gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coherent transfer functions and extended depth of field (2010)

To preserve the speed advantage of Fourier Domain detection in Optical Coherence Microscopy (OCM), extended depth of field (DOF) is needed. To assess and improve the DOF and the lateral resolution, we analyzed the coherent transfer function (CTF) of OCM. In the spectral domain detection, each wavelength has its own specific CTF, sampling a different part of the object's spatial frequency spectrum. For classical optics and increasing numerical apertures these regions start to overlap and bend, which limits the depth of field. Bessel-like beams produced by axicon lenses circumvent these detrimental effects, but introduce side lobes. Decoupling the detection and the illumination apertures gives more flexibility in engineering a CTF and optimizes the lateral resolution and the DOF at the same time all while reducing these side lobes. We evaluated different combinations of Gaussian and Bessel-like illumination and detection optics. Using Bessel-like beams as well in the illumination as in the detection paths, but with different side-lobe radii, we obtained a lateral resolution of 2&#956;m invariant over an extended depth of field of more than 300&#956;m, at a signal penalty of only 12dB compared to classical Gaussian optics.
Blind multiuser receiver for DS-CDMA wireless system (2006)

We consider blind signal detection in an asynchronous code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system employing short spreading sequences in the presence of unknown multipath fading. This approach is capable of countering the presence of multiple-access interference (MAI) in CDMA fading channels. The proposed blind multiuser detector is based on an independent component analysis (ICA) to mitigate both MAI and noise. This algorithm has been utilised in blind source separation (BSS) of unknown sources from their mixtures. It can also be used for estimating the basis vectors of BSS. The aim is to include an ICA algorithm within a wireless receiver in order to reduce the level of interference in wideband systems. This blind multiuser detector requires no training sequence compared with the conventional multiuser detection receiver. The proposed ICA blind multiuser detector is made robust with respect to knowledge of signature waveforms and the timing of the user of interest. Several experiments are performed in order to verify the validity of the proposed ICA algorithm.
Functional Properties of Acylated Oat Protein (1984)

ABSTRACT Protein extracted from defatted oat ( Avena sativa L., variety Sentinel) was acylated with acetic or succinic anhydride at levels of 0.05 and 0.20 g/g protein. Acetic anhydride was more reactive than succinic anhydride in modifying lysine groups. Total essential amino acid content was slightly lowered by acetylation but unaffected by succinylation. Gel filtration chromatography showed some dissociation of oat polypeptides by succinylation. Solubility, emulsifying properties and fat finding capacity were all markedly improved by acylation, and the effect was more pronounced with succinylation. Emulsifying capacity of meat was enhanced by blending with acylated oat protein. Water hydration capacity and foam stability were adversely affected by acylation. Results suggest that acylated oat protein may be a valuable functional ingredient in meat and other emulsion food products.
Serum proteins marker for early detection of ovarian cancer (2005)

9508 Introduction: A major limitation in the treatment of ovarian cancer (OC) is the lack of early detection tumor markers. Early diagnosis would significantly decrease the morbidity and mortality rate from this disease. CA 125, the only available test is elevated in only 40–50% of women with early stage disease with a positive predictive value of only 10%. Sensitive and specific methods of early stage OC detection are urgently needed. Here we report a new blood test, based on four analytes, which can discriminate between disease-free, and OC patients, including Stage I/II patients. Methods: 169 proteins were measured in serum samples (28 healthy controls and 36 OC patients) using a microarray immunoassay (Nat. Biotech (2000) 20:359). Ten proteins showing the greatest concentration differences between patients and controls were evaluated by independent ELISA assays and four were found to correctly classify all serum samples in this training set. The four biomarkers then were validated in a blind study of serum samples collected from 106 healthy females and 100 OC patients (24% Stage I/II disease and 76% Stage III/IV). The results of the selected analytes then were compared using three different classifiers: support vector machines, K-nearest neighbor classifiers and classification trees. Results: None of the 169 analytes used individually could correctly classify cancer patients and healthy controls. However, in a blind study with analysis of 4 biomarkers, 100 of the 106 women (94%) in the normal (disease-free) group had no more than one marker out of the normal range, while 99 of 100 OC patients (99%) had two or more markers out of normal range. The sensitivity of the test is 96%, specificity 97%, PPV 97% and NPV 96%. All 24 Stage I/II sera were correctly identified. Conclusion: We describe a multiplex serum protein screening assay that more accurately discriminates between normal women and OC patients and has the ability to detect early stage I and II OCs. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
The role of intracanal medication in root canal treatment (1992)

