gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cytolytic viruses as potential anti-cancer agents (2002)

The resistance of cancers to conventional therapies has inspired the search for novel strategies. One such approach, namely gene therapy, is based upon the introduction of genes such as those encoding suicide proteins, tumour suppressor proteins or cytokines into tumour cells by means of a genetic vector. The efficiency with which viruses transfer their genes from one host cell to another has led to the widespread use of viruses as genetic vectors. For safety reasons, such virus vectors are generally replication-defective but, unfortunately, this has limited the efficacy of treatment by restricting the number of cells to which the therapeutic gene is delivered. For this reason, the use of replication-competent viruses has been proposed, since virus replication would be expected to lead to amplification and spread of the therapeutic genes in vivo. The replication of many viruses results in lysis of the host cells. This inherent cytotoxicity, together with the efficiency with which viruses can spread from one cell to another, has inspired the notion that replication-competent viruses could be exploited for cancer treatment. Some viruses have been shown to replicate more efficiently in transformed cells but it is unlikely that such examples will exhibit a high enough degree of tumour selectivity, and hence safety, for the treatment of patients. Our increasing knowledge of the pathogenesis of virus disease and the ability to manipulate specific regions of viral genomes have allowed the construction of viruses that are attenuated in normal cells but retain their ability to lyse tumour cells. Such manipulations have included modifying the ability of viruses to bind to, or replicate in, particular cell types, while others have involved the construction of replication-competent viruses encoding suicide proteins or cytokines. Naturally occurring or genetically engineered oncolytic viruses based upon adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, Newcastle disease virus, poliovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus, weasles virus and reovirus have been described. The results of animal studies are encouraging and a number of viruses are now being evaluated in clinical trials.
Optimization of holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal for ternary monomers (1999)

Polarized optical micrography (POM) images of gratings and UV–visible spectra of holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals (HPDLC) are reported for a ternary monomer system composed of dipentaerythritol hydroxypentaacrylate/trimethylolpropanetriacrylate/N-vinylpyrrolidone (DPHPA/TMPTA/NVP) = 7/2/1 by weight. Gratings were written by irradiation with an argon ion laser (λ = 488 nm) at various intensities (20–200 mW cm−2) on monomer/liquid crystal (LC) composite films of various compositions (75/25, 70/30, 65/35, 62/38, 60/40). Reflection efficiency–irradiation intensity–film composition relationships are obtained in three dimensional plots which show that maximum reflection moves from high LC content (38%) at low irradiation intensity (20 mW cm−2) to low LC content (25 wt%) at high irradiation intensity (200 mW cm−2). © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
The importance of non-data touching processing overheads in TCP/IP (1993)

We present detailed measurements of various processing overheads of the TCP/IP and UDP/IP protocol stacks on a DECstation 5000/200 running the Ultrix 4.2a operating system. These overheads include data-touching operations, such as the checksum computation and data movement, which are well known to be major time consumers. In this study, we also considered overheads due to non-data touching operations, such as network buffer manipulation, protocol-specific processing, operating system functions, data structure manipulations (other than network buffers), and error checking. We show that when one considers realistic message size distributions, where the majority of messages are small, the cumulative time consumed by the non-data touching overheads represents the majority of processing time. We assert that it will be difficult to significantly reduce the cumulative processing time due to non-data touching overheads.
Production of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases in Human Breast Carcinomas (1996)

