gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mutants of downy mildew resistance in Lactuca sativa (lettuce). (1994)

As part of our investigation of disease resistance in lettuce, we generated mutants that have lost resistance to Bremia lactucae, the casual fungus of downy mildew. Using a rapid and reliable screen, we identified 16 distinct mutants of Latuca sativa that have lost activity of one of four different downy mildew resistance genes (Dm). In all mutants, only a single Dm specificity was affected. Genetic analysis indicated that the lesions segregated as single, recessive mutations at the Dm loci. Dm3 was inactivated in nine of the mutants. One of five Dm 1 mutants was selected from a population of untreated seeds and therefore carried a spontaneous mutation. All other Dm1, Dm3, Dm5/8 and Dm7 mutants were derived from gamma- or fast neutron-irradiated seed. In two separate Dm 1 mutants and in each of the eight Dm3 mutants analyzed, at least one closely linked molecular marker was absent. Also, high molecular weight genomic DNA fragments that hybridized to a tightly linked molecular marker in wild type were either missing entirely or were truncated in two of the Dm3 mutants, providing additional evidence that deletions had occurred in these mutants. Absence of mutations at loci epistatic to the Dm genes suggested that such loci were either members of multigene families, were critical for plant survival, or encoded components of duplicated pathways for resistance; alternatively, the genes determining downy mildew resistance might be limited to the Dm loci.
B16 as a Mouse Model for Human Melanoma (2000)

This unit details protocols for in vivo models of subcutaneous growth and pulmonary metastases of B16 melanoma. Therapeutic approaches include the use of B16.GM-CSF and rVVmTRP-1 to induce autoimmune vitiligo and tumor protection. The induction and use of gp 100-specific therapeutic cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are discussed. Methods are also included for CTL induction, isolation and testing, CTL maintenance, and adoptive transfer. Support protocols detail the testing of mouse sera for presence of MDA-specific antibodies by immunoblotting and ELISA, respectively. Additional sections, including growing B16 melanoma, enumerating pulmonary metastases, and use of recombinant viruses for vaccination, are discussed together with safety concerns.
Microwave-polyol Preparation of Single-crystalline Gold Nanorods and Nanowires (2003)

Abstract Single-crystalline gold (Au) nanorods and nanowires have been successfully prepared in liquid phase by one-step, seedless and template-free microwave-polyol method. Ethylene glycol (EG) reduced HAuCl4 to form Au by microwave heating at 160 °C. Single-crystalline Au with other morphologies was also produced.
Photoprotective effect of calcipotriol upon skin photoreaction to UVA and UVB (1997)

It has been shown that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 has a photoprotective effect against UVB injury in mouse skin and cultured rat keratinocytes by induction of metallothionein (MT). Calcipotriol is a synthetic analogue of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with equipotent cell regulating properties, but with a lower risk of calcium-related side effects. The aim of the present study was to see whether calcipotriol has a photoprotective property both in vitro and in vivo. We examined the effect of calcipotriol on UV-induced damage of cultured human keratinocytes through a cell viability assay, and measurement of DNA synthesis by cultured keratinocytes, on UV-induced damage of mouse skin and on minimal erythema dose (MED). We found that calcipotriol was protective against UVB-induced reduction in DNA synthetic activity of cultured keratinocytes in relatively low doses (20 and 40 mJ/cm2) of UVB. With phototesting following application of calcipotriol, five subjects among 10 healthy volunteers and three among six psoriasis patients showed an increase in MED compared with the vehicle-treated site. These findings imply that calcipotriol may be photoprotective and that more extensive studies with various doses of UV irradiation and modes of calcipotriol delivery are required.
Evidence for lack of cross-genotype protection of CD4+ T cell responses during chronic hepatitis C virus infection (2003)

