gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Two-stage color palettization for error diffusion</title> (2002)

Image-adaptive color palettization chooses a decreased number of colors to represent an image. Palettization is one way to decrease storage and memory requirements for low-end displays. Palettization is generally approached as a clustering problem, where one attempts to find the k palette colors that minimize the average distortion for all the colors in an image. This would be the optimal approach if the image was to be displayed with each pixel quantized to the closest palette color. However, to improve the image quality the palettization may be followed by error diffusion. In this work, we propose a two-stage palettization where the first stage finds some m &lt;&lt; k clusters, and the second stage chooses palette points that cover the spread of each of the M clusters. After error diffusion, this method leads to better image quality at less computational cost and with faster display speed than full k-means palettization.
Expression of Nox4 in osteoclasts (2004)

A new superoxide-generating enzyme, NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4), contributes to osteoclastic superoxide production. In this study, we demonstrated that Nox4 is expressed at a higher level in osteoclasts than that in precursor cells. This result suggested that Nox4 is upregulated during the differentiation and development of osteoclasts. Cotransfection of Nox4/P22 DNA resulted in enhanced superoxide production in osteoclasts, indicating that P22 may be a necessary factor for the Nox4 activity. In addition, expression of both cathepsin K and TRAP is increased significantly in osteoclasts cotransfected with Nox4/P22. Further study revealed that JNK was activated and that NF-kappa B was inhibited in Nox4/P22 cotransfected osteoclasts. These findings suggest that superoxide and/or superoxide derived molecules may modulate the signal transduction pathways necessary for osteoclasts to function.
A Refined Pharmacophore Identifies Potent 4-Amino-7-chloroquinoline-Based Inhibitors of the Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A Metalloprotease (2007)

We previously identified structurally diverse small molecule (non-peptidic) inhibitors (SMNPIs) of the botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) light chain (LC). Of these, several (including antimalarial drugs) contained a 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline (ACQ) substructure and a separate positive ionizable amine component. The same antimalarials have also been found to interfere with BoNT/A translocation into neurons, via pH elevation of the toxin-mediated endosome. Thus, this structural class of small molecules may serve as dual-function BoNT/A inhibitors. In this study, we used a refined pharmacophore for BoNT/A LC inhibition to identify four new, potent inhibitors of this structural class (IC50's ranged from 3.2 to 17 muM). Molecular docking indicated that the binding modes for the new SMNPIs are consistent with those of other inhibitors that we have identified, further supporting our structure-based pharmacophore. Finally, structural motifs of the new SMNPIs, as well as two structure-based derivatives, were examined for activity, providing valuable information about pharmacophore component contributions to inhibition.
On the viscoelastic character of liver tissue: experiments and modelling of the linear behaviour (2000)

This paper presents the results of recent investigations into the viscoelastic character of liver tissue, especially the linear response. The linear domain of liver tissue has been determined by a strain sweep oscillation test. The fluid‐like viscoelastic behaviour of liver tissue was confirmed by stress relaxation experiments. To demonstrate the consistency and quality of the experimental data, the relaxation spectrum was used to reconstruct the relaxation modulus, as well as the storage and loss moduli. The generalised Maxwell model was successfully employed to model the mechanical behaviour in the linear viscoelastic domain.
Treatment of Chronic Granulomatous Disease with Nonmyeloablative Conditioning and a T-Cell–Depleted Hematopoietic Allograft (2001)

Nonmyeloablative conditioning followed by a T-cell-depleted hematopoietic stem-cell allograft is a feasible option for patients with chronic granulomatous disease, recurrent life-threatening infections, and an HLA-identical family donor.
Molecular and enzymic properties of recombinant 1,2-α-mannosidase from Aspergillus saitoi overexpressed in Aspergillus oryzae cells (1999)

