gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TGF-ß signaling in COPD: deciphering genetic and cellular susceptibilities for future therapeutic regimen (2009)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of death in the developed world and associated with a high individual and socioeconomic burden. Despite emerging preventive efforts and ongoing clinical trials, the frequency and mortality of COPD are expected to continue to rise over the next decades. COPD is defined as an irreversible expiratory airflow limitation, which is caused by various degrees of the following two main features: First, small airway disease (SAD), which includes airway inflammation and remodelling, and second, emphysema, which is characterised by airspace enlargement. The major risk factor for COPD is cigarette smoke exposure; however, the molecular mechanisms linking smoke to different COPD features on the cellular level remain elusive. The transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily constitutes more than 40 members, which are essential during organ development, a process often recapitulated in chronic diseases. Emerging interest in the role of TGF-beta in the pathogenesis of COPD has recently evolved, particularly since genetic studies have demonstrated an association of gene polymorphisms of the TGF-beta superfamily with COPD. In addition, increased expression of TGF-beta1 in COPD lungs and primary cells, such as epithelial cells, macrophages, or fibroblasts isolated from COPD specimens, was reported, suggesting an impact of TGF-beta signalling on the development and progression of COPD. Thus, targeted interventions of TGF-beta signalling may represent a suitable therapeutic option in COPD. In this review, we will summarise the current understanding of the impact of TGF-beta in COPD pathogenesis. The review is separated into five chapters: 1) an introduction to COPD, 2) an introduction to TGF-beta signalling, 3) a summary of TGF-beta gene polymorphisms in COPD, 4) a summary of TGF-beta signalling in small airway disease, and 5) a summary of TGF-beta signalling in emphysema.
A tunable 1.1-μm fiber Raman oscillator (1977)

A tunable 1.1-μm fiber Raman oscillator is reported. The oscillator is pumped by a cw mode-locked Nd : YAG laser at 1.064 μm. Wavelength tuning is obtained by using group velocity dispersion in a 600-m-long single-mode borosilicate fiber and subnanosecond pulses tunable from 1.101 to 1.125 μm are generated. The slope of the experimental tuning curve gives a group dispersion of 31 ps/nm km at 1.12 μm for the Raman fiber, in good agreement with the calculated value of combined material and waveguide dispersion.
Long‐term efficacy and safety of eslicarbazepine acetate: Results of a 1‐year open‐label extension study in partial‐onset seizures in adults with epilepsy (2010)

Sustained therapeutic effect, favorable tolerability and safety, and an improvement in quality of life and depressive symptoms were observed during long-term add-on treatment of partial-onset seizures in adults with once daily ESL.
ROSE FRAGRANCE: GENOMIC APPROACHES AND METABOLIC ENGINEERING (2003)

For centuries, rose (Rosa hybrida) has been the most important crop in the floriculture industry. Rose petals represent a unique system for studies of a wide range of highly important topics, such as the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, including scent compounds and pigments, as well as developmental processes. Advances in genomics have made it possible to integrate entire genetic programs responsible for key processes, instead of focusing on individual phenomena via reductionist approaches. To this end, we generated cDNA libraries of rose petals to develop ESTs (expressed sequence tags). About 3000 ESTs have already been sequenced and catalogued. DNA chips were prepared and, using microarray analyses, numerous ESTs whose expression coincide with fragrance production were identified. To complement the genomic data, proteomic protocols for rose petals were developed: ca. 1000 proteins were mapped and their expression pattern during petal development characterized. Sequence information on ca. 100 of these proteins was also generated. In parallel, chemical and biological patterns of scent production and emission were determined and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in petals of ca. 20 rose varieties. From these combined results, we identified several novel genes with putative function in numerous important processes, including fragrance production. For some of these the function was proven using Escherichia coli expression assay and/or transgenic plants. Furthermore, we have already generated transgenic flowers with either enhanced scent or novel fragrance composition.
Acylwanderungen am Protoäscigenin Über Inhaltsstoffe des Rosskastaniensamens, X (1971)

