gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Production, biological activity, and structure of recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor and an analog with cysteine replaced by serine. (1988)

We have chemically synthesized the gene encoding bovine basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and cloned it into a plasmid vector. This gene was then used as a template for site-directed mutagenesis to produce the human bFGF gene and a gene coding for an analog in which serine residues were substituted for the cysteine residues at positions 70 and 88. All three constructs were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and the proteins purified. The recombinant human and bovine bFGFs exhibited the potent mitogenic activity toward both fibroblasts and endothelial cells, which characterizes natural bFGF. The serine-70,88 analog and natural sequence bovine and human forms were equally active in all assays. Sulfhydryl titration of the purified recombinant bovine bFGF in 4.8 M guanidine hydrochloride indicated the presence of approximately two free sulfhydryl groups. This was consistent with the sequence analysis of peptides derived from trypsin digestion, which suggests that cysteines 70 and 88 exist in free sulfhydryl form while cysteines 26 and 93 form a disulfide bond. Circular dichroism shows that the protein has little ordered structure but is folded into a rigid tertiary configuration. Carboxymethylation of the free sulfhydryl groups resulted in no change in the mitogenic activity or conformation. These results are consistent with previous suggestions that, for tissue-derived bFGF, at least 2 of the 4 cysteines in the molecule are not involved in a disulfide bond.
Sub-150 °C processed meso-superstructured perovskite solar cells with enhanced efficiency (2014)

Fabrication of highly efficient mixed halide perovskite solar cells in an entirely low temperature process (sub-150 °C).
The Diabeo Software Enabling Individualized Insulin Dose Adjustments Combined With Telemedicine Support Improves HbA1c in Poorly Controlled Type 1 Diabetic Patients (2011)

The Diabeo system gives a substantial improvement to metabolic control in chronic, poorly controlled type 1 diabetic patients without requiring more medical time and at a lower overall cost for the patient than usual care.
Vesicle-associated brain myosin-V can be activated to catalyze actin-based transport (1998)

Myosin-V has been linked to actin-based organelle transport by a variety of genetic, biochemical and localization studies. However, it has yet to be determined whether myosin-V functions as an organelle motor. To further investigate this possibility, we conducted a biochemical and functional analysis of organelle-associated brain myosin-V. Using the initial fractionation steps of an established protocol for the purification of brain myosin-V, we isolated a population of brain microsomes that is approx. fivefold enriched for myosin-V, and is similarly enriched for synaptic vesicle proteins. As demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy, myosin-V associates with 30-40% of the vesicles in this population. Although a majority of myosin-V-associated vesicles also label with the synaptic vesicle marker protein, SV2, less than half of the total SV2-positive vesicles label with myosin-V. The average size of myosin-V/SV2 double-labeled vesicles (90+/-45 nm) is larger than vesicles that label only with SV2 antibodies (60+/-30 nm). To determine if these vesicles are capable of actin-based transport, we used an in vitro actin filament motility assay in which vesicles were adsorbed to motility assay substrates. As isolated, the myosin-V-associated vesicle fraction was nonmotile. However, vesicles pre-treated with ice-cold 0.1% Triton X-100 supported actin filament motility at rates comparable to those on purified myosin-V. This dilute detergent treatment did not disrupt vesicle integrity. Furthermore, while this treatment removed over 80% of the total vesicle proteins, myosin-V remained tightly vesicle-associated. Finally, function-blocking antibodies against the myosin-V motor domain completely inhibited motility on these substrates. These studies provide direct evidence that vesicle-associated myosin-V is capable of actin transport, and suggest that the activity of myosin-V may be regulated by proteins or lipids on the vesicle surface.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Female Sexual Arousal Disorder (2009)

