gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bacillus subtilis can modulate its capacity and specificity for protein secretion through temporally controlled expression of the sipS gene for signal peptidase I (1996)

Bacillus subtilis contains three chromosomally encoded type I signal peptidases (SipS, SipT and SipU), which remove signal peptides from secretory precursor proteins. In the present study the biological function of SipS and the regulation of its synthesis were analysed. Unlike the type I signal peptidase of Escherichia coli, SipS was essential neither for protein secretion nor viability of the cell. However, in the absence of SipS the rate of processing of several preproteins was reduced, and four of the seven major secreted proteins of B. subtilis were hardly detectable in the growth medium. Surprisingly, the processing of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase and the secretion of at least two endogenous B. subtilis proteins was improved in the absence of SipS. These findings indicate that the substrate preference of SipS differs from that of SipT and SipU, and that SipS is an important factor determining the efficiency of protein secretion in B. subtilis. SipS is transcribed in a growth phase- and medium-dependent manner. In minimal medium, the growth phase-dependent transcription of sipS is controlled by the DegS-DegU two-component regulatory system, indicating that the expression of sipS is regulated by the same factors that control the expression of most genes for secreted degradative enzymes. Our observations suggest that B. subtilis can modulate its capacity and specificity for protein secretion through the controlled expression of sipS.
Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers and optical fiber tapers: a novel light source (2002)

Broadband continua extending from 400 to 1600 nm are generated in photonic crystal fibers and in tapered conventional optical fibers. The continuum is generated in the fundamental fiber mode. Femtosecond pulses from an unamplified Ti:sapphire laser with energies up to 4 nJ are used, and the resultant spectra from several photonic crystal fibers and taper structures are compared and analyzed.
Characterization and localization of mosquito‐gut receptors for trypsin modulating oostatic factor using a complementary peptide and immunocytochemistry (1994)

The gut receptor of trypsin-modulating oostatic factor (TMOF), a decapeptide hormone that regulates trypsin biosynthesis in the mosquito gut, has been characterized. The binding of TMOF to mosquito gut membranes reached maximum at pH 7.4 and 24 degrees C. No binding was observed at pH 2.5 and the binding to the membranes declined rapidly at pH 8.0. At equilibrium, maximum binding to the receptor was observed at 60 min and 24 degrees C. A synthetic complementary decapeptide NH2-Ile-Leu-Gly-Arg-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-COOH (FOMT) for TMOF successfully competed with the gut receptor, and specifically bound TMOF (Kd = 4 microM and Kassoc = 2.5 x 10(5) M-1). TMOF binding to gut membranes was characterized with FOMT and a specific ELISA to the hormone at 24 and 72 h after blood feeding. Two classes of binding sites were found on the gut membrane; high affinity (Kd1 = 4.6 +/- 0.7 x 10(-7) M; Kassoc = 2.2 x 10(6) M-1 Bmax = 0.1 pmol/gut) and low affinity (Kd2 = 4.43 +/- 1 x 10(-6) M; Kassoc = 2.3 x 10(5) M-1; Bmax = 0.2 pmol/gut). The total binding sites for high and low affinity classes of TMOF per gut were estimated as 6.3 x 10(10) and 1.1 x 10(11) sites, respectively. Specific binding sites on the gut increased after the blood meal and were visualized by immunocytochemical staining. These results suggest that TMOF regulates trypsin biosynthesis by binding to specific receptor sites that are located on the mosquito gut, and that this receptor can be studied using a complementary peptide approach.
Human scale haptic interaction with a reactive virtual human in a realtime physics simulator (2005)

In this paper, we propose a framework for haptic interaction with a reactive virtual human in a physically simulated virtual world. The user controls an avatar in the virtual world via human scale haptic interface and interacts with the virtual human through the avatar. The virtual human recognizes the user's motion and reacts to it. We create a virtual boxing system as an application of the proposed framework. We performed an experiment to evaluate the validity of the reaction of the virtual human. We get confirmation that proposed framework creates realistic reactions and users can easily estimate the input motions of the avatar.
Regulation of Proacrosin Conversion in Isolated Guinea Pig Sperm Acrosomal Apical Segments (1989)

