gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Evaluation of the Properties of some Tablet Disintegrants (1980)

The subject of the study is a cooperative evaluation of the properties of different disintegrants: starches (corn, maize, potatoe, rice) and derivatives (STARX 1500, carboxymethylstarches as PRIMOJEL or EXPLOTAB); celluloses (AVICEL, ELCEMA) and derive ted products as methylcellulose (METHOCEL), carboxymethylcellu-lose (sodium salt, NYMCEL, AC DI SOL), low substituted hydroxy-propylcellulose (L-HPC); macromolecules (Alginic acid, AMBERLITE IRP 88, ESMA SPRENG, Pectins, a.s.o.); finely divided solids (AEROSIL, VEEGUM). To realise this comparative study, different methods of evaluation of disintegrants physical properties are choosen, and wettability (contact angle), water uptake and swelling of the products measured. The disintegrants are also included in a calcium phosphate based tablet formula, and the disintegration is studied. The mechanism of action of the disintegrants is shortly discussed, and an approximate price/efficiency ratio given.The results of the work permit a better choice of an appropriated disintegrant.Purpose of tablets formulation is now Co obtain very short disintegrating times so that to that liberation of drug can begin without delay as soon as tha tablet is in contact with gastric juice.Therefore, it is now iaportant to look for the sure efficient disiutugrauts, and so, many Materials are avalaible from industry.Purpose of present study was to compare some physical properties of these different disintegranta.
The R-spondin/Lgr5/Rnf43 module: regulator of Wnt signal strength (2014)

Lgr5 was originally discovered as a common Wnt target gene in adult intestinal crypts and colon cancer. It was subsequently identified as an exquisite marker of multiple Wnt-driven adult stem cell types. Lgr5 and its homologs, Lgr4 and Lgr6, constitute the receptors for R-spondins, potent Wnt signal enhancers and stem cell growth factors. The Lgr5/R-spondin complex acts by neutralizing Rnf43 and Znrf3, two transmembrane E3 ligases that remove Wnt receptors from the stem cell surface. Rnf43/Znrf3 are themselves encoded by Wnt target genes and constitute a negative Wnt feedback loop. Thus, adult stem cells are controlled by an intricate interplay of potent Wnt agonists, antagonists, and anti-antagonists.
Excretion of ammonium by Azospirillum brasilense mutants resistant to ethylenediamine (1991)

Several spontaneous ethylenediamine-resistant mutants of Azospirillum brasilense strain FP2 (Sp7, Nal R Sm R ) were isolated. Four mutants, HM053, HM14, HM26, and HM210, were found to fix nitrogen constitutively in the presence of high concentration of NH 4 + and to excrete NH 4 + derived from nitrogen fixation. They also showed lower rates of NH 4 + uptake than the wild-type strain, FP2. All of the mutants were prototrophic for glutamine or glutamate. Their glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities were similar to those of the wild-type strain. However, they presented different patterns of glutamine synthetase activity. Mutant HM14 showed low levels of normally regulated glutamine synthetase activity, while the other mutants showed low levels (HM053) or wild-type levels (HM26 and HM210) of constitutively adenylylated glutamine synthetase activity. The mutants are probably defective in the adenylylation system. Key words: Azospirillum brasilense, ammonium excretion, ethylenediamine resistance, glutamine synthetase.
The Synthesis of Several Lateral Difluoro-substituted 4,4″-Dialkyl- and 4,4″-Alkoxyalkyl-Terphenyls and a Rationalisation of the Effect of Such Substitution on Mesophase Type and Transition Temperatures (1991)

Abstract In recent years we have prepared a large number of mono-fluoro- and ortho-difluoro-substituted 4,4″-dialkyl- and 4,4″-alkoxyalkyl-terphenyls. The synthesis and transition temperatures of a variety of related difluoro compounds is presented here so that it is now possible to identify (i) broadening of the molecule, (ii) twisting about an inter-annular bond, and (iii) the presence of an ‘inner’ (2-, 2′-, 3′- or 2″-substituent) or an ‘outer’ (3- or 3″-substituent) fluorine, as being the major factors which influence the type and the thermal stability of the mesophases obtained.
Proliferative Assays for T Cell Function (2004)

