gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Just the Facts, Ma'am: The Effect of the Supreme Court's Decision in Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co. on the Colorization of Black and White Films (1993)

3. Id. at 1288 ("Originality is a constitutional requirement."). 4. Id. at 1297; see discussion infra part II.B. 5. Specifically, Feist may affect colorized versions of black and white films in the public domain.demand for such films' may provide some support in favor of copyright protection of such works, even in the aftermath of Feist.Without protection against copying, industry efforts in film colorization may be severely curtailed.
Online Feedback for Nested Aggregate Queries with Multi-Threading (1999)

In this paper, we study the progressive evaluation of nested queries with aggregates (i.e., the inner query block is an aggregate query), where users are provided progressively with (approximate) answers as the inner query block is being evaluated. We propose an incremental evaluation strategy to present answers that are certainly in the final answer space first, before presenting those whose validity may be affected as the inner query aggregates are refined. We also propose a multithreaded model in evaluating such queries: the outer query is assigned to a thread, and the inner query is assigned to another thread. The time-sliced across the two subqueries is nondeterministic in the sense that the user controls the relative rate at which these subqueries are being evaluated. We implemented a prototype system using JAVA, and evaluated our system. Our results show the effectiveness of the proposed mechanisms in providing online feedback that reduces the initial waiting time of users significantly without sacrificing on the quality of the answers.
The phytochemical piceatannol induces the loss of CBL and CBL-associated proteins (2009)

Piceatannol is a naturally occurring bioactive stilbene with documented antileukemic properties. It has been extensively used as a Syk-selective protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the study of various signaling pathways. Herein, we show that the hydroxystilbene, piceatannol, and related catechol ring-containing compounds are able to induce the loss of the Cbl family of proteins. Normal cellular Cbl-regulatory mechanisms were not involved in this process. Screening of a small library of piceatannol-like compounds indicated that aromaticity and a catechol ring were required for the induction of Cbl loss. Further examination of these two chemical properties showed that the oxidative conversion of the catechol ring of piceatannol into a highly reactive O-benzoquinone was the cause of piceatannol-induced Cbl loss. Characterization of the Cbl selectivity of piceatannol-induced protein loss revealed that this compound was also able to induce the functional loss of specific Cbl-associated proteins involved in signaling pathways commonly associated with cancer. This work uncovers a new, piceatannol-dependent effect and shows a novel way in which this phenomenon can be exploited to inhibit disease-associated signaling pathways.
Evidence for the role of 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylate isomerase in the degradation of anthracene by Sphingomonas yanoikuyae B1 (2006)

Sphingomonas yanoikuyae B1 is extremely versatile in its catabolic ability. An insertional mutant strain, S. yamoikuyae EK504, which is unable to grow on naphthalene due to the loss of 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylate isomerase activity, was utilized to investigate the role of this enzyme in the degradation of anthracene by S. yanoikuyae B1. Although EK504 is unable to grow on anthracene, this strain could transform anthracene to some extent. A metabolite in the degradation of anthracene by EK504 was isolated by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and was identified as 6,7-benzocoumarin by UV-visible, gas-chromatographic, HPLC/mass-spectrometric, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectral techniques. The identification of 6,7-benzocoumarin provides direct chemical and genetic evidence for the involvement of nahD in the degradation of anthracene by S. yanoikuyae B1.
Rational scanning mutagenesis of a protein kinase identifies functional regions involved in catalysis and substrate interactions (1991)

