gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proton NMR Based Investigation of the Effects of Temperature and NaCl on Micellar Properties of CHAPS (2011)

The effects of temperature and NaCl on the micellization of CHAPS, a zwitterionic detergent widely used in membrane protein studies, have been investigated by NMR spectroscopy. We found that the two apparent critical micelle concentration (cmc) values of CHAPS decrease with the increase of temperature, as well as the NaCl concentration. The thermodynamic parameters derived from the temperature-dependent cmc values show that the micellization process is spontaneous and exothermic, and the van der Waals interaction is likely to be the main factor for the micellization of CHAPS. The micellar hydrodynamic radii remain almost the same in a range of 100-600 mM NaCl, indicating that the aggregate states of CHAPS are not sensitive to the change of the surrounding conditions. In addition, the dependence of nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) intensities on temperatures further demonstrates the existence of the unique staggered micellar structure of CHAPS at a concentration above the apparent second cmc, which was suggested in our previous work. Our results provide a basis for optimizing CHAPS concentration in the solubilization or stabilization of membrane proteins under nondenaturing conditions and may be helpful to understand its interaction with proteins.
Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19): What Are We Learning in a Country With High Mortality Rate? (2020)

No abstract available
Scalars (2004)

The essence of programming is computation—we want the computer to do some work with the input (the data we give it). Very rarely do we write programs that tell us something we already know. Even more rarely do we write programs that do nothing interesting with our data at all. So, if we're going to write programs that do more than say hello to us, we're going to need to know how to perform computations, or operations on our data.KeywordsExchange RateString OperatorOctal NumberQuotation MarkFloat Point NumberThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Whole body and plasma protein synthesis in exercise and recovery in human subjects (1990)

The effect of 4 h of exercise at 40% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) on protein metabolism was assessed in normal volunteers maintained on a diet containing 42 kcal.kg-1.day-1 and either 0.9 or 2.5 g protein.kg-1.day-1. Primed constant infusions of [1,2-13C]-leucine and [15N]glycine enabled the quantitation of whole body protein turnover and also the fractional synthetic rates (FSR) of albumin, fibrinogen, and fibronectin. In subjects who did not exercise, the fractional synthetic rates (%/day) on normal and high-protein intakes, respectively, were as follows: albumin, 10 +/- 1 and 9 +/- 1; fibrinogen, 21 +/- 3 and 18 +/- 1; and fibronectin, 31 +/- 3 and 34 +/- 3. Neither exercise nor recovery had an effect of whole body protein turnover or on albumin FSR, but the FSR of fibronectin was significantly elevated at the end of exercise, and fibrinogen was significantly elevated in recovery. Dietary protein intake had no major effect on the response to exercise. Thus, in response to exercise, there is a stimulation of the synthesis of some acute phase proteins, which may be a mechanism whereby nitrogen resulting from muscle protein breakdown is spared.
Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Interaction in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Special Reference to the Pathogenesis and Management of Cor Pulmonale (1990)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which here refers to a group of diseases that have in common the physiologic defect of airway obstruction, is often associated with severe hemodynamic consequences. This article provides an overview of cardiovascular function in COPD with emphasis on recent advances in detecting, quantifying, and treating pulmonary hypertension and its major cardiac complication, cor pulmonale.
Ultra-fast excited state dynamics in green fluorescent protein: multiple states and proton transfer. (1996)

