gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Self-Activation of Poly(methylenelactide) through Neighboring-Group Effects: A Sophisticated Type of Reactive Polymer (2015)

The present work reports on a reinvestigation of a radical polymerizable lactide derivative since the polymerization properties were only poorly studied in the first publication in 1969. The optically active methylenelactide was polymerized by free radical polymerization in solution using AIBN as an initiator and resulted in isotactic-biased atactic optically active poly(methylenelactide) according to 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopies and specific rotation angle measurements [α]20D = −38.5 ± 0.5°. The molecular weights range between 4 × 104 and 1 × 105 g mol–1 with dispersities of ca. D = 2.5 and a detected glass transition temperature of 244 °C. IR spectra of the polymers indicate different ester reactivities (νa = 1779 cm–1, νb = 1755 cm–1) that can be referred to as neighboring-group effects. These highly activated esters react readily with nucleophiles in polymer analogous reactions. Thus, the aminolysis of poly(methylenelactide) was performed under mild conditions with varied amines. In the case of aminolysis with tetrahydrofurfurylamine, a nonstable cloud point in water was observed.
Silk from a sow's ear (1996)

In its current implementation, the World-Wide Web lacks much of the explicit structure and strong typing found in many closed hypertext systems.
Generation of a nicking enzyme that stimulates site-specific gene conversion from the I-AniI LAGLIDADG homing endonuclease (2009)

Homing endonucleases stimulate gene conversion by generating site-specific DNA double-strand breaks that are repaired by homologous recombination. These enzymes are potentially valuable tools for targeted gene correction and genome engineering. We have engineered a variant of the I-AniI homing endonuclease that nicks its cognate target site. This variant contains a mutation of a basic residue essential for proton transfer and solvent activation in one active site. The cleavage mechanism, DNA-binding affinity, and substrate specificity profile of the nickase are similar to the wild-type enzyme. I-AniI nickase stimulates targeted gene correction in human cells, in cis and in trans, at approximately 1/4 the efficiency of the wild-type enzyme. The development of sequence-specific nicking enzymes like the I-AniI nickase will facilitate comparative analyses of DNA repair and mutagenesis induced by single- or double-strand breaks.
GPU Gems 3 (2007)

The GPU Gems series features a collection of the most essential algorithms required by Next-Generation 3D Engines.Martin Mittring, Lead Graphics Programmer, CrytekThis third volume of the best-selling GPU Gems series provides a snapshot of todays latest Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) programming techniques. The programmability of modern GPUs allows developers to not only distinguish themselves from one another but also to use this awesome processing power for non-graphics applications, such as physics simulation, financial analysis, and even virus detectionparticularly with the CUDA architecture. Graphics remains the leading application for GPUs, and readers will find that the latest algorithms create ultra-realistic characters, better lighting, and post-rendering compositing effects. Major topics includeGeometryLight and ShadowsRenderingImage EffectsPhysics SimulationGPU ComputingContributors are from the following corporations and universities:3DfactoAdobe SystemsAppleBudapest University of Technology and EconomicsCGGVeritasThe Chinese University of Hong KongCornell UniversityCrytekCzech Technical University in PragueDartmouth CollegeDigital Illusions Creative EntertainmentEindhoven University of TechnologyElectronic ArtsHavokHelsinki University of TechnologyImperial College LondonInfinity WardJuniper NetworksLaBRIINRIA, University of Bordeauxmental imagesMicrosoft ResearchMove InteractiveNCsoft CorporationNVIDIA CorporationPerpetual EntertainmentPlaylogic Game FactoryPolytimeRainbow StudiosSEGA CorporationUFRGS (Brazil)Ulm UniversityUniversity of California, DavisUniversity of Central FloridaUniversity of CopenhagenUniversity of GironaUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUniversity of North Carolina Chapel HillUniversity of TokyoUniversity of WaterlooSection Editors include NVIDIA engineers: Cyril Zeller, Evan Hart, Ignacio Castao, Kevin Bjorke, Kevin Myers, and Nolan Goodnight.The accompanying DVD includes complementary examples and sample programs.
A natural aristocracy (1995)

