gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Programmable diagnostic devices made from paper and tape (2010)

This paper describes three-dimensional microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (3-D microPADs) that can be programmed (postfabrication) by the user to generate multiple patterns of flow through them. These devices are programmed by pressing single-use 'on' buttons, using a stylus or a ballpoint pen. Pressing a button closes a small space (gap) between two vertically aligned microfluidic channels, and allows fluids to wick from one channel to the other. These devices are simple to fabricate, and are made entirely out of paper and double-sided adhesive tape. Programmable devices expand the capabilities of microPADs and provide a simple method for controlling the movement of fluids in paper-based channels. They are the conceptual equivalent of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) widely used in electronics.
Development of ultra‐high sensitivity bioluminescent enzyme immunoassay for prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) using firefly luciferase (2001)

A bioluminescent enzyme immunoassay (BLEIA) for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) using biotinylated firefly luciferase-labelled antibody was developed. PSA is an important marker for the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. Our BLEIA for PSA, based on the two-step sandwich method, had ultra-high sensitivity and a very wide measurable range. The detection limit (mean of nine replicates of the zero standard +2 SD) for PSA was 0.25 pg/mL and the measurable range for PSA was 0.25 pg/mL-100 ng/mL. Generally, PSA in the serum exists on two forms, called free PSA (f-PSA) and complex PSA (c-PSA), which is formed with alpha-antichymotripsin. Thus, the response of the PSA assay to these two forms has to be equimolar in the construction of the assay system. Our BLEIA for PSA also had an equimolar response to them.
Reversible Block of Nerve Conduction by Ultrasound (1961)

<h3>Introduction</h3> In recent years ultrasound has found a number of important applications to biological problems. In particular, its destructive effects on the nervous system promise to be of experimental as well as practical value.<sup>1-4</sup>In appropriate dosage it may enhance or depress the functional activity of the central nervous system.<sup>5,6</sup>Little is known about these functional effects, which do not necessarily involve the production of detectable lesions. This study on peripheral nerve was undertaken to investigate the effects of focused ultrasound on axonal conduction in a mixed nerve, and to shed light on the nature of the central effects. <h3>Methods</h3> The sciatic nerves of large green frogs were used. The branches in the thigh were cut and the main trunk with its tibial and peroneal extensions, measuring about 7 cm. in length, was removed. Distally the tibial and peroneal branches were tied together. The nerve was mounted in
Plasma MicroRNAs as Novel Biomarkers for Endometriosis and Endometriosis-Associated Ovarian Cancer (2013)

Our study reports for the first time that distinct plasma miRNA expression patterns may serve as highly specific and sensitive diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate between healthy, endometriosis, and EAOC cases.
Predominant Contribution of IgA Antibody-Forming Cells to an Immune Response Detected in Extraintestinal Lymphoid Tissues of Germ-free Mice Exposed to Antigen by the Oral Route (1970)

Summary Germ-free mice exposed to sheep RBC by the oral route displayed an immune response in extraintestinal lymphoid tissues. Such a response in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes was characterized by a high percentage of PFC of the IgA class, and is at variance with that found after parenteral immunization.
Inside SWISS‐2DPAGE database (1995)

Several two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) databases have been established and updated for more than 15 years. Only recently have developments of computer networks and high-speed transfer protocols provided the required tools for sharing comprehensive and hypermedia 2-D PAGE databases. This publication describes the SWISS-2DPAGE database structure. Proteins present in samples of human tissue, cells, cell lines and body fluids are assembled and described in an accessible uniform format. SWISS-2DPAGE can be freely accessed through the World-Wide Web (WWW) network on the ExPASy molecular biology server.
Neural and local effects of hypoxia on cardiovascular responses to obstructive apnea (2000)

