gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fungal Morphogenesis (1998)

Fungal Morphogenesis brings together in one book, for the first time, the full scope of fungal developmental biology. It provides a coherent account of the subject and puts forward ideas that can provide the basis of future research. Throughout, the author blends together physiological, biochemical, structural and molecular descriptions within an evolutionary framework. Sufficient information is provided about fungal biology to give the reader a rounded view of the mycological context within which fungal morphogenesis is played out, without obscuring the broader biological significance. Readers with a background in basic biology should not need to bring any other knowledge with them, nor should it be necessary to refer elsewhere, in order to appreciate fungal morphogenesis. Written by one of the few people with the necessary breadth of research expertise to deal authoritatively with the wide range of topics, this book will appeal to developmental and cell biologists, microbiologists, and geneticists.
Interferometric second harmonic generation microscopy (2004)

We describe a novel second harmonic generation (SHG) microscope that employs heterodyne detection by interfering the epi directed SHG from a sample with SHG from a reference crystal. In addition, the microscope provides complementary reflectance information based on optical coherence microscopy (OCM). The instrument features dual balanced detection to minimize the effect of source fluctuations, and polarization-sensitive detection to measure the nonlinear susceptibility of the sample. Interferometric detection can potentially improve the sensitivity and thus extend the imaging depth as compared with direct detection of SHG.
Determining Bounds on Execution Times (2005)

Run-time guarantees play an important role in the area of embedded systems and especially hard real-time systems. These systems are typically subject to stringent timing constraints, which often result from the interaction with the surrounding physical environment. It is essential that the computations are completed within their associated time bounds; otherwise severe damages may result, or the system may be unusable. Therefore, a schedulability analysis has to be performed which guarantees that all timing constraints will be met. Schedulability analyses require upper bounds for the execution times of all tasks in the system to be known. These bounds must be safe, that is, they may never underestimate the real execution time. Furthermore, they should be tight, that is, the overestimation should be as small as possible.
SvSXP: a Strongylus vulgaris antigen with potential for prepatent diagnosis (2013)

IgG(T) antibodies to recombinant SvSXP show potential for use as an antigen for prepatent diagnosis of migrating stages of S. vulgaris with moderate to good diagnostic accuracy.
Cross-system adaptation and combination for continuous speech recognition: the influence of phoneme set and acoustic front-end (2006)

Abstract Cross-system adaptation and system combination methods,such as ROVER and confusion network combination, areknown to lower the word error rate of speech recognitionsystems. They require the training of systems that are rea-sonably close in performance but at the same time produceoutput that differs in its errors. This provides complemen-taryinformationwhichleadstoperformanceimprovements.In this paper we demonstrate the gains we have seen withcross-systemadaptationandsystemcombinationontheEn-glish EPPS and RT0-05S lecture meeting task. We obtainedthe necessary varying systems by using different acous-tic front-ends and phoneme sets on which our models arebased. Inasetofcontrastiveexperimentsweshowtheinﬂu-ence that the exchange of the components has on adaptationand system combination.Index Terms: automatic speech recognition, system com-bination, cross adaptation, EPPS, RT-05S. 1. Introduction In state-of-the-art speech recognition systems it is commonpractice to use multi-pass systems with adaptation of theacoustic model in-between passes. The adaptation aims atbetter ﬁtting the system to the speakers and/or acoustic en-vironmentsfoundinthetestdata. Itisusuallyperformedona by-speaker basis, obtained either from manual speaker la-bels or automatic clustering methods. Common adaptationmethods try to transform either the models used in a systemor the features to which the models are applied.Three adaptation methods that can be found in manystate-of-the-art systems are Maximum Likelihood LinearRegression (MLLR) [1], a model transformation, Vo-cal Tract Length Normalization (VTLN) [2] and feature-space constrained MLLR (fMLLR) [3], two feature-transformation methods. Adaptation is performed in an un-supervisedmanner,suchthattheerror-pronehypothesesob-tainedfromthepreviousdecodingpassaretakenasthenec-essary reference for adaptation. Generally, the word errorrates of the hypotheses obtained from the adapted systemsarelowerthanthoseforhypothesesonwhichtheadaptationwas performed. This sequences of adaption and decodingmake it possible to incrementally improve the performanceof the recognition system. Unfortunately, this loop of adap-tation and decoding does not always lead to signiﬁcant im-provements. Often, after two or three stages of adapting asystem on its own output, no more gains can be obtained.This problem can be overcome by adapting a system
Evidence for natural gene transfer from gram-positive cocci to Escherichia coli (1988)

