gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal scanning for faster object detection (2009)

Recent years have seen the development of fast and accurate algorithms for detecting objects in images. However, as the size of the scene grows, so do the running-times of these algorithms. If a 128×102 pixel image requires 20 ms to process, searching for objects in a 1280×1024 image will take 2 s. This is unsuitable under real-time operating constraints: by the time a frame has been processed, the object may have moved. An analogous problem occurs when controlling robot camera that need to scan scenes in search of target objects. In this paper, we consider a method for improving the run-time of general-purpose object-detection algorithms. Our method is based on a model of visual search in humans, which schedules eye fixations to maximize the long-term information accrued about the location of the target of interest. The approach can be used to drive robot cameras that physically scan scenes or to improve the scanning speed for very large high resolution images. We consider the latter application in this work by simulating a “digital fovea” and sequentially placing it in various regions of an image in a way that maximizes the expected information gain. We evaluate the approach using the OpenCV version of the Viola-Jones face detector. After accounting for all computational overhead introduced by the fixation controller, the approach doubles the speed of the standard Viola-Jones detector at little cost in accuracy.
Scale-Up of Recombinant Virus and Protein Production in Stirred-Tank Reactors (2003)

Stirred-tank fermentors were originally designed to perform microbial cultures (1). When the need arose for adequate, posttranslationally modified proteins, molecular biologists and bioprocess engineers turned to mammalian and insect cell culture using these fermentors for large-scale productions (i.e., New Brunswick Scientific’s CelliGen, New Brunswick, NJ; Alfa-Laval’s Chemap, Mannedorf, Switzerland). Stirred-tank reactors (STR) are well known and characterized (as well as airlift reactors mentioned in Chapter 13 ) and provide a simple approach to large-scale suspension cultures when monolayer and spinner flask cultures cannot provide ample material. Depending on the quantity required, bioprocesses can vary in complexity from short-term (5-7 d) batch cultures to longer-term fed-batch (7-10 d) or perfusion processes (7 to 2 30 d).
Pulsed electroluminescence from organic bilayer light emitting diodes (1996)

Transient electroluminescence (EL) from organic bilayer light emitting diodes featuring an interfacial blockade for holes and electrons was studied. At the end of the driving voltage pulse an EL spike is observed whose magnitude exceeds the cw-EL intensity by up to two orders of magnitude. The effect is attributed to an increase of the recombination probability of minority carriers (electrons) with majority carriers upon switching off the external field.
The Enhancement Bias in Consumer Decisions to Adopt and Utilize Product Innovations (2003)

The ability of consumers to anticipate the value they will draw from new product generations that expand the capabilities of incumbent goods is explored. Drawing on previous research in affective forecasting, the work explores a hypothesis that consumers will frequently overestimate the benefits they envision drawing from new added product features and underestimate the learning costs required to realize those benefits. This hypothesis is tested using a computer simulation in which subjects are trained to play a Pacman-like arcade game where icons are moved over a screen by different forms of tactile controls. Respondents are then given the option to play a series of games for money with an incumbent game platform or pay to play with an alternative version that offer either expanded (Experiments 1 and 2) or simplified (Experiment 3) sets of controls. As hypothesized, subjects displayed an upwardly-biased valuation of the new sets of controls as measured by actual versus forecasted usage rates and performance gains. Yet, when given the opportunity to be paid to trade down to a more efficient device in exchange, few accepted. We thus observe a paradox where the presence of forecasting mistakes in product adoptions does little to induce regret in ownership.
Blue and UV‐A light‐regulated CHS expression in Arabidopsis independent of phytochrome A and phytochrome B (1996)

