gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Capacity fading mechanisms and origin of the capacity above 4.5 V of spinel lithium manganese oxides (2003)

Lithium ion batteries have become attractive for portable devices due to their high operating voltage, high energy density, low self-discharge, and long cycle life.Lithium ion cells currently use the layered LiCoO 2 cathode, but cobalt is expensive and relatively toxic.In this regard, spinel LiMn 2 O 4 has become appealing since manganese is inexpensive and environmentally benign.However, LiMn 2 O 4 exhibits severe capacity fade.This dissertation explores the electrochemical performances of spinel oxides derived from LiMn 2 O 4 in a wide voltage range of 3.5 to 5.2 V to understand the capacity fading mechanisms and the origin of the high voltage capacity above 4.5 V. From a systematic investigation of a series of singly substituted LiMn 2-y M y O 4 and doubly substituted LiMn 2-y-z M y Li z O 4 (M = Li, Al, or transition metal) oxides, the doubly substituted LiMn 2-y-z Ni y Li z O 4 oxides are found to show vii superior cyclability, low irreversible capacity (IRC), high rate capability, low electrode resistance, and excellent storage performance compared to LiMn 2 O 4 despite a similar manganese dissolution.For example, LiMn 1.85 Ni 0.075 Li 0.075 O 4retains more than 99 and 97 % of its initial capacity after 50 cycles at, respectively, 25 and 60 o C. Its excellent electrochemical performances are found to be due to the small lattice parameter difference between the two cubic phases formed in the two-phase region during cycling and the consequent low microstrain.This concept of minimizing the lattice parameter difference and microstrain could successfully enable the use of spinel lithium manganese oxides for electric vehicle applications.In contrast to the literature suggestions that other transition metal ions or excess oxygen are essential to impart the high voltage (> 4.5 V) capacity, spinel lithium manganese oxides free from other transition metal ions are found to show capacity above 4.5 V even with a significant amount of oxygen deficiency if there are extractable Li + ions in the 8a tetrahedral sites after the oxidation state of manganese reaches 4+.In the presence of other transition metals, the reversibility of the high voltage capacity depends on the element replacing Mn 3+ , and it decreases in the order LiMn 2-y Ni y O 4 > LiMn 2-y Co y O 4 LiMn 2-y-z Co y Li z O 4 > LiMn 2-y-z Ni y Li z O 4 .Based on the results, the capacity above 4.5 V in manganesebased spinel oxides could be understood to arise from a participation of the O 2-:2p band or a hybridized band involving M 3+/4+ :3d (or M 2+/3+ :3d) and O 2-:2p.
Mammalian Glucokinase (1993)

The objective of this review is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens, summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting, and discuss physiological mechanisms by which intermittent fasting might lead to improved ...Read More
Highly sensitive quantification of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in human serum by LC-ESI-MS/MS (2006)

We describe a highly sensitive and specific method for the quantification of serum 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4), which has been used as a biomarker for bile acid biosynthesis. This method is based upon a stable isotope dilution technique by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). C4 was extracted from human serum (2-50 mul) by a salting-out procedure, derivatized into the picolinoyl ester (C4-7alpha-picolinate), and then purified using a disposable C(18) cartridge. The resulting picolinoyl ester derivative of C4 was quantified by LC-MS/MS using the electrospray ionization mode. The detection limit of the C4 picolinoyl ester was found to be 100 fg (signal-to-noise ratio = 10), which was approximately 1,000 times more sensitive than the detection limit of C4 with a conventional HPLC-ultraviolet method. The relative standard deviations between sample preparations and between measurements by our method were calculated to be 5.7% and 3.9%, respectively, by one-way layout analysis. The recovery experiments were performed using serum spiked with 20.0-60.0 ng/ml C4 and were validated by a polynomial equation. The results showed that the estimated concentration with 95% confidence limit was 23.1 +/- 2.8 ng/ml, which coincided completely with the observed X(0) +/- SD = 23.3 +/- 1.0 ng/ml with a mean recovery of 93.4%. This method provides highly reliable and reproducible results for the quantification of C4, especially in small volumes of blood samples.
Shape controllable microgel particles prepared by microfluidic combining external ionic crosslinking (2012)

