gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Purine Nucleosides. XI. The Synthesis of 2'-Deoxy-9-α- and -β-D-ribofuranosylpurines and the Correlation of Their Anomeric Structure with Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectra1 (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPurine Nucleosides. XI. The Synthesis of 2'-Deoxy-9-α- and -β-D-ribofuranosylpurines and the Correlation of Their Anomeric Structure with Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectra1Morris J. Robins and Roland K. RobinsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 21, 4934–4940Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00949a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00949a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views426Altmetric-Citations137LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
루마니아어 음운 현상에 관한 통시적 연구 (2000)

This article aims at a diachronic study on the phonological phenomena of Romanian, which is derived directly from Latin, therefore regarded as a...
Antiviral Activity in the Rabbit Cornea of Adenine Arabinoside, Ara-A 5' Monophosphate, and Hypoxanthine Arabinoside; and Interactions with Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitor (1977)

The multiple microtrephination technique was used in the rabbit cornea to compare the activity against herpes simplex virus (hsv) of adenine arabinoside (ara-A), ara-A 5'monophosphate (ara-AMP) and hypoxanthine arabinoside (ara-Hx), and to determine the effect of addition of adenosine deaminase inhibitor (ADAI) to each. The greatest antiviral activity was shown by ara-AMP, and the least by ara-Hx. ADAI increased the activity of ara-A but had no effect on ara-AMP or ara-Hx.
La structure du pouvoir et le secteur agricole en Argentine. UN essai d'interprétation historique (1980)

(1980). La structure du pouvoir et le secteur agricole en Argentine. UN essai d'interpretation historique. North-South Canadian Journal of Latin American Studies: Vol. 5, No. 9, pp. 11-30.
Alagille syndrome. (1997)

Alagille syndrome (OMIM 118450) is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with abnormalities of the liver, heart, eye, skeleton, and a characteristic facial appearance. Also referred to as the Alagille-Watson syndrome, syndromic bile duct paucity, and arteriohepatic dysplasia, it is a significant cause of neonatal jaundice and cholestasis in older children. In the fully expressed syndrome, affected subjects have intrahepatic bile duct paucity and cholestasis, in conjunction with cardiac malformations (most frequently peripheral pulmonary stenosis), ophthalmological abnormalities (typically of the anterior chamber with posterior embryotoxon being the most common), skeletal anomalies (most commonly butterfly vertebrae), and characteristic facial appearance. Inheritance is autosomal dominant, but expressivity is highly variable. Sibs and parents of probands are often found to have mild expression of the presumptive disease gene, with abnormalities of only one or two systems. The frequency of new mutations appears relatively high, estimated at between 15 and 50%. The disease gene has been mapped to chromosome 20 band p12 based on multiple patients described with cytogenetic or molecular rearrangements of this region. However, the frequency of detectable deletions of 20p12 is low (less than 7%). Progress has been made in the molecular definition of an Alagille syndrome critical region within the short arm of chromosome 20. We will review the clinical, genetic, cytogenetic, and molecular findings in this syndrome.
Secreted Site-1 Protease Cleaves Peptides Corresponding to Luminal Loop of Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Proteins (1999)

