gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intracorporal injection ofhSlocDNA in rats produces physiologically relevant alterations in penile function (1998)

The Ca2+-sensitive K+ channel (maxi-K+) is an important modulator of corporal smooth muscle tone. The goal of these studies was twofold: 1) to determine the feasibility of transfecting corporal smooth muscle cells in vivo with the hSlo cDNA, which encodes for the human smooth muscle maxi-K+ channel, and 2) to determine whether transfection of the maxi-K+ channel would affect the physiological response to cavernous nerve stimulation in a rat model in vivo. Intracorporal microinjection of pCMVbeta/Lac Z DNA in 10-wk-old rats resulted in significant incorporation and expression of beta-galactosidase activity in 10 of 12 injected animals for up to 75 days postinjection. Moreover, electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve revealed that, relative to the responses obtained in age-matched control animals (N = 12), intracavernous injection of naked pcDNA/hSlo DNA was associated with a statistically significant elevation in the mean amplitude of the intracavernous pressure response at all levels of current stimulation (range 0.5-10 mA) at both 1 mo (N = 5) and 2 mo (N = 8) postinjection. Furthermore, qualitatively similar observations were made at 3 mo (N = 2) and 4 mo (N = 2) postinjection. These data indicate that naked hSlo DNA is quite easily incorporated into corporal smooth muscle and, furthermore, that expression is sustained for at least 2 mo in corporal smooth muscle cells in vivo. Finally, after expression, hSlo is capable of measurably altering nerve-stimulated penile erection. Taken together, these data provide compelling evidence for the potential utility of gene therapy in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
Growth of tips in the directions normal to close-packed faces by heating in the presence of an electric field (1974)

The behaviour of tungsten tips heated in the presence of a high electric field is investigated by means of the field emission microscope. The latter operated both as a field electron and field ion microscope. At T > 2000 °K and F > 3 × 107 V/cm growth of {110} type faces in the direction of surface normals was observed. It manifested itself as outgrowths on these faces, the dimensions of which were comparable to the tip radius. The large size of the central {110}-face, a large curvature in the 〈110〉 crystallographic zone region, and a terrace- or ledgeform - were typical features of the macroscopical outgrowths on the {110}-plane. The macroscopical outgrowths take the annealing form after heating without field or the field evaporation endform after cold field evaporation. Das Verhalten von Wolframspitzen beim Erhitzen in einem starken elektrischen Feld wurde mit Hilfe des Feldemissionsmikroskops (bei Betrieb sowohl mit Feldelektronen als auch mit Feldionen) untersucht. Das Wachstum der {110}-Flächen in Richtung der Flächennormale wurde bei T > 2000 °K und F > 3 × 107 V/cm beobachtet. Diese Flächen zeigten Auswüchse, deren Größe mit dem Spitzenradius vergleichbar war. Typisch für diese makroskopischen Auswüchse auf der {110}-Fläche sind die große {110}-Zentralfläche, die starke Krümmung im Gebiet der kristallographischen 〈110〉-Zonen und die Ausbildung von Terrassen. Die makroskopischen Auswüchse nahmen die Temperungsform bei Erhitzung ohne Feld an oder die Feldverdampfungsendform bei kalter Feldverdampfung.
The gem5 simulator (2011)

The gem5 simulation infrastructure is the merger of the best aspects of the M5 [4] and GEMS [9] simulators. M5 provides a highly configurable simulation framework, multiple ISAs, and diverse CPU models. GEMS complements these features with a detailed and exible memory system, including support for multiple cache coherence protocols and interconnect models. Currently, gem5 supports most commercial ISAs (ARM, ALPHA, MIPS, Power, SPARC, and x86), including booting Linux on three of them (ARM, ALPHA, and x86). The project is the result of the combined efforts of many academic and industrial institutions, including AMD, ARM, HP, MIPS, Princeton, MIT, and the Universities of Michigan, Texas, and Wisconsin. Over the past ten years, M5 and GEMS have been used in hundreds of publications and have been downloaded tens of thousands of times. The high level of collaboration on the gem5 project, combined with the previous success of the component parts and a liberal BSD-like license, make gem5 a valuable full-system simulation tool.
Primary structure of NuMA, an intranuclear protein that defines a novel pathway for segregation of proteins at mitosis. (1992)

