gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DISTRIBUTION AND ELIMINATION OF PHOTOFRIN II IN MICE (1989)

Abstract— The distribution and elimination of [ 14 C]PH, the radioisotopically‐labeled equivalent of the mixture of porphyrins known as Photofrin II used in the photodynamic treatment of solid tumors, were determined in tumor‐free and SMT‐F tumor‐bearing DBA/2 Ha‐DD mice. Following i.p. injection, drug was absorbed from the peritoneum with a half‐life of about 1 h; elimination from plasma was rapid, declining about 1.4 logs in concentration over 48 h following i.v. administration. However, some [ 14 C]‐activity was still detectable after 75 days. Normal tissues take up the drug within about 7.5 h after administration, with peak concentrations distributed as follows: liver, adrenal gland, urinary bladder &gt; pancreas, kidney, spleen &gt; stomach, bone, lung, heart &gt; muscle &gt; brain. Only skeletal muscle, brain, and skin located contralaterally to subcutaneously implanted SMT‐F tumors had peak [ 14 C]‐activities lower than tumor tissue; skin overlying SMT‐F tumors showed concentrations not significantly different ( P &gt; 0.3) from tumor. After 75 days all tissues examined retained some fraction of [ 14 C]‐activity, ranging from 16% for kidney to 61% for spleen, of the initial peak tissue levels. The primary route of elimination of Photofrin II was through the bile‐gut pathway, with greater than 59% of the administered [ 14 C]‐activity recovered in the feces, and only about 6% in the urine, over 192 h. HPLC analyses of fecal extracts showed that mostly monomeric and other low molecular weight porphyrin components of Photofrin II were eliminated. The higher molecular weight oligomeric fractions of Photofrin II were retained in liver and spleen up to 14 days after injection.
Advances in microincision cataract surgery intraocular lenses (2006)

Cataract removal through sub-2.0 mm incision is possible with implantation of microincision cataract surgery intraocular lenses through the same undilated incision. The current technique allows cataract removal through 1.7 mm and the available microincision cataract surgery intraocular lenses showed optical quality and biocompatibility similar to conventional intraocular lenses.
The Effect of Chelating Agents on Cellular Iron Metabolism (1976)

1. The effect of iron chelators on iron uptake, ferritin and total protein synthesis was studied in cultured Chang cells. Desferrioxamine depressed ferritin synthesis and completely inhibited iron uptake by ferritin protein. Rhodotorulic acid reduced iron uptake by the cells but had little effect on ferritin synthesis. Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid produced complete inhibition of iron uptake and all protein synthesis. 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHB) had no effect in this system. 2. When 2,3-DHB was incubated with a liver homogenate, its subsequent addition to a Chang cell culture resulted in depression of ferritin synthesis, iron uptake into the protein and some depression of total protein synthesis. Pretreatment of rhodotorulic acid did not affect its properties. 3. Non-ferritin iron in the Chang cell cytosol was dialysable, available for binding to transferrin and formed chelates which appeared, on gel chromatography, to be of low molecular weight. Gel chromatography of cytosol after incubation of the cells with chelating agents showed non-ferritin iron to be in a similar form. 4. Loss of non-ferritin iron from the cells occurred only when the transferrin in the medium was unsaturated. In the presence of chelating agents non-ferritin iron was lost from the cells even when transferrin was 100% saturated. 5. The results confirm the presence of an intracellular labile iron pool which is available for chelation, and demonstration that different iron chelators have different metabolic effects.
Testosterone replacement therapy: current trends and future directions (2004)

