gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of Iodine-Lithium-&#945;-Dextrin Liquid Crystal with Potent Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Properties (2009)

An ideal antimicrobial should be not toxic and possess board spectrum antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal activity, excluding resistance and should affect pathogen-mediated damage of host physiology including immune, nervous and endocrine systems. With the purpose of a combination of nonspecific antimicrobial action of molecular and ionized iodine with systemic immune-modulating property of the negatively charged polysaccharides a complex drug of iodine and lithium on a template of a alpha-dextrin liquid crystal was designed. The physicochemical model of iodine-lithium-alpha-dextrin (ILalphaD) is based on the human blood and the stereochemistry of moving equilibred systems of dynamically balanced organic polymers conformation complexed with the iodine and lithium molecules. Here we reviewed the antibacterial, antiviral, immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in vivo and in vitro as well as pharmacokinetics, metabolism, chronic toxicity, cumulative properties, embryo toxicity and carcinogenicity of ILalphaD. Clinical efficacy, tolerability and safety of ILalphaD monotherapy have been evaluated in HIV-infected patients, administered intravenously for a total of 12 infusions in 4 cycles. ILalphaD therapy contributes to anti-HIV and anti-inflammatory effects, resolution of dermatological and neurological pathology and dramatically improves the quality of life reflecting on enhanced treatment adherence. ILalphaD appears to be safe and perspective for an adjuvant therapy of bacterial and viral infections, including HIV/AIDS, hypothyroid, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases for controlling pathogen production from infected cells, immune response, inflammation and metabolism.
Accurate Calibration Of A Photo-Elastic Modulator In Polarization Modulation Ellipsometry (1990)

An improved two-channel polarization modulation ellipsometer has recently been developed which has the capability of simultaneously measuring all three components of the reduced Stokes vector of light reflected from a sample surface. In contrast to the more conventional rotating analyzer ellipsometer, this instrument is very sensitive to A when A is close to 0° or 180°, and can measure the quadrant of iv and A. In order to maximize the accuracy and sensitivity of this instrument, new techniques have been developed to calibrate the photoelastic modulator. This paper presents techniques for determining (1) the drive voltage which determines the amplitude of the modulation as a function of wavelength, (2) the modulator static strain as a function of wavelength, and (3) the azimuthal angular orientation of the photoelastic modulator with respect to other optical elements in the system and to the sample itself. Once these calibrations have been performed, very accurate measurements of the ellipsometry parameters can be obtained.
A two unit antisense RNA cassette test system for silencing of target genes (1997)

This communication describes a two unit antisense RNA cassette system for use in gene silencing. Cassettes consist of a recognition unit and an inhibitory unit which are transcribed into a single RNA that carries sequences of non-contiguous complementarity to the chosen target RNA. The recognition unit is designed as a stem-loop for rapid formation of long- lived binding intermediates with target sequences and resembles the major stem-loop of a naturally occurring antisense RNA, CopA. The inhibitory unit consists of either a sequence complementary to a ribosome binding site or of a hairpin ribozyme targeted at a site within the chosen mRNA. The contributions of the individual units to inhibition was assessed using the lacI gene as a target. All possible combinations of recognition and inhibitory units were tested in either orientation. In general, inhibition of lacI expression was relatively low. Fifty per cent inhibition was obtained with the most effective of the constructs, carrying the recognition stem-loop in the antisense orientation and the inhibitory unit with an anti-RBS sequence. Several experiments were performed to assess activities of the RNAs in vitro and in vivo : antisense RNA binding assays, cleavage assays, secondary structure analysis as well as Northern blotting and primer extension analysis of antisense and target RNAs. The problems associated with this antisense RNA approach as well as its potential are discussed with respect to possible optimization strategies.
Ph.D. Proposal: Hierarchical Loadable Schedulers (2000)

this document, task and application are used interchangeably to describe the set of computations associated with some user application. A thread is a schedulable entity---a task is typically implemented by a group of cooperating threads.
Store-operated Cation Entry Mediated by CD20 in Membrane Rafts (2003)

B cell activation requires sustained elevation of cytoplasmic free calcium, achieved by influx through store-operated calcium (SOC) channels. The molecular identity of these channels is not known. Ectopic expression of the raft-associated tetraspan protein CD20 in Chinese hamster ovary cells introduced a novel SOC entry pathway that was permeable to strontium as well as to calcium. The activity of this SOC pathway was abolished by deletion of a cytoplasmic sequence in CD20 essential for its efficient raft localization. Strontium-permeable SOC channels were detected in B cells, and B cell receptor-stimulated influx was significantly reduced by downregulation of CD20 expression using short interfering RNA and also by cholesterol depletion. This is the first evidence that raft-associated CD20 constitutes a component of a SOC entry pathway activated by the B cell receptor.
A general data dependence test for dynamic, pointer-based data structures (1994)

