gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Molecular Basis of Pluripotency in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (2004)

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell self-renewal depends upon extrinsic signals from leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). These molecules activate, respectively, the nuclear localization of the latent transcription factor STAT3 and the expression of Id genes. In contrast, the homeodomain proteins Oct4 and the recently identified Nanog are intrinsic factors required for maintenance of the undifferentiated state. When overexpressed, Nanog allows ES cells to self-renew in the absence of the otherwise obligatory LIF and BMP signals. However, the highest efficiency of ES cell self-renewal occurs when Nanog is overexpressed and cells are exposed to LIF. In contrast, when Oct4 is overexpressed, ES cells differentiate in a similar manner to the differentiation that occurs upon LIF withdrawal. These observations are brought together to provide a genetic model of ES cell self-renewal centered upon interactions between Oct4, STAT3 and Nanog.
Oral (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-D-glucan synergizes with antiganglioside GD2 monoclonal antibody 3F8 in the therapy of neuroblastoma. (2002)

p.o. 1,3-1,4-beta-glucan synergized with antitumor IgG and IgM MoAb in vivo. Because beta-glucan was well tolerated and inexpensive, its potential value in cancer therapy deserves further investigation.
Estimation of Uranium Concentration in Urine Samples of Kidneys Failure Patients in Al- Muthanna Governorate (2020)

The measurement of uranium concentration in human urine is very important in assessment of occupational and public exposure to uranium. In the present work, the fission track technique was used to decide uranium concentration in blood of Kidneys Failure Patients in Al- Muthanna Governorate. The uranium concentration values in urine samples of Kidneys Failure Patients ranged between 0.92 to 4.87 , while Healthy group results were ranged 0.91 to 1.82 . Results showed that the concentration of uranium in the URINE increases in kidney failure patients
Pharmacokinetics of Octreotide in PatientsWith Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension;Relationship Between the Plasma Levelsof the Analogue and the Magnitudeand Duration of the Reduction in CorrectedWedged Hepatic Venous Pressure (1997)

In healthy subjects octreotide is largely metabolised by the liver suggesting that the plasma half-life of the somatostatin analogue may be prolonged in patients with hepatic dysfunction. The aim of this study was therefore (a) to determine the pharmacokinetics of octreotide following its subcutaneous injection in 6 patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension and (b) compare the magnitude and duration of the effects of intravenous administration of 250 micrograms somatostatin and 50 micrograms octreotide on corrected wedged hepatic venous pressure (WHVP) and to relate the findings to the plasma levels of the analogue 1 h after administration in 13 patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Following subcutaneous administration of 50 micrograms octreotide the circulating half life (range 2.4 to 4.79 h) was prolonged whereas the clearance (range 2.101 to 4.775 L/h) was decreased compared to healthy controls. Intravenous bolus administration of 250 micrograms somatostatin or 50 micrograms octreotide resulted in a reduction in WHVP of approximately the same magnitude and duration despite appreciable quantities of the analogue in the blood 1 h after administration (1944 +/- 226 pg/ml). These results indicate that the circulating half-life of octreotide is prolonged in cirrhotics suggesting that the dosage regimens should be modified in such patients to avoid accumulation of the analogue in the blood which may result in undesirable side-effects or toxicity. Furthermore, since the magnitude and duration of the reduction in WHVP elicited by IV octreotide is similar to that observed with somatostatin, the analogue, like the native hormone, must be administered by continuous IV infusion to produce a sustained response and hence a therapeutic effect in the management of acute variceal bleeding.
Crustal motion in the zone of the 1960 Chile earthquake: Detangling earthquake‐cycle deformation and forearc‐sliver translation (2007)

