gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies of the susceptibility of nude, CD4 knockout, and SCID mutant mice to the disease induced by the murine AIDS defective virus (1997)

Murine AIDS (MAIDS) is induced by a defective retrovirus that infects lymphocyte cells of the B lineage. To determine whether functional T cells are required for the infection of B cells, T-cell-deficient mice (nude, CD4 knockout, and SCII)) were infected with helper-free stocks of the MAIDS defective virus. Infection of B cells was monitored by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization. The C57BL/6 nude mice contained clusters of infected B cells, but less so than did the euthymic mice. In contrast, the (C57BL/6 x BALB/c)F1 nude mice harbored more infected B cells than did their euthymic littermates when maintained in a pathogen-free environment. Clusters of infected B cells were also detected in the MAIDS virus-infected CD4-/- knockout mice despite the total absence of CD4+ T cells in these mice. However, infected cells were not detected in SCID mice (deficient in mature T and B cells) inoculated with the same virus, indicating that precursor B cells are not a target of the virus in the absence of mature CD4+ T cells. These data confirm that the primary event in the development of MAIDS is the infection of relatively mature peripheral B cells and that CD4+ T cells are required to promote the expansion of these infected B cells.
Cooling of the epileptic focus suppresses seizures with minimal influence on neurologic functions (2012)

Despite the beneficial effects in ictal rats, sensorimotor functions deteriorated at 15°C, thereby suggesting a lower limit for the therapeutic temperature. These results provide important evidence of a therapeutic effect of temperatures from 20 to 15°C using an implantable, hypothermal device for focal epilepsy.
The CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 is not responsible for CD8+T cell suppression of syncytia-inducing strains of HIV-1 (1997)

Primary CD8+ T cells from HIV+ asymptomatics can suppress virus production from CD4(+) T cells acutely infected with either non-syncytia-inducing (NSI) or syncytia-inducing (SI) HIV-1 isolates. NSI strains of HIV-1 predominantly use the CCR5 chemokine receptor as a fusion cofactor, whereas fusion of T cell line-adapted SI isolates is mediated by another chemokine receptor, CXCR4. The CCR5 ligands RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha), and MIP-1beta are HIV-1 suppressive factors secreted by CD8+ cells that inhibit NSI viruses. Recently, the CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) was identified as a ligand for CXCR4 and shown to inhibit SI strains. We speculated that SDF-1 might be an effector molecule for CD8+ suppression of SI isolates and assessed several SDF-1 preparations for inhibition of HIV-1LAI-mediated cell-cell fusion, and examined levels of SDF-1 transcripts in CD8(+) T cells. SDF-1 fusion inhibitory activity correlated with the N terminus, and the alpha and beta forms of SDF-1 exhibited equivalent fusion blocking activity. SDF-1 preparations having the N terminus described by Bleul et al. (Bleul, C.C., Fuhlbrigge, R.C., Casasnovas, J.M., Aiuti, A. & Springer, T.A. (1996) J. Exp. Med. 184, 1101-1109) readily blocked HIV-1LAI-mediated fusion, whereas forms containing two or three additional N-terminal amino acids lacked this activity despite their ability to bind and/or signal through CXCR4. Though SDF-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues, CD8 T cells contained extremely low levels of SDF-1 mRNA transcripts (<1 transcript/5,000 cells), and these levels did not correlate with virus suppressive activity. We conclude that suppression of SI strains of HIV-1 by CD8+ T cells is unlikely to involve SDF-1.
Exclusive development of T cell neoplasms in mice transplanted with bone marrow expressing activated Notch alleles. (1996)

Notch is a highly conserved transmembrane protein that is involved in cell fate decisions and is found in organisms ranging from Drosophila to humans. A human homologue of Notch, TAN1, was initially identified at the chromosomal breakpoint of a subset of T-cell lymphoblastic leukemias/lymphomas containing a t(7;9) chromosomal translocation; however, its role in oncogenesis has been unclear. Using a bone marrow reconstitution assay with cells containing retrovirally transduced TAN1 alleles, we analyzed the oncogenic potential of both nuclear and extranuclear forms of truncated TAN1 in hematopoietic cells. Although the Moloney leukemia virus long terminal repeat drives expression in most hematopoietic cell types, retroviruses encoding either form of the TAN1 protein induced clonal leukemias of exclusively immature T cell phenotypes in approximately 50% of transplanted animals. All tumors overexpressed truncated TAN1 of the size and subcellular localization predicted from the structure of the gene. These results show that TAN1 is an oncoprotein and suggest that truncation and overexpression are important determinants of transforming activity. Moreover, the murine tumors caused by TAN1 in the bone marrow transplant model are very similar to the TAN1-associated human tumors and suggest that TAN1 may be specifically oncotropic for T cells.
IP Network Address Translator (NAT) Terminology and Considerations (1999)

