gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Signaling networks guiding epithelial–mesenchymal transitions during embryogenesis and cancer progression (2007)

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) describes the differentiation switch between polarized epithelial cells and contractile and motile mesenchymal cells, and facilitates cell movements and generation of new tissue types during embryogenesis. Many secreted polypeptides are implicated in the EMT process and their corresponding intracellular transduction pathways form highly interconnected networks. Transforming growth factor-beta, Wnt, Notch and growth factors acting through tyrosine kinase receptors induce EMT and often act in a sequential manner. Such growth factors orchestrate the concerted regulation of an elaborate gene program and a complex protein network, needed for establishment of new mesenchymal phenotypes after disassembly of the main elements of epithelial architecture, such as desmosomes, as well as tight, adherens and gap junctions. EMT of tumor cells occurs during cancer progression and possibly generates cell types of the tumor stroma, such as cancer-associated myofibroblasts. EMT contributes to new tumor cell properties required for invasiveness and vascular intravasation during metastasis. Here we present some of the current mechanisms that mediate the process of EMT and discuss their relevance to cancer progression.
Cloning, sequence, and developmental expression analysis of C4-2, a potential brain tumor-suppressor gene (1997)

Expression analysis during brain development strongly suggests that this family of proteins may play an important role not only in normal functioning of the brain, but also during brain development.
Proof for a nonproteinaceous calcium-selective channel in Escherichia coli by total synthesis from ( R )-3-hydroxybutanoic acid and inorganic polyphosphate (1997)

Traditionally, the structure and properties of natural products have been determined by total synthesis and comparison with authentic samples. We have now applied this procedure to the first nonproteinaceous ion channel, isolated from bacterial plasma membranes, and consisting of a complex of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and calcium polyphosphate. To this end, we have now synthesized the 128-mer of hydroxybutanoic acid and prepared a complex with inorganic calcium polyphosphate (average 65-mer), which was incorporated into a planar lipid bilayer of synthetic phospholipids. We herewith present data that demonstrate unambiguously that the completely synthetic complex forms channels that are indistinguishable in their voltage-dependent conductance, in their selectivity for divalent cations, and in their blocking behavior (by La3+) from channels isolated from Escherichia coli. The implications of our finding for prebiotic chemistry, biochemistry, and biology are discussed.
Electrolysis of CO2 to Syngas in Bipolar Membrane-Based Electrochemical Cells (2016)

The electrolysis of CO2 to syngas (CO + H2) using nonprecious metal electrocatalysts was studied in bipolar membrane-based electrochemical cells. Electrolysis was carried out using aqueous bicarbonate and humidified gaseous CO2 on the cathode side of the cell, with Ag or Bi/ionic liquid cathode electrocatalysts. In both cases, stable currents were observed over a period of hours with an aqueous alkaline electrolyte and NiFeOx electrocatalyst on the anode side of the cell. In contrast, the performance of the cells degraded rapidly when conventional anion- and cation-exchange membranes were used in place of the bipolar membrane. In agreement with earlier reports, the Faradaic efficiency for CO2 reduction to CO was high at low overpotential. In the liquid-phase bipolar membrane cell, the Faradaic efficiency was stable at about 50% at 30 mA/cm2 current density. In the gas-phase cell, current densities up to 200 mA/cm2 could be obtained, albeit at lower Faradaic efficiency for CO production. At low overpotentials in the gas-phase cathode cell, the Faradaic efficiency for CO production was initially high but dropped within 1 h, most likely because of dewetting of the ionic liquid from the Bi catalyst surface. The effective management of protons in bipolar membrane cells enables stable operation and the possibility of practical CO2 electrolysis at high current densities.
Genetic progression and clonal relationship of recurrent premalignant head and neck lesions. (2000)