High-level resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin type B (MLS) antibiotics in Escherichia coli BM2570 is due to the presence on the conjugative plasmid pIP1527 of the MLS resistance determinant ermBC, which is almost identical to the erm genes previously described in plasmid pAM77 from Streptococcus sanguis (ermAM) and in transposon Tn917 from Enterococcus faecalis (ermB). This gene and its regulatory region are located downstream from the insertion sequence IS1. The 23S rRNA methylase encoded by pIP1527 differs by three and six amino acids from those encoded by Tn917 and pAM77, respectively. Unlike the streptococcal elements which confer the inducible MLS phenotype, the ermBC gene is expressed constitutively in E. coli and Bacillus subtilis, due to several mutations in the regulatory region. Transcription of the ermBC gene starts from three different sites following three overlapping promoters which function in both E. coli and B. subtilis. Promoters P2 and P3 are located within the region homologous to pAM77 and Tn917, and P1 is a hybrid promoter constituted by -35 and -10 sequences located at the end of IS15 and in the streptococcal region, respectively. These results constitute evidence for the recent in vivo transfer from Streptococcus spp. to E. coli. This transfer could have been mediated by transposons such as Tn917 or Tn1545 from Streptococcus pneumoniae, which also bears an MLS determinant that is homologous to ermB. We speculate that the insertion sequences IS15 and IS1 could have played a role in the expression and dissemination of ermBC, which has been found in numerous strains of enterobacteria.
Intraspecific variation in herbivore‐induced plant volatiles influences the spatial range of plant–parasitoid interactions (2018)

Chemical information influences the behaviour of many animals, thus affecting species interactions. Many animals forage for resources that are heterogeneously distributed in space and time, and have evolved foraging behaviour that utilizes information related to these resources. Herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), emitted by plants upon herbivore attack, provide information on herbivory to various animal species, including parasitoids. Little is known about the spatial scale at which plants attract parasitoids via HIPVs under field conditions and how intraspecific variation in HIPV emission affects this spatial scale. Here, we investigated the spatial scale of parasitoid attraction to two cabbage accessions that differ in relative preference of the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata when plants were damaged by Pieris brassicae caterpillars. Parasitoids were released in a field experiment with plants at distances of up to 60 m from the release site using intervals between plants of 10 or 20 m to assess parasitism rates over time and distance. Additionally, we observed host‐location behaviour of parasitoids in detail in a semi‐field tent experiment with plant spacing up to 8 m. Plant accession strongly affected successful host location in field set‐ups with 10 or 20 m intervals between plants. In the semi‐field set‐up, plant finding success by parasitoids decreased with increasing plant spacing, differed between plant accessions, and was higher for host‐infested plants than for uninfested plants. We demonstrate that parasitoids can be attracted to herbivore‐infested plants over large distances (10 m or 20 m) in the field, and that stronger plant attractiveness via HIPVs increases this distance (up to at least 20 m). Our study indicates that variation in plant traits can affect attraction distance, movement patterns of parasitoids, and ultimately spatial patterns of plant–insect interactions. It is therefore important to consider plant‐trait variation in HIPVs when studying animal foraging behaviour and multi‐trophic interactions in a spatial context.
The recursive constant modulus algorithm; a new approach for real-time array processing (2002)

