gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial efficacy of 2-citronellyl benzimidazole nanoencapsulation with chitosan-tripolyphosphate and casein micellar coatings (2019)

Abstract Benzimidazole shows antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi . Nanoencapsulation of 2-citronellyl benzimidazole is a technique that packages the drug’s active ingredient, offering the advantage of its controlled release. The 2-citronellyl benzimidazole nanoencapsulation was constructed from casein micelles and chitosan-tripolyphosphate using an ionic cross-linking method. The nanocapsules were characterized using a particle size analyzer (PSA), a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the release profile and amount of the encapsulated active compound were determined using an ultraviolet (UV)-Vis spectrophotometer. The 2-citronellyl benzimidazole encapsulated by chitosan-tripolyphosphate showed particle diameters of 10.700 nm, 81.110 nm, and 159.410 nm at 10%, 50%, and 90% magnification, respectively. The casein micelles had an average particle size of 1017 nm. The nanocapsule diameters with and without freeze drying were 3.293 nm and 1017 nm, respectively. The presence of an imine group with a wave number of 1651.72 cm −1 on the FT-IR spectra of this band indicated that the active compound was coated. The nanocapsule surface morphology was trapezoid with a rough and uneven surface. The nanocapsular efficiencies using the casein micellar and chitosan-tripolyphosphate coatings were 56.763% and 79.97%, respectively. The kinetics release of 2-citronellyl benzimidazole showed a half-life of 86.63 minutes with a 60-minute stirring time. The nanocapsule’s antibacterial activity showed the greatest inhibition zones at 2.3 mm and 10 mm for S. aureus , 4.7 mm and 8.3 mm for E. coli , and at 6.7 mm for S. thypi .
β-Arm flexibility of HU fromStaphylococcus aureusdictates the DNA-binding and recognition mechanism (2014)

HU, one of the major nucleoid-associated proteins, interacts with the minor groove of DNA in a nonspecific manner to induce DNA bending or to stabilize bent DNA. In this study, crystal structures are reported for both free HU from Staphylococcus aureus Mu50 (SHU) and SHU bound to 21-mer dsDNA. The structures, in combination with electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) measurements and molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations, elucidate the overall and residue-specific changes in SHU upon recognizing and binding to DNA. Firstly, structural comparison showed the flexible nature of the β-sheets of the DNA-binding domain and that the β-arms bend inwards upon complex formation, whereas the other portions are nearly unaltered. Secondly, it was found that the disruption and formation of salt bridges accompanies DNA binding. Thirdly, residue-specific free-energy analyses using the MM-PBSA method with MD simulation data suggested that the successive basic residues in the β-arms play a central role in recognizing and binding to DNA, which was confirmed by the EMSA and ITC analyses. Moreover, residue Arg55 resides in the hinge region of the flexible β-arms, exhibiting a remarkable role in their flexible nature. Fourthly, EMSAs with various DNAs revealed that SHU prefers deformable DNA. Taken together, these data suggest residue-specific roles in local shape and base readouts, which are primarily mediated by the flexible β-arms consisting of residues 50-80.
Relationship between Laboratory Measures of Directional Advantage and Everyday Success with Directional Microphone Hearing Aids (2004)

The improvement in speech recognition in noise obtained with directional microphones compared to omnidirectional microphones is referred to as the directional advantage. Laboratory studies have revealed substantial differences in the magnitude of the directional advantage across hearing-impaired listeners. This investigation examined whether persons who were successful users of directional microphone hearing aids in everyday living tended to obtain a larger directional advantage in the test booth than persons who were unsuccessful users. Results revealed that the mean directional advantage did not differ significantly between patients who used the directional mode regularly and those who reported little or no benefit from directional microphones in daily living and, therefore, tended to leave their hearing aids set in the default omnidirectional mode. Success with directional microphone hearing aids in everyday living, therefore, cannot be reliably predicted by the magnitude of the directional advantage obtained in the clinic.
Molecular detection of dermatophytes and nondermatophytes in onychomycosis by nested polymerase chain reaction based on 28S ribosomal RNA gene sequences (2009)

