gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting microencapsulation of drugs in liposomes (1995)

Liposomes have been used as carriers for drugs, toxins, enzymes, proteins/peptides and other bioactive materials there are several liposomal formulations that are being investigated in preclinical and clinical trials. Achieving high encapsulation as well as retention of the encapsulated drug is very important in developing liposomes as drug carriers. A high drug-to-lipid ratio is likely to reduce the cost of formulations and also the risk of lipid-induced toxicity following their injection. Comparison of the encapsulation efficiency of the drug in liposomes with the therapeutic dose indicates whether, in principle, liposomes can be used as a delivery system for that drug. The optimization of the liposomal encapsulation of a drug is usually based on trial and error, rather than on a thorough investigation of the factors affecting it. To obtain optimum encapsulation of a drug into a liposomal preparation, parameters influencing both the liposome and the drug need to be carefully considered during the early stages of development. In this review, factors that affect encapsulation of drugs in liposomes such as liposome size and type, charge on the liposome surface, bilayer rigidity, method of preparation, remote loading, addition of ion pairing, and complexing agents and characteristics of the drug to be encapsulated are discussed.
Insertions within the hepatitis B virus capsid protein influence capsid formation and RNA encapsidation (1995)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid proteins, termed core proteins, with two- to four-amino-acid insertions were assessed for capsid formation, RNA encapsidation, and the ability to support reverse transcription of the pregenome by the polymerase molecule. Velocity sedimentation analysis of insect cell-expressed recombinant core proteins revealed that only two of the nine insertion mutant proteins formed capsids with the tight banding patterns of wild-type capsids. The remaining mutant core proteins were spread over the gradients, suggesting aggregate formation, or at the top of the gradients, suggesting lack of stable capsid formation. The mutant capsid proteins were coexpressed in Huh7 cells with an HBV genome lacking a functional core gene to test for trans complementation of HBV replication. Three of the mutant core proteins formed capsids containing HBV RNA, but only two of these contained reverse-transcribed HBV DNA. While the core protein has shown resiliency in capsid formation following insertion of foreign residues into the major B-cell epitope, several of the small insertions severely reduced the efficiency of capsid formation and inhibited capsid function.
Narrowband Interference Mitigation for Differential UWB Systems (2006)

Autocorrelation receiver (AcR) front-ends promise to provide a low-complexity, sub-optimal alternative to coherent reception for differentially modulated impulse radio (IR) ultra-wideband (UWB) signals (transmitted-reference (TR) systems). Due to the high processing gain of UWB-IR signals, these are normally quite robust against narrowband interference (NBI). Much of this robustness is unfortunately lost when the coherent receiver front-end is replaced by an AcR. In this paper, a data model for the NBI is derived for the non-linear AcR. Under conditions imposed by parameters of the UWB signal and parameters of the NBI signal, the data model will have the structure of a memoryless multi-input multi-output channel, which can be exploited in detection and NBI mitigation schemes. Performance results indicate that even a conventional threshold detector benefits from these signal properties, if the UWB signal is designed accordingly
Human β‐defensin 3 mediates tissue remodeling processes in articular cartilage by increasing levels of metalloproteinases and reducing levels of their endogenous inhibitors (2005)

These findings widen our knowledge of the functional spectrum of APs and demonstrate that HBD-3 is a multifunctional AP with the ability to link host defense mechanisms and inflammation with tissue-remodeling processes in articular cartilage. Moreover, our data suggest that HBD-3 is an additional factor in the pathogenesis of OA.
Protein Microarray On-Demand: A Novel Protein Microarray System (2008)

