gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combining image compression and classification using vector quantization (1995)

We describe a method of combining classification and compression into a single vector quantizer by incorporating a Bayes risk term into the distortion measure used in the quantizer design algorithm. Once trained, the quantizer can operate to minimize the Bayes risk weighted distortion measure if there is a model providing the required posterior probabilities, or it can operate in a suboptimal fashion by minimizing the squared error only. Comparisons are made with other vector quantizer based classifiers, including the independent design of quantization and minimum Bayes risk classification and Kohonen's LVQ. A variety of examples demonstrate that the proposed method can provide classification ability close to or superior to learning VQ while simultaneously providing superior compression performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Behavioral modeling of nonlinear RF power amplifiers considering memory effects (2003)

This paper proposes a new behavioral model to treat memory effects in nonlinear power amplifiers (PAs). Phenomena such as asymmetries in lower and upper intermodulation terms, and variation of AM/AM and AM/PM, depending on signal history, are often observed in high-power PAs. To treat these phenomena, this paper presents a model based on the previously developed memory polynomial model. The contribution made in this paper is to augment the memory polynomial model to include a sparse delay tap structure that reduces the parameter space required for accurate model identification. A figure-of-merit, called the memory effect ratio, is defined to quantify the relative level of distortion due to memory effects, as compared to the memoryless portion. Another figure-of-merit is defined as the memory effect modeling ratio, which quantifies the degree to which the PA memory effects have been accounted for in the model. This new technique is validated using a variety of RF PAs, including an 880-MHz and a 2.1-GHz high-power laterally diffused metal-oxide semiconductor PA and various signals such as two-tone, eight-tone, and IS-95B signals.
Data communications (1994)

The author describes how events in the consumer market and the business world have recently shaped (and for the next few years will continue to shape) this area far more than technological breakthroughs. The need for real-time delivery of much higher volumes of data to meet the video and audio requirements of coming multimedia applications has driven developments in data speed and in that new realm of technology where data communications converge with other kinds of inputs. Similarly, a rising interest in increasingly mobile communications has sparked an interest in wireless communications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Prostate carcinoma detection and increased prostate‐specific antigen levels after 4 years in Dutch and Japanese males who had no evidence of disease at initial screening (2004)

The risk of developing prostate carcinoma within a given 4-year period is greater for Dutch males ages 55-69 years compared with their Japanese counterparts, because the former have higher PSA levels. Nonetheless, there appears to be no significant difference in prostate carcinoma risk between Dutch and Japanese males whose baseline PSA levels fall within the same range.
Marked Therapeutic Efficacy of a Novel Polyethyleneglycol-SN38 Conjugate, EZN-2208, in Xenograft Models of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. (2007)

