gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RANKING IN PRINCIPLE (1978)

It is often suggested that information retrieval systems should rank documents rather than simply retrieving a set. Two separate reasons are adduced for this: that relevance itself is a multi‐valued or continuous variable; and that retrieval is an essentially approximate process. These two reasons lead to different ranking principles, one according to degree of relevance, the other according to probability of relevance. This paper explores the possibility of combining the two principles, but concludes that while neither is adequate alone, nor can any single all‐embracing ranking principle be constructed to replace the two. The only general solution to the problem would be to find an optimal ranking by exploring the effect on the user of every possible ranking. However, some more practical approximate solutions appear possible.
NADPH OXIDASE AND MYELOPEROXIDASE ACTIVITY IN PSORIASIS LEUKOCYTES (1985)

ABSTRACT The levels of NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase activities in leukocytes of twenty psoriatics were significantly raised over those of controls. Psoriatics were divided into three grades by the rule of nine: Grade I—less than 33% skin involvement, Grade II—33–66% and Grade III—over 66% involvement. A definite relationship between the percentage of surface area involved and level of the two activities was noted. They were elevated over control levels in all grades except for NADPH oxidase in grade I. There were significant increases in the activities of both enzymes in grade II as compared with grade I.
Modified Winner Update with Adaptive Block Partition for Fast Motion Estimation (2006)

Motion estimation (ME) plays an important role in video compression. Block-based ME has been adopted in most video compression standards due to its efficiency. In this paper, we propose a novel and fast block-based ME algorithm based on applying the modified winner-update scheme in conjunction with the adaptive partition order of macroblock. The partition order is determined from the block gradient distribution. Experimental results show the proposed algorithm achieves the optimal motion estimation very efficiently
Nitric oxide, the biological mediator of the decade: fact or fiction? (1997)

Nitric oxide (NO), an atmospheric gas and free radical, is also an important biological mediator in animals and humans. Its enzymatic synthesis by constitutive (c) and inducible (i) isoforms of NO synthase (NOS) and its reactions with other biological molecules such as reactive oxygen species are well characterized. NO modulates pulmonary and systemic vascular tone through its vasodilator property. It has antithrombotic functions and mediates some consequences of the innate and acute inflammatory responses; cytokines and bacterial toxins induce widespread expression of iNOS associated with microvascular and haemodynamic changes in sepsis. Within the lungs, a diminution of NO production is implicated in pathological states associated with pulmonary hypertension, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome: inhaled NO is a selective pulmonary vasodilator and can improve ventilation-perfusion mismatch. However, it may have deleterious effects through modulating hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Inhibitors of NOS may be of benefit in inotrope-refractory septic shock, but toxicity of newly developed selective iNOS inhibitors have prevented clinical trials of efficacy. An expanding literature on the origins and measurement of NO in exhaled breath implicates NO as a potentially useful marker of disease activity in respiratory tract inflammation in the future. This report reviews some aspects of research into the clinical importance of nitric oxide.
Capsular Polysaccharides of Symbiotic Bacteria Modulate Immune Responses During Experimental Colitis (2008)

The mammalian gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex ecosystem consisting of extraordinary numbers of resident bacteria in homeostasis with the host immune system. Here we demonstrate that during colonization of animals with the ubiquitous gut microorganism Bacteroides fragilis a bacterial polysaccharide (PSA)&#13;\ndirects the cellular and physical maturation of the developing immune system. Comparison with germ-free animals reveals that the novel immunomodulatory activities of PSA during B fragilis colonization include correcting T cell deficiencies and T_H1/T_H2 imbalances, as well as directing lymphoid organogenesis. The mechanism of PSA activity requires antigen endocytosis by intestinal dendritic cells and presentation by major histocompatibility class II to signal CD4⁺ T cell activation and cytokine production. Most significant, the benefit of this process for the host is demonstrated by PSA-conferred protection against experimental colitis induced by pathogenic bacteria.
Local Learning Algorithms (1992)

