gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
cis-Addition in the Bromination of Bicyclic Olefins. The Structure and Stereochemistry of the Dibromides of exo-cis-3,6-Endoxo-Δ4-tetrahydrophthalic Anhydride and endo-cis-3,6-Endomethylene-Δ4-tetrahydrophthalic Anhydride1 (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTcis-Addition in the Bromination of Bicyclic Olefins. The Structure and Stereochemistry of the Dibromides of exo-cis-3,6-Endoxo-Δ4-tetrahydrophthalic Anhydride and endo-cis-3,6-Endomethylene-Δ4-tetrahydrophthalic Anhydride1Jerome A. Berson and Ronald SwidlerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 16, 4060–4069Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01645a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01645a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views655Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Hedgehog Gli signalling in kidney fibrosis (2016)

Kidney fibrosis is the common final pathway of virtually all progressive injury to the kidney and a promising therapeutic target in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The Hedgehog pathway has been reported to be critical in kidney development, and recent evidence suggests a role in kidney injury and fibrosis. This review provides an overview of recent data suggesting an important role of Gli transcriptional activators in kidney injury and repair. We have reported that the hedgehog transcriptional activator Gli1 specifically marks perivascular mesenchymal stem cells, which are an important source of kidney myofibroblasts. Genetic ablation of these cells ameliorated kidney and heart fibrosis and stabilized organ function after injury. Recent data suggest that Gli2 is an important driver of myofibroblast cell cycle progression and a promising therapeutic target in kidney fibrosis progression and CKD. However, the non-canonical mechanism of Gli activation in kidney fibrosis remains an open question, and further studies are needed to elucidate the role of Hedgehog Gli and Gli1<sup>+</sup> perivascular cells in human kidney fibrosis.
Structure of the Shiga-like Toxin I B-Pentamer Complexed with an Analogue of Its Receptor Gb3, (1998)

Shiga-like toxin I (SLT-I) is a virulence factor of Escherichia coli strains that cause disease in humans. Like other members of the Shiga toxin family, it consists of an enzymatic (A) subunit and five copies of a binding subunit (the B-pentamer). The B-pentamer binds to a specific glycolipid, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), on the surface of target cells and thereby plays a crucial role in the entry of the toxin. Here we present the crystal structure at 2.8 A resolution of the SLT-I B-pentamer complexed with an analogue of the Gb3 trisaccharide. The structure reveals a surprising density of binding sites, with three trisaccharide molecules bound to each B-subunit monomer of 69 residues. All 15 trisaccharides bind to one side of the B-pentamer, providing further evidence that this side faces the cell membrane. The structural model is consistent with data from site-directed mutagenesis and binding of carbohydrate analogues, and allows the rational design of therapeutic Gb3 analogues that block the attachment of toxin to cells.
High-Efficiency Electrophosphorescent Fluorene-alt-carbazole Copolymers N-Grafted with Cyclometalated Ir Complexes (2005)

A series of electrophosphorescent conjugated fluorene-alt-carbazole copolymers are synthesized by Suzuki polycondensation. A diketone-ended alkyl chain which is grafted in the N-position of carbazole serves as a ligand to form a pendant cyclometalated Ir complex with 1-phenylisoquinoline (Piq), 2-naphthylpyridine (Napy), and 2-phenylquinoline (Phq). The PL efficiencies of PFCzIrPiq and PFCzIrPhq copolymers are around 60% and 70%, respectively. EL emission from the backbone of PFCzIrPiq and PFCzIrPhq copolymers is completely quenched even though the Ir complex contents in the polymers are as low as 0.5 mol %. The device of PFCzIrPiq05 copolymer shows the highest external quantum efficiency of 4.9% ph/el and the luminous efficiency of 4.0 cd/A with 240 cd/m2 at a bias voltage of 7.7 V and a peak emission of 610 nm. The device efficiency of PFCzIrPiq05 copolymer still remains high (QE ext = 3.4% ph/el and LE = 2.9 cd/A) with a luminance of 2978 cd/m2 even at a current density of 100 mA/cm2. The enhancement of the device performance could be due to the higher triplet energy and meanwhile to suitable HOMO and LUMO levels for efficient charge injection by introducing a carbazole unit into the polyfluorene backbone at the 3,6-linkage and blending PBD into the copolymers.
Cloning of the Pachysolen tannophilus Xylulokinase Gene by Complementation in Escherichia coli (1987)