We examined production and tissue localization of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 (tissue collagenase), MMP-2 (gelatinase A), MMP-3 (stromelysin-1), MMP-9 (gelatinase B), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 in human breast carcinomas. In more than half of the cases, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were immunolocalized in carcinoma cells and MMP-2 was on the carcinoma cell membranes as well, whereas MMP-3 was positively stained in less than 15% of the cases. MMP-1 staining in carcinoma cells was significantly higher in scirrhous carcinoma than in other types of carcinoma. MMP-9 expression was remarkably higher in the carcinoma cases with lymphnode metastasis than in the non-metastatic cases. MMP-3 was mainly expressed in T-lymphocytes infiltrated in the tumor stroma. Stromal fibroblasts were positive for all these MMPs except for MMP-3. The TIMP-1 levels released into the culture media by carcinoma tissues were significantly lower than those by fibroadenoma tissues, although there were no significant differences in the levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2. Gelatin zymographical analyses showed that the activation rate of the zymogen of MMP-2 (proMMP-2) is significantly higher in the more advanced carcinoma group with lymphnode metastasis than in the metastasis-negative and fibroadenoma groups. These data indicate that MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 are highly expressed in human breast carcinoma tissue and suggest that activation of proMMP-2 may be an indicator of lymphnode metastasis of the breast carcinoma.
Modulation of hippocampal acetylcholine release: a potent central action of interleukin-2 (1993)

The potential of the T-cell growth factor interleukin-2 (IL-2) to modulate the release of ACh from rat hippocampus was studied in vitro, as a means to investigate the possible functional significance of this cytokine in the CNS. Hippocampal slices were superfused with Krebs' buffer medium, and endogenous ACh released into the superfusate was measured using a radioenzymatic assay. Recombinant human IL-2 present during a stimulation with 25 mM KCl altered, in a concentration-dependent manner, the evoked transmitter release. At a concentration of 15 U/ml (< or = 1 nM), IL-2 inhibited ACh release by more than 50% of the control level (evoked ACh release from the untreated contralateral hemispheres). Inhibition was observed within 20 min of tissue exposure to IL-2 and lasted for up to 1 hr. The inhibitory effect of IL-2 was reversible since transient tissue exposure to IL-2 did not affect subsequent evoked ACh release. IL-2 at this concentration also significantly decreased evoked ACh in frontal cortical slices, but was ineffective in the parietal cortex and striatum, revealing that IL-2 selectively modulates the release of ACh from certain, but not all, cholinergic nerve terminals in the CNS. At very low concentrations (1.5 mU/ml, < or = 0.1 pM), IL-2 transiently increased hippocampal evoked ACh release, resulting in a biphasic dose-response profile with no significant effect observed at 0.015 mU/ml (< or = 1 fM). Other cytokines (IL-1 alpha, IL-3, IL-5, IL-6, interferon alpha), tested in hippocampal slice incubations, failed to modulate ACh release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of partial or complete elimination of light‐harvesting complexes on the surface electric properties and the functions of cyanobacterial photosynthetic membranes (2012)

Influence of the modification of the cyanobacterial light-harvesting complex [i.e. phycobilisomes (PBS)] on the surface electric properties and the functions of photosynthetic membranes was investigated. We used four PBS mutant strains of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 as follows: PAL (PBS-less), CK (phycocyanin-less), BE (PSII-PBS-less) and PSI-less/apcE(-) (PSI-less with detached PBS). Modifications of the PBS content lead to changes in the cell morphology and surface electric properties of the thylakoid membranes as well as in their functions, such as photosynthetic oxygen-evolving activity, P700 kinetics and energy transfer between the pigment-protein complexes. Data reveal that the complete elimination of PBS in the PAL mutant causes a slight decrease in the electric dipole moments of the thylakoid membranes, whereas significant perturbations of the surface charges were registered in the membranes without assembled PBS-PSII macrocomplex (BE mutant) or PSI complex (PSI-less mutant). These observations correlate with the detected alterations in the membrane structural organization. Using a polarographic oxygen rate electrode, we showed that the ratio of the fast to the slow oxygen-evolving PSII centers depends on the partial or complete elimination of light-harvesting complexes, as the slow operating PSII centers dominate in the PBS-less mutant and in the mutant with detached PBS.
Collagen-based wound dressings for the treatment of diabetes-related foot ulcers: a systematic review (2013)

Collagen-based wound dressings can be an effective tool in the healing of diabetic foot wounds. The current studies show an overall increase in healing rates despite limitations in study designs. This study suggests that future works focus on biofilms and extracellular regulation, and include high risk patients.
Serum concentrations of tramadol enantiomers during patient‐controlled analgesia (1999)

