gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism-Based Molecular Design of Highly Selective Fluorescence Probes for Nitrative Stress (2006)

Nitrative stress is implicated in various pathogenic processes, including neurodegenerative disorders, but there is no practical fluorescence probe which can monitor the generation of nitrative stress with high selectivity. To design a suitable fluorescence probe, we have first focused on the fluorescence quenching mechanism of the nitro group, which has been believed to be a unique quencher of fluorescent dyes. We found that nitro group-based fluorescence quenching could be explained in terms of an electron transfer process, from the excited fluorophore to the electron-deficient aromatic nitro moiety. By utilizing this result, we succeeded in developing novel fluorogenic probes, NiSPYs, which can selectively monitor the generation of nitrative stress based on aromatic nitration. NiSPYs showed strong fluorescence enhancement upon the reaction with nitrating agents, including peroxynitrite, but showed little or no fluorescence augmentation in the presence of other reactive oxygen species. NiSPYs should be potentially useful as tools to study the role of nitrative stress in various biological applications.
Transfusion-Transmitted Malaria in the United States from 1963 through 1999 (2001)

Careful screening of donors according to the recommended exclusion guidelines remains the best way to prevent transfusion-transmitted malaria.
The Influence of Microstructure on the Mechanical Properties of Solder (1996)

Solder joints in microelectronics devices consist of low-melting solder compositions that wet and join metal contacts and are, ordinarily, used at high homologous temperatures in the as-solidified condition. Differences in solidification rate and substrate interactions have the consequence that even solder joints of similar compositions exhibit a wide range of microstructures. The variation in microstructure causes a variation in properties; in particular, the high-temperature creep properties that govern much of the mechanical behavior of the solder may differ significantly from joint to joint. The present paper reviews the varieties of microstructure that are found in common solder joints, and describes some of the ways in which microstructural changes affect mechanical properties and joint reliability.
Molecular cloning and expression of a human anterior pituitary receptor for growth hormone-releasing hormone. (1993)

GH-releasing hormone (GHRH), acting through the GHRH receptor (GHRH-R), plays a pivotal role in the regulation of GH synthesis and secretion in the pituitary. It is possible that GHRH may serve other roles in other tissues. Here we report the cloning of a cDNA encoding a human GHRH-R from an acromegalic pituitary cDNA library. The isolated cDNA encodes a 423-amino acid protein that has seven putative transmembrane domains characteristic of G-protein-coupled receptors. It is a member of the secretin family of G-protein-coupled receptors and has 47%, 42%, 35%, and 28% identity with receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide, secretin, calcitonin, and PTH, respectively. Transient expression of this cDNA in COS cells induced saturable, high affinity, GHRH-specific binding and also stimulated intracellular cAMP accumulation in response to physiological concentrations of GHRH. A specific GHRH antagonist blocked both binding and second messenger response. Northern analysis indicated that GHRH-R mRNA was most abundant in extracts of pituitary and was not detected in other tissues.
Conantokin-G Precursor and Its Role in γ-Carboxylation by a Vitamin K-dependent Carboxylase from a ConusSnail (1998)

Conantokin-G isolated from the marine snail Conus geographus is a 17-amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla)-containing peptide that inhibits the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. We describe the cloning and sequence of conantokin-G cDNA and the possible role of the propeptide sequence. The cDNA encodes a 100amino acid peptide. The N-terminal 80 amino acids constitute the prepro-sequence, and the mature peptide is derived from the remaining C-terminal residues after proteolysis, C-terminal amidation, and a unique post-translational modification, gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residues to Gla. Mature conantokin-G peptide containing Glu residues (E.Con-G) in place of Gla is a poor substrate for the vitamin K-dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (apparent Km = 3.4 mM). Using peptides corresponding to different segments of the propeptide we investigated a potential role for the propeptide sequences in gamma-carboxylation. Propeptide segment -20 to -1 covalently linked to E.Con-G or the synthetic pentapeptide FLEEL increased their apparent affinities 2 orders of magnitude. These substrates are not efficiently carboxylated by the bovine microsomal gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, suggesting differences in specificities between the Conus and the mammalian enzyme. However, the role of propeptide in enhancing the efficiency of carboxylation is maintained.
Transforming growth factor-beta enhances the in vivo effector function and memory phenotype of antigen-specific T helper cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (1992)

