gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Abiotic Factors on Induced Volatile Emissions in Corn Plants (2002)

Many plants respond to herbivory by releasing a specific blend of volatiles that is attractive to natural enemies of the herbivores. In corn (Zea mays), this induced odor blend is mainly composed of terpenoids and indole. The induced signal varies with plant species and genotype, but little is known about the variation due to abiotic factors. Here, we tested the effect of soil humidity, air humidity, temperature, light, and fertilization rate on the emission of induced volatiles in young corn plants. Each factor was tested separately under constant conditions for the other factors. Plants released more when standing in dry soil than in wet soil, whereas for air humidity, the optimal release was found at around 60% relative humidity. Temperatures between 22 degrees C and 27 degrees C led to a higher emission than lower or higher temperatures. Light intensity had a dramatic effect. The emission of volatiles did not occur in the dark and increased steadily with an increase in the light intensity. An experiment with an unnatural light-dark cycle showed that the release was fully photophase dependent. Fertilization also had a strong positive effect; the emission of volatiles was minimal when plants were grown under low nutrition, even when results were corrected for plant biomass. Changes in all abiotic factors caused small but significant changes in the relative ratios among the different compounds (quality) in the induced odor blends, except for air humidity. Hence, climatic conditions and nutrient availability can be important factors in determining the intensity and variability in the release of induced plant volatiles.
Genome Sequence of Aedes aegypti , a Major Arbovirus Vector (2007)

We present a draft sequence of the genome of Aedes aegypti, the primary vector for yellow fever and dengue fever, which at approximately 1376 million base pairs is about 5 times the size of the genome of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Nearly 50% of the Ae. aegypti genome consists of transposable elements. These contribute to a factor of approximately 4 to 6 increase in average gene length and in sizes of intergenic regions relative to An. gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster. Nonetheless, chromosomal synteny is generally maintained among all three insects, although conservation of orthologous gene order is higher (by a factor of approximately 2) between the mosquito species than between either of them and the fruit fly. An increase in genes encoding odorant binding, cytochrome P450, and cuticle domains relative to An. gambiae suggests that members of these protein families underpin some of the biological differences between the two mosquito species.
Activated T Cell Exosomes Promote Tumor Invasion via Fas Signaling Pathway (2012)

Activated T cells release bioactive Fas ligand (FasL) in exosomes, which subsequently induce self-apoptosis of T cells. However, their potential effects on cell apoptosis in tumors are still unknown. In this study, we purified exosomes expressing FasL from activated CD8(+) T cell from OT-I mice and found that activated T cell exosomes had little effect on apoptosis and proliferation of tumor cells but promoted the invasion of B16 and 3LL cancer cells in vitro via the Fas/FasL pathway. Activated T cell exosomes increased the amount of cellular FLICE inhibitory proteins and subsequently activated the ERK and NF-κB pathways, which subsequently increased MMP9 expression in the B16 murine melanoma cells. In a tumor-invasive model in vivo, we observed that the activated T cell exosomes promoted the migration of B16 tumor cells to lung. Interestingly, pretreatment with FasL mAb significantly reduced the migration of B16 tumor cells to lung. Furthermore, CD8 and FasL double-positive exosomes from tumor mice, but not normal mice, also increased the expression of MMP9 and promoted the invasive ability of B16 murine melanoma and 3LL lung cancer cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that activated T cell exosomes promote melanoma and lung cancer cell metastasis by increasing the expression of MMP9 via Fas signaling, revealing a new mechanism of tumor immune escape.
New chroma intra prediction modes based on linear model for HEVC (2012)

