gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RADIOLABELED ANTIBODIES AS IN-VIVO CANCER PROBES (REVIEW) (1993)

Cancer imaging with radiolabeled antibodies, or radioimmunodetection (RAID), has undergone a gradual multidisciplinary development over a period of at least 2 decades, resulting in rapid, simple, and accurate targeting agents that are now in final stage evaluation as a new class of cancer imaging and detection reagents. In its development, RAID has focused on different antigen targets, antibodies and antibody forms, radiolabels, and scanning instruments and procedures. Antibodies and imaging agents for a large variety of cancer types have been investigated clinically, and require well controlled, prospective trials to determine clinical applications, utility and safety. At the present time, truly cancer-specific antibodies are not required for successful RAID; many different patients with a similar tumor type can be imaged with a single pancarcinoma antibody; shed tumor antigens do not appear to prevent antibody targeting because of complexation with the administered antibodies; very small doses of antibody, even below 1 mg, can succeed in RAID; few adverse reactions have resulted from RAID, even with the development of human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMA) in patients given high doses of intact immunoglobulin; HAMA can affect monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay results; antibody fragments are less immunogenic and result in a lower incidence of HAMA than intact immunoglobulins; single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) usually improves image resolution in RAID, as compared to planar imaging; and RAID can complement conventional imaging agents and can often disclose tumors missed by, conventional scanning methods. A recent advance has been the development of Tc-99m-labeled Fab' fragments by simple and rapid conjugation kits, which enable detection of small lesions, including those in the liver, within a few hours after injection, especially with SPECT scanning.
Inducible alkylation of DNA using an oligonucleotide-quinone conjugate (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInducible alkylation of DNA using an oligonucleotide-quinone conjugateMoneesh Chatterjee and Steven E. RokitaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 17, 6397–6399Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1990https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00173a038RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views118Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
elongated mesocotyl1, a Phytochrome-Deficient Mutant of Maize (2002)

To begin the functional dissection of light signal transduction pathways of maize (Zea mays), we have identified and characterized the light-sensing mutant elm1 (elongated mesocotyl1). Seedlings homozygous for elm1 are pale green, show pronounced elongation of the mesocotyl, and fail to de-etiolate under red or far-red light. Etiolated elm1 mutants contain no spectrally active phytochrome and do not deplete levels of phytochrome A after red-light treatment. High-performance liquid chromatography analyses show that elm1 mutants are unable to convert biliverdin IX alpha to 3Z-phytochromobilin, preventing synthesis of the phytochrome chromophore. Despite the impairment of the phytochrome photoreceptors, elm1 mutants can be grown to maturity in the field. Mature plants retain aspects of the seedling phenotype and flower earlier than wild-type plants under long days. Thus, the elm1 mutant of maize provides the first direct evidence for phytochrome-mediated modulation of flowering time in this agronomically important species.
Two‐photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of macrophage‐mediated antigen processing (1997)

Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy was used noninvasively to monitor a fluorescent antigen during macrophage-mediated endocytosis, intracellular vacuolar encapsulation, and protease-dependent processing. Fluorescein-conjugated bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) served as the soluble exogenous antigen. As a relatively nonfluorescent probe in the native state, the antigen was designed to reflect sequential intracellular antigen processing events through time-dependent changes in fluorescence properties. Using two-photon lifetime imaging microscopy, antigen processing events were monitored continuously for several hours. During this time, the initial fluorescein fluorescence lifetime of 0.5 ns increased to approximately 3.0 ns. Control experiments using fluorescein conjugated poly-L-lysine and poly-D-lysine demonstrated that the increase in fluorescence parameters observed with FITC-BSA were due to intracellular proteolysis since addition of the inert D-isomer did not promote an increase in fluorescence lifetime or intensity. Comparisons of intravacuolar and extracellular FITC-dextran concentration suggested active localization of dextran in the vacuoles by the macrophage. In addition, the kinetics of degradation observed using two-photon microscopy were similar to results obtained on the flow cytometer, thus validating the use of flow cytometry for future studies.
A Tutorial on Two-Wire Digital Transmission in the Loop Plant (1981)

This paper explores the constraints on the design of twowire repeaterless digital subscriber loop (DSL) systems. Broadly categorized, the design depends on the technical feasibility of the approach used to achieve two-wire transmission, constraints related to compatibility with other systems sharing the same cable, and immunity to central office noise. Each of these varies With the choice of system parameters including the transmission rate, transmit power, choice of line codes, etc. Technical feasibility is evaluated by computer simulation studies. Compatibility with other systems is explored by crosstalk calculations. Noise immunity considerations, as they translate into digital line power levels, are also explored.
A 20 year independent record of sea surface temperature for climate from Along‐Track Scanning Radiometers (2012)

