gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Treatment of Cancer Pain (1985)

Pain is one of the most feared consequences of cancer. Control of pain from cancer should be possible with the approaches discussed above. Changing attitudes toward the effective use of narcotic analgesics, the development of novel routes and methods of administration, and a clinical approach based on scientific principles and humane care offer the promise of improved management of pain in patients with cancer.
ATP and glutamate released via astroglial connexin 43 hemichannels mediate neuronal death through activation of pannexin 1 hemichannels (2011)

Inflammation contributes to neurodegeneration in post-ischemic brain, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. Participants in this inflammatory response include activation of microglia and astrocytes. We studied the role of microglia treated with amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) on hemichannel activity of astrocytes subjected to hypoxia in high glucose. Reoxygenation after 3 h hypoxia in high glucose induced transient astroglial permeabilization via Cx43 hemichannels and reduction in intercellular communication via Cx43 cell-cell channels. Both responses were greater and longer lasting in astrocytes previously exposed for 24 h to conditioned medium from Aβ-treated microglia (CM-Aβ). The effects of CM-Aβ were mimicked by TNF-α and IL-1β and were abrogated by neutralizing TNF-α with soluble receptor and IL-1β with a receptor antagonist. Astrocytes under basal conditions protected neurons against hypoxia, but exposure to CM-Aβ made them toxic to neurons subjected to a sub-lethal hypoxia/reoxygenation episode, revealing the additive nature of the insults. Astrocytes exposed to CM-Aβ induced permeabilization of cortical neurons through activation of neuronal pannexin 1 (Panx1) hemichannels by ATP and glutamate released through astroglial Cx43 hemichannels. In agreement, inhibition of NMDA or P2X receptors only partially reduced the activation of neuronal Panx1 hemichannels and neuronal mortality, but simultaneous inhibition of both receptors completely prevented the neurotoxic response. Therefore, we suggest that responses to ATP and glutamate converge in activation of neuronal Panx1 hemichannels. Thus, we propose that blocking hemichannels expressed by astrocytes and/or neurons in the inflamed nervous system could represent a novel and alternative strategy to reduce neuronal loss in various pathological states including Alzheimer's disease, diabetes and ischemia.
793. The preparation of 4-amino- and other pteridines (1956)

R. M. Evans, P. G. Jones, P. J. Palmer and F. F. Stephens, J. Chem. Soc., 1956, 4106 DOI: 10.1039/JR9560004106
Design, synthesis, and characterization of a cytotoxic peptide with melittin-like activity (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDesign, synthesis, and characterization of a cytotoxic peptide with melittin-like activityWilliam F. DeGrado, F. J. Kezdy, and E. T. KaiserCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 3, 679–681Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00393a035https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00393a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views365Altmetric-Citations143LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthesis of Nonionic Oligonucleotide Analogues (1994)

The design and synthesis of several classes of oligonucleotide analogs (OAs) incorporating improved, achiral, non-ionic phosphate linker surrogates are reported. Specifically, the synthesis and properties of monomers and oligomers based on five such linkers will be described, including lipophilic linkers based on various dialkylsiloxane moieties, especially diisopropylsiloxane; two moderately polar linkers (carboxylate ester and carboxamide) based on the appropriately 3′-substituted (hydroxy and amino), 5′-doubly-homologated nucleoside carboxylic acids; and polar surrogates (sulfonate esters and amides) prepared from the 3′-substituted, 5′-homologated nucleoside sulfonic acids. The potential advantages of oligonucleotides bearing non-ionic backbone linkages as clinical therapeutic agents are briefly discussed.
Open issues in parallel query optimization (1996)

We provide an overview of query processing in parallel database systems and discuss several open issues in the optimization of queries for parallel machines.
Quantum copying: Fundamental inequalities (1997)

