gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electric‐Field‐Driven Reversible Conversion Between Methylammonium Lead Triiodide Perovskites and Lead Iodide at Elevated Temperatures (2015)

Electrically driven reversible structural conversion between the MAPbI3 and PbI2 phase in MAPbI3 at 330 K is first reported, which provides insights into the intrinsic stability and chemical activities of MAPbI3 materials. Meanwhile, direct visualization of the macro­scopic migration of iodine anions is also reported for the first time, which provides strong evidence for the iodine ions migration. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The Swan-Ganz Catheters: Past, Present, and Future (2009)

The Swan-Ganz balloon flotation catheter was introduced in 1970. It can be placed at the bedside within a few minutes even in critically ill patients. Although placement of these catheters is not difficult, some training and experience are required to avoid complications and for proper interpretation of the hemodynamic data that can be obtained by pulmonary artery catheterization. Because of the many advantages of balloon flotation catheters compared with conventional catheters, they have been used without a proper indication and frequently overused in critical care units, resulting in many complications, including mortality. The prospective randomized trials have reported that in the majority of clinical circumstances, the routine use of balloon flotation catheters is not indicated. These results are not surprising because balloon flotation catheters are diagnostic and not therapeutic tools. That we have learned a great deal about hemodynamics in critically ill patients with the use of balloon flotation catheters should not be ignored or forgotten. Furthermore, our clinical knowledge of hemodynamics has been made possible because of extensive experience gained from directly determined hemodynamics with the use of balloon flotation catheters. It should also be realized that despite the introduction and refinement of newer noninvasive imaging modalities, a number of clinical circumstances exist in which determination of hemodynamics with the use of a balloon flotation catheter is necessary and should be considered, but only by experienced physicians. With the proper use of Swan-Ganz catheters, our knowledge of hemodynamics has been enhanced considerably. Its abuse, particularly by relatively inexperienced operators, has resulted in serious complications, including death. Prospective randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that the routine use of Swan-Ganz catheters does not provide any benefit. However, use of the Swan-Ganz catheter is still indicated in many situations.
A thermo‐alkaline lipase from a new thermophile Geobacillus thermodenitrificans AV‐5 with potential application in biodiesel production (2015)

Abstract BACKGROUND A thermophilic lipase‐producing Geobacillus thermodenitrificans strain AV ‐5 was isolated from the Mushroom Spring of Yellowstone National Park in WY , USA and studied as a source of lipase for transesterification of vegetable oils to biodiesel. RESULTS A maximum activity of 330 U mL −1 was produced on 2% (v/v) waste cooking oil at 50 °C, pH 8, aeration rate of 1 vvm and agitation speed of 400 rpm. However, the higher lipase productivity (14.04 U mL −1 h −1 ) was found at a volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient ( k L a ) value of 18.48 h −1 . The partially purified lipase had a molecular weight, temperature and pH optimum of 50 kDa , 65 °C and pH 9, respectively, and was thermo‐alkali stable: at 70 °C, it retained 81% activity and 45% stability; at pH 10 it lost only 15% and 2.6% of its maximum activity and stability, respectively. Enzyme kinetic studies with p ‐nitrophenyl laurate as substrate revealed high substrate specificity ( k m of 0.440 mmol L −1 ) and kinetic activity ( v max of 556 nmol mL min −1 ) of lipase. CONCLUSIONS The k L a was found to be highly dependent on aeration and agitation rates. Following optimization of fermentation medium and parameters, a 7.5‐fold increase in lipase production by G. thermodenitrificans was attained. The lipase activity and substrate specificity (as k m ) are among the highest reported in the literature for bacterial lipases. It was demonstrated that the enzyme can produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil with a conversion yields of 76%. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
The Role of Somatostatin in the Regulation of Anterior Pituitary Hormone Secretion and the Use of Its Analogs in the Treatment of Human Pituitary Tumors (1988)

