gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stimulation Techniques for Low-Permeability Reservoirs with Horizontal Completions that Do Not Have Cemented Casing (2002)

Abstract Existing literature offers numerous success stories for stimulating cased/cemented horizontal completions in low-permeability reservoirs.1–8 However, operators who are faced with limited producing potential need to reduce well costs. Completing the horizontal section openhole or with a noncemented liner is attractive. In low-permeability reservoirs, production from such completions has often been below expectations, and sometimes even commercially unfeasible. This is especially true when we consider only completions in reservoirs other than fractured chalks. To achieve proper stimulation with a technique such as fracture acidizing or hydraulic fracturing with proppants, operators must incorporate an economic and effective method for controlling the fluid or proppant placement. Currently, few well-proven technologies exist for controlling fracture placement in noncemented wellbores. In some cases, high risk or very high cost is associated with these technologies, depending on reservoir conditions or the potential for production improvement. This paper examines several approaches that have been used to solve these problems, and presents some of the reasons for their mechanical and/or economical success or failure. Generally, the successful use of either conventional fracturingtreatments or waterfracs (with very little or no proppant) will require some method of controlling fracture placement along the horizontal for significant production improvement. Controlling fracture placement is usually also required for effective fracture-acidizing of carbonate formations. Case histories from Canada and west Texas are included, and other examples within the literature are cited.
2-Arylbenzimidazoles as Antiviral and Antiproliferative Agents-Part 1 (2008)

Being involved in an anti-Flaviviridae Project, and because of the role played by benzimidazole derivatives as promising inhibitors of the HCV helicase and RNA polymerase, as well as of the Zn finger transcription factor, we synthesized a new series of 2-arylbenzimidazoles and evaluated them for antiviral activity, as well as for antiproliferative activity. Compounds were tested in cell-based assays against viruses representative of: i) two of the three genera of the Flaviviridae family, i.e. Flaviviruses and Pestiviruses; ii) other RNA virus families, such as Retroviridae, Picornaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Reoviridae; iii) two DNA virus families (Herpesviridae and Poxviridae). Compounds 15, 28 and 29 resulted moderately active only against Yellow Fever Virus (a Flavivirus) (range 6-27 microM), whereas none of the title benzimidazoles showed any antiviral activity at concentrations not cytotoxic for the resting cell monolayers. Compounds were also tested for antiproliferative activity against a panel of exponentially growing cell lines derived from human haematological and solid tumors. Several new benzimidazoles turned out active. Among them, compound 27 was the most potent against human haematologic and solid tumor cells and turned out to be as potent as Etoposide and more potent than 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), used as reference antitumor agents.
Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Gibberellins in Vegetative Shoots of Normal, dwarf-1, dwarf-2, dwarf-3, and dwarf-5 Seedlings of Zea mays L. (1988)

Gibberellins A(12) (GA(12)), GA(53), GA(44), GA(19), GA(17), GA(20), GA(29), GA(1), and GA(8) have been identified from extracts of vegetative shoots of normal (wild type) maize using full scan capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Kovats retention indices. Seven of these gibberellins (GAs) have been quantified by capillary gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring using internal standards of [(14)C(4)]GA(53), [(14)C(4)]GA(44), [(2)H(2)] GA(19), [(13)C(1)]GA(20), [(13)C(1)]GA(29), [(13)C(1)]GA(1), and [(13)C(1)]GA(8). Quantitative data from extracts of normal, dwarf-1, dwarf-2, dwarf-3, and dwarf-5 seedlings support the operation of the early 13-hydroxylation pathway in vegetative shoots of Zea mays. These data support the positions in the pathway blocked by the mutants, previously assigned by bioassay data and metabolic studies. The GA levels in dwarf-2, dwarf-3, and dwarf-5 were equal to, or less than, 2.0 nanograms per 100 grams fresh weight, showing that these mutants are blocked for steps early in the pathway. In dwarf-1, the level of GA(1) was very low (0.23 nanograms per 100 grams fresh weight) and less than 2% of that in normal shoots, while GA(20) and GA(29) accumulated to levels over 10 times those in normals; these results confirm that the dwarf-1 mutant blocks the conversion of GA(20) to GA(1). Since the level of GAs beyond the blocked step for each mutant is greater than zero, each mutated gene probably codes for an altered gene product, thus leading to impaired enzyme activities.
Optical trapping at low numerical aperture (2011)

