gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of cholera toxin action on a polarized human intestinal epithelial cell line: role of vesicular traffic (1992)

The massive secretion of salt and water in cholera-induced diarrhea involves binding of cholera toxin (CT) to ganglioside GM1 in the apical membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, translocation of the enzymatically active A1-peptide across the membrane, and subsequent activation of adenylate cyclase located on the cytoplasmic surface of the basolateral membrane. Studies on nonpolarized cells show that CT is internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis, and that the A1-subunit may remain membrane associated. To test the hypothesis that toxin action in polarized cells may involve intracellular movement of toxin-containing membranes, monolayers of the polarized intestinal epithelial cell line T84 were mounted in modified Ussing chambers and the response to CT was examined. Apical CT at 37 degrees C elicited a short circuit current (Isc: 48 +/- 2.1 microA/cm2; half-maximal effective dose, ED50 integral of 0.5 nM) after a lag of 33 +/- 2 min which bidirectional 22Na+ and 36Cl- flux studies showed to be due to electrogenic Cl- secretion. The time course of the CT-induced Isc response paralleled the time course of cAMP generation. The dose response to basolateral toxin at 37 degrees C was identical to that of apical CT but lag times (24 +/- 2 min) and initial rates were significantly less. At 20 degrees C, the Isc response to apical CT was more strongly inhibited (30-50%) than the response to basolateral CT, even though translocation occurred in both cases as evidenced by the formation of A1-peptide. A functional rhodamine-labeled CT-analogue applied apically or basolaterally at 20 degrees C was visualized only within endocytic vesicles close to apical or basolateral membranes, whereas movement into deeper apical structures was detected at 37 degrees C. At 15 degrees C, in contrast, reduction to the A1-peptide was completely inhibited and both apical and basolateral CT failed to stimulate Isc although Isc responses to 1 nM vasoactive intestinal peptide, 10 microM forskolin, and 3 mM 8Br-cAMP were intact. Re-warming above 32 degrees C restored CT-induced Isc. Preincubating monolayers for 30 min at 37 degrees C before cooling to 15 degrees C overcame the temperature block of basolateral CT but the response to apical toxin remained completely inhibited. These results identify a temperature-sensitive step essential to apical toxin action on polarized epithelial cells. We suggest that this event involves vesicular transport of toxin-containing membranes beyond the apical endosomal compartment.
An Alternate Promoter Directs Expression of a Truncated, Muscle-specific Isoform of the Human Ankyrin 1 Gene (1998)

Ankyrin 1, an erythrocyte membrane protein that links the underlying cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane, is also expressed in brain and muscle. We cloned a truncated, muscle-specific ankyrin 1 cDNA composed of novel 5' sequences and 3' sequences previously identified in the last 3 exons of the human ankyrin 1 erythroid gene. Northern blot analysis revealed expression restricted to cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues. Deduced amino acid sequence of this muscle cDNA predicted a peptide of 155 amino acids in length with a hydrophobic NH2 terminus. Cloning of the corresponding chromosomal gene revealed that the ankyrin 1 muscle transcript is composed of four exons spread over approximately 10 kilobase pairs of DNA. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of skeletal muscle cDNA identified multiple cDNA isoforms created by alternative splicing. The ankyrin 1 muscle promoter was identified as a (G + C)-rich promoter located > 200 kilobase pairs from the ankyrin 1 erythroid promoter. An ankyrin 1 muscle promoter fragment directed high level expression of a reporter gene in cultured C2C12 muscle cells, but not in HeLa or K562 (erythroid) cells. DNA-protein interactions were identified in vitro at a single Sp1 and two E box consensus binding sites contained within the promoter. A MyoD cDNA expression plasmid transactivated an ankyrin 1 muscle promoter fragment/reporter gene plasmid in a dose-dependent fashion in both HeLa and K562 cells. A polyclonal antibody raised to human ankyrin 1 muscle-specific sequences reacted with peptides of 28 and 30 kDa on immunoblots of human skeletal muscle.
A survey of load sharing in networks of workstations (1993)

