gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Routes of immunization and antigen delivery systems for optimal mucosal immune responses in humans. (1997)

Numerous experiments performed in humans and animals have revealed that stimulation of mucosal lymphoid inductive sites such as intestinal Peyer's patches results in parallel immune responses manifested by the appearance of S-IgA antibodies in the external secretions of remote glands. However, recent experiments suggest that inductive sites associated with the upper respiratory tract, rectum, and perhaps genital tract may also function as sources of lymphoid cells that populate, with some selectivity, certain remote mucosal effector sites. Furthermore, antigen-specific IgA antibodies can be induced in certain secretions (e.g., female genital tract) not only by immunization in the vicinity of corresponding mucosal tissues (e.g., vagina and rectum) but also by oral and especially intranasal immunization. The ineffectiveness of simple delivery of soluble antigens to mucosal membranes for immunization has stimulated extensive studies of strategies for effective delivery systems that would (a) increase the antigen absorption, (b) prevent its degradation, and (c) skew the outcome of immunization to a desired goal (protective response to infectious diseases vs. tolerance; B vs. T cell responses; mucosal vs. systemic). The induction of immune responses at a desired mucosal site can be accentuated with the use of a suitable antigen-delivery system including relevant bacterial or viral vectors, edible transgenic plants expressing microbial antigens, incorporation of antigens in biodegradable microspheres or liposomes, and linkage or coadministration of antigens with cholera toxin B subunit. However, only a few antigen-delivery systems extensively used in animal experimentation have been evaluated for their efficacy in humans. The combination of various immunization routes and the use of suitable antigen-delivery systems may accomplish an important task-the induction of mucosal immune responses at a location relevant to the site of entry of a given pathogen.
AMD473 (ZD0473) exhibits marked in vitro anticancer activity in human tumor specimens taken directly from patients (2003)

AMD473 (ZD0473; cis-amminedichloro[2-methylpyridine]platinum [II]) is a new generation anticancer agent that, in preclinical studies, shows evidence of an extended spectrum of antitumor activity and overcomes platinum resistance mechanisms. Here we evaluate the activity of AMD473 (ZD0473) in a panel of 120 human tumor specimens using a soft agar cloning assay (human tumor colony-forming assay). When tumor cells were treated with 1.0, 4.0 or 16.0 microg/ml AMD473 (ZD0473) for 2 h, in vitro responses were observed in 18% (9/51), 33% (17/51) and 44% (19/43) of assessable specimens. Treatment of tumor cells with the same concentrations of AMD473 (ZD0473) for 24 h resulted in responses of 33% (16/48), 63% (30/48) and 85% (35/41). AMD473 (ZD0473) (16 microg/ml; 24 h) demonstrated activity towards 100% of the non-small cell lung (5/5) and ovarian (8/8) cancer specimens and 73% (8/11) of the breast cancer specimens treated. Low levels of cross-resistance to cisplatin cyclophosphamide, 5-flurouracil, etoposide and gemcitabine were observed. There was a positive relationship between AMD473 (ZD0473) concentration and effect, and a significant difference between response to 2- versus 24-h exposure to 4 or 16 microg/ml (p=0.003 and p=0.001, respectively). These responses demonstrate efficacy at pharmacologically relevant concentrations, suggesting AMD473 (ZD0473) deserves further evaluation.
Cytokine responses to intraventricular injection of interleukin 2 into patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: rapid induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, gamma-interferon, and soluble interleukin 2 receptor (Mr 55,000 protein). (1992)

