gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Divided Edge Bundling for Directional Network Data (2011)

The node-link diagram is an intuitive and venerable way to depict a graph. To reduce clutter and improve the readability of node-link views, Holten & van Wijk's force-directed edge bundling employs a physical simulation to spatially group graph edges. While both useful and aesthetic, this technique has shortcomings: it bundles spatially proximal edges regardless of direction, weight, or graph connectivity. As a result, high-level directional edge patterns are obscured. We present divided edge bundling to tackle these shortcomings. By modifying the forces in the physical simulation, directional lanes appear as an emergent property of edge direction. By considering graph topology, we only bundle edges related by graph structure. Finally, we aggregate edge weights in bundles to enable more accurate visualization of total bundle weights. We compare visualizations created using our technique to standard force-directed edge bundling, matrix diagrams, and clustered graphs; we find that divided edge bundling leads to visualizations that are easier to interpret and reveal both familiar and previously obscured patterns.
High-resolution Light Microscopy (HRLM) and Digital Analysis of Pompe Disease Pathology (2005)

Pompe disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase, responsible for the degradation of lysosomal glycogen. Absent or low levels of the enzyme leads to lysosomal glycogen accumulation in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, resulting in progressive muscle weakness and death from cardiac or respiratory failure. Recombinant enzyme replacement and gene therapy are now being investigated as treatment modalities for this disease. A knockout mouse model for Pompe disease, induced by the disruption of exon 6 within the acid alpha-glucosidase gene, mimics the human disease and has been used to evaluate the efficacy of treatment modalities for clearing glycogen. However, for accurate histopathological assessment of glycogen clearance, maximal preservation of in situ lysosomal glycogen is essential. To improve retention of glycogen in Pompe tissues, several fixation and embedding regimens were evaluated. The best glycogen preservation was obtained when tissues fixed with 3% glutaraldehyde and postfixed with 1% osmium tetroxide were processed into epon-araldite. Preservation was confirmed by staining with the Periodic acid-Schiff's reaction and by electron microscopy. This methodology resulted in high-resolution light microscopy (HRLM) sections suitable for digital quantification of glycogen content in heart and skeletal muscle. Combining this method of tissue fixation with computer-assisted histomorphometry has provided us with what we believe is the most objective and reproducible means of evaluating histological glycogen load in Pompe disease.
Effect of ageing on androgen levels in elderly males. (1997)

The past four decades have brought with it modern medical technology accompanied by better quality and longer life resulting in the increase in number of aged males in this locality. It has now been well established by various investigators that there is a statistically significant decline of the biologically available level of serum testosterone with ageing. This decline in androgen levels is more manifest in the free testosterone levels compared to the total serum testosterone levels which are routinely measured in the laboratory. Not withstanding this statistical decline the serum testosterone levels in the majority of aged men often fall within the normal range (300-1000 ng/dl) of eugonadal young males. This age related decline is usually associated with decline in sexual function in ageing men manifesting as erectile dysfunction. However, it has now been established beyond doubt that age itself rather than the androgen decline is the most influential variable of sexual activity in old men.
Synthesis of the 3H-labelled 5-HT3 antagonist (RS-25259-197) at high specific activity (1996)

The preparation of the title compound, a selective 5-HT3 antagonist with anti-emetic properties, is described. The key intermediate involved is 6-bromo-1,2-dihydronaphthoic acid (5), which was synthesized from 4-bromophenylacetic acid by Michael addition, acid-induced ring cyclization, reduction and dehydration. Compound (5) was selected because it has two labelling sites to ensure high specific activity of the final product. Reduction of amide 6 with carrier-free tritium gas, followed by reduction of the amide functional group with BF3-OEt2 and intramolecular cyclization furnished the title compound having a specific activity of 70.4 Ci/mmol and >99% purity.
Moving Dipole Inverse ECG and EEG Solutions (1984)

This paper reviews and updates the single moving dipole (SMD) and two moving dipole (TMD) inverse electrocardiographic and electroencephalographic solutions. These inverse solutions are particularly appropriate when the electrical activity of the heart or brain may be represented by one or two well-localized foci. They attempt to match the measured body surface or evoked scalp potentials to potentials generated on the surface of a model of the intervening volume conductor by one or two moving current dipoles, respectively. The two alternative methods of solution are discussed initially. The first is a direct least-squares error match of measured and model-generated surface potentials, the second an indirect solution based on the least-squares error match of the potentials due to equivalent multipole series representations of the real and model sources, respectively. Next, brief reviews of moving dipole inverse solutions in the EEG and ECG fields are presented. Simulation studies, as well as experimental and clinical studies in animals and humans, are described. The Discussion section summarizes the optimum solution approaches that should be used in clinical EEG and ECG studies in man. It also cautions against the temptation to translate the numerical adequacy of inverse SMD and TMD solutions into physiological validity, without independent knowledge as to the nature of the underlying sources.
Kinetics of Establishing the Memory B Cell Population as Revealed by CD38 Expression (1998)

