gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of heat on aqueous solutions of sucrose and other carbohydrates (1947)

Abstract When sucrose is heated with water in an autoclave at high temperature in an atmosphere of hydrogen, a degree of acidity is produced which is sufficient to cause first the inversion of the sucrose and secondly its conversion to 5‐hydroxymcthyl 2‐furfural, a substance which is produced also when glucose or sorbose are similarly treated. It is suggested that the acidity produced initially may he due to the formation of acetol, which has been previously encountered on treating sugars with water at high temperatures.
Importance of Toxin A, Toxin B, and CDT in Virulence of an Epidemic Clostridium difficile Strain (2013)

Clostridium difficile infection is the main cause of healthcare-acquired diarrhea in the developed world. In addition to the main virulence factors toxin A and B, epidemic, PCR Ribotype 027 strains, such as R20291, produce a third toxin, CDT. To develop effective medical countermeasures, it is important to understand the importance of each toxin. Accordingly, we created all possible combinations of isogenic toxin mutants of R20291 and assessed their virulence. We demonstrated that either toxin A or toxin B alone can cause fulminant disease in the hamster infection model and present tantalizing data that C. difficile toxin may also contribute to virulence.
Utility of the Arabidopsis FAE1 and yeast SLC1-1 genes for improvements in erucic acid and oil content in rapeseed (2000)

High-erucic acid (HEA) Brassica napus cultivars are regaining interest in industrial contexts. Erucic acid and its derivatives are important renewable raw materials utilized in the manufacture of plastic films, in the synthesis of Nylon 13,13, and in the lubricant and emollient industries. Theoretically, the highest level of erucic acid that can be achieved by means of classical breeding is 66 mol%; however, using new approaches on the basis of genetic engineering, it might be possible to develop a B. napus cultivar containing levels of erucic acid significantly above 66 mol% (> 80 mol%). In an attempt to increase the amounts of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), and erucic acid in particular, in Canadian HEA B. napus cultivars, we have focused on two targets using a transgenic approach. We examined both the role/function of the Arabidopsis thaliana FAE1 (fatty acid elongase) gene by expressing it under the control of the seed-specific napin promoter in B. napus germplasm with analysis of the changes in VLCFA content in the seed oil of transgenic lines, and the performance of the yeast SLC1-1 (sphingolipid compensation mutant) in B. napus cv. Hero transgenic progeny in the field. Here, we report analyses of the contents of 22:1, total VLCFA and oil in the seed oil, as well as seed yield of the field-grown FAE1 and SLC1-1 B. napus cv. Hero progeny.
Tobacco, alcohol, and oral cancer: the patient's perspective. (1996)

It is well known that smoking, chewing tobacco, and alcohol play a significant role in the etiology of oral cancer. Although this is common knowledge in the medical community, it appears that patients are not aware of this association. We performed a prospective study on all patients newly diagnosed with oral cancer and a control group without any head and neck cancer. Patients completed a questionnaire assessing their awareness of these causative factors. Other parameters measured as possible influences of patient perception included patient age, sex, smoking status, education level, occupation, and place of residence. Patients were also questioned about their knowledge of the causes of lung cancer to allow for comparison. A total of 134 patients were questioned, with 22 of the patients assigned to the oral cancer group and the second group being comprised of 112 patients without head and neck cancer. Only 20 patients (14.9%) were aware of the causative factors of oral cancer. There was no significant difference in the knowledge of causation when comparing the cancer and control group. The patient age, sex, smoking status, or place of residence did not affect their knowledge of the causes of oral cancer. There was a highly significant difference between patients of different education levels and occupations, with the more educated and higher level occupations being better informed about the causes of oral cancer. In contrast, the majority of patients were aware of smoking as a causative factor in the development of lung cancer. The results from this study demonstrate a serious lack of knowledge in the general population of known causes of oral cancer. The relevant issues are discussed and recommendations are made.
Plasma brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and response to ketamine in treatment-resistant depression (2013)