The therapeutic serum concentration of tramadol and M1 showed a great variability. The lowest mean concentrations were measured in the (+)-group and the highest in (-)-group. This is in agreement with the clinical finding that (+)-tramadol is a more potent analgesic than (-)-tramadol.
Wood and cellulosics: Industrial utilisation, biotechnology, structure, and properties (1987)

Cellucon-86 is the name of the event of which this book is the proceedings. Its 71 contributions, from camera-ready-copy, are called chapters, but they are reports of original research. They are grouped under three headings: Structure and Properties, Biotechnology, Industrial Utilization. Six are poster presentations. The subject index is substantial.
Expression and Characterization of Four Recombinant Human Dihydrodiol Dehydrogenase Isoforms:  Oxidation of trans-7,8-Dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene to the Activated o-Quinone Metabolite Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione, (1998)

The bioactivation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to their ultimate carcinogenic forms proceeds via the formation of proximate carcinogen trans-dihydrodiols. Previous studies demonstrated that rat liver 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (3 alpha-HSD/DD), a member of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily, oxidizes PAH trans-dihydrodiols to redox-cycling o-quinones. Multiple closely related AKRs exist in human liver; however, it is unclear which, if any, participate in PAH activation by catalyzing the NADP+ -dependent oxidation of PAH trans-dihydrodiols. In this study, cDNAs encoding four human DD isoforms were isolated from HepG2 cells using isoform-selective RT-PCR. The recombinant proteins were overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity, and kinetically characterized. Calculation of KM and kcat values of each isoform for model substrates revealed that they possessed enzymatic activities assigned to native human liver DD1, DD2, DD4, and type 2 3alpha-HSD (DDX) proteins. The ability of human DDs to oxidize the potent proximate carcinogen (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7, 8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP-diol) was then examined. A reverse phase HPLC radiochemical assay demonstrated that all four isoforms oxidize (+/-)-BP-diol in the following rank order: DD2 > DD1 > DD4 > DDX. Each DD consumed the entire racemic BP-diol mixture, indicating that both the minor (+)-S,S- and major (-)-R,R-stereoisomers formed in vivo are substrates. First-order decay plots showed that DD1 and DD2 displayed preferences for one of the stereoisomers, and circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that this isomer was the (+)-7S, 8S-enantiomer. The products of these reactions were trapped as either glycine or thiol ether conjugates of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione (BPQ), indicating that the initial oxidation product was the reactive BPQ. Thus, human liver possesses multiple AKRs which contribute to PAH activation by catalyzing the NADP+-dependent oxidation of PAH trans-dihydrodiols to redox-active o-quinones.
Cost-effectiveness of asenapine in the treatment of bipolar I disorder patients with mixed episodes (2014)

RESULTS suggest that asenapine is a cost-effective alternative to olanzapine in mixed episode BD-I patients, and may have specific advantages in this population, potentially leading to healthcare sector savings and improved outcomes. Limitations of the analysis stem from gaps in clinical and economic evidence for these patients and should be addressed by future clinical trials.
Solid-State Chemistry-Enabled Scalable Production of Octahedral Pt–Ni Alloy Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (2014)

Although octahedral Pt-Ni alloy nanoparticles possess an excelling property in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and are of great potential as an electrocatalyst for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), mass production of the materials at low cost remains a big challenge. By combining the advantages of both solid-state chemistry and wet synthetic chemistry, we developed one scalable, surfactant-free, and cost-effective method for producing octahedral Pt-Ni alloy nanoparticles on carbon support. The octahedral Pt-Ni samples were prepared with different compositions and studied for the ORR property. They exhibit a much improved reaction activity compared to the commercial catalyst. The experiments demonstrate an innovative strategy for preparing shaped metal nanoparticles and make significant progress in the ORR catalyst research.
三、戴维森、布兰顿与中国哲学 (2004)

