gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of RNA Synthesis by the Genomic Termini of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: Identification of Distinct Sequences Essential for Transcription but Not Replication (1999)

The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus, directs two discrete RNA synthetic processes, transcription and replication. Available evidence suggests that the two short extragenic regions at the genomic termini, the 3' leader (Le) and the complement of the 5' trailer (TrC), contain essential signals for these processes. We examined the roles in transcription and replication of sequences in Le and TrC by monitoring the effects of alterations to the termini of subgenomic replicons, or infectious viruses, on these RNA synthetic processes. Distinct elements in Le were found to be required for transcription that were not required for replication. The promoter for mRNA transcription was shown to include specific sequence elements within Le at positions 19 to 29 and 34 to 46, a separate element at nucleotides 47 to 50, the nontranscribed leader-N gene junction. The sequence requirements for transcription within the Le region could not be supplied by sequences found at the equivalent positions in TrC. In contrast, sequences from either Le or TrC functioned well to signal replication, indicating that within the confines of the VSV termini, the sequence requirements for replication were less stringent. Deletions engineered at the termini showed that the terminal 15 nucleotides of either Le or TrC allowed a minimal level of replication. Within these confines, levels of replication were affected by both the extent of complementarity between the genomic termini and the involvement of the template in transcription. In agreement with our previous observations, increasing the extent of complementarity between the natural termini increased levels of replication, and this effect was most operative at the extreme genome ends. In addition, abolishing the use of Le as a promoter for transcription enhanced replication. These analyses (i) identified signals at the termini required for transcription and replication and (ii) showed that Le functions as a less efficient promoter for replication than TrC at least in part because of its essential role in transcription. Consequently, these observations help explain the asymmetry of VSV replication which results in the synthesis of more negative- than positive-sense replication products in infected cells.
Size- and shape-controlled synthesis of colloidal gold through autoreduction of the auric cation by poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide) block copolymers in aqueous solutions at ambient conditions (2005)

Gold nanoparticles with an average diameter in the range 5-20 nm have been synthesized from hydrogen tetrachloroaureate (III) hydrate (HAuCl(4)·3H(2)O) in air-saturated aqueous PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymer solutions at ambient temperature in the absence of any other reducing agent (PEO: poly(ethylene oxide), PPO: poly(propylene oxide)). The particle size was controlled by the block copolymer concentration and PEO and PPO block lengths. Our findings indicate that longer PEO blocks lead to an increase in particle size because of an increase in reaction activity. Adsorption of PO segments on gold nanoparticles seems to prevent particle growth from aggregation, and results in small particle size and high colloidal stability. An increase of the HAuCl(4) concentration causes a change in the particle shape from spherical to triangular or hexagonal nanoplates.
Formulation, Stability, and Administration of Parenteral Nutrition With New Lipid Emulsions (2009)

Intravenous lipid emulsions (IVLE) are an important source of energy and essential fatty acids and their incorporation into pediatric and adult parenteral nutrition (PN) regimens has revolutionized nutrition therapy. However, their clinical use has not been without risk, and will continue to remain so because of the intravenous route of administration. Pharmaceutical and microbiological concerns are centered around the methods of compounding all-in-one (AIO) admixtures, but these can be largely minimized with today's technologies and advanced understanding of aseptic principles. Modern lipid products, based on olive, coconut, and/or fish oils, have demonstrable formulation and clinical benefits over traditional soybean and safflower IVLE and, when combined in the new multi-chamber bags, can also offer improvements in stability and safety. This review outlines the rationale for different lipid formulations in PN admixtures, reviews the factors influencing stability and efficacy of lipid-based AIO regimens and evaluates some technologies for minimizing peroxidation and maximizing stability of AIO admixtures.
Synthesis and Optical Properties of Thiol-Stabilized PbS Nanocrystals (2005)

