gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipid composition and fluidity of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope and host cell plasma membranes. (1993)

Previous studies have indicated that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is enclosed with a lipid envelope similar in composition to cell plasma membranes and to other viruses. Further, the fluidity, as measured by spin resonance spectroscopy, is low and the viral envelope is among the most highly ordered membranes analyzed. However, the relationship between viral envelope lipids and those of the host cell is not known. Here we demonstrate that the phospholipids within the envelopes of HIV-1RF and HIV-2-L are similar to each other but significantly different from their respective host cell surface membranes. Further, we demonstrate that the cholesterol-to-phospholipid molar ratio of the viral envelope is approximately 2.5 times that of the host cell surface membranes. Consistent with the elevated cholesterol-to-phospholipid molar ratio, the viral envelopes of HIV-1RF and HIV-2-L were shown to be 7.5% and 10.5% more ordered than the plasma membranes of their respective host cells. These data demonstrate that HIV-1 and HIV-2-L select specific lipid domains within the surface membrane of their host cells through which to emerge during viral maturation.
Rule-Based Interpretation of Aerial Imagery (1985)

In this paper, we describe the organization of a rule-based system, SPAM, that uses map and domain-specific knowledge to interpret airport scenes. This research investigates the use of a rule-based system for the control of image processing and interpretation of results with respect to a world model, as well as the representation of the world model within an image/map database. We present results on the interpretation of a high-resolution airport scene wvhere the image segmentation has been performed by a human, and by a region-based image segmentation program. The results of the system's analysis is characterized by the labeling of individual regions in the image and the collection of these regions into consistent interpretations of the major components of an airport model. These interpretations are ranked on the basis of their overall spatial and structural consistency. Some evaluations based on the results from three evolutionary versions of SPAM are presented.
Eudragit®: a technology evaluation (2012)

Eudragits are amorphous polymers having glass transition temperatures between 9 to > 150(o)C. Eudragits are non-biodegradable, nonabsorbable, and nontoxic. Anionic Eudragit L dissolves at pH > 6 and is used for enteric coating, while Eudragit S, soluble at pH > 7 is used for colon targeting. Studies in human volunteers have confirmed that pH drops from 7.0 at terminal ileum to 6.0 at ascending colon, and Eudragit S based systems sometimes fail to release the drug. To overcome the shortcoming, combination of Eudragit S and Eudragit L which ensures drug release at pH < 7 has been advocated. Eudragit RL and RS, having quaternary ammonium groups, are water insoluble, but swellable/permeable polymers which are suitable for the sustained release film coating applications. Cationic Eudragit E, insoluble at pH ≥ 5, can prevent drug release in saliva and finds application in taste masking.
Recombinant factor VIIa for patients with inhibitors to factor VIII or IX or factor VII deficiency (1999)

Inhibitors to factor VIII (FVIII) or IX (FIX) in patients with haemophilia A or B create a challenging problem for the treatment of these patients. Recombinant FVIIa (rFVIIa; NovoSeven, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) is a realistic treatment option, owing to its specific mode of action and lack of immunogenicity. This was a multicentre, open-label, compassionate-use trial in patients with severe haemophilia A (FVIII:C < 1%) or B (FIX:C < 1%) with inhibitors, acquired antibodies to FVIII or FIX, or FVII deficiency (FVII:C < 5%), for whom alternative therapies had failed or were contraindicated. Patients received rFVIIa treatment for life- or limb-threatening bleeding episodes or for coverage during essential surgery. The mean rFVIIa dose was approximately 90 microg kg-1 for haemophilia A/B and acquired inhibitor patients, and 25 microg kg-1 for FVII-deficient patients. Efficacy data for 67 treatment episodes (45 bleeding episodes, 22 surgical procedures) are presented; seven patients were treated for a concurrent serious bleeding episode and surgical procedure. At the end of treatment, rFVIIa was effective or partially effective in 85% of serious bleeding episodes. During surgery, bleeding was assessed as none or less than or equivalent to normal in 91% of surgical procedures; postoperatively, 91% of procedures were associated with no or minimal oozing. During 60 separate treatment episodes, 26 adverse events (22 nonserious, four serious) were reported in 15 patients, during 17 bleeding episodes or surgical procedures. Only 10 were considered as having a possible, probable, or unknown relationship with rFVIIa; of these, fever (n=2) and thrombophlebitis (n=3) were the most common. There was no evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. In conclusion, rFVIIa is an effective, well-tolerated treatment for serious bleeding episodes and bleeding associated with surgical procedures in patients with severe haemophilia A/B with inhibitors, acquired inhibitors, or FVII deficiency.
Adenovirus-mediated p53 gene transfer in patients with advanced recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. (1998)

