gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The SCID-hu Myeloma Model (2005)

The severe combined immune deficient human (SCID-hu) myeloma model is the only available model in which primary myeloma cells grow in vivo in a human bone marrow microenvironment. A SCID mouse receives an implanted human fetal bone into which myeloma cells are directly injected. Through interaction with the human bone marrow microenvironment, the myeloma cells induce typical myeloma manifestations in the SCID host, such as the appearance of M protein in the serum, and changes in the implanted human bone, which often result in osteolysis of the human bone. The model provides the only platform for in vivo investigation of the biology and therapy of primary human myeloma in a human microenvironment. This chapter describes in detail all the steps necessary to establish this model and evaluate its success.
The role of the hippocampus in the pathophysiology of major depression (2004)

Converging lines of research suggest that the hippocampal complex (HC) may have a role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Although postmortem studies show little cellular death in the HC of depressed patients, animal studies suggest that elevated glucocorticoid levels associated with MDD may negatively affect neurogenesis, cause excitotoxic damage or be associated with reduced levels of key neurotrophins in the HC. Antidepressant medications may counter these effects, having been shown to increase HC neurogenesis and levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in animal studies. Neuropsychological studies have identified deficits in hippocampus-dependent recollection memory that may not abate with euthymia, and such memory impairment has been the most reliably documented cognitive abnormality in patients with MDD. Finally, data from imaging studies suggest both structural changes in the volume of the HC and functional alterations in frontotemporal and limbic circuits that may be critical for mood regulation. The extent to which such functional and structural changes determine clinical outcome in MDD remains unknown; a related, but also currently unanswered, question is whether the changes in HC function and structure observed in MDD are preventable or modifiable with effective treatment for the depressive illness.
Baculovirus gp64 gene expression: negative regulation by a minicistron (1997)

Small upstream open reading frames (ORFs) or minicistrons located in the 5' leader of eukaryotic mRNAs have been shown to play a role in translational regulation of some eukaryotic genes, particularly mammalian proto-oncogenes. A survey of the baculovirus Autographa californica multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome suggests that at least 10 transcripts from late genes contain potential minicistrons, and at least three of these minicistrons appear to be conserved in homologous genes of the related Orygia pseudotsugata MNPV. The position of the minicistron from one of these genes, gp64, is also conserved in gp64 genes from several baculoviruses, suggesting a potential regulatory function. To identify the potential role of the gp64 minicistron in regulating translation from gp64 late mRNAs, we generated a series of recombinant viruses containing the gp64 promoter and minicistron in combination with a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene (cat) inserted into the polyhedrin locus. We first fused a cat reporter in frame with the minicistron coding region to demonstrate that the minicistron initiator ATG was in a context suitable for translational initiation. In subsequent experiments, a cat reporter was fused in frame to the downstream gp64 ORF, and various constructs containing point mutations that inactivated the minicistron were examined. Translational efficiency in the presence and absence of the minicistron was measured by quantitative analysis of gp64-cat RNA and the GP64-CAT protein. In the absence of a functional minicistron, translational efficiency from the downstream gp64-cat reporter ORF increased. Surprisingly, single-point mutations that inactivated the minicistron initiator ATG also resulted in utilization of an upstream in-frame ATG that is found within the minicistron coding region and that is in a poor translational initiation context. Double-point mutation constructs that inactivated both the minicistron initiator ATG and the upstream in-frame ATG also resulted in increased translational efficiency from the downstream gp64-cat ORF. Thus, the gp64 minicistron serves as a negative regulatory element that decreases translation of the gp64 ORF on late mRNAs.
Visual Geo-Localization and Location-Aware Image Understanding (2014)

