gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Compensatory increase in calcium extrusion activity of untreated lymphocytes from swine susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (1990)

We tested the hypothesis that lymphocytes from swine with susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (MH) had calcium extrusion activity higher than unaffected swine. Cytoplasmic concentration of ionized calicum was determined by use of dual emission spectrofluorometry and measurement of the ratio of free to calcium-bound form of the fluorescent calcium dye indo-1. Net calcium accumulation and unidirectional calcium extrusion rate were dependent on intracellular calcium concentration. Calcium extrusion from calcium-loaded lymphocytes was monitored while calcium influx was inhibited by suspending the cells in calcium-free medium with a calcium chelator. Net calcium accumulation of untreated lymphocytes was monitored in calcium-replete medium. A novel method of calculation of ionized calcium was used. This method confirmed our previous findings of lower ionized calcium concentration (86 +/- 40 and 370 +/- 216 nmol/L; P less than 0.01) and slower rates of calcium accumulation 39 +/- 16 and 127 +/- 52 nmol/L/min) in untreated lymphocytes from MH-susceptible swine compared with controls. These changes were attributable to calcium extrusion activity two- to three-fold higher in lymphocytes of MH-susceptible swine (154 +/- 36 and 408 +/- 47 nmol/L/min at 175 nmol/L; 972 +/- 111 and 1,690 +/- 505 nmol/L/min at 425 nmol/L). These data were compatible with our model of higher calcium extrusion activity being a compensatory adaptation of MH-susceptible swine lymphocytes to their hypersensitivity to stimuli that increase cytoplasmic calcium concentration.
Preimplantation testing for chromosome aneuploidy (2008)

Around 50% of cleavage stage human embryos obtained by in vitro fertilisation (IVF) have an abnormal number of chromosomes. Aneuploidy testing has been introduced at some IVF centres with the aim of identifying and removing abnormal embryos and increasing pregnancy success rates. Randomised controlled trials have indicated that pregnancy and live birth rates are lower for women undergoing aneuploidy testing. Learning objectives: To understand the nature and frequency of chromosome abnormalities in cleavage stage human embryos. To understand the rationale underlying aneuploidy testing. To understand the results of research on aneuploidy testing. Ethical issues: Should aneuploidy testing be offered, when randomised trials indicate either that it has no effect or that it results in fewer ongoing pregnancies and live births? Please cite this article as: Ogilvie CM. Preimplantation testing for chromosome aneuploidy. The Obstetrician &amp; Gynaecologist 2008;10:88–92.
Learning Word Segmentation Representations to Improve Named Entity Recognition for Chinese Social Media (2016)

Named entity recognition, and other information extraction tasks, frequently use linguistic features such as part of speech tags or chunkings. For languages where word boundaries are not readily identified in text, word segmentation is a key first step to generating features for an NER system. While using word boundary tags as features are helpful, the signals that aid in identifying these boundaries may provide richer information for an NER system. New state-of-the-art word segmentation systems use neural models to learn representations for predicting word boundaries. We show that these same representations, jointly trained with an NER system, yield significant improvements in NER for Chinese social media. In our experiments, jointly training NER and word segmentation with an LSTM-CRF model yields nearly 5% absolute improvement over previously published results.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Ligands for Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Reactions: 2‐ Diphenylphosphinobenzoyl Derivatives of C2‐Symmetric Diols and Diamines. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The CD19/CD21 signal transducing complex of human B lymphocytes includes the target of antiproliferative antibody-1 and Leu-13 molecules (1992)

