gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Beyond digital forensics. A cloud computing perspective over incident response and reporting (2013)

Cloud computing represents a different paradigm in distributed computing that involves more and more researchers. In this context, we can see that there is a need for knowing where and when a certain data is processed or stored. Compared with classic digital forensic, the field of cloud forensic poses a lot of difficulties since data is not stored on a single storage unit and furthermore it involves the use of virtualization technologies. In this paper we will present in detail a new and novel way of monitoring user activity in cloud environments using a secure cloud forensic framework. We talk about the architecture of such framework and we emphasize the way in which our research can be applied on top of new or existing cloud infrastructures. Also, for testing purposes, we have applied our findings over our previous developed cloud computing framework.
Preneoplastic and neoplastic progression during hepatocarcinogenesis in mice injected with diethylnitrosamine in infancy. (1983)

Basophilic hepatic foci, nodules, and trabecular hepatocellular carcinomas, collectively referred to as focal hepatic lesions, were induced by single injections of 5.0 micrograms of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) per gram body weight in 15-day-old C57BL/6J X C3HeB/FeJ F1 (B6C3 F1) mice. Groups of eight experimental and eight control mice were killed at 3 days and at 1, 2, 4, 10, 20, 28, 36 and 41 weeks after injection. The only observable acute hepatic toxic effect of DEN, a mild steatosis, was noted at 3 days, but this had disappeared by 7 days following injection. Basophilic foci, composed entirely of altered hepatocytes, were first noted, when very small, at 10 weeks. At later times, some of the foci also contained small collections of proliferated ductules, apparently a result of secondary ingrowth from nearby interlobular bile ducts. The hepatocytes within basophilic foci were characterized by their abundant cytoplasmic RNA, a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio (two times greater than normal), which gave them a "crowded appearance," and decreased glucose-6-phosphatase activity. During the course of the study, basophilic foci appeared to increase in size and number. Cytologic anaplasia also became more evident, ultimately culminating in the development of typical trabecular hepatocellular carcinomas by 44 weeks. Invasion of hepatic veins by basophilic foci, first noted at 10 weeks, was prominent by 20 weeks and indicated that many of the lesions manifested this characteristic of malignancy well in advance of the anaplastic features that are also diagnostic of hepatocellular carcinoma. The high growth rates of basophilic foci were confirmed by their greatly increased 3H-thymidine labeling indices, which were 20 times greater than background hepatocytes at 20 weeks following DEN injection. Tumor progression during the course of the study was also suggested by a doubling of labeling indices of hepatocytes in the basophilic foci between 20 to 28 weeks. (The term tumor progression is used in a broad biological sense to encompass any or all of the qualitative and quantitative changes describing the stepwise development of initiated cells to highly malignant neoplasms. This definition differs from the more clinical usage which restricts the process to qualitative changes during the late stages in the development of fully autonomous neoplasms.) An analysis of the number and size of transections through basophilic foci and in some cases, actual reconstructions of the foci from serial sections, indicated that, in aggregate, they grew exponentially between 10 to 36 weeks, with a volume doubling time of 2.5 weeks. The combined morphologic and kinetic data support the view that trabecular hepatocellular carcinomas develop from basophilic foci. Because of their ease of quantitation on conventional H&E stained sections, their rather uniformly spherical shapes, and the high probability of their clonal origin, the induced focal hepatic lesions should provide a useful model for studying tumor growth kinetics during carcinogenesis.
Hedgehog organises the pattern and polarity of epidermal cells in the Drosophila abdomen (1997)

