gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detecting Novel Associations in Large Data Sets (2011)

Identifying interesting relationships between pairs of variables in large data sets is increasingly important. Here, we present a measure of dependence for two-variable relationships: the maximal information coefficient (MIC). MIC captures a wide range of associations both functional and not, and for functional relationships provides a score that roughly equals the coefficient of determination (R(2)) of the data relative to the regression function. MIC belongs to a larger class of maximal information-based nonparametric exploration (MINE) statistics for identifying and classifying relationships. We apply MIC and MINE to data sets in global health, gene expression, major-league baseball, and the human gut microbiota and identify known and novel relationships.
Remus: high availability via asynchronous virtual machine replication (2008)

Allowing applications to survive hardware failure is an expensive undertaking, which generally involves reengineering software to include complicated recovery logic as well as deploying special-purpose hardware; this represents a severe barrier to improving the dependability of large or legacy applications. We describe the construction of a general and transparent high availability service that allows existing, unmodified software to be protected from the failure of the physical machine on which it runs. Remus provides an extremely high degree of fault tolerance, to the point that a running system can transparently continue execution on an alternate physical host in the face of failure with only seconds of downtime, while completely preserving host state such as active network connections. Our approach encapsulates protected software in a virtual machine, asynchronously propagates changed state to a backup host at frequencies as high as forty times a second, and uses speculative execution to concurrently run the active VM slightly ahead of the replicated system state. 1
DIRECT DETERMINATION OF OPTICAL GAIN IN SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS (1971)

We report a new technique for measuring the stimulated emission spectrum and optical gain of semiconductor materials. Amplified spontaneous emission is used to determine the gain factor by relating the measured variation in light output to variation in the length of the excitation beam. Results for CdS crystals at 2°K are presented that indicate net gains as high as 160 cm−1 at λ = 4907 Å are possible with ∼ 12-MW/cm2 optical pump power density from a nitrogen laser.
Nanostructures & nanomaterials: synthesis, properties & applications (2004)

This important book focuses on the synthesis and fabrication of nanostructures and nanomaterials, but also includes properties and applications of nanostructures and nanomaterials, particularly inorganic nanomaterials. It provides balanced and comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals and processing techniques with regard to synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications of nanostructures and nanomaterials. Both chemical processing and lithographic techniques are presented in a systematic and coherent manner for the synthesis and fabrication of 0-D, 1-D, and 2-D nanostructures, as well as special nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and ordered mesoporous oxides. The book will serve as a general introduction to nanomaterials and nanotechnology for teaching and self-study purposes.
Biphasic effects of the β‐adrenoceptor agonist, BRL 37344, on glucose utilization in rat isolated skeletal muscle (1996)

1. The effects of the selective beta 3-adrenoceptor agonist, BRL 37344 (BRL) on glucose uptake and phosphorylation (i.e. glucose utilization; GU) and glycogen synthesis in rat isolated soleus and extensor digitorium longus (EDL) muscle preparations in vitro were investigated by use of 2-deoxy-[3H]-glucose (GU) and [U-14C]-glucose (glycogen synthesis). 2. Low concentrations of BRL (10(-11)-10(-9) M) significantly increased GU, with maximal increases of 30% in soleus and 24% in EDL at 10(-11) M. Neither the selective beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, atenolol (10(-8)-10(-6) M), nor the selective beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, ICI 118551 (10(-8)-10(-6) M) had any effect on the stimulation of GU induced by 10(-11) M BRL. 3. High concentrations of BRL (10(-6)-10(-5) M) caused significant inhibition (up to 30%) of GU in both soleus and EDL muscles. The inhibition of 10(-6) M BRL was blocked completely by 10(-6) and 10(-7) M ICI 118551 in soleus, and by 10(-6)-10(-8) M ICI 118551 in EDL; atenolol (10(-8)-10(6) M) had no effect. 4. Another selective beta 3-adrenoceptor agonist, CL 316,243, also caused a significant stimulation of muscle GU, with maximal increases of 43% at 10(-9) M in soleus and 45% at 10(-10) M in EDL. The stimulation of GU declined with further increases in the concentration of CL 316,243, but no inhibition of GU was seen, even at the highest concentration (10(-5) M) tested. 5. BRL at 10(-5) M inhibited completely insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis in both soleus and EDL, but this inhibitory effect of BRL was abolished by 10(-6) M ICI 118551. BRL at 10(-11) M (with or without 10(-6) M ICI 118551) had no effect on insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis. 6. It is concluded that: (i) low (< nM) concentrations of BRL stimulate GU via an atypical beta-adrenoceptor that is resistant to conventional beta 1-adrenoceptor and beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonists; (ii) the stimulation of GU is negated by the activation of beta 2-adrenoceptors that occurs at higher (> nM) concentrations of BRL; (iii) inhibition of GU via beta 2-adrenoceptor activation is associated with inhibition of glycogen synthesis, possibly due to activation of glycogenolysis; (iv) the opposing effects of beta 2-adrenoceptor and atypical beta-adrenoceptor activation on GU suggest that in skeletal muscle these adrenoceptors are linked to different post-receptor pathways.
THE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF CIRCULATING CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN OF THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (1969)

