gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MIRD: radionuclide data and decay schemes (2007)

For all physicians, scientists, and physicists working in the nuclear medicine field, the MIRD: Radionuclide Data and Decay Schemes updated edition is an essential sourcebook for radiation dosimetry and understanding the properties of radionuclides. Includes CD Table of Contents Decay schemes listed by atomic number Radioactive decay processes Serial decay schemes Decay schemes and decay tables This essential reference for nuclear medicine physicians, scientists and physicists also includes a CD with tabulations of the radionuclide data necessary for dosimetry calculations.
Detouring of cisplatin to access mitochondrial genome for overcoming resistance (2014)

Chemoresistance of cisplatin therapy is related to extensive repair of cisplatin-modified DNA in the nucleus by the nucleotide excision repair (NER). Delivering cisplatin to the mitochondria to attack mitochondrial genome lacking NER machinery can lead to a rationally designed therapy for metastatic, chemoresistant cancers and might overcome the problems associated with conventional cisplatin treatment. An engineered hydrophobic mitochondria-targeted cisplatin prodrug, Platin-M, was constructed using a strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition chemistry. Efficient delivery of Platin-M using a biocompatible polymeric nanoparticle (NP) based on biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-block-polyethyleneglycol functionalized with a terminal triphenylphosphonium cation, which has remarkable activity to target mitochondria of cells, resulted in controlled release of cisplatin from Platin-M locally inside the mitochondrial matrix to attack mtDNA and exhibited otherwise-resistant advanced cancer sensitive to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Identification of an optimized targeted-NP formulation with brain-penetrating properties allowed for delivery of Platin-M inside the mitochondria of neuroblastoma cells resulting in ∼17 times more activity than cisplatin. The remarkable activity of Platin-M and its targeted-NP in cisplatin-resistant cells was correlated with the hyperpolarization of mitochondria in these cells and mitochondrial bioenergetics studies in the resistance cells further supported this hypothesis. This unique dual-targeting approach to controlled mitochondrial delivery of cisplatin in the form of a prodrug to attack the mitochondrial genome lacking NER machinery and in vivo distribution of the delivery vehicle in the brain suggested previously undescribed routes for cisplatin-based therapy.
An Inversion Formula for Cone-Beam Reconstruction (1983)

An analytic inversion formula allowing the reconstruction of a three-dimensional object from x-ray cone-beams is given. The formula is valid for the case where the source of the beams describes a bounded curve satisfying a set of weak conditions.
The extracellular matrix factsbook (1998)

Dedication. Preface. Abbreviations. Introductory Material: Content of Entries. Extracellular Matrices. Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Aggrecan. Agrin. Bamacan. BEHAB. Biglycan. Brevican. Bone Sialoprotein. Cartilage Matrix Protein. Chondroadherin. Collagen Type I. Collagen Type II. Collagen Type III. Collagen Type IV. Collagen Type V. Collagen Type VI. Collagen Type VII. Collagen Type VIII. Collagen Type IX. Collagen Type X. Collagen Type XI. Collagen Type XII. Collagen Type XIII. Collagen Type XIV. Collagen Type XV. Collagen Type XVI. Collagen Type XVII. Collagen Type XVIII. Collagen Type XIX. Decorin. Dentine Matrix Protein. Dentine Sialoprotein. Elastin. Fibrillin 1. Fibrillin 2. Fibrinogen. Fibromodulin. Fibronectin. Fibulin 1. Fibulin 2. Keratocan. Laminins. LTBP1. LTBP2. LTBP3. Link Protein. Lumican. Lysyl Oxidase. Matrix Gla Protein. Microfibril-Associated Glycoprotein 1. Microfibril-Associated Glycoprotein 2. Microfibril-Associated Protein 1. Microfibril-Associated Protein 3. MMP 1. MMP 2. MMP 3. MMP 7. MMP 8. MMP 9. MMP 10. MMP 11. MMP 12. MMP 13. Neurocan. Nidogen. Osteocalcin. Osteonectin. Osteopontin. Perlecan. Phosphophoryn. PRELP. Procollagen C-Proteinase. Procollagen N-Proteinase. Tenascin-C. Tenascin-R. Tenascin-X. Tenascin-Y. Thrombospondin-1. Thrombospondin-2. Thrombospondin-3. Thrombospondin-4. Thrombospondin-5. TIMP 1. TIMP 2. TIMP 3. TIMP 4. Versican. Vitronectin. Von Willebrand Factor. Index.
AZD2184: a radioligand for sensitive detection of β‐amyloid deposits (2008)

