gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Continuous magnetic separation of blood components from whole blood (2000)

Direct magnetic separations of red blood cells from whole blood have been carried out using a continuous magnetic separation method based on high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) and a gas-permeable membrane with nitrogen gas. The experimental results have shown good agreements with the theoretical model taking into account the gravitational force. Based on the analysis, the feasibility of a direct magnetic separation device for white blood cells and plasma from whole blood is discussed.
Paramagnetic Pyrophosphate (1990)

Ferric pyrophosphate (Fe-PyP) was investigated in an animal model of acute myocardial infarction for its potential to provide contrast enhancement of the peri-infarct zone using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Radiotracer studies compared the biodistribution of soluble 59Fe-PyP with 99mTc-PyP in excised tissue samples. Preferential localization of 59Fe-PyP in the peri-infarct zone was found to be similar to 99mTc-PyP. The ratio (percent dose/gram of tissue) at the edge of the infarct to normal tissue was 1.30 +/- 0.16 and 1.44 +/- 0.33 for 99mTc-PyP and 59Fe-PyP, respectively. In initial studies with high doses of the contrast agent, gated T1-weighted MR images of animals with 48-hour-old infarcts were obtained at 15-minute intervals after injection of Fe-PyP at a dose of 350 mg/kg. Contrast enhancement of the infarct zone was observed in all studies and was maximal 15-30 minutes after injection. Signal intensity ratios (infarct/normal) increased from a baseline 1.31 +/- 0.22 to a peak 1.90 +/- 0.57. Studies were then performed with smaller amounts of Fe-PyP. Images obtained with 50 mg/kg Fe-PyP showed contrast enhancement beginning at 60 minutes. Toxicology studies showed primarily respiratory effects, which became significant at doses of 190 mg/kg. These preliminary studies suggest that Fe-PyP potentially could serve as an MR contrast agent to localize and size acute myocardial infarcts; however, its clinical use may be limited by potential toxicity and dose limitations.
The activation antigen CD69 (1994)

One of the earliest cell surface antigens expressed by T cells following activation is CD69, which is detectable within one h of ligation of the T cell receptor/CD3 complex. Once expressed, CD69 acts as a costimulatory molecule for T cell activation and proliferation. In addition to mature T cells, CD69 is inducibly expressed by immature thymocytes, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils, and is constitutively expressed by mature thymocytes and platelets. Recently, cDNA clones encoding human and mouse CD69 were isolated and showed CD69 to be a member of the C-type lectin superfamily. Gene mapping studies have placed CD69 on distal mouse chromosome 6 and human chromosome 12p13, close to, if not in, the NK gene complex. The structure, chromosomal localization, expression and function of CD69 suggest that it is likely a pleiotropic immune regulator, potentially important not only in NK cell function but also in the activation and differentiation of a wide variety of hematopoietic cells.
Induction of antibodies against GD3 ganglioside in melanoma patients by vaccination with GD3-lactone-KLH conjugate plus immunological adjuvant QS-21 (2000)

The gangliosides GD3, GD2 and GM2 are expressed on the cell surface of malignant melanomas, GD3 being the most abundant. We have shown that immunization of melanoma patients with GM2 adherent to Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (GM2/BCG) induced an IgM antibody response. Vaccines containing GM2-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) conjugate and the immunological adjuvant QS-21 induced a higher titer IgM response and consistent IgG antibodies. Patients with antibodies against GM2 survived longer than patients without antibody. On the other hand, our previous trials with GD3/BCG, GD3 derivatives including GD3-lactone (GD3-L)/BCG failed to induce antibodies against GD3. In our continuing efforts to induce antibody against GD3, we have immunized groups of 6 melanoma patients with GD3-KLH or GD3-L-KLH conjugates containing 30 microg of ganglioside plus 100 microg of QS-21 at 0, 1, 2, 3, 7 and 19 weeks. Prior to vaccination, no serological reactivity against GD3 or GD3-L was detected. After immunization, IgM and IgG antibodies were detected against both GD3 and GD3-L in the GD3-L group exclusively. The GD3-L-KLH vaccine induced IgM titers against GD3-L of 1:40-1/1,280 in all patients and IgG titers of 1/160-1/1,280 in 4 patients. These antibodies also strongly cross-reacted with GD3. ELISA reactivity was confirmed by immune thin-layer chromatography on GD3 and melanoma extracts. Sera obtained from 4 of these 6 patients showed cell surface reactivity by FACS and from 2 showed strong cell surface reactivity by immune adherence (IA) assay and complement lysis against the GD3 positive cell line SK-Mel-28.
Development of lentiviral vectors for gene therapy for human diseases (2000)

