gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cleaved-Tau: A Biomarker of Neuronal Damage after Traumatic Brain Injury (2005)

Previous studies from our laboratory indicate that traumatic brain injury (TBI) in humans results in proteolysis of neuronally-localized, intracellular microtubule associated protein (MAP)-tau to produce cleaved tau (C-tau). The present study evaluated the utility of C-tau to function as a biomarker of neuronal injury and as a biomarker for evaluating neuroprotectant drug efficacy in a controlled cortical impact model of rat TBI. Brain C-tau was determined in rats subjected to controlled cortical impact-induced mild, moderate or severe levels of TBI. A significant severity-dependent increase in C-tau levels was observed in the cortex and hippocampus (1.5-8-fold) of TBI rats compared to shams 72 h after impact. C-tau rat brain and serum time course was determined by measuring levels at 0.25, 6, 24, 48, 72 and 168 h after TBI. A significant time-dependent increase in C-tau levels was observed in ipsilateral cortex (5-16-fold) and hippocampus (2-40-fold) compared to sham animals. C-tau levels increased as early as 6 h after TBI with peak C-tau levels observed 168 h after injury. Elevated brain C-tau levels were associated with TBI-induced tissue loss, which was histologically determined. The effect of cyclosporin-A (CsA), previously demonstrated to be neuroprotective in rat TBI, on brain C-tau levels was examined. CsA (20 mg/kg i.p., 15 min and 24 h after TBI) significantly attenuated the TBI-induced increase in hippocampal C-tau levels observed in vehicle-treated animals confirming CsA's neuroprotectant effect. CsA treatment also lowered ipsilateral cortical C-tau levels, although it did not reach statistical significance. CsA's neuroprotectant effect was confirmed utilizing histologic measures of TBI-induced tissue loss. In addition, serum C-tau levels were significantly increased 6 h after TBI but not at later time points. These results suggest that C-tau is a reliable, quantitative biomarker for evaluating TBI-induced neuronal injury and a potential biomarker of neuroprotectant drug efficacy in the rat TBI model. Serum data suggests that C-tau levels are dependent both on a compromised blood-brain barrier as well as release of TBI biomarkers from the brain, which has implications for the study of human serum TBI biomarkers.
Cationization of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. Effect of improved intraarticular retention on experimental arthritis in mice. (1985)

Several enzymes and other proteins were made cationic either by coupling to polylysine or by shielding of anionic sites. These cationic proteins, all having an isoelectric point greater than 8.5 exhibited excellent retention in articular structures when injected in mouse knee joints. Autoradiography and histochemistry showed that cationic forms of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and horseradish peroxidase were firmly retained by synovial and cartilaginous tissues. The half-life of these enzymes in the joint is thus significantly extended compared with native enzymes. The native enzymes and their cationic derivatives were tested for antiinflammatory properties in mice, using antigen-induced arthritis and zymosan-induced arthritis. It was found that injection of cationic catalase or peroxidase induced a marked suppression of some parameters of the inflammatory response in both types of arthritis, as measured by 99m technetium pertechnetate uptake and leakage of 125I-labeled albumin. Native catalase and peroxidase were less, or not at all effective. Cationic superoxide dismutase or cationic nonenzyme proteins did not suppress inflammation. The observed suppression of two different types of inflammation (an immune and a nonimmune arthritis) by catalase and peroxidase suggests that elimination of peroxides contributes to the suppression of an inflammatory response. We would hypothesize that cationic enzymes offer the possibility for investigating the mechanisms of inflammation and, in addition, might be interesting from a therapeutical point of view.
Automatic synthesis of compression techniques for heterogeneous files (1995)

Abstract We present a compression technique for heterogeneous files, those files which contain multiple types of data such as text, images, binary, audio, or animation. The system uses statistical methods to determine the best algorithm to use in compressing each block of data in a file (possibly a different algorithm for each block). The file is then compressed by applying the appropriate algorithm to each block. We obtain better savings than possible by using a single algorithm for compressing the file. The implementation of a working version of this heterogeneous compressor is described, along with examples of its value toward improving compression both in theoretical and applied contexts. We compare our results with those obtained using four commercially available compression programs, PKZIP, Unix compress, Stufflt , and Compact Pro , and show that our system provides better space savings.
Stabilization of brown rice products using ethanol vapors as an antioxidant delivery system (1995)

Brown rice kernels and their flours were stabilized to lipolytic hydrolysis by exposing the kernels to vapors from boiling aqueous ethanol (EtOH). EtOH vapors were also effective in delivering butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) to the kernels. Oxidative stability achieved from BHT depended on the oxygen permeability of the rice package. BHT provided oxidative stability to kernels and flours stored in glass jars but not to kernels stored in polyethylene bags. BHT was rapidly oxidized in kernels stored in bags, and thus did not protect them from oxidative deterioration. Flours stored in polyethylene bags were stable to oxidation
On schemes of combinatorial transcription logic (2003)

