gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A general optimal video smoothing algorithm (2002)

Video smoothing is a promising technique for reducing the bandwidth variability of video in order to improve network efficiency. This paper presents a general optimal video smoothing algorithm based on the concept of dynamic programming. The algorithm generates the optimum transmission schedule for different requirements by setting the constraints and the cost function accordingly. It can be used to study the smoothing of both stored video and real time video. In particular, for stored video, we show how the number of rate changes in the smoothed video is affected by the renegotiation cost and buffer size, assuming that the transmission rate is allowed to be lower than the reserved rate. For the real time system, we study the impact of various system parameters, including playout delay, client buffer site, and server buffer size, on the performance of video smoothing.
The chemistry and biology of unusual DNA structures adopted by oligopurine · oligopyrimidine sequences (1988)

A family of unusual DNA structures has been discovered in segments with predominantly purines in one strand (pur.pyr sequences). These sequences are overrepresented in eukaryotic DNA and have been mapped near genes and recombination hot spots. When cloned into recombinant plasmids, many pur.pyr sequences are reactive to chemical and enzymic probes that are generally specific for single-stranded DNA. An intramolecular triplex is adopted by mirror repeats of G's and A's. Other non-B DNA structures adopted by similar sequences remain to be fully clarified but may be a family of related conformations. It is likely that these unorthodox structures play an important role in the function of the eukaryotic genome.
A generalized capacitor voltage balancing scheme for flying capacitor multilevel converters (2010)

Multilevel power electronic converters are the converter of choice in medium-voltage applications due to their reduced switch voltage stress, better harmonic performance, and lower switching losses. Although it has received little attention, the flying-capacitor multilevel converter has a distinct advantage in terms of its ease of capacitor voltage balancing. A number of techniques have been presented in the literature for capacitor voltage balancing, some relying on ¿self-balancing¿ properties. However, self balancing cannot guarantee balancing of capacitor voltages in practical applications. Other researchers present closed-loop control schemes which force voltage balancing of capacitors. In this paper, a new closed loop control scheme is proposed which regulates the capacitor voltages for a multilevel flying capacitor converter. The proposed scheme is based on the converter equations and involves implementing simple rules. In particular, multiple duty cycles are defined and modulated in direct response to the capacitor voltages. Through simulation, the method is shown to work on four, eight and nine-level flying capacitor inverters.
THE EFFECT OF FASTING ON LEUCINE DEGRADATION IN CHICK SKELETAL MUSCLE (1987)

In vitro degradation of leucine in intact extensor digitorum communis muscles from fed and from 12- and 24-h-fasted 10-day-old broiler chicks was investigated. The net rate of leucine transamination and the rates of oxidative decarboxylation, oxidation of carbons 2–6 and total CO 2 production from 14 C-labelled leucine increased (P &lt; 0.01) from 0.57 ± 0.03, 0.42 ± 0.02, 0.95 ± 0.07 and 1.37 ± 0.09 nmol h −1 mg muscle −1 for the fed group to 0.79 ± 0.05, 0.60 ± 0.04, 1.34 ± 0.04 and 1.94 ± 0.10 nmole h −1 mg muscle −1 , respectively, following 24 h fasting. The values for the same rates following 12 h fasting were 0.60 ± 0.02, 0.44 ± 0.02, 1.04 ± 0.05 and 1.47 ± 0.06 nmol h −1 mg muscle −1 , respectively, and were significantly (P &lt; 0.01) less than the values obtained following the 24 h fast. The values obtained for the rates of leucine catabolism in muscles from the 12-h-fasted group did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) from the values obtained in muscles from the fed group. These results demonstrate that the rate of leucine catabolism in the skeletal musculature of the chick is increased during fasting. Increased leucine degradation provides energy for muscle metabolism and constitutes a mechanism whereby chicks are able to adapt to fasting. Key words: Leucine degradation, skeletal muscle, fasting, chicks
A Statistical View On The Expressive Timing Of Piano Rolled Chords. (2015)

[TODO] Add abstract here.
Anderson-Fabry disease: clinical manifestations and impact of disease in a cohort of 98 hemizygous males (2001)

