gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antigenic and Immunogenic Properties of Baculovirus-Expressed Infectious Bursal Disease Viral Proteins (1998)

Genomic segment A of the variant Md infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was amplified by reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction, cloned, and expressed in the baculovirus expression system. Three different baculovirus recombinants expressing the genes encoding VP2, VP2/VP4, and the complete polyprotein (VP2/VP4/VP3) were prepared. The three antigens were used in separate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and each detected antibodies against the variant IBDV strains Md, Del-A, Del-E, and GLS and the classic IBDV strain D78 throughout a 14-wk period following vaccination. Eight-week-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were inoculated subcutaneously using the VP2/VP4 or VP2/VP4/VP3 baculovirus recombinant or wild-type baculovirus-infected insect cell lysates. Virus-neutralizing antibodies were detected in the VP2/VP4 and VP2/VP4/VP3 baculovirus-inoculated birds at 13 days postinoculation (PI) and at 43 days PI when titrated against Md IBDV. No virus-neutralizing antibody titer was observed in the negative controls or wild-type baculovirus-inoculated birds. One-week-old SPF chickens were inoculated with the VP2, VP2/VP4/VP3 baculovirus recombinants or wild-type baculovirus-infected insect cell lysates. The birds were boosted 2 wk later and challenged at 4 wk of age with 0.5 ml/bird classic STC IBDV (10(2) median embryo infective dose [EID50]/ml) or variant Md IBDV (10(5) EID50/ml) via the oral/nasal route. The VP2 and VP2/VP4/VP3 baculovirus-inoculated birds were partially protected against challenge with the classic STC IBDV. The birds were protected against clinical disease and death but not bursal damage, whereas the wild-type baculovirus-inoculated birds exhibited clinical signs of disease, 13% mortality, and bursal damage. When challenged with the variant Md IBDV, neither the VP2, VP2/VP4/VP3 baculovirus recombinants nor the wild-type baculovirus elicited protection against bursal damage and atrophy.
Synthese von erythro‐Sphingosinen über die Azidoderivate (1988)

Abstract Aus D‐Galactose und D‐Xylose wurden in zwei Stufen die 2,4‐ O ‐geschützten D‐Threosen 3a bzw. 3b erhalten, die durch Wittig‐Reaktion in Anwesenheit von überschüssigem Lithiumbromid die Trans ‐Entriole 4aA, 4aB und 4bA liefern. Triflat‐Aktivierung der freien 2‐Hydroxygruppe, Azideinführung und Abspaltung der O ‐Schutzgruppe führte zu den Azidosphingosinen 6A,B die durch Azidreduktion in die D‐ erythro ‐Sphingosine 7A,B übergeführt wurden. Für die Glycosphingolipidsynthese durch Azidosphingosin‐Glycosylierung wurden aus Verbindung 6A durch 1‐ O ‐Tritylierung, 3‐ O ‐Schutzgruppeneinführung und anschließende 1– O ‐Detritylierung die 3‐ O ‐geschützten Azidosphingosine 11 α‐ 11 γ hergestellt.
Tracking InfraRed signatures of drugs in cancer cells by Fourier Transform microspectroscopy (2010)

Aimed at developing accurate, reliable and cost-saving analytical techniques for drugs screening we evaluated the potential of Fourier Transform (FT) InfraRed (IR) microspectroscopy (microFTIR) as a quantitative pre-diagnostic approach for the rapid identification of IR signatures of drugs targeting specific molecular pathways causing Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). To obtain reproducible FTIR absorbance spectra at the necessary spatial resolution we optimized sample preparation and acquisition parameters on a single channel Mercury-Cadmium-Telluride (MCT) detector in the spectral interval of frequencies from 4000 to 800 cm(-1). Single K562 cells were illuminated by Synchrotron Radiation (SR) and a number of ~15 K562 cells spread in monolayer were illuminated by a conventional IR source (Globar), respectively. Combining IR spectral data with the results of complementary biochemical investigations carried out in samples by different analytical methods we identified and cross-validated IR signatures of drugs targeting the oncogenic protein BCR/ABL and its associated abnormal tyrosine kinase activity in K562 cell line. Unsupervised pattern recognition performed by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) clustered the spectra of single K562 cells in two distinct groups roughly corresponding to living and to apoptotic cells, respectively. The corresponding IR spectral profiles were assumed to represent drug-resistant and drug-sensitive cells. Significant variations with increasing percentages of apoptotic cells were observed after the treatment of K562 cells with drugs that directly or indirectly target BCR/ABL. In conclusion, we suggest that microFTIR associated with multivariate data analysis may be useful to assess drug compounds in ex vivo cancer cell models and possibly peripheral blast cells from CML patients.
Caffeine Synergizes with Another Coffee Component to Increase Plasma GCSF: Linkage to Cognitive Benefits in Alzheimer's Mice (2011)

