gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Numerical Recipes in C++: The Art of Scientific Computing (2nd edn) 1 Numerical Recipes Example Book (C++) (2nd edn) 2 Numerical Recipes Multi-Language Code CD ROM with LINUX or UNIX Single-Screen License Revised Version 3 (2003)

The two Numerical Recipes books are marvellous. The principal book, The Art of Scientific Computing, contains program listings for almost every conceivable requirement, and it also contains a well written discussion of the algorithms and the numerical methods involved. The Example Book provides a complete driving program, with helpful notes, for nearly all the routines in the principal book.
Vitamin D receptor and cytokeratin expression may be progression indicators in human colon cancer. (1996)

Epidemiological data suggest the protective role of vitamin D against the development of colorectal carcinoma in man. This could be due to the anti-mitogenic effect of the steroid hormone on human colon carcinoma cells which is mediated by a specific nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR). Western blot analysis showed that VDR expression increases during the transition from normal mucosa to polyps and later to pT3 tumors. In later stages, however, VDR is dramatically reduced. Cytokeratin 20, which was monitored as a differentiation marker, decreases in parallel with advancing proliferation and disappears from "normal" mucosa adjacent to later stage carcinoma. Interestingly, VDR density was conspicuously higher in all tumors tested when compared to adjacent "normal" tissue. This suggest that, up to a certain degree of dedifferentiation, malignant colonocytes can upregulate the VDR, probably as a counteractive measure in response to tumor cell growth, but that this ability is finally lost in highly undifferentiated carcinoma cells.
The unique role of nanoparticles in nanomedicine: imaging, drug delivery and therapy (2012)

This critical review will present the role of nanoparticles (NPs) in the directions that are vital to the new field of nanomedicine, including imaging and drug delivery. We reflect on the physical properties that make NPs advantageous for in vivo efficacy, and review recent advances in major NP based biomedical applications. Critical questions of transport, uptake, and clearance will be discussed and illustrated through the success and opportunities of NP imaging and therapy on a photodynamic therapy (PDT) based NP system that has been developed in our lab over the past decade (540 references).
Hadamard speckle contrast reduction (2004)

The condition for a diffuser to produce the maximum speckle contrast reduction with the minimum number of distinct phase patterns is derived. A binary realization of this optimum diffuser is obtained by mapping the rows or columns of a Hadamard matrix to the phase patterns. The method is experimentally verified in the Grating Light Valve laser projection display.
A review of palivizumab and emerging therapies for respiratory syncytial virus (2011)

Although there are potential drugs and vaccines in development to prevent or reduce the effects of RSV infection, palivizumab remains the only licensed product to reduce the severity of disease in high-risk pediatric patients.
Early stroke treatment associated with better outcome (2000)

If the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial treatment protocol is followed, this analysis suggests that patients treated 0 to 90 minutes from stroke onset with rt-PA have an increased odds of improvement at 24 hours and favorable 3-month outcome compared to patients treated later than 90 minutes. No effect of OTT on intracranial hemorrhage was detected within the group treated with rt-PA, possibly due to low power.
Altered Growth of Human Colon Cancer Cell Lines Disrupted at Activated Ki- ras (1993)

Point mutations that activate the Ki-ras proto-oncogene are presented in about 50 percent of human colorectal tumors. To study the functional significance of these mutations, the activated Ki-ras genes in two human colon carcinoma cell lines, DLD-1 and HCT 116, were disrupted by homologous recombination. Compared with parental cells, cells disrupted at the activated Ki-ras gene were morphologically altered, lost the capacity for anchorage-independent growth, grew more slowly both in vitro and in nude mice, and showed reduced expression of c-myc. Thus, the activated Ki-ras gene plays a key role in colorectal tumorigenesis through altered cell differentiation and cell growth.
Response of Soybean to Combinations of Clomazone, Metribuzin, Linuron, Alachlor, and Atrazine (1992)

