gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Targeting RNA for degradation with a (2'-5')oligoadenylate-antisense chimera. (1993)

Antisense oligonucleotides hold considerable promise both as research tools for inhibiting gene expression and as agents for the treatment of a myriad of human diseases. However, targeted destruction of RNA has been difficult to achieve in a versatile, efficient, and reliable manner. We have developed an effective strategy for cleaving unique RNA sequences with 2-5A-dependent RNase, an endoribonuclease that mediates inhibitory effects of interferon on virus infection and is activated by 5'-phosphorylated 2'-5'-linked oligoadenylates known as 2-5A [pn5' A2'(p5' A2')mp5'A], resulting in the cleavage of single-stranded RNA predominantly after UpUp and UpAp sequences. To direct 2-5A-dependent RNase to cleave unique RNA sequences, p5' A2' p5' A2'p5'A was covalently linked to an antisense oligonucleotide to yield a chimeric molecule (2-5A:AS). The antisense oligonucleotide component of 2-5A:AS bound a specific RNA sequence while the accompanying 2-5A component activated 2-5A-dependent RNase, thereby causing the cleavage of the RNA in the targeted sequence. This strategy was demonstrated by inducing specific cleavage within a modified human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vif mRNA in a cell-free system from human lymphoblastoid cells. Because 2-5A-dependent RNase is present in most mammalian cells, the control of gene expression based on this technology--including therapies for cancer, viral infections, and certain genetic diseases--can be envisioned.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) and Polystyrene/Clay Nanocomposites Prepared by in-Situ Polymerization (2001)

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS)/clay nanocomposites were prepared via in-situ bulk polymerization. The compatibility of the initiator and monomer with the clay surface was found to profoundly affect the clay dispersion. By using a surfactant containing a polymerizable group to modify the clay surface, exfoliated PMMA and PS/clay nanocomposites were synthesized. The clay dispersion was quantified by both X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The dimension stability of nanocomposites was studied and related to both nanoscale (layer separation) and mesoscale (long-range distribution) clay dispersion.
Restricted diversity of Vγ9‐JP rearrangements in unstimulated human γ/δ T lymphocytes (1992)

The diversity of human peripheral blood gamma/delta T cells is known to be limited by the preferential use of V genes coding for V gamma 9 (usually linked to JP) and V delta 2. We show that the diversity of these cells is further limited at the junctional region. First, an identical rearrangement is found in 10%-30% of all gamma/delta T cells which contain V gamma 9-JP rearrangements. Second, the vast majority of V gamma 9-JP rearrangements which are different from this predominant sequence have, nevertheless, the same length or code for variable regions whose length differs by only one amino acid (+/- 1). Overall, 30%-50% of V gamma 9-JP rearrangements have a junctional region which encodes for a peptide with the amino acid sequence E VX EL, in which EV is predominantly, but not exclusively, encoded by the germ-line V gamma 9 sequence and EL is encoded by JP. The X amino acid is variable, but a glutamine is over-represented. The diversity of the V gamma 9-JP repertoire is fairly constant in different individuals and at different ages, including before, during and after the post-natal expansion of peripheral blood gamma/delta T cells.
LOCOMOTOR CONTROL IN MACAQUE MONKEYS (1981)

We carried out experiments on young adult macaque monkeys (M.fascicularis) in an attempt to establish whether or not primates possess a locomotor control system consisting of spinal pattern generators modulated by brain-stem locomotor regions. We could not induce 'spinal stepping' in our subjects after spinal cord transection. Sparing of pathways contained in the central sector of the white matter of the cord was sufficient for stepping and walking. 'Controlled locomotion' was elicited in thalamic monkeys by electrical stimulation of the posterior subthalamic region or the midbrain tegmentum just ventral to the inferior colliculi. We conclude that there are significant homologies between this primate species and the cat regarding the probable existence of supraspinal locomotor control structures, but it seems that the presumed spinal step generators in monkeys depend more on supraspinal inputs than they do in cats.
First Person Profile: Melissa M. Hudson, MD (2021)

recalls that her interest in science began at a young age."I remember talking about medicine since I was in junior high school," she says.She also remembers her delight upon recently finding a paper about becoming a pediatrician that she had written while in the 7th grade.
IP on ATM local area networks (1994)