In this report, we detail changes in the expression of CD38 on murine B cells during the course of a T cell-dependent immune response. CD38 is expressed on all naive B cells but is down-regulated on isotype-switched B cells from both the germinal centers (GCs) and the foci of Ab-forming cells which arise during the first weeks of the response. The down-regulation on GC B cells, however, is reversible since Ag-specific IgG1 B cells with high levels of CD38 are apparent by 2 wk postimmunization. These cells have characteristics that resemble recirculating memory B cells, in that they are small and bind low levels of peanut agglutinin. Such characteristics indicate that the restoration of CD38 levels is coincidental with the transition from GC to memory B cell. Using this observation, we plotted the development of the memory population and the demise of the GC reaction as a function of time after immunization. Our results indicate that the GC reaction ceases gradually over many weeks rather than suddenly, which corresponds with the formation of the memory B cell population. Furthermore, by segregating memory B cells and GC B cells, it was possible to assess the in vitro survival characteristics of each compared with naive B cells. These experiments demonstrated that memory B cell survival in vitro was comparable with naive B cell survival but less than the survival seen for bcl-2-transgenic B cells, whereas GC B cell survival, as expected, was very poor. Hence, by resolving murine Ag-specific memory B cells and GC B cells, we have been able to quantify the development of the memory B cell population.
A systematic study of the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the humoral immune response in ascorbate-dependent mammals. I. The antibody response to sheep red blood cells (a T-dependent antigen) in guinea pigs. (1980)

We have investigated the humoral immune response to Sheep Red Blood Cells (S.R.B.C.--a T-dependent cellular antigen) in two groups of random-bred guinea pigs. A control group of animals was maintained on "minimal" ascorbate intake, while the test group animals received supplementary vitamin C in their drinking water. Serum haemolytic antibody levels were monitored at various intervals subsequent to immunization with S.R.B.C. The primary antibody response of the ascorbate-supplemented animals differed statistically significantly from that of the controls in two respects. The peak antibody titre was both higher and occurred earlier in the test animals. No significant difference in the antibody response to a secondary injection of antigen was manifest. Our observations suggest that vitamin C stimulates the elaboration of Ig M-type antibodies in particular.
Naturally processed peptides from rheumatoid arthritis associated and non-associated HLA-DR alleles (1995)

Naturally processed peptides from immunoaffinity-purified HLA-DRB1*0401, -DRB1*0404 (rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated), and -DRB1*0402 (non-RA-associated) molecules were analyzed by capillary liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The molecular weights observed for more than 60 eluted peptides from each HLA-DR protein ranged from 788 to 3535 atomic mass units, corresponding to peptides 7 to 32 amino acids in length. Sequencing of more than 60 of the abundant peptides revealed nested sets of peptides that were derived from only 12 different proteins. The majority of these proteins were membrane-associated (HLA class I, class II, and Ig molecules). Synthetic peptides, corresponding to endogenous peptide sequences, bound with high affinity (5 to 80 nM) to the HLA-DR molecules from which they were eluted. In addition, most were promiscuous binding peptides in that they also bound to other HLA-DR molecules. Truncations of eluted peptide sequences and alanine scanning mutational analysis of a Mycobacterium leprae peptide were used to identify the peptide residues involved in binding to DRB1*0404 and DRB1*0402 molecules. Furthermore, an invariant chain peptide was eluted from the DRB1*0402 molecules but not from the RA-associated molecules. The lack of invariant chain peptides from DRB1*0401 and DRB1*0404 molecules may contribute to the loading of autoantigen peptides into these molecules and to their association with disease.
Multispectral imaging of burn wounds: a new clinical instrument for evaluating burn depth (1988)

A real-time video imaging system called the imaging burn depth indicator (IBDI) is described; IBDI can discriminate areas of burn wounds expected to heal in three weeks or less from the day of injury from those areas not expected to heal in that time period. The analysis can be performed on or about the third day postburn on debrided burn wounds. The relative diffuse reflectivity of the burn-wound is measured in the red, green, and near-infrared wavelength bands and an algorithm established previously is used to translate this optical data into burn healing probabilities. Over 100 burn wound sites were studied. Burn sites were evaluated on day three postburn by the IBDI and by the attending physician. Overall, the IBDI was found to be more accurate in predicting burn healing than were the attending physicians.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Overcoming an untrusted computing base: detecting and removing malicious hardware automatically (2010)

