gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computer-generated holograms for free-space optical interconnects (1998)

This dissertation describes an investigation into the use of computer generated holograms to implement free-space optical interconnects. Computer generated holograms are discussed in terms of their theory of operation, design principles, fabrication techniques, optical performance, and sources of error. To motivate the research, discussion of an optoelectronic computing module is included; the device uses computer generated holograms to implement large-fanout optical interconnects. The emphasis of this dissertation is not on a specific application, rather it is focused on understanding the abilities and limitations of computer generated holograms. New contributions are made in the area of hologram design, both individual and multifaceted elements. These design techniques were built into a computer aided design tool (SPIDER 3.0), which was developed to promote the use of computer generated holograms. Hologram fabrication techniques and optical performance are also carefully characterized. Measurements show that performance is poorer than what is expected. Several significant sources of error are identified in the design and fabrication of computer generated holograms, and these effects are shown to explain most of the measured results. The dissertation concludes that computer generated holograms are currently limited by errors in fabrication and in the approximate diffraction theories employed in the design process. While the optical performance of the holograms is not as good as expected, the results are shown to be adequate for successful use in real applications.
RNA-mediated ligation of self-cleavage products of a Neurospora mitochondrial plasmid transcript. (1991)

Neurospora VS RNA is a mitochondrial single-stranded RNA that combines certain features of catalytic RNAs and group I introns. We report here that monomeric VS RNA synthesized in vitro by self-cleavage of a multimeric transcript can perform an RNA-mediated self-ligation reaction producing circular RNAs indistinguishable from those isolated from mitochondria. We conclude that the active site for the ligation reaction is present in the RNA itself. Also, the mechanism for aligning the termini to be ligated may be different from mechanisms previously described. The lack of sequence similarity between VS RNA and previously characterized catalytic RNAs suggests that VS RNA is an independently evolved ribozyme capable of both cleavage and ligation.
Africa Region - Lake Chad Basin (GEF) Project : resettlement action plan (2002)

This resettlement policy framework provides mitigation of social impacts resulting from the implementation of the Lake Chad Basin Project, and, sets the principles of compensation for loss of property, livelihood, and relocation or resettlement, of affected populations within the six countries of the lake basin. The Lake Chad Basin Commission will consult with stakeholders to assess adverse social impacts, and plan the resettlement in accordance with explicit Bank policies. Compensation for land, structures, business and other temporary asset losses will be based on market values, productivity valuation, negotiated settlements, and labor valuation. It should be noted that lack of title, or license would not bar compensation, even squatters will be entitled to construction costs. In addition, workers losing employment in the process of relocating should be entitled to transitional income support; and, project affected people (PAPs) will also be entitled to transitional assistance, i.e., moving expenses, temporary residence, employment training and income support, including an option for full compensation if duration of impact exceeds two years. Compensation will be paid at replacement costs, following the establishment of compensation committees, assessment of replacement values of identified assets, and establishment of compensation rates for assets to be expropriated. Compensation committees shall include representation of PAPs, to establish adequate rates and avoid litigation; however, should grievance prevail a civil court will settle the litigation.
Establishment and characterization of a cancer cell line derived from an aggressive childhood liver tumor (2009)

This cell line, Hep293TT, is a valuable resource for the study of childhood liver cancer and may potentially provide a tool in the development of new agents.
GaAlAs/GaAs floating-gate memory devices with graded-gap injector grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (1988)

The operation of the first floating-gate memory device in the AlGaAs/GaAs material system is reported. The devices were grown by molecular-beam epitaxy and consist of an undoped GaAs floating gate 2000 AA thick separated from the 750-AA n approximately=1*10/sup 17/ GaAs channel by an undoped 1000-AA AlAs barrier. On the other side of the floating gate an undoped 200-AA AlAs barrier was grown, followed by an 1800-AA compositionally graded injector. Measurements were performed from room temperature down to liquid-nitrogen temperature by monitoring the channel conductance at fixed source-to-drain bias. The measurements indicate, for the electron escape from the floating gate, an activation energy of approximately=0.2 eV, which is consistent with the measured GaAs-AlAs conduction-band discontinuity. The memory device is erased either optically or by applying a positive pulse on the gate. The experimental storage times look promising in applications such as dynamic random-access memories and permanent memories, depending on the temperature of operation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Strain energy and Young’s modulus of single-wall carbon nanotubes calculated from electronic energy-band theory (2000)

