gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oscillatory nature of human basal ganglia activity: Relationship to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (2002)

Alterations of basal ganglia physiology in parkinsonism may consist of two elements, an increase in the firing rate of neurones and a change in the pattern of synchronisation of discharges between neurones. Recent findings suggest the presence of two principal modes of synchronised activity within the human subthalamo-pallidal-thalamo-cortical circuit, at <30 Hz and >60 Hz. These oscillations are dynamically and systematically modulated by task, thereby suggesting a functional role in movement. More importantly, the two frequency modes are inversely affected by movement, consistent with opposing actions, and differentially expressed according to the prevailing level of dopaminergic activity. It is argued that the balance between these modes determines the effects of basal ganglia-thalamocortical projections on the motor areas of the cortex. The lower frequency oscillations facilitate slow idling rhythms in the motor areas of the cortex, whereas synchronisation at high frequency restores dynamic task-related cortical ensemble activity in the gamma band.
Investigating a Possible Flaw in a Masquerade Detection System (2004)

Masquerade detection undertakes to determine whether or not one computer user has impersonated another, typically by detecting significant anomalies in the victim’s normal behavior, as represented by a user profile formed from system audit data, command histories, and other information characteristic of individual users. Among the many intrusion/masqueradedetection algorithms in use today is the naive Bayes classifier, which has been observed to perform imperfectly from time to time, as will any detector. This paper investigates the prospect of a naive Bayes flaw that foils the detection of attacks conducted by socalled “super-masqueraders” whose incursions are consistently undetected across an entire range of victims. It is shown, through a rigorous mathematical exposition and an empirical analysis involving over 13,000 experiments, that the detector harbors a weakness (that could be exploited by an attacker) causing it to err under certain conditions. The paper explores and describes those conditions, and suggests how they can be overcome by fortifying the algorithm with a diverse detection capability.
Toward optimized carbohydrate-based anticancer vaccines: Epitope clustering, carrier structure, and adjuvant all influence antibody responses to Lewisyconjugates in mice (2001)

The feasibility of using carbohydrate-based vaccines for the immunotherapy of cancer is being actively explored at the present time. Although a number of clinical trials have already been conducted with glycoconjugate vaccines, the optimal design and composition of the vaccines has yet to be determined. Among the candidate antigens being examined is Lewis(y) (Le(y)), a blood group-related antigen that is overexpressed on the majority of human carcinomas. Using Le(y) as a model for specificity, we have examined the role of epitope clustering, carrier structure, and adjuvant on the immunogenicity of Le(y) conjugates in mice. A glycolipopeptide containing a cluster of three contiguous Le(y)-serine epitopes and the Pam(3)Cys immunostimulating moiety was found to be superior to a similar construct containing only one Le(y)-serine epitope in eliciting antitumor cell antibodies. Because only IgM antibodies were produced by this vaccine, the effect on immunogenicity of coupling the glycopeptide to keyhole limpet hemocyanin was examined; although both IgM and IgG antibodies were formed, the antibodies reacted only with the immunizing structure. Reexamination of the clustered Le(y)-serine Pam(3)Cys conjugate with the adjuvant QS-21 resulted in the identification of both IgG and IgM antibodies reacting with tumor cells, thus demonstrating the feasibility of an entirely synthetic carbohydrate-based anticancer vaccine in an animal model.
Threshold characteristics of blue to ultraviolet light emitting semiconductor lasers based on the AlGaN material system (2002)

Two-dimensional numerical simulations of AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN semiconductor lasers are performed using material parameters obtained from the literature. Important differences between these wide band gap lasers and lasers from other systems are the slow recombination rate and large band discontinuities. The behavior of the threshold, and thus the speed of operation, with variations in the aluminum content of the cladding regions, and the width of the active region are presented. Results for lasing due to band to band recombination and band to impurity level recombination are presented separately. From these we observe that the band to impurity recombination is difficult due to the reduced number of available states for recombination. Stopper layers are investigated and found to be useful at increasing carrier confinement without any detrimental effects because particle tunneling is very strong for majority carriers through the band discontinuities.
소아복부외상에 관한 임상적 고찰 (1990)