Light plays a fundamental role in the development of higher plants. It influences the activity of many genes and is sensed through at least three different photoreceptor systems (phytochromes, blue/UV‐A‐ and UV‐B photoreceptors). In contrast to UV‐B and blue/UV‐A photoreceptors, phytochromes absorb both in the long‐wavelength (red and far‐red) and short‐wavelength region of light, making it extremely difficult to differentiate the exact function of different photoreceptors in the blue/UV region. The availability of phytochrome mutants in combination with a transgenic approach has enabled clarification of the question whether or not phytochromes are a prerequisite for the action of blue/UV‐A photoreceptors on gene expression. This paper reports that the light‐responsive element of a gene encoding chalcone synthase, the key enzyme of the flavonoid pathway, mediates blue‐ and UV‐A‐induced transcription in the absence of phytochrome A and phytochrome B.
Expression of B-Myb during mouse embryogenesis. (1996)

B-myb is a member of the myb family of nuclear sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins which has been highly conserved among vertebrates. B-myb has been implicated in the control of cell proliferation, particularly at the G1/S transition of the cell cycle. So far, most of the work on B-myb has been performed in immortalized cell lines. Since these cells might show aberrant behavior of genes involved in proliferation control we have begun to investigate the role of B-myb in normal cells. As a first step, we have studied the expression of B-myb during mouse development. Here, we show the B-myb is expressed at similar levels during all stages of embryogenesis. In situ hybridization reveals a tight linkage between B-myb expression and proliferative activity (as assessed by the expression of the S-phase specific histone H4 gene) in most tissues and throughout embryonic development. However, B-myb and histone H4 expression are uncoupled during spermatogenesis in the adult mouse. Histone H4 is expressed at high levels in the early spermatogenic progenitor cells but not in successive stages of sperm cell development. By contrast, the highest levels of B-myb expression are found during the intermediate stages of spermatogenesis. Furthermore, we have found that B-myb mRNA isolated from the testis differs in size from that of other tissues. The data presented here strongly support the notion that B-myb plays a general role during proliferation of most cells. Furthermore, our results raise the possibility that the function of B-myb in cells undergoing meiosis may be different from its role in cells dividing mitotically.
Characteristics of the blood lipoprotein spectrum in truck drivers from the rural Northern Caucasus areas (1991)

Studies were performed of the blood lipoprotein spectrum in 20-59-year-old truck-drivers working in Northern Caucasus rural areas, depending on the age, duration of work in the profession and nationality, in comparison with male workers of other professions in the same areas. It was established that, in indigenous male workers of other than truck-driver's profession, the average levels of different cholesterol lipoproteids were lower than in other ethnic groups, whereas the hypoalfacholesterolemia occurrence was two-fold. In truck-drivers of both indigenous and non-indigenous groups, the lipoprotein spectrum age-related changes were similar. In the non-indigenous drivers' group, hypercholesterolemia was highly prevalent, and hyperalfacholesterolemia was less prevalent than in other professional groups. Also, IHD cases were more characteristic of the indigenous drivers' group. The data obtained witnessed in favour of a differentiated approach in the planning of preventive activities with due account of the population's ethnic and occupational characteristics.
II. On the light radiated by heated bodies (1860)

Abstract In two papers read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh in the years 1858 and 1859, and published in their Transactions, I have described some experiments on radiant heat, which would seem to involve an extension of Prevost’s theory of radiation, known as the theory of exchanges. As the paper which I have now the honour to submit to this Society will detail analogous experiments on radiant light, I may be permitted briefly to refer to those points in my previous papers which are thus intimately connected with the present subject.
Triple negative breast cancer: a study from the point of view of basal CK5/6 and HER-1 (2009)

Expression of CK5/6 and HER-1 is frequent in ER-negative breast cancers, in triple negative and in non-triple negative tumours. In a minority of cases, HER-1 overexpression may be caused by HER-1 gene amplification. Further studies are needed to investigate whether such cases might benefit from anti-HER-1 therapy.
Serum Albumin and Globulin (1990)

Hundreds of proteins are dissolved in the plasma. By measuring the concentration of these proteins, the clinician can obtain information regarding disease states in different organ systems. The measurement of protein is done on serum, which is the fluid that remains after plasma has clotted, thus removing fibrinogen and most of the clotting factors. Total protein content provides some information regarding a patient's general status; more clinically useful data are obtained from fractionating the total protein. The normal serum protein level is 6 to 8 g/dl. Albumin makes up 3.5 to 5.0 g/dl, and the remainder is the total globulins. These values may vary according to the individual laboratory.
Managing bile acid diarrhoea (2010)

