gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Truncated HIV-1 Tat Protein Basic Domain Rapidly Translocates through the Plasma Membrane and Accumulates in the Cell Nucleus (1997)

Tat is an 86-amino acid protein involved in the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Several studies have shown that exogenous Tat protein was able to translocate through the plasma membrane and to reach the nucleus to transactivate the viral genome. A region of the Tat protein centered on a cluster of basic amino acids has been assigned to this translocation activity. Recent data have demonstrated that chemical coupling of a Tat-derived peptide (extending from residues 37 to 72) to several proteins allowed their functional internalization into several cell lines or tissues. A part of this same domain can be folded in an alpha-helix structure with amphipathic characteristics. Such helical structures have been considered as key determinants for the uptake of several enveloped viruses by fusion or endocytosis. In the present study, we have delineated the main determinants required for Tat translocation within this sequence by synthesizing several peptides covering the Tat domain from residues 37 to 60. Unexpectedly, the domain extending from amino acid 37 to 47, which corresponds to the alpha-helix structure, is not required for cellular uptake and for nuclear translocation. Peptide internalization was assessed by direct labeling with fluorescein or by indirect immunofluorescence using a monoclonal antibody directed against the Tat basic cluster. Both approaches established that all peptides containing the basic domain are taken up by cells within less than 5 min at concentrations as low as 100 nM. In contrast, a peptide with a full alpha-helix but with a truncated basic amino acid cluster is not taken up by cells. The internalization process does not involve an endocytic pathway, as no inhibition of the uptake was observed at 4 degrees C. Similar observations have been reported for a basic amino acid-rich peptide derived from the Antennapedia homeodomain (1). Short peptides allowing efficient translocation through the plasma membrane could be useful vectors for the intracellular delivery of various non-permeant drugs including antisense oligonucleotides and peptides of pharmacological interest.
Quantum Dots as Simultaneous Acceptors and Donors in Time-Gated Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Relays: Characterization and Biosensing (2012)

The unique photophysical properties of semiconductor quantum dot (QD) bioconjugates offer many advantages for active sensing, imaging, and optical diagnostics. In particular, QDs have been widely adopted as either donors or acceptors in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based assays and biosensors. Here, we expand their utility by demonstrating that QDs can function in a simultaneous role as acceptors and donors within time-gated FRET relays. To achieve this configuration, the QD was used as a central nanoplatform and coassembled with peptides or oligonucleotides that were labeled with either a long lifetime luminescent terbium(III) complex (Tb) or a fluorescent dye, Alexa Fluor 647 (A647). Within the FRET relay, the QD served as a critical intermediary where (1) an excited-state Tb donor transferred energy to the ground-state QD following a suitable microsecond delay and (2) the QD subsequently transferred that energy to an A647 acceptor. A detailed photophysical analysis was undertaken for each step of the FRET relay. The assembly of increasing ratios of Tb/QD was found to linearly increase the magnitude of the FRET-sensitized time-gated QD photoluminescence intensity. Importantly, the Tb was found to sensitize the subsequent QD-A647 donor-acceptor FRET pair without significantly affecting the intrinsic energy transfer efficiency within the second step in the relay. The utility of incorporating QDs into this type of time-gated energy transfer configuration was demonstrated in prototypical bioassays for monitoring protease activity and nucleic acid hybridization; the latter included a dual target format where each orthogonal FRET step transduced a separate binding event. Potential benefits of this time-gated FRET approach include: eliminating background fluorescence, accessing two approximately independent FRET mechanisms in a single QD-bioconjugate, and multiplexed biosensing based on spectrotemporal resolution of QD-FRET without requiring multiple colors of QD.
Electrical resistivity of copper, gold, palladium, and silver (1979)