RGB-to-YUV conversion reduces the inter-channel redundancy in video compression. However, inter-channel correlation is still observed locally. In HEVC HM4.0, LM mode uses a linear model to predict chroma from luma as a chroma intra prediction mode. The linearity is derived from the reconstructed causal pixels. Specifically, for a NxN chroma block, the above N neighbors and the left N neighbors are used for derivation. Considering the variety of the content inside a block, the linearity derived in LM mode does not always match the linearity of the current block. In this paper, we propose two new modes LML and LMA for chroma intra prediction. Those two modes are quite similar to LM mode, except that they use different neighbors for linearity derivation. By adding the proposed modes, about an average of 0.2%, 5.9%, 6.7% BD-rate reduction is achieved under all intra configuration for Y, Cb and Cr components respectively.
Failure of Commercial Oral Amino Acid Supplements to Increase Serum Growth Hormone Concentrations in Male Body-Builders (1993)

Amino acids are commonly ingested as ergogenic acids in the belief that they enhance protein synthesis and stimulate growth hormone release. The aim of this study was to determine the acute effect that amino acid supplements have on serum growth hormone (GH) concentration. Seven male body-builders reported to the laboratory on four occasions after an 8-hr fast and ingested, in random order, either a placebo, a 2.4-g arginine/lysine supplement, a 1.85-g ornithine/tyrosine supplement, or a 20-g BovrilR drink. Blood was collected before each treatment and again every 30 minutes for 3 hours for the measurement of serum GH concentration. On a separate occasion, subjects had an intravenous infusion of 0.5 microgram GH-releasing hormone.kg-1 body weight to confirm that GH secretory response was normal. The main finding was that serum GH concentrations were not altered consistently in healthy young males following the ingestion of the amino acid supplements in the quantities recommended by the manufacturers.
Quality Competence： a Source of Sustained Competitive Advantage (2006)

这篇论文考察优秀管理和竞争优势的发展，并且作为持续竞争优势的来源探索质量的战略地位的观点。另外，纸在优秀胜任的发展介绍很多个建议给 Chinesetelecommunications 工业以便在外国竞争者上支撑一个优点。
Optimized energy efficient content distribution over wireless networks with mobile-to-mobile cooperation (2010)

Mobile terminals interested in the same content and that are in the vicinity of each other can cooperate to improve the efficiency of the download process. In this paper, content distribution and cooperation among the mobile terminals is coordinated by the base station which is the centralized entity that runs an optimization framework to minimize energy consumption at mobile terminals while guaranteeing quality of service constraints. Two cooperation cases are investigated where the mobile terminals can either unicast or multicast the content they receive from the base station to each other. Results show that as the number of cooperating mobile terminals increases the total energy consumption decreases compared to the non-cooperative case.
Atomic quake (2009)

Transactional Memory (TM) is being studied widely as a new technique for synchronizing concurrent accesses to shared memory data structures for use in multi-core systems. Much of the initial work on TM has been evaluated using microbenchmarks and application kernels; it is not clear whether conclusions drawn from these workloads will apply to larger systems. In this work we make the first attempt to develop a large, complex, application that uses TM for all of its synchronization. We describe how we have taken an existing parallel implementation of the Quake game server and restructured it to use transactions. In doing so we have encountered examples where transactions simplify the structure of the program. We have also encountered cases where using transactions occludes the structure of the existing code. Compared with existing TM benchmarks, our workload exhibits non-block-structured transactions within which there are I/O operations and system call invocations. There are long and short running transactions (200– 1.3M cycles) with small and large read and write sets (a few bytes to 1.5MB). There are nested transactions reaching up to 9 levels at runtime. There are examples where error handling and recovery occurs inside transactions. There are also examples where data changes between being accessed transactionally and accessed nontransactionally. However, we did not see examples where the kind of access to one piece of data depended on the value of another.
Characterization of the interleukin 2 receptor beta chain using three distinct monoclonal antibodies. (1989)

