gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Some Results on Search Complexity vs Accuracy (1997)

This paper presents three different techniques applied in or developed during the 1996 Hub-4 broadcast news transcription task. First, an efficient shortest path graph search algorithm is applied to the word lattice created by Viterbi search, producing a globally optimum result. This reduces the word error rate by about 3-10% (relative), depending on the test set. The execution time is at or close to real time for most utterances. Second, a segmented N-best list generation algorithm is described for producing compact N-best lists for very long utterances. Finally, a temporal smoothing technique is compared to deleted interpolation. On one test set, temporal smoothing reduces the error rate by 3% for an 8% increase in search cost, while the latter improves by 6% for a 50% increase in search cost. 1. Introduction In this paper we describe the results of a number of search experiments on the 1996 Hub-4 development and evaluation test sets. We have also attempted to document issues that a...
Marketing on the Internet (1996)

Examines the impact of the Internet on the marketing aspects of businesses today. Looks at its future and how businesses can use its unlimited potential to their advantage. Concludes that the Internet has many risks associated with its use, but it has many benefits too.
Donepezil in Alzheimer&rsquo;s disease: an evidence-based review of its impact on clinical and economic outcomes (2006)

AChE inhibitors are the only agents recommended for the treatment of cognitive decline in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Donepezil is more effective than placebo and is well tolerated in improving the major symptoms of this disease. Improvements are usually modest, although stabilization of cognitive and functional symptoms with donepezil can also be considered an important clinical outcome. Donepezil may lessen caregiver burden. Donepezil may also be cost effective, especially when unpaid caregiver costs are considered. More data are required from randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up to confirm its cost effectiveness and impact on quality of life, disease progression, and time to institutionalization.
Statistical properties of dynamic speckles (1986)

The statistical properties of dynamic speckles produced by a moving diffuse object were reviewed by providing the space–time correlation function and the power spectrum of speckle-intensity fluctuation for five combined cases of both the optical configuration and the illumination light. In the optical configuration, three kinds of geometry (free-space, single-lens, and double-lens) were taken, and three kinds of illumination light (a Gaussian beam, a plane-wave beam, and a Gaussian Schell-model beam) were used. Consequently, it was shown that the cross-correlation function and the power spectrum are both Gaussian under some assumptions. From the dynamic properties, two types of speckle motion, boiling and translation, were also evaluated for various conditions of object motion, optical configuration, and illumination light.
Overexpression of Transforming Growth Factor α in Psoriatic Epidermis (1989)

Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) is produced by and required for the growth of epithelial cells and is angiogenic in vivo. Since epidermal hyperplasia and angiogenesis are hallmarks of psoriasis, TGF-alpha gene expression was analyzed in epidermal biopsies of normal and psoriatic skin. TGF-alpha messenger RNA and protein are much more abundant in lesional psoriatic epidermis than in normal-appearing skin of psoriatic patients or in normal epidermis. In contrast, messenger RNA levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), which inhibits epithelial cell growth, are not significantly different in normal, uninvolved, and lesional psoriatic epidermis. Thus, psoriatic epidermal hyperplasia may involve increased expression of a keratinocyte mitogen (TGF-alpha) rather than deficient expression of a growth inhibitor (TGF-beta 1).
Evaluation of D-methionine as a cytoprotectant in cisplatin treatment of an animal model for ovarian cancer. (2001)

Our results indicate that D-methionine provides cytoprotection against cisplatin toxicity without significant compromise of antitumor activity. All though D-methionine allowed for significant dose intensification of cisplatin above standard doses, there was no survival advantage noted in this group of animals. The indications for its use in the treatment of ovarian cancer remain to be determined.
Role of Calf RTH-1 Nuclease in Removal of 5‘-Ribonucleotides during Okazaki Fragment Processing (1996)

