gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A performance comparison of flat‐panel imager‐based MV and kV cone‐beam CT (2002)

The use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been proposed for guiding the delivery of radiation therapy, and investigators have examined the use of both kilovoltage (kV) and megavoltage (MV) x-ray beams in the development of such CBCT systems. In this paper, the inherent contrast and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance for a variety of existing and hypothetical detectors for CBCT are investigated analytically as a function of imaging dose and object size. Theoretical predictions are compared to the results of experimental investigations employing largearea flat-panel imagers (FPIs) at kV and MV energies. Measurements were performed on two different FPI-based CBCT systems: a bench-top prototype incorporating an FPI and kV x-ray source (100 kVp x rays), and a system incorporating an FPI mounted on the gantry of a medical linear accelerator (6 MV x rays). The SNR in volume reconstructions was measured as a function of dose and found to agree reasonably with theoretical predictions. These results confirm the theoretically predicted advantages of employing kV energy x rays in imaging soft-tissue structures found in the human body. While MV CBCT may provide a valuable means of correcting 3D setup errors and may offer an advantage in terms of simplicity of mechanical integration with a linear accelerator (e.g., implementation in place of a portal imager), kV CBCT offers significant performance advantages in terms of image contrast and SNR per unit dose for visualization of soft-tissue structures. The relatively poor SNR performance at MV energies is primarily a result of the low x-ray quantum efficiencies (approximately a few percent or less) that are currently achieved with FPIs at high energies. Furthermore, kV CBCT with an FPI offers the potential of combined volumetric and radiographic/fluoroscopic imaging using the same device.
Clinical experience with patient-controlled analgesia using continuous respiratory monitoring and a smart infusion system (2006)

Ensuring safe and effective opioid use—a critical therapy that combines high-risk drugs with highly variable patient response—is one of the biggest challenges in medicine. The use of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for opioid administration has the potential to greatly improve the use of these agents by allowing patients to self-administer smaller, more frequent doses of an analgesic.1 Despite the effectiveness of this method of administration, the response to opioids varies greatly among individuals, and significant hazards are associated with PCA.1,–8 Patient status can change quickly. Even when PCA pumps are correctly programmed, therapeutic doses of opioids can suppress respiration and decrease heart rate and blood pressure.1,2,4 Comorbidities, diagnosed or undiagnosed, can affect how a patient will respond to a particular opioid dosage, even one that is within approved administration limits.1,2 The increased risk of harm associated with PCA is evident in the Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database. This voluntary database for reporting problems with devices indicated that PCA pumps were associated with 106 adverse drug events (ADEs) (including 22 deaths), compared with 390 ADEs (17 deaths) from large-volume infusion pumps (LVPs), in 2004.9 The installed number of LVPs is approximately 10 times greater than the number of PCA pumps, suggesting that the risk of death from a PCA-related ADE is at least 10 times greater than with LVPs.8 MEDMARX and USP medication-error report data from September 1, 1998, through August 31, 2003, showed that, when PCA pumps are involved, the chance for patient harm increases more than 3.5 times.10
Hyperthermia for the Engineer: A Short Biological Primer (1984)

The current concepts of cancer treatment center around the need for preferential killing of malignant cells. Hyperthermia may offer a means of doing so, not because of the inherent heat sensitivity of cancer cells, but because of the physical environment in which many cells of solid tumors find themselves. Nutritional deprivation, low pH, and chronic hypoxia characterize the interior of many tumors and are conditions that also render cells heat sensitive.
Immunization of cattle with a 36-kilodalton surface protein induces protection against homologous and heterologous Anaplasma marginale challenge (1988)

Immunization of cattle with a purified Anaplasma marginale major surface protein, AmF36, induced protection against homologous challenge with the Florida isolate. Similarly, immunized cattle were protected from challenge with the antigenically and structurally distinct Washington-O isolate of A. marginale. The degree of protection in AmF36-immunized cattle varied from complete prevention of rickettsemia to significant delay in the onset of rickettsemia compared with control immunized cattle. A single AmF36 vaccinate was not protected against homologous challenge despite development of a strong antibody response. Immunoprecipitation of A. marginale proteins with a monoclonal antibody to AmF36 identified minor molecular size heterogeneity in this protein from different isolates, including the Florida and Washington-O isolates. The apparent molecular size of this surface protein in the Florida isolate was 36 kilodaltons, whereas the analogous proteins in Washington-O and four other isolates of A. marginale from the United States had molecular masses of 33 to 34 kilodaltons. Significantly, the surface-exposed peptides of these proteins appear to be conserved among the different isolates. These results demonstrate the potential of AmF36 as a subunit immunogen for bovine anaplasmosis and indicate a structural basis for its cross-protective ability.
The Vif and Gag proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 colocalize in infected human T cells (1997)