Male hypogonadism is characterized by abnormally low serum testosterone levels associated with typical symptoms, including mood disturbance, sexual dysfunction, decreased muscle mass and strength, and decreased bone mineral density. By restoring serum testosterone levels to the normal range using testosterone replacement therapy, many of these symptoms can be relieved. For many years, injectable testosterone esters or surgically implanted testosterone pellets have been the preferred treatment for male hypogonadism. Recently, newer treatment modalities have been introduced, including transdermal patches and gels. The development of a mucoadhesive sustained-release buccal tablet is the latest innovation, which will provide patients with an additional option. The availability of new treatment modalities has helped to renew interest in the management of male hypogonadism, highlighting the need to address a number of important but previously neglected questions in testosterone replacement therapy. These include the risks and benefits of treatment in different patient populations (e.g. the elderly) and the need for evidence-based diagnosis and treatment monitoring guidelines. While some recommendations have been developed in individual countries, up-to-date, internationally accepted evidence-based guidelines that take into account national differences in clinical practice and healthcare delivery would optimize patient care universally.
Evidence of transmission of hepatitis D virus to spouses from sequence analysis of the viral genome (1995)

To study sexual transmission of hepatitis D virus (HDV), 52 spouses of 56 index patients were observed and HDV genomes from antibody to HDV (anti-HDV)-positive couples were sequenced. Of the spouses, 11 (21%) were serum HBsAg positive, 3 (27%) of whom were also anti-HDV positive. The HDV sequences between spouses were found to be nearly identical (98% to 98.8%) in the region analyzed (nt 911 to nt 1260). Only one couple showed an identity > 90% with the genotype I HDV strains. The HDV sequences of the remaining two couples showed > 95% identity with each other and > 91% homology with genotype II, but they shared only a 73.1% to 73.7% homology with those of the first couple. The regions corresponding to the autocatalytic cleavage sites, the junction between the middle and the carboxyl terminal one-third domains, and the middle domain of the open reading frame for delta antigen on the antigenomic HDV RNA were more conserved with < 19% divergence among the three couples. Interestingly, there was a 56% divergence in the region corresponding to the carboxyl end of the open reading frame for the large delta antigen on the antigenomic HDV RNA. In summary, this study provides a direct nucleotide evidence of a common source of HDV infection in each couple. Despite divergence in the viral nucleotide sequence, both genotypes I and II were found in Taiwan and were transmitted from patients with a history of prostitute contact to spouses through sexual contact.
A Dangerous Defect in a Heat and Moisture Exchanger (1989)

Staff Anesthesiologist, St. Jude Medical Center, Kenner, Louisiana, Staff Anesthesiologist, Veterans Administration Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana, 200 West Esplanade Avenue, Suite 304, Kenner, Louisiana 70065
Correlation of Oral Health Status and Salivary Antioxidant Capacity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2018)

Objective: Dental caries is considered as one of the major complication of diabetes mellitus. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) demonstrate evidence of oxidant–antioxidant imbalances in their biological fluids such as saliva. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation of oral health status and salivary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in T2DM. Materials and Methods: Fifty T2DM patients and 50 healthy subjects were selected as study sample. Oral examination to assess the dental caries experience was carried out according decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index. Unstimulated whole saliva specimens were collected in the morning. TAC of saliva was evaluated by spectrophotometric assay. Statistical analysis was performed using an independent two-sample t test and Pearson's correlation test, by SPSS 18. Results: The mean level of TAC in T2DM was lower than healthy people (P-value: 0.0001). The mean of DMFT scores in T2DM were significantly higher than non-diabetics (P-value: 0.0001). Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between TAC level and DMFT scores in both groups (P-value: 0.006). Conclusion: TAC of saliva could be a marker of dental caries activity among T2DM and healthy adults. Therefore, in order to decrease the risk of oxidative damage, it is recommended that T2DM patients take more natural antioxidant food.
Magnetic Polystyrene Nanoparticles with a High Magnetite Content Obtained by Miniemulsion Processes (2003)