We describe a novel, simple and low-cost protein microarray strategy wherein the microarrays are generated by printing expression ready plasmid DNAs onto slides that can be converted into protein arrays on-demand. The printed expression plasmids serve dual purposes as they not only direct the synthesis of the protein of interest; they also serve to capture the newly synthesized proteins through a high affinity DNA-protein interaction. To accomplish this we have exploited the high-affinity binding (approximately 3-7 x 10 (-13) M) of E. coli Tus protein to Ter, a 20 bp DNA sequence involved in the regulation of E. coli DNA replication. In our system, each protein of interest is synthesized as a Tus fusion protein and each expression construct directing the protein synthesis contains embedded Ter DNA sequence. The embedded Ter sequence functions as a capture reagent for the newly synthesized Tus fusion protein. This "all DNA" microarray can be converted to a protein microarray on-demand without need for any additional capture reagent.
Percutaneous balloon dilatation of calcific aortic valve stenosis: anatomical and haemodynamic evaluation. (1988)

Two groups of elderly patients with calcified aortic stenosis were treated by balloon dilatation. In group 1, the valve was dilated just before surgical replacement of the valve. The valvar and annular changes occurring during dilatation were examined visually. In 20 of the 26 patients in this group there was no change. In the six remaining patients mobilisation of friable calcific deposits (1 case), slight tearing of the commissure (4 cases), or tearing of the aortic ring (1 case) were seen. Dilatation did not appear to alter valvar rigidity. In 14 patients (group 2) the haemodynamic gradient across the aortic valve was measured before and immediately after dilatation and one week after the procedure. Dilatation produced an immediate significant decrease of the aortic mean gradient and a significant increase of the aortic valve area. Eight days later the mean gradient had increased and the aortic valve area had decreased. Nevertheless there was a significant difference between the initial gradient and the gradient eight days after dilatation. The initial aortic valve area was also significantly larger than the area eight days after dilatation. The aortic valve gradient rose significantly in the eight days after dilatation and at follow up the gradients were those of severe aortic stenosis.
Design, Manufacture and Test of a Low-Cost Shaped-Beam Reflectarray Using a Single Layer of Varying-Sized Printed Dipoles (2013)

This paper presents the design, manufacture and test of a low-cost reflectarray antenna that provides a sectored-cosecant squared beam. The bandwidth limitation of single-layer reflectarrays is overcome by using three parallel dipoles in each cell. First, the relative length of the three dipoles is chosen to improve the element bandwidth. Then, the dipole dimensions are adjusted to generate a sectored beam in azimuth and cosecant squared in elevation. A prototype has been manufactured and tested. The measured radiation pattern has been compared with the results of approximate and full-wave numerical methods. The influence of the grounded substrate used to fix the antenna structure has also been investigated. Both experimental and simulation results demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed single-layer configuration to provide a shaped-beam on a 10% bandwidth and low losses. This antenna can be a low-cost alternative to multilayer configurations for communication and radar applications.
A nematode demographics assay in transgenic roots reveals no significant impacts of the Rhg1locus LRR-Kinase on soybean cyst nematode resistance (2010)

The nematode demographics assay can expedite testing of transgenic roots for SCN resistance. amiRNAs and the pSM103 vector that drives interchangeable amiRNA constructs through a soybean polyubiqutin promoter (Gmubi), with an intron-GFP marker for detection of transgenic roots, may have widespread use in legume biology. Studies in which expression of the Rhg1 locus LRR-kinase gene from different resistance sources was either reduced or complemented did not reveal significant impacts on SCN resistance.
Binding and cleavage of CRISPR RNA by Cas6 (2010)

The CRISPR-Cas system provides many prokaryotes with acquired resistance to viruses and other mobile genetic elements. The core components of this defense system are small, host-encoded prokaryotic silencing (psi)RNAs and Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins. Invader-derived sequences within the psiRNAs guide Cas effector proteins to recognize and silence invader nucleic acids. Critical for CRISPR-Cas defense is processing of the psiRNAs from the primary transcripts of the host CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) locus. Cas6, a previously identified endoribonuclease present in a wide range of prokaryotes with the CRISPR-Cas system, binds and cleaves within the repeat sequences that separate the individual invader targeting elements in the CRISPR locus transcript. In the present study, we investigated several key aspects of the mechanism of function of Cas6 in psiRNA biogenesis. RNA footprinting reveals that Pyrococcus furiosus Cas6 binds to a 7-nt (nucleotide) sequence near the 5' end of the CRISPR RNA repeat sequence, 14 nt upstream of the Cas6 cleavage site. In addition, analysis of the cleavage activity of P. furiosus Cas6 proteins with mutations at conserved residues suggests that a triad comprised of Tyr31, His46, and Lys52 plays a critical role in catalysis, consistent with a possible general acid-base RNA cleavage mechanism for Cas6. Finally, we show that P. furiosus Cas6 remains stably associated with its cleavage products, suggesting additional roles for Cas6 in psiRNA biogenesis.
Studies of Growth Regulation in a Neuroendocrine Cell Line (1993)