Thiol-capped water-soluble PbS nanocrystals (NCs) stabilized with 1-thioglycerol, dithioglycerol, or a mixture of 1-thioglycerol/dithioglycerol (TGL/DTG) were prepared via one-stage synthesis at room temperature. We found that NCs stabilized with a TGL/DTG mixture show efficient and stable infrared photoluminescence centered in the second "biological window" (1050-1200 nm). Under optimized conditions, full width at half-maximum of the PL emission peak was from 70 to 100 nm. PbS NCs were stable to precipitation and aggregation for the time period from 2 to 3 months when stored in the dark under room temperature. Room-temperature photoluminescence quantum efficiency of NCs was from 7 to 10%. When NCs were stored at 37 degrees C, their PL emission red-shifted, consistent with the NC growth.
Concepts of dental caries and their consequences for understanding the disease (1997)

The way in which we conceptually consider dental caries determines our choice of preventive and treatment strategy. In this paper the definition of dental caries is discussed and the related problems concerning causality are addressed. Dental caries reflects symptoms of ongoing and past disease--not the disease itself. As such, it is important to record early stages of signs of the disease, i.e. non-cavitated stages of lesion development. The dynamic nature of the processes leading to net loss of mineral (hence a lesion) is emphasized, and appreciating that caries is ubiquitous in populations around the world and initiation and progression of lesions continues lifelong leads to the logical conclusion that we can control dental caries through a variety of measures--but not truly prevent the disease. We can prevent cavities by controlling the patho-physiological events which may result in a net loss of mineral. The relative role of dental plaque in caries control is discussed in relation to the role of the many determinants which influence the likelihood for lesion development. It is concluded that several paradigms about the nature of dental caries should be reconsidered to provide the most cost-effective dental services.
The Photoelectrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide (1989)

The kinetics of the photoreduction of in nonaqueous solutions containing tetraalkyl ammonium cations has been examined with special reference to the effects of surface decoration of with metals, organic complexes, and crown ethers. The electrode surface was scanned by SEM, XPS, and particularly by FTIR spectroscopy. The principal product throughout was , although small amounts of formate and methanol were observed. Catalysts, except for the crown ethers, produce an anodic shift in the i‐V curves which is in the region of 100–200 mV, equivalent to ≈10 times increases in the rate constant. The efficiency of the conversion of light to is ≈5%. Crown ethers adsorb on the surface in a lying down position and behave in a pseudo‐Langmuirian way. The 18‐crown‐6 ether in the presence of tetraethyl ammonium cations produces the greatest catalysis, a 410 mV shift, equivalent to about 103 times increase in the rate constant. The photoelectrochemical kinetic parameters are consistent with a rate‐determining step, . The catalyst effect of the ions is interpreted in terms of the foregoing electrochemical reactions, and which take place on different sites from that of the photoelectrochemical reactions. The catalytic shifts are correlated with changes in bonding between intermediate radicals and the catalyst atoms as in electrochemical catalysis.
Generalization of Methods for Voltage-Sag Source Detection Using Vector-Space Approach (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper discusses methods for voltage-sag source detection, which are based either on energy, current, or impedance criteria. It is shown that methods known from the literature do not work well, particularly in cases of asymmetrical voltage sags. Therefore, generalized methods for voltage-sag source detection are proposed, using a vector-space approach. All the discussed methods, both the already known and the proposed ones, were tested by applying extensive simulations, as well as laboratory and field tests. The correctness of the proposed generalized methods was verified in this way. The obtained results show that all the proposed methods are highly effective in all cases of voltage sags, whereas the overall effectiveness of those methods known from literature is mainly unacceptable. </para>
Lithium Phosphate Thin Films Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition (2012)

Lithium phosphate, Li3PO4, has been considered a potential electrolyte material for lithium ion batteries and CO2 sensors in particular if the films can be made dense and of high quality already at low thickness. In this work, Li3PO4 thin films were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) between 225 and 350°C using trimethyl phosphate and either of the two lithium sources, namely lithium hexamethyldisilazide or lithium tert-butoxide. The deposited films showed slightly crystalline Li3PO4 structure in X-ray diffraction and the elastic recoil detection analysis confirmed this stoichiometry with some carbon and hydrogen impurities. The crystallinity and thermal stability of the films at elevated temperatures in N2 were also examined. The long term stability of the deposited Li3PO4 films under ambient air may be an issue for the applicability of these processes.
Extended experimental and preliminary surgical findings with autologous fibrin tissue adhesive made from patient's own blood (1986)