Alginate microgels with varied shapes, such as mushroom-like, hemi-spherical, red blood cell-like, and others, were generated by combining microfluidic and external ionic crosslinking methods. This novel method allows a continuous fine tuning of the microgel particles shape by simply varying the gelation conditions, e.g., viscosity of the gelation bath, collecting height, interfacial tension. The release behavior of iopamidol-loaded alginate microgel particles with varied morphologies shows significant differences. Our technique can also be extended to microgels formation from different anionic biopolymers, providing new opportunities to produce microgels with various anisotropic dimensions for the applications in drug delivery, optical devices, and in advanced materials formation.
Risk factors for neck pain: a longitudinal study in the general population (2001)

The objective of the study was to examine the 1-year cumulative incidence of episodic neck pain and to explore its associations with individual risk factors, including a history of previous neck injury. A baseline cross-sectional survey of an adult general population sample made up of all 7669 adults aged 18-75 years, registered with two family practices in South Manchester, United Kingdom, identified the study population of adults with no current neck pain. This study population was surveyed again 12 months later to identify all those who had experienced neck pain during the follow-up period. At follow-up, cumulative 1-year episode incidence of neck pain was estimated at 17.9% (95% confidence interval 16.0-19.7%). Incidence was independent of age, but was more common in women. A history of previous neck injury at baseline was a significant risk factor for subsequent neck pain in the follow-up year (risk ratio 1.7, 95% confidence interval 1.2-2.5), independent of gender and psychological status. Other independent baseline risk factors for subsequent neck pain included number of children, poor self-assessed health, poor psychological status and a past history of low back pain. We have carried out a prospective study in a general population sample and demonstrated that established risk factors for chronic pain predict future episodes of neck pain, and shown that in addition a history of neck injury is an independent and distinct risk factor. This finding may have major public health and medicolegal implications.
Long-period fiber gratings as band-rejection filters (1996)

We present a new class of long-period fiber gratings that can be used as in-fiber, low-loss, band-rejection filters. Photoinduced periodic structures written in the core of standard communication-grade fibers couple light from the fundamental guided mode to forward propagating cladding modes and act as spectrally selective loss elements with insertion losses act as backreflections <-80 dB, polarization-mode-dispersions <0.01 ps and polarization-dependent-losses <0.02 dB.
Interferon gamma response region in the promoter of the human DPA gene. (1990)

The interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) response region of the human class II major histocompatibility complex gene, DPA, has been localized to a 52-base-pair (bp) DNA fragment in the proximal promotor at -107 to -55 bp after transfection into HeLa cells of a series of 5', 3', and gap deletion mutants linked to a reporter gene, human growth hormone, as well as of synthetic oligonucleotides fused to the heterologous promoter thymidine kinase. The 52-mer sequence contains the X and Y box elements conserved in all class II genes; their presence is indispensable for IFN-gamma inducibility. Furthermore, an additional 5 bp immediately 5' of the X box of the DPA gene are necessary and sufficient for IFN-gamma induction. This region may contain an IFN-gamma response element. A closely related sequence has also been found in the vicinity of the critical deletion sites of three other well-studied class II gene promoters, all of which require a much longer sequence 5' of the X box. A fourth element, the W element, located about 15 bp 5' of the X box in all class II genes, is clearly of little importance in IFN-gamma inducibility of the DPA gene.
Synthesis, Structure, and Neuroprotective Properties of Novel Imidazolyl Nitrones (2000)