In this work, recommended values for the electrical resistivity as a function of temperature from the cryogenic region to well beyond the melting point are given for bulk pure copper, gold, palladium, and silver. In addition to the total electrical resistivity values for the solid state, intrinsic electrical resistivity values are presented from cryogenic temperatures to the melting point. The values are corrected for the change in geometry due to thermal expansion. The recommendations are based on theoretical considerations and on the experimental data found in the open literature. That available experimental data together with information pertaining to the specimen characterization and measurement conditions are included in this work. The methods of data evaluation and other considerations used in arriving at the recommendations are described. For the solid state, an interpolation scheme is given to aid in the determination of values between those supplied in the tables; for the liquid state, equations are given.
On the basic structure of poly (glycerophosphate) lipoteichoic acids (1990)

Poly(glycerophosphate) lipoteichoic acids from 24 Gram-positive bacteria of the genera Bacillus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Listeria, Staphylococcus, and the streptococcal pyogenic and oral group were analyzed. The 1,3-linked poly(glycerophosphate) structure was proved by analysis of glycerol and glycerophosphates after acid and alkaline hydrolysis. Using the molar ratios of glycolipid to phosphorus (A) and phosphomonoester to phosphorus after periodate oxidation followed by hydrazinolysis (B) or β-elimination (C), we show that all lipoteichoic acids contain a single unbranched poly(glycerophosphate) chain and that the chain is uniformly phosphodiester-linked to C-6 of the nonreducing hexopyranosyl residue of the glycolipid moiety. On some chains minor phosphate-containing substituents were detected whose structure remains to be clarified. The lipoteichoic acids of enterococci and listeria strains were separated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography into glycolipid- and phosphatidylglycolipid-containing molecular species. The phosphatidylglycolipid moieties were structurally characterized after liberation from lipoteichoic acids with moist acetic acid. After periodate oxidation of lipoteichoic acids β-elimination released both phosphatidic acid and the poly(glycerophosphate) chain. This indicates together with the sequence analysis of the released phosphatidylglycolipid that the phosphatidyl residue is located at C-6 of the reducing hexosyl residue of the glycolipid moiety and the poly(glycerophosphate) chain at C-6 of the nonreducing one. Together with earlier observations these results complete the evidence for the structural and possibly biosynthetic relationship between lipoteichoic acids and glycerophosphoglycolipids.Key words: lipoteichoic acids, poly(glycerophosphate) lipoteichoic acids, Gram-positive bacteria, bacterial membrane.
Relationship of VP-16 to the classical multidrug resistance phenotype. (1992)

The classical multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype is characterized by cross-resistance between a number of chemically unrelated drugs due to an increased efflux across the plasma membrane via a P-glycoprotein-mediated mechanism. The epipodophyllotoxin derivatives etoposide (VP-16) and teniposide (VM-26) are usually included among the drugs recognized by this MDR phenotype, and the MDR EHR2/DNR cell line is greater than 50-fold cross-resistant to VP-16. The steady-state accumulation of VP-16 in EHR2/DNR cells is only half that of wild-type EHR2 cells, and deprivation of energy by sodium azide surprisingly increased accumulation to a similar extent in both sublines. Efflux was rapid (halflife of 32-35 s) and similar in both sublines, while initial influx was markedly lower in the resistant cells. The temperature coefficients over 10 degrees C for VP-16 in- and efflux indicated passive transport in both sublines. In agreement with this finding, up to 10-fold molar excess (50 microM) VM-26 had no effect on VP-16 accumulation in MDR cells. VP-16 at a 100-fold molar excess inhibited azidopine photoaffinity labeling of P-glycoprotein by only 30% and vincristine binding to plasma membrane vesicles from EHR/DNR cells by 45%. However, VP-16 itself did not differentially bind to plasma membrane vesicles from EHR2 and EHR2/DNR cells. Finally, neither VP-16 accumulation nor cytotoxicity in EHR2/DNR cells were increased to the same degree as for daunorubicin and vincristine by verapamil, and the modulation was similar in wild-type and resistant cells. Thus, although VP-16 may be a substrate for P-glycoprotein, its other transport characteristics such as rapid diffusion and sensitivity to membrane perturbation in wild-type cells lessen any effect of P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux, resulting in a lack of differential modulation by verapamil. These results may be considered when planning clinical trials involving MDR modulators and epipodophyllotoxin derivatives.
Defective haematopoiesis and vasculogenesis in transforming growth factor-β1 knock out mice (1995)

Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) is shown here to be required for yolk sac haematopoiesis and endothelial differentiation. Mice with a targeted mutation in the TGF beta 1 gene were examined to determine the cause of prenatal lethality, which occurs in 50% of homozygous TGF beta 1 null (TGF beta 1-/-) conceptions. 50% of TGF beta 1-/- and 25% of TGF beta 1-+-) conceptions. 50% of TGF beta 1-/- and 25% of TGF beta 1+/- conceptuses were found to die at around 10.5 dpc. The primary defects were restricted to extraembryonic tissues, namely the yolk sac vasculature and haematopoietic system. The embryos per se showed developmental retardation, oedema and necrosis, which were probably secondary to the extraembryonic lesions. The defect in vasculogenesis appeared to affect endothelial differentiation, rather than the initial appearance and outgrowth of endothelial cells. Initial differentiation of yolk sac mesoderm to endothelial cells occurred, but defective differentiation resulted in inadequate capillary tube formation, and weak vessels with reduced cellular adhesiveness. Defective haematopoiesis resulted in a reduced erythroid cell number within the yolk sac. Defective yolk sac vasculogenesis and haematopoiesis were present either together, or in isolation of each other. The phenotypes are consistent with the observation of abundant TGF beta 1 gene expression in both endothelial and haematopoietic precursors. The data indicate that the primary effect of loss of TGF beta 1 function in vivo is not increased haematopoietic or endothelial cell proliferation, which might have been expected by deletion of a negative growth regulator, but defective haematopoiesis and endothelial differentiation.
DNA/Dendrimer Complexes Mediate Gene Transfer into Murine Cardiac Transplants ex Vivo (2000)

Starburst polyamidoamine dendrimers are synthetic polymers with unique structural and physical characteristics suitable for DNA gene transfer. Our previous studies demonstrated that Starburst dendrimers augment plasmid-mediated gene transfer efficiency in a nonvascularized, cardiac transplantation model. In this study, the fifth generation of ethylenediamine core dendrimer was investigated for its ability to enhance gene transfer and expression in a clinically relevant murine vascularized heart transplantation model. The plasmid pMP6A-beta-gal, encoding beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal), was incubated with dendrimers to form complexes. The complexes were perfused via the coronary arteries during donor graft harvesting, and reporter gene expression was determined by quantitative evaluation of X-Gal staining. The grafts infused with pMP6A-beta-gal/dendrimer complexes showed beta-Gal expression in myocytes from 7 to 14 days. A number of variables for transfer of the DNA/dendrimer complexes were tested, including DNA:dendrimer charge ratios, concentrations of DNA and dendrimer, preservation solutions, ischemic time, and enhancement of vascular permeability by serotonin, papaverine, and VEGF administration. The results showed that DNA/dendrimer complexes containing 20 microg of DNA and 260 microg of dendrimer (1:20 charge ratio) in a total volume of 200 microl resulted in highest gene expression in the grafts. The results also showed that prolonged incubation (cold ischemic time) to 2 h and pretreatment with serotonin further enhanced gene expression.
How safe are microwaves and solar power from space? (2002)

The realization of the solar power satellite (SPS) concept holds great promise for solving energy crises and improving the lot of mankind. However, it is increasingly clear that the development of SPS systems with microwave power transmission (MPT), along with the resolution of environmental issues, will be a global endeavor. It is also clear that the increasingly global economy means that sources of key components for advanced technology, with low-cost manufacturing, are outside the United States and, indeed, often in the underdeveloped parts of the world. The activities of ICES and the IEEE become very relevant in achieving the goal of rational, international safe exposure standards, as well as international consensus on regulation of RFI, such as through the (CISPR/IEC).
The Differential Effect of In Vivo Hydrocortisone on the Kinetics of Subpopulations of Human Peripheral Blood Thymus-Derived Lymphocytes (1978)