We describe a permanent line of Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with a cDNA encoding a truncated form of Site-1 protease (S1P) that is secreted into the culture medium in an enzymatically active form. S1P, a subtilisin-like protease, normally cleaves the luminal loop of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). This cleavage initiates the two-step proteolytic process by which the NH(2)-terminal domains of SREBPs are released from cell membranes for translocation to the nucleus, where they activate transcription of genes involved in the biosynthesis and uptake of cholesterol and fatty acids. Truncated S1P (amino acids 1-983), produced by the transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells, lacks the COOH-terminal membrane anchor. Like native S1P, this truncated protein undergoes normal autocatalytic processing after residue 137 to release an NH(2)-terminal propeptide, thereby generating an active form, designated S1P-B. Prior to secretion, truncated S1P-B, like native S1P-B, is cleaved further after residue 186 to generate S1P-C, which is the only form that appears in the culture medium. The secreted enzyme, designated S1P(983)-C, cleaves a synthetic peptide that terminates in a 7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin fluorochrome. This peptide, RSLK-MCA, corresponds to the internal propeptide cleavage site that generates S1P-B as described in the accompanying paper (Espenshade, P. J., Cheng, D., Goldstein, J. L., and Brown, M. S. (1999), J. Biol. Chem. 274, 22795-22804). The secreted enzyme does not cleave RSVL-MCA, a peptide corresponding to the physiologic cleavage site in SREBP-2. However, S1P(983)-C does cleave after this leucine when the RSVL sequence is contained within a 16-residue peptide corresponding to the central portion of the SREBP-2 luminal loop. The catalytic activity of S1P(983)-C differs from that of furin/prohormone convertases, two related proteases, in its more alkaline pH optimum (pH 7-8), its relative resistance to calcium chelating agents, and its ability to cleave after lysine or leucine rather than arginine. These data provide direct biochemical evidence that S1P is the protease that cleaves SREBPs and thereby functions to control lipid biosynthesis and uptake in animal cells.
Mechanisms and clinical relevance of androgens and androgen receptor actions. (2003)

Androgens, principally testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, affect a number of diverse responses in a variety of peripheral target tissues. Their biological actions are mediated by a ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factor, the androgen receptor (AR). The AR is a member of the steroid hormone receptor family, which is found in a variety of tissues, and changes throughout development, aging, and malignant transformation. Recently, cloning and characterization of several AR co-regulators have allowed for cellular and molecular analysis of many different aspects of androgen physiology and pathophysiology. The transcriptional activity of AR is regulated by AR co-regulators, which influence the ligand selectivity and DNA binding capacity of AR. Aberrant co-regulator function due to mutation or altered expression levels may be a contributing factor in the progression of AR-mediated diseases. However, in spite of the intensity of research activity in this area, many interesting questions regarding the fundamental mechanism of AR and co-regulators on androgen-related diseases, such as osteoporosis and androgen insensitive syndrome remain unsolved. In this review, we provide a brief overview of genomic and non-genomic androgens/AR actions, as well as the regulation of their co-regulators. We also explore several intriguing aspects of the molecular biology of AR and co-regulators that are related to clinical diseases.
Center for Disease Control (CDC) flow cytometry panel for human immunodeficiency virus infection allows recognition of infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus or cytomegalovirus. (2003)

Lymphocyte subpopulations represented in the CDC panel for HIV are sufficient for the recognition of patients with infectious mononucleosis caused by EBV and CMV. Flow cytometry can be useful support for reaching diagnosis in patients with atypical clinical presentation of EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis.
IV. HOW MANY ARE THE KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS? (1974)

Summary The division of living organisms into Plantae and Animalia fails to recognise the major evolutionary discontinuity between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In addition, fungi and “plant‐animal” unicells lie uncomfortably in such a two‐kingdom system. Systems have been proposed which separate prokaryotes from eukaryotes and divide the latter into several kingdoms. These schemes share two limitations. The “low” eukaryote kingdom (Protoctista or Protista) contains phyla more closely related to phyla of the “higher” kingdoms than to other phyla in the same kingdom. Secondly, the higher kingdoms are polyphyletic to a disturbing degree. Can one make broad classifications without these limitations? A Prokaryota/Eukaryota two‐kingdom scheme is one possibility; another is a four‐kingdom scheme in which the protistan level is absorbed into the eukaryote kingdoms; a third possibility is a system in which phylum and phylogeny units stand as monophyletic kingdoms; such a multikingdom scheme provides fruitful scope for discussion. The Prokaryota/Eukaryota and multikingdom schemes allow flexibility for incorporation of new information on relationships, but may be thought too fragmentary for practical taxonomy. If so, various four‐ or five‐kingdom schemes are available.
Chemical beam epitaxy of GaAsN∕GaAs multiquantum well solar cell (2007)

