gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inactivated whole-cell bacterial vaccines: current status and novel strategies (1998)

Inactivated bacterial whole-cell vaccines have been the most widely studied prophylactic treatment for infectious diseases. They offer an economical, and potentially safe, effective means of preventing disease. The disadvantages of these vaccines have been that parenteral administration, while effective in some instances, may have caused adverse reactions in vaccinees, while oral administration often required high doses and resulted in short-term immunity. More recent studies describing new approaches for improving antigenicity of inactivated whole-cell vaccines and the enhancement of immune responses to oral immunization offer great hope for improving the efficacy of these agents. Promising whole cell vaccines include those against Vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and more recently Campylobacter jejuni.
Gastrointestinal Absorption of Calcium from Milk and Calcium Salts (1987)

Whether ingested calcium is absorbed more efficiently from freely water-soluble calcium salts than from poorly soluble salts is unclear. It is also unknown whether calcium is absorbed better from dairy products than from calcium salts. Using a method by which the net absorption of calcium can be accurately measured after a single dose, we studied eight healthy fasting subjects after they took a 500-mg dose of calcium from each of five calcium salts with various degrees of water solubility and from milk. The order of administration of the agents given was randomly determined. The mean (+/- SEM) net calcium absorption, in decreasing order of the solubility of the salts, was 32 +/- 4 percent from calcium acetate, 32 +/- 4 percent from calcium lactate, 27 +/- 3 percent from calcium gluconate, 30 +/- 3 percent from calcium citrate, and 39 +/- 3 percent from calcium carbonate. The differences in absorption were not statistically significant according to analysis of variance. On the basis of in vitro solubility experiments in acid mediums, we hypothesize that acid dissolution in the gastrointestinal tract may be responsible for the similar absorption of calcium from salts with widely different water solubilities. Calcium absorption from whole milk (31 +/- 3 percent) was similar to absorption from calcium salts. We conclude that calcium absorption from carbonate, acetate, lactate, gluconate, and citrate salts of calcium, and from whole milk, is similar in fasting healthy young subjects. Further study will be required to determine whether the results would be different in older subjects, with a higher dose of calcium, or if the calcium was ingested with food.
Blind adaptive MIMO decision feedback equalization using Givens rotations (2003)

An adaptive method is proposed for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) decision feedback equalization (DFE) in the absence of channel knowledge at the receiver and without requiring a training sequence. The zero-forcing (ZF) DFE is shown to consist of an orthogonal matrix (feedforward section) and an upper triangular matrix (feedback section). The feedforward matrix is expressed as the multiplication of Givens rotations terms, where each term is characterized by a rotation angle. An adaptive algorithm is presented for the blind determination of the unknown angles and of the elements of the feedback matrix. The adaptation criteria are decorrelation conditions. Simulation results are included demonstrating the performance of the method.
30 years of adaptive neural networks: perceptron, Madaline, and backpropagation (1990)

Fundamental developments in feedforward artificial neural networks from the past thirty years are reviewed. The history, origination, operating characteristics, and basic theory of several supervised neural-network training algorithms (including the perceptron rule, the least-mean-square algorithm, three Madaline rules, and the backpropagation technique) are described. The concept underlying these iterative adaptation algorithms is the minimal disturbance principle, which suggests that during training it is advisable to inject new information into a network in a manner that disturbs stored information to the smallest extent possible. The two principal kinds of online rules that have developed for altering the weights of a network are examined for both single-threshold elements and multielement networks. They are error-correction rules, which alter the weights of a network to correct error in the output response to the present input pattern, and gradient rules, which alter the weights of a network during each pattern presentation by gradient descent with the objective of reducing mean-square error (averaged over all training patterns).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Characterization of the Single‐Strand‐Specific Nuclease S1 Activity on Double‐Stranded Supercoiled Polyoma DNA (1974)

