gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluid-to-Fluid Spot-to-Spreader (F2/S2) Hybrid Heat Sink for Integrated Chip-Level and Hot Spot-Level Thermal Management (2009)

An innovative heat sink design aimed at meeting both the hot spot and large background heat flux requirements of next generation integrated circuits is presented. The heat sink design utilizes two separate unmixed fluids to meet the cooling requirements of the chip with one fluid acting as a fluidic spreader dedicated to cooling the hot spots only, while the second fluid serves as both a coolant for the background heat fluxes and an on-chip regenerator for the hot spot fluid. In this paper the conceptual heat sink design is presented and its theoretical capabilities are explored through optimization calculations and computational fluid dynamics simulations. It has been shown that through close coupling of the two thermal fluids the proposed hybrid heat sink can theoretically remove hot spot heat fluxes on the order of 1 kW/cm2 and background heat fluxes up to 100 W/cm2 in one compact and efficient package. Additionally, it has been shown that the F2/S2 design can handle these thermal loads with a relatively small pressure drop penalty, within the realm of existing micropump technologies. Finally, the feasibility of the F2/S2 design was demonstrated experimentally by modifying a commercially available, air-cooled aluminum heat sink to accommodate an integrated hot spot cooling system and fluidic spreader. The results of these experiments, where the prototype heat sink was able to remove hot spot heat fluxes of up to 365 W/cm2 and background heat fluxes of up to 20 W/cm2, are reported.
Clinical outcome of moderate haemophilia compared with severe and mild haemophilia (2008)

Although outcome in moderate haemophilia is generally in between severe and mild haemophilia, moderate haemophilia patients reported a substantial burden of disease, and for more than 25% of patients with moderate haemophilia long term prophylaxis was implemented because of frequent bleeds.
A power efficient sensing/communication scheme: Joint source-channel-network coding by using compressive sensing (2011)

We propose a joint source-channel-network coding scheme, based on compressive sensing principles, for wireless networks with AWGN channels (that may include multiple access and broadcast), with sources exhibiting temporal and spatial dependencies. Our goal is to provide a reconstruction of sources within an allowed distortion level at each receiver. We perform joint source-channel coding at each source by randomly projecting source values to a lower dimensional space. We consider sources that satisfy the restricted eigenvalue (RE) condition as well as more general sources for which the randomness of the network allows a mapping to lower dimensional spaces. Our approach relies on using analog random linear network coding. The receiver uses compressive sensing decoders to reconstruct sources. Our key insight is the fact that, compressive sensing and analog network coding both preserve the source characteristics required for compressive sensing decoding.
Method for measuring local hydraulic permeability using magnetic resonance imaging (2001)

The hydraulic permeability of a porous medium characterizes the ease with which a fluid may be driven through it, and is defined via the classical Darcy law. A method for noninvasive, nondestructive measurement of one projection of the local permeability tensor of a porous medium, using gas phase magnetic resonance imaging, is presented. Results are shown for one-dimensional experiments on dry porous rocks. The limitations of the method are explored, and the extension to three-dimensional imaging of the permeability is discussed.
The P450 Superfamily: Update on New Sequences, Gene Mapping, Accession Numbers, Early Trivial Names of Enzymes, and Nomenclature (1993)

We provide here a list of 221 P450 genes and 12 putative pseudogenes that have been characterized as of December 14, 1992. These genes have been described in 31 eukaryotes (including 11 mammalian and 3 plant species) and 11 prokaryotes. Of 36 gene families so far described, 12 families exist in all mammals examined to date. These 12 families comprise 22 mammalian subfamilies, of which 17 and 15 have been mapped in the human and mouse genome, respectively. To date, each subfamily appears to represent a cluster of tightly linked genes. This revision supersedes the previous updates [Nebert et al., DNA 6, 1-11, 1987; Nebert et al., DNA 8, 1-13, 1989; Nebert et al., DNA Cell Biol. 10, 1-14 (1991)] in which a nomenclature system, based on divergent evolution of the superfamily, has been described. For the gene and cDNA, we recommend that the italicized root symbol "CYP" for human ("Cyp" for mouse), representing "cytochrome P450," be followed by an Arabic number denoting the family, a letter designating the subfamily (when two or more exist), and an Arabic numeral representing the individual gene within the subfamily. A hyphen should precede the final number in mouse genes. "P" ("p" in mouse) after the gene number denotes a pseudogene. If a gene is the sole member of a family, the subfamily letter and gene number need not be included. We suggest that the human nomenclature system be used for all species other than mouse. The mRNA and enzyme in all species (including mouse) should include all capital letters, without italics or hyphens. This nomenclature system is identical to that proposed in our 1991 update. Also included in this update is a listing of available data base accession numbers for P450 DNA and protein sequences. We also discuss the likelihood that this ancient gene superfamily has existed for more than 3.5 billion years, and that the rate of P450 gene evolution appears to be quite nonlinear. Finally, we describe P450 genes that have been detected by expressed sequence tags (ESTs), as well as the relationship between the P450 and the nitric oxide synthase gene superfamilies, as a likely example of convergent evolution.
Molecular Biology Expression of Two Tissue-Specific Promoters in Transgenic Cotton Plants (2000)

