gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
alpha(2)-Adrenoceptor agonists inhibit vitreal glutamate and aspartate accumulation and preserve retinal function after transient ischemia. (2001)

Recent studies have suggested that alpha(2)-adrenergic agonists prevent neuronal cell death in a number of animal models, although the mechanism of alpha(2)-neuroprotection remains unclear. In a retinal ischemia model, the alpha(2)-specific agonist brimonidine (1 mg/kg i.p.) preserves approximately 80% of the electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave. The protective effect of brimonidine is completely blocked by coadministration of the alpha(2)- antagonist rauwolscine. Brimonidine treatment preserves the ERG b-wave if animals are treated 1 or 3 h before ischemia, but has no effect if it is injected during ischemia. The 3-h pretreatment effect is blocked by i.v. injection of rauwolscine 2 h later (1 h before ischemia). A comparison of vitreous humor glutamate levels between untreated and brimonidine-treated eyes shows that 1) after ischemia, glutamate levels rise 2- to 3-fold in the untreated animals, and 2) glutamate levels in the brimonidine-treated animals are comparable to the nonischemic controls. Hence, the mechanism for brimonidine-mediated protection in the retinal ischemia model requires activation of the alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors immediately before and during ischemia. These data suggest that activation of the alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor may reduce ischemic retinal injury by preventing the accumulation of extracellular glutamate and aspartate.
High Levels of IL-17 in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: IL-15 Triggers In Vitro IL-17 Production Via Cyclosporin A-Sensitive Mechanism (2000)

Recent data suggest that IL-15 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. In the present study, we hypothesized that elevated in the joints of rheumatoid arthritis, but not osteoarthritis, patients, IL-15 may exert its proinflammatory properties via the induction of IL-17, a cytokine known to stimulate synoviocytes to release several mediators of inflammation including IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF and PGE2. To test this hypothesis, we first measured the levels of IL-17 and IL-15 using specific ELISA and found that synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but not with osteoarthritis, contain high levels of these cytokines. A strong correlation between IL-15 and IL-17 levels in synovial fluids was observed. Among tested factors, LPS and TNF-alpha failed, IL-15 and IL-2 were equipotent, and PMA + ionomycin was far more efficient in the induction of IL-17 secretion by PBMCs isolated from healthy blood donors. Interestingly, synovial fluid cells, in contrast to PBMCs isolated from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but not osteoarthritis, respond to PMA + ionomycin with much lower, comparable to IL-15-triggered IL-17 secretion. Moreover, PMA + ionomycin-triggered IL-17 secretion is completely or partially blocked in the presence of low doses of cyclosporin A or high doses of methylprednisolone, respectively. IL-15-triggered IL-17 secretion by PBMCs was completely inhibited by these drugs. Thus, our results suggest for the first time that IL-15 may represent a physiological trigger that via cyclosporin A and steroid sensitive pathways leads to the overproduction of IL-17 in the joints of rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Listeria monocytogenes, a food-borne pathogen. (1991)

Listeriosis, caused by Listeria monocytogenes, appears to be increasing in incidence worldwide. The disease is of great concern to the food industry. A recent outbreak in California was linked to the consumption of Mexican-style soft cheese and involved more than 300 cases, 30% of which were fatal. L. monocytogenes can be found in a variety of dairy products, leafy vegetables, fish and meat products. It can grow in refrigerated foods and is more heat resistant than most vegetative microbes. The epidemiologic features of listeriosis are poorly understood, and the minimum infectious dose is unknown. Those predisposed to listeriosis include immunocompromised people and pregnant women and their fetuses. Meningitis, spontaneous abortion and septicemia are the primary manifestations of the disease. Early recognition is critical for successful treatment, and ampicillin is the preferred drug. Listeriosis should be considered in any febrile patient with neurologic symptoms of unknown origin, as well as in women with unexplained recurrent miscarriages, premature labour or fetal death. A food source should be the prime suspect if any isolated case or outbreak occurs.
The HarperCollins illustrated medical dictionary (1993)

The most comprehensible and accessible medical dictionary on the market today includes more than 28,000 terms that comprise the core of information for all the health sciences.
Concentration-dependent band offset inInxGa1−xAsGaAsstrained quantum wells (1988)

We have used low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy to study $\frac{{\mathrm{In}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}}{\mathrm{GaAs}}$ single and multiple quantum wells (QW's). By analyzing the polarization dependence of the PL, the QW luminescence features were shown to be due to heavy-hole-related transitions in these samples. The conduction-band offset ratio ${Q}_{c}$ was calculated and found to be dependent on the In concentration $c$. Previously contradictory values are thus shown to be consistent with each other.
Urinary Tract Infections in Women: Diagnosis and Treatment (1989)

