gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aldehydes in Exhaled Breath Condensate of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2003)

The aims of the present study were (1) to evaluate whether individual aldehydes resulting from lipid peroxidation can be measured in exhaled breath condensate, (2) to assess the influence of sampling procedures on aldehyde concentrations, and (3) to compare aldehyde levels of patients with stable, moderate to severe, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with those of smoking and nonsmoking control subjects. Aldehydes (malondialdehyde, hexanal, heptanal, and nonanal) were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in all samples and overlapping results were obtained by different sampling procedures. Malondialdehyde (57.2 +/- 2.4 nmol/L), hexanal (63.5 +/- 4.4 nmol/L), and heptanal (26.6 +/- 3.9 nmol/L) were increased in patients as compared with nonsmoking control subjects (17.7 +/- 5.5 nmol/L, p < 0.0001; 14.2 +/- 3.5 nmol/L, p = 0.004; and 18.7 +/- 0.9 nmol/L, p = 0.002, respectively). Only malondialdehyde was increased in patients compared with smoking control subjects (35.6 +/- 4.0 nmol/L, p = 0.0007). In conclusion, different classes of aldehydes were identified in exhaled breath condensate of humans. Whereas all aldehydes but nonanal were lower in control subjects as compared with other groups, only malondialdehyde distinguished smoking control subjects from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and could be envisaged as a biomarker potentially useful to monitor the disease and its response to therapy.
Virtual Compound Libraries:  A New Approach to Decision Making in Molecular Discovery Research (1998)

Virtual compound libraries, descriptions of all of the structures that might be produced by specified transformations involving specified reagents, are especially useful in molecular discovery when suitably fast and relevant searching techniques are available. Issues to be considered include fundamental data structures, neighborhood searching principles, useful searching approaches and techniques, library definition and construction, algorithmic details of library comparison, and user interfaces.
Nicotine in tobacco product aerosols: ‘It's déjà vu all over again’ (2019)

First-generation e-liquids have <i>α</i><sub>fb</sub> ≈ 1. At cigarette-like total nicotine concentration (Nic<sub>tot</sub>) values of ~60 mg/mL, e-liquid aerosol droplets with <i>α</i><sub>fb</sub>≈ 1 are harsh upon inhalation. The design evolution for e-liquids has paralleled that for smoked tobacco, giving a 'déjà vu' trajectory for <i>α</i><sub>fb</sub>. For 17th-century 'air-cured' tobacco, <i>α</i><sub>fb</sub> in the smoke particles was likely ≥ 0.5. The product <i>α</i><sub>fb</sub>Nic<sub>tot</sub> in the smoke particles was high. 'Flue-curing' retains higher levels of leaf sugars, which are precursors for organic acids in tobacco smoke, resulting in <i>α</i><sub>fb</sub> ≈ 0.02 and lowered harshness. Some tobacco cigarette formulations/designs have been adjusted to restore some nicotine sensory 'kick/impact' with <i>α</i><sub>fb</sub>≈ 0.1, as for Marlboro. Overall, for tobacco smoke, the de-freebasing trajectory was <i>α</i><sub>fb</sub> ≥ 0.5 → ~0 →~0.1, as compared with <i>α</i><sub>fb</sub>= ~1 →~0.1 for e-cigarettes. For JUUL, the result has been, perhaps, an optimised, flavoured nicotine delivery system. The design evolution for e-cigarettes has made them more effective as substitutes to get smokers off combustibles. However, this evolution has likely made e-cigarette products vastly more addictive for never-smokers.
Fluvastatin and lovastatin but not pravastatin induce neuroglial differentiation in human mesenchymal stem cells (2004)

