gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MASTER TESTS (1954)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In the article "Negative Master Tests in the Prodromal Stage of Myocardial Infarction" by J. Richard Durham of Wilmington, Del. (The Journal, June 26, 1954, page 826), there are several points on which I wish to comment. In the first place, the title of the paper, "Negative Master Tests," is not correct. Actually, the "two-step" illustrative electrocardiogram is not negative; it is positive, that is, abnormal, since the RS-T segment in precordial lead V<sub>4</sub>is at least 1 mm. below the isoelectric level (P-R interval). The criterion for a positive "two-step" test is an RS-T segment depression of more than 0.5 mm. Hence, the major premise of the paper is false, and the conclusion is necessarily wrong. Furthermore, Dr. Durham does not state whether the single or double "two-step" test was used. This is extremely important, for, if the preliminary single "two-step" test is negative, the
Increased incidence of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 in Hesse, Germany, 2011 to 2013 (2014)

After the first outbreak of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype (RT) 027 in Germany in 2007, no further outbreaks were reported until the recent re-emergence of RT 027 in Hesse, a federal state with 6 million inhabitants located in south-west Germany. We undertook a survey to determine the prevalence of RT 027 and other strains in a prospective study. From January 2011 to July 2013, we analysed 291 specimens from patients diagnosed with C. difficile infection (CDI) in 40 healthcare facilities in Hesse. The mean incidence of CDI in hospitals including at least 10 patients in the survey was 9.9 per 10,000 patient days (range 4.8-22.8) in November 2012. We obtained 214 toxigenic C. difficile isolates. RT 001 was the most prevalent (31.8%). RT 027, the second most common type (26.6%), was prevalent in all hospitals (n=14) from which at least seven isolates were available for typing, but its frequency varied considerably (range: 9.1–70%). The annual frequency of RT 027 increased from 21.4% in 2011 to 30.0% in 2013 (p=0.04). Our study indicates that infections with C. difficile RT 027 are now prevalent in Hesse. It underscores the need for surveillance programmes to analyse the molecular epidemiology of C. difficile.
Management of malignant pleural effusions (2001)

⇓Malignant pleural effusions are a common clinical problem in patients with neoplastic disease. In one post mortem series, malignant effusions were found in 15% of patients who died with malignancies 1. Although there have been no epidemiological studies, the annual incidence of malignant pleural effusions in the United States is estimated to be >150,000 cases (table 1⇓) 2–17. Malignant pleural effusion is also one of the leading causes of exudative effusion; studies have demonstrated that 42–77% of exudative effusions are secondary to malignancy 18, 19. Fig. 1.— Malignant pleural effusions: sensitivity (%) of different biopsy methods (cytological and histological results combined). Presented is a prospective simultaneous comparison (n=208). Fig. 2.— Diagnostic sensitivity of cytology (□) and medical thoracoscopy (![Graphic][1]</img>) in malignant pleural effusions. n-numbers are as follows: lung cancer, 67; non-lung primary, 154; mesothelioma, 66; total, 287. Fig. 3.— View this table: Table 1— Incidence of malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) Nearly all neoplasms have been reported to involve the pleura. In most studies, however, lung carcinoma has been the most common neoplasm, accounting for approximately one-third of all malignant effusions. Breast carcinoma is the second most common. Lymphomas, including both Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, are also an important cause of malignant pleural effusions. Tumours less commonly associated with malignant pleural effusions include ovarian and gastrointestinal carcinomas. In 5–10% of malignant effusions, no primary tumour is identified 12, 13. The incidence of mesothelioma varies according to the geographical location. Post mortem studies suggest that most pleural metastases arise from tumour emboli to the visceral pleural surface, with secondary seeding to the parietal pleura 1, 20. Other possible mechanisms include direct tumour invasion (in lung cancers, chest wall neoplasms, and breast carcinoma), haematogenous spread to parietal pleura, and lymphatic involvement. A malignant tumour can cause a pleural effusion, both directly and indirectly. … [1]: F2/embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Conducting polymers from dimethyl-2,2′-bithiophenes (1987)

