gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hemoglobin oxygen saturations in phantoms and in vivo from measurements of steady‐state diffuse reflectance at a single, short source‐detector separation (2004)

We present a method for the analysis of steady state diffuse reflectance spectra obtained from vascularized tissue or from tissue simulating phantoms at a single, short source-detector separation. This method uses reasonable assumptions about the structure of the reduced scattering spectrum and basis absorption spectra for oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin, which dominate tissue absorption in the visible region of the spectrum. Using a hybrid P3-diffusion description of light propagation, described originally by Hull and Foster [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 18, 584-599 (2001)] and suitable for short (approximately 1 mm) source-detector separations and optical properties of tissue at visible wavelengths, we create a forward model of the diffuse reflectance with four free parameters. We demonstrate that this model is able to recover accurately the hemoglobin concentrations and scattering properties from synthetic data generated by Monte Carlo simulation and from reflectance spectra acquired from tissue-simulating phantoms containing intact human erythrocytes. We show also that the method is capable of monitoring carbogen-induced changes in murine tumor oxygenation in vivo. The successful implementation of single, short detector separations enables the measurement of intratumor heterogeneities in hemoglobin oxygen saturation and responses to carbogen using a simple fiber-based probe design.
enumservice registration for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Addresses-of-Record (2004)

to the guidelines in RFC 3761. Specifically, this document focuses on provisioning SIP addresses-of-record in ENUM.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Stability of Manganese(II) C-Substituted 1,4,7,10,13-Pentaazacyclopentadecane Complexes Exhibiting Superoxide Dismutase Activity (1996)

Superoxide radical anion has been demonstrated to be a mediator of many disease states, including inflammatory, autoimmune, and cancerous diseases. As a consequence, we have developed a program to design, synthesize, and test synthetic low-molecular weight superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimics as potential pharmaceutical agents. A critical feature of the design of metal-based drugs is not only high activity as an enzyme mimic but also chemical stability. In this report we describe the synthesis and characterization of a series of C-substituted 1,4,7,10,13-pentaazacyclopentadecane, [15]aneN5, ligands, 1, and their corresponding Mn(II) complexes, 2 and 3, as their dichloro complexes, [Mn([15]aneN5)Cl2]. The purpose of the work is to probe the role that substituent (methyl and fused cycloalkyl) groups exert on the catalytic activity and stability of the complexes. All of the 18 new complexes described here are catalysts for the dismutation of superoxide, and substantial substituent effects are observed with kcat values at pH = 7.4 varying in the range (1.4−9.1) × 107 M-1 s-1. The kinetic and thermodynamic stabilities of these new complexes were studied by a Cu(II) ion competition spectrophotometric assay and by potentiometric titrations, respectively. It is observed that increasing the number of carbon substituents increases the kinetic stability of the complexes, while the thermodynamic stability increases, but less dramatically. The crystal structure for one of these new complexes, [Mn(2,2,3,3-Me4[15]aneN5)Cl2], 2i, was determined, and reveals that the Mn(II) ion is coordinated by a pentagonal bipyramid array of five macrocyclic derived nitrogen atoms in a plane with the Mn(II) center and capped by trans-dichloro ligands. Crystal data for MnC14H33N5Cl2·CH3CH2OH: triclinic, P1̄-Ci1 (#2), a = 9.941(2) Å, b = 11.190(2) Å, c = 11.613(2) Å, V = 1125.4(4) Å3, Z = 2, T = 20 ± 1 °C, for 3357 independent absorption-corrected reflections having 2θ(Cu Kα) < 120.0° and I > 3σ(Ι), with Rint = 0.027.
Seismocardiography while sleeping at high altitude (2012)

Current advancements in sensor technology allow the prolonged assessment of the seismocadiogram (SCG) out of the laboratory setting. Aim of this study is to evaluate whether SCG, as measured by a recently proposed wearable device, can detect cardio-respiratory alterations during sleep in healthy subjects exposed to high altitude hypoxia.
Oligomerization state-dependent hyperlipidemic effect of angiopoietin-like protein 4 (2004)

Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (Angptl4) is the second member of the angiopoietin-like family of proteins previously shown to increase plasma triglyceride (TG) levels in vivo. We recently reported that Angptl4 is a variable-sized oligomer formed by intermolecular disulfide bonds and undergoes regulated proteolytic processing upon secretion. We now show that adenoviral overexpression of Angptl4 potently increases plasma TG levels by a mechanism independent of food intake or hepatic VLDL secretion. We determined that cysteine residues at positions 76 and 80 of Angptl4, conserved among mouse, rat, and human, are required to form higher order structures. By generating adenoviral expression vectors of Angptl4 containing different epitope tags at both N and C termini, we show that loss of oligomerization results in decreased stability of the N-terminal coiled-coil domain of Angptl4 as well as decreased ability to increase plasma TG levels, suggesting that intermolecular disulfide bond formation plays important roles in determining the magnitude of the hyperlipidemic effect of Angptl4. Because Angptl4 is more potent than Angptl3 in increasing plasma TG levels in mice, inappropriate oligomerization of Angptl4 could be associated with disorders of lipid metabolism in vivo.
Increase in low molecular size uronic acid in ripening banana fruit (1993)

Abstract Uronic acid soluble in ethanol/water (4:1 v/v) increased from 9 ± 1 mg kg −1 fresh weight in pulp of unripe banana fruit. Musa (AAA Group, Cavendish subgroup) ‘Williams’, to 53 ± 13 mg kg −1 fresh weight in fruit ripened for 13 days. This increase began within the first 2 days of ripening. Uronic acid soluble in phenol/acetic acid/water (2:1:1 w/v/v) increased from 15 ± 5 to 86 ± 17 mg kg −1 fresh weight during the first 8 days of ripening, accompanied by a decrease in cell wall uronic acid from 10·2 ± 0·8 to 4·4 ± 0·4 g kg −1 fresh weight. Most or all of the uronic acid in extracts of ripe pulp cochromatographed with monogalacturonic acid. The results were consistent with hydrolysis of cell wall polyuronides by exopolygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.67).
Monte Carlo Simulations of Asymmetric Diblock Copolymer Thin Films Confined between Two Homogeneous Surfaces (2001)

We report the first Monte Carlo simulations of the morphology of asymmetric diblock copolymer thin films confined between two homogeneous and identical surfaces. The copolymers form a cylindrical morphology in the bulk. Exploratory bulk simulations have been conducted with judicious choices of the simulation box dimensions to find the characteristic periodicity of the cylinders. The morphological dependence of the thin films on the surface−block interactions and the film thickness has then been systematically investigated. Our results are in good agreement with experimental observations.
Optimization-Based Estimator Design for Vision-Aided Inertial Navigation (2012)

This paper focuses on the problem of real-time pose tracking using visual and inertial sensors in systems with limited processing power. Our main contribution is a novel approach to the design of estimators for these systems, which optimally utilizes the available resources. Specifically, we design a hybrid estimator that integrates two algorithms with complementary computational characteristics, namely a sliding-window EKF and EKF-SLAM. To decide which algorithm is best suited to process each of the available features at runtime, we learn the distribution of the feature number and of the lengths of the feature tracks. We show that using this information, we can predict the expected computational cost of each feature-allocation policy, and formulate an objective function whose minimization determines the optimal way to process the feature data. Our results demonstrate that the hybrid algorithm outperforms each individual method (EKF-SLAM and sliding-window EKF) by a wide margin, and allows processing the sensor data at real-time speed on the processor of a mobile phone.
Protective effects of anti-C5a in sepsis-induced thymocyte apoptosis (2000)

