gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The application of holographic optical waveguide technology to the Q-Sight family of helmet-mounted displays (2009)

Traditionally head up displays and helmet mounted displays use a conventional arrangement of complex lenses to generate a display for the pilot from an image source such as a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) or Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). These systems tend to be complex, comprising many components and they also add mass and adversely modify the centre of the gravity of the helmet. This has resulted in the development of the Holographic Optical Waveguide, a revolutionary new optical technology which dramatically reduces size and mass whilst liberating the designer from many of the constraints inherent in conventional optical solutions. This technology is basically a way of moving light without the need for a complex arrangement of conventional lenses. This is made possible by embedding within the substrate a specially designed hologram which has carefully tailored set of optical properties. The image (or light waves) is constrained to follow a path through the substrate. As these waves pass through the substrate the hologram is programmed to allow some energy to escape in a carefully controlled manner reforming the image that was injected into the substrate. At the same time the hologram design modifies the image geometry such that the user views it as a full size conformal image precisely overlaid on his outside world view. Furthermore this image is maintained over a very large exit-pupil giving the user great flexibility in the installation of the display onto a helmet. The image is formed conventionally from a reflective LCD illuminated with a high brightness LED. The Q-Sight<sup>TM</sup> Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) which exploits this concept is part of a modular-family of Helmet Mounted Displays; allowing the addition of capability as required in a flexible, low-cost way. The basic monocular QSightTM architecture offers plug-and-play solutions into any cockpit with either Analog (stroke) or Digital Video Interface (DVI) connections. This offers a significant upgrade opportunity to those users currently struggling with cumbersome legacy CRT using conventional glass optical lenses. Q-Sight<sup>TM</sup> is configured to fit onto any aircrew helmet in service today, the large eye motion box permitting flexible installation onto loose fitting helmets. The Q-Sight<sup>TM</sup> approach results in design solutions which are fully compatible with all in-service Night Vision Googles (NVGs) and does not require any adaptation to the NVG or its mounting bracket. This approach has distinct advantages that at night the user gets unimpaired Night Vision performance with very high quality symbology.
Anti-Mullerian hormone: clairvoyance or crystal clear? (2012)

The clinical use of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) has increased exponentially due to its unique relationship with the ovarian reserve and ability to predict ovarian response, facilitate pretreatment counselling and individualize treatment strategies to minimize the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. There is now a rapidly increasing literature examining additional possibilities for AMH, all of which suggest that its reach extends far beyond the assisted conception clinic. The recognition that it is a significantly more accurate and reliable measure of ovarian reserve than the antral follicle count or FSH has led to its adoption by physicians to counsel women on their reproductive lifespan, the impact of gonadotoxic chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery on the ovarian reserve and allow polycystic ovarian syndrome to be diagnosed by primary care physicians. We propose that there is an adequate literature base to embrace this technology while continuing to develop and refine how AMH can optimize patient care.
Monoesters and Ester-amidates of Aromatic Phosphonic Acids (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMonoesters and Ester-amidates of Aromatic Phosphonic AcidsAlfred Burger and James J. AndersonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 13, 3575–3579Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01570a073https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01570a073research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views521Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Experiences with Fibrin Coagulum in Pyelolithotomy (1949)

