gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE SOIL AS DIRECT SOURCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE FOR ORDINARY PLANTS (1934)

About the middle of the nineteenth century, when the photosynthetie process in chlorophyll-bearing cells was becoming appreciated, the question naturally arose as to whether the CO2 necessary for that process in ordinary plants might be in part derived from the soil as well as from the free air. It was soon shown that the free air is generally the main source of the CO2 of photosynthesis in green plants with aerial exposure, and that conclusion has remained well supported up to the present time ; there is now no reason to question its correctness. But some experiments were reported which indicated that a portion of the CO2 decomposed in green leaves had been derived not from the free air about those organs but from other parts of the plant body and even from the soil. Many recent writers appear to have ignored the results of those experiments, as well as the basic physical principles involved, and it is probably safe to suppose that the free air is now generally regarded as the only source of CO2 for ordinary plants. That only a relatively small portion of the CO2 actually absorbed can be supposed to enter the plant through the roots ought not to lead to the complete neglect of root absorption of CO2, especially when it is recalled that the soil solution has generally a considerable concentration of carbonate ion, that large amounts of water are absorbed through root systems, and that almost all of the absorbed water is regularly given off in transpiration through green tissues. We submit a brief summary of the status of this fundamental question, together with some discussion of the logical possibilities and an account of a few experiments. To conserve space we shall refer to the carbonate ions (HCO^ COf ) in aqueous solution as dissolved CO2. Since gaseous CO2 cannot penetrate to active chloroplasts (which are surrounded by and thoroughly impregnated with water), it is safe to suppose that all CO2 decomposed in green cells must be in watery solution before its reduction may occur. It is not necessary for our present purpose to attempt to distinguish between the hypothetical carbonic acid (H2CO3), the carbonates, and the carbonate ions, nor is it necessary to dwell on the consideration that a very small portion of
Structure and function of RET in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (2017)

It has been twenty-five years since the discovery of oncogenic germline RET mutations as the cause of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2). Intensive work over the last two and a half decades on RET genetics, signaling and cell biology has provided the current bases for the genotype-phenotype and functional correlations within this cancer syndrome. On the contrary, the structural and molecular basis for RET tyrosine kinase domain activation and oncogenic deregulation has remained largely elusive. Recent studies with a strong crystallographic and biochemical focus have started to elucidate key insights into such molecular and atomic details revealing unexpected and private mechanisms of actions and molecular determinants not previously envisioned. This review focuses on the structure and function of the RET receptor, and in particular, on what a more detailed view of the protein itself and what the current structural and molecular information tell us about the genotype and phenotype relationships in the cancer syndrome MEN2.
Using the bat: a six-dimensional mouse for object placement (1988)

Existing strategies for 6-D placement (i.e positioning and orienting) are briefly reviewed. An approach is presented that uses a 6-D variant on the conventional mouse, called the 'bat', because it is like a mouse that flies. This device encodes relative position, like the mouse, but delivers data in all six dimensions needed for object placement. The goal is to evaluate the bat to determine how well it is suited to placement operations, which are studied in the context of a hierarchically constructed scene. Two distinct parts of the placement operation, visualization and manipulation, are examined and the hardware and software environment designed as a test for the study are described. Manipulation with the bat, which is discussed in some detail, is judged to be successful.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Healing Response to Anorganic Bone Implantation in Periodontal Intrabony Defects in Dogs. Part I. Bone Regeneration. A Microradiographic Study (1996)

The purpose of the present study was to explore the regenerative potential of anorganic bone plus collagen (AB-C) in experimental intrabony defects. Eight healthy female beagle dogs, 3 to 4 years old and weighing 15 to 16 kilos, were used. After extraction of the mandibular third premolars (P3), surgical defects were created and inflammation induced by placement of cotton and steel braids. Eight weeks later, the braids were removed. The experimental lesions thus obtained were either treated by plain flap curettage (group 1: control) or were, in addition, implanted with AB-C (group 2: experimental). Blocks of AB-C alone were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the surface of the particles have the characteristics of a bone tissue. These particles are gathered together with a fibrillar network. Six, 18, and 36 weeks postoperative (PO), non-decalcified specimens from both groups were examined histologically by contact microradiography. In group 1, no significant bone regeneration was observed at 6, 18, or 36 weeks PO. In group 2, trabeculae undergoing mineralization and circumscribing dense particles above the reference notch were seen at 6 weeks PO; 18 and 36 week specimens showed significant bone regeneration with more or less dense remaining particles. The periodontal ligament space was always clear and the only signs of ankylosis noticed were deep in the notch on one 18 week group 2 specimen and on one 36 week group 1 specimen.
Evolutionary relationships within the human rhinovirus genus: comparison of serotypes 89, 2, and 14. (1987)

The complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of human rhinovirus type 89 was determined from the cDNA that had been cloned into Escherichia coli. The genome is 7152 nucleotides long and contains a single large open reading frame of 2164 codons. Translation commences at position 619 and ends 42 nucleotides before the poly(A) tract. The positions of three proteolytic cleavage sites in the polyprotein were determined by N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the capsid proteins; the remainder were predicted from comparisons with other picornaviruses. Extensive similarity between the derived amino acid sequences of human rhinovirus types 89 and 2 was found, whereas the similarity between human rhinovirus types 89 and 14 was considerably less. It is apparent that human rhinoviruses may be more closely related than has been previously thought.
Deletion of caveolin-1 protects hyperoxia-induced apoptosis via survivin-mediated pathways (2009)

Hyperoxia-induced lung injury is an established model that mimics human acute respiratory distress syndrome. Cell death is a prominent feature in lungs following prolonged hyperoxia. Caveolae are omega-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane. Caveolin-1 (cav-1), a 22-kDa transmembrane scaffolding protein, is the principal structural component of caveolae. We have recently shown that deletion of cav-1 (cav-1-/-) protected against hyperoxia-induced cell death and lung injury both in vitro and in vivo; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, inhibits apoptosis in tumor cells. Although emerging evidence suggests that survivin is involved in wound healing, especially in vascular injuries, its role in hyperoxia-induced lung injury has not been investigated. Our current data demonstrated that hyperoxia induced apoptosis via suppressing survivin expression. Deletion of cav-1 abolished this suppression and subsequently protected against hyperoxia-induced apoptosis. Using "gain" and "loss" of function assays, we determined that survivin protected lung cells from hyperoxia-induced apoptosis via the inhibition of apoptosis executor caspase-3. Overexpression of survivin by deletion of cav-1 was regulated by Egr-1. Egr-1 functioned as a negative regulator of survivin expression. Deletion of cav-1 upregulated survivin via decreased Egr-1 binding of the survivin promoter region. Together, this study illustrates the effect of hyperoxia on survivin expression and the role of survivin in hyperoxia-induced apoptosis. We also demonstrate that deletion of cav-1 protects hyperoxia-induced apoptosis via modulation of survivin expression.
Overexpressed NLRC3 Acts as an Anti-Inflammatory Cytosolic Protein (2014)

The novel nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) with a caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) 3 (NLRC3) protein belongs to the NLR family of cytosolic pathogen recognition receptors. NLRC3 has the characteristic NOD and leucine-rich repeat configuration with a less well defined CARD. T lymphocytes are known to have high NLRC3 expression, which may be involved in suppression of T cell activation. Here, we report that NLRC3 is a cytoplasmic protein that negatively regulates pro-IL-1β maturation. Among well-known inflammasome components, NLRC3 can interact with apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and caspases 1 and 5. Transient transfection of NLRC3 into stable EGFP-ASC-expressing HEK293FT cells reduces NLR family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3)/cryopyrin-induced formation of ASC specks in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This suggests that NLRC3 can regulate ASC speck formation, caspase-1 activation and IL-1β maturation. We show for the first time that inflammasome-like complexes assemble when caspase-1 and ASC are cotransfected together with NLRC3 in HEK293FT cells. However, overexpression of NLRC3 with NLRP3/cryopyrin inflammasome components suppresses pro-caspase-1 cleavage and IL-1β processing. Our study suggests that NLRC3 negatively regulates inflammatory responses.
Isolation of Peptides that Can Recognize Syndiotactic Polystyrene (2007)

Two different types of peptide with high specificity for sPS. Phage libraries of random heptamer peptides were applied to syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) film surfaces. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with phage clones and a library quantitatively revealed greater apparent binding constants of clones to the target polystyrene than to atactic and isotactic polystyrenes. The clones also recognized the presence or absence of complexed solvents in the target films. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2268/2007/z700133_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Investigation of Tobacco Pyrolysis Gases and Puff-by-puff Resolved Cigarette Smoke by Single Photon Ionisation (SPI) - Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry (TOFMS) (2009)

