gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Copyright, Borrowed Images, and Appropriation Art: An Economic Approach (2000)

This paper examines from the standpoint of economics the relationship between copyright law, borrowed images and the post-modern art form known as appropriation art. Artists and judges have very different views regarding how the law should treat appropriation art. The artist perceives legal restraints on borrowing copyrighted images as a threat to artistic freedom. The law gives artists no special privileges to borrow copyrighted material. Although there are no market impediments to licensing most copyrighted images, fair use would lower transaction and access costs. These cost savings should more than offset the reduced incentives to create new images in cases where the appropriation artist has already paid for the image or is making only a few copies. In contrast, when the appropriation artist makes many copies, he should be treated no differently from a firm that incorporates licensed images in products such as calendars, coffee mugs and beach towels.
A pyramidal data structure for triangle-based surface description (1989)

A hierarchical model for approximating 2-1/2-dimensional surfaces is described. This model, called a Delaunay pyramid, is a method for compression of spatial data and representation of a surface at successively finer levels of detail. A Delaunay pyramid is based on a sequence of Delaunay triangulations of suitably defined subsets of the set of data points. A triangle-oriented encoding structure for a Delaunay pyramid is presented, and its storage complexity is evaluated. An algorithm for constructing a Delaunay pyramid is described, and a method for solving the point location and evaluation on such a model is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Mode of action of nintedanib in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (2015)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and ultimately fatal disease characterised by fibrosis of the lung parenchyma and loss of lung function. Although the pathogenic pathways involved in IPF have not been fully elucidated, IPF is believed to be caused by repetitive alveolar epithelial cell injury and dysregulated repair, in which there is uncontrolled proliferation of lung fibroblasts and differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, which excessively deposit extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the interstitial space. A number of profibrotic mediators including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transforming growth factor-β are believed to play important roles in the pathogenesis of IPF. Nintedanib is a potent small molecule inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases PDGF receptor, FGF receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. Data from in vitro studies have shown that nintedanib interferes with processes active in fibrosis such as fibroblast proliferation, migration and differentiation, and the secretion of ECM. In addition, nintedanib has shown consistent anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory activity in animal models of lung fibrosis. These data provide a strong rationale for the clinical efficacy of nintedanib in patients with IPF, which has recently been demonstrated in phase III clinical trials.
Quantifying DNA–protein binding specificities by using oligonucleotide mass tags and mass spectroscopy (2007)

The ability to determine the relative binding affinity of different transcription-factors (TF) to their DNA binding sites is fundamentally important for a comprehensive understanding of gene regulation. Here we present a general approach for multiplex quantification of DNA-TF binding specificities in vitro using oligonucleotide mass tag (OMT) labeling and mass spectroscopic quantification. An OMT is a short nucleic acid sequence with a distinct mass that can be resolved by a mass spectrometer. Each putative binding sequence is labeled with a unique OMT, and PCR amplification of OMTs is performed after removing nonbound DNA. Subsequently, a primer extension reaction is carried out, and the extension products are quantified by MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy. Using the TF NF-kappaB P50, we have quantified the binding specificities of up to 15 binding sequences in a single assay. The results from the multiplex assay are consistent with data from the traditional gel shift assay. The approach allows the competitive binding of multiple DNA sequences to the given protein in a homogeneous reaction. By using the commercially available homogeneous MassEXTEND platform (SEQUENOM), it is scalable for high-throughput DNA-TF binding applications, including genome-wide TF binding site mapping and analyses of SNPs in promoter regions.
Diabetics do not have increased Alzheimer-type pathology compared with age-matched control subjects (1997)

Diabetics have impaired cognitive performance relative to age-matched control subjects, but the pathologic basis for this impairment is unknown. Because Alzheimer-type lesions, including both senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, contain glycated proteins and glycation is known to be increased in diabetes, we hypothesized that cognitive impairment in diabetes may be due in part to increased Alzheimer-type pathology. We measured the amount of Alzheimer-type pathology in postmortem brains of diabetic and age-matched control subjects with sensitive and specific histofluorescent and immunocytochemical methods. As expected, there were strong correlations between severity of senile plaques and neurofibrillary degeneration and age and also a strong correlation between severity of senile plaques and neurofibrillary degeneration and age and also a strong correlation between the pathologic measures. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between diabetics and control subjects with respect to severity of Alzheimer-type pathology, on average, or with respect to age. This finding was true for diabetics with and without insulin dependence. The results confirm reports showing that diabetes is not a risk factor for Alzheimer-type pathology and suggest that factors other than Alzheimer's disease are responsible for cognitive impairment in diabetics.
Augmenting neuroprosthetic hand control through evaluation of a bioacoustic interface (2013)