How well can one copy an arbitrary qubit? To answer this question we consider two arbitrary vectors in a two-dimensional state space and an abstract copying transformation which will copy these two vectors. If the vectors are orthogonal, then perfect copies can be made. If they are not, then errors will be introduced. The size of the error depends on the inner product of the two original vectors. We derive a lower bound for the amount of noise induced by quantum copying. We examine both copying transformations which produce one copy and transformations which produce many, and show that the quality of each copy decreases as the number of copies increases.
Research in large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (1993)

The primary long term goal of speech research at Dragon Systems is to develop algorithms that are capable of achieving very high performance large vocabulary continuous speech recognition. At the same time, in the long run we are also concerned to keep the demands of those algorithms for computational power and memory as modest as possible, so that the results of our research can be incorporated into products that will run on moderately priced personal computers.
Identification and egg hatching activity of monohydroxy fatty acid eicosanoids in the barnacle Balanus balanoides (1992)

Monohydroxy fatty acids (MHFAs) were isolated from homogenates of the barnacle Balanus balanoides and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as 14- and 17-hydroxy docosahexaenoic acids, 8-, 11-, 12-, 15- and 18-hydroxy eicosapentaenoic acids, 13- and 16-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acids and 9-, 13- and 15-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids. Each monohydroxy fatty acid was tested for egg hatching activity in a bioassay using Elminius modestus egg masses, but 8-hydroxy-5, 9, 11, 14, 17-eicosapentaenoic acid (8-HEPE) was the only MHFA with barnacle egg hatching activity. Studies on the egg hatching activity of MHFAs prepared from the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids showed that activity was confined to the 8-hydroxy isomer of eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid, and that unsaturation at C5 and C14, but not C17, was essential for activity. In addition, the 8(R) conformation is necessary for activity, as 8(R)-HEPE caused egg hatching at 10(-7) M whereas the enantiomer 8(S)-HEPE was inactive.
Effects of FoxO4 overexpression on cholesterol biosynthesis, triacylglycerol accumulation, and glucose uptake (2009)

The Forkhead transcription factors FoxO1, FoxO3a, and FoxO4 play a prominent role in regulating cell survival and cell cycle. Whereas FOXO1 was shown to mediate insulin sensitivity and adipocyte differentiation, the role of the transcription factor FoxO4 in metabolism remains ill defined. To uncover the effects of FoxO4, we generated a cellular model of stable FoxO4 overexpression and subjected it to microarray-based gene expression profiling. While pathway analysis revealed a disruption of cholesterol biosynthesis gene expression, biochemical studies revealed an inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis, which was coupled with decreased mRNA levels of lanosterol 14alpha demethylase (CYP51). FoxO4-mediated repression of CYP51 led to the accumulation of 24,25 dihydrolano-sterol (DHL), which independently and unlike lanosterol inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis. Furthermore, FoxO4-overexpressing cells accumulated lipid droplets and triacylglycerols and had an increase in basal glucose uptake. Recapitulation of these effects was obtained following treatment with CYP51 inhibitors, which also induce DHL buildup. Moreover, DHL but not lanosterol strongly stimulated liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) activity, suggesting that DHL and LXRalpha mediate the downstream effects initiated by FoxO4. Together, these studies suggest that FoxO4 acts on CYP51 to regulate the late steps of cholesterol biosynthesis.
Effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (CSF), human granulocyte macrophage-CSF, and gibbon interleukin-3 on hematopoiesis in human long-term bone marrow culture (1990)