The Vif protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other lentiviruses is required for efficient replication in primary cells and certain immortalized cell lines in vitro and, in all likelihood, for the establishment of pathogenic infections in vivo. Current hypotheses concerning Vif's mechanism of action posit that it operates in virus-expressing cells during virion assembly, budding, or maturation such that released virions are modified in a manner that enables them to undergo productive infection in subsequent viral challenges. To gain further insight into the mechanism of action of lentivirus Vif proteins, we have performed a variety of in situ localization and biochemical fractionation studies using cells in which Vif is essential for efficient replication. Double-label immunofluorescence analyses of cells productively infected with HIV-1 or feline immunodeficiency virus revealed dramatic patterns of colocalization between Vif and the virally encoded Gag proteins. Subcellular fractionations of human T cells expressing HIV-1 Vif performed in the absence of any detergent demonstrated that greater than 90% of Vif is associated with cellular membranes. Additional purification using a continuous density gradient indicated that the majority of the membrane-bound Vif copurifies with the plasma membrane. Taken together, these observations suggest that lentivirus Vif and Gag proteins colocalize at the plasma membrane as virion assembly and budding take place. As a result, Vif is able to exert its modulatory effect(s) on these late steps of the virus life cycle.
Distribution of fibroblast growth factors (FGFR‐1 and ‐3) and platelet‐derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR) in the rat mandibular condyle during growth (2002)

Increase in the cell layer labeled for FGFR-1, -3 and PDGFR occurs during the stage when the articular function of the mandibular condyle intensifies. FGFR-1, -3 and PDGFR evidently have an important role in the growth regulation of the condylar cartilage during the most rapid growth period in the rat.
Prevention of Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction by Inhaled Low-molecular-weight Heparin (1999)

Because many biological actions of heparin including the antiallergic activity are molecular weight dependent, we hypothesized that low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) may have greater potency in attenuating exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). Therefore, in the present investigation we studied the effects of inhaled LMWH, enoxaparin, and unfractionated heparin on EIB in subjects with asthma. Thirteen asthmatic subjects performed a standardized exercise challenge on a treadmill to document the presence of EIB. The workload was increased until 85% of predicted maximal heart rate was achieved, and the exercise was sustained at that workload for 10 min. EIB was assessed by measuring FEV(1) before and immediately after the exercise. On five different experiment days the subjects were pretreated with 4 ml of aerosolized heparin (80,000 units = 7.5 mg/kg), placebo, or 3 different doses of enoxaparin (0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg) in a double-blind, randomized, crossover design, and exercise challenge was performed 45 min later. Bronchial provocation with methacholine was also performed in five subjects on two additional days after pretreatment with either placebo or inhaled enoxaparin (2 mg/kg), and venous blood was obtained for analysis of plasma antifactor Xa. Postexercise, the maximal decreases in FEV(1) (mean +/- SE) were 30 +/- 4% and 29 +/- 5% on control and placebo days. The exercise-induced decreases in FEV(1) were inhibited by 31% with heparin (DeltaFEV(1) = 20 +/- 4%); and by 28%, 38%, and 48% by enoxaparin at doses of 0.5 mg/kg (DeltaFEV(1) = 21 +/- 5%), 1 mg/kg (DeltaFEV(1) = 18 +/- 5%), and 2 mg/kg (DeltaFEV(1) = 15 +/- 3%), respectively (p < 0.05). The inhibitory effect of 0.5 mg/kg dose of enoxaparin was comparable to heparin (7.5 mg/kg), whereas 2 mg/ kg dose of enoxaparin was the most potent. Inhaled enoxaparin failed to modify the bronchoconstrictor response to methacholine, and did not change the plasma antifactor Xa activity. These data demonstrate that inhaled enoxaparin prevents EIB in a dose-dependent manner; and its antiasthmatic activity is independent of its effect on plasma antifactor Xa activity.
Branhamella catarrhalis: an organism gaining respect as a pathogen. (1990)

