gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective species specificity of tumor necrosis factor for toxicity in the mouse. (1992)

The selective cytotoxic activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on many transformed human or murine cell lines is (almost) not species-specific. There are, however, a limited number of biological assay systems such as gene induction in murine thymoma cells and the murine thymocyte proliferation assay, in which recombinant murine (rm) TNF, but not recombinant human (rh) TNF is active. We have now investigated the possible species specificity of the lethality-inducing properties of TNF in the mouse. When administered alone, only rmTNF, but not rhTNF caused lethality. This difference was not due to a different endotoxin contamination or to a different pharmacokinetic behavior. When a sensitizing agent, galactosamine, was added, the species specificity was abolished. We have shown previously that similar conclusions could be drawn for at least some of the antitumor mechanisms of TNF. We conclude that to mimic the two major phenomena caused by endotoxin administration, viz. lethality and antitumor effect, two distinct signals are needed. In mice, rmTNF can provide both, while rhTNF needs another agent (a sensitizer) to cause systemic toxicity. The results are discussed with respect to recent findings showing that, in the mouse, rhTNF can only bind to the TNF-R55 receptor type, while rmTNF can bind both to the TNF-R55 and TNF-R75 receptor types.
Hypersensitizing effect of pluronic L61 on cytotoxic activity, transport, and subcellular distribution of doxorubicin in multiple drug-resistant cells. (1996)

The present study demonstrated that poly(oxypropylene) and poly(oxyethylene) block copolymer pluronic L61 (L61)-hypersensitized multidrug-resistant CHRC5 Chinese hamster ovary cells and MCF-7/ADR human breast carcinoma cells to the cytotoxic action of doxorubicin (Dox). CHRC5 and MCF-7/ADR cells manifested 290- and 700-fold increases, respectively, in their sensitivity to Dox/L61 formulation compared with free Dox. Their sensitive counterparts Aux-B1 and MCF-7 displayed only marginal or no increase at all in their response to Dox/L61. The study of the drug transport performed by flow cytometry showed that L61 enhanced the drug uptake and reduced the P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux. Visualization of Dox subcellular distribution in CHRC5 cells by fluorescent microscopy revealed that Dox was sequestered in cytoplasmic vesicles, whereas incubation of the cells with Dox/L61 altered the drug compartmentalization by releasing the drug from these vesicles and shifting it to the nucleus. These findings suggested that the hypersensitive response of multidrug-resistant cells to the action of Dox/L61 was caused by an increase in the drug accumulation and changes in its subcellular distribution.
N‐Alkyl derivatives of trans‐6,7‐dihydroxy‐1,2,3,4,4a,5,10,10b‐octahyrobenzo[g]quinoline A congener of apomorphine lacking the non‐oxygenated aromatic ring (1980)

Abstract A synthetic sequence leading to the title compounds began with methyl 5,6‐dimethoxy‐2‐tetralone‐3‐carboxylate and involved a multi‐step construction of the heterocyclic ring. The trans ‐fused isomer was isolated from the cyclization step. However, the possibility of formation of some cis ‐fused isomer cannot be precluded.
Distribution of the Src-homology-2-domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase SHIP-2 in both non-haemopoietic and haemopoietic cells and possible involvement of SHIP-2 in negative signalling of B-cells (1999)

The termination of activation signals is a critical step in the control of the immune response; perturbation of inhibitory feedback pathways results in profound immune defects culminating in autoimmunity and overwhelming inflammation. FcgammaRIIB receptor is a well described inhibitory receptor. The ligation of B-cell receptor (BCR) and FcgammaRIIB leads to the inhibition of B-cell activation. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the SH2-domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase SHIP (referred hereto as SHIP-1) is essential in this process. The cDNA encoding a second SH2-domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase, SHIP-2, has been cloned [Pesesse, Deleu, De Smedt, Drayer and Erneux (1997) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 239, 697-700]. Here we report the distribution of SHIP-2 in mouse tissues: a Western blot analysis of mouse tissues reveals that SHIP-2 is expressed in both haemopoietic and non-haemopoietic cells. In addition to T-cell and B-cell lines, spleen, thymus and lung are shown to coexpress SHIP-1 and SHIP-2. Moreover, SHIP-2 is detected in fibroblasts, heart and different brain areas. SHIP-2 shows a maximal tyrosine phosphorylation and association to Shc after ligation of BCR to FcgammaRIIB but not after stimulation of BCR alone. Our results therefore suggest a possible role for SHIP-2 in the negative regulation of immunocompetent cells.
<title>Extensions of fractal theory</title> (1993)