This study indicates that most of the affected nail plates of patients with onychomycosis were positive for specific fungal DNAs, and suggests that nondermatophytes detected at high rates may be involved in the pathogenesis of onychomycosis.
Structural and functional analysis of a cloned delta endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis berliner 1715 (1986)

A plasmid-encoded crystal protein gene (bt2) has been cloned from Bacillus thuringiensis berliner 1715. In Escherichia coli, it directs the synthesis of the 130-kDa protein (Bt2) which is toxic to larvae of Pieris brassicae and Manduca sexta. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of this Bt2 protein with the B. thuringiensis kurstaki HD1 Dipel, B. thuringiensis kurstaki HD73 and B. thuringiensis sotto crystal protein sequences suggests that homologous recombination between the different genes has occurred during evolution. Treatment of the Bt2 protein with trypsin or chymotrypsin yields a 60-kDa protease-resistant and fully toxic polypeptide. The minimal portion of the Bt2 protein required for toxicity has been determined by analysing the polypeptides produced by deletion derivatives of the bt2 gene. It coincides with the 60-kDa protease-resistant Bt2 fragment and it starts between amino acids 29 and 35 at the N-terminus and terminates between positions 599 and 607 at the C-terminus.
Increased Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Activation and TLR Ligands in Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Subjects (2010)

In this comprehensive study, we make the novel observation that TLR2 and TLR4 expression and their ligands, signaling, and functional activation are increased in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes and contribute to the proinflammatory state.
FGF21 attenuates lipolysis in human adipocytes – A possible link to improved insulin sensitivity (2008)

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is active in murine adipocytes and has beneficial metabolic effects in animal models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We assessed whether FGF21 influences lipolysis in human adipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells. FGF21 had no short-time effect (h) while a 3-day incubation with FGF21 attenuated hormone-stimulated lipolysis. FGF21 did not influence the mRNA expression of genes involved in regulating lipolysis, but significantly reduced the expression of the lipid droplet-associated phosphoprotein perilipin without affecting differentiation. Via reduced release of fatty acids into the circulation, the anti-lipolytic effect could be a mechanism through which FGF21 promotes insulin sensitivity in man.
IFN-γ/STAT1 acts as a proinflammatory signal in T cell-mediated hepatitis via induction of multiple chemokines and adhesion molecules: a critical role of IRF-1 (2004)

We have previously shown that IFN-gamma/STAT1 plays an essential role in concanavalin A (ConA)-induced T cell hepatitis via activation of apoptotic signaling pathways. Here we demonstrate that IFN-gamma/STAT1 also plays a crucial role in leukocyte infiltration into the liver in T cell hepatitis. After injection of ConA, leukocytes were significantly infiltrated into the liver, which was suppressed in IFN-gamma(-/-) and STAT1(-/-) mice. Disruption of the IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) gene, a downstream target of IFN-gamma/STAT1, abolished ConA-induced liver injury and suppressed leukocyte infiltration into the liver. Additionally, ConA injection induced expression of a wide variety of chemokines and adhesion molecules in the liver. Among them, expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, monokine induced by IFN-gamma (Mig), CC chemokine ligand-20, epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide (ENA)-78, IFN-inducible T cell-alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC), and IFN-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) was markedly attenuated in IFN-gamma(-/-), STAT1(-/-), and IRF-1(-/-) mice. In primary mouse hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and endothelial cells, in vitro treatment with IFN-gamma activated STAT1, STAT3, and IRF-1, and induced expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, Mig, ENA-78, I-TAC, and IP-10 mRNA. Induction of these chemokines and adhesion molecules was markedly diminished in STAT1(-/-) and IRF-1(-/-) hepatic cells compared with wild-type hepatic cells. These findings suggest that in addition to induction of apoptosis, previously well documented, IFN-gamma also stimulated hepatocytes, sinusoidal endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells partly via an STAT1/IRF-1-dependent mechanism to produce multiple chemokines and adhesive molecules responsible for promoting infiltration of leukocytes and, ultimately, resulting in hepatitis.
Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Rationale for the Use of Colloidal Metallic Gold (1997)

