gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multisequential Transformation of a Pig Cell Line (PFT): Correlations Between Tumorigenicity and Chromosome and Ultrastructural Markers<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref> (1980)

Cells from representative subcultures of a continuous cell line of pig uterine tube (PFT) and carrying none, one, or two chromosome markers were inoculated in athymic nude mice (RCN) to determine the occurrence of the malignant transformation in this line. No tumors developed in mice after implantation of cells from either the 16th and 65th subcultures (no chromosome markers) or the 106th subculture (one chromosome marker, anchorage-dependent). Three adenomas (11.1%) were found in 27 mice that had been inoculated with anchorage-independent cells having one chromosome marker. Of 27 mice inoculated with cells showing two chromosome markers and gap junctions, 23 mice (85.1%) developed undifferentiated carcinomas. Ultrastructural traits and karyotypes of tumors were generally similar to those of the PFT cell inocula. However, annulate lamellae were found in 8 of 13 tumors examined by electron microscopy but were not seen in PFT cell inocula. The occurrence of a multisequential transformation was indicated by serial examination of the first 400 subcultures of the line and by comparison of the markers observed in three successive populations of cells differing in their genetic constitution.
Lentivirus administration to rat muscle provides efficient sustained expression of erythropoietin (2001)

A lentivirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G) encoding rat erythropoietin (EPO) complementary DNA was administered to rat skeletal muscle and red blood cell production was serially monitored. After a single intramuscular injection hematocrit values increased and reached a plateau at about 35 days and were sustained for at least 14 months. Virus doses of 6 x 10(7) infectious units and 6 x 10(6) infectious units produced significantly increased mean hematocrit values of 68.5% +/- 2.1% (P <.001, n = 4) and 52.7% +/- 1.3% (P <.001, n = 3), respectively, over values of control animals receiving normal saline (46.2% +/- 1.5%, n = 2). A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for vector sequences in genomic DNA showed muscle tissue at the site of injection was positive and undetectable in liver, spleen, kidney, and lung. The intramuscular administration of lentivirus provided a dose-responsive, highly efficient and sustained EPO gene delivery, suggesting these vectors may be applied generally to the systemic delivery of proteins such as hormones and clotting factors. (Blood. 2001;98:594-596)
Ether Phospholipid-AZT Conjugates Possessing Anti-HIV and Antitumor Cell Activity. Synthesis, Conformational Analysis, and Study of Their Thermal Effects on Membrane Bilayers (2001)

The 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-sn-glyceryl phosphodiester AZT 4 and hexadecyl-phosphodiester AZT 5 derivatives were synthesized and found to be active against HIV-1, HIV-2, and tumor cell proliferation. Compared to AZT, compound 4 possessed ca. 10-fold lower anti-HIV activity and ca. 10-fold higher anti-tumor cell activity. Compound 5 was 10-fold less potent than compound 4 in both biological tests. In an attempt to correlate biological activity of compounds 4 and 5 with structure, their conformational and thermal effects on membrane bilayers were compared using a combination of NMR spectroscopy, computational analysis, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The obtained results showed that compound 4 adopts a compact conformation in which the alkyl chain, the 2-methoxyglyceryl functionality, and the methyl group of thymine are in spatial proximity, while analogue 5 possesses a less compact conformation of the nucleoside base and the alkyl chain. The presence of the 2-methoxyglyceryl group in compound 4 may augment its potency by inducing a turn of the alkyl chain stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. The DSC scans show that conjugate 4 affects less effectively the thermotropic properties of model membrane bilayers than compound 5. This may be attributed to the fact that compound 4 is incorporated in a compact conformation and does not perturb significantly the trans:gauche isomerization of the membrane phospholipids. In contrast, conjugate 5 may enter with a less compact conformation and perturb more the membrane bilayers.
Fungal Nail Disease (2009)

A 68-year-old man reports changes in his left big toenail. It has been discolored distally for the past 2 years. It has become thickened and difficult to cut and is painful when the man is walking in certain shoes. He is otherwise well. On physical examination, the nail appears thickened, has crumbling yellow material beneath, and is more discolored distally than proximally. The nearby skin is normal, although the interdigital space of the little toe is macerated. How should his case be managed?
Multiple treg suppressive modules and their adaptability (2012)

Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a constitutively immunosuppressive cell type critical for the control of autoimmunity and inflammatory pathology. A range of mechanisms of Treg suppression have been identified and it has not always been clear how these different mechanisms interact in order to properly suppress autoimmunity and excessive inflammation. In recent years it has become clear that, while all Tregs seem to share some core suppressive mechanisms, they are also able to adapt to their surroundings in response to a variety of stimuli by homing to the sites of inflammation and exerting ancillary suppressive functions. In this review, we discuss the relevance and possible modes of Treg adaptability and put forward a modular model of Treg suppressive function. Understanding this flexibility may hold the key to understanding the full spectrum of Treg suppressive behavior.
Group IV Materials for Low Cost and High Performance Bolometers (2012)

Infrared (IR) imaging has absorbed a large attention during the last two decades due to its application in both civil and military applications (Per Ericsson et al., 2010; Lapadatu et al., 2010; Sood et al., 2010). Thermal detector is presently revolutionizing the IR technology field and it is expected to expand the market for cameras. These detectors are micro-bolometers and are manufactured through micro-maching of a thermistor material. Since these detectors demand no cryogenic cooling, they provide the opportunity for producing compact, light-weight, and potentially low-cost cameras. The preferred functioning wavelength regions for these detectors are usually 8–12 ┤m due to the high transparency of the atmosphere in these regions.
Stacking interactions in PUF–RNA complexes (2011)

Stacking interactions between amino acids and bases are common in RNA-protein interactions. Many proteins that regulate mRNAs interact with single-stranded RNA elements in the 3' UTR (3'-untranslated region) of their targets. PUF proteins are exemplary. Here we focus on complexes formed between a Caenorhabditis elegans PUF protein, FBF, and its cognate RNAs. Stacking interactions are particularly prominent and involve every RNA base in the recognition element. To assess the contribution of stacking interactions to formation of the RNA-protein complex, we combine in vivo selection experiments with site-directed mutagenesis, biochemistry, and structural analysis. Our results reveal that the identities of stacking amino acids in FBF affect both the affinity and specificity of the RNA-protein interaction. Substitutions in amino acid side chains can restrict or broaden RNA specificity. We conclude that the identities of stacking residues are important in achieving the natural specificities of PUF proteins. Similarly, in PUF proteins engineered to bind new RNA sequences, the identity of stacking residues may contribute to "target" versus "off-target" interactions, and thus be an important consideration in the design of proteins with new specificities.
A Genetically Inactivated Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) Vaccine Provides Effective Protection against Primary and Recurrent HSV-2 Disease (1997)

A glycoprotein H (gH)-deleted herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) was evaluated as a vaccine for the prevention of HSV-induced disease. This virus, which we term a DISC (disabled infectious single cycle) virus, can only complete one replication cycle in normal cells and should thus be safe yet still able to stimulate broad humoral and cell-mediated antiviral immune responses. A gH-deleted HSV-2 virus that has been tested as a vaccine in the guinea pig model of recurrent HSV-2 infection was constructed. Animals vaccinated with DISC HSV-2 showed complete protection against primary HSV-2-induced disease, even when challenged 6 months after vaccination. In addition, the animals were almost completely protected against recurrent disease. Even at low vaccination doses, there was a high degree of protection against primary disease. A reduction in recurrent disease symptoms was also observed following therapeutic vaccination of animals already infected with wild type HSV-2.
Enhanced Interleukin (IL)-13 Responses in Mice Lacking IL-13 Receptor α 2 (2003)