This addition to UNIT 3.12 will describe the assays needed to evaluate CD4.CD25.T cell non-responsiveness and function. Unlike the conventional T cells described in , Basic Protocol 1, CD4.CD25. cells do not proliferate to TCR stimuli alone. The conditions required to induce proliferation are described. This addition will also describe the assay in which CD4.CD25.T cells are co-cultured with conventional T cells in order to assess their suppressive function. Finally, this addition will describe the culture conditions for the activation and expansion of CD4.CD25. cells.
Printed Sub‐2 V Gel‐Electrolyte‐Gated Polymer Transistors and Circuits (2010)

Abstract The fabrication and characterization of printed ion‐gel‐gated poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) transistors and integrated circuits is reported, with emphasis on demonstrating both function and performance at supply voltages below 2 V. The key to achieving fast sub‐2 V operation is an unusual gel electrolyte based on an ionic liquid and a gelating block copolymer. This gel electrolyte serves as the gate dielectric and has both a short polarization response time (&lt;1 ms) and a large specific capacitance (&gt;10 µF cm −2 ), which leads simultaneously to high output conductance (&gt;2 mS mm −1 ), low threshold voltage (&lt;1 V) and high inverter switching frequencies (1–10 kHz). Aerosol‐jet‐printed inverters, ring oscillators, NAND gates, and flip‐flop circuits are demonstrated. The five‐stage ring oscillator operates at frequencies up to 150 Hz, corresponding to a propagation delay of 0.7 ms per stage. These printed gel electrolyte gated circuits compare favorably with other reported printed circuits that often require much larger operating voltages. Materials factors influencing the performance of the devices are discussed.
Characterization of Surface Hydride Hafnium Complexes on Alumina by a Combination of Experiments and DFT Calculations (2011)

The hydrogenolysis at 150 °C of the surface complexes obtained by grafting Hf(CH2tBu)4 with γ-alumina yields several hydride complexes. They have been characterized by combining various experimental techniques (IR, DQ 1H NMR, and EXAFS) and DFT calculations. Two main conclusions are drawn from experiments: first, all Hf−CH2tBu bonds are hydrogenolized in Hf−H ones, while most of the Al−CH2tBu bonds remain intact. Second, there is mainly formation of monohydride surface complex either as a trialuminoxy monohydride (AlO)3HfH or a cationic bisaluminoxy [(AlIVO)(AlSO))HfH]+[Al−CH2tBu]−. The DFT calculations of the possible species show that all the considered transformations are thermodynamically favorable. Moreover, the calculated bond lengths are in good agreement with the EXAFS values confirming the nature of the hydride complexes obtained at this temperature.
New Angiopep-Modified Doxorubicin (ANG1007) and Etoposide (ANG1009) Chemotherapeutics With Increased Brain Penetration (2010)

This report describes the synthesis and preliminary biological characterization of 2 (ANG1007) and 3 (ANG1009), two new chemical entities under development for the treatment of primary and secondary brain cancers. 2 consists of three doxorubicin molecules conjugated to Angiopep-2, a 19-mer peptide that crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by an LRP-1 receptor-mediated transcytosis mechanism. 3 has a similar structure, with the exception that three etoposide moieties are conjugated to Angiopep-2. Both agents killed cancer cell lines in vitro with similar IC(50) values and with apparently similar cytotoxic mechanisms as unconjugated doxorubicin and etoposide. 2 and 3 exhibited dramatically higher BBB influx rate constants than unconjugated doxorubicin and etoposide and pooled within brain parenchymal tissue. Passage through the BBB was similar in Mdr1a (-/-) and wild type mice. These results provide further evidence of the potential of this drug development platform in the isolation of novel therapeutics with increased brain penetration.
SWOG‐9510: evaluation of topotecan in hormone refractory prostate cancer: A southwest oncology group study (2002)