最好的比较哲学不仅是(狭义上的或描述性含义上的)比较.根据近来在《两条通往智慧之路?--论中国哲学和分析哲学传统》这一文集中提出的三种看法,它(即创造性的比较哲学)应当致力于整合、挑战或探求真理.
The Role of Peyer's Patches in the Local Immune Response of Rabbit Ileum to Live Bacteria (1978)

Abstract Chronic, isolated, ileal (Thiry-Vella) loops in rabbits have been used to study the role of Peyer's patches in the local immune response of the intestine to live, locally invasive bacteria. Three weekly doses of Shigella X16 were administered to these isolated loops and the IgA and IgG activity against shigella were measured in samples of sera and loop secretions by using an enzymelinked immunoassay technique. Secretions from loops containing a Peyer's patch exhibited a stronger early IgA response to the bacteria than did secretions from loops lacking a Peyer's patch. The enhanced early local immune response in loops containing a Peyer's patch may reflect more efficient processing of the antigen by the specialized follicle-associated epithelium that overlies Peyer's patches, or it may be a result of the increased chance of an antigen encountering immunocompetent cells among the large number of lymphocytes in the Peyer's patch. However, IgA against the bacteria in later fluids from both types of loops were comparable. the local immunity achieved in loops lacking a Peyer's patch may have resulted from local invasion of the epithelium with stimulation of lymphocytes in the lamina propria, or bacterial antigens may have been brought to mesenteric lymph nodes for processing. Alternatively, if small isolated lymphoid follicles (which are present throughout the intestine although not visible without histologic examination) have functional capabilities similar to those of Peyer's patches, they may play a role in the response seen in secretions from both types of loops. Clearly, Peyer's patches are important structures, but it is still unknown whether they can exert some unique influence on the local immune response of the gut, or whether they have gained eminence over smaller intestinal lymphoid structures by virtue of their prominence.
Embryotoxicity of Stable Isotopes and Use of Stable Isotopes in Studies of Teratogenetic Mechanisms (1986)

Experiments on teratogenic effects of stable isotopes from our own and other laboratories are evaluated. In the first series of investigations, the enrichment of the stable isotope 13C derived from U-13C-glucose was studied in mouse embryos at various stages of development, including limb buds in organ culture. Preimplantation mouse embryos incubated in vitro in 13C-enriched medium for 48 hours showed normal development during subsequent differentiation in vitro and also in vivo after embryo transfer to faster mothers. These embryos were 15% to 20% enriched in 13C. Administration of U-13-C-glucose to pregnant mice during organogenesis led to an increase of the absolute 13C content of the embryo for several days after the end of isotope administration, whereas the enrichment in maternal tissue decreased. No alterations of embryonic development were detected due to stable isotope enrichment. Development of cultured mouse limb buds was unaffected by incubation with 82 mol% U-13C-glucose as judged from morphologic and biochemical criteria. The second part of the article describes the value of deuterium-labeled drugs as probes into the mechanism of activation of teratogenic metabolites. A comparison of the pharmacokinetics as well as the teratogenicity between cyclophosphamide and some specific deuterium-labeled analogues showed that the isotope effect observed can be related to a particular metabolic pathway crucial for teratogenic activation by this drug.
Intramolecular Excimer Formation and Delayed Fluorescence in Sterically Constrained Pyrene Dimers (2007)

The synthesis is described for a series of five molecular dyads comprising pyrene-based terminals covalently linked through a 1,3-disubstituted phenylene spacer. The extent of through-space communication between the pyrene units is modulated by steric interactions imposed by bulky moieties attached at the 6,8-positions of each pyrene unit. For the control compound, only hydrogen atoms occupy the 6,8 positions (DP1), whereas the remaining compounds incorporate ethynylene groups terminated with either triisopropylsilyl (DP2), 1-tert-butylbenzene (DP3), 2,6-di-tert-butylbenzene (DP4) or 1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene (DP5) units. Each compound shows a mixture of monomer and excimer fluorescence in fluid solution at room temperature, but only monomer emission in a glassy matrix at 77 K. The ratio of monomer to excimer fluorescence depends markedly on the molecular structure; DP1 is heavily biased in favour of the excimer and DP4 is enriched with monomer fluorescence. Photophysical properties, including laser induced and delayed fluorescence data, are reported for each compound. Delayed fluorescence occurs by both intramolecular and bimolecular steps, but these events take place on different timescales. The possibility is raised for using intramolecular triplet-triplet annihilation as a means of molecular imaging.
The induction motor (1993)

