gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of two temperature-sensitive mutants of type 5 adenovirus with mutations in the 100,000-dalton protein gene (1981)

Complementation analysis assigned the mutations of strains H5ts115 and H5ts116, two hexon-minus mutants, to the 100,000-dalton (100K) protein gene. Heterotypic marker rescue (i.e., type 5 adenovirus [Ad5] temperature-sensitive mutants DNA X EcoRI restriction fragments of Ad2 DNA) confirmed the results of previous marker rescue mapping studies, and the heterotypic recombinants yielded unique hybrid (Ad5-Ad2) 100K proteins which were intermediate in size between Ad5 and Ad2 proteins and appeared to be as functionally active as the wild-type 100K protein. Phenotypic characterization of these mutants showed that both the hexon polypeptides and the 100K polypeptides were unstable at the nonpermissive temperature, whereas fiber and penton were not degraded, and that the 100K protein made at 39.5 degrees C could not be utilized after a shift to the permissive temperature (32 degrees C). The role of the 100K protein in the assembly of the hexon trimer was also examined by in vitro protein synthesis. Normally, hexon polypeptides synthesized during an in vitro reaction are assembled into immunoreactive hexons. However, this assembly was inhibited by preincubation of the cell extract with anti-100K immunoglobulin G; neither anti-fiber immunoglobulin G nor normal rabbit immunoglobulin G inhibited hexon assembly. It is postulated that an interaction between the 100K protein and hexon polypeptides is required for effective assembly of hexon trimers.
A New, One-Step, Effective Protocol for the Iodination of Aromatic and Heterocyclic Compounds via Aprotic Diazotization of Amines (2006)

We have developed a convenient one-step preparation of aromatic and some heterocyclic iodides by the sequential diazotization-iodination of the aromatic amines with a KI/NaNO2/p-TsOH system in acetonitrile at room temperature. This method has general character and allows aryl iodides with either donor or acceptor substituents in various positions to be obtained from the corresponding amines in 50-90% yield.
Kinetics of tissue penetration. Are high plasma peak concentrations or sustained levels preferable for effective antibiotic therapy? (1978)

Civil Service Commissioner Roosevelt writes journalist Eldridge Gerry Dunnell that there was an understanding that speeches from the previous night would not be reported in the newspapers and therefore Roosevelt had spoken more freely. However, a "garbled abstract" of his speech has appeared in the Washington Post . Roosevelt invites Dunnell to visit him the next day at the Commission Rooms.
Pattern Formation of Cu Layer by Photocatalytic Reaction of ZnO Thin Film (1995)

A new, fully additive‐based, electroless plating process for the formation of fine Cu patterns without using a conventional photoresist has been developed which utilizes a photocatalytic reaction on thin films prepared on ceramic substrates for printed circuit boards. The layer serves both as an adhesive layer and as a photosensitive layer. The Cu patterns could be easily fabricated in an electroless Cu plating bath after Pd nuclei, which act as catalytic sites for the electroless plating, were patterned via an area‐selective photocatalytic reaction. This was achieved by adsorbing Pd(II) onto the surface and selectively exposing the surface with UV light through a photomask. The unexposed regions can be freed of Pd(II) using ethylenediamine, which can form a stable complex with Pd(II). Cu patterns 17 μm wide, with adhesion strengths suitable for practical use, have been achieved on alumina substrates with this electroless plating method.
Topogenic analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein, gp160, in microsomal membranes. (1988)

The orientation in cellular membranes of the 856 amino acid envelope glycoprotein precursor, gp160, of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 was investigated in vitro. Variants of the env gene were transcribed using the bacteriophage SP6 promoter, translated using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate, and translocated into canine pancreatic microsomal membranes. Immunoprecipitation studies of gp160 variants using antibodies specific for various gp160-derived polypeptides provided evidence that the external (cell surface) domain of gp160 begins at the mature amino terminus of the protein and continues through amino acid 665. A stop-transfer sequence (transmembrane domain) was identified in a hydrophobic region COOH-terminal to amino acid 665 and NH2-terminal to amino acid 732. Protease protection experiments demonstrated that gp160 possesses a single cytoplasmic domain COOH-terminal to residue 707. Membrane extraction studies using carbonate buffer provided evidence that the 29 amino acid hydrophobic domain (residues 512-541) of gp160 was unable to serve as a stop-transfer sequence. Finally, we propose that the cytoplasmic tail of gp160 forms a secondary association with the microsomal membranes.
Bubble template synthesis of hollow CeO 2 microspheres through a solvothermal approach (2011)

