gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dilute-Sulfuric Acid Pretreatment of Corn Stover in Pilot-Scale Reactor (2003)

Corn stover is a domestic feedstock that has potential to produce significant quantities of fuel ethanol and other bioenergy and biobased products. However, comprehensive yield and carbon mass balance information and validated kinetic models for dilute-sulfuric acid (H2SO4) pretreatment of corn stover have not been available. This has hindered the estimation of process economics and also limited the ability to perform technoeconomic modeling to guide research. To better characterize pretreatment and assess its kinetics, we pretreated corn stover in a continuous 1 t/d reactor. Corn stover was pretreated at 20% (w/w) solids concentration over a range of conditions encompassing residence times of 3–12 min, temperatures of 165–195°C, and H2SO4 concentrations of 0.5–1.4% (w/w). Xylan conversion yield and carbon mass balance data were collected at each run condition. Performance results were used to estimate kinetic model parameters assuming biphasic hemicellulose hydrolysis and a hydrolysis mechanism incorporating formation of intermediate xylo-oligomers. In addition, some of the pretreated solids were tested in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process to measure the reactivity of their cellulose component to enzymatic digestion by cellulase enzymes. Monomeric xylose yields of 69–71% and total xylose yields (monomers and oligomers) of 70–77% were achieved with performance level depending on pretreatment severity. Cellulose conversion yields in SSF of 80–87% were obtained for some of the most digestible pretreated solids.
A proposed electroabsorption modulator at 1.55 mu m in silicon/silicon-germanium asymmetric quantum-well structures (1993)

A new, fast, intersubband 1.55- mu m electrooptic modulator in the SiGe/Si/CaF/sub 2/-on-Si stepped-quantum-well system is proposed and analyzed. At applied electric fields of +or-8 V/ mu m, resonant 1-3 conduction-intersubband absorption is predicted to give 18 dB of optical extinction for narrow-linewidth transitions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A Novel Frequency-Selective Power Combiner/Divider in Single-Layer Substrate Integrated Waveguide Technology (2013)

A frequency-selective power combiner/divider in single-layer substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology is introduced. The basic building block consists of a planar four cavity structure with three of them operated in SIW TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">101</sub> modes and one in SIW TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">201</sub> mode. Each cavity is coupled to one port of the unit. In addition the overall configuration considers couplings of each resonator to the two adjacent ones. Due to the coupling transformation properties of the TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">201</sub> mode cavity, second order 3 dB transfer functions are obtained from each port to two adjacent ones while the fourth port is almost isolated. The novel combiner/divider is designed for 11 GHz and prototyped on RT/Duroid 5870 substrate. Measurements verify the design process and operation of the device.
The wasted mutant mouse. I. An animal model of secretory IgA deficiency with normal serum IgA. (1985)

The wasted (wst) mutation was recently described as a spontaneous, recessive mutation leading to pathologic changes affecting both the neurologic and the immune systems of wst/wst homozygotes, which presented symptoms analogous to those observed in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (A.T.). We studied the IgA system of wst/wst mutants and their normal littermates to determine whether IgA deficiency commonly found in A.T. patients was also affecting these mutants. Interestingly, although IgA plasma cells were totally absent from their entire (small and large) intestine, their serum contained a normal level of IgA with a normal ratio of monomeric vs polymeric IgA. The absence of gut IgA plasma cells was not due to malnutrition and was not compensated by the appearance of cells secreting any other isotypes. Studies at the precursor cell level showed the absence of IgA-specific B cell precursors in the Peyer's patches, whereas sIgA B cells and IgA plasma cells were found in normal numbers in the spleen of wasted mice. These data suggest that secretory and serum IgA may comprise distinct systems and that the wasted mutant mouse is a potential model for the study of the physiology and regulation of IgA production.
Studies of CD4- CD8- alpha beta bone marrow T cells with suppressor activity (1992)

