gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Constitutive Death of Platelets Leading to Scavenger Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis (2000)

Apoptosis is a physiological program for the deletion of cells in which caspases govern events leading to safe clearance by phagocytes. However, a growing weight of evidence now suggests that not all forms of programmed cell death are caspase-dependent. We now report a complete and constitutive but caspase-independent program for the specific phagocytic clearance of intact effete platelets, anucleated blood cells of critical importance in health and disease. Platelets aged in vitro not only exhibited increased expression of proapoptotic Bak and Bax but also evidenced constitutive diminution of function such as decreased aggregation to ADP, which was accelerated by culture in the absence of plasma. This abrogation of cell function in plasma-deprived platelets was associated with morphological and biochemical features similar to those of granulocyte apoptosis, that is, cytoplasmic condensation, plasma membrane changes including exposure of phosphatidylserine and the granule protein P-selectin, and recognition by phagocyte scavenger receptors. However, and in contrast with constitutive death of other inflammatory blood cells by apoptosis, these events were not affected by caspase inhibitors, nor was there evidence of caspase-3 activation either by hydrolysis of analog peptide substrates or Western blot analysis, serving to emphasize that neither programmed cell death nor clearance by phagocytes need involve caspases.
Long-term potentiation in the neocortex of the adult, freely moving rat (1998)

Neocortical preparations have proven highly resistant to the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), and we have only recently determined the conditions sufficient for the induction of neocortical LTP in the adult, freely moving rat. The stimulation trains must be spaced and repeated over a period of days in order to reach asymptotic levels of potentiation. Here we show that, within these constraints, the neocortex is actually highly responsive. LTP could be induced with as few as one brief high frequency train per day or with extremely low-intensity stimulation trains. We also provide evidence for a critical role for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation in LTP induction in this preparation, and demonstrate that this LTP is input-specific. Control pathways showed no potentiation effects. LTP was found in a monosynaptic and two polysynaptic components (average latencies to peak: 8.1, 15.2 and 20.0 ms) and in the superimposed population spikes. Although LTP could be induced with one train per day or with low-intensity trains, larger and longer-lasting potentiation effects could be induced by increasing the number of trains delivered per session, the number of sessions over which trains were delivered, or the pulse intensity of the trains. The LTP decayed slowly and was still evident 5 weeks later. Administration of the competitive NMDA antagonist 3-[(+/-)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl]-propyl-1-phosphonic acid blocked the induction of LTP in a dose-dependent fashion and appeared to unmask a depression of both the population spikes and a polysynaptic component. These results indicate that the neocortex is highly sensitive to LTP induction procedures, as long as the stimulation trains are spaced and applied over a period of days. They are also consistent with the view that the neocortex must operate with a slow learning rate to reduce interference effects in memory.
Hydrogen-oxidizing electron transport components in the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrodictium brockii (1992)

The hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrodictium brockii grows optimally at 105 degrees C by a form of metabolism known as hydrogen-sulfur autotrophy, which is characterized by the oxidation of H2 by S0 to produce ATP and H2S. UV-irradiated membranes were not able to carry out the hydrogen-dependent reduction of sulfur. However, the activity could be restored by the addition of ubiquinone Q10 or ubiquinone Q6 to the UV-damaged membranes. A quinone with thin-layer chromatography migration properties similar to those of Q6 was purified by thin-layer chromatography from membranes of P. brockii, but nuclear magnetic resonance analysis failed to confirm its identity as a ubiquinone. P. brockii quinone was capable of restoring hydrogen-dependent sulfur reduction to UV-irradiated membranes. Hydrogen-reduced-minus-air-oxidized absorption difference spectra on membranes revealed absorption peaks characteristic of c-type cytochromes. A c-type cytochrome with alpha, beta, and gamma peaks at 553, 522, and 421 nm, respectively, was solubilized from membranes with 0.5% Triton X-100. Pyridine ferrohemochrome spectra confirmed its identity as a c-type cytochrome, and heme staining of membranes loaded on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels revealed a single heme-containing component of 13 to 14 kDa. Studies with the ubiquinone analog 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide demonstrated that the P. brockii quinone is located on the substrate side of the electron transport chain with respect to the c-type cytochrome. These first characterizations of the strictly anaerobic, presumably primitive P. brockii electron transport chain suggest that the hydrogenase operates at a relatively high redox potential and that the H2-oxidizing chain more closely resembles those of aerobic eubacterial H2-oxidizing bacteria than those of the H2-metabolizing systems of anaerobes or the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus.
Enhancement of antitumour immunity by a novel chemotactic antigen DNA vaccine encoding chemokines and multiepitopes of prostate‐tumour‐associated antigens (2006)

