gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Technological Constraints of Mass, Volume, Dynamic Power Range and Energy Capacity on the Viability of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (1989)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;For electric or hybrid automobile power plants to gain wide acceptance, they must have adequate performance characteristics. High powered gasoline engines are cheap, compact and reliable. Although they produce pollutants and are fundamentally mis-matched to the automobile's torque-speed characteristics for minimum fuel consumption, they are, nevertheless, formidable competitors to electric propulsion systems.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In urban traffic, almost 65% of a vehicle's propulsion energy is available for regeneration. An electric vehicle's battery is capable of reclaiming a significant portion of this energy if novel concepts, including optimum impedance matching of components are utilised. However, without power supplementation from a gasoline engine, it cannot produce the required performance. Therefore, until batteries with enhanced characteristics are readily available, hybrid power plants offer the only liquid fuel efficient alternative to ICEs.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper illustrates the application of techniques to enchance the viability of hybrid and electric vehicles.&lt;/div&gt;
Optimization of Passive Air Damping of MOEMS Vibration Sensors (2014)

We report on design rules for the passive air damping of laterally oscillating MOEMS [1]. They allow for a tailor made charac- teristic of the transfer function of a microsensor for a given field of application. Measurements in air at atmospheric pressure as well as in vacuum at a pressure of 10−4 to 10−1 mbar were accompanied by finite volume method computational fluid mechanics simulations using the open source software OpenFOAM®. These were combined with analytic models to identify and quantify the important parameters of the air damping of a micromachined vibration sensor with optical read-out. Our results prove that the desired damping can be achieved with high precision. This important fact can now be used to design a wide range of MOEMS with a well-defined quality factor Q, e.g. for resonant sensing (high Q, low frequency range) or vibration sensing (low Q, high frequency range).
Predictors, moderators, and mediators (correlates) of treatment outcome in major depressive disorder (2008)

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a prevalent illness that is frequently associated with significant disability, morbidity and mortality Despite the development and availability of numerous treatment options for MDD, studies have shown that antidepressant monotherapy yields only modest rates of response and remission. Clearly, there is an urgent need to develop more effective treatment strategies for patients with MDD. One possible approach towards the development of novel pharmacotherapeutic strategies for MDD involves identifying subpopulations of depressed patients who are more likely to experience the benefits of a given (existing) treatment versus placebo, or versus a second treatment. Attempts have been made to identify such "subpopulations", specifically by testing whether a given biological or clinical marker also serves as a moderator, mediator (correlate), or predictor of clinical improvement following the treatment of MDD with standard, first-line antidepressants. In the following article, we will attempt to summarize the literature focusing on several major areas ("leads") where preliminary evidence exists regarding clinical and biologic moderators, mediators, and predictors of symptom improvement in MDD. Such clinical leads will include the presence of hopelessness, anxious symptoms, or medical comorbidity. Biologic leads will include gene polymorphisms, brain metabolism, quantitative electroencephalography, loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials, and functional brain asymmetry.
PennyLane: Automatic differentiation of hybrid quantum-classical computations (2018)

PennyLane is a Python 3 software framework for differentiable programming of quantum computers. The library provides a unified architecture for near-term quantum computing devices, supporting both qubit and continuous-variable paradigms. PennyLane's core feature is the ability to compute gradients of variational quantum circuits in a way that is compatible with classical techniques such as backpropagation. PennyLane thus extends the automatic differentiation algorithms common in optimization and machine learning to include quantum and hybrid computations. A plugin system makes the framework compatible with any gate-based quantum simulator or hardware. We provide plugins for hardware providers including the Xanadu Cloud, Amazon Braket, and IBM Quantum, allowing PennyLane optimizations to be run on publicly accessible quantum devices. On the classical front, PennyLane interfaces with accelerated machine learning libraries such as TensorFlow, PyTorch, JAX, and Autograd. PennyLane can be used for the optimization of variational quantum eigensolvers, quantum approximate optimization, quantum machine learning models, and many other applications.
Camera calibration with distortion models and accuracy evaluation (1992)

A camera model that accounts for major sources of camera distortion, namely, radial, decentering, and thin prism distortions is presented. The proposed calibration procedure consists of two steps: (1) the calibration parameters are estimated using a closed-form solution based on a distribution-free camera model; and (2) the parameters estimated in the first step are improved iteratively through a nonlinear optimization, taking into account camera distortions. According to minimum variance estimation, the objective function to be minimized is the mean-square discrepancy between the observed image points and their inferred image projections computed with the estimated calibration parameters. The authors introduce a type of measure that can be used to directly evaluate the performance of calibration and compare calibrations among different systems. The validity and performance of the calibration procedure are tested with both synthetic data and real images taken by tele- and wide-angle lenses.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Investigating International Time Trends in the Incidence and Prevalence of Atopic Eczema 1990–2010: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies (2012)