ATM offers increased bandwidth and greater flexibility and manageability. However, ATM's success as a LAN technology depends on its ability to provide LAN-like services compatible with existing protocols and applications. The authors address the various issues in the design and implementation of the Internet Protocol (IP) in the evolving ATM LANs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Biology of Human Sodium Glucose Transporters (2011)

There are two classes of glucose transporters involved in glucose homeostasis in the body, the facilitated transporters or uniporters (GLUTs) and the active transporters or symporters (SGLTs). The energy for active glucose transport is provided by the sodium gradient across the cell membrane, the Na(+) glucose cotransport hypothesis first proposed in 1960 by Crane. Since the cloning of SGLT1 in 1987, there have been advances in the genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, biophysics, and structure of SGLTs. There are 12 members of the human SGLT (SLC5) gene family, including cotransporters for sugars, anions, vitamins, and short-chain fatty acids. Here we give a personal review of these advances. The SGLTs belong to a structural class of membrane proteins from unrelated gene families of antiporters and Na(+) and H(+) symporters. This class shares a common atomic architecture and a common transport mechanism. SGLTs also function as water and urea channels, glucose sensors, and coupled-water and urea transporters. We also discuss the physiology and pathophysiology of SGLTs, e.g., glucose galactose malabsorption and familial renal glycosuria, and briefly report on targeting of SGLTs for new therapies for diabetes.
Effective Combination Therapy for Invasive Pneumococcal Pneumonia with Ampicillin and Intravenous Immunoglobulins in a Mouse Model (2001)

Intranasal immunotherapy for Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive pneumonia with polyvalent immunoglobulins (IVIG) was effective in mice against pneumonia but failed to prevent bacteremia. The combination of subcurative doses of IVIG and of ampicillin was fully protective. Such an approach, successfully applied in the preantibiotic era, offers new perspectives for modern therapies.
Anatomically constrained reconstruction from noisy data (2008)

Noise is a major concern in many important imaging applications. To improve data signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), experiments often focus on collecting low-frequency k-space data. This article proposes a new scheme to enable extended k-space sampling in these contexts. It is shown that the degradation in SNR associated with extended sampling can be effectively mitigated by using statistical modeling in concert with anatomical prior information. The method represents a significant departure from most existing anatomically constrained imaging methods, which rely on anatomical information to achieve super-resolution. The method has the advantage that less accurate anatomical information is required relative to super-resolution approaches. Theoretical and experimental results are provided to characterize the performance of the proposed scheme.
C-type natriuretic peptide regulates endochondral bone growth through p38 MAP kinase-dependent and – independent pathways (2007)

Our data identify novel target genes of CNP and demonstrate that the p38 pathway is a novel, essential mediator of CNP effects on endochondral bone growth, with potential implications for understanding and treatment of numerous skeletal diseases.
Phase-noise-compensated optical frequency domain reflectometry with measurement range beyond laser coherence length realized using concatenative reference method (2007)

A novel type of optical frequency domain reflectometry with a measurement range much longer than the laser coherence length is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. To reduce the influence of laser phase noise, the measurement signal is compensated by using reference signals generated from a single auxiliary interferometer supported by a newly proposed compensation process. The compensation is accomplished numerically with a computer for each section of the delay fiber length in an auxiliary interferometer after only one data acquisition. By using the proposed technique, it is confirmed experimentally that the laser phase noise is well compensated even beyond the coherence length.
Printable Single‐Crystal Silicon Micro/Nanoscale Ribbons, Platelets and Bars Generated from Bulk Wafers (2007)