A new series of imidazolyl nitrones spin traps has been synthesized and evaluated pharmacologically. The salient structural feature of these molecules is the presence of an imidazole moiety substituted by aromatic or heteroaromatic cycles. This connectivity imparts to the nitrone superior neuroprotective properties in vivo and in parallel reduced side effects and toxicity. Thus compound 6a (a 2-phenylimidazolyl nitrone) administered intraperitoneally protects (80%) mice from lethality induced by an intracerebroventricular administration of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) an oxidant capable of inducing neurodegenerative processes. Administration of the archetypal nitrone phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) at an equimolar dose also affords some protection (60%) in this test. However, this activity is accompanied by hypothermia, whereas no such effect is apparent for 6a. Moreover, previously prepared nonsubstituted or alkyl-substituted imidazolyl nitrones were shown to be extremely toxic to rats in contrast to the compounds prepared in this study. The observed activities in vivo correlate well with the calculated partition coefficients (ClogP) and HOMO energy level.
Radical diffusion limits to photoinhibited superresolution lithography (2013)

Photoinhibited superresolution (PInSR) lithography is a two-color, one-photon scheme that promises high throughput far-field patterning at deep subwavelength scales. The technique requires that active species are confined for some minimum time to the illuminated area where they are generated. We investigate here the extent to which this condition is met for published materials. Using spatial and temporal control of focused beams as well as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), we probe the dynamics of photoinhibition in the PInSR material system. Our results indicate fast out-diffusion of unreacted photoinhibitor from the submicron optical spot during the polymerization interval, resulting in uniform rather than structured inhibition. Published results are consistent with this mechanism, indicating that superresolved polymer confinement with PInSR has not yet been shown with structured inhibition. To address the issue, we propose modifications to the material and exposure to slow inhibitor out-diffusion and accelerate polymer gelation.
Nucleosides and Nucleotides, Part 144 Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of 5‐Substituted (2′S)‐2′‐Deoxy‐2′‐C‐Methylcytidines and ‐uridines[1] (1996)

Synthesis of several 5-substituted (2'S)-2'-deoxy-2'-C-methylcytidines (8) and -uridines (6, 11) has been accomplished using radical deoxygenation of the 2'-tert-alcohols via their methyl oxalyl esters as a key reaction. Anti-herpes simplex virus type-1 and -2, and anti-varicella-zoster virus activities of the newly synthesized nucleosides were evaluated. Among them, the 5-iodouracil derivative 6e showed the most potent activity against herpes simplex virus type-1, with an EC50 of 0.14 micrograms/mL without showing cytotoxicity up to 100 micrograms/mL, but had a weak activity against herpes simplex virus type-2 and no activity against varicella-zoster virus up to 50 micrograms/mL in vitro. Although the 5-fluorocytosine derivative 8b had a potent anti-herpes simplex virus type-1 activity (EC50 = 0.22 micrograms/mL), it was rather cytotoxic to the CCRF-HSB-2 human T-cell line (IC50 > or = 1.0 microgram/mL).
The primary structure of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. (1983)

We have cloned and sequenced the alcohol dehydrogenase gene of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The gene was isolated by transformation and complementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain which lacked functional alcohol dehydrogenase with an S. pombe gene bank constructed in the autonomously replicating yeast plasmid YEp13. Southern hybridization analysis indicates that S. pombe contains only one alcohol dehydrogenase gene. The structural region of the gene is 50% homologous to the alcohol dehydrogenase encoding genes of the budding yeast S. cerevisiae. The gene exhibits a very strong codon usage bias; with the set of predominantly used codons generally resembling that which S. cerevisiae employs preferentially. All of the differences in codon usage bias between S. pombe and S. cerevisiae are in the direction of greater G + C content in S. pombe codons. It is argued that this observation supports the hypothesis that selection toward uniform codon-anticodon binding energies contributes to codon usage bias and that the optimum binding energy is, on the average, higher in S. pombe than S. cerevisiae.
Influence of Stabilization Temperature on the Entrapment of Adriamycin in Albumin Microspheres (1987)

