gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Voltammetric Characterization of the Ferrocene|Ferrocenium and Cobaltocenium|Cobaltocene Redox Couples in RTILs (2008)

Ferrocene, Fc, and cobaltocenium hexafluorophosphate, CcPF6, have been recommended for use as internal reference redox couples in room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), as well as in more conventional aprotic solvents. In this study, the electrochemical behavior of Fc and CcPF6 is reported in eight commonly used RTILs; [C2mim][NTf2], [C4mim][NTf2], [C4mim][BF4], [C4mim][PF6], [C4mim][OTf], [C4mim][NO3], [C4mpyrr][NTf2], and [P14,6,6,6][FAP], where [Cnmim]+ = 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, [NTf2]- = bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [BF4]- = tetrafluoroborate, [PF6]- = hexafluorophosphate, [OTf]- = trifluoromethylsulfonate, [NO3]- = nitrate, [C4mpyrr]+ = N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium, [P14,6,6,6 ]+ = tris(n-hexyl)-tetradecylphosphonium and [FAP]- = trifluorotris(pentafluoroethyl)phosphate, over a range of concentrations and temperatures. Solubilities and diffusion coefficients, D, of both the charged and neutral species were determined using double potential-step chronoamperometry, and CcPF6 (36.5−450.0 mM) was found to be much more soluble than Fc (27.5−101.8 mM). It was observed that classical Stokes−Einstein diffusional behavior applies for Fc and CcPF6 in all eight RTILs. Diffusion coefficients of Fc and CcPF6 were calculated at a range of temperatures, and activation energies calculated. It was also determined that D for Fc and CcPF6 does not change significantly with concentration. This supports the use of both Fc and CcPF6 to provide a well-characterized and model redox couple for use as a voltammetric internal potential reference in RTILs contrary to previous literature reports in the former case.
Extrinsic cues orient the cell division axis inDrosophilaembryonic neuroblasts (2006)

Cell polarity must be integrated with tissue polarity for proper development. The Drosophila embryonic central nervous system (CNS) is a highly polarized tissue; neuroblasts occupy the most apical layer of cells within the CNS, and lie just basal to the neural epithelium. Neuroblasts are the CNS progenitor cells and undergo multiple rounds of asymmetric cell division, ;budding off' smaller daughter cells (GMCs) from the side opposite the epithelium, thereby positioning neuronal/glial progeny towards the embryo interior. It is unknown whether this highly stereotypical orientation of neuroblast divisions is controlled by an intrinsic cue (e.g. cortical mark) or an extrinsic cue (e.g. cell-cell signal). Using live imaging and in vitro culture, we find that neuroblasts in contact with epithelial cells always ;bud off' GMCs in the same direction, opposite from the epithelia-neuroblast contact site, identical to what is observed in vivo. By contrast, isolated neuroblasts 'bud off' GMCs at random positions. Imaging of centrosome/spindle dynamics and cortical polarity shows that in neuroblasts contacting epithelial cells, centrosomes remained anchored and cortical polarity proteins localize at the same epithelia-neuroblast contact site over subsequent cell cycles. In isolated neuroblasts, centrosomes drifted between cell cycles and cortical polarity proteins showed a delay in polarization and random positioning. We conclude that embryonic neuroblasts require an extrinsic signal from the overlying epithelium to anchor the centrosome/centrosome pair at the site of epithelial-neuroblast contact and for proper temporal and spatial localization of cortical Par proteins. This ensures the proper coordination between neuroblast cell polarity and CNS tissue polarity.
Comparison of Neutralizing and Hemagglutination-Inhibiting Antibody Responses to Influenza A Virus Vaccination of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals (1998)

A neutralization enzyme immunoassay (N-EIA) was used to determine the neutralizing serum antibody titers to influenza A/Taiwan/1/86 (H1N1) and Beijing/353/89 (H3N2) viruses after vaccination of 51 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-infected individuals and 10 healthy noninfected controls against influenza virus infection. Overall, the N-EIA titers correlated well with the hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) titers that were observed in the same samples in a previous study (F. P. Kroon, J. T. van Dissel, J. C. de Jong, and R. van Furth, AIDS 8:469-476,1994). The N-EIA appeared to be more sensitive than the HAI test. Significantly more fourfold or higher rises in N-EIA titer and higher mean N-EIA titers occurred in HIV-infected individuals with > or =200 CD4+ cells per microl than in those with <200 CD4+ cells per microl.
Using Single-Agent Therapy in Adult Patients with Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcoma Can Still Be Considered Standard Care (2005)

