gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Elevated T Cell Counts and RANTES Expression in the Genital Mucosa of HIV‐1–Resistant Kenyan Commercial Sex Workers (2005)

The initial site of exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 during heterosexual transmission occurs in the genital tract. Although the majority of immunological studies have focused on the immune response to HIV-1 at the systemic level, our understanding of tissue-specific immunity is deficient. The goal of the present study was to characterize T cell populations found in the cervix of women shown to be resistant to infection by HIV-1. Levels of both systemic and cervical mucosal lymphocytes were compared between HIV-1-resistant, HIV-1-uninfected, and HIV-1-infected commercial sex workers (CSWs) as well as HIV-1-uninfected non-CSW control subjects at low risk for exposure. The HIV-1-resistant CSWs had increased cervical CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts, compared with the HIV-1-uninfected CSWs; importantly, these increases were not reflected in the systemic lymphocyte compartment. There was a 2-fold increase in CD4+ T cell counts in the HIV-1-resistant CSWs, compared with both the HIV-1-infected and the HIV-1-uninfected CSWs. Expression of the HIV-1 coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 was also determined, and cytokine and beta chemokine levels in the genital mucosa were assessed. The HIV-1-resistant CSWs had a 10-fold increase in RANTES expression, compared with the HIV-1-uninfected CSWs. This is the first study to show elevated levels of beta chemokines and CD4+ T cells in the genital tracts of women who are exposed to HIV-1 and yet are uninfected.
The Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 validated for Danish patients. (2011)

The Danish version of SNOT-22 is recommended for Danish clinicians and researchers as a patient-reported measure of outcome in sinonasal disorders such as rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis.
Chemical Modification of siRNAs for In Vivo Use (2008)

Well over a hundred reports have been published describing use of synthetic small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in animals. The majority of these reports employed unmodified RNA duplexes. While unmodified RNA is the natural effector molecule of RNA interference, certain problems arise with experimental or therapeutic use of RNA duplexes in vivo, some of which can be improved or solved through use of chemical modifications. Judicious use of chemical modifications can improve the nuclease stability of an RNA duplex, decrease the likelihood of triggering an innate immune response, lower the incidence of off-target effects (OTEs), and improve pharmacodynamics. This review will examine studies that document the utility of various chemical modifications for use in siRNAs, both in vitro and in vivo, with close attention given to reports demonstrating actual performance in animal model systems.
Interleukin‐35: odd one out or part of the family? (2008)

Advances in cytokine biology have helped us understand the complex communication that takes place between antigen-presenting cells and cells of the adaptive immune system, such as T cells, which collectively mediate an appropriate immune response to a plethora of pathogens while maintaining tolerance to self-antigens. The interleukin-12 (IL-12) cytokine family remains one of the most important and includes IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, and the recently identified IL-35. All four are heterodimeric cytokines, composed of an alpha chain (p19, p28, or p35) and a beta chain (p40 or Ebi3), and signal through unique pairings of five receptor chains (IL-12Rbeta1, IL-12Rbeta2, IL-23R, gp130, and WSX-1). Despite the interrelationship between the cytokines themselves and their receptors, their source, activity, and kinetics of expression are quite different. Studies using genetically deficient mice have greatly enhanced our understanding of the biology of these cytokines. However, interpretation of these data has been complicated by the recent realization that p40(-/-), p35(-/-), and Ebi3(-/-) mice all lack more than one cytokine (IL-12/IL-23, IL-12/IL-35, and IL-27/IL-35, respectively). In this review, we compare and contrast the biology of this expanded IL-12 family and re-evaluate data derived from the analysis of these dual cytokine-deficient mice. We also discuss how the opposing characteristics of the IL-12 family siblings may help to promote a balanced immune response.
Enhanced Breadth of CD4 T-Cell Immunity by DNA Prime and Adenovirus Boost Immunization to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Env and Gag Immunogens (2005)

