gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and Optimization of the 45° Micro-mirrors for 3-D Optical Interconnections (2008)

This report experimentally demonstrated the fabrication and optimization of 45° micro-mirror forming process in the polymer waveguide layer for optical interconections. The fluorinated acrylate waveguide is consisted of stacking of the lower cladding, core and upper cladding layer. The guide core (70 um × 70 um) is fabricated by the soft molding method and the cladding layers are fabricated by spin-coating. The mirrors are fabricated by mechanical dicing using a 90° diamond dicing blade. The characteristics of the mirror, i.e., angle, surface quality and reflectivity are critical in achieving an efficient optical coupling of the active devices and the waveguide to form a 3-D optical interconnection. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and white light interferometer were used for the characterization of micro-mirror. The quality of the micro-mirror, which affecting the optical coupling in the polymer waveguide is of crucial for the success of the optical interconnections. The roughness and angle of mirror is important criteria in achieving an efficient optical coupling. Mirror surface roughness, measured by white-light interferometer, is of 316 nm with standard deviation of 0.006. The angle of the mirror which was measured by SEM and the white-light interferometer, met the requirement of 45 ± 1°. Larger angle tolerance will diversify the laser beam, lose its verticality and off targeting the photo-detector. In order to meet the performance specification, tighter process control and optimization of the dicing parameters are required to minimize the optical transmission loss. Detailed of each process are discussed in this paper.
Unorthodox angiogenesis in skeletal muscle (2001)

Physiological angiogenesis within adult skeletal muscle progresses by mechanisms that do not readily conform to the consensus view of capillary growth, derived mainly from observations made during development, pathological vessel growth, or from in vitro systems. The temporal and spatial pattern of growth is determined by the polarity of the mechanical stimulus, i.e., by intra-luminal (increased shear stress) or abluminal (external stretch) stimuli.
Therapeutic inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2005)

This review discusses the structural features of MMPs, their pulmonary cellular sources during the course of the disease, past anti-MMP therapies, and future approaches to inhibiting these proteins for treating COPD patients. Literature searches of PubMed, BioMed, and Medline formed the basis of this analysis and our current understanding of pulmonary changes associated with COPD and the capacity of MMPs to induce a variety of these changes of current biomedical and clinical interest.
Nuclear targeting signal recognition: a key control point in nuclear transport? (2000)

Recent progress indicates that there are multiple pathways of nucleocytoplasmic transport which involve specific targeting sequences, such as nuclear localization sequences (NLSs), and cytosolic receptor molecules of the importin/karyopherin superfamily which recognise and dock the NLS-containing proteins at the nuclear pore. This first step of nuclear import/export is of central importance, with the affinity of the importin-targeting sequence interaction a critical parameter in determining transport efficiency. Different importins possess distinct NLS-binding specificities, which allows the system to be modulated through differential expression of the importins themselves, as well as through competition between different importins for the same protein, and between different proteins for the same importin. The targeting sequence-importin interaction can also be influenced directly by phosphorylation increasing the affinity of the interaction with importins or by targeting sequence masking through phosphorylation or specific protein binding. Targeting sequence recognition thus appears to represent a key control point in the regulation of nuclear transport. BioEssays 22:532-544, 2000.
Correlation between expression of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein, 5-lipoxygenase, and cellular leukotriene synthesis. (1990)

Previous studies involving transfection of cDNAs for 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) and 5-lipoxygenase into osteosarcoma cells have shown that both these proteins are essential for leukotriene synthesis (Dixon, R. A. F., Diehl, R. E., Opas, E., Rands, E., Vickers, P. J., Evans, J. F., Gillard, J. W., and Miller, D. K. (1990) Nature 343, 282-284). In the present study we show that FLAP is present in a variety of cells known to produce leukotrienes, but is absent from a number of cells which do not synthesize leukotrienes. Furthermore, differentiation of the human promyelocytic HL-60 cell line towards granulocytic cells following exposure to dimethylsulfoxide is associated with the concurrent induction of both FLAP and 5-lipoxygenase and an increased capacity to synthesize leukotrienes. Cellular leukotriene synthesis in this system is functionally dependent on FLAP as shown by its inhibition by the leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor MK-886, a compound which specifically binds to FLAP.
<title>"Measurement Of Laser Beam Spreading In Biological Tissue Scattering"</title> (1987)