Topotecan infusions at this dose are ineffective in the management of hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients Suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (2001)

Severe psychological trauma induced by torture can cause neurobiologic alterations that may contribute, even years after the original trauma, to a number of complaints commonly expressed by patients suffering from PTSD.
A millimeter-wave integrated-circuit antenna based on the Fresnel zone plate (1992)

A new type of millimeter-wave integrated-circuit antenna is based on a quasi-optical design is investigated. It consists of a Fresnel zone plate on one side of a dielectric substrate and a resonant strip dipole antenna at the focus of the zone plate on the opposite side of the substrate. All of the components are made using simple integrated-circuit fabrication techniques: thin-film metal depositions on planar dielectric substrates. Another features of this design is the short focal length of the zone plate; the focal length/diameter (f/d) for the zone plates studied ranges from 0.1 to 0.5. The antennas described are for a frequency of 230 GHz ( lambda /sub 0/=1.3 mm); however, the design is easily scaled to other millimeter-wave or submillimeter-wave frequencies. Measured results are reported for four different focal length zone plates. Moderate gains, above 20 dB, are obtained. A theory is developed which predicts the on-axis gain, beamwidth, and sidelobe levels. Design graphs are given to aid in the selection of the geometrical parameters to achieve a desired gain from the integrated-circuit zone-plane antenna.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cold Gelation of β‐lactoglobulin in the Presence of Iron (2002)

ABSTRACT: To protect and transport iron, we investigated the trapping properties of a network formed from β‐lactoglobulin. We studied the influence of different parameters—pH, iron, and protein concentrations—on gel properties (optical and mechanical properties, WHC, and microstructure). For all conditions tested, the results show the formation of a cold gel in the presence of iron. The mechanical properties reveal that the elastic behavior and the strength of rupture increase with higher protein concentrations and decrease with higher iron concentrations. The water‐holding capacity is high for low iron concentrations. The microstructure shows that, at low iron/protein ratios, a homogeneous filamentous network is obtained whereas, at high iron/protein ratios, more random aggregated particles are present.
Oxidative Stress Increases Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Induces Alterations in Occludin during Hypoxia–Reoxygenation (2010)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) has a critical role in central nervous system homeostasis. Intercellular tight junction (TJ) protein complexes of the brain microvasculature limit paracellular diffusion of substances from the blood into the brain. Hypoxia and reoxygenation (HR) is a central component to numerous disease states and pathologic conditions. We have previously shown that HR can influence the permeability of the BBB as well as the critical TJ protein occludin. During HR, free radicals are produced, which may lead to oxidative stress. Using the free radical scavenger tempol (200 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), we show that oxidative stress produced during HR (6% O(2) for 1 h, followed by room air for 20 min) mediates an increase in BBB permeability in vivo using in situ brain perfusion. We also show that these changes are associated with alterations in the structure and localization of occludin. Our data indicate that oxidative stress is associated with movement of occludin away from the TJ. Furthermore, subcellular fractionation of cerebral microvessels reveals alterations in occludin oligomeric assemblies in TJ associated with plasma membrane lipid rafts. Our data suggest that pharmacological inhibition of disease states with an HR component may help preserve BBB functional integrity.
Molecular mechanisms for the senescent cell cycle arrest. (1998)