Recent studies have shown that statins, the most potent inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-2-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, stimulate bone formation in vitro and in rodents by activating the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), one of the most critical osteoblast differentiation-inducing factors. However, the effect of statins on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is yet to be reported. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of fluvastatin, lovastatin, and pravastatin, three commonly prescribed lipid-lowering agents, on the proliferation and differentiation of human MSCs. To our surprise, even though fluvastatin and lovastatin effectively suppressed the growth of human MSCs, a neuroglia rather than osteoblast-like morphology was observed after treatment. Interestingly, such morphological change was inhibited by the co-addition of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). Immunofluorescence staining with antibodies against neuron-, astrocyte-, as well as oligodendrocyte-specific markers confirmed the neuroglial identity of the differentiated cells. However, BMP-2 is unlikely to play a positive role in neuroglial differentiation of MSCs since its expression was down-regulated in fluvastatin-treated cells. Taken together, our results suggest that fluvastatin and lovastatin induce neuroglial differentiation of human MSCs and that these cholesterol-lowering agents might be used in conjunction with MSC transplantation in the future for treating neurological disorders and injuries.
Ectopic Production of Chorionic Gonadotropin and Its Subunits by Islet-Cell Tumors (1977)

We measured human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and its subunits in 76 patients with islet-cell tumors. Seventeen of 27 patients with functioning islet-cell carcinomas had elevated plasma levels of hCG or one of its subunits (hCG-alpha and hCG-beta). Secretion was often discordant; the most frequent finding was an elevated level of hCG-alpha alone. In one patient responding to streptozocin, changes in hCG-alpha correlated with the clinical course. Studies of tumor extracts suggested that the markers observed in the circulation were being produced in the tumor itself. In contrast, none of the 43 patients with benign disease or the six patients with nonfunctioning malignant tumors had elevated levels of hCG, hCG-alpha or hCG-beta. These data show that hCG and its subunits are prevalent and specific markers for islet-cell carcinoma, and suggest that ectopic secretion results from malignant derepression of the genome rather than overproduction by an aberrant "cell rest."
The kinetics of human granulopoiesis following treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in vivo. (1989)

Cell proliferation in the bone marrow and blood of two patients with metastatic breast cancer who were treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor was studied by using [3H]thymidine labeling and autoradiography. Additionally, the fate of neutrophils labeled with 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime was observed following granulocyte colony-stimulating factor infusion. Proliferation increased in all stages of granulopoiesis, but a significant amount of the increased production stemmed from a greater input to the myeloblast compartment. Changes in the myelogram combined with the increased labeling indicated a faster throughput of cells, which resulted in labeled cells appearing in the circulation within 1 day compared to the normal 4 or 5 days. The 99mTc studies demonstrated no sequestration of circulating neutrophils by spleen, lungs, or liver. The half-life of the circulating neutrophils was not significantly changed, and calculations from the flow of labeled cells to the peripheral blood indicated an increase of 3.2 extra amplification divisions during neutrophil development. The dramatic neutrophil response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor can therefore be accommodated by a relatively modest increase in granulopoietic activity.
Image Recoloring with Valence‐Arousal Emotion Model (2016)

Abstract We introduce an affective image recoloring method for changing the overall mood in the image in a numerically measurable way. Given a semantically segmented source image and a target emotion, our system finds reference image segments from the collection of images that have been tagged via crowdsourcing with numerically measured emotion labels. We then recolorize the source segments using colors from the selected target segments while preserving the gradient of the source image to generate a seamless and natural result. User study confirms the effectiveness of our method in accomplishing the stated goal of altering the mood of the image to match the target emotion level.
The Catalytic Activity of the Src Family Kinases Is Required to Disrupt Cadherin-dependent Cell–Cell Contacts (2000)

Despite the importance of epithelial cell contacts in determining cell behavior, we still lack a detailed understanding of the assembly and disassembly of intercellular contacts. Here we examined the role of the catalytic activity of the Src family kinases at epithelial cell contacts in vitro. Like E- and P-cadherin, Ca(2+) treatment of normal and tumor-derived human keratinocytes resulted in c-Yes (and c-Src and Fyn), as well as their putative substrate p120(CTN), being recruited to cell-cell contacts. A tyrosine kinase inhibitor with selectivity against the Src family kinases, PD162531, and a dominant-inhibitory c-Src protein that interferes with the catalytic function of the endogenous Src kinases induced cell-cell contact and E-cadherin redistribution, even in low Ca(2+), which does not normally support stable cell-cell adhesion. Time-lapse microscopy demonstrated that Src kinase inhibition induced stabilization of transiently formed intercellular contacts in low Ca(2+). Furthermore, a combination of E- and P-cadherin-specific antibodies suppressed cell-cell contact, indicating cadherin involvement. As a consequence of contact stabilization, normal cells were unable to dissociate from an epithelial sheet formed at high density and repair a wound in vitro, although individual cells were still motile. Thus, cadherin-dependent contacts can be stabilized both by high Ca(2+) and by inhibiting Src activity in low (0.03 mM) Ca(2+) in vitro.
Enterococcal infections (1993)