A radioimmunoassay has been developed for determining the serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen of the human digestive system in patients with cancer of the colon and rectum. The assay is simple to perform and has a high degree of reproducibility and specificity. The test detects a concentration of 2.5 ng of carcinoembryonic antigen per ml of serum and this has provided the first demonstration of a circulating tumor-specific antigen in the sera of cancer patients.
Presence of Alanine-to-Valine Substitutions in Myofibrillogenesis Regulator 1 in Paroxysmal Nonkinesigenic Dyskinesia (2005)

The function of MR1 is unknown, but the 2 mutations identified in the 4 families with PNKD studied to date are predicted to disrupt the amino terminal alpha-helix suggesting that this region of the gene is critical for proper gene function under stressful conditions. Study of additional families will be important to determine whether analysis of a single exon (MR1 exon 1) is sufficient for genetic testing purposes.
Large-Volume Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for Blood Plasma Separation (2010)

This article draws upon a novel large-volume device to further illustrate the challenges in combining microfluidics structures with large-volume samples and the implications for sample-driven microfluidics systems.
Hands on virtual clay (2008)

This paper presents a new interaction system designed for hands-on 3D shape modeling and deformation through natural hand gestures. Our system is made of a Phantom haptic device coupled with a deformable foam ball that supports pressure sensors. These sensors detect forces exerted by the user's fingertips, and are used to control the configuration of a compliant virtual hand that is modeling soft virtual clay. During interaction, the user is provided both passive tactile feedback through the foam ball, and realistic visual feedback since the virtual hand deforms due to its interaction in the virtual environment. The combination of all these feedbacks provides the artist with a good immersion allowing for effective sculpting in a virtual world.
Endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) expression in cutaneous inflammation (1991)

Endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) is a recently described endothelial surface glycoprotein which is inducible by interleukin 1 (IL-1), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Using an immunohistochemical technique and a monoclonal antibody (1.2B6) specific for ELAM-1 we have found marked vascular endothelial expression of ELAM-1 in many cutaneous inflammatory disorders, including allergic contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, and in dermal infiltrates associated with benign, premalignant and malignant keratinocyte proliferation. In normal skin, minimal levels of ELAM-1 expression were detected. In psoriasis, double-immunoenzyme staining studies revealed a close spatial relationship between ELAM-1 expression and neutrophil margination, suggesting a functional link. Recombinant human interferon-gamma (30 micrograms) injected intradermally in normal adult human volunteers did not substantially upregulate ELAM-1 in contrast to its marked effect on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression, indicating that this cytokine is probably not involved in ELAM-1 induction in vivo. These results indicate that ELAM-1 is widely induced in cutaneous inflammation with a time course of expression that is longer than that observed in vitro. As ELAM-1 acts as an adhesion ligand for neutrophils, and perhaps monocytes, the expression of this molecule in cutaneous lesions is likely to be an indication of the ability of vascular endothelium to recruit these cells from the circulation. Furthermore, the cytokine inducibility of ELAM-1 is indirect evidence for functional interactions between perivascular mononuclear cells, other resident cells and the blood vessel wall.
Treatment of Irradiated Mice with High-Dose Ascorbic Acid Reduced Lethality (2015)

