gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Charge equalization of battery power modules in series (2010)

Battery power modules (BPMs) with associated power converters are connected in series to comply with a high load voltage. With bidirectional power converters, BPMs can perform buck conversion for the charging operation. The continuous conduction mode (CCM) and the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) of buck converters in series are analyzed. According to the analyzed results, an equalization strategy is proposed to solve the charge imbalance problem by scheduling the individual battery current. Experiments are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the balance charging method.
The Pharmacology of Homologous Series (1964)

It is the common practice of organic chemists who are concerned with the discovery of new drugs to take some compound which is known, or has been unexpectantly found, to possess some interesting or clinically desirable pharmacological properties, as a model, and to study the effect of making relatively small changes in its structure. The simplest chemical change that can be made is to alter the size of an alkyl group or of a polymethylene chain; in other words to investigate the pharmacology of a homologous series. An investigation of this type not only has practical advantages, such as ease of preparation of homologues, the small changes in physical and chemical properties involved, etc. but also it has frequently led to the discovery of highly active drugs. Moreover there is the theoretical likelihood that a detailed study of homologous compounds may reveal mechanisms of drug action which could not be revealed by a study of drugs differing more fundamentally in structure.
Antibodies to a 64,000 Mr human islet cell antigen precede the clinical onset of insulin-dependent diabetes. (1987)

Antibodies in sera from newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients are directed to a human islet cell protein of relative molecular mass (Mr) 64,000. Since IDDM seems to develop after a prodromal period of beta-cell autoimmunity, this study has examined whether 64,000 Mr antibodies could be detected in 14 individuals who subsequently developed IDDM and five first degree relatives who have indications of altered beta-cell function. Sera were screened by immunoprecipitation on total detergent lysates of human islets and positive sera retested on membrane protein preparations. Antibodies to the 64,000 Mr membrane protein were consistently detected in 11/14 IDDM patients, and in all 5 first degree relatives. 10 IDDM patients were already positive in the first samples, obtained 4-91 mo before the clinical onset of IDDM, whereas 1 patient progressed to a high 64,000 Mr immunoreactivity, at a time where a commencement of a decline in beta-cell function was detected. 64,000 Mr antibodies were detected before islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies (ICCA) in two patients. In the control groups of 21 healthy individuals, 36 patients with diseases of the thyroid and 5 SLE patients, the 64,000 Mr antibodies were detected in only one individual, who was a healthy sibling to an IDDM patient. These results suggest that antibodies against the Mr 64,000 human islet protein are an early marker of beta-cell autoimmunity and may be useful to predict a later development of IDDM.
Side population in the pancreatic cancer cell lines SW1990 and CFPAC-1 is enriched with cancer stem-like cells (2010)

In this study, we first sought to determine the existence of side population (SP) cells in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we compared the biological characteristics of SP and non-SP cells. The presence of side population cells in pancreatic cancer cell lines was detected by Hoechst 33342 staining and FACS analysis. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed using flow cytometry. SP and non-SP cells were exposed to various concentrations of gemcitabine; drug sensitivity was examined using the MTT assay and flow cytometry using Annexin-V and PI staining. To compare the tumorigenic ability in vivo, groups of nude mice were orthotopically inoculated with varying numbers of SP and non-SP cells. The percentages of CD44+CD24+ and CD133+ in SP and non-SP cells were also detected by FACS analysis. The SP fraction was detected in BxPc-3, CFPAC-1, MIA PaCa-2, PANC-1 and SW1990 pancreatic cancer cell lines. Cell cycle analysis revealed that the SP cells contained more cells in the G1 phase and fewer cells in the S phase when compared with the non-SP cells. The SP cells exhibited increased tumorigenetic ability following in vivo transplantation into BALB/C nude mice and increased chemoresistance following in vitro exposure to gemcitabine. FACS analysis showed that the SP cells contained more CD44+CD24+ and CD133+ cells than the non-SP cells. In conclusion, these observations suggest that SP cells in the pancreatic cancer cell lines possess the property of cancer stem cells. SP cells may therefore be novel specific targets for the effective treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Simultaneous Detection of Colonic Epithelial Cells in Portal Venous and Peripheral Blood During Colorectal Cancer Surgery (2002)

