gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metribuzin and Chlorimuron Mixtures for Preemergence Broadleaf Weed Control in Soybeans,Glycine max (1988)

Metribuzin and the ethyl ester of chlorimuron were evaluated alone and in combination for preemergence broadleaf weed control in soybeans. Neither herbicide alone controlled all broadleaf weeds tested, but combinations showed both complementary and additive action. Two field studies quantified these interactions on broadleaf weeds and showed that low rates of either herbicide alone controlled Pennsylvania smartweed and redroot pigweed. Metribuzin was more effective than chlorimuron in controlling prickly sida and hemp sesbania, while chlorimuron was more effective on common cocklebur, sicklepod, and ivyleaf and pitted morningglories. Additive action was most important on velvetleaf, sicklepod, annual morningglories, and hemp sesbania. Because the components were both additive and complementary, a range of mixture rates and ratios were more effective for weed control than either herbicide alone.
Islet immuno‐isolation: The use of hybrid artificial organs to prevent islet tissue rejection (1984)

Abstract Immuno‐isolation protects islet tissue from rejection by enclosing it within semi‐permeable membranes. Four major techniques have been developed to achieve this goal: (1) Extravascular diffusion chambers. These can be implanted in many locations but are limited by host fibroblastic responses which further reduce diffusion capability. (2) Intravascular diffusion chambers. These have improved diffusion characteristics dependent on design but have serious vascular access problems. (3) Intravascular ultrafiltration chambers. These have a more rapid response since they do not rely on diffusion but have an additional problem of protein deposition on their membranes. (4) Microencapsulation. This technique incorporates the islet tissue inside a biochemical membrane making it more efficient. Yet the technique is limited by membrane instability. Immuno‐isolation offers an alternative to immunosuppression, but the biotechnology must be improved to develop suitable materials for effective clinical trials .
Human kallikrein 8, a novel biomarker for ovarian carcinoma. (2003)

Human kallikrein 8 (hK8; neuropsin) is a serine protease and new member of the hK family. The aim of this study was to examine if hK8 may serve as a novel cancer biomarker. An hk8-ELISA, developed in-house, was used to study the distribution of hK8 in various biological fluids and tissue extracts from healthy individuals and ovarian cancer patients of different stages of the disease (International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology II-IV). For ovarian cancer patients, very high levels in ascites fluid were observed (<or=1000 microg/liter; n = 85 samples). Elevated serum levels were seen in 24 of 40 (62%) of ovarian cancer patients. Higher ascites fluid hK8 concentration was associated with better ovarian cancer progression-free survival (P = 0.02). In both serum and ascites fluid, there is a significant correlation between hK8 and CA125 concentration (r = 0.51 and 0.58, respectively). The serum concentration of hK8 was an indicator of progression on regression on longitudinal monitoring of an ovarian cancer patient. These data suggest that hK8 protein is detectable in ovarian cancer tissue extracts, serum, and ascites fluid, indicating that it may serve as a new ovarian cancer marker.
Identification and Characterization of Differentially Expressed mRNAs in HIV Type 1-Infected Human T Cells (2000)

We used a novel differential display (DD) technique to identify host factors involved in virus replication, pathogenesis, and host response in HIV-1-infected T cells. Thirteen cDNA fragments differentially expressed in HIV-1NL4-3-infected MT-4 cells prior to the occurrence of specific apoptotic cell death were sequenced and identified. Two of seven elevated genes were identical to HIV-1 sequences and the other five were MIP-1alpha, ACTE-III, CD11c, arginase I, and CCR5. The six downregulated genes included prothymosin-a, Jaw-1, proteasome subunit XAPC7, splicing factor 9G8, GA17 protein, and an unknown mRNA. Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses confirmed the altered gene expressions in MT-4 cells as well as in another T cell line, MOLT-4. We also revealed that the amount of MIP-1alpha in culture supernatant of HIV-1-infected cells was increased by more than 15-fold relative to control cells, and the expression of its receptor CCR5 was cooperatively upregulated on the surface of these cells. Furthermore, the upregulation of CD11c after HIV-1 infection was slightly inhibited by blocking the MIP-1alpha-mediated signal transduction. These results indicate that genes altered on HIV-1 infection may be mutually organized and play an important role in HIV-1-induced pathogenesis.
Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on risk of Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies (2003)

