gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
miRBase: a database of microRNA sequences, targets and nomenclature (2007)

The miRBase database (formerly entitled the microRNA Registry) is the primary online repository for microRNA (miRNA) sequences and annotation (Griffiths-Jones, 2004; Griffiths-Jones et al., 2006). When laboratories first began to clone and sequence increasing numbers of miRNAs (Lagos-Quintana et al., 2002) it became apparent that a single resource for the naming, annotation and dissemination of published miRNAs was urgently required. With no predefined nomenclature or central repository for miRNA sequences there was a distinct danger that these sequences would appear in journals with inconsistent names. Furthermore, if miRNAs were independently identified by multiple laboratories and had multiple ambiguous identifiers this could hamper subsequent analysis. Previously, the RFAM project (Griffiths-Jones et al., 2003) at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute had been cataloging and identifying RNAs and their evolutionary relationships and hence already had much of the expertise required. A number of laboratories involved in miRNA research discussed these issues and published a collaborative document detailing the agreed nomenclature for miRNAs and announcing the miRNA registry as their main repository (Ambros et al., 2003).
Udder Health in the Periparturient Period (1988)

The periparturient period is associated with rapid differentiation of secretory parenchyma, intense mammary growth, copious synthesis and secretion, and marked accumulation of colostrum and milk. Udder health during this time is an important factor associated with the production of maximum quantities of high quality milk. Intramammary infections that occur during the dry period can adversely affect udder health, resulting in decreased milk production, altered milk composition, and impaired mammary function. Bovine mammary glands are markedly susceptible to new infections during the periparturient period, especially prior to parturition. Many infections that occur at this time are associated with clinical mastitis during early lactation. Methods of controlling mastitis in the dry period have focused primarily on the use of antibiotics. However, antibiotic therapy at drying off does not appear to prevent new infections in the periparturient period. This is most likely due to lack of persistence of antibiotics. Furthermore, antibiotics used currently are less effective against environmental pathogens, in particular coliform bacteria, which can cause a high proportion of intramammary infections during the periparturient period. Methods of controlling bovine mastitis during the periparturient period is an important area that requires additional research. Procedures need to be developed that are effective against a variety of bacteria, including environmental mastitis pathogens, if additional control is to be achieved.
Approaches to the Old English Vocabulary for 'Mind' (2001)

(2001). Approaches to the Old English Vocabulary for 'Mind' Studia Neophilologica: Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 11-22.
Molding Cell Beads for Rapid Construction of Macroscopic 3D Tissue Architecture (2011)

A microfluidic system was used to prepare a large number of size-controlled collagen gel beads to form microtissue units, “cell beads”, as tissue building blocks. By stacking cell beads into a doll-shaped silicone chamber, millimeter-thick tissue with uniform cell density was formed rapidly. The bead structure allowed the application into the 3D printing, achieving automated geometrical control of the formed tissues for the fabrication of functional complex tissues. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The Role of Angiotensin II and Prostaglandins in Arcade Formation in a Developing Microvascular Network (1996)

There are basically two types of branching patterns in the terminal part of the arteriolar tree. On the one hand, in a number of tissues, including the developing chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), the pattern is dichotomous, whereas in other tissues many arteriolar-arteriolar connections, arcades, are found. The structure of the branching pattern depends on the local physical and chemical environment. The goal of this study was to investigate whether substances with an effect on vascular growth influence the vascular branching pattern. We treated chick embryo CAMs daily from day 7 to day 14 postfertilization with 0.9% NaCl, angiotensin II (ANG-II), ANG-II in combination with different angiotensin receptor subtype antagonists, i.e., losartan and CGP 42112 A, or the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Arcade formation was quantified by counting the number of arcades per cm2 treated area, the branch-node ratio and mean surface area of arcade loops. ANG-II caused a 2-fold increase in the number of arcades versus 0.9% NaCl. Addition of ASA or losartan caused a further enhancement of arcade formation expressed in the number and branch-node ratio. CGP 42112A had no significant effect on arcade formation. From these data we hypothesize that ANG-II stimulates the process of capillary upgrading to arterioles by stimulation of arteriolar smooth muscle cell growth. Prostaglandins normally counteract this effect. After blockade of prostaglandin action, the ANG-II-induced arterialization is enhanced, resulting in pronounced arcade formation. The actions of losartan may be related to its inhibitory effects on prostaglandins rather than angiotensin receptor antagonism.
Large-scale silicon photonic switches with movable directional couplers (2015)

