gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical Routing for Very Large Networks (1984)

This paper presents a hierarchical routing design undergoing implementation for the Survivable Packet Radio network project (SURAN) under the auspices of The Defense Advanced Research Project Agency. As in the previous Packet Radio network, this network is built on a carrier sense, multiple access broadcast channel and is populated with mobile store and forward nodes known as packet radio units, or PRs. The goals of SURAN are to create a large distributed network of 1,000 to 10,000 nodes with a redundant, fluid control structure that is capable of surviving the loss of components and other more active threats against the network control structure. Key to the success of this network are name servers which relate the current location of a device to a network address, access controllers which curtail network membership and privileges, network monitors which report on the control structure and network behavior and, finally, super*clusterheads which are responsible for the distributed routing control. The super*clusterheads create hierarchical addresses for each PR and compute the best routes between clusters at each level. This paper discusses issues associated with clustering: membership definition, route creation, distribution and change.
Hydrolysis of soybean oil (1999)

Subcritical water has been recently demonstrated to be a viable medium for conducting hydrolysis reactions on a variety of organic compounds. In this study, the hydrolysis of triglycerides in soybean oil to their respective free fatty acids has been affected using a flow reactor. The flow reactor permits hydrolysis to be accomplished without the need of a catalyst but requires higher temperatures than previously used in a static system to attain >97% product conversion. Using a high pressure view cell as a diagnostic aid, it was found that the oil miscibility with water is crucial to attaining a high conversion to the free fatty acids. Water to oil ratios of 2.5∶1–5∶1 were found to optimal for high conversions as well as residence time between 10–15 minutes in the open tubular reactor. Such rapid hydrolysis times contrast with multi-hour conversions utilized industrially to achieve a 96–98% fatty acid yield. Although conversion of the all natural cis forms of the fatty acids to some trans form occurred, the isolated products were clear and free of degradation products, unlike previous results reported for the reaction run in a closed vessel under static conditions at these elevated temperatures (>300 °C). Determination of the trans fatty acid content of aqueous hydrolyzed oils has not been previously reported, however they are of minor importance since the produced fatty acid mixtures are primarily intended for industrial utilization and not for food consumption.
Pattern of synchrony in inhomogeneous networks of oscillators with pulse interactions (1993)

Systems of globally coupled oscillators often display states of full synchrony in which all oscillators are phase locked. It is shown that for globally coupled oscillators with neuronlike pulse interactions, the phase-locked state is unstable to inhomogeneity in the local frequency. For weak inhomogeneity the system breaks into two subpopulations: one that is phase locked and another one that consists of aperiodic oscillators. The fraction of the unlocked population remains finite in the limit of vanishing inhomogeneity.
Expression of the interleukin 6 receptor in primary renal cell carcinoma. (1997)

This study revealed the importance of IL-6/CRP and IL-6R expression in situ as potential new prognostic factors and opens the way to new therapeutic strategies in renal cell carcinoma.
Second-Derivative Variance Minimization Method for Automated Spectral Subtraction (2004)

A new second-derivative variance minimization (SDVM) procedure is used to automatically extract spectra of a dilute component (solute) from a mixture whose spectrum is dominated by a major component (solvent). This procedure involves the subtraction of Savitzky-Golay second-derivative preprocessed pure solvent and mixture spectra by minimizing the variance of the difference spectrum. The resulting undifferentiated output spectra contain primarily features associated with the solute and/or solute-induced perturbations of the solvent. The SDVM method is found to outperform several related methods, including a previously proposed derivative minimization method, as demonstrated using 1000 randomly generated solute/solvent synthetic spectral pairs and experimental Raman spectra of dilute solutions of benzene in n-hexane and water in acetone. The former experimental solution produced SDVM difference spectra containing benzene bands with virtually no n-hexane interference, while the latter revealed water-induced shifts in acetone spectral features. Several other types of SDVM applications, such as the spectroscopic analysis of layered composites, are discussed.
Electron demand in the transition state of the cyclopropylidene to allene ring opening (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectron demand in the transition state of the cyclopropylidene to allene ring openingPhilip Warner and Robert SutherlandCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 23, 6294–6300Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00049a042https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00049a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views928Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Highly-Selective and Reversible O2 Binding in Cr3(1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate)2 (2010)

