gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preclinical Assessment of Ketamine (2013)

Ketamine is used as a general anesthetic, and recent data suggest that anesthetics can cause neurodegeneration and/or neuroprotection. The precise mechanisms are not completely understood. This review is to examine the work on ketamine and to address how developmental biology may be utilized when combined with biochemical, pathological, and pharmacokinetic assessments to produce a bridging model that may decrease the uncertainty in extrapolating preclinical data to human conditions. Advantages of using preclinical models to study critical issues related to ketamine anesthesia have been described. These include the relationships between ketamine-induced neurotoxicity/protection and the preclinical models/approaches in elucidating mechanisms associated with ketamine exposure. The discussions focus on the following: (1) the doses and time-course over which ketamine is associated with damage to, or protection of, neural cells, (2) how ketamine directs or signals neural cells to undergo apoptosis or necrosis, (3) how such exposures can trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, (4) how antioxidants and knockdowns of specific transcription modulators or receptors affect neurotoxicity induced by ketamine, and (5) whether the potential neural damage can be monitored after ketamine exposure in living animals using positron emission tomography.
Assignment of (n, m) Raman and Optical Features of Metallic Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2003)

Raman spectroscopy performed between 565 and 627 nm and also between 458- and 514.5-nm laser excitation was used to map the lowest-energy van Hove singularities of metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes suspended in aqueous solution using sodium dodecyl sulfate. The interband transitions of distinct metallic nanotubes were observed directly and assigned using a correlation of the diameter and radial breathing mode (RBM) in the Raman spectrum. The results were extrapolated to all metallic nanotubes using a generalized scaling derived from the tight-binding formalism and were shown to be valid for describing the electronic structure of semiconducting nanotubes as well. The model results are compared using excitation profiles outside of the above-reported scan ranges with excellent agreement between observed and predicted profile widths and transition energies.
Reduction of Voltage-Dependent Mg 2+ Blockade of NMDA Current in Mechanically Injured Neurons (1996)

Activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors is implicated in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Here, the effects of mechanical injury on the voltage-dependent magnesium (Mg2+) block of NMDA currents in cultured rat cortical neurons were examined. Stretch-induced injury was found to reduce the Mg2+ blockade, resulting in significantly larger ionic currents and increases in intracellular free calcium (Ca2+) concentration after NMDA stimulation of injured neurons. The Mg2+ blockade was partially restored by increased extracellular Mg2+ concentration or by pretreatment with the protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin C. These findings could account for the secondary pathological changes associated with traumatic brain injury.
An Assessment of Clinical Interchangeability of TEG® and RoTEM® Thromboelastographic Variables in Cardiac Surgical Patients (2010)

The TEG and RoTEM measurements demonstrated a close correlation for the MA, but the alpha did not for the R and K variables. The kaoTEG had the best agreement with the exTEM measurement. Therefore TEG and RoTEM measurements are not completely interchangeable, and the clinical interpretation of thromboelastograhic data should be used with caution.
HIV Protective Efficacy and Correlates of Tenofovir Blood Concentrations in a Clinical Trial of PrEP for HIV Prevention (2014)

Plasma concentrations of tenofovir consistent with daily dosing were highly predictive of protection from HIV acquisition. Most of those who took PrEP seemed to have high and consistent adherence.
A Quantitative Study of Ramped Radio Frequency, Magnetization Transfer, and Slab Thickness in Three-Dimensional Time-of-Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography in a Patient Population (1996)

Overall, the results provide a quantitative demonstration that inflow enhancement of blood is reduced for small vessels. Thus, whereas magnetization transfer is important at all vessel sizes, it becomes the primary factor in improving the visibility of the smallest vessels.
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Regulates Proopiomelanocortin Transcriptiona (1998)