Attempts to model the thermal response of biological tissue to laser irradiation require an accurate description of the distribution of the light inside the tissue. This is difficult to describe theoretically because multiple scattering causes beam broadening. The Kubelka-Munk model is based on a model of two diffuse fluxes traveling in the forward and backward directions. This is unlike the directional laser source to be modeled. Multiple scattering theories are complex and add little intuitive insight to the light&apos;s behavior in the tissue. Our approach is to measure the growth of the beam as it is absorbed and scattered through our principal target, atheromatous plaque. We will describe an optical system that allows quantitative measurement of the 1/e<sup>2</sup> spot size as laser light is scattered in arterial plaque samples. The input beams used were: a) collimated lmm direct output from a laser and b) the diverging output of an optical fiber. The measurement is made by imaging the exit face of the tissue onto a scanning slit detector with unit magnification. By compressing the sample to calibrated thicknesses, readjusting the imaging to retain unit magnification, we obtain plots of exit spot size versus tissue thickness. The data indicate that the spot expands linearly as the sample&apos;s thickness is increased. However, the rate of beam expansion varied with different tissue samples. The linear beam expansion seen is in disagreement with the exponential growth previously assumed.
Piezoelectric Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramic Fiber/Polymer Composites (1992)

Piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic fiber/polymer composites were fabricated by a novel technique referred to as “relic” processing. Basically, this involved impregnating a woven carbon‐fiber template material with PZT precursor by soaking the template in a PZT stock solution. Careful heat treatment pyrolized the carbon, resulting in a PZT ceramic relic that retained the fibrous template form. After sintering, the densified relic was backfilled with polymer to form a composite. Optimized relic processing consisted of soaking activated carbon‐fiber fabric twice in an intermediate concentration (405‐mg PZT/(1‐g solution)) alkoxide PZT solution and sintering at 1285°C for 2 h. A series of piezoelectric composites encompassing a wide range of dielectric and piezoelectric properties was prepared by varying the PZT‐fiber orientation and polymer‐matrix material. In PZT/Eccogel polymer composites with PZT fibers orientated parallel to the electrodes, K = 75, d 33 = 145 pC/N, d h = 45 ± 5 pC/N, and d h g h = 3150 × 10 −15 m 2 /N were measured. Furthermore, in composites with a number of PZT fibers arranged perpendicular to the electroded surfaces, K = 190, d 33 = 250 pC/N, d h = 65 ± 2 pC/N, and d h g h = 2600 × 10 −15 m 2 /N.
Deformation Corrected Compressed Sensing (DC-CS): A Novel Framework for Accelerated Dynamic MRI (2014)

We propose a novel deformation corrected compressed sensing (DC-CS) framework to recover contrast enhanced dynamic magnetic resonance images from undersampled measurements. We introduce a formulation that is capable of handling a wide class of sparsity/compactness priors on the deformation corrected dynamic signal. In this work, we consider example compactness priors such as sparsity in temporal Fourier domain, sparsity in temporal finite difference domain, and nuclear norm penalty to exploit low rank structure. Using variable splitting, we decouple the complex optimization problem to simpler and well understood sub problems; the resulting algorithm alternates between simple steps of shrinkage-based denoising, deformable registration, and a quadratic optimization step. Additionally, we employ efficient continuation strategies to reduce the risk of convergence to local minima. The decoupling enabled by the proposed scheme enables us to apply this scheme to contrast enhanced MRI applications. Through experiments on numerical phantom and in vivo myocardial perfusion MRI datasets, we observe superior image quality of the proposed DC-CS scheme in comparison to the classical k-t FOCUSS with motion estimation/correction scheme, and demonstrate reduced motion artifacts over classical compressed sensing schemes that utilize the compact priors on the original deformation uncorrected signal.
Luminescence enhancement of ZnS:Mn nanoclusters in zeolite (2000)

