gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
268 TIMED INSEMINATION OF HEIFERS WITH SEXED SPERM (2007)

The objective of this field trial was to compare pregnancy rates in Angus heifers time-inseminated with sexed sperm 55–56 h or 67–68 h after CIDR removal and administration of 25 mg prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a). Timed insemination eliminates labor costs associated with visual detection of estrus. Anecdotally, use of sexed sperm in commercial timed insemination environments has resulted in reduced pregnancy rates compared to rates for visually observed estrus. However, the optimal fixed time of insemination for sexed sperm has not been studied previously. Sperm were stained at 200 × 106 sperm mL–1 with 49 µm Hoechst 33342 for 45 min at 34.5°C and then diluted to 100 × 106 sperm mL–1 for sorting. Sperm were sexed by flow cytometry/cell sorting at 40 psi using a quasi-cw (pulsed; Vanguard 350-HDM, Spectra-Physics, Mountain View, CA, USA) laser operating at 125 mW, resulting in &amp;gt;91% X-chromosome-bearing sperm. Sorted sperm(2 × 106 total) were packaged into 0.25-mL straws at 10 × 106 sperm mL–1 and cryopreserved. Straws contained &amp;gt;43% progressively motile sperm immediately after thawing for 30 s in a 37°C water bath, as determined by 'track' motility. Angus heifers ( n = 67) were synchronized for estrus with IM administration of 100 µg gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and a CIDR in place for 7 days, followed by 25 mg PGF2a IM. Heifers were inseminated in the uterine body either 55–56 h (the timing currently recommended for unsexed semen) or 67–68 h after CIDR removal, accompanied by 100 µg GnRH IM, balanced across two inseminators with sperm from two Angus bulls. Estrus was visually detected three times daily but not used as the basis for insemination. Two months post-insemination, pregnancywas determined using ultrasound. Datawere subjected to chi-square analysis. Pregnancy rates for heifers inseminated 55–56 h and 67–68 h after CIDR removal were 34% ( n = 11/32) and 46% ( n = 16/35), respectively ( P &amp;gt; 0.1). Estrus was visually detected for 85% ( n = 57/67) of the heifers. Four heifers not detected in estrus became pregnant (40%). Respective pregnancy rates resulting from inseminations 0–12 h and 18–24 h after observed onset of estrus were 25% (7/28) and 55% (16/29), respectively ( P &amp;lt; 0.05). Based on the limited scope of this preliminary field trial, insemination of heifers with sexed sperm at 67–68 h post-CIDR removal may be preferable to insemination at 55–56 h. It appears to be best to wait 18 to 24 h post-onset of observed estrus to inseminate heifers with sexed sperm when not using fixed-time insemination procedures. A larger field trial is warranted to more accurately identify the optimal fixed time for insemination using sexed sperm.
Cutting Edge: Targeted Ligation of CTLA-4 In Vivo by Membrane-Bound Anti-CTLA-4 Antibody Prevents Rejection of Allogeneic Cells (2002)

Natural engagement of CTLA-4 on host B7 limits T cell activation. We hypothesized that therapeutic cross-linking of CTLA-4 in vivo may further inhibit T cell function and prevent allograft rejection. However, none of the currently available CTLA-4-binding reagents have ligating properties when injected in vivo. The observation that surface-immobilized anti-CTLA-4 mAb inhibits T cell activation in vitro prompted us to develop a membrane-bound single-chain anti-CTLA-4 Ab (7M). To model whether tissue expression of 7M could suppress allograft rejection, we examined the ability of H-2L(d)-specific TCR-transgenic T cells to reject 7M-expressing allogeneic tumor cells injected s.c. Expression of 7M significantly inhibited allogeneic rejection in mice that received CTLA-4(+/+) but not CTLA-4(-/-) T cells. Furthermore, CTLA-4(+/+) T cells that had encountered 7M-expressing tumors in vivo acquired defects in cytokine production and cytotoxicity. Thus, deliberate ligation of CTLA-4 in vivo potently inhibits allogeneic T cell responses.
Transform coding of audio signals at 64 kbit/s (2002)

