gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Finding the mounting position of a sensor by solving a homogeneous transform equation of the form AX = XB (2005)

In order to use a wrist-mounted sensor (such as a camera, a range sensor, or a tactile sensor) for a robot task, the position of the sensor with respect to T <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</inf> (wrist of robot) must be known. We can find the mounting position of the sensor by moving the robot and observing the resulting motion of the sensor. This yields a homogeneous transform equation of the form AX=XB, where A is the change in T <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</inf> due to the arm movement, B is the resulting sensor displacement, and X is the sensor position relative to T <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</inf> . A and B are known, since A can be computed from the encoder values and B can be found by the sensor system. The solution to an equation of this form has one degree of rotational freedom and one degree of translational freedom. In order to solve for X (the sensor position) uniquely, it is necessary to make two arm movements and form a system of two equations of the form: A <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> X=XB <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> and A <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> X=XB <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> . A closed-form solution to this system of equations is presented. The necessary condition for a unique solution is that the axes of rotation of A <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> and A <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> are neither parallel or antiparallel to one another. The theory is supported by simulation results.
Test-case generation from Prolog-based specifications (1991)

Automatic test-case generation from Prolog specifications encounters problems due to recursion, evaluable predicates, and term ordering. A metainterpreter that controls recursion by using a deterministic automaton to monitor its progress through the specification is presented. The automaton is also used to define which paths through the specification are to be used as test cases, so the metainterpreter can compare where it is, with where it needs to go. The efficacy of the approach in dealing with evaluable predicates and term ordering problems is also examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Fuzzy adaptive particle swarm optimization (2002)

A fuzzy system is implemented to dynamically adapt the inertia weight of the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). Three benchmark functions with asymmetric initial range settings are selected as the test functions. The same fuzzy system has been applied to all three test functions with different dimensions. The experimental results illustrate that the fuzzy adaptive PSO is a promising optimization method, which is especially useful for optimization problems with a dynamic environment.
Synthesis, Chromatographic Resolution, and Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Activity of (±)-Calanolide A and Its Enantiomers (1996)

The anti-HIV agent (+/-)-calanolide A (1) has been synthesized in a five-step approach starting with phloroglucinol [-->5-->6-->11-->18-->(+/-)-1], which includes Pechmann reaction, Friedel-Crafts acylation, chromenylation with 4,4-dimethoxy-2-methylbutan-2-ol, cyclization, and Luche reduction. Cyclization of chromene 11 to chromanone 18 was achieved by employing either acetaldehyde diethyl acetal or paraldehyde in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid and pyridine or PPTS. Luche reduction of chromanone 18 at lower temperature preferably yielded (+/-)-1. Reduction of chromone 12, synthesized by Kostanecki-Robinson reaction from chromene 11, failed to afford (+/-)-1. The synthetic (+/-)-1 has been chromatographically resolved into its optically active forms, (+)- and (-)-1. The anti-HIV activities for synthetic (+/-)-1, as well as resultant (+)- and (-)-1, have been determined. Only (+)-1 accounted for anti-HIV activity, which was similar to the data reported for the natural product, and (-)-1 was inactive.
Enhanced Cholesterol Efflux by Tyrosyl Radical-oxidized High Density Lipoprotein Is Mediated by Apolipoprotein AI-AII Heterodimers (1998)

