gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Frequency-domain description of a lock-in amplifier (1994)

The basic principles behind the operation of a lock-in amplifier are described. Particular emphasis is placed on looking at the frequency components of the signal present at the various stages of the lock-in during a typical measurement. The description presented here has been used successfully to explain lock-in operation to upper-level laboratory students at Oberlin College.
Effects of hyperthermia on bone. II. Heating of bonein vivoand stimulation of bone growth (1993)

Previous studies in vitro have shown that it is possible to achieve comparable temperature distribution in bone and the adjacent soft tissues, under appropriate experimental conditions. The objective of the present work was to determine the effects of hyperthermia on bone in vivo. In order to obtain direct temperature measurements in bone, catheters were surgically installed on top of and inside the medullary cavity of the femur of normal rabbits. The thighs were irradiated with 915 MHz microwaves for 45 min, once or twice a week. The temperatures on and inside the bone were maintained between 42.5 and 44.0 degrees C; the resulting temperatures in the muscle were within 1.0 degrees C at depths equidistant from the applicator. After four to six treatments the femora were excised for histopathological examination. New trabecular bone was deposited around the catheters; most bone components including periosteum, osteoid, and fully calcified matrix could be seen. Large numbers of osteoblasts and osteoclasts lined the trabecular surfaces, and numerous cement lines were visible, running in all directions, indicating extensive bone deposition and remodelling. In contrast, control bones (catheters installed--no hyperthermia) showed much less ossification, with many areas of thin incomplete osteoid. Further, bones treated with hyperthermia only (no surgical trauma) showed no such changes. Thus, it appears that following an initial insult, hyperthermia promotes bone deposition.
Study on Field Suppression Unit in DC Excitation System for Saturated Iron-Core Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (2014)

As the most likely applicable fault current limiting device in the future, saturated iron-core superconducting fault current limiter (SISFCL) has many superior attributes. In a SISFCL, DC excitation system plays a key role during the operation in power grid. It not only outputs dc excitation current to make iron core saturated, but also absorbs magnetic energy stored in superconducting coil and suppresses the reverse voltage, a disaster to superconducting coil, high speed switch IGBTs and other circuit elements, to a safe level instantly when a fault happens. Field suppression unit is mainly used to achieve the second function mentioned above. This paper introduces SISFCL device and its DC excitation system briefly, then analyzes and discusses field suppression unit in detail. This work bases on research and manufacturing of 220 kV/300 MVA SISFCL, which has been developed and put into operation in power grid in China.
In vivo endoscopic tissue diagnostics based on spectroscopic absorption, scattering, and phase function properties (2003)

A fast spectroscopic system for superficial and local determination of the absorption and scattering properties of tissue (480 to 950 nm) is described. The probe can be used in the working channel of an endoscope. The scattering properties include the reduced scattering coefficient and a parameter of the phase function called gamma, which depends on its first two moments. The inverse problem algorithm is based on the fit of absolute reflectance measurements to cubic B-spline functions derived from the interpolation of a set of Monte Carlo simulations. The algorithm's robustness was tested with simulations altered with various amounts of noise. The method was also assessed on tissue phantoms of known optical properties. Finally, clinical measurements performed endoscopically in vivo in the stomach of human subjects are presented. The absorption and scattering properties were found to be significantly different in the antrum and in the fundus and are correlated with histopathologic observations. The method and the instrument show promise for noninvasive tissue diagnostics of various epithelia.
Hot L1s account for the bulk of retrotransposition in the human population (2003)

Although LINE-1 (long interspersed nucleotide element-1, L1) retrotransposons comprise 17% of the human genome, an exhaustive search of the December 2001 "freeze" of the haploid human genome working draft sequence (95% complete) yielded only 90 L1s with intact ORFs. We demonstrate that 38 of 86 (44%) L1s are polymorphic as to their presence in human populations. We cloned 82 (91%) of the 90 L1s and found that 40 of the 82 (49%) are active in a cultured cell retrotransposition assay. From these data, we predict that there are 80-100 retrotransposition-competent L1s in an average human being. Remarkably, 84% of assayed retrotransposition capability was present in six highly active L1s (hot L1s). By comparison, four of five full-length L1s involved in recent human insertions had retrotransposition activity comparable to the six hot L1s in the human genome working draft sequence. Thus, our data indicate that most L1 retrotransposition in the human population stems from hot L1s, with the remaining elements playing a lesser role in genome plasticity.
Tunable Oxygen Vacancy Formation Energetics in the Complex Perovskite Oxide SrxLa1–xMnyAl1–yO3 (2014)

