gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cultivation of fertile Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in semi-automated systems. 1. Static cultures (1982)

A semi-automated cultivation apparatus for the in vitro culture of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes is described. This apparatus has been designed to produce large numbers of fertile sexual stages for use in the development of a gamete vaccine or for the infection of suitable mosquitoes. These mosquitoes in turn may be used for the development of a possible sporozoite vaccine. Loss of red cells during medium change has been eliminated and the addition of warmed fresh medium simplified compared to similar systems described previously. Material harvested from this apparatus has been used for infecting mosquitoes. Up to 98% of Anopheles stephensi were infected with a mean oocyst count of 24 per positive gut (range one to 109). The importance of satisfactory presentation of gametocytes for mosquito infection is stressed. The possible presence of substances in normal human sera which inhibits exflagellation to a variable degree and reduces mosquito infectivity is also discussed.
Serum immunoglobulins interact with oligonucleotides (1994)

The interaction of reactive derivatives of oligonucleotides bearing a 4-[(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methyl)amino]benzylamin residue at the 5'-terminal phosphate with serum blood proteins has been investigated. It was found that the compounds react with serum albumin and immunoglobulins M and G, the reactivity increasing in the order: albumin < IgG < IgM. The reactions with immunoglobulins were inhibited in the presence of different oligonucleotides, DNA and heparin, suggesting the oligonucleotide binding to some cationic region of the proteins. Myoglobin inhibited the interaction of oligonucleotide derivatives with myoglobin-specific monoclonal antibodies which indicates that the derivatives interact with the proteins within or near the antigen binding site.
Aptameric inhibition of in vitro DNA polymerization by phosphorothioate oligonucleotides. (1995)

DNA polymerization in the presence of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (S-oligomers) was investigated. Oligonucleotides consisting of three or four consecutive guanosine residues (G4 and G3, respectively) inhibited chain elongation by AMV reverse transcriptase or Sequenase (polymerase function of T7 DNA polymerase). S-oligomers bearing G4 caused greater inhibition of chain elongation by both enzymes than those with G3. AMV reverse transcriptase was more susceptible to S-oligomers bearing consecutive guanosines than was Sequenase. Electrophoresis on a polyacryl amide gel revealed that G4 and G3-oligomers formed high-order polymeric complexes, and that S-oligomers with G4 formed much more complex than those with G3.
Mechanism of l -Glutamine Production by an l -Glutamine-Producing Mutant of Flavobacterium rigense (1981)

Properties of some enzymes involved in l -glutamine biosynthesis in an l -glutamine-producing mutant of Flavobacterium rigense were examined. Glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase in the mutant was nearly at the same level as that in the parent strain and was the most active among the enzymes participating in glutamate biosynthesis from α-ketoglutarate. Glutamine synthetase formation in the mutant was enhanced by increasing the concentration of (NH 4 ) 2 -fumarate in the medium, but the activity of this enzyme in the parent strain was very low, and its formation was not influenced by the concentration of (NH 4 ) 2 -fumarate. Glutaminase formation by both strains was similar and was not influenced by the levels of (NH 4 ) 2 -fumarate. Glutaminase activity of the mutant was inhibited by ammonia and fumarate. Intracellular amino acids and extracellular free amino acids in the mutant were compared with those of the parent strain. It seems reasonable to conclude that l -glutamine leaks out specifically through the cell membrane of strain 703 and that this specific excretion of l -glutamine probably allows a continuous conversion of l -glutamate to l -glutamine inside the cell.
Japanese Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae): Newly Discovered Host of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1994)

