gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The BMP antagonist Gremlin regulates outgrowth, chondrogenesis and programmed cell death in the developing limb (1999)

In this study, we have analyzed the expression and function of Gremlin in the developing avian limb. Gremlin is a member of the DAN family of BMP antagonists highly conserved through evolution able to bind and block BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7. At early stages of development, gremlin is expressed in the dorsal and ventral mesoderm in a pattern complementary to that of bmp2, bmp4 and bmp7. The maintenance of gremlin expression at these stages is under the control of the AER, ZPA, and BMPs. Exogenous administration of recombinant Gremlin indicates that this protein is involved in the control of limb outgrowth. This function appears to be mediated by the neutralization of BMP function to maintain an active AER, to restrict the extension of the areas of programmed cell death and to confine chondrogenesis to the central core mesenchyme of the bud. At the stages of digit formation, gremlin is expressed in the proximal boundary of the interdigital mesoderm of the chick autopod. The anti-apoptotic influence of exogenous Gremlin, which results in the formation of soft tissue syndactyly in the chick, together with the expression of gremlin in the duck interdigital webs, indicates that Gremlin regulates the regression of the interdigital tissue. At later stages of limb development, gremlin is expressed in association with the differentiating skeletal pieces, muscles and the feather buds. The different expression of Gremlin in relation with other BMP antagonists present in the limb bud, such as Noggin, Chordin and Follistatin indicates that the functions of BMPs are regulated specifically by the different BMP antagonists, acting in a complementary fashion rather than being redundant signals.
Mapping of birefringence and thermal damage in tissue by use of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (1998)

We demonstrate cross-sectional birefringence- and polarization-independent backscatter imaging of laser-induced thermal damage in porcine myocardium in vitro, using a polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography system. We compare the generated images with histological sections of the tissue and demonstrate that birefringence is a more sensitive indicator of thermal damage than is backscattered light. Loss of birefringence in thermally damaged regions is quantified and shown to have significant contrast with undamaged sections of the tissue. A detailed theoretical analysis of the birefringence measurements is provided, including a calculation of the systematic errors associated with background noise, system imperfections, and tissue dichroism.
Scalable video coding based on high efficiency video coding (HEVC) (2011)

In this paper, we propose two structures for scalable video coding (SVC) based on HEVC. Several inter-layer prediction mechanisms are introduced to improve coding efficiency of the proposed HEVC-based SVC. The proposed inter-layer predictions are developed on single-loop and multi-loop decoding structures. We found that the proposed SVC is able to decrease average bitrates of enhancement layers by about 10.2% for the all-intra case, and 7.4% for the random access case, compared with single layer coding with no inter-layer prediction in multi-loop decoding. In addition, the single-loop decoding with the proposed inter-layer predictions achieves coding gains of 10.2% for the all-intra case, and 2.6% for the random access case.
Innovative imaging of ultrafine line without using any strong RET (2001)

Sub-100 nm line pattern is easily formed with DOF larger than 0.9 micrometer by mature lithography technology in KrF wavelength. It is discovered by optical image calculations that a dark mask line between two bright mask lines with each dimensions of 0.20 to approximately 0.14 micrometer (measured on wafer scale) can be imaged with very fine width under a modified illumination. Also, at some conditions, iso-focal CD characteristics are observed for the very fine line image. The validity of this calculated characteristics is confirmed by experiments. The fine dark line pattern with the width finer than 100 nm is formed by the application of the image generated by this method. Moreover, the patterns formed by this method show high exposure latitude, low MEF and high immunity to lens aberration.
Single metallic nanoparticle imaging for protein detection in cells (2003)

We performed a visualization of membrane proteins labeled with 10-nm gold nanoparticles in cells, using an all-optical method based on photothermal interference contrast. The high sensitivity of the method and the stability of the signals allows 3D imaging of individual nanoparticles without the drawbacks of photobleaching and blinking inherent to fluorescent markers. A simple analytical model is derived to account for the measurements of the signal amplitude and the spatial resolution. The photothermal interference contrast method provides an efficient, reproducible, and promising way to visualize low amounts of proteins in cells by optical means.
The metallurgy and processing science of metal additive manufacturing (2016)

Additive manufacturing (AM), widely known as 3D printing, is a method of manufacturing that forms parts from powder, wire or sheets in a process that proceeds layer by layer. Many techniques (using many different names) have been developed to accomplish this via melting or solid-state joining. In this review, these techniques for producing metal parts are explored, with a focus on the science of metal AM: processing defects, heat transfer, solidification, solid-state precipitation, mechanical properties and post-processing metallurgy. The various metal AM techniques are compared, with analysis of the strengths and limitations of each. Only a few alloys have been developed for commercial production, but recent efforts are presented as a path for the ongoing development of new materials for AM processes.
Spoof surface plasmon waveguide forces (2014)