Abstract The encapsulation of high amounts of magnetite into polystyrene particles can efficiently be achieved by a new three‐step preparation route including two miniemulsion processes. In the first step, a dispersion of oleic acid coated magnetite particles in octane is obtained. In the second step, magnetite aggregates in water are produced in a miniemulsion process by using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as surfactant. In the third step, the dispersion with the magnetite aggregates which are covered by an oleic acid/SDS bilayer were mixed with a monomer miniemulsion and a second miniemulsion process, an ad‐miniemulsification process, is used to obtain full encapsulation. After polymerization, polymer encapsulated magnetite aggregates were obtained. Characterization by thermogravimetry, preparative ultracentrifugation, and transmission electron microscopy showed that up to 40% magnetite could be encapsulated resulting in particles with a high homogeneity of the magnetite content. Magnetometry measurements reveal that the included iron oxide aggregates still consist of separated superparamagnetic magnetite particles. Transmission electron micrograph for magnetite polystyrene particles (Latex‐1). magnified image Transmission electron micrograph for magnetite polystyrene particles (Latex‐1).
Lipid peroxidation is enhanced in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and is associated with arterial and renal disease manifestations (2005)

In general, patients with SLE (particularly those with cardiovascular disease) had more oxidized epitopes on LDL compared with controls. Furthermore, aCL in these patients recognized epitopes generated during lipid peroxidation. Thus, "neo" self antigens on lipoproteins, generated during oxidation, are present in SLE and may be of importance for the development of premature cardiovascular disease and possibly also for other autoimmune phenomena observed in SLE.
Primary Structure of a Putative Receptor for a Ligand of the Insulin Family (1989)

Nucleotide sequence analysis of human and guinea pig genomic DNA encoding a new member of the insulin receptor (IR) family revealed that the predicted primary structure of this IR-related protein is as similar to the IR and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I receptor as the IR and IGF-IR are to each other. The conservation of this IR-related sequence among mammals and with the IR and IGF-IR suggests that this IR-related protein is a novel receptor for insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II, or an as yet unidentified peptide hormone or growth factor belonging to the insulin family.
Definition and functional analysis of the signal/anchor domain of the human respiratory syncytial virus glycoprotein G (1996)

The attachment protein G of human respiratory syncytial (RS) virus is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein. A secreted from of the G protein is also produced. To examine the two distinct hydrophobic regions in the N-terminal 63 amino acids of G protein for their role(s) in membrane insertion and anchoring, transport to the cell surface, and secretion, G proteins that contained point mutations or deletions were synthesized by cell-free transcription-translation and in cells by expression from recombinant vaccinia virus vectors. A mutant protein lacking the entire major hydrophobic region (amino acids 38-63) was not glycosylated, not expressed on the cell surface, and not secreted, because it was not inserted into membranes. In contrast, deletion of the minor hydrophobic region (amino acids 23-31) had no detectable effect on membrane insertion or anchoring. These data provided direct evidence that amino acids 38-63 were necessary for membrane insertion and contained the signal/anchor domain of RS virus G protein. Mutant proteins that lacked either the N-terminal or the C-terminal half of this 26 residue hydrophobic region were inserted into membranes and processed to maturity, showing that either half of this region was sufficient for membrane insertion. However, these two mutant proteins were secreted more abundantly than wild-type G protein. We propose that their truncated hydrophobic domains interacted with membranes in a way that mimicked the N-terminal signal sequence of naturally secreted proteins, allowing proteolytic cleavage of the mutant proteins.
A study of the humoral immune response to osteoarticular allografts in the sheep. (1974)

Production of antibody against major transplantation antigens has been studied in sheep receiving osteoarticular allografts at the knee joint. These investigations have shown that this type of allograft leads to the rapid production of serum antibodies in the recipient animal. It was found that a high proportion of the sheep used in these studies possessed antibodies before operation. A large number of the animals which possessed antibody against major transplantation antigens prior to operation developed a wide spectrum of antibodies after operation more rapidly than did those recipients who had no pre-existing antibody. A smaller number showed an increase in antibody spectrum which was comparable with non-sensitized recipients. An analysis of the patterns of antibody production was carried out in order to assess the possible benefits of reducing the bony component of the graft in lowering its immunogenicity. It was found that the thickness of bone carried by the graft was largely irrelevant and the immune response was initiated with only small amounts of bone. There is some evidence in this data that the surface area of bone is important in determining the pattern of the immune response.
Mutation of key residues of RPE65 abolishes its enzymatic role as isomerohydrolase in the visual cycle (2005)