The predominant T cell subset in the bone marrow of specific pathogen-free C57BL/Ka and BALB/c mice expressed the alpha beta+ TCR CD4- CD8- surface phenotype. Purified C57BL/Ka alpha beta+ TCR CD4- CD8- marrow cells obtained by cell sorting suppressed the MLR of C57BL/Ka responder and BALB/c stimulator spleen cells. Although the percentage of typical T cells in the spleen was markedly reduced in adult nude mice or normal neonatal mice as compared to the normal adult, the percentage of alpha beta+ TCR CD4- CD8- cells in the spleen and marrow was not. The percentage of "self-reactive" V beta 5+ T cells in the BALB/c spleen was markedly reduced as compared to that in the C57BL/Ka spleen. However, the percentages in the bone marrow were similar. The results indicate that the predominant subset of marrow T cells in these pathogen-free mice differ with regard to surface marker phenotype, function, dependence on the adult thymus, and deletion of certain self-reactive V beta receptors as compared to typical spleen T cells. The marrow T cells appear to develop directly from marrow precursors without rearranged beta chain genes during a 48 hour in vitro culture.
Ras biochemistry and farnesyl transferase inhibitors: a literature survey (2001)

Over the last decades, knowledge on the genetic defects involved in tumor formation and growth has increased rapidly. This has launched the development of novel anticancer agents, interfering with the proteins encoded by the identified mutated genes. One gene of particular interest is ras, which is found mutated at high frequency in a number of malignancies. The Ras protein is involved in signal transduction: it passes on stimuli from extracellular factors to the cell nucleus, thereby changing the expression of a number of growth regulating genes. Mutated Ras proteins remain longer in their active form than normal Ras proteins, resulting in an overstimulation of the proliferative pathway. In order to function, Ras proteins must undergo a series of post-translational modifications, the most important of which is farnesylation. Inhibition of Ras can be accomplished through inhibition of farnesyl transferase, the enzyme responsible for this modification. With this aim, a number of agents, designated farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs), have been developed that possess antineoplastic activity. Several of them have recently entered clinical trials. Even though clinical testing is still at an early stage, antitumor activity has been observed. At the same time, knowledge on the biochemical mechanisms through which these drugs exert their activity is expanding. Apart from Ras, they also target other cellular proteins that require farnesylation to become activated, e.g. RhoB. Inhibition of the farnesylation of RhoB results in growth blockade of the exposed tumor cells as well as an increase in the rate of apoptosis. In conclusion, FTIs present a promising class of anticancer agents, acting through biochemical modulation of the tumor cells.
DNA damage induces phosphorylation of the amino terminus of p53 (1997)

Data are presented demonstrating that DNA damage leads to specific post-translational modifications of p53 protein. Using two-dimensional peptide mapping of in vivo radiolabeled p53 tryptic phosphopeptides, recombinant truncated p53 protein, and synthetic p53 tryptic peptides, a unique p53 phosphopeptide was identified after exposure of ML-1 cells to ionizing irradiation. This peptide represents the first 24 amino acids of p53 and contains three phosphorylated serine residues. A specific p53 phosphopeptide antibody identified serine-15 as one of the two serines in p53 that becomes phosphorylated following DNA damage induced by either ionizing irradiation (IR) or ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in multiple cell types. IR-induced phosphorylation of p53 does not affect the kinetics of p53 binding to or dissociating from DNA as assessed by electrophoretic mobility-shift assays. However, p53 phosphorylation induced by DNA damage correlates with enhanced transcription of downstream p53 target genes. Low levels of phosphoserine-15 p53 are detectable within 6 hr after IR in AT cells, whereas lymphoblasts from normal individuals exhibit this modification within 1 hr. In contrast, phosphorylation of p53 on serine-15 is similar in normal and AT cells after UV irradiation. Our results indicate that p53 is phosphorylated in response to DNA damage, that this de novo phosphorylation may be involved in the subsequent induction and activation of p53, and that although ATM affects the kinetics of p53 phosphorylation after IR, it is not absolutely required for phosphorylation of p53 on serine-15.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide Oxidations (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDimethyl Sulfoxide OxidationsW. W. Epstein and F. W. SweatCite this: Chem. Rev. 1967, 67, 3, 247–260Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60247a001https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60247a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3828Altmetric-Citations287LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Duplicate Data Elimination in a SAN File System. (2004)

