gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of whitening agents on caries susceptibility of human enamel. (2005)

This in vitro study evaluated whether the treatment of human enamel with whitening agents containing different concentrations of carbamide or hydrogen peroxide changes the susceptibility of enamel to caries. Twenty-four sound human incisors were selected for this study. For each tooth, the crown was sectioned into two halves in the cervical-incisal direction. One half of the sectioned tooth was treated and the other half was used as a control specimen. Each half was randomly divided into three treatment groups (eight two-halves/group). The whitening agents were 10% carbamide peroxide, 20% carbamide peroxide with fluoride and 35% hydrogen peroxide. Following pretreatment, the specimens were demineralized for four days in an in vitro microbial caries model and then analyzed using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Results showed that there were no significant differences between the treated and controlled specimens for teeth treated with 10% carbamide peroxide or 35% hydrogen peroxide. However, specimens treated with 20% carbamide peroxide with FP (0.11% fluoride and potassium nitrate) were less susceptible to caries than their controls at p < or = 0.05. In conclusion, application of bleaching agents does not increase the caries susceptibility of human enamel.
Importance of Considering Injured Microorganisms in Sterilization Validation (2006)

Disinfection or sterilization treatment by heating, irradiation, or chemicals can cause injury to microorganisms at sublethal levels. Microbial injury is the inability to grow under conditions suitable for the uninjured microorganisms. This inability of injured microorganisms to grow is explained in terms of more complex or different nutritional requirements or in terms of increased sensitivity to environmental conditions such as incubation conditions (time or temperature) or to chemical agents such as halogen compounds. Injured microorganisms can be distinguished from those that are dead or mutated by their ability to regain normal physiological activity when placed in appropriate conditions for cultivation. The return to normal physiological function has been termed repair. The extent and severity of sublethal injury, the mechanisms of injury, and the mechanisms and degree of recovery vary with the sterilization procedures, the species, the strains, the condition of the microorganism, and the methods of repair. Injury to spore formers has been detected at different stages of the spore cycle. The sites of injury include damage to enzymes, membrane disruption, and/or damage to DNA or RNA. Information on the sublethal injury and recovery of microorganisms is very important in evaluating sterilization/disinfection procedures. This paper supplies academic as well as practical information dealing with the repair, and detection of injured microorganisms for performing reproducible sterilization validation.
Cancer health effects of pesticides: systematic review. (2007)

Our findings support attempts to reduce exposure to pesticides. Reductions are likely best achieved through decreasing pesticide use for cosmetic (non-commercial) purposes (where children might be exposed) and on the job.
Analysis and optimization of pilot-channel-assisted BPSK for DS-CDMA systems (1998)

Pilot-channel-assisted binary phase-shift keying (PCA-BPSK) in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems is investigated. The loss due to imperfect channel estimation is calculated, and the pilot-to-data channel power ratio is optimized analytically. The results show the effects of the various parameters and provide a suitable tool for system design.
Serine Protease in Mice with Hereditary Muscular Dystrophy1 (1978)

The activities of serine protease, cathepsin B1, ornithine aminotransferase, and aldolase in skeletal muscles of mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy and their normal litter mates were studied. In dystrophic muscle, the specific and total activities of serine protease were much higher than in normal muscle, and the specific activities, but not the total activities, of cathepsin B1 and ornithine aminotransferase were twice those in normal muscle, and several new fragments, which are normally formed by limited proteolysis, were found in dystrophic muscle. When myofibrillar proteins of normal and dystrophic muscles were incubated with highly purified serine protease, their myosin, alpha-actinin and tropomyosin disappeared completely.
On the design of a transversal filter bank for parallel processing multiple image lines in real-time acoustic imaging (2002)

We present a new method for designing a transversal filter bank for parallel processing echo data in real-time active acoustic imaging. The method is based on a discretized linear spatio-temporal formulation of an imaging system which uses transmitter arrays with coded-excitation. The filter coefficients are derived from a pseudo-inverse operator which not only decouples echoes from different image lines, but also provides pulse compression along the range direction. The new method, together with the proposed coded-excitation imaging modality, may find many applications in sonar, NDE and biomedical imaging areas.
8-Methylsulfinyloctyl isothiocyanate as an allelochemical candidate from Rorippa sylvestris besser. (1989)