The DNA of polyoma virus consists of double‐stranded supercoiled circular molecules. The single‐strand‐specific nuclease S 1 converts these molecules to unit length rods. The conversion occurs in a two‐step reaction, with nuclease S 1 cutting first one of the two strands and then the intact strand opposite to this nick. Cleavage of intact polyoma DNA by nuclease S 1 is a consequence of supercoiling. DNA molecules containing random single‐strand breaks introduced by physical or enzymatic means are also cut opposite to nicks.
Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) in heart diseases (ischaemic heart disease and myocardial infarction). (2004)

Acute and chronic ischaemic diseases are among the main death reasons and civilized world menace. Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs): valine (Val), leucine (Leu), and isoleucine (Ile) are the main source of nitrogen to glutamine (Gln) and alanine (Ala) synthesis in muscles. In numerous cachexy-producing illnesses such as cancer, sepsis, diverse injuries and heart diseases increased consumption of BCAAs occurs. In myocardial ischemia BCAAs derived from the mobilization of muscle protein may be an important alternative energy substrate for the heart. BCAAs are oxidative energy substrates for the heart and may exert anabolic effects on myocardial protein (8). The aim of our study was to determine branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) concentrations in blood plasma of patients with chronic and acute ischeamic heart disease and to find out changes that those amino acids undergo during the first five days of patients' hospitalization.
Jackpine: A benchmark to evaluate spatial database performance (2011)

The volume of spatial data generated and consumed is rising exponentially and new applications are emerging as the costs of storage, processing power and network bandwidth continue to decline. Database support for spatial operations is fast becoming a necessity rather than a niche feature provided by a few products. However, the spatial functionality offered by current commercial and open-source relational databases differs significantly in terms of available features, true geodetic support, spatial functions and indexing. Benchmarks play a crucial role in evaluating the functionality and performance of a particular database, both for application users and developers, and for the database developers themselves. In contrast to transaction processing, however, there is no standard, widely used benchmark for spatial database operations. In this paper, we present a spatial database benchmark called Jackpine. Our benchmark is portable (it can support any database with a JDBC driver implementation) and includes both micro benchmarks and macro workload scenarios. The micro benchmark component tests basic spatial operations in isolation; it consists of queries based on the Dimensionally Extended 9-intersection model of topological relations and queries based on spatial analysis functions. Each macro workload includes a series of queries that are based on a common spatial data application. These macro scenarios include map search and browsing, geocoding, reverse geocoding, flood risk analysis, land information management and toxic spill analysis. We use Jackpine to evaluate the spatial features in 2 open source databases and 1 commercial offering.
Virtual Trainer for Intra-Detrusor Injection of Botulinum Toxin to Treat Urinary Incontinence (2012)

Here we introduce a new virtual reality (VR) based simulation system for training the urological procedure of intra-detrusor botulinum toxin (Botox®) injections into the bladder. 6 cases with different bladder anatomy and 3 subtasks are included in the curriculum; this design is guided by several expert urologists according to clinical needs and experience. These virtual bladder models can be deformed by a cystoscope model or penetrated by a needle model. Data of location and dose per injection are collected during the training. After compared among various options, magnetic motion-tracking devices are chosen and integrated onto replicas of cystoscopic instruments as the VR interface for the specific operation. A web/database based learning management platform (LMP) is developed for online data access and validation studies of the training system.
Tonoplast and Soluble Vacuolar Proteins Are Targeted by Different Mechanisms. (1993)