We have studied the effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony- stimulating factor (rhG-CSF), hG macrophage-CSF (hGM-CSF), and gibbon interleukin-3 (gIL-3) on cell proliferation and differentiation in human long-term bone marrow culture (LTBMC). hG-CSF induced a maximal increase of 2.3-fold in both total nonadherent cells and GM cluster- forming cells, but only an increase of 1.7-fold in GM-colony-forming cell (GM-CFC) numbers, influencing mainly neutrophil differentiation. Cultures treated with hGM-CSF demonstrated a peak of 12.8-, 21- and 3.2- fold elevations in total nonadherent cells, cluster, and GM-CFC, respectively, and influenced differentiation of neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. Cultures treated with gIL-3 demonstrated the largest expansion in the GM-CFC population, reaching a maximum of 5.3-fold in relation to that of unstimulated controls. IL-3 treatment also increased the numbers of GM clusters and mature cells (including all myeloid cells and lymphocytes) 7.8- and 4.8-fold, respectively. Similar quantitative and qualitative changes were induced by G-CSF, GM- CSF, and IL-3 in LTBMCs of patients in remission after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia or Hodgkin's lymphoma. Overall, the expansion of GM progenitor cells in cultures treated with growth factors was larger in the adherent cell layer than in the nonadherent cell fraction. In addition, hGM-CSF, gIL-3, and hG-CSF to a less extent, increased the cycling rates of GM-CFC progenitors located in the adherent layer. These results indicate that hG-CSF is a much less potent stimulus of hematopoiesis in LTBMC than the other CSFs assayed, and that the increases in cell production after treatment with G-CSF, GM-CSF, or IL-3 may be achieved by primary expansion of different cell populations within the hierarchy of the hematopoietic system. The effects of the growth factors were transient and the longevity of hematopoiesis in the cultures was not altered, suggesting that treatment with IL-3, GM-CSF, or G-CSF had not compromised the ability of primitive cells to give rise to mature cells. This indicates that the stromal microenvironment in LTBMC can override potential differentiation-inducing activities of the CSFs.
Methionine and Sulfate Increase a Bowman−Birk-Type Protease Inhibitor and Its Messenger RNA in Soybeans (1998)

A soybean cotyledon cDNA library was screened for clones representing RNAs that were more abundant in cotyledons grown on methionine-supplemented medium than in those grown on unsupplemented (basal) medium. Three isolated clones encoded the Bowman−Birk protease inhibitor (BBPI). RNA gel blot hybridization confirmed that the BBPI mRNA level is increased by methionine (Met). Met and/or sulfate supplementation increased the amount of protease inhibitor activity in cultured cotyledons. In seeds of greenhouse-grown plants, protease inhibitor activity was increased by the addition of exogenous sulfate to the nutrient solution. Since BBPI and related low molecular weight proteinase inhibitors have an unusually high cyst(e)ine content, these compounds have been hypothesized to function in the storage of reduced sulfur. The data presented here support this hypothesis by providing evidence that additional sulfur as Met or sulfate increases the quantity of these proteins in seeds by increasing their mRNA levels. Keywords: Bowman−Birk; Glycine max; protease inhibitor; soybean; sulfate
Model-based, multi-sensor fusion and bundle-adjustment for image registration and target recognition (2006)

We consider the joint inverse problems of sensor data registration and automatic target recognition. Single-platform, multi-sensor registration is posed as a model-based, data fusion problem using Bayesian and maximum likelihood frameworks. The sensor model parameters typically consist of platform pose parameters, sensor pointing angles, and internal calibration factors, and these are used to define a transformation that maps raw data recorded in the sensor frame to a ground-referenced, world coordinate system. The fusion estimation problem is one joint inversion since the sensor model parameters common to multiple sensors are simultaneously estimated (along with sensor-specific model parameters). For the ATR problem we pose the joint optimization problem over these sensor model parameters (constrained by the global scene) and target model parameters (e.g., for selected target chips). In addition, we pose a cooperative inversion approach that captures uncertainty from the system model estimation process for use in a refined ATR inversion. The latter consists of a search over target model parameters and a constrained system model parameter space with realization samples consistent with the estimated system model covariance. Estimation robustness is achieved through use of a hybrid global/local search method (to avoid final convergence to local minima), robust kernels that down-weight data residual outliers (generated from test and reference image feature correspondences), and the use of multi-sensor data to increase the number and diversity of data constraints. In summary, we have developed a model-based fusion approach which draws on well-developed methods in photogrammetry, computer vision and automatic target recognition for enhanced registration and recognition performance.
Data Fusion for Traffic Incident Detector Using D-S Evidence Theory with Probabilistic SVMs (2008)

