gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical Assessment of the Glial Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in Glaucoma (2003)

These findings provide evidence that retinal glial cells undergo activation in the glaucomatous human retina. A prominent and persistent activation of ERK in activated glial cells suggests that this signaling pathway is probably associated with the induction and/or maintenance of the activated glial phenotype in glaucoma. Because MAPKs are involved in determination of ultimate cell fate, their differential activity in neuronal and activated glial cells in the glaucomatous retina may be associated, in part, with the differential susceptibility of these cell types to glaucomatous injury.
Studies on a Dithiane-Protected Benzoin Photolabile Safety Catch Linker for Solid-Phase Synthesis (1999)

Substituted benzoinyl systems 8a-g, differing either in the substitution pattern, type of resin matrix used, or resin loading capacity, were prepared and the kinetics of their photolytic cleavage of Fmoc-beta-alanine examined on resin. The linker systems 6a-g were assembled in near-quantitative yield using Corey-Seebach dithiane addition. The dithiane group that serves as a safety catch against premature photoreaction was removed by either oxidation or alkylation. Analytical methods that include FTIR and (13)C gel-phase NMR spectroscopy were used for rapid reaction monitoring and sample characterization on resin. A survey of different substituted systems 8c-f for releasing Fmoc-beta-alanine confirmed that the 3-alkoxybenzoin linker photocleaves most rapidly to give the highest yield (tau(1/2) = 6.7 min; 98% yield). Lowering the resin loading from 0.59 mmol/g in 8a to 0.26 mmol/g in 8b improved the cleavage kinetics to tau(1/2) = 2.6 min, 92% yield. Tentagel resin 8g exhibits similar photocleavage kinetics in both organic and aqueous media and when compared to the polystyrene counterpart, 8a. The 3-alkoxybenzoin linker 6a was also loaded with aryl carboxylic acids (12h,i) and hindered Fmoc-protected amino acids (12j-l) with varying degrees of success (57-100%) and dithiane deprotected (70-80%, 13h-l) followed by photocleavage with comparable efficiencies (89-93% after 60 min).
The aba mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana is impaired in epoxy-carotenoid biosynthesis. (1991)

The three mutant alleles of the ABA locus of Arabidopsis thaliana result in plants that are deficient in the plant growth regulator abscisic acid (ABA). We have used 18O2 to label ABA in water-stressed leaves of mutant and wild-type Arabidopsis. Analysis by selected ion monitoring and tandem mass spectrometry of [18O]ABA and its catabolites, phaseic acid and ABA-glucose ester (beta-D-glucopyranosyl abscisate), indicates that the aba genotypes are impaired in ABA biosynthesis and have a small ABA precursor pool of compounds that contain oxygens on the ring, presumably oxygenated carotenoids (xanthophylls). Quantitation of the carotenoids from mutant and wild-type leaves establishes that the aba alleles cause a deficiency of the epoxy-carotenoids violaxanthin and neoxanthin and an accumulation of their biosynthetic precursor, zeaxanthin. These results provide evidence that ABA is synthesized by oxidative cleavage of epoxy-carotenoids (the "indirect pathway"). Furthermore the carotenoid mutant we describe undergoes normal greening. Thus the aba alleles provide an opportunity to study the physiological roles of epoxy-carotenoids in photosynthesis in a higher plant.
Pentafluorobenzylation of O4-ethylthymidine and analogs by phase-transfer catalysis for determination by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPentafluorobenzylation of O4-ethylthymidine and analogs by phase-transfer catalysis for determination by gas chromatography with electron capture detectionJeanette. Adams, Mordechai. David, and Roger W. GieseCite this: Anal. Chem. 1986, 58, 2, 345–348Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00293a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00293a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views105Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Posture-related Overdrainage: Comparison of the Performance of 10 Hydrocephalus Shunts in Vitro (1998)

Shunts without mechanisms preventing very low intracranial pressure in vertical body positions should be identified and avoided for patients likely to develop complications related to cerebrospinal fluid overdrainage.
Monochromatic aberrations of the model eye (1987)

The young mature eye model with a gradient-index crystalline lens can easily be scaled to examine its properties at various levels of accommodation. We examined this model with both spherical and aspherical lens surfaces for spherical aberration and astigmatism at various accommodative levels. The results are compared with those of the other eye models and clinical experimental results. Good agreement with the clinical results has been obtained.
DIRECT ENZYMATIC CONVERSION OF LACTOSE TO ACID: GLUCOSE OXIDASE AND HEXOSE OXIDASE (1972)