The constant modulus algorithm (CMA) has proved its ability to compensate the severe effect of the multipath interference and co-channel signals on the constant modulus signals. The application limitation of the CMA is mainly due to its slow rate of convergence. The paper presents a new algorithm which keeps the desired properties of the original CMA while it reduces the time required for convergence on the expense of some added mathematical complexity. The algorithm shows stable operations in both cases of compensating the effect of the multipath interference by an adaptive correction filter and separation of cochannel signals by an adaptive array followed by a signal canceler. The proposed algorithm is an order of magnitude faster than the original CMA on the average.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Modified Viterbi algorithm for a jitter-dominant 1-D/sup 2/ channel (1992)

A modified Viterbi algorithm (MVA) for a jitter-dominant 1-D/sup 2/ channel is proposed. The MVA is based on the Gaussian jitter assumption and has the same structure as the Viterbi detector except that a modified error metric is used to explore the data-dependent nature of jitter noise. Error rate simulations have been performed for both VA and MVA under the assumptions of Gaussian jitter and truncated Gaussian jitter. Results show that the MVA yields lower error rates than the VA. Simulation also indicates that the two detectors produce different types of error patterns.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Serum sphingolipids: relationships to insulin sensitivity and changes with exercise in humans (2015)

Ceramides and sphingolipids are a family of lipid molecules that circulate in serum and accumulate in skeletal muscle, promoting insulin resistance. Plasma ceramide and dihydroceramide are related to insulin resistance, yet less is known regarding other ceramide and sphingolipid species. Despite its association with insulin sensitivity, chronic endurance exercise training does not change plasma ceramide and sphingolipid content, with little known regarding a single bout of exercise. We measured basal relationships and the effect of acute exercise (1.5 h at 50% V̇o2 max) and recovery on serum ceramide and sphingolipid content in sedentary obese individuals, endurance-trained athletes, and individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Basal serum C18:0, C20:0, and C24:1 ceramide and C18:0 and total dihydroceramide were significantly higher in T2D and, along with C16:0 ceramide and C18:0 sphingomyelin, correlated positively with insulin resistance. Acute exercise significantly increased serum ceramide, glucosylceramide, and GM3 gangliosides, which largely decreased to basal values in recovery. Sphingosine 1-phosphate and sphingomyelin did not change during exercise but decreased below basal values in recovery. Serum C16:0 and C18:0 ceramide and C18:0 sphingomyelin, but not the total concentrations of either of them, were positively correlated with markers of muscle NF-κB activation, suggesting that specific species activate intracellular inflammation. Interestingly, a subset of sphingomyelin species, notably C14:0, C22:3, and C24:4 species, was positively associated with insulin secretion and glucose tolerance. Together, these data show that unique ceramide and sphingolipid species associate with either protective or deleterious features for diabetes and could provide novel therapeutic targets for the future.
Intranasal absorption of rizatriptan--in vivo pharmacokinetics and bioavailability study in humans. (2005)

Rizatriptan nasal spray was developed to achieve fast a high effectiveness and to overcome limitations associated with oral formulation. The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a rizatriptan nasal spray compared with an oral formulation in a two treatments, two periods, randomized crossover design. At each phase, each subject received 5 mg rizatriptan as a nasal spray or an oral tablet. Plasma concentrations of rizatriptan were determined by HPLC. Rizatriptan was absorbed more rapidly following nasal spray with detectable plasma concentrations 5 min after dosing. There was no statistically significant difference for AUC or Cmax values between the nasal spray and the oral tablet. The relative bioavailability of nasal formulation to oral formulation was 96%+/-16%. All the formulations were well tolerated and adverse events were generally of short duration and of mild intensity. Thus, rizatriptan nasal spray offers more rapidly absorption compared to the oral route, which may be particularly beneficial to those patients who have gastrointestinal disturbances during their migraine attack or who have difficulty in swallowing a tablet.
Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis and Pneumonia in a Cotton Rat Model with Systemically Administered Monoclonal Antibody (Palivizumab) and Glucocorticosteroid (2000)