Abstract Bei den Protoäscigeninacetaten wandert der Acetylrest an den Ringen D und E nur zwischen den Hydroxylgruppen in Stellung 21 β, 22 α und 28. Unter Isomerisierungsbedingungen findet bei den Äscinen ausschließlich ein Acetylaustausch zwischen 22 α‐OH und 28‐OH statt.
A One‐Pot Synthesis of a Triblock Copolymer from Propylene Oxide/Carbon Dioxide and Lactide: Intermediacy of Polyol Initiators (2013)

Just add water: The copolymerization of propylene oxide and CO2 catalyzed by a cobalt complex is tolerant to the addition of water as chain-transfer reagent to afford polyols (HO-(PPC)-OH) with narrow molecular weight distributions (see picture; PPC=poly(propylene carbonate); PLA=polylactide). The addition of an organocatalyst to these polyols in the presence of lactides produces well-defined triblock copolymers (PLA-b-PPC-b-PLA).
A wound-induced keratin inhibits Src activity during keratinocyte migration and tissue repair (2012)

Injury to the epidermis triggers an elaborate homeostatic response resulting in tissue repair and recovery of the vital barrier function. The type II keratins 6a and 6b (K6a and K6b) are among the genes induced early on in wound-proximal keratinocytes and maintained during reepithelialization. Paradoxically, genetic ablation of K6a and K6b results in enhanced keratinocyte migration. In this paper, we show that this trait results from activation of Src kinase and key Src substrates that promote cell migration. Endogenous Src physically associated with keratin proteins in keratinocytes in a K6-dependent fashion. Purified Src bound K6-containing filaments via its SH2 domain in a novel phosphorylation-independent manner, resulting in kinase inhibition. K6 protein was enriched in the detergent-resistant membrane (DRM), a key site of Src inhibition, and DRMs from K6-null keratinocytes were depleted of both keratin and Src. We conclude that K6 negatively regulates Src kinase activity and the migratory potential of skin keratinocytes during wound repair. Our findings may also be important in related contexts such as cancer.
Real-time encoding and compression of neuronal spikes by metal-oxide memristors (2016)

Advanced brain-chip interfaces with numerous recording sites bear great potential for investigation of neuroprosthetic applications. The bottleneck towards achieving an efficient bio-electronic link is the real-time processing of neuronal signals, which imposes excessive requirements on bandwidth, energy and computation capacity. Here we present a unique concept where the intrinsic properties of memristive devices are exploited to compress information on neural spikes in real-time. We demonstrate that the inherent voltage thresholds of metal-oxide memristors can be used for discriminating recorded spiking events from background activity and without resorting to computationally heavy off-line processing. We prove that information on spike amplitude and frequency can be transduced and stored in single devices as non-volatile resistive state transitions. Finally, we show that a memristive device array allows for efficient data compression of signals recorded by a multi-electrode array, demonstrating the technology's potential for building scalable, yet energy-efficient on-node processors for brain-chip interfaces.
Pancreatic-Derived Factor (FAM3B), a Novel Islet Cytokine, Induces Apoptosis of Insulin-Secreting β-Cells (2003)

PANDER (PANcreatic DERived factor, FAM3B), a newly discovered secreted cytokine, is specifically expressed at high levels in the islets of Langerhans of the endocrine pancreas. To evaluate the role of PANDER in beta-cell function, we investigated the effects of PANDER on rat, mouse, and human pancreatic islets; the beta-TC3 cell line; and the alpha-TC cell line. PANDER protein was present in alpha- and beta-cells of pancreatic islets, insulin-secreting beta-TC3 cells, and glucagon-secreting alpha-TC cells. PANDER induced islet cell death in rat and human islets. Culture of beta-TC3 cells with recombinant PANDER had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on cell viability. This effect was also time-dependent. PANDER caused apoptosis of beta-cells as assessed by electron microscopy, annexin V fluorescent staining, and flow-cytometric terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. PANDER did not affect cytosolic Ca(2+) levels or nitric oxide levels. However, PANDER activated caspase-3. Hence, PANDER may have a role in the process of pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis.
Percutaneous laser balloon coagulation of accessory pathways (1991)