A surgical tissue adhesive can be made from the patient's own blood. We have been refining the procedures for manufacturing autologous fibrin tissue adhesive to facilitate its use in the operating room and to increase its bonding strength. Fibrin tissue adhesive efficacy depends on fibrinogen concentration. We found that fibrinogen precipitation using the ammonium sulfate method produced the highest concentration. Bonding power was compared with that of the commercial glue 10 minutes and 30 minutes after glueing two pieces of 1 X 1 cm2 human dura together. Bonding strength of the autologous product was close to that of the commercial product. Comparisons of fibrinolysis inhibition time of autologous fibrin tissue adhesive and commercial glue in experiments on rats over a period of one hour to six days after subcutaneous injection are described.
The Crystal Structure of the Globular Head of Complement Protein C1q Provides a Basis for Its Versatile Recognition Properties (2003)

C1q is a versatile recognition protein that binds to an amazing variety of immune and non-immune ligands and triggers activation of the classical pathway of complement. The crystal structure of the C1q globular domain responsible for its recognition properties has now been solved and refined to 1.9 A of resolution. The structure reveals a compact, almost spherical heterotrimeric assembly held together mainly by non-polar interactions, with a Ca2+ ion bound at the top. The heterotrimeric assembly of the C1q globular domain appears to be a key factor of the versatile recognition properties of this protein. Plausible three-dimensional models of the C1q globular domain in complex with two of its physiological ligands, C-reactive protein and IgG, are proposed, highlighting two of the possible recognition modes of C1q. The C1q/human IgG1 model suggests a critical role for the hinge region of IgG and for the relative orientation of its Fab domain in C1q binding.
Phospholipase A2 and arthritis (1993)

Over the last 30 years, interest in PLA2 has grown beyond its enzymatic capacity to cleave phospholipids. It has been recognized as the rate-limiting step in the release of arachidonic acid and subsequent formation of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and other bioactive lipids. Subsequently, PLA2 has not only been found to be present in high concentrations in inflammatory arthritis, but also to induce inflammation when injected into animals. At the same time, investigators into mechanisms of signal transduction demonstrated that a variety of cytokines including IL-1 and TNF, which are found in high concentrations in synovial fluid from patients with RA, stimulate PLA2 activity. These investigations demonstrated further the central role for PLA2 in inflammatory events, especially inflammatory arthritis. Numerous other PLA2 proteins, in addition to the low molecular weight synovial fluid/platelet enzyme, also have been characterized. Their clinical role in arthritis is yet to be elucidated. Human proteins which either inhibit or stimulate PLA2 have also been identified, characterized, and cloned. More recently, exciting investigations, primarily from biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, into inhibitors of PLA2 have been reported. New PLA2-regulating compounds, which will hopefully move from the laboratory and through clinical trials and then be used to treat patients with arthritis, are on the horizon.
5'-structural analysis of genes encoding polymorphic antigens of chemically induced tumors. (1987)

We have proposed that the distinct tumor rejection antigens of chemically induced sarcomas in inbred mice belong to a family of Mr 96,000 glycoproteins (gp96). An identical 14-amino acid sequence was found at the amino terminus of gp96 from two antigenically distinct BALB/c sarcomas. Oligonucleotide probes derived from this sequence permitted isolation of 5' cDNA and genomic fragments coding for gp96. Three short exons interrupted by relatively long introns were identified at the 5' terminus of the gp96 gene. The first exon encodes a signal peptide, which is consistent with gp96 being a cell surface antigen. Southern blot analysis indicated that the gp96 family is encoded by a single gene, and 3-kilobase transcripts were detected in all normal and tumor cells tested. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences from 311 base paris at the 5' terminus showed no homology with any known protein. The availability of molecular probes for the gp96 system permits analysis of the structural polymorphism of these antigens.
Specific association ofIL17Agenetic variants with panuveitis (2015)

