gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coordinated clearance of periciliary liquid and mucus from airway surfaces. (1998)

Airway surface liquid is comprised of mucus and an underlying, watery periciliary liquid (PCL). In contrast to the well-described axial transport of mucus along airway surfaces via ciliary action, theoretical analyses predict that the PCL is nearly stationary. Conventional and confocal microscopy of fluorescent microspheres and photoactivated fluorescent dyes were used with well-differentiated human tracheobronchial epithelial cell cultures exhibiting spontaneous, radial mucociliary transport to study the movements of mucus and PCL. These studies showed that the entire PCL is transported at approximately the same rate as mucus, 39.2+/-4.7 and 39.8+/-4.2 micrometer/sec, respectively. Removing the mucus layer reduced PCL transport by > 80%, to 4.8+/-0.6 micrometer/sec, a value close to that predicted from theoretical analyses of the ciliary beat cycle. Hence, the rapid movement of PCL is dependent upon the transport of mucus. Mucus-dependent PCL transport was spatially uniform and exceeded the rate expected for pure frictional coupling with the overlying mucus layer; hence, ciliary mixing most likely accelerates the diffusion of momentum from mucus into the PCL. The cephalad movement of PCL along airway epithelial surfaces makes this mucus-driven transport an important component of salt and water physiology in the lung in health and disease.
Porous silicon‐based scaffolds for tissue engineering and other biomedical applications (2005)

Abstract This work describes the formation of porous composite materials based on a combination of bioactive mesoporous silicon and bioerodible polymers such as poly‐caprolactone (PCL). The fabrication of a range of composites prepared by both salt leaching and microemulsion techniques are discussed. Particular attention to the influence of Si content in the composite on in vitro calcification assays are assessed. For each system, cytotoxicity and cellular proliferation are explicitly evaluated through fibroblast cell culture assays. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Introduction to Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology Supplement ‘Horizons in Gastroenterlogy’ (1990)

"Introduction to Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology Supplement ‘Horizons in Gastroenterlogy’." Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 25(sup175), p. v
Percolation based synthesis (1990)

A new approach called Percolation Based Synthesis for the scheduling phase of High Level Synthesis (HLS) is presented. We discuss some new techniques (which are implemented in our tools) for compaction of flow graphs beyond basic blocks limits, which can produce order of magnitude speed ups versus serial execution. Our algorithm applies to programs with conditional jumps, loops and multicycle pipelined operations. In order to schedule under resource constraints we start by first finding the optimal schedule (without constraints) and then add heuristics to map the optimal schedule onto the given system. We argue that starting from an optimal schedule is one of the most important factors in scheduling because it offers the user flexibility to tune the heuristics and gives him a good bound for the resource constrained schedule. This scheduling algorithm is integrated with synthesis tool which uses VHDL as input description and produces a structural netlist of generic register-transfer components and a unit based control table as output. We show that our algorithm obtains better results than previously published algorithms.
New Remediation Technology Enables Removal of Residual Polymer in Hydraulic Fractures (2010)

Abstract Over the past decade, the majority of wells drilled have required hydraulic fracturing treatments to become economically profitable. The primary objective for hydraulic fracturing is to create a high-conductivity path from the wellbore to deep within the hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir. The most widely used fracturing fluid systems have been crosslinked polymer fluids. These fluids exhibit exceptional viscosity, thermal stability, proppant transportability, and fluid leakoff control. However, a major drawback of crosslinked polymer fluids is the amount of polymer residue they too often leave behind, which causes fracture conductivity loss. This paper presents new remediation technology that will enable post-treatment removal of residual polymer from hydraulic fractures. The new technique uses nanoparticle-associated surfactants in brine that generate crosslinked-polymer-like fluid viscosity. The new fluid technology offers wall-building leakoff control that will help direct and keep the treatment fluid within the hydraulic fracture. Discussed is how new internal breakers have been developed, which remain within the surfactant micelle structures wherever they go during the treatment. After targeted remedial fluid placement and micelle breaking within the hydraulic fracture, polymer breakers held by viscosity are released to degrade the residual polymer mass within the fracture. Further presented are the components, mechanisms, and performance characteristics of the surfactant micellar fluid system and its potential for removing residual crosslinked polymer from proppant media.
Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Vision (2016)

Convolutional networks are at the core of most state of-the-art computer vision solutions for a wide variety of tasks. Since 2014 very deep convolutional networks started to become mainstream, yielding substantial gains in various benchmarks. Although increased model size and computational cost tend to translate to immediate quality gains for most tasks (as long as enough labeled data is provided for training), computational efficiency and low parameter count are still enabling factors for various use cases such as mobile vision and big-data scenarios. Here we are exploring ways to scale up networks in ways that aim at utilizing the added computation as efficiently as possible by suitably factorized convolutions and aggressive regularization. We benchmark our methods on the ILSVRC 2012 classification challenge validation set demonstrate substantial gains over the state of the art: 21:2% top-1 and 5:6% top-5 error for single frame evaluation using a network with a computational cost of 5 billion multiply-adds per inference and with using less than 25 million parameters. With an ensemble of 4 models and multi-crop evaluation, we report 3:5% top-5 error and 17:3% top-1 error on the validation set and 3:6% top-5 error on the official test set.
The Effect of Q-Switched Ruby Laser Radiation on Dermal Tattoo Pigment in Man (1967)

