gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inorganic hardmask development for extreme ultraviolet patterning (2018)

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) patterning offers an opportunity to explore hardmask materials and patterning approaches. Traditional patterning stacks for deep ultraviolet patterning have been based on optimizing multilayer schemes for reflectivity control and pattern transfer. At the EUV wavelength, the patterning challenges are dominated by stochastics and aspect ratio control. This offers an opportunity to think differently about underlayer design for sub-36-nm pitch patterning. The choice of hardmask can be used to modulate postlitho defectivity to mitigate the stochastics effects and enable more efficient pattern transfer. Through different case studies this paper will explore a range of silicon-based inorganic hardmasks for sub-36-nm EUV patterning. How film properties dominate patterning performance will be studied systematically. The relative merits of patterning a chemically amplified organic resist directly on an inorganic hardmask or having different types of organic adhesion promoters as an intermediate layer will also be presented.
Surface Modification of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) by 172-nm Excimer Lamp (2012)

We studied the effects of 172 nm Xe2* excimer lamp irradiation on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) surfaces. Two kinds of techniques were applied: vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light irradiation and VUV irradiation in the presence of oxygen gas (VUV/O3). The modified PET surfaces were investigated by using contact angle measurements which enabled the surface free energy to be calculated, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nano-thermal analysis (nano-TA), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The surface free energy increased significantly after the treatments. The results of XPS analysis showed that the elemental ratio of oxygen on the surface increased, whereas that of carbon decreased. From the deconvoluted C1s and O1s spectra, it was revealed that new oxidized functional groups such as alcoholic and carboxyl groups were generated. The nano-TA results showed that a low melting temperature (Tm) layer had formed on the VUV and VUV/O3 treated PET surfaces. The results of AFM measurements showed there were no remarkable changes after the treatments compared with untreated PET. In summary, the VUV and VUV/O3 treatments using a Xe2* excimer lamp not only change the surface functionalities but also reduce the Tm of the PET surfaces without significantly affecting the surface morphologies.
Protection from retinal necrosis by passive transfer of monoclonal antibody specific for herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D (1992)

Passive administration of antibody against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been shown to protect against stromal keratitis and death from encephalitis. Although the exact mechanism by which passively-transferred antibody protects is not known, one of the features of protection by passively-transferred antibody is interference with the ability of the virus to spread within the nervous system. In the experiments reported herein, studies were performed to determine if 8D2, a monoclonal antibody against a type-common epitope of glycoprotein D, could protect mice from retinal necrosis following uniocular anterior chamber inoculation of HSV-1. Mice were protected from retinal necrosis when the antibody was administered 2 hours before virus inoculation or 24 hours after virus inoculation. When antibody was injected 2 hours before virus inoculation, the liter of virus at day 1 p.i. in the injected eyes of antibody-treated and control mice was the same, but by 3 days p.i., the liter of virus in the anlibody-lrealed mice was significantly lower than that recovered from control mice. The tilers of virus in the brains and in the uninoculated eyes of antibody-treated mice were also significantly lower than in control mice. The results of these studies suggest that passively-transferred antibody protects against retinal necrosis by limiting spread of virus to the CNS or replication of virus within the CNS.
Effect of Yeast on Feed Intake and Performance of Cows Fed Diets Based on Corn Silage During Early Lactation (1998)

Thirty-six multiparous Holstein cows were fed a mixture of corn silage and concentrate [1:1; dry matter (DM) basis] and long hay (0.9 kg/d) through wk 18 of lactation. Beginning at 30 d prepartum through wk 4 of lactation, the total mixed rations of 18 of these cows were top-dressed daily with 10 g of Biomate Yeast Plus (Chr. Hansen's, Inc., Milwaukee, WI). The other 18 cows served as controls. At wk 5, both control and treated cows were divided into three groups and fed 0, 10, or 20 g/d of yeast. Yeast supplementation during early lactation significantly improved DM intake, milk yield, and the digestibility of crude protein and acid detergent fiber. Least squares means for DM intake, fat-corrected milk yield, crude protein digestibility, and acid detergent fiber digestibility for cows fed 0, 10, 20 g/d of yeast during wk 5 to 18 of lactation were 23.8, 24.7, and 25.0 kg/d; 37.7, 40.7, and 41.4 kg/d; 78.5, 80.8, and 79.5%; and 54.4, 60.2, and 56.8%, respectively. Although numerical responses in DM intake and milk yield were greater for cows fed 20 g/d of yeast than for cows fed 10 g/d of yeast, the response was not significant.
Identification of potential drug targets for tuberous sclerosis complex by synthetic screens combining CRISPR-based knockouts with RNAi (2015)

The tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) family of tumor suppressors, TSC1 and TSC2, function together in an evolutionarily conserved protein complex that is a point of convergence for major cell signaling pathways that regulate mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). Mutation or aberrant inhibition of the TSC complex is common in various human tumor syndromes and cancers. The discovery of novel therapeutic strategies to selectively target cells with functional loss of this complex is therefore of clinical relevance to patients with nonmalignant TSC and those with sporadic cancers. We developed a CRISPR-based method to generate homogeneous mutant Drosophila cell lines. By combining TSC1 or TSC2 mutant cell lines with RNAi screens against all kinases and phosphatases, we identified synthetic interactions with TSC1 and TSC2. Individual knockdown of three candidate genes (mRNA-cap, Pitslre, and CycT; orthologs of RNGTT, CDK11, and CCNT1 in humans) reduced the population growth rate of Drosophila cells lacking either TSC1 or TSC2 but not that of wild-type cells. Moreover, individual knockdown of these three genes had similar growth-inhibiting effects in mammalian TSC2-deficient cell lines, including human tumor-derived cells, illustrating the power of this cross-species screening strategy to identify potential drug targets.
Prevotella bryantii 25A Used as a Probiotic in Early-Lactation Dairy Cows: Effect on Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics, Milk Production, and Milk Composition (2008)

Ingestion of high levels of rapidly fermented carbohydrates after parturition often leads to the production of excessive quantities of organic acids that may exceed the buffering capacity of the rumen and cause pH to drop. Ruminal acidosis results in animal discomfort, anorexia, depression, decreased digestibility, and decreased milk production. In the present study, we examined the effects of daily addition of cells of a newly isolated strain of Prevotella bryantii (25A) to the rumen of 12 ruminally cannulated cows in early lactation. This strain was selected based on earlier in vitro studies that indicated its ability to grow rapidly, compete for starch, and produce organic acids other than lactate. After calving, all cows received increasing amounts of an energy-dense diet containing barley grain, corn silage, and grass silage in a 40:60 forage-to-concentrate ratio. Animals were blocked according to milk production from their previous lactation. Treatments (control and P. bryantii) were distributed among cows within the same block. Cows were fed once a day. Six cows were given a daily dose of P. bryantii (2 x 10(11) cells/dose), administered directly with a syringe through the rumen cannula, from 3 wk prepartum up to 7 wk postpartum. Rumen fluid was sampled before feeding and at 2 and 3 h postfeeding on wk 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 postpartum. Feed intake and milk yield were recorded daily and milk composition was recorded 2 d/wk, up to wk 7 of lactation. Feed intake was similar between control and treated cows. Prevotella bryantii did not change milk production, but milk fat tended to be greater in treated cows compared with control cows (3.9 vs. 3.5%). Rumen pH was similar between the 2 groups and differed across sampling times, being higher before feeding (6.3) as opposed to 2 h (5.9) and 3 h (5.7) postfeeding. Rumen lactate concentration was similar before feeding between control and treated cows; however, 2 to 3 h after feeding, lactate concentration was lower in cows receiving P. bryantii compared with control cows (0.7 vs. 1.4 mM). This difference was maintained throughout the experimental period. Concentration of NH(3)-N was greater in treated cows than in control cows (174 vs. 142 mg/L). Acetate (65.5 vs. 57.8 mM), butyrate (12.7 vs. 10.5 mM), and branched-chain C4 fatty acid (0.90 vs. 0.75 mM) concentrations were greater in postfeeding samples of treated cows compared with control cows. Supplementing early-lactating cows with P. bryantii 25A increased ruminal fermentation products and milk fat concentration. Because signs of subacute ruminal acidosis were not observed in either treated or control cows, no conclusions can be made about possible protection against acidosis by P. bryantii.
A Fast Method of Simulating Resist Pattern Contours Based on Mean Inhibitor Concentration (1998)