We constructed a preliminary genetic progression model for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) based on the frequency of genetic alterations in preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions from single biopsy specimens. To firmly establish the temporal order of established genetic events in HNSC, we sampled serial biopsies from five patients with recurrent premalignant lesions at a single anatomic site over a period of time (1 month to 144 months). These lesions were examined by microsatellite analysis of the minimal regions of loss on the 10 most frequently lost chromosomal arms in HNSC. Each set of serial biopsies from all five patients demonstrated LOH (loss of heterozygosity) of identical alleles at multiple loci with identical boundaries between areas of LOH and retention of heterozygosity, indicating a common clonal origin for each set. Three patients demonstrated genetic progression (new regions of LOH) over time correlating with histopathological progression, one patient demonstrated lack of genetic progression associated with unchanged histopathological morphology, and one patient demonstrated histopathological progression without detection of a corresponding genetic progression event. For one of these patients with a laryngeal tumor, at least four separate steps in progression to malignancy could be determined, accompanied by spatial expansion of an increasingly altered clonal population from the ipsilateral to the contralateral side, ultimately resulting in a malignancy. Microsatellite-based genetic analysis of recurrent premalignant lesions indicates that these lesions arise from a common clonal progenitor, followed by outgrowth of clonal populations associated with progressive genetic alterations and phenotypic progression to malignancy.
An active scene analysis-based approach for pseudoconstant bit-rate video coding (1998)

Digital video transmission across the network is now widely used in the Internet community. Visual information transmission will no doubt play an important role in a future national information infrastructure (NII). Very often, however, the channel bandwidth is fixed. Therefore, video coding based on an appropriate bit-rate control is a key to the success of accommodating visual communication in NII. In this paper, an extremely efficient rate-control algorithm for pseudoconstant bit rate video coder is proposed. The proposed technique, adaptive scene analysis, intelligently collects required information to obtain estimated bit counts from the previous, present, and future frames. This collected intelligent information is then employed to govern the resource allocation so that better objective quality can be achieved under the bit-rate restriction. Combined with a series of dynamic rate-control schemes, the proposed algorithm demonstrates impressive quality transition between successive frames. In addition, the bit-rate irregularities caused by dramatic scene transition can be smoothed out in a very short period. A comparison with the MPEG-2 Test Model 5 is also presented in this paper.
Positive force feedback in bouncing gaits? (2003)

During bouncing gaits (running, hopping, trotting), passive compliant structures (e.g. tendons, ligaments) store and release part of the stride energy. Here, active muscles must provide the required force to withstand the developing tendon strain and to compensate for the inevitable energy losses. This requires an appropriate control of muscle activation. In this study, for hopping, the potential involvement of afferent information from muscle receptors (muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs) is investigated using a two-segment leg model with one extensor muscle. It is found that: (i) positive feedbacks of muscle-fibre length and muscle force can result in periodic bouncing; (ii) positive force feedback (F+) stabilizes bouncing patterns within a large range of stride energies (maximum hopping height of 16.3 cm, almost twofold higher than the length feedback); and (iii) when employing this reflex scheme, for moderate hopping heights (up to 8.8 cm), an overall elastic leg behaviour is predicted (hopping frequency of 1.4-3 Hz, leg stiffness of 9-27 kN m(-1)). Furthermore, F+ could stabilize running. It is suggested that, during the stance phase of bouncing tasks, the reflex-generated motor control based on feedbacks might be an efficient and reliable alternative to central motor commands.
Cold gas-particle flows in a new swirl pulverized coal burner by PDPA measurement (2000)

A new type of swirl burner has been developed to stabilize pulverized\|coal combustion by burning different types of coal at different loads and to reduce NO x formation during combustion. The burner uses a device to concentrate the coal powder in the primary\|air tube that divides the primary coal\|air into two streams with different pulverized\|coal concentrations. This paper reports the measurement of gas\|particle flows at the exit of the different swirl burners using a 3\|D Phase Doppler Particle Anemometer (PDPA). The effect of different geometrical configurations on the two\|phase flow field is studied. The results that give the two\|phase flow fields and particle concentrations show the superiority of the new swirl burner. 
Effect of Increasing Foliage and Soil Reflectivity on the Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Grain Sorghum1 (1976)

