gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic revertants of temperature-sensitive M protein mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus: sequence analysis and functional characterization (1987)

Twenty-five spontaneous temperature-stable revertants of four different temperature-sensitive (ts) M protein mutants (complementation group III: tsG31, tsG33, tsO23, and tsO89) were sequenced and tested for their ability to inhibit vesicular stomatitis virus RNA polymerase activity in vitro. Consensus sequences of the coding region of each M protein gene were determined, using total viral RNA as template. Fifteen different sequences were found among the 25 revertants; 14 differed from their ts parent by a single amino acid (one nucleotide), and 1 differed by two amino acids (two nucleotides). Amino acids were altered in various positions between residues 64 and 215, representing over 60% of the polypeptide chain. Resequencing of the Glasgow and Orsay wild types and the four ts mutants confirmed previously published differences (Y. Gopalakrishana and J. Lenard, J. Virol., 56:655-659, 1985), and one or two additional differences were found in each. The relative charges of the revertant M proteins, as determined by nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis, were consistent with the deduced sequences in every case. The ability of each revertant M protein to inhibit the RNA polymerase activity of nucleocapsids prepared from its parent ts mutant was also tested. Only 13 of the 25 revertants had M protein with high (wild type-like) polymerase-inhibiting activity, while 5 had low (ts-like) activity, and 7 had intermediate activity, demonstrating that this property is not an essential concomitant of the temperature-stable phenotype. It is concluded that the high reversion frequency observed for these mutants arises from a very high incidence of pseudoreversion, i.e., many different molecular changes can repair the ts phenotype.
Classifying Sentences as Speech Acts in Message Board Posts (2011)

This research studies the text genre of message board forums, which contain a mixture of expository sentences that present factual information and conversational sentences that include communicative acts between the writer and readers. Our goal is to create sentence classifiers that can identify whether a sentence contains a speech act, and can recognize sentences containing four different speech act classes: Commissives, Directives, Expressives, and Representatives. We conduct experiments using a wide variety of features, including lexical and syntactic features, speech act word lists from external resources, and domain-specific semantic class features. We evaluate our results on a collection of message board posts in the domain of veterinary medicine. 1
Regression of Atherosclerosis in Female Monkeys (1995)

The objective of this study was to determine the structural and functional changes that occur in the artery wall in response to plasma lipid lowering and hormone replacement in surgically postmenopausal monkeys with established coronary artery atherosclerosis. Eighty-eight surgically postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys were fed an atherogenic diet for 24 months and were then allocated into 4 groups: group 1 (n = 20), a baseline necropsy group; group 2 (n = 25), a lipid-lowering diet only; group 3 (n = 22), lipid lowering plus conjugated equine estrogen treatment equivalent to 0.625 mg/d for a woman; and group 4 (n = 21), lipid lowering plus conjugated equine estrogen and medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment (equivalent to 2.5 mg/d for a woman). Treatment was for 30 months. Histomorphometric analysis of perfusion-fixed coronary arteries revealed that plaque size did not change significantly in any of the groups compared with group 1 (P > .20). Plasma lipid lowering permitted coronary artery remodeling to occur (coronary artery and lumen size doubled compared with group 1) (P < .05); however, hormone therapy did not augment remodeling. Quantitative angiographic analysis of coronary artery reactivity revealed that lipid lowering improved dilator responses to acetylcholine by 22 +/- 4% (P = .01) but not to nitroglycerin (P = .23). Hormone replacement did not further affect vascular reactivity to the agonists tested (P > .4), but addition of medroxyprogesterone acetate diminished the beneficial effects of conjugated estrogens on coronary flow reserve (P = .03). In summary, the major arterial sequelae of lipid lowering in female monkeys were artery and lumen enlargement and improved reactivity of large epicardial coronary arteries. Addition of hormone replacement to the dietary modification did not further augment these improvements, except for the dilator capacity of the coronary microcirculation.
Light-scattering technique for the study of orientation and deformation of red blood cells in a concentrated suspension (1994)