The majority of neuroprosthetic interfaces, linking amputee to prosthetic hand, utilise proportional-based control through electromyography (EMG). The clinical translation of these interfaces can be attributed to their relative simplicity, usually requiring only two EMG electrodes to be placed on the flexor and extensor of the forearm. This bi-electrode setup enables opening and closing of hand grasp with an additional manual input used to cycle through the various grip patterns. In recent literature, the main focus has been on higher degree-of-freedom control leading to more complicated interfaces which can be considered the main barrier preventing their clinical utility. As such, new methods for grip pattern switching have not been explored with this fieldable strategy lacking any serious attention. In this work, a novel input, augmenting neuroprosthetic hand control, is proposed. This interface is based on bioacoustic signals generated through prescribed tongue movements. We demonstrate that such an interface can provide comparable performance to existing proportional-based systems without requiring any additional movements of the upper extremities.
Immune regulation and the eye: a dangerous compromise (1987)

The thesis is advanced that immune responses to intraocular antigens are unique and highly specialized. Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) is the term used to identify this specialized response, which consists of selectively impaired immunity of the delayed hypersensitivity (DH) type coexistent with intact humoral immunity and priming of cytotoxic T cell activity. Induction of T cell suppression, which is partly responsible for ACAID, interferes with expression of DH within the eye as well as systemically. It is proposed that the ability of the eye to make a compromise with the immune system and thereby arrange for the selective suppression of delayed hypersensitivity results from the need to avoid intraocular inflammatory reactions that are intense and productive of nonspecific "innocent bystander" injury. When reactions of this type occur within the eye, the visual axis is disrupted, and vision is destroyed. However, avoidance of DH may have deleterious consequences both for the eye and for the host. The impact of ACAID is discussed with regard to the distinctive patterns of ocular disease produced experimentally in mice by melanoma cells and by herpes simplex virus type 1.
Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness distribution in general populations as evaluated by B-mode ultrasound. ARIC Investigators. (1993)

Estimates provided for wall thickness percentiles can serve as "nomograms" by age, race, and sex.
Micromanagement of the ovarian follicle reserve – do stem cells play into the ledger? (2004)

Micromanagement of the ovarian follicle reserve -
Transverse aortic constriction leads to accelerated heart failure in mice lacking PPAR-γ coactivator 1α (2006)

Heart failure is accompanied by important defects in metabolism. The transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha) is a powerful regulator of mitochondrial biology and metabolism. PGC-1alpha and numerous genes regulated by PGC-1alpha are repressed in models of cardiac stress, such as that generated by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). This finding has suggested that PGC-1alpha repression may contribute to the maladaptive response of the heart to chronic hemodynamic loads. We show here that TAC in mice genetically engineered to lack PGC-1alpha leads to accelerated cardiac dysfunction, which is accompanied by signs of significant clinical heart failure. Treating cardiac cells in tissue culture with the catecholamine epinephrine leads to repression of PGC-1alpha and many of its target genes, recapitulating the findings in vivo in response to TAC. Importantly, introduction of ectopic PGC-1alpha can reverse the repression of most of these genes by epinephrine. Together, these data indicate that endogenous PGC-1alpha serves a cardioprotective function and suggest that repression of PGC-1alpha significantly contributes to the development of heart failure. Moreover, the data suggest that elevating PGC-1alpha activity may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of heart failure.
Studies on acylase activity and micro-organisms. XXVI. Purification and properties of D-acylase (N-acyl-D-amino-acid amidohydrolase) from AAA 6029 (Pseudomonas sp.). (1978)

AAA 6029 (Pseudomonas sp.) was isolated from soil by using the synthetic medium containing N-benzoyl-D-phenylalanine as a sole source of carbon. The bacteria produce a D-acylase which hydrolyzes N-acyl-D-amino acids. The D-acylase was extracted by means of sonic oscillation and purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE cellulose chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 gelfiltration. The purified enzyme was represented about 900 fold purification over the cell free extract. The molecular weight of this enzyme was estimated to be about 45000 by gelfiltration. This enzyme can hydrolyze N-benzoyl and N-acetyl derivatives of the D-form of phenylalanine, methionine, leucine, alanine, and valine. But the acylase can not hydrolyze N-acyl derivatives of L-amino acids.
Comparative study on characters and outcomes of patients injured from traffic accidents in different rank hospitals. (2000)