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) of the jellyfish Aequorea Victoria has attracted widespread interest since the discovery that its chromophore is generated by the autocatalytic, posttranslational cyclization and oxidation of a hexapeptide unit. This permits fusion of the DNA sequence of GFP with that of any protein whose expression or transport can then be readily monitored by sensitive fluorescence methods without the need to add exogenous fluorescent dyes. The excited state dynamics of GFP were studied following photo-excitation of each of its two strong absorption bands in the visible using fluorescence upconversion spectroscopy (about 100 fs time resolution). It is shown that excitation of the higher energy feature leads very rapidly to a form of the lower energy species, and that the excited state interconversion rate can be markedly slowed by replacing exchangeable protons with deuterons. This observation and others lead to a model in which the two visible absorption bands correspond to GFP in two ground-state conformations. These conformations can be slowly interconverted in the ground state, but the process is much faster in the excited state. The observed isotope effect suggests that the initial excited state process involves a proton transfer reaction that is followed by additional structural changes. These observations may help to rationalize and motivate mutations that alter the absorption properties and improve the photo stability of GFP.
Synthesis and size control of polystyrene latices via polymerization in microemulsion (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and size control of polystyrene latices via polymerization in microemulsionMarkus Antonietti, Wolfgang Bremser, Dorothea Mueschenborn, Christine Rosenauer, Beate Schupp, and Manfred SchmidtCite this: Macromolecules 1991, 24, 25, 6636–6643Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00025a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00025a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1553Altmetric-Citations146LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dietary restriction reduces angiogenesis and growth in an orthotopic mouse brain tumour model (2002)

Diet and lifestyle produce major effects on tumour incidence, prevalence, and natural history. Moderate dietary restriction has long been recognised as a natural therapy that improves health, promotes longevity, and reduces both the incidence and growth of many tumour types. Dietary restriction differs from fasting or starvation by reducing total food and caloric intake without causing nutritional deficiencies. No prior studies have evaluated the responsiveness of malignant brain cancer to dietary restriction. We found that a moderate dietary restriction of 30-40% significantly inhibited the intracerebral growth of the CT-2A syngeneic malignant mouse astrocytoma by almost 80%. The total dietary intake for the ad libitum control group (n=9) and the dietary restriction experimental group (n=10) was about 20 and 13 Kcal x day(-1), respectively. Overall health and vitality was better in the dietary restriction-fed mice than in the ad libitum-fed mice. Tumour microvessel density (Factor VIII immunostaining) was two-fold less in the dietary restriction mice than in the ad libitum mice, whereas the tumour apoptotic index (TUNEL assay) was three-fold greater in the dietary restriction mice than in the ad libitum mice. CT-2A tumour cell-induced vascularity was also less in the dietary restriction mice than in the ad libitum mice in the in vivo Matrigel plug assay. These findings indicate that dietary restriction inhibited CT-2A growth by reducing angiogenesis and by enhancing apoptosis. Dietary restriction may shift the tumour microenvironment from a proangiogenic to an antiangiogenic state through multiple effects on the tumour cells and the tumour-associated host cells. Our data suggest that moderate dietary restriction may be an effective antiangiogenic therapy for recurrent malignant brain cancers.
Docetaxel secretion in tears: association with lacrimal drainage obstruction. (2002)

The secretion of docetaxel in tears may be a mechanism for canalicular inflammation and tear drainage obstruction, which are known to occur as an adverse effect of the drug.
Proton Mediated Partial Degradation of Closo-dicarbaboranes (2001)

The closo (12 vertex) to nido (11 vertex) proton-mediated transformation has been possible on 1,2-(PPh2)2-1,2-C2B10H10 via concomitant phosphorus oxide formation and H chelation. The neutral (closo species) to neutral (zwitterionic species) step occurs due to the formation of the aromatic ring on the C2B9 cluster.
Psoriatic arthritis (1998)

Recent population-based studies have examined the incidence, prevalence, and survival rates of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Although there are still no completely satisfactory diagnostic criteria for PsA, Moll and Wright's criteria--although not a true classification/diagnostic scheme--are the most used. The sensitivity of these criteria is low (61%), as are the sensitivities of the European Spondyloarthropathy Study Group and Amor classification criteria for the whole spectrum of spondyloarthropathy. In some patients, PsA can occur only with peripheral enthesitis, particularly Achilles tendinitis or dactylitis. These patients may represent a subset of PsA that is not defined by the Moll and Wright or European. Spondyloarthropathy Study Group criteria and is, therefore, poorly recognized as such. Recent studies have analyzed the expression of adhesion molecules, cytokines, and chemokines in the synovial fluid and synovial membrane of patients with PsA. The therapeutic approach to PsA must be multidisciplinary, involving dermatologists and rheumatologists. Currently the most widely used second-line drugs are methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and cyclosporine. Used in combination, these drugs will probably become a well-established therapy for PsA.
Chaperones for proper androgen action – a plethora of assistance to androgen receptor function (2012)