Very rarely are training data evenly distributed in the input space. Local learning algorithms attempt to locally adjust the capacity of the training system to the properties of the training set in each area of the input space. The family of local learning algorithms contains known methods, like the k-nearest neighbors method (kNN) or the radial basis function networks (RBF), as well as new algorithms. A single analysis models some aspects of these algorithms. In particular, it suggests that neither kNN or RBF, nor nonlocal classifiers, achieve the best compromise between locality and capacity. A careful control of these parameters in a simple local learning algorithm has provided a performance breakthrough for an optical character recognition problem. Both the error rate and the rejection performance have been significantly improved.
Normalization of Tumor Vasculature: An Emerging Concept in Antiangiogenic Therapy (2005)

Solid tumors require blood vessels for growth, and many new cancer therapies are directed against the tumor vasculature. The widely held view is that these antiangiogenic therapies should destroy the tumor vasculature, thereby depriving the tumor of oxygen and nutrients. Here, I review emerging evidence supporting an alternative hypothesis-that certain antiangiogenic agents can also transiently "normalize" the abnormal structure and function of tumor vasculature to make it more efficient for oxygen and drug delivery. Drugs that induce vascular normalization can alleviate hypoxia and increase the efficacy of conventional therapies if both are carefully scheduled. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular underpinnings of vascular normalization may ultimately lead to more effective therapies not only for cancer but also for diseases with abnormal vasculature, as well as regenerative medicine, in which the goal is to create and maintain a functionally normal vasculature.
Accent Detection in Handwriting Based on Writing Styles (2012)

Accent in handwriting can be defined as the influence of a writer's native script on his/her writing style in another script. In this paper, we approach the problem of detecting the existence of accents in handwriting. We approach this problem using two sets of writers, those who can write only in English, and the other set being multilingual writers who can also write in English. We learn the writing styles that are predominant in each set and use it as features in classification. Latent Dirichlet Allocation is used to learn the distribution over writing styles. Experimental results suggest the existence of accents in handwriting.
Case 41-1994 (1994)

Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital from The New England Journal of Medicine — Case 41-1994 — A 57-Year-Old Man with Chronic Active Hepatitis, a Rapidly Progressive Bullous Eruption, and Shock
Extraskeletal and Intraskeletal New Bone Formation Induced by Demineralized Bone Matrix Combined with Bone Marrow Cells (1982)

Dilutions of fresh autogenous bone marrow cells in combination with allogeneic demineralized cortical bone matrix were tested extraskeletally in rats using roentgenographic, histologic, and 45Ca techniques. Suspensions of bone marrow cells (especially diluted 1:2 with culture media) combined with demineralized cortical bone seemed to induce significantly more new bone than did demineralized bone, bone marrow, or composite grafts with whole bone marrow, respectively. In a short-term spinal fusion experiment, demineralized cortical bone combined with fresh bone marrow produced new bone and bridged the interspace between the spinous processes faster than other transplantation procedures. The induction of undifferentiated host cells by demineralized bone matrix is further complemented by addition of autogenous, especially slightly diluted, bone marrow cells.
IgG2a restriction of murine antibodies elicited by viral infections. (1987)

The isotypic distribution of IgG antibodies was determined in the serum of mice after infection with a panel of RNA and DNA viruses representative of 11 different genera. The antiviral response induced by all these viruses showed a striking preponderance of the IgG2a subclass whatever the strain of mice tested or the time elapsed after infection. Together with the predominance of IgG1 in antiprotein and of IgG3 in anticarbohydrate response, this IgG2a restriction of antiviral antibodies strongly suggests the existence of highly specific mechanisms for the regulation of individual subclasses in the mouse.
682. New Histidylated Cationic Lipids for DNA-and mRNA- Based Lipofection (2004)

