gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Induced Hematopoietic Inhibition Is Independent of Productive Infection of Progenitor Cells In Vivo (1999)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals exhibit a variety of hematopoietic dysfunctions. The SCID-hu mouse (severe combined immunodeficient mouse transplanted with human fetal thymus and liver tissues) can be used to model the loss of human hematopoietic precursor cell function following HIV infection and has a distinct advantage in that data can be obtained in the absence of confounding factors often seen in infected humans. In this study, we establish that HIV type 1 (HIV-1) bearing a reporter gene inserted into the viral vpr gene is highly aggressive in depleting human myeloid and erythroid colony-forming precursor activity in vivo. Human CD34(+) progenitor cells can be efficiently recovered from infected implants yet do not express the viral reporter gene, despite severe functional defects. Our results indicate that HIV-1 infection alone leads to hematopoietic inhibition in vivo; however, this effect is due to indirect mechanisms rather than to direct infection of CD34(+) cells in vivo.
Molecular diagnosis of influenza (2002)

The past decade has seen tremendous developments in molecular diagnostic techniques. In particular, the development of PCR technology has enabled rapid and sensitive viral diagnostic tests to influence patient management. Molecular methods used directly on clinical material have an important role to play in the diagnosis and surveillance of influenza viruses. Molecular diagnostic tests that allow timely and accurate detection of influenza are already implemented in many laboratories. The combination of automated purification of nucleic acids with real-time PCR should enable even more rapid identification of viral pathogens such as influenza viruses in clinical material. The recent development of DNA microarrays to identify either multiple gene targets from a single pathogen, or multiple pathogens in a single sample has the capacity to transform influenza diagnosis. While molecular methods will not replace cell culture for the provision of virus isolates for antigenic characterisation, they remain invaluable in assisting our understanding of the epidemiology of influenza viruses.
A Simplified Surgical Technic for Anterior Lumbar Diskectomy and Fusion; Avoidance of Complications; Anatomy of the Retroperitoneal Veins (1964)

† From The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Permanente Medical Group and The Kaiser Foundation Hospital, San Francisco, Calif.
Effects of chain length on the immunogenicity in rabbits of group B Streptococcus type III oligosaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugates. (1992)

One method to improve the immunogenicity of polysaccharide antigens is the covalent coupling of the native polysaccharide or a derivative oligosaccharide to a carrier protein. In general, T cell-dependent properties are enhanced in conjugates of smaller saccharides, but a conformational epitope of the native polysaccharide may be better expressed in conjugates of larger saccharides. We have reported previously the synthesis and immunogenicity in animals of an oligosaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine against type III group B Streptococcus. In this study, we sought to determine the optimal size of group B Streptococcus type III oligosaccharide for use in a conjugate vaccine by evaluating the relative immunogenicity of conjugate vaccines containing oligosaccharides that were twofold smaller (7,000 Mr) or larger (27,000 Mr) than that reported previously (14,500 Mr). All three type III oligosaccharide conjugate vaccines were immunogenic in rabbits, in contrast to native, uncoupled group B Streptococcus type III polysaccharide. However, with respect to eliciting specific antibodies that were protective in vivo, the vaccine containing the intermediate-size oligosaccharide was superior to the smaller or larger conjugate vaccine. Analysis of opsonic activity of vaccine-induced antibodies demonstrated a predominance of IgG antibodies, thought to reflect T cell dependence, in response to shorter chain length conjugates, while the conformational epitope of the native polysaccharide was maximally expressed on longer chain length conjugates. These opposing trends may account for the optimal immunogenicity of an intermediate-size group B Streptococcus type III oligosaccharide conjugate vaccine.
IL‐1: Discoveries, controversies and future directions (2010)