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) acutely increases systemic (Psa) and pulmonary (Ppa) arterial pressures and decreases ventricular stroke volume (SV). In this study, we used a canine model of OSA (n = 6) to examine the role of hypoxia and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in mediating these cardiovascular responses. Hyperoxia (40% oxygen) completely blocked any increase in Ppa in response to obstructive apnea but only attenuated the increase in Psa. In contrast, after blockade of the ANS (20 mg/kg iv hexamethonium), obstructive apnea produced a decrease in Psa (-5.9 mmHg; P < 0.05) but no change in Ppa, and the fall in SV was abolished. Both the fall in Psa and the rise in Ppa that persisted after ANS blockade were abolished when apneas were induced during hyperoxia. We conclude that 1) hypoxia can account for all of the Ppa and the majority of the Psa response to obstructive apnea, 2) the ANS increases Psa but not Ppa in obstructive apnea, 3) the local effects of hypoxia associated with obstructive apnea cause vasodilation in the systemic vasculature and vasoconstriction in the pulmonary vasculature, and 4) a rise in Psa acts as an afterload to the heart and decreases SV over the course of the apnea.
Regulation of Root Hair Initiation and Expansin Gene Expression in Arabidopsis[W] (2002)

The expression of two Arabidopsis expansin genes (AtEXP7 and AtEXP18) is tightly linked to root hair initiation; thus, the regulation of these genes was studied to elucidate how developmental, hormonal, and environmental factors orchestrate root hair formation. Exogenous ethylene and auxin, as well as separation of the root from the medium, stimulated root hair formation and the expression of these expansin genes. The effects of exogenous auxin and root separation on root hair formation required the ethylene signaling pathway. By contrast, blocking the endogenous ethylene pathway, either by genetic mutations or by a chemical inhibitor, did not affect normal root hair formation and expansin gene expression. These results indicate that the normal developmental pathway for root hair formation (i.e., not induced by external stimuli) is independent of the ethylene pathway. Promoter analyses of the expansin genes show that the same promoter elements that determine cell specificity also determine inducibility by ethylene, auxin, and root separation. Our study suggests that two distinctive signaling pathways, one developmental and the other environmental/hormonal, converge to modulate the initiation of the root hair and the expression of its specific expansin gene set.
Chimeric IgG-binding receptors engineered from staphylococcal protein A and streptococcal protein G. (1988)

Chimeric Fc receptors, consisting of the IgG-binding domains of both staphylococcal protein A and streptococcal protein G, were constructed. An efficient bacterial expression system was used to produce the recombinant proteins, which vary in size and number of IgG-binding domains. The purified receptors were analyzed by immunodiffusion and a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to establish the relative binding strength to various polyclonal and monoclonal immunoglobulins from different species. The results demonstrate that protein A and protein G have complementary binding patterns and that the chimeric receptors retain the binding capacities of both the parental constituents. This suggests that these novel chimeric receptors might be versatile reagents for immunochemical assays.
Smooth to rugose phase variation in Vibrio cholerae can be mediated by a single nucleotide change that targets c‐di‐GMP signalling pathway (2006)

Microorganisms use phase variation to increase population diversity to maximize evolutionary success. One such variation is the smooth to rugose phenotype change in Vibrio cholerae. We determined that the variation between smooth and rugose phenotypes can be controlled by a single nucleotide change in a gene (vpvC) predicted to encode a diguanylate cyclase. The vpvC allele found in the rugose genetic background is more active at producing c-di-GMP while that in smooth genetic background is less active. In support of this finding, disruption of vpvC in the rugose genetic variant decreases cellular c-di-GMP levels, diminishes rugose-associated phenotypes and yields a smooth variant. Furthermore, the frequency of phase variation decreases dramatically when the vpvC locus is deleted in the smooth genetic background. Evidence is presented that the rugose variant is less susceptible to phage infection than the smooth variant. As phage infection is known to control populations of V. cholerae and thus outbreaks of cholera, phase variation may increase the evolutionary success of the pathogen.
Procedures to Improve Difficult Couplings (2003)

The successful coupling of amino acid derivatives during the synthesis of a peptide by either solution or solid-phase procedures depends on both the reactivity of the carboxyl group of the N-protected amino acid and the steric accessibility of the reactive nucleophile (either a primary or secondary amine). Activation of the carboxyl group is a requisite for the synthesis of an amide bond. Many activation procedures have been developed to accomplish this, and ultimately, the reactivity of the activated species is crucial in determining the coupling yield.
Sacral neuromodulation for treating neurogenic bladder dysfunction: Clinical and urodynamic study (2011)