Cells receive a wide variety of cellular and environmental signals, which are often processed combinatorially to generate specific genetic responses. Here we explore theoretically the potentials and limitations of combinatorial signal integration at the level of cis-regulatory transcription control. Our analysis suggests that many complex transcription-control functions of the type encountered in higher eukaryotes are already implementable within the much simpler bacterial transcription system. Using a quantitative model of bacterial transcription and invoking only specific protein-DNA interaction and weak glue-like interaction between regulatory proteins, we show explicit schemes to implement regulatory logic functions of increasing complexity by appropriately selecting the strengths and arranging the relative positions of the relevant protein-binding DNA sequences in the cis-regulatory region. The architectures that emerge are naturally modular and evolvable. Our results suggest that the transcription regulatory apparatus is a "programmable" computing machine, belonging formally to the class of Boltzmann machines. Crucial to our results is the ability to regulate gene expression at a distance. In bacteria, this can be achieved for isolated genes via DNA looping controlled by the dimerization of DNA-bound proteins. However, if adopted extensively in the genome, long-distance interaction can cause unintentional intergenic cross talk, a detrimental side effect difficult to overcome by the known bacterial transcription-regulation systems. This may be a key factor limiting the genome-wide adoption of complex transcription control in bacteria. Implications of our findings for combinatorial transcription control in eukaryotes are discussed.
An experiment on the particle–wave nature of electrons (2008)

A primary electron beam of a transmission electron microscope is scattered into secondary beams by the planes of atoms of a single crystal. These secondary beams are focused to form a diffraction pattern in the final screen. This experiment is similar to the Thompson one which, independently by Davisson and Germer, demonstrated the De Broglie hypothesis of the existence of electron waves. Without changing the experimental apparatus, it is possible to realize an interference experiment with electrons coming from two spatially separated sources in analogy with the optical Young set-up. Both experiments are a clear evidence of the electron wave-like behaviour. By varying the conditions of illumination, changes of the fringe visibility which reveal the spatial coherence properties of the electron beam are displayed.
Reducing Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDM Systems by adaptive dynamic range companding (2002)

The high peak-to-average-power-ratio (PAPR) of OFDM systems introduces inevitable nonlinear distortion in the transmitter and reduces the performance dramatically.In this paper we propose a novel scheme to reduce the PAPR with an adaptive dynamic range companding (ADRC) technique.Based on the examination of the distribution of OFDM signal amplitude, reduction of the PAPR is achieved by using a companding transformation and changing the distribution of the amplitude.Small signals are enlarged and large signals are compressed.This scheme has adaptation to signal levels with better performance than simple clipping by jointly considering the baseband signal characteristics and the RF non-linearity.I.
L-Asparaginase and L-Asparagine Metabolism (1970)

Due to the massive data sets available for drug candidates, modern drug discovery has advanced to the big data era. Central to this shift is the development of artificial intelligence approaches to implementing innovative modeling based on the dynamic, ...Read More
Drafting for the Rule of Law: Maintaining Legality in Developing Countries (1987)

Recently some U.S. scholars claim to have discovered the dark side of the force: bureaucracy. They tell us that "[b]ureaucracy is the primary form of organized power in America today, and.., is therefore a primary target of those who seek liberation from modem forms of human domination."' Bureaucracy oppresses its clients simultaneously by discretion misused and by precise rules overused. As an alternative, some critics of bureaucracy put forward roseate visions of participatory democracy, sometimes reduced to concrete proposals, and sometimes as a code-word for "the ideal under which the possibilities of joint transformation of social life are collected."' Whatever the future of participatory democracy in the United States, in today's Africa to abandon bureaucracy in pursuit of the chimera of participatory democracy will only ensure the perpetuation of poverty and vulnerability rooted in the economic, political, and social institutions inherited from colonialism. Unchanged despite independence, these institutions continue to grind out wealth and power for a tiny minority (mostly non-African and living overseas), and poverty and vulnerability for most Africans.
Comparative analysis of flagellin sequences from Escherichia coli strains possessing serologically distinct flagellar filaments with a shared complex surface pattern (1993)

