gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Can clinical factors estimate insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes? (2000)

An insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) score was developed based on clinical risk factors in adults with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in the Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) Study and was validated using euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp studies. Hypertension, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels, family history of type 2 diabetes, and glycemic control were risk factors used to define the score. A score of 1 (lowest likelihood IRS) to 3 (highest likelihood IRS) was assigned for each risk factor. Eligible subjects (n = 24) were recruited from the EDC cohort based on tertile of IRS score. Subjects received an overnight insulin infusion to normalize glucose levels, then underwent a 3-h euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic (60 mU x m(-2) x min(-1)) clamp. Glucose disposal rate (GDR) was determined during the last 30 min of the clamp. The GDR differed significantly by IRS group (9.65 +/- 2.99, 8.02 +/- 1.39, and 5.68 +/- 2.16 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.01). The GDR was inversely correlated with the IRS score (r = -0.64, P < 0.01). Using linear regression, the combination of risk factors that yielded the highest adjusted r2 value (0.57, P < 0.001) were WHR, hypertension, and HbA1. This study found that clinical risk factors can be used to identify subjects with type 1 diabetes who are insulin resistant, and it provides validation of a score based on clinical factors to determine the extent of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes. This score will be applied to the entire EDC population in future studies to determine the effect of insulin resistance on complications.
Expression of human factor IX in rat capillary endothelial cells: toward somatic gene therapy for hemophilia B. (1991)

In aiming to develop a gene therapy approach for hemophilia B, we expressed and characterized human factor IX in rat capillary endothelial cells (CECs). Moloney murine leukemia virus-derived retrovirus vectors that contain human factor IX cDNA linked to heterologous promoters and the neomycin-resistant gene were constructed and employed to prepare recombinant retroviruses. Rat CECs and NIH 3T3 cells infected with these viruses were selected with the neomycin analogue, G418 sulfate, and tested for expression of factor IX. A construct with the factor IX cDNA under direct control by long terminal repeat gave the highest level of expression (0.84 and 3.6 micrograms per 10(6) cells per day for CECs and NIH 3T3 cells, respectively) as quantitated by immunoassays as well as clotting activity assays. A single RNA transcript of 4.4 kilobases predicted by the construct and a recombinant factor IX of 68 kilodaltons identical to purified plasma factor IX were found. The recombinant human factor IX produced showed full clotting activity, demonstrating that CECs have an efficient mechanism for posttranslational modifications, including gamma-carboxylation, essential for its biological activity. These results, in addition to other properties of the endothelium, including large number of cells, accessibility, and direct contact with the circulating blood, suggest that CECs can serve as an efficient drug delivery vehicle producing factor IX in a somatic gene therapy for hemophilia B.
Local Induction of Immunosuppressive CD8+ T Cells in the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissues (2010)

We demonstrate that gut specific antigen presentation is sufficient to induce CD8(+) T(regs)in vivo which may maintain intestinal homeostasis by down-modulating effector functions of T cells.
Dynamic Scene Recognition with Complementary Spatiotemporal Features (2016)

This paper presents Dynamically Pooled Complementary Features (DPCF), a unified approach to dynamic scene recognition that analyzes a short video clip in terms of its spatial, temporal and color properties. The complementarity of these properties is preserved through all main steps of processing, including primitive feature extraction, coding and pooling. In the feature extraction step, spatial orientations capture static appearance, spatiotemporal oriented energies capture image dynamics and color statistics capture chromatic information. Subsequently, primitive features are encoded into a mid-level representation that has been learned for the task of dynamic scene recognition. Finally, a novel dynamic spacetime pyramid is introduced. This dynamic pooling approach can handle both global as well as local motion by adapting to the temporal structure, as guided by pooling energies. The resulting system provides online recognition of dynamic scenes that is thoroughly evaluated on the two current benchmark datasets and yields best results to date on both datasets. In-depth analysis reveals the benefits of explicitly modeling feature complementarity in combination with the dynamic spacetime pyramid, indicating that this unified approach should be well-suited to many areas of video analysis.
AMOLED Pixel Circuit With Electronic Compensation of Luminance Degradation (2007)

