gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Discovery of a human liver glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor that lowers blood glucose in vivo (1998)

An inhibitor of human liver glycogen phosphorylase a (HLGPa) has been identified and characterized in vitro and in vivo. This substance, [R-(R*, S*)]-5-chloro-N-[3-(dimethylamino)-2-hydroxy-3-oxo-1-(phenylmethyl)pr opyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide (CP-91149), inhibited HLGPa with an IC50 of 0.13 microM in the presence of 7.5 mM glucose. CP-91149 resembles caffeine, a known allosteric phosphorylase inhibitor, in that it is 5- to 10-fold less potent in the absence of glucose. Further analysis, however, suggests that CP-91149 and caffeine are kinetically distinct. Functionally, CP-91149 inhibited glucagon-stimulated glycogenolysis in isolated rat hepatocytes (P < 0.05 at 10-100 microM) and in primary human hepatocytes (2.1 microM IC50). In vivo, oral administration of CP-91149 to diabetic ob/ob mice at 25-50 mg/kg resulted in rapid (3 h) glucose lowering by 100-120 mg/dl (P < 0.001) without producing hypoglycemia. Further, CP-91149 treatment did not lower glucose levels in normoglycemic, nondiabetic mice. In ob/ob mice pretreated with 14C-glucose to label liver glycogen, CP-91149 administration reduced 14C-glycogen breakdown, confirming that glucose lowering resulted from inhibition of glycogenolysis in vivo. These findings support the use of CP-91149 in investigating glycogenolytic versus gluconeogenic flux in hepatic glucose production, and they demonstrate that glycogenolysis inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Fully integrated passive uhf rfid transponder ic with 16.7-μ minimum rf input power (2003)

This paper presents a novel fully integrated passive transponder IC with 4.5- or 9.25-m reading distance at 500-mW ERP or 4-W EIRP base-station transmit power, respectively, operating in the 868/915-MHz ISM band with an antenna gain less than -0.5 dB. Apart from the printed antenna, there are no external components. The IC is implemented in a 0.5-μm digital two-poly two-metal digital CMOS technology with EEPROM and Schottky diodes. The IC's power supply is taken from the energy of the received RF electromagnetic field with help of a Schottky diode voltage multiplier. The IC includes dc power supply generation, phase shift keying backscatter modulator, pulse width modulation demodulator, EEPROM, and logic circuitry including some finite state machines handling the protocol used for wireless write and read access to the IC's EEPROM and for the anticollision procedure. The IC outperforms other reported radio-frequency identification ICs by a factor of three in terms of required receive power level for a given base-station transmit power and tag antenna gain.
Tween protects recombinant human growth hormone against agitation-induced damage via hydrophobic interactions (1998)

In the absence of surfactants, recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) rapidly forms insoluble aggregates during agitation. The nonionic surfactant Tween 20, when present at Tween:protein molar ratios >4, effectively inhibits this aggregation. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of rhGH solutions showed melting transitions that decreased by ca. 2 degrees C in the presence of Tween. Circular dichroism (CD) studies of the same thermal transition showed that the decrease is specific to the relatively high protein concentrations required for DSC. CD studies showed melting transitions that decreased with lower protein concentrations. Tween has an insignificant effect on the melting transition of rhGH at lower protein concentrations (0.18 mg/mL). Injection titration microcalorimetry showed that the interaction of Tween with rhGH is characterized by a weak enthalpy of binding. For comparison, interferon-g, another protein which has been shown to bind Tween, also shows weak enthalpy of binding. Fluorescent probe binding studies and infrared spectroscopic investigations of rhGH secondary structure support suggestions in the literature (Bam, N. B.; Cleland, J. L., Randolph, T. W. Molten globule intermediate of recombinant human growth hormone: stabilization with surfactants. Biotechnol. Prog. 1996. 12, 801-809) that Tween binding is driven by hydrophobic interactions, with little perturbation of protein secondary structure.
The Molecular Wire Approach to Sensory Signal Amplification (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Molecular Wire Approach to Sensory Signal AmplificationTimothy M. SwagerView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Cite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 5, 201–207Publication Date (Web):April 4, 1998Publication History Received30 May 1997Published online4 April 1998Published inissue 1 May 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar9600502https://doi.org/10.1021/ar9600502research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6139Altmetric-Citations1041LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Electrical conductivity,Plastics,Polymers,Receptors,Sensors Get e-Alerts
Effects of Treatment on the Treated: Identification and Generalization (2012)

