gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gastrointestinal effects of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (2003)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) causes extensive damage to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The underlying mechanisms of gastric injury include topical irritant actions that disrupt the epithelial barrier, as well as the inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase (COX), which is predominantly the COX-1 isoform in the mucosa. This damage can be attenuated by antisecretory agents or by mucosal protective agents such as the synthetic prostanoids or nitric oxide (NO) donors. Compounds designed to attenuate topical irritancy, or have protective agents incorporated, such as NO-containing NSAIDs, the CINODs (cyclo-oxygenase-inhibiting NO-donating drugs) show reduced mucosal injury. NSAIDs also cause injury in the small intestine, which appears to result from initial COX inhibition, with subsequent translocation of indigenous bacteria, induction of NO synthase and production of the cytotoxic moiety, peroxynitrite. The COX-2 selective agents, the coxibs, which inhibit prostanoid biosynthesis at inflammatory sites, but not the endogenous protective prostanoids in the gut formed by COX-1, have proved so far to be a successful therapeutic approach to reducing NSAIDs GI damage. The clinical outcome of the use of the second generation of coxibs, and the newer NO NSAIDs is now awaited.
Diffusing information in organizational settings (2002)

Recommender systems selectively circulate information enriched with comments and feedback based on people's experience. These systems filter information in a semi-automatic and high-quality way in order to support a community during their work or leisure practices. However recommender systems are usually separate tools that require a degree of effort to be used, both when receiving information and to insert new feedback. In this paper we present our informal experiences with the use of multiple user interfaces (interactive large screen, email, paper and PDA) as means to improve the diffusion of information through an organizational unit and to improve access to information stored within an existing recommender system
Muscular dystrophies, the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion (2002)

Muscular dystrophies are associated with mutations in genes encoding several classes of proteins. These range from extracellular matrix and integral membrane proteins to cytoskeletal proteins, but also include a heterogeneous group of proteins including proteases, nuclear proteins, and signalling molecules. Muscular dystrophy phenotypes have also become evident in studies on various knockout mice defective in proteins not previously considered or known to be mutated in muscular dystrophies. Some unifying themes are beginning to emerge from all of these data. This review will consider recent advances in our understanding of the molecules involved and bring together data that suggest a role for the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion in muscular dystrophies.
Rigid bidentate nitrogen ligands in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis. 8. On the Mechanism of Formation of Homocoupled Products in the Carbon-Carbon Cross-Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by Palladium Complexes Containing Rigid Bidentate Nitrogen Ligands: Evidence for the Exchange of Organic Groups between Palladium and the Transmetalating Reagent (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRigid bidentate nitrogen ligands in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis. 8. On the Mechanism of Formation of Homocoupled Products in the Carbon-Carbon Cross-Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by Palladium Complexes Containing Rigid Bidentate Nitrogen Ligands: Evidence for the Exchange of Organic Groups between Palladium and the Transmetalating ReagentRob van Asselt and Cornelis J. ElsevierCite this: Organometallics 1994, 13, 5, 1972–1980Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00017a063https://doi.org/10.1021/om00017a063research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views653Altmetric-Citations74LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Application of the FD-TD method to modelling the electromagnetic radiation from heatsinks (1997)

Regulations in EMC are continually becoming increasingly stringent, conversely higher clock frequencies in IT equipment and higher switching rates in power conversion equipment lead to an increase in the electromagnetic radiation which the standards aim to control. Shielding forms one effective way of reducing unwanted radiated emissions, but where components need to be mounted externally on heatsinks, for cooling requirements, shielding is not possible. It therefore becomes important to know the radiation properties of a heatsink so that the correct one may be chosen to fit a particular application. This paper discusses the use of finite difference time domain (FD-TD) modelling to map out the radiation patterns from a common type of heatsink and explains how different dimensions of the heatsink affect this radiation. The modelled results are then validated with measurements.
Stacked Switched Capacitor Energy Buffer Architecture (2013)

Electrolytic capacitors are often used for energy buffering applications, including buffering between single-phase ac and dc. While these capacitors have high energy density compared to film and ceramic capacitors, their life is limited. This paper presents a stacked switched capacitor (SSC) energy buffer architecture and some of its topological embodiments, which when used with longer life film capacitors overcome this limitation while achieving effective energy densities comparable to electrolytic capacitors. The architectural approach is introduced along with design and control techniques. A prototype SSC energy buffer using film capacitors, designed for a 320 V dc bus and able to support a 135 W load, has been built and tested with a power factor correction circuit. It is shown that the SSC energy buffer can successfully replace limited-life electrolytic capacitors with much longer life film capacitors, while maintaining volume and efficiency at a comparable level.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure and Interconnections with Other Organelles (2013)

