gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Complete orientational access for semipolar GaN devices on sapphire (2015)

Semipolar ( ) GaN light‐emitting diodes and ( ) GaN films are demonstrated on sapphire substrates. The processes developed here embody all the required steps in order to produce planar semipolar devices on sapphire substrates with complete control of the crystallographic orientation. Theoretical and experimentally observed aspects of semipolar materials and devices on bulk substrates are reviewed, including device performance and orientation‐dependent material properties. This summary motivates the use of particular semipolar orientations having Miller indices ( hkil ), with l &lt; 0, such as ( ) and ( ). These orientations have not, as of yet, been shown to be obtained using sapphire substrates. With the appropriate nitridation and buffer layer growth condition on stripe‐patterned sapphire, high quality single crystal ( ) GaN films have been achieved. Demonstration of surface planarization, device layer regrowth, and LED operation, performed here on semipolar ( ) GaN, detail the processes to enable planar semipolar‐based devices on sapphire with these unique orientations. With these advances, the required foundation has been put into place to allow access to the potentially highest performance semipolar planes while using economically feasible, large area sapphire substrates. Processes to produce ( ) LED devices (top left) on GaN films grown on full 2″ sapphire substrates (bottom left) are described in this paper. The achievement of ( ) GaN paves the way toward achieving full orientational access on sapphire substrates (right).
Design and Optimization of Area-Constrained Wirelessly Powered CMOS UWB SoC for Localization Applications (2016)

This paper discusses the design of a batteryless wirelessly powered ultra-wideband (UWB) system-on-a-chip (SoC) tag for area-and-volume-constrained localization applications such as insect tracking. Key challenges for wirelessly powered operation at 10-m range include the design of high-sensitivity rectifiers and low-voltage high-efficiency UWB transmitters (TX). An antenna-rectifier co-design methodology is presented for sensitivity optimization under area constraints. A 300-nA power management unit (PMU) and low-voltage (0.8-V) UWB TX increases tag operating range by ensuring high rectifier sensitivity under loaded conditions and reducing required rectifier output voltage. The rectifier, PMU, and UWB TX are integrated in 65-nm CMOS, and the rectifier demonstrates state-of-the-art -30.7#x2013;dBm sensitivity for 1-V output voltage with only 1.3 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> antenna area, representing a 2.3 × improvement in sensitivity over previously published work, at 2.6 × higher frequency with 9 × smaller antenna area, translating into a 50% longer range at the same frequency. The 0.8-V UWB TX consumes 64 pJ/pulse at 28-MHz pulse repetition rate and achieves 2.4 GHz -10-dB bandwidth. Wireless measurements demonstrate sub-10-cm range resolution at ranges exceeding 10 m. Tag measurements in typical office environments demonstrate 20-m-range RF-energy harvesting with 36-dBm effective-isotropic radiated power in the 2.4-GHz ISM band.
Mixed inoculation alters infection success of strains of the endophyteEpichloë bromicolaon its grass hostBromus erectus (2002)

Within-host competition in multiply infected hosts is considered an important component of host-parasite interactions, but experimental studies on the dynamics of multiple infections are still rare. We measured the infection frequencies of four strains of the fungal endophyte Epichloë bromicola on two genotypes of its host plant Bromus erectus after single- and double-strain inoculation. Double-strain inoculations resulted in fewer double, but more single, infections than expected on the basis of infection frequencies in single-strain inoculations. In most cases, only one of the two strains established an infection, and strains differed in their overall competitive ability. This pattern resembles the mutual exclusion scenarios in some theoretical models of parasite evolution. In addition, competitive ability varied with host genotype, which may represent a mechanism for the coexistence of strains in a population. Hence, considering the genetic variation in both host and parasite may be important for a better understanding of within-host dynamics and their role in epidemiology or (co)evolution.
Development of a Microfluidic Platform with an Optical Imaging Microarray Capable of Attomolar Target DNA Detection (2005)