In 8 of 58 patients, colorectal epithelial cells were detected in peripheral but not in portal venous blood. Metastatic deposits in lymphatic vessels or liver might be the source of these cells.
A cardiac myosin light chain kinase regulates sarcomere assembly in the vertebrate heart (2007)

Marked sarcomere disorganization is a well-documented characteristic of cardiomyocytes in the failing human myocardium. Myosin regulatory light chain 2, ventricular/cardiac muscle isoform (MLC2v), which is involved in the development of human cardiomyopathy, is an important structural protein that affects physiologic cardiac sarcomere formation and heart development. Integrated cDNA expression analysis of failing human myocardia uncovered a novel protein kinase, cardiac-specific myosin light chain kinase (cardiac-MLCK), which acts on MLC2v. Expression levels of cardiac-MLCK were well correlated with the pulmonary arterial pressure of patients with heart failure. In cultured cardiomyocytes, knockdown of cardiac-MLCK by specific siRNAs decreased MLC2v phosphorylation and impaired epinephrine-induced activation of sarcomere reassembly. To further clarify the physiologic roles of cardiac-MLCK in vivo, we cloned the zebrafish ortholog z-cardiac-MLCK. Knockdown of z-cardiac-MLCK expression using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides resulted in dilated cardiac ventricles and immature sarcomere structures. These results suggest a significant role for cardiac-MLCK in cardiogenesis.
Variational Message-Passing for Joint Channel Estimation and Decoding in MIMO-OFDM (2010)

In this contribution, a multi-user receiver for M-QAM MIMO-OFDM operating in time-varying and frequency-selective channels is derived. The proposed architecture jointly performs semi-blind estimation of the channel weights and noise inverse variance, serial interference cancellation and decoding in an iterative manner. The scheme relies on a variational message-passing approach, which enables a joint design of all these functionalities or blocks but the last one. Decoding is performed using the sum-product algorithm. This is in contrast to nowadays proposed approaches in which all these blocks are designed and optimized individually. Simulation results show that the proposed receiver outperforms in coded bit-error-rate a state-of-the- art iterative receiver of same complexity, in which all blocks are designed independently. Joint block design and, as a result, the fact that the uncertainty in the channel estimation is accounted for in the proposed receiver explain this better performance.
Powdery Mildew Induces Defense-Oriented Reprogramming of the Transcriptome in a Susceptible But Not in a Resistant Grapevine (2007)

Grapevines exhibit a wide spectrum of resistance to the powdery mildew fungus (PM), Erysiphe necator (Schw.) Burr., but little is known about the transcriptional basis of the defense to PM. Our microscopic observations showed that PM produced less hyphal growth and induced more brown-colored epidermal cells on leaves of PM-resistant Vitis aestivalis 'Norton' than on leaves of PM-susceptible Vitis vinifera 'Cabernet sauvignon'. We found that endogenous salicylic acid levels were higher in V. aestivalis than in V. vinifera in the absence of the fungus and that salicylic acid levels increased in V. vinifera at 120 h postinoculation with PM. To test the hypothesis that gene expression differences would be apparent when V. aestivalis and V. vinifera were mounting a response to PM, we conducted a comprehensive Vitis GeneChip analysis. We examined the transcriptome at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h postinoculation with PM. We found only three PM-responsive transcripts in V. aestivalis and 625 in V. vinifera. There was a significant increase in the abundance of transcripts encoding ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, WRKY, PATHOGENESIS-RELATED1, PATHOGENESIS-RELATED10, and stilbene synthase in PM-infected V. vinifera, suggesting an induction of the basal defense response. The overall changes in the PM-responsive V. vinifera transcriptome also indicated a possible reprogramming of metabolism toward the increased synthesis of the secondary metabolites. These results suggested that resistance to PM in V. aestivalis was not associated with overall reprogramming of the transcriptome. However, PM induced defense-oriented transcriptional changes in V. vinifera.
[Effects of subcutaneous administration of sandostatine (SMS 201.995) in 18 cases of thyroid medullary cancer]. (1989)