THE PRESENCE of GH-inhibitory substances in hypothalamic extracts was originally detected accidentally by Krulich et al. (1) during investigations into the distribution of GH-releasing factors throughout the rat hypothalamus. Several years later Brazeau et al. (2) isolated and characterized this somatotropin releaseinhibiting factor, called somatostatin (SRIF), which turned out to be a cyclic peptide consisting of 14 amino acids. SRIF was the first hormone to broaden the classic concepts of endocrinology because it has physiological effects both at the periphery and the central nervous system (3). Several reviews and proceedings from international symposia are available, which summarize the developments in the field of SRIF (4–12). In recent years SRIF analogs have been developed which can be used clinically. In the present review the physiological role of SRIF in the regulation of anterior pituitary function has been summarized as far as it contributes to the understanding of the use and effectiveness of SRIF analogs in patients with anterior pituitary tumors. In addition, the current clinical indications for long term treatment with SRIF analogs and the adverse effects of these compounds are reviewed.
Protection from Ebola Virus Mediated by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Specific for the Viral Nucleoprotein (2001)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are proposed to be critical for protection from intracellular pathogens such as Ebola virus. However, there have been no demonstrations that protection against Ebola virus is mediated by Ebola virus-specific CTLs. Here, we report that C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons encoding the Ebola virus nucleoprotein (NP) survived lethal challenge with Ebola virus. Vaccination induced both antibodies to the NP and a major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CTL response to an 11-amino-acid sequence in the amino-terminal portion of the Ebola virus NP. Passive transfer of polyclonal NP-specific antiserum did not protect recipient mice. In contrast, adoptive transfer of CTLs specific for the Ebola virus NP protected unvaccinated mice from lethal Ebola virus challenge. The protective CTLs were CD8(+), restricted to the D(b) class I molecule, and recognized an epitope within amino acids 43 to 53 (VYQVNNLEEIC) in the Ebola virus NP. The demonstration that CTLs can prevent lethal Ebola virus infection affects vaccine development in that protective cellular immune responses may be required for optimal protection from Ebola virus.
Cyclin-dependent kinases as a therapeutic target for stroke (2000)

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are commonly known to regulate cell proliferation. However, previous reports suggest that in cultured postmitotic neurons, activation of CDKs is a signal for death rather than cell division. We determined whether CDK activation occurs in mature adult neurons during focal stroke in vivo and whether this signal was required for neuronal death after reperfusion injury. Cdk4/cyclin D1 levels and phosphorylation of its substrate retinoblastoma protein (pRb) increase after stroke. Deregulated levels of E2F1, a transcription factor regulated by pRb, are also observed. Administration of a CDK inhibitor blocks pRb phosphorylation and the increase in E2F1 levels and dramatically reduces neuronal death by 80%. These results indicate that CDKs are an important therapeutic target for the treatment of reperfusion injury after ischemia.
Histology and Histomorphometric Analysis of the Normal and Atrophic Heel Fat Pad (1995)

Light and electron microscopy was used for a histologic examination of normal heel fat pads and atrophic heel fat pads from patients with peripheral neuropathies. Histomorphometric analysis revealed an average 30% smaller mean cell area and 16% smaller mean cell diameters in the atrophic pads compared with the normal heel fat pads. Septal walls in the atrophic fat pads were often fragmented and approximately 75% wider than normal. Perineural fibrosis was also found in the atrophic heel fat pads. The Verhoeff elastic staining technique was used to determine the relative percentage of collagen to elastic tissue within the septae. No significant differences were noted between the normal and atrophic heels. The ultrastructure of the adipocytes from the normal and atrophic heel pads was similar to those found in abdominal subcutaneous fat. Lipid droplets of variable size and density thin the center of the adipocyte were surrounded by a thin border of cytoplasm. The interphase between adipocytes contained fine collagen and elastic fibers.
Dynamics limited shaping for fast digital transmission (2002)

A new combined precoding/shaping technique for fast digital transmission is proposed. Major advantages of this "dynamics shaping" are: dynamics of the signal at the input of the decision device are reduced by a great amount. Thereby, A/D-conversion, adaptive equalization, and symbol timing are rather facilitated. A trade-off between signal dynamics at the transmitter output, decision device input and the SNR-gain by noise whitening is offered. For dynamics limitation relevant in practice, gains up to 6 dB are achieved. Nevertheless, system complexity is lower than in other precoding/shaping techniques. Numerical results are presented for a HDSL application in the German Telekom subscriber network.
Hemagglutinin Stalk Immunity Reduces Influenza Virus Replication and Transmission in Ferrets (2015)

We assessed whether influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-based immunity protects ferrets against aerosol-transmitted H1N1 influenza virus infection. Immunization of ferrets by a universal influenza virus vaccine strategy based on viral vectors expressing chimeric hemagglutinin constructs induced stalk-specific antibody responses. Stalk-immunized ferrets were cohoused with H1N1-infected ferrets under conditions that permitted virus transmission. Hemagglutinin stalk-immunized ferrets had lower viral titers and delayed or no virus replication at all following natural exposure to influenza virus.
Effects of ascorbate ions on intracellular fluorescein emission polarization spectra in cancer and normal proliferating cells. (1987)

