gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Porous Materials for Bone Engineering (1997)

Maintaining bone geometric and structural integrity is a necessity for normal mobility. After fracture, bone disease or other conditions resulting in skeletal loss or compromise, porous materials offer the possibility for near faultless replacement of the normal bone material. Ceramics, and to a lesser extent, metals, are the predominant porous materials currently used in bone engineering. This latter term is used as a blanket term for orthodontics, orthopedics and related fields in which the replacement of bone is either required or selectively chosen. Because bone is a porous material, there is a physiological rationale for the use of porous materials in its replacement. Moreover, porous bone implant material is advantageous for the early incorporation of the implant into or apposed to the bony tissue surrounding it. There is, however, a difference in the size and extent of the bone and implant porosities for optimal bone incorporation of the material. This review intends to clarify both the nature of and reason for this difference. Accordingly, a review of the principal types of porous materials (organics, ceramics, metals, metallorganics and organoapatites and composites) used in bone engineering will be provided. This will springboard a consideration of the important engineering considerations of material property matching, machining and forming, corrosion and biocompatibility, fatigue and lifecycle, coating, and interfacial properties. The importance of matching the porous material to the particular bone engineering application will then be discussed. In providing this review, the authors hope to bring an appreciation of the complexity of the field to the fore, while also demonstrating how much has already been accomplished due to the efforts of many research groups. The ultimate porous bone implant, perhaps, is yet to be designed; however, there is reason to believe that such a material is not long in coming. We hope to demonstrate some possible pathways to this material. Outline The paper is constructed as follows.
Rapid subgenus identification of human adenovirus isolates by a general PCR (1996)

In most clinical situations involving adenovirus infection, subgenus (subgroup) identification of an adenovirus isolate is as informative as a finer identification by serotype. A PCR method which allows the identification of human adenovirus isolates as members of subgenera A, B:1, B:2, C, D, E, or F is described. It is based on a simple (nonnested) PCR using primers which bind to regions immediately flanking the VA RNA-encoding regions of human adenovirus genomes. The PCR allows amplification of DNA from all 49 human adenovirus prototype strains so far described. Since there are differences in the lengths of the VA RNA-encoding regions in adenoviruses of different subgenera, it is possible to differentiate some subgenera according to the size of the PCR product determined by electrophoresis. This forms the basis of an initial broad categorization of isolates as belonging to either (i) subgenus B:1, C, D, or E or (ii) subgenus A, B:2, or F. Subgenus identification is completed by a one-step restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis. The method was assessed by blind subgenus identification of 200 miscellaneous primate adenovirus isolates prepared by the reference laboratory at Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Identification at the subgenus level by PCR correlated 91.5% with the results of serotyping. A further 5.5% of isolates were correctly identified as belonging to one of two specified subgenera. Six of the 200 identifications (3%) were unsuccessful for various reasons, including weak PCR products, intermediate strains, and mistaken primate host. The method should serve as a rapid means of confirming adenovirus cytopathic effects in laboratories performing virus culture, with simultaneous subgenus identification of the isolate. It will also have relevance as an aid to conventional serotyping for epidemiological purposes, since for all adenoviruses except those belonging to subgenus D, neutralization tests need only involve a maximum of four type-specific antisera.
Angular momentum regulation during human walking: biomechanics and control (2004)

Motivated by biomechanical studies on human walking, we present a control strategy for biologically realistic walking based on the principle of spin angular momentum regulation. Using a morphologically realistic human model and kinematic gait data, we compute the total spin angular momentum at a self-selected walking speed for one human test subject. We find that dimensionless spin angular momentum remains small (S/sub 1//(mass height velocity) < 0.02) throughout the gait cycle, and maximum whole body angular excursions within sagittal (<1/spl deg/), coronal (<0.2/spl deg/), and transverse (<2/spl deg/) planes are negligible. These data support the hypothesis that spin angular momentum in human walking is highly regulated by the central nervous system, and that there exists a nonlinear coupling between ground reaction force, F~, center of mass position, r~/sub CM/ , and center of pressure location, r~/sub CP/, or F~ = (FZ/sub ///Z/sub CM/)(r~/sub CM/ -r~/sub CP/). We employ this relationship to rapidly generate biologically realistic CP and CM reference trajectories. Using an open loop optimization strategy, we show that biologically realistic leg joint kinematics emerge through the minimization of spin angular momentum and the total sum of joint torque squared, suggesting that both angular momentum and energetic factors are important considerations for biomimetic controllers.
The Big Catch (2018)