The backscattered and transmitted diagrams of He-Ne laser light illuminating a concentrated suspension of red blood cells (RBC's) are investigated. The shapes of these diagrams are closely related to the state of the suspension (at rest or submitted to a simple shear flow) and to the parameters that govern the non-Newtonian behavior of the blood suspension (such as the viscosity of the suspending medium and the volume concentration of the cells). An asymmetry in the backscattering diagram, which is absent on transmitted diagrams, is observed when the suspension is in a simple shear flow. This asymmetry is related to the deformation and orientation of the RBC's. The propagation of light through the suspension is modeled and a set of Monte Carlo simulations is performed to substantiate the inference that the relative variation of the backscattered flux is proportional to the gradients of deformation of the RBC's, and that such gradients must be known in order to apply a rheological model describing the non-Newtonian behavior of RBC membranes.
A simple high efficiency Cherenkov counter (1994)

We have developed a threshold Cherenkov counter using a liquid radiator and a simple array of mirrors for light collection. The index of refraction of the fluorochemical radiator is 1.282 (at 400 nm). This is significantly less than that of water (1.33) and thus provides for a higher /spl beta/ threshold. Our device also doubles as a differential Cherenkov counter. It can detect and distinguish particles several centimeters off the optical axis. The counter has been built, tested, and used successfully in several heavy ion experiments /spl lsqb/1/spl rsqb/, /spl lsqb/2/spl rsqb/. The optical system is designed for maximal pion detection efficiency at a momentum of 1 GeV/c. The counter has a high pion detection efficiency over a wide range of momenta. It produces pulse height distributions that allow resolution of pions from kaons and other heavy charged particles at 1 GeV/c with high efficiency. Pulse height spectra were obtained and detection efficiencies were measured for pions of various momenta between 100 MeV/c and 1 GeV/c. These measurements agree well with Monte Carlo simulations. In heavy ion experiments, this counter was used as an extremely effective pion veto. It yielded a pion rejection to pion acceptance ratio of 10/sup 4/. The design is one that was easily, quickly, and inexpensively constructed. It enabled the experimenter to build a liquid (differential or threshold) Cherenkov counter with a higher /spl beta/ threshold than that of water and lower than that of Aerogel. There are very few materials that can be used for Cherenkov counter construction with /spl beta/ thresholds in this velocity region.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Endothelin-1 acts as a survival factor in ovarian carcinoma cells (2002)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the sensitivity of ovarian carcinoma to paclitaxel, one of the most common drugs used for the management of this tumour histotype. ET-1 is a powerful mitogenic peptide produced by ovarian carcinomas and it acts as an autocrine growth factor, selectively through ET(A) receptor (ET(A)R), which is predominantly expressed in this tumour. OVCA 433 and HEY, two ovarian carcinoma cell lines, which produce elevated amounts of ET-1 and express abundantly high-affinity ET(A)Rs, were used. As demonstrated by sub-G(1) peak in DNA content histograms and terminal transferase deoxytidyl uridine end labelling assay, we found that paclitaxel induces cytotoxic effect through the activation of apoptosis in both cell lines. When the treatment with paclitaxel was performed in association with ET-1, paclitaxel-induced apoptosis was inhibited. In order to evaluate which ET-1 receptor mediated the effect of ET-1 on protection from paclitaxel-induced apoptosis, we performed experiments using two selective antagonists for ET(A)R (BQ-123) and for ET(B)R (BQ-788). We showed that ET(A)R blockade inhibits the ET-1-induced survival activity against paclitaxel-mediated apoptosis. However, no effect was observed on blocking ET(B)R with BQ-788. Our results establish a novel role for ET-1 in determining survival of ovarian carcinoma cells and suggest that pharmacological ET(A)R blockade using a specific ET(A)R antagonist may provide a novel approach to the treatment of ovarian carcinoma in combination therapy.
Molecular cloning of complementary DNA to swine pepsinogen mRNA. (1981)

