gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An investigation of the characteristics of cylindrical surface waves (1953)

Some quantitative measurements on cylindrical surface waves have been made at a frequency of approximately 10 000 Mc/s. For this purpose an axial standing-wave indicator and an instrument for determining the radial field distribution have been designed and tested by application to a wave of known configuration. The axial standing-wave indicator was used for simple impedance measurements and is now established as a practical device. A series of quantitative observations on cylindrical surface waves have been made with the instrument for examining the radial field distribution, which at a long distance (say 30 ft) from a launching horn, was found to agree with that expected from theory. In the case of thin bare copper wires and enamelled wires of small size the radial decay coefficient deduced from the field-distribution graph approximated closely to the value obtained from the Sommerfeld-Goubau theory. On the other hand, the field distribution in the vicinity of the horn was always considerably distorted by radiation from the horn.For accurate work in the limited space available, it was found necessary to dispense with the horn and set up a surface-wave resonator. This arrangement is capable of yielding the same information on field distribution, since the standing-wave and travelling-wave patterns are identical. The wavelength of the surface wave supported by the resonator at its resonant frequency was measured by a special method described in the paper, and from a knowledge of the resonant frequency the decay coefficient was calculated.Measurements on No. 24 S.W.G. copper wire thickly coated with polythene showed that the corresponding values of the decay coefficient derived from the Goubau approximate theory were greatly in error. This applied in particular to conductors having a coating of polythene whose thickness exceeded 0.010 in. A curve relating the coating thickness with the measured decay coefficient was obtained and compared with the Goubau predictions. Later the assumptions made in the original theory were revised, and accurate curves displaying the dependence of the decay coefficient on the thickness of dielectric coating, wire diameter and frequency were computed. These curves were found to be in agreement with the experimental results.The surface-wave resonator can also be used for the measurement of surface reactance of corrugated surfaces.
Satan’s Seductress and the Apocalyptic Hero: The Body in American Apocalyptic Films at the Turn of the Century (2009)

This paper explores three apocalyptic films, The Devil’s Advocate, The Ninth Gate, and End of Days, released before the turn of the twentieth century in America. Focusing on representations of the male and female body as a way to analyze the use of biblical and Christian themes in the films, the essay first introduces biblical apocalyptic themes and then discusses those themes in terms of representations of the female and male body in the films. The female body becomes a tool for satanic temptation of the male hero. The male body, on the other hand, embodies notions of heroic redemptive violence.
Control of In-Situ Gelation Time for HPAAM-Chromium Acetate Systems (1998)

Abstract Chromium acetate - polyacrylamide gel systems have been used primarily to treat fracture systems, casing leaks and near wellbore regions in matrix rock where short gel times are acceptable. In-depth treatment of matrix rock is limited by gelation time for this system. This paper describes a study of a method to increase gelation time of chromium polyacrylamide systems by using excess acetate ion to reduce the rate of crosslinking between chromium and the polymer. Data are presented to show the effect of excess acetate ions (provided as sodium acetate) on the rate of gelation in bottle tests. Displacement experiments were conducted in sandpacks of various lengths to confirm effects anticipated from bottle tests. Gel samples were prepared at concentrations of 5000 ppm polyacrylamide, 109 ppm chromium acetate and a pH of 5, in sample bottles maintained at 25 C. The effect of excess sodium acetate concentration on the gel times of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide-chromium acetate gel systems was determined by varying the mole ratio of acetate to chromium from 3.00 (stoichiometric) to 600. Gelation delays on the order of several days were achieved by increasing the acetate/chromium ratio from 3.00 to 91. Gelation was prevented (for the observation period of one year) when the acetate/Cr ratio was greater than 260. The delay in gelation time was related to a critical acetate/Cr ratio that was characteristic of the concentration and source of the polymer and Cr(III). Aged chromium stock gave significantly shorter gel times than freshly prepared stocks. Displacement experiments were conducted in sandpacks using gel solutions with selected acetate/Cr ratios to determine flow resistance during placement and during brine flow after shut-in. At low ratios of acetate/Cr, buildup of flow resistance in the sandpacks due to formation and filtration of aggregates limited the penetration of the gelant and caused termination of injection. In most of the experiments the time for development of flow resistance was on the order of 10% of the bulk gel times. However, when the acetate/Cr ratio was 600, no buildup of flow resistance was observed when 4 PV of gelant was injected into a one ft sandpack and this system had not gel led in situ at four months after placement. In situ gelation of chromium acetate-polyacrylamide systems at 25 C can be controlled by varying the acetate/Cr ratio. P. 407
Multidentate Poly(ethylene glycol) Ligands Provide Colloidal Stability to Semiconductor and Metallic Nanocrystals in Extreme Conditions (2010)

