gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
O‐nitrobenzyl photochemistry: Solution vs. solid‐state behavior (1985)

Abstract The efficiency of various 2‐nitrobenzyl groups in the photogeneration of carboxylic acid from nitrobenzyl esters has been determined, and the solution vs. solid polymer matrix photochemistry is compared. Generally, the quantum yield for photoreaction is lower in the solid state, probably due to decreased conformational mobility. The substitution that affords the largest increase in quantum yield (ϕ) is at the α‐carbon atom. The value of ϕ for α‐methyl‐2‐nitrobenzyl trimethylacetate in solution is 0.65 vs. 0.13 for the parent 2‐nitrobenzyl ester.
Increased Expression of Genes Encoding Mitochondrial Proteins in Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas (2003)

To investigate differences in gene expression between normal thyroid tissue and papillary thyroid carcinomas, we performed differential display (DD) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using total RNA from fresh-frozen surgically removed thyroid specimens. Four DD fragments that were overexpressed in tumor tissue were identified as parts of genes from the mitochondrial genome: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase 5, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase 6, cytochrome b, and cytochrome c oxidase I. The expression profiles of these genes were confirmed by hybridization using a DNA dot-blot array and radioactively labeled complex cDNA probes generated from tumor (30 biopsies) and nontumor (15 biopsies) total RNA. Cytochrome c oxidase III was also found to be overexpressed in papillary carcinomas, while the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transcription factor A showed similar mRNA expression levels in tumor and nontumor tissue. Electron microscopy showed increased number and size of mitochondria in papillary carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody recognizing a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein showed positivity in all cases of papillary carcinoma (44 samples), while normal thyroid tissue (34 samples) was negative in all cases except 3, in which there was a weak, focal cytoplasmic staining. We conclude that papillary thyroid carcinomas show increased expression of mitochondrial mRNA and proteins, encoded by nuclear as well as mitochondrial genes.
Method of Applying Internal Standard to Dried Matrix Spot Samples for Use in Quantitative Bioanalysis (2011)

A novel technique is presented that addresses the issue of how to apply internal standard (IS) to dried matrix spot (DMS) samples that allows the IS to integrate with the sample prior to extraction. The TouchSpray, a piezo electric spray system, from The Technology Partnership (TTP), was used to apply methanol containing IS to dried blood spot (DBS) samples. It is demonstrated that this method of IS application has the potential to work in practice, for use in quantitative determination of circulating exposures of pharmaceuticals in toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic studies. Three different methods of IS application were compared: addition of IS to control blood prior to DBS sample preparation (control 1), incorporation into extraction solvent (control 2), and the novel use of TouchSpray technology (test). It is demonstrated that there was no significant difference in accuracy and precision data using these three techniques obtained using both manual extraction and direct elution.
The architecture of an active database management system (1989)

The HiPAC project is investigating active, time-constrained database management. An active DBMS is one which automatically executes specified actions when specified conditions arise. HiPAC has proposed Event-Condition-Action (ECA) rules as a formalism for active database capabilities. We have also developed an execution model that specifies how these rules are processed in the context of database transactions. The additional functionality provided by ECA rules makes new demands on the design of an active DBMS. In this paper we propose an architecture for an active DBMS that supports ECA rules. This architecture provides new forms of interaction, in support of ECA rules, between application programs and the DBMS. This leads to a new paradigm for constructing database applications.
Interferon-β Induces S Phase Accumulation Selectively in Human Transformed Cells (1997)

