gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Autooxidation of docosahexaenoic acid: analysis of ten isomers of hydroxydocosahexaenoate. (1984)

Docosahexaenoic acid, an n-3 essential fatty acid, was recently shown to be enzymically converted by platelets, basophils, and liver microsomes into metabolites containing conjugated dienes with allylic hydroxyl groups. To help identify these metabolites, standards were prepared by autooxidation of docosahexaenoic acid. After isolation by reverse phase and normal phase high performance chromatography (HPLC), ten hydroxy isomers of docosahexaenoic acid were identified by capillary gas-liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. From these studies and reported elution orders for similar metabolites derived from linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids, two basic HPLC elution patterns became apparent. Under reverse phase chromatography conditions, the distance of the trans-double bond from the carboxyl group was the critical parameter in determining the elution order. Under silicic acid chromatography conditions, the distance of the hydroxyl from the carbomethoxy group seemed to determine the elution order. The dramatic difference in selectivity between reverse and normal phase HPLC of the hydroxy acids provides critical information useful for identifying endogenous metabolites.
Phase imaging without 2π ambiguity by multiwavelength digital holography (2003)

We present a phase-imaging method with an axial range that can in principle be arbitrarily large compared to the wavelength and does not involve the usual phase unwrapping by detection of phase discontinuity. The method consists of the generation and combination of two phase maps in a digital holography system by use of two separate wavelengths. For example, we reconstructed the surface of a spherical mirror with approximately 10-nm axial resolution and an axial range of approximately 3 microm.
Fast and low-power thermooptic switch on thin silicon-on-insulator (2003)

We have designed and fabricated Mach-Zehnder interferometer thermooptic switches using a wafer-bonded thin-silicon-on-insulator materials system. The thermally switched devices use single-mode strip waveguides with dimensions 0.26×0.6 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , operating at a wavelength of /spl lambda/=1.55 μm. Useful device characteristics include a low switching power, 50 mW, and a fast rise time of <3.5 μs. These results demonstrate the potential of this high-index-contrast materials system for the design of fast and low-power thermooptic switches and as an active element in photonic integrated circuits.
Preferential expression of myelencephalon-specific protease by oligodendrocytes of the adult rat spinal cord white matter (2000)

Myelencephalon-specific protease (MSP) is a novel serine protease that is expressed predominantly in the nervous system. In the adult rat spinal cord, MSP mRNA expression was dramatically upregulated, in both the white and gray matter, after systemic exposure to the glutamate receptor agonist, kainic acid (KA) (Scarisbrick et al. J Neurosci 17: 8156-8168, 1997b). To determine the cell-specific expression patterns of MSP, we generated MSP-specific monoclonal antibodies. These have been used in immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization colocalization studies, to demonstrate that MSP mRNA and protein are produced predominantly by CNP-immunoreactive oligodendroglia, but not by GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes, in the white matter of the normal adult cord. In vitro, the soma of oligodendrocytes were also densely MSP immunoreactive, as were their growth tips, while astrocytes were associated with lower levels. These findings suggest that the enzymatic activity of MSP is likely to be important in the biology of oligodendrocytes and/or in the maintenance of the nerve fiber tracts of the adult spinal cord.
Acute depletion of Tet1-dependent 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels impairs LIF/Stat3 signaling and results in loss of embryonic stem cell identity (2011)

The TET family of FE(II) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent enzymes (Tet1/2/3) promote DNA demethylation by converting 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), which they further oxidize into 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine. Tet1 is robustly expressed in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and has been implicated in mESC maintenance. Here we demonstrate that, unlike genetic deletion, RNAi-mediated depletion of Tet1 in mESCs led to a significant reduction in 5hmC and loss of mESC identity. The differentiation phenotype due to Tet1 depletion positively correlated with the extent of 5hmC loss. Meta-analyses of genomic data sets suggested interaction between Tet1 and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signaling. LIF signaling is known to promote self-renewal and pluripotency in mESCs partly by opposing MAPK/ERK-mediated differentiation. Withdrawal of LIF leads to differentiation of mESCs. We discovered that Tet1 depletion impaired LIF-dependent Stat3-mediated gene activation by affecting Stat3's ability to bind to its target sites on chromatin. Nanog overexpression or inhibition of MAPK/ERK signaling, both known to maintain mESCs in the absence of LIF, rescued Tet1 depletion, further supporting the dependence of LIF/Stat3 signaling on Tet1. These data support the conclusion that analysis of mESCs in the hours/days immediately following efficient Tet1 depletion reveals Tet1's normal physiological role in maintaining the pluripotent state that may be subject to homeostatic compensation in genetic models.
Expression of a Distinctive BCR-ABL Oncogene in Ph 1 -Positive Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) (1988)

The Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) is a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 that is found in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and a subset of acute lymphocytic leukemia patients (ALL). In CML, this results in the expression of a chimeric 8.5-kilobase BCR-ABL transcript that encodes the P210BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase. The Ph1 chromosome in ALL expresses a distinct ABL-derived 7-kilobase messenger RNA that encodes the P185ALL-ABL protein. Since the expression of different oncogene products may play a role in the distinctive presentation of Ph1-positive ALL versus CML, it is necessary to understand the molecular basis for the expression of P185ALL-ABL. Both P210BCR-ABL and P185ALL-ABL are recognized by an antiserum directed to BCR determinants in the amino-terminal region of both proteins. Antisera to BCR determinants proximal to the BCR-ABL junction in CML immunoprecipitated P210BCR-ABL but not P185ALL-ABL. Nucleotide sequence analysis of complementary DNA clones made from RNA from the Ph1-positive ALL SUP-B15 cell line, and S1 nuclease protection analysis confirmed the presence of BCR-ABL chimeric transcripts in Ph1-positive ALL cells. In Ph1-positive ALL, ABL sequences were joined to BCR sequences approximately 1.5 kilobases 5' of the CML junction. P185ALL-ABL represents the product of a BCR-ABL fusion gene in Ph1-positive ALL that is distinct from the BCR-ABL fusion gene of CML.
A sparse texture representation using affine-invariant regions (2003)

This paper introduces a texture representation suitable for recognizing images of textured surfaces under a wide range of transformations, including viewpoint changes and nonrigid deformations. At the feature extraction stage, a sparse set of affine-invariant local patches is extracted from the image. This spatial selection process permits the computation of characteristic scale and neighborhood shape for every texture element. The proposed texture representation is evaluated in retrieval and classification tasks using the entire Brodatz database and a collection of photographs of textured surfaces taken from different viewpoints.
Face recognition: the problem of compensating for changes in illumination direction (1997)

A face recognition system must recognize a face from a novel image despite the variations between images of the same face. A common approach to overcoming image variations because of changes in the illumination conditions is to use image representations that are relatively insensitive to these variations. Examples of such representations are edge maps, image intensity derivatives, and images convolved with 2D Gabor-like filters. Here we present an empirical study that evaluates the sensitivity of these representations to changes in illumination, as well as viewpoint and facial expression. Our findings indicated that none of the representations considered is sufficient by itself to overcome image variations because of a change in the direction of illumination. Similar results were obtained for changes due to viewpoint and expression. Image representations that emphasized the horizontal features were found to be less sensitive to changes in the direction of illumination. However, systems based only on such representations failed to recognize up to 20 percent of the faces in our database. Humans performed considerably better under the same conditions. We discuss possible reasons for this superiority and alternative methods for overcoming illumination effects in recognition.
고려 예종대 신설제도의 정치적 배경 (2012)