The presence of beta-amyloid plaques in brain is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and serves as a biomarker for confirmation of diagnosis postmortem. Positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands such as Pittsburgh compound B ([(11)C]-2-(3-fluoro-4-methylamino-phenyl)-benzothiazol-6-ol) (PIB) binds selectively to beta-amyloid and are promising new tools supporting the clinical diagnoses of AD. In addition, such methodology may be useful for evaluation of new drugs aiming at reduction of amyloid plaque load. The objective of this study is to develop a new amyloid selective PET radioligand with higher signal-to-background ratio when compared with existing amyloid PET ligands. The lead compound, AZD2184, (2-[6-(methylamino)pyridin-3-yl]-1,3-benzothiazol-6-ol) was found to have high affinity for amyloid fibrils in vitro (K(d): 8.4 +/- 1.0 nM). Two minutes after i.v. administration in rats, about 1% of the dose was in brain. In vitro autoradiography on cortical brain sections from amyloid-beta precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) mice and AD patients showed that while [(3)H]AZD2184 and [(3)H]PIB are mutually displaceable, [(3)H]AZD2184 displays a higher signal-to-background ratio primarily by virtue of lower background binding levels. The ratio of binding ability in prefrontal cortex (high plaque load) to subcortical white matter (background) was 4.5 for [(3)H]AZD2184 and 0.8 for [(3)H]PIB at 1 nM. In adjacent cortical sections from APP/PS1 mouse as well as from AD cortical tissue, [(3)H]AZD2184 and antibodies to human beta-amyloid labeled identical structures. In vivo administration of [(3)H]AZD2184 to APP/PS1 mice further showed that [(3)H]AZD2184 labels amyloid deposits with low non-specific background binding. Taken together, the pre-clinical profile of AZD2184 in relation to the reference ligand PIB, suggests that (11)C-labeled AZD2184 is a potential radioligand for PET-visualization of beta-amyloid deposits in the living human brain.
Ubiquitination and Degradation of Homeodomain-interacting Protein Kinase 2 by WD40 Repeat/SOCS Box Protein WSB-1 (2007)

Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) is a member of the nuclear protein kinase family, which induces both p53- and CtBP-mediated apoptosis. Levels of HIPK2 were increased by UV irradiation and cisplatin treatment, thereby implying the degradation of HIPK2 in cells under normal conditions. Here, we indicate that HIPK2 is ubiquitinated and degraded by the WD40-repeat/SOCS box protein WSB-1, a process that is blocked under DNA damage conditions. Yeast two-hybrid screening was conducted to identify the proteins that interact with HIPK2. WSB-1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, was characterized as an HIPK2-interacting protein. The coexpression of WSB-1 resulted in the degradation of HIPK2 via its C-terminal region. Domain analysis of WSB-1 showed that WD40-repeats and the SOCS box were required for its interaction with and degradation of HIPK2, respectively. In support of the degradation of HIPK2 by WSB-1, HIPK2 was polyubiquitinated by WSB-1 in vitro and in vivo. The knockdown of endogenous WSB-1 with the expression of short hairpin RNA against WSB-1 increases the stability of endogenous HIPK2 and resulted in the accumulation of HIPK2. The ubiquitination and degradation of HIPK2 by WSB-1 was inhibited completely via the administration of DNA damage reagents, including Adriamycin and cisplatin. These findings effectively illustrate the regulatory mechanisms by which HIPK2 is maintained at a low level, by WSB-1 in cells under normal conditions, and stabilized by genotoxic stresses.
Repurposing endogenous type I CRISPR-Cas systems for programmable gene repression (2014)

