gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Layered, Erasable Polymer Multilayers Formed by Hydrogen-Bonded Sequential Self-Assembly (2001)

Robust multilayers can be formed on solid surfaces, and subsequently destroyed by changing the environmental conditions, by the layer-by-layer sequential assembly of monomolecular films of a polyacid and polybase from aqueous solution. Interlayer hydrogen bonding produces stable multilayers up to the point where altered pH or other environmental stimulus introduces an unacceptably large electrical charge within them. This is demonstrated for the polyacids poly(acrylic acid), PAA, and poly(methacrylic acid), PMAA, and for the polybases poly(vinylpyrrolidone), PVPON, and poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, in D2O. The adsorption was quantified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR). The ratio between suppressed ionization of the carboxylic groups within the film and their ionization in solution, as directly measured by FTIR-ATR, was used to estimate the fraction of hydrogen-bonded carboxylic groups; this was ∼0.5 in PVPON/PMAA but only ∼0.1 in the PEO/PMAA system, though the dielectric environments appeared to be similar. The critical pH, at which these hydrogen-bonded layers disintegrated, was controlled by a balance of internal ionization and a fraction of carboxylic groups that formed hydrogen bonds with either PVPON or PEO. The critical point was at pH = 6.9 for the PVPON/PMAA films (relatively strong hydrogen bonding), but pH = 4.6 for the PEO/PMAA films (in which a smaller fraction of segments participated in hydrogen bonding). It was even less, pH = 3.6, in the PEO/PAA system, which contained a larger proportion of ionized groups at a given pH owing to the higher acidity of PAA. As a second avenue to control the stability of these multilayer films, ionic strength was varied systematically. In the PEO/PMAA system, the multilayers were stable up to pH = 4.6 in the environment of 10 mM ions (this ionic strength resulted from the buffer solution to control pH), but the multilayers were stable up to higher pH, pH = 5.15, when 0.4 M NaCl was added. The reason is that a higher ionic strength reduced the intensity of electrostatic repulsion between a given number of ionized groups within the multilayer assembly. A slight weakening of stability with decrease of molecular weight was observed (these experiments concerned the PVPON system) as expected from fewer hydrogen bonds per molecule. Finally, experiments with added rhodamine 6G dye showed that dye or drug molecules can be incorporated into such multilayers and then released as needed at preselected conditionsa feature that may be used in drug release devices.
Oblique-incidence illumination and collection for depth-selective fluorescence spectroscopy (2005)

Optimization of device-tissue interface parameters may lead to an improvement in the efficacy of fluorescence spectroscopy for minimally invasive disease detection. Although illumination-collection geometry has been shown to have a strong influence on the spatial origin of detected fluorescence, devices that deliver and/or collect light at oblique incidence are not well understood. Simulations are performed using a Monte Carlo model of light propagation in homogeneous tissue to characterize general trends in the intensity and spatial origin of fluorescence detected by angled geometries. Specifically, the influence of illumination angle, collection angle, and illumination-collection spot separation distance are investigated for low and high attenuation tissue cases. Results indicate that oblique-incidence geometries have the potential to enhance the selective interrogation of superficial or subsurface fluorophores at user-selectable depths up to about 0.5 mm. Detected fluorescence intensity is shown to increase significantly with illumination and collection angle. Improved selectivity and signal intensity over normal-incidence geometries result from the overlap of illumination and collection cones within the tissue. Cases involving highly attenuating tissue produce a moderate reduction in the depth of signal origin. While Monte Carlo modeling indicates that oblique-incidence designs can facilitate depth-selective fluorescence spectroscopy, optimization of device performance will require application-specific consideration of optical and biological parameters.
Cell-Matrix Interactions and Cell Adhesion During Development (1986)

INTRODUCTION . ... ... . ... ... . . • .•••. 27 MOLECULES THAT MEDIATE CELL ADHESION . . . ... . 28 Extracellular Matrix Proteins . . 28 Cell-Cell Adhesion Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . 31 ROLE OF MATRIX AND CELL ADHESION MOLECULES IN EMBRYOGENESIS .... 35 Preimplantation Development ..... . . . 35 Ep ithelial Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ,, '''''''' 38 MDCK Cells and Cell Polarity .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1
Synthesis of Placental Protein 12 by Human Decidua (1985)