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a potent immunostimulant that causes the release of secondary cytokines and the production of lymphokine-activated killer cells. We investigated the cellular and cytokine responses to injection of recombinant human IL-2 into the human cerebrospinal fluid of 11 patients with metastatic tumors involving the spinal or cerebral leptomeninges. After initial intraventricular IL-2 administration (1.25 x 10(5) to 2 x 10(6) Cetus units/injection), cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected at intervals from 0 to 24 h. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results indicated that IL-2 levels gradually decreased during the first 24 h, with an average t1/2 between 4 and 8 h. Induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, gamma-interferon, and interleukin 2 receptor (p55) was also assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 levels peaked at 2 to 4 h and 4 to 6 h, with concentrations between 71 to 1,714 pg/ml and 942 to 10,500 pg/ml, respectively. Interleukin 1 beta, gamma-interferon, and soluble IL-2 receptor peaked later, during 6 to 12 h; the levels achieved were 234 pg/ml, 25 NIH units/ml, and 207 units/ml, respectively. All cytokine concentrations returned to near baseline between 12 and 24 h; however, the soluble IL-2 receptor levels remained elevated. Additional observations included a rapid influx of neutrophilic leukocytes, followed by a prolonged presence of lymphocytes. These data indicate a broad and complex potential of the immune response in the central nervous system, as well as further define the cytokine cascade in response to IL-2 alone.
Cytokine production in BALB/c mice immunized with radiation attenuated third stage larvae of the filarial nematode, Brugia pahangi (1993)

BALB/c mice immunized with radiation attenuated third stage larvae of the filarial nematode Brugia pahangi are strongly immune to challenge infection. Investigation of the profile of cytokines secreted by spleen cells from immune mice stimulated in vitro with either parasite Ag or with Con A revealed high levels of IL-5 and IL-9 and moderate levels of IL-4. In contrast, secretion of IFN-gamma by spleen cells from immune animals was negligible. Spleen cells from control mice secreted low levels of all cytokines assayed. Levels of parasite-specific IgE were significantly elevated in immune animals and a peripheral blood eosinophilia was observed, which exhibited a biphasic distribution. Our results are consistent with the preferential expansion of Th2 cells in immune animals and provide the basis for dissecting the means by which radiation attenuated larvae of filarial nematodes stimulate immunity.
Stimulation of beta(1----3)glucan synthetase of various fungi by nucleoside triphosphates: generalized regulatory mechanism for cell wall biosynthesis (1985)

Particulate fractions from the taxonomically diverse fungi Achlya ambisexualis, Hansenula anomala, Neurospora crassa, Cryptococcus laurentii, Schizophyllum commune, and Wangiella dermatitidis were found to catalyze the time-dependent incorporation of glucose from UDP-[14C]glucose into a water-insoluble material. The reaction was stimulated by bovine serum albumin. The product was characterized as beta(1----3)glucan on the basis of its resistance to alpha- and beta-amylase and susceptibility to beta(1----3)glucanase. With the exception of the preparation from A. ambisexualis, all others were stimulated by nucleoside triphosphates and their analogs. The best activators were GTP and guanosine 5'-(gamma-thio)triphosphate. It is concluded that the stimulation by nucleotides, previously found with the glucan synthetase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a regulatory mechanism that was well conserved during fungal evolution, presumably because of its importance in controlling cell wall biosynthesis and cell growth.
‘Click’ cycloaddition catalysts: copper(i) and copper(ii) tris(triazolylmethyl)amine complexes (2008)

The CuI complex of the 'click' ligand tris(benzyltriazolylmethyl)amine is an unusual dinuclear dication with one triazole unit bridging two metal centers, and is an effective catalyst for the 'click' cycloaddition reaction.
Formation of Contacts in a Planarized SiO2 / Si3 N 4 / SiO2 Dielectric Structure (1992)

The formation of vertical contact openings through planarized dielectric layers requires either very high etch selectivity between and silicon substrates or modification of the dielectric film structure to offset the need for extreme etch selectivity. A four‐step process has been developed in an Applied Materials 8110 system to etch submicron contacts through a planarized layer in which the intermediate film acts as a buffer during the initial etching to compensate for the difference in thickness over planarized source/drain and polycrystalline silicon contact areas.
Continuous low-dose GM-CSF as salvage therapy in refractory recurrent breast or female genital tract carcinoma. (2005)