A new voltage-programmed pixel circuit using hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film transistors (TFTs) for active-matrix organic light-emitting diodes (AMOLEDs) is presented. In addition to compensating for the shift in threshold voltage of TFTs, the circuit is capable of compensating for OLED luminance degradation by employing the shift in OLED voltage as a feedback of OLED degradation
Phosphorothioate Oligodeoxynucleotides: Large‐Scale Synthesis and Analysis, Impurity Characterization, and the Effects of Phosphorus Stereochemistry (2007)

Large-scale synthesis of phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides on Tentagel using a 'batch mode' synthesizer and beta-cyanoethyl phosphoramidite coupling followed by sulfurization with bis(O,O-diisopropoxy phosphinothioyl) disulfide (S-tetra) provides stepwise yields of 98-99% and results in phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides that are 93-97% pure, as determined by PAGE, after reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and 'downstream' processing. The purity of phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides synthesized on Tentagel is significantly higher than those synthesized on controlled pore glass. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of the n-1 impurity isolated by preparative PAGE was used to establish that the n-1 impurity is a heterogeneous mixture of all possible single-deletion sequences, relative to the parent phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide, and results from minor, though repetitive, imperfections in the synthesis cycle. Acid-catalysed depurination was found to occur both during the synthesis and during the post-synthesis detritylation, following RP-HPLC. Studies of hybridization affinity and biological mechanism of action using independently synthesized n-1 phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides relative to the 15 mer LR-3280 showed that, in this case, the majority of the n-1 sequences had more than a 10 degrees C decrease in melting temperature with sense RNA compared to the n-mer, and they did not cause detectable cleavage of RNA by RNase H in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukaemia cells. P stereoregular phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides are not significantly more active than their stereorandom counterparts and thus their use in clinical studies seems unwarranted.
Adversarially Learned Inference (2016)

We introduce the adversarially learned inference (ALI) model, which jointly learns a generation network and an inference network using an adversarial process. The generation network maps samples from stochastic latent variables to the data space while the inference network maps training examples in data space to the space of latent variables. An adversarial game is cast between these two networks and a discriminative network is trained to distinguish between joint latent/data-space samples from the generative network and joint samples from the inference network. We illustrate the ability of the model to learn mutually coherent inference and generation networks through the inspections of model samples and reconstructions and confirm the usefulness of the learned representations by obtaining a performance competitive with state-of-the-art on the semi-supervised SVHN and CIFAR10 tasks.
Glucocorticoid-induced cell death requires autoinduction of glucocorticoid receptor expression in human leukemic T cells. (1999)

In contrast to the negative autoregulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression seen in most cells and tissues, GR expression is positively autoregulated in human leukemic T cells and in other cells sensitive to glucocorticoid-induced cell death. To determine whether positive autoregulation is a necessary component of glucocorticoid-induced cell death, a wild-type GR gene under the control of a tetracycline-regulated promoter was stably transfected into glucocorticoid-resistant cells lacking endogenous functional receptor. Transfectants grown in the presence of tetracycline contained about 15,000 receptors/cell, a value approximately equal to basal level GR expression in glucocorticoid-sensitive 6TG1.1 cells before steroid treatment. Under these conditions, dexamethasone had a minimal effect on cell growth, elicited little internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, and induced no cell cycle perturbation. In the absence of tetracycline, GR mRNA and protein expression increased 2-3-fold, and cells expressed 48,000 receptors, a level nearly equivalent to that present in 6TG1.1 cells after 18 h of autoinduction. Under these conditions, dexamethasone markedly inhibited cell growth, caused G1 arrest, and induced significant internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. These studies therefore suggest that basal level GR expression is inadequate to mediate glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in glucocorticoid-sensitive T cells and that positive autoregulation is a necessary component of this process.
Three-dimensional Measurements of the Occlusal Surfaces of Upper Molars in a Dutch Population (1984)

