gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Convergent Synthesis of Poly(glycerol‐succinic acid) Dendritic Macromolecules (2003)

The high-yield convergent synthesis of dendrons, dendrimers, and dendritic-linear hybrid macromolecules composed of succinic acid, glycerol, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is described. This convergent synthesis relies on two orthogonal protecting groups; namely, the benzylidene acetal (bzld) for the protection of the 1,3-hydroxyls of glycerol and the tert-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS) ester for protection of the carboxylic acid of succinic acid. These novel polyester dendritic macromolecules are composed entirely of building blocks known to be biocompatible or degradable in vivo to give natural metabolites. Derivatization of the dendritic periphery with a methacrylate affords a polymer that can be subsequently photo-cross-linked. The three-dimensional cross-linked gels formed by ultraviolet irradiation are optically transparent, with mechanical properties dependent on the initial cross-linkable dendritic macromolecule.
Frame-transfer CMOS active pixel sensor with pixel binning (1997)

The first frame-transfer CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) is reported. The sensor architecture integrates an array of active pixels with an array of passive memory cells. Charge integration amplifer-based readout of the memory cells permits binning of pixels for variable resolution imaging. A 32/spl times/32 element prototype sensor with 24-/spl mu/m pixel pitch was fabricated in 1.2-/spl mu/m CMOS and demonstrated.
Increasing resistance of planktonic and biofilm cultures of Burkholderia cepacia to ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime during exponential growth (1998)

The change in resistance of Burkholderia cepacia to ceftazidime and to ciprofloxacin during the exponential phase and up to the onset of stationary phase was assessed along the growth curve in batch culture. B. cepacia was grown in planktonic culture and in a biofilm on a membrane support. Resistance increased progressively during the exponential phase, being increased by ten-fold about every four generations. Bacteria grown in a biofilm were about 15 times more resistant than equivalent planktonic-grown bacteria. The growth rate was not the key factor for the development of resistance. The growth phase and the mode of growth have a fundamental impact on the susceptibility of B. cepacia towards antimicrobial agents. Bacteria growing at the same rate may differ greatly in their resistance to antimicrobial agents.
Detection of St. Louis encephalitis and western equine encephalomyelitis RNA in mosquitoes tested without maintenance of a cold chain. (2001)

Western equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viral RNA can be detected 20 days after death of infected Culex tarsalis in the absence of a cold chain. Viral RNA was detected with the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in mosquitoes infected either parenterally or perorally in the laboratory and then killed and held for up to 20 days at 27 degrees C. Cell culture assay and in situ enzyme immunoassay did not detect infectious virus in the same mosquitoes.
Role of MAPK Activation in Prostate Cancer Development and Progression (2008)

Abstract : Although Prostate cancer is the most common and second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American men lack of animal models that faithfully recapitulate histopathological and clinical features of human prostate cancer has hampered prostate cancer research. Taking advantage of a unique androgen-insensitive transgene promoter system we developed a novel genetically-engineered mouse (GEM) model of invasive prostate adenocarcinoma whereby an activating mutation of BRAFV600E has been targeted to the epithelial compartment of the prostate gland. As a first step for the characterization of this model we attempted to assess the requirement for continuous BRAF*-ERK activation in maintenance of established invasive lesions and in progression to androgen-independent state. To our surprise we found that while sufficient to initiate development of AKT-independent invasive prostate adenocarcinoma BRAFV600E is not required for its maintenance. In addition we also demonstrated that BRAF driven ERK and S6K activation alone is not sufficient to drive androgen-independent growth post castration in this mouse model although it appears to be permissive of survival in low androgen state.
Spinal cord reconstruction using NeuroGel™ implants and functional recovery after chronic injury (2001)

