gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel Insights into the Pore-Scale Mechanisms of Enhanced Oil Recovery by CO2 Injection (2012)

Abstract CO2 injection is a proven EOR (enhanced oil recovery) method, which has been extensively applied in the field. CO2 promotes oil recovery through a number of mechanisms including; CO2 dissolution, viscosity reduction, oil swelling, and extraction of light hydrocarbon components of crude oil. One of the main advantages considered for CO2 injection is that it can develop miscibility with most of light crude oils at a pressure lower than what would be required for other gases. Miscibility development is a function of reservoir pressure, temperature and also oil composition. In water flooded oil reservoirs, water can adversely affect the performance of CO2 injection as it reduces the contact between oil and CO2. However, CO2 will be able to dissolve into water and diffuse from water into the oil. The dynamic interplay between these various mechanisms is complicated and cannot be captured by existing models and simulations. In this paper we present the highlights of the results of a series of visualization (micromodel) experiments performed using three different crude oils. CO2 injection was carried out to investigate the pore-scale interactions between CO2, crude oil and water inside the porous medium under liquid, vapour and super-critical conditions. In particular, we reveal a new mechanism that can lead to the recovery of the disconnected oil ganglia that do not come to direct contact with injected CO2. Our results reveal that, under certain conditions, a new phase can be formed in trapped oil ganglia and grows in size and can eventually connect the ganglia to the flowing CO2 stream and lead to their production. The increase in the size of the new phase continues without limit as long as CO2 injection continues and is much more than what can be achieved by the swelling of the oil due to CO2 dissolution. In the injection strategies where CO2 injection is associated or followed by water injection, e.g. CO2-WAG or CO2-SWAG, formation of the new phase can also divert the flow of water towards the unswept regions of the porous media and lead to additional oil recovery.
Bimetallic Redox Synergy in Oxidative Palladium Catalysis (2011)

Polynuclear transition metal complexes, which are embedded in the active sites of many metalloenzymes, are responsible for effecting a diverse array of oxidation reactions in nature. The range of chemical transformations remains unparalleled in the laboratory. With few noteworthy exceptions, chemists have primarily focused on mononuclear transition metal complexes in developing homogeneous catalysis. Our group is interested in the development of carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions, with a particular focus on identifying reactions that can be applied to the synthesis of complex molecules. In this context, we have hypothesized that bimetallic redox chemistry, in which two metals participate synergistically, may lower the activation barriers to redox transformations relevant to catalysis. In this Account, we discuss redox chemistry of binuclear Pd complexes and examine the role of binuclear intermediates in Pd-catalyzed oxidation reactions. Stoichiometric organometallic studies of the oxidation of binuclear Pd(II) complexes to binuclear Pd(III) complexes and subsequent C-X reductive elimination from the resulting binuclear Pd(III) complexes have confirmed the viability of C-X bond-forming reactions mediated by binuclear Pd(III) complexes. Metal-metal bond formation, which proceeds concurrently with oxidation of binuclear Pd(II) complexes, can lower the activation barrier for oxidation. We also discuss experimental and theoretical work that suggests that C-X reductive elimination is also facilitated by redox cooperation of both metals during reductive elimination. The effect of ligand modification on the structure and reactivity of binuclear Pd(III) complexes will be presented in light of the impact that ligand structure can exert on the structure and reactivity of binuclear Pd(III) complexes. Historically, oxidation reactions similar to those discussed here have been proposed to proceed via mononuclear Pd(IV) intermediates, and the hypothesis of mononuclear Pd(II/IV) catalysis has guided the successful development of many reactions. Herein we discuss differences between monometallic Pd(IV) and bimetallic Pd(III) redox catalysis. We address whether appreciation of the relevance of bimetallic Pd(III) redox catalysis is of academic interest exclusively, serving to provide a more nuanced description of catalysis, or if the new insight regarding bimetallic Pd(III) chemistry can be a platform to enable future reaction development. To this end, we describe an example in which the hypothesis of bimetallic redox chemistry guided reaction development, leading to the discovery of reactivity distinct from monometallic catalysts.
Treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy with pamidronate: 29 cases (2001)

