gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intermittent Milling and Dynamic Steeping Process for Corn Starch Recovery (1997)

ABSTRACT A procedure that reduces diffusional limitations by periodically milling the corn to reduce particle size and stirring the ground mash in the presence of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and lactic acid was developed. The process, called intermittent milling and dynamic steeping (IMDS), includes three main stages: initial soaking (a short‐time immersion in water) of whole kernels, initial cracking of the partially hydrated kernels, and dynamic steeping with interspersed milling. This study evaluated the three stages of the process separately, evaluating the effect of variables on each stage of the process. Corn fractions yield (germ, fiber, gluten, starch) were used to decide the best conditions for the soaking and steeping stages, and germ damage was used to determine the best kernel cracking method. Starch, gluten, and germ yields were not affected by soak temperatures (52–68°C) or soak time (1–3 hr). A temperature of 60°C was chosen for soaking because it increased the rate of kernel hydration without gelatinizing starch, which happens at higher temperatures. A 2‐hr soak time was preferred because there was less fiber in the germ fraction and less germ damage was observed. Although there were no advantage to using SO 2 or lactic acid in the soak water, the presence of these compounds during dynamic steeping enhanced starch yield. The starch yield for 3 hr of dynamic steeping was not statistically different from the starch yield for a 7.5‐hr dynamic steep. The Bauer mill was preferred over the use of a roller mill or a commercial grade Waring blender for kernel cracking. The IMDS process produced, on an average, 1 percentage point more starch than the conventional 36‐hr steeping process. Total steep or kernel preparation time was reduced from 24–40 hr for conventional wet‐milling to 5 hr for the IMDS process.
Current Concepts in Tissue Engineering Technique for Repair of Cartilage Defect (2001)

Hunter's observation in 1743 that cartilage "once destroyed, is not repaired," has not essentially changed for 250 years. At present, there is no well-established procedure for the repair of cartilage defect with articular cartilage, which has the same biochemical and biomechanical properties as the surrounding normal intact cartilage. In 1994, transplantation of human autologous chondrocytes in suspension, as reported by Brittberg et al., provided a potential procedure for articular cartilage repair. We have improved their procedure and developed a new technique which creates new cartilage-like tissue by cultivating autologous chondrocytes embedded in Atelocollagen gel for 3 weeks before transplantation. These improvements maintained the chondrocyte phenotype, evenly distributed chondrocytes throughout the osteochondral defects, and decreased the risk of leakage of grafted chondrocytes into the defects. Good clinical results suggest that this technique should be a promising procedure for repairing articular cartilage defect.
Drug delivery to the central nervous system: a review. (2003)

The brain is a delicate organ, and evolution built very efficient ways to protect it. Unfortunately, the same mechanisms that protect it against intrusive chemicals can also frustrate therapeutic interventions. Many existing pharmaceuticals are rendered ineffective in the treatment of cerebral diseases due to our inability to effectively deliver and sustain them within the brain. General methods that can enhance drug delivery to the brain are, therefore, of great interest. Despite aggressive research, patients suffering from fatal and/or debilitating central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as brain tumors, HIV encephalopathy, epilepsy, cerebrovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders, far outnumber those dying of all types of systemic cancer or heart disease. The clinical failure of much potentially effective therapeutics is often not due to a lack of drug potency but rather to shortcomings in the method by which the drug is delivered. Treating CNS diseases is particularly challenging because a variety of formidable obstacles often impede drug delivery to the brain and spinal cord. By localizing drugs at their desired site of action one can reduce toxicity and increase treatment efficiency. In response to the insufficiency in conventional delivery mechanisms, aggressive research efforts have recently focused on the development of new strategies to more effectively deliver drug molecules to the CNS. This review intends to detail the recent advances in the field of brain-targeting, rational drug design approach and drug delivery to CNS. To illustrate the complexity of the problems that have to be overcome for successful brain targeting, a brief intercellular characterization of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is also included.
Relationship of effective molecular size to systemic clearance in rats of recombinant interleukin-2 chemically modified with water-soluble polymers. (1988)