The authors present preliminary data for a set of GaAsN∕GaAs multiquantum well (MQW) solar cells, grown by radio-frequency (rf) nitrogen plasma-assisted chemical beam epitaxy. The spectral response of this preliminary set of devices extends well below the GaAs band gap, while exhibiting remarkably high photoconversion strength that exceeds that of other MQW-based solar cells with comparable band gaps (1.0–1.2eV). This behavior is consistent with the enhancement of the electron effective mass in III-V dilute nitrides. Although the output current is similar to that of conventional GaInAsN solar cells, the output voltage is significantly higher when compared to that of bulk solar cells of similar wavelengths. The spectral response of as-grown devices is characterized by a deep valley around 1.37–1.4eV, that could be attributed to N contamination of the GaAs barriers. Rapid thermal annealing improves significantly the spectral response in the vicinity of this valley.
Recognition of tRNACys by Escherichia coli cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (1993)

A study of the recognition of tRNA(Cys) by Escherichia coli cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase using in vivo and in vitro methods was performed. All three anticodon nucleotides, the discriminator nucleotide (73), and some elements within the tertiary domain (the D stem/loop, the T psi C stem/loop, and the variable loop) are important for recognition; the anticodon stem and acceptor stem appear to contain no essential elements. A T7 RNA polymerase transcript corresponding to tRNA(Cys) is only a 5.5-fold worse substrate than native tRNA(Cys) (in terms of the specificity constant, kcat/Km), mainly due to an increase in the value of Km for the transcript. The greatest loss of specificity caused by mutation of a single nucleotide occurs when the discriminator U73 is changed; kcat/Km declines 3-4 orders of magnitude depending on the substitution. Mutations in the wobble nucleotide of the anticodon also cause reductions in the specificity constant of 3 orders of magnitude, while mutations in the other anticodon nucleotides caused lesser effects. Interestingly, a C35A mutation (with the phenylalanine anticodon GAA) had no effect on aminoacylation by the cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. Several amber suppressor tRNAs were constructed whose in vivo identity did not correlate with their in vitro specificity, indicating the need for both types of experiments to understand the factors which maintain tRNA specificity.
Composition and Consumer Attribute Analysis of Smoked Fillets of Gulf Sturgeon (Ancipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) Fed Different Commercial Diets (2006)

ABSTRACT Sturgeons were fed on commercially available diets for hybrid bass, catfish or trout. The impact of these diets on the quality of the smoked fillets was investigated through determination of proximate composition, fatty acid profiles and sensory characteristics. Sensory analysis showed significant differences in moistness, saltiness and acceptability. No significant differences were detected in fattiness and smoked flavor intensity. Proximate analysis revealed an approximate 10% decrease in moisture content together with an estimated 3% salt uptake due to brining and smoking. Results showed that smoking did not adversely affect the fatty acid profile of the fillets. The commercial fish diets tested had no detrimental impact on the composition of the smoked product. Trout and bass diet provided higher levels of EPA and DHA in sturgeon fillets than the catfish diet. Consequently, ratios of ω3-ω6 fatty acids determined for the smoked fillets of sturgeon fed on either bass or trout diet were twice the value determined for the smoked fillets of sturgeon fed on catfish diet.
Simultaneous Quantitative Analysis of Metabolites Using Ion-Pair Liquid Chromatography−Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2006)