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) had a profound effect on the in vitro phenotypic development of Ag-activated Th cells and enhanced the in vivo effector function of these cells upon adoptive transfer. Previous studies have shown that there are two types of Th cell populations found in unimmunized animals, naive helper cells, which are short-lived and express low levels of CD44 and high levels of CD45R and Mel-14, and memory helper cells, which have a long life span and express high levels of CD44 and low levels of CD45R and Mel-14. Culturing of Ag-specific murine Th cell lines and clones in the presence of TGF-beta greatly enhanced both the memory phenotype of the cultured cells and the effector function upon adoptive transfer in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Histologic evaluation of spinal cords from recipients receiving passively transferred murine T cell lines cultured with TGF-beta revealed large demyelinated plaques (multiple sclerosis-like) that were not present in animals receiving cells cultured with Ag alone. TGF-beta also enhanced the capability of myelin basic protein-specific Lewis rat T cell lines to transfer experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and potentiated a purified protein derivative-specific rat helper cell line to transfer delayed type hypersensitivity. Thus, the effects of TGF-beta did not appear to be limited by species specificity, Ag specificity, or in vivo T cell function. This is the first study showing that TGF-beta can potentiate the development and maintenance of the Th cell memory phenotype in vitro and enhance their in vivo effector function in an animal disease model.
Noise and Bandwidth of Current Recordings from Submicrometer Pores and Nanopores (2008)

Nanopores and submicrometer pores have recently been explored for applications ranging from detection of single molecules, assemblies of nanoparticles, nucleic acids, occurrence of chemical reactions, and unfolding of proteins. Most of these applications rely on monitoring electrical current through these pores, hence the noise and signal bandwidth of these current recordings are critical for achieving accurate and sensitive measurements. In this report, we present a detailed theoretical and experimental study on the noise and signal bandwidth of current recordings from glass and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membranes that contain a single submicrometer pore or nanopore. We examined the theoretical signal bandwidth of two different pore geometries, and we measured the signal bandwidth of the electronics used to record the ionic current. We also investigated the theoretical noise generated by the substrate material, the pore, and the electronics used to record the current. Employing a combination of theory and experimental results, we were able to predict the noise in current traces recorded from glass and PET pores with no applied voltage with an error of less than 12% in a range of signal bandwidths from 1 to 40 kHz. In approximately half of all experiments, application of a voltage did not significantly increase the noise. In the other half of experiments, however, application of a voltage resulted in an additional source of noise. For these pores, predictions of the noise were usually still accurate within 35% error at signal bandwidths of at least 10 kHz. The power spectra of this extra noise suggested a 1/f(alpha) origin with best fits to the power spectrum for alpha = 0.4-0.8. This work provides the theoretical background and experimental data for understanding the bandwidth requirements and the main sources of noise in current recordings; it will be useful for minimizing noise and achieving accurate recordings.
Repression is relieved before attenuation in the trp operon of Escherichia coli as tryptophan starvation becomes increasingly severe (1984)

Expression of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli is regulated over about a 500- to 600-fold range by the combined action of repression and attenuation. Repression regulates transcription initiation in response to variation in the intracellular concentration of tryptophan. Attenuation regulates transcription termination at a site in the leader region of the operon in response to changes in the extent of charging of tRNATrp. We measured repression independently of attenuation to ascertain whether these regulatory mechanisms were used differentially by the bacterium as the severity of tryptophan starvation was increased. We found that repression regulated transcription of the operon over the range from growth with excess tryptophan to growth under moderate tryptophan starvation. By contrast, attenuation (termination control) was not relaxed until tryptophan starvation was in the moderate-to-severe range. Thus, attenuation and repression were used to regulate transcription in response to different degrees of tryptophan deprivation. Consistent with this conclusion is the observation that when tryptophan starvation was sufficient to relieve repression 50 to 60%, 65% of the tRNATrp of the bacterium was charged. These findings provide a possible explanation for the existence of only two tryptophan codons in the coding region for the trp leader peptide of Enterobacteriaceae.
B7 Interactions with CD28 and CTLA-4 Control Tolerance or Induction of Mucosal Inflammation in Chronic Experimental Colitis (2001)

CD28-B7 interaction plays a critical costimulatory role in inducing T cell activation, while CTLA-4-B7 interaction provides a negative signal that is essential in immune homeostasis. Transfer of CD45RB(high)CD4(+) T cells from syngeneic mice induces transmural colon inflammation in SCID recipients. This adoptive transfer model was used to investigate the contribution of B7-CD28/CTLA-4 interactions to the control of intestinal inflammation. CD45RB(high)CD4(+) cells from CD28(-/-) mice failed to induce mucosal inflammation in SCID recipients. Administration of anti-B7.1 (but not anti-B7.2) after transfer of wild-type CD45RB(high)CD4(+) cells also prevented wasting disease with colitis, abrogated leukocyte infiltration, and reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma by lamina propria CD4(+) cells. In contrast, anti-CTLA-4 treatment led to deterioration of disease, to more severe inflammation, and to enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines. Of note, CD25(+)CD4(+) cells from CD28(-/-) mice similar to those from the wild-type mice were efficient to prevent intestinal mucosal inflammation induced by the wild-type CD45RB(high) cells. The inhibitory functions of these regulatory T cells were effectively blocked by anti-CTLA-4. These data show that the B7-CD28 costimulatory pathway is required for induction of effector T cells and for intestinal mucosal inflammation, while the regulatory T cells function in a CD28-independent way. CTLA-4 signaling plays a key role in maintaining mucosal lymphocyte tolerance, most likely by activating the regulatory T cells.
Principles and applications of aquatic chemistry (1993)