The study of sexual health is not a new concept in western medicine. However, focusing on women's sexual health and specifically on female sexual dysfunction has become a new trend. What has followed has been a genuine attempt by the medical community to define normal sexual health for women, as well as female sexual dysfunction and to develop efficacious treatment protocols for women with sexual dysfunction. Despite having its own definition, it is important to note that diagnosing an isolated dysfunction like female sexual arousal disorder is often difficult due to the dynamic nature of a woman's sexual response. The use of a treatment, platform, however should be the foundation of the treatment.
IL-10-related cellular cytokines and their receptors: new targets for inflammation and cancer therapy (2004)

IL-10 is an important mediator of immunoregulation, which exerts potent immunosuppressive activity by downregulating monocytic cell and T cell activation. Recently, five novel human cytokines structurally related to IL-10 and designated IL-19, -20, -22, -24 and -26 have been identified through genomic methods. All are secreted α-helical proteins whose amino acid sequences show 20 – 30% identity to that of IL-10. Furthermore, all the known cell surface receptors utilised by these cytokines are heterodimers of transmembrane subunits that belong to the Class II cytokine receptor family and signal predominantly through Janus kinases (JAKs)–signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways. Preliminary characterisation of the biological activities of these new IL-10 family members has demonstrated that they all lack the immunosuppressive activity of IL-10 but perform diverse roles in mediating inflammatory responses in a variety of tissues. In particular, IL-19, 20 and -22 may be involved in skin inflammation, such as psoriasis. Moreover, adenovirus expression of IL-24 has antitumour activity and is being evaluated for cancer gene therapy. The potential of these cytokines and their receptors as therapeutic targets for inflammatory or malignant diseases has prompted considerable interest in both academia and the biopharmaceutical industry. This article provides an updated overview of the molecular and functional properties of these molecules and discusses the associated patent literature.
Gadolinium‐Conjugated Dendrimer Nanoclusters as a Tumor‐Targeted T1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent (2009)

Light heavyweight champion: Chemically cross-linked dendrimer nanoclusters (DNCs) have been developed as a platform for preparing targeted magnetic resonance contrast agents. The extremely high gadolinium payload causes the DNCs to show a significant improvement in tumor contrast compared with pre-contrast images (see picture). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Crystallography in the Study of Protein-DNA Interactions (2003)

Over the past few years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of protein-DNA cocrystal structures solved at atomic resolution (Table 1; for reviews see [, , ]). This has allowed a detailed understanding of how specific proteins interact with DNA (e.g., prokaryotic repressors), but has not facilitated the formulation of a common protein-DNA recognition code, which although suggested earlier (), now appears to be too simplistic (). However, some general observations have emerged from these recent protein-DNA crystal structures, some of which are discussed below.
Bug Localization in Test-Driven Development (2011)

Software development teams that use agile methodologies are increasingly adopting the test-driven development practice (TDD). TDD allows to produce software by iterative and incremental work cycle, and with a strict control over the process, favouring an early detection of bugs. However, when applied to large and complex systems, TDD benefits are not so obvious; manually locating and fixing bugs introduced during the iterative development steps is a nontrivial task. In such systems, the propagation chains following the bugs activation can be unacceptably long and intricate, and the size of the code to be analyzed is often too large. In this paper, a bug localization technique specifically tailored to TDD is presented. The technique is embedded in the TDD cycle, and it aims to improve developers' ability to locate bugs as soon as possible. It is implemented in a tool and experimentally evaluated on newly developed Java programs.
Epstein-Barr virus-induced genes: first lymphocyte-specific G protein-coupled peptide receptors (1993)

