gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of GeO2 layers using a divalent Ge precursor (2007)

Good quality and perfectly stoichiometric GeO2 layers are promising interlayers to be implemented in alternative devices based on high dielectric constant oxide/Ge(100). In this work, the authors report on the growth by atomic layer deposition of GeO2 films using a divalent Ge precursor combined with O3. The films are composed of smooth and perfectly stoichiometric GeO2. The contamination level is extremely low. The deposited GeO2 films have a band gap of 5.81±0.04eV. The conduction and valence band offsets at the GeO2∕Ge heterojunction are found to be 0.6±0.1 and 4.5±0.1eV, respectively.
ABI1 Protein Phosphatase 2C Is a Negative Regulator of Abscisic Acid Signaling (1999)

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is a key regulator of seed maturation and germination and mediates adaptive responses to environmental stress. In Arabidopsis, the ABI1 gene encodes a member of the 2C class of protein serine/threonine phosphatases (PP2C), and the abi1-1 mutation markedly reduces ABA responsiveness in both seeds and vegetative tissues. However, this mutation is dominant and has been the only mutant allele available for the ABI1 gene. Hence, it remained unclear whether ABI1 contributes to ABA signaling, and in case ABI1 does regulate ABA responsiveness, whether it is a positive or negative regulator of ABA action. In this study, we isolated seven novel alleles of the ABI1 gene as intragenic revertants of the abi1-1 mutant. In contrast to the ABA-resistant abi1-1 mutant, these revertants were more sensitive than the wild type to the inhibition of seed germination and seedling root growth by applied ABA. They also displayed increases in seed dormancy and drought adaptive responses that are indicative of a higher responsiveness to endogenous ABA. The revertant alleles were recessive to the wild-type ABI1 allele in enhancing ABA sensitivity, indicating that this ABA-supersensitive phenotype results from a loss of function in ABI1. The seven suppressor mutations are missense mutations in conserved regions of the PP2C domain of ABI1, and each of the corresponding revertant alleles encodes an ABI1 protein that lacked any detectable PP2C activity in an in vitro enzymatic assay. These results indicate that a loss of ABI1 PP2C activity leads to an enhanced responsiveness to ABA. Thus, the wild-type ABI1 phosphatase is a negative regulator of ABA responses.
Autocrine production of extracellular catalase prevents apoptosis of the human CEM T-cell line in serum-free medium. (1993)

CCRF-CEM is a human T-cell line originally isolated from a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. At cell densities &gt; 2 x 10(5) cells per ml, CEM cells grow in serum-free medium, but at lower cell densities the cultures rapidly undergo apoptosis, or programmed cell death. The viability of low-density CEM cells could be preserved by supplementing the serum-free medium with "conditioned" medium from high-density CEM cultures, but a variety of known growth factors and lymphokines were ineffective. Fractionation of conditioned medium by sequential chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, propyl agarose, chromatofocusing, and hydrophobic-interaction HPLC resulted in the isolation of a 60-kDa protein capable of sustaining CEM growth in the absence of serum. The active protein was identified as human catalase based on its amino acid sequence and composition and was subsequently shown to exhibit catalase activity and to be replaceable by human erythrocyte catalase or bovine liver catalase. Comparison of the level of intracellular catalase activity with the amount released into the culture medium demonstrated that the latter accounted for &lt; 3% of the total catalase activity present in the cell culture. These findings show that, despite its low amount, the catalase released by CEM cells, and perhaps by T cells in general, provides a critical first line of defense against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) present in the extracellular milieu.
Noninvasive measurement of tissue carbon dioxide tension using a fiberoptic conjunctival sensor (1988)

