gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A language/action perspective on the design of cooperative work (1986)

In designing computer-based systems, we work within a perspective that shapes the design questions that will be asked and the kinds of solutions that are sought. This paper introduces a perspective based on language as action, and explores its consequences for practical system design. The language/action perspective is contrasted to a number of other currently prominent perspectives, and is illustrated with an extended example based on studies of nursing work in a hospital ward. We show how it leads to particular analyses of that work, which reveal potentials for creating new designs that can make the work (and the workers) more effective.
Images of arterioles in unfixed tissue obtained by acoustic microscopy (1985)

A scanning acoustic microscope operating at 600 MHz was used to observe arterioles in a thin sheet of collagenous connective tissue dissected from the submucosa of the guinea-pig small intestine. The arterioles were clearly defined in images made using transmitted ultrasound, and the acoustic attenuation (alpha) of the arteriolar wall was estimated to be 120 cm-1. Images made using reflected ultrasound did not show the arterioles clearly.
The heterogeneous block architecture (2014)

This paper makes two observations that lead to a new heterogeneous core design. First, we observe that most serial code exhibits fine-grained heterogeneity: at the scale of tens or hundreds of instructions, regions of code fit different microarchitectures better (at the same point or at different points in time). Second, we observe that by grouping contiguous regions of instructions into blocks that are executed atomically, a core can exploit this fine-grained heterogeneity: atomicity allows each block to be executed independently on its own execution backend that fits its characteristics best. Based on these observations, we propose a fine-grained heterogeneous core design, called the heterogeneous block architecture (HBA), that combines heterogeneous execution backends into one core. HBA breaks the program into blocks of code, determines the best backend for each block, and specializes the block for that backend. As an example HBA design, we combine out-of-order, VLIW, and in-order backends, using simple heuristics to choose backends for different dynamic instruction blocks. Our extensive evaluations compare this example HBA design to multiple baseline core designs (including monolithic out-of-order, clustered out-of-order, in-order and a state-of-the-art heterogeneous core design) and show that it provides significantly better energy efficiency than all designs at similar performance.
Time-dependent diffusion of water in a biologicalmodel system. (1994)

Packed erythrocytes are ideally suited as a model system for the study of water diffusion in biological tissue, because cell size, membrane permeability, and extracellular volume fraction can be varied independently. We used a pulsed-field-gradient spin echo NMR technique to measure the time-dependent diffusion coefficient D(t) in packed erythrocytes. The long-time diffusion constant, D(eff), depends sensitively on the extracellular volume fraction. This may explain the drop in D(eff) during the early stages of brain ischemia, where just minutes after an ischemic insult the extra-cellular volume in the affected region of the brain is significantly reduced. Using an effective medium formula, we estimate the erythrocyte membrane permeability, in good agreement with measurements on isolated cells. From the short-time behavior of D(t), we determine the surface-to-volume ratio of the cells, approximately (0.72 micron)-1.
Hollow double-layered polymer microspheres with pH and thermo-responsive properties as nitric oxide-releasing reservoirs (2015)

The<italic>N</italic>-diazeniumdiolated hollow double-layered P(AmEMA-<italic>co</italic>-EGDMA)/P(NIPAAm-<italic>co</italic>-DMAEMA-<italic>co</italic>-EGDMA) microspheres (NO as 3.0 μmol mg<sup>−1</sup>) show a steady NO release behavior in a wide range of pHs (5–9) and temperatures (20–55 °C).
Localization of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, vimentin, c-Fos, and clusterin in the postischemic kidney. Evidence for a heterogenous genetic response among nephron segments, and a large pool of mitotically active and dedifferentiated cells. (1994)

