gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimum noise performance of optical amplifiers (2001)

The concept of noise figure F and noise measure M applicable to radio frequency and microwave amplifiers is reviewed and extended to cover optical amplifiers. Two noise figures are defined in the optical regime: one gives the ASE output, while the other gives the ratio of signal-to-noise ratios at the input and output. In the quantum regime, the lower limit on these optimum values is set by a generalization of Heisenberg's uncertainty relation. A Raman back-pumped fiber link with post-amplification with an erbium-doped fiber amplifier is used to illustrate the use of noise measure.
<title>Genotyping complex short tandem repeats using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance multistage mass spectrometry</title> (2000)

Electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESI-FTICR) mass spectrometry is a rapidly emerging, universal platform with the ability to provide detailed information regarding genetic variation and the up- and down regulation of their cognate gene products. Herein, we report our progress towards the development of ESI-FTICR mass spectrometry for the characterization of genomic regions which contain both a length and sequence polymorphism (i.e., complex short tandem repeats). Specifically, it is demonstrated for the first time that a high-quality ESI-FTICR mass spectrum of a 82-bp double- stranded PCR product derived from a single, 50 (mu) L PCR reaction with less than 10 X 10<SUP>-15</SUP> moles injected into the mass spectrometer can be routinely obtained. It is important to note that each measurement, which translates to an accurate genotype, is completed on the timescale of seconds. Progress towards the implementation of flow- injection analysis methodology to increase the throughput is also presented using an alternating injection of a 15-mer and 16-mer oligonucleotide.
Stimulation of Id1 Expression by Bone Morphogenetic Protein Is Sufficient and Necessary for Bone Morphogenetic Protein–Induced Activation of Endothelial Cells (2002)

The BMP/Smad pathway can potently activate the endothelium. Id1 expression is strongly induced by BMP in ECs. Ectopic expression of Id1 induces EC migration and tube formation. Moreover, Id1 played a critical role in mediating BMP-induced EC migration.
Mutational Analysis of the Function of Met137 and lle197, Two Amino Acids Implicated in Sequence-Specific DNA Recognition by the EcoRI Endonuclease (1998)

The gene encoding the EcoRI endonuclease was altered by site-directed mutagenesis to introduce multiple substitutions of M137 and 1197, two amino acids which were suggested by the revised crystal structure to mediate recognition of the cytosines in the 5'-GAATTC-3' target sequence. Eight substitutions of M137 and ten substitutions of 1197 were isolated. With the exception of M137W, M137P and M137K, all mutant enzymes retained enough activity to damage cellular DNA in the absence of the EcoRI methyltransferase. All M137 replacements abolished the ability of the enzyme to restrict phage growth. Conservative replacements at 1197 (L, V) did not impair phage restriction, whereas non-conservative changes reduced (G, W) or abolished (D, P) restriction. In general, substitutions at M137 were more deleterious than substitutions at I197. Double mutants with combinations of M137G/A and I197G/A mutations exhibited a phenotype characteristic for the respective single M137 mutant. Double mutants carrying combinations of the M137G/A replacements and substitutions at R200 were viable even in the absence of the methyltransferase, suggesting that disrupting contacts to both bases of the GC base pair inactivates the enzyme. None of the replacements resulted in relaxed recognition specificity. In summary, our findings are consistent with a role for M137 but do not support such a role for I197 in substrate recognition by the EcoRI endonuclease.
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF): Its Essential Role in the Immune System and Cell Growth (2000)

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) functions as a pleiotropic protein, participating in inflammatory and immune responses. MIF was originally discovered as a lymphokine involved in delayed hypersensitivity and various macrophage functions, including phagocytosis, spreading, and tumoricidal activity. Recently, MIF was reevaluated as a proinflammatory cytokine and pituitary-derived hormone potentiating endotoxemia. This protein is ubiquitously expressed in various organs, such as the brain and kidney. Among cytokines, MIF is unique in terms of its abundant expression and storage within the cytoplasm and, further, for its counteraction against glucocorticoids. MIF has unexpectedly been found to convert D-dopachrome, an enantiomer of naturally occurring L-dopachrome, to 5,6-dihydroxyindole. However, its physiologic significance remains to be elucidated. It was demonstrated that anti-MIF antibodies effectively suppress tumor growth and tumor-associated angiogenesis, suggesting that MIF is involved not only in inflammatory and immune responses but also in tumor cell growth. At present, MIF cannot be clearly categorized as either a cytokine, hormone, or enzyme. This review presents the latest findings on the role of MIF in the immune system and in cell growth, with regard to tumorigenesis and wound repair, and discusses its potential functions in various pathophysiologic states.
Two-dimensional scanning leaky-wave antenna by utilizing the phased array (2002)

