gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Management of solitary pulmonary nodules (1997)

Although each case must be considered individually, there are several basic principles of management in cases of solitary pulmonary nodules: Every nodule must be regarded as potentially malignant until proven otherwise. Malignant nodules should be resected unless the procedure is contraindicated because of an unacceptably high surgical risk or evidence of metastasis. Resection of a benign nodule rarely benefits the patient and carries a small but significant mortality risk. Ruling out malignancy by less-invasive means than thoracotomy is desirable wherever possible. A management decision should be reached with reasonable promptness once a solitary pulmonary nodule has been detected. Under certain circumstances, a decision to observe the nodule for a period of time with serial chest films may be appropriate, but this must be a considered approach and not a "default" position.
A Possibilistic Approach for Building Statistical Language Models (2009)

Class-based n-gram language models are those most frequently-used in continuous speech recognition systems, especially for languages for which no richly annotated corpora are available. Various word clustering algorithms have been proposed to build such class-based models. In this work, we discuss the superiority of soft approaches to class construction, whereby each word can be assigned to more than one class. We also propose a new method for possibilistic word clustering. The possibilistic C-mean algorithm is used as our clustering method. Various parameters of this algorithm are investigated; e.g., centroid initialization, distance measure, and words' feature vector. In the experiments reported here, this algorithm is applied to the 20,000 most frequent Persian words, and the language model built with the clusters created in this fashion is evaluated based on its perplexity and the accuracy of a continuous speech recognition system. Our results indicate a 10% reduction in perplexity and a 4% reduction in word error rate.
Involvement of ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and SIRT3 down-regulation in tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate-induced cell cycle arrest (2015)

Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP) is a flame retardant in plastics. It is bio-accumulative and persistent in the environment and has been detected in ambient and indoor air, surface and groundwater, food, house dust, and consumer products. Studies showed that TCEP can cause damage to the liver and kidneys of rats. However, the mechanisms underlying TCEP remain unclear. To investigate the effect of TCEP on mitochondrial function and cell fate, Chang liver cells were treated with TCEP (3.12, 12.50, 50.00, and 200.00 mg L<sup>-1</sup>) for 24 and 48 h. The results showed that TCEP increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, disrupted mitochondrial integrity and caused mitochondrial dysfunction, representing increased intercellular free Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial DNA copies as well as reduced ATP synthesis, and G2/M cell cycle arrest with down-regulation of SIRT3, forkhead box O3a and manganese superoxide dismutase proteins. The findings suggest that TCEP caused cell cycle arrest through down-regulation of SIRT3 is involved in mitochondrial oxidative stress.
Tastier and Healthier Alternatives to French Fries (2010)

The effect of both the origin and shape of potato cuts on fry quality was investigated in this study. Linear strips from the inner core of tubers were compared to those from outer tissues, both before and after processing, and strips from either specific tissues or whole peeled tubers were also evaluated against ring-shaped cuts. Both strips and rings had 0.7 cm sides and, in most cases, a volume of 4.9 cm(3). They were analyzed for moisture content, antioxidants, asparagine, and reducing sugars. The material was then blanched, dipped in 0.5% disodium acid pyrophosphate and 0.3% glucose, dried at 77 degrees C, par-fried in soybean oil at 191 degrees C, and finish-fried at 168 degrees C. The fried product was analyzed for sensory characteristics and oil, salt, and acrylamide content. Our results showed that strips from the inner core absorbed 28% more oil and exhibited inferior sensory characteristics compared to strips from the outer parts. The extended drying and frying times needed to match the crispness and flavor of inner strips to those of regularly fried outer strips resulted in a further increased absorption of oil and, importantly, triggered a 163% increase in levels of the toxic Maillard reaction product acrylamide. Potato rings consisted of higher dry matter material, contained more antioxidants, and had a lower surface-to-volume ratio than the conventional linear strips. Upon processing, they also absorbed 22% less oil, contained 26% less salt, and displayed superior sensory properties. Thus, ring fries may represent an attractive alternative to French fries as processed staple food.
Circulating Tumor Cells, Disease Progression, and Survival in Metastatic Breast Cancer (2004)

Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is considered incurable; therefore, palliative treatment is the only option. The biologic heterogeneity of the disease is reflected in its somewhat unpredictable clinical behavior. The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with MBC about to start a new line of treatment has been shown to predict progression-free and overall survival. This prognostic value is independent of the line of therapy (eg, first or second line). Moreover, a multivariate analysis has shown the prognostic value of CTCs to be superior to that of site of metastasis, type of therapy, and length of time to recurrence after definitive primary surgery. These data suggest that the presence of CTCs may be used to modify the staging system for advanced disease. Larger studies are needed to confirm these data and evaluate the use of CTC detection in monitoring treatment and furthering our understanding of breast cancer biology when combined with other diagnostic technologies.
Chemical Synthesis of a Circular Protein Domain: Evidence for Folding-Assisted Cyclization (1998)

