gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Towards unsupervised spoken language understanding: exploiting query click logs for slot filling (2011)

In this paper, we present a novel approach to exploit user queries mined from search engine query click logs to bootstrap or improve slot filling models for spoken language understanding. We propose extending the earlier gazetteer population techniques to mine unannotated training data for semantic parsing. The automatically annotated mined data can then be used to train slot specific parsing models. We show that this method can be used to bootstrap slot filling models and can be combined with any available annotated data to improve performance. Furthermore, this approach may eliminate the need for populating and maintaining in-domain gazetteers, in addition to providing complementary information if they are already available.
Direct Catalytic Enantio- and Diastereoselective Aldol Reaction Using a Zn−Zn-Linked-BINOL Complex:  A Practical Synthesis of syn-1,2-Diols (2001)

[reaction: see text] The direct catalytic enantio- and diastereoselective aldol reaction with 2-hydroxy-2'-methoxyacetophenone proceeded smoothly using as little as 1 mol % of a dinuclear zinc catalyst, Zn-Zn-linked-BINOL complex 2, to afford alpha,beta-dihydroxy ketones in a highly syn-selective manner (up to syn/anti 97/3) and in excellent yields (up to 95%) and ees (up to 99%). Efficient transformations of the alpha,beta-dihydroxy ketone into an alpha,beta-dihydroxy ester and an alpha,beta-dihydroxy amide via regioselective rearrangements are also described.
F factor conjugation is a true type IV secretion system (2003)

The F sex factor of Escherichia coli is a paradigm for bacterial conjugation and its transfer (tra) region represents a subset of the type IV secretion system (T4SS) family. The F tra region encodes eight of the 10 highly conserved (core) gene products of T4SS including TraAF (pilin), the TraBF, -KF (secretin-like), -VF (lipoprotein) and TraCF (NTPase), -EF, -LF and TraGF (N-terminal region) which correspond to TrbCP, -IP, -GP, -HP, -EP, -JP, DP and TrbLP, respectively, of the P-type T4SS exemplified by the IncP plasmid RP4. F lacks homologs of TrbBP (NTPase) and TrbFP but contains a cluster of genes encoding proteins essential for F conjugation (TraFF, -HF, -UF, -WF, the C-terminal region of TraGF, and TrbCF) that are hallmarks of F-like T4SS. These extra genes have been implicated in phenotypes that are characteristic of F-like systems including pilus retraction and mating pair stabilization. F-like T4SS systems have been found on many conjugative plasmids and in genetic islands on bacterial chromosomes. Although few systems have been studied in detail, F-like T4SS appear to be involved in the transfer of DNA only whereas P- and I-type systems appear to transport protein or nucleoprotein complexes. This review examines the similarities and differences among the T4SS, especially F- and P-like systems, and summarizes the properties of the F transfer region gene products.
Distribution of Napin and Cruciferin in Developing Rape Seed Embryos (1992)

The distribution of napin and cruciferin, the two major storage proteins in rape seed, Brassica napus, has been visualized during seed development by antibody staining of paraffin-embedded and sectioned seeds. The results indicate that the synthesis of both proteins during embryogenesis is strictly regulated with respect to time and tissue. Although the synthesis of napin started a few days earlier than that of cruciferin, both proteins displayed similar patterns in their spatial distributions. They were first detected in the axis, then in the outer cotyledon, and finally in the cells of the inner cotyledon. Both proteins are also present in the endosperm, although in lower amounts. In germinating seeds, napin and cruciferin were rapidly degraded. Within 2 days the amounts had decreased dramatically, and after 4 days hardly any cells contained napin or cruciferin. Biochemical analyses of dissected embryos showed that, for napin as well as for cruciferin, similar levels of polypeptides were found in the axis and cotyledons.
Facial Soft-Tissue Augmentation with Injectable Autologous and Allogeneic Human Tissue Collagen Matrix (Autologen and Dermalogen) (2000)

Received for publication September 30, 1999. William P. Adams, Jr., M.D. Department of Plastic Surgery UT Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. Dallas, Texas 75235-9132
Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors (2003)