Fast optical circuit switches (OCSs) with high port count offer reconfigurable bandwidth in optical networks and have the potential to significantly increase the performance and efficiency of modern datacenters. In this paper, we report on a new type of integrated OCS that combines silicon photonics with MEMS actuation. The switch is built on a 50 Ã 50 passive crossbar network with very low optical loss (0.04 dB/crossing). Efficient switching is achieved by a pair of directional couplers with moving waveguides and an actuation voltage of 14 V. 2500 MEMS-actuated directional coupler switches have been integrated with the crossbar network to form a strictly nonblocking 50 Ã 50 OCS on a 9 mmÃ9 mm chip. The measured switching time is 2.5 Î¼s, and the extinction ratio is 26 dB. To our knowledge, this is the largest silicon photonic switch reported to date. The switch architecture is highly scalable because the light travels through only one active switching element, regardless of the size of the switch. Â© 2015, Optical Society of America.
Cutting Edge: IL-17D, a Novel Member of the IL-17 Family, Stimulates Cytokine Production and Inhibits Hemopoiesis (2002)

A novel cytokine termed IL-17D was cloned using nested RACE PCR. It is a secreted cytokine with homology to the IL-17 family of proteins. IL-17D is preferentially expressed in skeletal muscle, brain, adipose tissue, heart, lung, and pancreas. Treatment of endothelial cells with purified rIL-17D protein stimulated the production of IL-6, IL-8, and GM-CSF. The increased expression of IL-8 was found to be NF-kappa B-dependent. rIL-17D also demonstrated an inhibitory effect on hemopoiesis of myeloid progenitor cells in colony formation assays.
Differences in Signaling Properties of the Cytoplasmic Domains of the Insulin Receptor and Insulin-like Growth Factor Receptor in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes (1999)

Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) elicit distinct but overlapping biological effects in vivo. To investigate whether differences in intrinsic signaling capacity of receptors contribute to biological specificity, we constructed chimeric receptors containing the extracellular portion of the neurotrophin receptor TrkC fused to the intracellular portion of the insulin or IGF-I receptors. Chimeras were stably expressed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes at levels comparable to endogenous insulin receptors and were efficiently activated by neurotrophin-3. The wild-type insulin receptor chimera mediated approximately 2-fold greater phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), association of IRS-1 with phosphoinositide 3-kinase, stimulation of glucose uptake, and GLUT4 translocation, compared with the IGF-I receptor chimera. In contrast, the IGF-I receptor chimera mediated more effective Shc phosphorylation, association of Shc with Grb2, and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase compared with the insulin receptor chimera. The two receptors elicited similar activation of protein kinase B, p70S6 kinase, and glycogen synthesis. We conclude that the insulin receptor mediates some aspects of metabolic signaling in adipocytes more effectively than the IGF-I receptor, as a consequence of more efficient phosphorylation of IRS-1 and greater recruitment/activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase.
Highly scalable hafnium oxide memory with improvements of resistive distribution and read disturb immunity (2009)

