gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emergence behaviour in children: defining the incidence of excitement and agitation following anaesthesia (2002)

Repeated assessments of behaviour following anaesthetic recovery are required to define an incidence and duration of emergence agitation. Emergence agitation occurs most frequently in the initial 10 min of recovery, but many children who arrive asleep experience agitation later during recovery.
[Detection of premature rupture of fetal membranes by determining insulin-like-growth-factor-binding protein-1]. (1996)

In a clinical trial we examined the suitability of commercially available membrane immune assay for providing evidence of amniotic fluid. 150 amniotic fluid samples won either by amniotomy or amniocentesis were examined in 10 runs; 50 women without any signs of ruptured membranes served as a control group. Evidence of insulin-like growth-factor binding protein with a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 100% demonstrated that this test appears to give reliable proof of amniotic fluid. However, a specificity of 100% has to be critically investigated.
Mechanism of Activation of Human Factor IX by Activated Human Factor XI (1977)

Human Factor IX (F. IX) has been highly purified using: BaSO4 adsorption and elution, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and chromatography on heparin-agarose. The purified F. IX appeared homogeneous on SDS-gels and revealed a single polypeptide chain of 55,000 MW in the Weber-Osborn system. Human Factor XI was purified by ion exchange chromatography to greater than 95% homogeneity as judged on polyacrylamide gels. Following activation of factor XI by purified human factor XIIa, the factor XIa was a potent activator of F. IX in a Ca++-dependent reaction. As judged on SDS gels, activated F. IX at 43,000 mw contains two disulfide-linked polypeptide chains of 27,000 and 16,000 mw. These mw values for the zymogen and activated form of F. IX are identical to those reported for bovine F. IX. And the amino acid compositions of human F. IX and of the isolated heavy and light chains of F. IXa are quite similar to those reported for bovine F. IX and F. IXa. Based on these observations, it is suggested that activated human F. IX contains its active site in a C-terminal 27,000 mw polypeptide which is linked by disulfide bonds to a 16,000 mw N-termina| polypeptide containing gamma carboxyglutamic acid.
A relativistic enhancement to software transactional memory (2011)

Relativistic Programming is a technique that allows low overhead, linearly-scalable concurrent reads. It also allows joint access parallelism between readers and a writer. Unfortunately, it has so far been limited to a single writer so it does not scale on the write side. Software Transactional Memory (STM) is a technique that allows programs to take advantage of disjoint access parallelism on both the read-side and write-side. Unfortunately, STM systems have a higher overhead than many other synchronization mechanisms so although STM scales, STM starts from a lower baseline. We propose combining relativistic programming and software transactional memory in a way that gets the best of both worlds: low-overhead linearly-scalable reads that never conflict with writes and scalable disjoint access parallel writes. We argue for the correctness of our approach and present performance data that shows an actual implementation that delivers the promised performance characteristics. 1
High precision particle mass sensing using microchannel resonators in the second vibration mode (2011)

An intrinsic uncertainty in particle mass sensing with the suspended microchannel resonator results from variation in a particle's position near the free end of the resonator. To circumvent this error we employ the second flexural bending mode. This mode exhibits additional frequency peaks while particles pass over the antinode, a point where the frequency shift is insensitive to the lateral position of the particle. We measure polystyrene beads with the first and second modes and confirm that the second mode sensing provides a narrower mass histogram. For 3 μm diameter beads, second mode sensing at the antinode improves the coefficient of variation in buoyant mass from 1.76% to 1.05% for population measurements and from 1.40% to 0.53% for a single trapped particle.
Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of CD105 Expression with a 64Cu-Labeled Monoclonal Antibody: NOTA Is Superior to DOTA (2011)