The coding of high-quality sound at 64 kb/s is of interest for applications such as ISDN. The algorithm described allows the reduction to such a bit rate while maintaining the original quality. It is based on transform coding, and uses a time-domain aliasing cancellation (TDAC) transformation. Perceptual properties and the interblock redundancy of the spectrum are involved when coding the transform coefficients. The complexity of the algorithm allows its real-time implementation on a one floating-point digital signal processor, such as the ATT DSP 32C. The performance and subjective results of the coding system are discussed. >
Homologous plasmid recombination is elevated in immortally transformed cells. (1989)

The levels of intramolecular plasmid recombination, following transfection of a plasmid substrate for homologous recombination into normal and immortally transformed cells, have been examined by two independent assays. In the first assay, recovered plasmid was tested for DNA rearrangements which regenerate a functional neomycin resistance gene from two overlapping fragments. Following transformation of bacteria, frequencies of recombinationlike events were determined from the ratio of neomycin-resistant (recombinant) colonies to ampicillin-resistant colonies (indicating total plasmid recovery). Such events, yielding predominantly deletions between the directly repeated sequences, were substantially more frequent in five immortal cell lines than in any of three normal diploid cell strains tested. Effects of plasmid replication or interaction with T antigen and of bacterially mediated rejoining of linear molecules generated in mammalian cells were excluded by appropriate controls. The second assay used limited coamplification of a control segment of plasmid DNA, and of the predicted recombinant DNA region, primed by two sets of flanking oligonucleotides. Each amplified band was quantitated by reference to a near-linear standard curve generated concurrently, and recombination frequencies were determined from the ratio of recombinant/control DNA regions. The results confirmed that recombinant DNA structures were generated within human cells at direct repeats in the transfected plasmid and were markedly more abundant in an immortal cell line than in the diploid normal cells from which that line was derived.
Effect of a Solvent on the Extraction of the Europium(III) 2-Thenoyltrifluoroacetonate Anionic Complex as Ion-Pairs with Tetrabutylammonium Ions (1993)

Abstract The solvent extraction of europium(III) in aqueous 0.1 mol dm−3 sodium nitrate or sodium chloride solutions with 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (Htta) into chloroform, toluene, and 4-methyl-2-pentanone (MIBK) was studied in both the absence and presence of tetrabutylammonium ions (tba+); the results were compared with those into carbon tetrachloride. When the diluent was chloroform or toluene, the extraction was greatly enhanced by the addition of tba+, just as with carbon tetrachloride. This could be explained in terms of the extraction of the Eu(tta)4−tba+ species, in addition to the Eu(tta)3 species. However, this did not occur in the MIBK system, and was explained in terms of stable solvates with MIBK, which interfere with the addition of tta−tba+ ion-pairs on the Eu(tta)3 species. The enhancement due to the extraction of Eu(tta)4−tba+ was not very much different from that in the other solvent systems. This could be explained by assuming that although the amount of tta−tba+ in the organic phase was smaller in the order chloroform &amp;gt; toluene &amp;gt; carbon tetrachloride, the degree of association of this ion-pair with the Eu(tta)3 in the organic phase was larger in the inverse order, and that these two opposite tendencies canceled each other out. The results were compared with the synergistic enhancement of the extraction of europium(III) with Htta by organophilic neutral ligands, such as tributylphosphate.
Smooth Muscle Cell Heterogeneity (1998)

Early morphological and biochemical studies indicated that vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) exhibited two distinct phenotypes and that a change from the contractile to the synthetic phenotype was a prerequisite for progression of vascular disease. More recently, it has become evident that these phenotypes probably represent the extremes of a spectrum of phenotypes that may coexist in the vessel wall, which are dictated by their environment and functional requirements and which reflect differing patterns of gene expression. Therefore, knowledge of the key factors that regulate these patterns of gene expression is likely to lead to the ability to manipulate VSMC phenotype. However, before such factors can be identified, the relationship between VSMC gene expression and VSMC phenotype must first be established. We therefore undertook a differential screen of cDNA from VSMCs in vitro to provide a bank of gene markers that could be used under a variety of circumstances to define VSMC phenotype in terms of the pattern of genes expressed. Using this approach, we have found that the pattern of gene expression that occurs during neointima formation in the balloon-injured rat carotid artery is very similar to that seen at a specific period in the developing aorta of the early neonate and is characterized by coexpression of genes for both contractile and matrix proteins. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that VSMCs isolated at different stages of aortic development can stably maintain different phenotypic characteristics in cell culture. The use of these cells in transfection experiments with SM-specific promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter constructs may enable us to determine what regulates the pattern of gene expression in different VSMC phenotypes. Such studies may ultimately lead to the identification of transcription factors responsible for determining VSMC phenotype and may therefore provide targets for therapy aimed at manipulating VSMC gene expression in vascular disease.
Heparin promotes the growth of human embryonic stem cells in a defined serum-free medium (2008)