The authors present a solvothermal process to fabricate hollow CeO2 microspheres. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone is employed as polymer surfactant to assist the forming process of hollow structured microspheres in the solution. The as-prepared samples are characterised through X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the catalytic activity is investigated through measuring the conversion of CO to CO2 over the catalysts.
Inherited congenital adrenal hyperplasia in the rabbit is caused by a deletion in the gene encoding cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme. (1993)

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) comprises a family of inherited human disorders caused by a defect in cortisol biosynthesis. We previously reported absent cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme cytochrome P450 (P450scc) expression in rabbits affected with CAH. Further molecular studies via Southern blotting analyses, using a full-length human P450scc cDNA probe and a cloned rabbit P450scc cDNA probe, demonstrated the absence of P450scc DNA fragments in CAH animals. Reverse transcriptase-based polymerase chain reactions revealed that P450scc mRNA was not detectable in the adrenals of CAH rabbits, confirming the previous findings of absent P450scc gene expression by Northern and Western blotting. Cloning and sequencing of a 1336-basepair fragment of rabbit P450scc cDNA (85% of the coding sequence) revealed an approximately 80% identical nucleotide sequence and a 76% identical amino acid sequence compared to the human P450scc cDNA. We conclude that a large deletion mutation in the P450scc gene is most likely responsible for the absent P450scc gene expression resulting in the lethal and feminizing form of CAH in the rabbit. Further investigation of adrenal and gonadal steroidogenic enzyme gene expression in this CAH animal model will provide a greater understanding of the molecular genetics of CAH, while wild-type P450scc gene transfer experiments using CAH adrenals in vitro or in vivo will ultimately characterize the molecular basis of CAH and provide a foundation for CAH gene therapy modality.
Plasma etching of benzocyclobutene in CF4∕O2 and SF6∕O2 plasmas (2006)

Results for the reactive ion etching and patterning of benzocyclobutene (BCB) in CF4∕O2 and SF6∕O2 plasmas in a parallel-plate reactor with Langmuir probe and optical emission diagnostics are reported. The behavior of the O atom concentration [O] is similar in both plasmas, showing a strong maximum at a concentration of about 70% O2. The F atom concentration [F] has a maximum at 30% O2 in CF4∕O2, but the etch rate has a maximum at 70% O2. In SF6∕O2, by contrast, [F] and the etch rate increase continuously as the SF6 content is increased, and the highest etch rate is obtained with pure SF6. Also, BCB etched in pure SF6 gives a very smooth surface. Patterning is performed using two different masks: a conventional hard mask with Si oxide as the top layer and a different type of mask with BCB itself as the top layer. The anisotropy of the etching is evaluated in terms of the plasma conditions and type of masking. The aspect ratio dependence of the etch rate is investigated up to an aspect ratio of 2.5. The results are discussed in terms of possible etch mechanisms and their differences between SF6∕O2 and C4∕O2 plasmas. A simple model is used to show how the latter mask reduces the dependence of the etch rate on the aspect ratio.
The effect of ranitidine versus proton pump inhibitors on gastric secretions: a meta‐analysis of randomised control trials (2009)

Aspiration of acid into the lungs is an infrequent but potentially devastating complication of general anaesthesia. Routine practice often includes use of pharmacological agents to reduce gastric volume and increase gastric pH. The aim of this study was to compare the net benefit of proton pump inhibitors with histamine 2 blockers in a meta-analysis. Electronic databases were searched for trials that compared ranitidine vs proton pump inhibitors in their effect on volume and pH of gastric fluid aspirates. We identified nine trials of which seven were suitable for meta-analysis. Pooled outcomes suggest that premedication with ranitidine is more effective than proton pump inhibitors in reducing the volume of gastric secretions (by an average of 0.22 ml.kg(-1); 95% confidence interval 0.04-0.41) and increasing gastric pH (by an average of 0.85 pH units; 95% confidence interval -1.14 to -0.28).
Spatial heterodyne spectroscopy for the exploration of diffuse interstellar emission lines at far-ultraviolet wavelengths (1992)

