gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of Phenyl Isothiocyanate on Si(001):  A 1,2-Dipolar Surface Addition Reaction (1999)

The adsorption of phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) on silicon (001) surfaces has been investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and ab initio calculations. The experimental evidence shows that adsorption onto the Si surface occurs in a highly selective manner, through the NCS group and not through the benzene ring. Both experimental and theoretical evidence suggests that the adsorption involves the interaction of the N and C atoms of the NCS group with the SiSi dimer, forming a four-member Si2NC ring at the interface. This process leaves the aromatic ring nearly unperturbed and is analogous to a 1,2-dipolar addition reaction. Theoretical calculations confirm that this is the most stable product.
Ten-year experience of carbon dioxide laser ablation as treatment for cutaneous recurrence of malignant melanoma (2004)

Laser ablation is a practical and useful method of palliating recurrent cutaneous malignant melanoma.
Effect of danazol on the radiographic density of breast parenchyma. (1981)

We have given danazol to 25 women with mammary dysplasia. Clinical, cytologic and radiographic examinations were made before, during and after this treatment. In 23 patients breast pain disappeared completely. Danazol produced such a decrease in breast volume and density that on the mammogram the parenchyma was much more easily visualized. We suggest that danazol might be given before mammography to high risk women having dense dysplasic breasts, in order to ensure easier and more accurate interpretation.
High-resolution characterization of piezoelectric ceramics by ultrasonic scanning force microscopy techniques (2002)

The local elastic properties and the ferroelectric domain configuration of piezoelectric ceramics have been examined by atomic force acoustic microscopy and by ultrasonic piezoelectric force microscopy. The contrast mechanisms of the two techniques are discussed. From the local contact stiffness which is obtained by evaluation of the contact resonance spectra, the elastic constants of the smple surface can be calculated. In the case of anisotropic materials these elastic constants correspond to the indentation moduli. Indentation moduli for barium titanate and for a lead zirconate-titanate ceramics were calculated theoretically and are in resonable agreement with experiments. The non-linearity of the tip-sample interaction becoms noticeable at large vibration amplitudes or large mechanical tip loads.
Constitutive Display of Cryptic Translation Products by MHC Class I Molecules (2003)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules display tens of thousands of peptides on the cell surface, derived from virtually all endogenous proteins, for inspection by cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). We show that, in normal mouse cells, MHC I molecules present a peptide encoded in the 3' "untranslated" region. Despite its rarity, the peptide elicits CTL responses and induces self-tolerance, establishing that immune surveillance extends well beyond conventional polypeptides. Furthermore, translation of this cryptic peptide occurs by a previously unknown mechanism that decodes the CUG initiation codon as leucine rather than the canonical methionine.
DNA methylation and Rett syndrome (2003)

Methylation of cytosine in human DNA has been studied for over 60 years, but has only recently been confirmed as an important player in human disease. Rett syndrome is a neurological disorder caused by mutations in the MeCP2 protein, which has been shown to bind methylated DNA and repress transcription. This review will focus on experiments addressing the basic properties of MeCP2 and on mouse models of Rett syndrome that are starting to yield insights into this condition.
The challenges of specifying intervals and absences in temporal queries (2013)

In our burgeoning world of ubiquitous sensors and affordable data storage, records of timestamped events are being produced across nearly every domain of personal and professional computing. The resulting data surge has created an overarching need to search these records for meaningful patterns of events. This paper reports on a two-part user study, as well as a series of early tests and interviews with clinical researchers, that informed the development of two temporal query interfaces: a basic, menu-based interface and an advanced, graphic-based interface. While the scope of temporal query is very broad, this work focuses on two particularly complex and critical facets of temporal event sequences: intervals (events with both a start time and an end time), and the absence of an event. We describe how users encounter a common set of difficulties when specifying such queries, and propose solutions to help overcome them. Finally, we report on two case studies with epidemiologists at the US Army Pharmacovigilance Center, illustrating how both query interfaces were used to study patterns of drug use.
Human African trypanosomiasis: pharmacological re‐engagement with a neglected disease (2007)

This review discusses the challenges of chemotherapy for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). The few drugs registered for use against the disease are unsatisfactory for a number of reasons. HAT has two stages. In stage 1 the parasites proliferate in the haemolymphatic system. In stage 2 they invade the central nervous system and brain provoking progressive neurological dysfunction leading to symptoms that include the disrupted sleep wake patterns that give HAT its more common name of sleeping sickness. Targeting drugs to the central nervous system offers many challenges. However, it is the cost of drug development for diseases like HAT, that afflict exclusively people of the world's poorest populations, that has been the principal barrier to new drug development and has led to them becoming neglected. Here we review drugs currently registered for HAT, and also discuss the few compounds progressing through clinical trials. Finally we report on new initiatives that might allow progress to be made in developing new and satisfactory drugs for this terrible disease.
Unusual nucleotide arrangement with repeated sequences in the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome (1989)

