gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aim and Mission (2017)

Идеята за това печатно издание възниква след утвърждаването на Професионалната организация на болничните фармацевти (ПОБФБ) у нас, като сдружение с нестопанска цел защитаващо интересите на тази група медицински специалисти. То е създадено за да запознава фармацевтичната общност с проблематиката и спецификата на работата на болничния фармацевт. Целта на списанието `Годишник по болнична фармация` е не само да осигури достъп на всички заинтересувани до информация за фармацевтичната практика и фармакотерапията в болнични условия, но и да предложи редовно излизащо авторитетно издание, представящо обзори и стойностни научни изследвания. В изданието се публикуват исторически, теоретични и практически материали, отнасящи се до болничната фармация в България, Европа и по света. Във всеки брой редакционната колегия запознава широката читателска аудитория и с постиженията на чуждестранни специалисти, посредством публикуване на преводни статии от Европейското списание по болнична фармация (European journal of hospital pharmacy). Мисията на списанието е да обогати познанията на болничните фармацевти и други заинтересовани лица и да спомогне за подобряване на тяхната информираност. Списанието е с научен характер и се издава в един брой годишно. Изискванията към авторите са стандартните за българската научна медицинска периодика. Публикуването на статии е безплатно. Списанието е включено с идентификационен код (ISSN) в международната система за регистрация на периодичните издания. Редакционната колегия на сп. "Годишник по болнична фармация` искрено се надява да предлага фармацевтично списание, което да съответства на високите съвременни изисквания и допринася за научното познание и удовлетворение на всички читатели!
The Cbl Family of Signal Transduction Molecules (1997)

This review summarizes the current knowledge about the structure, expression, and signaling function of Cbl. A mutant Cbl form (v-Cbl) was first identified as the product of the Cas-NS-1 murine retrovirus that induces lymphomas and leukemias. Two members of the Cbl family have since been defined in mammals (c-Cbl and Cbl-b), one in C. elegans (Sli-1) and one in Drosophila (D-Cbl). There is high conservation between Cbl species in the amino-terminal region that contains a putative phosphotyrosine binding domain and a Ring finger motif. In the carboxy-terminal region, mammalian Cbl forms share a proline-rich stretch, conserved tyrosine residues, and a leucine zipper. Cbl participates in signaling by receptor protein tyrosine kinases, as well as antigen and cytokine receptors that signal via associated cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases. Cbl is recruited to the tyrosine kinase module of these receptors and tyrosine phosphorylated after cellular activation. It functions as a scaffold protein and associates with SH2 and SH3 domain containing molecules, including the Crk adaptor family and Vav. By analogy with the C. elegans homologue Sli-1, Cbl is proposed to be a negative regulator of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. After deletion mutation in a region close to the Ring finger, c-Cbl becomes oncogenic. Such mutations are suggested to result in a structural alteration, allowing oncogenic mutants to displace wild-type c-Cbl from the receptor complex and to abrogate its negative regulatory function.
Production and effect of aldonic acids during enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose at high dry matter content (2012)

The presence of oxidative enzymes in Cellic CTec2 led to the formation of cellobionic and gluconic acid during hydrolysis of pretreated wheat straw and filter paper. Gluconic acid was a stronger inhibitor of β-glucosidase than glucose. The formation of oxidized products decreased as the hydrolysis temperature was increased from 33° to 50°C. Despite end-product inhibition, the oxidative cleavage of the cellulose chains has a synergistic effect upon the overall hydrolysis of cellulose as the sugar yield increased compared to using an enzyme preparation without oxidative activity.
Context-Aware Visual Tracking (2009)