Fractal image compression is achieved by Fractal transformation of images. To complete a Fractal transformation, one has to solve a Fractal equation. In this paper, we will generalize the Fractal theory. We will first present Fractal equations and algorithms for solving Fractal equations. Then we will present several generalizations of Fractal theory.
CCR5 antagonists in the treatment of HIV-infected persons: is their cancer risk increased, decreased, or unchanged. (2009)

With the FDA approval of a new small-molecule drug to treat HIV infection by blocking the CCR5 chemokine receptor and with several other drugs of this class in development for this and other indications, there is an increased interest in determining the potential influence on tumor promotion or suppression that blocking this receptor may have. Large, long-term clinical studies would be the ideal method for evaluating the potential increase in cancer risk, and at least one such study is under way (see http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00665561?order=49).
14 Activation Cleavage of Viral Spike Proteins by Host Proteases (1994)

Endoproteolytic cleavage, usually at arginine residues, is a common posttranslational modification of membrane and secretory proteins on the exocytotic transport route. Such proteins include precursors of peptide hormones, neuropeptides, growth factors, coagulation factors, serum albumin, cell-surface receptors, and adhesion molecules. All of these proteins play important roles in a large variety of different biological processes, and these functions depend on proteolytic cleavage of the proteins (for review, see Barr 1991). The same type of processing has also been observed with many viral membrane proteins (Fig. 1) and, in some instances, proved to be a crucial factor in determining organ and host tropism, spread of infection, and pathogenicity of these viruses. VIRUSES WITH SPIKE PROTEINS UNDERGOING POSTTRANSLATIONAL PROTEOLYTIC CLEAVAGE Paramyxoviridae The concept that proteolytic activation of a viral glycoprotein is an important factor in virus replication was first established with the fusion (F) protein of Sendai virus (Homma and Ohuchi 1973; Scheid and Choppin 1974). Cleavage of this protein results in the exposition of a highly conserved hydrophobic sequence at the amino terminus of the F1 fragment (Fig. 1) (Gething et al. 1978; Scheid et al. 1978) which induces fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane of the target cell, thereby allowing entry of the viral genome into the cytoplasm. Cleavage of F is therefore necessary for virus infectivity. Evidence from various biochemical and biophysical data indicates that the membrane fusion characteristic of paramyxoviruses is driven by a hydrophobic interaction of the F1 amino terminus with the lipid bilayer...
Inhibition of PACT-Mediated Activation of PKR by the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Us11 Protein (2002)

PACT, a protein activator of PKR, can cause inhibition of cellular protein synthesis and apoptosis. Here, we report that the Us11 protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 can block PKR activation by PACT both in vitro and in vivo. Although Us11 can bind to both PKR and PACT, mutational analyses revealed that the binding of Us11 to PKR, and not to PACT, was essential for its inhibitory action. Similar analyses also revealed that the inhibitory effect was mediated by an interaction between the C-terminal half of Us11 and the N-terminal domain of PKR. The binding of Us11 to PKR did not block the binding of PKR to PACT but prevented its activation. Us11 is the first example of a viral protein that can inhibit the action of PACT on PKR.
In-Line Process Window Monitoring using Voltage Contrast Inspection (2008)

This paper describes a methodology to measure process windows in-line at level using voltage contrast inspection and special families of test structures. This methodology allows rapid turn-around of experiments designed to find the most robust and best centered process conditions. Each family of structures should be laid out with a single super-pitch so that a single wafer scan can be used for one or more process windows. Rule based binning based on die X and Y coordinates is then used to separate out the results for each instance of the process window family. Three examples from the contact module are presented to illustrate the methodology. Structures to the monitor contact size, contact to poly space and contact pitch process windows are discussed.
Disrupted Renal Mitochondrial Homeostasis after Liver Transplantation in Rats (2015)

