gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Swallowable Smart Pill for Local Drug Delivery (2016)

In this paper, a smart pill for local drug delivery is presented. The pill is designed to achieve local therapy on gastrointestinal tissue thanks to a novel drug delivery system (DDS). The DDS consists of a miniature electrolytic pump. This microfabricated pump is ideal for medical applications because of its low power consumption, compatibility with small size batteries, integrability on miniaturized systems, and biocompatibility. The actuation principle of the micropump relies on the electrolysis of a water-based solution, which is separated from a drug reservoir by an elastic membrane. The electrolytically produced gases pressurize the electrolytic solution reservoir, causing the deflection of the elastic membrane. Such deflection, in turn, forces the drug out of its reservoir through a nozzle. In order to measure and monitor the membrane displacement, and therefore the volume of drug ejected, a strain gauge sensor has been prepared using a conductive thermoplastic nanocomposite elastomer (CTPE). The sensor is fixed on the deformable membrane. The CTPE shows high sensitivity and allows to customize the resistance of the device to obtain low power consumption. Thus, by measuring the current though the electrolytic cell and monitoring membrane deformation, the volume of the ejected drug can be controlled.
Sulfenyl halides as modifying reagents for polypeptides and proteins. I. Modification of tryptophan residues (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSulfenyl halides as modifying reagents for polypeptides and proteins. I. Modification of tryptophan residuesErnesto. Scoffone, Angelo. Fontana, and Raniero. RocchiCite this: Biochemistry 1968, 7, 3, 971–979Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00843a014https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00843a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views426Altmetric-Citations170LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Reductive chain separation of botulinum A toxin — a prerequisite to its inhibitory action on exocytosis in chromaffin cells (1989)

Cleavage of the disulfide bond linking the heavy and the light chains of tetanus toxin is necessary for its inhibitory action on exocytotic release of catecholamines from permeabilized chromaffin cells [(1989) FEBS Lett. 242, 245-248; (1989) J. Neurochem., in press]. The related botulinum A toxin also consists of a heavy and a light chain linked by a disulfide bond. The actions of both neurotoxins on exocytosis were presently compared using streptolysin O-permeabilized bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Botulinum A toxin inhibited Ca2+-stimulated catecholamine release from these cells. Addition of dithiothreitol lowered the effective doses to values below 5 nM. Under the same conditions, the effective doses of tetanus toxin were decreased by a factor of five. This indicates that the interchain S-S bond of botulinum A toxin must also be split before the neurotoxin can exert its effect on exocytosis.
The Role of Computerized Tomography in the Diagnosis of an Occult Femoral Neck Fracture Associated with an Ipsilateral Femoral Shaft Fracture: (1991)

We report a nondisplaced femoral neck and head fracture diagnosed acutely by CT scanning. This case illustrates the potential benefits of an acute femoral neck/head CT scan in obtunded polytrauma patients with high-energy femoral shaft fractures.
The Biochemical Machinery of Plastid Envelope Membranes (1998)

International audience
Dysregulated balance of Th17 and Th1 cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (2010)

We demonstrate an enhanced Th17 cell response that correlates with disease activity in patients with SLE, suggesting a role for IL-17 in the pathogenesis of lupus. Our data indicate that the mechanisms involved in balancing Th1 and Th17 regulation, as well as in producing IL-6, are aberrant in SLE, leading to an increased Th17 response. We suggest that CCR4 and CCR6 expression on CD4(+) T cells should be considered as markers of disease activity, and that IL-17 blocking may offer a therapeutic target in SLE.
Quantification of apoptotic cells with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled annexin V in chinese hamster ovary cell cultures treated with cisplatin (1996)