This is the first of a series of articles intended to explain the principles behind the operation of a frequently encountered type of AC machine: the induction motor. The articles will briefly discuss the characteristics of various types of electric motor, indicating which features dictate the selection of a particular type for a given application. After this brief introduction to electric motors in general, we will proceed to consider the induction motor in more detail.
Vav proteins are required for B-lymphocyte responses to LPS (2005)

B lymphocytes respond to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD180 (previously called RP105). We show here that the responses of B lymphocytes to LPS require the function of the Vav family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Vav1-mutant mice generate defective humoral immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses following administration of low doses of LPS but respond normally to higher doses, while mice lacking both Vav1 and Vav2 manifest defective responses even after a high dose of LPS. Vav1/2-mutant B cells fail to divide extensively in vitro in response to LPS or CD180, while deficiency of Vav1 alone impairs CD180-but not LPS-driven proliferation. Likewise, activation of Akt (a PI3K [phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase] target) and phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha in response to CD180 or LPS required Vav1 and Vav2, while Vav1 deficiency led to defective responses to CD180. In addition, activation of ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinase) required Vav1 and Vav2 in response to CD180 but was Vav1 and vav2 independent in response to LPS. Induction of CD86 and CD25 by anti-CD180 also required Vav function, as did the induction of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL (B-cell leukemia XL). These data provide evidence for the function for the Vav proteins in regulating the responses of B cells to LPS.
Microfluidics: Fluid physics at the nanoliter scale (2005)

Microfabricated integrated circuits revolutionized computation by vastly reducing the space, labor, and time required for calculations. Microfluidic systems hold similar promise for the large-scale automation of chemistry and biology, suggesting the possibility of numerous experiments performed rapidly and in parallel, while consuming little reagent. While it is too early to tell whether such a vision will be realized, significant progress has been achieved, and various applications of significant scientific and practical interest have been developed. Here a review of the physics of small volumes (nanoliters) of fluids is presented, as parametrized by a series of dimensionless numbers expressing the relative importance of various physical phenomena. Specifically, this review explores the Reynolds number Re, addressing inertial effects; the P\'eclet number Pe, which concerns convective and diffusive transport; the capillary number Ca expressing the importance of interfacial tension; the Deborah, Weissenberg, and elasticity numbers De, Wi, and El, describing elastic effects due to deformable microstructural elements like polymers; the Grashof and Rayleigh numbers Gr and Ra, describing density-driven flows; and the Knudsen number, describing the importance of noncontinuum molecular effects. Furthermore, the long-range nature of viscous flows and the small device dimensions inherent in microfluidics mean that the influence of boundaries is typically significant. A variety of strategies have been developed to manipulate fluids by exploiting boundary effects; among these are electrokinetic effects, acoustic streaming, and fluid-structure interactions. The goal is to describe the physics behind the rich variety of fluid phenomena occurring on the nanoliter scale using simple scaling arguments, with the hopes of developing an intuitive sense for this occasionally counterintuitive world.
Broad‐host‐range vectors for protein expression across gram negative hosts (2010)

Expression of recombinant proteins across a range of different host organisms is often necessary in metabolic engineering applications. Doing so can be facilitated by the use of vectors having origins of replication with a broad-host-range, the option for antibiotic resistance cassettes that are compatible with a particular host, in addition to sequences allowing for the effective transcription and translation of target proteins. We have created a modular set of broad-host-range expression vectors for protein expression in Gram negative bacteria. These vectors use the broad-host-range pBBR1 replicon as well as the arabinose-inducible P(BAD) promoter and are available with six different antibiotic resistance cassettes. We have demonstrated the use of these vectors in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, and Burkholderia cepacia.