gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of complement in endotoxin/platelet-activating factor-induced lung injury (1992)

C receptor-1 is a protein involved in the regulation of C3 and C5-convertases. Recombinant human soluble C receptor-1 has recently been produced and shown to reduce infarct size in a rat model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. The present study aimed to investigate whether recombinant human soluble C receptor-1 exerts any protective effect on pulmonary injury produced in a rodent model of adult respiratory distress syndrome. In this model, Escherichia coli endotoxin (LPS, 0.1 microgram/kg) combined with platelet-activating factor (1 pmol/kg/min over 60 min, n = 10) caused microvascular lung injury characterized by elevation of myeloperoxidase activity, deposition of C3 and C5b-9 on the endothelium of pulmonary vessels, and pulmonary edema. Furthermore, bronchoalveolar lavage revealed increased neutrophil count and elevated protein concentration. These pulmonary responses were associated with elevated serum TNF-alpha. Pretreatment (10 min, i.v.) with recombinant human soluble C receptor-1 at 10 mg/kg (n = 13), but not at 1 mg/kg, prevented the LPS/platelet-activating factor-induced pulmonary edema (p less than 0.01) and changes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell count (p less than 0.01) and protein concentration (p less than 0.05), and attenuated the deposition of C3 and C5b-9 to lung vessels. There was no effect on lung myeloperoxidase activity and serum TNF-alpha. Also, C depletion by cobra venom factor (500 U/kg, i.v.) eliminated the pulmonary edema and elevated leukocyte count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, but had no effect on lung myeloperoxidase activity and serum TNF-alpha. These data suggest that C factors may play an important role in the pathophysiology of adult respiratory distress syndrome.
Expression of costimulatory molecule B7-H3 and its prognostic implications in human acute leukemia (2014)

Owing to the expression of B7-H3 being statistically relevant in predicting disease progression and a shorter life survival, our results demonstrated that B7-H3 expression in acute leukemia predicts an unfavorable outcome.
Temporary Suppression of Visual Processing in an RSVP Task: An (1992)

Through rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP), we asked Ss to identify a partially specified letter (target) and then to detect the presence or absence of a fully specified letter (probe). Whereas targets are accurately identified, probes are poorly detected when they are presented during a 270-ms interval beginning 180 ms after the target. Probes presented immediately after the target or later in the RSVP stream are accurately detected. This temporary reduction in probe detection was not found in conditions in which a brief blank interval followed the target or Ss were not required to identify the target. The data suggest that the presentation of stimuli after the target but before target-identification processes are complete produces interference at a letterrecognition stage. This interference may cause the temporary suppression of visual attention mechanisms observed in the present study. During the course of many visual activities such as reading or scanning a visual scene, the eyes alternately fixate an area of the visual field and make a saccade to a different location. Because visual processing is suppressed during the rapid saccadic eye movement (for a review, see Volkman, 1986), this oculomotor behavior presents a rapid succession of brief, complex images to the perceptual processing system. The limits governing the brain's ability to process such a stream of stimuli can be studied in the laboratory with rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). In this paradigm, stimuli such as letters, digits, words, or pictures are presented briefly in the same location and in rapid succession, usually in the same location (from 6 to about 20 items/s). Typically one item in the stimulus stream, the target, is differentiated in some way (e.g., presented in a different color), and the subject's task is to identify it. It is commonly known that processing a single briefly exposed target is substantially easier than processing the same stimulus embedded in a stream of complex stimuli (Lawrence, 1971). In this sense, RSVP tasks may be viewed as visual search tasks operating in the temporal rather than the spatial domain. Just as visual search studies have been useful in investigating how visual attention may be distributed spatially (e.g., Triesman & Gelade, 1980), the RSVP proce
Cross-validated maximum likelihood enhances crystallographic simulated annealing refinement (1997)