Poly(A)-containing RNA was isolated from total RNA of swine gastric mucosa by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography, and was translated in a wheat germ cell-free system. Analysis of the translation products by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that pepsinogen was a major translation product and was synthesized as two different molecular forms with apparent molecular weights of 45,000 and 43,000. The pepsinogen translated in the in vitro translation system had no autocatalytic activity. The pepsinogen mRNA was further purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, where the mRNA activity for pepsinogen was located around 15 S. At this stage, the translation product of the pooled fractions appeared to be almost exclusively pepsinogen. The peptide maps of the pepsinogen which was translated in vitro and digested by alpha-chymotrypsin and by Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease were nearly identical with the corresponding peptide maps of standard pepsinogen. The double-stranded complementary DNA which had been synthesized from the partially purified mRNA by avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase was cloned in Escherichia coli chi 1776, using plasmid pBR322 as a cloning vector. A colony carrying pepsinogen cDNA sequence was identified by in situ colony hybridization using the cDNA synthesized from the partially purified mRNA as a probe and further by a positive hybridization-translation assay. One of the recombinant clones (pSPcA1) had an insert of about 850 base pairs, and the nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that pSPcA1 codes for swine pepsinogen.
NUB1, a NEDD8-interacting Protein, Is Induced by Interferon and Down-regulates the NEDD8 Expression (2001)

NEDD8, a ubiquitin-like protein, covalently conjugates to cullin family members. It appears to control vital biological events through its conjugation to cullins. To study how this conjugation pathway is regulated, we performed yeast two-hybrid screening by using NEDD8 as a bait and isolated a cDNA fragment encoding a potent down-regulator of the NEDD8 expression. Here, we report this novel regulator, NUB1 (NEDD8 Ultimate Buster-1). NUB1 is composed of 601 residues with a calculated 69.1-kDa molecular mass. It is an interferon-inducible protein and predominantly localized in the nucleus. The NUB1 message is specifically expressed in adult human testis, ovary, heart, and skeletal muscle tissues and is developmentally down-regulated in mouse embryos. In biochemical analysis, we found that NUB1 overexpression leads to severe reduction of NEDD8 monomer and NEDD8 conjugates in cells. This reduction is not due to down-regulation of NEDD8 transcription, but due to post-transcriptional mechanism. As expected from this activity, overexpression of NUB1 had a profound growth-inhibitory effect on U2OS cells. Thus, NUB1 is a strong down-regulator of the NEDD8 expression and appears to play critical roles in regulating biological events, including cell growth.
Articular cartilage and changes in Arthritis: Cell biology of osteoarthritis (2001)

The reaction patterns of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis can be summarized in five categories: (1) proliferation and cell death (apoptosis); changes in (2) synthetic activity and (3) degradation; (4) phenotypic modulation of the articular chondrocytes; and (5) formation of osteophytes. In osteoarthritis, the primary responses are reinitiation of synthesis of cartilage macromolecules, the initiation of synthesis of types IIA and III procollagens as markers of a more primitive phenotype, and synthesis of active proteolytic enzymes. Reversion to a fibroblast-like phenotype, known as "dedifferentiation", does not appear to be an important component. Proliferation plays a role in forming characteristic chondrocyte clusters near the surface, while apoptosis probably occurs primarily in the calcified cartilage.
Aqueous alteration of potassium-bearing aluminosilicate minerals: from mechanism to processing (2015)

Potassium-bearing framework aluminosilicates are earth-abundant and globally available raw materials that are potential sources of potassium or aluminium. The physical chemistry of aqueous alteration of the corresponding minerals is discussed in this work, in the framework of green chemistry and engineering.
Structural characterization of the maytansinoid–monoclonal antibody immunoconjugate, huN901–DM1, by mass spectrometry (2005)