Multiorgan apoptosis occurs during sepsis. Following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats, thymocytes underwent apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. C5a blockade dramatically reduced thymocyte apoptosis as measured by thymic weight, binding of annexin V to thymocytes, and laddering of thymocyte DNA. When C5a was generated in vivo by infusion of purified cobra venom factor (CVF), thymocyte apoptosis was significantly increased. Similar results were found when CVF was injected in vivo during the early stages of CLP. In animals 12 hours after induction of CLP, there was an increase in the activities of caspase-3, -6, and -9, but not caspase-1 and -8. Cytosolic cytochrome c levels increased by twofold, whereas mitochondrial levels showed a 50% decrease. Western blot analysis revealed that the content of Bcl-X(L) (but not of Bcl-2, BAX, Bad, and Bim) significantly decreased in thymocytes after CLP. C5a blockade in the sepsis model almost completely inhibited caspase-3, -6, and -9 activation, significantly preserved cytochrome c in the mitochondrial fraction, and restored Bcl-X(L) expression. These data suggest that systemic activation of complement induces C5a-dependent apoptosis of thymocytes and that the blockade of C5a during sepsis rescues thymocytes from apoptosis.
Focal waveforms for various source waveforms driving a prolate‐spheroidal impulse radiating antenna (IRA) (2008)

Impulse radiating antennas (IRAs) are designed to radiate very fast pulses in a narrow beam with low dispersion and high field amplitude. For this reason they have been used in a variety of applications. IRAs have been developed for use in the transient far‐field region using parabolic reflectors. However, in this paper we focus in the near field region and develop the field waveform at the second focus of a prolate‐spheroidal IRA. Certain skin cancers can be killed by the application of a high‐amplitude electric field pulse. This can be accomplished by either inserting electrodes near the skin cancer or by applying fast, high‐electric field pulses without direct contact. We investigate a new manifestation of an IRA, in which we use a prolate spheroid as a reflector instead of a parabolic reflector and focus in the near‐field region instead of the far‐field region. This technique minimizes skin damage associated with inserting electrodes near the tumor. Analytical and experimental behaviors for the focal waveforms of two and four‐feed arm prolate‐spheroidal IRAs are explored. With appropriate choice of the driving waveform we maximize the impulse field at the second focus. The focal waveform of a prolate‐spheroidal IRA has been explained theoretically and verified experimentally.
Annotation of human cancers with EGFR signaling–associated protein complexes using proximity ligation assays (2015)

Strategies to measure functional signaling-associated protein complexes have the potential to augment current molecular biomarker assays, such as genotyping and expression profiling, used to annotate diseases. Aberrant activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling contributes to diverse cancers. We used a proximity ligation assay (PLA) to detect EGFR in a complex with growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2), the major signaling adaptor for EGFR. We used multiple lung cancer cell lines to develop and characterize EGFR:GRB2 PLA and correlated this assay with established biochemical measures of EGFR signaling. In a panel of patient-derived xenografts in mice, the intensity of EGFR:GRB2 PLA correlated with the reduction in tumor size in response to the EGFR inhibitor cetuximab. In tumor biopsies from three cohorts of lung cancer patients, positive EGFR:GRB2 PLA was observed in patients with and without EGFR mutations, and the intensity of EGFR:GRB2 PLA was predictive of overall survival in an EGFR inhibitor-treated cohort. Thus, we established the feasibility of using PLA to measure EGFR signaling-associated protein complexes in patient-based materials, suggesting the potential for similar assays for a broader array of receptor tyrosine kinases and other key signaling molecules.
INFLUENCE OF BACKGROUND GENOME ON ENZYMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF YELLOW (Ay/-, Avy/-) MICE (1973)

Identification of the fundamental polypeptide difference between yellow (A(y)/-, A(vy)/-) and non-yellow mice is important for biomedical research because of the influence of the yellow genotype on normal and neoplastic growth and obesity. The complexity of the "yellow mouse syndrome" makes attainment of this objective dependent on the separation of those pleiotropic enzyme differences which are secondary, and depend on the background genome, from those which are primary, and depend primarily on the agouti locus genotype.-Four of nine hepatic enzyme activities assayed simultaneously differed between eight-week-old yellow (A(y)/-, A(vy)/-) and non-yellow (A/-, a/a) male inbred and F(1) hybrid mice. Among these four, only cytoplasmic malic enzyme activity was elevated in all yellow mice, as compared with the non-yellow sibs, regardless of background genome. Glucokinase, serine dehydratase, and tyrosine alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase activities were also changed in yellow mice, but these alterations depended on the background genome.-The ratio of malic enzyme activity to citrate-cleavage enzyme activity, possibly related to the altered fat metabolism of yellow mice, was influenced by background genome as well as by the yellow genotype.--Significant deviations of enzyme activities from mid-parent values among F(1) hybrids were associated with particular background genomes; the number of such deviations was larger among yellow mice than among non-yellows and this difference was greater among C3H F(1) hybrids than among C57BL/6 F(1) hybrids.
An accurate method for direct dual‐energy calibration and decomposition (1990)

