gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic Absorption by the Human Body from 1 - 15 GHz (2013)

Microwave radiation is emitted by a wide variety of computing, communications and other technologies. In many transport, industrial and medical contexts, humans are placed in close proximity to several of these sources of emission in reflective, enclosed cavities. Pseudo-reverberant conditions are created, in which absorption by human bodies can form a significant, even the dominant loss mechanism. The amount of energy stored, and hence the field intensities in these environments depend on the nature of electromagnetic absorption by the human body, so quantifying human absorption at these frequencies is necessary for accurate modelling of both electromagnetic interference and communications path loss in such situations.&#13;\n&#13;\nThe research presented here aims to quantify absorption by the body, for the purpose of simulating its effect on the environments listed above. For this purpose, nine volunteer&#13;\nparticipants are enlisted in a preliminary study in which their height and mass are taken and their electromagnetic absorption cross section is measured in a reverberation chamber. &#13;\n&#13;\nThe preliminary study is unable to gather enough data to provide precise measurements during the time that a participant is willing to sit motionless in the chamber. Issues also exist due to power loss in some parts of the equipment. A number improvements are made to both the experimental equipment and methodology, and the study is repeated with a sample of 60 adult volunteer participants. The results are compared to the preliminary data and found&#13;\nto match, once unwanted absorption in the latter has been subtracted. The results are also validated using data from absorption by a spherical phantom of known absorptive properties.&#13;\n&#13;\nThe absorption cross section of the body is plotted and its behaviour is compared to several biometric parameters, of which the body’s surface area is found to have a dominant effect on absorption. This is then normalised out to give an absorption efficiency of the skin, which is again compared to several biometric parameters; the strongest correlation is found to be with an estimate for average thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer.&#13;\n&#13;\nThese data are used to model the effect of 400 passengers on the Q-factor of an airliner’s cabin. Absorption by the passengers is shown to be the dominant loss mechanism in the cabin, showing the importance of accounting for human absorption when modelling electromagnetic propagation and interference in situations that include human occupants. The relationship between subcutaneous fat and absorption efficiency is suggested for further research, as it promises&#13;\ndevelopment of new tools to study body composition, with possible medical applications.
Delivery of Novel Therapeutic Agents in Tumors: Physiological Barriers and Strategies (1989)

Journal Article Delivery of Novel Therapeutic Agents in Tumors: Physiological Barriers and Strategies Get access Rakesh K. Jain Rakesh K. Jain Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 81, Issue 8, 19 April 1989, Pages 570–576, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/81.8.570 Published: 03 January 1990 Article history Received: 10 February 1989 Accepted: 21 February 1989 Published: 03 January 1990
Plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition of dielectric thin films for ULSI semiconductor circuits (1999)

Plasma-assisted deposition of thin films is widely used in microelectronic circuit manufacturing. Materials deposited include conductors such as tungsten, copper, aluminum, transition-metal silicides, and refractory metals, semiconductors such as gallium arsenide, epitaxial and polycrystalline silicon, and dielectrics such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and silicon oxynitride. This paper reviews plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) applications and techniques for dielectric thin films. In particular, we focus on the integration, process, and reliability requirements for dielectric films used for isolation, passivation, barrier, and antireflective-coating applications in ultralarge-scale integrated (ULSI) semiconductor circuits. In addition, manufacturing issues and considerations for further work are discussed.
Biosensing and Supramolecular Bioconjugation in Single Conical Polymer Nanochannels. Facile Incorporation of Biorecognition Elements into Nanoconfined Geometries (2008)

There is a growing quest for tailorable nanochannels or nanopores having dimensions comparable to the size of biological molecules and mimicking the function of biological ion channels. This interest is based on the use of nanochannels as extremely sensitive single molecule biosensors. The biosensing capabilities of these nanochannels depend sensitively on the surface characteristics of their inner walls to achieve the desired functionality of the biomimetic system. Nanoscale control over the surface properties of the nanochannel plays a crucial role in the biosensing performance due to the chemical groups incorporated on the inner channel walls that act as binding sites for different analytes and interact with molecules passing through the channel. Here we report a new approach to incorporate biosensing elements into polymer nanochannels by using electrostatic self-assembly. We describe a facile strategy based on the use of bifunctional macromolecular ligands to electrostatically assemble biorecongnition sites into the nanochannel wall, which can then be used as recognition elements for constructing a nanobiosensor. The experimental results demonstrate that the ligand-functionalized nanochannels are very stable and the biorecognition event (protein conjugation) does not promote the removal of the ligands from the channel surface. In addition, control experiments indicated that the electrostatically assembled nanochannel surface displays good biospecificity and nonfouling properties. Then, we demonstrate that this approach also enables the creation of supramolecular multilayered structures inside the nanopore that are stabilized by strong ligand-receptor interactions. We envision that the formation of multilayered supramolecular assemblies inside solid-state nanochannels will play a key role in the further expansion of the toolbox called "soft nanotechnology", as well as in the construction of new multifunctional biomimetic systems.
Metal Speciation in Anoxic Sediments:  When Sulfides Can Be Construed as Oxides (2004)