Ascorbate ions induced a polarization peak in the intracellular fluorescein fluorescence polarization spectra of asynchronous populations of a variety of cancer cell types from human and animal biopsy material or in cells grown in vivo and/or in vitro. The appearance of this polarization peak at 510 nm on excitation at 470 nm (P510 peak) indicates the transition of mitochondria from the condensed (active) into orthodox (resting) conformation. In contrast, no effects of ascorbate ions were observed in the polarization spectra of various normal cell lines. This apparent differential response seems to be caused by the effects of ascorbate ions on several steps of the altered energy metabolism in cancer cells. It appeared not to be due to a defective mechanism responsible for the conformational changes in the mitochondria. In YMDR cells resistant to the antitumor drug methylene-dimethanesulphonate (MDMS), HeLa cells pretreated with colcemid, and YMDS cells pretreated with cytochalasin B, the transition of mitochondria into orthodox conformation could not be induced by ascorbate ions. Thus, it is possible that tumors also pretreated with other drugs become resistant to growth inhibitory effects of ascorbate ions. Induction of the fluorescein emission polarization peak at 510 nm in cells from biopsies or from in vitro-induced malignancies could be used as an additional criterion for malignant transformation.
The production of amyloid beta peptide is a critical requirement for the viability of central neurons. (2003)

The amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) is a product of the sequential gamma- and beta-secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein. Inhibitors of secretase enzymes have been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Here, we investigate the effect of inhibiting these key enzymes on the viability of a range of cell types. Treatment of rat cortical neurons for 24 hr with secretase inhibitors or an antibody that binds Abeta resulted in a marked reduction in cell viability, as measured by MTT reduction. Incubation with secretase inhibitors caused similar effects on other neuronal cell types (rat cerebellar granule neurons and the human SH-SY5Y cell line). Interestingly, rat astrocytes and a number of non-neuronal cell lines investigated (HEK293, DDT1-FM2, and human teratorhabdoid tumor cells) were unaffected by incubation with secretase inhibitors. The coincubation of Abeta1-40 prevented the toxicity of secretase inhibitors in neuronal cells. Abeta1-40 was protective in a concentration-dependent manner, and its effects were significant at concentrations as low at 10 pm. Importantly, the protective effects of Abeta were Abeta size-form specific, with the Abeta1-42 size form affording limited protection and the Abeta25-35 size form having very little protective effect. The present study demonstrates that inhibition of beta-or gamma-secretase activity induces death in neuronal cells. Importantly, this toxicity, which our data suggest is a consequence of a decline in neuronal Abeta levels, was absent in non-neuronal cells. This study further supports a key physiological role for the enigmatic Abeta peptide.
A Fully Progressive Approach to Single-Image Super-Resolution (2018)

Recent deep learning approaches to single image super-resolution have achieved impressive results in terms of traditional error measures and perceptual quality. However, in each case it remains challenging to achieve high quality results for large upsampling factors. To this end, we propose a method (ProSR) that is progressive both in architecture and training: the network upsamples an image in intermediate steps, while the learning process is organized from easy to hard, as is done in curriculum learning. To obtain more photorealistic results, we design a generative adversarial network (GAN), named ProGanSR, that follows the same progressive multi-scale design principle. This not only allows to scale well to high upsampling factors (e.g., 8x) but constitutes a principled multi-scale approach that increases the reconstruction quality for all upsampling factors simultaneously. In particular ProSR ranks 2nd in terms of SSIM and 4th in terms of PSNR in the NTIRE2018 SISR challenge [34]. Compared to the top-ranking team, our model is marginally lower, but runs 5 times faster.
Adhesion Forces Between Individual Ligand-Receptor Pairs (1994)

The adhesion force between the tip of an atomic force microscope cantilever derivatized with avidin and agarose beads functionalized with biotin, desthiobiotin, or iminobiotin was measured. Under conditions that allowed only a limited number of molecular pairs to interact, the force required to separate tip and bead was found to be quantized in integer multiples of 160 +/- 20 piconewtons for biotin and 85 +/- 15 piconewtons for iminobiotin. The measured force quanta are interpreted as the unbinding forces of individual molecular pairs.
Construction of a Z-DNA-specific restriction endonuclease (1997)

Novel restriction enzymes can be created by fusing the nuclease domain of FokI endonuclease with defined DNA binding domains. Recently, we have characterized a domain (Z alpha) from the N-terminal region of human double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase (hADAR1), which binds the Z-conformation with high specificity. Here we report creation of a conformation-specific endonuclease, Z alpha nuclease, which is a chimera of Z alpha and FokI nuclease. Purified Z alpha nuclease cleaves negatively supercoiled plasmids only when they contain a Z-DNA forming insert, such as (dC-dG)13. The precise location of the cleavage sites was determined by primer extension. Cutting has been mapped to the edge of the B-Z junction, suggesting that Z alpha nuclease binds within the Z-DNA insert, but cleaves in the nearby B-DNA, by using a mechanism similar to type IIs restriction enzymes. These data show that Z alpha binds Z-DNA in an environment similar to that in a cell. Z alpha nuclease, a structure-specific restriction enzyme, may be a useful tool for further study of the biological role of Z-DNA.
Molecular configuration and glomerular size selectivity in healthy and nephrotic humans (1997)

