gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hensin Remodels the Apical Cytoskeleton and Induces Columnarization of Intercalated Epithelial Cells: Processes that Resemble Terminal Differentiation (1999)

Intercalated epithelial cells exist in a spectrum of phenotypes; at one extreme, beta cells secrete HCO3 by an apical Cl/HCO3 exchanger and a basolateral H+ ATPase. When an immortalized beta cell line is seeded at high density it deposits in its extracellular matrix (ECM) a new protein, hensin, which can reverse the polarity of several proteins including the Cl/HCO3 exchanger (an alternately spliced form of band 3) and the proton translocating ATPase. When seeded at low density and allowed to form monolayers these polarized epithelial cells maintain the original distribution of these two proteins. Although these cells synthesize and secrete hensin, it is not retained in the ECM, but rather, hensin is present in a large number of intracellular vesicles. The apical cytoplasm of low density cells is devoid of actin, villin, and cytokeratin19. Scanning electron microscopy shows that these cells have sparse microvilli, whereas high density cells have exuberant apical surface infolding and microvilli. The apical cytoplasm of high density cells contains high levels of actin, cytokeratin19, and villin. The cell shape of these two phenotypes is different with high density cells being tall with a small cross-sectional area, whereas low density cells are low and flat. This columnarization and the remodeling of the apical cytoplasm is hensin-dependent; it can be induced by seeding low density cells on filters conditioned by high density cells and prevented by an antibody to hensin. The changes in cell shape and apical cytoskeleton are reminiscent of the processes that occur in terminal differentiation of the intestine and other epithelia. Hensin is highly expressed in the intestine and prostate (two organs where there is a continuous process of differentiation). The expression of hensin in the less differentiated crypt cells of the intestine and the basal cells of the prostate is similar to that of low density cells; i.e., abundant intracellular vesicles but no localization in the ECM. On the other hand, as in high density cells hensin is located exclusively in the ECM of the terminally differentiated absorptive villus cells and the prostatic luminal cell. These studies suggest that hensin is a critical new molecule in the terminal differentiation of intercalated cell and perhaps other epithelial cells.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 : a Novel Immunoregulatory Hormone (1984)

The hormonal form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], at picomolar concentrations, inhibited the growth-promoting lymphokine interleukin-2, which is produced by human T lymphocytes activated in vitro by the mitogen phytohemagglutinin. Other metabolites of vitamin D3 were less effective than 1,25(OH)2D3 in suppressing interleukin-2; their order of potency corresponded to their respective affinity for the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor, suggesting that the effect on interleukin-2 was mediated by this specific receptor. The proliferation of mitogen-activated lymphocytes was also inhibited by 1,25(OH)2D3. This effect of the hormone became more pronounced at later stages of the culture. These findings demonstrate that 1,25(OH)2D3 is an immunoregulatory hormone.
Characterization of Moloney murine leukemia virus mutants with single-amino-acid substitutions in the Cys-His box of the nucleocapsid protein (1989)

To study the function of the retroviral nucleocapsid protein (NC), we have constructed point mutations in the gag gene of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV) that affect a conserved cysteine-histidine motif of NC. The mutants were characterized biologically and biochemically. Cell lines producing the mutant virions were constructed in NIH 3T3 and rat2 cells, and the viral particles released by these cells were characterized for protein and RNA content. The results indicated that most mutations block replication and specifically inhibit the packaging of the MuLV genomic RNA. In some of the mutants, the packaging of the endogenous rat VL30 RNA was not affected as profoundly as was MuLV RNA. NC also seems to have another function distinct from dimer formation and packaging: one mutation reduced viral RNA packaging by only fivefold but completely abolished viral cDNA synthesis, suggesting a defect in reverse transcription.
Preparation of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Cells Suitable for Culturing Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (2012)