Trauma is the leading cause of death in children. Thirty-three children were treated for abdominal trauma from αtober 1986 to September 1990 in Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital. The majority of patients (75.8%) was between four and nine years old. There were 25 males and eight females. The most common causes of injury were pedestrian traffic accidents(57.6%) foil wed by falls(24.2%). Seventeen of 22 children, transfered directly from injured site were evaluated at our emergency room within 1 hour of their injuries. If a pat ient was hemodynamically stable after initial resuscitation, ultrasonography and computed tomography were effective tools in the diagnosis and evaluation of the abdominal trauma in children. Serum transaminases were reliable valu~s for liver injuries. The most frequently injured abdominal organ was a liver followed by a spleen. Thirteen(39.4%) were treated nono야ratively without complications. Nineteen childre (57.6%) were transfused during initi허 resuscitation or after resuscitation because of decreasing blood counts. Overall mortality was 12.1%. The causes of death were lethal head injuries in three cases and severe hepatic vein and Ive injury in one case. Mortality was related to the number of organ systerns injured, presence of head injury and injury severity score (ISS) more than 30. We consider that nonoperative treatment appears to be a safe and satisfactory approach to the carefully selected pediatric patients with abdominal trauma, who are hemodynamically stable. I t is our opinion that there preferably should be a standard procedure in dealing with injured patients in order to avoid confusion in the evaluation and treatment of the patient with severe trauma in children
Prevalence of Tubo-Ovarian Abscess in Adolescents Diagnosed With Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in a Pediatric Emergency Department (2006)

The rate of TOA in adolescents diagnosed with PID in an urban pediatric ED is much lower than the rates previously reported in adolescents. This lower prevalence may be attributed to the broader 2002 CDC guidelines for diagnosing PID. In addition, community-based screening programs for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae may help to identify young women at risk for developing PID earlier in the course of infection.
Evidence Supporting Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in the Management of Adult Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Systematic Review (2005)

There is substantial level 4 evidence with supporting level 2 evidence that ESS is effective in improving symptoms and/or QOL in adult patients with CRS. Future research efforts should focus on prospective studies that include appropriate comparison groups in their design.
Comparative in-vitro activity of LY146032 a new peptolide, with vancomycin and eight other agents against Gram-positive organisms (1987)

The in-vitro activity of LY146032, a new biosynthetic peptolide antibiotic, was compared with vancomycin and eight other antibiotics against 190 Gram-positive bacteria. Organisms tested included streptomycin-susceptible and resistant enterococci, nafcillin-susceptible and resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and nafcillin-susceptible and resistant Staph. epidermidis. LY146032 had excellent in-vitro inhibitory and bactericidal activity against nafcillin-susceptible and resistant staphylococci (MIC90 less than or equal to 0.5 mg/l) and against enterococci (MIC90 less than or equal to 2.0 mg/l). LY146032 was more active than vancomycin against the majority of isolated tested. With the exception of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, LY146032 was the most active agent in vitro against enterococci, and was the most active against nafcillin-resistant staphylococci. LY146032 and vancomycin showed a marked increase in MIC when the inoculum was increased from 10(5) to 10(7) cfu/ml. LY146032 and vancomycin were bactericidal at concentrations within two dilutions of the MIC for staphylococci. LY146032 was bactericidal at less than or equal to 8 mg/l for all enterococcal isolates tested.
Rapid and precise scanning helium ion microscope milling of solid-state nanopores for biomolecule detection (2011)