Between 59 and 60 min on the Escherichia coli genetic map, there is a highly conserved sequence of 29 base pairs, containing an inverted repeat of seven base pairs that appears 14 times, 32 or 33 base pairs apart, downstream of the iap gene coding region. About 24 kilobase pairs downstream of the 14 repeats, a similar 29-base-pair sequence with a spacing of 32 base pairs appears seven times. Nucleotide sequences hybridizing with the 29-base-pair fragment were also detected in Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella typhimurium but not in Klebsiella pneumoniae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Development and characterization of novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein (NESP) (2001)

Studies on human erythropoietin (EPO) demonstrated that there is a direct relationship between the sialic acid-containing carbohydrate content of the molecule and its serum half-life and in vivo biological activity, but an inverse relationship with its receptor-binding affinity. These observations led to the hypothesis that increasing the carbohydrate content, beyond that found naturally, would lead to a molecule with enhanced biological activity. Hyperglycosylated recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) analogues were developed to test this hypothesis. Darbepoetin alfa (novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein, NESP, ARANESP, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA), which was engineered to contain 5 N-linked carbohydrate chains (two more than rHuEPO), has been evaluated in preclinical animal studies. Due to its increased sialic acid-containing carbohydrate content, NESP is biochemically distinct from rHuEPO, having an increased molecular weight and greater negative charge. Compared with rHuEPO, it has an approximate 3-fold longer serum half-life, greater in vivo potency, and can be administered less frequently to obtain the same biological response. NESP is currently being evaluated in human clinical trials for treatment of anaemia and reduction in its incidence.
Soluble Transforming Growth Factor-β Type II Receptor Inhibits Negative Remodeling, Fibroblast Transdifferentiation, and Intimal Lesion Formation But Not Endothelial Growth (1999)

Using the rat balloon catheter denudation model, we examined the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) isoforms in vascular repair processes. By en face in situ hybridization, proliferating and quiescent smooth muscle cells in denuded vessels expressed high levels of mRNA for TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, TGF-beta3, and lower levels of TGF-beta receptor II (TGF-betaRII) mRNA. Compared with normal endothelium, TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2, as well as TGF-betaRII, mRNA were upregulated in endothelium at the wound edge. Injected recombinant soluble TGF-betaRII (TGF-betaR:Fc) localized preferentially to the adventitia and developing neointima in the injured carotid artery, causing a reduction in intimal lesion formation (up to 65%) and an increase in lumen area (up to 88%). The gain in lumen area was largely due to inhibition of negative remodeling, which coincided with reduced adventitial fibrosis and collagen deposition. Four days after injury, TGF-betaR:Fc treatment almost completely inhibited the induction of smooth muscle alpha-actin expression in adventitial cells. In the vessel wall, TGF-betaR:Fc caused a marked reduction in mRNA levels for collagens type I and III. TGF-betaR:Fc had no effect on endothelial proliferation as determined by reendothelialization of the denuded rat aorta. Together, these findings identify the TGF-beta isoforms as major factors mediating adventitial fibrosis and negative remodeling after vascular injury, a major cause of restenosis after angioplasty.
TCMOS: Low noise power supply technique fordigital ICs (1995)

Mixed signal circuits have become an important trend in IC design. In these circuits, the effect of digital noise on the analogue part of the circuit is one of the most important performance constraints. The authors present a new technique for providing power to conventional CMOS circuits which minimises the noise in the power buses.
Androgens and estrogens: their interaction with stroma and epithelium of human benign prostatic hyperplasia and normal prostate. (1983)

