gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antiviral, Anticellular and Enzyme-inducing Activities of Interferons in RD-114 Cells (1983)

SUMMARY RD-114 is a human sarcoma-derived cell line which is chronically infected with the RD-114 retrovirus. In a previous study, we found that treatment of these cells with human interferon-α or human interferon-γ causes a marked inhibition of RD-114 virus production, but that the replication of exogenous vesicular stomatitis or encephalomyocarditis virus is not impaired. In the present study, we report that neither type of interferon has strong inhibitory effects on DNA synthesis or on multiplication of the cells. We also failed to detect a double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activity in extracts of both interferon-treated and untreated cells. However, a low level of 2′,5′-oligoadenylate [2,5(A)] synthetase activity was detectable in extracts of interferon-treated cells. 2,5(A)-dependent endonuclease L activity was detectable in extracts of both untreated and interferon-treated cells. This was probably responsible for the inhibition of protein synthesis observed upon introduction of 2,5(A) to RD-114 cells. In many cells, interferon has been found to induce synthesis of several proteins demonstrable by autoradiographic analysis of slab gels on which extracts of interferon-treated and radiolabelled cells are separated. Using a similar method, no such induced protein synthesis was detectable in interferon-treated RD-114 cells. Our results indicate that RD-114 cells are resistant to most known actions of interferons except for the antiretroviral action to which they are as sensitive as any other cell line.
A study of CD budget in spacer patterning technology (2008)

We constructed CD budget for spacer patterning technology which is one of the strongest candidates in double patterning technologies for below 3x nm half pitch generations. In the CD budgeting, three patterning portions of grid patterns should be considered, namely, "line", "paired space" and "adjoined space", because they have individual process error sources that affect CD variations. Analysis of the patterning process flow revealed that the amount of CD variations for positive type spacer patterning technology was in the order of "adjoined space" > "paired space" > "line". Also, the experimental verifications in CD variations substantiated the constructed CD budget. From the viewpoint of design for manufacturability (DfM), these process features should be taken into account in the device engineering. Therefore, for the successful implementation of spacer patterning technology into high-end devices, we propose a cross- functional development scheme encompassing device technologies and process technologies using the constructed CD budget.
Palladium Nanoparticles Decorated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Hydrogen Sensor (2007)

We developed a simple and cost-effective fabrication technique to construct a hydrogen nanosensor by decorating single-walled carbon nanotubes with Pd nanoparticles. By varying the sensor's synthesis conditions (e.g., Pd electrodeposition charge, deposition potential, and initial baseline resistance of the SWNT network), the sensing performance was optimized. The optimized sensor showed excellent sensing properties toward hydrogen (ΔR/R of 0.42%/ppm) with a lower detection limit of 100 ppm and a linear response up to 1000 ppm. The response time decreased from tens of minutes to a few minutes with increasing hydrogen concentration at room temperature. The sensor's recovery time improved under humid air conditions compared to dry air conditions.
Reviews of books (1978)

J. M. Thomas, R. Grinter, L. V. C. Rees and C. Booth, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1978, 74, 762 DOI: 10.1039/F19787400762
Endothelial transdifferentiation in hepatocellular carcinoma: loss of Stabilin‐2 expression in peri‐tumourous liver correlates with increased survival (2013)