The role of intracanal medication as a root canal dressing is re-examined. In pulpectomy and some root canal treatments, where the root canal contains vital pulp tissue, it is doubtful whether a routine intracanal medicament is needed. In infected root canals, intracanal medication has been advocated for many purposes. An intracanal medicament is used to: (i) eliminate any remaining bacteria after canal instrumentation; (ii) reduce inflammation of periapical tissues and pulp remnants; (iii) render canal contents inert and neutralize tissue debris; (iv) act as a barrier against leakage from the temporary filling; (v) help to dry persistently wet canals. However, most of the indications for intracanal medicaments are questionable. Intracanal medicaments should only be used for root canal disinfection as part of controlled asepsis in infected root canals, and their role is secondary to cleaning and shaping of the root canal. Thorough canal debridement and adequate canal preparation are more pertinent, and their importance is emphasized. Bacteriological sampling may be necessary if a tooth does not respond to treatment, to help in the choice of intracanal medicament.
Soybean Phytophthora Resistance Gene Rps8 Maps Closely to the Rps3 Region (2005)

Root and stem rot is one of the major diseases of soybean. It is caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae. A series of resistance genes (Rps) have been providing soybean with reasonable protection against this pathogen. Among these genes, Rps8, which confers resistance to most P. sojae isolates, recently has been mapped. However, the most closely linked molecular marker was mapped at about 10 cM from Rps8. In this investigation, we attempted to develop a high-density genetic map of the Rps8 region and identify closely linked SSR markers for marker-assisted selection of this invaluable gene. Bulk segregant analysis was conducted for the identification of SSR markers that are tightly linked to Rps8. Polymorphic SSR markers selected from the Rps8 region failed to show cosegregation with Phytophthora resistance. Subsequently, bulk segregant analysis of the whole soybean genome and mapping experiments revealed that the Rps8 gene maps closely to the disease resistance gene-rich Rps3 region.
N-Myristoyltransferase as a potential drug target in malaria and leishmaniasis (2013)

Infections caused by protozoan parasites are among the most widespread and intractable transmissible diseases affecting the developing world, with malaria and leishmaniasis being the most costly in terms of morbidity and mortality. Although new drugs are urgently required against both diseases in the face of ever-rising resistance to frontline therapies, very few candidates passing through development pipelines possess a known and novel mode of action. Set in the context of drugs currently in use and under development, we present the evidence for N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), an enzyme that N-terminally lipidates a wide range of specific target proteins through post-translational modification, as a potential drug target in malaria and the leishmaniases. We discuss the limitations of current knowledge regarding the downstream targets of this enzyme in protozoa, and our recent progress towards potent cell-active NMT inhibitors against the most clinically-relevant species of parasite. Finally, we outline the next steps required in terms of both tools to understand N-myristoylation in protozoan parasites, and the generation of potential development candidates based on the output of our recently-reported high-throughput screens.
Medical response to bioterrorism: are we prepared? (2000)