Following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, proacrosin has been identified in extracts of intact guinea spermatozoa as a major silver staining band which reacted immunologically with antibodies made against purified proacrosin from guinea pig testis. Proacrosin exhibited an approximate Mr of 50,000 and was rapidly converted to an Mr 45,000 protein following induction of the acrosome reaction with 2.0 mM CaCl2 and 1 micrograms/ml A23187. Apical segments isolated at pH 6.0 from guinea pig spermatozoa also contained a major silver staining band of Mr 50,000 which cross-reacted with antibodies to guinea pig testis proacrosin. Subcellular fractionation of spermatozoa indicated that proacrosin remained in the particulate fraction of homogenized spermatozoa and was enriched within the isolated acrosomal apical segment. When apical segments isolated at pH 6.0 were incubated at pH 7.5, proacrosin was rapidly converted to the Mr 45,000 form observed in spermatozoa undergoing the acrosome reaction. The conversion process in isolated apical segments was inhibited by leupeptin and was accelerated in the presence of calcium, magnesium, and manganese. Zinc completely inhibited the conversion of proacrosin to the Mr 45,000 protein. Neither proacrosin nor the Mr 45,000 protein were released into the supernatant fluid during the incubation of apical segments at pH 7.5. Furthermore, the proteins were resistant to solubilization by 150 mM NaCl and 1% Triton X-100 but were solubilized by treatment of apical segments with 1 M NaCl. These results provide evidence as to the identity and subcellular distribution of proacrosin in intact guinea pig sperm prior to zymogen conversion and suggest that isolated apical segments exhibit a subset of the exocytotic reactions leading to completion of the acrosome reaction.
[Antioxidant and biological activity of melatonin]. (2001)

Neurohormone melatonin controls the circadian rhytmicity of some biological processes, unites the functions of nervous, endocrine and immune systems. Melatonin is a powerful bioantioxidant, capable to be dissolved in water and lipids, runs through membranes and barriers, accumulates in cell nuclei and protects DNA from oxidative stress. Melatonin displays immunomodulating, radioprotective and antitumor activities.
Myocardial injury‐induced fibroblast proliferation facilitates retroviral‐mediated gene transfer to the rat heart in vivo (2000)

Background Efficient and stable transfer of therapeutic DNA into injured myocardium would be an initial step towards a genetic treatment aimed at myocardial repair after myocardial infarction. Proliferating cardiac fibroblasts in the healing myocardium could be a compelling target for retroviral infection. We evaluated the feasibility of direct in vivo gene transfer into injured myocardium using a high-titer, stable retroviral vector. Methods Using the TE-FLY-A-based MFG retroviral vector harboring nlsLacZ reporter, the gene transfer efficiency was assessed first in vitro in rat cardiac fibroblasts, followed by in vivo evaluation in healing rat myocardium after local freeze–thaw injury. A total of 2.5×107 infectious units of retrovirus were injected into the injured region of a beating rat heart. The transduced cells were identified by X-gal staining and immunohistochemistry. Results Highly efficient transduction of cardiac fibroblasts was observed in vitro with 98% of the cells transduced with single infection. The cell proliferation index in the cardiac granulation tissue appeared maximal 3 days after cryoinjury. Retroviral injection into the injured beating heart induced gene expression localized to the wound repair region. One week after retrovirus injection, 14% of the cells in the reparative tissue were β-gal-positive, while 4% were β-gal-positive after 4 weeks. The transduced cells were mostly myofibroblasts. Conclusions Local gene transfer to the healing rat heart is feasible by retrovirus in vivo. This observation may serve as a useful guide for the development of gene therapy aimed at myocardial repair after myocardial infarction. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A convenient synthesis of 3,4-diaryl(hetaryl)-substituted maleimides and maleic anhydrides (2006)

A convenient procedure has been developed for the synthesis of 3,4-diaryl(or hetaryl)maleimides by cross coupling of N-substituted 3,4-dibromomaleimides with aryl(hetaryl)boronic acids in the presence of Pd(Ph3P)4 and CsF. The reaction ensures high yields of the products and requires relatively small amount of the catalyst; it can be performed on an enlarged scale. The resulting maleimides are readily converted into the corresponding maleic anhydrides.
Regioselectivity in SNH reactions of some 3‐nitro‐1,8‐naphthyridines with chloromethyl phenyl sulfone (1991)