The group of soft tissue sarcomas in adult patients is a heterogeneous group with more than 40 different subtypes. While local treatment remains the mainstay for localized disease, systemic chemotherapy can importantly contribute in the treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcoma. For patients with metastatic disease, chemotherapy is a palliative treatment in the vast majority of the cases. In this setting, toxicity should not outweigh the potential benefits resulting from chemotherapy. In patients with locally advanced disease too extensive for local treatment, systemic chemotherapy can contribute to cure, provided that tumor shrinkage renders subsequent optimal local treatment possible. In these cases, chemotherapeutic regimens yielding the highest response rates achievable should be used. In the last decades, several randomized studies have aimed to determine whether combination regimens yield benefit over single-agent treatment in terms of response rate and overall survival. This review addresses the current available data on chemotherapy for adult patients with soft tissue sarcoma, excluding gastrointestinal stromal tumor, the Ewing-like sarcomas, and other small blue round cell tumors. In addition, it is increasingly recognized that future research in soft tissue sarcoma should focus on the identification of tumor factors that can serve as targets for treatment and that the diverse tumor subtypes should be analyzed separately for their sensitivity to systemic treatment. This review also focuses on these and other strategies that will hopefully lead to better out comes in this disease entity in the near future.
Genotypic analysis of multiple loci in somatic cells by whole genome amplification (1995)

To screen multiple loci in small purified samples of diploid and aneuploid cells a PCR-based technique of whole genome amplification was adapted to the study of somatic lesions. DNA samples from different numbers of flow-sorted diploid and aneuploid cells from biopsies were amplified with a degenerate 15mer primer. Aliquots of these reactions were then used in locus-specific reactions using a single round of PCR cycles with individual sets of primers representing polymorphic markers for different regions. As a result, polymorphic markers for different chromosomal regions, including VNTRs and dinucleotide repeats, can be used to perform up to 30 locus-specific PCR assays with a single sample obtained from fewer than 1000 cells.
Minimally invasive atrial septal defect closure using the subxyphoid approach. (1998)

Close anatomic proximity between the atrial septum and the lower sternum make it feasible to approach ostium secundum defects using a purely subxyphoid exposure. Visualization of the defect is excellent without the need for thoractomy and sternotomy. The use of a small transverse incision in the inframammary crease makes the result cosmetically invisible.
Activated Human T Cells Release Bioactive Fas Ligand and APO2 Ligand in Microvesicles (1999)

Activation-induced cell death is a process by which overactivated T cells are eliminated, thus preventing potential autoimmune attacks. Two known mediators of activation-induced cell death are Fas(CD95) ligand (FasL) and APO2 ligand (APO2L)/TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). We show here that upon mitogenic stimulation, bioactive FasL and APO2L are released from the T cell leukemia Jurkat and from normal human T cell blasts as intact, nonproteolyzed proteins associated with a particulate, ultracentrifugable fraction. We have characterized this fraction as microvesicles of 100-200 nm in diameter. These microvesicles are released from Jurkat and T cell blasts shortly (</=1 h) after PHA stimulation, well before the cell enters apoptosis. FasL- and APO2L-containing vesicles are also present in supernatants from PHA-activated fresh human PBMC. These observations provide the basis for a new and efficient mechanism for the rapid induction of autocrine or paracrine cell death during immune regulation.
Targeted nanoparticles containing the proresolving peptide Ac2-26 protect against advanced atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice (2015)