The human high-affinity receptor for interleukin 2 (IL-2) has been proposed as being a membrane complex composed of at least two distinct polypeptide chains: p55 (alpha chain), recognized by the anti-Tac monoclonal antibody (mAb), and p75 (beta chain), both of which are capable of binding IL-2. Whereas the alpha chain itself has been shown to be nonfunctional, the beta chain appears to be pivotal in the IL-2 signal transduction, although the beta chain is otherwise poorly characterized. Three beta chain-specific mAbs, designated Mik-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3, were developed. Mik-beta 1 and -beta 2 completely inhibited the IL-2 binding to the beta chain, whereas Mik-beta 3 immunoprecipitated the beta chain crosslinked with 125I-labeled IL-2. The beta chain immunoprecipitated by these mAbs was revealed to have a Mr of 68,000-72,000. High-affinity IL-2 binding was completely abolished by Mik-beta 1. Although IL-2-dependent T-cell growth at high IL-2 concentrations was not inhibited by the anti-Tac, it was almost completely inhibited by Mik-beta 1 in the presence of the anti-Tac. These results clearly indicate that the beta chain is an indispensable component to the high-affinity IL-2 receptor and is responsible for the IL-2 signal transduction. The beta chain was found to be constitutively expressed without the alpha chain on the surface of peripheral blood Leu-19+ natural killer cells.
Two 3' sequences direct adult erythroid-specific expression of human beta-globin genes in transgenic mice. (1987)

Previous experiments have demonstrated that the human beta-globin gene is correctly regulated in transgenic mice. The beta-globin gene is not expressed in yolk sac-derived erythroid cells in early embryonic development but is expressed concomitantly with the adult mouse beta-globin genes in 14- to 16-day fetal liver and adult reticulocytes. In an attempt to localize sequences that direct erythroid-specific expression, fragments of the human beta-globin gene were inserted in the opposite orientation 200 base pairs (bp) upstream of an intact human A gamma marker gene, which is not expressed on its own in mouse fetal liver. In the experiments reported here, two beta-globin 3' sequences activated the marker gene specifically in fetal liver. One sequence is located in a 250-bp Pst I fragment 550-800 bp downstream from the poly(A) site; the other is located near an EcoRI site in the third exon. These two sequences are active individually, and their combined effect is greater than their effects alone. beta-Globin 5' sequences from -815 to -50 were also analyzed for activity in this assay. The 5' sequences did not activate the marker gene when tested alone but did stimulate expression that was already directed to adult erythroid tissue by the two 3' sequences. These results suggest that three separate sequences are involved in human beta-globin gene regulation. The two 3' sequences act as adult erythroid enhancers and the 5' sequence stimulates expression that is already determined to be erythroid specific.
Melatonin: a master hormone and a candidate for universal panacea. (1996)

The molecule of melatonin seems to have been evolutionarily conserved. Its presence has been demonstrated in almost all groups of organisms, from plants, protozoa to people. During evolution, melatonin is claimed to have mediated dark adaptation. The universal presence of melatonin may be because it is lipophilic in nature which enables it to cross all biological (lipid membrane) barriers and to diffuse into every compartment of the cell, and because it serves as an antioxidant and is used as a free radical scavenger. In vertebrates, the pineal gland is the single largest source of melatonin production although, especially in non-mammalian vertebrates, other organs (e.g. retina, harderian gland etc.) may contribute significantly to the blood melatonin levels. In invertebrates, on the other hand, the pineal gland is absent and, therefore, melatonin secretion is clearly derived from another source(s). Regardless of the site of synthesis and the nature of organisms (diurnal, nocturnal or crepuscular), melatonin is secreted in the night and melatonin biosynthetic pathway remains essentially the same. Tryptophan, an amino acid derived from dietary sources, undergoes a series of enzymatic reactions to produce melatonin. The rhythm in melatonin secretion is generated endogenously by the circadian pacemaker(s) in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), and regulated by environmental light:dark cycle. Melatonin through its action on the SCN synchronizes disrupted or free-running circadian rhythms, and regulates a variety of daily and seasonal changes in the physiology and behaviour of animals. Emerging scientific evidence for the role of melatonin as therapeutic agent in the treatment of circadian rhythm-associated sleep disorders in persons having normal social working hours and shift workers, in jet lag, in immunological functions etc. have considerably increased interest in this hormone molecule. The role of melatonin in organisms physiology has now been widely recognized, and the wealth of information accumulated in the past two decades indicate it to be the best hormone candidate to be investigated for a universal panacea.
Chromosome abnormalities in spermatozoa of patients with azoospermia and normal somatic karyotype (2005)

