gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Multiscale, Spatially-Distributed Model of Airway Hyper-Responsiveness. (2009)

Rationale: Airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), along with airway hyper-sensitivity, is a defining feature of asthma, and greater understanding of this emergent phenomenon may lead to better insight into and treatment of the condition. We seek a multiscale, spatially-distributed, mathematical model of the lung to help us understand the role of airway smooth muscle and parenchymal material in AHR. Methods: Our model couples together the organ scale with the tissue scale in the lung in a multiscale approach to the problem. At the organ level, parenchymal tissue is modeled as a compressible Blatz-Ko material in three dimensions, with expansion and recoil of lung tissue due to tidal breathing. The governing equations of finite elasticity deformation are solved using a finite element method. An airway tree is embedded in this tissue, with airway smooth muscle behavior described by a modified Hai-Murphy cross-bridge model (Wang et al., Biophys. J. 94:2008). Each airway segment is initially assumed to be radially symmetric and longitudinally stiff, and thus the embedded airway tree is essentially 1D. Results: Our spatially-distributed, multiscale model yields organ-level observations while incorporating tissue-level modeling detail. Preliminary results from the integrated model indicate potential use in the study of many phenomena associated with asthmatic AHR, including spatial distribution of ventilation defects, patchiness, and effects of deep inspirations.
Normal-pressure Hydrocephalus: Saga or Swamp? (1989)

Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) was first identified by Adams et al<sup>1</sup>in 1965. They described three patients: two women aged 62 and 63 years and one man aged 65 years who presented with the triad of dementia of recent onset, gait disorder, and urinary incontinence. Cerebrospinal fluid shunting provided a spectacular cure in all three cases. Since that time, many case series have been published (for example, references 2 through 5) and reviewed.<sup>6,7</sup>The syndrome is one of communicating hydrocephalus in which intracranial hypertension is either absent or goes unrecognized. Although it can occur secondary to head injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracranial surgery, brain tumors, or meningitis, most patients give no such history and the syndrome is consequently termed "idiopathic."<sup>6</sup> In this issue ofThe Journal, Friedland<sup>8</sup>provides us with a case history that involves a successful shunt procedure for an elderly woman with NPH. What makes this
Variable frame rate and length analysis for data compression in distributed speech recognition (2014)

This paper addresses the issue of data compression in distributed speech recognition on the basis of a variable frame rate and length analysis method. The method first conducts frame selection by using a posteriori signal-to-noise ratio weighted energy distance to find the right time resolution at the signal level, and then increases the length of the selected frame according to the number of non-selected preceding frames to find the right time-frequency resolution at the frame level. It produces high frame rate and small frame length in rapidly changing regions and low frame rate and large frame length for steady regions. The method is applied to scalable source coding in distributed speech recognition where the target bitrate is met by adjusting the frame rate. Speech recognition results show that the proposed approach outperforms other compression methods in terms of recognition accuracy for noisy speech while achieving higher compression rates.
Specific binding of arginine to TAR RNA. (1992)

A single arginine residue within the basic region of the human immunodeficiency virus Tat protein mediates specific binding of Tat peptides to a three-nucleotide bulge in TAR RNA. It has been proposed that arginine recognizes TAR by forming a network of hydrogen bonds with two structurally distinct phosphates, an interaction termed the "arginine fork." Here it is shown that L-arginine blocks the Tat peptide/TAR interaction, whereas L-lysine and analogs of arginine that remove specific hydrogen bond donors do not. Experiments using an L-arginine affinity column demonstrate that arginine and the Tat peptides bind to the same site in TAR. Modification of two phosphates located at the junction of the double-stranded stem and bulge and modification of two adenine N7 groups in base-paired regions of TAR interfere with specific arginine binding. The results emphasize the importance of RNA structure in RNA-protein recognition and provide methods to identify arginine-binding sites in RNAs.
Measles Virus Preferentially Transduces the Basolateral Surface of Well-Differentiated Human Airway Epithelia (2002)