We present the design and synthesis of a new set of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based ligands appended with multidentate anchoring groups and test their ability to provide colloidal stability to semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in extreme buffer conditions. The ligands are made of a PEG segment appended with two thioctic acid (TA) or two dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) anchoring groups, bis(TA)-PEG-OCH(3) or bis(DHLA)-PEG-OCH(3). The synthesis utilizes Michael addition to create a branch point at the end of a PEG chain combined with carbodiimide-coupling to attach two TA groups per PEG chain. Dispersions of CdSe-ZnS core-shell QDs and AuNPs with remarkable long-term colloidal stability at pHs ranging from 1.1 to 13.9 and in the presence of 2 M NaCl have been prepared and tested using these ligands. AuNPs with strong resistance to competition from dithiothreitol (as high as 1.5 M) have also been prepared. This opens up possibilities for using them as stable probes in a variety of bio-related studies where resistance to degradation at extreme pHs, at high electrolyte concentration, and in thiol-rich environments is highly desirable. The improved colloidal stability of nanocrystals afforded by the tetradentate ligands was further demonstrated via the assembly of stable QD-nuclear localization signal peptide bioconjugates that promoted intracellular uptake.
PROMOTION OF RAT CARDIAC ALLOGRAFT SURVIVAL BY INTRATHYMIC INOCULATION OF DONOR SPLENOCYTES (1993)

Donor-specific unresponsiveness to LEW heterotopic cardiac allografts was induced in WF rats following intrathymic inoculation of LEW splenocytes in conjunction with a single intraperitoneal dose of antilymphocyte serum. In contrast, LEW cardiac allografts were promptly rejected in WF recipients pretreated with an intravenous inoculation of donor splenocytes. Without transient immunosuppression with antilymphocyte serum neither intrathymic nor intravenous inoculation of splenocytes led to allograft survival. Substitution of antilymphocyte serum by a short course of cyclosporine did not permit allograft survival, suggesting that a T-cell-depleting regimen is crucial to tolerance induction by this protocol. The unresponsive state could be transferred to secondary syngeneic hosts by spleen cells from long-term recipients of intrathymic splenocytes and cardiac allografts but not by spleen cells from recipients of intrathymic splenocytes alone. This suggests that persistence of donor alloantigen from the graft is necessary for maintenance of the tolerant state. The unresponsive state after intrathymic inoculation of allogeneic splenocytes may be mediated through interaction of maturing host thymocytes with donor alloantigen.
69. Synthetic analgesics. Part II. A new synthesis of pethidine and similar compounds (1944)

F. Bergel, A. L. Morrison and H. Rinderknecht, J. Chem. Soc., 1944, 265 DOI: 10.1039/JR9440000265
A novel endothelial cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase with extracellular epidermal growth factor homology domains. (1992)