In the central nervous system (CNS), modulation of neuronal activity is brought about by the actions of endogenous “neurotransmitters” that specifically interact with receptor proteins located in the neuronal cell membrane. In the cholinergic system, acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter released in the CNS, and appears to alter neuronal excitability by affecting such processes as cGMP production and K+ flux (Heilbronn and Bartfai, 1978). In contrast to the periphery, in which the cholinergic receptor population is divided between nicotinic and muscarinic subclasses, the CNS-associated cholinergic receptor appears to be predominantly of the muscarinic type, although there is evidence that the spinal cord contains substantial amounts of nicotinic receptors (Heilbronn and Bartfai, 1978). Historically, the initial characterization of cholinergic actions was provided by A. S. V. Burgen. Although these early studies, using smooth muscle tissue (Burgen and Spero, 1968; Burgen et al., 1974), provided initial clues about the peripheral muscarinic receptors, since then there have been numerous investigations, especially following the advent of radioligand binding assays, from which have come many novel observations of physiological significance.
Phase II Trial of the Novel Retinoid, Bexarotene, and Gemcitabine Plus Carboplatin in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (2005)

Bexarotene can be safely added to platinum-based chemotherapy provided that there is aggressive prophylaxis of hypertriglyceridemia. The median time to progression and overall survival are promising and warrant further evaluation of bexarotene in advanced NSCLC.
Glial–Cytokine–Neuronal Interactions Underlying the Mechanisms of Persistent Pain (2007)

The emerging literature implicates a role for glia/cytokines in persistent pain. However, the mechanisms by which these non-neural elements contribute to CNS activity-dependent plasticity and pain are unclear. Using a trigeminal model of inflammatory hyperalgesia, here we provide evidence that demonstrates a mechanism by which glia interact with neurons, leading to activity-dependent plasticity and hyperalgesia. In response to masseter inflammation, there was an upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic proteins (GFAPs), a marker of astroglia, and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), a prototype proinflammatory cytokine, in the region of the trigeminal nucleus specifically related to the processing of deep orofacial input. The activated astroglia exhibited hypertrophy and an increased level of connexin 43, an astroglial gap junction protein. The upregulated IL-1beta was selectively localized to astrocytes but not to microglia and neurons. Local anesthesia of the masseter nerve prevented the increase in GFAP and IL-1beta after inflammation, and substance P, a prototype neurotransmitter of primary afferents, induced similar increases in GFAP and IL-1beta, which was blocked by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Injection of IL-1 receptor antagonist and fluorocitrate, a glial inhibitor, attenuated hyperalgesia and NMDA receptor phosphorylation after inflammation. In vitro application of IL-1beta induced NR1 phosphorylation, which was blocked by an IL-1 receptor antagonist, a PKC inhibitor (chelerythrine), an IP3 receptor inhibitor (2-aminoethoxydiphenylborate), and inhibitors of phospholipase C [1-[6-((17b-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione] and phospholipase A2 (arachidonyltrifluoromethyl ketone). These findings provide evidence of astroglial activation by tissue injury, concomitant IL-1beta induction, and the coupling of NMDA receptor phosphorylation through IL-1 receptor signaling.
Recombinant human activated protein C, package labeling, and hemorrhage risks* (2008)

Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD Dr. Sweeney has a patent pending on a treatment for hemolysis. The remaining authors have not disclosed any potential conflicts of interest.
BCR/abl leads to the constitutive activation of Stat proteins, and shares an epitope with tyrosine phosphorylated Stats. (1996)

