gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Specificity of antibodies to immunodominant mycobacterial antigens in pulmonary tuberculosis (1988)

A serological survey was performed in groups of patients with active sputum smear-positive or smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis, healthy household contacts, and controls. Sera were tested for titers of antibodies which bound to each of five purified mycobacterial antigens by enzyme immunoassay and for competition of binding to single epitopes, using six radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies directed toward corresponding molecules. The evaluation of diagnostic specificity was based on a positive score represented by titers above the cutoff point of 2 standard deviations above the mean titer of a control group. For smear-positive samples, the best sensitivity (83%) was achieved by exclusive use of the 38-kilodalton (kDa) antigen or its corresponding monoclonal antibodies. For smear-negative samples, levels of antibodies binding to the 19-kDa antigen showed a lower sensitivity of 62% compared with the control group or 38% compared with the contact group. Titers of antibody binding to the 14-kDa antigen were raised in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccinated contacts, indicating that the greatest potential of this antigen may be in the detection of infection in a population for which tuberculin testing is unreliable. The results demonstrated the differing antibody responses to each of the tested antigens and distinct associations with the stage of infection or disease.
Genomic diversity ofmecregulator genes in methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusandStaphylococcus epidermidis (1996)

Low-affinity penicillin-binding protein PBP-2a encoded by mecA is closely related to methicillin resistance in staphylococci, and expression of PBP-2a is controlled by regulator elements encoded by mecR1 and mecI which are located adjacent to mecA on the chromosome. Deletion or mutation which occurred in mec regulator gene is considered to be associated with constitutive production of PBP-2a. The distribution of the mec regulator genes in 176 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 33 strains of S. epidermidis isolated from a single hospital was studied by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Most clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (94.3%) and S. epidermidis (MRSE) (83.9%) possessed both mecI and mecR1 genes (type I), whereas no mec regulator genes were detected in mecA-negative isolates. In contrast, 7 MRSA and 5 MRSE isolates were found to have incomplete regulator genes, and they were classified into three groups; strains which lacked only mecI gene (type II), strains which lacked mecI and 3'-end of mecR1 gene (type III), and strains which lacked both regulator genes (type IV). Analysis of mecI gene from all the strains having mecI by restriction fragment length polymorphism after Mse I digestion indicated that three MRSA strains possessed one of the known point mutations identified previously. These findings indicated the predominance of a single type of MRSA possessing both mecI and mecR1 in the study period and also suggested a high genomic diversity in mec regulator region of staphylococci.
On spatial sampling and aliasing in acoustic imaging (2005)

In acoustic imaging practise, where two-dimensional area measurements are performed, spatial sampling is a little addressed subject. Especially aliasing due to high spatial sampling at short sensor distance with respect to the source of interest, is poorly discussed in open literature. This paper will discuss the theory behind optimals patial sampling for Fourier acoustics and offers insights into aliasing in acoustic images.The discussion on spatial sampling theory will include the Nyquist sampling theorem and the application of given theory for acoustic imaging. This will include a transformation from time-frequency considerations in one dimension to position wavenumber relations in two dimensions.Also, the function of Fourier Transforms in Planar Near-field Acoustic Holography(PNAH) is discussed, and a formula for acoustic image resolution is given. Finally,two-dimensional aliasing is clearly illustrated by means of an analytical example.Using sampling theory, aliasing theory and basic knowledge of PNAH dataprocessing, an inequality is derived that couples physical resolution limits with spatialsampling limitations.
Establishment of Parameters for Optimal Transduction Efficiency and Antitumor Effects with Purified High-Titer HSV-TK Retroviral Vector in Established Solid Tumors (1997)

Suicide gene therapy using the herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene and ganciclovir is an attractive strategy for solid tumors. Early animal studies involved intratumoral injection of retroviral producer cells or unprocessed supernatant to generate an antitumor effect. Xenotransplantation of producer cells proved effective in several models, but the crude supernatants from the same cells were of insufficient titer to produce antitumor effects. We have developed new non-murine producer lines that yield replication-defective retroviral vectors encoding thymidine kinase at high titer which are then further purified and processed, resulting in pharmaceutical grade retroviral vectors with titers of up to 10(8) cfu/ml. Purified, high-titer retroviral preparations were injected directly into solid tumors in two syngeneic mouse tumor models. Significant antitumor responses and some cures were observed following systemic ganciclovir therapy. Assays using monoclonal antibodies to measure thymidine kinase protein expression at the single cell level in vitro and in vivo were developed so that therapeutic transgene expression could be quantified. Intralesional delivery resulted in transduction of over 20% of tumor cells in a protocol designed to maximize transduction on the basis of separate analyses of route, dosage, and schedule of vector administration. A consensus strategy evolved in which the combined effects of increased titer and a longer duration of retroviral vector administration interact to maximize transduction efficiency. These results indicate that purified high-titer retroviral vectors have the potential to transfer effective quantities of therapeutic genes into solid tumors in human subjects and highlight some pharmacologic factors that could be valuable in the design of clinical gene therapy protocols.
Distinct liquid phase in metal-cluster superlattice solids (2000)