The occlusal surfaces of the first upper molars of a Dutch population were measured three-dimensionally by moiré contourography. Cusps and ridges were higher than those of a Japanese population, but distances between cuspal tips were smaller. Differences in occlusal form may influence jaw movements in the two populations.
Broadly Protective Vaccine for Staphylococcus aureus Based on an in Vivo-Expressed Antigen (1999)

Vaccines based on preferential expression of bacterial antigens during human infection have not been described. Staphylococcus aureus synthesized poly-N-succinyl beta-1-6 glucosamine (PNSG) as a surface polysaccharide during human and animal infection, but few strains expressed PNSG in vitro. All S. aureus strains examined carried genes for PNSG synthesis. Immunization protected mice against kidney infections and death from strains that produced little PNSG in vitro. Nonimmune infected animals made antibody to PNSG, but serial in vitro cultures of kidney isolates yielded mostly cells that did not produce PNSG. PNSG is a candidate for use in a vaccine to protect against S. aureus infection.
P‐206: Pioglitazone modulates plasma levels of β‐amyloid in glucose intolerant older adults (2007)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonists improve insulin sensitivity in persons with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), preserve cognition in persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and modulate β-amyloid (Aβ) levels in vitro, in animals, and in persons with AD. In contrast, insulin secretagogues, which are also used to treat T2DM, are not known to affect Aβ levels. To compare the effects of the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone and the insulin secretagogue nateglinide on plasma Aβ levels in glucose intolerant older adults. Participants underwent a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test and were classified as glucose intolerant (i.e., impaired glucose tolerant or diabetic, conditions often associated with insulin resistance) based on 2-h plasma glucose levels (2-hpg) ≥140 mg/dl (n = 76; mean[SD]: age = 74.7[5.8] y, 2-hpg = 200.0[40.8] mg/dl) or healthy (n = 26; age = 73.0[5.4] y, 2-hpg = 114.9[15.9] mg/dl). Glucose intolerant participants were randomized to a 4-month course of pioglitazone (30 mg daily), nateglinide (120 mg, 3 times daily), or placebo. Treatment groups did not differ significantly with respect to age or baseline 2-hpg. Blood was acquired at baseline for all participants and at month 4 for treated subjects. Baseline Aβ levels (combined across Aβ species) were higher in glucose intolerant than healthy participants (p=0.027). For healthy controls, higher glucose-stimulated insulin levels were associated with lower Aβ40 levels (p=0.007) and greater Aβ42-to-Aβ40 ratio (p=0.001). For glucose intolerant adults, treatment with pioglitazone increased Aβ40 levels, relative to placebo (p=0.036) or nateglinide (p=0.068). In contrast, pioglitazone decreased Aβ42 levels (p=0.042) and the Aβ42-to-Aβ40 ratio (p=0.009), whereas neither nateglinide nor placebo had a significant effect on these measures. At month 4, Aβ42 levels were positively correlated with 2-hpg (p=0.013) and glycosylated hemoglobin (p=0.019) levels in glucose intolerant adults, indicating that Aβ42 levels rise as glucoregulation declines. These results support the notions that glucose intolerance is associated with elevated plasma Aβ levels and that treating glucose intolerance can modulate plasma Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels. In light of evidence associating diabetes and hyperinsulinemia with AD, treatment with PPAR-γ agonists and other strategies that improve glucose tolerance (and possibly insulin sensitivity) may reduce the risk for AD, in part, through modulation of Aβ.
Soluble P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 inhibits ocular inflammation in a murine model of allergy. (1999)

