gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Frequency-Selective Fading Effects in Digital Mobile Radio with Diversity Combining (1983)

we analyze the effects of frequency-selective fading in a cellular mobile radio system that uses 1) phase-shift keying (PSK) with cosine rolloff pulses, and 2) space diversity with maximal-radio combining. The distorting phenomena with which we deal are multipath fading (which produces the frequency selectivity), shadow fading, and cochannel interference. The relevant quality measure is defined to be the bit error rate averaged over the multipath fading, denoted by (BER). The relevant system performance characteristic is defined to be the probability distribution for (BER), taken over the ensemble of shadow fadings and locations of the desired and interfering mobiles. To obtain numerical results, we use a combination of analysis and Monte Carlo simulation, invoke widely accepted models for the multipath and shadow fadings, and assume a cellular system with seven channel sets and centrally located base stations. The outcome is a set of performance curves that reveal the influences of various system and channel parameters. These include: the number of modulation levels (two or four), the diversity order, the shape of the multipath delay spectrum, and the standard deviation (or delay spread, τ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> ) of the multipath delay spectrum. Practical factors accounted for in these assessments include fading- and interference-related timing recovery errors and combiner imperfections. Our results highlight the importance of the ratio <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\tau_{0}/T</tex> , where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</tex> is the digital symbol period. They show that the delay spectrum shape is of no importance for <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\tau_{0}/T \leq 0.2</tex> , but can have a profound influence for <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\tau_{0}/T \geq 0.3</tex> . We also find that using 4-PSK leads to better detection performance, in certain cases, than using 2-PSK.
Quantitative determination of ginsenosides by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (2001)

Abstract An HPLC‐MS/MS method was developed for the quantitative determination of ginsenosides, which are the marker compounds for herbal products containing Panax ginseng (Korean or Chinese ginseng) and P. quinquefolius (American ginseng). Samples were extracted with BondElut ® C 18 HF extraction columns and the concentrations of seven major ginsenosides (Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, and Rg 1 ) were determined by reversed‐phase HPLC‐MS/MS employing a quadrupole‐ion trap mass spectrometer. Both positive and negative electrospray ionisation techniques were evaluated. Positive ionisation spectra of these compounds gave strong sodium adduct molecular and sodium adduct dimer ions. Negative ionisation yielded the molecular ion primarily and was, therefore, used for analysis: quantitative determination was based on the most abundant product ions for each ginsenoside. The method was used to extract and analyse commercial samples of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius . Copyright © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Requirement of RAD5 and MMS2 for Postreplication Repair of UV-Damaged DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2002)

UV lesions in the template strand block the DNA replication machinery. Genetic studies of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have indicated the requirement of the Rad6-Rad18 complex, which contains ubiquitin-conjugating and DNA-binding activities, in the error-free and mutagenic modes of damage bypass. Here, we examine the contributions of the REV3, RAD30, RAD5, and MMS2 genes, all of which belong to the RAD6 epistasis group, to the postreplication repair of UV-damaged DNA. Discontinuities, which are formed in DNA strands synthesized from UV-damaged templates, are not repaired in the rad5Delta and mms2Delta mutants, thus indicating the requirement of the Rad5 protein and the Mms2-Ubc13 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme complex in this repair process. Some discontinuities accumulate in the absence of RAD30-encoded DNA polymerase eta (Poleta) but not in the absence of REV3-encoded DNA Polzeta. We concluded that replication through UV lesions in yeast is mediated by at least three separate Rad6-Rad18-dependent pathways, which include mutagenic translesion synthesis by Polzeta, error-free translesion synthesis by Poleta, and postreplication repair of discontinuities by a Rad5-dependent pathway. We suggest that newly synthesized DNA possessing discontinuities is restored to full size by a "copy choice" type of DNA synthesis which requires Rad5, a DNA-dependent ATPase, and also PCNA and Poldelta. The possible roles of the Rad6-Rad18 and the Mms2-Ubc13 enzyme complexes in Rad5-dependent damage bypass are discussed.
In vivo high-speed imaging of individual cells in fast blood flow (2006)

In vivo, label-free, high-speed (up to 10,000 with the potential for 40,000 frames per second), high-resolution (up to 300 nm) real-time continuous imaging with successive framing of circulating individual erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in fast blood flow is developed. This technique, used in an animal model, reveals the extremely high dynamic deformability of erythrocytes in natural flow. Potential applications of this technique are discussed with focus on time-resolved monitoring of the cell deformation dynamics in the native biological environment, which may have diagnostic value for the early diagnosis of diseases.
Electronically designed amorphous carbon and silicon (2016)