Flowers of Japanese honeysuckle, Lonicera japonica Thunb., were found to support larval populations of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), in southwestern Georgia and northern Florida. However, larvae were not detected in samples taken during 1990 in southeastern Oklahoma and eastern Texas. This discovery constitutes a new host record for both H. virescens and H. zea. Studies conducted at 10 different sites in Tift County, Georgia, during 1988–1990 revealed that H. virescens populations peaked on Japanese honeysuckle during the F1 generation of April through May and again during August through September. H. zea larval populations occurred principally during August through September. Peak F1 larval populations of H. virescens on Japanese honeysuckle occurred at the same time as those on crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L., and wild geranium, Geranium carolinianum L. Both H. virescens and H. zea larvae were capable of developing on Japanese honeysuckle flowers in the laboratory. Although survivorship was lower, H. virescens also developed on Japanese honeysuckle leaves and berries. Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck was the principal species parasitizing H. virescens; parasitism of H. zea was negligible and Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) was the only species detected. M. croceipes was the primary parasitoid of H. virescens and H. zea larvae collected from crimson clover. Results of this study indicate that Japanese honeysuckle is an important early season host of H. virescens and an important late-season host for both H. virescens and H. zea when overwintering populations are developing.
A contextual perspective of traditional Native American distance online learning in a Tribal college (2009)

ABSTRACT\nFIRE, NANCY H. A Contextual Perspective of Traditional Native American Distance Online Learning in a Tribal College. (Under the direction of Julia Storberg-Walker.)\n\nWhen learning in natural settings, Native Americans for centuries have used their Native Ways of Knowing to access and process information. These Indigenous learners bring their social, cultural, and historical contexts with them to new learning situations. The process of learning through technology as told from the perspectives of Native American learners has been largely unknown (Tyro, 2004). Previous multi-cultural studies of online learning have found that online learning is not culturally neutral and often represents the worldview of the dominant culture and the instructional designer (Chen, Mashhadi, Ang, &amp; Harkrider, 1999; Smith &amp; Ayers, 2006). \n\nThis single-site descriptive case study conducted at one of the 34 U.S. Tribal colleges provides further understanding of distance online learning experiences of traditional Native American adult online learners as well as the experiences of the college in preparing and facilitating online learning for remote, rural Native learners. The study, conducted according to Indigenous research guidelines, found that Native American students learn effectively within online learning environments when they work with an instructor who models NWOK and courses that are designed to enable their Native Ways of Knowing. The study also found that success depends on adequate access to technology, computer literacy, an effective and user-friendly learning management system, support and mentoring. \n\nThe study raises new questions for additional research. This study indicated that the Native students experienced an emergence of empowerment and ability to express their own "voice" through participation in online coursework. Further, learning outside the walls of the classroom gave the learners the opportunity to integrate their learning with their heritage and day-to-day lives. Further research is required to fully understand these learner experiences.\n\nThis study provides evidence that distance online learning can increase access to education to a greater number of Native learners, therefore providing new educational paths towards economic recovery for Native communities and Tribes. There are implications for workforce development through online education for Native Americans living on remote reservations.
Growth and Fate of PSA-NCAM+ Precursors of the Postnatal Brain (1998)

Oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte (O-2A) lineage cells are derived from multipotential stem cells of the developing CNS. Precursors of O-2A progenitors express the polysialylated (PSA) form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and are detected in neonatal rat brain glial cultures. It is unclear how such PSA-NCAM+ "pre-progenitors" are related to neural stem cells and whether they still have the potential to differentiate along several neural lineages. Here we isolated PSA-NCAM+ pre-progenitor cells from glial cultures by immunopanning and found that most of these cells expressed nestin and PDGF-receptor-alpha but not O-2A antigens. PSA-NCAM+ cells synthesized transcripts for fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors 1, 2, and 3 and responded to FGF2 by survival and proliferation, growing into large clusters resembling neural spheres. FGF2-induced proliferation of PSA-NCAM+ pre-progenitors was significantly enhanced by thyroid hormone (T3), which on its own did not increase cell survival or mitosis. After adhesion and withdrawal of the mitogen, spheres generated mostly oligodendrocytes and astrocytes but very rarely neurons. PSA-NCAM immunopanned cells grown in epidermal growth factor (EGF) also adopted a mostly glial fate after differentiation. In contrast, PSA-NCAM-negative cells and striatal neonatal stem cells, grown in EGF or FGF2, generated the three CNS cell types. Like neural stem cells, PSA-negative cells generated more oligodendrocytes and fewer neurons when expanded in FGF2 and T3. Thus emergence of PSA-NCAM at the surface of neonatal brain precursors coincides with their restriction to a glial fate. T3 modulates these events by enhancing PSA-NCAM+ pre-progenitor growth in FGF2 and favoring an oligodendrocyte fate.
Uncovering System Errors Using a Rapid Response Team: Cross-Coverage Caught in the Crossfire (2009)