The 1995 bombing of the Federal Building in Oklahoma City made terrorism a shocking reality for all Oklahomans. The fact that such an event could happen here, far from foreign political and ethnic conflicts and from large coastal cities, made us realize that no one is immune from the terrorist threat. But as horrific as that event and other terrorist incidents have been, the present threat of the use of infectious agents in acts of terrorism has the potential to cause far greater human death and suffering than any previously used terrorist weapon. Although health care professionals have not historically participated in terrorist planning and response activities, the addition of infectious agents to the terrorists' arsenal makes medical and public health professionals critical players in these efforts. Indeed, physicians have the ability to first recognize and report such an event and thereby diminish the impact. To meet the bioterrorism responsibility, physicians must be knowledgeable of this type of threat. In this article we present an overview of bioterrorism and review the organisms most likely to be used in a terrorist event.
A divergent approach to the myriaporones and tedanolide: Enantioselective preparation of the common intermediate (1998)

The tedanolide and myriaporone classes of natural products represent interesting targets for synthesis because of their structural similarity and biological activity. The asymmetric preparation of a potential common intermediate in the total synthesis of each of these targets is presented. The key step, a Zr-mediated allylation, allows for the efficient preparation of the hydroxypropionate structural unit.
Normal Histology of the Prostate (1988)

The prostate gland contains three major glandular regions--the peripheral zone, the central zone, and the transition zone--which differ histologically and biologically. The central zone is relatively resistant to carcinoma and other disease; the transition zone is the main site of origin of prostate hyperplasia. There are also several important nonglandular regions concentrated in the anteromedial portion of the gland. Each glandular zone has specific architectural and stromal features. In all zones, both ducts and acini are lined by secretory epithelium. In each zone, there is a layer of basal cells beneath the secretory lining, as well as interspersed endocrine-paracrine cells. Frequent deviations from normal histology include post-inflammatory atrophy, basal cell hyperplasia, benign nodular hyperplasia, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, and duct-acinar dysplasia. These lesions may at times be confused with carcinoma, especially in biopsy material.
Radiation sensitive developable bottom anti-reflective coatings (DBARC) for 193nm lithography: first generation (2007)

A first generation DBARC applicable for 1<sup>st</sup> minimum 193nm lithography is described in this paper. The polymer used in this DBARC is insoluble in the casting solvent of the resist, which is propyleneglycolmonomethyletheracetate (PGMEA). Photo acid generator (PAG) and base extractions from the DBARC coating by the resist casting solvent were examined by the DBARC dissolution rates in the developer, before and after solvent treatments. Although the resist and the DBARC do not appear to intermix, strong interaction between the two is evident by their lithographic performance and dissolution rate study.
Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA) (2017)

This document describes elliptic curve signature scheme Edwards-curve
Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA). The algorithm is instantiated
with recommended parameters for the edwards25519 and edwards448
curves. An example implementation and test vectors are provided.
Molecular and cell biology of the sarcoglycan complex (2005)

The original sarcoglycan (SG) complex has four subunits and comprises a subcomplex of the dystrophin-dystrophin-associated protein complex. Each SG gene has been shown to be responsible for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, called sarcoglycanopathy (SGP). In this review, we detail the characteristics of the SG subunits, and the mechanism of the formation of the SG complex and various molecules associated with this complex. We discuss the molecular mechanisms of SGP based on studies mostly using SGP animal models. In addition, we describe other SG molecules, epsilon- and zeta-SGs, with special reference to their expression and roles in vascular smooth muscle, which are currently in dispute. We further consider the maternally imprinted nature of the epsilon-SG gene. Finally, we stress that the SG complex cannot work by itself and works in a larger complex system, called the transverse fixation system, which forms an array of molecules responsible for various muscular dystrophies.
Amyloid Fibril Proteins: Proof of Homology with Immunoglobulin Light Chains by Sequence Analyses (1971)

The sequences of the 35 and 36 amino-terminal amino acids of two purified amyloid fibril proteins have been determined. Results indicate that these two proteins are derived from homogeneous immunoglobulin light chains of variable region subgroup V(kappaI). The relation between amyloidosis and immunoglobulins is thus more firmly established.
Prevalence of Total Coronary Occlusion during the Early Hours of Transmural Myocardial Infarction (1980)

