gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neural Induction of Adult Bone Marrow and Umbilical Cord Stem Cells (2004)

Recent reports of neural differentiation of postnatally derived bone marrow and umbilical cord cells have transformed our understanding of the biology of cell lineages, differentiation, and plasticity. While much controversy remains, it is clear that adult tissues, and bone marrow in particular, are composed in part of cells with much more diverse lineage capacity than previously thought. Traditionally, cell-based therapies for the CNS have been derived from fetal or embryonic origin. By harnessing the neural potential of readily-available and accessible adult bone marrow and umbilical cord blood stem cells, substantial ethical and technical dilemmas may be circumvented. This review will focus on the potential of adult bone marrow derived cells and umbilical cord blood stem cells for cell replacement and repair therapies of the central nervous system. The various isolation protocols, phenotypic properties, and methods for in vivo and in vitro neural differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells/marrow stromal cells (MSC), hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs), and umbilical cord blood stem cells (UCBSC) will be discussed. Current progress regarding transplant paradigms in various disease models as well as in our understanding of transdifferentiation mechanisms will be presented.
Measurement-Induced Qubit State Mixing in Circuit QED from Up-Converted Dephasing Noise (2012)

We observe measurement-induced qubit state mixing in a transmon qubit dispersively coupled to a planar readout cavity. Our results indicate that dephasing noise at the qubit-readout detuning frequency is up-converted by readout photons to cause spurious qubit state transitions, thus limiting the nondemolition character of the readout. Furthermore, we use the qubit transition rate as a tool to extract an equivalent flux noise spectral density at f~1 GHz and find agreement with values extrapolated from a 1/f(α) fit to the measured flux noise spectral density below 1 Hz.
Purification and characterization of bone cell proliferation factors from bovine bone matrix. (1987)

The mechanism of the bone formation and remodelling has been investigated by many researchers, however, little is known about the role of the local factors in the regulation of the skeletal growth. In this paper, the author attempted to purify and characterize the factors derived from the bovine bone matrix affecting the proliferation and differentiation of the bone cells. The non-collagenous protein fractions extracted from the bovine bone with 0. 5M EDT A/1M NaCl contained factors to promote the proliferation of the embryonic chick calvarium cells in culture. Most of this activity was recovered in an acid-insoluble, calcium-induced precipitate fraction. This fraction was purified by DE-52 ion exchange chromatography and the activities were eluted in several peaks. Two of the active peaks were further chromatographed by gel filtration with S-200 and were eluted between 12, 500 and 25, 000 in an apparent molecular size. Both of these partially purified fractions stimulated the proliferation of the embryonic chick periosteal and skin cells, but inhibited that of the osteoblast cell line (MC3T3-E1) . The effect of the alkaline phosphatase activity by those factors was found in the MC3T3-E1 cells as well as in the embryonic chick calvarium cells. These results suggest a possibility that the multiple factors influencing the proliferation of the osteoblasts may exist in the physiological bone matrix.
Performance limits of nanobiosensors (2006)

A simple analytical model, based on reaction-diffusion theory, is developed to predict the trade-off between average response (settling) time (ts) and minimum detectable concentration (ρ0) for nanobiosensors and nanochemical sensors. The model predicts a scaling relationship ρ0tsMD∼kD, where MD and kD are dimensionality dependent constants for one, two, and three dimensional nanosensors. We explore the performance limits of nanosensors using this analytical model and support its conclusions using detailed numerical simulation. Our results have obvious and significant implications for analyte density and response time reported in the literature and for design consideration of nanobiosensors and nanochemical sensors.
Evaluation of electron inelastic mean free paths for selected elements and compounds (2000)