Field observations in 1986 indicated that increased injury to soybean could occur from clomazone plus metribuzin and clomazone plus linuron compared with metribuzin or linuron alone. Field experiments to measure this response were conducted in 1988, 1989, and 1990 at two locations in Michigan. Atrazine at 0, 1120, 2240, and 3360 g ha -1 was applied the year previous to soybean planting to determine if atrazine residues in the soil influenced soybean response. Herbicide treatments in soybean included clomazone, metribuzin, linuron, alachlor, clomazone plus metribuzin or linuron, alachlor plus metribuzin or linuron, and an untreated control. Additive and synergistic responses in soybean to clomazone plus linuron and clomazone plus metribuzin, regardless of atrazine application rate, occurred in some field environments. Experiments in the greenhouse demonstrated that soybean shoot weight was reduced synergistically from clomazone plus metribuzin compared with either herbicide alone, and the response was greater on a soil with 2.5% organic matter compared with a soil with 4.4% organic matter. Clomazone plus metribuzin reduced leaf area and shoot dry weight, regardless of placement, while leaf area and shoot dry weight were reduced more when clomazone plus linuron- and atrazine plus metribuzin-treated soil was placed in the same zone as the soybean seed. The synergistic interaction in soybean to clomazone plus metribuzin occurred under both cool and warm temperature regimes in growth chamber studies.
Defining Model Transformations for Business Process Models Graphically (2004)

Because of today’s diversity of models and heterogeneous modelling languages in the area of business modelling there is a need to automate model transformations on the level of business process models. To define such transformation processes in a simple way, a graphical modelling approach is required. In previous works a textual model transformation tool, the BMT (BOC Model Transformer) has been introduced. It enables the transformation of business process models which are instances of different meta models. A rule file which contains XML-coded instructions controls the transformation process. To simplify the requirements for creating such a rule file this paper introduces a graphical approach for modelling transformation processes. For this purpose a meta model for the transformation language of the BMT is introduced. Furthermore transformation processes which represent model instances of this meta model are illustrated and discussed.
Polyglutamine diseases: emerging concepts in pathogenesis and therapy (2007)

Polyglutamine diseases are a family of neurodegenerative conditions that each derive from a CAG triplet repeat expansion in a specific gene. This produces a pathogenic protein that contains a critically expanded tract of glutamines. These prototypical protein misfolding disorders include Huntington disease, spinobulbar muscular atrophy, dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy and several spinocerebellar ataxias. This article reviews the emerging concepts in pathogenesis and therapy. Key ideas include the role of proteolytic cleavage, the importance of conformational change in the pathogenic proteins, the role of protein aggregation and the importance of transcriptional and metabolic disturbances. The relative role of functional perturbation in a target protein induced by a polyglutamine expansion is also discussed. Therapeutic strategies include counteracting cellular perturbations and direct targeting of polyglutamine protein expression, cleavage or conformation.
Use of a gene replacement cosmid vector for cloning alginate conversion genes from mucoid and nonmucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains: algS controls expression of algT (1988)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa can convert to a mucoid colony morphology by a genetic mechanism called alginate conversion; this results in the production of copious amounts of the exopolysaccharide alginate. The mucoid phenotype of P. aeruginosa is commonly associated with its ability to cause chronic pulmonary tract infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. In this study we isolated the cis-acting locus involved in alginate conversion, called algS, from both mucoid and nonmucoid isogenic strains. We then examined the role of algS in the control of algT, a trans-active gene required for alginate production in P. aeruginosa. We used a new cosmid cloning vector, called pEMR2, that permitted both the cloning of large DNA fragments and their subsequent gene replacement in P. aeruginosa. To verify the predicted properties of this vector, we isolated and tested a pEMR2 hisI+ clone. Using cloned algS-containing DNA and a method for gene replacement, we constructed isogenic strains of P. aeruginosa that had Tn501 adjacent to algS on the chromosome. Two pEMR2 clone banks containing genomic fragments from isogenic algS(On) (exhibiting the alginate production phenotype) and algS(Off) (exhibiting the non-alginate production phenotype) strains were constructed, and Tn501 served as an adjacent marker to select for clones containing the respective algS allele. The pEMR2 algS(On) and pEMR2 algS(Off) clones were shown to contain the indicated algS allele by gene replacement with the chromosome of strains that carried the opposite allele. To test whether algS controls the expression of the adjacent algT gene, we constructed a pLAFR1 algS(Off)T clone and showed it to be unable to complement an algT::Tn501 mutation in trans. In contrast, a pLAFR1 algS(On)T clone did complement algT::Tn501 in trans. Thus, algS appears to control the activation of algT expression, bringing about alginate conversion.
Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Older Men Receiving Testosterone Therapy (2014)