Measles virus (MV) is typically spread by aerosol droplets and enters via the respiratory tract. The progression of MV infection has been widely studied; yet, the pathway for virus entry in polarized human airway epithelia has not been investigated. Herein we report the use of a replication-competent Edmonston vaccine strain of MV expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (MV-eGFP) to infect primary cultures of well-differentiated human airway epithelia. Previous studies with polarized Caco-2 cells (intestine-derived human epithelia) and MDCK cells (kidney-derived canine epithelia) demonstrated that MV primarily infected and exited the apical surface. In striking contrast, our results indicate that MV preferentially transduces human airway cells from the basolateral surface; however, virus release remains in an apical direction. When MV-eGFP was applied apically or basolaterally to primary cultures of airway epithelia, discrete foci of eGFP expression appeared and grew; however, the cell layer integrity was maintained for the duration of the study (7 days). Interestingly, utilizing immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, we observed widespread expression of the receptor for the vaccine strain of MV (CD46) at greatest abundance on the apical surface of the differentiated human airway epithelia as well as in human tracheal tissue sections. These data suggest that the progression of MV infection through the respiratory epithelium may involve pathways other than direct binding and entry through the apical surface of airway epithelia.
Comparative Study on Oxygen Permeation and Oxidative Coupling of Methane on Disk-Shaped and Tubular Dense Ceramic Membrane Reactors (2001)

Oxygen permeation and oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) on fluorite-structured Bi1.5Y0.3Sm0.2O3-δ (BYS) membrane reactors of disk-shaped and tubular geometries were studied at high temperatures (800−900 °C). Their oxygen fluxes under an oxygen partial pressure gradient of air/helium are similar and in the range of (1−3) × 10-8 mol/cm2·s at 900 °C. The highest C2 yields obtained in the tubular and disk-shaped BYS membranes are 22% and 10.4%, respectively. The oxygen permeation fluxes through both the disk-shaped and tubular BYS membrane reactors under OCM reaction conditions are 1−2 orders of magnitude higher than those under oxygen permeation conditions with He as the purge. Oxygen permeation flux through the tubular BYS membrane is an order of magnitude smaller than that through the disk-shaped membrane under the OCM reaction conditions. The results show that the membrane geometry and downstream flow conditions have a significant effect on the reaction results. The tubular geometry gives more favorable results in terms of C2 yield and selectivity.
DRESS: A Slicing Tree Based Web Page Representation for Various Display Sizes. (2003)

As a great many of new devices with diverse capabilities are making a population boom on the Internet mobile clients, their limited display sizes become a serious obstacle to information accessing. In this paper, we introduce a Document REpresentation for Scalable Structure (DRESS) to help information providers to make composite documents, typically Web pages, scalable in both logic and layout structure to support effective information acquisition in heterogeneous environments. Through this novel document representation structure based on binary slicing trees, the document can dynamically adapt its presentation according to display sizes by maximizing the information throughput to users. We discuss the details of this structure with its key attributes. A branch-and-bound algorithm and a capacity ratio based slicing method are proposed to select proper content representation and aesthetic document layouts respectively. Experiments show satisfactory results with high efficiency.
Water-Mediated Promotion of Dye Sensitization of TiO2 under Visible Light (2011)

Preadsorbed water along with surrounding bulk water significantly modulates the surface electronic structure of TiO(2), switches the adsorption mode of dyes, and promotes dye sensitization of TiO(2) under visible-light irradiation. This opens a door toward facile improvement in the efficiency of photodegradation of dyes and dye-sensitized solar cells under visible-light irradiation without any complicated and expensive surface modulation.
Levels of Interleukin‐15‐Expressing Blood Mononuclear Cells Are Elevated in Multiple Sclerosis (1999)