Acute urinary tract infection is a major health problem among women, accounting for considerable morbidity and health care costs. We review recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of these infections. In acute lower urinary tract infection, empiric short-course therapy (single-dose or 3-day therapy) with one of several antibiotics is recommended in the absence of complicating factors. When complicating factors are present, the antibiotic susceptibility profile of the infecting organism should be determined and therapy with an appropriate agent should be provided for 7 days. Ampicillin and related drugs are probably inferior to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of occult renal infection. In acute pyelonephritis, most patients require hospitalization and treatment with intravenous antibiotics until they can take oral medications. In uncomplicated cases, a single broad-spectrum intravenous agent can be used initially, followed by an oral agent selected on the basis of antibiotic-susceptibility testing results. Patients with uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis who are less ill can be managed with oral therapy as outpatients, again with reference to the results of antibiotic-susceptibility testing. Complicated acute pyelonephritis requires more aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Therapy for uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis should be given for 14 days. The role of post-therapy cultures in the management of urinary tract infection is not well defined, but cultures probably can be safely omitted in most cases of uncomplicated acute cystitis.
Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology at IBM (1982)

IBM's current semiconductor manufacturing processes are summarized. Briefly outlined are highlights of salient features of semiconductor manufacturing that established IBM leadership and direction for embarking on VLSI production. Some of these features are taken from papers already published; others are from articles in this issue of the IBM Journal of Research and Development ranging from silicon crystal growth through quality control and automated logistics and dispositioning of tested product.
Identification of an N-cadherin Motif That Can Interact with the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor and Is Required for Axonal Growth (2001)

In this study, we show that the neurite outgrowth response stimulated by N-cadherin is inhibited by a recently developed and highly specific fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) antagonist. To test whether the N-cadherin response also requires FGF function, we developed peptide mimetics of the receptor binding sites on FGFs. Most mimetics inhibit the neurite outgrowth response stimulated by FGF in the absence of any effect on the N-cadherin response. The exceptions to this result were two mimetics of a short FGF1 sequence, which has been shown to interact with the region of the FGFR containing the histidine-alanine-valine motif. These peptides inhibited FGF and N-cadherin responses with similar efficacy. The histidine-alanine-valine region of the FGFR has previously been implicated in the N-cadherin response, and a candidate interaction site has been identified in extracellular domain 4 of N-cadherin. We now show that antibodies directed to this site on N-cadherin inhibit the neurite outgrowth response stimulated by N-cadherin, and peptide mimetics of the site inhibit N-cadherin and FGF responses. Thus, we can conclude that N-cadherin contains a novel motility motif in extracellular domain 4, and that peptide mimetics of this motif can interact with the FGFR.
Architectures for MPEG compressed bitstream scaling (2002)

The Moving Picture Expert Group (MPEG) video coding standard has been proposed for a variety of applications for video transmission and storage. Several applications such as video on demand, trick-play track on digital VTRs and extended-play recording VTRs motivate the idea of bitstream scaling which intends to reduce the compressed bitstream size according to the outgoing channel capacity. We propose several methods for implementation of bitstream scaling. The different methods have varying hardware implementation complexity, with each having its own degree of tradeoff between required hardware and resulting image quality.
Transferrin-polycation conjugates as carriers for DNA uptake into cells. (1990)

We have developed a high-efficiency nucleic acid delivery system that uses receptor-mediated endocytosis to carry DNA macromolecules into cells. We accomplished this by conjugating the iron-transport protein transferrin to polycations that bind nucleic acids. Human transferrin, as well as the chicken homologue conalbumin, has been covalently linked to the small DNA-binding protein protamine or to polylysines of various sizes through a disulfide linkage. These modified transferrin molecules maintain their ability to bind their cognate receptor and to mediate efficient iron transport into the cell. The transferrin-polycation molecules form electrophoretically stable complexes with double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, and modified RNA molecules independent of nucleic acid size (from short oligonucleotides to DNA of 21 kilobase pairs). When complexes of transferrin-polycation and a bacterial plasmid DNA containing the gene for Photinus pyralis luciferase are supplied to eukaryotic cells, high-level expression of the luciferase gene occurs, demonstrating transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis and expression of the imported DNA. We refer to this delivery system as "transferrinfection."
Nondermatologic adverse events associated with anti-EGFR therapy. (2006)