The prevalence of atopic eczema has been found to have increased greatly in some parts of the world. Building on a systematic review of global disease trends in asthma, our objective was to study trends in incidence and prevalence of atopic eczema. Disease trends are important for health service planning and for generating hypotheses regarding the aetiology of chronic disorders. We conducted a systematic search for high quality reports of cohort, repeated cross-sectional and routine healthcare database-based studies in seven electronic databases. Studies were required to report on at least two measures of the incidence and/or prevalence of atopic eczema between 1990 and 2010 and needed to use comparable methods at all assessment points. We retrieved 2,464 citations, from which we included 69 reports. Assessing global trends was complicated by the use of a range of outcome measures across studies and possible changes in diagnostic criteria over time. Notwithstanding these difficulties, there was evidence suggesting that the prevalence of atopic eczema was increasing in Africa, eastern Asia, western Europe and parts of northern Europe (i.e. the UK). No clear trends were identified in other regions. There was inadequate study coverage worldwide, particularly for repeated measures of atopic eczema incidence. Further epidemiological work is needed to investigate trends in what is now one of the most common long-term disorders globally. A range of relevant measures of incidence and prevalence, careful use of definitions and description of diagnostic criteria, improved study design, more comprehensive reporting and appropriate interpretation of these data are all essential to ensure that this important field of epidemiological enquiry progresses in a scientifically robust manner.
Cytokine production by maternal lymphocytes during normal human pregnancy and in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (2000)

It has been proposed that successful pregnancy is a T helper 2-type phenomenon, and that T helper (Th)1-type reactivity is deleterious to pregnancy. The objective of this study was to compare the concentrations of Th1 and Th2 cytokines produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from women undergoing unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) with those produced during normal pregnancy at a similar gestational stage. The control group consisted of 24 women with a history of successful pregnancies and the abortion group comprised of 23 women with a history of unexplained RSA. Blood from the control group was obtained at the end of the first trimester as gestational age controls for the abortion group from whom blood was collected at the time of abortion. Phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood cell culture supernatants were analysed for concentrations of cytokines. Significantly higher concentrations of Th2 cytokines were produced by the first trimester normal group than by the RSA group, while significantly higher concentrations of Th1 cytokines were produced by the abortion group as compared to first trimester normal pregnancy, indicating a distinct Th2-bias in normal pregnancy and a Th1-bias in unexplained RSA.
Peptide Ligands to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Identified from Phage Display Libraries (1999)

We have used phage-displayed peptide libraries to identify novel ligands to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein gp120. Screening of libraries of random 12-mers, 7-mers, and cyclic 9-mers produced two families of gp120 binding peptides. Members of a family with the prototype sequence RINNIPWSEAMM (peptide 12p1) inhibit the interaction between gp120 and both four-domain soluble CD4 (4dCD4) and monoclonal antibody (MAb) 17b, a neutralizing antibody that covers the chemokine receptor binding surface on gp120. Peptide 12p1 inhibits the interaction of 4dCD4 with gp120 from three different HIV strains, implying that it binds to a conserved site on gp120. Members of a second family of peptides, with the prototype sequence TSPYEDWQTYLM (peptide 12p2), bind more weakly to gp120. They do not detectably affect its interaction with 4dCD4, but they enhance its binding to MAb 17b. A common sequence motif in the two peptide families and cross-competition for gp120 binding suggest that they have overlapping contacts. Their divergent effects on the affinity of gp120 for MAb 17b may indicate that their binding stabilizes distinct conformational states of gp120. The functional properties of 12p1 suggest that it might be a useful lead for the development of inhibitors of HIV entry.
Use of transvaginal ultrasonography to monitor the effects of tamoxifen on uterine leiomyoma size and ovarian cyst formation. (1998)