Spatial heterodyne spectroscopy (SHS) is a new instrumental technique for interference spectroscopy which promises to extend into the FUV (1200-2000 A) spectral region the large throughput advantage at high spectral resolution usually associated with Fabry-Perot and Michelson interferometers. In addition, SHS systems are compact in size, can be field-widened to increase their throughput even further, have no moving parts, and can be built in all-reflection configurations. SHS appears to be well suited for high resolution, space-based spectroscopy of faint interstellar emission lines in the ultraviolet. This has significant implications for the study of the dynamics and distribution of hot gas within the Galactic disk and halo. For example, a field-widened SHS incorporating 5 x 5 cm gratings could obtain a radial velocity resolved (20 km/s), 3 deg angular resolution map of the high-latitude interstellar C IV 1550 emission in less than 1 year.
Agonist-modulated Targeting of the EDG-1 Receptor to Plasmalemmal Caveolae (2000)

Plasmalemmal caveolae are membrane microdomains that are specifically enriched in sphingolipids and contain a wide array of signaling proteins, including the endothelial isoform of nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS). EDG-1 is a G protein-coupled receptor for sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) that is expressed in endothelial cells and has been implicated in diverse vascular signal transduction pathways. We analyzed the subcellular distribution of EDG-1 in COS-7 cells transiently transfected with cDNA constructs encoding epitope-tagged EDG-1. Subcellular fractionation of cell lysates resolved by ultracentrifugation in discontinuous sucrose gradients revealed that approximately 55% of the EDG-1 protein was recovered in fractions enriched in caveolin-1, a resident protein of caveolae. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that EDG-1 could be specifically precipitated by antibodies directed against caveolin-1 and vice versa. The targeting of EDG-1 to caveolae-enriched fractions was markedly increased (from 51 +/- 11% to 93 +/- 14%) by treatment of transfected cells with S1P (5 microm, 60 min). In co-transfection experiments expressing EDG-1 and eNOS cDNAs in COS-7 cells, we found that S1P treatment significantly and specifically increased nitric-oxide synthase activity, with an EC(50) of 30 nm S1P. Overexpression of transfected caveolin-1 cDNA together with EDG-1 and eNOS markedly diminished S1P-mediated eNOS activation; caveolin overexpression also attenuated agonist-induced phosphorylation of EDG-1 receptor by >90%. These results suggest that the interaction of the EDG-1 receptor with caveolin may serve to inhibit signaling through the S1P pathway, even as the targeting of EDG-1 to caveolae facilitates the interactions of this receptor with ligands and effectors that are also targeted to caveolae. The agonist-modulated targeting of EDG-1 to caveolae and its dynamic inhibitory interactions with caveolin identify new points for regulation of sphingolipid-dependent signaling in the vascular wall.
Role of the Interleukin (IL)-28 Receptor Tyrosine Residues for Antiviral and Antiproliferative Activity of IL-29/Interferon-λ1 (2004)

Interferon (IFN)-lambda 1, -lambda 2, and -lambda 3 are the latest members of the class II cytokine family and were shown to have antiviral activity. Their receptor is composed of two chains, interleukin-28R/likely interleukin or cytokine or receptor 2 (IL-28R/LICR2) and IL-10R beta, and mediates the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, and STAT5. Here, we show that activation of this receptor by IFN-lambda 1 can also inhibit cell proliferation and induce STAT4 phosphorylation, further extending functional similarities with type I IFNs. We used IL-28R/LICR2-mutated receptors to identify the tyrosines required for STAT activation, as well as antiproliferative and antiviral activities. We found that IFN-lambda 1-induced STAT2 tyrosine phosphorylation is mediated through tyrosines 343 and 517 of the receptor, which showed some similarities with tyrosines from type I IFN receptors involved in STAT2 activation. These two tyrosines were also responsible for antiviral and antiproliferative activities of IFN-lambda 1. By contrast, STAT4 phosphorylation (and to some extent STAT3 activation) was independent from IL-28R/LICR2 tyrosine residues. Taken together, these observations extend the functional similarities between IFN-lambdas and type I IFNs and shed some new light on the mechanisms of activation of STAT2 and STAT4 by these cytokines.
Experimental determination of the dynamics of a molecular nuclear wave packet via the spectra of spontaneous emission (1993)

