gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EVENODD: an efficient scheme for tolerating double disk failures in RAID architectures (1995)

We present a novel method, that we call EVENODD, for tolerating up to two disk failures in RAID architectures. EVENODD employs the addition of only two redundant disks and consists of simple exclusive-OR computations. This redundant storage is optimal, in the sense that two failed disks cannot be retrieved with less than two redundant disks. A major advantage of EVENODD is that it only requires parity hardware, which is typically present in standard RAID-5 controllers. Hence, EVENODD can be implemented on standard RAID-5 controllers without any hardware changes. The most commonly used scheme that employes optimal redundant storage (i.e., two extra disks) is based on Reed-Solomon (RS) error-correcting codes. This scheme requires computation over finite fields and results in a more complex implementation. For example, we show that the complexity of implementing EVENODD in a disk array with 15 disks is about 50% of the one required when using the RS scheme. The new scheme is not limited to RAID architectures: it can be used in any system requiring large symbols and relatively short codes, for instance, in multitrack magnetic recording. To this end, we also present a decoding algorithm for one column (track) in error.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Artificial Intelligence and Digital Pathology: Challenges and Opportunities (2018)

In light of the recent success of artificial intelligence (AI) in computer vision applications, many researchers and physicians expect that AI would be able to assist in many tasks in digital pathology. Although opportunities are both manifest and tangible, there are clearly many challenges that need to be overcome in order to exploit the AI potentials in computational pathology. In this paper, we strive to provide a realistic account of all challenges and opportunities of adopting AI algorithms in digital pathology from both engineering and pathology perspectives.
New Horizons in the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases: Immunoablation and Stem Cell Transplantation (2000)

The prevalence of autoimmune diseases (ADs) in Western countries is estimated to be from 3-7%, and the treatment of severe, relapsing/refractory cases is still not satisfactory. The concept of utilizing intense immunosuppression followed by allogeneic or even autologous hemolymphopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to treat AD is based on encouraging results in experimental animals and from serendipitous cases of patients with both ADs and malignancies who were allotransplanted for the latter. However, rare unexpected relapses despite donor immune engraftment have been reported following HSC transplantation for AD. Autologous transplantation is a more feasible procedure with lower toxicity than allogeneic transplantation. This article analyzes the experimental basis for stem cell transplantation in AD and discusses the most important clinical results of both allogeneic and autologous HSC transplants.
Neutrophils efficiently cross-prime naive T cells in vivo (2007)

Neutrophils are professional phagocytes that migrate early, in high number, to the infection sites. Our study has analyzed how neutrophils cross-present antigens and influence CD8+ T-cell responses. By using highly purified neutrophils from peritoneal exudates and bone marrow, we have shown that neutrophils cross-present ovalbumin to a CD8+ T-cell hybridoma and to naive CD8+ T cells from OT1 transgenic mice. Cross-presentation by neutrophils was TAP and proteasome dependent and was as efficient as in macrophages. Moreover, it actually occurred earlier than in professional antigen-presenting cells. Peritoneal exudate neutrophils from mice injected intraperitoneally with ovalbumin also cross-presented ovalbumin, proving that neutrophils take up and present exogenous antigens into major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) molecules in vivo. We then evaluated the in vivo influence of antigen cross-presentation by neutrophils on CD8+ T-cell response using beta2-microglobulin-deficient mice transferred with OT1 CD8+ T cells and injected with ovalbumin-pulsed neutrophils. Four days after neutrophil injection, OT1 cells proliferated and expressed effector functions (IFN-gamma production and cytolysis). They also responded efficiently to a rechallenge with ovalbumin-pulsed dendritic cells in CFA. These data are the first demonstration that neutrophils cross-prime CD8+ T cells in vivo and suggest that they may constitute, together with professional antigen-presenting cells, an attractive target to induce cytotoxic T cells in vaccines.
Atherosclerotic rabbit aortas: expandable intraluminal grafting. (1986)

Balloon-expandable intraluminal grafts that ranged in diameter from 2 to 4 mm were placed in the atherosclerotic abdominal aortas of 24 rabbits. The animals were killed 1, 3, 8, or 24 weeks after placement of the graft. All grafts retained patency without altering the luminal diameter. The small degree of neointimal thickening covering the graft's inner surface was not detectable on conventional in vivo arteriograms. Aortic atherosclerotic plaque external to the graft was markedly compressed 1 week after graft placement. The plaque regained full thickness 24 weeks after grafting when the plaque expanded outside the graft as a result of relaxation or atrophy of the surrounding arterial media.
Detection of Pyroptosis by Measuring Released Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity (2013)