Efficient genetic modification of cotton for agronomic traits will require the use of regulatory sequences, known as promoters, to drive the expression of transgenes in specific plant tissues or at certain developmental stages. The pattern of expression provided by different promoters must be analyzed before they can be used to generate transgenic cotton plants commercially. In this study, the expression patterns of two tissue-specific promoters were analyzed in transgenic cotton plants. These promoters were Gh-sp, derived from a seed protein gene, and Gh-rbcS, obtained from a nuclear-encoded chloroplast gene. These promoters were attached to a bb-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. Tissues that express the GUS gene stain blue when
Sequence-Specific Cleavage of Small-Subunit (SSU) rRNA with Oligonucleotides and RNase H: a Rapid and Simple Approach to SSU rRNA-Based Quantitative Detection of Microorganisms (2004)

A rapid and simple approach to the small-subunit (SSU) rRNA-based quantitative detection of a specific group of microorganisms in complex ecosystems has been developed. The method employs sequence-specific cleavage of rRNA molecules with oligonucleotides and RNase H. Defined mixtures of SSU rRNAs were mixed with an oligonucleotide (referred to as a "scissor probe") that was specifically designed to hybridize with a particular site of targeted rRNA and were subsequently digested with RNase H to proceed to sequence-dependent rRNA scission at the hybridization site. Under appropriate reaction conditions, the targeted rRNAs were correctly cut into two fragments, whereas nontargeted rRNAs remained intact under the same conditions. The specificity of the cleavage could be properly adjusted by controlling the hybridization stringency between the rRNA and the oligonucleotides, i.e., by controlling either the temperature of the reaction or the formamide concentration in the hybridization-digestion buffer used for the reaction. This enabled the reliable discrimination of completely matched rRNA sequences from single-base mismatched sequences. For the detection of targeted rRNAs, the resulting RNA fragment patterns were analyzed by gel electrophoresis with nucleotide-staining fluorescent dyes in order to separate cleaved and intact rRNA molecules. The relative abundance of the targeted SSU rRNA fragments in the total SSU rRNA could easily be calculated without the use of an external standard by determining the signal intensity of individual SSU rRNA bands in the electropherogram. This approach provides a fast and easy means of identification, detection, and quantification of a particular group of microbes in clinical and environmental specimens based on rRNA.
Behavioural support programmes for smoking cessation: needs and opportunities (2000)

Dependence on cigarettes involves a learned association between smoking behaviour and both brain reward circuitry and the relief of nicotine withdrawal symptoms. This process is overlaid by conditioning, beliefs and motives, which contribute towards keeping people smoking even when they want to stop. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), used to combat the craving and discomfort caused by nicotine withdrawal, goes a significant way towards helping smokers to recover from their dependence, but it is only part of the quitting process. Behavioural support programmes can be an effective aid to maintaining willpower and motivation. These programmes can range from intensive, face-to-face counselling and telephone counselling to self-help printed materials and videos. Low levels of access to, and demand for, intensive methods limit their reach, while generic self-help materials appear to have a small but significant impact in the absence of other interventions. There is some evidence that tailored support materials may be more effective than generic materials. The Committed Quitters™ programme offered by SmithKline Beecham is a set of highly tailored materials designed to supplement their NRT products. Evidence from clinical trials to date is encouraging and opens up the possibility of a new era in terms of getting cost-effective behavioural support to smokers on a large international scale.
Functional analysis of human beta defensin-1 in prostate cancer (2004)