A major limitation in developing applications for the use of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) is our lack of knowledge of their responses to specific cues that control self-renewal, differentiation, and lineage selection. HESCs are most commonly maintained on inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblast feeders in medium supplemented with FCS, or proprietary replacements such as knockout serum-replacement together with FGF-2. These undefined culture conditions hamper analysis of the mechanisms that control HESC behavior. We have now developed a defined serum-free medium, hESF9, for the culture of HESCs on a type I-collagen substrate without feeders. In contrast to other reported media for the culture of HESCs, this medium has a lower osmolarity (292 mosmol/liter), l-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate (0.1 microg/ml), and heparin. Insulin, transferrin, albumin conjugated with oleic acid, and FGF-2 (10 ng/ml) were the only protein components. Further, we found that HESCs would proliferate in the absence of exogenous FGF-2 if heparin was also present. However, their growth was enhanced by the addition of FGF-2 up to 10 ng/ml although higher concentrations were deleterious in the presence of heparin.
On the use of multicomponent streamer recordings for reconstruction of pressure wavefields in the crossline direction (2008)

Abstract Three-component measurements of particle motion would bring significant benefits to towed-marine seismic data if processed in conjunction with the pressure data. We show that particle velocity measurements can increase the effective Nyquist wavenumber by a factor of two or three, depending on how they are used. A true multicomponent streamer would enable accurate data reconstruction in the crossline direction with cable separations for which pressure-only data would be irrecoverably aliased. We also show that conventional workflows aimed at reducing these aliasing effects, such as moveout correction applied before interpolation, are compatible with multicomponent measurements. Some benefits of velocity measurements for deghosting data are well known. We outline how the new measurements might be used to address some long-standing deghosting challenges of particular interest. Specifically, we propose methods for recovering de-ghosted data between streamers and for 3D deghosting of seismic data at the streamer locations.
In vivo assessment of human brain oscillations during application of transcranial electric currents (2013)

Brain oscillations reflect pattern formation of cell assemblies' activity, which is often disturbed in neurological and psychiatric diseases like depression, schizophrenia and stroke. In the neurobiological analysis and treatment of these conditions, transcranial electric currents applied to the brain proved beneficial. However, the direct effects of these currents on brain oscillations have remained an enigma because of the inability to record them simultaneously. Here we report a novel strategy that resolves this problem. We describe accurate reconstructed localization of dipolar sources and changes of brain oscillatory activity associated with motor actions in primary cortical brain regions undergoing transcranial electric stimulation. This new method allows for the first time direct measurement of the effects of non-invasive electrical brain stimulation on brain oscillatory activity and behavior.
Sweet Taste Receptor Expressed in Pancreatic β-Cells Activates the Calcium and Cyclic AMP Signaling Systems and Stimulates Insulin Secretion (2009)

Sweet taste receptor is expressed in beta-cells, and activation of this receptor induces insulin secretion by Ca(2+) and cAMP-dependent mechanisms.
A prospective study of risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer. The Seattle Diabetic Foot Study. (1999)

Certain foot deformities, reduced skin oxygenation and foot perfusion, poor vision, greater body mass, and both sensory and autonomic neuropathy independently influence foot ulcer risk, thereby providing support for a multifactorial etiology for diabetic foot ulceration.
Flexible Nanotube Electronics (2003)