The synthesis and secretion of placental protein 12 (PP12) were studied in tissue culture using explants of decidua, amnion, chorion, and placenta from seven full term pregnancies. The total amounts of PP12 in media and tissues were measured by RIA, and new protein synthesis and secretion by decidual explants were demonstrated by the incorporation of [35S]methionine into PP12 after 20 h of incubation with 12.5 microCi/ml [35S]methionine. Cycloheximide was used to study the effect of a protein synthesis inhibitor on the secretion of PP12 by decidua. Significantly more PP12 (P less than 0.001) was released into the medium from decidual explants than from chorion and amnion explants throughout the experimental period of 24 h. When incubated under identical conditions, placental explants released no detectable PP12. In decidual tissues and their culture media, the total amount of PP12 was 127.4% higher after incubation than before incubation (P less than 0.001). No increase was found when chorion and amnion were cultured. The addition of cycloheximide into cultures decreased the total amount of PP12 in the decidua and in its culture medium by more than 50%, indicating that one part of PP12 in decidua was performed and another part was newly synthesized. Decidual explants incorporated [35S]methionine into immunoprecipitable PP12 indicating new PP12 synthesis. In gel filtration, 77% of decidual [35S] PP12 eluted in the same position as purified PP12. In sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the migration mobility of [35S]PP12 was identical with that of purified PP12. Our results clearly demonstrate that PP12 is a decidual rather than a placental protein.
Characterization of 16S rRNA genes from oil field microbial communities indicates the presence of a variety of sulfate-reducing, fermentative, and sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (1996)

Oil field bacteria were characterized by cloning and sequencing of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes. A variety of gram-negative, sulfate-reducing bacteria was detected (16 members of the family Desulfovibrionaceae and 8 members of the family Desulfobacteriaceae). In contrast, a much more limited number of anaerobic, fermentative, or acetogenic bacteria was found (one Clostridium sp., one Eubacterium sp., and one Synergistes sp.). Potential sulfide oxidizers and/or microaerophiles (Thiomicrospira, Arcobacter, Campylobacter, and Oceanospirillum spp.) were also detected. The first two were prominently amplified from uncultured production water DNA and represented 28 and 47% of all clones, respectively. Growth on media containing sulfide as the electron donor and nitrate as the electron acceptor and designed for the isolation of Thiomicrospira spp. gave only significant enrichment of the Campylobacter sp., which was shown to be present in different western Canadian oil fields. This newly discovered sulfide oxidizer may provide a vital link in the oil field sulfur cycle by reoxidizing sulfide formed by microbial sulfate or sulfur reduction.
Is it Finger or Wrist Dexterity That is Missing in Current Hand Prostheses? (2015)

Building prostheses with dexterous motor function equivalent to that of the human hand is one of the ambitious goals of bioengineers. State of art prostheses lack several degrees of freedom (DoF) and force the individuals to compensate for them by changing the motions of their arms and body. However, such compensatory movements often result in residual limb pain and overuse syndromes. Significant efforts were spent in designing artificial hands with multiple allowed grasps but little work has been done with regards to wrist design, regardless the fact that the wrist contributes significantly to the execution of upper limb motor tasks. We hypothesized that a single DoF hand with wrist flexion/extension allowed function comparable to a highly performant multi DoF hand without wrist flexion/extension. To assess this we compared four emulated architectures of hand-wrist prostheses using the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure and evaluating the extent of compensatory movements with unimpaired subjects wearing ortheses. Our findings show indeed that shifting the dexterity from the hand to the wrist could preserve the ability of transradial amputees in performing common tasks with limited effect on the compensatory movements. Hence, this study invites rehabilitation engineers to focus on novel artificial wrist architectures.
Purification and characterization of human hepatic stimulator substance. (1993)

Human hepatic stimulator substance (hHSS) was purified from fetal liver with 6,000-fold decrease in protein content and 840-fold increase in specific growth stimulative activity. Purification procedures included the heating of a homogenate in 35% (W/V) Tris-HCL at 95 degrees C for 20 min, high and ultra speed centrifugation, passage over Sephadex G100 gel filtration, DEAE-cellulose ion exchange, TSK G3000 SWG high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and YWG C-18 reverse phase HPLC techniques. The most purified material (HP-HSS) revealed cell-specific and dose dependent increase in 3H-TdR incorporation into cellular DNA. As little as 38 ng of the HP-HSS per ml of culture medium produced a 2.5-fold increase in DNA synthesis. Further studies indicate that HP-HSS in combination with insulin and epidermal growth factor stimulate DNA synthesis 16-fold compared with serum and hormone free controls and nearly 3-fold over hepatoma growth with HP-HSS alone. Sodium dedecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with silver stain and ultrascan XL laser densitrometer quantitative scanning revealed only one band at 12,800.
The Sentinel Node in Breast Cancer — A Multicenter Validation Study (1998)

Biopsy of sentinel nodes can predict the presence or absence of axillary-node metastases in patients with breast cancer. However, the procedure can be technically challenging, and the success rate varies according to the surgeon and the characteristics of the patient.
IL-17 expression as a possible predictive parameter for subclinical renal allograft rejection (2001)