For the construction of an overexpression system of the intracellular 1,2-alpha-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.113) gene (msdS) from Aspergillus saitoi (now designated Aspergillus phoenicis), the N-terminal signal sequence of the gene was replaced with that of the aspergillopepsin I (EC 3.4.23.18) gene (apnS) signal, one of the same strains as described previously. Then the fused 1, 2-alpha-mannosidase gene (f-msdS) was inserted into the NotI site between P-No8142 and T-agdA in the plasmid pNAN 8142 (9.5 kbp) and thus the Aspergillus oryzae expression plasmid pNAN-AM1 (11.2 kbp) was constructed. The fused f-msdS gene has been overexpressed in a transformant A. oryzae niaD AM1 cell. The recombinant enzyme expressed in A. oryzae cells was purified to homogeneity in two steps. The system is capable of making as much as about 320 mg of the enzyme/litre of culture. The recombinant enzyme has activity with methyl-2-O-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside at pH 5.0, while no activity was determined with methyl-3-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside or methyl-6-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside. The substrate specificity of the enzyme was analysed by using pyridylaminated (PA)-oligomannose-type sugar chains, Man9-6(GlcNAc)2-PA (Man is mannose; GlcNAc is N-acetylglucosamine). The enzyme hydrolysed Man8GlcNAc2-PA (type 'M8A') fastest, and 'M6C' {Manalpha1-3[Manalpha1-2Manalpha1-3(Manalpha1-6) Manalpha1-6]Manbeta1- 4GlcNAcbeta1-4GlcNAc-PA} slowest, among the PA-sugar chains. Molecular-mass values of the enzyme were determined to be 63 kDa by SDS/PAGE and 65 kDa by gel filtration on Superose 12 respectively. The pI value of the enzyme was 4.6. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme was GSTQSRADAIKAAFSHAWDGYLQY, and sequence analysis indicated that the signal peptide from apnS gene was removed. The molar absorption coefficient, epsilon, at 280 nm was determined as 91539 M-1.cm-1. Contents of the secondary structure (alpha-helix, beta-structure and the remainder of the enzyme) by far-UV CD determination were about 55, 38 and 7% respectively. The melting temperature, Tm, of the enzyme was 71 degrees C by differential scanning calorimetry. The calorimetric enthalpy, DeltaHcal, of the enzyme was calculated as 13.3 kJ.kg of protein-1. Determination of 1 g-atom of Ca2+/mol of enzyme was performed by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry.
Comment on the modified Beer–Lambert law for scattering media (2004)

We present a concise overview of the modified Beer-Lambert law, which has been extensively used in the literature of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of scattering media. In particular, we discuss one form of the modified Beer-Lambert law that is commonly found in the literature and that is not strictly correct. However, this incorrect form of the modified Beer-Lambert law still leads to the correct expression for the changes in the continuous wave optical signal associated with changes in the absorption coefficient of the investigated medium. Here we propose a notation for the modified Beer-Lambert law that keeps the typical form commonly found in the literature without introducing any incorrect assumptions.
Hereditary Hemochromatosis Protein, HFE, Interaction with Transferrin Receptor 2 Suggests a Molecular Mechanism for Mammalian Iron Sensing (2006)

HFE and transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) are membrane proteins integral to mammalian iron homeostasis and associated with human hereditary hemochromatosis. Here we demonstrate that HFE and TFR2 interact in cells, that this interaction is not abrogated by disease-associated mutations of HFE and TFR2, and that TFR2 competes with TFR1 for binding to HFE. We propose a new model for the mechanism of iron status sensing that results in the regulation of iron homeostasis.
Novel anti-inflammatory compounds induce shedding of L-selectin and block primary capture of neutrophils under flow conditions (1997)

Leumedins are small molecules that inhibit neutrophil movement into inflamed tissues. These compounds have been shown to inhibit the adherence of neutrophils in static adhesion assays mediated by beta2-integrins. We now report that leumedins, like activating agents, induce the loss of L-selectin from the neutrophil surface. The loss of L-selectin is unrelated to the inhibition of static adhesion, since neutrophils that have been pretreated with leumedins to cause shedding of L-selectin, followed by removal of drug, adhere normally in a static adhesion assay, and this adhesion is inhibited upon readdition of leumedin. In an assay of adhesion to endothelial cells under conditions of physiologic wall shear stress, leumedins prevent both primary capture of neutrophils mediated by L-selectin and firm adherence mediated by beta2-integrins.
Microstream Capnography Improves Patient Monitoring During Moderate Sedation: A Randomized, Controlled Trial (2006)