The gene coding for xylulokinase has been isolated from the yeast Pachysolen tannophilus by complementation of Escherichia coli xylulokinase (xylB) mutants. Through subcloning, the gene has been localized at one end of a 3.2-kilobase EcoRI-PstI fragment. Expression of the cloned gene was insensitive to glucose inhibition. Furthermore, the cloned gene did not cross-hybridize with E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae xylulokinase genes.
Autonomic virtual resource management for service hosting platforms (2009)

Cloud platforms host several independent applications on a shared resource pool with the ability to allocate computing power to applications on a per-demand basis. The use of server virtualization techniques for such platforms provide great flexibility with the ability to consolidate several virtual machines on the same physical server, to resize a virtual machine capacity and to migrate virtual machine across physical servers. A key challenge for cloud providers is to automate the management of virtual servers while taking into account both high-level QoS requirements of hosted applications and resource management costs. This paper proposes an autonomic resource manager to control the virtualized environment which decouples the provisioning of resources from the dynamic placement of virtual machines. This manager aims to optimize a global utility function which integrates both the degree of SLA fulfillment and the operating costs. We resort to a Constraint Programming approach to formulate and solve the optimization problem. Results obtained through simulations validate our approach.
Incremental partition recombination for efficient tracking of multiple dialog states (2010)

For spoken dialog systems, tracking a distribution over multiple dialog states has been shown to add robustness to speech recognition errors. To retain tractability, past work has suggested tracking dialog states in groups called partitions. While promising, current techniques are limited to incorporating a small number of ASR N-Best hypotheses. This paper overcomes this limitation by incrementally recombining partitions during the update. Experiments with a database of 300,000 AT&T staff show better whole-dialog accuracy than existing approaches. In addition, our implementation, which is available to the research community, views partitions as programmatic objects - an accessible formulation for commercial application developers.
Extrahepatic bile duct growth in mice repeatedly injected with human normal serum, IgA-deficient serum or purified secretory IgA (1991)

Another group of researchers has reported that seven intraperitoneal injections into mice of purified human serum IgA or normal human serum--but not IgA-deficient serum, mouse serum or saline--induced considerable growth of the extrahepatic bile duct epithelium. They stated that heterologous IgA was principally responsible for this effect. We have quantitated this growth by another method: enumeration of total and radiolabeled nuclei of the lumenal and glandular epithelium in transverse duct sections after tritiated thymidine injection and autoradiography. Our data show maximal incorporation between 18 and 24 hr after the last injection, with the highest labeling index in the lumenal epithelium after only three injections and before any duct enlargement. After four to seven injections, thymidine incorporation continued in juxtalumenal glands, together with massive glandular proliferation into the thickening wall and obvious inflammation. These changes were more pronounced in the liver-proximal part of the duct without affecting intrahepatic duct and gallbladder epithelia. Subcutaneous serum injections were less active. We confirm the inactivity of buffered saline, but, unlike previous authors, demonstrate strong activity in purified human milk secretory IgA and in IgA-deficient serum. We suggest that this different approach of quantitating epithelial proliferation will allow comparison of the bile duct growth effects of different, well-characterized human and animal IgA preparations.
First principle calculation of lithiation/delithiation voltage in Li-ion battery materials (2011)