Although there has been a great amount of progress in the 25 years since the first reporting of the cDNA for IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, the history of IL-1 goes back to the early 1940s. In fact, the entire field of inflammatory cytokines, TLR and the innate immune response can be found in the story of IL-1. This Viewpoint follows the steps from the identification of the fever-inducing activities of "soluble factors" produced by endotoxin-stimulated leukocytes through to the discovery of cryopyrin and the caspase-1 inflammasome and on to the clinical benefits of anti-IL-1beta-based therapeutics. It also discusses some of the current controversies regarding the activation of the inflammasome. The future of novel anti-inflammatory agents to combat chronic inflammation is based, in part, on the diseases that are uniquely responsive to anti-IL-1beta, which is surely a reason to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the cloning of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta.
Organic−Inorganic Hybrid Silica Monolith Based Immobilized Trypsin Reactor with High Enzymatic Activity (2008)

A novel kind of immobilized trypsin reactor based on organic-inorganic hybrid silica monoliths has been developed. With the presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) in the polymerization mixture, the hybrid silica monolithic support was prepared in a 100 microm i.d. capillary by the sol-gel method with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as precursors. Subsequently, the monolith was activated by glutaraldehyde, and trypsin was covalently immobilized. By monitoring the reaction of a decapeptide, C-myc (EQKLISEEDL), the enzymatic activity of the immobilized trypsin was calculated, and the results showed that the digestion speed was about 6600 times faster than that performed in free solution. The performance of such a microreactor was further demonstrated by digesting myoglobin, with the digested products analyzed by microflow reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (microRPLC-MS/MS). With a stringent threshold for the unambiguous identification of the digests, the yielding sequence coverage for on-column digestion was 92%, the same as that obtained by in-solution digestion, whereas the residence time of myoglobin in the former case was only 30 s, about 1/1440 of that performed in the latter case (12 h). Moreover, such an immobilized trypsin reactor was also successfully applied to the digestion of a mixture of model proteins and proteins extracted from E. coli.
Role of Photoreceptor-specific Retinol Dehydrogenase in the Retinoid Cycle in Vivo (2005)

The retinoid cycle is a recycling system that replenishes the 11-cis-retinal chromophore of rhodopsin and cone pigments. Photoreceptor-specific retinol dehydrogenase (prRDH) catalyzes reduction of all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol and is thought to be a key enzyme in the retinoid cycle. We disrupted mouse prRDH (human gene symbol RDH8) gene expression by targeted recombination and generated a homozygous prRDH knock-out (prRDH-/-) mouse. Histological analysis and electron microscopy of retinas from 6- to 8-week-old prRDH-/- mice revealed no structural differences of the photoreceptors or inner retina. For brief light exposure, absence of prRDH did not affect the rate of 11-cis-retinal regeneration or the decay of Meta II, the activated form of rhodopsin. Absence of prRDH, however, caused significant accumulation of all-trans-retinal following exposure to bright lights and delayed recovery of rod function as measured by electroretinograms and single cell recordings. Retention of all-trans-retinal resulted in slight overproduction of A2E, a condensation product of all-trans-retinal and phosphatidylethanolamine. We conclude that prRDH is an enzyme that catalyzes reduction of all-trans-retinal in the rod outer segment, most noticeably at higher light intensities and prolonged illumination, but is not an essential enzyme of the retinoid cycle.
Immunoelectron microscopic analysis of elongation of type 1 fimbriae in Escherichia coli (1987)

Using 10- and 20-nm-diameter gold particles conjugated to an antifimbrial monoclonal antibody, we analyzed the location of assembly of newly formed subunits on growing type 1 fimbriae of Escherichia coli. Fimbriae were removed from an E. coli K-12-derived strain, CSH50, by blending. Blended cells were allowed to regenerate their fimbriae in growth medium for approximately 25 min, after which they were labeled with a 20-nm-gold-monoclonal antibody probe. Continued outgrowth of these labeled fimbriae was allowed for additional time intervals, after which they were labeled with a 10-nm-gold-monoclonal antibody probe. The resulting fimbriae, double labeled with 10- and 20-nm-diameter gold particles, were examined in an electron microscope. The pattern of labeling on individual fimbrial organelles indicated morphologically that newly synthesized subunits are added to a growing organelle at its base.
Alignment of continuous video onto 3D point clouds (2005)

