gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and adsorption of a poly(n‐acetylethyleneimine)‐polyethyleneoxide‐poly (n‐acetylethyleneimine) triblock‐copolymer at a silica/solution interface. influence of its preadsorption on platelet adhesion and fibrinogen adsorption (1989)

The synthesis of a triblock copolymer poly-(N-acetylethyleneimine)-polyethylenoxide-poly(N-acet ylethyleneimine) includes two successive steps: the first is the functionalization of a poly(ethyleneglycol) precursor by creating sulfonic esters at its chain ends, the second uses these esters to initiate the cationic polymerization of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline. Homopolymers appear in the raw product; hence successive selective extractions of the copolymer with benzene and dioxane are necessary. The final yield in pure copolymer was 11%. The copolymer was characterized by UV and 1H-NMR spectrometry and light scattering. Adsorption isotherms were determined on silica, for varying pH and salt concentration. Optimum conditions for coating silica with the polymer were determined. The efficiency of this precoating to reduce the adsorption of fibrinogen was very high (99.2% reduction with respect to bare silica). Steric exclusion chromatography of a variety of proteins gave a satisfactory calibration curve. Platelet accumulation on copolymer precoated glass was reduced to 10-20% of its value on bare glass, a result superior to that obtained by albumin passivation of the same glass surface.
White Pages Meeting Report (1994)

This report describes the results of a meeting held at the November
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) in Houston, TX, on November 2,
1993, to discuss the future of and approaches to a white pages
directory services for the Internet. This memo provides information
for the Internet community. This memo does not specify an Internet
standard of any kind.
Synthetic Biology Approaches to Engineering Human Cells (2013)

The field of synthetic biology seeks to revolutionize the scope and scale of what is currently feasible by genetic engineering. By focusing on engineering general signal processing platforms using modular genetic parts and devices rather than `one-off' systems, synthetic biologists aim to enable plug-and-play genetic circuits readily adaptable to different contexts. For mammalian systems, the goal of synthetic biology is to create sophisticated research tools and gene therapies. While several isolated parts and devices exist for mammalian systems there are few signal processing platforms available. We addressed this need by creating a transcriptional regulatory framework using programmable zinc finger (ZF) and TALE transcription factors and a conceptual framework for logical T-cell receptor signaling. We first engineered a large set of ZF activator and repressor transcription factors and response promoters. ZFs are scalable elements as they can be engineered to bind to given DNA sequences. We demonstrated that we could ‘tune’ the activity of the ZF transcription factors by fusing them to protein homo-dimerization domains and by modifying their response promoters. We also created OR and NOR logic gates using hybrid promoters and AND and NAND logic gates by reconstituting split zinc finger activators and repressors with split inteins. Next, using a computational algorithm we designed a series of TALE transcriptional activators and repressors predicted to be orthogonal to all 2kb human promoter regions and thus minimally interfere with endogenous gene expression. TALEs can be designed to bind to even longer DNA sequences than ZFs, however off-target binding is predicted to occur. We tested our computationally designed TALEs in human cells demonstrating that they activated their intended target genes, but not their likely endogenous off-target genes, nor synthetic promoters with binding site mismatches. Finally, we created a conceptual framework for logical T-cell-mediated killing of target cells expressing combinations of surface antigens. The systems consist of conventional and novel chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) containing inhibitory or co-stimulatory cytoplasmic signaling domains. In co-incubation assays of engineered T-cells with target cells we demonstrated a functioning OR-Gate system and progress toward development of a functional NOT-Gate system using the CD300a and CD45 inhibitory receptor domains.
USE OF MULTILAYER FEEDFORWARD NEURAL NETS AS A DISPLAY METHOD FOR MULTIDIMENSIONAL DISTRIBUTIONS (1995)

We present a new method based on multilayer feedforward neural nets for displaying an n-dimensional distribution in a projected space of 1, 2 or 3 dimensions. A fully nonlinear net with several hidden layers is used. Efficient learning is achieved using multi-seed backpropagation. As a principal component analysis (PCA), the proposed method is useful for extracting information on the structure of the data set, but unlike the PCA, the transformation between the original distribution and the projected one is not restricted to be linear. Artificial examples and a real application are presented in order to show the reliability and potential of the method.
Novel two-step SDB technology for high-performance thin-film SOI/MOSFET applications (1989)