Ascorbic acid is an effective antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Therefore, it is expected that ascorbic acid should act as a radioprotectant. We investigated the effects of post-radiation treatment with ascorbic acid on mouse survival. Mice received whole body irradiation (WBI) followed by intraperitoneal administration of ascorbic acid. Administration of 3 g/kg of ascorbic acid immediately after exposure significantly increased mouse survival after WBI at 7 to 8 Gy. However, administration of less than 3 g/kg of ascorbic acid was ineffective, and 4 or more g/kg was harmful to the mice. Post-exposure treatment with 3 g/kg of ascorbic acid reduced radiation-induced apoptosis in bone marrow cells and restored hematopoietic function. Treatment with ascorbic acid (3 g/kg) up to 24 h (1, 6, 12, or 24 h) after WBI at 7.5 Gy effectively improved mouse survival; however, treatments beyond 36 h were ineffective. Two treatments with ascorbic acid (1.5 g/kg × 2, immediately and 24 h after radiation, 3 g/kg in total) also improved mouse survival after WBI at 7.5 Gy, accompanied with suppression of radiation-induced free radical metabolites. In conclusion, administration of high-dose ascorbic acid might reduce radiation lethality in mice even after exposure.
Identification and Biological Evaluation of 4-(3-Trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylic Acid (5-Trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)amide, a High Affinity TRPV1 (VR1) Vanilloid Receptor Antagonist (2004)

High throughput screening using the recombinant human TRPV1 receptor was used to identify a series of pyridinylpiperazine ureas (3) as TRPV1 vanilloid receptor ligands. Exploration of the structure-activity relationships by parallel synthesis identified the essential pharmacophoric elements for antagonism that permitted further optimization via targeted synthesis to provide a potent orally bioavailable and selective TRPV1 modulator 41 active in several in vivo models.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Biomarkers in Glioblastoma: Current Status and Future Perspectives (2017)

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary neuroepithelial tumor of the central nervous system, characterized by an extremely aggressive clinical phenotype. Patients with GBM have a poor prognosis and only 3-5% of them survive for more than 5 years. The current GBM treatment standards include maximal resection followed by radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant therapies. Despite these aggressive therapeutic regimens, the majority of patients suffer recurrence due to molecular heterogeneity of GBM. Consequently, a number of potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers have been investigated. Some of them, such as IDH mutations, 1p19q deletion, MGMT promoter methylation, and EGFRvIII amplification are frequently tested in routine clinical practice. With the development of sequencing technology, detailed characterization of GBM molecular signatures has facilitated a more personalized therapeutic approach and contributed to the development of a new generation of anti-GBM therapies such as molecular inhibitors targeting growth factor receptors, vaccines, antibody-based drug conjugates, and more recently inhibitors blocking the immune checkpoints. In this article, we review the exciting progress towards elucidating the potential of current and novel GBM biomarkers and discuss their implications for clinical practice.
Molecular genetics of palmitoyl-protein thioesterase deficiency in the U.S. (1998)

