gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection and epidemiological characteristics of peach latent mosaic viroid in Tunisia. (2005)

A rapid and sensitive assay was developed for the detection and identification of Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in infected tissues from Tunisian orchards. The test was initially performed by using total RNA preparations from selected isolates and then applied on total RNA preparations from leaf or bark tissues of fruit trees collected in 2003 in 20 orchards in the North of Tunisia and the Sahel. PLMVd occurred in peach and pear trees. The identity of the detected viroid was confirmed by comparison of its sequence with other isolates previously characterized. The test was then simplified by direct use of diluted crude plant extracts. The results obtained from crude sap extracts of leaves or bark tissues are identical to those obtained from total RNA preparations. Epidemiological characteristics of PLMVd on peach trees have been investigated. A survey of peach trees was carried out in 32 orchards in May 2004. The obtained results showed that (1) PLMVd is highly and equally present in several regions of the north of Tunisia rather than the central, the Sahel and the southern regions, (2) infection percentage increases with the age of the tree and (3) the studied cultivars are classified into three groups of sensitivity.
Differential gene expression profile reveals deregulation of pregnancy specific β1 glycoprotein 9 early during colorectal carcinogenesis (2005)

Detection of PSG9 expression in adenomas, and at higher levels in FAP cases, indicates that germline APC mutations and defects in Wnt signalling modulate PSG9 expression. Since PSG9 is not found in the non-pregnant adult except in association with cancer, and it appears to be an early molecular event associated with colorectal cancer monitoring of its expression may be useful as a biomarker for the early detection of this disease.
Deoxyribonuclease I and its clinical applications. (1997)

DNases are DNA hydrolyzing enzymes. The well-characterized bovine pancreatic DNase I, the first DNase discovered, is a model DNase for studying the structure-function relationships of the DNase I type enzymes. The Epstein-Barr virus produces a DNase with an unknown biologic function other than degrading DNA, and this viral DNase has been used as an Epstein-Barr viral marker. Human DNase I exhibits polymorphism that can be used for forensic identification and for correlation with certain diseases. Variations in serum DNase activities have been implicated as the result of disease states and measurements of DNase activities are often used for diagnosis and prognosis. Recombinant human DNase I has been administered in cystic fibrosis patients to improve mucociliary clearance and pulmonary function. Thus, although the primary function of DNase is to degrade DNA, there are many reports of its clinical applications.
Empagliflozin as Add-on Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled With Linagliptin and Metformin: A 24-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Trial (2016)

Empagliflozin treatment for 24 weeks improved glycemic control and weight versus placebo as an add-on to linagliptin 5 mg and metformin and was well tolerated.
Automated synthesis of phosphorus–sulfur analogs of nucleic acids—25 years on: potential therapeutic agents and proven utility in biotechnology (2010)

Replacement of non-bridging oxygen by sulfur in one or more internucleotide linkages in synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) was first fully automated in 1984. The present account highlights how ready access to these nuclease-resistant, phosphorothioate-modified oligodeoxynucleotides (PS-ODNs) and chemically related compounds, notably phosphorothiolates, has enabled remarkably broad advances across basic science, medical research, and biotechnology. These developments exemplify how an initially narrow-scope chemical reaction—in this case, automated sulfurization of an internucleoside phosphite—can give rise to diverse applications far beyond initial expectations.
The mutational status of p53 protein in gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines predicts sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents (1995)