The motivation behind this document is to provide clarity to the terms used in conjunction with Network Address Translators.The term "Network Address Translator" means different things in different contexts.The intent of this document is to define the various flavors of NAT and standardize the meaning of terms used.
Targeted Retrieval and Analysis of Five Neandertal mtDNA Genomes (2009)

Analysis of Neandertal DNA holds great potential for investigating the population history of this group of hominins, but progress has been limited due to the rarity of samples and damaged state of the DNA. We present a method of targeted ancient DNA sequence retrieval that greatly reduces sample destruction and sequencing demands and use this method to reconstruct the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes of five Neandertals from across their geographic range. We find that mtDNA genetic diversity in Neandertals that lived 38,000 to 70,000 years ago was approximately one-third of that in contemporary modern humans. Together with analyses of mtDNA protein evolution, these data suggest that the long-term effective population size of Neandertals was smaller than that of modern humans and extant great apes.
Gastric emptying of solid meals in diabetics. (1976)

The gastric emptying rate of an isotopically labelled solid meal was compared in 29 insulin-dependent well-controlled diabetics and 18 normal controls. The diabetics were assessed for evidence of autonomic neuropathy. No significant difference in gastric emptying rate was found between controls and diabetics with or without autonomic neuropathy. Only three diabetics had greatly delayed gastric emptying, but in one of these the test had given a normal result on an earlier occasion.
Concerted action of ENaC, Nedd4–2, and Sgk1 in transepithelial Na+transport (2002)

The epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC), located in the apical membrane of renal aldosterone-responsive epithelia, plays an essential role in controlling the Na(+) balance of extracellular fluids and hence blood pressure. As of now, ENaC is the only Na(+) transport protein for which genetic evidence exists for its involvement in the genesis of both hypertension (Liddle's syndrome) and hypotension (pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1). The regulation of ENaC involves a variety of hormonal signals (aldosterone, vasopressin, insulin), but the molecular mechanisms behind this regulation are mostly unknown. Two regulatory proteins have gained interest in recent years: the ubiquitin-protein ligase neural precursor cell-expressed, developmentally downregulated gene 4 isoform Nedd4-2, which negatively controls ENaC cell surface expression, and serum glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (Sgk1), which is an aldosterone- and insulin-dependent, positive regulator of ENaC density at the plasma membrane. Here, we summarize present ideas about Sgk1 and Nedd4-2 and the lines of experimental evidence, suggesting that they act sequentially in the regulatory pathways governed by aldosterone and insulin and regulate ENaC number at the plasma membrane.
Support Vector Method for Multivariate Density Estimation (1999)

A new method for multivariate density estimation is developed based on the Support Vector Method (SVM) solution of inverse ill-posed problems. The solution has the form of a mixture of densities. This method with Gaussian kernels compared favorably to both Parzen&amp;apos;s method and the Gaussian Mixture Model method. For synthetic data we achieve more accurate estimates for densities of 2, 6, 12, and 40 dimensions. 1 Introduction The problem of multivariate density estimation is important for many applications, in particular, for speech recognition [1] [7]. When the unknown density belongs to a parametric set satisfying certain conditions one can estimate it using the maximum likelihood (ML) method. Often these conditions are too restrictive. Therefore, non-parametric methods were proposed. The most popular of these, Parzen&amp;apos;s method [5], uses the following estimate given data x 1 ; :::; x ` : P (t; fl ` ) = 1 ` ` X i=1 K fl ` (t \\Gamma x i ); (1) where K fl ` (t \\Gamma x i ) is a smoot...
Antinociceptive effect of botulinum toxin type a in rat model of carrageenan and capsaicin induced pain. (2005)

