gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Research on maternal and child health resources in poor rural areas (2002)

Objective To illustrate changes of MCH resource in township before and after the Law implementation. Policy recommendations provided. Materials and Methods Six represented townships in two poor rural county of Chongqing were selected. Institutional data survey was conducted based on design of Second National Health Survey as well as supplementary data enquires. Results MCH workforce still kept same after the Law implemented. MCH staff received one month training per year and more opportunity of MCH training was available under special health projects. Government budget service fee and external assistants were the three major financial resources of poor areas. Government subsides were limited because unsatisfied local economic development. External financial assistances could be viewed as a temporary resource. Conclusions Quality and quantity of MCH staffs were wished to improve. Current reimbursement scheme for THC seems to go against further improvement of MCH services and reformation is recommended. Researchers provided suggestions on MCH workforce development financial scheme reform and continuously support on appropriate facilities for MCH service in poor areas. (authors)
A high performance and reliable distributed file facility (2002)

In this paper we demonstrate that the typical problem of loss in performance due to disk I/O can be efficiently dealt with by using separate strategies for the storage of file data and for the data structures required for file management. Furthermore, to make the design very reliable, stable storage is provided. The design of the disk service allows the contents of a file to be distributed among more than one disk drive. Striving for reliability has also generated a new file facility architecture where a separate interface is provided for the transaction service. The claim that using transaction semantics file operations in not only database applications but also in system programming can be made resilient against system and media failure. In order to further improve performance the design of the caching module takes into consideration all the aspects of basic file and transaction services.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Nuclear Receptor-Binding Sites of Coactivators Glucocorticoid Receptor Interacting Protein 1 (GRIP1) and Steroid Receptor Coactivator 1 (SRC-1): Multiple Motifs with Different Binding Specificities (1998)

The activity of the AF-2 transcriptional activation function of nuclear receptors (NR) is mediated by the partially homologous transcriptional coactivators, glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1)/transcriptional intermediary factor 2 (TIF2) and steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1). GRIP1 and SRC-1 bound nine different NRs and exhibited similar, but not identical, NR binding preferences. The most striking difference was seen with the androgen receptor, which bound well to GRIP1 but poorly to SRC-1. GRIP1 and SRC-1 contain three copies of the NR binding motif LXXLL (called an NR Box) in their central regions. Mutation of both NR Box II and NR Box III in GRIP1 almost completely eliminated functional and binding interactions with NRs, indicating that these two sites are crucial for most of GRIP1's NR binding activity. Interactions of GRIP1 with the estrogen receptor were more strongly affected by mutations in NR Box II, whereas interactions with the androgen receptor and glucocorticoid receptor were more strongly affected by NR Box III mutations. One isoform of SRC-1 has an additional NR Box (NR Box IV) at its extreme C terminus with an NR-binding preference somewhat different from that of the central NR-binding domain of SRC-1. GRIP1 has no NR Box in its C-terminal region and therefore no C-terminal NR-binding function. In summary, GRIP1 and SRC-1 have overlapping NR-binding preferences, but specific NRs display both coactivator and NR Box preferences that may contribute to the specificity of hormonal responses.
The prediction of exons through an analysis of spliceable open reading frames (1992)

We have developed a computer program which predicts internal exons from naive genomic sequence data and which will run on any IBM-compatible 80286 (or higher) computer. The algorithm searches a sequence for 'spliceable open reading frames' (SORFs), which are open reading frames bracketed by suitable splice-recognition sequences, and then analyzes the region for codon usage. Potential exons are stratified according to the reliability of their prediction, from confidence levels 1 to 5. The program is designed to predict internal exons of length greater than 60 nucleotides. In an analysis of 116 genes of a training set, 384 out of 441 such exons (87.1%) are identified, with 280 (63.5%) of predictions matching the true exon exactly (at both 5' and 3' splice junctions and in the correct reading frame), and with 104 (23.6%) exons matching partially. In a similar analysis of 14 genes in a test set unrelated to the genes used to generate the parameters of the program, 70 out of 80 internal exons greater than 60 bp in length are identified (87.5%), with 47 completely and 23 partially matched. SORFs that partially match true internal exons share at least one splice junction with the exon, or share both splice junctions but are interpreted in an incorrect reading frame. Specificity (the percentage of SORFs that correspond to true exons) varies from 91% at confidence level 1 to 16% at confidence level 5, with an overall specificity of 35-40%. The output displays nucleotide position, confidence level, reading frame phase at the 5' and 3' ends, acceptor and donor sequences and scoring statistics and also gives an amino acid translation of the potential exon. SORFIND compares favourably with other programs currently used to predict protein-coding regions.
Pulmonary Drug Delivery: Physiologic and Mechanistic Aspects (1997)