RPE65 is essential for isomerization of vitamin A to the visual chromophore. Mutations in RPE65 cause early-onset blindness, and Rpe65-deficient mice lack 11-cis-retinal but overaccumulate alltrans-retinyl esters in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). RPE65 is proposed to be a substrate chaperone but may have an enzymatic role because it is closely related to carotenoid oxygenases. We hypothesize that, by analogy with other carotenoid oxygenases, the predicted iron-coordinating residues of RPE65 are essential for retinoid isomerization. To clarify RPE65's role in isomerization, we reconstituted a robust minimal visual cycle in 293-F cells. Only cells transfected with RPE65 constructs produced 11-cis-retinoids, but coexpression with lecithin:retinol acyltransferase was needed for high-level production. Accumulation was significant, amounting to >2 nmol of 11-cis-retinol per culture. Transfection with constructs harboring mutations in residues of RPE65 homologous to those required for interlinked enzymatic activity and iron coordination in related enzymes abolish this isomerization. Iron chelation also abolished isomerization activity. Mutating cysteines implicated in palmitoylation of RPE65 had generally little effect on isomerization activity. Mutations associated with Leber congenital amaurosis/early-onset blindness cause partial to total loss of isomerization activity in direct relation to their clinical effects. These findings establish a catalytic role, in conjunction with lecithin:retinol acyltransferase, for RPE65 in synthesis of 11-cis-retinol, and its identity as the isomerohydrolase.
Comparison of drought-sensitive tree-ring records from the Tien Shan of Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang (China) during the last six centuries (2017)

In this study, tree-ring width data of Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana) from the upper timberline of the Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan) were analyzed to investigate the effect of climate change. Growth–climate response analyses revealed that the tree rings of spruce at the upper timberline of the Tien Shan also can provide hydrometeorological (precipitation and streamflow) signals. Tree-ring records from both Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang exhibited similar tree-growth variability at both annual and decadal time scales during the common period 1457–2009. In Xinjiang and Kyrgyzstan, tree growth was reduced during the Little Ice Age (LIA); however, the timing and magnitude of LIA differ between the two regions. During 1470–1660, the two chronologies diverged, and this phenomenon is considered to be caused by a different response to the harsh climate of the LIA. In this study, the tree-ring width series from the upper tree line of the Tien Shan is negatively associated with temperature. As opposed to previous studies, the tree-ring width series from the upper timberline of the Tien Shan appears to respond well to hydrometeorological factors. Therefore, we highlight the need for more detailed ecophysiological response studies for spruce trees at the upper timberline of the Tien Shan, in particular, with regard to the role of water availability and temperature during the growth season.
Fault-tolerant real-time synchronous collaboration environment using WWW (2002)

Drastic advancements in the computer industry have brought about today's complicated and various computer technologies. In particular, two can be noticed with respect to the area of the computing environment. One is the technology which has enabled video-conferencing, which handles multimedia data on the Mbone, and the other is the World Wide Web (WWW), which provides an environment in which to easily locate various kinds of information that the user wants. The growing interest in video-conferencing has drawn researchers' attention to real-time synchronous collaboration environments. This paper presents the development of such a synchronous collaboration environment which can deal with multimedia data between multiple users in real time using WWW systems. The developed environment can be characterized by two features: the multiplication of transfer channels which support real-time multimedia data transfer, and fault tolerance. Multiplication of transfer channels amplifies the ability to transfer multimedia data, and fault tolerance gives reliability to users.
Improved Method for the Preparation of a Human Cell-based, Contact Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier (2013)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) comprises impermeable but adaptable brain capillaries which tightly control the brain environment. Failure of the BBB has been implied in the etiology of many brain pathologies, creating a need for development of human in vitro BBB models to assist in clinically-relevant research. Among the numerous BBB models thus far described, a static (without flow), contact BBB model, where astrocytes and brain endothelial cells (BECs) are cocultured on the opposite sides of a porous membrane, emerged as a simplified yet authentic system to simulate the BBB with high throughput screening capacity. Nevertheless the generation of such model presents few technical challenges. Here, we describe a protocol for preparation of a contact human BBB model utilizing a novel combination of primary human BECs and immortalized human astrocytes. Specifically, we detail an innovative method for cell-seeding on inverted inserts as well as specify insert staining techniques and exemplify how we use our model for BBB-related research.
Fluorescence endoscopy instrumentation for improved tissue characterization (1987)

