gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The x‐ray sensitivity of amorphous selenium for mammography (2002)

A study of the x‐ray sensitivity of amorphous selenium (a‐Se) for digital mammography has been performed. A uniform layer of a‐Se was deposited on a glass substrate with electrodes on both surfaces. The deposition procedure was identical to that used for a‐Se flat‐panel detectors. A high voltage was applied to the top surface of the a‐Se layer in order to establish an electric field Then the sample was exposed to x rays with 27 kVp spectra generated from an x‐ray tube with a molybdenum (Mo) target. The mean x‐ray energy of the spectrum used was ∼16.6 keV. The x‐ray current generated by the a‐Se layer was measured as a function of From the current measurement and the estimation of total x‐ray energy absorbed in the a‐Se, the energy required to create one electron‐hole pair (EHP), W , was determined as a function of It was found that at the most commonly used of 10 V/μm, W was measured as 64 eV. This is considerably higher than the widely accepted typical value of measured at higher x‐ray photon energies (e.g., 50 keV). The dependence of W as a function of can be best fitted using the empirical expression of This relationship is consistent with the results obtained at higher x‐ray energies. This article provides an accurate measurement of x‐ray sensitivity of a‐Se at mammographic energies independent of detector operation, such as the most recently developed flat‐panel detectors. The results will be a useful tool for investigation and optimization of a‐Se‐based x‐ray imaging detectors, such as determination of pixel fill‐factor and optimal during operation.
Multiple-point Geostatistics (2004)

ABSTRACT Whereas outcrop models can provide important information on reservoir architecture and heterogeneity, it is not entirely clear how such information can be used exhaustively in geostatistical reservoir modeling. Traditional, variogram-based geostatistics is inadequate in that regard because the variogram is too limiting in capturing geologic heterogeneity from outcrops. A new field, termed multiple-point geostatistics, does not rely on variogram models. Instead, it allows capturing structure from so-called “training images.” Multiple-point geostatistics borrows multiple-point patterns from the training image, then anchors them to subsurface well-log, seismic, and production data. However, multiple-point geostatistics does not escape from the same principles as traditional variogram-based geostatistics: it is still a stochastic method and, hence, relies on the commonly forgotten principles of stationarity and ergodicity. These principles dictate that the training image used in multiple-point geostatistics cannot be chosen arbitrarily and that not all outcrops might be suitable training image models. In this paper, we outline the guiding principles of using analog models in multiple-point geostatistics and show that simple, so-called modular training images can be used to build complex reservoir models using geostatistics algorithms.
Cross reactive anti-tetanus and anti-melittin Fab fragments by phage display after tetanus toxoid immunisation (1996)

Amino acid sequence homology between tetanus toxoid, a common vaccine and melittin, a bee venom allergen provided us with two antigen models for studying the production of cross reactive antibodies after immunisation. Analysis of the serum of an atopic patient recently boosted with tetanus toxoid revealed the presence of anti-melittin and anti-tetanus antibodies. From this donor a phage display Fab library was constructed five days after vaccination. Screening of this library either with melittin alone or with tetanus toxoid followed by melittin allowed the isolation of Fab fragments specific to melittin but also Fab fragments which cross react with melittin and tetanus toxoid. Amino acid analysis revealed diversity in the heavy and the light Ig chains of the melittin specific and of the cross reactive clones. Interestingly we found that the light chain recognised melittin whereas the heavy chain preferentially bound to tetanus toxoid suggesting that cross reactivity may be due to the different binding specificities of the individual Ig chains.
Development and preliminary psychometric properties of an instrument for the measurement of childhood trauma: The early trauma inventory (2000)

Research on the effects of childhood trauma has been limited by the lack of a comprehensive, reliable, and valid instrument that assesses the occurrence of early traumatic experiences. This paper presents the development and preliminary psychometric properties of an instrument, the Early Trauma Inventory (ETI), for the assessment of reported childhood trauma. The clinician-administered ETI is a 56-item interview for the assessment of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, as well as general traumatic experience (including items which range from parental loss to natural disaster). For each item of the ETI, frequency of abuse/trauma by developmental stage, onset and termination of abuse/trauma, perpetrator of the abuse/trauma, and impact on the individual are assessed. Initial analyses indicate acceptable inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency for the ETI. Comparisons between the ETI and other instruments for the assessment of trauma, as well as instruments for the measurement of symptoms related to abuse, such as dissociation and PTSD, demonstrated good convergent validity. Validity was also demonstrated based on the ability of the ETI to discriminate patients with PTSD from comparison subjects. Based on these findings, the ETI appears to be a reliable and valid instrument for the measurement of reported childhood trauma.
Evaluation of Valvular Insufficiency and Shunts with Parallel-imaging Compressed-sensing 4D Phase-contrast MR Imaging with Stereoscopic 3D Velocity-fusion Volume-rendered Visualization (2012)