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a pleiotropic cytokine, is expressed in both fetal and adult pituitary tissue, and LIF immunoreactivity is found in functional human pituitary tumors. LIF induces basal, and augments CRH-induced, POMC mRNA and ACTH secretion from AtT20 cells. Therefore, we examined LIF signaling and LIF regulation of POMC expression in AtT20 cells. Immunoneutralization studies demonstrated the dependence of LIF action on both the specific LIF receptor (35% inhibition; p < 0.05) and also the gpl30 affinity converter (41% inhibition; p < 0.05). These antisera also attenuate basal ACTH secretion without added LIF. LIF rapidly induced tyrosyl phosphorylation of both STAT 1 alpha, and STAT beta and also induced phosphorylation of a novel STAT 1 alpha related protein p115. LIF induced POMC transcription (-706/+64) and strikingly potentiated CRH action (up to 18-fold induction). This synergy involved cAMP-dependent pathways, as forskolin action was also potentiated by LIF. Deletion of the major CRH-responsive region in POMC (-323/-166) abolished both CRH and LIF action on POMC transcription. Thus LIF action in pituitary corticotrophs is dependent on LIF receptor heterodimerisation with gpl30 and involves STAT protein tyrosyl phosphorylation. LIF enhances POMC transcription and strongly potentiates the well-documented action of CRH on the POMC gene. These results define a subcellular mechanism for an immuno-neuroendocrine interface between peripheral afferent signals and the HPA axis.
First they came for the bikies... a look into South Australia's anti bikie legislation (2012)

Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs (OMCs) have long been a part of organised crime in Australia, involved in drug manufacture and trafficking, violence, fraud and money laundering. Bikie gangs in South Australia first began to be regarded as criminals when one biker was shot in a fray in 1974. Soon after, the South Australian Police formed a Bikie Squad. In 2001, during the Annual Run members of the Gypsy Joker Motorcycle club clashed with the Bikie Squad after the Squad began kicking over motorcycles. The ensuing brawl left police humiliated, with several hospitalised, and the Commander's jaw broken and his hat commandeered by a Gypsy Joker member for the remainder of the fight. After this, media coverage of OMCs grew increasingly negative, and Premier Mike Rann began a vendetta against bikies.
Anionic Lipids Enriched at the ExPortal of Streptococcus pyogenes (2006)

The ExPortal of Streptococcus pyogenes is a membrane microdomain dedicated to the secretion and folding of proteins. We investigated the lipid composition of the ExPortal by examining the distribution of anionic membrane phospholipids. Staining with 10-N-nonyl-acridine orange revealed a single microdomain enriched with an anionic phospholipid whose staining characteristics and behavior in a cardiolipin-deficient mutant were characteristic of phosphatidylglycerol. Furthermore, the location of the microdomain corresponded to the site of active protein secretion at the ExPortal. These results indicate that the ExPortal is an asymmetric lipid microdomain, whose enriched content of anionic phospholipids may play an important role in ExPortal organization and protein trafficking.
Molecular resurrection of an extinct ancestralpromoter for mouse L1. (1994)

The F-type subfamily of LINE-1 or L1 retroposons [for long interspersed (repetitive) element 1] was dispersed in the mouse genome several million years ago. This subfamily appears to be both transcriptionally and transpositionally inactive today and therefore may be considered evolutionarily extinct. We hypothesized that these F-type L1s are inactive because of the accumulation of mutations. To test this idea we used phylogenetic analysis to deduce the sequence of a transpositionally active ancestral F-type promoter, resurrected it by chemical synthesis, and showed that it has promoter activity. In contrast, F-type sequences isolated from the modern genome are inactive. This approach, in which the automated DNA synthesizer is used as a "time machine," should have broad application in testing models derived from evolutionary studies.
Metal-rich Ambient Particles (Particulate Matter2.5) Cause Airway Inflammation in Healthy Subjects (2004)