第一个原则方法，基于密度功能的理论，被用来越过 7 个范畴和 18 系列为 Li 离子电池材料调查 lithiation/delithiation 的平均电压包括 LiMO2， LiMn2O4， LiMPO4， Li2 MSiO4 和石墨。在相关电极材料的 lithiation/delithiation 的平均电压被比较全部精力的差别获得，在电气化学的反应前后。计算价值在对试验性的数据的好同意。之间的系统的差别模仿，试验性的值能在锂电极的表面上以有约束力的精力被解释。这类计算方法能为预言新 lithiation/delithiation 材料的潜在的表演作为一个容易、有效的工具被使用。
Rituximab: clinical development and future directions (2002)

The availability of effective monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has revolutionised the management of patients with B-cell malignancies. The most widely studied of these agents is rituximab (Rituxan, IDEC Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA), a chimeric anti-CD20 antibody. Using the standard 4-weekly administration schedule, rituximab induces responses in almost half of patients with relapsed follicular/low-grade (F/LG) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) with complete remissions in 6%. Lower response rates (RRs) have been noted in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) using the standard dose and schedule. The drug has been well tolerated in most patients with common adverse events including mild to moderate fevers and chills and rare occurrences of a serious syndrome related to cytokine release and rapid tumour clearance. This antibody is also active against aggressive NHL, mantle cell NHL, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), lymphoplasmacytic NHL and hairy cell leukaemia and is also being evaluated in autoimmune disorders. Combinations of rituximab with chemotherapy regimens such as CHOP (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, predinisone) may alter the therapeutic paradigm for these diseases. The future promise of this antibody is a foundation on which to develop new strategies to increase the cure of patients with lymphoid malignancies.
Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (1993)

Protein phosphatases play important roles in the regulation of cell growth and metabolism, yet little is known about their enzymatic mechanism. By extrapolation from data on inhibitors of other types of hydrolases, an inhibitor of prostatic acid phosphatase was designed that is likely to function as a mechanism-based phosphotyrosine phosphatase inactivator. This molecule, 4-(fluoromethyl)phenyl phosphate, represents a useful paradigm for the design of potent and specific phosphatase inhibitors.
TLB and snoop energy-reduction using virtual caches in low-power chip-multiprocessors (2003)

In our quest to bring down the power consumption in low-power chip-multiprocessors, we have found that TLB and snoop accesses account for about 40% of the energy wasted by all L1 data-cache accesses. We have investigated the prospects of using virtual caches to bring down the number of TLB accesses. A key observation is that while the energy wasted in the TLBs are cut, the energy associated with snoop accesses becomes higher. We then contribute with two techniques to reduce the number of snoop accesses and their energy cost. Virtual caches together with the proposed techniques are shown to reduce the energy wasted in the L1 caches and the TLBs by about 30%.
Iron‐sulphur clusters and the problem with oxygen (2006)

During the first billion years of life on the Earth, the environment was anaerobic. Iron and sulphur were plentiful, and they were recruited in the formation of iron-sulphur (Fe-S) clusters within ancient proteins. These clusters provided many enzymes with the ability to transfer electrons; to others they offered a cationic feature that tightly bound oxyanionic and nitrogenous metabolites. Still others acquired a crystallizing surface around which polypeptide could fold to establish a three-dimensional structure. However, the subsequent oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere by photosynthetic organisms created a threat to cluster-dependent proteins that still has not been fully resolved. By oxidizing environmental iron, oxygen limits its bioavailability, requiring that organisms employ complex schemes with which to satisfy their iron requirement. More directly, oxygen species convert exposed Fe-S clusters to unstable forms that quickly decompose. Some microbes responded to this dilemma by retreating to anaerobic habitats. Others abandoned the use of low-potential electron-transfer pathways, which rely upon the least stable cluster enzymes, and developed antioxidant strategies to protect the remainder. These adjustments were only partially successful: largely because of their reliance upon Fe-S clusters, aerobes remain vulnerable to iron restriction and oxidative stress, features that higher organisms exploit in defending themselves against bacterial pathogens. Thus, the history of Fe-S clusters is an unusual one that has profoundly shaped contemporary microbial ecology.
Somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 reduces serum IGF-I levels in patients with neoplasms potentially dependent on IGF-I. (1989)