Sacral neuromodulation seems to constitute a serious therapeutic option for patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. However, its results depend on the type of the underlying neurologic disease and in particular, whether it may progress or not.
Triggering sleep slow waves by transcranial magnetic stimulation (2007)

During much of sleep, cortical neurons undergo near-synchronous slow oscillation cycles in membrane potential, which give rise to the largest spontaneous waves observed in the normal electroencephalogram (EEG). Slow oscillations underlie characteristic features of the sleep EEG, such as slow waves and spindles. Here we show that, in sleeping subjects, slow waves and spindles can be triggered noninvasively and reliably by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). With appropriate stimulation parameters, each TMS pulse at <1 Hz evokes an individual, high-amplitude slow wave that originates under the coil and spreads over the cortex. TMS triggering of slow waves reveals intrinsic bistability in thalamocortical networks during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Moreover, evoked slow waves lead to a deepening of sleep and to an increase in EEG slow-wave activity (0.5-4.5 Hz), which is thought to play a role in brain restoration and memory consolidation.
Efficacy and Safety of Tramadol Versus Morphine for Moderate and Severe Postoperative Pain With Special Regard to Respiratory Depression (1992)

The analgesic efficacy and safety of tramadol and morphine were compared in a double-blind, randomized study of 150 female patients after gynecologic surgery. As required, patients could receive up to three intravenous doses of either 50 mg of tramadol or 5 mg of morphine within a period of 6 h. Pain intensity (verbal response score) was recorded before injection and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 h after the initial dose; at these times, pain relief was also assessed. Oxygen saturation was monitored continuously by pulse oximetry for at least 30 min after each injection. In 13.3% of the morphine group (but in none of the tramadol group) transcutaneous pulse oxygen saturation decreased to less than 86%; in 50% of these patients the decrease occurred after only the first 5 mg of morphine. Both drugs produced acceptable analgesia, and there were no clinically significant adverse events. In demonstrating the absence of clinically relevant respiratory depression with tramadol, we underline its safety for postoperative pain relief.
Growth factor activation of the estrogen receptor in vascular cells occurs via a mitogen-activated protein kinase-independent pathway. (1998)

The classical estrogen receptor ERalpha mediates many of the known cardiovascular effects of estrogen and is expressed in male and female vascular cells. Estrogen-independent activation of ERalpha is known to occur in cells from reproductive tissues, but has not been investigated previously in vascular cells. In this study, transient transfection assays in human saphenous vein smooth muscle cells (HSVSMC) and pulmonary vein endothelial cells (PVEC) demonstrated ERalpha-dependent activation of estrogen response element-based, and vascular endothelial growth factor-based reporter plasmids by both estrogen-deficient FBS (ED-FBS) and EGF. In nonvascular cells, ERalpha-mediated gene expression can be activated via mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase- induced phosphorylation of serine 118 of ERalpha. However, in vascular cells, we found that pharmacologic inhibition of MAP kinase did not alter EGF-mediated ERalpha activation. In addition, a mutant ER containing an alanine-for-serine substitution at position 118 was activated to the same degree as the wild-type receptor by ED-FBS and EGF in both HSVSMC and PVEC. Furthermore, constitutively active MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK) activated ERalpha in Cos1 cells as expected, but MAPKK inhibited ER activation in PVEC. We conclude that growth factors also stimulate ERalpha-mediated gene expression in vascular cells, but find that this occurs via a MAP kinase-independent pathway distinct from that reported previously in nonvascular cells.
A mutant human IgG molecule with only one C1q binding site can activate complement and induce lysis of target cells (2005)