Suppression of MB, inhibition of mitochondrial fission/fusion and enhancement of mitophagy occur in the kidneys of recipients of liver grafts after long cold storage, which may contribute to the occurrence of AKI and increased mortality after LT.
Partial purification of thrombopoietin using lectin chromatography. (1986)

Thrombopoietin (TPO) was partially purified from the plasma of thrombocytopenic rabbits by ammonium sulfate fractionation and lectin chromatography. Thrombopoietic activity was measured with an in vivo assay that measures platelet production by the incorporation of 75Se-selenomethionine (75SeM) into newly forming platelets in mice. Thrombopoietin was precipitated from rabbit plasma by an ammonium sulfate saturation of 60%-80%. The ammonium sulfate precipitate was further fractionated by application to a column of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) bound to agarose. The biological activity was eluted from the WGA column with 0.2 M N-acetylglucosamine. The minimum dose that stimulated thrombopoiesis was decreased 1000-fold to 1.3 microgram/g body weight by this first lectin step. The biological activity eluted from the WGA column was then applied to a column of concanavalin A (ConA) bound to agarose and eluted with 0.1 M alpha-methylmannose. The ConA step produced an additional two-fold increase in specific activity and decreased the minimum dose to 0.65 microgram/g body weight. Stimulation of thrombopoiesis was not associated with an increased peripheral platelet count. Although the purification scheme presented provided a 7000-fold increase in specific activity compared to plasma from thrombocytopenic rabbits, analysis of the WGA and ConA fractions by gel-permeation high-performance liquid chromatography (GP-HPLC) and SDS-PAGE indicated that many proteins were still present at this stage of the purification procedure.
Cytotoxic effects of alkylphosphocholines or alkylphosphocholine-liposomes and macrophages on tumor cells. (1995)

The influence of the alkylphosphocholines (APC) on macrophage activation to tumor cytotoxicity was investigated in vitro with both mouse peritoneal and rat liver macrophages. For this purpose the compounds were used either in micellar or in liposomal form. The cytotoxic effect of micellar or liposomal APC was increased with prolongation of the aliphatic chain and was reduced for the liposomal form. Peritoneal macrophages incubated with APC-liposomes gave a comparable cytotoxic effect on MethA cells to that of the free, highly toxic APC alone. These liposomes can activate rat liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) in vitro to a moderate tumor cytotoxicity on C26 colon carcinoma cells, while the micellar APC were toxic to macrophages. A significant release of NO-radicals from peritoneal macrophages was obtained with Liposomes but not with micellar lipid. The release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was stimulated by incubation with micellar or liposomal HPC. Whereas the micellar HPC was comparable to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in TNF release stimulation, the HPC-liposomes caused a much higher release.
Cobalt Nanoparticle Formation in the Pores of Hyper-Cross-Linked Polystyrene:  Control of Nanoparticle Growth and Morphology (1999)

Impregnation of hyper-cross-linked polystyrene (HPS) by either Co2(CO)8 in 2-propanol or the [Co(DMF)6]2+[Co(CO)4]-2 complex in dimethylformamide (DMF), followed by thermolysis at 200 °C, results in the formation of discrete Co nanoparticles. The concentration and characteristics of such nanoparticles were investigated by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FMR data here confirm the formation of spherical nanoparticles. At relatively low concentrations of Co, the magnitude of the FMR line width reveals that the mean Co nanoparticle diameter is about 2 nm, which agrees closely with the mean particle diameter discerned by TEM. An increase in Co content higher than 8 wt % is accompanied by an increase in mean particle diameter due to an increase in the population of large Co nanoparticles up to 15 nm across. Regulated nanoparticle growth over a wide range of Co concentrations is attributed to nanoscale HPS cavities, which serve to physically restrict the size of growing particles.
A wideband under-sampling blocker detector with a 0.7&#x2013;2.7 GHz mixer-first receiver (2015)

