gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Contrast sensitivity, acuity, and the perception of 'real-world' targets. (1987)

A major assumption underlying the use of contrast sensitivity testing is that it predicts whether a patient has difficulty seeing objects encountered in everyday life. However, there has been no large-scale attempt to examine whether this putative relationship actually exists. We have examined this assumption using a clinic based sample of adults aged 20-77 years. Contrast thresholds were measured for both: (1) gratings of 0.5-22.8 cycles/degree; and (2) real-world targets (faces, road signs, objects). Multiple regression techniques indicated that the best predictors of thresholds for real-world targets were age and middle to low spatial frequencies. Models incorporating these variables accounted for 25-40% of the variance. Although acuity significantly correlated with thresholds for real-world targets, the inclusion of acuity as a predictor variable did not improve the model. These data provide direct evidence that spatial contrast sensitivity can effectively predict how well patients see targets typical of everyday life.
The role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-δ in the immunomodulatory effects of lenalidomide in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (2011)

In patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), lenalidomide can promote humoral immune responses but also induces a distinct disease-specific toxicity of tumor flare and cytokine release. These CLL-specific events result from increased expression of costimulatory molecules on B cells. Here we demonstrate that lenalidomide activation of CLL cells depends on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110δ (PI3K-δ) pathway. Inhibition of PI3K-δ signaling by the PI3K-δ-inhibiting drug, CAL-101, or by siRNA knockdown of p110δ, abrogates CLL cell activation, costimulatory molecule expression, and vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor gene expression that is induced by lenalidomide. In addition, CAL-101 attenuates lenalidomide-mediated increases in immunoglobulin M production by normal B cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate the importance of PI3K-δ signaling for lenalidomide immune modulation. These findings may guide development of strategies for the treatment of CLL that combine lenalidomide with CAL-101, with other inhibitors of the PI3K-δ pathway, or with other agents that target downstream kinases of this signaling pathway.
Neuroprotective Effect of Delayed Moderate Hypothermia After Focal Cerebral Ischemia (2002)

Our results suggest that even delayed postischemic hypothermia can reduce the extent of infarct volume and brain edema after transient focal cerebral ischemia.
EFFECTS OF CLONIDINE ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART RATE RESPONSES TO AN EMOTIONAL STRESS IN THE RAT: A SPECTRAL STUDY (1991)

1. The fluctuations that underlie the spontaneous variability of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were investigated in conscious normotensive rats using power spectral analysis. 2. Air jet stimulation determined a significant BP rise associated with a tachycardia. This environmental mild stressor amplified the 195-605 mHz oscillations of HR which are under autonomic control. No habituation to this stressor was observed since a second stimulation determined similar responses. 3. Clonidine (10 micrograms/kg, i.v.) prevented the BP rise normally associated with air jet stimulation. In addition, clonidine dramatically reduced the amplitude of BP and HR oscillations in the frequency region of 195-605 mHz. 4. It is concluded that a mild emotional stressor elicits in normotensive rats a rise in BP and HR associated with modified spectral profiles reflecting sympathetic hyperactivity. Clonidine minored the effects of stress on BP and HR variability and also prevented BP elevation.
Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Nanotubes (2002)

▪ Abstract We review the recent progress in our understanding of the mechanical and electrical properties of carbon nanotubes, emphasizing the theoretical aspects. Nanotubes are the strongest materials known, but the ultimate limits of their strength have yet to be reached experimentally. Modeling of nanotube-reinforced composites indicates that the addition of small numbers of nanotubes may lead to a dramatic increase in the modulus, with only minimal crosslinking. Deformations in nanotube structures lead to novel structural transformations, some of which have clear electrical signatures that can be utilized in nanoscale sensors and devices. Chemical reactivity of nanotube walls is facilitated by strain, which can be used in processing and functionalization. Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy have provided a wealth of information about the structure and electronic properties of nanotubes, especially when coupled with appropriate theoretical models. Nanotubes are exceptional ballistic conductors, which can be used in a variety of nanodevices that can operate at room temperature. The quantum transport through nanotube structures is reviewed at some depth, and the critical roles played by band structure, one-dimensional confinement, and coupling to nanoscale contacts are emphasized. Because disorder or point defect–induced scattering is effectively averaged over the circumference of the nanotube, electrons can propagate ballistically over hundreds of nanometers. However, severe deformations or highly resistive contacts isolate nanotube segments and lead to the formation of quantum dots, which exhibit Coulomb blockade effects, even at room temperature. Metal-nanotube and nanotube-nanotube contacts range from highly transmissive to very resistive, depending on the symmetry of two structures, the charge transfer, and the detailed rehybridization of the wave functions. The progress in terms of nanotube applications has been extraordinarily rapid, as evidenced by the development of several nanotube-based prototypical devices, including memory and logic circuits, chemical sensors, electron emitters and electromechanical actuators.
Intraocular pressure responses to the adenosine agonist cyclohexyladenosine: evidence for a dual mechanism of action. (2001)