본 논문에서는 고려 예종대 신설된 제도의 정치적 배경에 대해 살펴보았다. 예종대의 신설된 제도들은 그 유형에 따라 세 가지로 구분되는데 첫 번째, 유민안집과 구휼을 위한 감무, 구제도감, 혜민국 두 번째, 인재양성을 위한 7재, 청연각과 보문각, 양현고 세 번째, 권위강화를 위한 예의상정소와 대성악이다. 이와 같은 신설제도들은 예종의 정치적 구상에 의해 신설되게 되었는데, 예종이 유민안집과 구휼 등 현실문제에 적극적으로 대응한 것은 부왕인 숙종이 조카인 헌종을 몰아내고 왕위에 올랐기 때문에 왕이 될 자질이 있음을 보여주기 위해 덕망 있는 군주의 모습을 강조하기 위해서였다. 또한, 인재양성은 숙종의 정책을 이어받았지만 여진정벌이 실패로 끝난 뒤 자신의 지지기반이 되어줄 인재들이 필요했기 때문이었다. 권위강화는 왕위를 넘보는 여러 세력들을 저지하고 상하를 명확히 하여 왕의 권위를 높이고자 하였다. 결론적으로 예종대 신설된 제도들의 대부분이 송의 영향을 많이 받았는데 이는 자신의 정국운영방식에 반발했던 관료들에게 송황제의 권위를 빌려 자신의 권위까지 상승시키는 효과를 위한 것이었다.
Hydrolysis of RNA/DNA hybrids containing nonpolar pyrimidine isosteres defines regions essential for HIV type 1 polypurine tract selection (2003)

Both x-ray crystallography and chemical footprinting indicate that bases of the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) polypurine tract (PPT)-containing RNA/DNA hybrid deviate from standard Watson-Crick base pairing. However, the contribution of these structural anomalies to the accuracy of plus-strand primer selection by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is not immediately clear. To address this issue, DNA templates harboring single and pairwise non-hydrogen-bonding isosteres of cytosine (2-fluoro-4-methylbenzene deoxyribonucleoside) and thymine (2,4-difluoro-5-methylbenzene deoxyribonucleoside) were synthesized and hybridized to PPT-containing RNA primers as a means of locally removing hydrogen bonding and destabilizing paired structure. Cleavage of these hybrids was examined with p66/p51 HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and a mutant carrying an alteration in the p66 RNase H primer shown to specifically impair PPT processing. Analog insertion within the PPT (rG):(dC) and central (rA):(dT) tracts repositioned the RNase H domain such that the RNA/DNA hybrid was cleaved 3-4 bp from the site of insertion, a distance corresponding closely to the spatial separation between the catalytic center and RNase H primer grip. However, PPT processing was significantly impaired when the junction between these tracts was substituted. Substitutions within the upstream (rA):(dT) tract, where maximum distortion had previously been observed, destroyed PPT processing. Collectively, our scanning mutagenesis approach implicates multiple regions of the PPT in the accuracy with which it is excised from (+) U3 RNA and DNA, and also provides evidence for close cooperation between the RNase H primer grip and catalytic center in achieving this cleavage.
Murine myocardium OCT imaging with a blood substitute (2002)

Imaging of the in vivo murine myocardium using optical coherence tomography (OCT) is described. Application of conventional techniques (e.g. MRI, Ultrasound imaging) for imaging the murine myocardium is problematic because the wall thickness is less than 1.5mm (20g mouse), and the heart rate can be as high as six-hundred beats per minute. To acquire a real-time image of the murine myocardium, OCT can provide sufficient spatial resolution (10 micrometers ) and imaging speed (1000 A-Scans/s). Strong light scattering by blood in the heart causes significant light attenuation making delineation of the endocardium-chamber boundary problematic. By replacing whole blood in the mouse with an artificial blood substitute we demonstrate significant reduction of light scattering in the murine myocardium. The results indicate a significant reduction in light scattering as whole blood hematocrit is diminished below 5%. To measure thickness change of the myocardium during one cycle, a myocardium edge detection algorithm is developed and demonstrated.
Methods to speed up error back-propagation learning algorithm (1995)

Error back propagation (EBP) is now the most used training algorithm for feedforward artificial neural networks (FFANNs). However, it is generally believed that it is very size
Phycobilisomes: Light-Harvesting Pigment Complexes (1975)

Journal Article Phycobilisomes: Light-Harvesting Pigment Complexes Get access Elisabeth Gantt Elisabeth Gantt Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BioScience, Volume 25, Issue 12, December 1975, Pages 781–788, https://doi.org/10.2307/1297221 Published: 01 December 1975 Article history Accepted: 20 May 1975 Published: 01 December 1975
The Development of an Automated Cost Estimating System Using 3D CAD and Relational Database (2000)