Optimizing the in vivo stability of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers is of critical importance to cancer diagnosis. In the case of (64)Cu-labeled monoclonal antibodies (mAb), in vivo behavior and biodistribution is critically dependent on the performance of the bifunctional chelator used to conjugate the mAb to the radiolabel. This study compared the in vivo characteristics of (64)Cu-labeled TRC105 (a chimeric mAb that binds to both human and murine CD105), through two commonly used chelators: 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA) and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA). Flow cytometry analysis confirmed that chelator conjugation of TRC105 did not affect its CD105 binding affinity or specificity. PET imaging and biodistribution studies in 4T1 murine breast tumor-bearing mice revealed that (64)Cu-NOTA-TRC105 exhibited better stability than (64)Cu-DOTA-TRC105 in vivo, which resulted in significantly lower liver uptake without compromising the tumor targeting efficiency. In conclusion, this study confirmed that NOTA is a superior chelator to DOTA for PET imaging with (64)Cu-labeled TRC105.
Immunotherapy earns its spot in the ranks of cancer therapy (2012)

Since it became clear that all cancer cells express tumor-specific and tumor-selective antigens generated by genetic alterations and epigenetic dysregulation, the immunology community has embraced the possibility of designing therapies to induce targeted antitumor immune responses. The potential therapeutic specificity and efficacy of such treatments are obvious to anyone who studies the exquisite specificity and cytocidal potency of immune responses. However, the value assigned to a therapeutic modality by the oncology community at large does not depend on scientific principle; all that matters is how patients respond. The bar for the ultimate acceptance of a therapy requires more than anecdotal clinical responses; rather, the major modalities of cancer therapeutics, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and, more recently, drugs targeting oncogenes, have earned their place only after producing dramatic frequent clinical responses or demonstrating statistically significant survival benefits in large randomized phase 3 clinical trials, leading to FDA approval. Although tumor-targeted antibodies have certainly cleared this bar, immunotherapies aimed at harnessing antitumor cellular responses have not-until now.
Influence of the radial electron density profile on the determination of the characteristics of surface-wave-produced discharges (1988)

Until recently, surface wave discharges have been studied, both experimentally and theoretically, using the wave propagation constant calculated in the assumption of a flat electron density profile. This paper deals with determination of wave characteristics (wavenumber, attenuation and fields) taking into account a radial profile of the electron density. The consequences for the experimental diagnostics are presented. In the range of low electron densities, the authors show that some results deduced from experimental measurements are spoilt if the radial electron density profile is not taken into account. They present an argon surface wave discharge (390 MHz) at low pressure (about 1 Torr) in a 76 mm diameter tube. The influence of the radial electron density profile is studied on the following experimental results: electron density, effective electron-neutral collision frequency and the mean power needed to maintain an electron in the discharge.
The Hypogonadal Mouse: Reproductive Functions Restored by Gene Therapy (1986)

The hypogonadal (hpg) mouse lacks a complete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) gene and consequently cannot reproduce. Introduction of an intact GnRH gene into the genome of these mutant mice resulted in complete reversal of the hypogonadal phenotype. Transgenic hpg/hpg homozygotes of both sexes were capable of mating and producing offspring. Pituitary and serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin were restored to those of normal animals. Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization showed that GnRH expression was restored in the appropriate hypothalamic neurons of the transgenic hpg animals, an indication of neural-specific expression of the introduced gene.
HEVC Complexity and Implementation Analysis (2012)

Advances in video compression technology have been driven by ever-increasing processing power available in software and hardware. The emerging High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard aims to provide a doubling in coding efficiency with respect to the H.264/AVC high profile, delivering the same video quality at half the bit rate. In this paper, complexity-related aspects that were considered in the standardization process are described. Furthermore, profiling of reference software and optimized software gives an indication of where HEVC may be more complex than its predecessors and where it may be simpler. Overall, the complexity of HEVC decoders does not appear to be significantly different from that of H.264/AVC decoders; this makes HEVC decoding in software very practical on current hardware. HEVC encoders are expected to be several times more complex than H.264/AVC encoders and will be a subject of research in years to come.
Use of an Endothelial Monolayer on a Vascular Graft Prior to Implantation (1986)