OBJECTIVE: To compare the characters and outcome s of patients injured from traffic accidents in different rank hospitals. METHODS: From 8 hospitals of ranks I-III, 1915 cases were sa mpled and divided into 4 groups. Injuries of all patients were accessed by the method of RTS, AIS-ISS-AP and ASCOT. RESULTS: (1) The higher rank of hospitals, the severer the pati ents' condition were. Mean ISSs in hospital ranks II and III were greater tha n 16, which were recommended as a standard of severe trauma. (2) Transportation of se vere patients to high level hospitals prolonged the pre-hospital duration by 5 -9 h. (3) Factors contributing to death were the trauma severity, complications, hospital ranks that reflect the quality of the medical care. CONCLUSIONS: (1) This sample of 1915 cases matches the condit ion of most Chinese hospitals in characteristics of traffic trauma patients. (2 ) Most Chinese hospitals can be divided into 3 degree of trauma center by a crite ria of ISS and the unexpected death. (3) Incidence of multiple injuries shows no significant difference in each rank of hospitals. (4) The relationship between the hospital rank and the quality of trauma care is significant. We suggest tha t a RTS=11 or ISS=9 be triaged to trauma center, and a 10% Ps (survival pr obability) less than the average Ps of a hospital be triage to higher level hosp itals.
Locoregional cellular immunotherapy for patients with advanced esophageal cancer. (2000)

The objectives of the present study were to determine the safety of locoregional administration of autologous lymphocytes stimulated with autologous tumor cells and interleukin (IL) 2 in vitro and to find laboratory markers to predict either clinical toxicity or clinical response. Eleven patients with advanced (n = 4) or recurrent (n = 7) esophageal cancers received the locoregional administration of these activated lymphocytes every 2 weeks for two to nine times (mean, 5.6 times), and mean numbers of the administered cells were 0.8 x 10(9) cells per treatment. The activated lymphocytes that were pretested for their surface markers and CTL activity were endoscopically injected into primary tumor sites (n = 4) or directly injected into metastatic lymph nodes (n = 2), pleural (n = 4) or ascitic (n = 1) regions. Grade 3 hypotension, grade 2 diarrhea, and grade 1 fever were observed in 1, 1, and 6 patients, respectively, and there was no adverse effect in the remaining three patients. The clinical outcome was as follows: one, complete response (CR); three, partial response (PR); two, stable response (SR); and five, progressive disease (PD). CTL activity in the administered cells was observed in 5 of the 11 patients (1 CR, 3 PR, and 1 PD) and was not observed in the remaining 6 patients (2 SR and 4 PD). Percentages of CD16+ cells in the peripheral blood of the responder group (CR+PR) significantly increased when compared with those before treatment or with those of the nonresponder group before as well as after treatment. Because the clinical toxicity was moderate and tolerable, this new method of locoregional immunotherapy will be applicable for use in treatment of patients with advanced and recurrent esophageal cancers. Both CTL activity in the administered cells and the percentages of CD16+ cells in the peripheral blood may be useful laboratory markers for predicting of clinical response.
Cyclosporine and multiple sclerosis: the cons. (1988)

Although the pathophysiologic cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown, there is a considerable body of evidence that immunologic factors play a part. As experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), particularly its relapsing and remitting forms, has some similarities to MS, and because EAE can be modified by immunosuppression, a large number of immunomodulating drugs have been given to patients with MS. None of these therapies has been dramatically successful, but immunosuppression with azathioprine, mercaptopurine, and cyclophosphamide have been of marginal benefit to the patients. The reason for this relative failure of such therapy in MS might be because these conventional immunosuppressants do not sufficiently modify the immunologic abnormalities in the patients. Cyclosporine A is the first of a new generation of immunosuppressants that appear to be more potent, at least in the field of transplantation. For this reason, it is logical to determine its efficacy in MS. Based on the hypothesis that MS is an immunopathologic disease, many immunosuppressive therapies have been tried for this condition. Cyclosporine is the newest such agent. Studies in animals with EAE indicate that the drug suppresses the disease, but when the drug is stopped the disease exacerbates. This may also happen in MS. Furthermore, our studies indicate that cyclosporine has a low therapeutic index, so that in doses that are well tolerated the drug is not effective and in doses that are effective there is significant toxicity. For these reasons, we reluctantly conclude that cyclosporine should not be used in MS.
Absolute Configuration of α-Methylstyrene Oxide:  The Correct Absolute Configuration/Optical Rotation Correlation (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTAbsolute Configuration of α-Methylstyrene Oxide: The Correct Absolute Configuration/Optical Rotation CorrelationA. Archelas and R. FurstossView Author Information Groupe Biocatalyse et Chimie Fine, ESA 6111 associée au CNRS, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Case 901, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9 - France Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 16, 6112–6114Publication Date (Web):July 14, 1999Publication History Received16 March 1999Published online14 July 1999Published inissue 1 August 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo990474khttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo990474kbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views797Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Absolute configuration,Ethers,Ketones,Molecular structure,Solvents Get e-Alerts
Rate-distortion optimized mode selection for very low bit rate video coding and the emerging H.263 standard (1996)