B. Krische, J. Hellberg and C. Lilja, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 1476 DOI: 10.1039/C39870001476
Direct Comparison of the BD ProbeTec ET System with In-House LightCycler PCR Assays for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Clinical Specimens (2004)

The commercial BD ProbeTec ET (BDPT) system for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis from clinical specimens was compared with our in-house LightCycler real-time PCR (LC-PCR) assays. Specimens initially positive by the BDPT system were retested by our LC-PCR assays. Our results for C. trachomatis testing indicate a 91.2% agreement when the results of 114 clinical specimens, initially positive by BDPT over a wide range of method-other-than-acceleration (MOTA) scores, were retested by our LC-PCR assay. The agreement between the two systems improved to 96% when only MOTA scores of >30,000 were retested by the LC-PCR assay. The overall agreement between the two systems for Neisseria gonorrhoeae detection from 155 clinical specimens was only 77.4%, with agreement particularly low (24.1%) for MOTA scores ranging from 2,000 to 19,999. Repeat testing of specimens with the BDPT only closely correlated with that seen by others demonstrating that reproducibility of the BDPT system for specimens initially within the MOTA score range from 2,000 to 9,999 is problematic, especially for Neisseria gonorrhoeae testing. With our study, we proposed an algorithm for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae testing which involves screening with the BDPT system followed by selective use of our in-house LC-PCR assays.
Management of Pitfalls for the Successful Clinical Use of Hypothermia Treatment (2009)

Therapeutic hypothermia is a promising method for controlling intracranial pressure (ICP) in severely brain-injured patients. However, clinical data regarding the effect of brain hypothermia on overall outcome of these patients is limited. This may be because there are specific pitfalls associated with the clinical management of induced hypothermia in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). These pitfalls may be avoided by preventing specific risk factors when cooling is induced and with rewarming. However, these risk factors have not been well systematically discussed in the literature. In this paper, three categories of clinical issues regarding the management of brain hypothermia are discussed: (1) stress-induced secondary brain injury mechanisms; (2) technical aspects of intensive care unit (ICU) cooling management; and (3) rewarming rates and methods. For patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of less than 8, management of stress-induced insulin-resistant hyperglycemia, and unstable systemic circulation due to impaired cardiac contractility are especially important. For example, in our experience, posttraumatic hyperglycemia, exacerbated by cooling, may be ameliorated by the administration of a ketone body with mannitol. Prevention of selective free radical damage to neurons is also an important target for successful brain hypothermia treatment. Taken together, it is clear that several orchestrated steps should be initiated to enhance the protective effects of hypothermia therapy and prevent these possible pitfalls.
Amdahl's Law in the Multicore Era (2008)

Augmenting Amdahl's law with a corollary for multicore hardware makes it relevant to future generations of chips with multiple processor cores. Obtaining optimal multicore performance will require further research in both extracting more parallelism and making sequential cores faster.
Effect of Cystine-Binding Thiol Drugs on Urinary Cystine Capacity in Patients with Cystinuria (2005)

Our results demonstrate that CBTDs lower the urinary supersaturation of cystine, as shown by a less-negative or more-positive cystine capacity. Cystine capacity can be measured directly, even in the presence of CBTDs. The value of this measurement lies in the potential to monitor the response to the drug, prescribe the minimum effective dose, and potentially decrease the adverse effects often associated with CBTDs.
Event-related potentials : a methods handbook (2005)

The study of event-related potentials (ERPs) -- signal-averaged EEG recordings that are time-locked to perceptual, cognitive, and motor events -- has increased dramatically in recent years, but until now there has been no comprehensive guide to ERP methodology comparable to those available for fMRI techniques. Event-Related Potentials meets the need for a practical and concise handbook of ERP methods that is suitable for both the novice user of an ERP system and a researcher more experienced in cognitive electrophysiology. The chapters in the first section discuss the design of ERP experiments, providing a practical foundation for understanding the design of ERP experiments and interpreting ERP data. Topics covered include quantification of ERP data and theoretical and practical aspects of ANOVAs as applied to ERP datasets. The second section presents a variety of approaches to ERP data analysis and includes chapters on digital filtering, artifact removal, source localization, and wavelet analysis. The chapters in the final section of the book cover the use of ERPs in relation to such specific participant populations as children and neuropsychological patients and the ways in which ERPs can be combined with related methodologies, including intracranial ERPs and hemodynamic imaging.
Designer Collagen-Fibril Biograft Materials for Tunable Molecular Delivery (2016)

