gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coronaviruses in poultry and other birds (2005)

The number of avian species in which coronaviruses have been detected has doubled in the past couple of years. While the coronaviruses in these species have all been in coronavirus Group 3, as for the better known coronaviruses of the domestic fowl (infectious bronchitis virus [IBV], in Gallus gallus), turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), there is experimental evidence to suggest that birds are not limited to infection with Group 3 coronaviruses. In China coronaviruses have been isolated from peafowl (Pavo), guinea fowl (Numida meleagris; also isolated in Brazil), partridge (Alectoris) and also from a non-gallinaceous bird, the teal (Anas), all of which were being reared in the vicinity of domestic fowl. These viruses were closely related in genome organization and in gene sequences to IBV. Indeed, gene sequencing and experimental infection of chickens indicated that the peafowl isolate was the H120 IB vaccine strain, while the teal isolate was possibly a field strain of a nephropathogenic IBV. Thus the host range of IBV does extend beyond the chicken. Most recently, Group 3 coronaviruses have been detected in greylag goose (Anser anser), mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) and pigeon (Columbia livia). It is clear from the partial genome sequencing of these viruses that they are not IBV, as they have two additional small genes near the 3' end of the genome. Twenty years ago a coronavirus was isolated after inoculation of mice with tissue from the coastal shearwater (Puffinus puffinus). While it is not certain whether the virus was actually from the shearwater or from the mice, recent experiments have shown that bovine coronavirus (a Group 2 coronavirus) can infect and also cause enteric disease in turkeys. Experiments with some Group 1 coronaviruses (all from mammals, to date) have shown that they are not limited to replicating or causing disease in a single host. SARS-coronavirus has a wide host range. Clearly there is the potential for the emergence of new coronavirus diseases in domestic birds, from both avian and mammalian sources. Modest sequence conservation within gene 1 has enabled the design of oligonucleotide primers for use in diagnostic reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions, which will be useful for the detection of new coronaviruses.
Comparing the polarities of the amino acids: side-chain distribution coefficients between the vapor phase, cyclohexane, 1-octanol, and neutral aqueous solution (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTComparing the polarities of the amino acids: side-chain distribution coefficients between the vapor phase, cyclohexane, 1-octanol, and neutral aqueous solutionAnna Radzicka and Richard WolfendenCite this: Biochemistry 1988, 27, 5, 1664–1670Publication Date (Print):March 8, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 8 March 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00405a042https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00405a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2722Altmetric-Citations474LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The ACAT Inhibitor Avasimibe Reduces Macrophages and Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression in Atherosclerotic Lesions of Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits (2000)

Given the significance of cholesteryl ester (CE) accumulation in macrophage foam cell formation, we hypothesized that inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT) would produce a histologically stable lesion by limiting macrophage enrichment and thereby a source of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Male New Zealand White rabbits were sequentially fed a cholesterol/fat diet for 9 weeks, a fat-only diet for 6 weeks, and 25 mg/kg avasimibe for 7 to 8 weeks. Avasimibe had no effect on plasma total cholesterol exposure. Plasma avasimibe maximal concentration and 24-hour area-under-the-curve levels were 178 ng/mL and 2525 ng. h/mL, respectively, after 7 weeks of treatment with 25 mg/kg avasimibe. The median inhibitory concentration against human monocyte-macrophage ACAT was 12 ng/mL when determined in the absence of albumin, and aortic arch avasimibe levels were 25 ng/g of tissue wet weight. Avasimibe reduced thoracic aortic and iliac-femoral CE content by 39%, the extent of thoracic aortic lesions by 41%, aortic arch cross-sectional lesions area by 35%, and monocyte-macrophage area by 27%. The reduction in monocyte-macrophage area reflected a change in cell number and not cell size. In the iliac-femoral artery, avasimibe decreased monocyte-macrophage content by 77% and reduced the macrophage-to-lesion ratio from 0.16 to 0.05. Within the aortic arch, the catalytic activity of latent and active MMP-9 was reduced by 65% and 33%, respectively; latent and active MMP-1 and MMP-3 activity measured collectively was decreased by 52% and 60%, respectively, and MMP-2 was unchanged. Aortic arch MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, and TIMP-2 mRNA levels were reduced 29% to 39%, and MMP-2 mRNA levels increased. We conclude that the bioavailable ACAT inhibitor avasimibe can directly limit macrophage accumulation, resulting in the histological appearance of mainly fibromuscular lesions, and can potentially stabilize preestablished atherosclerotic lesions by reducing MMP expression within the lesion.
The prognostic significance of tumor vascularity in intermediate-thickness (0.76-4.0 mm thick) skin melanoma. A quantitative histologic study. (1988)