Enormous uncertainties in unconstrained environments lead to a fundamental dilemma that many tracking algorithms have to face in practice: Tracking has to be computationally efficient, but verifying whether or not the tracker is following the true target tends to be demanding, especially when the background is cluttered and/or when occlusion occurs. Due to the lack of a good solution to this problem, many existing methods tend to be either effective but computationally intensive by using sophisticated image observation models or efficient but vulnerable to false alarms. This greatly challenges long-duration robust tracking. This paper presents a novel solution to this dilemma by considering the context of the tracking scene. Specifically, we integrate into the tracking process a set of auxiliary objects that are automatically discovered in the video on the fly by data mining. Auxiliary objects have three properties, at least in a short time interval: 1) persistent co-occurrence with the target, 2) consistent motion correlation to the target, and 3) easy to track. Regarding these auxiliary objects as the context of the target, the collaborative tracking of these auxiliary objects leads to efficient computation as well as strong verification. Our extensive experiments have exhibited exciting performance in very challenging real-world testing cases.
Ivory Ghost [Ask The Experts] (2007)

In the present issue, Dennis Bernstein answers the longstanding question, "What is hysteresis?"
Use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to assess effects of smoking, caffeine, and alcohol on aneuploidy load in sperm of healthy men (1997)

Aneuploidy is a common cause of poor reproductive outcomes in humans and is associated with severe medical problems in liveborn offspring, yet little is known about its underlying cause. A substantial amount of aneuploidy is known to be contributed by the father through cytogenetically abnormal sperm. The purpose of this cross-sectional, observational study was to investigate the potential contribution of common lifestyle exposures (smoking, caffeine, and alcohol) to the aneuploidy load in sperm from 45 healthy male volunteers 19-35 years of age. Sperm FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) was used to determine aneuploidy and diploidy frequencies for chromosomes X, Y and 18 across varying exposure levels of smoking, caffeine, and alcohol. Caffeine was significantly associated with increased frequencies of sperm aneuploidy XX18 and XY18, diploidy XY18-18 and the duplication phenotype YY18-18 controlling for alcohol, smoking and donor age. Alcohol was significantly associated with increased frequencies of sperm aneuploidy XX18, diploidy XY18-18 and the duplication phenotype XX18-18 controlling for caffeine, smoking and donor age. There was a suggestive, but unstable, association between smoking and XX18. Even within our truncated age range, we were able to confirm an increased risk for XX18 aneuploidy with increasing donor age. Sperm FISH proved to be a useful biomarker to detect and compare numerical cytogenetic abnormalities in human sperm cells across differing levels of exposure to smoking, caffeine, and alcohol.
A versatile high-performance visual fiducial marker detection system with scalable identity encoding (2017)

Fiducial markers have a wide field of applications in robotics, ranging from external localisation of single robots or robotic swarms, over self-localisation in marker-augmented environments, to simplifying perception by tagging objects in a robot's surrounding. We propose a new family of circular markers allowing for a computationally efficient detection, identification and full 3D position estimation. A key concept of our system is the separation of the detection and identification steps, where the first step is based on a computationally efficient circular marker detection, and the identification step is based on an open-ended 'Necklace code', which allows for a theoretically infinite number of individually identifiable markers. The experimental evaluation of the system on a real robot indicates that while the proposed algorithm achieves similar accuracy to other state-of-the-art methods, it is faster by two orders of magnitude and it can detect markers from longer distances.
Administration of Allogenic Stem Cells Dosed to Secure Cardiogenesis and Sustained Infarct Repair (2005)

The mitotic capacity of heart muscle is too limited to fully substitute for cells lost following myocardial infarction. Emerging stem cell-based strategies have been proposed to overcome the self-renewal shortfall of native cardiomyocytes, yet there is limited evidence for their capability to achieve safe de novo cardiogenesis and repair. We present our recent experience in treating long-term, infarcted hearts with embryonic stem cells, a prototype source for allogenic cell therapy. The cardiogenic potential of the engrafted murine embryonic stem cell colony was pre-tested by in vitro differentiation, with derived cells positive for nuclear cardiac transcription factors, sarcomeric proteins and functional excitation-contraction coupling. Eight weeks after infarct, rats were randomized into sham- or embryonic stem cell-treated groups. Acellular sham controls or embryonic stem cells, engineered to express enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) under control of the cardiac actin promoter, were injected through a 28-gauge needle at three sites into the peri-infarct zone for serial assessment of functional and structural impact. In contrast to results with sham-treated animals, stem cell therapy yielded, over the 5-month follow-up period, new ECFP-positive cardiomyocytes that integrated with the infarcted myocardium. The stem cell-treated group showed a stable contractile performance benefit with normalization of myocardial architecture post infarction. Transition of embryonic stem cells into cardiomyocytes required host signaling to support cardiac-specific differentiation and could result in tumorigenesis if the stem cell dose exceeded the heart's cardioinductive capacity. Supported by the host environment, proper dosing and administration of embryonic stem cells is thus here shown useful in the chronic management of cardiac injury promoting sustained repair.
Rapid identification of compounds with enhanced antimicrobial activity by using conformationally defined combinatorial libraries (1996)