A C Tr The presenit study was unldertakein to (letermiinie the effect of in vivo hvdrocortisone on the kinetics of subpopulation s of' iorimial h iimani peripheral 1loo0( (PB) thvmus-derived (T) cells. Normal voluni1teers received a sinigle i.v. (lose of hvdrocortisone, an(l 1)loo0( was takeni juist before, as wvell as 4, 24, anid 48 h after hvcdrocortisone admiinlistrationi. T cells were purified from each specimiieni, anid proportionis and( absolute numbers of T lymphocytes bearing receptors for the Fe portion of' IgG (T.G) an1d fOr the Fe portion of IMNI (T.M) were enumllerated by rosettinig T cells with bovine erv-throcvtes which hacd been coate(d with either antibovine ervthrocyte IgG or IgNI. 4 h after i.v. adiministrationi of hvdrocortisone, T.m cells decrease(d from 52 (5%) to 23 (46%) of PB T cells (P < 0.01) an(d the absolute numiilber of T.m1 cells decreasedl froml 1,028 (+171) per nmm3 to 103 (23) per n1m3 (P < 0.001). In contrast, relative proportion of T.(,; cells inicrease(l fromii 22 (+44%) to 66 (+7%), while the absolute nmbl)ers of' T.( cells were essentially uinlchaniged (P > 0.2). In vitro stuidies involving preincubation of T cells with hvdrocortisone before rosette (leteriminiationi of T., or T.M cells demoni- strated that the dlecrease in absolute numnbers of T.M cells did not represenit hvdrocortisone interferenee with T.M rosette formiiation, nor didl it represenit a sw;.,itch of T.M cells to T., cells. Thus, admiiniistration of hydro- cortisone to normnal subjects produces a selective depletion from the circulationi of T lymphocytes which possess receptors for the Fc portion of IgNI (T.M cells) and of T cells which possess no detectal)le Fe receptor (T.noln-M, non--G cells). T.G cells are relatively re- sistaint to the lvmphopenic effect of hvdrocortisonle.
Pressure measurements during cardiac surgery--internal jugular vs central venous. (2005)

Although central venous pressure (CVP) is a valuable guide and measurement during cardiac surgery anesthesia, there are many occasions however, when the time consumed in inserting a peripheral catheter, defeats the actual purpose. The purpose of this study was to compare central venous pressure and internal jugular veins pressure, and to see whether the jugular veins pressures were a reliable guide to central venous pressure monitoring. Simultaneous measurements of the internal jugular (both left and right side) and right atrial venous pressures were made in 70 patients undergoing cardiac surgery both at times when the chests were closed and when they were opened. After induction of anesthesia, a 16 gauge catheter was inserted into the internal jugular vein on each side of the neck, and another catheter was passed into the right atrium. Then the CVP and internal jugular veins were measured six times during anesthesia and postoperatively. A good correlation was found between pressures of right and left internal jugular veins with that of CVP both at times when the chests were closed and when they were opened. It is concluded that left and right internal jugular vein pressures are reliable guides to central venous pressures during anesthesia in cardiac surgery.
<title>New efficient Fourier-reconstruction method for approximate image reconstruction in spiral cone-beam CT at small cone angles</title> (1997)