Extremely fast cyclization of the linear polypeptide precursor 1 takes place to form 2. The reaction appears to be assisted by the native fold of 1, which positions the reactive ends in close proximity. The circular topology has no influence on the folding or function of 2.
One‐Pot Cascade Hydration–Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation as a Practical Strategy to Construct Chiral β‐Adrenergic Receptor Blockers (2015)

Abstract The facile construction of biologically active β‐adrenergic receptor agonists/blockers and analogues is a great fundamental and practical challenge in medical chemistry. Herein, we report a hydration–asymmetric transfer hydrogenation cascade to realize the one‐pot enantioselective transformation of aromatic haloalkynes into chiral aromatic halohydrins, which can be converted readily into chiral β‐adrenergicreceptor blockers. Such a one‐pot cascade process involves the Au‐catalyzed hydration of aryl‐substituted haloalkynes to aryl‐substituted α‐halomethyl ketones and the Ru‐catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of aryl‐substituted α‐halomethyl ketones to aryl‐substituted 2‐haloethanols. The significant benefits of this procedure are that it provides chiral aromatic halohydrins in high yields, with excellent enantioselectivities, and a wide variety of functional groups are tolerated under mild conditions. The study described herein offers a useful approach to construct chiral β‐adrenergic blockers, which is an attractive practical organic transformation that is performed in a one‐pot manner.
Absorption Rate into a MDEA Aqueous Solution Blended with Piperazine under a High CO2 Partial Pressure (2002)

The absorption rate of carbon dioxide into a methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) aqueous solution blended with piperazine (PZ) under a high carbon dioxide partial pressure was studied by an experimental packed column. Also, the results indicated that the absorption rate of carbon dioxide at a high carbon dioxide partial pressure was larger than that of the calculation value from the kinetics model of atmospheric pressure because the Marangoni effect was strengthened by the elevated carbon dioxide partial pressure. The kinetics model modified by a carbon dioxide partial pressure was obtained as follows: NCO2 = fHCO2[DCO2(kMDEACMDEA + kPZCPZ)]1/2(P − P*), where f = 0.83[ln(P/100)]0.8 + 1.0 and 100 kPa ≤ P ≤ 625 kPa. The simulation of a commercial absorption column has verified this modified model successfully.
Interaction of pyrophosphate moieties with .alpha.-helixes in dinucleotide-binding proteins (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInteraction of pyrophosphate moieties with .alpha.-helixes in dinucleotide-binding proteinsRik K. Wierenga, Marc C. H. De Maeyer, and Wim G. J. HolCite this: Biochemistry 1985, 24, 6, 1346–1357Publication Date (Print):March 12, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 12 March 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00327a012https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00327a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views508Altmetric-Citations384LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Triple-State Liquid-Based Microfluidic Tactile Sensor with High Flexibility, Durability, and Sensitivity (2016)

We develop a novel triple-state liquid-based resistive microfluidic tactile sensor with high flexibility, durability, and sensitivity. It comprises a platinum-cured silicone microfluidic assembly filled with 2 μL liquid metallic alloy interfacing two screen-printed conductive electrodes on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. This flexible tactile sensor is highly sensitive ((2–20) × 10–3 kPa–1) and capable of distinguishing compressive loads with an extremely large range of pressure (2 to 400 kPa) as well as bending loads. Owing to its unique and durable structure, the sensor can withstand numerous severe mechanical load, such as foot stomping and a car wheel rolling over it, without compromising its electrical signal stability and overall integrity. Also, our sensing device is highly deformable, wearable, and able to differentiate and quantify pressures exerted by distinct bodily actions, such as a finger touch or footstep pressure. As a proof-of-concept of the applicability of our tactile sensor, we demonstrate the measurements of localized dynamic foot pressure by embedding the sensor inside the shoes and high heels. This work highlights the potential of the liquid-based microfluidic tactile sensing platform in a wide range of applications and can facilitate the realization of functional liquid-state sensing device technology with superior mechanical flexibility, durability, and sensitivity.
ChemInform Abstract: A PREPARATION OF 3‐AMINO‐4,5‐DIARYL‐1,2,4‐TRIAZOLES (1979)

Abstract Thiobenzanilide (I) werden mit Hydrazin‐hydrat zu Benzamidrazonen (II) umgesetzt, die mit Bromcyan zu 3‐Amino‐1 ,2,4‐triazolen (III) cyclisieren.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors as antiproliferative agents against an estrogen-dependent breast cancer cell line in vitro (1999)