These data demonstrate that the adenosine agonist CHA lowers IOP in a dose-related fashion. This hypotensive action results from an early reduction in aqueous flow followed by a subsequent increase in outflow facility. This dual mechanism of action is consistent with analysis of CHA dose-response curve, which indicates that the reduction in IOP induced this agonist's results from multiple mechanisms of action.
Genomic structure of the cottontail rabbit (Shope) papillomavirus. (1985)

The nucleotide sequence of the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV or Shope papillomavirus) genome has been determined. The overall organization of the genome is similar to that of the other three papillomaviruses already sequenced. The amino acid sequences of the putative viral proteins were compared to the available protein data banks. Of particular interest is the homology found between the COOH terminus of the E2 putative protein of the different papillomaviruses and the viral or cellular mos oncogene product. This analysis also reveals a specific feature of the rabbit virus that may be related to its natural oncogenic potential. One of its open reading frames (E6) shows significant homologies with the beta subunit of a family of ATP synthases from mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria, including the conservation of amino acids residues involved in nucleotide binding. The viral noncoding region includes a highly A+T-rich segment and shows a complex array of repetitions and inverted repeats that may act as control elements for gene expression and genome replication.
Genetic characterization of the bovine leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) gene: isolation and sequencing, chromosome assignment and microsatellite analysis (1997)

The bovine leukaemia inhibitory factor was isolated from a phage library and sequences for the gene, in addition to 1213bp of 5' and 432bp of 3' sequences, were obtained and compared with other mammalian leukaemia inhibitory factor genes. Comparisons indicated amino acid homologies ranging from 89·6% to 77·2% with the human and mouse homologues, respectively. Analysis of 500bp of 5' regulatory regions indicated homologies ranging from 83·6% to 74·4% with the corresponding human and sheep sequences, respectively. Additionally, bovine leukaemia inhibitory factor‐specific primers were prepared, and a panel of bovine × hamster somatic cell lines were analysed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data indicated 93% concordance of leukaemia inhibitory factor with aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 located on bovine chromosome 17, and concordance of 81% with myelin basic protein situated on bovine chromosome 24. Southern analysis of selected hybrids confirmed the PCR results, thus conclusively assigning the bovine leukaemia inhibitory factor gene to chromosome 17. Sequence analysis also revealed a microsatellite in intron 2 of the bovine leukaemia inhibitory factor. Analysis of this region by PCR in 22 unrelated Bos taurus and 19 unrelated Bos indicus cattle detected nine different alleles. Polymorphic information content values were 0·53 and 0·80 in B. taurus and B. indicus , respectively. Additionally, the same leukaemia inhibitory factor primers successfully detected allelic variants at this locus in Bos javanicus , Bos guarus and Bison bison but not in Odocoileus virginianus .
Traditional detection versus computer-controlled multilevel analysis of nuclear structures from donated human embryos (2005)

The results of this study indicate that the use of computer-controlled multilevel morphological analysis can improve the detection of nuclear structures in human embryos.
Kinetics and mechanism of polyamide ("peptide") nucleic acid binding to duplex DNA. (1995)

To elucidate the mechanism of recognition of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) by homopyrimidine polyamide ("peptide") nucleic acid (PNA) leading to the strand-displacement, the kinetics of the sequence-specific PNA/DNA binding have been studied. The binding was monitored with time by the gel retardation and nuclease S1 cleavage assays. The experimental kinetic curves obey pseudo-first-order kinetics and the dependence of the pseudo-first-order rate constant, kps, on PNA concentration, P, obeys a power law kps approximately P gamma with 2 < gamma < 3. The kps values for binding of decamer PNA to dsDNA target sites with one mismatch are hundreds of times slower than for the correct site. A detailed kinetic scheme for PNA/DNA binding is proposed that includes two major steps of the reaction of strand invasion: (i) a transient partial opening of the PNA binding site on dsDNA and incorporation of one PNA molecule with the formation of an intermediate PNA/DNA duplex and (ii) formation of a very stable PNA2/DNA triplex. A simple theoretical treatment of the proposed kinetic scheme is performed. The interpretation of our experimental data in the framework of the proposed kinetic scheme leads to the following conclusions. The sequence specificity of the recognition is essentially provided at the "search" step of the process, which consists in the highly reversible transient formation of duplex between one PNA molecule and the complementary strand of duplex DNA while the other DNA strand is displaced. This search step is followed by virtually irreversible "locking" step via PNA2/DNA triplex formation. The proposed mechanism explains how the binding of homopyrimidine PNA to dsDNA meets two apparently mutually contradictory features: high sequence specificity of binding and remarkable stability of both correct and mismatched PNA/DNA complexes.
Single- and combination-antibiotic therapy for experimental endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (1987)