Abstract Background &amp; Aims Hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) is a malignant tumour that is characterized by extensive vascular remodelling and responsiveness to treatment with the anti‐angiogenic multikinase inhibitor sorafenib. The aim was to study endothelial remodelling in HCC . Methods The murine inducible albumin‐ SV 40‐large T‐antigen model and two tissue microarrays ( TMA ) with 295 tumourous and 83 peri‐tumourous samples of 296 patients with HCC were analysed for expression of liver sinusoidal endothelial cell ( LSEC )‐specific marker proteins, stabilin‐1 and stabilin‐2, LYVE ‐1 and CD 32b. Results LSEC marker proteins were sequentially lost during HCC progression in the murine HCC model being absent from tumour nodules larger than 800 μm in diameter. Similarly, the TMA analysis of human HCC s revealed loss of all four marker proteins in the majority of tumourous tissue samples. Preservation of LYVE ‐1 expression showed a significant correlation with low grading (G1). In corresponding peri‐tumourous liver tissue, loss of all marker proteins was seen in a minor proportion of cases (34%) while the majority of cases retained expression of at least one of the marker proteins. Loss of stabilin‐2 expression in peri‐tumourous liver tissue of patients with HCC was significantly less likely to occur (38%) than loss of the other marker proteins (63–95%) and it was associated with significantly longer tumour‐specific ( P = 0.0523) and overall ( P = 0.0338) survival. Loss of stabilin‐2 may enhance survival in HCC by preventing endothelial‐tumour cell adhesive interactions and microvascular invasion. Conclusions In summary, endothelial transdifferentiation is a major pathogenic event in HCC development indicating a switch from vessel co‐option/intussusceptive angiogenesis to sprouting angiogenesis.
Data-linked associate systems (2002)

An integrated management and decision-aiding approach for global control of the ATM system is needed. It is based on the premise that maximum efficiency can be reached only by synchronizing the total ATM decision-making process including the pilot in command (i.e., flight deck), the airline operations center (AOC), and the air traffic service (ATS) provider. Linkage of ATM decision makers is achieved through a totally new advanced telecommunications network. This approach features a compressed data stream sent through strategic routers, with virtually all processing accomplished by intelligent, high-capacity workstations. In addition to being a total system approach, our solution is unique because complex, high-density data from multiple sources are managed through cooperating expert systems located both in the air and on the ground, that is, in aircraft flight decks, AOCs, and ATC centers. These systems share and manage data routed over an advanced aeronautical telecommunications network (ATN) and are the foundation of the future advanced ATM system. This approach satisfies the complex communication and coordination needs of the flight deck, the AOC, and the ATS providers, all of which are essential to achieve the required efficiencies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Kinetics and selectivity of a low‐voltage‐activated calcium current in chick and rat sensory neurones. (1987)

1. Using the whole-cell recording mode of the patch-clamp technique, we have investigated kinetic and selectivity properties of a low-voltage-activated (l.v.a.) Ca2+ current in chick and rat dorsal root ganglion (d.r.g.) neurones. 2. L.v.a currents were activated at about -50 mV and reached maximum amplitudes between -30 and -20 mV with averages of -0.16 nA in chick and -0.3 nA in rat d.r.g. cells with 5 mM-extracellular Ca2+. Between -60 and -20 mV, the time to peak, tp, of this current decreased with increasing membrane depolarizations. An e-fold change of tp required a 14 mV potential change in chick and a 17 mV change in rat d.r.g. cells at 22 degrees C. 3. Between -50 and +20 mV inactivation of this current was fast, single exponential and voltage dependent. In rat, the time constant of inactivation, tau h, was smaller and less voltage dependent than in chick. 4. The amplitude of these currents increased by a factor of 5-10, when the extracellular Ca2+ concentration was changed from 1 to 95 mM. Amplitudes and kinetic parameters of the currents showed typical shifts along the voltage axis. No correlation between Ca2+ current amplitudes and activation-inactivation kinetics was found, suggesting that the reaction rates which control these processes are not dependent on Ca2+ entry. 5. Recovery from inactivation was voltage dependent and developed with a time constant, tau r, in the order of 1 s. tau r was nearly halved by changing the potential from -80 to -120 mV. 6. Tail currents associated with membrane repolarization were also voltage dependent and developed exponentially. Their time constant decreased by a factor of 3 when the potential was changed from -60 to -100 mV. 7. A second and more prominent Ca2+ current was activated at potentials positive to -20 mV (high-voltage-activated Ca2+ currents, h.v.a.), masking the time course of l.v.a. currents. Between -20 and 0 mV, time to peak of the entire current increased by a factor of 2 but decreased again at higher membrane potentials. Inactivation also became significantly slower in this potential range. 8. The contribution of the h.v.a. component to the total membrane current was markedly reduced using a high intracellular Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]i, or internal fluoride salts. This made it possible to study the kinetic parameters and the I-V characteristics of the l.v.a. current more precisely over a wider potential range (-50 to +30 mV).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Solution‐Phase Screening Procedure for the Isolation of Active Compounds from a Library of Molecules (1994)