Abstract The androgen receptor (AR) plays a major role for normal prostate growth and also promotes the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). PCa, an important age-related disease, is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and the second leading cause of cancer mortality for men in Western countries. AR function and activity are regulated by molecular chaperones. The AR belongs to the steroid hormone receptor (SHR) family and can be activated by androgens such as dihydrotestosterone. SHRs are ligand-dependent transcription factors that are predominantly localized in the cytoplasm in the absence of their appropriate ligand. Upon hormone binding, translocation to the nucleus occurs as shown for glucocorticoid receptors, mineralocorticoid receptors, or the AR, while others, such as estrogen and progesterone receptors, are mainly nuclear. Importantly, the newly synthesized and unliganded receptors bind stepwise with chaperones then being associated in a dynamic chaperone heterocomplex, including heat shock proteins. It emerges that chaperones are very important, not only in the proper folding of the AR but they are also involved in receptor stability, intracellular localization and androgen-controlled transcription. Accordingly, chaperones may be interesting future targets for PCa treatment. In this review we will summarize the involvement of chaperones controlling AR activity.
Chimeric Peptides of Statherin and Osteopontin That Bind Hydroxyapatite and Mediate Cell Adhesion (2000)

Extracellular matrix proteins play key roles in controlling the activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone remodeling. These bone-specific extracellular matrix proteins contain amino acid sequences that mediate cell adhesion, and many of the bone-specific matrix proteins also contain acidic domains that interact with the mineral surface and may orient the signaling domains. Here we report a fusion peptide design that is based on this natural approach for the display of signaling peptide sequences at biomineral surfaces. Salivary statherin contains a 15-amino acid hydroxyapatite binding domain (N15) that is loosely helical in solution. To test whether N15 can serve to orient active peptide sequences on hydroxyapatite, the RGD and flanking residues from osteopontin were fused to the C terminus. The fusion peptides bound tightly to hydroxyapatite, and the N15-PGRGDS peptide mediated the dose-dependent adhesion of Moalpha(v) melanoma cells when immobilized on the hydroxyapatite surface. Experiments with an integrin-sorted Moalpha(v) subpopulation demonstrated that the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin was the primary receptor target for the fusion peptide. Solid state NMR experiments showed that the RGD portion of the hydrated fusion peptide is highly dynamic on the hydroxyapatite surface. This fusion peptide framework may thus provide a straightforward design for immobilizing bioactive sequences on hydroxyapatite for biomaterials, tissue engineering, and vaccine applications.
Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Vibrio cholerae Virulence and Intestinal Colonization (2005)

Increasing antibiotic resistance requires the development of new approaches to combating infection. Virulence gene expression in vivo represents a target for antibiotic discovery that has not yet been explored. A high-throughput, phenotypic screen was used to identify a small molecule 4-[N-(1,8-naphthalimide)]-n-butyric acid, virstatin, that inhibits virulence regulation in Vibrio cholerae. By inhibiting the transcriptional regulator ToxT, virstatin prevents expression of two critical V. cholerae virulence factors, cholera toxin and the toxin coregulated pilus. Orogastric administration of virstatin protects infant mice from intestinal colonization by V. cholerae.
Activation of APCs Through CD40 or Toll-Like Receptor 9 Overcomes Tolerance and Precipitates Autoimmune Disease (2002)