Branhamella catarrhalis was formerly regarded as a common, essentially harmless inhabitant of the pharynx. This misapprehension was caused, in part, by confusion with another pharyngeal resident, Neisseria cinerea. The two organisms can now be differentiated by the positive reactions of B. catarrhalis in tests for nitrate reduction and hydrolysis of tributyrin and DNase. B. catarrhalis is currently recognized as the third most frequent cause of acute otitis media and acute sinusitis in young children. It often causes acute exacerbations of chronic bronchopulmonary disease in older or immunocompromised adults and is incriminated occasionally in meningitis, endocarditis, bacteremia, conjunctivitis, keratitis, and urogenital infections. Virulence-associated factors, such as pili, capsules, outer membrane vesicles, iron acquisition proteins, histamine-synthesizing ability, resistance to the bactericidal action of normal human serum, and binding to the C1q complement component, have been identified in some strains. beta-Lactamase producing strains, first detected in 1976, have risen to approximately 75% worldwide. Thus far, however, practically all American strains of B. catarrhalis remain susceptible to alternative antibiotics. A possible selective advantage of recent isolates is their reportedly heightened tendency for adherence to oropharyngeal cells from patients with chronic bronchopulmonary disease.
EXPRESSION OF E-, P-, N-CADHERINS AND CATENINS IN HUMAN BLADDER CARCINOMA CELL LINES (2000)

Cadherins are cell surface glycoproteins that mediate Ca2+-dependent, homophilic cell-cell adhesion. The classical cadherins, E-, P- and N-cadherins, are known to self-associate from their extracellular domain, while their cytoplasmic domain interacts with either beta-catenin or plakoglobin (gamma-catenin), which in turn is bound to alpha-catenin that links the complex to the actin cytoskeleton. The aim of the present study was to analyze the expression of E-, P- and N-cadherins and catenins in human bladder carcinoma cells.Five human bladder carcinoma cell lines, representing a variety of differentiation states, were grown in cell culture. We performed a cell aggregation assay, specific for biological cadherin activity. The expression of cadherins and catenins was analyzed by immunocytochemistry, Western blotting and RT-PCR. The interactions between cadherins and catenins were assessed by immunoprecipitation.We observed a reduced E-cadherin expression in the poorly differentiated and invasive-tumor derived cells. Interestingly, immunofluorescence study reveals the persistent localization of catenins at intercellular contacts in two E-cadherin deficient cell lines (T24 and TCCSUP) which yet exhibit an epithelial-like morphology and a calcium-dependent adhesive capacity. This suggests that other cadherin(s) are expressed in these both cell lines. P-cadherin, another epithelial cadherin, is expressed only in E-cadherin positive cells. On the other hand, N-cadherin is present at cell-cell borders in the very anaplastic cell lines, T24 and TCCSUP, and is able to link beta-catenin or plakoglobin.These results indicate that N-cadherin may participate in intercellular adhesion, while facilitating bladder tumorigenesis.
Noise autocorrelation in magnetic recording systems (1985)

This paper describes a new technique for measuring the noise autocorrelation in magnetic recording systems. Unlike the spectrum, the autocorrelation function characterizes non-stationary noise as well as stationary noise so it is particularly suitable for signal dependent noise often found in disks. In addition, noise sources can be separated by properly choosing the sample space. Many interesting properties of particulate and metal film disks were found by this technique.
The Role of cis Dimerization of Signal Regulatory Protein α (SIRPα) in Binding to CD47 (2010)

Interaction of SIRPα with its ligand, CD47, regulates leukocyte functions, including transmigration, phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and cytokine secretion. Recent progress has provided significant insights into the structural details of the distal IgV domain (D1) of SIRPα. However, the structural roles of proximal IgC domains (D2 and D3) have been largely unstudied. The high degree of conservation of D2 and D3 among members of the SIRP family as well as the propensity of known IgC domains to assemble in cis has led others to hypothesize that SIRPα forms higher order structures on the cell surface. Here we report that SIRPα forms noncovalently linked cis homodimers. Treatment of SIRPα-expressing cells with a membrane-impermeable cross-linker resulted in the formation of SDS-stable SIRPα dimers and oligomers. Biochemical analyses of soluble recombinant extracellular regions of SIRPα, including domain truncation mutants, revealed that each of the three extracellular immunoglobulin loops of SIRPα formed dimers in solution. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments using cells transfected with different affinity-tagged SIRPα molecules revealed that SIRPα forms cis dimers. Interestingly, in cells treated with tunicamycin, SIRPα dimerization but not CD47 binding was inhibited, suggesting that a SIRPα dimer is probably bivalent. Last, we demonstrate robust dimerization of SIRPa in adherent, stimulated human neutrophils. Collectively, these data are consistent with SIRPα being expressed on the cell surface as a functional cis-linked dimer.
Socially embedded learning of the office-conversant mobile robot Jijo-2 (1997)