Nanotube network transistors have been transferred to polymer supports. The polymer-supported networks can be bent through at least 60° angles without changing their electronic properties. They operate as p-type field-effect transistors with mobilities of 12 cm2/V s, the highest reported values to date for flexible organic transistors. Finally, the networks can be modified chemically to produce n-type transistors. Taken together, these properties provide the basis for high-mobility flexible electronics.
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte induction in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected patients immunized with Retrovector®-transduced autologous fibroblasts expressing HIV-1IIIB Env/Rev proteins (1995)

Objective To demonstrate the safety and enhancement of HIV-1-specific immune responses in HIV-infected asymptomatic patients following treatment with retroviral vector (Retrovector®)-transduced autologous fibroblasts (VTAF) expressing HIV-1IIIB Env/Rev proteins. Design A non-placebo-controlled, single arm Phase I study. Participants Four HIV-1-seropositive asymptomatic volunteers were selected based on age (18–50 years), CD4/CD3 lymphocyte counts (> 600 × 106/l or > 40%), and positive delayed-type hypersensitivity test to at least one recall antigen. Interventions Patients were treated at 2-week intervals with a total of three intramuscular injections of irradiated autologous fibroblasts transduced with a molecularly engineered, non-replicating amphotropic murine retrovector encoding the HIV-1IIIB Env/Rev proteins. Main outcome measures The clinical status of patients was assessed by history, physical examination, serum chemistry and hematology, CD4/CD3 lymphocyte counts, HIV viral burden, and monitored throughout the study to detect potentially treatment-induced toxic or unwanted side-effects. In addition, HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity was measured to determine the biological activity of VTAF. Results No acute local or systemic adverse events occurred following three injections with VTAF. Furthermore, a statistically significant increase of CD8+ CTL activity against HIV-1IIIB Env/Rev-expressing targets was observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from two out of four patients. Conclusions This is the first report of the administration of a gene transfer treatment to HIV-1-infected patients and provides initial support for the safety and biological activity of retrovector-transduced fibroblasts administered to asymptomatic patients. This treatment resulted in the detection of increased HIV-1IIIB Env/Rev-specific CTL activity in two HIV-seropositive patients and could provide a better understanding of the role of CTL activity in HIV disease progression.
Novel Targeted Agents and the Need to Refine Clinical End Points in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (2012)

Standardized criteria for response to therapy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), lymphoma, and other malignancies allow for comparisons of outcome between clinical trials and have facilitated regulatory agency approval of novel active agents for use in current standard therapy. In 1988, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Working Group published the first widely accepted criteria for CLL,1 which were revised in 1996.2 Such recommendations were developed in the context of currently available cytotoxic therapies. Later, in 2008, the International Workshop on CLL published criteria that incorporated much of the 1996 guidelines but also included guidance on how to assess minimal residual disease after therapy.3 These published guidelines defined therapy outcome as either complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), or progressive disease (PD), based on surrogate markers of tumor burden, such as blood lymphocyte count, lymph node size, or spleen size, and indicators of improved marrow function or clearance of leukemia cells from the marrow, as assessed by serial blood counts and/or marrow aspirate and biopsy. In general, these response criteria (CR, PR, SD, and PD) in therapeutic trials have correlated with the length of progression-free survival (PFS) and occasionally overall survival after treatment. Because assessment of response using these criteria can often be made years before survival data are available, response criteria have served as useful surrogate markers for assessing the clinical benefit of therapy, thereby accelerating the pace of approval of novel agents for use in the treatment of patients.
A human transferrin-binding protein of Staphylococcus aureus is immunogenic in vivo and has an epitope in common with human transferrin receptor (1998)

To understand human immune responses against the human transferrin-binding protein of Staphylococcus aureus (SA-tbp), we examined cell wall proteins from S. aureus ATCC 6538 using human convalescent sera, and a monoclonal antibody specific for human transferrin receptor (McAb-HTR). The SA-tbp, detected by immunoblot assay, was iron-repressible, reacted with the convalescent sera, and cross-reacted with McAb-HTR. Immunoelectron microscopy probed with McAb-HTR showed a reaction zone around the test strain from the deferrated BHI. After being preincubated with an S. aureus-bacteremic serum, the electroblot of the SA-tbp still reacted with McAb-HTR, but not with human transferrin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate. We conclude, there are at least two kinds of epitopes in the SA-tbp; one able to bind to human transferrin is immunogenic in humans, but the other sharing epitopes common with human transferrin receptor is not immunogenic in humans.
Peplography—a passive 3D photon counting imaging through scattering media (2016)