We studied eight healthy volunteers and eight nephrotic subjects to compare the glomerular sieving coefficients (theta) of dextran, a linear polymer of glucopyranose, with those of Ficoll, a spherical polysucrose. Over a molecular radius (rs) interval of 20-70 A, theta for a given Ficoll was uniformly lower than corresponding theta for a dextran of equivalent rs. For each macromolecular species, the theta of molecules with rs > 50 A was selectively enhanced in nephrotic vs. healthy subjects. Analysis of either dextran or Ficoll sieving curves with pore theory revealed the glomerular barrier to have a bimodal pore size distribution: a lower mode of restrictive pores with a lognormal distribution of radii and an upper mode of large shuntlike pores. Nephrotics differed from controls in that the lower mode was broadened and shifted to pores of smaller mean size, but the prominence of shuntlike pores was enhanced by an order of magnitude. Both the mean radius of restrictive pores and the magnitude of the shunt pathway were substantially smaller when estimated from Ficoll than dextran sieving. We interpret the more realistic values for pore parameters derived from Ficoll than dextran sieving to indicate 1) that the normal glomerular barrier prevents albuminuria by virtue of a combination of both charge- and size-selective properties and 2) that a combined impairment of both barrier charge selectivity and size selectively are required to account for the observed level and composition of proteinuria in our nephrotic subjects.
Direct Intratumoral Injection of an Adenovirus Expressing Interleukin-12 Induces Regression and Long-Lasting Immunity That Is Associated with Highly Localized Expression of Interleukin-12 (1996)

Mice bearing breast tumors were treated with a single dose of an adenovirus expressing interleukin-12 (AdmIL-12.1) injected intratumorally, which produced regressions in greater than 75% of the treated tumors; approximately one-third of the animals remained tumor free. Complete regression was associated with immunity to secondary challenge with fresh tumor cells. Analysis of local cytokine expression demonstrated maximum expression of IL-12 within the tumor between 24 and 72 hr post-injection, reaching 600-800 ng per tumor, with elevated local levels of IL-12 detectable for at least 9 days. This expression was highly localized as serum IL-12 peaked at 40-60 ng/ml at 24 hr and was less than 10 ng/ml from day 3 onward. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) concentrations were markedly increased within the tumor following AdmIL-12.1 administration, demonstrating that IL-12 was acting locally. Tumor-draining lymph node cells spontaneously produced IFN-gamma following AdmIL-12.1 treatment, suggesting these cells were activated by IL-12. These data demonstrate that AdmIL-12.1 can be used to deliver very high levels of localized cytokine production. Moreover, we have confirmed that the IL-12 produced from our vector actually affects the local cytokine environment of the tumor and activates responder cells present within the tumor.
Acetaldehyde tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae involves the pentose phosphate pathway and oleic acid biosynthesis (2008)

To identify genes responsible for acetaldehyde tolerance, genome-wide screening was performed using a collection of haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains deleted in single genes. The screen identified 49 genes whose deletion conferred acetaldehyde sensitivity, and these were termed the genes required for acetaldehyde tolerance. We focused on six of these genes required for acetaldehyde tolerance, ZWF1, GND1, RPE1, TKL1 and TAL1, which encode enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and OAR1, which encodes for NADPH-dependent 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase. These genes were not only responsible for acetaldehyde tolerance but also turned out to be induced by acetaldehyde. Moreover, the content of oleic acid was remarkably increased in yeast cells under acetaldehyde stress, and supplementation of oleic acid into the media partially alleviated acetaldehyde stress-induced growth inhibition of strains disrupted in the genes required for acetaldehyde tolerance and OLE1. Taken together, our data suggest that the supply of NADPH and the process of fatty acid biosynthesis are the key factors in acetaldehyde tolerance in the yeast, and that oleic acid plays an important role in acetaldehyde tolerance.
Cytokines in multiple sclerosis: methodological aspects and pathogenic implications (2002)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the leading causes of disability among young adults of Caucasian origin. One hundred and fifty years after the first description of the disease, the cause of MS remains unknown. Ironically, the few hypotheses concerning MS pathogenesis that are valid today were first proposed over a hundred years ago. However, equipped with the advanced technology of molecular biology and imaging systems, we are at present progressively uncovering dues to understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. It is dearly evident that aberrant immune responses occur in MS, and it is likely that the spectrum of cytokines produced decisively influences disease outcome. The detrimental consequences of IFN-gamma and the beneficial effects of IFN-beta treatment in MS support this hypothesis. However, there are still major gaps in our knowledge of the involvement of cytokines in MS. Numerous studies have addressed the question of cytokine levels in MS, often with conflicting results; elevated, normal and decreased levels of almost all cytokines have been reported. This scenario most probably reflects methodological dilemmas as well as the complex biology of cytokines. Here we focus on possible reasons for the discrepancies of results reported on cytokines in MS and summarize findings obtained in particular by the application of enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays to cytokine studies in MS.