gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GABABreceptors in Schwann cells influence proliferation and myelin protein expression (2004)

The location and the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid type B (GABA(B)) receptors in the central nervous system have recently received considerable attention, whilst relatively little is known regarding the peripheral nervous system. In this regard, here we demonstrate for the first time that GABA(B) receptor isoforms [i.e. GABA(B(1)) and GABA(B(2))] are specifically localized in the rat Schwann cell population of the sciatic nerve. Using the selective GABA(B) agonist [i.e. (-)-baclofen] and the antagonists (i.e. CGP 62349, CGP 56999 A, CGP 55845 A), such receptors are shown to be functionally active and negatively coupled to the adenylate cyclase system. Furthermore, exposure of cultured Schwann cells to (-)-baclofen inhibits their proliferation and reduces the synthesis of specific myelin proteins (i.e. glycoprotein Po, peripheral myelin protein 22, myelin-associated glycoprotein, connexin 32), providing evidence for a physiological role of GABA(B) receptors in the glial cells of the peripheral nervous system.
Establishing a causal link between gut microbes, body weight gain and glucose metabolism in humans – towards treatment with probiotics (2015)

Changes in the gut microbiota are associated with metabolic disorders, such as overweight and elevated blood glucose. Mouse studies have shown that gut microbiota can regulate metabolism with a mechanism related to gut barrier function. An impaired gut barrier permits the translocation of bacteria and their components which, when in contact with the sub-mucosal immune system, evoke metabolic inflammation and distract signalling in metabolically active tissues. Despite thorough research of the topic in animals, the hypothesis is yet to be proven in humans. Cross-sectional studies have shown that certain bacterial populations - such as Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Methanobrevibacter smithii and Christensenellaceae - are better represented in lean individuals compared to those who are overweight or metabolically unhealthy. Although these differences reflect those seen in mice, it is possible that they are caused by different dietary or other lifestyle habits. Diet has an indisputable influence on gut microbiota making it very difficult to draw conclusions on microbiota-host interactions from cross-sectional studies. Certain research areas do, however, indicate that gut microbiota could causally influence metabolism. Several studies show that antibiotic use in infancy increases body weight in later childhood. Also, probiotics are emerging as a potential therapy for metabolic syndrome. In fact, a handful of human studies and numerous animal studies show promise for probiotics in reducing blood glucose levels or improving insulin sensitivity. For weight management human evidence is scarcer. Nevertheless, it is becoming increasingly recognised that gut microbiota plays a part regulating metabolism, also in humans, which gives rise to novel opportunities for preventative and treatment strategies.
Intravenous Levetiracetam as first-line treatment of status epilepticus in the elderly (2010)

In all the patients but one, IVLEV was effective in the treatment of SE and determined either the disappearance of (7/8), or significant reduction in (1/8), epileptic activity; no patient relapsed in the subsequent 24 h. No adverse events or changes in the ECG/laboratory parameters were observed. These data suggest that IVLEV may be an effective/safe treatment for SE in the elderly.
Enforced expression of the c-myc oncogene inhibits cell differentiation by precluding entry into a distinct predifferentiation state in G0/G1. (1988)

A broad base of data has implicated a role for the c-myc proto-oncogene in the control of the cell cycle and cell differentiation. To further define the role of myc in these processes, I examined the effect of enforced myc expression on several events that are thought to be important steps leading to the terminally differentiated state: (i) the ability to arrest growth in G0/G1, (ii) the ability to replicate the genome upon initiation of the differentiation program, and (iii) the ability to lose responsiveness to mitogens and withdraw from the cell cycle. 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell lines expressing various levels of myc mRNA were established by transfection with a recombinant myc gene under the transcriptional control of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter. Cells that expressed high constitutive levels of pRSVmyc mRNA arrested in G0/G1 at densities similar to those of normal cells at confluence. Upon initiation of the differentiation program, such cells traversed the cell cycle with kinetics similar to those of normal cells and subsequently arrested in G0/G1. Thus, enforced expression of myc had no effect on the ability of cells to arrest growth in G0/G1 or to replicate the genome upon initiation of the differentiation program. Cells were then tested for their ability to reenter the cell cycle upon exposure to high concentrations of serum and for their capacity to differentiate. In contrast to normal cells, cells expressing high constitutive levels of myc RNA reentered the cell cycle when challenged with 30% serum and failed to terminally differentiate. The block to differentiation could be reversed by high expression of myc antisense RNA, showing that the induced block was specifically due to enforced expression of pRSVmyc. These findings indicate that 3T3-L1 preadipocytes enter a specific state in G0/G1 after treatment with differentiation inducers, into which cells expressing high constitutive levels of myc RNA are precluded from entering. I propose that myc acts as a molecular switch and directs cells to a pathway that can lead to continued proliferation or to terminal differentiation.
Computational modeling of neurons: intensity-duration relationship of extracellular electrical stimulation for changes in intracellular calcium (2015)