In this paper, DNA hybridization in a microfluidic manifold is performed using fluorescence detection on a fiber-optic microarray. The microfluidic device integrates optics, sample transport, and fluidic interconnects on a single platform. A high-density optical imaging fiber array containing oligonucleotide-labeled microspheres was developed. DNA hybridization was observed at concentrations as low as 10 aM with response times of less than 15 min at a flow rate of 1 microL/min using 50 microL of target DNA samples. The fast response times coupled with the low sample volumes and the use of a high-density, fiber-optic microarray format make this method highly advantageous. This paper describes the initial development, optimization, and integration of the microfluidic platform with imaging fiber arrays.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Characteristics of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament Outgrowth Cells (2011)

When ruptured, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the human knee has limited regenerative potential. However, the goal of this report was to show that the cells that migrate out of the human ACL constitute a rich population of progenitor cells and we hypothesize that they display mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) characteristics when compared with adherent cells derived from bone marrow or collagenase digests from ACL. We show that ACL outgrowth cells are adherent, fibroblastic cells with a surface immunophenotype strongly positive for cluster of differentiation (CD)29, CD44, CD49c, CD73, CD90, CD97, CD105, CD146, and CD166, weakly positive for CD106 and CD14, but negative for CD11c, CD31, CD34, CD40, CD45, CD53, CD74, CD133, CD144, and CD163. Staining for STRO-1 was seen by immunohistochemistry but not flow cytometry. Under suitable culture conditions, the ACL outgrowth-derived MSCs differentiated into chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes and showed capacity to self-renew in an in vitro assay of ligamentogenesis. MSCs derived from collagenase digests of ACL tissue and human bone marrow were analyzed in parallel and displayed similar, but not identical, properties. In situ staining of the ACL suggests that the MSCs reside both aligned with the collagenous matrix of the ligament and adjacent to small blood vessels. We conclude that the cells that emigrate from damaged ACLs are MSCs and that they have the potential to provide the basis for a superior, biological repair of this ligament.
A phase 1 dose escalation study of the IDH1m inhibitor, FT-2102, in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). (2018)

7009 Background: Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutations (IDH1m) occur in 7-14% of AML patients (pts) and 3% of MDS pts. FT-2102 is a highly potent, selective small molecule inhibitor of IDH1m without anticipated CYP or QTc liabilities at the recommended phase 2 dose. Methods: A Phase 1/2 study was initiated to evaluate the safety, PK/PD, and clinical activity of FT-2102 alone or in combination with azacitidine (AZA) or cytarabine in IDH1m AML/MDS pts. Safety for all pts and efficacy for evaluable pts are reported. Results: At the data cutoff, 35 pts with a median of 2 prior regimens (range 1-9) had received FT-2102 in dose-escalation, including 22 single-agent (SA) and 13 AZA combination (CO) pts. Sixteen pts remain on treatment (SA, n = 10; CO, n = 6) with a median of 2 treatment cycles (range 1-16); 4 pts discontinued for transplant. FT-2102 has been well tolerated both as SA and in combination with AZA. Overall, regardless of causality, most treatment emergent AEs (TEAEs) were grade (gr) 1/2; most common ( > 20%) TEAEs were fatigue (34%), nausea (29%), and febrile neutropenia (23%). The most common ( > 15%) gr 3/4 TEAEs were febrile neutropenia (23%), anemia (20%), and pneumonia (17%). Five (14%) pts had gr 3 differentiation syndrome that was manageable and did not result in discontinuation. Steady-state exposure that exceeded the target IC90 of IDH1m was achieved at 150 mg BID, resulting in a reduction of 2-HG to normal levels in the majority of pts. Best response in all evaluable SA pts (n = 16) included: 2 (13%) complete remissions (CR), 4 (25%) complete remissions with incomplete hematologic recovery (CRi), and 5 (31%) clinical benefit (CB; stable disease lasting ≥8 weeks), including 2 with > 50% reduction of marrow blasts (MB). Best response in evaluable CO pts (n = 11) included: 2 (18%) CR, 1 (9%) CRi, and 5 (45%) CB, including 2 with > 50% reduction of MB. Conclusions: FT-2102 has shown favorable safety, PK/PD, and clinical activity in IDH1m AML/MDS with a single agent complete response rate (CR/CRi) of 38% and a complete response rate of 27% in combination with AZA. Current data support the continued evaluation of 150 mg BID in the expansion and Phase 2 stages of the study. Clinical trial information: NCT02719574.
Neutrophil-tumor cell phagocytosis (cannibalism) in human tumors: an update and literature review. (2012)