Gold salts of monovalent gold (AU I) with a gold-sulfur ligand (aurothiolates) are the only form of gold currently in use for the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Aurothiolates have limited success and are associated with a high incidence of side-effects. Metallic gold (AUo) is non-toxic and used extensively in dentistry. Monoatomic metallic gold is generated in vivo from AU I salts, during oxidation to trivalent gold (AU III). Monoatomic gold tends to form clusters of colloid particles. It is postulated that the active ingredient in aurotherapy is AUo and the side-effects are caused by AU III. To test this postulate, ten RA patients with long-standing erosive bone disease not responding to previous treatment were recruited from a private practice. Clinical and laboratory evaluations were performed prior to oral administration of 30 mg of colloidal AUo daily and thereafter weekly for 4 weeks and monthly for an additional 5 months. There was no clinical or laboratory evidence of toxicity in any of the patients. The effects of the colloidal gold on the tenderness and swelling of joints were rapid and dramatic, with a significant decrease in both parameters after the first week, which persisted during the study period. The mean scores for tenderness and swelling were, respectively, for pre- and post-1 week 58.8 and 18.2 ( p 0.01) and 42.5 and 15.9 ( p 0.01). By 24 weeks of gold administration, the mean scores were ten times lower than the pre-treatment levels being, respectively, 5.4 and 3.3 for tenderness and swelling. As a group, there was a significant improvement of functional status by 24 weeks of gold therapy: three patients were in clinical remission and one patient's status improved from totally disabled to full-time work. Evaluated individually, nine of the ten patients improved markedly after 24 weeks of colloidal gold at 30 mg/day. The cytokines interleukin6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TFN- alpha ), the immune complexes IgG and IgM, and rheumatoid factor were significantly suppressed by the colloidal gold. The results of this open trial in ten patients with long-standing erosive RA not responding to previous treatment support the postulate that colloidal gold is indeed the active ingredient in aurothiolate therapy and that the side-effects are mainly due to the AU III generated by oxidation of AU I. Colloidal AUo could become an effective and safer alternative to the aurothiolates in the management of RA patients.
<title>Chromium-based attenuated phase shifter for DUV exposure</title> (1994)

An attenuated phase shift mask (APSM) for DUV exposure using a chromium fluoride film as an embedded phase shifter is developed. The chromium fluoride film is deposited by the conventional dc reactive sputtering process using gases such as CF<SUB>4</SUB> or SF<SUB>6</SUB> as the fluorine source. This film can be dry-etched by the chlorine chemistry, so that an etch into the quartz plate, which causes phase error, is negligible and high accuracy phase shift control can be achieved. Furthermore, this film shows a transmission of ca. 15% at 248 nm as a single- layered embedded shifter deposited on the quartz plate (100% for air), and therefore, in combination with an opaque chrome layer, various transmissions up to ca. 8% can be obtained without changing the shifter material. Promising properties as a practical shifter material are confirmed, and an exposure test on 2.5 micrometers and 3.0 micrometers hole patterns, using an APSM with a trilayer shifter, where an opaque chrome film is sandwiched by two chromium fluoride films, shows that the focus latitude can be extended compared with conventional chrome masks.
Inherited Defects Of Vitamin B12 Metabolism (1987)

The objective of this review is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens, summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting, and discuss physiological mechanisms by which intermittent fasting might lead to improved ...Read More
Subcutaneous Injection of the Incretin Hormone Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Abolishes Postprandial Glycemia in NIDDM (1994)

GLP-1 is promptly absorbed from the subcutaneous tissue. It exerts a significant blood glucose lowering effect when administered before meals in overweight patients with NIDDM.
New Fluorescent Tools for Watching Nanometer-Scale Conformational Changes of Single Molecules (2007)

Single-molecule biophysics has been serving biology for more than two decades. Fluorescence microscopy is one of the most commonly used tools to identify molecules of interest and to visualize biological events. Here we describe some of the most commonly used fluorescence imaging tools to measure nanoscale movements and the rotational dynamics of biomolecules.
Immunization with plasmid DNA encoding hepatitis C virus envelope E2 antigenic domains induces antibodies whose immune reactivity is linked to the injection mode (1997)

