gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crumpled Nanopaper from Graphene Oxide (2011)

Graphene oxide (GO) in aqueous solution was aerosolized and rapidly dried to produce crumpled nanopaper-like sheets. Online size selection and aerosol mass analysis was used to determine the fractal dimension (D) of crumpled GO nanosheets as 2.54 ± 0.04. That is identical to macroscale materials, such as crumpled balls of paper and foil. Thermal reduction of crumpled GO nanosheets did not change D, even after loss of nearly 25% of the nanosheets mass. We demonstrate that D is able to be tuned by altering solvent conditions. A 10% acetone mixture increased D to 2.68 ± 0.02. Calculations of the confinement force show that crumpling of GO nanosheets is driven by the capillary force associated with rapid solvent loss.
Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma in Mice Overexpressing the Mer Receptor Tyrosine Kinase. (2005)

Abstract Mer is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor that belongs to a subfamily of tyrosine kinases including Axl and Tyro-3. Within the hematopoietic lineages, Mer is expressed in monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells and platelets. Normal thymocyte subsets and mature lymphocytes do not express Mer. However, Mer RNA transcript and Mer protein is ectopically expressed in a subset of B cell and T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell lines and patient samples. Previous in vitro studies have suggested that constitutive expression of Mer has anti-apoptotic properties and transforming potential. The overexpression of Mer in ALL suggests that this tyrosine receptor kinase may play an important role in leukemogenesis. In an attempt to investigate the oncogenic potential of Mer in vivo, we created a transgenic mouse model in which the expression of the full-length murine Mer cDNA was placed under the control of the Vav promoter. Ectopic expression of Mer has been demonstrated in thymocytes and lymphocytes of the transgenic mice. The ability to activate the ectopic Mer protein with the ligand Gas 6 has confirmed that the protein is functional. Gas 6 stimulation of Mer in lymphocytes from transgenic mice lead to activation of downstream anti-apoptotic signaling pathways including AKT and ERK 1/2. At 12–24 months of age, 60% of the Mer transgenic mice developed lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and the presence of circulating lymphoblasts. Histopathological analysis was consistent with a diagnosis of lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. The majority of the lymphomas characterized by flow cytometry were identified as T cell lymphomas with a small subset having co-expression of both T cell and B cell markers. Tumor-free survival in Mer transgenic mice were significantly decreased as compared to the wild type mice (p=0. 003). These data suggest that Mer may play a cooperative role in leukemogenesis and is an attractive candidate marker for biologically targeted leukemia/lymphoma therapy.
Binding characteristics and tumor targeting of a covalently linked divalent CC49 single‐chain antibody (1999)

Multivalency is a recognized means of increasing the functional affinity of single-chain Fvs (scFvs) for optimizing tumor uptake. A unique divalent single-chain Fv protein [sc(Fv)2], based on the variable regions of the monoclonal antibody (MAb) CC49, has been generated that differs from other dimeric single-chain constructs in that a linker sequence (L) is encoded between the repeated VL and VH domains (VL-L-VH-L-VL-L-VH). This construct was expressed in soluble form in Escherichia coli and purified by ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. Purity and immunoreactivity were determined by SDS-PAGE, HPLC and competitive RIA. sc(Fv)2 exhibited a relative KA (3.34 × 107 M−1) similar to that of the native IgG (1.14 × 108 M−1) as determined by BIAcore analysis. Pharmacokinetic studies showed rapid blood clearance for sc(Fv)2, with a T1/2 less than 40 min. Whole-body clearance analysis also revealed rapid clearance, suggesting no significant retention in the extravascular space or normal tissues. Biodistribution studies of radiolabeled sc(Fv)2 showed tumor uptake greater than 6% ID/g after 30 min, which remained at this level for 6 hr. High tumor uptake and retention of sc(Fv)2 coupled with rapid blood and whole-body clearance makes this dimeric scFv of MAb CC49 a strong candidate for imaging and therapeutic applications. Int. J. Cancer 81:911–917, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Malarial Circumsporozoite Protein Is a Novel Gene Delivery Vehicle to Primary Hepatocyte Cultures and Cultured Cells (1995)

