gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thrombospondin-1 suppresses spontaneous tumor growth and inhibits activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and mobilization of vascular endothelial growth factor (2001)

Growth of tumors and metastasis are processes known to require neovascularization. To ascertain the participation of the endogenous angiogenic inhibitor thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) in tumor progression, we generated mammary tumor-prone mice that either lack, or specifically overexpress, TSP1 in the mammary gland. Tumor burden and vasculature were significantly increased in TSP1-deficient animals, and capillaries within the tumor appeared distended and sinusoidal. In contrast, TSP1 overexpressors showed delayed tumor growth or lacked frank tumor development (20% of animals); tumor capillaries showed reduced diameter and were less frequent. Interestingly, absence of TSP1 resulted in increased association of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with its receptor VEGFR2 and higher levels of active matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), a molecule previously shown to facilitate both angiogenesis and tumor invasion. In vitro, enzymatic activation of proMMP9 was suppressed by TSP1. Together these results argue for a protective role of endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis in tumor growth and implicate TSP1 in the in vivo regulation of metalloproteinase-9 activation and VEGF signaling.
PD-1/PD-L1 interactions inhibit antitumor immune responses in a murine acute myeloid leukemia model (2009)

Negative regulatory mechanisms within the solid tumor microenvironment inhibit antitumor T-cell function, leading to evasion from immune attack. One inhibitory mechanism is up-regulation of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expressed on tumor or stromal cells which binds to programmed death-1 (PD-1) on activated T cells. PD-1/PD-L1 engagement results in diminished antitumor T-cell responses and correlates with poor outcome in murine and human solid cancers. In contrast to available data in solid tumors, little is known regarding involvement of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in immune escape by hematopoietic cancers, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To investigate this hypothesis, we used the murine leukemia, C1498. When transferred intravenously, C1498 cells grew progressively and apparently evaded immune destruction. Low levels of PD-L1 expression were found on C1498 cells grown in vitro. However, PD-L1 expression was up-regulated on C1498 cells when grown in vivo. PD-1(-/-) mice challenged with C1498 cells generated augmented antitumor T-cell responses, showed decreased AML burden in the blood and other organs, and survived significantly longer than did wild-type mice. Similar results were obtained with a PD-L1 blocking antibody. These data suggest the importance of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in immune evasion by a hematologic malignancy, providing a rationale for clinical trials targeting this pathway in leukemia patients.
Blockchain for Student Data Privacy and Consent (2018)

Current methods for obtaining data consent from legal guardians are limited to paper forms and human data entry. While this classic method of granting consent is familiar to the parties involved, it involves little accountability or ongoing access oversight. Parents are asked to sign multiple permission forms, but are not given an efficient manner by which they can differentiate between fields for consent nor keep track of usage. Blockchain technology represents a promising approach for developing `smart contracts', digital promises to be executed without reliance upon a legal intermediary. Utilizing Hyperledger Fabric and Hyperledger Composer, we propose a framework of nested authorization, allowing a public school data administrator the ability to grant authorization rights to a third party afterschool intervention program and their volunteers, who meet with parents and obtain consent for data access rights relying on smart contracts. These data consent signatures allow researchers the ability to design targeted inventions, meeting the needs of the community.
Pairing of homologous DNA sequences by proteins: evidence for three-stranded DNA. (1990)

We show that recombinases form joint molecules over very short regions of homology. When these molecules are deproteinized the three strands are in a structure that is surprisingly resistant to dissociation by branch migration, even at elevated temperatures. The joint molecules dissociate at temperatures comparable to those required to melt DNA duplexes of the same length and sequence. We also show that nonenzymatically formed structures of the same length and sequence, which have a free third strand ready to branch migrate, dissociate at much lower temperatures. These results provide compelling evidence that the three DNA strands in the region of pairing are hydrogen bonded to each other. Our observations suggest that such a novel three-stranded DNA molecule, or a structure very similar to it, may be the intermediate in general recombination that is used in the recognition of sequence homology. We discuss some of the structural features implicit in this molecule containing any base sequence and compare them with those manifest in true DNA triple helices containing special sequence motifs.
A mutant CHO-K1 strain with resistance to Pseudomonas exotoxin A is unable to process the precursor fusion glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus (1993)