A new record of sea surface temperature (SST) for climate applications is described. This record provides independent corroboration of global variations estimated from SST measurements made in situ. Infrared imagery from Along‐Track Scanning Radiometers (ATSRs) is used to create a 20 year time series of SST at 0.1° latitude‐longitude resolution, in the ATSR Reprocessing for Climate (ARC) project. A very high degree of independence of in situ measurements is achieved via physics‐based techniques. Skin SST and SST estimated for 20 cm depth are provided, with grid cell uncertainty estimates. Comparison with in situ data sets establishes that ARC SSTs generally have bias of order 0.1 K or smaller. The precision of the ARC SSTs is 0.14 K during 2003 to 2009, from three‐way error analysis. Over the period 1994 to 2010, ARC SSTs are stable, with better than 95% confidence, to within 0.005 K yr −1 (demonstrated for tropical regions). The data set appears useful for cleanly quantifying interannual variability in SST and major SST anomalies. The ARC SST global anomaly time series is compared to the in situ‐based Hadley Centre SST data set version 3 (HadSST3). Within known uncertainties in bias adjustments applied to in situ measurements, the independent ARC record and HadSST3 present the same variations in global marine temperature since 1996. Since the in situ observing system evolved significantly in its mix of measurement platforms and techniques over this period, ARC SSTs provide an important corroboration that HadSST3 accurately represents recent variability and change in this essential climate variable.
Recirculatory Spinal Subarachnoid Perfusions in Dogs (1977)

Open-ended ventriculocisternal perfusion techniques for determining cerebrospinal fluid production and absorption rates are severely restricted by the absolute requirement that steady state conditions be present. A new closed recirculatory spinal perfusion technique is described. Because steady state equilibrium is not necessary, numerous determinations at multiple intracranial pressures or under varied experimental conditions are possible within relatively brief perfusion periods. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and nondiffusible albumin tracer are rapidly recirculated through the spinal subarachnoid space in a cephalad direction. The concentration of fluorescein-tagged albumin is continuously monitored as the CSF is circulated through a fluorometric flow cell. Measured continuously, intracranial pressure (ICP) is regulated by changing the volume of the external perfusion circuit with a syringe pump connected in series to the recirculatory spinal perfusion. CSF formation and absorption rates are calculated from measurements of albumin concentration, concentration changes with time, ICP, syringe pump infusion rate, and the external perfusion circuit volume. In dogs, data can be collected after only 45 minutes for mixing; perfusions at four or five intracranial pressures in addition to normal resting pressure can be completed within 2 to 3 hours. The data from 15 perfusions in 14 dogs are presented. The method provides normal resting pressure values of CSF production and absorption consistent with those values in the literature determined by traditional ventriculocisternal perfusion techniques. Determinations at multiple intracranial pressures suggest a proportional relationship between absorption and ICP. No consistent acute change in CSF formation with pressures to 50 mm Hg can be inferred from these data.
如此环塔—鲁隹泰杯·2012中国环塔拉力赛暨全国汽车越野系列赛新疆站赛事评述 (2012)

2012年的环塔路线和往届全然不同，本次环塔由于在北疆而不是传统举办地的南疆举行，所以这次环塔其实没有环”塔”．而是大概地顺着北疆由西向东走了一圈。由于北疆地区相较南疆雨水充沛得多，因此多戈壁草原而少沙漠，总体上来说这次环塔的主要赛段绝大部分都是高速的戈壁赛道。
Parkin Mediates Nonclassical, Proteasomal-Independent Ubiquitination of Synphilin-1: Implications for Lewy Body Formation (2005)

It is widely accepted that the familial Parkinson's disease (PD)-linked gene product, parkin, functions as a ubiquitin ligase involved in protein turnover via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Substrates ubiquitinated by parkin are hence thought to be destined for proteasomal degradation. Because we demonstrated previously that parkin interacts with and ubiquitinates synphilin-1, we initially expected synphilin-1 degradation to be enhanced in the presence of parkin. Contrary to our expectation, we found that synphilin-1 is normally ubiquitinated by parkin in a nonclassical, proteasomal-independent manner that involves lysine 63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitin chain formation. Parkin-mediated degradation of synphilin-1 occurs appreciably only at an unusually high parkin to synphilin-1 expression ratio or when primed for lysine 48 (K48)-linked ubiquitination. In addition we found that parkin-mediated ubiquitination of proteins within Lewy-body-like inclusions formed by the coexpression of synphilin-1, α-synuclein, and parkin occurs predominantly via K63 linkages and that the formation of these inclusions is enhanced by K63-linked ubiquitination. Our results suggest that parkin is a dual-function ubiquitin ligase and that K63-linked ubiquitination of synphilin-1 by parkin may be involved in the formation of Lewy body inclusions associated with PD.
Glycoprotein H of herpes simplex virus type 1 requires glycoprotein L for transport to the surfaces of insect cells (1997)