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large, continuous membrane-bound organelle comprised of functionally and structurally distinct domains including the nuclear envelope, peripheral tubular ER, peripheral cisternae, and numerous membrane contact sites at the plasma membrane, mitochondria, Golgi, endosomes, and peroxisomes. These domains are required for multiple cellular processes, including synthesis of proteins and lipids, calcium level regulation, and exchange of macromolecules with various organelles at ER-membrane contact sites. The ER maintains its unique overall structure regardless of dynamics or transfer at ER-organelle contacts. In this review, we describe the numerous factors that contribute to the structure of the ER.
Mechanisms of Neutralization of Influenza Virus on Mouse Tracheal Epithelial Cells by Mouse Monoclonal Polymeric IgA and Polyclonal IgM Directed Against the Viral Haemagglutinin (1990)

The mechanism of neutralization of a type A influenza virus by polyclonal IgM was similar for both tracheal epithelial and BHK cells. Maximum neutralization was only 90% and most (70%) of the virus failed to attach to inoculated cells. The remainder attached to N-acetylneuraminic acid receptors but was not internalized. IgM aggregated virus, but only at an IgM:virus ratio below the level required for neutralization. Failure to detect any loss of infectivity associated with aggregation suggested that aggregates were unstable. Monoclonal polymeric IgA neutralized virus more efficiently on BHK cells (99·9%) than the equivalent amounts of IgM (90%). Otherwise the mechanisms of IgA and IgM neutralization were similar, except that IgA-induced aggregation was coincident with loss of infectivity and may thus have contributed to it. However, IgA-neutralized virus attached to tracheal epithelial cells more efficiently than infectious virus, initially using a neuraminidase-sensitive receptor, but then becoming neuraminidase-resistant. Whether the latter IgA-virus complexes were internalized or attached to a neuraminidase-resistant receptor is not known. This use of differentiated murine cells with murine IgA gave neutralization data that differed qualitatively from those obtained with the same antibody and undifferentiated hamster cells.
Carditis Associated With Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection (1986)

A 16-year-old boy with acute perimyocarditis had serological evidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. The endomyocardial biopsy specimen showed grade 2 active lymphocytic myocarditis. A T-cell study suggested a cell-mediated immune process in the pathogenesis of carditis. Mycoplasma pneumoniae needs to be considered as a possible cause of acute carditis, and histological findings may influence management.
A Technetium-99m SPECT Imaging Agent Which Targets the Dopamine Transporter in Primate Brain (1997)

The dopamine transporter (DAT), located presynaptically on dopamine neurons, provides a marker for certain neurological diseases. In particular, the DAT is depleted in Parkinson's disease, and the extent of depletion correlates with the loss of dopamine. Herein we describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of technepine, the first 99mTc-labeled SPECT imaging agent which targets the dopamine transporter in striatum. We have demonstrated that the DAT can accommodate a chelating unit attached to the 8-amine function of a tropane skeleton. Further, we have demonstrated for the first time that a molecule can be designed to carry the radionuclide 99mTc across the blood-brain barrier in sufficient quantity to obtain in vivo images of the striatum in monkeys. This advance will undoubtedly lead to the design of new receptor and transporter-mediated 99mTc agents which can label specific transporter and receptor targets in the central nervous system.
Signal transduction in atherosclerosis: integration of cytokines and the eicosanoid network (1992)