Interferons (IFNs) generally have been characterized as antiproliferative cytokines. The cell cycle arrest in G1/G0 phase induced by type I IFNs, especially IFN-alpha, was recognized as a manifestation of their antiproliferative effects. In this article, we report that the cell cycle block in G1/G0 is observed mainly in certain cell types, such as Daudi Burkitt's lymphoma cells. In a variety of human transformed cells, but not nontransformed primary cells, IFN-beta and IFN-alpha induced a significant increase in the S phase population. The increase appeared to be due to a continued S phase entry and subsequently a failure of S phase cells to transit efficiently into G2 and M phases. The ability of tumor cells to exhibit the S phase effect correlated with proper IFN signaling and loss or inactivation of the normal G1 checkpoint conferred by the retinoblastoma protein (pRB). Overriding the G1 checkpoint switched human nontransformed primary cells from nonresponsive to sensitive to the IFN-induced effect. Therefore, the cell cycle regulatory machinery could function, at least in part, as a determining factor that affects the IFN-induced cell cycle effect. The IFN effect in transformed cells may suggest intriguing prospects for combinatorial therapies for cancer.
Forensic Ergonomics (2011)

This article discusses trends in forensic ergonomics from the author’s historical perspective. His premise is that two dominant forces converged in the United States over the past four decades to allow the specialty to emerge, namely, new government legislation and entrepreneurial opportunities for ergonomists in the private sector. He concludes that public policy initiatives, evolving legislation, laws, and the inevitable resulting lawsuits in the coming decades will shape the direction of forensic ergonomics.
Inducible production of human macrophage growth factor, CSF-1 (1986)

Abstract A panel of human cell lines was screened for production of colony- stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) using a specific radioreceptor assay and criterion of macrophage colony growth in mouse bone marrow culture. The pancreatic carcinoma lines MIA PaCa and PANC were found to secrete high levels of CSF-1. In a bone marrow proliferation assay, the activities from these two lines were blocked by a CSF-1 specific neutralizing antiserum, confirming the predominant content of this macrophage growth factor. MIA PaCA cells stopped secreting CSF-1 when transferred to various serum-free media. Serum-free production could be reinitiated by phorbol myristic acetate (PMA). Purified CSF-1 from serum-free MIA PaCa cells stimulated the formation of 14-day colonies from total and nonadherent mononuclear human bone marrow cells. Most of the colonies consisted exclusively of large, dispersed macrophages that were intensely stained for nonspecific esterase. Although similar numbers of human 14-day colonies were stimulated by CSF-1 and other CSFs, more CSF- 1 was required for the proliferation of human as compared with murine bone marrow progenitors. Northern analysis of mRNA from induced-MIA PaCa cells, using a human CSF-1 oligonucleotide probe, revealed multiple species of CSF-1 mRNA ranging from 1.5 to 4.5 kilobases (kb). Uninduced, serum-free cultures showed only the largest mRNA species, suggesting that serum removal interfered with CSF-1 mRNA processing related to synthesis and/or secretion of the protein. Regulation of the production of CSF-1 may be an important physiological process in hematopoiesis and macrophage functioning.
Robust And Reliable Fabric, Piezoresistive Multitouch Sensing Surfaces For Musical Controllers (2011)

The design space of fabric multitouch surface interaction is explored with emphasis on novel materials and construction techniques aimed towards reliable, repairable pressure sensing surfaces for musical applications.
Targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 with G-quartet oligonucleotides: a potential novel therapy for head and neck cancer (2006)

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is a critical mediator of oncogenic signaling activated frequently in many types of human cancer where it contributes to tumor cell growth and resistance to apoptosis. Stat3 has been proposed as a promising target for anticancer drug discovery. Recently, we developed a series of G-quartet oligodeoxynucleotides (GQ-ODN) as novel and potent Stat3 inhibitors, which significantly suppressed the growth of prostate and breast tumors in nude mice. In the present study, we showed that GQ-ODN specifically inhibited DNA-binding activity of Stat3 as opposed to Stat1. Computer-based docking analysis revealed that GQ-ODN predominantly interacts with the SH2 domains of Stat3 homodimers to destabilize dimer formation and disrupt DNA-binding activity. We employed five regimens in the treatment of nude mice with tumors of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC): placebo, paclitaxel, GQ-ODN T40214, GQ-ODN T40231, and T40214 plus paclitaxel. The mean size of HNSCC tumors over 21 days only increased by 1.7-fold in T40214-treated mice and actually decreased by 35% in T40214 plus paclitaxel-treated mice whereas the mean size of HNSCC tumors increased 9.4-fold in placebo-treated mice in the same period. These findings show that GQ-ODN has potent activity against HNSCC tumor xenografts alone and in combination with paclitaxel.
Missing contact probing of DNA-protein interactions. (1987)