An aperture-fed patch antenna array is connected to the open end of a short leaky-wave antenna (LWA) to demonstrate the two-dimensional beam-scanning capability in this paper. This design not only offers another radiation path of the reflected wave, but also creates another scanning radiation pattern on the back plane of the substrate. The reflected wave of the LWA is equally separated by a power divider, modulated by each varactor-tuned phase shifter, and injected into two radiating aperture-coupled antennas. The operated frequencies are tuned to control the LWA main position in the elevation plane; meanwhile, by tuning the phase difference between two phase shifters, the main beam of the aperture-coupled antenna array can be scanned in the backside E plane. Experimental result shows that the suppression of the reflected wave can be 7 dB at 10.0 GHz with a short LWA length of 6 cm (two wavelengths). The H-plane and backside E-plane scanning radiation patterns have great potential in many applications and provide more flexibility to traditional designs.
Enhanced Local Texture Feature Sets for Face Recognition Under Difficult Lighting Conditions (2010)

Making recognition more reliable under uncontrolled lighting conditions is one of the most important challenges for practical face recognition systems. We tackle this by combining the strengths of robust illumination normalization, local texture-based face representations, distance transform based matching, kernel-based feature extraction and multiple feature fusion. Specifically, we make three main contributions: 1) we present a simple and efficient preprocessing chain that eliminates most of the effects of changing illumination while still preserving the essential appearance details that are needed for recognition; 2) we introduce local ternary patterns (LTP), a generalization of the local binary pattern (LBP) local texture descriptor that is more discriminant and less sensitive to noise in uniform regions, and we show that replacing comparisons based on local spatial histograms with a distance transform based similarity metric further improves the performance of LBP/LTP based face recognition; and 3) we further improve robustness by adding Kernel principal component analysis (PCA) feature extraction and incorporating rich local appearance cues from two complementary sources--Gabor wavelets and LBP--showing that the combination is considerably more accurate than either feature set alone. The resulting method provides state-of-the-art performance on three data sets that are widely used for testing recognition under difficult illumination conditions: Extended Yale-B, CAS-PEAL-R1, and Face Recognition Grand Challenge version 2 experiment 4 (FRGC-204). For example, on the challenging FRGC-204 data set it halves the error rate relative to previously published methods, achieving a face verification rate of 88.1% at 0.1% false accept rate. Further experiments show that our preprocessing method outperforms several existing preprocessors for a range of feature sets, data sets and lighting conditions.
Identification and Prognostic Significance of an Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Expression Profile in Human Bladder Tumors (2007)

The putative markers of EMT defined within a panel of bladder carcinoma cell lines were recorded in vivo, frequently associated with tumors of high grade and stage. Although multivariate analysis showed no significant influence of the EMT biomarkers on survival, alterations associated with plakoglobin were identified as significant prognostic features in these tumors.
Photonic Amplification by a Singlet-State Quantum Chain Reaction in the Photodecarbonylation of Crystalline Diarylcyclopropenones (2009)

The photochemical decarbonylation of diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) to diphenylacetylene (DPA) proceeds with remarkable efficiency both in solution and in the crystalline solid state. It had been previously shown that excitation to the second electronic excited state (S(2)) of DPCP in solution proceeds within ca. 200 fs by an adiabatic ring-opening pathway to yield the S(2) state of DPA, which has a lifetime of ca. 8 ps before undergoing internal conversion to S(1) (Takeuchi, S.; Tahara, T. J. Chem. Phys. 2004, 120, 4768). More recently, we showed that reactions by excitation to S(2) in crystalline solids proceed by a quantum chain process where the excited photoproducts transfer energy to neighboring molecules of unreacted starting material, which are able to propagate the chain. Quantum yields in crystalline suspensions revealed values of Phi(DPCP) = 3.3 +/- 0.3. To explore the generality of this reaction, and recognizing its potential as a photonic amplification system, we have synthesized nine crystalline diarylcyclopropenone derivatives with phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, and anthryl substituents. To quantify the efficiency of the quantum chain in the crystalline state, we determined the quantum yields of reaction for all of these compounds both in solution and in nanocrystalline suspensions. While the quantum yields of decarbonylation in solution vary from Phi = 0.0 to 1.0, seven of the nine new structures display quantum yields of reaction in the solid that are above 1. The chemical amplification that results from efficient energy transfer in the solid state, analyzed in terms of the quantum yields determined in the solid state and in solution (Phi(cryst)/Phi(soln)), reveals quantum chain amplification factors that range from 3.2 to 11.0. The remarkable mechanical response of the solid-to-solid reaction previously documented with macroscopic crystals, where large single-crystalline specimens turn into fine powders, was investigated at the nanometer scale. Experiments with dry crystals of DPCP analyzed by atomic force microscopy showed the formation of DPA in the form of isolated crystalline specimens ca. 35 nm in size.
The Effects of Axotomy Upon the Extrasynaptic Acetylcholine Sensitivity of An Identified Motoneurone in The Cockroach Periplaneta Americana (1982)

