gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Simulation of a Simulated Moving Bed for the Separation of p-Xylene (2002)

The industrial-scale adsorptive separation of p-xylene from a mixture of C8 aromatics in a four-section simulated moving bed (SMB) unit is analyzed through simulation. In the order to describe the behavior of the SMB unit by means of a mathematical model, two approaches were used: the true moving bed (TMB) approach and the SMB approach. Both approaches assume a constant selectivity nonstoichiometric Langmuir isotherm, an axial dispersion for the fluid flow, and a linear driving force for the intraparticle mass transfer. The TMB and SMB model predictions of steady-state performance of the SMB unit are very close. Therefore, the TMB model was selected to study the effect of the switching time period, adsorbent deactivation, and mass-transfer resistances on the process performance. The adsorbent deactivation which occurs during its lifetime will influence the SMB performance; to keep the p-xylene purity and acceptable recovery, the switching time should be decreased. The TMB package is a useful tool for fast visualization of the SMB process behavior under particular operating conditions. The novel “separation volume” methodology is used to find the operating conditions of the SMB unit in the presence of mass-transfer resistances.
Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures (1996)

Unparalled coverage of parametric and nonparametric statistical procedures. Details more than 75 statistical procedures. Contains information on how to select and use the appropriate statistical analysis for evaluating data from an empirical study.
ChemInform Abstract: COMPLEX NICKEL NITRITES PART 1, COMPLEXES OF N‐SUBSTITUTED PROPANE‐1,3‐DIAMINES (1973)

Abstract Die Umsetzung von K‐hexanitroniccolat mit Propylendiamin‐Verbindungen in heißem Methanol, Äthanol oder Chloroform führt zu den paramagnetischen, oktaedrischen Komplexen (I) mit vermutlicher trans‐Geometrie, in denen die Bindung der NOz‐Gruppe von koordinierten Diamin abhängig ist.
Hematopoietic precursor cell exhaustion is a cause of proliferative defect in primitive hematopoietic stem cells (PHSC) after chemotherapy. (1997)

The authors used the competitive repopulation assay and simple statistical analyses to estimate concentrations of primitive hematopoietic stem cells (PHSCs) in the marrow of mice after chemotherapy. Single doses of cyclophosphamide (CTX) from 80 to 200 mg/kg were administered to C57B16/J mice. Other treatment groups included mice given multiple doses of CTX at the lowest dose of 80 mg/kg; mice given four weekly doses of vincristine (VCR) or vinblastine (VBL); mice given two biweekly doses of bleomycin; mice receiving cytosine arabinoside (ARA) administered intraperitoneally thrice daily or as a continuous infusion by Alzet pump for 3 days; and controls given no drug. The lowest dose of CTX (80 mg/kg), given once or repeatedly, spared PHSC numbers and function. The functional capacity of PHSCs declined significantly once doses of CTX exceeded 100 mg/kg. Decreases in PHSC function were usually associated with reductions in PHSC numbers; repopulating units, which include all repopulating cells, were similarly reduced. At the highest dose (33 mg/kg for 3 days), ARA caused a decline in marrow repopulating function. Drugs associated with mild clinical myelosuppression, such as VCR and VBI, did not significantly affect the repopulating ability of PHSCs, although VCR caused drastic declines in PHSC numbers. The marrow reconstitutive defects clinically-observed after chemotherapy may be caused partly by depletion of the PHSC pool.
Biosynthesis of the Cyanogenic Glucoside Dhurrin in Seedlings of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and Partial Purification of the Enzyme System Involved (1989)

The cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin is rapidly synthesized in etiolated seedlings of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. The dhurrin content of the seedlings increases sigmoidally with the germination time. Shoots of 10 centimeters height contain 850 nanomoles of dhurrin per shoot corresponding to 6% of the dry weight. The biosynthetic activity sharply rises upon germination and reaches a maximum level of 10 nanomoles dhurrin/(hour x shoot) after 48 hours when the shoots are 3 centimeters high. This maximum level is followed by a sharp decline in activity when germination time exceeds 65 hours. Dhurrin and the dhurrin-synthesizing enzyme system are primarily located in the upper part of the etiolated shoot where both are evenly distributed between the coleoptile, the primary leaves and the upper 0.5 centimeter of the first internode including the shoot apex. Dhurrin constitutes 30% of the dry weight of the upper 1.2 centimeter of 10 centimeter high shoots. The seed and root contain neither dhurrin nor the dhurrin-synthesizing enzyme system. The codistribution of dhurrin and the enzyme system throughout the seedling indicates that production and storage sites are located within the same cell. Purification of the dhurrin-synthesizing enzyme by gel filtration or by sucrose gradient centrifugations results in a tenfold increase in specific activity. Further purification is accompained by a decline in specific activity due to loss of essential components as demonstrated by reconstitution experiments.
Mitochondrial permeability transition in acetaminophen-induced necrosis and apoptosis of cultured mouse hepatocytes (2004)

Acetaminophen overdose causes massive hepatic failure via mechanisms involving glutathione depletion, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The ultimate target of acetaminophen causing cell death remains uncertain, and the role of apoptosis in acetaminophen-induced cell killing is still controversial. Our aim was to evaluate the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) as a key factor in acetaminophen-induced necrotic and apoptotic killing of primary cultured mouse hepatocytes. After administration of 10 mmol/L acetaminophen, necrotic killing increased to more than 49% and 74%, respectively, after 6 and 16 hours. MPT inhibitors, cyclosporin A (CsA), and NIM811 temporarily decreased necrotic killing after 6 hours to 26%, but cytoprotection was lost after 16 hours. Confocal microscopy revealed mitochondrial depolarization and inner membrane permeabilization approximately 4.5 hours after acetaminophen administration. CsA delayed these changes, indicative of the MPT, to approximately 11 hours after acetaminophen administration. Apoptosis indicated by nuclear changes, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, and caspase-3 activation also increased after acetaminophen administration. Fructose (20 mmol/L, an adenosine triphosphate-generating glycolytic substrate) plus glycine (5 mmol/L, a membrane stabilizing amino acid) prevented nearly all necrotic cell killing but paradoxically increased apoptosis from 37% to 59% after 16 hours. In the presence of fructose plus glycine, CsA decreased apoptosis and delayed but did not prevent the MPT. In conclusion, after acetaminophen a CsA-sensitive MPT occurred after 3 to 6 hours followed by a CsA-insensitive MPT 9 to 16 hours after acetaminophen. The MPT then induces ATP depletion-dependent necrosis or caspase-dependent apoptosis as determined, in part, by ATP availability from glycolysis.
Photoassisted Oxidation of Water at Beryllium‐Doped Polycrystalline TiO2 Electrodes (1979)

The preparation and photoelectrochemical properties of polycrystalline n‐type electrodes doped with various amounts of beryllium are reported. The photoassisted electrooxidation of water at some of these electrodes starts at potentials negative vs. the hydrogen electrode in the same solution. The quantum efficiency and current vs. potential characteristics of Be‐doped photoanodes appear to be significantly improved in comparison with the undoped electrodes.
Regulation of the Adhesion versus Cytotoxic Functions of the Mac-1/CR3/αMβ2 - lntegrin Glycoprotein (2000)

Mac-1/CR3 functions as both an adhesion molecule mediating the diapedesis of leukocytes across the endothelium and a receptor for the iC3b fragment of complement responsible for phagocytic/degranulation responses to microorganisms. Mac-1/CR3 has many functional characteristics shared with other integrins, including bidirectional signaling via conformational changes that originate in either the cytoplasmic domain or extracellular region. Another key to its functions is its ability to form membrane complexes with glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored receptors such as Fc gammaRIIIB (CD16b) or uPAR (CD87), providing a transmembrane signaling mechanism for these outer membrane bound receptors that allows them to mediate cytoskeleton-dependent adhesion or phagocytosis and degranulation. Many functions appear to depend upon a membrane-proximal lectin site responsible for recognition of either microbial surface polysaccharides or GPI-linked signaling partners. Because of the importance of Mac-1/CR3 in promoting neutrophil inflammatory responses, therapeutic strategies to antagonize its functions have shown promise in treating both autoimmune diseases and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Conversely, soluble beta-glucan polysaccharides that bind to its lectin site prime the Mac-1/CR3 of circulating phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, permitting cytotoxic degranulation in response to iC3b-opsonized tumor cells that otherwise escape from this mechanism of cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Identity-Based Encryption Architecture and Supporting Data Structures (2009)