Reaction of Cr(CO)(6) with trimesic acid in DMF affords the metal-organic framework Cr(3)(BTC)(2).nDMF (BTC(3-) = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate), which is isostructural to Cu(3)(BTC)(2).3H(2)O. Exchanging DMF for methanol and heating at 160 degrees C under dynamic vacuum for 48 h results in the desolvated framework Cr(3)(BTC)(2). Nitrogen gas adsorption measurements performed at 77 K revealed a type I isotherm, indicating BET and Langmuir surface areas of 1810 and 2040 m(2)/g, respectively. At 298 K, the O(2) adsorption isotherm for Cr(3)(BTC)(2) rises steeply to a capacity of 11 wt % at 2 mbar, while the corresponding N(2) adsorption isotherm displays very little uptake, gradually rising to a capacity of 0.58 wt % at 1 bar. Accordingly, the material displays an unprecedented O(2)/N(2) selectivity factor of 22. Deoxygenation of the sample could be accomplished by heating at 50 degrees C under vacuum for 48 h, leading to a gradually diminishing uptake capacity over the course of 15 consecutive adsorption/desorption cycles. Infrared and X-ray absorption spectra suggest formation of an O(2) adduct with partial charge transfer from the Cr(II) centers exposed on the surface of the framework. Neutron powder diffraction data confirm this mechanism of O(2) binding and indicate a lengthening of the Cr-Cr distance within the paddle-wheel units of the framework from 2.06(2) to 2.8(1) A.
The role of selected cations in the desensitization of intradental nerves. (1992)

Dentinal sensitivity is a common complaint of patients. Removal of cementum or enamel leaves the dentin exposed allowing various stimuli to produce fluid movement through the dentinal tubules. These fluid movements are believed to activate pulpal sensory nerves leading to pain. Various therapeutic approaches have been investigated to treat this problem. Resins, fluoride compounds and oxalate solutions have been used to block the dentinal tubules. KNO3 and SrCl2 are active ingredients in desensitizing tooth pastes but neither compound reduces the permeability of dentine. The ability of various solutions to decrease hypertonic (3M NaCl) evoked nerve activity was tested in the canine teeth of anesthetized cats. Excitatory and desensitizing solutions were placed into a deep dentinal cavity prepared over the incisal pulp horn. An electrode used to record nerve activity was also placed into this deep cavity. KNO3 and other K+ ion containing solutions elicit a biphasic effect on nerve activity. Immediately following application of these solutions into the deep dentinal cavity there is a brief burst of high frequency spike activity. Following this brief period of excitation, the intradental nerves are silent and respond weakly to hypertonic NaCl. CaCl2 and other divalent cation solutions also inhibit hypertonic NaCl induced nerve activity, but have a weaker effect than that exerted by K+. These observations can be explained based on the effects of various ions on nerve excitability. Increasing the K+ ion concentration in the vicinity of the dentinal nerve terminal depolarize and activates the nerve fibers. Following a prolonged period of depolarization the action potential mechanism is inactivated. Divalent cation solutions stabilize the nerve membrane without changing the membrane potential. Desensitizing solutions do not decrease nerve activity by an effect on pulpal blood flow. This experimental model does not entirely explain the clinical action of these desensitizing agents. The role of inflammation in hypersensitivity and dental pain is currently being investigated.
Crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ClpP1P2 suggests a model for peptidase activation by AAA+ partner binding and substrate delivery (2014)

Caseinolytic peptidase P (ClpP), a double-ring peptidase with 14 subunits, collaborates with ATPases associated with diverse activities (AAA+) partners to execute ATP-dependent protein degradation. Although many ClpP enzymes self-assemble into catalytically active homo-tetradecamers able to cleave small peptides, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis enzyme consists of discrete ClpP1 and ClpP2 heptamers that require a AAA+ partner and protein-substrate delivery or a peptide agonist to stabilize assembly of the active tetradecamer. Here, we show that cyclic acyldepsipeptides (ADEPs) and agonist peptides synergistically activate ClpP1P2 by mimicking AAA+ partners and substrates, respectively, and determine the structure of the activated complex. Our studies establish the basis of heteromeric ClpP1P2 assembly and function, reveal tight coupling between the conformations of each ring, show that ADEPs bind only to one ring but appear to open the axial pores of both rings, provide a foundation for rational drug development, and suggest strategies for studying the roles of individual ClpP1 and ClpP2 rings in Clp-family proteolysis.
A single cytochrome P-450 system is involved in degradation of the herbicides EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) and atrazine by Rhodococcus sp. strain NI86/21 (1995)

During atrazine degradation by Rhodococcus sp. strain N186/21, N-dealkylated metabolites and an hydroxyisopropyl derivative are produced. The cytochrome P-450 system that is involved in degradation of thiocarbamate herbicides by strain N186/21 (I. Nagy, G. Schoofs, F. Compernolle, P. Proost, J. Vanderleyden, and R. De Mot, J. Bacteriol. 177:676-687, 1995) is also required for atrazine degradation. Atrazine-degrading activity was conferred on the atrazine-negative strains, mutant FAJ2027 of Rhodococcus sp. strain N186/21 and Rhodococcus erythropolis SQ1, upon transformation with the genes encoding the cytochrome P-450 system.
The Chemokine Network in Eosinophil Activation (2001)

