gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proof of Tacticity of Stereoregular ROMP Polymers through Post Polymerization Modification (2015)

Partial bromination or epoxidation has been used to confirm the tacticities of several stereoregular polymers made through ROMP methods with well-defined Mo or W initiators. Tacticities were proven for <em>cis,isotactic</em> and <em>cis,syndiotactic</em> poly(norbornene), poly(3-methyl-3-phenylcyclopropene), and poly(<em>endo,anti</em>-tetracyclododecene). Various limitations can stop application of these proofs in general to stereoregular polymers prepared through ROMP.
Monitoring of hydrocarbon reservoirs using marine CSEM method (2009)

Marine controlled‐source electromagnetic (MCSEM) technology has been successfully established as an effective tool for offshore hydrocarbon (HC) exploration. In this paper we consider another application of the MCSEM method for HC reservoir monitoring. We demonstrate that EM methods can also be used for the monitoring of producing wells in connection with the enhanced recovery of hydrocarbons. We have developed a powerful new EM modeling technique based on the integral equation method with an inhomogeneous background conductivity (IE IBC). This new method and the corresponding computer software make it possible to model the EM response over a realistic complex model of a sea‐bottom HC reservoir. The numerical modeling results demonstrate that the MCSEM method has the ability to map changes in resistivity caused by the production of hydrocarbons over time. In addition, the EM data help to visualize changes in the location of the oil‐water contact within the reservoir. This result opens the possibility for practical application of the EM method in HC reservoir monitoring.
High-Technology Home Pharmacotherapy, II: An Overview of the Newest Home Therapies (1990)

This article provides an overview of a group of therapies previously considered as exclusively inpatient treatments. Cardiovascular therapies have moved out of the intensive care unit and into the outpatient setting. Parenteral anticoagulation is also handled at home, using aggressive patient selection and monitoring criteria. Premature labor management, once requiring lengthy hospitalization, is another treatment transplanted from the inpatient setting. The ongoing research in immune modifier therapy has produced agents, both approved and investigational, that have found a place in home care. Several other parenteral therapies now performed routinely outside of the hospital include hematologic agents, blood, hormones, and steroids. Rapid growth in these home settings affords the pharmacist fertile ground for challenging clinical practice.
Synthesis of fused pyridines under neutral conditions (1979)

Thermal decomposition of vinyl azides prepared by condensation of ethyl azidoacetate with aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes bearing ortho methyl groups provides a simple and general synthesis of c-fused pyridines under neutral conditions.
Synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2 (2010)

The synthesis of cyclic carbonates by the 100% atom economical reaction between epoxides and CO2 is reviewed in the context of reducing global emissions of waste CO2 and converting waste CO2 into industrially useful chemical feedstocks.
Global Carbon Sinks and Their Variability Inferred from Atmospheric O 2 and δ 13 C (2000)

Recent time-series measurements of atmospheric O2 show that the land biosphere and world oceans annually sequestered 1.4 +/- 0.8 and 2.0 +/- 0.6 gigatons of carbon, respectively, between mid-1991 and mid-1997. The rapid storage of carbon by the land biosphere from 1991 to 1997 contrasts with the 1980s, when the land biosphere was approximately neutral. Comparison with measurements of delta13CO2 implies an isotopic flux of 89 +/- 21 gigatons of carbon per mil per year, in agreement with model- and inventory-based estimates of this flux. Both the delta13C and the O2 data show significant interannual variability in carbon storage over the period of record. The general agreement of the independent estimates from O2 and delta13C is a robust signal of variable carbon uptake by both the land biosphere and the oceans.
Mode of action of 5'-linked cholesteryl phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides in inhibiting syncytia formation and infection by HIV-1 and HIV-2 in vitro (1991)