The luminescence intensity of Mn2+ in the ZnS:Mn nanoclusters formed in an ultrastable zeolite-Y is seven orders of magnitude stronger than that of other nanoparticles deposited out of solutions. This remarkable effect is attributed to a strong quantum size confinement, the location of Mn2+ ions at the near-surface sites, and good surface passivation. The lowering of the energy loss in the E4(D4 or/and T24(D4) states during the energy transfer from the ZnS host to the emitting state T14(G4) of Mn2+ may also contribute to the observed fluorescence enhancement.
N-sided hole filling and vertex blending using subdivision surfaces (2003)

To fill an N-sided hole on a NURBS surface and to blend a corner formed by NURBS surfaces, we propose a regular N-sided open uniform quadratic subdivision surface derived by applying the open uniform quadratic subdivision scheme to a regular N-sided control mesh which is confined to the hole or to the region of the vertex blend. Boundary conditions such as C 0 and G 1 -continuity required for the hole filling and vertex blending, are ensured by certain refinement steps performed in the course of the subdivision. The shape of the filling or blending surface is controlled by using fullness parameters. Methods are also proposed to represent the resulting regular N-sided open uniform quadratic subdivision surface using non-uniform rational B-spline surfaces.
The use of pre-molded leadframe cavity package technologies in photonic and RF applications (2003)

The development of both Opto "photonic" and RF technology into silicon based chip solutions is creating a demand for smaller, more cost effective solutions to house the devices. The suppliers of various cavity package options are now developing new designs to meet the cost and volume production demands generated by these emerging industries. Ceramic based parts are being developed to provide more features and to match the needs of volume production equipments. LTCC parts can provide built-in circuit matching and are quickly customised. However, Thermoplastic mold compounds with pre-plated leadframes offer the most viable solutions for volume take-up at low cost. New approaches to design of application specific packages are used to show how matching function to environment can provide novel housing solutions but the capability to provide higher performance characteristics such as heat transfer and hermeticity in 'plastic' packaging remains the challenge for both RF and optical devices.
UVGI design basics for air and surface disinfection (2000)

Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation lamps can help clean coils and improve indoor air quality.
Dietary Magnesium Intake Influences Circulating Pro-Inflammatory Neuropeptide Levels and Loss of Myocardial Tolerance to Postischemic Stress (2003)

Severe dietary Mg restriction (Mg(9), 9% of recommended daily allowance [RDA], plasma Mg = 0.25 mM) induces a pro-inflammatory neurogenic response in rats (substance P [SP]), and the associated increases in oxidative stress in vivo and cardiac susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury were previously shown to be attenuated by SP receptor blockade and antioxidant treatment. The present study assessed if less severe dietary Mg restriction modulates the extent of both the neurogenic/oxidative responses in vivo and I/R injury in vitro. Male Sprague-Dawley rats maintained on Mg(40) (40% RDA, plasma Mg = 0.6 mM) or Mg(100) (100% RDA, plasma Mg = 0.8 mM) diets were assessed for plasma SP levels (CHEM-ELISA) during the first 3 weeks and were compared with the Mg(9) group; red blood cell (RBC) glutathione and plasma malondialdehyde levels were compared at 3 weeks in Mg(9), Mg(20) (plasma Mg = 0.4 mM), Mg(40), and Mg(100) rats; and 40-min global ischemia/30-min reperfusion hearts from 7-week-old Mg(20), Mg(40), and Mg(100) rats were compared with respect to functional recovery (cardiac work, and diastolic, systolic, and developed pressures), tissue LDH release, and free radical production (ESR spectroscopy and alpha-phenyl-N-tert butylnitrone [PBN; 3 mM] spin trapping). The Mg(40) diet induced smaller elevations in plasma SP (50% lower) compared with Mg(9), but with a nearly identical time course. RBC glutathione and plasma malondialdehyde levels revealed a direct relationship between the severity of oxidative stress and hypomagnesemia. The dominant lipid free radical species detected in all I/R groups was the alkoxyl radical (PBN/alkoxyl: alpha(H) = 1.93 G, alpha(N) = 13.63 G); however, Mg(40) and Mg(20) hearts exhibited 2.7- and 3.9-fold higher alkoxyl levels, 40% and 65% greater LDH release, and lower functional recovery (Mg(20) < Mg(40)) compared with Mg(100). Our data suggest that varying dietary Mg intake directly influences the magnitude of the neurogenic/oxidative responses in vivo and the resultant myocardial tolerance to I/R stress.
Healing pattern of bone regeneration in membrane-protected defects: a histologic study in the canine mandible. (1994)