Abstract The work presented deals with the application of Single Photon Ionisation- Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (SPI-TOFMS) for the investigation of tobacco smoke. SPI-TOFMS is a modern analytical technique, which enables the simultaneous analysis of a large number of organic species in complex gas mixtures in real time. The paper is a summary of a PhD thesis (1) and seven research articles, which were recently published in various scientific journals (2-8). Consequently, more detailed information on particular aspects can be found in there. The experimental part covers two different approaches, and therefore, it is divided into two sub-sections. In the first one, the SPI-TOFMS is coupled to a pyrolysis furnace. The objective is to examine the thermal behaviour of tobacco under various controlled conditions. In so doing, three tobacco types (Virginia, Oriental, and Burley) were pyrolysed in two reaction gas compositions (nitrogen and synthetic air) and seven different furnace temperatures (400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C, 900 °C, and 1000 °C). Results can help to unravel the complex formation and decomposition reactions taking place when tobacco is heated. In the second part the SPI-TOFMS is connected to a cigarette smoking machine in order to investigate the behaviour of cigarette smoke constituents on a puff-by-puff basis. The work incorporates the comparison of whole smoke and gas phase of cigarette smoke, a puff-resolved quantification of several hazardous smoke constituents, and the overall chemical characterisation of the individual smoking puffs. In addition, a critical consideration of the prevailing smoking procedure is given when applied to single puff analysis. A further study examines the influence of five different cigarette lighting devices (gas lighter, electric lighter, candle, match, and burning zone of another cigarette) on the chemical composition of the first puff.
PAROMOMYCIN. II. PAROMOBIOSAMINE, A DIAMINOHEXOSYL-D-RIBOSE (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPAROMOMYCIN. II. PAROMOBIOSAMINE, A DIAMINOHEXOSYL-D-RIBOSETheodore H. Haskell, James C. French, and Quentin R. BartzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81, 13, 3481Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01522a085https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01522a085research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views60Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cutting Edge: Rapid In Vivo Killing by Memory CD8 T Cells (2003)

In this study, we examined the cytotoxic activity of effector and memory CD8 T cells in vivo. At the peak of the CTL response following an acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, effector CD8 T cells exhibited extremely rapid killing and started to eliminate adoptively transferred target cells within 15 min by a perforin-dependent mechanism. Although resting memory CD8 T cells are poorly cytolytic by in vitro (51)Cr release assays, there was rapid elimination (within 1-4 h) of target cells after transfer into immune mice, and both CD62L(high) and CD62L(low) memory CD8 T cells were able to kill rapidly in vivo. Strikingly, when directly compared on a per cell basis, memory CD8 T cells were only slightly slower than effector cells in eliminating target cells. These data indicate that virus specific memory CD8 T cells can rapidly acquire cytotoxic function upon re-exposure to Ag and are much more efficient killers in vivo than previously appreciated.
Twitching motility and biofilm formation are associated withtonB1inXylella fastidiosa (2009)

A mutation in the Xylella fastidiosa tonB1 gene resulted in loss of twitching motility and in significantly less biofilm formation as compared with a wild type. The altered motility and biofilm phenotypes were restored by complementation with a functional copy of the gene. The mutation affected virulence as measured by Pierce's disease symptoms on grapevines. The role of TonB1 in twitching and biofilm formation appears to be independent of the characteristic iron-uptake function of this protein. This is the first report demonstrating a functional role for a tonB homolog in X. fastidiosa.
PEGylation of Adenovirus with Retention of Infectivity and Protection from Neutralizing Antibody in Vitro and in Vivo (1999)

Replication-defective recombinant adenovirus (Ad) vectors are under development for a wide variety of gene therapy indications. A potential limiting factor associated with virus gene therapy requiring repeated treatment is the development of a humoral immune response to the vector by the host. In animal models, there is a dose-dependent rise in neutralizing antibodies after primary vector administration, which can preclude effective repeat administration. The strategy we have developed to circumvent the neutralization of adenovirus vectors by antibodies is to mask their surface by covalent attachment of the polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG). Covalent attachment of PEG to the surface of the adenovirus was achieved primarily by using activated PEG tresylmonomethoxypolyethylene glycol (TMPEG), which reacts preferentially with the epsilon-amino terminal of lysine residues. We show that the components of the capsid that elicit a neutralizing immune response, i.e., hexon, fiber, and penton base, are also the main targets for PEGylation. Several protocols for PEGylation of an adenovirus vector were evaluated with respect to retention of virus infectivity and masking from antibody neutralization. We show that covalent attachment of polymer to the surface of the adenovirus can be achieved with retention of infectivity. We show further that PEG-modified adenovirus can be protected from antibody neutralization in the lungs of mice with high antibody titers to adenovirus, suggesting that PEGylation will improve the ability to administer Ad vectors on a repeated basis.
A Model for Protective Clothing Effects on Performance (1994)