An endoscopic instrument for normal optical inspection and simultaneous fluorescence characterization is described. The equipment is primarily intended for early cancer detection using characteristic fluorescence from the tumor-seeking agent hematoporphyrin derivative. A dimensionless ratio of two fluorescence intensities is monitored making the equipment insensitive to target distance and surface topography. A measurement example is given and possible improvements are discussed.
The Potential for Recruiting Immune Responses Toward Type 1 or Type 2 T Cell Help (1994)

The design of vaccine strategies in general, and those for malaria in particular, need to take into account the balance of T helper subsets (TH) they induce. The TH1 cells, which secrete interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 (IL-2), are associated with cell-mediated immunity (CMI), rather than humoral responses, and afford protection against intracellular infections, including those caused by parasites. In contrast, the TH2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10, elicit high titer antibody responses, provide poor CMI, and are often correlated with susceptibility to infection. Depending on the type of TH cell bias required, it is possible to manipulate the immune response to a protein/peptide by 1) using different adjuvants, 2) conjugating the protein to various carriers, 3) immunizing in the presence of cytokines, or 4) using alternative routes of administration. To apply these approaches to malarial vaccines, it is necessary to identify which stage(s) of the parasite to target and what type of TH cell bias is protective against that particular stage. We favor using carriers such as Brucella abortus, which focus the antigen on a specific particle and which can trigger a TH1 cell response.
Concise Synthesis of the Oxapentacyclic Core of Cortistatin A (2010)

A concise synthetic approach for constructing the oxapentacyclic framework of cortistatin A is described. The synthesis features a furan−oxyallyl [4 + 3] cycloaddition and double-intramolecular aldol reactions. In addition, an interesting core structure was obtained in 11 steps from furan by using our method.
Screening for Sleep-Disordered Breathing at Workplaces (2005)

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a condition of repetitive episodes of decreased or arrested respiratory airflow during sleep. Many workers over the world remain undiagnosed and untreated for SDB, and leaving themselves at the high risk for accidents and cardiovascular disease. Since, the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport distributed the sleep apnea syndrome manual together with sending an official notice to relevant bodies in all over Japan in March, 2003, employees and employers are expected to co-operate to prevent SDB-related accidents at work. We have conducted several surveys using the pulse-oximetry to detect SDB in working populations and found the high prevalence of SDB among workers in Japan, as many as in the US and EU countries. The proper use of the result from the screening for SDB seems to be beneficial both to workers and employers by maintaining occupational safety and by preventing future development of cardiovascular disease.
Peptide stapling techniques based on different macrocyclisation chemistries (2014)

Peptide stapling is a strategy for constraining short peptides typically in an alpha-helical conformation. Stapling is carried out by covalently linking the side-chains of two amino acids, thereby forming a peptide macrocycle. There is an expanding repertoire of stapling techniques based on different macrocyclisation chemistries. In this tutorial review, we categorise and analyse key examples of peptide stapling in terms of their synthesis and applicability to biological systems.
Adalimumab in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated chronic anterior uveitis (2007)

Adalimumab is a potential treatment option in JIA-associated uveitis, even in patients non-responsive to previous other anti-TNF therapy.