gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
History of lung transplantation (2017)

Lung transplantation nowadays is a well-accepted and routine treatment for well selected patients with terminal respiratory disease. However, it took several decades of experimental studies and clinical attempts to reach this success. In this paper, we describe the early experimental activity from the mid-forties until the early sixties. The first clinical attempt in humans was reported by Hardy and Webb in 1963 followed by others with short survival only except for one case by Derom <i>et al.</i> who lived for 10 months. Long-term successes were not reported until after the discovery of cyclosporine as a new immunosuppressive agent. Successful heart-lung transplantation (HLTx) for pulmonary vascular disease was performed by the Stanford group starting in 1981 while the Toronto group described good outcome after single-lung transplantation (SLTx) for pulmonary fibrosis in 1983 and after double-lung transplantation for emphysema in 1986. Further evolution in surgical techniques and in transplant type for the various forms of end-stage lung diseases are reviewed. The evolution in lung transplantation still continues nowadays with the use of pulmonary allografts coming from living-related donors, from donors after circulatory death, or after prior assessment and reconditioning during ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) in an attempt to overcome the critical shortage of suitable organs. Early outcome has significantly improved over the last three decades. Better treatment and prevention of chronic lung allograft dysfunction will hopefully result in further improvement of long-term survival after lung transplantation.
Viscosupplementation Therapy for Osteoarthritis (2006)

Intra-articular viscosupplementation with hyaluronic acid has become an increasingly accepted therapeutic alternative in the symptomatic management of osteoarthritis. Basic science research has documented numerous potential actions of exogenous hyaluronic acid upon the diseased joint. A substantial aggregate of clinical data suggests that viscosupplementation is clinically safe and suggests some therapeutic efficacy with regard to pain relief. However, a robust placebo effect and industry bias have obscured these outcomes considerably. Although recent attention has focused on the disease-modifying potential of this treatment option, definitive evidence is lacking. This paper will review the development, experience, indications, and clinical outcomes of viscosupplementation therapy in patients with osteoarthritis.
Modeling Four-Directional Pedestrian Flows (2000)

The objective of this study is to explore the modeling of multidirectional pedestrian flows. The complex interactions between flow entities within m-directional space present challenges that cannot be readily handled by existing bidirectional flow models. A cellular automata microsimulation model for four-directional flow is prescribed. This model, built on previous bidirectional models developed by the authors, additionally seeks to manage cross-directional conflicts. Performance of this function in the simulation of unidirectional, bidirectional, cross-directional, and four-directional flows is presented. The applications extend to m-directional terminal facility design and to four-directional street corners, a vital component in any network model of pedestrians.
Compression via channel coding - Distributed source coding for sensor networks (2004)

In recent years, sensor research has been undergoing a quiet revolution, promising to have a significant impact throughout society that could quite possibly dwarf previous milestones in the information revolution. Realizing the great promise of sensor networks requires more than a mere advance in individual technologies. It relies on many components working together in an efficient, unattended, comprehensible, and trustworthy manner. One of the enabling technologies in sensor networks is the distributed source coding (DSC), which refers to the compression of the multiple correlated sensor outputs that does not communicate with each other. DSC allows a many-to-one video coding paradigm that effectively swaps encoder-decoder complexity with respect to conventional video coding, thereby representing a fundamental concept shift in video processing. This article has presented an intensive discussion on two DSC techniques, namely Slepian-Wolf coding and Wyner-Ziv coding. The Slepian and Wolf coding have theoretically shown that separate encoding is as efficient as joint coding for lossless compression in channel coding.
Autologous fibrin glue: Production and clinical use (1996)