Spoof surface plasmons (SP) are SP-like waves that propagate along metal surfaces with deeply sub-wavelength corrugations and whose dispersive properties are determined primarily by the corrugation dimensions. Two parallel corrugated surfaces separated by a sub-wavelength dielectric gap create a "spoof" analog of the plasmonic metal-insulator-metal waveguides, dubbed a "spoof-insulator-spoof" (SIS) waveguide. Here we study the optical forces generated by the propagating "bonding" and "anti-bonding" waveguide modes of the SIS geometry and the role that surface structuring plays in determining the modal properties. By changing the dimensions of the grooves, strong attractive and repulsive optical forces between the surfaces can be generated at nearly any frequency.
Mutually dependent secretion of proteins required for mycobacterial virulence (2005)

The ESX-1 locus is a region critical for full virulence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which encodes two secreted proteins as well as other genes involved in their secretion. The mechanism of secretion of the two proteins, ESAT-6 and CFP-10, and their function remain unknown. Using proteomic methods to search for additional proteins secreted by the ESX-1 locus, we discovered that a protein encoded by a chromosomally unlinked gene, espA, is also secreted by strains that contain the ESX-1 locus but not by strains with ESX-1 deletions. Mutations in individual ESX-1 genes, including those that encode ESAT-6 and CFP-10, were found to block EspA secretion. Surprisingly, mutants that lack espA reciprocally failed to secrete ESAT-6 and CFP-10 and were as attenuated as ESX-1 mutants in virulence assays. The results indicate that secretion of these proteins, which are each critical for virulence of pathogenic mycobacteria, is mutually dependent. The results further suggest that discerning the nature of the interaction and the structure of macromolecular complexes will provide insights into both an alternative mechanism of protein secretion and mycobacterial virulence.
TREM2, a DAP12-Associated Receptor, Regulates Osteoclast Differentiation and Function (2006)

Our studies indicate that the TREM2 receptor regulates OC multinucleation as well as resorption and migration of mature OCs. Thus, TREM2-DAP12 signals regulate both OC formation and function.
Homozygous and frequent deletion of proximal 8p sequences in human prostate cancers: Identification of a potential tumor suppressor gene site (1998)

By using tissue microdissection and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, we examined 85 prostate tumors that were paired with normal tissues from the same patients for allelic loss at 26 highly polymorphic microsatellite sequences, 21 spanning 8p and 5 localized to 8q. Sixty-four tumors (75%) demonstrated loss of at least one 8p locus. Separate distal and proximal regions of deletion were observed as well as an intervening, staggered breakpoint. A novel region of homozygous deletion of sequences at the D8S87 locus was detected both by multiplex PCR and by fluorescence in situ hybridization within this breakpoint region. These data suggest that a tumor-suppressor gene mapping to proximal 8p is deleted frequently and is likely to be important for tumorigenesis in prostate tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 23:255–262,1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Endogenous IL-12 is necessary for rejection of P815 tumor variants in vivo (1996)

Although murine tumor cells have been transfected to express a multitude of different cytokines and shown to be rejected in vivo, it is unclear which of these factors might be useful to facilitate tumor Ag immunization schemes. A study of the normal immune mechanisms involved in tumor rejection when it naturally occurs should reveal critical signals for generation of antitumor CTL in vivo. The highly transfectable variant of P815, P1.HTR, was found to be rejected in the hind footpads by approximately one-third of syngeneic DBA/2 mice. Analysis of draining popliteal lymph nodes revealed a large influx of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in all mice, indicating that a failure to reject was not due to the complete absence of an inflammatory response. However, although IL-2 and IL-3 were produced by lymph node cells from all mice, only approximately one-third generated a high IFN-gamma response. IL-4 was not detected. To explore a role for IL-12 in the induction of the IFN-gamma-producing phenotype, a histidine-tagged IL-12 fusion protein was expressed in mammalian cells and purified by nickel-chelate chromatography, and a rabbit antiserum was produced. Neutralization of IL-12 in vivo eliminated the high IFN-gamma response and prevented rejection of P1.HTR tumors and also of a more immunogenic tum- variant of P815, P198. Conversely, exogenous IL-12 delivered early during challenge with P1.HTR cells induced high IFN-gamma production and resulted in tumor rejection in most mice. Therefore, endogenous IL-12 is vital for the rejection of these tumors when it naturally occurs, supporting a role for exogenous administration of this cytokine to favor a Th1-like phenotype in the immunotherapy of cancer.
Macrocycle synthesis : a practical approach (1996)