Interleukin (IL)-13 has recently been shown to play important and unique roles in asthma, parasite immunity, and tumor recurrence. At least two distinct receptor components, IL-4 receptor (R)alpha and IL-13Ralpha1, mediate the diverse actions of IL-13. We have recently described an additional high affinity receptor for IL-13, IL-13Ralpha2, whose function in IL-13 signaling is unknown. To better appreciate the functional importance of IL-13Ralpha2, mice deficient in IL-13Ralpha2 were generated by gene targeting. Serum immunoglobulin E levels were increased in IL-13Ralpha2-/- mice despite the fact that serum IL-13 was absent and immune interferon gamma production increased compared with wild-type mice. IL-13Ralpha2-deficient mice display increased bone marrow macrophage progenitor frequency and decreased tissue macrophage nitric oxide and IL-12 production in response to lipopolysaccharide. These results are consistent with a phenotype of enhanced IL-13 responsiveness and demonstrate a role for endogenous IL-13 and IL-13Ralpha2 in regulating immune responses in wild-type mice.
Association of NMT2 with the acyl-CoA carrier ACBD6 protects the N-myristoyltransferase reaction from palmitoyl-CoA (2015)

The covalent attachment of a 14-carbon aliphatic tail on a glycine residue of nascent translated peptide chains is catalyzed in human cells by two N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) enzymes using the rare myristoyl-CoA (C(14)-CoA) molecule as fatty acid donor. Although, NMT enzymes can only transfer a myristate group, they lack specificity for C(14)-CoA and can also bind the far more abundant palmitoyl-CoA (C(16)-CoA) molecule. We determined that the acyl-CoA binding protein, acyl-CoA binding domain (ACBD)6, stimulated the NMT reaction of NMT2. This stimulatory effect required interaction between ACBD6 and NMT2, and was enhanced by binding of ACBD6 to its ligand, C(18:2)-CoA. ACBD6 also interacted with the second human NMT enzyme, NMT1. The presence of ACBD6 prevented competition of the NMT reaction by C(16)-CoA. Mutants of ACBD6 that were either deficient in ligand binding to the N-terminal ACBD or unable to interact with NMT2 did not stimulate activity of NMT2, nor could they protect the enzyme from utilizing the competitor C(16)-CoA. These results indicate that ACBD6 can locally sequester C(16)-CoA and prevent its access to the enzyme binding site via interaction with NMT2. Thus, the ligand binding properties of the NMT/ACBD6 complex can explain how the NMT reaction can proceed in the presence of the very abundant competitive substrate, C(16)-CoA.
Combined photoplethysmographic monitoring of respiration rate and pulse: a comparison between different measurement sites in spontaneously breathing subjects (2007)

Combined PPG respiration and pulse monitoring is possible, but there are significant differences between the respiratory and cardiac components of the PPG signal at different sites.
Carcinogen‐induced accumulation of adeno‐associated parvovirus dna is transient as a result of two antagonistic activities that both require De Novo protein synthesis (1993)

Helper-independent synthesis of adeno-associated parvovirus type 5 (AAV-5) DNA in SV40-transformed Syrian hamster cells is induced by chemical carcinogens, UV light and other stress treatments and has previously been shown to be transient. To gain some insight into the underlying mechanism, the influence of inhibitors of protein synthesis on AAV DNA accumulation was investigated. It is shown that transience is the result of 2 antagonistic activities--synthesis and decomposition. Both depend on de novo protein synthesis and are in part overlapping. The 2 activities are influenced by the amount of AAV uptake and/or by cell density. In less dense cultures, calculated initial amount of AAV DNA and relative accumulation per cell are higher. The effect may be due to the activity of transiently synthesized AAV-encoded regulatory proteins that increase replication and have inhibitory effects on DNA decomposition, or to the influence on cellular adhesion.
Diffusion-tensor MR imaging of gray and white matter development during normal human brain maturation. (2002)

Changes in water diffusion during maturation of central gray and white matter structures can largely be explained by theoretical models incorporating simple assumptions regarding the influence of brain water content and myelination, although deviations from theory increase as the brain matures. Diffusion-tensor MR imaging is a powerful method for studying the process of brain development, with both scientific and clinical applications.
Serological responses in chimpanzees inoculated with human immunodeficiency virus glycoprotein (gp120) subunit vaccine. (1987)