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF, sargramostim [Leukine]) is a powerful cytokine that is able to stimulate the generation of dendritic cells. Adjuvant treatment with continuous low-dose GM-CSF has been shown to prolong survival of stage III/IV melanoma patients. Data on continuous low-dose GM-CSF therapy in tumors other than prostate cancer are still lacking. This pilot trial was initiated in order to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of continuous low-dose GM-CSF as salvage in various chemotherapy-refractory carcinomas. A total of 19 patients who had failed a median of 4 prior chemotherapies were included. Their malignancies included metastatic breast cancer, recurrent ovarian carcinoma, metastatic endometrial carcinoma, and recurrent squamous cell cancer of the cervix uteri. Continuous low-dose GM-CSF was delivered subcutaneously at a daily starting dose of 125 microg. GM-CSF was increased at 25-microg increments until a maximum of 250 microg was reached or when mild leukocytosis (10-20 g/L) was achieved, providing that the relative eosinophil count did not exceed 15%. Therapy was continued until progression or refusal by the patient. Toxicity was generally mild. Only one patient was withdrawn due to grade 3 fatigue. In three additional patients, temporary dose reduction was necessary because of grade 1 injection site reactions, which recovered spontaneously. Mild to moderate leukocytosis was obvious in 10 patients. Systemic hypersensitivity-like reactions did not occur and no patient required hospitalization for other life-threatening side effects. The objective response rate was 37%: 1 complete and 6 partial responses, 4 disease stabilizations, 8 progression of disease. Median response duration was 6 months. Notably, 6 of 7 responders but only 1 of 8 patients with disease progression developed leukocytosis during therapy. Therefore, we conclude that continuous low-dose GM-CSF has substantial activity in heavily pretreated patients with either metastatic breast cancer or female genital tract cancer. Achievement of mild leukocytosis seems to be a predictor of response.
Brodalumab, an Anti-IL17RA Monoclonal Antibody, in Psoriatic Arthritis (2014)

Brodalumab significantly improved response rates among patients with psoriatic arthritis. Larger studies of longer duration are necessary to assess adverse events. (Funded by Amgen; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01516957 .).
Removal of surface layer of concrete by a pulse-periodical discharge (2002)

To clean concrete (e.g., floor) contaminated by hazardous chemicals or radionuclides, its surface layer has to be removed. In our experiments and large area trials, 0.5 cm to 3 cm thick concrete layers have been removed either by the shock waves and cavitation initiated in water by a discharge or by a direct breakdown through concrete. The discharge mode is defined by the PFN design and operation parameters. In both cases, the spark discharge took place between two parallel linear electrodes. Concrete is crushed and spalled by a series of tens or hundreds of pulses following at 2 to 20 Hz frequency. Discharge through water follows breakdown at 20-30 kV, and effective concrete layer removal takes place for 30-50 kA, 20-40 /spl mu/s current pulses. Consumption of capacitance-stored energy is about 1.5 kJ per 1 cm/sup 3/ of concrete. Discharge through concrete requires much higher (100-150 kV) voltage, but only a few kA current amplitude of a 3 to 5 /spl mu/s pulse is required. In this case, energy consumption is lower-about 0.8 kJ/cm/sup 3/. The presentation provides a description of the prototype industrial unit, results of trial runs, energetic characteristics and decontamination quality.
A New Strategy for the Synthesis of Taurine Derivatives Using the “Safety‐Catch” Principle for the Protection of Sulfonic Acids. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Deletion of the Delta12-oleic acid desaturase gene of a nonaflatoxigenic Aspergillus parasiticus field isolate affects conidiation and sclerotial development (2004)

Conditions that promote sclerotial development differ from those required to promote maximum conidial production. Manipulation of content and availability of linoleic acid at different fungal growth phases might optimize conidial and sclerotial production hence increasing the efficacy of biocompetitive Aspergillus species.
Fibrinogen Is a Ligand for Integrin α5β1 on Endothelial Cells (1997)