Temporary deformation in great earthquake cycles and permanent shear deformation associated with oblique plate convergence both provide critical clues for understanding geodynamics and earthquake hazard at subduction zones. In the region affected by the M w 9.5 great Chile earthquake of 1960, we have obtained GPS observations that provide information on both types of deformation. Our velocity solutions for the first time span the entire latitudinal range of the 1960 earthquake. The new observations revealed a pattern of opposing (roughly arc‐normal) motion of coastal and inland sites, consistent with what was reported earlier for the northern part of this region. This finding supports the model of prolonged postseismic deformation as a result of viscoelastic stress relaxation in the mantle. The new observations also provide the first geodetic evidence for the dextral motion of an intravolcanic arc fault system and the consequent northward translation of a forearc sliver. The sliver motion can be modeled using a rate of 6.5 mm/a, accommodating about 75% of the margin‐parallel component of Nazca–South America relative plate motion, with the rate diminishing to the north. Furthermore, the new GPS observations show a southward decrease in margin‐normal velocities of the coastal area. We prefer explaining the southward decrease in terms of changes in the width or frictional properties of the megathrust seismogenic zone. Because of the much younger age of the subducting plate and warmer thermal regime in the south, the currently locked portion of the plate interface may be narrower. Using a three‐dimensional viscoelastic finite element model of postseismic and interseismic deformation following the 1960 earthquake, we demonstrate that this explanation, although not unique, is consistent with the GPS observations to the first order.
Different regimes of light localization in a disordered photonic crystal (1999)

It is known that photonic Bloch states can become strongly localized near the band edges in a disordered photonic crystal. We show that Bloch states are disrupted and another localization regime establishes when local fluctuations of the band-edge frequency caused by randomization of refractive index profile becomes as large as the band-gap width. Transmission experiments performed on opal photonic crystal have shown the exponential decay of light throughout the gap region, which is ascribed to building up of the second regime of light localization.
REACTIONS OF ARYLSULPHONIC ESTERS: VII. THE HEAT CAPACITY OF ACTIVATION FOR THE ETHANOLYSIS OF METHYL p-NITROBENZENESULPHONATE (1957)

A conductometric method is described for the determination of rates of solvolyses in nonaqueous media with an accuracy of better than ± 0.5% in k. The heat of activation derived from the results so obtained is shown to have a temperature coefficient (ΔC p ‡ ) of −21 cal./mole deg.
Wireless Neural Stimulation in Freely Behaving Small Animals (2009)

We introduce a novel wireless, low-power neural stimulation system for use in freely behaving animals. The system consists of an external transmitter and a miniature, implantable wireless receiver-stimulator. The implant uses a custom integrated chip to deliver biphasic current pulses to four addressable bipolar electrodes at 32 selectable current levels (10 microA to 1 mA). To achieve maximal battery life, the chip enters a sleep mode when not needed and can be awakened remotely when required. To test our device, we implanted bipolar stimulating electrodes into the songbird motor nucleus HVC (formerly called the high vocal center) of zebra finches. Single-neuron recordings revealed that wireless stimulation of HVC led to a strong increase of spiking activity in its downstream target, the robust nucleus of the arcopallium. When we used this device to deliver biphasic pulses of current randomly during singing, singing activity was prematurely terminated in all birds tested. Thus our device is highly effective for remotely modulating a neural circuit and its corresponding behavior in an untethered, freely behaving animal.
The Human Anti-apoptotic Proteins cIAP1 and cIAP2 Bind but Do Not Inhibit Caspases (2005)

cIAPs (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins) 1 and 2 are able to regulate apoptosis when ectopically expressed in recipient cells and probably also in vivo. Previous work suggested that this is at least partially due to direct caspase inhibition, mediated by two of the three baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domains that are contained in these proteins. In support of this we show that the BIR domains 2 and 3 of the two cIAPs are able to bind caspases-7 and -9. However, we demonstrate that neither of these BIR domains is able to inhibit caspases because of critical substitutions in the regions that target caspase inhibition in the X-linked IAP, a tight binding caspase inhibitor. The cIAP BIR domains can be converted to tight binding caspase inhibitors by substituting these critical residues with XIAP residues. Thus, cIAPs maintain protein scaffolds suitable for direct caspase inhibition but have lost or never acquired specific caspase inhibitory interaction sites. Consequently, although the binding function of the cIAP BIRs may be important for their physiologic function, caspase inhibition is not.
Coordination of sucking, swallowing and breathing in the newborn: Its relationship to infant feeding and normal development (1990)