A variety of gene-based vaccination approaches have been used to enhance the immune response to viral pathogens. Among them, the ability to perform heterologous immunization by priming with DNA and boosting with replication-defective adenoviral (ADV) vectors encoding foreign antigens has proven particularly effective in eliciting enhanced cellular and humoral immunity compared to either agent alone. Because adenoviral vector immunization alone can elicit substantial cellular and humoral immune responses in a shorter period of time, we asked whether the immune response induced by the prime-boost immunization was different from adenoviral vaccines with respect to the potency and breadth of T-cell recognition. While DNA/ADV immunization stimulated the CD8 response, it was directed to the same epitopes in Gag and Env immunogens of human immunodeficiency virus as DNA or ADV alone. In contrast, the CD4 response to these immunogens diversified after DNA/ADV immunization compared to each vector alone. These findings suggest that the diversity of the CD4 immune response is increased by DNA/ADV prime-boost vaccination and that these components work synergistically to enhance T-cell epitope recognition.
Responses of thoracic spinothalamic neurons to intracardiac injection of bradykinin in the monkey. (1982)

Bradykinin stimulates afferent fibers arising in the heart and may be involved in the mediation of anginal pain and the pain associated with myocardial infarction. The sensation of pain requires that noxious information reach the brain. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the spinothalamic tract is involved in transmitting noxious information from the heart to the brain. Bradykinin was injected (0.3-3.5 micrograms/kg) into the heart via a catheter in the left atrium while we recorded from single spinothalamic cells in the C8 to T5 spinal segments. Thirty-one of 41 cells responded to bradykinin. The responses of 12 cells were characterized by both an increase in discharge rate and entrainment of cell activity with the cardiac cycle. Eighteen cells responded with only an increased rate, and one cell exhibited only entrainment of cell activity with the cardiac cycle. The mean onset of increased cell activity occurred 15 seconds following drug injection, and the average duration of the response was 54 seconds. Thirty cells increased their mean discharge rate from 11 +/- 2.5 to 29 +/- 4.4 spikes/second. Thus, some spinothalamic cells probably received input from both mechanosensitive and chemosensitive afferents. Tachyphylaxis to repeated doses of bradykinin was observed in 41% of cells. Cells responding to bradykinin had a spontaneous discharge rate that was significantly greater than that of nonresponding cells. Cells did not require input from C-fiber afferents to respond to bradykinin. No statistically significant relationships were found among anatomical locations (laminae and segments) and responses to bradykinin, although cells in lamina I seemed to be less responsive than more ventrally located cells. We conclude that the spinothalamic tract may be involved in the sensation of cardiac pain.
Mapping of a gene for familial juvenile nephronophthisis: refining the map and defining flanking markers on chromosome 2. APN Study Group. (1993)

Familial juvenile nephronophthisis (NPH) is an autosomal recessive kidney disease that leads to end-stage renal failure in adolescence and is associated with the formation of cysts at the cortico-medullary junction of the kidneys. NPH is responsible for about 15% of end-stage renal disease in children, as shown by Kleinknecht and Habib. NPH in combination with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa is known as the Senior-Løken syndrome (SLS) and exhibits renal pathology that is identical to NPH. We had excluded 40% of the human genome from linkage with a disease locus for NPH or SLS when Antignac et al. first demonstrated linkage for an NPH locus on chromosome 2. We present confirmation of linkage of an NPH locus to microsatellite markers on chromosome 2 in nine families with NPH. By linkage analysis with marker AFM262xb5 at locus D2S176, a maximum lod score of 5.05 at a theta max = .03 was obtained. In a large NPH family that yielded at D2S176 a maximum lod score of 2.66 at theta max = .0, markers AFM172xc3 and AFM016yc5, representing loci D2S135 and D2S110, respectively, were identified as flanking markers, thereby defining the interval for an NPH locus to a region of approximately 15 cM. Furthermore, the cytogenetic assignment of the NPH region was specified to 2p12-(2q13 or adjacent bands) by calculation of linkage between these flanking markers and markers with known unique cytogenetic assignment. The refined map may serve as a genetic framework for additional genetic and physical mapping of the region.
Activation of blood coagulation at heparin‐coated surfaces (1997)

