gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The expression of adhesion molecules in cigarette smoke-induced airways obstruction (1996)

Cigarette smoking produces peripheral airway inflammation in all smokers, and chronic airways obstruction in approximately 20% of heavy smokers. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that airways obstruction is related to changes in the expression of adhesion molecules involved in the recruitment of cells to sites of inflammation in the lung. Freshly resected lungs from heavy smokers with airways obstruction (n = 10) and from heavy smokers with normal lung function (n = 10) were collected in the operating room, inflated with optimal cutting temperature (OCT) medium and frozen over liquid nitrogen. Six micrometres thick cryostat sections cut from random samples of this tissue were stained, using immunohistochemistry, with monoclonal antibodies to the adhesion molecules on leucocytes: L-selectin, very late activation antigen-4 (VLA-4), CD11a/CD18, CD11b/CD18, CD11c/CD18; and on endothelial and epithelial surfaces: E-selectin, P-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and ICAM-2 using the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technique. The slides were coded and the expression of each molecule scored by three observers using a semiquantitative grading system. Two inducible adhesion molecules, E-selectin on endothelium and CD11b on leucocytes, were also evaluated using quantitative morphometric analysis. The results showed a distribution of adhesion molecules that was consistent with the inflammatory response in the airways and parenchyma of all subjects but failed to show any differences between those with or without airways obstruction. We conclude that development of airways obstruction in heavy smokers cannot be explained by differences in the expression of adhesion molecules known to be involved in the control of cell traffic in the lung.
Studies on the Total Synthesis of Gibberellic Acids. A Simple Route to the Tetracarbocyclic Network (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies on the Total Synthesis of Gibberellic Acids. A Simple Route to the Tetracarbocyclic NetworkE J. Corey, Masayuki. Narisada, Tetsuo. Hiraoka, and Robert A. EllisonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 2, 396–397Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1970Publication History Published online10 December 2002Published inissue 1 January 1970https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00705a608RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views647Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (287 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The role of lipoproteins and receptor-mediated endocytosis in the transport of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. (1986)

The addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 to human monocyte-macrophages cultured in serum results in suppression of scavenger receptor activity. The present studies were performed to examine if the effect on scavenger receptor activity was mediated by LPS alone or by LPS in association with lipoproteins. Radioiodinated LPS (125I-LPS) was added to human plasma in vitro and to normal and hyperlipidemic rabbit plasma in vitro and in vivo to determine the distribution of 125I-LPS among the lipoprotein classes. It was found that all lipoprotein classes bound LPS in direct proportion to their plasma cholesterol concentration. LPS alone was compared to LPS bound to low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein, or reductively-methylated LDL for their abilities to suppress scavenger receptor activity in monocyte-macrophages in lipoprotein-free serum. Only LPS bound to LDL (LPS-LDL) demonstrated an effect similar to that observed when LPS was added to cells in serum. Either unlabeled LDL or unlabeled LPS-LDL complexes competed with the uptake of 125I-LPS-LDL complexes, which appeared to proceed by receptor-mediated endocytosis. In contrast to the uptake of 125I-LDL, the uptake of 125I-LPS-LDL by cultured monocyte-macrophages was not followed by its hydrolysis and the release of its radioactive degradation products into the medium. The association of LPS with lipoproteins was very stable and appeared to be mediated by a lipid-lipid interaction. We hypothesize that LPS bound to lipoproteins may be transported into the artery wall and may initiate the atherosclerotic reaction.
Accuracy limits in the determination of absolute optical properties using time‐resolved NIR spectroscopy (2001)

We assess typical systematic experimental errors involved in a time-resolved measurement as applied to NIR diffuse optical spectroscopy and investigate their effect on the quantification accuracy of the absorption and the reduced scattering coefficient. We demonstrate that common systematic experimental uncertainties may lead to quantification errors of 10% or more, even when excellent signal to noise ratio conditions exist and accurate photon propagation models are employed. We further demonstrate that the accuracy of the calculation depends nonlinearly on the optical properties of the medium measured. High scattering and low absorbing media can be quantified more accurately than media with low scattering or high absorption using measurements of the same signal to noise ratio. We further discuss curve-shape fitting schemes that aid in improving the quantification accuracy in the presence of experimental errors. Finally, we identify uncertainties that set quantification accuracy limits and we find temporal resolution as the ultimate limiting factor in the quantification accuracy achieved. Our findings suggest that temporal resolution of the order of 10 ps is necessary for quantifying the absorption and reduced scattering coefficient of diffuse media with accuracy better than 5% using curve fitting methods. In that sense this analysis can be used in time-resolved system design and in predicting the expected errors given the technology selected for time-resolved measurements.
Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitors Block the Farnesylation of CENP-E and CENP-F and Alter the Association of CENP-E with the Microtubules (2000)