Tumors of several organs have been shown to bear cell surface receptors for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and to exhibit dependence on this mitogen for optimum proliferation both in vivo and in vitro. To investigate the feasibility of a novel form of endocrine therapy that would exploit such dependence, we treated 8 patients with non-endocrine solid tumours with the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995, in an effort to reduce growth hormone-stimulated IGF-I production. Significant decreases in basal and arginine-stimulated serum growth hormone and serum IGF-I were noted. This approach deserves evaluation as a potentially useful form of palliative endocrine therapy for certain cancers.
Molecular Genetic Diversity and Variation for Aggressiveness in Populations of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum Sampled from Wheat Fields in Different Countries (2001)

Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum are the major pathogenic organisms causing head blight in small‐grain cereals. Natural epidemics may result in severe yield losses, reduction in quality, and contamination of the grain by mycotoxins. The genetic diversity of four field populations of F. graminearum from Germany, Hungary, and Canada, and one population of F. culmorum from Russia was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based fingerprinting. Additionally, a world‐wide collection and two of the F. graminearum populations were analysed for their aggressiveness on young plants of winter rye in the greenhouse. The number of isolates analysed per population varied from 25 to 70. Significant quantitative variation for aggressiveness was observed within each of the individual field populations amounting to the same range as the world‐wide collection. Abundant variation within populations was also revealed by DNA markers. The F. graminearum populations from Hungary and Winnipeg displayed the least genotypic diversity, the two German F. graminearum populations and the Russian F. culmorum population were highly diverse. Population diversity, however, followed no spatial pattern among samples within a German field for aggressiveness or molecular markers. For F. graminearum , sexual recombination is the most likely explanation for the large genetic diversity within field populations. Asexual and/or parasexual recombination, and balancing selection caused by the periodic alternation between the saprophytic and parasitic phase might play an additional role and account for the variation within the F. culmorum population. For improving Fusarium resistance, several resistance genes of different sources should be combined to avoid an unspecific adaptation of the genetically variable pathogen to an increased resistance level.
Genomic Analysis of the Nitrate Response Using a Nitrate Reductase-Null Mutant of Arabidopsis (2004)

A nitrate reductase (NR)-null mutant of Arabidopsis was constructed that had a deletion of the major NR gene NIA2 and an insertion in the NIA1 NR gene. This mutant had no detectable NR activity and could not use nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. Starch mobilization was not induced by nitrate in this mutant but was induced by ammonium, indicating that nitrate was not the signal for this process. Microarray analysis of gene expression revealed that 595 genes responded to nitrate (5 mm nitrate for 2 h) in both wild-type and mutant plants. This group of genes was overrepresented most significantly in the functional categories of energy, metabolism, and glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Because the nitrate response of these genes was NR independent, nitrate and not a downstream metabolite served as the signal. The microarray analysis also revealed that shoots can be as responsive to nitrate as roots, yet there was substantial organ specificity to the nitrate response.
Blind turbo equalization in Gaussian and impulsive noise (2001)

We consider the problem of simultaneous parameter estimation and restoration of finite-alphabet symbols that are blurred by an unknown linear intersymbol interference (ISI) channel and contaminated by additive Gaussian or non-Gaussian white noise with unknown parameters. Non-Gaussian noise is found in many wireless channels due to the impulsive phenomena of radio-frequency interference. Bayesian inference of all unknown quantities is made from the blurred and noisy observations. The Gibbs sampler, a Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure, is employed to calculate the Bayesian estimates. The basic idea is to generate ergodic random samples from the joint posterior distribution of all unknowns and then to average the appropriate samples to obtain the estimates of the unknown quantities. Blind Bayesian equalizers based on the Gibbs sampler are derived for both Gaussian ISI channel and impulsive ISI channel. A salient feature of the proposed blind Bayesian equalizers is that they can incorporate the a priori symbol probabilities, and they produce as output the a posteriori symbol probabilities. (That is, they are "soft-input soft-output" algorithms.) Hence, these methods are well suited for iterative processing in a coded system, which allows the blind Bayesian equalizer to refine its processing based on the information from the decoding stage and vice versa-a receiver structure termed as blind turbo equalizer.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa GacA, a factor in multihost virulence, is also essential for biofilm formation (2001)