It is hypothesized that immobilized heparin exerts a dual role in blood coagulation. On the one hand, the heparinized surface is because of its dense negative charge, thought to initiate the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. On the other hand, heparin is known as a potent anticoagulant drug. However, it remains to be seen how much contact-phase activation of factor XI contributes to thrombin formation and how this process is counterbalanced by which of the anti-protease activities of immobilized heparin. In the present study we examined the generation of factors XIa, IXa, and Xa, and thrombin in recalcified normal and antithrombin-depleted plasma exposed to polyacrylamide-graft polyurethane (PU) sheets modified by multipoint attachment of two different heparin species. One of them, HAH, contained the specific antithrombin binding sequence and the other one, NAH, had a low affinity for antithrombin and had no anticoagulant activity. Our data demonstrate that in contrast to PU, PU-NAH and PU-HAH are strong mediators of factor XIa and factor IXa formation in normal and antithrombin-deficient plasma. Interestingly, compared to PU-HAH and PU-NAH, thrombin formation was only slightly diminished in antithrombin-deficient plasma exposed to PU. In contrast, thrombin formation was dramatically delayed and diminished in normal plasma exposed to PU-HAH. These findings indicate that very low amounts of factor XIa apparently suffice to induce significant amounts of thrombin. In this sense, heparinized surfaces are highly thrombogenic, but our data also indicate that this activity is effectively counterbalanced by the anti-thrombin activity of the immobilized anti-coagulant species of heparin. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 37, 108–113, 1997.
Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 Protects Cardiomyocytes From Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury (2003)

These results suggest that HSF1 protects cardiomyocytes from death at least in part through activation of Akt and inactivation of Jun N-terminal kinase and caspase 3.
Tarp and Arp: How Chlamydia induces its own entry (2004)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Comparison of Botulinum Toxin Types A And B (2003)

BACKGROUND The obligate bacterium Clostridium botulinum produces exotoxins (A, B, C-1, C-2, D, E, F, G) that are serologically and antigenically distinct. All serotypes have similar neurotoxic properties resulting in flaccid muscle paralysis. Types A and B are commercially available and are used widely for the reduction of dynamic facial rhytides. Although extensive information is known about type A, type B has recently become available; however, there is a limited clinical familiarity. Some of the remaining unknown distinctions between the two subtypes are the extent of toxin diffusion from the site of injection, the onset of action, the dose equivalency, and the duration of effect. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this preliminary double-blind study was to compare the duration of muscle paralysis and rhytid reduction of botulinum toxin types A and B. Additional relevant information was obtained, all of which can be useful in toxin selection. METHOD Ten women, ages 28 through 60, voluntarily consented to undergo a double-blind trial and were randomly assigned to have botulinum toxin type A injected into one set of lateral canthal rhytides and toxin type B into the contralateral periocular region. Based on dose-ranging investigations performed in patients with cervical dystonia, participants received treatment at the lowest reported effective ratio of 1:50 (1 U of toxin type A to 50 U of toxin type B). Three injections of 5 U of type A (total 15 U) and three injections of 250 U of undiluted type B (total 750 U) were injected into the lateral fibers of the orbicularis oculi muscle. RESULTS Patients were evaluated at 7, 30, 60, and 90 days. Findings were compared by the treating physician, patient self-assessment, and photographic images. CONCLUSION All patients noted rapid and satisfactory reduction in the rhytides in both periocular areas. However, upon unblinding of the solutions at the same volumes with a 1:50 ratio, type B toxin was found to be associated with slightly more discomfort upon injection, quicker onset of action, a sensation of “tightness” of the treated area, and a briefer duration of muscle paralysis.
High-speed and highly repeatable polarization-state analyzer for 40-gb/s system performance monitoring (2006)

We demonstrate a fast (<1 ms), all solid-state, highly repeatable, and accurate polarization-state analyzer based on magnetooptic polarization switches. The module is further used for optical signal-to-noise-ratio performance monitoring in a 14times40-Gb/s wavelength-division-multiplexing system
Controlled Deposition of Crystalline Organic Semiconductors for Field‐Effect‐Transistor Applications (2009)