One concrete way of measuring the extent to which people affiliated with different social groups are full and equal members of this nation is to ask whether a person associated with that group could plausibly be elevated to the highest office in the land. The added difficulties, solely on the basis of race or gender, that an African-American or female presidential candidate faces, regardless of that person's talents, are a testament to the extent to which this society is still marked by racism and sexism. One might take some minimal comfort, though, in recognizing that their difficulties are the consequence of social biases rather than formal legal barriers, for the very point of the passage quoted above from Article II of the Constitution is to declare in effect that any native-born American over thirty five years of age who has resided in the United States for fourteen years is eligible to serve as President.z It thus exemplifies-by being inclusivewhat is among the best aspects of the American political tradition. Yet the clause also illustrates one of the least admirable parts of that tradition.3 The reason, therefore, that I choose this provision as my least favorite part of the Constitution is that, with one now-meaningless exception-persons who were citizens
A low profile vibro-impacting energy harvester with symmetrical stops (2010)

This paper reports on an investigation into the use of a vibro-impact approach to construct a relatively broadband kinetic energy harvester. Potentially, the vibro-impacting process may be exploited as an autotuning mechanism for energy harvesting in an environment where the source vibration spectrum varies in time, such as an aircraft in flight. The energy harvester examined in this paper is based on a vibro-impacting oscillator with double-sided, symmetrical, piezoelectric bimorph-stops. The energy harvester operates in the frequency range of 100–113 Hz and has a (non-optimized) maximum energy of 5.3 mW from an rms host vibration of 450 mG.
Transposition of Protein Sequences: Circular Permutation of Ribonuclease T1 (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTransposition of Protein Sequences: Circular Permutation of Ribonuclease T1Leisha S. Mullins, Katherine Wesseling, Jane M. Kuo, James B. Garrett, and Frank M. RaushelCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 13, 5529–5533Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00092a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00092a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views85Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Phase encoding of shot records in prestack migration (1999)

Abstract Frequency-domain shot-record migration can produce higher quality images than Kirchhoff migration but typically at a greater cost. The computing cost of shot-record migration is the product of the number of shots in the survey and the expense of each individual migration. Many attempts to reduce this cost have focused on the speed of the individual migrations, trying to achieve a better trade-off between accuracy and speed. Another approach is to reduce the number of migrations. We investigate the simultaneous migration of shot records using frequency-domain shot-record migration algorithms. The difficulty with this approach is the production of so-called crossterms between unrelated shot and receiver wavefields, which generate unwanted artifacts or noise in the final image. To reduce these artifacts and obtain an image comparable in quality to the single-shot-per-migration result, we have introduced a process called phase encoding, which shifts or disperses these crossterms. The process of phase encoding thus allows one to trade S/N ratio for the speed of migrating the entire survey. Several encoding functions and two application strategies have been tested. The first strategy, combining multiple shots per migration and using each shot only once, reduces computation in direct relation to the number of shots combined. The second strategy, performing multiple migrations of all the shots in the survey, provides a means to reduce the crossterm noise by stacking the resulting images. The additional noise in both strategies may be tolerated if it is no stronger than the inherent seismic noise in the migrated image and if the final image is achieved with less cost.
Sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins A, B, and E using signal amplification via enzyme-linked coagulation assay (1993)

A new immunoassay amplification method has been applied to the measurement of toxins A, B, and E from Clostridium botulinum. The technique is a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which relies on the detection of sandwich complexes on microtiter plates by a solid-phase coagulation assay known as ELCA, or enzyme-linked coagulation assay. In the method, a coagulation activating enzyme (RVV-XA) isolated from the venom of Russell's viper is conjugated to affinity-purified horse antibodies specific for toxin type A, B, or E. Plates are coated with affinity-purified antibodies, and standard captag (capture-tag) protocols using labeled antibody are employed to bind the toxin from solution. Complexes are detected by adding a modified plasma substrate which contains all the coagulation factors mixed with alkaline phosphatase-labeled fibrinogen and solid-phase fibrinogen; deposition of solid-phase, enzyme-labeled fibrin on the solid phase is then a reflection of formation of toxin-RVV-XA-antibody complexes on the solid phase. Because of the ability to detect RVV-XA by this coagulation assay at concentrations < 0.1 pg/ml, it was possible to measure C. botulinum toxins A, B, and E at mouse bioassay levels (< 10 pg/ml, or < 0.07 pM) for both purified neurotoxin and crude culture filtrates obtained from strains known to produce appropriate single toxins. ELISA-ELCA should be applicable to measurement of toxins in most of the materials (contaminated food, blood, and excreta) for which the comparably sensitive mouse bioassay is currently employed. This method has the potential of broad application to the measurement of low concentrations of any antigen for which appropriate immunochemical reagents are available, in a color test format.
Inhibition of Siah2 ubiquitin ligase by vitamin K3 (menadione) attenuates hypoxia and MAPK signaling and blocks melanoma tumorigenesis (2009)