Patients were safely injected intratumorally with Ad-p53. Objective antitumor activity was detected in several patients. The infectious Ad-p53 in body fluids was asymptomatic, and suggests that systemic or regional treatment may be tolerable. These results suggest the further investigation of Ad-p53 as a therapeutic agent for patients with HNSCC.
Enhancement by hypoxia of human erythropoietin gene transcription in vitro. (1990)

Erythropoietin (Epo) gene transcription is stimulated in Hep3B cells under hypoxic conditions. We have prepared transcriptionally active nuclear extracts from normal and hypoxia-induced Hep3B cells and shown that the hypoxic extracts produce a consistent increase in the level of Epo transcription in vitro, relative to control Hep3B cells. Hypoxic treated HeLa cells failed to express the endogenous Epo gene in vivo, and extracts prepared from them did not show increased Epo transcription in vitro. The Epo transcript which is induced in vitro is initiated at the same site as Epo RNA synthesized in intact Hep3B cells and in human kidney adenocarcinoma cells. This system will facilitate the purification and analysis of factors and sequences required for Epo gene transcription in response to changes in tissue oxygen tension.
Learning to find eye region landmarks for remote gaze estimation in unconstrained settings (2018)

Conventional feature-based and model-based gaze estimation methods have proven to perform well in settings with controlled illumination and specialized cameras. In unconstrained real-world settings, however, such methods are surpassed by recent appearance-based methods due to difficulties in modeling factors such as illumination changes and other visual artifacts. We present a novel learning-based method for eye region landmark localization that enables conventional methods to be competitive to latest appearance-based methods. Despite having been trained exclusively on synthetic data, our method exceeds the state of the art for iris localization and eye shape registration on real-world imagery. We then use the detected landmarks as input to iterative model-fitting and lightweight learning-based gaze estimation methods. Our approach outperforms existing model-fitting and appearance-based methods in the context of person-independent and personalized gaze estimation.
The state of the art of electric and hybrid vehicles (2002)

In a world where environment protection and energy conservation are growing concerns, the development of electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) has taken on an accelerated pace. The dream of having commercially viable EVs and HEVs is becoming a reality. EVs and HEVs are gradually available in the market. This paper will provide an overview of the present status of electric and hybrid vehicles worldwide and their state of the art, with emphasis on the engineering philosophy and key technologies. The importance of the integration of technologies of automobile, electric motor drive, electronics, energy storage, and controls and also the importance of the integration of society strength from government, industry, research institutions, electric power utilities, and transportation authorities are addressed. The challenge of EV commercialization is discussed.
Flow microfluorometric analysis of sperm DNA content: Effect of cell shape on the fluorescence distribution (1976)

Abstract The DNA content of individual sperm from populations of acriflavine‐stained cells was investigated by analysis of fluorescence frequency distributions obtained with high‐resolution flow‐systems instruments. Sperm with spherical or cylindrical heads from three mollusk species produce narrow, symmetric fluorescence distributions. Flat sperm heads from six eutherian species produce asymmetric distributions consisting of a peak with a lateral extension to higher fluorescence values. The unexpected shape of these distributions was shown to be due to the flat geometry and high refractive index of the sperm heads in conjunction with the orthogonal axes of flow, excitation, and detection in the flow‐systems instruments. The theoretical and experimental results indicate that the lateral extension can be eliminated either by controlling the sperm orientation with planar flow conditions or by accounting for sperm orientation by means of orientation sensing.
Cell-mediated immunity in patients with carcinoma.Correlation between clinical stage and immunocompetence (1976)

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was evaluated in 82 patients with non-lymphoid tumors by in vivo and in vitro methods. These included skin test with ubiquitous antigens, 2,4 dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) sensitization, determination of T and B peripheral blood lymphocytes, and lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The patients were divided into two groups: those with localized and those with disseminated disease (LD and DD). The patients with LD showed no significant differences in CMI when compared with normal controls. The patients with DD showed various defects in CMI when compared with controls and patients with LD. There were significant differences in the response to DNCB, and streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD) was the most discriminative of the skin-test antigens. The response to PHA was greatly depressed in patients with DD, whether in the presence of autologous or homologous plasma; in some patients a factor inhibiting to blastogenesis was detected in the serum. In patients with DD, a T-cell lymphopenia was observed. These data showed a correlation between immunocompetence and clinical stage.
An improved retroviral vector encoding the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene increases antitumor efficacy in vivo. (1995)