A fast and simple method of simulating developed resist pattern contours obtained with optical lithography has been developed. This simulation method consists of calculating the aerial image intensity, the inhibitor concentration in the resist film, and the mean inhibitor concentration obtained by averaging the inhibitor concentration along the axis normal to the resist layer. The contours of a resist pattern formed with optical lithography are determined from contours related to the threshold value of the mean inhibitor concentration. Although the calculation of post-exposure baking (PEB) diffusion and development is eliminated, the influences of the resist thickness and a multiple-layer substrate structure on the resist pattern width and contours due to interference in the resist film are taken into account. The validity of this method was tested by comparing the calculation results with experimental data. The computing time was between one-sixth and one-twelfth of that needed for a conventional three-dimensional simulation which includes calculation of the aerial image intensity, inhibitor concentration in the resist layer, PEB diffusion, and development. Moreover, the new method requires much less memory than the conventional three-dimensional simulation since only a two-dimensional array representing the resist plane is necessary. When the new method was applied to model patterns, we found that the pattern dimensions and contours varied as the thickness of the resist film and the thin layer between the resist film and substrate changed, which demonstrates the effectiveness of this method.
J chain synthesis and secretion of hexameric IgM is differentially regulated by lipopolysaccharide and interleukin 5. (1992)

Two functional polymeric forms of IgM can be produced by antibody-secreting B cells. Hexameric IgM lacks detectable J (joining) chain and activates complement 17-fold better than pentameric IgM, which usually contains one J chain per pentamer. Using the inducible B-cell lymphoma CH12, we determined if the synthesis of a particular polymeric form of IgM is a fixed property of B cells or can be altered. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated CH12 cells produced mixtures of IgM hexamers and pentamers, resulting in antibody with high complement-fixing activity. In contrast, interleukin-5-stimulated CH12 cells secreted predominantly pentameric IgM, with a correspondingly lower lytic activity. Differences in lytic activity were due only to the amount of hexameric IgM in the secreted antibody. Interleukin 5 stimulated higher production of J chain RNA and protein than LPS, while LPS induced the highest levels of the secretory form of mu protein. The amount of hexameric IgM secreted was therefore inversely proportional to the level of intracellular J chain protein in the responding B cells. We conclude that the biologic function of IgM produced by B cells differs depending on how they are stimulated and that this difference may be regulated by the relative availabilities of J chain and secretory mu proteins during IgM polymerization.
Role of IL-13 in CD4 T Cell-Dependent IgE Production in Atopy (1997)

IgE isotype switching of human B cells requires physical interaction of T and B cells via surface molecules, and either IL-4 or IL-13 secreted by T cells. In this study we analyzed the role of IL-4 versus IL-13 in IgE production in atopy. We found that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from atopic individuals but not from nonatopic subjects secreted IgE without addition of IL-4 or IL-13, if T and B cells were simultaneously activated by anti-CD3 mAb and soluble CD40L, respectively. IgE production by atopic PBMC was dependent on endogenously secreted IL-4 and IL-13, since it could be blocked by a combination of anti-IL-4 plus anti-IL-13 antibodies. No differences in the B cell compartment of nonatopics and atopics were detectable, since PBMC from both donor populations secreted comparable amounts of IgE, if only the B cells were activated by soluble CD40L plus either exogenous IL-4 or IL-13. Further phenotypic analysis of T cells from atopics revealed that activated CD4+45RO- secreted IL-4 but no IL-13, whereas CD4+45RO+ memory T cells secreted low amounts of IL-4, but large amounts of IL-13. Accordingly, prolonged activation of native CD4+45RO- T cells in vitro induced expression of CD45RO, and strongly favored secretion of IL-13 rather than IL-4. Addition of exogenous IL-4 during activation further increased both IL-4 and IL-13 production to a similar degree. However, the potential of CD4 T cells from atopics to deliver contact-dependent activation signals to B cells and to induce IgE production (in the absence of soluble CD40L) increased with prolonged activation, and coincided with IL-13 rather than IL-4 production. Under similar conditions, CD8 effector cells secreted IL-13 but no IL-4, did not express CD40L, and could not help Ig(E) production by B cells. These results suggest that, in atopy, persistently stimulated CD4+45RO+memory/effector T cells provide contact-dependent activation signals to B cells, and that these cells may induce IgE switching largely via secretion of IL-13.
New inhibitors of p38 kinase (2000)