One of the biggest challenges in tissue engineering currently is the formation of a functional microvascular network as part of an engineered tissue graft. Despite many advances in tissue engineering methods, the field still awaits biograft designs that enable neovascularization at clinically relevant size scales. Critical to the design of such materials are tissue-specific physico-mechanical properties and controlled local therapeutic molecular release. The purpose of the current research is to develop such a multifunctional biograft material from type I collagen polymers. Although collagen-based biomaterials have been applied broadly to tissue engineering and local drug delivery applications, persistent shortcomings remain, including poor mechanical properties, rapid proteolytic degradation, and cursory control over physical properties and molecular release profiles. In large part, this is owing to 1) poor characterization of conventional formulations in terms of their molecular composition and 2) inability to fully capitalize on the inherent self-assembly or polymerization capacity of collagen. Here we address current shortcomings through the development of self-assembling, collagen-fibril biograft materials through integrated tissue engineering and molecular delivery design. More specifically, collagen polymers specified by their intermolecular crosslink composition and self-assembly capacity were used to customize and design materials in terms of 1) collagen fibril microstructure and 2) proteolytic degradability, collectively defining overall local molecular release profiles. Application of the designed collagen biograft materials to control vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release for promoting neovascularization and tissue regeneration was shown using an established in-vivo chicken egg chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. Results indicated that the collagen polymers specified by their intermolecular crosslink composition and self-assembly capacity can be used effectively to fashion a broad range of multifunctional collagen-fibril biograft materials with tunable physical and molecular delivery properties in absence of excessive processing and exogenous crosslinking. Further, using heparin affinity-based VEGF retention in collagen constructs, we demonstrated improved and accelerated neovascularization as well as cellularization of the collagen biografts implanted on CAM. These highly porous collagen materials comprise D-banded fibrils, resembling those found in tissues, and maintain their inherent biological signaling properties, thereby providing an ideal platform for integrated tissue engineering and molecular therapy design.
Hypothalamic neuronal histamine as a target of leptin in feeding behavior. (1999)

Leptin, an ob gene product, has been shown to suppress food intake by regulating hypothalamic neuromodulators. The present study was designed to examine the involvement of brain histamine in leptin-induced feeding suppression. A bolus infusion of 1.0 microg leptin into the rat third cerebroventricle (i3vt) elevated the turnover rate of hypothalamic neuronal histamine (P < 0.05) as assessed by pargyline-induced accumulation of tele-methylhistamine (t-MH), a major metabolite of histamine. No remarkable change in the mRNA expression of histidine decarboxylase (HDC), a histamine-synthesizing enzyme, was observed in the hypothalamus after i3vt infusion of leptin. These results indicate that leptin increases histamine turnover by affecting the posttranscriptional process of HDC formation or histamine release per se. As expected, concomitant suppression in 24-h cumulative food intake was also observed after infusion of leptin. Systemic depletion of brain histamine levels by pretreatment with an intraperitoneal injection of 224 micromol/kg alpha-fluoromethylhistidine (FMH), a suicide inhibitor of HDC, attenuated the leptin-induced feeding suppression by 50.7% (P < 0.05). This attenuation of feeding suppression was mimicked by the i3vt infusion of 2.24 micromol/kg FMH before leptin treatment (P < 0.05). In addition, concentrations of hypothalamic histamine and t-MH were lowered in diabetic (db/db) mice, which are known to be deficient in leptin receptors (P < 0.05 vs. lean littermates for each amine), although the amine levels were higher in diet-induced obese rats (P < 0.05 for each amine). Leptin-deficient obese mice (ob/ob) showed lower histamine turnover (P < 0.05 vs. lean littermates), which recovered after leptin infusion. Thus, a growing body of results points to an important role for the hypothalamic histamine neurons in the central regulation of feeding behavior controlled by leptin.
Semantic file systems (1991)

