gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatial learning induced changes in expression of the ryanodine type II receptor in the rat hippocampus (2000)

Calcium signaling critical to neural functions is mediated through Ca(2+) channels localized on both the plasma membrane and intracellular organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum. Whereas Ca(2+) influx occurs via the voltage- or/and ligand-sensitive Ca(2+) channels, Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores that amplifies further the Ca(2+) signal is thought to be involved in more profound and lasting changes in neurons. The ryanodine receptor, one of the two major intracellular Ca(2+) channels, has been an important target for studying Ca(2+) signaling in brain functions, including learning and memory, due to its characteristic Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release. In this study, we report regional and cellular distributions of the type-2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) mRNA in the rat brain, and effects of spatial learning on RyR2 gene expression at mRNA and protein levels in the rat hippocampus. Using in situ hybridization, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and ribonuclease protection assays, significant increases in RyR2 mRNA were found in the hippocampus of rats trained in an intensive water maze task. With immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting, protein levels of RyR2 were also demonstrated to be increased in the microsomal fractions prepared from hippocampi of trained rats. These results suggest that RyR2, and hence the RyR2-mediated Ca(2+) signals, may be involved in memory processing after spatial learning. The increases in RyR2 mRNA and protein at 12 and 24 h after training could contribute to more permanent changes such as structural modifications during long-term memory storage. Zhao, W., Meiri, N., Xu, H., Cavallaro, S., Quattrone, A., Zhang, L., Alkon, D. A. Spatial learning induced changes in expression of the ryanodine type II receptor in the rat hippocampus.
Adaptable drawing interpretation using object-oriented and constraint-based graphic specification (2002)

The problem of converting paper drawings into computer-based representations suitable for further use in CAD and CIM applications is addressed. While previous approaches have been able to solve this problem for certain application domains, the kernel system presented is adaptable to a wide variety of applications including engineering drawings and electronic circuit diagrams. The key elements of the approach presented are a knowledge-based interpretation process and a declarative specification language for defining meaningful graphical objects to be recognized in a drawing. The potential efficiency problems of a strictly declarative approach are overcome by automatically compiling graphic specifications into efficient procedures. The adaptability and efficiency of the kernel system are demonstrated using examples from several domains.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
NF‐κB: A Multifaceted Transcription Factor Regulated at Several Levels (2004)

NF-kappaB is a generic name for an evolutionarily conserved transcription-factor system that contributes to the mounting of an effective immune response but is also involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, development, and apoptosis. The implication of NF-kappaB in central biological processes and its extraordinary connectivity to other signaling pathways raise a need for highly controlled regulation of NF-kappaB activity at several levels. While all NF-kappaB activation pathways share a central and critical proteasome-mediated step that leads to the degradation of inhibitory proteins and the release of DNA-binding subunits, there is evidence for a downstream level of NF-kappaB regulation that employs several mechanisms. These include promoter-specific exchange of dimers and modification of the transactivating p65 subunit by phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, or prolyl isomerization. The signaling pathways and enzymes controlling this second level of regulation and their potential use as therapeutic targets for the treatment of NF-kappaB-associated pathologies are discussed here.
Design of highly specific cytotoxins by using trans-splicing ribozymes (1999)

We have designed ribozymes based on a self-splicing group I intron that can trans-splice exon sequences into a chosen RNA target to create a functional chimeric mRNA and provide a highly specific trigger for gene expression. We have targeted ribozymes against the coat protein mRNA of a widespread plant pathogen, cucumber mosaic virus. The ribozymes were designed to trans-splice the coding sequence of the diphtheria toxin A chain in frame with the viral initiation codon of the target sequence. Diphtheria toxin A chain catalyzes the ADP ribosylation of elongation factor 2 and can cause the cessation of protein translation. In a Saccharomyces cerevisiae model system, ribozyme expression was shown to specifically inhibit the growth of cells expressing the virus mRNA. A point mutation at the target splice site alleviated this ribozyme-mediated toxicity. Increasing the extent of base pairing between the ribozyme and target dramatically increased specific expression of the cytotoxin and reduced illegitimate toxicity in vivo. Trans-splicing ribozymes may provide a new class of agents for engineering virus resistance and therapeutic cytotoxins.
Development of the domain name system (1988)

The Domain Name System (DNS) provides name service for the DARPA Internet. It is one of the largest name services in operation today, serves a highly diverse community of hosts, users, and networks, and uses a unique combination of hierarchies, caching, and datagram access.
MBE growth of ZnSe/MgCdS and ZnCdS/MgCdS superlattices for UV‐A sensors (2006)