A 30×30 nm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> resistance random access memory (RRAM) with excellent electrical performances is demonstrated for the scaling feasibility in this work. A 1 Kb one transistor and one resistor (1T1R) array with robust characteristics was also fabricated successfully. The device yield of the 1 Kb array is 100%, and the endurance for these devices can exceed 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> cycles by a pulse width of 40 ns. Two effective verification methods, which make a tight distribution of high resistance (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">HIGH</sub> ) and low resistance (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LOW</sub> ) are proposed for the array to ensure a good operation window. A thin AlO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> buffer layer under the HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> layer was adopted to enhance the read disturb immunity. Without large parasitic capacitance, the 1T1R RRAM devices exhibit excellent program (PGM)/erase (ERS) disturb immunity.
Intratumoral Administration of Paclitaxel in an In Situ Gelling Poloxamer 407 Formulation (2002)

In order to examine the efficacy of paclitaxel (Taxol, Bristol-Myers Squibb) after administration locally at the tumor site, we have developed a thermo-reversible gelling formulation in poloxamer 407 (Pluronic F-127) solution. Paclitaxel was incorporated in poloxamer 407 [20% (w/w)] at 0.5- and 1.0-mg/mL concentrations. The in vitro release studies were carried out in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C. Control and paclitaxel-poloxamer 407 formulations were administered intratumorally at a dose of 20 mg/kg in B16F1 melanoma-bearing mice. The change in tumor volume as a function of time and the survival of treated animals were used as measures of efficacy. Poloxamer 407 solution undergoes a reversible sol-gel transition when the temperature is raised to above 21 degrees C. In vitro paclitaxel release from poloxamer 407 gels was very slow (only 6.1% after 6 hr) probably due to the poor aqueous solubility of the drug. Significant enhancement in the anti-tumor efficacy was noted following intratumoral administration of paclitaxel-poloxamer 407 formulation. The initial tumor growth rate was delayed by 67% and the tumor volume doubling time was increased by 72% relative to saline control. In addition, more than 91% of the tumor-bearing animals that received paclitaxel in poloxamer 407 gel survived on day 15 post-administration as compared to 58% in the control group. The results of this study show significant benefit of paclitaxel for solid tumor when administered locally in an in situ gelling poloxamer 407 formulation.
The capsule biosynthetic locus of Pasteurella multocida A:1 (1998)

Pasteurella multocida is the aetiological agent of fowl cholera, bovine haemorrhagic septicaemia and atrophie rhinitis in pigs. Many strains of P. multocida express a capsule on their surface. However, nothing is known about the capsule biosynthetic locus in P. multocida although the capsule has been implicated as a virulence factor. The entire capsule locus of P. multocida A:1 was cloned and sequenced. The locus is divided into three regions. Region 1 comprises four ORFs which are involved in the transport of the capsule polysaccharide to the surface. Region 2 comprises five ORFs whose postulated protein products are involved in the biosynthesis of the polysaccharide capsule. Region 3 comprises two ORFs whose postulated products show similarity to proteins that are involved in the phospholipid substitution of the polysaccharide capsule.
Increased Interleukin (IL)-1β Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression in β-Cells of Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes and Regulation of IL-1β in Human Islets by Glucose and Autostimulation (2008)

Evidence that IL-1beta mRNA expression is up-regulated in beta-cells of patients with T2DM is presented, and glucose-promoted IL-1beta autostimulation may be a possible contributor.
Gradient based fast CU splitting and mode decision algorithm for HEVC intra prediction (2014)

High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) has significantly improved in efficiency compared to the last H264/AVC. HEVC finds the best intra prediction mode with the least rate distortion (RD) cost by iterating all over the possible depth level and prediction modes which causes a dramatic increase in computational complexity. In this paper, we propose a fast CU size decision and mode decision algorithm for intra prediction in HEVC based on gradient information of video images. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the computational complexity of the current HM13.0 to about 37% in encoding time with negligible loss of coding efficiency.
Tissue engineering in the cardiovascular system: Progress toward a tissue engineered heart (2001)