Ketamine produces rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant depression (TRD), but the magnitude of response varies considerably between individual patients. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been investigated as a biomarker of treatment response in depression and has been implicated in the mechanism of action of ketamine. We evaluated plasma BDNF and associations with symptoms in 22 patients with TRD enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of ketamine compared to an anaesthetic control (midazolam). Ketamine significantly increased plasma BDNF levels in responders compared to non-responders 240 min post-infusion, and Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores were negatively correlated with BDNF (r=-0.701, p = 0.008). Plasma BDNF levels at 240 min post-infusion were highly negatively associated with MADRS scores at 240 min (r = -0.897, p=.002), 24 h (r = -0.791, p = 0.038), 48 h (r = -0.944, p = 0.001) and 72 h (r = -0.977, p = 0.010). No associations with BDNF were found for patients receiving midazolam. These data support plasma BDNF as a peripheral biomarker relevant to ketamine antidepressant response.
Active circulators—The realization of circulators using transistors (1965)

An approach in realizing circulators using three transistors is described. The authors propose two circuit configurations. In the one configuration, the transmission efficiency has some relations to the impedance level and the efficiency is theoretically less than unity under the matched termination condition, but the backward leakage can be null in the frequency range limited by the frequency characteristics of the transistors. Experimentally, the efficiency η <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">v</inf> =0.71, the forward/backward transmission ratio is 53 dB, and the frequency range extends from 100c/s to 3Mc/s with the input resistance of 200Ω (40 dB at the limit frequencies). In the other configuration, the efficiency is essentially unity independent of the impedance level. A circulator with η <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">v</inf> =1.0 and the maximum transmission ratio of 70 dB with 40 dB at 300 kc/s is obtained in experiment.
Amelioration of accelerated diabetic mesangial expansion by treatment with a PKC β inhibitor in diabetic db/db mice, a rodent model for type 2 diabetes (2000)

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) is implicated as an important mechanism by which diabetes causes vascular complications. We have recently shown that a PKC beta inhibitor ameliorates not only early diabetes-induced glomerular dysfunction such as glomerular hyperfiltration and albuminuria, but also overexpression of glomerular mRNA for transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, a model for type 1 diabetes. In this study, we examined the long-term effects of a PKC beta inhibitor on glomerular histology as well as on biochemical and functional abnormalities in glomeruli of db/db mice, a model for type 2 diabetes. Administration of a PKC beta inhibitor reduced urinary albumin excretion rates and inhibited glomerular PKC activation in diabetic db/db mice. Administration of a PKC beta inhibitor also prevented the mesangial expansion observed in diabetic db/db mice, possibly through attenuation of glomerular expression of TGF-beta and ECM proteins such as fibronectin and type IV collagen. These findings provide the first in vivo evidence that the long-term inhibition of PKC activation in the renal glomeruli can ameliorate glomerular pathologies in diabetic state, and thus suggest that a PKC beta inhibitor might be an useful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
An Electronic Nose to Detect Changes in Perineal Odors Associated with Estrus in the Cow (1998)

Changes in perineal odor as estrus is approached could form the basis of a new method of estrus detection. Perineal odor of cyclic cows was monitored. Estrus was identified using ovarian ultrasound, behavioral observations, and plasma assay for progesterone and estradiol. Samples were taken from the dorsal lateral perineal (perivulval) area using cotton bud swabs and presented to an electronic nose. Twelve conducting polymer sensors were used to quantify odor in terms of a change in sensor resistance. Preliminary data (Experiment 1) indicate that the odor signals between the luteal phase and estrus could be distinguished for a group of five cows. In Experiment 2, samples were obtained daily from eight cows during the midluteal phase and from d -2 to d 8 of the cycle (d 0 = day of estrus, induced using cloprostenol). Seven of the eight cows cycled normally. Of the 12 sensors, 7 showed a significant change in resistance that was dependent on the day of the estrous cycle. Basal values were those taken in the luteal phase; values peaked on d -1, rose transiently on d 3, and returned to baseline on d 5 to 6. This pattern is strongly correlated with plasma estradiol concentration. The use of artificial olfaction could enable more accurate detection of estrus and has the potential to increase fertility in cows.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity in Ever Smokers (2014)

