gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Optimal laser parameters for intrastromal corneal surgery</title> (1998)

We characterized the effects of pulse duration, pulse energy, and spot separation on intrastromal corneal photodisruption to determine parameters that achieve optimal surface quality and tissue plane separation. Experiments utilized two laser systems, a 60 picosecond Nd:YLF laser and a 450 femtosecond Nd:Glass laser, both operating at 1.06 micrometers wavelength. Photodisruption was performed by tightly focusing the laser beam 150 microns below the tissue surface and scanning it in a spiral pattern to create a plane. A cut to the surface was made with the laser and the two surfaces separated to form a flap. Tissue plane separation was graded according to the additional mechanical dissection required. Internal surfaces were analyzed with standard histologic methods and scanning electron microscopy. We found that the Nd:YLF laser required approximately three times the pulse energy to achieve intrastromal cuts. Picosecond parameters also required more mechanical dissection and produced lower surface quality than optimal femtosecond parameters. We conclude that femtosecond laser pulses offer significant advantages that make them ideal candidate tools for high precision intrastromal corneal surgery. The flexibility in laser pulse delivery opens up a number of potential surgical applications not possible with current mechanical or laser devices.
Adjuvants and delivery systems for viral vaccines--mechanisms and potential. (1998)

Of the vaccines against viral diseases of man currently available, several are less than satisfactory, and the present surge of interest in improving such vaccines, and in developing new vaccines against viral diseases as yet unchallenged, has led to major developments in three areas. The capacity to identify the nature and form of antigenic epitopes in proteins allows the specific design of molecular entities to promote relevant and protective immune responses. Such entities, although ideal in terms of specificity and purity, may not achieve their goals through failure to reach relevant cells of the immune system due to simple dilution, elimination by host enzymes or lack of specific targeting. Concomitant with the above there has been development of a plethora of adjuvants aimed at enhancing immune responses to these 'new' immunogens, paralleled by an almost equally rapid increase in understanding the complex nature of the immune response, particularly with respect to antigen processing, the nature and role of cytokines and the importance of T-cell subsets in infection. These developments allow exploration of matching the properties and mechanistic action of a given adjuvant to a defined immune response. Adjuvants can be grouped according to their physical characteristics and mode of action. They include particulate adjuvants, oil and emulsifier-based adjuvants, those providing controlled antigen delivery, adjuvants based on specific targeting of antigen, and gel-type adjuvants. They may act non-specifically in promoting an immune response to an antigen through depot formation, or very specifically as in a "delivery system" where an antigen is linked to a cellular protein, targeted to a specific cell receptor. As adjuvant technology develops it is becoming increasingly clear that these differing approaches may be combined, and an adjuvant/delivery system designed, to provide slow release of a targeted antigen. The role of adjuvants in modern viral vaccine technology and their influence on the immune system are the subject of this review.
Carbon nanotube array smart materials (2006)

Highly aligned multi-wall carbon nanotube arrays up to 4 mm tall were synthesized on Si wafers using a chemical vapor deposition process with water delivery. Based on the long nanotube arrays, several prototype smart materials were developed including a biosensor, electrochemical actuator, and nanotube probes. The biosensor was formed by casting epoxy into a nanotube array and polishing the ends of the nanotubes. This electrode produced a near ideal sigmoidal cyclic voltammogram. Nanotube electrodes were then used to form a label-free immunosensor based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The nanotube array immunosensor has good sensitivity, but decreasing the array size and improving the biofunctionalization is expected to dramatically increase the reproducibility and sensitivity. The electrochemical actuator was formed by bonding an electrode to a 1mm square by 4 mm long as-grown nanotube array post. The nanotube array actuator operated up to 10 Hz in a 2 M NaCl solution. With a driving voltage of 2 volts, the actuator produced 0.15% strain. Finally, nanotube bundles are being welded to tungsten tips and put inside glass needles for use as probes for biosensors and electrophysiology applications. All the smart materials applications discussed are recent, and further development is expected to yield improved performance and commodity level practical devices.
An Experimental Speech Storage and Editing Facility (1980)