Plasma membrane binding of annexin V was used to detect and quantitate apoptotic cells induced by cytotoxic drug treatment in epithelial cell cultures. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were incubated for 2 h with the ID90 concentration of Cisplatin (20 microM), and 24, 48, 72, and 96 h later the unfixed cells were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated annexin V. The fluorescence signal was quantitated by flow cytometry (FCM). During the early phase of the apoptotic response, the annexin V-binding frequency histograms showed two separate cell populations, a dimly and a brightly fluorescent one. At t = 96 h after drug incubation, when the process of apoptosis was completed, only the brightly fluorescent population was present. A dose-effect relationship could be established between the Cisplatin concentration used in the 2 h incubation and the binding of annexin V on the cell membrane, as estimated by FITC fluorescence. The dimly and brightly fluorescent populations were sorted on the basis of annexin V binding, and assayed for 1) DNA breaks by in situ nick translation assay and DNA content by DNA-propidium iodine fluorescence in a bivariate analysis, 2) membrane integrity by dye exclusion, and 3) morphological characteristics of apoptosis. The dimly fluorescent cell population appeared to represent apoptotic cells in the early phase of the death process, as demonstrated by intact cell membranes, normal DNA content, few DNA breaks, and chromatin condensation. The brightly fluorescent cells predominantly had sub-G1 DNA content, nuclear fragmentation, leaky cell membranes, and probably represent late apoptotic cells. These results demonstrate that cytotoxic drug-induced apoptosis can be quantitated by annexin V binding and that by using this assay early and late apoptotic cells can be identified.
CD40/CD154 Interactions at the Interface of Tolerance and Immunity (2004)

Development of the acquired immune response is dependent on the signaling of CD40 by its ligand, CD154. These molecules govern both the magnitude and quality of humoral- and cell-mediated immunity. A litany of studies have conclusively documented that blockade of this ligand-receptor pair can prevent, and also intervene in, the progression of antibody- and cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, and can instill long-lived allogeneic and xenogeneic graft tolerance. Many effector mechanisms of inflammation are abolished as a result of CD154 blockade, but we are now beginning to understand that CD154 blockade may, in some instances, engender long-lived, antigen-specific tolerance. In the context of transplantation tolerance, we present a hypothesis that alpha CD154 blockade is most effective at inducing long-lived allospecific tolerance if anergy and regulation can be elicited prior to the onslaught of inflammation that is induced by grafting (preemptive tolerance). This facet of alpha CD154-induced tolerance appears to co-opt the normal processes of peripheral tolerance induced by immature DCs and can be exploited to induce long-lived antigen-specific tolerance. The underlying science and the prospects for inducing long-lived antigen-specific tolerance in a model of allograft tolerance through CD154 blockade are presented and discussed.
Structural and functional domains critical for constitutive activation of the HGF-receptor (Met). (1994)

The MET gene, encoding the tyrosine kinase receptor for Hepatocyte Growth Factor, is a potentially harmful oncogene overexpressed in a significant fraction of human cancers. To study the molecular mechanisms responsible for oncogenic activation, the biochemical and biological properties of a number of MET constructs were analysed. The native heterodimeric receptor (alpha beta), the beta chain alone, as well as a kinase defective mutant did not transform rodent fibroblasts upon transfection. The cytoplasmic domain, truncated immediately below the transmembrane region, acquired constitutive tyrosine kinase activity in vivo, produced foci of transformation, and was tumorigenic in nude mice. Removal of the first 39 amino acids of the juxtamembrane domain resulted in loss of constitutive activation in vivo and transforming potential, without impairment of the in vitro kinase activity. Replacement of the juxtamembrane domain with 5' TPR sequences restored constitutive kinase activation and transforming properties. Site-directed mutagenesis of either of the two tyrosine residues involved in the positive regulation of the catalytic activity upon phosphorylation (Y1234 or Y1235 in the kinase domain of the HGF receptor), strongly impaired TRP-MET transforming potential. These data show that: (1) the truncated cytoplasmic HGF receptor has constitutive kinase activity and is oncogenic; (2) the first 39 amino acids of the juxtamembrane domain and (3) the regulatory tyrosines in the catalytic domain are required to unleash its transforming potential.
Binding of von Willebrand factor by coagulase-negative staphylococci (2000)