Abstract ZnSe/MgCdS and ZnCdS/MgCdS superlattices were grown on semi insulating (001) oriented GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The crystal quality and optical properties were examined for both superlattices. The observed photoluminescence (PL) peak intensity of ZnCdS/MgCdS was much stronger than that of ZnSe/MgCdS while ZnSe/MgCdS showed sharper luminescence line width. The PL peak energy position was compared with the theoretical value derived from the Kronig‐Penny model. The degradation of crystal quality was observed by increasing Mg content in MgCdS layer and drastic PL property degradation was observed when the Mg content in the layer exceeded a certain value. Two superlattices were applied to the UV‐A sensor of the metal‐semiconductor‐metal (MSM) configuration. Both photodetectors exhibited a high sensitivity in the UV‐A region with a sharp cut‐off in the visible wavelength region; the ON‐OFF ratio of sensor was about 10 3 for both structures. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Markov Weight Fields for face sketch synthesis (2012)

Great progress has been made in face sketch synthesis in recent years. State-of-the-art methods commonly apply a Markov Random Fields (MRF) model to select local sketch patches from a set of training data. Such methods, however, have two major drawbacks. Firstly, the MRF model used cannot synthesize new sketch patches. Secondly, the optimization problem in solving the MRF is NP-hard. In this paper, we propose a novel Markov Weight Fields (MWF) model that is capable of synthesizing new sketch patches. We formulate our model into a convex quadratic programming (QP) problem to which the optimal solution is guaranteed. Based on the Markov property of our model, we further propose a cascade decomposition method (CDM) for solving such a large scale QP problem efficiently. Experimental results on the CUHK face sketch database and celebrity photos show that our model outperforms the common MRF model used in other state-of-the-art methods.
Time course of 125I-labeled LDL accumulation in the healing, balloon-deendothelialized rabbit aorta. (1992)

We previously showed by qualitative en face autoradiography that after 24 hours of circulation, 125I-labeled low density lipoprotein (LDL) injected in tracer amounts accumulated focally at the edges of regenerating endothelial islands in the balloon catheter-deendothelialized aorta of the normocholesterolemic rabbit. In the present study with the same animal model, we have used quantitative autoradiography to examine 125I-LDL accumulation in the healing aorta as a function of LDL circulation time from 2.5 to 40 hours. The results demonstrated that 125I-LDL accumulation in the healing aorta occurred in two kinetically and biochemically distinct compartments, one of which was in equilibrium with plasma and one of which sequestered LDL. LDL accumulation in the still-deendothelialized aorta (DEA) was diffuse and only moderately intense on autoradiography. It peaked 4 hours after injection; over the following 36 hours the disappearance of 125I-LDL from DEA paralleled the disappearance of 125I-LDL from plasma. In contrast, accumulation of 125I-LDL at the edges of regenerating endothelial islands was focal and intense. LDL accumulation in this compartment also peaked 4 hours after injection but remained elevated even at 40 hours, despite falling plasma levels of LDL. At 24 hours, edge LDL accumulation per unit area was more than five times greater than DEA accumulation. The data indicate that LDL accumulation in specific compartments of the functionally modified arterial wall occurs independently of either acute or chronic hypercholesterolemia. The contrast between labile LDL accumulation in DEA and persistent accumulation at the edges of healing aortic islands indicates that LDL accumulation in the two areas must involve different processes within the arterial wall itself.
Mechanism of action of anticandidal dipeptides containing inhibitors of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (1991)

The mechanism of anticandidal action of novel synthetic dipeptides containing N3-(4-methoxyfumaroyl)-L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid (FMDP) residues was shown to be consistent with the "warhead delivery" concept. FMDP dipeptides were shown to be transported into Candida albicans cells by the di-tripeptide permease and subsequently hydrolyzed by intracellular peptidases, especially aminopeptidase. The anticandidal activity of the particular FMDP dipeptide was influenced by the rate of its transport and, to a lower extent, by the intracellular cleavage rate. A high transport rate accompanied by a high cleavage rate resulted in the high anticandidal activity of L-norvalyl-FMDP. The strong growth-inhibitory effect of this compound was the consequence of inhibition of the enzyme glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase by the released FMDP. The action of L-norvalyl-FMDP on exponentially growing C. albicans cells resulted in a sharp decrease of incorporation of 14C label from [14C]glucose into chitin, mannoprotein, and glucan. This effect, as well as the growth-inhibitory effect, was fully reversed by exogenous N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase was proved to be the only essential target for FMDP dipeptides. Scanning electron microscopy of C. albicans cells treated with L-norvalyl-FMDP revealed highly distorted, wrinkled, and collapsed forms. Cells formed long, bulbous chains, and partial lysis occurred.
Spatio-temporal array processing for aperiodic CDMA downlink transmission (2003)