Of the agents tested, only EGFR-selective tyrphostins blocked E2-stimulated tumor cell proliferation, as opposed to the PDGFR-selective tyrphostin, RTK noninhibitory agent, or the phytoestrogen, genistein, which did not exert such an effect. These findings suggest that epidermal growth factor (EGF) is an important mediator of E2-induced proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Thus, tyrphostins may be selectively used to prevent the growth of hormone-dependent breast cancers, particularly regrowth of residual tumor in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors receiving estrogen replacement therapy.
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization of restriction enzyme‐digested DNA (1994)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, by a time-of-flight mass spectrometer, has been successfully used for detection of restriction enzyme-digested DNA. However, the oligonucleotide segments detected correspond to the molecular weights of single strands.
Pattern of diversity in the genomic region near the maize domestication gene tb1 (2003)

Domesticated maize and its wild ancestor (teosinte) differ strikingly in morphology and afford an opportunity to examine the connection between strong selection and diversity in a major crop species. The tb1 gene largely controls the increase in apical dominance in maize relative to teosinte, and a region of the tb1 locus 5′ to the transcript sequence was a target of selection during maize domestication. To better characterize the impact of selection at a major “domestication” locus, we have sequenced the upstream tb1 genomic region and systematically sampled nucleotide diversity for sites located as far as 163 kb upstream to tb1 . Our analyses define a selective sweep of ≈60–90 kb 5′ to the tb1 transcribed sequence. The selected region harbors a mixture of unique sequences and large repetitive elements, but it contains no predicted genes. Diversity at the nearest 5′ gene to tb1 is typical of that for neutral maize loci, indicating that selection at tb1 has had a minimal impact on the surrounding chromosomal region. Our data also show low intergenic linkage disequilibrium in the region and suggest that selection has had a minor role in shaping the pattern of linkage disequilibrium that is observed. Finally, our data raise the possibility that maize-like tb1 haplotypes are present in extant teosinte populations, and our findings also suggest a model of tb1 gene regulation that differs from traditional views of how plant gene expression is controlled.
The Population Dynamics and Control of Tuberculosis (2010)

More than 36 million patients have been successfully treated via the World Health Organization's strategy for tuberculosis (TB) control since 1995. Despite predictions of a decline in global incidence, the number of new cases continues to grow, approaching 10 million in 2010. Here we review the changing relationship between the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and its human host and examine a range of factors that could explain the persistence of TB. Although there are ways to reduce susceptibility to infection and disease, and a high-efficacy vaccine would boost TB prevention, early diagnosis and drug treatment to interrupt transmission remain the top priorities for control. Whatever the technology used, success depends critically on the social, institutional, and epidemiological context in which it is applied.
Time synchronization in the uplink of an OFDM system (2002)

The use of orthogonal frequency division multiplex in a cellular system requires that the base station and the mobile station are time and frequency synchronized in order to preserve the orthogonality between the subcarriers. For the downlink a number of methods has been proposed for time and frequency synchronisation. For the uplink the problem is more difficult since each mobile has a unique radio transmission path to the base station. This article proposes and analyses the performance for a new scheme for initial time synchronisation. It is shown that a random access protocol based on the proposed scheme will have a good performance in a mobile radio environment.
rRNA-complementarity in the 5′ untranslated region of mRNA specifying the Gtx homeodomain protein: Evidence that base- pairing to 18S rRNA affects translational efficiency (1999)

Numerous eukaryotic mRNAs contain sequences complementary to segments of the 18S and 28S rRNAs. Previous studies raised the possibility that these complementarities might allow mRNA-rRNA interactions and affect rates of translation. In the present study, we investigated the mRNA encoding the mouse Gtx homeodomain protein. This mRNA contains within its 5' untranslated region (UTR) a segment that is complementary to two regions of the 18S rRNA, located at nucleotides 701-741 and 1104-1136. A Gtx RNA probe containing this complementarity could be photochemically cross-linked to ribosomal subunits through a linkage to 18S rRNA but not to 28S rRNA. Oligonucleotide-directed RNase H digestion of the rRNA and a reverse transcription analysis localized the cross-linked probe to the complementary segment of 18S rRNA at nucleotides 1104-1136 but not at nucleotides 701-741. To determine whether complementarity in the Gtx mRNA affected translation, a mutational analysis was performed with a Gtx-luciferase fusion construct and four related constructs with altered complementarity to the 18S rRNA. These constructs were examined for their ability to be translated in cell-free lysates prepared from P19 embryonal carcinoma and C6 glioma cell lines and after cellular transfection into these same cell lines. In both cell-free translation and transfection studies, the rate of translation decreased more than 9-fold as the degree of complementarity to nucleotides 1104-1136 of the 18S rRNA increased. We hypothesize that segments complementary to rRNA, such as those contained within the Gtx mRNA, form a category of cis-acting regulatory elements in mRNAs that affect translation by base pairing to rRNA within ribosomes.
Plant cell division (1998)