SURGICAL tattoo removal is generally unsatisfactory.<sup>1</sup>Total excision or partial excision in stages usually leaves a noticeable, wide scar. Complete excision and skin grafting not only scar the site of the tattoo but the skin graft donor site as well. Many patients accept the surgical treatment for tattoos only because the social stigma of the tattoo is of greater hindrance than the scarring. The laser is uniquely adapted for this surgical problem. Emitting a brief (8 to 10 nanosecond (nsec) Q-pulsed; 1.8 msec long pulse) narrow band (6,943 Angstroms) of high energy light (100 megawatt), the ruby laser beam, as any light, is absorbed more by dark substances than by light substances. A large amount of laser energy is delivered accurately to the target area and one is able to capitalize on the differential uptake of light energy by dark versus light materials. It can be done without
Effects of aging on the formation of ester forms of riboflavin in the rat lens. (1986)

We studied the effects of aging on the formation of ester forms of riboflavin in the lens of rats. The formation was highest in newborn and 2-week-old rats; a sharp decrease was noted at one month, thereafter it continued to decrease gradually reaching a plateau at 3 months. In general, esterification of riboflavin was higher in female than male rats. We found that a decrease in the esterification of riboflavin with increasing age is a characteristic change in the rat lens. This finding may help to clarify the pathogenesis of senescent change in the lens.
High Mobility Group B1 Protein Suppresses the Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Response to TLR9 Agonists (2006)

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) are innate immune effector cells that are recruited to sites of chronic inflammation, where they modify the quality and nature of the adaptive immune response. PDCs modulate adaptive immunity in response to signals delivered within the local inflammatory milieu by pathogen- or damage-associated molecular pattern, molecules, and activated immune cells (including NK, T, and myeloid dendritic cells). High mobility group B1 (HMGB1) is a recently identified damage-associated molecular pattern that is released during necrotic cell death and also secreted from activated macrophages, NK cells, and mature myeloid dendritic cells. We have investigated the effect of HMGB1 on the function of PDCs. In this study, we demonstrate that HMGB1 suppresses PDC cytokine secretion and maturation in response to TLR9 agonists including the hypomethylated oligodeoxynucleotide CpG- and DNA-containing viruses. HMGB1-inhibited secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines including IFN-alpha, IL-6, TNF-alpha, inducible protein-10, and IL-12. In addition, HMGB1 prevented the CpG induced up-regulation of costimulatory molecules on the surface of PDC and potently suppressed their ability to drive generation of IFN-gamma-secreting T cells. Our observations suggest that HMGB1 may play a critical role in regulating the immune response during chronic inflammation and tissue damage through modulation of PDC function.
Crystallization and some properties of chondroitinase from Arthrobacter aurescens. (1975)

A strain of Arthrobacter aurescens which secretes a large amount of chondroitinase into a culture broth, was isolated from soil. The chondroitinase was purified 380-fold over culture broth in 24% yield and crystallized. Some properties of the purified enzyme were studied and described: thermal stability (below 45 degrees), pH stability (pH 4.9 to 7.4), optimum temperature (50 degrees), and optimum pH (pH 6.0). Chrondroitin sulfate A and C, chondroitin, and hyaluronic acid were split by the enzyme but dermatan sulfate could not be. The initial rates of enzymic degradation of chondroitin sulfate C, chondroitin, and hyaluronic acid were 1.1, 1.95, and 3.2, respectively, compared to that of chondroitin sulfate A. When the enzyme was allowed to act on chondroitin sulfate A and C, the reducing power and the ultraviolet absorption at 232 nm increased proportionally to the decrease in viscosity of the substrate solution. Finally these substrates were degraded to the extent of 100% to disaccharides. By the enzyme action the main products from chondroitin sulfate A and C were deta 4,5-unsaturated disaccharides, which were identified as 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(Beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-4-O-sulfo-D-galactose and 2-acet-amido-2-deoxy-3-O-(Beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-6-O-sulfo-D-galactose by paper chromatography, ultraviolet absorption spectroscophy, and infrared spectroscopy. Thus it is suggested that the chondroitinase is a chondroitin sulfate A and C lyase, one of the hyaluronate lyases (EC 4.2.99.1).
Three-Dimensional Imaging of Ventricular Activation and Electrograms From Intracavitary Recordings (2010)