In this report we describe a novel gene delivery system using malaria circumsporozoite (CS) protein as a specific ligand. The CS protein covers the entire surface of sporozoites of malaria parasites. Previous studies have demonstrated that intravenously injected CS protein binds specifically to the basolateral surface of hepatocytes within minutes, indicating the high hepatocyte specificity of CS protein. This characteristic of CS protein prompted us to explore the possibility of using this protein as a liver-specific ligand for hepatic gene delivery vehicle. As an initial step, we investigated the efficacy of CS protein-mediated gene transfer into primary hepatocytes as well as established cell lines. Recombinant CS proteins were chemically conjugated to poly(L-lysine). The CS conjugates were complexed with recombinant plasmid DNA carrying a reporter gene. When the DNA complex was used to transfect primary hepatocytes, a very low level of expression of the reporter gene was observed. The level of expression was greatly enhanced when the cells were cotransfected with adenovirus, which presumably releases the internalized DNA from endosomal entrapment. The CS-mediated gene transfer into the cells required region II+, an evolutionarily conserved amino acid sequence conferring the binding of CS protein to its receptor. CS protein also efficiently mediated gene transfer into a number of cell lines, i.e. HepG2, HeLa, NIH3T3, and K562, but not HL-60, which contains low levels of receptor. Thus, the CS conjugate can be used to deliver DNA into many different cultured cells. Most importantly, the CS conjugate has a potential to be further developed into a liver-specific gene delivery vehicle in vivo.
Highly efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of β1–4-linked galactosides with promiscuous bacterial β1–4-galactosyltransferases (2010)

Two bacterial beta1-4-galactosyltransferases, NmLgtB and Hp1-4GalT, exhibit promiscuous and complementary acceptor substrate specificity. They have been used in an efficient one-pot multienzyme system to synthesize LacNAc, lactose, and their derivatives including those containing negatively charged 6-O-sulfated GlcNAc and C2-substituted GlcNAc or Glc, from monosaccharide derivatives and inexpensive Glc-1-P.
Tetrabenazine Augmentation in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia (2011)

Evidence linking schizophrenia to alterations in presynaptic dopamine (DA) grows, although treatments to date have largely focused on postsynaptic D2 receptor blockade. This study examined augmenting response in treatment-resistant schizophrenia through the addition of tetrabenazine (TBZ), a presynaptic vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) inhibitor. Participants included 41 outpatients (mean age, 43.5 years) with treatment-refractory schizophrenia, stabilized on their present antipsychotic treatment (clozapine, 73%) for more than 3 months. Individuals were randomly assigned to TBZ augmentation (12.5-75 mg/d), titrated according to a fixed, flexible schedule, or placebo over 12 weeks. Twenty subjects received TBZ, and 21 received placebo; doses of 18 of the 20 TBZ-treated individuals were titrated up to the maximum of 75 mg/d, and 16 (80%) of them completed the trial. Tetrabenazine was well tolerated and not linked to increased adverse effects, including those that have been reported more frequently (eg, parkinsonism, depression, and sedation) with higher doses (>100 mg/d) used in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. However, there was no indication of clinical improvement as measured using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Clinical Global Impression scale, and the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. In examining those receiving TBZ-clozapine specifically, there was no indication of drug-drug interactions or difference in response compared to the overall sample. Tetrabenazine was not effective, as used here, in augmenting clinical response in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. It may be premature, however, to discount the potential benefits of VMAT2 inhibitors in treating psychosis in light of what is presently understood regarding presynaptic DA's role and evidence that "endogenous sensitization" may occur over the course of the illness.
Multi-valued flip-flop with neuron-CMOS NMIN circuits (2003)

In this paper, the implementation and verification of the fundamental flip-flops for the voltage-mode multi-valued logic circuits on a conventional CMOS VLSI chip are presented. Using the quantized NMIN circuits and the analog NMIN circuits, two types of the multi-valued R-S flip-flop are designed like a wide-use R-S flip-flop with NAND circuits and are applied to the D flip-flop for multi-valued memory. In verification through HSPICE simulation, the proposed flip-flops perform with good results such as high noise margins and low power consumption.
CD72, a negative regulator of B‐cell responsiveness (2000)