Adriamycin associated bovine serum albumin (BSA) microspheres have been prepared by the method involving emulsion and suspension technology. Stabilization of the carrier matrix was achieved by heat treatment at 105, 120, 135 and 150°C.Following zero to four washings, each of these four batches of microspheres have been evaluated for the amount of associated adriamycin using HPLC. At high stabilization temperatures, migration of adriamycin to the microsphere surface is reduced leading to increased drug entrapment. Results demonstrate that the proportion of entrapped to total drug increases with increase in stabilization temperature of the carrier.
The Insulin Resistance Syndrome (Syndrome X) and Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (1994)

Recent research has identified several risk factors for coronary heart disease that cluster with greater frequency than would be expected by chance. These risk factors include obesity and a centralized distribution of body fat, elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance. An underlying basis for this cluster appears to be disturbances in insulin-mediated glucose homeostasis as reflected by hyperinsulinemia and/or a resistance to its actions. Whether hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance is a necessary and sufficient cause of these metabolic derangements is uncertain. Many studies conducted in the United States and abroad among children, adolescents, and adults have reported hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance to be associated with an adverse coronary risk factor profile. Other studies, conducted primarily in older or noncaucasian adults, have failed to note such relationships. In many instances, multivariate analyses of cross-sectional data designed to address the primacy of insulin resistance in this cluster of risk factors has introduced more confusion than it has resolved. Only prospective studies, particularly those that intervene to “perturb the system,” can adequately address these questions.
Oxygen heterocycles. Part XIII. From 3-arylisocoumarins to 3-arylisoquinolines and 4-aryl-5H-2,3-benzodiazepines (1968)

The reaction of ammonia, methylamine, or hydrazine hydrate with a large number of 3-arylisocoumarins has been investigated with a view to the preparation of derivatives of isoquinoline and 5H-2,3-benzodiazepine, and the determination of the structure of the parent isocoumarins, using infrared spectroscopy.
Nondegradable and Biodegradable Polymeric Particles (1994)

This paper summarizes our recent studies related to production of nondegradable and biodegradable polymeric particles and their use in diverse biomedical applications. Nondegradable monosize polystyrene based particles were prepared in micron-size range by a phase inversion polymerization. Surfaces of these particles were then coated with styrene-acrylate copolymer layers in order to include different functional groups. These particles were radiolabeled with 99mTc succesfully used in animals and in human subjects for diagnostic imaging of GIT. Phagocytosis of these particles and their biologically modified forms by leucocytes and also macrophages were investigated. The polystyrene particles were coated with a cross-linked polyvinylalcohol layer, and then a dye (i.e.,Cibacron blue) was attached for specific protein adsorption. The extents of nonspecific and specific protein (i.e., albumin) adsorption on these particles were presented. Biodegradable monosize polyethylcyanoacrylate particles were prepared by a dispersion polymerization. The effects of several parameters on degradation of these particles were discussed. Biodegradable polylactic acid particles with narrow size distribution were produced by solvent evaporation techniques. A model drug was also loaded in these particles, and its release from these particles were investigated.
Antibody-induced epidermal growth factor receptor dimerization mediates inhibition of autocrine proliferation of A431 squamous carcinoma cells. (1994)