The composition dependence of oxygen vacancy formation energies (EV) in the complex perovskite SrxLa1–xMnyAl1–yO3, a material system demonstrated to significantly outperform ceria for solar thermochemical (STC) fuel production, was investigated using a combination of ab initio and experimental techniques. Density functional theory calculations predict that EV as a function of composition spans a large range from near 0 to over 3 eV under standard conditions and exhibits trends consistent with equilibrium oxygen nonstoichiometries we determined using thermogravimetric analysis. Our findings show that the strong sensitivity of EV to composition arises from the composition dependence of the Fermi energy relative to the O 2p band center. From these results, we identify the range of EV particularly suited for STC cycles for a given set of reduction and oxidation reaction conditions and present a materials design strategy for the optimization of EV through compositional tuning.
Short-term endotracheal climate changes and clinical effects of a heat and moisture exchanger with an integrated electrostatic virus and bacterial filter developed for laryngectomized individuals (2009)

Both R-HME and F-HME increase endotracheal minimum humidity values (5.8 and 4.7 mgH(2)O/L, respectively; p < 0.0001). Compared with open stoma breathing, in contrast to the R-HME, the F-HME increases both end-inspiratory and end-expiratory temperature values (1.1 degrees C, and 0.6 degrees C, respectively). After the 3-week clinical feasibility trial, one patient dropped out; 11 patients (11/16 = 69%) disliked the larger design of the F-HME and all patients reported less optimal airtight occlusion. Five patients (5/16 = 31%) reported remarkably decreased sputum production.
Monoclonal Anti-CD18 Antibody Prevents Transcellular Biosynthesis of Cysteinyl Leukotrienes In Vitro and In Vivo and Protects Against Leukotriene-Dependent Increase in Coronary Vascular Resistance and Myocardial Stiffness (2000)

These data support the importance of adhesion in promoting cys-LT formation, originating from PMNL-endothelial cell cooperation, and contributing to myocardial stiffness and increased coronary resistance.
Electronic conduction and switching in chalcogenide glasses (1973)

Evidence for electronic conduction in the preswitching region of chalcogenide glasses is outlined and discussed in terms of several simple models. Electronic processes likely to contribute to the switching process itself are reviewed and compared, where possible, with the predictions of relevant models from conventional semiconductor physics.
Computerized Detection of Colonic Polyps at CT Colonography on the Basis of Volumetric Features: Pilot Study (2002)

The CAD scheme has the potential to depict polyps with high sensitivity and an acceptable false-positive rate.
Engineered Cartilage, Bone, Joints, and Menisci (2001)

Reconstruction of many musculoskeletal structures can be accomplished by bone grafting and implantation of prostheses. Alternate approaches are needed, however, for repair of complex structures such as articular cartilage surfaces and the temporomandibular meniscus and joint. Tissue engineering, either cell-free or cell-based, offers promise because of recent advances in materials research and in our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tissue repair. There are three considerations in designing a construct for engineered tissue: the source of cells, if any; the nature of the carrier or scaffold; and use, if any, of genes, factors, or adjuvants. Autogenous cells, often expanded in vitro, have been useful for cartilage tissue engineering. Precursor/progenitor cells are advantageous for bone tissue. There are many natural and synthetic resorbable materials with good biocompatibility and tissue compatibility that can be modified to have the porosity and mechanical properties needed for specific applications. The scaffolds can also be modified to provide biological signals to augment repair and integration.
High volume processing of point contact solar cells (1988)