CD19 is a member of the Ig superfamily expressed on the surface of B lymphocytes that may be involved in the regulation of B cell function. Immunoprecipitation studies with B cell lines solubilized by digitonin have shown CD19 to be part of a multimolecular complex that includes CD21 (CR2) and other unidentified proteins. In this study, two of the CD19-associated proteins were identified as TAPA-1, which is expressed on most cell types, and Leu-13, which is expressed on subsets of lymphoid cells. TAPA-1 and Leu-13 are physically associated in many cell lineages. CD19 and CD21 mAb each specifically coprecipitated proteins of the same size as those precipitated by TAPA-1 and Leu-13 mAb from B cell lines and cDNA-transfected K562 cell lines. Western blot analysis with a TAPA-1 mAb verified the identity of TAPA-1 in CD19 and CD21 immunoprecipitated materials. In addition, when TAPA-1 or Leu-13 were crosslinked and patched on the cell surface, all of the CD19 comigrated with TAPA-1 and some of the CD19 comigrated with Leu-13. Furthermore, mAb binding to CD19, CD21, TAPA-1, and Leu-13 on B cell lines induced similar biologic responses, including the induction of homotypic adhesion, inhibition of proliferation, and an augmentation of the increase in intracellular [Ca2+] induced by suboptimal cross-linking of surface Ig on B cell lines. Together, these data suggest that TAPA-1 and Leu-13 are broadly expressed members of a signal transduction complex in which lineage-specific proteins, such as CD19 and CD21, provide cell-specific functions.
The Proteinase-activated Receptor 2 Is Induced by Inflammatory Mediators in Human Endothelial Cells (1996)

The proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) belongs to the family of seven transmembrane region receptors, and, like the related thrombin receptor, it is activated by specific proteolytic cleavage of its extracellular amino terminus. It is not known which proteinase is the physiological activator of the PAR-2, but candidates can be found among the enzymes involved in the inflammatory cascade systems. Here, we have studied the effects of various mediators on the expression of the PAR-2 and the thrombin receptor in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Stimulation with the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha or interleukin-1 alpha as well as bacterial lipopolysaccharide elevated the expression of PAR-2 in a dose-dependent manner. The time course of induction after cytokine stimulation was similar to those published for the adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. After 20 h of stimulation, PAR-2 mRNA and protein levels were increased to 5-10-fold basal values, and, in the continued presence of tumor necrosis factor alpha, PAR-2 mRNA expression was found to remain elevated for up to 4 days. In contrast, the thrombin receptor gene was not induced by any of these inflammatory mediators. The responses to phorbol ester treatment also differed between the two genes. Thrombin receptor mRNA levels decreased steadily up to 20 h, whereas PAR-2 mRNA levels first rose to about 3-fold basal values at 4 h before decreasing again. Cell surface protein levels of both receptors were decreased after 20 h of phorbol ester stimulation. Elevating intracellular cAMP levels by treatment with forskolin resulted in decreased expression of both receptors, and inhibition of cAMP degradation appeared to blunt the cytokine-induced increase in PAR-2 expression. The induction of the PAR-2 by cytokine treatment supports the concept of PAR-2 involvement in the acute inflammatory response.
Skeletal Dysplasia and Defective Chondrocyte Differentiation by Targeted Overexpression of Fibroblast Growth Factor 9 in Transgenic Mice (1999)

Mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) cause several human chondrodysplasias, including achondroplasia, the most common form of dwarfism in humans. From in vitro studies, the skeletal defects observed in these disorders have been attributed to constitutive activation of FGFR3. Here we show that FGF9 and FGFR3, a high-affinity receptor for this ligand, have similar developmental expression patterns, particularly in areas of active chondrogenesis. Targeted overexpression of FGF9 to cartilage of transgenic mice disturbs postnatal skeletal development and linear bone growth. The growth plate of these mice exhibits reduced proliferation and terminal differentiation of chondrocytes similar to that observed in the human disorders. The observations provide evidence that targeted, in vivo activation of endogenous FGFR3 inhibits bone growth and demonstrate that signals derived from FGF9-FGFR3 interactions can physiologically block endochondral ossification to produce a phenotype characteristic of the achondroplasia group of human chondrodysplasias.
Identifying patients with suspected pancreatic cancer in primary care: derivation and validation of an algorithm (2011)

The algorithm has good discrimination and calibration and could potentially be used to help identify those at highest risk of pancreatic cancer to facilitate early referral and investigation.
Relationship Between Changes in BMD and Nonvertebral Fracture Incidence Associated With Risedronate: Reduction in Risk of Nonvertebral Fracture Is Not Related to Change in BMD (2005)