We propose the use of conic and cubic surface equations (surfaces of second and third order) to directly approximate the dual-energy equations (the integral equations for the dual-energy log-signal functions, i.e., the negative logarithms of the relative detector signals, considered as functions of the basis-material component thicknesses of the object) and especially their inverses. These types of surface equations require a minimum number of calibration points, and their solutions are smooth, monotonic functions with the correct linear asymptotic behavior. The accuracy of this method is investigated and compared to that of conventional polynomial approximations, both for simulated and real calibration data, taken from two split-detector systems. These systems provide a more stringent test of our method than comparable dual-kVp systems, due to the greater nonlinearity of their log-signal and inverse functions. For these systems, we show that direct approximation of the inverse dual-energy equations using the simple eight-term rational form of the conic surface equation provides an extremely fast decomposition algorithm, which is accurate, robust in the presence of noise, and which can be calibrated with as few as 9 calibration points, or robustly calibrated, with a built-in accuracy check, using only 16 calibration points. Also, we show that extreme accuracy of approximation (to within less than 10(-6) in log-signal and 1 micron in material thickness) is theoretically attainable using the eighteen-term form of the cubic surface equation, which has a closed-form analytic solution. Finally, we consider the effects of noise on calibration accuracy, and derive simple formulas which relate the true and apparent root-mean-square (rms) accuracies. These formulas then allow the comparison of the true rms calibration accuracies of various surface approximations, considered as functions of the total calibration heat loading of the x-ray tube.
Anomalously high thermoelectric figure of merit in Bi1−xSbx nanowires by carrier pocket alignment (2001)

Electronic transport calculations were carried out for Bi1−xSbx nanowires (0⩽x⩽0.30) of diameters 10 nm⩽dW⩽100 nm at 77 K. A band structure phase diagram was generated, showing the dependence of the relative band edge positions on diameter and composition. Calculations of the thermoelectric figure-of-merit (ZT) predict that the performance of Bi1−xSbx nanowires is superior to that of Bi nanowires and to that of the bulk alloy. An exceptionally high value of ZT for p-type nanowires at 77 K was found for dW∼40 nm and x∼0.13, which is explained by the coalescence in energy of up to ten valence subband edges to maximize the density-of-states at the Fermi energy.
Selectins and their counter receptors: a bitter sweet attraction. (1996)

Selectins are adhesion receptors expressed by leucocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells. They mediate the initial binding of leucocytes to vascular endothelium in the post-capillary venules. This is an essential first step in leucocyte migration into tissue. The selectin family of adhesion receptors consists of three C-type lectins (E, P, and L selectin). Their ligands (counter structures) are sialylated and fucosylated carbohydrate molecules which, in most cases, decorate mucin-like glycoprotein membrane receptors. Studies using blocking monoclonal antibodies have shown that inhibition of selectin function can ameliorate a range of inflammatory processes, offering the possibility that antagonists of selectin function may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma.
Autoantibody to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen neutralizes the activity of the auxiliary protein for DNA polymerase delta (1987)

Two murine monoclonal antibodies to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a rabbit anti-N-terminal peptide antibody and human auto-antibody to PCNA reacted with the auxiliary protein for DNA polymerase delta from fetal calf thymus following SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, confirming the identity of PCNA and the auxiliary protein. Undenatured auxiliary protein was immunoprecipitated by the human autoantibody, but not by the monoclonal antibodies, which were raised to SDS-denatured PCNA, nor by the anti-N-terminal peptide antibody, suggesting that the epitopes recognized by both the monoclonal antibodies and the anti-peptide antibody are not exposed in the native protein. The human anti-PCNA autoantibody neutralized the activity of the auxiliary protein for DNA polymerase delta, but did not inhibit the activity of pol delta itself. The ability of pol delta to utilize template/primers containing long stretches of single-stranded template was inhibited by the anti-PCNA autoantibody, whereas the activity of pol alpha on such templates was not affected, confirming the specificity of the auxiliary protein for pol delta. The ability of PCNA, a cell cycle-regulated protein, to regulate the activity of pol delta suggests a central role for pol delta in cellular DNA replication.
Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, and other fungi bind specifically to the glycosphingolipid lactosylceramide (Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer), a possible adhesion receptor for yeasts (1990)