Atherosclerosis can be defined in broad terms as a vascular disease accompanied by dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism and the accumulation of smooth muscle cells and macrophages within the vessel wall. At the interface of the blood and the vessel wall is the endothelium, which actively participates in a plethora of critical homeostatic functions in addition to affecting cholesterol trafficking in the underlying smooth muscle cell and macrophage. These events include: 1) inflammation resulting in release of cytokines, 2) changes in vascular reactivity causing release of endothelial cell derived relaxing factor (EDRF) and PGI2, and 3) control of vascular smooth cell proliferation via release of growth factors and growth suppressor molecules. Each process has been linked to the regulation of cholesterol accretion in the arterial cell. Furthermore, each homeostatic process is regulated by transmembrane signaling mechanisms at the lipid-protein interface of the membrane. Data have emerged recently indicating that biological response modifiers that trigger transmembrane signaling work in a sequential manner to control cell function. We review studies of the regulatory mechanisms of transmembrane signal transduction that advance the concept that phosphorylation of the specific protein components of the receptor machinery may result in a cooperative cellular response to ligands that will ultimately affect cholesterol delivery and trafficking within cells. We review recent data demonstrating that eicosanoids and cytokines released from one cell activate their receptors on neighboring cells, and interact with each other during this "cross-talk phenomenon." Cross-talking among phosphorylation reactions involving, for example, protein kinases A and C and tyrosine protein kinase, coupled with the highly regulated eicosanoid pathways and the diacylglycerol-phosphatidyl inositol (DG-PI) system, are discussed in terms of their metabolic impact on cholesterol delivery, intracellular processing, and efflux.
Historical perspectives on tumor necrosis factor and its superfamily: 25 years later, a golden journey (2011)

Although activity that induced tumor regression was observed and termed tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as early as the 1960s, the true identity of TNF was not clear until 1984, when Aggarwal and coworkers reported, for the first time, the isolation of 2 cytotoxic factors: one, derived from macrophages (molecular mass 17 kDa), was named TNF, and the second, derived from lymphocytes (20 kDa), was named lymphotoxin. Because the 2 cytotoxic factors exhibited 50% amino acid sequence homology and bound to the same receptor, they came to be called TNF-α and TNF-β. Identification of the protein sequences led to cloning of their cDNA. Based on sequence homology to TNF-α, now a total of 19 members of the TNF superfamily have been identified, along with 29 interacting receptors, and several molecules that interact with the cytoplasmic domain of these receptors. The roles of the TNF superfamily in inflammation, apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and morphogenesis have been documented. Their roles in immunologic, cardiovascular, neurologic, pulmonary, and metabolic diseases are becoming apparent. TNF superfamily members are active targets for drug development, as indicated by the recent approval and expanding market of TNF blockers used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohns disease, and osteoporosis, with a total market of more than US $20 billion. As we learn more about this family, more therapeutics will probably emerge. In this review, we summarize the initial discovery of TNF-α, and the insights gained regarding the roles of this molecule and its related family members in normal physiology and disease.
Effects of Soft Drink Consumption on Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2007)

In a meta-analysis of 88 studies, we examined the association between soft drink consumption and nutrition and health outcomes. We found clear associations of soft drink intake with increased energy intake and body weight. Soft drink intake also was associated with lower intakes of milk, calcium, and other nutrients and with an increased risk of several medical problems (e.g., diabetes). Study design significantly influenced results: larger effect sizes were observed in studies with stronger methods (longitudinal and experimental vs cross-sectional studies). Several other factors also moderated effect sizes (e.g., gender, age, beverage type). Finally, studies funded by the food industry reported significantly smaller effects than did non-industry-funded studies. Recommendations to reduce population soft drink consumption are strongly supported by the available science.
A new near-infrared-light-emitting diode of monodispersed nanocrystallite silicon (2002)

The purpose of this work is to develop a near-infrared-light-emitting diode with active materials of monodispersed Si nanocrystallites that are highly compatible with ULSI technology. The monodispersed Si nanocrystallites were synthesized by laser ablation and subsequent size-classification process. The near-infrared emission was sharp and showed a peak above the band-gap region (position: 1.17 eV, width: 0.15 eV); therefore, it presumably originates from spatial quantum confinement effects of the carriers.
Synthetic gecko foot-hairs from multiwalled carbon nanotubes (2005)

We report a fabrication process for constructing polymer surfaces with multiwalled carbon nanotube hairs, with strong nanometer-level adhesion forces that are 200 times higher than those observed for gecko foot-hairs.
Formation of Chiral Interdigitated Multilayers at the Air-Liquid Interface Through Acid-Base Interactions (1996)

Thin interdigitated films composed of a long-chain, water-insoluble chiral acid (p-pentadecylmandelic acid of absolute configuration R) and a water-soluble chiral base (phenylethylamine, R') were constructed at the air-solution interface. The (R, R') structure was characterized to near-atomic resolution by grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXD). The two diastereomeric systems, (R, R') and (R, S'), demonstrate similar surface pressure-molecular area isotherms, but their structures are completely different on the molecular level, as monitored by GIXD. Complementary data on these two architectures were provided by atomic force microscopy.
Development of High Performance MEA by Decal Method for PEM Fuel Cell (2011)