With velocity-fusion visualization, the compressed-sensing parallel-imaging 4D phase-contrast sequence can augment conventional cardiac MR imaging by improving sensitivity for and depiction of hemodynamically significant shunts and valvular regurgitation.
Inhibition of invasion and metastasis in cells transfected with an inhibitor of metalloproteinases. (1992)

The balance between levels of metalloproteinases and their corresponding inhibitors is a critical factor in tumor invasion and metastasis. Down-regulation of the activity of these proteases was achieved by transfection of invasive and metastatic rat cells with the complementary DNA for metalloproteinase inhibitor/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (MI/TIMP-2), a novel inhibitor of metalloproteinases recently described. (Y. A. DeClerck et al., J. Biol. Chem., 264: 17445-17453, 1989; W. G. Stetler-Stevenson et al., J. Biol. Chem., 264: 17374-17378, 1989). Secretion of functional MI/TIMP-2 protein in stably transfected cells resulted in a marked decrease in metalloproteinase activity. Partial suppression of the formation of lung colonies after i.v. injection in nude mice was observed in a transfected clone expressing high levels of MI/TIMP-2. Production of MI/TIMP-2 in four clones markedly reduced tumor growth rate in vivo after s.c. injection and completely suppressed local tissue invasion. Thus, down-regulation of metalloproteinase activity has a striking effect on local invasion and partially suppresses hematogenous metastasis.
Applying explanation-based learning to control and speeding-up natural language generation (1997)

This paper presents a method for the automatic extraction of subgrammars to control and speeding-up natural language generation NLG. The method is based on explanation-based learning EBL. The main advantage for the proposed new method for NLG is that the complexity of the grammatical decision making process during NLG can be vastly reduced, because the EBL method supports the adaption of a NLG system to a particular use of a language.
Strategies used by pathogenic and nonpathogenic mycobacteria to synthesize rRNA (1997)

One rRNA operon of all mycobacteria studied so far is located downstream from a gene thought to code for the enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine carboxyvinyl transferase (UNAcGCT), which is important to cell wall synthesis. This operon has been designated rrnAf for fast-growing mycobacteria and rrnAs for slow growers. We have investigated the upstream sequences and promoter activities of rrnA operons of typical fast growers which also possess a second rrn (rrnBf) operon and of the rrnA operons of the fast growers Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium chelonae, which each have a single rrn operon per genome. These fast growers have a common strategy for increasing the efficiency of transcription of their rrnA operons, thereby increasing the cells' potential for ribosome synthesis. This strategy involves the use of multiple (three to five) promoters which may have arisen through successive duplication events. Thus we have identified a hypervariable multiple promoter region (HMPR) located between the UNAcGCT gene and the 16S rRNA coding region. Two promoters, P1 and PCL1, appear to play pivotal roles in mycobacterial rRNA synthesis; they are present in all of the species examined and are the only promoters used for rRNA synthesis by the pathogenic slow growers. P1 is located within the coding region of the UNAcGCT gene, and PCL1 has a characteristic sequence that is related to but distinct from that of the additional promoters. In fast-growing species, P1 and PCL1 produce less than 10% of rRNA transcripts, so the additional promoters found in the HMPR are important in increasing the potential for rRNA synthesis during rapid growth. In contrast, rrnB operons appear to be regulated by a single promoter; because less divergence has taken place, rrnB appears to be younger than rrnA.
STUDIES ON HYPERTENSION (1946)

THE common therapeutic practice of attempting to lower the blood pressure of hypertensive patients makes it wise to determine whether such lowering of blood pressure may have any adverse influence. In view of the relationship of arterial pressure to renal filtration, the frequency with which hypertensive states are associated with pathologic glomerular changes and the associated abnormalities which might influence arteriolar renal blood flow, it seemed especially desirable to determine whether therapeutically induced significant falls in blood pressure would affect renal function. This problem has been previously investigated by the urea clearance as the criterion of renal function. It was found 1 that there was a decrease in urea clearance during the period that the blood pressure of hypertensive patients was decreased by spinal anesthesia. In view of the admitted defects of urea clearance as a method of determining renal function, we have reinvestigated the problem with the more precise
Characterization of natriuretic peptide receptor subtypes in the AtT-20 pituitary tumour cell line (1994)

