gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Morphology, Genesis, and Distribution of Nanometer-Scale Pores in Siliceous Mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale (2009)

Research on mudrock attributes has increased dramatically since shale-gas systems have become commercial hydrocarbon production targets. One of the most significant research questions now being asked focuses on the nature of the pore system in these mudrocks. Our work on siliceous mudstones from the Mississippian Barnett Shale of the Fort Worth Basin, Texas, shows that the pores in these rocks are dominantly nanometer in scale (nanopores). We used scanning electron microscopy to characterize Barnett pores from a number of cores and have imaged pores as small as 5 nm. Key to our success in imaging these nanopores is the use of Ar-ion-beam milling; this methodology provides flat surfaces that lack topography related to differential hardness and are fundamental for high-magnification imaging.

Nanopores are observed in three main modes of occurrence. Most pores are found in grains of organic matter as intraparticle pores; many of these grains contain hundreds of pores. Intraparticle organic nanopores most commonly have irregular, bubblelike, elliptical cross sections and range between 5 and 750 nm with the median nanopore size for all grains being approximately 100 nm. Internal porosities of up to 20.2% have been measured for whole grains of organic matter based on point-count data from scanning electron microscopy analysis. These nanopores in the organic matter are the predominant pore type in the Barnett mudstones and they are related to thermal maturation.

Nanopores are also found in bedding-parallel, wispy, organic-rich laminae as intraparticle pores in organic grains and as interparticle pores between organic matter, but this mode is not common. Although less abundant, nanopores are also locally present in fine-grained matrix areas unassociated with organic matter and as nano- to microintercrystalline pores in pyrite framboids.

Intraparticle organic nanopores and pyrite-framboid intercrystalline pores contribute to gas storage in Barnett mudstones. We postulate that permeability pathways within the Barnett mudstones are along bedding-parallel layers of organic matter or a mesh network of organic matter flakes because this material contains the most pores.
Innate Immunity (2000)

The immune system has traditionally been divided into innate and adaptive components, each with a different function and role. The adaptive component is organized around two classes of specialized cells, T cells and B cells. Since each lymphocyte displays a single kind of structurally unique receptor, the repertoire of antigen receptors in the entire population of lymphocytes is very large and extremely diverse. The size and diversity of this repertoire increase the probability that an individual lymphocyte will encounter an antigen that binds to its receptor, thereby triggering activation and proliferation of the cell. This process, termed clonal selection, accounts . . .
A RAPID ISOLATION OF WHEAT DNA (2002)

This paper mainly studies the method of extracting DNA from YU wheat 47 #,and the key technique to prevent DNA decomposition without liquid N 2.The separated DNA from wheat seed was analyzed by UV and agarose gel electrophoresis.The result indicates DNA isolated from wheat has high molecular weight,good purity and quality.This method can be used to isolate the high molecular weight DNA from other plants.
Synthetic analogues of migrastatin that inhibit mammary tumor metastasis in mice (2005)

Tumor metastasis is the most common cause of death in cancer patients. Here, we show that two, fully synthetic migrastatin analogues, core macroketone and core macrolactam, are potent inhibitors of metastasis in a murine breast tumor model. Administration of these readily accessible compounds nearly completely inhibits lung metastasis of highly metastatic mammary carcinoma cells. Treatment of tumor cells with core macroketone and core macrolactam blocks Rac activation, lamellipodia formation, and cell migration, suggesting that these chemical compounds interfere with the invasion step of the metastatic process. These compounds also inhibit the migration of human metastatic breast cancer cells, prostate cancer cells, and colon cancer cells but not normal mammary-gland epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and leukocytes. These data demonstrate that the macroketone and macrolactam core structures are specific small-molecule inhibitors of tumor metastasis. These compounds or their analogues could potentially be used in cancer-therapy strategies.
Recipe for a Binge (2009)

Research in the early 1990s demonstrated that standard drink labels (i.e. labels stating the number of standard drinks within an alcohol product) significantly reduce the mean error in adults' estimations of alcohol content, concluding that standard drink labelling would assist drinkers who wished to drink within NHMrC low-risk drinking guidelines (Stockwell and Blaze-Temple 1990; Stockwell et al. 1991). Thus, the Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy recommended the inclusion of standard drink information on all alcohol beverages (Stockwell 1993).
Cloning and expression of an intron-less gene for AKAP 75, an anchor protein for the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase II beta. (1992)