We have performed an evaluation of calculated and measured electron inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) for selected materials and for electron energies between 50 eV and 10 000 eV. This evaluation is based on IMFPs calculated from experimental optical data and on IMFPs measured by elastic-peak electron spectroscopy. The methods used for the calculations and measurements are briefly described, together with the various sources of uncertainty. We have evaluated calculated and measured IMFPs for four elements (Fe, Mo, W and Pt) and calculated IMFPs for six compounds (aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, potassium chloride, poly(butene-1-sulfone), polyethylene and polystyrene). Good consistency was found among the calculated IMFPs and reasonable consistency was found between the calculated and measured IMFPs. The degree of consistency in each case is similar to that found in a previous evaluation of calculated and measured IMFPs for Al, Si, Ni, Cu, Ge, Ag and Au. Finally, we have compared IMFPs from the predictive IMFP equation TPP-2M with recommended IMFPs for Ni, Cu, Ag and Au obtained from the earlier evaluation. This comparison indicated that the standard uncertainty of IMFPs from the TPP-2M equation, relative to the recommended IMFPs, was 1.0 Å or 9.2%. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular Pathways Linking Inflammation and Cancer (2010)

Inflammatory conditions in selected organs increase the risk of cancer. An inflammatory component is present also in the microenvironment of tumours that are not epidemiologically related to inflammation. Compounds of the inflammatory tumor microenvironment include leukocytes, cytokines, complement components, and are orchestrated by transcription factors, such as NFkB and Stat3. Recent studies have begun to unravel molecular pathways linking inflammation and cancer. An intrinsic (driven by genetic events that cause neoplasia) and an extrinsic (driven by inflammatory conditions which predispose to cancer) pathway link inflammation and cancer. Smouldering inflammation in the tumour microenvironment promotes proliferation and survival of malignant cells, angiogenesis, metastasis, subversion of adaptive immunity, response to hormones and chemotherapeutic agents. Cancer-related inflammation represents a target for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Negative symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder: a preliminary report. (2000)

These results suggest a high level of NSs in patients with MDD, which are distinct from positive symptoms of depression and may constitute a distinct dimension. Negative symptoms and DSs in MDD may represent separate constructs. Further, the HRSD might have possible subscales in MDD as it does in schizophrenia.
Effect of simultaneous administration of vitamin C, L‐cysteine and vitamin E on the melanogenesis (2004)

The effect of simultaneous administration of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), L-cystein (Cys) and vitamin E (tocopherol) on the melanogenesis in vivo and in vitro was studied. Forty-eight brownish guinea pigs were divided into 4 groups as follows: VC group, VC+Cys group, VC+Cys+VE group and control group. They were given these vitamins by oral administration every day. UV-B exposure (0.384 J/cm2) on their depleted back skin was done at the day 8, 10, 12, 15 17 and 19. After UV-B irradiation, vitamins were administrated further 3 weeks. The luminosity score was measured using a Color Reader CR-11 (Minolta, Co) and the numbers of DOPA-positive melanocytes of their back skin were counted. B16 melanoma cells were incubated with VC, N-acetyl cystein (NAC) and VE. After 4 days of incubation, cells were harvested. The melanin contents and the tyrosinase activities in cells were measured. The luminosity score in the VC+VE+Cys group was higher than those in the other groups. The numbers of DOPA-positive melanocytes of guinea pigs treated with VC, VE and Cys were significantly decreased compared with those in VC group. In B16 melanoma cells, simultaneous treatment of VC, VE and NAC was the most effective to decrease the melanin contents and to inhibit tyrosinase activity.
A tree-trellis based fast search for finding the n best sentence hypotheses in continuous speech recognition (1990)

A novel tree-trellis based fast search for finding the N-best sentence hypotheses in continuous speech recognition is presented. The search consists of a forward time-synchronous trellis search and a backward time-asynchronous tree search. The Viterbi algorithm is used for recording the scores of all partial paths in a trellis time synchronously. Then a backward A* algorithm based tree search is used to extend partial paths time asynchronously. Extended partial paths in the backward tree search are rank ordered in a stack by their corresponding best possible scores of the remaining paths which are prerecorded in the forward trellis path map. In each path growing cycle, the current best partial path, which is at the top of the stack, is extended by the best possible one arc (word) extension. The tree-trellis search is different from the traditional time synchronous Viterbi search in its ability to find not just the best but the N best paths of different word content. >
A comparative study of a 595-nm with a 585-nm pulsed dye laser in refractory port wine stains (2005)