The vascularity of 20 primary skin melanomas was assessed histologically. These cases were selected from patients with intermediate thickness melanomas (0.76-4.0 mm thick) treated surgically to provide two groups of ten patients. One group had no evidence of recurrence with a minimum follow-up of 9 years. The second group of ten patients developed locoregional or systemic metastasis under follow-up, and seven of these patients died of disseminated melanoma. Age, sex, Breslow's tumor thickness, and Clark's level of invasion were similar in the two groups. Vascular quantitation was carried out by image analysis after vascular definition by Ulex europaeus-I agglutinin staining. The percentage vascular area at the tumor base in the recurrence group was more than twice that in the recurrence-free group. This study suggests that increased vascularity at the tumor base may have prognostic significance in intermediate thickness melanomas.
Comparative efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (Ferinject) and iron(III) hydroxide dextran (Cosmofer) in pregnancy (2012)

Both preparations appear effective and safe, with low risk of serious adverse effects and side-effects.
Liquid Crystals With a Chiral Core: Cyclohexene Carboxylates (1991)

Abstract A series of new liquid crystals containing a cyclohexene ring have been synthesized and characterized. The cyclohexene ring is formed by the Diels-Alder reaction between myrcene and methyl acrylate, and has a chiral center. Hydrolysis of the resulting methyl ester into the corresponding acid and esterification of the latter with 4-hydroxy-4′-n-alkoxybiphenyl yields a homologous series of liquid crystals with the structure: The compounds thus prepared are racemic mixtures. The lower members of this series (n = 1 and 2) have a large nematic range, and the higher members (n = 3–10) have multiple smectic phases in addition to the nematic phase. When (1R,2S,5R)-(-)-menthyl acrylate was used instead of methyl acrylate in the Diels-Alder synthesis, optically active compounds with 40% enantiomeric excess were obtained.
Abstracts of papers presented at the Seventeenth annual meeting (1937)

Other| March 01, 1937 Abstracts of papers presented at the Seventeenth annual meeting Anonymous Anonymous Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Anonymous Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1554-0774 Print ISSN: 0361-0128 GeoRef, Copyright 2008, American Geological Institute. Economic Geology (1937) 32 (2): 191–200. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.32.2.191 Article history First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation Anonymous; Abstracts of papers presented at the Seventeenth annual meeting. Economic Geology 1937;; 32 (2): 191–200. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.32.2.191 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyEconomic Geology Search Advanced Search This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
Opposing functions of IKKβ during acute and chronic intestinal inflammation (2008)