The mechanisms leading to the recovery of the kidney after ischemic acute renal failure are poorly understood. To explore the role played by mitogenesis and dedifferentiation in this repair process and to identify whether the genetic response of the nephron segments reflects the level of susceptibility to injury, the temporal and nephron segment expressions of various proteins implicated in mitogenesis, differentiation, and injury were determined. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a marker for the G1-S transition in the cell cycle and hence mitogenesis, was detected primarily in the S3 segment of the proximal tubule, with maximal expression at 2 d postischemia. Vimentin, normally present in mesenchymal cells but not epithelial cells, and hence a marker for the state of differentiation, was prominently expressed in the S3 segment 2-5 d postischemia. In the S3 segments in the outer stripe of the medulla cells that stained positively for PCNA also stained positively for vimentin. Clusterin, a marker for cell injury, was expressed primarily in the S3 segment and in the distal tubule with distinct staining patterns in each segment. None of the cells that stained with clusterin antibodies were positively stained with PCNA or vimentin antibodies. Likewise, none of the PCNA or vimentin-positive cells expressed clusterin at detectable levels. Thus, in the S3 segment, where there is significant ischemic injury, surviving cells express markers indicating that they undergo mitogenesis and dedifferentiate in the postischemic period. While there is some expression of c-Fos in the S3 segment, c-Fos was expressed predominantly, at 1 and 3 h postischemia, in the nuclei of the distal nephron, particularly in the thick ascending limb. The data support the view that the mature renal S3 segment epithelial cell can be a progenitor cell.
Preparation of Apolactoferrin with a Very Low Iron Saturation (1995)

Iron(III) removal from lactoferrin by an iron(III)-chelating resin with immobilized 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4(1H)-pyridinone ligands was studied at physiological pH in the presence of citrate. The resin had a marked effect on the extent of iron removal. By using the iron(III)-chelating resin, removal of iron from lactoferrin was nearly complete in < 24 h. Apolactoferrin with 4% iron saturation could be prepared conveniently from 100% or from 18% iron-saturated lactoferrin under mild conditions without affecting the iron-binding capacity of the protein. The iron saturation of the obtained apolactoferrin was much lower than that of the apolactoferrin prepared by reported methods.
Patient-administered Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block (1996)

In certain patients, sphenopalatine ganglion block can be effectively self-administered at home to manage chronic pain.
Organic Clathrate‐Forming Compounds as Highly Selective Sensor Coatings for the Gravimetric Detection of Solvent Vapors (1993)

The quartz microbalance in combination with crystalline organic coatings that selectively form clathrates with solvent molecules proves to be a sensitive sensor element. Thus bulky lactic acid derivatives such as 1 are used as sensor coatings to selectively detect vapors of dioxan and 1-butanol in the ppm range.
Unambiguous demonstration of triple-helix-directed gene modification (2000)

Triple-helix-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs), which can potentially modify target genes irreversibly, represent promising tools for antiviral therapies. However, their effectiveness on endogenous genes has yet to be unambiguously demonstrated. To monitor endogenous gene modification by TFOs in a yeast model, we inactivated an auxotrophic marker gene by inserting target sequences of interest into its coding region. The genetically engineered yeast cells then were treated with psoralen-linked TFOs followed by UV irradiation, thus generating highly mutagenic covalent crosslinks at the target site whose repair could restore gene function; the number of revertants and spectrum of mutations generated were quantified. Results showed that a phosphoramidate TFO indeed reaches its target sequence, forms crosslinks, and generates mutations at the expected site via a triplex-mediated mechanism: (i) under identical conditions, no mutations were generated by the same TFO at two other loci in the target strain, nor in an isogenic control strain carrying a modified target sequence incapable of supporting triple-helix formation; (ii) for a given target sequence, whether the triplex was formed in vivo on an endogenous gene or in vitro on an exogenous plasmid, the nature of the mutations generated was identical, and consistent with the repair of a psoralen crosslink at the target site. Although the mutation efficiency was probably too low for therapeutic applications, our results confirm the validity of the triple-helix approach and provide a means of evaluating the effectiveness of new chemically modified TFOs and analogs.
Blood flow controls coagulation onset via the positive feedback of factor VII activation by factor Xa (2010)