We report the formation of solid-state nanopores using a scanning helium ion microscope. The fabrication process offers the advantage of high sample throughput along with fine control over nanopore dimensions, producing single pores with diameters below 4 nm. Electronic noise associated with ion transport through the resultant pores is found to be comparable with levels measured on devices made with the established technique of transmission electron microscope milling. We demonstrate the utility of our nanopores for biomolecular analysis by measuring the passage of double-strand DNA.
Transscleral Optical Coherence Tomography (2002)

The 1310-nm optical coherence tomographic image shows a significant potential as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for the anterior segment of the eye.
Indexing flowers by color names using domain knowledge-driven segmentation (2002)

We describe a solution to the problem of indexing images of flowers for searching a flower patents database by color. We use a natural language color classification derived from the ISCC-NBS color system and the X Window color names to effectively use the domain knowledge available, provide perceptually correct retrieval and allow natural language queries. We have developed an automatic iterative segmentation algorithm with knowledge-driven feedback to isolate a flower region from the background. The color of the flower is defined by the color names present in the flower region and their relative proportions. The database can be queried by example and by color names. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the strategy on a test database.
Primary Motor and Sensory Cortex Activation during Motor Performance and Motor Imagery: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study (1996)

The intensity and spatial distribution of functional activation in the left precentral and postcentral gyri during actual motor performance (MP) and mental representation [motor imagery (MI)] of self-paced finger-to-thumb opposition movements of the dominant hand were investigated in fourteen right-handed volunteers by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques. Significant increases in mean normalized fMRI signal intensities over values obtained during the control (visual imagery) tasks were found in a region including the anterior bank and crown of the central sulcus, the presumed site of the primary motor cortex, during both MP (mean percentage increase, 2.1%) and MI (0.8%). In the anterior portion of the precentral gyrus and the postcentral gyrus, mean functional activity levels were also increased during both conditions (MP, 1.7 and 1.2%; MI, 0.6 and 0.4%, respectively). To locate activated foci during MI, MP, or both conditions, the time course of the signal intensities of pixels lying in the precentral or postcentral gyrus was plotted against single-step or double-step waveforms, where the steps of the waveform corresponded to different tasks. Pixels significantly (r > 0.7) activated during both MP and MI were identified in each region in the majority of subjects; percentage increases in signal intensity during MI were on average 30% as great as increases during MP. The pixels activated during both MP and MI appear to represent a large fraction of the whole population activated during MP. These results support the hypothesis that MI and MP involve overlapping neural networks in perirolandic cortical areas.
PERFORMANCE OF INDUSTRIAL SECTOR DURING THE PERIOD 2005 TO 2015 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CONTRIBUTION IN DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMY (2016)

The industries are economic agents of the country. The industries are engines of economic growth. The entrepreneurs are driven by different motives. They are the contributors of Govt. exchequers, international trade, social services and employment centers. The country’s growth rate depends on growth rate of industrial sector. The average job creation remains at 264 lakhs persons per year. The total collection of corporation taxes s increased. The industries are life blood of economy. Achievement of economic objectives and prosperity is not possible without industries. Since 1991 industrial sector is looking for the benefits of globalization. In spite of world recession, the manufacturing sector display smart growth rate, but in current period it is reduced substantially as per available report. The industries are facing competition at international level. Change in industrial, commercial and labor laws is also one of the significant factors in the development. Recent announcement of establishment of Mudra bank (Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency) with initial funding of Rs 20 thousand corers is a positive step taken by government in this regard. But the report of defunct Special Economic Zones is not good sign for this sector. The contribution of Public Sector Units in for dividend and to exchequer is smart, but less number of units is established in recent years. The achievements of Disinvestment target is not as per expectations however recently the issue is properly taken up by the present government.
Knocking out theMFE-2gene ofCandida bombicolaleads to improved medium-chain sophorolipid production (2009)