NF-kappaB is a key transcriptional regulator of inflammatory responses, but also controls expression of prosurvival genes, whose products protect tissues from damage and may thus act indirectly in an antiinflammatory fashion. The variable importance of these two distinct NF-kappaB-controlled responses impacts the potential utility of NF-kappaB inhibition as a treatment strategy for intractable inflammatory conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we show in murine models that inhibition of IKKbeta-dependent NF-kappaB activation exacerbates acute inflammation, but attenuates chronic inflammatory disease in the intestinal tract. Acute ulcerating inflammation is aggravated because of diminished NF-kappaB-mediated protection against epithelial cell apoptosis and delayed mucosal regeneration secondary to reduced NF-kappaB-dependent recruitment of inflammatory cells that secrete cytoprotective factors. In contrast, in IL-10-deficient mice, which serve as a model of chronic T cell-dependent colitis, ablation of IKKbeta in the intestinal epithelium has no impact, yet IKKbeta deficiency in myeloid cells attenuates inflammation and prolongs survival. These results highlight the striking context and tissue dependence of the proinflammatory and antiapoptotic functions of NF-kappaB. Our findings caution against the therapeutic use of IKKbeta/NF-kappaB inhibitors in acute inflammatory settings dominated by cell loss and ulceration.
Biomass for renewable energy, fuels, and chemicals (1999)

Preface. Energy Consumption, Reserves, Depletion, Environmental Issues. Biomass as an Energy Resource: Concept and Markets. Photosynthesis of Biomass and Its Conversion-Related Properties. Virgin Biomass Production. Waste Biomass Abundance, Energy Potential, and Availability. Physical Conversion Processes. Thermal Coversion: Combustion. Thermal Conversion: Pyrolysis and Liquefaction. Thermal Converstion: Gasification. Natural Biochemical Liquefaction. Synthetic Oxygenated Liquid Fuels. Microbial Conversion: Gasification. Organic Commodity Chemicals from Biomass. Integrated Biomass Production Conversion Systems and Net Energy Production. Epilogue. Appendices. Subject Index.
Twelve-Month Follow-Up of a Controlled Trial of Intradiscal Thermal Anuloplasty for Back Pain Due to Internal Disc Disruption (2000)

In carefully selected cases, IDTA can eliminate or dramatically reduce the pain of internal disc disruption in a substantial proportion of patients and appears to be superior to conventional conservative care for internal disc disruption.
Flow-induced changes in shape and cytoskeletal structure of vascular endothelial cells (1994)

Changes in shape and cytoskeletal structure of vascular endothelial cells induced by fluid-imposed shear stress were studied in vivo and in vitro. In in vivo experiments, aortic tissue specimens including the flow dividers of the branching of the left subclavian artery and the aortic intercostal ostium were obtained and their endothelial cell shapes were observed using the scanning electron microscope. It was found that the shape and orientation of endothelial cells were strongly affected by blood flow conditions. In in vitro cell culture experiments, porcine aortic endothelial cells were cultured on glass coverslips and extracellular matrix coated (ECM coated) glass coverslips and exposed to shear stress using a parallel plate flow chamber. When we applied a shear stress of 2 Pa for 24 hrs, the rearrangement of F-actin filaments occurred within 3 hrs and preceded the cell shape change in the early stage after shear exposure. The endothelial cells on ECM-coated coverslips exhibited more elongated cell shapes even under no-flow conditions. After exposure to shear stress, the endothelial cells on ECM-coated glass showed more retarded elongation and orientation to the direction of flow than those on no-coated glass, suggesting that the anchorage to the substrate was enhanced by ECMs.
Increased Prevalence of Microthromboses in Retinal Capillaries of Diabetic Individuals (2001)

