gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE NORMAL RANGE OF SERUM INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS AND ITS UTILITY AS A DISCRIMINANT IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA* (1960)

The range of serum inorganic phosphorus was determined (Fiske and SubbaRow method) on a normal population of 908 persons. This was accomplished by fitting complex curvilinear functions of phosphorus on age separately for each sex. These functions were deemed necessary, because it became apparent that serum phosphorus concentration varied with both age and sex. Ninetynine per cent confidence limits were placed on the normal functions, and the lower limit of this confidence belt was used as a discriminant for the diagnosis of familial hypophosphatemia. Similar functions were fitted separately by sex to a population of 70 affected persons from five families segregating for familial hypophosphatemia. It was found by studying the overlap between the confidence limits of the normal and abnormal populations that the lower 99 per cent confidence limit of the normal function was a superior diagnostic tool. The true operating characteristics of this discriminant were then determined. This required a general mathematical solution of the problem of evaluating a discriminant when the populations used for the comparison contain persons with incorrectly diagnosed disease, and there is also an error associated with the chemical determination.
Interleukin-10–Treated Human Dendritic Cells Induce a Melanoma-Antigen–Specific Anergy in CD8+ T Cells Resulting in a Failure to Lyse Tumor Cells (1999)

Dendritic cells (DC) are critically involved in the initiation of primary immune processes, including tumor rejection. In our study, we investigated the effect of interleukin-10 (IL-10)-treated human DC on the properties of CD8(+) T cells that are known to be essential for the destruction of tumor cells. We show that IL-10-pretreatment of DC not only reduces their allostimulatory capacity, but also induces a state of alloantigen-specific anergy in both primed and naive (CD45RA+) CD8(+) T cells. To investigate the influence of IL-10-treated DC on melanoma-associated antigen-specific T cells, we generated a tyrosinase-specific CD8(+) T-cell line by several rounds of stimulation with the specific antigen. After coculture with IL-10-treated DC, restimulation of the T-cell line with untreated, antigen-pulsed DC demonstrated peptide-specific anergy in the tyrosinase-specific T cells. Addition of IL-2 to the anergic T cells reversed the state of both alloantigen- or peptide-specific anergy. In contrast to optimally stimulated CD8(+) T cells, anergic tyrosinase-specific CD8(+) T cells, after coculture with peptide-pulsed IL-10-treated DC, failed to lyse an HLA-A2-positive and tyrosinase-expressing melanoma cell line. Thus, our data demonstrate that IL-10-treated DC induce an antigen-specific anergy in cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, a process that might be a mechanism of tumors to inhibit immune surveillance by converting DC into tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells.
Optical imaging of the cervix (2003)

Recent advances in fiber optics, sources and detectors, imaging, and computer-controlled instrumentation have stimulated a period of unprecedented growth in the development of photonics technologies for a wide variety of diagnostic and therapeutic clinical applications. These include the application of quantitative optical spectroscopy and imaging for the detection of precancerous lesions in the uterine cervix, a topic of interest at the Second International Conference on Cervical Cancer, which was held April 11-14, 2002. Investigators have applied the Littenberg method of emerging technology assessment to new optical methods used to detect cervical neoplasia. Currently, such technologies as fluorescence spectroscopy (the combination of fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy), tri-modal spectroscopy, and light-scattering spectroscopy that probe the spectral characteristics of tissue are being investigated. Optical technologies that create images of subcellular structure without biopsy subsequent to pathology that currently are under investigation include in vivo confocal imaging and optical coherence tomography. Numerous small studies have demonstrated the potential of these optical technologies. What remains to be elucidated are the fundamental biophysical origins of variations in remitted optical signals between normal and dysplastic tissue. Large multicenter randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the detection and imaging capabilities of optical technology. Furthermore, the development of contrast agents that could boost detection with these technologies is needed, and basic biologic characterization of signals should be pursued. Applying the Littenberg assessment will help ensure that superior, not simply alternative, technologies are implemented.
A review of crosslinked fracturing fluids prepared with produced water (2016)

