gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human hemoglobin expression in Escherichia coli: importance of optimal codon usage (1992)

The overexpression of a nonfusion product of human beta-globin in Escherichia coli from its cDNA sequence has been accomplished for the first time. Expression of beta-globin from its native cDNA required the use of the strong bacteriophage T7 promoter. In this system, beta-globin accumulated to approximately 10% of total E. coli proteins. alpha-Globin was not expressed in the T7 system using the native cDNA. For the expression of alpha-globin, synthetic genes containing optimal E. coli codons were constructed. Neither synthetic alpha- nor beta-globin gene alone was expressed from the lac or tac promoter. Globin expression was achieved when the two synthetic alpha- and beta-globin genes were combined as an operon downstream of the lac promoter. The two proteins combined intracellularly with endogenous heme, which was concomitantly overproduced to yield tetrameric hemoglobin as roughly 5-10% of total E. coli protein. Cloning the alpha- and beta-globin cDNAs in a construct identical with the lac promoter did not yield globin production, establishing the requirement for optimal codon usage. The recombinant beta-globin from the T7 expression system was purified and reconstituted in vitro with heme and native alpha chains. N-terminal analyses showed that the beta-globin produced in the T7 system and the tetrameric hemoglobin produced from the synthetic genes contained an additional beta 1 methionine residue. Two additional mutants, beta 1 Val----Met and beta 1 Val----Ala were produced using the T7 system. Functional and structural properties of the purified hemoglobins will be discussed in the following papers.
Flash Pyrolysis of Ammonium Perchlorate-Hydroxyl-Terminated-Polybutadiene Mixtures Including Selected Additives (2000)

W ORLDWIDE, ammonium perchlorate (AP, NH^CIC^) and hydroxylterminated-polybutadiene (HTPB) composite mixtures, usually also containing aluminum powder and ballistic modifiers, are the most frequently used formulations in solid rocket propellants. In terms of publications, AP has been the most extensively investigated solid oxidizer since its introduction into propellants, probably in the late 1940s by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. A large number of publications appeared in 1950-1970, and, by comparison, a relatively lesser number have appeared since then. The impressive review by Jacobs and Whitehead was quite extensive in range and depth at the time of publication in 1969. The falloff in research interest after this time is reflected in the additional information reviewed 10-15 years later, but subsequent reviews of various aspects of decomposition, ignition, and of AP-composite propellants have appeared. A modest resurgence of new interest in AP-composite propellant decomposition and combustion is motivated in part by the availability of advanced methods of diagnostics, by new kinetics data and methods of modeling, and by intriguing plateau-burning behavior of some AP-HTPB formulations.' Despite the widespread use and long investigative history of AP-fuel mixtures, it still can be said that AP alone and AP-fuel composites remain among the most confounding materials in the research setting. From the point of view of chemistry, one reason is that the full range of formal oxidation states of nitrogen and chlorine can apparently become involved, for example, the formal oxidation state of Cl in C1O4 is +7, whereas that of HC1 is -1; N in NHj is -3, whereas that of N in NOj (Ref. 19) and HNO3 (Ref. 20) is +5. When all of the various combinations of
Broadband interference cancelation using a bootstrapped approach (1993)

An approach for rejecting broadband interference from an unknown direction when received by an array of two sensors is presented. Two configurations of such an approach, termed bootstrapped-based algorithms, are presented. Both configurations perform perfect interference cancellation when the input signal-to-noise ratio is large enough, and do it much faster than the common LMS (least mean square) interference canceler. However, additive noise causes performance degradation to both. It is shown that no general claim can be made about the superiority of one of the configurations with respect to the other. The output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio depends on the spatial separation between the interference and the desired signal, as well as on the interference-to-noise ratio, in a different manner for both configurations. The authors provide guidelines for the choice of one or the other configuration in different scenarios.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Association of Puroindoline Sequence Type and Grain Hardness in Hard Red Spring Wheat (2000)

Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) endosperm texture is a primary determinant of milling and end‐product quality. Friabilin, a marker protein for grain hardness, is composed of two proteins, puroindoline a and b (pinA and pinB, respectively). Hard‐textured wheats have variant alleles consisting of a glycine‐to‐serine change in pinB ( pinB‐D1b ) or the complete absence of pinA ( pinA‐D1b ). Our objectives were to examine the influence of pinA and pinB alterations on grain hardness from populations among elite hard red spring wheat cultivars differing in puroindoline alteration, and to measure associations of grain hardness with kernel weight and grain protein concentration. Fifty F 3:6 progenies from three pinA‐D1b × pinB‐D1b , one pinB‐D1b × pinB‐D1b , and one pinA‐D1b × pinA‐D1b type crosses were evaluated with their parents in two field experiments. Lines classified as pinA‐D1b were significantly harder than lines classified as pinB‐D1b when averaged across the three segregating populations. This difference was significant ( P &lt; 0.05) in one of the three populations. Significant genetic variation existed for grain hardness, protein concentration, and kernel weight within puroindoline classes and among lines from crosses not segregating for pinA‐D1b vs. pinB‐D1b Significant positive correlations were observed in all five populations for grain hardness and protein concentration ( ). Our results indicate that most of the genetic variation in grain hardness among the populations studied was due to factors other than pinA and pinB , as the pinA‐D1b vs. pinB‐D1b difference explained &lt;12% of the variation in grain hardness in these hard wheat populations.
Enhanced TNP-reactive helper T cell activity and its utilization in the induction of amplified tumor immunity that results in tumor regression. (1984)

The present study was designed to investigate the generation of trinitrophenyl (TNP)-reactive helper T cell activity potent enough to induce the regression of a syngeneic tumor; this occurs by augmenting antitumor-specific immunity through T-T cell interaction. Mice whose skin was painted with trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) exhibited a variety of anti-TNP T cell responses, including delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and cytotoxic T cell responses, as well as helper T cell activity. Pretreatment of C3H/He mice with TNP-conjugated copolymer of D-glutamic acid and lysine (TNP-D-GL) or cyclophosphamide, which have been shown, respectively, to inactivate TNP-specific suppressor T cells or suppressor T cells in general, exhibited a slight or marginal augmentation of DTH and cytotoxic potentials when tested 5 wk after TNCB painting. In contrast, the same pretreatment regimens induced an appreciably amplified generation of anti-TNP helper T cell activity. This amplified TNP-helper T cell activity was demonstrated to enhance cytotoxic responses to antigens other than TNP in an antigen-nonspecific way. In fact, such helper T cells enhanced antitumor CTL responses when co-cultured with spleen cells from syngeneic X5563 plasmacytoma-bearing mice in the presence of TNBS-modified X5563 tumor cells. This amplified TNP-helper cell system was utilized for its immunotherapeutic potential. When TNCB was injected into X5563 tumor mass of syngeneic C3H/He mice in which the amplified TNP-helper T cell activity had been generated, an appreciable number of growing tumors was observed to regress. This contrasted with the low incidence of tumor regression observed in mice in which TNP-helper activity had been induced by TNCB painting without inactivation of suppressors. Thus, the present model provides an effective immunotherapeutic manipulation for eliciting enhanced in vivo tumor regression, and emphasizes a role of helper T cells in augmentation of syngeneic tumor immunity.
Pattern control antennas for wireless access systems (2002)

Pattern control antennas are defined as the antennas designed their radiation patterns to enhance the radio channel performance of the systems. In wider meanings, static antenna pattern controls like shaped beams and low sidelobes are included in this category. However, dynamic pattern controls are more effective to improve the radio channel performance, especially in broadband and mobile wireless systems. In this, first the necessity of pattern control antennas is described for the wireless access systems. Second, the candidates of pattern control antennas to satisfy the requirements of the system are presented. Next, practical examples, which are multi-sector beam switching antennas, are introduced and the principal characteristics of the antennas are described.
βTrCP-Mediated Proteolysis of NF-κB1 p105 Requires Phosphorylation of p105 Serines 927 and 932 (2002)