For patients treated with risedronate, changes in BMD as measured by DXA do not predict the degree of reduction in nonvertebral fractures.
Advances in Insect Rearing for Research and Pest Management (1993)

The efficient production of large numbers of high-quality insects is a concern both for basic research and for the success of control programmes for pests of agricultural and medical significance. This volume provides a comprehensive overview of this important issue, identifying the major applications for insect-rearing technology. The chapters, international in scope, cover genetics and molecular biology; insect rearing and the development of bioengineered crops; nutrition, digestion and artificial diets; and the practical concerns of commercial insect rearing.
The Transcripts of <i>SFRP1,</i><i>CEP63</i> and <i>EIF4G2</i> Genes Are Frequently Downregulated in Transitional Cell Carcinomas of the Bladder (2005)

The use of DDRT-PCR analysis to compare expression patterns among different subgroups of bladder tumors allowed us to identify a significant number of genes implicated in different cellular pathways that, when up- or downregulated, might play a role in the tumorigenic process of the bladder.
Derivation of melanocytes from embryonic stem cells in culture (1999)

We report that embryonic stem (ES) cells were efficiently induced to differentiate to melanocytes in vitro. When undifferentiated ES cells were cocultured with a bone marrow-derived stromal cell line, a very small but significant number of melanocytes were reproducibly generated. This process was greatly enhanced by addition of dexamethasone to the culture and strictly depended on steel factor, the ligand for the c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase. Expression of c-Kit on the precursor cells was confirmed by using SCL/tal-1-/- ES cells, which are defective for producing hematopoietic cells, which were thus ruled out as possible sources of nonmelanogenic c-Kit-expressing cells. The morphology, reactivity to growth factors, and expression of melanogenic markers of the cells generated all indicated unequivocally that these cells were melanocytes. This culture system may provide a potent tool for the study of development and function of melanocytes.
Antitubercular Nucleosides That Inhibit Siderophore Biosynthesis:  SAR of the Glycosyl Domain (2006)

Tuberculosis is the leading cause of infectious disease mortality in the world by a bacterial pathogen. We previously demonstrated that a bisubstrate inhibitor of the adenylation enzyme MbtA, which is responsible for the second step of mycobactin biosynthesis, exhibited potent antitubercular activity. Here we systematically investigate the structure-activity relationships of the bisubstrate inhibitor glycosyl domain resulting in the identification of a carbocyclic analogue that possesses a KIapp value of 2.3 nM and MIC99 values of 1.56 microM against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The SAR data suggest the intriguing possibility that the bisubstrate inhibitors utilize a transporter for entry across the mycobacterial cell envelope. Additionally, we report improved conditions for the expression of MbtA and biochemical analysis, demonstrating that MbtA follows a random sequential enzyme mechanism for the adenylation half-reaction.
Untersuchung zur Absenkung des Exspirationsdrucks (C-Flex Methode) unter CPAP-Therapie (2007)

On the basis of our results the pressure relief with flexible CPAP depending on pressure values, breathing frequency and Flex steps 1 to 3 can be estimated.
Human chondrocyte senescence and osteoarthritis (2002)

Although osteoarthritis (OA) is not an inevitable consequence of aging, a strong association exists between age and increasing incidence of OA. We hypothesized that this association is due to in vivo articular cartilage chondrocyte senescence which causes an age-related decline in the ability of the cells to maintain articular cartilage, that is, increasing age increases the risk of OA because chondrocytes lose their ability to replace their extracellular matrix. To test this hypothesis, we measured senescence markers in human articular cartilage chondrocytes from 27 donors ranging in age from one to 87 years. The markers included expression of the senescence-associated enzyme beta-galactosidase, mitotic activity measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, and telomere length. beta-galactosidase expression increased with age (r=0.84, p=0.0001) while mitotic activity and mean telomere length declined (r=-0.774, p=0.001 and r=-0.71, p=0.0004, respectively). Decreasing telomere length was strongly correlated with increasing expression of beta-galactosidase and decreasing mitotic activity. These findings help explain the previously reported age related declines in chondrocyte synthetic activity and responsiveness to anabolic growth factors and indicate that in vivo articular cartilage chondrocyte senescence is responsible, at least in part, for the age related increased incidence of OA. The data also imply that people vary in their risk of developing OA because of differences in onset of chondrocyte senescence; and, the success of chondrocyte transplantation procedures performed to restore damaged articular surfaces in older patients could be limited by the inability of older chondrocytes to form new cartilage. New efforts to prevent the development or progression of OA might include strategies that delay the onset of chondrocyte senescence or replace senescent cells.
Network Time Protocol (Version 3) Specification, Implementation and Analysis (1992)