Part 1 Plant cell division cycle genes: cell cycle control genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, D. Inze and M. von Maontagu cdc2 homologues in maize, V. Sudaresan meristem-specific cdc2 expression, J. Doonan plant MAP kinases, T. Jacobs and C. Roush plant cyclin genes, D. Dudits plant cyclins and cell cycle-dependent gene expression, M. Ito. Part 2 Function of regulatory protein complexes during the cell cycle and the consequences of their activity for plant development: plant cyclins as regulatory proteins, J.-P. Renaudin et al cyclin-dependent protein kinases from alfalfa during the cell cycle and plant development, H. Hirt cyclin-dependent protein kinase complexes in plants, L. Bako protein kinases and plant reproductive organ development, M. Kreis et al plant homologue to fission yeast cdc25, P. Sabelli et al the effects of fission yeast cdc25 on the plant cell cycle and organ development, D. Francis activation of the cell division cycle by rhizobium and nod signalling molecules, E. Kondorosi the cell division cycle in protoplast-derived cells, C. Bergounioux. Part 3 Regulatory elements in cell-cycle dependent gene expression: histone gene expression, C. Gigot transcriptional control of histone genes, I. Iwabuchi ubiquitin gene expression, P. Genschik and J. Fleck. Part 4 Structural changes during cell division: the plant cytoskeleton, C. Lloyd the centrosomal cycle, A. Lambert cell division mutants, J. Trass. Part 5 Summing up review: future strategies in cell cycle research, T. Hunt.
Six Hundred Fifty Consecutive Pancreaticoduodenectomies in the 1990s (1997)

This single institution, high-volume experience indicates that pancreaticoduodenectomy can be performed safely for a variety of malignant and benign disorders of the pancreas and periampullary region. Overall survival is determined largely by the pathology within the resection specimen.
Itraconazole Affects Single‐Dose Terfenadine Pharmacokinetics and Cardiac Repolarization Pharmacodynamics (1993)

The object of this study was to examine prospectively the effects of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic repolarization pharmacodynamics (QTc intervals) of single-dose terfenadine in six healthy volunteers. It was designed as a prospective cohort study with each subject serving as his own control, set in an outpatient cardiology clinic. The participants were six healthy volunteers (two men, four women; ages 24-35) not taking any prescription or over-the-counter medications. Single-dose terfenadine administration (120 mg) was accompanied by pharmacokinetic profiles and serial determination of the QTc interval for 12 hours. The subjects then began daily oral itraconazole (200 mg each morning) for 7 days. Repeat pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic determinations were made after administration of a second dose (120 mg) of terfenadine while receiving itraconazole. The main outcome measures were terfenadine and acid metabolite serum concentrations; corrected QT intervals as determined by 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG); and presence or absence of late potentials as determined by signal-averaged ECGs over 150 cardiac cycles. There were significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of acid metabolite after treatment with itraconazole. All subjects had detectable levels of unmetabolized terfenadine after addition of itraconazole, which was associated with QT prolongation. There was no evidence of late depolarization as manifested by an increase in QRS duration found using signal-averaged electrocardiography. Itraconazole influences the metabolism of terfenadine in normal volunteers and results in the accumulation of unmetabolized parent drug associated with altered cardiac repolarization. This drug combination should be avoided.
Newer Immunosuppressive Drugs (1999)

In recent years, many new immunosuppressive drugs have been discovered and developed for clinical use in transplantation. This review focuses on those drugs (leflunomide, mycophenolate mofetil, sirolimus, tacrolimus) that have been shown to have immunosuppressive activity in patients. Different anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibodies are also reviewed as an example of a resurgence of development in the area of monoclonal antibodies. The price for reducing the incidence of allograft rejection by improved immunosuppression was thought to be a proportional increase in the incidence of infection and malignancy. Data from Phase III clinical trials of new immunosuppressants, however, show a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of acute rejection produced by these new drugs, which has not been accompanied by increases in infection and malignancy rates. The wide array of new drugs offers the opportunity to use combinations that block different pathways of immune activation while at the same time selecting drug combinations with nonoverlapping toxicity profiles so that doses of each single drug can be reduced below toxicity levels. The immunosuppressive therapy for patients can be tailored according to their individual needs.
Hippocampal Atrophy as a Quantitative Trait in a Genome-Wide Association Study Identifying Novel Susceptibility Genes for Alzheimer's Disease (2009)

Using hippocampal atrophy as a quantitative phenotype in a genome-wide scan, we have identified candidate risk genes for sporadic Alzheimer's disease that merit further investigation.