A novel two-step oxided silicon wafer direct bonding process (TSDB) for fabricating high-quality SOI substrates is presented, which has no contamination, no complex thinning process and no subsurface damage. The fracture strength of the SOI/TSDB material is 180 kg/cm2. SOI/TSDB NMOS and PMOS devices (0.8–3μm) have shown that the typical values of electron and hole surface channel mobility are 680 and 320cm2/Vs, respectively. A high device transconductance end high on-off current ratio have also been obtained.
Non‐canonical roles of tRNAs and tRNA mimics in bacterial cell biology (2016)

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are the macromolecules that transfer activated amino acids from aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to the ribosome, where they are used for the mRNA guided synthesis of proteins. Transfer RNAs are ancient molecules, perhaps even predating the existence of the translation machinery. Albeit old, these molecules are tremendously conserved, a characteristic that is well illustrated by the fact that some bacterial tRNAs are efficient and specific substrates of eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and ribosomes. Considering their ancient origin and high structural conservation, it is not surprising that tRNAs have been hijacked during evolution for functions outside of translation. These roles beyond translation include synthetic, regulatory and information functions within the cell. Here we provide an overview of the non-canonical roles of tRNAs and their mimics in bacteria, and discuss some of the common themes that arise when comparing these different functions.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor in Glycerol-induced Acute Renal Failure (1997)

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) facilitates the regeneration of injured kidney in acute renal failure (ARF). Here we investigated the HGF production in glycerol-induced ARF rats. HGF mRNA expression levels were elevated in liver, spleen, and lung 6-24 h after glycerol injection. Tissue HGF protein levels determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay also increased in liver and spleen, whereas they decreased in the injured kidney 24 h after injection. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the number of HGF-producing cells did not increase in the liver. HGF receptor/c-Met mRNA levels were elevated only in the kidney. These results indicate that HGF supplied in an endocrine manner may play an important role in the regenerating process following ARF.
Diagnostic significance of blood eosinophil count in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in Chinese adults (2012)

Eosinophilic and noneosinophilic CRSwNP displayed significant differences in certain clinical features. Peripheral blood eosinophil count could distinguish eosinophilic and noneosinophilic CRSwNP in Chinese adults.
Direct determination of the attenuation coefficient for radionuclide volume measurements. (1987)

Correcting for the attenuation of photons between the cardiac chambers and chest surface is crucial for accurate nongeometric ventricular volume determinations from equilibrium radionuclide angiograms. Previous techniques have assumed that the attenuation coefficient of water for 99mTc (0.15/cm) should be used for this correction. In this study, this assumption was tested directly by measuring attenuation of the activity of a radioactive source within the right and left cardiac chambers. The balloon of a flow-directed catheter, filled with 99mTc, was used as a source and its depth within the body was measured with biplane fluoroscopy. In ten patients, a total of 36 measurements of attenuation were made. With linear regression analysis, the overall calculated attenuation coefficient, mu, was 0.12/cm (standard error of slope = 0.01, R = 0.93). Although the mean value of mu varied from 0.08 to 0.13 for four different intracardiac locations these differences were not significant. These direct measurements indicate that the attenuation of photons in the heart is not equivalent to that of water and suggest that an attenuation coefficient of 0.12/cm should be used in analyzing ventricular activity.
Safety and Shedding of an Attenuated Strain ofListeria monocytogeneswith a Deletion ofactA/plcBin Adult Volunteers: a Dose Escalation Study of Oral Inoculation (2002)

Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular bacterial pathogen which causes bacteremia and has a tropism for the central nervous system and a propensity to cause maternofetal infection. L. monocytogenes has been shown to be an effective prophylactic and a therapeutic vaccine vector for viral and tumor antigens in animal models. L. monocytogenes mutants lacking the ActA protein, which is essential for intracellular movement, are attenuated but retain immunogenicity in mice. Given the pathogenic potential of L. monocytogenes, we created an attenuated mutant strain bearing double deletions in the actA and plcB virulence genes for an initial clinical safety study of a prototype L. monocytogenes vector in adults. Twenty healthy volunteers received single escalating oral doses (10(6) to 10(9) CFU, 4 volunteers per dose cohort) of this attenuated L. monocytogenes, designated LH1169. Volunteers were monitored in the hospital for 14 days with frequent clinical checks and daily blood and stool cultures, and they were monitored for six additional weeks as outpatients. There were no positive blood cultures and no fevers attributable to the investigational inoculation. Most volunteers shed vaccine bacteria for 4 days or less, without diarrhea. One volunteer had a late positive stool culture during outpatient follow-up. Three volunteers had abnormal liver function test results temporally associated with inoculation; one could be reasonably attributed to another cause. In the highest-dose cohort, humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses to the investigational organism were detected in individual volunteers. Attenuated L. monocytogenes can be studied in adult volunteers without serious long-term health sequelae.
Controlled Synthesis of Siloxane Polymers and Siloxane-Siloxane Block Copolymers with 3-Chloropropyl Groups Pendant to the Siloxane Chain (2001)

Linear polysiloxanes bearing 3-chloropropyl groups pendant to the polymer chain and containing a vinyl functional group at one chain end were synthesized by anionic ring polymerizations of 2,4,6-tri(3-chloropropyl)-2,4,6-trimethylcyclotrisiloxane, 1, and 2-(3-chloropropyl)-2,4,4,6,6-pentamethylcyclotrisiloxane, 2, initiated with butyl lithium or lithium silanolate in tetrahydrofuran. The polymerizations led to high yields of polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions. The precise functionalizations of the polymers were performed by a termination method quenching the polymerization by dimethylvinylchlorosilane. Diblock copolymers AB of narrow molecular weight distribution and a high topological purity were obtained by the sequential anionic copolymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, D3, with monomers 1 and 2.
Long-Term Safety and Function of RPE from Human Embryonic Stem Cells in Preclinical Models of Macular Degeneration (2009)

Assessments of safety and efficacy are crucial before human ESC (hESC) therapies can move into the clinic. Two important early potential hESC applications are the use of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt disease, an untreatable form of macular dystrophy that leads to early-onset blindness. Here we show long-term functional rescue using hESC-derived RPE in both the RCS rat and Elov14 mouse, which are animal models of retinal degeneration and Stargardt, respectively. Good Manufacturing Practice-compliant hESC-RPE survived subretinal transplantation in RCS rats for prolonged periods (>220 days). The cells sustained visual function and photoreceptor integrity in a dose-dependent fashion without teratoma formation or untoward pathological reactions. Near-normal functional measurements were recorded at >60 days survival in RCS rats. To further address safety concerns, a Good Laboratory Practice-compliant study was carried out in the NIH III immune-deficient mouse model. Long-term data (spanning the life of the animals) showed no gross or microscopic evidence of teratoma/tumor formation after subretinal hESC-RPE transplantation. These results suggest that hESCs could serve as a potentially safe and inexhaustible source of RPE for the efficacious treatment of a range of retinal degenerative diseases.
Cell cycle‐ and growth phase‐dependent variations in size distribution, antibody productivity, and oxygen demand in hybridoma cultures (1990)

Simultaneous determination of cell size and DNA content of hybridomas (HB-32) revealed a direct correlation between average cell volume and progression through the cell cycle. Pseudocontinuous experiments showed that G(1) cells, as estimated from cell size measurements, secreted monoclonal antibody at rates higher than those of cells in other stages of interphase and mitosis. Similarly, fed-batch and batch experiments suggested that specific oxygen uptake rate (qO(2)) is also a function of cell cycle, being minimum for cells in G(0) and G(1) phase. In batch cultures, HB-32 showed a rapid decrease in oxygen uptake rate (OUR) just prior to reaching maximum cell concentration. The OUR steadily increased from 0.01-0.05 to 0.5-0.7 mmol O(2)/L h as the cells went from the lag to the midexponential phase. The qO(2) increased from 0.3 x 10(-10)-0.9 x 10(-10) mmol O(2)/cell h at inoculation to 3.3 x 10(-10)-3.7 x 10(-10) mmol O(2)/cell h during the early exponential phase where it remained relatively constant. Several hours before maximum cell concentration was reached, OUR and qO(2) rapidly decreased to levels below those observed at inoculation. The time at which the shift in OUR and qO(2) occurred and the onset of decrease in the average cell size corresponded to the time of glutamine depletion. Based on monitoring OUR on-line in batch cultures, glutamine was supplemented, resulting in increased cell concentration, extension of culture viability, and increased MAb concentration.
Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction (1999)

