gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Host-side filesystem journaling for durable shared storage (2015)

Hardware consolidation in the datacenter occasionally leads to scalability bottlenecks due to the heavy utilization of critical resources, such as the shared network bandwidth. Host-side caching on durable media is already applied at the block level in order to reduce the load of the storage backend. However, block-level caching is often criticized for added overhead, and restricted data sharing across different hosts. During client crashes, writeback caching can also lead to unrecoverable loss of written data that was previously acknowledged as stable. We improve the durability of shared storage in the datacenter by supporting journaling at the kernel-level client of an object-based distributed filesystem. Storage virtualization at the file interface achieves clear consistency semantics across data and metadata blocks, supports native file sharing between clients over the same or different hosts, and provides flexible configuration of the time period during which the data is durably staged at the host side. Over a prototype implementation that we developed, we experimentally demonstrate improved performance up to 58% for specific durability guarantees, and reduced network and disk bandwidth at the storage servers by up to 42% and 82%, respectively.
Early effects of rituximab on the synovial cell infiltrate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (2007)

Rituximab treatment leads to a rapid and significant decrease in synovial B cell numbers, but not in all patients. Whether the variable tissue response is related to the clinical response over time remains to be clarified.
HuM291(NUVION), A HUMANIZED Fc RECEPTOR-NONBINDING ANTIBODY AGAINST CD3, ANERGIZES PERIPHERAL BLOOD T CELLS AS PARTIAL AGONIST OF THE T CELL RECEPTOR1 (2001)

The tolerogenic properties of FcR-nonbinding monoclonal antibodies against CD3 correlate with its ability to reproduce the biochemical and functional effects of TCR partial agonist ligands. Thus, generation of engineered antibodies against CD3 with low TCR oligomerization potential may provide a clinically applicable partial agonist-based strategy for the prevention of polyclonal T cell responses.
Fucoidan is a non-anticoagulant inhibitor of intimal hyperplasia (1992)

We previously reported that heparin inhibits the proliferation of fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC), in part, by binding to and increasing the antiproliferative activity of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1). We now report that certain other polyanions which are structurally distinct from heparin, such as fucoidan and polyinosinic acid, are more avid ligands for TGF-beta 1 and more potent antiproliferative agents than heparin. Fucoidan possessed more potent antiproliferative activity than heparin against rat and bovine aortic SMC in vitro, though possessing much lower anticoagulant activity than heparin. Furthermore, fucoidan suppressed in vivo intimal hyperplasia when continuously infused into rats subjected to balloon-catheter injury. Unlike heparin, which also suppressed intimal hyperplasia, fucoidan did not cause systemic anticoagulation. Thus, fucoidan may be useful as a non-anticoagulant inhibitor of post-angioplasty intimal hyperplasia.
A Model for the Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent Dimerization and Activation of the dsRNA-activated Protein Kinase PKR (1997)

Binding of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to PKR induces autophosphorylation and activation. However, the requirement for dsRNA in promoting dimerization and the requirement for dimerization in PKR activation are controversial. We have studied the dsRNA binding and dimerization requirements for the activation of PKR in vivo. Co-expression and immunoprecipitation experiments detected an interaction between the K296P mutant and a bacteriophage T7-epitope-tagged K64E mutant of dsRNA binding domain. In contrast, the K64E/K296P double mutant did not form a detectable dimer with the wild-type dsRNA binding domain. These results support that dimerization of intact PKR with the isolated dsRNA binding domain requires dsRNA binding activity. Expression of the isolated PKR kinase domain (residues 228-551) reduced translation of the reporter mRNA even in the presence of PKR inhibitors. Furthermore, the isolated kinase domain (residues 228-551) undergoes autophosphorylation and sequentially transphosphorylates both mutant K296P PKR and wild-type eIF-2alpha in vitro. In contrast, the isolated kinase domain (residues 264-551) lacking the third basic region was not active. These observations lead us to propose that the dsRNA binding domains on intact PKR inhibit kinase activity and that dsRNA binding to intact PKR induces a conformational change to expose dimerization sites within the dsRNA binding domain thereby promoting dimerization and facilitating trans-phosphorylation and activation.
Ouabain-induced Signaling and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation (2001)

