gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extended type 1 chain glycosphingolipids: dimeric Lea (III4V4Fuc2Lc6) as human tumor-associated antigen (1991)

Glycolipid extracts from various human cancer tissues and cell lines showed the presence of a slow-migrating glycolipid component which was strongly reactive with monoclonal antibody (mAb) NCC-ST-421 (raised against human gastric adenocarcinoma) and weakly cross-reactive with anti-Lea mAbs. The slow-migrating glycolipid was isolated from human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line Colo205 grown in nude mice, and was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography followed by preparative thin-layer chromatography. Its structure was elucidated by sequential enzymatic degradation and thin-layer chromatography immunostaining of the degradation products with various mAbs, 1H NMR spectroscopy, positive-ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and methylation analysis. The major slow-migrating component reacting with mAb ST-421 was identified as dimeric Lea, with the structure as follows. [formula: see text] Antigens containing this structure and various analogous structures (including enzymatically synthesized Lea/Lex hybrid antigen) were tested with ST-421. While the mAb was equally reactive with dimeric Lea and Lea/Lex, only the former was chemically detectable as the slow-migrating glycolipid from the tumor extract. ST-421 showed less reactivity with simple Lea (III4FucLc4) or extended Lea (V4FucLc6, and/or IV3Gal beta 1----3[Fuc alpha 1----4]GlcNAcnLc4), and was not reactive with Lex/Lex (dimeric Lex). It was concluded, therefore, that the major tumor-associated slow-migrating glycolipid reacting with ST-421 has the dimeric Lea structure shown above. Since extension of lacto-series structure has been shown to be limited to type 2 chain in normal cells and tissues, extended elongation of type 1 chain as shown in this structure represents a novel tumor-associated epitope.
Initial genome sequencing and analysis of multiple myeloma (2011)

Multiple myeloma is an incurable malignancy of plasma cells, and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here we report the massively parallel sequencing of 38 tumour genomes and their comparison to matched normal DNAs. Several new and unexpected oncogenic mechanisms were suggested by the pattern of somatic mutation across the data set. These include the mutation of genes involved in protein translation (seen in nearly half of the patients), genes involved in histone methylation, and genes involved in blood coagulation. In addition, a broader than anticipated role of NF-κB signalling was indicated by mutations in 11 members of the NF-κB pathway. Of potential immediate clinical relevance, activating mutations of the kinase BRAF were observed in 4% of patients, suggesting the evaluation of BRAF inhibitors in multiple myeloma clinical trials. These results indicate that cancer genome sequencing of large collections of samples will yield new insights into cancer not anticipated by existing knowledge.
Characterization of tissue morphology, angiogenesis, and temperature in the adaptive response of muscle tissue to chronic heating. (1998)

Previous investigations on the in vivo effects of chronic heat on tissue suggest a response whereby heated tissue temperatures decrease over time. This response occurred in conjunction with localized angiogenesis, which possibly contributed to the temperature decreases by increasing local perfusion and enhancing tissue heat transfer. Our own studies were the first to use a chronic heat source to heat tissue at initial interfacial temperatures between 40 degrees C and 46 degrees C. Initial temperatures above 45.3+/-2.2 degrees C caused necrosis of adjacent tissue. Through an adaptive response, the necrosis was removed by 7 weeks and replaced by a highly vascularized tissue capsule at 41.8+/-0.5 degrees C. The present study sought to characterize the spatial distribution, number of capillaries, and temperatures associated with this adaptive response. Heated and control muscle tissue sections were removed after 2, 4, and 7 weeks of heating at 0.08 W/cm2. Tissue layer thicknesses and capillary densities were measured and correlated with corresponding tissue temperatures. Necrosis was present adjacent to the heat source at 2 and 4 weeks; however by 7 weeks, a highly vascularized fibrous tissue capsule had replaced nearly all necrosis. Capillary densities, particularly near the heat source, were significantly greater at 7 weeks than at either 2 or 4 weeks. Capillary densities in heated tissue capillary fronts tripled from 2 to 7 weeks (106.4+/-14.3 caps/mm2 versus 39.1+/-18.5 caps/mm2). Furthermore, a mean temperature of 41.7+/-0.9 degrees C was measured in heated tissue capillary fronts at all durations, suggesting that this may be a threshold temperature for heat-induced angiogenesis or endothelial cell survival. These findings more completely characterize the perfusion component of the current mathematical model for heat transfer in tissue and will help to establish guidelines for the functional heat loss that an implantable, heat-producing device may allow.
Alginate in Drug Delivery Systems (2002)