Abstract Retroviral vectors derived from murine retroviruses are being used in several clinical gene therapy trials. Recently, progress has been made in the development of vectors based on the lentivirus genus of retroviruses, which ironically includes a major human pathogen, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As these vector systems for clinical gene transfer are developed, it is important to understand the rationale behind their design and development. This article reviews the fundamental features of retrovirus replication and of the elements necessary for development of a retroviral vector system, and it discusses why vector systems based on HIV or other lentiviruses have the potential to become important tools in clinical gene therapy.
Ni/Ag metallization for SiGe HBTs using a Ni silicide contact (2001)

We developed a self-aligned low-temperature process for the production of SiGe hetero bipolar transistors (HBTs) using a new metallization scheme with Ni/Ag taking advantage of the low specific resistivity of Ag and good contact resistance and low silicon consumption of the Ni silicide. Gummel plots of fabricated HBTs show sufficiently good behaviour. The formation of Ni silicide over temperature (325-500 °C) in a rapid thermal process system is studied. At temperatures above 425 °C a rather smooth film of monosilicide NiSi is formed. The resistivity of the thin (110 nm) NiSi was found to be excellent (11 µΩ cm) compared with bulk values. The contact resistance to n- and p-type silicon of 5×1019 cm-3 is determined. Formation of self-aligned Ni silicide/Ag contacts is investigated and compared to non-self-aligned contacts.
Abstract 324: High throughput triculture: A breast cancer spheroid model for drug screening (2015)

Abstract Many drugs that show promise in preclinical evaluation fail miserably during clinical trials, and the inability of current preclinical models to properly predict drug response may be attributed to oversimplified or non-existent tumor microenvironments. To provide a more physiologically predictive model for drug screening, we have developed an in vitro, 384 well, triculture system that presents key chemical (i.e. low pH, low glucose, low oxygen), extracellular matrix (ECM), and cellular (tumor cells, stromal cells and endothelial cells) attributes of tumor tissues. By using ECM proteins, we can promote the proper physiology for each of these cell types in triculture. To evaluate interactions between each cell type, they are fluorescently labeled with fluorophores with different excitation and emission spectra; MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines express a red fluorescence protein, while human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are labeled with stable lipophilic membrane dyes. Breast tumor microtissues spontaneously assemble when breast cancer cells are co-cultured with hMSCs under low adhesion conditions. Once formed, these microtissues are deposited onto preformed tubule networks comprised of HUVECs and hMSCs and are embedded within a hydrogel composed of ECM proteins. Cellular interactions and dissemination are monitored via fluorescence microscopy, and cell proliferation of the breast cancer cells is quantified using a fluorescence plate reader. The breast cancer cells exhibit cell-cell interactions with endothelial tubules and stromal cells, forming microtissues. Furthermore, the response to anti-cancer drugs, paclitaxel and fluorouracil, in an in vitro triculture system is similar to the response for the same drugs in xenografts model, unlike 2D or 3D monoculture. This high throughput triculture cancer model will provide more insight into pathological mechanisms and can better predict response to anti-cancer drug treatment. Citation Format: Gabriel J. Benton, Gerald DeGray, Irina Arnaoutova, Hynda K. Kleinman, Jay George. High throughput triculture: A breast cancer spheroid model for drug screening. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 324. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-324
SLAM Family Receptors and SAP Adaptors in Immunity (2011)