Abstract The effect of increasing foliage and soil reflectivity on yield and water use efficiency of grain Sorghum crops ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) grown under arid conditions with stored soil water only, was studied during 3 years of randomized block field experiments. Suspensions of kaolin were sprayed on the soil and/or foliage at different growth stages to select the most effective placement and timing for the treatment. Soil‐only applications were ineffective in increasing yields but canopy sprays resulted in an additional yield of 446 kg/ha, or 11% over the unsprayed controls, averaged over the 3 years of experimentation. The most effective period for foliage sprays started seven weeks after seedling emergence and ended 10 days later, immediately before the panicles emerged. During this period, known to be critical for Sorghum grain yield response to water status, the yield response averaged 2 kg grain/1 kg kaolin applied. Neither the total seasonal water use nor the rate of soil water depletion was affected by the foliage reflectance treatment. It is concluded that under arid conditions, kaolin suspensions sprayed twice on the foliage of unirrigated grain Sorghum crops during the prepanicle‐emergence stage shows promise as an effective method of increasing grain yield.
Designing Small-Molecule Switches for Protein-Protein Interactions (2000)

Mutations introduced into human growth hormone (hGH) (Thr175 --> Gly-hGH) and the extracellular domain of the hGH receptor (Trp104 --> Gly-hGHbp) created a cavity at the protein-protein interface that resulted in binding affinity being reduced by a factor of 10(6). A small library of indole analogs was screened for small molecules that bind the cavity created by the mutations and restore binding affinity. The ligand 5-chloro-2-trichloromethylimidazole was found to increase the affinity of the mutant hormone for its receptor more than 1000-fold. Cell proliferation and JAK2 phosphorylation assays showed that the mutant hGH activates growth hormone signaling in the presence of added ligand. This approach may allow other protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions to be switched on or off by the addition or depletion of exogenous small molecules.
Targeting ion channels for the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders (2011)

Gastrointestinal (GI) functional and motility disorders are highly prevalent and responsible for long-term morbidity and sometimes mortality in the affected patients. It is estimated that one in three persons has a GI functional or motility disorder. However, diagnosis and treatment of these widespread conditions remains challenging. This partly stems from the multisystem pathophysiology, including processing abnormalities in the central and peripheral (enteric) nervous systems and motor dysfunction in the GI wall. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are central to the generation and propagation of the cyclical electrical activity and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are responsible for electromechanical coupling. In these and other excitable cells voltage-sensitive ion channels (VSICs) are the main molecular units that generate and regulate electrical activity. Thus, VSICs are potential targets for intervention in GI motility disorders. Research in this area has flourished with advances in the experimental methods in molecular and structural biology and electrophysiology. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the complex and variable electrical behavior of ICCs and SMCs remains incomplete. In this review, we focus on the slow waves and action potentials in ICCs and SMCs. We describe the constituent VSICs, which include voltage-gated sodium (Na(V)), calcium (Ca(V)), potassium (K(V), K(Ca)), chloride (Cl(-)) and nonselective ion channels (transient receptor potentials [TRPs]). VSICs have significant structural homology and common functional mechanisms. We outline the approaches and limitations and provide examples of targeting VSICs at the pores, voltage sensors and alternatively spliced sites. Rational drug design can come from an integrated view of the structure and mechanisms of gating and activation by voltage or mechanical stress.
Anti-CD47 antibodies induce phagocytosis of live, malignant B cells by macrophages via the Fc domain, resulting in cell death by phagoptosis (2017)