The antagonistic intervention of cell- cell interactions through the blockade of selectin-dependent leukocyte adhesion may offer novel therapeutic strategies to modulate inflammatory responses. The potent inhibitory effects on eosinophil recruitment and late-phase inflammation suggest a role for sPSGL-1 in the treatment of ocular allergic diseases.
Efficacy of Etanercept in Preventing Relapse of Uveitis Controlled by Methotrexate (2003)

Etanercept has no significant efficacy over placebo in preventing relapses of uveitis in patients being tapered from methotrexate.
Nanometre diameter fibres of polymer, produced by electrospinning (1996)

Electrospinning uses electrical forces to produce polymer fibres with nanometre-scale diameters. Electrospinning occurs when the electrical forces at the surface of a polymer solution or melt overcome the surface tension and cause an electrically charged jet to be ejected. When the jet dries or solidifies, an electrically charged fibre remains. This charged fibre can be directed or accelerated by electrical forces and then collected in sheets or other useful geometrical forms.
Actions of bovine plasma fibronectin on cultured human dental pulp cells. (2000)

These findings suggest that HDP cells utilize FN for attachment and subsequent spreading. FN might have mitogenic activity and some role in the regulation of differentiation of pulp cells into odontoblasts.
Distribution line communications using CSMA access control with priority acknowledgements (1989)

The authors describe the use and performance of CSMA (carrier-sense multiple access) with priority acknowledgements for medium access control on distribution power line communication networks. Such networks suffer from highly variable, ever-changing, and unpredictable signal-to-noise ratio. The architecture of the CSMA implementation is described, along with its advantages relative to other access control schemes. The best packet length, in terms of throughput maximization, was found to approximate 1000 bits. Delay-throughput performance is measured, and the particular effects on performance of the power-line channel behavior are ascertained. Extensive tests were conducted on intrabuilding lines using channel bit rates from 1200 to 19200 bits/s, with FSK (frequency-shift keying) and spread-spectrum PSK (phase-shift keying) modems transmitting at 3 V RMS at frequencies ranging from 40 to 120 kHz. The reported results include potentially difficult cases involving transmission across power phases.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Low temperature total luminescence contour spectra of six topped crude oils and their vacuum distillate and residuum fractions (1978)

Total luminescence spectra, in the form of intensity contours, have been developed for six topped crudes and their corresponding residues and vacuum fractions. All spectra were obtained at oil concentrations of approximately 10 ppM in methylcyclohexane at liquid nitrogen temperature, 77/sup 0/K. The low temperature spectra provided additional information in terms of narrower spectral bandwidths and the additional appearance of phosphorescence. In particular, the variation of phosphorescence intensity among oils is substantial and would be useful for purposes of oil identification. As predicted from the effects of alkyl substitution on boiling point and spectral changes, the vacuum fractions show the greatest amount of sharp structure and the residues the least. An attempt has been made to identify principal emitting classes of compounds based upon published data and in-house work performed at Baird-Atomic. Because of the chemical complexity of the oils, these assignments must be regarded as tentative. The dominant fluorescence emission in all samples is probably due to derivatives of indole or carbazole. Weaker fluorescence emission is probably due to benzocarbazoles, fluorenes, naphthalenes, and anthracenes. The observed phosphorescence is believed to arise primarily from naphthalenes. Spectra of a greater number model compounds are needed in order to make more positivemore » identifications. The value of low temperature spectroscopy as a means of obtaining greater luminescence information on oils is demonstrated. Chemical separation of the topped crude into two fractions is of value in predicting compound types present. Much useful work could be done, however, both with the existing data and in the realm of further experimental studies. This work should focus on mathematical methods of enhancing spectral differences, and on the identification of luminescing materials.« less
Initial Characterization of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase from Rat Testis Cytosol (1990)

