gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Safety Index for Evaluation of Two-Lane Rural Highways (2007)

The methodological approach to safety evaluation of two-lane rural highway segments that is presented uses both analytical procedures referring to alignment design consistency models and safety inspection processes. A safety index (SI) that quantitatively measures the relative safety performance of a road segment is calculated from the procedure. The SI is formulated by combining three components of risk: the exposure of road users to road hazards, the probability of a vehicle's being involved in an accident, and the resulting consequences should an accident occur. This systematic and replicable procedure integrates two different, complementary approaches–one based on design consistency evaluations and the other on safety inspections–and makes it possible to address a wide variety of safety issues effectively. A further advantage of the procedure is its applicability on highways where crash data are either not available or unreliable. Validation of the procedure was carried out on a sample of roads by a comparison of the risk rank obtained by using the SI and accident history. The SI was assessed in 30 segments chosen from a sample of two-lane rural highways in Italy, and the actual accident situation was obtained with the empirical Bayes (EB) procedure. Spearman's rank correlation was used to determine the level of agreement between the rankings obtained with the two techniques. The results from the Spearman's rank-correlation analysis validate the SI, indicating that the ranking from the SI scores and the EB estimates agrees at the 99.9% level of significance with a correlation coefficient of 0.87.
β‐Carbolines derived from β‐methyltryptophan and a stereoselective synthesis of (2RS,3SR)‐β‐methyltryptophan methyl ester (1988)

Abstract The methyl ester of isomer A of β‐methyltryptophan (2 SR ,3 RS ; 2A ) was stereoselectively prepared by an efficient modified method through the reaction of a‐methyl‐ N ‐(1‐Methylethyl)‐1 H ‐indole‐3‐methanamine ( 3 ) with methyl nitroacetate to give the desired nitro compound as a mixture of two racemates 5A , and 5B. During the recrystallization process epimerization occurred and only racemate 5A crystallized out. Catalytic hydrogenation of 5A in the presence of acid stereoselectively yielded the desired amino acid ester 2A. Pictet‐Spengler condensation of 2A with aldehydes under aprotic conditions followed by dehydrogenation gave excellent yields of β‐carbolines 7a‐i , (R = methyl, ethyl, acetyl, phenyl, pyridine‐2‐yl, furan‐2‐yl, quinoline‐2‐yl, styryl, phenethyl). Also β‐carbolines 7a,b,i were synthesized by the Pictet‐Spengler condensation of (3‐meth‐yltryptophan under acidic aqueous conditions followed by esterification and dehydrogenation.
Hypoglycemic Activity of a Series of α-Alkylthio and α-Alkoxy Carboxylic Acids Related to Ciglitazone (1996)

The thiazolidinedione moiety of ciglitazone and its analogues can be replaced by an alpha-alkoxy or alpha-thioether carboxylic acid group. The influence of the nature of the R group, the length of the connector to the aromatic backbone of the molecule, and the stereochemistry have been studied. The most potent compounds have glucose-lowering activity at doses as low as 0.01 mg/kg.
Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Effects of Various Tea Extracts (1997)

The antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects of various tea extracts were investigated. The tea extracts, especially the green, pouchong, and oolong tea extracts, markedly stimulated the oxidation of deoxyribose in the presence of Fe3+ and H2O2. The rate of DNA degradation, induced by bleomycin-Fe3+, was also accelerated by tea extracts (green tea, pouchong tea, and oolong tea) up to 65-fold at the dosage of 0.125 mg, and then decreased at higher dosages. Black tea exhibited greater stimulatory effects than the other three teas at higher dosage. The systems that contained only tea extracts and 2‘-deoxyguanosine (2‘-dG) do not induce the oxidation of 2‘-dG to 8-hydroxy-2‘-deoxyguanosine. Addition of ascorbic acid to the reaction system accelerated the oxidation of deoxyribose, DNA, and DNA bases, however, the oxidation was decreased by a high dosage of tea extracts. Tea extracts showed dual effects in the model system that was dependent on the ability of both reducing iron and scavenging oxy-radicals. Keywords: Tea extracts; pro-oxidant; deoxyribose; 2‘-deoxyguanosine
Altered pharmacology of native rodent spinal cord TRPV1 after phosphorylation (2012)