This paper explores a newly developing direction of machine learning called &amp;apos;&amp;apos;socially embedded learning&amp;amp;quot;. In this research we have been building an office-conversant mobile robot which autonomously moves around in an office environment, actively gathers information through close interaction with this environment including sensing multi-modal data and making dialog with people in the office, and acquires knowledge about the environment with which it ultimately becomes conversant. Here our major concerns are in how the close interaction between the learning system and its social environment can help or accelerate the systems learning process, and what kinds of prepared mechanisms are necessary for the emergence of such interactions. The office-conversant robot is a platform on which we implement our ideas and test their feasibility in a real-world setting. An overview of the system is given and two examples of implemented ideas, i.e. dialog-based map acquisition and route acquisition by following, are described in detail.
Non-clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rVIII-SingleChain, a novel recombinant single-chain factor VIII (2014)

rVIII-SingleChain had a higher affinity for von Willebrand factor than full-length recombinant FVIII and displayed favourable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties in non-clinical models.
In vitro expansion of human peripheral blood CD34+ cells (1993)

To elucidate the role of recombinant human colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) for expanding peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ cells, these cells were purified up to 94.5% +/- 1.3% and the effects of individual and combined CSFs on the proliferation and differentiation of these cells were studied in a 7-day suspension culture. The majority of CD34+ cells coexpressed CD38 (81.8% +/- 5.1%), but was negative for CD33 (88.5% +/- 3.4%). Among the individual CSFs examined, recombinant interleukin-3 (rIL-3) was identified as the most potent factor for expanding PB progenitor cells and increased nonerythroid progenitor cells 13- +/- 4- fold (P &lt; .01). Recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rGM-CSF), recombinant granulocyte-CSF (rG-CSF), recombinant macrophage-CSF (rM-CSF), rIL-6, rIL-11, and recombinant stem cell factor (rSCF) did not alone expand nonerythroid progenitor cells. A combination of 5 CSFs, ie, rIL-3, rIL-6, rGM-CSF, rG-CSF, and rSCF, was identified as the most potent combination of those tested and increased nonerythroid progenitor cells 57- +/- 11-fold. After a 7-day suspension culture of CD34+ cells with these 5 CSFs, CD34+ cells expanded 14.5- fold, and CD34+/CD33- cells and CD34+/CD33+ cells were also expanded 2.9-fold and 307-fold, respectively. Most secondary colonies derived from expanded cells were small; however, the absolute number of large- sized colonies expanded 5.9- +/- 3.3-fold. Thus, the combination of CSFs can achieve a degree of amplification of PB CD34+ cells. The capability of in vitro expansion of PB CD34+ cells as an adjunct to PB stem cell transplantation is worthy of consideration.
오정색과 오간색의 전통색 체계에 관한 연구 (2003)

태양을 중심으로 하는 모든 우주만물은 진동하는 흐름(Vibratory flux)의 상태에 있다. 이들 만물은 각자의 고유한 활동 영역을 확보하고 작용한다. 이 같은 작용은 지구상의 모든 물체는 물론 생물체와도 밀접한 관계를 가지는데, 특히 인체는 진동하며, 생명을 주고, 생명을 받음으로서 존재하는 개체로서 인체는 진동을 느끼고, 보며, 받아들인다. 이는 인간이 태양의 활동에 영향을 받고 있다는 사실이며, 또한 지구상의 모든 삼라만상이 태양을 중심으로 이루어지지 않은 것이 없다는 것이다. 지구상에 생존하는 모든 물체는 태양을 중심으로 한 전자기파나 진동과 관련된 물리적인 영역의 틀 내에서 살아가고 있는 것이다. 이와 같은 물리적 역역의 틀을 음양오행이라고 정의 할 수 있는데, 이 같은 음양오행 사상의 발전은 우주인식과 사상체계를 중심원리로 색채관에 근거를 두고 발전된 고대중국 최초의 자연철학으로, 동양의 생활문화에 많은 영향을 주어 왔다. 따라서 본 연구는 음양오행에 나타난 전통색이 한국의 전통색과는 어떠한 관계를 가지는지를 이론적으로 규명하고자 하는 연구이다.
Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Dermatophytes: Establishing a Medium for Inducing Conidial Growth and Evaluation of Susceptibility of Clinical Isolates (2000)