The rapidly increasing implementations of oilfield technologies such as horizontal wells and multistage hydraulic fracturing, particularly in unconventional formations, have expanded the need for fresh water in many oilfield locations. In the meantime, it is costly for services companies and operators to properly dispose large volumes of produced water, generated annually at about 21 billion barrels in the United States alone. The high operating costs in obtaining fresh water and dealing with produced water have motivated scientists and engineers, especially in recent years, to use produced water in place of fresh water to formulate well treatment fluids. The objective of this brief review is to provide a summary of the up-to-date technologies of reusing oilfield produced water in preparations of a series of crosslinked fluids implemented mainly in hydraulic fracturing operations. The crosslinked fluids formulated with produced water include borate- and metal-crosslinked guar and derivatized guar fluids, as well as other types of crosslinked fluid systems such as crosslinked synthetic polymer fluids and crosslinked derivatized cellulose fluids. The borate-crosslinked guar fluids have been successfully formulated with produced water and used in oilfield operations with bottomhole temperatures up to about 250 °F. The produced water sources involved showed total dissolved solids (TDS) up to about 115,000 mg/L and hardness up to about 11,000 mg/L. The metal-crosslinked guar fluids prepared with produced water were successfully used in wells at bottomhole temperatures up to about 250 °F, with produced water TDS up to about 300,000 mg/L and hardness up to about 44,000 mg/L. The Zr-crosslinked carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG) fluids have been successfully made with produced water and implemented in operations with bottomhole temperatures at about 250+ °F, with produced water TDS up to about 280,000 mg/L and hardness up to about 91,000 mg/L. In most of the cases investigated, the produced water involved was either untreated, or the treatments were minimum such as simple filtration without significantly changing the concentrations of monovalent and divalent ions in the water. Due to the compositional similarity (high salinity and hardness) between produced water and seawater, crosslinked fluids formulated with seawater for offshore and onshore jobs were also included. The crosslinked guar and derivatized guar fluids have been successfully formulated with seawater for operations at bottomhole temperatures up to about 300 °F. Operating costs have been significantly reduced when produced water or seawater is used to formulate fracturing fluids in place of fresh water. With various challenges and limitations still existing, the paper emphasizes the needs for new developments and further expansion of produced water reuse in oilfield operations.
Minireview: Intraislet Regulation of Insulin Secretion in Humans (2013)

The higher organization of β-cells into spheroid structures termed islets of Langerhans is critical for the proper regulation of insulin secretion. Thus, rodent β-cells form a functional syncytium that integrates and propagates information encoded by secretagogues, producing a "gain-of-function" in hormone release through the generation of coordinated cell-cell activity. By contrast, human islets possess divergent topology, and this may have repercussions for the cell-cell communication pathways that mediate the population dynamics underlying the intraislet regulation of insulin secretion. This is pertinent for type 2 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis, and its study in rodent models, because environmental and genetic factors may converge on these processes in a species-specific manner to precipitate the defective insulin secretion associated with glucose intolerance. The aim of the present minireview is therefore to discuss the structural and functional underpinnings that influence insulin secretion from human islets, and the possibility that dyscoordination between individual β-cells may play an important role in some forms of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Facial sensitivity to rates of temperature change: neurophysiological and psychophysical evidence from cats and humans. (1983)

The dynamic responses in a thermal afferent pathway to rates of temperature change have been studied in anaesthetized cats. Recordings were made in the caudal trigeminal nucleus from neurones with a synaptic input from facial cold receptors. Five rates of cooling and warming ranging from 0.05 degrees C/sec to 1 degree C/sec were applied to the receptive fields of the neurones. Several measures of the dynamic response were computed but the most representative was the maximum rate during cooling or the minimum rate during warming. During cooling the maximum rate increased with increasing cooling rates between 0.05 degrees C/sec and 0.25 degrees C/sec, but did not increase at faster rates. Minimum activity during warming reached near zero at rates of 0.25 degrees C/sec and faster. The total number of impulses generated during cooling or absent during warming was unrelated to rate of temperature change. The same thermal stimuli were applied to the cheeks of human subjects. They were able to sense cooling or warming changes at 0.05 degrees C/sec. They could also distinguish the faster of two cooling changes when these were slow, but not when they were fast. Warming rates could not be distinguished, except from an adapting temperature of 35 degrees C, when warm receptors would have been activated. There was good agreement between the responses of the cat neurones and the human sensations. Slow rates of cooling could be detected or distinguished. Fast rates appeared to saturate the neuronal and sensory mechanisms.
The protein-glass analogy: New insight from homopeptide comparisons (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe protein-glass analogy: New insight from homopeptide comparisonsJ. L. Green, J. Fan, and C. A. AngellCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 51, 13780–13790Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100102a052https://doi.org/10.1021/j100102a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views484Altmetric-Citations195LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Nucleotide sequence of the beta-cyclodextrin glucanotransferase gene of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain 1011 and similarity of its amino acid sequence to those of alpha-amylases (1987)

The nucleotide sequence of the gene for cyclodextrin glucanotransferase of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain 1011 was determined. The deduced amino acid sequence at the NH2-terminal side of the enzyme showed a high homology with the sequences of alpha-amylase in the three regions which constitutes the active centers of alpha-amylases.
Single-Molecule Detection for Femtomolar Quantification of Proteins in Heterogeneous Immunoassays (2006)

There is growing interest in the development of ultrasensitive immunoassays to facilitate validation of novel biomarkers, especially serum biomarkers, and the application of those assays in clinical settings (1). Current assays focus predominantly on abundantly produced protein biomarkers, such as cardiovascular structural proteins that leak into the bloodstream, and less so on lower abundance cytokines and chemokines (2). Even rarer markers, such as those released from cancerous cells into the bloodstream, remain more elusive (3). Approaches that exploit recent technological advances in molecular imaging, especially at the single-molecule level (4), are likely to improve the detection limits of the immunoassay, and therefore enable improved detection of these markers.