Our findings indicate that both TRPV1 agonist and antagonist profiles can be differentially altered by PKC activation. These findings may offer new insights for targeting TRPV1 in pain states.
Guaranteeing real-time requirements with resource-based calibration of periodic processes (1995)

The paper presents a comprehensive design methodology for guaranteeing end to end requirements of real time systems. Applications are structured as a set of process components connected by asynchronous channels, in which the end points are the system's external inputs and outputs. Timing constraints are then postulated between these inputs and outputs; they express properties such as end to end propagation delay, temporal input sampling correlation, and allowable separation times between updated output values. The automated design method works as follows: First new tasks are created to correlate related inputs, and an optimization algorithm, whose objective is to minimize CPU utilization, transforms the end to end requirements into a set of intermediate rate constraints on the tasks. If the algorithm fails, a restructuring tool attempts to eliminate bottlenecks by transforming the application, which is then resubmitted into the assignment algorithm. The final result is a schedulable set of fully periodic tasks, which collaboratively maintain the end to end constraints.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Long-term stability of large insert genomic DNA episomal shuttle vectors in human cells (1999)

We have constructed an episomal shuttle vector which can transfer large (>100 kb) human genomic DNA inserts back and forth between bacteria and human cells and which can be tracked in rapidly dividing human cells using a live cell assay. The vector (p5170) is based on the F factor-derived bacterial artificial chromosome cloning vector used in Escherichia coli, with the addition of the family of repeats element from the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent origin of replication. This element provides nuclear retention in cells expressing the EBV protein EBNA-1. We have subcloned a series of genomic DNA inserts into p5170 and transfected the constructs into an EBNA-1(+) human cell line. Episomal mitotic stability was quantitatively analysed using flow cytometry. The episomes were also tracked by time course photography of expanding colonies. A 117 kb episome was retained at approximately 2 copies/cell and could be shuttled unrearranged from the human cells into bacterial cells after 15 months of continuous cell growth. Furthermore, the episome could still be rescued from human cells cultured in the absence of selection for 198 days. Such a trackable E.coli /human cell line shuttle vector system capable of carrying >100 kb of genomic DNA in human cells could prove a valuable tool in gene expression studies.
Same Stats, Different Graphs (2017)

Datasets which are identical over a number of statistical properties, yet produce dissimilar graphs, are frequently used to illustrate the importance of graphical representations when exploring data. This paper presents a novel method for generating such datasets, along with several examples. Our technique varies from previous approaches in that new datasets are iteratively generated from a seed dataset through random perturbations of individual data points, and can be directed towards a desired outcome through a simulated annealing optimization strategy. Our method has the benefit of being agnostic to the particular statistical properties that are to remain constant between the datasets, and allows for control over the graphical appearance of resulting output.
Quantum dot cavity-QED in the presence of strong electron-phonon interactions (2002)

A quantum dot strongly coupled to a single high-finesse optical microcavity mode constitutes a new fundamental system for quantum optics. Here, the effect of exciton-phonon interactions on reversible quantum dot cavity coupling is analyzed without making a Born-Markov approximation. The analysis is based on a polaron operator technique that has been used to study the ``spin-boson'' Hamiltonian. For bulk acoustic phonons and for a large class of confined phonon models, we find that vacuum-Rabi splitting persists even in the presence of a large Stokes shift and at an appreciable temperature, but its magnitude is exponentially suppressed by the electron-phonon coupling strength.
Helix-Forming Oligoureas: Temperature-Dependent NMR, Structure Determination, and Circular Dichroism of a Nonamer with Functionalized Side Chains (2002)