Brain tumors have been treated clinically by intratumoral injection of cells that produce retroviral vectors encoding the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene followed by systemic administration of the antiviral drug ganciclovir. In vitro and in vivo comparisons of two different HSV-TK vector producer clones, which were made using standard transfection and transinfection techniques, were conducted. The two clones, PA317/G1TkSvNa.53 (TK.53) and PA317/G1Tk1SvNa.7 (TK1.7), both used in clinical trials, differ with respect to sequences 3' to the HSV-TK stop codon. The retroviral construct used to generate the TK.53 vector producer cell clone contains an open reading frame encoding a portion of the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein H (gH), a potential polyadenylation site and a putative splice site in this region. These sequences were removed from the retroviral construct used to create the TK1.7 vector producer cell clone. Supernatants obtained from TK1.7 vector producer cells had 100- to 1000-fold higher titers (G418 or HAT) than did corresponding supernatants from TK.53 vector producer cells. A murine subcutaneous tumor model was used to assess transduction efficiency and antitumor activity of each vector producer cell clone. In vivo tumor cell transduction was 13- to 18-fold more efficient with TK1.7 cells as compared with TK.53 cells at equivalent doses. Complete tumor ablation was achieved using a 10-fold lower dose of TK1.7 cells as compared with TK.53 cells. These results suggest that TK1.7 cells combined with ganciclovir may provide a more potent antitumor response in humans.
Colchicine inhibition of microtubule assembly via copolymer formation. (1979)

Colchicine.tubulin complex (CD) inhibits microtubule assembly. We examined this inhibition under conditions where spontaneous nucleation was suppressed and assembly was restricted to an elongation polymerization. We found that CD inhibited assembly by a mechanism which preserved the ability of microtubule ends to add tubulin. This observation is inconsistent with the end-poisoning model which recently was proposed as a general mechanism for assembly inhibition by CD. Our data are consistent with the following model: (a) microtubules formed in the presence of CD are CD-tubulin copolymers; (b) these copolymers can have appreciable numbers of incorporated CDs which are, most likely, randomly distributed in the copolymers; (c) CD-tubulin copolymers have assembly-competent ends with association and dissociation rate constants which decrease as the CD/tubulin ratio in the copolymers, (CD/T)MT, increases; and (d) the critical tubulin concentrations required for microtubule assembly increase in the presence of CD, indicating that copolymer affinity for tubulin decreases as (CD/T)MT increases.
Construction of Viscoelastic Biocompatible Films via the Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Hyaluronan and Phosphorylcholine-Modified Chitosan (2007)

Films of hyaluronan (HA) and a phosphorylcholine-modified chitosan (PC-CH) were constructed by the polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) deposition technique and their buildup in 0.15 M NaCl was followed by atomic force microscopy, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR), and dissipative quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The HA/PC-CH films were stable over a wide pH range (3.0-12.0), exhibiting a stronger resistance against alkaline conditions as compared to HA/CH films. The loss and storage moduli, G' and G", of the films throughout the growth of eight bilayer assemblies were derived from an impedance analysis of the QCM data recorded in situ. Both G' and G" values were one order of magnitude lower than the moduli of HA/CH films. The fluid gel-like characteristics of HA/PC-CH multilayers were attributed to their high water content (50 wt %), which was estimated by comparing the surface coverage values derived from SPR and QCM measurements. Given the versatility of the PEM methodology, HA/PC-CH films are attractive tools for developing biocompatible surface coatings of controlled mechanical properties.
The Antisense Transcriptomes of Human Cells (2008)

Transcription in mammalian cells can be assessed at a genome-wide level, but it has been difficult to reliably determine whether individual transcripts are derived from the plus or minus strands of chromosomes. This distinction can be critical for understanding the relationship between known transcripts (sense) and the complementary antisense transcripts that may regulate them. Here, we describe a technique that can be used to (i) identify the DNA strand of origin for any particular RNA transcript, and (ii) quantify the number of sense and antisense transcripts from expressed genes at a global level. We examined five different human cell types and in each case found evidence for antisense transcripts in 2900 to 6400 human genes. The distribution of antisense transcripts was distinct from that of sense transcripts, was nonrandom across the genome, and differed among cell types. Antisense transcripts thus appear to be a pervasive feature of human cells, which suggests that they are a fundamental component of gene regulation.
Subsidence of the Femoral Prosthesis (1985)

A quantitative three-dimensional measurement method, radiographic stereophotogrammetry (SPG), was employed to assess the relation between early subsidence of the femoral prosthesis after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and subsequent clinical course. The SPG technique and the authors' error control mechanisms are described in 15 patients in the early postoperative period, and the findings are correlated with those of follow-up clinical examinations. Among the 12 patients who remained clinically asymptomatic with respect to pain, only one had an SPG estimate of subsidence in excess of 1 mm at any point in time. Each of the three patients who later became symptomatic had SPG estimates of subsidence in excess of 1.75 mm within six months of the operation. Thus far, the patient with the largest estimate of subsidence is the only one who required surgical revision.
Use of epinephrine in the treatment of anaphylaxis (2003)