Optimizing compilers require accurate dependence testing to enable numerous, performance-enhancing transformations. However, data dependence testing is a difficult problem, particularly in the presence of pointers. Though existing approaches work well for pointers to named memory locations (i.e. other variables), they are overly conservative in the case of pointers to unnamed memory locations. The latter occurs in the context of dynamic, pointer-based data structures, used in a variety of applications ranging from system software to computational geometry to N-body and circuit simulations. In this paper we present a new technique for performing more accurate data dependence testing in the presence of dynamic, pointer-based data structures. We will demonstrate its effectiveness by breaking false dependences that existing approaches cannot, and provide results which show that removing these dependences enables significant parallelization of a real application.
Screening of Natural Waters for Viruses Which Infect Chlorella Cells (1991)

By using a plaque assay with the unicellular green alga Chlorella sp. strain NC64A as a host, viruses were screened from natural pond waters collected in Kyoto and Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan. From some samples tested, two kinds of plaques, large (phi = 6 to 10 mm) and small (phi = 2 to 3 mm), were detected with various frequencies. The frequency of plaques in each of the water sources was seasonal; generally, it reached a peak value (8,000 PFU/ml) in May and gradually decreased to the limit of detection (<1) in November before increasing again in early spring. Electron microscopy revealed that the purified and negatively stained viruses were very large (125 to 200 nm) icosahedral particles. The genome isolated from these particles was always a linear double-stranded DNA of 340 to 370 kbp. Electrophoresis patterns of the DNA fragments produced by digestion with restriction enzymes differed considerably from plaque to plaque, even for plaques from the same water source. However, Southern hybridization showed strong homology among all of the virus DNAs tested, indicating relatedness of those viruses. A possible use of the Chlorella virus assay system to monitor the natural population of algal cells and water quality is discussed.
Engineering a Reduced Escherichia coli Genome (2002)

Our goal is to construct an improved Escherichia coli to serve both as a better model organism and as a more useful technological tool for genome science. We developed techniques for precise genomic surgery and applied them to deleting the largest K-islands of E. coli, identified by comparative genomics as recent horizontal acquisitions to the genome. They are loaded with cryptic prophages, transposons, damaged genes, and genes of unknown function. Our method leaves no scars or markers behind and can be applied sequentially. Twelve K-islands were successfully deleted, resulting in an 8.1% reduced genome size, a 9.3% reduction of gene count, and elimination of 24 of the 44 transposable elements of E. coli. These are particularly detrimental because they can mutagenize the genome or transpose into clones being propagated for sequencing, as happened in 18 places of the draft human genome sequence. We found no change in the growth rate on minimal medium, confirming the nonessential nature of these islands. This demonstration of feasibility opens the way for constructing a maximally reduced strain, which will provide a clean background for functional genomics studies, a more efficient background for use in biotechnology applications, and a unique tool for studies of genome stability and evolution.
Technologies and architectures for multiwavelength optical cross-connects (2002)

Wavelength-selective optical crossconnects are expected to be key enabling elements for multiwavelength optical networking. In designing such crossconnects, there are significant interactions and tradeoffs between the internal architectures of the cross-connects and the hardware technologies used to implement them. With some switch and multiplexer technologies, it is necessary to use dilated architectures, which increase the complexity of the cross-connect, in order to meet system requirements for crosstalk rejection. In cross-connects requiring wavelength translation, different internal architectures require different types of wavelength translation elements.
Effects of arginine vasopressin on cerebral microvascular pressure (1988)

The goal of this study was to examine effects of arginine vasopressin and angiotensin on cerebral microvascular pressure and segmental vascular resistance. We measured pressure (servo-null) in pial arteries that were approximately 200 micron in diameter and cerebral blood flow (microspheres) in anesthetized cats, and we calculated resistance of large and small cerebral vessels. Resistance of large arteries (greater than 200 micron diam) was approximately 45% of total cerebral vascular resistance under control conditions. Vasopressin (40 mU/kg iv) decreased resistance of large arteries by 22 +/- 7%, increased pial artery pressure by 10 +/- 2 mmHg when aortic pressure was maintained at control levels, and increased small vessel resistance by 27 +/- 11%. This increase in small vessel resistance apparently was an autoregulatory response to the increase in pial pressure. Cerebral blood flow was not changed (38 +/- 4 vs. 37 +/- 3 ml.min-1.100 g-1). Intravenous infusion of angiotensin (2 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) increased large artery resistance by 32 +/- 6%, decreased pial artery pressure 6 +/- 3 mmHg with aortic pressure maintained constant, and decreased cerebral blood flow by 12 +/- 1%. Thus circulating vasopressin, at concentrations similar to those observed during hemorrhage, selectively dilates large cerebral arteries and increases microvascular pressure without changes in cerebral blood flow. In contrast to vasopressin, angiotensin selectively increases resistance of large cerebral arteries and decreases cerebral microvascular pressure. Thus vasopressin and angiotensin, at doses that have minimal effects on cerebral blood flow, may play an important role in regulation of cerebral microvascular pressure.
Synthesis and biological activity of angiotensin II analog containing a Val-His replacement, Val.psi.[CH(CONH2)HN]His (1991)