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Jul 1949Experiences with Fibrin Coagulum in Pyelolithotomy1 J. Hartwell Harrison and B.E. Trichel J. Hartwell HarrisonJ. Hartwell Harrison More articles by this author and B.E. TrichelB.E. Trichel More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)68877-3AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 1949 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited bySherer J (2018) Cryoprecipitate Coagulum PyelolithotomyJournal of Urology, VOL. 123, NO. 5, (621-624), Online publication date: 1-May-1980.Marshall S (2018) Commercial Fibrinogen, Autogenous Plasma, Whole Blood and Cryoprecipitate for Coagulum Pyelolithotomy: A Comparative StudyJournal of Urology, VOL. 119, NO. 3, (310-311), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1978.Rathore A and Harrison J (2018) Coagulum Pyelolithotomy using Autogenous Plasma and Bovine ThrombinJournal of Urology, VOL. 116, NO. 1, (8-10), Online publication date: 1-Jul-1976.Moore T and Sweetser T (2018) Coagulum Pelviolithotomy; An Improved TechniqueJournal of Urology, VOL. 67, NO. 5, (579-584), Online publication date: 1-May-1952. Volume 62Issue 1July 1949Page: 1-12 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1949 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information J. Hartwell Harrison More articles by this author B.E. Trichel More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
TrkB and TrkC neurotrophin receptors cooperate in promoting survival of hippocampal and cerebellar granule neurons. (1996)

The Trk family of protein tyrosine kinases (TrkA/B/C) are receptors for neurotrophins, a family of closely related proteins that are important physiological regulators of the survival of specific neurons within the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of vertebrates. In contrast to the PNS, brains of mutant mice deficient in a single neurotrophin or Trk receptor species do not show signs of major cell loss. However, in double mutant mice, we now show that reducing the expression of both TrkB and TrkC causes massive cell death of postnatal hippocampal and cerebellar granule neurons. Kinetic analysis of neuronal death in the hippocampus showed that dentate gyrus granule neurons become dependent on TrkB and TrkC after the first postnatal week, shortly after the period of naturally occurring cell death, indicating a role of these receptors in supporting postmitotic neurons. Correlating with the loss of granule cells, the number of mossy fibers projecting to CA3 pyramidal neurons was markedly reduced in mice carrying mutant trkB/trkC alleles, demonstrating impairment of excitatory pathways in the hippocampus. In the cerebellum, TrkB and TrkC receptors were specifically required for premigratory granule neurons located in the external granule layer. In contrast, cerebellar Purkinje cells were found to be poorly differentiated, but showed no signs of increased cell death. These results provide in vivo evidence that neurotrophins are essential physiological survival factors for specific central neurons. Moreover, they suggest that central, in contrast to peripheral, neurons are capable of using more than one neurotrophin/Trk receptor signaling pathway to stay alive.
Pattern of radiation-induced RET and NTRK1 rearrangements in 191 post-chernobyl papillary thyroid carcinomas: biological, phenotypic, and clinical implications. (2000)

Molecular genetic aberrations and the related phenotypes were investigated in 191 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) from patients exposed at young age to radioiodine released from the Chernobyl reactor. A high prevalence of RET gene rearrangements (62.3%) with a significant predominance of ELE1/RET (PTC3) over H4/RET (PTC1) rearrangements was found in PTCs of the first post-Chernobyl decade. NTRK1 rearrangements were rare (3.3%). In 3.3%, we observed novel types of RET rearrangements: GOLGA5/ RET (PTC5), HTIF/RET (PTC6), RFG7/RET (PTC7), and an as yet undefined RFGX/RET.RET rearrangements, preferentially ELE1/RET, are related to rapid tumor development. At longer intervals after exposure to ionizing radiation, the prevalence of RET rearrangements declines with a shift from ELE1/RET to H4/RET, most significantly in female patients. The prevalence of specific types of rearrangements is independent of age at irradiation. A significantly higher prevalence of ELE1/RET was observed in the most heavily contaminated Oblasts, Gomel and Brest, suggesting a preferential formation of this type of rearrangement after high thyroid doses. RET rearrangement is related to aggressive growth: Rearrangement-positive PTCs were in a more advanced pT category and more frequently in the pN1 category at presentation than rearrangement-negative PTCs. ELE1/RET is related to the solid variant of PTC, H4/RET more frequently to typical papillary structures. The genotype/phenotype evaluation of post-Chernobyl PTCs reveals a characteristic spectrum of gene rearrangements that lead to typical phenotypes with important biological and clinical implications.
TRPV4 initiates the acute calcium-dependent permeability increase during ventilator-induced lung injury in isolated mouse lungs (2007)