Non-invasive, sensitive equipment was designed to record nasal air flow, the timing and volume of milk flow, intraoral pressure and swallowing in normal full-term newborn babies artificially fed under strictly controlled conditions. Synchronous recordings of these events are presented in chart form. Interpretation of the charts, with the aid of applied anatomy, suggests an hypothesis of the probable sequence of events during an ideal feeding cycle under the test conditions. This emphasises the importance of complete coordination between breathing, sucking and swallowing. The feeding respiratory pattern and its relationship to the other events was different from the non-nutritive respiratory pattern. The complexity of the coordinated patterns, the small bolus size which influenced the respiratory pattern, together with the coordination of all these events when milk was present in the mouth, emphasise the importance of the sensory mechanisms. The discussion considers (1) the relationship between these results, those reported by other workers under other feeding conditions and the author's (WGS) clinical experience, (2) factors which appear to be essential to permit conventional bottle feeding and (3) the importance of the coordination between the muscles of articulation, by which babies obtain their nourishment in relation to normal development and maturation.
Incidence and Clinical Impact of Sterilized Disease and Minimal Residual Disease After Preoperative Radiochemotherapy for Rectal Cancer (2005)

After preoperative therapy, the sterilized disease shows an excellent prognosis. The minimal residual disease has an important numeric incidence. Its outcome is different, with a not-negligible risk of distant recurrence. The minimal residual disease has a much better prognosis in comparison with the gross residual disease.
Recent Patents on Novel P2X7 Receptor Antagonists and their Potential for Reducing Central Nervous System Inflammation (2009)

Inflammation arises in the CNS from a number of neurodegenerative and oncogenic disorders, as well as from ischemic and traumatic brain injuries. These pathologies give rise to increased levels of extracellular adenine nucleotides which, via activation of a variety of cell surface P2 purinergic receptors, influence the inflammatory activities of responding immune cells. One P2 receptor subtype in particular, the P2X(7) receptor, potentiates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) from macrophage-like cells. It is also thought to contribute to secondary brain injury by inducing neuronal cell death. Therefore, antagonism of this receptor could have significant therapeutic impact on all disorders, not just CNS, to which excessive inflammatory activities contribute. The use of currently available P2X(7) receptor antagonists for the treatment of CNS inflammation has been limited to the generally non-selective antagonists PPADS, oxidized ATP, Brilliant Blue G, suramin, calmidizolium, and KN-62. However, the recent patents and development of novel P2X(7) receptor antagonists, as discussed in this review, will provide new tools both for clinical and research purposes. Here we discuss compounds for which patents have been applied since 2006, from the following categories: benzamide inhibitors, bicycloheteroaryl compounds, acylhdranzine antagonists, biaromatic P2X(7) antagonists, heterocyclic compounds and amide derivatives, and aromatic amine antagonists.
Human milk fatty acid composition from nine countries varies most in DHA (2006)

Many published studies of breast milk FA composition are limited to populations from one or two countries. We aimed to examine the degree to which FA compositions vary across a number of diverse populations. Because diet and maternal adipose stores influence breast milk FA composition, differences in FA composition between groups most likely reflect habitual dietary differences. Approximately 50 breast milk samples (full breast expression) were collected from women in Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The proportion of saturated FA was relatively constant among countries, with the exception of the Philippines, where levels of lauric and myristic acids were elevated (means greater than two times the mean of most other countries). Monounsaturated FA also varied little, with the exception of low levels of oleic acid in the Philippines and high levels of erucic acid in China. Although arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) levels were similar among all countries (means ranging from 0.36 wt % to 0.49 wt %), mean DHA (C22:6n-3) levels ranged from 0.17 to 0.99 wt %, with the highest levels in Japanese milk and the lowest levels in Canadian and U.S. samples. The results of this study demonstrate that the proportion of saturated and monounsaturated FA are relatively constant across a large number of countries, whereas the level of some of the PUFA, especially DHA, are highly variable.
Weibull Fracture Probability for Silicon Wafer Bond Evaluation (2000)