The role of the exonucleolytic activity of the calf 5' to 3' exo/endonuclease, a RAD2 homolog 1 (RTH-1) class nuclease, in lagging-strand DNA replication has been examined using model Okazaki fragment substrates. These substrates exemplify the situation in Okazaki fragment processing which occurs after the initiator RNA primer is cleaved off, and released intact, by calf RNase HI, leaving a single ribonucleotide at the 5' end of the RNA-DNA junction. This final RNA is then removed by the calf RTH-1 nuclease [Turchi et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 9803-9807]. The cleavage specificity of calf RTH-1 nuclease for different junction ribonucleotides was compared. These were removed without the usual requirement of calf RTH-1 for an immediately adjacent upstream primer. In most cases, the presence of an upstream DNA or RNA primer, separated from the monoribonucleotide-DNA segment by either a nick or a gap, reduced the efficiency of removal of the monoribonucleotide compared to the removal seen with no upstream primer. Substrates in which the monoribonucleotide-DNA segment had been replaced by an oligomer of the same sequence but consisting entirely of DNA also exhibited upstream primer inhibition. Results with various sequences indicated that the upstream primer is generally inhibitory for ribonucleotide removal but is sometimes neutral. For deoxynucleotide removal it could be stimulatory, neutral, or inhibitory. Possible reasons for the unexpected lack of upstream primer dependence have been explored. The ratio of RNase HI to RTH-1 was also shown to be critical for both enzymes to work together efficiently. These results suggest that regions of upstream primer inhibition within the genome may play a role in determining the mechanism by which mammalian Okazaki fragments are processed.
High-Resolution Melting Analysis (HRMA)-More than just sequence variant screening (2009)

Transition of the double-stranded DNA molecule to its two single strands, DNA denaturation or melting, has been used for many years to study DNA structure and composition. Recent technological advances have improved the potential of this technology, especially to detect variants in the DNA sequence. Sensitivity and specificity were increased significantly by the development of so-called saturating DNA dyes and by improvements in the instrumentation to measure the melting behavior (improved temperature precision combined with increased measurements per time unit and drop in temperature). Melt analysis using these new instruments has been designated high-resolution melting curve analysis (HRM or HRMA). Based on its ease of use, simplicity, flexibility, low cost, nondestructive nature, superb sensitivity, and specificity, HRMA is quickly becoming the tool of choice to screen patients for pathogenic variants. Here we will briefly discuss the latest developments in HRMA and review in particular other applications that have thus far received less attention, including presequence screening, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing, methylation analysis, quantification (copy number variants and mosaicism), an alternative to gel-electrophoresis and clone characterization. Together, these diverse applications make HRMA a multipurpose technology and a standard tool that should be present in any laboratory studying nucleic acids.
Thrombopoietin: the primary regulator of platelet production [see comments] (1995)

CONCEPT was advanced some 37 years ago, evidence for the existence of a humoral regulator of platelet production, first termed thrombopoietin (Tpo) by Kelemen et al,' accumulated very slowly. Initial studies in the 1960s and 1970s indicated that thrombocytopenia evokes characteristic marrow changes including increases in the number, size, ploidy, and maturation rate of megakaryocyte^.^" Platelet transfusion-induced thrombocytosis was associated with the opposite effects.* These findings were later confirmed with the availability of improved methods of assessing cellular DNA content and megakaryocyte maturation.'"' Ode11 et allz are generally acknowledged as providing the first description of a humoral substance in the sera of thrombocytopenic rats which induced thrombocytosis in recipient animals. Subsequent investigators have reported that thrombocytopenic serum also induces many of the marrow effects associated with thromb~cytopenia.'~"~ However, significant progress in the field awaited the development of reliable, albeit cumbersome, assays of Tpo activity.I7-*' Attempts to biochemically purify Tpo from plasma, serum, urine, and conditioned culture medium from various cell lines occupied much effort during the 1 9 8 0 ~. ~" ~~ Unfortunately, because of the complex nature of the starting material and difficulties associated with the use of an in vivo assay, these attempts failed to yield homogeneous protein adequate for protein sequencing and cDNA cloning, the official rite of passage for a hematopoietic growth factor. Furthermore, a number of cytokines were described in the late 1980s and early 1990s that possessed activity in various assays of megakaryocyte development.2943 During the past several years, many investigators suggested that a distinct, lineage-specific thrombopoietin may not exist.
p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutic Drugs for Neural Diseases (2011)

Mammalian p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated by various cellular stresses, as well as in response to inflammatory cytokines. In the central nervous systems (CNS), activation of the p38 MAPK pathway constitutes a key step in the development of several diseases, and the molecular mechanisms mediated by p38 MAPK signaling have been defined. Activation of this cascade releases pro-inflammatory cytokines that are known to be involved in cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), neuropathic pain and depression. In AD, stimulated p38 MAPK may trigger the hyperphosphorylation of a neural microtubule-associated protein, tau. In addition, we have recently revealed that activation of p38 MAPK signaling decreases dendritic spine number, which may be associated with memory impairment after epileptic seizures. Thus, p38 MAPK can serve as a target for novel drug development for neural diseases. p38 MAPK inhibitors have been studied extensively in both preclinical experiments and clinical trials for inflammatory diseases. New p38 MAPK inhibitors are now being tested in phase II clinical trials for neuropathic pain and depression. Here, we review current and possible future applications of p38 MAPK inhibitors as therapeutic agents in neural diseases.
Mitochondrial fission and cristae disruption increase the response of cell models of Huntington's disease to apoptotic stimuli (2010)

