gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Botulinum Neurotoxin A Blocks Cholinergic Ganglionic Neurotransmission in the Dog Heart (2002)

There is no data about whether botulinum neurotoxin inhibits the parasympathetic ganglionic neurotransmission in the heart, although botulinum toxin as a clinical drug inhibits the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Therefore, we investigated whether botulinum toxin (type A) injected into the sinoatrial (SA) fat pad inhibits decreases in heart rate induced by stimulation of the preganglionic parasympathetic nerves in the heart of the anesthetized dog. Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves in the SA fat pad (SAP stimulation) prolonged the atrial interval but not the atrioventricular (AV) interval, and cervical vagus nerve stimulation (CV stimulation) prolonged both atrial and AV intervals. After botulinum toxin (20 or 25 mouse units) was injected into the SA fat pad, it gradually inhibited the prolongation of the atrial interval evoked by SAP and CV stimulations but not the prolongation of the AV interval evoked by CV stimulation. Conditioning successive stimulation of the cervical vagus nerves accelerated the inhibition by botulinum toxin of the chronotropic response to CV stimulation. These results indicate that selective injection of botulinum toxin into the SA fat pad blocks bradycardia mediated by parasympathetic ganglionic activation in the dog heart.
The Society for Neuroscience 2009 Meeting Report, Part 2 (2010)

TAU AND α-SYNUCLEIN OLIGOMERS FOLLOW Aβ
Resource reclaiming in multiprocessor real-time systems (1993)

Most real-time scheduling algorithms schedule tasks with regard to their worst case computation times. Resources reclaiming refers to the problem of utilizing the resources left unused by a task when it executes in less than its worst case computation time, or when a task is deleted from the current schedule. Dynamic resource reclaiming algorithms that are effective, avoid any run time anomalies, and have bounded overhead costs that are independent of the number of tasks in the schedule are presented. Each task is assumed to have a worst case computation time, a deadline, and a set of resource requirements. The algorithms utilize the information given in a multiprocessor task schedule and perform online local optimization. The effectiveness of the algorithms is demonstrated through simulation studies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Effect of Scaffold Attachment Region on Transgene Expression in Retrovirus Vector-Transduced Primary T Cells and Macrophages (1999)

The scaffold attachment region of the human interferon beta gene (IFN-SAR) inserted into a retroviral vector improved transgene expression in human primary CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and in primary monocytemacrophages. In T cells, expression of the Maloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV)-based retroviral vectors was high in activated cells but low in resting cells. Addition of the IFN-SAR sequence enhanced vector expression 2- to 10-fold, and the effect was particularly pronounced in resting T cells. In CD33+CD14+CD4+ monocyte-macrophages derived from transduced hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) in vitro, the IFN-SAR enhanced vector expression three- to sixfold. We have used the IFN-SAR-containing vectors to express the RevM10 gene, a trans-dominant mutant of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) rev gene. Compared with a standard retroviral vector, the IFN-SAR-containing vector was significantly (p < 0.01) more potent at inhibiting HIV-1 replication in infected CD4+ peripheral blood lymphocytes. In monocytes, however, addition of the IFN-SAR did not significantly improve antiviral efficacy. To understand better the reason for the strong effect of the SAR on antiviral efficacy in T cells we have studied the expression of HIV, Mo-MuLV, and Mo-MuLV + SAR vectors in resting and activated cells. While the expression of all three vectors was lower in resting compared with activated cells, the kinetics of the decrease in expression were fastest for the Mo-MuLV vector, followed by the HIV vector and then the Mo-MuLV + SAR vector. Thus, higher level expression of the Mo-MuLV + SAR vector relative to wild-type HIV at all stages of T cell activation is the most likely explanation for the strong antiviral efficacy. Overall, this study demonstrates the utility of the IFN-SAR sequence for achieving high-level retroviral vector expression in lymphoid and myeloid hematopoietic cells.
Objective Measurement of Patterns of Nasal CPAP Use by Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (1993)