Recent studies have suggested that somatostatin could reduce calcitonin plasma levels (CT) in normal subjects and in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of the somatostatin analog, sandostatine (SMS 201.995) in MTC with elevated residual CT levels post-thyroidectomy with or without metastases. 18 patients (17-64 years, 12 men and 8 women) with CT greater than 850 pg/ml (N less than 150 pg/ml) and with metastases in 12 cases, were studied. MTC was sporadic in 11 cases, familial in 4 cases and of undefined form in 3. Initial posology was 300 micrograms/d of sandostatin (3 injections/day). It was then increased by 300 micrograms/d every 9 day till a maximum of 1500 micrograms/d. Treatment duration was 37 days in 11 cases and 60 days in 7 cases. Plasma CT and carcinoembryonic antigen levels (CEA) were measured before treatment and at the end of each dosage plateau. Morphologic evaluation of metastases was done at 0, 30, 60 days. 7/18 patients were reevaluated 2 to 8 months after with drawal of sandostatine. Treatment was well tolerated. Flushes improved in 4 out of 5 cases but diarrhea in only 2 out of 9 patients. Sandostatine was without any effect on plasma CEA. Heterogenous responses were observed for plasma CT levels (CT decreases greater than 20% in 8/18 patients when 900 to 1500 micrograms/day were administered). Patients were subdivised into 3 groups according to CEA levels and presence or absence of metastases. Group A (n = 9) had elevated CEA levels (greater than 10 mg/ml) and metastases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Human pharmacology and abuse potential of nalmefene (1991)

Nalmefene hydrochloride was administered to six male volunteers with histories of opiate abuse using a double-blind, randomized, Latin square design to determine if it produced typical morphine-like effects. A comparison of physiologic and subject- and observer-reported effects was made between morphine, 15 and 30 mg given intramuscularly; nalmefene, 25, 50, and 100 mg given orally; and placebo. Drowsiness or sleepiness was the most common drug effect reported after the administration of each treatment. Only morphine produced miosis and increased subject-reported euphoria and "drug liking." Neither drug increased Addiction Research Inventory subscale scores measuring dysphoria or sedation or produced changes on the Profile of Mood States questionnaire. Adverse effects reported only after the administration of nalmefene included agitation/irritability and muscle tension; these did not appear to be dose related. The data indicated that nalmefene did not produce typical morphine-like effects and has no apparent abuse potential.
A modeling and circuit reduction methodology for circuit simulation of DRAM circuits (2002)

As DRAM circuit densities increase and feature sizes decrease, circuit simulation of these circuits is becoming increasingly more critical and challenging in order to handle the large circuit capacity (millions of transistors), together with the accuracy required to take into account submicron effects. This paper presents a modeling and circuit reduction methodology and a DRAM modeling tool that lets the user configure the model architecture, parameterize and generate reduced macromodels, select and switch between different-level models, link the different models, and define circuit stimulus signals for the circuit simulation of the entire DRAM design.
Effect of Deposition Temperature and Sputtering Ambient on In Situ Cobalt Silicide Formation (1997)

An investigation of in situ cobalt self‐aligned silicide (salicide) formation has been carried out with emphasis on the effect of the deposition temperature and the role of nitrogen atoms in the sputtering ambient. The cobalt (Co) layer was deposited at between 300 and 500°C in a mixed atmosphere of nitrogen and argon; the nitrogen volume percent [N2 volume percent (v/o)] was varied from 0 to 10%. The addition of nitrogen atoms to the sputtering ambient resulted in a polymorphic change of the Co layer which was deposited on the substrate; from α‐Co to β‐Co. At the same time, it limited the surface mobility of the sputtered atoms, resulting in a decrease of grain size. Specifically, during Co deposition on a Si substrate at temperatures as high as 500°C, in situ cobalt silicide (CoSi) was formed. In that process, nitrogen atoms limited the available Co atoms involved in the reaction with the Si substrate, yielding the bilayer formation of β‐Co/CoSi. As the v/o increased, the thickness of the overlying β‐Co increased and that of the underlying CoSi decreased with improvement in the uniformity of the silicide film. It shows good selectivity with no overgrowth on the sidewall oxide, but also extremely uniform salicide on both the silicon and the polysilicon substrate. As a result, satisfactory electrical characteristics were obtained because of thin and uniform salicide.
Increases in use of methotrexate since the 1980s. (2010)

