gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Endocytosis in Plants (1994)

Crop loss due to soil salinization is an increasing threat to agriculture worldwide. This review provides an overview of cellular and physiological mechanisms in plant responses to salt. We place cellular responses in a time- and tissue-dependent context ...Read More
Effects of sowing date on plant establishment and bolting and the influence of these factors on yields of sugar beet (1983)

This study examined the effect of early sowing of sugar beet on plant establishment, bolting and yield and whether or not the standard of establishment and degree of bolting determined the most appropriate harvesting sequence. At Arthur Rickwood Experimental Husbandry Farm four experiments were made between 1974 and 1978 testing four sowing dates of four varieties each harvested on three occasions during the autumn. At Broom's Barn three dates of sowing of two varieties were tested in three experiments between 1976 and 1978. Sowing dates throughout the experiments covered a range from late February to late April. Also, at Broom's Barn in 1977 there were many bolters (plants which have a tall, flower-bearing stem) where the crop was sown on 4 March. The effects of bolter-control treatments, either cutting down the inflorescence or removing the plant, on sugar yield were compared. Sowing before mid-March often resulted in very gappy crops and many bolters; in consequence yields were seriously reduced. Late-March sowings were almost free from plant establishment problems and, where the bolting-resistant variety ‘Nomo’ was used, bolters were few; yields of Nomo were greater than where sown in early April. Progressively more yield was lost by delaying sowing throughout April. Variation in the extent of bolting between sites, seasons and sowing-date treatments was accounted for by variation in the number of cool days (with a maximum temperature of less than 12 °C) after sowing. Yield was lost at a rate of 0·7% for every 1% of bolters over the range 5–40% bolting. During the autumn, crops at Arthur Rickwood which had more than 5% bolters and/or less than 60000 plants/ha gained 0·45 t/ha less sugar than did those with full, bolterfree plant stands. In 1977 many of the early-sown plants bolted; pulling the bolters or cutting the inflorescences improved yield, but not sufficiently to raise yields to the level produced by later-sown, bolter-free crops.
A single chip 2.20 GHz T/R module (1990)

A single-chip 2-20-GHz transmit/receive (T/R) module has been fabricated. This monolithic microwave IC (MMIC) includes a four-stage power amplifier chain, a four-stage low-noise amplifier, chain, and two T/R switches. A selective ion implantation process was used. One implant profile was optimized for low-noise operation and a second was optimized for power performance. All the circuits were designed to be relatively insensitive to process variations, thereby ensuring adequate yield despite the complexity of the chip. Distributed amplifiers are used throughout, and the T/R switches use a standard series-shunt FET configuration. All circuits have been miniaturized to keep the total chip size small. The entire T/R circuit measures only 0.143 in*0.193 in (3.6 mm*4.9 mm).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
PREDICTION OF THE TRANSLATIONAL VELOCITY OF LIQUID SLUGS IN GAS-LIQUID SLUG FLOW USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (2008)

This paper describes the application of computational fluid dynamics to address the following problems in gas-liquid slug flow: (i) Effect of mixture velocity on slug tail propagation velocity and tail shape in horizontal slug flow; (ii) effect of tube inclination on slug propagation velocity; (iii) "bubble turning" in slug flow in a downward inclined pipe; (iv) effect of liquid viscosity on propagation and tail shape; (v) effect of gravity on propagation velocity; and (vi) effect of slug length on tail propagation velocity. All of the simulations were carried out using the Ansys CFX code, with tracking of the gas-liquid interface achieved using the volume of fluid technique. The flow conditions considered were within the turbulent regime, and for this, the standard k − ε model was used (although the influence of the turbulence model chosen was small). The calculated results compared favorably with experimental data, where such data is available.
IL-6 Receptor Independent Stimulation of Human gp130 by Viral IL-6 (2000)