Several major themes have emerged from this review of the recent literature. The finding that the intramuscular route of administration for epinephrine is superior has now been recognized by the guidelines, and because the site of choice has been found to be the lateral aspect of the thigh, the needle used for injection must be long enough to penetrate the vastus lateralis muscle. The reasons for the underutilization of epinephrine in the treatment of anaphylaxis are also discussed. Other important findings include the fact that outdated EpiPens can usually be administered safely, and alternative routes of administration, which may be more acceptable to patients, may be on the horizon as a result of preliminary studies assessing the administration of sublingual epinephrine by wafer. Finally, it is now understood that epinephrine prescription data may be one of our best tools to study the epidemiology and incidence of anaphylactic episodes.
Traffic Management for Planned Special Events Using Traffic Microsimulation Modeling and Tabletop Exercises (2010)

This article describes the use of microsimulation for traffic management of special events, including evacuations and traffic incidents. Specifically, the research employed tabletop exercises using the microsimulation software TransModeler to present traffic management alternatives for special events to stakeholders. The exercises involved analysis of evacuation or egress conditions with current traffic management plans, review of possible high-impact incident scenarios, and testing and formulation of improvements to current traffic management procedures, including incident response. Two case studies were developed for the tabletop exercises; one the evacuation of a minor-league baseball stadium and another concerned with vehicular egress plans for a large urban indoor arena. Both venues were in New York State's Capital District region. The results demonstrated that the real-time use of microsimulation during a tabletop exercise elicited many new traffic management strategies. Also, a cost–benefit analysis of using microsimulation models in conjunction with tabletop exercises for these types of events was explored. The project was made possible by funding from the New York State Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration.
Applications of Water-Soluble Polymers in the Oil Field (1981)

Summary Water-soluble polymers commonly used in the oil field are reviewed. The properties of guar, guar derivatives, cellulose derivatives, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, starches, and synthetic polymers, especially polyacrylamides, are discussed and related to chemical structures of the polymers. Original data comparing polymer solution viscosity properties under identical conditions are presented. These data include effect of polymer concentration on solution viscosity, temperature effect on solution viscosity, viscosity in acidic solution, and polymer solution viscosity in the presence of a hemicellulase enzyme. Introduction Water-soluble polymers are used extensively in various phases of drilling, completion, workover, and production of oil and gas wells. 1,2 In spite of widespread use, the connotation "polymers" (macromolecules) still confuses many people involved in oilfield work. This confusion is due in part to the wide variety of commercially available polymers, which are generally organic and have a carbon-based structure. The lack of understanding and appreciation of polymers and their properties severely restricts the selection of the best polymer for the particular application under consideration. The purpose of this paper is to define clearly the commonly used but often misunderstood terminology. The paper defines the term polymer and distinguishes between homopolymers, copolymers, block copolymers, and graft copolymers. The chemical structures of most commonly used naturally occurring polymers, chemically modified naturally occurring polymers, and synthetic polymers are shown. Attempts are made to describe how physical and chemical properties of these organic polymers are regulated by their chemical structures. Use of these polymers in drilling, cementing, fracturing, acidizing, controlling water production, preventing sand production, clay stabilization, lost circulation, and enhanced recovery, where known, is described. Polymer Definition Ethylene gas (CH2=CH2, boiling point˜-152°F, molecular weight=28), under proper chemical conditions, will combine with hundreds or thousands of other ethylene molecules to form a solid product called polyethylene, with a molecular weight in the millions. This polymer is familiar to everyone as packaging film and can be seen at any supermarket meat counter. This conversion of ethylene to polyethylene is called polymerization - the chemical combination of many small molecules to form a very large molecule.3–6 Polymer Definition Ethylene gas (CH2=CH2, boiling point˜-152°F, molecular weight=28), under proper chemical conditions, will combine with hundreds or thousands of other ethylene molecules to form a solid product called polyethylene, with a molecular weight in the millions. This polymer is familiar to everyone as packaging film and can be seen at any supermarket meat counter. This conversion of ethylene to polyethylene is called polymerization - the chemical combination of many small molecules to form a very large molecule.3–6
The small luteal cell of the sheep. (1979)

Corpora lutea of sheep were examined by electron microscopy at day 10 of the oestrous cycle and at days 15, 25, 50, 100, 125 and 140 of pregnancy. Small luteal cells were present in all corpora lutea, and were two to three times as numerous as large luteal cells. The former were irregular in shape, with tapering cytoplasmic processes. Their major cytoplasmic organelles were a predominantly smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria with tubular and lamellar cristae, and one or more Golgi complexes. The enzyme delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was present in their cytoplasm. Small luteal cells were often interposed between large luteal cells and capillaries, and formed close, complex surface relationships with large luteal cells. Small and large luteal cells differed in many ways, including the restriction of numerous approximately 0.2 micron cytoplasmic granules to the large cells, and no cells of intermediate structure were observed. These features of small luteal cells suggest a steroid hormone synthetic function, and direct interaction with large luteal cells.