Plasmid delivery into the cytosol remains one of the limiting factor to achieve efficient transfection. We have previously demonstrated that the presence of endosome-disrupting multiple histidine functionalities in the molecular architecture of cationic polymers significantly enhances their gene delivery efficiencies. We designed and synthesized two novel non-glycerol and a cholesterol based histidylated cationic amphiphiles containing a single histidine head group. Physico-chemical characteristics of all the novel liposomes and lipoplexes including lipid:DNA interactions, global surface charge, sizes, etc. were evaluated. We found that L-histidine-(N,N-di-n-hexadecylamine)ethylamide (lipid 1) and L-Histidine(N,N-di-n-hexadecylamine, N-methyl)ethylamide (lipid 2) in combination with cholesterol and Cholesteryl-L-Histidine-Ethylamide (lipid 3) in combinaison with DOPE gave efficient DNA and mRNA transfections into various cell lines. DNA transfection efficiency into A549, 293T7 and HeLa cells of Chol/lipid 1 lipoplexes was similar with that of FuGENE6 and DC-Chol lipoplexes but was two order of magnitude higher in HepG2 cells. Membrane fusion activity measurements using FRET technique showed that the histidine head-groups of Chol/lipid 1 liposomes mediated membrane fusion in the pH range 5–7. By using the cytosolic luciferase expression vector (pT7Luc) under the control of the bacterial T7 promoter, we showed that the release of DNA from the endosomally trapped lipoplexes to the cytosol is acidic dependent and presumably mediated by the imidazole ring protonation of histidine head group of these cationic amphiphiles. A better efficiency was obtained with Chol/lipid 2 lipoplexes than with Chol/lipid 1 lipoplexes when using the cytosolic luciferase expression vector. As anticipated, transfection efficiency of Lipid 3 was greatly inhibited in the presence of Bafilomycin A1. By contrast, endosome escape of DNA with a new cholesterol based cationic lipid containing no histidine head-group (Alanine-Cholesteryl-Ethylamide; lipid 4) seemed to be independent of endosome acidification. However, transfection efficacy of lipids 3 & 4 was similar. In conclusion, we show that covalent grafting of a single histidine amino acid residue to suitable twin-chain hydrophobic compounds or cholesterol is sufficient to impart remarkable transfection properties on the resulting cationic amphiphile via endosome-disrupting characteristics of the histidine functionalities Figure 1
Endovascular treatment of experimental aneurysms by use of biologically modified embolic devices: coil-mediated intraaneurysmal delivery of fibroblast tissue allografts. (2001)

Fibroblast allografts remain viable and proliferate in the vascular space in rabbits. Furthermore, these same fibroblasts, after seeding onto platinum coils in culture, remain protected within the lumen of the coils and are retained within the coil lumen even after prolonged exposure to arterial blood flow. Coils can be used to deliver viable fibroblasts directly into experimental aneurysms successfully. These findings indicate that coil-mediated cell implantation is feasible and may be a potential method of increasing the biological activity of embolic coils.
A biotechnology perspective of fungal proteases (2015)

Proteases hydrolyze the peptide bonds of proteins into peptides and amino acids, being found in all living organisms, and are essential for cell growth and differentiation. Proteolytic enzymes have potential application in a wide number of industrial processes such as food, laundry detergent and pharmaceutical. Proteases from microbial sources have dominated applications in industrial sectors. Fungal proteases are used for hydrolyzing protein and other components of soy beans and wheat in soy sauce production. Proteases can be produced in large quantities in a short time by established methods of fermentation. The parameters such as variation in C/N ratio, presence of some sugars, besides several other physical factors are important in the development of fermentation process. Proteases of fungal origin can be produced cost effectively, have an advantage faster production, the ease with which the enzymes can be modified and mycelium can be easily removed by filtration. The production of proteases has been carried out using submerged fermentation, but conditions in solid state fermentation lead to several potential advantages for the production of fungal enzymes. This review focuses on the production of fungal proteases, their distribution, structural-functional aspects, physical and chemical parameters, and the use of these enzymes in industrial applications.
The resolution of lesions induced byLeishmania major in mice requires a functional Fas (APO-1, CD 95) pathway of cytotoxicity (1998)