This paper describes an experimental system that enables text-based office services to be merged with a speech storage facility. The principal new component of this system is an editor which allows a user to modify speech messages. The discussion covers the system architecture, the facilities developed to make speech editing tractable, and the speech processing required to implement the system.
Lymphocyte recognition of high endothelium: antibodies to distinct epitopes of an 85-95-kD glycoprotein antigen differentially inhibit lymphocyte binding to lymph node, mucosal, or synovial endothelial cells. (1987)

The tissue-specific homing of lymphocytes is directed by specialized high endothelial venules (HEV). At least three functionally independent lymphocyte/HEV recognition systems exist, controlling the extravasation of circulating lymphocytes into peripheral lymph nodes, mucosal lymphoid tissues (Peyer's patches or appendix), and the synovium of inflamed joints. We report here that antibodies capable of inhibiting human lymphocyte binding to one or more HEV types recognize a common 85-95-kD lymphocyte surface glycoprotein antigen, defined by the non-blocking monoclonal antibody, Hermes-1. We demonstrate that MEL-14, a monoclonal antibody against putative lymph node "homing receptors" in the mouse, functionally inhibits human lymphocyte binding to lymph node HEV but not to mucosal or synovial HEV, and cross-reacts with the 85-95-kD Hermes-1 antigen. Furthermore, we show that Hermes-3, a novel antibody produced by immunization with Hermes-1 antigen isolated from a mucosal HEV-specific cell line, selectively blocks lymphocyte binding to mucosal HEV. Such tissue specificity of inhibition suggests that MEL-14 and Hermes-3 block the function of specific lymphocyte recognition elements for lymph node and mucosal HEV, respectively. Recognition of synovial HEV also involves the 85-95-kD Hermes-1 antigen, in that a polyclonal antiserum produced against the isolated antigen blocks all three classes of lymphocyte-HEV interaction. From these studies, it is likely that the Hermes-1-defined 85-95-kD glycoprotein class either comprises a family of related but functionally independent receptors for HEV, or associates both physically and functionally with such receptors. The findings imply that related molecular mechanisms are involved in several functionally independent cell-cell recognition events that direct lymphocyte traffic.
Targeting Protein Kinases for Tumor Therapy (2001)

Phosphorylation is the most common biochemical modification of cellular molecules, regulating fundamental cellular processes like growth, differentiation, proliferation, movement, and death. It is now clear that protein and lipid kinases as well as phosphatases are causally involved in human disease, especially in cancer. The first part of this review tries to compile our current knowledge about the involvement of protein kinases in human cancer. Phosphatases as well as phospholipid kinases will be omitted from this article for the purpose of simplification. In the second part an updated list of ongoing clinical trials involving protein kinases as targets for tumor therapy will be given, together with a brief summary of technical approaches in targeting protein kinases for therapy.
Strong inhibitory effect of furanoses and sugar lactones on .beta.-galactosidase of Escherichia coli (1987)

Various sugars and their lactones were tested for their inhibition of beta-galactosidase (Escherichia coli). L-Ribose, which in the furanose form has a hydroxyl configuration similar to that of D-galactose at positions equivalent to the 3- and 4-positions of D-galactose, was a very strong inhibitor, and D-lyxose, which in the furanose form also resembles D-galactose, was a much better inhibitor than expected. Structural comparisons prelude the pyranose forms of these sugars from being significant contributors to the inhibition, and inhibition at different temperatures (at which there are different furanose concentrations) strongly supported the conclusion that the furanose form is inhibitory. Studies with sugar derivatives that can only be in the furanose form also supported the conclusion. This is the first report of the inhibitory effect of furanose on beta-galactosidase. Lactones were also inhibitory. Every lactone tested was much more inhibitory than was its parent sugar. D-Galactonolactone was especially good. Experiments indicated that it was D-galactono-1,5-lactone rather than D-galactono-1,4-lactone which was inhibitory. Inhibition of beta-galactosidases from mammalian sources by lactones has been reported previously, but this is the first report of the effect of beta-galactosidase from E. coli. Since furanoses in the envelope form are analogous (in some ways) to half-chair or sofa conformations and since lactones with six-membered rings probably have half-chair or sofa conformations, the results indicate that beta-galactosidase probably destabilizes its substrate into a planar conformation of some type and that the galactose in the transition state may, therefore, also be quite planar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hypophysectomy Inhibits the Synthesis of Tumor Necrosis Factor α by Rat Macrophages: Partial Restoration by Exogenous Growth Hormone or Interferon γ* (1991)

