gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The association of breast mitogens with mammographic densities (2002)

Radiologically dense breast tissue (mammographic density) is strongly associated with risk of breast cancer, but the biological basis for this association is unknown. In this study we have examined the association of circulating levels of hormones and growth factors with mammographic density. A total of 382 subjects, 193 premenopausal and 189 postmenopausal, without previous breast cancer or current hormone use, were selected in each of five categories of breast density from mammography units. Risk factor information, anthropometric measures, and blood samples were obtained, and oestradiol, progesterone, sex hormone binding globulin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I and its principal binding protein, and prolactin measured. Mammograms were digitised and measured using a computer-assisted method. After adjustment for other risk factors, we found in premenopausal women that serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels, and in postmenopausal women, serum levels of prolactin, were both significantly and positively associated with per cent density. Total oestradiol and progesterone levels were unrelated to per cent density in both groups. In postmenopausal women, free oestradiol (negatively), and sex hormone binding globulin (positively), were significantly related to per cent density. These data show an association between blood levels of breast mitogens and mammographic density, and suggest a biological basis for the associated risk of breast cancer.
A Loss of Parvalbumin-Containing Interneurons Is Associated with Diminished Oscillatory Activity in an Animal Model of Schizophrenia (2009)

Decreased GABAergic signaling is among the more robust pathologies observed postmortem in schizophrenia; however, the functional consequences of this deficit are still largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate, in a verified animal model of schizophrenia, that a reduced expression of parvalbumin (PV)-containing interneurons is correlated with a reduction in coordinated neuronal activity during task performance in freely moving rats. More specifically, methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM)-treated rats display a decreased density of parvalbumin-positive interneurons throughout the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and ventral (but not dorsal) subiculum of the hippocampus. Furthermore, the reduction in interneuron functionality is correlated with a significantly reduced gamma-band response to a conditioned tone during a latent inhibition paradigm. Finally, deficits in mPFC and ventral hippocampal oscillatory activity are associated with an impaired behavioral expression of latent inhibition in MAM-treated rats. Thus, we propose that a decrease in intrinsic GABAergic signaling may be responsible, at least in part, for the prefrontal and hippocampal hypofunctionality observed during task performance, which is consistently observed in animal models as well as in schizophrenia in humans. In addition, a deficit in intrinsic GABAergic signaling may be the origin of the hippocampal hyperactivity purported to underlie the dopamine dysfunction in psychosis. Such information is central to gaining a better understanding of the disease pathophysiology and alternate pharmacotherapeutic approaches.
The Role of Cigarette Smoking in the Etiology of Cervical Dysplasia (1994)

We evaluated the effect of smoking on the risk of cervical dysplasia in a large case-control study, obtaining smoking information from a mail questionnaire. We observed higher risks with increasing numbers of cigarettes smoked, but not with longer duration of smoking. The risk for ex-smokers was between those of current smokers and nonsmokers and was lower for women who had stopped more than 10 years ago than for those who had quit more recently. Starting to smoke at an early age did not increase the risk of cervical dysplasia.
Cryopreservation, Culture, and Transplantation of Human Fetal Mesencephalic Tissue into Monkeys (1988)

Studies in animals suggest that fetal neural grafts might restore lost neurological function in Parkinson's disease. In monkeys, such grafts survive for many months and reverse signs of parkinsonism, without attendant graft rejection. The successful and reliable application of a similar transplantation procedure to human patients, however, will require neural tissue obtained from human fetal cadavers, with demonstrated cellular identity, viability, and biological safety. In this report, human fetal neural tissue was successfully grafted into the brains of monkeys. Neural tissue was collected from human fetal cadavers after 9 to 12 weeks of gestation and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Viability after up to 2 months of storage was demonstrated by cell culture and by transplantation into monkeys. Cryopreservation and storage of human fetal neural tissue would allow formation of a tissue bank. The stored cells could then be specifically tested to assure their cellular identity, viability, and bacteriological and virological safety before clinical use. The capacity to collect and maintain viable human fetal neural tissue would also facilitate research efforts to understand the development and function of the human brain and provide opportunities to study neurological diseases.
LIRA: An Approach for Service Differentiation in the Internet (1998)