Abstract Background: The clinical utility of SN38 (10-hydroxy-7-ethyl-camptothecin), the active moiety of CPT-11 (Camptosar®), has been severely compromised due to its poor solubility. EZN-2208 is a novel, water-soluble, polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-SN38 conjugate generated by linking SN38 with a multi-arm high molecular weight PEG, 40k 4-arm-PEG, via a glycine linker. Here, we compare the efficacy of EZN-2208 and CPT-11 in the treatment of animals bearing non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Methods: The in vitro cytotoxicity of EZN-2208 and CPT-11 were tested in human lymphoma (Raji, Daudi, DoHH2) cancer cell lines using the tetrazolium assay. The pharmacokinetics and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of EZN-2208 and CPT-11 were evaluated in tumor-free severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice and the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in xenograft models of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (Raji and Daudi). Results: In vitro, the IC50 of EZN-2208 ranged from 2–20nM and the in vitro potency of EZN-2208 was 30 to 50-fold more than CPT-11. The MTDs of EZN-2208 and CPT-11 in SCID mice were 30 and 60 mg/kg, respectively, when injected as a single dose. When administered in a multiple dose regimen (q2d x 5), the MTDs of EZN-2208 and CPT-11 were 10- and 40 mg/kg respectively. The pharmacokinetic profile of EZN-2208 was biphasic showing a rapid distribution phase (t1/2a =0.6h) and a slow elimination phase (t1/2b =19.3h for conjugate and 14.2h for SN38). In the Raji xenograft model, treatment with a single MTD of EZN-2208 resulted in a 500% improvement in life span (ILS) and 50% cures of animals compared with 19% ILS observed for mice treated with a single MTD of CPT-11. Multiple dose treatment of EZN-2208 resulted in 90% cures of animals compared with 63% ILS and no cures observed for the CPT-11 group. In the Daudi xenograft model, a single injection of EZN-2208 given as early treatment resulted in cures of 100% of animals in contrast to 66% ILS and no cures observed for CPT-11 group. When treatment was delayed, a single MTD of EZN-2208 caused 90% cures of animals, whereas CPT-11 treatment was completely ineffective. Conclusions: EZN-2208 demonstrated excellent efficacy in preclinical models of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ongoing Phase I studies will determine the optimal dose and schedule of EZN-2208.
A Pilot Study Exploring the Educational and Social/Emotional Benefits of Web-Based Groups for Parents of Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders. (2013)

Research has indicated that parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) experience more feelings of isolation, depression and stress than those of children with other disorders including ADHD and Down Syndrome. While these feelings are especially elevated in parents living in rural communities who may have limited access to services, they are also present in those living in urban areas but are restricted due to challenges with childcare, transportation, finances and time. Furthermore, research posits that services for parents of the newly diagnosed or of younger children are abundant while services and education for parents of adolescents are hard to access regardless of location. This study explored the use of technology as a viable option for providing education and emotional support to parents of adolescents with ASDs and may assist in guiding future studies of this nature. Group sessions were facilitated remotely using video-conference technology and covered the topics of stress reduction, IEP's, puberty, and the transition to adulthood. This study employed a mixed methods design that utilized a concurrent triangulation approach. Within this approach, quantitative and qualitative data were collected concurrently and then compared to determine if there was convergence, differences, or some combination. The quantitative tools included, first, the Stress Index for Parents of Adolescents (SIPA) which was used to measure any change in stress levels that occurred throughout the treatment. Pretest/posttest measures were then used to measure knowledge acquisition. The data gathered from these tools were then analyzed using a t test for paired samples. The qualitative phase employed a questionnaire that obtained anecdotal information regarding participants' experiences with and preferences towards parent groups; their feelings of depression, isolation, stress related to parenting a child with ASD; their confidence regarding the topics of stress reduction, IEP's, puberty, and the transition to adulthood; and their experiences within the web-based group setting. This qualitative information was used to look for themes to begin to understand how parents of adolescents with ASD may benefit from groups provided using Internet technology.
Gβγ Binds Directly to the G Protein-gated K+ Channel, IKACh (1995)

The cardiac G protein-gated K+ channel, IKACh, is activated by application of purified and recombinant beta and gamma subunits (G beta gamma) of heterotrimeric G proteins to excised inside-out patches from atrial membranes (Logothetis, D. E., Kurachi, Y., Galper, J., Neer, E., and Clapham, D. E. (1987) Nature 325, 321-326; Wickman, K., Iniguez-Lluhi, J., Davenport, P., Taussig, R. A., Krapivinsky, G. B., Linder, M. E., Gilman, A., and Clapham, D.E. (1994) Nature 368, 255-257). Cardiac IKACh is composed of two inward rectifier K+ channel subunits, GIRK1 and CIR (Krapivinsky, G., Gordon, E., Wickman, K., Velimirovic, B., Krapivinsky, L., and Clapham, D. E. (1995) Nature 374, 135-141). We show that G beta gamma directly binds to immunoprecipitated cardiac IKACh as well as to recombinant CIR and GIRK1 subunits, with dissociation constants (Kd) of 55, 50, and 125 nM, respectively. In each case, binding appeared specific as judged by competition of unlabeled G beta gamma with radiolabeled G beta gamma and inhibition of binding by antigenic peptide or G alpha-GDP, but not G alpha-GTP gamma S (guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate). In contrast, G alpha (GTP gamma S- or GDP-bound) did not bind to the native channel. We conclude that G beta gamma binds directly and specifically to IKACh via interactions with both CIR and GIRK1 subunits to gate the channel.
Synonymous codon substitutions affect ribosome traffic and protein folding during in vitro translation (1999)