To evaluate potential clinical applications of a newly developed, noninvasive fiberoptic conjunctival carbon dioxide (PcjCO2) sensor designed to measure continuously tissue PCO2 in a vascular bed supplied by the internal carotid artery, we studied the effects of graded respiratory and metabolic alkalosis and acidosis on PcjCO2 in a hemodynamically stable canine model. Respiratory changes were induced by varying the frequency of ventilation and metabolic changes were induced by incremental infusions of sodium bicarbonate and hydrochloric acid. Continuous measurement of end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PETCO2) was also performed. During respiratory alkalosis and acidosis, PcjCO2 values correlated well with PaCO2 (r = 0.96, n = 106); linear regression analysis of PcjCO2 vs. PaCO2 produced a slope of 1.01 and a y-intercept of 3.94 over a PaCO2 range of 12 to 76 torr. The mean PcjCO2-PaCO2 gradient was 4 +/- 3 (SD) torr. PETCO2 values also correlated well with PaCO2 (r = 0.91), as well as with PcjCO2 values (r = 0.91). Both PcjCO2 and PETCO2 showed a much weaker correlation with PaCO2 during metabolic alkalosis and acidosis, partly because the variation in PaCO2 was less. Moreover, the PcjCO2-PaCO2 gradient increased during the metabolic portion of the study up to a mean of 10 +/- 8 (SD) torr during metabolic acidosis, implying a build-up and/or lack of washout of CO2 from the conjunctival tissues, despite the normal physiologic range of PaCO2 values. We conclude that in a hemodynamically stable canine model, PcjCO2 and PETCO2 values correlate well with PaCO2 during pure respiratory alkalosis and acidosis; the correlation weakens significantly, however, with metabolic alterations in tissue CO2 levels.
EL ESPAÑOL EN EL AULA DE INGLÉS. UN ESTUDIO EMPÍRICO (2000)

Abstract This experiment explores the advantages of using the L1 in the EFL classroom in activities such as explicit presentation of form-based content. Two groups of 33 pupils -the control and the experimental- were taught a specific morphosyntactic structure -the passive- in five classes. Three tests were then administered -immediate, delayed and late- and the results compared. The independent variable was the use or non-use of the L1 in the five sessions of presentation and subsequent activities. The results of all parameters analyzed showed differences in favour of the control group; in many cases these differences were statistically significant according to Ttests applied at a significance level of 5% (a < .5). This suggests that, in a monolingual classroom, the minimal role played by the L1 accorded by the current orthodoxy of foreign-language teaching methodology should be revised; it does not, however, undermine the centrality of exposure to the L2 and interaction in it.
Leptin Receptor (OB-R) Signaling (1997)

The leptin receptor (OB-R) mediates the weight regulatory effects of the adipocyte secreted hormone leptin (OB). Previously we have shown that the long form of OB-R, expressed predominantly in the hypothalamus, can mediate ligand-induced activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription factors 1, 3, and 5 and stimulate transcription via interleukin-6 and hematopoietin receptor responsive gene elements. Here we report that deletion and tyrosine substitution mutagenesis of OB-R identifies two distinct regions of the intracellular domain important for signaling. In addition, granulocyte-colony stimulatory factor receptor/OB-R and OB-R/granulocyte-colony stimulatory factor receptor chimeras are signaling competent and provide evidence that aggregation of two OB-R intracellular domains is sufficient for ligand-induced receptor activation. However, signaling by full-length OB-R appears to be relatively resistant to dominant negative repression by signaling-incompetent OB-R, suggesting that mechanisms exist to permit signaling by the long form of OB-R even in the presence [corrected] of excess naturally occurring short form of OB-R.
Identification, assessment, and management of overweight and obesity: summary of updated NICE guidance (2014)

#### The bottom line

Overweight and obesity lead to serious health and social difficulties. In the United Kingdom, the prevalence of obesity rose from 6% of men and 8% of women in 1980 to 24% of men and 25% of women in 2012.1 2 Severe obesity (body mass index (BMI) >40), which was rare in 1980, now affects 2.4% of the population.2 In 2012, about three in 10 children aged 2-15 years were overweight or obese. Obesity related illnesses include type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnoea, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.3 Obesity also increases the risk for many common cancers3 and contributes to psychological and psychiatric morbidity.4 The treatment of obesity can be challenging and requires multicomponent weight management programmes; however, existing service provision is varied and often limited.5