The efficacy of fosfomycin in combination with vancomycin or gentamicin was evaluated in experimental endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. After 5 days of therapy, both combinations proved to be highly effective since all rabbits had sterile vegetations.
Cytochrome P450 and drug interactions (2001)

The cytochrome P450(CYP) enzyme family plays a dominant role in the biotransformation of a vast number of structurally diverse drugs. There are several factors that influence CYP activity directly or at enzyme regulation level. Many drug interactions are a result of inhibition or induction of CYP enzymes. Inhibition based drug interactions form a major part of clinically significant drug interactions. Six isoenzymes of the CYP enzyme system are mainly involved in metabolism of most of the drugs. CYP3A4 isoenzyme is the most predominant isoenzyme in the liver and is involved in the metabolism of approximately 3040% of drugs. The advances in the identification, isolation and characterisation of different isoenzymes of CYP enzyme system made it possible to correlate a specific isoenzyme activity with the metabolism of a specific drug. This will help in prediction of in vivo drug interactions of new drugs based on their in vitro interaction data. Based on knowledge of CYP isoenzymes involved in the metabolism of drugs, physicians may better anticipate drug interactions. This will enhance the use of rational drug therapy and better drug combinations. Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes drug interactions KEY WORDS SUMMARY
Association between a polymorphism in cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 on chromosome 13q14 and atopic asthma (2004)

Our results suggest that CYSLTR2 is one of the genes that contributes to susceptibility to asthma in the Japanese population.
The Study of Initial Mechanism for Al–Au Solid Phase Diffusion Flip-chip Bonding (1997)

The authors have been developing a thermo-compression flip-chip bonding technique in which an LSI chip is electrically and mechanically connected to a glass substrate through Au bumps formed on the LSI chip and aluminum (Al) electrodes on the glass substrate. In this interconnection, Au bumps and Al electrodes are connected by aluminum–gold (Al–Au) solid phase diffusion. The Al thin film deposited by sputtering at room temperature has a columnar microcrystal structure. In this paper, the study of initial bonding mechanism of the Au bump to the Al thin film with the columnar microcrystals is presented. Initial diffused states were observed. The bonding mechanism is proposed as follows: the Au bump bonding breaks not only the surface oxide layer of Al thin film but also the Al columnar microcrystals, and a part of the Au bump intrudes into the grain boundary. This enables Au atoms to meet a new Al surface of the deformed columnar grain. Thus, the Al–Au solid phase diffusion occurs immediately in the region whose Al columnar microcrystal is deformed.
Circulating Endothelial Adhesion Molecules (sE-selectin, sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1) During rHuG-CSF-Stimulated Stem Cell Mobilization (2002)

The role of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions during granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-induced stem cell mobilization is unclear. To examine endothelial activation during this process, we determined levels of circulating endothelial adhesion molecules in healthy donors undergoing G-CSF-mobilized stem cell collection. Plasma levels of soluble (s) E-selectin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) were serially determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in 10 healthy donors during G-CSF-stimulated stem cell mobilization. There was a significant increase in plasma levels of all three endothelial adhesion molecules (sE-selectin, p = 0.01; sICAM-1, p = 0.003; sVCAM-1, p = 0.0002) between day 1 and day 5 of G-CSF stimulation, but only sVCAM-1 concentrations exceeded the range obtained from unstimulated controls in all stem cell donors. Increases of sCAM were accompanied by increased numbers of white blood cells and CD34(+) progenitors in peripheral blood. G-CSF-stimulated peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) mobilization results in increased levels of circulating endothelial adhesion molecules that were most evident for VCAM-1 molecules. Because soluble VCAM-1 remains active in binding to the VLA-4 receptor on CD34(+) cells, it may reduce stem cell adhesiveness to endothelial cells and to bone marrow microenvironment.
30 to 50 ns liquid-crystal optical switches (2010)