Accelerated drug searches should be possible through the generation and screening of libraries of smaller organic molecules. The reaction of tetracarboxylic acid tetrachloride 1 with a mixture of 21 amines (predominantly amino acids) in solution yields a complex mixture, which can theoretically contain 97461 compounds. Compound 2, an inhibitor of trypsin-catalyzed amide hydrolysis (K1 = (9 ± 2) × 10−6M), was selected by four-step screening procedure. This result demonstrates the usefulness of libraries of molecules and the screening of these complex mixtures.
The Physical Basis for Induction of Protein-Reactive Antipeptide Antibodies (1988)

Many bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems employ the dual RNA–guided DNA endonuclease Cas9 to defend against invading phages and conjugative plasmids by introducing site-specific ...Read More
Architectural and Integration Options for 3D NAND Flash Memories (2017)

Nowadays, NAND Flash technology is everywhere, since it is the core of the code and data storage in mobile and embedded applications; moreover, its market share is exploding with Solid-State-Drives (SSDs), which are replacing Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) in consumer and enterprise scenarios. To keep the evolutionary pace of the technology, NAND Flash must scale aggressively in terms of bit cost. When approaching ultra-scaled technologies, planar NAND is hitting a wall: both academia researchers and industry worked to cope with this issue for several decades. Then, the 3D integration approach turned out to be the definitive alternative by eventually reaching mass production. This review paper exposes several 3D NAND Flash memory technologies, along with their related integration challenges, by showing their different layouts, scaling trends and performance/reliability features.
Neurofibromin Regulates Neural Stem Cell Proliferation, Survival, and Astroglial Differentiation In Vitro and In Vivo (2005)

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a common inherited disease in which affected children exhibit abnormalities in astrocyte growth regulation and are prone to the development of brain tumors (astrocytoma). Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that Nf1 mutant mouse astrocytomas contains populations of proliferating nestin+ progenitor cells, suggesting that immature astroglial progenitors may serve as a reservoir of proliferating tumor cells. Here, we directly examined the consequences of Nf1 inactivation on neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation in vitro and in vivo. We found dose-dependent effects of neurofibromin expression on NSC proliferation and survival in vitro, which reflected increased RAS pathway activation and increased bcl2 expression. In addition, unlike wild-type NSCs, Nf1-/- NSCs and, to a lesser extent, Nf1+/- NSCs survive as xenografts in naive recipient brains in vivo. Although Nf1-/- NSCs are multipotent, Nf1-/- and Nf1+/-, but not wild-type, NSCs generated increased numbers of morphologically abnormal, immature astroglial cells in vitro. Moreover, the Nf1-/- NSC growth and survival advantage as well as the astroglial cell differentiation defect were completely rescued by expression of the GAP (RAS-GTPase activating protein) domain of neurofibromin. Finally, the increase in astroglial progenitors and proliferating cells seen in vitro was also observed in Nf1-/- and Nf1+/- embryonic as well as Nf1+/- adult brains in vivo. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that alterations in neurofibromin expression in the developing brain have significant consequences for astrocyte growth and differentiation relevant to normal brain development and astrocytoma formation in children.
Isolation of a lytic, pore-forming protein (perforin) from cytolytic T-lymphocytes. (1985)

Cytolytic granules from a T-cell line with specific cytolytic activity were isolated. Granules were solubilized and fractionated on a TSK 4000 gel filtration column. Lytic activity was eluted as a single retarded peak. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that the lytic fractions contained a single protein (perforin) with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 66 kDa. It separated well from the other proteins present in the granules. Isolated perforin polymerized and inserted into lipid bilayers in the presence of Ca2+, forming tubular structures with inner diameters varying from 6 to 16 nm. Lipid insertion of perforin was demonstrated using a membrane-restricted, photoactivatable probe. The lytic properties of perforin suggest an important role of this particular protein during cytolytic T-cell-mediated target cell lysis.
Extra Central Nervous System Metastases from Cerebral Glioblastoma Multiforme in Elderly Patients. Clinico-Pathological Remarks on our Series of Seven Cases and Critical Review of the Literature (2008)