A cruciferous weed species, kireha-inugarashi (Rorippa sylvestris Besser, Cruciferae), has been naturalized in Hokkaido since the 1950's, and has been considered to be one of the most notorious weeds in wettish fields and
Plain and Complex Flagella of Pseudomonas rhodos : Analysis of Fine Structure and Composition (1974)

Cells of Pseudomonas rhodos 9-6 produce two morphologically distinct flagella termed plain and complex, respectively. Fine structure analyses by electron microscopy and optical diffraction showed that plain flagellar filaments are cylinders of 13-nm diameter composed of globular subunits like normal bacterial flagella. The structure comprises nine large-scale helical rows of subunits intersecting four small-scale helices of pitch angle 25 degrees . Complex filaments have a conspicuous helical sheath, 18-nm wide, of three close-fitting helical bands, each about 4.7-nm wide, separated by axial intervals, 4.7 nm wide, running at an angle of 27 degrees . The internal core has similar but not identical substructure to plain filaments. Unlike plain flagella, the complex species is fragile and does not aggregate in bundles. Mutants bearing only one of two types of flagellum were isolated. Cells with plain flagella showed normal translational motion, and cells with complex flagella showed rapid spinning. Isolated plain flagella consist of a 37,000-dalton subunit separable into two isoproteins. Complex filaments consist of a 55,000-dalton protein; a second 43,000-dalton protein was assigned to complex flagellar hooks. The results indicate that plain and complex flagella are entirely different in structure and composition and that the complex type represents a novel flagellar species. Its possible mode of action is discussed.
Beta‐adrenergic receptor polymorphism in human cardiovascular disease (2004)

Beta-adrenoceptors are polymorphic. Two common polymorphisms in the beta1-adrenoceptor (Ser49Gly and Arg389Gly) and three in the beta2-adrenoceptor (Arg16Gly, Gln27Glu, and Thr164Ile) appear to influence receptor function. In vitro studies of agonist-stimulation have shown that the Gly49 beta1-adrenoceptor and the Gly16 beta2-adrenoceptors are more susceptible to down-regulation, while the Glu27 beta2-adrenoceptor variant seems to be resistant. Whereas the Arg389 beta1-adrenoceptor demonstrates increased responsiveness to agonist stimulation in vitro, the Ile164 beta2-adrenoceptor variant, on the other hand, exhibits a decreased responsiveness. Although several studies in humans (ex vivo and in vivo) do support those functional effects, the literature on the phenotypic consequences of these beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms in vivo is still far from being conclusive. At present, it appears that these beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms are very likely not disease-causing genes, but might be risk factors, might modify disease and/or might influence progression of disease.
Phase Change in Li[sub x]FePO[sub 4] (2005)

A series of was synthesized by full chemical oxidation of the stoichiometric to with followed by the controlled chemical lithiation with Lil in acetonitrile. A careful X-ray powder diffraction investigation based on the Rietveld refinement revealed that the well-known biphase reaction proceeds but with slight deviation of the orthorhombic lattice constants from those of the stoichiometric end members of and . The deviation can be explained by assuming a spinodal-type model, where the intermediate region consists of and phases, where and at room temperature. This is consistent with Srinivasan and Newman's prediction [ J. Electrochem. Soc. , 151 , A1517 (2004) ] for the narrow monophase region ( and ) close to the stoichiometric end members of and at room temperature. The nonstoichiometric parameters α and β in the biphase region can be easily estimated by simply measuring the lattice constants. They appear to be an important predictor for the electrochemical activity of the olivine and its derivatives, because they are directly linked with the density of lithium defect, mixed valence state, and hence the hopping probability of both of lithium ions and polarons.
Heat shock proteins in health and disease: therapeutic targets or therapeutic agents? (2001)