Recently, the target function for crystallographic refinement has been improved through a maximum likelihood analysis, which makes proper allowance for the effects of data quality, model errors, and incompleteness. The maximum likelihood target reduces the significance of false local minima during the refinement process, but it does not completely eliminate them, necessitating the use of stochastic optimization methods such as simulated annealing for poor initial models. It is shown that the combination of maximum likelihood with cross-validation, which reduces overfitting, and simulated annealing by torsion angle molecular dynamics, which simplifies the conformational search problem, results in a major improvement of the radius of convergence of refinement and the accuracy of the refined structure. Torsion angle molecular dynamics and the maximum likelihood target function interact synergistically, the combination of both methods being significantly more powerful than each method individually. This is demonstrated in realistic test cases at two typical minimum Bragg spacings (dmin = 2.0 and 2.8 A, respectively), illustrating the broad applicability of the combined method. In an application to the refinement of a new crystal structure, the combined method automatically corrected a mistraced loop in a poor initial model, moving the backbone by 4 A.
Tetrahydrobiopterin, but Not l -Arginine, Decreases NO Synthase Uncoupling in Cells Expressing High Levels of Endothelial NO Synthase (2005)

Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) produces superoxide when depleted of (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-L-biopterin (BH4) and L-arginine by uncoupling the electron flow from NO production. High expression of eNOS has been reported to have beneficial effects in atherosclerotic arteries after relatively short periods of time. However, sustained high expression of eNOS may have disadvantageous vascular effects because of uncoupling. We investigated NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in a microvascular endothelial cell line (bEnd.3) with sustained high eNOS expression and absent inducible NOS and neuronal NOS expression using 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate and diacetyldichlorofluorescein as probes, respectively. Unstimulated cells produced both NO and ROS. After stimulation with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), NO and ROS production increased. VEGF-induced ROS production was even further increased by the addition of extra L-arginine. Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester decreased ROS production. These findings strongly suggest that eNOS is a source of ROS in these cells. Although BH4 levels were increased as compared with another endothelial cell line, eNOS levels were >2 orders of magnitude higher. The addition of BH4 resulted in increased NO production and decreased generation of ROS, indicating that bEnd.3 cells produce ROS through eNOS uncoupling because of relative BH4 deficiency. Nevertheless, eNOS-dependent ROS production was not completely abolished by the addition of BH4, suggesting intrinsic superoxide production by eNOS. This study indicates that potentially beneficial sustained increases in eNOS expression and activity could lead to eNOS uncoupling and superoxide production as a consequence. Therefore, sustained increases of eNOS or VEGF activity should be accompanied by concomitant supplementation of BH4.
Deacidification of Vegetable Oils by Solvent Extraction (2007)

The refining of edible oils requires a series of purification steps, with the most important being the decrease of the free fatty acid level of the crude oil. This step is very important for the quality of the final product and has a major impact on the economic feasibility of the whole process. Several techniques, alternative to the conventional caustic or steam distillation methods, are suggested in the literature, such as supercritical extraction, membrane technology and solvent extraction. In the present paper we discuss the main aspects related to the solvent extraction technique, coupled or not with the conventional methods. The reviewed patents indicate various advantages of a purification process based on the selective extraction of free fatty acids using short chain alcohols. Its technical feasibility is due to the differences in solubility of free fatty acids and neutral oil in the proposed solvents. This alternative technique does not generate waste products and can preserve nutraceutical compounds in the refined oil. Keywords: Oil deacidification, free fatty acid extraction, ethanol, oil refining, vegetable oil or edible oil, oil extraction, short chain alcohols, isopropanol or n-propanol
Adriamycin activation and oxygen free radical formation in human breast tumor cells: protective role of glutathione peroxidase in adriamycin resistance. (1989)