We have developed an analytical method, consisting of ion-pair liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (IP-LC-ESI-MS), for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of several key classes of polar metabolites, like nucleotides, coenzyme A esters, sugar nucleotides, and sugar bisphosphates. The use of the ion-pair agent hexylamine and optimization of the pH of the mobile phases were critical parameters in obtaining good retention and peak shapes of many of the above-mentioned polar and acidic metabolites that are impossible to analyze using standard reversed-phase LC/MS. Optimum conditions were found when using a gradient from 5 mM hexylamine in water (pH 6.3) to 90% methanol/10% 10 mM ammonium acetate (pH 8.5). The IP-LC-ESI-MS method was extensively validated by determining the linearity (R2 > 0.995), sensitivity (limit of detection 0.1-1 ng), repeatability, and reproducibility (relative standard deviation <10%). The IP-LC-ESI-MS method was shown to be a useful tool for microbial metabolomics, i.e., the comprehensive quantitative analysis of metabolites in extracts of microorganisms, and for the determination of the energy charge, i.e., the cellular energy status, as an overall quality measure for the sample workup and analytical protocols.
Formulation of Proteins in Vacuum-Dried Glasses. II. Process and Storage Stability in Sugar-Free Amino Acid Systems (1999)

The purpose of this research was to investigate the freeze- and vacuum-drying behavior of L-amino acids of current/potential use as adjuvants for formulating proteins. The analytical methods used were wide-angle x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. Protein analysis was performed either as an activity assay (lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]) or by size-exclusion chromatography (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [rhG-CSF]). After samples were freeze-dried, only the four basic amino acids (arginine, lysine, histidine, and citrulline) formed amorphous solids, which, however, were partially crystalline. The remaining amino acids all formed fully crystalline solids. After samples were vacuum-dried, (20 degrees C, 0.1 mbar, 1 ml fill volume in 2-ml vials) fully crystalline solids were formed by all of the amino acids. For arginine, the addition of either HCl, H3PO4, or H2SO4 sufficient to form the respective salt produced amorphous solids after vacuum-drying, but they had high residual water contents and low glass transition temperatures (Tg). Addition of phenylalanine to arginine base inhibited crystallization of the latter at low concentrations during vacuum-drying procedure, leading to formation of a pure rubbery solid. At higher concentrations the phenylalanine crystallized, producing dry products with glass transition temperatures of > 60 degrees C. The process and storage stability of LDH and rhG-CSF in the vacuum-dried phenylalanine/arginine glasses was greatly improved at temperatures up to 40 degrees C compared with the unprotected proteins. Uptake of moisture during storage was, however, a complicating factor, reducing Tg, promoting crystallization, and leading to decreased protein stability. The PO4 salt of arginine produced especially high glass transition temperatures after it was vacuum-dried. These sugar-free amino acid formulations thus are potential stabilizes for proteins.
Binding of platelet factor 4 to heparin oligosaccharides (1983)

Heparin fractions of differing Mr (7800-18 800) prepared from commercial heparin by gel filtration and affinity chromatography on immobilized anti-thrombin III had specific activities when determined by anti-Factor Xa and anti-thrombin assays that ranged from 228 to 448 units/mg. The anti-Factor Xa activity of these fractions could be readily and totally neutralized by increasing concentrations of platelet factor 4 (PF4). That these fractions bound to immobilized PF4 was indicated by the complete binding under near physiological conditions of 3H-labelled unfractionated commercial heparin. An anti-thrombin III-binding oligosaccharide preparation (containing predominantly eight to ten saccharide units), prepared by degradation of heparin with HNO2 had high (800 units/mg) anti-Factor Xa, but negligible anti-thrombin, specific activity. The anti-Factor Xa activity of this material could not be readily neutralized by PF4, and the 3H-labelled oligosaccharides did not completely bind to immobilized PF4. A heterogeneous anti-thrombin III-binding preparation containing upwards of 16 saccharides had anti-thrombin specific activity of just less than one-half the anti-Factor Xa specific activity. This material was completely bound to immobilized PF4 and was eluted with similar concentrations of NaCl to those that were required to elute unfractionated heparins from these columns. Furthermore, increasing concentrations of PF4 neutralized the anti-Factor Xa activity of this material in a manner similar to that of unfractionated heparin. It is concluded that heparin oligosaccharides require saccharide units in addition to the anti-thrombin III-binding sequence in order to fully interact with PF4.
Biologic properties of homogeneous interleukin 3. I. Demonstration of WEHI-3 growth factor activity, mast cell growth factor activity, P cell-stimulating factor activity, colony-stimulating factor activity, and histamine-producing cell-stimulating factor activity (1983)