Alginates are established among the most versatile biopolymers, used in a wide range of applications. The conventional use of alginate as an excipient in drug products generally depends on the thickening, gel-forming, and stabilizing properties. A need for prolonged and better control of drug administration has increased the demand for tailor-made polymers. Hydrocolloids like alginate can play a significant role in the design of a controlled-release product. At low pH hydration of alginic acid leads to the formation of a high-viscosity "acid gel." Alginate is also easily gelled in the presence of a divalent cation as the calcium ion. Dried sodium alginate beads reswell, creating a diffusion barrier decreasing the migration of small molecules (e.g., drugs). The ability of alginate to form two types of gel dependent on pH, i.e., an acid gel and an ionotropic gel, gives the polymer unique properties compared to neutral macromolecules. The molecule can be tailor-made for a number of applications. So far more than 200 different alginate grades and a number of alginate salts are manufactured. The potential use of the various qualities as pharmaceutical excipients has not been evaluated fully, but alginate is likely to make an important contribution in the development of polymeric delivery systems. This natural polymer is adopted by Ph.Eur. It can be obtained in an ultrapure form suitable for implants. This review discusses the present use and future possibilities of alginate as a tool in drug formulation.
Radiometal labeling of immunoproteins: covalent linkage of 2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid ligands to immunoglobulin (1990)

A study was made of the covalent attachment of the bifunctional 2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid family of chelate ligands to proteins for the purpose of labeling monoclonal antibodies with radiometals. The parameters and the chemical variables examined included pH, reaction period, temperature, and ligand and protein concentrations. It is shown that these variables, with the exception of protein concentration, have significant effects on the rate of protein conjugation. Conjugation of three monoclonal antibodies and human IgG under identical conditions showed only 17% variation. Finally, the effect of the concentration of conjugated IgG on radiolabeling yield was studied.
Polyquinolines (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolyquinolinesJ. K. StilleCite this: Macromolecules 1981, 14, 3, 870–880Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma50004a077https://doi.org/10.1021/ma50004a077research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views448Altmetric-Citations151LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cloning of a novel human serotonin receptor (5-HT7) positively linked to adenylate cyclase. (1993)

An intron-containing gene encoding a novel human serotonin (5-HT) receptor was isolated from human ge-
Identification of Ipaf, a Human Caspase-1-activating Protein Related to Apaf-1 (2001)

Procaspase-9 contains an NH2-terminal caspase-associated recruitment domain (CARD), which is essential for direct association with Apaf-1 and activation. Procaspase-1 also contains an NH2-terminal CARD domain, suggesting that its mechanism of activation, like that of procaspase-9, involves association with an Apaf-1-related molecule. Here we describe the identification of a human Apaf-1-related protein, named Ipaf that contains an NH2-terminal CARD domain, a central nucleotide-binding domain, and a COOH-terminal regulatory leucine-rich repeat domain (LRR). Ipaf associates directly and specifically with the CARD domain of procaspase-1 through CARD-CARD interaction. A constitutively active Ipaf lacking its COOH-terminal LRR domain can induce autocatalytic processing and activation of procaspase-1 and caspase-1-dependent apoptosis in transfected cells. Our results suggest that Ipaf is a specific and direct activator of procaspase-1 and could be involved in activation of caspase-1 in response to pro-inflammatory and apoptotic stimuli.
Reliability of nucleic acid amplification for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: an international collaborative quality control study among 30 laboratories (1996)

Nucleic acid amplification to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens is increasingly used as a laboratory tool for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. However, the specificity and sensitivity of these tests may be questioned, and no standardized reagents for quality control assessment are available. To estimate the performance of amplification tests for routine diagnosis, we initiated an interlaboratory study involving 30 laboratories in 18 countries. We prepared blinded panels of 20 sputum samples containing no, 100, or 1,000 mycobacterial cells. Each laboratory was asked to detect M. tuberculosis by their routine method of nucleic acid amplification. Only five laboratories correctly identified the presence or absence of mycobacterial DNA in all 20 samples. Seven laboratories detected mycobacterial DNA in all positive samples, and 13 laboratories correctly reported the absence of DNA in the negative samples. Lack of specificity was more of a problem than lack of sensitivity. Reliability was not found to be associated with the use of any particular method. Reliable detection of M. tuberculosis in clinical samples by nucleic acid amplification techniques is possible, but many laboratories do not use adequate quality controls. This study underlines the need for good laboratory practice and reference reagents to monitor the performance of the whole assay, including pretreatment of clinical samples.
Allelotyping demonstrates common and distinct patterns of chromosomal loss in human lung cancer types (1998)