Dynamic imaging through scattering media under natural light is a significant challenge in many applications. To overcome this challenge, we propose a new passive imaging technique in scattering media using statistical estimation and photon counting modeling. We directly detect the ballistic photons from objects in scattering media based on statistical optics and then show experimental results to support our proposed method. We have named the proposed technique "peplography." The word comes from Greek words πε'πλo (péplo; "veiled") and γραϕη'ς (grafís; "writing"). The peplography system directly detects ballistic photons associated with the objects from a single peplogram ("veiled image") based on statistical optics, and reconstructs the three-dimensional (3D) peplogram using integral imaging.
Blockade of Adhesion of Sickle Cells to Endothelium by Monoclonal Antibodies (2000)

Red cells that contain sickle hemoglobin tend to acquire an abnormal, sickled shape when their mutant hemoglobin polymerizes as a result of low oxygen tension. In the classic view of sickle cell disease pathophysiology, it is this deoxygenation-induced sickling of red cells that plugs blood vessels, precipitating a vaso-occlusive event, which is most commonly manifested clinically as an acute painful episode. This simple concept belies the complexity of vaso-occlusion in sickle cell disease, as shown by research over the past two decades, which has added to our understanding of the problem. It is now recognized that additional factors probably contribute . . .
Identification and characterization of bocaviruses in cats and dogs reveals a novel feline bocavirus and a novel genetic group of canine bocavirus (2012)

We report the identification and genome characterization of a novel bocavirus, feline bocavirus (FBoV), and novel bocaviruses closely related to canine bocavirus (CBoV) strain Con-161 in stray cats and dogs in Hong Kong, respectively. FBoV was detected by PCR in 7.2, 0.3, 1.6, 2.0 and 0.8% of faecal, nasal, urine, kidney and blood samples, respectively, from 364 cats, while CBoV was detected in 4.6, 5.1, 6.3 and 0.3% of faecal, nasal, urine and blood samples, respectively, from 351 dogs. Three FBoV genomes sequenced revealed the presence of three ORFs characteristic of bocaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that FBoVs were related only distantly to other bocaviruses, forming a distinct cluster within the genus, with ≤ 5.7% nucleotide identities to the genome of minute virus of canines. The four CBoV genomes sequenced shared 87.4-89.2% nucleotide identities with that of CBoV strain Con-161. In addition to the three bocavirus ORFs, they encoded an additional ORF, ORF4, immediately downstream of the ORF for non-structural protein 1 (NS1), which was not found in other bocaviruses including CBoV strain Con-161. They also possessed a putative second exon encoding the C-terminal region of NS1 and conserved RNA-splicing signals, previously described in human bocaviruses. Partial VP1/VP2 sequence analysis of 23 FBoV and 25 CBoV strains demonstrated inter-host genetic diversity, with two potential genetic groups of FBoV and a novel CBoV group, CBoV-HK, distinct from the three groups, CBoV-A to -C, found in the USA. Although the pathogenicity of FBoV and CBoV remains to be determined, their presence in different host tissues suggested wide tissue tropism.
Improved NYVAC-Based Vaccine Vectors (2011)

While as yet there is no vaccine against HIV/AIDS, the results of the phase III Thai trial (RV144) have been encouraging and suggest that further improvements of the prime/boost vaccine combination of a poxvirus and protein are needed. With this aim, in this investigation we have generated derivatives of the candidate vaccinia virus vaccine vector NYVAC with potentially improved functions. This has been achieved by the re-incorporation into the virus genome of two host range genes, K1L and C7L, in conjunction with the removal of the immunomodulatory viral molecule B19, an antagonist of type I interferon action. These novel virus vectors, referred to as NYVAC-C-KC and NYVAC-C-KC-ΔB19R, have acquired relevant biological characteristics, giving higher levels of antigen expression in infected cells, replication-competency in human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts, activation of selective host cell signal transduction pathways, and limited virus spread in tissues. Importantly, these replication-competent viruses have been demonstrated to maintain a highly attenuated phenotype.