When expressed on the surface of cells, CD47 inhibits phagocytosis of these cells by phagocytes. Most human cancers overexpress CD47, and antibodies to CD47 have shown a remarkable ability to clear a range of cancers in animal models. However, the mechanism by which these antibodies cause cancer cell death is unclear. We find that CD47 is expressed on the surface of three B-cell lines from human malignancies: 697 (pre-B-ALL lymphoblasts), Ramos and DG-75 (both mature B-cells, Burkitt's lymphoma), and anti-CD47 antibodies greatly increase the phagocytosis of all three cell line by macrophages. In the presence of macrophages, the antibodies cause clearance of the lymphoblasts within hours, but in the absence of macrophages, the antibodies have no effect on lymphoblast viability. Macrophages engulf viable lymphoblasts containing mitochondria with a normal membrane potential, but following engulfment the mitochondrial membrane potential is lost indicating a loss of viability. Inhibition of phagocytosis protects lymphoblasts from death indicating that phagocytosis is required for anti-CD47 mediated cell death. Blocking either the antibody Fc domain or Fc receptors inhibits antibody-induced phagocytosis. Antibodies against cell surface markers CD10 or CD19 also induced Fc-domain-dependent phagocytosis, but at a lower level commensurate with expression. Thus, phagoptosis may contribute to the efficacy of a number of therapeutic antibodies used in cancer therapy, as well as potentially endogenous antibodies. We conclude that anti-CD47 antibodies induce phagocytosis by binding CD47 on lymphoblast and Fc receptors on macrophages, resulting in cell death by phagocytosis, i.e. phagoptosis.
Basic Chemistry and Process Conditions for Reaction Flavours with Particular Focus on Maillard‐Type Reactions (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction General aspects of the Maillard reaction cascade Important aroma compounds derived from Maillard reaction in food and process flavours Preparation of process flavours Outlook References
Prolonged Mild Hypothermia Therapy Protects the Brain Against Permanent Focal Ischemia (2001)

Background and Purpose —The efficacy of hypothermic intervention for permanent focal ischemia has yet to be clarified. This study investigated the effect of a prolonged moderate or mild hypothermia on permanent focal ischemia in rats. Methods —Two permanent focal ischemia models in male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Moderate (30°C, in experiment 1) or mild (33°C, in experiment 2) hypothermia was achieved at the time of the induction of focal ischemia and was maintained for 2 hours under general anesthesia. Thereafter, the hypothermic condition was maintained by means of a cold room for a total of 24 hours. The infarct volume and neurological function were analyzed for a maximum of 21 days and compared with that of the normothermia group. Regional cerebral blood flow was monitored for 6 hours in the ischemic core and penumbra region. Results —In experiment 1, the total infarct volume in the normothermic group was 368±59 mm 3 ; in contrast, it was significantly smaller in the hypothermia group: 169±33 mm 3 at 48 hours (mean±SEM, P &lt;0.05). In experiment 2, the infarct volume was 211±19 mm 3 in the normothermia group and 88±15 mm 3 in the hypothermia group at 21 days ( P &lt;0.05). There were significant differences in neurological function from days 2 through 21 between the two groups. Mean regional cerebral blood flow in the penumbra region increased to a level &gt;50% of baseline. Conclusions —Prolonged mild hypothermia suppressed the development of cerebral infarct and neurological deficit chronically after the induction of permanent focal ischemia.
alpha-Tocopherol attenuates myocardial membrane-related alterations resulting from ischemia and reperfusion (1989)

Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion have been shown to result in damage to the phospholipid components of cardiac myocyte cell membranes as indicated by the tissue accumulation of unesterified fatty acids (UFA). A portion of this damage and subsequent dysfunction may be a consequence of free radical-induced membrane lipid peroxidative events. alpha-Tocopherol, a lipophilic antioxidant, was used in this study as an agent by which the extent of ischemia and reperfusion injury might be decreased. Increasing rat myocardial tissue levels of alpha-tocopherol by 51% was found to attenuate lipid perturbations as determined by the accumulation of tissue UFA in an isolated heart model of global ischemia and reperfusion. Nontreated hearts made ischemic for 25 min with 30 min of reflow had a significantly increased total UFA level of 5,961 +/- 799 nmol/mg protein (P less than 0.05) compared with control perfused hearts containing 3,116 +/- 463 nmol UFA/mg protein and with alpha-tocopherol-treated ischemic and reperfused hearts containing 3,066 +/- 365 nmol UFA/mg protein. Contractile dysfunction, excessive accumulation of tissue calcium, and release of lactate dehydrogenase after ischemia and reperfusion were also reduced, demonstrating protective effects in alpha-tocopherol-treated hearts. Thus alpha-tocopherol proved effective in the attenuation of ischemia and reperfusion damage. These results suggest that reducing lipid alterations may prove beneficial in protecting against membrane damage subsequent to ischemia and reperfusion.
Postscript to Chapter 16 (1986)