This interactive, role-playing case book is an enormously rich and stimulating way of challenging students to think about the problems of development and how development experts go about trying to alleviate them. One of the most innovative and eloquent anthropologists of development, A. F. Robertson has drawn from his extensive field experience to construct a hypothetical scenario of the sort typically encountered by those who are making development decisions.
Antisense probes containing 2-aminoadenosine allow efficient depletion of U5 snRNP from HeLa splicing extracts (1991)

RNA duplexes containing the modified base 2-amino-adenine in place of adenine are stabilized through the formation of three hydrogen bonds in 2-amino A.U base pairs. Antisense 2'-O-alkyloligoribonucleotide probes incorporating 2-aminoadenosine are thus able to efficiently affinity select RNP particles which are otherwise inaccessible. This has allowed the efficient and specific depletion of U5 snRNP from HeLa cell nuclear splicing extracts. U5 snRNP is shown to be essential for spliceosome assembly and for both steps of pre-mRNA splicing. The absence of U5 snRNP prevents the stable association of U4/U6 but not U1 and U2 snRNPs with pre-mRNA.
A 60-GHz 2-bit Switched-Line Phase Shifter Using SP4T RF-MEMS Switches (2011)

This paper presents a <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> -band 2-bit switched-line phase shifter using dc-contact single-pole four-throw (SP4T) RF microelectromechanical systems (RF-MEMS) switches for 60-GHz applications. The design and measurements of the SP4T RF-MEMS switches and the phase shifter are presented. The phase shifter demonstrates an average insertion loss of 2.5 dB in the 55-65-GHz band with a return loss better than 12 dB for each state. The phase error for each state of the switched-line phase shifter is less than 1° at 60 GHz.
Selective, High Affinity Peptide Antagonists of α-Melanotropin Action at Human Melanocortin Receptor 4:  Their Synthesis and Biological Evaluation in Vitro (2001)

Peptide Ac-Nle(4)-cyclo(5beta-->10epsilon)(Asp(5)-His(6)-D-(2')Nal(7)-Arg(8)-Trp(9)-Lys(10))-NH(2), compound 1, a cyclic derivative of alpha-melanotropin, is a nonselective high affinity antagonist at human melanocortin receptors 3 and 4, and an agonist at melanocortin receptors 1 and 5. To differentiate between the physiological functions of these receptors, antagonists with improved receptor selectivity are needed. In this study, analogues of compound 1 without Ac-Nle(4) or His(6) and/or the amino group of Asp(5) were prepared and tested in binding assays and in functional assays on CHO cells expressing hMC3-5R. Several of these peptides were to be selective, high affinity hMC-4R antagonists. The most interesting was compound 10, named MBP10, cyclo(6beta-->10epsilon)(succinyl(6)-D-(2')Nal(7)-Arg(8)-Trp(9)-Lys(10))-NH(2), an antagonist (IC(50) = 0.5 nM) with 125-fold selectivity over hMC-3R (and of >300-fold selectivity over MC-1RB). This compound had no agonist activity at hMC-3R or hMC-4R and only weak agonist activity at hMC-5R. Examination of the sequences of these new peptides revealed that the D-(2')Nal(7)-Arg(8)-Trp(9) segment of peptide 1 forms the "essential core" required for high affinity and high selectivity of analogues of peptide 1 at hMC-4R, but the "extended core", His(6)-D-(2')Nal(7)-Arg(8)-Trp(9), is necessary for the maximum affinity for hMC-3R and hMC-5R.
Nondiffusive mechanisms enhance protein uptake rates in ion exchange particles (2003)

Scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy and multiphoton fluorescence microscopy were used to image the uptake of the protein lysozyme into individual ion exchange chromatography particles in a packed bed in real time. Self-sharpening concentration fronts penetrating into the particles were observed at low salt concentrations in all of the adsorbents studied, but persisted to 100 mM ionic strength only in some materials. In other adsorbents, diffuse profiles were seen at these higher salt concentrations, with the transition region exhibiting a pronounced fluorescence peak at the front at intermediate salt concentrations. These patterns in the uptake profiles are accompanied by significant increases in protein uptake rates that are also seen macroscopically in batch uptake experiments. The fluorescence peak appears to be a concentration overshoot that may develop, in part, from an electrokinetic contribution to transport that also enhances the uptake rate. Further evidence for an electrokinetic origin is that the effect is correlated with high adsorbent surface charge densities. Predictions of a mathematical model incorporating the electrokinetic effect are in qualitative agreement with the observations. These findings indicate that mechanisms other than diffusion contribute to protein transport in oppositely charged porous materials and may be exploited to achieve rapid uptake in process chromatography.
Low-threshold continuous-wave two-stack quantum-dot laser with reduced temperature sensitivity (2000)

Data are presented on continuous wave operation of two-stack quantum dot lasers designed with reduced temperature sensitivity in their threshold. The InAs quantum dots are designed to have a wide energy spacing (/spl sim/102 meV) between the ground and first excited radiative transitions. Selectively oxidized stripe lasers have continuous wave threshold currents as low as 1.2 mA for 2 μm wide stripes and minimum threshold current densities of 26 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for 13-μ-m wide stripes. Broad area lasers have continuous wave threshold current densities as low as 40 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , even for p-up mounting. Ground state lasing is obtained up to the highest temperature measured of 326 K.
Protein Alignment by a Coexpressed Lanthanide-Binding Tag for the Measurement of Residual Dipolar Couplings (2003)

A protein fusion construct of human ubiquitin with an N-terminal lanthanide binding tag (LBT) enables observation of long-range orientational restraints in solution NMR from residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) due to paramagnetic alignment of the protein. The paramagnetic lanthanide ions Tb3+, Dy3+, and Tm3+ are shown to bind to the LBT and induce different alignment tensors, in agreement with theory. RDCs, measured relative to the diamagnetic Lu3+, range from -7.6 to 5.5 Hz for Tb3+ and -6.6 to 6.1 Hz for Dy3+, while an opposite alignment tensor is observed for Tm3+ (4.5 to -2.9 Hz) at 800 MHz. Experimental RDCs are in excellent agreement with those predicted on the basis of the X-ray structure of the protein.
p120-Catenin Regulates Clathrin-dependent Endocytosis of VE-Cadherin (2005)

VE-cadherin is an adhesion molecule critical to vascular barrier function and angiogenesis. VE-cadherin expression levels are regulated by p120 catenin, which prevents lysosomal degradation of cadherins by unknown mechanisms. To test whether the VE-cadherin cytoplasmic domain mediates endocytosis, and to elucidate the nature of the endocytic machinery involved, the VE-cadherin tail was fused to the interleukin (IL)-2 receptor (IL-2R) extracellular domain. Internalization assays demonstrated that the VE-cadherin tail dramatically increased endocytosis of the IL-2R in a clathrin-dependent manner. Interestingly, p120 inhibited VE-cadherin endocytosis via a mechanism that required direct interactions between p120 and the VE-cadherin cytoplasmic tail. However, p120 did not inhibit transferrin internalization, demonstrating that p120 selectively regulates cadherin internalization rather than globally inhibiting clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Finally, cell surface labeling experiments in cells expressing green fluorescent protein-tagged p120 indicated that the VE-cadherin-p120 complex dissociates upon internalization. These results support a model in which the VE-cadherin tail mediates interactions with clathrin-dependent endocytic machinery, and this endocytic processing is inhibited by p120 binding to the cadherin tail. These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which a cytoplasmic binding partner for a transmembrane receptor can serve as a selective plasma membrane retention signal, thereby modulating the availability of the protein for endo-lysosomal processing.
Efficacy of Ipomoea batatas (Caiapo) on Diabetes Control in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects Treated With Diet (2004)