Enterococcal nosocomial infections are becoming more common. Their multiple resistance mechanisms to various antibiotics pose serious therapeutic problems. Despite 40 years of intense development of antimicrobial agents, no agent surpasses the synergistic effects of a combination of a penicillin or vancomycin plus an aminoglycoside for treatment of enterococcal infections. New agents that have bactericidal activity against enterococci are needed as the incidence of resistant strains increases.
Proteomics-Based Strategies To Identify Proteins Relevant to Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (2014)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a malignant B-cell disorder, is characterized by a heterogeneous clinical course. Two-dimensional nano liquid chromatography (2D-nano-LC) coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) (LC-MALDI) was used to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis on cellular extracts from 12 primary CLL samples. We identified 728 proteins and quantified 655 proteins using isobaric tag-labeled extracts. Four strategies were used to identify disease-related proteins. First, we integrated our CLL proteome with published gene expression data of normal B-cells and CLL cells to highlight proteins with preferential expression in the transcriptome of CLL. Second, as CLL's outcome is heterogeneous, our quantitative proteomic data were used to indicate heterogeneously expressed proteins. Third, we used the quantitative data to identify proteins with differential abundance in poor prognosis CLL samples. Fourth, hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to identify hidden patterns of protein expression. These strategies identified 63 proteins, and 4 were investigated in a CLL cohort (39 patients). Thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein 3, T-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 1A, and S100A8 were associated with high-risk CLL. Myosin-9 exhibited reduced expression in CLL samples from high-risk patients. This study shows the usefulness of proteomic approaches, combined with transcriptomics, to identify disease-related proteins.
Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2-Mediated Gene Transfer: Role of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase in Transgene Expression (1998)

Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV), a single-stranded, DNA-containing, nonpathogenic human parvovirus, has gained attention as a potentially useful vector for human gene therapy. However, the transduction efficiency of AAV vectors varies greatly in different cells and tissues in vitro and in vivo. We have recently documented that a cellular tyrosine phosphoprotein, designated the single-stranded D-sequence-binding protein (ssD-BP), plays an important role in AAV-mediated transgene expression (K. Y. Qing et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:10879-10884, 1997) and that a strong correlation exists between the phosphorylation state of the ssD-BP and AAV transduction efficiency in vitro as well as in vivo (K. Y. Qing et al., J. Virol. 72:1593-1599, 1998). In this report, we document that treatment of cells with specific inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinase (EGF-R PTK) activity, such as tyrphostin, leads to significant augmentation of AAV transduction efficiency, and phosphorylation of the ssD-BP is mediated by the EGF-R PTK. Treatment of cells with EGF results in phosphorylation of the ssD-BP, whereas treatment with tyrphostin causes dephosphorylation of the ssD-BP and consequently leads to increased expression of the transgene. Furthermore, AAV transduction efficiency inversely correlates with expression of the EGF-R in different cell types, and stable transfection of the EGF-R cDNA causes phosphorylation of the ssD-BP, leading to significant inhibition in AAV-mediated transgene expression which can be overcome by the tyrphostin treatment. These data suggest that the PTK activity of the EGF-R is a crucial determinant in the life cycle of AAV and that further studies on the interaction between the EGF-R and the ssD-BP may yield new insights not only into its role in the host cell but also in the successful use of AAV vectors in human gene therapy.
A new improved sub-unit vaccine for plague: the basis of protection (1995)