Previous studies have shown that fibrinogen can associate with endothelial cells via an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) recognition specificity. In the present study, we have characterized the specificity of fibrinogen binding to endothelial cells under different cation conditions. Fibrinogen binding to suspended endothelial cells was selectively supported by Mn2+ and was suppressed by Ca2+. The Mn2+-supported interaction was completely inhibited by RGD peptides but not by alphavbeta3 blocking monoclonal antibodies. In contrast, the interaction was completely blocked by two alpha5beta1 monoclonal antibodies. This interaction was not mediated by fibronectin bound to the integrin; could be demonstrated with purified alpha5beta1; and also was observed with a second alpha5beta1-bearing cell type, platelets. The binding of fibrinogen to alpha5beta1 on endothelial cells in the presence of Mn2+ was time-dependent, specific, saturable, and of high affinity (Kd = 65 nM). By employing anti-peptide monoclonal antibodies, the carboxyl-terminal RGD sequence at Aalpha 572-574 was implicated in fibrinogen recognition by alpha5beta1. Two circumstances were identified in which alpha5beta1 interacted with fibrinogen in the presence of Ca2+: when the receptor was activated with monoclonal antibody (8A2) or when the fibrinogen was presented as an immobilized substratum. These results identify fibrinogen as a ligand for alpha5beta1 on endothelial and other cells, an interaction which may have broad biological implications.
Cell Separation:a practical approach (1998)

Part 1 Preparation of single cell suspensions: introduction methods of dispersal viability measurements separation of viable and non-viable cells cell characterization. Part 2 Fractionation of cells by sedimentation methods: introduction the theory of sedimentation separation media solutions for iso-osmotic gradients preparation of iso-osmotic gradients choice of separation method separation of cells on the basis of size separation of cells on the basis of density conclusions. Part 3 Centrifugal elutriation: introduction principles equipment the elutriation procedure applications advantages and disadvantages conclusions simulation of centrifugal elutriation for the Beckman JE-6B chamber. Part 4 Separation and fractionation of cells by partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems: introduction theoretical background and its impact on methodology practical aspects of phase partitioning selected applications conclusions manually opeated countercurrent distribution apparatus. Part 5 Separation of cells by flow cytometry: introduction the basic instrument cell sorting by droplet deflection other flow sorters. Part 6 Immunomethods - magnetic, column and panning techniques: introduction column and panning methods reagents for immunoseparation methods general cell separation using immunomagnetic beads functional approaches. Part 7 Separation of cells using free flow electrophoresis: introduction buffers preparation of cell samples for free flow electrophoresis preparation and application of free flow electrophoresis for separation of whole cells evaluation of the electrokinetic properties of cells separated by FFE overcoming problems combination of FFE with other techniques.
Miniemulsion Polymerization and the Structure of Polymer and Hybrid Nanoparticles (2009)

The miniemulsion process allows the formation of complex structured polymeric nanoparticles and the encapsulation of a solid or liquid, an inorganic or organic, or a hydrophobic or hydrophilic material into a polymer shell. Many different materials, ranging from organic and inorganic pigments, magnetite, or other solid nanoparticles, to hydrophobic and hydrophilic liquids, such as fragrances, drugs, or photoinitators, can be encapsulated. Functionalization of the nanoparticles can also be easily obtained. Compared to polymerization processes in organic solvents, polymerization to obtain polymeric nanoparticles can be performed in environmentally friendly solvents, usually water.
Self-contained actuation of phase-change pistons in microchannels (2006)

An inchworm-like self-contained actuation mechanism for phase-change pistons using a movable thermopneumatic air chamber has been demonstrated. Two phase-change pistons that enclose an air pocket between them have been moved incremental distances by successive melting and solidification of the pistons timed with the expansion and contraction of the air pocket. For a system in which both pistons were wax-based, localized heating of each piston and the air chamber was used to achieve the motion of the assembly. This design used a two-component wax piston that did not coat the microchannel walls. In a separate design a combination of a wax piston with a piston that solidifies at high temperatures was used to eliminate the localized heating requirement for self-contained actuation. This actuation mechanism can be easily integrated on lab-on-a-chip devices for the self-contained pumping of fluid columns.
Development of a New Nonpeptidic Self-Immolative Spacer. Application to the Design of Protease Sensing Fluorogenic Probes (2008)