The delivery of proteins to the vacuole and its limiting membrane (the tonoplast) by the secretory system is thought to be a dissociative process in which vesicles bud from one compartment and fuse with another. We studied the transport kinetics of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and tonoplast intrinsic protein (TIP) in mesophyll protoplasts obtained from transgenic tobacco plants transformed with genes encoding these two proteins. In pulse-chase experiments, arrival of PHA in the vacuole was found to be slower (completed 24 hr after synthesis) than the arrival of TIP in the tonoplast (completed 6 hr after synthesis). Brefeldin A and monensin block protein transport by interfering in specific vesicle transport steps. Brefeldin A prevents anterograde vesicle transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi, whereas monensin inhibits correct sorting in the trans-Golgi network by disrupting the proton gradient across the membrane. Both inhibitors blocked the transport of PHA to the vacuole and altered the rate at which its complex glycan is processed by Golgi enzymes. Neither drug stopped the arrival of TIP in the tonoplast, suggesting that the flow of vesicles continues in the presence of these inhibitors. We suggest that soluble proteins like PHA and membrane proteins like TIP reach their vacuolar destinations by different paths.
Review: taurine: a "very essential" amino acid. (2012)

Taurine is an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation, and provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts. It plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration, and although it is one of the few amino acids not incorporated into proteins, taurine is one of the most abundant amino acids in the brain, retina, muscle tissue, and organs throughout the body. Taurine serves a wide variety of functions in the central nervous system, from development to cytoprotection, and taurine deficiency is associated with cardiomyopathy, renal dysfunction, developmental abnormalities, and severe damage to retinal neurons. All ocular tissues contain taurine, and quantitative analysis of ocular tissue extracts of the rat eye revealed that taurine was the most abundant amino acid in the retina, vitreous, lens, cornea, iris, and ciliary body. In the retina, taurine is critical for photoreceptor development and acts as a cytoprotectant against stress-related neuronal damage and other pathological conditions. Despite its many functional properties, however, the cellular and biochemical mechanisms mediating the actions of taurine are not fully known. Nevertheless, considering its broad distribution, its many cytoprotective attributes, and its functional significance in cell development, nutrition, and survival, taurine is undoubtedly one of the most essential substances in the body. Interestingly, taurine satisfies many of the criteria considered essential for inclusion in the inventory of neurotransmitters, but evidence of a taurine-specific receptor has yet to be identified in the vertebrate nervous system. In this report, we present a broad overview of the functional properties of taurine, some of the consequences of taurine deficiency, and the results of studies in animal models suggesting that taurine may play a therapeutic role in the management of epilepsy and diabetes.
Natural language generation in dialog systems (2001)

Recent advances in Automatic Speech Recognition technology have put the goal of naturally sounding dialog systems within reach. However, the improved speech recognition has brought to light a new problem: as dialog systems understand more of what the user tells them, they need to be more sophisticated at responding to the user. The issue of system response to users has been extensively studied by the natural language generation community, though rarely in the context of dialog systems. We show how research in generation can be adapted to dialog systems, and how the high cost of hand-crafting knowledge-based generation systems can be overcome by employing machine learning techniques.
The Hybrid Object-Relational Architecture (HORA) (1993)

bstract Many organizations with investments in relational datmbasa management systems (RDBMS) want to build object-oriented applications supporting a graphical u-interf=e without foming programmers to deal with SQL and RDBMS Jirnitetions. This paper proposes a natural and relatively transparent coupJing of object-oriented clients with relational database server technology for new applications. The epecified architecture can concurrently deliver key features of both 'lhe Object-Oriented Database Manifesto* and the 'l%ird Generation Database System Manifest&.
Tsg101, an Inactive Homologue of Ubiquitin Ligase E2, Interacts Specifically with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Gag Polyprotein and Results in Increased Levels of Ubiquitinated Gag (2002)

The final stages of budding and release of a retroviral particle from the cell require the late (L) domain of Gag. Recently, ubiquitin and ubiquitin ligases have been implicated in the late stages of retroviral budding. In a yeast two-hybrid screen of a T-cell cDNA library to identify cellular proteins that interact with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) Gag polyprotein, we identified Tsg101, an inactive homologue of ubiquitin ligase E2. Tsg101 and HIV-2 Gag interact specifically in vitro and in vivo. The interaction requires the L domain PTAPP motif in the p6 domain of HIV-2 Gag and the N-terminal Ubc-conjugation homology domain of Tsg101. Tsg101 is incorporated into HIV-2 virions. Expression of the N-terminal Ubc-conjugation homology domain of Tsg101 inhibits the release of HIV-2 virus particles. Overexpression of Tsg101 results in an increase in the level of ubiquitination of HIV-2 Gag. Our results provide evidence for recruitment of the ubiquitination machinery of the cell during late stages of the viral life cycle, mediated by the viral Gag protein.
Bedbugs - back from the brink (2001)