RRT activations principally result from team-based errors of omission, more often occur between 2100 and 0600, and are more often preventable or potentially preventable. Careful attention to fluid balance and medications for comorbid diseases would reduce RRT needs.
mMOD: the multicast Media-on-Demand system (1997)

This paper presents the multicast Media-on-Demand system, mMOD, which is an on-demand system designed for recording and playback of not only audio and video but also other media that are being multicast on the Internet�MBone today. The system allows for users to request playback of recorded sessions containing MBone audio, video, whiteboard, NetTextEditor, mWeb �a distributed HTML presentation system� or any other UDP-multicast distributed session. It also allows for random access within these recordings. The system include a Web-interface for starting and controlling running sessions. To compensate for jitter and out-of-order packets, sessions distributed in RTP-format �RFC1889�, can be reconstructed with new time-stamps. 1
Evolution of the mitochondrial fusion–fission cycle and its role in aging (2011)

Mitochondria are organelles of eukaryotic cells that contain their own genetic material and evolved from prokaryotic ancestors some 2 billion years ago. They are the main source of the cell's energy supply and are involved in such important processes as apoptosis, mitochondrial diseases, and aging. During recent years it also became apparent that mitochondria display a complex dynamical behavior of fission and fusion, the function of which is as yet unknown. In this paper we develop a concise theory that explains why fusion and fission have evolved, how these processes are related to the accumulation of mitochondrial mutants during aging, why the mitochondrial DNA has to be located close to the respiration complexes where most radicals are generated, and what selection pressures shaped the slightly different structure of animal and plant mitochondria. We believe that this "organelle control" theory will help in understanding key processes involved in the evolution of the mitochondrial genome and the aging process.
IL-12 Receptor β2 (IL-12Rβ2)-Deficient Mice Are Defective in IL-12-Mediated Signaling Despite the Presence of High Affinity IL-12 Binding Sites (2000)

Two subunits of the IL-12 receptor (IL-12R), IL-12R beta 1 and IL-12R beta 2, have been identified and cloned. Previous studies demonstrated that the IL-12R beta 1 subunit was required for mouse T and NK cells to respond to IL-12 in vivo. To investigate the role of IL-12R beta 2 in IL-12 signaling, we have generated IL-12R beta 2-deficient (IL-12R beta 2(-/-)) mice by targeted mutation in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Although Con A-activated splenocytes from IL-12R beta 2(-/-) mice still bind IL-12 with both high and low affinity, no IL-12-induced biological functions can be detected. Con A-activated splenocytes of IL-12R beta 2(-/-) mice failed to produce IFN-gamma or proliferate in response to IL-12 stimulation. NK lytic activity of IL-12R beta 2(-/-) splenocytes was not induced when incubated with IL-12. IL-12R beta 2(-/-) splenocytes were deficient in IFN-gamma secretion when stimulated with either Con A or anti-CD3 mAb in vitro. Furthermore, IL-12R beta 2(-/-) mice were deficient in vivo in their ability to produce IFN-gamma following endotoxin administration and to generate a type 1 cytokine response. IL-12-mediated signal transduction was also defective as measured by phosphorylation of STAT4. These results demonstrate that although mouse IL-12R beta 1 is the subunit primarily responsible for binding IL-12, IL-12R beta 2 plays an essential role in mediating the biological functions of IL-12 in mice.
Using automatic clustering to produce high-level system organizations of source code (2002)

We describe a collection of algorithms that we developed and implemented to facilitate the automatic recovery of the modular structure of a software system from its source code. We treat automatic modularization as an optimization problem. Our algorithms make use of traditional hill-climbing and genetic algorithms.
Learning without Performance in PKC-Deficient Drosophila (1997)