Newly available evidence on very low calorie diets and on the effectiveness of bariatric surgery in people with recent onset type 2 diabetes and a lack of clear guidance on follow-up after bariatric surgery have led to the need to revise the original National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guideline from 2006.6 This article summarises the most recent recommendations from NICE (CG189).7

NICE recommendations are based on systematic reviews of best available evidence and explicit consideration of cost effectiveness. When minimal evidence is available, recommendations are based on the Guideline Development …
Optimal antibiotic therapy in cholera. (1968)

Intravenous replacement of the diarrhoeal fluid and electrolyte losses to restore a physiological state of hydration is well established as the basis for successful management of cholera patients. The use of oral tetracycline as an adjunct in reducing the volume and duration of diarrhoea, as well as eradicating the vibrio from the gastrointestinal tract, has been proven beneficial. An optimal dose schedule has not been established previously, and clinical or bacteriological relapses have been generally reported. Chloramphenicol and sulfaguanidine have also been mentioned as adjuncts. The present report shows that 3 g or 4 g of tetracycline in one of 3 dose schedules were predictably efficacious. Chloramphenicol, while of benefit, was not as effective and sulfaguanidine was of little benefit compared with the tetracycline regimens.
The performance of DS-CDMA for wireless local loop (2002)

This paper presents a study on the performance of a wideband direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system for use in wireless local loop (WLL). The WLL environment allows the use of directional subscriber antennas and reverse link time-alignment, reducing both intercell and intracell interference that dictate system capacity. By simulating the intercell interference with directional subscriber antennas and the bit error rate performance in a slowly fading Rician channel, the capacity of both forward and reverse link are calculated. It is demonstrated that convolutional coding alone is not effective in the WLL channel, but, when combined with dynamic power control, gives E/sub b//N/sub 0/ that is within 1 dB of that in a Gaussian channel for moderate Rician K factors.
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Hinder the Anti-Cancer Activity of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (2018)

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) used for cancer immunotherapy were shown to boost the existing anti-tumor immune response by preventing the inhibition of T cells by tumor cells. Antibodies targeting two negative immune checkpoint pathways, namely cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), have been approved first for patients with melanoma, squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and renal cell carcinoma. Clinical trials are ongoing to verify the efficiency of these antibodies for other cancer types and to evaluate strategies to block other checkpoint molecules. However, a number of patients do not respond to this treatment possibly due to profound immunosuppression, which is mediated partly by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). This heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells can strongly inhibit anti-tumor activities of T and NK cells and stimulate regulatory T cells (Treg), leading to tumor progression. Moreover, MDSC can contribute to patient resistance to immune checkpoint inhibition. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that the frequency and immunosuppressive function of MDSC in cancer patients can be used as a predictive marker for therapy response. This review focuses on the role of MDSC in immune checkpoint inhibition and provides an analysis of combination strategies for MDSC targeting together with ICI to improve their therapeutic efficiency in cancer patients.
Effluxed lipids: Tangier Island’s latest export (1999)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Ego-Dissolution and Psychedelics: Validation of the Ego-Dissolution Inventory (EDI) (2016)

Our results demonstrate the psychometric structure, internal consistency and construct validity of the EDI. Moreover, we demonstrate the close relationship between ego-dissolution and the psychedelic experience. The EDI will facilitate the study of the neuronal correlates of ego-dissolution, which is relevant for psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and our understanding of psychosis.
A New Efficient Protocol for Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells from Normal and Retinal Disease Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (2011)

We describe a new, efficient protocol that involves the serial addition of noggin, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), retinoic acid, and sonic hedgehog (Shh) for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) to retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) in a serum- and feeder-free adherent condition. hiPSC-RPE cells exhibited RPE morphology and specific molecular markers. Additionally, several hiPSC lines were generated from retinal-specific patients with Leber's congenital amaurosis, Usher syndrome, two patients with retinitis pigmentosa, and a patient with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. The RPE cells generated from these disease-specific hiPSCs expressed specific markers by the same RPE lineage-directed differentiation protocol. These findings indicate a new short-term, simple, and efficient protocol for differentiation of hiPSCs to RPE cells. Such specific retinal disease-specific hiPSCs offer an unprecedented opportunity to recapitulate normal and pathologic formation of human retinal cells in vitro, thereby enabling pharmaceutical screening, and potentially autologous cell replacement therapies for retinal diseases.
Specific killing of mouse leukemic cells with ricin A-chain immunotoxin. (1989)