This mechanism explains the difference between red and white thrombi observed in vivo at different shear rates. It can be speculated that this is a special switch protecting vascular system from uncontrolled formation and spreading of active coagulation factors in vessels with rapidly flowing blood.
Structure of the class II enzyme of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase: combined complementary DNA and protein sequence determination of the .pi. subunit (1987)

The class II enzyme of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase was isolated, carboxymethylated, and cleaved with CNBr and proteolytic enzymes. Sequence analysis of peptides established structures corresponding to the pi subunit. Two segments from the C-terminal region unique to pi were selected for synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes to screen a human liver cDNA library constructed in plasmid pT4. Sequence analysis of two identical hybridization-positive clones with cDNA inserts of about 2000 nucleotides gave the entire coding region of the pi subunit, a 61-nucleotide 5' noncoding region and a 741-nucleotide 3' noncoding region containing four possible polyadenylation sites. Translation of the coding region yields a 391-residue polypeptide, which in all regions except the C-terminal segment corresponds to the protein structure as determined directly by peptide analysis. With the class I numbering system, the exception concerns a residue exchange at position 368, the actual C-terminus which is Phe-374 by peptide data but a 12-residue extension by cDNA data, and possibly two further residue exchanges at positions 303 and 312. The size difference might indicate the existence of posttranslational modifications of the mature protein or, in combination with the residue exchanges, the existence of polymorphism at the locus for class II subunits. The pi subunit analyzed directly results in a 379-residue polypeptide and is the only class II size thus far known to occur in the mature protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Photodimerization of olefins in solid state (1982)

Photochemical transformations of organic solids provide an exciting area of research with new synthetic possibilities. These reactions are generally governed by topochemical factors rather than the normal rules of chemical reactivity. Defects play a crucial role in some of the reactions. Some of the transformations such as the photodimerization of 4, 4'-dimethoxystilbene occur in a single crystal fashion.
Poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis in vitro programmed by damaged DNA. A comparison of DNA molecules containing different types of strand breaks. (1980)

The ability of DNA is support poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis is completely dependent upon the number and type of strand breaks it contains and is independent of the sequence. Single-stranded DNA is ineffective. Covalently closed circular plasmid DNA is ineffective, but when it is enzymatically digested it activates poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in proportion to the number of strand breaks, suggesting that the polymerase recognizes DNA ends. Double-stranded restriction fragments with flush ends are approximately 3 times more effective than are fragments with unpaired nucleotides extending from the 3' termini and about 10 times more effective than are either fragments with unpaired nucleotides extending from the 5' termini or plasmids with single-strand breaks. All types of restriction fragments become more effective upon removal of terminal 5'-phosphate groups. This specificity profile may relate to the proposed role of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis in the repair of DNA strand breaks, for those which are assumed to be more difficult to repair in vivo are the more effective stimulators. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase has no divalent cation requirement when supplied with flush-ended DNA fragments, but magnesium may enhance the effective of other types of DNA by activating magnesium-dependent nucleases. Ineffective DNAs, such as covalently closed plasmids or synthetic homopolymers that are unable to form Watson-Crick duplexes, apparently compete with effective DNA and weakly inhibit poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis.
A new technology to manufacture polypropylene foam sheet and biaxially oriented foam film (1998)

Foamed polymers are future materials with their wide application spheres. They can be used to enhance appearance as insulating structures or to save material costs. This study addresses all of these and concerns a new technology to produce foamed tubes and films. An entire blown film extrusion line was built up to fulfil the final target, biaxially oriented foam film with closed cell, microcellular foam structure. Extrusion conditions, which in general means temperature, pressure and flow control of viscoelastic material, is discussed and examined experimentally to define the dominating characteristics. Screw and die design together with foam stabilisation is taken under stringent examination, resulting a three layer blown film die focused for foamed extrudates. The effects of chemical foam nucleating agents and physical and chemical foaming are examined during the study concluding in formation of cell embryos by chemical foaming agents and expanding them into low density foam with physically compressed nitrogen gas. The effect of processing parameters in foam structure is examined and adapted according to the polypropylene. The main characteristics of polypropylene were defined by rheological measurements to promote foaming studies in extrusion. Sharp melting point and linear structure of polypropylene caused troubles in keeping the foam structure closed during expansion, but was also partly resolved with new bimodal type polypropylene owing to high melt strength properties. Some applications, leading to new commercialised innovations in foam films, will also be discussed in greater detail.
Hydrolytic degradation of films prepared from blends of high and low molecular weight poly(DL‐lactic acid)s (1996)