Nonsurgical ablation techniques have been proposed to cease conduction through accessory pathways which electrically connect the atrium and ventricle. The intent of this research was to investigate further the potential use of laser energy, delivered via a balloon catheter in the canine coronary sinus to photocoagulate the myocardial fibers responsible for accessory pathway conduction. Based on histological evaluation of the lesions created in acute and chronic studies, the extent of coagulation necrosis is sufficient to ablate most pathways which lie adjacent to the coronary sinus. Results from surface temperature measurements using repetitive laser exposures suggest that optical and/or thermal changes occurring in the myocardium are of greater importance than those occurring in the adipose tissue. Since the laser balloon catheter is surrounded by various tissue types, a Monte Carlo model was developed to determine the distribution of light in the atrioventricular groove.
Test for Measuring the Stretchability of Melted Cheese (2002)

A test for measuring the stretchability of cheese was developed by adapting a texture-profile analyzer to pull strands of cheese upwards from a reservoir of melted cheese. Seven different cheeses were analyzed using the Utah State University stretch test. The cheeses were also analyzed for apparent viscosity with a helical viscometer, for meltability using a tube melt test, and for stretch using the pizza-fork test. Cheese was placed into a stainless steel cup and tempered in a water bath at 60, 70, 80, or 90 degrees C for 30 min before analysis. The cup was then placed in a water-jacketed holder mounted on the base of the instrument. A three-pronged hook-shaped probe was lowered into the melted cheese and then pulled vertically until all cheese strands broke or 30 cm was reached. This produced a stretch profile as the probe was lifted through the reservoir of melted cheese and then pulled strands of cheese upwards. Three parameters were defined to characterize the stretchability of the cheese. The maximum load, obtained as the probe was lifted through the cheese, was defined as melt strength (F(M)). The distance to which cheese strands were lifted was defined as stretch length (SL). The load exerted on the probe as the strands of cheese were being stretched was defined as stretch quality (SQ). There was a correlation between F(M) and apparent viscosity. There was also some correlation between SL measured by the fork test and SL when the cheese was tested at 90 degrees C, but no correlation occurred at lower temperatures.
Murine Tracheal and Nasal Septal Epithelium for Air–Liquid Interface Cultures: A Comparative Study (2007)

To increase the yield of respiratory epithelial cells harvested from mice, we have found that the nasal septum is a far superior source when compared with the trachea. The greater surface area and increased concentration of ciliated epithelial cells has the potential to provide an eightfold increase in epithelial cells for the development of air-liquid interface cultures.
Fast approximate quantitative visibility for complex scenes (2002)

Ray tracing and Monte-Carlo based global illumination, as well as radiosity and other finite-element based global illumination methods, all require repeated evaluation of quantitative visibility queries, such as: what is the average visibility between a point (a differential area element) and a finite area or volume; or what is the average visibility between two finite areas or volumes. We present a new data structure and an algorithm for rapidly evaluating such queries in complex scenes. The proposed approach utilizes a novel image-based discretization of the space of bounded rays in the scene, constructed in a preprocessing stage. This data structure makes it possible to quickly compute approximate answers to visibility queries. Because visibility queries are computed using a discretization of the space, the execution time is effectively decoupled from the number of geometric primitives in the scene. A potential hazard with the proposed approach is that it might require large amounts of memory, if the data structures are designed in a naive fashion. We discuss ways for representing the discretization in a compact manner while still allowing rapid query evaluation. Preliminary results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Hydrogen passivation of shallow-acceptor impurities inp-type GaAs (1986)