A systematic mutagenesis strategy was used to identify the functional regions and residues of a protein kinase. Clusters of the charged amino acids in the catalytic subunit of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cAMP-dependent protein kinase, were systematically mutated to alanine, producing a set of mutations that encompassed the entire molecule. Residues indispensable for enzyme activity were identified by testing the ability of the mutants to function in vivo. Active mutants were assayed in vitro, and mutants with reduced specific activity were subsequently analyzed by steady-state kinetics to determine the effects of the mutation on kcat and on Km for MgATP and for a peptide substrate. Specific residues and regions of the enzyme were identified that are likely to be important in catalysis and in binding of MgATP, functions that are common to all protein kinases. Additional regions were identified that are likely to be important in binding a peptide substrate, the recognition of which is likely to be specific to the serine/threonine protein kinases that have a requirement for basic residues around the target hydroxyamino acid. The properties of mutants defective in substrate recognition were consistent with an ordered sequential reaction mechanism. This represents the first comprehensive analysis of a protein kinase by a rational mutagenesis strategy.
A1 Adenosine Receptor Activation Inhibits Inflammation, Necrosis, and Apoptosis after Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice (2004)

It was previously demonstrated that preischemic A(1) adenosine receptor (AR) activation protects renal function after ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rats. The role of the A(1) AR in modulating inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis in the kidney after IR renal injury was further characterized. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 30 min of renal ischemia, with or without pretreatment with 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine or 2- chlorocyclopentyladenosine (selective A(1) AR antagonist and agonist, respectively). Plasma creatinine levels and renal inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis were compared 24 h after renal injury. C57BL/6 mice that had been pretreated with the A(1) AR agonist demonstrated significantly improved renal function and reduced expression of inflammatory markers, necrosis, and apoptosis 24 h after IR injury. In contrast, C57BL/6 mice that had been pretreated with the A(1) AR antagonist demonstrated significantly worsened renal function and increased expression of inflammatory markers, necrosis, and apoptosis. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that endogenous and exogenous preischemic activation of the A(1) AR protects against IR injury in vivo, through mechanisms that reduce inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis.
[Cyclosporin in atopic dermatitis]. (2001)

Cyclosporin A seems to became more and more important in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Open, prospective study: 8 weeks of treatment and 6 months of follow-up in wash-out. 15 patients were selected (10 males and 5 females) with mean age of 35.5. The patients were suffering of atopic dermatitis non responder to preceding treatments, and free from any pathological conditions contra-indicating the use of cyclosporin A. Cyclosporin A was orally administered at the dosage of 5 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks. The patients used a diary with a score from 0 to 3 for the following symptoms: extensions of skin lesions, itch and sleeping sickness. Treatment with cyclosporin A induced a significant improvement of the parameters evaluated. No significant side effects were observed. No relapses were recorded during the six months of follow-up.
Treatment of HIV Infection — Progress in Perspective (1992)

ALTHOUGH the past five years have brought advances in treatment, the article by Hamilton and associates in this issue of the Journal demonstrates that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as a viral infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as an illness are still inexorably progressive.1 The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on AIDS Treatment randomly assigned patients with symptomatic HIV infection and CD4+ counts between 0.2×109 and 0.5×109 per liter (200 and 500 per cubic millimeter) (mean, 0.355 per liter [355 per cubic millimeter]) to receive either placebo or zidovudine (1500 mg daily) until an AIDS-defining illness developed or . . .
Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 Releases Active Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor by Cleavage at a Specific Juxtamembrane Site (1997)

Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is synthesized as a membrane-anchored precursor that is cleaved to release the soluble mature growth factor. The two forms are active as juxtacrine and paracrine/autocrine growth factors, respectively. The enzymes that process the HB-EGF transmembrane form are unknown. Accordingly, an in vitro assay was established using a fusion protein in which alkaline phosphatase (AP) replaced the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of HB-EGF (HB-EGF JM-AP). The fusion protein was anchored to agarose beads coated with anti-AP antibodies. Several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were tested for the ability to release soluble HB-EGF in the in vitro system. MMP-3 released soluble 12-kDa immunoreactive and mitogenic HB-EGF within 30 min. On the other hand neither MMP-2 nor MMP-9 had any cleavage activities. A non-cleavable mutant was prepared by replacing the juxtamembrane (JM) region of HB-EGF with the JM region of CD4. The mutant HB-EGF, which in its full-length form was as active a juxtacrine growth factor as was the wild type HB-EGF in vivo, was not cleaved by MMP-3 in the in vitro assay. The C-terminal portion of the cleaved HB-EGF JM-AP that remained attached to the anti-AP beads was N-terminally sequenced and the MMP-3 cleavage site was determined to be Glu151-Asn152, a site within the JM domain. MMP-3 treatment also released soluble HB-EGF in vivo from MC2 cells expressing transmembrane HB-EGF precursor, at a level of about 2-fold above control. It was concluded that MMP-3 cleaves HB-EGF at a specific site in the JM domain and that this enzyme might regulate the conversion of HB-EGF from being a juxtacrine to a paracrine/autocrine growth factor.
Theory for tailoring sonic devices: Diffraction dominates over refraction (2003)

Acoustic crystal devices, with dimensions on the order of several wavelengths, are studied by using the finite-difference time domain method in the moderately long wavelength propagation regime. From the focusing and imaging process performed by a square shaped lens, it is shown that diffractive effects dominate over those due to refraction. The major role of the device edge diffraction is shown by means of the well known Babinet principle. The first examples of imaging with a sonic plane lens, both with crystal structure and massive, and with an acoustic prism able to change the propagation direction of a plane wave, are presented.
Beyond best effort: router architectures for the differentiated services of tomorrow's Internet (1998)

With the transformation of the Internet into a commercial infrastructure, the ability to provide differentiated services to users with widely varying requirements is rapidly becoming as important as meeting the massive increases in bandwidth demand. Hence, while deploying routers, switches, and transmission systems of ever increasing capacity, Internet service providers would also like to provide customer-specific differentiated services using the same shared network infrastructure. We describe router architectures that can support the two trends of rising bandwidth demand and rising demand for differentiated services. We focus on router mechanisms that can support differentiated services at a level not contemplated in proposals currently under consideration due to concern regarding their implementability at high speeds. We consider the types of differentiated services that service providers may want to offer and then discuss the mechanisms needed in routers to support them. We describe plausible implementations of these mechanisms (the scalability and performance of which have been demonstrated by implementation in a prototype system) and argue that it is technologically possible to considerably raise the level of differentiated services which service providers can offer their customers, and that it is not necessary to restrict differentiated services to rudimentary offerings even in very-high-speed networks.
Specific Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) in Transgenic Mice (1985)

Two transgenic mice were obtained that contain in their chromosomes the complete hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome except for the core gene. These mice secrete particles of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) in the serum. In one mouse, HBV DNA sequences that had integrated at two different sites were shown to segregate independently in the first filial generation (F1) and only one of the sequences allowed expression of the surface antigen. Among these animals the males produced five to ten times more HBsAg than the females. A 2.1-kilobase messenger RNA species comigrating with the major surface gene messenger RNA is expressed specifically in the liver in the two original mice. The results suggest that the HBV sequences introduced into the mice are able to confer a tissue-specific expression to the S gene. In addition, the HBV transgenic mice represent a new model for the chronic carrier state of hepatitis B virus infection.
An overview of Signaling System No.7 (1992)

An overview of Signaling System No.7 (SS7) is presented. The salient features of SS7's network services part (NSP) are described. Functionally, NSP corresponds to the first three layers of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model. The signaling network structures that, in conjunction with the NSP, provide integrated services digital network (ISDN) nodes with a highly reliable and efficient means of exchanging signaling messages are discussed. The nodal capabilities of call control and remote process invocation and management, part of the SS7 user parts, are described. The very stringent performance requirements of signaling systems and their reflection on the critical nature of signaling functions and their real-time exigencies are discussed. The likely evolution of network signaling in the remaining years of the 20th century is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Clonal Evolution of Tumor Cell Populations (1976)