Escherichia coli morphotype E flagellar filaments have a characteristic surface pattern of short-pitch loops when examined by electron microscopy. Seven of the 50 known E. coli H (flagellar antigen) serotypes (H1, H7, H12, H23, H45, H49, and H51) produce morphotype E filaments. Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify flagellin structural (fliC) genes from E. coli strains producing morphotype E flagellar filaments and from strains with flagellar filaments representing other morphotypes. A single DNA fragment was obtained from each strain, and the size of the amplified DNA correlated with the molecular mass of the corresponding flagellin protein. This finding and hybridization data suggest that these bacteria are monophasic. fliC genes from three E. coli serotypes (H1, H7, and H12) possessing morphotype E flagellar filaments were sequenced in order to assess the contribution of conserved flagellin primary sequence to the characteristic filament architecture. The H1 and H12 fliC sequences were identical in length (1,788 bp), while the H7 fliC sequence was shorter (1,755 bp). The deduced molecular masses of the FliC proteins were 60,857 Da (H1), 59,722 Da (H7), and 60,978 Da (H12). The H1, H7, and H12 flagellins demonstrated 98 to 99% identity over the amino-terminal region (190 amino acid residues) and 89% (H7) to 99% (H1 and H12) identity in the carboxy-terminal region (100 amino acid residues). The complete primary amino acid sequences for H1 and H12 flagellins differed by only 10 amino acids, accounting for previously reported serological cross-reactions. However, the central region of H7 flagellin had only 38% identity with H1 and H12 flagellins. The characteristic morphology of morphotype E flagellar filaments is therefore not dependent on a highly conserved primary sequence within the exposed central region. Comparison of morphotype E E. coli flagellins with those from E. coli K-12, Serratia marcescens, and several Salmonella serovars supported the established concept of highly conserved terminal regions flanking a variable central region.
Molecular genotyping of human Ureaplasma species based on multiple-banded antigen (MBA) gene sequences. (2000)

Ureaplasma urealyticum has been divided into 14 serovars. Recently, subdivision of U. urealyticum into two species has been proposed: U. parvum (previously U. urealyticum parvo biovar), comprising four serovars (1, 3, 6, 14) and U. urealyticum (previously U. urealyticum T-960 biovar), 10 serovars (2, 4, 5, 7-13). The multiple-banded antigen (MBA) genes of these species contain both species and serovar/subtype specific sequences. Based on whole sequences of the 5'-ends of MBA genes of U. parvum serovars and partial sequences of the 5'-ends of MBA genes of U. urealyticum serovars, we previously divided each of these species into three MBA genotypes. To further elucidate the relationships between serovars, we sequenced the whole 5'-ends of MBA genes of all 10 U. urealyticum serovars and partial repetitive regions of these genes from all serovars of U. parvum and U. urealyticum. For the first time, all four serovars of U. parvum were clearly differentiated from each other. In addition, the 10 serovars of U. urealyticum were divided into five MBA genotypes, as follows: MBA genotype A comprises serovars 2, 5, 8; MBA genotype B, serovar 10 only; MBA genotype C, serovars 4, 12, 13; MBA genotype D, serovar 9 only; and MBA genotype E comprises serovars 7 and 11. There were no sequence differences between members within each MBA genotype. Further work is required to identify other genes or other regions of the MBA genes that may be used to differentiate U. urealyticum serovars within MBA genotypes A, C and E. A better understanding of the molecular basis of serotype differentiation will help to improve subtyping methods for use in studies of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of these organisms.
The Yeast Scaffold Proteins Isu1p and Isu2p Are Required inside Mitochondria for Maturation of Cytosolic Fe/S Proteins (2004)

Iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins are located in mitochondria, cytosol, and nucleus. Mitochondrial Fe/S proteins are matured by the iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly machinery. Little is known about the formation of Fe/S proteins in the cytosol and nucleus. A function of mitochondria in cytosolic Fe/S protein maturation has been noted, but small amounts of some ISC components have been detected outside mitochondria. Here, we studied the highly conserved yeast proteins Isu1p and Isu2p, which provide a scaffold for Fe/S cluster synthesis. We asked whether the Isu proteins are needed for biosynthesis of cytosolic Fe/S clusters and in which subcellular compartment the Isu proteins are required. The Isu proteins were found to be essential for de novo biosynthesis of both mitochondrial and cytosolic Fe/S proteins. Several lines of evidence indicate that Isu1p and Isu2p have to be located inside mitochondria in order to perform their function in cytosolic Fe/S protein maturation. We were unable to mislocalize Isu1p to the cytosol due to the presence of multiple, independent mitochondrial targeting signals in this protein. Further, the bacterial homologue IscU and the human Isu proteins (partially) complemented the defects of yeast Isu protein-depleted cells in growth rate, Fe/S protein biogenesis, and iron homeostasis, yet only after targeting to mitochondria. Together, our data suggest that the Isu proteins need to be localized in mitochondria to fulfill their functional requirement in Fe/S protein maturation in the cytosol.
Essential roles of Toll-like receptor-4 signaling in arthritis induced by type II collagen antibody and LPS (2005)