Since Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells in vitro reproduces many of the activation effects of EBV infection of primary B lymphocytes, mRNAs induced in BL cells have been cloned and identified by subtractive hybridization. Nine genes encode RNAs which are 4- to > 100-fold more abundant after EBV infection. Two of these, the genes for CD21 and vimentin, were previously known to be induced by EBV infection. Five others, the genes for cathepsin H, annexin VI (p68), serglycin proteoglycan core protein, CD44, and the myristylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS), are genes which were not previously known to be induced by EBV infection. Two novel genes, EBV-induced genes 1 and 2 (EBI 1 and EBI 2, respectively) can be predicted from their cDNA sequences to encode G protein-coupled peptide receptors. EBI 1 is expressed exclusively in B- and T-lymphocyte cell lines and in lymphoid tissues and is highly homologous to the interleukin 8 receptors. EBI 2 is most closely related to the thrombin receptor. EBI 2 is expressed in B-lymphocyte cell lines and in lymphoid tissues but not in T-lymphocyte cell lines or peripheral blood T lymphocytes. EBI 2 is also expressed at lower levels in a promyelocytic and a histiocytic cell line and in pulmonary tissue. These predicted G protein-coupled peptide receptors are more likely to be mediators of EBV effects on B lymphocytes or of normal lymphocyte functions than are genes previously known to be up-regulated by EBV infection.
Photoaffinity labeling of the electroplax sodium channel with tetrodotoxin derivatives. II. Comparison of the photoreactivity of different photoactivable groups in the tetrodotoxin binding site. (1990)

Four photoactivable tetrodotoxin (TTX) derivatives and the corresponding tritiated compounds were synthesized and porified. The photoactivable groups introduced were a nitro-azidophenyl (NAP) group and a trifluoromethyl diazirinobenzoyl (TDB) group, as nitrene and carbene precursors, respectively, as well as two isomers of the fluoronitrophenoxy group, a new photpreactive group selective for nucleophiles. The binding affinities of the four derivatives to the sodium channel were similar to that of TTX, but the values of specific photoincorporation were unexpectedly low (up to 2.5%), suggesting that the photpactivable groups are likely to be oriented unfavorably for labeling reactions in the TTX binding site. Two of the labeled sodium channel proteins were purified and digested. Peptides labeled with TTXenNAP lost most of the label during high performance liquid chromatography in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid-acetonitrile, while peptides labeled with TTXenTDB retained the labels during the procedures. The TTXenTDB-labeled peptides were eluted in four major fractions with 80% recovery of the amount applied on a reverse-phased C4 column.However, further purification is necessary to identify the labeled sites of the peptides.
2 Messenger RNA Transcription and Its Control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)

I. INTRODUCTION The regulation of transcription plays a critical role in the control of growth and differentiation in eukaryotic cells. The basis of this regulation in both eukaryotic cells and in prokaryotic cells is the activation or repression of a transcriptional apparatus (or machinery) by site-specific DNA-binding proteins. Fundamental differences exist between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in both the apparatus and site-specific regulators. The prokaryotic apparatus is the RNA polymerase core enzyme, which associates with any of several σ factors to acquire promoter specificity, whereas the eukaryotic apparatus consists of RNA polymerase, a protein that binds to the TATA box, and a series of other general transcription factors needed for specific initiation of transcription. Prokaryotic transcriptional activators and repressors, with few exceptions, bind in close proximity to the promoter site bound by RNA polymerase. In contrast, eukaryotic activators bind to upstream activation sites (UASs) or enhancers that can lie hundreds or thousands of bases away from the TATA box (Guarente 1984Guarente 1987; McKnight and Tjian 1986; Struhl 1987). The ability of these regulators to operate over such distances requires non-DNA-binding proteins, termed adaptors, that bridge the activators at the UASs to the general factors at the TATA boxes. Eukaryotic promoters can therefore be complex, with many different regulators influencing transcription at a particular TATA box. One of the major themes to emerge from studies of transcriptional regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in recent years is the remarkable conservation in this process from yeast to mammals. This conservation includes the components of the...
CD40 ligand-deficient mice generate a normal primary cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response but a defective humoral response to a viral infection (1996)