There are potentially two binding sites for C1q on IgG, one on each C(H)2 domain of the gamma heavy chains, close to the lower hinge region. It is not clear whether the presence and involvement of both the C1q binding sites is necessary to induce the activation signal of human IgG. In order to clarify this issue, we made a hybrid mutant IgG1/IgG3 molecule where the IgG1 half of the molecule was made unable to activate complement through the introduction of a P329A mutation. The IgG3 half of the molecule was mutated to harbor a hinge region identical to that of IgG1, and for detection a peptide tag derived from p21ras was introduced into the FG loop of the C(H)1 domain. The hybrid IgG1P329A/IgG3h1-ras molecules were isolated by Protein A affinity chromatography and shown to activate complement and induce complement-mediated lysis at the same levels as wild-type IgG1 and IgG3h1-ras molecules. Thus, one C1q binding site per IgG is sufficient to induce activation. Wild-type human IgG molecules might also normally expose only one C1q binding site as already shown for interaction with FcgammaR, were IgG expose one binding site per molecule.
Combining Two-Directional Synthesis and Tandem Reactions:  Synthesis of Trioxadispiroketals (2004)

A tandem bromonium ion-promoted cyclization of two pendant hydroxyl groups onto a central furan core provides a highly direct route to both the [5,5,5]- and the [6,5,6]-trioxadispiroketal ring systems.
Precipitin reactions of the C1q component of complement with aggregated gamma-globulin and immune complexes in gel diffusion. (1970)

A gel diffusion method for demonstrating precipitin reactions of C1q with aggregated γ-globulin and immune complexes is described. Optimal precipitin lines were found to occur with 0.6 per cent agarose in 0.01 M EDTA at pH 7.2 and ionic strength 0.1. Reduction and alkylation of γ-globulin aggregates destroyed the precipitability with C1q. Precipitation occurred only with aggregates greater than 19S and with soluble immune complexes formed in two to twenty times antigen excess. γ-Globulin complexes were detected by this procedure in hypocomplementaemic sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and hypocomplementaemic joint fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The relevance of this in vitro system to in vivo complement consumption in various disease states is discussed.
Cognate Putative Nuclear Localization Signal Effects Strong Nuclear Localization of a GFP Reporter and Facilitates Gene Expression Studies in Caenorhabditis Elegans (2007)

Targeting a gene expression reporter, usually the green fluorescent protein (GFP), to the nucleus via a translationally fused nuclear localization signal (NLS) greatly facilitates recognition and identification of the reporter-expressing cells in Caenorhabditis elegans. Presently circulating nematode transcriptional gene expression vectors use the viral NLS from simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen. This NLS, however fails to ensure sufficient localization of the GFP peptide to the nucleus. We modified the common transcriptional reporter SV40 NLS-GFP by adding to its C terminus a cognate putative NLS from the transcription factor egl-13. The EGL-13 NLS effected clear contrast in fluorescence intensity between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in cells with strong reporter signal and efficiently highlighted the nucleus in tissues with weak reporter expression in a wide range of tested tissues. The SV40 NLS-GFP-EGL-13 NLS vector should become a valuable tool for gene expression studies in C. elegans.
Heparan Sulfate Structure in Mice with Genetically Modified Heparan Sulfate Production (2004)

Using a high throughput heparan sulfate (HS) isolation and characterization protocol, we have analyzed HS structure in several tissues from mice/mouse embryos deficient in HS biosynthesis enzymes (N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST)-1, NDST-2, and C5-epimerase, respectively) and in mice lacking syndecan-1. The results have given us new information regarding HS biosynthesis with implications on the role of HS in embryonic development. Our main conclusions are as follows. 1) The HS content, disaccharide composition, and the overall degree of N- and O-sulfation as well as domain organization are characteristic for each individual mouse tissue. 2) Removal of a key biosynthesis enzyme (NDST-1 or C5-epimerase) results in similar structural alterations in all of the tissues analyzed. 3) Essentially no variation in HS tissue structure is detected when individuals of the same genotype are compared. 4) NDST-2, although generally expressed, does not contribute significantly to tissue-specific HS structures. 5) No change in HS structure could be detected in syndecan-1-deficient mice.
Overexpression of the (R)-Specific Enoyl-CoA Hydratase Gene fromPseudomonas chlororaphisHS21 inPseudomonasStrains for the Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates of Altered Monomer Composition (2012)