Dermatologic events are considered the most relevant elements of the toxicity profile of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors. However, some nondermatologic adverse events can also be common. Although these toxicities are rarely severe, they may have fatal outcomes if not managed appropriately. For example, gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) (and more rarely, cetuximab [Erbitux]) are associated with a risk of interstitial lung disease, while the administration of cetuximab may be associated with infusion reactions. Preparedness to assess patients at risk and to manage symptoms promptly and effectively can greatly reduce any potential risks. As a result, anti-EGFR therapies are generally well tolerated. As anti-EGFR agents are integrated into standard regimens or combined with novel treatments, familiarity with their safety profiles will become increasingly important. This article reviews the key nondermatologic adverse events associated with cetuximab, gefitinib, and erlotinib, and summarizes the most important management recommendations.
Detecting and categorizing kernel-level rootkits to aid future detection (2006)

Existing techniques to detect kernel-level rootkits expose some infections, but they don't identify specific attacks. This rootkit categorization approach helps system administrators identify the extent of specific infections, aiding in optimal recovery and faster reactions to future attacks. The authors present a framework to detect and classify rootkits and discuss a methodology for determining if a system has been infected by a kernel-level rootkit. Once infection is established, administrators can create new signatures for kernel-level rootkits to detect them. The authors conducted their research on a Red Hat Linux-based system, but the methodology is applicable to other Linux distributions based on the standard Linux kernel. They also believe the method can apply to other Unix- and Windows-based systems.
Face spoofing detection from single images using micro-texture analysis (2011)

Current face biometric systems are vulnerable to spoo ing attacks. A spoofing attack occurs when a person tries to masquerade as someone else by falsifying data and thereby gaining illegitimate access. Inspired by image quality assessment, characterization of printing artifacts, and differences in light reflection, we propose to approach the problem of spoofing detection from texture analysis point of view. Indeed, face prints usually contain printing quality defects that can be well detected using texture features. Hence, we present a novel approach based on analyzing facial image textures for detecting whether there is a live person in front of the camera or a face print. The proposed approach analyzes the texture of the facial images using multi-scale local binary patterns (LBP). Compared to many previous works, our proposed approach is robust, computationally fast and does not require user-cooperation. In addition, the texture features that are used for spoofing detection can also be used for face recognition. This provides a unique feature space for coupling spoofing detection and face recognition. Extensive experimental analysis on a publicly avail able database showed excellent results compared to existing works.
The Role of the Locus Coeruleus in Mediating the Attentional Blink: A Neurocomputational Theory. (2005)

The attentional blink refers to the transient impairment in perceiving the 2nd of 2 targets presented in close temporal proximity. In this article, the authors propose a neurobiological mechanism for this effect. The authors extend a recently developed computational model of the potentiating influence of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system on information processing and hypothesize that a refractoriness in the function of this system may account for the attentional blink. The model accurately simulates the time course of the attentional blink, including Lag 1 sparing. The theory also offers an account of the close relationship of the attentional blink to the electrophysiological P3 component. The authors report results from two behavioral experiments that support a critical prediction of their theory regarding the time course of Lag 1 sparing. Finally, the relationship between the authors' neurocomputational theory and existing cognitive theories of the attentional blink is discussed.
Micro‐ and macroheterogeneity of N‐glycosylation yields size and charge isoforms of human sex hormone binding globulin circulating in serum (2012)

Human sex hormone binding globulin (hSHBG) is a serum glycoprotein central to the transport and targeted delivery of sex hormones to steroid-sensitive tissues. Several molecular mechanisms of action of hSHBG, including the function of its attached glycans remain unknown. Here, we perform a detailed site-specific characterization of the N- and O-linked glycosylation of serum-derived hSHBG. MS-driven glycoproteomics and glycomics combined with exoglycosidase treatment were used in a bottom-up and top-down manner to determine glycosylation sites, site-specific occupancies and monosaccharide compositions, detailed glycan structures, and the higher level arrangement of glycans on intact hSHBG. It was found that serum-derived hSHBG is N-glycosylated at Asn(351) and Asn(367) with average molar occupancies of 85.1 and 95.3%, respectively. Both sites are occupied by the same six sialylated and partly core fucosylated bi- and triantennary N-Glycoforms with lactosamine-type antennas of the form (±NeuAcα6)Galβ4GlcNAc. N-Glycoforms of Asn(367) were slightly more branched and core fucosylated than Asn(351) N-glycoforms due probably to a more surface-exposed glycosylation site. The N-terminal Thr(7) was fully occupied by the two O-linked glycans NeuAcα3Galβ3(NeuAcα6)GalNAc (where NeuAc is N-acetylneuraminic acid and GalNAc is N-acetylgalactosamine) and NeuAcα3Galβ3GalNAc in a 1:6 molar ratio. Electrophoretic analysis of intact hSHBG revealed size and charge heterogeneity of the isoforms circulating in blood serum. Interestingly, the size and charge heterogeneity were shown to originate predominantly from differential Asn(351) glycan occupancies and N-glycan sialylation that may modulate the hSHBG activity. To date, this work represents the most detailed structural map of the heterogeneous hSHBG glycosylation, which is a prerequisite for investigating the functional aspects of the hSHBG glycans.
Structural changes of silver polymer electrolytes: Comparison between poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) and poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) complexes with silver salt (2003)