Point contact cells require a thin base, high bulk lifetime, low surface recombination velocities, effective light trapping, and effective heat sinking. The authors address some of these production issues in implementing a point contact cell process using standard, high-volume, semiconductor manufacturing equipment. Modifications to equipment and procedures are described which increase process yield and cell efficiency. A membrane wafer structure has been used successfully for large-volume processing of very thin cells. An optical confinement study shows that a random pyramid texture performs as well as or better than regular and inverted pyramids. This texture has contributed significant efficiency gains to these cells. Lifetime studies have aided in the development of a fabrication process with minimal lifetime degradation. Cells have been produced reaching an efficiency of 23.9% at 64.9 suns. Improvements are suggested which are expected to yield still higher efficiencies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Involvement of SDF‐1α/CXCR4 axis in the enhanced peritoneal metastasis of epithelial ovarian carcinoma (2007)

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) spreads by implantation of tumor cells onto the human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) lining the peritoneal cavity. The aim of this study was to determine whether the stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha)/CXCR4 axis is involved in the interaction of EOC cells with HPMCs in peritoneal metastasis. Clinically, we first evaluated CXCR4 expression in sections from 36 primary EOCs using immunohistochemistry. We next examined whether SDF-1alpha played roles in EOC progression, including in proliferation, cell motility, attachment to HPMCs, and the in vivo development of peritoneal metastasis through CXCR4. Of the 36 carcinomas, 16 cases (44.4%) were positive for CXCR4 immunoexpression. Positive CXCR4 expression significantly predicted poorer overall survival compared with negative expression (p = 0.0069). We found CXCR4 expression in both EOC cells and HPMCs. In contrast, the level of production of SDF-1alpha by HPMCs was higher than that by various EOC cells. Functionally, SDF-1alpha induced enhanced attachment between ES-2 cells and HPMCs or extracellular matrix components. The enhancement of adhesion potential by SDF-1alpha was inhibited by AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, and by phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase and p44/42 inhibitors. Furthermore, intraperitoneal treatment with AMD3100 resulted in reduced dissemination in nude mice inoculated with ES-2 cells. The present results suggest that there may be a link between the SDF-1alpha/CXCR4 axis and enhanced intraperitoneal dissemination of EOC and that CXCR4 may be a novel target for the treatment of EOC.
Locked vs. unlocked nucleic acids (LNA vs. UNA): contrasting structures work towards common therapeutic goals (2011)

Oligonucleotide chemistry has been developed greatly over the past three decades, with many advances in increasing nuclease resistance, enhancing duplex stability and assisting with cellular uptake. Locked nucleic acid (LNA) is a structurally rigid modification that increases the binding affinity of a modified-oligonucleotide. In contrast, unlocked nucleic acid (UNA) is a highly flexible modification, which can be used to modulate duplex characteristics. In this tutorial review, we will compare the synthetic routes to both of these modifications, contrast the structural features, examine the hybridization properties of LNA and UNA modified duplexes, and discuss how they have been applied within biotechnology and drug research. LNA has found widespread use in antisense oligonucleotide technology, where it can stabilize interactions with target RNA and protect from cellular nucleases. The newly emerging field of siRNAs has made use of LNA and, recently, also UNA. These modifications are able to increase double-stranded RNA stability in serum and decrease off-target effects seen with conventional siRNAs. LNA and UNA are also emerging as versatile modifications for aptamers. Their application to known aptamer structures has opened up the possibility of future selection of LNA-modified aptamers. Each of these oligonucleotide technologies has the potential to become a new type of therapy to treat a wide variety of diseases, and LNA and UNA will no doubt play a part in future developments of therapeutic and diagnostic oligonucleotides.
Isolation and Comparison of Galactose-binding Lectins from Abrus precatorius and Ricinus communis (1974)