Three-dimensional (3-D) mapping of the ventricular activation is of importance to better understand the mechanisms and facilitate management of ventricular arrhythmias. The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate a 3-D cardiac electrical imaging (3DCEI) approach for imaging myocardial electrical activation from the intracavitary electrograms (EGs) and heart-torso geometry information over the 3-D volume of the heart. The 3DCEI was evaluated in a swine model undergoing intracavitary noncontact mapping (NCM). Each animal's preoperative MRI data were acquired to construct the heart-torso model. NCM was performed with the Ensite 3000 system during acute ventricular pacing. Subsequent 3DCEI analyses were performed on the measured intracavitary EGs. The estimated initial sites (ISs) were compared to the precise pacing locations, and the estimated activation sequences (ASs) and EGs were compared to those recorded by the NCM system over the endocardial surface. In total, six ventricular sites from two pigs were paced. The averaged localization error of IS was 6.7 ± 2.6 mm. The endocardial ASs and EGs as a subset of the estimated 3-D solutions were consistent with those reconstructed from the NCM system. The present results demonstrate that the intracavitary-recording-based 3DCEI approach can well localize the sites of initiation and can obtain physiologically reasonable ASs as well as EGs in an in vivo setting under control/paced conditions. This study suggests the feasibility of tomographic imaging of 3-D ventricular activation and 3-D EGs from intracavitary recordings.
Fibroblast growth factor 21 promotes bone loss by potentiating the effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (2012)

The endocrine hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a powerful modulator of glucose and lipid metabolism and a promising drug for type 2 diabetes. Here we identify FGF21 as a potent regulator of skeletal homeostasis. Both genetic and pharmacologic FGF21 gain of function lead to a striking decrease in bone mass. In contrast, FGF21 loss of function leads to a reciprocal high-bone-mass phenotype. Mechanistically, FGF21 inhibits osteoblastogenesis and stimulates adipogenesis from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by potentiating the activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ). Consequently, FGF21 deletion prevents the deleterious bone loss side effect of the PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone. Therefore, FGF21 is a critical rheostat for bone turnover and a key integrator of bone and energy metabolism. These results reveal that skeletal fragility may be an undesirable consequence of chronic FGF21 administration.
Direct action of estrogen on sequence of progression of human preneoplastic breast disease. (1998)

We have used the MCF10AT xenograft model of human proliferative breast disease to examine the early effects of estradiol exposure on morphological progression of preneoplastic lesions and to define the step(s) in the morphological sequence at which estrogen may act. The effects of estradiol on neoplastic progression of estrogen-receptor-positive MCF10AT cells in the orthotopic site were examined in ovariectomized female nude mice that received subcutaneous administration of implants of 17beta-estradiol or placebo pellets. At 10 weeks, histological analysis of the lesions derived from the estrogen-supplemented group revealed that 92% of lesions displayed histological features of atypical hyperplasia, carcinoma in situ, or invasive carcinoma, and the remaining 8% exhibited histological features of moderate hyperplasia. These highly proliferative lesions are in marked contrast to the control group in which 60% of samples displayed no evidence of hyperplasia. In contrast with control xenografts, estrogen-exposed xenografts demonstrated extensive areas of papillary growth, adenosis-like areas, prominent host inflammatory infiltration, and angiogenesis. Our results suggest that estrogen exerts a growth-promoting effect on benign or premalignant ductal epithelium by enhancing 1) the frequency of lesion formation, 2) the size of lesions, 3) the speed of transformation from normal/mild hyperplasia to those with atypia, 4) the degree of dysplasia, and 5) angiogenesis.
Bacterial endophytes: recent developments and applications (2007)

Endophytic bacteria have been found in virtually every plant studied, where they colonize the internal tissues of their host plant and can form a range of different relationships including symbiotic, mutualistic, commensalistic and trophobiotic. Most endophytes appear to originate from the rhizosphere or phyllosphere; however, some may be transmitted through the seed. Endophytic bacteria can promote plant growth and yield and can act as biocontrol agents. Endophytes can also be beneficial to their host by producing a range of natural products that could be harnessed for potential use in medicine, agriculture or industry. In addition, it has been shown that they have the potential to remove soil contaminants by enhancing phytoremediation and may play a role in soil fertility through phosphate solubilization and nitrogen fixation. There is increasing interest in developing the potential biotechnological applications of endophytes for improving phytoremediation and the sustainable production of nonfood crops for biomass and biofuel production.
Stiffness mapping for parallel manipulators (1990)

Mechanical systems containing closed-loop kinematic chains can exhibit special types of singularities that result in a loss of controllability of the element of interest (output link or gripper link). Therefore, it is very important for the designer to be able to predict this type of behavior. The approach used by the author is to establish stiffness or conditioning maps of the workspace of the manipulator. A method for obtaining these maps for planar and spatial parallel manipulators is presented. The maps reveal the existence of zones where the stiffness is not acceptable and also help the designer by providing a more accurate representation of the properties of the manipulator.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
ROOF BOUNDARY EXTRACTION USING MULTIPLE IMAGES (2003)