The effects of axotomy on the sensitivity of the fast coxal depressor motoneurone (Df) of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana) to applied acetylcholine (ACh) and carbamylcholine (CCh) have been investigated. ACh and CCh applied to the soma membrane either by bath perfusion or by ionophoresis caused depolarization; repeated application of large doses of these agonists resulted in a relatively rapid desensitization and depression of the response. Axotomy performed 3-10 days before recordings were made caused an approximately threefold increase in the sensitivity to ACh but had no affect upon the sensitivity to CCh. The resting potential, input resistance and membrane time-constant remained within the normal range. In addition there was no change in the rise-times of the responses or of the ACh reversal potential, or in the apparent number of ACh molecules needed to combine with individual cholinoceptors to produce a response. The anticholinesterases physostigmine and neostigmine potentiated the ACh response at relatively low concentrations (10(-7) M-10(-6) M). This potentiation was significantly greater in the normal cells than in the axotomized cells. It is therefore concluded that the increase in ACh sensitivity of this motoneurone results at least partly from a fall in the activity of cholinesterase in the region of the applied drug.
Pharmacological methods in the control of inflammation (1989)

Offering a comprehensive overview of laboratory research models and practical experimental protocols used the study of inflammation, this volume discusses the development and therapeutic evaluation of new anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic drugs, including details of in vitro and in vivo models and methodologies. Examines in vivo models of acute inflammation and analgesia, and records responses to therapeutic intervention, including changes cell infiltration, blood flow, and vascular permeability. Also considers in vivo models, chronic arthritic models, and ancillary models.
Magnetic Properties of Exchange-Coupled L1$_{0}$-FePt/Fe Composite Elements (2008)

Exchange-coupled L1 <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> -FePt/Fe composite systems with out-of-plane anisotropy are produced to study the influence of the soft magnetic layer thickness and of the character of the interface between hard magnetic L1 <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> -FePt and soft magnetic Fe on the magnetic properties. By the soft magnetic layer thickness <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Fe</sub> the coercivity can be tailored according to a 1/ <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Fe</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> relation. By depositing part of the Fe layer at elevated temperatures a graded interface between the L1 <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> -FePt layer and the Fe layer is formed which allows an additional fine tuning of the coercivity. This behavior is confirmed by micromagnetic numerical simulations. The simulations furthermore show that the reversal behavior and the thermal stability are nearly the same for out-of-plane and in-plane anisotropy of L1 <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> -FePt. If the remanent magnetization configuration shows deviations from the homogeneous magnetization distribution an alternative low-field thermal reversal mode occurs.
Pharmacokinetics of Cefazolin Compared with Four Other Cephalosporins (1973)

The pharmacokinetics of cefazolin were compared with those of cephaloridine, cephalothin, cephalexin, and cephanone in healthy adult male volunteers. The concentration of cefazolin in serum was twice as high after im and iv injections as that of cephaloridine, and four times as high as that of cephalothin. An iv infusion of 0.5 g of cefazolin during a period of 20 min gave a peak level in blood of 118 μg/ml, as compared with 70 μg/ml ml after a l-g dose of cephalothin. Higher levels in blood persisted for more than 8 hr with the former as compared with only about 2 hr with the latter. Half lives in serum were 1.8, 1.1, and 0.5 hr for cefazolin, cephaloridine, and cephalothin, respectively. Lower renal clearance of cefazolin (64 mllmin per 1.73 m2) as compared with values of 125 and 274 for cephaloridine and cephalothin, was the factor mainly responsible for its higher and more prolonged levels in blood. Renal clearance of cefazolin was essentially the same as its serum clearance, and almost 100% of the dose administered was recovered in the urine within 24 hr. Features that might offset, to some extent, these favorable characteristics of cefazolin are its high rate of binding to protein (86%) and its small apparent volume of distribution (10 liter/l.73 m2).
Insulin resistance of skeletal muscle produced by hepatic parasympathetic interruption (1996)

The objective was to determine the site of insulin resistance produced by intraportal atropine or surgical hepatic denervation. A modified euglycemic clamp was used in fasted cats to test the acute effect of insulin (100 mU/kg) on arteriovenous glucose gradients across the hindlimbs (mainly reflecting skeletal muscle), the guts (all organs draining into the portal vein), and the liver. Responses to insulin were determined before and after hepatic denervation and after 3 mg/kg intraportal atropine. The interventions were done in random order. Responses after either intervention were similar and were not potentiated by the combined treatment. Regional insulin resistance was assessed by comparing the change in glucose gradients in response to insulin before and after treatments. Hepatic and gut responses to insulin were unaltered, but hindlimb responses were significantly impaired after denervation or atropine. We speculate that the hepatic parasympathetic nerves regulate release of a liver-generated factor that selectively controls insulin effectiveness in skeletal muscle. This mechanism may be involved with insulin resistance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes and chronic liver disease.
Experimental Automatic Lateral Control System For An Automobile (1992)