The major envelope glycoprotein of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been purified and was utilized as a prototype vaccine in chimpanzees. The 120,000-dalton glycoprotein (gp120) was purified from membranes of human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-IIIB-infected cells and the final preparation contained low levels to no detectable HTLV-IIIB core antigen (p24) and low levels of endotoxin. Chimpanzees inoculated with gp120 responded by developing antibodies that precipitated radiolabeled gp120 and neutralized in vitro infection of HTLV-IIIB. Antibodies to HTLV-IIIB p24 were not detected in the gp120-immunized chimpanzees. Peripheral blood leukocytes from the vaccinated animals were examined for T4+ and T8+ cells, and no decrease in the T4/T8 ratio was found, indicating that immunization with a ligand (gp120) that binds to T4 has no detectable adverse effect on the population of T4+ cells. The only current animal model that can be reproducibly infected with HIV is the chimpanzee. Immunization of chimpanzees with HIV proteins will provide an experimental system for testing the effectiveness of prototype vaccines for preventing HIV infection in vivo.
Resting Human Memory B Cells Are Intrinsically Programmed for Enhanced Survival and Responsiveness to Diverse Stimuli Compared to Naive B Cells (2009)

Enhanced secondary Ab responses are a vital component of adaptive immunity, yet little is understood about the intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of naive and memory B cells that result in differences in their responses to Ag. Microarray analysis, together with surface and intracellular phenotyping, revealed that memory B cells have increased expression of members of the TNF receptor, SLAM (signaling lymphocytic activation molecule), B7, and Bcl2 families, as well as the TLR-related molecule CD180 (RP105). Accordingly, memory B cells exhibited enhanced survival, proliferation, and Ig secretion, and they entered division more rapidly than did naive B cells in response to both T cell-dependent and T cell-independent stimuli. Furthermore, both IgM and isotype-switched memory B cells, but not naive B cells, costimulated CD4+ T cells in vitro through a mechanism dependent on their constitutive expression of CD80 and CD86. This study demonstrates that up-regulation of genes involved in activation, costimulation, and survival provides memory B cells with a unique ability to produce enhanced immune responses and contributes to the maintenance of the memory B cell pool.
Enhanced Sensitivity to the HER1/Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Erlotinib Hydrochloride in Chemotherapy-Resistant Tumor Cell Lines (2005)

Our findings suggest that acquired resistance to cytotoxic therapy in some tumors is associated with enhanced sensitivity to HER1/EGFR inhibitors, which correlates with increased HER1/EGFR expression. These data may explain some of the observed clinical activity of HER1/EGFR inhibitors in patients previously treated with multiple therapies. HER1/EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors may be more effective as second- or third-line treatment for certain patients with tumors that were previously treated with multiple chemotherapy regimens.
Numerical Recipes 3rd Edition: The Art of Scientific Computing (2007)

Co-authored by four leading scientists from academia and industry, Numerical Recipes Third Edition starts with basic mathematics and computer science and proceeds to complete, working routines. Widely recognized as the most comprehensive, accessible and practical basis for scientific computing, this new edition incorporates more than 400 Numerical Recipes routines, many of them new or upgraded. The executable C++ code, now printed in color for easy reading, adopts an object-oriented style particularly suited to scientific applications. The whole book is presented in the informal, easy-to-read style that made earlier editions so popular. Please visit www.nr.com or www.cambridge.org/us/numericalrecipes for more details. New key features: 2 new chapters, 25 new sections, 25% longer than Second Edition Thorough upgrades throughout the text Over 100 completely new routines and upgrades of many more. New Classification and Inference chapter, including Gaussian mixture models, HMMs, hierarchical clustering, Support Vector MachinesNew Computational Geometry chapter covers KD trees, quad- and octrees, Delaunay triangulation, and algorithms for lines, polygons, triangles, and spheres New sections include interior point methods for linear programming, Monte Carlo Markov Chains, spectral and pseudospectral methods for PDEs, and many new statistical distributions An expanded treatment of ODEs with completely new routines Plus comprehensive coverage of linear algebra, interpolation, special functions, random numbers, nonlinear sets of equations, optimization, eigensystems, Fourier methods and wavelets, statistical tests, ODEs and PDEs, integral equations, and inverse theory And much, much more! Visit the authors' web site for information about electronic subscriptions www.nr.com/aboutNR3book.html
Beginning SQL Server 2005 Express for Developers: From Novice to Professional (2007)