To investigate the possible influence of the local rates of translation on protein folding, 16 consecutive rare (in Escherichia coli) codons in the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene have been replaced by frequent ones. Site-directed silent mutagenesis reduced the pauses in translation of CAT in E. coli S30 extract cell-free system and led to the acceleration of the overall rate of CAT protein synthesis. At the same time, the silently mutated protein (with unaltered protein sequence) synthesized in the E. coli S30 extract system was shown to possess 20% lower specific activity. The data suggest that kinetics of protein translation can affect the in vivo protein-folding pathway, leading to increased levels of protein misfolding.
Preferential translation of cold-shock mRNAs during cold adaptation (2004)

Upon temperature downshift below the lower threshold of balanced growth (approximately 20 degrees C), the Escherichia coli translational apparatus undergoes modifications allowing the selective translation of the transcripts of cold shock-induced genes, while bulk protein synthesis is drastically reduced. Here we were able to reproduce this translational bias in E. coli cell-free extracts prepared at various times during cold adaptation which were found to display different capacities to translate different types of mRNAs as a function of temperature. Several causes were found to contribute to the cold-shock translational bias: Cold-shock mRNAs contain cis-elements, making them intrinsically more prone to being translated in the cold, and they are selective targets for trans-acting factors present in increased amounts in the translational apparatus of cold-shocked cells. CspA was found to be among these trans-acting factors. In addition to inducing a higher level of CspA, cold shock was found to cause a strong (two- to threefold) stoichiometric imbalance of the ratio between initiation factors (IF1, IF2, IF3) and ribosomes without altering the stoichiometric ratio between the factors themselves. The most important sources of cold-shock translational bias is IF3, which strongly and selectively favors translation of cold-shock mRNAs in the cold. IF1 and the RNA chaperone CspA, which stimulate translation preferentially in the cold without mRNA selectivity, can also contribute to the translational bias. Finally, in contrast to a previous claim, translation of cold-shock cspA mRNA in the cold was found to be as sensitive as that of a non-cold-shock mRNA to both chloramphenicol and kanamycin inhibition.
Suicide Gene Therapy With the Yeast Fusion Gene Cytosine Deaminase/Uracil Phosphoribosyltransferase Is Not Enough for Pancreatic Cancer (2007)

Suicide gene therapy with the FCY1 gene alone was ineffective in the treatment of pancreatic cancer in vitro. The pRSV-CD-UPRT construct conferred 5-FC sensitivity to some pancreatic cancer cell lines. Therefore, the application in vivo of suicide gene therapy with FCY1 alone or in combination with the FUR1 gene is probably destined to fail.
Can New Inflammatory Markers Improve the Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis? (2014)

The conventional diagnostic variables for appendicitis, as combined in the AIR score, is an efficient screening instrument for classifying patients as low-, indeterminate-, or high-risk for appendicitis. The addition of the new inflammatory variables did not improve diagnostic performance further.
In vitro interaction of fenretinide with plasma retinol‐binding protein and its functional consequences (1992)

