gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Subinterval cyclic MUSIC-robust DF with error in cycle frequency knowledge (2002)

Cyclic MUSIC has been proposed as a direction finding technique that reduces the effects of noise and interference by exploiting the cyclostationarity of the signal of interest. The authors introduce two techniques for reducing the sensitivity of cyclic MUSIC to error in cycle frequency knowledge. Both techniques are shown to perform significantly better than conventional cyclic MUSIC when the cycle frequencies are not known precisely.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Novolac Based Deep-UV Resists (1988)

This paper describes the results obtained from studies of deep-UV lithographic properties of resists which utilize chemical amplification in novolac resins. These studies have shown that three-component novolac-based systems are surprisingly effective as deep-UV resists despite the high opacity of novolac at 254 nm. Analytical results are described which have measured the amount of Bronsted acid produced in chemical amplification resist films. The minimum acid concentration necessary for acceptable dissolution rates is far less than the corresponding active species content necessary for the proper functioning of diazoketone-novolac deep-UV resists.
Convection-enhanced delivery to the central nervous system (2014)

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a bulk flow-driven process. Its properties permit direct, homogeneous, targeted perfusion of CNS regions with putative therapeutics while bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Development of surrogate imaging tracers that are co-infused during drug delivery now permit accurate, noninvasive real-time tracking of convective infusate flow in nervous system tissues. The potential advantages of CED in the CNS over other currently available drug delivery techniques, including systemic delivery, intrathecal and/or intraventricular distribution, and polymer implantation, have led to its application in research studies and clinical trials. The authors review the biophysical principles of convective flow and the technology, properties, and clinical applications of convective delivery in the CNS.
Ookinete antigens of Plasmodium berghei : a light and electron-microscope immunogold study of expression of the 21 kDa determinant recognized by a transmission-blocking antibody (1987)

The expression of a 21 kDa transmission-blocking determinant on the malarial parasite Plasmodium berghei was studied by using the immunogold method at the light, scanning-electron and transmission-electron microscope levels. The determinant was shown to be expressed exclusively on the macrogamete and its immediate progeny the zygote, ookinete and oocyst. It is first detected on the plasmalemma two hours after the escape of the parasite from the red blood cell, reaches a maximal density on the young ookinete some ten hours later, and is still found on the oocyst after six days. The antigen is distributed evenly over the entire surface of the zygote and ookinete, but is readily shed from the parasite surface. The general applicability of the silver-enhanced immunogold method in parasitological research is emphasized.
Biochemical Evidence for Two Novel Enzymes in the Biosynthesis of 3-Dimethylsulfoniopropionate in Spartina alterniflora1 (2000)

3-Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is an osmoprotectant accumulated by the cordgrass Spartina alterniflora and other salt-tolerant plants. Previous in vivo isotope tracer and metabolic modeling studies demonstrated that S. alterniflora synthesizes DMSP via the route S-methyl-Met --> 3-dimethylsulfoniopropylamine (DMSP-amine) --> 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionaldehyde --> DMSP and indicated that the first reaction requires a far higher substrate concentration than the second to attain one-half-maximal rate. As neither of these reactions is known from other organisms, two novel enzymes are predicted. Two corresponding activities were identified in S. alterniflora leaf extracts using specific radioassays. The first, S-methyl-Met decarboxylase (SDC), strongly prefers the L-enantiomer of S-methyl-Met, is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent, generates equimolar amounts of CO(2) and DMSP-amine, and has a high apparent K(m) (approximately 18 mM) for its substrate. The second enzyme, DMSP-amine oxidase (DOX), requires O(2) for activity, shows an apparent K(m) for DMSP-amine of 1.8 mM, and is not accompanied by DMSP-amine dehydrogenase or transaminase activity. Very little SDC or DOX activity was found in grasses lacking DMSP. These data indicate that SDC and DOX are the predicted novel enzymes of DMSP synthesis.
Identification of a Primitive Brain–Derived Neural Stem Cell Population Based on Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity (2005)

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells defined by their ability to self-renew and differentiate to progenitors and terminally differentiated cells. Stem cells have been isolated from almost all tissues, and an emerging idea is that they share common characteristics such as the presence of ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 and high telomerase and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, raising the hypothesis of a set of universal stem cell markers. In the present study, we describe the isolation of primitive neural stem cells (NSCs) from adult and embryonic murine neurospheres and dissociated tissue, based on the expression of high levels of ALDH activity. Single-cell suspension was stained with a fluorescent ALDH substrate termed Aldefluor and then analyzed by flow cytometry. A population of cells with low side scatter (SSC(lo)) and bright ALDH (ALDH(br)) activity was isolated. SSC(lo)ALDH(br) cells are capable of self-renewal and are able to generate new neurospheres and neuroepithelial stem-like cells. Furthermore, these cells are multipotent, differentiating both in neurons and macroglia, as determined by immunocytochemistry and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. To evaluate the engraftment potential of SSC(lo)ALDH(br) cells in vivo, we transplanted them into mouse brain. Donor-derived neurons with mature morphology were detected in the cortex and subcortical areas, demonstrating the capacity of this cell population to differentiate appropriately in vivo. The ALDH expression assay is an effective method for direct identification of NSCs, and improvement of the stem cell isolation protocol may be useful in the development of a cell-mediated therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases.
Prospects: Histone deacetylase inhibitors (2005)