Parenteral treatment of an experimental respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in a cotton rat model with a monoclonal antibody directed against the viral F protein resulted in the clearance of infectious virus within 24 h but had no effect on the pulmonary pathology at 24 h and only a small effect on the pulmonary pathology at 72 h. Treatment with parenteral triamcinolone acetonide dramatically reduced the pathologic lesions of viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia but resulted in the delayed clearance of the virus. The combination of the monoclonal antibody given in a single dose 72 h after infection, combined with 3 daily doses of the corticosteroid starting 72 h after infection, demonstrated both the loss of infectivity and the disappearance of lesions. No rebound of lesions or infectivity was noted. Combined antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapy for RSV disease appears promising.
Vitamin D3 Metabolites Modulate Dihydropyridine-sensitive Calcium Currents in Clonal Rat Osteosarcoma Cells (1989)

A slowly inactivating inward calcium current was identified in the rat osteosarcoma cell line ROS 17/2.8 using a combination of ion flux and electrophysiological techniques. Voltage dependence, dihydropyridine sensitivity, divalent cation selectivity, and single channel properties identified this current as a high threshold, "L-type" calcium current. Ion flux experiments using 45Ca2+ confirmed that calcium uptake through these channel represents a major pathway for calcium entry into osteosarcoma cells. In resting cells, i.e. at negative membrane potentials, stimulation of both calcium current and rapid 45Ca2+ influx could be elicited by concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 between 0.1 and 3 nM. At these concentrations, 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 shifted the threshold for activation of inward calcium current to more negative potentials. At higher concentrations (5-10 nM), inhibitory effects became predominant. These opposing effects are functionally similar to those of the dihydropyridine BAY K 8644. Other vitamin D3 metabolites (25-(OH)-D3 and 24,25-(OH)2-D3) exhibited less potent stimulatory effects and greater inhibition of calcium current than 1,25-(OH)2-D3. These results suggest that (i) vitamin D3 acts as a potent modulator of calcium channel function in osteosarcoma cells, and (ii) intracellular Ca2+-dependent signaling processes may be affected acutely by physiological concentrations of vitamin D3 metabolites.
Proliferative responses and binding properties of hematopoietic cells transfected with low-affinity receptors for leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, and ciliary neurotrophic factor. (1994)

Specific low-affinity receptors for leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM; gp130), and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF; receptor alpha, CNTFR alpha) may be utilized in various combinations to generate high-affinity binding sites and signal transduction. We have tested the ability of combinations of these receptors to transduce a proliferative signal in BAF-B03 cells. Coexpression of the LIF receptor and gp130 in these cells conferred high-affinity LIF and OSM binding and responsiveness to LIF and OSM. These cells also responded to CNTF in the absence of detectable binding. The further addition of CNTFR alpha conferred high-affinity CNTF binding and enhanced responsiveness to CNTF but did not modify responses to LIF or OSM. Coexpression of LIF receptor and CNTFR alpha resulted in a nonfunctional high-affinity binding site. These data are consistent with a role for the CNTFR alpha in enhancing CNTF action but the CNTFR alpha is not absolutely required for CNTF action and suggest a wider range of targets for CNTF.
Methods of Micropatterning and Manipulation of Cells for Biomedical Applications (2017)

Micropatterning and manipulation of mammalian and bacterial cells are important in biomedical studies to perform in vitro assays and to evaluate biochemical processes accurately, establishing the basis for implementing biomedical microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMS), point-of-care (POC) devices, or organs-on-chips (OOC), which impact on neurological, oncological, dermatologic, or tissue engineering issues as part of personalized medicine. Cell patterning represents a crucial step in fundamental and applied biological studies in vitro, hence today there are a myriad of materials and techniques that allow one to immobilize and manipulate cells, imitating the 3D in vivo milieu. This review focuses on current physical cell patterning, plus chemical and a combination of them both that utilizes different materials and cutting-edge micro-nanofabrication methodologies.
Vav: Function and Regulation in Hematopoietic Cell Signaling (1996)