A phosphorothioate homocytidine 10-mer containing a cholesteryl moiety covalently linked to the 5'-end (Chol-SdC10) inhibited syncytium formation in susceptible T cells induced by HIV-1 and HIV-2. The syncytium inhibition effect was minimal with unmodified cytidine homopolymer of the same net charge. Chol-SdC10 was shown to protect CEM cells against infection by cell-free HIV-1 particles without any apparent toxicity to the growth of CD4+ T cells. The DNA polymerase activity of the purified reverse transcriptase (RT) of HIV-1 was markedly inhibited by Chol-SdC10 but the effect on the RNase H activity of RT was minimal. Analysis of the kinetics of reverse transcriptase inhibition mediated by the drug revealed that the inhibition at a higher concentration was competitive with respect to template primer binding and noncompetitive at lower concentrations. Chol-SdC10 also partially blocked the binding of gp120 to CD4 in a solid-phase ELISA. These results confirm that the anti-HIV activity of phosphorothioate cytidine homopolymers increases markedly by covalent modification with the cholesteryl moiety at the 5'-end and demonstrates that the cytoprotective effect is manifested at multiple steps in the virus life cycle. These steps include inhibition of retroviral replication activity as well as the binding and fusion of HIV with CD4+ T cells.
Soy Protein Products: Processing and Use (1995)

Soy protein products are mainly used as ingredients in formulated foods and seldom are seen by the public. They consist of four broad categories. (1) Most soy proteins are derived from "white flakes," made by dehulling, flaking and defatting soybeans by hexane extraction. These may then be milled into defatted flours or grits containing approximately 50-54% protein; extracted with ethanol or acidic waters to remove flavor compounds and flatulence sugars, producing soy protein concentrates containing 65-70% protein; or processed into soy protein isolates containing 90+% protein by alkali extraction of the protein, removal of fiber by centrifugation and reprecipitation and drying of the protein. (2) Full-fat products are made in enzyme-active and in toasted forms. (3) Various dried soyfoods, including soy milk and tofu, are produced. (4) Mixtures of soy proteins with cereals, dried milk or egg fractions, gelatin, stabilizers and emulsifiers are offered for specific baking, whipping, breading and batter applications. Texturized products, resembling meat chunks or bacon chips, are made by extrusion of flours and concentrates or spinning of isolates. Soy protein ingredients are used in compounded foods for their functional properties, including water and fat absorption, emulsification, aeration (whipping) and heat setting and for increasing total protein content and improving the essential amino acids profile.
In vivo expression of Neisseria meningitidis proteins homologous to the Haemophilus influenzae Hap and Hia autotransporters (2001)

The genome sequences of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain MC58 and serogroup A strain Z2491 were systematically searched for open reading frames (ORFs) encoding autotransporters. Eight ORFs were identified, six of which were present in both genomes, whereas two were specific for MC58. Among the identified ORFs was the gene encoding the known autotransporter IgA1 protease. The deduced amino acid sequences of the other identified ORFs were homologous to known autotransporters and found to contain an N-terminal signal sequence and a C-terminal domain that could constitute a beta-barrel in the outer membrane. The ORFs NMB1985 and NMB0992, encoding homologs of the Hap (for Haemophilus adhesion and penetration protein) and Hia (for Haemophilus influenzae adherence protein) autotransporters of H. influenzae, were cloned from serogroup B strain H44/76 and expressed in Escherichia coli. Western blots revealed that all sera of patients (n=14) and healthy carriers (n=3) tested contained antibodies against at least one of the recombinant proteins. These results indicate that both genes are widely distributed among N. meningitidis isolates and expressed during colonization and infection
Slurry-Based 3DP and Fine Ceramic Components (2001)