CD4+ T lymphocyte responses are thought to play a major role in control of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Few, however, have been mapped down to the level of peptide and HLA restriction. Furthermore, the ability of such T cells to respond to viruses which differ in genotype has not been addressed in detail. In most cases of persistent infection with HCV, CD4 proliferative responses are weak or absent. From a large cohort of persistently infected patients, we identified an individual with unusually robust and persistent responses in the face of chronic infection. We firstly mapped two peptide epitopes to regions of the nonstructural protein NS4 (aa1686-1705 and aa 1746-1765). However, in contrast to the genotype 1a derived antigens used for mapping, the infecting virus was identified as genotype 3a. Strikingly, the patient's CD4 response to these epitopes were specific only for the genotype 1a sequence, and did not recognize genotype 3a synthetic peptides. Serologic assays indicated that prior exposure to HCV of genotype 1 had occurred. This patient therefore maintains strong CD4 proliferative responses which are genotype specific and not cross-reactive. The apparent 'misdirection' of these nonprotective responses has important implications for the role of natural and vaccine induced CD4 responses in the face of variable viruses.
Pegaptanib for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2004)

Pegaptanib appears to be an effective therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Its long-term safety is not known.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors: Current Strategies and Future Prospects (2010)

Angiogenesis has become an attractive target for drug therapy because of its key role in tumor growth. An extensive array of compounds is currently in preclinical development, with many now entering the clinic and/or achieving approval from the US Food and Drug Administration. Several regulatory and signaling molecules governing angiogenesis are of interest, including growth factors (eg, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and epidermal growth factor), receptor tyrosine kinases, and transcription factors such as hypoxia inducible factor, as well as molecules involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling. Pharmacologic agents have been identified that target these pathways, yet for some agents (notably thalidomide), an understanding of the specific mechanisms of antitumor action has proved elusive. The following review describes key molecular mechanisms and novel therapies that are on the horizon for antiangiogenic tumor therapy.
Manipulation of immune responses via particle-mediated polynucleotide vaccines. (1997)

Polynucleotide vaccines are a new approach to immunization that promises qualitative advances in vaccine technology. These vaccines mimic infection in that they result in expression of pathogen gene products in situ, which can elicit both cell-mediated immune responses and humoral responses. This approach has been applied primarily to vaccines against viral diseases, but may be significant for vaccines directed toward bacterial pathogens. Auragen has developed a generally applicable gene transfer technology and, for vaccine applications, has focused on particle-mediated gene transfer to epidermis. Results demonstrate that Accell polynucleotide vaccines induce immune responses toward human immunodefficiency virus (HIV) antigens, influenza A virus antigens, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigens in rodent,s swine and primates. Cellular immune responses toward these antigens have been demonstrated in rodents. In a swine influenza a challenge model Accell vaccination provides protection equivalent to that of a commercial killed-whole-virus vaccine. Vaccination of mice by this method toward a Chlamydia pneumoniae major outer-membrane protein elicits a species-specific antibody response.
Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes of Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Using Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (2002)

The use of InFUSE Bone Graft is a promising method of facilitating anterior intervertebral spinal fusion, decreasing pain, and improving clinical outcomes in patients who have undergone anterior lumbar fusion surgery with structural threaded cortical allograft bone dowels.
Continuous Lymphoid Cell Lines with Characteristics of B Cells (Bone-Marrow-Derived), Lacking the Epstein-Barr Virus Genome and Derived from Three Human Lymphomas (1974)

Three exceptional cell lines have been tested for the presence of the Epstein-Barr virus genome by nucleic acid hybridization (complementary RNA·DNA) and Epstein-Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen tests. Two lines were derived from Swedish lymphoma cases and one from an African Burkitt-like lymphoma biopsy that was negative for Epstein-Barr virus DNA and the virus-determined nuclear antigen. All three lines apparently lacked the viral genome. Two of the three lines clearly had characteristics of B-cells (bone-marrow-derived).
Selective upregulation of platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptors by transforming growth factor beta in scleroderma fibroblasts. (1992)