The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein, SAP, was first identified as the protein affected in most cases of X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by abnormal responses to Epstein-Barr virus infection, lymphoproliferative syndromes, and dysgammaglobulinemia. SAP consists almost entirely of a single SH2 protein domain that interacts with the cytoplasmic tail of SLAM and related receptors, including 2B4, Ly108, CD84, Ly9, and potentially CRACC. SLAM family members are now recognized as important immunomodulatory receptors with roles in cytotoxicity, humoral immunity, autoimmunity, cell survival, lymphocyte development, and cell adhesion. In this review, we cover recent findings on the roles of SLAM family receptors and the SAP family of adaptors, with a focus on their regulation of the pathways involved in the pathogenesis of XLP and other immune disorders.
Collective Mechanism for the Evolution and Self-Termination of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Growth (2009)

We explain the evolution and termination of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) “forests” by a collective mechanism, which is verified by temporal measurements of forest mass and height, as well as quantitative spatial mapping of CNT alignment by synchrotron X-ray scattering. We propose that forest growth consists of four stages: (I) self-organization; (II) steady growth with a constant CNT number density; (III) decay with a decreasing number density; and (IV) abrupt self-termination, which is coincident with a loss of alignment at the base of the forest. The abrupt loss of CNT alignment has been observed experimentally in many systems, yet termination of forest growth has previously been explained using models for individual CNTs, which do not consider the evolution of the CNT population. We propose that abrupt termination of CNT forest growth is caused by loss of the self-supporting structure, which is essential for formation of a CNT forest in the first place, and that this event is triggered by accumulating growth termination of individual CNTs. A finite element model accurately predicts the critical CNT number density at which forest growth terminates and demonstrates the essential role of mechanical contact in maintaining growth of self-assembled films of filamentary nanostructures.
Nitric oxide (NO)-releasing aspirin and (NO) donors in protection of gastric mucosa against stress. (2008)

Acute gastric mucosal lesions represent an important clinical problem. The experimental model of acute gastritis such as water immersion restraint (WRS) stress is useful tool in examination of pathomechanism of acute gastric damage. Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the maintenance of gastric barrier, however the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the interaction between NO and gastric mucosa integrity has been little studied. The purpose of our present study was to explain the participation of ROS in healing of WRS-induced gastric lesions accelerated by NO. Experiments were carrying out on 120 male Wistar rats. To assess gastric blood flow (GBF) laser Doppler flowmeter was used. The number of gastric lesions was established by planimetry. The colorimetric assays were used to determine gastric tissue level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), the products of lipid peroxidation by ROS, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, the enzyme scavanger of ROS. We demonstrated that 3.5 h of WRS resulted in appearance of acute gastric mucosal lesions accompanied by a significant decrease of GBF. Biological effects of ROS were estimated by measuring tissue level of MDA and 4-HNE, as well as the SOD activity. It was demonstrated that 3.5 h of WRS led to significant increase of MDA and 4-HNE mucosal level, that was accompanied by a decrease of SOD activity. Pretreatment with NO-donors (SIN-1, SNAP, nitroglycerin, NO-ASA) resulted in reduction of gastric lesions number, increment of GBF, decrease of MDA and 4-HNE tissue level and increase of SOD activity. Suppression of ROS play an important role in NO-donors action in gastroprotection against gastric acute lesions induced by 3.5 h of WRS. NO-donors cause an attenuation of lipid peroxidation as documented by a decrease of MDA and 4-HNE levels and enhancement of antioxidative properties as evidenced by increase of SOD activity.
Insulin structure and function (2007)