Huntington's disease (HD), a genetic neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the Huntingtin (Htt) protein, is accompanied by multiple mitochondrial alterations. Here, we show that mitochondrial fragmentation and cristae alterations characterize cellular models of HD and participate in their increased susceptibility to apoptosis. In HD cells, the increased basal activity of the phosphatase calcineurin dephosphorylates the pro-fission dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1), increasing its mitochondrial translocation and activation, and ultimately leading to fragmentation of the organelle. The fragmented HD mitochondria are characterized by cristae alterations that are aggravated by apoptotic stimulation. A genetic analysis indicates that correction of mitochondrial elongation is not sufficient to rescue the increased cytochrome c release and cell death observed in HD cells. Conversely, the increased apoptosis can be corrected by manoeuvres that prevent fission and cristae remodelling. In conclusion, the cristae remodelling of the fragmented HD mitochondria contributes to their hypersensitivity to apoptosis.
CD3-OFDM: a novel demodulation scheme for fixed and mobile receivers (1996)

This paper describes a novel channel estimation scheme identified as coded decision directed demodulation (CD3) for coherent demodulation of orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) signals making use of any constellation format [e.g., quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK), 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 64-QAM]. The structure of the CD3-OFDM demodulator is described, based on a new channel estimation loop exploiting the error correction capability of a forward error correction (FEC) decoder and frequency and time domain filtering to mitigate the effects of noise and residual errors. In contrast to the conventional coherent OFDM demodulation schemes, CD3-OFDM does not require the transmission of a comb of pilot tones for channel estimation and equalization, therefore yielding a significant improvement in spectrum efficiency (typically between 5-15%). The performance of the system with QPSK modulation is analyzed by computer simulations, on additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and frequency selective channels, under static and mobile reception conditions. For convolutional coding rate 1/2, the results indicate that CD3-OFDM allows one to achieve a very fast adaptation to the channel characteristics in a mobile environment (maximum tolerable Doppler shift of about 80 Hz for an OFDM symbol duration of 1 ms, as differential demodulation) and an E/sub b//N/sub 0/ performance similar to coherent demodulation (e.g., E/sub b//N/sub 0/=4.3 dB at bit-error rate (BER)=2/spl middot/10/sup -4/ on the AWGN channel). Therefore, CD3-OFDM can be suitable for digital sound and television broadcasting services over selective radio channels, addressed to fixed and vehicular receivers.
Successful storage of RBCs for 9 weeks in a new additive solution (2000)

Packed RBCs suspended in 200 mL of EAS 61 can be stored satisfactorily for 9 weeks. Longer RBC storage should reduce outdating, increase availability of transfusions in remote locations, and improve the efficiency of autologous donor programs.
Rapid Knowledge Base Development for Product Configuration Systems using the Unified Modeling Language (2002)

Knowledge-based product configuration systems play an important role in modern business strategies. These systems support the sales representative or the technical engineer to cope with the complexity of configurable products, the huge number of available variants, and different restrictions on allowed product constellations. Nowadays, typical knowledge-based configuration systems are not well integrated into standard software development processes but use proprietary knowledge representation formalisms which are not understandable for domain experts. In this chapter we show how the Unified Modeling Language (UML) can be applied as domain-oriented notation for the design of configuration knowledge bases. The provided modeling concepts can be used for comprehensible knowledge acquisition and are given precise semantics, such that an automatic translation to executable configuration knowledge bases is feasible. Following a discussion on these modeling concepts we show how their expressiveness can be enhanced by using the Object Constraint Language (OCL) and how the construction of complex configuration models can be supported.
Significance of Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Defining the Efficacy of Sperm Preparation Techniques (1988)