Monoclonal IgM antibody against L1210V leukemia was coupled with ricin A-chain using N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP) as a cross--linking agent. The coniugate had potent concentration--dependent cytotoxicity against L1210V, L1210 and RL male 1 cells being completely non toxic to EL-4, P388, RPC-5 and mouse bone marrow cells. The minimum time required for killing L120V leukemia cells was 30h of in vitro exposure, at a concentration 10(-6) M (as assessed by trypan blue test). However, 1h contact of L1210V cells with immunotoxin was sufficient to completely inhibit proliferation of leukemic cells subsequently inoculated into compatible mice. The toxicity could be potentiated by addition of NH4Cl, that shortened minimum exposure time to 18h and 45 min respectively.
The Nitrone Disodium 2,4-Sulphophenyl-N-Tert-Butylnitrone is Without Cytoprotective Effect on Sodium Nitroprusside-Induced Cell Death in N1E-115 Neuroblastoma Cells in vitro (2007)

Disodium 2,4-sulphophenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (NXY-059) is a novel free radical-trapping compound that is neuroprotective in both rodent and primate models of acute ischaemic stroke. Neuroprotection in vitro by NXY-059 has not been reported previously, and we have now investigated whether such an effect can be detected using a simple cell culture model of neurotoxicity. Neuron-like cells of the neuroblastoma-derived clonal cell line N1E-115 were exposed to the free radical-generating agent sodium nitroprusside (SNP), which produced a concentration-dependent reduction in mitochondrial complex II activity 24 h later (EC(50) approximately 100 micromolar). Cell death induced by SNP (100 micromolar), assessed either by an increased proportion of apoptotic nuclear morphology or by mitochondrial complex II activity, was inhibited by a cocktail of known antioxidants (ascorbate, reduced glutathione, and dithiothreitol, all at 100 micromolar) but not by NXY-059 at a concentration known to be neuroprotective in vivo (300 micromolar). Disodium 2,4-sulphophenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone was also without effect on H(2)O(2)-mediated cytotoxicity. These results support recent data suggesting that in vivo NXY-059 probably acts at the neurovascular unit rather than at an intracellular site as a neuroprotective agent.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of γ‐hydroxybutyrate in healthy subjects (2015)

Evidence was found of a nonlinear dose-exposure relationship (i.e., no dose proportionality) at moderate doses of GHB. The effects of GHB on consciousness were closely linked to its plasma exposure and exhibited no acute tolerance.
Multianalyte Detection of Breast Cancer by Fabrication of Hybridmicroarrays on Polymer-Based Microanalytical Devices (2006)

Breast cancer is one of the most common and fatal cancer diseases that affect women worldwide. As is true with most other cancer diseases, early detection of breast cancer is very crucial for proper medical treatment because treatment of advanced breast cancer will be much more difficult and inconsistent. Screening and testing of breast cancer biomarkers, either genetic or proteomic, are among techniques used for diagnosis of breast cancers. Nevertheless, none of the biomarkers is by itself sensitive and selective enough for diagnosis of breast cancer, and thus, multi-analyte assays towards detection of multiple breast cancer biomarkers from different classes are desired for accurate diagnosis of this disease. Described is a methodology with which both genetic and protein biomarkers of breast cancers are detected simultaneously on the same platform. This methodology consists of a novel hybrid biosensor system in a universal Zipcode DNA array format on the platform of polymer-based microfluidic devices. Detection of the genetic mutated material and the protein targeting material is through hybridization events between the arrayed universal Zipcode DNA sequences and the corresponding complementary Zipcode DNA sequences that are incorporated into both biomarkers during materials preparation. Signal generation and detection are through near-IR, laser-induced fluorescence imaging method. The hybrid biosensor system combines the strengths of microfluidic devices—high throughput, low sample consumption, and high kinetics—with that of the universal DNA array format, which uncouples detection from hybridization event, thereby increasing the sensitivity of detection. Near-IR laser-induced fluorescence detection method adds further sensitivity to this system. In this work, surface properties of the microfluidic device substrate, PMMA have been manipulated in surface functionalities, surface topography, and surface wettabilities. Biomolecules including both antibodies and DNA have been successfully immobilized onto the UV-modified PMMA surfaces. The targeting biomarker materials were prepared using distinct protocols: PCR/LDR combined assays were adopted to prepare the breast cancer gene marker BRCA1 mutated material, while the protein antigen CEA targeting complex was achieved by a semi-synthetic method. Monitoring and characterization of surface manipulation, bio-functionalization, and targeting materials preparation were accomplished by unique analytical tools.
Josephson junction qubit network with current-controlled interaction (2004)

