gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigations into Sulfobetaine-Stabilized Cu Nanoparticle Formation:  Toward Development of a Microfluidic Synthesis (2005)

The mechanistic aspects of the formation of sulfobetaine-stabilized copper nanoparticles were investigated by using in situ XANES (X-ray absorption near edge structure), UV-vis spectroscopy, and reaction calorimetry. The tetracoordinated sulfobetaine-Cu(II) complex was reduced to a stable sulfobetaine-Cu(I) complex prior to the formation of sulfobetaine-stabilized copper nanoparticles. The stability of the Cu(I) complex was found to be sensitive to the concentration of the sulfobetaine stabilizer and the addition rate of the reducing agent. It appears to exist primarily as a linear complex. A tetracoordinated Cu(I) complex as an intermediate has also been postulated. Based on the understanding from these investigations, a microfluidic process for copper nanoparticle synthesis was designed by using sulfobetaine-Cu(I) complex as the starting material. When compared with the copper nanoparticles synthesized by a conventional batch process, the microfluidic reactor process provided particles with a smaller size and narrower size distribution. The copper nanoparticles from the microreactor process could also be more easily purified and the particles were relatively stable in air. Both XRD and SAED indicated that the Cu nanoparticles synthesized have fcc structure.
Falling Into the Gap: The European Union's Data Protection Act and its Impact on U.S. Law and Commerce, 18 J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 981 (2000) (2000)

The European Union ("E.U.") has been economically consolidating for some time, but the US appeared to feel this new composite player was relatively benign. In the past few years, though, the E.U. Has started asserting itself and setting rules in the game of international commercial gamesmanship. Until recently, the rules were limited to specific products and practices. This year, however, the E.U. changed the rules about how it would do business and, more significantly, how it would not. The E.U.'s Data Protection Directive came into force early in 2000 and presented the US with a huge dilemma: If the US would not alter its law to provide a specific level of privacy protection for E.U. customers, then the US, quite simply, could not do business with those E.U. Customers They presented the US with an economic dilemma it simply cannot ignore any longer - one that may force the US to close the privacy gap between its status quo policy of commercial data freedom and the E.U.'s pro-consumer privacy protections. This comment explores the history, the problems, and the possible solutions the US might employ to avoid being disqualified from playing in the European arena.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Regiospecific Dimerization of Aromatic Acids: Two Direct CH Bond Activations in Water (2015)

2,2'-Diaryl acids are key building blocks for some of the most important and high-performance polymers such as polyesters and polyamides (imides), as well as structural motifs of MOFs (metal-organic frameworks) and biological compounds. In this study, a direct, regiospecific and practical dimerization of simple aromatic acids to generate 2,2'-diaryl acids has been discovered, which proceeds through two rhodium-catalyzed C-H activations in water. This reaction can be easily scaled up to gram level by using only 0.4-0.6 mol % of the rhodium catalyst. As a proof-of-concept, the natural product ellagic acid was synthesized in two steps by this method.
The influence of adjuvant on induction of protective immunity by a non-living vaccine against schistosomiasis. (1988)

Mice were protected against subsequent infection with Schistosoma mansoni by intradermal or s.c. vaccination with killed schistosomula or soluble parasite extracts and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Treatment with i.p. immunization was somewhat less effective, whereas i.m. vaccination failed to elicit protective immunity. The level of resistance induced by intradermal immunization was influenced by the strain of BCG used, and isolated BCG cell walls did not reliably substitute for whole BCG organisms as adjuvant. Bordetella pertussis vaccine and saponin were also able to function as adjuvants for protective immunity in this model, whereas other immunopotentiators including Corynebacterium parvum and aluminum hydroxide were ineffective. No correlation between resistance to challenge infection and antibody levels was detected. Animals immunized intradermally using either protective or non-protective adjuvants all showed minimal humoral reactivity against schistosomulum surface Ag but strong IgG response to soluble parasite components including paramyosin, which is the major serologically recognized Ag in mice vaccinated intradermally with schistosome Ag plus BCG and is protective in this model. In contrast, a strong correlation was observed between resistance and Ag-specific cell-mediated reactivity, including IFN production by T lymphocytes in vitro and macrophage activation in vivo. These results further substantiate the hypothesis that protection in this model is based on cell-mediated immune effector mechanisms. Moreover, they may be of general relevance in the design of vaccination protocols using other Ag or against other infectious agents.
Antihypertensive activity of 6-arylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-amine derivatives. 2. 7-Acyl amide analogs (1983)

