gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Designing and implementing a fast crossbar scheduler (1999)

Crossbar switches frequently function as the internal switching fabric of high performance network switches and routers. However, for fairness and high utilization, a crossbar needs an intelligent, centralized scheduler. We describe the design and implementation of a scheduling algorithm for configuring crossbars in input queued switches that support virtual output queues and multiple priority levels of unicast and multicast traffic. We carried out this design for Stanford University's Tiny Tera prototype, a fast, label-swapping packet switch. Its scheduler, designed to configure a crossbar once every 51 ns, implements the ESLIP scheduling algorithm, which consists of multiple round-robin arbiters.
Anti-TNF therapy: past, present and future (2014)

While for a century therapeutics has been dominated by small molecules, i.e. organic chemicals of ~400Da absorbable via the gut, this is no longer the case. There are now a plethora of important medicines which are proteins and injectable, which have dramatically improved the therapy of many inflammatory diseases and of cancer. Most of these are monoclonal antibodies, some are receptor Ig Fc fusion proteins, others are cytokines or enzymes. The key to this new aspect of therapeutics has been the filling of unmet needs, and the consequent commercial success, which promoted further research and development. The first 'biologic' for a common disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), was a monoclonal antibody, infliximab, to human tumour necrosis factor (TNF). This was based on our work, which is described in this review, summarizing how TNF was defined as a good target in RA, how it was developed is described here, as well as future indications for anti-TNF and related agents. Biologics are now the fastest growing sector of therapeutics.
PI3K Pathway Activation Mediates Resistance to MEK Inhibitors in KRAS Mutant Cancers (2009)

The RAS pathway is one of the most frequently deregulated pathways in cancer. RAS signals through multiple effector pathways, including the RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)/ERK MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT signaling cascades. The oncogenic potential of these effector pathways is illustrated by the frequent occurrence of activating mutations in BRAF and PIK3CA as well as loss-of-function mutations in the tumor suppressor PTEN, a negative regulator of PI3K. Previous studies have found that whereas BRAF mutant cancers are highly sensitive to MEK inhibition, RAS mutant cancers exhibit a more variable response. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this heterogeneous response remain unclear. In this study, we show that PI3K pathway activation strongly influences the sensitivity of RAS mutant cells to MEK inhibitors. Activating mutations in PIK3CA reduce the sensitivity to MEK inhibition, whereas PTEN mutations seem to cause complete resistance. We further show that down-regulation of PIK3CA resensitizes cells with co-occurring KRAS and PIK3CA mutations to MEK inhibition. At the molecular level, the dual inhibition of both pathways seems to be required for complete inhibition of the downstream mammalian target of rapamycin effector pathway and results in the induction of cell death. Finally, we show that whereas inactivation of either the MEK or PI3K pathway leads to partial tumor growth inhibition, targeted inhibition of both pathways is required to achieve tumor stasis. Our study provides molecular insights that help explain the heterogeneous response of KRAS mutant cancers to MEK pathway inhibition and presents a strong rationale for the clinical testing of combination MEK and PI3K targeted therapies.
Properties of InP self-assembled quantum dots embedded in In0.49(AlxGa1−x)0.51P for visible light emitting laser applications grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (2002)

We have studied the properties of InP self-assembled quantum dots embedded in various In0.49(AlxGa1−x)0.51P matrix layers to optimize the growth condition of the quantum dots and structures for III-phosphide quantum-dot-based lasers operating in visible spectral regions. Self-assembled quantum dot-related structures are grown by low-pressure metalogranic chemical vapor deposition and characterized by atomic-force microscopy, high-resolution transmission-electron microscopy, and photoluminescence. High density (∼1010 cm−2) and conveniently sized (∼5×20 nm) quantum dots are produced by growth condition optimization. We find that the quantum-dot heterostructure with a In0.49(AlxGa1−x)0.51P matrix layer having the largest direct band gap produces the most efficient luminescence at room temperature. Laser structures are prepared using optimized growth conditions and matrix materials. Laser operation with lasing wavelengths λ=650–680 nm are demonstrated at 77 and 300 K by optical pumping.
Remarkable Stabilization of Self-Assembled Organogels by Polymerization (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTRemarkable Stabilization of Self-Assembled Organogels by PolymerizationMaaike de Loos, Jan van Esch, Iets Stokroos, Richard M. Kellogg, and Ben L. FeringaView Author Information Department of Organic and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands Laboratory for Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy University of Groningen Oostersingel 69, 9713 EZ Groningen, The Netherlands Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 51, 12675–12676Publication Date (Web):December 24, 1997Publication History Received18 August 1997Published online24 December 1997Published inissue 1 December 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja972899zhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja972899zrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1680Altmetric-Citations231LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Fibers,Irradiation,Polymerization,Solvents,Urea Get e-Alerts
WAM: an improved algorithm for modelling antibodies on the WEB (2000)

