gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stereospecific and Stereoselective Reactions. II. Preparation of Esters of N-Phthaloyl-α-amino Acid from Esters of α-Hydroxy Acid (1973)

Abstract Functional selectivity and stereospecificity of the intermolecular dehydration between alcohols and phthalimide (III) by means of diethyl azodicarboxylate (I) and triphenylphosphine (II) was examined. The reaction of allyl alcohol, 2-chloroethanol or (±)-ethyl lactate with I, II, and III led to the formation of corresponding N-alkylphthalimide. The reaction was further applied to the synthesis of esters of N-phthaloyl-α-amino acid. (S)-(−)-ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate was converted into (R)-(+)-N-phthaloylphenylalanine ethyl ester with high stereospecificity.
Liquid‐Phase RNA Synthesis by Using Alkyl‐Chain‐Soluble Support (2013)

Recent progress in the RNA therapeutics has increased demand for the synthesis of large quantities of oligoribonucleotides. The assembly of RNA oligomers relies mainly on solid-phase approaches. These allow rapid product purification and the ability to drive a target reaction to completion through the use of excess reagents. Despite the known advantages of solid-phase synthesis, some issues in the process remain to be addressed, such as low and limited scale, reagent accessibility, and the use of a very large excess of reagents. Herein, we report a highly efficient and practical method of liquid-phase synthesis of RNA oligomers by using alkyl-chain-soluble support. We demonstrate the utility of the liquid-phase method through 21-mer RNA synthesis on a gram scale.
A ring-shaped structure with a crown formed by streptolysin O on the erythrocyte membrane (1993)

Streptolysin O (SLO) is a membrane-damaging toxin produced by most strains of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. We performed ultrastructural analysis of SLO-derived lesions on erythrocyte membranes by examining electron micrographs of negatively stained preparations. SLO formed numerous arc- and ring-shaped structures with or without holes on membranes. Rings formed on intact cell membranes had an inner diameter of ca. 24 nm and had distinct borders of ca. 4.9 nm in width, but the diameter of rings varied from 24 to 30 nm on membranes of erythrocyte ghosts. Image analysis of electron micrographs demonstrated that each ring was composed of an inner and an outer layer. Each layer contained an array of 22 to 24 SLO molecules. On the top of the ring, we found a characteristic crown that projected from the cell membrane. The crown was separated by an electron-dense layer from the basal part of the ring that was embedded in the lipid bilayer of the erythrocyte membrane. Heights of the three parts, namely, the crown (head), the space (neck), and the basal portion (base), were ca. 3.2, 1.6, and 5.0 nm, respectively, and we postulated that these parts are the constituents of a single SLO molecule. The volumes of SLO molecules in the inner and outer layers were calculated to be 77 and 88 nm3. On the basis of a model of the structure of SLO, we propose some new details of the mechanisms of hemolysis by SLO toxin.
Molecular Cloning and Expression of cor (Cold-Regulated) Genes in Arabidopsis thaliana (1990)

We have previously shown that changes in gene expression occur in Arabidopsis thaliana. L. (Heyn) during cold acclimation (SJ Gilmour, RK Hajela, MF Thomashow [1988] Plant Physiol 87: 745-750). Here we report the isolation of cDNA clones of four cold-regulated (cor) genes from Arabidopsis and examine their expression in response to low temperature, abscisic acid (ABA), water stress, and heat shock. The results of Northern analysis indicated that the transcript levels for the four cor genes, represented by clones pHH7.2, pHH28, pHH29, and pHH67, increased markedly between 1 and 4 hours of cold treatment, reached a maximum at about 8 to 12 hours, and remained at elevated levels for as long as the plants were kept in the cold (up to 2 weeks). Returning cold acclimated plants to control temperature resulted in the levels of the cor transcripts falling rapidly to those found in nonacclimated plants; this occurred within 4 hours for the transcripts represented by pHH7.2 and pHH28, and 8 hours for those represented by pHH29 and pHH67. Nuclear run-on transcription assays indicated that the temperature-regulated expression of the cor genes represented by pHH7.2, pHH28, and pHH29 was controlled primarily at the posttranscriptional level while the cor gene represented by pHH67 was regulated largely at the transcriptional level. Northern analysis also indicated that the levels of cor gene transcripts increased in response to both ABA application and water stress, but not to heat shock. The possible significance of cor genes being regulated by both low temperature and water stress is discussed.
Extracellular NAD+ shapes the Foxp3+ regulatory T cell compartment through the ART2–P2X7 pathway (2010)

CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (T reg cells) play a major role in the control of immune responses but the factors controlling their homeostasis and function remain poorly characterized. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) released during cell damage or inflammation results in ART2.2-mediated ADP-ribosylation of the cytolytic P2X7 receptor on T cells. We show that T reg cells express the ART2.2 enzyme and high levels of P2X7 and that T reg cells can be depleted by intravenous injection of NAD(+). Moreover, lower T reg cell numbers are found in mice deficient for the NAD-hydrolase CD38 than in wild-type, P2X7-deficient, or ART2-deficient mice, indicating a role for extracellular NAD(+) in T reg cell homeostasis. Even routine cell preparation leads to release of NAD(+) in sufficient quantities to profoundly affect T reg cell viability, phenotype, and function. We demonstrate that T reg cells can be protected from the deleterious effects of NAD(+) by an inhibitory ART2.2-specific single domain antibody. Furthermore, selective depletion of T reg cells by systemic administration of NAD(+) can be used to promote an antitumor response in several mouse tumor models. Collectively, our data demonstrate that NAD(+) influences survival, phenotype, and function of T reg cells and provide proof of principle that acting on the ART2-P2X7 pathway represents a new strategy to manipulate T reg cells in vivo.
Continuous Infusion versus Intermittent Bolus Dosing of Vecuronium in Patients Receiving Therapeutic Hypothermia After Sudden Cardiac Arrest (2011)

Intermittent boluses of vecuronium were more effective in reaching a goal TOF response earlier compared with continuous-infusion vecuronium in patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia. The two dosing strategies were equally effective at maintaining a goal TOF response despite patients receiving a significantly lower daily dose of vecuronium in the intermittent-bolus group.
Dimerization of LTβR by LTα1β2is necessary and sufficient for signal transduction (2013)

Homotrimeric TNF superfamily ligands signal by inducing trimers of their cognate receptors. As a biologically active heterotrimer, Lymphotoxin(LT)α1β2 is unique in the TNF superfamily. How the three unique potential receptor-binding interfaces in LTα1β2 trigger signaling via LTβ Receptor (LTβR) resulting in lymphoid organogenesis and propagation of inflammatory signals is poorly understood. Here we show that LTα1β2 possesses two binding sites for LTβR with distinct affinities and that dimerization of LTβR by LTα1β2 is necessary and sufficient for signal transduction. The crystal structure of a complex formed by LTα1β2, LTβR, and the fab fragment of an antibody that blocks LTβR activation reveals the lower affinity receptor-binding site. Mutations targeting each potential receptor-binding site in an engineered single-chain variant of LTα1β2 reveal the high-affinity site. NF-κB reporter assays further validate that disruption of receptor interactions at either site is sufficient to prevent signaling via LTβR.
Three-dimensional spectral-spatial EPR imaging of free radicals in the heart: a technique for imaging tissue metabolism and oxygenation. (1994)

It has been hypothesized that free radical metabolism and oxygenation in living organs and tissues such as the heart may vary over the spatially defined tissue structure. In an effort to study these spatially defined differences, we have developed electron paramagnetic resonance imaging instrumentation enabling the performance of three-dimensional spectral-spatial images of free radicals infused into the heart and large vessels. Using this instrumentation, high-quality three-dimensional spectral-spatial images of isolated perfused rat hearts and rabbit aortas are obtained. In the isolated aorta, it is shown that spatially and spectrally accurate images of the vessel lumen and wall could be obtained in this living vascular tissue. In the isolated rat heart, imaging experiments were performed to determine the kinetics of radical clearance at different spatial locations within the heart during myocardial ischemia. The kinetic data show the existence of regional and transmural differences in myocardial free radical clearance. It is further demonstrated that EPR imaging can be used to noninvasively measure spatially localized oxygen concentrations in the heart. Thus, the technique of spectral-spatial EPR imaging is shown to be a powerful tool in providing spatial information regarding the free radical distribution, metabolism, and tissue oxygenation in living biological organs and tissues.
Application of Autologous Fibrin Glue in Burn Wounds (1989)