Presents a survey of existing policies and mechanisms for load sharing in loosely-coupled distributed computing systems, where user machines are personal workstations interconnected by a local area network. The authors are interested only in centralized operating systems providing mechanisms for remote process communication. They define load sharing, load balancing, non-pre-emptive migration and pre-emptive migration, and discuss the goals of load sharing and load balancing strategies related to process scheduling. They argue against the usefulness of load balancing strategies in the context of networks of workstations. A load sharing algorithm is composed of three parts, namely, a location policy, an information policy and a transfer policy. The authors review the different location policies, information policies and transfer policies that have been proposed in the literature.
Noncovalent Functionalization, Exfoliation, and Solubilization of Graphene in Water by Employing a Fluorescent Coronene Carboxylate (2010)

Single-layer graphene stabilization: An efficient methodology to make stable aqueous solutions of single-layer graphene has been demonstrated by exploiting charge-transfer interactions with a coronene tetracarboxylate acceptor molecule (see figure). Microscopic studies reveal exfoliation of few-layer graphene and selective stabilization of single-layer graphene in large quantities.
AP-1 activity is negatively regulated by cannabinol through inhibition of its protein components, c-fos and c-jun (2000)

Regulation of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) complex is very intricate because it involves phosphorylation state, protein-protein, and protein-DNA interactions. In these studies, the regulation of AP-1 activity, with emphasis on c-fos and c-jun regulation, was investigated using cannabinol (CBN) in primary mouse splenocytes in vitro. Cannabinoid compounds exhibit immunosuppressive actions that are putatively mediated through Gi-protein coupled receptors that negatively regulate adenylate cyclase. However, recent studies suggest that cannabinoids modulate other signaling cascades. Indeed, we demonstrate that CBN inhibited binding to AP-1-containing sites from the interleukin-2 promoter. This inhibition of binding was, in part, due to decreased nuclear expression of c-fos and c-jun. We further determined that the effects of CBN were due to posttranslational modifications of these phosphoproteins and showed that CBN inhibited the activation of ERK MAP kinases. Thus, cannabinoid-induced immunosuppression involves disruption of the ERK signaling cascade.
CASH, a Novel Caspase Homologue with Death Effector Domains (1997)

CASP-8 and CASP-10, members of a cysteine protease family that participates in apoptosis, interact with MORT1/FADD, an adapter protein in the CD120a (p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor), and CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) death-inducing signaling pathways, through a shared N-terminal sequence motif, the death effector domain. We report cloning of two splice variants of a novel protein, CASH, that contain two N-terminal death effector domains and can bind through them to each other, to MORT1/FADD, to CASP-8, and to CASP-10. The unique C-terminal part of the longer variant shows marked sequence homology to the caspase protease region yet lacks several of the conserved caspase active site residues, suggesting that it is devoid of cysteine protease activity. Overexpression of the short CASH splice variant strongly inhibited cytotoxicity induction by CD120a and CD95. Expression of the longer variant, while inhibiting cytotoxicity in HeLa cells, had a marked cytocidal effect in 293 cells that could be shown to involve its protease homology region. The findings suggest that CASH acts as an attenuator and/or initiator in CD95 and CD120a signaling for cell death.
Dithering for 12-bit true-color graphics (1991)

Three approaches that together improve the quality of dithered images by decreasing the intensity error and distributing the remaining quantization error more effectively, both spatially and across the intensity range, are described. The first method improves the intensity error distribution. The second method, which is complementary to the first, improves the quality of low-intensity vectors and surfaces through the use of a nonlinear quantizer. The third method specifically improves vector dithering. The primary focus is on dithering from 24 b to 12 b RGB but 24-b to 15-b dithering (5 bits each of red, green, and blue) were also investigated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED 12‐8 BIT CONVERSION ALGORITHM FOR DISPLAYING AND ARCHIVING SCANNED RADIOGRAPHS (1999)