Peptide and protein drugs are being used increasingly in major research and development programs in the pharmaceutical industry and are also an important class of therapeutic agents due to advances in genetic engineering and biotechnology. Systemic delivery of these macromolecular drugs, however, has been limited to the parenteral route largely because of their extensive presystemic elimination when taken orally. Faced with this dilemma concerning the systemic delivery of these macromolecules with their unique conformational complexity for therapeutic activity, pharmaceutical scientists have evaluated the potential of various non-oral routes of administration as alternatives. Despite the tremendous efforts that have been devoted to this problem, only limited success has been achieved--mostly with small peptides. Growing attention has been given to the potential of a pulmonary route as an alternative non-invasive means for systemic delivery of peptide/protein-based therapeutic agents due to the fact that the lung provides a huge but extremely thin absorptive mucosal membrane. Although current studies show great promise, pulmonary delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins is complicated by the complexity of the anatomic structure of the human respiratory system and the influence on drug deposition exerted by respiration. This review discusses the fundamental structure and physiology of the human respiratory system, current methodology used to study pulmonary drug absorption, approaches of drug delivery to the distal lung, and recent progress in pulmonary drug delivery by case studies. The mechanisms of pulmonary drug absorption are also discussed.
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Diabetes Mellitus (2001)

Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased prevalence of upper and lower gastrointestinal symptoms. This effect may be linked to poor glycemic control but not to duration of diabetes or type of treatment.
Controlled, multidose, pharmacokinetic evaluation of two extended-release carbamazepine formulations (carbatrol and tegretol-XR) (1998)

A major limitation of conventional carbamazepine (CBZ) formulations is their pharmacokinetics, which typically require q.i.d. dosing. Two extended-release formulations of CBZ have been developed recently to support b.i.d. dosing. One, Carbatrol (CBTL) uses immediate-, extended-, and enteric-release beads in a capsule. The other, Tegretol-XR (TXR), uses an osmotic pump (Oros tablet). To our knowledge, this is the first head-to-head comparison of the multidose pharmacokinetics of these two new formulations. The objective of the study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine (CBZ) and CBZ-10,11-expoxide (CBZ-E) after multidose b.i.d. dosing with CBTL or TXR. In this randomized, crossover study, 15 normal healthy adults received 400 mg of each formulation b.i.d. for 5 days. Blood samples for CBZ and CBZ-E analysis were obtained prior to morning doses on all days and hourly for 12 h after the Day 5 dose. There was a minimum interperiod washout of 9 days. For CBTL and TXR, the key CBZ pharmacokinetic measures of area under the curve of concentration versus time (AUC(0-tau)), maximum concentration (Cmax), and minimum concentration (Cmin) were bioequivalent. The ratio for CBTL-to-TXR was 98% (90% confidence intervals, 92-104%), 107% (96-118%), and 96% (89-104%), respectively. Similar ratios were also observed for CBZ-E: 102% (97-107%), 99% (92-107%), and 93% (83-109%), respectively. In conclusion, CBTL b.i.d. and TXR b.i.d. were bioequivalent in their pharmacokinetic parameters for CBZ and CBZ-E after 5 days of dosing.
Spatial and temporal independent component analysis of functional MRI data containing a pair of task‐related waveforms (2001)

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a technique that attempts to separate data into maximally independent groups. Achieving maximal independence in space or time yields two varieties of ICA meaningful for functional MRI (fMRI) applications: spatial ICA (SICA) and temporal ICA (TICA). SICA has so far dominated the application of ICA to fMRI. The objective of these experiments was to study ICA with two predictable components present and evaluate the importance of the underlying independence assumption in the application of ICA. Four novel visual activation paradigms were designed, each consisting of two spatiotemporal components that were either spatially dependent, temporally dependent, both spatially and temporally dependent, or spatially and temporally uncorrelated, respectively. Simulated data were generated and fMRI data from six subjects were acquired using these paradigms. Data from each paradigm were analyzed with regression analysis in order to determine if the signal was occurring as expected. Spatial and temporal ICA were then applied to these data, with the general result that ICA found components only where expected, e.g., S(T)ICA "failed" (i.e., yielded independent components unrelated to the "self-evident" components) for paradigms that were spatially (temporally) dependent, and "worked" otherwise. Regression analysis proved a useful "check" for these data, however strong hypotheses will not always be available, and a strength of ICA is that it can characterize data without making specific modeling assumptions. We report a careful examination of some of the assumptions behind ICA methodologies, provide examples of when applying ICA would provide difficult-to-interpret results, and offer suggestions for applying ICA to fMRI data especially when more than one task-related component is present in the data.
PEG-pHPMAm-based polymeric micelles loaded with doxorubicin-prodrugs in combination antitumor therapy with oncolytic vaccinia viruses (2013)