Abstract This article demonstrates a method for fabricating high quality single‐crystal silicon ribbons, platelets and bars with dimensions between ∼ 100 nm and ∼ 5 cm from bulk (111) wafers by using phase shift and amplitude photolithographic methods in conjunction with anisotropic chemical etching procedures. This “top‐down” approach affords excellent control over the thicknesses, lengths, and widths of these structures and yields almost defect‐free, monodisperse elements with well defined doping levels, surface morphologies and crystalline orientations. Dry transfer printing these elements from the source wafers to target substrates by use of soft, elastomeric stamps enables high yield integration onto wafers, glass plates, plastic sheets, rubber slabs or other surfaces. As one application example, bottom gate thin‐film transistors that use aligned arrays of ribbons as the channel material exhibit good electrical properties, with mobilites as high as ∼ 200 cm 2 V –1 s –1 and on/off ratios &gt; 10 4 .
PML(NLS-) Inhibits Cell Apoptosis and Promotes Proliferation in HL-60 Cells (2013)

Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) is a cell-growth suppressor, and PML-retinoic acid receptor α (PML-RARα) is known as a fusion gene of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Studies have reported that neutrophil elastase(NE) cleaved bcr-1-derived PML-RARα in early myeloid cells leading to the removal of nuclear localization signal (NLS) from PML. The resultant PML without NLS named PML(NLS(-)). PML(NLS(-)) mainly locates and functions in the cytoplasm. PML(NLS(-)) may act in different ways from PML, but its biological characteristics have not been reported. In this study, the PML (NLS(-)) was silenced with shRNA [HL-60/pPML(NLS(-))-shRNA] and over-expressed by preparation of recombinant adenovirus [HL-60/pAd-PML(NLS(-))]. The mRNA and protein expression of PML(NLS(-)) were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot respectively. Cell proliferation in vitro was assessed by MTT assay. Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to detect apoptotic cells. The transcription of BCL-2, BAX and C-MYC was detected in HL-60/pAd-PML(NLS(-)) cells. Our results showed that compared to the control group, the expression of PML(NLS(-)) was significantly reduced in the HL-60/pPML(NLS(-))-shRNA cells, and increased significantly in the HL-60/pAd-PML(NLS(-)) cells. The proliferation was significantly inhibited in the HL-60/pPML(NLS(-))-shRNA cells in a time-dependent manner, but markedly promoted in the HL-60/pAd-PML(NLS(-)) cells treated with 60 μmol/L emodin. FCM revealed the apoptosis increased in HL-60/pPML(NLS(-))-shRNA cells, and decreased in the HL-60/pAd-PML(NLS(-)) cells. The expression of BAX decreased significantly, while that of BCL-2 and C-MYC increased significantly in HL-60/ pAd-PML(NLS(-)) cells. Down-regulation of PML(NLS(-)) expression inhibits the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of HL-60 cells. On the contrary, over-expression of PML(NLS(-)) promotes the proliferation and reduce the emodin-induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells.
Petri net-based cycle time analysis of dual-arm cluster tools with wafer revisiting and swapping strategy (2011)

There are wafer fabrication processes in cluster tools that require revisiting. It is shown that swapping is efficient in operating a dual-arm cluster tool. For dual-arm cluster tools with wafer revisiting, if a swap strategy is applied, it forms a three wafer periodical process with three wafers completed in each period. Such a period contains three cycles in a revisiting process and another three cycles in non-revisiting process. Hence, analysis and scheduling of dual-arm cluster tools with wafer revisiting become very complicated. In this work, a Petri net model is developed to describe the operations of such tools. Based on it, it is found that if a swap strategy is applied to a dual-arm cluster tool with wafer revisiting, it is always in a transient state. A systematic method is presented to analyze its performance.
Epicutaneous Model of Community-Acquired Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections (2013)

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common etiological agents of community-acquired skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI). Although the majority of S. aureus community-acquired SSTIs are uncomplicated and self-clearing in nature, some percentage of these cases progress into life-threatening invasive infections. Current animal models of S. aureus SSTI suffer from two drawbacks: these models are a better representation of hospital-acquired SSTI than community-acquired SSTI, and they involve methods that are difficult to replicate. For these reasons, we sought to develop a murine model of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus SSTI (CA-MRSA SSTI) that can be consistently reproduced with a high degree of precision. We utilized this model to begin to characterize the host immune response to this type of infection. We infected mice via epicutaneous challenge of the skin on the outer ear pinna using Morrow-Brown allergy test needles coated in S. aureus USA300. When mice were challenged in this model, they developed small, purulent, self-clearing lesions with predictable areas of inflammation that mimicked a human infection. CFU in the ear pinna peaked at day 7 before dropping by day 14. The T(h)1 and T(h)17 cytokines gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-12 (IL-12) p70, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-17A, IL-6, and IL-21 were all significantly increased in the draining lymph node of infected mice, and there was neutrophil recruitment to the infection site. In vivo neutrophil depletion demonstrated that neutrophils play a protective role in preventing bacterial dissemination and fatal invasive infection.
Error-diffusion algorithm with edge enhancement (1991)