In the present study we have tried to establish the role of IL-17 in subclinical renal allograft rejection. In this animal model, renal grafts from BN (RT1n) were transplanted heterotopically into LEW (RT1l) rats. As controls, LEW grafts were transplanted into LEW rats. The histopathological examination demonstrated that the changes in the allograft kidney on day 2 were similar to those ranked as borderline changes according to the Banff classification scale. On day 2, the serum level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were the same as on day 1. The examination of allograft cytokines mRNA showed that IL-17 mRNA expressed earlier on the second postoperative day, peaked at day 5, and then declined, becoming almost undetectable at day 9, when most rats died. IL-17 antigen was also proven, by histochemical staining, to be expressed early, however we could not find the same early appearance on other Th1/Th2 cytokines. In human renal biopsy samples, the IL-17 antigen could be found scattered around in the borderline changed rejected renal allografts without evidence of a serum creatinine increase, but was undetectable both in normal controls and in renal transplant tissue without signs of rejection. IL-17 mRNA was detected in the mononuclear cells of the urinary sediment of patients suffering from borderline subclinical rejection. From the above results we can hypothesize that IL-17 could serve as a predictive parameter for borderline subclinical renal allograft rejection in the future.
Epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted immunophotodiagnosis and photoimmunotherapy of oral precancer in vivo. (2001)

Immunophotodiagnosis uses a fluorescence-labeled monoclonal antibody (MAb) that recognizes a tumor-associated antigen to image the fluorescence emitted from the fluorophore-bound MAb that has localized in the tissue. It may be used to diagnose malignant or precancerous lesions, to delineate the margins for tumor resection, or as a feedback mechanism to assess response to treatment. In oral precancer, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed and could be used as a marker for early detection or as a target for therapy. The goal of this study was to test an anti-EGFR MAb (C225) coupled to either the near-infrared fluorescent dye N,N'-di-carboxypentyl-indodicarbocyanine-5,5'-disulfonic acid for detection or a photochemically active dye (chlorin(e6)) for therapy of early premalignancy in the hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis model. Fluorescence levels in the carcinogen-treated tissue correlated with the histological stage of the lesions when the C225-N,N'-di-carboxypentyl-indodicarbocyanine-5,5'-disulfonic acid conjugate was used but did not do so with the irrelevant conjugates. Discrete areas of clinically normal mucosa with high fluorescence (hot spots) were subsequently shown by histology to contain dysplastic areas. The best contrast between normal and carcinogen-treated cheek pouches was found at 4-8 days after injection. To test the potential of immunophotodiagnosis as a feedback modality for therapeutic intervention, experiments were conducted with the same MAb conjugated to chlorin(e6) followed by illumination to reduce expression of the EGFR by a photodynamic effect. Subsequent immunophotodiagnosis showed that this treatment led to a significant reduction in fluorescence in the carcinogen-treated cheek pouch compared with nonilluminated areas. This difference between illuminated and dark areas was not seen in the normal cheek pouch. Taken together, the results demonstrate the potential for development of immunophotodiagnosis as a diagnostic tool and as a method of monitoring response to therapy and that the EGFR may be an appropriate target in head and neck cancer.
Molecular scaffolds for chemical wizardry: Learning nature's rules for terpene cyclases (2001)

Most people are familiar with terpenes whether they know it or not. These are the compounds that give many of our foods wonderful aromas and tastes and many of our household cleaning agents their fresh scents. But these are just some of the obvious ways we have taken advantage of these compounds. Biologically, terpenes are immensely important compounds in plants, fungi, bacteria, and insects that provide unique means for these organisms to sense and interact with their environment as well as serve as hormones that orchestrate developmental programs. For example, plants emit a wide range of terpenes that attract beneficial insects (1). Some plant families are notable also for their ability to synthesize and secrete antimicrobial terpenes as a defense compound against fungal and bacterial challenges (2). Still other plants that occupy resource-limited habitats such as deserts are known to constitutively secrete terpenes into their rhizosphere as a means of inhibiting the growth of competitor plant species (3). Fungi and bacteria likewise are known to synthesize a plethora of terpenes (4). Gibberella fujikuroi produces the well characterized plant growth regulator gibberellic acid, a diterpene, when it infects rice (5). This infection process results in unusually tall rice plants that can lodge easily and plants having other developmental abnormalities. Fusarium species and other relatives probably represent an even greater agricultural problem, because these fungi produce particularly noxious terpenes known as mycotoxins when they infect wheat and other stored grains (6).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 1‐Benzylindole‐2,3‐dicarboxylic Anhydride with Wittig Reagents. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Glycosaminoglycans can modulate extracellular localization of the wingless protein and promote signal transduction. (1996)