The majority of males experience multiple disease manifestations and the duration of neuropathic pain was lifelong. The AFD register proved useful for the determination of baseline disease parameters in this cohort.
The application of spaced theta burst protocols induces long‐lasting neuroplastic changes in the human motor cortex (2011)

There is some limited evidence suggesting that the spaced application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protocols may extend the duration of induced neuroplastic changes. However, this has yet to be demonstrated in the human primary motor cortex (M1). We evaluated whether the paired application of an inhibitory rTMS protocol [continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS)] at 10-min intervals prolonged the duration of induced M1 plasticity. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the right first dorsal interosseous muscle before and following single and paired cTBS protocols applied with two intensities: 80% of active motor threshold (AMT(80)) and 70% of resting motor threshold (RMT(70)). Single cTBS protocols did not significantly influence MEP amplitudes. Whereas paired trains applied at AMT(80) had no effect on MEP amplitudes, paired cTBS trains at RMT(70) significantly reduced them. MEP amplitudes remained suppressed for at least 2 h following the second train. Control experiments suggested that the contraction used to establish active motor threshold prior to cTBS application may be responsible for blocking the effect of paired cTBS trains at AMT(80). The results suggest that the spaced application of cTBS protocols may be an effective approach for establishing long-lasting M1 neuroplasticity only in the absence of prior voluntary motor activation. These findings may have important implications for the therapeutic application of rTMS.
Tumor Detection and Visualization Using Cyanine Fluorochrome-Labeled Antibodies (1997)

Tumor localization using fluorescence has been made practical by current improvements in tumor targeting molecules, especially monoclonal antibodies and their derivatives, by the development of convenient near-infrared emitting fluorochromes and by the availability of digital cameras having high sensitivity in this spectral region. Recent studies in animals have demonstrated that fluorochrome labeling of monoclonal antibodies confers adequate sensitivity and improved resolution. Distribution and catabolism of fluorochrome-labeled and radiolabeled antibodies are similar. Simultaneous localization of multiple reagents is made possible by labeling with several different near-infrared emitting fluorochromes; thus background subtraction and differential labeling of multiple tumor-associated components can be performed. Difficulties in using the fluorochrome labels are mainly related to light scattering and absorption in tissues, but detection of small tumors at depths of several millimeters is feasible. The major medical use of this new technology is likely to be endoscopic location of tumors. Scientific uses include studies of tumor metastasis, uptake and distribution of drugs and tumor-targeting molecules by tumors, and migration patterns of near-infrared labeled cells in vivo.
Synthesis and properties of double-calix[4]-arenes, doubly-crowned calix[4]-arenes, and double-calix-crowns (1993)

Abstract
Recent development and improvement for boron hydride-based catalytic asymmetric reduction of unsymmetrical ketones (2008)

Catalytic asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones with hydrides such as boranes and borohydrides is one of the simplest and the most convenient methods for obtaining chiral alcohols. This tutorial review describes the most significant advances recently achieved for enhancing the enantioselectivity and practicability of the reduction using this methodology. The review covers the development of new homogeneous and/or immobilized catalysts for asymmetric reduction using borane or borohydride reagents and practical improvement of the well-known oxazaborolidine (OAB)-catalysed reduction through developing more stable, cost effective and recoverable OABs, scalable and environmental friendly borane sources, and one-pot procedures for the reduction.
Producing High Energy ns Pump Beams for Raman Amplification of Short Pulses using SBS Beam Combination (2013)

Abstract not provided
Preparation of Bupleurum Nasal Spray and Evaluation on Its Safety and Efficacy (2006)