2682 Defensins are small 3-4 kDa peptides clustered on the short arm of chromosome 8 (segment 8p22-8p23) that have been shown to have antimicrobial activities. It has been demonstrated that there are chromosomal deletions in the 8pter-p23 regions in a variety of cancers including prostatic carcinoma. Additionally, there is a positive correlation between deletions in 8pter-p23 region and poor prognosis in prostate cancer. Furthermore, it has been postulated that there may be three separate potential tumor suppressor genes located in the 8pter-8p23 region. However, no specific gene has been identified and nothing is known about their function in prostate cancer. Human β-defensin-1 (hBD-1) is located at chromosome position 8p23.2. We have recently demonstrated that there is cancer-specific loss of hBD-1in malignant prostatic clinical samples, while high levels of expression are maintained in benign regions. Overall, 82% of prostate cancers exhibit either complete loss of hBD-1 protein expression or only minimal expression, while the adjacent benign epithelium retained expression in all cases. We report here the further characterization of hBD-1. In vitro functional analysis demonstrates that hBD-1 has cytotoxic activity against prostate cancer cells. These studies further suggest that hBD-1 may have tumor suppressive activities in cancer.
Developmental Regulation of Human Cytomegalovirus Receptors in Cytotrophoblasts Correlates with Distinct Replication Sites in the Placenta (2007)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), the major viral cause of congenital disease, infects the uterus and developing placenta and spreads to the fetus throughout gestation. Virus replicates in invasive cytotrophoblasts in the decidua, and maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG)-CMV virion complexes, which are transcytosed by the neonatal Fc receptor across syncytiotrophoblasts, infect underlying cytotrophoblasts in chorionic villi. Immunity is central to protection of the placenta-fetal unit: infection can occur when IgG has a low neutralizing titer. Here we used immunohistochemical and function-blocking methods to correlate infection in the placenta with expression of potential CMV receptors in situ and in vitro. In placental villi, syncytiotrophoblasts express the virion receptor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) but lack integrin coreceptors, and virion uptake occurs without replication. Focal infection can occur when transcytosed virions reach EGFR-expressing cytotrophoblasts that selectively initiate expression of alphaV integrin. In cell columns, proximal cytotrophoblasts lack receptors and distal cells express integrins alpha1beta1 and alphaVbeta3, enabling virion attachment. In the decidua, invasive cytotrophoblasts expressing coreceptors upregulate EGFR, thereby dramatically increasing susceptibility to infection. Our findings indicate that virion interactions with cytotrophoblasts expressing receptors in the placenta (i) change as the cells differentiate and (ii) correlate with spatially distinct sites of CMV replication in maternal and fetal compartments.
Magnetic contrast agents for optical coherence tomography (2004)

The magneto-mechanical effect is exploited as a means of producing background-free contrast in optical coherence tomography (OCT). Contrast agents consisting of iron-oxide particles and protein microspheres encapsulating colloidal iron-oxide have a sufficiently high magnetic susceptibility to be detected by modulation of a magnetic field gradient using a small solenoid coil. The externally-applied magnetic field mechanically rotates or translates these highly scattering contrast agents within the sample at the modulation frequency, which is subsequently detected as amplitude modulation of the OCT signal. Pairs of sequential axial scans (A-lines) are acquired with the magnetic field on and off, allowing one to build up a pair of images corresponding to the "on" and "off" states of the magnetic field. These image pairs are differenced to look for magnetic-specific effects, allowing one to distinguish the magnetic contrast agents from non-magnetic structures within the sample with a signal-to-background ratio of ~23dB. This technique has the potential to be very powerful when coupled with targeting for in vivo molecular imaging. To evaluate this potential we demonstrate in vitro imaging of magnetically-labeled macrophage cells embedded in a 3D tissue phantom, in vitro tissue doped with contrast agents, and in vivo imaging of Xenopus laevis (African frog) tadpoles.
Ciliary neurotrophic factor as a transient negative regulator of rod development in rat retina. (2002)

These data indicate that, although rod precursors exhibit some phenotypic plasticity in the presence of CNTF, the factor does not induce a switch in the developmental fate of rod precursors but plays a role as a transient and reversible negative regulator of rod differentiation.
Microchannel Networks for Nanowire Patterning (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTMicrochannel Networks for Nanowire PatterningBenjamin Messer, Jae Hee Song, and Peidong YangView Author Information Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley, California 94720 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 41, 10232–10233Publication Date (Web):September 29, 2000Publication History Received13 July 2000Published online29 September 2000Published inissue 1 October 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja002553fhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja002553frapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2256Altmetric-Citations216LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Molecular engineering,Nanotubes,Nanowires,Solvents,Wires Get e-Alerts
Quantitative determination of low molecular weight carboxylic acids by capillary zone electrophoresis/conductivity detection (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTQuantitative determination of low molecular weight carboxylic acids by capillary zone electrophoresis/conductivity detectionXiaohua. Huang, John A. Luckey, Manuel J. Gordon, and Richard N. ZareCite this: Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 7, 766–770Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00182a025https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00182a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views615Altmetric-Citations277LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Molecular Biology of West Nile Virus: A New Invader of the Western Hemisphere (2002)