The computer systems security arms race between attackers and defenders has largely taken place in the domain of software systems, but as hardware complexity and design processes have evolved, novel and potent hardware-based security threats are now possible. This paper presents a hybrid hardware/software approach to defending against malicious hardware. We propose BlueChip, a defensive strategy that has both a design-time component and a runtime component. During the design verification phase, BlueChip invokes a new technique, unused circuit identification (UCI), to identify suspicious circuitry—those circuits not used or otherwise activated by any of the design verification tests. BlueChip removes the suspicious circuitry and replaces it with exception generation hardware. The exception handler software is responsible for providing forward progress by emulating the effect of the exceptiongenerating instruction in software, effectively providing a detour around suspicious hardware. In our experiments, BlueChip is able to prevent all hardware attacks we evaluate while incurring a small runtime overhead. 1
Low-Level Blasts Raise Intracranial Pressure and Impair Cognitive Function in Rats (2009)

Brain injury after high-level blast has been established both clinically and experimentally. Less is known about the effects on the brain of exposure to low to moderate blast levels, such as those encountered by military personnel during the firing of weapons. This study investigates if exposure to occupational levels of low-level blasts affect intracranial pressure and cognitive performance. Rats were exposed to blast overpressure in a shock tube at peak levels of 10, 30, and 60 kPa. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was measured after 0.5, 3, 6, and 10 h and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days. We found two features of the response: a dose-dependent rise in ICP in rats exposed to blast, and an increasing time delay in elevation with decreasing intensity of exposure. The ICP increased in a dose-dependent fashion, up to 15.7 mm Hg after exposure to a 60-kPa blast from a control level of 6 mm Hg. While the initial elevation took place within 30 min after exposure to 60 kPa, it did not appear until after 2 and 6 h for 30 and 10 kPa, respectively. In all cases, the ICP returned to control levels after 7 days. The cognitive function of the blast-exposed rats was assessed with the Morris water maze. After exposure to 10 or 30 kPa and re-testing 2 days later, the latency was increased by over 100%. The results show that exposure of rats to blast levels as low as 10 kPa affects both ICP and cognitive function. Though species differences do not allow direct extrapolation to humans, these findings do pose the question as to whether the thresholds for brain injury might be lower than those of other organs used to set training standards for blast exposure.
Joint deduplication of multiple record types in relational data (2005)

Record deduplication is the task of merging database records that refer to the same underlying entity. In relational data-bases, accurate deduplication for records of one type is often dependent on the decisions made for records of other types. Whereas nearly all previous approaches have merged records of different types independently, this work models these inter-dependencies explicitly to collectively deduplicate records of multiple types. We construct a conditional random field model of deduplication that captures these relational dependencies, and then employ a novel relational partitioning algorithm to jointly deduplicate records. For two citation matching datasets, we show that collectively deduplicating paper and venue records results in up to a 30% error reduction in venue deduplication, and up to a 20% error reduction in paper deduplication.
A novel ferromagnetic thermo-stent for plaque stabilization that self-regulates the temperature (2002)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the vascular wall with a thermally self-regulating, cylindrical stent made of a low Curie temperature ferromagnetic alloy. Physiologic saline was circulated in the silicone model vessel implanted with the stent. The stent-temperature remained nearly constant for variable saline flows, saline temperatures, and magnetic flux densities. Stent implants of this type in human blood vessels could potentially enable thermotherapy and temperature determination without catheterization.
Optimization of radar cross section of N-port loaded scatterers (1974)

A procedure for obtaining the reactive loads of an <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> -port loaded scatterer to maximize the radar cross section is given. The method involves obtaining the real port currents which maximize radiation power gain and then resonating these currents to make them the dominant characteristic mode of the body.If the scatterer is loss-free and the loads are closely spaced, a large but very frequency sensitive scattering cross section is obtained. This behavior is basically the same as that of supergain behavior in antenna theory.
Primer and Recent Developments on Fountain Codes (2013)

In this paper we survey the various erasure codes which had been proposed and patented recently, and along the survey we provide introductory tutorial on many of the essential concepts and readings in erasure and Fountain codes. Packet erasure is a fundamental characteristic inherent in data storage and data transmission system. Traditionally replication/ retransmission based techniques had been employed to deal with packet erasures in such systems. While the Reed-Solomon (RS) erasure codes had been known for quite some time to improve system reliability and reduce data redundancy, the high decoding computation cost of RS codes has offset wider implementation of RS codes. However recent exponential growth in data traffic and demand for larger data storage capacity has simmered interest in erasure codes. Recent results have shown promising results to address the decoding computation complexity and redundancy tradeoff inherent in erasure codes.
Type-Specific Antigens of Group B Type Ic Streptococci (1971)