Slurry-based 3DPTM (S-3DPÔ) is a solid freeform fabrication technique developed at MIT for production of fine ceramic components with complex geometries and fired densities in excess of 99% of theoretical density. Current research involves identification of the factors controlling minimum feature size in S-3DPTM. The ink-jet printed binder droplet size is the primary factor controlling the minimum feature dimension when deposited on the powder layers. For a given droplet size, however, a balance between spreading of the binder solution on the surface of the S3DPTM powderbed and infiltration determine the feature size, while interactions between the polymeric binder and the powder surface (polymer adsorption) control the minimum feature cross-section. Droplet-on-demand printing of the binder solution has been introduced to improve resolution, decreasing the minimum feature width from 300 mm to less than 150 mm.
Selection of Hybrids from Matings of Fibroblasts in vitro and Their Presumed Recombinants (1964)

When two clonal lines of mouse fibroblasts, each containing a drug-resistant marker, are grown together for 4 days, hybrid cells can be detected by selective conditions. These hybrid cells are presumed to be the result of mating. By the same method evidence can be obtained which suggests that mating may be followed by segregation.
Synthesizing Microcapsules with Controlled Geometrical and Mechanical Properties with Microfluidic Double Emulsion Technology (2009)

Using lithography-based microfluidic technology, we produce monodisperse single-core microcapsules with UV-cured TPGDA (triprophylene glycol diacrylate) shells. We show that the geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the microcapsules can be predicted on a quantitative basis and tuned by varying the flow conditions. Shell thicknesses are varied by changing the flow rates of the inner or intermediate phases, according to mass conservation constraint. Off-centering of the core with respect to the shell is controlled by varying the shell phase viscosity. The mechanical properties of the capsules can be varied by changing the flow conditions and are quantitatively predicted by a numerical simulation. The simulation moreover provides a correct qualitative description of their rupture. As a whole, the work carried out in the present paper shows, on a quantitative basis, that microfluidic technology allows to finely control the geometrical and mechanical properties of microcapsules generated on chip. The level of control we reach here is not accessible, by far, to conventional technologies. Combined with parallelization, the present work opens routes toward the production of novel families of monodisperse microcapsules with tunable properties.
Effects of Poloxamer 188 on the Assembly, Structure and Dissolution of Fibrin Clots (1991)

Poloxamer 188, N.F. (RheothRx), a nonionic block copolymer composed of 2 hydrophilic polyoxyethylene chains connected by a hydrophobic polyoxypropylene chain, normalizes the viscosity of whole blood high in soluble fibrin(ogen) complexes. Normalization may be via a poloxamer 188-induced decrease in fibrin(ogen)-red cell interaction. Our study examined the influences of poloxamer 188 on fibrin assembly and structure. Studies were performed in both purified and plasma systems with a poloxamer 188 concentration range of 0.1-20 mg/ml and specific clotting conditions (fibrinogen 1 mg/ml, thrombin 1 NIH u/ml, pH 7.4 [Tris 0.05 M], ionic strength 0.15 and calcium 5 mM). Fibrin assembly was accelerated in the presence of poloxamer 188. As poloxamer 188 concentration was increased from 0 to 8 mg/ml in plasma: a) the lag phase prior to initial turbidity rise decreased from 25 to less than 5 s; b) the final gel optical density (OD) increased from 0.65 to 1.28 and c) fiber size (mass/length ratio [mu]) increased from 4.3 to 12.6 x 10(13) daltons/cm. Similar results were seen in the purified system with a poloxamer 188 concentration range of 0-8 mg/ml. OD increased from 0.26 to 0.51, and mu increased from 2.3 to 5.3 x 10(13) daltons/cm. Above 8 mg/ml, precipitation of fibrinogen was noted in this system. Since large fibrin fibers tend to be degraded more rapidly, possible poloxamer mediated enhancement of r-tPA-mediated clot lysis was investigated. With r-tPA (70 lu/ml) present at the time of clotting, clot lysis in the presence of ploxamer 188 (8 mg/ml) was 50% complete at 1,600 s compared to 2,540 s for the control. Thus, poloxamer 188-induced alterations in fibrin structure and fibrin-cell interactions may explain some of this agent's interesting hemorrheologic and antithrombotic properties.
Comparative Effectiveness of Phosphate Binders in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (2016)