This study confirms the beneficial effects of Caiapo on plasma glucose as well as cholesterol levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. For the first time, the long-term efficacy of Caiapo on glucose control was demonstrated by the observed decrease in HbA(1c). Thus, the neutraceutical Caiapo seems to be a useful agent in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Technology Adaptation in Logic Synthesis (1986)

Systems which synthesize logic implementations from specifications have moved, under the pressure of production requirements, from Boolean minimizers to procedures attempting to satisfy a wider range of criteria. Gate or cell count, taken as a measure of area, continues to be a major factor in design acceptability, but timing constraints, testability, wirability, and efficient use of available primitives are important as well. Additional information, such as "don't care" conditions, can be used to improve the design quality. This paper describes how these requirements are specified to and enforced by the Logic Synthesis System (LSS), a tool which has been used in production on gate array chips. Trade-offs between varying requirements, and their effect on the logic produced, are discussed and illustrated with a standard set of examples.
Recognition of Chromosomal DNA in Human Cells by Peptide Nucleic Acids and Small Duplex RNAs (2005)

Inhibition of translation by duplex RNA (siRNA) complementary to mRNA is a powerful approach to silencing genes in mammalian cells and RNA interference (RNAi) is an important natural biological mechanism for controlling gene expression. Anti-mRNA duplexes are widely used for laboratory studies, target validation, and therapeutic development. Endogenously expressed duplex RNAs (microRNAs, miRNAs) have been shown to target mRNA and be natural regulators of expression. Recently, we have shown that peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) or duplex antigene RNAs (agRNAs) that target DNA sequences can also inhibit gene transcription. These findings extend gene silencing to targets within chromosomal DNA.
Evaluating look-to-talk (2002)

We present "look-to-talk", a gaze-aware interface for directing a spoken utterance to a software agent in a multi-user collaborative environment. Through a prototype and a Wizard-of-Oz (Woz) experiment, we show that "look-to-talk" is indeed a natural alternative to speech and other paradigms.
An efficient algorithm for sequential random sampling (1987)

We examine several methods for drawing a sequential random sample of n records from a file containing N records. Method D is recommended for general use. The algorithm is on-line (so that CPU time can be overlapped with I/O), has a small constant memory requirement, and is easy to program. An improved implementation is detailed in the Appendix.
Isolation of a highly specific ligand for the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin from a phage display library (1994)

Our previous studies showed that the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin selects cysteine pair-containing RGD peptides from a phage display library based on a random hexapeptide. We have therefore searched for more selective peptides for this integrin using a larger phage display library, where heptapeptides are flanked by cysteine residues, thus making the inserts potentially cyclic. Most of the phage sequences that bound to alpha 5 beta 1 (69 of 125) contained the RGD motif. Some of the heptapeptides contained an NGR motif. As the NGR sequence occurs in the cell-binding region of the fibronectin molecule, this sequence could contribute to the specific recognition of fibronectin by alpha 5 beta 1. Selection for high affinity peptides for alpha 5 beta 1 surprisingly yielded a sequence RRETAWA that does not bear obvious resemblance to known integrin ligand sequences. The synthetic cyclic peptide GACRRETAWACGA (*CRRETAWAC*) was a potent inhibitor of alpha 5 beta 1-mediated cell attachment to fibronectin. This peptide is nearly specific for the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin, because much higher concentrations were needed to inhibit the alpha v beta 1 integrin, and there was no effect on alpha v beta 3- and alpha v beta 5-mediated cell attachment to vitronectin. The peptide also did not bind to the alpha IIb beta 3 integrin. *CRRETAWAC* appears to interact with the same or an overlapping binding site in alpha 5 beta 1 as RGD, because cell attachment to *CRRETAWAC* coated on plastic was divalent cation dependent and could be blocked by an RGD-containing peptide. These results reveal a novel binding specificity in the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin.
Microfluidic Tool Box as Technology Platform for Hand-Held Diagnostics (2005)