Epidemiologic studies have shown an increased prevalence of allergic asthma in children living in a German smelter area (Hettstedt) compared with a cohort who live in a nonindustrialized area (Zerbst). However, it is not known whether ambient particles (particulate matter(2.5) [PM(2.5)]) from these areas induce distinct lung inflammation, which might be an explanation for this difference. Therefore, 100 microg of PM(2.5) suspensions, collected simultaneously in the two areas, were instilled through a bronchoscope into contralateral lung segments of 12 healthy volunteers. PM(2.5) from both Hettstedt and Zerbst increased the number of leukocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage performed 24 hours later. PM(2.5) from Hettstedt, but not Zerbst, induced a significant influx of monocytes (Hettstedt: 7.0% vs. Zerbst: 4.3%) without influencing the expression of surface activation markers on monocytes and alveolar macrophages. Oxidant radical generation of bronchoalveolar lavage cells and cytokine concentration (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was significantly increased after instillation of Hettstedt PM(2.5). We conclude that environmentally relevant concentrations of PM(2.5) from the smelter area induced distinct airway inflammation in healthy subjects with a selective influx of monocytes and increased generation of oxidant radicals. The higher concentration of transition metals in PM(2.5) from Hettstedt might be responsible for this increased inflammation.
Image processing for the positive identification of forensic ballistics specimens (2003)

The need forfirearm identijication systems by police services continues to increase with greater accessibility to weapons in the national and international contexts. The d$ficuIties associated with traditional imaging of ballistics specimens are numerous, and include the smallness ofthe samples, the nature ofthe surfaces and shapes for the cartridge cases andprojectiles. The mechanicaljingerprinl onfired bullets and cartridge cases can be used to identify thejirearm that theypassed through. A PC basedfirearm identijicafion system, Fireball, has been developed at Edith Cowan University and used by police ballistics sections in Australia. This paper willgive a brief description of this system and details ofthe image processing such as segmentation, feature extraction and image processing before saving images to the image database. Examples will be given to demonstrate the methodology.
New thermoplastic polymer substrate for microstrip antennas at 60 GHz (2010)

Since the license-exempt band at 60 GHz has paved the way for the emerging broadband multimedia applications, the last few years witnessed a rapid development in the mm-wave technology. The development of cost efficient, low profile, and light-weight antenna systems is always a challenge, particularly for mm-waves. We designed a linearly polarized single patch, as well as a 4×4 array, microstrip antenna on the low loss thermoplastic polymer material ER182. A 3D frequency domain solver is used in the antennas' development while a 3D time domain solver is used to confirm the results. Prototypes of the designs are fabricated and measured. The measurement of the single patch antenna shows the ability to obtain a gain in the range of 7 dBi and an impedance bandwidth of 1.5 GHz while the 4×4 array antenna attained a gain of 16.7 dBi and 2 GHz impedance bandwidth. The ER182 material is characterized at different frequencies and it exhibits a loss performance as good as 0.65 dB/cm at 60 GHz for a 50 Ω microstrip line on a 100 µm substrate thickness.
Transfection of the CD8α gene restores specific target cell lysis: factors that determine the function and the expression of CD8 in a cytotoxic T cell clone (1990)

We investigated the functional role of CD8 and the control of CD8 expression in a constitutively activated murine cytotoxic T cell clone (C196), in CD8 deficient variants of this clone, and in cell lines derived by transfecting such variants with the CD8 alpha (Lyt-2) gene. CD8 deficient variants of C196 are deficient in specific target cell lysis but retain the ability to perform anti-CD3 induced cytolytic function. Following transfection with the Lyt-2 gene, specific target cell lysis was restored in some but not all CD8 positive transfectants whereas no alteration of anti-CD3 induced lysis was observed. All CD8 deficient variants studied lost the surface expression of both Lyt-2 and Lyt-3 polypeptide chains. However, while Lyt-2 mRNA was abolished as well, typical CD8 deficient variants retained wild type levels at Lyt-3 mRNA. Moreover, a low level of cytoplasmic Lyt-3 protein was demonstrable. Following transfection with the Lyt-2 gene, both Lyt-2 and Lyt-3 polypeptide chains reappeared on the membrane. In one atypical CD8 deficient variant that carries a mutated Lyt-3 gene and fails to express Lyt-3 mRNA, Lyt-2 transfection causes membrane-reappearance of Lyt-2 only. These results may reflect the occurrence on normal T cells of Lyt-2/Lyt-3 heterodimers and of Lyt-2/Lyt-2 homodimers, whereas surface expression of Lyt-3 alone has not been observed. In CD8 deficient variant, a particular restriction site 5' at the Lyt-2 gene is methylated which is undermethylated in the wild type C196. Culture of such variants in 5-azacytidine partially restored CD8 expression. This suggests a negative correlation of Lyt-2 transcription with site-specific DNA methylation in the C196 system. However, results on T cells unrelated to C196 suggests that the site whose methylation appears to be critical in C196 is not responsible for Lyt-2 transcription in all T cells.
Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: The role of infection (2007)