Normal human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) have a finite proliferative life-span at the end of which they are arrested with a G1 phase DNA content regardless of the culture conditions. Serum stimulated senescent HDF fail to phosphorylate their retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and consequently do not express a large cohort of late G1 phase genes whose products are necessary for entry into S phase. Because pRb is believed to be phosphorylated sequentially in G1 phase by cyclin D-CDK4/6 and cyclin E-CDK2 complexes, we and others have investigated the status of these complexes in senescent HDF. There is little or no cyclin E-associated kinase activity in senescent IMR90 even though potentially active cyclin E-CDK2 complexes are present, suggesting the presence of an inhibitor. Likewise, cyclin D is complexed with its catalytic partners CDK4 and CDK6 in senescent HDF, but it is not known whether these complexes are active. p21Sdi1,Cip1,Waf1, a ubiquitous inhibitor of the activity of cyclin-CDK complexes, increases progressively throughout the life-span of HDF, but then declines again after the cells become senescent. In contrast, p16Ink4a, which binds monomeric CDK4 and CDK6 thereby preventing their binding to cyclin D, is increased dramatically at the time of senescence and remains high for at least 2 mo. Thus, it is possible that increased p21 initiates the senescent cell cycle arrest in normal cells, but p16 is important for the long-term maintenance of that arrest.
Contact resistance in organic transistors that use source and drain electrodes formed by soft contact lamination (2003)

Soft contact lamination of source/drain electrodes supported by gold-coated high-resolution rubber stamps against organic semiconductor films can yield high-performance organic transistors. This article presents a detailed study of the electrical properties of these devices, with an emphasis on the nature of the laminated contacts with the p- and n-type semiconductors pentacene and copper hexadecafluorophthalocyanine, respectively. The analysis uses models developed for characterizing amorphous silicon transistors. The results demonstrate that the parasitic resistances related to the laminated contacts and their coupling to the transistor channel are considerably lower than those associated with conventional contacts formed by evaporation of gold electrodes directly on top of the organic semiconductors. These and other attractive features of transistors built by soft contact lamination suggest that they may be important for basic and applied studies in plastic electronics and nanoelectronic systems based on unconventional materials.
Agents to assist in finding help (2000)

When a novice needs help, often the best solution is to find a human expert who is capable of answering the novice's questions. But often, novices have difficulty characterizing their own questions and expertise and finding appropriate experts. Previous attempts to assist expertise location have provided matchmaking services, but leave the task of classifying knowledge and queries to be performed manually by the participants. We introduce Expert Finder, an agent that automatically classifies both novice and expert knowledge by autonomously analyzing documents created in the course of routine work. Expert Finder works in the domain of Java programming, where it relates a user's Java class usage to an independent domain model. User models are automatically generated that allow accurate matching of query to expert without either the novice or expert filling out skill questionnaires. Testing showed that automatically generated profiles matched well with experts' own evaluation of their skills, and we achieved a high rate of matching novice questions with appropriate experts.
Cycloadditionsreaktionen von Heterokumulenen, XVI. Umsetzung von 3‐Dimethylamino‐2‐phenyl‐2H‐azirinen mit Isocyanaten und Isothiocyanaten (1978)

Abstract Bei der Umsetzung der 2‐Phenyl‐substituierten Azirine 1b und c mit den Isocyanaten 2a — e wird im Gegensatz zu der mit 1a die 1,2‐Bindung gespalten. Der entstehende 1,5‐Dipol 4 kann sich durch H‐Wanderung zu 5 oder durch Ringschluß zu 6 bzw. 7 stabilisieren. Das aus Tosylisocyanat ( 2a ) gebildete 2‐Phenylcrotonsäure‐Derivat 5a cyclisiert spontan zu 8a . Azirin 1c reagiert mit Benzoylisocyanat ( 2f ) zum Amidin 19b , das möglicherweise aus einer 1,3‐Bindungsspaltung von 1c resultiert. Die Reaktion von 1b und c mit den Isothiocyanaten 20 führt nur für Methylisothiocyanat ( 20a ) zum Produkt 23 einer 1,2‐Ringöffnung. 20b — f bilden mit 1b und c die [1:1]‐ oder [2:1]‐Addukte 25e, f, 26 bzw. 28b, c , deren Entstehung aus einer vollständigen Spaltung der 1,3‐Doppelbindung verständlich ist.
EMDee:  An Enzymatic Method for Determining Enantiomeric Excess (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTEMDee: An Enzymatic Method for Determining Enantiomeric ExcessPaul Abato and Christopher T. SetoView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Brown University Providence, Rhode Island 02912 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 37, 9206–9207Publication Date (Web):August 21, 2001Publication History Received10 May 2001Revised7 August 2001Published online21 August 2001Published inissue 1 September 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja016177qhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja016177qrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views655Altmetric-Citations90LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Alcohols,Catalysts,Peptides and proteins,Solvents,Stereoselectivity Get e-Alerts
The glycogenolytic response to stimulation of the splanchnic nerves in adrenalectomized calves, sheep, dogs, cats and pigs (1971)