RPE.40, a mutant strain of CHO-K1 cells isolated for resistance to Pseudomonas exotoxin A and cross-resistant to alphaviruses, is also highly resistant to virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus. The resistance of RPE.40 cells to Newcastle disease virus results from the failure to cleave the viral envelope precursor glycoprotein Fo to fusion glycoprotein F1 at the consensus sequence (Lys/Arg)-Arg-Gln-(Lys/Arg)-Arg.
Correlation of immunoblot type, enterotoxin production, and cytotoxin production with clinical manifestations of Clostridium difficile infection in a cohort of hospitalized patients (1991)

To determine whether strain-specific differences in immunoblot type, enterotoxin production, or cytotoxin production correlated with clinical presentation of Clostridium difficile infection, we evaluated isolates obtained from 428 prospectively studied hospitalized patients. Of 99 isolates available for immunoblot typing, 61 were recovered from asymptomatic carriers and 38 were from patients with C. difficile-associated diarrhea. Of 17 immunoblot types, the seven types comprising the majority of isolates (82 of 99; 83%) were variably associated with disease. Neither the presence of cytotoxin in the stool nor the production of cytotoxin or enterotoxin by isolates in vitro was significantly different for symptomatic versus asymptomatic patients. Selected host factors were more predictive of symptomatic disease than was the specific infecting C. difficile strain. These results suggest that variations in the clinical severity of C. difficile infection in different patients are not solely strain-specific phenomena related to immunoblot type or to the production of cytotoxin or enterotoxin.
High-performance E-mode AlGaN/GaN HEMTs (2006)

Enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN high electron-mobility transistors have been fabricated with a gate length of 160 nm. The use of gate recess combined with a fluorine-based surface treatment under the gate produced devices with a threshold voltage of +0.1 V. The combination of very high transconductance (> 400 mS/mm) and low gate leakage allows unprecedented output current levels in excess of 1.2 A/mm. The small signal performance of these enhancement-mode devices shows a record current cutoff frequency (f/sub T/) of 85 GHz and a power gain cutoff frequency (f/sub max/) of 150 GHz.
Wi-Fi Handbook: Building 802.11b Wireless Networks (2003)

From the Publisher:
MASTER 802.11 
Detailing the design and deployment of 802.11b networks in every flavor and size, this working handbook delivers the hands-on expertise you need- complete with illustrative case studies. From one-cell home systems to global provider networks, Wi-Fi Handbook provides the A-Z facts, details, tips, and strategies you need to handle the job. 
Wi-Fi IN THE REAL WORLD 
This comprehensive Wi-Fi Handbook covers all current technologies, not just a single solution. You'll find it invaluable for: 
Scaling up Wi-Fi networks Solving vexing problems in regulatory, security, and economic areas Comparing case studies to find solutions for specific applications 

PROBLEM SOLVED 
The Wi-Fi Handbook has the answers-plus loads of case studies providing close-ups of actual implementation environments. Look inside for details on- 
Basic Wi-Fi architecture, from client cards and access points on up Technical issues, from RF to WEP Wi-Fi deployments in large buildings, campuses, and public spaces 802.11b networks in healthcare settings, industry, and military installations Upside and downside-both benefits and drawbacks Wi-Fi and 3G applications Fallacy of line-of-sight limitations Great QoS, bandwidth, and security Wi-Fi's future 

THE BEST GUIDE TO DESIGNING AND BUILDING Wi-Fi
The Structure and Function of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (2006)