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that primarily infects birds but occasionally also infects humans and horses. In recent years, the frequency of WNV outbreaks in humans has increased, and these outbreaks have been associated with a higher incidence of severe disease. In 1999, the geographical distribution of WNV expanded to the Western hemisphere. WNV has a positive strand RNA genome of about 11 kb that encodes a single polyprotein. WNV replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Although there are still many questions to be answered, a large body of data on the molecular biology of WNV and other flaviviruses has already been obtained. Aspects of virion structure, the viral replication cycle, viral protein function, genome structure, conserved viral elements, host factors, virus-host interactions, and vaccines are discussed in this review.
A Signaling Pathway from the α5β1 and αvβ3 Integrins That Elevatesbcl-2 Transcription (2001)

Integrin-mediated cell adhesion is necessary for the survival of many cell types, and loss of adhesion causes apoptosis. We have previously shown that the alpha5beta1 integrin supports cell survival on fibronectin and increases Bcl-2 protein expression. Here we show that bcl-2 transcription is elevated in cells that attach to fibronectin through alpha(v)beta1 or to vitronectin through alpha(v)beta3 but is not elevated in cells attaching through the alpha(v)beta1 integrin. Bcl-2 protein expression and protection from apoptosis under serum-free conditions correlated with bcl-2 transcription. This integrin-mediated regulation of bcl-2 is Shc- and FAK-dependent, and activation of Ras by FAK is required. Furthermore, Ras mediates this up-regulation of bcl-2 by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT pathway. Mitogen-activated protein kinase did not appear to be necessary for the activation of bcl-2 transcription. Therefore, our work characterizes the pathway that mediates the effect of integrins on bcl-2 transcription and cell survival.
Generation of the soluble and functional cytosolic domain of microsomal cytochrome P450 52A3. (1994)

The cytosolic domain of microsomal P450 52A3 (P450Cm1) was isolated as a soluble and functionally active protein. The NH2-terminal region that anchors the P450 protein to the endoplasmic reticulum was removed by sequence-specific proteolysis at a designed cleavage site. For that purpose, P450Cm1 was genetically engineered to establish at position 63-66 the sequence Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg, which is recognized by the restriction protease factor Xa. The modified P450 was produced in high yields as an integral membrane protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the microsomal fraction, it was accessible to factor Xa digestion, releasing a readily soluble, shortened P450 protein. For large scale preparation of the cytosolic domain, the modified P450Cm1 was first purified and then subjected to sequence-specific proteolysis. The highly purified delta(1-66)P450Cm1 exhibited unchanged spectral characteristics and catalyzed the hydroxylation of n-hexadecane with 85% of the activity determined for full-length wild-type P450Cm1. The method developed for the preparation of the cytosolic domain of P450Cm1 may be more generally applicable to facilitate structure-function studies on membrane-bound P450 forms.
Determination of liquid‐based cervical cytology specimen adequacy using cellular light scatter and flow cytometry (2001)

This rapid method allows the quantitative determination of cervical cytology adequacy in liquid-based cytology preparations prior to the preparation of slides for morphologic assessment.
GazeDirector: Fully Articulated Eye Gaze Redirection in Video (2017)

Abstract We present GazeDirector, a new approach for eye gaze redirection that uses model‐fitting. Our method first tracks the eyes by fitting a multi‐part eye region model to video frames using analysis‐by‐synthesis, thereby recovering eye region shape, texture, pose, and gaze simultaneously. It then redirects gaze by 1) warping the eyelids from the original image using a model‐derived flow field, and 2) rendering and compositing synthesized 3D eyeballs onto the output image in a photorealistic manner. GazeDirector allows us to change where people are looking without person‐specific training data, and with full articulation, i.e. we can precisely specify new gaze directions in 3D. Quantitatively, we evaluate both model‐fitting and gaze synthesis, with experiments for gaze estimation and redirection on the Columbia gaze dataset. Qualitatively, we compare GazeDirector against recent work on gaze redirection, showing better results especially for large redirection angles. Finally, we demonstrate gaze redirection on YouTube videos by introducing new 3D gaze targets and by manipulating visual behavior.