Abstract We present a new approach to modeling materials. We show that Hellmann–Feynman forces associated with gap states may be used to drive the system to a preferred electronic structure that is also a total energy minimum. We use a priori information about the electronic gap to construct realistic models of tetrahedral amorphous carbon and silicon. We show that our method can be used to obtain continuously tunable concentration of tetrahedrally bonded carbon atoms in models of amorphous carbon. The method is carried out in the tight‐binding approximation to produce computer‐models of amorphous silicon that have fewer structural and optical defects than their conventional MD counterparts. We end by presenting a first test‐case for the ab initio (plane‐wave LDA) implementation of the method.
503. Minimally Effective Dose of Systemic AAV8-MTM1 Needed To Prolong Survival and Correct Severe Muscle Pathology in a Canine Model of X-Linked Myotubular Myopathy (2015)

Mutations in the myotubularin gene (MTM1) result in X-linked myotubular myopathy (XLMTM), a fatal pediatric disease characterized by small centrally nucleated myofibers. Patients typically present with severe hypotonia and respiratory failure. We previously reported that administration of adeno-associated virus serotype 8 vector (AAV8) expressing myotubularin under the muscle-specific desmin promoter delivered intravenously (i.v.) in Mtm1-KO mice and by regional hind limb perfusion in myotubularin-deficient dogs prolonged life and restored muscle function. Here we report the results of an i.v. dose escalation study testing the efficacy of AAV8-MTM1 in XLMTM dogs. Five groups were studied: Normal controls (N=6); affected dogs given saline only (N=4) or affected dogs given AAV8-MTM1 at the following dosages: (5E12 vg/kg, N=3), (2.5E13 vg/kg, N=3) or (8E13 vg/kg, N=3). AAV8-MTM1 was administered at 10 weeks of age and dogs were followed for 9 months. Blinded analyses included limb strength, gait, respiratory function, neurological assessment, histology, vector biodistribution, transgene expression and immune response over the nine month study. Pathology characteristic of XLMTM was moderately improved in the 5E12 vg/kg dosed group and was dramatically improved in the animals receiving (2.5E13 vg/kg) or (8E13 vg/kg) doses of AAV.
Functional electrical stimulation and respiration during sleep (1993)

During obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), respiratory activation of upper airway muscles, particularly genioglossus, is ineffective during sleep. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) of muscles reportedly reduces the number and length of OSAs. Our goals were to examine the effect of FES on sensation during wakefulness and on OSA events. Studies were performed in 11 subjects: 4 healthy asymptomatic subjects and 7 patients with OSA. Surface electrodes placed on the submental region produced discomfort; however, during sleep, the stimulus intensity producing arousal was significantly greater than that producing barely tolerable discomfort during wakefulness. Additionally, we developed a protocol for placement of fine-wire electrodes into the neurovascular bundle of the hypoglossal nerve, using recognizable radiographic features and computerized axial tomography as guides. In these patients, while awake, optimal wire placement was associated with visible tongue protrusion without discomfort. With both surface stimulation and fine-wire FES, during sleep the stimulus intensity required to produce obvious electroencephalographic arousal was significantly greater than that producing a barely tolerable sensation while awake. During apneic events, the application of surface stimulation had an inconsistent effect, terminating 22% of the apneas, and fine-wire FES also had a limited impact, terminating 23% of the apneic events. We conclude from our studies that subjects tolerate surface and fine-wire FES to higher stimulus parameters during sleep than during wakefulness but that both approaches have an inconsistent effect on apneas during sleep.
Disruption of Nrf2 enhances susceptibility to severe airway inflammation and asthma in mice (2005)

Oxidative stress has been postulated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma; although a defect in antioxidant responses has been speculated to exacerbate asthma severity, this has been difficult to demonstrate with certainty. Nuclear erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a redox-sensitive basic leucine zipper transcription factor that is involved in the transcriptional regulation of many antioxidant genes. We show that disruption of the Nrf2 gene leads to severe allergen-driven airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in mice. Enhanced asthmatic response as a result of ovalbumin sensitization and challenge in Nrf2-disrupted mice was associated with more pronounced mucus cell hyperplasia and infiltration of eosinophils into the lungs than seen in wild-type littermates. Nrf2 disruption resulted in an increased expression of the T helper type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in splenocytes after allergen challenge. The enhanced severity of the asthmatic response from disruption of the Nrf2 pathway was a result of a lowered antioxidant status of the lungs caused by lower basal expression, as well as marked attenuation, of the transcriptional induction of multiple antioxidant genes. Our studies suggest that the responsiveness of Nrf2-directed antioxidant pathways may act as a major determinant of susceptibility to allergen-mediated asthma.
Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Cancer (2001)