Biodegradable films were prepared by casting acetone solutions of mixtures of a high molecular weight poly(DL-lactic acid) (HMW-PLA50) with 0, 10, and 30% w/w poly(DL-lactic acid) oligomers (LMW-PLA50), before drying. From size exclusion chromatography (SEC) it was shown that degradation occurred during film processing, in agreement with the acid-catalyzed degradation of polyesters. The higher the content of LMW-PLA50, the larger the decrease of the molar masses. The three selected film formulations were then allowed to age in isoosmolar 0.13M, pH 7.4 sodium phosphate buffer at 37°C. The hydrolytic degradation was monitored by using various techniques, namely weighing to quantify water absorption and weight loss, SEC to evaluate molar mass changes, head space gas chromatography to assess the desorption of residual acetone, and enzymatic assay of the L-lactic acid released in the aging media. The presence of LMW-PLA50 clearly accelerated film degradation. Moreover, it was shown that the mechanism of degradation greatly depended on the content in the oligomers. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Simultaneous inhibition of glioma angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and invasion by a naturally occurring fragment of human metalloproteinase-2. (2001)

Angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation, and migration are the hallmarks of solid tumors, such as gliomas. This study demonstrates that a fragment derived from the autocatalytic digestion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, called PEX, acts simultaneously as an inhibitor of glioma angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and migration. PEX is detected in the cultured medium of various human glioma, endothelial, breast, and prostate carcinoma cell lines. PEX is purified from the medium of glioma cell lines by chromatography, where PEX is constitutively expressed as a free and a TIMP-2-bound form. In human glioma tissue, PEX expression correlates with histological subtype and grade and with alpha v beta 3 integrin expression to which it is bound. Systemic administration of PEX to s.c. and intracranial human glioma xenografts results in a 99% suppression of tumor growth with no signs of toxicity. Thus, PEX is a very promising candidate for the treatment of human malignant gliomas.
Different muscarinc receptors are involved in the proliferation of murine mammary adenocarcinoma cell lines (2004)

We described that two different murine mammary adenocarcinoma cell lines, LM3 and LM2 constitutively expressed muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAchR). We here demonstrate, by competitive binding experiments with the tritiated muscarinic antagonist quinuclidinyl benzilate that M2 subtype predominates in both tumor cell lines. Concordantly immunoblotting assays indicate that mAchR exhibit the following order of expression: M2 > M4 > M3 > M1 >> M5 in both tumor cell lines. Activation of mAchR with carbachol (CARB) increased proliferation in both tumor cell lines in a concentration dependent manner. In LM3 cells CARB promoted proliferation via M3 receptor activation via inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and nitric oxide production. CARB-induced LM2 cells proliferation needed both M2 and M1 receptor activation, promoting prostaglandin E2 liberation and arginase catabolism respectively, both of them involved in tumor cell growth.
Development of a computerized adverse drug event monitor. (1991)