A semantic file system is an information storage system that provides flexible associative access to the system's contents by automatically extracting attributes from files with file type specific transducers. Associative access is provided by a conservative extension to existing tree-structured file system protocols, and by protocols that are designed specifically for content based access. Compatiblity with existing file system protocols is provided by introducing the concept of a virtual directory. Virtual directory names are interpreted as queries, and thus provide flexible associative access to files and directories in a manner compatible with existing software. Rapid attribute-based access to file system contents is implemented by automatic extraction and indexing of key properties of file system objects. The automatic indexing of files and directories is called "semantic" because user programmable transducers use information about the semantics of updated file system objects to extract the properties for indexing. Experimental results from a semantic file system implementation support the thesis that semantic file systems present a more effective storage abstraction than do traditional tree structured file systems for information sharing and command level programming.
Mechanism of Calcium-independent Synaptotagmin Binding to Target SNAREs (2003)

Synaptic vesicle exocytosis requires three SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor attachment protein receptor) proteins: syntaxin and SNAP-25 on the plasma membrane (t-SNAREs) and synaptobrevin/VAMP on the synaptic vesicles (v-SNARE). Vesicular synaptotagmin 1 is essential for fast synchronous SNARE-mediated exocytosis and interacts with the SNAREs in brain material. To uncover the step at which synaptotagmin becomes linked to the three SNAREs, we purified all four proteins from brain membranes and analyzed their interactions. Our study reveals that, in the absence of calcium, native synaptotagmin 1 binds the t-SNARE heterodimer, formed from syntaxin and SNAP-25. This interaction is both stoichiometric and of high affinity. Synaptotagmin contains two divergent but conserved C2 domains that can act independently in calcium-triggered phospholipid binding. We now show that both C2 domains are strictly required for the calcium-independent interaction with the t-SNARE heterodimer, indicating that the double C2 domain structure of synaptotagmin may have evolved to acquire a function beyond calcium/phospholipid binding.
Apoptosis in Toremifene-Induced Growth Inhibition of Human Breast Cancer Cells In Vivo and In Vitro (1993)

Apoptosis as an active, targeted process provides a potential new therapeutic approach for treating breast cancer.
A multicenter phase 2 study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in intermediate- to high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (2007)

This multicenter phase 2 study evaluated the use of tipifarnib (R115777) in patients with poor-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS; French-American-British classification). Patients (n = 82) received tipifarnib 300 mg orally twice daily for the first 21 days of each 28-day cycle. Twenty-six patients (32%) responded to tipifarnib: 12 (15%) complete responses (CRs) and 14 (17%) hematologic improvements; 37 patients (45%) had stable disease (modified International Working Group criteria, 2006). Among the 12 CRs, the median response duration was 11.5 months (range, 2.0-21.9 months), the median time to progression was 12.4 months (range, 3.9-23.8 months), and 7 were still alive at time of analysis (all > 3 years). Median overall survival was 11.7 months (95% CI, 9.4-15.0). Grade 3-4 neutropenia (18%) and thrombocytopenia (32%) were the most common treatment-related adverse events; severe nonhematologic adverse events were rarely reported. In this study, durable responses and acceptable side effects were observed. Tipifarnib is an active agent for the treatment of patients with intermediate- to high-risk MDS.
Parallel pathways for oxidation of 14‐membered polyketide macrolactones in Saccharopolyspora erythraea (2002)