Plasmids expressing different domains of the hepatis C virus (HCV) envelope E2 glycoprotein from a genotype 1a isolate were constructed to compare the immunogenic potential of E2 in nucleic acid-based immunizations. One plasmid, pCIE2t, expressed a C-terminally truncated form of E2, while others, pS2.SE2A to pS2.SE2E, encoded the adjacent 60-amino-acid (aa) sequences of E2 (inserts A to E) expressed as a fusion with the hepatitis B virus surface antigen. BALB/c mice were given injections of the plasmids intramuscularly (i.m.) or intraepidermally (i.e.) via a gene gun (biolistic introduction), and induced humoral immune responses were evaluated. The i.e. injections resulted in higher seroconversion rates and antibody titers, up to 100-fold, than did the i.m. injections (P = 0.01 to 0.04). Three restricted immunogenic domains, E2A (aa 384 to 443), E2C (aa 504 to 555), and E2E (aa 609 to 674), that yielded antibody titers ranging from 1:59 to > 1:43,700 could be identified. Subtype 1a- and 1b-derived E2 antigens and synthetic peptides were used in Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses, which revealed that the cross-reactivity of the plasmid-induced antibodies was linked both to the type of antigen expressed and to the injection mode. Induced anti-E2 antibodies could immunoprecipitate noncovalent E1E2 complexes believed to exist on the surface of HCV virions. This study allowed us to identify restricted immunogenic domains within E2 and demonstrated that different routes of injection of HCV E2 plasmids can result in quantitatively and qualitatively different humoral immune responses.
Mechanisms of ketamine-involved regulation of cytochrome P450 gene expression (2010)

Ketamine may inhibit CYP3A4 expression possibly through reducing calcium mobilization and mitochondrial ATP synthesis and consequently disturbing cytoskeleton remodeling.
Disease progression in patients with dominant retinitis pigmentosa and rhodopsin mutations. (2002)

Rates of decline in visual function for groups of patients with rhodopsin mutations cannot be accurately inferred from cross-sectional analyses of baseline visits. Average rates of decline of visual field area and ERG amplitude are fastest in patients with mutations affecting the C-terminal region.
Comparison of myocardial stress perfusion defect assessment using 99mTc sestamibi SPECT vs BMS747158 PET (2010)

153 Objectives Myocardial uptake of BMS747158 exhibits a stronger relationship with myocardial blood flow across the range of achievable flow than 99mTc sestamibi. We sought to compare the assessment of myocardial perfusion defects by BMS747158 PET and 99mTc sestamibi SPECT in a phase II trial at a single center. Methods Twenty six patients (20 men) underwent SPECT and PET within 6-months without change in clinical state. PET was performed with BMS747158 at rest (2.3-3.9 mCi) followed 60 min (n=18) or 24h (n=8) later with exercise (n=16) or adenosine (n=10) stress (7.3-8.6 mCi). Image quality of SPECT and PET was consensually assessed by 2 independent blinded readers and graded as excellent, good or fair. Stress and rest perfusion defects on SPECT and PET were assessed by the same readers by computer-assisted visual interpretation, using the standard 17 segment, 5 point-scoring model (0=normal; 4=absent uptake). The extent and severity of ischemia (summed difference score(SDS)) was derived from the difference between summed stress (SSS) and summed rest scores (SRS). Results Image quality with PET was excellent in 24 and good in 2 patients. In contrast, there were 7 excellent, 18 good, and 1 fair quality study, p Conclusions Compared to 99mTc sestamibi SPECT, BMS747158 PET provides better image quality and results in a significant increase in the SDS in patients with abnormal SPECT. Our results suggest that PET imaging with BMS747158 may provide better assessment of the magnitude of myocardial ischemia than SPECT
Histological investigation of bone induction by demineralized allogeneic bone matrix: A natural biomaterial for osseous reconstruction (1983)

