gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microfluidic impedance‐based flow cytometry (2010)

Microfabricated flow cytometers can detect, count, and analyze cells or particles using microfluidics and electronics to give impedance-based characterization. Such systems are being developed to provide simple, low-cost, label-free, and portable solutions for cell analysis. Recent work using microfabricated systems has demonstrated the capability to analyze micro-organisms, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and animal and human cell lines. Multifrequency impedance measurements can give multiparametric, high-content data that can be used to distinguish cell types. New combinations of microfluidic sample handling design and microscale flow phenomena have been used to focus and position cells within the channel for improved sensitivity. Robust designs will enable focusing at high flowrates while reducing requirements for control over multiple sample and sheath flows. Although microfluidic impedance-based flow cytometers have not yet or may never reach the extremely high throughput of conventional flow cytometers, the advantages of portability, simplicity, and ability to analyze single cells in small populations are, nevertheless, where chip-based cytometry can make a large impact.
Evaluation of the Hemagglutination-Inhibition Test for Measuring the Response of Chickens to Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccination (1983)

An infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test was used to assay serum-antibody titers after IBV vaccination of IBV-susceptible specific-pathogen-free broilers and commercial layers. Three-week-old broilers were vaccinated via eye-drop with IBV strains that represent the antigenic spectrum of commercial vaccines--Holland, Massachusetts 41 (41 Ms), Connecticut 46, Florida 18288, or JMK strain--and revaccinated 3 weeks later with either the same or a heterologous strain. Weekly serum samples were tested by IBV HI with homologous and heterologous antigens. Vaccinates, except for those vaccinated with the Holland strain, were HI-positive with homologous but not heterologous antigens by 1 to 2 weeks postvaccination. Sixteen-week-old IBV-vaccinated commercial layers were revaccinated with IBV Holland 52 (H 52) strain and subsequently infected with Arkansas 99 (Ark 99) and SE 17 strains. In contrast to the limited HI cross-reactivity of serum from IBV-vaccinated broilers, there were extensive cross-reactions in HI tests with 41 Ms, H 52, Ark 99, and SE 17 antigens of revaccinated layers. These results demonstrate that the IBV HI test is more strain-specific than previous reports indicate, especially when the test samples are from early postvaccination.
X-ray crystallographic snapshots of reaction intermediates in the G117H mutant of human butyrylcholinesterase, a nerve agent target engineered into a catalytic bioscavenger (2010)

OPs (organophosphylates) exert their acute toxicity through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, by phosphylation of the catalytic serine residue. Engineering of human butyrylcholinesterase, by substitution of a histidine residue for the glycine residue at position 117, led to the creation of OP hydrolase activity. However, the lack of structural information and poor understanding of the hydrolytic mechanism of the G117H mutant has hampered further improvements in the catalytic activity. We have solved the crystallographic structure of the G117H mutant with a variety of ligands in its active site. A sulfate anion bound to the active site suggested the positioning for an OP prior to phosphylation. A fluoride anion was found in the active site when NaF was added to the crystallization buffer. In the fluoride complex, the imidazole ring from the His117 residue was substantially shifted, adopting a relaxed conformation probably close to that of the unliganded mutant enzyme. Additional X-ray structures were obtained from the transient covalent adducts formed upon reaction of the G117H mutant with the OPs echothiophate and VX [ethyl ({2-[bis(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}sulfanyl](methyl)phosphinate]. The position of the His117 residue shifted in response to the introduction of these adducts, overlaying the phosphylserine residue. These structural data suggest that the dephosphylation mechanism involves either a substantial conformational change of the His117 residue or an adjacent nucleophilic substitution by water.
Effect of network morphology on adhesive performance in emulsion blends of acrylic pressure sensitive adhesives (2001)