The genome of human herpes virus 8, which is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, encodes proteins with similarities to cytokines and chemokines including a homologue of IL-6. Although the function of these viral proteins is unclear, they might have the potential to modulate the immune system. For viral IL-6 (vIL-6), it has been demonstrated that it stimulates IL-6-dependent cells, indicating that the IL-6R system is used. IL-6 binds to IL-6R, and the IL-6/IL-6R complex associates with gp130 which dimerizes and initiates intracellular signaling. Cells that only express gp130 but no IL-6R cannot be stimulated by IL-6 unless a soluble form of the IL-6R is present. This type of signaling has been shown for hematopoietic progenitor cells, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. In this paper we show that purified recombinant vIL-6 binds to gp130 and stimulates primary human smooth muscle cells. IL-6R fails to bind vIL-6 and is not involved in its signaling. A Fc fusion protein of gp130 turned out to be a potent inhibitor of vIL-6. Our data demonstrate that vIL-6 is the first cytokine which directly binds and activates gp130. This property points to a possible role of this viral cytokine in the pathophysiology of human herpes virus 8.
Sensitivity of oncogenic KIT mutants to the kinase inhibitors MLN518 and PD180970 (2004)

Oncogenic mutations of the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT occur in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), some cases of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and systemic mastocytosis (SM). GISTs commonly contain mutations of the KIT juxtamembrane region while SM and AML harbor active site KIT mutations. Imatinib, which potently inhibits juxtamembrane mutants, is effective for the treatment of GISTs but has no activity against active site mutants. We analyzed the inhibitory potential of 2 small molecule inhibitors, MLN518 and PD180970, against different classes of KIT mutants. Both compounds inhibit the growth of cell lines expressing juxtamembrane mutant KIT. MLN518 additionally targets active site mutant cell lines, inhibiting cell proliferation, KIT, and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat3) phosphorylation and inducing apoptosis at concentrations that may be clinically achievable. As phase 1 clinical trials of MLN518 in AML have shown little toxicity, our data suggest MLN518 is a promising candidate for the treatment of SM or AML with KIT mutations.
Distinct Ir genes for helper and killer cells in the cytotoxic response to H-Y antigen. (1979)

The H-Y-specific cytotoxic T-cell response requires helper cells: cells from bone marrow chimeras B6 X CBA leads to B6, B6 X CBA leads to B10.A (5R), or B6 X CBA leads to CBA are each unable to respond to H-2k male cells. If, however, cells from B6 X CBA leads to B6 or B6 X CBA leads to B10.A (5R) chimeras are adoptively transferred together with cells from B6 X CBA leads to CBA chimeras, H-Y-specific CTL restricted to H-2k can be obtained. Thus, cells from B6 X CBA leads to B6 or B6 X CBA leads to B10.,A (5R) chimeras (restricted to the left end of the H-2b haplotype) can help CTL precursors from B6 X CBA leads to CBA chimeras (restricted to H-2k). The two classes of T cells required for the CTL response to H-Y antigen are controlled by different IR genes. All H-Y-specific CTL obtained from chimeras B6 + CBA leads to B6 X CBA were found to be of B6 origin. This suggests that CTL or their precursors must express antigens encoded in the left end of the H-2b haplotype for interaction with helper cells.
Host cell-mediated selection of a mutant influenza A virus that has lost a complex oligosaccharide from the tip of the hemagglutinin. (1986)