CRISPR-Cas systems have shown tremendous promise as heterologous tools for genome editing and transcriptional regulation. Because these RNA-directed immune systems are found in most prokaryotes, an opportunity exists to harness the endogenous systems as convenient tools in these organisms. Here, we report that the Type I-E CRISPR-Cas system in Escherichia coli can be co-opted for programmable transcriptional repression. We found that deletion of the signature cas3 gene converted this immune system into a programmable gene regulator capable of reversible gene silencing of heterologous and endogenous genes. Targeting promoter regions yielded the strongest repression, whereas targeting coding regions showed consistent strand bias. Furthermore, multi-targeting CRISPR arrays could generate complex phenotypes. This strategy offers a simple approach to convert many endogenous Type I systems into transcriptional regulators, thereby expanding the available toolkit for CRISPR-mediated genetic control while creating new opportunities for genome-wide screens and pathway engineering.
Measurement in vitro of pulsatile arterial diameter using a helium-neon laser (1987)

A noncontacting in vitro measurement of pulsatile arterial diameter using a scanning optical micrometer is described. The major component of this system is a He-Ne laser whose beam scans the pulsating artery to be measured. The laser micrometer was integrated into a pulsatile perfusion apparatus that imposed various hemodynamic conditions on excised canine vessels. The laser system reliably tracked the pulsating arterial diameter at a particular longitudinal site as well as at various increments in the presence of an experimentally created stenosis. The He-Ne laser measured the radial motion of canine arteries and various vascular substitutes anastomosed in an end-to-end fashion. From these novel measurements, calculations were made of arterial compliance and bending stress, two biomechanical parameters that are implicated as potential causes of anastomotic intimal hyperplasia and graft failure. Although this device is inherently limited to in vitro use, it is a potentially useful instrument for vascular physiology and biophysics.
Endothelial cell-derived basic fibroblast growth factor: synthesis and deposition into subendothelial extracellular matrix. (1987)

Bovine aortic and corneal endothelial cells synthesize a growth factor that remains mostly cell-associated but can also be extracted from the subendothelial extracellular matrix (ECM) deposited by these cells. The endothelial cell-derived growth factors extracted from cell lysates and from the extracellular matrix appear to be structurally related to basic fibroblast growth factor by the criteria that they bind to heparin-Sepharose and are eluted at 1.4-1.6 M NaCl, have a molecular weight of about 18,400, cross-react with anti-basic fibroblast growth factor antibodies when analyzed by electrophoretic blotting and immunoprecipitation, and are potent mitogens for bovine aortic and capillary endothelial cells. It is suggested that endothelium can store growth factors capable of autocrine growth promotion in two ways: by sequestering growth factor within the cell and by incorporating it into the underlying extracellular matrix.
Cyanocarbon Chemistry. XI.1 Malononitrile Dimer (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCyanocarbon Chemistry. XI.1 Malononitrile DimerR. A. Carboni, D. D. Coffman, and E. G. HowardCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 11, 2838–2840Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01544a061https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01544a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views719Altmetric-Citations80LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fiber confocal reflectance microscope (FCRM) for in-vivo imaging (2001)

In-vivo imaging can be achieved with a coherent-fiber-bundle based confocal reflectance microscope. Such a microscope could provide the means to detect pre-cancerous lesions in the cervix by characterizing cells' nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. In this paper we present the design of such a fiber confocal reflectance microscope, with an emphasis on its optical sub-systems. The optical sub-systems consist of a commercially available microscope objective and custom designed telescope, scan lens, and coupling lens systems. The performance of the fiber confocal reflectance microscope was evaluated by imaging a resolution bar target and human cervical biopsy tissues. The results presented in this paper demonstrate a lateral resolution of 2 microm and axial resolution of 6 microm. The sensitivity of the system defined by the smallest refractive-index mismatch that can be detected is approximately Delta n 0.05.
Merozoite surface protein 1, immune evasion, and vaccines against asexual blood stage malaria. (1999)