Abstract Personal protective clothing (PPC) enables people to work in hazardous environments, but PPC can have a detrimental effect on worker performance. Predicting garment effects on worker performance is difficult because quantitative relationships among garment properties and human responses are not known. Presents a systematic structure for studying the relationships among garment properties and their immediate effects on the worker. Using a survey of 118 studies, previous work was categorized according to garment parameters and dependent measures. Except for studies of heat stress, most of these studies compared competing garments or simply measured physiological response, rather than relating these effects to garment attributes. Such results are seldom transferable to other clothing systems or tasks. Proposes a conceptual model based on this systematic structure. Introduces garment impediment indices (GIIs) as response functions of garment attributes, and offers an approach for developing quantitative models of PPC effects on worker performance.
Intratumor heterogeneity in localized lung adenocarcinomas delineated by multiregion sequencing (2014)

Cancers are composed of populations of cells with distinct molecular and phenotypic features, a phenomenon termed intratumor heterogeneity (ITH). ITH in lung cancers has not been well studied. We applied multiregion whole-exome sequencing (WES) on 11 localized lung adenocarcinomas. All tumors showed clear evidence of ITH. On average, 76% of all mutations and 20 out of 21 known cancer gene mutations were identified in all regions of individual tumors, which suggested that single-region sequencing may be adequate to identify the majority of known cancer gene mutations in localized lung adenocarcinomas. With a median follow-up of 21 months after surgery, three patients have relapsed, and all three patients had significantly larger fractions of subclonal mutations in their primary tumors than patients without relapse. These data indicate that a larger subclonal mutation fraction may be associated with increased likelihood of postsurgical relapse in patients with localized lung adenocarcinomas.
Nonenhanced MR Angiography (2008)

While nonenhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiographic methods have been available since the earliest days of MR imaging, prolonged acquisition times and image artifacts have generally limited their use in favor of gadolinium-enhanced MR angiographic techniques. However, the combination of recent technical advances and new concerns about the safety of gadolinium-based contrast agents has spurred a resurgence of interest in methods that do not require exogenous contrast material. After a review of basic considerations in vascular imaging, the established methods for nonenhanced MR angiographic techniques, such as time of flight and phase contrast, are considered and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. This article then focuses on new techniques that are becoming commercially available, such as electrocardiographically gated partial-Fourier fast spin-echo methods and balanced steady-state free precession imaging both with and without arterial spin labeling. Challenges facing these methods and possible solutions are considered. Since different imaging techniques rely on different mechanisms of image contrast, recommendations are offered for which strategies may work best for specific angiographic applications. Developments on the horizon include techniques that provide time-resolved imaging for assessment of flow dynamics by using nonenhanced approaches.
The Three-Dimensional Structure of Cystathionine β-Lyase from Arabidopsis and Its Substrate Specificity (2001)

The pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme cystathionine beta-lyase (CBL) catalyzes the penultimate step in the de novo biosynthesis of Met in microbes and plants. Absence of CBL in higher organisms makes it an important target for the development of antibiotics and herbicides. The three-dimensional structure of cystathionine beta-lyase from Arabidopsis was determined by Patterson search techniques, using the structure of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cystathionine gamma-synthase as starting point. At a resolution of 2.3 A, the model was refined to a final crystallographic R-factor of 24.9%. The overall structure is very similar to other pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes of the gamma-family. Exchange of a few critical residues within the active site causes the different substrate preferences between Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis CBL. Loss of interactions at the alpha-carboxyl site is the reason for the poorer substrate binding of Arabidopsis CBL. In addition, the binding pocket of Arabidopsis CBL is larger than that of E. coli CBL, explaining the similar binding of L-cystathionine and L-djenkolate in Arabidopsis CBL in contrast to E. coli CBL, where the substrate binding site is optimized for the natural substrate cystathionine.