The synthetic retinoid fenretinide (4-HPR; N-[4-hydroxyphenyl] all-trans-retinamide) interacts with plasma apo-retinol-binding protein (RBP) to form a tight complex (K'd approximately 0.2 microM) which does not exhibit binding affinity to transthyretin (TTR). Therefore, a substantial modification of the retinol hydroxyl group does not appear to affect the interaction with RBP but does drastically interfere with the protein-protein recognition. The remarkable early reduction in plasma retinol level induced by fenretinide administration may be associated with the high binding affinity of this retinoid to RBP and to its interference with the RBP-TTR complex formation.
All-Frequency Relighting of Non-Diffuse Objects using Separable BRDF Approximation (2004)

This paper presents a technique, based on pre-computed light transport and separable BRDF approximation, for interactive rendering of non-diffuse objects under all-frequency environment illumination. Existing techniques using spherical harmonics to represent environment maps and transport functions are limited to low-frequency light transport effects. Non-linear wavelet lighting approximation is able to capture all-frequency illumination and shadows for geometry relighting, but interactive rendering is currently limited to diffuse objects. Our work extends the wavelet-based approach to relighting of non-diffuse objects. We factorize the BRDF using separable decomposition and keep only a few low-order approximation terms, each consisting of a 2D light map paired with a 2D view map. We then pre-compute light transport matrices corresponding to each BRDF light map, and compress the data with a non-linear wavelet approximation. We use modern graphics hardware to accelerate precomputation. At run-time, a sparse light vector is multiplied by the sparse transport matrix at each vertex, and the results are further combined with texture lookups of the view direction into the BRDF view maps to produce view-dependent color. Using our technique, we demonstrate rendering of objects with several non-diffuse BRDFs under all-frequency, dynamic environment lighting at interactive rates.
Production of Submicrometer Diameter Fibers by Two‐Fluid Electrospinning (2004)

Electrospinning of nanofibers of materials that are difficult to process using conventional techniques is reported. Two fluids are electrospun (see Figure) into fibers with core/shell morphology. The “electrospinnable” shell fluid serves as a process aid to electrospin the core fluid. Three examples are illustrated: production of fibers with diameters less than 100 nm, fibers formed of low-molecular-weight polyaniline, and non-blended electrospun silk fibers.
Functional expression of the human formyl peptide receptor in Xenopus oocytes requires a complementary human factor (1991)

Human phagocytic cells express receptors for bacterial N-formyl peptides (formyl peptide receptor or FPR) which mediate chemotaxis, degranulation, and the respiratory burst. Although cDNA encoding a human phagocyte formyl peptide-binding protein has been reported recently (Boulay, F., Tardif, M., Brouchon, L., and Vignais, P. (1990) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 168, 1103-1109), functional coupling to signal transduction processes was not demonstrated. We describe corresponding full-length cDNA clones and prove that they encode the calcium-mobilizing human formyl peptide receptor by demonstrating functional reconstitution in the Xenopus oocyte. We further demonstrate that in contrast to all other cloned guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein (G-protein) coupled receptors expressed in this system, microinjection of FPR transcripts is not sufficient to confer ligand responsiveness to the oocyte: co-injection of phagocyte RNA encoding a complementary human factor that is not the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G-proteins Gi1, Gi2 or Gi3 is also required. Whereas a 1.4-kilobase FPR transcript is expressed exclusively in differentiated phagocytic cells, the complementary factor activity localizes to a 3.5-kilobase RNA fraction and is expressed in both differentiated and undifferentiated myeloid cells as well as in liver. The deduced human FPR protein possesses seven hydrophobic putative membrane spanning segments, three sites for N-linked glycosylation, and a short 18-amino acid predicted third cytoplasmic loop. Surprisingly, the human FPR possesses only 28% amino acid identity with the rabbit FPR reported recently by Thomas and co-workers (Thomas, K. M., Pyun, H. Y., and Navarro, J. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 20061-20065). Moreover, the rabbit FPR does not require a complementary factor for calcium mobilization in the oocyte. Structural alignment reveals at most 20% amino acid identity of the human FPR with other G-protein coupled receptors, indicating a common ancestral gene. Functional reconstitution of the recombinant FPR will now permit precise delineation of its functional and regulatory domains. Moreover, discovery of a complementary factor for oocyte expression of the human FPR establishes a novel approach to the qualification by ligand screening of cDNA encoding other suspected G-protein coupled receptors.
Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles for Effective Delivery of Malaria DNA Vaccine (2011)