Abstract High‐gel containing latices and gel‐free latex were blended at various weight ratios. The high‐gel containing latices was made of poly(2‐ethyl hexylacrylate‐ stat ‐acrylic acid) and the gel‐free latex was made of poly(2‐ethyl hexylacrylate‐ stat ‐acrylic acid‐ stat ‐isobutoxymethyl acrylamide) using semicontinuous emulsion polymerization. Films were cast at room temperature and dried at 121°C for 10 min. Adhesive performance was evaluated in terms of loop tack, peel, and shear holding power. It was found that interlinking the microgels by the linear polymer due to the isobutoxymethyl acrylamide‐acrylic acid reaction in the film when heated gave synergistic effects in increasing shear. This interlinking could take place only if the molecular weight between crosslinks ( M c ) of the microgels was greater than the entanglement molecular weight of the linear polymer ( M e ), and if the weight average molecular weight of the linear polymer ( M w ) was greater than 2 × M e . © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2109–2117, 2001
Enhancers and transcription factors controlling the inducibility of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter in primary macrophages (1991)

In macrophages, the TNF-alpha promoter is specifically induced by bacterial endotoxin, and provides a good model for gene regulation during bacterial infections. We have analyzed the protein-binding characteristics and enhancer activity of four kappa B-like enhancers and of a MHC class II-like Y box found in the mouse TNF-alpha promoter. In addition to members of the NF-kappa B/rel transcription factor family, at least two of the kappa B sites also bound a nuclear protein identified as NF-GMa, a factor that binds to promoter sequences from many cytokines. When inserted upstream of an enhancer-less promoter, two of the kappa B sites were active as LPS-inducible enhancers in primary macrophages, whereas the other two were not. Mutations in nucleotides known to contact nuclear factors severely reduced affinity of the kappa B sites for NF-kappa B. Introduction of the same mutations into a construct containing 1059 bp of the TNF-alpha promoter coupled to a CAT reporter gene resulted in a stepwise reduction in inducibility by LPS; mutation of all four sites (11 bp of 1059) reduced inducibility by 90%, providing compelling evidence for the role of transcription factors belonging to the NF-kappa B/rel family in the activation of the TNF-alpha promoter. The TNF-alpha Y box bound an abundant nuclear factor, but had no detectable activity in our assays, either as an enhancer or as a mutation-sensitive controlling element.
Diffraction-limited, 300-kW-peak-power pulses from a Yb-doped fiber amplifier (2003)

Summary from only given. We demonstrate that bend loss-induced mode filtering is effective in scaling large-core-area fiber amplifiers to significantly higher pulse energies and peak powers while maintaining diffraction-limited beam quality, high repetition rates, and transform-limited temporal and spectral profiles. This system provides the highest single-transverse-mode pulse energy, peak power, and average power simultaneously extracted from a fiber amplifier to date.
Secretion of a heterologous protein from Bacillus subtilis with the aid of protease signal sequences (1986)

Secretion vectors based on the genes from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens P for alkaline protease (aprBamP) and neutral protease (nprBamP) were constructed. With both aprBamP and nprBamP, a unique restriction site was introduced 3' of the predicted signal coding region by using the technique of oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. The new sites enabled us to fuse a heterologous gene to the expression and secretion elements. We used the protein A gene (spa) from Staphylococcus aureus as a heterologous gene. Bacillus subtilis cells carrying the resulting apr-spa or npr-spa gene fusions synthesized the fusion protein. B. subtilis cells were also capable of removing the signal peptide from the fusion protein, as indicated by the appearance of processed protein A into the growth medium. In addition, these gene fusions allowed us to identify the signal processing site of both the APR-SPA and NPR-SPA proteins.
A VLSI design of a pipeline Reed-Solomon decoder (2005)

A pipeline structure of a transform decoder similar to a systolic array is developed to decode Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. The error locator polynomial is computed by a modified Euclid's algorithm which avoids computing inverse field elements. The new decoder is regular and simple, and naturally suitable for VLSI implementation.
Carbon nanotube volatile organic liquid sensor (2009)