In this paper, we study the Assured Service model proposed by Clark and Wroclawski [3, 4]. While existing schemes use service profiles that are defined in terms of absolute bandwidth, it is difficult, if not impossible, to design provisioning algorithms that achieve simultaneously good service quality and high resource utilization for such services with large spatial granularities. We propose an Assured Service model, called LIRA (Location Independent Resource Accounting), in which service profiles are defined in units of resource tokens, rather than absolute bandwidth. The number of resource tokens charged for each in-profile packet is a dynamic function of the path it traverses and the congestion level. Defining service profile in terms of resource tokens allows more dynamic and flexible network control algorithms that can simultaneously achieve high utilization and ensure high probability delivery of in-profile packets. We present an integrated set of algorithms that implement the model. Specifically, we leverage the existing routing infrastructure to distribute the path costs to all edge nodes. Since the path cost reflects the congestion level along the path, we use this cost to design dynamic routing and load balancing algorithms. To avoid packet re-ordering within a flow, we devise a lightweight mechanism that binds a flow to a route so that all packets from the flow will traverse the same route. To reduce route oscillation, we probabilistically bind a flow to one of the multiple routes. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. This research was sponsored by DARPA under contract numbers N66001-96-C-8528 and N00174-96-K-0002, and by a NSF Career Award
Effect of IL-11 on glomerular expression of TGF-beta and extracellular matrix in nephrotoxic nephritis in Wistar Kyoto rats (2010)

IL-11 suppresses glomerular expression of TGF-ß1 and extracellular matrix deposition in experimental glomerulonephritis.
Embedded electro-conductive yarn for shape sensing of soft robotic manipulators (2015)

Flexible soft and stiffness-controllable surgical manipulators enhance the manoeuvrability of surgical tools during Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS), as opposed to conventional rigid laparoscopic instruments. These flexible and soft robotic systems allow bending around organs, navigating through complex anatomical pathways inside the human body and interacting inherently safe with its soft environment. Shape sensing in such systems is a challenge and one essential requirement for precise position feedback control of soft robots. This paper builds on our previous work integrating multiple optical fibres into a soft manipulator to estimate the robot's pose using light intensity modulation. Here, we present an enhanced version of our embedded bending/shape sensor based on electro-conductive yarn. The new system is miniaturised and able to measure bending behaviour as well as elongation. The integrated yarn material is helically wrapped around an elastic strap and protected inside a 1.5mm outer-diameter stretchable pipe. Three of these resulting stretch sensors are integrated in the periphery of a pneumatically actuated soft manipulator for direct measurement of the actuation chamber lengths. The capability of the sensing system in measuring the bending curvature and elongation of the arm is evaluated.
A folded-channel MOSFET for deep-sub-tenth micron era (2002)

Deep-sub-tenth micron MOSFETs with gate length down to 20 nm are reported. To improve the short channel effect immunities, a novel folded channel transistor structure is proposed. The quasi-planar nature of this new variant of the vertical double-gate SOI MOSFETs simplified the fabrication process. The special features of the structure are: (1) a transistor is formed in a vertical ultra-thin Si fin and is controlled by a double-gate, which suppresses short channel effects; (2) the two gates are self-aligned and are aligned to the S/D; (3) S/D is raised to reduce the parasitic resistance; (4) new low-temperature gate or ultra-thin gate dielectric materials can be used because they are deposited after the S/D; and (5) the structure is quasi-planar because the Si fins are relatively short.
Helicobacter pylori Stimulates a Mixed Adaptive Immune Response with a Strong T‐Regulatory Component in Human Gastric Mucosa (2007)

The cytokine profile of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa shows a mixed Th1-Th2 profile. Furthermore, a high IL10 expression may indicate that also regulatory T cells play a role in the chronic phase of H. pylori infection.
PointNet++: Deep Hierarchical Feature Learning on Point Sets in a Metric Space (2017)

Few prior works study deep learning on point sets. PointNet by Qi et al. is a pioneer in this direction. However, by design PointNet does not capture local structures induced by the metric space points live in, limiting its ability to recognize fine-grained patterns and generalizability to complex scenes. In this work, we introduce a hierarchical neural network that applies PointNet recursively on a nested partitioning of the input point set. By exploiting metric space distances, our network is able to learn local features with increasing contextual scales. With further observation that point sets are usually sampled with varying densities, which results in greatly decreased performance for networks trained on uniform densities, we propose novel set learning layers to adaptively combine features from multiple scales. Experiments show that our network called PointNet++ is able to learn deep point set features efficiently and robustly. In particular, results significantly better than state-of-the-art have been obtained on challenging benchmarks of 3D point clouds.
Four homologous domains in the primary structure of GrsB are related to domains in a superfamily of adenylate‐forming enzymes (1992)