Biological adhesive fixation of skin grafts has been performed successfully on patients with facial burns and burns at difficult sites by using autologous human fibrin adhesive, which eliminates the danger of multidonor pool preparations. There are several distinct advantages to the use of fibrin glue: There is no danger of multidonor pool preparations. Wounds do not require any sutures or pressure dressings in the immediate postoperative period. Grafts demonstrate excellent take with minimal postoperative care. The patients can maintain normal ambulation. Fibrin glue seems to be an important factor in the application of skin grafts to burned areas in these two groups of patients.
Information acquisition and storage of forms in document processing (2002)

An automatic form information acquisition and storage system is presented. By semantic meaning analysis and registration of every king of forms in advance, the system as able to recognize incoming forms and extract information from them automatically. An efficient form image storage method is also proposed. Instead of keeping the entire form image, this system greatly reduces the memory needed to store the form images in a database by extracting and storing user filled data images only.
Sensory Processing Problems in Children with ADHD, a Systematic Review (2011)

One of the most common psychiatric disorders in children is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Its course and outcome are heterogeneous. Sensory processing problems impact the nature of response to daily events. ADHD and sensory problems may occur together and interact. No published review article about sensory processing problems in children with ADHD were found. A systematic search, conducted on Pub-Med (up to January 2010), and Google Scholar, yielded 255 abstracts on sensory processing problems in children including 11 studies about sensory problems in children with ADHD. Sensory processing problems in children with ADHD is not a well studied area. Sensory processing problems in children with ADHD are more common than in typically developing children. Findings do not support that ADHD subtypes are distinct disorders with regard to sensory processing problems. However, co-morbidity with oppositional defiant disorder and anxiety are predictors of more severe sensory processing problems in children with ADHD.
Phasor analysis for nonlinear pump-probe microscopy (2012)

Pump-probe microscopy provides molecular information by probing transient, excited state dynamic properties of pigmented samples. Analysis of the transient response is typically conducted using principal component analysis or multi-exponential fitting, however these methods are not always practical or feasible. Here, we show an adaptation of phasor analysis to provide an intuitive, robust, and efficient method for analyzing and displaying pump-probe images, thereby alleviating some of the challenges associated with differentiating multiple pigments. A theoretical treatment is given to understand how the complex transient signals map onto the phasor plot. Analyses of cutaneous and ocular pigmented tissue samples, as well as historical pigments in art demonstrate the utility of this approach.
Prognostic and predictive role of circulating angiopoietin-2 in multiple solid tumors: An analysis of approximately 500 patients treated with lenvatinib across tumor types. (2014)