The E3 ubiquitin ligase Siah2 has been implicated in the regulation of the hypoxia response, as well as in the control of Ras, JNK/p38/NF-kappaB signaling pathways. Both Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and hypoxia pathways are important for melanoma development and progression, pointing to the possible use of Siah2 as target for treatment of this tumor type. In the present study, we have established a high-throughput electro-chemiluninescent-based assay in order to screen and identify inhibitors of Siah2 ubiquitin ligase activity. Of 1840 compounds screened, we identified and characterized menadione (MEN) as a specific inhibitor of Siah2 ligase activity. MEN attenuated Siah2 self-ubiquitination, and increased expression of its substrates PHD3 and Sprouty2, with concomitant decrease in levels of HIF-1alpha and pERK, the respective downstream effectors. MEN treatment no longer affected PHD3 or Sprouty2 in Siah-KO cells, pointing to its Siah-dependent effects. Further, MEN inhibition of Siah2 was not attenuated by free radical scavenger, suggesting it is ROS-independent. Significantly, growth of xenograft melanoma tumors was inhibited following the administration of MEN or its derivative. These findings reveal an efficient platform for the identification of Siah inhibitors while identifying and characterizing MEN as Siah inhibitor that attenuates hypoxia and MAPK signaling, and inhibits melanoma tumorigenesis.
Direct Electrodeposition of Cu2Sb for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes (2008)

We describe the direct single potential electrodeposition of crystalline Cu2Sb, a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries, from aqueous solutions at room temperature. The use of citric acid as a complexing agent increases the solubility of antimony salts and shifts the reduction potentials of copper and antimony toward each other, enabling the direct deposition of the intermetallic compound at pH 6. Electrodeposition of Cu2Sb directly onto conducting substrates represents a facile synthetic method for the synthesis of high quality samples with excellent electrical contact to a substrate, which is critical for further battery testing.
Hair follicle predetermination (2001)

Recent genetic and molecular studies of hair follicle (HF) biology have provided substantial insight; however, the molecular data, including expression patterns, cannot be properly appreciated without an understanding of the basic cellular rearrangements and interactions that underpin HF cyclic transformations. We present a novel interpretation of the major cellular processes that take place during HF cycling--the hypothesis of hair follicle predetermination. This hypothesis is an extension of previous models of HF cellular kinetics but has two critical modifications: the dual origin of the cycling portion of the HF, and the timing of the recruitment of stem cells. A compilation of evidence suggests that the ascending portion of the HF (hair shaft and inner root sheath) arises not from bulge-located HF stem cells that contribute to the formation of only the outer root sheath (ORS), but instead from the germinative cells localized in the secondary hair germ. In middle anagen, upon completion of the downward growth of the HF, cells derived from the bulge region migrate downward along the ORS to reside at the periphery of the HF bulb as a distinct, inactive cell population that has specific patterns of gene expression - 'the lateral disc'. These cells survive catagen-associated apoptosis and, under the direct influence of the follicular papilla (FP), transform into the hair germ and acquire the ability to respond to FP signaling and produce a new hair. Thus, we propose that the specific sensitivity of germ cells to FP signaling and their commitment to produce the ascending HF layers are predetermined by the previous hair cycle during the process of transformation of bulge-derived lateral disc cells into the secondary hair germ.
INTRAPARTICLE CONVECTION, DIFFUSION AND ZERO ORDER REACTION IN POROUS CATALYSTS (1984)

Abstract An assessment is made of the influence of convective effects in the behaviour of calalyst pellets with large pores Concentration profiles and effectiveness factors are calculated for zero order reactions in isothermal regimes using a model which involves convective transport as well as diffusion and reaction processes in the pellet Errors made in current reactor design are discussed. A predictive method for calculating the intraparticle fluid velocity in industrial cases is reported. Finally, the analysis is applied to the design of biological reactors.
Multilevel bipolar high voltage pulse source - interlock dead time reduction (2004)

In the paper, a distinctive method of generating high voltage pulses with high du/dt is investigated. The power stage of the proposed source consists of eight individual sources that can be arbitrarily connected in series to obtain the desired magnitude and a one-phase transistor bridge for the selection of the output pulse polarity. A special emphasis is put on the reduction of an interlock dead time when generating bipolar pulses.
1.3‐Dipolare Cycloadditionen, XXXII. Kinetik der Additionen organischer Azide an CC‐Mehrfachbindungen (1967)