Endothelial cell surfaces play key roles in several important physiological and pathological processes such as blood clotting, angiogenic responses, and inflammation. Here we describe the cloning and characterization of tie, a novel type of human endothelial cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase. The extracellular domain of the predicted tie protein product has an exceptional multidomain structure consisting of a cluster of three epidermal growth factor homology motifs embedded between two immunoglobulinlike loops, which are followed by three fibronectin type III repeats next to the transmembrane region. Additionally, a cDNA form lacking the first of the three epidermal growth factor homology domains was isolated, suggesting that alternative splicing creates different tie-type receptors. Cells transfected with tie cDNA expression vector produce glycosylated polypeptides of 117 kDa which are reactive to antisera raised against the tie carboxy terminus. The tie gene was located in chromosomal region 1p33 to 1p34. Expression of the tie gene appeared to be restricted in some cell lines; large amounts of tie mRNA were detected in endothelial cell lines and in some myeloid leukemia cell lines with erythroid and megakaryoblastoid characteristics. In addition, mRNA in situ studies further indicated the endothelial expression of the tie gene. The tie receptor tyrosine kinase may have evolved for multiple protein-protein interactions, possibly including cell adhesion to the vascular endothelium.
Rewiring MAP Kinase Pathways Using Alternative Scaffold Assembly Mechanisms (2003)

How scaffold proteins control information flow in signaling pathways is poorly understood: Do they simply tether components, or do they precisely orient and activate them? We found that the yeast mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase scaffold Ste5 is tolerant to major stereochemical perturbations; heterologous protein interactions could functionally replace native kinase recruitment interactions, indicating that simple tethering is largely sufficient for scaffold-mediated signaling. Moreover, by engineering a scaffold that tethers a unique kinase set, we could create a synthetic MAP kinase pathway with non-natural input-output properties. These findings demonstrate that scaffolds are highly flexible organizing factors that can facilitate pathway evolution and engineering.
Letters to the Glyco-Forum (1993)

Journal Article Letters to the Glyco-Forum: A conserved disulphide bond in sialyltransferases Get access Kurt Drickamer Kurt Drickamer Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Glycobiology, Volume 3, Issue 1, February 1993, Pages 2–3, https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/3.1.2 Published: 01 February 1993
Increasing Human Brain Excitability by Transcranial High-Frequency Random Noise Stimulation (2008)

For >20 years, noninvasive transcranial stimulation techniques like repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been used to induce neuroplastic-like effects in the human cortex, leading to the activity-dependent modification of synaptic transmission. Here, we introduce a novel method of electrical stimulation: transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), whereby a random electrical oscillation spectrum is applied over the motor cortex. tRNS induces consistent excitability increases lasting 60 min after stimulation. These effects have been observed in 80 subjects through both physiological measures and behavioral tasks. Higher frequencies (100-640 Hz) appear to be responsible for generating this excitability increase, an effect that may be attributed to the repeated opening of Na(+) channels. In terms of efficacy tRNS appears to possess at least the same therapeutic potential as rTMS/tDCS in diseases such as depression, while furthermore avoiding the constraint of current flow direction sensitivity characteristic of tDCS.
Psychiatric Phenotype of the Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS) in Males (2006)

The neuropsychiatric manifestations of FXTAS, based on this preliminary report, appear to cluster as a fronto-subcortical dementia. Clinicians encountering patients with clinical dementia with motor symptoms suggesting FXTAS should consider genetic testing to determine whether the patient's dementia syndrome is secondary to a fragile X premutation carrier status.
Intracellular Fate of Spherical Nucleic Acid Nanoparticle Conjugates (2014)