We have previously implicated calcium entry through stretch-activated cation channels in initiating the acute pulmonary vascular permeability increase in response to high peak inflation pressure (PIP) ventilation. However, the molecular identity of the channel is not known. We hypothesized that the transient receptor potential vanilloid-4 (TRPV4) channel may initiate this acute permeability increase because endothelial calcium entry through TRPV4 channels occurs in response to hypotonic mechanical stress, heat, and P-450 epoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid. Therefore, permeability was assessed by measuring the filtration coefficient (K(f)) in isolated perfused lungs of C57BL/6 mice after 30-min ventilation periods of 9, 25, and 35 cmH(2)O PIP at both 35 degrees C and 40 degrees C. Ventilation with 35 cmH(2)O PIP increased K(f) by 2.2-fold at 35 degrees C and 3.3-fold at 40 degrees C compared with baseline, but K(f) increased significantly with time at 40 degrees C with 9 cmH(2)O PIP. Pretreatment with inhibitors of TRPV4 (ruthenium red), arachidonic acid production (methanandamide), or P-450 epoxygenases (miconazole) prevented the increases in K(f). In TRPV4(-/-) knockout mice, the high PIP ventilation protocol did not increase K(f) at either temperature. We have also found that lung distention caused Ca(2+) entry in isolated mouse lungs, as measured by ratiometric fluorescence microscopy, which was absent in TRPV4(-/-) and ruthenium red-treated lungs. Alveolar and perivascular edema was significantly reduced in TRPV4(-/-) lungs. We conclude that rapid calcium entry through TRPV4 channels is a major determinant of the acute vascular permeability increase in lungs following high PIP ventilation.
Evaluating location predictors with extensive Wi-Fi mobility data (2003)

No abstract available.
Arabidopsis CBF3/DREB1A and ABF3 in Transgenic Rice Increased Tolerance to Abiotic Stress without Stunting Growth (2005)

Rice (Oryza sativa), a monocotyledonous plant that does not cold acclimate, has evolved differently from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which cold acclimates. To understand the stress response of rice in comparison with that of Arabidopsis, we developed transgenic rice plants that constitutively expressed CBF3/DREB1A (CBF3) and ABF3, Arabidopsis genes that function in abscisic acid-independent and abscisic acid-dependent stress-response pathways, respectively. CBF3 in transgenic rice elevated tolerance to drought and high salinity, and produced relatively low levels of tolerance to low-temperature exposure. These data were in direct contrast to CBF3 in Arabidopsis, which is known to function primarily to enhance freezing tolerance. ABF3 in transgenic rice increased tolerance to drought stress alone. By using the 60 K Rice Whole Genome Microarray and RNA gel-blot analyses, we identified 12 and 7 target genes that were activated in transgenic rice plants by CBF3 and ABF3, respectively, which appear to render the corresponding plants acclimated for stress conditions. The target genes together with 13 and 27 additional genes are induced further upon exposure to drought stress, consequently making the transgenic plants more tolerant to stress conditions. Interestingly, our transgenic plants exhibited neither growth inhibition nor visible phenotypic alterations despite constitutive expression of the CBF3 or ABF3, unlike the results previously obtained from Arabidopsis where transgenic plants were stunted.
Atomic snapshots of shared memory (1993)

This paper introduces a general formulation of atomic snapshot memory , a shared memory partitioned into words written ( updated ) by individual processes, or instantaneously read ( scanned ) in its entirety. This paper presents three wait-free implementations of atomic snapshot memory. The first implementation in this paper uses unbounded (integer) fields in these registers, and is particularly easy to understand. The second implementation uses bounded registers. Its correctness proof follows the ideas of the unbounded implementation. Both constructions implement a single-writer snapshot memory, in which each word may be updated by only one process, from single-writer, n -reader registers. The third algorithm implements a multi-writer snapshot memory from atomic n -writer, n -reader registers, again echoing key ideas from the earlier constructions. All operations require Θ( n 2 ) reads and writes to the component shared registers in the worst case. — Authors' Abstract
The Genetics of Programmed Cell Death in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (1994)