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), a multifunctional cytokine, is an indirect mitogen for human fibroblasts through platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), particularly the A ligand-alpha receptor arm of that system. TGF-beta effects on PDGF alpha receptor expression were studied in vitro using ligand binding techniques in three human dermal fibroblast strains: newborn foreskin, adult skin, and scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, SSc). Each cell strain responded differently to TGF-beta. In newborn foreskin fibroblasts, PDGF alpha receptor number decreased in a dose-dependent manner after exposure to low concentrations of TGF-beta (0.1-1 ng/ml). Responses of normal skin fibroblasts were varied, and mean net receptor number was unchanged. Increases in PDGF alpha receptor number by TGF-beta occurred consistently with SSc fibroblasts and low concentrations of TGF-beta (0.1-1 ng/ml) were particularly stimulatory. Increased surface expression of alpha receptor subunit by TGF-beta in SSc fibroblasts correlated with increased new PDGF alpha receptor synthesis as demonstrated by radioimmunoprecipitation analysis of metabolically labeled cells and with increased steady-state levels of corresponding mRNAs. In normal adult skin fibroblasts, TGF-beta had no effect on either synthesis or mRNA expression of alpha receptor subunits. Proliferative responses to PDGF-AA after pretreatment with TGF-beta correlated positively with effects of TGF-beta on expression of alpha receptor subunit. Decreased mitogenic responses to PDGF-AA were observed in foreskin fibroblasts, small changes in responses in adult fibroblasts, and significant increases in SSc fibroblasts. Thus, costimulation with PDGF-AA and TGF-beta selectively enhanced proliferation of fibroblasts with the SSc phenotype. Immunohistochemical examination of SSc and control skin biopsies revealed the presence of PDGF-AA in SSc skin. Data obtained by ligand binding, immunoprecipitation, mRNA, and mitogenic techniques are consistent with the hypothesis that activation of the PDGF-AA ligand/alpha receptor pathway is a characteristic of the SSc fibroblast and may contribute to the expansion of fibroblasts in SSc.
An imbalance between matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 contributes to the development of early diabetic nephropathy (2006)

High glucose or Ang-II treatment induce alterations in MMP-2 and TIMP-2 balance, which favour TIMP-2 over-activity. Moreover, Ang-II-mediated changes in the productions of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 occur via AT1 receptors and a TGF-beta1-dependent mechanism. These results suggest that an imbalance between the MMP-2 and TIMP-2, caused primarily by an increase in TIMP-2 activity, contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
The Length of the Filamentous Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteriophage Pf (1973)

SUMMARY The length of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa filamentous bacteriophage Pf was found to be 1915 ± 77 nm, as measured in the electron microscope using the Kleinschmidt spreading technique. Pf is thus the longest filamentous phage so far isolated. Coliphage If, the I-specific filamentous phage, is nearest to it with a length of 1300 nm.
Relationship of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist to Mucosal Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (1995)

Previous work has suggested that the interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist, IL-1ra, may regulate mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. The present study assessed the relationship of mucosal IL-1ra levels to histologic severity of inflammation and the related proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 beta and IL-6 in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Colonic biopsy specimens from 29 patients with ulcerative colitis, 27 with Crohn's disease, and 24 noninflammatory control subjects were assayed for IL-1ra, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Histologic activity was graded as none, mild, moderate, or severe. Mucosal IL-1 beta levels, but not IL-1ra levels, were significantly elevated in moderate/severely inflamed biopsies from patients with either ulcerative colitis (p < 0.01) or Crohn's disease (p < 0.001) compared with those with none/mild inflammation. The mucosal molar ratio of IL-1ra/IL-1 beta was significantly lower for moderate/severe inflammation compared with none/mild inflammation for patients with ulcerative colitis (p < 0.05) and Crohn's disease (p < 0.01). The mucosal IL-1ra/IL-1 beta ratio was similar in controls to none/mild inflamed biopsies from subjects with either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Our observations suggest that increasing mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease in children is associated with a decrease in the "normal" effective IL-1ra/IL-1 beta ratio in which IL-1ra predominates. The importance of this abnormality to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease awaits further study.
[18F]AV‐1451 tau positron emission tomography in progressive supranuclear palsy (2016)