The strain energies in straight and bent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT's) are calculated by taking account of the total energy of all the occupied band electrons. The obtained results are in good agreement with previous theoretical studies and experimental observations. Young's modulus and the effective wall thickness of SWNT's are obtained from the bending strain energies of SWNT's with various cross-sectional radii. The repulsion potential between ions contributes the main part of Young's modulus of SWNT's. The wall thickness of the SWNT comes completely from the overlap of electronic orbits and is approximately of the extension of the $\ensuremath{\pi}$ orbit of carbon atom. Both Young's modulus and the wall thickness are independent of the radius and the helicity of SWNT, and insensitive to the fitting parameters. The results show that continuum elasticity theory can serve well to describe the mechanical properties of SWNT's.
Influence of the Compatible Solute Ectoine on the Local Water Structure: Implications for the Binding of the Protein G5P to DNA (2015)

Microorganisms accumulate molar concentrations of compatible solutes like ectoine to prevent proteins from denaturation. Direct structural or spectroscopic information on the mechanism and about the hydration shell around ectoine are scarce. We combined surface plasmon resonance (SPR), confocal Raman spectroscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the local hydration shell around ectoine and its influence on the binding of a gene-5-protein (G5P) to a single-stranded DNA (dT25). Due to the very high hygroscopicity of ectoine, it was possible to analyze the highly stable hydration shell by confocal Raman spectroscopy. Corresponding molecular dynamics simulation results revealed a significant change of the water dielectric constant in the presence of a high molar ectoine concentration as compared to pure water. The SPR data showed that the amount of protein bound to DNA decreases in the presence of ectoine, and hence, the protein-DNA dissociation constant increases in a concentration-dependent manner. Concomitantly, the Raman spectra in terms of the amide I region revealed large changes in the protein secondary structure. Our results indicate that ectoine strongly affects the molecular recognition between the protein and the oligonucleotide, which has important consequences for osmotic regulation mechanisms.
Spatio-temporal characteristics of filamentation in broad-area semiconductor lasers (1997)

Using the time dependent rate equations appropriate for semiconductor lasers, we perform a linear stability analysis to derive an analytic expression for the filament gain as a function of the filament spacing, oscillation frequency, linewidth-enhancement factor, pumping level, and nonlinear refractive index. The spatio-temporal characteristics of filamentation are obtained for a given set of operating parameters by maximizing the filament gain. Our theory predicts that there is a critical value of the linewidth-enhancement factor below which broad-area lasers remain stable even at high pumping levels. Moreover, under certain conditions, the self-defocusing Kerr-type nonlinearity can be used to suppress filamentation even when the linewidth-enhancement factor exceeds this critical value.
Actual efficiency and electromagnetic noises evaluations of a single inductor resonant AC link snubber-assisted three-phase soft-switching inverter (2003)

In recent years, it has been more important power conversion technology for implementing the downsizing and low electromagnetic noise, high performance and high efficiency in order to achieve high frequency pulse modulation-based switching of the power semiconductor devices in power conversion circuits and systems with a great advance of the power semiconductor switching devices. In general, high frequency switching-based pulse width modulation of the power semiconductor devices in the inverter and converter produces some significant problems such as increase of switching power losses and EMI/RFI noises, leak current generation related to a high dv/dt and electrical insulation breakdown of reactor and transformer due to a high di/dt. In order to overcome these problems, soft switching power conversion circuit technologies are able to give effective solutions from a practical point of view. In this paper, a novel prototype of the resonant AC link snubber- assisted inverter that the auxiliary resonant commutation circuits are simply connected in parallel with the three-phase AC load of the three-phase voltage source inverter is presented to achieve the zero voltage soft switching PWM or pulse modulated zero voltage soft-switching inverter or rectifier, and operation mode and the sinewave modulation method of an active resonant AC link snubber circuit is described, and the performance evaluations such as output line-to-line voltage waveforms, actual power conversion efficiency, electromagnetic conductive and radiative noises of this resonant snubber-assisted voltage source soft-switching inverter circuit are basically evaluated and discussed as compared with those of three-phase hard-switching inverter from an experimental point of view.
Potential DNA slippage structures acquired during evolutionary divergence of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus chromosomal benABC and Pseudomonas putida TOL pWW0 plasmid xylXYZ, genes encoding benzoate dioxygenases (1991)