In mammalian cells, formation of heterooligomers consisting of the glycoproteins H and L (gH and gL) of herpes simplex virus type 1 is essential for the cell-to-cell spread of virions and for the penetration of virions into cells. We examined whether formation of gH1/gL1 heterooligomers and cell surface expression of the complex occurs in insect cells. Three recombinant baculoviruses, expressing gL1, gH1, and truncated gH1 (gH1t), which lacks the transmembrane region, were constructed. It was shown that recombinant gH1/gL1 and gH1t/gL1 heterooligomers were produced in insect cells. As in mammalian cells, gH1 and gH1t were not detected on the surfaces of insect cells in the absence of gL1. When coexpressed with gL1, recombinant gH1 was displayed on the surfaces of insect cells. Coexpression of gH1t and gL1 resulted in secretion of the gH1t/gL1 complex into the cell culture medium, indicating that gH1t is also transported to the surfaces of insect cells. Our results indicate that the process of folding and intracellular transport of gH1 and gL1 is comparable in insect cells and mammalian cells and that the baculovirus expression system can be used to examine the complex formation and the intracellular transport of gH1 and gL1. The availability of secreted gH1t/gL1 complex offers the opportunity to further investigate the immunological properties of this complex.
Targeted photodestruction of human colon cancer cells using charged 17.1A chlorine6 immunoconjugates (2000)

The goal of this study was to develop a strategy for the selective destruction of colorectal cancer cells. Towards this end, photoimmunoconjugates were prepared between the anti-colon cancer monoclonal antibody 17.1A and the photosensitizer (PS) chlorin(e6) (c(e6)). Polylysine linkers bearing several c(e6) molecules were covalently attached in a site-specific manner to partially reduced IgG molecules, which allowed photoimmunoconjugates to bear either cationic or anionic charges. The conjugates retained immunoreactivity as shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and by competition studies with native antibody. The overall charge on the photoimmunoconjugate was an important determinant of PS delivery. The cationic photoimmunoconjugate delivered 4 times more c(e6) to the cells than the anionic photoimmunoconjugate, and both 17.1A conjugates showed, in comparison to non-specific rabbit IgG conjugates, selectivity for antigen-positive target cells. Illumination with only 3 J cm(-2) of 666 nm light reduced the number of colony forming cells by more than 90% for the cationic 17.1A conjugate and by 73% for the anionic 17.1A conjugate after incubation with 1 microM c(e6) equivalent of the respective conjugates. By contrast, 1 microM free c(e6) gave only a 35% reduction in colonies. These data suggest photoimmunoconjugates may have applications in photoimmunotherapy where destruction of colorectal cancer cells is required.
Site-saturation studies of beta-lactamase: production and characterization of mutant beta-lactamases with all possible amino acid substitutions at residue 71. (1986)

A mutagenic technique that "saturates" a particular site in a protein with all possible amino acid substitutions was used to study the role of residue 71 in beta-lactamase (EC 3.5.2.6). Threonine is conserved at residue 71 in all class A beta-lactamases and is adjacent to the active site Ser-70. All 19 mutants of the enzyme were characterized by the penam and cephem antibiotic resistance they provided to Escherichia coli LS1 cells. Surprisingly, cells producing any of 14 of the mutant beta-lactamases displayed appreciable resistance to ampicillin; only cells with mutants having Tyr, Trp, Asp, Lys, or Arg at residue 71 had no observable resistance to ampicillin. However, the mutants are less stable to cellular proteases than wild-type enzyme is. These results suggest that Thr-71 is not essential for binding or catalysis but is important for stability of the beta-lactamase protein. An apparent change in specificity indicates that residue 71 influences the region of the protein that accommodates the side chain attached to the beta-lactam ring of the substrate.
[Cloning and sequence analysis of E0 gene of hog cholera virus lapinized Chinese strain and virulent shimen strain]. (2000)