Retrospective and prospective epidemiologic studies suggest that enhanced coffee/caffeine intake during aging reduces risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Underscoring this premise, our studies in AD transgenic mice show that long-term caffeine administration protects against cognitive impairment and reduces brain amyloid-β levels/deposition through suppression of both β- and γ-secretase. Because coffee contains many constituents in addition to caffeine that may provide cognitive benefits against AD, we examined effects of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee on plasma cytokines, comparing their effects to caffeine alone. In both AβPPsw+PS1 transgenic mice and non-transgenic littermates, acute i.p. treatment with caffeinated coffee greatly and specifically increased plasma levels of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF), IL-10, and IL-6. Neither caffeine solution alone (which provided high plasma caffeine levels) or decaffeinated coffee provided this effect, indicating that caffeine synergized with some as yet unidentified component of coffee to selectively elevate these three plasma cytokines. The increase in GCSF is particularly important because long-term treatment with coffee (but not decaffeinated coffee) enhanced working memory in a fashion that was associated only with increased plasma GCSF levels among all cytokines. Since we have previously reported that long-term GCSF treatment enhances cognitive performance in AD mice through three possible mechanisms (e.g., recruitment of microglia from bone marrow, synaptogenesis, and neurogenesis), the same mechanisms could be complimentary to caffeine's established ability to suppress Aβ production. We conclude that coffee may be the best source of caffeine to protect against AD because of a component in coffee that synergizes with caffeine to enhance plasma GCSF levels, resulting in multiple therapeutic actions against AD.
CUTE: A Concolic Unit Testing Engine for C (2005)

In unit testing, a program is decomposed into units which are collections of functions.A part of unit can be tested by generating inputs for a single entry function.The entry function may contain pointer arguments, in which case the inputs to the unit are memory graphs.The paper addresses the problem of automating unit testing with memory graphs as inputs.The approach used builds on previous work combining symbolic and concrete execution, and more specifically, using such a combination to generate test inputs to explore all feasible execution paths.The current work develops a method to represent and track constraints that capture the behavior of a symbolic execution of a unit with memory graphs as inputs.Moreover, an efficient constraint solver is proposed to facilitate incremental generation of such test inputs.Finally, CUTE, a tool implementing the method is described together with the results of applying CUTE to real-world examples of C code.
The role of endothelial PI3Kγ activity in neutrophil trafficking (2005)

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kgamma) in neutrophils plays a critical role in the directed migration of these cells into inflamed tissues. In this study, we demonstrate the importance of the endothelial component of PI3Kgamma activity relative to its leukocyte counterpart in supporting neutrophil interactions with the inflamed vessel wall. Despite the reconstitution of class-Ib PI3K function in neutrophils of p110gamma-/- mice, we observed a 45% reduction in accumulation of these cells in an acute lung injury model. Mechanistically, this appears to result from a perturbation in selectin-mediated adhesion as manifested by a 70% reduction in wild-type (WT) neutrophil attachment to and 17-fold increase in rolling velocities on p110gamma-/- microvessels in vivo in response to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). This alteration in adhesion was further augmented by a deficiency in p110delta, suggesting that the activity of both catalytic subunits is required for efficient capture of neutrophils by cytokine-stimulated endothelium. Interestingly, E-selectin-mediated adhesion in p110gamma-/-) mice was impaired by more than 95%, but no defect in nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB)-induced gene expression was observed. These findings suggest a previously unrecognized partnership between class-I PI3Ks expressed in leukocytes and endothelium, the combination of which is required for the efficient trafficking of immunocompetent cells to sites of inflammation.
Progenitors of Interstitial Cells of Cajal in the Postnatal Murine Stomach (2008)