Abstract A number of 2‐X‐3‐nitro‐1,8‐naphthyridines (X= H,D,OH,Cl,NH 2 , OEt) react with the anion of chloromethyl phenyl sulfone exclusively into 2‐X‐3‐nitro‐4‐(phenylsulfonylmethyl)‐1,8‐naphthyridines in high yield. The reaction is found by quantum chemical calculations to be controlled by the interactions of the HOMO of the nucleophile with the LUMO of the substrate, and not by charge.
Analysis of a Het- mutation in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 implicates a secondary metabolite in the regulation of heterocyst spacing (1994)

Transposon-generated mutant N10 of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 has a Het- phenotype (A. Ernst, T. Black, Y. Cai, J.-M. Panoff, D. N. Tiwari, and C. P. Wolk, J. Bacteriol. 174:6025-6032, 1992). Reconstruction of the transposon mutation reproduced a Het- phenotype, but reconstructions with other insertions at the position of the transposon produced strains that form multiple contiguous heterocysts. Sequence analysis around the site of insertion of the transposon showed that the insertion lies within the 5' end of an 861-bp open reading frame (ORF) (hetN). The product of translation of hetN (HetN) shows extensive similarity to NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases that are involved in biosyntheses of fatty acids, poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate, nod factor, and polyketides. A second, 1,518-bp ORF (hetM) that ends 556 bp 5' from the start of hetN appears to encode a protein that has at least two functional domains: its amino terminus is similar to an acyl carrier protein, while its central portion is similar to domains of proteins that perform reductive reactions. A third, 711-bp ORF (hetI) encoded on the opposite strand ends 42 bp away from the 3' end of hetN. The protein encoded by hetI, HetI, is similar to Sfp from Bacillus subtilis and EntD from Escherichia coli, proteins that are required for the biosynthesis or export of cyclic peptides. Clones from a lambda-EMBL3 library that contain the wild-type DNA for hetN do not complement the hetN::Tn5-1063 mutation in N10. The presence of hetN, as the only ORF, on a replicating plasmid suppresses heterocyst formation in wild-type cells, whereas the additional presence of hetI alleviates this effect.
Implementing TCP/IP on a cray computer (1989)

Cray Research has been supplying TCP/IP networking code with its UNICOS operating system since February 1986. In the last three years, this code has been improved and optimized, yielding up to two orders of magnitude improvement in performance. This paper addresses some of the issues that were addressed to achieve these changes, and some of the other changes that have been made to fit the TCP/IP code into a Cray environment.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy May Sustain Antidepressant Effects of Intravenous Ketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression (2017)

CBT may sustain the antidepressant effects of ketamine in treatment-resistant depression. Well-powered randomized controlled trials are warranted to further investigate this treatment combination as a way to sustain ketamine's antidepressant effects.
Respiratory distress and surfactant inhibition following vagotomy in rabbits (1986)

We used the model of bilateral cervical vagotomy of adult rabbits to cause respiratory failure characterized by pulmonary edema, decreased lung compliance, and atelectasis. We documented an 18-fold increase in radiolabeled albumin leak from the vascular space into alveolar washes of vagotomy vs. sham-operated rabbits (P less than 0.01). Despite a twofold increase in percent of prelabeled saturated phosphatidylcholine secreted (P less than 0.01), the alveolar wash saturated phosphatidylcholine pool sizes were not different. The minimum surface tensions were 19.6 +/- 2.5 vs. 9.4 +/- 2.2 dyn/cm for alveolar washes from vagotomy and control rabbits, respectively (P less than 0.01). The soluble proteins from alveolar washes inhibited the surface tension lowering properties of natural surfactant, whereas those from the control rabbits did not (P less than 0.01). When vagotomy rabbits in respiratory failure were treated with 50 mg natural surfactant lipid per kilogram arterial blood gas values and compliances improved relative to control rabbits. Vagotomy results in alveolar pulmonary edema, and surfactant dysfunction despite normal surfactant pool sizes and respiratory failure. A surfactant treatment can improve the respiratory failure.
Increase in circulating stem cells following chemotherapy in man (1976)