Resistance to chemotherapy remains a serious problem in the successful treatment of gastric and esophageal cancers. DNA-damaging agents alter levels of p53 protein in several cell types and it has been speculated that regulation of p53 can be involved in the resistance or sensitivity of cancer cells to some chemotherapeutic drugs, depending on whether cells have mutant or wild-type p53; however, little is known about the relationship of p53 to drug sensitivity in gastric/esophageal cancers. Here we have examined human gastric/esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines for p53 mutational status, chemosensitivity to 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), alteration in p53 levels following exposure of cells to these drugs, and the mechanisms involved in regulating p53 levels. Our results indicate that wild-type p53 protein levels increase after treatment with each of these drugs via either post-translational and/or translational mechanisms and that this increase in wild-type p53 appears to be required for effective chemotherapeutic growth control of gastric/esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. In contrast, gastric/esophageal cancer cells expressing either mutated p53 protein or no p53 protein are more resistant to the growth-inhibitory effects of these drugs, despite the fact that drug exposure can also increase mutant p53 levels by a translational mechanism. Thus, these data indicate that the mutational status of p53 is predictive of chemosensitivity of gastric and esophageal adenocarcinomas, and suggest a mechanism in which p53 protein contributes to the cellular response to chemotherapy.
Distal Degenerative Sensory Neuropathy in a Long-Term Type 2 Diabetes Rat Model (2008)

ZDF type 2 diabetic rats develop a distal degenerative sensory neuropathy accompanied by a selective long-term pain syndrome. Neuronal insulin signal transduction molecules are preserved.
Members of the acetohydroxyacid synthase multigene family of Brassica napus have divergent patterns of expression (1992)

Brassica species possess the most complex acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) multigene family reported for plants. The AHAS genes code for an essential enzyme in branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis. In the allotetraploid species, B. napus, four (AHAS1-4) of the five AHAS genes have been cloned and sequenced. The transcripts were examined by RNase protection assays using gene-specific, antisense RNA probes. Only AHAS1, AHAS2 and AHAS3 were shown to be expressed in B. napus and one of the diploid progenitor species B. campestris or B. oleracea. AHAS1 and AHAS3 are highly conserved genes that presumably code for the essential AHAS housekeeping functions. They were expressed as low abundance mRNA in all somatic and reproductive tissues examined. AHAS2, which is structurally distinct from all other plant AHAS genes, was only expressed in mature ovules and extraembryonic tissues of immature seeds. This study provides direct evidence for multiple AHAS isoforms in plants and for an AHAS gene which is developmentally regulated in a tissue-specific manner. The discovery raises questions concerning the functional significance of AHAS in seed development.
Glial Ion Transport and Volume Control (1991)

K(+)-induced glial swelling results from an intricate interaction of transport and diffusion processes and metabolic stimulation, with many open questions remaining. Our concept of the major mechanisms involved can be summarized as follows: high extracellular K+ causes a burst-like stimulation of Na+/K+ ATPase and, hence, increases the metabolic demands. Lactate is produced; the cell is slightly acidified. To maintain a normal intracellular pH, the Na+/K+ antiporter extrudes protons and supplies Na+ for further Na+/K+ exchange. In addition, K+ ions enter the cell via membrane channels or furosemide-inhibitable transport. K+, Cl-, and lactate- ions accumulate as the osmotic basis for cell swelling. Later, cell volume normalizes slowly, a process involving lactate export and other, so far unidentified mechanisms. Taken together, the temporary swelling of glia at high K+ concentrations is the result of a homeostatic function, for the maintenance of a constant extracellular potassium concentration. Ion control ranges over volume control. In pathophysiologic states the loss of cell volume regulation may become a clinical problem, if cerebral swelling leads to an increase in intracranial pressure. It should be kept in mind, however, that elevation of the extracellular K+ concentration is not the only cause of glial swelling. Tissue acidosis, the release of neurotransmitters, especially glutamate, or free fatty acids are other mediator mechanisms initiating the swelling of glial elements. Only under controlled in vitro conditions can the individual significance of these factors be evaluated on a quantitative basis. Therapeutic approaches should be selected very carefully in order to maintain homeostatic mechanisms that are of utmost importance, especially after an insult to the brain.
Changes in the electroencephalogram and in systemic blood pressure associated with carotid compression (1970)