It is proposed that most neoplasms arise from a single cell of origin, and tumor progression results from acquired genetic variability within the original clone allowing sequential selection of more aggressive sublines. Tumor cell populations are apparently more genetically unstable than normal cells, perhaps from activation of specific gene loci in the neoplasm, continued presence of carcinogen, or even nutritional deficiencies within the tumor. The acquired genetic insta0ility and associated selection process, most readily recognized cytogenetically, results in advanced human malignancies being highly individual karyotypically and biologically. Hence, each patient's cancer may require individual specific therapy, and even this may be thwarted by emergence of a genetically variant subline resistant to the treatment. More research should be directed toward understanding and controlling the evolutionary process in tumors before it reaches the late stage usually seen in clinical cancer.
A reappraisal of the international federation of gynecology and obstetrics staging system for cervical cancer. A study of patterns of care (1992)

The Patterns of Care Study (PCS) database for squamous cell cancer of the uterine cervix has been used to evaluate the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system, with particular focus on the association of tumor bulk with outcome. The 1558 patients treated in the United States in 1973 and 1978 constitute the data set, and survival and in-field pelvic control were the end point of assessment. In summary, this reappraisal of the FIGO staging system for cancer of the uterine cervix showed that the current FIGO system is not discriminating within stage. This study suggests specific indicators of progressive bulk of cancer that should be considered, because they were associated with significant differences in survival rate and in-field pelvic control within Stage II and III disease.
Fully Depleted Silicon-on-Insulator nMOSFETs with Tensile Strained High Carbon Content Si1-yCy Channels (2006)

High carbon content Si1-yCy layers, with substitutional C concentration as high as 2% and almost no interstitial C atoms (&lt;0.1%) have been grown by Reduced Pressure Chemical Vapour Deposition. The electrical Si1-yCy /Si/SiO2 interface properties have been investigated. It was demonstrated that low oxidation temperature has a beneficial effect on the interface state density as well as on the oxide quality. These high quality Si1-yCy layers have been used as the channel of n-type TiN metal gate FDSOI devices. The threshold voltage adjustment induced by the conduction band offset of Si1-yCy channel is clearly demonstrated.
Optimizing Landmark-Based Routing and Preprocessing (2013)

Many acceleration techniques exist for the single-pair shortest path problem on road networks. Most of them have been significantly improved over the years to achieve faster preprocessing times and superior performance. In this spirit, our current work significantly improves the classic ALT (A* + Landmarks + Triangle equality) algorithm. By carefully optimizing both preprocessing and query phases, we managed to effectively minimize preprocessing time to a few seconds, making the ALT algorithm also suitable for dynamic scenarios, i.e., road networks with changing edge weights due to traffic updates. We also accelerated the query phase for both unidirectional and bidirectional versions of the ALT algorithm, providing fast enough query times (including full-path unpacking) suitable for real-time services and continental road networks.
Advance in preparation and application of magnetic fluid in biomedical engineering (2008)

Magnetic fluid technology is the interdisciplinary product of physics,chemistry,and nanotechnology.Recently,magnetic fluid was applied widely in the fields of seal,damping,heat exchange,magnetic circuit, heat transmitter,biomedical engineering,etc.Especially,the application in biomedical engineering is a hot topic in interdisciplinary study and attracts much attention of researchers from many countries.This paper reviews the general preparation of magnetic fluid and its applications in the field of biomedical engineering including immunological analysis,biologic separation,enzymatic immobilization,target drug,magnetic hyperthermia of tumor,magnetic embolism of blood vessel,contrast agents of magnetic resonance ima百ng,ere.Although,some related products have been developed already abroad.they are expensive.Domestic research of magnetic fluid is still at the experimental stage.With the continuously intercrossing and interacting in interdisciplinary field,magnetic fluid will play an important role in the field ofbiomedical engineering.