In many instances of extensive nerve damage, the injured nerve never adequately heals, leaving lack of nerve function. Electrical stimulation (ES) has been shown to increase the rate and orient the direction of neurite growth, and is a promising therapy. However, the mechanism in which ES affects neuronal growth is not understood, making it difficult to compare existing ES protocols or to design and optimize new protocols. We hypothesize that ES acts by elevating intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) via opening voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels (VDCCs). In this work, we have created a computer model to estimate the ES Ca(2+) relationship. Using COMSOL Multiphysics, we modeled a small dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron that includes one Na(+) channel, two K(+) channels, and three VDCCs to estimate [Ca(2+)]i in the soma and growth cone. As expected, the results show that an ES that generates action potentials (APs) can efficiently raise the [Ca(2+)]i of neurons. More interestingly, our simulation results show that sub-AP ES can efficiently raise neuronal [Ca(2+)]i and that specific high-voltage ES can preferentially raise [Ca(2+)]i in the growth cone. The intensities and durations of ES on modeled growth cone calcium rise are consistent with directionality and orientation of growth cones experimentally shown by others. Finally, this model provides a basis to design experimental ES pulse parameters, including duration, intensity, pulse-train frequency, and pulse-train duration to efficiently raise [Ca(2+)]i in neuronal somas or growth cones.
Review Lecture - Electromagnetic suspension and levitation techniques (1988)

Abstract Defying gravity seems to have fascinated scientists and philosophers through the ages. Electromagnetic suspension and levitation, following on from aircushion vehicles, such as the Tracked Hovercraft and the Aerotrain, has been the focus of attention and research for passenger-carrying vehicles since the 1970s. Two major demonstration systems are now in operation: one in Germany and one in Japan. Besides application to passenger-carrying vehicles, controlled DC electromagnet technology has been applied to produce frictionless magnetic bearings, conveyor systems, flow meters, etc. This is becoming a rapidly expanding area, moving out of the realms of academe into one of considerable industrial importance. The applications now include high-speed machine tool spindles, ultra-centrifuges, turbo-alternators, corrosive-liquid pumps, gas compressors and high-vacuum pumps, fly wheels for energy storage, handling components for protective coating and weighing balances. New developments in superconducting materials have also aroused fresh interest in the electrodynamic levitation schemes such as the Japanese one.
The Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling of CH Bonds: A Versatile Strategy for CC Bond Formations (2013)

Over the last decade, substantial research has led to the introduction of an impressive number of efficient procedures which allow the selective construction of CC bonds by directly connecting two different CH bonds under oxidative conditions. Common to these methodologies is the generation of the reactive intermediates in situ by activation of both CH bonds. This strategy was introduced by the group of Li as cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) and discloses waste-minimized synthetic alternatives to classic coupling procedures which rely on the use of prefunctionalized starting materials. This Review highlights the recent progress in the field of cross-dehydrogenative C sp 3C formations and provides a comprehensive overview on existing procedures and employed methodologies.
Characterization of the structure, function, and mechanism of B2 RNA, an ncRNA repressor of RNA polymerase II transcription (2007)

We previously found that the SINE-encoded mouse B2 RNA binds RNA polymerase II and represses mRNA transcription during the cellular heat-shock response. In vitro B2 RNA assembles into preinitiation complexes on promoter DNA via its interaction with the polymerase, thus rendering the complexes inactive. With the goal of understanding which regions of B2 RNA are important for high-affinity binding to RNA polymerase II and repression of transcription, we performed a structural and deletion analysis of a 178 nucleotide (nt) B2 RNA. We describe an experimentally derived secondary structure model for B2 RNA, and show that RNA polymerase II protects a specific region from RNase digestion. Deletion studies revealed that a 51-nt region of B2 RNA is sufficient for high-affinity binding to RNA polymerase II, association with preinitiation complexes, and repression of transcription in vitro, the latter of which involves a large predominately single-stranded region within the RNA. In addition, this piece of B2 RNA blocked the polymerase from properly associating with template DNA during the assembly of elongation complexes. Further deletion revealed that a 33-nt piece of B2 RNA binds RNA polymerase II, associates with preinitiation complexes, but cannot repress transcription. These results support a model in which RNA polymerase II contains a high-affinity ncRNA docking site to which a distinct region of B2 RNA binds, thereby allowing another region of the RNA to repress transcription. Moreover, the mechanism of transcriptional repression by B2 RNA likely involves disrupting critical contacts between RNA polymerase II and the promoter DNA.
Deep Learning with Limited Numerical Precision (2015)

