should be considered as a breakthrough in practice.Additionally,if taking into account both yield and eating quality,three varieties(Huayu 13,Huayu 409 and Jinyuan 47) were recommended.If only pursuing high yield,Jinyuan 45 and Jinyuan D1 would be suitable.E28 might be cultivated as a high quality variety and finally Jinchuan 1 could participate in order planting as the raw material of high quality rice.