To evaluate the effects of tamoxifen on leiomyomas and ovarian cysts in postmenopausal breast cancer patients, uterine and leiomyoma volumes were monitored sonographically in 17 postmenopausal women receiving postoperative tamoxifen for breast cancer; patients were examined twice with a mean of 1.18 +/- 0.17 years between examinations. The mean increase in leiomyoma volume was 1.26 +/- 0.73 cm3. The mean myoma volume was significantly larger at follow-up evaluation than at initial ultrasonography (5.75 +/- 1.09 cm3 versus 4.36 +/- 0.817 cm3, respectively; Wilcoxon signed rank test, P = 0.0218). Six women developed new leiomyomas. Of the 21 leiomyomas initially detected, 13 increased, six decreased, and two were unchanged in volume. The mean increase in uterine volume was 17.45 +/- 8.49 cm3. Three patients had simple ovarian cysts at initial ultrasonographic examination, two of which remained unchanged in size, and the third resolved. Two patients had newly developed simple ovarian cysts. The increase in uterine and leiomyoma volumes with the development of new leiomyomas and the persistence or development of ovarian cysts in some patients support the existence of agonistic tamoxifen effects. Serial measurements of uterine and leiomyoma volumes and surveillance for ovarian cysts is recommended for tamoxifen users.
Manganese-Zinc Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles and Ferrofluids (2017)

The nanoparticles and ferrofluids of spinel ferrites are useful in bio-sensors, transducers, storage devices, optical devices, and so on. The Mn-Zn ferrite (MZF) is generalized soft spinel ferrite having high saturation magnetization at low applied magnetic field. This chapter covers the synthesis of nanoparticles of various sizes and compositions of Mn1-xZnx Fe2O4 with x = 0–1 by co-precipitation method. The structural and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles are discussed. The ferrofluids of superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic MZF nanoparticles were synthesized. The magneto-viscosity of ferrofluids with the dispersion of nanoparticles in different colloidal was studied. The Herschel-Bulkley model is applied to analyse the data for low viscosity ferrofluids.
Temperature-induced specific lipid desaturation in the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus vulcanus (1999)

Cyanobacteria desaturate fatty acids in the membrane lipids in response to decrease in temperature. We examined the changes in lipid and fatty acid composition in the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus vulcanus, which is characterized by an optimum growth temperature of 55°C. During temperature acclimation to 45°C or 35°C, the cells synthesized oleic acid at the expense of stearic acid in the membrane lipids. Unlike mesophilic cyanobacteria, S. vulcanus did not show any significant adaptive desaturation in the galactolipids monogalactosyl diacylglycerol and digalactosyl diacylglycerol, that comprise 50% and 30% of total membrane lipids, respectively. The major changes in fatty acid unsaturation were observed in the sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol.
How I treat CLL up front (2009)

Although chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains incurable, over the past decade there have been major advances in understanding the pathophysiology of CLL and in the treatment of this disease. This has led to greatly increased response rates and durations of response but not yet improved survival. Advances in the use of prognostic factors that identify patients at high risk for progression have led us to the question whether there is still a role for a "watch and wait" approach in asymptomatic high-risk patients or whether they should be treated earlier in their disease course. Questions remain, including, what is the optimal first-line treatment and its timing and is there any role of maintenance therapy or stem cell transplantation in this disease? CLL is a disease of the elderly and not all patients are eligible for aggressive up-front chemoimmunotherapy regimens, so what is the optimal treatment approach for more frail elderly patients? It is highly likely that our treatment approaches will continue to evolve as the results of ongoing clinical trials are released and that further improvements in the outcome of this disease will result from identification of therapies that target the underlying pathophysiology of CLL.
Management of psychiatric side effects associated with corticosteroids (2003)

Corticosteroids are given for a wide variety of inflammatory or immune response-related illnesses. Dose-dependent psychiatric symptoms, including mania, depression, cognitive impairment and occasionally psychosis, have been reported during corticosteroid therapy. As many patients require long-term therapy with corticosteroids, treatments for these symptoms are sometimes needed. One small controlled study suggested that lithium prevents psychiatric symptoms with corticosteroids. Case reports suggest the efficacy of several different anticonvulsants and antipsychotics. The anticonvulsant lamotrigine may be useful for depression and cognitive impairment associated with corticosteroid therapy. Literature on antidepressant use is mixed, with reports of symptom worsening with tricyclic antidepressants but improvement with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Larger controlled studies are needed to determine optimal treatment for the psychiatric side effects of corticosteroids.
Poverty and the Politics of Capitalism (1998)

1 Here’s a way to think about poverty. People who live in poverty do so because they have few opportunities to pull themselves up by their bootstraps. In fact the gap between rich and poor has increased in recent times due to the more wholesale adoption of capitalist practices around the world. The institutions of business and government conspire to give the poor a Hobson’s choice of minimal wage McJobs or unemployment. Neglect of both urban ghettoes and the rural poor has been systematic, if not conscious. The very idea of capitalism reinforces the notion that some are meant to be poor and some are meant to be rich. Such a system must be overridden at times by government to help the poor cope with their lot. The only solution is a massive redistribution of income and a system of capitalism that is severely restrained. All of this is at best highly unlikely. Even if there were such a redistribution policy we could not count on government to execute it fairly.
Formulation and Physiological Factors Influencing CNS Delivery upon Intranasal Administration (2006)

The treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders is particularly challenging because of a variety of formidable barriers to effective and persistent delivery of therapeutic compounds. This review discusses the potential of intranasal drug administration as a means to bypass a major barrier, the blood-brain barrier, and allow for direct delivery of drugs into the CNS. The article emphasizes physicochemical properties of intranasal drug formulations as well as relevant anatomical and physiological factors in intranasal delivery of drugs for CNS therapy. Published examples of intranasal administration of small molecular weight drugs, peptides and proteins, and novel formulations for delivering a broad spectrum of molecules are discussed. Finally, the article provides several strategies for effectively enhancing nose-to-brain transport of drug molecules through rational formulation design and optimization.
Magnetic control of Leidenfrost drops (2012)

We show how a magnetic field can influence the motion of a paramagnetic drop made of liquid oxygen in a Leidenfrost state on solids at room temperature. It is demonstrated that the trajectory can be modified in both direction and velocity and that the results can be interpreted in terms of classical mechanics as long as the drop does not get too close to the magnet. We study the deviation and report that it can easily overcome 180∘ and even diverge under certain conditions, leading to situations where a drop gets captured. In the vicinity of the magnet, another type of trapping is observed, due to the deformation of the drop in this region, which leads to a strong energy dissipation. Conversely, drops can be accelerated by moving magnets (slingshot effect).
Crystal Engineering: Strategies and Architectures (1997)

The area broadly described as crystal engineering is currently expanding at a brisk pace. Imaginative schemes for supramolecular synthesis, and correlations between molecular structure, crystal packing and physical properties are presented in the literature with increasing regularity. In practice, crystal engineering can be many different things; synthesis, statistical analysis of structural data, ab initio calculations etc . Consequently, we have been provided with a new playing field where chemists from traditionally unconnected parts of the spectrum have exchanged ideas, defined goals and made creative contributions to further progress not only in crystal engineering, but also in other disciplines of chemistry. Crystal engineering is delineated by the nature and structural consequences of intermolecular forces, and the way in which such interactions are utilized for controlling the assembly of molecular building blocks into infinite architectures. Although it is important to acknowledge that a crystal structure is the result of a subtle balance between a multitude of non-covalent forces, this article will focus on design strategies based upon the hydrogen bond and will present a range of approaches that have relied on the directionality and selectivity of such interactions in the synthesis of predictable one-, two- and three-dimensional motifs.
Selective restoration of male fertility in mice lacking angiotensin-converting enzymes by sperm-specific expression of the testicular isozyme. (1998)

Although angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has been studied primarily in the context of its role in blood pressure regulation, this widely distributed enzyme has many other physiological functions. The ACE gene encodes two isozymes. The somatic isozyme is expressed in many tissues, including vascular endothelial cells, renal epithelial cells, and testicular Leydig cells, whereas the testicular or germinal angiotensin-converting enzyme is expressed only in sperm. The ACE gene knockout mice lack both isozymes and they exhibit low blood pressure, kidney dysfunctions, and male infertility. Here, we report the use of a sperm-specific promoter and interbreeding of transgenic and gene knockout mice for generating a mouse strain that expressed ACE only in sperm. The experimental mice maintained the kidney defects of ACE-/- mice, but unlike the knockout strain, the males were fertile. Thus, we established that the role of ACE in male fertility is completely dependent on its exclusive expression in sperm. Our study clearly demonstrated how transgenic and knockout techniques can be combined for ascribing a specific physiological function to the expression of a multifunctional protein in a given tissue.
Magnetic brain activity phase‐locked to the envelope, the syllable onsets, and the fundamental frequency of a perceived speech signal (2011)

During speech perception, acoustic correlates of syllable structure and pitch periodicity are directly reflected in electrophysiological brain activity. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings were made while 10 participants listened to natural or formant-synthesized speech at moderately fast or ultrafast rate. Cross-correlation analysis was applied to show brain activity time-locked to the speech envelope, to an acoustic marker of syllable onsets, and to pitch periodicity. The envelope yielded a right-lateralized M100-like response, syllable onsets gave rise to M50/M100-like fields with an additional anterior M50 component, and pitch (ca. 100 Hz) elicited a neural resonance bound to a central auditory source at a latency of 30 ms. The strength of these MEG components showed differential effects of syllable rate and natural versus synthetic speech. Presumingly, such phase-locking mechanisms serve as neuronal triggers for the extraction of information-bearing elements.