gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mixtures of ionic liquids (2012)

Simple ionic liquids have long been held to be designer solvents, based upon the ability to independently vary their cations and anions. The formation of mixtures of ionic liquids increases this synthetic flexibility. We review the available literature of these ionic liquid mixtures to identify how their properties change and the possibility for their application.
Increased Proteasome Activity, Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes, and eEF1A Translation Factor Detected in Breast Cancer Tissue (2005)

The ubiquitin (Ub)/proteasome pathway facilitates the degradation of damaged proteins and regulators of growth and stress response. The activation of this pathway in various cancers and malignancies has been described, and several genetic determinants of breast cancer, including BRCA1 and BRCA2, are linked to protein degradation. To investigate the involvement of the Ub/proteasome system in breast cancer, we examined a collection of 25 patient-matched breast cancer and normal adjacent tissues and detected activation of numerous components of the Ub/proteasome pathway. The activity of the proteasome, and levels of proteasome subunits and various targeting factors, were increased in >90% of primary breast cancer tissue specimens. In contrast, no activation was observed in benign solid tumors, indicating that the response is specific to abnormal growth in neoplastic cells. Additionally, the accumulation of high levels of certain Ub-conjugating enzymes (UbcH1, UbcH2, and UbcH5), was specific to breast cancer, as no change in abundance was detected in primary colon cancer tissue extracts. Surprisingly, the Ub/proteasome system was not activated in a well-characterized cell culture-based breast cancer model system. Collectively, these findings suggest that the analysis of primary breast cancer tissue samples will be indispensable for the biochemical characterization of neoplastic growth and for the development of therapeutics.
Isolation and Characterization of a Thermotolerant Methanol-Utilizing Yeast (1973)

A yeast capable of growth on methanol as its sole carbon-energy source was isoalted from soil samples and identified as a strain of Hansenula polymorpha. A continuous enrichment culture at 37 C with a simple mineral salts medium was used to select this organism. The isolate, designated DL-1, has a maximal specific growth rate of 0.22 per h, at pH 4.5 to 5.5 and temperatures of 37 to 42 C, in simple mineral salts medium with methanol (0.5%), biotin, and thiamine. Growth occurred in a chemostat at temperatures up to 50 C, with strong growth at 45 C. The maximal growth yield of the yeast on methanol was 0.36 g of dry cell weight per g of methanol, and the yield on oxygen was 0.37 g of dry cell weight per g of O(2). Protein content of the isolate is 46%, and total nucleic acid content varies from 5.0 to 7.0% with increasing growth rate from 0.08 to 0.20 per h. The amino acid profile of this yeast protein indicates that it could serve as a good source of food protein. Feeding studies with rats show the yeast to have no toxic effects.
Dynamic self-organizing maps with controlled growth for knowledge discovery (2000)

The growing self-organizing map (GSOM) has been presented as an extended version of the self-organizing map (SOM), which has significant advantages for knowledge discovery applications. In this paper, the GSOM algorithm is presented in detail and the effect of a spread factor, which can be used to measure and control the spread of the GSOM, is investigated. The spread factor is independent of the dimensionality of the data and as such can be used as a controlling measure for generating maps with different dimensionality, which can then be compared and analyzed with better accuracy. The spread factor is also presented as a method of achieving hierarchical clustering of a data set with the GSOM. Such hierarchical clustering allows the data analyst to identify significant and interesting clusters at a higher level of the hierarchy, and as such continue with finer clustering of only the interesting clusters. Therefore, only a small map is created in the beginning with a low spread factor, which can be generated for even a very large data set. Further analysis is conducted on selected sections of the data and as such of smaller volume. Therefore, this method facilitates the analysis of even very large data sets.
Privacy-Preserving Deep Learning (2015)

Deep learning based on artificial neural networks is a very popular approach to modeling, classifying, and recognizing complex data such as images, speech, and text. The unprecedented accuracy of deep learning methods has turned them into the foundation of new AI-based services on the Internet. Commercial companies that collect user data on a large scale have been the main beneficiaries of this trend since the success of deep learning techniques is directly proportional to the amount of data available for training. Massive data collection required for deep learning presents obvious privacy issues. Users' personal, highly sensitive data such as photos and voice recordings is kept indefinitely by the companies that collect it. Users can neither delete it, nor restrict the purposes for which it is used. Furthermore, centrally kept data is subject to legal subpoenas and extra-judicial surveillance. Many data owners--for example, medical institutions that may want to apply deep learning methods to clinical records--are prevented by privacy and confidentiality concerns from sharing the data and thus benefitting from large-scale deep learning.
Selective antagonism of the hypotensive effects of dopamine agonists in spontaneously hypertensive rats. (1986)