Although genetic susceptibility explains the clustering of multiple sclerosis (MS) cases within families and the sharp decline in risk with increasing genetic distance, it cannot fully explain the geographic variations in MS frequency and the changes in risk that occur with migration. Epidemiological data provide some support for the "hygiene hypothesis," but with the additional proviso for a key role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in determining MS risk. We show that whereas EBV stands out as the only infectious agent that can explain many of the key features of MS epidemiology, by itself the link between EBV and MS cannot explain the decline in risk among migrants from high to low MS prevalence areas. This decline implies that either EBV strains in low-risk areas have less propensity to cause MS, or that other infectious or noninfectious factors modify the host response to EBV or otherwise contribute to determine MS risk. The role of infectious factors is discussed here; in a companion article, we will examine the possible role of noninfectious factors and provide evidence that high levels of vitamin D may have a protective role, particularly during adolescence. The primary purpose of these reviews is to identify clues to the causes of MS and to evaluate the possibility of primary prevention.
Self-Illuminating 64Cu-Doped CdSe/ZnS Nanocrystals for in Vivo Tumor Imaging (2014)

Construction of self-illuminating semiconducting nanocrystals, also called quantum dots (QDs), has attracted much attention recently due to their potential as highly sensitive optical probes for biological imaging applications. Here we prepared a self-illuminating QD system by doping positron-emitting radionuclide (64)Cu into CdSe/ZnS core/shell QDs via a cation-exchange reaction. The (64)Cu-doped CdSe/ZnS QDs exhibit efficient Cerenkov resonance energy transfer (CRET). The signal of (64)Cu can accurately reflect the biodistribution of the QDs during circulation with no dissociation of (64)Cu from the nanoparticles. We also explored this system for in vivo tumor imaging. This nanoprobe showed high tumor-targeting ability in a U87MG glioblastoma xenograft model (12.7% ID/g at 17 h time point) and feasibility for in vivo luminescence imaging of tumor in the absence of excitation light. The availability of these self-illuminating integrated QDs provides an accurate and convenient tool for in vivo tumor imaging and detection.
Standardization of sample collection, isolation and analysis methods in extracellular vesicle research (2013)

The emergence of publications on extracellular RNA (exRNA) and extracellular vesicles (EV) has highlighted the potential of these molecules and vehicles as biomarkers of disease and therapeutic targets. These findings have created a paradigm shift, most prominently in the field of oncology, prompting expanded interest in the field and dedication of funds for EV research. At the same time, understanding of EV subtypes, biogenesis, cargo and mechanisms of shuttling remains incomplete. The techniques that can be harnessed to address the many gaps in our current knowledge were the subject of a special workshop of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) in New York City in October 2012. As part of the "ISEV Research Seminar: Analysis and Function of RNA in Extracellular Vesicles (evRNA)", 6 round-table discussions were held to provide an evidence-based framework for isolation and analysis of EV, purification and analysis of associated RNA molecules, and molecular engineering of EV for therapeutic intervention. This article arises from the discussion of EV isolation and analysis at that meeting. The conclusions of the round table are supplemented with a review of published materials and our experience. Controversies and outstanding questions are identified that may inform future research and funding priorities. While we emphasize the need for standardization of specimen handling, appropriate normative controls, and isolation and analysis techniques to facilitate comparison of results, we also recognize that continual development and evaluation of techniques will be necessary as new knowledge is amassed. On many points, consensus has not yet been achieved and must be built through the reporting of well-controlled experiments.
Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes Isolates from the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California (1999)