The structure and integrity of telomeres are essential for genome stability. Telomere dysregulation can lead to cell death, cell senescence, or abnormal cell proliferation. The maintenance of telomere repeats in most eukaryotic organisms requires telomerase, which consists of a reverse transcriptase (RT) and an RNA template that dictates the synthesis of the G-rich strand of telomere terminal repeats. Structurally, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) contains unique and variable N- and C-terminal extensions that flank a central RT-like domain. The enzymology of telomerase includes features that are both similar to and distinct from those characteristic of other RTs. Two distinguishing features of TERT are its stable association with the telomerase RNA and its ability to repetitively reverse transcribe the template segment of RNA. Here we discuss TERT structure and function; its regulation by RNA-DNA, TERT-DNA, TERT-RNA, TERT-TERT interactions, and TERT-associated proteins; and the relationship between telomerase enzymology and telomere maintenance.
Nanomedicine: current status and future prospects (2005)

Applications of nanotechnology for treatment, diagnosis, monitoring, and control of biological systems has recently been referred to as "nanomedicine" by the National Institutes of Health. Research into the rational delivery and targeting of pharmaceutical, therapeutic, and diagnostic agents is at the forefront of projects in nanomedicine. These involve the identification of precise targets (cells and receptors) related to specific clinical conditions and choice of the appropriate nanocarriers to achieve the required responses while minimizing the side effects. Mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and cancers (tumor cells, as well as tumor neovasculature) are key targets. Today, nanotechnology and nanoscience approaches to particle design and formulation are beginning to expand the market for many drugs and are forming the basis for a highly profitable niche within the industry, but some predicted benefits are hyped. This article will highlight rational approaches in design and surface engineering of nanoscale vehicles and entities for site-specific drug delivery and medical imaging after parenteral administration. Potential pitfalls or side effects associated with nanoparticles are also discussed.
((PS)nPS)m Star-Shaped Polystyrene with Star-Shaped Branches at the Terminal Chain Ends by Convergent Living Anionic Polymerization (2003)

Radially linked star-block-linear polystyrenes, star-shaped polymers with star-shaped branching at the ends of each arm, were synthesized by the convergent living anionic polymerization method. These novel structurally modified polymers were synthesized by sequential addition of a specific coupling agent, 4-(chlorodimethylsilyl)styrene (CDMSS), styrene, and CDMSS again to a solution of living polystyrene. Through a convergent process, the addition of the coupling agent to the living polystyrene solution resulted in star-shaped polymers with a hyperbranched core containing a single living site, which was used to initiate styrene to obtain living star-block-linear polystyrene diblock polymers. The living diblock was radially linked by the addition of CDMSS through another convergent process. The resulting polymers were purified by fractionation. The success of the synthesis was demonstrated by the molecular weight progression (gel permeation chromatography with multiangle laser light scattering detection). Glass transition temperature behavior relates to the end-group concentration combined with the effect of the branch points. Dilute solution properties studied by viscometry demonstrate that the polymers have lower intrinsic viscosity values than regular star-shaped polymers.
Fast-Muscle-Specific DNA-Protein Interactions Occurring In Vivo at the Human Aldolase A M Promoter Are Necessary for Correct Promoter Activity in Transgenic Mice (1996)

The human aldolase A tissue-specific M promoter (pM) has served as a model system for identifying pathways that lead to fast-muscle-specialized expression. The current study has delimited the sequences necessary and sufficient for fast-muscle-specific expression in transgenic mice to a short 209-bp fragment extending from bp -164 to +45 relative to the pM transcription start site. Genomic footprinting methods showed that in this proximal region, the same elements that bind muscle nuclear proteins in vitro are involved in DNA-protein interactions in intact muscle nuclei of transgenic mice. Furthermore, these experiments provided the first evidence that different DNA-binding activities exist between slow and fast muscles in vivo. Fast-muscle-specific interactions occur at an element named M1 and at a muscle-specific DNase I-hypersensitive site that was previously detected by in vitro methods. The formation of the muscle-specific DNase I-hypersensitive site reflects binding of proteins to a close element, named M2, which contains a binding site for nuclear factors of the NF1 family. Mutational analysis performed with transgenic mice confirmed the importance of the M1 element for high-level fast-muscle-specific pM activity and suggested that the M2/NF1 element is differently required for correct pM expression in distinct fast muscles. In addition, two other protein binding sites, the MEF3 motif and the USF site, seem to act as stage-specific activators and/or as participants in the establishment of an active chromatin configuration at pM.
Human circulating CD14+ monocytes as a source of progenitors that exhibit mesenchymal cell differentiation (2003)

