gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mass Analysis of Water-Soluble Polymers by Mobility Measurement of Charge-Reduced Ions Generated by Electrosprays (2004)

Aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in a 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer are electrosprayed, and the maximum charge state on the resulting gas-phase ions is reduced to unity using a radioactive source. The mobility distribution of these charged particles is then measured in air in a differential mobility analyzer of unusually high resolution. The relation Z(m) between the mobility Z of a polymer molecule and its mass m is determined by means of narrowly distributed PEG mass standards. The molecular weight range of available standards is extended by generating clusters containing from one up to six molecules of the primary PEG standard. The mass at the peak of the distribution of the lowest standard (PEG-4k) is determined by MALDI mass spectrometry and agrees with the manufacturer's value and previous MALDI literature data. The masses for the 50K and 120K standards are found to differ by 8.6 and 6.6%, respectively, from the manufacturer's value. Using known relationships, the particle diameter d of the ions is calculated from the measured mobility. Plots of d versus m(1/3) give straight lines over the full mass range studied (4000-700 000 Da, particle diameter from 3 to 12 nm), indicating that these PEG particles are indeed spherical and have a density rho independent of size. The slope of the d versus m(1/3) curve provides a density rho = 1.25 g/cm(3), close to the known bulk density, rho(PEG) = 1.21 g/cm(3).
A novel tumor-promoting mechanism of IL6 and the therapeutic efficacy of tocilizumab: Hypoxia-induced IL6 is a potent autophagy initiator in glioblastoma via the p-STAT3-MIR155-3p-CREBRF pathway (2016)

Hypoxia induces protective autophagy in glioblastoma cells and new therapeutic avenues that target this process may improve the outcome for glioblastoma patients. Recent studies have suggested that the autophagic process is upregulated in glioblastomas in response to extensive hypoxia. Hypoxia also induces the upregulation of a specific set of proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs) in a variety of cell types. IL6 (interleukin 6), an inflammatory autocrine and paracrine cytokine that is overexpressed in glioblastoma, has been reported to be a biomarker for poor prognosis because of its tumor-promoting effects. Here, we describe a novel tumor-promoting mechanism of IL6, whereby hypoxia-induced IL6 acts as a potent initiator of autophagy in glioblastoma via the phosphorylated (p)-STAT3-MIR155-3p pathway. IL6 and p-STAT3 levels correlated with the abundance of autophagic cells and HIF1A levels in human glioma tissues and with the grade of human glioma, whereas inhibition of exogenous or endogenous IL6 repressed autophagy in glioblastoma cells in vitro. Knockdown of endogenous MIR155-3p inhibited IL6-induced autophagy, and enforced expression of MIR155-3p restored the anti-autophagic activity of IL6 inhibitors. We show that the hypoxia-IL6-p-STAT3-MIR155-3p-CREBRF-CREB3-ATG5 pathway plays a central role in malignant glioma progression, with blockade of the IL6 receptor by tocilizumab demonstrating a certain level of therapeutic efficacy in a xenograft model in vivo, especially in combination with temozolomide. Moreover, tocilizumab inhibits autophagy by promoting tumor apoptosis. Collectively, our findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxia-induced glioma cell autophagy and point toward a possible efficacious adjuvant therapy for glioblastoma patients.
Sugar permeases of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate‐dependent phosphotransferase system: sequence comparisons (1988)