The (R)-specific enoyl-CoA hydratase gene (phaJ(HS21)) from Pseudomonas chlororaphis HS21 was overexpressed in various Pseudomonas strains, alone and in combination with the polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase gene (phaC(HS21)), for the biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) of altered monomer composition. Recombinant Pseudomonas strains harboring phaC(HS21) and phaJ(HS21) generated saturated and unsaturated monomers of C12-C14 in their PHAs. In particular, the level of the 3-hydroxytetradecenoate monomer in recombinant P. chlororaphis HS21 increased by approximately 260%. PhaJ(HS21) is expected to be useful in the biosynthesis of PHAs consisting of unusual monomer units.
Observers for sensorless control of industrial magnetic bearings (2002)

A nonlinear state estimator for industrial magnetic bearings is presented. The estimator uses voltage measurements, current measurements, and a magnetic flux model to estimate the bearing air gap dimension. The accuracy of the proposed state estimator is model dependent, but appears to be much less sensitive than linear observers that have been used in this application. Also presented in the paper is a description of the test hardware system, and a brief summary of other nonlinear state estimation methods that have been examined. The work is motivated by the desire to eliminate the proximity probes that are a significant factor of the overall system cost and reliability. In systems where probes must be used, the state estimator can still be used to offer a measure of feedback redundancy that improves overall system reliability.
Breast cancer vaccines: ongoing National Cancer Institute-registered clinical trials (2011)

Advances in the molecular characterization of human tumors have led to increased interest in the development of targeted therapeutics to include cancer vaccines. The recent success of sipuleucel-T, an autologous cellular vaccine administered to patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer, suggests that this is a viable therapeutic option in the management of patients with solid tumors. This article focuses on breast cancer vaccines emphasizing delivery platforms, target antigens and novel strategies designed to enhance response to vaccination that are being evaluated in ongoing Phase II clinical trials.
A prostacyclin agonist with thromboxane inhibitory activity for airway allergic inflammation in mice (2010)

These data suggest that ONO-1301 may suppress AHR and airway allergic inflammation through modulation of DCs, mainly mediated through the IP receptor. This agent may be effective as an anti-inflammatory drug in the treatment of asthma.
Growth and Function of the Pancreatic β cell in vitro (1985)

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by insufficient supply of insulin from the pancreas to maintain normoglycemia. In insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes a profound destruction of the insulin-producing β cells takes place while in non-insulindependent (type II) diabetes the secretion of insulin is hampered often in association with reduced insulin responsiveness. Although glucose is the major stimulus for insulin secretion, the function of the β cells is influenced by a large number of agents including metabolites, hormones, neurotransmitters, immunological factors, infectious agents or toxic chemicals. It is, however, difficult in vivo to assess whether changes in the levels of glucose and insulin are due to direct effects on the release of insulin from the β cells or mediated by effects on other tissues. Isolated pancreatic islets therefore offer a valuable tool to test whether a factor which alters levels of glucose and insulin are able directly to affect the β cell function.
Random porous silicon multilayers: application to distributed Bragg reflectors and interferential Fabry - Pérot filters (1997)

Random porous silicon dielectric multilayers are proposed as interesting materials for applications as optical components. Distributed Bragg reflectors and interferential Fabry - Pérot filters are demonstrated. The randomness is obtained as a variation in the layer thicknesses. The advantage in the use of random instead of periodic multilayers lies in the obtention of a wider stop-band in Bragg reflectors with the same difference in the refractive indexes of the layers and in a higher finesse in Fabry - Pérot filters.
Detection of Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. in water by using the polymerase chain reaction and gene probes for uid (1991)

A method was developed for the detection of the fecal coliform bacterium Escherichia coli, using the polymerase chain reaction and gene probes, based on amplifying regions of the uid gene that code for beta-glucuronidase, expression of which forms the basis for fecal coliform detection by the commercially available Colilert method. Amplification and gene probe detection of four different regions of uid specifically detected E. coli and Shigella species, including beta-glucuronidase-negative strains of E. coli; no amplification was observed for other coliform and nonenteric bacteria.