In this chapter, we review the use of DMARDs in several clinical RA cohorts and databases between the 1970s and the 2000s. The DMARD profile in the QUEST-RA database provides an overview of clinical use of MTX in recent years in 25 countries. The data show that (I) MTX is currently the most frequently used DMARD in RA, and (II) that this development has taken about 20 years to emerge.
The increase in unsaturation of fatty acids of phosphatidylglycerol in thylakoid membrane enhanced salt tolerance in tomato (2010)

Overexpression of chloroplastic glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase gene (LeGPAT) in tomato increased cis-unsaturated fatty acid content in phosphatidylglycerol (PG) of thylakoid membrane. By contrast, suppressing the expression of LeGPAT decreased the content of cis-unsaturated fatty acid in PG. Under salt stress, sense transgenic plants exhibited higher activities of chloroplastic antioxidant enzymes, lower content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and less ion leakage compared with the wild type (WT) plants. The net photosynthetic rate (P N) and the maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII) decreased more slightly in sense lines but more markedly in the antisense ones, compared to WT. D1 protein, located in the reactive center of the PSII, is the primary target of photodamage and has the highest turnover rate in the chloroplast. Under salt stress, compared with WT, the content of D1 protein decreased slightly in sense lines and significantly in the antisense ones. In the presence of streptomycin (SM), the net degradation of the damaged D1 protein was faster in sense lines than in other plants. These results suggested that, under salt-stress conditions, increasing cis-unsaturated fatty acids in PG by overexpression of LeGPAT can alleviate PSII photoinhibition by accelerating the repair of D1 protein and improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes in chloroplasts.
Neuroanatomical Correlates of a Lactate-Induced Anxiety Attack (1989)

Positron emission tomographic measurements of regional blood flow were used to assess local neuronal activity in patients with panic disorder and in normal control subjects before and during the infusion of sodium lactate. A new technique for the analysis of positron emission tomographic data was employed to identify significant changes in regional blood flow associated with lactate infusion in the panicking patients, nonpanicking patients, and controls. Lactate-induced panic was associated with significant blood flow increases bilaterally in the temporal poles; bilaterally in insular cortex, claustrum, or lateral putamen; bilaterally in or near the superior colliculus; and in or near the left anterior cerebellar vermis. Lactate infusion was not associated with significant changes in regional blood flow in the nonpanicking patients or control subjects. Thus, the identified regions seemed to be involved in an anxiety attack.
The Impact of Phenylephrine, Ephedrine, and Increased Preload on Third-Generation Vigileo-FloTrac and Esophageal Doppler Cardiac Output Measurements (2011)

The pulse contour method of measuring CO, as implemented in the third-generation Vigileo-FloTrac device, accurately tracks changes in CO when preload changes. However, the pulse contour method does not accurately track changes in CO induced with phenylephrine and ephedrine.
Correlation between surface charge of a powder in water and electrophoretic deposition from non-aqueous media (1999)

The development of electric charge on the surface of ceramic powders in water is well known and depends to a large extent on the pH of the suspensions. In contrast, for non-aqueous suspensions such straightforward and systematic approach is seldom used. In this paper experimental data are presented which show that to a large extent the rationale for charging of ceramic powders in water also applies to charging in non-aqueous media. The charging of a range of ceramic powders (oxides, carbides, nitrides and borides) in an acidic and an alkaline organic medium is compared with the charging in water as a function of pH.
Evaluation of cold‐adapted adn temperature‐sensitive mutants of parainfluenza virus type 3 in weanling hamsters (1984)