A MONG THE topical surgical adhesives and hemostatic agents in use or under development, those that are formed by in situ coagulation after the concurrent application of fibrinogen or fibrinogen-containing plasma components and thrombin are known generically as or adhesive. These products serve to induce either local hemostasis or fibrin-mediated adhesion of tissues to each other. The preparation of different fibrin glue products, their physical properties, and their clinical applications have been extensively reviewed. TM For this reason, this article presents only a brief overview of these issues and the complications that may be associated with the use of allogeneic fibrin glue products, as background for an in-depth discussion of the methods employed for the production of autologous fibrin glue and their use in clinical practice.
Effects of tamoxifen, medroxyprogesterone acetate and estradiol on tumor growth and oncogene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line transplanted into nude mice. (1991)

The effects of three hormonal agents with a different mechanism of action (tamoxifen [TAM], medroxyprogesterone acetate [MPA] and estradiol [E2]) on tumor growth, differentiation and oncogene expression were evaluated using the estrogen-receptor positive human breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7 transplanted into nude mice. In MCF-7 tumors treated with E2, tumor incidence, mean weight of tumors, 3H-thymidine labelling index, differentiation antigen HMFGM (human milk-fat globule membrane) and ras p21, c-myc, neu oncogene products, the level was significantly increased. On the other hand MPA suppressed all of them. TAM increased the level of c-myc expression and HMFGM antigen, but suppressed the others. This evidence indicates that E2 induces both proliferation and differentiation of MCF-7 tumor cells. MPA suppresses both proliferation and differentiation, and TAM induces differentiation and suppresses proliferation.
The gene encoding multidrug resistance is induced and expressed at high levels during pregnancy in the secretory epithelium of the uterus. (1988)

A survey of the expression of the multidrug-resistance gene (mdr) in mouse tissues revealed that a mdr mRNA species is expressed at extremely high levels in the gravid uterus. mdr mRNA expression levels increase dramatically during pregnancy compared to the relatively low levels of expression observed in the nongravid uterus. In situ hybridization experiments revealed that the increased expression of the mdr mRNA is specifically localized to the secretory epithelial cells of the endometrium. Immunocytochemistry studies with a mdr glycoprotein-specific antiserum demonstrate that the mdr glycoprotein is predominantly localized to the luminal surface of the secretory epithelial cells. These results indicate that the mdr gene expression in the uterus is controlled by the physiologic changes associated with pregnancy. Our data are consistent with a potential role for the mdr glycoprotein in the transport of substrate across the secretory epithelium of the gravid uterus.
Placental Protein 12 Is a Decidual Protein that Binds Somatomedin and Has an Identical N-Terminal Amino Acid Sequence with Sdmatomedin-Binding Protein from Human Amhiotic Fluid* (1986)

Placental protein 12 (PP12) was originally isolated from term human placenta and adjacent membranes. Recently we found that the site of PP12 synthesis is decidua but not placenta. In this work, the purity of PP12 was first tested by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide slab-gel electrophoresis and by reverse phase HPLC, and the N-terminal amino acid sequence of 15 residues was determined by a liquid-phase sequencer. A single amino acid sequence of Ala-Pro-Trp-Gln-Cys-Ala-Pro-Cys-Ser-Ala-Asp-Glu-Leu-Ala-Leu was obtained showing identity to the known N-terminal amino acid sequence of somatomedin-binding protein from human amniotic fluid. Like the latter, PP12 bound somatomedin (insulin-like growth factor I) as demonstrated in gel chromatography by a shift in the elution pattern of [125I]iodo-insulin-like growth factor I after incubation with PP12. These data show that PP12 is a somatomedin-binding protein and extend through previous literature on PP12 the existing knowledge on the physiology and pathophysiology of somatomedin-binding protein(s) in human reproduction and cancer.
Ectosomes: A New Mechanism for Non-Exosomal Secretion of Tau Protein (2014)

Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that aggregates in neurodegenerative disorders known as tauopathies. Recently, studies have suggested that Tau may be secreted and play a role in neural network signalling. However, once deregulated, secreted Tau may also participate in the spreading of Tau pathology in hierarchical pathways of neurodegeneration. The mechanisms underlying neuron-to-neuron Tau transfer are still unknown; given the known role of extra-cellular vesicles in cell-to-cell communication, we wondered whether these vesicles could carry secreted Tau. We found, among vesicles, that Tau is predominately secreted in ectosomes, which are plasma membrane-originating vesicles, and when it accumulates, the exosomal pathway is activated.
Semantic mapping of road scenes (2014)

The problem of understanding road scenes has been on the fore-front in the computer vision community for the last couple of years. This enables autonomous systems to navigate and understand the surroundings in which it operates. It involves reconstructing the scene and estimating the objects present in it, such as ‘vehicles’, ‘road’, ‘pavements’ and ‘buildings’. This thesis focusses on these aspects and proposes solutions to address them. First, we propose a solution to generate a dense semantic map from multiple street-level images. This map can be imagined as the bird’s eye view of the region with associated semantic labels for ten’s of kilometres of street level data. We generate the overhead semantic view from street level images. This is in contrast to existing approaches using satellite/overhead imagery for classification of urban region, allowing us to produce a detailed semantic map for a large scale urban area. Then we describe a method to perform large scale dense 3D reconstruction of road scenes with associated semantic labels. Our method fuses the depth-maps in an online fashion, generated from the stereo pairs across time into a global 3D volume, in order to accommodate arbitrarily long image sequences. The object class labels estimated from the street level stereo image sequence are used to annotate the reconstructed volume. Then we exploit the scene structure in object class labelling by performing inference over the meshed representation of the scene. By performing labelling over the mesh we solve two issues: Firstly, images often have redundant information with multiple images describing the same scene. Solving these images separately is slow, where our method is approximately a magnitude faster in the inference stage compared to normal inference in the image domain. Secondly, often multiple images, even though they describe the same scene result in inconsistent labelling. By solving a single mesh, we remove the inconsistency of labelling across the images. Also our mesh based labelling takes into account of the object layout in the scene, which is often ambiguous in the image domain, thereby increasing the accuracy of object labelling. Finally, we perform labelling and structure computation through a hierarchical robust P Markov Random Field defined on voxels and super-voxels given by an octree. This allows us to infer the 3D structure and the object-class labels in a principled manner, through bounded approximate minimisation of a well defined and studied energy functional. In this thesis, we also introduce two object labelled datasets created from real world data. The 15 kilometre Yotta Labelled dataset consists of 8,000 images per camera view of the roadways of the United Kingdom with a subset of them annotated with object class labels and the second dataset is comprised of ground truth object labels for the publicly available KITTI dataset. Both the datasets are available publicly and we hope will be helpful to the vision research community.
A Promoter Haplotype of the Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-Based Inhibitory Motif-Bearing FcγRIIb Alters Receptor Expression and Associates with Autoimmunity. II. Differential Binding of GATA4 and Yin-Yang1 Transcription Factors and Correlated Receptor Expression and Function (2004)

The immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif-containing FcgammaRIIb modulates immune function on multiple cell types including B cells, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells. The promoter for the human FCGR2B is polymorphic, and the less frequent 2B.4 promoter haplotype is associated with the autoimmune phenotype of systemic lupus erythematosus. In the present study, we demonstrate that the 2B.4 promoter haplotype of FCGR2B has increased binding capacity for GATA4 and Yin-Yang1 (YY1) transcription factors in both B lymphocytes and monocytes, and that overexpression of GATA4 or YY1 enhances the FCGR2B promoter activity. The 2B.4 haplotype leads to elevated expression of the endogenous receptor in heterozygous donors by approximately 1.5-fold as assessed on EBV-transformed cells, primary B lymphocytes, and CD14(+) monocytes. This increased expression accentuates the inhibitory effect of FcgammaRIIb on B cell Ag receptor signaling, measured by Ca(2+) influx and cell viability in B cells. Our results indicate that transcription factors GATA4 and YY1 are involved in the regulation of FcgammaRIIb expression, and that the expression variants of FcgammaRIIb lead to altered cell signaling, which may contribute to autoimmune pathogenesis in humans.
Field Observations with Salmonella enteritidis Bacterins (1999)