The study demonstrated the efficacy of peripherally applied BTX-A pretreatment on the pain component of inflammatory process in experimental animals.
In vitro biodegradation behavior of magnesium and magnesium alloy (2011)

Magnesium has the potential to be used as degradable metallic biomaterial. For magnesium and its alloys to be used as biodegradable implant materials, their degradation rates should be consistent with the rate of healing of the affected tissue, and the release of the degradation products should be within the body's acceptable absorption levels. Conventional magnesium degrades rapidly, which is undesirable. In this study, biodegradation behaviors of high purity magnesium and commercial purity magnesium alloy AZ31 in both static and dynamic Hank's solution are systematically investigated. The in vitro test results show that magnesium purification and selective alloying are effective approaches to reduce the degradation rate of magnesium. In the static condition, the corrosion products accumulate on the materials surface as a protective layer, which results in a lower degradation rate than the dynamic condition. Anodized coating can significantly further reduce the degradation rate of magnesium. This study strongly indicates that magnesium can be used as degradable implant material as long as the degradation is controlled at a low rate. Magnesium purification, selective alloying, and anodized coating are three effective approaches to reduce the rate of degradation.
Inhibition of in Vitro Transcription by Oligodeoxynucleotides (1994)

Single-stranded short phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotides have been used to inhibit in vitro T7 transcription system. These oligodeoxynucleotides were complementary to either the 3'-5' or 5'-3' strand of the transcription initiation site of a plasmid containing the gag region of HIV. Our results show that incubation of this plasmid DNA with the oligodeoxynucleotide complementary to the template DNA strand (3'-5', sense oligo) showed efficient inhibition of transcription. Incubation of this plasmid with the oligodeoxynucleotide complementary to the 5'-3' strand (antisense oligo) or a random oligodeoxynucleotide failed to do so. The inhibition of gag transcription was specific since the sense oligo failed to prevent transcription of a plasmid containing U2 RNA sequences. The inhibition of transcription was not limited to T7 RNA polymerase but was also observed with SP6 RNA polymerase.
A novel bivalent acellular pertussis vaccine based on the 69 kDa protein and FHA. (1991)

A combination of the 69 kDa outer membrane protein and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), both isolated from pertussis toxin (ptx) minus mutants of B. pertussis, is protective in the mouse intracerebral challenge potency test ("Kendrick test"). A combination of the same 69 kDa protein and lymphocytosis promoting factor (LPF, pertussis toxin, PTX) is approximately 15 times less effective. The data show that the 69 kDa protein in tandem with FHA is the most relevant combination for mouse protection, and may be a more suitable acellular pertussis vaccine candidate than the LPF/FHA combination which has never been satisfactorily protective in the mouse test. However, the preparation of the 69 kDa protein of acceptable quality is still difficult. Attempts were made at screening the most suitable batches of the preparation by exploiting some recently discovered properties of the 69 kDa protein, i.e. its chromatofocusing pattern and lymphocyte affinity. Although both these properties may differentiate 69 kDa preparations, none of them was able to replace the mouse intracerebral challenge potency test for the final quality assessment.
Kinetics of Cleavage of Thiophosphates and Phosphonothioates by Micellar Iodosocarboxylates and Copper Metallomicelles (2000)

o-Iodosobenzoate (1, IBA) and 2,3-iodosonaphthoate (2, INA) in aqueous cetyltrimethylammonium chloride ((CTA)Cl) micelles, as well as copper metallomicelles 14, all at pH 8, cleave phosphonothioates (11 and 12), the thiophosphate parathion (10), phosphonate 13, and phosphate 4 (paraoxon). The factors for the kinetic advantages in the cleavages of 12 and parathion range from 103 to 104. Although catalytic turnover of the iodoso reagents is not observed with the thio substrates and is slow with paraoxon, excess IBA/(CTA)Cl destroys paraoxon and parathion with reaction half-lives of 3.0 and 7.7 min, respectively, at pH 8.0 and 25 °C. The cleavages of 12 and parathion by IBA or INA involve an initial hydrolytic step followed by oxidation of the sulfur-containing fragment. Cleavages of 12 and parathion by o-iodoxybenzoate (1X, IBX) in (CTA)Cl micelles are much slower than the comparable reactions mediated by IBA, INA, and 14.
Oxidative stress mediates tau-induced neurodegeneration in Drosophila (2006)