Volatile organic liquid sensors with two distinct configurations are developed for a future biosensor using laterally grown carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from two isolated metal electrodes. In the first configuration, the CNTs grown from each electrode weakly contact each other, and the charge transport between them is based on tunneling. In the second configuration, the CNTs in the array are covered with a silicone composite paste and strongly contact each other; Ohmic transport behavior is observed. The signal modulation amplitude with exposure to the volatile organic liquid is higher than two orders in magnitude. The sensing mechanism is based on the capillary force between CNTs and the swelling property of the silicone paste induced by the organic liquids.
A Novel Alternatively Spliced Form of Murine Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, VEGF 115 (1998)

Murine immortal fibroblasts express a form of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that was cloned, characterized and named VEGF 115. It differs from VEGF 120 by 37 amino acids at the carboxyl terminus. VEGF 115-specific sequence reacted to a single transcript in mouse tissues. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed in mouse tissues and in fibroblasts of normal and immortal divisional phenotypes. The data from mouse tissues suggested that VEGF 115 is not a tissue-specific isoform of VEGF 120, whereas a functional relevance with immortalization is indicated from the latter. The novel cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the His-tagged VEGF 115 (17.2 kDa) thus obtained was recognized by anti-VEGF antibody. A mammalian expression plasmid, pCMVneo+, encoding for VEGF 115 was transfected to NIH 3T3 cells, and the conditioned medium of stable transfectants was found to have fibroblast growth factor-replacing activity for human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Two independent genomic P1 clonings with primers specific for VEGF 164 and VEGF 115, respectively, resulted in isolation of identical P1 clones. We analyzed these three P1 clones on Southern blots with common and specific probes for VEGF 164 and VEGF 115. The results support the hypothesis that VEGF 115 is a new alternatively spliced form of mouse VEGF.
Atomic layer deposition of LaxZr1−xO2−δ (x=0.25) high-k dielectrics for advanced gate stacks (2009)

Thin LaxZr1−xO2−δ (x=0.25) high permittivity (k) films are grown on Si(100) by atomic layer deposition at 300 °C using (PirCp)3La, (MeCp)2ZrMe(OMe) and O3 species. Their properties are studied by grazing incidence x-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrical measurements on the as-grown films and after vacuum annealing at 600 °C. Annealed films feature resistance to hygroscopicity, a large k value of around 30 and an acceptable leakage current density. A low-k silica-rich interlayer is also evidenced at both pristine and annealed high-k/Si interfaces.
T-cell activation by recombinant receptors: CD28 costimulation is required for interleukin 2 secretion and receptor-mediated T-cell proliferation but does not affect receptor-mediated target cell lysis. (2001)

Recombinant T-cell receptors with antibody-like specificity are successfully used to direct CTLs toward a MHC-independent immune response against target cells. Here we monitored the specific activation of receptor grafted CTLs in the context of CD28 costimulation. Peripheral blood T cells were retrovirally engrafted with recombinant anti-CD30 and anti-carcinoembryonic antigen receptors, respectively, that harbor either the Fc epsilonRI-gamma or the CD3-zeta intracellular signaling domain. Cross-linking of recombinant receptors by solid-phase bound ligand, i.e., CD30 and a carcinoembryonic antigen receptor-specific anti-idiotypic antibody, respectively, induces IFN-gamma secretion that is further enhanced by CD28 costimulation of grafted T cells. Induction of interleukin (IL)-2 secretion, in contrast, requires CD28 costimulation in addition to receptor cross-linking, irrespective of T-cell preactivation by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody plus IL-2 or by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody plus anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody. Accordingly, induction of IL-2 secretion upon receptor cross-linking by membrane-bound antigen requires CD28/B7 costimulation whereas IFN-gamma secretion and cell proliferation does not. The efficiency of cytolysis by receptor-grafted CTLs does not depend on and is not affected by CD28 costimulation. The data demonstrate that CTL proliferation, cytokine secretion, and cytolysis upon receptor cross-linking are differentially modulated by CD28 costimulation and that cytolysis does not require B7 expression on target cells.
Stable Right- and Left-Handed Peptide Helices containing Cα-Tetrasubstituted α-Amino Acids (2009)