Growth and integrity of human prostatic epithelium is strongly dependent upon the adjacent stroma. Furthermore, the human prostate is under the control of sex hormones. Both facts prompted us to compare epithelium with stroma of human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and normal prostate (NPR) concerning their metabolism, binding and tissue concentrations of androgens and estrogens. In vitro metabolism was analyzed by t.l.c., androgen and estrogen binding sites were determined by a charcoal adsorption technique, androgen and estrogen tissue concentrations were measured by RIA. The main results are--(1) Metabolism: BPH stroma shows 2-3 times higher 5 alpha-reductase activity than epithelium. This high 5 alpha-reductase activity in BPH stroma dictates the differences between unseparated BPH and NPR, in the former the 5 alpha-reductase activity being 2 times higher. The 3 alpha(beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH) activity is more evenly distributed between stroma and epithelium of BPH and NPR. The ratios of 5 alpha-reductase to HSDH activity in the various tissue fractions indicate that the highest enzymatically regulated 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) enrichment must occur in BPH stroma. (2) Tissue concentrations: unseparated BPH contains 2.2 times more DHT than NPR. About 70% of the total DHT content is found in nuclear fractions, whereby the nuclear DHT content of BPH stroma is significantly higher than that of BPH epithelium. In addition, nuclei of BPH stroma contain significantly more estradiol than epithelial nuclei. (3) Binding: the androgen receptor is evenly distributed between epithelium and stroma of BPH, while the estrogen receptor is preferably assayed in BPH stroma. These studies indicate that the BPH stroma is not only a preferential tissue for 5 alpha-reductase activity and DHT enrichment but also for nuclear estradiol accumulation.
Dual Floating Gate Unified Memory MOSFET With Simultaneous Dynamic and Non-Volatile Operation (2014)

Dual floating gate flash memory has been fabricated and characterized to show dynamic operation, non-volatile operation, and simultaneous dynamic and non-volatile operation. The gate stack consists of a thin dielectric separating two floating gates sandwiched between a tunnel dielectric and interpoly dielectric. The quality of the thin dielectric that separates the floating gates is of utmost importance to retain dynamic operation. In this letter, we investigate a dual floating gate memory transistor and show its potential to combine DRAM and flash functionality in the same device.
A Novel Approach to Functionalized Nanoparticles: Self-Crosslinking of Macromolecules in Ultradilute Solution (2001)

The intermolecular self-crosslinking of functionalized macromolecules under ultra-dilute conditions (see Figure) provides a versatile approach to the preparation of nanoparticles with very small sizes. The size and the chemical nature of the particles are easily controlled and the use of particles produced in this way in the generation of nanoporous thin films where the particles act as sacrificial porogens has been demonstrated.
Thin Films of Metallic Carbon Nanotubes Prepared by Dielectrophoresis (2006)

Dielectrophoretic separation of metallic carbon nanotubes from semiconducting carbon nanotubes is developing towards a bulk-separation method, which allows, for the first time, the production of thin films of only metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes on a transparent quartz-glass substrate (see figure). Larger quantities of nanotubes are processed without sacrificing the intrinsic high quality of the process–a development that is promising for the development of nanotube-based electronic-device applications.
Synthesis of the lower subunit of rhizoxin (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of the lower subunit of rhizoxinDale L. Boger and Timothy T. CurranCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 8, 2235–2244Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00034a010https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00034a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views840Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
In vivo haploid induction in maize - performance of new inducers and significance of doubled haploid lines in hybrid breeding (2005)

In the last three to five years, doubled hap- loid (DH) lines have increasingly been used in maize (Zea mays L.) research and breeding. This became possi- ble by substantial progress in the in vivo haploid induc- tion technology. Herein, we describe the development and characteristics of a new induction line, RWS, and dis- cuss quantitative genetic and logistic aspects of the use of DH lines in hybrid maize breeding. - Induction line RWS was derived from an F 5 plant of a cross between the Russian induction synthetic KEMS and the French induc- tion line WS14. Kernels with a haploid or F 1 embryo can be distinguished by means of the expression of the domi- nant anthocyanin marker gene R1-nj. Misclassification rates based on this marker gene are generally low except for donors carrying anthocyanin inhibitor genes. Reliable estimates of the induction rate were obtained by using tester genotypes with recessive morphological markers. In tests across various induction environments, RWS consis- tently showed the highest induction rate (8.1% on aver- age) compared to other inducers evaluated herein. - Ad- vantages of using DH lines in hybrid breeding include (1) maximum genetic variance in line per se and testcross tri- als, (2) high reproducibility of early-selection results, (3) high efficiency in stacking targeted gene arrangements and (4) simplified logistics. High cost-savings are possible due to reduced expenses for the selfing program, han- dling and shipping of seed batches, and for maintenance breeding. Moreover, outstanding DH lines may be pro- tected and commercialized several seasons earlier than lines developed by inbreeding.
Phase I Evaluation of a 40-kDa Branched-Chain Long-Acting Pegylated IFN-α-2a With and Without Cytarabine in Patients with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (2005)

Pegasys provided a significant advantage over standard IFN-alpha by enabling once-weekly dosing while maintaining acceptable safety, tolerability, and activity profiles. This branched 40-kDa PEG-IFN was well tolerated both as a monotherapy as well as in combination with ara-C. Demonstration of its sustained exposure, pharmacodynamic activity, hematologic response, and evidence of cytogenetic response in several patients in this limited study with either IFN-refractory or INF-intolerant patients provides a promise for further investigation in combination with new agents like imatinib.
Osteoinductive factor inhibits formation of human osteoclast-like cells. (1990)