The temporal sequence of events was examined from initial contact of endothelial cells (ECs) to Dacron until the establishment of a monolayer. Cultured human adult ECs were radiolabeled, seeded onto Dacron, and adherence was quantified after vigorous washing. Firm adherence of 70% of the seeded ECs was seen by 2 hours to untreated Dacron, by 30 minutes to Dacron pretreated with a combination of interstitial type I/III collagen and an amnion-derived basement membrane (Type IV) collagen surface, and by 10 minutes to plasma-coated Dacron. Parallel samples were examined morphologically by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the adherence of ECs to surfaces. ECs seeded onto plain Dacron exhibited limited adherence, while cells on plasma-treated Dacron exhibited limited cell-cell associations. On basement membrane-treated Dacron, by 30 minutes the ECs exhibited a flat attenuated morphology, completely covering the graft surface. This time-frame is compatible with most vascular procedures, making an immediately endothelialized graft feasible.
Photoinactivation of Fluorescein Isothiocyanate-modified Na,K-ATPase by 2′(3′)-O-(2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl)8-azidoadenosine 5′-Diphosphate (1998)

The Na,K-ATPase activity of the sodium pump exhibits apparent multisite kinetics toward ATP, a feature that is inherent to the minimal enzyme unit, the alpha beta protomer. We have argued that this should arise from separate catalytic and noncatalytic sites on the alpha beta protomer as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) blocks a high affinity ATP site on all alpha subunits and yet the modified Na, K-ATPase retains a low affinity response to nucleotides (Ward, D. G., and Cavieres, J. D. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 12317-12321). We now find that 2'(3')-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)8-azido-adenosine 5'-diphosphate (TNP-8N3-ADP), a high affinity photoactivatable analogue of ATP, can inhibit the K+-phosphatase activity of the FITC-modified enzyme during assays in dimmed light. The inhibition occurs with a Ki of 140 microM at 20 mM K+; it requires the adenine ring as 2'(3')-O-(2,4 6-trinitrophenyl) (TNP)-UDP or TNP-uridine are less potent and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-sulfonate is ineffective. Under irradiation with UV light, TNP-8N3-ADP inactivates the K+-phosphatase activity of the fluorescein-enzyme and also its phosphorylation by [32P]Pi. The photoinactivation process is stimulated by Na+ or Mg2+, and is inhibited by K+ or excess TNP-ADP. In the presence of 50 mM Na+ and 1 mM Mg2+, TNP-8N3-ADP photoinactivates with a K0.5 of 15 microM. Furthermore, TNP-8N3-ADP photoinactivates the FITC-modified, solubilized alpha beta protomers, even more effectively than the membrane-bound fluorescein-enzyme. These results strongly suggest that catalytic and allosteric ATP sites coexist on the alpha beta protomer of Na,K-ATPase.
Increased surface expression of CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) is not required for stimulated neutrophil adherence to cultured endothelium. (1988)

The mechanism whereby the human neutrophil membrane heterodimer, CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1, Mo1), mediates neutrophil adherence is not known. We studied the role of CD11b/CD18 surface expression in the promotion of neutrophil adhesiveness. We found that phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), calcium ionophore (A23187), and FMLP caused a three- to sevenfold increase in surface expression of both CD11b (alpha M) and CD18 (beta) as assayed by binding of MAbs 60.1 (anti-CD11b) and 60.3 (anti-CD18). Increased binding of MAbs was temporally associated with the promotion of neutrophil aggregation and adherence to cultured endothelial monolayers. Pretreatment of neutrophils with the anion channel-blocking agent, DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid), inhibited the increased surface expression of CD11b and CD18 after stimulation by PMA, A23187, or FMLP and resulted in nearly complete inhibition of neutrophil aggregation. However, pretreatment with DIDS did not diminish either PMA-, A23187-, or FMLP-stimulated neutrophil adherence to endothelial monolayers. We also observed that stimulation of granule-depleted neutrophil cytoplasts by PMA, A23187, or FMLP induced aggregation and adherence to endothelial monolayers without increasing surface expression of CD11b or CD18. We conclude that the increased surface expression of CD11b/CD18 that occurs after stimulation is neither sufficient nor necessary for enhanced adherence to endothelium. Moreover, though both are CD11b/CD18-dependent, the mechanisms involved in neutrophil aggregation are different from those involved in neutrophil adherence to endothelium.
Fabrication of porous biodegradable polymer scaffolds using a solvent merging/particulate leaching method (2001)