Smoking is associated with oral cancer, and to adopt a more healthy lifestyle, increasing numbers of people are choosing to give up the habit. However, the occurrence of oral cancer in ever smokers is still apparent. In this study, we investigated the survival of ever smokers with oral squamous cell carcinoma compared with nonsmokers and current smokers with oral squamous cell carcinoma. A matched-pair study was performed between 2005 and 2012, which matched 66 ever smoker patients with oral cancer to both current smokers and never smokers: each ever smoker was matched with 1 never smoker and 1 current smoker. A Chi-squared test was used to evaluate the significance of the variables, and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the recurrence-free survival and disease-specific survival rates. The recurrence-free survival (P = 0.006) and disease-specific survival (P = 0.027) rates were worse for ever smokers compared with never smokers, but the former group shared a similar prognosis with current smokers. The matched-pair analysis showed that smoking was associated with an approximately 2-fold increase in the risk for recurrence and 5-fold increase in risk for disease-related death. Ever smokers and current smokers had a similar chance of recurrence and disease-related death, but ever smokers had a poorer prognosis than never smokers do and they tended to have a local recurrence. The recurrence-free survival and disease-specific survival rates did not differ between ever and current smokers, and smoking cessation did not affect the chance of recurrence and diseases-related death in ever smokers compared with current smokers.
Clusterin (Apo J) regulates vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in vitro (1999)

Previously we reported a significant and substantial increase in the synthesis and secretion of clusterin in cultured porcine vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) during the time when the VSMC culture modulates from a proliferating monolayer morphology to a nodular cell culture morphology. That in vitro process appears to recapitulate some aspects of in vivo vascular remodeling in response to injury and is facilitated by the presence of a well-developed extracellular matrix. To directly test the hypothesis that clusterin regulates VSMC phenotypic modulation, cultured VSMC were stably transfected with an expression plasmid containing the full-length murine clusterin sequence in antisense orientation. Twenty-four clones were selected on the basis of neomycin resistance and characterized for clusterin expression and culture morphology. In contrast to clone SM-CLU18AS, which expresses a high level of clusterin and forms multicellular nodules, clone SM-CLU13AS expresses a low level of clusterin and does not form nodules even in the presence of a preformed collagen gel. Importantly, clusterin-negative SM-CLU13AS retains the ability to form nodules in an environment containing exogenous clusterin. SM-CLU13AS forms nodules when cultured in Matrigel (which contains clusterin) and in the presence of clusterin-containing conditioned media prepared from nodular SMC cultures or SM-CLU18AS cultures. These results demonstrate that clusterin is required for VSMC nodule formation and suggest that it may play a role in smooth muscle cell reorganization in the vascular wall.
Disruption of tumor necrosis factor receptor p55 impairs collagen turnover in experimentally induced sclerodermic skin fibroblasts (2003)

These results indicated that signaling mediated by TNFRp55 plays an essential role in MMP-1 expression and a key role in the collagen degradation process in this murine model. This study might provide a basis for understanding the pathogenesis of scleroderma and formulating therapeutic intervention.
Monoclonal Antibodies Against Ricin: Effects on Toxin Function (1986)