Microfluidic sample delivery and confocal microscopic detection of labeled biomolecules are useful for detecting targets of interest (5)(6). Two-color correlation counting derived from focused laser-induced excitation allows for high signal-to-noise detection even in the presence of large excesses of free probes, enabling measurement of single molecular events (6). Flow velocity and data acquisition rates can be matched to provide highly accurate quantification, even for rapid analyses on the order of seconds per sample, and analysis time can easily be extended to provide increased detection efficiency of rare targets.

Development and application of new assays are straightforward processes based on well-understood fluorescence methods. We describe application of the Trilogy® 2020 Single Molecule Analyzer for analysis of heterogeneous immunoassays. The human gonadotropin follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which plays a central role in fertility (7), was chosen as a representative analyte because of its clinical importance and current clinical requirements for high-sensitivity detection (8).

The Trilogy 2020 instrument uses laser beams shaped into stripes for fluorescence illumination and focuses the beams through a microscope objective into the center of a sample-delivering microcapillary (see the Data Supplement that accompanies the online version of this …
Evaluation of Diverse α/β-Backbone Patterns for Functional α-Helix Mimicry: Analogues of the Bim BH3 Domain (2011)

Peptidic oligomers that contain both α- and β-amino acid residues, in regular patterns throughout the backbone, are emerging as structural mimics of α-helix-forming conventional peptides (composed exclusively of α-amino acid residues). Here we describe a comprehensive evaluation of diverse α/β-peptide homologues of the Bim BH3 domain in terms of their ability to bind to the BH3-recognition sites on two partner proteins, Bcl-x(L) and Mcl-1. These proteins are members of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family, and both bind tightly to the Bim BH3 domain itself. All α/β-peptide homologues retain the side-chain sequence of the Bim BH3 domain, but each homologue contains periodic α-residue → β(3)-residue substitutions. Previous work has shown that the ααβαααβ pattern, which aligns the β(3)-residues in a 'stripe' along one side of the helix, can support functional α-helix mimicry, and the results reported here strengthen this conclusion. The present study provides the first evaluation of functional mimicry by ααβ and αααβ patterns, which cause the β(3)-residues to spiral around the helix periphery. We find that the αααβ pattern can support effective mimicry of the Bim BH3 domain, as manifested by the crystal structure of an α/β-peptide bound to Bcl-x(L), affinity for a variety of Bcl-2 family proteins, and induction of apoptotic signaling in mouse embryonic fibroblast extracts. The best αααβ homologue shows substantial protection from proteolytic degradation relative to the Bim BH3 α-peptide.
Epileptogenesis and Reduced Inward Rectifier Potassium Current in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex‐1–Deficient Astrocytes (2005)

Impaired extracellular potassium uptake by astrocytes through Kir channels may contribute to neuronal hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis in a mouse model of TSC.
Design and performance evaluation of a packet switch for broadband central offices (2002)

A broadband packet switch is described whose interconnection network is based on a Batcher-banyan structure. The switch, which is able to transfer up to M packets per slot to a given switch outlet, is provided with packet buffers both at input and output ports. A probe-ack contention resolution scheme is adopted to select the conflict-free paths for the packets to be transferred through the interconnection network. This scheme at the same time limits the access to the interconnection network to a number of packets such that the buffer overflow at the output queues never takes place. Restricting the packet loss so that it occurs only at input queues simplifies the control procedures and makes it possible to jointly optimize the packet storage capability at input and output queues.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Harmonic fluids (2009)

Fluid sounds, such as splashing and pouring, are ubiquitous and familiar but we lack physically based algorithms to synthesize them in computer animation or interactive virtual environments. We propose a practical method for automatic procedural synthesis of synchronized harmonic bubble-based sounds from 3D fluid animations. To avoid audio-rate time-stepping of compressible fluids, we acoustically augment existing incompressible fluid solvers with particle-based models for bubble creation, vibration, advection, and radiation. Sound radiation from harmonic fluid vibrations is modeled using a time-varying linear superposition of bubble oscillators. We weight each oscillator by its bubble-to-ear acoustic transfer function, which is modeled as a discrete Green's function of the Helmholtz equation. To solve potentially millions of 3D Helmholtz problems, we propose a fast dual-domain multipole boundary-integral solver, with cost linear in the complexity of the fluid domain's boundary. Enhancements are proposed for robust evaluation, noise elimination, acceleration, and parallelization. Examples are provided for water drops, pouring, babbling, and splashing phenomena, often with thousands of acoustic bubbles, and hundreds of thousands of transfer function solves.
Lanthanides as probes for time-resolved fluorometric immunoassays (1988)