Accurate Incident detection is one of the important components in Intelligent Transportation Systems. It identifies traffic abnormality based on input signals obtained from different type traffic flow sensors. To date, the development of Intelligent Transportation Systems has urged the researchers in incident detection area to explore new techniques with high adaptability to changing site traffic characteristics. From the viewpoint of evidence theory, information obtained from each sensor can be considered as a piece of evidence, and as such, multisensor based traffic incident detector can be viewed as a problem of evidence fusion. This paper proposes a new technique for traffic incident detection, which combines multiple multi-class probability support vector machines (MPSVM) using D-S evidence theory. We present a preliminary review of evidence theory and explain how the multi-sensor traffic incident detector problem can be framed in the context of this theory, in terms of incidents frame of discernment, mass functions is designed by mapping the outputs of standard support vector machines into a posterior probability using a learned sigmoid function. The experiment results suggest that MPSVM is a better adaptive classifier for incident detection problem with a changing site traffic environment.
Rab7 Regulates Transport from Early to Late Endocytic Compartments in Xenopus Oocytes (1997)

Rab7 has been shown to localize to late endosomes and to mediate transport from early to late endosome/lysosome in mammalian cells and in yeast. We developed a novel assay to quantify transport from early to late endosomes using the Xenopus oocyte. Oocytes were pulsed with avidin after which the oocytes were incubated to allow avidin transport to a late compartment. The oocytes were then allowed to internalize biotin-horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The oocytes were then injected with test proteins and incubated further to allow transport of biotin-HRP from early endosomes to late endosomal/lysosomal compartments. Transport was quantified by assessing the formation of HRP-biotin-avidin complexes. Injection of Rab7:wild-type (WT) and Rab7:Q67L, a GTPase defective mutant, stimulated transport. Rab5:WT had no effect. Rab7:WT-stimulated transport was inhibited by nocodazole, suggesting a role for intact microtubules. Wortmannin, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, blocked Rab7:WT-stimulated transport, but Rab7:Q67L-stimulated transport was unaffected by the drug. Rab7:Q67L is constitutively activated and may not require phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity for activation. Rab7-stimulated transport requires N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) activity as transport was blocked by N-ethylmaleimide and ATPase defective NSF mutants. Our results indicate that sequentially acting endocytic Rab GTPases utilize similar factors although their modes of action may be different.
Sarcoma growth factor from conditioned medium of virally transformed cells is composed of both type alpha and type beta transforming growth factors. (1983)

Sarcoma growth factor (SGF) derived from conditioned medium of Moloney sarcoma virus-transformed cells and partially purified by gel filtration (crude SGF) has been characterized by its ability both to compete with epidermal growth factor (EGF) for binding to membrane receptors and to induce anchorage-independent growth of untransformed cells. We now show that further purification of crude SGF by reverse-phase HPLC on muBondapak C18 and CN columns at pH 2 resolves it into two distinctly different polypeptides, which we call types alpha and beta transforming growth factors (TGFs). Type alpha TGF (TGF-alpha), but not type beta TGF (TGF-beta), competes for binding to the EGF receptor and induces the formation of small colonies (1,000-2,000 micron2) of normal rat kidney cells in soft agar. Both TGF-beta and EGF or TGF-alpha must be present in order to induce the formation of large colonies (7,000-15,000 micron2). Based on EGF competing equivalents as determined from a radioreceptor assay with 125I-labeled EGF in normal rat kidney cells, the relative ability of EGF and TGF-alpha to potentiate TGF-beta-dependent colony formation is in the order conditioned-medium TGF-alpha greater than EGF greater than intracellular TGF-alpha. Suboptimal concentrations of the same polypeptides give additive potentiation of the TGF-beta-dependent colony-forming response; saturating levels potentiate a similar maximum response whether used alone or in various combinations. The data indicate that the EGF-competing activity of crude SGF is due to its TGF-alpha component alone, whereas the soft-agar colony-forming activity is due to the combined action of two distinct polypeptides, TGF-alpha and TGF-beta.
Phase 1/2 Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose Escalation, Safety, and Pharmacokinetic Study of Pagibaximab (BSYX-A110), an Antistaphylococcal Monoclonal Antibody for the Prevention of Staphylococcal Bloodstream Infections, in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Neonates (2009)