It is shown for the first time that hydrogen passivation of p-type GaAs produces electrical compensation of the shallow-acceptor impurity. This is demonstrated with capacitance-voltage and secondary-ion-mass spectrometry measurements on hydrogenated Zn-doped GaAs. In addition, it is shown that for comparable net dopant concentrations, passivation is far more extensive in p-type as compared to n-type GaAs; both metal-organic chemical-vapor-deposited (Zn and Se doped) and bulk GaAs (Zn and Si doped) were investigated. It is proposed that hydrogen passivation of Zn acceptors in GaAs involves interstitial diffusion of hydrogen to the vicinity of a zinc atom that is located at a gallium site. The hydrogen atom specifically bonds to an arsenic atom that is adjacent to the zinc. From the experimental results it is inferred that hydrogen passivation of shallow-acceptor impurities is a general physical phenomenon in semiconductors.
The Specificity of Trimming of MHC Class I-Presented Peptides in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (2009)

Aminopeptidases in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can cleave antigenic peptides and in so doing either create or destroy MHC class I-presented epitopes. However, the specificity of this trimming process overall and of the major ER aminopeptidase ERAP1 in particular is not well understood. This issue is important because peptide trimming influences the magnitude and specificity of CD8 T cell responses. By systematically varying the N-terminal flanking sequences of peptides in a cell-free biochemical system and in intact cells, we elucidated the specificity of ERAP1 and of ER trimming overall. ERAP1 can cleave after many amino acids on the N terminus of epitope precursors but does so at markedly different rates. The specificity seen with purified ERAP1 is similar to that observed for trimming and presentation of epitopes in the ER of intact cells. We define N-terminal sequences that are favorable or unfavorable for Ag presentation in ways that are independent from the epitopes core sequence. When databases of known presented peptides were analyzed, the residues that were preferred for the trimming of model peptide precursors were found to be overrepresented in N-terminal flanking sequences of epitopes generally. These data define key determinants in the specificity of Ag processing.
A general and stereospecific synthesis of trans-alkenes and regiospecific synthesis of ketones via stepwise hydroboration (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleA general and stereospecific synthesis of trans-alkenes and regiospecific synthesis of ketones via stepwise hydroborationHerbert C. Brown, D. Basavaiah, and Surendra U. KulkarniCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 19, 3808–3810Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00140a056https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00140a056research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views305Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Basic Principles for Rational Design of High‐Performance Nanostructured Silicon‐Based Thermoelectric Materials (2011)

Recently, nanostructured silicon-based thermoelectric materials have drawn great attention owing to their excellent thermoelectric performance in the temperature range around 450 °C, which is eminently applicable for concentrated solar thermal technology. In this work, a unified nanothermodynamic model is developed to investigate the predominant factors that determine the lattice thermal conductivity of nanocrystalline, nanoporous, and nanostructured bulk Si. A systematic study shows that the thermoelectric performance of these materials can be substantially enhanced by the following three basic principles: 1) artificial manipulation and optimization of roughness with surface/interface patterning/engineering; 2) grain-size reduction with innovative fabrication techniques in a controllable fashion; and 3) optimization of material parameters, such as bulk solid-vapor transition entropy, bulk vibrational entropy, dimensionality, and porosity, to decrease the lattice thermal conductivity. These principles may be used to rationally design novel nanostructured Si-based thermoelectric materials for renewable energy applications.
A cell-free assay for detecting HDL that is dysfunctional in preventing the formation of or inactivating oxidized phospholipids (2001)