DNA vaccines provide an attractive technology against cancer because of their safety record in humans and ease of construction, testing and manufacture. In this study, several DNA fragments encoding multiple cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and T helper cell epitopes were selected from human prostate-specific membrane antigen (hPSM), mouse prostatic acid phosphatase (mPAP), and human prostate-specific antigen (hPSA). These DNA fragments were ligated together to form a novel fusion gene, termed the 3P gene. The secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC), 3P and human immunoglobulin G Fc genes were inserted into pcDNA3.1 to construct a DNA vaccine, designated pSLC-3P-Fc. After vaccination, the DNA is taken up by cells that produce and secrete the SLC-3P-Fc fusion proteins, termed chemotactic antigen (chemo-antigen). The secreted chemo-antigens, in addition to promoting the co-localization of naive, non-polarized memory T cells and dendritic cells, are efficiently captured and processed by dendritic cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis and then cross-presented to both major histocompatibility complex class I and class II in a cognate manner. The results of this study demonstrate that vaccination with pSLC-3P-Fc by gene gun inoculation induced a strong antitumour response in a mouse tumour model, which significantly inhibited tumour growth and prolonged the survival time of the tumour-bearing mice. In vitro, the secreted SLC-3P-Fc fusion protein can attract lymphocytes from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); when human lymphocytes were stimulated by pSLC-3P-Fc-transfected autologous PBMC, CTLs were induced which could specifically kill hPSM-, hPAP-, or hPSA-expressing tumour cells. These observations provide a new vaccine strategy for cancer therapy through promoting the co-localization of lymphocytes and the concomitant enhancement of antigen-specific CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell responses against tumour.
Reviewing Otsu’s Method For Image Thresholding (2015)

Image processing is largely used for gathering more knowledge / understanding either by human or by machines like computer. Segmentation, Thresholding and Edge detection are an important technique in Computer vision and Image processing. In digital images feature detection or extraction can be done for finding the irregularities in the image maybe in the rightness etc. This paper is a small review on Otsu"s method. This is proposed for improving the efficiency of computation for the optimal thresholds of an image. This paper gives thresholding technique and Otsu"s method of thresholding, also expresses its algorithm and working. This method gives satisfactory results when the numbers of pixels in each class are close to each other. It is the most referenced thresholding methods, as it directly operates on the gray level histogram, so it"s fast and computes an optimized threshold value. It automatically performs clustering-based image thresholding as its one of many binarization algorithms. 21778
E-Cadherin Binding Modulates EGF Receptor Activation (2003)

We found that E-cadherin and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are associated in mammary epithelial cells and that E-cadherin engagement in these cells induces transient activation of EGFR, as previously seen in keratinocytes (37). In contrast, EGFR does not associate with and is not activated by N-cadherin. Analysis of cells expressing chimeric cadherins revealed that the extracellular domain of E-cadherin is required for interaction with and activation of EGFR. This activation results in tyrosine phosphorylation of known EGFR substrates and reduction in focal adhesions. These interactions, however, are not necessary for suppression of cell motility by E-cadherin.
Histidine-rich amphipathic peptide antibiotics promote efficient delivery of DNA into mammalian cells (2003)

Gene delivery has shown potential in a wide variety of applications, including basic research, therapies for genetic and acquired diseases, and vaccination. Most available nonviral systems have serious drawbacks such as the inability to control and scale the production process in a reproducible manner. Here, we demonstrate a biotechnologically feasible approach for gene delivery, using synthetic cationic amphipathic peptides containing a variable number of histidine residues. Gene transfer to different cell lines in vitro was achieved with an efficiency comparable to commercially available reagents. We provide evidence that the transfection efficiency depends on the number and positioning of histidine residues in the peptide as well as on the pH at which the in-plane to transmembrane transition takes place. Endosomal acidification is also required. Interestingly, even when complexed to DNA these peptides maintain a high level of antibacterial activity, opening the possibility of treating the genetic defect and the bacterial infections associated with cystic fibrosis with a single compound. Thus, this family of peptides represents a new class of agents that may have broad utility for gene transfer and gene therapy applications.
Radioimmunodetection of cancer with radioactive antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen. (1980)