SUMMARYCarotid compression was performed in 32 patients with diagnosed cerebrovascular occlusive disease and in 33 elderly asymptomatic subjects. Recording of EEG, ECG, systolic blood pressure, and supraorbital plethysmography was performed simultaneously with the compression. In all the individuals included in this study, compression was considered effective as judged by a significant decrease in the amplitude of the plethysmogram on the side of the carotid being compressed. Eighteen percent of the asymptomatic subjects and 34% of the patients showed changes (the great majority unilaterally) in the EEG during carotid compression. The side of the EEG alteration showed a great tendency to coincide with the side of the carotid being compressed and not with the clinically more affected hemisphere. There was no correlation between EEG changes and changes in systolic blood pressure occurring during carotid compression. No complications were encountered. It is concluded that, when performed under careful observation of the EEG, the ECG, and continuous blood pressure recording, compression of the common carotid, applied at the base of the neck, is a safe test which gives an important indication of the functional condition of the large neck vessels and of the adequacy of some of the cerebrovascular autoregulatory mechanisms.
Glass beads load macromolecules into living cells (1987)

We describe and characterize an exceptionally rapid and simple new technique for loading large numbers of cultured cells with large macromolecules. The culture medium of the cell monolayer is replaced by a small volume of the macromolecule to be loaded. Glass beads (75-500 micron diameter) are then sprinkled onto the cells, the cells are washed free of beads and exogenous macromolecules, and 'bead-loading' is completed. The conditions for bead-loading can readily be modified to accommodate cell type and loading objectives: for example, the amount of loading per cell increases if bead size is increased or if beads are agitated after sprinkling onto the monolayer, but at the expense of increased cell loss. As many as 97% of a population of bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) cells were loaded with a 10,000 Mr dextran; and 79% with a 150,000 Mr dextran using bead-loading. Various cell lines have been loaded using glass beads. Moreover, bead-loading has the advantage of producing loaded cells that remain adherent and well-spread, thus minimizing recovery time and permitting immediate microscopic examination.
Investigation of Graphite Electrodes Modified with Cellobiose Dehydrogenase from the Ascomycete Myriococcum thermophilum (2006)

Abstract The catalytic properties of cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) from the ascomycete fungus Myriococcum thermophilum adsorbed on a graphite electrode were investigated for a large variety of carbohydrate substrates. The effects of applied potential, pH and buffer composition were tested and optimized, and the most suitable conditions were used to evaluate the detection limit, linear range, and sensitivity of the sensor for different carbohydrates in the flow injection mode. Subsequently, the long term stability of the modified electrodes was determined. Additionally, the direct and mediated electron transfer between the active site of the enzyme and the electrode has been investigated by amperometric flow injection measurements in the absence and presence of the mediator 1,4‐benzoquinone in the presence of cellobiose or lactose.
Cancer-related serological recognition of human colon cancer: identification of potential diagnostic and immunotherapeutic targets. (2002)

Monitoring human antibody recognition of tumor antigens could have potential diagnostic and prognostic significance. Serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries of human cancer has identified a number of immunogenic tumor antigens. To identify colon cancer antigens associated with a cancer-related serum IgG response, serum samples from 74 patients with colon cancer and 75 normal blood donors were screened for antibody reactivity to 77 serologically defined tumor antigens. The following 13 antigens reacted exclusively with sera from the colon cancer patients and not with sera from normal blood donors: p53, MAGEA3, SSX2, NY-ESO-1, HDAC5, MBD2, TRIP4, NY-CO-45, KNSL6, HIP1R, Seb4D, KIAA1416, and LMNA. Serum samples from 34 of 74 (46%) colon cancer patients detected 1 or more of these 13 antigens. Fifty-three of 74 colon cancer patients were of known clinicopathological stage. Analysis of antibody frequency showed that 5 of 7 (71%) stage I colon cancer patients, 4 of 11 (36%) stage II patients, 2 of 14 (14%) stage III patients, and 11 of 21 (52%) stage IV patients had serum IgG antibody that reacted with 1 or more of the 13 antigens. The mRNA expression patterns of 8 of these 13 antigens were altered in cancer. Three of the 13 antigens were cancer/testis antigens (MAGEA3, SSX2, and NY-ESO-1), which are expressed exclusively in normal gametogenic tissues and aberrantly expressed in a broad range of cancer types. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR showed that the mRNA expression levels of 2 antigens, HDAC5 and Seb4B, were down-regulated in colon cancer, 2 other antigens, KNSL6 and KIAA1416, were up-regulated, and another antigen, NY-CO-45, showed a variable level of mRNA expression in colon cancer. With regard to KNSL6 mRNA expression, only trace levels were detected in 15 different normal tissues with the exception of testis, which showed a high level of KNSL6 mRNA expression. In contrast, 9 of 9 colon cancer specimens showed overexpression of KNSL6 mRNA, ranging from 5 to 44 times the level detected in normal colon tissue, indicating that this antigen could also be a valuable therapeutic target.
MAP kinase activation in macrophages (2001)