Histone deacetylase (HDAC), inhibitors represent a new class of targeted anti-cancer agents. Several of these compounds are in clinical trials with significant activity against a spectrum of both hematologic and solid tumors at doses that are well tolerated by the patients. The HDAC inhibitors are a structurally diverse group of molecules that can induce growth arrest, differentiation, apoptosis, and autophagocytic cell death of cancer cells. While the base sequence of DNA provides the genetic code for proteins, the expression of genes is regulated, in large part, by the structure of the chromatin proteins around which the DNA is wrapped (epigenetic gene regulation). The acetylation and deacetylation of the lysines in the tails of the core histones, among the most extensively studied aspects of chromatin structure, is controlled by the action of two families of enzymes, histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyltransferases (HATs). Protein components of transcription factor complexes and many other non-histone proteins are also substrates for HDACs and HATs. The structure and activity of these non-histone proteins may be altered by acetylation/deacetylation with consequent effects on various cell functions including gene expression, cell cycle progression, and cell death pathways. This review focuses on several key questions with respect to the mechanism of action of HDACi, including, what are the different cell phenotypes induced by HDACi, why are normal cells compared to transformed cells relatively resistant to HDACi induced cell death, why are certain tumors more responsive to HDACi than others, and what is the basis of the selectivity of HDACi in altering gene expression. The answers to these questions will have therapeutic importance since we will identify targets for enhancing the efficacy and safety of HDACi.
Nuclear Transport Modulation Reduces Hypercholesterolemia, Atherosclerosis, and Fatty Liver (2013)

Two-pronged control of inflammation and dyslipidemia by modulating nuclear transport of their critical regulators offers a new approach to comprehensive amelioration of hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, fatty liver, and their potential complications.
Micropatterning of Cells Using Modulated Magnetic Fields (2004)

A new technique of cell micropatterning was presented. Mouse osteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) were seeded on a substrate whose surface was exposed to a periodically modulated magnetic field (a line pattern with a 200- or 600-microm pitch) produced by a field modulator inserted into a homogeneous magnetic field of 1 T generated by an electromagnet. The cells were trapped consistent with the line profile of the modulated field. The trapping efficiency was enhanced by adding Mn(II)EDTA (paramagnetic) to the cultivation medium. The cells were subsequently incubated in the magnetic field. The same technique was applied to whole blood to pattern red blood cells.
Ultrasonic velocities in Cretaceous shales from the Williston Basin (1981)

Abstract Compressional and shear-wave velocities were measured in the laboratory from 1 bar to 4 kbar confining pressure for wet, undrained samples of Cretaceous shales from depths of 3200 and 5000 ft in the Williston basin, North Dakota. These shales behave as transversely isotropic elastic media, the plane of circular symmetry coinciding with the bedding plane. For compressional waves, the velocity is higher for propagation in the bedding plane than at right angles to it, and the anisotropy is greater for the 5000-ft shale. For shear waves, the SH-wave perpendicular to bedding and the SV-wave parallel to bedding propagate with the same speed, which is about 25 percent lower than that for the SH-wave parallel to bedding. In general, compressional and shear velocities are higher for the indurated 5000-ft shale than for the friable 3200-ft shale. All velocities increase with increasing confining pressure to 4 kbar. The 3200-ft shale exhibits velocity hysteresis as a function of pressure, whereas this effect is almost nonexistent for the 5000-ft shale. Many features of the dependence of velocity on pressure can be explained by consideration of effective pressure and the degree of water saturation. For both shales, laboratory compressional wave velocities are on average 10 percent higher than log-derived velocities. The discrepancy cannot be explained completely, but likely contributing factors are sampling bias, velocity dispersion, and formation damage in situ.
Facile Desulfurization of Cyclic Thioureas by Hydrogen Peroxide in Acetic Acid. (1995)

A simple, mild and synthetically useful method for the desulfurization of cyclic thioureas and related compounds, existing as thiol-thione tautomeric mixtures, by hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid is proposed. The effect of substituting different solvents for the acetic acid was investigated.
Effects of Topical Administration of Y-39983, a Selective Rho-Associated Protein Kinase Inhibitor, on Ocular Tissues in Rabbits and Monkeys (2007)

