gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Purification and characterization of chimeric human IgA1 and IgA2 expressed in COS and Chinese hamster ovary cells. (1993)

Ag-specific chimeric human IgA molecules, of the two human subclasses, IgA1 and IgA2, have been expressed in two mammalian cell systems. Analysis of the secreted IgA molecules, purified in milligram quantities from stable Chinese hamster ovary transfectants by Ag affinity chromatography, has allowed a direct comparison of the biologic properties of the two subclasses. HPLC gel filtration analysis revealed that in both subclasses, the IgA molecules associate predominantly into dimers. The monomer units are presumed to interact noncovalently, inasmuch as no dimers are evident when the antibodies are subjected to SDS-PAGE. The recombinant antibodies are glycosylated, inasmuch as a lectin blotting procedure revealed that the H chains of both subclasses are recognized by Con A. When subjected to digestion by preparations of IgA1-specific proteases secreted by two pathogenic streptococcal strains, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus oralis, the recombinant IgA molecules behave just as their natural equivalents. Thus, only the chimeric IgA1 molecule is cleaved, with the IgA2 remaining intact. In terms of interaction with natural effector molecules, both recombinant IgA isotypes were shown to interact with Fc alpha receptors on calcitriol-stimulated HL-60 cells with similar affinity, but neither antibody was found to interact with human C1q. The expression system described readily permits manipulation of the human IgA genes, which should lead to a fuller molecular understanding of how this important antibody mediates its function.
Smiles Rearrangement of 2-(1-Methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-ylthio)acetamides and Their Sulfonyl Derivatives. (1991)

The Smiles rearrangement of 2-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-ylthio)acetamides and their sulfonyl derivatives occurred under basic conditions to yield 5-amino-1-methyl-1H-tetrazole derivatives in excellent yields.
Dissecting and Exploiting Intermodular Communication in Polyketide Synthases (1999)

Modular polyketide synthases catalyze the biosynthesis of medicinally important natural products through an assembly-line mechanism. Although these megasynthases display very precise overall selectivity, we show that their constituent modules are remarkably tolerant toward diverse incoming acyl chains. By appropriate engineering of linkers, which exist within and between polypeptides, it is possible to exploit this tolerance to facilitate the transfer of biosynthetic intermediates between unnaturally linked modules. This protein engineering strategy also provides insights into the evolution of modular polyketide synthases.
Anti-DNA:RNA Antibodies and Silicon Photonic Microring Resonators: Increased Sensitivity for Multiplexed microRNA Detection (2011)

In this paper, we present a method for the sensitive detection of microRNAs (miRNAs) utilizing an antibody that specifically recognizes DNA:RNA heteroduplexes and a silicon photonic microring resonator array transduction platform. Microring resonator arrays are covalently functionalized with DNA capture probes that are complementary to solution phase miRNA targets. Following hybridization on the sensor, the anti-DNA:RNA antibody is introduced and binds selectively to the heteroduplexes, giving a larger signal than the original miRNA hybridization due to the increased mass of the antibody, as compared to the 22-mer oligoribonucleotide. Furthermore, the secondary recognition step is performed in neat buffer solution and at relatively higher antibody concentrations, facilitating the detection of miRNAs of interest. The intrinsic sensitivity of the microring resonator platform coupled with the amplification provided by the anti-DNA:RNA antibodies allows for the detection of microRNAs at concentrations as low as 10 pM (350 amol). The simplicity and sequence generality of this amplification method position it as a promising tool for high-throughput, multiplexed miRNA analysis as well as a range of other RNA based detection applications.
Electrostatic force spectroscopy of a single InAs quantum dot (2001)

Electrostatic force microscopy at cryogenic temperatures was used to probe the electrostatic interaction between a conductive atomic force microscopy tip and electronic charges trapped in an InAs quantum dot. Measurement of the self-oscillation frequency shift of the cantilever as a function of tip-sample bias voltage revealed discrete jumps at certain voltages when the tip was positioned above a quantum dot. These jumps are attributed to single-electron filling of the electronic states of the quantum dot. The estimated resonant energies of two s-states and four p-states are compared with the experimental data obtained for an ensemble of quantum dots by the capacitance measurement technique.
Hybrid energy storage systems and battery management for electric vehicles (2013)