This work presents a strategy toward determining the mechanical reliability of bonded silicon microsystems. The fracture strength of a bond has been examined using burst tests and Weibull statistics. The testing method in itself exhibits small errors, is independent of operator, and works for weak and strong bonds alike. By the Weibull fracture probability approach, bond characteristics can be derived, which makes comparisons and predictions of differently sized and shaped structures possible. The fracture probability tests were made on differently treated bonded silicon microstructures. It was shown that the fracture probability is dependent on both annealing temperature and specimen shape. The fracture probability of differently sized structures was successfully predicted from experimental results. Furthermore, the bond fracture probability degrades by thermal cycling and vibration at 700°C annealing. The quality of the bond is characterized by the Weibull modulus, m, and the mean fracture stress of unit length, . At annealing temperatures between 120 and 1050°C, m falls in the range 20–60 and increases from 18 to 55 MPa. The Griffith condition is used to correlate the fracture pressure and surface energy to the crack size responsible for fracture. The crack half‐length is approximately 21 μm for most test series. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Monoclonal antibodies capable of distinguishing epizootic from enzootic varieties of subtype 1 Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses in a rapid indirect immunofluorescence assay (1997)

We used previously characterized murine monoclonal antibodies to develop a panel useful in subtyping Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses by an indirect fluorescent antibody assay. This panel worked well with either prototype VEE viruses or a series of more recent VEE virus isolates. The panel is particularly useful for rapidly differentiating VEE viruses with epidemic-epizootic potential from other endemic varieties of this virus. Using this panel, we identified an antigenic variant of prototype VEE subtype 1E virus currently present in Mexico. This antigenic change in the E2 glycoprotein was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Because VEE virus virulence has been associated in part with the E2 glycoprotein, this observed antigenic change in the 1E virus E2 glycoprotein may explain the apparent equine virulence of this unusual VEE 1E virus.
Indian hedgehog activates hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis and can respecify prospective neurectodermal cell fate in the mouse embryo (2001)

During gastrulation in the mouse, mesoderm is induced and patterned by secreted signaling molecules, giving rise first to primitive erythroblasts and vascular endothelial cells. We have demonstrated previously that development of these lineages requires a signal(s) secreted from the adjacent primitive endoderm. We now show that Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is a primitive endoderm-secreted signal that alone is sufficient to induce formation of hematopoietic and endothelial cells. Strikingly, as seen with primitive endoderm, Ihh can respecify prospective neural ectoderm (anterior epiblast) along hematopoietic and endothelial (posterior) lineages. Downstream targets of the hedgehog signaling pathway (the genes encoding patched, smoothened and Gli1) are upregulated in anterior epiblasts cultured in the presence of Ihh protein, as is Bmp4, which may mediate the effects of Ihh. Blocking Ihh function in primitive endoderm inhibits activation of hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis in the adjacent epiblast, suggesting that Ihh is an endogenous signal that plays a key role in the development of the earliest hemato-vascular system. To our knowledge, these are the earliest functions for a hedgehog protein in post-implantation development in the mouse embryo.
Use of carnosine as a natural anti-senescence drug for human beings. (2000)

Carnosine is an endogenous free-radical scavenger. The latest research has indicated that apart from the function of protecting cells from oxidation-induced stress damage, carnosine appears to be able to extend the lifespan of cultured cells, rejuvenate senescent cells, inhibit the toxic effects of amyloid peptide (A beta), malondialdehyde, and hypochlorite to cells, inhibit glycosylation of proteins and protein-DNA and protein-protein cross-linking, and maintain cellular homeostasis. Also, carnosine seems to delay the impairment of eyesight with aging, effectively preventing and treating senile cataract and other age-related diseases. Therefore, carnosine may be applied to human being as a drug against aging.
Normal Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in SRG3-overexpressing Transgenic Mice (2010)