C. Boase, Pestic. Outlook, 2001, 12, 159 DOI: 10.1039/B106301B
Rostering by iterating integer programming and simulation (1998)

We present a new technique (RIIPS) for solving rostering problems in the presence of service uncertainty. RIIPS stands for Rostering by Iterating Integer Programming and Simulation. RIIPS allows great complexity of the stochastic system being rostered. This modelling freedom comes at a price, as the approach can be extremely computationally intensive. Therefore any reduction in computational effort using, for example, efficiency improvement techniques, is of great interest. We specify several ways in which these may be applied.
Machining of Titanium and its Alloys—a Review (1990)

Even though a new generation of tool materials is now available which is revolutionizing machinability of a large number of work materials, the machining of titanium continues to be a problem. In the present paper an analysis of the main machining problems, chip formation, tool wear and wear mechanisms, are presented. Alternative methods of machining such expensive and difficult-to-machine materials are also indicated; these include the use of rotary and ledge tools along with ultrasonic assistance.
Low noise optical receiver using Si APD (2009)

Time of flight laser range finding, scanning video imaging and deep space communications are three applications requiring very low noise optical receivers in order to achieve detection of fast and weak optical signal. Avalanche photodiode is the detector of choice for its high quantum efficiency, compact size and reduced electronics complexity. Optimal operating condition in terms of gain and temperature is the key to maximize the signal to noise ratio. This paper describes the model and the measured performance of a hybrid optical receiver using a TE cooled Silicon Avalanche Photodiode. Receiver performance in terms of responsivity and NEP will be presented as a function of temperature, signal power and APD Gain. A NEP of only 5fW/sqrt(Hz) has been obtained with a bandwidth of 200MHz in linear mode at a wavelength of 1060nm.
A Two-Directional Approach for the Solid-Phase Synthesis of Trisaccharide Libraries (1998)

Without protecting groups, polymer-bound thioglycosyl sugars can undergo two successive glycosylation reactions, once as a donor and once as an acceptor, to give trisaccharides such as 1. Trisaccharide libraries prepared by this strategy have a known sugar residue at the reducing or nonreducing ends. •=polymer resin+amide linker.
Inhibition of Tat-Mediated Transactivation of HIV-1 LTR Transcription by Polyamide Nucleic Acid Targeted to TAR Hairpin Element (2000)

Tat, an essential human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protein interacts with the transactivation response element (TAR) and stimulates transcription from the viral long-terminal repeat (LTR). Blockage of Tat-TAR interaction halts viral transcription and hence replication. We have found that polyamide nucleic acid (PNA), targeted to the TAR sequences of viral RNA genome is able to prevent Tat-TAR interaction by efficient sequestration of the TAR. Anti-TAR PNA competes for TAR and prevents Tat-mediated stimulation of HIV-1 LTR transcription in vitro but has no influence on the basal level of transcription in the absence of Tat. Using a reporter gene construct pHIV LTR-CAT and pCMV-Tat in cell culture, we have further shown that anti-TAR PNA is able to block Tat-mediated transactivation of HIV-1 LTR transcription in vivo as judged by the extent of LTR driven CAT gene expression in the absence and presence of anti-TAR PNA. Supplementation of 100 nM of anti-TAR PNA into the culture medium further enhances the suppression of transactivation. Nonspecific scrambled PNA had no influence on Tat-TAR interaction and LTR-driven CAT gene expression in cell culture. These results suggest that PNA targeted to the TAR sequence of the viral genome may be a potential inhibitor of HIV-1 gene expression.
Oxidative coupling as a potential route to polymers of group IV acetylenes (1973)