Older men who were treated with intramuscular testosterone did not appear to have an increased risk of MI. For men with high MI risk, testosterone use was modestly protective against MI.
Design of a highly efficient circuit for electrical muscle stimulation (2006)

A highly efficient multi-channel electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) circuit is proposed. EMS involves the use of pulsed electrical current to stimulate muscle dasiamotor pointspsila, causing the corresponding muscle to contract. The EMS device generates an amplitude controlled pulsed electrical signal and passes it to the targeted dasiamotor pointpsila via an electrode. For implanted devices, and with the increasing trend towards dasiabody wornpsila battery powered patient EMS devices, there is a need for reduced size and greater power efficiency.
Characterization of the human transferrin and lactoferrin receptors in Haemophilus influenzae (1988)

The expression of human transferrin and lactoferrin binding activity in Haemophilus influenzae, detected by a binding assay using human transferrin or lactoferrin conjugated to peroxidase, was regulated by the level of available iron in the medium. Transferrin binding activity was present in all H. influenzae isolates tested but not detected in other Haemophilus species or in species of Pasteurella or Actinobacillus. Lactoferrin binding activity was only detected in 1/15 H. influenzae isolates tested. The transferrin and lactoferrin receptors were shown to be specific for the respective human proteins by means of a competition binding assay. Competition binding assays also showed that iron-loaded transferrin was more effective at blocking the transferrin receptor than apotransferrin, but no differences in receptor blocking were observed between iron-loaded lactoferrin and apolactoferrin.
Distribution of TGF‐β isoforms and signaling intermediates in corneal fibrotic wound repair (2009)

In this study, temporal and spatial distribution of three TGF-beta isoforms and their downstream signaling pathways including pSmad2 and p38MAPK were examined during fibrotic wound repair. In normal chick corneas, TGF-beta1, -2, and -3 were weakly detected in Bowman's layer (BL). In healing corneas, TGF-beta1 was primarily deposited in the fibrin clot and the unwounded BL. TGF-beta2 was highly expressed in healing epithelial and endothelial cells, and numerous active fibroblasts/myofibroblasts. TGF-beta3 was mainly detected in the unwound region of basal epithelial cells. alpha-Smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) was initially appeared in the posterior region of repairing stroma at day 3, and was detected in the entire healing stroma by day 7. Notably, alpha-SMA was absent in the central region of healing stroma by day 14, and its staining pattern was similar to those of TGF-beta2 and p38MAPK. By contrast, pSmad2 was mainly detected in the fibroblasts. In normal cornea, laminin was mainly detected in both epithelial basement membrane (BM) and Descemet's membrane (DM). By contrast to reconstitution of the BM in the wound region, the DM was not repaired although endothelial layer was regenerated, indicating that high levels of TGF-beta2 were released into the posterior region of healing stroma on day 14. High levels of alpha-SMA staining, shown in cultured repair stromal cells from healing corneas on day 14 and in TGF-beta2 treated normal stromal cells, were significantly reduced by p38MAPK inhibition. Collectively, this study suggests that TGF-beta2-mediated myofibroblast transformation is mediated, at least partly, by the p38MAPK pathway in vivo.
Zika vaccine could be in production by year’s end, says maker (2016)

A vaccine against the Zika virus could be in production later this year, said a Canadian developer who previously led the effort to develop the ZMapp treatment for Ebola virus disease.
Estimation of Early Hepatitis C Viral Clearance in Patients Receiving Daily Interferon and Ribavirin Therapy Using A Mathematical Model (2001)

Patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection are resistant to standard interferon (IFN) therapy. We used a mathematical model to estimate the duration of daily therapy necessary to maximize the number of patients achieving viral negativity before 12 weeks of therapy. Patients from a study to determine HCV RNA reduction over 4 weeks using 3 million units (MU), 5 MU, or 10 MU of IFN alfa daily plus Ribavirin were compared with a group receiving IFN alfa 3 MU three times a week. By extending the linear regression and prediction interval lines, the estimated time to negativity was greater than 12 weeks for the standard IFN group, 42 to greater than 84 days for the 3 MU IFN daily plus Ribavirin, 39 to 60 days for 5 MU IFN daily plus Ribavirin and 25 to 45 days for the 10 MU IFN daily and Ribavirin group, respectively. Thus, the use of a predictive model based on log transformation and linear regression of the early HCV RNA response suggests daily doses of 5 or 10 million units of IFN plus Ribavirin will be theoretically necessary for longer than 4 weeks to maximize the number of patients who clear virus by 12 weeks of therapy. This model may be useful in predicting response in groups of patients receiving other therapies.
Conformationally Restricted Analogs of Platelet‐Activating Factor (PAF) (1986)

Abstract The synthesis of the five‐membered cyclic phosphorodiamidic‐acid derivatives 10 and 11 as well as the preparation of the six‐membered cyclic phosphates 18, 19, 22–25 , and phosphoramidates 27–32 is described. The effects of these conformationally restricted platelet‐activating factor analogs on rabbit platelet aggregation are briefly discussed. The 2‐oxo‐1,3,2‐dioxaphosphorinanes 19, 25 , and 30 were found to be equally potent platelet‐activating factor antagonists as the known thiazolium salt 33 .
Idelalisib and Rituximab in Relapsed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (2014)

The combination of idelalisib and rituximab, as compared with placebo and rituximab, significantly improved progression-free survival, response rate, and overall survival among patients with relapsed CLL who were less able to undergo chemotherapy. (Funded by Gilead; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01539512.).
DETECTOR OF FACIAL LANDMARKS LEARNED BY THE STRUCTURED OUTPUT SVM (2012)

In this paper we describe a detector of facial landmarks based on the Deformable Part Models. We treat the task of landmark detection as an instance of the structured output classification problem. We propose to learn the parameters of the detector from data by the Structured Output Support Vector Machines algorithm. In contrast to the previous works, the objective function of the learning algorithm is directly related to the performance of the resulting detector which is controlled by a user-defined loss function. The resulting detector is real-time on a standard PC, simple to implement and it can be easily modified for detection of a different set of landmarks. We evaluate performance of the proposed landmark detector on a challenging “Labeled Faces in the Wild” (LFW) database. The empirical results demonstrate that the proposed detector is consistently more accurate than two public domain implementations based on the Active Appearance Models and the Deformable Part Models. We provide an open-source implementation of the proposed detector and the manual annotation of the facial landmarks for all images in the LFW database.
Changes to secondary tax on companies (2009)

The recently released draft Revenue Laws Amendment Bill, 2007, proposes significant amendments to the secondary tax on companies (STC) regime. These involve an expansion as to the scope of distributions that will be subject to STC and a reduction in the rate, from 12.5% to 10%.
Adrenomedullin: Its Role in the Cardiovascular System (2004)

Adrenomedullin is a 52-amino acid peptide that was first isolated from human pheochromocytoma. Subsequently, it was found to be distributed widely in the body, including throughout the cardiovascular system. It belongs to a family of peptides that include calcitonin gene-related peptide and amylin. Adrenomedullin causes vasorelaxation and influences vascular proliferation and interacts closely with nitric oxide, and it may have a role in the pathophysiology of hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and cardiac and renal failure. Nonpeptide agonists or antagonists of adrenomedullin may have potential therapeutic application. The role of adrenomedullin in septicemic shock also merits further investigation.
Dynamic collision-induced dissociation (DCID) in a quadrupole ion trap using a two-frequency excitation waveform: II. Effects of frequency spacing and scan rate (2007)