The amino acyl sequences of eight permeases (enzymes II and enzyme II-III pairs) of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) have been analyzed. All systems show similar sizes, and six of these systems exhibit the same molecular weight +/- 2%. Several exhibit sequence homology. Characteristic NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal sequences were found. The NH2-terminal leader sequences are believed to function in targeting of the permeases to the membrane, whereas the characteristic COOH-terminal sequences are postulated to mediate interaction with the energy-coupling protein phospho HPr. One of the systems, the one specific for mannose, exhibits distinctive characteristics. A pair of probable phosphorylation sites was detected in each of the five most similar systems, those specific for beta-glucosides, sucrose, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and mannitol. One of the two equivalent phosphorylation sites (proposed phosphorylation site 1) was located approximately 80 residues from the COOH terminus of each system. The other site (proposed phosphorylation site 2) was located approximately 440 residues from the COOH termini of the glucose and N-acetylglucosamine systems, approximately 320 residues from the COOH termini of the beta-glucoside and sucrose systems, and 381 residues from the COOH terminus of the mannitol system. Intragenic rearrangement during evolutionary history may account for the different positions of phosphorylation sites 2 in the different PTS permeases. More extensive intragenic rearrangements may have given rise to entirely different positions of phosphorylation in the glucitol, mannose, and lactose systems. A single, internal amphipathic alpha-helix with characteristic features was found in each of seven of the eight enzymes II. The lactose-specific enzyme III of Staphylococcus aureus was unique in possessing a COOH-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix rich in basic amino acyl residues. Possible functions for these amphipathic segments are discussed.
The 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes: recent advances (1989)

Research Article| February 01 1989 The 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes: recent advances S J Yeaman S J Yeaman 1Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1989) 257 (3): 625–632. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2570625 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation S J Yeaman; The 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes: recent advances. Biochem J 1 February 1989; 257 (3): 625–632. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2570625 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1989 London: The Biochemical Society1989 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Corticosteroid Pharmacokinetics in the Inner Ear Fluids: An Animal Study Followed by Clinical Application (1999)

Overall injection of intratympanic corticosteroids for the treatment of hearing loss in inner ear disorders appears to be both safe and highly effective for certain disorders. The concept of this technique is supported by animal experimental data. The findings from the present study warrant further clinical application and experimental investigation.
Characterization of the human RB1 promoter and of elements involved in transcriptional regulation. (1994)

The retinoblastoma gene (RB1) is a recessive oncogene implicated in a number of human tumors. Although the RB1 gene is expressed in most proliferating cells, there is considerable evidence for the transcriptional regulation of this gene. Therefore, we have performed a detailed analysis of the regulatory elements in the promoter of the human RB1 gene. Deletion analysis of the 5' upstream region determined the location of the basal promoter to be between -208 and -179 nucleotides relative to the translational start. This region contains essential binding sites for the transcription elements ATF and SP1 and potentially important sites for E2F and steroid hormone responsiveness but no TATA or CAAT boxes. Primer extension and RNase protection analysis identified two initiation sites at -176 and -128 base pairs, both downstream of the promoter. Cotransfection experiments revealed repression of the RB1 promoter by its protein product p110RB1. This repression has been mapped to the core promoter region containing the E2F-binding site; however, this site is not required for autorepression.
Photochemical Rearrangement of a Steroidal α, β‐Epoxylactam. Photochemical reactions, XII [1] (1980)

Abstract The UV. irradiation of 17β‐hydroxy‐4α, 5α‐epoxy‐2‐azaandrostan‐3‐one ( 1 ) yields 17β‐hydroxy‐2‐aza‐10 (5 → 4‐ abeo )‐4ζ (H)‐androsta‐3,5‐dione ( 3 ).
314. mRNA Production Is the Major Factor Limiting Autogene-Based Cytoplasmic Expression (2004)

The relatively low levels of transfection that can be achieved by current gene delivery systems have limited the therapeutic utility of gene transfer. This is especially true for non-viral gene delivery systems, where the levels of gene expression achieved are usually well below the levels achieved by viral gene transfer systems. Previous work from our laboratory describes an enhanced dual promoter autogene-based cytoplasmic expression system that gives rise to levels of gene expression 20 fold higher than that of a CMV nuclear expression plasmid control. Here we describe various strategies to increase the levels of autogene based gene expression by changing variables such as the type of nuclear promoter, phage RNAP gene, and IRES sequence. It was found that none of these changes demonstrated a significant increase in gene expression. However determination of the mRNA levels achieved using quantitative RNase protection assays and immunofluorescence experiments, revealed transgene mRNA levels up to 10 times higher than all other mRNA in the transfected cell combined. It follows that mRNA production is a major factor limiting autogene based cytoplasmic expression.
PEDESTRIAN CROSSING SPEED: THE CASE OF MALAYSIA (2012)