There is currently a lack of effective ways to achieve functional tissue repair of the chronically injured spinal cord. We investigated the potential of using NeuroGel, a biocompatible polymer hydrogel, to induce a reconstruction of the rat spinal cord after chronic compression-produced injury. NeuroGel was inserted 3 months after a severe injury into the post-traumatic lesion cavity. Rats were placed in an enriched environment and the functional deficits were measured using the BBB rating scale. A significant improvement in the mean BBB scores was observed. Rats without enriched environment and severely injured rats with an enriched environment alone showed no improvement; however, 7 months after reconstructive surgery using NeuroGel, a reparative neural tissue had formed within the polymer gel that included myelinated axons and dendro-dendritic contacts. NeuroGel implantation into a chronic spinal cord injury therefore resulted in tissue reconstruction and functional improvement, suggesting that such an approach may have therapeutic value in the repair of focal lesions in humans.
Equivalence of Generative and Log-Linear Models (2010)

Conventional speech recognition systems are based on hidden Markov models (HMMs) with Gaussian mixture models (GHMMs). Discriminative log-linear models are an alternative modeling approach and have been investigated recently in speech recognition. GHMMs are directed models with constraints, e.g., positivity of variances and normalization of conditional probabilities, while log-linear models do not use such constraints. This paper compares the posterior form of typical generative models related to speech recognition with their log-linear model counterparts. The key result will be the derivation of the equivalence of these two different approaches under weak assumptions. In particular, we study Gaussian mixture models, part-of-speech bigram tagging models, and eventually, the GHMMs. This result unifies two important but fundamentally different modeling paradigms in speech recognition on the functional level. Furthermore, this paper will present comparative experimental results for various speech tasks of different complexity, including a digit string and large-vocabulary continuous speech recognition tasks.
Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks (1999)

Systems as diverse as genetic networks or the World Wide Web are best described as networks with complex topology. A common property of many large networks is that the vertex connectivities follow a scale-free power-law distribution. This feature was found to be a consequence of two generic mechanisms: (i) networks expand continuously by the addition of new vertices, and (ii) new vertices attach preferentially to sites that are already well connected. A model based on these two ingredients reproduces the observed stationary scale-free distributions, which indicates that the development of large networks is governed by robust self-organizing phenomena that go beyond the particulars of the individual systems.
Widespread occurrence of the JAK2 V617F mutation in chronic myeloproliferative disorders (2005)

The analysis of rare chromosomal translocations in myeloproliferative disorders has highlighted the importance of aberrant tyrosine kinase signaling in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Here we have investigated samples from 679 patients and controls for the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase JAK2 V617F mutation. Of the 480 myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) samples, the proportion of positive cases per disease subtype was 30 (20%) of 152 for atypical or unclassified MPD, 2 of 134 (2%) for idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, 58 of 72 (81%) for polycythemia vera, 24 of 59 (41%) essential thrombocythemia (ET), and 15 of 35 (43%) for idiopathic myelofibrosis. V617F was not identified in patients with systemic mastocytosis (n = 28), chronic or acute myeloid leukemia (n = 35), secondary erythrocytosis (n = 4), or healthy controls (n = 160). Homozygosity for V617F was seen in 43% of mutant samples and was closely correlated with chromosome 9p uniparental disomy. Homozygosity was significantly less common in ET compared with other MPD subtypes. In 53 cases analyzed, the median level of PRV1 expression was significantly higher in V617F-positive cases compared with cases without the mutation. We conclude that V617F is widespread in MPDs. Detection of this acquired mutation is likely to have a major impact on the way patients with MPD are diagnosed, as well as serving as an obvious target for signal transduction therapy.
Parallel HEVC Decoding on Multi- and Many-core (2013)