In this study, standard and prototype reinforced e-PTFE membranes were used to evaluate the pattern of bone regeneration in membrane-protected defects in the mandibles of four dogs. Following a healing period of 2 and 4 months, control sites without membranes exhibited incomplete osseous healing with a persisting defect. Test sites with membranes demonstrated significantly better bone healing, although bone regeneration was not yet completed at 4 months. The histologic evaluation showed that bone regeneration, once activated, progresses in a programmed sequence through a series of maturation steps, which closely resemble the pattern of bone development and growth.
Course and prognosis in early-onset MS (2002)

A slower rate of progression of disease characterized EOMS patients, suggesting more plasticity to recover in developing CNS, but the early clinical manifestation cannot be considered a positive prognostic factor.
Ammonia affects the glycosylation patterns of recombinant mouse placental lactogen‐I by chinese hamster ovary cells in a pH‐dependent manner (1994)

The N-linked glycosylation of the recombinant protein mouse placental lactogen-I (mPL-I) expressed by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells under nongrowth conditions was inhibited by increasing levels of ammonium chloride (3 and 9 mM) in a serum-free, protein expression medium. The effect of ammonia on glycosylation was dependent on the extracellular pH (pH(e)). In media containing 0 and 9 mM ammonium chloride, the percentage of the most heavily glycosylated forms of secreted mPL-I decreased from ca. 90% to ca. 25% at pH(e) 8.0, and from ca. 90% to ca. 65% at pH(e) 7.6, respectively. However, at pH(e) 7.2, the most heavily glycosylated forms of secreted mPL-I decreased from ca. 90% to ca. 80% in media containing 0 and 9 mM ammonium chloride, respectively. Inhibition of mPL-I glycosylation was found to correlate with the calculated concentrations of the ammonia species (NH(3)). Control experiments showed that the ammonia effect on mPL-I glycosylation could not be attributed to increased chloride concentration or osmolarity, or to extracellular events after secretion of the recombinant protein into the supernatant. Ammonium chloride, 9 mM, inhibited the expression rate of MPL-I by CHO cells at low pH(e). (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) induces the early tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (p125FAK) in human endothelial cells. (1996)

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent activator of angiogenesis and controls the motility and the shape of vascular endothelium. The mechanism(s) whereby PAF exerts its action are in part known. Here we report that the biological active (R)PAF enantiomer administrated to cultured endothelial cells induces the early phosphorylation in tyrosine residues of focal adhesion kinase (p125FAX) and paxillin, two molecules involved in the early signaling and cytoskeleton assembly in cells that undergo integrin-mediated adhesion or are challenged by neuropeptides or lysophosphatidic acid. The phenomenon is rapidly turned on, lasts for a few minutes and is adhesion-independent indicating that the chain of events induced by (R)PAF, including p125FAK activation, precedes adhesion. The inhibitory effect of WEB2086, a PAF receptor antagonist, and the lack of activity exerted by the (S)PAF enantiomer, indicate that (R)PAF-mediated p125FAK activation, is PAF receptor-dependent. Calphostin C, an inhibitor of protein kinase C blocks the effect of (R)PAF on p125FAK phosphorylation suggesting that protein kinase C activation is up-stream the activation of this tyrosine kinase. When endothelial cells are exposed to a substratum that allows adhesion and spreading. (R)PAF-stimulated cells, change their adhesive phenotype and start migrating. Inhibitors of tyrosine kinases, like 3-(1,4,-dihydroxytetralyl) methylen-2-oxindole and herbimycin A, reduce the cells migration, the transendothelial flux of albumin and the enhancement of p125FAK activity induced by (R)PAF. The observation that increased tyrosine phosphorylation of p125FAK and its ensuring association with focal adhesion occurs rapidly upon (R)PAF challenge indicates that this signaling molecule has a primary and independent role also in the signaling cascade initiated by (R)PAF.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A) Induces Endothelial and Cancer Cell Migration through Direct Binding to Integrin α9β1 (2010)