Immunoconjugates are being explored as novel cancer therapies with the promise of target-specific drug delivery. The immunoconjugate, huN901-DM1, composed of the humanized monoclonal IgG1 antibody, huN901, and the maytansinoid drug, DM1, is being tested in clinical trials to treat small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). huN901-DM1 contains an average of three to four DM1 drug molecules per huN901 antibody molecule. The drug molecules are linked to huN901 through random modification of huN901 at epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues, thus yielding a heterogeneous population of conjugate species. We studied the drug distribution profile of huN901-DM1 by electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry(ESI-TOFMS), which showed that one to six DM1 drug molecules were attached to an antibody molecule. Both light and heavy chains contained linked drugs. The conjugation sites in both chains were determined by peptide mapping using trypsin and Asp-N protease digestion. Trypsin digestion identified modified lysine residues, since these residues were no longer susceptible to enzymatic cleavage after conjugation with the drug. With respect to Asp-N digestion, modified peptides were identified by observing a mass increase corresponding to the modification. The two digestion methods provided consistent results, leading to the identification of 20 modified lysine residues in both light and heavy chains. Each lysine residue was only partially modified. No conjugation sites were found in complementarity determining regions (CDRs). Using structural models of human IgG1, it was found that modified lysine residues were on the surface in areas of structural flexibility and had large solvent accessibility.
Carboxylation of alkynylsilanes with carbon dioxide mediated by cesium fluoride in DMSO (2013)

The facile syntheses of a variety functionalized propiolic acids were achieved by carboxylation of alkynylsilanes with carbon dioxide mediated by cesium fluoride under ambient conditions.
Irinotecan: A New Antineoplastic Agent for the Management of Colorectal Cancer (1998)

Irinotecan is a useful addition to the antineoplastic drug family and offers significant efficacy for treatment of patients with fluorouracil-refractory colorectal cancer.
Phytotoxicity of Fumonisin B1on Weed and Crop Species (1992)

Fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ) sprayed on intact jimsonweed plants at 10 to 200 μg ml –1 caused chlorosis and necrosis on three- to four-leaf plants and reduced their height and biomass. Excised leaves of jimsonweed were necrotic on both surfaces after treatment with FB 1 at 10 to 200 μg ml –1 . The degree of damage increased with the concentration of FB 1 . The minimum amount of FB 1 that damaged excised leaves was 0.05 μg. The symptoms of toxicity on sensitive plants varied with concentration of FB 1 . Symptoms observed included: chlorosis (creeping cucumber), necrosis (jimsonweed and common sunflower), black leaf lesions (sicklepod), curl of tissues (soybean), stunting, defoliation (hemp sesbania and northern jointvetch), and death (prickly sida, spurred anoda, northern jointvetch, and jimsonweed). Monocots (barley, bermudagrass, corn, johnsongrass, rice, sorghum, and wheat) were not visibly affected by FB 1 . This is the first evidence of the phytotoxic properties of fumonisin B 1 against a wide variety of weeds and crop cultivars.
Beyond "from" and "received" (2005)

Email triage is the process of going through unhandled email and deciding what to do with it. Email triage can quickly become a serious problem for users as the amount of unhandled email grows. We investigate the problem of email triage by presenting interview and survey results that articulate user needs. The results suggest the need for email user interfaces to provide additional socially salient information in order to bring important emails to the forefront.
Roles of Estradiol and Progesterone in Eliciting the Midcycle Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Surges* (1979)