Abstract The search for low‐cost, large‐area, flexible devices has led to a remarkable increase in the research and development of organic semiconductors, which serve as one of the most important components for organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). In the current review, we highlight deposition techniques that offer precise control over the location or in‐plane orientation of organic semiconductors. We focus on various vapor‐ and solution‐processing techniques for patterning organic single crystals in desired locations. Furthermore, the alignment of organic semiconductors via different methods relying on mechanical forces, alignment layers, epitaxial growth, and external magnetic and electric fields are surveyed. The advantages, limitations, and applications of these techniques in OFETs are also discussed.
The road to 100g deployment [Commentary (2010)

This article contains a detailed review of the field trials and eventual deployment of 100 Gb/s at Verizon including test setup, measured results, and industry first deployment data.
IgG antibody response to polyethylene glycol-modified adenosine deaminase in patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency. (1992)

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified bovine adenosine deaminase (ADA) is used for replacement therapy of severe combined immunodeficiency disease due to inherited ADA deficiency. We monitored IgG anti-ADA antibody in 17 patients treated by intramuscular injections of PEG-ADA for 1 to greater than 5.5 yr. ELISA-detectable anti-ADA IgG appeared in 10 patients, usually between the third and eighth months of treatment. Anti-ADA levels did not correlate with trough plasma ADA activity, which averaged 1.8-5 times normal blood (erythrocyte) ADA activity, depending on dose (15-60 U/kg per wk). ELISA-detectable anti-ADA antibodies were directed primarily at bovine-specific peptide (rather than PEG-containing) epitopes. Enhanced enzyme clearance, mediated by antibody that directly inhibited native and PEG-modified bovine ADA, and native, but not PEG-modified human ADA, occurred in two patients. In one, tolerance was induced; in the second, twice weekly injections of PEG-ADA compensated for accelerated clearance. We speculate that inhibitory antibodies recognize conserved, relatively PEG-free epitope(s) encompassing the active site, and that in human, but not bovine, ADA a PEG-attachment site "shields" the active site from immune recognition. We conclude that PEG-modification largely prevents the development of high affinity, or high levels of clearing antibodies to bovine ADA, and that PEG-modified human ADA should be further investigated as a possible treatment for ADA deficiency.
Effect of the Women's Health Initiative on women's decisions to discontinue postmenopausal hormone therapy (2003)

During the 6-8 months after publication of Women's Health Initiative trial findings, most regular postmenopausal HT users tried to stop using HT, despite not being well informed about the Women's Health Initiative findings.
Thin‐film test to investigate liquid oxypolymerization of nonvolatile analytes: Assessment of vegetable oils and biodegradable lubricants (2001)

Abstract A thin‐film oxidation test was developed to investigate liquid oxypolymerization of nonvolatile analytes. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) showed that the test delivered the required degree of oxidation with better than ±5% accuracy. The following oils were ranked according to their decreasing resistance to oxypolymer formation at 150°C: 90% oleic sunflower oil, triolein, meadowfoam oil, castor oil, canola oil, lesquerella oil, and soybean oil. Higher degrees of oxidation demonstrated the occurrence of oxidative gelation. Oxypolymerization tendencies of hydraulic fluids based on canola and rapeseed oils were comparable to those of canola oil without additives. The relative amount of C‐C polyunsaturation present in the fatty acid chain was a major differentiating factor. However, oxidation inhibitors also reduced the rates of oxypolymerization, as demonstrated by sunflower oil‐based hydraulic fluid. Canola and rapeseed lubricants needed better oxypolymerization control.
Specific activation of transcription initiation by the sequence-specific DNA-binding agents distamycin A and netropsin (1987)

A series of promoters with nine base-pair substitutions in the spacer DNA separating the -10 and -35 regions was used to demonstrate that Escherichia coli RNA polymerase is sensitive to events affecting the spacer DNA--a region not directly contacted by the enzyme. The drugs distamycin A and netropsin specifically enhanced the rate of functional complex formation at a promoter bearing a substitution of nonalternating A-T base pairs. The effect is exerted at an early step in the RNA polymerase-promoter interaction. We hypothesize that a drug-induced structural alteration in the spacer DNA occurs, similar to that normally resulting from RNA polymerase binding. These findings are relevant to an understanding of potential mechanisms of transcription activation.
N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase accounts for differences in glycosylation of influenza virus hemagglutinin expressed in insect cells from a baculovirus vector (1996)