Abstract The difference between the polymer matrices of poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (POZ) and poly( N ‐vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) does not have a significant effect on the facilitated propylene transport and propylene solubility in 1:1 polymer/silver salt complex membranes, according to our previous work. In this article, its origin is investigated in terms of both microstructures of silver polymer electrolytes and the coordinative interaction of silver ion with polymer and with the counteranion. Initially different microstructures of POZ and PVP become similar to each other upon dissolving a large amount of silver salt, as evidenced by propane transport properties, specific volume, and Bragg d ‐spacing. The dissolution of the silver salt in the polymer solvent strongly depends on the coordinative interaction between silver ion and carbonyl oxygen of POZ and PVP. Thus, the structural similarity upon dissolving silver salts in POZ and PVP is primarily determined by the coordinative interaction between silver ion and carbonyl oxygen, which was confirmed by theoretical structure calculation based on density functional theory and by IR and Raman spectroscopy. Therefore, facilitated olefin transport for silver polymer electrolyte membranes does not strongly depend on the polymeric matrix at high silver concentrations. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 232–237, 2004
Relevance of Hepatic Preneoplasia for Human Hepatocarcinogenesis (2003)

Different lesions have been suggested to represent preneoplastic conditions in human liver. They include liver cell dysplasia, separated in large-cell change (LCC) and small-cell change (SCC), adenomatoid hyperplasia, and the more recently identified foci of altered hepatocytes (FAH) and nodules of altered hepatocytes (NAH). FAH have been demonstrated to represent preneoplastic lesions in various animal models of hepatocarcinogenesis. To demonstrate prevalence and significance of FAH in the human liver, the cellular composition, size distribution, and proliferation kinetics of these lesions were studied in 163 explanted and resected human livers with or without hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). FAH including glycogen-storing foci (GSF), mixed cell foci (MCF), and basophilic cell foci were found in 84 of 111 cirrhotic livers, demonstrating higher incidences in cases with than without HCC. MCF, predominant in cirrhotic livers of the high-risk group, were more proliferative, larger and more often involved in formation of NAH than GSF. The results suggest that the FAH are preneoplastic lesions, MCF being more advanced than GSP. We also investigated the relationship of FAH to liver cell dysplasia. Occurrence of SCC, rather than that of LCC, confers FAH an increased proliferation activity and higher risk to nodular transformation, and, hence, should be considered a precancerous condition. Histological detection of FAH and SCC through needle-aspiration liver biopsy can be used for monitoring HCC development in high-risk populations, such as HBV carriers with chronic hepatitis and/or cirrhosis.
Methyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate as a cleavable crosslinking reagent and its application to the Escherichia coli 30S ribosome (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMethyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate as a cleavable crosslinking reagent and its application to the Escherichia coli 30S ribosomeRobert R. Traut, Alex Bollen, Tung-Tien Sun, John W. B. Hershey, John Sundberg, and L. Ross PierceCite this: Biochemistry 1973, 12, 17, 3266–3273Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00741a019https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00741a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1153Altmetric-Citations215LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Preferences of Women Evaluating Risks of Tamoxifen (POWER) study of preferences for tamoxifen for breast cancer risk reduction (2005)

Less than 20% of women were interested in tamoxifen after education about potential benefits and harms, despite a very high self-perceived breast cancer risk. Candidate chemoprevention agents must have few potential adverse effects to achieve widespread acceptance.
Extracting motion annotations from MPEG-2 compressed video for HDTV content management applications (2003)

Our research concentrates on developing a novel HDTV content management system that enables end users to search, retrieve and browse archived standard definition (SD) and high definition (HD) television material for program production and content repurposing in a digital television studio. We have developed the first system that automatically analyzes motion occurring in MPEG-2 coded SD and HD videos within the compressed domain itself and produces descriptors characterizing the global visual motion in videos, for content-based search and retrieval applications. We describe our robust and efficient scheme for automatically generating a flow characterization of a video bitstream without decompression, which is a frame-type-independent uniform motion representation amenable for consistent interpretation and computed from the raw motion vectors encoded in the MPEG-2 bitstreams. We propose novel techniques to handle all the different prediction schemes that are employed with different frame types and picture structures of MPEG-2 during the motion compensation process to deal with interlaced and progressive modes. Experiments with thousands of frames from SD and HD video streams demonstrate the accuracy of our flow estimation process and the effectiveness of utilizing flow vectors for annotation of perceived global motion in video streams.