Presents aquatic chemistry in a way that is truly useful to those with diverse backgrounds in the sciences. Major improvements to this edition include a complete rewrite of the first three background chapters making them user-friendly. There is less emphasis on mathematics and concepts are illustrated with actual examples to facilitate understanding.
The total synthesis of dl-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe total synthesis of dl-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracyclineJames J. Korst, James David Johnston, Kenneth Butler, E. J. Bianco, Lloyd H. Conover, and Robert B. WoodwardCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 2, 439–457Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01004a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01004a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1440Altmetric-Citations70LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Molecular Mechanisms of Iron Uptake by Cells and the Use of Iron Chelators for the Treatment of Cancer (2005)

The field of iron (Fe) metabolism has been invigorated in the past 10 years with the discovery of a variety of new molecules involved in the homeostatic control of this critical nutrient. These proteins include the transferrin receptor 2, frataxin, hephaestin, hepcidin, hemojuvelin and others. Basic understanding of the metabolism of Fe in cells is vital in order to develop Fe chelators for the treatment of a variety of disease states. In addition, examination of the role of Fe in the regulation of cell cycle progression and angiogenesis has led to investigations of the use of novel Fe chelators as anti-proliferative agents. These studies have resulted in the identification of new ligands that show selective and potent anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the ability of these chelators to inhibit growth is not only limited to the inhibition of DNA synthesis. In fact, there is a range of targets that are affected by Fe-depletion, such as molecules involved in cell cycle control, angiogenesis and metastasis suppression. These include hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha), vascular endothelial growth factor-1 (VEGF1), p21(CIP1/WAF1), cyclin D1 and the protein product of the N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (Ndrg1). As such, Fe chelators can now be designed to target molecules to induce specific effects, for instance, angiogenesis or metastasis suppression.
Thermal decomposition behavior of mono‐aminimides and their application to polymerization of epoxide (1987)

Abstract Mono‐aminimide compounds [ N , N ‐dimethyl‐ N ‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)‐amine‐ N ′‐propionimide ( 1 ), trimethylamine valerimide ( 2 ), and trimethylamine benzimide ( 3 )] were found to exhibit different thermal decomposition behaviors and polymerization efficiencies for an epoxide (phenyl glycidyl ether, PGE). The thermal decomposition rate of aminimides at 150°C decreased in the order 1 &gt; 2 &gt; 3 . It seemed that hydrogen bonding enchanced the decomposition rate, and the resonance effect induced by the phenyl group suppressed the decomposition. 1 was thermolyzed to give isocyanate and tertiary aminoalcohol, which subsequently reacted with each other to give isocyanate and tertiary aminoalcohol, which subsequently reacted with each other to give urethane. When 2 was heatted, the isocyanurate generated from 2 remained intact. On heating of 3 , we observed the formation of triphenyl isocyanurate. PGE reacted with those aminimides and gave different products depending on their thermolyzed products. Equimolar mixtures of isocyanate, tertiary amine, PGE were used in the model reactions, and the thermal reaction between the expected decompostion products of aminimides was investigated in the presence and absence of PGE. The rate of PGE consumption was in the order PGE + 2 &gt; PGE + 1 &gt; PGE + 3 . It is clear that the formation of urethanes and oxazolidone derivatives affects the polymerization process.
Identification of a Cullin Homology Region in a Subunit of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex (1998)

The anaphase-promoting complex is composed of eight protein subunits, including BimE (APC1), CDC27 (APC3), CDC16 (APC6), and CDC23 (APC8). The remaining four human APC subunits, APC2, APC4, APC5, and APC7, as well as human CDC23, were cloned. APC7 contains multiple copies of the tetratrico peptide repeat, similar to CDC16, CDC23, and CDC27. Whereas APC4 and APC5 share no similarity to proteins of known function, APC2 contains a region that is similar to a sequence in cullins, a family of proteins implicated in the ubiquitination of G1 phase cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. The APC2 gene is essential in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and apc2 mutants arrest at metaphase and are defective in the degradation of Pds1p. APC2 and cullins may be distantly related members of a ubiquitin ligase family that targets cell cycle regulators for degradation.
Onchocerca volvulusGlycolytic Enzyme Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase as a Target for a Protective Immune Response in Humans (2002)