We propose a general framework for aligning continuous (oblique) video onto 3D sensor data. We align a point cloud computed from the video onto the point cloud directly obtained from a 3D sensor. This is in contrast to existing techniques where the 2D images are aligned to a 3D model derived from the 3D sensor data. Using point clouds enables the alignment for scenes full of objects that are difficult to model; for example, trees. To compute 3D point clouds from video, motion stereo is used along with a state-of-the-art algorithm for camera pose estimation. Our experiments with real data demonstrate the advantages of the proposed registration algorithm for texturing models in large-scale semiurban environments. The capability to align video before a 3D model is built from the 3D sensor data offers new practical opportunities for 3D modeling. We introduce a novel modeling-through-registration approach that fuses 3D information from both the 3D sensor and the video. Initial experiments with real data illustrate the potential of the proposed approach.
Autocrine stimulation by erythropoietin and autonomous growth of human erythroid leukemic cells in vitro. (1991)

Autonomous colony formation is a frequent event in erythroleukemia. In 13 cases of early erythroid leukemias, we investigated whether erythropoietin (Epo) autocrine stimulation was responsible for the growth factor autonomy. Epo transcripts were detected by Northern blotting in cells from one patient. These cells also expressed an Epo receptor (1,000 receptors per cell) with a 420-pM affinity and Epo was detected in the supernatant of cultured cells. In 8 of the 13 cases, Epo transcripts were revealed by the polymerase chain reaction ranging from 0.5 to 500 copies per cell. In situ hybridization proved that these Epo transcripts were present in the blast cells. No Epo gene abnormalities were detected by Southern blotting. In two cases, leukemic cells were grown in the presence of Epo-neutralizing antibodies or Epo antisense oligomers. In one case, the antibody significantly reduced autonomous growth. In contrast, the antibody had no effect in the second case in which blast cells transcribed the Epo gene at a low level. However, Epo antisense oligomers partially inhibited autonomous growth. This inhibition was reversed by addition of exogenous Epo. Overall, these results suggest that an extracellular or intracellular autocrine Epo stimulation occurs in some cases of erythroid malignancies.
Curvilinear detailed routing algorithm and its extension to wire-spreading and wire-fattening (2002)

This article describes an algorithm for curvilinear detailed routing. We significantly improved the average time performance of Gao's algorithm by resolving its bottleneck related to generation of fan-shaped forbidden regions along a wire. We also describe a method for simultaneous wire-spreading and wire-fattening, which consists of enlarging forbidden regions generated by the detailed routing algorithm as long as there remains any space through which wires can pass. From the experiments we obtained the result that the average CPU time of the detailed routing algorithm is almost linear to the length of a wire. Since the curvilinear detailed routing is efficient in terms of space usage, the proposed algorithm is important especially for densely wired printed circuit boards such as PGA packages, BGA packages, and MCMs. We can also expect improvements on the electrical characteristics and the production yield by applying wire-spreading and wire-fattening to them.
Racial group differences in employment interview evaluations. (1998)

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effect of race on employment interview evaluations. A meta-analysis of 31 studies found that both Black and Hispanic applicants received interview ratings that on average were only about one quarter of a standard deviation lower than those for White applicants. Thus, interviews as a whole do not appear to affect minorities nearly as much as mental ability tests. Results also suggested that (a) high-structure interviews have lower group differences on average than low-structure interviews, (b) group differences tend to decrease as the complexity of the job increases, and (c) group differences tend to be higher when there is a greater proportion of a minority in the applicant pool. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Verification Of On-Line Vehicle Collision Avoidance Warning System Using Dsrc (2009)