The effect of acylation with a variety of acids on the antihypertensive activity of 6-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-amine (1) is reported, and structure-activity relationships are discussed. Although several of the compounds show good oral antihypertensive activity in the conscious, spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), their activity profile appears to differ from 1 in that the onset of action is shortened at comparable blood pressure lowering doses, and the magnitude of effect is considerably greater at higher doses. A variety of urea, thiourea, guanidine, and amidine analogues also were prepared. Although many of these derivatives showed some antihypertensive effects when dosed orally to SHR, this activity was weaker and of shorter duration than that obtained with 1. Aqueous solubilities and hydrolytic stabilities for four of the more active compounds were measured and suggest that these do not function as prodrugs of 1.
More than you ever wanted to know about synchronization: synchrobench, measuring the impact of the synchronization on concurrent algorithms (2015)

In this paper, we present the most extensive comparison of synchronization techniques. We evaluate 5 different synchronization techniques through a series of 31 data structure algorithms from the recent literature on 3 multicore platforms from Intel, Sun Microsystems and AMD. To this end, we developed in C/C++ and Java a new micro-benchmark suite, called Synchrobench, hence helping the community evaluate new data structures and synchronization techniques. The main conclusion of this evaluation is threefold: (i) although compare-and-swap helps achieving the best performance on multicores, doing so correctly is hard; (ii) optimistic locking offers varying performance results while transactional memory offers more consistent results; and (iii) copy-on-write and read-copy-update suffer more from contention than any other technique but could be combined with others to derive efficient algorithms.
Activation of cytokine genes in T cells during primary and secondary murine influenza pneumonia. (1993)

The patterns of cytokine mRNA expression in mice with primary or secondary influenza pneumonia have been assessed by in situ hybridization analysis of cells from both the mediastinal lymph node (MLN) and the virus-infected lung. Evidence of substantial transcriptional activity was found in all lymphocyte subsets recovered from both anatomical sites. The kinetics of cytokine mRNA expression after primary infection with an H3N2 virus were in accord with the idea that the initial response occurs in regional lymphoid tissue, with the effector T cells later moving to the lung. This temporal separation was much less apparent for the more rapid secondary response resulting from challenge of H3N2-primed mice with an H1N1 virus. Among the T cell receptor alpha/beta+ subsets, transcripts for interferon (IFN) gamma and tumor necrosis factor beta were most commonly found in the CD8+ population whereas mRNA for interleukin (IL) 4 and IL-10 was much more prevalent in CD4+ T cells. The gamma/delta T cells expressed mRNA for all cytokines tested, with IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-gamma predominating among those recovered from the inflammatory exudate. At particular time points, especially early in the MLN and late in the infected lung, the frequency of mRNA+ lymphocytes was much higher than would be expected from current understanding of the prevalence of virus-specific precursors and effectors. If this response is typical, induction of cytokine gene expression for T cells that are not responding directly to the invading pathogen may be a prominent feature of acute virus infections.
Electrochemical Properties and Electronic Structures of Conjugated Polyquinolines and Polyanthrazolines (1996)

The effects of molecular structure on the electronic structure and redox properties of a series of 22 systematically designed conjugated polyquinolines and polyanthrazolines are explored by cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry on thin films. The measured electrochemical bandgap of the series of conjugated polymers was in the range 2.0−3.1 eV and found to be in good agreement with the optical bandgap. The oxidation and reduction potentials, ionization potential, and electron affinity of the series of polymers were correlated with their main structural features. All the polyquinolines and polyanthrazolines had reversible reduction with formal potentials of −1.57 to −2.08 V (versus SCE) which make them excellent n-type semiconducting polymers. Polymers containing anthrazoline units have a higher electron affinity by 0.3−0.4 eV than those containing bis(quinoline) units. On the other hand, thiophene-linked polymers have a lower ionization potential by 0.45−0.5 eV than those with phenylene linkages. Thus, thiophene-linked polyanthrazolines combine both low ionization potentials (∼4.8−4.9 eV) and high electron affinities (∼2.9 eV) and as a result can be p-type and n-type doped to conducting polymers with relatively more stability in air. Spectroelectrochemistry of the thiophene-linked polymers revealed features characteristic of polarons and bipolarons or radical ion dimers. The results suggest that the series of polyquinolines and polyanthrazolines are promising electronic and optoelectronic materials.
Insulin-degrading enzyme regulates the levels of insulin, amyloid β-protein, and the β-amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain in vivo (2003)