During 1994 and 1995, 157 isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes from patients with invasive disease were consecutively collected in the San Francisco Bay area to determine the frequency of antimicrobial resistance. Susceptibility testing was performed according to the guidelines of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards by the disk method and by broth microdilution. For comparison of susceptibility patterns, an additional 149 strains were randomly collected from patients with pharyngitis. For San Francisco County, 32% of the isolates from invasive-disease-related specimens but only 9% of the isolates from throat cultures from the same period were resistant to erythromycin (P = 0.0007). Alameda County and Contra Costa County had rates of resistance of </=10% from isolates from all cultures. When the data were analyzed by hospital, the San Francisco County Hospital had a statistically higher rate of erythromycin resistance (39%) among the strains from serious infections compared to those from other counties (P = <0. 0003). For tetracycline, high rates of resistance were observed in San Francisco County for both isolates from patients with invasive disease (34%) and pharyngitis (21%) in the same period. Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, two clones, one at the San Francisco County Hospital and a second in the entire area, were identified. The latter clone exhibited resistance to bacitracin. Of 146 strains that were tested by microdilution, all were susceptible to penicillin. Clindamycin resistance was not seen among the erythromycin-susceptible strains, but two of the 39 erythromycin-resistant strains were also resistant to clindamycin. An additional 34 strains showed resistance to clindamycin when exposed to an erythromycin disk in the double-disk diffusion test, suggesting that the mechanism of erythromycin resistance is due to an erm gene. This study demonstrates a high rate of resistance to macrolides and tetracycline among S. pyogenes isolates in San Francisco County and shows that macrolide resistance is more common in strains from patients with invasive disease than in strains from those with pharyngitis.
Graceful anytime interruptibility for virtual agents (2007)

The demo will show two highly expressive virtual agents introducing the audience to a traditional Japanese room. The agent models and gestures have been created by a professional Japanese character designer. By adapting and extending an influential technique ("Verbs and Adverbs"), we added parameterized emotional expression and gesture interruptibility as new behaviors to increase agent believability, interactivity, and responsiveness. In the demo, users will be provided a simple interface to test the new features.
Gold Nanocages: Engineering Their Structure for Biomedical Applications (2005)

Abstract The galvanic replacement reaction between a Ag template and HAuCl 4 in an aqueous solution transforms 30–200 nm Ag nanocubes into Au nanoboxes and nanocages (nanoboxes with porous walls). By controlling the molar ratio of Ag to HAuCl 4 , the extinction peak of resultant structures can be continuously tuned from the blue (400 nm) to the near‐infrared (1200 nm) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. These hollow Au nanostructures are characterized by extraordinarily large cross‐sections for both absorption and scattering. Optical coherence tomography measurements indicate that the 36 nm nanocage has a scattering cross‐section of ∼ 0.8 × 10 –15 m 2 and an absorption cross‐section of ∼ 7.3 × 10 –15 m 2 . The absorption cross‐section is more than five orders of magnitude larger than those of conventional organic dyes. Exposure of Au nanocages to a camera flash resulted in the melting and conversion of Au nanocages into spherical particles due to photothermal heating. Discrete‐dipole‐approximation calculations suggest that the magnitudes of both scattering and absorption cross‐sections of Au nanocages can be tailored by controlling their dimensions, as well as the thickness and porosity of their walls. This novel class of hollow nanostructures is expected to find use as both a contrast agent for optical imaging in early stage tumor detection and as a therapeutic agent for photothermal cancer treatment.