Myeloperoxidase secreted by phagocytes in the artery wall may be a catalyst for lipoprotein oxidation. High density lipoprotein (HDL) oxidized by peroxidase-generated tyrosyl radical has a markedly enhanced ability to deplete cultured cells of cholesterol. We have investigated the structural modifications in tyrosylated HDL responsible for this effect. Spherical reconstituted HDL (rHDL) containing the whole apolipoprotein (apo) fraction of tyrosylated HDL reproduced the ability of intact tyrosylated HDL to enhance cholesterol efflux from cholesterol-loaded human fibroblasts when reconstituted with the whole lipid fraction of either HDL or tyrosylated HDL. Free apoAI or apoAII showed no increased capacity to induce cholesterol efflux from cholesterol-loaded fibroblasts following oxidation by tyrosyl radical, either in their lipid-free forms or in rHDL. The product of oxidation of a mixture of apoAI and apoAII (1:1 molar ratio) by tyrosyl radical, however, reproduced the enhanced ability of tyrosylated HDL to induce cholesterol efflux when reconstituted with the whole lipid fraction of HDL. HDL containing only apoAI or apoAII showed no enhanced ability to promote cholesterol efflux following oxidation by tyrosyl radical, whereas HDL containing both apoAI and apoAII did. rHDL containing apoAI-apoAIImonomer and apoAI-(apoAII)2 heterodimers showed a markedly increased ability to prevent the accumulation of LDL-derived cholesterol mass by sterol-depleted fibroblasts compared with other apolipoprotein species of tyrosylated HDL. These results indicate a novel product of HDL oxidation, apoAI-apoAII heterodimers, with a markedly enhanced capacity to deplete cells of the regulatory pool of free cholesterol and total cholesterol mass. The recent observation of tyrosyl radical-oxidized LDL in vivo suggests that a similar modification of HDL would significantly enhance its ability to deplete peripheral cells of cholesterol in the first step of reverse cholesterol transport.
AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE GRAFTS IN CAUSTIC BURNS OF THE EYE: (Burns of the second degree) (1946)

irreversibly is not known, nor is it known how
Symbionticism and the Origin of Species. (1927)

Normal plant and animal cells contain minute bodies known as mitochondria, to which have been attributed a variety of cell activities. Dr. Wallin has attempted to demonstrate the bacterial nature of mitochondria and to postulate a theory which he calls "symbionticism." This expression signifies a symbiotic relationship between mitochondria and living cells. This relationship is regarded as so close and so fundamental that it leads to the somewhat startling conclusion that symbionticism is the "fundamental principle controlling the origin of species." New species are assumed to have their origin in the fusion of mitochondria with the cells in which they are found, possibly through the formation of new genes. The experimental evidence in support of this theory is based on the author's published researches in which he claims to have demonstrated that mitochondria are bacteria. This conclusion is reached after finding bacteria in cultures containing embryonic liver tissue in a
Photoresponsive polymer–enzyme switches (2002)

The ability to photoregulate enzyme activities could provide important new opportunities for development of diagnostic assays, sequential bioprocessing, and lab assays in both traditional and microfluidic formats. We show here that the photoinduced changes in the size and hydration of a "smart" polymer chain coil can be used to regulate substrate access and enzyme activity when conjugated to the enzyme at a specific point just outside the active site. The photoresponsive polymers thus serve jointly as antennae and actuators that reversibly respond to distinct optical signals to switch the polymer-enzyme conjugates on and off, and work when the conjugate is free in solution or when immobilized on magnetic beads.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell and Islet Co-Transplantation Promotes Graft Revascularization and Function (2010)

Our results demonstrate the improvement of islet graft morphology and function by co-transplantation with MSCs. This improvement is attributable, at least in part, to the promotion of graft revascularization mediated by MSCs.
A canine model of gastric electrical stimulation (2002)

Electrical stimulation or pacing of the stomach has been advocated as a possible treatment for gastric motor dysfunction. To date, researchers have employed frequencies similar to, or slightly higher than the native electrical control activity frequency in gastric stimulation with little success. In the present study, the efficacy of electrical stimulation at frequencies ranging from 3 to 30 cycles/min was investigated in a dog model. The study compared the relative efficiency of the "low-frequency" stimulating signal (3 to 9 cycles/min) versus the "high-frequency" signal (20 and 30 cycles/min) in generating contractions.
Antioxidant Activity of Novel Fused Heterocyclic Compounds Derived from Tetrahydropyrimidine Derivative (2015)

6-(Benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile has been utilized for synthesis of the fused heterocyclic compounds namely thiazolopyrimidines, tetrazolopyrimidine, pyrimidoquinazoline, pyrimidothiazolopyrimidine, pyrimidothiazolotriazine and pyrrolothiazolopyrimidine derivatives. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR, and mass spectral data. Antioxidant activities of all synthesized compounds were investigated.
Decoupling of DNA methylation and activity of intergenic LINE-1 promoters in colorectal cancer (2017)