The nonpathogenic yeast Candida bombicola synthesizes sophorolipids. These biosurfactants are composed of the disaccharide sophorose linked to a long-chain hydroxy fatty acid and have potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and cleaning industries. In order to expand the range of application, a shift of the fatty acid moiety towards medium-chain lengths would be recommendable. However, the synthesis of medium-chain sophorolipids by C. bombicola is a challenging objective. First of all, these sophorolipids can only be obtained by fermentations on unconventional carbon sources, which often have a toxic effect on the cells. Furthermore, medium-chain substrates are partially metabolized in the beta-oxidation pathway. In order to redirect unconventional substrates towards sophorolipid synthesis, the beta-oxidation pathway was blocked on the genome level by knocking out the multifunctional enzyme type 2 (MFE-2) gene. The total gene sequence of the C. bombicola MFE-2 (6033 bp) was cloned (GenBank accession number EU371724), and the obtained nucleotide sequence was used to construct a knock-out cassette. Several knock-out mutants with the correct geno- and phenotype were evaluated in a fermentation on 1-dodecanol. All mutants showed a 1.7-2.9 times higher production of sophorolipids, indicating that in those strains the substrate is redirected towards the sophorolipid synthesis.
Characterization of Mycoplasmas by RAPD Fingerprinting (1998)

The diagnosis and typing of microorganisms of human and veterinary significance are vitally important in the rapid and effective treatment of infectious diseases. Traditionally, the growth of bacteria in specific media and/or the immunological detection of surface antigens is used to identify and compare the infectious agents. Although these procedures are considered routine techniques, many microorganisms, including mycoplasmas, are difficult to grow or share common antigens responsible for serological crossreactivity. Diagnostic microbiology laboratories are continuously updating methods in an effort to provide highly accurate, inexpensive, and rapid results for clinicians and research scientists. Genomic methods, such as DNA fingerprinting, DNA and RNA probes, hybridization, and PCR, meet most of these criteria.
Targeting RGD Recognizing Integrins: Drug Development, Biomaterial Research, Tumor Imaging and Targeting (2006)

Integrins constitute an important class of cell adhesion receptors responsible not only for cell-matrix adhesion but also for signaling bidirectionally across the membrane. Integrins are involved in many biological processes such as angiogenesis, thrombosis, inflammation, osteoporosis and cancer. Integrins thus play a key role in many severe human diseases. In this review we will describe recent research and development of RGD-containing integrin ligands for medical applications including drug design, radiolabeling, drug targeting, as well as biomaterial research. Many ligands have been developed for targeting the αvβ3 integrin in order to block angiogenesis or osteoporosis, but there are also other integrins like αvβ5 and α5β1 which become more and more interesting for similar purposes. αIIbβ3 constitutes a potent target in thrombosis therapy; but the search for suitable ligands is still ongoing. We will reconstruct the drug development process for these integrin subtypes considering selected examples with focus on structure based design. Different structural requirements are pointed out concerning integrin activity and particularly the selectivity towards the distinct integrin types. Furthermore, we will show recent progress in tumor and thrombosis imaging based on radiolabeled RGD-containing ligands binding αvβ3 or αIIbα3, respectively. Additionally further advances in biomaterial research are presented. We describe the coating of different implant materials with various αvβ3 recognizing ligands for the purpose of increasing cell attachment and biocompatibility. Keywords: Biomaterial, Drug Targeting, Integrin Ligands, Radiolabeling, RGD Peptides, Structure Based Drug Design, Tumor Imaging
N-Glycans on Nipah Virus Fusion Protein Protect against Neutralization but Reduce Membrane Fusion and Viral Entry (2006)