Duplicate Data Elimination (DDE) is our method for identifying and coalescing identical data blocks in Storage Tank, a SAN file system. On-line file systems pose a unique set of performance and implementation challenges for this feature. Existing techniques, which are used to improve both storage and network utilization, do not satisfy these constraints. Our design employs a combination of content hashing, copy-on-write, and lazy updates to achieve its functional and performance goals. DDE executes primarily as a background process. The design also builds on Storage Tank’s FlashCopy function to ease implementation.1\nWe include an analysis of selected real-world data sets that is aimed at demonstrating the space-saving potential of coalescing duplicate data. Our results show that DDE can reduce storage consumption by up to 80% in some application environments. The analysis explores several additional features, such as the impact of varying file block size and the contribution of whole file duplication to the net savings.
Carbon Nanofiber Incorporated Silica Based Aerogels with Di-Isocyanate Cross-Linking (2008)

Lightweight materials with excellent thermal insulating properties are highly sought after for a variety of aerospace and aeronautic applications. (1) Silica based aerogels with their high surface area and low relative densities are ideal for applications in extreme environments such as insulators for the Mars Rover battery. (2) However, the fragile nature of aerogel monoliths prevents their widespread use in more down to earth applications. We have shown that the fragile aerogel network can be cross-linked with a di-isocyanate via amine decorated surfaces to form a conformal coating. (3) This coating reinforces the neck regions between secondary silica particles and significantly strengthens the aerogels with only a small effect on density or porosity. Scheme 1 depicts the cross-linking reaction with the di-isocyanate and exhibits the stages that result in polymer cross-linked aerogel monoliths.
All-trans retinoic acid/As 2 O 3 combination yields a high quality remission and survival in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (2004)

Both all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) have proven to be very effective in obtaining high clinical complete remission (CR) rates in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), but they had not been used jointly in an integrated treatment protocol for remission induction or maintenance among newly diagnosed APL patients. In this study, 61 newly diagnosed APL subjects were randomized into three treatment groups, namely by ATRA, As(2)O(3), and the combination of the two drugs. CR was determined by hematological analysis, tumor burden was examined with real-time quantitative RT-PCR of the PML-RAR alpha (promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha) fusion transcripts, and side effects were evaluated by means of clinical examinations. Mechanisms possibly involved were also investigated with cellular and molecular biology methods. Although CR rates in three groups were all high (> or =90%), the time to achieve CR differed significantly, with that of the combination group being the shortest one. Earlier recovery of platelet count was also found in this group. The disease burden as reflected by fold change of PML-RAR alpha transcripts at CR decreased more significantly in combined therapy as compared with ATRA or As(2)O(3) mono-therapy (P < 0.01). This difference persisted after consolidation (P < 0.05). Importantly, all 20 cases in the combination group remained in CR whereas 7 of 37 cases treated with mono-therapy relapsed (P < 0.05) after a follow-up of 8-30 months (median: 18 months). Synergism of ATRA and As(2)O(3) on apoptosis and degradation of PML-RAR alpha oncoprotein might provide a plausible explanation for superior efficacy of combination therapy in clinic. In conclusion, the ATRA/As(2)O(3) combination for remission/maintenance therapy of APL brings much better results than either of the two drugs used alone in terms of the quality of CR and the status of the disease-free survival.
Carbonic Anhydrase Activators. XV. A Kinetic Study of the Interaction of Bovine Isozyme II with Pyrazoles, Bis- and Tris-azolyl-methanes. (1996)