We have examined the effects of a variety of chemical modifications to recombinant human interleukin-2 (rIL-2) on its pharmacokinetic behavior in rats. Unmodified rIL-2 is cleared from plasma with half-lives of 3 and 44 min for the alpha and beta phases. Modification of rIL-2 with monomethoxy polyethylene glycol or polyoxyethylated glycerol increased the half-lives as much as 20-fold, although the volume of distribution remained unchanged at 88 +/- 13 ml/kg. The clearance rates correlated with the effective molecular size of the modified protein determined by size exclusion chromatography. Clearance decreased rapidly as the effective molecular size increased from 19.5 to 70 kDa, whereas above 70 kDa the clearance decreased more slowly. This abrupt change at 70 kDa may be related to the permeability threshold of the kidney glomerular membrane which retains proteins larger than albumin in the plasma. Using the relationship between clearance and effective molecular size, the clearance rates of mixtures of modified rIL-2 could be predicted based on their average effective molecular size. Since the effectiveness of rIL-2 therapy is likely to be related to its pharmacokinetic behavior, the ability to design a molecule with a predictable time course in plasma provides a means to study this relationship.
Beneficial Effects of Capsiate on Ethanol-Induced Mucosal Injury in Rats Are Related to Stimulation of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Release (2011)

Capsiate is a non-pungent analogue of capsaicin from CH-19 Sweet peppers. Capsaicin is reported to trigger calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release through activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1) and produces beneficial effects on gastric mucosa. This study aimed to investigate whether capsiate is able to produce beneficial effects on gastric mucosa and whether the protective effects of capsipate occur through a mechanism involving the activation of TRPV1 and CGRP release. A rat model of gastric mucosal injury was established by the oral administration of acidified ethanol. Gastric tissues were collected for analysis of the gastric ulcer index, cellular apoptosis, activities of caspase-3, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and levels of CGRP, TNF-α, and malondialdehyde (MDA). Our results show that the acute administration of ethanol significantly increased the gastric ulcer index concomitantly with an increase in cellular apoptosis, caspase-3 activity, and TNF-α and MDA levels, as well as a decrease in the activities of catalase and SOD. Pretreatment with 1 mg/kg capsiate attenuated ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury and cellular apoptosis accompanied by an increase in CGRP level, catalase, and SOD activities, and a decrease in caspase-3 activity, and TNF-α and MDA levels. The effects of capsiate were inhibited by capsazepine, an antagonist of TRPV1. These results suggest that capsiate is able to produce beneficial effects on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury. These effects are related to the stimulation of CGRP release through the activation of TRPV1.
Grid Integration of Intermittent Wind Generation: A Markovian Approach (2013)

Although the unique characteristics of intermittent wind generation have been acknowledged and drastic impacts of sudden wind drops have been experienced, no effective integration approach has been developed. In this paper, without considering transmission capacity constraints for simplicity, aggregated wind generation is modeled as a discrete Markov process with state transition matrices established based on historical data. Wind generation is then integrated into system demand with multiple net demand levels at each hour. To accommodate the uncertain net demand, a stochastic unit commitment problem is formulated based on states instead of scenarios. The objective is to minimize the total commitment cost of conventional generators and their total expected dispatch cost while satisfying all possible net demand levels. The advantage of this formulation is that the state at a time instant summarizes the information of all previous instants in a probabilistic sense for reduced complexity. With state transition probabilities given, state probabilities calculated before optimization, and the objective function and constraints formulated in a linear manner, the problem is effectively solved by using branch-and-cut. Numerical testing shows that the new Markovian approach is effective and robust through the examined cases, resembling the sudden wind drop in Texas in February 2008.
Determination of Tumor Necrosis Factor Binding Protein Disulfide Structure:  Deviation of the Fourth Domain Structure from the TNFR/NGFR Family Cysteine-Rich Region Signature (1997)

Tumor necrosis factor binding protein is a soluble molecule derived from the extracellular domain of the 55 kDa human tumor necrosis factor receptor, which can block the biological function of tumor necrosis factor by binding to the growth factor. This cysteine-rich molecule is subdivided into four domains, each containing six conserved cysteines that form three intrachain disulfide linkages known as the tumor necrosis factor receptor/nerve growth factor receptor family cysteine-rich region signature structure. In an effort to elucidate the molecular integrity of the molecule, we performed detailed analysis and searched for strategies to elucidate the complete disulfide structure of the E. coli-derived tumor necrosis factor binding protein and to determine the disulfide arrangement in the fourth domain of Chinese hamster ovary cell-derived molecule. The methods employed included various proteolytic digestions, peptide mapping, partial reduction, and assignment of disulfides by N-terminal sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry with post-source decay. The first three domains of the molecule were confirmed to have disulfide structures identical to the cysteine-rich region signature structure found in the above-mentioned receptor superfamily. The fourth domain has a different structure from the first three domains where the last four cysteines form two disulfide bonds in opposite positions.
Optimization of Plasmid Vectors for High-Level Expression in Lung Epithelial Cells (1997)