Disposable microchip technology is compatible with conventional dry-reagent technology and allows a highly compact system for complex assay sequences with minimum manual manipulations and simple operation.
The 2009 Carl Ludwig Lecture: pathophysiology of the human sympathetic nervous system in cardiovascular diseases: the transition from mechanisms to medical management (2009)

Sympathetic nervous system responses typically are regionally differentiated, with activation in one outflow sometimes accompanying no change or sympathetic inhibition in another. Regional sympathetic activity is best studied in humans by recording from postganglionic sympathetic efferents (multiunit or single fiber recording) and by isotope dilution-derived measurement of organ-specific norepinephrine release to plasma (regional "norepinephrine spillover"). Evidence assembled in this review indicates that sympathetic nervous system abnormalities are crucial in the development of cardiovascular disorders, notably heart failure, essential hypertension, disorders of postural circulatory control causing syncope, and "psychogenic heart disease," heart disease attributable to mental stress and psychiatric illness. These abnormalities involve persistent, adverse activation of sympathetic outflows to the heart and kidneys in heart failure and hypertension, episodic or ongoing cardiac sympathetic activation in psychogenic heart disease, and defective sympathetic circulatory reflexes in disorders of postural circulatory control. An important goal for clinical scientists is translation of knowledge of pathophysiology, such as this, into better treatment for patients. The achievement of this "mechanisms-to-management" transition is at differing stages of development with the different conditions. Clinical translation is mature in cardiac failure, knowledge of cardiac neural pathophysiology having led to introduction of beta-adrenergic blockers, an effective therapy. With essential hypertension, perhaps we are on the cusp of effective translation, with recent successful testing of selective catheter-based renal sympathetic nerve ablation in patients with resistant hypertension, an intervention firmly based on demonstration of activation of the renal sympathetic outflow. With psychogenic heart disease and postural syncope syndromes, knowledge of the neural pathophysiology is emerging, but clinical translation remains for the future.
Neuropeptide signals cell non-autonomous mitochondrial unfolded protein response (2016)

Neurons have a central role in the systemic coordination of mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR<sup>mt</sup>) and the cell non-autonomous modulation of longevity. However, the mechanism by which the nervous system senses mitochondrial stress and communicates to the distal tissues to induce UPR<sup>mt</sup> remains unclear. Here we employ the tissue-specific CRISPR-Cas9 approach to disrupt mitochondrial function only in the nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans, and reveal a cell non-autonomous induction of UPR<sup>mt</sup> in peripheral cells. We further show that a neural sub-circuit composed of three types of sensory neurons, and one interneuron is required for sensing and transducing neuronal mitochondrial stress. In addition, neuropeptide FLP-2 functions in this neural sub-circuit to signal the non-autonomous UPR<sup>mt</sup>. Taken together, our results suggest a neuropeptide coordination of mitochondrial stress response in the nervous system.
A gene for familial paroxysmal dyskinesia (FPD1) maps to chromosome 2q. (1996)

Dyskinesias are hyperkinetic and involuntary movements that may result from any of a number of different genetic, infectious, and drug-induced causes. Some of the hereditary dyskinetic syndromes are characterized by paroxysmal onset of the abnormal movements. The classification of the familial paroxysmal dyskinesias (FPD) recognizes several distinct, although overlapping, phenotypes. Different forms of the disorder include attacks that are (1) induced by sudden movement (kinesiogenic); (2) spontaneous (non-kinesiogenic); and (3) induced by prolonged periods of exertion. Linkage analysis was pursued in a family segregating an autosomal dominant allele for non-kinesiogenic FPD. The disease allele was mapped to a locus on chromosome 2q31-36 (LOD score 4.64, theta = 0). Identification of distinct genetic loci for the paroxysmal dyskinesias will lead to a new genetic classification and to better understanding of these disorders.