This document describes the Network Time Protocol (NTP), specifies its formal structure and summarizes information useful for its implementation. NTP provides the mechanisms to synchronize time and coordinate time distribution in a large, diverse internet operating at rates from mundane to lightwave. It uses a returnable-time design in which a distributed subnet of time servers operating in a selforganizing, hierarchical-master-slave configuration synchronizes local clocks within the subnet and to national time standards via wire or radio. The servers can also redistribute reference time via local routing algorithms and time daemons.
Late phase II study of S-1 in patients with taxane resistant breast cancer (2004)

745 Background: S-1 is a novel oral anticancer agent, contains tegafur (FT: prodrug of 5-fluorouracil), 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine (CDHP: dehydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inhibitor), and potassium oxonate (Oxo: orotate phosphoribosyl transferase inhibitor) at a molar ratio of FT:CDHP:Oxo = 1:0.4:1. We conducted this study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of S-1, in patients (pts) with taxane resistant breast cancer (BC). Methods: Eligibility criteria were as follows: informed consent was obtained, age >=20 to <75, had histologicaly confirmed BC, had metastatic BC, had received one or two prior chemotherapeutic regimens one of which had to have contained paclitaxel or docetaxel, progression or relapse was confirmed within 6 months after taxane treatment, has one or more measurable region, has adequate organ function, PS 0–2, life expectancy more then 3 months. S-1 was given orally at 40mg/m2 b.i.d. for 28 consecutive days followed by 14 days rest period and repeated in 42 day cycles. The cycles were continued until disease progressed. Results: Between November 2001 and April 2003, 56 pts were registered on the trial, and 55 pts received treatment with S-1. All pts had received taxane treatment, and 40 (72.7%) of 55 pts had received anthracycline containing chemotherapy. Response was evaluated based on RECIST criteria at independent review committee. Twelve (21.8%) of the 55 pts (95% CI 11.8 – 35.0%) were confirmed partial responders and there was no complete responder. The median overall survival period was 470 days (Follow-up is being continued). The grade (G) 4 treatment-related adverse event (AE) wasn't observed. The most common G3 treatment-related AEs were neutoropenia (10.9%), leucopenia (9.1%), diarrhea (5.5%) and anorexia (5.5%). There was no G3–4 hand-foot syndrome, even G2 was 5.5%. Almost all AEs were manageable with brief drug interruption or dose reduction. Conclusions: S-1 is an active drug in the treatment of taxane resistant BC and has favorable toxicity profiles. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Rod Photoreceptor Loss in Rho−/−Mice Reduces Retinal Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Regulated Gene Expression (2006)

Relative hypoxia occurs in the inner retina especially during dark adaptation. Photoreceptor loss reduces retinal oxygen usage and hypoxia which corresponds with attenuation of the retinal microvasculature. These studies suggest that in normal physiological conditions and diurnal cycles the adult retina exists in a state of borderline hypoxia, making this tissue particularly susceptible to even subtle reductions in perfusion.
The role of interferon‐β in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis – in the perspective of inflammasomes (2013)