An improved antibody modelling algorithm has been developed which incorporates significant improvements to the earlier versions developed by Martin et al. (1989, 1991), Pedersen et al. (1992) and Rees et al. (1996) and known as AbM (Oxford Molecular). The new algorithm, WAM (for Web Antibody Modelling), has been launched as an online modelling service and is located at URL http://antibody.bath.ac.uk. Here we provide a summary only of the important features of WAM. Readers interested in further details are directed to the website, which gives extensive background information on the methods employed. A brief description of the rationale behind some of the newer methodology (specifically, the knowledge-based screens) is also given.
Coding for the Wyner-Ziv problem with turbo-like codes (2003)

This paper reports on a practical coding scheme for the Wyner-Ziv problem using scalar quantization followed by parallel concatenation of latin square based encoders and an iterative turbo decoder. The proposed scheme operates as close as 2.9 dB from the Wyner-Ziv rate-distortion curve.
Multicenter Comparison Trial of DNA Extraction Methods and PCR Assays for Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Endarterectomy Specimens (2001)

The reported rate of detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA within atherosclerotic lesions by PCR varies between 0 and 100%. In this study, identical sets of coded experimental atheroma samples (n = 15) and spiked controls (n = 5) were analyzed by 16 test methods in nine centers by means of PCR. The positive controls were correctly identified to levels of 1, 0.1, and 0.01 inclusion bodies of C. pneumoniae/ml of tissue homogenate by 16 (100%), 11 (69%), and 3 (19%) of the test methods, respectively. Three out of 16 negative controls (19%) were rated positive. Positivity rates for atheroma samples varied between 0 and 60% for the different test methods, with the maximum concordant result for positivity being only 25% for one carotid artery sample. There was no consistent pattern of positive results among the various laboratories, and there was no correlation between the detection rates and the sensitivity of the assay used.
Isolation of cytophatic strains of rotavirus from pigs. (1986)

Twenty-two rotavirus isolates were recovered from piglets suffering from diarrhea. The isolates readily propagated in MA-104 cell cultures where they induced typical cytopathic effects (CPE) and possessed the physicochemicals properties of the members of rotavirus genus, Family Reoviridae. The electron microscopy study, conducted in MA-104 infected cells, revealed virus particles which possessed the peculiar morphology of rotavirus. The isolates were neutralized by a reference porcine rotavirus antiserum: all were devoid of hemagglutinating activity for red cells of swine, cattle, sheep, rabbit, chicken and guinea pig.
Morphogenesis of Biomineral and Morphosynthesis of Biomimetic Forms (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMorphogenesis of Biomineral and Morphosynthesis of Biomimetic FormsGeoffrey A. OzinView Author Information Materials Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6 Cite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 1, 17–27Publication Date (Web):January 14, 1997Publication History Received31 January 1996Published online14 January 1997Published inissue 1 January 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar960021rhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ar960021rresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1130Altmetric-Citations198LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Chemical structure,Inorganic compounds,Morphology,Supramolecular structures and assemblies,Vesicles Get e-Alerts
Binding of human virus oncoproteins to hDlg/SAP97, a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor protein (1997)

The 9ORF1 gene encodes an adenovirus E4 region oncoprotein that requires a C-terminal region for transforming activity. Screening a lambdagt11 cDNA expression library with a 9ORF1 protein probe yielded a novel cellular PDZ domain-containing protein, 9BP-1, which binds to wild-type, but not a transformation-defective, C-terminal, mutant 9ORF1 protein. The fact that PDZ domains complex with specific sequences at the free C-terminal end of some proteins led to the recognition that the 9ORF1 C-terminal region contained such a consensus-binding motif. This discovery prompted investigations into whether the 9ORF1 protein associates with additional cellular proteins having PDZ domains. It was found that the 9ORF1 protein interacts directly, in vitro and in vivo, with the PDZ domain-containing protein hDlg/SAP97 (DLG), which is a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor protein and which also binds the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein. Of interest, in forming complexes, the 9ORF1 protein preferentially associated with the second PDZ domain of DLG, similar to adenomatous polyposis coli protein. Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax and most oncogenic human papillomavirus E6 oncoproteins also possessed PDZ domain-binding motifs at their C termini and, significantly, human T cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax and human papillomavirus 18 E6 proteins bound DLG in vitro. Considering the requirement of the 9ORF1 C-terminal region in transformation, these findings suggest that interactions with the cellular factor DLG may contribute to the tumorigenic potentials of several different human virus oncoproteins.
Leaf Senescence in a Nonyellowing Mutant of Festuca pratensis (1990)