The conversion of lactose directly to an acid by glucose oxidase and hexose oxidase as a method of milk acidification was studied. Under the appropriate conditions, both enzymes demonstrated the capability to catalyze the conversion of sugar in milk to an acid, producing coagulation. A uniform distribution of oxygen under quiescent conditions was essential for the reaction and could be accomplished with the addition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of catalase. Commercial samples of glucose oxidase caused a gradual decrease in pH of skim milk containing added glucose or lactase, (beta‐galactosidase). Hexose oxidase, which can react with galactose and lactose as well as glucose, produced acid at a very slow rate in skim milk alone. When lactase was incorporated into the milk, the rate of reaction increased significantly.
Motility of Catalytic Nanoparticles through Self‐Generated Forces (2005)

Small-scale synthetic motors capable of generating their own motive forces by exploiting the chemical free energy of their environment represent an important step in developing practical nanomachines. Catalytic particles are capable of generating concentration and other gradients that can be used to self-propel small objects. However, the autonomous movement of catalytic nanoparticles by self-generated forces is a relatively unexplored area in colloid and interfacial chemistry. This paper explores the potential of catalytically self-generated forces for propulsion of small objects through fluids.
Ultrasonic force microscopy for nanometer resolution subsurface imaging (1994)

We present a novel method for nanometer resolution subsurface imaging. When a sample of atomic force microscope (AFM) is vertically vibrated at ultrasonic frequencies much higher than the cantilever resonance, the tip cannot vibrate but it is cyclically indented into the sample. By modulating the amplitude of ultrasonic vibration, subsurface features are imaged from the cantilever deflection vibration at the modulation frequency. By adding low-frequency lateral vibration to the ultrasonic vibration, subsurface features with different shear rigidity are imaged from the torsional vibration of cantilever. Thus controlling the direction of vibration forces, we can discriminate subsurface features of different elastic properties.
Inversion of shallow-seismic wavefields: I. Wavefield transformation (2003)

I calculate Fourier-Bessel expansion coefficients for recorded shallow-seismic wavefields using a discrete approximation to the Bessel transformation. This is the first stage of a fullwavefield inversion. The transform is a complete representation of the data, recorded waveforms can be reconstructed from the expansion coefficients obtained. In a second stage (described in a companion paper) I infer a 1-D model of the subsurface from these transforms and P-wave arrival times by fitting them with their synthetic counterpart. The whole procedure avoids dealing with dispersion in terms of normal modes, but exploits the full signal-content, including the dispersion of higher modes, leaky modes and their true amplitudes. It is robust even in the absence of a priori information. I successfully apply it to the near field of the source. And it is more efficient than direct inversion of seismograms. I have developed this new approach because the inversion of shallow-seismic Rayleigh waves suffers from the interference of multiple modes that are present in the majority of our field data sets. Since even the fundamental-mode signal cannot be isolated in the time domain, conventional phase-difference techniques are not applicable.
Amygdala protein kinase C epsilon regulates corticotropin‐releasing factor and anxiety‐like behavior (2007)

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), its receptors, and signaling pathways that regulate CRF expression and responses are areas of intense investigation for new drugs to treat affective disorders. Here, we report that protein kinase C epsilon (PKCepsilon) null mutant mice, which show reduced anxiety-like behavior, have reduced levels of CRF messenger RNA and peptide in the amygdala. In primary amygdala neurons, a selective PKCepsilon activator, psiepsilonRACK, increased levels of pro-CRF, whereas reducing PKCepsilon levels through RNA interference blocked phorbol ester-stimulated increases in CRF. Local knockdown of amygdala PKCepsilon by RNA interference reduced anxiety-like behavior in wild-type mice. Furthermore, local infusion of CRF into the amygdala of PKCepsilon(-/-) mice increased their anxiety-like behavior. These results are consistent with a novel mechanism of PKCepsilon control over anxiety-like behavior through regulation of CRF in the amygdala.
Multiparametric analysis of immature cell populations in umbilical cord blood and bone marrow (2003)

Adult stem cells are finding increased therapeutic potential not least in tissue regeneration protocols. The cell sources being proposed for such protocols include embryonic, umbilical cord blood (CB) and adult bone marrow (BM). Although embryonic sources are controversial, CB and marrow are available immediately. The appropriate cells of use in these sources are considered to be extremely rare and a characterisation of the starting cell source is important for the development of adult stem cell protocols and ex vivo expansion. Umbilical CB and BM mononuclear cells were labelled for the antigens CD34, CD133, CD117, CD164, Thy-1 or CD38, and additional intracellular CD34 antigen. Three dimensional flow-cytometric analyses were carried out together with dual laser confocal microscope analysis for antigen profile expression. Variable levels of immaturity were detected on CB and BM populations using internal and external CD34 antigen. For CB and BM cells, internal CD34 (intCD34+) could be detected on co-expressing CD133+ cells before expression of external CD34 antigen (extCD34+). CD38 co-expression analysis also showed that a small but distinct group of cells expressing low CD38 and no external CD34 antigen could be detected. Additional phenotyping of these cells using CD117, Thy-1, CD164 and CD133 demonstrated variable primitive status detectable within the external CD34- population. Newly harvested primary CB and BM populations were shown to contain not only cellular populations of known standard sequential maturity but also populations of more extreme rarity. The presence of cells which lacked extracellular CD34 antigen, in both CB and BM, but which possessed CD133, has important implications for purification of human stem cells in clinical applications.
Biochemical Mechanisms of Constitutive and Regulated Pre-mRNA Splicing (1991)