Our experience of high fluence PDL in the treatment of refractory PWS suggests patients treated with 585 nm (pulse width 1.5 ms) improve to a similar degree as patients treated with 595-nm PDL (pulse width 1.5 ms). However, the use of the 595-nm PDL with longer pulse widths yields no extra advantage. For those patients who have failed to improve with high-fluence 585-nm PDL (pulse width 1.5 ms), test areas using 595-nm PDL (pulse width 1.5 ms and 6 ms) should be undertaken to ascertain if individual patients may benefit from the longer pulse width 595-nm PDL.
Plasticity in Interactions of Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 (FGF1) N Terminus with FGF Receptors Underlies Promiscuity of FGF1 (2011)

Tissue-specific alternative splicing in the second half of Ig-like domain 3 (D3) of fibroblast growth factor receptors 1-3 (FGFR1 to -3) generates epithelial FGFR1b-FGFR3b and mesenchymal FGFR1c-FGFR3c splice isoforms. This splicing event establishes a selectivity filter to restrict the ligand binding specificity of FGFRb and FGFRc isoforms to mesenchymally and epithelially derived fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), respectively. FGF1 is termed the "universal FGFR ligand" because it overrides this specificity barrier. To elucidate the molecular basis for FGF1 cross-reactivity with the "b" and "c" splice isoforms of FGFRs, we determined the first crystal structure of FGF1 in complex with an FGFRb isoform, FGFR2b, at 2.1 Å resolution. Comparison of the FGF1-FGFR2b structure with the three previously published FGF1-FGFRc structures reveals that plasticity in the interactions of the N-terminal region of FGF1 with FGFR D3 is the main determinant of FGF1 cross-reactivity with both isoforms of FGFRs. In support of our structural data, we demonstrate that substitution of three N-terminal residues (Gly-19, His-25, and Phe-26) of FGF2 (a ligand that does not bind FGFR2b) for the corresponding residues of FGF1 (Phe-16, Asn-22, and Tyr-23) enables the FGF2 triple mutant to bind and activate FGFR2b. These findings taken together with our previous structural data on receptor binding specificity of FGF2, FGF8, and FGF10 conclusively show that sequence divergence at the N termini of FGFs is the primary regulator of the receptor binding specificity and promiscuity of FGFs.
Women and the metabolic syndrome: an overview of its peculiarities. (2008)

This article summarizes the peculiarities of the metabolic syndrome in women, especially with polycystic ovaries or at postmenopause. Evidence-based medicine is reviewed and used together with the recommendations for therapy and for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women with this condition.
Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Cordia verbenacea from the Venezuelan Andes (2009)

The essential oil of Cordia verbenacea D.C. (Boraginaceae) that grows in Mérida-Venezuela was obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of the plant, yielding 0.21%. The oil was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Thirty one components which made up 94.3% of the oil were identified. The most abundant constituents found were: tricyclene (23.9%), bicyclogermacrene (11.7%), germacrene D (9.9%) and β-caryophyllene (8.2%). Antibacterial activity determination was carried out according to the disc diffusion assay. Activity against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, at a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 170 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL, was found.
Adriamycin (1976)

Introduction. Adriamycin (1, also called doxorubicin) is an anthracycline antibiotic and was first isolated in the late 1960s by Arcamone and colleagues in the Farmitalia research laboratories (1,2). It is produced by a mutant strain of Streptomycespeucetius, the microorganism that produces the closely related antibiotic daunomycin (2). Daunomycin (also known as rubidomycin, daunorubicin and rubomycin) was independently discovered in three laboratories several years earlier than adriamycin (3-5) and has achieved a significant place in the treatment of acute lymphocytic and myelogenous leukemias (6,7). Adriamycin is also an active antileukemic drug but is of much greater interest because of its activity against a broad spectrum of solid tumors (8-10). It is the objective of this paper to briefly summarize significant background data on the chemical, biochemical and clinical properties of adriamycin and daunomycin and subsequently to describe more fully the status of structure-activity studies stemming from the parent antibiotics. It is
Preparation of Photonic Crystals Made of Air Spheres in Titania (1998)