The hypothesis of this study is that the sodium pump complex acts as an intracellular signal-transducing molecule in canine vascular smooth muscle cells through its interaction with other membrane and cytoskeletal proteins. We have demonstrated that 1 nm ouabain induced transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), resulting in increased proliferation and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) uptake. Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting showed that the EGFR and Src were phosphorylated within 5 min of 10(-9) m ouabain stimulation. Both ouabain-induced DNA synthesis (BrdUrd uptake) and MAPK42/44 phosphorylation were inhibited by the Src inhibitor PP2, the EGFR kinase inhibitor AG1478, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, and the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059. Ouabain concentrations higher than 1 nm had little or no stimulating effect on proliferation or BrdUrd uptake but did minimally activate ERK1/2. Thus, low concentrations of ouabain, which do not inhibit the sodium pump sufficiently to perturb the resting cellular ionic milieu, initiate a transactivational signaling cascade leading to vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
New dictionary and fast atom searching method for matching pursuit representation of displaced frame difference (2003)

Matching pursuit decomposes a signal into a linear expansion of functions selected from a redundant dictionary, isolating the signal structures that are coherent with respect to a given dictionary. In this paper we focus on the Matching Pursuit representation of the displaced frame difference (dfd). In particular, we introduce a new dictionary for matching pursuit that efficiently exploits the signal structures of the dfd. We also propose a fast strategy to find the atoms exploiting the maximum of the absolute value of the error in the motion predicted image and the convergence of the MSE with the rotation of the atoms. Results show that the fast strategy is quite robust when compared to exhaustive search techniques and it improves the results of a suboptimal search strategy based on a genetic algorithm.
Recombinant AttenuatedSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium Expressing the Carboxy-Terminal Domain of Alpha Toxin fromClostridium perfringensInduces Protective Responses against Necrotic Enteritis in Chickens (2008)

Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis (NE) is a widespread disease in chickens that causes high mortality and reduced growth performance. Traditionally, NE was controlled by the routine application of antimicrobials in the feed, a practice that currently is unpopular. Consequently, there has been an increase in the occurrence of NE, and it has become a threat to the current objective of antimicrobial-free farming. The pathogenesis of NE is associated with the proliferation of C. perfringens in the small intestine and the secretion of large amounts of alpha toxin, the major virulence factor. Since there is no vaccine for NE, we have developed a candidate live oral recombinant attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine (RASV) that delivers a nontoxic fragment of alpha toxin. The 3' end of the plc gene, encoding the C-terminal domain of alpha toxin (PlcC), was cloned into plasmids that enable the expression and secretion of PlcC fused to a signal peptide. Plasmids were inserted into Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium host strain chi8914, which has attenuating pabA and pabB deletion mutations. Three-day-old broiler chicks were orally immunized with 10(9) CFU of the vaccine strain and developed alpha toxin-neutralizing serum antibodies. When serum from these chickens was added into C. perfringens broth cultures, bacterial growth was suppressed. In addition, immunofluorescent microscopy showed that serum antibodies bind to the bacterial surface. The immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA titers in RASV-immunized chickens were low; however, when the chickens were given a parenteral boost injection with a purified recombinant PlcC protein (rPlcC), the RASV-immunized chickens mounted rapid high serum IgG and bile IgA titers exceeding those primed by rPlcC injection. RASV-immunized chickens had reduced intestinal mucosal pathology after challenge with virulent C. perfringens. These results indicate that oral RASV expressing an alpha toxin C-terminal peptide induces protective immunity against NE.
Porous Organic Materials: Strategic Design and Structure–Function Correlation (2016)

