gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Arterial hemodynamics in human hypertension. Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. (1993)

Previous studies have shown some distinct hemodynamic alterations in essential hypertension, including increased resistance, wave reflections, and pulse wave velocity and decreased systemic compliance. These abnormalities are completely normalized by nonspecific smooth muscle dilation with nitroprusside but not by combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade. The renin-angiotensin system, acting possibly via both circulating and local tissue effects, is thought to play an important role in essential hypertension, so its role in the altered hemodynamics deserves careful investigation. A hypertensive patient group was compared with a normotensive group similar in age, body size, and proportion of men and women. During diagnostic cardiac catheterization, ascending aortic micromanometer pressures and electromagnetic flows were measured in the baseline state. Intravenous captopril of a sufficient dosage (11 mg) to normalize blood pressure then was given to the hypertensive patients while measurements were repeated. From the pressures and flows, aortic input impedance, wave reflection magnitude, and compliance were computed. In the hypertensive group, the important hemodynamic alterations consisted of increased peripheral resistance, first zero crossing of aortic impedance phase angle, and wave reflections and decreased systemic compliance. Captopril had a pronounced hemodynamic effect. It normalized blood pressure, resistance, and impedance phase angle zero crossing. Compliance, although increased substantially by captopril, was still slightly lower than normotensive levels. The magnitude of wave reflections, although substantially lowered by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition, was still persistently greater than normal. The present results, together with those previously reported, demonstrate that a complex interplay of factors underlies the increased smooth muscle tone in essential hypertension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Probabilistic Multimedia Retrieval Model and Its Evaluation (2003)

We present a probabilistic model for the retrieval of multimodal documents. The model is based on Bayesian decision theory and combines models for text-based search with models for visual search. The textual model is based on the language modelling approach to text retrieval, and the visual information is modelled as a mixture of Gaussian densities. Both models have proved successful on various standard retrieval tasks. We evaluate the multimodal model on the search task of TREC′s video track. We found that the disclosure of video material based on visual information only is still too difficult. Even with purely visual information needs, text-based retrieval still outperforms visual approaches. The probabilistic model is useful for text, visual, and multimedia retrieval. Unfortunately, simplifying assumptions that reduce its computational complexity degrade retrieval effectiveness. Regarding the question whether the model can effectively combine information from different modalities, we conclude that whenever both modalities yield reasonable scores, a combined run outperforms the individual runs.
A Simple Free Fat Cell Bioassay for Insulin (1974)

A simple bioassay is described for insulin-like activity (ILA) which is based on the incorporation of (3H)glucose into the lipids of isolated rat fat cells. Total lipids were extracted by adding toluene-based scintillation fluid directly to the incubation flasks, and the radioactivity in the lipids measured by liquid scintillation counting. Insulin dose-response curves with (2-3H)-, (3-3H) and (6-3H)glucose were compared and those obtained with (2-3H)glucose and (3-3H)glucose were found suitable for routine use.
Combining single view recognition and multiple view stereo for architectural scenes (2002)

This paper describes a structure from motion and recognition paradigm for generating 3D models from 2D sets of images. In particular we consider the domain of architectural photographs. A model based approach is adopted with the architectural model built from a "Lego kit" of parameterised parts. The approach taken is different from traditional stereo or shape from X approaches in that identification of the parameterised components (such as windows, doors, buttresses etc) from one image is combined with parallax information in order to generate the 3D model. This model based approach has two main benefits: first, it allows the inference of shape and texture where the evidence from the images is weak; and second, it recovers not only geometry and texture but also an interpretation of the model, which can be used for automatic enhancement techniques such as the application of reflective textures to windows.
Delivery of Large Biopharmaceuticals from Cardiovascular Stents:  A Review (2007)