1. The effects of stimulation of the peripheral ends of one or both splanchnic nerves have been investigated in calves, sheep, dogs, cats and pigs after removal of both adrenal glands.2. Stimulation of both splanchnic nerves produced comparable hyperglycaemic and glycogenolytic effects in sheep, dogs and cats; the mean liver glycogen concentration was reduced by between 7.0 and 10.5 mg/g, five min after stimulation was discontinued, at which time the mean plasma glucose concentration had risen by between 126 and 137 mg/100 ml.3. In five 3-5 week-old calves which were tested under identical conditions the mean liver glycogen concentration was reduced by 13.3 +/- 1.9 mg/g and the plasma glucose concentration raised by 216 +/- 1.9 mg/100 ml., 5 min after stimulation was terminated.4. In pigs, stimulation of both splanchnic nerves invariably produced a rise in the plasma glucose concentration, even when the concentration of glycogen in the liver was less than 5 mg/g before stimulation. The response was, nevertheless, considerably smaller in these animals than in any of the other species investigated.5. Splanchnic nerve stimulation also caused a rise in mean aortic blood pressure and blood haematocrit during the period of stimulation; changes of approximately the same order of magnitude were encountered in all five species.6. Dogs were found to resemble calves in that the hyperglycaemic response to stimulation of a single splanchnic nerve did not differ significantly from that obtained when both were stimulated simultaneously; furthermore, either nerve was found to be equally effective.7. In cats the change in plasma glucose concentration in response to stimulation of a single splanchnic nerve was always less than that which occurred in response to bilateral stimulation although comparable changes in blood haematocrit occurred in both groups of animals.8. It is concluded that stimulation of the splanchnic nerves causes break-down of glycogen in the livers of various unrelated species of adult animals but that the magnitude of the hyperglycaemic response in the young calf provides further evidence of the importance of the sympathetic system in the control of metabolism in the young animal.
Graphene aerogels: a review (2017)

Graphene based aerogels (GAs) are 3D scaffold materials that can be lighter than air. Due to their fascinating properties, such as, high mechanical strength and electrical conductivity, thermal resistance and adsorption capacity, they have attracted a lot of interest currently. This review, covers the main routes for obtaining GAs namely, hydrothermal reduction/self-assembly, chemical reduction, template-directed reduction, cross-linking and sol–gel processes. Potential application fields for example in energy storage and environmental protection are also discussed. Finally, the future prospects of this exciting field based on the results published so far are examined.
A design of lossy and lossless scalable audio coding (2002)

This paper proposes a lossless audio coding scheme making use of high-compression lossy coding such as the ISO/IEC MPEG-4 audio standard. The encoding process consists of lossy compression, bit slice lossless data conversion, and lossless coding. The lossy compression significantly reduces the amplitude of the error signal between the input signal and the reconstructed signal. In addition, bit slice data conversion makes the lossless coding more efficient. As a result of preliminary experiment, a total file size can be reduced to 70-50% of the original size, which is significantly more efficient than conventional universal lossless coding schemes such as "gzip". The resultant compressed data is useful for various applications, since it has bit rate scalability and can be used as a highly compressed signal as well as a lossless signal.