A theory of optical trapping at low Numerical Aperture (NA) is presented. The theory offers an analytical description of the competition between the stabilizing gradient and destabilizing scattering force. The trade-off can be characterized by a single dimensionless trapping parameter, which increases with bead radius to wavelength ratio a / λ and refractive index contrast m and decreases with NA. The gradient force dominates for small trapping parameters, the scattering force for large trapping parameters. The potential well depth, maximum forces and trap stiffness as a function of the three parameters ( a / λ , m , NA) can be mapped onto universal functions of the trapping parameter. These functions do not depend on any free parameter. The universal well depth and maximum force curves match with numerical results based on the exact multipole expansion of the optical trapping force. The paraxial limit of low NA is relevant for compact optical tweezers based on Optical Pickup Units known from optical data storage.
Expression of SRC-1, AIB1, and PEA3 in HER2 mediated endocrine resistant breast cancer; a predictive role for SRC-1 (2004)

Patients with high expression of HER2 in combination with SRC-1 have a greater probability of recurrence on endocrine treatment compared with those who are HER2 positive but SRC-1 negative. SRC-1 may be an important predictive indicator and therapeutic target in breast cancer.
Performance improvement of permanent magnet ac motors (2005)

Multi-phase motors have several advantages over the traditional three-phase motors.\nIn this study, the additional degrees of freedom available in five-phase permanent\nmagnet motors have been used for three purposes: 1) enhancing the torque producing\ncapability of the motor, 2) improving the reliability of the system, and 3) better adjusting\nof the torque and flux linkages of the five-phase direct torque controlled system.\n1) Due to the fact that space and time harmonics of the same orders will contribute\npositively to output torque, a five-phase permanent magnet motor with quasi-rectangular\nback-EMF waveform is supplied with combined fundamental and third harmonic of\ncurrents. For modeling and analysis of the motor a 0 3 3 1 1 q d q d frame of reference is\ndefined where 1 1q d rotates at the synchronous speed and 3 3q d rotates at the three times\nsynchronous speed. Based on the mathematical model in the 0 3 3 1 1 q d q d frame of\nreference, it is shown that this system while having a higher torque density with respect\nto a conventional permanent magnet synchronous machine, is also compatible with\nvector control algorithm.\n2) A resilient current control of the five-phase permanent motor with both sinusoidal\nand trapezoidal back-EMF waveforms under asymmetrical fault condition is proposed.\nIn this scheme, the stator MMF is kept unchanged during healthy and faulty condition.\nTherefore, the five-phase permanent magnet motor operates continuously and steadily\nwithout additional hardware and just by modifying the control algorithm in case of loss\nof up to two phases. The feature is of major importance in some specific applications\nwhere high reliability is required.\n3) High torque and flux ripple are the major drawbacks of a three-phase direct\ntorque controlled system. The number of space voltage vectors directly influences the\nperformance of DTC system. A five-phase drive, while benefiting from other advantages\nof high order phase drives, has inherently 32 space voltage vectors which permits better\nflexibility in selecting the switching states and finer adjustment of flux and torque. A\nsensorless direct torque control of five-phase permanent magnet motor is implemented.\nSpeed information is obtained based on the position of stator flux linkages and load\nangle.\nExperiments have been conducted on a 5kW five-phase surface mount permanent\nmagnet motor and a 3kW five-phase interior permanent magnet motor by using\nTMS320C32 DSP. The results obtained are consistent with theoretical studies and\nsimulation analysis, which further demonstrate the feasibility and practical significance\nof the five-phase permanent magnet motor drives.
Inhibition of T Cell Signaling by Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase-targeted Hematopoietic Tyrosine Phosphatase (HePTP) (1999)