The agglutinins present in the seeds of Abrus precatorius and Ricinus communis have been separated from the toxins, abrin and ricin, and extensively purified. The procedure involves ion exchange chromatography on DEAE- and CM-cellulose columns, affinity chromatography on Sepharose 4B columns, and sucrose gradient centrifugation. The purified agglutinins which possessed almost no toxic activity were found by analytical ultracentrifugation to have molecular weights of 134,000 (abrus agglutinin) and 120,000 (ricinus agglutinin). After treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate and β-mercaptoethanol the agglutinins were split into four peptide chains, as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The binding of the agglutinins and the toxins to human erythrocytes was inhibited by galactose or galactose-containing carbohydrates, like lactose. Equilibrium dialysis experiments indicate that the agglutinins possess two binding sites for lactose, while the nonagglutinating toxins, abrin and ricin, have only one binding site. The agglutinins as well as the toxins were found to consist of polypeptide chains of nearly the same size (30,000 to 35,000). Abrin and ricin consist of only two polypeptide chains, one of which is involved in the binding to cells. The agglutinins consist of four polypeptide chains, only two of which appear to be involved in the binding to cell surfaces. The data suggest that, within one kind of seed, the polypeptide chains involved in the binding of the agglutinins and the toxins to cell surfaces are identical or very similar.
PPAR-γ ligands modulate effects of LPS in stimulated rat synovial fibroblasts (2002)

This work demonstrated the constitutive expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma and PPAR-alpha in rat synovial fibroblasts at both mRNA and protein levels. A decrease in PPAR-gamma expression induced by 10 microg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was observed, whereas PPAR-alpha mRNA expression was not modified. 15-Deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) dose-dependently decreased LPS-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 (-80%) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression (-80%), whereas troglitazone (10 microM) only inhibited iNOS mRNA expression (-50%). 15d-PGJ(2) decreased LPS-induced interleukin (IL)-1 beta (-25%) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (-40%) expression. Interestingly, troglitazone strongly decreased TNF-alpha expression (-50%) but had no significant effect on IL-1 beta expression. 15d-PGJ(2) was able to inhibit DNA-binding activity of both nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B and AP-1. Troglitazone had no effect on NF-kappa B activation and was shown to increase LPS-induced AP-1 activation. 15d-PGJ(2) and troglitazone modulated the expression of LPS-induced iNOS, COX-2, and proinflammatory cytokines differently. Indeed, troglitazone seems to specifically target TNF-alpha and iNOS pathways. These results offer new insights in regard to the anti-inflammatory potential of the PPAR-gamma ligands and underline different mechanisms of action of 15d-PGJ(2) and troglitazone in synovial fibroblasts.
Phagocytosis of breast cancer cells mediated by anti-MUC-1 monoclonal antibody, DF3, and its bispecific antibody. (2001)

Human epithelial mucin, MUC-1, is commonly expressed in adenocarcinoma including 80% of breast cancers. erbB-2 is overexpressed in approximately 30% of breast cancers. Expression of MUC-1 and erbB-2 may be partially overlapping but discoordinate. Therefore, combined use of antibodies directed against these two antigens might increase the number of patients who benefit from immunotherapy. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) DF3 recognizes the MUC-1 tandem repeat. We investigated phagocytosis and cytolysis of cultured human breast cancer cells by monocyte-derived macrophages mediated by MAb DF3 and its bispecific antibody (BsAb) DF3xH22 with the second epitope directed against the Fc component of phagocytic cells. Purified monocytes from healthy donors were cultured with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor with or without IFN-gamma. antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays were performed with these macrophages and MUC-1-expressing target cells (ZR75-1) in the presence of MAb DF3 and BsAb DF3xH22. ADCP was measured by two-color fluorescence flow cytometry using PKH2 (green fluorescent dye) and R-phytoerythrin (RPE) (red)-conjugated MAb against human CD14 and CD11b and was confirmed by confocal microscopy. ADCC was measured by (51)Cr release assay. Immunohistochemical staining studies of MUC-1 and erbB-2 were performed on 67 primary breast cancer tissues. Expression of MUC-1 and erbB-2 was partially overlapping but discoordinate in 67 consecutive breast cancers. Both MAb DF3 and BsAb DF3xH22 mediated ADCP. However, ADCP mediated by MAb DF3 was greater than that mediated by BsAb DF3xH22. ADCC as detected by (51)Cr release was not seen with either antibody. The addition of IFN-gamma to monocyte-derived macrophage cultures inhibited ADCP compared to granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor alone. Given the partially overlapping but discoordinate expression of MUC-1 and erbB-2 in breast cancer, therapy directed toward both antigens should be considered. MAb DF3 and the BsAb DF3xH22, can effectively mediate phagocytosis of MUC-1-expressing target cells. Further investigations are needed to determine whether this antibody-induced phagocytosis results in long-term specific T-cell activation against MUC-1.
Effects of interleukin-3 after chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer (1992)