NSAIDs offer some protection against the development of Alzheimer's disease. The appropriate dosage and duration of drug use and the ratios of risk to benefit are still unclear.
Detection of small cell lung cancer metastases in bone marrow aspirates using monoclonal antibody directed against neuroendocrine differentiation antigen. (1988)

To detect metastases in the bone marrow of patients with small cell lung cancer, immunofluorescence with a monoclonal antibody detecting a membrane antigen (MOC-1) associated with small cell lung cancer was performed on 53 bone marrow aspirates from 30 patients. In 19 (63%) patients MOC-1 reactive cells were detected. Simultaneous histopathological examination of the bone marrow biopsy specimens detected tumour cells in only six (20%). The method is more sensitive than conventional histochemical staining of bone marrow aspirate and may eventually be able to show additional subgroups, such as patients with limited disease who might benefit from adjuvant radiotherapy or surgery.
Amyloid fibers are water-filled nanotubes (2002)

A study of papers on amyloid fibers suggested to us that cylindrical beta-sheets are the only structures consistent with some of the x-ray and electron microscope data. We then found that our own 7-year-old and hitherto enigmatic x-ray diagram of poly-L-glutamine fits a cylindrical sheet of 31 A diameter made of beta-strands with 20 residues per helical turn. Successive turns are linked by hydrogen bonds between both the main chain and side chain amides, and side chains point alternately into and out of the cylinder. Fibers of the exon-1 peptide of huntingtin and of the glutamine- and asparagine-rich region of the yeast prion Sup35 give the same underlying x-ray diagrams, which show that they have the same structure. Electron micrographs show that the 100-A-thick fibers of the Sup35 peptide are ropes made of three protofibrils a little over 30 A thick. They have a measured mass of 1,450 Da/A, compared with 1,426 Da/A for a calculated mass of three protofibrils each with 20 residues per helical turn wound around each other with a helical pitch of 510 A. Published x-ray diagrams and electron micrographs show that fibers of synuclein, the protein that forms the aggregates of Parkinson disease, consist of single cylindrical beta-sheets. Fibers of Alzheimer A beta fragments and variants are probably made of either two or three concentric cylindrical beta-sheets. Our structure of poly-L-glutamine fibers may explain why, in all but one of the neurodegenerative diseases resulting from extension of glutamine repeats, disease occurs when the number of repeats exceeds 37-40. A single helical turn with 20 residues would be unstable, because there is nothing to hold it in place, but two turns with 40 residues are stabilized by the hydrogen bonds between their amides and can act as nuclei for further helical growth. The A beta peptide of Alzheimer's disease contains 42 residues, the best number for nucleating further growth. All these structures are very stable; the best hope for therapies lies in preventing their growth.
Expression of mRNAs for Neurotrophins and Their Receptors in Developing Rat Heart (1996)