Foreword. Preface. 1 Geographical Information Systems and Graphical Information. 2 Historical Development: Geographical Data and GIS. 3 From the Real World to GIS. 4 Basic Data Models. 5 Advanced Data Models. 6 Georeferencing Systems. 7 Hardware and Communication Technology for GIS Applications. 8 Basic Software and Databases for GIS. 9 Data Collection I. 10 Data Collection II. 11 Data Quality. 12 Database Implementation and Spatial Indexing. 13 Housekeeping Tools. 14 Basic Spatial Analysis. 15 Advanced Analysis. 16 Visualization. 17 Choosing a GIS: Organizational Issues. 18 Choosing a GIS: Technical Issues. 19 Standards and Geospatial Infrastructure. 20 Formal Problems in Establishing GIS. 21 A Vision for the Future. References. Index.
Deglycosylation, processing and crystallization of human testis angiotensin-converting enzyme (2003)

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) is a highly glycosylated type I integral membrane protein. A series of underglycosylated testicular ACE (tACE) glycoforms, lacking between one and five N-linked glycosylation sites, were used to assess the role of glycosylation in tACE processing, crystallization and enzyme activity. Whereas underglycosylated glycoforms showed differences in expression and processing, their kinetic parameters were similar to that of native tACE. N-glycosylation of Asn-72 or Asn-109 was necessary and sufficient for the production of enzymically active tACE but glycosylation of Asn-90 alone resulted in rapid intracellular degradation. All mutants showed similar levels of phorbol ester stimulation and were solubilized at the same juxtamembrane cleavage site as the native enzyme. Two mutants, tACEDelta36-g1234 and -g13, were successfully crystallized, diffracting to 2.8 and 3.0 A resolution respectively. Furthermore, a truncated, soluble tACE (tACEDelta36NJ), expressed in the presence of the glucosidase-I inhibitor N -butyldeoxynojirimycin, retained the activity of the native enzyme and yielded crystals belonging to the orthorhombic P2(1)2(1)2(1) space group (cell dimensions, a=56.47 A, b=84.90 A, c=133.99 A, alpha=90 degrees, beta=90 degrees and gamma=90 degrees ). These crystals diffracted to 2.0 A resolution. Thus underglycosylated human tACE mutants, lacking O-linked oligosaccharides and most N-linked oligosaccharides or with only simple N-linked oligosaccharides attached throughout the molecule, are suitable for X-ray diffraction studies.
Implications of the binding of tamoxifen to the coactivator recognition site of the estrogen receptor (2008)

A number of studies have reported on the unusual pharmacological behavior of type I antiestrogens, such as tamoxifen. These agents display mixed agonist/antagonist activity in a dose-, cell-, and tissue-specific manner. Consequently, many efforts have been made to develop so-called 'pure' antiestrogens that lack mixed agonist/antagonist activity. The recent report of the structure of estrogen receptor (ER) beta with a second molecule of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (HT) bound in the coactivator-binding surface of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) represents the first direct example of a second ER ligand-binding site and provides insight into the possible origin of mixed agonist/antagonist activity of type I antiestrogens. In this review, we summarize the biological reports leading up to the structural conformation of a second ER ligand-binding site, compare the ERbeta LBD structure bound with two HT molecules to other ER structures, and discuss the potential for small molecular inhibitors designed to directly inhibit ER-coactivator and, more generally, nuclear receptor (NR)-coactivator interactions. The studies support a departure from the traditional paradigm of drug targeting to the ligand-binding site, to that of a rational approach targeting a functionally important surface, namely the NR coactivator-binding (activation function-2) surface. Furthermore, we provide evidence supporting a reevaluation of the strict interpretation of the agonist/antagonist state with respect to the position of helix 12 in the NR LBD.
Stimulation of humoral antibody formation by polyanions. I. The effect of polyacrylic acid on the primary immune response in mice immunized with sheep red blood cells (1971)