The oxidative stress is considered to be involved in the pathophysiology of cancers. In the current study we explored the oxidative stress in patients with different cancers and corresponding benign diseases by evaluation of the level of lipid peroxidation products (MDA level) in the plasma and the activity of erythrocyte antioxidant defense enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Significantly higher plasma levels of lipid peroxidation products were detected in patients with early and advanced cancers in comparison to the healthy volunteers (mean 3.1 micromol/l and 2.3 micromol/l, p = 0.0003 and p = 0.029, respectively, t-test). In addition, 10-20 days after radical operations of cancer patients with normal postoperative recovery period, the plasma levels of MDA decreased and reached values close to the controls (mean 2.0 micromol/l). SOD in erythrocytes of patients with benign diseases and malignant solid tumors before and after surgery did not differ from that of the controls. In contrast, CAT activity of patients with early cancers was found to be significant higher than that of the controls (mean 22157.2 U/gHb vs. 12832.0 U/gHb, p = 0.032, t-test). A decrease of CAT activity was observed after surgery (mean 15225.0 U/gHb). In conclusion, our results suggest the presence of an increased oxidative stress accompanied by a lack of changes of erythrocyte SOD activity and an adaptive increase of CAT activity.
Rapid detection of AML1 associated fusion genes in patients with adult acute myeloid leukemia and its clinical significance. (2013)

This study was aimed to detect the expression of AML1 fusion genes in the patients with adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and further to investigate their association with the progression and prognosis of AML. Bone marrow samples were collected from 168 patients with de novo adult AML, and the expression of AML1 ETO, AML1-EVI1, AML1-MDS1, AML1-MTG16, AML1-PRDM16, AML1-LRP16, AML1-CLCA2 and AML1-PRDX4 was analyzed by a novel multiplex nested RT-PCR. Positive samples and minimal residual disease were further examined by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. The results showed that the AML1 fusion genes were found in 10.7% (18/168) patients. Among them, AML1-ETO in 12 (7.1%) cases were detected, AML1-EVI1 in 2 cases (1.2%), and AML1-MDS1, AML1-MTG16, AML1-PRDM16, and AML1-CLCA2 in 1 case (0.6%) each were detected. Among the patients with AML1-ETO, 10 patients (10/12, 83.33%) achieved complete remission (CR) after one cycle of chemotherapy, while 2 patients achieved CR after 2 cycles of chemotherapy. The 2 patients with AML1-EVI1 failed to achieve CR after one cycle of chemotherapy. Patients with AML1-MDS1, AML1-MTG16, AML1-PRDM16, or AML1-CACL2 did not achieve CR after one cycle of chemotherapy. It is concluded that AML1 fusion genes are more frequent and can provide the molecular markers for diagnostics and prognosis evaluation of AML and for monitoring MRD.
Concentration-dependent plasma protein binding of the novel dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor BI 1356 due to saturable binding to its target in plasma of mice, rats and humans (2009)

High affinity, but readily saturable binding of BI 1356 to its target DPP-4 accounted primarily for the concentration-dependent plasma protein binding at therapeutic plasma concentrations of BI 1356.
The Human Type 2 Cystatin Gene Family Consists of Eight to Nine Members, with at Least Seven Genes Clustered at a Single Locus on Human Chromosome 20 (1994)

The family of type 2 cystatin proteins are a class of cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in a variety of human fluids and secretions, where they appear to provide protective functions. To establish the size of the human gene family encoding these proteins, we isolated cosmid and lambda genomic clones. Restriction mapping, partial sequence analysis, and hybridization studies identified a total of seven distinct genes, six of which correspond to known genes and proteins. Sequence analysis showed that the seventh gene, CSTP2, is an apparent pseudogene carrying a nonsense mutation in exon 1 distinct from that in CSTP1. Southern blots of genomic DNA probed with gene-specific probes accounted for all but one or two sets of fragments containing exon 1, and one or two sets of fragments containing exon 3, indicating that the human type 2 cystatin gene family consists of eight or nine members. Southern blot analysis of large restriction fragments using these gene-specific probes indicates that all seven of the cloned type 2 cystatin genes are clustered at a single locus on human chromosome 20. This locus is no larger than about 910 kb, and possibly as small as 365 kb. We designate this as the CST locus and suggest a numbering system for the cystatin genes.
On Stochastic Complexity and Admissible Models for Neural Network Classifiers (1990)

Given some training data how should we choose a particular network classifier from a family of networks of different complexities? In this paper we discuss how the application of stochastic complexity theory to classifier design problems can provide some insights into this problem. In particular we introduce the notion of admissible models whereby the complexity of models under consideration is affected by (among other factors) the class entropy, the amount of training data, and our prior belief. In particular we discuss the implications of these results with respect to neural architectures and demonstrate the approach on real data from a medical diagnosis task.
Damage Detection in Thin Plates and Aerospace Structures with the Electro-Mechanical Impedance Method (2005)