We have examined the positions of contact between lambda phage repressor protein and operator OR1 DNA by scanning populations of lightly depurinated or depyrimidated DNA for bases essential to or irrelevant to repressor binding. This global scanning technique delineates the apparent contact region between lambda repressor and operator and shows bases previously demonstrated or predicted to be contacted plus some additional bases. A mutant repressor, previously shown to contact DNA as wild-type repressor does with the exception of a missing contact to guanosine G4' [Hochschild, A. & Ptashne, M. (1986) Cell 44, 925-933], similarly failed to contact G4' when assayed by this method. Coupled with altering a test residue of a DNA-contacting protein to glycine or alanine so as to eliminate a specific contact, the method appears to provide an efficient means of scanning for specific residue-base contacts.
Assessment of sensorimotor cortical representation asymmetries and motor skills in violin players (2007)

As a model for use-dependent plasticity, the brains of professional musicians have been extensively studied to examine structural and functional adaptation to unique requirements of skilled performance. Here we provide a combination of data on motor performance and hand representation in the primary motor and somatosensory cortex of professional violin players, with the aim of assessing possible behavioural consequences of sensorimotor cortical asymmetries. We studied 15 healthy right-handed professional violin players and 35 healthy nonmusician controls. Motor and somatosensory cortex asymmetry was assessed by recording the motor output map after transcranial magnetic stimulation from a small hand muscle, and by dipole source localization of somatosensory evoked potentials after electrical stimulation of the median and ulnar nerves. Motor performance was examined using a series of standardized motor tasks covering different aspects of hand function. Violin players showed a significant right-larger-than-left asymmetry of the motor and somatosensory cortex, whereas nonmusician controls showed no significant interhemispheric difference. The amount of asymmetry in the motor and somatosensory cortices of musicians was significantly correlated. At the behavioural level, motor performance did not significantly differ between musicians and nonmusicians. The results support a use-dependent enlargement of the left hand representation in the sensorimotor cortex of violin players. However, these cortical asymmetries were not paralleled by accompanying altered asymmetries at a behavioural level, suggesting that the reorganisation might be task-specific and does not lead to improved motor abilities in general.
Nucleotide Sequence of the Genome Region Encoding the 26S mRNA of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus and the Deduced Amino Acid Sequence of the Viral Structural Proteins (1987)

The 26S mRNA and most of the nsP4 encoding regions of the eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) viral genome have been cloned. Excluding the poly(A) tail, the 26S mRNA region was determined to be 4139 nucleotides long and to share the same general organization as that of other alphaviruses. A highly conserved region of 19 nucleotides, the putative transcriptase recognition site for 26S mRNA synthesis, was present at the 26S/42S junction region of the 42S genomic RNA. Translation of the 26S mRNA began at the first AUG (positions 59 to 61) initiation codon and continued with an open reading frame that coded for a polyprotein of 1258 amino acids ending at a UAA ochre termination codon (positions 3776 to 3778). All four putative posttranslational cleavage sites used to generate the capsid, E3, E2, 6K and E1 proteins were conserved. Transmembrane domains present in the EEE virus structural polyprotein have been identified and their functions discussed. Pairwise comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of the polyproteins of five alphaviruses (EEE, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Sindbis, Semliki Forest and Ross River viruses) revealed EEE virus to be more closely related to VEE virus than to the other three viruses.
RETROVIRUS BUDDING (2004)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other retroviruses acquire their envelopes and spread infection by budding through the limiting membranes of producer cells. To facilitate budding, retroviruses usurp a cellular pathway that is normally used to create vesicles that bud into late endosomal compartments called multivesicular bodies (MVB). Research on yeast and human MVB biogenesis has led to the identification of 25 human proteins that are required for vesicle formation and for HIV-1 budding, and has produced a working model for sequential recruitment of these proteins during MVB vesicle formation. Retroviruses can redirect this machinery to the plasma membrane and leave the cell in a single step or, alternatively, can bud directly into MVB compartments and then exit cells via the exosome pathway. Remarkably, virus release from both the plasma membrane and MVB compartments can occur directionally into specialized sites of cell-to-cell contact called virological synapses. Thus retroviruses have evolved elaborate mechanisms for escaping the cell and maximizing their chances of infecting a new host.
Structure Function Studies for Turbulent Interstellar Medium (2004)