The mechanism by which BCR/abl leads to the transformation of hematopoietic cells is not understood. The introduction of BCR/abl into BaF3 cells, an IL-3-dependent pro-lymphocytic cell line, abrogates the requirement of IL-3 for growth. Given that IL-3 leads to the phosphorylation of Stat proteins, we tested the hypothesis that BCR/abl transformation of hematopoietic cells induces the phosphorylation of Stats. We found that BaF3 cells transformed by either the p190 or p210 forms of BCR/abl possess constitutively phosphorylated Stat1 and Stat5. Phosphorylation of Stat proteins was greater in cells transformed by p190 BCR/abl than in cells transformed by p210 BCR/abl, suggesting that the magnitude of phosphorylation of Stat proteins may play a role in the biological effects of BCR/abl. Expression of BCR/abl containing a mutation (Y177F) that prevents its interaction with GRB2 led to a decrease in the phosphorylation of Stat1 and Stat5. This suggested that GRB2, or its binding site on BCR/abl, may participate in the phosphorylation of Stat proteins. We also observed that the anti-phospho-Stat antibody directly recognized both the p190 and p210 forms of BCR/abl. This indicated that a tyrosine residue that becomes phosphorylated in BCR/abl may share homology with the tyrosine phosphorylation site of Stat1 and Stat5. These findings may have implications for the mechanisms by which BCR/abl interacts with signaling pathways to confer growth factor independence and induce transformation of hematopoietic cells.
Production of Cloned Lambs from an Established Embryonic Cell Line: A Comparison between In Vivo- and In Vitro-Matured Cytoplasts1 (1997)

Nuclear transfer procedures were used to determine the in vivo developmental potential of an ovine embryonic cell line isolated from the inner cell mass of a Day 8 blastocyst-stage embryo. This cell line possessed a differentiated epithelial-like cell morphology. In this study, a comparison was made between in vivo- and in vitro-derived oocytes used as recipient cytoplasts in the nuclear transfer procedure. Cultured cells were induced to quiesce and enter presumptive G0 before being used as donor karyoplasts between passages 8 and 16 of culture. After cell fusion, reconstructed embryos were cultured for 6 days in vitro in embryo culture medium. Blastocyst-stage embryos were subsequently transferred to synchronized recipient ewes (n = 37), and development was allowed to proceed to term. There was a significant effect of source of recipient cytoplast, with development being consistently greater with in vivo compared to in vitro cytoplasts in terms of, respectively, blastocysts produced (24.2 +/- 3.8% vs. 17.1 +/- 2.3%; p = 0.1), Day 35 pregnancy rate (40.0% vs. 9.1 %; p < 0.05), and Day 35 embryo survival (19.4% vs. 4.5%; p < 0.05). A high proportion of fetuses died during late gestation (5 of 8). The major abnormalities were associated with the urogenital tract. However, three lambs were delivered alive following cesarean section on Day 147. One lamb, derived from an in vitro-matured oocyte, died after 10 min, while the remaining two from in vivo-ovulated oocytes are apparently normal and healthy. DNA microsatellite markers conclusively show that the three lambs are genetically identical and were derived from the embryonic cell line. In conclusion, some cells from this blastocyst-derived embryonic cell line are totipotent by nuclear transfer and can produce viable offspring.
Epitaxial growth of AlN thin films on silicon (111) substrates by pulsed laser deposition (1995)

Aluminum nitride thin films have been grown epitaxially on Si(111) substrates, for the first time, by pulsed laser ablation of sintered AlN target. The influence of process parameters such as laser energy density, substrate temperature, pulse repetition rate, nitrogen partial pressure, etc. on epitaxial growth has been investigated to obtain high quality AlN films. These films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (Θ and ω scans) technique, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The films deposited at laser energy density in the range of 2–3 J/cm2, substrate temperature of 750 °C, and base pressure of 3×10−7 Torr are single phase and highly oriented along c axis normal to the Si(111) planes. The results of x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy on these films clearly show the epitaxial growth of the AlN films with an orientational relationship of AlN[0001] ∥ Si[111] and AlN[21̄1̄0] ∥ Si[011̄]. The AlN/Si interface was found to be quite sharp without any indication of interfacial reaction. Laser physical vapor deposition is shown to produce high quality epitaxial AlN films with smooth surface morphology when deposited under optimized conditions.
Security Mechanism Agreement for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (2003)

This document defines new functionality for negotiating the security mechanisms used between a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) user agent and its next-hop SIP entity. This new functionality supplements the existing methods of choosing security mechanisms between SIP entities.
N-ACETYLCYSTEINE AMELIORATES REPERFUSION INJURY AFTER WARM HEPATIC ISCHEMIA (1995)