Electric vehicles (EV) are considered as a strong alternative of internal combustion engine vehicles expecting lower carbon emission. However, their actual benefits are not yet clearly verified while the energy efficiency can be improved in many ways. The carbon emission benefits from EV is largely diminished if we charge EV with electricity from petroleum power plants due to power loss during generation, transmission, conversion and charging. On the other hand, regenerative braking is direct power conversion from the wheel to battery and one of the most important processes that can enhance energy efficiency of EV. Power loss during regenerative braking can be reduced by hybrid energy storage system (HESS) such that supercapacitors accept high power as batteries have small rate capability.
Atomic‐Step‐Templated Formation of Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Patterns (2004)

Mind the step! Single-wall carbon nanotubes grow along the atomic steps of vicinal α-Al2O3 surfaces to give highly aligned arrays of nanometer-wide wires on a dielectric material. The nanotubes (see blue background image) reproduce the atomic features of the surface including steps, facets, and kinks (see model). The direction and morphology of the atomic steps can be controlled by the crystal miscut.
Treatment of Advanced Parkinson's Disease (2010)

Patients at late stage Parkinson's disease (PD) develop several motor and nonmotor complications, which dramatically impair their quality of life. These complications include motor fluctuations, dyskinesia, unpredictable or absent response to medications, falls, dysautonomia, dementia, hallucinations, sleep disorders, depression, and psychosis. The therapeutic management should be driven by the attempt to create a balance between benefit and side effects of the pharmacological treatments available. Supportive care, including physical and rehabilitative interventions, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and nursing care, has a key role in the late stage of disease. In this review we discuss the several complications experienced by advance PD patients and their management. The importance of an integrative approach, including both pharmacological and supportive interventions, is emphasized.
Acitretin versus etretinate in severe psoriasis. A double-blind randomized Nordic multicenter study in 168 patients. (1989)

The efficacy and tolerability of acitretin (etretin) in severe psoriasis was compared with that of etretinate in a double-blind randomized study for 12 weeks. A total of 127 patients received acitretin and 41 received etretinate. The initial daily dose was 40 mg/day over 4 weeks and was subsequently adjusted according to individual response. From week 5-12 the mean daily dose was 42.9 mg of acitretin (0.58 mg/kg) versus 49.2 mg of etretinate (0.65 mg/kg). Acitretin gave a PASI score reduction from baseline of 70.5% and etretinate a reduction of 68.4% (mean values). Acitretin tended to give more discomfort than etretinate, particularly with regard to hair loss and peeling of palms and soles. The differences found between acitretin and etretinate may be related to higher maximum plasma concentrations of acitretin. The considerably shorter half-life of acitretin, gives it a great advantage over etretinate with regard to risk of teratogenicity after cessation of treatment.
Tactile Sensing for Mobile Manipulation (2011)

Tactile information is valuable in determining properties of objects that are inaccessible from visual perception. In this paper, we present a tactile perception strategy that allows a mobile robot with tactile sensors in its gripper to measure a generic set of tactile features while manipulating an object. We propose a switching velocity-force controller that grasps an object safely and reveals, at the same time, its deformation properties. By gently rolling the object, the robot can extract additional information about the contents of the object. As an application, we show that a robot can use these features to distinguish the internal state of bottles and cans-purely from tactile sensing-from a small training set. The robot can distinguish open from closed bottles and cans and full ones from empty ones. We also show how the high-frequency component in tactile information can be used to detect movement inside a container, e.g., in order to detect the presence of liquid. To prove that this is a hard recognition problem, we also conducted a comparative study with 17 human test subjects. The recognition rates of the human subjects were comparable with that of the robot.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Is a Secreted Angiogenic Mitogen (1989)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was purified from media conditioned by bovine pituitary folliculostellate cells (FC). VEGF is a heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells that is able to induce angiogenesis in vivo. Complementary DNA clones for bovine and human VEGF were isolated from cDNA libraries prepared from FC and HL60 leukemia cells, respectively. These cDNAs encode hydrophilic proteins with sequences related to those of the A and B chains of platelet-derived growth factor. DNA sequencing suggests the existence of several molecular species of VEGF. VEGFs are secreted proteins, in contrast to other endothelial cell mitogens such as acidic or basic fibroblast growth factors and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor. Human 293 cells transfected with an expression vector containing a bovine or human VEGF cDNA insert secrete an endothelial cell mitogen that behaves like native VEGF.
Efficient similarity joins for near-duplicate detection (2011)