During serial passage in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, a substrain of influenza virus A/WSN is lost from the population and is replaced by a mutant virus with altered host cell binding properties. This selection does not occur during growth in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF). It occurs during growth in MDBK cells because the parental virus produced by these cells has a dramatically reduced affinity for cellular receptors [Crecelius, D.M., Deom, C. M. & Schulze, I. T. (1984) Virology 139, 164-177]. We have now compared the hemagglutinin (HA) subunits, HA1 and HA2, of the parent and mutant viruses by NaDodSO4/PAGE and have found that when the viruses are grown in either host cell the HA1 subunit of the mutant is smaller than that of the parent virus. The nonglycosylated HAs, made in the presence of tunicamycin, have the same apparent molecular weight, indicating that the HA1 subunit of the mutant virus contains less carbohydrate than that of the parent. This reduction in carbohydrate content was observed with 11 independently derived mutants that had been selected by growth in MDBK cells. The nucleotide sequence of the HA gene of the parent and mutant viruses indicates that there are five potential glycosylation sites on the parent HA1 subunit and four on the mutant and that the mutation responsible for this difference is a single base change that eliminates the glycosylation site at amino acid 125 of the parent HA1 subunit. Treatment of the parent and mutant HAs from both cell sources with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases F and H showed that the HA1 of the parent virus has four complex and one high-mannose oligosaccharides, whereas that of the mutant virus has three complex and one high-mannose oligosaccharides. Thus, all of the potential sites on both HA1 subunits are glycosylated. We conclude that the oligosaccharide attached to amino acid 125 of the parent HA by MDBK cells can reduce the affinity of the virus for cellular receptors and that the mutant virus has a higher affinity than the parent because the mutant HA is not glycosylated at that site. Since amino acid 125 of the parent HA is glycosylated by both CEF and MDBK cells, we further conclude that the host-determined structure of the oligosaccharide at that site affects the affinity of the parent virus for cellular receptors and, thereby, determines whether the mutant virus will have a growth advantage.
Neurologic disease induced in transgenic mice by cerebral overexpression of interleukin 6. (1993)

Cytokines are thought to be important mediators in physiologic and pathophysiologic processes affecting the central nervous system (CNS). To explore this hypothesis, transgenic mice were generated in which the cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), under the regulatory control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein gene promoter, was overexpressed in the CNS. A number of transgenic founder mice and their offspring exhibited a neurologic syndrome the severity of which correlated with the levels of cerebral IL-6 expression. Transgenic mice with high levels of IL-6 expression developed severe neurologic disease characterized by runting, tremor, ataxia, and seizure. Neuropathologic manifestations included neuro-degeneration, astrocytosis, angiogenesis, and induction of acute-phase-protein production. These findings indicate that cytokines such as IL-6 can have a direct pathogenic role in inflammatory, infectious, and neurodegenerative CNS diseases.
A New Evaluation Method of Silicon Wafer Bonding Interfaces and Bonding Strength by KOH Etching (1992)

KOH anisotropic etching is used to study the interfaces of bonded silicon wafers. This method has been developed to detect the presence of bubbles or unbonded areas with a gap of less than 0.27 µm, which is the detection limit of an IR camera. Because of the anisotropic etching properties of KOH and the presence of interfacial oxide layers, the etching surface morphology is dependent on the crystallographic orientation of the cross section. Correlation of etching results to the bonding strength of silicon wafers with and without a thermally oxidized silicon layer is also discussed.
A Flexible Camera Calibration Method for Computer Visual 3D Reconstruction System (2006)

In real operation of computer visual 3D construction system, the type of camera being used is uncertain, thus the nonlinear distortion degree of camera lens are various. Therefore, a new flexible camera calibration method should be found, which can choose proper calibration method according to different cameras. A kind of method meeting this demand is put forward in this paper. This method has several key parts: the choice and design of standard graphics, estimation of degree and type of nonlinear distortion and judging standard. In testing the proposed methods, satisfactory results are achieved in real data experiments
Effect of hepatocellular carcinoma associated fibroblasts to hepatocellular carcinoma (2013)

Objective
To investigate the effect of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) associated fibroblasts (hCAF) to the metastasis of HCC.


Methods
The hCAF and normal fibroblasts (NF) cells were cultured for 2 to 3 days and then stained by immunofluorescence. The expression of α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA), fibroblast surface protein (FSP), fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and vimentin of hCAF and NF cells were observed. The effect of hCAF to cell morphology change and invasion and metastasis of HCC were observed through co-culture and scratch test of hCAF and MHCC97L-green fluorescent protein(GFP), HepG2-GFP HCC cells.