Training of large-scale deep neural networks is often constrained by the available computational resources. We study the effect of limited preci-sion data representation and computation on neu-ral network training. Within the context of low-precision fixed-point computations, we observe the rounding scheme to play a crucial role in de-termining the network’s behavior during train-ing. Our results show that deep networks can be trained using only 16-bit wide fixed-point num-ber representation when using stochastic round-ing, and incur little to no degradation in the classification accuracy. We also demonstrate an energy-efficient hardware accelerator that imple-ments low-precision fixed-point arithmetic with stochastic rounding. 1.
Two-Dimensional Paper Network Format That Enables Simple Multistep Assays for Use in Low-Resource Settings in the Context of Malaria Antigen Detection (2012)

The lateral flow test has become the standard bioassay format in low-resource settings because it is rapid, easy to use, and low in cost, uses reagents stored in dry form, and is equipment-free. However, lateral flow tests are often limited to a single chemical delivery step and not capable of the multistep processing characteristic of high performance laboratory-based assays. To address this limitation, we are developing a paper network platform that extends the conventional lateral flow test to two dimensions; this allows incorporation of multistep chemical processing, while still retaining the advantages of conventional lateral flow tests. Here, we demonstrate this format for an easy-to-use, signal-amplified sandwich format immunoassay for the malaria protein PfHRP2. The card contains reagents stored in dry form such that the user need only add sample and water. The multiple flows in the device are activated in a single user step of folding the card closed; the configuration of the paper network automatically delivers the appropriate volumes of (i) sample plus antibody conjugated to a gold particle label, (ii) a rinse buffer, and (iii) a signal amplification reagent to the capture region. These results highlight the potential of the paper network platform to enhance access to high-quality diagnostic capabilities in low-resource settings in the developed and developing worlds.
Efficient use of workstations for passive monitoring of local area networks (1990)

Effective management of a local area network (LAN) requires not only a protocol to manage the active entities, but also a means to monitor the LAN channel. This is especially true in shared-channel LANs, such as Ethernet, where the behavior of the LAN as a whole may be impractical to deduce from the states of the individual hosts. Passive monitoring can be done using either a dedicated system or a general-purpose system. Dedicated monitors have been favored for several reasons, but recent workstations, when carefully programmed, are sufficiently powerful to serve this function. Using a workstation offers high-performance graphics and a more flexible environment for collecting and presenting LAN behavior.
Diseases of the kidney. Fourth edition. Volume 1 (1988)

This book contains over 100 chapters. Some of the chapter titles are: Intravenous Urography, Ultrasonography, and Radionuclide Studies; Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Diagnostic and Therapeutic Imaging of the Renal Circulation: Film-Screen Arteriography, Digital Subtraction Angiography, and Percutaneous Angioplasty and Embolization; Alport Syndrome; and Medullary Sponge Kidney.
Energy metabolism and intracellular pH in boar spermatozoa (2003)

The effect of energy metabolism on intracellular pH was studied in boar spermatozoa using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and confocal microscopy with the pH-sensitive dye seminaphthorhodafluor (SNARF-1). Freshly ejaculated spermatozoa had a high adenylate energy charge (AEC=0.8), which decreased to 0.6 under aerobic conditions and to 0.2 under anaerobic conditions. Correspondingly, no ATP resonances but high AMP resonance were visible in (31)P-NMR-spectra of the spermatozoa. When an artificial oxygen buffer (Fluosol) and a purpose-built air supply system were used during (31)P-NMR data acquisition, ATP resonances reappeared whereas the AMP resonance disappeared. Boar spermatozoa kept under aerobic conditions have intracellular compartments that differ markedly in pH, as demonstrated by both (31)P-NMR spectroscopy and confocal microscopy. Using confocal microscopy, the midpiece of the flagellum in which all mitochondria are located was identified as an acidic compartment (pH(i-mp) 6.7). The intracellular pH of both the head (pH(i-h)) and the long principal piece of the flagellum (pH(i-pp)) were 7.2 and, thus, only slightly below the extracellular pH (pH(e) 7.3). Storage of spermatozoa in a glucose-free medium at 15 degrees C when they are immotile slowly shifted the pH(i-mp) from 6.7 to 6.9 within 20 h, whereas pH(i-h) and pH(i-pp) remained unchanged (pH 7.1-7.2). When glucose was present in the medium, all visible compartments of the spermatozoa as well as the medium were acidified to pH 6.2 within 20 h. Under these conditions a resonance at 4.8 mg kg(-1) appeared representing glycerol 3-phosphate.
Characterization of an immunoprotective protein complex of Anaplasma marginale by cloning and expression of the gene coding for polypeptide Am105L (1987)