Pyroptosis is a form of programmed, inflammatory cell death that is dependent on the activation of a cysteine protease caspase-1. Following caspase-1 activation via inflammasomes (including NLRP3, NLRC4, Nlrp1b, and AIM2), cells lose membrane integrity and lyse, releasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) that is normally maintained within the cell cytosol. Thus, pyroptosis is distinct from apoptosis, which results in cellular contents being enclosed within membrane blebs during cellular demise. LDH is only released from apoptotic blebs after secondary necrosis occurs. Pyroptosis is distinct from necrosis in that it requires the activity of caspase-1. In this chapter, we describe enzymatic assays for the detection of LDH released by pyroptotic cells using a commercially available kit, as well as a simple and cost-effective method adapted from Decker et al. (J Immunol Methods 115:61-69, 1988).
Self-Adhesion among Phospholipid Vesicles (2006)

A compound was synthesized that binds to a phospholipid bilayer via a hydrophobic steroid thereby projecting a strong multi-hydrogen bonding unit into the surrounding water. As shown by light scattering, light microscopy, and cryo-HRSEM, this latter unit self-adheres and induces membrane-membrane attachments, as found in many biological systems.
Rapid Displacement of Cryptosporidium parvum Type 1 by Type 2 in Mixed Infections in Piglets (2003)

Genotypes 1 and 2 of Cryptosporidium parvum are the primary types associated with infections in humans, with type 1 being by far the predominant genotype. The frequency of mixed infection with both genotypes in humans is relatively rare, while type 1, which experimentally infects other mammals, has been found to naturally infect almost exclusively humans. One possible explanation for the absence of type 1 in other mammals and the low frequency of mixed infections in humans is the inability of type 1 to compete with type 2 in nature when both occur simultaneously. To investigate this, we challenged gnotobiotic piglets with equal number of oocysts of type 1 and type 2, given either simultaneously or with type 2 given 24 or 48 h after type 1. The genotype of the oocysts excreted in feces and the relative distribution of each of the genotypes throughout the gut at necropsy were determined. Regardless of the time interval between challenges with the two genotypes, type 2 invariably displaced type 1. The rate of displacement was rapid when both genotypes were given simultaneously, after which no traces of type 1 were detected in the feces or in gut sections by PCR. Infection with type 1 24 or 48 h before challenge with type 2, while permitting type 1 to become established, was still rapidly eliminated within 3 days after challenge with type 2. These observations have major implications regarding the relative perpetuation and survival of these two genotypes in mammals.
AN ENVIRONMENT FOR TREATING YOUTHFUL OFFENDERS (1978)

Abstract This article opens with a quotation, concerning the goals of the Robert P. Kennedy Youth Center (KYC). It describes both the philosophical stance and the implementation of that philosophy within the center. Issues discussed range from the administrative structure through descriptions of inmate classification and treatment. Educational and vocational programs as well as the token economy systems are discussed. The major evaluative and research studies that were done at KYC are summarized. Although the center has ceased to be a demonstration project, the findings from KYC are deemed to be more important now than at the time the studies were conducted as they, individually and collectively, reflect on a model for corrections that is relevant for the future.
XML Linking Language (XLink) (2001)

This specification defines the XML Linking Language (XLink), which allows elements to be inserted into XML documents in order to create and describe links between resources. It uses XML syntax to create structures that can describe links similar to the simple unidirectional hyperlinks of today's HTML, as well as more sophisticated links. Status of this document This document has been reviewed by W3C Members and other interested parties and has been endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable document and may be used as reference material or cited as a normative reference from another document. W3C's role in making the Recommendation is
GeneMark.hmm: new solutions for gene finding (1998)

The number of completely sequenced bacterial genomes has been growing fast. There are computer methods available for finding genes but yet there is a need for more accurate algorithms. The GeneMark. hmm algorithm presented here was designed to improve the gene prediction quality in terms of finding exact gene boundaries. The idea was to embed the GeneMark models into naturally derived hidden Markov model framework with gene boundaries modeled as transitions between hidden states. We also used the specially derived ribosome binding site pattern to refine predictions of translation initiation codons. The algorithm was evaluated on several test sets including 10 complete bacterial genomes. It was shown that the new algorithm is significantly more accurate than GeneMark in exact gene prediction. Interestingly, the high gene finding accuracy was observed even in the case when Markov models of order zero, one and two were used. We present the analysis of false positive and false negative predictions with the caution that these categories are not precisely defined if the public database annotation is used as a control.
Modern Global Climate Change (2003)

Modern climate change is dominated by human influences, which are now large enough to exceed the bounds of natural variability. The main source of global climate change is human-induced changes in atmospheric composition. These perturbations primarily result from emissions associated with energy use, but on local and regional scales, urbanization and land use changes are also important. Although there has been progress in monitoring and understanding climate change, there remain many scientific, technical, and institutional impediments to precisely planning for, adapting to, and mitigating the effects of climate change. There is still considerable uncertainty about the rates of change that can be expected, but it is clear that these changes will be increasingly manifested in important and tangible ways, such as changes in extremes of temperature and precipitation, decreases in seasonal and perennial snow and ice extent, and sea level rise. Anthropogenic climate change is now likely to continue for many centuries. We are venturing into the unknown with climate, and its associated impacts could be quite disruptive.
Protein loaded biodegradable microspheres based on PLGA-protein bioconjugates (1999)