Variable temperature x-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry experiments on the superlattice solids of alkanethiol protected silver nanoclusters show that the translational periodicity collapses around 398 K resulting in a liquid phase, which upon cooling, reverts into the parent crystalline phase. This reversibility is seen in a narrow temperature window of 400--448 K. If the heating is done above 473 K, the reversibility is lost, and the liquid in the cooling cycle freezes into a disordered phase. The stability of different phases, encountered in the experiments, is discussed in terms of a phenomenological free energy.
Characterization of a specific phorbol ester aporeceptor in mouse brain cytosol. (1983)

In the presence of phosphatidylserine, [20-3H]-phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate [( 3H]PBt2) bound specifically to a single class of binding sites in mouse brain cytosol (supernatant at 100,000 X g). The dissociation constant for binding was 3.1 X 10(-9) M, and at saturation 23.2 pmol of [3H]PBt2 was bound per mg of cytosolic protein. Less than 1 pmol of [3H]PBt2 per mg bound in the absence of phospholipids. Phosphatidic acid, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylinositol also were able to reconstitute binding activity, whereas phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were relatively ineffective. [3H]PBt2 binding was inhibited by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (Ki = 4.4 X 10(-11) M), phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (Ki = 7.7 X 10(-9) M), phorbol 12,13-diacetate (Ki = 4.4 X 10(-7) M) and 4-O-methylphorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (Ki = 5.1 X 10(-7) M). The apparent Ki values of the phorbol-related diterpenes for inhibiting binding agreed reasonably closely with the values previously determined for mouse brain membrane binding. The biologically inactive derivatives phorbol (30 microM) and 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (30 microM) did not inhibit binding. The aporeceptor was eluted in one peak during Ultrogel 44 column chromatography, corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately equal to 77,000. Calcium phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C activity was eluted with a profile similar to that of the cytosolic aporeceptor-binding activity.
Parallel Association of Fos and Jun Leucine Zippers Juxtaposes DNA Binding Domains (1989)

The protein products of the fos and jun proto-oncogenes form a heterodimeric complex that participates in a stable high affinity interaction with DNA elements containing AP-1 binding sites. The effects of deletions and point mutations in Fos and Jun on protein complex formation and DNA binding have been examined. The data suggest that Fos and Jun dimerize via a parallel interaction of helical domains containing a heptad repeat of leucine residues (the leucine zipper). Dimerization is required for DNA binding and results in the appropriate juxtaposition of basic amino acid regions from Fos and Jun, both of which are required for association with DNA.
Colorimetric and Fluorometric Detection of Nucleic Acids Using Cationic Polythiophene Derivatives (2002)

Different electrostatic interactions and conformational structures between single- or double-stranded negatively charged nucleic acids bound to a surface (see picture) and water-soluble cationic poly(3-alkoxy-4-methylthiophene) derivatives (in yellow) provide the basis for a sensitive optical detection method (colorimetric or fluorometric) for oligonucleotide hybridization. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2002/z18191_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Regulation of Tyrosinase Processing and Trafficking by Organellar pH and by Proteasome Activity (2004)