A standardized reference method for dermatophyte in vitro susceptibility testing is lacking. In a previous study, Norris et al. (H. A. Norris, B. E. Elewski, and M. A. Ghannoum, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 40(6, part 2):S9-S13) established the optimal medium and other growth variables. However, the earlier study did not address two issues: (i) selection of an optimal medium for conidial formation by dermatophytes and (ii) validation of the method with a large number of dermatophytes. The present study addresses these two points. To select which agar medium best supported conidial growth, representative isolates of dermatophytes were grown on different agars. Preliminary experiments showed that only oatmeal cereal agar supported the production of conidia by Trichophyton rubrum. We tested the abilities of 251 T. rubrum isolates to form conidia using three different cereal agars and potato dextrose agar. Overall, oatmeal cereal and rice agar media were comparable in their abilities to support T. rubrum conidial growth. Next, we used the oatmeal cereal agar for conidial formation along with the optimal conditions for dermatophyte susceptibility testing proposed by Norris et al. and determined the antifungal susceptibilities of 217 dermatophytes to fluconazole, griseofulvin, itraconazole, and terbinafine. Relative to the other agents tested, terbinafine possessed the highest antifungal activity against all of the dermatophytes. The mean +/- standard error of the mean MICs of fluconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine, and griseofulvin were 2.07 +/- 0.29, 0.13 +/- 0.01, 0.002 +/- 0.0003, and 0.71 +/- 0.05 microgram/ml, respectively. This study is the first step in the identification of optimal conditions that could be used for the standardization of the antifungal susceptibility testing method for dermatophytes. Inter- and intralaboratory agreement as well as clinical correlations need to be established.
Shape-from-silhouette of articulated objects and its use for human body kinematics estimation and motion capture (2003)

Shape-from-silhouette (SFS), also known as visual hull (VH) construction, is a popular 3D reconstruction method, which estimates the shape of an object from multiple silhouette images. The original SFS formulation assumes that the entire silhouette images are captured either at the same time or while the object is static. This assumption is violated when the object moves or changes shape. Hence the use of SFS with moving objects has been restricted to treating each time instant sequentially and independently. Recently we have successfully extended the traditional SFS formulation to refine the shape of a rigidly moving object over time. We further extend SFS to apply to dynamic articulated objects. Given silhouettes of a moving articulated object, the process of recovering the shape and motion requires two steps: (1) correctly segmenting (points on the boundary of) the silhouettes to each articulated part of the object, (2) estimating the motion of each individual part using the segmented silhouette. In this paper, we propose an iterative algorithm to solve this simultaneous assignment and alignment problem. Once we have estimated the shape and motion of each part of the object, the articulation points between each pair of rigid parts are obtained by solving a simple motion constraint between the connected parts. To validate our algorithm, we first apply it to segment the different body parts and estimate the joint positions of a person. The acquired kinematic (shape and joint) information is then used to track the motion of the person in new video sequences.
An Arabidopsis thaliana Thionin Gene Is Inducible via a Signal Transduction Pathway Different from That for Pathogenesis-Related Proteins (1995)

Two cDNAs encoding thionin preproteins have been isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana. The corresponding genes have been designated Thi2.1 and Thi2.2. Southern blot analysis suggests that A. thaliana most probably contains single genes for both thionins. Thi2.2 transcripts have a low basal level in seedlings and show circadian variation. Thi2.2 transcripts were also detected in rosette leaves. No potent elicitors have been found for the Thi2.2 gene. Transcripts of the Thi2.1 gene are not detectable in seedlings but are present in rosette leaves and at a very high level in flowers and in siliques. The expression of the Thi2.1 gene is highly inducible in seedlings by pathogens, silver nitrate, and methyl jasmonate, but not by salicylate, indicating that the gene is induced by a signal transduction pathway that is at least partly different from that for the pathogenesis-related proteins.