This review focuses on new and emerging large-molecule bioactive agents delivered from stent surfaces in drug-eluting stents (DESs) to inhibit vascular restenosis in the context of interventional cardiology. New therapeutic agents representing proteins, nucleic acids (small interfering RNAs and large DNA plasmids), viral delivery vectors, and even engineered cell therapies require specific delivery designs distinct from traditional smaller-molecule approaches on DESs. While small molecules are currently the clinical standard for coronary stenting, extension of the DESs to other lesion types, peripheral vasculature, and nonvasculature therapies will seek to deliver an increasingly sophisticated armada of drug types. This review describes many of the larger-molecule and biopharmaceutical approaches reported recently for stent-based delivery with the challenges associated with formulating and delivering these drug classes compared to the current small-molecule drugs. It also includes perspectives on possible future applications that may improve safety and efficacy and facilitate diversification of the DESs to other clinical applications.
Essential Immunology Review (1995)

Introduction: the nature of disease principles of epidemiology. Part 1 Host resonses to injury: cell injury and death inflammation the immune system. Part 2 Infection: general principles of infection bacterial infection viral infection fungal infection parasitic infection case studies - fever, vomiting and neck stiffness in a child, shortness of breath and vaginal discharge. Part 3 Immunological disorders: hypersensitivity auto-immunity immunodeficiency case studies - persistent coughing up of blood and ankle-swelling, breathlessness in a young man. Part 4 Nutritional and gastro-intestinal disorders: nutritional disorders jaundice and liver disease gastro-intestinal disorders case studies - diarrhoea and abdominal distension, abdominal pain and diarrhoea, recurrent epigastric pain with abdominal liver functions. Part 5 Blood and circulatory disorders: anaemia disorders of haemostasis atherosclerosis hypertension case studies - chest pain radiating to the left are, protein in the urine and hypertension, fever and leg ulcer. Part 6 Genetic disorders: inherited single-gene disorders chromosome abnormalities case studies - rectal bleeding with diarrhoea, heart murmur and cleft palate. Part 7 Neoplasia: principles of neoplasia oncogenes, tumour viruses and the molecular basis of cancer cancer - invasion, metastasis and treatment case studies - easy bruising, weight loss and abdominal discomfort, fever and cervical lymph node enlargement, hoarseness and weight loss. Part 8 Psychiatric disorders: principles of biological psychiatry biology of mental illness case studies - neurotic symptoms following a road accident, depressive illness in pregnancy.
Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations (1999)

This memo first describes the characteristics of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), and their idiosyncrasies with respect to traditional, hardwired packet networks. It then discusses the effect these differences have on the design and evaluation of network control protocols with an emphasis on routing performance evaluation considerations.
Animal Models of Alzheimer Disease (2012)

Significant insights into the function of genes associated with Alzheimer disease and related dementias have occurred through studying genetically modified animals. Although none of the existing models fully reproduces the complete spectrum of this insidious human disease, critical aspects of Alzheimer pathology and disease processes can be experimentally recapitulated. Genetically modified animal models have helped advance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of disease and have proven to be invaluable in the preclinical evaluation of potential therapeutic interventions. Continuing refinement and evolution to yield the next generation of animal models will facilitate successes in producing greater translational concordance between preclinical studies and human clinical trials and eventually lead to the introduction of novel therapies into clinical practice.
Combining genomics, metabolome analysis, and biochemical modelling to understand metabolic networks (2001)

Now that complete genome sequences are available for a variety of organisms, the elucidation of gene functions involved in metabolism necessarily includes a better understanding of cellular responses upon mutations on all levels of gene products, mRNA, proteins, and metabolites. Such progress is essential since the observable properties of organisms - the phenotypes - are produced by the genotype in juxtaposition with the environment. Whereas much has been done to make mRNA and protein profiling possible, considerably less effort has been put into profiling the end products of gene expression, metabolites. To date, analytical approaches have been aimed primarily at the accurate quantification of a number of pre-defined target metabolites, or at producing fingerprints of metabolic changes without individually determining metabolite identities. Neither of these approaches allows the formation of an in-depth understanding of the biochemical behaviour within metabolic networks. Yet, by carefully choosing protocols for sample preparation and analytical techniques, a number of chemically different classes of compounds can be quantified simultaneously to enable such understanding. In this review, the terms describing various metabolite-oriented approaches are given, and the differences among these approaches are outlined. Metabolite target analysis, metabolite profiling, metabolomics, and metabolic fingerprinting are considered. For each approach, a number of examples are given, and potential applications are discussed.
Tumor penetration and epidermal growth factor receptor saturation by panitumumab correlate with antitumor activity in a preclinical model of human cancer (2012)