Aldehyde dehydrogenase was purified 187-fold from cytosol of rat testis by chromatographic methods and gel filtration with a yield of about 50%. The enzyme exhibits absolute requirement for exogenous sulfhydryl compounds and strong dependence on temperature. Addition of 0.4mM Ca2 or Mg2 ions results in 50% inhibition. Optimally active at pH 8.5 and 50 degrees C, aldehyde dehydrogenase displays broad substrate specificity; saturation curves with acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde are non-hyperbolic, with Hill coefficients comprised between 0.8 and 0.7. Strong substrate inhibition can be observed with both aromatic and long-chain alyphatic aldehydes. According to mathematical models, Km decreases from 246 microM for acetaldehyde to 4 microM for capronaldehyde and Ki decreases from about 4mM for butyraldehyde to 0.2 mM for capronaldehyde.
Efficient light trapping in silicon solar cells by ultrafast‐laser‐induced self‐assembled micro/nano structures (2011)

Abstract A novel ultrafast laser processing technique is used to create self‐assembled micro/nano structures on a silicon surface for efficient light trapping. Under appropriate experimental conditions, light reflection (including scattering) of the Si surface has been reduced to less than 3% for the entire solar spectrum and the material appears completely black to the naked eye. A post‐chemical cleaning is applied to remove laser‐redeposited material and induced defects. Optical, morphological, and structural characterizations have been carried out on as‐laser‐treated and post‐chemically cleaned surfaces. Finally, we report for the first time the total efficiency of over 14% and high external quantum efficiency (EQE) results on photovoltaic devices fabricated on the ultrafast‐laser‐induced micro/nano structured silicon wafer, which can be further improved upon process optimization. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Photopheresis: a new therapeutic concept. (1990)

Photopheresis, the process by which peripheral blood is exposed in an extracorporeal flow system to photoactivated 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), is a new treatment for disorders caused by aberrant T lymphocytes. It is now a standard therapy for advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and shows promise in the treatment of two autoimmune disorders, pemphigus vulgaris and progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Additional diseases for which clinical trials are in progress include multiple sclerosis, organ transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, and AIDS. The mechanism of action appears to involve a "vaccination" against the pathogenic T cells, in a clone-specific manner. Photoactivated 8-MOP initiates a cascade of immunologic events by forming covalent photoadducts with nuclear and cell surface-adherent DNA and possibly with other cellular molecules. For reasons not yet fully clarified, but probably related to enhanced cycling of the T-cell receptor for antigen, photopheresis increases the immunogenicity of the irradiated T cells so that their reinfusion induces a therapeutically significant immunologic reaction that targets unirradiated T cells of the pathogenic clone(s). The specificity of the induced immunologic reaction probably results from the extremely disproportionate expansion of the pathogenic clone(s), relative to the several million other clones of normal T cells.
High-precision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (1997)

Although high-precision isotope determinations are routine in many areas of natural science, the instrument principles for their measurements have remained remarkably unchanged for four decades. The introduction of continuous-flow techniques to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) instrumentation has precipitated a rapid expansion in capabilities for high-precision measurement of C, N, O, S, and H isotopes in the 1990s. Elemental analyzers, based on the flash combustion of solid organic samples, are interfaced to IRMS to facilitate routine C and N isotopic analysis of unprocessed samples. Gas/liquid equilibrators have automated O and H isotopic analysis of water in untreated aqueous fluids as complex as urine. Automated cryogenic concentrators permit analysis at part-per-million concentrations in environmental samples. Capillary gas chromatography interfaced to IRMS via on-line microchemistry facilitates compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) for purified organic analytes of 1 nmol of C, N, or O. GC-based CSIA for hydrogen and liquid chromatography-based interfaces to IRMS have both been demonstrated, and continuing progress promises to bring these advances to routine use. Automated position-specific isotope analysis (PSIA) using noncatalytic pyrolysis has been shown to produce fragments without appreciable carbon scrambling or major isotopic fractionation, and shows great promise for intramolecular isotope ratio analysis. Finally, IRMS notation and useful elementary isotopic relationships derived from the fundamental mass balance equation are presented.