Normal or perforin-deficient C57BL/6 mice are able to heal spontaneously cutaneous lesions induced by Leishmania major. In this report, we show that syngeneic gld and lpr mice, lacking a functional Fas system, fail to heal their lesions. This inability to control infection could not be attributed either to a failure to mount a protective CD4+ Th1 response or to an unresponsiveness of their macrophages to the activating signals of IFN-gamma. The observation showing that administration of exogenous recombinant Fas ligand (FasL) to FasL-deficient mice resulted in the resolution of cutaneous lesions demonstrates the importance of the Fas-FasL pathway in the elimination of parasites. Furthermore, macrophages infected with L. major in vitro up-regulate their surface expression of Fas in response to IFN-gamma and as a result become susceptible to CD4+ T cell-induced apoptotic death. These results suggest that the CD4+ T cell-induced apoptotic death of MHC class II-expressing antigen-presenting cells, observed in vitro and operating through the Fas (Apo-1/CD95) pathway, is relevant in vivo.
Hydrogel Biosensor Array Platform Indexed by Shape (2004)

A multi-analyte sensor array platform has been developed which consists of analyte specific features that are indexed by shape. The array features are batch-fabricated lithographically from poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogel pre-polymer and can accommodate a wide variety of different sensing chemistries. Depending on the physical scale of the sensing moiety, it is either copolymerized to the hydrogel matrix (e.g., oligonucleotides, aptamers), or it is merely physically encapsulated, an important strategy for preserving the biological activity of the larger and more complex sensing elements (e.g., antibodies, proteins, cells). This three-dimensional hydrogel sensor platform has an advantage over two-dimensional platforms in that it offers an increased signal density, and because the array is constructed of poly(ethylene glycol), it has virtually no background noise due to nonspecific adsorption of labeled analytes. To highlight the capabilities of this platform to make high signal-to-noise measurements using diverse sensing chemistries, two demonstrations are described herein that illustrate the platform's efficacy in oligonucleotide sensing and cell-based sensing.
High pressurein situHCl etching of Si1−xGexversus Si for advanced devices (2008)

We have studied the gaseous hydrochloric acid selective etching of SiGe versus silicon in a reduced pressure-chemical vapor deposition reactor. Non-classical metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) architectures, such as silicon on nothing (SON) and multi-bridge channels (MBC) devices require high SiGe:Si etch selectivities in order to get rid of the sacrificial SiGe layers. We have probed the in situ HCl etching of Si and SiGe blanket layers of SiGe/Si stacks grown selectively in the Si windows of patterned wafers ('SON-like' substrates) and of SiGe/Si superlattices ('MBC-like' substrates) as a function of the reverse absolute temperature. A switch from high temperature, diffusion-limited/low temperature, Cl-desorption-limited etch regimes to a unique LT regime, together with a significant etch rate increase, has been evidenced when drastically increasing the HCl partial pressure. Very good selectivities (versus Si) have been obtained when laterally etching high Ge content Si1−xGex layers (typically ⩾30%). A preferential etch by HCl of the {1 0 0} crystallographic planes compared to the {1 1 0} ones has been noticed both for the lateral etch of the 'SON-like' patterns (preferential etch of the pattern corners) and for the 'MBC-like' patterns (fullsheet (0 0 1) etch rates ≈10 times the {1 1 0} lateral etch rates). A slight etch rate difference between 'bottom-located' and 'top-located' Si1−xGex layers in Si/SiGe superlattices has also been highlighted. This etching technique is thus usable for the processing of SON or MBC devices provided that the selective {1 0 0}:{1 1 0} HCl etch reported here is taken into account.
Antibiotic-induced lethal enterocolitis in hamsters: studies with eleven agents and evidence to support the pathogenic role of toxin-producing Clostridia. (1978)