Throughout much of the last century insulin served a central role in the advancement of peptide chemistry, pharmacology, cell signaling and structural biology. These discoveries have provided a steadily improved quantity and quality of life for those afflicted with diabetes. The collective work serves as a foundation for the development of insulin analogs and mimetics capable of providing more tailored therapy. Advancements in patient care have been paced by breakthroughs in core technologies, such as semisynthesis, high performance chromatography, rDNA-biosynthesis and formulation sciences. How the structural and conformational dynamics of this endocrine hormone elicit its biological response remains a vigorous area of study. Numerous insulin analogs have served to coordinate structural biology and biochemical signaling to provide a first level understanding of insulin action. The introduction of broad chemical diversity to the study of insulin has been limited by the inefficiency in total chemical synthesis, and the inherent limitations in rDNA-biosynthesis and semisynthetic approaches. The goals of continued investigation remain the delivery of insulin therapy where glycemic control is more precise and hypoglycemic liability is minimized. Additional objectives for medicinal chemists are the identification of superagonists and insulins more suitable for non-injectable delivery. The historical advancements in the synthesis of insulin analogs by multiple methods is reviewed with the specific structural elements of critical importance being highlighted. The functional refinement of this hormone as directed to improved patient care with insulin analogs of more precise pharmacology is reported.
Antiprion properties of prion protein‐derived cell‐penetrating peptides (2008)

In prion diseases, the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) becomes misfolded into the pathogenic scrapie isoform (PrP(Sc)) responsible for prion infectivity. We show here that peptides derived from the prion protein N terminus have potent antiprion effects. These peptides are composed of a hydrophobic sequence followed by a basic segment. They are known to have cell-penetrating ability like regular cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), short peptides that can penetrate cellular membranes. Healthy (GT1-1) and scrapie-infected (ScGT1-1) mouse neuronal hypothalamic cells were treated with various CPPs, including the prion protein-derived CPPs. Lysates were analyzed for altered protein levels of PrP(C) or PrP(Sc). Treatment with the prion protein-derived CPPs mouse mPrP(1-28) or bovine bPrP(1-30) significantly reduced PrP(Sc) levels in prion-infected cells but had no effect on PrP(C) levels in noninfected cells. Further, presence of prion protein-derived CPPs significantly prolonged the time before infection was manifested when infecting GT1-1 cells with scrapie. Treatment with other CPPs (penetratin, transportan-10, or poly-L-arginine) or prion protein-derived peptides lacking CPP function (mPrP(23-28,) mPrP(19-30,) or mPrP(23-50)) had no effect on PrP(Sc) levels. The results suggest a mechanism by which the signal sequence guides the prion protein-derived CPP into a cellular compartment, where the basic segment binds specifically to PrP(Sc) and disables formation of prions.
El impacto de las compras en las utilidades (1995)

Los desembolsos que se efectúan a través de las compras y la incidencia del costo de compra en el artículo que se produce y/o vende, obliga a pensar que no solo se trata de satisfacer las necesidades de las dependencias de la empresa proporcionándoles lo que solicitan; sino que hay que tener en cuenta ciertos factores que requieren la cooordinación de todos los elementos con compras.
Electrical Conductivity of Electrolytes Found In Natural Waters from (5 to 90) °C (2011)

The electrical conductivities of 34 electrolyte solutions found in natural waters ranging from (10−4 to 1) mol·kg−1 in concentration and from (5 to 90) °C have been determined. High-quality electrical conductivity data for numerous electrolytes exist in the scientific literature, but the data do not span the concentration or temperature ranges of many electrolytes in natural waters. Methods for calculating the electrical conductivities of natural waters have incorporated these data from the literature, and as a result these methods cannot be used to reliably calculate the electrical conductivity over a large enough range of temperature and concentration. For the single-electrolyte solutions, empirical equations were developed that relate electrical conductivity to temperature and molality. For the 942 molar conductivity determinations for single electrolytes from this study, the mean relative difference between the calculated and measured values was 0.1 %. The calculated molar conductivity was compared to literature data, and the mean relative difference for 1978 measurements was 0.2 %. These data provide an improved basis for calculating electrical conductivity for most natural waters.
Murine follicular dendritic cells and low affinity Fc receptors for IgE (Fc ε RII) (1992)