We present an approximate algorithm for image reconstruction in spiral cone-beam CT at small cone-angles. The first step of the algorithm is a rebinning from fanbeam to parallel beam projections, that is performed independently for each detector row. The result of this rebinning procedure is a set of parallel views, where all rays are tilted against the z-axis by their cone angle and the rays within each view have different z-positions. After that, as with most of the approximate algorithms, the basic idea is to let each oblique ray contribute to the image with a weight that depends on its distance to the image plane. Because the distance of a ray to the image plane changes along the ray, so does its weight. This is the one important difference compared to standard 2D reconstruction procedures. However, for small cone angles, the variation of the weight along a ray is rather smooth, so that we can synthesize it as a Fourier series using only few Fourier coefficients. In standard 2D image reconstruction, we can build the 2D Fourier spectrum of the image on a polar grid from the Fourier transforms of the views, where each view contributes to a radial line only, because the weights are constant along the rays. In our algorithm, the weights change along the rays. This variation is modeled as a Fourier series with 2N<SUB>(mu</SUB> ) + 1 coefficients. Hence, the views contribute not only to one but to 2N<SUB>(mu</SUB> ) + 1 lines in the 2D Fourier space of the image. For a given pitch, the Fourier coefficients that take into account the variations of the weights are precalculated before the reconstruction and stored in a table. From the generated 2D image spectrum, we calculate the final image using a gridding technique to convert the sampling grid to cartesian and finally doing a 2D IFFT. We have evaluated our method using simulated test data for various test cases assuming sampling conditions and image quality requirements typical to medical CT. These experiments have shown that the method is applicable for detector arrays with up to at least 32 rows.
Multi-domain Neural Network Language Generation for Spoken Dialogue Systems (2016)

Tsung-Hsien Wen, Milica Gašić, Nikola Mrkšić, Lina M. Rojas-Barahona, Pei-Hao Su, David Vandyke, Steve Young. Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. 2016.
A Reversible Aptamer Improves Outcome and Safety in Murine Models of Stroke and Hemorrhage (2010)

Treatment of acute ischemic stroke with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator is underutilized partly due to the risk of life-threatening hemorrhage. In response to the clinical need for safer stroke therapy, we explored using an aptamer-based therapeutic strategy to promote cerebral reperfusion in a murine model of ischemic stroke. Aptamers are nucleic acid ligands that bind to their targets with high affinity and specificity, and can be rapidly reversed with an antidote. Here we show that a Factor IXa aptamer administered intravenously after 60 minutes of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion improved neurological function and was associated with reduced thrombin generation and decreased inflammation. Moreover, when the aptamer was administered in the setting of intracranial hemorrhage, treatment with its specific antidote reduced hematoma volume and improved survival. The ability to rapidly reverse a pharmacologic agent that improves neurological function after ischemic stroke should intracranial hemorrhage arise indicates that aptamer-antidote pairs may represent a novel, safer approach to treatment of stroke.
Glutathione S-Transferase Polymorphisms and Their Biological Consequences (2000)

Two supergene families encode proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity: the family of soluble enzymes comprises at least 16 genes; the separate family of microsomal enzymes comprises at least 6 genes. These two GST families are believed to exert a critical role in cellular protection against oxidative stress and toxic foreign chemicals. They detoxify a variety of electrophilic compounds, including oxidized lipid, DNA and catechol products generated by reactive oxygen species-induced damage to intracellular molecules. An increasing number of GST genes are being recognized as polymorphic. Certain alleles, particularly those that confer impaired catalytic activity (e.g. GSTM1(*)0, GSTT1(*)0), may be associated with increased sensitivity to toxic compounds. GST polymorphisms may be disease modifying; for example, in subgroups of patients with basal cell carcinoma or bronchial hyper-responsiveness, certain GST appear to exert a statistically significant and biologically relevant impact on disease susceptibility.
Molecular cloning of the alpha-1 subunit of an omega-conotoxin-sensitive calcium channel. (1992)

Of the four major types of Ca channel described in vertebrate cells (designated T, L, N, and P), N-type Ca channels are unique in that they are found specifically in neurons, have been correlated with control of neurotransmitter release, and are blocked by omega-conotoxin, a neuropeptide toxin isolated from the marine snail Conus geographus. A set of overlapping cDNA clones were isolated and found to encode a Ca channel alpha-1 subunit, designated rbB-I. Polyclonal antiserum generated against a peptide from the rbB-I sequence selectively immunoprecipitates high-affinity 125I-labeled omega-conotoxin-binding sites from labeled rat forebrain membranes. PCR analysis shows that, like N-type Ca channels, expression of rbB-I is limited to the nervous system and neuronally derived cell lines. This brain Ca channel may mediate the omega-conotoxin-sensitive Ca influx required for neurotransmitter release at many synapses.