Eosinophils are predominant effector cells in allergic and autoimmune diseases attracted by several chemokines into the inflammatory tissue. In the past many new biologically active chemokines have been cloned exploring the gnomic DNA sequence data base in the vicinity of already-known chemokine sequences. This article will help to better understand the chemokine network in eosinophil activation according to the new nomenclature of chemokines. Moreover, possible new therapies, such as chemokine receptor antagonists, for the treatment of allergies are discussed.
Chronic allograft nephropathy--immunologic and nonimmunologic factors. (2006)

Chronic Allograft Nephropathy (CAN) is one of the most common cause of kidney transplant loss. CAN may be caused by immunologic as well as nonimmunologic factors which may interfere and increase response. Immunologic factors include acute rejection, degree of HLA mismatch, inadequate immunosuppression. Nonimmunologic factors contain delayed graft function, ischemia-reperfusion injury, nephrotoxicity of calcineurin inhibitors, hyperfiltration, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. The histopatological description of CAN may indicate two phases of injury. An initial phase by one year include tubulointerstitial infiltration in the late phase of CAN arteriolar hyalinosis and glomerulosclerosis were revealed. Modification of the immunosuppressive treatment with reduction or withdrawal of calcineurin inhibitors may prevent graft loss, while addition of nonnephrotoxic agents such as mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus should be considered by the risk of acute rejection. Additionally effective management by hypertension and hyperlipidemia is essential.
Low-Delay Transform Coding Using the MPEG-H 3D Audio Codec (2015)

S.9-15
[Multiple cerebral infarction after treatment with cisplatin]. (1996)

A 46-year-old woman with a tumor the uterine cervix who experienced cerebrovascular accident as a complication of cisplatin-based chemotherapy is presented. Five days after the eleventh cycle of cisplatin 75 mg, intravenously, she had an acute onset of mild memory disturbance and right-sided weakness. On neurological examination, pyramidal sign was discovered on the right side. MRI of the brain showed multiple infarction on the left basal ganglia. There was no evidence of coagulopathy, vascular, or endocardial disease that may have led to a cerebrovascular accident. Similar characteristics in patients previously reported suggest that thrombosis secondary to vascular endothelial injury induced by cisplatin therapy may be responsible for cerebrovascular complications.
Synthesis and characterization of polymers produced by horseradish peroxidase in dioxane (1991)

Abstract Polymers were synthesized from substituted phenolic and aromatic amine compounds with hydrogen peroxide as the source of an oxidizing agent and horseradish peroxidase enzyme as the catalyst. The polymerization reaction was carried out in a monophasic organic solvent with small amounts of water at room temperature. Conditions for the synthesis of polymers with respect to reaction time and yield were studied with a number of monomers at different concentrations and in solvents with different buffers with pH range of 5.0–7.5. Physical and chemical properties of these homo‐and copolymers were determined with respect to melting point, solubility, elemental analysis, molecular weight distribution, infrared absorption (including FTIR), solid‐state 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance, thermal gravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The enzyme catalyzed reactions produced polymers of molecular weight greater than 400,000 which were further fractionated by differential solubility in solvent mixtures and the molecular weight distribution of the polymer fractions were determined. In general, the polymers synthesized have low solubilities, high melting points, and some degree of branching.
Identification of three new single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human tumor necrosis factor‐α gene promoter (1998)

We have identified three new human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) promoter polymorphisms with single nucleotide (nt) substitutions at -862, -856, and -574 nt relative to the TNF-alpha transcription start site. The -862 and -856 nt TNF-alpha promoter polymorphisms occur with high frequency in Caucasian and Cambodian individuals and are each non-randomly associated with three extended HLA haplotypes. This study, in which 61 independent TNF-alpha promoters were analyzed spanning from -977 to +93 nt relative to the TNF-alpha mRNA cap site, establishes a new canonical TNF-alpha promoter sequence. Furthermore, we show that none of the three novel polymorphisms at -862, -856 and -574 nt or polymorphisms previously described at positions -238, -308 and +70 have an effect upon TNF-alpha gene expression in activated lymphocytes. Thus, these TNF-alpha promoter polymorphisms likely serve as markers for neighboring genes encoding HLA or other undefined molecules in the MHC that may influence disease susceptibility.
High‐capacity anode derived from graphene oxide with lithium‐active functional groups (2021)