Circulating CD14+ monocytes are precursors of phagocytes, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Here we report primitive cells with a fibroblast-like morphology derived from human peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes that can differentiate into several distinct mesenchymal cell lineages. We named this cell population monocyte-derived mesenchymal progenitor (MOMP). MOMPs were obtained in vitro from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured on fibronectin in the presence of fetal bovine serum alone as a source of growth factors. MOMPs had a unique molecular phenotype-CD14+CD45+CD34+type I collagen+-and showed mixed morphologic and molecular features of monocytes and endothelial and mesenchymal cells. MOMPs were found to be derived from a subset of circulating CD14+ monocytes, and their differentiation required that they bind fibronectin and be exposed to one or more soluble factors derived from peripheral blood CD14- cells. MOMPs could be expanded in culture without losing their original phenotype for up to five passages. The induction of MOMPs to differentiate along multiple limb-bud mesodermal lineages resulted in the expression of genes and proteins specific for osteoblasts, skeletal myoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. Our findings represent the first evidence that human circulating CD14+ monocytes are a source of progenitors that exhibit mesenchymal cell differentiation.
Combination Therapy with Nateglinide and Vildagliptin Improves Postprandial Metabolic Derangements in Zucker Fatty Rats (2010)

Postprandial metabolic derangements are one of the risk factors of cardiovascular disease in humans. Insulin resistance and/or impaired early-phase insulin secretion are major determinants of postprandial metabolic derangements. In this study, we investigated the potential utility of combination therapy with vildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor and nateglinide, a rapid-onset/short-duration insulinotropic agent, for the treatment of postprandial metabolic derangements in Zucker Fatty (ZF) rats, an animal model of obesity with insulin resistance. ZF rats fed twice daily with or without high fat diet (HFD) were given vehicle, 50 mg/kg of nateglinide, 10 mg/kg of vildagliptin, or both for 6 weeks. Combination therapy with nateglinide and vildagliptin for 2 weeks ameliorated postprandial hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and elevation of free fatty acid in ZF rats fed with HFD. 6-week treatment with nateglinide and vildagliptin not only increased hepatic levels of phosphorylated forkhead box protein 1A (FOXO1A), but also reduced triglyceride contents in the liver. Combination therapy also prevented the loss of pancreatic islet mass in ZF rats fed with HFD. These observations demonstrate that combination therapy with nateglinide and vildagliptin may improve postprandial metabolic derangements probably by ameliorating early phase of insulin secretion and hepatic insulin resistance, respectively, in ZF rats fed with HFD. Since combination therapy with nateglinide and vildagliptin restored the decrease in pancreatic beta cell mass, our present findings suggest that combination therapy could be a promising therapeutic strategy for postprandial dysmetabolism associated with obese and insulin resistance.
HER2 Amplification: A Potential Mechanism of Acquired Resistance to EGFR Inhibition in EGFR -Mutant Lung Cancers That Lack the Second-Site EGFR T790M Mutation (2012)