The optical switching times of liquid-crystal cells using 5CB, 5OCB and PCH5 liquid crystal materials have been characterized as a function of applied voltage, V, and temperature, T. The transition time from 90 to 10 % transmission scales as V<sup>-2</sup> and is limited to 50 to 30 ns by the breakdown electric field, ~ 10<sup>6</sup> V cm<sup>-1</sup> of the liquid crystal. The time from the initial voltage step to 90 % transmission, delay time, decreases with increasing voltage and approaches a constant value at higher electric fields, &gt;10<sup>5</sup> V cm<sup>-1</sup>. Both the transition and delay times decrease with increasing temperature. The minimum transition times at temperatures a few degrees below the nematic-isotropic temperature are 32, 32, and 44 ns and delay times are 44, 25 and 8 ns for 5CB, 5OCB, and PCH5 respectively.
Race and sex differences in hip fracture incidence. (1984)

Incidence rates for hip fracture in the United States were estimated using non-federal hospital discharges from the National Hospital Discharge Survey for the years 1974-1979. Age-specific incidence curves for women and for men showed similar patterns of increase in risk with age, with risks approximately doubling every five years after age 50. Age-specific rates by five-year age groups were compared among the four race-sex groups. No significant differences were observed between Black females, Black males, and White males. In contrast, rates for White females were one and one-half to four times those for Black females after age 40 and were approximately double those for White males after age 50. Analysis based on an independent data source of non-federal hospital discharges in Washington, DC confirmed these relationships. In the Washington study, White women were at twice the risk for hip fracture (controlled for age) compared with Black women and at 2.7 times the risk for hip fracture (controlled for age) compared to White men. No significant differences were observed between Black women and Black men.
Analytic fidelity measures in the characterization of halftone processes (1980)

Analytic measures of performance to facilitate the analysis of binary image reproduction processes are introduced and discussed. These measures evaluate the extent to which image details are preserved, and lead to useful characterizations of the halftone process and its discrete analog.
Natural feline leukemia virus variant escapes neutralization by a monoclonal antibody via an amino acid change outside the antibody-binding epitope (1987)

We have molecularly cloned a natural variant of feline leukemia virus subtype B. This isolate is unique in that it is not neutralized by a monoclonal antibody which neutralized all other feline leukemia virus isolates tested, including members of the A, B, and C subtypes. Western immunoblotting indicated that the monoclonal antibody was less able to bind to the gp70 of the resistant isolate (designated lambda B1) than to the gp70s of susceptible viruses. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the envelope gene of lambda B1 revealed a high degree of homology with the susceptible Snyder-Theilen, Gardner-Arnstein, and Rickard subtype B isolates, including the presence of a 5-amino-acid minimal binding epitope required for binding by the neutralizing monoclonal antibody. The only change within the vicinity of this epitope was in a single nucleotide, and this difference changed a proline residue to leucine three amino acids from the N terminus of the binding epitope. Competitive binding studies with synthetic peptides indicated that substitution of leucine for proline resulted in a 10-fold decrease in the ability of the peptide to compete for antibody binding to native antigen. The results are consistent with the interpretation that this amino acid change lowers the affinity of antibody binding, resulting in failure of the antibody to neutralize the variant virus.
Synthesis via vinyl sulfones. 38. Total synthesis of the cephalotaxus alkaloids dl-cephalotaxine, dl-11-hydroxycephalotaxine, and dl-drupacine (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis via vinyl sulfones. 38. Total synthesis of the cephalotaxus alkaloids dl-cephalotaxine, dl-11-hydroxycephalotaxine, and dl-drupacineT. P. Burkholder and Phillip L. FuchsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 26, 9601–9613Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00182a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00182a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views839Altmetric-Citations69LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
A double‐blind comparison of flupenthixol, nortriptyline and diazepam in neurotic depression (1979)

A double-blind trial of flupenthixol, nortriptyline and diazepam in neurotic depression using flexible dose schedules suggested that each drug is an efficient treatment for this category of depression although the patterns of response and prevalence of side-effects varied. No differences reaching a level of significance could be shown on rating scales of depression or anxiety, but trends favoured flupenthixol. However, clinical evaluation suggested flupenthixol to be more effective than diazepam on mental state examination (P less than 0.05) and to have a greater overall therapeutic effect than nortriptyline (P less than 0.05). It also had fewer side-effects than nortriptyline (P less than 0.05).