An in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer was proposed and fabricated, which was based on a sandwich-like etched single mode fiber driven by only one acoustic transducer. It succeeded the feature of fast tuning and would not introduce frequency shift in the transmission spectrum. Based on it, a fast tuning dual-wavelength laser with a two-wavelength spacing around 3.5 nm was proved with a tuning range of about 3.6 nm, covering wavelengths from 1561.6 nm to 1568.9 nm.
A neurochemical closed-loop controller for deep brain stimulation: toward individualized smart neuromodulation therapies (2014)

Current strategies for optimizing deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy involve multiple postoperative visits. During each visit, stimulation parameters are adjusted until desired therapeutic effects are achieved and adverse effects are minimized. However, the efficacy of these therapeutic parameters may decline with time due at least in part to disease progression, interactions between the host environment and the electrode, and lead migration. As such, development of closed-loop control systems that can respond to changing neurochemical environments, tailoring DBS therapy to individual patients, is paramount for improving the therapeutic efficacy of DBS. Evidence obtained using electrophysiology and imaging techniques in both animals and humans suggests that DBS works by modulating neural network activity. Recently, animal studies have shown that stimulation-evoked changes in neurotransmitter release that mirror normal physiology are associated with the therapeutic benefits of DBS. Therefore, to fully understand the neurophysiology of DBS and optimize its efficacy, it may be necessary to look beyond conventional electrophysiological analyses and characterize the neurochemical effects of therapeutic and non-therapeutic stimulation. By combining electrochemical monitoring and mathematical modeling techniques, we can potentially replace the trial-and-error process used in clinical programming with deterministic approaches that help attain optimal and stable neurochemical profiles. In this manuscript, we summarize the current understanding of electrophysiological and electrochemical processing for control of neuromodulation therapies. Additionally, we describe a proof-of-principle closed-loop controller that characterizes DBS-evoked dopamine changes to adjust stimulation parameters in a rodent model of DBS. The work described herein represents the initial steps toward achieving a "smart" neuroprosthetic system for treatment of neurologic and psychiatric disorders.
Mapping of Amino Acid Side Chains on the Surface of Hepatitis B Virus Capsids Required for Envelopment and Virion Formation (2002)

The crystal structure of recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsids formed by 240 core proteins has recently been published. We wanted to map sites on the surface of the icosahedral 35-nm particle that are important for nucleocapsid envelopment by HBV surface proteins during virion morphogenesis. For this purpose, we individually mutated 52 amino acids (aa) within the N-terminal 140 aa of the 185-aa long core protein displaying their side chains to the external surface of the capsid to alanine residues. The phenotype of the mutations with respect to virion formation was tested by transcomplementation of a core gene-negative HBV genome in transiently cotransfected cells, immunoprecipitation of nucleocapsids from cells and secreted virions from culture media, and detection of the particles by radioactive endogenous polymerase reactions. Thirteen point mutations impeded nucleocapsid detection by endogenous polymerase reactions. Twenty-seven mutations were compatible with virion formation. Among these were all capsid-forming mutations in the upper half of the spike protruding from the particle shell and two additional triple mutations at tip of the spike. Eleven mutations (S17, F18, L60, L95, K96, F122, I126, R127, N136, A137, and I139) allowed nucleocapsid formation but blocked particle envelopment and virion formation to undetectable levels. These mutations map to a ring-like groove around the base of the spike and to a small area at the capsid surface close to the pores in the capsid shell. These residues are candidate sites for the interaction with envelope proteins during virion morphogenesis.
Low-threshold-current, high-quantum-efficiency 1.5 mu m GaInAs-GaInAsP GRIN-SCH single quantum well laser diodes (1991)

The authors fabricated 1.5 mu m GaInAs/GaInAsP graded index, separate confinement heterostructure (GRINSCH) single-quantum-well buried heterostructure laser diodes (LDs) by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The LDs exhibit a low internal loss of 4.3 cm/sup -1/, a high quantum efficiency of 37-40%/facet, and a high light output power of 109 mW. A very low threshold current of 6.2 mA and a high characteristic temperature of 94 K were obtained by facet coating. The perpendicular far-field angle is 26-32 degrees , which is smaller than that of GRINSCH multiple-quantum-well LDs. These LDs oscillated at the n=1 quantized level, not at the n=2 quantized level.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>