Clindamycin-induced enterocolitis in hamsters was studied, using a tissue culture assay to detect clostridial toxin. It was found that animals with lethal enterocolitis had a cytopathogenic substance in cecal contents and blood that was neutralized by clostridial antitoxins. Cultures of the cecal flora yielded numerous species of clostridia, but only 1 organism was detected which produced a toxin which was cytopathic in tissue culture. This organism, Clostridium difficile, was consistently present in high concentrations, and the cell-free supernate of these strains caused enterocolitis if injected intracecally into hamsters. Ten additional antimicrobials were tested ih hamsters. Ampicillin, vancomycin, erythromycin, cephalosporins, and oral gentamicin caused lethal enterocolitis in most recipients, and all animals which died had evidence of clostridia toxin in cecal contents at necropsy. Tetracycline and metronidazole were well tolerated, and the animals given these antimicrobials had no evidence of the toxin. We conclude that toxin-producing clostridia are responsible for lethal enterocolitis due to a variety of antimicrobials in hamsters.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors:  DNA Cloning and Inhibition Studies of the α-Carbonic Anhydrase from Helicobacter pylori, A New Target for Developing Sulfonamide and Sulfamate Gastric Drugs (2006)

We have cloned and sequenced Helicobacter pylori alpha-class carbonic anhydrase (hpCA) from patients with different gastric mucosal lesions, including gastritis (n=15), ulcer (n=6), and cancer (n=16). Although several polymorphisms were newly identified such as 12Ala, 13Thr, 16Ile, and 168Phe, there was no significant relevance of any polymorphism with gastric mucosal lesion types. A library of sulfonamides/sulfamates has been investigated for the inhibition of hpCA, whereas new derivatives have been obtained by attaching 4-tert-butyl-phenylcarboxamido/sulfonamido tails to benzenesulfonamide/1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide scaffolds. All types of activity for inhibition of hpCA have been detected. Dorzolamide and simple 4-substituted benzenesulfonamides were weak inhibitors (KI 873-4360 nM). Sulfanilamide, orthanilamide, some of their derivatives, and indisulam showed better activity (KI 413-640 nM), whereas most of the clinically used inhibitors, such as methazolamide, ethoxzolamide, dichlorophenamide, brinzolamide, topiramate, zonisamide, etc., acted as medium-potency inhibitors (KI 105-378 nM). Some potent hpCA inhibitors were detected too (KI 12-84 nM) among acetazolamide, 4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide and some newly designed compounds incorporating lipophilic tails. Some of the newly prepared derivatives had selectivity ratios for inhibiting hpCA over hCA II in the range of 1.25-3.48, showing thus some selectivity for inhibiting the bacterial enzyme. Since hpCA is essential for the survival of the pathogen in acid, it might be used as a new pharmacologic tool in the management of drug-resistant H. pylori.
The Cytoplasmic Tail of the Influenza A Virus M2 Protein Plays a Role in Viral Assembly (2006)

The viral replication cycle concludes with the assembly of viral components to form progeny virions. For influenza A viruses, the matrix M1 protein and two membrane integral glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, function cooperatively in this process. Here, we asked whether another membrane protein, the M2 protein, plays a role in virus assembly. The M2 protein, comprising 97 amino acids, possesses the longest cytoplasmic tail (54 residues) of the three transmembrane proteins of influenza A viruses. We therefore generated a series of deletion mutants of the M2 cytoplasmic tail by reverse genetics. We found that mutants in which more than 22 amino acids were deleted from the carboxyl terminus of the M2 tail were viable but grew less efficiently than did the wild-type virus. An analysis of the virions suggested that viruses with M2 tail deletions of more than 22 carboxy-terminal residues apparently contained less viral ribonucleoprotein complex than did the wild-type virus. These M2 tail mutants also differ from the wild-type virus in their morphology: while the wild-type virus is spherical, some of the mutants were filamentous. Alanine-scanning experiments further indicated that amino acids at positions 74 to 79 of the M2 tail play a role in virion morphogenesis and affect viral infectivity. We conclude that the M2 cytoplasmic domain of influenza A viruses plays an important role in viral assembly and morphogenesis.