Agonists of dopamine receptors can lower blood pressure by vasodilation through action on dopamine1 receptors, inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity by action on dopamine2 receptors, or actions in the central nervous system. Fenoldopam, a selective dopamine1 agonist, piribedil, a selective dopamine2 agonist, and dipropyl dopamine, a mixed dopamine1 and dopamine2 agonist, were injected intravenously in pentobarbital-anesthetized, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The mechanism for the antihypertensive effect was evaluated by administration of the selective dopamine1 antagonist SCH 23390 and the selective dopamine2 antagonist domperidone. While SCH 23390 only antagonized the hypotensive effects of fenoldopam, domperidone abolished the fall in blood pressure produced by dipropyl dopamine and piribedil but not by fenoldopam. Increments in heart rate and plasma norepinephrine levels accompanied the hypotensive effects of fenoldopam. The increase in heart rate was abolished by a dose of SCH 23390 sufficient to completely block the hypotensive effects and was significantly attenuated by the ganglionic blocking agent hexamethonium, which suggests that the increase in heart rate was due to a baroreceptor reflex. Fenoldopam does not cross the blood-brain barrier, which suggests that its hypotensive effect was mediated by peripheral dopamine1 receptors. Since domperidone does not cross the blood-brain barrier and significantly antagonized the hypotensive and bradycardic effects of dipropyl dopamine and piribedil, these effects were mediated primarily by peripheral dopamine2 receptors. These results indicate that SCH 23390 and domperidone are useful agents to identify the receptor subtype mediating the action of dopamine agonists in SHR.
BAG3-mediated Mcl-1 stabilization contributes to drug resistance via interaction with USP9X in ovarian cancer (2016)

Paclitaxel in combination with carboplatin improves survival among patients with susceptible ovarian cancers, but no strategy has been established against resistant ovarian cancers. BAG3 (Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3) is one of six BAG family proteins, which are involved in such cellular processes as proliferation, migration and apoptosis. In addition, expression of BAG3 with Mcl-1, a Bcl-2 family protein, reportedly associates with resistance to chemotherapy. Our aim in this study was to evaluate the functional role of BAG3 and Mcl-1 in ovarian cancer chemoresistance and explore possible new targets for treatment. We found that combined expression of BAG3 and Mcl-1 was significantly associated with a poor prognosis in ovarian cancer patients. In vitro, BAG3 knockdown in ES2 clear ovarian cancer cells significantly increased the efficacy of paclitaxel in combination with the Mcl-1 antagonist MIM1, with or without the Bcl-2 family antagonist ABT737. Moreover, BAG3 was found to positively regulate Mcl-1 levels by binding to and inhibiting USP9X. Our data show that BAG3 and Mcl-1 are key mediators of resistance to chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. In BAG3 knockdown ES2 clear ovarian cancer cells, combination with ABT737 and MIM1 enhanced the efficacy of paclitaxel. These results suggest that inhibiting BAG3 in addition to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins may be a useful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chemoresistant ovarian cancers.
Swine Influenza Virus Vaccine: Potentiation in Rhesus Monkeys of Antibody Responses by a Nuclease Resistant Derivative of Poly I.Poly C (1976)

Abstract : Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid stabilized with poly-i-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose (poly ICLC) enhances the antibody response in rhesus monkeys immunized with swine influenza virus subunit vaccine. Monkeys given the vaccine-adjuvant combination had earlier and significantly (P < 0.05) higher titers by 14 days.
The IGF axis and programmed cell death (1999)