The objective of the study was to delineate the histological sequence of events associated with bone formation induced in extraosseous sites by implants of demineralized allogeneic bone matrix (DABM) in order to provide a more complete basis for the clinical use of the natural biomaterial for osseous reconstruction. The rat was the experimental animal model. Implants were prepared by demineralization of diaphyseal cortical rat bone in 0.6N HCl for 18-24 h. A total of 104 specimens, 4 mm square, were implanted both subcutaneously and intramuscularly in 26 rats for periods of 3 days to 22 weeks. Histological evaluation revealed a sequence of events that at 3 days displayed an inflammatory response to surgical trauma and after 6 weeks exhibited the formation of a mature lamellar ossicle with central marrow which was maintained through 22 weeks. Resorption of the DABM, first evident at 1 week, was accompanied by the appearance of chondroblast in vascular canals and in crevices in the implant. Osteoblastic activity, initially seen at 2 weeks, appeared to be associated with capillary and blood vessel formation around the implant and within enlarged resorptive cavities within the specimens. Calcification occurred in the cartilaginous matrix and osteoid and within the implanted matrix. The osteoinductive process comprises (1) the inflammation/granulation/scar formation processes elicited by implantation of a material, (2) the resorptive response elicited by DABM, and (3) the process of induction of nonosseous mesenchymal cells to differentiate to chondroblasts and osteoblasts. The results of the present study support previous investigations demonstrating the bone-inducing property of DABM and provide further evidence for the potential value of this natural biomaterial for use in osseous reconstruction.
Grating-Assisted Fiber to Chip Coupling for SOI Photonic Circuits (2018)

Fiber to chip coupling is a critical aspect of any integrated photonic circuit. In terms of ease of fabrication as well as wafer-scale testability, surface grating couplers are by far the most preferred scheme of the coupling to integrated circuits. In the past decade, considerable effort has been made for designing efficient grating couplers on Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) and other allied photonic platforms. Highly efficient grating couplers with sub-dB coupling performance have now been demonstrated. In this article, we review the recent advances made to develop grating coupler designs for a variety of applications on SOI platform. We begin with a basic overview of design methodology involving both shallow etched gratings and the emerging field of subwavelength gratings. The feasibility of reducing footprint by way of incorporating compact tapers is also explored. We also discuss novel grating designs like polarization diversity as well as dual band couplers. Lastly, a brief description of various packaging and wafer-scale testing schemes available for fiber-chip couplers is elaborated.
Regulation of EMT in Colorectal Cancer: A Culprit in Metastasis (2017)

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process during which cells lose their epithelial characteristics, for instance cell polarity and cell-cell contact, and gain mesenchymal properties, such as increased motility. In colorectal cancer (CRC), EMT is associated with an invasive or metastatic phenotype. In this review, we discuss recent studies exploring novel regulation mechanisms of EMT in CRC, including the identification of new CRC EMT regulators. Upregulation of inducers can promote EMT, leading to increased invasiveness and metastasis in CRC. These inducers can downregulate E-cadherin and upregulate N-cadherin and vimentin (VIM) through modulating EMT-related signaling pathways, for instance WNT/β-catenin and TGF-β, and EMT transcription factors, such as zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) and ZEB2. In addition, several microRNAs (miRNAs), including members of the miR-34 and miR-200 families, are found to target mRNAs of EMT-transcription factors, for example ZEB1, ZEB2, or SNAIL. Downregulation of these miRNAs is associated with distant metastasis and advanced stage tumors. Furthermore, the role of EMT in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is also discussed. Mesenchymal markers on the surface of EMT CTCs were found to be associated with metastasis and could serve as potential biomarkers for metastasis. Altogether, these studies indicate that EMT is orchestrated by a complicated network, involving regulators of different signaling pathways. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms underlying EMT in CRC.
Volume Holographic Storage and Retrieval of Digital Data (1994)

A multiple page fully digital holographic data storage system is demonstrated. This system is used to store and retrieve digital image and compressed video data with a photorefractive crystal. Architecture issues related to spatio-rotational multiplexing and novel error-correcting encoding techniques used to achieve low bit-error rates are discussed.