Because the neurotrophic system has not been systematically studied in developing heart, we studied the expression of mRNAs for neurotrophins and their high- and low-affinity receptors by radioactive in situ hybridization in the rat heart from embryonic day 9 (E9) to parturition. The neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) transcripts were seen in the group of Leu-7 immunoreactive cells in the ventricular region from E11 to parturition, suggesting that NT-3 is expressed in the part of the developing conduction system, mRNAs for truncated trk receptors, trkC.TK- and trkB.T1, were expressed in the outflow tract at E12 and in the walls of developing aorta and pulmonary trunk from E13 to parturition, whereas the mRNA for catalytic trkC.TK+ was revealed in the walls of aorta and pulmonary trunk from E13 to parturition and in the cardiac ganglion neurons from E14 to adult stage. Transcripts for low-affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75) were transiently seen in the distal outflow tract from E11 to E13, declining by E14. At E18, p75 transcripts were also seen in the cardiac ganglia. Transcripts for nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-4/5, trkA, or trkB.TK+ were not detected. Expression of NT-3 mRNA in the developing conduction system and of trkC.TK + mRNA in the cardiac neurons suggests a role for NT-3 in the innervation of the conduction system. Expression of trkC.TK+ in the wall of aorta and pulmonary trunk suggests that NT-3 also may affect the development of the smooth muscle cells.
Normal human granulopoiesis revisited. I. Blood data. (1984)

The absence of an unquestionable label to study the components of normal granulopoiesis leads experimentalists to design and develop numerous different techniques. An extensive review of the corresponding human data is performed concerning blood granulocyte cellularity, sojourn time and turnover rate, bone marrow neutrophil cellularity, production, mitotic activities, kinetic parameters and differential cell counts. Advantages and pitfalls relevant to each experimental procedure are discussed. Results obtained from recently devised experimental designs are included and compared to the results derived from more classical techniques. In particular data concerning blood granulocytes obtained through the in vitro labelling procedure using either diisopropylfluorophosphate or radiochromate are re-visited in the light of recently published results derived from techniques using a pulse or a continuous infusion of tritiated thymidine. Although some questions remain, particularly concerning bone marrow differential cell counts, reference data are proposed to elaborate a complete and coherent scheme of normal human neutrophilic granulopoiesis.
The undecided serpin (2005)

Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2 (PAI-2) is a nonconventional serine protease inhibitor (serpin) with unique and tantalizing properties that is generally considered to be an authentic and physiological inhibitor of urokinase. However, the fact that only a small percentage of PAI-2 is secreted has been a long-standing argument for alternative roles for this serpin. Indeed, PAI-2 has been shown to have a number of intracellular roles: it can alter gene expression, influence the rate of cell proliferation and differentiation, and inhibit apoptosis in a manner independent of urokinase inhibition. Despite these recent advances in defining the intracellular function of PAI-2, it still remains one of the most mysterious and enigmatic members of the serpin superfamily.
On the Theory of Helix—Coil Transition in Polypeptides (1961)

The evaluation of the configurational partition function of a polypeptide molecule, with the internal rotation angles as variables, leads to an improved treatment of the phenomenon of helix-coil transition in polypeptide molecules. The conditional probabilities of occurrence of helical and coiled states of the peptide units are obtained in the form of a 3×3 matrix. The order of this matrix is the lowest possible for the model employed, and is derived by a logical procedure which serves to eliminate redundancies in the enumeration of states. The eigenvalues of this matrix yield the various molecular averages as functions of the degree of polymerization, temperature, and molecular constants. Explicit formulas are given for the degree of intramolecular hydrogen bonding, average number of helical sequences, and the distribution of their lengths, as well as the number average and the weight average of these lengths.
Microsystems for energy harvesting (2011)

This paper reviews the state of the art in miniature microsystems for harvesting energy from external environmental vibration, and describes two specific microsystems developed at the University of Michigan. One of these microsystems allows broadband harvesting of mechanical energy from extremely low frequency (1-5 Hz) random vibrations abundant in civil infrastructure, such as bridges. These parametric frequency increased generators have a combined operating range covering two orders of magnitude in acceleration (0.54-19.6 m/s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) and a frequency range spanning up to 60Hz, making them some of the most versatile harvesters in existence. The second of these systems is an integrated microsystem for harvesting energy from periodic vibrations at moderate frequencies (50-400 Hz) typically present in devices such as motors or transportation systems. This harvester utilizes a thinned-PZT structure to produce 2.74 μW at 0.1 g (167 Hz) and 205 μW at 1.5 g (154 Hz) at resonance. Challenges in the design of electronic circuitry (integrated or hybrid) for regulating the scavenged energy are briefly discussed.
Placement of Sound Sources In The Stereo Field Using Measured Room Impulse Responses (2018)