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are mitogenic peptides that have been implicated as positive regulators of cellular proliferation. In recent years, several studies have suggested an additional role for the IGF axis in the regulation of apoptosis. Signalling through the IGF receptor has been shown to have a potent survival function and protect cells from a variety of apoptotic stimuli. The actions of IGF are regulated by a family of high-affinity IGF binding proteins (IGFBP), which sequester the IGF from the IGF receptor. However, there is some evidence that one of these binding proteins, IGFBP-3, may have its own pro-apoptotic effects that are independent of its ability to modulate IGF bioavailability. In addition, it has been suggested that the tumour suppressor p53, a crucial mediator of apoptosis in response to cellular stress, may elicit several of its apoptotic effects through manipulation of components of the IGF axis. This review summarizes what is currently known about the role of the IGF system in the regulation of apoptosis, highlighting its implications in the context of tumorigenesis.
Coexpression of T4 and T8 on peripheral blood T cells demonstrated by two-color fluorescence flow cytometry. (1985)

Using two-color fluorescence flow cytometry, we were able to detect the presence of small numbers of T4+T8+ cells (about 3%) in freshly isolated peripheral T cell populations derived from normal healthy donors. Coexpression of T4 and T8 was predominantly found on large blastlike cells and appeared to be related to activation. Stimulation of peripheral T cells with concanavalin A (Con A) for 5 days resulted in the generation of up to 60% of T4+T8+ cells. Coexpression was accompanied by a twofold increase in the number of T8 antigenic sites per cell. The T4+T8+ cells in lectin-stimulated cultures expressed high levels of the activation antigens T9, T10, and the IL-2 receptor but lacked T6, an antigen found on a majority of stage II thymocytes. Coexpression of T4 and T8 appeared to be a transitory process, because prolonged culture of T cells in the absence of lectin resulted in the loss of the T4+T8+ phenotype. Our data suggest that T cell activation in peripheral blood results in the generation of a T4+T8+ cell population which is distinct from previously described thymic and peripheral blood cells. Because T4 and T8 molecules may interact directly with MHC antigens, coexpression of these molecules may have an important role in immune function.
Accumulation of CD8+ Cells after Immunization with Soluble Antigen (1990)

Rats were immunized with ovalbumin, either subcutaneously or by aerosol inhalation. The lymphocyte distribution in lymph nodes, peripheral blood, and spleen was investigated by flow cytometry after labelling with T pan (OX19 and W3/13), T helper lymphocytes (W3/25), T cytotoxic/suppressor lymphocytes (OX8), kappa light chain (MAR 18-5), or MHC class II (OX6) monoclonal antibodies. The influence of the neurotoxic agent capsaicin on the lymphocyte distribution was also analysed. Subcutaneous immunization resulted in an increased number of OX8+ cells in mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and peripheral blood but not in the draining lymph nodes, axillary, brachial, and mediastinal lymph nodes. The number of positive cells for the other cell markers used were not affected by immunization. The neuromodulatory effect of capsaicin had no effect on the lymphocyte distribution. The results showed that the type of immunization used, low amounts of antigen without adjuvant given during a prolonged period, selectively induced OX8+ cells. The patterns were unaffected by neuromodulation using capsaicin.
A simple procedure for rapid transmethylation of glycerolipids and cholesteryl esters (1982)

A simple procedure suitable for rapid transmethylation of triacylglycerols, other neutral lipids (including cholesteryl esters), and glycerophospholipids is described. Lipids in diethyl ether solution (50 volumes), in the presence of methyl acetate (1 vol), are reacted with 1 M sodium methoxide in methanol (1 vol) at room temperature. Essentially complete transmethylation can occur within a few minutes with no hydrolysis. Glassware and reagent requirements are minimal and samples are ready for gas-liquid chromatography analysis with very little work-up.
Atomic layer epitaxy deposition processes (1994)

Atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) is emerging as a promising epitaxial growth technique for thickness control at the atomic level. The article outlines recent progress in ALE of III–V and Si thin films. Also models describing the self-limiting processes will be outlined.
C2-Symmetric Macrocyclic Carbohydrate/Amino Acid Hybrids through Copper(I)-Catalyzed Formation of 1,2,3-Triazoles (2005)

An efficient method was developed for the preparation of macrocyclic carbohydrate/amino acid hybrids by macrocyclization with copper(I)-catalyzed 1,2,3-triazole formation. Methyl 2-amino-6-azido-3,4-di-O-benzoyl-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside was prepared and coupled to two different N-propiolyl dipeptides (propiolyl-Tyr-Tyr-OH and propiolyl-Arg(Mtr)-Tyr-OH) to obtain bifunctional molecules carrying one azido group and one terminal alkyne. These bifunctional molecules were cyclodimerized using Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes to form macrocycles containing two 1,2,3-triazoles. Various cyclization methods were evaluated, and the most efficient conditions were found to be CuI and N,N-diisopropylethylamine in CH3CN.
Optodes based on a calixarene ester for the determination of aldehydes via in situ generation of the Girard’s reagent P derivative (1998)