Pigmentation of the hair, skin, and eyes of mammals results from a number of melanocyte-specific proteins that are required for the biosynthesis of melanin. Those proteins comprise the structural and enzymatic components of melanosomes, the membrane-bound organelles in which melanin is synthesized and deposited. Tyrosinase (TYR) is absolutely required for melanogenesis, but other melanosomal proteins, such as TYRP1, DCT, and gp100, also play important roles in regulating mammalian pigmentation. However, pigmentation does not always correlate with the expression of TYR mRNA/protein, and thus its function is also regulated at the post-translational level. Thus, TYR does not necessarily exist in a catalytically active state, and its post-translational activation could be an important control point for regulating melanin synthesis. In this study, we used a multidisciplinary approach to examine the processing and sorting of TYR through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, coated vesicles, endosomes and early melanosomes because those organelles hold the key to understanding the trafficking of TYR to melanosomes and thus the regulation of melanogenesis. In pigmented cells, TYR is trafficked through those organelles rapidly, but in amelanotic cells, TYR is retained within the ER and is eventually degraded by proteasomes. We now show that TYR can be released from the ER in the presence of protonophore or proton pump inhibitors which increase the pH of intracellular organelles, after which TYR is transported correctly to the Golgi, and then to melanosomes via the endosomal sorting system. The expression of TYRP1, which facilitates TYR processing in the ER, is down-regulated in the amelanotic cells; this is analogous to a hypopigmentary disease known as oculocutaneous albinism type 3 and further impairs melanin production. The sum of these results shows that organellar pH, proteasome activity, and down-regulation of TYRP1 expression all contribute to the lack of pigmentation in TYR-positive amelanotic melanoma cells.
Jervine. IX. Miscellaneous New Derivatives (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTJervine. IX. Miscellaneous New DerivativesB. M. Iselin, M. Moore, and O. WintersteinerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 78, 2, 403–407Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01583a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01583a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views60Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ASSESSMENT OF INCREASED SERUM AMINOTRANSFERASES IN A MANAGED ATLANTIC BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS) POPULATION (2008)

Nonspecific chronic hepatitis and increased activities of serum aminotransferases have been reported in cetaceans (dolphins, porpoises, and whales). We identified bottlenose dolphins in our current population with episodic increases in serum aminotransferases, specifically alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and we hypothesized that hematologic and serum biochemical changes in these animals may provide clues as to potential causes of liver disease in cetaceans. A retrospective case-control study involving 1,288 blood samples collected during 1998-2006 from 18 dolphins (six cases and 12 age- and sex-matched healthy controls) was conducted to compare eosinophil and platelet counts; and serum proteins, albumin, globulins, bilirubin, gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, iron, and erythrocyte sedimentation rates. Bottlenose dolphins with increased ALT and AST activities were more likely to have higher serum globulins, bilirubin, GGT, iron, glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels, greater erythrocyte sedimentation rates, and lower platelet counts compared to healthy controls. Our findings suggest that dolphins with chronic increases in aminotransferases may have a chronic hepatitis involving iron overload with similar etiologies and pathophysiology compared to terrestrial mammals. Areas for future research include predisposing metabolic risk factors; associations between iron overload and a diabetes-like condition; and a potential overlap syndrome involving autoimmune responses that may or may not be associated with viral infection.
Probabilistic Ontology Trees for Belief Tracking in Dialog Systems (2010)

The cooling of devices is a big challenge in the electronics industry, and most process units (graphical are central process units) experience defects under harsh temperature conditions, so dissipating generated heat under various working conditions should be studied seriously. This study investigates the magnetohydrodynamics of hybrid ferro-nanofluids in the presence of hydrophobic surfaces in a micro-heat sink. To scrutinize this study, a finite volume method (FVM) is applied. The ferro-nanofluid includes water as a base fluid and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>as nanoadditives, which are used in three concentrations (0, 1, and 3%). Other parameters such as the Reynolds number (5-120), Hartmann number (magnitude of the magnetic field from 0 to 6), and hydrophobicity of surfaces are scrutinized for their impacts on heat transfer and hydraulic variables as well as entropy generation variables. The outcomes indicate that increasing the level of hydrophobicity in surfaces leads simultaneously to improved heat exchange and reduced pressure drop. Likewise, it decreases the frictional and thermal types of entropy generation. Intensifying the magnitude of the magnetic field enhances the heat exchange as much as the pressure drop. It can also decrease the thermal term in entropy generation equations for the fluid, but increase the frictional entropy generation and adds a new term, magnetic entropy generation. Incrementing the Reynolds number improves the convection heat transfer parameters, although it intensifies the pressure drop in the length of the channel. Also, the thermal entropy generation and frictional entropy generation decrease and increase with an increasing flow rate (Reynolds number).
The N-End Rule in Bacteria (1991)

The N-end rule relates the in vivo half-life of a protein to the identity of its amino-terminal residue. Distinct versions of the N-end rule operate in all eukaryotes examined. It is shown that the bacterium Escherichia coli also has the N-end rule pathway. Amino-terminal arginine, lysine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan confer 2-minute half-lives on a test protein; the other amino-terminal residues confer greater than 10-hour half-lives on the same protein. Amino-terminal arginine and lysine are secondary destabilizing residues in E. coli because their activity depends on their conjugation to the primary destabilizing residues leucine or phenylalanine by leucine, phenylalanine-transfer RNA-protein transferase. The adenosine triphosphate-dependent protease Clp (Ti) is required for the degradation of N-end rule substrates in E. coli.
Detection, characterization, and staging of polyneuropathy: Assessed in diabetics (1988)