Metal speciation in aquatic sediments is often characterized using wet chemical sequential extraction techniques. However, these methods are operationally defined and subject to artifacts, particularly when dealing with anoxic sediments, in which metal sulfide precipitates are likely to occur. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) analysis, we evaluated the effectiveness of one of the most widely used sequential extraction protocols, the Tessier method, at determining Zn and Pb speciation in anoxic wetland sediments. Sequential extraction results significantly underestimated the amount of Zn associated with sulfide phases as compared to the other two approaches. XAS analysis of ZnS amended sediments indicates that the most likely source of this conflict is an early dissolution of amorphous metal sulfide phases during the sequential extraction step corresponding to the extraction of iron and manganese oxides. The reagent mixture used in this step, hydroxylamine hydrochloride-HCl, is widely used in other sequential extraction protocols, including the BCR method, limiting their application to anoxic sediments. For this reason, current sequential extraction techniques should only be used on anoxic sediments with caution, and/or in conjunction with complementary approaches to assess metal speciation.
Ultrasound-Responsive Block Copolymer Micelles Based on a New Amplification Mechanism (2012)

A new approach for amplifying the effect of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in disassembling amphiphilic block copolymer (BCP) micelles in aqueous solution was investigated. The diblock copolymer is comprised of a water-soluble poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) block and a block of poly(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate) (PMEO(2)MA) that is hydrophobic at temperatures above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST). We show that by introducing a small amount of HIFU-labile 2-tetrahydropyranyl methacrylate (THPMA) comonomer units into the PMEO(2)MA that forms the micelle core at T > LCST, an ultrasound irradiation of a micellar solution could induce the hydrolysis of THPMA groups. As a result, the LCST of the thermosensitive polymer increases due to the conversion of hydrophobic THPMA comonomer units onto hydrophilic methacrylic acid. Consequently, the BCP micelles disassemble without actually changing the solution temperature. In addition to the characterization results of transmittance measurements, variable-temperature (1)H NMR, SEM, and DLS, a (13)C NMR spectral analysis provided critical evidence for the hydrolysis reaction of THPMA groups under HIFU irradiation.
The Molecular Basis of Human Cancer (2002)

Liver tumor cells in culture (phase contrast, top left); A squamous celliung carcinoma (hematoxylin and eosin stain, bottom middle); A CK18 immunostain of an invasive ductal carcinoma ofthe breast (top right); Agarose gels ofprimary and metastatic lung tumors showing the allelotype for D3S 1744 and D15S822 (bottom left and top middle, respectively); Fluorescence in situ hybridization of the Rb 1 locus on human chromosome 13 (bottom right).
Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of Hodgkin's disease derived cell lines: histopathological and clinical implications. (1985)

Five Hodgkin's disease (HD) derived cell lines were established in vitro in our laboratory in the last seven years. Morphological, cytochemical, immunological and cytogenetic marker analysis demonstrated that the in vitro cells represent genotypically and phenotypically the in vivo Hodgkin (H) and Sternberg-Reed (SR) cells in biopsy specimens. The cultured cells resemble haematolymphoid cells at different stages of maturation. Four of the five continue to grow in vitro as suspension cells after more than 50 months. Four more in vitro HD-derived lines were described recently by several authors. A summary of the various marker characteristics of these in vitro lines is given as a synopsis of the phenotypic marker spectrum and is discussed in comparison with our own cell lines. There is a striking similarity between two of the newly established lines (CO, HDLM-2) and our lines whereas the two other in vitro established cultures seem to resemble cell species further along the line of maturation to B lymphocytes (DEV) and monocytes (SU-HD-1). Gene rearrangement experiments undertaken with the L428, L540, L591 and the CO cell line show that the L428 and 591 cells have undergone gene rearrangement, the L428 being compatible with the genotypic state of a pre-B cell; the L591 cells, similarly rearranged furthermore demonstrated functional light chain rearrangement, compatible with B-cell development. By cytogenetic analysis chromosome 7 was found to be affected in all our described lines. This chromosome appears to be particularly unstable and vulnerable in patients with HD, since all tested cell lines revealed multiple abnormalities of this chromosome, a finding which is in accordance with observations made by other investigators in HD-biopsy cells. Since similar structural changes or loss of chromosome 7 is a characteristic event in cases of secondary acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia, it is speculated that this form of secondary neoplasia could resemble the blast crisis, as observed in chronic myeloid leukaemia.
On the characterization of impulsive noise with α-stable distributions using Fourier techniques (2002)