The Development of an Automated Cost Estimating System Using 3D CAD and Relational Database Young-Suk Kim, Se-Wook Oh, Jung-Ryul Kim, Beak-Joon Sung Pages 1-9 (2000 Proceedings of the 17th ISARC, Taipei, Taiwan, ISBN 9789570266986, ISSN 2413-5844) Abstract: The successful construction of a facility highly depends on adequate planning, design, and control of the construction process. In an effort to better monitor and control the construction project, the construction industry has been engaged extensively in the development of a new computerized design and management system applying the concept of Computer Integrated Construction (CIC). The CIC is a new trend to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the entire construction process by integrating different types of information within computer based environment. The primary objective of this paper is to propose a model for the development and implementation of an automated cost estimating system using 3D CAD and relational database under the CIC system environment. The developed system automatically generates the quantities of both elements and work items directly from 3D CAD object model, and provides the cost estimating information including project and home office overheads, and profit of the entire construction work. Conclusions are made concerning the value of the effectiveness of the automated cost estimating system developed. Finally, it is anticipated that successful implementation of the automated cost estimating system presented in this paper would be able to bring the significant improvement of productivity and quality in both design and construction phases, and increase the efficiency of construction management as well. Keywords: CIC, Information Technology, Cost estimating, 3D CAD, Relational database DOI: https://doi.org/10.22260/ISARC2000/0094 Download fulltext Download BibTex Download Endnote (RIS) TeX Import to Mendeley
원저 : 삼염화초산 ( Trichloroacetic Acid ) 에 의한 화학박피의 실험적 연구 (1994)

Background : Trichloroacetic acid chemexfoliation has gained popularity and is widely used cosmetically. The depth of the wound caused by the various dilutions of TCA is paramount to the therapeutic efficacy. Therfore rational use of TCA chemexfoliation requires a clear understanding of the expected depth of destruction caused by a given dilution. Objective : The purpose of this stuely is to quantitate the wound deptlw produced by varying concentrations of TCA. We have stirdied takie effects of consecutive applications, occlusion and tretinoin pretreatment on wound depth in TCA clinimical peeling. Methods.Various concentrations of TCA and distilled water were aplied to two pairs of test sites of a guinea pigs back in a uniform fashion with cotton-tip applicators and then we have measured the mean depth of epidermal necrtsis mieroscopically by using Visual Imagc Data Analysis System. Results : 1. Depths of wounds createdly threre consecutive applications of 20, 35% and 50% TCA were deeper than those of wounds by a single application of TCA. 2. Depths of wounds created by application of TCA with the occlusive method were deeper than those of the open method. Therefore the effect of occlusion is to enhance the penetration of TCA. 3. Depths of wounds pretreatwi with 0.05 % tretinoin daily for 7 days are deeper than those of the control in 50% TCA chemical peeling. Therefore the effect of 0.05% retinoin pretreatment is to enhance the penetration of TCA. Conclusian : This study showed that consecutive applications, oeclusion and tretinoin pretreatment in TCA chemexfoliation enhance the peietration of TCA. 
(Kor J Dermatol 1994;32(5):770-777)
Mechanics of Dynamic Needle Insertion into a Biological Material (2009)

During needle-based procedures, transitions between tissue layers often lead to rupture events that involve large forces and tissue deformations and produce uncontrollable crack extensions. In this paper, the mechanics of these rupture events is described, and the effect of insertion velocity on needle force, tissue deformation, and needle work is analyzed. Using the J integral method from fracture mechanics, rupture events are modeled as sudden crack extensions that occur when the release rate J of strain energy concentrated at the tip of the crack exceeds the fracture toughness of the material. It is shown that increasing the velocity of needle insertion will reduce the force of the rupture event when it increases the energy release rate. A nonlinear viscoelastic Kelvin model is then used to predict the relationship between the deformation of tissue and the rupture force at different velocities. The model predicts that rupture deformation and work asymptotically approach minimum values as needle velocity increases. Consequently, most of the benefit of using a higher needle velocity can be achieved using a finite velocity that is inversely proportional to the relaxation time of the tissue. Experiments confirm the analytical predictions with multilayered porcine cardiac tissue.
Type-1 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)/PTH-Related Peptide (PTHrP) Receptors Activate Phospholipase C in Response to Carboxyl-Truncated Analogs of PTH(1-34) (1998)