We previously reported that anti-epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor monoclonal antibody (mAb) 225 can block receptor activation and inhibit proliferation of tumor cells bearing EGF receptors. To further explore the mechanism of mAb-mediated growth inhibition, we compared the capacities of bivalent 225 mAb and 225 F(ab')2, and monovalent 225 Fab' fragment to block ligand binding to EGF receptors, inhibit activation of receptor tyrosine kinase by exogenous and endogenous ligand, produce receptor dimerization, down-regulate receptors, and inhibit proliferation of cultured A431 squamous carcinoma cells. Unlike 225 mAb and 225 F(ab')2, 225 Fab' fragment was a poor inhibitor of A431 cell proliferation. The weak antiproliferative capacity of 225 Fab' was not due to depletion of active fragment from cultures. When cells were exposed to exogenous EGF, monovalent 225 Fab' remaining in conditioned culture medium could act as well as the bivalent forms of mAb to block binding and tyrosine kinase activation by exogenous EGF. However, unlike the bivalent forms, 225 Fab' fragment was unable to induce receptor dimerization and down-regulation, and it lacked the capacity to block autocrine activation of EGF receptors by endogenous ligand. These deficiencies were corrected by addition of rabbit anti-mouse IgG antibody, which also enabled 225 Fab' fragment to inhibit cell proliferation. We conclude that in A431 cells, inhibition of autocrine-stimulated proliferation by anti-EGF receptor mAbs requires antibody bivalency, which provides the capacity to produce EGF receptor dimerization accompanied by receptor down-regulation. These properties may explain the greater efficacy of bivalent mAb and F(ab')2, compared with monovalent Fab' fragment, in inhibiting proliferation of a variety of malignant and nonmalignant cultured cell lines.
Principles of Communication Engineering (1965)

Textbook on communication engineering emphasizing random processes, information and detection theory, statistical communication theory, applications, etc
Activation of Sulfolobus solfataricus Alcohol Dehydrogenase by Modification of Cysteine Residue 38 with Iodoacetic Acid (1996)

Reaction of thermostable NAD(+)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from Sulfolobus solfataricus with iodoacetate at pH 9.0 and 37 degrees C significantly increases the oxidation rate of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols and decreases the reduction rate of aromatic aldehydes. The archaeal ADH is chemically modified and activated in a Michaelis-Menten-type reaction, where one molecule of the reagent binds per active site. NAD+ in micromolar concentration protects the enzyme against the inhibitor in an uncompetitive manner, while imidazole significantly increases the extent of the activation. Carboxymethylation selectively modifies one out of five cysteine residues per subunit, namely, Cys 38, located in the catalytic site, as determined by peptide and sequence analysis, and enhances by up to 25-fold the oxidation rate of benzyl alcohol. Carboxymethylated SsADH is less thermostable and shows a temperature optimum 30 degrees C lower than that of the native enzyme. The carboxymethylated enzyme exhibits a lower affinity toward the oxidized and reduced coenzyme. The dissociation constants for NAD+ and NADH determined at 25 degrees C and pH 8.8 are 60- and 200-fold higher, respectively, compared to the native enzyme. The significant isotope effect in alcohol oxidation suggests that hydride transfer partially limits the turnover rate of the reaction catalyzed by the modified enzyme, whereas the rate-limiting step for the native enzyme is NADH dissociation. Carboxymethylated enzyme probably gives higher maximum velocities of oxidation because of the faster dissociation of the modified enzyme-coenzyme complex.
Optimizing the Thermal Read-Out Technique for MIP-Based Biomimetic Sensors: Towards Nanomolar Detection Limits (2013)

In previous work, the novel heat-transfer method (HTM) for the detection of small molecules with Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIP)-type receptors was presented. In this study we focus on optimization of this sensor performance, with as final aim to lower the detection limit by reducing the noise level. It was determined that the noise originates foremost from the power supply, which can be controlled by varying the PID parameters. Therefore, the effect of the individual parameters was evaluated by tuning P, I and D separately at a temperature of 37 °C, giving a first indication of the optimal configuration. Next, a temperature profile was programmed and the standard deviation of the heat-transfer resistance over the entire regime was studied for a set of parameters. The optimal configuration, P1-I6-D0, reduced the noise level with nearly a factor of three compared to the original parameters of P10-I5-D0. With the optimized settings, the detection of L-nicotine in buffer solutions was studied and the detection limit improved significantly from 100 nM to 35 nM. Summarizing, optimization of the PID parameters and thereby improving the detection limit is a key parameter for first applications of the HTM-method for MIP receptors in analytical research.