To define the prevalence of total coronary occlusion in the hours after transmural myocardial infarction, we used coronary arteriography to study the degree of coronary obstruction in 322 patients admitted within 24 hours of infarction. Total coronary occlusion was observed in 110 of 126 patients (87 per cent) who were evaluated within four hours of the onset of symptoms; this proportion decreased significantly, to 37 of 57 (65 per cent), when patients were studied 12 to 24 hours after the onset of symptoms. Among 59 patients with angiographic features of coronary thrombosis, the thrombus was retrieved by Fogarty catheter in 52 (88 per cent) but was absent in seven (12 per cent false positive). Among an additional 20 patients without angiographic features of thrombosis, a thrombus was discovered in five (25 per cent false negative). Thus, total coronary occlusion is frequent during the early hours of transmural infarction and decreases in frequency during the initial 24 hours, suggesting that coronary spasm or thrombus formation with subsequent recanalization or both may be important in the evolution of infarction.
Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (2009)

Abstract These updated guidelines replace the previous management guidelines published in 2001. The guidelines are intended for use by health care providers who care for patients who either have these infections or may be at risk for them.
Identification of a fat cell enhancer: Analysis of requirements for adipose tissue‐specific gene expression (1992)

The molecular basis for adipose-specific gene expression is not known. To approach the problem of adipocyte gene expression, we have analyzed in detail the capacity of the 5'-flanking region of the adipocyte P2 (aP2) gene to direct cell-type specific gene expression. Although the proximal promoter containing AP-1 and C/EBP binding sites is capable of directing differentiation-dependent gene expression in cultured adipocytes, these constructs are essentially inactive in the tissues of transgenic mice. We found that -5.4 kb of the 5'-flanking region were required to direct heterologous gene (chloramphenicol acetyl transferase; CAT) expression to the adipose tissue of transgenic mice. By deletion analysis, we identified a 520 bp enhancer at -5.4 kb of the aP2 gene. We show that this enhancer can direct high levels of gene expression specifically to the adipose tissue of transgenic mice. This enhancer also functions in a differentiation-dependent manner in cultured adipocytes and cannot be transactivated in preadipocytes by C/EBP. Molecular analysis indicates that several cis- and trans- acting acting elements, though not C/EBP, contribute to the specificity and potency of this enhancer.
The Effects of Metformin on Adipocyte Insulin Action and Metabolic Control in Obese Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes (1989)

To investigate the mechanisms of action of metformin, insulin receptor binding and the activity of several insulin-controlled metabolic pathways were measured in adipocytes taken from 10 obese Type 2 diabetic patients treated for 4 weeks with either metformin (0.5 g x 3 daily) or matching placebo using a double-blind crossover design. Metformin therapy was associated with a significant fall in serum fructosamine levels (3.1 +/- 0.4 vs 2.8 +/- 0.4 mmol l-1, p less than 0.02) as well as fasting (10.8 +/- 2.4 vs 9.4 +/- 2.1 mmol l-1) and daytime (11.5 +/- 2.4 vs 10.0 +/- 2.2 mmol l-1) plasma glucose concentrations (p less than 0.05). Fasting and postprandial plasma levels of C-peptide and insulin were unchanged. While fasting plasma lactate concentrations remained unaltered after metformin, a rise was noted in response to meals (from 1.4 +/- 0.1 to 1.8 +/- 0.2 mmol l-1, p less than 0.05). Adipocyte insulin receptor binding was unaffected by drug treatment. Moreover, no insulin-like effects or post-binding potentiation of insulin action could be found on adipocyte glucose transport, glucose oxidation, lipogenesis, glycolysis or antilipolysis. A complementary in vitro study using adipocytes from non-obese healthy volunteers failed to show any direct effect of metformin on adipocyte insulin binding or glucose transport and metabolism, at media drug concentrations corresponding to therapeutic plasma levels.
Cloning of a bovine renal epithelial Na+ channel subunit (1995)