Kit(low)CD44(+)CD34(+)Insr(+)Igf1r(+) cells may be local progenitors for gastric ICC and stromal tumors. Loss of these cells may contribute to gastrointestinal dysmotilities.
Experience with three prosthetic materials in temporary abdominal wall closure. (1996)

There are circumstances that make abdominal wall closure unsafe and technically impossible after laparotomy for trauma. In these difficult cases, prosthetic materials may be necessary to temporarily close the abdominal wall. To determine the optimal prosthetic in these instances, a retrospective chart review was conducted in our urban Level I trauma center. Twenty-five patients received 31 abdominal wall prostheses over a 4-year period. There were 7, 8, and 10 patients with 7 Marlex, 9 Dexon, and 15 Goretex prostheses, respectively. Each patient had only one type of prosthesis placed. The average age was 30.7 +/- 12.0 years, injury severity score was 20.3 +/- 7.4, and abdominal trauma index was 35.9 +/- 18.0; there was no significant difference in these values between groups. Eight patients died soon after the prosthesis was placed (average, 12.9 days) secondary to ongoing shock or multiple organ failure. Three of the seven surviving Goretex patients (43%) were intentionally left with small hernias. Three of the six Dexon patients (50%) were left with hernias; one of these eviscerated on day 150 and subsequently died, and the others have disabling gigantic hernias. Three of the four Marlex patients (75%) developed fistulae as a result of erosion into the small bowel or colon. One Marlex patient suffered with a chronically draining abdominal wound for 398 days prior to definitive closure. Goretex appears to be the best prosthetic for temporary abdominal wall closure because it causes less inflammatory reaction because of its smooth surface. It is therefore easier to retrieve at the time of definitive closure and carries less risk of fistula formation than other prostheses. Our Dexon patients suffered with gigantic hernias and one died because of complications of evisceration. We have abandoned the use of Marlex in abdominal wall closure because of the high incidence of fistula formation. We advocate the use of Goretex in temporary abdominal wall closure in this challenging group of patients.
cDNA cloning, chromosomal localization, and expression analysis of human BEHAB/brevican, a brain specific proteoglycan regulated during cortical development and in glioma (2000)

BEHAB (Brain Enriched HyAluronan Binding)/brevican, a brain-specific member of the lectican family of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), may play a role in both brain development and human glioma. BEHAB/brevican has been cloned from bovine, mouse and rat. Two isoforms have been reported: a full-length isoform that is secreted into the extracellular matrix (ECM) and a shorter isoform with a sequence that predicts a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Here, we report the characterization of BEHAB/brevican isoforms in human brain. First, BEHAB/brevican maps to human chromosome 1q31. Second, we report the sequence of both isoforms of human BEHAB/brevican. The deduced protein sequence of full-length, secreted human BEHAB/brevican is 89.7, 83.3 and 83.2% identical to bovine, mouse and rat homologues, respectively. Third, by RNase protection analysis (RPA) we show the developmental regulation of BEHAB/brevican isoforms in normal human cortex. The secreted isoform is highly expressed from birth through 8years of age and is downregulated by 20years of age to low levels that are maintained in the normal adult cortex. The GPI isoform is expressed at uniformly low levels throughout development. Fourth, we confirm and extend previous studies from our laboratory, here demonstrating the upregulation of BEHAB/brevican mRNA in human glioma quantitatively. RPA analysis shows that both isoforms are upregulated in glioma, showing an approximately sevenfold increase in expression over normal levels. In contrast to the developmental regulation of BEHAB/brevican, where only the secreted isoform is regulated, both isoforms are increased in parallel in human glioma. The distinct patterns of regulation of expression of the two isoforms suggest distinct mechanisms of regulation of BEHAB/brevican during development and in glioma.
Ageing phenomena in high-voltage aqueous supercapacitors investigated by in situ gas analysis (2015)