We study structure functions of rotation measures in the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey (CGPS) region and the North Galactic Pole (NGP) to extract the interstellar medium (ISM) fluctuation information. The CGPS data are divided into three longitude intervals: $82^\circ 1^\circ$. The power law indices get smaller from CGPS1 to CGPS3 and the amplitudes decrease. The variations of the large-scale field and the electron density have only negligible effects on the structure function and thus cannot account for the changes, indicating that the turbulent properties of the Galactic ISM are intrinsically longitude-dependent. The Kolmogorov-like fluctuation spectrum of the electron density or the magnetic field should produce a power law structure function with an index of 5/3 or 2/3, neither of which is consistent with our results of small indices in the three sub-CGPS regions. For the NGP region, the structure function is flat, showing that the rotation measures are mostly intrinsic to the extragalactic sources, and the ISM is very random in that part of our Galaxy. It is obvious that the ISM fluctuation is latitude-dependent when comparing the results in the NGP region and the CGPS regions.
Real‐time fluorescence detection of multiple microscale cell culture analog devices in situ (2007)

We investigated multiple microscale cell culture analog (microCCA) assays in situ with a high-throughput imaging system that provides quantitative, nondestructive, and real-time data on cell viability. Since samples do not move between measurements, captured images allow accurate time-course measurements of cell population response and tracking the fate of each cell type on a quantitative basis. The optical system was evaluated by measuring the short-term response to ethanol exposure and long-term growth of drug-resistant tumor cell lines with simultaneous samples. The optical system based on epi-fluorescent excitation consists of an LED and a CCD as well as discrete optical components for imaging a large number of cells simultaneously. HepG2/C3A and MESSA cell lines were cultured in two microCCA systems for continuous cell status monitoring in cell death experiments with ethanol and long-term cell growth. The experiment that tested ethanol uptake showed that ethanol immediately caused cell death. The system was applied to extracting dynamic constants in the uptake process. In the long-term cell growth experiment, growth of MESSA cells was followed by a stationary phase and eventual cell death attributed to nutrient and oxygen depletion and a change in the pH because of the accumulation of wastes by cell metabolism. HepG2/C3A cells were subject to contact inhibition and cell number did not change significantly over time. Issues related to long-term assays are also discussed. The quantitative results have been consistent with qualitative images and confirm the applicability of the portable optical system, and potential application to high-throughput analysis of cell-based assays to measure long-term dynamics.
EGF Increases TRPM6 Activity and Surface Expression (2008)

Recent identification of a mutation in the EGF gene that causes isolated recessive hypomagnesemia led to the finding that EGF increases the activity of the epithelial magnesium (Mg2+) channel transient receptor potential M6 (TRPM6). To investigate the molecular mechanism mediating this effect, we performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of TRPM6 expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. Stimulation of the EGF receptor increased current through TRPM6 but not TRPM7. The carboxy-terminal alpha-kinase domain of TRPM6 did not participate in the EGF receptor-mediated increase in channel activity. This activation relied on both the Src family of tyrosine kinases and the downstream effector Rac1. Activation of Rac1 increased the mobility of TRPM6, assessed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, and a constitutively active mutant of Rac1 mimicked the stimulatory effect of EGF on TRPM6 mobility and activity. Ultimately, TRPM6 activation resulted from increased cell surface abundance. In contrast, dominant negative Rac1 decreased TRPM6 mobility, abrogated current development, and prevented the EGF-mediated increase in channel activity. In summary, EGF-mediated stimulation of TRPM6 occurs via signaling through Src kinases and Rac1, thereby redistributing endomembrane TRPM6 to the plasma membrane. These results describe a regulatory mechanism for transepithelial Mg2+ transport and consequently whole-body Mg2+ homeostasis.
C-Reactive Protein Induces Signaling Through FcγRIIa on HL-60 Granulocytes, (2002)