Y-39983 causes increased outflow facility followed by IOP reduction. Y-39983 ophthalmic solution may be a candidate drug for lowering of IOP, since it increases conventional outflow and produces relatively few side effects.
Tannin—Protein Interactions (1992)

Over the last 20 years, information about the diverse compounds classified as "tannins" has rapidly accumulated. Structural studies have revealed that "tannins" belong to one of three groups of compounds: proanthocyanidins, gallotannins or ellagitannins. Each of the three types of tannin interacts strongly with protein, and a variety of approaches have been used to probe this characteristic reaction. The interaction is influenced by characteristics of the protein (including size, amino acid composition, pI, and extent of posttranslational modification), characteristics of the tannin (size, structure, heterogeneity of the preparation), and conditions of the reaction (pH, temperature, solvent composition, time). Under some conditions an insoluble complex is formed, but soluble complexes may also form. Both soluble and insoluble complexes are stabilized by reversible, noncovalent bonds between tannin and protein.
Reactions of Nitrogen Atoms. I. Oxygen and Oxides of Nitrogen (1957)

Several reactions of nitrogen atoms have been investigated in a low-pressure flow system, using the principle of a ``stirred reactor'' and a mass spectrometer for the determination of steady-state concentrations. The elementary processes which have been definitely demonstrated to occur and their rate constants are as follows: N+NO=N2+Ok1≥4×1011 cc mole−1sec−1(1)N=O2=NO+Ok8=2×1012×exp(−6200/RT) cc mole−1sec−1(8)N+NO2=N2O+O10−2k1&amp;lt;k9&amp;lt;10k1(10)O+NO=NO2k3≥1013 cc mole−1sec−1(3)O+NO2=O2+NOk6≥1012 cc mole−1sec−1.(6)Unless indicated, the rate constants are at room temperature. The rate constant of nitrogen atom reaction with nitrous oxide is less than 108 cc mole—1 sec—1 at 280°; that of oxygen atoms is less than 2×108 at room temperature, neither having been observed to occur. Nitrogen atoms probably react with nitrogen dioxide also by a different mechanism than (10), yielding 2NO and/or N2+O2, at a rate which is competitive with (10). Nitrous oxide is probably formed also by another mechanism, which does not involve nitrogen atoms and may well be the reaction of vibrationally excited nitric oxide with nitrogen dioxide. The accommodation coefficient of glass walls, treated with phosphoric acid, for the recombination of oxygen atoms, has been determined as 10—4 in one reactor and is larger than this in another.
MollDE: a homology modeling framework you can click with (2005)

rl_dunbrack@fccc.edu.
Modulation of cellular signaling pathways: prospects for targeted therapy in hematological malignancies. (2003)

The high remission rates observed in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia who receive Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) indicate that targeted therapy for hematological malignancies is achievable. At the same time, progress in cellular biology over the past decade has resulted in a better understanding of the process of malignant transformation, a better classification of subtypes of each disease on the basis of molecular markers, and a better characterization of the molecular targets for drug development. These advances have already spawned the development of such effective agents as monoclonal antibodies and specific enzyme inhibitors. This review attempts to provide a practical introduction to the complex and growing field of targeted therapy in hematological malignancies.
“The next big thing” in diabetes: clinical progress on DPP‐IV inhibitors (2006)

Abstract Inhibitors of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV (DPP‐IV) appear poised to become the next major advance in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is an “incretin hormone” released from L cells in the small intestine in response to the ingestion of nutrients, which enhances the glucose‐dependent secretion of insulin from pancreatic β‐cells. In type 2 diabetic patients, the continuous infusion of GLP‐1 decreases plasma glucose and hemoglobin A 1c concentrations and improves β‐cell function. The rapid clearance of active GLP‐1 (in vivo half‐life ∼1 min) through DPP‐IV processing poses challenges to the development of exogenous GLP‐1‐based therapy. The inhibition of endogenous GLP‐1 degradation by reducing DPP‐IV activity is an alternative strategy for improving the incretin action of GLP‐1 in vivo. The area has attracted increasing attention in recent years from both academic and pharma researchers. Numerous reports of small‐molecule DPP‐IV inhibitors have appeared in the recent literature; many more reports describe the beneficial effects of these inhibitors in vitro and in animal models of T2DM. More recently, this approach has been explored clinically, with the most advanced agents currently under review by regulators. This review highlights the progress and status of clinically evaluated agents of this class, also noting key preclinical experiments that have provided proof of concept for this novel mechanism of action. Drug Dev. Res. 67:627–642, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of patients with spondyloarthropathies for treatment with tumour necrosis factor blockade (2004)