Our results clearly evidenced the role of IL17A as a novel genetic risk factor for panuveitis, thus suggesting the implication of Th17 cells in the extensive inflammation of the uveal tract that occurs in this subtype of uveitis.
Self‐Ordering of Cell Arrangement of Anodic Porous Alumina Formed in Sulfuric Acid Solution (1997)

Self‐ordering of the cell arrangement of the porous structure of anodic alumina has been studied in a sulfuric acid solution. Ordering of the cell arrangement was dependent on the applied potential, and a highly ordered structure was obtained under anodization at a constant potential of 25 to 27 V. Self‐ordering of the porous structure proceeded with the growth of the oxide layer under anodization at an appropriate potential, and a porous film with an almost ideal hexagonal honeycomb structure was formed over an area of several micrometers after a long period of anodization.
Clinico-anesthetic and Hemodynamic Effects of Midazolam and Dexmedetomidine-Midazolam with Propofol in Dogs During Ovariohysterectomy (2017)

The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the clinico-anesthetic and hemodynamic effects of midazolam and dexmedetomidine-midazolam with propofol anesthesia in clinically healthy bitches during elective ovariohysterectomy. Ten nulliparous bitches, 8-18 months old, weighing 10-20 kg, were randomly divided into two groups, MP and DM, with five dogs each. In MP, midazolam was given at 0.2 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly. In DM, dexmedetomidine and midazolam were given intramuscularly at 20 µg/kg body weight and 0.2 mg/kg body weight, respectively. After 10 min, propofol ‘to effect’ was given intravenously. The total doses of propofol required during induction and maintenance were 16.72±1.10mg/ kg and 2.21±0.74 mg/kg in MP and DM, respectively. DM exhibited excellent muscle relaxation and shorter induction time than MP. It is concluded that both groups exhibited satisfactory surgical anaesthesia. However, DM can produce better anesthesia with excellent muscle relaxation and minimum quantity of propofol used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia during ovariohysterectomy than MP. Key words: anesthesia, dexmedetomidine, dog, midazolam, ovariohysterecomy
A high power 2-18 GHz T/R switch (2002)

A high-power 2-18-GHz T/R (transmit/receive) switch monolithic microwave IC (MMIC) has been developed for use in broadband T/R modules. This switch has a power handling of better than 35 dBm (3.2 W), 8-dB higher than any previously reported broadband switch. A combination of techniques was used to yield higher power handling while preserving low loss and high isolation. These circuit techniques include an asymmetrical design of the transmit and receive arms, the use of dual-gate FETs for handling large voltages, and the use of large FET peripheries for handling large currents. The use of dual-gate FETs in place of a stack of individual FETs reduces the device area, with a resulting reduction in parasitic series inductance through the FET and in shunt capacitance from the FET to ground. Power handling is somewhat lower for the dual-gate FET than for conventional stacked FETs, since RF voltage cannot be distributed as uniformly across the gates. Offstate capacitance is higher for a dual-gate FET than for a stacked FET, since the close proximity of the elements leads to additional parasitic capacitances.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Increased expression in vivo and in vitro of foreign genes directed by A-type inclusion body hybrid promoters in recombinant vaccinia viruses (1991)

We constructed A-type inclusion body (ATI) hybrid promoters, that is, late ATI promoters followed by tandemly repeated early regions of the promoter for the 7.5-kDa protein (the 7.5-kDa promoter). The repetition of the whole early promoter sequence of the 7.5-kDa gene, including the upstream consensus sequence and initiation region, efficiently increased the early expression of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in recombinant vaccinia virus. Recombinant vaccinia virus could express influenza virus hemagglutinin via the hybrid promoter more efficiently, induced higher levels of neutralizing antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and consequently protected mice more efficiently against challenge with influenza virus than did recombinant vaccinia virus containing the widely used 7.5-kDa promoter.
Poster: hearing your breathing (2014)