Pamidronate appeared to be effective in the treatment of refractory RSD; however, these results need to be confirmed by a controlled placebo study.
Materials and Designs for Wireless Epidermal Sensors of Hydration and Strain (2014)

This paper presents materials and designs for an ultrathin, stretchable class of device that is capable of lamination onto the surface of the skin, for wireless determination of dielectric and surface strain properties. The sensor exploits LC resonators with capacitive electrodes whose radio frequency characteristics change with variations in skin properties, and is capable of conformal and spontaneous integration with skin due to their skin‐like, “epidermal”, mechanical properties. Resonance frequencies of the LC resonators can be measured wirelessly through changes in the absorption of electromagnetic energy from a coil connected to an impedance measurement setup and placed in proximity to the epidermal device. Experimental results demonstrate that the device offers a precision of 1.1 (arbitrary unit of a reference commercial hydration meter) for hydration and 1.3% for strain detection, with good stability and low drift. Measurement of simulated lymphedema using an expandable balloon with an attached sensor further demonstrates the potential for using such a sensor in monitoring skin swelling. Finite element simulation of physical deformation and associated changes in electrical properties enable quantitative interpretation of the experimental results. The results may have relevance for wireless evaluation of the skin, for applications ranging from dermatology and cosmetology to health/wellness monitoring (lymphedema, transdermal water loss, edema, and psychological stress).
Temperature dependence of the return current in Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox stacks fabricated by self-planarizing process (2005)

We investigated the temperature variation of the return currents of stacked Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (Bi-2212) intrinsic Josephson junctions fabricated using self-planarizing process. In this process, the Bi-2212 crystal around the junction window was changed to an insulator by soaking it into the solution of dilute hydrochloric acid. The current-voltage characteristics of the stacks with areas as large as 30×40μm2 exhibited large hystereses and multiple branches at 4.2K, which can be explained by a series connection of highly capacitive Josephson junctions. At higher temperatures than 40K, we found that the return current Ir of the intrinsic junction depended strongly on the temperature, T. We analyzed the Ir-T characteristics using simple resistively and capacitively shunted junction model in view of the temperature dependence of the c-axis resistance of the stack.
Prevention of age‐induced N(ε)‐(carboxymethyl)lysine accumulation in the microvasculature (2016)

Accumulation of N(ε)-(carboxymethyl)lysine in the cerebral and cardiac microvasculature is age-induced and is prevented by DHA in the intramyocardial vessels of ApoE(-/-) mice.
Utterer's Meaning and Intention (1969)

(la) It would be approximately true to say that S means (has as one of its meanings) If I shall then be assisting the kind of thing of which lawns are composed to mature, I shall have no time for reading. It would also perhaps be approximately true to say that S means (has as another of its meanings, in at least one version of English) If I shall then be assisting the marijuana to mature, I shall have no time for reading. Such meaning-specification I shall call the specifications of the timeless meaning(s) of a complete utterance-type (which may be a sentence or may be a sentencelike nonlinguistic utterance-type, such as a hand-signal). (I b) It would be true to say that the word grass means (loosely speaking) lawn-material, and also true to say that the word grass means marijuana. Such meaning-specifications I shall call the specifications of the timeless meaning(s) of an incomplete utterance-type (which may be a nonsentential word or phrase, or may be a nonlinguistic utterance-type which is analogous to a word or phrase).
Iron Bioavailability of Hemoglobin from Soy Root Nodules Using a Caco-2 Cell Culture Model (2006)