Abstract The reported prevalence of diabetic polyneuropathy varies from 5 to 80%. This unsatisfactory state may relate to evaluation of different patient groups, different minimal criteria for the diagnosis of neuropathy, and different degrees of surveillance. To made matters worse, patients with polyneuropathy tend to be equated ignoring differences in severity. To remedy this situation, four recommendations are made: (1) population‐based patients should be studied, (2) nerve conduction should be used to set minimal criteria for neuropathy because the test is objective, sensitive, and repeatable, (3) validated tests of symptoms and deficits should also be used because clinical manifestations of neuropathy cannot be accurately inferred from electrophysiologic measurements, and (4) approaches to staging severity of neuropathy should be developed and used in expressing abnormality. To this end minimal criteria for the diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy have been proposed, and validated tests to assess neuropathic symptoms and sensory deficits have been developed. In this report we also propose a staging approach utilizing nerve conduction and neurologic history and examination and validated tests of neuropathic symptoms and deficits.
Recombinant virus assay: a rapid, phenotypic assay for assessment of drug susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates (1994)

Antiviral drug susceptibility assays for clinical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates are required to monitor the development of drug resistance during clinical trials and antiretroviral drug therapy. First-generation phenotypic assays possess a number of drawbacks, not least the selection of unrepresentative virus populations during cocultivation. Here we describe a rapid phenotypic assay for the assessment of the susceptibility of clinical isolates to reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors. This procedure, called the recombinant virus assay, allows the generation of viable virus by homologous recombination of a PCR-derived pool of RT coding sequences into an RT-deleted, noninfectious proviral clone, pHIV delta BstEII. A nested PCR procedure has been optimized to allow the amplification of an RT pool from both uncultured and cocultured infected patient peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) DNA for subsequent use in the creation of recombinant viruses. Analysis of two patients during the course of zidovudine therapy showed that this approach produced viruses which accurately exhibited the same genotype and phenotype as that of the original infected PBL DNA. The recombinant virus assay can be performed in approximately 3 weeks without the use of donor PBLs and therefore represents a rapid, nonselective procedure for the assay of clinical isolates.
Use of Methotrexate for the Treatment of Ocular Inflammation and Uveitis (2013)

Methotrexate is an immunosuppressive agent used for the management of ocular inflammatory diseases and rheumatic diseases. Despite its use for ocular inflammation, including uveitis, since 1965, the exact efficacy of methotrexate has not been confirmed by a randomized clinical trial thus far. Our review of previous data of treatment outcomes suggested that methotrexate is moderately effective in suppressing ocular inflammation and decreasing corticosteroid use. In addition, methotrexate is relatively safe and well tolerated by most patients and is the most widely used immunosuppressive drug for the treatment of uveitis in children. In addition to systemic administration of the drug, intraocular administration of methotrexate can be a promising treatment option for uveitis.
Aspirin Resistance in Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Clinical Significance (2002)

Salicylates have been used to treat pain and inflammation associated with rheumatism and other conditions since ancient times. The Assyrians initially described the use of willow leaves in treating rheumatism . This practice was continued into the 19th century when the first scientific studies evaluating this remedy were published in Europe. The active ingredient, salicylic acid, was first discovered in 1838 by the Italian chemist Raffaele Piria. Herman Kolbe of Marburg University elucidated the chemical structure and synthesized the compound in 1859 opening the door for industrial production of salicylic acid. However, early preparations of salicylic acid were plagued by side effects, such as unpleasant taste and dyspepsia, leading to discontinuation of treatment in a significant number of patients. This inspired Felix Hoffmann of Friedrich Bayer & Co. to develop a stable and better-tolerated form of the drug: acetylsalicylic acid. This new compound was marketed in 1899 as “Aspirin”. This acetylation step would prove to have consequences that reached well beyond tolerability and pain relief. In fact, it is now clear that it is responsible for aspirin’s widespread clinical use as an antiplatelet agent.
Inactivation Kinetics of Food Poisoning Microorganisms by Carbon Dioxide and High Hydrostatic Pressure (2003)

ABSTRACT: The inactivation kinetics of food poisoning microorganisms using a combined treatment of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) was investigated. Staphylococcus aureus, Fusarium oxysporum , and Fusarium sporotrichioides were totally inactivated by a combined treatment of carbonation and HHP at 500 MP a . Bacillus subtilis , a spore forming bacteria, were not completely inactivated after the combined treatment. The microorganisms treated by carbonation and HHP were exponentially reduced in a pressure range and the D p ‐value, the Z p ‐value, and the activation volume were determined. UV absorbing materials leaked from injured cells. Morphological changes of the cells were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.