Spherical nucleic acid (SNA) nanoparticle conjugates are a class of bionanomaterials that are extremely potent in many biomedical applications. Their unique ability to enter multiple mammalian cell types as single-entity agents arises from their novel three-dimensional architecture, which consists of a dense shell of highly oriented oligonucleotides chemically attached typically to a gold nanoparticle core. This architecture allows SNAs to engage certain cell surface receptors to facilitate entry. Here, we report studies aimed at determining the intracellular fate of SNAs and the trafficking events that occur inside C166 mouse endothelial cells after cellular entry. We show that SNAs traffic through the endocytic pathway into late endosomes and reside there for up to 24 h after incubation. Disassembly of oligonucleotides from the nanoparticle core is observed 16 h after cellular entry, most likely due to degradation by enzymes such as DNase II localized in late endosomes. Our observations point to these events being likely independent of core composition and treatment conditions, and they do not seem to be particularly dependent upon oligonucleotide sequence. Significantly and surprisingly, the SNAs do not enter the lysosomes under the conditions studied. To independently track the fate of the particle core and the fluorophore-labeled oligonucleotides that comprise its shell, we synthesized a novel class of quantum dot SNAs to determine that as the SNA structures are broken down over the 24 h time course of the experiment, the oligonucleotide fragments are recycled out of the cell while the nanoparticle core is not. This mechanistic insight points to the importance of designing and synthesizing next-generation SNAs that can bypass the degradation bottleneck imposed by their residency in late endosomes, and it also suggests that such structures might be extremely useful for endosomal signaling pathways by engaging receptors that are localized within the endosome.
Evolutionary recruitment of biochemically specialized subdivisions of Family I within the protein superfamily of aminotransferases (1996)

Free access1 April 1996 Share on Evolutionary recruitment of biochemically specialized subdivisions of Family I within the protein superfamily of aminotransferasesAuthors: R A Jensen, W GuAuthors Info & AffiliationsDOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.178.8.2161-2171.1996 PDF/EPUB
Subarachnoid haemorrhage: diagnosis, causes and management (2001)

The incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is stable, at around six cases per 100 000 patient years. Any apparent decrease is attributable to a higher rate of CT scanning, by which other haemorrhagic conditions are excluded. Most patients are <60 years of age. Risk factors are the same as for stroke in general; genetic factors operate in only a minority. Case fatality is approximately 50% overall (including pre-hospital deaths) and one-third of survivors remain dependent. Sudden, explosive headache is a cardinal but non-specific feature in the diagnosis of SAH: in general practice, the cause is innocuous in nine out of 10 patients in whom this is the only symptom. CT scanning is mandatory in all, to be followed by (delayed) lumbar puncture if CT is negative. The cause of SAH is a ruptured aneurysm in 85% of cases, non-aneurysmal perimesencephalic haemorrhage (with excellent prognosis) in 10%, and a variety of rare conditions in 5%. Catheter angiography for detecting aneurysms is gradually being replaced by CT angiography. A poor clinical condition on admission may be caused by a remediable complication of the initial bleed or a recurrent haemorrhage in the form of intracranial haematoma, acute hydrocephalus or global brain ischaemia. Occlusion of the aneurysm effectively prevents rebleeding, but there is a dearth of controlled trials assessing the relative benefits of early operation (within 3 days) versus late operation (day 10-12), or that of endovascular treatment versus any operation. Antifibrinolytic drugs reduce the risk of rebleeding, but do not improve overall outcome. Measures of proven value in decreasing the risk of delayed cerebral ischaemia are a liberal supply of fluids, avoidance of antihypertensive drugs and administration of nimodipine. Once ischaemia has occurred, treatment regimens such as a combination of induced hypertension and hypervolaemia, or transluminal angioplasty, are plausible, but of unproven benefit.
trans-dominant inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev occurs through formation of inactive protein complexes (1992)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev protein controls expression of certain viral RNAs by binding to these RNAs in the nucleus. To investigate how dominant negative Rev mutants inhibit Rev function, we fused such mutants to hormone-dependent localization signals from the glucocorticoid receptor. Each was found to have fully potent inhibitory activity whether expressed in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm. Wild-type Rev colocalized with an inhibitory fusion protein, implying that the two proteins interact. The resulting complexes accumulated within nuclei in response to steroids but had no effect on expression of Rev-responsive mRNAs. A mutation known to block in vitro oligomerization of Rev abolished both complex formation and inhibitory activity of the mutant fusion proteins. Thus, trans-dominant inhibition of Rev does not require competition for nuclear substrates but may instead reflect the ability of a mutant to form nonfunctional complexes with the wild-type protein in vivo.
The successful application of medical offset in program planning and in clinical delivery. (1994)