In diabetic retinopathy, capillary nonperfusion and eventual obliteration can lead to retinal ischemia and sight-threatening neovascularization. The occurrence of retinal microthrombosis in human diabetes has long been suspected and occasionally observed but never systematically demonstrated. We used trypsin digestion to isolate the intact vascular network from retinas obtained postmortem from nine diabetic donors (age 64 +/- 11 years, duration of diabetes 6 +/- 4 years; mean +/- SD) and eight age-matched nondiabetic donors. Topographically matched sectors (each one-sixth of retina) of diabetic and nondiabetic retinas were tested sequentially with antibodies to fibrin cross-linking factor XIII and platelet glycoprotein (GP)-IIIa to identify fibrin-platelet thrombi. In some trypsin digests, we also examined vascular cell apoptosis. The retina from a nondiabetic donor, 24 years of age, who had died of trauma, was used to exclude confounding influences caused by the postmortem period. When compared with those of nondiabetic donors, the retinas of diabetic donors showed double the number of capillary segments with colocalized immunostaining for factor XIII and GPIIIa (P = 0.02). The total area of the positive segments was fourfold greater in the diabetic than in the nondiabetic donors (P = 0.02) and correlated with the duration of diabetes (r = 0.71, P < 0.05). Large thrombi were six times more frequent in the diabetic donors (P = 0.03), and there was a significant topographical association of microthrombosis with apoptotic cells in both diabetic and nondiabetic vessels (P = 0.0001). Hence, diabetes of short duration was found to be associated with a greater than normal number and size of platelet-fibrin thrombi in the retinal capillaries. These thrombi can contribute to capillary obliteration and retinal ischemia and may be a practical target for early drug intervention.
DIVCLUS: an automatic method in the GEANFAMMER package that finds homologous domains in single- and multi-domain proteins. (1998)

sat@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk; jong@mrc-lmb. cam.ac.uk
Cyclic Nucleotide‐gated Channels in Identified Human Olfactory Receptor Neurons (1996)

Patch-clamp recordings revealed the presence of a non-desensitizing cyclic nucleotide-gated channel on human olfactory receptor neurons and a fast-desensitizing non-specific cation channel activated by nucleotides on human supporting cells. Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels on olfactory receptor neurons showed selective channel activation by cAMP (K1/2 = 5 microM) and cGMP (K1/2 = 2 microM), a unitary conductance of approximately 20 pS, a reversal potential of single-channel currents close to 0 mV, a linear current-voltage relationship over the range of -80 to 80 mV and a strong extracellular but a weaker intracellular blocking effect of Ca2+. The channel activity outlasted the cyclic nucleotide pulses for hundreds of milliseconds when higher agonist concentrations (> 50 microM cAMP) were applied. The duration of the response was longer than in cyclic nucleotide-gated channels from other species studied so far. The plateau duration and the decay remained constant for pulses with a length of 50-150 ms, whereas pulses shorter than 50 ms successively reduced the time required by shortening the plateau phase. A larger difference for the K1/2 values of cAMP (K1/2 = 22 microM) and cGMP (K1/2 = 2.5 microM) were found for a small group (n = 3) of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, pointing to the selective expression of the alpha-subunit in a small subgroup of olfactory receptor neurons.
Nanoscale Imaging of the Electronic Conductivity of the Native Oxide Film on Titanium Using Conducting Atomic Force Microscopy (2003)

Conducting atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) is used to visualize the heterogeneous electronic conductivity of the native oxide film (nominally a 2.9 nm thick TiO2 layer) on polycrystalline Ti electrodes (hereafter referred to as Ti/TiO2 electrodes). Ex situ C-AFM images of Ti/TiO2 electrodes recorded in air demonstrate that the electronic conductivity of the oxide film in contact with the underlying Ti grain boundaries is at least 200× higher than the conductivity of the oxide film on grain faces. The width of the conductive zone in the oxide film over grain boundaries is estimated to be less than 50 nm (resolution limited by the C-AFM tip size). Small islands of oxide exhibiting high electronic conductivity are also observed on topographically featureless regions of grain faces. The observed spatial variations in conductivity are tentatively attributed to the presence of defects (e.g., Ti3+ sites) and lower valence oxides (e.g., Ti2O3) in the native oxide film.
Nanopore Arrays for Stable and Functional Free‐Standing Lipid Bilayers (2007)

Lipid bilayers in nanopores are stable for days. The stability depends on the nature of the lipid as well on the pore diameter as investigated by impedance spectroscopy. Bilayers formed of palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine are stable up to 4 days in 200 nm pores regularly arrayed in a 300 nm thin silicon nitride support. The transport of K+ across bilayers by valinomycin demonstrates that this support material has a high potential to monitor functions of membrane proteins.
Antiinflammatory effects of tumor necrosis factor on hematopoietic cells in a murine model of erosive arthritis (2010)