Biodegradable poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) was chemically conjugated to lysozyme, a model protein drug, by coupling a terminal carboxylic acid in PLGA with primary amine groups present in lysozyme. The conjugation was carried out in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) by using carbodiimide as a coupling agent. The PLGA-lysozyme conjugate, dissolved in a co-solvent system of DMSO and methylene chloride, was directly formulated into microspheres by an oil-in-water (O/W) single emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Morphological characteristics of the resultant microspheres, loading efficiencies, and protein release behaviours with protein instability problems were investigated in comparison with those of the microspheres prepared by water-in-oil-water (W/O/W) double emulsion and O/W single emulsion techniques which employed PLGA with unconjugated lysozyme for the formulation.
Influence of Music on Wingate Anaerobic Test Performance (1999)

While several studies have investigated the effects of music on cardiovascular endurance performance and perceived exertion during exercise of moderate intensity, few studies have investigated such effects on supramaximal exercise bouts. The purpose of the present study was to assess whether music affects performance on the Wingate Anaerobic Test. Each of the 12 men and 3 women were required to report to the laboratory on two occasions, once for tests in the music condition and once for tests in the nonmusic condition. Conditions were randomly ordered. All music selections were set at the same tempo. On each test day subjects performed a series of three Wingate Anaerobic Tests with 30-sec. rests in between. On Test 3 subjects were asked to continue pedaling until fatigued. Mean Power Output, Maximum Power Output, Minimum Power Output, and Fatigue Index were compared between conditions for each test using a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Time to fatigue on Trial 3 compared by analysis of variance gave no significant differences between conditions for any measures.
Rescue from Photoreceptor Degeneration in the rd Mouse by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer (1999)

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common inherited retinal disease, in which photoreceptor cells degenerate, leading to blindness. Mutations in the rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase beta subunit (PDEbeta) gene are found in patients with autosomal recessive RP as well as in the rd mouse. We have recently shown that lentivirus vectors based on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 achieve stable and efficient gene transfer into retinal cells. In this study, we evaluated the potential of HIV vector-mediated gene therapy for RP in the rd mouse. HIV vectors containing a gene encoding a hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged PDEbeta were injected into the subretinal spaces of newborn rd mouse eyes. One to three rows of photoreceptor nuclei were observed in the eyes for at least 24 weeks postinjection, whereas no photoreceptor cells remained in the eyes of control animals at 6 weeks postinjection. Expression of HA-tagged PDEbeta in the rescued photoreceptor cells was confirmed by two-color confocal immunofluorescence analysis using anti-HA and anti-opsin antibodies. HIV vector-mediated gene therapy appears to be a promising means for the treatment of recessive forms of inherited retinal degeneration.
An overview of the SPHINX speech recognition system (1990)

A description is given of SPHINX, a system that demonstrates the feasibility of accurate, large-vocabulary, speaker-independent, continuous speech recognition. SPHINX is based on discrete hidden Markov models (HMMs) with LPC- (linear-predictive-coding) derived parameters. To provide speaker independence, knowledge was added to these HMMs in several ways: multiple codebooks of fixed-width parameters, and an enhanced recognizer with carefully designed models and word-duration modeling. To deal with coarticulation in continuous speech, yet still adequately represent a large vocabulary, two new subword speech units are introduced: function-word-dependent phone models and generalized triphone models. With grammars of perplexity 997, 60, and 20, SPHINX attained word accuracies of 71, 94, and 96%, respectively, on a 997-word task.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes (1992)

Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes originally defined by Blizzard, Maclaren and Neufeld were classified into three constellations based on the clinical clustering of the various component diseases. Type I and type II are reasonably well circumscribed entities with type III being an ill-defined group. The autoimmune nature of these diseases has been based on the presence of lymphocytic infiltration in the affected gland, organ specific autoantibodies in the serum, cellular immune defects and an association with the HLA DR/DQ genes or immune response genes. Autoantibodies to the various endocrine and non-endocrine tissues not only offer a diagnostic clue to the autoimmune nature of diseases but also can be used to identify asymptomatic individuals who are at risk of developing other component diseases of the syndrome. In this review the clinical and serological spectrum of type I and II APS will be discussed.
Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor: Identification of a gene cluster required for the rugose colony type, exopolysaccharide production, chlorine resistance, and biofilm formation (1999)