From a collection of monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to various parts of the mitotic apparatus in human cells (1991. J. Cell Biol. 112: 1083-1097), two (1F1 and 1H1) recognize a greater than 200-kD intranuclear protein that associates with the spindle immediately upon nuclear envelope breakdown and progresses down the spindle microtubules to concentrate ultimately at the pericentrosomal region. At the completion of anaphase this protein dissociates from the spindle microtubules and is imported into the regenerating nuclei through the nuclear pores. Overlapping cDNA clones that span the entire length of the corresponding 7.2-kb mRNA reveal an encoded polypeptide of 236,278 D that is predicted to contain two globular domains separated by a discontinuous alpha-helix with characteristics for adopting a coiled-coil structure. The corresponding gene is highly conserved but neither the DNA sequence nor the predicted amino acid sequence shows significant homology to any previously reported. Since the cDNA also encodes the epitopes recognized by antibodies specific for two previously described proteins, NuMA and centrophilin, and all three show similar molecular weights and localization during the cell cycle, NuMA, centrophilin, and the 1F1/1H1 antigen represent either the same protein or a family of proteins, for which the original name, NuMA, seems most appropriate. While the function of NuMA remains uncertain, its unusual pattern of segregation at mitosis defines a novel pathway for the segregation of nuclear proteins during cell division.
Codes With Local Regeneration and Erasure Correction (2014)

Regenerating codes and codes with locality are two coding schemes that have recently been proposed, which in addition to ensuring data collection and reliability, also enable efficient node repair. In a situation where one is attempting to repair a failed node, regenerating codes seek to minimize the amount of data downloaded for node repair, while codes with locality attempt to minimize the number of helper nodes accessed. This paper presents results in two directions. In one, this paper extends the notion of codes with locality so as to permit local recovery of an erased code symbol even in the presence of multiple erasures, by employing local codes having minimum distance >2. An upper bound on the minimum distance of such codes is presented and codes that are optimal with respect to this bound are constructed. The second direction seeks to build codes that combine the advantages of both codes with locality as well as regenerating codes. These codes, termed here as codes with local regeneration, are codes with locality over a vector alphabet, in which the local codes themselves are regenerating codes. We derive an upper bound on the minimum distance of vector-alphabet codes with locality for the case when their constituent local codes have a certain uniform rank accumulation property. This property is possessed by both minimum storage regeneration (MSR) and minimum bandwidth regeneration (MBR) codes. We provide several constructions of codes with local regeneration which achieve this bound, where the local codes are either MSR or MBR codes. Also included in this paper, is an upper bound on the minimum distance of a general vector code with locality as well as the performance comparison of various code constructions of fixed block length and minimum distance.
A scalable method for the generation of small test sets (2009)

This paper presents a scalable method to generate close to minimal size test pattern sets for stuck-at faults in scan based circuits. The method creates sets of potentially compatible faults based on necessary assignments. It guides the justification and propagation decisions to create patterns that will accommodate most targeted faults. The technique presented achieves close to minimal test pattern sets for ISCAS circuits. For industrial circuits it achieves much smaller test pattern sets than other methods in designs sensitive to decision order used in ATPG.
Performance evaluation of a six-axis generalized force-reflecting teleoperator (1991)

Recent work in real-time distributed computation and control has culminated in a prototype force-reflecting telemanipulation system having dissimilar master (cable-driven force-reflecting hand controller) and slave (PUMA 560 robot with custom controller), extremely high sampling rate (1000 Hz), and low loop computation delay (5 ms). In a series of experiments with this system and five trained test operators covering more than 100 h of teleoperation, performance in a series of generic and application-driven tasks with and without force feedback was measured, and with control shared between teleoperation and local sensor referenced control. Measurements defining task performance include 100-Hz recording of six-axis force-torque information, task completion time, and visual observation of predefined task errors. It is shown that all performance measures improved as capability was added along a spectrum of capabilities ranging from pure position control through force-reflecting teleoperation and shared control. Performance was maximal for the barehanded operator.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Effects of Torcetrapib in Patients at High Risk for Coronary Events (2007)