The xylXYZ DNA region is carried on the TOL pWW0 plasmid in Pseudomonas putida and encodes a benzoate dioxygenase with broad substrate specificity. The DNA sequence of the region is presented and compared with benABC, the chromosomal region encoding the benzoate dioxygenase of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Corresponding genes from the two biological sources share common ancestry: comparison of aligned XylX-BenA, XylY-BenB, and XylZ-BenC amino acid sequences revealed respective identities of 58.3, 61.3, and 53%. The aligned genes have diverged to assume G+C contents that differ by 14.0 to 14.9%. Usage of the unusual arginine codons AGA and AGG appears to have been selected in the P. putida xylX gene as it diverged from the ancestor it shared with A. calcoaceticus benA. Homologous A. calcoaceticus and P. putida genes exhibit different patterns of DNA sequence repetition, and analysis of one such pattern suggests that mutations creating different DNA slippage structures made a significant contribution to the evolutionary divergence of xylX.
Markedly increased circulating pyridoxal-5'-phosphate levels in hypophosphatasia. Alkaline phosphatase acts in vitamin B6 metabolism. (1985)

Markedly increased circulating concentrations of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) were found in each of 14 patients representing all clinical forms of hypophosphatasia, an inborn error characterized by deficient activity of the tissue nonspecific (bone/liver/kidney) isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (AP). The mean PLP concentration in plasma was 1174 nM (range, 214-3839 nM) in the patients and 57 +/- 26 nM (mean +/- SD) in 38 control subjects. In four affected children, urinary excretion of the PLP degradation product, 4-pyridoxic acid, was unremarkable during consumption of normal quantities of dietary vitamin B6. Our findings identify increased circulating PLP concentration as a marker for hypophosphatasia and provide further evidence that tissue nonspecific AP acts in vitamin B6 metabolism. Tissue nonspecific AP appears to function as an ectoenzyme to regulate extracellular but not intracellular levels of PLP substrate. Performing assays of circulating PLP concentration alone to assess vitamin B6 nutrition may be misleading in disorders associated with altered AP activity.
An Efficient, Flexible-Model Program For The Analysis Of Differential Scanning Calorimetry Protein Denaturation Data (2001)

Although thermodynamic formalisms for protein denaturation have been established for some time, available software programs for deconvolution of DSC data exhibit various limitations. These include enforcing a constant deltaCp(T), linear heat capacity functions, and so on. We have developed a Windows based program that allows greater flexibility, speed and accuracy than previously available programs for the analysis of DSC data. One novel feature of the program is the inclusion of, and ability to refine, a concentration-dependent term.
Versatile macrolide‐responsive mammalian expression vectors for multiregulated multigene metabolic engineering (2002)

The novel macrolide-inducible and -repressible mammalian gene regulation systems (E.REX) have been cloned into a variety of sophisticated expression configurations including (1) multi-purpose expression vectors, (2) pTRIDENT-based artificial operons, (3) dual-regulated expression strategies for independent control of two different transgenes, (4) autoregulated vectors for one-step installation of adjustable multigene expression, and (5) oncoretroviral and lentiviral plasmids for transduction of macrolide-, streptogramin- and tetracycline-dependent transactivators and production of cell lines supporting independent control of three different transgenes. This vector portfolio represents a construction kit-like toolbox for efficient installation of adjustable gene expression responsive to clinically licensed antibiotics and enables the design of multiregulated multigene metabolic engineering strategies required for biopharmaceutical manufacturing, gene therapy, and tissue engineering.
In-situ manipulations and electrical measurements of III-V nanowhiskers with TEM-STM (2002)

A scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) mounted in a sample holder for a transmission electron microscope (TEM), a TEM-STM, have been used for in-situ electrical measurements of semiconductor nano whiskers. The device enables measurements and manipulations of nano structures while observing them in a TEM
Evaluating single molecule detection methods for microarrays with high dynamic range for quantitative single cell analysis (2017)