The dipeptide mimic Val psi[CH(CONH2)NH]His (4) was incorporated into angiotensin II (AII) analogues to provide an octapeptide saralasin derivative (29) as well as tetrapeptide analogue 19. Three C-terminal tetrapeptides (21, 25, and 28) were also prepared. All compounds were tested for their ability to displace 3H-AII from rabbit adrenal gland homogenate and as antagonists of AII and AI on guinea pig ileum. The octapeptide analogue 29 was 700 times less active than the parent peptide 30. All the C-terminal fragments 19, 21, 25, and 28 have no measurable AII antagonist activity. Of the four tetrapeptide fragments, only 21 showed any appreciable binding activity.
Identifying genes important for spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal and survival (2006)

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the foundation for spermatogenesis and, thus, preservation of a species. Because of stem cell rarity, studying their self-renewal is greatly facilitated by in vitro culture of enriched biologically active cell populations. A recently developed culture method identified glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) as the essential growth factor that supports in vitro self-renewal of SSCs and results in an increase in their number. This system is a good model to study mechanisms of stem cell self-renewal because of the well defined culture conditions, enriched cell population, and available transplantation assay. By withdrawing and replacing GDNF in culture medium, we identified regulated expression of many genes by using microarray analysis. The expression levels of six of these genes were dramatically decreased by GDNF withdrawal and increased by GDNF replacement. To demonstrate the biological significance of the identified GDNF-regulated genes, we examined the importance of the most responsive of the six, bcl6b, a transcriptional repressor. By using siRNA to reduce transcript levels, Bcl6b was shown to be crucial for SSC maintenance in vitro. Moreover, evaluation of Bcl6b-null male testes revealed degeneration and/or absence of active spermatogenesis in 24 +/- 7% of seminiferous tubules. These data suggest that Bcl6b is an important molecule in SSC self-renewal and validate the biological relevance of the GDNF-regulated genes identified through microarray analysis. In addition, comparison of data generated in this study to other stem cell types suggests that self-renewal in SSCs is regulated by distinctly different molecular mechanisms.
A new medical data management concept in a hybrid cellular mobile radio communication network (2002)

Patient data produced by different medical diagnostic image systems (modalities) are transferred into the medical information environment (MIE) and saved in common databases, by means of a PACS (picture archiving and communication system). Physicians handle the patient data on medical workstations, employing special displaying and processing techniques. The authors present a novel concept for the integration of patient data handling, using a prototype unified image viewing (UIV) scheme, applicable to a national wide-area communication network (NWCN). For this purpose, they investigate, study, and analyze a national-type cellular mobile communication network for UIV medical application, in regard to the increase in traffic capacity, by adopting a novel channel assignment strategy in conjunction with accepted digital transmission methods (data format-modulation and error control).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Fetal discrimination of low-pitched musical notes (2000)

Cardiac responses of 36- to 39-week-old (GA) fetuses were tested with a no-delay pulsed stimulation paradigm while exhibiting a low heart rate (HR) variability (the HR pattern recorded when fetuses are in the 1f behavioral state). We examined whether fetuses could discriminate between two low-pitched piano notes, D4 (F(0) = 292 Hz/292-1800 Hz) and C5 (F(0) = 518 Hz/518-300 Hz). Seventy percent of all fetuses reacted to the onset of the first note (D4 or C5) with the expected cardiac deceleration. After heart rate returned to baseline, the note was changed (to C5 or D4, respectively). Ninety percent of the fetuses who reacted to the note switch did it with another cardiac deceleration. Control fetuses, for whom the first note did not change, displayed few cardiac decelerations. Thus, fetuses detected and responded to the pulsed presentation of a note and its subsequent change regardless of which note was presented first. Because perceived loudness (for adults) of the notes was controlled, it seems that the note's differences in F(0) and frequency band were relevant for detecting the change. Fetuses' ability to discriminate between spectra that lay within the narrow range of voice F(0) and F(1) formants may play an important role in the earliest developmental stages of speech perception.
The Cytoplasmic Loops between Domains II and III and Domains III and IV in the Skeletal Muscle Dihydropyridine Receptor Bind to a Contiguous Site in the Skeletal Muscle Ryanodine Receptor (1998)

Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle is a result of the interaction between the Ca2+ release channel of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (ryanodine receptor or RyR1) and the skeletal muscle L-type Ca2+ channel (dihydropyridine receptor or DHPR). Interactions between RyR1 and DHPR are critical for the depolarization-induced activation of Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, enhancement of DHPR Ca2+ channel activity, and repolarization-induced inactivation of RyR1. The DHPR III-IV loop was fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST) or His-peptide and used as a protein affinity column for 35S-labeled, in vitro translated fragments from the N-terminal three-fourths of RyR1. RyR1 residues Leu922-Asp1112 bound specifically to the DHPR III-IV loop column, but the corresponding fragment from the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) did not. Construction of chimeras between RyR1 and RyR2 showed that amino acids Lys954-Asp1112 retained full binding activity, whereas Leu922-Phe1075 had no binding activity. The RyR1 sequence Arg1076-Asp1112, previously shown to interact with the DHPR II-III loop (Leong, P., and MacLennan, D., H. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 7791-7794), bound to DHPR III-IV loop columns, but with only half the efficiency of binding of the longer RyR1 sequence, Lys954-Asp1112. These data suggest that the site of DHPR III-IV loop interaction contains elements from both the Lys954-Phe1075 and Arg1076-Asp1112 fragments. The presence of 4 +/- 0.4 microM GST-DHPR II-III or 5 +/- 0.1 microM His-peptide-DHPR III-IV was required for half-maximal co-purification of 35S-labeled RyR1 Leu922-Asp1112 on glutathione-Sepharose or Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid. Dose-dependent inhibition of 35S-labeled RyR1 Leu922-Asp1112 binding to GST-DHPR II-III and GST-DHPR III-IV by His10-DHPR II-III and His-peptide-DHPR III-IV was observed. These studies indicate that the DHPR II-III and III-IV loops bind to contiguous and possibly overlapping sites on RyR1 between Lys 954 and Asp1112.
Buspirone: sedative or stimulant effect? (1991)

These data not only confirm that buspirone lacks sedative effects but also suggest that the drug may have stimulant properties. Further, these findings suggest that buspirone has limited usefulness in anxious patients with concomitant sleep difficulties.
A Taper to Reduce the Straight-to-Bend Transition Loss in Compact Silicon Waveguides (2010)

Strong confinement of light in silicon waveguides allows for sharp bends and, as a result, high-density integration. However, the mode transition loss between the straight and bent portions of a silicon waveguide begins to affect the device performance when the bending radius becomes small. In this letter, we show that a transition region with a step taper between the straight and bent portions of the waveguide can effectively reduce this transition loss. This is demonstrated by measuring the intrinsic round-trip losses of micro-racetrack resonators, where ultralow loss can be precisely characterized according to the quality ( <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$Q$</tex></formula> )-factor change. The results show that the taper can suppress the transition loss from 0.016 to 0.0022 dB for a 4.5- <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex> </formula> m bend radius. Consequently, we improve the <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$Q$</tex></formula> -factor of such a racetrack resonator from 31 000 to 87 000.
Post-Centennial Trends in American Civil War Monographic Literature, 1966-1990 (1991)

Widespread interest in the American Civil War has produced a massive amount of literature. In addition to dissertations and countless journal articles, one recent account estimates that over 50,000 monographs alone have appeared on various aspects of the conflict. This study is based on 863 selected monographs that have been published since the close of the Civil War Centennial in 1965 through 1990 imprints. The primary purposes of this sample are to classify these works by major areas of emphases, to identify trends in the monographic literature, and to draw some comparisons between the pre-centennial and lost-centennial eras. In combination with bibliographical sources, this study will prove helpful to librarians who are responsible for building collections on this pivotal period in American history.
Dynamically simulated characters in virtual environments (1998)

Animated characters can play the role of teachers or guides, team mates or competitors, or just provide a source of interesting motion in virtual environments. Characters in a compelling virtual environment must have a variety of complex and interesting behaviors, and be responsive to the user's actions. The difficulty of constructing such synthetic characters currently hinders the development of these environments, particularly when realism is required. The authors present one approach to populating virtual environments-using dynamic simulation to generate the motion of characters. They explore this approach's effectiveness with two virtual environments: the border collie environment, in which the user acts as a border collie to herd robots into a corral, and the Olympic bicycle race environment, in which the user participates in a bicycle race with synthetic competitors.