NF-kappaB1 p105 functions both as a precursor of NF-kappaB1 p50 and as a cytoplasmic inhibitor of NF-kappaB. Following the stimulation of cells with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex rapidly phosphorylates NF-kappaB1 p105 on serine 927 in the PEST region. This phosphorylation is essential for TNF-alpha to trigger p105 degradation, which releases the associated Rel/NF-kappaB subunits to translocate into the nucleus and regulate target gene transcription. Serine 927 resides in a conserved motif (Asp-Ser(927)-Gly-Val-Glu-Thr-Ser(932)) homologous to the IKK target sequence in IkappaBalpha. In this study, TNF-alpha-induced p105 proteolysis was revealed to additionally require the phosphorylation of serine 932. Experiments with IKK1(-/-) and IKK2(-/-) double knockout embryonic fibroblasts demonstrate that the IKK complex is essential for TNF-alpha to stimulate phosphorylation on p105 serines 927 and 932. Furthermore, purified IKK1 and IKK2 can each phosphorylate a glutathione S-transferase-p105(758-967) fusion protein on both regulatory serines in vitro. IKK-mediated p105 phosphorylation generates a binding site for betaTrCP, the receptor subunit of an SCF-type ubiquitin E3 ligase, and depletion of betaTrCP by RNA interference blocks TNF-alpha-induced p105 ubiquitination and proteolysis. Phosphopeptide competition experiments indicate that betaTrCP binds p105 more effectively when both serines 927 and 932 are phosphorylated. Interestingly, however, betaTrCP affinity for the IKK-phosphorylated sequence on p105 is substantially lower than that on IkappaBalpha. Thus, it appears that reduced p105 recruitment of betaTrCP and subsequent ubiquitination may contribute to delayed p105 proteolysis after TNF-alpha stimulation relative to that for IkappaBalpha.
Contrasting Effects of Cyclosporine and Rapamycin in De Novo Generation of Alloantigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells (2007)

The outcome of T-cell-mediated responses, immunity or tolerance, critically depends on the balance of cytopathic versus regulatory T (T(reg)) cells. In the creation of stable tolerance to MHC incompatible allografts, reducing the unusually large mass of donor-reactive cytopathic T effector (T(eff)) cells via apoptosis is often required. Cyclosporine (CsA) blocks activation-induced cell death (AICD) of T(eff) cells, and is detrimental to tolerance induction by costimulation blockade, whereas Rapamycin (RPM) preserves AICD, and augments the potential of costimulation blockade to create tolerance. While differences between CsA and RPM in influencing apoptosis of activated graft-destructive T(eff) cells are apparent, their effects on graft-protective T(reg) cells remain enigmatic. Moreover, it is unclear whether tolerizing regimens foster conversion of naïve peripheral T cells into alloantigen-specific T(reg) cells for graft protection. Here we show, using reporter mice for T(reg) marker Foxp3, that RPM promotes de novo conversion of alloantigen-specific T(reg) cells, whereas CsA completely inhibits this process. Upon transfer, in vivo converted T(reg) cells potently suppress the rejection of donor but not third party skin grafts. Thus, the differential effects of RPM and CsA on T(eff) and T(reg) cells favor the use of RPM in shifting the balance of aggressive to protective type alloimmunity.
Use of probiotics to control furunculosis in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) (2002)

Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria were isolated from the intestinal contents of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar , rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss , and turbot, Scophthalmus maximus , on tryptone soya agar and De Man Rogosa and Sharpe agar, of which 11 of 177 (6% of the total) of the isolates were antagonistic to Aeromonas salmonicida . Four of these cultures, which were identified tentatively as A. hydrophila , Vibrio fluvialis , Carnobacterium sp. and an unidentified Gram‐positive coccus, were beneficial to fish when fed singly or as an equi‐mixture. Feed supplemented with the putative probiotics indicated survival of the organisms in the gastrointestinal tract for 7 days. Feeding with the probiotics for 7 and 14 days led to better survival following challenge with A. salmonicida . There was no indication of serum or mucus antibodies to A. salmonicida , but there was an increased number of erythrocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes and leucocytes, and enhanced lysozyme activity in the fish.
Isolation of a src homology 2-containing tyrosine phosphatase. (1992)