To further investigate the degree of structural homology between γ-peptides A and N,N′-linked oligoureas B, we prepared oligourea nonamer 2 containing Ala, Val, Leu, Phe, Tyr and Lys side chains. Oligomer 2 was synthesized on solid support from activated monomers, i.e., from enantiomerically pure succinimidyl {2-{[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}ethyl}carbamates 3a–f that are further substituted at C(2) of the ethyl moiety. These precursors were conveniently prepared from N-Fmoc-protected β3-amino acids with corresponding side chains. Detailed NMR studies (DQF-COSY, TOCSY, and ROESY) in (D5)pyridine revealed that 2 adopts a regular (P)-2.5 helical secondary structure very similar to that previously determined for oligourea heptamer 1 and closely related to the (P)-2.614 helix of γ-peptides. Temperature-dependent NMR further demonstrated the conformational homogeneity and remarkable stability of the structure of 2 in pyridine. The CD spectrum of 2 (0.2 mM) was recorded in MeOH with the aim to gain more information about the conformation of oligoureas. In contrast to 2.6-helical γ-peptides, which display only a weak or no Cotton effect, oligourea 2 exhibits an intense positive Cotton effect at ca. 203 nm ([Θ]=+373000 deg cm2 dmol−1) that decreases only slowly upon increasing the temperature.
Image-based material editing (2006)

Photo editing software allows digital images to be blurred, warped or re-colored at the touch of a button. However, it is not currently possible to change the material appearance of an object except by painstakingly painting over the appropriate pixels. Here we present a method for automatically replacing one material with another, completely different material, starting with only a single high dynamic range image as input. Our approach exploits the fact that human vision is surprisingly tolerant of certain (sometimes enormous) physical inaccuracies, while being sensitive to others. By adjusting our simulations to be careful about those aspects to which the human visual system is sensitive, we are for the first time able to demonstrate significant material changes on the basis of a single photograph as input.
Placement of Pedicle Screws in the Human Cadaveric Cervical Spine (2000)

On the basis of the morphometric data, guidelines for cervical spine pedicle screw placement at each subaxial level were derived. Although a statistical analysis of cadaveric morphometric data obtained from the cervical spine could provide guidelines for transpedicular screw placement based on topographic landmarks, sufficient variation exists to preclude safe instrumentation without additional anatomic data. Insufficient correlation between different surgeons' assessments of surface landmarks attests to the inadequacy of screw insertion techniques in the cervical spine based on such specific topographic guide
Selective modification of apoB-100 in the oxidation of low density lipoproteins by myeloperoxidase in vitro (1999)

Oxidative modification of LDL may be important in the initiation and/or progression of atherosclerosis, but the precise mechanisms through which low density lipoprotein (LDL) is oxidized are unknown. Recently, evidence for the existence of HOCl-oxidized LDL in human atherosclerotic lesions has been reported, and myeloperoxidase (MPO), which is thought to act through production of HOCl, has been identified in human atherosclerotic lesions. In the present report we describe the formation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-reactive modifications in the apolipoprotein (apo) by exposure of LDL to myeloperoxidase in vitro. In contrast with the complex mixture of peptides from oxidation of LDL with reagent HOCl, oxidation with MPO in vitro produced a major tryptic peptide showing absorbance at 365 nm. This peptide was isolated and characterized as VELEVPQL(*C)SFILK..., corresponding to amino acid residues 53-66...on apoB-100. Mass spectrometric analyses of two tryptic peptides from oxidation of LDL by HOCl indicated formation of the corresponding methionine sulfoxide (M=O), cysteinyl azo (*C), RS -N= N-DNP, derivatives of EEL(*C)T(M=O)FIR and LNDLNS VLV(M=O)PTFHVPFTDLQVPS(*C)K, which suggest oxidation to the corresponding sulfinic acids (RSO2H) by HOCl. The present results demonstrate that DNPH-reactive modifications other than aldehydes and ketones can be formed in the oxidation of proteins and illustrate how characterization of specific products of protein oxidation can be useful in assessing the relative contributions of different and unexpected mechanisms to the oxidation of LDL and other target substrates. The data also suggest a direct interaction of the LDL particle with the active site on myeloperoxidase and indicate that effects of the protein microenvironment can greatly influence product formation and stability.
The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) (1991)