Bowel symptoms including diarrhoea can be produced when excess bile acids (BA) are present in the colon. This condition, known as bile acid or bile salt malabsorption, has been under recognized, as the best diagnostic method, the (75)Se-homocholic acid taurine (SeHCAT) test, is not available in many countries and is not fully utilized in others. Reduced SeHCAT retention establishes that this is a complication of many other gastrointestinal diseases. Repeated studies show SeHCAT tests are abnormal in about 30% of patients otherwise diagnosed as diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome or functional diarrhoea, with an estimated population prevalence of around 1%. Recent work suggests that the condition previously called idiopathic bile acid malabsorption (BAM) is not in fact due to a defect in absorption, but results from an overproduction of BA because of defective feedback inhibition of hepatic bile acid synthesis, a function of the ileal hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19). The approach to treatment currently depends on binding excess BA, to reduce their secretory actions, using colestyramine, colestipol and, most recently, colesevelam. Colesevelam has a number of potential advantages that merit further investigation in trials directed at patients with bile acid diarrhoea.
Covalent Modification of Epithelial Fatty Acid-binding Protein by 4-Hydroxynonenal in Vitro and in Vivo (2002)

4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is a cytotoxic alpha,beta-unsaturated acyl aldehyde that is naturally produced from lipid peroxidation and cleavage in response to oxidative stress and aging. Such reactive lipids covalently modify cellular target proteins, thereby affecting biological structure and function. Herein we report the identification of the epithelial fatty acid-binding protein (E-FABP) as a molecular target for 4-HNE modification both in vitro and in vivo. 4-HNE covalently modified (t(12) < 60 s) E-FABP in vitro, as revealed by a combination of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and immunochemical reactivity using antibodies directed to 4-HNE-protein conjugates. Identification of Cys-120 as the major site of modification was determined through tandem mass spectral sequencing of tryptic peptides, as well as analysis of E-FABP mutants C120A, C127A, and C120A/C127A. The in vitro modification of Cys-120 by 4-HNE was relatively insensitive to pH (6.4-8.4), and temperature (4-37 degrees C) but was markedly potentiated by noncovalently bound fatty acids. 4-HNE-modified E-FABP was more stable than unmodified E-FABP to chemical denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride, as assessed by changes in intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. Analysis of soluble protein extracts from rat retina with antibodies directed to 4-HNE-protein conjugates revealed immunoreactivity with a 15-kDa protein that was identified by electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry as E-FABP. Evaluation of retinal pigment epithelial cell extracts derived from E-FABP null mice by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis using anti-4-HNE antibodies revealed increased modification in the null cells relative to those from wild type cells. These results indicate that E-FABP is a molecular target for 4-HNE modification and the hypothesis that E-FABP functions as an antioxidant protein by scavenging reactive lipids through covalent modification of Cys-120.
Molecular Interactions Driving the Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Multilayers (2014)

This article presents an overview of the different types of intermolecular interactions behind the fabrication of multilayer assemblies using the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly approach. It comments on the potential impact of each type of intermolecular interaction and materials assembled through them on the development of advanced functional systems or devices for several emerging applications. The discussion begins with a brief overview of the most commonly used bottom-up methods to modify surfaces and fabricate functional multilayer thin films, with a special focus on their main advantages and disadvantages.
Sensors for intelligent machining-a research and application survey (2002)

This paper presents a survey on sensor applications in machining, including conventional machining and laser machining. The physical principles, technical features and applications are discussed for the most commonly used sensors.
Leukemic cell growth in SCID mice as a predictor of relapse in high- risk B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1995)

Mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) provide a model system to examine the in vivo homing, engraftment, and growth patterns of normal and malignant human hematopoietic cells. The relation between leukemic cell growth in this model and the treatment outcome in patients from whom cells were derived has not been established. Leukemic cells from 42 children with newly diagnosed high-risk B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia were inoculated intravenously into CB.17 SCID mice. Mice were killed at 12 weeks or when they became moribund as a result of disseminated leukemia. All mice were necropsied and subjected to a series of laboratory studies to assess their burden of human leukemic cells. Twenty-three patients whose leukemic cells caused histopathologically detectable leukemia in SCID mice had a significantly higher relapse rate than the 19 patients whose leukemic cells did not (estimated 5-year event-free survival: 29.5% v 94.7%; 95% confidence intervals, 11.2% to 50.7% v 68.1% to 99.2%; P < .0001 by log-rank test). The occurrence of overt leukemia in SCID mice was was a highly significant predictor of patient relapse. The estimated instantaneous risk of relapse for patients whose leukemic cells caused overt leukemia in SCID mice was 21.5-fold greater than that for the remaining patients. Thus, growth of human leukemic cells in SCID mice is a strong and independent predictor of relapse in patients with newly diagnosed high-risk B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Proto‐oncogene of int‐3, a mouse Notch homologue, is expressed in endothelial cells during early embryogenesis (1997)

The endothelial cell specific expression pattern of Notch-4, as well as its structural similarity of Notch, suggest that Notch-4 is an endothelial cell specific homologue of Notch and it may play a crucial role in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.
Tepoxalin, a novel immunosuppressive agent with a different mechanism of action from cyclosporin A. (1994)

Tepoxalin, a compound previously identified as a dual cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase (CO/LO) inhibitor, is a potent inhibitor of T cell proliferation. Comparing the suppressive effects of tepoxalin and cyclosporin A (CsA) on OKT3-, PMA-, IL-2-, and PMA+ionomycin-induced T cell proliferations revealed marked differences in the mechanism of action between the two compounds. Whereas CsA was most effective in suppressing OKT3-stimulated proliferation, tepoxalin was more potent in inhibiting PMA-, PMA+ionomycin-, and IL-2-induced proliferation. Quantitative PCR (QPCR) assays used to detect cytokine messages showed that tepoxalin blocked IL-2 mRNA transcription in PMA- and PMA+ionomycin-, but not OKT3-stimulated T cells whereas CsA was most potent in inhibiting OKT3-induced IL-2 mRNA induction in these cells. Both tepoxalin and CsA did not inhibit the expression of IL-2R; however, only tepoxalin, but not CsA, inhibited the proliferation of IL-2-dependent blasts and the transcription of IFN-gamma, an IL-2-dependent target gene. Moreover, addition of exogenous IL-2 restored OKT3-induced proliferation to CsA- but not tepoxalin-treated cells. These data suggest that tepoxalin, but not CsA, suppressed T cell proliferation by inhibiting IL-2-induced signal transduction. Consistent with these findings, tepoxalin, unlike CsA, which was most potent when added at the initiation of OKT3 stimulation, was equally active, regardless of whether it was added at the beginning or 48 h after culture initiation. The difference in mechanism of action between tepoxalin and CsA was confirmed further by the synergistic suppressive effects on T cell proliferation upon co-administration of the two compounds.
In vitro study on the effect of organic acids on Campylobacter jejuni/coli populations in mixtures of water and feed (2002)