In general, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)(1) can be cultured under variable conditions. However, it is not easy to establish an effective system for culturing these cells. Since the culture conditions can influence gene expression that confers pluripotency in hESCs and hiPSCs, the optimization and standardization of the culture method is crucial. The establishment of hESC lines was first described by using MEFs as feeder cells and fetal bovine serum (FBS)-containing culture medium(2). Next, FBS was replaced with knockout serum replacement (KSR) and FGF2, which enhances proliferation of hESCs(3). Finally, feeder-free culture systems enable culturing cells on Matrigel-coated plates in KSR-containing conditioned medium (medium conditioned by MEFs)(4). Subsequently, hESCs culture conditions have moved towards feeder-free culture in chemically defined conditions(5-7). Moreover, to avoid the potential contamination by pathogens and animal proteins culture methods using xeno-free components have been established(8). To obtain improved conditions mouse feeder cells have been replaced with human cell lines (e.g. fetal muscle and skin cells(9), adult skin cells(10), foreskin fibroblasts(11-12), amniotic mesenchymal cells(13)). However, the efficiency of maintaining undifferentiated hESCs using human foreskin fibroblast-derived feeder layers is not as high as that from mouse feeder cells due to the lower level of secretion of Activin A(14). Obviously, there is an evident difference in growth factor production by mouse and human feeder cells. Analyses of the transcriptomes of mouse and human feeder cells revealed significant differences between supportive and non-supportive cells. Exogenous FGF2 is crucial for maintaining self-renewal of hESCs and hiPSCs, and has been identified as a key factor regulating the expression of Tgfβ1, Activin A and Gremlin (a BMP antagonist) in feeder cells. Activin A has been shown to induce the expression of OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG in hESCs(15-16). For long-term culture, hESCs and hiPSCs can be grown on mitotically inactivated MEFs or under feeder-free conditions in MEF-CM (MEF-Conditioned Medium) on Matrigel-coated plates to maintain their undifferentiated state. Success of both culture conditions fully depends on the quality of the feeder cells, since they directly affect the growth of hESCs. Here, we present an optimized method for the isolation and culture of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), preparation of conditioned medium (CM) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess the levels of Activin A within the media.
Transformations of Quinic Acid. Asymmetric Synthesis and Absolute Configuration of Mycosporin I and Mycosporin-gly (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTransformations of Quinic Acid. Asymmetric Synthesis and Absolute Configuration of Mycosporin I and Mycosporin-glyJames D. White, Janice H. Cammack, Kazuhiko Sakuma, Gordon W. Rewcastle, and Rexford K. WidenerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 12, 3600–3611Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00117a008https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00117a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1401Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
SPL8, an SBP-Box Gene That Affects Pollen Sac Development in Arabidopsis (2003)

SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-box genes (SBP-box genes) encode plant-specific proteins that share a highly conserved DNA binding domain, the SBP domain. Although likely to represent transcription factors, little is known about their role in development. In Arabidopsis, SBP-box genes constitute a structurally heterogeneous family of 16 members known as SPL genes. For one of these genes, SPL8, we isolated three independent transposon-tagged mutants, all of which exhibited a strong reduction in fertility. Microscopic analysis revealed that this reduced fertility is attributable primarily to abnormally developed microsporangia, which exhibit premeiotic abortion of the sporocytes. In addition to its role in microsporogenesis, the SPL8 knockout also seems to affect megasporogenesis, trichome formation on sepals, and stamen filament elongation. The SPL8 mutants described help to uncover the roles of SBP-box genes in plant development.
Using translational enhancers to increase transgene expression in Drosophila (2012)

The ability to specify the expression levels of exogenous genes inserted in the genomes of transgenic animals is critical for the success of a wide variety of experimental manipulations. Protein production can be regulated at the level of transcription, mRNA transport, mRNA half-life, or translation efficiency. In this report, we show that several well-characterized sequence elements derived from plant and insect viruses are able to function in Drosophila to increase the apparent translational efficiency of mRNAs by as much as 20-fold. These increases render expression levels sufficient for genetic constructs previously requiring multiple copies to be effective in single copy, including constructs expressing the temperature-sensitive inactivator of neuronal function Shibire(ts1), and for the use of cytoplasmic GFP to image the fine processes of neurons.
Increased gene-specific repair of cisplatin interstrand cross-links in cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cell lines. (1992)