The mechanisms responsible for mediating the influence of sperm preparation protocols on human sperm function have been investigated. Techniques that involved the separation of motile spermatozoa prior to centrifugation were found to yield sperm suspensions of highest quality. If the spermatozoa were centrifuged prior to isolation of the motile cells, sperm function was impaired. The detrimental effects of centrifugation were associated with a sudden burst of reactive oxygen species production by a discrete subpopulation of cells (characterized by significantly diminished motility and fertilizing capacity) that could be separated from normal functional spermatozoa on Percoll gradients. If unfractionated sperm suspensions were subjected to centrifugation, the reactive oxygen species generated by this subpopulation impaired the functional competence of normal spermatozoa in the same suspension. Assessment of the ability of the antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene, and vitamin E, to curtail the peroxidative damage inflicted by such cells in response to centrifugation revealed a significant improvement of sperm function in the presence of vitamin E.
Acidic Extracellular pH Induces Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in Human Glioblastoma Cells via ERK1/2 MAPK Signaling Pathway (2002)

Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is associated with disease progression in human glioblastomas. We recently showed that VEGF promoter activity is inversely correlated with tumor extracellular pH (pH(o)) in vivo in the human glioma (U87 MG) xenografts. Here we show that substitution of the neutral culture medium (pH 7.3) with acidic pH medium (pH 6.6) up-regulates VEGF mRNA and protein production in human glioblastoma cells as reflected by Northern blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Functional analysis of the VEGF promoter reveals that the sequence between -961 bp and -683 bp upstream of the transcription start site is responsible for the transcriptional activation of the VEGF gene by acidic pH. This region contains the binding site for AP-1. Consequently, AP-1 luciferase reporter gene was activated by acidic pH. Gel-shift analysis confirmed that AP-1 DNA binding activity is induced under acidic pH. While investigating the upstream signaling pathways, we found that ERK1/2 MAPK is activated and translocates to the nucleus to activate Elk-1, and inhibition of the activation of ERK by specific inhibitors of MEK1 blocks the up-regulation of VEGF by low pH. Dominant negative forms of Ras and Raf abolished the activation of VEGF promoter by acidic pH. These results show that acidic pH activates Ras and the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway to enhance VEGF transcription via AP-1, leading to increased VEGF production.
Non-invasive spatio-temporal temperature estimation using diagnostic ultrasound (2002)

A method for non-invasively estimating tissue temperatures using 2D diagnostic ultrasound imaging arrays is presented in this paper. It is based on a linear relationship between the apparent speckle pattern displacements and temperature, as seen on acquired A-lines when the sample is heated by external heating fields. The proportionality constant between speckle displacement and temperature is determined by the differential change in the speed of sound due to temperature and the linear coefficient of thermal expansion of the material. Accurate estimation of the displacements and proportionality constant translates into accurate, calibrated, high-resolution (2 mm spatial, sub-/spl deg/C) noninvasive 2D spatio-temporal sample temperature estimates. The mathematical background of this method and experimental results are shown.
The CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A selectively increases monoaminergic neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex: implications for therapeutic actions (2003)

1. In order to explore potential therapeutic implications of cannabinoid antagonists, the effects of the prototypical cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A on monoamine efflux from the medial prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens of the rat were investigated by in vivo microdialysis. 2. SR141716A moderately increased serotonin efflux and concentrations of its metabolite 5-HIAA, both in the medial prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens, and increased norepinephrine, dopamine and their metabolites in the medial prefrontal cortex. In contrast, it had no effect on norepinephrine, dopamine and their metabolites in the nucleus accumbens. 3. At the same doses, SR141716A increased acetylcholine efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex, in agreement with previous studies; contrary to the effects in cortex, SR141716A had no effect on acetylcholine efflux in the nucleus accumbens. 4. The efficacy of SR141716A in the psychostimulant-induced hyperlocomotion and the forced swimming paradigms was also explored in mice. SR141716A attenuated phenylcyclidine- and d-amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion, without affecting locomotor activity when administered alone, and decreased immobility in the forced swimming test. 5. These results suggest that the cortical selectivity in the release of catecholamines, dopamine in particular, induced by the cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A, its procholinergic properties, together with its mild stimulatory effects on serotonin and norepinephrine efflux make similar compounds unique candidates for the treatment of psychosis, affective and cognitive disorders.
Analyzing Seismocardiogram Cycles to Identify the Respiratory Phases (2016)

The results obtained from this study can be employed to enhance the extraction of clinically valuable information such as systolic time intervals.
Gene Transfer of Programmed Death Ligand-1.Ig Prolongs Cardiac Allograft Survival (2006)

Localized PD-L1.Ig expression in donor hearts attenuates acute allograft rejection in a rat model. The effect is additive to that of a subtherapeutic regimen of CsA. These results suggest that targeting of PD-1 by gene therapy may inhibit acute cardiac allograft rejection in vivo.