Chronic, nonresolving inflammation is a critical factor in the clinical progression of advanced atherosclerotic lesions. In the normal inflammatory response, resolution is mediated by several agonists, among which is the glucocorticoid-regulated protein called annexin A1. The proresolving actions of annexin A1, which are mediated through its receptor N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2/ALX), can be mimicked by an amino-terminal peptide encompassing amino acids 2-26 (Ac2-26). Collagen IV (Col IV)-targeted nanoparticles (NPs) containing Ac2-26 were evaluated for their therapeutic effect on chronic, advanced atherosclerosis in fat-fed Ldlr(-/-) mice. When administered to mice with preexisting lesions, Col IV-Ac2-26 NPs were targeted to lesions and led to a marked improvement in key advanced plaque properties, including an increase in the protective collagen layer overlying lesions (which was associated with a decrease in lesional collagenase activity), suppression of oxidative stress, and a decrease in plaque necrosis. In mice lacking FPR2/ALX in myeloid cells, these improvements were not seen. Thus, administration of a resolution-mediating peptide in a targeted NP activates its receptor on myeloid cells to stabilize advanced atherosclerotic lesions. These findings support the concept that defective inflammation resolution plays a role in advanced atherosclerosis, and suggest a new form of therapy.
Use of conductive gels for electric field homogenization increases the antitumor efficacy of electroporation therapies (2008)

Electroporation is used in tissue for gene therapy, drug therapy and minimally invasive tissue ablation. The electrical field that develops during the application of the high voltage pulses needs to be precisely controlled. In the region to be treated, it is desirable to generate a homogeneous electric field magnitude between two specific thresholds whereas in other regions the field magnitude should be as low as possible. In the case of irregularly shaped tissue structures, such as bulky tumors, electric field homogeneity is almost impossible to be achieved with current electrode arrangements. We propose the use of conductive gels, matched to the conductivity of the tissues, to fill dead spaces between plate electrodes gripping the tissue so that the electric field distribution becomes less heterogeneous. Here it is shown that this technique indeed improves the antitumor efficacy of electrochemotherapy in sarcomas implanted in mice. Furthermore, we analyze, through finite element method simulations, how relevant the conductivity mismatches are. We found that conductivity mismatching errors are surprisingly well tolerated by the technique. Gels with conductivities ranging from 5 mS cm(-1) to 10 mS cm(-1) will be a proper solution for most cases.
PREPARATION OF AROMATIC IODIDES FROM BROMIDES VIA THE REVERSE HALOGEN EXCHANGE (1985)

Abstract Aromatic bromides undergo halogen exchange reaction with iodide ion in the presence of copper(I) iodide in hot hexamethylphosphoric triamide, to give the corresponding iodides in good to moderate yields.
Controlled double emulsification utilizing 3D PDMS microchannels (2008)

This paper presents a PDMS emulsification device that is capable of generating water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions in a controlled manner. Specially designed 3D microchannels are utilized to steer the independently driven water- and oil-phase flows (especially to restrict the attachment of the middle oil-phase flow on the channel surfaces), and to break the continuous flows into monodisperse double emulsions. In addition to channel geometries and fluid flow rates, surfactants and osmotic agents are employed to facilitate the breakup process and stabilize the resulting emulsion structures. In the prototype demonstration, two-level SU-8 molds were fabricated to duplicate PDMS microstructures, which were surface treated and bonded irreversibly to form 3D microchannels. Throughout the emulsification trials, dripping was intentionally induced to generate monodisperse double emulsions with single or multiple aqueous droplets inside each oil drop. It is found that the overall and core sizes of the resulting double emulsions could be adjusted independently, mainly by varying the outer and inner fluid flow rates, respectively. As such, the presented double emulsification device could potentially realize the controllability on emulsion structure and size distribution, which is desired for a variety of biological and pharmaceutical applications.
Fluoridation of heteroaromatic iodonium salts—experimental evidence supporting theoretical prediction of the selectivity of the process (2000)

Theoretical prediction, that the nucleophilic substitution of a range of arylheteroaryliodonium salts by fluoride ion is regioselective for the aryl ring with the exception of benzo[b]furan, are borne out by experimental observation.
Palmitoleic Acid Isomer (C16:1Δ6) in Human Skin Sebum Is Effective against Gram-Positive Bacteria (2003)