Glutathione is important in cellular defense against oxidative stress. We postulated that administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a glutathione precursor, might help maintain or replenish hepatic glutathione stores, thereby reducing reperfusion injury in liver grafts after warm ischemia. Eighteen pigs were subjected to 2 hr of warm hepatic ischemia and divided into a control group (group A, n = 6), a preischemia treatment group (group B, n = 6: NAC, 150 mg/kg, continuous i.v. infusion 1 hr before ischemia), and a postischemia treatment group (group C, n = 6: NAC, 150 mg/kg continuous i.v., begun 20 min before reperfusion and continued for 1 hr). At initiation of laparotomy, we measured hepatic levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), its oxidized form (GSSG), ATP, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Before reperfusion, after 2 hr of warm ischemia, GSH, GSSG, and ATP were measured. One hour after reperfusion, we measured GSH, GSSG, ATP, AST, and LDH. Bile output was recorded every 10 min. Postoperfusion AST and LDH were significantly lower in both treatment groups than in controls. In group B, hepatic glutathione was maintained at significantly higher levels than in controls, even after ischemia (P < 0.05). In group C, although hepatic GSH levels fell until reperfusion, after administration of NAC, hepatic GSH reached the level of the preischemia treatment group. In both treatment groups, GSH 1 hr after reperfusion was significantly higher than in the controls (P < 0.01): regeneration of glutathione was seen in all 6 animals in group C, compared with 2/6 in group B and none in the control group. ATP recovery, bile output, and survival were all better in the treatment groups than in the control group. Pretreatment with NAC helps maintain hepatic glutathione during warm ischemia; given after ischemia, NAC is effective in replenishing depleted glutathione stores. Adjunctive use of NAC was associated with improved glutathione homeostasis, improved bile output and ATP regeneration, and increased survival.
Formation of Benzoic Acid and p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid in the Blue Green Alga Anacystis nidulans: A Thylakoid-Bound Enzyme Complex Analogous to the Chloroplast System (1976)

The photosynthetic procaryote Anacystis nidulans converts L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine into benzoic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively. Results obtained with thylakoid fractions support the hypothesis that the reaction sequence is catalyzed by thylakoid-bound enzyme complexes consisting of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and benzoate synthase of tyrosine ammonia-lyase and p-hydroxybenzoate synthase, respectively. Btoh complexes do not accept phenylacetic acids as substrates, and cinnamic acids only at a small extent. These properties suggest a striking similarity to a benzoic acid-synthesizing enzyme system from higher plants which is situated at the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. The respective complexes of Dunaliella marina and Porphyridium sp. were included in this comparison.
Side-selective Atrial Transseptal Laser Puncture (2013)

Safe and reproducibly effective transseptal puncture and access to the left atrium and ventricle has become a prerequisite for practicing invasive electrophysiologists. Frequently, side-selective transseptal puncture is needed for targeting areas of special interest or particular anatomical structures in the left heart. To achieve that goal a variety of techniques by being tested. We report our experience with side-selective interatrial transseptal puncture using the laser technique. A total of 57 side-selective transseptal puncture procedures were attempted in 45 candidates (ages 22-84 years, 23 female) for ablation of various arrhythmias originating from the left side of the heart. Laser impacts of a cw1064 nm laser (Dornier MedTech) at 10 W/ 2 s delivered via the TransLas (LasCor GmbH), a custom-made transseptal puncture catheter set guided by a steerable sheath (Agilis, St. Jude Medical) allowed for successful side-selective left heart access in all of the patients without complications. Side-selective transseptal laser puncture can be achieved safely and is reproducibly effective by using the laser technique as described.
Axially symmetric polarization converters based on photo-aligned liquid crystal films (2008)

This work demonstrates axially symmetric polarization converters based on photo-alignment in dye-doped liquid crystal (DDLC) films. A linear-shape and linearly polarized beam is applied onto a rotated homogeneous DDLC cell to achieve three axially symmetric polarizations - radial, azimuthal and vortical. Additionally, the spiral degree of the axially symmetric vortical polarization can be controlled by varying the polarization of the pumping light and the simulation results agree well with the experiment.
Synthesis of novel bifunctional chelators and their use in preparing monoclonal antibody conjugates for tumor targeting (1989)