In recent years development in the field of immunologic assays has been characterized by an expanding use of monoclonal antibodies [1] and two-site ‘sandwich’ type assays [2]. Concomitantly, the assay sensitivities and specificities have improved considerably, which has opened new possibilities and areas of application for immunoassays. This development has progressed mostly with the aid of radioisotopic tracers, but alternative non-isotopic labels, including fluorescent probes, have also gained more and more applications.
A single amino acid change in the E2 spike protein of a virulent strain of Semliki Forest virus attenuates pathogenicity (1994)

The virulent strain SFV4 of Semliki Forest virus (SFV), produced from the infectious clone pSP6-SFV4, is lethal after intranasal (i.n.) infection of adult mice and for pregnant mice after intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection. In contrast, the A7 strain of SFV is avirulent when given i.n. to adult mice, but induces fetal death in pregnant mice after i.p. infection. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of part of the core and all of the envelope region of A7-SFV were determined and compared to those of SFV4. A7 differed from SFV4 at 80 nucleotides (nt) in the coding sequence, 15 of which were associated with amino acid differences and seven of which (two in the E2 protein and five in E1) were non-conservative. The 3' non-coding sequence of A7 was longer (415 nt) than that of SFV4 (263 nt) and a divergent sequence of 181 nt was present adjacent to the end of the E1 coding region. The effects on virulence of two mutations in the E2 gene of SFV4, resulting in the non-conservative amino acid substitutions present in A7, were analysed. One mutation (mut 8729 a/c) resulted in only slight attenuation, whereas the other (mut 8902 a/g) resulted in avirulence for pregnant mice. However, mut 8902 a/g was lethal for the majority of developing fetuses after i.p. infection of the mother.
Iron(III) and Iron(IV) Corroles:  Synthesis, Spectroscopy, Structures, and No Indications for Corrole Radicals (2002)

A delicate control of reaction conditions allows the isolation of several distinctively different iron complexes of tris(pentafluorophenyl)- and tris(2,6-dichlorophenyl)corrole. As long as coordinating ligands are present, the iron(III) complexes are stable in solution. Otherwise they are aerobically oxidized to either mononuclear chloroiron(IV) or dinuclear (mu-oxo)iron(IV) complexes, in acidic and basic solutions, respectively (the latter holds only for tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole). When treated with NaNO(2), the mononuclear chloroiron(IV) corroles are efficiently converted into diamagnetic iron nitrosyl complexes. The low- and intermediate-spin iron(III), iron nitrosyl, and chloroiron(IV) corroles were fully characterized by a combination of spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallography. There was no indication for an open-shell corrole in any of the complexes.
Impact of Hydrophobic Sequence Patterning on the Coil-to-Globule Transition of Protein-like Polymers (2012)

Understanding the driving forces for the collapse of a polymer chain from a random coil to a globule would be invaluable in enabling scientists to predict the folding of polypeptide sequences into defined tertiary structures. The HP model considers hydrophobic collapse to be the major driving force for protein folding. However, due to the inherent presence of chirality and hydrogen bonding in polypeptides, it has been difficult to experimentally test the ability of hydrophobic forces to independently drive structural transitions. In this work, we use polypeptoids, which lack backbone hydrogen bonding and chirality, to probe the exclusive effect of hydrophobicity on the coil-to-globule collapse. Two sequences containing the same composition of only hydrophobic “H” N-methylglycine and polar “P” N-(2-carboxyethyl)glycine monomers are shown to have very different globule collapse behaviors due only to the difference in their monomer sequence. As compared to a repeating sequence with an even distribution of H and P monomers, a designed protein-like sequence collapses into a more compact globule in aqueous solution as evidenced by small-angle X-ray scattering, dynamic light scattering, and probing with environmentally sensitive fluorophores. The free energy change for the coil-to-globule transition was determined by equilibrium denaturant titration with acetonitrile. Using a two-state model, the protein-like sequence is shown to have a much greater driving force for globule formation, as well as a higher m value, indicating increased cooperativity for the collapse transition. This difference in globule collapse behavior validates the ability of the HP model to describe structural transitions based solely on hydrophobic forces.