There is an urgent need for a vaccine against malaria and proteins on the surface of the merozoite are good targets for development as vaccine candidates because they are exposed to antibody. However, it is possible that the parasite has evolved mechanisms to evade a protective immune response to these proteins. Merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) is a candidate for vaccine development and its C-terminal sequence is the target of protective antibody. MSP-1 is cleaved by proteases in two processing steps, the second step releases the bulk of the protein from the surface and goes to completion during successful red blood cell invasion. Antibodies binding to the C-terminus of Plasmodium falciparum MSP-1 can inhibit both the processing and erythrocyte invasion. Other antibodies that bind to either the C-terminal sequence or elsewhere in the molecule are 'blocking' antibodies, which on binding prevent the binding of the inhibitory antibodies. Blocking antibodies are a mechanism of immune evasion, which may be based on antigenic conservation rather than diversity. This mechanism has a number of implications for the study of protective immunity and the development of malaria vaccines, emphasising the need for appropriate functional assays and careful design of the antigen.
Xenotransplantation (1995)

Transplantation of organs across a species barrier has long been a dream of the transplantation community. Renewed interest in xenotransplantation has emerged due to the short supply of organs available for clinical transplantation. However, transplantation of solid organs across a species barrier has not matched the success of allogeneic combinations, even for closely related species. The rejection response to xenografts is vigorous and not adequately controlled by conventional immunosuppressive agents that control alloreactivity. This may suggest a different mechanism for xenoreactivity, or stronger histocompatibility antigen disparities. This article reviews the current clinical experience with xenografts, mechanisms of xenoreactivity, the induction of tolerance across species disparities, and recent models in which human tissue has been transplanted into other species as an in vivo model of the human immune system.
Relative persistence of AAV serotype 1 vector genomes in dystrophic muscle (2008)

The purpose of this study was to assess the behavior of pseudotyped recombinant adeno-associated virus type 1 (rAAV2/1) vector genomes in dystrophic skeletal muscle. A comparison was made between a therapeutic vector and a reporter vector by injecting the hindlimb in a mouse model of Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type 2D (LGMD-2D) prior to disease onset. We hypothesized that the therapeutic vector would establish long-term persistence through prevention of myofiber turnover. In contrast, the reporter vector genome copy number would diminish over time due to disease-associated muscle degradation. One day old alpha sarcoglycan knockout mice (sgca-/-) were injected with 1 x 10(11) vector genomes of rAAV2/1-tMCK-sgca in one hindlimb and the same dose of rAAV2/1-tMCK-LacZ in the contra lateral hindlimb. Newborn mice are tolerant of the foreign transgene allowing for long-term expression of both the marker and the therapeutic gene in the null background. At 2 time-points following vector administration, hindlimb muscles were harvested and analyzed for LacZ or sarcoglycan expression. Our data demonstrate prolonged vector genome persistence in skeletal muscle from the hindlimbs injected with the therapeutic transgene as compared to hindlimbs injected with the reporter gene. We observed loss of vector genomes in skeletal muscles that were there were not protected by the benefits of therapeutic gene transfer. In comparison, the therapeutic vector expressing sarcoglycan led to reduction or elimination of myofiber loss. Mitigating the membrane instability inherent in dystrophic muscle was able to prolong the life of individual myofibers.
Estimate the Call Duration Distribution Parameters in GSM System Based on K-L Divergence Method (2007)

This article analyses call duration probability density function and its parameters in GSM system. The sample data are obtained from an actual system, and the observed call duration is as long as 1800 seconds. K-L divergence method has been introduced to compare the goodness of candidate call duration probability density functions, and to estimate the parameters of three candidate probability density functions. Using these parameters, a day time hour performance of the GSM system is predicted. The comparison shows that lognormal distribution of call duration is more precise than exponential or Erlang distribution in the performance prediction in GSM system.
Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Their Differentiated Derivatives Are Less Susceptible to Immune Rejection Than Adult Cells (2005)