Nonviral gene therapy approaches use a plasmid vector to express the desired transgene. We have systematically examined several regulatory elements within plasmid vectors that govern gene expression, e.g., the promoter, enhancer, intron, and polyadenylation signal, by constructing a series of plasmids that differed only in the particular sequence element being evaluated. Of the several promoters and polyadenylation signal sequences that were tested, the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early gene promoter and the addition of polyadenylation signal sequences from the bovine growth hormone (BGH) gene or rabbit beta-globin gene produced the highest levels of expression in vitro. The inclusion of a hybrid intron 3 to the promoter further increased expression 1.6-fold. The addition of a region of the CMV enhancer 5' to several weak promoters increased expression 8- to 67-fold, and co-transfection with a second plasmid encoding a chimeric transcription factor also enhanced expression. On the basis of these results, the CMV promoter, the hybrid intron, and the BGH polyadenylation signal were selected for consistent high level expression in vitro and in the mouse lung. However, expression was transient, with greater than 60% loss of activity in the first 7 days. This transient expression was not specific to CMV promoter-containing plasmids, because plasmids containing other heterologous promoters showed a similar profile of transient expression in vivo. These comparative analyses begin to provide a basis for the development of optimized expression plasmids for gene therapy of lung diseases.
Energy Transfer Across a Metal Film Mediated by Surface Plasmon Polaritons (2004)

Coupled surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are shown to provide effective transfer of excitation energy from donor molecules to acceptor molecules on opposite sides of metal films up to 120 nanometers thick. This variant of radiative transfer should allow directional control over the flow of excitation energy with the use of suitably designed metallic nanostructures, with SPPs mediating transfer over length scales of 10(-7) to 10(-4) meters. In the emerging field of nanophotonics, such a prospect could allow subwavelength-scale manipulation of light and provide an interface to the outside world.
Covalent Protein−Oligonucleotide Conjugates for Efficient Delivery of Antisense Molecules (1997)

Antisense oligonucleotides have been covalently attached to asialoglycoprotein (ASGP) via disulfide bond conjugation chemistry. These conjugates were characterized extensively by an array of chemical, chromatographic, and spectroscopic means. Multiple (approximately six) oligonucleotides can be conjugated to each ASGP molecule. The molecular conjugates were used to deliver antisense oligonucleotides complementary to the mRNA of the interleukin 6 signal transduction protein (gp130) to modulate the acute phase response of hepatoma (HepG2) cells in vitro. These conjugates were biologically active, as measured by inhibition of the cytokine-stimulated up-regulation of the acute phase protein haptoglobin. The level of inhibition was comparable to that found with previous technology featuring noncovalent complexes of ASGP-poly(L-lysine) and oligonucleotide. Because of the ability to control the stoichiometry of the conjugate and its unimolecular nature (as opposed to bimolecular for the noncovalent conjugates), this methodology holds great promise for further development and application.
Expression of the human P2Y6 nucleotide receptor in normal placenta and gestational trophoblastic disease. (1999)

The P2Y family of purinergic receptors are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. The P2Y6 subtype is expressed at particularly high levels in the placenta, suggesting that P2Y6 plays an important role in placental function. However, the cellular localization of P2Y6 within the placenta is unknown. This study examined the expression of P2Y6 in first-trimester and full-term placental tissues, as well as examples of gestational trophoblastic disease, by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization. P2Y6 message was present at similar levels in first-trimester and full-term placenta, and in situ hybridization revealed that message was most abundant in the cytotrophoblast of the villi and chorionic plate at both gestational stages. The syncytiotrophoblast harbored lower levels of P2Y6 in first-trimester placenta, and by full-term, the syncytiotrophoblast only focally expressed P2Y6 transcripts. Neither the intermediate trophoblast nor nontrophoblastic elements of the placenta expressed P2Y6. Molar disease expressed P2Y6 in the villous trophoblast but not in the proliferative intermediate trophoblast, recapitulating the pattern of first-trimester placenta. Neither choriocarcinoma nor the choriocarcinoma cell lines JEG-3 and JAr expressed P2Y6 transcript. These findings reveal that P2Y6 mRNA production is highly characteristic of the epithelial-like cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast, whereas expression is absent in the mesenchymal-like intermediate trophoblast. Thus, P2Y6 may play an important role in trophoblastic development, differentiation, and neoplasia.
Coexpression of two mesenchymal cadherins, cadherin 11 and N‐cadherin, on murine fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (2008)

These findings demonstrate that FLS express both N-cadherin and cadherin 11, and suggest that these cadherins are not contained within the same molecular complex. Given their importance in modulating cellular behavior, understanding how these cadherins regulate FLS behavior individually and in concert will be critical to understanding synovial architecture and inflammation.
Pulse compression by use of deformable mirrors (1999)