Porous organic materials have garnered colossal interest with the scientific fraternity due to their excellent gas sorption performances, catalytic abilities, energy storage capacities, and other intriguing applications. This review encompasses the recent significant breakthroughs and the conventional functions and practices in the field of porous organic materials to find useful applications and imparts a comprehensive understanding of the strategic evolution of the design and synthetic approaches of porous organic materials with tunable characteristics. We present an exhaustive analysis of the design strategies with special emphasis on the topologies of crystalline and amorphous porous organic materials. In addition to elucidating the structure–function correlation and state-of-the-art applications of porous organic materials, we address the challenges and restrictions that prevent us from realizing porous organic materials with tailored structures and properties for useful applications.
MECHANISM OF MIGRAINE HEADACHE AND ACTION OF ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE (1938)

The observation that administration of ergotamine tartrate regularly and promptly ends the migraine headache introduced a new approach to the experimental study of this syndrome (Tzanck,<sup>1</sup>Lennox and von Storch,<sup>2</sup>O'Sullivan<sup>3</sup>). With this effective tool the attack can be sufficiently shortened to permit convenient analysis of certain changes that take place in the transition from the peak to the termination of the headache. Because ergotamine tartrate predominantly affects smooth muscle, inquiry concerning its action during migraine headache was centered on the cranial blood vessels. The experiments described here were performed when the phenomena which characterize the onset of an attack, namely, scotomas, blurring of vision, paresthesias and aphasia, had already passed and had been supplanted by headache. Hence these results have no bearing on preheadache phenomena. They concern only the origin of migraine pain. <h3>MATERIAL</h3> Experimental analyses were made during thirty-two attacks of migraine occurring in sixteen
Human Dendritic Cells: Potent Antigen-Presenting Cells at the Crossroads of Innate and Adaptive Immunity (2005)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized, bone marrow-derived leukocytes that are critical to the development of immunity. Investigators have emphasized the role of DCs in initiating adaptive or acquired MHC-restricted, Ag-specific T cell responses. More recent evidence supports important roles for DCs in the onset of innate immunity and peripheral tolerance. Progress in the generation of DCs from defined hemopoietic precursors in vitro has revealed the heterogeneity of these APCs and their attendant divisions of labor. This review will address these developments in an attempt to integrate the activities of different DCs in coordinating innate and adaptive immunity.
STAT protein complexes activated by interferon-γ and gp 130 signaling molecules differ in their sequence preferences and trascriptional induction properties (1995)

Activation of members of the STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) family of latent transcription factors is an early event following the binding of many cytokines to their cognate receptors. Although the patterns of STATs activated by different cytokines are well described, the consequences of differential STAT activation are less well studied. We show by mutational analysis that STAT binding elements (SBEs) exist that discriminate between STAT complexes containing STAT1 alpha, STAT3 or both, and that these elements show altered cytokine responsiveness. We also show that in the context of a minimal promoter, single and multiple SBEs exhibit strikingly different patterns of transcriptional activation in response to IFN-gamma, IL-6, OSM or LIF. These differences in transcriptional activation are correlated with the differential ability of these cytokines to activate STAT1 alpha, STAT3 or both. Our results show that the pattern of STATs activated by a cytokine and the arrangement and sequence of the SBEs in the responding promoter have a profound effect on the ability of the cytokine to elicit a transcriptional response.
Continuous stroke volume monitoring by modelling flow from non-invasive measurement of arterial pressure in humans under orthostatic stress (1999)