This paper addresses the problem of encoder optimization in a macroblock-based multimode video compression system. An efficient solution is proposed in which, for a given image region, the optimum combination of macroblock modes and the associated mode parameters are jointly selected so as to minimize the overall distortion for a given bit-rate budget. Conditions for optimizing the encoder operation are derived within a rate-constrained product code framework using a Lagrangian formulation. The instantaneous rate of the encoder is controlled by a single Lagrange multiplier that makes the method amenable to mobile wireless networks with time-varying capacity. When rate and distortion dependencies are introduced between adjacent blocks (as is the case when the motion vectors are differentially encoded and/or overlapped block motion compensation is employed), the ensuing encoder complexity is surmounted using dynamic programming. Due to the generic nature of the algorithm, it can be successfully applied to the problem of encoder control in numerous video coding standards, including H.261, MPEG-1, and MPEG-2. Moreover, the strategy is especially relevant for very low bit rate coding over wireless communication channels where the low dimensionality of the images associated with these bit rates makes real-time implementation very feasible. Accordingly, in this paper, the method is successfully applied to the emerging H.263 video coding standard with excellent results at rates as low as 8.0 Kb per second. Direct comparisons with the H.263 test model, TMN5, demonstrate that gains in peak signal-to-noise ratios (PSNR) are achievable over a wide range of rates.
Foreign Language Week in the Washington (D.C.) Public Schools (1943)

Author's summary.— Language teachers of the Public Schools of the District of Columbia unite in an effort to reveal values of foreign language study for school and community by organizing the first “foreign language week.”
Scenarios for 5G mobile and wireless communications: the vision of the METIS project (2014)

METIS is the EU flagship 5G project with the objective of laying the foundation for 5G systems and building consensus prior to standardization. The METIS overall approach toward 5G builds on the evolution of existing technologies complemented by new radio concepts that are designed to meet the new and challenging requirements of use cases today's radio access networks cannot support. The integration of these new radio concepts, such as massive MIMO, ultra dense networks, moving networks, and device-to-device, ultra reliable, and massive machine communications, will allow 5G to support the expected increase in mobile data volume while broadening the range of application domains that mobile communications can support beyond 2020. In this article, we describe the scenarios identified for the purpose of driving the 5G research direction. Furthermore, we give initial directions for the technology components (e.g., link level components, multinode/multiantenna, multi-RAT, and multi-layer networks and spectrum handling) that will allow the fulfillment of the requirements of the identified 5G scenarios.
Synthesis and biological properties of some cyclic phosphotriesters derived from 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (1984)

The following derivatives of 2'-deoxy-5'-O-1",3",2"-dioxaphosphacyclohex-2" -yluridine 2"-oxide have been synthesised: 5-fluoro (4), 5"-(benzyloxy)-5-methyl (6), 5"-(benzyloxy)-5-fluoro (7), 5"-hydroxy-5-methyl (8), 5-fluoro-5"-hydroxy (9), 5",5"-difluoro-5-methyl (11), and 5,5",5"-trifluoro (12). Compounds 4, 9, and 12 have been evaluated for their inhibitory effects on the growth and metabolism of murine leukemia L1210 cells. Compound 12 was nearly as potent as 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine in its inhibitory effect on these cells (ID50 = 0.003 and 0.001 micrograms/mL, respectively). Compounds 4 and 9 were about 300 times less active than 12. None of the compounds was an inhibitor of the cell-free thymidylate synthetase, although their antiproliferative effects were achieved by the inhibition of this enzyme.
Epileptic seizure prediction using the spatiotemporal correlation structure of intracranial EEG (2011)

A patient-specific seizure prediction algorithm is proposed that extracts novel multivariate signal coherence features from ECoG recordings and classifies a patient's pre-seizure state. The algorithm uses space-delay correlation and covariance matrices at several delay scales to extract the spatiotemporal correlation structure from multichannel ECoG signals. Eigenspectra and amplitude features are extracted from the correlation and covariance matrices, followed by dimensionality reduction using principal components analysis, classification using a support vector machine, and temporal integration to produce a seizure prediction score. Evaluation on the Freiburg EEG database produced a sensitivity of 90.8% and false positive rate of .094.