The results of this controlled effectiveness trial support routine use of microstream capnography to detect alveolar hypoventilation and reduce hypoxemia during procedural sedation in children. In addition, capnography allowed early detection of arterial oxygen desaturation because of alveolar hypoventilation in the presence of supplemental oxygen. The current standard of care for monitoring all patients receiving sedation relies overtly on pulse oximetry, which does not measure ventilation. Most medical societies and regulatory organizations consider moderate sedation to be safe but also acknowledge serious associated risks, including suboptimal ventilation, airway obstruction, apnea, hypoxemia, hypoxia, and cardiopulmonary arrest. The results of this controlled trial suggest that microstream capnography improves the current standard of care for monitoring sedated children by allowing early detection of respiratory compromise, prompting intervention to minimize hypoxemia. Integrating capnography into patient monitoring protocols may ultimately improve the safety of nonintubated patients receiving moderate sedation.
A Method for Simulating Stable Random Variables (1976)

Abstract A new algorithm is presented for simulating stable random variables on a digital computer for arbitrary characteristic exponent α(0 < α ≤ 2) and skewness parameter β(-1 ≤ β ≤ 1). The algorithm involves a nonlinear transformation of two independent uniform random variables into one stable random variable. This stable random variable is a continuous function of each of the uniform random variables, and of α and a modified skewness parameter β' throughout their respective permissible ranges.
An Ultra-Low Power Silicon-on-Sapphire ADC for Energy-Scavenging Sensors (2006)

We designed and fabricated an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in a 0.5/spl mu/m silicon-on-sapphire CMOS technology. The ultra-low power and low voltage design of the ADC was targeted for wireless sensor interfaces and energy-scavenging systems. The ADC is capable of 4.5MHz operation, producing 409kS/s, consuming 3/spl mu/Watt at 1.5V power supply. It uses an active area of 615/spl times/782/spl mu/m/sup 2/ . The acceptable input range is 0.97V at 1.5V power supply.
UV picosecond pulse amplification by a XeCl laser (1980)

A UV-preionized discharge-pumped XeCl excimer laser effectively amplified the frequency-doubled picosecond (3–4 ps) pulses generated by a passively mode-locked flashlamp-pumped rhodamine 6G dye laser tuned to the 308-nm band. The peak power of the amplified pulse is 710 MW, and the net power gain is 151. The proposed scheme is promising for the construction of a scalable high-power ultrashort-pulse generator in the UV region.
Subgroup C avian metapneumovirus (MPV) and the recently isolated human MPV exhibit a common organization but have extensive sequence divergence in their putative SH and G genes (2003)

The genes encoding the putative small hydrophobic (SH), attachment (G) and polymerase (L) proteins of the Colorado isolate of subgroup C avian pneumovirus (APV) were entirely or partially sequenced. They all included metapneumovirus (MPV)-like gene start and gene end sequences. The deduced Colorado SH protein shared 26.9 and 21.7 % aa identity with its counterpart in human MPV (hMPV) and APV subgroup A, respectively, but its only significant aa similarities were to hMPV. Conserved features included a common hydrophobicity profile with an unique transmembrane domain and the conservation of most extracellular cysteine residues. The Colorado putative G gene encoded several ORFs, the longer of which encoded a 252 aa long type II glycoprotein with aa similarities to hMPV G only (20.6 % overall aa identity with seven conserved N-terminal residues). The putative Colorado G protein shared, at best, 21.0 % aa identity with its counterparts in the other APV subgroups and did not contain the extracellular cysteine residues and short aa stretch highly conserved in other APVs. The N-terminal end of the Colorado L protein exhibited 73.6 and 54.9 % aa identity with hMPV and APV subgroup A, respectively, with four aa blocks highly conserved among Pneumovirus: Phylogenetic analysis performed on the nt sequences confirmed that the L sequences from MPVs were genetically related, whereas analysis of the G sequences revealed that among MPVs, only APV subgroups A, B and D clustered together, independently of both the Colorado isolate and hMPV, which shared weak genetic relatedness at the G gene level.
Special points for Brillouin-zone integrations (1976)

A method is given for generating sets of special points in the Brillouin zone which provides an efficient means of integrating periodic functions of the wave vector. The integration can be over the entire Brillouin zone or over specified portions thereof. This method also has applications in spectral and density-of-state calculations. The relationships to the Chadi-Cohen and Gilat-Raubenheimer methods are indicated.
Anti-Human α-Synuclein N-Terminal Peptide Antibody Protects against Dopaminergic Cell Death and Ameliorates Behavioral Deficits in an AAV-α-Synuclein Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease (2015)