Previous studies with Adriamycin-sensitive and -resistant (ADRR) MCF-7 human breast tumor cell lines indicated that Adriamycin formed significantly less hydroxyl radical (.OH) as the result of enhanced detoxification of reactive oxygen intermediates in the ADRR cell line. In order to further define the sites of drug activation and the role of detoxification mechanisms in free radical levels, subcellular fractions were isolated from these two cell lines and free radical formation in the presence of Adriamycin was examined by using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Studies reported here show that considerable NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and NADH dehydrogenase activities were present in microsomes and mitochondria, respectively, and in nuclei obtained from these cells, and the relative activity of NADH dehydrogenase was 2-fold higher in the mitochondrial fraction of ADRR cells compared to the mitochondrial fraction from the parental wild type cells. In the presence of Adriamycin and a reducing cofactor (NADPH or NADH), Adriamycin semiquinone free radical, superoxide anion, and .OH were detected in all these fractions. Although only a small difference in the relative amount of oxy radical formation was detected in tumor microsomes, both mitochondria and nuclei of ADRR cells showed an overall 2-fold decreased formation of oxy radicals. The formation of the free radicals was significantly inhibited by superoxide dismutase, catalase, and dimethyl sulfoxide, indicating that free .OH generation was both superoxide and hydrogen peroxide dependent. The addition of purified glutathione peroxidase likewise inhibited .OH formation in a dose-dependent fashion. Similarly, when the lysate from ADRR cells, which contains 12- to 14-fold more glutathione peroxidase than Adriamycin-sensitive cells, was added to reaction mixtures containing Adriamycin-sensitive cells and Adriamycin, the .OH formation was diminished. Decreased free radical formation in nuclei and mitochondria, as a result of detoxification of hydrogen peroxide by glutathione peroxidase, may be significant in the protection of ADRR cells from Adriamycin-induced cell killing.
A Validation Study for Recurrence Risk Stratification of Stage II Colon Cancer Using the 55-Gene Classifier (2020)

We conclude that the 55GC is a useful and reproducible grading system for stage II CC recurrence risk stratification.
High blood cholesterol. (2004)

Research has shown that high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), "bad cholesterol," is a risk factor for cardiac disease. This article provides an overview of d" cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein, HDL) and "bad" (LDL) cholesterol, assesses the role of triglycerides in heart disease, and offers strategies for cholesterol lowering and heart disease prevention.
Activation of PRK1 by Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate and Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Trisphosphate (1995)

As potential targets for polyphosphoinositides, activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isotypes (beta 1, epsilon, zeta, nu) and a member of the PKC-related kinase (PRK) family, PRK1, has been compared in vitro. PRK1 is shown to be activated by both phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns 4,5-P2) as well as phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns-3,4,5-P3) either as pure sonicated lipids or in detergent mixed micelles. When presented as sonicated lipids, PtdIns-4,5-P2 and PtdIns-3,4,5-P3 were equipotent in activating PRK1, and, furthermore, sonicated phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) were equally effective. In detergent mixed micelles, PtdIns-4,5-P2 and PtdIns-3,4,5-P3 also showed a similar potency, but PtdIns and PtdSer were 10-fold less effective in this assay. Similarly, PKC-beta 1, -epsilon, and -nu were all activated by PtdIns-4,5-P2 and PtdIns-3,4,5-P3 in detergent mixed micelles. The activation constants for PtdIns-4,5-P2 and PtdIns-3,4,5-P3 were essentially the same for all the kinases tested, implying no specificity in this in vitro analysis. Consistent with this conclusion, the effects of PtdIns-4,5-P2 and PtdIns-3,4,5-P3 were found to be inhibited at 10 mM Mg2+ and mimicked by high concentrations of inositol hexaphosphate and inositol hexasulfate. The similar responses of these two classes of lipid-activated protein kinase to these phosphoinositides are discussed in light of their potential roles as second messengers.
Insulin and Neuroparsin Promote Neurite Outgrowth in Cultured Locust CNS (1990)