An electrostatically deformable, gold-coated, silicon nitride membrane mirror was used as a phase modulator to compress pulses from 92 to 15 fs. Both an iterative genetic algorithm and single-step dispersion compensation based on frequency-resolved optical gating calibration of the mirror were used to compress pulses to within 10% of the transform limit. Frequency-resolved optical gating was used to characterize the pulses and to test the range of the deformable-mirror-based compressor.
Clozapine-Induced Agranulocytosis -- Incidence and Risk Factors in the United States (1993)

The occurrence of agranulocytosis is a substantial hazard of the administration of clozapine, but this hazard can be reduced by monitoring the white-cell count. The increasing risk of agranulocytosis with age and the reduced incidence after the first six months of treatment provide additional guidelines for the prescription and monitoring of clozapine treatment in the future.
Adiabatic quantum algorithms and quantum phase transitions (2006)

In the continuum limit (large number of qubits), adiabatic quantum algorithms display a remarkable similarity to sweeps through quantum phase transitions. We find that transitions of second or higher order are advantageous in comparison to those of first order. With this insight, we propose a novel adiabatic quantum algorithm for the solution of 3-satisfiability (3-SAT) problems (exact cover), which is significantly faster than previous proposals according to numerical simulations (up to 20 qubits). These findings suggest that adiabatic quantum algorithms can solve NP-complete problems such as 3-SAT much faster than the Grover search routine (yielding a quadratic enhancement), possibly even with an exponential speed-up. PACS: 03.67.-a, 03.67.Lx, 73.43.Nq, 05.70.Fh, 64.70.-p.
Pentoxifylline, Ciprofloxacin and Dexamethasone Improve the Ineffective Hematopoiesis in Myelodysplastic Syndrome Patients (2000)

Twenty-five patients with a diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) were randomized to either begin therapy with pentoxifylline, ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone (PCD) immediately (10 patients) or after a 12 week observation period (control arm, 15 patients). PCD was administered with the goal of suppressing cytokine-induced excessive intramedullary apoptosis of hematopoietic cells. No marked fluctuations of blood counts were noted during the period of observation. Twenty-two patients completed at least 12 weeks of therapy: 18/22 showed some type of hematologic response, 9/18 showing an improvement in absolute neutrophil count only (p = < 0.001) and 9/18 showing multi-lineage responses. No unique category of MDS responded better, however 19/25 patients had refractory anemia (RA)/RA with ringed sideroblasts. The median time to response was 6 weeks and 3/18 responding patients maintained their responses beyond a year. We conclude that hematologic improvement in response to PCD therapy supports the validity of this unique anti-cytokine approach. Future trials should combine PCD therapy with established approaches (growth factors/chemotherapy) and also should focus on identifying more effective ways of suppressing the pro-apoptotic cytokines in MDS.
Step-up converter with high voltage gain employing three-state switching cell and voltage multiplier (2008)

This work proposes a new non-isolated DC-DC converter with high voltage gain using a three-state switching cell and voltage multiplier stages based on capacitors. The value of the gain can be modified depending on the requirements of the application by means of the number of multiplier stages and the duty cycle. The proposed converter can be employed in renewable energy systems where commonly low input voltages (12 Vdc to 48 Vdc) are involved or in uninterrupted power supply (UPS) systems in order to avoid the necessity of a step-up transformer. One first advantage of the proposed solution is the reduced voltage stress across the active switches that is lower than half of the output voltage, what allows the use of MOSFETs with lower drain-to-source resistance. Moreover, by employing the three-state switching cell, the size of the inductor is reduced because the operating frequency of the inductor is double of the switching frequency. The current share between the active switches allows further reduction of the conduction losses. A prototype was built for an input voltage range of 30-45 V, 400 V output voltage and 250 W output power. The operation was evaluated and the experimental waveforms and experimental efficiency curves as a function of the output power are presented.
The iron-molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenase (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe iron-molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenaseBarbara K. BurgessCite this: Chem. Rev. 1990, 90, 8, 1377–1406Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00106a002https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00106a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1252Altmetric-Citations314LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Gender, genre, and writing style in formal written texts (2003)

This article explores differences between male and female writing in a large subset of the British National Corpus covering a range of genres. Several classes of simple lexical and syntactic features that differ substantially according to author gender are identified, both in fiction and in nonfiction documents. In particular, we find significant differences between male- and female-authored documents in the use of pronouns and certain types of noun modifiers: although the total number of nominals used by male and female authors is virtually identical, females use many more pronouns and males use many more noun specifiers. More generally, it is found that even in formal writing, female writing exhibits greater usage of features identified by previous researchers as 'involved' while male writing exhibits greater usage of features which have been identified as 'informational'. Finally, a strong correlation between the characteristics of male (female) writing and those of nonfiction (fiction) is demonstrated.