CD40 ligand is expressed on activated T cells and interacts with CD40 on B cells and monocytes. It is not known what role CD40 ligand plays in the generation of immune responses to viral infection. To address this issue, we examined virus-specific T- and B-cell responses in CD40 ligand-deficient (CD40L-/-) mice following infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). We found that primary anti-LCMV specific antibody responses were severely impaired in CD40L-/- mice, with the defect being most striking for antibody of the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) isotype. Interestingly, low levels of LCMV-specific antibodies of the IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 isotypes were made in the CD40L-/- mice, showing that IgG1 responses are totally dependent on CD40L but that at least some IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 responses can be CD40L independent. However, unlike CD40L+/+ mice, CD40L-/- mice were unable to sustain virus-specific antibody responses and showed a gradual decline in serum antibody levels over time. The CD40L-/- mice were also deficient in the generation of memory B cells. In contrast to the severely impaired humoral responses, CD40L-/- mice generated potent virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses after LCMV infection and were able to clear the virus. These results show that CD40L does not play a role in generating primary virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses but does affect the primary antibody response and the generation of memory B cells.
Semiconducting polymer diodes: Large size, low cost photodetectors with excellent visible-ultraviolet sensitivity (1994)

Photodiodes fabricated from conjugated polymers exhibit excellent sensitivity to visible-UV radiation. The photosensitivity increases with reverse bias voltage. The photoresponse of diodes fabricated from poly(3-octyl thiophene) is relatively flat in the visible and near UV; for wavelengths shorter than 550 nm, the absolute sensitivity is greater than 0.3 A/W under reverse bias of 15 V, larger than that of commercial UV-enhanced Si photodiodes. Photodiodes made from poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene], MEH-PPV, sensitized with C60, show similar sensitivity. The ease of fabrication into large size, arbitrary shapes, and even onto flexible substrates makes the polymer photodiode a novel photodetector with potential for use in a wide range of applications.
X-ray detectors for digital radiography (1997)

Digital radiography offers the potential of improved image quality as well as providing opportunities for advances in medical image management, computer-aided diagnosis and teleradiology. Image quality is intimately linked to the precise and accurate acquisition of information from the x-ray beam transmitted by the patient, i.e. to the performance of the x-ray detector. Detectors for digital radiography must meet the needs of the specific radiological procedure where they will be used. Key parameters are spatial resolution, uniformity of response, contrast sensitivity, dynamic range, acquisition speed and frame rate. The underlying physical considerations defining the performance of x-ray detectors for radiography will be reviewed. Some of the more promising existing and experimental detector technologies which may be suitable for digital radiography will be considered. Devices that can be employed in full-area detectors and also those more appropriate for scanning x-ray systems will be discussed. These include various approaches based on phosphor x-ray converters, where light quanta are produced as an intermediate stage, as well as direct x-ray-to-charge conversion materials such as zinc cadmium telluride, amorphous selenium and crystalline silicon.
Protecting routing infrastructures from denial of service using cooperative intrusion detection (1997)

We present a solution to the denial of service problem for routing infrastructures.When a network su ers from denial of service, packets cannot reach their destinations.Existing routing protocols are not well-equipped to deal with denial of service; a misbehaving router|which m a y be caused by software hardware faults, miscon guration, or malicious attacks|may be able to disable entire networks.To protect network infrastructures from routers that incorrectly drop packets and misroute packets, we h ypothesize failure models for routers and present protocols that detect and respond to those misbehaving routers.Based on realistic assumptions, we prove that our protocols have the following properties: 1 A well-behaved router never incorrectly claims another router as a misbehaving router; 2 If a network has misbehaving routers, one or more of them can be located; 3 Misbehaving routers will eventually be removed.
Xenopus transcription factor A requires zinc for binding to the 5 S RNA gene. (1983)

