gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mouse Liver Tumorigenesis: Models, Mechanisms, and Relevance to Human Disease (1999)

Hepatocytes have a remarkable proliferative capacity, but are quiescent in normal liver. Cell cycle activation in hepatocarcinogenesis can be directly triggered by overexpression of single and combinations of genes or be initiated indirectly by compensatory proliferation in response to liver injury. Work with transgenic and knockout mice indicate that regardless of the initiating cause, constitutive hepatocyte proliferation accompanied by genomic damage are essential factors for liver tumor development. The carcinogenic process is best described as a continuum that involves unregulated hyperplasia, dysplasia, and adenoma formation. The critical steps required for the transition from regulated to constitutive hepatocyte proliferation and the mechanisms of genomic damage in proliferating cells are being investigated. This knowledge should be directly applicable to studies of human liver tumorigenesis.
Solid modeling for production design (1987)

This paper describes a solid modeling and interactive graphics computer system which is being used for conceptual and detailed design by the mechanical design community at IBM's Data Systems Division Laboratory in Poughkeepsie, New York. The system has evolved from research on solid modeling begun at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center in the mid-70s. Its development has resulted in one of the first major production uses of solid modeling in industry. The system was first tested in pilot and limited production environments in 1981, and is now in production use as the primary design tool for mechanical portions of IBM's large computer mainframes. Its introduction, development, integration, and use are described, and its functional and performance characteristics as well as requirements for future enhancements are discussed. We conclude from our experience that solid modeling has become a significant new production tool for mechanical design.
Microbial hydroxyapatite formation as a model of proteolipid-dependent membrane-mediated calcification. (1984)

The study of calcium hydroxyapatite (HA) formation in bacteria can be used as a model for membrane-associated normal and pathologic calcification in vertebrates. While the ability to deposit HA is common to a wide variety of microorganisms, the characteristic is not universal, even within closely related species (e.g., oral streptococci). Clues as to why some microorganisms can support HA formation while others cannot have been derived from analysis of calcification of Bacterionema matruchotii. These bacteria form intracellular HA which is crystallographically indistinguishable from bone mineral. Calcification is proteolipid (Pr)-dependent and involves Ca-phospholipid-Pi (CPLX) formation. Crystal deposition follows a defined series of events including changes in Ca:Mg:Pi ratios, membrane lipids, Pr concentration, protein and phospholipid composition, and mineral phase. Comparison with non-calcifiable Actinomyces naeslundii indicates that under appropriate conditions, most Pr-containing membranes can function as nucleating sites. Enrichment of Pr and CPLX in pathologic calcifications and matrix vesicle membranes suggests that similar mechanisms may operate in vertebrate HA formation.
Active objects (2012)

We introduce an entity-centric search experience, called Active Objects, in which entity-bearing queries are paired with actions that can be performed on the entities. For example, given a query for a specific flashlight, we aim to present actions such as reading reviews, watching demo videos, and finding the best price online. In an annotation study conducted over a random sample of user query sessions, we found that a large proportion of queries in query logs involve actions on entities, calling for an automatic approach to identifying relevant actions for entity-bearing queries. In this paper, we pose the problem of finding actions that can be performed on entities as the problem of probabilistic inference in a graphical model that captures how an entity bearing query is generated. We design models of increasing complexity that capture latent factors such as entity type and intended actions that determine how a user writes a query in a search box, and the URL that they click on. Given a large collection of real-world queries and clicks from a commercial search engine, the models are learned efficiently through maximum likelihood estimation using an EM algorithm. Given a new query, probabilistic inference enables recommendation of a set of pertinent actions and hosts. We propose an evaluation methodology for measuring the relevance of our recommended actions, and show empirical evidence of the quality and the diversity of the discovered actions.
Numerical analysis of the absorption and the refractive index change in arbitrary semiconductor quantum-well structures (1992)