Progressive supranuclear palsy is associated with an elevated [<sup>18</sup> F]AV-1451 signal in a characteristic and distinct regional pattern that correlates with disease severity and differs from the patterns observed in Alzheimer's dementia. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Design and performance evaluation of low-voltage/high-current DC/DC on-board modules (2001)

The topology selection, design, and performance evaluation of an on-board DC/DC converter, which delivers power from a 48 V input to a 1.2-1.65 V/70 A microprocessor load, are presented. It was shown that the symmetrical half-bridge topology with the current doubler and synchronous rectifiers is a suitable approach for this application. The measured full-load efficiency of a 200 kHz experimental half-bridge converter was higher than 82% in the entire output and input voltage range.
Cross-protective TH1 immunity against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans (2011)

T cell-mediated heterologous immunity to different pathogens is promising for the development of immunotherapeutic strategies. Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans, the 2 most common fungal pathogens causing severe infections in immunocompromised patients, are controlled by CD4+ type 1 helper T (T(H)1) cells in humans and mice, making induction of fungus-specific CD4+ T(H)1 immunity an appealing strategy for antifungal therapy. We identified an immunogenic epitope of the A fumigatus cell wall glucanase Crf1 that can be presented by 3 common major histocompatibility complex class II alleles and that induces memory CD4+ T(H)1 cells with a diverse T-cell receptor repertoire that is cross-reactive to C albicans. In BALB/c mice, the Crf1 protein also elicits cross-protection against lethal infection with C albicans that is mediated by the same epitope as in humans. These data illustrate the existence of T cell-based cross-protection for the 2 distantly related clinically relevant fungal pathogens that may foster the development of immunotherapeutic strategies.
A New Motif in the Formation of Peptide Nanotubes:  The Crystallographic Signature (2004)

Terminally protected acyclic tripeptides Boc-Tyr(1)-Val(2)-Tyr(3)-OMe 1 and Boc-Tyr(1)-Ile(2)-Tyr(3)-OMe 2 self-assemble into nanotubes in crystals through various noncovalent interactions with an average internal diameter of 5 A (0.5 nm), and the tubular ensemble is developed through the hydrogen-bonded side chains of tyrosine residues. The inside of the hollow nanotubular structures is hydrophilic; however, no solvent molecules have been crystallographically detected. [structure: see text]
The role of axonal ion conductances in diabetic neuropathy: A review (1998)

Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication in diabetes mellitus. Diabetic neuropathy is accompanied by alterations in axonal excitability, which can lead to either “positive” (paresthesia, dysesthesia, pain) and/or “negative” (hypesthesia, anesthesia) symptoms. The mechanisms underlying these alterations in axonal excitability are not well understood. Clinical tests reveal reduced nerve conduction velocity and axonal loss, but fail to explain nerve excitability. Many different factors have been suggested in relation to the pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy. There are probably as many factors as there are different clinical pictures in diabetic neuropathy. Nevertheless, it seems that hyperglycemic hypoxia is mainly responsible for the electrophysiological changes seen in damaged diabetic nerves. This article summarizes experimental data indicating that a dysfunction of ion conductances, especially voltage-gated ion channels, could contribute to abnormalities in the generation and/or conduction of action potentials in diabetic neuropathy. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 21:1246–1255, 1998.
Effects of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors on voltage‐operated calcium channel currents in vascular smooth muscle cells and pp60c‐src kinase activity (2000)