Radix Bupleuri is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of fever, pain, and inflammation associated with influenza or the common cold. The essential oil extracted from the herb is generally claimed to play the major role in the efficacious treatment of fever. The purpose of the present study was to formulate an intranasal delivery system for the essential oil in an aqueous solution used in the form of nasal spray. From 450 g Radix Bupleuri was extracted the essential oil in the amount of about 0.2 ml, which was slightly water-soluble and viscous with low-fluidity. In order to dissolve the essential oil evenly in the aqueous solution, tween-80 (TW-80, used in 10% (w/v) solution), propylene glycol (PG) and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (TC) were selected as the favorable solubilizing agents, whose amount was respectively determined by L16(4(5)) orthogonal design. An aqueous solution with clarity and no ciliotoxicity was prepared when TW-80 8% (v/v), PG 14.4% (v/v) and TC 14.4% (v/v) were added. Employed to evaluate the acute toxicity, the rats grew well and were kept active and healthy within 14 d after an intranasal administration of this preparation at the dose of oil from 10 g Bupleuri/kg (50-fold higher than the clinical dose), indicating that there would be no serious toxicity at the normal dose. Intranasal administration of this preparation to 2 kg rabbits with fever induced by subcutaneous injection of turpentine decreased body temperature markedly (0.5, 0.8 and 1.0 degrees C respectively at the dose of oil from 1, 2 and 4 g Bupleuri/body). In addition, the administration significantly reduced fever in 200 g rats induced by intramuscular injection of colicine suspension (0.6 degrees C at the dose of oil from 0.8 g Bupleuri/body). The results suggest that the formulation of nasal spray for the essential oil from Radix Bupleuri can be potentially effective in the treatment of fever.
Two-dimensional pilot-symbol-aided channel estimation by Wiener filtering (2002)

The potential of pilot-symbol-aided channel estimation in two dimensions are explored. In order to procure this goal, the discrete shift-variant 2-D Wiener filter is derived and analyzed given an arbitrary sampling grid, an arbitrary (but possibly optimized) selection of observations, and the possibility of model mismatch. Filtering in two dimensions is revealed to outperform filtering in just one dimension with respect to overhead and mean-square error performance. However, two cascaded orthogonal 1-D filters are simpler to implement and shown to be virtually as good as true 2-D filters.
Combination Therapy with Zidovudine and Didanosine Selects for Drug-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains with Unique Patterns of pol Gene Mutations (1994)

Drug resistance conferred by specific human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pol gene mutations has been associated with clinical progression in HIV-infected patients receiving anti-retroviral therapy. This study examined drug susceptibilities and pol mutations of HIV-1 strains from patients treated for 1 year with zidovudine, didanosine (ddI), or zidovudine and ddI. Ten (42%) of 24 patients receiving combination therapy versus 8/26 (31%) receiving only zidovudine had HIV-1 strains with phenotypic zidovudine resistance or a zidovudine resistance pol mutation at codon 215 (P = .6). In contrast, a ddI resistance mutation at codon 74 was less common among patients receiving combination therapy (2/24) than among those receiving ddI only (17/26; P < .001). Two patients receiving combination therapy developed resistance to zidovudine and ddI; they had HIV strains with amino acid mutations at codons 62, 75, 77, 116, and 151. Combination therapy with zidovudine and ddI selects for zidovudine-resistant HIV-1 strains lacking a ddI resistance mutation and for multidrug-resistant strains containing novel pol mutations.
Transport of glutathione, as gamma-glutamylcysteinylglycyl ester, into liver and kidney. (1983)

Administration of gamma-glutamylcysteinylglycyl monomethyl (or monoethyl) ester to mice leads to substantial increases in the levels of glutathione in the liver and kidney. Mice depleted of glutathione by treatment with buthionine sulfoximine, a potent inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, exhibited about a 4-fold increase in liver and kidney glutathione levels after administration of glutathione monomethyl ester. This ester also prevented the marked decline in liver glutathione level found after giving mice acetaminophen, and it protected mice from toxicity due to this compound. The findings indicate that the monomethyl and monoethyl esters of glutathione are transported into cells and hydrolyzed to glutathione. Such esters may be useful in experimental work on glutathione metabolism and function and may provide a relatively safe method for protecting cells against damage by toxic compounds, oxygen, and radiation.
CpG Island Hypermethylation of Cell-Free Circulating Serum DNA in Patients With Testicular Cancer (2009)

The detection of hypermethylated cell-free serum DNA has the potential of a useful additional diagnostic parameter in patients with testicular germ cell cancer. Furthermore, in cases without conventional tumor marker increases testing CpG island hypermethylation in cell-free circulation DNA may improve the ability to detect early and/or recurrent testicular cancer.
Yttrium-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan Doses Calculated to Deliver up to 15 Gy to Critical Organs May Be Safely Combined With High-Dose BEAM and Autologous Transplantation in Relapsed or Refractory B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (2009)