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a novel IL-2-like cytokine expressed by cells of the monocyte/macrophage and epithelial lineages. Cytokines might be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Using immunocytochemistry, we analysed spontaneous expression of IL-15 by peripheral blood (PB) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mononuclear cells (MNC) from patients with MS, other neurological diseases (OND) and healthy controls. IL-15- positive peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) were elevated in patients with MS compared to healthy controls (P < 0.05). The elevation of IL-15- positive PBMNC was restricted to patients with chronic progressive MS and not observed in patients studied during the relapsing-remitting phase of MS. The numbers of IL-15- expressing PBMNC correlated with the duration and disability of MS (r = 0.45, P < 0.001, and r = 0.39, P < 0.01, respectively). IL-15 was undetectable in CSF MNC, and ELISA showed low CSF levels of IL-15 in occasional patients with MS and OND. IL-15 is a potent growth factor for gammadelta T cells, but there was no correlation between IL-15 expression by PBMNC and percentage of gammadelta T cells in blood from the MS patients. Together, these data demonstrate that IL-15 expression by PBMNC is upregulated in the chronic stage of MS.
Molecular pathology of prostate cancer: the key to identifying new biomarkers of disease (2004)

Microarray technology has recently accelerated the study of the molecular events involved in prostate cancer, offering the prospect of more precise prognosis and new therapeutic strategies. This review summarises current knowledge of the molecular pathology of prostate cancer. The expression and function of numerous genes have been shown to be altered in prostate cancer. Many of these genes are involved in cell cycle regulation, steroid hormone metabolism or regulation of gene expression. The mechanisms by which androgen independence arises are discussed, including cross-activation, gene amplification and point mutations of the androgen receptor. Analysis of changes in the levels of expression of large numbers of genes during prostate cancer progression have provided a better understanding of the basis of the disease, yielding new molecular markers, such as hepsin, with potential use in diagnosis and prognosis.
A power-efficient thermocycler based on induction heating for DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (2004)

We have built a thermocycler based on the principles of induction heating for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of target sequences in DNA samples of interest. The cycler has an average heating rate of ∼0.8 °C/s and a cooling rate of ∼0.5 °C/s, and typically takes ∼4 h to complete a 40-cycle PCR protocol. It is power-efficient (∼6 W per reaction tube), micro-processor controlled, and can be adapted for battery operation. Using this instrument, we have successfully amplified a 350 bp segment from a plasmid and SRY, the human sex determining gene, which occurs as a single-copy sequence in genomic DNA of human males. The PCR products from this thermocycler are comparable to those obtained by the use of commercially available machines. Its easy front-end operation, low-power design, portability and low cost makes it suitable for diagnostic field applications of PCR.
Growth-rate-dependent regulation of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase level mediated by an anti-Shine-Dalgarno sequence located within the Escherichia coli gnd structural gene. (1989)

Previous work has shown that in Escherichia coli K-12 growth-rate-dependent regulation of expression of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, encoded by the gnd gene, occurs at the posttranscriptional level and is mediated by a negative control element that lies deep in the coding sequence, somewhere between codons 48 and 118. Deletion analysis of a growth-rate-regulated gnd-lacZ translational fusion showed that the element is the segment of gnd mRNA between codons 67 and 78 that is complementary to an extensive portion of the gnd ribosome-binding site, including its Shine-Dalgarno sequence. The boundaries of the element were further defined by the cloning of a synthetic "internal complementary sequence." The core internal complementary sequence element effected growth-rate-dependent regulation when placed at several sites between codon 40 and codon 69, but it severely reduced gene expression when moved to codon 13. The effect on regulation of single and double mutations introduced into the element by site-directed mutagenesis correlated with the ability of the respective mRNAs to fold into secondary structures that sequester the ribosome-binding site. Thus the gnd gene's internal regulatory element appears to function as a cis-acting antisense RNA.
Human DIIIA Erythrocytes: RhD protein is associated with multiple dispersed amino acid variations (1997)