Receptors for the natriuretic peptide family have been characterized in the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-secreting AtT-20 pituitary tumour cell line. Northern blot analysis detected mRNA transcripts for the guanylate cyclase-linked GC-B receptor subtype. There was no evidence for the expression of either guanylate cyclase-linked GC-A receptor or atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-C (clearance) receptor mRNAs. Cyclic GMP production in AtT-20 cells was stimulated up to 200-fold by C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), which was 10- and 20 times as effective as equivalent concentrations of brain natriuretic peptide and ANP respectively. Cyclic GMP dose-response curves to CNP failed to show any signs of saturation even at concentrations up to 30 microM, indicating a relatively low affinity of CNP for the GC-B receptor. Although CNP induced large stimulations in cyclic GMP production, specific binding of [125I-Tyr0]CNP could not be demonstrated in AtT-20 cells. The absence of specific binding with this radiolabelled analogue is possibly due to a reduced affinity for the GC-B receptor, as CNP analogues with N-terminal modifications such as [Tyr0]CNP and [127I-Tyr0]CNP exhibited reduced abilities to stimulate cyclic GMP production in these cells. Despite elevating cyclic GMP levels, CNP had no effect on basal or corticotrophin-releasing factor-stimulating ACTH release from the cells. These results show that the guanylate cyclase-coupled GC-B receptor is the only natriuretic peptide receptor subtype expressed in AtT-20 cells. Although CNP can markedly stimulate cyclic GMP production in these cells, there is incomplete expression of the normal natriuretic peptide-induced inhibitory pathway of ACTH secretion at some point distal to the production of cyclic GMP.
Total parenteral nutrition for premature infants: Practice aspects (2017)

Minimizing extra uterine growth restriction is a major factor in improving developmental outcomes of premature infants. Total parenteral nutrition is a valuable tool to provide nutrition soon after birth as preterm infants take time to establish enteral intake. Optimal growth is essential for premature infants to assure overall development. TPN supplementation is not without side effects, but a cautious and multidisciplinary approach helps to minimize potential morbidities. Journal of Nature and Science (JNSCI), 3(1):e301, 2017
Requirement for Generation of H 2 O 2 for Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Signal Transduction (1995)

Stimulation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) transiently increased the intracellular concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This increase could be blunted by increasing the intracellular concentration of the scavenging enzyme catalase or by the chemical antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. The response of VSMCs to PDGF, which includes tyrosine phosphorylation, mitogen-activated protein kinase stimulation, DNA synthesis, and chemotaxis, was inhibited when the growth factor-stimulated rise in H2O2 concentration was blocked. These results suggest that H2O2 may act as a signal-transducing molecule, and they suggest a potential mechanism for the cardioprotective effects of antioxidants.
Alternative routes in road networks (2013)

We study the problem of finding good alternative routes in road networks. We look for routes that are substantially different from the shortest path, have small stretch, and are locally optimal. We formally define the problem of finding alternative routes with a single via vertex, develop efficient algorithms for it, and evaluate them experimentally. Our algorithms are efficient enough for practical use and compare favorably with previous methods in both speed and solution quality.
Efficient Gene Transfer by Histidylated Polylysine/pDNA Complexes (1999)

Plasmid/polylysine complexes, which are used to transfect mammalian cells, increase the uptake of DNA, but plasmid molecules are sequestered into vesicles where they cannot escape to reach the nuclear machinery. However, the transfection efficiency increases when membrane-disrupting reagents such as chloroquine or fusogenic peptides, are used to disrupt endosomal membranes and to favor the delivery of plasmid into the cytosol. We designed a cationic polymer that forms complexes with a plasmid DNA (pDNA) and mediates the transfection of various cell lines in the absence of chloroquine or fusogenic peptides. This polymer is a polylysine (average degree of polymerization of 190) partially substituted with histidyl residues which become cationic upon protonation of the imidazole groups at pH below 6.0. The transfection efficiency was optimal with a polylysine having 38 +/- 5% of the epsilon-amino groups substituted with histidyl residues; it was not significantly impaired in the presence of serum in the culture medium. The transfection was drastically inhibited in the presence of bafilomycin A1, indicating that the protonation of the imidazole groups in the endosome lumen might favor the delivery of pDNA into the cytosol.
Ligand-induced activation of chimeric receptors between the erythropoietin receptor and receptor tyrosine kinases. (1994)

Ligand-induced dimerization is a key step in the activation of receptor tyrosine kinases, including the epidermal growth factor receptor, stem cell factor receptor (c-kit), and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (c-fms). The erythropoietin receptor (EPOR), a member of the cytokine receptor family, contains no kinase motif and its activation mechanism remains unclear. Here we show that chimeric receptors carrying the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor or c-kit linked to the cytoplasmic domain of the EPOR, transmitted epidermal growth factor or stem cell factor-dependent proliferation signals in an interleukin 3-dependent cell line. The chimeric receptors as well as the wild-type EPOR also mediated the ligand-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of a set of similar proteins. Moreover, erythropoietin triggered mitogenic signals of chimeric receptors carrying the extracellular domain of the EPOR linked to the tyrosine kinase of c-fms. These data demonstrate the interchangeability of domains between two distinct receptor families and suggest that ligand-induced dimerization is a key step in activating the EPOR.
CAMCOG—A concise neuropsychological test to assist dementia diagnosis: Socio‐demographic determinants in an elderly population sample (1995)