Pedestrians are vulnerable road users, and they are always at risk when making their daily trips. Hence, roadway design and tra c control devices need to consider pedestrians' safety. Pedestrian walking speed is fundamental to any roadway and tra c control design. Unfortunately, no speci c guidelines exist for pedestrian crossing speed in Malaysia. e ultimate goals of this research are to establish the local pedestrian crossing speed and to identify the contributing factors. A total of 1579 samples on pedestrian crossing speed were collected at signalised and non-signalised crosswalks. e Bivariate analysis (chi-square test) was carried out to study statistically the association of the contributing factors. e Bivariate analysis shows that crosswalk type, age and gender signi cantly contribute to pedestrian speed in Malaysia. However, lighting (daytime and night-time) and race are not contributing to the pedestrians' speed. Besides, pedestrians at non-signalised crosswalk have signi cantly faster crossing speed than at signalised crosswalk. Chi-square test also showed that children pedestrians are the fastest group, and elderly pedestrians are the slowest group in terms of pedestrian crossing speed. Moreover, male pedestrians have signi cantly faster crossing speed than female pedestrians do.
Antineoplastic Agents. 465. Structural Modification of Resveratrol:  Sodium Resverastatin Phosphate (2002)

As an extension of structure/activity investigations of resveratrol (1), phenstatin (2c), and the cancer antiangiogenesis drug sodium combretastatin A-4 phosphate (2b), syntheses of certain related stilbenes (14) and benzophenones (16) were undertaken. The trimethyl ether derivative of (Z)-resveratrol (4a) exhibited the strongest activity (GI(50) = 0.01-0.001 microg/mL) against a minipanel of human cancer cell lines. A monodemethylated derivative (14c) was converted to prodrug 14n (sodium resverastatin phosphate) for further biological evaluation. The antitubulin and antimicrobial activities of selected compounds were also evaluated.
The Deubiquitinase USP28 Stabilizes LSD1 and Confers Stem-Cell-like Traits to Breast Cancer Cells (2013)

LSD1 is a critical chromatin modulator that controls cellular pluripotency and differentiation through the demethylation of H3K4me1/2. Overexpression of LSD1 has been observed in many types of tumors and is correlated with its oncogenic effects in tumorigenesis. However, the mechanism leading to LSD1 upregulation in tumors remains unclear. Using an unbiased siRNA screening against all the human deubiquitinases, we identified USP28 as a bona fide deubiquitinase of LSD1. USP28 interacted with and stabilized LSD1 via deubiquitination. USP28 overexpression correlated with LSD1 upregulation in multiple cancer cell lines and breast tumor samples. Knockdown of USP28 resulted in LSD1 destabilization, leading to the suppression of cancer stem cell (CSC)-like characteristics in vitro and inhibition of tumorigenicity in vivo, which can be rescued by ectopic LSD1 expression. Our study reveals a critical mechanism underlying the epigenetic regulation by USP28 and provides another treatment approach against breast cancer.
Infomax and maximum likelihood for blind source separation (1997)

Algorithms for the blind separation of sources can be derived from several different principles. This article shows that the infomax (information-maximization) principle is equivalent to the maximum likelihood. The application of the infomax principle to source separation consists of maximizing an output entropy.
In vitro and in vivo killing of ocular Demodex by tea tree oil (2005)

Demodex is resistant to a wide range of antiseptic solutions. Weekly lid scrub with 50% TTO and daily lid scrub with tea tree shampoo is effective in eradicating ocular Demodex.
Polysulfone‐based anion exchange polymers for catalyst binders in alkaline electrolyzers (2015)