Geo-localization is the problem of discovering the location where an image or video was captured. Recently, large scale geo-localization methods which are devised for ground-level im-agery and employ techniques similar to image matching have attracted much interest. In these methods, given a reference dataset composed of geo-tagged images, the problem is to estimate the geo-location of a query by finding its matching reference images. In this dissertation, we address three questions central to geo-spatial analysis of ground-level imagery: 1) How to geo-localize im-ages and videos captured at unknown locations? 2) How to refine the geo-location of already geo-tagged data? 3) How to utilize the extracted geo-tags? We present a new framework for geo-locating an image utilizing a novel multiple nearest neighbor feature matching method using Generalized Minimum Clique Graphs (GMCP). First, we extract local features (e.g., SIFT) from the query image and retrieve a number of nearest neigh-bors for each query feature from the reference data set. Next, we apply our GMCP-based fea-ture matching to select a single nearest neighbor for each query feature such that all matches are
Protective Immunity to Nematode Infection Is Induced by CTLA-4 Blockade (1997)

The recent observation that neutralization or genetic deletion of the T lymphocyte receptor CTLA-4 allows enhanced T cell reactivity offers new opportunities for immunotherapy against infectious agents. We used a neutralizing antibody to block CTLA-4 interaction with its ligands CD80 and CD86 during infection of mice with the nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. CTLA-4 blockade greatly enhanced and accelerated the T cell immune response to N. brasiliensis, resulting in a profound reduction in adult worm numbers and early termination of parasite egg production. The ability of CTLA-4 blockade to accelerate primary immune responses to a protective level during an acute infection indicates its potential as an immunotherapeutic tool for dealing with infectious agents.
Release of ATP from human erythrocytes in response to a brief period of hypoxia and hypercapnia (1992)

A situation of hypoxia/hypercapnia, such as would be found in exercising muscle, induces release of ATP from the erythrocyte via the plasma membrane protein moiety known as band 4.5 (a nucleoside transporter) and electrical balance across the erythrocyte membrane is maintained by the simultaneous influx of extracellular chloride and/or bicarbonate via the plasma membrane protein known as band 3 (anion channel). The circulation of erythrocytes into a region of hypoxia in vivo could promote an increase in local blood flow through release of endothelium dependent relaxing factor in response to released ATP.
Cleavage of human high-molecular weight kininogen by purified kallikreins and upon contact activation of plasma (1988)

To study the digestion pattern of human high-molecular weight (mol wt) kininogen (HMWK) in plasma during contact activation we have prepared monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to the light-chain (LC) and the heavy- chain moiety of HMWK. One MoAb from each set was purified, and neither MoAb inhibited the clotting activity of HMWK. In enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting experiments neither antibody bound to kininogen-deficient plasma. Digestion of purified HMWK with plasma kallikrein yielded, on reduced sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, two LC forms, at 62 and 49 kd, respectively. Digestion of HMWK with tissue kallikrein (TK) yielded mainly the 62-kd form. In immunoblot analyses of these digests, the anti-LC MoAb detected products at 62 and 49 kd respectively. With plasma kallikrein, the 62-kd species slowly shifted to 49 kd, and with TK, the 62-kd species accumulated with time. Anti-LC MoAb was also used as a probe in immunoblotting experiments to study the digestion pattern of HMWK in whole plasma activated with kaolin or dextran sulfate. In activated normal pooled plasma (NHP) and factor XI- deficient plasma, native HMWK (mol wt, 115 kd) was cleaved within five to ten minutes, and two LC forms at 62 and 49 kd were detected. In kaolin-activated prekallikrein (PK)-deficient plasma, the disappearance of the 115-kd form was relatively slow, and only the 62-kd form of LC was seen. HMWK was not cleaved when factor XII-deficient plasma was incubated with kaolin. LC-dependent coagulant activity paralleled the presence of LC bands seen in the immunoblots, and lower-mol wt fragments of LC were not identified. These data indicate that in activated NHP two forms of LC of HMWK (62 and 49 kd) are formed sequentially. Further, the LC-dependent coagulant activity remains detectable long enough to suggest that proteolytic inactivation of LC is too slow to be an important control mechanism.
The Critical Requirement for Linolenic Acid Is Pollen Development, Not Photosynthesis, in an Arabidopsis Mutant. (1996)