With the increasing amount of data and the need to integrate data from multiple data sources, one of the challenging issues is to identify near-duplicate records efficiently. In this article, we focus on efficient algorithms to find a pair of records such that their similarities are no less than a given threshold. Several existing algorithms rely on the prefix filtering principle to avoid computing similarity values for all possible pairs of records. We propose new filtering techniques by exploiting the token ordering information; they are integrated into the existing methods and drastically reduce the candidate sizes and hence improve the efficiency. We have also studied the implementation of our proposed algorithm in stand-alone and RDBMS-based settings. Experimental results show our proposed algorithms can outperform previous algorithms on several real datasets.
Elevation of B-type natriuretic peptide levels in acute respiratory distress syndrome (2003)

There is evidence for BNP elevation in the absence left ventricular dysfunction. This case is an example of impressively high BNP levels associated with ARDS, probably attributable to right ventricular overload due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance.
Why is CpG suppressed in the genomes of virtually all small eukaryotic viruses but not in those of large eukaryotic viruses? (1994)

Dinucleotide over- and underrepresentation is evaluated in all available completely sequenced DNA or RNA viral genomes, ranging in size from 3 to 250 kb (available RNA viruses fall into the small-virus category). The dinucleotide CpG is statistically underrepresented (suppressed) in all but four of the small viruses (more than 75 with lengths of < 30 kb) but has normal relative abundances in most large viruses (> or = 30 kb). Most retrotransposons in eukaryotic species also show low CpG relative abundances. Interpretations, especially in some cases of DNA viruses or viruses with a DNA intermediate, might relate to methylation effects and modes of viral integration and excision. Other possible contributing factors relate to dinucleotide stacking energies, special mutation mechanisms, and evolutionary events.
Behavior Recognition via Sparse Spatio-Temporal Features (2006)

A common trend in object recognition is to detect and leverage the use of sparse, informative feature points. The use of such features makes the problem more manageable while providing increased robustness to noise and pose variation. In this work we develop an extension of these ideas to the spatio-temporal case. For this purpose, we show that the direct 3D counterparts to commonly used 2D interest point detectors are inadequate, and we propose an alternative. Anchoring off of these interest points, we devise a recognition algorithm based on spatio-temporally windowed data. We present recognition results on a variety of datasets including both human and rodent behavior.
Dense Spectral Beam Combining with Volume Bragg Gratings in PTR Glass (2006)

An incoherent combination of laser radiation from multiple sources into a single near-diffraction-limited beam is an important problem of high power laser design. Energy brightness, but not spectral brightness, can be increased using spectral beam combining (SBC). Initially, SBC was proposed on the basis of conventional surface gratings; however, it was found later that volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) are more efficient for high density SBC with narrow separation between channels. Spectral beam combining by means of VBGs is based on the fact that diffraction efficiency at some wavelength offset from Bragg condition is zero. At this shifted wavelength, the second beam passes the grating without diffraction and is combined with a diffracted beam. Recently, a technique for high-efficiency VBG recording in photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass has been developed. While being photosensitive in the UV, PTR glass offers high transmittance in the near-IR and visible parts of spectrum, comparable to commercial optical glasses. Moreover, this glass has excellent mechanical properties and refractive index independent of temperature. These features of PTR glass enable VBGs in PTR glass to withstand high-power laser radiation, making them ideal elements for high-power SBC. Multi-kilowatt-power level for spectrally combined beams can be achieved by increasing spectral density of laser channels, i.e. decreasing spectral separation between them. The goal of this work is to explore high density SBC with PTR VBGs and determine limitations to channel density.
<title>Linear Total Internal Reflection Spatial Light Modulator For Laser Printing</title> (1982)