We found 128 cases of extra CNS metastases in the English literature. The main features of the patients of the previous reports and of those of the present series were analyzed. The main modalities of glioblastoma multiforme spread, the few theories about the rarity of metastasis, and the probable biological, histological and immunogenetic mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis are described. Although several studies have reported a poor outcome in elderly patients, they affirm that the treatment of those with a Karnofsky performance status >60 should be just as aggressive as in younger patients. This allows them to obtain a longer survival time and to also treat metastases, which are uncommon particularly in the elderly.
Ionic Conductivity and Electrochemical Characterization of Novel Microporous Composite Polymer Electrolytes (1999)

Composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) have been prepared by encapsulating electrolyte solutions of inorganic lithium salts dissolved in a plasticizer or mixture of plasticizers such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), γ‐butyrolactone (BL) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), into porous polymer membranes. These polymer membranes are obtained from microemulsion polymerization of the microemulsion system of acrylonitrile, 4‐vinylbenzenesulfonic acid lithium salt, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (as cross‐linker), ω‐methoxy poly undecyl‐α‐methacrylate (as surfactant), and water. These CPEs exhibit conductivities of to at room temperature. The lithium ion transference number, measured using a dc polarization method coupled with ac impedance spectroscopy, is found to be ca. 0.45. Cyclic voltammetry of the CPEs on stainless steel electrodes shows electrochemical stability windows extending up to 3.9, 4.0, and 4.4 V vs. for CPEs with 1 M (1:1 by volume), 1 M and 1 M (1:1 by volume), respectively. The impedance of the Li/CPE interface for the CPE with 1 M under open circuit conditions is found to increase over storage time. Preliminary charge‐discharge tests of prototype Li/CPE/ cells show an initial discharge capacity of ca. of at a discharge current rate of , and promising cyclability. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Semiconducting:insulating polymer blends for optoelectronic applications—a review of recent advances (2014)

The working principle of semiconductor:insulator blends are discussed, examining the different approaches that have recently been reported in literature.
Immortalized Human Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells Differentiate into Neurons with Nociceptive Properties (1999)

A renewable source of human sensory neurons would greatly facilitate basic research and drug development. We had established previously conditionally immortalized human CNS cell lines that can differentiate into functional neurons (). We report here the development of an immortalized human dorsal root ganglion (DRG) clonal cell line, HD10.6, with a tetracycline-regulatable v-myc oncogene. In the proliferative condition, HD10.6 cells have a doubling time of 1.2 d and exhibit a neuronal precursor morphology. After differentiation of clone HD10.6 for 7 d in the presence of tetracycline, v-myc expression was suppressed, and >50% of the cells exhibited typical neuronal morphology, stained positively for neuronal cytoskeletal markers, and fired action potentials in response to current injection. Furthermore, this cell line was fate-restricted to a neuronal phenotype; even in culture conditions that promote Schwann cell or smooth muscle differentiation of neural crest stem cells, HD10.6 differentiated exclusively into neurons. Moreover, differentiated HD10.6 cells expressed sensory neuron-associated transcription factors and exhibited capsaicin sensitivity. Taken together, these data indicate that we have established an immortalized human DRG cell line that can differentiate into sensory neurons with nociceptive properties. The cell line HD10.6 represents the first example of a human sensory neuronal line and will be valuable for basic research, as well as for the discovery of novel drug targets and clinical candidates.
Development of a Novel Recombinant Disintegrin, Contortrostatin, as an Effective Anti-Tumor and Anti-Angiogenic Agent (2005)