To define the maximum tolerated dose and to study whether recombinant human interleukin-3 (rhIL-3) reduced chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, 20 chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced ovarian cancer eligible for treatment with 6 cycles of carboplatin- cyclophosphamide every 4 weeks (day 1) were entered in a phase I/II open, single-center trial. Cohorts of five patients received during 7 days 1, 5, 10, or 15 micrograms/kg/d rhIL-3 (days 5 through 11) in cycles 1, 3, and 5 by continuous intravenous (IV) infusion or once daily subcutaneous (SC) administration. In control cycles 2, 4, and 6, no rhIL-3 was administered. rhIL-3 significantly increased the recovery of leukocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts, especially at 5, 10, and 15 micrograms/kg rhIL-3. rhIL-3 also increased basophil, eosinophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte counts at this dose steps. Effects on reticulocytes were limited. No difference in efficacy between SC and IV rhIL-3 treatment was found. Chemotherapy postponement for insufficient bone marrow recovery was necessary in 22 of 45 control cycles versus 2 of 49 rhIL-3 cycles (P less than .001). Platelet transfusions were required in 7 of 45 control cycles versus 3 of 50 rhIL-3 cycles (P less than .5). rhIL-3 up to 10 micrograms/kg/d could be administered without severe side effects. At 15 micrograms/kg/d, rhIL-3 headache was dose- limiting. Other side effects were fever, flu-like symptoms, nausea, skin rash, flushing, facial erythema, and urticaria. Liver toxicity occurred in rhIL-3 and control cycles. rhIL-3 slightly increased tumor necrosis factor alpha, C-reactive protein, and serum amyloid A plasma levels, whereas no effect on IL-6 plasma levels was observed. rhIL-3 administered SC appears to be an interesting hematopoietic growth factor for reduction of chemotherapy-induced myelotoxicity.
Detection of fetal RhD sequence from peripheral blood of sensitized RhD‐negative pregnant women (1994)

A sensitive PCR-based assay was developed to amplify fetal-derived rhesus D (RhD) sequence from peripheral blood of RhD-negative pregnant women with circulating anti-D. RhD-PCR positivity was detected in 7/22 samples from women bearing RhD-positive fetuses, despite the presence of varying levels of anti-D. Evidence is presented which suggests that rising maternal anti-D levels might reduce circulating fetal cell numbers. Further development of this assay may have implications in the clinical management of RhD-sensitized pregnancies and aid the understanding of the physiology of feto-maternal cell trafficking.
Phospho-proteomics: Evaluation of the use of enzymatic de-phosphorylation and differential mass spectrometric peptide mass mapping for site specific phosphorylation assignment in proteins separated by gel electrophoresis (2001)

Detection of phosphorylated proteins as well as assignment of the phosphorylated sites in such proteins is a major challenge in proteomics. In the present study we evaluate the use of enzymatic de-phosphorylation in combination with differential peptide mass mapping for identification of phosphorylated peptides in peptide mixtures derived from in-gel digested phospho-proteins. Phospho-peptides could be identified provided that improved sample preparation methods prior to mass spectrometric analysis were used. An attempt to identify the proteins visualized by [32P] autoradiography in a proteomics study and their phosphorylation sites, demonstrated that protein identification was possible whereas reliable identification of the phospho-peptides requires more protein than normally available in our proteomics studies.
Characteristics and Surgical Outcomes of Patients With Refractory Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Negative Epilepsies (2009)

Patients with epilepsy who are MRI(-) can be successfully treated with surgery. Improved sensitivity of MRI will improve the outcomes of presurgically studied patients. Surgical failures in patients without histopathological lesions mostly result from extensive epileptogenic areas.