The glycosyltransferases OleG1 and OleG2 and the cytochrome P450 oxidase OleP from the oleandomycin biosynthetic gene cluster of Streptomyces antibioticus have been expressed, either separately or from artificial gene cassettes, in strains of Saccharopolyspora erythraea blocked in erythromycin biosynthesis, to investigate their potential for the production of diverse novel macrolides from erythronolide precursors. OleP was found to oxidize 6-deoxyerythronolide B, but not erythronolide B. However, OleP did oxidize derivatives of erythronolide B in which a neutral sugar is attached at C-3. The oxidized products 3-O-mycarosyl-8a-hydroxyerythronolide B, 3-O-mycarosyl-8,8a-epoxyerythronolide B, 6-deoxy-8-hydroxyerythronolide B and the olefin 6-deoxy-8,8a-dehydroerythronolide B were all isolated and their structures determined. When oleP and the mycarosyltransferase eryBV were co-expressed in a gene cassette, 3-O-mycarosyl-6-deoxy-8,8a-dihydroxyerythronolide B was directly obtained. When oleG2 was co-expressed in a gene cassette together with oleP, 6-deoxyerythronolide B was converted into a mixture of 3-O-rhamnosyl-6-deoxy-8,8a-dehydroerythronolide B and 3-O-rhamnosyl-6-deoxy-8,8a-dihydroxyerythronolide B, confirming previous reports that OleG2 can transfer rhamnose, and confirming that oxidation by OleP and attachment of the neutral sugar to the aglycone can occur in either order. Similarly, four different 3-O-mycarosylerythronolides were found to be substrates for the desosaminyltransferase OleG1. These results provide additional insight into the nature of the intermediates in OleP-mediated oxidation, and suggest that oleandomycin biosynthesis might follow parallel pathways in which epoxidation either precedes or follows attachment of the neutral sugar.
A Proteomic Analysis of Ataxia Telangiectasia-mutated (ATM)/ATM-Rad3-related (ATR) Substrates Identifies the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System as a Regulator for DNA Damage Checkpoints (2007)

ATM (ataxia telangiectasia-mutated) and ATR (ATM-Rad3-related) are proximal checkpoint kinases that regulate DNA damage response (DDR). Identification and characterization of ATM/ATR substrates hold the keys for the understanding of DDR. Few techniques are available to identify protein kinase substrates. Here, we screened for potential ATM/ATR substrates using phospho-specific antibodies against known ATM/ATR substrates. We identified proteins cross-reacting to phospho-specific antibodies in response to DNA damage by mass spectrometry. We validated a subset of the candidate substrates to be phosphorylated in an ATM/ATR-dependent manner in vivo. Combining with a functional checkpoint screen, we identified proteins that belong to the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) to be required in mammalian DNA damage checkpoint control, particularly the G(1) cell cycle checkpoint, thus revealing protein ubiquitylation as an important regulatory mechanism downstream of ATM/ATR activation for checkpoint control.
The Assumptions of Isochronal Cardiac Mapping (1989)

Isochronal maps of cardiac activation are commonly used to study the mechanisms and to guide the ablative therapies of arrhythmias. Little has been written about the assumptions implicit in the construction and use of isochronal cardiac maps. These assumptions include the following: (1) the location of the recording electrodes is known with sufficient accuracy to determine the mechanism of an arrhythmia or to guide therapy; (2) a single, discrete activation time can be assigned to each recording electrode location; (3) the presence or absence of activation at an electrode site can be reliable ascertained, and when activation is present, the time of activation can be determined with sufficient accuracy to specify the mechanism of an arrhythmia or to guide therapy; and (4) the recording electrodes are close enough together that the activation sequence can be estimated with sufficient accuracy to determine the mechanism of an arrhythmia or to guide therapy. The manuscript reviews evidence that these assumptions may not always be true, and when they are not, the isochronal map may be misleading.
Rarität – Anastomosierendes Hämangiom in der männlichen Brust (2014)

Vaskuläre Tumoren der Brust sind selten, treten zu 99 % in der weiblichen Brust auf und sind zu 65 % maligne (Dener C et al. Eur J Surg 2000; 166: 977–979). Man unterscheidet zwei große Gruppen der Gefäßtumoren, zum einen die Gruppe der benignen Hämangiome und zum anderen die Gruppe der malignen Angiosarkome. In folgendem Fall berichten wir über einen männlichen Patienten mit neu aufgetretenem Brusttumor, der sich histologisch als seltene Variante eines sog. compounding haemangioma präsentierte.