We design and evaluate a scalable charge qubit chain network with controllable current-current coupling of neighboring qubit loops via local dc-current gates. The network allows construction of general $N$-qubit gates. The proposed design is in line with current main stream experiments.
Total Synthesis of the Strychnos Alkaloid (+)-Minfiensine: Tandem Enantioselective Intramolecular Heck−Iminium Ion Cyclization (2008)

A 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9a,4a-(iminoethano)-9H-carbazole (4) is a central structural feature of the Strychnos alkaloid minfiensine (1) and akuammiline alkaloids such as vincorine (5) and echitamine (6). A cascade catalytic asymmetric Heck-iminium cyclization was developed that rapidly provides 3,4-dihydro-9a,4a-(iminoethano)-9H-carbazoles in high enantiomeric purity. Two sequences were developed for advancing 3,4-dihydro-9a,4a-(iminoethano)-9H-carbazole 27 to (+)-minfiensine. In our first-generation approach, a reductive Heck cyclization was employed to form the fifth ring of (+)-minfiensine. In a second more concise total synthesis, an intramolecular palladium-catalyzed ketone enolate vinyl iodide coupling was employed to construct the final ring of (+)-minfiensine. This second-generation total synthesis of enantiopure (+)-minfiensine was accomplished in 6.5% overall yield and 15 steps from 1,2-cyclohexanedione and anisidine 13. A distinctive feature of this sequence is the use of palladium-catalyzed reactions to form all carbon-carbon bonds in the transformation of these simple precursors to (+)-minfiensine.
Enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides (1995)

The biological interest of oligosaccharides is growing very rapidly, and necessitates the development of efficient synthesis reactions. The stereo- and regio-selectivity of enzyme catalysis is a key advantage in this field, as a complementary tool to the chemical approach. Two types of enzymes can be applied to the obtention of oligosaccharides: Hydrolytic enzymes, which can catalyze either reverse hydrolysis (thermodynamic control) or transglycosylation (kinetic control) synthesis reactions; and transferase enzymes, which can use simple carbohydrates from agricultural origin as glycosyl donors.
Functionalization of 1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (1992)

Abstract Functionalization of 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (7-azaindole) was studied to provide new compounds directing toward agrochemicals and/or functional materials. Amino groups such as NH2, NH(CH2)2NH2, and NH(CH2)2NH(CH2)2NH2 were introduced onto 6-position of 7-azaindole to form multidentate agents. 6-Amino and 6-iodo derivatives were easily converted to podant-type compounds, N,N′-bis(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-6-yl)-1,3-benzenedicarboxamide and bis(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-6-yl)acetylene, respectively. Polyacetylene having 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridyl group as a pendant was obtained by polymerization of 6-ethynyl-7-azaindole synthesized by ethynylation of 6-bromo derivative. As functionalization at 3-position of 7-azaindole, syntheses of 3,3′-selenobis[1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine] and the corresponding 3,3′-thio compound, as well as 3-carboxyethenyl- and 3-vinyl-7-azaindoles were performed. Some of these products exhibited high fungicidal activity.