Activation of T lymphocytes to produce cytokines is regulated by the counterbalance of protein-tyrosine kinases and protein-tyrosine phosphatases, many of which have a high degree of substrate specificity because of physical association with their targets. Overexpression of hematopoietic protein-tyrosine phosphatase (HePTP) results in suppression of T lymphocyte activation as measured by T cell antigen receptor-induced activation of transcription factors binding to the 5' promoter of the interleukin-2 gene. Efforts to pinpoint the exact site of action and specificity of HePTP in the signaling cascade revealed that HePTP acts directly on the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases Erk1 and 2 and consequently reduces the magnitude and duration of their catalytic activation in intact T cells. In contrast, HePTP had no effects on N-terminal c-Jun kinase or on events upstream of the MAP kinases. The specificity of HePTP correlated with its physical association through its noncatalytic N terminus with Erk and another MAP kinase, p38, but not Jnk or other proteins. We propose that HePTP plays a negative role in antigen receptor signaling by specifically regulating MAP kinases in the cytosol and at early time points of T cell activation before the activation-induced expression of nuclear dual-specific MAP kinase phosphatases.
Growth of gallium nitride by electron-cyclotron resonance plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy: The role of charged species (1994)

The role of ionic and nonionic excited species of nitrogen in the growth of GaN thin films by electron-cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy has been investigated. It was found that the kinetics of film growth is significantly affected by the microwave power in the ECR discharge. Specifically, a transition from the island to a layer-by-layer and, finally, to a three-dimensional growth has been observed as a function of power. These morphological changes are accompanied by degradation of the electrical and luminescence properties, a result attributable to increased native defects and impurities. Secondary-ion-mass spectroscopic (SIMS) analysis indicates that impurity levels in the films increase with the plasma power levels used during the growth. To study the relative role of ion-induced native defects in these films, strategies for charged species extraction were developed by using an off-axis solenoid to modify the magnetic environment during growth. Films grown under a reduced ionic/excited neutral ratio environment show marked improvement in the electrical and luminescence properties. These data, together with SIMS analysis, indicate that observed improvements in these films are due to a reduction of native defects and not impurities.
Biliary Tract Cancers (1999)

In the United States, an estimated 20,000 new cases of liver and biliary tract cancer are diagnosed annually.1 Biliary tract cancer is the second most common primary hepatobiliary cancer, after hepatocellular cancer. Approximately 7500 new cases of biliary tract cancer are diagnosed per year; about 5000 of these are gallbladder cancer, and between 2000 and 3000 are bile-duct cancers.1 Biliary tract cancers have traditionally been divided into cancers of the gallbladder, the extrahepatic bile ducts, and the ampulla of Vater, whereas intrahepatic bile-duct cancers have been classified as primary liver cancers.2 The term "cholangiocarcinoma" was originally intended to refer only . . .
Synthesis of 1,3‐Diamines Through Rhodium‐Catalyzed CH Insertion (2009)

A grand opening: N-Boc-N-alkylsulfamides are effective substrates for the title transformation. Oxidative cyclization is highly chemoselective as well as being both stereospecific and diastereoselective. With the advent of new protocols that facilitate ring opening of the six-membered-ring heterocyclic products, access to differentially protected 1,3-diamines has been made possible (see scheme).
The effect of terfenadine on dermographic wealing (1984)