As a partial D antigen of the Rh blood group system, the D category IIIa phenotype occurs mainly in Blacks, but its molecular basis has not been defined. Here we describe studies of the D category D(IIIa) and VS+ red blood cells (RBC) from two unrelated probands by Southern blot, cDNA PCR, and nucleotide sequencing. Rh haplotyping by Sph I restriction fragment length polymorphisms indicated that the two probands carried Dce/dCe and Dce/DcE genotypes, respectively. Sequence analysis of Rh cDNAs showed that their erythroid cells expressed both D and CE transcripts. Nevertheless, the D transcripts were found to contain four nucleotide changes scattered in three exons: nt455 A-to-C (exon 3), nt602 C-to-G (exon 4), nt 654 C-to-G (exon 5), and nt667 T-to-G (exon 5). These variations resulted in the following amino acid substitutions characteristic of RhCE polypeptides: 152 Asn-to-Thr, 201 Thr-to-Arg, 218 Ile-to-Met, and 223 Phe-to-Val. The 152Thr and 223Val residues were predicted to reside in proximity to the third and fourth extracellular loops, respectively. Together, these results establish a correlation of the four amino acid changes in the RhD protein with the expression of D(IIIa) as a partial D antigen on the RBC membrane. Since the varied nucleotides identified in D(IIIa) all pre-exist in CE, they are likely to have originated from CE by templated micro-conversion event(s). The identification of a specific nt736 C-to-G transversion in CE in the two probands suggests that 245Val may involve the expression of VS antigen.
Village victories: new motivational techniques in Kenya and Zimbabwe. (1983)

The Institute of Cultural Affairs (ICA) in Kenya and the Zimbabwe Project in Zimbabwe are organizations working to promote local level development in their respective countries and a major challenge to these organizations has been how to change the attitudes and perceptions of the poor in ways that help them help themselves. ICA efforts are carried out in Kenya by several hundred volunteer staff, including 30 expatriates. Most are assigned to 1 of the 21 projects spread across southern Kenya. Since 1975 the ICA has launched projects in over 200 villages. Village clean up, public health, school construction, water development, and agricultural improvement are some of the project categories. Tangible results include starting demonstration farms, field terracing projects, building pit latrines and compost pits, constructing new pathways, roads, and schoolrooms. Many of ICA's efforts are funded by local companies and through Kenyan offices of development organizations. In the field of health, ICA provides training courses at the village level that emphasize preventive care, sanitation, hygiene, nutrition, family planning, first aid, and treatment of common illnesses. ICA's mobilization techniques are based on motivating villagers to help themselves, to "catalyze and energize" the resources at hand. The process begins with a "consult" in which 12 or more ICA staff conduct a 3- or 4-day meeting with villagers to reorient local thinking. A special effort is made to break old attitudes that have held traditional villagers back. The consult is also designed to confront traditional assumptions about what the longterm reality might be. For urban slum villages the focus is on the transient nature of community that serves as low cost housing for thousands of newly arrived migrants. Today the Zimbabwe Project (ZP) is working with former soldiers, although when established in 1978 in Britain its purpose was to assist refugees from the Rhodesian struggle who had fled to Botswana, Mozambique, and Zambia. The organization currently provides training courses and practical advice on how to start cooperative farms and small businesses. Its overall concern is to help ex-combatants become economically self sufficient. To date, some 32,000 soldiers have been demobilized. The idea was to give each soldier support while he was being trained or finding a job. As a group the ex-combatants ZP works with today are young, usually between 20-35. Although both ICA and ZP take motivational approaches, ICA is more inspirational and group oriented and ZP more pragmatic and individual oriented. The ZP is more concerned with cooperative economic processes and with fitting specific individuals back into socially useful roles. The approaches embraced by ICA and ZP can serve as models for local level development elsewhere.
Free return trajectories or enmeshment? Some psychodynamic factors and thoughts on the role of social capital in the use of substituted cathinones (M-cats) (2014)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to suggest that the emergence of substituted cathinones or M-cat drugs (notably mephedrone and methylone) and their rapid proliferation of use, amongst drug users in the UK from 2009 onwards, signals changes in the habits, preferences and lifestyle choices made by certain drug users, whilst also indicating a pronounced increase in the levels of co-morbid mental health conditions experienced by another, yet often distinct, group of users. Design/methodology/approach – This latter group of users, it is suggested, tend to initiate use of psychoactive substances (including tobacco and alcohol) at a younger age. In addition, it is suggested, they often present to treatment and criminal justice services with a history of chronic childhood relational trauma, as a background against which severe patterns of drug abuse has evolved. In this light the lack of significant supplies of social capital, as a protective factor against the development of chronic drug use, is further considered in the paper that follows though a brief literature review and qualitative clinical case reports. Findings – Novel psychoactive substances ( Newcombe, 2013) appear so seductive, for a certain group of users, because they seem to provide a temporary form of cognitive and emotional anaesthesia, enabling users to self-medicate, often against experiences of profound psychological trauma and contemporary lives that are typically experienced as boring, hopeless and pointless. The euphoric effects of psycho-stimulants such as mephedrone are particularly appealing to individuals attempting to escape a subjective sense of daily dysphoria and may on this basis lead to, rather than recreational use, more persistent patterns of drug use. However, in contradistinction to this group of users, another recreational – mainly weekend leisure – group of users continues to evidence a voracious appetite for psycho-stimulant substances. Originality/value – It is suggested that this second group of users has been particularly influential in substitute displacement towards the emergence of legal highs, due to the poor quality and illegal status of street drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine sulphate and MDMA (ecstasy).
Ontogeny and the effects of corticosteroid pretreatment on aquaporin water channels in the ovine cerebral cortex (2005)