The survey of developments in Chinese philosophy and religion between Han and T'ang constitutes one of the last major publications of Paul Demieville in a career that stretched from the days of Chavannes and Pelliot to the more recent efflorescence in Paris of the study of Chinese religion. Recent Chinese writings on the Yellow Turbans have for the most part preferred to emphasize the social and political background to the uprising of 184. Certainly the past decade has shown how the Taoist canon can be used to amplify the history of Taoism in southern China, which in Demieville's narrative is subsumed under accounts of its three leading figures, Ko Hung, Lu Hsiu-ching, and T'ao Hung-ching. For although all three of these men were southerners, aristocrats, and scholars, a close reading of materials in the canon has shown that the position of Ko Hung in the history of Taoism is very different from that of Lu or T'ao.
Photoinduced Bragg Gratings in Optical Fibers (1994)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text WILLIAM W. MOREY, GARY A. BALL, and GERALD MELTZ, "Photoinduced Bragg Gratings in Optical Fibers," Optics & Photonics News 5(2), 8-14 (1994) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Hepatotoxic Effects of Tacrine Administration in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease (1994)

These data suggest that the potential for serious hepatic toxicity can be reduced through careful monitoring of ALT levels in patients who may benefit from tacrine therapy.
Low power IC clock tree design (2002)

When reliability to process variations becomes an important issue, wires in the clock-tree must be made extremely wide to limit the process skew to a specified tolerable value. Due to the resultant increase in the overall capacitance, the power dissipation in clock-net is dramatically increased. We demonstrate that in spite of buffer mismatches and an additional component of power dissipation due to their short-circuit currents, the clock tree power can be significantly reduced by buffer insertion given the constraint on allowable process-variation dependent skew and maximum current densities (electromigration).
[Thermographic thorax diagnostics]. (1978)

Among several variants of devices the infra-red thermography has obtained a wide technical perfection allowing to measure the thermal energy emitted from the body surface without contact, quickly and dynamically, and to produce a picture for analysis. Since numerous functional and pathophysiological proceedings are connected with changes of temperature, the use of thermography for diagnosis of processes near the body surface may be recommended. Based on thermic observations in 63 patients and a control experiment in 15 persons, experiences with the thermography in the diagnosis of diseases, which are localized more profoundly in the thoracic cavity, were reported.
Direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in respiratory specimens by Gen-Probe Amplified Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Test and Roche Amplicor Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Test (1995)

Two hundred and fifty-six sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, and bronchial and tracheal aspirate specimens from 243 patients were tested for the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by auramine fluorochrome staining, rRNA target amplification (Gen-Probe Amplified Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Test [AMTD]), and PCR (Roche Amplicor Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Test [Amplicor PCR]. The results were compared with those of conventional Löwenstein-Jensen tube culture and BACTEC radiometric liquid culture. A total of 26 specimens from 18 patients were culture positive for M. tuberculosis. In addition, seven specimens were positive by staining and by culture for other Mycobacterium species but negative by nucleic acid amplification methods and were not included in the comparison. When compared with that for culture, the sensitivities of the techniques were as follows: for staining, 80.8%; for Gen-Probe AMTD, 84.6%; and for Roche Amplicor PCR, 84.6%. The specificities were 99.1, 98.7, and 99.1%, respectively. After resolution of discrepant results by review of the patients' clinical data, 29 specimens from 21 patients were considered positive, and the overall sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values were 89.7, 100, 100, and 98.7% for culture; 75.9, 99.5, 95.7, and 96.9% for staining; 86.2, 100, 100, and 98.2% for Gen-Probe AMTD; and 82.8, 100, 100, and 97.9% for Roche Amplicor PCR, respectively. It is concluded that both nucleic acid amplification methods are rapid, sensitive, and specific methods for the detection of M. tuberculosis in respiratory specimens.