Tyrosine phosphorylation is controlled by the opposing actions of tyrosine kinases and phosphotyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). src homology 2 domains (SH2) are found in several types of signaling proteins, including some tyrosine kinases. These domains bind phosphotyrosyl proteins and thus help promote signal transduction. Using mixed oligonucleotide-directed polymerase chain reactions, two previously undescribed rat PTP cDNA fragments were generated. Through subsequent screening of rat megakaryocyte and human erythroleukemia libraries, we obtained a full-length coding sequence for one of these fragments. This cDNA, SH-PTP1, encodes a tyrosine phosphatase containing two highly conserved SH2 domains. SH-PTP1, with a 2.4-kilobase mRNA, a predicted open reading frame of 595 amino acids, and a structure suggesting a nontransmembrane protein, is expressed primarily in hematopoietic and epithelial cells. When expressed in Escherichia coli, SH-PTP1 possesses PTP activity. The structure of SH-PTP1 establishes an additional branch of the tyrosine phosphatase family and suggests mechanisms through which tyrosine phosphatases might participate in signal transduction pathways.
Percutaneous Endoscopic Implantation of Automatic Implantable Cardioverter/Defibrillator (AICD): An Animal Study of a New Nonthoracotomy Technique (1992)

The Automatic Implantable Cardioverter/Defibrillator (AICD) prevents death due to malignant ventricular arrhythmias but requires thoracotomy for the implantation of the preferred two-patch lead system. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a new percutaneous endoscopic method of the AICD lead implantation without the need for open chest surgery. A high resolution video endoscopy system and currently available endoscopic instrumentation were used to develop pleural-pericardial dissection technique in 7 pigs and to endoscopically implant custom-made AICD patches in 20 pigs. An examining 10 mm rigid endoscope inserted in the 6th intercostal space in the anterior axillary line provided direct visual control for endoscopic dissection of the parietal pleura from the pericardium, delivery, and implantation of the AICD patches. This was successfully carried out through two trocars (10 and 11 mm) inserted into the pleural-pericardial space via the subxyphoid approach in 18 of 20 pigs. Effective patch positioning was confirmed by attaining a defibrillation threshold of 20J or less in 13 pigs. Of those, three required lead polarity reversal, and three others required lead repositioning to lower defibrillation thresholds to 20J or less. In three pigs, defibrillation thresholds of 30J or higher were required. Defibrillation was unsuccessful in two pigs due to patch malfunction. The authors conclude that percutaneous endoscopy is a feasible method of AICD lead implantation.
The Centromere Paradox: Stable Inheritance with Rapidly Evolving DNA (2001)

Every eukaryotic chromosome has a centromere, the locus responsible for poleward movement at mitosis and meiosis. Although conventional loci are specified by their DNA sequences, current evidence favors a chromatin-based inheritance mechanism for centromeres. The chromosome segregation machinery is highly conserved across all eukaryotes, but the DNA and protein components specific to centromeric chromatin are evolving rapidly. Incompatibilities between rapidly evolving centromeric components may be responsible for both the organization of centromeric regions and the reproductive isolation of emerging species.
The synthesis of ‘difficult’ peptides using 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl or pseudoproline amino acid building blocks: a comparative study (1999)

A comparative study has been undertaken between Hmb-protected amino acid and pseudoproline building block analogues for use in the solid phase synthesis of 'difficult' peptides. Both of these derivatives act by blocking inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding, which has been shown to be a major cause of poor synthesis/quality/efficiency. While the two were shown to result in substantial improvements in the purity of crude peptides, pseudoproline incorporation was found to be superior to Hmb backbone protection. This was due to slow and incomplete coupling of the amino acid immediately following the Hmb amino acid.
Comparison of Cellular Uptake Using 22 CPPs in 4 Different Cell Lines (2008)

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides able to penetrate cell membranes and translocate different cargoes into cells. Although recently the topic of many research articles, to our best knowledge no single systematic study of CPPs has been carried out as yet, meaning information can only by gathered piece by piece from different sources. We therefore decided to start analytical screening of CPP specificity in cell lines. We used 22 different CPPs, which have all been published before, and present the first analytical screen in 4 selected cell lines (MDCK, HEK293, HeLa, and Cos-7). Furthermore, we examined the influence of different conditions, such as protease inhibitors, incubation conditions, endocytosis inhibitors, temperature, and cytotoxicity. We clearly demonstrate that the 22 CPPs can be classified into 3 groups based on their internalization properties, even after trypsinization. Moreover, we show that additional agents, which should increase cellular uptake or dissolve endosomal/lysosomal entrapped CPPs, only have low effects. Our intensive screening under standardized conditions provides the opportunity to compare cellular uptake of CPPs, an important step for the use of CPPs as peptidic vectors in the medical field.
The herpes simplex virus type 1 strain 17 open reading frame RL1 encodes a polypeptide of apparent Mr 37K equivalent to ICP34.5 of herpes simplex virus type 1 strain F (1993)