An enzymatically activatable prodrug of doxorubicin was covalently coupled, using click-chemistry, to the hydrophobic core of poly(ethylene glycol)-<i>b</i>-poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide-lactate] micelles. The release and cytotoxic activity of the prodrug was evaluated <i>in vitro</i> in A549 non-small-cell lung cancer cells after adding β-glucuronidase, an enzyme which is present intracellularly in lysosomes and extracellularly in necrotic areas of tumor lesions. The prodrug-containing micelles alone and in combination with standard and β-glucuronidase-producing oncolytic vaccinia viruses were also evaluated <i>in vivo,</i> in mice bearing A549 xenograft tumors. When combined with the oncolytic viruses, the micelles completely blocked tumor growth. Moreover, a significantly better antitumor efficacy as compared to virus treatment alone was observed when β-glucuronidase virus treated tumor-bearing mice received the prodrug-containing micelles. These findings show that combining tumor-targeted drug delivery systems with oncolytic vaccinia viruses holds potential for improving anticancer therapy.
Whither the Anergic B-Cell? (1994)

The kinetics of potentially autoreactive B-cells were investigated in a double-transgenic model of self-tolerance. Two types of transgenic mice were created for this purpose. In the first the great majority of B-cells expressed the rearranged heavy and light chain genes encoding a high affinity receptor for hen egg lysozyme (HEL), while the second type expressed HEL in either soluble (sHEL) or membrane-bound (mHEL) form. Double-transgenic (Dbl-Tg) mice were produced either by mating the two types of founders or by transferring bone marrow cells from Ig-transgenic (Ig-Tg) donors into irradiated HEL-Tg recipients. The lifespan of B-cells from the Dbl-Tg mice was measured by oral loading with the thymidine analogue, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) for periods varying from three days to six weeks. Experiments in various combinations of Dbl-Tg mice revealed a three-tiered hierarchy of B-cell unresponsiveness, each level of which was characterised by a different B-cell lifespan. Exposure to mHEL led to rapid deletion of B-cells at an immature stage in their development with a median lifespan of approximately 15 hours. B-cells exposed to sHEL above a critical tolerogenic threshold were not deleted in the bone marrow but migrated to the spleen in an anergic state where they died within three days. If the receptor occupancy of sHEL was below the tolerogenic threshold, B-cells were neither deleted nor rendered anergic (ie were "indifferent") and had a normal median lifespan of four to five weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) and Regulatory T Cells in HTLV-1-Associated Neuroinflammatory Disease (2011)

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that is the causative agent of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and associated with multiorgan inflammatory disorders, including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and uveitis. HTLV-1-infected T cells have been hypothesized to contribute to the development of these disorders, although the precise mechanisms are not well understood. HTLV-1 primarily infects CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells that play a central role in adaptive immune responses. Based on their functions, patterns of cytokine secretion, and expression of specific transcription factors and chemokine receptors, Th cells that are differentiated from naïve CD4(+) T cells are classified into four major lineages: Th1, Th2, Th17, and T regulatory (Treg) cells. The CD4(+)CD25(+)CCR4(+) T cell population, which consists primarily of suppressive T cell subsets, such as the Treg and Th2 subsets in healthy individuals, is the predominant viral reservoir of HTLV-1 in both ATL and HAM/TSP patients. Interestingly, CD4(+)CD25(+)CCR4(+) T cells become Th1-like cells in HAM/TSP patients, as evidenced by their overproduction of IFN-γ, suggesting that HTLV-1 may intracellularly induce T cell plasticity from Treg to IFN-γ(+) T cells. This review examines the recent research into the association between HTLV-1 and Treg cells that has greatly enhanced understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying immune dysregulation in HTLV-1-associated neuroinflammatory disease.
Investigations of the characteristics of strain-free oxidation on InAlAs epilayer lattice matched to indium phosphide (2006)

High resolution x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study the strain behavior in InAlAs oxides grown on In0.52Al0.48As epilayer lattice matched to InP (100) substrates by wet thermal oxidation technique. The relaxed strain morphology has been observed between the InAlAs oxides and lattice matched InAlAs epilayer to InP substrates with the optimization of process temperature, rate of oxidation, and time. Almost strain-free InAlAs oxide layer with high crystallographic quality was obtained on InAlAs epilayer, which is similar to that of lattice matched InAlAs epilayer grown on InP substrate.
SBS TDMA-DA system with VAC and DAC (1984)