List of contributors Abbreviations 1. Aza Crowns 2. Aza-Oxa Crowns 3. Thia, Oxa-Thia, and Aza-Thia Crowns 4. Crown Ethers 5. Cryptands 6. Torands 7. Calixarenes 8. Spherands, Hemispherands, and Calixspherands 9. Transition Metal Templated Formation of [2]-Catenanes and [2]-rotaxanes Appendix List of suppliers Index
The impedivity of freshly excised human breast tissue (1998)

A set of 120 impedivity spectra was collected in breast tissue immediately after excision from 64 patients undergoing breast surgery. The measurements were made at 12 discrete frequencies halving from 1 MHz to 488 Hz. The spectra were sorted into three groups of normal tissue, mammary gland, connective tissue and adipose tissue, and three groups of pathological tissue, mastopathy, fibroadenoma and carcinoma. Intergroup multiple comparisons of the components of impedivity and admittivity were systematically carried out at every measurement frequency. The low-frequency-limit resistivity, the fractional power and characteristic frequencies were calculated from the experimental data. No significant correlation between impedivity and admittivity and patient's age was observed, except for mastopathy. No significant difference between groups of normal tissue and benign pathology (mammary gland, mastopathy and fibroadenoma) was found. The group of carcinoma differed from all the other groups principally by the low-frequency-limit resistivity, the fractional power and the phase angle at frequency above 125 kHz. These results indicate that impedance spectroscopy is appropriate for the detection of breast cancer.
Intragenic Recombination in the Adh Locws of the Wild Plant Arabidopsis thaliana (1996)

Nucleotide variation in the Adh region of the wild plant Arabidopsis thaliana was analyzed in 17 ecotypes sampled worldwide to investigate DNA polymorphism in natural plant populations. The investigated 2.4-kb Adh region was divided into four blocks by intragenic recombinations between two parental sequence types that diverged 6.3 million years (Myr) ago, if the nucleotide mutation rate mu = 10(-9) is assumed. Within each block, dimorphism of segregating variations was observed with intermediate frequencies, which caused a substantial amount of nucleotide variation in A. thaliana at the species level. The first recombination introduced the divergent variation that resulted in dimorphism in this plant species approximately 3.3 Myr ago, and three subsequent intragenic combinations have occurred sporadically in approximately 1.1-Myr intervals. It was shown that there was only a limited number (six) of sequence types in this species and that no clear association was observed between sequence type and geographic origin. Taken together, these results suggest that A. thaliana has spread over the world only recently. It can be concluded that recombination played an important role in the evolutionary history of A. thaliana, especially through the generation of DNA polymorphism in the natural populations of this plant species.
6-Substituted-4-(3-bromophenylamino)quinazolines as Putative Irreversible Inhibitors of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (HER-2) Tyrosine Kinases with Enhanced Antitumor Activity (2001)

A series of new 6-substituted-4-(3-bromophenylamino)quinazoline derivatives that may function as irreversible inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-2) tyrosine kinases have been prepared. These inhibitors have, at the C-6 position, butynamide, crotonamide, and methacrylamide Michael acceptors bearing water-solublilizing substituents. These compounds were prepared by acylation of 6-amino-4-(3-bromophenylamino)quinazoline with unsaturated acid chlorides or mixed anhydrides. We show that attaching a basic functional group onto the Michael acceptor results in greater reactivity, due to intramolecular catalysis of the Michael addition and/or an inductive effect of the protonated basic group. This, along with improved water solubility, results in compounds with enhanced biological properties. We present molecular modeling and experimental evidence that these inhibitors interact covalently with the target enzymes. One compound, 16a, was shown to have excellent oral activity in a human epidermoid carcinoma (A431) xenograft model in nude mice.
Push to talk over cellular (PoC) server (2005)

Push to talk is implemented on 2.5G networks. Using VoIP, it is a technology that merges circuit-switched networks and packet communication. By using Push to talk on their cell-phones, users would communicate in packets instead of any channel being reserved. This paper discusses a prototype implementation of a Push to talk server as a Java application. Using the server, clients can register and communicate through the Internet. The server also provides call-initiation and call-termination facility. The functional implementation of the server is divided so that features can be added to it to make it accommodate functionality such as call-redirection, one-to-many conversations and presence information in the near future. In its present implementation, the server supports one-to-one communication. However, the implementation can be easily adapted for one-to-many communication.
Web-based Cases in Teaching and Learning – the Quality of Discussions and a Stage of Perspective Taking in Asynchronous Communication (2002)