The use of the electro-mechanical (E/M) impedance method for health monitoring of thin plates and aerospace structures is described. As a nondestructive evaluation technology, the E/M impedance method allows us to identify the local dynamics of the structure directly through the E/M impedance signatures of piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) permanently mounted to the structure. An analytical model for 2-D thin-wall structures, which predicts the E/M impedance response at PWAS terminals, was developed and validated. The model accounts for axial and flexural vibrations of the structure and considers both the structural dynamics and the sensor dynamics. Calibration experiments performed on circular thin plates with centrally attached PWAS showed that the presence of damage modifies the high-frequency E/M impedance spectrum causing frequency shifts, peak splitting, and appearance of new harmonics. Overall-statistics damage metrics and probabilistic neural network (PNN) are used to classify the spectral data and identify damage severity. On thin-wall aircraft panels, the presence of damage influences the sensors E/M impedance spectrum. When crack damage is in the PWAS medium field, changes in the distribution of harmonics take place and when crack damage is in the PWAS near field, changes in both the harmonics and the dereverberated response are observed. These effects are successfully classified with PNN and overall-statistics metrics, respectively. This proves that permanently attached PWAS in conjunction with the E/M impedance method can be successfully used in structural health monitoring to detect the presence of incipient damage through the examination and classification of the high-frequency E/M impedance spectra.
The Complexity of Microbial Diversity in Bacterial Vaginosis (2005)

From the time that Robert Koch prepared stained smears of biologic samples from humans, scientists have been engaged in describing the microbiologic flora of the human vagina. In 1882, Döderlein described the lactic acid–producing lactobacilli from the vaginas of healthy women, and he was the first to report the treatment of gonococcal infections in women with human-derived strains of lactobacillus. In 1921, Schröder published detailed drawings of vaginal smears from women with the condition now known as bacterial vaginosis, and these drawings portended the incredible microbiologic diversity present in the female reproductive tract.The microbiologic cause of bacterial vaginosis has . . .
Nasal Immunization of Mice with Human Papillomavirus Type 16 (HPV-16) Virus-Like Particles or with the HPV-16 L1 Gene Elicits Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Vaginal Draining Lymph Nodes (1999)

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) infects the genital tract and is closely associated with the development of cervical cancer. HPV-16 initiates infection at the genital mucosal surface; thus, mucosal immune responses are likely to contribute to defense against HPV-16 infection. However, little information is available regarding the induction of immune responses in the genital tract mucosa. In this study, we evaluated the potential of intranasally administered papillomavirus vaccines to elicit both systemic and vaginal immune responses. HPV-16 virus-like particles (VLPs) produced by self-assembly of L1 protein and the HPV-16 L1 gene cloned into a mammalian expression vector were used as vaccines. Intranasally administered VLPs induced serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and vaginal IgA secretory antibodies. Very weak serum IgG and vaginal IgA responses were found after DNA immunization. Both splenic and vaginal lymphocytes could be activated by intranasal immunization with VLPs and the HPV-16 L1 gene. Activated CD4(+) Th1-like T cells were shown to synthesize gamma interferon, and activated CD8(+) T cells were demonstrated to be cytotoxic.
Structure of Peptides Associated with Class I and Class II MHC Molecules (1994)

Class I and class II molecules encoded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex play a central role in regulation of immune responses through their ability to bind and display small peptides derived from foreign antigens. Within the last few years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the structures of class I and class II MHC molecules, as well as the features of the peptides that are their principal ligands. This review summarizes this information and describes how it accounts for both the specificity and degeneracy of peptide binding. It also considers how the origin and structural features of peptides that have been isolated from MHC molecules, so-called "naturally processed" peptides, have provided insight into the pathways through which the peptides are produced. Finally, the use of new structural information and techniques for peptide characterization for the identification of peptides that comprise epitopes for individual antigen-specific T cells are considered.
11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase accounts for low prednisolone/prednisone ratios in the kidney. (1994)

The purpose of the present investigation was to establish whether the ratio of the biologically active prednisolone to its inactive metabolite prednisone is determined by the 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-OHSD). The concentration ratios of prednisolone/prednisone assessed by HPLC 60 min after ip administration of prednisolone to rats were 0.8 in kidney, 5.5 in lung, 5.7 in spleen, 6.3 in heart, 7.1 in plasma, and 43 in liver. When prednisolone was injected together with glycyrrhetinic acid, an inhibitor of the 11 beta-OHSD, the ratios of prednisolone/prednisone in plasma and all tissues increased more than 10-fold. The plasma concentrations of glycyrrhetinic acid required to exhibit apparent half-maximal inhibitory effect of the 11 beta-OHSD were more than 7-fold higher for renal than for all other tissues. Thus, the 11 beta-OHSD accounts for low prednisolone/prednisone concentration ratios in renal tissue and, therefore, has to be considered a relevant determinant for the local intrarenal immunosuppressive effect of 11 beta-hydroxysteroids such as prednisolone.