We recently demonstrated that GH and interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) act in a similar manner to prime macrophages in vitro and in vivo for enhanced superoxide anion release. In this report we investigated the physiological role of the pituitary gland and GH in in vivo priming of resident peritoneal macrophages for the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) in vitro. Compared to normal rats, hypophysectomized animals had an 83% reduction in macrophage production of TNF alpha after in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. Sham operation had no significant effect on the ability of macrophages to secrete TNF alpha in response to lipopolysaccharide. Both native pituitary-derived porcine GH (48 micrograms/rat.9 days) and native pituitary-derived rat GH (96 micrograms/rat.9 days) more than tripled the in vitro production of TNF alpha by macrophages from hypophysectomized rats (342 and 358 vs. 112 U/mg protein for placebo-treated rats, respectively). Each of these preparations of GH also increased growth more than 6-fold in hypophysectomized rats (32 and 30 g vs. 5 g in placebo controls). Heat inactivation of native pituitary-derived porcine GH significantly reduced its in vivo ability to augment both TNF alpha synthesis by macrophages and body growth. Recombinant rat IFN gamma (2000 U/rat.9 days) more than tripled the production of TNF alpha by macrophages from hypophysectomized rats (343 vs. 112 U/mg protein). In contrast to its in vivo effects, addition of GH in vitro to macrophages from hypophysectomized rats did not prime these cells for the synthesis of TNF alpha, indicating an indirect mechanism of action for GH. To further test the biological relevancy of GH with respect to synthesis of TNF alpha, hemorrhagic necrosis of TNF alpha-sensitive murine methyl-cholanthrene-induced tumors was assessed in pituitary-intact mice. Native porcine GH (133 micrograms/mouse.7 days) significantly augmented both the necrosis to tumor ratio and the hemorrhage to tumor ratio. These findings establish the physiological relevance of the pituitary gland and GH in the priming of macrophages for TNF alpha synthesis.
Resistance of Marek's Disease at Hatching in Chickens Vaccinated as Embryos with the Turkey Herpesvirus (1982)

Chickens vaccinated with herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) as 18-day embryos or at hatching were challenged as neonates with pathogenic Marek's disease (MD) virus (MDV). Embryonally vaccinated chickens had much greater resistant to challenge than chickens vaccinated post-hatch. Embryos became readily infected with HVT regardless of whether the vaccine was deposited into the body of the embryo or extraembryonally, such as in the amniotic sac. Embryonally vaccinated chickens were viremic with HVT at hatching and remained persistently viremic through the duration of the experiment. The titer of recoverable virus was higher in the embryonally vaccinated chickens than in the chickens vaccinated post-hatch. Embryonal vaccination did not affect hatchability. Vaccination at any stage of embryonation tested protected better against neonatal challenge than did vaccination at hatching. Protection against an early challenge was greatest when the embryos were 17 or 18 days old at the time of vaccination. Lower protection in chickens vaccinated as 11-day embryos was not due to humoral immunologic tolerance. Chickens vaccinated at the 11th day of embryonation were poorly protected against MDV challenge at three or eight days of age but were well protected if the challenge was delayed until the 14th day of age.
Application of a Microretort to Problems in Shade Pyrolysis (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTApplication of a Microretort to Problems in Shade PyrolysisA. W. Weitkamp and L. C. GutberletCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1970, 9, 3, 386–395Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i260035a006https://doi.org/10.1021/i260035a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views51Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Downregulation of ENaC activity and expression by TNF-α in alveolar epithelial cells (2004)