Torcetrapib therapy resulted in an increased risk of mortality and morbidity of unknown mechanism. Although there was evidence of an off-target effect of torcetrapib, we cannot rule out adverse effects related to CETP inhibition. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00134264 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
Separating Succinct Non-Interactive Arguments From All Falsifiable Assumptions. (2010)

An argument system (computationally sound proof) for N P is succinct, if its communication complexity is polylogarithmic the instance and witness sizes. The seminal works of Kilian ’92 and Micali ’94 show that such arguments can be constructed under standard cryptographic hardness assumptions with four rounds of interaction, and that they be made non-interactive in the random-oracle model. The latter construction also gives us some evidence that succinct non-interactive arguments (SNARGs) may exist in the standard model with a common reference string (CRS), by replacing the oracle with a sufficiently complicated hash function whose description goes in the CRS. However, we currently do not know of any construction of SNARGs with a proof of security under any simple cryptographic assumption. In this work, we give a broad black-box separation result, showing that black-box reductions cannot be used to prove the security of any SNARG construction based on any falsifiable cryptographic assumption. This includes essentially all common assumptions used in cryptography (one-way functions, trapdoor permutations, DDH, RSA, LWE etc.). More generally, we say that an assumption is falsifiable if it can be modeled as an interactive game between an adversary and an efficient challenger that can efficiently decide if the adversary won the game. This is similar, in spirit, to the notion of falsifiability of Naor ’03, and captures the fact that we can efficiently check if an adversarial strategy breaks the assumption. Our separation result also extends to designated verifier SNARGs, where the verifier needs a trapdoor associated with the CRS to verify arguments, and slightly succinct SNARGs, whose size is only required to be sublinear in the statement and witness size.
Opiates as Antidepressants (2009)

The pathophysiology of mood disorders involves several genetic and social predisposing factors, as well as a dysregulated response to a chronic stressor, i.e. chronic pain. Our present view that depression involves a dysfunction of the monoaminergic system is a result of important clinical and preclinical observations over the past 40 years. In fact, current pharmacological treatment for depression is based on the use of drugs that act mainly by enhancing brain serotonin and noradrenaline neurotransmission by the blockade of the active reuptake mechanism for these neurotransmitters. However, a substantial number of patients do not respond adequately to antidepressant drugs. In view of this, there is an intense search to identify novel targets (receptors) for antidepressant therapy. Opioid peptides and their receptors are potential candidates for the development of novel antidepressant treatment. In this context, endogenous opioid peptides are co-expressed in brain areas known to play a major role in affective disorders and in the action of antidepressant drugs. The actions of endogenous opioids and opiates are mediated by three receptor subtypes (mu, delta and kappa), which are coupled to different intracellular effector systems. Also, antidepressants which increase the availability of noradrenaline and serotonin through the inhibition of the reuptake of both monoamines lead to the enhancement of the opioid pathway. Tricyclic antidepressants show an analgesic effect in neuropathic and inflammatory pain that is blocked by the opioid antagonist naloxone. A compilation of the most significant studies will illustrate the actual and potential value of the opioid system for clinical research and drug development.
EVAL: Utilizing processors with variation-induced timing errors (2008)