The positive feedback effects of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) on LH and FSH release were studied under novel experimental conditions in three women of reproductive age who had undergone oophorectomy and received uninterupted E2 replacement by subdermal implants. Basal serum E2 levels were in the midfollicular phase range, while LH and FSH levels were normal or slightly elevated. Each volunteer underwent seven experiments at 2- to 4-week intervals, receiving im injections of increasing amounts of estradiol benzoate (E2B) alone and in combination with P. The time and dose of P (administered via P-impregnated polysiloxane intravaginal rings) were varied. In two of the seven experiments, P was given without E2B injections. In all three subjects, increasing serum E2 levels mimicking the preovulatory E2 peak were followed by a surge of LH but not of FSH. However, when serum P levels rose after an increase in serum E2 concentrations had occurred, the LH surge occurred earlier and was accompanied by an FSH peak. When serum P levels rose before serum E2 concentrations had risen or when P levels increased without a rise in serum E2, neither a serum LH nor FSH peak was observed. When administered concomitantly, E2B and P suppressed FSH but not LH levels, while P alone did not affect serum LH or FSH concentrations. These data indicate that an acute rise in serum E2 is a necessary condition for the midcycle LH and FSH surges, that P facilitates or blocks the positive feedback response of gonadotropin release in a time-dependent manner, and that P is required for the preovulatory FSH peak.
Characterization of four novel ϵ chain mRNA and a comparative analysis of genes for immunoglobulin E in rodents and man (1993)

The nucleotide sequence of the 3' region of the epsilon chain gene for human IgE is presented. A comparison of the entire region from 5' of exon C1 to the M2 exon of the mouse, rat and human epsilon chain genes shows that the overall structure of the epsilon chain gene have changed only minimally during the 60-70 million years of evolutionary separation between rodents and man. We have previously shown that a number of rearrangements larger than 10 bp have relatively recently occurred in the C4/M1 intron of the rat or the mouse epsilon chain genes. A majority of these rearrangements were found within or in close proximity to repetitive sequences of Z-DNA-forming potential (CA dinucleotide repeats). The C4/M1 intron has evolved very rapidly, to such an extent that no apparent homology can be detected between rodents and man. Only remnants of the repetitive sequences are present in man, supporting the theory that repetitive sequences having Z-DNA-forming properties may play a role in the evolution of the eucaryote genome by promoting recombinations, leading to a rapid evolutionary drift of sequences in close proximity to these repeats. We report here the characterization of the membrane domains of human IgE and four novel mRNA transcribed from the human epsilon chain locus. The primary structures have been determined by polymerase chain reaction cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis. All five mRNA contain the C3 domain and the membrane exon 2 (M2). Due to frame shifts caused by novel splice sites or novel splice-site combinations, the proteins encoded by three out of these four novel mRNA differ in their carboxy-terminal end from the classical secreted or membrane-bound immunoglobulins. Northern blot analysis shows significant levels of at least three out of these four novel mRNA in an IgE-producing human cell line. One of the mRNA encodes a transmembrane-like structure which has characters in common with the transmembrane region of the CD3 components of the T cell receptor complex (CD3 gamma, delta and epsilon). This indicates that IgE-producing B cells possibly have two separate signal-transducing systems. A comparison of the classical membrane anchoring domain of the human & chain with a panel of immunoglobulin membrane domains from fish to higher mammals is presented. A tyrosine and a glutamine residue is found to be conserved between all cytoplasmic domains of all post-switch immunoglobulin classes indicating a functional conservation of these amino acid residues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Engineering Multifunctional Capsules through the Assembly of Metal–Phenolic Networks (2014)

Metal-organic coordination materials are of widespread interest because of the coupled benefits of inorganic and organic building blocks. These materials can be assembled into hollow capsules with a range of properties, which include selective permeability, enhanced mechanical/thermal stability, and stimuli-responsiveness. Previous studies have primarily focused on the assembly aspects of metal-coordination capsules; however, the engineering of metal-specific functionality for capsule design has not been explored. A library of functional metal-phenolic network (MPN) capsules prepared from a phenolic ligand (tannic acid) and a range of metals is reported. The properties of the MPN capsules are determined by the coordinated metals, allowing for control over film thickness, disassembly characteristics, and fluorescence behavior. Furthermore, the functional properties of the MPN capsules were tailored for drug delivery, positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and catalysis. The ability to incorporate multiple metals into MPN capsules demonstrates that a diverse range of functional materials can be generated.