Human tumor cell lines that are sensitive to the effects of farnesyl transferase inhibitors accumulate in G(2) --> M (except for cells with an activated Ha-ras that accumulate in G(1)). A search for CAAX box proteins from Swiss-Prot revealed more than 300 peptides. Of these, the centromeric proteins CENP-E and CENP-F are preferentially expressed during mitosis and are implicated as mediators of the G(2) --> M checkpoint. Experiments performed here show that peptides from the COOH-terminal CAAX box of CENP-E and CENP-F are substrates for farnesyl transferase but not geranylgeranyl transferase-I. Although both proteins are prenylated in the human tumor cell line DLD-1, their prenylation is completely inhibited by the farnesyl transferase inhibitor, SCH 66336. Immunohistochemical data with the lung carcinoma cell line, A549, showed that preventing the farnesylation of CENP-E and CENP-F by treatment with the farnesyl transferase inhibitor SCH 66336 does not affect their localization to the kinetochores. However, the presence of farnesyl transferase inhibitors alters the association between CENP-E and the microtubules. Our results imply that the inhibition of CENP-E farnesylation results in the alteration of the microtubule-centromere interaction during mitosis and results in the accumulation of cells prior to metaphase.
Surface Oxidation and Reduction of CuO and Cu2O Studied Using XPS and XAES (1996)

Using XPS and x-ray-excited Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES), we have studied the variation in surface composition of CuO and Cu2O with a variety of high-vacuum treatments, including vacuum annealing, oxidation and hydrogen reduction. Prolonged annealing of CuO results in the formation of a thick layer of Cu2O at the surface whilst vacuum annealing of Cu2O produces a thin (possibly one monolayer) film of Cu metal. Both bulk Cu2O and the thick Cu2O film generated from vacuum-annealed CuO were oxidized to CuO by heating at 800 K in 1×10-4 mbar O2, the original surface being regenerated with vacuum annealing at the same temperature. Both CuO and Cu2O are reduced to metal at the surface by heating in 1×10-4 mbar hydrogen at 400 K. In the case of CuO, the extent of reduction varies with the thermal history of the sample, with prolonged vacuum annealing producing a more reducible surface. Hydrogen-reduced CuO and Cu2O were both reoxidized on vacuum annealing, demonstrating the diffusion of lattice oxygen to the surface.
Using Writing Process and Product Features to Assess Writing Quality and Explore How Those Features Relate to Other Literacy Tasks (2014)

This paper explores automated methods for measuring features of student writing and determining their relationship to writing quality and other features of literacy, such as reading rest scores. In particular, it uses the e‐rater ® automatic essay scoring system to measure product features (measurable traits of the final written text) and features extracted from keystroke logs to measure process features (measurable features of the writing process). These techniques are applied to student essays written during large‐scale pilot administrations of writing assessments developed for ETS 's CBAL ™ research initiative. The design makes it possible to explore the factor structures of these product and process features and to examine how well they generalize beyond a single test session to predict underlying traits such as writing ability and reading level. Three product factors are identified, connected to fluency, accuracy, and content. The process factors are identified, corresponding to hesitancy behaviors, editing behaviors, and burst span (the extent to which text is produced in long bursts with only short internal pauses). The results suggest that writing process and product features have stable factor structures that generalize to predict writing quality, though there are some genre‐ or task‐specific differences.
THE DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF STRAINS OF WILD CARROT TO 2,4-D AND RELATED HERBICIDES (1963)

Studies were conducted on the effect of 2,4-D and some related herbicides on a susceptible and a resistant strain of wild carrot (Daucus corota L.). When treated with 2,4-D, 4-(2,4-DB) or 4-(MCPB), plants of the susceptible strain died within a few weeks while those of die resistant strain recovered after showing severe injury symptoms. Treatment with 2,4,5-T or silvex killed both the susceptible and resistant strains.Seeds of the two strains, placed in various concentrations of 2,4-D, showed no differences in germination or radicle growth after 7 days. However, sprays of 2,4-D on seedlings just after emergence produced the differential response. Resistance appeared to develop between germination and the cotyledon stage of growth.There were no differences in the effect of 2,4-D on the respiration of whole tissue of the susceptible and resistant wild carrots.
Biodegradable polymer nanoparticles that rapidly penetrate the human mucus barrier (2009)