Key words: 
Magnetic fluid; Magnetic fluid hyperthermia; Magnetic resonance imaging; Super-paramagnetic il'on oxides; Nanoparticles
Cardiovascular Death and Left Ventricular Remodeling Two Years After Myocardial Infarction (1997)

Cardiovascular death and/or LV dilatation occurred in >50% of patients by 2 years. LV dilatation is progressive, associated with chamber distortion and deteriorating function that is unaffected by captopril beyond 1 year.
Antigenic heterogeneity of lipid A of Haemophilus influenzae (1985)

The chemical structure and biologic function of the lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide are not identical among gram-negative bacteria. This study indicates that antigenically heterogeneous lipid A exists among strains of Haemophilus influenzae. An immunoglobulin G3 murine monoclonal antibody, 3D2, produced against a nontypable H. influenzae strain 3524 has specificity for a site on the lipid A portion of the H. influenzae lipopolysaccharide. With the Western blot and immunodot assay, 3D2 recognized this lipid A determinant on 14 of 24 (58%) of strains of nontypable H. influenzae and in 51 of 95 (54%) strains of H. influenzae type b. This lipid A epitope has a high degree of specificity for H. influenzae, since it is not present on the lipid A of 39 gram-negative strains from 14 non-Haemophilus species. In addition, studies of 36 strains of six Haemophilus species other than H. influenzae and 8 strains of 4 species of Actinobacillus did not contain the 3D2 epitope. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis with a kinetic assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition confirmed the antigenic heterogeneity of H. influenzae lipid A. Thin-layer chromatography demonstrated that the 3D2 epitope is associated with a chloroform-soluble lipid moiety in the lipid A. Fluorescent antibody analysis of H. influenzae indicated that the epitope is on the cell surface. The monoclonal antibody was not bactericidal for strain 3524, and it did not inhibit the bactericidal action of normal human serum against the same strain. These studies demonstrate that the lipid As of H. influenzae are antigenically heterogeneous.
Benzimidazoles in the Reaction of Enzymatic Transglycosylation (1995)

Abstract Substrate activity of a broad spectrum of derivatives of benzimidazole in the reaction of enzymatic ribo- and 2-deoxyribosylation catalyzed by purine nucleoside phosphorylase of whole cells of E. coli BMT-1D/1A has been studied. Guanosine or 2′-deoxyguanosine were used as glycosyl donors.
Quantitative Characterization of Carbonate Pore Systems by Digital Image Analysis (1998)

A new method of digital image analysis can quantify pore parameters over more than three orders of magnitude, from a submicron to a millimeter scale. This porosity characterization does not require knowledge of lithology, age, burial depth, or diagenesis of the sample. The method is based on digital analyses of images from thin sections at variable magnifications taken under an optical microscope (OM) and under an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The results help explain variations in permeability for carbonate samples with a variety of complex pore structures. The analyses, however, can be done on any thin sections of other rock types. The OM images provide macroporosity information, whereas the ESEM images yield information on microporosity. The boundary between macroporosity and microporosity is defined at a pore area of 500 µm2, which translates to a pore length of approximately 20 µm, which is roughly the thickness of a thin section and thus the resolution of the OM. The digitized thin-section images are binarized into a macropore and a matrix phase (OM) or a micropore and a solid phase (ESEM). A standard digital image analysis program is used to detect all individual pores and to measure pore area and pore perimeter. Based on these analyses, one can calculate for each sample the amount of macroporosity, the amount of microporosity within the matrix (intrinsic microporosity), the shapes of the macropores (perimeter over area), and the pore size distribution. Comparison of total porosity determined from plugs indicates that macroporosity and microporosity values based on this methodology match the plug data, confirming the validity of the method. The combination of macroporosity and microporosity data yields pore size distribution and pore shape information that can explain the distribution of physical properties, in particular permeability. In parameter sensitivity analyses using neural networks, permeability appears to be mainly controlled by the macropore shape in high-permeability samples, and by the amount of intrinsic microporosity in the low-permeability samples.