This report summarizes an experimental effort in integrating and testing an automated vehicle lateral control system. The project, a cooperative effort between the California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highway ( PATH) Program and IMRA America, Inc., included a discrete roadway reference system, on-vehicle magnetic sensing system, a computer control system and a hydraulic actuator.
Control of Chemical Mass Shifts in the Quadrupole Ion Trap through Selection of Resonance Ejection Working Point and rf Scan Direction (2000)

Compound-dependent chemical mass shifts are observed and their origin is elucidated in a modified Finnigan GCQ quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The dependence of chemical mass shifts on ion trap geometry, specifically the center to end-cap spacing, z0, and the size of the apertures in the end caps, is demonstrated. The effects of the working point (qeject value) used for resonance ejection and the direction of the rf mass analysis scan are also studied, and the results are found to be in agreement with a previously proposed model for the chemical mass shift mechanism. It is shown that chemical mass shifts are present when resonance ejection is used, unless the qeject is chosen to correspond to a nonlinear resonance point, where the shifts are removed. The shifts are also removed by performing the mass analysis scan in the reverse direction, i.e., from high mass to low mass.
Roles of the membrane-interactive regions of factor VIIa and tissue factor. The factor VIIa Gla domain is dispensable for binding to tissue factor but important for activation of factor X. (1994)

The roles of the putative membrane-interactive regions of factor VIIa (fVIIa) and tissue factor (TF) have been examined. Enzymatic removal of the 4-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) domain of fVIIa had no effect on hydrolysis of a tripeptidyl chromogenic substrate in the absence or presence of TF. Additionally, Gla-domainless fVIIa (GdVIIa) was similar to native fVIIa in activating factor X in the absence of TF and phospholipid. However, GdVIIa in complex with recombinant soluble TF (sTF) was 76-fold less efficient in factor X activation than was fVIIa.sTF. The difference increased to 740-fold using TF relipidated in vesicles composed of 80% phosphatidylcholine and 20% phosphatidylserine (TF/PCPS). While Gla domain deletion produced a 10(3)-fold increase in the Kd for binding to TF/PCPS, the Kd for binding to TF/PC increased only 20-fold, and that for sTF in the absence of phospholipid increased 10-fold. Kd values for GdVIIa binding to TF/PCPS, TF/PC, or sTF were nearly identical. Thus, most of the binding energy required for formation of the fVIIa.TF complex was present even after Gla domain deletion. Both fVIIa and GdVIIa were capable of binding sTF in the presence of excess divalent metal-ion chelator, suggesting Ca(2+)-independent binding or the presence of a novel very high affinity Ca2+ binding site in fVIIa. The results demonstrate that the effect of the Gla domain on the Kd is apparent only in the presence of PS, and that interactions involving the fVIIa Gla domain and phospholipid are critical for efficient proteolysis of factor X on a membrane surface.
Review and International Recommendation of Methods for Typing Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates and Their Implications for Improved Knowledge of Gonococcal Epidemiology, Treatment, and Biology (2011)

Gonorrhea, which may become untreatable due to multiple resistance to available antibiotics, remains a public health problem worldwide. Precise methods for typing Neisseria gonorrhoeae, together with epidemiological information, are crucial for an enhanced understanding regarding issues involving epidemiology, test of cure and contact tracing, identifying core groups and risk behaviors, and recommending effective antimicrobial treatment, control, and preventive measures. This review evaluates methods for typing N. gonorrhoeae isolates and recommends various methods for different situations. Phenotypic typing methods, as well as some now-outdated DNA-based methods, have limited usefulness in differentiating between strains of N. gonorrhoeae. Genotypic methods based on DNA sequencing are preferred, and the selection of the appropriate genotypic method should be guided by its performance characteristics and whether short-term epidemiology (microepidemiology) or long-term and/or global epidemiology (macroepidemiology) matters are being investigated. Currently, for microepidemiological questions, the best methods for fast, objective, portable, highly discriminatory, reproducible, typeable, and high-throughput characterization are N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) or full- or extended-length porB gene sequencing. However, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and Opa typing can be valuable in specific situations, i.e., extreme microepidemiology, despite their limitations. For macroepidemiological studies and phylogenetic studies, DNA sequencing of chromosomal housekeeping genes, such as multilocus sequence typing (MLST), provides a more nuanced understanding.