The aim of the present study was to determine the ontogeny and effects of corticosteroid pretreatment on aquaporin 4 (AQP4) channel mRNA and protein expression in the cerebral cortex of sheep during development. A portion of the cerebral cortex was snap-frozen from fetuses of dexamethasone- and placebo-treated ewes at 60%, 80% and 90% of gestation, dexamethasone- and placebo-treated newborn lambs and adult sheep. Cerebral cortical samples were obtained 18 h after the last of four 6 mg dexamethasone or placebo injections were given over 48 h to the ewes and adult sheep. Lambs were treated with 0.01 mg kg(-1) dexamethasone or placebo in the same schedule as the ewes and adult sheep. Amplification of an ovine AQP4 cDNA fragment was accomplished by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using primers based on a homologous bovine sequence. The resulting cDNA was used to determine AQP4 channel mRNA expression by Northern hybridisation using phosphorimaging. The relative abundance of AQP4 mRNA was normalised to the ovine ribosomal gene L32. A portion of the frontal cortex was also analysed for AQP4 protein expression by Western immunoblot. Densitometry was performed and the results expressed as a ratio to an adult brain pool. Aquaporin 4 channel mRNA and protein were detectable as early as at 60% gestation. There were no changes in AQP4 mRNA expression among the fetal, newborn and adult groups or after dexamethasone pretreatment in any age group. The expression of the AQP4 protein was higher (P < 0.05) in fetuses at 80% and 90% of gestation (2.9- and 3.3-fold, respectively), in lambs (3.2-fold) and in adult sheep (3.8-fold) compared with fetuses at 60% of gestation, as well as in adult sheep (1.3-fold) compared with fetuses at 80% of gestation. Dexamethasone pretreatment resulted in decreases (P < 0.05) in AQP4 protein expression in the lambs and adult sheep, but not in the fetal groups. We conclude that: (1) AQP4 mRNA and protein were expressed early in fetal and throughout ovine development; (2) protein, but not mRNA, expression increased between 60% and 80% of gestation and did not differ from adult levels by 90% of gestation; and (3) dexamethasone pretreatment resulted in decreases in AQP4 protein expression in lambs and adult sheep, but not in fetuses. The maturational increases in AQP4 protein expression and dexamethasone-related decreases in expression were post-transcriptional, because changes in AQP4 mRNA expression were not observed.
A Functional Polymorphism in Renalase (Glu37Asp) Is Associated with Cardiac Hypertrophy, Dysfunction, and Ischemia: Data from the Heart and Soul Study (2010)

A functional missense polymorphism in renalase (Glu37Asp) is associated with cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular dysfunction, poor exercise capacity, and inducible ischemia in persons with stable coronary artery disease. Further studies investigating the therapeutic implications of this polymorphism should be considered.
Adaptive Noninvasive Assessment of Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Autoregulation (2003)

Continuous adaptation of the model to SCA improves the accuracy of noninvasive estimation of ICP and ICP dynamics. The same model provides a noninvasive and continuous assessment of SCA.