Mutations in a newly described lysosomal enzyme, palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT), were recently shown to be responsible for an autosomal recessive neurological disorder prevalent in Finland, infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. The disease results in blindness, motor and cognitive deterioration, and seizures. Characteristic inclusion bodies (granular osmiophilic deposits [GROD]) are found in the brain and other tissues. The vast majority of Finnish cases are homozygous for a missense mutation (R122W) that severely affects PPT enzyme activity, and the clinical course in Finnish children is uniformly rapidly progressive and fatal. To define the clinical, biochemical, and molecular genetic characteristics of subjects with PPT deficiency in a broader population, we collected blood samples from U.S. and Canadian subjects representing 32 unrelated families with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis who had GROD documented morphologically. We measured PPT activity and screened the coding region of the PPT gene for mutations. In 29 of the families, PPT deficiency was found to be responsible for the neurodegenerative disorder, and mutations were identified in 57 out of 58 PPT alleles. One nonsense mutation (R151X) accounted for 40% of the alleles and was associated with severe disease in the homozygous state. A second mutation (T75P) accounted for 13% of the alleles and was associated with a late onset and protracted clinical course. A total of 19 different mutations were found, resulting in a broader spectrum of clinical presentations than previously seen in the Finnish population. Symptoms first appeared at ages ranging from 3 mo to 9 yr, and about half of the subjects have survived into the second or even third decades of life.
Beta radiation for glaucoma surgery (2012)

Trabeculectomy with beta irradiation has a lower risk of surgical failure compared to trabeculectomy alone. A trial of beta irradiation versus anti-metabolite is warranted.
Error control for receiver-driven layered multicast of audio and video (2001)

We consider the problem of error control for receiver-driven layered multicast of audio and video over the Internet. The sender injects into the network multiple source layers and multiple channel coding (parity) layers, some of which are delayed relative to the source, Each receiver subscribes to the number of source layers and the number of parity layers that optimizes the receiver's quality for its available bandwidth and packet loss probability. We augment this layered FEC system with layered pseudo-ARQ. Although feedback is normally problematic in broadcast situations, ARQ can be simulated by having the receivers subscribe and unsubscribe to the delayed parity layers to receive missing information. This pseudo-ARQ scheme avoids an implosion of repeat requests at the sender and is scalable to an unlimited number of receivers, We show gains of 4-18 dB on channels with 20% loss over systems without error control and additional gains of 1-13 dB when FEC is augmented by pseudo-ARQ in a hybrid system, Optimal error control in the hybrid system is achieved by an optimal policy for a Markov decision process.
High-Q terahertz microcavities in silicon photonic crystal slabs (2009)

Photonic crystal cavities consisting of three holes missing along a principal axis in a triangular lattice of holes in a silicon slab were fabricated. Each cavity was built into a waveguide to form a Lorentzian filter. Two samples were constructed with lattice constants a=80 and 76 μm, with a radius r=0.30a in a 44 μm thick high-resistivity silicon wafer. Transmission experiment show a single sharp resonance near 1 THz in each sample with quality factor Q as high as 1020. Contributions to the measured Q from cavity-waveguide coupling, radiative loss, and material loss are determined.
Prescription Opiate Abuse in Chronic Pain Patients: Clinical Criteria, Incidence, and Predictors (1997)

Prescription opiate abuse criteria for use in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain were designed. The criteria had good reliability and can be applied during normal clinic interactions. The percentage of chronic opiate users who become opiate abusers in pain treatment is within the range reported by others. Past opiate or alcohol abuse or psychosocial testing on clinic admission failed to predict who would become an opiate abuser. The criteria can be used to identify patients who will subsequently require more intensive treatment or intervention or can be used as an outcome to measure to test the effectiveness of treatment strategies.
Browning prevention in fresh and dehydrated potatoes by SH‐containing amino acids (1992)

N-Acetyl-L-cysteine and reduced glutathione were excellent inhibitors of browning of potatoes. In most cases, these two SH-containing compounds were more efficient inhibitors than L-cysteine and approached the effectiveness of sodium sulphite. These considerations suggest that N-acetyl-L-cysteine and reduced glutathione merit extensive evaluation as potentially useful inhibitors for food products.
Autotrophic Carbon Dioxide Assimilation in Thermoproteales Revisited (2009)