Abstract Urban area building extraction is one of the most challenging problems in photogrammetry. Well‐extracted buildings are needed for a variety of applications, such as cartography, building GIS databases for cities, and urban planning. This paper presents a new technique to extract 3D building wire‐frames using a robust multi‐image line‐matching algorithm. Although one pair of images is adequate to find the 3D position of two visibly corresponding image features, it is not sufficient to solve the general building extraction problem due to obscured parts in the building. Four images are used in this research to extract the building wire‐frames. First the images are segmented into regions. Regions are then classified into roof regions and non‐roof regions based on their size, shape, and intensity values. The roof region boundary pixels are located and used to find the region perimeters. Region correspondence is solved in a pair‐wise mode over all images using the epipolar constraint, region size, region shape, and region intensity values. Image lines within the corresponding regions are matched over all images simultaneously by first creating a plane for each region line. Planes are then intersected simultaneously and geometric consistency is used to determine acceptance or rejection. Results with high overlap and sidelap aerial images are presented and evaluated. The results show the completeness and accuracy that this method can provide for extracting complex urban buildings. The average coordinate accuracy is about 0·8 m using 1:4000 scale aerial photographs scanned at 30 μ m. Six buildings were examined; the line detection rate is 98%.
Initializing normal mixtures of densities (2002)

It is well known that log-likelihood function for finite mixtures usually has local maxima and therefore the iterative EM algorithm for maximum-likelihood estimation of mixtures may be starting-point dependent. In this paper we propose a method of choosing initial parameters of mixtures which includes two stages: 1) computation of nonparametric optimally smoothed kernel estimate of the unknown density; and 2) optimal weighting of the smoothed kernel estimate using essential kernels as the initial estimate of the mixture. All the optimization tasks make use of a suitably modified EM algorithm. The properties and computational aspects of the proposed method are illustrated by a numerical example and some application possibilities are considered.
Roles of histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases in gene regulation (1998)

Acetylation of internal lysine residues of core histone N-terminal domains has been found correlatively associated with transcriptional activation in eukaryotes for more than three decades. Recent discoveries showing that several transcriptional regulators possess intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and deacetylase (HDAC) activities strongly suggest that histone acetylation and deacetylation each plays a causative role in regulating transcription. Intriguingly, several HATs have been shown an ability to acetylate nonhistone protein substrates (e.g., transcription factors) in vitro as well, suggesting the possibility that internal lysine acetylation of multiple proteins exists as a rapid and reversible regulatory mechanism much like protein phosphorylation. This article reviews recent developments in histone acetylation and transcriptional regulation. We also discuss several important, yet unanswered, questions.
Microvessel density in prostate cancer: prognostic and therapeutic utility. (1998)

Microvessel density is a promising prognostic factor in management of patients with prostate cancer. Unlike cancer cell-based factors, microvessel density is a host stromal factor that has apparently limited heterogeneity within a cancer. Its predictive value for pathological stage has been demonstrated in most but not all reports. Further, recent studies reveal that microvessel density may be predictive of cancer recurrence and perhaps survival in some patients. Inhibition of angiogenesis may be an effective chemopreventive approach, particularly for men at high risk of prostate cancer. The patient described in the case study may benefit from microvessel density determination. Manual or computer-assisted counting of microvessels in the diagnostic needle biopsy specimen would provide a value that could be compared with published findings to predict pathological stage and outcome, particularly in combination with Gleason score and serum prostate-specific antigen concentration. The probability of extraprostatic extension may be sufficiently high that a urologist may choose not to operate on the patient. Similarly, the probability of recurrence after surgery or radiation may be sufficiently high to warrant adjuvant therapy.
A multi-mode variable rate speech coder for CDMA cellular systems (2002)

This paper presents a multi-mode variable rate speech coder based on the CELP algorithm. The coder operates at a rate of 8.5 kbps, 4 kbps or 0.8 kbps with a 20 ms frame. The coder consists of five coding modes applied to distinct speech features. One out of the five coding modes is selected for each frame by using a mode selector which comprises a neural network and a speech power variation detector. To improve the coding performance, an inter-frame predictive LSP quantizer and a coding strategy for speech onsets are utilized. In low bit-rate speech coding, decoded speech quality is severely degraded in high background noise. A noise suppressor based on the spectral subtraction algorithm is also introduced in order to reduce background noises. We proposed this coder as a candidate for a new speech service standard of the North American CDMA digital cellular system IS-95. As a result of the first evaluation conducted by the Telecommunications Industry Association, the coder got the highest overall score on the tests in speech quality and average data rate.