In a mutant genotype of Festuca pratensis Huds., net degradation of a number of thylakoid membrane proteins during senescence is impaired. Previous studies have suggested that the highly hydrophobic intrinsic chlorophyll-binding proteins were the definitive subjects of the metabolic lesion. In the present study we find that cytochrome f, as determined by haem-staining, Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunogold electron microscopy, is also abnormally stable in the mutant. The structural feature common to all the proteins in the mutant so far recognized to be abnormally stable is possession of a tetrapyrrole prosthetic group. It is suggested that degradation of chlorophyll and haem may regulate degradation of the associated apoproteins, and hence has an important role to play in membrane protein turnover and in mobilisation of amino acids during chloroplast disassembly.
Circulating tumor cell clusters in the peripheral blood of colorectal cancer patients. (2001)

Using the methods presented, we could detect circulating colon cancer cells and cell clusters in colon carcinoma patients. Similar cellular structures were described previously only in rats. Present data prove that such structures are present in human colorectal cancer, too.
Induced sputum: time from expectoration to processing (2002)

One of the limitations in the use of induced sputum to measure indices of airway inflammation is the perceived need to process the sample within 2 h. Therefore, the authors investigated whether the processing of induced sputum could be delayed. Induced sputum samples obtained from asthmatic subjects (n=30) were examined. Each sample was stored at 4 degrees C. A portion was selected and processed within 2 h and the remaining expectorate (sputum plus saliva) was refrigerated. Later an equal amount was selected and processed at either 9 (n=15) or 18 (n=15) h. The sputum was examined for cell counts and viability, fluid-phase eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and fibrinogen. Repeatability of measurements was assessed by the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Measurements obtained at 9 h did not differ from those made at 2 h and the repeatability was excellent (ICC 0.88-0.99). However, by 18 h the median cell viability was reduced from 65.0% to 43.0% and the ICC was generally lower: 0.10 for total cell count, 0.24 for viability, 0.60 for neutrophils, 0.90 for eosinophils, 0.56 for macrophages, 0.76 for ECP, 0.82 for IL-8 and 0.84 for fibrinogen. The results indicate that when induced sputum from subjects with asthma is kept at 4 degrees C, examination of cell counts can be delayed for < or = 9 h and for the fluid-phase indices measured for < or = 18 h. Further investigation of this issue is required for spontaneous sputum, other airway diseases and other inflammatory markers.
Receptor cluster formation during activation by bacterial products (2003)

The recognition of bacterial products, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by the innate immune system lead to a strong pro-inflammatory response that can eventually lead to fatal sepsis syndrome in humans. Although CD14 and TLR4 have been identified as the key molecules involved in LPS-induced signal transduction, accumulating evidence indicates that multiple receptors are also involved. Our group has recently identified a cluster of receptors, involving heat-shock proteins 70 and 90, chemokine receptor 4 as well as growth differentiation factor 5, that are formed following LPS stimulation. In addition, we present data demonstrating that these molecules associate with TLR4 and accumulate in membrane microdomains following LPS ligation. Our results suggest that the entire bacterial recognition is based around the recruitment of multiple signalling molecules, in addition to CD14 and TLRs, within the lipid rafts. We propose that different combinational associations of receptors within activation clusters determine the different responses to a variety of bacterial stimuli.
Central neurotransmitter effects of organotin compounds: trials, tribulations and observations. (1984)

Administration of trimethyltin (TMT) or triethyltin (TET) compounds to rats during postnatal development has known behavioral and neuropathological consequences. By measuring the concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine, homovanillic acid, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine, and choline in different brain areas of TMT and TET-treated animals, an attempt was made to correlate these functional deficits with changes in CNS neurotransmitter alterations in vivo. TET had no effect on any of the substances measured whereas TMT significantly decreased gamma-aminobutyric acid and dopamine levels, but only in hippocampus and striatum, respectively. All other neurotransmitter substances measured were not affected. These findings illustrate the complexity inherent in attempting to use neurochemical techniques alone as an index of toxicity in the absence of specific defined hypotheses.
Parkin deletion causes cerebral and systemic amyloidosis in human mutated tau over-expressing mice (2008)