INTRODUCTION 560 SPLICING PATHWAy 560 THE PARADIGM: AUTOCATALYTIC SPLICING OF GROUP II INTRONS 560 SPLICEOSOME ASSEMBLY PATHWAY 561 The Vi snRNP-Binding Reaction ...... . ... . 563 The U2 snRNP-Binding Reaction 563 Entry of U4/U5/U6 snRNPs 565 Destabilization of V4 snRNA 565 THE SPLICING PROCESS 566 First Step and Catalysis 566 Second Step 566 mRNA Release, Spliceosome Disassembly, and Intron Degradation 567 U snRNPs 568 Sm-Binding Site , . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 Cap Structure , . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 snRN P Assembly 569 Structure-Function Analysis of Spliceosomal sRNAs 569 Higher Order snRNP-snRNP Interactions 574 NON-snRNP SPLICING FACTORS 574 Mammalian Factors , . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 Yeast Factors .. .... .. . .. .. 578 Protein Motifs in Splicing Factors 579 SELECTION OF SPLICE SITES 580 Splice Site Selection: A Hierarchy of Competition 581 Other Models 581
Synthesis of Indoles through Palladium-Catalyzed Three-Component Reaction of Aryl Iodides, Alkynes, and Diaziridinone (2018)

The three-component reaction of aryl iodides, alkynes, and diaziridinone is described. The reaction provides an innovative synthetic approach for indoles. The approach features high efficiency, broad substrate scope, and excellent regioselectivity. C, C-Palladacycles should act as the intermediates. The C, C-palladacycles are obtained from simple aryl halides and alkynes and then reacted with diaziridinone to afford indoles.
Ground radiation antenna for mobile devices (2017)

This paper gives a comprehensive review on ground radiation antennas. Ground radiation antennas are developed to achieve miniaturization and performance enhancement for mobile antennas. The operation concept is demonstrated first, and various techniques including wideband, multiband, high-sensitivity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and circular polarization are then introduced. Some commercial examples are also listed to demonstrate the feasibility in mobile applications.
FcγRIIa polymorphism in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): no association with disease (1996)

An allotypic variant of Fc gamma RIIa, Fc gamma RIIa-HR (Fc gamma RIIa-R131), has been shown in vitro to reduce the capacity of phagocytic cells to bind and internalize IgG-containing immune complexes. Our aim was to determine whether this allotypic variant was associated with susceptibility to SLE and the development of lupus nephritis, as previous studies have suggested. Fc gamma RIIA genotype analysis was performed by amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) in 215 Caucasoid, 70 Afro-Caribbean, and 46 Chinese patients with SLE, and in 259,77 and 49 ethnically matched controls, respectively. Distribution of Fc gamma RIIa genotypes between the patients and ethnically matched controls was not significantly different in the three populations studied. No association between the Fc gamma RIIa-HR allotype and nephritis was found. Our results suggest that the Fc gamma RIIa-HR allotype is not a major factor predisposing to the development of SLE, or to lupus nephritis.
Natural killer cells activated in a human mixed lymphocyte response culture identified by expression of Leu-11 and class II histocompatibility antigens. (1984)

Lymphoid cells with natural killer (NK)-like function, morphology, and antigenic phenotype have been identified in a mixed lymphocyte culture generated by co-culture of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with an allogeneic human B lymphoblastoid cell line CCRF-SB. The majority of these mixed lymphocyte (MLR)-response activated NK cells express the Leu-11 surface antigen, but do not express certain T cell-associated antigens (Leu-1, Leu-3, and Leu-4) or the mature monocyte specific antigen, Leu-M3. Unlike most freshly isolated Leu-11+ human NK cells, the MLR-activated Leu-11+ cells expressed class II major histocompatibility antigens, DR and DC. Concomitant with expression of class II gene products, the Leu-11+,DR+ NK cells demonstrate enhanced cytotoxicity against the NK-sensitive tumor cell line K562. The presence of mitotic cells in the Leu-11+,DR+ population and the acquisition of increased levels of transferrin receptor on the cell surface were further indicators of activation of these cells. The direct precursors of the MLR-activated Leu-11+,DR+ cell were Leu-11+ cells that lacked expression of another NK-associated antigen Leu-7, i.e., Leu-7-,11+. These studies provided a definitive identification of the "NK-like" cell in MLR cultures and thus allow quantitation and isolation of these cells for further study.
Strategy and Its Implications of Protein Bioanalysis Utilizing High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Detection of Intact Protein (2011)