Two substrates of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) and insulin, are critically important in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), respectively. We previously identified IDE as a principal regulator of Abeta levels in neuronal and microglial cells. A small chromosomal region containing a mutant IDE allele has been associated with hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance in a rat model of DM2. Human genetic studies have implicated the IDE region of chromosome 10 in both AD and DM2. To establish whether IDE hypofunction decreases Abeta and insulin degradation in vivo and chronically increases their levels, we characterized mice with homozygous deletions of the IDE gene (IDE --). IDE deficiency resulted in a >50% decrease in Abeta degradation in both brain membrane fractions and primary neuronal cultures and a similar deficit in insulin degradation in liver. The IDE -- mice showed increased cerebral accumulation of endogenous Abeta, a hallmark of AD, and had hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance, hallmarks of DM2. Moreover, the mice had elevated levels of the intracellular signaling domain of the beta-amyloid precursor protein, which was recently found to be degraded by IDE in vitro. Together with emerging genetic evidence, our in vivo findings suggest that IDE hypofunction may underlie or contribute to some forms of AD and DM2 and provide a mechanism for the recently recognized association among hyperinsulinemia, diabetes, and AD.
Sustained release of basic fibroblast growth factor and angiogenesis in a novel covalently crosslinked gel of heparin and alginate (2001)

The construction of organs by tissue engineering and regenerative engineering, using an artificial extracellular matrix, is an innovative method that is expected to replace artificial organs and organ transplantation. We have produced an artificial extracellular matrix of alginate and demonstrated that the matrix stimulated the regeneration of skin, nerve, and bone. In this report, the new matrix, which consists of heparin and alginate covalently crosslinked with ethylenediamine, was produced to stabilize and control the release of growth factors. Heparin content of the new matrix was confirmed by toluidine blue absorption, elementary analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectrum. In vitro experiments showed that the new matrix significantly suppressed the initial burst of basic fibroblast growth factor, which is a representative member of heparin-binding growth factors, and released biologically active basic fibroblast growth factor for 1 month under physiological conditions. Obvious cellular infiltration and angiogenesis were shown to occur in the new matrix which was implanted subcutaneously in the dorsal area of rat with 1 microg of basic fibroblast growth factor for 2 weeks. This new matrix may be useful for not only the construction of transplantable blood vessels of small diameter, but also the induction of angiogenesis in regenerated skin constructed by tissue engineering.
Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of cholera toxin genes of the CtxA- Vibrio cholerae strain Texas Star-SR (1990)

The ctx operons from the Vibrio cholerae El Tor strain 3083 and its CtxA- derivative Texas Star-SR were cloned, and their nucleotide sequences were compared. A single missense mutation in the Texas Star-SR ctxA cistron which results in the substitution of threonine for alanine at position 191 of the 258-amino-acid CtxA precursor was identified. Immunoblot analysis detected the mutant CtxA intracellularly early in the culture cycle but not extracellularly at any growth stage.
Crystal Structure of an Aquabirnavirus Particle: Insights into Antigenic Diversity and Virulence Determinism (2009)

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), a pathogen of salmon and trout, imposes a severe toll on the aquaculture and sea farming industries. IPNV belongs to the Aquabirnavirus genus in the Birnaviridae family of bisegmented double-stranded RNA viruses. The virions are nonenveloped with a T=13l icosahedral capsid made by the coat protein VP2, the three-dimensional (3D) organization of which is known in detail for the family prototype, the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) of poultry. A salient feature of the birnavirus architecture is the presence of 260 trimeric spikes formed by VP2, projecting radially from the capsid. The spikes carry the principal antigenic sites as well as virulence and cell adaptation determinants. We report here the 3.4-A resolution crystal structure of a subviral particle (SVP) of IPNV, containing 20 VP2 trimers organized with icosahedral symmetry. We show that, as expected, the SVPs have a very similar organization to the IBDV counterparts, with VP2 exhibiting the same overall 3D fold. However, the spikes are significantly different, displaying a more compact organization with tighter packing about the molecular 3-fold axis. Amino acids controlling virulence and cell culture adaptation cluster differently at the top of the spike, i.e., in a central bowl in IBDV and at the periphery in IPNV. In contrast, the spike base features an exposed groove, conserved across birnavirus genera, which contains an integrin-binding motif. Thus, in addition to revealing the viral antigenic determinants, the structure suggests that birnaviruses interact with different receptors for attachment and for cell internalization during entry.
Access control in a workstation-based distributed computing environment (2002)

The Institutional File System (IFS) project is a joint project of the Center for Information Technology Integration at the University of Michigan and the IBM Corporation. The goal of the IFS project is to offer network file services that are institution-wide, transparent, reliable, and secure. The mechanisms used to control access to system services on the IFS project are described. A logical overview of access control at the IFS project is given and is followed by an enumeration of the services on which the project relies, their interdependencies, and the mechanisms by which access to these services is secured. Present vulnerabilities and future plans are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Investigation of the effect of electric fields on the rate of alpha decay (1991)