Parameter variation in integrated circuits causes sections of a chip to be slower than others. If, to prevent any resulting timing errors, we design processors for worst-case parameter values, we may lose substantial performance. An alternate approach explored in this paper is to design for closer to nominal values, and provide some transistor budget to tolerate unavoidable variation-induced errors. To assess this approach, this paper first presents a novel framework that shows how microarchitecture techniques can trade off variation-induced errors for power and processor frequency. Then, the paper introduces an effective technique to maximize performance and minimize power in the presence of variation-induced errors, namely High-Dimensional dynamic adaptation. For efficiency, the technique is implemented using a machine-learning algorithm. The results show that our best configuration increases processor frequency by 56% on average, allowing the processor to cycle 21% faster than without variation. Processor performance increases by 40% on average, resulting in a performance that is 14% higher than without variation - at only a 10.6% area cost.
Surviving a Standards War: Lessons Learned from the Life and Death of DIVX (2003)

In April 1997, a consortium of hardware manufacturers and movie studios launched the DVD format. By that fall, electronics retailing giant Circuit City announced its intentions to launch a partially incompatible format known as DIVX. This paper assesses Circuit City’s strategy to establish the dominant standard for digital video technology. We identify several key principles that any firm must consider when deciding how to compete in a market with evolving standards. We argue that virtually all of these factors weighed in against Circuit City, so that its effort was destined to fail.
Ibulocydine Is a Novel Prodrug Cdk Inhibitor That Effectively Induces Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells (2011)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is frequently associated with abnormalities in cell cycle regulation, leading to increased activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) due to the loss, or low expression of, Cdk inhibitors. In this study, we showed that ibulocydine (an isobutyrate prodrug of the specific Cdk inhibitor, BMK-Y101) is a candidate anti-cancer drug for HCC. Ibulocydine has high activity against Cdk7/cyclin H/Mat1 and Cdk9/cyclin T. Ibulocydine inhibited the growth of HCC cells more effectively than other Cdk inhibitors, including olomoucine and roscovitine, whereas ibulocydine as well as the other Cdk inhibitors and BMK-Y101 minimally influenced the growth of normal hepatocyte cells. Ibulocydine induced apoptosis in HCC cells, most likely by inhibiting Cdk7 and Cdk9. In vitro treatment of HCC cells with ibulocydine rapidly blocked phosphorylation of the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II, a process mediated by Cdk7/9. Anti-apoptotic gene products such as Mcl-1, survivin, and X-linked IAP (XIAP) are crucial for the survival of many cell types, including HCC. Following the inhibition of RNA polymerase II phosphorylation, ibulocydine caused rapid down-regulation of Mcl-1, survivin, and XIAP, thus inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, ibulocydine effectively induced apoptosis in HCC xenografts with no toxic side effects. These results suggest that ibulocydine is a strong candidate anti-cancer drug for the treatment of HCC.
Electroporation Gene Therapy: New Developments In Vivo and In Vitro (2004)

Electroporation-based gene therapy has become a "hot field" for non-viral gene delivery. This review summarizes the progress made in intramuscular and intratumoral electrogenetransfer, which include new applications and modifications. The progress in dendritic cell (DC) and stem cell transfection by use of electroporation has also been discussed. Rapid progress during the past two years clearly demonstrates the great potential of this technology, but there are challenges faced by both in vitro and in vivo applications, which include how to enhance the transfection efficiency for intratumoral delivery, how to extend the duration of gene expression for intramuscular injection, and how to increase the survival rate for in vitro cell transfection. Resolving these issues will shed new light on this field.
Force and complexity of tongue task training influences behavioral measures of motor learning (2011)

Relearning of motor skills is important in neurorehabilitation. We investigated the improvement of training success during simple tongue protrusion (two force levels) and a more complex tongue-training paradigm using the Tongue Drive System (TDS). We also compared subject-based reports of fun, pain, fatigue, and motivation between paradigms. Three randomized sessions and one control experiment were performed. Sixteen healthy subjects completed two different 1-h sessions of simple tongue training with 1 N and 3 N, respectively, and one TDS session. After 1 wk, six out of 16 subjects participated as experienced subjects with six naive subjects in a control experiment with 2 × 5-min TDS training separated by a 30-min rest. Performance improved during training in all sessions. The mean ± SEM relative increase in success was 80 ± 12% (1 N), 52 ± 11% (3 N), and 285 ± 45% (TDS). In the control experiment the experienced group performed equal to the last 5 min of their first TDS session and neither group improved during rest. Training with the TDS was rated as more fun, less painful, less fatiguing, and more motivating compared with simple tongue training. In conclusion, force level and complexity of tongue training influences behavioral aspects of tongue motor learning.
Solid and Solution State NMR Spectra and the Structure of the Gallium Citrate Complex (NH4)3[Ga(C6H5O7)2]·4H2O (2001)