The recognition and removal of apoptotic cells by tissue macrophages and nonprofessional phagocytes, in a process called efferocytosis, is critical for development, tissue homeostasis and resolution of inflammation. Apoptotic bodies arising in tumor tissue are ingested by viable neoplastic cells and by resident macrophages. We described tumor cell phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils in human gastric carcinomas. This phenomenon is analogous to neutrophil efferocytosis performed by macrophages and by nonprofessional phagocytes during inflammatory reaction but is distinct by other types of cell-in-cell phenomena including emperipolesis and entosis both cytologically and biologically. In this review, we discussed them in their ultrastructural morphology, physiological roles, and clinicopathologic implications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Apoptosis: Four Decades Later".
Electrostatic Respirator Filter Media: Filter Efficiency and Most Penetrating Particle Size Effects (2000)

New electrostatic filter media has been developed for use in 42 CFR 84 negative pressure particulate respirator filters. This respirator filter media was not available for evaluation prior to the change from 30 CFR 11 to 42 CFR 84. Thus, characterization of this filter media is warranted. In this study, the new 42 CFR 84 electrostatic respirator filters were investigated with respect to filter penetration and most penetrating particle size. Three different models of N95 filters, along with one model each of the N99, R95, and P100 class filters were used in this study. First, three of each filter were loaded with a sodium chloride (NaCl) aerosol, and three of each filter were loaded with a dioctyl phthalate (DOP) aerosol to obtain normal background penetration results for each filter. Then, two new filters of each type were dipped in isopropanol for 15 seconds and allowed to dry. This isopropanol dip should reduce or eliminate any electrostatic charge on the fibers of each filter, as reported in the technical literature. These dipped filters, along with controls of each filter type, were tested on a TSI 8160 filter tester to determine the most penetrating particle size. These same filters were then tested against a NaCl aerosol to get final penetration values. Electret filters rely heavily on their electrostatic charge to provide adequate filter efficiencies, and correlations between penetration and a filter's electrostatic characteristics are found in the technical literature. In all six of the filter models tested, filter penetration values increased considerably and the most penetrating particle size noticeably shifted toward larger particles. These results are important in better understanding how these new filter materials perform under various conditions, and they indicate the need for additional research to define environmental conditions that may affect electrostatic filter efficiency.
Acute kidney injury 2016: diagnosis and diagnostic workup (2016)

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common and is associated with serious short- and long-term complications. Early diagnosis and identification of the underlying aetiology are essential to guide management. In this review, we outline the current definition of AKI and the potential pitfalls, and summarise the existing and future tools to investigate AKI in critically ill patients.
Report on the First Meeting of the Dam Review Panel (2004)

This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) relates to the Completion of the Bumbuna Hydro-Electric Project (BHP), located upstream of Bumbuna Falls on the Seli River. The environmental and social impacts of the construction and operation of the project, and proposed mitigation measures are provided as follows. Potential sedimentation and impact on water quality will be subject to further studies, and, through improvements in land management and water catchment; to prevent soil erosion, vegetation and tree planting activities will be conducted, along the reservoir border; land management and agricultural practices in the immediate catchment will include measures to reduce soil erosion, and improve soil conservation, and productivity; Community education campaigns will be conducted to increase awareness of the risks of potential contaminated water; a limnological study will be implemented to determine the reservoir's stratification, and propose suitable methods of re-circulating water; natural habitat and native species will be protected, through community awareness education, and limiting hunting practices through the establishment of protected areas; reforestation programs will ensure protection to the natural habitat, and regeneration in project areas.
3D Porosity Modeling of a Carbonate Reservoir Using Continuous Multiple-Point Statistics Simulation (2005)