The lossless capture of the entire range of optical densities encountered in a radiograph can require up to 4000 individual shades of gray. Most inexpensive computer displays, and most grayscale image formats contain only 256 gray shades. To use these systems, a look up table must be generated to display the scanned image, which maps the approximately 4000 gray shades in the digitized radiograph to the 256 gray shades on the monitor. However, if this conversion is inappropriately performed, much of the information contained in the original image could be lost. This study was undertaken to develop an histogram equalization algorithm that would automatically convert the 4000 gray shade digitized radiograph into a 256 gray shade image file, without perceptable loss of diagnostic information or image quality.
BCL-1 participates in the 11q13 amplification found in breast cancer. (1990)

In an attempt to probe the significance of HST and INT-2 gene amplification in human breast carcinomas, we have surveyed the amplification status of five molecular markers located on the long arm of chromosome 11 (BCL-1, HST, INT-2 & SEA on 11q13, and ETS-1 on 11q23) in a population of 297 mammary tumors. ETS-1 was rarely amplified and always independently from the other proto-oncogenes. Concerning band q13: (i) 50 tumors (approximately 17%) were co-amplified for BCL-1, HST & INT-2; (ii) in 3 cases, amplification extended to the SEA gene; (iii) in 6 carcinomas, BCL-1 was the only amplified marker. The fact that we never observed amplification of HST & INT-2 independently of BCL-1, which in turn can be amplified solely, suggests the presence, between HST/INT-2 and BCL-1, of a genetic element which could be important in the development of a subset of mammary tumors.
Synthesis of (−)-Noviose from 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-d-erythronolactol (2004)

Noviose is a key synthon for the construction of novobiocin, a clinically useful antitumor agent that has been shown to inhibit both type II topoisomerases and Hsp90. The synthesis of d-noviose from 2,3-O-isopropylidene-d-erythronolactol is described.
Feature Based Costing (FBC) of Welded Assemblies: A Genetic Approach (2002)

A genetic algorithm based welding planner capable of using parametric features to determine the manufacturing cost of welded assemblies has been developed. Parametric weld feature information obtained from a CAD system is translated to a hybrid traveling salesman problem. A genetic algorithm is used to search for a sequence of welds that minimizes the cost of the welded assembly. Emphasis is placed on developing a mechanistic, feature based DFM tool, with the aim of rapidly providing welded assembly cost feedback to the designer in a CAD environment, while maintaining a balance between accuracy and computational speed.
Biofilm, City of Microbes (2000)

In most natural environments, association with a surface in a structure known as a biofilm is the prevailing microbial lifestyle. Surface association is an efficient means of lingering in a favorable microenvironment rather than being swept away by the current. Taken to the extreme, we may view the
The kinetics of actin nucleation and polymerization. (1983)

The polymerization kinetics of rabbit skeletal muscle actin was studied by following the increase in fluorescence of tracer amounts of actin conjugated to N-pyrenyl iodoacetamide.The observed polymerization kinetics could be precisely fit by numerical integration of equations describing a nucleation-elongation process.Under all conditions tested, the rate of nucleation was proportional to the fourth power of the actin concentration; therefore, the actin nucleus is a tetramer.In buffers containing either MgCl, or CaC12, but not both, the observed kinetics accurately fits the unique polymerization time course derived from the actin concentration, the critical concentration, and the product of the nucleation and filament elongation rate constants.When MgClz was added to G-actin in a buffer also containing CaCl,, polymerization did not follow simple nucleation-elongation kinetics because divalent cation exchange preceded nucleation.Relative filament elongation rate constants were 12,24,31,79,100, and 67 for actin in 1 l l l ~ CaCl,, 0.1 m CaClz + 0.1 M KC1, 1 m MgC1~,2 m MgCl,, 1 n m MgCl, + 0.1 M KC1, and 50 CM MgClz + 0.1 M KCl, respectively.The relative rate constants for filament-monomer dissociation differed less than 2-fold, but the relative nucleation rate constants varied dramatically: 1.7, 46, 550, 10,000, 10,000, and 2,900, respectively, under these conditions of polymerization.These data strongly support the validity of the nucleation-elongation theory of actin polymerization and establish the nucleus size as four.The rate of nucleus formation is the major variable determining the rate of actin polymerization.The high degree of sensitivity of the nucleation rate to the concentration of actin and to ionic conditions may indicate the way in which intracellular polymerization kinetics are regulated. ~~ ~ -In non-muscle cells, the interconversion between monomeric actin and polymerized actin is a reversible, highly regulated process which is critically important for a wide variety of cellular functions (1).A large number of intracellular proteins which can modulate actin polymerization has been isolated.To understand actin polymerization in the cell, however, one must first elucidate the polymerization of purified actin.The theory describing actin polymerization kinetics was developed by Oosawa and co-workers (2) and, more recently, was augmented by Wegner and collaborators (3-5).According to the theory, polymerization of actin is a cooperative process resembling the condensation of a gas.An aggregate containing any number of actin molecules is formed by sequential addi-
Aluminum and Calcium Constraints to Continuous Crop Production in a Brazilian Amazon Oxisol (1992)