Inflammasomes in innate immune cells mediate the induction of inflammation by sensing microbes and pathogen-associated/damage-associated molecular patterns. Inflammasomes are also known to be involved in the development of some human and animal autoimmune diseases. The Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is currently the most fully characterized inflammasome, although a limited number of studies have demonstrated its role in demyelinating autoimmune diseases in the central nervous system of humans and animals. Currently, the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), is known to be induced by the NLRP3 inflammasome through enhanced recruitment of inflammatory immune cells in the central nervous system. On the other hand, interferon-β (IFNβ), a first-line drug to treat MS, inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and ameliorates EAE. The NLRP3 inflammasome is indeed a factor capable of inducing EAE, but it is dispensable when EAE is induced by aggressive disease induction regimens. In such NLRP3 inflammasome-independent EAE, IFN-β treatment is generally not effective. This might therefore be one mechanism that leads to occasional failures of IFN-β treatment in EAE, and possibly, in MS as well. In the current review, we discuss inflammasomes and autoimmunity; in particular, the impact of the NLRP3 inflammasome on MS/EAE, and on IFN-β therapy.
Mimicking the niche of lung epithelial stem cells and characterization of several effectors of their in vitro behavior (2015)

The niche surrounding stem cells regulate their fate during homeostasis and after injury or infection. The 3D organoid assay has been widely used to study stem cells behavior based on its capacity to evaluate self-renewal, differentiation and the effect of various medium supplements, drugs and co-culture with supportive cells. We established an assay to study both lung and trachea stem cells in vitro. We characterized their proliferation and differentiation spectrum at baseline then evaluated the effect of co-culturing with fibroblasts and endothelial cells and/or treating with several biologically relevant substances as possible contributors to their niche. We found that lung epithelial (but not tracheal basal) stem cells require co-culture with stromal cells to undergo clonal proliferation and differentiation. Fibroblasts were more efficient than endothelial cells in offering this support and the pattern of support varied based on the tissue origin of the stromal cells. Treating distal lung epithelial or basal stem cells with FGF2, FGF9, FGF10, LIF as well as ALK5 and ROCK inhibitors increased their colony formation efficiency and resulted in variable effects on colonies number, size and differentiation spectrum. This model and findings pave the way for better understanding of lung stem cell niche components and factors that can manipulate lung stem cell behavior.
Prolactin receptor is associated with c-src kinase in rat liver (1995)

The mechanism of action of the pituitary hormone PRL was studied in hepatocytes of lactating rats. PRL receptor immune complexes obtained from liver lysates have an associated tyrosine kinase activity. The tyrosine kinase has been identified in isolated hepatocytes as pp60c-src. Incubation of hepatocytes with PRL induces the association of PRL receptor with pp60c-src and the resultant stimulation of its tyrosine kinase activity. Furthermore, PRL stimulates the gene expression of c-fos, c-jun, and c-src. All of these findings support the idea that the pp60c-src tyrosine kinase participates in the early steps of the PRL intracellular signaling that promotes cell growth in liver cells.
Role of adipocyte differentiation-related protein in surfactant phospholipid synthesis by type II cells (2002)

Adipocyte differentiation-related protein (ADrP) is an intrinsic lipid storage droplet protein that is highly expressed in lung. ADrP localizes to lipid storage droplets within lipofibroblasts, pulmonary cells characterized by high triacylglycerol, which is a precursor for surfactant phospholipid synthesis by alveolar type II epithelial (EPII) cells. The developmental pattern of ADrP mRNA and protein expression in lung tissue parallels triacylglycerol accumulation in rat lung. ADrP mRNA levels are relatively high in isolated lipofibroblasts, accounting for the high ADrP expression in lung. Isolated EPII cells, which do not store neutral lipids but derive them from lipofibroblasts, have low levels of ADrP mRNA expression. ADrP is found around lipid droplets in cultured lipofibroblasts, but not in EPII cells isolated from developing rat lung. After coculture with lipofibroblasts, EPII cells acquired ADrP, which associates with lipid droplets. Furthermore, (3)H-labeled triolein in isolated ADrP-coated lipid droplets is a tenfold better substrate for surfactant phospholipid synthesis by cultured EPII cells than (3)H-labeled synthetic triolein alone. Antibodies to ADrP block transfer of neutral lipid. These data suggest a role for ADrP in this novel mechanism for the transfer of lipid between lipofibroblasts and EPII cells.