Heme iron has been identified in many plant sources-most commonly in the root nodules of leguminous plants, such as soy. Our objective was to test the effectiveness of soy root nodule (SRN) and purified soy hemoglobin (LHb) in improving iron bioavailability using an in vitro Caco-2 cell model, with ferritin response as the bioavailability index. We assessed bioavailability of iron from LHb (either partially purified (LHbA) or purified (LHbD)) with and without food matrix and compared it with that from bovine hemoglobin (BHb), ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), or SRN. Bioavailability of each treatment was normalized to 100% of the FeSO4 treatment. When iron sources were tested alone (100 ug iron/mL), ferritin synthesis by LHbD and BHb were 19% (P > 0.05) and 113% (P < 0.001) higher than FeSO4, respectively. However, when iron sources were used for fortification of maize tortillas (50 ppm), LHbA and BHb showed similar bioavailability, being 27% (P < 0.05) and 33% (P < 0.05) higher than FeSO4. Heat treatment had no effect on heme iron but had a significant reduction on FeSO4 bioavailability. Adding heme (LHbA) iron with nonheme (FeSO4) had no enhancement on nonheme iron absorption. Our data suggest that heme iron from plant sources may be a novel value-added product that can provide highly bioavailable iron as a food fortificant.
A 25 Gb/s Silicon Photonics Platform (2012)

Silicon has attracted attention as an inexpensive and scalable material system for photonic-electronic, system-on-chip development. For this, a platform with both photodetectors and modulators working at high speeds, with excellent cross-wafer uniformity, is needed. We demonstrate an optical-lithography, wafer-scale photonics platform with 25 Gb/s operation. We also demonstrate modulation with an ultra-low drive voltage of 1 Vpp at 25 Gb/s. We demonstrate attractive cross-wafer uniformity, and provide detailed information about the device geometry. Our platform is available to the community as part of a photonics shuttle service.
Automating Science (2009)

Computers with intelligence can design and run experiments, but learning from the results to generate subsequent experiments requires even more intelligence.
New criteria for blind deconvolution of nonminimum phase systems (channels) (1990)

A necessary and sufficient condition for blind deconvolution (without observing the input) of nonminimum-phase linear time-invariant systems (channels) is derived. Based on this condition, several optimization criteria are proposed, and their solution is shown to correspond to the desired response. These criteria involve the computation only of second- and fourth-order moments, implying a simple tap update procedure. The proposed methods are universal in the sense that they do not impose any restrictions on the probability distribution of the (unobserved) input sequence. It is shown that in several important cases (e.g. when the additive noise is Gaussian), the proposed criteria are essentially unaffected.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Structure and Mechanism of Action of the Antimicrobial Peptide Piscidin (2007)

Piscidin, an antibacterial peptide isolated from the mast cells of striped bass, has potent antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens in vitro. We investigated the mechanism of action of this 22-residue cationic peptide by carrying out structural studies and electrophysiological experiments in lipid bilayers. Circular dichroism experiments showed that piscidin was unstructured in water but had a high alpha-helix content in dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles. 1H NMR data in water and TFE confirmed these results and demonstrated that the segment of residues 8-17 adopted an alpha-helical structure in a micellar environment. This molecule has a marked amphipathic character, due to well-defined hydrophobic and hydrophilic sectors. This structure is similar to those determined for other cationic peptides involved in permeabilization of the bacterial membrane. Multichannel experiments with piscidin incorporated into azolectin planar bilayers gave reproducible I-V curves at various peptide concentrations and unambiguously showed that this peptide permeabilized the membrane. This pore forming activity was confirmed by single-channel experiments, with well-defined ion channels obtained at different voltages. The characteristics of the ion channels (voltage dependence, only one or two states of conductance) clearly suggest that piscidin is more likely to permeabilize the membrane by toroidal pore formation rather than via the "barrel-stave" mechanism.
T Spaces (1998)

With the creation of computer networks in the 1970s came the birth of distributed network applications. Since then, there have been many applications that spanned multiple machines, but in the last 20 years no one created a serviceable network middleware package for developing highly effective distributed applications, that is, until now. This paper describes the design and architecture of T Spaces, a project at the IBM Almaden Research Center that fills the network middleware void. T Spaces embodies the three main characteristics of a useful mechanism for network programs, namely, data management, computation, and communication. Since it has the potential to connect any program to any other program on a computing network, T Spaces is an ideal platform on which to build a global computing services platform where any program or system service is available to any other program or service. In addition, its small footprint and Java™ implementation make T Spaces an ideal platform for writing distributed applications for embedded and palm-top computers, thus forging a needed gateway from the emerging embedded and palm-top computers to established desktop and server computers.
Rad52 inactivation is synthetically lethal with BRCA2 deficiency (2010)