Low efficiency is often observed in the delivery of DNA vaccines. The use of superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs) to deliver genes via magnetofection could improve transfection efficiency and target the vector to its desired locality. Here, magnetofection was used to enhance the delivery of a malaria DNA vaccine encoding Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein MSP1(19) (VR1020-PyMSP1(19)) that plays a critical role in Plasmodium immunity. The plasmid DNA (pDNA) containing membrane associated 19-kDa carboxyl-terminal fragment of merozoite surface protein 1 (PyMSP1(19)) was conjugated with superparamagnetic nanoparticles coated with polyethyleneimine (PEI) polymer, with different molar ratio of PEI nitrogen to DNA phosphate. We reported the effects of SPIONs-PEI complexation pH values on the properties of the resulting particles, including their ability to condense DNA and the gene expression in vitro. By initially lowering the pH value of SPIONs-PEI complexes to 2.0, the size of the complexes decreased since PEI contained a large number of amino groups that became increasingly protonated under acidic condition, with the electrostatic repulsion inducing less aggregation. Further reaggregation was prevented when the pHs of the complexes were increased to 4.0 and 7.0, respectively, before DNA addition. SPIONs/PEI complexes at pH 4.0 showed better binding capability with PyMSP1(19) gene-containing pDNA than those at neutral pH, despite the negligible differences in the size and surface charge of the complexes. This study indicated that the ability to protect DNA molecules due to the structure of the polymer at acidic pH could help improve the transfection efficiency. The transfection efficiency of magnetic nanoparticle as carrier for malaria DNA vaccine in vitro into eukaryotic cells, as indicated via PyMSP1(19) expression, was significantly enhanced under the application of external magnetic field, while the cytotoxicity was comparable to the benchmark nonviral reagent (Lipofectamine 2000).
T lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. II. Role of target cell histocompatibility antigens in recognition and lysis. (1981)

Although compelling genetic and serologic evidence implicate target cell (TC) MHC antigens in specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-TC interaction leading to lysis, it is not entirely clear whether TC recognition through an MHC determinant(s) is a prerequisite for lysis to occur. In fact the finding that both specific and nonspecific TC are lysed equally well in lectin-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (LDCC) challenges the necessity for TC MHC involvement in the cytolytic process beyond providing the basis for specificity in direct (nonlectin-dependent) CTL-mediated lysis. In the present paper we present evidence suggesting that even in nonspecific LDCC, as well as in nonspecific lymphocyte-mediated lysis of TC oxidized by periodate treatment or by galactose oxidase (ODCC), TC MHC components are required for lytic interactions with cytotoxic effector cells. This conclusion is based on 3 types of experimental evidence: 1) cells displaying reduced amounts of MHC proteins are poor targets in LDCC; 2) removal of H-2 by papain renders murine target cells refractory to lysis in LDCC, even though Con A binding is only slightly reduced; 3) antisera to target cell H-2-coded products block lysis in both LDCC and ODCC, whereas antisera to other cell surface antigens do not. A theory explaining nonspecific effector target interaction leading to lysis based on involvement of CTL receptor(s) and TC MHC components is presented.
Infrared Spectroscopic Evidence for Protonated Water Clusters Forming Nanoscale Cages (2004)

Size-dependent development of the hydrogen bond network structure in large sized clusters of protonated water, H+(H2O)n (n = 4 to 27), was probed by infrared spectroscopy of OH stretches. Spectral changes with cluster size demonstrate that the chain structures at small sizes (n less, similar 10) develop into two-dimensional net structures (approximately 10 < n < 21), and then into nanometer-scaled cages (n >/= 21).