Organotypic cultures of locust embryo central nervous system (CNS) were used to study the influence of hormonal factors on neurite outgrowth. Explants from the third thoracic ganglion (embryonic day 9) were grown in a serum-free medium and exposed to insulin, neuroparsin, a recently characterized insect neurohormone, somatostatin and two insect hormones: 20-hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone. These hormonal factors were tested either alone or in several combinations. In our culture system both insulin and neuroparsin promoted extensive neurite outgrowth. Their effects were quantitatively similar. Somatostatin had no effect on neurite formation, but was a growth factor for glial cells. 20-hydroxyecdysone was a required factor for glial cell and neurite survival. Juvenile hormone did not have any observable effects in this culture system. When insulin was added in combination with 20-hydroxyecdysone the stimulation of neurite outgrowth exceeded that seen when insulin was added alone. A similar enhancement was observed with the combination of neuroparsin and 20-hydroxyecdysone. We conclude that in locusts: (i) insulin can be implicated as a neurotrophic factor as in vertebrates; and (ii) neuroparsin, a locust neurohormone, can also be characterized as a neurotrophic factor for the locust. Moreover, both neurohormones interact synergistically with the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone to enhance neurite growth.
Monoclonal T cell responses to two epitopes on a single immunogen controlled by two distinct genes. (1986)

The fine specificities of immune T cells were studied in a system in which the response to the antigen can involve two immune response (Ir) genes and two epitopes on a single synthetic polypeptide immunogen. The (BALB/c X SJL)F1 (H-2d X H-2s) mice can respond to the random terpolymer poly(Glu55, Lys36, Phe9) (GLPhe) through the H-2d-linked Ir gene (Ir-d) or through the complementing Ir gene (Ir-dxs), which controls the immune response to poly(Glu, Phe), epitopes that are present in GLPhe. Nine groups of monoclonal T cells were obtained from (H-2d X H-2s)F1 mice immunized with GLPhe. These groups were delineated by the differences in major histocompatibility (MHC) restriction on antigen-presenting cells (APC) and the cross-reactions with GPhe or GLT. A unique T cell line was discovered that can react to the three polymers (GLPhe, GLT, GPhe) even though GLT and GPhe immune T cells do not normally show reciprocal cross-reactions. The monoclonal T cells retain helper activities in the Mishell-Dutton culture. Although the activation of T cells is antigen specific and MHC restricted, the subsequent B cell response is nonspecific.
Cardiovascular responses to elevation of intra-abdominal hydrostatic pressure (1985)

Intra-abdominal fluid volume and hydrostatic pressure were elevated by positive pressure infusion of Tyrode solution into the peritoneal cavity of anesthetized dogs. The compliance of the peritoneal cavity fell from 10.8 to 0.56 ml X mmHg-1 X kg-1 of body wt as intra-abdominal pressure increased from 0 to 40 mmHg. Intrathoracic pressure also increased as elevated peritoneal pressure caused diaphragmatic bulging. Cardiac output and stroke volume were reduced by 36% after an intra-abdominal pressure rise of 40 mmHg; in contrast, heart rate did not change. Flow in the celiac, superior mesenteric, and renal arteries was reduced by 42, 61, and 70%, respectively. Pressure in the femoral vein increased to 46 mmHg, while flow in the femoral artery decreased by 65%. Whole-body O2 consumption, pH, and arterial PO2 decreased as intra-abdominal pressure rose. The peritoneal cavity, with its high initial compliance, affords the body an ideal location for the temporary accumulation of small to moderate volumes of fluid during episodes of increased vascular pressure or permeability. The marked alterations in the hemodynamic properties of the cardiovascular system are indicative of the physiological changes that occur when intra-abdominal fluid accumulation becomes excessive and peritoneal pressure rises to high levels.
Induction and Rejoining of DNA Double-Strand Breaks and Interphase Chromosome Breaks after Exposure to X Rays in One Normal and Two Hypersensitive Human Fibroblast Cell Lines (1995)