Reverberation can be simulated by convolving dry instrument signals with physically measured impulse response data. Such reverberation effects have recently become commonplace; however, current techniques apply a single effect to an entire ensemble, and then separate individual instruments in the stereo field via panning. By measuring impulse response data from each desired instrument location, it is possible to place instruments in the stereo field using their unique early reflection and reverberation patterns without panning. A pilot study compares the perceived quality of dry signals convolved to stereo center, convolved to stereo center and panned to desired placement, and convolved with measured impulse responses to simulate placement. The results of a single blind study show a preference for location-based (as opposed to panning-based) reverberation effects.
Application of fiber optic thermometry to the monitoring of winding temperatures in medium and large power transformers (1991)

Fiberoptic techniques were first used to measure winding temperatures in power transformers more than ten years ago. Recently interest in such measurements to allow predictive loading and enhanced capacity utilization has increased. As a consequence, a new and more cost-effective fiberoptic temperature measurement system based on the fluorescent decay time technique has been developed for transformer use. The features of this system and its possible use in other power industry applications will be presented.
Isolation, sequence, and expression of a human keratin K5 gene: transcriptional regulation of keratins and insights into pairwise control. (1989)

The mitotically active basal layers of most stratified squamous epithelia express 10 to 30% of their total protein as keratin. The two keratins specifically expressed in these cells are the type II keratin K5 (58 kilodaltons) and its corresponding partner, type I keratin K14 (50 kilodaltons), both of which are essential for the formation of 8-nm filaments. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying the coordinate regulation of the two keratins is an important first step in understanding epidermal differentiation and in designing promoters that will enable delivery and expression of foreign gene products in stratified squamous epithelia, e.g., skin. Previously, we reported the sequence of the gene encoding human K14 (D. Marchuk, S. McCrohon, and E. Fuchs, Cell 39:491-498, 1984; Marchuk et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:1609-1613, 1985). We have now isolated and characterized the gene encoding human K5. The sequence of the coding portion of this gene matched perfectly with that of a partial K5 cDNA sequence obtained from a cultured human epidermal library (R. Lersch and E. Fuchs, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:486-493, 1988), and gene transfection studies indicated that the gene is functional. Nuclear runoff experiments demonstrated that the K5 and K14 genes were both transcribed at dramatically higher levels in cultured human epidermal cells than in fibroblasts, indicating that at least part of the regulation of the expression of this keratin pair is at the transcriptional level. When the K5 gene was transfected transiently into NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, foreign expression of the gene caused the appearance of endogenous mouse K14 and the subsequent formation of a keratin filament array in the cells. In this case, transcriptional changes did not appear to be involved in the regulation, suggesting that there may be multiple control mechanisms underlying the pairwise expression of keratins.
Ultra-High Performance Communication with MPI and the Sun Fire™ Link Interconnect (2002)

We present a new low-latency system area network that provides the ultra-high bandwidth needed to fuse a collection of large SMP servers into a capability cluster. The network adapter exports a remote shared memory (RSM) model that supports low latency kernel bypass messaging. The Sun™ MPI library uses the RSM interface to implement a highly efficient memory-to-memory messaging protocol in which the library directly manages buffers and data structures in remote memory. This allows flexible allocation of buffer space to active connections, while avoiding resource contention that could otherwise increase latencies. We discuss the characteristics of the interconnect, describe the MPI protocols, and measure the performance of a number of MPI benchmarks. Our results include MPI inter-node bandwidths of almost 3 Gigabytes per second and MPI ping-pong latencies as low as 3.7 microseconds.
Use of the Nitrile Oxide Cycloaddition (NOC) Reaction for Molecular Probe Generation: A New Class of Enzyme Selective Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors (HDACIs) Showing Picomolar Activity at HDAC6 (2008)