The dynamics of a wave packet in the nuclear degree of freedom of a sodium dimer have been studied via the time- and frequency-resolved spectrum of spontaneous emission. This technique allows one to track the nuclear wave packet dynamics in a single excited electronic state over a substantial fraction of its periodic trajectory. The quantum beats in the spectrum may be partially interpreted in terms of the classical-like evolution of an initially random distribution of internuclear separations. We observe the expansion and contraction of the wave packet that is characteristic of a quadrature squeezed state.
The Peptide Antibiotic Clavanin A Interacts Strongly and Specifically with Lipid Bilayers (2003)

In this study the interaction of the antimicrobial peptide clavanin A with phosphatidylcholine bilayers is investigated by DSC, NMR, and AFM techniques. It is shown that the peptide interacts strongly and specifically with the lipids, resulting in increased order-disorder phase transition temperatures, phase separation, altered acyl chain and headgroup packing, and a drastically changed surface morphology of the bilayer. These results are interpreted in terms of clavanin-specific interactions with lipids and are discussed in the light of the different mechanisms by which clavanin A can destroy the barrier function of biological membranes.
Explicit window adaptation: a method to enhance TCP performance (2002)

We study the performance of the TCP in an internetwork consisting of both rate-controlled and non-rate-controlled segments. A common example of such an environment occurs when the end systems are part of IP datagram networks interconnected by a rate-controlled segment, such as an ATM network using the ABR service. In the absence of congestive losses in either segment, the TCP keeps increasing its window to its maximum size. Mismatch between the TCP window and the bandwidth-delay product of the network will result in an accumulation of large queues and possibly buffer overflows in the devices at the edges of the rate-controlled segment, causing degraded throughput and unfairness. We develop an explicit feedback scheme, called explicit window adaptation based on modifying the receiver's advertised window in the TCP acknowledgments returning to the source. The window size indicated to the TCP is a function of the free buffer in the edge device. Results from simulations with a wide range of traffic scenarios show that this explicit window adaptation scheme can control the buffer occupancy efficiently at the edge device, and results in significant improvements in packet loss rate, fairness, and throughput over a packet discard policy such as drop-from-front or random early detection.
Purification, Properties, and Characterization of Recombinant Streptomyces sp. Strain C5 DoxA, a Cytochrome P-450 Catalyzing Multiple Steps in Doxorubicin Biosynthesis (1999)

DoxA is a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase involved in the late stages of daunorubicin and doxorubicin biosynthesis that has a broad substrate specificity for anthracycline glycone substrates. Recombinant DoxA was purified to homogeneity from Streptomyces lividans transformed with a plasmid containing the Streptomyces sp. strain C5 doxA gene under the control of the strong SnpR-activated snpA promoter. The purified enzyme was a monomeric, soluble protein with an apparent Mr of 47,000. Purified DoxA catalyzed the 13-hydroxylation of 13-deoxydaunorubicin, the 13-oxidation of 13-dihydrocarminomycin and 13-dihydrodaunorubicin, and the 14-hydroxylation of daunorubicin. The pH optimum for heme activation was pH 7.5, and the temperature optimum was 30 degreesC. The kcat/Km values for the oxidation of anthracycline substrates by purified DoxA, incubated with appropriate electron-donating components, were as follows: for 13-deoxydaunorubicin, 22,000 M-1 x s-1; for 13-dihydrodaunorubicin, 14,000 M-1 x s-1; for 13-dihydrocarminomycin, 280 M-1 x s-1; and for daunorubicin, 130 M-1 x s-1. Our results indicate that the conversion of daunorubicin to doxorubicin by this enzyme is not a favored reaction and that the main anthracycline flux through the late steps of the daunorubicin biosynthetic pathway catalyzed by DoxA is likely directed through the 4-O-methyl series of anthracyclines.
Europe Confronts the Embryonic Stem Cell Research Challenge (2000)