Many applications of causal analysis call for assessing, retrospectively, the effect of withholding an action that has in fact been implemented. This counterfactual quantity, sometimes called "effect of treatment on the treated," (ETT) have been used to to evaluate educational programs, critic public policies, and justify individual decision making. In this paper we explore the conditions under which ETT can be estimated from (i.e., identified in) experimental and/or observational studies. We show that, when the action invokes a singleton variable, the conditions for ETT identification have simple characterizations in terms of causal diagrams. We further give a graphical characterization of the conditions under which the effects of multiple treatments on the treated can be identified, as well as ways in which the ETT estimand can be constructed from both interventional and observational distributions.
Down-regulation of a member of the S100 gene family in mammary carcinoma cells and reexpression by azadeoxycytidine treatment. (1992)

A cDNA clone, designated CaN19 (originally called clone 19), isolated by subtractive hybridization, contains sequences that are preferentially expressed in normal mammary epithelial cells but not in breast tumor cells. Comparison of its deduced amino acid sequence with sequences in the GenBank data base revealed similarity with the S100 protein family, a group of small Ca(2+)-binding modulator proteins involved in cell cycle progression and cell differentiation. CaN19 expression is down-regulated in normal cells by A23187, a calcium ionophore, suggesting that its regulation is calcium-dependent. We have assigned CaN19 to human chromosome 1q21-q24, a region containing four other S100-related genes. In contrast to CaN19 mRNA expression, most members of the S100 protein family are activated or overexpressed in tumor cells. Synchronization experiments by growth-factor deprivation demonstrated a biphasic induction of CaN19 expression in normal cells, approximately 2-fold in early G1 phase and another 2- to 3-fold at the G1/S boundary. Exposure of mammary tumor cells to 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, an inhibitor of DNA methylation, reactivated the expression of CaN19 mRNA.
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry (1982)

Partial table of contents: Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds Representative Carbon Compounds An Introduction to Organic Reactions: Acids and Bases Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Conformations of Molecules Stereochemistry: Chiral Molecules Alkenes and Alkynes I: Properties and Synthesis Alkenes and Alkynes II: Addition Reactions Radical Reactions Alcohols and Ethers Conjugated Unsaturated Systems Aromatic Compounds Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Aldehydes and Ketones I: Nucleophilic Additions to the Carbonyl Group Aldehydes and Ketones II: Aldol Reactions Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Nucleophilic Substitution at the Acyl Carbon Amines Carbohydrates Lipids Answers to Selected Problems Glossary Index.
Covalent attachment of oligonucleotides to solid supports (1987)

Coupling efficiencies for the covalent attachment of oligonucleotides (17-29 bases in length) to solid supports derivatized with alkyl-amino and -carboxylic functionalities have been determined. Attachment efficiencies of 60-80% were obtained for coated long-chain alkylamino controlled pore glass (CPG) supports. Similar efficiencies of immobilization were observed for carboxyl-bearing supports, which additionally exhibited lower levels of non-covalent binding. The extent of terminally linked oligonucleotide was determined to be 50-55% of the overall attachment in the carbodiimide-mediated coupling reaction of a 5'-aminohexyl phosphoramidate derivative of a 29-mer to Sephacryl carboxyl support. While lower overall efficiencies of attachment were obtained in the reaction with Sephacryl N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated carboxyl support, greater than 80% of this coupling results in end-attached oligonucleotides.
Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation; Lighting-Up Tau-Tau Interaction in Living Cells (2013)

Abnormal tau aggregation is a pathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative disorders and it is becoming apparent that soluble tau aggregates play a key role in neurodegeneration and memory impairment. Despite this pathological importance, there is currently no single method that allows monitoring soluble tau species in living cells. In this regard, we developed a cell-based sensor that visualizes tau self-assembly. By introducing bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) technique to tau, we were able to achieve spatial and temporal resolution of tau-tau interactions in a range of states, from soluble dimers to large aggregates. Under basal conditions, tau-BiFC cells exhibited little fluorescence intensity, implying that the majority of tau molecules exist as monomers. Upon chemically induced tau hyperphosphorylation, BiFC fluorescence greatly increased, indicating an increased level of tau-tau interactions. As an indicator of tau assembly, our BiFC sensor would be a useful tool for investigating tau pathology.
PET Activation of Posterior Temporal Regions during Auditory Word Presentation and Verb Generation (1996)