Since epididymal and testicular spermatozoa of azoospermic patients are frequently used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), many studies have been carried out to evaluate their karyotype. This article will review all published data on this topic. In most of the studies, spermatozoa have been retrieved from the testis or the epididymis of patients with nonobstructive (NOA) or obstructive (OA) azoospermia, respectively. Sperm aneuploidy has been evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization using probes for sex chromosomes and an array of autosomes. A significantly higher sperm aneuploidy rate has been reported in patients with NOA and OA compared to ejaculated spermatozoa, mainly for sex chromosomes. The magnitude of the increase varies between studies, probably because of the heterogeneity of case selection as well as of the methodology employed. The majority of the studies reported that patients with NOA have a greater sperm aneuploidy rate compared to OA. The greater frequency of sperm aneuploidy in azoospermic patients increases the risk of transmitting a karyotype abnormality to the offspring generated by ICSI.
Different Development of Myelin Basic Protein Agonist- and Antagonist-Specific Human TCR Transgenic T Cells in the Thymus and Periphery (2008)

Myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cells are thought to play a role in the development of multiple sclerosis. MBP residues 111-129 compose an immunodominant epitope cluster restricted by HLA-DRB1*0401. The sequence of residues 111-129 of MBP (MBP(111-129)) differs in humans (MBP122:Arg) and mice (MBP122:Lys) at aa 122. We previously found that approximately 50% of human MBP(111-129) (MBP122:Arg)-specific T cell clones, including MS2-3C8 can proliferate in response to mouse MBP(111-129) (MBP122:Lys). However, the other half of T cell clones, including HD4-1C2, cannot proliferate in response to MBP(111-129) (MBP122:Lys). We found that MBP(111-129) (MBP122:Lys) is an antagonist for HD4-1C2 TCR, therefore, MS2-3C8 and HD4-1C2 TCRs are agonist- and antagonist-specific TCRs in mice, respectively. Therefore, we examined the development of HD4-1C2 TCR and MS2-3C8 TCR transgenic (Tg) T cells in the thymus and periphery. We found that dual TCR expression exclusively facilitates the development of MBP(111-129) TCR Tg T cells in the periphery of HD4-1C2 TCR/HLA-DRB1*0401 Tg mice although it is not required for their development in the thymus. We also found that MS2-3C8 TCR Tg CD8(+) T cells develop along with MS2-3C8 TCR Tg CD4(+) T cells, and that dual TCR expression was crucial for the development of MS2-3C8 TCR Tg CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the thymus and periphery, respectively. These results suggest that thymic and peripheral development of MBP-specific T cells are different; however, dual TCR expression can facilitate their development.
Exploration of a potent PI3 kinase/mTOR inhibitor as a novel anti-fibrotic agent in IPF (2016)

NCT01725139, pre-clinical.
Omega‐3 supplementation alters mitochondrial membrane composition and respiration kinetics in human skeletal muscle (2014)