Abstract Die IR‐spektrophotometrisch gemessenen Additionskonstanten des Phenylazids an 27 olefinische und 4 acetylenische Dipolarophile bei 25° liegen im Bereich von 7 Zehnerpotenzen; das Zusammenspiel elektronischer und sterischer Substituenteneffekte beim Dipolarophil wird diskutiert. — Kernsubstituierte Phenylazide befolgen in ihren Additionsgeschwindigkeiten die Hammett ‐Gleichung, wobei der ρ‐Wert vom Dipolarophil abhängt: Maleinsäureanhydrid −1.1, N ‐Phenyl‐maleinimid −0.8, Norbornen +0.88, Cyclopenten +0.9, 1‐Pyrrolidino‐cyclohexen +2.5. − Die für vier Azid‐Cycloadditionen ermittelten Aktivierungsentropien betragen −26 bis −36 Clausius. Die Additionskonstante des Phenylazids an Pyrrolidino‐cyclopenten hängt nur wenig von der Solvenspolarität ab. All diese Daten weisen auf eine Mehrzentren‐Cycloaddition der organischen Azide.
Thin microelectrodes reduce GFAP expression in the implant site in rodent somatosensory cortex (2007)

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that neural implants with reduced cross-sectional areas will have less glial scarring associated with implantation injury in long-term experiments. In this study, we implanted nine adult rats with two different implants of 12 microm (n = 6), and 25 microm (n = 6) diameters (cross-sectional areas of 68 microm(2), 232 microm(2) respectively) and the expression of glial fibrilliary acidic protein (GFAP) was assessed after 2 weeks and 4 weeks of implantation. In order to facilitate implantation, the 12 microm diameter implants were coated with poly-glycolic acid (PGA), a biodegradable polymer that degraded within minutes of implantation. In n = 3 animals, 25 microm diameter implants also coated with PGA were implanted and assessed for GFAP expression at the end of 4 weeks of implantation. Statistical analysis of the GFAP expression around the different implants demonstrated that after 2 weeks of implantation there is no statistically significant difference in GFAP expression between the 12 microm and the 25 microm diameter implants. However, after 4 weeks of implantation the implant site of 12 microm diameter implants exhibited a statistically significant reduction in GFAP expression when compared to the implant sites of the 25 microm diameter implants (both with and without the PGA coating). We conclude that in neural implants that are tethered to the skull, implant cross-sectional areas of 68 microm(2) and smaller could lead to a reduced glial scarring under chronic conditions. Future studies with longer implant durations can confirm if this observation remains consistent beyond 4 weeks.
Total synthesis of (+)-calyculin A (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTotal synthesis of (+)-calyculin ADavid A. Evans, James R. Gage, and James L. LeightonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 24, 9434–9453Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00050a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00050a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4764Altmetric-Citations256LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Preparation and Properties of a Novel Heterocyclic Dispiro Compound, 3,10-Diaza-N,N-dimethyldispiro[5.0.5.3]pentadeca-1,4,8,11-tetraene (1996)

Abstract Two-electron reduction of 4,4′-(1,3-propanediyl)bis(N-methylpyridinium) dibromide with sodium amalgam in degassed solvent affords the titled compound, which is characterized by means of NMR, mass, ESR, and UV-vis absorption spectroscopies. Under deoxygenated conditions, the dispiro compound is stable for a long time at room temperature, but undergoes a decomposition reaction at high temperatures above 200 °C to give several degradation products.
SLC2A9 Is a High-Capacity Urate Transporter in Humans (2008)

This study provides evidence that SLC2A9 splice variants act as high-capacity urate transporters and is one of the first functional characterisations of findings from genome-wide association scans. We did not find an association of the SLC2A9 gene with blood pressure in this study. Our findings suggest potential pathogenic mechanisms that could offer a new drug target for gout.
A real time pipeline interleaving approach for image/video signal processing (2002)

A highly efficient pipelining processing approach for real-time image/video signal processing, called pipeline interleaving, is described. Image data from standard raster scan video input are distributed into local memory of processors in the way that the computation phase can be interleaved within the loading phase and pipelining can be fully exploited. Communication is minimized by using an overlap-save scheme. Two pipeline interleaving schemes for image/video processing are proposed. Scheme I can only use a small number of processing elements (PEs) to obtain moderate processing speed (10/sup 2/ approximately 10/sup 3/ MOPS). Scheme II can achieve an order of magnitude higher computation speed (>10/sup 3/ MOPS) by using more PEs. The structured mapping of several classes of algorithms for image/video processing onto the pipeline interleaved array architecture is discussed. The necessary real-time processing requirements for array size, memory, allocation, and computation complexity are derived. An implementation example of pipeline interleaving schemes on NEC video/image signal processors (40 MHz rate) is briefly discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>