Immunization with an Anaplasma marginale surface protein complex containing two polypeptides (Am105U and Am105L), each having a molecular weight of 105,000, protected cattle against challenge with virulent organisms. These polypeptides were immunoprecipitated together from detergent extracts of A. marginale by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. After surface radioiodination of intact parasites, both Am105U and Am105L contained the radiolabel. To define the structural and antigenic relationships between Am105U and Am105L and to determine individual efficacies as protective immunogens, we cloned and expressed A. marginale DNA in Escherichia coli. We identified recombinant bacteria which expressed a novel protein of 105,000 molecular weight as a major cellular component. The recombinant protein was structurally and antigenically homologous to Am105L. There were multiple, partially homologous copies of the cloned DNA sequence in the rickettsial genome.
THE FREQUENCY OF BACTEREMIA AND FUNGEMIA FOLLOWING WOUND CLEANING AND EXCISION IN PATIENTS WITH LARGE BURNS (1993)

Twenty-eight patients with large burn injuries (mean total body surface area burned, 47.1%) who underwent 112 wound cleaning and staged early excision procedures were studied prospectively for bacteremia and fungemia induced by wound manipulation. The patients were given an aminoglycoside preoperatively, perioperatively, and postoperatively. Blood samples were obtained immediately before removal of dressings, after wound cleaning, after 30 minutes of surgery, at the end of each procedure, and 1 hour after surgery was completed. In a group of control patients blood samples were obtained immediately before the dressings were removed, after wound cleaning was completed, and 1 hour afterward. In a second group of control patients blood samples were obtained serially while the burn wounds remained undisturbed. None of the control patients received prophylactic aminoglycosides. Induced bacteremia or fungemia was documented in 50 instances of burn wound cleaning and excision; 31 cases of bacteremia or fungemia occurred after wound cleaning alone. Spontaneous bacteremia, i.e., that occurring in the absence of burn wound manipulation, was demonstrated in 3 of 18 blood culture series, whereas induced bacteremia was observed after 11 of the 17 burn wound cleaning procedures alone. The frequency of bacteremia tended to be higher for patients with inhalation injury than for those with no lung involvement. However, lung infection did not seem to account for many of the positive results of blood culture in this study. In contrast, burn wound infection contributed significantly to both spontaneous and induced bacteremia or fungemia. The micro-organisms most frequently isolated were staphylococci (50%) and enterococci (15.1%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Influence of thyroid hormone and retinoic acid on slow sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase and myosin heavy chain alpha gene expression in cardiac myocytes. Delineation of cis-active DNA elements that confer responsiveness to thyroid hormone but not to retinoic acid (1991)

The mRNA encoding the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ ATPase is highly influenced by thyroid hormone (T3) in the hearts of intact animals. We show here that this effect of T3 can be mimicked in primary neonatal rat cardiocytes, both in serum-containing and in serum-free media; the expression of SR Ca2+ ATPase mRNA is myocyte-specific and is also modulated by retinoic acid (RA). RA also induces myosin heavy chain (MHC) alpha-mRNA in this system. The induction of Ca2+ ATPase mRNA is sensitive to T3 (EC50 approximately 30 pM) and less sensitive to RA (EC50 approximately 2 nM). Transient transfection experiments utilizing various segments of the Ca2+ATPase promoter fused to the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) indicate a minimal thyroid hormone response element (TRE) between nucleotides -262 and -322, while sequences between -322 and -559 are required for maximal trans-activation. RA is not able to regulate these constructs. Likewise, a clear effect of T3 but no effect of RA was observed when the CAT gene was driven by a TRE derived from the rat alpha-MHC gene. In contrast, CAT expression was induced by either hormone when placed under the control of a synthetic palindromic TRE. Taken together, these results indicate that T3 and RA induce gene expression in primary cardiac myocytes, but through distinct response elements and/or mechanisms.
Two phase I dose-escalation/pharmacokinetics studies of low temperature liposomal doxorubicin (LTLD) and mild local hyperthermia in heavily pretreated patients with local regionally recurrent breast cancer (2014)

LTLD at 50 mg/m2 and MLHT is safe. This combined therapy produces objective responses in heavily pretreated CWR patients. Future work should test thermally enhanced LTLD delivery in a less advanced patient population.
Large carboxy-terminal parathyroid hormone (PTH) fragment with a relatively longer half-life than 1-84 PTH is secreted directly from the parathyroid gland in humans (2003)

Our study has demonstrated that the large C-PTH, likely 7-84 PTH, is directly released from the parathyroid gland in humans. Since the half-life of 1-84 PTH is much shorter than large C-PTH, likely 7-84 PTH, it would be advantageous to use an assay that specifically measures 1-84 PTH for intra-operative monitoring of parathyroidectomy.