The rugose colony variant of Vibrio cholerae O1, biotype El Tor, is shown to produce an exopolysaccharide, EPSETr, that confers chlorine resistance and biofilm-forming capacity. EPSETr production requires a chromosomal locus, vps, that contains sequences homologous to carbohydrate biosynthesis genes of other bacterial species. Mutations within this locus yield chlorine-sensitive, smooth colony variants that are biofilm deficient. The biofilm-forming properties of EPSETr may enable the survival of V. cholerae O1 within environmental aquatic habitats between outbreaks of human disease.
Atomic Force Microscopy Studies for Investigating the Smectic Structures of Colloidal Crystals of β-FeOOH (1996)

Smectic, or multilayer, structures in dry sol sediments of β-FeOOH (ferric oxyhydroxide) have been investigated using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The AFM technique has provided three-dimensional information of the smectic structures in a nondestructive manner. The shading in the AFM images of the dry sol surfaces evidently shows that in the iridescent (red, orange, yellow-green, green, and blue) regions, the β-FeOOH crystals are standing upright at a tilt (with respect to the plane of the smectic layer) and form approximately a square lattice. In contrast, in the noniridescent (gray and brown) regions, the crystals lie parallel or randomly oriented to each other. By determining the tilt angle of the crystals in the layer and the refractive index of the layer, we have found the thickness of the layer to be close to the wavelength of visible light in the layer. This supports an earlier periodic-spacing model that attempts to explain the origin of the iridescent colors. The AFM images also show that the individual crystal surface is homogeneous crystallographically, thus disputing an earlier bundle-structure model of individual β-FeOOH crystals. Furthermore, the AFM images show that the crystals have stepped surfaces, tapered ends, and either convex or concave ends, thus indicating nonuniform crystal growth. The dry sol surfaces of β-FeOOH have been further investigated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) on a larger scale than is used with AFM. In the SEM images, we have found the following: (1) The in-layer structure of the smectics is, at least locally, square. Although defects destroy the two-dimensional crystalline order, a longer-ranged bond-orientational order still exists. (2) The smectic structures exhibit bending of the directors (which is usually observed in nematics) and overall layer undulation. We have also observed the coexistence of several smectic domains, each of which has a distinct orientation, and mono- and several-folded layers confined in the sols. The smectic structures of dry β-FeOOH sols have been found to be obtained not only from suspensions with attractive-force interparticle interactions but also from those with repulsive-force interactions.
Depth Director: A System for Adding Depth to Movies (2010)

Depth Director is an interactive system for converting 2D footage to 3D. It integrates recent computer vision advances with specialized tools that let users accurately recreate or stylistically manipulate 3D depths.
Monoclonal antibodies to the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus: comparative neutralizing activity (1982)

Nineteen independently isolated hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies to the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus were isolated and studied for their capacity to neutralize viral infectivity. By measuring competitive binding of 125I-labeled monoclonal antibodies in a radioimmunoassay. 11 different, non-cross-reacting antigenic determinants were identified on the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein. All monoclonal antibodies reacting with determinants 1, 2, 3, and 4 resulted in viral neutralization, whereas those binding to the other seven determinants did not neutralize infectivity. The mixture of two monoclonal antibodies binding to different determinants resulted in a more rapid neutralization than either antibody alone, suggesting that different antibodies can exert a synergistic effect on viral neutralization. Kinetic experiments revealed biphasic neutralization curves similar to those expected for heterologous antibody. No evidence could be obtained to relate biphasic kinetics of viral neutralization to heterogeneous populations either of antibody molecules or of virus. The possible significance of the kinetic data with monoclonal antibodies is discussed.
Palladium Mesowire Arrays for Fast Hydrogen Sensors and Hydrogen-Actuated Switches (2002)

Arrays of mesoscopic palladium wires prepared by electrodeposition form the basis for hydrogen sensors and hydrogen-actuated switches that exhibit a response time ranging from 20 ms to 5 s, depending on the hydrogen concentration. These devices were constructed by electrodepositing palladium mesowires on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface and then transferring these mesowires to a cyanoacrylate film supported on a glass slide. The application of silver contacts to the ends of 10-100 mesowires, arrayed electrically in parallel, produced sensors and switches that exhibited a high conductivity state in the presence of hydrogen and a low conductivity state in the absence of hydrogen. After an initial exposure to hydrogen, 15-50 nanoscopic gaps are formed in each mesowire. These nanoscopic gaps or "break junctions" close in the presence of hydrogen gas and reopen in its absence as hydrogen is reversibly occluded by the palladium grains in each wire, and the palladium lattice expands and contracts by several percent. The change in resistance for sensors and switches was related to the hydrogen concentration over a range from 1 to 10%.
Proneness to psychological distress is associated with risk of Alzheimer’s disease (2003)

Proneness to experience psychological distress is a risk factor for AD, an effect independent of AD pathologic markers such as cortical plaques and tangles.