Transcription factor A from immature Xenopus oocytes is found associated with 5 S RNA in a 7 S nucleoprotein complex. Atomic absorption analysis of EDTA-dialyzed 7 S particles reveals 2 mol of zinc/mol of particle. Factor A obtained from EDTA-dialyzed particles binds specifically to the 5 S RNA gene as determined by DNase I footprinting. Factor A alone, obtained by RNase digestion of the 7 S particle, contains zinc when dialyzed in the absence of EDTA. However, the zinc bound to free factor A is removed by dialysis against a buffer containing EDTA. The apoprotein does not bind to the 5 S RNA gene. Inhibition of footprinting is also effected by addition of EDTA to factor A without prolonged dialysis. Under these conditions, specific DNA binding ability is restored following addition of zinc. 1,10-Phenanthroline also inhibits binding of factor A to the intragenic control region of the 5 S RNA gene. In addition, this reagent specifically inhibits factor A-dependent synthesis of 5 S RNA but not factor A-independent tRNA synthesis in a HeLa cell in vitro transcription system.
In vitro growth of murine T cells. V. The isolation and growth of lymphoid cells infiltrating syngeneic solid tumors. (1980)

A method has been developed for isolating and growing lymphoid cells infiltrating murine solid tumors. When tumor cell suspensions are placed in T cell growth factor (TCGF) lymphoid cells and not tumor cells proliferate. By 7 to 9 days lymphoid cells free of tumor can be harvested and grown continuously in TCGF. The growth of these cells is dependent on the presence of TCGF but not on the presence of concanavalin-A. Tumor cell suspensions that have been freed of T lymphoid cells by treatment with anti-Thy-1.2 serum and complement or by fractionation on Ficoll gradients exhibit no cell out-growth in TCGF. The lymphoid cells growing in TCGF exhibit significant cytotoxicity for syngeneic tumor cells and normal fibroblasts grown in culture but do no lyse normal lymphoid cells.
Vertical Type Organic Transistor Using C60and its Application for OLET (2006)

We have fabricated static induction transistor of vertical type using C60 with high carrier mobility as n-type organic semiconductor material to improve the characteristics of organic transistor. The effects of thin film thickness and the rate of deposition on the current-voltage and on-off ratio of transistor were investigated. And, we also studied the surface morphology of C60 layer under various deposition rate with AFM. The vertical type organic transistor using C60 exhibited low operation voltage compared to the case of F16CuPc. Additionally, the light emitting transistor using the vertical type transistor and P3HT as a light emitting polymer was investigated.
Monitoring refractive index variations in turbid media using phase-sensitive frequency-domain OCT (2005)

Functional imaging of clear and tissue-simulating phantoms using phase-resolved swept-source spectroscopic OCT (PhS-SSOCT) is described. Superior sensitivity of PhS-SSOCT technique to monitor ultra-small changes in sample refractive index is demonstrated using aqueous solutions of glucose and aqueous suspensions of polystyrene microspheres and glucose. Glucose-induced changes in the phase are found to be 0.039 rad/mM and 0.037 rad/mM in the 200 &mu;m-thick cell for clear and turbid media, respectively, that is in good agreement with our previous data obtained using differential-phase time-domain OCT. Obtained results suggest that PhS-SSOCT has a potential for noninvasive, depth-resolved, real-time quantitative monitoring of concentrations of glucose and other analytes with high accuracy.
CCR3 is essential for skin eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of allergic skin inflammation (2002)

The CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) is expressed by eosinophils, mast cells, and Th2 cells.We used CCR3 -/-mice to assess the role of CCR3 in a murine model of allergic skin inflammation induced by repeated epicutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA), and characterized by eosinophil skin infiltration, local expression of Th2 cytokines, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to inhaled antigen.Eosinophils and the eosinophil product major basic protein were absent from the skin of sham and OVA-sensitized CCR3 -/-mice.Mast cell numbers and expression of IL-4 mRNA were normal in skin of CCR3 -/-mice, suggesting that CCR3 is not important for infiltration of the skin by mast cells and Th2 cells.CCR3 -/-mice produced normal levels of OVA-specific IgE, and their splenocytes secreted normal amounts of IL-4 and IL-5 following in vitro stimulation with OVA, indicating effective generation of systemic Th2 helper responses.Recruitment of eosinophils to lung parenchyma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was severely impaired in CCR3 -/-mice, which failed to develop AHR to methacholine following antigen inhalation.These results suggest that CCR3 plays an essential role in eosinophil recruitment to the skin and the lung and in the development of AHR.