Applications utilizing Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have recently been broadened from portable electronic devices to electric vehicles. Graphite has been applied as an anode material for commercialized LIBs; however, there is a growing demand for application-oriented LIBs with higher energy and power densities, and faster charging, compared with its limited electrochemical properties. Heteroatom-doped graphene has been considered as a potential alternative to graphite, although its synthesis is complex and costly. In this study, we introduced a facile strategy to realize advanced anode materials through fine control of the sheet size and oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of graphene oxide (GO) as a raw material for heteroatom-doped graphene. The sheet size of GO is inversely proportional to the amount of oxidizing agent, which affects the formation of various types of oxygen-containing functional groups at the edges of GO. Mild annealing of GO selectively removes the functional groups with weak binding strength, leading to the formation of GO maximized with carbonyl groups, which can interact with Li ions quickly and reversibly. The GO with the average sheet size of 500 nm developed in this study exhibits capacities of up to 779 and 220 mAh g−1 at 0.1 and 2 A g−1, respectively. Therefore, decreasing the sheet size of GO with mild-temperature annealing increases the number of carbonyl groups formed on the additional exposed edge of the sheets, resulting in facile Li-ion interaction and a higher capacity as an anode material.
Kinematics-Based Detection and Localization of Contacts Along Multisegment Continuum Robots (2011)

In this paper, we present a novel kinematic-based framework for collision detection and estimation of contact location along multisegment continuum robots. Screw theory is used to define a screw motion deviation (SMD) as the distance between the expected and the actual instantaneous screw axis (ISA) of motion. The expected ISA is computed based on the unconstrained kinematics model of the robot, while the actual ISA is computed based on sensory information. Collisions with rigid environments at any point along the robot are detected by monitoring the SMD. Contact locations are estimated by the minimization of the SMD between the ISA that is obtained from a constrained kinematic model of the continuum robot and the one that is obtained from sensor data. The proposed contact detection and localization methods only require the relative motion of each continuum segment with respect to its own base. This strategy allows the straightforward generalization of these algorithms for an n -segment continuum robot. The framework is evaluated via simulations and experimentally on a three-segment multibackbone continuum robot. Results show that the collision-detection algorithm is capable of detecting a single collision at any segment, multiple collisions occurring at multiple segments, and total-arm constraint. It is also shown that the estimation of contact location is possible at any location along the continuum robot with an accuracy better than 20% of the segment nominal length. We believe this study will enhance manipulation safety in unstructured environments and confined spaces.
Effects of Electrical Stimulation Parameters on Fatigue in Skeletal Muscle (2009)

Altering the amplitude of the current and pulse duration does not appear to influence the percent fatigue in NMES. Lowering the stimulation frequency results in less fatigue, by possibly reducing the evoked torque relative to the activated muscle area.
Neutrophil function in inflammation and inflammatory diseases (2010)

In inflammatory conditions such as RA, the neutrophil has tended to be dismissed as a short-lived, terminally differentiated, irrelevant bystander cell. However, this is clearly not the case. A better understanding of the complex heterogeneous pathways and processes that constitute RA, in parallel with a more sophisticated knowledge of neutrophil biology has identified many potential roles for these cells in the persistence of inflammation and progression of joint damage, which should not be underestimated. Not only are neutrophils found in high numbers within the rheumatoid joint, both in synovial tissue and in joint fluid, they have a huge potential to directly inflict damage to tissue, bone and cartilage via the secretion of proteases and toxic oxygen metabolites, as well as driving inflammation through antigen presentation and secretion of cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins and leucotrienes. Drugs already used to treat RA down-regulate many neutrophil functions, including migration to the joint, degranulation and production of inflammatory mediators, and these cells should be considered as important targets for the development of new therapies in the future.
Endotoxin responsiveness of human airway epithelia is limited by low expression of MD-2 (2004)

The expression of inducible antimicrobial peptides, such as human beta-defensin-2 (HBD-2) by epithelia, comprises a component of innate pulmonary defenses. We hypothesized that HBD-2 induction in airway epithelia is linked to pattern recognition receptors such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We found that primary cultures of well-differentiated human airway epithelia express the mRNA for TLR-4, but little or no MD-2 mRNA, and display little HBD-2 expression in response to treatment with purified endotoxin +/- LPS binding protein (LBP) and soluble CD14. Expression of endogenous MD-2 by transduction of airway epithelial cells with an adenoviral vector encoding MD-2 or extracellular addition of recombinant MD-2 both increased the responses of airway epithelia to endotoxin + LBP and sCD14 by >100-fold, as measured by NF-kappaB-luciferase activity and HBD-2 mRNA expression. MD-2 mRNA could be induced in airway epithelia by exposure of these cells to specific bacterial or host products (e.g., killed Haemophilus influenzae, the P6 outer membrane protein from H. influenzae, or TNF-alpha + IFN-gamma). These findings suggest that MD-2, either coexpressed with TLR-4 or secreted when produced in excess of TLR-4 from neighboring cells, is required for airway epithelia to respond sensitively to endotoxin. The regulation of MD-2 expression in airway epithelia and pulmonary macrophages may serve as a means to modify endotoxin responsiveness in the airway.