A double-blind comparison of terfenadine with placebo showed a reduction in potency of measured dermographic force-response of 67%, which is similar to that for inhibition of histamine weals by terfenadine. This and the parallel displacement of the force-response curves indicates that histamine is the main cause of dermographic wealing. Dermographic threshold and itch change together and appear to be the main determinant of the patients' subjective response. Dermographism relapsed towards its pre-treatment state during the 3 days after treatment was stopped. There was a small decrease in effect after administration of 60 mg b.d. for 47-84 days and a further small increase in response when the dose was increased to 120 mg t.d.s., but neither change was significant. None of the patients had a sedative response to the drug and terfenadine should prove useful in the treatment of wealing disorders.
Inhibition of Tumor Cell Growth, Invasion, and Metastasis by EXEL-2880 (XL880, GSK1363089), a Novel Inhibitor of HGF and VEGF Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (2009)

The Met receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), are overexpressed and/or activated in a wide variety of human malignancies. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors are expressed on the surface of vascular endothelial cells and cooperate with Met to induce tumor invasion and vascularization. EXEL-2880 (XL880, GSK1363089) is a small-molecule kinase inhibitor that targets members of the HGF and VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase families, with additional inhibitory activity toward KIT, Flt-3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta, and Tie-2. Binding of EXEL-2880 to Met and VEGF receptor 2 (KDR) is characterized by a very slow off-rate, consistent with X-ray crystallographic data showing that the inhibitor is deeply bound in the Met kinase active site cleft. EXEL-2880 inhibits cellular HGF-induced Met phosphorylation and VEGF-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation and prevents both HGF-induced responses of tumor cells and HGF/VEGF-induced responses of endothelial cells. In addition, EXEL-2880 prevents anchorage-independent proliferation of tumor cells under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In vivo, these effects produce significant dose-dependent inhibition of tumor burden in an experimental model of lung metastasis. Collectively, these data indicate that EXEL-2880 may prevent tumor growth through a direct effect on tumor cell proliferation and by inhibition of invasion and angiogenesis mediated by HGF and VEGF receptors.
Lyophilization and stability of antibody-conjugated mesoporous silica nanoparticle with cationic polymer and PEG for siRNA delivery (2018)

We successfully developed the lyophilization process that should be applicable to other similar nanoparticle systems consisting of inorganic nanoparticle cores modified with cationic polymers, PEG, and antibodies.
Designing controllable computer systems (2005)

Adaptive control theory is emerging as a viable approach for the design of self-managed computer systems. This paper argues that the systems community should not be concerned with the design of adaptive controllers--there are off-the-shelf controllers that can be used to tune any system that abides by certain properties. Systems research should instead be focusing on the open problem of designing and configuring systems that are amenable to dynamic, feedback-based control. Currently, there is no systematic approach for doing this. To that aim, this paper introduces a set of properties derived from control theory that controllable computer systems should satisfy. We discuss the intuition behind these properties and the challenges to be addressed by system designers trying to enforce them. For the discussion, we use two examples of management problems: 1) a dynamically controlled scheduler that enforces performance goals in a 3-tier system; 2) a system where we control the number of blades assigned to a workload to meet performance goals within power budgets.
Physical limits of hyperthermia using magnetite fine particles (1998)

Structural and magnetic properties of fine particles of magnetite are investigated with respect to the application for hyperthermia. Magnetic hysteresis losses are measured in dependence on the field amplitude for selected commercial powders and are discussed in terms of grain size and structure of the particles. For ferromagnetic powders as well as for ferrofluids, results of heating experiments within organic gels in a magnetic high frequency field are reported. The heating effect depends strongly on the magnetic properties of the magnetite particles which may vary appreciably for different samples in dependence on the particle size and microstructure. In particular, the transition from ferromagnetic to superparamagnetic behavior causes changes of the loss mechanism, and accordingly, of the heating effect. The maximum attainable heating effect is discussed in terms of common theoretical models. Rise of temperature at the surface of a small heated sample as well as in its immediate neighborhood in the surrounding medium is measured in dependence on time and is compared with solutions of the corresponding heat conductivity problem. Conclusions with respect to clinical applications are given.
Embedding Plasmonic Nanostructure Diodes Enhances Hot Electron Emission (2013)