A numerical method for the analysis of the absorption spectrum and the refractive index change due to an external electric field in quantum-well structures is presented. The finite-element method and the variational method are used to obtain the subband and the exciton energies in a quantum-well structure, respectively. The absorption spectrum due to the band-to-band and the excitonic transitions is then calculated, and the refractive index change is obtained using the Kramers-Kronig relations. This method is applicable to quantum-well structures with arbitrary potential profiles made of arbitrary semiconductors, because it is based on the finite-element method in which the general boundary condition for the heterointerface is employed. The validity of the method is confirmed by comparing the computed results with the measured ones.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Gregarious Lipid Droplet (2008)

Cytoplasmic lipid droplets were considered until recently to be in the same category as glycogen granules, simple storage sites for energy, waxing and waning as metabolic energy needs dictated, but otherwise inert particles. It has become clear, however, that droplets are much more than isolated storage depots in the cell and that they can skate around on the cytoskeleton, physically interact with several organelles over short or long durations, and be beasts of burden, storing important molecules unrelated to lipids for later use. Although important clues to the panoply of droplet functions have come to light as a result of several proteomics studies, some behavioral qualities of this organelle were apparent from older morphological studies. Droplets are indeed gregarious. In this Minireview, after first considering the basic biochemical properties of lipid droplets, I shall focus on their interactions with other organelles, as manifest by morphological and dynamic studies and hinted at by proteomics. The important functions of droplets in storing and chaperoning proteins are well covered in a recent review (1) and will not be discussed here.
Electrochemical Deposition of Very Smooth Lithium Using Nonaqueous Electrolytes Containing HF (1996)

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy methods were used for analysis of the surface layers of lithium deposited at various current densities from propylene carbonate containing and various amounts of HF, to investigate the effect of HF in electrolytes on the surface reaction of lithium during electrochemical deposition. Our analyses indicate that the surface state of lithium and the morphology of lithium deposits are influenced by both the concentration of HF and the electrodeposition current. The first parameter for the electrodeposition of lithium is related to the chemical reaction rate of the lithium surface with HF and second to the electrodeposition rate of lithium. These results suggest that surface modification is effective in suppressing lithium dendrite formation when the chemical reaction rate with HF is greater than the electrochemical deposition rate of lithium.
Postexposure Prophylaxis against Experimental Inhalation Anthrax (1993)

Inhalation anthrax is a rare disease that is almost invariably fatal. This study determined whether a prolonged course of postexposure antibiotics with or without vaccination would protect monkeys exposed to a lethal aerosol dose of Bacillus anthracis when the antibiotic was discontinued. Beginning 1 day after exposure, groups of 10 animals were given penicillin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, doxycycline plus vaccination, vaccination alone, or saline. Antibiotics were administered for 30 days and then discontinued. Vaccine was given on days 1 and 15. Two animals died of causes other than anthrax and were not included in the statistical analysis. Nine of 10 controls and 8 of 10 animals given only vaccine died. Each antibiotic regimen completely protected animals while on therapy and provided significant long-term protection upon discontinuance of the drug (penicillin, 7 of 10 survived, P < .02; ciprofloxacin, 8 of 9 survived, P < .002; doxycycline, 9 of 10 survived, P < .002; doxycycline plus vaccination, 9 of 9 survived, P < .0002). Protection against rechallenge was provided by combining postexposure antibiotic treatment with vaccination.
Alkylboranes in the Suzuki−Miyaura Coupling:  Stereochemical and Mechanistic Studies (1998)