These data demonstrate that the antitumor activity of panitumumab correlates with its ability to penetrate into tumor tissue, occupy and inhibit activation of EGFR, and inhibit markers of proliferation and MAPK signaling.
Identification of Novel Genes Involved in Long-Chain n -Alkane Degradation by Acinetobacter sp. Strain DSM 17874 (2007)

Acinetobacter sp. strain DSM 17874 is capable of utilizing n-alkanes with chain lengths ranging from that of decane (C10H22) to that of tetracontane (C40H82) as a sole carbon source. Two genes encoding AlkB-type alkane hydroxylase homologues, designated alkMa and alkMb, have been shown to be involved in the degradation of n-alkanes with chain lengths of from 10 to 20 C atoms in this strain. Here, we describe a novel high-throughput screening method and the screening of a transposon mutant library to identify genes involved in the degradation of n-alkanes with C chain lengths longer than 20, which are solid at 30 degrees C, the optimal growth temperature for Acinetobacter sp. strain DSM 17874. A library consisting of approximately 6,800 Acinetobacter sp. strain DSM 17874 transposon mutants was constructed and screened for mutants unable to grow on dotriacontane (C32H66) while simultaneously showing wild-type growth characteristics on shorter-chain n-alkanes. For 23 such mutants isolated, the genes inactivated by transposon insertion were identified. Targeted inactivation and complementation studies of one of these genes, designated almA and encoding a putative flavin-binding monooxygenase, confirmed its involvement in the strain's metabolism of long-chain n-alkanes. To our knowledge, almA represents the first cloned gene shown to be involved in the bacterial degradation of long-chain n-alkanes of 32 C's and longer. Genes encoding AlmA homologues were also identified in other long-chain n-alkane-degrading Acinetobacter strains.
Inversion of the substrate specificity of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase. (1993)

The relationship between the size of the substrate binding pocket and the catalytic reactivities with varied alcohols was studied with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase I (ScADH) and compared with the liver enzymes from horse (EqADH, EE isoenzyme) and monkey (MmADH alpha, alpha-isoenzyme). The yeast enzyme is most active with ethanol, and its activity decreases as the size of the alcohol is increased, whereas the activities of the liver enzymes increase with larger alcohols. The substrate pocket in ScADH was enlarged by single substitutions of Thr-48 to Ser (T48S), Trp-57 to Met (W57M), and Trp-93 to Ala (W93A), and a double change, T48S:W93A, and a triple, T48S:W57M:W93A. The T48S enzyme has the same pattern of activity (V/K) as wild-type ScADH for linear primary alcohols. The W57M enzymes have lowered reactivity with primary and secondary alcohols. The W93A and T48S:W93A enzymes resemble MmADH alpha in having an inverted specificity pattern for primary alcohols, being 3- and 10-fold more active on hexanol and 350- and 540-fold less active on ethanol, and are as reactive as the liver enzymes with long chain primary alcohols. The three Ala-93 enzymes also acquired weak activity on branched chain alcohols and cyclohexanol.
Estradiol Modulates bcl-2 in Cerebral Ischemia: A Potential Role for Estrogen Receptors (1999)