Studies have shown increased incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids into whole skeletal muscle following supplementation, although little has been done to investigate the potential impact on the fatty acid composition of mitochondrial membranes and the functional consequences on mitochondrial bioenergetics. Therefore, we supplemented young healthy male subjects (n = 18) with fish oils [2 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1 g docosahexanoic acid (DHA) per day] for 12 weeks and skeletal muscle biopsies were taken prior to (Pre) and following (Post) supplementation for the analysis of mitochondrial membrane phospholipid composition and various assessments of mitochondrial bioenergetics. Total EPA and DHA content in mitochondrial membranes increased (P < 0.05) ∼450 and ∼320%, respectively, and displaced some omega-6 species in several phospholipid populations. Mitochondrial respiration, determined in permeabilized muscle fibres, demonstrated no change in maximal substrate-supported respiration, or in the sensitivity (apparent Km) and maximal capacity for pyruvate-supported respiration. In contrast, mitochondrial responses during ADP titrations demonstrated an enhanced ADP sensitivity (decreased apparent Km) that was independent of the creatine kinase shuttle. As the content of ANT1, ANT2, and subunits of the electron transport chain were unaltered by supplementation, these data suggest that prolonged omega-3 intake improves ADP kinetics in human skeletal muscle mitochondria through alterations in membrane structure and/or post-translational modification of ATP synthase and ANT isoforms. Omega-3 supplementation also increased the capacity for mitochondrial reactive oxygen species emission without altering the content of oxidative products, suggesting the absence of oxidative damage. The current data strongly emphasize a role for omega-3s in reorganizing the composition of mitochondrial membranes while promoting improvements in ADP sensitivity.
Cytomegalovirus Infections in Homosexual Men (1983)

Levels of cytomegalovirus antibody (IgG and IgM) were measured and urine viral cultures were done in 237 homosexual men over a mean period of 14.1 months. The initial prevalence of cytomegalovirus IgG antibody was 86.9%. By the 9th month of follow-up, 71% of serosusceptible men had become infected with cytomegalovirus. During the study period cytomegaloviruria was noted in 32% of seropositive men. Cytomegalovirus IgM antibody was intermittently present in the serum of 95% of IgG-seropositive men, suggesting that frequent reactivation of latent infection or reexposure to exogenous virus had occurred. Of seven sexual practices investigated, only passive anal-genital intercourse correlated with the acquisition of cytomegalovirus infection (p = 0.008).
Molecular basis for LDL receptor recognition by PCSK9 (2008)

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) posttranslationally regulates hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs) by binding to LDLRs on the cell surface, leading to their degradation. The binding site of PCSK9 has been localized to the epidermal growth factor-like repeat A (EGF-A) domain of the LDLR. Here, we describe the crystal structure of a complex between PCSK9 and the EGF-A domain of the LDLR. The binding site for the LDLR EGF-A domain resides on the surface of PCSK9's subtilisin-like catalytic domain containing Asp-374, a residue for which a gain-of-function mutation (Asp-374-Tyr) increases the affinity of PCSK9 toward LDLR and increases plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in humans. The binding surface on PCSK9 is distant from its catalytic site, and the EGF-A domain makes no contact with either the C-terminal domain or the prodomain. Point mutations in PCSK9 that altered key residues contributing to EGF-A binding (Arg-194 and Phe-379) greatly diminished binding to the LDLR's extracellular domain. The structure of PCSK9 in complex with the LDLR EGF-A domain defines potential therapeutic target sites for blocking agents that could interfere with this interaction in vivo, thereby increasing LDLR function and reducing plasma LDL-C levels.
Identification of the most common mutation within the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in Swedish patients with acute intermittent porphyria. (1991)

Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a metabolic disorder characterized by a partial deficiency of the porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD, EC 4.3.1.8) activity. Previous haplotype analysis combined with genealogical data suggested a common origin of the PBGD gene mutation in the AIP families originating from northern Sweden (Lappland), where the highest prevalence of the disease (1 in 1500) is observed. An AIP family from Lappland consisting of two patients and two unaffected subjects was investigated. The genomic DNA fragments of the PBGD gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and directly sequenced, and the sequence of the coding region was compared with the normal sequence to identify the mutation. A base substitution, G to A, in exon 10 of the PBGD gene was identified. The mutation changes the codon for Trp198 to a stop codon (nonsense mutation) and creates a recognition site for the restriction enzyme Nhe I. Screening of 33 Swedish AIP families showed that 15 had this mutation. Genealogical data revealed that 12 of the 15 families were related to the northern family. This finding supports the hypothesis of a "founder effect" of the mutation in the families originating from Lappland. In addition, a method is described for detection of specific sequences in the genome by one-sided PCR using Taq polymerase. This method is simple, fast, and economical and can be substituted for hybridization analysis using allele-specific oligonucleotides.