Studies of growth-regulation of neuroendocrine cells have been hampered by a lack of suitable in vitro models. We established and have maintained a functioning human pancreatic carcinoid cell (BON) line. BON cells synthesize and secrete several growth factors. Among those, we have found that serotonin stimulates growth of BON cells through specific receptors linked to cyclic AMP pathway. In this study, effects of other growth factors on growth and serotonin release, and the effects of serotonin and TGF-beta 1 on the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, were examined. TGF-beta 1 inhibited both growth and serotonin release in a dose-dependent fashion. Basic FGF stimulated growth, but failed to affect serotonin release. Other peptide growth factors had no effect on either growth or serotonin release. Serotonin stimulated ODC enzyme activity, but TGF-beta 1 failed to affect ODC enzyme activity. These findings suggest that growth of neuroendocrine cells can be delicately regulated by their own products in an autocrine fashion.
Paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis: tight linkage to chromosome 2q. (1996)

Paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis (PDC) is characterized by attacks of involuntary movements that last up to several hours and occur at rest both spontaneously and following caffeine or alcohol consumption. We analyzed a Polish-American kindred with autosomal dominant PDC and identified tight linkage between the disorder and microsatellite markers on chromosome 2q (maximum two-point LOD score 4.77; recombination fraction 0). Our results clearly establish the existence of a locus for autosomal dominant PDC on distal chromosome 2q. The fact that three other paroxysmal neurological disorders (periodic ataxia with myokymia and hypo- and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis) are due to mutation in ion-channel genes raises the possibility that PDC is also due to an ion-channel gene mutation. It is noteworthy that a cluster of sodium-channel genes is located on distal chromosome 2q, near the PDC locus. Identifying the PDC locus on chromosome 2q will facilitate discovery of the PDC gene and enable investigators to determine whether PDC is genetically homogeneous and whether other paroxysmal movement disorders are also genetically linked to the PDC locus.
Ca2+ signalling and muscle disease (2000)

Transient elevations of intracellular Ca2+ play a signalling role in such complex cellular functions as contraction, secretion, fertilization, proliferation, metabolism, heartbeat and memory. However, prolonged elevation of Ca2+ above about 10 microM is deleterious to a cell and can activate apoptosis. In muscle, there is a narrow window of Ca2+ dysregulation in which abnormalities in Ca2+ regulatory proteins can lead to disease, rather than apoptosis. Key proteins in the regulation of muscle Ca2+ are the voltage-dependent, dihydropyridine-sensitive, L-type Ca2+ channels located in the transverse tubule and Ca2+ release channels in the junctional terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Abnormalities in these proteins play a key role in malignant hyperthermia (MH), a toxic response to anesthetics, and in central core disease (CCD), a muscle myopathy. Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPases (SERCAs) return sarcoplasmic Ca2+ to the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Loss of SERCA1a Ca2+ pump function is one cause of exercise-induced impairment of the relaxation of skeletal muscle, in Brody disease. Phospholamban expressed in cardiac muscle and sarcolipin expressed in skeletal muscle regulate SERCA activity. Studies with knockout and transgenic mice show that gain of inhibitory function of phospholamban alters cardiac contractility and could be a causal feature in some cardiomyopathies. Calsequestrin, calreticulin, and a series of other acidic, lumenal, Ca2+ binding proteins provide a buffer for Ca2+ stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Overexpression of cardiac calsequestrin leads to cardiomyopathy and ablation of calreticulin alters cardiac development.
GaAs–AlxGa1−xAs heterostructure laser with separate optical and carrier confinement (1974)