The type-specific antigens of group B type Ic (old designation type Ii) streptococci were extracted, purified, and characterized by serological and chemical methods. The Ia antigen, shared by types Ia and Ic, is a polysaccharide composed of 69% galactose and 25% glucosamine (i.e., 31% N-acetyl-glucosamine). However, these monosaccharides failed to inhibit significantly the quantitative precipitin reactions between purified antigen and type Ia antiserum. Indications are that the immunodominant group of this antigen consists of more than a simple monosaccharide. The Ic antigen, shared by types Ib and Ic, is a protein unrelated to the X and R protein antigens. Ic antigen consists of two serologically active determinants, one of which is susceptible to both trypsin and pepsin digestion and the other to pepsin but not to trypsin digestion. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the partially purified Ic antigen resulted in the occurrence of both determinants throughout the length of the gel, as shown by double gel diffusion slides.
Overexpressions of Cyclin B1, cdc2, p16 and p53 in Human Breast Cancer: The Clinicopathologic Correlations and Prognostic Implications (2011)

Cyclin B1 and cdc2 appeared to be involved in the genesis or progression of breast cancers. In addition, the overexpressions of p16 and p53 may play important roles in more aggressive tumor and the overexpression of cdc2 is associated with progression of tumor to a higher grade of breast carcinomas. The deranged overexpressions of cyclin B1, cdc2, p16 and p53 may play an important role in human breast carcinogenesis.
Classical field theory: electromagnetism and gravitation (1997)

Electrostatics. Steady Currents and Magnetostatics. Time--Dependent Fields and Currents. Radiation by Prescribed Sources. Scattering. Invariance and Special Relativity. Lagrangian Field Theory. Gravity. Appendices. Index.
Sequence investigation of the major gastrointestinal tumor-associated antigen gene family, GA733. (1989)

The monoclonal antibody-defined, tumor-associated antigen GA733 was purified from the SW948 human colorectal carcinoma cell line and its partial amino acid sequence was determined. By using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe, two recombinants were isolated from a total human genomic library. We prove the existence of a family of GA733 genes. One of the genomic isolates is demonstrated to be an intronless gene, which is transcribed in pancreatic carcinoma cell lines and in placenta. The GA733 proteins were observed to contain sequences homologous to a repeat unit occurring 10 times in thyroglobulin and once in the HLA-DR-associated invariant chain. A more evolutionarily distant relationship was found with the alpha chain of the interleukin 2 growth factor receptor.
Progress in the Field of Constructing Near-Infrared Light-Responsive Drug Delivery Platforms (2016)

Stimuli-responsive materials have taken replace of traditional drug carriers due to their ability to achieve controlled release of their encapsulated contents. A variety of sensitive materials, such as polymers that respond to pH, light, and magnetic fields, are widely used to construct drug carriers, and achieved good results. Specifically, near-infrared light (NIR) responsive materials are of particular interest in drug delivery, as NIR can penetrate body tissue and is minimally absorbed by the body's water and hemoglobin and is less harmful to healthy cells than UV or visible light. Thus, the near-infrared excitation drug delivery systems (NIRDDSs) have some essential advantages just like being efficient to kill tumor cells, accurate to achieve the tumor sites and less damage to human body. Also, in the process of building the carriers, we may achieve a combination of controlled release chemotherapy, photothermal therapy (PTT) or photodynamic therapy (PDT). In addition, besides utilizing as drug delivery platforms, some carriers can achieve multifunctional tumor diagnosis and treatment, such as magnetic resonance imaging, optical imaging, drug carriers and PTT. In this review, based on the mechanism of NIR, we highlight diverse near-infrared light-responsive drug delivery platforms and recent advances in the development of NIRDDSs for cancer therapy primarily.
Theory of the Ferromagnetic Microwave Amplifier (1957)

The theory of ferromagnetic microwave amplification is presented in detail. All three possible types of operation using, respectively, two electromagnetic cavity modes, two sample modes, and one sample and one cavity mode, are discussed. One especially simple case, that of a sphere in the first type of operation is treated separately. Thereafter all three cases are discussed in terms of scaler and vector potentials. An appendix deals with the gain-band-width problem and gives an expression for the equivalent ``negative Q'' of the sample.