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the most common infectious micro-organisms isolated from prosthetic devices. To determine whether von Willebrand factor (vWF) acts as an adhesin in bacterial recognition, bacterial binding of recombinant vWF (rvWF) was studied. Eleven CNS strains, belonging to S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus and S. hominis species, bound soluble rvWF, but to a lesser extent than S. aureus. S. epidermidis strain H2-W bound 125I-labelled rvWF in a dose-dependent manner. The binding could be inhibited by unlabelled rvWF and thrombospondin, but not by fibrinogen, vitronectin or the carbohydrates N-acetylgalactoseamine, D-galactose, D-glucose, and D-fucose. Pre-incubation of rvWF with type I collagen and Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS) peptides did not inhibit binding, whereas pre-incubation of rvWF with heparin decreased binding significantly. The interaction between CNS and rvWF was sensitive to proteinase treatment of bacterial cells. CNS strains bound to immobilised rvWF an extent greater or equal to the positive control strain S. aureus Cowan I. rvWF binding structures from bacterial cell wall were detected by immunoblot. Cowan I strain had 140-, 90- and 38-kDa binding molecules. S. haemolyticus strain SM131 and S. epidermidis strain H2-W had two (120 and 60 kDa) and five (120, 90, 60, 52 and 38 kDa) binding molecules, respectively. Similar binding structures were formed when cell wall extracts from these strains were incubated with thrombospondin. These results indicate that specific ligand-receptor interaction between CNS and rvWF may contribute to bacterial adhesion and colonisation on biomaterial surfaces. Heparin-binding domains of rvWF might be the crucial regions for bacterial attachment. rvWF and thrombospondin may recognise similar molecules in staphylococcal cell wall extracts.
Fewer Dollars, More Sense (2008)

gliomas. 3 Notably, those patients with an early-onset and sustained elevation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)— defined as occurring within 3 months of entering the study— had a 6-month progression-free survival of 58% as compared with 0% of those who did not (P .002). In addition, the median survival for the former was 9.7 months as compared with 2.2 months for the latter (P .01). There were six magnetic resonance imaging responses in hypothyroid patients as compared with zero in the euthyroid individuals (P .02). The nadir of the free thyroxine decline also correlated positively with survival (P .003). Interestingly, only one patient developed symptomatic hypothyroidism. It has been demonstrated that the notoriously vascular GBM overexpresses—among a number of factors—vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is produced by tumor and stromal cells, including inflammatory cells. 2 VEGF then acts by paracrine mechanisms on local endothelial cells, resulting in their proliferation, survival, and migration. 4 In addition, the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-1R) pathway is highly overexpressed in GBM. 5 The IGF-1R pathway can, in turn, induce VEGF mRNA expression via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. 6 Relative to this, a GBM cell line has been shown to activate phosphophoinositol-3 kinase through IGF-1R, thereby bypassing the effects of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition on phosphophoinositol-3 kinase. 7 The astrocyte (cell of origin of GBM) has been shown to be a focus of thyroid hormone (TH) action. 8 In that regard, TH has been shown to modulate expression of IGF-1R. Phosphorylation of IGF-1R by TH in 293T cell lines has been observed, whereas TH deprivation reduced proliferation in glioma cell lines. 8
<title>Measurement of mixtures of oil, water, and gas with microwave sensors: new developments and field experience of the MFI MultiPhase and WaterCut meters of Roxar</title> (2000)

An oil well produces a mixture of oil, water, and gas in proportions that vary over the lifetime of the well. For the control of the well and the allocation of the production it is important to be able to measure the composition of the flow and the flow rates at various stages in the process. Roxar has a line of products for these purposes. The meters are based on microwave sensors with a varying number of additional sensors, like a radioactive density sensor, a temperature sensor, and a pressure sensor. The paper describes the basic measurement principles, the acquired field experience, and the latest developments of the MFI WaterCut meter and the MFI MultiPhase Meter. A new meter that is being developed for the purpose of measuring the composition of the produced fluid inside an oil well is also described.
PSF and p54nrb/NonO – multi‐functional nuclear proteins (2002)