Hypomethylation of LINE-1 repeats in cancer has been proposed as the main mechanism behind their activation; this assumption, however, was based on findings from early studies that were biased toward young and transpositionally active elements. Here, we investigate the relationship between methylation of 2 intergenic, transpositionally inactive LINE-1 elements and expression of the LINE-1 chimeric transcript (LCT) 13 and LCT14 driven by their antisense promoters (L1-ASP). Our data from DNA modification, expression, and 5'RACE analyses suggest that colorectal cancer methylation in the regions analyzed is not always associated with LCT repression. Consistent with this, in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells lacking DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 or DNMT3B, LCT13 expression decreases, while cells lacking both DNMTs or treated with the DNMT inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-aza) show no change in LCT13 expression. Interestingly, levels of the H4K20me3 histone modification are inversely associated with LCT13 and LCT14 expression. Moreover, at these LINE-1s, H4K20me3 levels rather than DNA methylation seem to be good predictor of their sensitivity to 5-aza treatment. Therefore, by studying individual LINE-1 promoters we have shown that in some cases these promoters can be active without losing methylation; in addition, we provide evidence that other factors (e.g., H4K20me3 levels) play prominent roles in their regulation.
Design and theoretical evaluation of a novel microfluidic device to be used for PCR (2003)

The design of a novel, microfluidic chip with an integrated micro peristaltic pump and chambers for DNA amplification is described. This chip contains three reaction chambers stable at 90°C, 72°C and 55°C for PCR amplification, a bi-directional peristaltic pump and optical integrated detection of the droplet. A reactant droplet is to be introduced into the device, pumped back and forth between the chambers by the micro peristaltic pump for sample processing. The static behaviour of the micro pump was modelled theoretically in order to evaluate the optimal dimensions for the pump membranes and to obtain the maximum flow rate. Thermal analysis by the finite element method was performed to optimize the location of the heaters and the temperature uniformity over the three reaction chambers. Transient thermal analysis indicates that the reactant droplet can be heated/cooled in the proposed device in less than 1s to achieve the desired temperatures.
Evidence for a role of opioids in epoxyeicosatrienoic acid-induced cardioprotection in rat hearts (2010)

We previously demonstrated that several epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) produce reductions in myocardial infarct size in rats and dogs. Since a recent study demonstrated the release of opioids in mediating the antinociceptive effect of 14,15-EET, we hypothesized that endogenous opioids may also be involved in mediating the cardioprotective effect of the EETs. To test this hypothesis, we used an in vivo rat model of infarction and a rat Langendorff model. In the infarct model, hearts were subjected to 30 min occlusion of the left coronary artery and 2 h reperfusion. Animals were treated with 11,12-EET or 14,15-EET (2.5 mg/kg) alone 15 min before occlusion or with opioid antagonists [naloxone, naltrindole, nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), and d-Phe-Cys-Tyr-d-Trp-Om-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH(2) (CTOP), a nonselective, a selective delta, a selective kappa, and a selective mu receptor antagonist, respectively] 10 min before EET administration. In four separate groups, antiserum to Met- and Leu-enkephalin and dynorphin-A-(1-17) was administered 50 min before the 11,12-EET administration. Infarct size expressed as a percent of the area at risk (IS/AAR) was 63.5 + or - 1.2, 45.3 + or - 1.0, and 40.9 + or - 1.2% for control, 11,12-EET, and 14,15-EET, respectively. The protective effects of 11,12-EET were abolished by pretreatment with either naloxone (60.5 + or - 1.8%), naltrindole (60.8 + or - 1.0%), nor-BNI (62.3 + or - 2.8%), or Met-enkephalin antiserum (63.2 + or - 1.7%) but not CTOP (42.0 + or - 3.0%). In isolated heart experiments, 11,12-EET was administered to the perfusate 15 min before 20 min global ischemia followed by 45 min reperfusion in control hearts or in those pretreated with pertussis toxin (48 h). 11,12-EET increased the recovery of left ventricular developed pressure from 33 + or - 1 to 45 + or - 6% (P < 0.05) and reduced IS/AAR from 37 + or - 4 to 20 + or - 3% (P < 0.05). Both pertussis toxin and naloxone abolished these beneficial effects of 11,12-EET. Taken together, these results suggest that the major cardioprotective effects of the EETs depend on activation of a G(i/o) protein-coupled delta- and/or kappa-opioid receptor.
Changes in stress and recovery in elite rowers during preparation for the Olympic Games (2000)