Optode membranes for the general determination of aldehydes by visible spectroscopy were developed. A plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membrane containing a calixarene ester which is used as a host molecule, a hydrogen ion-selective chromo-ionophore (ETH5294) and potassium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate (KTpClPB) responds reversibly to a guest molecule which is generated in situ from an aldehyde and a Girard’s reagent P. The sensitivity of the optode can be modulated by changing the concentration of the calixarene ionophore in the membranes and the pH of the measuring solution. The proposed method shows a good correlation with the theoretically derived equation in the range 4 × 10–5–0.2 mol l–1 butyraldehyde with an error of <6% and with a detection limit of 5 × 10–7 mol l–1. Typical response times (t95) for the samples are 5 min.
Efficacy of transferrin receptor-targeted immunotoxins in brain tumor cell lines and pediatric brain tumors. (1993)

The efficacy and cytotoxic properties of immunotoxin conjugates directed against the transferrin receptor were examined in cell lines and operative specimens from pediatric brain tumors. Dose-response relationships were assessed for immunotoxin-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis for two immunotoxins, 454A12-rRA and anti-tfnR-CRM 107. Three target medulloblastoma cell lines (DAOY, D283MED, and D341MED), a glioblastoma (U373), and a neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell line exhibited similar sensitivity to both immunotoxins with IC50s in the 10(-9)-10(-10) M range. The time course of protein synthesis inhibition by the immunotoxins in DAOY cells showed that inhibition by anti-tfnR-CRM 107 was rapid and apparent by 6 h of incubation. In contrast, a response to 454A12-rRA was not observed until 16 h. Cell viability was decreased 30-40% by 24 h after removing 454A12-rRA (1 x 10(-9) M) and was maximally decreased 70-80% after 3 days. The efficacy of the immunotoxins on a variety of fresh specimens of pediatric brain tumors was also examined. The more aggressive and malignant tumor types such as glioblastoma multiforme and medulloblastoma had low IC50 values (10(-12) M), indicating that these tumors were extremely sensitive to transferrin receptor-targeted immunotoxins. In general, protein synthesis in slow-growing and benign tumors was not as greatly affected by immunotoxins. Immunoblots showed expression of transferrin receptors on the cell lines and tumors which correlated with in vitro sensitivity to immunotoxin. The results demonstrate that two immunotoxins targeted to the transferrin receptor are efficacious in killing brain tumor cell lines and primary tumor cultures at very low concentrations and that highly malignant tumors are especially sensitive to this cytotoxic response.
Purification and properties of membrane-bound hydrogenase isoenzyme 1 from anaerobically grown Escherichia coli K12 (1986)

Hydrogenase isoenzyme 1 from the membrane fraction of anaerobically grown Escherichia coli has been purified to near homogeneity. The preparation involved dispersion of the membrane fraction with deoxycholate followed by ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion-exchange, hydroxyapatite and gel filtration chromatography steps. The enzyme was assayed by quantification of the H2:benzyl viologen oxidoreductase activity immunoprecipitated by a non-inhibitory antiserum specific for the enzyme. The enzyme constituted about 8% of the hydrogenase activity found in the detergent-dispersed membranes, the remainder being attributable to hydrogenase isoenzyme 2. Isoenzyme 1 was purified 130-fold and the specific activity of the final preparation was 10.6 mumol benzyl viologen reduced min-1 (mg protein)-1 (H2:benzyl viologen oxidoreductase). The final preparation contained polypeptides of apparent Mr 64,000, 31,000 and 29,000. Antibodies were raised both to the final preparation and to immunoprecipitation arcs containing hydrogenase isoenzyme 1, excised from crossed immunoelectrophoresis plates. The former cross-reacted with all three polypeptides in the enzyme preparation but the latter recognised only the Mr-64,000 polypeptide. Immunological analysis revealed that the polypeptides of apparent Mr 31,000 and 29,000 are fragments of a single polypeptide of Mr 35,000 which is present in the detergent-dispersed membranes. The fragmentation of the Mr-35,000 polypeptide during the preparation correlates with a change in the electrophoretic mobility of the enzyme. A similar electrophoretic mobility change was observed, accompanied by cleavage of the Mr-35,000 polypeptide to one of 32,000 when the enzyme was analysed after exposure of detergent-dispersed membranes to trypsin. The enzyme in the detergent-dispersed membranes consists minimally of two subunits of Mr 64,000 and two subunits of Mr 35,000. It contained 12.2 mol Fe and 9.1 mol acid-labile S2-/200,000 g enzyme. The enzyme, purified from bacteria grown in the presence of 63Ni, was found to contain 0.64 (+/- 0.20) mol Ni/200,000 g enzyme. A constant ratio of 63Ni immunoprecipitated to hydrogenase isoenzyme 1 activity immunoprecipitated by antiserum specific for the enzyme was observed during the preparation, consistent with Ni being part of the enzyme. The enzyme has a low Km for H2 (2.0 microM) in the H2:benzyl viologen oxidoreductase assay. It catalyses H2 evolution employing reduced methyl viologen as electron donor. It is inhibited reversibly by CO and irreversibly by N-bromosuccinimide.
Applications of Ionic Liquids in Science and Technology (2011)