Sleep monitoring has drawn increasingly attention as the quality and quantity of the sleep are important for maintaining a person's health and well-being. For example, inadequate and irregular sleep are usually associated with serious health problems such as fatigue, depression and cardiovascular disease. Traditional sleep monitoring systems, such as PSG, involve wearable sensors with professional installations, and thus are limited to clinical usage. Recent work in using smartphone sensors for sleep monitoring can detect several events related to sleep, such as body movement, cough and snore. Such coarse-grained sleep monitoring however is unable to detect the breathing rate which is a vital sign and health indicator. This work presents a fine-grained sleep monitoring system which is capable of detecting the breathing rate by leveraging smartphones. Our system exploits the readily available smartphone earphone that placed close to the user to capture the breath sound reliably. Given the captured acoustic signal, our system performs noise reduction to remove environmental noise and then identifies the breathing rate based on the signal envelope detection. Our experimental evaluation of six subjects over six months time period demonstrates that the breathing rate monitoring is highly accurate and robust under various environments. This strongly indicates the feasibility of using the smartphone and its earphone to perform continuous and noninvasive fine-grained sleep monitoring.
Collagen tightening induced by carbon dioxide laser versus erbium:YAG laser (2000)

Background and Objective Pulsed CO2 laser resurfacing improves photodamage and acne scarring by ablation of abnormal tissue with subsequent regeneration and remodeling of collagen and through heat induced collagen contraction. Whether collagen contraction persists long-term and helps maintain the skin tightening observed after resurfacing is debated. One possible mechanism of long-term clinical tightening is that of wound contracture that occurs as part of normal wound healing. If normal wound contracture, and not heat induced collagen contraction, is responsible for maintaining the initial skin tightening seen in CO2 laser resurfacing, then equal results would be expected from resurfacing with either CO2 or erbium lasers. The study was performed to determine whether there is a difference in skin tightening secondary to thermally mediated collagen contraction versus that which occurs secondary to tissue contraction of wound healing. The persistence of these changes over 6 months and the histologic characteristics were studied as well. Study Design/Materials and Methods Nine patients had four tattoo dots applied to the upper eyelids, with horizontal axis measuring 18–20 mm and the vertical axis 6–10 mm. One month later, one eyelid was treated with three passes of the UltraPulse CO2 laser and the other eyelid with an erbium laser to the end point of early pinpoint bleeding. Three patients were treated with additional passes after pinpoint bleeding was encountered. The total number of pulses used per patient was recorded. Measurements of the vertical and horizontal distances were made after each pass and monthly for 6 months. The treated skin was then excised in performance of an upper lid blepharoplasty and the tissue submitted for histologic analysis. Results In the vertical plane, the UltraPulse CO2 laser induced an average of 43% tightening intraoperatively and this gradually diminished to an average of 34% by 6 months, whereas the wound contracture of erbium resurfacing was not seen until 1 month postoperatively, at which time 42% tightening was seen, gradually diminishing to 36% at 6 months. Three patients with erbium resurfacing had scarring present. These were the three patients treated most aggressively and also the three patients with the most significant wound contracture. Scarring was not seen on the CO2 treated side in any patients. In the horizontal plane, the CO2 laser caused 31% intraoperative tightening, decreasing to 19% at 6 months. In this plane, the erbium laser induced wound contracture was 12% at 1 month which remained stable and unchanged. Conclusions Although wound contraction secondary to tissue healing may result in nearly the same tissue tightening as heat-induced collagen contraction, the two processes are very different and variable, with increased risk of scarring seen with wound contracture, compared with heat-induced collagen tightening. The tissue tightening seen with thermally induced collagen contraction is long-lasting, if not “permanent.” Lasers Surg. Med. 27:395–403, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.