Monoclonal antibodies against ricin toxin were produced and some of their properties investigated. Antibodies 196 C12 and 197 C7 raised against A-chain reacted with a CnBr fragment probably comprised between amino acid 254 and 262. Antibodies 193 A9, 196 A3, and 191 B7 recognized a 6-7 kD CnBr peptide. A second set of antibodies was raised against whole inactivated ricin. Most of them bound in a solid phase radioimmunobinding assay only to ricin and few had a low activity against purified A-chain. Different effects were noted on toxin action in cultured leukemic cells. If cells were preincubated with ricin followed by antibodies, MAb 207 E5 and 216 B3 had a strong enhancing effect on toxin action. If antibodies and toxin were mixed and then added to sensitive cells, antibody 207 E5 gave a strong protection while 216 B3 maintained its enhancing activity. The effect of antibody 216 B3 was further investigated by quantitative cloning experiments which showed that toxin had a fivefold enhancement in its activity by a preincubation with this antibody. Binding of fluoresceinated ricin to leukemic target cells was inhibited by a preincubation with antibody 207 E5 while antibody 216 B3 had no effect.
Treatment of multiple sclerosis with gamma interferon (1987)

We treated 18 clinically definite relapsing-remitting MS patients with recombinant gamma interferon in a pilot study designed to evaluate toxicity and dosage. Patients received low (1 μg), intermediate (30 μg), or high (1,000 μg) doses of interferon by intravenous infusion twice a week for 4 weeks. Serum levels of gamma interferon were proportional to dose and no interferon was detected in CSF. Seven of the 18 patients had exacerbations during treatment, a significant increase compared with the prestudy exacerbation rate (p &lt; 0.01). Exacerbations occurred in all three dosage groups and were not precipitated by fever or other dose-dependent side effects. There were significant increases in circulating monocytes bearing class II (HLA-DR) surface antigen, in the proliferative responses of peripheral blood leukocytes, and in natural killer cell activity. These results show that systemic administration of gamma interferon has pronounced effects on cellular immunity in MS and on disease activity within the CNS, suggesting that the attacks induced during treatment were immunologically mediated. Gamma interferon is unsuitable for use as a therapeutic agent in MS. Agents that specifically inhibit gamma interferon production or counteract its effects on immune cells should be investigated as candidates for experimental therapy.
Nelson Review of Pediatrics (1996)

Nelson review of pediatrics , Nelson review of pediatrics , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز
Near-Optimal Detection in MIMO Systems Using Gibbs Sampling (2009)

In this paper we study a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Gibbs sampler for solving the integer least-squares problem. In digital communication the problem is equivalent to performing maximum likelihood (ML) detection in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. While the use of MCMC methods for such problems has already been proposed, our method is novel in that we optimize the "temperature" parameter so that in steady state, i.e. after the Markov chain has mixed, there is only polynomially (rather than exponentially) small probability of encountering the optimal solution. More precisely, we obtain the largest value of the temperature parameter for this to occur, since the higher the temperature, the faster the mixing. This is in contrast to simulated annealing techniques where, rather than being held fixed, the temperature parameter is tended to zero. Simulations suggest that the resulting Gibbs sampler provides a computationally efficient way of achieving approximative ML detection in MIMO systems having a huge number of transmit and receive dimensions. In fact, they further suggest that the Markov chain is rapidly mixing. Thus, it has been observed that even in cases were ML detection using, e.g. sphere decoding becomes infeasible, the Gibbs sampler can still offer a near-optimal solution using much less computations.
An Effective Strategy, Applicable to Streptococcus salivarius and Related Bacteria, To Enhance or Confer Electroporation Competence (1999)

Despite the large number of techniques available for transformation of bacteria, certain species and strains are still resistant to introduction of foreign DNA. Some oral streptococci are among the organisms that can be particularly difficult to transform. We performed a series of experiments that involved manipulation of growth and recovery media and cell wall weakening, in which the electroporation conditions, cell concentration, and type and concentration of the transforming plasmid were varied. The variables were optimized such that a previously untransformable Streptococcus salivarius strain, ATCC 25975, could be transformed reproducibly at a level of 10(5) transformants per microg of DNA. The technique was used to introduce a plasmid into other strains of S. salivarius, including a fresh isolate. Moreover, the same technique was applied successfully to a wide range of oral streptococci and other gram-positive bacteria.
An Agar-Diffusion Method for Titrating Bacillus anthracis Immunizing Antigen and its Application to a Study of Antigen Production (1957)