The relationship between aortic flow and pressure is described by a three-element model of the arterial input impedance, including continuous correction for variations in the diameter and the compliance of the aorta (Modelflow). We computed the aortic flow from arterial pressure by this model, and evaluated whether, under orthostatic stress, flow may be derived from both an invasive and a non-invasive determination of arterial pressure. In 10 young adults, Modelflow stroke volume (MFSV) was computed from both intra-brachial arterial pressure (IAP) and non-invasive finger pressure (FINAP) measurements. For comparison, a computer-controlled series of four thermodilution estimates (thermodilution-determined stroke volume; TDSV) were averaged for the following positions: supine, standing, head-down tilt at 20 degrees (HDT20) and head-up tilt at 30 degrees and 70 degrees (HUT30 and HUT70 respectively). Data from one subject were discarded due to malfunctioning thermodilution injections. A total of 155 recordings from 160 series were available for comparison. The supine TDSV of 113+/-13 ml (mean+/-S.D.) dropped by 40% to 68+/-14 ml during standing, by 24% to 86+/-12 ml during HUT30, and by 51% to 55+/-15 ml during HUT70. During HDT20, TDSV was 114+/-13 ml. MFSV for IAP underestimated TDSV during HDT20 (-6+/-6 ml; P<0.05), but that for FINAP did not (-4+/-7 ml; not significant). For HUT70 and standing, MFSV for IAP overestimated TDSV by 11+/-10 ml (HUT70; P<0.01) and 12+/-9 ml (standing; P<0.01). However, the offset of MFSV for FINAP was not significant for either HUT70 (3+/-8 ml) or standing (3+/-9 ml). In conclusion, due to orthostasis, changes in the aortic transmural pressure may lead to an offset in MFSV from IAP. However, Modelflow correctly calculated aortic flow from non-invasively determined finger pressure during orthostasis.
Uptake of therapeutic hypothermia following out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in Scottish Intensive Care Units (2008)

Hay et al. present very interesting data about the improved efficiency of cooling patients following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, after the introduction of a therapeutic hypothermia clinical pathway [1]. However they state that several surveys of clinical practice from the UK, Germany and the USA indicate that the majority of Intensive Care Units do not routinely cool patients. This was also the case in a recent editorial by Soar et al. [2]. This did not correspond with our clinical impression that the therapy is now widely used in several Scottish Intensive Care Units. We carried out a telephone survey of the twenty-four general adult Intensive Care Units in Scotland. In 20 that cool patients, 16 have a specific protocol. Of the four units that do not cool patients, one unit does not receive patients from emergency ambulances and is therefore excluded from the figures. It is encouraging that contrary to the suggestion above, best evidence is being incorporated into practice in the vast majority of Scottish Intensive Care Units.
Sulforaphane Protects Rodent Retinas against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury through the Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 Antioxidant Pathway (2014)

Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury induces oxidative stress, leukocyte infiltration, and neuronal cell death. Sulforaphane (SF), which can be obtained in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, exerts protective effects in response to oxidative stress in various tissues. These effects can be initiated through nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). This investigation was designed to elucidate the neural protective mechanisms of SF in the retinal I/R rat model. Animals were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with SF (12.5 mg/kg) or vehicle (corn oil) once a day for 7 consecutive days. Then, retinal I/R was made by elevating the intraocular pressure (IOP) to 130 mmHg for 1 h. To determine if HO-1 was involved in the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway, rats were subjected to protoporphyrin IX zinc (II) (ZnPP, 30 mg/kg, i.p.) treatments at 24 h before retinal ischemia. The neuroprotective effects of SF were assessed by determining the morphology of the retina, counting the infiltrating inflammatory cells and the surviving retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and amacrine cells, and measuring apoptosis in the retinal layers. The expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 was studied by immunofluorescence analysis and western blotting. I/R induced a marked increase of ROS generation, caused pronounced inflammation, increased the apoptosis of RGCs and amacrine cells and caused the thinning of the inner retinal layer (IRL), and these effects were diminished or abolished by SF pretreatment. Meanwhile, SF pretreatment significantly elevated the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 and the level of HO-1 expression in the I/R retinas; however, ZnPP reversed the protective effects of SF on I/R retinas. Together, we offer direct evidence that SF had protective effects on I/R retinas, which could be attributed, at least in part, to the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway.
Design of a rate 6/7 maximum transition run code (1997)