Cold-adapted (ca) and temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of parainfluenza virus 3 were produced by serially passaging wild type (wt) parainfluenza virus 3 at 20 degrees C 45 times. Previously, plaque-purified viruses (clones) were selected from the wt parent and from cold passage levels 7, 12, 18, and 45 and characterized in vitro. In the present study, we evaluated at least one mutant from each cold passage level for attenuation in hamsters. Four of the five mutants tested were ts and ca (one each from cold passage levels 7, 12, 18, and 45) and one was ca but not ts (from cold passage 18). Groups of hamsters were inoculated intranasally with either parent wt or mutant virus. Four or five hamsters from each group were sacrificed prior to inoculation and daily on the first, second, third, fourth, and sixth or seventh day postinoculation and the amount of virus in nasal turbinates and lungs was quantitated. The quantity of virus recovered from the hamsters and the parainfluenza virus 3 antibody titers were inversely related to the cold passage level. Two of the mutants did not replicate in hamsters. Cold adaptation of parainfluenza virus 3 resulted in progressive attenuation of the virus in weanling hamsters. These highly attenuated mutants are suitable for evaluation in children as live virus vaccines.
HinCyc: a knowledge base of the complete genome and metabolic pathways of H. influenzae. (1996)

We present a methodology for predicting the metabolic pathways of an organism from its genomic sequence by reference to a knowledge base of known metabolic pathways. We applied these techniques to the genome of H. influenzae by reference to the EcoCyc knowledge base to predict which of 81 metabolic pathways of E. coli are found in H. influenzae. The resulting prediction is a complex hypothesis that is presented in computer form as HinCyc: an electronic encyclopedia of the genes and metabolic pathways of H. influenzae. HinCyc connects the predicted genes, enzymes, enzyme-catalyzed reactions, and biochemical pathways in a WWW-accessible knowledge base to allow scientists to explore this complex hypothesis.
Differential control by platelet factors of squamous differentiation in normal and malignant human bronchial epithelial cells. (1983)

Recently, we developed a nutritionally optimal medium for rapid clonal growth (greater than 1 population doubling/day) of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. Adding fetal bovine or adult human blood-derived serum to this medium depresses the clonal growth rate of NHBE cells in a dose-dependent fashion. In contrast, 10 representative lines of human lung carcinomas either replicate poorly or fail to grow at all when inoculated at clonal density in serum-free medium, and their rates of multiplication increase in direct proportion to the amount of blood-divided serum added to the optimized medium. Thus, the growth factor requirements of these lung carcinoma cell lines are significantly different from those of their normal counterparts. Blood-divided serum reduces the clonal growth rate of NHBE cells by specifically inducing the normal cells, but not lung carcinoma cells, to undergo squamous differentiation. The differentiation-inducing activity was found in platelet lysates. In addition, a growth-inhibiting activity that did not induce squamous differentiation of NHBE cells was also identified in partially purified commercial preparations of platelet-derived growth factor. This observation was in marked contrast to results using human bronchial fibroblasts and human lung carcinoma cell lines; the growth rate of the former was significantly stimulated by commercial preparations of platelet-derived growth factor, whereas the growth rates of the tumor cell lines were unaffected. These results indicate that an aberration in the cellular differentiation as assayed in vitro is positively correlated with cancer and suggests that decreased responsiveness to inducer(s) of differentiation may be a major aspect of bronchial cell carcinogenesis.
PGC-1α negatively regulates hepatic FGF21 expression by modulating the heme/Rev-Erbα axis (2009)

FGF21 is a hormone produced in liver and fat that dramatically improves peripheral insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism. We show here that obese mice with genetically reduced levels of a key hepatic transcriptional coactivator, PGC-1alpha, have improved whole-body insulin sensitivity with increased levels of hepatic and circulating FGF21. Gain- and loss-of-function studies in primary mouse hepatocytes show that hepatic FGF21 levels are regulated by the expression of PGC-1alpha. Importantly, PGC-1alpha-mediated reduction of FGF21 expression is dependent on Rev-Erbalpha and the expression of ALAS-1. ALAS-1 is a PGC-1alpha target gene and the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of heme, a ligand for Rev-Erbalpha. Modulation of intracellular heme levels mimics the effect of PGC-1alpha on FGF21 expression, and inhibition of heme biosynthesis completely abrogates the down-regulation of FGF21 in response to PGC-1alpha. Thus, PGC-1alpha can impact hepatic and systemic metabolism by regulating the levels of a nuclear receptor ligand.