Staphylococcal sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants. A human chimeric monoclonal antibody, pagibaximab, was developed against staphylococcal lipoteichoic acid. We evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of pagibaximab in VLBW neonates. A phase 1/2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose escalation study was conducted in VLBW infants (700 to 1,300 g) 3 to 7 days old. Patients received two doses 14 days apart of intravenous pagibaximab (10, 30, 60, or 90 mg/kg of body weight) or placebo in a 2:1 ratio. Blood and urine samples were obtained pre- and postinfusion for analysis of safety and pharmacokinetics, and data on adverse events were gathered. Staphylococcal organisms causing sepsis were collected and evaluated. Fifty-three patients received at least one dose of pagibaximab or placebo. The average gestational age was 27.6 weeks; the average birth weight was 1,003 g. All serious adverse events were deemed unrelated or probably not drug related. Morbidity and mortality were similar across treatment groups. No evidence of immunogenicity of pagibaximab was detected. Pagibaximab pharmacokinetics was linear. The mean clearance (CL), volume of distribution, and elimination half-life of pagibaximab were independent of dose. The serum half-life was 20.5 +/- 6.8 days. Pagibaximab enhanced serum opsonophagocytic activity. All staphylococci causing sepsis were opsonizable by pagibaximab. Two infusions of pagibaximab, administered 2 weeks apart to high-risk neonates appeared safe and tolerable, and pharmacokinetics were linear. Evaluation of more frequent doses, at the highest doses tested, in neonates at high-risk of staphylococcal sepsis, is warranted.
Three Methods for Stabilization and Functionalization of Porous Silicon Surfaces via Hydrosilylation and Electrografting Reactions (2000)

Three reactions are discussed which accomplish a high degree of substitution of the silicon hydride bonds on the porous silicon (pSi) surface with silicon–carbon bonds. Lewis acid mediated (LAM) and white light-promoted (LP) hydrosilylation of alkynes and alkenes gives surfaces with alkenyl and alkyl residues, respectively. Evidence for the silicon–carbon bonds is given by solid-state NMR spectroscopy of free-standing pSi material. The extent of the substitution of the surface bonds is termed reaction efficiency (E) which is measured by the change in the integrated area of the silicon hydride stretch region in FTIR spectra (2000–2200 cm—1). The LAM hydrosilylation gives a higher E value than the LP reaction. The E value of the LAM reaction is believed to be limited by the efficiency of the catalyst diffusion throughout the porous structure. In the case of the LP reaction, it is limited by the relative quantity of visible light-exposed material in comparison to the entire amount of IR-apparent silicon hydride bonds. The cathodic electrografting (CEG) reaction gives directly attached alkynyl residues via reduction of a silicon hydride bond to generate alkynyl carbanions, which then react with silicon–silicon bonds.
Dehydrogenative Silylation of Terminal Alkynes with Hydrosilanes under Zinc–Pyridine Catalysis (2012)

Abstract A combination of zinc triflate and pyridine in a nitrile medium was found to act as an effective catalytic system for dehydrogenative silylation with flexible pieces of terminal alkynes and hydrosilanes, thereby producing diverse alkynylsilanes in high to excellent yields.