This document describes the security architecture required to
implement identity-based encryption, a public-key encryption
technology that uses a user's identity as a public key. It also
defines data structures that can be used to implement the technology.
Cleavage of DNA by mammalian DNA topoisomerase II. (1983)

Using the P4 unknotting assay, DNA topoisomerase II has been purified from several mammalian cells. Similar to prokaryotic DNA gyrase, mammalian DNA topoisomerase II can cleave double-stranded DNA and be trapped as a covalent protein-DNA complex. This cleavage reaction requires protein denaturant treatment of the topoisomerase II-DNA complex and is reversible with respect to salt and temperature. The product after reversal of the cleavage reaction remains supertwisted, suggesting that the two ends of the putatively broken DNA are held tightly by the topoisomerase. Alternatively, the enzyme-DNA interaction is noncovalent, and the covalent linking of topoisomerase to DNA is induced by the protein denaturant. Detailed characterization of the cleavage products has revealed that topoisomerase II cuts DNA with a four-base stagger and is covalently linked to the protruding 5'-phosphoryl ends of each broken DNA strand. Calf thymus DNA topoisomerase II cuts SV40 DNA at multiple and specific sites. However, no sequence homology has been found among the cleavage sites as determined by direct nucleotide-sequencing studies.
Changes in renal function after liver transplantation under FK 506. (1991)

Since its introduction into clinical trials, FK 506 has proven to be the most potent oral immunosuppressant available.1-3 Our previous studies have documented the nephrotoxicity of FK 506, and have suggested that a reduction in renal blood flow is central to its pathogenesis.4,5

The clinical management has been constantly evolving. The starting dosage of FK 506 has gradually decreased and the IV infusion was changed from a 4-hour infusion to 12-hour infusions to attenuate the early perioperative nephrotoxicity. We will present, herein, the results of our experience with nephrotoxicity during the first year of primary hepatic transplantation under FK 506. This represents the results of a high-dose period and the steepest slope of our learning curve in the use of FK 506. Current practices emphasize lower initial doses, lower FK 506 levels, and progressive dosage reductions. Maintaining the optimal drug level which minimizes nephrotoxicity while avoiding rejection, will likely be assisted by a computer-based artificial intelligence program which has only recently been developed at the University of Pittsburgh.6
Identification of Nuclear Receptor Corepressor as a Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α Interacting Protein (1999)

Nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) was demonstrated to interact strongly with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), and PPARalpha ligands suppressed this interaction. In contrast to the interaction of PPARalpha with the coactivator protein, p300, association of the receptor with NCoR did not require any part of the PPARalpha ligand binding domain. NCoR was found to suppress PPARalpha-dependent transcriptional activation in the context of a PPARalpha.retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) heterodimeric complex bound to a peroxisome proliferator-responsive element in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. This repression was reversed agonists of either receptor demonstrating a functional interaction between NCoR and PPARalpha.RXRalpha heterodimeric complexes in mammalian cells. NCoR appears to influence PPARalpha signaling pathways and, therefore, may modulate tissue responsiveness to peroxisome proliferators.
Isolation of a biologically active low-molecular-mass chromium compound from rabbit liver (1987)