The performance of a task is often assumed to be a prerequisite for the learning of many tasks, including the associative conditioning of courtship in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Transgenic flies specifically inhibited for the enzyme protein kinase C dissociate the acquisition of learning and memory from performance of the task. They fail to show immediate suppression of courtship but nonetheless develop normal memory of it.
Platelet-bound C4d, low C3 and lupus anticoagulant associate with thrombosis in SLE (2019)

A composite risk score including PC4d, low C3 and LAC was associated with recent thrombosis and acknowledges the multifactorial nature of thrombosis in SLE.
Human cystatin C. role of the N-terminal segment in the inhibition of human cysteine proteinases and in its inactivation by leucocyte elastase (1991)

Leucocyte elastase in catalytic amounts was observed to rapidly cleave the Val-10-Gly-11 bond of the human cysteine-proteinase inhibitor cystatin C at neutral pH. The resulting modified inhibitor had size and amino acid composition consistent with a cystatin C molecule devoid of the N-terminal Ser-1-Val-10 decapeptide. Leucocyte-elastase-modified cystatin C had more than 240-fold lower affinity than native cystatin C for papain. Removal of the N-terminal decapeptide of human cystatin C also decreased inhibition of human cathepsins B and L by three orders of magnitude, but decreased inhibition of cathepsin H by only 5-fold. A tripeptidyldiazomethane analogue of of the N-terminal portion of cystatin C was a good inhibitor of cathepsins B and L but a poor inhibitor of cathepsin H. It therefore appears that amino acid side chains of the N-terminal segment of cystatin C bind in the substrate-binding pockets of cathepsins B and L but not in those of cathepsin H. It is argued that the N-terminal cystatin C interaction with cathepsin B is physiologically important and hence that leucocyte elastase could have a function as a regulator of extracellular cysteine-proteinase inhibitory activity at sites of inflammation.
<title>Dot gain compensation in the blue noise mask</title> (1995)

Frequency modulated (FM) halftoning or 'stochastic screening,' has attracted a great deal of attention in the printing industry in recent years. It has several advantages over conventional halftoning. But one serious problem that arises in FM halftoning is dot gain. One approach to stochastic screening uses a specially constructed halftone screen, the blue noise mask (BNM), to produce an unstructured and visually appealing pattern of halftone dots at any gray level. In this paper, we will present methods to correct dot gain with the BNM. Dot gain is related to the area-to-perimeter ration of printed spots. We can exploit this feature in different ways. At a medium level, a B&gt;NM pattern will have 'connected' as well as 'isolated' dots. Normally, as we build down BNM patterns to lower levels, a specific number of white dots will be replace by black dots. Since connected white dots are more likely to be picked than isolated white dots, this will results in substantial dot gain because of the increasing number of isolated white dots. We show that it is possible to constrain the process of constructing a BNM such that isolated dots are preferentially removes, thus significantly reducing dot gain in a BNM.
Antiphagocytic activity of streptococcal M protein: selective binding of complement control protein factor H. (1988)

Isolated complement components were used to study the regulation of the alternative complement pathway C3 convertase (EC 3.4.21.47), also called C3b,Bb, on M protein-carrying (M+) and M protein-lacking (M-) streptococci. Neither M- nor M+ streptococci directly affected the formation or dissociation of the surface-bound C3b,Bb or the inactivation of surface-bound C3b by factor I. However, the activity of the serum control protein of the alternative complement pathway, factor H, in controlling streptococcus-bound C3b and C3b,Bb was 6-8 times stronger on M+ organisms than on M- organisms. Furthermore, M+ streptococci of different serotypes and purified streptococcal M6 protein were shown to selectively bind factor H, the dissociation constants ranging from 4.5 X 10(-6) M to 6 X 10(-7) M. We conclude that the antiphagocytic activity of streptococcal M protein may be due to complement inhibition mediated by the binding of factor H. Binding of a regulatory protein appears to be a previously unrecognized route by which a pathogen is able to evade alternative pathway activation.
Cardiovascular Toxicities from Systemic Breast Cancer Therapy (2014)