This study has focused on the development of high performance membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) fabricated by decal method for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). To study the effect of ionomer contents on performance, we fabricated MEAs with several electrodes which were prepared by varying the quantity of ionomer from 20 wt.% to 45 wt.% in catalyst layer. The MEA performance was obtained through single cell test. The MEA prepared from electrode with 25wt.% of ionomer showed the best performance. We evaluated the surface area and pore volume of electrode with BET. We found that the surface area and pore volume in electrode decreased rapidly at the electrode with 40wt.% of ionomer in catalyst layer. MEA was fabricated by roll laminator machine and the roll laminating conditions for the preparation of MEA, such as laminating press, temperature and speed, were optimized. The MEA performance is not affected by laminating temperature and speed, but roll laminating press have a great effect on MEA performance.
Cell cycle-regulated phosphorylation of Swi6 controls its nuclear localization. (1995)

The Swi6 transcription factor, required for G1/S-specific gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is highly phosphorylated in vivo. Within the limits of resolution of the peptide analysis, the synchrony, and the time intervals tested, serine 160 appears to be the only site of phosphorylation in Swi6 that varies during the cell cycle. Serine 160 resides within a Cdc28 consensus phosphorylation site and its phosphorylation occurs at about the time of maximal transcription of Swi6- and Cdc28-dependent genes containing SCB or MCB elements. However, phosphorylation at this site is not Cdc28-dependent, nor does it control G1/S-specific transcription. The role of the cell cycle-regulated phosphorylation is to control the subcellular localization of Swi6. Phosphorylation of serine 160 persists from late G1 until late M phase, and Swi6 is predominantly cytoplasmic during this time. Aspartate substitution for serine 160 inhibits nuclear localization throughout the cycle. Swi6 enters the nucleus late in M phase and throughout G1, when serine 160 is hypophosphorylated. Alanine substitution at position 160 allows nuclear entry of Swi6 throughout the cell cycle. GFP fusions with the N-terminal one-third of Swi6 display the same cell cycle-regulated localization as Swi6.
Mifepristone (RU 486) in Cushing's syndrome (2007)

Treatment of Cushing's syndrome with mifepristone has been reported in a total of 18 patients, with daily doses ranging from 5 to 30 mg/kg. Case reports indicate that the mifepristone-induced receptor blockade may lead to significant clinical improvement in patients with Cushing's syndrome in whom surgery and inhibitors of adrenal steroidogenesis fail to control hypercortisolism. Due to its rapid onset of action, mifepristone may be particularly useful in acute crises, e.g. in cortisol-induced psychosis. Side effects include adrenal insufficiency and, as a result of its antiprogestin action, endometrial hyperplasia in long-term treatment. Adrenal insufficiency can be assessed only by careful clinical evaluation, as the hormonal parameters are not reliable during receptor blockade, and is rapidly reversed by exogenous dexamethasone. Well-designed larger clinical trials are needed to better assess the value of this interesting drug in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome.
A Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Study of the Bronchus-associated Lymphoid Tissue of Pigs Naturally Infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (2003)

Porcine enzootic pneumonia (PEN), caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh), has been described in pigs in all geographic areas. The disease is characterized by high morbidity and low mortality rates in intensive swine production systems. A morphologic and immunohistochemical study was done to determine the cellular populations present in lung parenchyma of infected pigs, with special attention to the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were used for the detection of antigens of Mh, T lymphocytes (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+), IgG+ or IgA+ lymphocytes, and cells containing lysozyme, S-100 protein, major histocompatibility complex class II antigen or myeloid-histiocyte antigen. Findings in lung tissues associated with Mh infection were catarrhal bronchointerstitial pneumonia, with infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria of bronchi and bronchioles and alveolar septa. Hyperplasia of mononuclear cells in the BALT areas was the most significant histologic change. The BALT showed a high morphologic and cellular organization. Macrophages and B lymphocytes were the main cellular components of germinal centers. T lymphocytes were primarily located in perifollicular areas of the BALT, lamina propria and within the airway epithelium, and plasma cells containing IgG or IgA at the periphery of the BALT, in the lamina propria of bronchi and bronchioles, in alveolar septa, and around bronchial submucosal glands. The hyperplastic BALT in PEN cases consisted of macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, and IgG+ and IgA+ plasma cells. CD4+ cells predominated over CD8+ cells. Local humoral immunity appears to play an important role in the infection.