The role of glycosphingolipids as adhesion receptors for yeasts was examined. Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as Histoplasma capsulatum and Sporotrichum schenckii (in their yeast phases), bound specifically to lactosylceramide (Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer), as measured by overlaying glycosphingolipid chromatograms with 125I-labeled organisms. An unsubstituted galactosyl residue was required for binding, because the yeasts did not bind to glucosylceramide (Glc beta 1-1Cer) derived from lactosylceramide by treatment with beta-galactosidase or to other neutral or acidic glycosphingolipids tested that contained internal lactosyl residues. Interestingly, the yeasts preferentially bound to the upper band of the lactosylceramide doublet in human lung and bovine erythrocytes, suggesting that the ceramide structure also affects binding. Active metabolism of the yeasts was required for binding to lactosylceramide, as binding was maximal in buffer containing glucose and was almost completely abolished in nutrient-deficient medium. C. neoformans also bound to human glioma brain cells grown in monolayers, and this binding was inhibited by liposomes containing lactosylceramide but not by liposomes containing glucosylceramide. Lactosylceramide is a major glycosphingolipid in these cells and the only one to which the yeasts bound. As lactosylceramide is widely distributed in epithelial tissues, this glycosphingolipid may be the receptor for yeast colonization and disseminated disease in humans.
The Wnt Signaling Pathway in Bipolar Disorder (2002)

The Wnt signaling pathway is a highly conserved pathway critical for proper embryonic development. However, recent evidence suggests that this pathway and one of its key enzymes, glycogen synthase kinase 3beta, may play important roles in regulating synaptic plasticity, cell survival, and circadian rhythms in the mature CNS-all of which have been implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar disorder. Furthermore, two structurally highly dissimilar medications used to treat bipolar disorder, lithium and valproic acid, exert effects on components of the Wnt signaling pathway. Together, these data suggest that the Wnt signaling pathway may play an important role in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Here, the authors review the modulation of the Wnt/GSK-3beta signaling pathway by mood-stabilizing agents, focusing on two therapeutically relevant aspects: neuroprotection and modulation of circadian rhythms. The future development of selective GSK-3beta inhibitors may have considerable utility not only for the treatment of bipolar disorder but also for a variety of classical neurodegenerative disorders.
Dynamic Edge-Conditioned Filters in Convolutional Neural Networks on Graphs (2017)

A number of problems can be formulated as prediction on graph-structured data. In this work, we generalize the convolution operator from regular grids to arbitrary graphs while avoiding the spectral domain, which allows us to handle graphs of varying size and connectivity. To move beyond a simple diffusion, filter weights are conditioned on the specific edge labels in the neighborhood of a vertex. Together with the proper choice of graph coarsening, we explore constructing deep neural networks for graph classification. In particular, we demonstrate the generality of our formulation in point cloud classification, where we set the new state of the art, and on a graph classification dataset, where we outperform other deep learning approaches.
In the patient's best interests (1993)

The law lords’ ruling in the tony bland case has crossed an ethical minefield. graham scott reports on the potential nurses have in determining quality of life in these circumstances
Reverse Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Using AIBN or BPO as Initiator (2000)

The reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl acrylate can be realized with the initiating system, AIBN/CuCl2/bpy, in bulk by means of a new polymerization procedure. The reverse ATRP of styrene is also accessible using BPO/CuCl2/bpy as the initiating system. The initiation mechanism in reverse ATRP with BPO is different from that with AIBN due to the redox reaction between BPO and CuI generated from the reaction of radicals with CuII. The "living"/Vcontrolled radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene can be implemented using BPO/CuICl/bpy as the initiating system in solvents at ambient temperature (40°C). The mechanism suggested the initiation is a redox reaction, and the propagation is identical with that of ATRP.