Bifunctional derivatives of the chelating agents ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, in which a p-isothiocyanatobenzyl moiety is attached at the methylene carbon atom of one carboxymethyl arm, was synthesized by reductive alkylation of the relevant polyamine with (p-nitrophenyl)pyruvic acid followed by carboxymethylation, reduction of the nitro group, and reaction with thiophosgene. The resulting isothiocyanate derivatives reacted with monoclonal antibody B72.3 to give antibody-chelator conjugates containing 3 mol of chelator per mole of immunoglobulin, without significant loss of immunological activity. Such conjugates, labeled with the radioisotopic metal indium-111, selectively bound a human colorectal carcinoma implanted in nude mice when given intravenously. Uptake into normal tissues was comparable to or lower than that reported for analogous conjugates with known bifunctional chelators. It is concluded that substitution with a protein reactive group at this position in polyaminopolycarboxylate chelators does not alter the chelating properties of these molecules to a sufficient extent to adversely affect biodistribution and thus provides a general method for the synthesis of such chelators.
Sequence-dependent effects of ZD1839 (‘Iressa’) in combination with cytotoxic treatment in human head and neck cancer (2002)

Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor in head and neck cancer have been extensively reported, and are correlated with poor prognosis. The combination of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil is a standard treatment regimen for head and neck cancer, with radiation representing another therapeutic option. Six head and neck cancer cell lines were used to study the cytotoxic effects of combining ZD1839 ('Iressa'), a new selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and radiation. Two of the cell lines were also used to study the combination of ZD1839 and cisplatin/5-fluorouracil. Cytotoxic effects were assessed by the MTT test. The results indicated that ZD1839 applied before radiation gave the best effects (P=0.002); an effect that was strongest in those p53-mutated cell lines that express the highest epidermal growth factor receptor levels. The effects of ZD1839 with cisplatin and/or 5-fluorouracil were sequence dependent (P<0.003), with the best results achieved when ZD1839 was applied first. For the triple combinations, ZD1839 applied before cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil resulted in a slight synergistic effect (P=0.03), although the effect was greater when ZD1839 was applied both before and during cytotoxic drug exposure. In conclusion, ZD1839 applied before radiation and before and/or during cisplatin/5-fluorouracil may improve the efficacy of treatment for head and neck cancer.
Barth syndrome: A life-threatening disorder caused by abnormal cardiolipin remodeling (2017)

Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare X-linked genetic disorder characterized by cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, neutropenia, and organic aciduria. The presence and severity of clinical manifestations are highly variable in BTHS, even among patients with identical gene mutations. Currently, less than 200 patients are diagnosed worldwide, but it is estimated that the disorder may be substantially under-diagnosed due to the variable spectrum of clinical manifestations. BTHS is caused by mutations in the gene tafazzin (<i>TAZ</i>), resulting in defective remodeling of cardiolipin (CL), the signature phospholipid of the mitochondrial membranes. Many of the clinical sequela associated with BTHS can be directly attributed to mitochondria defects. In 2008, a definitive biochemical test was described based on detection of the abnormal CL profile characteristic of BTHS. This mini-review provides an overview of the etiology of BTHS, as well as a description of common clinical phenotypes associated with the disorder.
Quantum computing with superconductors (2004)

Superconductive technology is one of the most promising approaches to quantum computing because it offers devices with little dissipation, ultrasensitive magnetometers, and electrometers for state readout, large-scale-integration, and a family of classical electronics that could be used for quantum bit (qubit) control. The challenges this technology faces, however, are substantial: for example, control of the qubit to a part in /spl sim/10/sup 4/ must be accomplished with analog control pulses. But even after this is done, the accuracy is limited by the unavoidable decay of quantum information in the system. Recent experiments suggest the time over which this decay occurs is <1 /spl mu/s, though it is expected to lengthen as experimental methods improve. A 1-/spl mu/s decay time would mandate a very difficult to achieve maximum time of /spl sim/100 ps per analog operation. Thus, quantum computing is, simultaneously a promising technology for solving certain very hard problems in computer science and a daunting challenge for those working to develop that technology.