PROSPERO CRD-42016032945.
Assessment of self-harm risk using implicit thoughts. (2013)

Assessing for the risk of self-harm in acute care is a difficult task, and more information on pertinent risk factors is needed to inform clinical practice. This study examined the relationship of 6 forms of implicit cognition about death, suicide, and self-harm with the occurrence of self-harm in the future. We then attempted to develop a model using these measures of implicit cognition along with other psychometric tests and clinical risk factors. We conducted a prospective cohort of 107 patients (age > 17 years) with a baseline assessment that included 6 implicit association tests that assessed thoughts of death, suicide, and self-harm. Psychometric questionnaires were also completed by the patients, and these included the Beck Hopelessness Scale (Beck, Weissman, Lester, & Trexler, 1974), Barratt impulsiveness scale (Patton, Stanford, & Barratt, 1995), brief symptom inventory (Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983), CAGE questionnaire for alcoholism (Ewing, 1984), and the drug abuse screening test 10 (Skinner, 1982). Medical and demographic information was also obtained for patients as potential confounders or useful covariables. The outcome measure was the occurrence of self-harm within 3 months. Implicit associations with death versus life as a predictor added significantly (odds ratio = 5.1, 95% confidence interval [1.3, 20.3]) to a multivariable model. The model had 96.6% sensitivity and 53.9% specificity with a high cutoff, or 58.6% sensitivity and 96.2% specificity with a low cutoff. This scale shows promise for screening emergency department patients with mental health presentations who may be at risk for future self-harm or suicide.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein reduces reverse transcriptase pausing at a secondary structure near the murine leukemia virus polypurine tract (1996)

In an earlier study on minus-strand DNA synthesis catalyzed by murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase, we described a prominent pause site near the polypurine tract (J. Guo, W. Wu, Z. Y. Yuan, K. Post, R. J. Crouch, and J. G . Levin, Biochemistry 34:5018-5029, 1995). We now report that pausing at this site is due to a stem-loop structure in the RNA template, formed by interaction of a number of bases in the polypurine tract, including the six G's, and a 3' sequence which includes four C's. Addition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid (NC) protein to reverse transcriptase reactions reduces pausing by approximately 8- to 10-fold and stimulates synthesis of full-length DNA. Thus, NC functions as an accessory protein during elongation of minus-strand DNA and increases the efficiency of DNA synthesis, in this case, by apparently destabilizing a region of secondary structure in the template. Since NC is associated with genomic RNA in the viral core and is likely to be part of a viral replication complex, these results suggest that NC may also promote efficient DNA synthesis during virus replication. Mutational analysis indicates that the features of HIV-1 NC which are important for reduction of pausing include the basic amino acids flanking the first zinc finger, the zinc fingers, and the cysteine and aromatic amino acids within the fingers. These findings suggest that reverse transcription might be targeted by drugs which inactivate the zinc fingers of HIV-1 NC.
Macromol. Chem. Phys. 5/2009 (2009)

Cover: Chemoselective stepwise coupling between living polymers and a heterobifunctional linking agent renders feasible the synthesis of block copolymers that are not accessible by sequential monomer addition. This facile and efficient synthetic tool resembles the versatility of a Swiss‐army knife, being a powerful strategy for accessing well‐defined block copolymers. Further details can be found in the article by V. Bellas, M. Rehahn on page 320.
Gene expression reveals vulnerability to oxidative stress and interstitial fibrosis of renal outer medulla to nonhypertensive elevations of ANG II (2003)