Maximum transition run (MTR) codes provide significant minimum distance gains when used with sequence detectors operating at high linear densities. A method for reducing the RLL k constraint associated with MTR block codes is presented. A block decodable, rate 4/5 MTR code with k=4 illustrates the technique. This reduction of k is combined with sliding-block decoding to develop a 97.8% efficient rate 6/7 MTR code with k=8.
GDNF–RET Signaling in ER-Positive Breast Cancers Is a Key Determinant of Response and Resistance to Aromatase Inhibitors (2013)

Most breast cancers at diagnosis are estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+)) and depend on estrogen for growth and survival. Blocking estrogen biosynthesis by aromatase inhibitors has therefore become a first-line endocrine therapy for postmenopausal women with ER(+) breast cancers. Despite providing substantial improvements in patient outcome, aromatase inhibitor resistance remains a major clinical challenge. The receptor tyrosine kinase, RET, and its coreceptor, GFRα1, are upregulated in a subset of ER(+) breast cancers, and the RET ligand, glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is upregulated by inflammatory cytokines. Here, we report the findings of a multidisciplinary strategy to address the impact of GDNF-RET signaling in the response to aromatase inhibitor treatment. In breast cancer cells in two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture, GDNF-mediated RET signaling is enhanced in a model of aromatase inhibitor resistance. Furthermore, GDNF-RET signaling promoted the survival of aromatase inhibitor-resistant cells and elicited resistance in aromatase inhibitor-sensitive cells. Both these effects were selectively reverted by the RET kinase inhibitor, NVP-BBT594. Gene expression profiling in ER(+) cancers defined a proliferation-independent GDNF response signature that prognosed poor patient outcome and, more importantly, predicted poor response to aromatase inhibitor treatment with the development of resistance. We validated these findings by showing increased RET protein expression levels in an independent cohort of aromatase inhibitor-resistant patient specimens. Together, our results establish GDNF-RET signaling as a rational therapeutic target to combat or delay the onset of aromatase inhibitor resistance in breast cancer.
Biological Control of Turfgrass Diseases with a Rhizosphere Competent Strain ofTrichoderma harzianum (1996)

Trichoderma harzianum strain 1295-22 is a commercially available biocontrol agent that is strongly rhizosphere competent and able to control several plant pathogenic fungi. Two formulations were tested for their ability to control brown patch caused by Rhizoctonia solani, dollar spot caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, and Pythium root rot and blight caused by Pythium graminicola. In growth chamber trials, soils planted with creeping bentgrass were amended with the granular formulation to give 10 6 cfu/g. All three diseases were significantly reduced by this treatment. Populations of Pythium spp. were suppressed under laboratory conditions by strain 1295-22. In field trials conducted over 4 years, strain 1295-22 reduced dollar spot severity relative to untreated plots. Monthly applications of granular or peat-based formulations of T harzianum 1295-22 reduced initial disease severity by as much as 71% and delayed disease development by up to 30 days. The persistence of strain 1295-22 in soil core samples from treated creeping bentgrass greens was also measured. After application of strain 1295-22, soil populations of Trichoderma spp. increased 100-fold relative to populations in untreated plots. Population levels remained at least an order of magnitude greater in treated than in untreated plots. Even after overwintering, population levels remained at or above 105 cfu/g of dry weight of the sample.
Interleukin-10 modulation of alloreactivity and graft-versus-host reactions. (2002)

The addition of exogenous IL-10 strongly inhibited the broad alloreactivity initiated by primary MLR and significantly reduced the overall severity of skin GvHR induced by MLR primed responder cells. Responder cells producing high TNF-alpha following allogeneic stimulation appeared to be less sensitive to IL-10 modulation of GvHR.
UNIX Time-Sharing System: The C Programming Language (1978)

C is a general-purpose programming language that has proven useful for a wide variety of applications. It is the primary language of the UNIX∗ system, and is also available in several other environments. This paper provides an overview of the syntax and semantics of C and a discussion of its strengths and weaknesses.