Proteins are often referred to in accordance with the activity with which they were first associated or the organelle in which they were initially identified. However, a variety of nuclear factors act in multiple molecular reactions occurring simultaneously within the nucleus. This review describes the functions of the nuclear factors PSF (polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated splicing factor) and p54(nrb)/NonO. PSF was initially termed a splicing factor due to its association with the second step of pre-mRNA splicing while p54(nrb)/NonO was thought to participate in transcriptional regulation. Recent evidence shows that the simplistic categorization of PSF and its homolog p54(nrb)/NonO to any single nuclear activity is not possible and in fact these proteins exhibit multi-functional characteristics in a variety of nuclear processes.
ATHENA,ARTEMIS,HEPHAESTUS: data analysis for X-ray absorption spectroscopy usingIFEFFIT (2005)

A software package for the analysis of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) data is presented. This package is based on the IFEFFIT library of numerical and XAS algorithms and is written in the Perl programming language using the Perl/Tk graphics toolkit. The programs described here are: (i) ATHENA, a program for XAS data processing, (ii) ARTEMIS, a program for EXAFS data analysis using theoretical standards from FEFF and (iii) HEPHAESTUS, a collection of beamline utilities based on tables of atomic absorption data. These programs enable high-quality data analysis that is accessible to novices while still powerful enough to meet the demands of an expert practitioner. The programs run on all major computer platforms and are freely available under the terms of a free software license.
Long term bradycardia by electrical pacing: a new method for studying heart rate reduction (1994)

It is possible to produce primary heart rate reduction in the pig by a novel means of pacing on a chronic basis, leading to increased myocardial capillary supply without myocyte hypertrophy. This method can provide a basis for future investigations of the beneficial effects of heart rate reduction in the vascularly compromised heart.
Requirement of Serine Phosphorylation for Formation of STAT-Promoter Complexes (1995)

Members of the interleukin-6 family of cytokines bind to and activate receptors that contain a common subunit, gp130. This leads to the activation of Stat3 and Stat1, two cytoplasmic signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), by tyrosine phosphorylation. Serine phosphorylation of Stat3 was constitutive and was enhanced by signaling through gp130. In cells of lymphoid and neuronal origins, inhibition of serine phosphorylation prevented the formation of complexes of DNA with Stat3-Stat3 but not with Stat3-Stat1 or Stat1-Stat1 dimers. In vitro serine dephosphorylation of Stat3 also inhibited DNA binding of Stat3-Stat3. The requirement of serine phosphorylation for Stat3-Stat3.DNA complex formation was inversely correlated with the affinity of Stat3-Stat3 for the binding site. Thus, serine phosphorylation appears to enhance or to be required for the formation of stable Stat3-Stat3.DNA complexes.
Approximation with active B-spline curves and surfaces (2003)

An active contour model for parametric curve and surface approximation is presented. The active curve or surface adapts to the model shape to be approximated in an optimization algorithm. The quasi-Newton optimization procedure in each iteration step minimizes a quadratic function which is built up with the help of local quadratic approximants of the squared distance function of the model shape and an internal energy which has a smoothing and regularization effect. The approach completely avoids the parametrization problem. We also show how to use a similar strategy for the solution of variational problems for curves on surfaces. Examples are the geodesic path connecting two points on a surface and interpolating or approximating spline curves on surfaces. Finally we indicate how the latter topic leads to the variational design of smooth motions which interpolate or approximate given positions.
Rickettsia typhiinfection in wild rodents from central Spain (2003)

When sera from 218 rodents captured in two provinces of central Spain were tested, by indirect immunofluorescence, for antibodies to Rickettsia typhi, 46 (21.1%) were found to be positive, at titres between 1:20 and 1:320. The seropositives included rodents of each of the five species collected: Mus musculus, Mus spretus, Apodemus sylvaticus, Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus. Rickettsia typhi infection appears to be common and widespread among the rodents of central Spain.
The Medium Is the Massage (1967)