ABSTRACT The preparation of quaternized bisphenol A polysulfone (PSf) by chloromethylation and quaternization with trimethylamine (TMA), 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), 1‐methylimidazole (MI), or 1,2‐dimethylimidazole (DMI) is described. While the ion‐exchange capacities (IECs) of MI or DMI quaternized PSf significantly decrease in concentrated KOH solutions at 60°C, the IECs of TMA or DABCO quaternized PSf are not much affected, but the membranes of these polymers become brittle. TMA quaternized PSf (IEC = 1.21 meq/g; IC = 2.45 S/m) and DABCO quaternized PSf (IEC = 1.09 meq/g; IC = 2.49 S/m) were used to bind a NiCo 2 O 4 spinel electrocatalyst on the anode of Ni foam. Both the quaternized PSfs were quite effective in water electrolysis when used as binders, but not more effective than PTFE when rear sides of electrodes were fed with 10 wt % aqueous KOH solution. For long‐term electrolysis, binders based on more stable anion‐conductive polymers should be developed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132 , 42581.
Technique to control pH in vicinity of biodegrading PLA-PGA implants (1997)

This in vitro study was performed to examine if the pH decrease in the vicinity of degrading polylactic acid (PLA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA) polymers can be offset by incorporation of basic salts within PLA-PGA implants. It has been suggested that such pH lowering results in adverse effects, which may be responsible for biocompatibility concerns raised recently about PLA and PGA polymers. The results indicated that all three salts investigated in this study were successful in controlling the decrease in pH due to the acidic degradation products of the copolymer. The pH of the test media for the control group fell to a value of 3.0 at 9 weeks. Implants containing calcium carbonate maintained the pH value between 7.4 and 6.3 throughout the degradation process. Implants with calcium hydroxyapatite and sodium bicarbonate controlled the pH values between 6.9 and 4.3 and 8.2 and 4.5, respectively. At 3 weeks, marked swelling of implants containing calcium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate was observed relative to the control implants. The molecular weight and mass changes in the implants did not show any significant differences at 9 weeks. Thus, results from this in vitro model show that a significant decrease in pH in the vicinity of PLA-PGA implants can be avoided by incorporating basic salts. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 38: 105–114, 1997
The Enterprise Sector and Emergence of the Polish Fiscal Crisis, 1990-91 (1993)

The author analyzes the causes of the collapse of profitability in 1991 of the Polish enterprise sector. He explores how it affected the government budget and assesses the forecasts of enterprise sector performance used to prepare the government's 1990 and 1991 budgets. About half of the drop in profitability he attributes to the decrease in the inflation rate and the consequent decrease in the inflation bias in profits that results from historical cost accounting. He attributes most of the rest of the collapse in profitability to higher labor costs and higher amortization allowances. When wages are endogenized in a simple model, nearly the entire collapse of profitability is explained by the changes in inflation bias and amortization allowances. The decrease in the inflation bias and the increase in amortization allowances caused profits, and thus profit taxes, to fall, freeing up cash that could be spent on wages, causing profits and profit taxes to fall even further. This loss in government revenues was offset by increased revenues from wage taxes, which were in turn offset by an increase in wage indexed government spending, notably on pensions. As a result of all these changes, the government deficit increased about 4 to 5 percent of GDP - about half of the fiscal swing between 1990 and 1991. Policy options recommended for increasing tax revenues include: increasing the turnover tax rate and introducing the value added tax that will replace it at rates that maintain the increased level of revenue; increasing the social security tax rate; and maintaining, but not raising, the historical cost based profit tax, an automatic stabilizer. An obvious alternative to the profit tax based on historical cost accounting is to redress 1991 mistake, the indexing of amortization deductions. The author recommends drastically reducing or even abolishing amortization deductions for state owned enterprises for fixed capital acquired before 1990 (before the start of the transition from socialism). It is odd that these firms are given a tax break on top of the free use of state owned capital. If anything, they should be paying for the use of the capital.
Carcinogen-mediated Alteration of the Rates of EnzymeSynthesis and Degradation (1968)