Obstruction of the upper airway during sleep (OSAS) is widely treated by having patients self-administer nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). To obtain objective evidence of the patterns of CPAP use, information was gathered from two urban sites on 35 OSAS patients who were prescribed CPAP for a total of 3,743 days. Patients were given CPAP machines that contained a microprocessor and monitor that measured actual pressure at the mask for every minute of each 24-h day for an average of 106 days per patient. They were not aware of the monitor inside the CPAP machines. Monitor output was compared with patients' diagnostic status, pretreatment clinical and demographic characteristics, and follow-up self-reports of CPAP use, problems, side effects, and aspects of daytime fatigue and sleepiness. Patients attempted to use CPAP an average of 66 +/- 37% of the days monitored. When CPAP was used, the mean duration of use was 4.88 +/- 1.97 h. However, patients' reports of the duration of CPAP use overestimated actual use by 69 +/- 110 min (p < 0.002). Both frequency and duration of CPAP use in the first month reliably predicted use in the third month (p < 0.0001). Although the majority (60%) of patients claimed to use CPAP nightly, only 16 of 35 (46%) met criteria for regular use, defined by at least 4 h of CPAP administered on 70% of the days monitored. Relative to less regular users, these 16 patients had more years of education (p = 0.05), and were more likely to work in professional occupations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ultra-Low Thermal Conductivity in W/Al 2 O 3 Nanolaminates (2004)

Atomic layer deposition and magnetron sputter deposition were used to synthesize thin-film multilayers of W/Al(2)O(3). With individual layers only a few nanometers thick, the high interface density produced a strong impediment to heat transfer, giving rise to a thermal conductivity of approximately 0.6 watts per meter per kelvin. This result suggests that high densities of interfaces between dissimilar materials may provide a route for the production of thermal barriers with ultra-low thermal conductivity.
Structural determinants of the affinity of saxitoxin for neuronal sodium channels. Electrophysiological studies on frog peripheral nerve. (1984)

The potencies of saxitoxin (STX) and of five structurally related toxins were determined by their ability to block impulses at equilibrium in frog sciatic nerve. The order of potency, with values relative to STX potency in parentheses, was: neo-STX (4.5) greater than gonyautoxin (GTX) III (1.4) greater than STX (1.0) greater than GTXII (0.22) greater than 12 alpha-dihydroSTX (0.050) greater than 12 beta-dihydroSTX (0.0014). When equipotent solutions of STX and neo-STX were exchanged, impulses in the treated nerve were transiently overblocked or underblocked, thus kinetically distinguishing neo-STX from STX. Similar phenomena occurred with exchanges of STX and GTXIII. No consistent evidence was found for any blocking activity of STX molecules that were not protonated at the C8 guanidinium, but the pH dependence of STX potency cannot be described simply by the titration of this guanidinium group. The effects of pH and of various substituents on STX potency are accounted for by changes in the molecular forms of STX and by alterations in specific electrical charges on STX and at the receptor. The results support a model in which toxin molecules bind in two steps; initial binding of the C8 guanidinium to an anionic group induces the loss of water from the normally hydrated ketone (at carbon 12), which then forms a weak covalent bond with a nucleophilic group on the receptor.
Control of bulk dipolar alignment using guest-host inclusion chemistry: new materials for second harmonic generation (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTControl of bulk dipolar alignment using guest-host inclusion chemistry: new materials for second harmonic generationDavid F. Eaton, Albert G. Anderson, Wilson Tam, and Ying WangCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 6, 1886–1888Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00240a063https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00240a063research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views284Altmetric-Citations121LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Organic Transistors: Two-Dimensional Transport and Improved Electrical Characteristics (1995)

The thiophene oligomer alpha-hexathienylene (alpha-6T) has been successfully used as the active semiconducting material in thin-film transistors. Field-induced conductivity in thin-film transistors with alpha-6T active layers occurs only near the interfacial plane, whereas the residual conductivity caused by unintentional doping scales with the thickness of the layer. The two-dimensional nature of the field-induced conductivity is due not to any anisotropy in transport with respect to any molecular axis but to interface effects. Optimized methods of device fabrication have resulted in high field-effect mobilities and on/off current ratios of > 10(6). The current densities and switching speeds are good enough to allow consideration of these devices in practical large-area electronic circuits.
High-resolution images from low-resolution compressed video (2003)

Surveys the field of super resolution (SR) processing for compressed video. The introduction of motion vectors, compression noise, and additional redundancies within the image sequence makes this problem fertile ground for novel processing methods. In conducting this survey, though, we develop and present all techniques within the Bayesian framework. This adds consistency to the presentation and facilitates comparison between the different methods. The article is organized as follows. We define the acquisition system utilized by the surveyed procedures. Then we formulate the HR problem within the Bayesian framework and survey models for the acquisition and compression systems. This requires consideration of both the motion vectors and transform coefficients within the compressed bit stream. We survey models for the original HR image intensities and displacement values. We discuss solutions for the SR problem and provide examples of several approaches.
Three‐Dimensionally Ordered Gold Nanocrystal/Silica Superlattice Thin Films Synthesized via Sol–Gel Self‐Assembly (2006)