11061 Background: Lenvatinib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting VEGFR1-3, FGFR1-4, RET, KIT, and PDGFRα. Two phase 3 trials in differentiated thyroid cancer [DTC] and hepatocellular cancer [HCC] are ongoing. Baseline levels (BL) of circulating cytokines and angiogenic factors (CAFs) were evaluated across multiple phase 2 trials in 6 different types of solid tumors. Methods: BL serum or plasma samples from a total of approximately 500 patients were analyzed for about 50 CAFs using ELISA and multiplex assay platforms* in 5 phase 2 trials of lenvatinib for thyroid cancer (DTC and medullary thyroid cancer [MTC]), HCC, glioblastoma, endometrial cancer (EC), and melanoma (with or without BRAF V600E). Correlation with clinical outcomes (objective response rate [ORR], overall survival [OS]) was performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and univariate Cox proportional hazard model, respectively, whereas correlation with tumor size prior to lenvatinib treatment was performed using the Spearman's rank correlation test. Results: Among 50 CAFs, BL angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) correlated with tumor size (p) in DTC (0.004), MTC (0.004), EC (<0.001), melanoma [WT (<0.001), MU (<0.001)] and HCC (0.046) among multiple phase 2 trials. BL Ang-2 levels showed consistent correlation with clinical outcomes per tumor types across trials and with OS (p/hazard ratio per standard deviation) in DTC (0.001/3.2), MTC (<0.001/3.2), EC (<0.001/1.8), and melanoma [WT (0.001/1.5), MU (<0.001/2.0)]. Correlation with ORR was observed only for a minor subset of analyzed CAFs; only BL Ang-2 levels correlated with ORR in >1 tumor type, specifically in DTC (0.034*), MTC (0.025) and EC (0.001). In EC, almost 50% of BL CAFs showed a significant correlation with tumor size, potentially suggestive of an EC-specific tumor micro-environment and the contribution of Ang-2 to tumor angiogenesis in EC. Conclusions: BL Ang-2 levels correlated with tumor size and OS across majority of solid tumors in multiple lenvatinib phase 2 trials. Only BL Ang-2 levels also correlated with ORR in a subset of tumors including EC. Clinical trial information: NCT00784303,NCT01111461,NCT01136967,NCT00946153,NCT01433991,.
Oil Characteristics of Peanut Fruit Separated by a Nondestructive Maturity Classification Method (1982)

Abstract A nondestructive peanut pod maturity classification method, Pod Maturity Profile (PMP), based on visual examination of the color and structural characteristics of pod mesocarp after partial removal of pod exocarp, was used to separate freshly harvested peanut pods into maturity classes. The separations made nondestructively were compared with those made by a method involving the examination of internal pericarp and testa characteristics. The groups separated by the two methods were closely related. In oil from the PMP classes, color decreased, free fatty acid content decreased, iodine value remained approximately constant, and oven stability of the extracted oil increased with increasing maturity. Total oil contents and fatty acid profiles had consistent but more complex relationships with maturity. The data indicate that the PMP method allows consistent and reproducible classification of peanut fruit maturity.
Implication of nNOS in the enlargement of AChR aggregates but not the initial aggregate formation in a novel coculture model. (2005)

The aggregation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) is an early hallmark of the formation of neuromuscular junction (NMJ), and nitric oxide is recently known to play an important role. In many NMJ studies, nerve-muscle coculture model was used, and NG108-15 cells, a neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cell line, were the most frequently used nerve cells. However, possible contributions from glial cells could not be excluded. In this study, Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells were used instead of [corrected] coculture with myotubes, and the relationship between AChR aggregation and spatiotemporal expression and activation of nNOS (neuronal nitric oxide synthase) was examined. Upon coculture, AChR aggregates were observed by FITC-conjugated alpha-bungarotoxin, and double labeling of AChRs and neurofilament showed that the neurites of a Neuro-2a cell innervated several myotubes. After treating the cocultures with single dose of L-NAME at the end of 1-day [corrected] coculturing, only slight effect on AChR aggregation could be found indicating that nNOS is not related to the initial formation of AChR aggregates. In contrast, when L-NAME treatment was given at the end of a 3-day coculturing, the day just before reaching the maximum extent of AChR aggregation, new AChR aggregates were hardly formed and the preformed AChR aggregates were even dispersed indicating that the enlargement of AChR aggregates is highly dependent on the nNOS activity. Double-labeling study of nNOS and AChR further showed that the coupling of membranous nNOS to regions nearby the AChR aggregates was essential for the enlargement of AChR aggregates. These results not only revealed the spatiotemporal relationship between AChR aggregation and nNOS activity but also verified the feasibility and usefulness of using Neuro-2a cells in a coculture model.
A quantitative test for xerostomia. The saxon test, an oral equivalent of the schirmer test (1985)