We have combined the strength of our synthetic combinatorial library approach for the rapid identification of highly active compounds with prior knowledge of the relationship between the antimicrobial activities of individual peptides with specific induced conformations in order to identify new peptides with enhanced activity relative to a starting known antimicrobial sequence. In the current study, conformationally defined combinatorial libraries were generated based on an 18-mer antimicrobial peptide known to be induced into an alpha-helical conformation in a lipidic environment. Not only were novel sequences readily identified with 10-fold increases in activity, but detailed information about the structure-activity relationships of the peptides studied was also obtained during the deconvolution process. By using circular dichroism spectroscopy it was found that the individual 18-mer peptides could be induced into alpha-helical conformations on interaction with the cell lipid layer and/or sialic acids, which could result in bacterial cell lysis due to perturbation of the lipid packing of the cell wall.
Suppression and Regression of Choroidal Neovascularization in Mice by a Novel CCR2 Antagonist, INCB3344 (2011)

INCB3344 both inhibits newly forming CNV and regresses established CNV. Controlling inflammation by suppressing macrophage infiltration and angiogenic ability via the CCR-2/MCP-1 signal may be a useful therapeutic strategy for treating CNV associated with age-related macular degeneration.
Selection and identification of ligand peptides targeting a model of castrate-resistant osteogenic prostate cancer and their receptors (2015)

We performed combinatorial peptide library screening in vivo on a novel human prostate cancer xenograft that is androgen-independent and induces a robust osteoblastic reaction in bonelike matrix and soft tissue. We found two peptides, PKRGFQD and SNTRVAP, which were enriched in the tumors, targeted the cell surface of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells in vitro, and homed to androgen receptor-null prostate cancer in vivo. Purification of tumor homogenates by affinity chromatography on these peptides and subsequent mass spectrometry revealed a receptor for the peptide PKRGFQD, α-2-macroglobulin, and for SNTRVAP, 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78). These results indicate that GRP78 and α-2-macroglobulin are highly active in osteoblastic, androgen-independent prostate cancer in vivo. These previously unidentified ligand-receptor systems should be considered for targeted drug development against human metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer.
PANDAseq: paired-end assembler for illumina sequences (2012)

PANDAseq rapidly assembles sequences and scales to billions of paired-end reads. Assembly of control libraries showed a 4-50% increase in the number of assembled sequences over naïve assembly with negligible loss of "good" sequence.
New algorithm improves fine structure of the barley consensus SNP map (2011)

The need to integrate information from multiple linkage maps is a long-standing problem in genetics. One way to visualize the complex ordinal relationships is with a directed graph, where each vertex in the graph is a bin of markers. When there are no ordering conflicts between the linkage maps, the result is a directed acyclic graph, or DAG, which can then be linearized to produce a consensus map. New algorithms for the simplification and linearization of consensus graphs have been implemented as a package for the R computing environment called DAGGER. The simplified consensus graphs produced by DAGGER exactly capture the ordinal relationships present in a series of linkage maps. Using either linear or quadratic programming, DAGGER generates a consensus map with minimum error relative to the linkage maps while remaining ordinally consistent with them. Both linearization methods produce consensus maps that are compressed relative to the mean of the linkage maps. After rescaling, however, the consensus maps had higher accuracy (and higher marker density) than the individual linkage maps in genetic simulations. When applied to four barley linkage maps genotyped at nearly 3000 SNP markers, DAGGER produced a consensus map with improved fine structure compared to the existing barley consensus SNP map. The root-mean-squared error between the linkage maps and the DAGGER map was 0.82 cM per marker interval compared to 2.28 cM for the existing consensus map. Examination of the barley hardness locus at the 5HS telomere, for which there is a physical map, confirmed that the DAGGER output was more accurate for fine structure analysis. The R package DAGGER is an effective, freely available resource for integrating the information from a set of consistent linkage maps.
Reduction of epidermal abnormalities and inflammatory changes in psoriatic plaques during treatment with vitamin D3 analogs (1996)