Sodium absorption by an amiloride-sensitive channel is the main driving force of lung liquid clearance at birth and lung edema clearance in adulthood. In this study, we tested whether tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a proinflammatory cytokine involved in several lung pathologies, could modulate sodium absorption in cultured alveolar epithelial cells. We found that TNF-alpha decreased the expression of the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-subunits of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) mRNA to 36, 43, and 16% of the controls after 24-h treatment and reduced to 50% the amount of alpha-ENaC protein in these cells. There was no impact, however, on alpha(1) and beta(1) Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase mRNA expression. Amiloride-sensitive current and ouabain-sensitive Rb(+) uptake were reduced, respectively, to 28 and 39% of the controls. A strong correlation was found at different TNF-alpha concentrations between the decrease of amiloride-sensitive current and alpha-ENaC mRNA expression. All these data show that TNF-alpha, a proinflammatory cytokine present during lung infection, has a profound influence on the capacity of alveolar epithelial cells to transport sodium.
The cloning of normal “Mast” cells in tissue culture (1965)

Abstract A method is described for the cloning of normal mouse “mast” cells in tissue culture in a soft agar medium. The colonies contain cells in different stages of differentiation. It was shown that a colony can be initiated by a single colony forming unit, and that colonies are formed as a result of cell multiplication. Cell suspensions from adult spleen gave about 3 colonies per 10 5 cells seeded. A re‐cloning of these colonies gave about 3 colonies per 10 3 cells seeded. The frequency of colonies from SWR mice was higher with adult spleen than with adult thymus. No such colonies were obtained with adult lymph node cells. The formation of colonies was shown to require the presence of an embryo cell feeder layer. Since the feeder layers were seeded underneath the agar, the results indicate that the substance(s) required for the growth and differentiation of “mast” cells can pass through agar.
Ubiquitin Fusion Technology: Bioprocessing of Peptides (1997)

Ubiquitin fusion technology represents an emerging method for economically producing peptides and small proteins in the bacterium Escherichia coli. Our focus is on peptide production where the need for cost-effective, scaleable processes has recently been highlighted by Kelley (1996). There are two principal features: (1) the expression system consists of a suitable E. coli host strain paired with a plasmid that encodes the ubiquitin fusion and (2) an ubiquitin-specific protease, UCH-L3, which cleaves only C-terminal extensions from ubiquitin. In this work, multigram yields were obtained of four ubiquitin fusions derived from cell paste generated in single 10-L fermentations. All were expressed intracellularly and remained soluble at extremely high levels of expression. Bacterial freeze--thaw lysates contained over 95% pure ubiquitin fusion protein. All four fusions were efficiently cleaved to ubiquitin and the peptide products. In one case, the final yield of peptide was 1.08 g from 3 L of low cell density bacterial culture. The combination of exceptional overexpression of the ubiquitin--peptide fusion proteins and a robust and specific protease are unique advantages contributing to a cost-effective, scaleable, and generic bioprocess for peptide production.
BDNF and NT-4/5 exert neurotrophic influences on injured adult spinal motor neurons (1995)