This paper presents a low power wideband blocker detector consisting of an under-sampling SAR ADC connected to the RF input node of a wideband mixer-first receiver. The original carrier frequency of the blocker is determined from folded spectra by using three FFTs sampled at different rates whose ratios correspond to prime numbers. The detector is targeted for blocker power levels between 0 and −30 dBm within frequency range of 0.7–2.7 GHz. The achieved ADC maximum SNDR of 28 dB, together with 10 dB input buffer gain control, provide sufficient blocker detection sensitivity in the desired range. The measured sampled input signal spectra show the designed circuits capability to simultaneously detect narrowband and wideband blockers. The reconstructed folded spectrum shows the original blocker frequencies. The power consumption of the wideband detector is only 7 mW, while the receiver consumes 42 mW.
Engraftment of human HSCs in nonirradiated newborn NOD-scid IL2rγnull mice is enhanced by transgenic expression of membrane-bound human SCF (2012)

Immunodeficient mice engrafted with human HSCs support multidisciplinary translational experimentation, including the study of human hematopoiesis. Heightened levels of human HSC engraftment are observed in immunodeficient mice expressing mutations in the IL2-receptor common γ chain (IL2rg) gene, including NOD-scid IL2rγ(null) (NSG) mice. Engraftment of human HSC requires preconditioning of immunodeficient recipients, usually with irradiation. Such preconditioning increases the expression of stem cell factor (SCF), which is critical for HSC engraftment, proliferation, and survival. We hypothesized that transgenic expression of human membrane-bound stem cell factor Tg(hu-mSCF)] would increase levels of human HSC engraftment in nonirradiated NSG mice and eliminate complications associated with irradiation. Surprisingly, detectable levels of human CD45(+) cell chimerism were observed after transplantation of cord blood-derived human HSCs into nonirradiated adult as well as newborn NSG mice. However, transgenic expression of human mSCF enabled heightened levels of human hematopoietic cell chimerism in the absence of irradiation. Moreover, nonirradiated NSG-Tg(hu-mSCF) mice engrafted as newborns with human HSCs rejected human skin grafts from a histoincompatible donor, indicating the development of a functional human immune system. These data provide a new immunodeficient mouse model that does not require irradiation preconditioning for human HSC engraftment and immune system development.
Quasi-neutral theory of positive columns in electronegative gases (1988)

A theory of the positive column in electronegative gases based on fluid-type momentum equations to describe charged particle motion is presented. It is assumed that quasi-neutrality conditions prevail and the ion inertial terms are neglected. The positive ions are assumed to be created by electron collisions with neutral molecules and the negative ions to be formed by dissociative electron attachment and destroyed by detachment in reactions with neutral species. The mathematical formulation consists of a two-point boundary value problem involving two independent parameters, functions of collisional and transport data, and two eigenvalues. One of these is the central ratio of the negative ion density to the electron density, while the other is related to the ionisation-loss balance and embodies a discharge characteristic for the maintenance field. These eigenvalues and the radial density distributions of the charged species were calculated for a wide range of variation of the independent parameters. An application of the theory to a positive column in oxygen is given as an illustrative example.
Screening blood spots for inborn errors of metabolism by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry with a microplate batch process and a computer algorithm for automated flagging of abnormal profiles (1997)

Abstract Metabolic profiling of amino acids and acylcarnitines from blood spots by automated electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) is a powerful diagnostic tool for inborn errors of metabolism. New approaches to sample preparation and data interpretation have helped establish the methodology as a robust, high-throughput neonatal screening method. We introduce an efficient 96-well-microplate batch process for blood-spot sample preparation, with which we can obtain high-quality profiles from 500-1000 samples per day per instrument. A computer-assisted metabolic profiling algorithm automatically flags abnormal profiles. We selected diagnostic parameters for the algorithm by comparing profiles from patients with known metabolic disorders and those from normal newborns. Reference range and cutoff values for the diagnostic parameters were established by measuring either metabolite concentrations or peak ratios of certain metabolite pairs. Rigorous testing of the algorithm demonstrates its outstanding clinical sensitivity in flagging abnormal profiles and its high cumulative specificity.
Extracting functional information from microarrays: A challenge for functional genomics (2002)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Expression of Activated Akt and PTEN in Malignant Melanomas (2005)