According to the published nucleotide sequences of genome of hog cholera virus, one pair of specific primers were designed and synthesized. From the spleen of rabbits which were infected with HCLV and HCV Shimen strain infected pig blood, the two E0 genes were amplified by RT-PCR. The amplified fragments were cloned into pGEM-T vector and sequenced. Sequence analysis showed nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence homologies of the E0 gene between HCLV and Shimen strain were 95.0% and 94.3%. There was 13 amino acid substitutions between them. One N-glycosylation site was missing from E0 gene of the Shimen strain. The nucleotide sequence homologies of the Shimen strain with the ALD, GPE-, Brescia and Alfort strains were 97.4%, 96.5%, 92.2% and 86.5%, respectively, the deduced amino acid sequence homologies were 97.4%, 96.0%, 95.2% and 92.5%, respectively. The nucleotide sequence homologies of E0 gene of the HCLV strain with the ALD, GPE-, Brescia and Alfort strains were 95.6%, 94.9%, 91.3% and 85.5%, respectively, the deduced amino acid sequence homologies were 93.4%, 92.5%, 91.6% and 90.7%, respectively. E0 gene from HCV was shown to be similar to a family of fungal and plant ribonuclease. The catalytically important residues were 28 to 40 and 71 to 89 of HCV E0 gene.
A Survey of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps (2020)

The recent outbreak of COVID-19 has taken the world by surprise, forcing lockdowns and straining public health care systems. COVID-19 is known to be a highly infectious virus, and infected individuals do not initially exhibit symptoms, while some remain asymptomatic. Thus, a non-negligible fraction of the population can, at any given time, be a hidden source of transmissions. In response, many governments have shown great interest in smartphone contact tracing apps that help automate the difficult task of tracing all recent contacts of newly identified infected individuals. However, tracing apps have generated much discussion around their key attributes, including system architecture, data management, privacy, security, proximity estimation, and attack vulnerability. In this article, we provide the first comprehensive review of these much-discussed tracing app attributes. We also present an overview of many proposed tracing app examples, some of which have been deployed countrywide, and discuss the concerns users have reported regarding their usage. We close by outlining potential research directions for next-generation app design, which would facilitate improved tracing and security performance, as well as wide adoption by the population at large.
Odor Coding by a Mammalian Receptor Repertoire (2009)

Deciphering olfactory encoding requires a thorough description of the ligands that activate each odorant receptor (OR). In mammalian systems, however, ligands are known for fewer than 50 of more than 1400 human and mouse ORs, greatly limiting our understanding of olfactory coding. We performed high-throughput screening of 93 odorants against 464 ORs expressed in heterologous cells and identified agonists for 52 mouse and 10 human ORs. We used the resulting interaction profiles to develop a predictive model relating physicochemical odorant properties, OR sequences, and their interactions. Our results provide a basis for translating odorants into receptor neuron responses and for unraveling mammalian odor coding.
Identification of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C phosphorylation sites within the major intracellular domains of the beta 1, gamma 2S, and gamma 2L subunits of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor. (1992)

Gamma-aminobutyric acid Type A (GABAA) receptors are the major sites of synaptic inhibition in the central nervous system. These receptors are thought to be pentameric complexes of homologous transmembrane glycoproteins. Molecular cloning has revealed a multiplicity of different GABAA receptor subunits divided into five classes, alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and rho, based on sequence homology. Within the proposed major intracellular domain of these subunits, there are numerous potential consensus sites for protein phosphorylation by a variety of protein kinases. We have used purified fusion proteins of the major intracellular domain of GABAA receptor subunits produced in Escherichia coli to examine the phosphorylation of these subunits by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC). The purified fusion protein of the intracellular domain of the beta 1 subunit was an excellent substrate for both PKA and PKC. PKA and PKC phosphorylated the beta 1 subunit fusion protein on serine residues on a single tryptic phosphopeptide. Site-directed mutagenesis of serine 409 in the intracellular domain of the beta 1 subunit to an alanine residue eliminated the phosphorylation of the beta 1 subunit fusion protein by both protein kinases. The purified fusion proteins of the major intracellular domain of the gamma 2S and gamma 2L subunits of the GABAA receptor were rapidly and stoichiometrically phosphorylated by PKC but not by PKA. The phosphorylation of the gamma 2S subunit occurred on serine residues on a single tryptic phosphopeptide. Site-directed mutagenesis of serine 327 of the gamma 2S subunit fusion protein to an alanine residue eliminated the phosphorylation of the gamma 2S fusion protein by PKC. The gamma 2L subunit is an alternatively spliced form of the gamma 2S subunit that differs by the insertion of 8 amino acids (LLRMFSFK) within the major intracellular domain of the gamma 2S subunit. The PKC phosphorylation of the gamma 2L subunit occurred on serine residues on two tryptic phosphopeptides. Site-specific mutagenesis of serine 343 within the 8-amino acid insert to an alanine residue eliminated the PKC phosphorylation of the novel site in the gamma 2L subunit. No phosphorylation of a purified fusion protein of the major intracellular loop of the alpha 1 subunit was observed with either PKA or PKC. These results identify the specific amino acid residues within GABAA receptor subunits that are phosphorylated by PKA and PKC and suggest that protein phosphorylation of these sites may be important in regulating GABAA receptor function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)