The abdomen of adult Drosophila, like that of other insects, is formed by a continuous epithelium spanning several segments. Each segment is subdivided into an anterior (A) and posterior (P) compartment, distinguished by activity of the selector gene engrailed (en) in P but not A compartment cells. Here we provide evidence that Hedgehog (Hh), a protein secreted by P compartment cells, spreads into each A compartment across the anterior and the posterior boundaries to form opposing concentration gradients that organize cell pattern and polarity. We find that anteriorly and posteriorly situated cells within the A compartment respond in distinct ways to Hh: they express different combinations of genes and form different cell types. They also form polarised structures that, in the anterior part, point down the Hh gradient and, in the posterior part, point up the gradient - therefore all structures point posteriorly. Finally, we show that ectopic Hh can induce cells in the middle of each A compartment to activate en. Where this happens, A compartment cells are transformed into an ectopic P compartment and reorganise pattern and polarity both within and around the transformed tissue. Many of these results are unexpected and lead us to reassess the role of gradients and compartments in patterning insect segments.
Variability and Classification Accuracy of Serial High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Measurements in Healthy Adults (2001)

hs-CRP has a degree of measurement stability that is similar to that of total cholesterol.
U1-snRNP-A protein selects a ten nucleotide consensus sequence from a degenerate RNA pool presented in various structural contexts (1991)

The U1snRNP-A (U1-A) protein was used to select specific RNA sequences from a degenerate pool of transcripts using direct RNA binding and polymerase chain reaction amplification (PCR). Sequences were randomized in loops of 10 or 13 nucleotides or as a linear stretch of 25 nucleotides. From all three structural contexts, an unpaired ten nucleotide consensus sequence was obtained. A selected stem-loop structure that resembled the natural U1-A protein binding site on loop II of U1 RNA demonstrated the highest affinity of binding in comparison with the other structural contexts. A data profile of selected sequences identified U1 RNA upon searching the GenBank database. Thus, this method was useful in determining the sequence specificity of an RNA binding protein and may complement the use of phylogenetic comparisons to predict conserved recognition elements. These findings also suggest that the evolutionary conservation of loop II of U1 RNA results from constraints imposed by protein binding.
Lower Motor and Primary Sensory Neuron Diseases With Peroneal Muscular Atrophy (1968)

THE companion paper<sup>1</sup>on this topic considered the inherited hypertrophic neuropathies in which peroneal muscle weakness and atrophy is prominent. In those disorders, a symmetric neurogenic weakness and atrophy is an early and prominent feature, conduction velocities of peripheral nerves are markedly reduced, and histologic studies reveal abnormalities of Schwann cells and of myelinization. This paper considers cases of neuronal degeneration in which peroneal muscle weakness and atrophy is prominent. In this group of cases, conduction velocities of nerves are either normal or slightly low and nerve biopsies show no evidence of segmental demyelinization or hypertrophy of nerve. In some of these cases there is probably selective degeneration of anterior horn and dorsal root ganglion cells with degeneration of axons; in other cases the site of degeneration of the neuron is less well understood—a metabolic disorder of the neuron may be the cause of degeneration of nerve terminals
Microfluidic Arrays of Fluid−Fluid Diffusional Contacts as Detection Elements and Combinatorial Tools (2001)

This paper describes microfluidic systems that can be used to investigate multiple chemical or biochemical interactions in a parallel format. These three-dimensional systems are generated by crossing two sets of microfluidic channels, fabricated in two different layers, at right angles. Solutions of the reagents are placed in the channels; in different modes of operation, these solutions can be either flowing or stationary-the latter is important when one set of channels is filled with viscous gels with immobilized reagents. At every crossing, the channels are separated either by a single membrane or by a composite separator comprising a membrane, a microwell, and a second membrane. These components allow diffusive mass transport and minimize convective transport through the crossing. Polycarbonate membranes with 0.1-1-microm vertical pores were used to fabricate the devices. Each crossing of parallel channels serves as an element in which chemical or biochemical interactions can take place; interactions can be detected by monitoring changes in fluorescence and absorbance. These all-organic systems are straightforward to fabricate and to operate and may find applications as portable microanalytical systems and as tools in combinatorial research.
Ideology and the Economic Social Contract in a Downsizing Environment (1999)