Adult motor neurons, like their immature antecedents, express the mRNA for the signaling receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and for neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5). However, while both BDNF and NT-4/5 support the survival of axotomized developing spinal motor neurons in vitro or in vivo, it is not known whether these factors continue to influence spinal motor neurons in adulthood. The present study tests if BDNF or NT-4/5 modulate the reactive responses of adult spinal motor neurons to nerve injury. We utilize sciatic nerve transection to axotomize the spinal motor neurons that form the retrodorsal lateral nucleus (RDLN) and show that, after axotomy, RDLN motor neurons lose ChAT immunoreactivity and also reexpress p75Ingfr, the low affinity receptor for all neurotrophin family members. Treatment with BDNF or NT-4/5 alters these effects of sciatic nerve transection. Both BDNF and NT-4/5 attenuate the loss of ChAT expression in axotomized RDLN motor neurons; thus, as compared to vehicle treatments, BDNF and NT-4/5 produce statistically significant increases in the optical density of ChAT immunostaining. Furthermore, BDNF and NT-4/5 also significantly increase the RDLN reexpression of p75Ingfr after sciatic nerve transection. Interestingly, essentially identical increases in RDLN ChAT and p75Ingfr immunostaining are produced by sciatic nerve crush injuries in the absence of exogenous neurotrophin treatment. These data show that treatment with exogenous BDNF and NT-4/5 changes the response of adult spinal motor neurons to sciatic nerve transection. Furthermore, these neurotrophins elicit reactive responses in axotomized motor neurons that mimic those produced by endogenous agents in regenerating crushed peripheral nerve.
Interleaved Magnetic Resonance and Ultrasound by Electronic Synchronization (1991)

Increasing attention has been directed toward using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess blood flow velocity. Complete acceptance of this application requires validation of MRI-derived flow measurements against an accepted flow measurement technique such as Doppler ultrasound in an in vivo situation. To provide an accurate correlation in the presence of rapid changes in blood flow, the MR acquisition should be made nearly simultaneously with the ultrasonic measurements. Unfortunately, standard ultrasound equipment generates radio frequency signal which interferes with MRI. Near-simultaneous acquisition of MR data and ultrasonic blood flow data should be possible if the two measurements are properly synchronized. In the technique presented, ultrasound is made to peacefully coexist with MRI by gating the ultrasound so that it is disabled during the time of MR data acquisition. Phantom and animal experiments confirm the use of this procedure. Although we did not specifically test new fast-scan MR techniques, our technique is completely general and should work equally well with spin-echo as well as newer fast scanning MRI techniques.
Ligand Density Effect on Biorecognition by PEGylated Gold Nanoparticles:  Regulated Interaction of RCA120 Lectin with Lactose Installed to the Distal End of Tethered PEG Strands on Gold Surface (2005)

PEGylated gold nanoparticles (diameter: 20 nm) possessing various functionalities of lactose ligand on the distal end of tethered PEG ranging from 0 to 65% were prepared to explore the effect of ligand density of the nanoparticles on their lectin binding property. UV-visible spectra of the aqueous solution of the nanoparticles revealed that the strong steric stabilization property of the PEG layer lends the nanoparticles high dispersion stability even under the physiological salt concentration (ionic strength, I = 0.15 M). The number of PEG strands on a single particle was determined to be 520 from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation under controlled acceleration voltage revealed the thickness of the PEG layer on the nanoparticle to be approximately 7 nm. The area occupied by a single lactose molecule on the surface of PEGylated gold nanoparticles was then calculated based on TGA and SEM results and was varied in the range of 10-34 nm2 depending on the lactose functionality (65 approximately 20%). PEGylated gold nanoparticles with 40% and 65% lactose functionality showed a selective and time-dependent aggregation in phosphate buffer with the addition of Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA120) lectin, a bivalent galactose-specific protein. The aggregates can be completely redispersed by adding an excess amount of galactose. Time-lapse monitoring of UV-visible spectra at 600-750 nm revealed that the aggregation of PEGylated gold nanoparticles was accelerated with an increase in both RCA120 concentration in the solution and the lactose density of the nanoparticles. Furthermore, the sensitivity of lectin detection could be controlled by the regulation of lactose density on the particle surface. Interestingly, there was a critical lactose density (>20%) observed to induce detectable particle aggregation, indicating that the interaction between the particles is triggered by the multimolecular bridging via lectin molecules.