Vitamin D3 analogs interfere with various aspects of epidermal growth, inflammation, and cellular differentiation. Most data are derived from in vitro studies. In the present review, the in vivo effects of vitamin D3 analogues on the psoriatic plaque are discussed. Calcipotriol, tacalcitol, and calcitriol in ointment modulate aspects of epidermal growth, differentiation, and inflammation. Immunohistochemical studies suggest that the inflammatory changes might be more expressed after treatment with calcitriol and tacalcitol. Flow cytometric quantification of the percentage of cells in SG2M phase and of keratin 10-positive cells revealed that calcipotriol reduced both indices significantly during treatment of psoriatic plaques. Flow cytometric analysis of epidermal cell suspensions using triple labeling for epidermal proliferation, expression of keratin 10, and vimentin permits a quantitative assessment of DNA synthesis selectively in the basal cells of the epidermis, an estimation of the distribution of the basal and suprabasal compartments, and a quantification of the distribution of mesenchymal and nonmesenchymal cells. Using this approach, the interference of tacalcitol with growth control of basal cells was demonstrated. Remarkably, recompartmentalization of basal and suprabasal cells and mesenchymal and nonmesenchymal cells proved to be inconspicuous during this treatment.
Signal Coding in Cochlear Implants: Exploiting Stochastic Effects of Electrical Stimulation (2003)

Speech perception in quiet with cochlear implants has increased substantially over the past 17 years. If current trends continue, average monosyllabic word scores will be nearly 80% by 2010. These improvements are due to enhancements in speech processing strategies, to the implantation of patients with more residual hearing and shorter durations of deafness, and to unknown causes. Despite these improvements, speech perception in noise and music perception are still poor in most implant patients. These deficits may be partly due to poor representation of temporal fine structure by current speech processing strategies. It may be possible to improve both this representation and the dynamic range of electrical stimulation through the exploitation of stochastic effects produced by high-rate (eg, 5-kilopulse-per-second) pulse trains. Both the loudness growth and the dynamic range of low-frequency sinusoids have been enhanced via this technique. A laboratory speech processor using this strategy is under development. Although the clinical programming for such an algorithm is likely to be complex, some guidelines for the psychophysical and electrophysiological techniques necessary can be described now.
Dynamic contrast-enhanced CT of the liver: comparison of contrast medium injection rates and uniphasic and biphasic injection protocols. (1993)

To determine the effect of contrast medium injection rate and biphasic versus uniphasic bolus on hepatic parenchymal enhancement at computed tomography (CT), 105 patients were randomized into four protocols. Hepatic and aortic enhancement curves were measured for each protocol. The optimal scanning interval (the duration between onset of a desired hepatic enhancement threshold and decline of enhancement below the threshold or onset of the equilibrium phase) and contrast enhancement index (CEI) (area under the hepatic enhancement curve above a desired threshold during the nonequilibrium phase) were the primary determinants of merit. Measurements were performed at hepatic enhancement thresholds between 10 and 60 HU. At most thresholds of hepatic enhancement, optimal scanning intervals were significantly longer and CEIs were significantly higher for the biphasic protocols than for the uniphasic protocols (P < .03). A biphasic injection with a high initial flow rate produces high peak contrast enhancement but delayed onset of equilibrium and thus provides a longer optimal scanning interval.
Engineering applications of the modulated scatterer technique (2001)