A bovine homologue of the rat and human epithelial Na+ channel subunits, alpha-rENaC and alpha-hENaC, was cloned. The cDNA clone, termed alpha-bENaC, was isolated from a bovine renal papillary collecting duct cDNA expression library. The bovine cDNA is 3,584 base pairs (bp) long, has an open reading frame of 2,094 bp encoding a 697-amino acid protein, and is 75-85% homologous to its rat and human counterparts. In vitro translation of the transcribed cRNA yields an 80-kDa polypeptide and one at 92 kDa in the presence of pancreatic microsomes. The clone exhibits consensus sequences for N-linked glycosylation and for phosphorylation by protein kinase C, but not for protein kinase A. After expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes, a small amiloride-sensitive Na+ conductance that exhibited inward rectification and a reversal potential greater than +30 mV, consistent with the predicted equilibrium potential for Na+, was identified. The expressed alpha-bENaC-associated Na+ current was not responsive to elevations in adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate but could be stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, an activator of protein kinase C. alpha-bENaC also formed amiloride-sensitive chimeric channels when coexpressed with the rat beta- and gamma-ENaC subunits in Xenopus oocytes. alpha-bENaC therefore represents a novel isoform of a growing family of epithelial Na+ channels.
Individualized antithrombotic therapy in high risk patients after coronary stenting. A double-edged sword between thrombosis and bleeding (2008)

Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel is currently the standard therapy after coronary stent implantation to prevent a life-threatening stent thrombosis. However, a variety of procedural and individual factors contribute to the individual patient risk and have to be taken into account to allow for an individual recommendation for both the duration and intensity of the antiplatelet therapy. Obviously, the benefit of the prevention of stent thrombosis by antithrombotic therapy has to outweigh the risk of severe bleeding complications. Depending on the individual clinical situation and procedural characteristics (stent type, length, angiographic result etc.), the recommended duration of the combined antiplatelet therapy currently varies from four weeks to at least one year. These recommendations are mainly based on large, prospective, randomized trials and evidence-based guidelines. However, in a subgroup of high-risk patients there is insufficient evidence for the benefit of conventional dual antiplatelet regimen. These include i) patients with an indication for anticoagulation, ii) patients with urgent need for an operation requiring a perioperative withholding of antiplatelet therapy, as well as iii) clopidogrel low responders. This review aims to provide a stratification to define patient collectives who may benefit from more individualized antithrombotic regimens on behalf of currently available literature and guidelines.
Optical and Scintillation Properties of Polydimethyl-Diphenylsiloxane Based Organic Scintillators (2010)

Polysiloxane based scintillators with high light yield have been synthesized. The polymer consists in cross-linked polydimethyl-co-diphenylsiloxane with different molar percentages of phenyl units. 2,5-diphenyl oxazole (PPO) and 2,5-bis(5-ter-butyl-2-benzoxazolyl)thiophene (BBOT) have been dispersed in the polymer as dopants. The energy transfer and scintillation capabilities have been investigated, for two different amounts of phenyl groups in the polymer network and for different concentrations of dye molecules, by means of fluorescence spectroscopy, ion beam induced luminescence (IBIL) and scintillation yield measurements with ¿ particles from an <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">241</sup> Am source. The luminescence features and the scintillation yields have been correlated to the composition of the scintillators.
Electrical Activity of Boron and Phosphorus in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon (2014)

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon is a technologically important material, vital to applications as varied as photovoltaics, thin-film transistors, and ``night vision'' goggles. All of these applications rely on the function of dopants, but, remarkably, our understanding of how the most common dopants infiltrate into a material to perform crucial electronic functions remains largely empirical. The authors provide a comprehensive ab initio study of two key dopants in amorphous silicon, including lattice dynamics and hydrogen hopping and passivation. This insight provides a firm foundation for rational optimization of practical semiconductors.