Abstract Our recent clinical experience in the radioimmunodetection of cancer in 142 patients with a proven history of cancer is summarized. 131 I-labeled affinity-purified goat immunoglobulin G having 70% immunoreactivity with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), representing a radiation dose ranging from 0.7 to 2.1 mCi/70 kg patient (2 to 3 µg/kg immunoglobulin G protein), was administered i.v. Anterior, posterior, and lateral radioscans of the chest and abdomen were made routinely at 24 and 48 hr with a γ-scintillation camera. Computer-assisted processing of the images in order to subtract 99m Tc background radioactivity was used to enhance the tumor-related activity, this method resulting in an average 2.5-fold enhancement of the tumor images. A very high percentage of tumor detection was achieved in most of the epithelial cancers studied. The overall sensitivity (true-positive rate) in the four major cancer types studied was as follows: colorectal cancer, 85%; ovarian cancer, 88%; cervical cancer, 90%; and lung cancer, 71%. The specificity (true-negative rate) of the method was likewise very high, ranging from 83 to 100%. In some cases, tumor radioimmunodetection was positive when other detection methods failed. The smallest tumors detectable by this method of radioimmunodetection appeared to be about 2 cm. Metastatic tumors could be localized in a number of patients with normal plasma CEA titers, although in colorectal, cervical, and lung cancer patients there appeared to be a correlation between positive radioimmunodetection and plasma CEA elevation. In general, however, radioimmunodetection was more reliable in detecting cancer among the patient population studied than were the plasma CEA assay results. High amounts of circulating CEA did not appear to prevent successful cancer radioimmunodetection. No untoward or hypersensitivity reactions were found among the patients studied, even when radioimmunodetection was repeated. Evaluation of the clinical findings in the 142 cancer patients studied revealed 116 nonneoplastic benign disease conditions, of which only 2 showed some evidence of radioantibody localization (less than 2%). Administration of radiolabeled normal goat immunoglobulin G to 22 cancer patients, some of whom were already shown to be positive for radioimmunodetection with radioactive CEA antibody, resulted in only 4 of 32 tumor sites with some evidence of transient radiolocalization; 3 of these 4 sites were massive lesions at least 10 cm in diameter.
Trifluoromethylmalononitrile. The reaction of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-dicyanoethylene with argentous fluoride (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTrifluoromethylmalononitrile. The reaction of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-dicyanoethylene with argentous fluorideAlden D. Josey, Clifford L. Dickinson Jr., Kenneth C. Dewhirst, and Blaine C. McKusickCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1967, 32, 6, 1941–1944Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01281a053https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01281a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views382Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
DeepStack: Expert-level artificial intelligence in heads-up no-limit poker (2017)

Artificial intelligence has seen several breakthroughs in recent years, with games often serving as milestones. A common feature of these games is that players have perfect information. Poker, the quintessential game of imperfect information, is a long-standing challenge problem in artificial intelligence. We introduce DeepStack, an algorithm for imperfect-information settings. It combines recursive reasoning to handle information asymmetry, decomposition to focus computation on the relevant decision, and a form of intuition that is automatically learned from self-play using deep learning. In a study involving 44,000 hands of poker, DeepStack defeated, with statistical significance, professional poker players in heads-up no-limit Texas hold'em. The approach is theoretically sound and is shown to produce strategies that are more difficult to exploit than prior approaches.
Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: A meta-analysis. (1992)

A meta-analysis was conducted on the accuracy of predictions of various objective outcomes in the areas of social and clinical psychology from short observations of expressive behavior (under 5 min). The overall effect size (/) for the accuracy of predictions for 38 different results was .39. Studies using longer periods of behavioral observation did not yield greater predictive accuracy; predictions based on observations under Vi min in length did not differ significantly from predictions based on 4- and 5-min observations. The type of behavioral channel (such as the face, speech, the body, tone of voice) on which the ratings were based was not related to the accuracy of predictions. Accuracy did not vary significantly between behaviors manipulated in a laboratory and more naturally occurring behavior. Last, effect sizes did not differ significantly for predictions in the areas of clinical psychology, social psychology, and the accuracy of detecting deception. The way in which people move, talk, and gesture—their facial expressions, posture, and speech—all contribute to the formation of impressions about them. Many of the judgments we make about others in our everyday lives are based on cues from these expressive behaviors. Gordon Allport (1937) believed that expressive behaviors were important indicators of personality and that impressions from brief interactions were often verified upon further acquaintance. Allport and Vernon (1933) demonstrated that people's expressive styles were quite consistent across a variety of situations. They then began to investigate the accuracy of perceivers' impressions that were based on observations of these expressive styles. For reasons that have been discussed elsewhere, this issue—like other issues concerning the accuracy of interpersonal and social perception— was neglected for a long time (Funder, 1987; Kenny & Albright, 1987). Recently, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in the accuracy of social and interpersonal perception and judgment (Funder, 1987; Kenny & Albright, 1987; Kruglanski, 1989; Swann, 1984) and in the study of expressive behavior (Lippa, 1983; Riggio & Friedman, 1986). Recent work confirms earlier findings (Passini & Norman, 1966) that the ratings of strangers converge surprisingly well with self-ratings of personality by targets (Albright, Kenny, & Malloy, 1988; Funder & Cohan, 1988; Watson, 1989). This correspondence seems to confirm Gordon Allport's observation that there is something in the nature of individuals that
Geometric Data Analysis: An Empirical Approach to Dimensionality Reduction and the Study of Patterns (2000)