Human C-reactive protein (CRP) at acute phase levels of 10-200 microg/ml triggered the phosphorylation of FcgammaRIIa, Syk kinase, and phospholipase Cgamma2 in granulocytic HL-60 cells. CRP also stimulated translocation to the membrane of both phospholipase Cgamma2 and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. The signaling response triggered by CRP was a rapid, early event with kinetics similar to the response elicited by human IgG. Both soluble-aggregated CRP and monomeric CRP cross-linked FcgammaRII to generate a signal of the same intensity. The results are consistent with signaling through the intrinsic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif of the cytoplasmic domain of FcgammaRIIa, the major CRP-receptor on monocytes and neutrophils that is responsible for CRP-mediated phagocytosis. The signaling events driven by CRP have the potential to regulate infiltrating neutrophil activities.
A system for interactive graphical programming (1968)

A system is described in this paper for developing graphical problem-oriented languages. This topic is of great importance in computer-aided design, but has hitherto received only sketchy documentation, with few attempts at a comparative study. Meanwhile displays are beginning to be used for design, and the results of such a study are badly needed. What has held back experimentation with computer graphics has been the difficulty of specifying new graphic techniques using the available programming languages; the method described in this paper appears to avoid this difficulty.
Facial basal cell carcinoma (2012)

#### Summary points

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a locally invasive cancer of epidermal basaloid cells. It is the most common cancer in humans,1 and its incidence will soon surpass that of all other cancers.2 Skin cancers are categorised into two groups—melanomas and non-melanoma skin cancers. Of the non-melanoma skin cancers, 75-80% are BCCs3 4 5 and up to 85% of these are on the head and neck.4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 The remainder are predominately squamous cell carcinomas. Delay in presentation is associated with increased tumour growth.17 Timely recognition is important because early identification can limit the extent of facial tissue involvement and subsequent resection, thereby resulting in a better cosmetic and functional reconstruction. Evidence suggests that denial is the main reason for delay in presentation with non-melanoma skin cancer.17

This review focuses on the diagnosis, investigation, and management of BCC of the head and neck.

#### Sources and selection criteria

We searched PubMed using keywords “basal cell carcinoma”, “facial basal cell carcinoma”, “facial non-melanoma skin cancer”, “head and neck basal cell carcinoma”, and “head and neck non-melanoma skin cancer”. We targeted more recent studies and review articles. We also consulted National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines and other national guidance.

The incidence of BCC varies geographically (table⇓) and is increasing worldwide.10 11 12 13 14 15 18 19 20 21 …
Glycoproteomic probes for fluorescent imaging of fucosylated glycans in vivo (2006)

Glycomics is emerging as a new field for the biology of complex glycoproteins and glycoconjugates. The lack of versatile glycan-labeling methods has presented a major obstacle to visualizing at the cellular level and studying glycoconjugates. To address this issue, we developed a fluorescent labeling technique based on the Cu(I)-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition, or click chemistry, which allows rapid, versatile, and specific covalent labeling of cellular glycans bearing azide groups. The method entails generating a fluorescent probe from a nonfluorescent precursor, 4-ethynyl-N-ethyl-1,8-naphthalimide, by clicking the fluorescent trigger, the alkyne at the 4 position, with an azido-modified sugar. Using this click-activated fluorescent probe, we demonstrate incorporation of an azido-containing fucose analog into glycoproteins via the fucose salvage pathway. Distinct fluorescent signals were observed by flow cytometry when cells treated with 6-azidofucose were labeled with the click-activated fluorogenic probe or biotinylated alkyne. The intracellular localization of fucosylated glycoconjugates was visualized by using fluorescence microscopy. This technique will allow dynamic imaging of cellular fucosylation and facilitate studies of fucosylated glycoproteins and glycolipids.