A low-molecular-mass chromium-binding substance (LMCr), which is recognized as a detoxification ligand of chromium, was isolated from the livers of rabbits injected intravenously with K2Cr2O7 (200 mumol Cr/kg body wt) as a biologically active form. LMCr appears as an anionic, organic Cr compound with a relative molecular mass of 1500. It is composed of glutamic acid or glutamine, glycine, cysteine and aspartic acid or asparagine with a Cr/amino-terminal residue ratio of 4:1. The purified LMCr (10-300 ng Cr/ml) shows in vitro activities comparable to those of glucose tolerance factor in relation to insulin action. In the presence of insulin it enhances [U-14C]glucose conversion to 14CO (23-30% up) in rat epididymal adipocytes above the value obtained with insulin alone. LMCr also stimulates the rate of [3-3H]glucose incorporation into lipid by 30-40% with insulin or by 15-23% without insulin, as compared with the basic value obtained with insulin alone or without insulin. These findings suggest that LMCr plays essential roles in both glucose metabolism and detoxification of invaded Cr in the body.
Team User's Guide (1984)

Abstract : TEAM (Transportable English Data Access Medium) is a transportable natural-language (NL) interface to a database. It is a tool of considerable power that enables the user to retrieve data and elicit answers to queries by asking questions and giving commands in English instead of a formal query language. Moreover, TEAM is not limited to any particular database, but can be adapted to demonstrate natural-language retrieval in a broad variety of application domains. The prototype TEAM software described herein was developed by the Artificial Intelligence Center of SRI International to demonstrate the system's capabilities and adaptive potential. This user's guide is designed to assist new TEAM users to learn about the concepts and tasks involved in retrieving data and in preparing a demonstration for a new application area. An effort has been made to illustrate some of the problems TEAM must solve in translating an English question into a database query. However, the necessarily limited scope of this guide cannot include a discussion of all the natural-language-processing issues addressed by the system; our emphasis is on a practical, rather than theoretical, understanding of the concepts. Similarly, while this guide cannot cover every detail of creating a new demonstration for TEAM, it does provide a thorough introduction to the procedure to be followed and explains how to use the on-line help provided by the system.
Role of Cytochrome P4502B6 Polymorphisms in Ketamine Metabolism and Clearance (2016)

These results show that while the CYP2B6*6 polymorphism results in diminished ketamine metabolism in vitro, this allelic variant did not affect single, low-dose ketamine metabolism, clearance, and pharmacokinetics in vivo. While in vitro drug metabolism studies may be informative, clinical investigations in general are needed to validate in vitro observations.
Pretargeting of Carcinoembryonic Antigen–Expressing Cancers with a Trivalent Bispecific Fusion Protein Produced in Myeloma Cells (2005)

The results indicate that hBS14 is an attractive candidate for use in a variety of pretargeting applications, particularly tumor therapy with radionuclides and drugs.
Plasmid-Mediated Resistance to Thrombin-Induced Platelet Microbicidal Protein in Staphylococci: Role of the qacA Locus (1999)

Thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein 1 (tPMP-1) is a small, cationic peptide released from rabbit platelets following thrombin stimulation. In vitro resistance to this peptide among strains of Staphylococcus aureus correlates with the survival advantage of such strains at sites of endothelial damage in humans as well as in experimental endovascular infections. The mechanisms involved in the phenotypic resistance of S. aureus to tPMP-1 are not fully delineated. The plasmid-encoded staphylococcal gene qacA mediates multidrug resistance to multiple organic cations via a proton motive force-dependent efflux pump. We studied whether the qacA gene might also confer resistance to cationic tPMP-1. Staphylococcal plasmids encoding qacA were found to confer resistance to tPMP-1 in an otherwise susceptible parental strain. Deletions which removed the region containing the qacA gene in the S. aureus multiresistance plasmid pSK1 abolished tPMP-1 resistance. Resistance to tPMP-1 in the qacA-bearing strains was inoculum independent but peptide concentration dependent, with the level of resistance decreasing at higher peptide concentrations for a given inoculum. There was no apparent cross-resistance in qacA-bearing strains to other endogenous cationic antimicrobial peptides which are structurally distinct from tPMP-1, including human neutrophil defensin 1, protamine, or the staphylococcal lantibiotics pep5 and nisin. These data demonstrate that the staphylococcal multidrug resistance gene qacA also mediates in vitro resistance to cationic tPMP-1.
Electron microscope study of the rod-to-coccus shape change in a temperature-sensitive rod- mutant of Bacillus subtilis (1979)