Dose-escalated (90)Y ibritumomab tiuxetan may be safely combined with high-dose BEAM with autologous transplantation and has the potential to be more effective than standard-dose radioimmunotherapy. Careful dosimetry is required to avoid toxicity and undertreatment.
4-Demethoxy-3'-N-trifluoroacetyldoxorubicin. Synthesis and solid tumor activity. (1990)

A new route has been developed for the preparation of 3'-N-protected doxorubicin analogues. 4-Demethoxy-3'-N-trifluoroacetyldoxorubicin (5) was synthesized in an approach to an orally active anthracycline analogue. Tested against the B-16 murine solid tumor in mice, this compound increased life span by 133% when it was administered intraperitoneally at 25 mg/kg, and by 52% when it was given orally at 50 mg/kg.
Reactions of ozone. VII. Ozonization of fatty acids and their derivatives (1963)

Abstract Ozone was a useful tool very early in the history of structural studies involving fatty acids and their derivatives. More recently the productions of azelaic and pelargonic acids by the ozonolysis of oleic acid has become of commercial importance. This paper reviews the chemistry of the ozonolysis of various unsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives. The products can be varied from a single starting material depending on the manner of decomposing the intermediate ozonide. Thus, variations in starting material and variations in procedure make possible a great variety of straight chain products containing one or two functional groups such as carboxyl, aldehyde, hydroxyl, and amino.
CD4+ T cells appear capable of initiating graft-versus-host disease across non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) barriers in man. (1987)

Twelve patients with haematological malignancy received cyclophosphamide 120 mg/kg, fractionated total body irradiation 12 Gy, oral cyclosporin and an HLA-identical sibling marrow transplant depleted of T cells by incubation with monoclonal antibodies directed against the CD2 and CD8 antigens and rabbit complement. The phenotype of the residual T cells in the donor marrow inocula was CD3+, CD4+, CD8-. To exclude the possibility that this represented modulation or blocking of the CD8 antigen, T-depleted and non-depleted marrow aliquots from these donors were bulk-cultured for 10 days with phytohaemagglutinin and interleukin-2. Even after this attempted expansion, only a small proportion of cultured T cells from the depleted aliquots (in contrast to the non-depleted aliquots) expressed the CD8 antigen. Since all patients receiving CD3+, CD4+, CD8- marrow developed mild or moderate acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), we conclude that CD4+ T cells are capable of initiating acute GVHD across non-MHC barriers in man.
Collaborative Induction of Inflammatory Responses by Dectin-1 and Toll-like Receptor 2 (2003)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate recognition of a wide range of microbial products including lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, flagellin, and bacterial DNA, and signaling through TLRs leads to the production of inflammatory mediators. In addition to TLRs, many other surface receptors have been proposed to participate in innate immunity and microbial recognition, and signaling through some of these receptors is likely to cooperate with TLR signaling in defining inflammatory responses. In this report we have examined how dectin-1, a lectin family receptor for beta-glucans, collaborates with TLRs in recognizing microbes. Dectin-1, which is expressed at low levels on macrophages and high levels on dendritic cells, contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-like signaling motif that is tyrosine phosphorylated upon activation. The receptor is recruited to phagosomes containing zymosan particles but not to phagosomes containing immunoglobulin G-opsonized particles. Dectin-1 expression enhances TLR-mediated activation of nuclear factor kappa B by beta-glucan-containing particles, and in macrophages and dendritic cells dectin-1 and TLRs are synergistic in mediating production of cytokines such as interleukin 12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Additionally, dectin-1 triggers production of reactive oxygen species, an inflammatory response that is primed by TLR activation. The data demonstrate that collaborative recognition of distinct microbial components by different classes of innate immune receptors is crucial in orchestrating inflammatory responses.
Abstract 1619: Combination of VEGFR inhibitor lenvatinib (E7080) and Met/EphB4 inhibitor golvatinib (E7050) overcomes VEGFR inhibitor-resistant tumor vascular. (2013)