SRG3 (SWI3-related gene) is a core subunit of mouse SWI/SNF complex and is known to play a critical role in stabilizing the SWI/SNF complex by attenuating its proteasomal degradation. SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex is reported to act as an important endogenous regulator in the proliferation and differentiation of mammalian neural stem cells. Because limited expression of SRG3 occurs in the brain and thymus during mouse embryogenesis, it was hypothesized that the altered SRG3 expression level might affect the process of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Due to the embryonic lethality of homozygous knockout mice, this study focuses on dissecting the effect of overexpressed SRG3 on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. The BrdU incorporation assay, immunostaing with neuronal markers for each differentiation stage, and imunoblotting analysis with intracellular molecules involved in survival in adult hippocampal neurogenesis found no alteration, suggesting that the overexpression of SRG3 protein in mature neurons had no effect on the entire process of adult hippocampal neurogenesis including proliferation, differentiation, and survival.
Butirosin Compared with Gentamicin In Vitro and In Vivo (1974)

Butirosin (BTN) (P. W. K. Woo, G. L. Coffey, H. W. Dion, S. A. Fusari, and G. D. Senos, U. S. Patent 3,541,078, 1970) is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic notably active against opportunist bacterial species within Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, and Proteus. Numerous comparative tests were carried out with BTN and gentamicin (GTM) in vitro and in experimental infections in mice. BTN was more active in Mueller-Hinton broth than in agar, but its activity was lessened at acid pH or under anaerobiosis, as has been observed with other aminoglycosides. In standard agar diffusion tests, inhibition zones greater than 12 mm around 30-mug BTN disks generally denoted susceptibility, equivalent to minimal inhibitory concentrations [Formula: see text] 25 mug/ml. Cross-resistance between BTN and GTM occurred in a variable manner, with a number of bacterial strains strongly resistant to GTM being moderately susceptible to BTN. In mice, after a single subcutaneous injection, absorption of both antibiotics was rapid, with peak serum levels occurring in 15 min; this was followed by rapid elimination with estimated serum half-lives of about 20 min for each. After peroral administration of high doses in mice, there was no appreciable absorption of BTN. Several tests were carried out to compare BTN and GTM with respect to minimal inhibitory concentrations in vitro, acute subcutaneous median mouse protective doses, peak serum levels at such doses, and the therapeutic ratios derived from acute median protective and lethal doses. Although GTM usually proved to be more potent antibacterially on a weight basis, observations on BTN indicated a superior effectiveness in terms of therapeutic ratios.
Enrichment of normal progenitors in counter‐flow centrifugal elutriation (CCE) fractions of fresh chronic myeloid leukemia leukapheresis products (2002)

In the present study we have shown that CCE may be used effectively to obtain nLP fractions enriched in normal hematopoietic progenitors.
Immune-gene therapy for renal cancer: chimeric receptor-mediated lysis of tumor cells (2001)

The immune system serves as a protective system against infectious agents such as\\nbacteria, viruses and parasites. Foreign molecules (antigens) can be recognized by\\nthe immune system and induce an immune response resulting in destruction and\\nelimination of the pathogens. In addition to infectious agents, also tumor cells can\\ndistingnish themselves from normal cells either by quantitative and/or qualitative\\ndifferent expression of genetic information. This idea forms the basis of cancer\\nimmunotherapy, which aims at the elimination of tumor cells using the patient\\'s\\nnatural immune system. The concept of tumor-specific immune reactivity goes back\\nto the postulation of immunesurveillance as formulated by Ehrlich in 1909 and\\nadapted by Burnet in 1970. They proposed that the immune system might be\\ncapable of eliminating tumor cells in the same way that protects us from foreign\\nagents, i.e. immunosurveillance. Although there might be immunesurveillance, this\\nmechanism is not dominant, as tumor cells may escape the immune system resulting\\nin uncontrolled cell proliferation and tumor formation. Therefore, effective anticancer\\nimmunotherapy should be directed at the manipulation and enhancement of\\nthe immune capacity to fight cancer cells. This can be accomplished either in an\\nactive way, by activating and amplifying the destructive potential of the individual\\'s\\nendogenous immune cells able to recognize and destroy the tumor, or in a passive\\nway by providing ex vivo activated immune cells with anti-tumor capacity to a\\ntumor-bearing individual.