Protective mucus coatings typically trap and rapidly remove foreign particles from the eyes, gastrointestinal tract, airways, nasopharynx, and female reproductive tract, thereby strongly limiting opportunities for controlled drug delivery at mucosal surfaces. No synthetic drug delivery system composed of biodegradable polymers has been shown to penetrate highly viscoelastic human mucus, such as non-ovulatory cervicovaginal mucus, at a significant rate. We prepared nanoparticles composed of a biodegradable diblock copolymer of poly(sebacic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PSA-PEG), both of which are routinely used in humans. In fresh undiluted human cervicovaginal mucus (CVM), which has a bulk viscosity approximately 1,800-fold higher than water at low shear, PSA-PEG nanoparticles diffused at an average speed only 12-fold lower than the same particles in pure water. In contrast, similarly sized biodegradable nanoparticles composed of PSA or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) diffused at least 3,300-fold slower in CVM than in water. PSA-PEG particles also rapidly penetrated sputum expectorated from the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis, a disease characterized by hyperviscoelastic mucus secretions. Rapid nanoparticle transport in mucus is made possible by the efficient partitioning of PEG to the particle surface during formulation. Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles capable of overcoming human mucus barriers and providing sustained drug release open significant opportunities for improved drug and gene delivery at mucosal surfaces.
Development of 400 µm Pellets by Extrusion‐Spheronization Application with Gelucire 50/02 to Produce a “Sprinkle” Form (2004)

The aim of this study was to develop monodimensional, spherical particles of 400 microm by extrusion-spheronization. An Alexanderwerk GA65 cylinder extruder with two counter-rotating rollers associated with a Caleva model 15 spheronizer were used. The study was made with an auxiliary substance of fatty consistency and with amphiphilic properties: Gelucire 50/02. The plasticity of the mass can be deduced using a piston extruder. Pellet quality can be determined by particle-size analysis and shape estimation by microscopy. Modifications to the cylinders and the extruder itself are required for feasibility studies of extruded materials of 400 microm. The horizontal plate of the spheronizer had to be adapted to take into account the small size of the extruded materials. For the chosen auxiliary substance, Gelucire 50/02, the formulation of the wet mass to be extruded and the conditions required to obtain this mass were defined. The results show the feasibility of 400 microm pellets with Gelucire 50/02. At least 90% of the pellets have a particle size of between 250 microm and 500 microm and particle shape is acceptable. In this form the dose can be adapted to individual patients. After proving the feasibility of 400 microm spheroids of Gelucire 50/02, the association of a drug with it was considered.
Modern Molecular Photochemistry (1978)

During the last two decades the photochemistry of organic molecules has grown into an important and pervasive branch of organic chemistry. In "Modern Molecular Photochemistry", the author brings students up to date with the advances in this field - the development of the theory of photoreactions, the utilization of photoreactions in synthetic sequences, and the advancement of powerful laser techniques to study the mechanisms of photoreactions.
Specificity of Olfactory Receptor Interactions with Other G Protein-coupled Receptors (2007)

Studies on olfactory receptor (OR) pharmacology have been hindered by the poor plasma membrane localization of most ORs in heterologous cells. We previously reported that association with the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)-AR) facilitates functional expression of the OR M71 at the plasma membrane of HEK-293 cells. In the present study, we examined the specificity of M71 interactions with other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). M71 was co-expressed in HEK-293 cells with 42 distinct GPCRs, and the vast majority of these receptors had no significant effect on M71 surface expression. However, co-expression with three subtypes of purinergic receptor (P2Y(1)R, P2Y(2)R, and A(2A)R) resulted in markedly enhanced plasma membrane localization of M71. Agonist stimulation of M71 co-expressed with P2Y(1)R and P2Y(2)R activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway via coupling of M71 to Galpha(o). We also examined the ability of beta(2)-AR, P2Y(1)R, P2Y(2)R, and A(2A)Rto interact with and regulate ORs beyond M71. We found that co-expression of beta(2)-AR or the purinergic receptors enhanced the surface expression for an M71 subfamily member but not for several other ORs from different subfamilies. In addition, through chimeric receptor studies, we determined that the second transmembrane domain of beta(2)-AR is necessary for beta(2)-AR facilitation of M71 plasma membrane localization. These studies shed light on the specificity of OR interactions with other GPCRs and the mechanisms governing olfactory receptor trafficking.
dbSNP: a database of single nucleotide polymorphisms (2000)

In response to a need for a general catalog of genome variation to address the large-scale sampling designs required by association studies, gene mapping and evolutionary biology, the National Cancer for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) has established the dbSNP database. Submissions to dbSNP will be integrated with other sources of information at NCBI such as GenBank, PubMed, LocusLink and the Human Genome Project data. The complete contents of dbSNP are available to the public at website: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP. Submitted SNPs can also be downloaded via anonymous FTP at ftp://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/
Electronic Tongues–A Review (2013)

Sensing technologies for objective evaluation such as the discrimination and quantification of tastes have been developed since around 1990, before the discovery of taste receptors. Electronic tongues aim to discriminate and analyze foods and beverages and are well known as sensing technologies that greatly contribute to quality management. A taste sensor, i.e., an electronic tongue with global selectivity, is developed to realize a sensor that responds to taste chemical substances and can be used to quantify the type of taste focusing on the fact that humans discriminate the taste of foods and beverages on the tongue with the five basic tastes. In this paper, we focus on the taste sensor and describe its sensing principle, its difference from general electronic tongues that do not aim to quantify tastes, examples of its use, and the recent trend of research of electronic tongues.
Expression and Processing of the AIDS Virus Reverse Transcriptase in Escherichia coli (1987)