Dynamic CID of selected precursor ions is achieved by the application of a two-frequency excitation waveform to the end-cap electrodes during the mass instability scan of a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) mass spectrometer. This new method permits a shorter scanning time when compared with conventional on-resonance CID. When the excitation waveform consists of two closely-spaced frequencies, the relative phase-relationship of the two frequencies plays a critical role in the fragmentation dynamics. However, at wider frequency spacings (>10 kHz), these phase effects are diminished, while maintaining the efficacy of closely-spaced excitation frequencies. The fragmentation efficiencies and energetics of n-butylbenzene and tetra-alanine are studied under different experimental conditions and the results are compared at various scan rate parameters between 0.1 and 1.0 ms/Th. Although faster scan rates reduce the analysis time, the maximum observed fragmentation efficiencies rarely exceed 30%, compared with values in excess of 50% achieved at slower scan rates. The internal energies calculated from the simulations of n-butylbenzene at fast scan rates are approximately 4 eV for most experimental conditions, while at slow scan rates, internal energies above 5.5 eV are observed for a wide range of conditions. Extensive ITSIM simulations support the observation that slowing the scan rate has a similar effect on fragmentation as widening the frequency spacing between the two excitation frequencies. Both approaches generally enhance CID efficiencies and make fragmentation less dependent upon the relative phase angle between the excitation waveform and the ion motion.
New Gianturco-Grifka Vascular Occlusion Device (1995)

(1) In a canine model, the GGVOD is effective for transcatheter occlusion of arteries and aortopulmonary shunts from 3 to 9 mm in diameter. Possible indications in children include aortopulmonary collateral vessels, long patent ductus arteriosus, systemic-pulmonary shunts, AV malformations, and arteries supplying tumors. (2) GGVOD implantation requires a short fluoroscopic time.
Characterization of interleukin-15 gene-modified human natural killer cells: implications for adoptive cellular immunotherapy. (2004)

These results demonstrate that NK92-IL15 cells are promising for adoptive cellular immunotherapy.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus G and/or SH Glycoproteins Modify CC and CXC Chemokine mRNA Expression in the BALB/c Mouse (2000)

Chemokine mRNA expression by pulmonary leukocytes following infection of BALB/c mice with two strains of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and one strain of parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3) was determined. The results suggest that RSV G and/or SH proteins inhibit early MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, MIP-2, MCP-1, and IP-10 mRNA expression. TCA-3 mRNA expression was found to be increased during PIV-3 infection.
Cartilage preservation by inhibition of Janus kinase 3 in two rodent models of rheumatoid arthritis (2008)

The efficacy observed with CP-690550 in CIA and AA suggests JAK3 inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of RA.
Adenosine A2A receptors modify motor function in MPTP-treated common marmosets (1998)

Both adenosine A1 and A2 receptor populations are located in the striatum and can modify locomotor activity, and they may form a therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease (PD). Administration of the selective adenosine A2A antagonist (E)-1,3-diethyl-8-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)-7-methyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-pu rine-2,6-dione (KW-6002) to MPTP-treated common marmosets increased locomotor activity. In contrast, administration of the selective A1 receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxantine (DPCPX) had no effect on locomotion. Administration of the adenosine A2A receptor agonist 2-[p-[2-(2-aminoethylamino) carbonylethyl] phenethyl amino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (APEC) dose dependently suppressed basal locomotor activity. A minimally effective dose of APEC (0.62 mg/kg, i.p) completely reversed the increase in locomotor activity produced by administration of KW-6002. The adenosine A2A receptor appears to be an important target for the treatment of basal ganglia disorders, particularly PD.
The caregiver reaction assessment (CRA) for caregivers to persons with chronic physical and mental impairments (1992)

The development and testing of a multidimensional instrument to assess the reactions of family members caring for elderly persons with physical impairments, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer is reported. Forty items were administered to a sample of 377 caregivers of persons with physical impairments and Alzheimer's disease. Five dimensions of caregivers' reactions were identified through exploratory factor analysis. Using confirmatory factor analysis on an independent sample (N = 377), these dimensions were tested for factorial invariance across spouse and nonspouse caregivers and between caregivers of persons with cancer and those caring for persons with Alzheimer's disease. The subscales also had a high level of factorial invariance across a three-wave panel study (N = 185). The subscales appeared consistent with first order tests of construct validity.