For many years, heat shock or stress proteins have been regarded as intracellular molecules that have a range of housekeeping and cytoprotective functions, only being released into the extracellular environment in pathological situations such as necrotic cell death. However, evidence is now accumulating to indicate that, under certain circumstances, these proteins can be released from cells in the absence of cellular necrosis, and that extracellular heat shock proteins have a range of immunoregulatory activities. The capacity of heat shock proteins to induce pro-inflammatory responses, together with the phylogenetic similarity between prokaryotic and eukaryotic heat shock proteins, has led to the proposition that these proteins provide a link between infection and autoimmune disease. Indeed, both elevated levels of antibodies to heat shock proteins and an enhanced immune reactivity to heat shock proteins have been noted in a variety of pathogenic disease states. However, further evaluation of heat shock protein reactivity in autoimmune disease and after transplantation has shown that, rather than promoting disease, reactivity to self-heat shock proteins can downregulate the disease process. It might be that self-reactivity to heat shock proteins is a physiological response that regulates the development and progression of pro-inflammatory immunity to these ubiquitously expressed molecules. The evolving evidence that heat shock proteins are present in the extracellular environment, that reactivity to heat shock proteins does not necessarily reflect adverse, pro-inflammatory responses and that the promotion of reactivity to self-heat shock proteins can downregulate pathogenic processes all suggest a potential role for heat shock proteins as therapeutic agents, rather than as therapeutic targets.
Li10SnP2S12: An Affordable Lithium Superionic Conductor (2013)

The reaction of Li2S and P2S5 with Li4[SnS4], a recently discovered, good Li(+) ion conductor, yields Li10SnP2S12, the thiostannate analogue of the record holder Li10GeP2S12 and the second compound of this class of superionic conductors with very high values of 7 mS/cm for the grain conductivity and 4 mS/cm for the total conductivity at 27 °C. The replacement of Ge by Sn should reduce the raw material cost by a factor of ~3.
Compressed domain transcoding of MPEG (2002)

Current video compression formats optimize for either compression or editing. For example, motion-JPEG (MJPEG) provides excellent random access and moderate overall compression, while MPEG optimizes for compression at the expense of random access. Converting from one format to another, a process called transcoding, is often desirable over the life of a video segment. The paper shows how to transcode MPEG-1 video to motion-JPEG without fully decompressing the MPEG-1 source. The described technique for compressed domain transcoding differs from previous work because it uses a new approximation approach that is optimized for software implementations. This new approach is 1.5 to 3 times faster than spatial domain transcoders and offers an additional degree of freedom: higher transcoding speeds can be obtained at the price of lower picture quality. This speed/quality trade-off is useful in many real time applications such as offline editing and video gateways.
THE ABDOMINAL CONSTRICTION RESPONSE AND ITS SUPPRESSION BY ANALGESIC DRUGS IN THE MOUSE (1968)

After intraperitoneal injection of a noxious agent, the rat and the mouse show a response consisting of a wave of constriction and elongation passing caudally along the abdominal wall, sometimes accompanied by twisting of the trunk and followed by exten- sion of the hind limbs This response has been variously called " writhing" (Vander Wende & Margolin, 1956), " stretching" (Koster, Anderson & de Beer, 1959), " cramping " (Murray & Miller, 1960} and " squirming " (Whittle, 1964a). Because of the emotional implications of these terms, it was later called the " abdominal constriction response " (Collier, Hammond, Horwood- Barrett & Schneider, 1964). We describe here an examination of the ability of a number of substances, including some occurring in tissues and causing pain in man
A Proposed Approach for Quality of Experience Assurance of IPTV (2007)

IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) systems are being widely deployed by telecommunications service providers which intend to add TV services to their portfolio. Such services must have equal or higher quality levels than those currently offered by traditional TV players using other technologies, for example: cable or satellite. This paper proposes an approach for ensuring the desired quality requirements for IPTV services. The proposed approach is based on the use of quality of experience (QoE) concept that focuses on the quality perceived by the end user. This approach is broader than that oriented to quality of service (QoS) that primarily focuses on the performance measures from the network perspective. QoE takes into account how well a service meet customers' goals and expectations rather than focusing only on the network performance. At the bottom line, QoE is a measure of end-to-end performance at the service layer.
Lipolysis in the Absence of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase (2002)

Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is presumed to be essential for lipolysis, which is defined as the mobilization of free fatty acids from adipocytes. In the present study, we investigated the effects of various lipolytic hormones on the lipolysis in adipocytes derived from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF adipocytes) prepared from HSL-deficient mice (HSL-/-). HSL-/- MEF differentiated into mature adipocytes in a manner indistinguishable from that of wild-type mice. Both isoproterenol (ISO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha stimulated the rate of lipolysis in HSL-/- MEF adipocytes, although to a lesser extent than in wild-type cells, and these lipolytic activities were inhibited by H-89, a cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, and troglitazone, respectively. Thus, the responses of the residual lipolytic activity to lipolytic hormones and TNF-alpha were well conserved in the absence of HSL. Extracts from HSL-/- MEF adipocytes hydrolyzed triacylglycerol (TG) but not cholesterol ester, indicating that the residual lipolytic activity was mediated by another TG-specific lipase. The TG lipase activity, which was decreased in cytosolic fraction in response to ISO, was increased in fat cake fraction. Therefore, translocation of the TG lipase may explain, at least partially, the ISO-stimulated lipolysis in HSL-/- adipocytes. In conclusion, lipolysis is mediated not only by HSL but also by the non-HSL TG lipase, whose responses to lipolytic hormones are similar to those of HSL. We propose that both lipases are regulated by common mechanism of lipolysis.
Human Factor H Deficiency (1997)

The synthesis and secretion of factor H, a regulatory protein of the complement system, were studied in skin fibroblasts from an H-deficient child who has chronic hypocomplementemic renal disease. In normal fibroblasts, factor H transcripts of 4.3 and 1.8 kilobase pairs (kb) encode a 155-kDa protein containing short consensus repeat (SCR) domains 1-20 and a 45-kDa protein which contains SCRs 1-7, respectively. The patient's fibroblasts expressed normal amounts of the 4.3- and 1.8-kb messages constitutively and after tumor necrosis factor-alpha/interferon-gamma stimulation. Lysates of [35S]methionine-labeled fibroblasts from the patient contained the 155- and 45-kDa H polypeptides, but secretion of the 155-kDa protein was blocked; the 45-kDa protein was secreted with normal kinetics. The patient's plasma lacked the 155-kDa protein but contained the small form of H. Moreover, in fibroblasts the retained 155-kDa factor H protein was not degraded, even after 12 h. Immunoflourescent staining and confocal microscopic imaging of the patient's fibroblasts indicated that factor H was retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. Sequence analysis of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction products (the entire coding region) and genomic DNA revealed a T1679C substitution on one allele and a G2949A substitution on the other (C518R mutation in SCR 9 and C991Y mutation in SCR 16, respectively). Both mutations affect conserved cysteine residues characteristic of SCR modules and therefore predict profound changes in the higher order structure of the 155-kDa factor H protein. These data provide the first description of a molecular mechanism for factor H deficiency and yield important insights into the normal secretory pathway for this and other plasma proteins with SCR motifs.
Mechanism of epidermal growth factor receptor autophosphorylation and high-affinity binding. (1987)