Allelic loss is a hallmark of tumor suppressor gene (TSG) inactivation. We have allelotyped 29 paired lymphoblastoid and lung cancer cell lines derived from 11 patients with small cell (SCLC) and 18 patients with non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). Statistical analysis indicated that a threshold of 30% separated non-random allelic loss from the random genetic deletions of malignancy. We have identified non-random allelic loss at 42 of 54 (78%) specific chromosomal regions examined, with 22 regions (52%) common between the two major lung cancer histologic types. There were 3 regions (7%) with allelic loss specific for SCLC and 17 regions (41%) specific for NSCLC. Furthermore, there were significant differences in loss of heterozygosity (LOH) frequencies between NSCLC and SCLC at 13 regions on eight chromosome arms (3p, 5q, 6q, 9p, 10q, 11p, 13q, and 19p). Eight homozygous deletions were present in seven cell lines at four regions, 3p12, 3p14.2, 9p21, and 10q23-25. We have also identified novel sites of chromosomal deletions. In particular, there was frequent loss at 11p13 in SCLC and loss at 6p21.3 and 13q12.3 in NSCLC. In this study, we demonstrate that a) non-random allelic losses in lung cancer involve multiple regions; b) some losses are common to both NSCLC and SCLC subtypes, whereas others are subtype specific; c) there are genetic deletions at novel chromosomal regions; and d) several homozygous deletions have been noted. Our studies demonstrate the usefulness of continuous cell lines for detailed allelotyping, for comparing genetic abnormalities between SCLC and NSCLC, and for identifying homozygous deletions.
Homenet: A Control Network for Consumer Applications (1983)

Homenet fills the need for a low cost network for the exchange of control information among a broad spectrum of consumer applications in the home. Just as cablevision and telephone media are stimulating delivery of new services the home, Homenet's purpose is to provide a standardized control network within the home for innovative consumer products and to complement these and other external delivery systems. Homenet is designed to handle applications ranging from rudimentary functions like on-off remote controls to complex non-data-intensive functions like energy management, security, entertainment module coordination, and clock synchronization.
The Application of a Master Frame: Tracing the War on Terror in the Irish Times 2001-8 (2013)

THE ‘WAR ON TERROR’ has surely been one of the most analysed phenomenona in political communication during the first decades of the 21st century. That this might be so is perhaps unsurprising given its prominence and its impact on domestic and international politics during this period. It has increasingly been regarded as the new ordering principle of international relations (Archetti, 2004).The phenomenon has been identified as a ‘master frame’ akin to the ‘cold war’ (Hackett, 2001; Kuypers, Cooper and Althouse, 2008) which dominated political discourse in the latter half of the 20th century. Snow and Benford (1992) originally used the term ‘master frame’ in their analysis of social movements to signify ‘political and cultural shorthand, used to unify a broad movement and instil political agency’. Meyer (1995) later sought to expand its significance beyond social movement politics, using the term to describe a more comprehensive worldview where a master frame will have resonance both within mainstream political discourse and movement politics (Meyer, 1995). In this regard Norris et al. (2003) note that the fall of the Berlin wall and the replacement of the Cold War frame with the newer ‘war on terror’ frame offered ‘a way for American politicians and journalists to construct a narrative to make sense of a range of diverse stories about international security, civil wars and global conflict’ (Norris, Kern and Just, 2003). This paper proposes to address a lacuna in the framing literature by studying how and in what context the master frame of the ‘war on terror’ was used in newspaper coverage.
The effects of cosolvents on the action of pharmaceutical buffers. (1987)

The pKa values of a number of pharmaceutical conjugate buffer acids were determined in several cosolvent-water mixtures. The pKa values were observed to differ by as much as 2pH units from the aqueous pKa values. Increases in the pKa values of acidic buffer species were observed in all cases except boric acid in polyol-water mixtures. This was presumed to be due to a well-known complexation interaction between glycols and borate. Decreases in pKa were observed for the amine buffers except glutamic acid where the charges on the protonated and unprotonated species are different from other amines. A weak interaction between THAM and glycerol was evident from an unexpected increase in pKa with cosolvent concentrations. Unexpectedly high pKa changes in dimethylsulfoxide-water mixtures for some of the solutes demonstrate the importance of nonelectrostatic solvent effects on the changes in pKa values in semiaqueous solvent systems. These data can be used to determine the pH range over which various buffers will be effective in different cosolvent-water mixtures. In addition, the simultaneous effects of dilution on the pHp of a poorly soluble drug and pH of formulations containing cosolvent-buffer mixtures is considered. It is shown that a consideration of these effects can be used to develop parenteral dosage forms which will have improved physical stability when diluted during injection or upon mixing with infusion solutions.
Purification of human fibroblast urokinase proenzyme and analysis of its regulation by proteases and protease nexin. (1984)