Although bacterial LPS has been used to boost the susceptibility to antibody-induced arthritis, the mechanism of the action of LPS remains to be clarified. We investigated whether signals triggered by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 mediate the effects of LPS in the context of anti-type II collagen-induced arthritis. The mice defective in the Tlr-4 gene (Tlr-4(lps-d)) were markedly less susceptible than wild type to arthritis, as manifested in arthritic index, incidence and synovitis. Levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and cyclooxygenase-2, in their synovial tissue were also much lower. Serum C3 deposition through the alternative pathway and de novo synthesis of C3 were lower in the Tlr-4(lps-d) mice in the post-acute phase, pointing to an influence of TLR-4 signals on the turnover rate of complement cascades. T cells from the Tlr-4(lps-d) mice failed to proliferate in response to an auto-antigen, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), unlike those from wild-type mice, and the serum level of GPI-specific IgG antibody was significantly lower than in the wild-type mice. Interestingly, type 2 responses, such as GPI-specific IgG1 and IL-4 production, were up-regulated in the Tlr-4(lps-d) mice. Taken together, our data suggest that the TLR-4 signaling pathway plays an essential role in the initiation and progression of auto-antibody/LPS-triggered arthritis by inducing pro-inflammatory mediators, C3 deposition, auto-antigen-specific adaptive immune responses and immune deviation between type 1 and type 2 responses.
Multiple sclerosis: Involvement of interferons in lesion pathogenesis (1988)

To investigate a possible role of interferons (IFNs) in lesion pathogenesis, central nervous system tissue from multiple sclerosis patients and control subjects was stained by immunocytochemical techniques in combination with monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal antisera for the demonstration of IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-gamma. The results were correlated to lesion activity, to the presence of class I and class II major histocompatibility antigen-positive astrocytes, and to the composition of cellular infiltrates. IFNs were detectable in active but not in inactive chronic multiple sclerosis lesions. In acute multiple sclerosis plaques, all three types of IFN were widely distributed on glial elements and infiltrating cells. In active chronic multiple sclerosis, labeling of cells for IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-gamma was most pronounced at the lesion edge and displayed distinct distribution patterns. Overall, IFN-gamma was more common than IFN-alpha and IFN-beta and was predominantly found on astrocytes. IFN-alpha was detectable mainly on macrophages. Distribution of IFN-beta partially overlapped with that of IFN-gamma and IFN-alpha, in that it was present on some astrocytes and on some macrophages. IFNs were rare in normal white matter remote from lesions and in the gliotic lesion center. Ia antigen and human leukocyte antigen ABC on astrocytes were distributed similarly to IFN-gamma and IFN-beta, respectively. These findings indicate that IFN-gamma may play a role in active lesion growth in multiple sclerosis, whereas IFN-alpha and IFN-beta may exert some local immunosuppressive effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Denaturation of Proteins and its Apparent Reversal. III. (1942)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Denaturation of Proteins and its Apparent Reversal. III.Hans Neurath, Gerald R. Cooper, and John O. EricksonCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1942, 46, 1, 203–211Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1942Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1942https://doi.org/10.1021/j150415a023RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views110Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (490 KB) Get e-Alerts
CXCIV.—Synthetical experiments in the isoquinoline group. Part I (1925)

R. D. Haworth and W. H. Perkin, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1925, 127, 1434 DOI: 10.1039/CT9252701434
Chemistry and Morphology of Hydrogarnets Formed in Cement‐Based CASH Hydroceramics Cured at 200° to 350°C (2009)

We have studied the chemistry and the morphology of hydrogarnet crystals produced in cement‐based hydroceramic materials at elevated temperatures (200°–350°C) with silica and alumina additions. Such materials lie within the hydrothermal CaO–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 –H 2 O (CASH) system. Hydrogarnet Ca 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3− y (OH) 4 y is the dominant aluminum bearing phase formed and its composition is influenced mainly by the curing temperature and to a lesser degree by the addition of silica. The composition parameter y was estimated by Rietveld refinement of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) data. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) shows that the hydrogarnets incorporate minor elements such as Fe, Mg, and S. EPMA data confirmed the hydrogarnet composition estimated from XRD. Both octahedral and icositetrahedral forms are observed. The icositetrahedral form is associated with higher minor element content.
Expression of RA175 mRNA, a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, in developing mouse brain (2001)

RA175, a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is highly expressed during neuronal differentiation of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. In situ hybridization showed that RA175 mRNA was detected in the developing nervous system, as well as the epithelium of the various non-neuronal tissues of mouse embryo. In contrast with the epithelia of the non-neuronal tissues, RA175 mRNA was not co-expressed with Sonic hedgehog mRNA and Patched mRNA during brain morphogenesis. RA175 mRNA was highly expressed in the anterior horn cells and the peripheral nervous system at embryonic day (E) 11.5 and in the central nervous system at E14.5-E18.5, but its expression decreased after birth and was undetectable in the adult mouse brain.