A series of eighteen substituted pyrazoles, bis- and tris-azolyl-methanes or ethanes was investigated for their interaction with the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA). Several types of activities were detected, generally as CA activators, but Ca inhibitory properties were also discovered for the very sterically-demanding derivatives of these series. Kinetic determinations by a stopped-flow technique for carbon dioxide hydration reaction allowed the determination of Michaelis-Menten constants, which are identical in the absence or in the presence of these modulators, proving a noncompetitive mechanism of activation-inhibition. MNDO calculations were used with moderate success to explain the biological results.
Endoscopic fiber probe for nonlinear spectroscopic imaging (2017)

We present a compact multimodal fiber probe that enables the simultaneous recording of nonlinear imaging modalities like coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), second harmonic generation (SHG), and two-photon excited auto-fluorescence (TPEF) for biomedical applications. The probe is based on a gradient index lens design and a multi-core fiber supplying the excitation laser light. The multi-core fiber preserves the spatial relationship between the entrance and output; therefore, the laser scanning procedure can be shifted from the distal to the proximal end of the probe. No moving parts or electric power are required in situ. The generated sample signals can be collected in the backward (epi) direction and transferred to a detection setup with a multimode fiber integrated in the probe head. The first CARS/SHG/TPEF multimodal tissue images recorded with the introduced fiber probe will be presented.
Overview of HEVC High-Level Syntax and Reference Picture Management (2012)

The increasing proportion of video traffic in telecommunication networks puts an emphasis on efficient video compression technology. High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is the forthcoming video coding standard that provides substantial bit rate reductions compared to its predecessors. In the HEVC standardization process, technologies such as picture partitioning, reference picture management, and parameter sets are categorized as “high-level syntax.” The design of the high-level syntax impacts the interface to systems and error resilience, and provides new functionalities. This paper presents an overview of the HEVC high-level syntax, including network abstraction layer unit headers, parameter sets, picture partitioning schemes, reference picture management, and supplemental enhancement information messages.
Operations research and health care : a handbook of methods and applications (2004)

Health Care Delivery: Current Problems and Future Challenges.- Health Care Operations Management.- Capacity Planning and Management in Hospitals.- Location of Health Care Facilities.- Ambulance Service Planning: Simulation and Data Visualisation.- Supply Chain Management of Blood Banks.- Evaluating the Efficiency of Hospitals' Perioperative Services Using Dea.- Benchmarking Using DEA: The Case of Mental Health Organizations.- Using Simulation in an Acute-care Hospital: Easier Said Than Done.- Public Policy and Economic Analysis.- Estimating Risks to the Public Health.- Modeling Health Outcomes for Economic Analysis.- Duct Tape for Decision Makers: The Use of or Models in Pharmacoeconomics.- Drug Policy: Insights from Mathematical Analysis.- Modeling The Costs and Effects of Maintenance Treatment for Opiate Addiction.- Harm Reduction in The Control of Infectious Diseases Among Injection Drug Users.- The Cost Effectiveness of Partially Effective HIV Vaccines.- Designing Pediatric Formularies for Childhood Immunization Using Integer Programming Models.- Allocating Resources to Control Infectious Diseases.- Microbial Risk Assessment for Drinking Water.- Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy.- Decision Making for Bioterror Preparedness: Examples from Smallpox Vaccination Policy.- Models for Kidney Allocation.- Planning in the Face of Politics: Reshaping Children's Health Services in Inner London.- Clinical Applications.- Modeling Medical Treatment Using Markov Decision Processes.- Dynamic Influence Diagrams: Applications to Medical Decision Modeling.- Assessment of the Benefits of Anesthesia Patient Risk Reduction Measures.- An Asthma Policy Model.- A Bayesian Network to Assist Mammography Interpretation.- Optimization and Decision Support in Brachytherapy Treatment Planning.- Radiotherapy Treatment Design and Linear Programming.- Optimization Tools for Radiation Treatment Planning in Matlab.- Transmission Model Analysis of Nontypeable Haemophilus Influenzae.- The Impact of Novel Treatments on A? Burden in Alzheimer's Disease: Insights from A Mathematical Model.
Improving the Berthelot Reaction for Determining Ammonium in Soil Extracts and Water (1998)