This paper describes many of the design considerations involved in developlng the demand assignment (DA) subsystem of the TDMA satellite communication system for Satellite Business Systems. Each earth station has a satellite communications controller (SCC) which requests capacity to meet current voice and data traffic demands. A central reference station frequently reallocates capacity based on the requests of all the earth stations in a network. To minimize the amount of satellite capacity required, the SCC has a circuit-switching capability for voice calls as well as for digital data calls. Furthermore, the SCC employs voice activity, compression (VAC) and data activity cornpression (DAC), In which the amount of capacity requested is based on measured average speech activity as well as the number of off-hook voice ports and the number of off-hook data ports. Data calls are queued on a first-come, first-served basis when capacity is not immediateiy available. The reference station distributes excess capacity according to a nonlinear table lookup procedure so that the voice call blocking probability is equalized across the network. The DA system makes much more efficient use of satellite transmission capacity than a design with fixed-capacity trunk routes.
Analyzing Distributed Denial of Service Tools: The Shaft Case (2000)

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A method for preparation of fibrin glue (1987)

Otorhinolaryngological operations would be facilitated by the use of a safe, cheap, surgical adhesive. Though commercial fibrin glue is effective, it is both relatively expensive and, because it is prepared from pooled human blood, there has been concern that it carries the risk of transmitting viral disease, in particular hepatitis and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. We describe a rapid, cheap method of preparing sufficient fibrin glue, of adequate bonding power, from a small quantity of the patient's own blood, and therefore with no risk of contracting viral disease. Our method of preparation of fibrin glue promises to provide a valuable adjunct to otorhinolaryngological surgical practice.
Broad spectrum O-linked protein glycosylation in the human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae (2009)

Protein glycosylation is an important element of biologic systems because of its significant effects on protein properties and functions. Although prominent within all domains of life, O-linked glycosylation systems modifying serine and threonine residues within bacteria and eukaryotes differ substantially in target protein selectivity. In particular, well-characterized bacterial systems have been invariably dedicated to modification of individual proteins or related subsets thereof. Here we characterize a general O-linked glycosylation system that targets structurally and functionally diverse groups of membrane-associated proteins in the gram-negative bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the etiologic agent of the human disease gonorrhea. The 11 glycoproteins identified here are implicated in activities as varied as protein folding, disulfide bond formation, and solute uptake, as well as both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Along with their common trafficking within the periplasmic compartment, the protein substrates share quasi-related domains bearing signatures of low complexity that were demonstrated to encompass sites of glycan occupancy. Thus, as in eukaryotes, the broad scope of this system is dictated by the relaxed specificity of the glycan transferase as well as the bulk properties and context of the protein-targeting signal rather than by a strict amino acid consensus sequence. Together, these findings reveal previously unrecognized commonalities linking O-linked protein glycosylation in distantly related life forms.
Partial processing of the neuropeptide Y precursor in transfected CHO cells (1990)

The activation of regulatory peptides by post-translational modification of their biosynthetic precursors is generally thought to occur only in neuroendocrine cells. We have selected clones of Chinese hamster ovary cells, a non-neuroendocrine cell line, which were transfected with a eukaryotic expression vector coding for the precursor for neuropeptide Y. Although the majority of the immunoreactive NPY was found in the form of pro-NPY, some degree of intracellular proteolytic processing of the precursor occurred in all clones. Part of the intracellular NPY immunoreactivity was even correctly amidated. Extracellular degradation of pro-NPY in the tissue culture medium generated immunoreactivity which corresponded in size to NPY. It is concluded that precursor processing can occur in non-neuroendocrine cells both as a biological process within the cells and as apparent processing, degradation in the tissue culture medium.
A total energy approach to protocol design in coded wireless sensor networks (2012)

The development of hardware platforms for sensing applications and the design of energy-efficient protocols for data gathering are typically viewed as separate tasks. In many cases, communication engineers decide on the protocol specification based on high-level hardware abstractions, which assume that the radio transmission block is the top spender of electrical power. However, a closer inspection of the existing technology immediately reveals that this assumption does not hold for the majority of sensor platforms currently available in the market. To help close this gap, we propose a new hardware abstraction for protocol design that takes into consideration all of the main energy spending operations. Our preliminary results confirm that (a) the same protocol can have very different energy consumption profiles over different sensor platforms and (b) slight changes to the protocols using the proposed hardware abstraction can lead to significant energy gains over a wider range of sensor platforms. The latter findings are supported by real-life measurements, where network coding is implemented using common sensor motes.