The CAMCOG, which forms part of the CAMDEX interview (Roth et al., 1986, 1988), is a brief neuropsychological battery designed to assess the range of cognitive functions required for a diagnosis of dementia, and to detect mild degrees of cognitive impairment. It was administered to a population sample of 418 elderly people (aged 77 and above) in their place of residence. The data show that in contrast to the Mini-Mental State Examination, total CAMCOG scores are well distributed and there is no ceiling effect. Examination of the association between CAMCOG scores and socio-demographic variables (age, sex, education and social class) shows that each exerts a significant, and independent, effect upon performance. CAMCOG also includes a number of subscale which assess individual areas of cognitive function. Of the eight major subscales (orientation, language, memory, attention, praxis, calculation, abstract thinking, perception), age was significantly related to all but attention; sex with attention, praxis, calculation and perception; education with language and abstract thinking; and social class with language and perception. In all these analyses, the results were adjusted for the effects of the other socio-demographic variables using analysis of variance. However, education and social class are highly correlated variables and when the association with education is examined without adjusting for social class, attention and praxis are also found to be significantly related to education. Caution must therefore be taken when using the CAMCOG (or any other cognitive test) as a screening test for dementia, using a single, predetermined cutpoint. In general, the combination of brevity and breadth of the CAMCOG, along with its distributional properties, makes it an attractive neuropsychological test for use in the community or the clinic.
Endothelin-converting Enzyme-2 Is a Membrane-bound, Phosphoramidon-sensitive Metalloprotease with Acidic pH Optimum (1995)

Endothelins (ET) are a family of potent vasoactive peptides that are produced from biologically inactive intermediates, termed big endothelins, via a proteolytic processing at Trp21-Val/Ile22. We recently cloned and characterized a membrane-bound metalloprotease that catalyzes this proteolytic activation, endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1) (Xu, D., Emoto, N., Giaid, A., Slaughter, C., Kaw, S., deWit, D., and Yanagisawa, M. (1994) Cell 78, 473-485). This enzyme was shown to function in the secretory pathway as well as on the cell surface. Here we report molecular cloning of another novel enzyme, ECE-2, that produces mature ET-1 from big ET-1 both in vitro and in transfected cells. The cDNA sequence predicts that bovine ECE-2 is a metalloprotease structurally related to ECE-1, neutral endopeptidase 24.11, and human Kell blood group protein. The deduced amino acid sequence of ECE-2 is most similar to ECE-1, with an overall identity of 59%. ECE-2 resembles ECE-1 in that it is inhibited in vitro by phosphoramidon and FR901533 but not by thiorphan or captopril, and it converts big ET-1 more efficiently than big ET-2 or big ET-3. However, ECE-2 also exhibits the following striking differences from ECE-1. (i) The sensitivity of ECE-2 to phosphoramidon is 250-fold higher as compared with ECE-1, while FR901533 inhibits both enzymes at similar concentrations. (ii) ECE-2 has an acidic pH optimum at pH 5.5, which is in sharp contrast to the neutral pH optimum of ECE-1. ECE-2 has a narrow pH profile and is virtually inactive at neutral pH. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which lack detectable levels of endogenous ECE activity, secrete mature ET-1 into the medium when doubly transfected with ECE-2 and prepro-ET-1 cDNAs. However, ECE-2-transfected CHO cells do not efficiently produce mature ET-1 when present with an exogenous source of big ET-1 through coculture with prepro-ET-1-transfected CHO cells. These findings suggest that ECE-2 acts as an intracellular enzyme responsible for the conversion of endogenously synthesized big ET-1 at the trans-Golgi network, where the vesicular fluid is acidified.
Lentivirus-Based DsRed-2-Transfected Pancreatic Cancer Cells for Deep In Vivo Imaging of Metastatic Disease (2012)

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive human malignancies. One of the leading causes of pancreatic cancer death is metastasis. The early stages of tumor progression and micrometastasis formation have been difficult to analyze and have been hampered by the inability to identify small numbers of tumor cells against a background of many host cells. The intrinsic brightness of fluorescent proteins has been taken advantage of to develop a technology of whole-body imaging of tumors and gene expression in mouse internal organs. Stable transformation with fluorescent protein genes can be effected using lentiviral vectors containing a selectable marker such as neomycin resistance. The cells that stably express fluorescent proteins can then be transplanted into appropriate mouse models. For whole-body imaging, nude mice are very appropriate, the hair does not need to be removed by shaving or depilation. The instruments used are very simple, they need appropriate excitation and emission filters. It is crucial that proper filters be used such that background autofluorescence is minimal. Fluorescent protein-based imaging technology can be used for whole-body imaging of fluorescent cells on essentially all organs.