A series of hydroxamate based HDAC inhibitors containing a phenylisoxazole as the CAP group has been synthesized using nitrile oxide cycloaddition chemistry. An HDAC6 selective inhibitor having a potency of approximately 2 picomolar was identified. Some of the compounds were examined for their ability to block pancreatic cancer cell growth and found to be about 10-fold more potent than SAHA. This research provides valuable, new molecular probes for use in exploring HDAC biology.
Neurogranin and YKL-40: independent markers of synaptic degeneration and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease (2015)

Neurogranin and YKL-40 are promising AD biomarkers, independent of and complementary to the established core AD biomarkers, reflecting additional pathological changes in the course of AD.
Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. (1996)

Determinants of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for vitamin C include the relationship between vitamin C dose and steady-state plasma concentration, bioavailability, urinary excretion, cell concentration, and potential adverse effects. Because current data are inadequate, an in-hospital depletion-repletion study was conducted. Seven healthy volunteers were hospitalized for 4-6 months and consumed a diet containing <5 mg of vitamin C daily. Steady-state plasma and tissue concentrations were determined at seven daily doses of vitamin C from 30 to 2500 mg. Vitamin C steady-state plasma concentrations as a function of dose displayed sigmoid kinetics. The steep portion of the curve occurred between the 30- and 100-mg daily dose, the current RDA of 60 mg daily was on the lower third of the curve, the first dose beyond the sigmoid portion of the curve was 200 mg daily, and complete plasma saturation occurred at 1000 mg daily. Neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes saturated at 100 mg daily and contained concentrations at least 14-fold higher than plasma. Bioavailability was complete for 200 mg of vitamin C as a single dose. No vitamin C was excreted in urine of six of seven volunteers until the 100-mg dose. At single doses of 500 mg and higher, bioavailability declined and the absorbed amount was excreted. Oxalate and urate excretion were elevated at 1000 mg of vitamin C daily compared to lower doses. Based on these data and Institute of Medicine criteria, the current RDA of 60 mg daily should be increased to 200 mg daily, which can be obtained from fruits and vegetables. Safe doses of vitamin C are less than 1000 mg daily, and vitamin C daily doses above 400 mg have no evident value.
A framework for evolutionary optimization with approximate fitness functions (2002)

It is not unusual that an approximate model is needed for fitness evaluation in evolutionary computation. In this case, the convergence properties of the evolutionary algorithm are unclear due to the approximation error of the model. In this paper, extensive empirical studies are carried out to investigate the convergence properties of an evolution strategy using an approximate fitness function on two benchmark problems. It is found that incorrect convergence will occur if the approximate model has false optima. To address this problem, individual- and generation-based evolution control are introduced and the resulting effects on the convergence properties are presented. A framework for managing approximate models in generation-based evolution control is proposed. This framework is well suited for parallel evolutionary optimization, which is able to guarantee the correct convergence of the evolutionary algorithm, as well as to reduce the computation cost as much as possible. Control of the evolution and updating of the approximate models are based on the estimated fidelity of the approximate model. Numerical results are presented for three test problems and for an aerodynamic design example.
Multi-modality image fusion by real-time tracking of volumetric brain deformation during Image Guided Neurosurgery (2002)

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2002.
Intermedin inhibits vascular calcification by increasing the level of matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein (2009)

Reduced endogenous IMD levels are associated with increased mineralization in vivo, and administration of IMD inhibits VC development by increasing cMGP levels. IMD may be an endogenous vasoprotective factor for VC.
Serological Correlate of Protection against Norovirus‐Induced Gastroenteritis (2010)

Blocking antibodies correlate with protection against clinical NV gastroenteritis. This knowledge will help guide the evaluation of new vaccine strategies and the elucidation of the nature of immunity to the virus. Trial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00138476.