Abstract Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors are approved for the treatment of several types of tumors, however, some tumor shows intrinsic resistance to VEGFR inhibitors. In addition, patients initially responding develop acquired resistance to VEGFR inhibitors after varying periods of time. Thus it is urgent to develop strategy to overcome anti-VEGF therapy resistance. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/Met signaling is activated in various types of tumors. Recently, it is reported that HGF/Met signaling contributes to resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as EGFR, BRAF, ALK inhibitors. This suggests that Met inhibitors may be promising in treating HGF/Met activated anti-VEGF therapy-resistant tumors. We have identified lenvatinib (E7080) as a highly-potent VEGFR inhibitor and phase III trial is ongoing in thyroid cancer. Lenvatinib inhibited the growth of HUVEC induced by VEGF, however, addition of HGF to HUVEC conferred resistance to lenvatinib. This resistance was cancelled by the addition of golvatinib (E7050) which is identified as a potent Met/EphB4 inhibitor and phase I trial of the lenvatinib/golvatinib combination therapy is ongoing. In mouse models bearing various tumor cell lines expressing VEGF and HGF, treatment with lenvatinib alone demonstrated only moderate antitumor activity, however, combination with golvatinib demonstrated synergistic antitumor activity with decrease of tumor vessel density. Furthermore, it is reported that EphB4 has critical roles in tumor vessel development and maturation. Our unique in vitro assay systems, endothelial cells/pericyte 2D co-culture assay and endothelial cells/pericyte 3D co-culture sprouting assay, suggested that EphB4 inhibitory activity of golvatinib disrupted anti-VEGF therapy-resistant tumor vascular in the combination with lenvatinib. Together, these data demonstrated that combination therapy with golvatinib may be promising to overcome anti-VEGF therapy resistance. Citation Format: Satoshi Kawano, Takayuki Nakagawa, Yuya Nakazawa, Yoshiaki Sato, Tomohiro Matsushima, Yasuhiro Funahashi. Combination of VEGFR inhibitor lenvatinib (E7080) and Met/EphB4 inhibitor golvatinib (E7050) overcomes VEGFR inhibitor-resistant tumor vascular. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1619. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1619
Evaluation of next generation sequencing platforms for population targeted sequencing studies (2009)

Our study provides important insights into systematic biases and data variability that need to be considered when utilizing NGS platforms for population targeted sequencing studies.
GPRC5D is a target for the immunotherapy of multiple myeloma with rationally designed CAR T cells (2019)

Early clinical results of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy targeting B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) for multiple myeloma (MM) appear promising, but relapses associated with residual low-to-negative BCMA-expressing MM cells have been reported, necessitating identification of additional targets. The orphan G protein-coupled receptor, class C group 5 member D (<i>GPRC5D</i>), normally expressed only in the hair follicle, was previously identified as expressed by mRNA in marrow aspirates from patients with MM, but confirmation of protein expression remained elusive. Using quantitative immunofluorescence, we determined that GPRC5D protein is expressed on CD138<sup>+</sup> MM cells from primary marrow samples with a distribution that was similar to, but independent of, BCMA. Panning a human B cell-derived phage display library identified seven GPRC5D-specific single-chain variable fragments (scFvs). Incorporation of these into multiple CAR formats yielded 42 different constructs, which were screened for antigen-specific and antigen-independent (tonic) signaling using a Nur77-based reporter system. Nur77 reporter screen results were confirmed in vivo using a marrow-tropic MM xenograft in mice. CAR T cells incorporating GPRC5D-targeted scFv clone 109 eradicated MM and enabled long-term survival, including in a BCMA antigen escape model. GPRC5D(109) is specific for GPRC5D and resulted in MM cell line and primary MM cytotoxicity, cytokine release, and in vivo activity comparable to anti-BCMA CAR T cells. Murine and cynomolgus cross-reactive CAR T cells did not cause alopecia or other signs of GPRC5D-mediated toxicity in these species. Thus, GPRC5D(109) CAR T cell therapy shows potential for the treatment of advanced MM irrespective of previous BCMA-targeted therapy.