From the Publisher:
An analysis of large data sets from an empirical and geometric viewpoint 
Data reduction is a rapidly emerging field with broad applications in essentially all fields where large data sets are collected and analyzed. Geometric Data Analysis is the first textbook to focus on the geometric approach to this problem of developing and distinguishing subspace and submanifold techniques for low-dimensional data representation. Understanding the geometrical nature of the data under investigation is presented as the key to identifying a proper reduction technique. 
Focusing on the construction of dimensionality-reducing mappings to reveal important geometrical structure in the data, the sequence of chapters is carefully constructed to guide the reader from the beginnings of the subject to areas of current research activity. A detailed, and essentially self-contained, presentation of the mathematical prerequisites is included to aid readers from a broad variety of backgrounds. Other topics discussed in Geometric Data Analysis include: 
*The Karhunen-Loeve procedure for scalar and vector fields with extensions to missing data, noisy data, and data with symmetry 
*Nonlinear methods including radial basis functions (RBFs) and backpropa-gation neural networks 
*Wavelets and Fourier analysis as analytical methods for data reduction 
*Expansive discussion of recent research including the Whitney reduction network and adaptive bases codeveloped by the author 
*And much more 
The methods are developed within the context of many real-world applications involving massive data sets, including those generated by digital imaging systems and computer simulations of physical phenomena.Empirically based representations are shown to facilitate their investigation and yield insights that would otherwise elude conventional analytical tools.
A simple technique to determine calibration parameters for coplanar camera calibration (2004)

Coplanar camera calibration is the process of determining the extrinsic and intrinsic parameters of camera, where a set of image and two-dimensional (2D) control points are known. This paper presents a simple and efficient technique to compute the calibration parameters for coplanar calibration. Computing of the calibration parameters is directly performed on computer image array in the frame buffer. Thereby, the image center can simultaneously computed together with other parameters. However, the parameters can be solved using available three orthogonality constraints, where the scale factor is assumed as one and the lens distortion is not considered. The proposed algorithm is tested with noise-free synthetic image and synthetic image corrupted with known noise. The results show that the proposed technique is accurate and robust to noise.
Effect of increasing doses of hypertonic saline on mucociliary clearance in patients with cystic fibrosis. (1997)

Within the range of concentrations examined in this study, the effect of hypertonic saline appears to be dose dependent. Inhalation of hypertonic saline remains a potentially useful treatment for patients with cystic fibrosis.
Crystal Orientation Effects on Electronic Properties of Wurtzite GaN/AlGaN Quantum Wells with Spontaneous and Piezoelectric Polarization (2000)

Crystal orientation effects on electronic properties of a WZ GaN/AlGaN quantum well (QW) with spontaneous (SP) and piezoelectric (PZ) polarization are invetigated using the multiband effective-mass theory. The interband transition energy for the flat-band (FB) model without SP and PZ polarization shows a slow decrease with increasing crystal angle. On the other hand, the self-consistent (SC) model shows a significant redshift for cystal angles near θ=0 and a rapid increase of the interband transition energy due to the reduced SP and PZ ploarization effects. The SC model also shows that the matrix elements are significantly reduced near the (0001) orientation due to the large spatial separation between electron and hole wave functions. However, it is observed that the matrix elements rapidly increase with crystal orientation. In the case of the average hole effective mass, both SC and FB models show that their effective mass is significantly reduced near the (1010) crystal orientation. These results mean that the non-(0001) QWs, particularly the (1010) QWs, have a much smaller effective mass and larger matrix elements compared to those of the conventional (0001)-oriented QW.