The ability of lymphocytes to respond to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation is regulated not only by specific receptor proteins, but also by both positive and negative regulatory proteins that set or fine-tune the threshold for responsiveness. CD72 is one such regulatory protein on B lymphocytes. It is a member of the C-type lectin superfamily and is expressed on the surface of B cells from the pro-B through the mature B-cell stage. Studies with anti-CD72 antibodies have suggested a positive regulatory role for CD72 in B-cell activation. However, the cytoplasmic tail of CD72 contains two potential immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs, one of which has been shown to recruit the tyrosine phosphatase SHP- 1. These features suggest a negative regulatory role for CD72. We have generated CD72-deficient mice to elucidate the physiological role of CD72 in B-lymphocyte development and activation. Our analyses of these mice and their B-cell compartment demonstrate that CD72 is a nonredundant regulator of B-cell development and a negative regulator of B-cell responsiveness.
Distributed dynamic channel allocation in mobile networks: combining search and update (1999)

Distributed dynamic channel allocation techniques are becoming important with the tremendous growth in mobile cellular communication and demand for wireless multimedia applications. These techniques can be categorized as search based or update based. Search based techniques have low messaging complexity and are suited for high system load and low request rates. On the other hand update based schemes have higher messaging complexity but are more suitable for low system load and high request rates. This paper presents a combined scheme, called UpdateSearch, which provides the advantages of both types of schemes. UpdateSearch is parameterized by the number of channel classes k, 1/spl les/k/spl les/n, where n is the total number of channels in the system. The parameter k can be adjusted to control the number of concurrent searches and degree of contention between cells competing for channels in the system. For k=1 and k=n the scheme respectively behaves as basic search and basic update scheme. A simple analytical model is used to compare the performance of UpdateSearch for various values of k with the basic update and search techniques in terms of channel allocation time and number of simultaneous channel selections allowed in the system under different system loading conditions.
The Neostriatal Mosaic: Multiple Levels of Compartmental Organization in the Basal Ganglia (1992)

effects behavior. Most notable among these effects are those related to the voluntary control of movement, which is compromised by neurodegenera­ tive diseases that involve the basal ganglia. Two such diseases, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea, display a spectrum of movement impair­ ment (Albin et al 1989). Parkinson's disease, which results in the degener­ ation of dopaminergic systems in the basal ganglia, produces a disability to initiate desired movements. On the other hand, Huntington's chorea, which results in the degeneration of the major projection neurons of the basal ganglia, is characterized by uncontrolled movements. The complexity of these and other disorders that accompany basal ganglia dysfunction suggest its broad role in the subtlest components of voluntary movement. That memory, motivational, and emotional aspects of movement behavior are affected by this neural system is related to the fact that the striatum, which is the principal component of the basal ganglia, receives inputs from virtually all cortical areas (Carman et al 1965; Kemp & Powell 1970; Webster 1961), including limbic-related areas (Heimer & Wilson 1975). How the striatum processes cortical inputs is central to the function of the basal ganglia.
Friedreich Ataxia: Hypoplasia of Spinal Cord and Dorsal Root Ganglia (2017)

After Friedreich's description in 1877, depletion of myelinated fibers in the dorsal columns, dorsal spinocerebellar and lateral corticospinal tracts, and neuronal loss in the dorsal nuclei of Clarke columns were considered unique and essential neuropathological features of Friedreich ataxia (FA). Lack of large neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), thinning of dorsal roots (DR), and poor myelination in sensory nerves are now recognized as key components of FA. Here, we measured cross-sectional areas of the mid-thoracic spinal cord (SC) and neuronal sizes in lumbosacral DRG of 24 genetically confirmed FA cases. Mean thoracic SC areas in FA (24.17 mm2) were significantly smaller than those in 12 normal controls (37.5 mm2); DRG neuron perikarya in FA (1362 µm2) were also significantly smaller than normal (2004 µm2). DRG neuron sizes were not correlated with SC areas. The FA patients included a wide range of disease onset and duration suggesting that the SC undergoes growth arrest early and remains abnormally small throughout life. Immunohistochemistry for phosphorylated neurofilament protein, peripheral myelin protein 22, and myelin proteolipid protein confirmed chaotic transition of axons into the SC in DR entry zones. We conclude that smaller SC areas and lack of large DRG neurons indicate hypoplasia rather than atrophy in FA.
Nascent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcription occurs within an enveloped particle (1995)