Three-dimensional crystals of air spheres in titania (TiO2) with radii between 120 and 1000 nanometers were made by filling the voids in artificial opals by precipitation from a liquid-phase chemical reaction and subsequently removing the original opal material by calcination. These macroporous materials are a new class of photonic band gap crystals for the optical spectrum. Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and optical microscopy confirm the quality of the samples, and optical reflectivity demonstrates that the crystals are strongly photonic and near that needed to exhibit band gap behavior.
Long-period fiber gratings with variable coupling for real-time sensing applications (2000)

We demonstrate a long-period grating whose resonance varies in strength but remains fixed in wavelength with either temperature or strain. Using this fiber-grating sensor, we resolved a change of 1 muepsilon of strain or 0.04 degrees C in temperature. Such sensors require no spectrometer or other frequency-selective components and can operate in real time.
Quasi-optical mode converter for a coaxial cavity gyrotron (2007)

Megawatt gyrotrons operate in high-order volume cavity modes. Thus it is necessary to use a quasi-optical mode converter to transform the operating mode into a fundamental Gaussian beam for transmission and application of the generated high-power millimeter waves. This work concentrates on the synthesis of the quasi-optical mode converter for the 170GHz, TE 34,19 -mode, 2MW, CW coaxial-cavity gyrotron at Forchungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK). The investigations are part of an EFDA project (TW5-THHE-CCGDS2) for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). A quasi-optical mode converter is the combination of an open waveguide antenna (launcher) and a mirror system. The improvement of the general method for the design of so-call dimpled-wall launcher to provide a good Gaussian mode content is described. By means of the improved method, very shorter perturbation lengths can be obtained with matched perturbation amplitudes. This method is verified through the design of a launcher operating in the TE 22,6 mode at 118 GHz. For coaxial-cavity gyrotrons operating in very high-order cavity modes such as the TE 34,19 mode, due to the ratio of caustic to cavity radius of 0.323, the ray-representation of the TE 34,19 mode cannot form a closed or even almost closed polygon in the cross-section of the launcher. In this case, the general method fails to provide a dimpled-wall launcher to transform the high-order cavity mode into a nearly Gaussian distribution. The synthesis of the quasi-optical mode converter for this gyrotron becomes very difficult and is a great challenge to obtain a high quality RF beam with high conversion efficiency and low power losses. The setting of parameters used in the quasi-optical mode converter for this gyrotron is very critical. A phase rule is proposed as a quality criterion for monitoring the optimization and the choices of parameters of the quasi-optical mode converter. High-order harmonics introduced to the launcher wall deformations are proposed for this gyrotron. The launcher is numerically optimized, the fields on the cut edges are suppressed. The fields in the launcher are well approximated by the waveguide modes, the radiated fields are calculated using the scalar diffraction integral. It provides a simple way for the simulation of the field distribution in an opened-end waveguide antenna and for the calculation of the radiated field from the opened-end waveguide antenna with low fields on the opened-end edges. The procedure for the numerical optimization of the mirror system is improved, the tolerance conditions of the phase correcting mirrors are investigated. A conversion efficiency of 95.8% to the circular fundamental Gaussian distribution with 20mm beam waist and power transmission of 90% are achieved in the window plane using the optimized quasi-optical mode converter. The methods to ameliorate the initial conditions of the phase correcting mirrors are explored. Based on the ameliorated initial conditions, the mirror system can be improved and is anticipated to enhance the power transmission to more than 95% in the window plane.
The Value of Awareness and Education Material: A Personal Observation (1995)

A Public Relations Officer from the State Emergency Service presents his personal observation about the responsibility of educating and preparing the community for emergencies such as floods and severe storms. His experience proved that an aware and prepared community could easily assist during and following any disasters.
Association of coronary atherosclerosis with hyperapobetalipoproteinemia [increased protein but normal cholesterol levels in human plasma low density (beta) lipoproteins]. (1980)