A study involving 11 commercial layer flocks was conducted to determine the efficacy of Salmonella enteritidis bacterins (autogenous or federally licensed). The criterion for evaluation of vaccine efficacy was the presence or absence of S. enteritidis in the environment, the organs of the bird (including ovary and oviduct), and eggs. Environmental, rodent, and organ specimens from dead birds as well as eggs were cultured throughout the life of the flock. All layers were obtained from pullet sources that were negative for S. enteritidis, as determined by organ and environmental cultures. Despite the use of S. enteritidis vaccination, 63.6% of the houses had S. enteritidis-positive environmental cultures and 100% of the flocks had S. enteritidis organ-culture-positive birds. The range of positive cultures for S. enteritidis in the environment in vaccinated flocks was between 0 and 45.5%. Birds in vaccinated flocks were organ-culture positive for S. enteritidis between 10% and 40% of the time. The unvaccinated portion of flocks in the same house and the unvaccinated flock in a complex had similar results compared with the vaccinated portion of the flocks.
Functional Effects of Focused Ultrasound on Mammalian Nerves (1961)

Differential blocking of conduction in mammalian nerve fibers has been produced by irradiation of the whole nerve with focused ultrasound. The smallest (C) fibers are the most sensitive; the largest (A-alpha) fibers are the least vulnerable. Fully reversible blocking can be obtained with carefully graded doses of ultrasound.
The Problem of the Placebo Response in Clinical Trials for Psychiatric Disorders: Culprits, Possible Remedies, and a Novel Study Design Approach (2003)

The placebo response is a major issue in clinical trials for psychiatric disorders. Possible contributing factors to this problem include diagnostic misclassification, issues concerning inclusion/exclusion criteria, outcome measures' lack of sensitivity to change, measurement errors, poor quality of data entry and verification, waxing and waning of the natural course of illness, regression toward the mean phenomenon, patient and clinician expectations about the trial, study design issues, non-specific therapeutic effects, and high attrition. Over the past few decades, researchers have attempted to reduce the placebo effect in a variety of ways. Unfortunately, approaches with very little or no benefit have included restricting enrollment to selected populations, rater training, requirement of same rater, and placebo lead-in phases. Some benefits, although often marginal, have been derived from standardizing diagnostic procedures, managing clinicians' overestimation of change, simplification of study visits and assessments, minimizing non-specific, therapeutic effects, extending trial duration, reducing number of sites, increasing the sensitivity of outcome measures, and reducing the number of treatment arms. Thus far, there has been no attempt to develop new study designs aimed at reducing the placebo effect. We are proposing a novel study design, called 'Sequential Parallel Comparison Design', suitable for double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in psychiatric disorders. This design is aimed at reducing both the overall placebo response rate and the sample size required for such trials. Its usefulness in clinical research needs to be tested empirically. If this study design were to be found to meet its stated goals, this could markedly facilitate the process of clinical development of new compounds for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
Review on toxicity of stainless steel (2010)

The review is composed of the following parts: A short overview on the production and designation of stainless steels; The release of metal consituent from stainless steels; A review of the toxicological data on stainless steels; A discussion of the available data on the human health hazards of stainless steels and recommendatations for classificaton and labelling.
Annotating photo collections by label propagation according to multiple similarity cues (2008)

This paper considers the emerging problem of annotating personal photo collections that are taken by digital cameras and may have been subsequently organized by customers. Unlike the images from the web searching engine or commercial image banks (e.g. the Corel database), the photos in the same personal collection are related to each other in time, location, and content. Advanced technologies can record the GPS coordinates for each photo, and thus provide a richer source of context to model and enforce the correlation between the photos in the same collection. Recognizing the well-known limitations ("semantic gap") of visual recognition algorithms, we exploit the correlation between the photos to enhance the annotation performance. In our approach, high-confidence annotation labels are first obtained for certain photos and then propagated to the remaining photos in the same collection, according to time, location, and visual proximity (or similarity). A novel generative probabilistic model is employed, which outperforms the pervious linear propagation scheme. Experimental results have shown the advantages of the proposed annotation scheme.
PPAR‐γ: Therapeutic Potential for Multiple Sclerosis (2008)