Vav, a 95 kDa proto-oncogene product expressed specifically in hematopoietic cells, was originally isolated as a transforming human oncogene. Vav contains an array of functional domains that are involved in interactions with other proteins and, possibly, with lipids. These include, among others, a putative guanine nucleotide exchange domain, a cysteine-rich region similar to the phorbol ester/diacylglycerol-binding domain of protein kinase C, a pleckstrin-homology domain, and Src-homology 2 and 3 (SH2 and SH3, respectively) domains. The presence of these domains, the transforming activity of the vav oncogene, and the rapid increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of Vav induced by triggering of diverse receptors indicate that it plays an important role in hematopoietic cell signaling pathways. Such a role is supported by recent studies using "knockout" mice and transiently transfected T cells, in which Vav deletion or overexpression, respectively, had marked effects on lymphocyte development or activation. The presence of a putative guanine nucleotide exchange domain, the prototype of which is found in the dbl oncogene product, implies that Vav functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for one (or more) members of the Ras-like family of small GTP-binding proteins. In support of such a role, Vav preparations were found in some (but not other) studies to mediate in vitro-specific GEF activity for Ras. Additional studies are required to identify the physiological regulators and targets of Vav, and its exact role in hematopoietic cell development and signaling.
Lost and found (2013)

In May 2003 a group of Waorani men in Amazonian Ecuador led an attack against their “uncontacted” Taromenani neighbors, resulting in a massacre that has fueled ongoing debates about the rights of indigenous people living in “voluntary isolation.” In this article I consider how Waorani understandings of the attack point to indigenous formulations of alterity that challenge what Lucas Bessire (2012) has described as the contemporary politics of isolation. I draw on recent discussions of kinship as a form of mutual belonging that extend beyond common substance (Sahlins 2013), and consider how, in the aftermath of the killings, many Waorani came to see spatially distant others as kinsmen who became disconnected from Waorani in past times. Understood by Waorani as kin of victims, the Taromenani have become both a source of desired relations and a potent image of indigenous strength and autonomy in the context of social and economic transformation.
Human Serum IgM Glycosylation (2005)

The glycoprotein IgM is the major antibody produced in the primary immune response to antigens, circulating in the serum both as a pentamer and a hexamer. Pentameric IgM has a single J chain, which is absent in the hexamer. The mu (heavy) chain of IgM has five N-linked glycosylation sites. Asn-171, Asn-332, and Asn-395 are occupied by complex glycans, whereas Asn-402 and Asn-563 are occupied by oligomannose glycans. The glycosylation of human polyclonal IgM from serum has been analyzed. IgM was found to contain 23.4% oligomannose glycans GlcNAc2Man5-9, consistent with 100% occupancy of Asn-402 and 17% occupancy of the variably occupied site at Asn-563. Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a member of the collectin family of proteins, which bind to oligomannose and GlcNAc-terminating structures. A commercial affinity chromatography resin containing immobilized MBL has been reported to be useful for partial purification of mouse and also human IgM. Human IgM glycoforms that bind to immobilized MBL were isolated; these accounted for only 20% of total serum IgM. Compared with total serum IgM, the MBL-binding glycoforms contained 97% more GlcNAc-terminating structures and 8% more oligomannose structures. A glycosylated model of pentameric IgM was constructed, and from this model, it became evident that IgM has two distinct faces, only one of which can bind to antigen, as the J chain projects from the non-antigen-binding face. Antigen-bound IgM does not bind to MBL, as the target glycans appear to become inaccessible once IgM has bound antigen. Antigen-bound IgM pentamers therefore do not activate complement via the lectin pathway, but MBL might have a role in the clearance of aggregated IgM.