Cancerous growth often results from an increased rate of cell proliferation caused by the abnormal activation of a signal transduction pathway that normally stimulates cell division only in response to growth factor signals; many of the proto-oncogenes that have been characterized function in or respond to such intercellular signaling pathways (for review, see Cooper 1990). Recent findings indicate that cancerous growth also can result from a decreased rate of cell loss. The most striking example is provided by human B-cell follicular lymphomas. These cancers are often associated with t(14;18) chromosomal translocations that cause the proto-oncogene bcl-2 (bcl, B cell lymphoma), normally located on chromosome 18, to be adjacent to and regulated by an enhancer of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus, normally located on chromosome 14 (Bakhshi et al. 1985; Cleary and Sklar 1985; Tsujimoto et al. 1985). The resulting overexpression of a normal Bcl-2 protein in the B-cell lineage leads to...
Newer Gene Editing Technologies toward HIV Gene Therapy (2013)

Despite the great success of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in ameliorating the course of HIV infection, alternative therapeutic approaches are being pursued because of practical problems associated with life-long therapy. The eradication of HIV in the so-called "Berlin patient" who received a bone marrow transplant from a CCR5-negative donor has rekindled interest in genome engineering strategies to achieve the same effect. Precise gene editing within the cells is now a realistic possibility with recent advances in understanding the DNA repair mechanisms, DNA interaction with transcription factors and bacterial defense mechanisms. Within the past few years, four novel technologies have emerged that can be engineered for recognition of specific DNA target sequences to enable site-specific gene editing: Homing Endonuclease, ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas9 system. The most recent CRISPR/Cas9 system uses a short stretch of complementary RNA bound to Cas9 nuclease to recognize and cleave target DNA, as opposed to the previous technologies that use DNA binding motifs of either zinc finger proteins or transcription activator-like effector molecules fused to an endonuclease to mediate sequence-specific DNA cleavage. Unlike RNA interference, which requires the continued presence of effector moieties to maintain gene silencing, the newer technologies allow permanent disruption of the targeted gene after a single treatment. Here, we review the applications, limitations and future prospects of novel gene-editing strategies for use as HIV therapy.
Identifying genetic variants that affect viability in large cohorts (2017)

A number of open questions in human evolutionary genetics would become tractable if we were able to directly measure evolutionary fitness. As a step towards this goal, we developed a method to examine whether individual genetic variants, or sets of genetic variants, currently influence viability. The approach consists in testing whether the frequency of an allele varies across ages, accounting for variation in ancestry. We applied it to the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) cohort and to the parents of participants in the UK Biobank. Across the genome, we found only a few common variants with large effects on age-specific mortality: tagging the APOE ε4 allele and near CHRNA3. These results suggest that when large, even late-onset effects are kept at low frequency by purifying selection. Testing viability effects of sets of genetic variants that jointly influence 1 of 42 traits, we detected a number of strong signals. In participants of the UK Biobank of British ancestry, we found that variants that delay puberty timing are associated with a longer parental life span (P~6.2 × 10-6 for fathers and P~2.0 × 10-3 for mothers), consistent with epidemiological studies. Similarly, variants associated with later age at first birth are associated with a longer maternal life span (P~1.4 × 10-3). Signals are also observed for variants influencing cholesterol levels, risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), body mass index, as well as risk of asthma. These signals exhibit consistent effects in the GERA cohort and among participants of the UK Biobank of non-British ancestry. We also found marked differences between males and females, most notably at the CHRNA3 locus, and variants associated with risk of CAD and cholesterol levels. Beyond our findings, the analysis serves as a proof of principle for how upcoming biomedical data sets can be used to learn about selection effects in contemporary humans.
Diffusion of Submerged Jets (1950)