Some autoreactive T cells normally escape thymic selection and persist in the periphery. This is true of myelin-reactive CD4(+) T cells, the effectors of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in laboratory animals and the presumed mediators of multiple sclerosis in humans. Nonetheless, most individuals do not succumb to autoimmune disease. There is growing evidence that while peripheral APCs stimulate immune responses against foreign Ags in the setting of tissue destruction and "danger," they actually maintain tolerance against self Ags under steady state conditions. We hypothesized that tolerance against candidate autoantigens could be reversed by activation of APCs via CD40 or Toll-like receptor 9 signaling. Adult SJL mice injected i.p. with a peptide fragment of proteolipid protein (a candidate autoantigen in multiple sclerosis) emulsified in IFA fail to mount lymphoproliferative or cytokine responses and are protected from EAE upon subsequent challenge with the Ag combined with adjuvants. Here we report that tolerized proteolipid protein-specific lymph node cells regain the ability to divide, differentiate along a Th1 lineage, and transfer EAE when reactivated in the presence of agonistic Abs against CD40 or CpG oligonucleotides. The effects of both anti-CD40 and CpG oligonucleotides are dependent upon induction of IL-12. Our findings suggest two mechanisms to explain the well-documented association between infectious illnesses and flare-ups of multiple sclerosis. Microbial pathogens could 1) release molecules that bind Toll-like receptors, and/or 2) stimulate microbe-specific T cells to express CD40 ligand, thereby licensing APCs that bear both microbial and autoantigens to break tolerance.
Ineffective phagocytosis of amyloid-β by macrophages of Alzheimer's disease patients (2005)

The defective clearance of amyloid-beta (Abeta) in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients is unexplained. The immunohistochemical studies of the frontal lobe and hippocampus show perivascular and intraplaque infiltration by blood-borne macrophages containing intracellular Abeta but only inefficient clearance of beta deposits. Neurons and neuronal nuclei, respectively, express interleukin-1beta and the chemokine RANTES, which could induce the inflammatory cell infiltration. To clarify the pathophysiology ofbeta clearance, we examined Abeta phagocytosis by monocytes and macrophages isolated from the blood of age-matched patients and controls. Control monocytes display excellent differentiation into macrophages and intracellular phagocytosis of Abeta followed by beta degradation or export. AD monocytes show poor differentiation and only surface uptake of Abeta and suffer apoptosis. HLA DR and cyclooxygenase-2 are abnormally expressed on neutrophils and monocytes of AD patients. AD patients have higher levels of intracellular cytokines compared to controls. Thus Abeta clearance is not restricted to brain microglia and involves systemic innate immune responses. In AD, however, macrophage phagocytosis is defective, which may elicit compensatory response by the adaptive immune system.
INFECTIONS IN 18, 000 INFANTS AND CHILDREN IN A CONTROLLED STUDY OF RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE. I. ADENOVIRUS PATHOGENICITY IN RELATION TO SEROLOGIC TYPE AND ILLNESS SYNDROME1 (1969)

Journal Article INFECTIONS IN 18, 000 INFANTS AND CHILDREN IN A CONTROLLED STUDY OF RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE. I. ADENOVIRUS PATHOGENICITY IN RELATION TO SEROLOGIC TYPE AND ILLNESS SYNDROME Get access CARL D. BRANDT, CARL D. BRANDT Reprint requests to Dr. Brandt, Children's Hospital of the District of Columbia, 2125 Thirteenth St., N.W., Wash., D.C., 20009. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar HYUN WHA KIM, HYUN WHA KIM Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ANDREW J. VARGOSKO, ANDREW J. VARGOSKO Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar BARBARA C. JEFFRIES, BARBARA C. JEFFRIES Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JULITA O. ARROBIO, JULITA O. ARROBIO Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar BEATRICE RINDGE, BEATRICE RINDGE Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ROBERT H. PARROTT, ROBERT H. PARROTT Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ROBERT M. CHANOCK ROBERT M. CHANOCK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 90, Issue 6, December 1969, Pages 484–500, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121094 Published: 01 December 1969 Article history Received: 15 May 1969 Published: 01 December 1969
Cell surface carbohydrate in cell adhesion. Sperm cells and leukocytes bind to their target cells through specific oligosaccharide ligands. (1992)