The region between the 'a' sequence and the 5' end of the IE1 gene within the long repeat sequence of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) genome plays an important role in the neurovirulence of both HSV-1 strain F and HSV-1 strain 17. However, there has been controversy over the protein-coding potential of this region. Although an open reading frame (ORF) was predicted in HSV-1(F) and shown to encode a polypeptide called ICP34.5, only recently has a corresponding ORF, designated RL1, been recognized in HSV-1(17). To determine whether the HSV-1(17) ORF is expressed, we raised antipeptide sera against predicted amino acid sequences from RL1; one serum specifically recognized a 37K protein in HSV-1(17)-infected cell extracts. Compared with the corresponding HSV-1(F) polypeptide the HSV-1(17) protein has a lower apparent M(r), shows similar kinetics of accumulation and intracellular localization but may accumulate to lower levels than the HSV-1(F) protein. The non-neurovirulent HSV-1(17) deletion variant 1716 fails to synthesize detectable levels of ICP34.5. Thus we have established that HSV-1(17), like HSV-1(F), expresses ICP34.5, a protein important for HSV neurovirulence.
Capillary Water Provision System for Irrigation (2015)

Water provision system using capillary action is a restoration propagation operation. The capillary action occurs due to the combined effect of three phenomena's namely cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension. This is a low cost approach to supply an efficient and continuous source of moisture to plants. A variety of materials can be used to construct this system. In this study, a system has been designed and water is allowed to reach the root of plants through capillary action. For the betterment of water transfer, a porous material is embedded into the system. Using this system water can be provided to a certain height without the aid of mechanical devices like motor and pump. This method can be used to provide water to small plants and also to large plants in their initial growing stages. This largely helps in reducing wastage of water and helps in efficient use of water especially in water scarce regions. This system can be modified for more applications in the future.
Passive mode-locking in 1.3 μm two-section InAs quantum dot lasers (2001)

Passive mode locking was achieved at 1.3 μm in oxide-confined, two-section, bistable quantum dot (QD) lasers with an integrated intracavity QD saturable absorber. Fully mode-locked pulses at a repetition rate of 7.4 GHz with a duration of 17 ps were observed under appropriate bias conditions. No self-pulsation accompanied the mode locking. These results suggest that a carefully designed QD laser is a candidate for ultrashort pulse generation.
Fibre Channel (FC) Frame Encapsulation (2003)

This document describes the common Fibre Channel (FC) frame encapsulation format and a procedure for the measurement and calculation of frame transit time through the IP network.This specification is intended for use by any IETF protocol that encapsulates FC frames.
Regulation of the Amiloride-sensitive Epithelial Sodium Channel by Syntaxin 1A (1999)

The first step in transepithelial sodium absorption lies at the apical membrane where the amiloride-sensitive, epithelial sodium channel, ENaC, facilitates sodium entry into the cell. Here we report that the vesicle traffic regulatory (SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor)) protein, syntaxin 1A (S1A), inhibits ENaC mediated sodium entry. This inhibitory effect is selective for S1A and is not reproduced by syntaxin 3. The inhibition does not require the membrane anchoring domain of syntaxin 1A. It was reversed by the S1A-binding protein, Munc-18, but not by a Munc-18 mutant, which lacks syntaxin affinity. Immunostaining of epitope-tagged ENaC subunits showed that syntaxin 1A decreases ENaC current by reducing the number of ENaC channels in the plasma membrane; S1A does not interfere with ENaC protein expression. Immunoprecipitation of syntaxin 1A from the sodium-transporting epithelial cell line, A6, co-precipitates ENaC. These findings indicate that syntaxin 1A and other members of the SNARE machinery are involved in the control of plasma membrane ENaC content, and they suggest that SNARE proteins participate in the regulation of sodium absorption in relation to agonist mediated vesicle insertion-retrieval processes.