Tyrosine kinases have been proposed as regulators of voltage‐operated calcium channels. The effects of a range of structurally different inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) were examined on voltage‐operated calcium channel currents (I Ba ) and pp60 c‐src kinase (c‐src) activity in vitro . I Ba was measured in single myocytes isolated from rabbit ear artery by conventional whole cell voltage‐clamp techniques. The activity of purified human c‐src was measured in vitro using a non‐radioactive assay. Bath application of tyrphostin‐23 and genistein (non‐selective PTK inhibitors), bistyrphostin (a receptor‐PTK‐selective inhibitor) and PP1 (a src family‐selective inhibitor) inhibited I Ba in a concentration‐dependent manner over a range of test membrane potentials. Intracellular application of peptide‐A, a peptide inhibitor of c‐src also inhibited currents. Inhibitor potency series against I Ba was PP1 &gt; genistein &gt; tyrphostin 23 &gt; bistyrphostin. Tyrphostin‐23, genistein, PP1, and peptide‐A shifted the steady‐state inactivation curves in a hyperpolarized direction without altering their slope. The inhibitors had no significant effects on I Ba activation calculated from current‐voltage relationships. The agents inhibited c‐src activity in a concentration‐dependent manner. The order of potency was PP1 &gt; genistein &gt; peptide‐A &gt; tyrphostin‐23 &gt; bistyrphostin. The IC 50 for inhibition of c‐src activity was similar to the IC 50 for inhibition of I Ba in all cases. Western blot analysis with a specific antibody to c‐src showed the presence of this cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase in rabbit ear artery cells. A range of structurally dissimilar inhibitors of PTKs inhibit I Ba and c‐src activity with similar potency. These data provide further evidence implicating endogenous c‐src in the modulation of L‐type calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. British Journal of Pharmacology (2000) 129 , 1347–1354; doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703186
Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha. (1991)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) plays an important role in cytotoxicity and inhibition of tumor cells. Further studies on the structure, function and clinical application of TNF alpha will be useful. Nine clones of hybridoma secreting monoclonal antibodies against recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha (rHTNF alpha) were obtained by using cell fusion technology. None of the monoclonal antibodies cross-reacted with rIL-1, rIL-2, rIFN gamma, rIFN alpha and E. coli lysates. Western blot demonstrated that they specifically recognized the rHTNF antigen of M. W. 17000 daltons. Some of the antibodies can also recognize native rHTNF. These antibodies neutralized the cytotoxicity of rHTNF alpha to different extents. They will be utilized as immunoaffinity column to purify rHTNF alpha from recombinant E. coli lysates.
Glutamate Receptor Targeting to Synaptic Populations on Purkinje Cells Is Developmentally Regulated (1998)

Selective targeting of neurotransmitter receptors to specific synapse populations occurs in adult neurons, but little is known about the development of these receptor distribution patterns. In this study, we demonstrate that a specific developmental switch occurs in the targeting of a receptor to an identified synapse population. Localization of delta and AMPA glutamate receptors at parallel and climbing fiber synapses on the developing Purkinje cells was studied using postembedding immunogold. Delta receptors were found to be abundant on postsynaptic membranes at parallel fiber synapses from postnatal day 10 (P10) to adult. In contrast, delta receptors were found to be high at climbing fiber synapses only at P10 and P14. Thus, a major finding of this paper is that high levels of delta receptors are transiently expressed in climbing fiber synapses in the second postnatal week. Labeling of synapses with anti-delta receptor antibody at P10 was limited to the postsynaptic membrane of excitatory synapses and was absent from GABAergic synapses. Unlike delta receptor immunolabeling, AMPA receptor immunolabeling (GluR2/3 and GluR2 antibodies) was high in the postsynaptic membranes of synapses at early postnatal ages (P2 and P5) and was higher in climbing fiber synapses than in parallel fiber synapses from P10 to adult. The present study shows that synapse-specific targeting of glutamate receptors in Purkinje cells is developmentally regulated, with the postsynaptic receptor composition established during synapse maturation. This composition is not dependent on the nature of the initial establishment of synaptic connections.
Criteria For Complex Sources Separation (1996)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Trieste, Italy, 1996