Osteoinductive factor (OIF) is a glycoprotein in bone that induces ectopic bone formation. Implantation of OIF plus transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) type 1 or 2 into subcutaneous tissues of rats induces formation of bone at the implantation site. Since TGF-beta is also present in bone matrix and inhibits formation of multinucleated cells that express an osteoclast phenotype in long-term human marrow cultures, we tested the effects of OIF on formation of these osteoclast-like cells to determine the effects of OIF on cells in the osteoclast lineage. We found that OIF inhibited total multinucleated cell (MNC) formation in a dose-dependent fashion and preferentially inhibited formation of MNCs that react with monoclonal antibody 23c6 (23c6-positive MNCs), an antibody that identifies osteoclasts. In addition, low concentrations of OIF in combination with low concentrations of TGF-beta acted synergistically to inhibit 23c6-positive MNC formation. The inhibition of 23c6-positive MNC formation by OIF was not mediated by prostaglandin synthesis. These data suggest that regulatory growth factors, such as OIF or TGF-beta, that are stored within the bone matrix and released when bone is resorbed can serve as natural inhibitors of osteoclast activity by inhibiting osteoclast formation.
Confronting the Prior Art (2014)

The word “nonobviousness” is a clumsy combination of word segments and lacks a precise meaning; attempts to define it have produced a body of law that can fill volumes. Nevertheless, certain approaches to evaluating inventions for nonobviousness, some of which are specialized to certain technologies, have been developed by the USPTO and the courts and have continued to be applied within the guidelines of the KSR decision. There is clearly no single definition of nonobviousness nor a single way of establishing it, but an overall approach might be to ask how the invention arose, why it was implemented, and what was learned from it. Somewhere in the answers to these questions, one can often find a basis for developing an argument in favor of nonobviousness.
Plasma Adrenaline Concentrations During Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (1999)

Although systemic absorption of locally injected vasoconstrictors occurs, adrenaline-related side effects during FESS are extremely rare when the patient is monitored exactly.
Subattomole-Sensitivity Microchip Nanoelectrospray Source with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Detection (1999)

A microfabricated microfluidic device coupled with a nanospray tip for electrospray ionization of dilute solutions is described. The device has been interfaced with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and evaluated for sensitive, high-speed detection of peptides and proteins. The electrospray voltage was applied through the microchip to the nanospray capillary that was attached at the end of a microfabricated channel. Fluid delivery rates were 20-30 nL min(-)(1) through the hybridized structure without any pressure assistance. On-line microchip electrophoresis has been demonstrated and the effect of the capillary-chip junction on band broadening examined. Full mass spectra are acquired within 10-20 ms at 50-100 spectra s(-)(1) storage rates. Detection of subattomole levels of sample from a 100 nM solution is demonstrated for infusion experiments.
Construction, Characterization, and Use of TwoListeria monocytogenesSite-Specific Phage Integration Vectors (2002)

Two site-specific shuttle integration vectors were developed with two different chromosomal bacteriophage integration sites to facilitate strain construction in Listeria monocytogenes. The first vector, pPL1, utilizes the listeriophage U153 integrase and attachment site within the comK gene for chromosomal insertion. pPL1 contains a useful polylinker, can be directly conjugated from Escherichia coli into L. monocytogenes, forms stable, single-copy integrants at a frequency of approximately 10(-4) per donor cell, and can be used in the L. monocytogenes 1/2 and 4b serogroups. Methods for curing endogenous prophages from the comK attachment site in 10403S-derived strains were developed. pPL1 was used to introduce the hly and actA genes at comK-attBB' in deletion strains derived from 10403S and SLCC-5764. These strains were tested for second-site complementation in hemolysin assays, plaquing assays, and cell extract motility assays. Unlike plasmid-complemented strains, integrated pPL1-complemented strains were fully virulent in the mouse 50% lethal dose assay. Additionally, the PSA phage attachment site on the L. monocytogenes chromosome was characterized, and pPL1 was modified to integrate at this site. The listeriophage PSA integrates in the 3' end of an arginine tRNA gene. There are 17 bp of DNA identity between the bacterial and phage attachment sites. The PSA prophage DNA sequence reconstitutes a complete tRNA(Arg) gene. The modified vector, pPL2, was integration proficient at the same frequency as pPL1 in common laboratory serotype 1/2 strains as well as serotype 4b strains.