Abstract Acidity constraints in Oxisols of the Amazon may entail both Al toxicity and Ca deficiency. A field study was conducted in a Xanthic Hapludox near Manaus, Brazil, to evaluate lime and Ca requirements for corn ( Zea mays L.), cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L.), soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and peanut ( Arachis hypogea L.) during five consecutive years. Calcitic lime was applied once at rates of 0, 0.6, 1.2, 2.3, and 4.6 t of CaCO 3 equivalent per hectare. The effects of 1 t ha −1 of gypsum, applied to four crops, were evaluated with lime rates of 0, 1.2 and 2.3 t ha −1 . During the two initial years, maximum yields of corn and soybean occurred with 1.2 t of lime ha −1 . In subsequent years, maximum corn yields occurred to 4.6 t of lime ha −1 . Liming only increased cowpea yields in the third year. Peanut yields increased with liming to the highest lime rate in the fourth and fifth year. Gypsum increased yields for all crops to which it was applied. When averaged across time gypsum increased exchangeable Ca and reduced exchangeable Al by 0.41 and 0.20 cmol c kg −1 , respectively. Increased peanut shelling percent and peanut and cowpea leaf Ca concentrations with lime, gypsum, or both were indicative of improved soil Ca supply. Maximum corn and soybean yields occurred at 27% Al saturation, whereas the critical level for peanut was 54%. Regressions of relative yield for all lime and gypsum treatments on the exchangeable Ca:Al ratio gave R 2 values equal to those achieved with Al or Ca saturation. Critical Ca:Al ratio values would provide a useful index to ensure that lime recommendations based on Al saturation provide an adequate Ca supply.
JSON Web Token (JWT) (2015)

JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact, URL-safe means of representing
claims to be transferred between two parties. The claims in a JWT are
encoded as a JSON object that is used as the payload of a JSON Web
Signature (JWS) structure or as the plaintext of a JSON Web Encryption
(JWE) structure, enabling the claims to be digitally signed or
integrity protected with a Message Authentication Code (MAC) and/or
encrypted.
Is the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis rising?: Results from Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1955–2007 (2010)

The incidence of RA in women appears to have increased during the period of time from 1995 to 2007. The reasons for this recent increase are unknown, but environmental factors may play a role. A corresponding increase in the prevalence of RA was also observed.
PERSISTENCE AND SURVIVAL OF AUTOLOGOUS MUSCLE DERIVED CELLS VERSUS BOVINE COLLAGEN AS POTENTIAL TREATMENT OF STRESS URINARY INCONTINENCE (2001)

We present 2 new findings important for the emerging field of urological tissue engineering, including the feasibility of injecting autologous skeletal muscle derived cells into the lower urinary tract and the greater persistence of such injected cells versus injected bovine collagen. Therefore, autologous muscle derived cell injection may be an attractive alternative treatment option for stress urinary incontinence.
Constitutive arrestin-mediated desensitization of a human vasopressin receptor mutant associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (2000)