Recently we presented evidence that normal human foreskin fibroblasts (HF cells) limit the activity of secreted urokinase by secreting it as a proenzyme and by secreting protease nexin , an inhibitor of urokinase and certain other serine proteases (Scott, R.W., Eaton, D. L. Duran , N., and Baker, J.B. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 4397-4403). Using immunoaffinity chromatography we have now purified the HF cell urokinase proenzyme. It is a single 52-kDa polypeptide chain that is inactive toward both plasminogen and low molecular weight substrates. After proteolytic activation, this material (specific activity of 3 X 10(4) Committee on Thrombolytic Agents units/mg) is composed of two disulfide-bridged 33- and 19-kDa chains, and is thus similar to the predominant form of urokinase found in urine. Plasmin at 2 X 10(-10) M causes 50% activation of the proenzyme (1 X 10(-9) M) in 30 min at 37 degrees C. Thrombin and trypsin are one-twentieth as effective as plasmin. Activated HF cell 125I-urokinase forms sodium dodecyl sulfate stable complexes with purified protease nexin or protease nexin present in medium conditioned by HF cells. Purified protease nexin inhibits purified HF cell urokinase action on both plasminogen and low molecular weight substrates. The association rate constant for the reaction between protease nexin and HF cell urokinase is approximately 1.7 X 10(5) M-1 S-1. In contrast, the association rate constants for reactions between protease nexin and the one- and two-chain forms of tissue-type plasminogen activator are approximately 2 X 10(3) and approximately 3 X 10(4) M-1 S-1, respectively. The importance of protease nexin as a regulator of HF cell urokinase is supported by the finding that anti-protease nexin antibody potentiates the fibrinolytic activity of HF cell-conditioned medium incubated with plasminogen.
Development and Initial Application of a Hybridization-Independent, DNA-Encoded Reaction Discovery System Compatible with Organic Solvents (2007)

We have developed and applied an approach to reaction discovery that takes advantage of DNA encoding, DNA-programmed assembly of substrate pairs, in vitro selection, and PCR amplification, yet does not require reaction conditions that support DNA hybridization. This system allows the simultaneous evaluation of >200 potential bond-forming combinations of substrates in a single experiment and can be applied in a range of solvent and temperature conditions. In an initial application, we applied this system to explore Au(III)-mediated chemistry and uncovered a simple, mild method for the selective Markovnikov-type hydroarylation of vinyl arenes and trisubstituted olefins with indoles.
A Method for Producing Cloned Pigs by Using Somatic Cells as Donors (2004)

Nuclear transfer (NT) is a procedure by which genetically identical individuals can be created. The applications of these NT techniques will be in agriculture, biomedicine, and basic research. Based on the source of donor cells, NT can be classified into embryonic cell NT and somatic cell NT. Somatic cell NT was first reported in 1996 (1) and includes more practical applications. Most importantly, it provides a promising method for producing transgenic animals. This concept is exemplified by the generation of transgenic sheep (2), pigs (3,4) and calves (5), along with gene-targeted sheep (6) and pigs (7), derived from NT approaches by using transfected somatic cells. For pigs, somatic cell NT has another specific significance, as it allows the use of genetic modification procedures to produce tissues and organs from cloned pigs with reduced immunogenicity for use in xenotransplantation (7). However, when measured as development to term as a proportion of oocytes used, the efficiency of somatic cell NT, has been very low (1–2%). Several variables influence the ability to reproduce a specific genotype by cloning. These include species, source of recipient ova, cell type of nuclei donor, treatment of donor cells prior to NT, the method of artificial oocyte activation, embryo culture, possible loss of somatic imprinting in the nuclei of reconstructed embryos, failure of adequate reprogramming of the transplanted nucleus, and the techniques employed for NT. In some species (e.g., pigs) there is an additional difficulty in that at least four good embryos are required to induce and maintain pregnancy.
Increased Immune Response Elicited by DNA Vaccination with a Synthetic gp120 Sequence with Optimized Codon Usage (1998)

DNA vaccination elicits humoral and cellular immune responses and has been shown to confer protection against several viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens. Here we report that optimized codon usage of an injected DNA sequence considerably increases both humoral and cellular immune responses. We recently generated a synthetic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 sequence in which most wild-type codons were replaced with codons from highly expressed human genes (syngp120). In vitro expression of syngp120 is considerably increased in comparison to that of the respective wild-type sequence. In BALB/c mice, DNA immunization with syngp120 resulted in significantly increased antibody titers and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte reactivity, suggesting a direct correlation between expression levels and the immune response. Moreover, syngp120 is characterized by rev-independent expression and a low risk of recombination with viral sequences. Thus, synthetic genes with optimized codon usage represent a novel strategy to increase the efficacy and safety of DNA vaccination.