Both erythro and threo isomers of B-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dideuterio-1-butyl)-9-BBN (6) were prepared from 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyne (4) through a hydroboration-deuteronolysis-hydroboration sequence employing first 9-BBN-H and then 9-BBN-D, or in reverse order, respectively. Employing the Whitesides protocol, the stereochemistry of B --> Pd alkyl group transfer in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of 6 to PhBr has been found to occur with complete retention of configuration with respect to carbon. For the coupling process, the Lewis acidity of the boron plays an important role with B-alkyl-9-BBN (10) forming [HO(R)-9-BBN](-)(1) (12) with the added base, in marked contrast to their B-alkyl-9-oxa-10-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decane counterparts (R-OBBD, 11) which do not. This behavior parallels their coupling rates with the exclusive reaction of 10 over 11 in competitive experiments. Five five possible roles were demonstrated for the added base in the coupling: (1) the formation of 12, (2) the hydrolysis of Ph(Ph(3)P)(2)PdBr (14) to provide monomeric Ph(Ph(3)P)(2)PdOH (15), (3) the complexation of HOBR(2) byproducts which can compete with 10 for base, (4) accelerated coupling rates for 11, and (5) catalyst regeneration. Kinetic studies reveal that the couplings are zero-order in the borane but for 10 exhibit a first-order dependence on [PhBr] (i.e., oxidative addition), while for 11 exhibit a first-order dependence on [OH(-)(1)] (i.e., Pd(II)X hydrolysis). These data are interpreted in terms of attack of 14 by 12 to form a hydroxo &mgr;(2)-bridged intermediate 8(a) [PhL(2) Pd <-- (OH)BR(9-BBN)]. This provides the precursor to transmetalation through a four-centered transition state 9. Because the analogous hydroxyborate complex is absent for 11, 14 is hydrolyzed by OH(-)(1) forming 15 in a slower process, with this ultimately reacting with 11 to form a related intermediate 8(b) [PhL(2) Pd(OH) --> BR(OBBD)] which also collapses to products through 9.
Miniaturized lensless imaging systems for cell and microorganism visualization in point‐of‐care testing (2011)

Low-cost, robust, and user-friendly diagnostic capabilities at the point-of-care (POC) are critical for treating infectious diseases and preventing their spread in developing countries. Recent advances in micro- and nanoscale technologies have enabled the merger of optical and fluidic technologies (optofluidics) paving the way for cost-effective lensless imaging and diagnosis for POC testing in resource-limited settings. Applications of the emerging lensless imaging technologies include detecting and counting cells of interest, which allows rapid and affordable diagnostic decisions. This review presents the advances in lensless imaging and diagnostic systems, and their potential clinical applications in developing countries. The emerging technologies are reviewed from a POC perspective considering cost effectiveness, portability, sensitivity, throughput and ease of use for resource-limited settings.
Some properties of Ni-Ti-Nb-X quarternary alloys (2000)

The effect of the addition of element X (X = V, Cr and Zr) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni-Ti-Nb alloys has been investigated. The results suggest that the addition of V and Zr plays an important role in the suppression of the brittle (Ti,Nb) 2 Ni phase and for the improvement of the plasticity of Ni-Ti-Nb based alloys. Solid solution hardening and Zr of the matrix and the β-Nb particles in Ni-Ti-Nb based alloys can also be obtained, which results in an improvement of the shape memory effect of Ni-Ti-Nb alloys.
Interleukin 25 promotes the initiation of proallergic type 2 responses (2007)

The molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation of innate and adaptive proallergic type 2 responses are not understood. Interleukin (IL) 25, a member of the IL-17 cytokine family, was recently reported (Owyang, A.M., C. Zaph, E.H. Wilson, K.J. Guild, T. McClanahan, H.R. Miller, D.J. Cua, M. Goldschmidt, C.A. Hunter, R.A. Kastelein, and D. Artis. 2006. J. Exp. Med. 203:843-849; Fallon, P.G., S.J. Ballantyne, N.E. Mangan, J.L. Barlow, A. Dasvarma, D.R. Hewett, A. McIlgorm, H.E. Jolin, and A.N. McKenzie. 2006. J. Exp. Med. 203:1105-1116) to be important in Th2 cell-mediated immunity to parasitic infection. However, the cellular source and targets of IL-25 are not well understood. We show that mouse IL-25 is expressed by lung epithelial cells as a result of innate immune responses to allergens. Transgenic overexpression of IL-25 by these cells leads to mucus production and airway infiltration of macrophages and eosinophils, whereas blockade of IL-25 conversely reduces the airway inflammation and Th2 cytokine production in an allergen-induced asthma model. In addition, IL-25, with a receptor more highly expressed in Th2 than other effector T cells, promotes Th2 cell differentiation in an IL-4- and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6-dependent manner. During early T cell activation, IL-25 potentiates expression of the nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 and JunB transcription factors, which possibly results in increased levels of initial IL-4 production, up-regulation of GATA-3 expression, and enhanced Th2 cell differentiation. Thus, IL-25 is a critical factor regulating the initiation of innate and adaptive proallergic responses.
Recent developments in the field of organic heterobimetallic compounds of the alkaline-earth metals (2006)