Summary: An agar-diffusion method is described for the titration of Bacillus anthracis immunizing antigen and antibody. It is a sensitive and simple method that can be used for determining antigen concentrations in culture filtrates and for titrating antisera from animals and humans which have been immunized with the antigen. Marked improvements in yields of antigen in a defined medium and a hydrolysed casein - amino acids (Casamino) medium have been achieved with the aid of this assay method.
Identification of aquatic Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia by hybridization with species-specific rRNA gene probes (1995)

Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia is a common environmental bacterium which can be pathogenic for plants and humans. In this study, four strategies were used to identify aquatic isolates: API test strips, hybridization with species-specific DNA probes for the 16S and 23S rRNA genes, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles, and growth on selective medium (TB-T agar [C. Hagedorn, W. D. Gould, T. R. Bardinelli, and D. R. Gustarson, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2265-2268, 1987]). Only 59% of the isolates identified as B. cepacia with the API test strips were confirmed as B. cepacia by using fatty acid profiles. The 23S rRNA probe generated a few false-positive results but dramatically underestimated the number of B. cepacia isolates (i.e., 40% of the colonies that did not hybridize to the probe were B. cepacia, as determined by FAME). The 16S rRNA probe generated more false-positive results than the 23S rRNA probe but was effective in identifying the majority of the B. cepacia isolates. The selective medium was only partially successful in recovering B. cepacia. Use of the B. cepacia-specific 16S rRNA probe was the most efficient and accurate way of identifying B. cepacia.
Inhibition of DNA repair for sensitizing resistant glioma cells to temozolomide (2003)

These results indicate that inhibition of AGT by BG can render previously resistant glioma cells sensitive to TMZ treatment. The mechanism of cell demise following BG-TMZ treatment seems to be autophagy and not apoptosis. Combination therapy involving TMZ and an AGT inhibitor may be an effective strategy to treat resistant gliomas.
Microfluidic droplet enrichment for targeted sequencing (2015)

Targeted sequence enrichment enables better identification of genetic variation by providing increased sequencing coverage for genomic regions of interest. Here, we report the development of a new target enrichment technology that is highly differentiated from other approaches currently in use. Our method, MESA (Microfluidic droplet Enrichment for Sequence Analysis), isolates genomic DNA fragments in microfluidic droplets and performs TaqMan PCR reactions to identify droplets containing a desired target sequence. The TaqMan positive droplets are subsequently recovered via dielectrophoretic sorting, and the TaqMan amplicons are removed enzymatically prior to sequencing. We demonstrated the utility of this approach by generating an average 31.6-fold sequence enrichment across 250 kb of targeted genomic DNA from five unique genomic loci. Significantly, this enrichment enabled a more comprehensive identification of genetic polymorphisms within the targeted loci. MESA requires low amounts of input DNA, minimal prior locus sequence information and enriches the target region without PCR bias or artifacts. These features make it well suited for the study of genetic variation in a number of research and diagnostic applications.
[The rapid analysis of functional components of P. Lobata by near infrared spectrum]. (2002)

The functional components of P. Lobata were analyzed rapidly by near infrared (NIR) spectral technology. The optimum conditions of mathematics model of three components (total isoflavones, puerarin, daidzin) were studied, including the sample set selection, chemical value analysis, the detection methods and conditions. The analytical results demonstrated that the correlation between the chemical value (true value) of the three components of sample set and the NIR predicated value is 0.975, 0.984, 0.996, respectively. The correlation between the chemical value of the testing sample set and the NIR predicated value is 0.982, 0.975 and 0.981, respectively. It proved that the mathematical model that we established can be used in practice.