Our purpose was to analyze, by immunohisto-chemistry, the expression of activated serine-threonine protein kinase B (p-Akt) and phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in benign nevi and primary and metastatic melanomas and to correlate the expression level with clinical variables. We observed cytoplasmic and/or nuclear expression of p-Akt in 22 (54%) of 41 benign nevi, 112 (71.3%) of 157 primary tumors, and 50 (71%) of 70 metastases. Cytoplasmic PTEN staining was observed in 0 (0%), 152 (87.7%), and 64 (90%) of 41 nevi, 162 primary tumors, and 71 metastases, respectively. A significant positive correlation was seen between PTEN and p-Akt cytoplasmic expression (P < .001) in primary melanomas. Cytoplasmic p-Akt expression showed a positive association with cyclin A in superficial spreading (P = .038) but not in nodular (P = .22) melanomas. Cytoplasmic p-Akt and PTEN expression did not have an impact on disease-free and overall survival, but complete lack of nuclear p-Akt expression was a predictor of shorter disease-free survival (P = .025) for patients with superficial spreading melanoma.
Identification of the Antineoplastic Agent 6-Mercaptopurine as an Activator of the Orphan Nuclear Hormone Receptor Nurr1 (2003)

The purine anti-metabolite 6-mercaptopurine is one of the most widely used drugs for the treatment of acute childhood leukemia and chronic myelocytic leukemia. Developed in the 1950s, the drug is also being used as a treatment for inflammatory diseases such as Crohn's disease. The antiproliferative mechanism of action of this drug and other purine anti-metabolites has been demonstrated to be through inhibition of de novo purine synthesis and incorporation into nucleic acids. Despite the extensive clinical use and study of 6-mercaptopurine and other purine analogues, the cellular effects of these compounds remain relatively unknown. More recently, purine anti-metabolites have been shown to function as protein kinase inhibitors and to regulate gene expression. In an attempt to find small molecule regulators of the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1, interestingly, we identified 6-mercaptopurine as a specific activator of this receptor. A detailed analysis of 6-mercaptopurine regulation of Nurr1 demonstrates that 6-mercaptopurine regulates Nurr1 through a region in the amino terminus. This activity can be inhibited by components of the purine biosynthesis pathway. These findings indicate that Nurr1 may play a role in mediating some of the antiproliferative effects of 6-mercaptopurine and potentially implicate Nurr1 as a molecular target for treatment of leukemias.
Isolation of Stem-Like Cancer Cells in Primary Endometrial Cancer Using Cell Surface Markers CD133 and CXCR4 (2017)

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common familiar gynecologic malignant tumor identified in the female reproductive system and has been increasing yearly. In this study, we will identify the surface markers and stem cell markers related with cancer stem cells (CSCs) of EC. Tissue samples were obtained from endometrial cancer patients during surgical procedures. Single cells were isolated from the tissues for culturing, transfection into nude mice, and histopathology analysis. RT-PCR demonstrated that the cultured cells strongly expressed stemness-related genes, such as c-Myc, Sox-2, Nanog, Oct 4A, ABCG2, BMI-1, CK-18, Nestin and β-actin. The expression of surface markers CD24, CD133, CD47, CD29, CD44, CXCR4, SSEA3 and SSEA4, CD24, and CD133 and chemokine markers such as CXCR4 were measured by flow cytometry. Then the double percentage of CD133+CXCR4+ cells constituted 7.2% and 9.3% in EC cells originated from two different patients, respectively. The CD133+CXCR4+ primary endometrial cancer cells grew faster, exhibited high expression of mRNA of stemness-related genes, produced more spheres, and had higher clonogenic ability than other subpopulations. They are also more resistant to anti-cancer drugs than other subpopulations. These findings indicate that CD133+CXCR4+ cells may possess some characteristics of CSCs in primary endometrial cancer. These cell surface markers may be useful for the development of drugs against CSC molecular targets or as a predictive marker for poor prognosis in primary endometrial cancer.