The purpose of this communication is to present data on the in vivo kinetics of catalase synthesis and breakdown in the tissues of rats fed the glucoside cycasin - a potent carcinogen in a number of animal species - isolated from endosperm of Cycas circinalis L. Use has been made of the methods, developed in our laboratory, which are based on the unique properties of certain inhibitors to irreversibly inactivate catalase without interfering with its resynthesis, or to block catalase synthesis without interfering with the previously formed enzyme. Inclusion of cycasin at the level of 200 mg% in the stock ration evoked a conspicuous reduction in catalase activity in the liver of rats, when compared to pair-fed controls. From kinetic studies on the rate of return of catalase activity after administration of 3-amino-l,2,4-triazole (AT), it was calculated that in the cycasinfed animals only approximately 1.2 units of hepatic catalase were synthesized per hour as compared with 5.0 units in pair-fed controls. The rates of destruction which are first order in respect to the catalase present, were substantially lower in cycasinfed rats than in the controls, i.e. 1.4% and 2.9% per h, respectively. In the case of the kidneys, which possess about one-fourth to one-third of the catalase activity found in the liver, the level of the enzyme was not affected by the cycasin feeding. Yet, the kinetic studies had shown that there was less than one unit of the enzyme synthesized per h in the cycasin-treated rats while in the control animals 1.6 units were formed. The rates of destruction in the renal enzyme of the respective groups were 1.8% and 3.3% in the same period. This is believed to be the first demonstration of the alteration of both the rates of enzyme synthesis and degradation by a carcinogen.
Lens Matching And Distortion Testing In A Multi-Stepper, Sub-Micron Environment (1989)

Step and repeat camera optical systems today exhibit greater resolution, numerical aperture and field sizes than in the past. It has become necessary to control lens distortion and matching errors to less than one-tenth micron across the entire usable field. The quality of the optics has risen to the point that fifth order distortion modeling has become a necessary component of the stepper matching procedure. Methods of data gathering and analysis vary significantly in the industry. In this paper we investigate four methods of overlay measurement including electrical, optical coherence probe, automated optical and optical vernier techniques. Precision to tolerance ratios and throughput for the measurement methods are discussed. Three methods of data analysis are compared including KLASS II for KLA 2020* data, EM1** for electrical data and SASO*** for both. A novel multi-substrate calibration technique is presented. In any matching situation the required sample size for accurate estimation of the lens components is important. Our study reviews the results of analyses of variances due to daily repeatability, wafer films, the number of measurement sites on each wafer and stepped field. Two methods of artifact generation were investigated, that of stage referenced matching and matching to a &apos;golden standard&apos;. Finally, the expansion of the model to include seventh order distortions and the significance of this for the now emerging high numerical aperture, large field g-line lens designs is discussed.
Targeting the androgen receptor in hormone-refractory prostate cancer ? new concepts (2005)

The androgen receptor (AR) plays a key regulatory role in hormone-naive, as well as in advanced, therapy-resistant prostate cancer. Therefore, the development of novel treatment strategies using new means for targeting AR function in prostate tumors aims at providing better options for control of progression and progressive disease. This review summarizes recent attempts in this field with a critical view on their clinical usefulness. In addition to classic endocrine therapy by surgical and/or chemical castration, there are concepts to inhibit the AR directly through anti-androgens, selective AR modulators, naturally occurring AR inhibitors, neutralizing antibodies and dominant-negative peptides. A unique possibility to prevent AR expression at the transcriptional level represents the use of antisense technology. The advantage of this method is that AR expression, and thus any aberrant route of its activation is prevented. Furthermore, there are several approaches by which AR signaling is inactivated indirectly. Degradation of heat-shock proteins, which direct appropriate AR protein folding, or modulation of various growth factor signaling cascades, which are thought to contribute to AR activation in the androgen-deprived patient, have been investigated.