Our findings indicate that selective blockade of TNFRI, leaving the antiinflammatory effects of TNFRII unaltered instead of unselectively blocking TNF, might be advantageous in patients with RA.
Blockade of metabotropic glutamate receptors protects rat CA1 neurons from hypoxic injury (1991)

The possible involvement of the metabotropic glutamate receptor in mechanisms of posthypoxic neuronal damage was investigated in an in-vitro model of mild hypoxia with the stereoselective antagonist L-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionate (L-AP3). When 300 microM L-AP3 was present during hypoxia the evoked field potentials (population EPSP and population spike in the CA1 region of the hippocampus) recovered to about 80-100% of baseline values. The recovery without drug treatment reached only 40-75%. The NMDA antagonist D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (100 microM) was equally effective as L-AP3, whereas the less effective and less specific isomer D-AP3 (300 microM) did not show any protective effect. The results suggest that the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors plays a role in hypoxic injury.
The arrangement of intra‐ and intermolecular disulfide bonds in the carboxyterminal, non‐collagenous aggregation and cross‐linking domain of basement‐membrane type IV collagen (1988)

The hexameric complex of globular domains of type IV collagen was isolated after collagenase digestion of human placenta and the different monomers and dimers present were chromatographically separated. The ratio of alpha 1(IV)NC1 to alpha 2(IV)NC1 was 2:1. About 50% of the NC1 domains were connected to dimers. Predominantly alpha 1-alpha 1 dimers were found. Only 12% were alpha 2-alpha 2 dimers and no alpha 1-alpha 2 dimers could be detected. The majority (88%) of the intermolecular bonds was found to be disulfide bridges. The remainder could not be cleaved by reduction. To elucidate the arrangement of the disulfide bonds, the unreduced alpha 1(IV)NC1 monomers were treated with cyanogen bromide, the disulfide-bridged peptides isolated and characterized by Edman degradation. Each of the two homologous subdomains within a monomer is stabilized by an identical set of three disulfide bonds. In subdomain I, cysteines at positions 20 and 53 are connected with the C-terminal cysteine pair 108 and 111. Thus formed, the disulfide knot stabilizes two interconnected loops of 32 and 54 residues, respectively. A smaller loop of five residues occurs due to a disulfide bond between the cysteines 65 and 71. A similar disulfide arrangement is indicated for subdomain II which is separated from subdomain I by a segment of 20 amino acid residues. The same arrangement of disulfide bonds has been strongly suggested for the alpha 2(IV)NC1 monomer by the isolation and characterization of its disulfide-bridged tryptic fragments. Similar investigations on the dimeric alpha 1(IV)NC1 domain established the arrangement of the intermolecular disulfide bonds. They are formed by a complete disulfide exchange between corresponding disulfide knots of two monomeric NC1 domains.
Diode-pumped Alexandrite lasers in Q-switched and cavity-dumped Q-switched operation (2016)

We present the first study of Q-switched Alexandrite lasers under continuous-wave diode-pumping with operation up to 10 kHz repetition rates in TEM<sub>00</sub>, with spatial quality M<sup>2</sup> 1.15. With a pulsed-diode dual-end-pumped design, pulse energy is scaled to a record level of 3 mJ. We also demonstrate, for the first time, cavity-dumped Q-switching of diode-pumped Alexandrite lasers under continuous-wave and pulsed diode-pumping, up to 10 kHz. Pulse energy of 510 μJ is demonstrated with 3 ns pulse duration and 170 kW peak power, in TEM<sub>00</sub> with M<sup>2</sup> < 1.2. Second harmonic generation of the cavity-dumped Q-switched pulses was used to generate UV wavelength 379 nm with conversion efficiency of 47%.