Abstract Training images are numerical representations of geological conceptual models that provide prior information on reservoir architecture. A new emerging geostatistical approach named multiple-point statistics (MPS) simulation allows extracting multiple-point structures from such training images and anchoring these structures to the data actually observed in the reservoir. By reproducing multiple-point statistics inferred from training images, MPS enables the modeling of complex curvilinear structures, for example sinuous channels, in a much more geologically-realistic way than traditional two-point statistics or variogram-based techniques. However, in the original MPS implementation, all multiple-point statistics moments computed from the training image are exported to the reservoir model without processing, which allows simulating only categorical or discretized variables. This implementation is appropriate with clastic reservoirs for which, typically, depositional facies are simulated first using MPS, then porosity and permeability are distributed within each simulated facies using traditional variogram-based techniques. But for reservoirs, in particular in carbonate environments, where porosity and permeability trends/cycles are not closely tied to any facies distribution, simulating porosity/permeability directly using corresponding continuous training images appears to be a more suitable approach. In this paper, a new filter-based implementation of MPS is proposed to reproduce features from continuous variable training images. First, a set of general filters is applied to the training image to transform (summarize) each training pattern into a set of scores accounting for different aspects of the pattern, such as north-south and east-west gradients and curvatures. The training patterns are classified in the score space, and grouped into a small number of similarity classes. The simulation consists then of visiting each grid node along a random path, identifying the similarity class that best fits to the local conditioning data, and patching a pattern drawn from the selected similarity class. In our study, this new approach was applied to model the 3D porosity distribution of a carbonate reservoir in Kazakhstan. First, the original "categorical" MPS program was used to model the two main reservoir regions, platform and slope, where the spatial porosity distribution is characterized by significantly different features. Interpreted well markers and seismic data were used to condition the modeling of these two regions. Then porosity was distributed in each region using the "continuous" filter-based MPS program described above. The 3D training images used in that second step displayed porosity trends/cycles controlled by the type of geological sedimentation process believed to have occurred in the reservoir.
Laminin-dependent and laminin-independent adhesion of human melanoma cells to sulfatides. (1988)

Sulfatides (galactosylceramide-I3-sulfate) but not neutral glycolipids or gangliosides adsorbed on plastic promote adhesion of the human melanoma cell line G361. Direct adhesion of G361 cells requires densities of sulfatide greater than 1 pmol/mm2. In the presence of laminin, however, specific adhesion of G361 cells to sulfatide or seminolipid (galactosylalkylacyl-glycerol-I3-sulfate) but not to other lipids is strongly stimulated and requires only 25 fmol/mm2 of adsorbed lipid. The effects of laminin and sulfatide on adhesion are synergistic, suggesting that laminin is mediating adhesion by cross-linking receptors on the melanoma cell surface to sulfatide adsorbed on the plastic. Although thrombospondin binds to sulfatides and G361 cells, it does not enhance, but rather inhibits direct and laminin-dependent G361 cell adhesion to sulfatide. In contrast, C32 melanoma cells also adhere specifically to sulfatide, but adhesion of these cells is not enhanced by laminin or inhibited by antibodies to laminin that block laminin-dependent adhesion of G361 cells. Thrombospondin is a potent inhibitor of C32 cell adhesion to sulfatide. Fucoidan, which inhibits laminin binding to sulfatide, inhibits laminin-dependent adhesion of G361 cells by 50% at 0.2 micrograms/ml. Several other tumor cell lines also attach directly on sulfatide-coated surfaces. Laminin stimulates adhesion to sulfatide of three of the six cell lines tested. The ability of laminin to promote adhesion of tumor cells to sulfatide suggests that binding to sulfatide could participate in laminin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Thus, many tumor cell lines can attach on sulfatide substrates using endogenous sulfatide binding proteins, and in some cells laminin but not thrombospondin can promote tumor cell adhesion to sulfatide.
Pyrimidine Synthesis by Intracellular Toxoplasma gondii (1981)