Well known for coining the term 'Global Village', Marshall McLuhan's thinking was, and still is, revolutionary. His theories, many of which are illustrated in this astonishing 'inventory of effects', force us to question how modes of communication have shaped society. This is an astonishing work by a truly astonishing man. The Penguin on Design series includes the works of creative thinkers whose writings on art, design and the media have changed our vision forever. This is one of four books in that series.
Direct detection of Escherichia coli Shiga-like toxin genes in primary fecal cultures by polymerase chain reaction (1993)

A single pair of oligonucleotide primers was used for polymerase chain reaction amplification of a 212- or 215-bp region of Escherichia coli Shiga-like toxin (SLT) genes from crude fecal culture extracts. Genes were typed by hybridization of the polymerase chain reaction products to SLT-I- or SLT-II-specific oligonucleotide probes. The procedure was capable of detecting fewer than 10 SLT-producing E. coli organisms per ml of culture against a background of more than 10(9) other organisms per ml and provides a rapid and sensitive means of screening primary fecal cultures for the presence of such strains. When this procedure was used to test primary cultures from gut contents or feces from various patient groups, including apparently healthy infants, approximately half of all samples yielded positive results for SLT-I and/or SLT-II sequences.
The Other RNA World (2002)

RNA is more than a messenger between genome and protein: Ribosomal RNA has long been recognized as fulfilling a structural role and transfer RNA as fulfilling an adapter role in the conversion of message to protein. The discovery of catalytic RNAs, or ribozymes, in 1981 proved that RNA could catalyze reactions just as proteins do, as well as having the information storage function of DNA. The realization that RNA combines features of proteins and DNA led to the “RNA world” hypothesis for the origin of life. In spite of the many attributes of RNA, there are many fewer so-called noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) than proteins, the biochemistry of polypeptides being so much more versatile than that of polynucleotides. Nevertheless, their number and importance are increasing as we learn more about them. The growing interest in noncoding RNAs has been fueled in part by two related discoveries: the identification of large numbers of very small RNAs of ∼22 nucleotides in length, called microRNAs (miRNAs), in organisms as diverse as the worm Caenorhabditis elegans and humans, and the relationship of these miRNAs to intermediates in RNA interference (RNAi), one of a family of eukaryotic RNA silencing mechanisms in which RNA is used to target and destroy homologous mRNA, viral RNA, or other RNAs.
Nature and cause of mitochondrial dysfunction in Huntington’s disease: focusing on huntingtin and the striatum (2010)

Polyglutamine expansion mutation in huntingtin causes Huntington's disease (HD). How mutant huntingtin (mHtt) preferentially kills striatal neurons remains unknown. The link between mitochondrial dysfunction and HD pathogenesis stemmed from postmortem brain data and mitochondrial toxin models. Current evidence from genetic models, containing mHtt, supports mitochondrial dysfunction with yet uncertain nature and cause. Because mitochondria composition and function varies across tissues and cell-types, mitochondrial dysfunction in HD vulnerable striatal neurons may have distinctive features. This review focuses on mHtt and the striatum, integrating experimental evidence from patients, mice, primary cultures and striatal cell-lines. I address the nature (specific deficits) and cause (mechanisms linked to mHtt) of HD mitochondrial dysfunction, considering limitations of isolated vs. in situ mitochondria approaches, and the complications introduced by glia and glycolysis in brain and cell-culture studies. Current evidence relegates respiratory chain impairment to a late secondary event. Upstream events include defective mitochondrial calcium handling, ATP production and trafficking. Also, transcription abnormalities affecting mitochondria composition, reduced mitochondria trafficking to synapses, and direct interference with mitochondrial structures enriched in striatal neurons, are possible mechanisms by which mHtt amplifies striatal vulnerability. Insights from common neurodegenerative disorders with selective vulnerability and mitochondrial dysfunction (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) are also addressed.