AbstractIn the short time since the 1994 report that the molecular target for the 4-aryl-5-pyridin-4-yl imidazole class of cytokine suppressive anti-inflammatory agents (exemplified by SB-203580) was the human homologue of the stress-induced kinase p38, there has been an explosion of patent literature disclosing related inhibitor analogues. These compounds fall into the general structural class of vicinal aryl/pyridin-4-yl heterocycles. Compounds of this class have been claimed as p38 inhibitors or inhibitors of cytokine biosynthesis. Since cytokines mediate a variety of disease processes, inhibition of cytokine biosynthesis has potential as a therapeutic target. The SAR of binding to p38 for this intensively studied class of compounds is now understandable on the basis of recent x-ray crystallographic and mutagenesis studies. The inhibitors can be sub-classified based upon a variety of structural characteristics. Recently new inhibitor structural classes have been disclosed. Although distinctly different structurally, several of these new compounds appear to bind with the same key interactions as the vicinal aryl/pyridin-4-yl heterocycles.Keywordscytokine biosynthesis inhibitorcytokine mediated diseasesIL-1inflammationp38 kinase inhibitorp38 MAP kinase (p38α)TNF
Higher-Order Structure of Polymyxin B:  The Functional Significance of Topological Flexibility (1999)

The higher order structure of antibacterial polymyxin B (PxB), an N-acylated pentacationic (4−10)-cyclic decapeptide, is determined from NMR data by simulated annealing calculations. The antibacterial selectivity of PxB against Gram-negative organisms suggests that PxB must participate in specific microscopic interactions with these organisms, and the structure of PxB provides insights into these interactions. Significance of the topological flexibility of certain parts of the structure in relation to the membrane-mimetic environment is developed to suggest the presence of two distinct and specific phosphoester binding sites per PxB. Although disordered in water, PxB remains in a monomeric form and adopts a well-defined structure in aqueous trifluoroethanol (TFE). Circular dichroism results show a comparable structure in aqueous TFE and on anionic vesicles. Docking and energy minimization calculations show that the two phosphoester binding sites are essentially on the same face of the structure. The topology of the ring is locked in a fixed relationship between residues 6, 7, and 10. However, the pucker of the ring changes residues 4 and 5 on one side and residues 8 and 9 on the other side. The structural flexibility within the NMR constraints permits occupancy of the sites individually or simultaneously, in a 10 to 14 Å range for the phosphorus-to-phosphorus distance between the two sites. Thus, for interactions at the Gram-negative cell surface, a PxB molecule could not only bind to the headgroup of one or two phosphatidylglycerols, but remarkably, the two sites could also simultaneously accommodate the 1,4‘-diphosphodiglucosamine of lipid A backbone of a lipopolysaccharide. The observed combination of both fixed and flexible regions of PxB, referred to as higher order structure, accounts for its ability to perform a range of microscopically distinct functions guided by the local environment at the bacterial cell surface.
Molecular cloning of invasion plasmid antigen (ipa) genes from Shigella flexneri: analysis of ipa gene products and genetic mapping (1987)