Abstract The effect of a polyanion, polyacrylic acid, on the primary immune response in mice inoculated with sheep red blood cells was investigated. Polyacrylic acid caused early appearence and enhancement of 19 S and 7 S plaque‐forming cell response in mice from 48 h to 10 days after antigen inoculation. Hemolytic antibody titers confirm these results. The degree of the stimulation of the immune response by PAAC was dependent on the antigen and PAAC doses and their routes of administration. The polyanion also increased the background of 19 S plaque‐forming cells in nonimmunized mice and the serum γ‐globulin levels. The effects of polyacrylic acid and the effects caused by natural or synthetic polynucleotides and pyrancopolymer on immune response suggest that the polyanionic structure common to these substances may be responsible for their stimulating activity.
Divergent Pathways of C−H Bond Activation:  Reactions of (t-Bu3PN)2TiMe2 with Trimethylaluminum (2002)

The reaction of AlMe(3) with (t-Bu(3)PN)(2)TiMe(2) 1 proceeds via competitive reactions of metathesis and C-H activation leading ultimately to two Ti complexes: [(mu(2)-t-Bu(3)PN)Ti(mu-Me)(mu(4)-C)(AlMe(2))(2)](2) 2, [(t-Bu(3)PN)Ti(mu(2)-t-Bu(3)PN)(mu(3)-CH(2))(2)(AlMe(2))(2)(AlMe(3))] 3, and the byproduct (Me(2)Al)(2)(mu-CH(3))(mu-NP(t-Bu(3))) 4. X-ray structural data for 2 and 3 are reported. Compound 3 undergoes thermolysis to generate a new species [Ti(mu(2)-t-Bu(3)PN)(2)(mu(3)-CH(2))(mu(3)-CH)(AlMe(2))(3)] 5. Monitoring of the reaction of 1 with AlMe(3) by (31)P[(1)H] NMR spectroscopy revealed intermediates including (t-Bu(3)PN)TiMe(3) 6. Compound 6 was shown to react with AlMe(3) to give 2 exclusively. Kinetic studies revealed that the sequence of reactions from 6 to 2 involves an initial C-H activation that is a second-order reaction, dependent on the concentration of Ti and Al. The second-order rate constant k(1) was 3.9(5) x 10(-4) M(-1) s(-1) (DeltaH(#) = 63(2) kJ/mol, DeltaS(#) = -80(6) J/mol x K). The rate constants for the subsequent C-H activations leading to 2 were determined to be k(2) = 1.4(2) x 10(-3) s(-1) and k(3) = 7(1) x 10(-3) s(-1). Returning to the more complex reaction of 1, the rate constant for the ligand metathesis affording 4 and 6 was k(met) = 6.1(5) x 10(-5) s(-1) (DeltaH(#) = 37(3) kJ/mol, DeltaS(#) = -203(9) J/mol x K). The concurrent reaction of 1 leading to 3 was found to proceed with a rate constant of k(obs) of 6(1) x 10(-5) s(-1) (DeltaH(#) = 62(5) kJ/mol, DeltaS(#)= -118(17) J/mol x K). Using these kinetic data for these reactions, a stochastic kinetic model was used to compute the concentration profiles of the products and several intermediates with time for reactions using between 10 and 27 equivalents of AlMe(3). These models support the view that equilibrium between 1 x AlMe(3) and 1 x (AlMe(3))(2) accounts for varying product ratios with the concentration of AlMe(3). In a similar vein, similar equilibria account for the transient concentrations of 6 and an intermediate en route to 3. The implications of these reactions and kinetic and thermodynamic data for both C-H bond activation and deactivation pathways for Ti-phosphinimide olefin polymerization catalysts are considered and discussed.
Stereoselective synthesis of β-substituted α,β-unsaturated esters by dialkylcuprate coupling to the enol phosphate of β-keto esters (1979)

The anions from β-keto esters or β-diketones were reacted with diethyl phosphorochloridate to yield the corresponding enol phosphates. These enol phosphates were coupled with dialkylcuprates to produce the β-substituted α,β-unsaturated esters or ketones in good yield. Starting from acyclic β-keto esters this sequence was used to stereoselectively generate tri- and tetrasubstituted olefins.