The percent lipid composition of pooled human sebum analyzed by thin-layer chromatography was: ceramides (13%), fatty acid (47%), cholesterol (7%), cholesterol esters (2%), squalene (11%), triglycerides (3%), and wax esters (17%). Total sebum lipids (2- 4 mg/ml), sonicated into bacterial culture medium, caused 4- to 5-fold log reduction in growth of gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus salivarius and the anaerobe Fusobacterium nucleatum, but was ineffective against most gram-negative bacteria. Fractionation of the sebum lipids showed that both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids contained the bulk of the antimicrobial activity. Lauric acid (C12:0) was the most active saturated fatty acid. The unsaturated fatty acid, palmitoleic acid (C16:1delta6, cPA) was both the most predominant monoene and the most active antimicrobial fatty acid. Purified cPA (>99%) yielded typical minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 10-20 microg/ml against gram-positive bacteria. Organically synthesized cPA isomer gave MIC values comparable to the natural material. Both natural and synthetic cPA were found to be the most active sebum lipid fraction in blocking the adherence of a pathogenic strain of Candida albicans to porcine stratum corneum. Ethanol in combination with cPA exerts a synergistic bactericidal activity against gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Propionibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli, and several methacillin-resistant strains of S. aureus. Palmitoleic acid may be useful in topical formulations for treatment of secondary gram-positive bacterial infections, as a gram-positive bacteria antimicrobial in wound dressings, and as a natural gram-positive antimicrobial preservative in skin and hair care products.
Rituximab subcutaneous in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: clinical experience in a single center (2017)

Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody targeting the CD20 antigen which is present on the surface on B-lymphocytes [1]. Rituximab has become part of the standard therapy for B-cell non-Hodgkin...
Myoglobin: A scavenger of bioactive NO (2001)

The present study explored the role of myoglobin (Mb) in cardiac NO homeostasis and its functional relevance by employing isolated hearts of wild-type (WT) and myoglobin knockout mice. (1)H NMR spectroscopy was used to measure directly the conversion of oxygenated Mb (MbO(2)) to metmyoglobin (metMb) by reaction with NO. NO was applied intracoronarily (5 nM to 25 microM), or its endogenous production was stimulated with bradykinin (Bk; 10 nM to 2 microM). We found that infusion of authentic NO solutions dose-dependently (>/= 2.5 microM NO) increased metMb formation in WT hearts that was rapidly reversible on cessation of NO infusion. Likewise, Bk-induced release of NO was associated with significant metMb formation in the WT (>/=1 microM Bk). Hearts lacking Mb reacted more sensitively to infused NO in that vasodilatation and the cardiodepressant actions of NO were more pronounced. Similar results were obtained with Bk. The lower sensitivity of WT hearts to changes in NO concentration fits well with the hypothesis that in the presence of Mb, a continuous degradation of NO takes place by reaction of MbO(2) + NO to metMb + NO(3)(-), thereby effectively reducing cytosolic NO concentration. This breakdown protects myocytic cytochromes against transient rises in cytosolic NO. Regeneration of metMb by metMb reductase to Mb and subsequent association with O(2) leads to reformation of MbO(2) available for another NO degradation cycle. Our data indicate that this cycle is crucial in the breakdown of NO and substantially determines the dose-response curve of the NO effects on coronary blood flow and cardiac contractility.
Four-bend top-down global routing (1998)

We propose a new global net distribution approach for high-performance m/spl times/m two-dimensional arrays of very large scale integration and multichip-modules. The objective is to route n nets with minimum density of global cells, using a "small" number of bends. There are a number of applications where it is necessary to limit the number of bends on each wire. For example, it is desirable to limit the number of bends on each microstrip (transmission) line, for mismatches of line impedance can cause reflections from the junction points such as bends and vias. Furthermore, for high-performance routing, intersections of wires cause the use of more vias, which in turn require the use of more routing resources (because of the larger via pitch). This is the first paper that addresses a graph-theoretic framework to solve the bend-constrained global routing problem in two-dimensional arrays. In this paper, at each level of an underlying quad-tree, we present a novel four-bend routing algorithm by decomposing the original problem at level i into two subproblems that can be solved exactly based on a two-stage approach of smaller-sized linear program followed by min-cost flow networks. The overall (i.e., entire level of the four-way partition hierarchy) constraint and variable size for the first stage is O(md/sub o/), while the overall run time for the second stage is O(n/sup 3/ log n/sup 2/). The time complexity of such a hierarchical approach is one order of magnitude less than one of constructing a global routing using the min-cost-flow-based flat design approach. Last, we present an extension that permits a limited degree of control over the number of bends. The proposed algorithm can also be used for estimating the wireability in the early design planning stage for high-level synthesis. Experimental results showed the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Modification of Brassica seed oil by antisense expression of a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase gene. (1992)