Markers of oxidative damage have been detected in brain tissue from patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. These findings implicate oxidative injury in the neurodegenerative process, but whether oxidative stress is a cause or a consequence of neurotoxicity remains unclear. We used a Drosophila model of human tauopathies to investigate the role of oxidative stress in neurodegeneration. Genetic and pharmacological manipulation of antioxidant defense mechanisms significantly modified neurodegeneration in our model, suggesting that oxidative stress plays a causal role in neurotoxicity. We demonstrate that the JNK signaling pathway is activated in our model, which is in agreement with previous findings in AD tissue. Furthermore, we show that the extent of JNK activation correlates with the degree of tau-induced neurodegeneration. Finally, our findings suggest that oxidative stress acts not to promote tau phosphorylation, but to enhance tau-induced cell cycle activation. In summary, our study identifies oxidative stress as a causal factor in tau-induced neurodegeneration in Drosophila.
Making Dendritic Cells from the Inside Out: Lentiviral Vector-Mediated Gene Delivery of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor and Interleukin 4 into CD14 + Monocytes Generates Dendritic Cells In Vitro (2004)

We have evaluated a one-hit lentiviral transduction approach to genetically modifying monocytes in order to promote autocrine and paracrine production of factors required for their differentiation into immature dendritic cells (DCs). High-titer third-generation self-inactivating lentiviral vectors expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) efficiently achieved simultaneous and persistent codelivery of the transgenes into purified human CD14+ monocytes. Coexpression of GM-CSF and IL-4 in CD14+ cells was sufficient to induce their differentiation into a DC-like phenotype, as evidenced by their morphology, immature immunophenotypic profile (CD14-, CD1a+, CD80+, CD86+, MHC-I+, MHC-II+), and their ability to further develop into a mature phenotype (CD83+) on further treatment with soluble CD40 ligand. Mixed lymphocyte reactions showed that the T cell-stimulating activity of lentivirus-modified DCs was superior to that of DCs grown by conventional methods. Lentivirus-modified DCs displayed efficient antigen-specific, MHC class I-restricted stimulation of autologous CD8+ T cells, as shown by IFN-gamma production and CTL assays. DCs coexpressing GM-CSF and IL-4 could be kept metabolically active and viable in culture for 14 days in the absence of exogenously added growth factors, unlike conventionally produced DCs. Coexpression of FLT3 ligand did not improve the viability, expansion, or immunologic performance of lentivirus-modified DCs. This article demonstrates the proof-of-concept to genetically convert monocytes to DC-type antigen-presenting cells with lentiviral vectors.
Photoacoustic imaging of blood vessels in the chorioallantoic membrane of a chicken embryo (2004)

Photoacoustic imaging is demonstrated in imaging blood vessels of a chicken embryo. Using a weighted sum-and-delay beamforming algorithm we were able to reconstruct two- and three-dimensional images of these blood vessels.
ATP-binding Cassette A1-mediated Lipidation of Apolipoprotein A-I Occurs at the Plasma Membrane and Not in the Endocytic Compartments (2008)

ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) A1 is required for the lipidation of apolipoprotein A-I to generate high density lipoprotein (HDL). This process is proposed to occur through a retro-endocytosis pathway in which apoA-I internalizes with ABCA1 and generates HDL from the endosomal compartments before resecretion. The aim of this study was to determine the route of apoA-I endocytosis and whether endocytosis contributes to HDL biogenesis. Using confocal microscopy, we found that internalized apoA-I only transiently colocalized with transferrin, a retro-endocytosis marker. Instead, apoA-I perfectly colocalized with a bulk phase uptake marker (fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran) and, at later time points, with LysoTracker in several cell models including macrophages, fibroblasts, and baby hamster kidney cells. ABCA1 colocalized poorly with internalized apoA-I. To determine the contribution of internalized apoA-I to HDL biogenesis, we specifically removed apoA-I from the cell surface and analyzed the fate of internalized apoA-I. We found that 23% of cell-associated apoA-I was internalized at steady state. Of internalized apoA-I, only 20% was converted to HDL, and the rest was degraded, consistent with a lysosomal destination. We also found that apoA-I was released approximately five times faster from the plasma membrane than from the intracellular compartments. From these kinetic parameters, we estimated that approximately 5.6% of apoA-I that interacts with cells is degraded and that internalized apoA-I contributes to approximately 1.4% of total HDL production. We also found that blocking endocytosis with sucrose or cytochalasin D did not decrease cholesterol efflux or HDL biogenesis. We therefore conclude that the plasma membrane is the main platform where ABCA1-mediated lipidation of apoA-I occurs.
Programmable Reconfigurable Self-Assembly: Parallel Heterogeneous Integration of Chip-Scale Components on Planar and Nonplanar Surfaces (2006)