We have developed a novel and rapid cell-free assay of the ability of HDL to prevent the formation of or inactivate oxidized phospholipids. HDL was tested for its ability to inhibit the oxidation of LDL, or inhibit the oxidation of l-alpha-1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (PAPC) by hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (HPODE), or inactivate oxidized PAPC (Ox-PAPC). In each case the fluorescent signal generated in the presence of the test substances and the test HDL was determined. As little as 2.5 microg of normal human HDL cholesterol significantly inhibited the fluorescent signal generated by Ox-PAPC; results did not differ regardless of whether the HDL was prepared by gel electrophoresis, fast protein liquid chromatography, or dextran sulfate precipitation. HDL from each of 27 patients with coronary atherosclerosis failed to inhibit the fluorescent signal generated by a control LDL, whereas HDL from each of 31 matched normal subjects with the same levels of HDL cholesterol significantly inhibited the signal. Results from an established cell-based assay (Navab, M., S. Hama, J. Cooke, G. M. Anantharamaiah, M. Chaddha, L. Jin, G. Subbanagounder, K. F. Faull, S. T. Reddy, N. E. Miller, and A. M. Fogelman. 2000. J. Lipid Res. 41: 1481-1494) were identical. HDL from the patients also failed to inhibit the fluorescent signal generated from PAPC plus HPODE (10 of 10 patients) whereas HDL from matched controls (8 of 8 patients) significantly inhibited the fluorescent signal. We conclude that this new assay has the potential to allow widespread testing of the hypothesis that HDL that is dysfunctional in preventing the formation or inactivating oxidized phospholipids may play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis.
Nucleotide Sequence and RT-PCR Detection of a Virus Associated with Grapevine Rupestris Stem-Pitting Disease (1998)

ABSTRACT Grapevine rupestris stem pitting (RSP) is a graft-transmissible disease of unknown etiology. We have characterized a virus associated with this disease. The entire genomic sequence (GenBank accession number AF026278) consisted of 8,725 nucleotides excluding a poly(A) tail. Six open reading frames (ORF) were found. ORF1 potentially encodes a polypeptide with a methyltransferase domain, a papain-like proteinase domain, a helicase domain, and a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain; ORF2, ORF3, and ORF4 compose a triple-gene block; ORF5 encodes a coat protein; and ORF6 is located near the 3' end with unknown function. Sequence analysis indicated that the virus is most similar to apple stem-pitting virus and may be allied with the carla- and potexviruses and grouped with other viruses that infect woody hosts. A specific reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based detection method was developed. Among 62 grapevine sources known to be infected with rupestris stem-pitting disease, 60 sources tested positive by RT-PCR. Among 43 healthy vines tested, all were negative. The name grapevine rupestris stem-pitting-associated virus is proposed.
Progress in High-Capacity Core–Shell Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries (2014)

High-energy-density rechargeable batteries are needed to fulfill various demands such as self-monitoring analysis and reporting technology (SMART) devices, energy storage systems, and (hybrid) electric vehicles. As a result, high-energy electrode materials enabling a long cycle life and reliable safety need to be developed. To ensure these requirements, new material chemistries can be derived from combinations of at least two compounds in a secondary particle with varying chemical composition and primary particle morphologies having a core-shell structure and spherical cathode-active materials, specifically a nanoparticle core and shell, nanoparticle core and nanorod shell, and nanorod core and shell. To this end, several layer core-shell cathode materials were developed to ensure high capacity, reliability, and safety.
A null mutation in the photoreceptor guanylate cyclase gene causes the retinal degeneration chicken phenotype (1998)

The retinas of the retinal degeneration (rd) chicken are fully developed and possess normal morphology at hatching but fail to respond to light stimulation. Analyses of retinal cGMP, the internal messenger of phototransduction, show that the amount of cGMP in predegenerate, fully developed rd/rd photoreceptors is 5-10 times less than that seen in normal photoreceptor cells. We show that the low levels of cGMP in rd chicken retina are a consequence of a null mutation in the photoreceptor guanylate cyclase (GC1) gene. Thus, the rd chicken is a model for human Leber's congenital amaurosis. Absence of GC1 in rd retina prevents phototransduction and affects survival of rods and cones but does not interfere with normal photoreceptor development.