The Neuropathology Task Force of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) has developed a practical and standardized neuropathology protocol for the postmortem assessment of dementia and control subjects. The protocol provides neuropathologic definitions of such terms as "definite Alzheimer's disease" (AD), "probable AD," "possible AD," and "normal brain" to indicate levels of diagnostic certainty, reduce subjective interpretation, and assure common language. To pretest the protocol, neuropathologists from 15 participating centers entered information on autopsy brains from 142 demented patients clinically diagnosed as probable AD and on eight nondemented patients. Eighty-four percent of the dementia cases fulfilled CERAD neuropathologic criteria for definite AD. As increasingly large numbers of prospectively studied dementia and control subjects are autopsied, the CERAD neuropathology protocol will help to refine diagnostic criteria, assess overlapping pathology, and lead to a better understanding of early subclinical changes of AD and normal aging.
A Wireless Fully Passive Neural Recording Device for Unobtrusive Neuropotential Monitoring (2015)

The proposed recorder brings forward transformational possibilities in wireless fully passive neural detection for a very wide range of applications (e.g., epilepsy, Alzheimer's, mental disorders, etc.).
Over 30 million psychedelic users in the United States (2013)

We estimated lifetime prevalence of psychedelic use (lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin (magic mushrooms), mescaline, and peyote) by age category using data from a 2010 US population survey of 57,873 individuals aged 12 years and older. There were approximately 32 million lifetime psychedelic users in the US in 2010; including 17% of people aged 21 to 64 years (22% of males and 12% of females). Rate of lifetime psychedelic use was greatest among people aged 30 to 34 (total 20%, including 26% of males and 15% of females).
Radiopacity assessment of neurovascular implants (2016)

Abstract An experimental method for radiopacity evaluation of neurovascular implants is presented. State of the art methods are described for cardiovasular implants. To extend the methods to neurovascular devices, imaging parameters were determined from clinical radiography data sets and protocols. To reduce background noise, a thresholding method is introduced. This method is evaluated on a setup with four different laser cut and braided stents. The results are compared to current evaluation methods without filtering. It is shown that unfiltered methods underestimate the radiopacity by 0.89 mm ± 0.21 mm (aluminum equivalent). The introduced method is highly repeatable and uses modern clinical imaging technology. Thus an image evaluation under realisitc conditions is possible. Slightly visible vascular devices and implants can be compared with high accuracy.
Age Effects on Vascular Smooth Muscle: An Engineered Tissue Approach (2005)

Tissue engineering of blood vessels offers a potential new therapy for patients with vascular occlusive disease. In addition, tissue engineering technologies offer the opportunity to study the biology of vascular cells in a biomimetic, three-dimensional environment. A model for vascular tissue engineering was used to study the effects of vascular cell age on extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, cellular mitosis, and protein synthesis under controlled conditions in vitro. Blood vessels were grown using a three-dimensional polyglycolic acid (PGA) mesh that was seeded with either infant or adult porcine vascular smooth muscle cells. Mechanical forces in the form of pulsatile radial distension were applied for the duration of the 7-week growth period. Overall, infant cells exhibited higher levels of cellular proliferation, ECM deposition, and remodeling activity than cells derived from adult animals. In addition, vessels cultured from infant cells had enhanced physical properties compared to vessels cultured from adult cells. The differentiation state of the smooth muscle cells in the infant and adult constructs was unchanged from the native state. However, the levels of immature pro-collagen, although undetectable in the vessels grown from adult cells, were similar in native vessels and in vessels grown with infant cells. These studies have important implications for the study of aging and vascular disease and remodeling, as well as for the field of tissue engineering.
PECAM-1: Its Expression and Function as a Cell Adhesion Molecule on Hemopoietic and Endothelial Cells (1995)