Agonist-dependent desensitization and internalization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are mediated by the binding of arrestins to phosphorylated receptors. The affinity of arrestins for the phosphorylated GPCR regulates the ability of the internalized receptor to be dephosphorylated and recycled back to the plasma membrane. In this study, we show that the naturally occurring loss of function vasopressin receptor mutation R137H, which is associated with familial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, induces constitutive arrestin-mediated desensitization. In contrast to the wild-type vasopressin receptor, the nonsignaling R137H receptor is phosphorylated and sequestered in arrestin-associated intracellular vesicles even in the absence of agonist. Eliminating molecular determinants on the receptor that promote high affinity arrestin-receptor interaction reestablishes plasma membrane localization and the ability of the mutated receptors to signal. These findings suggest that unregulated desensitization can contribute to the etiology of a GPCR-based disease, implying that pharmacological targeting of GPCR desensitization may be therapeutically beneficial.
Production of IFN-γ and IL-10 to Shigella Invasins by Mononuclear Cells from Volunteers Orally Inoculated with a Shiga Toxin-Deleted Shigella dysenteriae Type 1 Strain (2000)

Volunteers were orally administered invasive, non-Shiga toxin-producing Shigella dysenteriae 1 to establish a challenge model to assess vaccine efficacy. In stepwise fashion, four separate groups were given 3 x 10(2), 7 x 10(3), 5 x 10(4), or 7 x 10(5) CFU. Using PBMC, proliferative responses and cytokine production were measured to S. dysenteriae whole-cell preparations and to purified recombinant invasion plasmid Ags (Ipa) C and IpaD. Anti-LPS and anti-Ipa Abs and Ab-secreting cells were also evaluated. Preinoculation PBMC produced considerable quantities of IL-10 and IFN-gamma, probably secreted by monocytes and NK cells, respectively, of the innate immune system. Following inoculation, PBMC from 95 and 87% of volunteers exhibited an increased production of IFN-gamma and IL-10, respectively, in response to Shigella Ags. These increases included responses to IpaC and IpaD among those volunteers receiving the lowest inoculum. No IL-4 or IL-5 responses were detected. Whereas there were no Ab or Ab-secreting cell responses in volunteers receiving the lowest inoculum, other dose groups had moderate to strong anti-LPS and anti-Ipa responses. These results suggest that in humans, type 1 responses play an important role in mucosal and systemic immunity to S. dysentariae 1.
Clostridium difficile toxin A excites enteric neurones and suppresses sympathetic neurotransmission in the guinea pig (2000)

Results suggest that the neural component of the action of toxin A involves both direct excitation of enteric neurones and suppression of norepinephrine release from postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres in the enteric nervous system.
Synthesis of bluetongue virus (BTV) corelike particles by a recombinant baculovirus expressing the two major structural core proteins of BTV (1990)

The L3 and M7 genes of bluetongue virus (BTV), which encode the two major core proteins of the virus (VP3 and VP7, respectively), were inserted into a baculovirus dual-expression transfer vector and a recombinant baculovirus expressing both foreign genes isolated following in vivo recombination with wild-type Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus DNA. Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells infected with the recombinant synthesized large amounts of BTV corelike particles. These particles have been shown to be similar to authentic BTV cores in terms of size, appearance, stoichiometric arrangement of VP3 to VP7 (ratio, 2:15), and the predominance of VP7 on the surface of the particles. In infected insect cells, the corelike particles were observed in paracrystalline arrays. The formation of these structures indicates that neither the BTV double-stranded viral RNA species nor the associated minor core proteins are necessary for assembly of cores in insect cells. Furthermore, the three BTV nonstructural proteins NS1, NS2, and NS3, are not required to assist or direct the formation of empty corelike particles from VP3 and VP7.
The mouse interferon-gamma transgene chronic hepatitis model (Review). (1999)

Acute hepatitis models are widely used for the evaluation of drugs for liver disease or for basic research on hepatitis. However, it is difficult to produce similar liver conditions to human chronic hepatitis with an acute hepatitis model. The interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) transgenic mouse, which carries the mouse IFN-gamma gene, strongly expresses the IFN-gamma gene in the liver and develops chronic hepatitis from the age of 6-10 weeks. We found that the hepatitis in this mouse reflects human chronic hepatitis at least in the following points, i) infiltration by lymphoid cells into the portal areas and necroinflammation in the lobules, and ii) expression of Fas antigen and Fas ligand mRNAs in the liver. Furthermore, the induction of CPP32-like protease activity in the transgenic mouse liver suggests the involvement of this protease activity in the development of chronic hepatitis.