Interleukin 3 (IL 3) was initially defined as a factor in conditioned media from concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes (Con A CM) that induces the enzyme 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20 alpha SDH) in cultures of nu/nu splenic lymphocytes. To determine the spectrum of additional "biologic" activities, IL 3 was purified to homogeneity and its properties were assessed. The protein preparation was judged to be homogeneous IL 3 by the following criteria: 1) elution of a peak of IL 3 with a constant specific activity in the last step of purification, 2) presence of a single protein by SDS-PAGE analysis, 3) receptor-binding activity against IL 3-dependent cell lines, 4) a specific activity of congruent to 0.2 ng/ml required for 50% of maximal biologic activity, and 5) the presence of a single amino terminal sequence. With the use of this preparation of IL 3, the dose-response curves for 20 alpha SDH induction were identical or similar to the dose-response curves for the activities of 1) WEHI-3 growth factor, 2) mast cell growth factor, 3) P cell-stimulating factor, and 4) histamine-producing cell-stimulating factor. In addition, homogeneous IL 3 had colony-stimulating factor activity, although only approximately 2% of the total CSF activity found in Con A CM was associated with IL 3. The major peak of CSF activity could be resolved from IL 3 by DEAE column chromatography and lacked many of the biologic activities associated with IL 3.
Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of PEGylated poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (2009)

We have investigated the antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of a series of amino-terminated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) groups. The antibacterial activity of the PAMAM dendrimers and their derivatives against the common ocular pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, was evaluated by their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). For the unmodified third and fifth generation (G3 and G5) amino-terminated dendrimers, the MICs against both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were in the range of 6.3-12.5 microg mL(-1), comparable to that of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 (1.3-12.5 microg mL(-1)) and within the wide range of 0.047-128 microg mL(-1) for the fluoroquinolone antibiotics. PEGylation of the dendrimers decreased their antibacterial activities, especially for the Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus). The reduction in potency is likely due to the decrease in the number of protonated amino groups and shielding of the positive charges by the PEG chains, thus decreasing the electrostatic interactions of the dendrimers with the negatively-charged bacterial surface. Interestingly, localization of a greater number of amino groups on G5 vs. G3 dendrimers did not improve the potency. Significantly, even a low degree of PEGylation, e.g. 6% with EG(11) on G3 dendrimer, greatly reduced the cytotoxicity towards human corneal epithelial cells while maintaining a high potency against P. aeruginosa. The cytotoxicity of the PEGylated dendrimers to host cells is much lower than that reported for antimicrobial peptides. Furthermore, the MICs of these dendrimers against P. aeruginosa are more than two orders of magnitude lower than other antimicrobial polymers reported to date. These results motivate further exploration of the potential of cationic dendrimers as a new class of antimicrobial agents that may be less likely to induce bacterial resistance than standard antibiotics.
PARP inhibitors in the management of breast cancer: current data and future prospects (2015)

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) are enzymes involved in DNA-damage repair. Inhibition of PARPs is a promising strategy for targeting cancers with defective DNA-damage repair, including BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation-associated breast and ovarian cancers. Several PARP inhibitors are currently in trials in the adjuvant, neoadjuvant, and metastatic settings for the treatment of ovarian, BRCA-mutated breast, and other cancers. We herein review the development of PARP inhibitors and the basis for the excitement surrounding these agents, their use as single agents and in combinations, as well as their toxicities, mechanisms of acquired resistance, and companion diagnostics.