Europe's historic plurality and the lack of a commonly accepted definition of the moral status of the embryo have led to varying regulation in European countries. Council of Europe and European Union legislation, based on fundamental ethical principles, does exist for specific issues, such as prohibition against producing embryos solely for research. Such principles have recently been elucidated by the European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies. Newly emerging research techniques are beginning to cause reconsideration of the regulation of embryo research in Europe.
Modeling hospital discharge policies for patients with pneumonia-related sepsis (2008)

Abstract Sepsis, the tenth-leading cause of death in the United States, accounts for more than $16.7 billion in annual health care costs. A significant factor in these costs is hospital length of stay. The lack of standardized hospital discharge policies and an inadequate understanding of sepsis progression have resulted in unnecessarily long hospital lengths of stay. In this paper, a general model of when to discharge a patient with pneumonia-related sepsis from the hospital is presented. The model is parameterized using patient-based disease progression data from a large clinical study in order to characterize optimal discharge policies for various problem instances. In the presented experiments, patient health is represented by SOFA scores, which are commonly used to assess sepsis severity. Control-limit policies for specific patient cohorts defined by age and race are demonstrated. Keywords: Medical decision makingpatient managementMarkov decision processessepsispneumonia Acknowledgements J. Kreke was supported by a Graduate Fellowship through the AT&T Labs Fellowship Program. A. Schaefer was supported by grant CMMI-0546960 from the National Science Foundation. M. Roberts and D. Angus were supported by National Institute of General Medical Services grant R01 GM61992. The authors would like to thank the GenIMS investigator team for their cooperation and assistance and for providing the data for this research effort. The authors gratefully acknowledge the helpful comments of two anonymous referees and one of the guest editors, whose comments have improved the content and clarity of the paper.
Linewidth of the harmonics in a microwave frequency comb generated by focusing a mode-locked ultrafast laser on a tunneling junction (2013)

Previous analyses suggest that microwave frequency combs (MFCs) with harmonics having extremely narrow linewidths could be produced by photodetection with a mode-locked ultrafast laser. In the MFC generated by focusing a passively mode-locked ultrafast laser on a tunneling junction, 200 harmonics from 74.254 MHz to 14.85 GHz have reproducible measured linewidths approximating the 1 Hz resolution bandwidth (RBW) of the spectrum analyzer. However, in new measurements at a RBW of 0.1 Hz, the linewidths are distributed from 0.12 to 1.17 Hz. Measurements and analysis suggest that, because the laser is not stabilized, the stochastic drift in the pulse repetition rate is the cause for the distribution in measured linewidths. It appears that there are three cases in which the RBW is (1) greater than, (2) less than, or (3) comparable with the intrinsic linewidth. The measured spectra in the third class are stochastic and may show two or more peaks at a single harmonic.
Transparent Polycrystalline Alumina Ceramic with Sub-Micrometre Microstructure by Means of Electrophoretic Deposition (2006)

The optical quality attainable in coarse-grained polycrystalline alumina is severely limited by grain-boundary scattering, which is inherent to non-cubic materials. The optical properties of sub-micrometre polycrystalline alumina are of growing interest triggered by the fact that a decrease in the grain sizes of the final sintered material yields an improvement in the optical quality while the scattering mechanism changes as the grain size becomes comparable with the wavelength of light. To achieve transparent alumina ceramics with a fine-grained microstructure, however, porosity and other defects must be avoided. This necessitates the optimization of processing and sintering procedures. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a colloidal process in which ceramic bodies are directly shaped from a stable suspension by application of an electric field. Electrophoretic deposition enables the formation of homogeneous, uniform green microstructures with high density, which can be sintered to transparency. It is a simple and precise technique to synthesize not only monoliths, but also composites with complex geometries [1]. Alumina green bodies were deposited from stabilized aqueous suspensions with and without doping. Green alumina compacts were evaluated based on their pore size distribution and density. Densification behaviour was characterized by dilatometric studies conducted at constant heating rate. Samples were sintered at different temperatures with subsequent post-densification by hot isostatic pressing. Transparency was evaluated by means of spectroscopic measurements. The measured in-line transmission of the samples at 645 nm was more than 50 % and that is 58 % of the value of sapphire. The influence of dopings on transparency was investigated. The mechanical properties of the samples were tested.