We have studied several aspects of DNA damage formation and repair in human ovarian cancer cell lines which have become resistant to cisplatin through continued exposure to the anticancer drug. The resistant cell lines A2780/cp70 and 2008/c13*5.25 were compared with their respective parental cell lines, A2780 and 2008. Cells in culture were treated with cisplatin, and the two main DNA lesions formed, intrastrand adducts and interstrand cross-links, were quantitated before and after repair incubation. This quantitation was done for total genomic lesions and at the level of individual genes. In the overall genome, the initial frequency of both cisplatin lesions assayed was higher in the parental than in the derivative resistant cell lines. Nonetheless, the total genomic repair of each of these lesions was not increased in the resistant cells. These differences in initial lesion frequency between parental and resistant cell lines were not observed at the gene level. Resistant and parental cells had similar initial frequencies of intrastrand adducts and interstrand cross-links in the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene and in several other genes after cisplatin treatment of the cells. There was no increase in the repair efficiency of intrastrand adducts in the DHFR gene in resistant cell lines compared with the parental partners. However, a marked and consistent repair difference between parental and resistant cells was observed for the gene-specific repair of cisplatin interstrand cross-links. DNA interstrand cross-links were removed from three genes, the DHFR, multidrug resistance (MDR1), and delta-globin genes, much more efficiently in the resistant cell lines than in the parental cell lines. Our findings suggest that acquired cellular resistance to cisplatin may be associated with increased gene-specific DNA repair efficiency of a specific lesion, the interstrand cross-link.
Interaction of phospholipid vesicles with cells. Endocytosis and fusion as alternate mechanisms for the uptake of lipid-soluble and water-soluble molecules. (1975)

Depending on their phospholipid composition, liposomes are endocytosed by, or fuse with, the plasma membrane, of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Unilamellar egg lecithin vesicles are endocytosed by amoeba at 28 degrees C with equal uptake of the phospholipid bilayer and the contents of the internal aqueous space of the vesicles. Uptake is inhibited almost completely by incubation at 4 degrees C or in the presence of dinitrophenol. After uptake at 28 degrees C, the vesicle phospholipid can be visualized by electron microscope autoradiography within cytoplasmic vacuoles. In contrast, uptake of unilamellar dipalmitoyl lecithin vesicles and multilamellar dipalmitoyl lecithin liposomes is only partially inhibited at 4 degrees C, by dinitrophenol and by prior fixation of the amoebae with glutaraldehyde, each of which inhibits pinocytosis. Vesicle contents are taken up only about 40% as well as the phospholipid bilayer. Electron micrographs are compatible with the interpretation that dipalmitoyl lecithin vesicles fuse with the amoeba plasma membrane, adding their phospholipid to the cell surface, while their contents enter the cell cytoplasm. Dimyristoyl lecithin vesicles behave like egg lecithin vesicles while distearoyl lecithin vesicles behave like dipalmitoyl lecithin vesicles.
Augmentation of revascularization and prevention of plasma leakage by angiopoietin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor co-transfection in rats with experimental limb ischaemia (2006)

The current study demonstrated that co-expression of AngI and VEGF genes in the ischaemic muscle effectively develops leakage-resistant vessels in the rat model. Therefore, this approach may provide a more appropriate therapeutic strategy in ischaemic vascular diseases.
Burden of Osteoporosis (2006)

Economic and decision analysis, level V (expert opinion). See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of the levels of evidence.
Multiple organ failure in sepsis: prognosis and role of systemic inflammatory response (2011)