Abstract: By combining normative philosophy and empirical social science, we craft a research framework for assessing differential expectations embodied in normative conceptions of the economic social contract in the United States. We argue that there are distinct views of such a contract grounded in individualist and communitarian philosophical ideologies. We apply this framework to organizational downsizing, postulating that certain human resource practices, in combination with the respective ideological orientations, will affect perceptions of the justice of downsizing policies.
Toll4 (TLR4) expression in cardiac myocytes in normal and failing myocardium (1999)

Expression of innate immune response proteins, including IL-1beta, TNF, and the cytokine-inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), have been documented in the hearts of humans and experimental animals with heart failure regardless of etiology, although the proximal events leading to their expression are unknown. Noting that expression of a human homologue of Drosophila Toll, a proximal innate immunity transmembrane signaling protein in the fly, now termed human Toll-like receptor 4 (hTLR4), appeared to be relatively high in the heart, we examined TLR4 mRNA and protein abundance in isolated cellular constituents of cardiac muscle and in normal and abnormal murine, rat, and human myocardium. TLR4 expression levels in cardiac myocytes and in coronary microvascular endothelial cells could be enhanced by either LPS or IL-1beta, an effect inhibited by the oxygen radical scavenger PDTC. Transfection of a constitutively active TLR4 construct, CD4/hTLR4, resulted in activation of a nuclear factor-kappaB reporter construct, but not of an AP-1 or an iNOS reporter construct, in cardiac myocytes. In normal murine, rat, and human myocardium, TLR4 expression was diffuse, and presumably cytoplasmic, in cardiac myocytes. However, in remodeling murine myocardium remote from sites of ischemic injury and in heart tissue from patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, focal areas of intense TLR4 staining were observed in juxtaposed regions of 2 or more adjacent myocytes; this staining was not observed in control myocardium. Increased expression and signaling by TLR4, and perhaps other Toll homologues, may contribute to the activation of innate immunity in injured myocardium.
Molecular Analysis of a Bifunctional Fatty Acid Conjugase/Desaturase from Tung. Implications for the Evolution of Plant Fatty Acid Diversity (2002)

The seed oil derived from the tung (Aleurites fordii Hemsl.) tree contains approximately 80% alpha-eleostearic acid (18:3delta(9cis,11trans,13trans)), an unusual conjugated fatty acid that imparts industrially important drying qualities to tung oil. Here, we describe the cloning and functional analysis of two closely related Delta(12) oleate desaturase-like enzymes that constitute consecutive steps in the biosynthetic pathway of eleostearic acid. Polymerase chain reaction screening of a tung seed cDNA library using degenerate oligonucleotide primers resulted in identification of two desaturases, FAD2 and FADX, that shared 73% amino acid identity. Both enzymes were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Bright-Yellow 2) cells, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed that FADX was expressed exclusively within developing tung seeds. Expression of the cDNAs encoding these enzymes in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) revealed that FAD2 converted oleic acid (18:1delta(9cis)) into linoleic acid (18:2delta(9cis,12cis)) and that FADX converted linoleic acid into alpha-eleostearic acid. Additional characterization revealed that FADX exhibited remarkable enzymatic plasticity, capable of generating a variety of alternative conjugated and delta(12)-desaturated fatty acid products in yeast cells cultured in the presence of exogenously supplied fatty acid substrates. Unlike other desaturases reported to date, the double bond introduced by FADX during fatty acid desaturation was in the trans, rather than cis, configuration. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that tung FADX is grouped with delta(12) fatty acid desaturases and hydroxylases rather than conjugases, which is consistent with its desaturase activity. Comparison of FADX and other lipid-modifying enzymes (desaturase, hydroxylase, epoxygenase, acetylenase, and conjugase) revealed several amino acid positions near the active site that may be important determinants of enzymatic activity.
Receptor-mediated Modulation of Human Monocyte, Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, and Platelet Function by Phorbol Diesters (1982)