The Joint Collaborative Team on Video De- coding is developing a new standard named High E- ciency Video Coding (HEVC) that aims at reducing the bitrate of H.264/AVC by another 50%. In order to ful- ll the computational demands of the new standard, in particular for high resolutions and at low power bud- gets, exploiting parallelism is no longer an option but a requirement. Therefore, HEVC includes several cod- ing tools that allows to divide each picture into several partitions that can be processed in parallel, without degrading the quality nor the bitrate. In this paper we adapt one of these approaches, the Wavefront Paral- lel Processing (WPP) coding, and show how it can be implemented on multi- and many-core processors. Our approach, named Overlapped Wavefront (OWF), pro- cesses several partitions as well as several pictures in parallel. This has the advantage that the amount of (thread-level) parallelism stays constant during execu- tion. In addition, performance and power results are provided for three platforms: a server Intel CPU with 8 cores, a laptop Intel CPU with 4 cores, and a TILE- Gx36 with 36 cores from Tilera. The results show that our parallel HEVC decoder is capable of achieving an
Orally Administered Mycobacterium vaccae Modulates Expression of Immunoregulatory Molecules in BALB/c Mice with Pulmonary Tuberculosis (2008)

The environmental saprophyte Mycobacterium vaccae induces a Th1 response and cytotoxic T cells that recognize M. tuberculosis, and by subcutaneous injection, it is therapeutic for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) induced by high-dose challenge in BALB/c mice. However, M. vaccae also drives regulatory T cells that inhibit Th2 responses, and this is seen in allergy models, not only following subcutaneous injection but also after oral administration. An oral immunotherapeutic for TB would be clinically useful, so we investigated M. vaccae given orally by gavage at 28-day intervals in the TB model. We used two different protocols: starting the oral M. vaccae either 1 day before or 32 days after infection with M. tuberculosis. Throughout the infection (until 120 days), we monitored outcome (CFU), molecules involved in the development of immunoregulation (Foxp3, hemoxygenase 1, idoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and transforming growth factor beta [TGF-beta]), and indicators of cytokine balance (tumor necrosis factor, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-4 [IL-4], and IL-4delta2; an inhibitory splice variant of IL-4 associated with improved outcome in human TB). Oral M. vaccae had a significant effect on CFU and led to increased expression of Th1 markers and of IL-4delta2, while suppressing IL-4, Foxp3, and TGF-beta. When administered 1 day before infection, oral M. vaccae induced a striking peak of expression of hemoxygenase 1. In conclusion, we show novel information about the expression in TB of murine IL-4delta2 and molecules involved in immunoregulation and show that these can be modulated by oral administration of a saprophytic mycobacterium. A clinical trial of oral M. vaccae in extensively drug-resistant TB might be justified.
Molecular Targeted Therapy of Lung Cancer: EGFR Mutations and Response to EGFR Inhibitors (2005)

Somatic mutations within the kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are present in approximately 10% of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with an increased frequency in adenocarcinomas arising in nonsmokers, women, and individuals of Asian ethnicity. These mutations lead to altered downstream signaling by the receptor and appear to define a subset of NSCLC characterized by "oncogene addiction" to the EGFR pathway, which displays dramatic responses to the reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib. The rapid acquisition of drug resistance in most cases, either through mutation of the "gateway" residue in the EGFR kinase domain or by alternative mechanisms, appears to limit the impact on patient survival. Irreversible inhibitors of EGFR display continued effectiveness in vitro against cells with acquired resistance and are now undergoing genotype-directed clinical trials. The molecular and clinical insights derived from targeting EGFR in NSCLC offer important lessons for the broader application of targeted therapeutic agents in solid tumors.
Estimating 3D egomotion from perspective image sequence (1990)

The computation of sensor motion from sets of displacement vectors obtained from consecutive pairs of images is discussed. The problem is investigated with emphasis on its application to autonomous robots and land vehicles. The effects of 3D camera rotation and translation upon the observed image are discussed, particularly the concept of the focus of expansion (FOE). It is shown that locating the FOE precisely is difficult when displacement vectors are corrupted by noise and errors. A more robust performance can be achieved by computing a 2D region of possible FOE locations (termed the fuzzy FOE) instead of looking for a single-point FOE. The shape of this FOE region is an explicit indicator of the accuracy of the result. It has been shown elsewhere that given the fuzzy FOE, a number of powerful inferences about the 3D sense structure and motion become possible. Aspects of computing the fuzzy FOE are emphasized, and the performance of a particular algorithm on real motion sequences taken from a moving autonomous land vehicle is shown.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
EBIT - EPS analysis (2024)