Previous studies using positron emission tomography (PET) report blood flow changes in superior and middle temple gyri associated with auditory and language tasks (Petersen et al., 1988, 1989; Wise et al., 1991; Demonet et al., 1992; Howard et al., 1992; Sergent et al., 1992; Zatorre et al., 1992; Petrides et al., 1993; Raichle et al., 1994; Fiez et al., 1995). An important issue is whether these changes reflect the activation of a single functional region or multiple regions with distinct functional contributions. In the present study, we examined this issue by focusing upon two tasks for which we have previously reported posterior temporal blood flow changes: listening to auditorily presented words (Petersen et al., 1988, 1989), and generation of a verb in response to a visually presented noun (Raichle et al., 1994); see also Wise et al. (1991). We began by further characterizing a left temporoparietal region of change previously associated with auditory word presentation. This previously reported response was replicated, and the results were extended by demonstrating presentation of pseudowords also produced activation. We next asked whether the activation associated with auditory word presentation could be distinguished from that associated with the generation of verbs in response to visually presented nouns. It was found that the activations associated with these two tasks could be both functionally and spatially dissociated. Thus, two posterior temporal areas associated with auditory word presentation and verb generation appear to represent distinct areas concerned with word processing. More generally, the results demonstrate an approach for assessing the independence of two activated areas.
Antiviral Actions of Interferons (2001)

Tremendous progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of the antiviral actions of interferons (IFNs), as well as strategies evolved by viruses to antagonize the actions of IFNs. Furthermore, advances made while elucidating the IFN system have contributed significantly to our understanding in multiple areas of virology and molecular cell biology, ranging from pathways of signal transduction to the biochemical mechanisms of transcriptional and translational control to the molecular basis of viral pathogenesis. IFNs are approved therapeutics and have moved from the basic research laboratory to the clinic. Among the IFN-induced proteins important in the antiviral actions of IFNs are the RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) and RNase L, and the Mx protein GTPases. Double-stranded RNA plays a central role in modulating protein phosphorylation and RNA degradation catalyzed by the IFN-inducible PKR kinase and the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate-dependent RNase L, respectively, and also in RNA editing by the IFN-inducible RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (ADAR1). IFN also induces a form of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS2) and the major histocompatibility complex class I and II proteins, all of which play important roles in immune response to infections. Several additional genes whose expression profiles are altered in response to IFN treatment and virus infection have been identified by microarray analyses. The availability of cDNA and genomic clones for many of the components of the IFN system, including IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-gamma, their receptors, Jak and Stat and IRF signal transduction components, and proteins such as PKR, 2',5'-OAS, Mx, and ADAR, whose expression is regulated by IFNs, has permitted the generation of mutant proteins, cells that overexpress different forms of the proteins, and animals in which their expression has been disrupted by targeted gene disruption. The use of these IFN system reagents, both in cell culture and in whole animals, continues to provide important contributions to our understanding of the virus-host interaction and cellular antiviral response.
Flexible collaboration transparency (1999)

This article presents a critique of conventional collaboration transparency systems, also called “application-sharing” systems, which provide the real-time shared use of legacy single-user applications. We find that conventional collaboration transparency systems are inefficient in their use of network resources and lack support for key groupware principles: concurrent work, relaxed WYSIWIS, and group awareness. Next, we present an alternative approach to implementing collaboration transparency that provides many features previously seen only in collaboration-aware applicaitons. Our approach is based on a replicated architecture where selected single-user interface components are dynamically replaced by multiuser versions. The replacement occurs at run-time and is transparent to the single-user application and its developers.. As an instance of this approach, we describe its incorporation into a Java-based collaboration transparency system for serializable, Swing-based Java applications, called Flexible JAMM (Java Applets Made Multiuser). To validate that the flexible collaboration transparency system is truly an improvement over conventional systems, we conducted an empirical study of collaborators performing both tightly and loosely coupled tasks using Flexible JAMM versus a representative conventional collaboration transparency system, Microsoft NetMeeting. Completion times were significantly faster in the loosely coupled task using Flexible JAMM and were not adversely affected in the tightly coupled task. Accuracy was equivalent for both systems. Participants greatly preferred Flexible JAMM.
Thermal stability of proteins in the presence of poly(ethylene glycols) (1987)

Thermal unfolding of ribonuclease, lysozyme, chymotrypsinogen, and beta-lactoglobulin was studied in the absence or presence of poly(ethylene glycols). The unfolding curves were fitted to a two-state model by a nonlinear least-squares program to obtain values of delta H, delta S, and the melting temperature Tm. A decrease in thermal transition temperature was observed in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) for all of the protein systems studied. The magnitude of such a decrease depends on the particular protein and the molecular size of poly(ethylene glycol) employed. A linear relation can be established between the magnitude of the decrease in transition temperature and the average hydrophobicity of these proteins; namely, the largest observable decrease is associated with the protein of the highest hydrophobicity. Further analysis of the thermal unfolding data reveals that poly(ethylene glycols) significantly effect the relation between delta H degrees of unfolding and temperature for all the proteins studied. For beta-lactoglobulin, a plot of delta H versus Tm indicates a change in slope from a negative to a positive value, thus implying a change in delta Cp in thermal unfolding caused by the presence of poly(ethylene glycols). Results from solvent-protein interaction studies indicate that at high temperature poly(ethylene glycol) 1000 preferentially interacts with the denatured state of protein but is excluded from the native state at low temperature. These observations are consistent with the fact that poly(ethylene glycols) are hydrophobic in nature and will interact favorably with the hydrophobic side chains exposed upon unfolding; thus, it leads to a lowering of thermal transition temperature.
Inflammation: Mediators and Pathways (1995)