Adverse events during drug therapy are receiving renewed attention. Some adverse drug events (ADEs) are identified only after the widespread clinical use of a drug. The Food and Drug Administration advocates post-marketing surveillance systems to provide early warnings of previously undetected ADEs. The identification of ADEs by U.S. hospitals is now required by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. We developed a series of computer programs and data files on the HELP System to help identify ADEs. The HELP System monitors laboratory test results, drug orders, and data entered through a computerized ADE reporting program. A nurse or pharmacist verifies computer alerts of possible ADEs. The computerized system identified 401 ADEs during the first year of use compared to 9 by voluntary reporting methods during the previous year (p less than 0.001). This paper describes the development and early use of the computerized ADE surveillance system.
Soybean GH3 promoter contains multiple auxin-inducible elements. (1994)

The soybean GH3 gene is transcriptionally induced in a wide variety of tissues and organs within minutes after auxin application. To determine the sequence elements that confer auxin inducibility to the GH3 promoter, we used gel mobility shift assays, methylation interference, deletion analysis, linker scanning, site-directed mutagenesis, and gain-of-function analysis with a minimal cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. We identified at least three sequence elements within the GH3 promoter that are auxin inducible and can function independently of one another. Two of these elements are found in a 76-bp fragment, and these consist of two independent 25- and 32-bp auxin-inducible elements. Both of these 25- and 32-bp auxin-inducible elements contain the sequence TGTCTC just upstream of an AATAAG. An additional auxin-inducible element was found upstream of the 76-bp auxin-inducible fragment; this can function independently of the 76-bp fragment. Two TGA-box or Hex-like elements (TGACGTAA and TGACGTGGC) in the promoter, which are strong binding sites for proteins in plant nuclear extracts, may also elevate the level of auxin inducibility of the GH3 promoter. The multiple auxin-inducible elements within the GH3 promoter contribute incrementally to the overall level of auxin induction observed with this promoter.
Hypoxia inducible factor-1α as a cancer drug target (2004)

The hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimeric transcription factor that is an important regulator of the growing tumor's response to hypoxia. HIF-1 activity in tumors depends on the availability of the HIF-1alpha subunit, the levels of which increase under hypoxic conditions and through the activation of oncogenes and/or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. HIF-1 activates genes that allow the cancer cell to survive and grow in the hostile hypoxic tumor environment. Increased tumor HIF-1alpha has been correlated with increased angiogenesis, aggressive tumor growth, and poor patient prognosis, leading to the current interest in HIF-1alpha as a cancer drug target. A number of anticancer agents have been reported to decrease HIF-1alpha or HIF-1 transactivating activity in cells in culture. However, more relevant to the agents' antitumor activity is whether HIF-1 is inhibited in tumors in vivo. This has been demonstrated for only a few of the reported HIF-1 inhibitors. Some of the agents are moving toward clinical trial where it will be important to demonstrate that the agents inhibit HIF-1alpha in patient tumors or, failing this, the downstream consequences of HIF-1 inhibition such as decreased vascular endothelial growth factor formation, and relate this inhibition to antitumor activity. Only in this way will it be possible to determine if HIF-1alpha is a valid cancer drug target in humans.
Endocytosis and dissociation of class I MHC molecules labeled with fluorescent beta-2 microglobulin (1991)

Membrane class I MHC molecules of Con-A activated and lymphoma murine cells have been labeled by exchange of the cell's beta 2m with soluble fl-beta 2m. It has previously been shown that this method of labeling is specific and does not affect the biologic properties of class I MHC Ag. With this labeling it has been possible to demonstrate the constitutive endocytosis of class I MHC by fluorescence microscopy and by measuring the resistance to quenching by crystal violet of the internalized fl-beta 2m molecules. We could also follow the kinetics of beta 2m dissociation from the class I molecules at different pH. At pH 5.5, that is the average pH of endosomes, there is considerable dissociation within 15 to 20 min, that is the average recycling half time of class I MHC containing endosomes in activated T cells. Inasmuch as the process is reversible it is likely that, in the recycling endosomes of T cells, class I MHC molecules undergo conformational changes with beta 2m going off and on and with consequent changes of the peptide binding site. This process might be involved in Ag presentation, but, because it is apparently limited to T cells, it would play a role in the presentation of the cell's own TCR in idiotypic interactions between T cells.