The very high proportions of trienoic fatty acids found in chloroplast membranes of all higher plants suggest that these lipid structures might be essential for photosynthesis. We report here on the production of Arabidopsis triple mutants that contain negligible levels of trienoic fatty acids. Photosynthesis at 22[deg]C was barely affected, and vegetative growth of the mutants was identical with that of the wild type, demonstrating that any requirement for trienoic acyl groups in membrane structure and function is relatively subtle. Although vegetative growth and development were unaffected, the triple mutants are male sterlle and produce no seed under normal conditions. Comparisons of pollen development in wild-type and triple mutant flowers established that pollen grains in the mutant developed to the tricellular stage. Exogenous applications of [alpha]-llnolenate or jasmonate restored fertility. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the critical role of trienoic acids in the life cycle of plants is as the precursor of oxylipin, a signaling compound that regulates final maturation processes and the release of pollen.
Proteomic Study Reveals That Proteins Involved in Metabolic and Detoxification Pathways Are Highly Expressed in HER-2/neu-positive Breast Cancer (2005)

The receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2 (HER-2/neu) is overexpressed in up to 30% of breast cancers and is associated with poor prognosis and an increased likelihood of metastasis especially in node-positive tumors. In this proteomic study, to identify the proteins that are associated with the aggressive phenotype of HER-2/neu-positive breast cancer, tumor cells from both HER-2/neu-positive and -negative tumors were procured by laser capture microdissection. Differentially expressed proteins in the two subsets of tumors were identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS/MS. We found differential expression of several key cell cycle modulators, which were linked with increased proliferation of the HER-2/neu-overexpressing cells. Nine proteins involved in glycolysis (triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), and enolase 1 (ENO1)), lipid synthesis (fatty acid synthase (FASN)), stress-mediated chaperonage (heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27)), and antioxidant and detoxification pathways (haptoglobin, aldo-keto reductase (AKR), glyoxalase I (GLO), and prolyl-4-hydrolase beta-isoform (P4HB)) were found to be up-regulated in HER-2/neu-positive breast tumors. HER-2/neu-dependent differential expression of PGK1, FASN, Hsp27, and GLO was further validated in four breast cancer cell lines and 12 breast tumors by immunoblotting and confirmed by partially switching off the HER-2/neu signaling in the high HER-2/neu-expressing SKBr3 cell line with Herceptin treatment. Statistical correlations of these protein expressions with HER-2/neu status were further verified by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray comprising 97 breast tumors. Our findings suggest that HER-2/neu signaling may result, directly or indirectly, in enhanced activation of various metabolic, stress-responsive, antioxidative, and detoxification processes within the breast tumor microenvironment. We hypothesize that these identified changes in the cellular proteome are likely to drive cell proliferation and tissue invasion and that the key cell cycle modulators involved, when uncovered by future research, would serve as naturally useful targets for the development of therapeutic strategies to negate the metastatic potential of HER-2/neu-positive breast tumors.
RADIUS Accounting (1997)

This document describes a protocol for carrying accounting information between a Network Access Server and a shared Accounting Server.
Influence of Slurry Parameters on the Characteristics of Spray‐Dried Granules (1999)

A systematic study has been performed to determine how the characteristics of granules prepared by spray drying aqueous alumina slurries are influenced by processing parameters: binder type (PEG Compound 20M or PEG‐8000), solids loading (30 or 40 vol%), ammonium polyacrylate deflocculant level (0.35‐1.00 wt%), and spray‐dryer type. Correlations between slurry rheology and granule characteristics have been made, and a model for granule formation is presented. The packing density of the primary particles within the granules is lower for slurries with higher yield stress and is dependent on the slurry solids loading. Granules prepared using 0.35 wt% deflocculant (0.14 mg/m 2 ), which correspond to high slurry yield stress, are of solid morphology, whereas higher deflocculant levels result in hollow granules that contain a single large open pore or crater. The degree to which particles are able to rearrange during drying influences the final granule density and is determined by the strength of the floc structure, as indicated by the slurry yield stress. When the yield stress is low, a crater may form from the inward collapse of the surface of a forming granule when the particle packing density in a droplet continues to increase after the droplet size becomes fixed by the formation of a rigid shell, leaving an internal void with internal pressure lower than that of the surrounding atmosphere.
Stem cell-based approaches to treating HIV infection (2010)