High-voltage aqueous electrolyte based supercapacitors (U > 1.23 V) attract significant attention for next-generation high power, low cost and environmentally friendly energy storage applications. Cell ageing is however markedly pronounced at elevated voltages and results in accelerated overall performance fade and increased safety concerns. Online electrochemical mass spectrometry, combined with cell pressure analysis, is for the first time shown to provide a powerful means for in situ investigation of degradation mechanisms in aqueous electrolyte/carbon based supercapacitors. The activated carbon electrodes possess high specific surface area and oxygen-based surface functionalities (mainly phenol, lactone and anhydride groups), which are oxidized already at a cell voltage of 0.6 V to provoke the evolution of minor amounts of CO and CO2. Noticeable water decomposition starts at a high voltage of 1.6 V with the evolution of H2 on the negative electrode and carbon corrosion on the positive electrode with the generation of predominantly CO. In this paper we also report that short-term cycling leads to partly reversible gas evolution/consumption side-reactions giving negligible capacitance. On the other hand, long-term cycling causes irreversible side-reactions, deteriorates the electrochemical performance, and increases the internal pressure of the cell. Repeated cycling (U < 2 V) is confirmed as a more harmful technique for the electrode integrity compared to the voltage holding in a floating test. In situ gas analysis is shown to provide valuable insights into the electrochemical cell ageing aspects, such as the nature and potential onsets of side-reactions, hence paving the way for fundamental understanding and mitigating the performance and safety loss of high-energy aqueous supercapacitors.
Vitamin C: a new pathway for an old antioxidant (1998)

The physiological importance of vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid) to human health is well known. Within the plant, where it is present in millimolar concentrations, this small molecule plays many crucial roles in growth and metabolism. For example, as a potent antioxidant, ascorbic acid has the capacity to eliminate several different reactive oxygen species; it keeps the membrane-bound antioxidant α-tocopherol in the reduced state; and acts as a cofactor, maintaining the activity of a number of enzymes by keeping prosthetic metal ions in the reduced state. Despite these and many other roles, until very recently the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid has been unclear. A significant leap forward in understanding has recently been reported by Nick Smirnoff and colleagues in Nature[ 1 Wheeler G.L. Jones M.A. Smirnoff N. The biosynthetic pathway of vitamin C in higher plants. Nature. 1998; 393: 365-369 Crossref PubMed Scopus (826) Google Scholar ].
PENGARUH KOORDINASI PIMPINAN TERHADAP DISIPLIN KERJA PEGAWAI PADA KANTOR KECAMATAN LONG PAHANGAI KABUPUTEN MAHAKAM ULU (2014)

This Research target is to know what Head of coordination have an effect on to Discipline Work the Officer. The research do in Office of Sub-Regency Chief of Education Of Departementof Regency of City Kutai Barat Result of research indicate that the head coordination [of Part of Arranging Effort very having an effect on to officer discipline, in the meaning that discipline factor work the officer at Office of Sub-Regency Chief of Education Of Departement of Regency of City Kutai Barat from month to month even from year to year experience of the change mounting. This matter [is] followed also by Head Coordination which in this case function as cause variable. To increase discipline work the officer, beside factor co-ordinate the head, hence factor of[is other;dissimilar require to get the attention so that discipline work the officer at office of Sub-Regency Chief of Education Of Departement of Regency of City Kutai Barat earn remain to be improved
REVIEW OF SMALL STATIONARY REFORMERS FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION (2001)

Herein we present a study on the preparation and properties of a hydrogel adsorbent for treatment of wasted palladium souring from actial petrochemical industrial wastewater. Chitosan was used as the raw material and acrolein as the cross-linking agent for the hydrogel (A/CS). The adsorption behaviors of the hydrogel for Pd(II) ions were characterized and analyzed. The effect of pH, temperature, adsorption kinetics, and thermodynamics were investigated. Langmuir models were employed to describe the adsorption isotherms, while the pseudo-second-order equation was applied to describe the adsorption kinetics. The experimental results demonstrated that the adsorption was a monolayer chemical adsorption, and the adsorption capacity was found to reach 505.05 mg/g under optimal conditions. In addition, FT-IR and XPS analyses, combined with MS calculations confirmed that chelation and electrostatic attraction were dominated in the adsorption process. Overall, the development of this hydrogel adsorbent will provide a practical approach to the treatment of industrial wastewater containing palladium and have great potential for practical applications.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Multivalent Glycoconjugates on a DNA Synthesizer (2002)