This volume of the two volume set on ionic liquids focuses on the applications of ionic liquids in a growing range of areas. Throughout the 1990&rsquo;s, it seemed that most of the attention in the area of ionic liquids applications was directed toward their use as solvents for organic and transition-metal-catalyzed reactions. Certainly this interest continues on to the present date, but the most innovative uses of ionic liquids span a much more diverse field than just synthesis. Some main topics of coverage include the application of RTILs in various electronic applications (batteries, capacitors, and light emitting materials), polymers (synthesis and functionalization), nanomaterials (synthesis and stabilization), and separations. More unusual applications can be noted in the fields of biomass utilization, spectroscopy, optics, lubricants, fuels, and refrigerants. It is hoped that this diversity of this volume will serve as an inspiration for even further advances in the use of RTILs.
The four-vessel occlusion rat model: method for complete occlusion of vertebral arteries and control of collateral circulation. (1988)

F our-vessel occlusion in rats was introduced approximately 10 years ago 1 to provide a rodent model of reversible forebrain ischemia. The model presented several advantages, which included ease of preparation, a high rate of predictable ischemic neuronal damage, a low incidence of seizures, and the absence of anesthesia. However, two issues concerning the efficient use of the four-vessel occlusion rat model as originally described by us'-3 require clarification. First, several groups 4 -7 have reported difficulty assuring complete occlusion of the vertebral arteries by electrocauterization through the alar foramina of the first cervical vertebra. Because this difficulty may stem partly from our failure to have adequately described details of this method in our original article, the following is provided to facilitate more effective use of the model.
On-line monitoring of glucose in mammalian cell culture using a flow injection analysis (FIA) mediated biosensor (1997)

A flow injection analysis (FIA) biosensor system has been developed for on-line determination of glucose during mammalian cell cultivation. The culture sample was peristaltically withdrawn from the bioreactor and after cell separation by a steam sterilizable ceramic microfilter, the filtrate was continuously fed to the FIA mediated-biosensor system at 4 mLh−1, whereas the cell-containing retentate was recirculated to the bioreactor. In the amperometric biosensor system, glucose oxidase was covalently immobilized onto a preactivated nylon membrane and attached to the sensing area of a platinum working electrode. The enzyme reaction was coupled with the mediator 1,1′-dimethylferricinium (DMFe+)-cyclodextrin inclusion complex to recycle the reduced glucose oxidase to its original active state. 1,1′-Dimethylferrocene (DMFe) was then reoxidized to DMFe+ at the surface of the platinum electrode poised at + 0.15 V vs silver/silver chloride. The FIA mediated-biosensor was linear up to 6 mM glucose, with a detection limit of 0.1 mM, and possessed excellent reproducibility (± 0.4 %, 95 % confidence interval) over 123 repeated analyses during a 62 h continuous operation. The immobilized glucose oxidase was stable for up to 7 days when applied to glucose measurement during 5–10 day fed-batch cultivation of 293S mammalian cells. The results obtained from the mediated-biosensor system compared well with the hexokinase and HPLC data. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 497–504, 1997