For Crenarchaea, two new autotrophic carbon fixation cycles were recently described. Sulfolobales use the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle, with acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA)/propionyl-CoA carboxylase as the carboxylating enzyme. Ignicoccus hospitalis (Desulfurococcales) uses the dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle, with pyruvate synthase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase being responsible for CO(2) fixation. In the two cycles, acetyl-CoA and two inorganic carbons are transformed to succinyl-CoA by different routes, whereas the regeneration of acetyl-CoA from succinyl-CoA proceeds via the same route. Thermoproteales would be an exception to this unifying concept, since for Thermoproteus neutrophilus, the reductive citric acid cycle was proposed as a carbon fixation mechanism. Here, evidence is presented for the operation of the dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle in this archaeon. All required enzyme activities were detected in large amounts. The key enzymes of the cycle were strongly upregulated under autotrophic growth conditions, indicating their involvement in autotrophic CO(2) fixation. The corresponding genes were identified in the genome. (14)C-labeled 4-hydroxybutyrate was incorporated into the central building blocks in accordance with the key position of this compound in the cycle. Moreover, the results of previous (13)C-labeling studies, which could be reconciled with a reductive citric acid cycle only when some assumptions were made, were perfectly in line with the new proposal. We conclude that the dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle is operating in CO(2) fixation in the strict anaerobic Thermoproteales as well as in Desulfurococcales.
Energy-efficient low-Fresnel-number Bessel beams and their application in optical coherence tomography (2014)

Bessel beams feature a very large depth-of-focus (DOF) compared to conventional focusing schemes, but their central lobe carries only a small fraction of the total beam power, leading to a strongly reduced peak irradiance. This is problematic for power-limited applications, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) or optical coherence microscopy, as it can result in a prohibitive reduction of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Using scalar diffraction theory, we show that the trade-off between DOF and peak irradiance of Bessel beams depends solely on the Fresnel number N. We demonstrate the existence of a low-Fresnel-number regime, N<10, in which axicons with Gaussian illumination can generate energy-efficient Bessel beams with a small number of sidelobes. In the context of OCT, this translates into DOF enhancements of up to 13× for a SNR penalty below 20 dB, which is confirmed by our experiments. We expect that these findings will enable improved performance of optical systems with extended DOF.
Current Knowledge and Future Directions of the Selective Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors Erlotinib (Tarceva®) and Gefitinib (Iressa®) (2005)

Gefitinib (Iressa); AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE, http://www.astrazeneca-us.com) and erlotinib (Tarceva); OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Melville, NY, http://www.osip.com) are so-called small molecules that selectively inhibit epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase activity. Both drugs received registration approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the second- and third-line treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the failure of gefitinib to show a survival advantage over placebo has resulted in a discussion about the registration of gefitinib. Recently published results have revealed that mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR are strongly associated with increased gefitinib and erlotinib sensitivity in patients with advanced NSCLC. Here, we present the current knowledge and the future directions of the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib.
Palladium-catalyzed carbonylative coupling of benzyl chlorides with terminal alkynes to give 1,4-diaryl-3-butyn-2-ones and related furanones (2011)

A general palladium-catalyzed carbonylative Sonogashira coupling of benzyl chlorides with terminal acetylenes has been established. Depending on the alkyne 1,4-diaryl-3-butyn-2-ones or substituted furanones are obtained in moderate to good yields. Best catalytic performance is achieved applying a mixed Pd(PPh(3))Cl(2)/P(OPh)(3) catalyst system.
Isolation and Expression of Functional High-Affinity Fc Receptor Complementary DNAs (1989)

Human and murine mononuclear phagocytes express a high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin G that plays a central role in macrophage antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and clearance of immune complexes. The receptor (FcRI) may also be involved in CD4-independent infection of human macrophages by human immunodeficiency virus. This report describes the isolation of cDNA clones encoding the human FcRI by a ligand-mediated selection technique. Expression of the cDNAs in COS cells gave rise to immunoglobulin G binding of the expected affinity and subtype specificity. RNA blot analysis revealed expression of a 1.7-kilobase transcript in macrophages and in cells of the promonocytic cell line U937 induced with interferon-gamma. The extracellular region of FcRI consists of three immunoglobulin-like domains, two of which share homology with low-affinity receptor domains.