A gallium citrate complex (NH4)3[Ga(C6H5O7)2]·4H2O (1) has been isolated from an aqueous mixture of gallium nitrate and citric acid at pH = 9. In the solid state 1 is monomeric and includes the near centrosymmetric ion [Ga(C6H5O7)2]3− in the asymmetric unit, with each tridentate citrate coordinating to gallium through an alkoxide oxygen, an oxygen of the central carboxyl group and an oxygen of a terminal carboxyl group. The second terminal carboxyl group is not bound to the metal centre. The two alkoxide oxygen−gallium distances in the asymmetric unit are significantly shorter than the four carboxyl oxygen−gallium distances, indicating a stronger bond for the former. The number and intensities of the resolved resonances in the solid state 13C MAS/NMR spectrum are consistent with the X-ray structure. In aqueous solution near neutral pH (5.5 to 6.4) the complex partially dissociates to give an equilibrium of the 1:1 and 1:2 gallium/citrate species together with free citrate. Two sets of resonances are observed in both the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of solutions of the complex and these correspond to bound and free citrate; there is no resolution of resonances for the 1:1 and 1:2 species. The relative strength of the alkoxide oxygen−gallium bond in the metal-bound citrate ligand leads to a slow intermolecular chemical exchange situation (rate < ca. 12 s−1) between the bound and free ligand. The carboxylate oxygen−gallium bonds are quite labile and relatively rapid intramolecular chemical exchange occurs (rate > ca. 700 s−1) between the metal-bound and pendant terminal carboxyl groups, averaging their 1H and 13C NMR signals. The diffusion coefficients for the free and complexed citrate measured from the 1H NMR spectra do not appear to be complicated by chemical exchange effects and, as expected, the diffusion coefficient for the complexed ligand is smaller than for the free ligand. In solution in the intermediate pH range (4.8 to 6.4) a new 71Ga signal is observed at ca. δ = 27 (Δν1/2 ≈︁ 10.6 kHz) which is assigned to the gallium citrate complexed species.
Secondary Oil Recovery Using Graphene-Based Amphiphilic Janus Nanosheet Fluid at an Ultralow Concentration (2017)

Nanofluid of graphene-based amphiphilic Janus nanosheets produced high-efficiency tertiary oil recovery at a very low concentration (0.01 wt %). The more attractive way is to use nanofluid during the secondary oil recovery stage, which can eliminate the tertiary stage and save huge amounts of water, especially at times when the price of oil is low. Here, we continue to report our findings on the application of the same nanosheets in secondary oil recovery, which increased oil recovery efficiency by ≤7.5% at an ultralow concentration (0.005 wt %). Compared with nanofluids of homogeneous nanoparticles, our nanofluid achieved a higher efficiency at a much lower concentration. The nanosize dimension of this two-dimensional carbon material improves transport in rock pores. After single-side surface hydrophobization of oxidized graphene with alkylamine, the partial restoration of the graphitic sp2 network was detected by Raman, ultraviolet–visible, etc. The amphiphilic Janus nature of nanosheets led to their unique behavior at toluene–brine interface. Oil immersion testing clearly showed the change in the shape of the droplet. The three-phase contact angle decreased from 150° to 79°, indicating the change in the wettability of the solid surface from oleophilic to oleophobic. On the basis of the measured three-phase contact angles, the interfacial tension in the presence of the nanosheets was further calculated and was lower than the interfacial tension without the nanosheets. These interfacial phenomena can help residual oil detach from the solid surface, which contributes to the improved oil recovery performance.