Medical cost offset was discovered in the health maintenance organization (HMO) setting over 35 years ago and was used not only to justify the earliest instances of the inclusion of mental health treatment as a benefit, but also was used in program design and development. With the new emphasis on outcomes research, medical cost offset remains a viable method of conducting nonintrusive studies of efficacy, efficiency, and quality. Through the use of the research design described, an early HMO delivery system developed 68 focused, target behavioral interventions that years later became the basis for emerging managed mental health care.
Nucleoside modifications in RNA limit activation of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and increase resistance to cleavage by RNase L (2011)

The interferon-induced enzymes 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) and RNase L are key components of innate immunity involved in sensory and effector functions following viral infections. Upon binding target RNA, OAS is activated to produce 2'-5'-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A) that activate RNase L, which then cleaves single-stranded self and non-self RNA. Modified nucleosides that are present in cellular transcripts have been shown to suppress activation of several RNA sensors. Here, we demonstrate that in vitro transcribed, unmodified RNA activates OAS, induces RNase L-mediated ribosomal RNA (rRNA) cleavage and is rapidly cleaved by RNase L. In contrast, RNA containing modified nucleosides activates OAS less efficiently and induces limited rRNA cleavage. Nucleoside modifications also make RNA resistant to cleavage by RNase L. Examining translation in RNase L(-/-) cells and mice confirmed that RNase L activity reduces translation of unmodified mRNA, which is not observed with modified mRNA. Additionally, mRNA containing the nucleoside modification pseudouridine is translated longer and has an extended half-life. The observation that modified nucleosides in RNA reduce 2-5A pathway activation joins OAS and RNase L to the list of RNA sensors and effectors whose functions are limited when RNA is modified, confirming the role of nucleoside modifications in suppressing immune recognition of RNA.
The interactive whiteboard and learner participation in the ESOL classroom. (2014)

The interactive whiteboard is an increasingly popular teaching tool which is often viewed as a way to increase student engagement and motivation. This article examines concerns that its use can reinforce traditional teacher-led pedagogy and thus potentially reduce learner participation. With these concerns in mind, a small scale research project was carried out in an ESOL class which examined the nature of student participation in a whole class whiteboard activity. Learners were observed during the activity, and what they were saying and doing was recorded and subsequently analysed through the lens of the sociocultural concepts of languaging (i.e.collaborative dialogue and private speech) and agency. Short focus group interviews with students were also held. Analysis of the data found that learners were participating in varying levels and ways when their classmates were using the board. The factors which affected the extent of learner participation were explored and the article briefly discusses ways to further encourage learner participation during classes where the interactive whiteboard is being used.
Colors of the daytime overcast sky (2005)

Time-series measurements of daylight (skylight plus direct sunlight) spectra beneath overcast skies reveal an unexpectedly wide gamut of pastel colors. Analyses of these spectra indicate that at visible wavelengths, overcasts are far from spectrally neutral transmitters of the daylight incident on their tops. Colorimetric analyses show that overcasts make daylight bluer and that the amount of bluing increases with cloud optical depth. Simulations using the radiative-transfer model MODTRAN4 help explain the observed bluing: multiple scattering within optically thick clouds greatly enhances spectrally selective absorption by water droplets. However, other factors affecting overcast colors seen from below range from minimal (cloud-top heights) to moot (surface colors).
Digital video in a fading interference wireless environment (2002)

Much research and development related to digital video has targeted storage, wired backbone, and broadcast wireless transport environments. We address video transport in a heterogeneous network, especially with interference- and fading dominated wireless access, such as a cellular local-area or wide-area network. It is expected that multimedia (including video) will be an important application for desktop computers, and this suggests offering similar wireless capabilities. We note a number of deficiencies in existing video compression standards such as MPEG for this environment, and identify a number of challenging new research issues.