When plasmonic nanostructures serve as the metallic counterpart of a metal-semiconductor Schottky interface, hot electrons due to plasmon decay are emitted across the Schottky barrier, generating measurable photocurrents in the semiconductor. When the plasmonic nanostructure is atop the semiconductor, only a small percentage of hot electrons are excited with a wavevector permitting transport across the Schottky barrier. Here we show that embedding plasmonic structures into the semiconductor substantially increases hot electron emission. Responsivities increase by 25× over planar diodes for embedding depths as small as 5 nm. The vertical Schottky barriers created by this geometry make the plasmon-induced hot electron process the dominant contributor to photocurrent in plasmonic nanostructure-diode-based devices.
Nitrile-Containing Pharmaceuticals: Efficacious Roles of the Nitrile Pharmacophore (2010)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVPerspectiveNEXTNitrile-Containing Pharmaceuticals: Efficacious Roles of the Nitrile PharmacophoreFraser F. Fleming*†, Lihua Yao†, P. C. Ravikumar†, Lee Funk‡, and Brian C. Shook§View Author Information† Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530‡ Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc., 781 Chestnut Ridge Road, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505§ Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: (412) 396 6031. Fax: (412) 396 5683. E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53, 22, 7902–7917Publication Date (Web):August 30, 2010Publication History Received23 June 2010Published online30 August 2010Published inissue 25 November 2010https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm100762rhttps://doi.org/10.1021/jm100762rreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2010 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views24169Altmetric-Citations1285LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Inhibitors,Nitrogen compounds,Noncovalent interactions,Peptides and proteins,Pharmaceuticals Get e-Alerts
Control Strategies for a Multiple Degree of Freedom Prosthetic Hand (2007)

Some of the traditional methods used to control a conventional prosthetic device are described alongside the current state of new control techniques and how they may progress. The review includes implantable myoelectric sensors and describes the potential of connecting directly to the peripheral nervous system. Control methods are then deduced for each technique, where the application is a six degrees of freedom hand having integral slip, force and temperature sensors.
n-Butyrate, a cell cycle blocker, inhibits the replication of polyomaviruses and papillomaviruses but not that of adenoviruses and herpesviruses (1994)

Small DNA viruses are dependent on the interaction of early proteins (such as large T antigen) with host p53 and Rb to bring about the G1-to-S cell cycle transition. The large DNA viruses are less dependent on host regulatory genes since additional early viral proteins (such as viral DNA polymerase, DNA metabolic enzymes, and other replication proteins) are involved in DNA synthesis. A highly conserved domain of large T antigen (similar to the p53-binding region) exclusively identifies papovavirus, parvovirus, and papillomaviruses from all other larger DNA viruses and implies a conserved interaction with host regulatory genes. In this report, we show that 3 to 6 mM butyrate, a general cell cycle blocker implicated in inhibition of the G1-to-S transition, inhibits DNA replication of polyomavirus and human papillomavirus type 11 but not the replication of larger DNA viruses such as adenovirus types 2 and 5, herpes simplex virus type 1, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus, which all bypass the butyrate-mediated cell cycle block. This butyrate effect on polyomavirus replication is not cell type specific, nor does it depend on the p53 or Rb gene, as inhibition was seen in fibroblasts with intact or homozygous deleted p53 or Rb, 3T6 cells, keratinocytes, C2C12 myoblasts, and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, butyrate did not inhibit expression of polyomavirus T antigen. The antiviral effect of butyrate involves a form of imprinted state, since pretreatment of cells with 3 mM butyrate inhibits human papillomavirus type 11 DNA replication for at least 96 h after its removal. Butyrate, therefore, serves as a molecular tool in dissecting the life cycle of smaller DNA viruses from that of the larger DNA viruses in relation to the cell cycle.