To identify potential vaccine candidates for the prevention of infection with the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus, we screened an O. volvulus L3 stage cDNA library with sera from putatively immune (PI) subjects, and a prominent immunogenic clone of 1,184 nucleotides was identified. It contained an open reading frame of 363 amino acids encoding the glycolytic enzyme fructose 1,6 bisphosphate aldolase (Ov-fba-1). Immunolocalization experiments demonstrated that the protein was most abundantly expressed in metabolically active tissues, including body wall muscle and the reproductive tract of adult female worms. Immunoelectron microscopy of L3 demonstrated binding in the region where the cuticle separates during molting, in the channels connecting the esophagus to the cuticle, and in the basal lamina surrounding the esophagus and the body cavity. Among subjects from areas where this organism is endemic specific humoral and cellular immune responses to recombinant protein were observed in both PI and infected subjects, whereas responses were not observed among subjects who had not been exposed to O. volvulus. Despite the absence of differential responsiveness in parasite-exposed human populations, when the recombinant was tested for protective efficacy in a mouse chamber model, a reduction in survival of larvae by ca. 50% was seen. This observation provides support for the further study of this parasite enzyme as a vaccine candidate in larger animal models.
Implementation of a high performance floating point unit multiplier. (1992)

This work presents a new fast and efficient algorithm for a floating point multiplier that adheres to the IEEE 754 standard and also investigates its VLSI implementation. As a verification tool, VHDL is used to simulate the hardware model of the new floating point multiplier algorithm. In addition this work describes and compares several parallel multiplier architectures including a new parallel multiplier architecture which is both time optimal and regular in structure. This new multiplier architecture will be used as part for the new floating point multiplier algorithm. Finally the BICMOS implementation of the new multiplier architecture is discussed.Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses &amp; Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis1992 .M474. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 31-04, page: 1847. Thesis (M.A.Sc.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 1992.
Effective Treatment of Established Mouse Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Systemic Administration of Dendritic Cells Genetically Modified to Express FasL (2002)

Previous reports have demonstrated the ability of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), genetically modified to express Fas ligand (FasL), to inhibit T-cell responses through the induction of apoptosis of antigen-specific T cells. Here we have examined the ability of primary mouse bone marrow–derived dendritic cells (DCs), genetically modified by adenoviral infection to express FasL, to inhibit progression of established collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1 mice. Systemic injection of DC/FasL into mice with established CIA resulted in substantial disease amelioration as determined by analysis of paw swelling, arthritic index, and number of arthritic paws. Moreover, a single injection of DC/FasL resulted in extended suppression of disease. We also demonstrate that treatment of arthritic mice with DC/FasL suppressed interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production from spleen-derived lymphocytes and reduced T-cell proliferation following collagen stimulation without affecting the levels of anti-collagen antibody isotypes. These results demonstrate that systemic administration of DC/FasL is able to suppress collagen-reactive T cells, resulting in effective and sustained treatment of established CIA.
Viele Wege, um eine quadratische Gleichung zu lösen (1995)

Eine Art, um den Reichtum der Mathematik und die verschiedenen Stärken von DERIVE zu erkennen, besteht darin, ein Problem auf verschiedene Weisen zu lösen. Als Beispiel werden wir das folgende, harmlos wirkende Problem auf verschiedene Arten behandeln: Lösen Sie die Gleichung x2−5x+6=0 nach x auf. Bevor wir beginnen, überlegen wir, wieviele Wege wir kennen, um diese Gleichung zu lösen.
The Myb oncogene product induces DNA-bending. (1994)

The nuclear oncogene v-myb and its cellular counterpart c-myb code for proteins that bind to DNA in a sequence specific manner and act as regulators of transcription. The Myb protein contains DNA binding and trans-regulatory domains which are important for its function. The DNA binding domain of Myb protein has been shown to contain three imperfectly conserved repeats of 50-52 amino acids that constitute the amino terminal end. In this communication, we show that Myb protein induces conformational change in DNA after protein-DNA complex formation. Circular permutation assays indicate that Myb protein induces DNA bending at the site of binding. Phasing analysis confirm the DNA bending and allowed the detection of relative orientation of bend. Myb proteins which comprise only DNA-binding domains either with three repeats or two repeats also bend DNA in the same orientation as the larger proteins with both DNA-binding and transactivating domains. However, the transactivating region seems to influence the magnitude of bend angle. We used molecular modeling to analyse the structure of Myb-DNA complex formation resulting in the bending of DNA. Data presented here show that Myb protein, like other transcriptional regulators, bends DNA upon binding allowing the interaction of regulatory elements.