Deposition of proteins leading to amyloid takes place in some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. Mutations of tau and parkin proteins produce neurofibrillary abnormalities without deposition of amyloid. Here we report that mature, parkin null, over-expressing human mutated tau (PK(-/-)/Tau(VLW)) mice have altered behaviour and dopamine neurotransmission, tau pathology in brain and amyloid deposition in brain and peripheral organs. PK(-/-)/Tau(VLW) mice have abnormal behaviour and severe drop out of dopamine neurons in the ventral midbrain, up to 70%, at 12 months and abundant phosphorylated tau positive neuritic plaques, neuro-fibrillary tangles, astrogliosis, microgliosis and plaques of murine beta-amyloid in the hippocampus. PK(-/-)/Tau(VLW) mice have organomegaly of the liver, spleen and kidneys. The electron microscopy of the liver confirmed the presence of a fibrillary protein deposits with amyloid characteristics. There is also accumulation of mouse tau in hepatocytes. These mice have lower levels of CHIP-HSP70, involved in the proteosomal degradation of tau, increased oxidative stress, measured as depletion of glutathione which, added to lack of parkin, could trigger tau accumulation and amyloidogenesis. This model is the first that demonstrates beta-amyloid deposits caused by over-expression of tau and without modification of the amyloid precursor protein, presenilins or secretases. PK(-/-)/Tau(VLW) mice provide a link between the two proteins more important for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.
Bone Mineral Density Changes during the Menopause Transition in a Multiethnic Cohort of Women (2007)

Bone loss accelerates substantially in the late perimenopause and continues at a similar pace in the first postmenopausal years. Body weight is a major determinant of the rate of menopausal BMD loss, whereas ethnicity, per se, is not. Healthcare providers should consider this information when deciding when to screen women for osteoporosis.
Enumeration of antigen‐specific CD8+ T lymphocytes by single‐platform, HLA tetramer‐based flow cytometry: A European multicenter evaluation (2004)

The single-platform MHC tetramer-based method for antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell counting has been evaluated by a European group of laboratories and can be considered a reproducible assay for routine enumeration of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells.
Pharmacokinetics of Etomidate, a New Intravenous Anesthetic (1978)

Etomidate sulfate, 0.3 mg/kg, was administered intravenously to eight patients and venous blood samples were drawn at intervals for the subsequent 10 hours. Plasma etomidate was determined by mass fragmentography. Plasma concentrations were fitted to a triexponential equation consistent with a three-compartment open pharmacokinetic model. Mean (+/-SD) variables were: initial t1/2, 2.6 +/- 1.3 min; intermediate t1/2, 28.7 +/- 14.0 min; apparent elimination t1/2, 4.6 +/- 2.6 hours; volume of the central compartment, 23.2 +/- 11.41; total apparent volume of distribution, 4.5 +/- 2.21/kg; fraction of drug in the central compartment, 7 per cent; total plasma clearance, 860 +/- 230 ml/min. Total blood clearance was estimated to be 754 ml/min and hepatic clearance, 739 ml/min. The large apparent volume of distribution indicates considerable tissue uptake. The hepatic clearance, being about 50 per cent of hepatic blood flow, indicates that changes in hepatic blood flow or hepatic metabolism will have only moderate effects on etomidate disposition.
Characterization of a polyisoprenoid compound functional in O-antigen biosynthesis. (1967)

Micro-nano plastics originating from the prevalent usage of plastics have raised increasingly alarming concerns worldwide. However, there remains a fundamental knowledge gap in nanoplastics because of the lack of effective analytical ...Plastics are now omnipresent in our daily lives. The existence of microplastics (1 µm to 5 mm in length) and possibly even nanoplastics (<1 μm) has recently raised health concerns. In particular, nanoplastics are believed to be more toxic since their ...
How slow is one gigabit per second? (1989)

At first blush, one would expect that increasing data network transfer rates by two orders of magnitude (from the ubiquitous 10 Mbit speed of today's LANs to the greater than 1 gigabit-per-second speeds we expect of networks in the early 1990s) would severely impact our choice of network protocols and architectures. This report presents the strawman argument that, in fact, moving to one-gigabit data rates presents surprisingly few problems.