This paper describes an alternative technique to laser scanning for nonimpact printing on a photosensitive medium. The laser light is formed into a line of illumination which illuminates a linear array of light modulators which in turn is imaged onto the photoreceptor. This array is implemented as a total internal reflection (TIR) spatial light modulator, with the electrodes and drive electronics fabricated on an integrated drive element which is placed against the total reflection surface of an electro-optic crystal. The localized change in index of refraction produced by the fringing field between each two electrodes is read out with Schlieren readout optics which image the TIR interface onto the photoreceptor. This paper will describe the basic device concept, present measurements on the required electrode spacing, length, and drive voltage, discuss analytically and experimentally the cacteristics of the relay imaging system, and show experimental results for modulators built with simple test electrode structures and a passively addressed full scale silicon device.
Cyclic urea nucleosides. Cytidine deaminase activity as a function of aglycon ring size (1981)

Five beta-D-ribofuranosyl cyclic urea nucleosides (14-18), ranging in ring size from five to eight membered, were synthesized and evaluated as cytidine deaminase (CDA) inhibitors. The precursor protected nucleosides (9-13) were prepared by a condensation procedure utilizing persilylated ureas with a halo sugar under the specific catalytic activity of a HgO/HgBr2 mixture which provided exclusively the beta-anomers. Catalytic hydrogenation of known 1-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-ribofuranosyl)-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-2-one (19) afforded nucleoside 10 identical with that obtained by the mercury-catalyzed condensation procedure. CDA activity varies significantly with the ring size of the urea aglycon the reaches its maximum level for the seven-membered analogues 16 and 17. The unexpected high potency of nucleoside 17 (Ki = 2.5 X 10(-8) M, human liver enzyme) is reported. This compound represents the most potent inhibitor of human liver CDA yet discovered.
Synthesis and Reactions of Some New Substituted Pyridine and Pyrimidine Derivatives as Analgesic, Anticonvulsant and Antiparkinsonian Agents (2005)

A series of substituted pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized as analgesic, anti convulsant, and antiparkinsonian agents by using compounds 1, 2, and 9 as starting materials. Pyr idino-imide derivative 3 was prepared by condensation of 1 with tetrachlorophthalic anhydride and compounds 4 and 5 were also obtained by reaction of compound 1 with 1,2,4,5-benzene-tetra carboxylic dianhydride and 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, respectively. Similarly, compound 2 was reacted with previous anhydrides to afford the corresponding imide 6 and bis-imide derivatives 7 and 8, respectively. Bis-arylmethylene derivatives 9 were treated with hydrogen peroxide to afford the corresponding bis-oxiranocycloalkanone derivatives 10, which condensed with thiourea to give the corresponding thioxopyrimidine derivatives 11. Treatment of compound 11 with chloroacetic acid in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate afforded the corresponding thiazolopyrim idine derivative 12 which condensed with aromatic aldehydes in acetic acid/acetic anhydride to give arylmethylene derivative 13. Also, compounds 13 could be prepared by reaction of compounds 11 with chloroacetic acid, aromatic aldehydes, and sodium acetate in a mixture of acetic acid and acetic anhydride. The pharmacological screening showed that many of these obtained compounds have good analgesic, anticonvulsant, and antiparkinsonian activities comparable to Valdecoxib, Carbamazepine, and Benzatropine as reference drugs.
PRKX, TTBK2 and RSK4 expression causes sunitinib resistance in kidney carcinoma‐ and melanoma‐cell lines (2011)