Molecular gene transfer techniques have been used to engineer the fatty acid composition of Brassica rapa and Brassica napus (canola) oil. Stearoyl-acyl carrier protein (stearoyl-ACP) desaturase (EC 1.14.99.6) catalyzes the first desaturation step in seed oil biosynthesis, converting stearoyl-ACP to oleoyl-ACP. Seed-specific antisense gene constructs of B. rapa stearoyl-ACP desaturase were used to reduce the protein concentration and enzyme activity of stearoyl-ACP desaturase in developing rapeseed embryos during storage lipid biosynthesis. The resulting transgenic plants showed dramatically increased stearate levels in the seeds. A continuous distribution of stearate levels from 2% to 40% was observed in seeds of a transgenic B. napus plant, illustrating the potential to engineer specialized seed oil compositions.
Serum antibody response to active infection withCryptococcus neoformansand its varieties in immunocompetent subjects (1996)

Using a class-specific enzyme immunoassay IgG and IgA anticryptococcal antibody was measured in 400 serum specimens at 1 week to 11'7 years after diagnosis from 43 immunocompetent subjects with confirmed active cryptococcosis. The prevalence of IgG was 86% at diagnosis, rose to 100% by 2 weeks and remained high thereafter. IgA prevalence was 71% at diagnosis, rose to 75% at 2 weeks and then fell over 2 years. IgG and IgA prevalence in paediatric controls was 5% and 0%, respectively. Mean antibody levels showed the same pattern and neither levels nor prevalence were influenced by age, sex or site of infection. Patients with the variety gattii infection had a greater antibody response than those with the variety neoJormans which was significant for IgA. Specific anticryptococcal antibody was regularly present in conjunction with cryptococcal antigen at diagnosis, lgG persists but IgA falls over 1-2 years. The assay described may be a useful tool to study the antibody response and seroepidemiology of infection with C. neoJormans.
Immunogenic variants obtained by mutagenesis of mouse mastocytoma P815. IV. Analysis of variant‐specific antigens by selection of antigen‐loss variants with cytolytic T cell clones (1982)

Mouse mastocytoma P815 tumor cell variants that express new individual antigens were subjected to immunoselection in vitro with specific cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones. From one variant (P35) a number of resistant clones were isolated after a single-step selection. These immunoselected clones (P35.iscA-) proved to have acquired a stable and complete resistance to lysis by the selecting CTL, but remained sensitive to lysis by a CTL clone that recognizes a common P815 antigen. However, when these P35.iscA- clones were used to stimulate in vitro spleen cells from mice immunized with variant P35, the cytolytic activity was significantly higher on P35 and P35.iscA- targets than on the original P815 clone (P1). This indicated that P35.iscA- cells, which had lost a P35-specific determinant (P35A), had nevertheless retained another P35-specific determinant (P35B). CTL clones directed against the residual P35B determinant were then isolated. When P35 cells were submitted to selection with anti-P35B CTL, resistant clones (P35.iscB-) were obtained that were still lysed by anti-P35A and anti-P815 CTL clones. Tum- variant P35 therefore carries at least two specific determinants that can be lost independently. These results show the possibility of using selection with CTL clones to separate different components of complex cell surface antigens. The correlation between antigen expression and tumorigenicity was also examined. Antigen-loss P35.iscA- clones were found to be more tumorigenic than variant P35 which has a greatly reduced tumorigenic capacity compared to the original P815 tumor. This correlation suggests that the P35 determinant that was no longer expressed by the P35.iscA- clones is recognized on the original P35 tum- variant as a tumor rejection antigen.