The tumor promoting phorbol diesters elicit a variety of responses from normal and leukemic blood cells in vitro by apparently interacting with cellular receptors. The biologically active ligand [20-(3)H] phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate ([(3)H]PDBu) bound specifically to intact human lymphocytes, monocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), and platelets, but not to erythrocytes. Binding, which was comparable for all four blood cell types, occurred rapidly at 23 degrees and 37 degrees C, reaching a maximum by 20-30 min usually followed by a 30-40% decrease in cell associated radioactivity over the next 30-60 min. The time course for binding was temperature dependent with equilibrium binding occurring after 120-150 min at 4 degrees C, with no subsequent loss of cell-associated radioactivity at this temperature. Bound [(3)H]PDBu could be eluted by addition of unlabeled PDBu. Scatchard analysis of data from 4 degrees C binding studies revealed linear plots with high affinity receptors in these cell types with dissociation constants and receptors per cell of 60 nM and 7.8 x 10(5)/cell for lymphocytes, 51 nM and 15.5 x 10(5)/cell for monocytes, 38 nM and 4.0 x 10(5)/cell for PMN, and 19 nM and 2.9 x 10(4)/cell for platelets. Structure-activity studies using unlabeled phorbol-related compounds demonstrated a close correlation between their abilities to inhibit binding of [(3)H]PDBu to cells and their abilities to induce cellular responses (monocyte and PMN H(2)O(2) secretion, lymphocyte (3)HTdR incorporation, and platelet tritiated serotonin release); phorbol and 4-alpha phorbol were inactive while phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), PDBu, mezerein, and phorbol 12,13-diacetate (in decreasing order of potency) inhibited [(3)H]PDBu binding and elicited the various responses. Thus, these high affinity, specific receptors for the phorbol diesters, present on monocytes, lymphocytes, PMN, and platelets, mediate the pleiotypic effects induced by these ligands.
Potential Z-DNA elements surround the breakpoints of chromosome translocation within the 5' flanking region of bcl-2 gene. (1990)

In follicular lymphoma the majority of t(14;18) chromosome translocations occur at the 3' region of the bcl-2 gene and are juxtaposed to the J region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene. Direct involvement of the putative V-(D)-J recombinase in the translocation has been proposed, since the hot spot region of the breakpoints on chromosome 18 possesses the 7/9 signal-like sequence. The 5' flanking region of bcl-2 gene is another hot spot of the translocations which are preferentially associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The translocation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia results in the juxtaposition of the bcl-2 gene to various regions on the immunoglobulin light chain loci. No association of a 7/9 signal sequence and the heterogeneity of the breakpoints within the bcl-2 and IgL loci suggest that the translocations occurring at the 5'-flanking region of the bcl-2 gene might be mediated by a different mechanism from that of the t(14;18) translocation. Here we demonstrate that the breakpoints at the 5' flanking region of bcl-2 gene are surrounded by multiple alternating purine-pyrimidine elements (potential Z-DNA). The antibodies specific to Z-DNA showed that the regions containing the alternating purine-pyrimidine elements were confined to the 5' hot spot region. The data suggest that Z-DNA formation may be involved in chromosome translocations at the 5' flanking region of bcl-2 gene.
Reverse Pharmacognosy: Application of Selnergy, a New Tool for Lead Discovery. The Example of &#949;-Viniferin (2005)

The aim of reverse pharmacognosy is to find new biological targets for natural compounds by virtual or real screening and identify natural resources that contain the active molecules. To demonstrate the applicability of this concept, we report here a study on epsilon-viniferin, an active ingredient for cosmetic development. Nevertheless, this natural substance is weakly defined in terms of biological properties. SELNERGY, an inverse docking computer software, was used to identify putative binding biological targets for epsilon-viniferin. Among the 400 screened proteins two targets were retained. For cosmetic application, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) was the most interesting candidate. Moreover, other PDE subtypes (1, 2, 3, 5 and 6) were not retained, indicating a selectivity for PDE4. The experimental binding tests on the 6 subtypes of PDE revealed a significant selectivity of epsilon-viniferin for the PDE4 subtype. This selectivity was confirmed by evaluation of epsilon-viniferin on the secretion of TNF-alpha and Interleukin-8. Our data demonstrated that epsilon-viniferin possesses anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting PDE4 subtype. In conclusion, reverse pharmacognosy and its inverse docking component cannot only be integrated into a program for new lead discovery but is also a useful approach to find new applications for identified compounds.
Laser surface modification of plasma sprayed yttria stabilised zirconia coatings on type 316L stainless steel (2008)