The changes in cell morphology of Bacillus subtilis rodB during a temperature shift from 20 to 42 degrees C, in the absence of added anions, are described. At 20 degrees C the organisms grow as rods but gradually become spherical in shape when placed at 42 degrees C. The shape change is initiated by an increase in diameter at the cell equator, resulting in a bulged morphology, which is further modified to the morphology of a coccus. This change may involve a modification of the pattern of normal cylindrical extension such that incorporation of newly synthesized wall leads only to increase in diameter, perhaps from a growth zone of limited extent. The pattern of surface growth was followed by reconstructing the sequence of cross wall formation and pole construction in rods grown at 20 degrees C and in organisms incubated at 42 degrees C for 75 and 150 min. In thin section, wall forming the septum and nascent poles can be distinguished from the surface distal to the division site by the presence of raised tears, perhaps analogous to the wall bands of streptococci. By using an analog rotation technique involving the three-dimensional reconstruction of cells by mathematical rotation of axial thin sections about their longitudinal axis, it is shown that the proportion of septal wall increases during the shape change. In the coccal forms, all surface growth may arise from septal growth sites.
Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is an acute-phase protein. (1997)

Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) levels are elevated in the blood of patients with a variety of infectious, immune, or traumatic conditions. To examine whether IL1Ra is produced by liver cells with characteristics resembling an acute-phase protein, human primary hepatocytes isolated from liver biopsies and HepG2 hepatoma cells were stimulated with IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNFalpha. IL-1Ra was present in the supernatants of both cells, with production significantly enhanced by IL-1beta, and by the combination of IL-1beta and IL-6. The term IL-1Ra refers to two different proteins encoded by the same gene, but generated by alternative splicing of two different first exons. One isoform is secreted (17-kD sIL-1Ra), and the other isoform remains in the cytoplasm (18-kD icIL-1Ra). By Western blot analysis, the supernatants of human hepatoma (HepG2) cells contained only sIL-1Ra, whereas the lysates contained a novel smaller molecular mass isoform of 16 kD. RT-PCR and ribonuclease protection assay with RNA from HepG2 cells showed that only sIL-1Ra mRNA was expressed, and confirmed the inducing effect of IL-1beta and IL-6. Transfection studies were performed using constructs containing the promoters of either sIL-1Ra or icIL-1Ra coupled to the luciferase reporter gene. The sIL-1Ra promoter was active in HepG2 cells stimulated by IL-1beta and/or IL-6, whereas the icIL-1Ra promoter was inactive. Mutation of binding sites for transcription factors NF-kappaB and/or C/EBP within the proximal sIL-1Ra promoter led to significant decreases in response to IL-1beta and IL-6 in comparison to the wild-type promoter. Electromobility gel shift assays confirmed the presence of NF-kappaB and C/EBP binding sites within the sIL-1Ra promoter, and indicated a significant increase in the binding activities of nuclear proteins from HepG2 cells treated with IL-1beta and IL-6. In summary, sIL-1Ra, but not icIL-1Ra, is produced by hepatocytes, and is regulated by proinflammatory cytokines as an acute-phase protein. In addition, NF-kappaB and C/EBP family members are likely to play important roles in the full expression of IL-1Ra by hepatocytes during inflammatory conditions.
Self-Supervised Learning for Stereo Matching with Self-Improving Ability (2017)

Exiting deep-learning based dense stereo matching methods often rely on ground-truth disparity maps as the training signals, which are however not always available in many situations. In this paper, we design a simple convolutional neural network architecture that is able to learn to compute dense disparity maps directly from the stereo inputs. Training is performed in an end-to-end fashion without the need of ground-truth disparity maps. The idea is to use image warping error (instead of disparity-map residuals) as the loss function to drive the learning process, aiming to find a depth-map that minimizes the warping error. While this is a simple concept well-known in stereo matching, to make it work in a deep-learning framework, many non-trivial challenges must be overcome, and in this work we provide effective solutions. Our network is self-adaptive to different unseen imageries as well as to different camera settings. Experiments on KITTI and Middlebury stereo benchmark datasets show that our method outperforms many state-of-the-art stereo matching methods with a margin, and at the same time significantly faster.