The importance of balancing training stress and recovery for an optimal performance development is highlighted as well as the potential of the RESTQ-Sport for training monitoring.
RGD peptide-assisted vitrectomy to facilitate induction of a posterior vitreous detachment: A new principle in pharmacological vitreolysis (2002)

RGD peptide-assisted vitrectomy facilitated posterior vitreous detachment in rabbit eyes, suggesting that RGD-containing peptides may prove to be effective adjuncts in producing posterior vitreous separation during vitreous surgery.
Theoretical analysis of confocal microscopy with microlenses (1996)

Scanning confocal microscopy is well established and applied frequently in biomedical science and more recently in engineering disciplines. For technical applications a confocal principle based on microlens arrays was developed. The principle permits a high depth resolution on a large field. A theoretical analysis of this principle together with some experimental results are presented.
Inhibition of angiogenesis by staurosporine, a potent protein kinase inhibitor. (1992)

The effect of staurosporine, a potent inhibitor of protein kinases, on embryonic angiogenesis was studied in an in vivo assay system involving chorioallantoic membranes of growing chick embryo. Staurosporine inhibited embryonic angiogenesis in a dose-related manner, the ID50 value being 71 pmol/egg. Staurosporine dose-dependently suppressed the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, an important event involved in the angiogenesis process. The IC50 value was 0.88 nM. In contrast, staurosporine did not affect the migration of vascular endothelial cells. These results suggest that staurosporine affected embryonic angiogenesis probably by inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation. In addition, these results might support the notion that certain protein kinase(s) could be implicated in induction of angiogenesis and also that staurosporine would be a useful compound for studying a mode of action of angiogenesis occurring in various diseases, including tumor development.
Effect of interstrip gap on the sensitivity of high sensitivity magnetoresistive transducers (1996)

For high sensitivity magnetoresistive (MR) transducers, the role of interstrip gap is examined as a design parameter. This is modeled using analytic and numerical approximations. As the gap is narrowed the range of linearity of the MR transducer decreases and the sensitivity increases. For gap/width ratio exceeding 1.8 the strips behave essentially as isolated strips. An example using typical design parameters shows that the minimum detectable field is reduced from 6.3 μOe/√Hz to 3.6 μOe/√Hz as gap/width ratio is reduced from ∞ to 0.1.
Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels in human leukemic T cells. (1992)

Using the patch-clamp technique, we have identified two types of Ca(2+)-activated K+ (K(Ca)) channels in the human leukemic T cell line. Jurkat. Substances that elevate the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), such as ionomycin or the mitogenic lectin phytohemagglutinin (PHA), as well as whole-cell dialysis with pipette solutions containing elevated [Ca2+]i, activate a voltage-independent K+ conductance. Unlike the voltage-gated (type n) K+ channels in these cells, the majority of K(Ca) channels are insensitive to block by charybdotoxin (CTX) or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), but are highly sensitive to block by apamin (Kd less than 1 nM). Channel activity is strongly dependent on [Ca2+]i, suggesting that multiple Ca2+ binding sites may be involved in channel opening. The Ca2+ concentration at which half of the channels are activated is 400 nM. These channels show little voltage dependence over a potential range of -100 to 0 mV and have a unitary conductance of 4-7 pS in symmetrical 170 mM K+. In the presence of 10 nM apamin, a less prevalent type of K(Ca) channel with a unitary conductance of 40-60 pS can be observed. These larger-conductance channels are sensitive to block by CTX. Pharmacological blockade of K(Ca) channels and voltage-gated type n channels inhibits oscillatory Ca2+ signaling triggered by PHA. These results suggest that K(Ca) channels play a supporting role during T cell activation by sustaining dynamic patterns of Ca2+ signaling.
Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates growth factor receptor binding protein-2 association with Shc in vascular smooth muscle cells. (1994)