Stimulation of macrophages by a variety of agents causes activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Activation of MAPKs by lipopolysaccharide involves CD14 and Toll receptors. Subsequent steps still remain to be explored. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced activation of MAPKs has been shown to involve the death domain proteins (TRADD, FADD, MADD) and TRAFs. Other molecules involved in this pathway include the protein kinases, ASK1, germinal center kinase (GCK), hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1), and GCK-related kinase (GCKR). Although, these pathways have been described in various cell types, their role in macrophages remains to be established. The availability of knockout mice and constitutively active and dominant-negative mutants of MAPKs should greatly enhance our understanding of this field. The activation of MAPKs seems to be different in cell lines compared with primary cells. Among the macrophages, cells from different compartments show different expression of receptors and signal transduction molecules. These differences may account for differences in MAPK activation and other phenotypic differences in macrophages from different compartments. Therefore, it is important to use primary cells for studying MAPK signal-transduction pathways, and the data from cell lines should not be extrapolated to primary cells.
Dietary curcumin inhibits chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in models of human breast cancer. (2002)

Curcumin, the major component of the spice turmeric, is used as a coloring and flavoring additive in many foods and has attracted interest because of its anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive activities. However, this agent also inhibits the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, and because many chemotherapeutic drugs generate ROS and activate JNK in the course of inducing apoptosis, we considered the possibility that curcumin might antagonize their antitumor efficacy. Studies in tissue culture revealed that curcumin inhibited camptothecin-, mechlorethamine-, and doxorubicin-induced apoptosis of MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and BT-474 human breast cancer cells by up to 70%. Inhibition of programmed cell death was time and concentration dependent, but occurred after relatively brief 3-h exposures, or at curcumin concentrations of 1 microM that have been documented in Phase I chemoprevention trials. Under these conditions, curcumin exhibited antioxidant properties and inhibited both JNK activation and mitochondrial release of cytochrome c in a concentration-dependent manner. Using an in vivo model of human breast cancer, dietary supplementation with curcumin was found to significantly inhibit cyclophosphamide-induced tumor regression. Such dietary supplementation was accompanied by a decrease in the activation of apoptosis by cyclophosphamide, as well as decreased JNK activation. These findings support the hypothesis that dietary curcumin can inhibit chemotherapy-induced apoptosis through inhibition of ROS generation and blockade of JNK function, and suggest that additional studies are needed to determine whether breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy should avoid curcumin supplementation, and possibly even limit their exposure to curcumin-containing foods.
An adaptive feedback controller for SIP server memory overload protection (2009)

Memory overload is one of the key challenges in managing enterprise application server performance such as in J2EE environment. Realizing this issue, J2EE middleware providers introduced management solutions to prevent memory overload. However, such solutions depend on configurable parameters, such as thread pool size and queue length limit, which are typically difficult to determine and unaccommodating to application behavioral changes. In this paper we introduce a dynamic memory overload protection solution based on applying adaptive feedback controller techniques. Our solution consists of (1) a model that captures the dynamics of system and workload characteristics, (2) a Kalman filter for model parameter estimation, and (3) an adaptive feedback controller that regulates the load admission rate to the server in order to prevent memory overload. In particular, we have designed and implemented a self-configurable memory overload controller, which is automatically tuned based on an analytical model of the system under control. We conducted experiments where we used our controller prototype to manage a commercially available SIP server and compared it to a static, fixed gain feedback controller. Our experimental results show that, with little configuration effort, the adaptive controller reacts nicely to workload dynamics.
Psychosocial costs of war in Rwanda (2002)