Achieving the lofty goal of developing a tissue engineered heart will likely rely on progress in engineering the various components: blood vessels, heart valves, and cardiac muscle. Advances in tissue engineered vascular grafts have shown the most progress to date. Research in tissue-engineered vascular grafts has focused on improving scaffold design, including mechanical properties and bioactivity; genetically engineering cells to improve graft performance; and optimizing tissue formation through in vitro mechanical conditioning. Some of these same approaches have been used in developing tissue engineering heart valves and cardiac muscle as well. Continued advances in scaffold technology and a greater understanding of vascular cell biology along with collaboration among engineers, scientists, and physicians will lead to further progress in the field of cardiovascular tissue engineering and ultimately the development of a tissue-engineered heart.
Isolation of human mdr DNA sequences amplified in multidrug-resistant KB carcinoma cells. (1986)

The ability of tumor cells to develop simultaneous resistance to structurally different cytotoxic drugs constitutes a major problem in cancer chemotherapy. It was previously demonstrated that multidrug-resistant Chinese hamster cell lines contain an amplified, transcriptionally active DNA sequence designated mdr. This report presents evidence that multidrug-resistant sublines of human KB carcinoma cells, selected for resistance to either colchicine, vinblastine, or Adriamycin (doxorubicin), display amplification of two different DNA sequences homologous to the hamster mdr gene. Segments of the human mdr DNA sequences, designated mdr1 and mdr2, have been cloned. mdr1 sequences were amplified in all of the highly drug-resistant sublines and were expressed as a poly(A)+ RNA species of 4.5 kilobases that was detected in the resistant cells but not in the parental cell line. No expression of mdr2 sequences was detected. mdr2 sequences were coamplified with mdr1 in some of the multidrug-resistant sublines and, in two independently derived cell lines, underwent very similar rearrangements. The data suggest that the mdr1 gene is involved in multidrug resistance in human cells.
Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 is a multiple-turnover enzyme (2018)

Cas9 nuclease is the key effector of type II CRISPR adaptive immune systems found in bacteria. The nuclease can be programmed by a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to cleave DNA in a sequence-specific manner. This property has led to its widespread adoption as a genome editing tool in research laboratories and holds great promise for biotechnological and therapeutic applications. The general mechanistic features of catalysis by Cas9 homologs are comparable; however, a high degree of diversity exists among the protein sequences, which may result in subtle mechanistic differences. <i>S. aureus</i> (SauCas9) and especially <i>S. pyogenes</i> (SpyCas9) are among the best-characterized Cas9 proteins and share ∼17% sequence identity. A notable feature of SpyCas9 is an extremely slow rate of reaction turnover, which is thought to limit the amount of substrate DNA cleavage. Using in vitro biochemistry and enzyme kinetics, we directly compare SpyCas9 and SauCas9 activities. Here, we report that in contrast to SpyCas9, SauCas9 is a multiple-turnover enzyme, which to our knowledge is the first report of such activity in a Cas9 homolog. We also show that DNA cleaved with SauCas9 does not undergo any detectable single-stranded degradation after the initial double-stranded break observed previously with SpyCas9, thus providing new insights and considerations for future design of CRISPR/Cas9-based applications.
Ultra-low-power Wireless Streaming Cameras (2017)

Wireless video streaming has traditionally been considered an extremely power-hungry operation. Existing approaches optimize the camera and communication modules individually to minimize their power consumption. However, the joint redesign and optimization of wireless communication as well as the camera is what that provides more power saving. We present an ultra-low-power wireless video streaming camera. To achieve this, we present a novel "analog" video backscatter technique that feeds analog pixels from the photo-diodes directly to the backscatter hardware, thereby eliminating power consuming hardware components such as ADCs and amplifiers. We prototype our wireless camera using off-the-shelf hardware and show that our design can stream video at up to 13 FPS and can operate up to a distance of 150 feet from the access point. Our COTS prototype consumes 2.36mW. Finally, to demonstrate the potential of our design, we built two proof-of-concept applications: video streaming for micro-robots and security cameras for face detection.
Nanoscale tools to selectively destroy cancer cells (2008)