We consider a DS-CDMA system employing aperiodic spreading sequences (APS) as signature sequences for different users. Multiple transmission antennas (MA) are employed for increasing the network capacity. It is assumed that partial or total knowledge of the downlink channel is available at the base-station due to either a time-division duplex (TDD) or some feedback structure in the network. Spatial and temporal dimensions can no longer be jointly exploited due to the aperiodic spreading. Hence, spatio-temporal pre-cancellation of downlink interference (zero-forcing) is no longer possible. However beamforming can be applied to maximize the signal-to-noise plus interference (SINR) ratio on a user-to-user basis. We proceed with such an approach and provide closed-form relations for the signal and interference terms at the output of a mobile station RAKE receiver. We also show that using the spatial dimension at the base station enhances the system performance. The mobile receiver can later employ on equalizer to do away with the residual intersymbol interference, thus maximizing the matched filter bound (MFB) at its output.
Transluminal expandable nitinol coil stent grafting: preliminary report. (1983)

A method is described for the percutaneous catheter placement of expandable nitinol coil stents for the nonoperative restoration and maintenance of patency in internal flow pathways, especially the lumina of blood vessels and biliary ducts.
EcR isoforms inDrosophila: testing tissue-specific requirements by targeted blockade and rescue (2002)

The three Drosophila EcR isoforms differ only at their N termini; thus, they share the conserved ligand-binding domain transcriptional activation function (AF2) and only differ in the unconserved A/B region, which contains a second, isoform-specific, activation function (AF1). We have developed a dominant-negative mutant EcR (EcR-DN), expressed it in flies with the GAL4/UAS system, and used it to block ecdysone signaling in eight tissues or groups of tissues. Localized EcR-DN arrests ecdysone-dependent development in the target cells and often--because of a molting checkpoint--arrests development globally. Simultaneously expressing individual wild-type EcR isoforms in the same target tissues suppresses the EcR-DN phenotype and identifies the rescuing isoform as sufficient to support the development of the target. Every isoform, and even an N-terminal truncated EcR that lacks any AF1, supports development in the fat body, eye discs, salivary glands, EH-secreting neurosecretory cells and in the dpp expression domain, implying that AF1 is dispensable in these tissues. By contrast, only EcR-A is able to support development in the margins of the wing discs, and only EcR-B2 can do so in the larval epidermis and the border cells of the developing egg chamber. In light of our results, the simplest explanations for the widespread spatial and temporal variations in EcR isoform titers appear untenable.
Determination of the Micelle Architecture of Polystyrene/Poly(4-vinylpyridine) Block Copolymers in Dilute Solution (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of the Micelle Architecture of Polystyrene/Poly(4-vinylpyridine) Block Copolymers in Dilute SolutionMarkus Antonietti, Steffi Heinz, Manfred Schmidt, and Christine RosenauerCite this: Macromolecules 1994, 27, 12, 3276–3281Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00090a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00090a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2139Altmetric-Citations233LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Effects of Night Work, Sleep Loss and Time on Task on Simulated Threat Detection Performance (2008)

This study provides the first systematic evidence that night work and sleep loss adversely affect the accuracy of detecting complex real world objects among high levels of background clutter. If the results can be replicated in professional screeners and real work environments, fatigue in luggage screening personnel may pose a threat for air traffic safety unless countermeasures for fatigue are deployed.
Effects of Mn, Cr, and Sr Additions on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Al-7Si-0.4Mg-1Fe Casting Alloy (2009)

The microstructure of Al-7Si-0.4Mg-1Fe alloy mainly consists of aluminum dendrites, Al-Si eutectics, and needles. When Mn was added to the alloy, the substantial amount of phase was changed into Al(Mn,Fe)Si, however the needle-like morphology was almost unchanged. Combined additions of Cr or Sr with Mn to the base alloy resulted in rod-like Al(Mn, Fe,Si)Si phase. The tensile properties of as-cast alloys were enhanced by the Mn addition, especially when it was added with Sr. The tensile properties after T6 heat treatment was a little improved with 0.7%Mn addition, but Cr or Sr additions with Mn didn't show any positive effect on the properties of heat-treated alloys.
A Mutation in Escherichia coli DNA Gyrase Conferring Quinolone Resistance Results in Sensitivity to Drugs Targeting Eukaryotic Topoisomerase II (2004)

Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents that target type II topoisomerases. Many fluoroquinolones are highly specific for bacterial type II topoisomerases and act against both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. In Escherichia coli, mutations causing quinolone resistance are often found in the gene that encodes the A subunit of DNA gyrase. One common site for resistance-conferring mutations alters Ser83, and mutations to Leu or Trp result in high levels of resistance to fluoroquinolones. In the present study we demonstrate that the mutation of Ser83 to Trp in DNA gyrase (Gyr(S83W)) also results in sensitivity to agents that are potent inhibitors of eukaryotic topoisomerase II but that are normally inactive against prokaryotic enzymes. Epipodophyllotoxins, such as etoposide, teniposide and amino-azatoxin, inhibited the DNA supercoiling activity of Gyr(S83W), and the enzyme caused elevated levels of DNA cleavage in the presence of these agents. The DNA sequence preference for Gyr(S83W)-induced cleavage sites in the presence of etoposide was similar to that seen with eukaryotic type II topoisomerases. Introduction of the Gyr(S83W) mutation in E. coli strain RFM443-242 by site-directed mutagenesis sensitized it to epipodophyllotoxins and amino-azatoxin. Our results demonstrate that sensitivity to agents that target topoisomerase II is conserved between prokaryotic and eukaryotic enzymes, suggesting that drug interaction domains are also well conserved and likely occur in domains important for the biochemical activities of the enzymes.
Stability of empty and peptide-loaded class II major histocompatibility complex molecules at neutral and endosomal pH: Comparison to class I proteins (1997)

The structure and thermal stability of empty and peptide-filled forms of the murine class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule I-E(k) were studied at neutral and mildly acidic pH. The two forms have distinct circular dichroic spectra, suggesting that a conformational change may accompany peptide binding. Thermal stability profiles indicate that binding of peptide significantly increases the thermal stability of the empty heterodimers at both neutral and mildly acidic pH. Free energies calculated from these data provide a direct measure of this stabilization and show that the empty form of I-E(k) is significantly more stable than that of class I MHC proteins. Furthermore, for the two MHC class II proteins that were analyzed (I-E(k) and I-A(d)), thermal stability was not significantly altered by acidification. In contrast, of four class I MHC molecules studied, three have shown a significant loss in complex stability at low pH. The marked stability exhibited by their empty form, as well as their resistance to low pH, as observed in this study, correlate well with the ability of class II MHC molecules to traverse and bind peptides in acidic endosomal vesicles.
Replication-defective mutants of mouse cytomegalovirus protect against wild-type virus challenge (2000)

Five temperature-sensitive mutants (tsm9, tsm13, tsm20, tsm22, tsm30) of murine cytomegalovirus have been shown previously not to produce infectious virus in mice. In the present study, the stage at which these mutants are blocked in their replication in vitro was examined by transcriptional analysis of 4 temporally regulated marker genes (IE-1, E-1, gB and gH) using a semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) coupled with an electron microscopic analysis of infected cells incubated at permissive (33 degrees C) and non-permissive (39 and/or 40 degrees C) temperatures. Replication of tsm13 appeared to be blocked at a late phase of replication after capsid formation while the block appeared to be as early as the immediate-early phase in tsm22- infected cells. In contrast, mutants tsm9, tsm20 and tsm30 were blocked at a maturation step, probably of capsid formation, as gene transcription of all 4 marker genes occurred, albeit at reduced level, at 39 and 40 degrees C but no capsids or virions were produced at 40 degrees C. Replication and transcription of mutants tsm13, tsm20 and tsm30 were also examined in infected mice. Mutant tsm13 showed no gene expression or infectious virus while mutants tsm20 and tsm30 produced no infectious virus from days 3-60 post infection, except unusually for a low titre of tsm30 (2.3 x 10(3) pfu/ml) in salivary glands 21 days post infection. Gene transcription of all 4 marker genes was observed in one or more tissues (salivary glands, spleen, kidneys, liver, thymus, heart, lungs) at one or more time points (3, 7, 10, 14, 21 days post-infection) with both mutants. Mice became infected latently with tsm20 but not tsm30, and mice previously infected with tsm20 or tsm30 were protected against a sub-lethal challenge with virulent parental virus; tsm30 also protected against a lethal challenge. This suggests that these two mutants may be good model vaccines for further studies on the mechanism of protection induced and for identification of the ts genes.
Increased bone mineral density in the femora of GDF8 knockout mice (2003)

GDF8 (myostatin), a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily of secreted growth and differentiation factors, is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. GDF8 knockout mice have approximately twice the skeletal muscle mass of normal mice. The effects of increased muscle mass on bone modeling were investigated by examining bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in the femora of female GDF8 knockout mice. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) densitometry was used to measure whole-femur BMC and BMD, and pQCT densitometry was used to calculate BMC and BMD from cross-sections taken at two different locations: the midshaft and the distal metaphysis. The DEXA results show that the knockout mice have significantly greater femoral BMD than normal mice. The peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) data indicate that the GDF8 knockout mice have approximately 10% greater cortical BMC (P =.01) at the midshaft and over 20% greater cortical BMC at the metaphysis (P <.001). Likewise, knockouts show approximately 10% greater cortical thickness (P <.001) and significantly greater cortical BMD (P <.001) at both locations. These results suggest that inhibitors of GDF8 function may be useful pharmacological agents for increasing both muscle mass and BMD.