Summary The entire nucleotide sequence of the Bacillus brevis grsB gene encoding the gramicidin S synthetase 2, which activates and condenses the four amino acids proline, valine, ornithine and leucine has been determined. The gene contains an open reading frame of 13359bp which encodes a protein of 4453 amino acids with a predicted M r of 510287. The gene is located within the gramicidin S biosynthetic operon, also containing the genes grsT and grsA , whose nucleotide sequences have been determined previously. Within the GrsB amino acid sequence four conserved and repeated domains of about 600 amino acids (45–50% identity) have been identified. The four domains are separated by non‐homologous sequences of about 500 amino acids. The domains also share a high degree of similarity (20–70%) with eight peptide synthetases of bacterial and fungal origin as well as with conserved sequences of nine other adenylate‐forming enzymes of diverse origin. On the basis of sequence homology and functional similarities, we infer that those enzymes share a common evolutionary origin and present a phylogenetic tree for this superfamily of domain‐bearing enzymes.
Elicitor-inducible and constitutive in vivo DNA footprints indicate novel cis-acting elements in the promoter of a parsley gene encoding pathogenesis-related protein 1. (1991)

The presence of three genes encoding pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) in cultured parsley cells and the activation of all three genes by fungal elicitor are demonstrated. In vivo dimethyl sulfate footprinting was used to identify two putative sites of protein-DNA interaction in the promoter of one PR1 gene, located around positions -240 and -130 relative to the transcription start site. The TATA-distal footprint was elicitor dependent and appeared within 30 minutes of elicitor treatment, concomitant with the onset of PR1 transcription. The second footprint was observed irrespective of whether elicitor was present or absent. The two footprinted regions contain, in opposite orientation, nearly identical 11-base pair motifs that are unrelated to any known cis-acting element in elicitor-activated or pathogen-activated plant genes. The results demonstrate the usefulness of in vivo footprinting for the identification of cis-acting elements within promoters not accessible to other types of analysis.
Minimal Streptomyces sp. strain C5 daunorubicin polyketide biosynthesis genes required for aklanonic acid biosynthesis (1997)

The structure of the Streptomyces sp. strain C5 daunorubicin type II polyketide synthase (PKS) gene region is different from that of other known type II PKS gene clusters. Directly downstream of the genes encoding ketoacylsynthase alpha and beta (KS alpha, KS beta) are two genes (dpsC, dpsD) encoding proteins of unproven function, both absent from other type II PKS gene clusters. Also in contrast to other type II PKS clusters, the gene encoding the acyl carrier protein (ACP), dpsG, is located about 6.8 kbp upstream of the genes encoding the daunorubicin KS alpha and KS beta. In this work, we demonstrate that the minimal genes required to produce aklanonic acid in heterologous hosts are dpsG (ACP), dauI (regulatory activator), dpsA (KS alpha), dpsB (KS beta), dpsF (aromatase), dpsE (polyketide reductase), and dauG (putative deoxyaklanonic acid oxygenase). The two unusual open reading frames, dpsC (KASIII homolog lacking a known active site) and dpsD (acyltransferase homolog), are not required to synthesize aklanonic acid. Additionally, replacement of dpsD or dpsCD in Streptomyces sp. strain C5 with a neomycin resistance gene (aphI) results in mutant strains that still produced anthracyclines.
Association of anthracycline derivatives with DNA: a fluorescence study. (1985)

The DNA affinity for 26 anthracycline derivatives was studied by the quenching fluorescence technique. The stereochemical requirements for DNA intercalation are discussed. The relationship between the DNA affinity and bioactivity is also pointed out.
Second-Generation Synthetic Drilling Fluids (1997)