We have shown that physiological levels of estradiol exert profound protective effects on the cerebral cortex in ischemia induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. The major goal of this study was to begin to elucidate potential mechanisms of estradiol action in injury. Bcl-2 is a proto-oncogene that promotes cell survival in a variety of tissues including the brain. Because estradiol is known to promote cell survival via Bcl-2 in non-neural tissues, we tested the hypothesis that estradiol decreases cell death by influencing bcl-2 expression in ischemic brain injury. Furthermore, because estradiol may protect the brain through estrogen receptor-mediated mechanisms, we examined expression of both receptor subtypes ERalpha and ERbeta in the normal and injured brain. We analyzed gene expression by RT-PCR in microdissected regions of the cerebral cortex obtained from injured and sham female rats treated with estradiol or oil. We found that estradiol prevented the injury-induced downregulation of bcl-2 expression. This effect was specific to bcl-2, as expression of other members of the bcl-2 family (bax, bcl-x(L), bcl-x(S), and bad) was unaffected by estradiol treatment. We also found that estrogen receptors were differentially modulated in injury, with ERbeta expression paralleling bcl-2 expression. Finally, we provide the first evidence of functional ERbeta protein that is capable of binding ligand within the region of the cortex where estradiol-mediated neuroprotection was observed in cerebral ischemia. These findings indicate that estradiol modulates the expression of bcl-2 in ischemic injury. Furthermore, our data suggest that estrogen receptors may be involved in hormone-mediated neuroprotection.
Regulation of Csf1r and Bcl6 in Macrophages Mediates the Stage-Specific Effects of MicroRNA-155 on Atherosclerosis (2015)

Our findings demonstrate a stage-specific role of miR-155 in lesion formation. miR-155 suppressed macrophage proliferation by targeting colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor in early and impaired efferocytosis by downregulating B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 6 in advanced atherosclerosis. Therefore, targeting the interaction between miR-155 and B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 6 may be a promising approach to inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis.
Human Topoisomerase I Poisoning by Protoberberines:  Potential Roles for Both Drug−DNA and Drug−Enzyme Interactions (2000)

Protoberberines represent a structural class of organic cations that induce topoisomerase I-mediated DNA cleavage, a behavior termed topoisomerase I poisoning. We have employed a broad range of biophysical, biochemical, and computer modeling techniques to characterize and cross-correlate the DNA-binding and topoisomerase poisoning properties of four protoberberine analogues that differ with respect to the substituents on their A- and/or D-rings. Our data reveal the following significant features: (i) The binding of the four protoberberines unwinds duplex DNA by approximately 11 degrees, an observation consistent with an intercalative mode of interaction. (ii) Enthalpically favorable interactions, such as stacking interactions between the intercalated ligand and the neighboring base pairs, provide <50% of the thermodynamic driving force for the complexation of the protoberberines to duplex DNA. Computer modeling studies on protoberberine-DNA complexes suggest that only rings C and D intercalate into the host DNA helix, while rings A and B protrude out of the helix interior into the minor groove. (iii) All four protoberberine analogues are topoisomerase I-specific poisons, exhibiting little or no topoisomerase II poisoning activity. (iv) Modifications of the D-ring influence both DNA binding and topoisomerase I poisoning properties. Specifically, transference of a methoxy substituent from the 11- to the 9-position diminishes both DNA binding affinity and topoisomerase I poisoning activity, an observation suggesting that DNA binding is important in the poisoning of topoisomerase I by protoberberines. (v) Modifications of the A-ring have a negligible impact on DNA binding affinity, while exerting a profound influence on topoisomerase I poisoning activity. Specifically, protoberberine analogues containing either 2,3-dimethoxy; 3,4-dimethoxy; or 3, 4-methylenedioxy substituents all bind DNA with a similar affinity. By contrast, these analogues exhibit markedly different topoisomerase I poisoning activities, with these activities following the hierarchy: 3,4-methylenedioxy > 2,3-dimethoxy >> 3, 4-dimethoxy. These differences in topoisomerase I poisoning activity may reflect the differing abilities of the analogues to interact with specific functionalities on the enzyme, thereby stabilizing the enzyme in its cleavable state. In the aggregate, our results are consistent with a mechanistic model in which both ligand-DNA and ligand-enzyme interactions are important for the poisoning of topoisomerase I by protoberberines, with the DNA-directed interactions involving ring D and the enzyme-directed interactions involving ring A. It is reasonable to suggest that the poisoning of topoisomerase I by a broad range of other naturally occurring and synthetic ligands may entail a similar mechanism.
Modeling Earnings Expectations Based on Clusters of Analyst Forecasts (1999)