Cardiovascular toxicity is unfortunately a potential short- or long-term sequela of breast cancer therapy. Both conventional chemotherapeutic agents such as anthracyclines and newer targeted agents such as trastuzumab can cause varying degrees of cardiac dysfunction. Type I cardiac toxicity is dose-dependent and irreversible, whereas Type II is not dose-dependent and is generally reversible with cessation of the drug. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about the cardiovascular effects of systemic breast cancer treatments, with a focus on the putative mechanisms of toxicity, the role of biomarkers, and potential methods of preventing and minimizing cardiovascular complications.
Pteridines, Part CXIII (2003)

Abstract The low solubility of pterins can drastically be improved by N 2 ‐acylation or formation of the N 2 ‐[(dimethylamino)methylene] derivatives. Both types of compounds can be alkylated under Mitsunobu conditions to form from N 2 ‐acylpterins (see 2 and 3 ) and their derivatives (see 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15 , and 17 ) selectively the O 4 ‐alkyl derivatives 22 – 31 , whereas the electron‐donating [(dimethylamino)methyleneamino function in 46 – 51 gives, in a selective reaction, the N(3)‐substitution (→ 52 – 61 ). N 2 , N 2 ‐Dimethylpterins and 18 and 19 and N 2 ‐methylpterins 20 and 21 direct alkylation also to the O 4 ‐position (→ 32 – 35, 38 and 39 ). Deacylation can be achieved under very mild conditions by solvolysis with MeOH ( 22 → 40, 26 → 41 ), and displacement of the O 4 ‐[2‐(4‐nitrophenyl)ethyl] group proceeds with ammonia at room temperature to the corresponding pteridin‐2,4‐diamines 42 – 45 . Cleavage of the N 2 ‐[(dimethylamino)methylene] group works well with ammonia (→ 62 – 67 ). The advantage of applying the 2‐(4‐nitrophenyl)ethyl (npe) group as blocking group is seen in its selective removal by 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) under aprotic conditions without harming the other substituents.
ELF3 Modulates Resetting of the Circadian Clock in Arabidopsis (2001)

Michael F. Covington, Satchidananda Panda, Xing Liang Liu, Carl A. Strayer, D. Ry Wagner, Steve A. Kay, ELF3 Modulates Resetting of the Circadian Clock in Arabidopsis, The Plant Cell, Vol. 13, No. 6 (Jun., 2001), pp. 1305-1315
Pt-coated substrate effect on oxide superconductive films in low-temperature processing (1988)

Excellent films of a high Tc oxide superconductor were easily produced on Pt-coated substrates at 650 °C. The film superconductivity was significantly improved by the Pt buffer layer. The c axis of the superconductive film was preferentially oriented perpendicularly to the plane with the crystalline oriented Pt coating layer.
The Arabidopsis homeobox gene ATHB‐7 is induced by water deficit and by abscisic acid (1996)

Homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) proteins are putative transcription factors encoded by a class of recently discovered homeobox genes as yet found only in plants. This paper reports on the characterization of one of these genes, ATHB-7, in Arabidopsis thaliana. ATHB-7 transcripts were present in all organs of the plant at low levels, but expression was induced several-fold by water deficit, osmotic stress as well as by exogenous treatment with abscisic acid (ABA), a response being detectable at 10(-8) M and reaching a maximum at 10(-6) M ABA. The ATHB-7 transcript was detected within 30 min after treatment with ABA and the transcript level was rapidly reduced after removal of the hormone. The induction of ATHB-7 was shown to be mediated strictly via ABA, since no induction of ATHB-7 was detectable in the ABA-deficient mutant aba-3 subjected to drought treatment. Induction levels in two ABA-insensitive mutants abi2 and abi3 were similar to the wild-type response. In the abi1 mutant, however, induction was impaired as 100-fold higher concentrations of ABA were required for a maximum induction as compared with wild-type. In this mutant the ATHB-7 response was reduced also after drought and osmotic stress treatments. These results indicate that ATHB-7 is transcriptionally regulated in an ABA-dependent manner and may act in a signal transduction pathway which mediates a drought response and also includes ABI1.