The aim of this work was to measure simultaneously and in a quantitative manner double-strand breaks (DSBs), interphase chromosome breaks and cell lethality either immediately after irradiation, or at various times thereafter (up to 24 h), in cells of three nontransformed human fibroblast cell lines of widely different intrinsic radiosensitivity. We wished to assess initial damage, repair kinetics and residual damage at the DNA and the chromosome level, and to correlate these parameters with cell killing. We employed HF19 cells, a normal fibroblast cell line, AT2 cells, a radiosensitive cell line from a patient suffering from ataxia telangiectasia (AT), and 180BR cells, a radiosensitive cell line from a patient with no clinical symptoms of AT. AT2 and 180BR cells, in addition to being radiosensitive, also display a reduced ability to repair potentially lethal damage compared to HF19 cells. The yield of DSBs, as measured by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, is similar in all three cell lines (slopes correspond to 1.6-1.7% Gy-1 of DNA-associated radioactivity released from the gel well into the lane). In contrast, residual DSBs measured 24 h after irradiation are almost zero for HF19 cells (0.1% confidence interval = 0-1.4%), but are 12.5% (+/- 2.3%) and 43.8% (+/- 1.2%) of those measured immediately after irradiation in AT2 and 180BR cells, respectively. Residual interphase chromosome breaks are 11.6% (+/- 1.6%), 29.7% (+/- 5.7%) and 41.4% (+/- 2.2%) of those measured immediately after irradiation in HF19, AT2 and 180BR cells, respectively. Neither the initial yield of DSBs nor that of excess interphase chromosome breaks can explain the differences in radiosensitivity between the three cell lines; however, there is a correlation between residual DSBs, rate of DSB rejoining at 24 h, residual interphase chromosome breaks on the one hand and cell survival on the other hand.
Rapid portal imaging with a high‐efficiency, large field‐of‐view detector (1998)

The design, construction, and performance evaluation of an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) are described. The EPID has the same imaging geometry as the current mirror-based systems except for the x-ray detection stage, where a two-dimensional (2D) array of 1 cm thick CsI(Tl) detector elements are utilized. The approximately 18% x-ray quantum efficiency of the scintillation detector and its 30 x 40 cm2 field-of-view at the isocenter are greater than other area-imaging EPIDs. The imaging issues addressed are theoretical and measured signal-to-noise ratio, linearity of the imaging chain, influence of frame-summing on image quality and image calibration. Portal images of test objects and a humanoid phantom are used to measure the performance of the system. An image quality similar to the current devices is achieved but with a lower dose. With approximately 1 cGy dose delivered by a 6 MV beam, a 2 mm diam structure of 1.3% contrast and an 18 mm diam object of 0.125% contrast can be resolved without using image-enhancement methods. A spatial resolution of about 2 mm at the isocenter is demonstrated. The capability of the system to perform fast sequential imaging, synchronized with the radiation pulses, makes it suitable for patient motion studies and verification of intensity-modulated beams as well as its application in cone-beam megavoltage computed tomography.
Induction by ionizing radiation of the gadd45 gene in cultured human cells: lack of mediation by protein kinase C. (1991)

The effect of ionizing radiation on the expression of two DNA-damage-inducible genes, designated gadd45 and gadd153, was examined in cultured human cells. These genes have previously been shown to be strongly and coordinately induced by UV radiation and alkylating agents in human and hamster cells. We found that the gadd45 but not the gadd153 gene is strongly induced by X rays in human cells. The level of gadd45 mRNA increased rapidly after X rays at doses as low as 2 Gy. After 20 Gy of X rays, gadd45 induction, as measured by increased amounts of mRNA, was similar to that produced by the most effective dose of the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate. No induction was seen after treatment of either human or hamster cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, a known activator of protein kinase C (PKC). Therefore, gadd45 represents the only known mammalian X-ray-responsive gene whose induction is not mediated by PKC. However, induction was blocked by the protein kinase inhibitor H7, indicating that induction is mediated by some other kinase(s). Sequence analysis of human and hamster cDNA clones demonstrated that this gene has been highly conserved and encodes a novel 165-amino-acid polypeptide which is 96% identical in the two species. This gene was localized to the short arm of human chromosome 1 between p12 and p34. When induction in lymphoblast lines from four normal individuals was compared with that in lines from four patients with ataxia telangiectasia, induction by X rays of gadd45 mRNA was less in the cell lines from this cancer-prone radiosensitive disorder. Our results provide evidence for the existence of an X-ray stress response in human cells which is independent of PKC and which is abnormal in taxia telangiectasia.