Although a small amount of viral DNA has been shown to be enclosed within human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions, the majority of full-length viral DNA is formed after this virus infects target cells. Hence, we undertook investigations to identify the physical characteristics of the HIV-1 replication unit during the early events of infection. In these studies, nascent viral DNA synthesis was found to occur between 15 and 30 min after purified, DNase-treated HIV-1 virions were added to HUT 78 cells. At 1 h postinfection, a large amount of strong-stop viral DNA and some first-strand viral DNA had been synthesized. Several lines of evidence, including purification, nuclease digestion, and immunoprecipitation, indicated that these nascent viral DNAs were located within particles containing components such as reverse transcriptase and p24gag and gp120env proteins and having physical characteristics similar to those of intact virions.
Darapladib for Preventing Ischemic Events in Stable Coronary Heart Disease (2014)

In patients with stable coronary heart disease, darapladib did not significantly reduce the risk of the primary composite end point of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. (Funded by GlaxoSmithKline; STABILITY ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00799903.).
Production of biopharmaceuticals and vaccines in plants via the chloroplast genome (2006)

Transgenic plants offer many advantages, including low cost of production (by elimination of fermenters), storage and transportation; heat stability; and absence of human pathogens. When therapeutic proteins are orally delivered, plant cells protect antigens in the stomach through bioencapsulation and eliminate the need for expensive purification and sterile injections, in addition to development of both systemic and mucosal immunity. Chloroplast genetic engineering offers several advantages, including high levels of transgene expression, transgene containment via maternal inheritance and multi-gene expression in a single transformation event. Hyper-expression of vaccine antigens against cholera, tetanus, anthrax, plague or canine parvovirus (4-31% of total soluble protein, tsp) in transgenic chloroplasts (leaves) or non-green plastids (carrots, tomato), as well as the availability of antibiotic-free selectable markers or the ability to excise selectable marker genes, facilitate oral delivery. Hyper-expression of several therapeutic proteins, including human serum albumin (11.1% tsp), somatotropin (7% tsp), interferon-gamma (6% tsp), anti-microbial peptide (21.5% tsp), facilitates efficient and economic purification. Also, the presence of chaperones and enzymes in chloroplasts facilitate assembly of complex multi-subunit proteins and correct folding of human blood proteins with proper disulfide bonds. Functionality of chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins has been demonstrated by several assays, including the macrophage lysis assay, GM1-ganglioside binding assay, protection of HeLa cells or human lung carcinoma cells against encephalomyocarditis virus, systemic immune response, protection against pathogen challenge, and growth or inhibition of cell cultures. Thus, transgenic chloroplasts are ideal bioreactors for production of functional human and animal therapeutic proteins in an environmentally friendly manner.
Stereoisomeric Peptide Libraries and Peptidomimetics for Designing Selective Inhibitors of the αvβ3 Integrin for a New Cancer Therapy (1997)

Abstract Cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions play a major role in biology. An important class of surface receptors are the integrins, which exist in a number of subtypes and are involved in many biological processes, for example embryonic development, blood coagulation, osteoporosis, cancer, and regulation of the balance between proliferation and death (apoptosis) of a cell. Therefore, selective inhibition of specific integrin subtypes is of great pharmaceutical interest. It is possible to develop highly selective and active inhibitors of integrins, especially the α v β 3 subtype, by the novel procedure of spatial screening. The resulting α v β 3 antagonists exhibit activity in the nanomolar range and suppress tumor‐induced angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels). Tissues with intact blood vessels are not influenced. This opens a promising new way for cancer therapy.
MEASUREMENT OF DNA CROSSLINKS BY S1 NUCLEASE: INDUCTION AND REPAIR IN PSORALEN‐PLUS‐360 nm LIGHT TREATED ESCHERICHIA COLI (1979)