EGF receptor (EGFR)-mutant lung cancers eventually become resistant to treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). The combination of EGFR-TKI afatinib and anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab can overcome acquired resistance in mouse models and human patients. Because afatinib is also a potent HER2 inhibitor, we investigated the role of HER2 in EGFR-mutant tumor cells. We show in vitro and in vivo that afatinib plus cetuximab significantly inhibits HER2 phosphorylation. HER2 overexpression or knockdown confers resistance or sensitivity, respectively, in all studied cell line models. FISH analysis revealed that HER2 was amplified in 12% of tumors with acquired resistance versus only 1% of untreated lung adenocarcinomas. Notably, HER2 amplification and EGFR(T790M) were mutually exclusive. Collectively, these results reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism of resistance to EGFR-TKIs and provide a rationale to assess the status and possibly target HER2 in EGFR-mutant tumors with acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs.
Mitigating the Effects of Optimistic Replication in a Distributed File System (1994)

Optimistic replication strategies can significantly increase availability of data in distributed systems. However such strategies cannot guarantee global consistency in the presence of partitioned updates. The danger of conflicting partitioned updates, combined with the fear that the machinery needed to cope with conflicts might be excessively complex has prevented designers from using optimistic replication in real systems. This dissertation puts these fears to rest by showing that it is indeed practical and feasible to use optimistic replication in distributed file systems. It describes the design, implementation and evaluation of the mechanisms used to transparently resolve diverging replicas in the Coda file system. Files and directories are resolved using orthogonal mechanisms due to the difference in their structure and semantics. A server-based mechanism that uses operation logging is utilized to resolve directories, while a client-based mechanism that uses application support i...
The Significance of Matrix Metalloproteinases during Early Stages of Tumor Progressiona (1998)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) orchestrate tissue remodeling and play diverse roles during organ development. They are produced excessively during the course of various pathological conditions, including solid tumors. An important function of MMPs during tumor progression is to provide the proteolytic activity that is necessary both for tumor cells to invade extracellular matrix (ECM) and for neovascularization of tumor tissue by endothelial cells. Recently, independent studies in transgenic animals suggest that MMPs may, in addition, promote very early stages of tumor progression. To investigate this possibility further, we have analyzed the consequences of MMP overexpression in functionally normal and nontumorigenic mouse mammary epithelial cells in culture. Our observations demonstrate that the MMP stromelysin-1 (SL-1) triggers an epigenetic molecular program in mammary epithelial cells that results in a number of phenotypic alterations that eventually culminate in the generation of a malignant tumor-cell phenotype.
Thermophilic biotransformations of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene under simulated composting conditions (1982)

The biotransformations of 14C-labeled 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by thermophilic microorganisms in a compost system were determined. The reduction products identified in solvent extracts were similar to those identified in mesophilic systems. A significant percentage of the 14C-labeled products were bound to humus fractions.
Morphological and Physiological Variation in Wild Oat1 (1982)

Abstract Wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) is well adapted to grow and persist under a wide range of climatic and edaphic conditions. The present study was conducted to evaluate the variation within the wild oat population in North Dakota and Minnesota as to morphology, dormancy, and herbicide response. Growth characteristics of 230 wild oat accessions and their response to several herbicides for wild oat control were determined. Research was conducted in the glasshouse with potting soil (2:1:1 v/v/v Fargo silty clay, sand, and compost) or field on a Fargo silty clay (fine, montmorillonitic, frigid, Vertic Haplaquolls) or Barnes loam (fine‐loamy, mixed Udic Haploborolls). The wild oat accessions differed in plant height, number of tillers, days to panicle emergence, grain yield, and response to diclofop {2‐[4‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy]propanoic acid}, difenzoquat (1,2‐dimethyl‐3,5‐ diphenyl‐1 H ‐pyrazolium‐ion), flamprop [ N ‐benzoyl‐ N ‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluoropheny1)‐ DL ‐alanine], and MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate). The accessions were classified into four botanical varieties (ecotypes) based on caryopsis (seed) characteristics; but magnitude classes within the measured traits showed no relationship to the ecotype classification. Wild oat seed dormancy varied between accessions and was influenced by location and season. The variation in wild oat indicates a potential within the natural population for certain accessions to become more weedy than others especially those possessing high dormancy, herbicide resistance, and seed production.