Preface. Foreword. Introduction - Where Near Field Measurements Are Useful. Near Field Basics. Direct And Indirect Measurements. Modulated Scatterer Technique. Some Field Maps. Basic Scatterer Electromagnetics - Introduction. Principle Of Modulated Scattering. Scattering Matrix Formulation. Probe Response In Various Situations. Calculation Of The Probe Response. Free Space Measurements. Application With Different Kinds Of Probes. Mobile probe setups - Low Invasiveness. Sensitivity. Spatial Resolution. Optical Analogy with Near-Field Microscopy. Probe Interaction with Its Environment. Examples of Applications. Probe Arrays - Minimizing the Duration of the Measurements. Specific Difficulties Associated with Probe Arrays. The Modulated Scattering Approach to Probe Arrays (Retina, Collector). Different Probe Array Arrangements (Reflection, Transmission) Different Modulation Schemes (Series, Parallel). Modulated Vs Standard Probe Arrays. Examples of Applications. Conclusion. List of Symbols and Notations. Appendices.
DNA Strand Break Repair and Human Genetic Disease (2007)

Each day tens of thousands of DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) arise in every cell from the attack of deoxyribose and DNA bases by reactive oxygen species and other electrophilic molecules. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) also arise, albeit at a much lower frequency, from similar attacks and from the encounter of unrepaired SSBs and possibly other DNA structures by DNA replication forks. DSBs are also created during normal development of the immune system. Defects in the cellular response to DNA strand breaks underpin many human diseases, including disorders associated with cancer predisposition, immune dysfunction, radiosensitivity, and neurodegeneration. Here we provide an overview of the genetic diseases associated with defects in the repair/response to DNA strand breaks.
Immune cells: plastic players along colorectal cancer progression (2013)

Inflammatory cells are involved in tumour initiation and progression. In parallel, the adaptive immune response plays a key role in fighting tumour growth and dissemination. The double-edged role of the immune system in solid tumours is well represented in colorectal cancer (CRC). The development and progression of CRC are affected by the interactions between the tumour and the host's response, occurring in a milieu named tumour microenvironment. The role of immune cells in human CRC is being unravelled and there is a strong interest in understanding their dynamics as to tumour promotion, immunosurveillance and immunoevasion. A better definition of immune infiltration would be important not only with respect to the 'natural history' of CRC, but in a clinically relevant perspective in the 21st century, with respect to its post-surgical management, including chemotherapy responsiveness. While it is becoming established that the amount of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes influences the post-surgical progression of early-stage CRC, the relevance of this immune parameter as to chemotherapy responsiveness remains to be clarified. Despite recent experimental work supporting the notion that infiltrating immune cells may influence chemotherapy-mediated tumour cell death, tumour-infiltrating cells are not employed to identify patients who are more likely to benefit from adjuvant treatment. This review focuses on studies addressing the role of innate and adaptive immune cells along the occurrence and the progression of potentially curable CRC.
Solvation of Fluorinated Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Alcohol Solvents (1999)

Highly purified single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were fluorinated to form “fluorotubes”, which were then solvated as individual tubes in various alcohol solvents via ultrasonication. The solvation of individual fluorotubes was verified by dispersing the tubes on a mica substrate and examining them with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Elemental analysis of the tubes reveals that light sonication in alcohol solvents does not remove significant amounts of the fluorine. While these solutions are metastable, they will persist long enough (over a week) to permit solution-phase chemistry to be carried out on the fluorotubes. For example, the solvated fluorotubes can be precipitated out of solution with hydrazine to yield normal, unfluorinated SWNTs, or they can be reacted with sodium methoxide to yield what are apparently methoxylated SWNTs. These reaction products have been examined with elemental analysis and a variety of spectroscopies and microscopies.
Role of Endothelial Nitric Oxide in Shear Stress–Induced Vasodilation of Human Microvasculature (2001)

In the human microvasculature, shear stress induces endothelium-dependent, NO-mediated vasodilation. This phenomenon is blunted in HT patients because of reduced activity of NO. In contrast, the HChol microvasculature has preserved shear stress-induced dilation despite diminished NO activity.