Heterostructure injection lasers in which the GaAs active region is the center layer of a five-layer dielectric slab waveguide have been investigated. The GaAs active layer is bounded on each side by an AlxGa1−xAs layer to confine the carriers. The two outside layers which are AlyGa1−yAs(y &amp;gt; x) confine the optical field. Lasers with this structure have been fabricated and room-temperature threshold current densities Jth300 as low as 650 A/cm2 have been obtained for 1-mm cavity lengths. Differential quantum efficiencies ηD for these separate optical and carrier confinement heterostructure (SCH) lasers were higher than generally encountered for double-heterostructure (DH) lasers with values as high as 65% for [inverted lazy s]300−μ−long cavities. The external quantum efficiency of several typical units was determined as a function of input current, and for one representative unit a maximum value of 39% was obtained at about four times Jth300. Emission in the fundamental TE mode was obtained for symmetrical structures with optical waveguide thicknesses in excess of 1 μ at currents many times Jth300. The angle of beam divergence perpendicular to the junction plane was found to depend on the thickness of the optical waveguide w with half-power point values varying from 51° to 33° for w between 0.8 and 1.56 μ. Calculation of the optical intensity distributions for the symmetrical SCH structure demonstrated the influence of the AlAs mole fraction and layer thickness on confinement of the optical intensity and suggest that it should be possible to achieve still lower threholds.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin 8, and chronic airways inflammation in COPD (2000)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common causes of death, with cigarette smoking among the main risk factors. Hallmarks of COPD include chronic airflow obstruction and chronic inflammation in the airway walls or alveolar septa. An earlier study reported elevated numbers of macrophages and mast cells within the bronchiolar epithelium in smokers with COPD, compared with smokers without. Since specific chemokines may be involved in this influx, the in situ protein and mRNA expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and of interleukin 8 (IL-8) were studied in tumour-free peripheral lung tissue resected for lung cancer of current or ex-smokers with COPD (FEV(1)<75%; n=14) and without COPD (FEV(1)>84; n=14). MCP-1 was expressed by macrophages, T cells, and endothelial and epithelial cells. Its receptor, CCR2, is expressed by macrophages, mast cells, and epithelial cells. IL-8 was found in neutrophils, epithelial cells, and macrophages. In subjects with COPD, semi-quantitative analysis revealed 1.5-fold higher levels of MCP-1 mRNA and IL-8 mRNA and protein in bronchiolar epithelium (p<0.01) and 1.4-fold higher levels of CCR2 in macrophages (p=0.014) than in subjects without COPD. The bronchiolar epithelial MCP-1 mRNA expression correlated with both CCR2 expression on macrophages and mast cells (p<0.05) and the numbers of intra-epithelial macrophages and mast cells (p<0.04). The epithelial IL-8 expression did not correlate with the numbers of neutrophils, macrophages, CD45RO+, CD8+, or mast cells. These data suggest that MCP-1 and CCR2 are involved in the recruitment of macrophages and mast cells into the airway epithelium in COPD.
The Dopamine/D1 Receptor Mediates the Phosphorylation and Inactivation of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase STEP via a PKA-Dependent Pathway (2000)

The striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) family is expressed within dopaminoceptive neurons of the CNS and is particularly enriched within the basal ganglia and related structures. Alternative splicing produces several isoforms that are found in a number of subcellular compartments, including postsynaptic densities of medium spiny neurons. The variants include STEP(61), a membrane-associated protein, and STEP(46), a cytosolic protein. The C terminals of these two isoforms are identical, whereas the N-terminal domain of STEP(61) contains a novel 172 amino acid sequence that includes several structural motifs not present in STEP(46). Amino acid sequencing revealed a number of potential phosphorylation sites in both STEP isoforms. Therefore, we investigated the role of phosphorylation in regulating STEP activity. Both STEP(61) and STEP(46) are phosphorylated on seryl residues by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)-mediated pathway in striatal homogenates. The specific residues phosphorylated in STEP(61) were identified by site-directed mutagenesis and tryptic phosphopeptide mapping as Ser160 and Ser221, whereas the major site of phosphorylation in STEP(46) was shown to be Ser49. Ser160 is located within the unique N terminal of STEP(61). Ser221 and Ser49 are equivalent residues present in STEP(61) and STEP(46), respectively, and are located at the center of the kinase-interacting motif that has been implicated in protein-protein interactions. Phosphorylation at this site decreases the activity of STEP in vitro by reducing its affinity for its substrate. In vivo studies using striatal slices demonstrated that the neurotransmitter dopamine leads to the phosphorylation of STEP via activation of D1 receptors and PKA.
Human Anti-Porcine T Cell Response: Blocking with Anti-Class I Antibody Leads to Hyporesponsiveness and a Switch in Cytokine Production (1999)

Intervention in the molecular interactions that lead to an immune response is possible at various stages of Ag recognition and T cell activation. Perturbation of the interaction of the TCR with the MHC/peptide ligand complex is one approach that has shown promise for autoimmunity and graft rejection in blocking T cell-activated responses. In this study, we investigated the effect of altering the target MHC class I molecule by blocking with Abs. We established a system that analyzed the human T cell response against MHC class I+/class II- porcine stimulatory cell targets. The primary human response against porcine smooth muscle cells was CD8+ T cell dependent. In the presence of F(ab')2 fragments of the MHC class I-reactive Ab, PT-85, the proliferative response was inhibited and production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma was blocked. Moreover, in a secondary response, proliferation was reduced and type 1 cytokine levels were inhibited. In contrast, levels of IL-10 and IL-4 were sustained or slightly increased. These findings indicate that Ab against MHC class I blocked the recognition of porcine cells by the human CD8+ T cells and altered the cytokine secretion profile. Thus, a single treatment with PT-85 F(ab')2 directed against the MHC class I molecule provides an attractive approach to the induction of T cell tolerance that may provide long-term graft survival in porcine-to-human cell transplantation.
Unique Gene Expression Profile Based on Pathologic Response in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (2005)

Identification of a gene expression profile based on pathologic response in EOC provides independent prognostic information and offers potential insights into the mechanism of drug resistance. Efforts to identify a more tailored profile using selected genes from both the CRP and OCPP are underway.
Enhanced Capillary Amyloid Angiopathy-Associated Pathology in Tg-SwDI Mice With Deleted Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 (2010)

These findings indicate that Tg-SwDI/NOS2(-/-) mice more fully recapitulate the pathological changes observed with capillary amyloid in human cerebral amyloid angiopathy Type 1.
Acute and Long-Term Increase in Fracture Risk After Hospitalization for Stroke (2001)

The high incidence of new fractures within the first year of hospitalization for stroke suggests that such patients should be preferentially targeted for treatment. It is possible that short courses of treatment at the time of stroke would provide important therapeutic dividends.
Linear pose estimation from points or lines (2003)

Estimation of camera pose from an image of n points or lines with known correspondence is a thoroughly studied problem in computer vision. Most solutions are iterative and depend on nonlinear optimization of some geometric constraint, either on the world coordinates or on the projections to the image plane. For real-time applications, we are interested in linear or closed-form solutions free of initialization. We present a general framework which allows for a novel set of linear solutions to the pose estimation problem for both n points and n lines. We then analyze the sensitivity of our solutions to image noise and show that the sensitivity analysis can be used as a conservative predictor of error for our algorithms. We present a number of simulations which compare our results to two other recent linear algorithms, as well as to iterative approaches. We conclude with tests on real imagery in an augmented reality setup.
Late Fascial Closure in Lieu of Ventral Hernia: The Next Step in Open Abdomen Management (2002)

VAFC enables late fascial closure in open abdomen patients up to a month after initial laparotomy. Complication rates do not differ from patients with planned hernia, and the need for future abdominal wall reconstruction is avoided.