Synthetic lethality is a powerful approach to study selective cell killing based on genotype. We show that loss of Rad52 function is synthetically lethal with breast cancer 2, early onset (BRCA2) deficiency, whereas there was no impact on cell growth and viability in BRCA2-complemented cells. The frequency of both spontaneous and double-strand break-induced homologous recombination and ionizing radiation-induced Rad51 foci decreased by 2-10 times when Rad52 was depleted in BRCA2-deficient cells, with little to no effect in BRCA2-complemented cells. The absence of both Rad52 and BRCA2 resulted in extensive chromosome aberrations, especially chromatid-type aberrations. Ionizing radiation-induced and S phase-associated Rad52-Rad51 foci form equally well in the presence or absence of BRCA2, indicating that Rad52 can respond to DNA double-strand breaks and replication stalling independently of BRCA2. Rad52 thus is an independent and alternative repair pathway of homologous recombination and a target for therapy in BRCA2-deficient cells.
Pharmacokinetics and Effects of Mannitol on Hemodynamics, Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Electrolytes, and Osmolality During Intracranial Surgery (1993)

Fifteen patients who underwent surgery for intracranial tumors under general anesthesia were given mannitol (1 g/kg of body weight) over 30 min. Measurements of mannitol concentration, osmolality, and electrolytes were determined in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected over an 8-h period. Seven sets of hemodynamic observations and four sets of intracranial pressure (ICP) measurements were also made. Mannitol disappeared from plasma in a biexponential manner. The mean maximal plasma concentration was 5.91 mg/ml at the end of mannitol infusion and decreased to 0.58 mg/ml after 8 h. The plasma half-life for the distribution phase was 0.16 h and for the elimination phase was 2.44 h. The distribution volume was 17.0 L and total plasma clearance 87.4 ml/min. There were marked interindividual variations of mannitol concentration in the CSF. The mean CSF concentration at 8 h was 97.1 micrograms/ml, started to decline earlier in 10 of 12 patients, and never exceeded 12% of that in plasma. Osmolality in serum increased with a maximum at the end of mannitol infusion (from 292 +/- 7 mOsmol/kg to 310 +/- 14 mOsmol/kg; p < 0.01), whereas CSF osmolality was unchanged, thus giving rise to a positive blood-CSF osmotic gradient of at least 10 mOsmol/kg for about 30 min. At the end of the mannitol infusion, cardiac output and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure increased significantly, whereas the hematocrit decreased. ICP was observed in five patients for 45 min, and mannitol induced a mean reduction from 11 +/- 4 to 4 +/- 2 mm Hg (p < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Celastrol, a Triterpene, Enhances TRAIL-induced Apoptosis through the Down-regulation of Cell Survival Proteins and Up-regulation of Death Receptors (2010)

Whether celastrol, a triterpene from traditional Chinese medicine, can modulate the anticancer effects of TRAIL, the cytokine that is currently in clinical trial, was investigated. As indicated by assays that measure plasma membrane integrity, phosphatidylserine exposure, mitochondrial activity, and activation of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3, celastrol potentiated the TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells, and converted TRAIL-resistant cells to TRAIL-sensitive cells. When examined for its mechanism, we found that the triterpene down-regulated the expression of cell survival proteins including cFLIP, IAP-1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin, and XIAP and up-regulated Bax expression. In addition, we found that celastrol induced the cell surface expression of both the TRAIL receptors DR4 and DR5. This increase in receptors was noted in a wide variety of cancer cells including breast, lung, colorectal, prostate, esophageal, and pancreatic cancer cells, and myeloid and leukemia cells. Gene silencing of the death receptor abolished the effect of celastrol on TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Induction of the death receptor by the triterpenoid was found to be p53-independent but required the induction of CAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), inasmuch as gene silencing of CHOP abolished the induction of DR5 expression by celastrol and associated enhancement of TRAIL-induced apoptosis. We found that celastrol also induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and ROS sequestration inhibited celastrol-induced expression of CHOP and DR5, and consequent sensitization to TRAIL. Overall, our results demonstrate that celastrol can potentiate the apoptotic effects of TRAIL through down-regulation of cell survival proteins and up-regulation of death receptors via the ROS-mediated up-regulation of CHOP pathway.
A truncated, secreted form of the epidermal growth factor receptor is encoded by an alternatively spliced transcript in normal rat tissue. (1990)