Results
The expression of α-SMA, FSP, FAP and vimentin were all observed in the hCAF and NF cells. The expression level of α-SMA and FAP in hCAF cells were obviously higher compared with the NF. The hCAF and HCC cells were co-cultured for 96 hours. The typical clustering growth of MHCC97L-GFP cells changed to disseminated growth. The polygon shape of epithelial cell of HepG2-GFP cell changed to spindle shape of interstitial cell. The scratch of MHCC97L-GFP, HepG2-GFP cells and hCAF cells after 5 days co-culture lessened obviously, compared with NF cells.


Conclusion
The hCAF cells can promote the transformation of epithelial cells into interstitial cells and enhance the invasion and metastasis of HCC cells.


Key words: 
Fibroblasts; Carcinoma, hepatocellular; Neoplasm metastasis; Smooth muscle myosins; Membrane proteins
Effectiveness of Bacillus Thuringiebisis-Transgenic Potato Plants for CONTROL OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLES, 1991 (1992)

Abstract Transgenic and nontransformed seed potatoes were planted on 20 May at the Michigan State University, Montcalm Potato Research Station, Entrican, MI. Treatment rows were 10 ft long, 12 in. within the row and 34 in. between rows, and were bordered by a row of commercial 'Russet Burbank' potatoes and a blank row. Treatments included four Btt transformed minitubers, a nontransformed minituber, commercial 'Russet Burbank' seed, and commercial 'Russet Burbank' seed yielding plants that were treated with Asana XL and PBO (0.05 lb Al/acre and 8.0 oz/acre, respectively) weekly from 6 Jun, through 8 Aug. Treatment effectiveness was determined by counting the total number of insects found on the center six plants of each treatment twice weekly from 19 Jun through 9 Aug. Plants were visually assessed for defoliation and given a damage rating on 8 Jul.
Mutagenic and Enzymological Studies of the Hydratase and Isomerase Activities of 2-Enoyl-CoA Hydratase-1 (1999)

Structural and enzymological studies have shown the importance of Glu144 and Glu164 for the catalysis by 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase-1 (crotonase). Here we report about the enzymological properties of the Glu144Ala and Glu164Ala variants of rat mitochondrial 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase-1. Size-exclusion chromatography and CD spectroscopy showed that the wild-type protein and mutants have similar oligomerization states and folding. The kcat values of the active site mutants Glu144Ala and Glu164Ala were decreased about 2000-fold, but the Km values were unchanged. For study of the potential intrinsic Delta3-Delta2-enoyl-CoA isomerase activity of mECH-1, a new assay using 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase-2 and (R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase as auxiliary enzymes was introduced. It was demonstrated that rat wild-type mECH-1 is also capable of catalyzing isomerization with the activity ratio (isomerization/hydration) of 1/5000. The kcat values of isomerization in Glu144Ala and Glu164Ala were decreased 10-fold and 1000-fold, respectively. The data are in line with the proposal that Glu164 acts as a protic amino acid residue for both the hydration and the isomerization reaction. The structural factors favoring the hydratase over the isomerase reaction have been addressed by investigating the enzymological properties of the Gln162Ala, Gln162Met, and Gln162Leu variants. The Gln162 side chain is hydrogen bonded to the Glu164 side chain; nevertheless, these mutants have enzymatic properties similar to that of the wild type, indicating that catalytic function of the Glu164 side chain in the hydratase and isomerase reaction does not depend on the interactions with the Gln162 side chain.
The upregulation of lysyl oxidase in oral submucous fibrosis and squamous cell carcinoma. (1999)

International audience
Promises and Failures of Gallium as an Antibacterial Agent (2014)