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. Growth factor receptor binding protein-2 (GRB2) and Shc have been shown to link growth factor receptor activation with guanine nucleotide exchange on p21-ras. We have examined this pathway in cultures of rat A10 vascular smooth muscle cells. Our data demonstrate that PDGF stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation on Shc in a concentration- and time-dependent manner that parallels PDGF beta-receptor activation. Immunoprecipitates of Shc from cells exposed to PDGF revealed Shc.GRB2 complexes. Shc immune complexes also contained PDGF beta-receptors. Complex formation was maximal with 30 ng/ml PDGF and peaked within 10 min of exposure. Although PDGF beta-receptors contain a putative GRB2 binding site, activated receptors failed to bind GRB2 directly. Evaluation of Shc from membrane and cytosolic fractions of A10 cells showed little redistribution of Shc following PDGF exposure. Cytosolic Shc bound only GRB2, whereas, membrane-associated Shc complexed with GRB2, the PDGF beta-receptor, Src, and additional tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. We conclude that Shc serves as a primary docking protein for GRB2 in smooth muscle cells and is critical for proliferation in response to PDGF.
Simvastatin Prevents Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Experimental Parkinsonian Models: The Association with Anti-Inflammatory Responses (2011)

Our results provide strong evidence that NMDA receptor modulation after simvastatin treatment could partially explain its anxiolytic-like activity and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in experimental parkinsonian models. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the critical roles of simvastatin in treating PD via NMDA receptors.
Liquid formulations of Acetobacter diazotrophicus L1 and Herbaspirillum seropedicae J24 and their field trials on wheat (2012)

Viability of the plant growth promoting bacteria A. diazotrophicus L1 and H. seropedicae J24 stored as liquid formulation was evaluated by studying the effect of growth medium, preservation medium and temperature. They were grown in molasses medium with the addition of NH4Cl (0.1% w/v). Cells were harvested at 10,000 rpm for 30 min and washed in phosphate buffer. They were then preserved at 4°C and 25°C with isotonic solutions of different substances. Efficacy of liquid formulations stored for different periods was tested on wheat crop by pot assay and field trials. The best growth medium was found to be 3% molasses supplemented with 0.1% (w/v) NH4Cl. Trehalose, gum arabica and polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG 300) provided better protective effects than other protective substances. Addition of L-ascorbic acid (0.02% w/v) to preservation media would improve the effectiveness of protective substances. After 8–9 months of storage at 4°C, A. diazotrophicus L1 and H. seropedicae J24 cells preserved in gum arabica (5% w/v) and PEG 300 (5% w/v), respectively maintained their viability and efficacy of plant growth promotion. Bacterial cultures of different ages in these liquid formulations exhibited different plant growth promoting traits up to 240 days. Similarly, they significantly promoted the wheat plant growth compared to untreated control. There was significant difference in growth, grain yield and dry matter (straw yield) of wheat with these formulations. This ascertained the efficacy of A. diazotrophicus L1 and H. seropedicae J124 in liquid-based formulation. Thus, gum arabic and polyethylene glycol could be used to develop a stable liquid formulation of A. diazotrophicus L1 and H. seropedicae J24 as a commercial product.
Mesenchymal stem cells (1991)

Bone and cartilage formation in the embryo and repair and turnover in the adult involve the progeny of a small number of cells called mesenchymal stem cells. These cells divide, and their progeny become committed to a specific and distinctive phenotypic pathway, a lineage with discrete steps and, finally, end-stage cells involved with fabrication of a unique tissue type, e.g., cartilage or bone. Local cuing (extrinsic factors) and the genomic potential (intrinsic factors) interact at each lineage step to control the rate and characteristic phenotype of the cells in the emerging tissue. The study of these mesenchymal stem cells, whether isolated from embryos or adults, provides the basis for the emergence of a new therapeutic technology of self-cell repair. The isolation, mitotic expansion, and site-directed delivery of autologous stem cells can govern the rapid and specific repair of skeletal tissues.