Contortrostatin (CN) (Mr 13,500 Da) is a novel homodimeric disintegrin isolated from the venom of Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix (Southern Copperhead) snake and displays two RGD motifs (one on each chain), which modulate its interaction with integrins on tumor cells and angiogenic vascular endothelial cells. In previous studies, we have shown that native CN administered in a liposomal formulation exhibits potent anti-angiogenic and tumor growth inhibitory activities. Current isolation of the protein from crude venom is difficult and prohibitively expensive for translation into the clinic. In this report, we describe a method amenable to large-scale production of a soluble monomeric form of recombinant CN with biologic activity; the protein is expressed directly in the cytoplasm of an engineered bacterial system with an expression yield of approximately 20 mg/l of culture. We present here the in vitro assays as well as the anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic evaluation of liposomal recombinant CN in an orthotopic, xenograft model of human breast cancer.
The homophilic binding site of the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM is directly involved in promoting neurite outgrowth from cultured neural retinal cells. (1994)

The neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM mediates intercellular adhesion by homophilic binding and its homophilic binding site has been mapped to a decapeptide sequence 243-KYSFNYDGSE-252 located within the third immunoglobulin-like domain of chick NCAM. To investigate the relationship between homophilic binding and NCAM-dependent neurite outgrowth, mutations were created in the binding site of NCAM-140 cDNA. Mutant NCAMs were expressed in L cells, and their ability to promote neurite outgrowth from chick retinal ganglion cells was assayed in coculture systems. Mutations that resulted in the loss of NCAM homophilic binding failed to promote neurite outgrowth from retinal cells. Alternatively, synthetic peptides containing the decapeptide sequence of the homophilic binding site were used to block NCAM homophilic interaction. Peptides that inhibited NCAM-NCAM binding also blocked neurite elongation. However, the peptide P5 (243-KYSFNYDGSELIIKKVDKSDE-263), despite being an inhibitor of NCAM-NCAM binding, induced the sprouting of multiple neurites. Moreover, peptide P5 stimulated a 2-fold increase in neurite-bearing cells, suggesting that P5 is a potent inducer of neurite outgrowth. Only E4-E6 retinal cells could be induced by P5, corresponding closely to their NCAM-responsive embryonic stages. The P5 effects were inhibited by pertussis toxin, indicating the involvement of a G-protein-dependent pathway. Taken together, these results provide evidence for a direct role of the NCAM homophilic binding site in the regulation of neurite outgrowth.
Comparison of a New Estolide Oxidative Stability Package (2008)

Abstract The rotating pressurized vessel oxidation test (RPVOT) was used in the analysis and determination of a new oxidative stability package (OSP) for a series of estolide based materials. Three antioxidants (BHT, two different alkylated diphenyl amines) were used in either 0.5 or 1.0 wt/wt%, in different ratios, and in conjunction with one another (hindered phenol/alkylated diphenyl amines or hindered phenol/mixed alkylated diphenyl amines). The estolide‐based samples analyzed for their resistance to oxidation were two pure (distilled) estolides (oleic estolide 2‐EH esters and coco‐oleic estolide 2‐EH esters), an estolide mixture that was analyzed straight from the reaction (coco‐oleic estolide 2‐EH esters with coco 2‐EH esters) and finally the ester fraction from the estolide mixture (coco 2‐EH esters). The coco estolide mixture and coco 2‐EH esters had the best overall RPVOT times with 1.0% of the alkylated diphenyl amine, coco estolide mixture, 326 min, and coco 2‐EH esters, 310 min. Coco estolides were expected to have an advantage over the simple oleic estolides due to the increase in saturation in the estolide. Unexpectedly, the two distilled estolides (oleic and coco) had very similar RPVOT max times with all the antioxidants, and were much higher than the other oxidative packages tested to date. In general, the alkylated diphenyl amine outperformed mixed alkylated diphenyl amines in the majority of the individual samples tested specially the coco 2‐EH esters and distilled coco‐oleic estolide 2‐EH esters material at 1% OSP. Overall, a series of new antioxidants were tested and compared to other commercial products. A variety of physical properties of the four estolide based material were collected and compared to commercially acceptable material. Coco‐oleic estolide 2‐EH esters were formulated to have excellent pour points (−36 °C), were both oxidatively and hydrolytically stable (RPVOT, 310 min), with expected good biodegradability which should help commercialization.