The aim of this study is to examine the quality of asynchronous interaction in web-based conferencing among pre-service teachers. Because all successful communication presumes perspective-taking skills and reciprocal understanding among the participants, we study whether the students are able to reach in reciprocal interaction and thus create educationally relevant high-level web-based discussion. The research project has its foundation in socio-constructivist learning theories, one of the most important principles of which is the idea of apprenticeship in thinking. To create a learning project in web-based conferencing we developed pedagogical practices, which enhance higher-level networked communication and make use of theoretical and expert knowledge. The study combines the power of asynchronous conferencing with peer and mentor collaboration to electronically apprentice student learning. The subjects of the study are pre-service teachers in the United States (N ?=?40) and Finland (N ?=?30) who use an asynchronous web-based tool called Conferencing on the Web (COW) to collaborate in creating joint case-based descriptions in different areas of teaching and learning. The results point out different levels of web-based discussion. Three kinds were found: higher-level discussion, progressive discussion and lower-level discussion. More specific analysis of the quality of each discussion level focused on perspective taking in communication. The results support our hypothesis that higher-level perspective taking was related to higher-level discussion.
Jaguar: enabling efficient communication and I/O in Java (2000)

Implementing efficient communication and I/O mechanisms in Java requires both fast access to low-level system resources (such as network and raw disk interfaces) and direct manipulation of memory regions external to the Java heap (such as communication and I/O buffers). Java native methods are too expensive to perform these operations and raise serious protection concerns. We present Jaguar, a new mechanism that provides Java applications with efficient access to system resources while retaining the protection of the Java environment. This is accomplished through compile-time translation of certain Java bytecodes to inlined machine code segments. We demonstrate the use of Jaguar through a Java interface to the VIA fast communications layer, which achieves nearly identical performance to that of C, and Pre-Serialized Objects, a mechanism which greatly reduces the cost of Java object serialization. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy: An Invited Review (1980)

A review of recent work on diode laser spectroscopy is presented. Special emphasis is placed on measurement techniques and calibration methods. Different types of spectroscopy and analytical applications are discussed. A comprehensive listing of references since early 1976 is also included.
Synthesis of potential prodrugs and metabolites of 9-(S)-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (1987)

Reaction of 9-( S )-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine ( I ) with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide afforded the cyclic phosphonate II . The same compound was also obtained by controlled alkaline hydrolysis of 3'-O-chloromethanephosphonyl-9-( S )-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine ( III ). Methanolysis of compound II or III by sodium methoxide gave methyl ester VII . Isomeric cyclic ester V and methyl ester VIII were obtained from 3'-O-phosphonylmethyl ether IV or 2'-O-chloromethanephosphonyl ester VI by the same reactions. Compound I was transformed into morpholide IX which afforded the P-diphosphoryl derivative X by treatment with inorganic diphosphate. The P-phosphoryl derivative XII was obtained from compound I by successive protection with dimethoxytrityl chloride, activation with diphenyl chlorophosphate, treatment with inorganic phosphate and acid deprotection.
Deep brain stimulation for treatment‐refractory obsessive‐compulsive disorder: psychopathological and neuropsychological outcome in three cases (2003)

These preliminary findings demonstrate that DBS may have important therapeutic benefits on psychopathology in OCD. No harmful side-effects were detected during follow-up (33/33/39 months, respectively).
Development and Clinical Application of Perfluorochemical Artificial Blood (1986)

A review of the authors' experience on the use of Fluosol DA. This includes studies on animals and also clinical trials on patients.
HDAC4, a Human Histone Deacetylase Related to Yeast HDA1, Is a Transcriptional Corepressor (1999)

Histone acetylation plays an important role in regulating chromatin structure and thus gene expression. Here we describe the functional characterization of HDAC4, a human histone deacetylase whose C-terminal part displays significant sequence similarity to the deacetylase domain of yeast HDA1. HDAC4 is expressed in various adult human tissues, and its gene is located at chromosome band 2q37. HDAC4 possesses histone deacetylase activity intrinsic to its C-terminal domain. When tethered to a promoter, HDAC4 represses transcription through two independent repression domains, with repression domain 1 consisting of the N-terminal 208 residues and repression domain 2 containing the deacetylase domain. Through a small region located at its N-terminal domain, HDAC4 interacts with the MADS-box transcription factor MEF2C. Furthermore, HDAC4 and MEF2C individually upregulate but together downmodulate c-jun promoter activity. These results suggest that HDAC4 interacts with transcription factors such as MEF2C to negatively regulate gene expression.
Prioritizing the repair of adnexal trauma. (1987)

Prioritizing the repair of complex adnexal trauma is important. A logical rational systematic approach based on anatomic considerations has been presented. The use of these principles has resulted in maximizing functional and cosmetic return and, in addition, has decreased the extent and necessity for subsequent complex reconstructive procedures.
Classic Maya Religion: Beliefs and Practices of an Ancient American People (1999)

Though difficult to decipher, Maya religion permeated a complex ancient world with an overriding sense of the sacral nature of all things and reveals much about how those people lived and why they vanished.