Carbohydrate-oligonucleotide conjugates and glycodendrimers were synthesized utilizing a DNA synthesizer. The synthesis of multivalent glycoconjugates on solid-phase allows custom tailoring of their structure to the requirements of biological assays within hours, as opposed to traditional approaches that require weeks or months of work in the laboratory. Therefore it will become much easier to investigate carbohydrate-protein interactions and optimize for objectives such as the receptor-mediated targeting of antisense oligonucleotides.
Spatially-Resolved Proteomics: Rapid Quantitative Analysis of Laser Capture Microdissected Alveolar Tissue Samples (2016)

Laser capture microdissection (LCM)-enabled region-specific tissue analyses are critical to better understand complex multicellular processes. However, current proteomics workflows entail several manual sample preparation steps and are challenged by the microscopic mass-limited samples generated by LCM, impacting measurement robustness, quantification and throughput. Here, we coupled LCM with a proteomics workflow that provides fully automated analysis of proteomes from microdissected tissues. Benchmarking against the current state-of-the-art in ultrasensitive global proteomics (FASP workflow), our approach demonstrated significant improvements in quantification (~2-fold lower variance) and throughput (>5 times faster). Using our approach we for the first time characterized, to a depth of >3,400 proteins, the ontogeny of protein changes during normal lung development in microdissected alveolar tissue containing only 4,000 cells. Our analysis revealed seven defined modules of coordinated transcription factor-signaling molecule expression patterns, suggesting a complex network of temporal regulatory control directs normal lung development with epigenetic regulation fine-tuning pre-natal developmental processes.
H-Atom Incorporation in Mg-Doped GaN Grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (1994)

H-atom incorporation was studied for Mg-doped GaN grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. H-atom incorporation was found to increase linearly with Mg concentration, suggesting the formation of simple complex between Mg and H atoms in GaN. Decrease of H-atom concentration was observed after thermal treatment in Ar, supporting the hypothesis that H-atom extraction plays an important role in obtaining low-resistivity p-type conduction.
Prevalence of multidrug resistance related to activation of the mdr1 gene in human sarcoma mutants derived by single-step doxorubicin selection. (1994)

Fluctuation analysis experiments were performed in the human sarcoma cell line MES-SA to assess whether selection or induction mechanisms determine resistance to doxorubicin (DOX), mutation rates, and the nature of the surviving clones. Thirteen flasks were seeded with 2000 cells/flask and grown to confluent populations of approximately 3.3 x 10(6) cells. After reseeding in 96-well plates, each population was treated with 40 nM DOX for 2 weeks. Surviving colonies were scored and harvested. Clones were propagated and analyzed for drug resistance phenotype. Expression of the mdr1, mrp, and topoisomerase II alpha and II beta genes was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Accumulation of the P-glycoprotein substrate rhodamine-123 was measured by flow cytometry, with and without the cyclosporin D analogue SDZ PSC 833. Cellular glutathione levels were measured by flow cytometry, and M(r) 110,000 vesicular protein (p110) expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. Analysis of variance supported the hypothesis of spontaneous mutations rather than induction conferring DOX resistance. At this stringent level (5-6 log cell killing) of drug exposure, the mutation rate was estimated at 1.8 x 10(-6) per cell generation. All 30 propagated clones demonstrated cross-resistance to vinblastine, etoposide, and paclitaxel (Taxol), but not to cisplatin or bleomycin. Increased mRNA levels of mdr1 were observed in all 27 clones tested, including at least 1 from each of the 13 populations. No alterations were found in expression or level of topoisomerase II alpha or II beta, mrp, glutathione, and p110. Expression of P-glycoprotein was confirmed by flow cytometry using the monoclonal antibody UIC2. In almost all tested clones, decreased intracellular rhodamine-123 accumulation was modulated by 2 microM SDZ PSC 833, and the vinblastine resistance in all examined clones was completely reversed by SDZ PSC 833 and verapamil. Our study demonstrates that survival of cells exposed to DOX in a single step occurs as a result of a stochastic process consistent with mutational events. Activation of the mdr1 gene is the predominant mechanism selected by DOX in these resistant clones.