This paper reports on a programmable reconfigurable self-assembly (PRS) process to enable heterogeneous integration of components on nonplanar substrates. The proposed process makes use of solder-based receptors that can be activated electrically. Metal contacts on segmented semiconductor devices bind to liquid-solder-based-receptors on a substrate during the fluidic self-assembly. Programmability is implemented using solder-based receptors that can be switched "ON" and "OFF" using integrated heaters. We have evaluated the feasibility of the proposed PRS concept through computer simulations using ANSYS to estimate: i) the necessary power to heat selected receptors to above the melting point of the solder and ii) the minimal spacing between receptors for preventing thermal crosstalk. A prototype platform has been fabricated to experimentally test the PRS process. The programmable sequential assembly of multiple types of components onto target positions has been demonstrated, including 300-/spl mu/m-sized light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and silicon dies. Three types of defects were identified and eliminated using improved component designs, transient heating, and adequate heat sinks. A prototype color LED display segment that contains a total of 36 red, green, and yellow LED segments and 72 interconnects has been used to test the concept. The outlined process provides a new concept to the parallel integration of microdevices and systems that require electrical interconnects between components.
Immunomodulatory effects of anti-tumor necrosis factor ? therapy on synovium in spondylarthropathy: Histologic findings in eight patients from an open-label pilot study (2001)

The reduction in lining layer thickness, vascularity, and infiltration with neutrophils and macrophages paralleled the beneficial effect of anti-TNFalpha therapy on peripheral synovitis in 8 patients with different subtypes of SpA. The adhesion molecule expression, T cell infiltration, and, most important, B cell infiltration seemed to contrast with previous observations in RA. Although these preliminary data need to be confirmed in a larger cohort, they suggest distinct immunomodulatory mechanisms of anti-TNFalpha in SpA.
Biotechnological applications of recombinant single-domain antibody fragments (2011)

Beside the necessary task of updating, this work analyses in detail some applicative aspects of the single-domain antibodies that have been overseen in the past, such as their efficacy in affinity chromatography, as co-crystallization chaperones, protein aggregation controllers, enzyme activity tuners, and the specificities of the unconventional single-domain fragments.
New N-n-Propyl-Substituted 3-Aryl- and 3-Cyclohexylpiperidines as Partial Agonists at the D4 Dopamine Receptor (2002)

We have previously reported that compounds dimethyl-substituted on the phenyl ring of N-n-propyl-3-phenylpiperidines (PPEs) have a high (nM) affinity and selectivity toward the D(4) dopamine receptor (D(4) DAR) with m,p-dimethyl PPE (1) having the highest affinity and selectivity. In the present paper we have investigated the role of the methyl substitution by the synthesis of monomethylated (2a-c) and nonmethylated (2d) PPEs followed by the characterization of their biological properties using receptor binding assays. Our findings reveal that the methyl substitution of the phenyl ring is not necessary for a high and selective binding affinity to the D(4) DAR. Moreover, we have also synthesized cyclohexylpiperidines (CHPEs, 3a-d), which all showed higher binding affinities for the D(4) DAR than their aromatic counterparts. These results indicate that a pi-pi type interaction of the phenyl ring of PPEs with the D(4) DAR might not be essential, whereas a simple hydrophobic attraction between the cyclohexyl substituent of CHPEs and a hypothesized lipophilic pocket of the receptor might be crucial. Furthermore, functional assays indicate that 3d, as well as 1, are partial agonist at the D(4) DAR and therefore might represent new pharmacological tools to investigate the role of D(4) DAR activation in the control of cognitive functions and emotional states in health and disease.