This article introduces an approach to modeling market expectations that captures the benefits of both timelines and aggregation. The intuition behind the earnings expectation measure, referred to as the cluster mean, is that analysts9 forecasts arrive at the market in a sequence of clearly distinguishable forecast clusters. At any time, the cluster mean expectation is simply the mean of all the forecasts issued in the most recent cluster. The tests show the cluster mean forecast has greater forecast accuracy, higher correlation with security returns, and lower serial correlation in forecast revisions than the consensus forecast, both for the entire tests sample and for a number of different subsamples.
Reproducible methodology for the isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from human umbilical cord and its potential for cardiomyocyte generation (2008)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered to be a source of stem cells in tissue regeneration and therapeutics, due to their ability to undergo proliferation and differentiation. Complications associated with bone marrow-derived MSCs has prompted researchers to explore alternative sources of MSCs. The human umbilical cord is one such source; it is easily available and its collection is non-invasive. The sources of MSCs are non-controversial and thus they are not subjected to ethical constraints, as in the case of embryonic stem cells. MSCs are multipotent stem cells and has the ability to differentiate into various cell types of the mesodermal lineage. The aim of this study was to establish a reproducible method for the isolation of MSCs from human umbilical cord, as the few methods published till date gave inconsistent results and had a mixed population of contaminating endothelial cells. In our isolation strategy, we isolated a pure population of MSCs from Wharton's jelly of the human umbilical cord, which is very rich in collagen, and we used a high concentration of collagenase enzyme in the isolation of MSCs. Extensive phenotypic characterization analysis of these cells, using flow cytometry and antibody staining methods, have shown that we were able to isolate a pure population of the mesenchymal lineage cells that is devoid of haematopoietic and endothelial cell contaminants. When these MSCs were subjected to cardiomyocyte differentiation, we observed a change in the morphological characteristics, which was accompanied by the formation of myotube structures and spontaneous beating after 21 days.
Content adaptive prediction unit size decision algorithm for HEVC intra coding (2012)

The quadtree based picture partition scheme in HEVC contributes to significant coding efficiency improvement, especially for high resolution videos. But encoding complexity also increases dramatically. This paper brings forward a two-stage prediction unit size decision algorithm to speed up the original intra coding in HEVC. In the pre-stage, texture complexity of down-sampled largest coding unit (LCU) and its four sub-blocks are analyzed according to video content, to filter out unnecessary prediction units for both the LCU and its sub-blocks. Secondly, during intra coding, prediction unit sizes of encoded neighboring blocks are utilized to skip small prediction unit candidates for current block. Experimental results show that proposed algorithm can speed up original HEVC intra coding by a factor of up to 73.7% and by averagely 44.91% for 4k×2k video sequences. Meanwhile, the peak signal-to-noise ratio degradation is less than 0.04dB and bit-rate stays almost the same compared with that of original HEVC intra coding.
Endothelial Structures Involved in Vascular Permeability (2007)

Vascular endothelium is a highly differentiated cellular monolayer with the organization of a simple squamous epithelium. It lines the entire cardiovascular system and thus constitutes a quasi-ubiquitous presence in organs and tissues throughout the body. One of the most significant aspects of the vascular endothelium is its diversity of phenotype and function, which endows it with the ability to regulate the exchange of myriad substances between blood plasma and interstitial fluid in all tissues of the body. The ability of the endothelium to regulate the transendothelial exchange or vascular permeability is critically important in the growth, maintenance, and survival of all tissues, as well as in the delivery of therapies to correct locations.