Short peptidomimetics with stable secondary structures in solution are of interest for applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine. One way to rigidify the backbone of a peptide is the use of cyclic C(alpha)-tetrasubstituted alpha-amino acids (TAAs) like compound 14. The structures resulting from the incorporation of this unnatural amino acid into peptides were investigated. In total, 13 different peptides with a length of up to eight residues and alternating sequences of TAA 14 and (S)- or (R)-valine were synthesized. Their structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and NMR and CD measurements showing that the all-S-backbone-configured peptides 5 and 6 (SS)(2-3) form right-handed 3(10)-helices, while the all-R-configured peptides 11-13 (RR)(2-4) form left-handed 3(10)-helices in the solid state and solution.
Evidence for intracellular cleavage of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor in PC12 cells (1992)

The Alzheimer's amyloid precursor (APP) is cleaved by an unidentified enzyme (APP secretase) to produce soluble APP. Fractionation of PC12 cell homogenates in a detergent-free buffer showed the presence of the Kunitz protease inhibitor (KPI)-containing soluble APP (nexin II) in the particulate fraction. Digitonin or sodium carbonate treatment of this fraction solubilized nexin II suggesting that it is contained in the lumen of vesicles. Nexin II production was not affected by lysosomotropic agents, suggesting that APP secretase is not a lysosomal enzyme. Labelling of cell surface proteins by iodination failed to detect full-length APP on the surface of PC12 cells, suggesting that most of this protein is located intracellularly. Furthermore, pulse-chase experiments showed that nexin II is detected in cell extracts before it appears in the culture medium. Cellular nexin II was detected at zero time of chase after only 5 min of pulse labelling with 35S-sulfate, indicated that APP secretase cleavage takes place immediately after APP is sulfated. Temperature block, pulse-chase, and 35S-sulfate-labelling experiments suggested that APP is cleaved by APP secretase intracellularly in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) or in a post-Golgi compartment.
A bispecific antibody against two different epitopes on hepatitis B surface antigen has potent hepatitis B virus neutralizing activity (2013)

Treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with interferon and viral reverse transcriptase inhibitor regimens results in poor viral clearance, loss of response, and emergence of drug-resistant mutant virus strains. These problems continue to drive the development of new therapeutic approaches to combat HBV. Here, we engineered a bispecific antibody using two monoclonal antibodies cloned from hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific memory B cells from recombinant HBsAg-vaccinated healthy volunteers. Next, we evaluated its efficacy in neutralizing HBV in HepaRG cells. This bispecific antibody, denoted as C4D2-BsAb, had superior HBV-neutralizing activity compared with the combination of both parental monoclonal antibodies, possibly through steric hindrance or induction of HBsAg conformational changes. Moreover, C4D2-BsAb has superior endocytotic characteristics into hepatocytes, which inhibits the secretion of HBsAg. These results suggest that the anti-HBsAg bispecific antibody may be an effective treatment method against HBV infection.
Comprehensive wound management with a starch-based copolymer dressing (1986)

The Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing (JWOCN) is the premier publication for wound, ostomy and continence practice and research. The Journal’s mission is to publish current best evidence and original research to guide the delivery of expert health care. The WOCN Society is a professional nursing society which supports its members by promoting educational, clinical and research opportunities to advance the practice and guide the delivery of expert health care to individuals with wounds, ostomies and continence care needs.
Advanced nanogel engineering for drug delivery (2008)

Nanosized hydrogels (nanogels) have attracted considerable attention as multifunctional polymer-based drug delivery systems. Their versatility is demonstrated both in drug encapsulation and drug release. Nanogels can be designed to facilitate the encapsulation of diverse classes of bioactive compounds. With optimization of their molecular composition, size and morphology, nanogels can be tailor-made to sense and respond to environmental changes in order to ensure spatial and stimuli-controlled drug release in vivo. This manuscript aims to highlight recent advances in the interface between biology and nanomedicine with the emphasis on nanogels as carriers for controlled drug delivery.
Trapping Social Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) with Acetic Acid and Saturated Short Chain Alcohols (2000)