Sepsis is viewed as an excessive host response to pathogen inducing a complex network of molecular cascades leading to tissue damages, organ failures, and death.
Eine neue Methode zur Synthese von Peptiden: Aktivierung der Carboxylgruppe mit Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid unter Zusatz von 1‐Hydroxy‐benzotriazolen (1970)

Abstract 1‐Hydroxy‐benzotriazol sowie verschiedene kernsubstituierte 1‐Hydroxy‐benzotriazole eignen sich als Zusätze bei der Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid‐Methode zur Synthese von Peptiden. Ihr Einfluß auf die Racemisierung bei Peptidsynthesen wurde unter Anwendung des gaschromatographischen Racemisierungstests von Weygand u. Mitarbb. 2) untersucht. Die neuen Zusätze senken die Racemisierung, verhindern die N ‐Acyl‐harnstoffbildung und führen in hoher Ausbeute zu sehr reinen Peptiden.
Expression of retinoic acid receptor genes in fetal and newborn rat lung (1994)

Lung differentiation and development are affected by vitamin A and its metabolites. One mechanism through which retinoids might exert their effects is through nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RAR). The gene expression profile of the RAR family (alpha, beta, gamma) has previously been determined in both the developing mouse embryo to 14.5 days gestation, and in the adult lung. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of the RAR genes during the period of gestation that results in the formation of the saccular lung stage. Total RNA was extracted from fetal lungs of Sprague-Dawley rats at gestational days 17, 19, 20, 21, and 22, and from 12-hour-old newborns for Northern hybridization. Two transcripts of RAR alpha mRNA (3.7 and 2.7 kb) were found at each time point. At day 17, the 2.7 kb RAR alpha mRNA was increased two-fold or more than at any other time studied. At days 19-22 the levels of the 3.7 kb RAR alpha species were also lower than day 17 and newborn levels. One RAR beta mRNA transcript (3.4 kb), present at all time points, was significantly higher in the newborn than on days 17-22. Expression of RAR gamma mRNA could only be demonstrated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. We speculate that the higher RAR alpha species at day 17 indicates a role for RAR alpha in the maintenance of the columnar epithelial cells of the glandular phase of lung development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Tumor Necrosis Factor (Cachectin) as an Essential Mediator in Murine Cerebral Malaria (1987)

Tumor necrosis factor, or cachectin (TNF-alpha), a protein with a wide range of biological activities, is produced mainly by macrophages and may be important in inflammatory processes. The role of TNF-alpha in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria was investigated in a murine model. Most CBA mice infected with Plasmodium berghei anka die between days 6 and 14 with acute neurological manifestations unrelated to the level of parasitemia, whereas mice of some other strains have malaria of the same severity that ends in death after 3 to 4 weeks without neurological manifestations. The activity of serum TNF-alpha was considerably increased in CBA/Ca mice with cerebral malaria but not in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice that did not develop this complication. One injection of rabbit antibody to TNF-alpha on day 4 or 7 fully protected infected mice from cerebral malaria without modifying the parasitemia, whereas immunoglobulins from normal rabbit had no effect. In mice with cerebral malaria, the cerebral vessels showed focal accumulations of packed macrophages often containing infected erythrocytes; this lesion was not seen in mice treated with antibody to TNF-alpha or in untreated mice without cerebral malaria. These findings indicate that TNF-alpha has an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria in this murine model and suggest that local accumulation and activation of macrophages may lead to the predominance of lesions in the central nervous system.
Renovascular hypertension impairs formation of endothelium‐derived relaxing factors and sensitivity to endothelin‐1 in resistance arteries (1991)