This study developed a solvent merging/particulate leaching method for preparing three-dimensional porous scaffolds. Poly(L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and sodium chloride particles were dry-mixed and cast into a special mold, through which a liquid could pass due to a pressure difference. An organic solvent was then poured into the mold to dissolve and merge the PLGA particles under negative pressure. A nonsolvent was conducted into the PLGA/salt composite to solidify and precipitate the merged PLGA matrix. Finally, a large amount of water was passed through the mold to leach out the salt particles so as to create a porous structure. The results revealed that a highly porous three-dimensional scaffold (>85 vol %) with a well interconnected porous structure could be achieved by this process. Porosity and the pore size of the scaffold were controlled using the ratio and the particle size of the added salt particles. A larger-volume scaffold was produced using a larger mold. This work provides a continuous and simple procedure for fabricating a bulk three-dimensional porous scaffold for tissue engineering.
Prolonged bleeding time during nitric oxide inhalation in the rabbit (1994)

During a study on the modulatory effect of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) on the airway, we observed an increased bleeding tendency. Therefore, we studied bleeding time and blood rheology in rabbits during inhalation of 3, 30 and 300 parts per million (ppm) NO. The rabbits were intubated during neurolept anaesthesia and were ventilated mechanically. The bleeding time was significantly increased after 15 min of inhalation of 30 ppm NO, from 51 +/- 5 to 72 +/- 7 s (mean +/- SEM, P < 0.001, n = 7). However, there were no changes in haematocrit, whole blood or plasma viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation tendency, or erythrocyte deformability. Inhalation of 3 ppm NO increased bleeding time from 46 +/- 11 to 59 +/- 8 s (n.s., n = 4) and 300 ppm NO from 48 +/- 12 to 78 +/- 17 s (P < 0.05, n = 4). In another group of rabbits mean arterial pressure (MAP) was monitored using NO inhalation. A non-significant decrease was seen with 3 ppm and 30 ppm NO, from 63 +/- 2 to 59 +/- 3 mmHg (n = 6) and from 65 +/- 2 to 61 +/- 1 mmHg (n = 6) respectively. Inhalation with 300 ppm NO decreased MAP from 62 +/- 3 to 55 +/- 2 mmHg (P < 0.05, n = 6). We conclude from these data that inhalation of NO, 30 ppm or more exerts systemic effects.
Antigenic variation during persistent infection by equine infectious anemia virus, a retrovirus. (1984)

The recurrent nature of equine infectious anemia has been attributed to relatively rapid antigenic variations in equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) during persistent infection under selective immune pressures. This model was tested by serological and biochemical analysis of virus isolates recovered from separate febrile episodes in two experimentally infected ponies. Neutralization assays employing immune sera from the experimentally infected ponies demonstrated that distinct antigenic strains of virus predominate during sequential febrile episodes in a single pony. Analysis of the test strains of EIAV by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed varying electrophoretic mobilities for the respective virion glycoproteins gp90 and gp45. Furthermore, peptide mapping comparisons demonstrated structural variations between the gp90 components of the various strains. In contrast, the respective internal proteins of the virus strains displayed identical electrophoretic mobilities in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and, in general, produced identical tryptic peptide maps. The observed differences in glycoprotein electrophoretic mobility and peptide maps were highly reproducible and did not vary with repeated passage of the virus strains in cell culture. Thus, these results demonstrate the occurrence of glycoprotein-specific structural variations during persistent infection by EIAV and support the concept of antigenic variation in this retrovirus. This capacity to alter envelope glycoprotein structure, previously reported for visna virus, may represent an important mechanism of retrovirus persistence in the presence of immune responses by the animal host.
Root resorption beneath the main hyalinized zone (1994)