Error diffusion is a popular algorithm for the binarization of continuous-tone images. A modification of the error-diffusion algorithm is shown that introduces an input-dependent threshold into the process. This modification establishes a fast and efficient way to increase or decrease edge enhancement in the algorithm.
Role of accessory molecules in signal transduction of cytolytic T lymphocyte by anti-T cell receptor and anti-Ly-6.2C monoclonal antibodies. (1987)

Accessory molecules present on the cell surface of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) play an important role in their activation. Antigen-specific recognition by CTL is inhibited by antibodies against Lyt-2, L3T4, or LFA-1 molecules. Presently it is not known whether these molecules function by binding a ligand such as class I or class II on the target cell or by delivering a signal that down-regulates T cell activation. In the present study we utilized anti-T cell antibodies including anti-T3 and anti-T cell receptor (alpha/beta) as well as an anti-Ly-6.2C monoclonal antibody to activate CTL clones to kill irrelevant targets or secrete BLT esterase. The redirected lysis assay system utilizes the fact that heteroconjugates between anti-T3, and anti-T cell receptor, or anti-Ly-6.2C and anti-trinitrophenyl can trigger CTL lysis of trinitrophenyl-coupled targets that did not express antigen. In this system anti-Lyt-2 antibodies as well as anti-LFA-1 antibodies inhibited triggering via T cell receptor-related molecules but not via the anti-Ly-6.2C heteroconjugate. In addition, the anti-Lyt-2 was shown to inhibit conjugate formation in the heteroaggregate assay system suggesting that the anti-Lyt-2 antibodies acted early in inhibiting CTL activity. Similar results were observed in a system in which the CTL clones were triggered to secrete a BLT-esterase-like activity in the absence of target cells. Anti-T3 coated on plastic was shown to activate BLT-esterase secretion. This secretion was inhibited by anti-Lyt-2 and anti-LFA-1. Thus, it would appear that both the Lyt-2 molecule and the LFA-1 molecule act as signal-transducing elements involved in CTL activation. In particular, the Lyt-2 molecule appears to preferentially function in receptor-mediated T cell activation.
Combatting rendering latency (1995)

Latency or lag in an interactive graphics system is the delay between user input and displayed output. We have found latency and the apparent bobbing and swimming of objects that it produces to be a serious problem for head-mounted display (HMD) and augmented reality applications. At UNC, we have been investigating a number of ways to reduce latency; we present two of these. Slats is an experimental rendering system for our Pixel-Planes 5 graphics machine guaranteeing a constant single NTSC field of latency. This guaranteed response is especially important for predictive tracking. Just-in-time pixels is an attempt to compensate for rendering latency by rendering the pixels in a scanned display based on their position in the scan.
Fundamentals of dynamic frequency hopping in cellular systems (2001)

We examine techniques for increasing spectral efficiency of cellular systems by using slow frequency hopping (FH) with dynamic frequency-hop (DFH) pattern adaptation. We first present analytical results illustrating the improvements in frequency outage probabilities obtained by DFH in comparison with random frequency hopping (RFH). Next, we show simulation results comparing the performance of various DFH and RFH techniques. System performance is expressed by cumulative distribution functions of codeword error rates. Systems that we study incorporate channel coding, interleaving, antenna diversity, and power control. Analysis and simulations consider the effects of path loss, shadowing, Rayleigh fading, cochannel interference, coherence bandwidth, voice activity, and occupancy. The results indicate that systems using DFH can support substantially more users than systems using RFH.
Cellulase Activity during the Maturation and Ripening of Tomato Fruit (1968)