We have investigated a potential role for GacA, the response regulator of the GacA/GacS two-component regulatory system, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation. When gacA was disrupted in strain PA14, a 10-fold reduction in biofilm formation capacity resulted relative to wild-type PA14. However, no significant difference was observed in the planktonic growth rate of PA14 gacA(-). Providing gacA in trans on the multicopy vector pUCP-gacA abrogated the biofilm formation defect. Scanning electron microscopy of biofilms formed by PA14 gacA(-) revealed diffuse clusters of cells that failed to aggregate into microcolonies, implying a deficit in biofilm development or surface translocation. Motility assays revealed no decrease in PA14 gacA(-) twitching or swimming abilities, indicating that the defect in biofilm formation is independent of flagellar-mediated attachment and solid surface translocation by pili. Autoinducer and alginate bioassays were performed similarly, and no difference in production levels was observed, indicating that this is not merely an upstream effect on either quorum sensing or alginate production. Antibiotic susceptibility profiling demonstrated that PA14 gacA(-) biofilms have moderately decreased resistance to a range of antibiotics relative to PA14 wild type. This study establishes GacA as a new and independent regulatory element in P. aeruginosa biofilm formation.
Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific to Bovine Renal Vitamin D Hydroxylases (1988)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been produced which recognize specific epitopes on bovine renal mitochondrial vitamin D3 1 alpha- and 24-hydroxylases. Renal mitochondria cytochrome P-450s were partially purified to 0.5-2 nmol/mg by Emulgen 911 and cholate solubilization, followed by chromatography on a 2-(4,6-dichloro-O-biphenyloxy)ethylamine HBR affinity column. Reduced carbon monoxide difference spectra determined that this preparation contained 0.5-2 nmol P-450/mg protein. This preparation contained both 1 alpha- and 24-hydroxylase activities, and Eadie-Hofstee plots of product formation as a function of substrate concentrations have maximum velocities of 1.4 and 4 pmol product/30 min.mg protein and Km values of 690 and 1300 nM, respectively. Bovine renal hydroxylases were isolated by immunoprecipitation from this partially purified P-450 preparation with a polyclonal antibody specific for rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 RLM5. This polyclonal antibody immunoprecipitated both 1 alpha- and 24-hydroxylase activities as well as renal mitochondrial cytochrome P-450, as determined by reduced CO spectra. Bovine renal mitochondrial components were immunoisolated and used to immunize BALB/c mouse spleen cells in vitro. MAbs then produced were screened for 1) immunoisolation of renal mitochondrial hydroxylase activity from a partially purified preparation, 2) immunohistochemical detection of antigen in renal proximal tubule cells, and 3) immunoquantitation of renal hydroxylases in a solid phase sandwich (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and by 4) Western blot analysis. MAbs were isolated with specifically immunoprecipitated 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity, 24-hydroxylase activity, or both. In 10 micron sections of bovine kidney, antibodies detected antigen only in proximal tubule cells on the basal surface, which is rich in mitochondria. No antigen was detected in sections of pancreas or liver. In the solid phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, MAbs detected 1 alpha and 24-hydroxylases only in renal mitochondria and not in liver microsomes or adrenal gland mitochondria. In a Western blot, MAbs specific for epitopes expressed on both hydroxylases detected a single band(s) at 52,000-53,000 daltons. Apparently it is not possible to discriminate between hydroxylases by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Western blots. By these criteria, MAbs have been generated which are specific to epitopes expressed on bovine renal mitochondrial 1 alpha- and 24-hydroxylases.