Heterobimetallic compounds of the alkaline-earth metals show a wide structural variety with strongly differing reactivity patterns. The combination of magnesium and alkali metal amides yields cyclic molecules with an extreme high reactivity which often are considered as "inverse crowns" with the metal atoms as coordination sites for Lewis bases. In other metallates of the alkaline-earth metals an activation of alkyl groups succeeds. In alkaline-earth metal zincates an inverse coordination of the type M(2)[(mu-R)(2)ZnR](2) is observed and the alkyl groups are in bridging positions between zinc and the s-block metals thus forming a very reactive M-C-Zn three-center-two-electron bond. Furthermore, the metals of the carbon group form alkaline-earth metal-silicon, -germanium and -tin bonds or, in the presence of very strong Lewis bases, even solvent-separated ion pairs. For electronegative substituents at tin an inverse coordination mode such as M[(mu-R)(2)SnR](2) is observed.
Electroluminescence from Substituted Poly(thiophenes): From Blue to Near-Infrared (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectroluminescence from Substituted Poly(thiophenes): From Blue to Near-InfraredM. R. Andersson, M. Berggren, O. Inganaes, G. Gustafsson, J. C. Gustafsson-Carlberg, D. Selse, T. Hjertberg, and O. WennerstroemCite this: Macromolecules 1995, 28, 22, 7525–7529Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00126a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00126a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1027Altmetric-Citations270LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Local Control of Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes (2009)

We investigated the mechanisms of excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) and fetal ventricular myocytes (hFVMs) using patch-clamp electrophysiology and confocal microscopy. We tested the hypothesis that Ca(2+) influx via voltage-gated L-type Ca(2+) channels activates Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) via a local control mechanism in hESC-CMs and hFVMs. Field-stimulated, whole-cell [Ca(2+)](i) transients in hESC-CMs required Ca(2+) entry through L-type Ca(2+) channels, as evidenced by the elimination of such transients by either removal of extracellular Ca(2+) or treatment with diltiazem, an L-type channel inhibitor. Ca(2+) release from the SR also contributes to the [Ca(2+)](i) transient in these cells, as evidenced by studies with drugs interfering with either SR Ca(2+) release (i.e. ryanodine and caffeine) or reuptake (i.e. thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid). As in adult ventricular myocytes, membrane depolarization evoked large L-type Ca(2+) currents (I(Ca)) and corresponding whole-cell [Ca(2+)](i) transients in hESC-CMs and hFVMs, and the amplitude of both I(Ca) and the [Ca(2+)](i) transients were finely graded by the magnitude of the depolarization. hESC-CMs exhibit a decreasing EC coupling gain with depolarization to more positive test potentials, "tail" [Ca(2+)](i) transients upon repolarization from extremely positive test potentials, and co-localized ryanodine and sarcolemmal L-type Ca(2+) channels, all findings that are consistent with the local control hypothesis. Finally, we recorded Ca(2+) sparks in hESC-CMs and hFVMs. Collectively, these data support a model in which tight, local control of SR Ca(2+) release by the I(Ca) during EC coupling develops early in human cardiomyocytes.
Functional Analysis of the Cellulose Synthase GenesCesA1, CesA2, and CesA3 in Arabidopsis (2002)