The protein α-synuclein (α-Syn) has a central role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and immunotherapeutic approaches targeting this molecule have shown promising results. In this study, novel antibodies were generated against specific peptides from full length human α-Syn and evaluated for effectiveness in ameliorating α-Syn-induced cell death and behavioral deficits in an AAV-α-Syn expressing rat model of PD. Fisher 344 rats were injected with rAAV vector into the right substantia nigra (SN), while control rats received an AAV vector expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Beginning one week after injection of the AAV-α-Syn vectors, rats were treated intraperitoneally with either control IgG or antibodies against the N-terminal (AB1), or central region (AB2) of α-Syn. An unbiased stereological estimation of TH+, NeuN+, and OX6 (MHC-II) immunostaining revealed that the α-Syn peptide antibodies (AB1 and AB2) significantly inhibited α-Syn-induced dopaminergic cell (DA) and NeuN+ cell loss (one-way ANOVA (F (3, 30) = 5.8, p = 0.002 and (F (3, 29) = 7.92, p = 0.002 respectively), as well as decreasing the number of activated microglia in the ipsilateral SN (one-way ANOVA F = 14.09; p = 0.0003). Antibody treated animals also had lower levels of α-Syn in the ipsilateral SN (one-way ANOVA F (7, 37) = 9.786; p = 0.0001) and demonstrated a partial intermediate improvement of the behavioral deficits. Our data suggest that, in particular, an α-Syn peptide antibody against the N-terminal region of the protein can protect against DA neuron loss and, to some extent behavioral deficits. As such, these results may be a potential therapeutic strategy for halting the progression of PD.
Activation of Central Melanocortin Pathways by Fenfluramine (2002)

D-fenfluramine (d-FEN) was once widely prescribed and was among the most effective weight loss drugs, but was withdrawn from clinical use because of reports of cardiac complications in a subset of patients. Discerning the neurobiology underlying the anorexic action of d-FEN may facilitate the development of new drugs to prevent and treat obesity. Through a combination of functional neuroanatomy, feeding, and electrophysiology studies in rodents, we show that d-FEN-induced anorexia requires activation of central nervous system melanocortin pathways. These results provide a mechanistic explanation of d-FEN's anorexic actions and indicate that drugs targeting these downstream melanocortin pathways may prove to be effective and more selective anti-obesity treatments.
Single-Pixel Imaging and Its Application in Three-Dimensional Reconstruction: A Brief Review (2019)

Whereas modern digital cameras use a pixelated detector array to capture images, single-pixel imaging reconstructs images by sampling a scene with a series of masks and associating the knowledge of these masks with the corresponding intensity measured with a single-pixel detector. Though not performing as well as digital cameras in conventional visible imaging, single-pixel imaging has been demonstrated to be advantageous in unconventional applications, such as multi-wavelength imaging, terahertz imaging, X-ray imaging, and three-dimensional imaging. The developments and working principles of single-pixel imaging are reviewed, a mathematical interpretation is given, and the key elements are analyzed. The research works of three-dimensional single-pixel imaging and their potential applications are further reviewed and discussed.
Implement Optimal Vector Control for LCL-Filter-Based Grid-Connected Converters by Using Recurrent Neural Networks (2015)

This paper proposes a novel vector control method for an LCL-filter-based grid-connected converter (LCL-GCC) by using a recurrent neural network (RNN). The RNN is trained by using the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm. A forward accumulation through time (FATT) algorithm for LCL-GCCs is developed to calculate the Jacobian matrix required by the LM algorithm. The objective of the training is to implement optimal control of an LCL-GCC by using an RNN. With the RNN vector control technique, the decoupling of the LCL system is not needed. Simulation study demonstrates that the proposed RNN-based vector control method is a damping-free technique and can tolerate a wide range of system parameter changes. In both simulation- and hardware-based experiments, the RNN vector controller demonstrates much improved performance than that of conventional passive damping (PD) and active damping (AD) vector controllers for LCL-GCCs. In general, the proposed RNN vector controller provides a good solution to overcome the low-efficiency problem associated with conventional PD vector controllers and the problem of sensitivity to system parameter change associated with conventional AD vector controllers. Overall, the RNN vector controller shows strong ability to trace rapidly changing reference commands, tolerate system disturbances, and satisfy various LCL-GCC control needs.
Mutants generated by the insertion of random oligonucleotides into the active site of the .beta.-lactamase gene (1989)