Possible alteration of the alpha decay rate of a {sup 249}Cf sample by application of an electric field of the order 10{sup 7} V/m was investigated. Gamma spectroscopy of the 388 keV level in the {sup 245}Cm daughter was used to eliminate the uncertainty inherent in absolute alpha counting. Ratios of the intensities of the 388 keV photopeak of {sup 249}Cf to photopeaks from both beta and electron-capture decay of {sup 152}Eu incorporated in the same sample were measured to eliminate variability due to changes in either sample geometry, or possible physical erosion of the samples. No change in any of the decay rates was seen within the estimated limits of reproducibility of the measurements. 16 refs., 5 tabs., 1 fig.
From zero to hero – Production of bio-based nylon from renewable resources using engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum (2014)

Polyamides are important industrial polymers. Currently, they are produced exclusively from petrochemical monomers. Herein, we report the production of a novel bio-nylon, PA5.10 through an integration of biological and chemical approaches. First, systems metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum was used to create an effective microbial cell factory for the production of diaminopentane as the polymer building block. In this way, a hyper-producer, with a high diaminopentane yield of 41% in shake flask culture, was generated. Subsequent fed-batch production of C. glutamicum DAP-16 allowed a molar yield of 50%, a productivity of 2.2gL(-1)h(-1), and a final titer of 88gL(-1). The streamlined producer accumulated diaminopentane without generating any by-products. Solvent extraction from alkalized broth and two-step distillation provided highly pure diaminopentane (99.8%), which was then directly accessible for poly-condensation. Chemical polymerization with sebacic acid, a ten-carbon dicarboxylic acid derived from castor plant oil, yielded the bio-nylon, PA5.10. In pure form and reinforced with glass fibers, the novel 100% bio-polyamide achieved an excellent melting temperature and the mechanical strength of the well-established petrochemical polymers, PA6 and PA6.6. It even outperformed the oil-based products in terms of having a 6% lower density. It thus holds high promise for applications in energy-friendly transportation. The demonstration of a novel route for generation of bio-based nylon from renewable sources opens the way to production of sustainable bio-polymers with enhanced material properties and represents a milestone in industrial production.
A phase 1b clinical trial of the multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor lenvatinib (E7080) in combination with everolimus for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (2013)

Lenvatinib 18 mg combined with everolimus 5 mg was associated with manageable toxicity consistent with individual agents and no new safety signals. Observed activity warrants further evaluation of the combination in advanced RCC patients.
Relation extraction and scoring in DeepQA (2012)

Detecting semantic relations in text is an active problem area in natural-language processing and information retrieval. For question answering, there are many advantages of detecting relations in the question text because it allows background relational knowledge to be used to generate potential answers or find additional evidence to score supporting passages. This paper presents two approaches to broad-domain relation extraction and scoring in the DeepQA question-answering framework, i.e., one based on manual pattern specification and the other relying on statistical methods for pattern elicitation, which uses a novel transfer learning technique, i.e., relation topics. These two approaches are complementary; the rule-based approach is more precise and is used by several DeepQA components, but it requires manual effort, which allows for coverage on only a small targeted set of relations (approximately 30). Statistical approaches, on the other hand, automatically learn how to extract semantic relations from the training data and can be applied to detect a large amount of relations (approximately 7,000). Although the precision of the statistical relation detectors is not as high as that of the rule-based approach, their overall impact on the system through passage scoring is statistically significant because of their broad coverage of knowledge.
Rendering in object interference detection on conventional graphics workstations (2002)

Collision detection between complex objects using rasterizing graphics hardware provides a rich ground of exploration for speeding up the interference detection algorithms and computing points of collision. We show that despite the limitations imposed by the current graphics rendering hardware, it is still possible to perform collision detection at rendering rates using only conventional graphics hardware without any enhancements.
High-level and erythroid-specific expression of human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in transgenic mice (1993)

Human Glc-6-P dehydrogenase (Glc-6-P) cDNA spanning the entire coding region was subcloned into a pSG5 vector that contains an early SV40 promoter, intron II of the rabbit beta-globin gene, and a polyadenylation signal. This expression cassette was then placed downstream of the human beta-globin locus control region and injected into fertilized mouse eggs. Among five transgenic founders that contained intact copies of the construct, one founder expressed human Glc-6-P dehydrogenase enzyme in a high-level and erythroid-specific fashion (5 x higher than endogenous Glc-6-P dehydrogenase activity). When this male founder mated with a normal individual, all the offspring that carried the transgene showed high-level expression of Glc-6-P dehydrogenase activity in erythroid cells. The endogenous mouse Glc-6-P dehydrogenase in all high-expression mice could be competed out by forming a hybrid with human Glc-6-P dehydrogenase. Our results indicate that the locus control region can drive the human Glc-6-P dehydrogenase gene to be specifically expressed in the erythroid cells of transgenic mice. The results described here provide a basis for experiments designed to express human Glc-6-P dehydrogenase in transgenic mice and suggest a suitable approach to producing a mouse model for studying human Glc-6-P dehydrogenase deficiency.