PECAM-1, the platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule, is expressed on a variety of mature hemopoietic cell types (including neutrophils, monocytes and T cell subsets) and is also present on en-dothelia. In such cases, this glycoprotein functions as either a homotypic or heterotypic adhesion molecule contributing to cell migration, inflammatory processes and wound healing. We have recently shown that PECAM-1 is expressed on a variety of hemopoietic progenitor cell types and on stromal macrophages from human bone marrow. In this review, we discuss the possible functional significance of this molecule for both hemopoietic cell differentiation and for mature cells.
Automatic data compression (1967)

The “information explosion” noted in recent years makes it essential that storage requirements for all information be kept to a minimum. A fully automatic and rapid three-part compressor which can be used with “ any ” body of information to greatly reduce slow external storage requirements and to increase the rate of information transmission through a computer is described in this paper. The system will also automatically decode the compressed information on an item-by-item basis when it is required. The three component compressors, which can be used separately to accomplish their specific tasks, are discussed: NUPAK for the automatic compression of numerical data, ANPAK for the automatic compression of “ any ” information, and IOPAK for further compression of information to be stored on tape or cards.
<title>Computer simulation on scatter-removing characteristics by grid</title> (1996)

Monte Carlo methods have been used to evaluate the performance of x-ray grids in radiography, quantitatively. To correspond with practical arrangements in radiography, the simulations have been done in the condition of the polyenergetic cone-beam geometry and the focused grid. The scatter intensities relative to the primary intensities were calculated for various values of object thickness, field size, tube voltage, and grid ratio. The Bucky factor, contrast improvement factor, and selectivity were used for comparison of the performance of the grid. The results of the calculations are in good agreement with the limited experimental data available. This calculation result is useful for the development of optimal antiscatter grids and selection of the suitable grid in radiographic procedures.
Early Detection of Viral Resistance by Determination of Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase Mutations in Patients Treated by Lamivudine for Chronic Hepatitis B (2000)

We have analyzed the molecular dynamics of emergence of drug-resistant strains in patients receiving lamivudine therapy for chronic hepatitis B. Twenty consecutive patients with lamivudine resistance were studied (13 hepatitis B e antigen [HBeAg]-positive patients and 7 HBe antibody [anti-HBe]-positive patients). Determination of viral genotype, precore mutants, and polymerase gene mutants (L528M, M552V, M552I) was performed using the research version of Lipa-HBV. Quantitative analysis of HBV DNA was performed using both branched DNA (bDNA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Polymerase mutants (genotypic resistance) were found in 16 of 20 patients. Genotypic resistance was detected earlier than the phenotypic resistance (P =.004). Quantitative PCR allowed detection of viral DNA throughout the entire study period in 16 of 20 patients. Analysis of pretreatment variables showed that high alanine transaminase (ALT) levels (>3 x the upper limit of normal [ULN]) was associated with a more rapid selection of drug-resistant mutants (P =.027) and a high hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA level (>1,497 Meq/mL, bDNA) with a more rapid occurrence of phenotypic resistance (P =.04). At the time of viral breakthrough, the mean serum HBV-DNA values were not different from the pretreatment values (P =.37). ALT levels were higher in anti-HBe-positive patients compared with pretreatment values and to HBeAg-positive patients (P =.01). In 8 patients, antiviral therapy was modified after viral breakthrough, with the introduction of famciclovir and/or interferon alfa. Viral DNA became undetectable by bDNA in 3 patients who received interferon. Our results suggest that genotypic assays for polymerase mutant detection and quantitative determination of viremia with highly sensitive assay are warranted for an optimal monitoring of antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B.
[Studies on the resolution of racemic gossypol. IV. Use of threo (-) or (+)-1-(p-nitrophenyl)-1,3-dihydroxypropylamine-2 as the resolving agent]. (1990)

Threo (-) or (+)-1-(p-nitrophenyl)-1,3-dihydroxypropylamine-2 was found to be a useful resolving agent for racemic gossypol. The optical and chemical stability of the condensate of enantiomeric gossypols with the titled amine and the great difference in the Rf values on TLC and the solubilities in various solvents between the two diastereoisomeric condensates facilitate the separation. Therefore, the pure isomers can be easily obtained by means of chromatography or crystallization.