As the direct result of turbulence generated at the borders of a submerged jet, the fluid within the jet will undergo both lateral diffusion and deceleration, and at the same time fluid from the surrounding region will be brought into motion. The approximate characteristics of the corresponding mean flow pattern are derived analytically, with the exception of a single experimental constant, through assumptions that: (1) The pressure is hydrostatically distributed throughout the flow; (2) the diffusion process is dynamically similar under all conditions; and (3) the longitudinal component of velocity within the diffusion region varies according to the normal probability function at each cross section. Experimental data are presented which justify the analysis and provide the necessary coefficients for flow from both slots and orifices. All results are reduced to a form immediately useful for design purposes.
Clinical Classification of Myelofibrosis with Myeloid Metaplasia (MMM): Cluster Analysis of 861 Patients Enrolled into a Nationwide Prospective Registry (RIMM). (2005)

Abstract BACKGROUND: MMM is a rare chronic myeloproliferative disease with heterogeneous clinical presentation, natural history and prognosis. Knowledge about MMM is burdened by limited sample size and selection bias of the available studies. AIM: To get a clinical classification of MMM for biological and clinical studies. METHODS: The database of the RIMM, a population-based prospective cohort started in 1999, was enquired and data of 861 patients at diagnosis were extracted. The EM-algorithm (WEKA software) was used for a non-supervised data-mining based on 11 variables: age, spleen size, constitutional symptoms, hemoglobin level, platelet and blood cell count, LDH and percentages of erythroblasts, immature myeloid cells, blasts, and basophils. Differences among clusters were first tested with ANOVA or n-way Chi-square and subsequently investigated with t-test or 2x2 Chi-square. Survival differences among clusters were tested through Cox univariate and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: Five clusters (C) were identified: C1 identified younger patients with thrombocytosis and scarce myeloproliferation. C2 also identified patients with a high platelet count, but older and anemic. C3 identified patients with intense myeloproliferation (marked leukocytosis and splenomegaly), while C4 (5% of the patients) collected patients with an even more severe myeloproliferation, associated with a high number of circulating immature myeloid cells and blasts. C4 was also characterized by frequent chromosome abnormalities, anemia and thrombocythopenia. Finally, C5 identified patients with bilinear/trilinear cytopenias. The clusters also differed for variables not incorporated by the data-mining process, i.e. CD34+ cell count (p=0.028); i.e. the rate of homozygous V617F mutation of JAK2 gene, which was significantly higher in C3 and C4 (32.4% vs 12.5%, p=0.019). The clusters also significantly differed for overall survival (p&amp;lt;0.0001), independently of patients’ age. Finally, referral patterns differed among clusters, with C5 and C1 patients being mostly referred to Internal Medicine and Hematology units (p&amp;lt;0.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Thanks to a large and unbiased repository of cases, we identified 5 classes of MMM patients with specific clinical presentation. The biologic and prognostic value of the clusters deserves further investigations at longer follow-up periods. Clinical parameters in the different clusters (means) CLUSTER AGE (yrs) * HB (g/l) */PLT*10(9)* WBC *10(9) * SPLEEN (cm) * BLASTS*(%) CD34 %/μl SEVERITY SCORE§ * * p&amp;lt;0.0001 § The score considers HB, WBC, PLT and SPLEEN (Barosi, Leuk Lymph 2002). 1 56.7 13.3 /583 11.5 3.5 0.21 0.85 /63 1.25 2 72.1 10.6 /482 18.3 2.7 0.82 1.12 /297 2.04 3 65.1 10.8 /303 18.3 9.9 1.47 1.7 /313 2.54 4 67.6 8.4 /110 27.5 13.4 5.66 2.72 /275 4.30 5 68.2 8.4 /134 4.2 6.8 0.78 2.92 /52 3.36 All 65.5 10.7 /362 13.5 6.5 1.18 1.78 /200 2.36