The A-Kinase Anchor Protein AKAP 75 (formerly designated bovine brain P75) is a particulate brain protein that avidly binds the regulatory subunit (RII beta) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase II beta (Bregman, D. B., Hirsch, A.H. and Rubin, C.S. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 7207-7213). The formation of stable AKAP 75.RII beta complexes provides a potential mechanism for targeting physiological signals carried by cAMP to specific effector sites within neurons and other brain cells. We have now cloned and characterized the AKAP 75 gene. Its coding sequence is novel and unexpectedly short (1284 base pairs) and contains no introns. When the AKAP 75 gene was transfected into HEK 293 cells, a new RII beta-binding protein with an apparent Mr of 75,000 accumulated. A high proportion (approximately 65%) of the AKAP 75 gene product was excluded from the cytoplasm and was recovered in the 40,000 x g pellet derived from disrupted transfected cells. In contrast, cells transfected with a construct encoding 249 amino acids from the central and C-terminal regions of AKAP 75 produced an RII beta-binding protein (apparent Mr = 45,000) that was exclusively cytosolic. AKAP 75 is a novel protein composed of only 428 amino acid residues (Mr = 47,878). A highly acidic C-terminal region mediates the binding of RII beta (and cAMP-dependent protein kinase II beta), whereas a positively charged N-terminal segment contains structural features that are essential for the association of AKAP 75 with the cytoskeleton and/or intracellular membranes.
Diabetes Treatment — Bridging the Divide (2007)

In the simplest terms, diabetes mellitus results when pancreatic beta cells are unable to maintain adequate insulin secretion to prevent hyperglycemia. A combination of genetic and environmental factors causes the underlying beta-cell failure. In type 1 diabetes, a T-cell–mediated autoimmune response against beta cells appears to be the main disease mechanism, whereas insulin resistance is the key metabolic abnormality in type 2 diabetes. Yet the way in which insulin resistance triggers beta-cell failure remains obscure. The report by Larsen et al. in this issue of the Journal (pages 1517–1526) provides insight into a shared mechanism of beta-cell dysfunction in type . . .
Identification of shuA, the gene encoding the heme receptor of Shigella dysenteriae, and analysis of invasion and intracellular multiplication of a shuA mutant (1997)

shuA encodes a 70-kDa outer membrane heme receptor in Shigella dysenteriae. Analysis of the shuA DNA sequence indicates that this gene encodes a protein with homology to TonB-dependent receptors of gram-negative bacteria. Transport of heme by the ShuA protein requires TonB and its accessory proteins ExbB and ExbD. The shuA DNA sequence contains a putative Fur box overlapping the -10 region of a potential shuA promoter, and the expression of shuA is repressed by exogenous iron or hemin in a Fur-dependent manner, although hemin repressed expression to a lesser extent than iron salts. Disruption of this open reading frame on the S. dysenteriae chromosome by marker exchange yielded a strain that failed to use heme as an iron source, indicating that shuA is essential for heme transport in S. dysenteriae. However, shuA is not essential for invasion or multiplication within cultured Henle cells; the shuA mutant invaded and produced normal plaques in confluent cell monolayers.
IronFleet (2015)

Distributed systems are notorious for harboring subtle bugs. Verification can, in principle, eliminate these bugs a priori, but verification has historically been difficult to apply at full-program scale, much less distributed-system scale.
Distributed file systems: concepts and examples (1990)

The purpose of a distributed file system (DFS) is to allow users of physically distributed computers to share data and storage resources by using a common file system. A typical configuration for a DFS is a collection of workstations and mainframes connected by a local area network (LAN). A DFS is implemented as part of the operating system of each of the connected computers. This paper establishes a viewpoint that emphasizes the dispersed structure and decentralization of both data and control in the design of such systems. It defines the concepts of transparency, fault tolerance, and scalability and discusses them in the context of DFSs. The paper claims that the principle of distributed operation is fundamental for a fault tolerant and scalable DFS design. It also presents alternatives for the semantics of sharing and methods for providing access to remote files. A survey of contemporary UNIX-based systems, namely, UNIX United, Locus, Sprite, Sun's Network File System, and ITC's Andrew, illustrates the concepts and demonstrates various implementations and design alternatives. Based on the assessment of these systems, the paper makes the point that a departure from the extending centralized file systems over a communication network is necessary to accomplish sound distributed file system design.
Evolution history and trend of the modern Huanghe River Delta (2010)