Nipah virus (NiV) is a deadly emerging paramyxovirus. The NiV attachment (NiV-G) and fusion (NiV-F) envelope glycoproteins mediate both syncytium formation and viral entry. Specific N-glycans on paramyxovirus fusion proteins are generally required for proper conformational integrity and biological function. However, removal of individual N-glycans on NiV-F had little negative effect on processing or fusogenicity and has even resulted in slightly increased fusogenicity. Here, we report that in both syncytium formation and viral entry assays, removal of multiple N-glycans on NiV-F resulted in marked increases in fusogenicity (>5-fold) but also resulted in increased sensitivity to neutralization by NiV-F-specific antisera. The mechanism underlying the hyperfusogenicity of these NiV-F N-glycan mutants is likely due to more-robust six-helix bundle formation, as these mutants showed increased fusion kinetics and were more resistant to neutralization by a fusion-inhibitory reagent based on the C-terminal heptad repeat region of NiV-F. Finally, we demonstrate that the fusogenicities of the NiV-F N-glycan mutants were inversely correlated with the relative avidities of NiV-F's interactions with NiV-G, providing support for the attachment protein "displacement" model of paramyxovirus fusion. Our results indicate that N-glycans on NiV-F protect NiV from antibody neutralization, suggest that this "shielding" role comes together with limiting cell-cell fusion and viral entry efficiencies, and point to the mechanisms underlying the hyperfusogenicity of these N-glycan mutants. These features underscore the varied roles that N-glycans on NiV-F play in the pathobiology of NiV entry but also shed light on the general mechanisms of paramyxovirus fusion with host cells.
Diversity of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase Mutations in Resistant Lolium Populations: Evaluation Using Clethodim (2007)

The acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting cyclohexanedione herbicide clethodim is used to control grass weeds infesting dicot crops. In Australia clethodim is widely used to control the weed Lolium rigidum. However, clethodim-resistant Lolium populations have appeared over the last 5 years and now are present in many populations across the western Australian wheat (Triticum aestivum) belt. An aspartate-2078-glycine (Gly) mutation in the plastidic ACCase enzyme has been identified as the only known mutation endowing clethodim resistance. Here, with 14 clethodim-resistant Lolium populations we revealed diversity and complexity in the molecular basis of resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides (clethodim in particular). Several known ACCase mutations (isoleucine-1781-leucine [Leu], tryptophan-2027-cysteine [Cys], isoleucine-2041-asparagine, and aspartate-2078-Gly) and in particular, a new mutation of Cys to arginine at position 2088, were identified in plants surviving the Australian clethodim field rate (60 g ha(-1)). Twelve combination patterns of mutant alleles were revealed in relation to clethodim resistance. Through a molecular, biochemical, and biological approach, we established that the mutation 2078-Gly or 2088-arginine endows sufficient level of resistance to clethodim at the field rate, and in addition, combinations of two mutant 1781-Leu alleles, or two different mutant alleles (i.e. 1781-Leu/2027-Cys, 1781-Leu/2041-asparagine), also confer clethodim resistance. Plants homozygous for the mutant 1781, 2078, or 2088 alleles were found to be clethodim resistant and cross resistant to a number of other ACCase inhibitor herbicides including clodinafop, diclofop, fluazifop, haloxyfop, butroxydim, sethoxydim, tralkoxydim, and pinoxaden. We established that the specific mutation, the homo/heterozygous status of a plant for a specific mutation, and combinations of different resistant alleles plus herbicide rates all are important in contributing to the overall level of herbicide resistance in genetically diverse, cross-pollinated Lolium species.
Synergy of fosmidomycin (FR-31564) and other antimicrobial agents (1982)

Fosmidomycin (FR-31564), a phosphonic acid derivative, was combined with cefazolin, cephalexin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, gentamicin, and trimethoprim. Synergy between fosmidomycin and penicillins or cephalosporins was found for 37 to 52% of the Enterobacteriaceae tested. Synergy with trimethoprim was found against 55% of bacteria isolated, but only 17% of the strains showed synergy between formidomycin and gentamicin. Synergy between fosmidomycin and ticarcillin was shown for 35% of the Pseudomonas isolates. Cefazolin-, ampicillin-, and gentamicin-resistant isolates of various species were synergistically inhibited by fosmidomycin, as were ticarcillin- and gentamicin-resistant isolates. Antagonism was not encountered. This study illustrates another example of synergistic activity of compounds which attack different mechanisms in bacterial cells.