We describe a simple, reproducible, and low-cost test for xerostomia, which involves chewing on a folded sterile sponge for 2 minutes. Saliva production is quantitated by weighing the sponge before and after chewing. Normal control subjects produced greater than or equal to 2.75 gm of saliva in 2 minutes. Three of 32 consecutive, unselected outpatients in allergy-immunology clinics and 9 of 38 patients in rheumatology clinics had decreased saliva production, which was significantly different compared with controls (P less than 0.01). The presence of sicca symptoms was highly correlated with quantitatively abnormal tear and saliva production, according to the results of the Saxon and Schirmer's tests.
Uptake of Oligodeoxyribonucleotides by Lymphoid Cells Is Heterogeneous and Inducible (1991)

Oligonucleotide uptake was studied in cultured murine spleen and lymph node cells using internally radiolabeled and fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled oligonucleotides. Lymphoid subpopulations were distinguished by flow cytometry and staining with antibodies to cell-surface molecules. Approximately 5% of fresh lymphoid cells take up substantial amounts of oligonucleotide. The percentage of B cells that take up oligonucleotide increased fivefold if cells were cultured for at least 24 hr prior to incubation with labeled oligonucleotides, and increased 10-fold if cells were precultured for 48 hr. T-cell uptake changed very little in culture. Cultured CD4+ and CD8+ T cells had similar oligonucleotide uptake that was less than one-third of that in cultured B cells, but CD4-CD8- T cells had a higher percentage of cells taking up oligonucleotide than did B cells. T- or B-cell mitogens caused markedly increased oligonucleotide uptake in T or B cells, respectively. Oligonucleotide uptake could be inhibited only partially with competitor DNA. To distinguish between cell membrane-bound and intracellular oligonucleotide, cells were washed in acid glycine buffer (which removes most surface oligonucleotide). This demonstrated that most of the oligonucleotide was intracellular. We conclude that oligonucleotide uptake is quite heterogeneous among cultured cells, and that this uptake is inducible by mitogens. These data may be important for the design and interpretation of in vitro experiments, and for the planning of in vivo therapy with antisense oligonucleotides.
The high-power constricted plasma discharge column I. Theoretical analysis (1970)

The equation expressing energy balance between Joule heating and thermal conduction is solved under the assumption that the plasma behaves as a Lorentz gas. This yields two relations for the plasma temperature, one in terms of the electric field E and the column radius R; the other in terms of the current I, the radius R and the ionic charge Z. Elimination of temperature between these relations gives the electrical characteristic Eis proportional toZfraction two-fifthsR−fraction seven-fifthsIfraction two-fifths. The analysis is valid over a range of temperature and density limited at one extreme by radiation losses and at the other extreme by effects of self magnetic field on the transport processes. There is excellent agreement between the temperatures given by this theory and those recently measured spectroscopically for capillary discharges.
Low resistance ohmic contacts on wide band-gap GaN (1994)

We report a new metallization process for achieving low resistance ohmic contacts to molecular beam epitaxy grown n-GaN (∼1017 cm−3) using an Al/Ti bilayer metallization scheme. Four different thin-film contact metallizations were compared during the investigation, including Au, Al, Ti/Au, and Ti/Al layers. The metals were first deposited via conventional electron-beam evaporation onto the GaN substrate, and then thermally annealed in a temperature range from 500 to 900 °C in a N2 ambient using rapid thermal annealing techniques. The lowest value for the specific contact resistivity of 8×10−6 Ω cm2, was obtained using Ti/Al metallization with anneals of 900 °C for 30 s. X-ray diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy depth profile were employed to investigate the metallurgy of contact formation.
Molecular weight determination of underivatized oligodeoxyribonucleotides by positive‐ion matrix‐assisted ultraviolet laser‐desorption mass spectrometry (1990)

A Wiley-McLaren type time-of-flight mass spectrometer has been used for molecular weight measurements of several unprotected oligodeoxyribonucleotides using matrix-assisted UV laser desorption. Approximately 10 to 100 pmol of sample was required for recording their positive-ion mass spectra with a mass resolution in the range of 150 to 300 (Full width at half maximum) (FWHM). Little fragmentation was observed.