Gastroenteritis caused by Campylobacter spp. infection has been recognized as one of the important public health problems in the developed countries. Outbreaks mostly originate from the consumption of contaminated poultry or infected water. The aim of this study was to determine the bactericidal activity on Campylobacter spp. of organic acids individually and in combinations at different pH levels and times and to compare bactericidal activities with activities of commercially available products. Ten strains of Campylobacter spp. were added in a mixture of water with commercial broiler feed, separately adjusted by four acids: formic, acetic, propionic, and hydrochloric acids, into pH 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5. A combination of three organic acids was used in two different formulation ratios: formic:acetic:propionic at 1:2:3 and 1:2:5, at pH 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5. All organic acids showed the strongest bactericidal effect on Campylobacter at pH 4.0. In contrast, at pH 5.0 and 5.5, the bactericidal activity of the four acids was low. The combination of organic acids showed a synergistic bactericidal activity at pH 4.5. Interestingly, the effect of the combined organic acids was stronger than the commercial products. Morphological cell changes were studied by transmission electron microscopy to determine the effect of the organic acids on the cell structure of Campylobacter. Some loss of outer membranes of the bacteria could be found in treated groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that organic acids, individually or in combination, have a strong bactericidal effect on Campylobacter spp. Routine application of organic acids to the water supply on poultry farms could prevent or diminish Campylobacter transmission.
Distinguishing features of an infectious molecular clone of the highly divergent and noncytopathic human immunodeficiency virus type 2 UC1 strain (1993)

A full-length infectious molecular clone was derived from the noncytopathic human immunodeficiency virus type 2 UC1 strain (HIV-2UC1) that was originally recoverd from an individual from the Ivory Coast. Like the parental isolate, the molecularly cloned virus (HIV-2UC1mc or UC1 mc) demonstrates a reduced ability to induce syncytium formation, to kill cells, and to down-modulate the cell surface CD4 receptor in infected cells. Phylogenetic analysis of the DNA sequence of UC1mc revealed that it is the first full-length infectious molecular clone in the second HIV-2 subgroup previously identified by partial sequence analysis of the HIV-2D205 and HIV-2GH-2 strains. These highly divergent HIV-2 strains appear to be genetically equidistant from other HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac/sm strains. UC1mc is unlike any other HIV-2 or SIVmac/sm strain in that it lacks a cysteine residue at the proposed signal peptide cleavage site in Env. However, site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicate that this missing cysteine is not alone important in the noncytopathic phenotype of UC1mc. Like other HIV-2 and SIV strains, the UC1mc Env transmembrane protein (gp43) is mutated to a truncated form (gp34) after passage in certain T-cell lines. The UC1 molecular clone should be helpful in determining the genetic sequences associated with HIV-2 cytopathicity.
Regulation of putative fatty acid transporters and Acyl-CoA synthetase in liver and adipose tissue in ob/ob mice. (1999)

The hyperlipidemia associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes is caused by an increase in hepatic triglyceride synthesis and secretion that is secondary to an increase in de novo lipogenesis, a decrease in fatty acid (FA) oxidation, and an increase in the flux of peripherally derived FA to the liver. The uptake of FA across the plasma membrane may be mediated by three distinct proteins--FA translocase (FAT), plasma membrane FA binding protein (FABP-pm), and FA transport protein (FATP)--that have recently been characterized. Acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) enhances the uptake of FAs by catalyzing their activation to acyl-CoA esters for subsequent use in anabolic or catabolic pathways. In this study, we examine the mRNA levels of FAT, FABP-pm, FATP, and ACS in the liver and adipose tissue of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice and their control littermates. FAT mRNA levels were 15-fold higher in liver and 60-80% higher in adipose tissue of ob/ob mice. FABP-pm mRNA levels were twofold higher in liver and 50% higher in adipose tissue of ob/ob mice. FATP mRNA levels were not increased in liver or adipose tissue. ACS mRNA levels were higher in adipose tissue but remained unchanged in liver. However, the distribution of ACS activity associated with mitochondria and microsomes in liver was altered in ob/ob mice. In control littermates, 61% of ACS activity was associated with mitochondria and 39% with microsomes, whereas in ob/ob mice 34% of ACS activity was associated with mitochondria and 66% with microsomes; this distribution would make more FA available for esterification, rather than oxidation, in ob/ob mouse liver. Taken together, our results suggest that the upregulation of FAT and FABP-pm mRNAs may increase the uptake of FA in adipose tissue and liver in ob/ob mice, which, coupled with an increase in microsomal ACS activity in liver, will enhance the esterification of FA and support the increased triglyceride synthesis and VLDL production that characterizes obesity and type 2 diabetes.