Integrin α9β1 mediates accelerated cell adhesion and migration through interactions with a number of diverse extracellular ligands. We have shown previously that it directly binds the vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) A, C, and D and contributes to VEGF-induced angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Until now, the α9β1 binding site in VEGF has not been identified. Here, we report that the three-amino acid sequence, EYP, encoded by exon 3 of VEGF-A is essential for binding of VEGF to integrin α9β1 and induces adhesion and migration of endothelial and cancer cells. EYP is specific for α9β1 binding and neither requires nor activates VEGFR-2, the cognate receptor for VEGF-A. Following binding to EYP, integrin α9β1 transduces cell migration through direct activation of the integrin signaling intermediates Src and focal adhesion kinase. This interaction is biologically important because it mediates in vitro endothelial cell tube formation, wound healing, and cancer cell invasion. These novel findings identify EYP as a potential site for directed pharmacotherapy.
Molecular genetics and epidemiology of the NAT1 and NAT2 acetylation polymorphisms. (2000)

The focus of this review is the molecular genetics, including consensus NAT1 and NAT2 nomenclature, and cancer epidemiology of the NAT1 and NAT2 acetylation polymorphisms. Two N-acetyltransferase isozymes, NAT1 and NAT2, are polymorphic and catalyze both N-acetylation (usually deactivation) and O-acetylation (usually activation) of aromatic and heterocyclic amine carcinogens. Epidemiological studies suggest that the NAT1 and NAT2 acetylation polymorphisms modify risk of developing urinary bladder, colorectal, breast, head and neck, lung, and possibly prostate cancers. Associations between slow NAT2 acetylator genotypes and urinary bladder cancer and between rapid NAT2 acetylator genotypes and colorectal cancer are the most consistently reported. The individual risks associated with NAT1 and/or NAT2 acetylator genotypes are small, but they increase when considered in conjunction with other susceptibility genes and/or aromatic and heterocyclic amine carcinogen exposures. Because of the relatively high frequency of some NAT1 and NAT2 genotypes in the population, the attributable cancer risk may be high. The effect of NAT1 and NAT2 genotype on cancer risk varies with organ site, probably reflecting tissue-specific expression of NAT1 and NAT2. Ethnic differences exist in NAT1 and NAT2 genotype frequencies that may be a factor in cancer incidence. Large-scale molecular epidemiological studies that investigate the role of NAT1 and NAT2 genotypes and/or phenotypes together with other genetic susceptibility gene polymorphisms and biomarkers of carcinogen exposure are necessary to expand our current understanding of the role of NAT1 and NAT2 acetylation polymorphisms in cancer risk.
Strategies in the oral pharmacotherapy of male erectile dysfunction viewed from bench and bedside (Part I) (2005)

The promising clinical data for the first orally active phosphodiesterase inhibitor, sildenafil (Viagra), for treating male erectile dysfunction (ED) boosted research activities into the physiology of the erectile mechanism. Peripheral intracellular signal transduction in the penis as well as central brain and spinal cord pathways controlling penile erection have been researched. The results provided the basis for the development and introduction of several new therapeutic modalities into the management of ED. Because the concept of taking a pill to cure an illness or relieve symptoms of a disease has become widely accepted by consumers, the pharmacological treatment of ED has primarily focused on selective, orally available drugs that act by influencing intracellular or central regulatory mechanisms, combining a high response rate and the advantage of an on-demand intake. Compared with sildenafil, these agents are regarded more efficacious, have a faster onset of drug action in the target tissue and an improved effect to side effect ratio. This review describes the major new and evolving pharmacological advances in the field of oral pharmacotherapy for the treatment of male ED.