The hemagglutinin of fowl plague virus has been expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells and in Estigmene acrea cells by using a baculovirus vector. Structural analysis revealed that the endo-H-resistant N-glycans of HA from Sf9 cells were predominantly trimannosyl core oligosaccharides, whereas in E. acrea cells most of these cores were elongated by at least one terminal N-acetylglucosamine residue. To understand the difference in carbohydrate structures, enzymes involved in N-glycan processing have been analyzed. The results revealed that the different glycosylation patterns observed are due to an N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity that was found in Sf9 cells but not in E. acrea cells. This enzyme specifically used the GlcNAcMan(3)GlcNAc(2) oligosaccharide as a substrate. When N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase or alpha-mannosidase II was inhibited by specific inhibitors, the amount of terminal N-acetylglucosamine in hemagglutinin from Sf9 cells was significantly enhanced. These results demonstrate that N glycosylation in both cell lines follows the classical pathway up to the stage of GlcNAcMan(3)GlcNAc(2) oligosaccharide side chains. Whereas these structures are the end product in E. acrea cells, they are degraded in Sf9 cells to Man(3)GlcNAc(2) cores by N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase.
Heparin‐insensitive calcium release from intracellular stores triggered by the recombinant human parathyroid hormone receptor (1995)

1. In the present study we have characterized the parathyroid hormone (PTH)-induced calcium signalling in 293 cells stably transfected with the human PTH receptor cDNA. In these cells, human PTH-1(1-38) strongly stimulates adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) formation (EC50 = 0.39 nM) but fails to activate phosphoinositide (PI) turnover. The latter pathway is strongly activated, however, by carbachol (CCh) acting through endogenous M3-muscarinic receptors. 2. Despite the lack of detectable inositol phosphate (IP) formation, hPTH-(1-38) elicited calcium transients (EC50 = 11.2 nM) which were comparable to the signals evoked by CCh. These signals are independent of cyclic AMP generation as cyclic AMP elevating agents did not mimic or modify the PTH response. 3. The PTH-stimulated calcium signal still occurred in calcium-free medium but was absent in cells pretreated with thapsigargin, an inhibitor of the calcium pump of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). hPTH-(1-38) did not accelerate Mn(2+)-influx through the plasma membrane. These data indicate that PTH releases calcium from intracellular stores. 4. Using heparin, an inhibitor of the IP3-activated calcium release channel of the ER, we tested whether the formation of a low amount of IP3, escaping detection by our biochemical assay, might be the origin of the PTH-induced calcium response. However, intracellular infusion of heparin through patch pipettes in voltage clamp experiments failed to block hPTH-(1-38)-induced calcium signals, whereas it abolished the CCh response. 5. The PTH response, like the CCh response, was insensitive to micromolar concentrations of ryanodine and ruthenium red, eliminating the possibility that hPTH-(1-38) stimulates calcium-induced calcium release through ryanodine receptors.6. We conclude that the recombinant human PTH receptor stimulates calcium release from intracellular stores through a novel pathway not involving IP3- or ryanodine receptors.
The time-dependent specific interation of 4-(4'-aminophenylazo)phenylarsonic acid with subtilsins. (1968)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
A quantum-dot refrigerator (1993)

A cryogenic refrigeration scheme is presented which utilizes the discrete energy levels of quantum dots to customize the electronic Fermi–Dirac distribution, cooling a small but macroscopic reservoir to far below the ambient temperature. Several physical limitations of this scheme are discussed within the context of a model device constructed from a two-dimensional electron gas. These are explored in a simple example where, at an ambient operating temperature of 150 mK, this quantum-dot refrigerator can achieve a cooling power of 1 μW/cm2, a base temperature of 10 mK, and a cooling efficiency of 35%.