The ability to express the genes of pathogenic human viruses, such as the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) virus (also called human immunodeficiency virus) in bacterial cells affords the opportunity to study proteins that are ordinarily difficult or inconvenient to obtain in amounts sufficient for detailed analysis. A segment of the AIDS virus pol gene was expressed in Escherichia coli. Expression resulted in the appearance of reverse transcriptase activity in the bacterial cell extracts. The extracts contained two virus-related polypeptides that have the same apparent molecular weights as the two processed forms of virion-derived reverse transcriptase (p66 and p51). The formation of these two polypeptides depended on the coexpression of sequences located near the 5' end of the pol gene, a region that is thought to encode a viral protease. This bacterial system appears to generate mature forms of the AIDS virus reverse transcriptase by a proteolytic pathway equivalent to that which occurs during virus infection of human cells.
Leader length and secondary structure modulate mRNA function under conditions of stress. (1988)

Simian virus 40-based plasmids that direct the synthesis of preproinsulin in cultured monkey cells were used to study the effects of mRNA structure on translational efficiency. Lengthening the leader sequence enhanced translation in this system. The enhancement was most obvious when an unstructured sequence (two, four, or eight copies of the oligonucleotide AGCTAAGTAAGTAAGTA) was inserted upstream from a region of deliberate secondary structure; the degree of enhancement was proportional to the number of copies of the inserted oligonucleotide. Lengthening the leader sequence on the 3' side of a stem-and-loop structure, in contrast, did not offset the potentially inhibitory effect of the hairpin structure. Both the facilitating effect of length and the inhibitory effect of secondary structure were demonstrated most easily under conditions of mRNA competition, which was brought about by an abrupt shift in the tonicity of the culture medium. These experiments suggest a simple structural basis for the long-recognized differential response of viral and cellular mRNAs to hypertonic stress. The fact that the translatability of structure-prone mRNAs varies with changes in the environment may also have general implications for gene expression in eucaryotic cells.
Spectral unmixing of mixed pixels for texture boundary refinement (2002)

Feature-based texture segmentation methods often compute the texture features over a window of finite support converting raw texture descriptors into usable texture features. However, this process has the adverse effect of blurring the texture feature boundaries such that features at pixels close to the boundaries are a mixture of raw descriptors from two distributions. We propose a method which gives the least-squares estimate of the proportional mixture of a pixel feature from the two distributions representing the regions on each side of the boundary. In this manner each pixel may be relabelled according to the region distribution which contributes most to that pixel, thus refining the region boundaries.
Isolated lung transplantation. (1992)

A clinical reality since 1981, lung transplantation is now generally accepted as a useful procedure for patients with end-stage lung disease. Early attempts at lung transplantation were marked by infection, rejection, and, in particular, bronchial dehiscence. Obliterative bronchiolitis, an airway-targeted form of chronic rejection, continues to be a problem. It is associated with all types of lung transplantation and is an important cause of late death. In the past few years advances in surgical technique, organ preservation and postoperative management have all contributed to improved survival and preservation of lung function. The shortage of suitable organ donors remains the limiting factor in clinical programs worldwide and curtails more widespread application of lung transplantation.
Infrared Laser Light Reduces Loading Time of Dental Implants: A Raman Spectroscopic Study (2005)

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess, through near-infrared Raman spectroscopy (NIRS), the incorporation of hydroxyapatite of calcium (CHA; ∼960 cm –1 )—on the healing bone around dental implants submitted or not to low-level laser therapy (LLLT) (λ830 nm). Background Data: The process of maturation of the bone is important for the success of dental implants, as it improves the fixation of the implant to the bone, allowing the wearing of a prosthesis. LLLT has been suggested as a mean of improving bone healing because of its biomodulatory capabilities. Methods: Fourteen rabbits received a titanium implant on the tibia; eight of them were irradiated with λ830-nm laser (seven sessions at 48-h intervals, 21.5 J/cm 2 per session, 10 mW, ϕ∼0.0028 cm 2 , 85 J/cm 2 treatment dose), and six acted as control. The animals were sacrificed at 15, 30, and 45 days after surgery. Specimens were routinely prepared for Raman spectroscopy. Twelve readings were taken on the bone around the implant. Results: The results showed significant differences in the concentration of CHA on irradiated and control specimens at both 30 and 45 days after surgery ( p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: It is concluded that LLLT does improve bone healing, and this can be safely assessed by Raman spectroscopy.