Phospholipase A2 Isoforms as Novel Drug Targets, L.A. Marshall and R.J. Mayer Pharmacologic Regulation of Adhesion Molecule Function and Expression, R.S. Peebles, Jr., B.S. Bochner, and R.P. Schleimer Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) and Its Antagonists in Allergic and Inflammatory Disorders, E. Pirotzky, M. Koltai, D. Hosford, and P.G. Braquet The Role of Eicosanoids in Transplant Rejection, R.F. Spurney and T.M. Coffman Pharmacology of CoA-Independent Transacylase, J.D. Winkler and F.H. Chilton ACAT Inhibitors: Physiologic Mechanisms for Hypolipidemic and Anti-Atherosclerotic Activities in Experimental Animals, B.R. Krause and T.M.A. Bocan
Formation and Characterization of DNA Microarrays at Silicon Nitride Substrates (2004)

A versatile method for direct, covalent attachment of DNA microarrays at silicon nitride layers, previously deposited by chemical vapor deposition at silicon wafer substrates, is reported. Each microarray fabrication process step, from silicon nitride substrate deposition, surface cleaning, amino-silanation, and attachment of a homobifunctional cross-linking molecule to covalent immobilization of probe oligonucleotides, is defined, characterized, and optimized to yield consistent probe microarray quality, homogeneity, and probe-target hybridization performance. The developed microarray fabrication methodology provides excellent (high signal-to-background ratio) and reproducible responsivity to target oligonucleotide hybridization with a rugged chemical stability that permits exposure of arrays to stringent pre- and posthybridization wash conditions through many sustained cycles of reuse. Overall, the achieved performance features compare very favorably with those of more mature glass based microarrays. It is proposed that this DNA microarray fabrication strategy has the potential to provide a viable route toward the successful realization of future integrated DNA biochips.
IV. Regulation of tight junctions by extracellular stimuli: nutrients, cytokines, and immune cells (2000)

The epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract forms a regulated, selectively permeable barrier between luminal contents and the underlying tissue compartments. Permeability across the epithelium is, in part, determined by the rate-limiting barrier of the paracellular pathway-the most apical intercellular junction referred to as the tight junction (TJ). The TJ is composed of a multiprotein complex that affiliates with the underlying apical actomyosin ring. TJ structure and function, and therefore epithelial permeability, are influenced by diverse physiological and pathological stimuli; here we review examples of such stimuli that are detected at the cell surface. For example, luminal glucose induces an increase in paracellular permeability to small molecules. Similarly, but by other means, cytokines and leukocytes in the vicinity of the epithelium also regulate TJ structure and paracellular permeability by influencing the TJ protein complex and/or its association with the underlying actin cytoskeleton.
Fluoropolymer indium-tin-oxide buffer layers for improved power conversion in organic photovoltaics (2008)

We investigate the effects of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) on poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) based organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices by inserting thermally evaporated PTFE films between indium-tin-oxide (ITO) and P3HT:PCBM layers. Significant improvement in terms of open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and thereby in its commensurate power conversion efficiency is achieved compared to devices with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene-sulfonate) layers. The OPVs performance enhancement is attributed to the formation of an artificial dipole layer resulting from the rich, negatively charged fluorine that facilitates the hole extraction process. This result shows the high potential of PTFE as a low cost and stable ITO buffer layer for OPV devices.
Communication: Blocked Disaccharide Analogs Bearing an Oxyimino Interglycosidic Bridge (1991)

Oligosaccharide units in which a ONH group replaces the usual oxy bridge have been encountered in nature, for ex. in the antitumor antibiotic calicheamicin γ1,2 and the biological importance of this peculiar interglycosidic junction has been emphasized.3 The N-O bond is very different from the bonds habitually found in carbohydrate chemistry, owing, in particular, to its weakness and the presence of lone-pairs on its two hetero atoms. These characteristics considerably affect the conformational properties of molecules like calicheamicin. As we have developed,4 in the CHARMm force field,5 parameters pertaining to this bond, we needed models of disaccharides of this type to fit computed results in with experimental data. These O-N-disaccharide derivatives were easily obtained from the O-aminosugar derivative 1.6
Prediction of probable genes by Fourier analysis of genomic sequences (1997)

A computer program GeneScan which locates coding open reading frames and exonic regions in genomic sequences has been developed, and is available on request.