There is no doubt that the arrival and licensing of two tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-blocking drugs—infliximab and etanercept—for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) represents the first major advance in the treatment of this condition since the advocacy of exercises and the introduction of phenylbutazone. These agents have also been shown unequivocally to be effective in a proportion of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA), comparable to their effect in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and anecdotal reports also suggest benefits for patients with enteropathic arthritis, persistent reactive arthritis (ReA) and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy (SpA). But, as with RA, the availability of these agents places a huge responsibility upon rheumatologists, individually and collectively, to negotiate the poorly charted waters of assessment of disease outcomes, known and potential drug toxicity and potentially massive cost. Moreover, all parties to the negotiation are signed up to the provision of such treatment according to criteria that are wise, transparent and fair. For the SpAs, the opportunities provided by TNFblockade come not a moment too soon but at a difficult time. In recent years huge expertise has developed in the assessment of RA and the development of suitable instruments for that purpose. In contrast, the SpAs have received much less clinical trial attention and clinicians are less well equipped to make objective assessments. Indeed, until the last few years few useful measures were available, especially for the assessment of spinal disease. Fortunately, several groups, notably that at Bath, UK, have developed and validated instruments for measuring such attributes as disease activity, function and pain in AS and more recently an international group of rheumatologists interested in AS have formed the Assessments in Ankylosing Spondylitis (ASAS) working group to attempt to reach consensus over treatment issues which cannot presently be governed by objective criteria such as the presence or absence of joint erosions. Thus, just in the nick of time, a basis has been laid on which to build a framework within which TNFblockade and other biological therapies can reasonably be used in the treatment of SpAs. Unfortunately, at present much of that framework relies heavily on subjective measures, with very limited objectivity. But the need for guidance is now, as our patients need treatment now. Such guidance as emerges must therefore be seen as provisional and requiring regular revision year on year.
Alterations in Gut Microbiota of Patients With COVID-19 During Time of Hospitalization (2020)

In a pilot study of 15 patients with COVID-19, we found persistent alterations in the fecal microbiome during the time of hospitalization, compared with controls. Fecal microbiota alterations were associated with fecal levels of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 severity. Strategies to alter the intestinal microbiota might reduce disease severity.
Novel Diterpenoids from Taxus chinensis (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNovel Diterpenoids from Taxus chinensisKaoru Fuji, Kiyoshi Tanaka, Bo Li, Tetsuro Shingu, Handong Sun, and Tooru TagaCite this: J. Nat. Prod. 1993, 56, 9, 1520–1531Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 July 2004Published inissue 1 September 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np50099a010https://doi.org/10.1021/np50099a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views215Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Control of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is dependent on CD8 T cells (2000)

It is estimated that one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but that only 10% of infected people break down with the disease. In the remaining 90% the infection remains clinically latent. In the present study, the immune mechanisms controlling the latent phase of tuberculosis infection were evaluated in a mouse model of latency and reactivation. Mice aerosol-infected with M. tuberculosis were treated with anti-mycobacterial drugs resulting in very low, stable bacterial numbers (<500 CFU in the spleen and lung) for 10–12 weeks followed by reactivation of the disease with increasing bacterial numbers. During latency, pathological changes in the lung had almost completely resolved and lymphocyte number and turnover were at the pre-infection level. The CD4 subset was highly active during the acute phase of infection and could be detected by intracellular staining for IFN-γ as well as after antigen-specific stimulation with mycobacterial antigens. The CD8 subset was not involved in the acute stage of infection, but this subset was active and produced IFN-γ during the latent phase of infection. In vivo depletion of T cell subsets supported these findings with a 6–7-fold increase in bacterial numbers in the lung following anti-CD4 treatment during the acute phase, while anti-CD8 treatment did not have an effect. The opposite was found during the latent phase where anti-CD8 treatment as well as anti-IFN-γ treatment both resulted in a 10-fold increase in bacterial numbers in the lung, while anti-CD4 treatment induced only a modest change.
Histologic correlation of human neural retinal transplantation. (2000)

Long-term survival of transplanted neural retinal tissue can be achieved in human patients without immunosuppression. The lack of photoreceptor development in this patient may be the result of absent or dysfunctional RPE. Nonetheless, the long-term survival of grafted tissue in the human subretinal space in the absence of immunosuppressive treatment is promising for future efforts in the field of neural retinal transplantation.
Short-Term Breast Cancer Prediction by Random Periareolar Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology and the Gail Risk Model (2000)

: Cytomorphology from breast random periareolar fine-needle aspirates can be used with the Gail risk model to identify a cohort of women at very high short-term risk for developing breast cancer. We recommend that cytomorphology be studied for use as a potential surrogate end point in prevention trials.