Single molecule microarrays have been used in quantitative proteomics, in particular, single cell analysis requiring high sensitivity and ultra-low limits of detection. In this paper, several image analysis methods are evaluated for their ability to accurately enumerate single molecules bound to a microarray spot. Crucially, protein abundance in single cells can vary significantly and may span several orders of magnitude. This poses a challenge to single molecule image analysis. In order to quantitatively assess the performance of each method, synthetic image datasets are generated with known ground truth whereby the number of single molecules varies over 5 orders of magnitude with a range of signal to noise ratios. Experiments were performed on synthetic datasets whereby the number of single molecules per spot corresponds to realistic single cell distributions whose ground truth summary statistics are known. The methods of image analysis are assessed in their ability to accurately estimate the distribution parameters. It is shown that super-resolution image analysis methods can significantly improve counting accuracy and better cope with single molecule congestion. The results highlight the challenge posed by quantitative single cell analysis and the implications to performing such analyses using microarray based approaches are discussed.
Process Development of 5-Fluoro-3-[3-[4-(5-methoxy-4-pyrimidinyl)-1- piperazinyl]propyl]-1H-indole Dihydrochloride (1997)

5-Fluoro-3-[3-[4-(5-methoxy-4-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl]propyl]-1H-indole dihydrochloride (1) facilitates 5-HT neurotransmission and was an antidepressant drug candidate. The development of a safe, rugged process for the large-scale, chromatography-free preparation of this compound is described. The main areas of optimization included a Fischer indole synthesis, preparation and chlorination of a monohydroxypyrimidine, and coupling of the resultant fragments to prepare the drug substance.
The multicast policy and its relationship to replicated data placement (1991)

In this paper we consider the communication complexity of maintaining the replicas of a logical data-item, in a database distributed over a computer network. We propose a new method, called the minimum spanning tree write, by which a processor in the network should multicast a write of a logical data-item, to all the processors that store replicas of the items. Then we show that the minimum spanning tree write is optimal from the communication cost point of view. We also demonstate that the method by which a write is multicast to all the replicas of a data-item affects the optimal replication scheme of the item, i.e., at which processors in the network the replicas should be located. Therefore, next we consider the problem of determining an optimal replicaiton scheme for a data item, assuming that each processor employs the minimum spanning tree write at run-time. The problem for general networks is shown NP-Complete, but we provide efficient algorithms to obtain an optimal allocation scheme for three common types of network topologies. They are completely-connected, tree, and ring networks. For these topologies, efficient algorithms are also provided for the case in which reliability considerations dictate a minimum number of replicas.
Influence of Passivation Layers on Characteristics of a-InGaZnO Thin-Film Transistors (2010)

We investigated the influence of passivation-layer deposition on the characteristics of a-InGaZnO thin-film transistors (TFTs). The threshold voltage ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">VT</i> ) of the TFTs shifted markedly as a result of the mechanical stress induced by the passivation layers above. By adjusting the deposition parameters during the passivation process, the performance of the TFTs can be modulated. The a-InGaZnO TFTs after dual passivation exhibited good performance with a field-effect mobility of 11.35 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /V·s, a threshold voltage of 2.86 V, and an on-off ratio of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> .
The HIP1 binding site is required for growth regulation of the dihydrofolate reductase gene promoter. (1992)

The transcription rate of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene increases at the G1/S boundary of the proliferative cell cycle. Through analysis of transiently and stably transfected NIH 3T3 cells, we have now demonstrated that DHFR promoter sequences extending from -270 to +20 are sufficient to confer similar regulation on a reporter gene. Mutation of a protein binding site that spans sequences from -16 to +11 in the DHFR promoter resulted in loss of the transcriptional increase at the G1/S boundary. Purification of an activity from HeLa nuclear extract that binds to this region enriched for a 180-kDa polypeptide (HIP1). Using this HIP1 preparation, we have identified specific positions within the binding site that are critical for efficient protein-DNA interactions. An analysis of association and dissociation rates suggests that bound HIP1 protein can exchange rapidly with free protein. This rapid exchange may facilitate the burst of transcriptional activity from the DHFR promoter at the G1/S boundary.
Fish — Food to Calm the Heart (2002)

In the Book of Genesis, fish appeared in the waters on the fifth day of creation, after dry land and water separated. This may be the first reference to a functional, indeed lifesaving, food for humans. In the 19th century, New England ships harvested marine oil not for food but to light lamps. Fast forward to the 20th century and the identification of the “Eskimo paradox,” which refers to the extremely low rates of death from cardiovascular disease among the Inuit, as compared with their northern European counterparts, despite similarly high intakes of fat — about 40 percent of calories. . . .