The design and synthesis of novel self-immolative spacer systems aiming at the release of phenol-containing compounds are described. The newly designed traceless linkers proved to be conveniently stable under physiological conditions and operate through spontaneous decomposition of an hemithioaminal intermediate under neutral aqueous conditions. Their utility was then illustrated by the preparation of original fluorogenic substrates of penicillin amidase whose strong fluorescence is unveiled through enzyme-initiated domino reactions.
Acute Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity (2005)

To the Editor: A previously healthy 78-year-old woman presented with facial flushing, palpitations, diarrhea, and generalized weakness. The serum serotonin level was markedly elevated (2233 ng per ...
Novel roles for the IgG Fc glycan (2012)

IgG antibodies trigger leukocyte activation and inflammation by forming immune complexes that crosslink activating Fcγ receptors (FcγRs). This is essential to combat infection, but detrimental if antibodies target or cross-react with autoantigens. The high specificity and long serum half-life of IgG antibodies confers tremendous therapeutic potential. Indeed, antibodies have been successfully employed to target cancers, autoreactive B cells, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conversely, IgG antibodies can also initiate anti-inflammatory responses. In the form of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), IgGs are routinely administered to treat inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Importantly, the N-linked glycans on the IgG Fc are absolutely required for initiating these IgG effector functions. In fact, the Fc glycan composition dictates IgG affinity to individual FcγRs, and in a broader sense, binding to different FcγRs classes: activating, inhibitory, and anti-inflammatory (dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin, DC-SIGN). The Fc glycan requirements to initiate and suppress inflammation will be discussed herein.
Sybase Architecture and Administration (1993)

From the Publisher:
This book will be of interest to all users of Sybase, both beginners and experienced users. Written in a lively style, the book is entertaining as well as a source of invaluable material. Includes useful tips, problems to look out for and suggested solutions. Chapters can be read on a stand alone basis. The material describes the Sybase server as a system 10, although it draws on a wealth of material from 4.0.1 and above. Contains worked examples. This book is a useful ready reference for users of the Sybase database. The approach taken by the author will expand the reader's knowledge of how Sybase works and helps optimize their Sybase applications.
Peptide-pulsed dendritic cells induce antigen-specific CTL-mediated protective tumor immunity. (1996)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are a critical component of the immune response to tumors. Tumor-derived peptide antigens targeted by CTLs are being defined for several human tumors and are potential immunogens for the induction of specific antitumor immunity. Dendritic cells (DC) are potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) capable of priming CTL responses in vivo. Here we show that major histocompatibility complex class I-presented peptide antigen pulsed onto dendritic APCs induces protective immunity to lethal challenge by a tumor transfected with the antigen gene. The immunity is antigen specific, requiring expression of the antigen gene by the tumor target, and is eliminated by in vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, mice that have rejected the transfected tumor are protected from subsequent challenge with the untransfected parent tumor. These results suggest that immunization strategies using antigen-pulsed DC may be useful for inducing tumor-specific immune responses.
A Novel 24 GHz One-Shot, Rapid and Portable Microwave Imaging System (2008)

Development of microwave and millimeter wave imaging systems has received significant attention in the past decade. Signals at these frequencies penetrate inside of dielectric materials and have relatively small wavelengths. Thus, imaging systems at these frequencies can produce images of the dielectric and geometrical distributions of objects. Although there are many different approaches for imaging at these frequencies, they each have their respective advantageous and limiting features (hardware, reconstruction algorithms). One method involves electronically scanning a given spatial domain while recording the coherent scattered field distribution from an object. Consequently, different reconstruction or imaging techniques may be used to produce an image (dielectric distribution and geometrical features) of the object. The ability to perform this accurately and fast can lead to the development of a rapid imaging system that can be used in the same manner as a video camera. This paper describes the design of such a system, operating at 24 GHz, using modulated scatterer technique applied to 30 resonant slots in a prescribed measurement domain.