Nineteen compounds were evaluated in combination with a solution of acetic acid as baits for trapping the German yellowjacket, Vespula germanica (F.), the western yellowjacket Vespula pensylvanica (Sausssure), and the golden paper wasp Polistes aurifer Saussure. Compounds with three to six carbon chains or branched chains and with a hydroxy functional group were selected for testing based on their similarity to isobutanol. They were compared with isobutanol with acetic acid, which is a known wasp attractant. None of the compounds tested were superior to isobutanol when presented with acetic acid as a lure for these species of wasps. However, traps baited with either the S-(-)- or the racemic mixture of 2-methyl-1-butanol in combination with acetic acid captured similar numbers of both species of yellowjackets, compared with isobutanol with acetic acid. Polistes aurifer responded strongly to the S-(-)-enantiomer and to the racemic mixture of 2-methyl-1-butanol with acetic acid and not to the R-(+)-enantiomer with acetic acid.
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors as new therapeutic agents for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes (2003)

Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent form of diabetes. Incretin hormones play an important role in normal and pathological blood glucose homeostasis. The role of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) in the inactivation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), one of the most important incretins, is wellestablished. Therefore, DPP IV inhibitors are investigated as new therapeutic agents for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. A summary of DPP IV inhibitors reported until 1998 and a more extensive discussion of more recent inhibitors found in literature and patent applications will be provided. The therapeutic potential of several aminoacyl pyrrolidides, aminoacyl thiazolidides and aminoacyl pyrrolidine-2-nitriles will be reviewed.
Surface immunoglobulin of B-lymphocytic tumours as a therapeutic target. (1985)

The surface immunoglobulin of B-lymphocytic tumours is well characterized at the molecular level and in its idiotypic determinants offers antigenic targets which are effectively tumour-specific. Anti-idiotype antibodies raised individually for each tumour have been used for passive serotherapy in animals and man. The advent of monoclonal technology has added further precision, and can readily provide the large quantities of antibody which might sometimes be necessary. However, the therapeutic use of unmodified anti-idiotype has yielded a significant remission in only a minority of cases. Some factors thwarting the antibody can be readily identified; prominent among these are extracellular idiotypic immunoglobulin and antigenic modulation. Another major factor is our ignorance of appropriate effector mechanisms to be recruited, with one candidate mechanism being the activation of immunological suppressor circuits. Without such knowledge there is a large arbitrary element in the selection of antibody isotype, doses and schedules. Some groups suspect that antibody derivatives will eventually prove more effective than the native molecules. Univalent, chimeric univalent and toxin-bearing antibodies are among those being investigated. Monoclonal and molecular genetic technologies may play an increasing role in the engineering of such derivatives. The fast-growing animal lymphomas presently available as models cannot mimic more than a tiny fraction of human lymphomas. So the arena in which antibody therapy of B lymphoma will be decided is the clinic. Here the relatively innocuous nature of antibody treatment is a tremendous boon. However, with the mechanisms involved being multiple, complex and only partially understood we are unlikely to be favoured with rapid answers.
Direct Observation and Quantification of CO 2 Binding Within an Amine-Functionalized Nanoporous Solid (2010)

Understanding the molecular details of CO(2)-sorbent interactions is critical for the design of better carbon-capture systems. Here we report crystallographic resolution of CO(2) molecules and their binding domains in a metal-organic framework functionalized with amine groups. Accompanying computational studies that modeled the gas sorption isotherms, high heat of adsorption, and CO(2) lattice positions showed high agreement on all three fronts. The modeling apportioned specific binding interactions for each CO(2) molecule, including substantial cooperative binding effects among the guest molecules. The validation of the capacity of such simulations to accurately model molecular-scale binding bodes well for the theory-aided development of amine-based CO(2) sorbents. The analysis shows that the combination of appropriate pore size, strongly interacting amine functional groups, and the cooperative binding of CO(2) guest molecules is responsible for the low-pressure binding and large uptake of CO(2) in this sorbent material.