The present study was designed to determine whether nonhypertensive elevations of plasma ANG II would modify the expression of genes involved in renal injury that could influence oxidative stress and extracellular matrix formation in the renal medulla using microarray, Northern, and Western blot techniques. Sprague-Dawley rats were infused intravenously with either ANG II (5 ng. kg(-1). min(-1)) or vehicle for 7 days (n = 6/group). Mean arterial pressure averaged 110 +/- 0.6 mmHg during the control period and 113 +/- 0.4 mmHg after ANG II. The mRNA of 1,751 genes ( approximately 80% of all currently known rat genes) that was differentially expressed (ANG II vs. saline) in renal outer and inner medulla was determined. The results of 12 hybridizations indicated that in response to ANG II, 11 genes were upregulated and 25 were downregulated in the outer medulla, while 11 were upregulated and 13 were downregulated in the inner medulla. These differentially expressed genes, most of which were not known previously to be affected by ANG II in the renal medulla, were found to group into eight physiological pathways known to influence renal injury and kidney function. Particularly, expression of several genes would be expected to increase oxidative stress and interstitial fibrosis in the outer medulla. Western blot analyses confirmed increased expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 and collagen type IV proteins in the outer medulla. Results demonstrate that nonhypertensive elevations of plasma ANG II can significantly alter the expression of a variety of genes in the renal outer medulla and suggested the vulnerability of the renal outer medulla to the injurious effect of ANG II.
Detection of the etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis by polymerase chain reaction (1992)

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers derived from a variable region of the 16S rRNA gene sequence were used to amplify DNA specifically from Ehrlichia chaffeensis (the recently proposed name for the etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis). The 389-bp product defined by the specific primers was not detected when DNA samples from any of the other recognized species of Ehrlichia were used as amplification templates. When the PCR was applied to five suitable blood specimens obtained from patients subsequently shown to be serologically positive for E. chaffeensis, all five were positive. The same technique was applied to a total of six control blood specimens, three from febrile patients who had no serologic evidence of infection with Ehrlichia or Rickettsia species and three from patients diagnosed with Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and all six were negative. A chemiluminescent, group-specific oligonucleotide probe was shown to hybridize only with the PCR products obtained upon amplification of the five blood specimens from patients serologically diagnosed as having human ehrlichiosis. The results indicate that PCR, coupled with a nonisotopic method of confirming the identity of the PCR product, is a highly specific and efficient method of detecting the agent of human ehrlichiosis in blood. The results also suggest that E. chaffeensis is the sole etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis in the United States. The technique was also applied to four ticks that were positive by direct immunofluorescence for Ehrlichia species, and one tick was PCR positive, indicating that E. chaffeensis DNA can be detected in ticks harboring this organism, although the sensitivity may be low.
Germ Line-Specific Expression of Intracisternal A-Particle Retrotransposons in Transgenic Mice (1996)

Intracisternal A-particle (IAP) sequences are endogenous retrovirus-like mobile elements, or retrotransposons, present at 1,000 copies in the mouse genome. These elements transpose in a replicative manner via an RNA intermediate and its reverse transcription, and their transposition should therefore be tightly controlled by their transcription level. To analyze the in vivo pattern of expression of these retrovirus-like elements, we constructed several independent transgenic mice with either a complete IAP element marked with an intron or with the IAP promoter, or long terminal repeat (LTR), alone controlling the expression of a lacZ reporter gene with a nuclear localization signal. For all transgenic lines analyzed, IAP expression as determined by reverse transcription-PCR analysis was found to be essentially restricted to the male germ line. Furthermore, in situ 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal) staining of all organs disclosed specific beta-galactosidase-positive blue cells only within the testis, found as patches along the seminiferous tubules and often organized as assemblies of 2, 4, 8, or 16 cells. Histochemical analyses of tissues from 13.5-day-old embryos to adults demonstrated that this LTR activity is restricted to gonocytes and premeiotic undifferentiated spermatogonia. Finally, analysis of the methylation status of both transgenes and endogenous IAP LTRs demonstrated identical patterns, with methylation in somatic tissues and hypomethylation in the testis. Transgenic mice therefore reveal an intrinsic, highly restricted IAP expression which had escaped detection in previous global Northern (RNA) blot analyses and with possible strong biological relevance, as IAP activation specifically within the germ line might be a way to generate diversity at the evolutionary level without being deleterious to individuals.