Tn5-tagged invasion plasmid DNA (pWR110) from Shigella flexneri serotype 5 (strain M90T) was cloned into the expression vector lambda gt11. Recombinant phage (lambda gt11Sfl) expressing pWR110-encoded polypeptide antigens were identified by using rabbit antisera directed against S. flexneri M90T invasion plasmid antigens. Antigens encoded by lambda gt11Sfl recombinant phage were characterized by reacting affinity-purified antibodies, eluted from nitrocellulose-bound plaques of lambda gt11Sfl recombinants, with virulent, wild-type S. flexneri M90T polypeptides in Western blot analyses. lambda gt11Sfl clones directing the synthesis of complete, truncated, and beta-galactosidase fusion versions of three previously identified outer membrane polypeptides (57-, 43-, and 39-kilodalton [kDa] antigens) were isolated. A fourth polypeptide, similar in size to the 57-kDa antigen (ca. 58 kDa) but unrelated as determined by DNA homology and serological measurements, was also identified. Southern blot analysis of S. flexneri M90T invasion plasmid DNA hybridized with lambda gt11Sfl insert DNA probes was used to construct a map of invasion plasmid antigen genes (ipa) corresponding to the 57-kDa (ipaB), 43-kDa (ipaC), and 39-kDa (ipaD) polypeptides. Genes ipaB, ipaC and ipaD mapped to contiguous 4.6-kilobase (kb) and 1.0-kb HindIII fragments contained within a larger (23-kb) BamHI fragment. The ipaH gene, which encodes the synthesis of the 58-kDa polypeptide, did not map in or near the ipaBCD gene cluster, suggesting a distinct location of ipaH on the invasion plasmid.
A multiple presentation document management system (1992)

The paper proposes an approach to the definition of a document management system oriented to the support of cooperative activities based on multiple-presentation documents. In our view, multiple-presentation means that the informative content of a document can be presented to the reader by using different shapes, styles and levels of detail, according to the reader profile. The Zelig document management system is based on the definition of an only conceptual (i.e. abstract) document, which is mapped to several concrete documents, each used to fulfil a different communication goal. A prototype implementation of the Zelig system has been carried out within the MS-Windows environment.
Hemoglobin Variants in Northern Thailand: Prevalence, Heterogeneity and Molecular Characteristics (2015)

The prevalence and molecular heterogeneities of the Hb variants found in this large cohort of the northern Thai people's should prove useful in developing a screening program, and for the performance of additional population genetics studies of hemoglobinopathy in the region.
Anti-retroviral therapy of human immunodeficiency virus infection: current strategies and challenges for the future [published erratum appears in Blood 1991 Dec 15;78(12):3330] (1991)

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[The effect of restrained stress on cardiac myocyte apoptosis in rats and Chinese herbs yixinning interference on it]. (2003)

The restrained stress can induce cardiac myocyte apoptosis in rats. Chinese herbs "yixnning" can inhibit cardiac myocyte apoptosis, and have functions of anti-stress injury.
Three-dimensional PtNi hollow nanochains as an enhanced electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (2016)

Three-dimensional PtNi nanochains with hollow structures were synthesized using Ni nanosponges as templates in an aqueous solution, which exhibited an improved electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction.
Targeting the Vaginal Mucosa with Human Papillomavirus Pseudovirion Vaccines Delivering Simian Immunodeficiency Virus DNA (2011)

The majority of HIV infections occur via mucosal transmission. Vaccines that induce memory T and B cells in the female genital tract may prevent the establishment and systemic dissemination of HIV. We tested the immunogenicity of a vaccine that uses human papillomavirus (HPV)-based gene transfer vectors, also called pseudovirions (PsVs), to deliver SIV genes to the vaginal epithelium. Our findings demonstrate that this vaccine platform induces gene expression in the genital tract in both cynomolgus and rhesus macaques. Intravaginal vaccination with HPV16, HPV45, and HPV58 PsVs delivering SIV Gag DNA induced Gag-specific Abs in serum and the vaginal tract, and T cell responses in blood, vaginal mucosa, and draining lymph nodes that rapidly expanded following intravaginal exposure to SIV(mac251.) HPV PsV-based vehicles are immunogenic, which warrant further testing as vaccine candidates for HIV and may provide a useful model to evaluate the benefits and risks of inducing high levels of SIV-specific immune responses at mucosal sites prior to SIV infection.
LCoS for high performance displays (2004)

This paper overviews the liquid crystal-on-silicon (LCoS) technology and the related optical and electronic technologies required to provide high quality LCoS microdisplay systems.