Abstract Nanocrystals and their ordered arrays hold many important applications in fields such as catalysis, surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy based sensors, memory storage, and electronic and optical nanodevices. Herein, a simple and general method to synthesize ordered, three‐dimensional, transparent gold nanocrystal/silica superlattice thin films by self‐assembly of gold nanocrystal micelles with silica or organosilsesquioxane by spin‐coating is reported. The self‐assembly process is conducted under acidic sol–gel conditions (ca. pH 2), ensuring spin‐solution homogeneity and stability and facilitating the formation of ordered and transparent gold nanocrystal/silica films. The monodisperse nanocrystals are organized within inorganic host matrices as a face‐centered cubic mesostructure, and characterized by transmission electron spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction.
Undoped SiGe heterostructure field effect transistors (1993)

Undoped SiGe heterostructure MISFETs which are an analog of III-V HIGFETs and use a biaxially strained Si channel with a SiGe gate insulator are reported. The devices were grown on a buffer layer of relaxed SiGe, as were previously reported SiGe modulation-doped heterostructure FETs, but here no doping is used; instead, a gate field is used to form the electron channel. Undoped Si/SiGe heterostructure MISFETs show good FET characteristics with low gate leakage at 77 K. FETs with 1.5- mu m-gate-length and SiGe insulator thickness of 100 nm have a maximum transconductance greater than 100 mS/mm at 77 K. By reducing the insulator thickness to 50 nm, a maximum transconductance greater than 150 mS/mm was obtained for a 2. 5- mu m-gate-length device. A field effect mobility at 77 K of 16500 cm/sup 2//V-s, extracted from long gate-length device data, is comparable to that of modulation-doped high-mobility samples.
In vitro and in vivo digestion of collagen covalently immobilized onto the silicone surface (1992)

In order to study the in vivo digestion of immobilized collagen and gelatin, these proteins labeled with 125I or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were covalently immobilized onto silicone surfaces, which were grafted with acrylic acid to introduce carboxyl groups, and implanted subcutaneously in rats and mice. When the proteins were labeled with FITC, the amount of proteins immobilized decreased with the increase of the number of FITC molecules conjugated with the protein molecule. In the wet state, FITC conjugated with the proteins was less stable than 125I. Approximately half of the amount of the immobilized proteins was digested in vivo within the first week and until 5 weeks after implantation the proteins were gradually digested. At that time, the amount of the proteins remaining on the silicone surface ranged from 0.6 to 1.0 microgram/cm2, which was several times larger than the amount of an assumed monolayer adsorption of proteins. Even after 15 weeks, the amount of proteins remaining on the silicone was almost the same as after 5 weeks. No significant difference in digestion was observed between collagen and gelatin, regardless of the labeling agent. Because of less stability and easier handling of FITC and higher stability and more difficult handling of 125I, FITC seems more suitable for short-term and 125I for long-term studies.
Complementary Silicon-Based Heterostructure Tunnel-FETs With High Tunnel Rates (2008)

As a solution to the low on-current of silicon-based tunnel-FETs (TFETs), the source material of the n-channel TFET is replaced with the small-bandgap material germanium, which results in a current boost up to the same level as the current of MOSFETs. However, no solution has been reported to boost the on-current of the all-silicon p-TFET, a necessity for making an inverter and competing with the MOSFET. We have investigated the heterostructure TFET with respect to complementarity based on our semi-analytical model, and we propose the In <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</i> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sub> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</i> As-source silicon-TFET as p-TFET. This design is particularly applicable to nanowire-based transistor architectures. We discuss the complementarity of the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</i> - <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> curves, and we analyze the threshold voltage behavior of the complementary TFETs.
Learning Distributed Representations of Sentences from Unlabelled Data (2016)

Unsupervised methods for learning distributed representations of words are ubiquitous in today's NLP research, but far less is known about the best ways to learn distributed phrase or sentence representations from unlabelled data. This paper is a systematic comparison of models that learn such representations. We find that the optimal approach depends critically on the intended application. Deeper, more complex models are preferable for representations to be used in supervised systems, but shallow log-linear models work best for building representation spaces that can be decoded with simple spatial distance metrics. We also propose two new unsupervised representation-learning objectives designed to optimise the trade-off between training time, domain portability and performance.
A biochemical rationale for the anticancer effects of Hsp90 inhibitors: Slow, tight binding inhibition by geldanamycin and its analogues (2006)