Recent advances using stem cell-based approaches to treat HIV infection have provided the impetus for a renewed and expanded interest in the development of new cell-based strategies to treat HIV infection as well as a variety of other diseases.
Impact of Carbohydrate Heterogeneity in Function of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone: Studies Derived from in Vitro and in Vivo Models1 (2003)

Carbohydrates attached to the protein core of glycoprotein hormones influence a number of intracellular and extracellular processes. As with other members of the glycoprotein hormone family, FSH is produced and released as an array of isoforms that differ from each other in the structure of their oligosaccharide attachments. In this review, we discuss how carbohydrate heterogeneity can impact on FSH action in different in vitro and in vivo systems. We present evidence for diverse effects of distinct charge isoforms at the target cell level, including differential and unique effects on various end responses, and discuss how the use of multiple cell-type assays has allowed identification of some specific effects of FSH isoforms on different cell populations and follicle compartments as well as oocyte maturation. Finally, we discuss recent information on the ability of naturally occurring and laboratory manufactured FSH isoforms to evoke particular effects on granulosa cell function and ovarian follicular maturation in vivo. Such studies have provided evidence that the type(s) of FSH signal delivered may in fact regulate distinct biological outcomes irrespective or in addition to outcomes dictated solely by clearance rate differences.
A simple dynamic integrated provisioning/protection scheme in IP over WDM networks (2001)

This article presents a simple integrated provisioning/protection scheme to dynamically allocate restorable bandwidth guaranteed paths in IP over WDM networks. A guaranteed restorable path implies that a flow of data is successfully routed if both an active path and another alternate link-disjoint path are found at the same time. Unlike the conventional approach, where the IP and WDM layers are not aware of each other, the new scheme takes advantage of the development in generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) to provide integrated end-to-end survivability by incorporating network state information from both layers (e.g., the cost information in physical links, the bandwidth usage on each lightpath, and intermediate router speed) into protection path allocation. Simulation results are used to evaluate the performance of the new scheme and show that the proposed protection approach can efficiently improve the network utilization, and deliver reliable services.
Death induction by CD99 ligation in TEL/AML1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia and normal B cell precursors (2010)

Our study was performed to examine the role of CD99 in normal and leukemia BCPs. CD99 is strongly expressed by certain pediatric cancers including BCP-ALL. Modulation of the antigen in ETs and T cells induces apoptosis, hence implicating CD99 as a potential target for anti-cancer therapy. However, nothing is known about these aspects in BCPs. We investigated BCP-ALL cases and normal BCP cells from pediatric BM for CD99 protein and RNA expression as well as for effects of CD99 modulation by mAb. Immunophenotypes, recovery, apoptosis, and aggregation were assessed. Flow cytometry, light microscopy, and qRT-PCR were used in our experiments. An association of CD99 expression levels with the cytogenetic background of pediatric BCP-ALLs was found. Highest CD99 levels were observed in hyperdiploid, followed by TEL/AML1 and random karyotype leukemias. CD99 ligation moderately induced cell death only in TEL/AML1 cases. Stroma cell contact mitigated this effect. Very immature normal BCPs were the most sensitive to CD99-mediated death induction. Type I CD99 mRNA was the main isoform in ALLs and was expressed differentially during BCP maturation. Our data suggest that clinical targeting of CD99 may be effective in BCP-ALL-bearing TEL/AML1 but also may elicit negative effects on normal B-lymphopoiesis. We consider our results as an indication that CD99 may play a physiologic role in the clonal deletion processes necessary for B-lymphoid selection.
Role of fault gouge dilatancy on aseismic deformation transients (2010)