Polysaccharide analyses of mutants link several of the glycosyltransferases encoded by the 10 CesA genes of Arabidopsis to cellulose synthesis. Features of those mutant phenotypes point to particular genes depositing cellulose predominantly in either primary or secondary walls. We used transformation with antisense constructs to investigate the functions of CesA2 (AthA) and CesA3 (AthB), genes for which reduced synthesis mutants are not yet available. Plants expressing antisense CesA1 (RSW1) provided a comparison with a gene whose mutant phenotype (Rsw1(-)) points mainly to a primary wall role. The antisense phenotypes of CesA1 and CesA3 were closely similar and correlated with reduced expression of the target gene. Reductions in cell length rather than cell number underlay the shorter bolts and stamen filaments. Surprisingly, seedling roots were unaffected in both CesA1 and CesA3 antisense plants. In keeping with the mild phenotype compared with Rsw1(-), reductions in total cellulose levels in antisense CesA1 and CesA3 plants were at the borderline of significance. We conclude that CesA3, like CesA1, is required for deposition of primary wall cellulose. To test whether there were important functional differences between the two, we overexpressed CesA3 in rsw1 but were unable to complement that mutant's defect in CesA1. The function of CesA2 was less obvious, but, consistent with a role in primary wall deposition, the rate of stem elongation was reduced in antisense plants growing rapidly at 31 degrees C.
Radioimmunoassay and characterization of enkephalins in rat tissues. (1978)

A highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for three enkephalins (opiate-like pentapeptides) has been developed. The assay utilizes /sup 125/I-labeled enkephalins and antisera raised in rabbits, to synthetic enkephalins coupled with glutaraldehyde to bovine serum albumin. These antisera show <1% cross-reactivity between H/sub 2/N-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-OH ((Met/sup 5/)enkephalin) and H/sub 2/N-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH ((Leu/sup 5/)enkephalin) and even lower cross-reactvity to ..beta..-endorphin. Morphine shows no cross reactivity at all. The assay can detect as little as 10 fmol of enkephalin. Dose response curves for synthetic enkephalin and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in acid extracts of brain are superimposable. Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in tissue extracts is destroyed by treating extracts with leucine aminopeptidase or carboxypeptidase, enzymes which also destroy synthetic enkephalin. An opiate receptor binding assay based on the binding of /sup 125/I-labeled (DAla/sup 2/Leu/sup 5/)-enkephalin to N4TG1 neuroblastoma cells has also been developed. Gel filtration of acid extracts of brain or pituitary gland shows that both contain opiate-like material. However, whereas in brain most of opiate-like material co-chromatographs with enkephalin, in the pituitary no opiate-like material was observed to co-chromatograph with enkephalin but was of higher molecular weight. Enkephalin is widely distributed in the brain. High concentrations of both (Met/sup 5/)- and (Leu/sup 5/)enkephalins are found in the striatummore » (approximately 5 pmol/mg of protein), lower concentrations in the thalamus and midbrain, and very low concentrations in the cerebellum. The ratio of (Met/sup 5/)enkephalin to (Leu/sup 5/)enkephalin also differs in different brain areas. The ratio is very high in the hippocampus (15.2) and hypothalamus (13.6), but lower in other areas such as the cortex (1.4).« less
Capacitively Coupled Multichip Modules (2005)

This paper introduces a radically new method for interconnecting electronic packages electrically and mechanically. It applies to Levels 0-3 inclusive, including die-to-die (Level 0 - Level 0), die-to- substrate (0-1), substrate-to-substrate (1-1), module-to- module (2-2), and substrate to cable or backplane (1-3). Pulse signals are used to signal among semiconductor wafers, dies, modules, or other ensembles of components Capacitive coupling makes possible extremely dense, low-cost, high-performance interconnections. Uniform electrical interfaces make an integrated package possible, collapsing the traditional packaging hierarchy into a single uniform level. Inherently much lower cost is entailed in the design, test, assembly, and rework of capacitively coupled multichip modules than for conductive modules. Savings accrue from eliminating mechanical connectors, backplane structures, processing equipment & steps, materials, and failure modes of all of these. The requisite equipment already exists in foundries, not just in dedicated MCM houses. Substrates may be thin or thick film, so long as smoothness and planarity match the density and decoupling requirements. For these reasons, any system comprising two or more die where pulse drivers and receivers can be designed in may be a candidate for capacitive coupling.