We have remodeled the gene coding for beta-lactamase by replacing DNA at the active site with random nucleotide sequences. The oligonucleotide replacement (Phe66XXXSer70XXLys73) preserves the codon for the active serine-70 but also contains 15 base pairs of chemically synthesized random sequences that code for 2.5 x 10(6) amino acid substitutions. From a population of Escherichia coli infected with plasmids containing these random inserts, we have selected seven new active-site mutants that render E. coli resistant to carbenicillin and a series of related analogues. Each of the new mutants contains multiple nucleotide substitutions that code for different amino acids surrounding serine-70. Each of the mutants exhibits a temperature-sensitive beta-lactamase activity. This technique offers the possibility of constructing alternative active sites in enzymes on the basis of biological selection for functional variants.
On the possibilities of x-ray phase contrast microimaging by coherent high-energy synchrotron radiation (1995)

Coherent properties of the x-ray beam delivered at the ESRF allow the observation of very weak perturbations of the wave front, resulting in the phase contrast. A straightforward experimental setup for phase contrast imaging is proposed and used to record holographic images from organic samples of 10–100 μm at energy 10–50 keV with the contrast up to 50%–100%. The theory of phase contrast imaging is considered and some theoretical estimations are made to reveal the performance of the proposed technique in terms of resolution, sensitivity, geometrical requirements, and energy range applicability. It is found that for carbon-based fibers a detectable size with 2% contrast is 0.1 μm for 10 keV and −1 μm for 100 keV. It is demonstrated that the fine interference structure of the image is very sensitive to the shape, density variation, and internal structure of the sample. Some prospects for the practical use and future development of the new coherent techniques such as phase contrast microscopy, microtomography, holography, and interferometry at high energies are also discussed.
Antibodies in cell biology (1993)

E.S. Golub, The Immune Response: An Overview. D. Drenckhahn, T. Jons, and F. Schmitz, Production of Polyclonal Antibodies Against Proteins and Peptides. D.J. Asai and J.K. Wilder, Making Monoclonal Antibodies. T.J. Smith, Purification of Mouse Antibodies and Fab Fragments. W.-J.Y. Tang, Blot-Affinity Purification of Antibodies. J.J. Otto, Immunoblotting. J.J. Otto and S.-W. Lee, Immunoprecipitation Methods D. Thrower, M.A. Jordon, and L. Wilson, A Quantitative Solid-Phase Binding Assay for Tubulin. D.L. Gard and D.L. Kropf, Confocal Immunofluorescence Microscopy of Microtubules in Oocytes, Eggs, and Embryos of Algae, and Amphibians. S.M. Wick, Immunolabeling of Antigens in Plant Cells. C.E. Alfa, I.M. Gallagher, and J.S. Hyams, Antigen Localization in Fission Yeast. B.D. Wright and J.M. Scholey, Non-Fluorescent Immunolocalization of Antigens in Mitotic Sea Urchin Blastomeres. P. van de Plas and J.L.M. Leunissen, Ultrasmall Gold Probes: Characteristics and Use in Immuno(cyto)chemical Studies. H.C. Joshi, Immunogold Electron Microscopy: Mapping Tubulin Isotypes on Neurite Microtubules. P.A. Erickson, G.P. Lewis, and S.K. Fisher, Postembedding Immunocytochemical Techniques for Light and Electron Microscopy. J.Z. Kiss and K. McDonald, Electron Microscopy Immunocytochemistry Following Cryofixation and Freeze Substitution. B.M. Jockusch and C.J. Temm-Grove, Microinjection of Antibodies in the Analysis of Cellular Architecture and Motility. R.A. Obar and E.L.F. Holzbaur, Immunoselection and Characterization of cDNA Clones. S.D. Georgatos, Antiidiotypic Antibodies: Methods, Application, and Critique. D.J. Asai, Appendix. Chapter References. Index. Volumes in Series.