Plasma sprayed yttria stabilised zirconia/NiCrAlY thermal barrier coatings proposed for molten LiCl–KCl salt environments contain pores and microcracks that may cause corrosion of the substrate on prolonged exposure. In the present work the as sprayed samples were laser remelted with various scan speeds of 1, 2·5 and 5 mm s −1 to reduce the segmented cracks. Microstructural inhomogeneities like pores and voids have been eliminated on laser remelting, however, segmented cracks were formed irrespective of scan speed. Distinct interface separating fine and coarse grains were observed at all scan speeds. The microhardness of the glazed surface improved and surface roughness was reduced. The beneficial non-transformable tetragonal phase was formed after laser remelting while the as sprayed coating consisted of insignificant monoclinic phase. An attempt was made to seal the pores of the zirconia coating by applying ZrO 2 and ZrO 2 + SiO 2 powder.
Haploid Genetic Screens in Human Cells Identify Host Factors Used by Pathogens (2009)

Loss-of-function genetic screens in model organisms have elucidated numerous biological processes, but the diploid genome of mammalian cells has precluded large-scale gene disruption. We used insertional mutagenesis to develop a screening method to generate null alleles in a human cell line haploid for all chromosomes except chromosome 8. Using this approach, we identified host factors essential for infection with influenza and genes encoding important elements of the biosynthetic pathway of diphthamide, which are required for the cytotoxic effects of diphtheria toxin and exotoxin A. We also identified genes needed for the action of cytolethal distending toxin, including a cell-surface protein that interacts with the toxin. This approach has both conceptual and practical parallels with genetic approaches in haploid yeast.
Phase-change materials handbook (1971)

This handbook is intended to provide theory and data needed by the thermal design engineer to bridge the gap between research achievements and actual flight systems, within the limits of the current state of the art of phase change materials (PCM) technology. The relationship between PCM and more conventional thermal control techniques is described and numerous space and terrestrial applications of PCM are discussed. Material properties of the most promising PCMs are provided; the purposes and use of metallic filler materials in PCM composites are presented; and material compatibility considerations relevant to PCM design are included. The engineering considerations of PCM design are described, especially those pertaining to the thermodynamic and heat transfer phenomena peculiar to PCM design. Methods of obtaining data not currently available are presented. The special problems encountered in the space environment are described. Computational tools useful to the designer are discussed. In summary, each aspect of the PCM problem important to the design engineer is covered to the extent allowed by the scope of this effort and the state of the art.
Differentiation of Mouse Thymocytes in Fetal Thymus Organ Culture (2003)

Most T cells develop in the thymus. Thymic development of T cells offers an excellent experimental system to pursue many issues of developmental biology, including 1. lineage decisions, e.g., CD4+ T cells vs CD8+ T cells, and TCR-αβ+ T cells vs TCR-γδ+ T cells, 2. clonal selection, e.g., positive selection of useful T-cell clones and negative selection of harmful T-cell clones, and 3. cell migration, e.g., entry into and emigration from the thymus.
Structure elucidation of a spirostanol glycoside from Asparagus officinalis fruits by concerted use of two‐dimensional NMR techniques (1988)

Abstract Complete 13 C and 1 H assignments for the oligosaccharide segment of a novel spirostanol glycoside were derived, and structural proof obtained, using a combination of DEPT, heteronuclear chemical shift correlation, homonuclear relayed coherence transfer, absolute value COSY, phase‐sensitive double quantum filtered COSY, NOESY, INEPT and proton‐detected long‐range heteronuclear shift correlation via multiple quantum coherence.