Abstract Bis tert ‐butyl‐, trimethylsilyl‐ and trimethylgermyl‐diacetylenes were prepared from the corresponding ethynyl Group IV compounds via oxidative coupling. Bis(trimethylstannyl)diacetylene could not be prepared by oxidative coupling, but was prepared via another technique. Coupling of diethynyldimethylsilane did not lead to the expected polymer, as cleavage of the silicon–ethynyl bond occurred. However, coupling of 1,3‐bis(dimethylethynyl)disiloxane did lead to polymer containing alternating diacetylene and disiloxane units.
Anaerobic activation of arcA transcription in Escherichia coli: roles of Fnr and ArcA (1994)

The ArcA and Fnr regulators of Escherichia coli, both of which are activated in anaerobic conditions, negatively regulate the sodA gene (coding for manganese superoxide dismutase), but Fnr has no effect on anaerobic sodA expression in a delta arcA delta fnr background (Compan and Touati, 1993). We show here that the sdh gene (coding for succinate dehydrogenase) is also negatively regulated by Fnr, but again Fnr exerts no control in a delta arcA background. One interpretation of these results is that Fnr activates arcA transcription. Using arcA-lac transcriptional and translational fusions, we show that arcA expression increases (about fourfold) in anaerobiosis and that both Fnr and ArcA are required for full expression. In a delta fnr background, there is no autoactivation, suggesting that ArcA enhances activation by Fnr. Transcript and sequence analyses reveal that the arcA upstream regulatory region lies within a 530 bp non-coding DNA fragment, which contains five putative promoter sequences and a putative Fnr-binding site. Identification of the transcription start sites indicates that transcription occurs in aerobiosis from three constitutive upstream promoters (Pe, Pd, Pc). In anaerobiosis an additional completely Fnr-dependent transcript starting at Pa is present; expression from Pa is reduced in the absence of ArcA, and Fnr activation at Pa blocks the weak anaerobic-dependent expression from Pb. Fnr activation of arcA transcription may play an important role in the co-ordination of expression of genes associated with aerobic and anaerobic metabolism during environmental changes.
Role of CD4 + Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in the Control of Viral Diseases and Cancer (2010)

Our knowledge on the physiological role of CD4(+) T lymphocytes has improved in the last decade: available data convincingly demonstrate that, besides the 'helper' activity, CD4(+) T cells may be also endowed with lytic properties. The cytotoxic function of these effector cells has a relevant role in the control of pathogenic infections and in mediating antitumor immune responses. On these bases, several immunotherapeutic approaches exploiting the cytotoxic properties of CD4(+) T cells are under investigation. This review summarizes available data supporting the functional and therapeutic relevance of cytotoxic CD4(+) T cells, with a particular focus on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related disorders.
Redefining the Structure−Activity Relationships of 2,6-Methano-3-benzazocines. 4. Opioid Receptor Binding Properties of 8-[N-(4‘-phenyl)-phenethyl)carboxamido] Analogues of Cyclazocine and Ethylketocycalzocine (2006)

The synthesis and evaluation of a series of aryl-containing N-monosubstituted analogues of the lead compound 8-carboxamidocyclazocine were performed to probe a putative hydrophobic binding pocket of opioid receptors. High binding affinity to mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors was observed for the 8-[N-(4'-phenyl)-phenethyl)carboxamido] analogue.
Psychometric properties and population‐based norms of the Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT‐R) (2011)

Our study confirms the bi-dimensionality of the LOT-R and thus underpins that optimism and pessimism are two independent constructs rather than a single bipolar trait. Psychometric properties were found to be satisfactory. Together with the norm values reported in the paper, this instrument can, thus, be employed to measure dispositional optimism or pessimism in individual diagnostics as well as in epidemiological research.