Currently, mass spectrometry-based protein bioanalysis is primarily achieved through monitoring the representative peptide(s) resulting from analyte protein digestion. However, this approach is often incapable of differentiating the measurement of protein analyte from its post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or potential biotransformation (BTX) products. This disadvantage can be overcome by direct measurement of the intact protein analytes. Selected reaction monitoring (SRM) on triple quadrupole mass spectrometers has been used for the direct measurement of intact protein. However, the fragmentation efficiency though the SRM process could be limited in many cases, especially for high molecular weight proteins. In this study, we present a new strategy of intact protein bioanalysis by high-resolution (HR) full scan mass spectrometry using human lysozyme as a model protein. An HR linear ion-trap/Orbitrap mass spectrometer was used for detection. A composite of isotopic peaks from one or multiple charge states can be isolated from the background and used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The acquired data were processed by summing extracted ion chromatograms (EIC) of the 10 most intense isotopic ions of octuply protonated lysozyme. Quantitation of the plasma lysozyme was conducted by utilizing high resolving power and an EIC window fitting to the protein molecular weight. An assay with a linear dynamic range from 0.5 to 500 μg/mL was developed with good accuracy and precision. The assay was successfully employed for monitoring the level of endogenous lysozyme and a potential PTM in human plasma. The current instrumentation limitations and potential advantages of this approach for the bioanalysis of large proteins are discussed.
Retroviral protease-like gene in the vaccinia virus genome. (1989)

The retroviral protease-encoding region, PR, situated between the gag and pol genes, underwent gene duplication in the lineage now represented by simian retrovirus type 1; the sequence of the duplicated segment has diverged considerably from the present PR sequence [Power, M.D., Marx, P.A., Bryant, M.L., Gardner, M.B., Barr, P.J. & Luciw, P.A. (1986) Science 231, 1567-1572]. The PR-like duplicated gene segment was at some point translocated to a new site within the pol gene of a lentivirus (subsequent to the divergence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1), where it has been maintained. We have identified in the vaccinia virus genome a sequence that is homologous to the PR-like duplicated gene segment of both types of retrovirus in an open reading frame whose product is predicted to be a 16.2-kDa protein. The vaccinia PR-like gene is located in the HindIII F fragment, and its product displays 31-34% amino acid identity to the two types of retroviral duplicated protease sequences over a region encompassing 125 amino acid residues. Sequences flanking the vaccinia gene showed no significant homology at either the DNA or amino acid level to the retroviruses. Nuclease S1 and primer extension analyses determined that the vaccinia gene is transcribed early in infection.
Independent Spontaneous Mitochondrial Malate Dehydrogenase Null Mutants in Soybean are the Result of Deletions (2001)

The mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase-1 (Mdh1) gene of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] spontaneously mutates to a null phenotype at a relatively high rate. To determine the molecular basis for the instability of the Mdh1 gene, the gene was cloned and sequenced. The null phenotype correlated with the deletion of specific genomic restriction fragments that encode the Mdh1 gene. The composition of the Mdh1 gene and its environs were compared with those of the more stable MDH2 gene. Several possible causes of the observed instability were found, including duplications, repeats, and two regions with similarity to a soybean catalase. The most likely cause of instability, however, appeared to be a 1233 bp region with 58.9% identity to the Cyclops retrotransposons. Translation of a 714 bp segment of this region produced a peptide composed of 238 amino acid residues that showed 35-40% identity and 55-60% similarity to several putative Cyclops gag-pol proteins (group-specific antigen polyprotein). This short peptide also contained a segment that corresponded to the protease active site of the gag-pol protein. Thus in an appropriate genetic background, a retrotransposon, whether whole or fractured, could promote genetic rearrangements.
Troponin I is present in human cartilage and inhibits angiogenesis (1999)

Cartilage is an avascular and relatively tumor-resistant tissue. Work from a number of laboratories, including our own, has demonstrated that cartilage is an enriched source of endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis. In the course of a study designed to identify novel cartilage-derived inhibitors of new capillary growth, we have purified an inhibitory protein that was identified by peptide microsequencing and protein database analysis as troponin I (TnI). TnI is a subunit of the troponin complex (troponin-C and troponin-T being the other two), which, along with tropomyosin, is responsible for the calcium-dependent regulation of striated muscle contraction; independently, TnI is capable of inhibiting actomyosin ATPase. Because troponin has never previously been reported to be present in cartilage, we have cloned and expressed the cDNA of human cartilage TnI, purified this protein to apparent homogeneity, and demonstrated that it is a potent and specific inhibitor of angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro, as well as of tumor metastasis in vivo.