During the past few years it has become increasingly evident that specific oligosaccharides in glycoproteins/glycolipids may play a central role in mammalian cell adhesion. This review deals with two of the best studied systems, the interaction of sperm cells with the Zona pellucida layer surrounding mammalian eggs, and the binding of leukocytes to endothelial cells. In the sperm cell-Zona pellucida system, it is known that a specific oligosaccharide(s) in the Zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 is responsible for binding. In the leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction, sialyl Le(x), sialyl Le(a), sulfatides, and other less well-defined sugar structures are involved in cellular binding. Oligosaccharides involved in these adhesion events may turn out to have clinically important applications.
Evaluation of Ultrasound-Induced Damage to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by Flow Cytometry and Transmission Electron Microscopy (2016)

As a nonthermal sterilization technique, ultrasound has attracted great interest in the field of food preservation. In this study, flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy were employed to investigate ultrasound-induced damage to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. For flow cytometry studies, single staining with propidium iodide (PI) or carboxyfluorescein diacetate (cFDA) revealed that ultrasound treatment caused cell death by compromising membrane integrity, inactivating intracellular esterases, and inhibiting metabolic performance. The results showed that ultrasound damage was independent of initial bacterial concentrations, while the mechanism of cellular damage differed according to the bacterial species. For the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli, ultrasound worked first on the outer membrane rather than the cytoplasmic membrane. Based on the double-staining results, we inferred that ultrasound treatment might be an all-or-nothing process: cells ruptured and disintegrated by ultrasound cannot be revived, which can be considered an advantage of ultrasound over other nonthermal techniques. Transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that the mechanism of ultrasound-induced damage was multitarget inactivation, involving the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, and inner structure. Understanding of the irreversible antibacterial action of ultrasound has great significance for its further utilization in the food industry.
PEST Motif Serine and Tyrosine Phosphorylation Controls Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Stability and Downregulation (2011)

The internalization and degradation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), a potent angiogenic receptor tyrosine kinase, is a central mechanism for the regulation of the coordinated action of VEGF in angiogenesis. Here, we show that VEGFR-2 is ubiquitinated in response to VEGF, and Lys 48-linked polyubiquitination controls its degradation via the 26S proteosome. The degradation and ubiquitination of VEGFR-2 is controlled by its PEST domain, and the phosphorylation of Ser1188/Ser1191 is required for the ubiquitination of VEGFR-2. F-box-containing β-Trcp1 ubiquitin E3 ligase is recruited to S1188/S1191 VEGFR-2 and mediates the ubiquitination and degradation of VEGFR-2. The PEST domain also controls the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) through phospho-Y1173. The activation of p38 stabilizes VEGFR-2, and its inactivation accelerates VEGFR-2 downregulation. The VEGFR-2-mediated activation of p38 is established through the protein kinase A (PKA)/MKK6 pathway. PKA is recruited to VEGFR-2 through AKAP1/AKAP149, and its phosphorylation requires Y1173 of VEGFR-2. The study has identified a unique mechanism in which VEGFR-2 stability and degradation is modulated. The PEST domain acts as a dual modulator of VEGFR-2; the phosphorylation of S1188/S1191 controls ubiquitination and degradation via β-Trcp1, where the phosphorylation of Y1173 through PKA/p38 MAPK controls the stability of VEGFR-2.
2005年北京国际糖尿病足及其相关疾病论坛专题 糖尿病足病:流行病学、危险因素和防治的标准 (2005)

“糖尿病足病坏疽不是上帝带来的,而是由于人类本身。”这是波士顿著名的糖尿病专家Elliott Joslin于70 年代前写下的话,今天仍然正确。这不是不能改变的结局,部分糖尿病患者发生足的病变,大部分问题是可以预防的。然而,最近的统计数字让人沮丧,大约25％的患者在生命的某个时期发生足的溃疡。还有,足部疾病的负担在最近的时间内将增长,因为糖尿病的患病人数增加,有10％的2 型糖尿病患者在诊断时有足病的危险因素。