Abstract Colorimetric methods based on the Berthelot reaction are used widely for quantitative determination of NH 4 ‐N in biological and environmental samples. Studies to evaluate phenol and salicylate, the most commonly used chromogenic substrates, revealed minor interferences by metallic cations, whereas up to a threefold shift in absorbance was observed with 38 diverse N‐containing organic compounds. Interferences differed markedly between phenol and salicylate. The possibility of a simple correction was precluded by the fact that interferences were both positive and negative, and depended on the temperature during color development and the concentration of NH 4 ‐N. Fourteen compounds were evaluated as alternatives to phenol and salicylate, of which the Na salt of 2‐phenylphenol (PPS) proved to be the most promising. Using PPS, macro‐ and microscale batch methods and an automated flow‐injection method were developed. These methods are simple, convenient, and sensitive. Using the PPS microscale method, for which the limit of detection is 0.17 mg NH 4 ‐N L −1 , recovery of NH 4 ‐N added to soil extracts ranged from 98 to 104%, with a coefficient of variation of 1.4 to 2.7%. As with phenol and salicylate, precipitation of metal hydroxides was observed. Precipitation was controlled by chelation with citrate rather than ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which suppressed color development by preventing monochloramine formation. Compared with Berthelot methods that use phenol or salicylate, interference by amino acids was decreased by up to 10‐fold. Interference by other organic N compounds was virtually eliminated.
Domain order of a bispecific diabody dramatically enhances its antitumor activity beyond structural format conversion: the case of the hEx3 diabody (2013)

The domains of bispecific diabodies (BsDbs) can be ordered in four different ways; however, the influence of domain order on the cytotoxicity of BsDbs that retarget immune cells against tumor cells had not been addressed. We previously reported the marked antitumor effects of a humanized BsDb that targets epidermal growth factor receptor and CD3 (hEx3-Db). Here, we rearranged the domains of hEx3-Db to examine the influence of domain order on the function of BsDbs. We successfully prepared homogenous dimers of hEx3-Db in all four domain configurations. Interestingly, all three rearranged hEx3s inhibited cancer growth more effectively than did the original hEx3-Db, in which both components were in variable heavy domain (VH)-variable light domain (VL) order (redesignated as hEx3-HL), and the highest effects were observed with hEx3-LH (hEx3-Db with both components in VL-VH order). In addition, hEx3-LH had comparable in vitro growth inhibitory effects to those of the tandem single-chain variable fragment (scFv) format of hEx3-Db (hEx3-tandem scFv (taFv)), which we previously showed to have greater cytotoxicity than does hEx3-HL. Flow cytometry suggested that the enhanced cytotoxicity of hEx3-LH is attributable to structural superiority for cross-linking, similar to that of hEx3-taFv. Furthermore, hEx3-LH inhibited cancer growth in mice more effectively than did hEx3-taFv; this difference may be due to differences in antibody stability. Our results show that merely rearranging the domain order of BsDbs can enhance their effects beyond those with structural format conversion.
The discrete memoryless multiple-access channel with cribbing encoders (1985)

The capacity regions are determined for various communication situations in which one or both encoders for a multiple access channel crib from the other encoder and learn the channel input(s) (to be) emitted by this encoder. Most of the achievability proofs in this paper hinge upon the new concept of backward decoding. Also, the notion of Shannon strategies seems to be of crucial importance. It is demonstrated that in some situations parts of the total cooperation line are achievable. Moreover, it is proved that if the encoders and the decoder are allowed to be nondeterministic, the capacity regions are not increased.