Most patients with coronary artery disease do not have elevated plasma or low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. To test whether the protein moiety of LDL, LDL B, might be a parameter to identify ischemic heart disease, the plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, and LDL B were measured in 100 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. On the basis of coronary angiography, these patients were divided into two groups: group I, 31 patients without, and group II, 59 patients with significant coronary artery disease. Although cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol levels were all significantly higher in group II, discriminant analysis indicated that LDL B concentrations most clearly separated the two groups. In group I (noncoronary), LDL B was 82 +/- 22 mg/100 ml, whereas in group II, LDL B was 118 +/- 22 mg/100 ml. The B protein level in group I was similar to other normal groups studied (35 asymptomatic male physicians, 83 +/- 11 mg/100 ml; 90 normolipidemic medical students, 72 +/- 17 mg/100 ml). The results therefore indicate that not only does LDL B better separate coronary and noncoronary groups than other lipid parameters studied, but also, among those with coronary artery disease, there exists a group with normal LDL cholesterol but with levels of LDL B protein similar to those observed in type II hyperlipoproteinemia. The explanation for the altered LDL composition observed in this group remains to be elucidated.
Synergistic activation of p53 by inhibition of MDM2 expression and DNA damage (1998)

The MDM2 oncogene encodes an inhibitor of the p53 tumor suppressor protein that regulates p53 in a negative feedback loop. MDM2 gene amplification and overexpression occur in several types of tumors and are often associated with poor prognosis. An MDM2 antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide has been identified that effectively inhibits MDM2 expression in tumor cells containing MDM2 gene amplifications. Antisense inhibition of MDM2 is associated with a decrease in MDM2-p53 complex formation, increase in p53-inducible gene expression, increase in p53 transcriptional activity, and apoptosis. Significantly, inhibition of MDM2 expression enhances the activation of p53 by a DNA-damaging cancer chemotherapy agent in a synergistic fashion. Therefore, the MDM2 negative feedback pathway is an important limiting factor in DNA damage-induced p53 activation. MDM2 antisense oligonucleotides may be useful as antitumor agents alone or as enhancers of other conventional DNA-damaging drugs.
THE STRUCTURE AND REGULATION OF PROTEIN PHOSPHATASES (1989)

Four major serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatase catalytic subunits are present in the cytoplasm of animal cells. Three of these enzymes, PP-1, PP-2A, and PP-2B, are members of the same gene family, while PP-2C appears to be distinct. PP-1, PP-2A, and PP-2B are complexed to other subunits in vivo, whereas PP-2C has only been isolated as a monomeric protein. PP-1, PP-2A, and PP-2C have broad and overlapping specificities in vitro, and account for virtually all measurable activity in tissue extracts toward a variety of phosphoproteins that regulate metabolism, muscle contractility, and other processes. Their precise functions in vivo are unknown, although important clues to the physiological roles of PP-1 and PP-2A are provided by the effects of okadaic acid and by the subcellular localization of PP-1. The active forms of PP-1 are largely particulate, and their association with subcellular structures is mediated by "targetting subunits" that direct PP-1 to particular locations, enhance its activity toward certain substrates, and confer important regulatory properties upon it. This concept is best established for the glycogen-bound enzymes in skeletal muscle and liver (PP-1G) and the myofibrillar form (PP-1M) in skeletal muscle. The activities of PP-1 and PP-2B are controlled by the second messengers cyclic AMP and calcium. The activity of PP-2B is dependent on calcium and calmodulin, while PP-1 is controlled in a variety of ways that depend on the form of the enzyme and the tissue. PP-1 can be inhibited by cyclic AMP in a variety of cells through the A-kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of inhibitor-1 and its isoforms. Phosphorylation of the glycogen-binding subunit of PP-1G by A-kinase promotes translocation of the catalytic subunit from glycogen particles to cytosol in skeletal muscle, inhibiting the dephosphorylation of glycogen-metabolizing enzymes. Allosteric inhibition of hepatic PP-1G by phosphorylase a occurs in response to signals that elevate cyclic AMP or calcium, and prevents the activation of glycogen synthase in liver. PP-1 can also be activated indirectly by calcium through the ability of PP-2B to dephosphorylate inhibitor-1. This control mechanism may operate in dopaminoceptive neurones of the brain and other cells. The inactive cytosolic form of PP-1 (PP-1I) can be activated in vitro through the glycogen synthase kinase-3-catalyzed phosphorylation of its inhibitory subunit (inhibitor-2), but the physiological significance is unclear.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)