SUMMARY An enzyme that attacks carboxymethyl cellulose may be extracted efficiently from tomato fruit by salt solutions. From a high initial value in small green fruit, activity fell gradually during fruit swelling. With incipient ripeness, the activity increased again and continued to rise to the full red condition. The green areas of “blotchy” ripened fruit showed 40% less activity than the adjacent red tissue. Fruit of tomato species in the sub‐genus Eriopersicon contained considerably more activity than examples from the sub‐genus Eulycopersicon. Firmness measurements on fruit from both sub‐genera were not significantly correlated with the cellulase activities, and from this and other evidence it is concluded that is is not a major factor controlling the softening of at fruit, at least during the ripening period.
Expression of a hypoglycosylated form of CD86 (B7-2) on human T cells with altered binding properties to CD28 and CTLA-4 (1997)

CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) on APC provide a major costimulatory signal through interactions with CD28 on T cells. Absent from resting human T cells, CD86 is up-regulated early upon T cell activation, whereas CD80 expression appears later. Whereas T cell expression of CD80 has been implicated in costimulation, the functional significance of CD86 expression on T cells is unclear. We now demonstrate that CD86 expressed on human CD4+ T cell clones does not provide a costimulatory signal for other CD4+ T cell clones. Binding studies using CD28-Ig and CTLA-4-Ig fusion proteins demonstrate that CD86 expressed on T cells has significantly reduced binding affinity for CTLA-4 and no detectable binding to CD28. Biochemical analysis demonstrates that post-translational modifications of CD86 in human T cells are different from those of CD86-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells or EBV-transformed B cells, in that T cells express a hypoglycosylated form of CD86 on the surface membrane. Thus, our results suggest that while CD86 is expressed on a number of different cell types, its costimulatory function and affinity for its ligands may be regulated by cell type-specific post-translational modifications.
A different voice: nurses on the board. (2008)

While physicians are common as trustees, relatively few nurses sit at the board table. But in an era of quality and patient safety, the time may be at hand to add the nurses' voice to governance deliberations.
Elimination of the action of glucagon-like peptide 1 causes an impairment of glucose tolerance after nutrient ingestion by healthy baboons. (1996)

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an insulinotropic hormone released after nutrient ingestion which is known to augment insulin secretion, inhibit glucagon release, and promote insulin-independent glucose disposition. To determine the overall effect of GLP-1 on glucose disposition after a meal we studied a group of healthy, conscious baboons before and after intragastric glucose administration during infusions of saline, and two treatments to eliminate the action of GLP-1: (a) exendin-[9-39] (Ex-9), a peptide receptor antagonist of GLP-1; or (b) an anti-GLP-1 mAb. Fasting concentrations of glucose were higher during infusion of Ex-9 than during saline (4.44 +/- 0.05 vs. 4.16 +/- 0.05 mM, P < 0.01), coincident with an elevation in the levels of circulating glucagon (96 +/- 10 vs. 59 +/- 3 ng/liter, P < 0.02). The postprandial glycemic excursions during administration of Ex-9 and mAb were greater than during the control studies (Ex-9 13.7 +/- 2.0 vs. saline 10.0 +/- 0.8 mM, P = 0.07; and mAb 13.6 +/- 1.2 vs. saline 10.6 +/- 0.9 mM, P = 0.044). The increments in insulin levels throughout the absorption of the glucose meal were not different for the experimental and control conditions, but the insulin response in the first 30 min after the glucose meal was diminished significantly during treatment with Ex-9 (Ex-9 761 +/- 139 vs. saline 1,089 +/- 166 pM, P = 0.044) and was delayed in three of the four animals given the neutralizing antibody (mAb 946 +/- 262 vs. saline 1,146 +/- 340 pM). Thus, elimination of the action of GLP-1 impaired the disposition of an intragastric glucose meal and this was at least partly attributable to diminished early insulin release. In addition to these postprandial effects, the concurrent elevation in fasting glucose and glucagon during GLP-1 antagonism suggests that GLP-1 may have a tonic inhibitory effect on glucagon output. These findings demonstrate the important role of GLP-1 in the assimilation of glucose absorbed from the gut.