We present experimental data that demonstrate the potential of synthetic crown ether modified peptide nanostructures to act as selective and efficient chemotherapeutic agents that operate by attacking and destroying cell membranes.
Inhibition of androgen synthesis by 22‐hydroximino‐23,24‐bisnor‐4‐cholen‐3‐one (1995)

The 22-hydroximino-23,24-bisnor-4-cholen-3-one (22-oxime) was synthesized and evaluated as an inhibitor of 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase in rat testicular microsomes and the 5 alpha-reducatase of human prostatic microsomes from patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. The 22-oxime demonstrated moderate inhibition for the 17 alpha-hydroxylase (Ki 74 nM vs. Km 29 nM) with progesterone as substrate and potent inhibition (Ki 18 nM vs. Km 76 nM) for the C17,20-lyase activity with 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone as substrate. Further investigation of this enzyme with progesterone as substrate demonstrated the inhibition occurred mainly at the 17 alpha-hydroxylation step of the progesterone substrate. The 22-oxime also demonstrated potent and competitive inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase in human prostatic microsomes (Ki 1.4 nM vs. Km 14 nM). When adult male rats were injected subcutaneously (sc) daily with 22-oxime (50 mg/kg/day) for 21 days, the concentrations of serum and testicular testosterone were significantly reduced by 65% and 59%, respectively, in comparison to vehicle-treated controls. Furthermore, both testosterone and DHT concentrations in rat prostatic tissue were significantly decreased by 60% and 44% compared to control tissue. Serum LH concentrations were unchanged in the 22-oxime-treated group compared to the control group. This indicates that the reduction in androgen concentrations in animals treated with this compound is not due to its influence on pituitary feedback mechanisms which result in reduced LH secretion. These results suggest that 22-oxime is effective in reducing androgen synthesis through the inhibition of 17 alpha-hydroxylase, C17,20-lyase, and 5 alpha-reductase both in vitro and in vivo.
QTL Conferring Resistance and Avoidance to White Mold in Common Bean (2003)

White mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary, is a serious fungal disease that negatively affects production of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Resistance to white mold in common bean is complexly inherited and comprised of physiological resistance and avoidance mechanisms. The objectives of this research were to discover quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring resistance to white mold in navy beans, to determine if a multitrait bulking strategy was an efficient approach for locating QTL conferring resistance to white mold, and to identify agronomic traits associated with QTL for white mold avoidance in the field. A 98 F 3 ‐derived Bunsi/Newport population was evaluated in three environments for resistance to white mold and agronomic traits. A 28 recombinant inbred line population derived from a Huron/Newport cross was evaluated for the resistance and yield in four environments and was used to confirm marker associations. Marker BC20.1800 on B2 was associated with disease severity index (DSI) (12%) across environments, and was confirmed in the second population. Markers linked to QTL were also detected on B7 for DSI (17%), resistance to oxalate (16%), yield (37%), as well as days to flowering (14%), branching pattern (9%), lodging (9%) and seed size (20%). Growth habit unexpectedly mapped to B7, and represents a novel source of determinacy in navy bean. Multiple‐trait bulking based on low DSI, high yield, and 40 to 45 d to flowering versus high DSI, low yield, and 40 to 45 d to flowering effectively identified more markers linked to QTL for resistance to white mold than did bulks based on low and high DSI alone. Selection based on QTL that confer resistance to white mold, such as the Bunsi‐derived QTL located on B2 and B7 of the bean genome, combined with certain desirable agronomic traits offers the opportunity to develop resistant cultivars and improve our understanding of resistance to white mold in common bean.
Chronic hepatitis B (2001)

These guidelines have been written to assist physicians and other health care providers in the recognition, diagnosis, and management of patients chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). They are intended to suggest preferable approaches to the clinical management of chronic hepatitis B. The recommendations are flexible and are not intended as the only acceptable approach to management and treatment. As the appropriate course of treatment will vary in light of the relevant facts and circumstances surrounding each individual patient with chronic hepatitis B, guidelines are not intended to define the applicable standard of medical care and may be updated periodically as new information becomes available.