Distinguished Author Series articles are general, descriptive representations that summarize the state of the art in an area of technology by describing recent developments for readers who are not specialists in the topics discussed. Written by individuals recognized as experts in the area, these articles provide key references to more definitive work and present specific details only to illustrate the technology. Purpose: to inform the general readership of recent advances in various areas of petroleum engineering. Summary At the start of the 1990's, three synthetic materials were introduced:esters, ethers, and polyalphaolefins (PAO's). Now heading toward the last half of this decade, a new generation of synthetics is gaining popularity - linearalpha oletins (LAO's), internal or isomerized olefins (IO's), and linearparaffins (LP's). While similar, they also have differences, both as base fluids and as formulated drilling muds. These second-generation synthetic-based fluids (SBF's) have benefits over their predecessors in that they have lowerkinematic viscosity and are less expensive. As drilling fluids, these technical advantages give rise to a more flexible fluid to meet greater drilling demands for high-temperature/high-pressure (HTHP) applications, extended-reach-drilling projects, and deepwater drilling. As with the first-generation materials, environmental issues are the drivers for the development and use of these second-generation synthetics. Introduction Drilling with synthetic-based muds (SBM's) or pseudo-oil-based muds (OBM's)has become commonplace in both the Gulf of Mexico and North Sea areas. Synthetics also are in use or their implementation is planned in numerous other regions, such as the Far East, Australia, Mexico, Continental Europe, South America, and Russia. Because of the evolving marketplace, the view is that the industry has moved to at least the second generation of synthetics or pseudos. The boundary that separates first- from second-generation SBM's is arguably arbitrary but generally is delineated by both the cost and kinematic viscosity of the base fluid. Typically, second-generation synthetics are cheaper and thinner. Even considering these factors, second-generation SBM's have not totally replaced first-generation ones, although the use of the former flourishes while the latter wanes in areas where they coexist. Therefore, the first-generation SBM's can be considered to be based on the ester, ether, and PAO, while in the subsequent generation, the LAO's, IO's, and LP's are the base materials. Table 1 gives a more complete listing of first- and second-generation synthetics.
Expression of the Bcl-2 homologue Mcl-1 correlates with survival of peripheral blood B lymphocytes. (1996)

Normal peripheral blood B lymphocytes undergo spontaneous apoptosis in vitro, and this process is regulated positively and negatively by several immunomodulatory stimuli. We have shown previously that Bcl-2 protein levels are unaltered by these factors, suggesting a Bcl-2-independent regulation of apoptosis in this system. Here, we have investigated the possibility that the three recently identified Bcl-2 homologues, Bax, Bcl-x, and Mcl-1, could be involved instead. Freshly isolated cells expressed both Bax and Mcl-1 protein, but only low levels of Bcl-xL and no detectable Bcl-xS, as determined by Western blot analysis. Upon culture of cells with apoptotic or survival stimuli, Bax and Bcl-xL protein levels remained relatively unchanged. By contrast, Mcl-1 levels decreased markedly in cells undergoing apoptosis in medium and, even more dramatically, after treatment with the apoptotic stimuli transforming growth factor beta 1 and forskolin. This decrease was rapid and preceded cell death. Furthermore, all the survival stimuli tested (interleukin 4, anti-IgM antibodies, and the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) prevented the decline in Mcl-1 levels. This striking correlation between cell survival and Mcl-1 expression in peripheral blood B cells suggests the possible involvement of Mcl-1, instead of Bcl-2, in the regulation of apoptosis in these cells. The present study is the first one linking this novel Bcl-2 homologue to the control of cell death in normal cells.
SONET ring applications for survivable fiber loop networks (1991)

Synchronous optical network (SONET) self-healing rings (SHR) are studied in the loop environment. SONET SHR architectures for loop feeder networks are discussed, focusing on three possible dual central office (CO) architectures for fiber loop networks, using SONET SHRs to reduce network costs and provide network service survivability. These architectures reflect an integrated planning concept for SONET networks that eliminates the boundary between the access network and the inter-office network. It is shown that the use of SONET SHRs makes it easy to evolve to a protected dual CO access architecture. Economic and survivability studies are discussed. The economic studies show that using the ring approach yields significant advantages over the traditional diverse protection approach in terms of cost and survivability, especially for the dual CO architectures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Interconversions of hexofuranosyl nucleosides. IV. Synthesis of nucleosides derived from 6-deoxy-L-glucose (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInterconversions of hexofuranosyl nucleosides. IV. Synthesis of nucleosides derived from 6-deoxy-L-glucoseLeon M. LernerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1972, 37, 26, 4386–4391Publication Date (Print):July 29, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 29 July 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00799a030https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00799a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views81Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Measurement of Mitochondrial ROS Production (2010)

The significance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as aggravating or primary factors in numerous pathologies is widely recognized, with mitochondria being considered the major intracellular source of ROS. It is not yet possible to routinely measure mitochondrial ROS in animals or cultured cells with a reasonable degree of certainty. However, at the level of isolated mitochondria, one can easily monitor and quantify the rate of ROS production, identify major sites of ROS production, and compare the rates of ROS production in mitochondria isolated from normal and diseased tissue. In this chapter, we describe in detail the most recent and reliable method to measure mitochondrial ROS as the rate of H2O2 emission. This method may be employed with minimal modifications to measure H2O2 production by mitochondria isolated from various tissues and under a wide variety of experimental conditions.