1. Endothelium-dependent vascular regulation was investigated in mesenteric resistance arteries of Goldblatt two kidney-one clip (2K1C) renovascular hypertensive rats. 2. Third order branches of mesenteric arteries were dissected free and mounted on glass cannulae in an organ chamber. Changes in vascular diameter were measured in pressurized and perfused arteries with a video dimension analyzer. 3. Acetylcholine evoked endothelium-dependent relaxations that were much more pronounced with intraluminal than with extraluminal application. In 2K1C rats the relaxation induced by intraluminal, but not extraluminal acetylcholine was decreased compared to normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Increased duration of hypertension further decreased the response to intraluminal but not extraluminal acetylcholine. 4. Endothelin-1 and noradrenaline caused contractions which were augmented by removal of the endothelium. This augmentation was reduced in 2K1C rats compared to WKY; the difference was small with noradrenaline but more pronounced with endothelin-1. 5. In arteries without endothelium the sensitivity, but not the maximal contraction to endothelin-1 was lower in 2K1C rats, while the response to noradrenaline was not different in 2K1C rats and WKY. The sensitivity to the peptide was not further affected by increasing the duration of hypertension. 6. Thus, renovascular hypertension leads to an impaired intraluminal, but not extraluminal activation of the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and a decreased inhibitory effect of the endothelium against endothelin-1- and noradrenaline-induced contractions in mesenteric resistance arteries. Furthermore, the sensitivity, but not the maximal response of vascular smooth muscle to endothelin-1 was reduced.
Reversibility, Dopant Desorption, and Tunneling in the Temperature-Dependent Conductivity of Type-Separated, Conductive Carbon Nanotube Networks (2008)

We present a comprehensive study of the effects of doping and temperature on the conductivity of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) networks. We investigated nearly type-pure networks as well as networks comprising precisely tuned mixtures of metallic and semiconducting tubes. Networks were studied in their as-produced state and after treatments with nitric acid, thionyl chloride, and hydrazine to explore the effects of both intentional and adventitious doping. For intentionally and adventitiously doped networks, the sheet resistance (R(s)) exhibits an irreversible increase with temperature above approximately 350 K. Dopant desorption is shown to be the main cause of this increase and the observed hysteresis in the temperature-dependent resistivity. Both thermal and chemical dedoping produced networks free of hysteresis. Temperature-programmed desorption data showed that dopants are most strongly bound to the metallic tubes and that networks consisting of metallic tubes exhibit the best thermal stability. At temperatures below the dopant desorption threshold, conductivity in the networks is primarily controlled by thermally assisted tunneling through barriers at the intertube or interbundle junctions.
Copper as a Biocidal Tool (2005)

Copper ions, either alone or in copper complexes, have been used to disinfect liquids, solids and human tissue for centuries. Today copper is used as a water purifier, algaecide, fungicide, nematocide, molluscicide as well as an anti-bacterial and anti-fouling agent. Copper also displays potent anti-viral activity. This article reviews (i) the biocidal properties of copper; (ii) the possible mechanisms by which copper is toxic to microorganisms; and (iii) the systems by which many microorganisms resist high concentrations of heavy metals, with an emphasis on copper.
First International Quality Assurance Study on the Rapid Detection of Viral Agents of Bioterrorism (2004)

We have conducted an international quality assurance study of filovirus, Lassa virus, and orthopox virus PCR with 24 participants. Of the participating laboratories, 45.8 and 66.7% detected virus in all plasma samples, which contained > or = 5,000 and > or = 100,000 copies per ml, respectively. Sensitivity levels were not significantly different between viruses. False-negative results were attributable to a lack of sensitivity.
Integrated multichannel optical wavelength selective switches incorporating an arrayed-waveguide grating multiplexer and thermooptic switches (1998)

A multichannel optical wavelength selective switch is investigated, which can switch signals at arbitrary wavelengths between multichannels in wavelength division multiplexing systems. It is based on the combination of an arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) multiplexer and an array of optical space-division switches. A monolithically integrated 2/spl times/2 optical wavelength selective switch is successfully fabricated for four multiplexed signals in the 1.55 /spl mu/m wavelength region. Here, an AWG and four 2/spl times/2 thermooptic switches are laid out on a 30/spl times/60 mm/sup 2/ chip. Wavelength selective switching operations for four wavelength signals between two lines are demonstrated in a time slot of 40 ms with a switching speed of 1 ms.