The search for the optimal degree of indebtedness of the company requires the use of several analytical procedures, among which the most attention is paid to the methods of analysis of ratios in the capital structure, such as: EBIT-EPS analysis, coverage coefficients (ratios) and the group of so-called informal methods of ratio analysis in the capital structure of the company. The analysis of financial leverage factors has showed that the growth of indebtedness causes disproportionate variability of operating profit (EBIT) and earnings per share (EPS). Observing these effects, the so-called operating profit - earnings per share analysis (EBIT - EPS analysis) was developed in theory, including analysis of the coverage point or financing indifference, since such analytical procedure can be presented graphically and mathematically. We need two points for the graphic display. We obtain the first by calculating earnings per share (EPS) for a given level of operating profit (EBIT). The second point is the level of operating profit (EBIT) required to cover fixed expenses for various financial alternatives. For a mathematical representation, a tabular calculation or calculation by equations is required. The aim of this paper is to present both ways of analytical procedure of the so-called EBIT-EPS analysis, as well as the method of determining the coverage (indifference) point.
c-kit Ligand and Flt3 Ligand: Stem/Progenitor Cell Factors With Overlapping Yet Distinct Activities (1998)

HEMATOPOIESIS IS A life-long process responsible for replenishing both hematopoietic progenitor cells and mature blood cells from a pool of pluripotent, long-term reconstituting stem cells.[1][1] The daily turnover in a normal adult of approximately 1012 blood cells is tightly regulated, involving,
Power-efficient III-V/Silicon external cavity DBR lasers (2012)

We report the design and characterization of external-cavity DBR lasers built with a III-V-semiconductor reflective-SOA with spot-size converter edge-coupled to SOI waveguides containing Bragg grating mirrors. The un-cooled lasers have wall-plug-efficiencies of up to 9.5% at powers of 6 mW. The lasers are suitable for making power efficient, hybrid WDM transmitters in a CMOS-compatible SOI optical platform.
Pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection and disease (1991)

Because almost all pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is perinatally acquired, the geometric increase in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cases in women is reflected in a corresponding increase in HIV infection in children. The pathogenesis of HIV infection in children often involves immune complex phenomenon with elevation of tumor necrosis factor and B-cell abnormalities. Most diagnostic assays (polymerase chain reaction, HIV culture, in vitro HIV-specific antibody production, and HIV-specific IgA) are sensitive in testing infants 6 months of age or older. Previous impressions that HIV infection in infants always progresses rapidly to death have been refuted. Infectious complications include primary bacteremia, acute pneumonia, and sinusitis. Opportunistic pathogens include Pneumocystis carinii, Candida, and Mycobacterium species, and cytomegalovirus. Although malignancies are not common in these children, B-cell malignancies have been reported. Central nervous involvement is much more common in children than in adults with HIV infection. Treatment options for HIV-infected children include intravenous immunoglobulin prophylaxis for P. carinii pneumonia, zidovudine, dideoxyinosine, and dideoxycytidine.
Changing perspectives in yeast research nearly a decade after the genome sequence (2005)

Research with budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has been transformed by the publication, nearly a decade ago, of the entire genome DNA sequence. The introduction of this first eukaryotic genomic sequence changed the yeast research environment significantly, not just because of dramatic progress in technical means but also because the sequence made accessible a new class of scientific questions. A central goal of yeast research remains the determination of the biological role of every sequence feature in the yeast genome. The most remarkable change has been the shift in perspective from focus on individual genes and functionalities to a more global view of how the cellular networks and systems interact and function together to produce the highly evolved organism we see today.
Induction of hyperthermia using an intracavitary multielement ultrasonic applicator (1989)