Two independent cDNA clones corresponding to a 2.7-kilobase (kb) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) mRNA were isolated from a rat liver cDNA library. Sequence analysis revealed 100% homology in the external domain when compared with the full-length rat EGF-R nucleotide sequence and 80 to 90% similarity relative to the human EGF-R. However, the 3'-terminal sequence of these clones did not match EGF-R or any other known sequence(s) and was distinct from the 3' end of the 2.8-kb mRNA, which encodes a truncated EGF-R in A431 cells. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed an open reading frame which is homologous to the external domain of the EGF-R but which terminates prior to the transmembrane region. Southern blot analysis of rat genomic DNA indicated that the 3'-terminal sequence of this transcript is derived from the EGF-R gene. Analysis of a genomic clone containing the 3' end of the 2.7-kb transcript revealed that this sequence is present as a discrete exon in the mid-region of the receptor gene in proximity to the exon encoding the transmembrane domain. Introduction of an expression vector containing the truncated EGF-R cDNA into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells led to the expression of a 95-kilodalton protein which was detected in conditioned media, by using antisera directed against the EGF-R. A similarly sized protein was also detected in the media of WB cells, a continuous, nontransformed line of rat hepatic epithelial cells. Northern (RNA blot) analysis established that the truncated receptor is encoded by a 2.7-kb transcript found in normal rat liver. Furthermore, Northern analysis of rat poly(A)+ RNA showed that the 2.7-kb EGF-R transcript is expressed at differing levels in various fetal and adult tissues. These data indicate that alternative splicing of the EGF-R primary transcript yields a 2.7-kb mRNA which codes for a truncated form of the receptor. This receptor is secreted by rat hepatic epithelial cells in culture, which suggests that it may be secreted by normal rat cells or tissues and perhaps serve an as yet unknown physiological function.
The mechanisms controlling the recognition of tumor- and virus-infected cells by NKp46 (2003)

The destruction of viral-infected and tumor cells is mediated in part via the lysis receptor of natural killer (NK) cells, NKp46. The nature, however, of its lysis ligands expressed on target cells is poorly defined. Recently, we have identified a novel functional interaction between the lysis receptors NKp46 and NKp44 and the hemagglutinin of influenza and hemagglutinin-neuroaminidase of Sendai viruses. This recognition depends on the sialylation of NKp46 and NKp44 receptors. In this study, we expand the significance of these observations by demonstrating a conserved pattern of NKp46 and NKp44 recognition by various hemagglutinins derived from different viral strains. We further establish that this recognition is direct and mainly mediated via alpha2,6-linked sialic acid carried by NKp46. In addition, we demonstrate that the ability of NKp46 to recognize target cells is confined to the membrane proximal domain, and largely relies on the highly conserved sugar-carrying residue, Thr 225. This residue plays a critical dual role in NKp46 interactions with both viral hemagglutinins and the unknown tumor ligands via different mechanisms. These results may explain the ability of NK cells to kill such a broad spectrum of viral-infected and tumor cells.
Depth-control method for integral imaging (2008)

We present a method for controlling the depth of three-dimensional (3D) images reconstructed by integral photography. Incoherent light is reflected from 3D objects, propagates through a lens array, and is captured as the first elemental images by a capturing device. The second elemental images of the 3D images are generated by numerical processing from the first elemental images in accordance with the desired depth. The optical reconstruction of 3D images at the desired depth by the second elemental images is confirmed experimentally.