Differentiated cell types derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) may serve in the future to treat various human diseases. A crucial step toward their successful clinical application is to examine the immune response that might be launched against them after transplantation. We used two experimental platforms to examine the in vivo leukocyte response toward hESCs. First, immunocompetent and immunodeficient mouse strains were used to identify T cells as the major component that causes xenorejection of hESCs. Second, mice that were conditioned to carry peripheral blood leukocytes from human origin were used to test the human leukocyte alloresponse toward undifferentiated and differentiated hESCs. Using this model, we have detected only a minute immune response toward undifferentiated as well as differentiated hESCs over the course of 1 month, although control adult grafts were repeatedly infiltrated with lymphocytes and destroyed. Our data show that the cells evade immune destruction due to a low immunostimulatory potential. Nevertheless, a human cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone that was specifically prepared to recognize two hESC lines could lyse the cells after major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) induction. Although MHC-I levels in hESCs are sufficient for rejection by cytotoxic T cells, our data suggest that the immunostimulatory capacity of the cells is very low. Thus, immunosuppressive regimens for hESC-based therapeutics could be highly reduced compared with conventional organ transplantation because direct allorejection processes of hESCs and their derivatives are considerably weaker.
Plasma, platelet and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidases as risk factors in ischaemic heart disease in man (1992)

1. Plasma, platelet and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activities and serum lipid concentrations were measured in patients with ischaemic heart disease and matched control subjects. 2. Mean plasma and platelet glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly lower in the patients with ischaemic heart disease. Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activities and serum lipid concentrations were similar in patients with ischaemic heart disease and control subjects. 3. No correlations between plasma, platelet and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activities were observed. 4. The combination of plasma and platelet glutathione peroxidase activities provided an 86% discrimination between patients with ischaemic heart disease and matched control subjects. 5. Our data suggest that plasma and platelet glutathione peroxidases may be significant risk factors for ischaemic heart disease. Plasma glutathione peroxidase is a previously unrecognized risk factor.
Probing the Relationship between RNA-Stimulated ATPase and Helicase Activities of HCV NS3 Using 2‘-O-Methyl RNA Substrates (2000)

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protein contains an amino terminal protease (NS3 aa. 1-180) and a carboxyl terminal RNA helicase (NS3 aa. 181-631). NS3 functions as a heterodimer of NS3 and NS4A (NS3/4A). NS3 helicase, a nucleic acid stimulated ATPase, can unwind RNA, DNA, and RNA:DNA duplexes, provided that at least one strand of the duplex contains a single-stranded 3' overhang (this strand of the duplex is referred to as the 3' strand). We have used 2'-O-methyl RNA (MeRNA) substrates to study the mechanism of NS3 helicase activity and to probe the relationship between its helicase and RNA-stimulated ATPase activities. NS3/4A did not unwind double-stranded (ds) MeRNA. NS3/4A unwinds hybrid RNA:MeRNA duplex containing MeRNA as the 5' strand but not hybrid duplex containing MeRNA as the 3' strand. The helicase activity of NS3/4A was 50% inhibited by 40 nM single-stranded (ss) RNA but only 35% inhibited by 320 nM ss MeRNA. Double-stranded RNA was 17 times as effective as double-stranded MeRNA in inhibiting NS3/4A helicase activity, while the apparent affinity of NS3/4A for ds MeRNA differed from ds RNA by only 2.4-fold. However ss MeRNA stimulated NS3/4A ATPase activity similar to ss RNA. These results indicate that the helicase mechanism involves 3' to 5' procession of the NS3 helicase along the 3' strand and only weak association of the enzyme with the displaced 5' strand. Further, our findings show that maximum stimulation of NS3 ATPase activity by ss nucleic acid is not directly related to procession of the helicase along the 3' strand.
Chromium-51 Ethylenediaminetetraacetate for Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (1966)

Renal clearances of inulin and chromium-51 ethylenediaminetetraacetate were compared in sheep. In 41 clearance periods from five animals the mean clearance ratio of the chelate to inulin was 0.95 +/- 0.03 (S.D.). Part of the difference between the two sets of results may have been due to binding of the metal chelate by plasma protein since 1.5 to 2 percent of chromium-51 ethylenediaminetetraacetate in plasma could not be removed by dialysis.
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2006)

This review describes the mechanisms entailed in the leading cause of blindness in the United States.