Gallium has a long history as a diagnostic and chemotherapeutic agent. The pharmacological properties of Ga(III) rely on chemical mimicry; when Ga(III) is exogenously supplied to living cells it can replace Fe(III) within target molecules, thereby perturbing bacterial metabolism. Ga(III)-induced metabolic distresses are dramatic in fast-growing cells, like bacterial cells. Interest in the antibacterial properties of Ga(III) has been raised by the compelling need for novel drugs to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria and by the shortage of new antibiotic candidates in the pharmaceutical pipeline. Ga(III) activity has been demonstrated, both in vitro and in animal models of infections, on several bacterial pathogens, also including intracellular and biofilm-forming bacteria. Ga(III) activity is affected by iron availability and the metabolic state of the cell, being maximal in iron-poor media and in respiring cells. Synergism between Ga(III) and antibiotics holds promise as last resort therapy for infections sustained by pandrug-resistant bacteria.
Phosphorylation of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4G1 (eIF4G1) by Protein Kinase Cα Regulates eIF4G1 Binding to Mnk1 (2011)

Signal transduction through mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is implicated in growth and proliferation control through translation regulation and involves posttranslational modification of translation initiation factors. For example, convergent MAPK signals to Mnk1 lead to phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), which has been linked to malignant transformation. However, understanding the compound effects of mitogenic signaling on the translation apparatus and on protein synthesis control remains elusive. This is particularly true for the central scaffold of the translation initiation apparatus and ribosome adaptor eIF4G. To unravel the effects of signal transduction to eIF4G on translation, we used specific activation of protein kinase C (PKC)-Ras-Erk signaling with phorbol esters. Phospho-proteomic and mutational analyses revealed that eIF4G1 is a substrate for PKCα at Ser1186. We show that PKCα activation elicits a cascade of orchestrated phosphorylation events that may modulate eIF4G1 structure and control interaction with the eIF4E kinase, Mnk1.
Relaxation–Systolic Pressure Relation (1997)

This contribution reviews the regulation of left ventricular pressure (LVP) fall by load and relates this regulation to left ventricular contractility. Load regulation of LVP fall has to be distinguished from neurohumoral regulation, from effects induced by arterial reflected waves and from long-term load effects on contractility. The response of LVP fall to a moderate elevation of systolic LVP is highly variable. It depends on the ratio between the actual systolic pressure and peak isovolumetric pressure, defined as "relative load". Up to a relative load of 81% to 84%, LVP fall accelerates. Above this relative load, LVP fall decelerates. Depending on the level of relative load there is a wide variety of effects ranging from moderate acceleration of LVP fall to marked deceleration of LVP fall. Acceleration of LVP fall in response to a load elevation is associated with normal cardiac function, while slowing of LVP fall is associated with impaired cardiac function. Similar but opposite effects are observed with reductions of systolic LVP. Effects of changes in systolic LVP on time constant tau reveal a fair correlation with systolic elastance (Ees), peak dP/dtmax and regional fractional shortening (or ejection fraction). There is an excellent correlation with measured isovolumetric LVP, indicating that contraction-relaxation coupling is close when contractility is expressed in terms of peak isovolumetric pressure. Assessment of contractility with systolic LVP-relaxation relation is precise and load independent and can be performed with the sole use of a high-fidelity pressure gauge positioned in the left ventricular cavity.
Construction of a General Human Chromosome Jumping Library, with Application to Cystic Fibrosis (1987)

In many genetic disorders, the responsible gene and its protein product are unknown. The technique known as "reverse genetics," in which chromosomal map positions and genetically linked DNA markers are used to identify and clone such genes, is complicated by the fact that the molecular distances from the closest DNA markers to the gene itself are often too large to traverse by standard cloning techniques. To address this situation, a general human chromosome jumping library was constructed that allows the cloning of DNA sequences approximately 100 kilobases away from any starting point in genomic DNA. As an illustration of its usefulness, this library was searched for a jumping clone, starting at the met oncogene, which is a marker tightly linked to the cystic fibrosis gene that is located on human chromosome 7. Mapping of the new genomic fragment by pulsed field gel electrophoresis confirmed that it resides on chromosome 7 within 240 kilobases downstream of the met gene. The use of chromosome jumping should now be applicable to any genetic locus for which a closely linked DNA marker is available.