Many accidents were happened because of fast driving, habitual working overtime or tired spirit. This paper presents a solution of remote warning for vehicles collision avoidance using vehicular communication. The development system integrates dedicated short range communication (DSRC) and global position system (GPS) with embedded system into a powerful remote warning system. To transmit the vehicular information and broadcast vehicle position; DSRC communication technology is adopt as the bridge. The proposed system is divided into two parts of the positioning andvehicular units in a vehicle. The positioning unit is used to provide the position and heading information from GPS module, and furthermore the vehicular unit is used to receive the break, throttle, and othersignals via controller area network (CAN) interface connected to each mechanism. The mobile hardware are built with an embedded system using X86 processor in Linux system. A vehicle is communicated with other vehicles via DSRC in non-addressed protocol with wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE) short message protocol. From the position data and vehicular information, this paper provided a conflict detection algorithm to do time separation and remote warning with error bubble consideration. And the warning information is on-line displayed in the screen. This system is able to enhance driver assistance service and realize critical safety by using vehicular information from the neighbor vehicles.KeywordsDedicated short range communication, GPS, Control area network, Collision avoidance warning system.
Acid-Promoted Reactions of Ethyl Linoleate with Nitrite Ions:  Formation and Structural Characterization of Isomeric Nitroalkene, Nitrohydroxy, and Novel 3-Nitro-1,5-hexadiene and 1,5-Dinitro-1,3-pentadiene Products (2000)

The reaction of ethyl linoleate (1) with NO(2)(-) in different air-equilibrated acidic media resulted in the formation of complex patterns of products, some of which could be isolated by repeated TLC fractionation and were formulated as the nitroalkenes 2-5, the novel (1E, 5Z)-3-nitro-1,5-hexadienes 6/7, the novel (E,E)-1, 5-dinitro-1,3-pentadiene derivatives 8 and 9, and the nitro alcohols 10/11 and 12/13 by extensive GC-MS and 2D NMR analysis, as aided by 1D Hartmann-Hahn proton mapping experiments. Similar reaction of methyl oleate gave mainly nitroalkene (14/15) and allylic nitro derivatives (16/17). Formation of 2-13 may be envisaged in terms of HNO(2)-mediated nitration pathways in which regioisomeric beta-nitroalkyl radical intermediates derived from attack of NO(2) to the 1,4-pentadiene moiety of 1 evolve through competitive H-atom abstraction and free radical combination routes.
Characterization of insulin-like growth factor 1 in human primary brain tumors. (1993)

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is involved in the regulation of brain development and has been suggested as an autocrine stimulator of brain tumor cell proliferation. This study demonstrates the expression of IGF-1 in tumor tissue from human gliomas and one esthesioneuroblastoma. Using immunohistochemistry, expression of an IGF-1-like peptide was localized in tumor cells of 6 of the 9 gliomas examined as well as the esthesioneuroblastoma. From one anaplastic oligodendroglioma (which showed strong IGF-1 immunostaining) the IGF-1 transcripts were characterized after isolation of mRNA followed by amplification using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Two IGF-1 complementary DNAs resulting from alternative splicing of the IGF-1 primary transcript were identified. These transcripts encode two different precursor proteins which correspond to Ea IGF-1 and Eb IGF-1. The significance of IGF-1 alternative mRNA splicing pathways remains to be determined.
Neurostimulation for Primary Headache Disorders: Part 2, Review of Central Neurostimulators for Primary Headache, Overall Therapeutic Efficacy, Safety, Cost, Patient Selection, and Future Research in Headache Neuromodulation (2011)

This article is the second of 2 articles reviewing neurostimulation for primary headaches. In Part 1, we described methods, pathophysiology and anatomy, and history of neuromodulation in the treatment of headache, as well as reviewing the literature on peripheral neuromodulation for primary headaches. Peripheral targets for stimulation include percutaneous nerves, transcranial holocephalic, occipital nerves, auriculotemporal nerves, supraorbital nerves, cervical epidural, and sphenopalatine ganglia. In Part 2, we describe available literature on central neuromodulation in primary headaches. Central stimulation targets include vagus nerve and deep brain structures. Part 2 also analyzes overall therapeutic efficacy, safety, cost, patient selection, and recommendations for further research of neurostimulation modalities based on available data.
Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of gene IX of bacteriophage M13 (1982)

The synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide pCGAAAGACTACAC has been applied as a site-specific mutagen to introduce a T leads to G transversion mutation at nucleotide position 1223 of the M13 DNA sequence. The in vitro-induced conversion of a TAT codon into a TAG at this position resulted in gene IX mutants with an amber mutant character thereby confirming that this reading frame defines a gene of an essential phage protein. The gene IX amber mutants obtained grew well on SuI (Ser) and SuIII (Tyr) suppressing strains but could not be propagated on SuII (Gln) and SuVI (Leu) strains. Complementation studies show that amber mutants in genes V and VII exert a polar effect on gene IX expression suggesting that these three contiguous genes form an operon. In addition, we demonstrate the in vitro synthesis of gene IX-protein in a coupled transcription-translation system.
Dialogue Management for Interactive Question Answering (2001)

With the increasing availability of on-line information, either on the Internet or within Intranets, the need for Question Answering (Q&A) systems that allow user interaction expressed in natural language has become critical. A major obstacle in building robust, user-friendly Q&A systems is the need to enable a conversation with the user in which clarifications, follow-up questions and context specification are made possible. This paper presents INTERLOCUTOR, a generic interactive shell that performs dialogue management for open-domain Q&A systems through a set of dialogue strategies enabled by task templates.
Histocompatible miniature boar model: Selection of transformed cell lines of b and t lineages producing retrovirus (1990)

A lymphoblastoid cell line (B1) was isolated in culture following a brief exposure to 5-azacytidine from peripheral-blood mononuclear cells of a boar previously injected with cells (Shimozuma) producing porcine retrovirus (Tsukuba-1) and suffering a severe non-neoplastic syndrome at autopsy. B1 cell line and 5 of its sublines were propagated for more than 100 generations, retaining doubling times comprised between 16.8 and 27.5 hr and growing readily in agarose or agar (plating efficiency: 5 to 50%). Karyotype analyses showed that 4 sublines were nearly diploid, except for cells of L14, which displayed a monosomy affecting chromosome 18 pair. Two sublines (L35 and L45) were considered as being of T-cell lineage, since MSA, antigen was observed on the surface of approximately 30% of cells. Three sublines (L23, L14 and L52) were considered of B-cell lineage, since membrane immunoglobulins were observed on the cell surface. In addition, sublines L23 and L52 were actively secreting immunoglobulin of mu isotype. Retrovirus particles were evidenced in gradient-purified preparation of 200-fold-concentrated cell culture supernatants of the B1 cell line, L14, L35 and L52 sublines, using both a reverse transcriptase activity assay and electron microscopic observation. These cell lines can be used to select for porcine retrovirus variants with transforming potential for lymphocytes of B and T lineages.
Design and Assembly of Miniature Zirconia Oxygen Sensors (2004)

Zirconia oxygen sensors are highly selective solid-state devices used for many applications, including combustion control for better fuel economy and lower emissions. Stabilized zirconia electrolyte meets the device requirements of adequate ionic conductivity at elevated temperature, chemical stability, and suitable mechanical properties. The device is assembled such that one or two enclosed volumes are obtained. It may be operated in a number of modes: some require the internal volume to be sealed fully, and others necessitate the provision of a diffusion barrier, usually a small hole (30-100 /spl mu/m in diameter), to connect the internal volume with the external sample gas. The design and fabrication of these devices must meet the practical requirements of their modes of operation. The choice of the dimensions of the sensor, its materials and their processing is critical in making a reliable device; these details are scarce in the literature. The paper gives a detailed description of the design and assembly of these sensors from pre-conditioned components.