Heat shock protein (Hsp)90 is emerging as an important therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. Two analogues of the Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin are currently in clinical trials. Geldanamycin (GA) and its analogues have been reported to bind purified Hsp90 with low micromolar potency, in stark contrast to their low nanomolar antiproliferative activity in cell culture and their potent antitumor activity in animal models. Several models have been proposed to account for the approximately 100-fold-greater potency in cell culture, including that GA analogues bind with greater affinity to a five-protein Hsp90 complex than to Hsp90 alone. We have determined that GA and the fluorescent analogue BODIPY-GA (BDGA) both demonstrate slow, tight binding to purified Hsp90. BDGA, used to characterize the kinetics of ligand-Hsp90 interactions, was found to bind Hsp90alpha with k(off) = 2.5 x 10(-3) min(-1), t(1/2) = 4.6 h, and Ki* = 10 nM. It was found that BDGA binds to a functional multiprotein Hsp90 complex with kinetics and affinity identical to that of Hsp90 alone. Also, BDGA binds to Hsp90 from multiple cell lysates in a time-dependent manner with similar kinetics. Therefore, our results indicate that the high potency of GA in cell culture and in vivo can be accounted for by its time-dependent, tight binding to Hsp90 alone. In the broader context, these studies highlight the essentiality of detailed biochemical characterization of drug-target interactions for the effective translation of in vitro pharmacology to cellular and in vivo efficacy.
FATE OF AUTOGENOUS SEPTAL CARTILAGE AFTER TRANSPLANTATION IN HUMAN TISSUES (1941)

Otolaryngologists and plastic surgeons agree that septal cartilage is not as good a material for transplantation as rib cartilage. The general belief persists that septal cartilage is absorbed after transplantation and cannot be relied on as a material for filling saddle defects of the nose or to afford structural support for the nasal tip. I have used autogenous septal cartilage grafts to correct small saddle depressions and to support the nasal tip in more than 500 cases and have failed to note gross absorption of the cartilage except when infection occurred after operation. Since my clinical experience differed from that of other plastic surgeons, I decided to check the accuracy of my observations by transplanting septal cartilage and removing it for microscopic examination at various intervals up to three years after transplantation. <h3>CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF SEPTAL CARTILAGE GRAFTS</h3> Operations for displacement of the lower border of the septal cartilage utilize
HIV-1 drug resistance assays in clinical management. (1998)

Current antiretroviral therapy is based on combinations of three or more drugs which reduce viral loads to undetectable levels, leading to clinical improvement in most patients. These therapies require significant monitoring, and HIV RNA levels and CD4 cell counts should be the main laboratory criteria for judging the effectiveness of the treatment. There are two types of assays that can determine drug resistance: genotypic assays and phenotypic assays. The mechanics, benefits, and shortcomings of both tests are described.
Genome-wide copy-number analyses reveal genomic abnormalities involved in transformation of follicular lymphoma (2013)

Follicular lymphoma (FL), the second most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the western world, is characterized by the t(14;18) translocation, which is present in up to 90% of cases. We studied 277 lymphoma samples (198 FL and 79 transformed FL [tFL]) using a single-nucleotide polymorphism array to identify the secondary chromosomal abnormalities that drive the development of FL and its transformation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Common recurrent chromosomal abnormalities in FL included gains of 2, 5, 7, 6p, 8, 12, 17q, 18, 21, and X and losses on 6q and 17p. We also observed many frequent small abnormalities, including losses of 1p36.33-p36.31, 6q23.3-q24.1, and 10q23.1-q25.1 and gains of 2p16.1-p15, 8q24.13-q24.3, and 12q12-q13.13, and identified candidate genes that may be driving this selection. Recurrent abnormalities more frequent in tFL samples included gains of 3q27.3-q28 and chromosome 11 and losses of 9p21.3 and 15q. Four abnormalities, gain of X or Xp and losses of 6q23.2-24.1 or 6q13-15, predicted overall survival. Abnormalities associated with transformation of the disease likely impair immune surveillance, activate the nuclear factor-κB pathway, and deregulate p53 and B-cell transcription factors.
Microbial differentiation: the role of cellular asymmetry. (1984)

The inherent cellular asymmetry in the cell cycles of the prosthecate budding bacteria, which involves the production of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, stems from the obligate polar growth patterns of these microbes. The examination of a range of bacteria, however, suggests that such asymmetry may be more widespread than hitherto recognized.
Ablative Tumor Radiation Can Change the Tumor Immune Cell Microenvironment to Induce Durable Complete Remissions (2015)

For immunologically sensitive tumors, these results indicate that remissions induced by a short course of high-dose radiotherapy depend on the development of antitumor immunity that is reflected by the nature and kinetics of changes induced in the tumor cell microenvironment. These results suggest that systematic examination of the tumor immune microenvironment may help in optimizing the radiation regimen used to treat tumors by adding a robust immune response.