Resistance to chemotherapeutic agents constitutes a major problem in the treatment of cancer. Over the past years, multi-targeted protein kinase inhibitors such as Gleevec, Sunitinib and Sorafenib are gaining wider acceptance for cancer treatment. These drugs show anti-tumor activity in vitro and in patients. Extended usage of these drugs in therapy commonly results in disease progression due to formation of resistance caused by rearrangements and accumulation of mutations in the unstable cancer cell genome. However, the underlying drug-specific mechanisms for the development of resistance remain elusive. Hence, a detailed understanding of the molecular genetic events involved in this processes is pivotal to counteract are not directly targeted by Sunitinib (unpublished data). Therefore, development of specific or multi-targeted inhibitors for these kinases for combinatorial therapy with e.g., an IL-8 neutralizing antibody might circumvent or substantially delay Sunitinib resistance formation and enhance survival prognosis. PRKX, TTBK2 and RSK4 expression. The specific reduction of these genes employing siRNA was sufficient to sensitize the kidney- and melanoma-cell lines against Sunitinib. In line with the elevated expression of PRKX, TTBK2 or RSK4, this sensitization effect was strikingly higher in the Sunitinib resistant cell lines, suggesting an expression-based mechanism of these genes to trigger Sunitinib resistance. Hence, we propose that PRKX, TTBK2 and RSK4 are potential resistance markers in Sunitinib therapy and might therefore represent targets for the development of novel strategies to overcome resistance.
Ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ and retinoic acid receptor inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of human breast cancer cells in vitro and in BNX mice (1998)

Induction of differentiation and apoptosis in cancer cells through ligands of nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) is a novel and promising approach to cancer therapy. All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), an RA receptor-specific NHR ligand, is now used for selective cancers. The NHR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is expressed in breast cancer cells. Activation of PPARgamma through a synthetic ligand, troglitazone (TGZ), and other PPARgamma-activators cause inhibition of proliferation and lipid accumulation in cultured breast cancer cells. TGZ (10(-5) M, 4 days) reversibly inhibits clonal growth of MCF7 breast cancer cells and the combination of TGZ (10(-5) M) and ATRA (10(-6) M, 4 days) synergistically and irreversibly inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of MCF7 cells, associated with a dramatic decrease of their bcl-2 protein levels. Similar effects are noted with in vitro cultured breast cancer tissues from patients, but not with normal breast epithelial cells. The observed apoptosis mediated by TGZ and ATRA may be related to the striking down-regulation of bcl-2, because forced over-expression of bcl-2 in MCF7 cells cultured with TGZ and ATRA blocks their cell death. TGZ significantly inhibits MCF7 tumor growth in triple immunodeficient mice. Combined administration of TGZ and ATRA causes prominent apoptosis and fibrosis of these tumors without toxic effects on the mice. Taken together, this combination may provide a novel, nontoxic and selective therapy for human breast cancers.
Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced tumor promotion and epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity in mouse skin by palmitoylcarnitine. (1986)

Palmitoylcarnitine, which has been reported to be an inhibitor of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C), inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced epidermal ornithine decarboxylase in mouse skin in a dose-dependent manner. Neither acetylcarnitine nor palmitic acid inhibited TPA-caused ornithine decarboxylase induction. In addition, palmitoylcarnitine markedly inhibited skin tumor promotion induced by TPA. Palmitoylcarnitine inhibited epidermal protein kinase C activity which was stimulated by Ca2+ in the presence of phosphatidylserine but failed to inhibit the enzyme activity which was stimulated by TPA in the presence of either phosphatidylserine or Ca2+ plus phosphatidylserine. Therefore, it seems unlikely that the potent anti-tumor-promoting action of palmitoylcarnitine, which is shown in the present study, is explained solely by its effect on protein kinase C.
Exenatide effects on statin pharmacokinetics and lipid response (2007)

Despite observed changes in lovastatin bioavailability in the pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, exenatide did not negatively affect long-term lipid profiles or statin dosage in patients with concurrent statin therapy. Thus, co-administration of exenatide does not require adjustment in statin dosage.