The carboxyl(C)-truncated human (h) PTH (hPTH) analog hPTH(1–31), which activates adenylyl cyclase (AC), but not protein kinase C, in rat osteosarcoma cells, exerts an anabolic effect on rat bone in vivo similar to that of hPTH(1–34). It has been proposed, therefore, that this action of PTH(1–34) is mediated exclusively by stimulation of AC via the rat type-1 PTH/PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor (PTH1R). To determine whether this selective signaling pattern also might be a property of the hPTH1R, we studied signal transduction via heterologously expressed hPTH1Rs in response to activation by hPTH(1–34), hPTH(1–31), and a C-truncated analog that does not increase rat bone mass in vivo, hPTH(1–30). In porcine LLC-PK1 cells that stably expressed recombinant hPTH1Rs, these three peptides activated AC identically (EC50 = 1–2 nm). In cells with comparable expression of rat PTH1Rs, AC activation by hPTH(1–34) and hPTH(1–31) again was identical, whereas full activation by hPTH(1–30) required higher concentrations (EC50 = 10 nmvs. 1 nm). Surprisingly, hPTH(1–31) fully stimulated phospholipase C (PLC), via both species of PTH1Rs, with potency that was similar (hPTH1Rs) or slightly reduced (rat PTH1Rs), relative to that of hPTH(1–34). hPTH(1–30), however, was 5-fold less potent than hPTH(1–34) in activating PLC via hPTH1Rs and showed weak and only partial activity via the rat PTH1R. Comparable results were obtained when human and rat PTH1Rs were transiently expressed heterologously in COS-7 cells or homologously in HEK 293 and UMR 106–01 cells, respectively. Binding affinities of these C-truncated peptides to human and rat PTH1Rs were concordant with their relative potencies in activating PLC. We conclude that hPTH(1–31) and, to a lesser extent, hPTH(1–30) can activate PLC, as well as AC, via both rat and human PTH1Rs. Accordingly, a role for PLC activation in the anabolic action of PTH in vivo cannot be excluded.
<title>Edge information at landmarks in medical images</title> (1992)

In many current medical applications of image analysis, objects are detected and delimited by boundary curves or surfaces. Yet the most effective multivariate statistics available pertain to labelled points (`landmarks') only. In the finite-dimensional feature space that landmarks support, each case of a data set is equivalent to a deformation map deriving it from the average form. This paper reviews a recent extension of a spline-based approach so as to incorporate edge information, and extends it further to apply to images that incorporate landmarks. In this implementation, edgels are restricted to landmark loci: they are interpreted as pairs of landmarks at infinitesimal separation in a specific direction. To shears of these infinitesimal edgels correspond well-defined incremental deformations of the entire image. There results a very flexible new strategy for normalizing the geometry of a specimen scene before representing its grey levels as functions of position. Applications of this strategy will include more powerful approaches to picture averaging and more precise visualizations of biological processes that affect the shapes of medical images, their content, or both.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a heterogeneous disease: Evidence for differences in the activation of the STAT‐1 pathway between rheumatoid tissues (2003)

The differences in the gene expression profiles provide a unique perspective for distinguishing different pathogenetic RA subsets based on molecular criteria. These data reflect important aspects of molecular variation that are relevant for understanding the biologic dysregulation underlying these subsets of RA. This approach may also help to define homogeneous groups for clinical studies and evaluation of targeted therapies.
Efficient and cost-effective techniques for browsing and indexing large video databases (2000)

We present in this paper a fully automatic content-based approach to organizing and indexing video data. Our methodology involves three steps: Step 1: We segment each video into shots using a Camera-Tracking technique. This process also extracts the feature vector for each shot, which consists of two statistical variances Var BA and Var OA . These values capture how much things are changing in the background and foreground areas of the video shot. Step 2: For each video, We apply a fully automatic method to build a browsing hierarchy using the shots identified in Step 1. Step 3: Using the Var BA and Var OA values obtained in Step 1, we build an index table to support a variance-based video similarity model. That is, video scenes/shots are retrieved based on given values of Var BA and Var OA . The above three inter-related techniques offer an integrated framework for modeling, browsing, and searching large video databases. Our experimental results indicate that they have many advantages over existing methods.