现代 Huanghe 河三角洲潮汐的公寓的发展历史，海岸线并且在水下地面基于遥感图象和水深度数据的分析被学习。在不同历史的阶段，模仿侵蚀的一个公式和水下的 Huanghe 的免职发展模型上基于 seafloor 地面进化的分析河三角洲斜坡被建议，并且水下的三角洲地面的发展趋势被预言。平衡转变地区更深在有更浅的水和累积里的海床侵蚀的 12 m 的水深度附近在的结果表演流水在期间开始的 150 一在河隧道被抛弃以后。同时，在水下斜坡变得更轻轻，沿海的侵蚀率逐渐地变得慢。然后，水下的三角洲斜坡改变了到在凹面从上面上面凸，并且水下的三角洲的形状消失了。海岸类型改变了到淤泥泥海岸大约 100150 一在河功课被抛弃以后。防波堤的脚里的侵蚀深度基于公式被计算。
FGF-23 in fibrous dysplasia of bone and its relationship to renal phosphate wasting (2003)

FGF-23, a novel member of the FGF family, is the product of the gene mutated in autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR). FGF-23 has been proposed as a circulating factor causing renal phosphate wasting not only in ADHR (as a result of inadequate degradation), but also in tumor-induced osteomalacia (as a result of excess synthesis by tumor cells). Renal phosphate wasting occurs in approximately 50% of patients with McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) and fibrous dysplasia of bone (FD), which result from postzygotic mutations of the GNAS1 gene. We found that FGF-23 is produced by normal and FD osteoprogenitors and bone-forming cells in vivo and in vitro. In situ hybridization analysis of FGF-23 mRNA expression identified "fibrous" cells, osteogenic cells, and cells associated with microvascular walls as specific cellular sources of FGF-23 in FD. Serum levels of FGF-23 were increased in FD/MAS patients compared with normal age-matched controls and significantly higher in FD/MAS patients with renal phosphate wasting compared with those without, and correlated with disease burden bone turnover markers commonly used to assess disease activity. Production of FGF-23 by FD tissue may play an important role in the renal phosphate-wasting syndrome associated with FD/MAS.
Use of Recombinant Adenovirus Vectored Consensus IFN-α to Avert Severe Arenavirus Infection (2011)

Several arenaviruses can cause viral hemorrhagic fever, a severe disease with case-fatality rates in hospitalized individuals ranging from 15-30%. Because of limited prophylaxis and treatment options, new medical countermeasures are needed for these viruses classified by the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) as top priority biodefense Category A pathogens. Recombinant consensus interferon alpha (cIFN-α) is a licensed protein with broad clinical appeal. However, while cIFN-α has great therapeutic value, its utility for biodefense applications is hindered by its short in vivo half-life, mode and frequency of administration, and costly production. To address these limitations, we describe the use of DEF201, a replication-deficient adenovirus vector that drives the expression of cIFN-α, for pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis of acute arenaviral infection modeled in hamsters. Intranasal administration of DEF201 24 h prior to challenge with Pichindé virus (PICV) was highly effective at protecting animals from mortality and preventing viral replication and liver-associated disease. A significant protective effect was still observed with a single dosing of DEF201 given two weeks prior to PICV challenge. DEF201 was also efficacious when administered as a treatment 24 to 48 h post-virus exposure. The protective effect of DEF201 was largely attributed to the expression of cIFN-α, as dosing with a control empty vector adenovirus did not protect hamsters from lethal PICV challenge. Effective countermeasures that are highly stable, easily administered, and elicit long lasting protective immunity are much needed for arena and other viral infections. The DEF201 technology has the potential to address all of these issues and may serve as a broad-spectrum antiviral to enhance host defense against a number of viral pathogens.
Fabrication of high quality factor RF-resonator using embedded inductor and via capacitor (2010)

These High quality factor resonators are key components in RF-circuits. Fabrication of on-chip LC tank circuits is costly and suffers from low Q-factor. Design, simulation, and fabrication of a novel off-chip resonator with high quality factor are reported. Minimum feature size of standard PCB fabrication has been used to make imbedded solenoids in Duroid substrate with 2.2 relative permittivity. A solenoid turn included two imbedded copper via of 125 µm and two surface conductors to shape a rectangular coil. The pitch size was 250 µm for a substrate 3.02 mm thick. A series capacitance was introduced in the via to move the poles toward higher frequencies. It divides the inductance, resistance, and stray capacitance. The result would increase the resonance frequency into 12.25 GHz. It also raised the Q-factor into 306. In addition to the very high Q-factor, the resonator benefits from facilitated design and ease of fabrication. Analytical design has been investigated by a lumped circuit model. The result of S-parameter measurements was in close agreement with the designed circuit. The tuned resonator had a higher quality factor compared to all silicon based counterparts.
Induction of Immunological Tolerance to Islet Allografts (1996)