In the vicinity of episodic aseismic transients in several subduction zones, the presence of interstitial fluids and near‐lithostatic pore pressure has been proposed to interpret seismic observations of high P to S wave speed ratio and high Poisson's ratio. Under such conditions, fault stabilization by dilatancy‐induced suction during increased shear strain rates becomes very efficient. We analyze the frictional and hydraulic conditions for spontaneous transients on a fluid‐infiltrated fault including dilatancy and pore compaction in the framework of rate and state friction with a “membrane diffusion” approximation. In both a simplified spectral model and a 2‐D Cascadia‐like subduction fault model, the fault response is mainly controlled by three nondimensional parameters: (1) W / h *, the along‐dip width of the high pore pressure, velocity‐weakening fault relative to a characteristic nucleation size, (2) a drainage parameter U , the relative time scales for fluid diffusion and friction evolution, and (3) a dilatancy parameter E , the relative contributions to stress drop from dilatancy and friction evolution. The incorporation of dilatancy enables aseismic transients at much larger values of W / h * than is possible under conditions of constant pore pressure. An analytic estimate of the maximum slip velocity as a function of W / h *, E , and U is derived and agrees reasonably well with the simulation results. The dependence of the properties of modeled transients on the drainage parameter U is similar to that on the dilatancy parameter E . For U ( E ) less than 1, maximum velocity decreases, while recurrence period remains relatively constant. For U ( E ) greater than 1, maximum velocity approaches the steady state velocity, and recurrence period approaches the period at neutral stability. In the subduction fault model using gabbro gouge friction properties, the slip per episode and the recurrence period increase with W / h *, generally following the trend defined without dilatancy. The maximum velocity with dilatancy can be several orders of magnitude smaller than that without, in particular for larger values of E and values of W / h * near the no‐dilatancy stability limit.
p27 KIP1 Blocks Cyclin E-Dependent Transactivation of Cyclin A Gene Expression (1997)

Cyclin E is necessary and rate limiting for the passage of mammalian cells through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Control of cell cycle progression by cyclin E involves cdk2 kinase, which requires cyclin E for catalytic activity. Expression of cyclin E/cdk2 leads to an activation of cyclin A gene expression, as monitored by reporter gene constructs derived from the human cyclin A promoter. Promoter activation by cyclin E/cdk2 requires an E2F binding site in the cyclin A promoter. We show here that cyclin E/cdk2 kinase can directly bind to E2F/p107 complexes formed on the cyclin A promoter-derived E2F binding site, and this association is controlled by p27KIP1, most likely through direct protein-protein interaction. These observation suggest that cyclin E/cdk2 associates with E2F/p107 complexes in late G1 phase, once p27KIP1 has decreased below a critical threshold level. Since a kinase-negative mutant of cdk2 prevents promoter activation, it appears that transcriptional activation of the cyclin A gene requires an active cdk2 kinase tethered to its promoter region.
Effect of β Blockade on Singing Performance (1985)

The symptoms associated with performance anxiety, or the so-called stage fright syndrome, are similar to those of alpha and beta adrenergic stimulation. Suppression of symptoms and improvement in instrumentalist's performance after beta blockade suggest that this modality would be of benefit for singers as well. To evaluate the dose-effect relationship of beta blockade upon singing performance and the possible effect of these agents upon performance maturation, we studied 34 singing students during end of semester juries, using a double-blind crossover paradigm. Students performed once with either placebo, 20, 40, or 80 mg of nadolol, and again 48 hours later, with placebo. There was a significant dose-related, limiting effect upon intraperformance cardiac rate. A small, but statistically significant, dichotomous effect upon performance rating was noted: low-dose nadolol tended to enhance performance, whereas larger doses impaired performance. We conclude that the effects of low dose beta blockade upon singing are minimally helpful and high doses may detract from performance ability.