Abstract—DNA crosslinks in Escherichia coli cells. exposed to 4.5′,8‐trimethylpsoralen plus 360 nm light, were measured using a rapid and sensitive new approach. The assay is based on the specificity of S 1 nuclease from Aspergillus oryzae to single‐stranded DNA. Bacterial cells were lysed and the DNA denatured by alkali. Following acid neutralization. crosslinked DNA undergoes spontaneous renaturation and is rendered S 1 ‐nuclease resistant and therefore acid‐precipitable. The single‐stranded fraction after denaturation by alkali decreases with increasing near UV light exposure in the presence of TMP following first order kinetics. The kinetics were faster when exposure was at 4°C rather than at 20°C. This suggests that excision of crosslinks occurs during exposure at the higher temperature. Indeed. since the rate of DNA crosslinking in a uvr B mutant which is excision‐deficient was higher than in wild type bacteria at 4°C, some excision must have occurred even in the cold. DNA from excision‐proficient cells incubated at 37°C following exposure to TMP‐plus‐near UV at 4° showed a greater single stranded fraction than that from non‐incubated cells. This indicates repair of DNA crosslinks. which proceeded with a half‐time of 8 min at 37°C and was unaffected by substitution of thymine in DNA by 5‐bromouracil.
Synthesis and characterization of dialkoxy substituted poly(phenylenevinylene) benzobisoxazoles (2010)

A new route for the synthesis of soluble, alkoxy-substituted poly(p-phenylenevinylene) benzobisoxazoles has been developed. The target polymers can be prepared in three steps: the Lewis acid catalyzed condensation of corresponding diamino benzene diols with triethyl orthochloroacetate, the Arbuzov reaction of the resultant benzobisoxazole, and the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons polymerization of 2,5-didodecyloxyterephthalaldehyde and the resulting 2,6-dimethylbenzobisoxazole-diethylphosphonate esters.
Renal nerves in hypertension. (1989)

In experimental hypertension, renal denervation prevents or delays the onset of the disease. Classically, renal denervation implies surgical interruption of the renal nerve bundles. This results in destruction of efferent as well as afferent renal nerves. Efferent renal nerves may directly alter renal function and/or humoral mechanisms like the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, thereby affecting blood pressure. Afferent renal nerves, on the other hand, may modulate sympathetic nervous and neurohumoral mechanisms that are involved in blood pressure control. Thus, each nerve population may contribute to the disease. Evidence for such involvements of both sections of the renal nervous system is discussed.
Tisagenlecleucel in Children and Young Adults with B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia (2018)

In this global study of CAR T-cell therapy, a single infusion of tisagenlecleucel provided durable remission with long-term persistence in pediatric and young adult patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell ALL, with transient high-grade toxic effects. (Funded by Novartis Pharmaceuticals; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02435849 .).
Optomechanical properties of stretched polymer dispersed liquid crystal films for scattering polarizer applications (2003)

A scattering polarizer is created by subjecting a polymer dispersed liquid crystal film to tensile strain. The optomechanical properties of the film are investigated by simultaneously measuring the stress–strain and polarization dependent optical transmission characteristics. The correlation between transmittances of two orthogonal polarizations and the stress–strain curve reveals that the polymer orientation as well as the droplet shape anisotropy influences the liquid crystal alignment within the droplets. A Monte Carlo simulation based on the P. A. Lebwohl–G. Lasher [Phys. Rev. A 6, 426 (1972)] model is used to explain the subtle influence of polymer orientation on liquid crystal alignment.
Intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin causes long-term diminutions in learning and memory abilities and in cerebral energy metabolism in adult rats. (1998)

Drastic abnormalities have been demonstrated to occur in cerebral glucose and energy metabolism in sporadic Alzheimer's disease, pointing to a primary disturbance in neuronal insulin and insulin receptor signal transduction and contributing to the causation of dementia. The compound streptozotocin (STZ) is known to inhibit insulin receptor function. The study was designed to investigate whether intracerebroventricularly (icv) applied STZ would inhibit neuronal insulin receptor function and would induce changes in both behavior and neuronal energy metabolism. Adult rats with icv-injected STZ developed long-term and progressive deficits in learning, memory, and cognitive behavior, indicated by decreases in working and reference memory in the holeboard task and the passive avoidance paradigm, along with a permanent and ongoing cerebral energy deficit. This animal model may be appropriate for investigations related to sporadic Alzheimer's dementia.