The number of circulating granulocytic stem cells (CFU-C) was determined by the in vitro methylcellulose technique in cancer patients receiving intermittent chemotherapy. In 17 patients studied prior to therapy, the median CFU-C concentration per 2 X 10(5) mononuclear cells plated was six, compared to a posttreatment median of 23 in 21 patients (p less than 0.001). Large numbers of stem cells were obtained by leukopheresis and cryopreserved with a 99.5% median CFU-C recovery. Cyclical changes in the concentration of stem cells with maximum values of 20 times baseline were demonstrated in a patient studied at weekly intervals during multiple courses of treatment. It was estimated that, at peak CFU-C concentrations, a quantity of stem cells equivalent to that present in a bulk bone marrow harvest could be obtained from the peripheral blood by a 17-liter pheresis. These results suggest that it may be practical to obtain an adequate number of stem cells from the peripheral blood to study autologous stem cell infusion as a means of averting myelosuppression in patients receiving intensive chemotherapy.
Novel Superdielectric Materials: Aqueous Salt Solution Saturated Fabric (2016)

The dielectric constants of nylon fabrics saturated with aqueous NaCl solutions, Fabric-Superdielectric Materials (F-SDM), were measured to be >10⁵ even at the shortest discharge times (>0.001 s) for which reliable data could be obtained using the constant current method, thus demonstrating the existence of a third class of SDM. Hence, the present results support the general theoretical SDM hypothesis, which is also supported by earlier experimental work with powder and anodized foil matrices: Any material composed of liquid containing dissolved, mobile ions, confined in an electrically insulating matrix, will have a very high dielectric constant. Five capacitors, each composed of a different number of layers of salt solution saturated nylon fabric, were studied, using a galvanostat operated in constant current mode. Capacitance, dielectric constant, energy density and power density as a function of discharge time, for discharge times from ~100 s to nearly 0.001 s were recorded. The roll-off rate of the first three parameters was found to be nearly identical for all five capacitors tested. The power density increased in all cases with decreasing discharge time, but again the observed frequency response was nearly identical for all five capacitors. Operational limitations found for F-SDM are the same as those for other aqueous solution SDM, particularly a low maximum operating voltage (~2.3 V), and dielectric "constants" that are a function of voltage, decreasing for voltages higher than ~0.8 V. Extrapolations of the present data set suggest F-SDM could be the key to inexpensive, high energy density (>75 J/cm³) capacitors.
Biological Diversity in Metastatic Neoplasms: Origins and Implications (1982)

Whether neoplasms are unicellular or multicellular in their origin, the process of tumor evolution and progression can rapidly generate biological diversity. Metastases result from the survival and proliferation of specialized subpopulations of cells within the parent tumor. Metastases may have a clonal origin and different metastases may develop from different progenitor cells. However, as with the primary tumor, the origin of metastases is unimportant since the process of tumor evolution and progression can generate biological diversity within and among different metastatic foci.
Clostridium perfringens TpeL Glycosylates the Rac and Ras Subfamily Proteins (2010)

Clostridium perfringens TpeL belongs to a family of large clostridial cytotoxins that encompasses Clostridium difficile toxin A (TcdA) and B (TcdB) and Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin (TcsL). We report here the identification of the TpeL-catalyzed modification of small GTPases. A recombinant protein (TpeL1-525) derived from the TpeL N-terminal catalytic domain in the presence of streptolysin O (SLO) induced the rounding of Vero cells and the glycosylation of cellular Rac1. Among several hexoses tested, UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) served as cosubstrates for TpeL1-525-catalyzed modifications. TpeL1-525 catalyzed the incorporation of UDP-Glc into Ha-Ras, Rap1B, and RalA and of UDP-GlcNAc into Rac1, Ha-Ras, Rap1B, and RalA. In Rac1, TpeL and TcdB share the same acceptor amino acid for glycosylation, Thr-35. In Vero cells treated with TpeL1-525 in the presence of SLO, glycosylation leads to a translocation of the majority of Rac1 and Ha-Ras to the membrane. We demonstrate for first time that TpeL uses both UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-Glc as donor cosubstrates and modifies the Rac1 and Ras subfamily by glycosylation to mediate its cytotoxic effects.
Distribution of the zot (zonula occludens toxin) gene among strains of Vibrio cholerae 01 and non-01 (1993)