The extraordinary events of 1994 in Rwanda touched the world, and the extent and brutality of the atrocities committed scarred it (Anderson, 1998). There are no simple explanations or solutions for such human tragedy. Societies are shattered by war, and societal interventions are required to heal the physical and psychological wounds. The final outcome of such interventions is, however, difficult to predict. Psychiatric involvement in Rwanda's suffering has been small and examination of the literature reveals a paucity of data. Most of the data that are available are qualitative, as that is the only way of understanding what happened. Everyone involved in Rwanda in 1994 was changed by their experiences. Rwanda was a catastrophe.
Curve25519 for the Cortex-M4 and Beyond (2019)

We present techniques for the implementation of a key exchange protocol and digital signature scheme based on the Curve25519 elliptic curve and its Edwards form, respectively, in resource-constrained ARM devices. A possible application of this work consists of TLS deployments in the ARM Cortex-M family of processors and beyond. These devices are located towards the lower to mid-end spectrum of ARM cores, and are typically used on embedded devices. Our implementations improve the state-of-the-art substantially by making use of novel implementation techniques and features specific to the target platforms.
The role of ceruloplasmin in iron metabolism (1970)

The importance of ceruloplasmin in iron metabolism was studied in swine made hypoceruloplasminemic by copper deprivation. When the plasma ceruloplasmin level fell below 1% of normal, cell-to-plasma iron flow became sufficiently impaired to cause hypoferremia, even though total body iron stores were normal. When ceruloplasmin was administered to such animals, plasma iron increased immediately and continued to rise at a rate proportional to the logarithm of the ceruloplasmin dose. The administration of inorganic copper induced increases in plasma iron only after ceruloplasmin appeared in the circulation. Thus, ceruloplasmin appeared to be essential to the normal movement of iron from cells to plasma. Studies designed to define the mechanism of action of ceruloplasmin were based on the in vitro observation that ceruloplasmin behaves as an enzyme (ferroxidase) that catalyzes oxidation of ferrous iron. Retention of injected ferrous iron in the plasma of ceruloplasmin-deficient swine was significantly less than that of ferric iron, reflecting impaired transferrin iron binding. Rat ceruloplasmin, which has little ferroxidase activity, was much less effective than porcine or human ceruloplasmin in inducing increases in plasma iron. These observations suggest that ceruloplasmin acts by virtue of its ferroxidase activity. Eight patients with Wilson's disease were evaluated in order to investigate iron metabolism in a disorder characterized by reduced ceruloplasmin levels. Evidence of iron deficiency was found in six of these, and in five of the six, plasma ceruloplasmin was less than 5% of normal. In comparison, the two patients without evidence of iron deficiency had ceruloplasmin levels of 11 and 18% of normal. It is suggested that iron deficiency tends to occur in those patients with Wilson's disease who have the severest degrees of hypoceruloplasminemia, possibly because of defective transfer of iron from intestinal mucosal cells to plasma.
Tetrad Analysis Possible in Arabidopsis with Mutation of the QUARTET ( QRT ) Genes (1994)

Two Arabidopsis thaliana genes, QRT1 and QRT2, are required for pollen separation during normal development. In qrt mutants, the outer walls of the four meiotic products of the pollen mother cell are fused, and pollen grains are released in tetrads. Pollen is viable and fertile, and the cytoplasmic pollen contents are discrete. Pollination with a single tetrad usually yields four seeds, and genetic analysis confirmed that marker loci segregate in a 2:2 ratio within these tetrads. These mutations allow tetrad analysis to be performed in Arabidopsis and define steps in pollen cell wall development.