A previous investigation on the initial phase of root resorption associated with orthodontic overcompression of local areas of the periodontal ligament (PDL), indicated that a differentiation should be made between two stages: (1) the very first resorption occurring in the periphery of the main necrotic zone; and (2) the root resorption occurring on that part of the root surface situated beneath the main bulk of necrotic tissue (Brudvik and Rygh, 1993a). The aim of the present investigation was to study the latter stage. Attention was focused on: (1) the possible association between the presence of necrotic tissue and root resorption; and (2) the cells that invaded and removed the necrotic tissue, as well as the cells that started to remove/resorb the cementum. Mesial movement of the upper first molars (rats) and lower first molars (mice) was performed by a fixed orthodontic appliance. The results indicate an association between the root resorption, and the presence and active removal of the hyalinized tissue. Root resorption beneath the main hyalinized zone occurred in areas where invading cells were observed close to the root surface. The majority of the cells involved in removal of the necrotic tissue and resorption of the root surface were multi-nucleated and TRAP-positive. It is hypothesized that multi-nucleated TRAP-positive cells when reaching the subjacent contaminated and damaged root surface after having removed necrotic PM tissue, continued to remove the cementum surface.
Procedure for preparing peptide-major histocompatibility complex tetramers for direct quantification of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (2005)

The procedure is simple and efficient for generating peptide-MHC tetramers.
A Theoretical Model for the Regulation of Sex-lethal, a Gene That Controls Sex Determination and Dosage Compensation in Drosophila melanogaster (2003)

Cell fate commitment relies upon making a choice between different developmental pathways and subsequently remembering that choice. Experimental studies have thoroughly investigated this central theme in biology for sex determination. In the somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster, Sex-lethal (Sxl) is the master regulatory gene that specifies sexual identity. We have developed a theoretical model for the initial sex-specific regulation of Sxl expression. The model is based on the well-documented molecular details of the system and uses a stochastic formulation of transcription. Numerical simulations allow quantitative assessment of the role of different regulatory mechanisms in achieving a robust switch. We establish on a formal basis that the autoregulatory loop involved in the alternative splicing of Sxl primary transcripts generates an all-or-none bistable behavior and constitutes an efficient stabilization and memorization device. The model indicates that production of a small amount of early Sxl proteins leaves the autoregulatory loop in its off state. Numerical simulations of mutant genotypes enable us to reproduce and explain the phenotypic effects of perturbations induced in the dosage of genes whose products participate in the early Sxl promoter activation.
Reputation systems (2000)

T he Internet offers vast new opportunities to interact with total strangers. These interactions can be fun, informative, even profitable. But they also involve risk. Is the advice of a self-proclaimed expert at expertcentral.com reliable? Will an unknown dotcom site or eBay seller ship items promptly with appropriate packaging? Will the product be the same one described online?
The Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase–Akt Signaling Pathway Is Important for Staphylococcus aureus Internalization by Endothelial Cells (2011)

Internalization of Staphylococcus aureus in bovine endothelial cells (BEC) is increased by tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulation and NF-κB activation. Because the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway also modulates NF-κB activity, we considered whether the internalization of S. aureus by BEC is associated with the activity of PI3K and Akt. We found a time- and multiplicity of infection-dependent phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473 in BEC infected with S. aureus. This phosphorylation was inhibited by LY294002 (LY), indicating the participation of PI3K. Inhibition of either PI3K with LY or wortmannin, or Akt with SH-5, strongly reduced the internalization of S. aureus. Transfection of BEC with a dominant-negative form of the Akt gene significantly decreased S. aureus internalization, whereas transfection with the constitutively active mutant increased the number of internalized bacterium. Inhibition of PDK1 activity with OSU-03012 did not affect the level of S. aureus internalization, demonstrating that phosphorylation of Akt on Thr308 is not important for this process. Compared to the untreated control, the adherence of S. aureus to the surface of BEC was unaltered when cells were transfected or incubated with the pharmacological inhibitors. Furthermore, Akt activation by internalized S. aureus triggered a time-dependent phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3α (GSK-3α) on Ser21 and GSK-3β on Ser9 that was partially inhibited with SH-5. Finally, treatment of BEC with LY prior to S. aureus infection inhibited the NF-κB p65 subunit phosphorylation on Ser536, indicating the involvement of PI3K. These results suggest that PI3K-Akt activity is important for the internalization of S. aureus and phosphorylation of GSK-3α, GSK-3β, and NF-κB.