The distribution of the zot gene that encodes the zonula occludens toxin, a newly described toxin of Vibrio cholerae, among clinical, environmental and food isolates of V. cholerae 01 and non-01 was investigated. Both the zot gene and the ctx gene that encode cholera toxin were found in 247 of 257 clinical strains and 62 of 415 environmental or food isolates of V. cholerae 01. The zot gene, but not the ctx gene was found in 37 strains (one clinical strain and 36 environmental or food isolates). In addition, two of 31 clinical strains and six of 98 environmental or food isolates of V. cholerae non-01 possessed both the zot gene and the ctx gene. These results demonstrated the predominantly concurrent occurrence of the zot gene and ctx genes among strains of V. cholerae 01 which suggests a possible synergistic role of ZOT in the causation of acute dehydrating diarrhea produced by V. cholerae 01.
Growth and maintenance of HeLa cells in serum-free medium supplemented with hormones. (1978)

HeLa cells grow in a nutritionally complete synthetic medium (Ham's F12) supplemented with insulin, transferrin, hydrocortisone (aldosterone), fibroblast growth factor, and epidermal growth factor. This hormone-supplemented medium supports clonal growth, long-term cultivation, and a growth rate equal to that of serum-supplemented medium. The omission of any one of the five components results in less than maximal cell growth.
High Superoxide Dismutase Activity of a Novel, Intramolecularly Imidazolato-Bridged Asymmetric Dicopper(II) Species. Design, Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetism of Copper(II) Complexes with a Mixed Pyrazole−Imidazole Donor Set (1997)

A new dinucleating ligand, 1,5-bis(1-pyrazolyl)-3-[bis(2-imidazolyl)methyl] azapentane (Hbpzbiap), containing pyrazoles and imidazoles has been designed and synthesized. The synthesis and characterization of the copper complexes with the ligand Hbpzbiap and its dehydronated form are described. This study is aimed at modeling the active site of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD). Single crystals of the imidazolato-bridged complex [Cu(2)(bpzbiap)Cl(3)] (1) and non-imidazolato-bridged complex [Cu(2)(Hbpzbiap)Cl(4)] (2) were obtained and their structures determined by X-ray diffraction. Both structures show two copper centers in two different coordination environments: a distorted square pyramid and a distorted tetrahedron. The Cu-nitrogen bond lengths range from 1.919(4) to 2.039(3) Å and are as expected. The copper-copper distances from 5.566(1) to 6.104(1) Å being only slightly shorter than that found in bovine erythrocyte SOD. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility study of 1 shows antiferromagnetic behavior with -2J = 96 cm(-)(1). From pH-dependent electron paramagnetic resonance and electronic spectra, [Cu(2)(bpzbiap)Cl(3)] has been demonstrated to be stable over a quite wide pH range including the physiological pH values. A low concentration of this complex (1) catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide at biological pH. Voltammetric studies indicate a quasi-reversible redox behavior in aqueous solution at pH 7. These results clearly indicate that complex 1 is a good model for superoxide dismutase.
The scalable lightwave network (1994)

In principle, an optical network employing wavelength routing, wavelength reuse, and multihop packet switching is modularly scalable to very large configurations in both the hardware and software sense. As such, it is a viable architecture for a new ATM-based telecommunications infrastructure The network architecture considered for a new, scalable, broadband telecommunications infrastructure is based on (1) the use of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and wavelength routing; (2) the translation of signals from one wavelength to another at the access stations; and (3) the use of multihop ATM packet switching. These principles permit networks to be built whose size is essentially unlimited.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Embedding in Epoxy Resins for Ultrathin Sectioning in Electron Microscopy (1960)

Fixed tissue is dehydrated with tertiary butyl alcohol overnight. The following day it is cleared in toluene, infiltrated and embedded in Araldite resin-hardener-accelerator mixture without dibutyl phthalate, and polymerized at 60° C. More rapid than previous techniques, this method gives blocks which do not fracture unduly on trimming and provides sections of soft tissues at 1 μ for phase contrast microscopy, as well as ultrathin sections which cut as easily with glass knives as sections of methacrylate. Araldite manufactured in the U.S.A. and in England are different. Satisfactory proportions for the American are: hardener DDSA, 3.5 ml; casting resin 6005, 5.0 ml; accelerator B, 0.12 ml. For the British product, these are: hardener 964 B, 5.0 ml; casting resin M, 5.0 ml; accelerator 964 C, 0.25 ml. The use of 2% agar for orienting small specimens in Araldite is feasible. Mallory's borax-methylene blue has been applied to the staining of Araldite sections as thin as 0.5 μ mounted on glass slides.