In this paper, the possibility of inducing controlled hyperthermia in rectal or vaginal wall tumors using an intracavitary ultrasonic applicator was investigated. A computer model that took into account the thermal and ultrasonic properties of tissues and surface cooling was used to optimize the transducer parameters to obtain desirable temperature distributions for different perfusion situations in the tumor. Also, an applicator that consisted of a cylindrical array of five independently controllable ultrasonic transducers was developed. This array was then tested in degassed water to determine the functional characteristics. This same applicator, modified to include water cooling of the tissue surface, was tested in vivo in dogs. The temperature distributions were found to be promising and with modifications this approach will be used in clinical treatments of suitable tumors.
Low-loss, tunable microwave capacitors using bismuth zinc niobate thin films (2005)

A new high dielectric constant material, bismuth zinc niobate that combines low dielectric losses with an electric-field dependent permittivity was implemented as the dielectric in MIM capacitors. Dielectric properties up to 20 GHz were evaluated by measuring the reflection coefficient with a vector network analyzer. The dielectric constant was around 180 and the quality factor remained greater than 100 up to 5 GHz for 64 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ devices. No onset of a dielectric relaxation, as expected from bulk data, could be detected in the measured frequency range. The results show that BZN thin films have great potential for low loss, tunable microwave devices.
Organic Synthesis Supported by Antibody Catalysis (1999)

Catalytic antibody research has provided a remarkable number of catalyzed reactions since it was begun thirteen years ago. This paper introduces a few antibody-catalyzed reactions that may be of particular interest to the organic synthetic chemist. It also gives a short introduction into the production of hapten-binding monoclonal antibodies and modern improvements for catalyst discovery.
Properties of channels mediating the apamin-insensitive afterhyperpolarization in vagal motoneurons (1995)

1. Whole cell recordings were obtained from neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in transverse slices of guinea pig medulla. From a holding potential of -40 mV, short depolarizing voltage steps activated two calcium-dependent potassium currents, Gk(Ca),1 and Gk(Ca),2. 2. Gk(Ca),1 was completely blocked by apamin (100 nM). Gk(Ca),2 was apamin insensitive, voltage independent, and reversed close to the potassium equilibrium potential. 3. Activation of Gk(Ca),2 was associated with an increase in current variance. The channels underlying the slow component were analyzed by stationary and nonstationary fluctuation analysis. Current variance was linearly related to mean current for small current amplitudes but clearly deviated from linearity near the peak of Gk(Ca),2. The predicted single channel conductance was 6.8 +/- 2.5 (SE) pS. Probability of channel opening rose to at most 0.68. The average number of available Gk(Ca),2 channels on vagal neurons was 4,437 +/- 591. 4. Power spectra were constructed from the peak current. Spectra were well fitted with a single Lorentzian with a corner frequency of 72 +/- 7 Hz. The mean burst duration of the channels was 3.8 +/- 0.5 ms. These results indicate that a new type of calcium-activated channel underlies Gk(Ca),2.
Lipid Nanoparticles for Ocular Gene Delivery (2015)

Lipids contain hydrocarbons and are the building blocks of cells. Lipids can naturally form themselves into nano-films and nano-structures, micelles, reverse micelles, and liposomes. Micelles or reverse micelles are monolayer structures, whereas liposomes are bilayer structures. Liposomes have been recognized as carriers for drug delivery. Solid lipid nanoparticles and lipoplex (liposome-polycation-DNA complex), also called lipid nanoparticles, are currently used to deliver drugs and genes to ocular tissues. A solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) is typically spherical, and possesses a solid lipid core matrix that can solubilize lipophilic molecules. The lipid nanoparticle, called the liposome protamine/DNA lipoplex (LPD), is electrostatically assembled from cationic liposomes and an anionic protamine-DNA complex. The LPD nanoparticles contain a highly condensed DNA core surrounded by lipid bilayers. SLNs are extensively used to deliver drugs to the cornea. LPD nanoparticles are used to target the retina. Age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and diabetic retinopathy are the most common retinal diseases in humans. There have also been promising results achieved recently with LPD nanoparticles to deliver functional genes and micro RNA to treat retinal diseases. Here, we review recent advances in ocular drug and gene delivery employing lipid nanoparticles.