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor monomers and noncovalently associated dimers were isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and their respective binding and autophosphorylation activities were determined. We find that monomers are low-affinity receptors and dimers are high-affinity receptors. In the absence of EGF, dimers exhibit a 4-fold higher autophosphorylation activity than do monomers. Addition of EGF increases autophosphorylation on monomers an average of 4.8-fold but has a minimal effect on autophosphorylation of dimers. Furthermore, EGF binding shifts the receptor monomer-dimer equilibrium to the dimer form. We conclude that EGF stimulates in vitro receptor autophosphorylation by inducing kinase-inactive receptor monomers to associate and form receptor dimers, in which conformation the autophosphorylation activity is enhanced.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein, truncated at Ile-197, binds LPS but does not transfer LPS to CD14. (1994)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein (LBP), a 58-60 kDa glycoprotein, binds to the lipid A region of LPS. The resulting LPS-LBP complex is recognized by both the membrane-bound (mCD14) and soluble forms of CD14 (sCD14), thereby enhancing the ability of LPS to activate myeloid, endothelial, and epithelial cells. To begin to characterize the structure-function relationships within LBP, we have created and expressed a truncated form of human LBP (herein called NH-LBP) comprising amino acid residues 1-197 of the parent molecule. Experiments were done to characterize the ability of NH-LBP to bind LPS and to promote LPS binding to CD14. We found that NH-LBP efficiently binds LPS but does not transfer the LPS to either mCD14 or sCD14. Additionally, NH-LBP inhibited LPS binding to LBP, inhibited the LBP-promoted binding of LPS to CD14, and inhibited the LBP-dependent activation of rabbit peritoneal exudate macrophages. The apparent dissociation constant for LPS-NH-LBP complexes is less than 1 x 10(-8) M which compares well with the dissociation constant for LPS-LBP complexes of approximately 1 x 10(-9) M. We conclude from these studies that the LPS binding site of LBP resides in the amino-terminal half of LBP and that the CD14 interaction site resides in the carboxyl-terminal half of LBP. These data suggest that appropriately modified fragments of LBP might provide novel reagents with high LPS binding affinity that could be useful in inhibiting LPS-dependent cellular activation in vivo.
Potential Absorption of Heparin from the Small Intestine and the Large Intestine in the Presence of Monoolein Mixed Micelles (1977)

Remarkable enhanced absorption of heparin was found by the administration of monoolein-bile salts mixed micelles solution in the small intestine and the large intestine of rats. This result suggested that monoolein mixed micelles was greatly useful as a safe adjuvant to potentiate absorption of heparin.
Natural versus Artificial Creation of Base Pairs in DNA: Origin of Nucleobases from the Perspectives of Unnatural Base Pair Studies (2012)

Since life began on Earth, the four types of bases (A, G, C, and T(U)) that form two sets of base pairs have remained unchanged as the components of nucleic acids that replicate and transfer genetic information. Throughout evolution, except for the U to T modification, the four base structures have not changed. This constancy within the genetic code raises the question of how these complicated nucleotides were generated from the molecules in a primordial soup on the early Earth. At some prebiotic stage, the complementarity of base pairs might have accelerated the generation and accumulation of nucleotides or oligonucleotides. We have no clues whether one pair of nucleobases initially appeared on the early Earth during this process or a set of two base pairs appeared simultaneously. Recently, researchers have developed new artificial pairs of nucleobases (unnatural base pairs) that function alongside the natural base pairs. Some unnatural base pairs in duplex DNA can be efficiently and faithfully amplified in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using thermostable DNA polymerases. The addition of unnatural base pair systems could expand the genetic alphabet of DNA, thus providing a new mechanism for the generation novel biopolymers by the site-specific incorporation of functional components into nucleic acids and proteins. Furthermore, the process of unnatural base pair development might provide clues to the origin of the natural base pairs in a primordial soup on the early Earth. In this Account, we describe the development of three representative types of unnatural base pairs that function as a third pair of nucleobases in PCR and reconsider the origin of the natural nucleic acids. As researchers developing unnatural base pairs, they use repeated "proof of concept" experiments. As researchers design new base pairs, they improve the structures that function in PCR and eliminate those that do not. We expect that this process is similar to the one functioning in the chemical evolution and selection of the natural nucleobases. Interestingly, the initial structures designed by each research group were quite similar to those of the latest successful unnatural base pairs. In this regard, it is tempting to form a hypothesis that the base pairs on the primordial Earth, in which the natural purine bases, A and G, and pyrimidine bases, C and T(U), originated from structurally similar compounds, such as hypoxanthine for a purine base predecessor. Subsequently, the initial base pair evolved to the present two sets of base pairs via a keto-enol tautomerization of the initial compounds.
Ultrasensitive and Quantitative Analyses from Combined Separations — Mass Spectrometry for the Characterization of Proteomes (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.