Pyrimidine biosynthesis was studied in actively dividing, intracellular Toxoplasma gondii, in mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells blocked in pyrimidine biosynthesis to eliminate any contribution by the host cell. The parasite grew normally in these cells even though pyrimidines were not supplied in the medium. Uninfected, mutant cultures showed negligible pyrimidine synthesis. However, mutant cultures infected wit T. gondii efficiently incorporated 14C from glucose or aspartic acid into the pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids. Thus T. gondii is capable of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The parasite may also be able to use pyrimidines of the host cell, because of pyrazofurin, an antimetabolite that blocks pyrimidine biosynthesis, markedly inhibited only a mutant parasite defective in the salvage of pyrimidines.
Antiepileptic Drug Development: II. Anticonvulsant Drug Screening (1978)

Summary By means of the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test, the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizure threshold test, and the Rotorod minimal neurotoxicity test, the Anticonvulsant Screening Project has evaluated the activity of 1,495 experimental compounds accessioned in the first 2 years. A three‐screen protocol for appraising these compounds has proved reliable, fast, and inexpensive. Preliminary data show that 430 of these compounds have good anticonvulsant activity. Completed evaluations of 352 identified 16 that have anticonvulsant activity at doses less than 75 mg/kg and protective indices greater than 5.0. RÉSUMÉ El Proyecto de Selección de Anticonvulsivos ha valorado la actividad de 1,495 compuestos que han aparecido en los liltimos 2 anos mediante el test de electroshock maximo, el test de determinacion de umbral epileptico con la inyección subcutanea de pentilentetrazol y el test de Rotorod de minima neuro‐toxicidad. Un protocolo de tres selecciones para valorar estos compuestos ha demostrado ser fiable, rapido y económico. Los resultados preliminares muestran que 430 de estos compuestos tienen buena actividad anticonvulsiva. Evaluaciones completas de 352 productos identificaron 16 que poseen actividad antiepiléptica a dosis menores de 75 mg/kg e indice protectores mayores de 5.0. RESUMEN Le programme de dépistage des medicaments anti‐epileptiques (anticonvulsant screening project), base sur les deux tests des crises provoqudes chez l'animal par l'electrochoc et l'injection sous‐cutanee de pentylenetetrazol et sur le test Rotorod de neurotoxicity minimale, a permis d'evaluer les propriety antiépileptiques de 1,495 produits experimentes pendant les deux premieres années de son activite. Le protocole operatoire a trois niveaux ainsi utilise s'est avere sur, rapide et economique. Les donnees prdliminaires montrent que 430 de ces produits ont une bonne propridte anticonvulsive. Une Evaluation plus complete de 352 de ces produits a permis d'en identifier 16 qui presentent une propriete anticonvulsive a des doses inferieures a 75 mg/kg et qui possedent un indice de protection supdrieur a 5.0. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Mit Hilfe des maximalen Elektroshock‐Tests, des subkutanen Pentylentetrazol‐Krampfschwellentests und des Rotorod minimalen Neurotoxizitats‐Test wurden im Antikonvulsiva‐Screening‐Projekt in den ersten 2 Jahren die Aktivitat von 1,495 eingereichten Substanzen experimentell untersucht. Ein Drei‐Raster‐Protokoll zur Einschatzung dieser Substanzen wurde als durchfilhrbar, schnell und billig befunden. Die vorlaufigen Ergebnisse zeigen, daß 430 dieser Substanzen gute antikonvulsive Wirkung haben. Die endgultige Beurteilung ergab, daß 16 von 352 Substanzen eine antikonvulsive Wirkung bei Dosen unter 75 mg/kg und einen Schutzindex tiber 5.0 besitzen.
Treatment of Venous Thrombosis with Subcutaneous Heparin (1982)

Although anticoagulation is almost universally accepted as the preferred treatment for pulmonary embolism and for venous thrombosis in the lower extremities, its use is for the most part based on anecdotes and retrospective clinical surveys; data from properly controlled prospective studies are very few. By today's standards, the most frequently cited trials of anticoagulant drugs in pulmonary embolism1 , 2 are deficient in design, and the evidence supporting anticoagulant treatment for deep-vein thrombosis is equally unsatisfactory. When modern diagnostic methods have been employed, the purpose has usually been to compare anticoagulation for venous thrombosis with treatment by thrombolytic agents rather than with . . .