In this study, we have determined the limit of protection achievable by immunisation with sub-units of Yersinia pestis against the development of plague in an experimental animal model. Co-immunisation with the purified culture-derived F1 and the recombinant V sub-units afforded a greater level of protection than with either sub-unit alone. The protection given by the combined sub-units was several orders of magnitude greater than that afforded by the whole cell killed (Cutter USP) vaccine and was equivalent to that achieved by vaccination with EV76, the live attenuated Y. pestis vaccine strain. However, the combined sub-unit vaccine has clear advantages over the live vaccine in terms of safety of use and absence of side-effects.
Rates and Patterns of Molecular Evolution in Inbred and Outbred Arabidopsis (2002)

The evolution of self-fertilization is associated with a large reduction in the effective rate of recombination and a corresponding decline in effective population size. If many spontaneous mutations are slightly deleterious, this shift in the breeding system is expected to lead to a reduced efficacy of natural selection and genome-wide changes in the rates of molecular evolution. Here, we investigate the effects of the breeding system on molecular evolution in the highly self-fertilizing plant Arabidopsis thaliana by comparing its coding and noncoding genomic regions with those of its close outcrossing relative, the self-incompatible A. lyrata. More distantly related species in the Brassicaceae are used as outgroups to polarize the substitutions along each lineage. In contrast to expectations, no significant difference in the rates of protein evolution is observed between selfing and outcrossing Arabidopsis species. Similarly, no consistent overall difference in codon bias is observed between the species, although for low-biased genes A. lyrata shows significantly higher major codon usage. There is also evidence of intron size evolution in A. thaliana, which has consistently smaller introns than its outcrossing congener, potentially reflecting directional selection on intron size. The results are discussed in the context of heterogeneity in selection coefficients across loci and the effects of life history and population structure on rates of molecular evolution. Using estimates of substitution rates in coding regions and approximate estimates of divergence and generation times, the genomic deleterious mutation rate (U) for amino acid substitutions in Arabidopsis is estimated to be approximately 0.2-0.6 per generation.
A plea for research on the epidemiology of symptoms - the key to earlier diagnosis of colorectal cancer (2000)

In this issue Summerton and Paes evaluate some aspects of GP behaviour in the process leading to referral for barium enema examination. This paper both illustrates some of the difficulties we face when we attempt to research the processes of general practice and highlights the importance of the topic of early diagnosis of colorectal cancer in general practice. The epidemiology of colorectal cancer is well described. The early recognition of colorectal cancer is an important task for the general practitioner because it is a common cancer, whose prognosis is directly related to the extent of disease at the time of initial diagnosis.1 In the absence of formal screening programmes, most colorectal cancer patients present initially with either single or multiple large bowel symptoms.2 However, the epidemiology of these symptoms, in the primary care environment, has not been studied with any great success. It is not surprising then that the goal of early diagnosis of colorectal cancer, in general practice, is not being achieved.
Odor-induced increases in c-fos mRNA expression reveal an anatomical "unit" for odor processing in olfactory bulb. (1993)

Expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos was used to evaluate the coordinate activation of olfactory bulb neurons by brief exposure to specific odors in the alert rat. In situ hybridization to c-fos mRNA was compared to regional increases in 2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose incorporation in an adjacent section analysis. Levels of c-fos mRNA in olfactory bulb were high in rats recently removed from their home cage but were low in animals placed in a relatively odor-free chamber for 30 min. Presentation of specific odors to alert rats for as little as 5 min increased c-fos mRNA in radially distributed neuronal ensembles that spanned the lamina of the main olfactory bulb. The complementary RNA (cRNA)-labeled neuronal collectives consisted of cells in the glomerular layer that precisely defined the borders of individual glomeruli and underlying tufted, mitral, and granule cells. The activated fields were much broader in the granule cell layer than in the overlying glomerular layer and thus exhibited a flask-like, as opposed to a columnar, contour. The bulbar distribution of cRNA-labeled cell arrays differed with different odors and, in the glomerular layer, corresponded to focal regions of high 2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose uptake. Administration of the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK801 did not attenuate the odor induction of c-fos but, instead, increased c-fos mRNA levels throughout the bulb. We propose that the neuronal ensembles expressing increased c-fos mRNA with odor stimulation represent principal functional units of sensory processing in the main olfactory bulb of the behaving rat.
Biomedical Applications of Interpenetrating Polymer Network System (2015)

Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) has been regarded as one of the novel technology in recent years showing the superior performances over the conventional techniques. This system is designed for the delivery of drugs at a predetermined rate and thus helps in controlled drug delivery. Due to its enhanced biological and physical characteristics like biodegradability, biocompatibility, solubility, specificity and stability, IPN has emerged out to be one of the excellent technologies in pharmaceutical industries. This article focuses mainly on the biomedical applications of IPN along with its future applicability in pharmaceutical research. It summarizes various aspects of IPN, biomedical applications and also in-cludes the different dosage forms based on IPN.
Learning user interest for image browsing on small-form-factor devices (2005)

Mobile devices which can capture and view pictures are becoming increasingly common in our life. The limitation of these small-form-factor devices makes the user experience of image browsing quite different from that on desktop PCs. In this paper, we first present a user study on how users interact with a mobile image browser with basic functions. We found that on small displays, users tend to use more zooming and scrolling actions in order to view interesting regions in detail. From this fact, we designed a new method to detect user interest maps and extract user attention objects from the image browsing log. This approach is more efficient than image-analysis based methods and can better represent users' actual interest. A smart image viewer was then developed based on user interest analysis. A second experiment was carried out to study how users behave with such a viewer. Experimental results demonstrate that the new smart features can improve the browsing efficiency and are a good compliment to traditional image browsers.
Circuit-Level Impact of a-Si:H Thin-Film-Transistor Degradation Effects (2009)

This paper reviews amorphous silicon thin-film-transistor (TFT) degradation with electrical stress, examining the implications for various types of circuitry. Experimental measurements on active-matrix backplanes, integrated a-Si:H column drivers, and a-Si:H digital circuitry are performed. Circuit modeling that enables the prediction of complex-circuit degradation is described. The similarity of degradation in amorphous silicon to negative bias temperature instability in crystalline PMOS FETs is discussed as well as approaches in reducing the TFT degradation effects. Experimental electrical-stress-induced degradation results in controlled humidity environments are also presented.
Characterization of FGFRL1, a Novel Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Receptor Preferentially Expressed in Skeletal Tissues (2003)

Clones for a novel transmembrane receptor termed FGFRL1 were isolated from a subtracted, cartilage-specific cDNA library prepared from chicken sterna. Homologous sequences were identified in other vertebrates, including man, mouse, rat and fish, but not in invertebrates such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila. FGFRL1 was expressed preferentially in skeletal tissues as demonstrated by Northern blotting and in situ hybridization. Small amounts of the FGFRL1 mRNA were also detected in other tissues such as skeletal muscle and heart. The novel protein contained three extracellular Ig-like domains that were related to the members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor family. However, it lacked the intracellular protein tyrosine kinase domain required for signal transduction by transphosphorylation. When expressed in cultured cells as a fusion protein with green fluorescent protein, FGFRL1 was specifically localized to the plasma membrane where it might interact with FGF ligands. Recombinant FGFRL1 protein was produced in a baculovirus system with intact disulfide bonds. Similar to FGF receptors, the expressed protein interacted specifically with heparin and with FGF2. When overexpressed in MG-63 osteosarcoma cells, the novel receptor had a negative effect on cell proliferation. Taken together our data are consistent with the view that FGFRL1 acts as a decoy receptor for FGF ligands.
Identifying marine phytoplankton (1998)

G.R. Hasle and C.R. Tomas, Introduction and Historical Background. G.R. Hasle and E.E. Syvertson, Marine Diatoms. K.A. Steidinger and K. Tangen, Dinoflagellates. C.R. Tomas, Introduction. J. Throndsen, The Planktonic Marine Flagellates. B.R. Heimdal, Modern Coccolithophorids. Glossary. General Index.