T-cell dependent activation of resting B cells involves the interaction of gp39 on T cells with its receptor, CD40, on B cells. We administered either a combination of T-cell-depleted splenic lymphocytes and anti-gp39 monoclonal antibody or antibody alone to establish islet allografts in mice without continuous immunosuppression. Fully allogeneic H-2 q FVB islets were permanently accepted by chemically diabetic H-2 b C57BL/6 mice provided that the recipients were pretreated with both T-cell-depleted donor spleen cells and anti-gp39 antibody. Antibody alone was less effective in prolonging allograft survival, but we did observe that anti-gp39 mAb alone can exert an independent, primary effect on islet allograft survival that was dose dependent. Targeting gp39, in combination with lymphocyte transfusion, might prove suitable for tolerance induction and allotransplantation without immunosuppression.
Use of a Single CAR T Cell and Several Bispecific Adapters Facilitates Eradication of Multiple Antigenically Different Solid Tumors (2018)

Most solid tumors are comprised of multiple clones that express orthogonal antigens, suggesting that novel strategies must be developed in order to adapt chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies to treat heterogeneous solid tumors. Here, we utilized a cocktail of low-molecular-weight bispecific adapters, each comprised of fluorescein linked to a different tumor-specific ligand, to bridge between an antifluorescein CAR on the engineered T cell and a unique antigen on the cancer cell. This formation of an immunologic synapse between the CAR T cell and cancer cell enabled use of a single antifluorescein CAR T cell to eradicate a diversity of antigenically different solid tumors implanted concurrently in NSG mice. Based on these data, we suggest that a carefully designed cocktail of bispecific adapters in combination with antifluorescein CAR T cells can overcome tumor antigen escape mechanisms that lead to disease recurrence following many CAR T-cell therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: A cocktail of tumor-targeted bispecific adapters greatly augments CAR T-cell therapies against heterogeneous tumors, highlighting its potential for broader applicability against cancers where standard CAR T-cell therapy has failed.
Effect of change in ratio of electrode to total pitch length in EWOD based microfluidic system (2010)

The present work investigates the effect of variation of length of electrode for a EWOD (electrowetting on dielectric) based microfluidic flow. The discussed model takes into account the effect of energy gradient on droplet movement. The voltage and pitch length are kept constant at 60 V and 200μm respectively. The parameter measured is the velocity of the droplet in the direction along channel length. Various configurations were simulated and the best configuration was attributed to the one with the highest and stable energy gradient. Simulations of droplet movement are done on Coventor Ware. The increase in length of electrode has been found to increase the velocity of droplet movement.
Direct glycosylation of 1,3,5-triazinones. New approach to the synthesis of the nucleoside antibiotic 5-azacytidine (4-amino-1-.beta.-D-ribofuranosyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-one) and related derivatives (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirect glycosylation of 1,3,5-triazinones. New approach to the synthesis of the nucleoside antibiotic 5-azacytidine (4-amino-1-.beta.-D-ribofuranosyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-one) and related derivativesMichael W. Winkley and Roland K. RobinsCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, 2, 491–495Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1970https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00827a045RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views796Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (831 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Efficient, stereocontrolled total syntheses of racemic and natural brefeldin-A (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEfficient, stereocontrolled total syntheses of racemic and natural brefeldin-AClaude Le Drian and Andrew E. GreeneCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 20, 5473–5483Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00384a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00384a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1500Altmetric-Citations104LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Regional potential for oligodendrocyte generation in the rodent embryonic spinal cord following exposure to EGF and FGF-2 (1998)

The origin of oligodendrocytes in the developing rodent spinal cord has not been fully established, with some evidence that oligodendrocyte progenitors arise exclusively from the ventral neuroepithelium, other studies suggesting that both halves of the spinal cord have oligodendrogenic potential. One way of exploring this issue is to study more primitive oligodendrocyte precursors. Although specific markers are not available, their presence may be inferred using mitogens such as EGF and FGF-2, which stimulate the proliferation of immature neuroepithelial cells, and subsequently studying their differentiation into lineage restricted cells. We used this approach to assess whether the dorsal embryonic rodent spinal cord has the intrinsic potential for oligodendrocyte formation at E14. We confirm that significant numbers of oligodendrocytes and their immediate (A2B5+) precursors are present only in the ventral spinal cord of the E14 rodent, but following exposure to EGF and FGF-2, significant numbers of oligodendrocytes and A2B5+ precursor cells also develop from isolated E14 dorsal derived cells without interaction from the ventral spinal cord. In addition, bromodeoxyuridine studies demonstrate that isolated dorsal derived cells proliferate and express A2B5 following exposure to EGF and FGF-2. The observation that from E14, the dorsal cord already has latent oligodendrogenic potential provides an alternative mechanism for oligodendrocyte formation to ventro-dorsal migration of oligodendrocyte precursors.