Wingless, the Drosophila homologue of the proto-oncogene Wnt-1, encodes a secreted glycoprotein that regulates differentiation and proliferation of nearby cells. Here we report on the biochemical mechanism(s) by which the wingless signal is transmitted from cell to cell. When expressed in S2 cells, the majority (approximately 83%) of secreted wingless protein (WG) is bound to the cell surface and extracellular matrix through specific, noncovalent interactions. The tethered WG can be released by addition of exogenous heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans. WG also binds directly to heparin agarose beads with high affinity. These data suggest that WG can bind to the cell surface via naturally occurring sulfated proteoglycans. Two lines of evidence indicate that extracellular glycosaminoglycans on the receiving cells also play a functional role in WG signaling. First, treatment of WG-responsive cells with glycosaminoglycan lyases reduced WG activity by 50%. Second, when WG-responsive cells were preincubated with 1 mM chlorate, which blocks sulfation, WG activity was inhibited to near-basal levels. Addition of exogenous heparin to the chlorate-treated cells was able to restore WG activity. Based on these results, we propose that WG belongs to the group of growth factor ligands whose actions are mediated by extracellular proteoglycan molecules.
Formation and removal of alkylthiolate self-assembled monolayers on gold in aqueous solutions (2006)

We report the development of novel reagents and approaches for generating recyclable biosensors. The use of aqueous media for the formation of protein binding alkylthiolate monolayers on Au surfaces results in accelerated alkylthiolate monolayer formation and improvement in monolayer integrity as visualized by fluorescence microscopy and CV techniques. We have also developed an electrocleaning protocol that is compatible with microfluidics devices, and this technique serves as an on-chip method for cleaning Au substrates both before and after monolayer formation. The techniques for the formation and dissociation of biotinylated SAMs from aqueous solvents reported here may be applied towards the development of Au-based sensor devices and microfluidics chips in the future. A potential use of these devices includes the specific capture and triggered release of target cells, proteins, or small molecules from liquid samples.
A series of chiral polybrominated biindoles from the marine blue-green alga Rivularia firma. Application of carbon-13 NMR spin-lattice relaxation data and carbon-13-proton coupling constants to structure elucidation (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA series of chiral polybrominated biindoles from the marine blue-green alga Rivularia firma. Application of carbon-13 NMR spin-lattice relaxation data and carbon-13-proton coupling constants to structure elucidationRaymond S. Norton and Robert J. WellsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 13, 3628–3635Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00377a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00377a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views813Altmetric-Citations121LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Challenges to accrual predictions to phase III cancer clinical trials: a survey of study chairs and lead statisticians of 248 NCI-sponsored trials (2011)

Consistent factors explaining poor accrual were not identified, suggesting reasons for poor accrual are not well understood and warrant further study. Alternate strategies for accrual prediction are needed since Clinical Trials Cooperative Group experience is linked to successful and unsuccessful accrual.
The Role of Interleukin-1β in Murine Cigarette Smoke–Induced Emphysema and Small Airway Remodeling (2008)

Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), a proinflammatory cytokine, is elevated in cigarette smokers. To determine whether IL-1beta plays a role in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema and small airway remodeling, IL-1 receptor knockout (IL1RKO), TNF-alpha receptor knockout (TNFRKO), or C57Bl/6 (control) mice were exposed to cigarette smoke acutely or for up to 6 months. With a single acute exposure, smoke elevated IL-1beta in C57Bl/6 mice. IL1RKO mice were protected against acute smoke-mediated increases in lavage inflammatory cells and matrix breakdown. In C57Bl/6 mice, acute smoke-mediated increases in inflammatory cells, serum IL-1beta, and serum TNF-alpha were blocked by z-VAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor, or z-WEHD-fmk, a caspase-1 (IL-1-converting enzyme, [ICE]) inhibitor. With 6 months of exposure, IL-1beta was no longer increased, but IL-18 was elevated. After 6 months of exposure, IL1RKO mice were 65% protected against emphysema, whereas TNFRKO mice were 83% protected. Both strains were completely protected against small airway remodeling. Lavage desmosine, hydroxyproline, and hyaluronan, matrix breakdown markers, were elevated in C57 but not IL1RKO mice. We conclude that IL-1beta plays a significant role in induction of murine emphysema and small airway remodeling, and is comparable to TNF-alpha in its effects. The protective effects of caspase inhibitors appear to be related to inhibition of ICE and raise the question of whether models that ameliorate emphysema with caspase inhibitors are really blocking IL-1beta (and IL-18) activation rather than blocking apoptosis.
SCN8A mutations in Chinese children with early onset epilepsy and intellectual disability (2015)

Five SCN8A mutations were first reported in Chinese patients with epilepsy and ID/DD, expanding the phenotype and mutation spectrum of SCN8A mutations. Although three of these patients were controlled well by SCBs in our study, the effectiveness of SCBs should be validated in more patients with epilepsy caused by SCN8A mutations in the future. One of our five patients had sudden unexpected death in epilepsy SUDEP, suggesting that we should pay more attention to SUDEP in epileptic patients with SCN8A mutations.