The present study was undertaken to determine whether mouse follicular dendritic cells (FDC) bear Fc epsilon RII (CD23) and whether IgE-immune complexes are retained by FDC. Mouse Fc epsilon RII was localized by both L and electron microscopy using the mAb B3B4. In lymph nodes of normal mice, Fc epsilon RII was low but detectable on FDC. By 14 days after Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection, the level of Fc epsilon RII increased on B lymphocytes located in the cortex of draining mesenteric lymph nodes. However, the Fc epsilon RII level on FDC remained low. Although numerous IgE-producing plasma cells were seen at day 14, very little IgE was associated with FDC. By 26 days after infection, Fc epsilon RII was observed on FDC in increased levels and IgE binding was clearly associated with FDC. Unexpectedly, FDC of control mice immunized with albumin in CFA to elicit an IgG response showed intense labeling for Fc epsilon RII. In contrast, the B cells exhibited very little Fc epsilon RII. IgE immune complexes were observed in association with FDC in the CFA-immunized mice. When mice were given a hapten-specific monoclonal of the IgE isotype, hapten carrier complexes were trapped and retained on Fc epsilon RII-bearing FDC. In conclusion, FDC were clearly one of the major murine cell types bearing Fc epsilon RII. IgE immune complexes were found in association with FDC and Fc epsilon RII appeared to play a major role in trapping and retaining IgE immune complexes. FDC Fc epsilon RII was subject to regulatory control, but the Fc epsilon RII level on FDC was regulated very differently from the Fc epsilon RII level on B cells.
Food security, social security and Grootboom (2002)

Extracted from text ... ESR Review ? Vol 3 No 1 16 A large proportion of people in South Africa do not get enough or the right kind of food to eat, although the country produces more than enough food to feed its people. Food security, social security and Grootboom Danie Brand A large proportion of people living in South Africa do not get enough or the right kind of food to eat, despite the fact that the country produces more than enough food to feed its people. Hunger and malnutrition are preva- lent among almost 30% of the South African population, and ..
Thermoresponsive hydrogels as a new ocular drug delivery platform to the posterior segment of the eye. (2008)

Thermoresponsive hydrogels were successfully synthesized and exhibited fast and reversible phase changes. The gel was able to encapsulate and release various proteins. Current formulation of the gel will be modified to extend the release time and to be made fully biodegradable. Thermoresponsive hydrogels appear to be a promising, minimally invasive platform for extended drug delivery to the posterior segment.
Structural gate decomposition for depth-optimal technology mapping in LUT-based FPGA designs (2000)

In this paper we study structural gate decomposition in general, simple gate networks for depth-optimal technology mapping using K -input Lookup-Tables ( K -LUTs). We show that (1) structural gate decomposition in any K -bounded network results in an optimal mapping depth smaller than or equal to that of the original network, regardless of the decomposition method used; and (2) the problem of structural gate decomposition for depth-optimal technology mapping is NP-hard for K -unbounded networks when K ≥3 and remains NP-hard for K -boundeds networks when K ≥5. Based on these results, we propose two new structural gate decomposition algorithms, named DOGMA and DOGMA-m, which combine the level-driven node-packing technique (used in FlowMap) and the network flow-based labeling technique (used in Chortle-d) for depth-optimal technology mapping. Experimental results show that (1) among five structural gate decompostion algorithms, DOGMA-m results in the best mapping solutions; and (2) compared with speed_up(an algebraic algorithm) and TOS (a Boolean approach), DOGMA-m completes, decomposition of all tested benchmarks in a short time while speed_up and TOS fail in several cases. However, speed_up results in the smallest depth and area in the following technology mapping steps.
Salan ligands assembled around chiral bipyrrolidine: predetermination of chirality around octahedral Ti and Zr centres (2009)

The first synthesis of Salan ligands assembled around the chiral 2,2'-bipyrrolidine backbone is described; as chelation to a metal can only occur via specific faces of the two pyrrolidine nitrogens, these ligands lead to predetermined chirality at metal centres of octahedral titanium and zirconium complexes.