The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in altering lipid and glucose metabolism is well established. More recent studies indicate that PPARs also play critical roles in controlling immune responses. We and others have previously demonstrated that PPAR-gamma agonists modulate the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). This review will discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these agonists are believed to modulate disease. The therapeutic potential of PPAR-gamma agonists in the treatment of multiple sclerosis will also be considered.
Mouse H-2k-restricted cytotoxic T cells recognize antigenic determinants in both the HA1 and HA2 subunits of the influenza A/PR/8/34 hemagglutinin. (1987)

We have constructed two chimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) genes in which the HA1 and HA2 subunits of the HA molecule have been interchanged between influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1 subtype) and A/NT/60/68 (H3 subtype). These genes were used to construct recombinant vaccinia viruses that expressed intact chimeric HA. These recombinant viruses were used to test whether murine CTL recognize antigenic determinants in either the HA1, HA2, or both subunits. We found that both subunits of the HA molecule contain determinants for CTL. This implies that CTL have, at least in part, separate antigenic determinants from B lymphocytes, which recognize mainly epitopes within the HA1 subunit.
Overproduction and purification of a functional Na+/H+ antiporter coded by nhaA (ant) from Escherichia coli (1991)

A Na+/H+ antiporter coded by the nhaA (ant) gene of Escherichia coli has been overproduced and purified. The amino-terminal sequence of the protein has been determined and shown to correlate with initiation at a GUG codon, 75 bases upstream from the previously suggested AUG initiation codon. The purified protein, when reconstituted into proteoliposomes, has Na+/H+ antiport activity. It can mediate sodium uptake when a transmembrane pH gradient is applied. Downhill sodium efflux is shown to be highly dependent on pH and is accelerated by a transmembrane pH gradient. An imposed membrane potential negative inside accelerates Na+ efflux at all pH values tested. These findings suggest that the antiporter is electrogenic both at acid and alkaline pH. The activation at alkaline pH values (2000-fold increase) is consistent with the proposed role of the antiporter in regulation of internal pH at the alkaline pH range.
Copolymers with controlled distribution of comonomers along the chain, 1. Structure, thermodynamics and dynamic properties of gradient copolymers. Computer simulation (1996)

Abstract Properties of copolymer systems with various composition distributions of comonomers A and B along the chain are analyzed by means of computer simulation using the Cooperative Motion Algorithm. Extreme cases of random and block copolymers, as well as the intermediate cases of gradient copolymers with various composition gradients along the chain are considered. Thermodynamic, static and dynamic properties of systems are predicted in a broad temperature range including both the homogeneous and the microphase separation regime. A possibility to control the microphase separation temperature and consequently a possibility to control a shift of the properties along the temperature scale by changing the monomer distribution within copolymer chains is demonstrated.
Energy Sources in Laparoscopy (2004)

Traditional monopolar and bipolar electrosurgery remain very useful in laparoscopic surgery. The need for meticulous hemostasis and the tedium of vessel ligation in advanced cases has propelled the development of new energy source devices that have proved to be remarkably helpful in both laparoscopic and open surgery. Energy sources in the form of argon beam coagulation, ultrasonic coagulation, and bipolar vessel sealing systems have revolutionized laparoscopic surgery. Although each of these energy sources has improved the efficiency and safety of minimally invasive techniques, they can also be associated with distressing complications. This report describes the biophysics of these tools, their spectrum of effectiveness, and methods of application that may improve our ability to perform surgery in a safe and proficient manner.