A new technique is presented for the characterization of impulsive interference with /spl alpha/-stable processes. The proposed model is constructed by estimating the /spl alpha/-stable distribution parameters using the empirical characteristic function. Characteristic function based methods have been shown to yield the best performance but are plagued by the amount of computation required. The new parameter estimation algorithm is shown to achieve the same level of performance as other characteristic function based methods while greatly reducing the amount of computation required.
Oxalate‐Degrading Enterococcus faecalis (2000)

An oxalate-degrading Enterococcus faecalis was isolated from human stools under anaerobic conditions. The bacteria required a poor nutritional environment and repeated subculturing to maintain their oxalate-degrading ability. The E. faecalis produced 3 proteins (65, 48, and 40 kDa) that were not produced by non-oxalate-degrading E. faecalis as examined by SDS-PAGE. Antibodies against oxalyl-coenzyme A decarboxylase (65 kDa) and formyl-coenzyme A transferase (48 kDa) obtained from Oxalobacter formigenes (an oxalate-degrading anaerobic bacterium in the human intestine) reacted with 2 of the proteins (65 and 48 kDa) from the E. faecalis as examined by Western blottings. This is the first report on the isolation of oxalate-degrading facultative anaerobic bacteria from humans.
Regional Variation in Tensile Properties and Biochemical Composition of the Human Lumbar Anulus Fibrosus (1994)

The regional differences in tensile properties may result predominantly from structural rather than compositional variations and may contribute to the clinical frequency of anulus failure in the posterolateral region.
Intracoronary Radiation Before Stent Implantation Inhibits Neointima Formation in Stented Porcine Coronary Arteries (1995)

Endovascular radiation before coronary stenting reduces neointima formation and may further reduce the restenosis rate after stent implantation.
Identification of a secondary Fc gamma RI binding site within a genetically engineered human IgG antibody. (1993)

Although human IgG2 is not cytophilic, we have shown previously that an IgG2 antibody expressing the sequence PLLGG (underline = substitution) spanning CH2 domain residues 233-237 (Eu numbering) displayed IgG1-like Fc gamma RI binding activity. In contrast, IgG1 PLLGG exhibited 3-fold less affinity, whereas IgG2 ELLGG was 3-fold more active than native IgG1. These results suggested that additional site(s) conferred enhanced binding properties to the engineered, cytophilic IgG2 variant. These sites were shown to reside in the IgG2 CH2 domain, since the IgG1 CH2 module did not have enhanced activity in a panel of hybrid IgG1/IgG2 antibodies. To map these sites further, human IgG1 and IgG2 constant region gene segments were modified to allow reciprocal COOH-terminal half segment exchanges of CH2 exons. These were cloned into a pSV2neo expression vector bearing a rearranged MOPC 315 heavy chain variable region gene and transfected into a MOPC 315 heavy chain deletion mutant. The dinitrophenol affinity-purified IgGs were radiolabeled and assessed for Fc gamma RI binding activity in direct binding assays using U937 cells. The COOH terminus of the IgG2 CH2 domain was found to contain accessory site(s) since it enhanced the binding properties of both IgG1 PLLGG and native IgG1. In contrast, grafting of the COOH terminus of the IgG1 CH2 domain onto IgG2 PLLGG and IgG2 ELLGG diminished their cytophilic activity. The amino acid responsible for the enhancing properties of the COOH terminus of the IgG2 CH2 domain was shown to be threonine 339, since IgG1 PLLGG/Thr339 displayed increased Fc gamma RI binding affinity. Kinetics studies revealed that this is accomplished through an increase in the forward rate constant of the IgG-Fc gamma RI interaction.
Molecular Interactions of Cyclosporin A with P-glycoprotein (1997)

The interaction between P-glycoprotein (140-180 kDa) from the multidrug-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell line CHRC5 and cyclosporin A was characterized using three different photoactivable cyclosporin A analogs. Two monoclonal antibodies, which are able to discriminate between two major domains of cyclosporin A (the cyclophilin and calcineurin binding domains), were used to detect the photolabeled proteins. A protein of 155 kDa corresponding to P-glycoprotein was much more strongly photolabeled in membranes of CHRC5 cells than in membranes of their drug-sensitive parent cell line AuxB1. The antitumor drug vinblastine and the reversal agents verapamil and cyclosporin A inhibited the photolabeling, and the nonimmunosuppressive derivative PSC-833 caused a stronger inhibition than cyclosporin A. P-glycoprotein photolabeled with cyclosporin A analogs was only detected with the monoclonal antibody that recognizes cyclosporin A and its metabolites, indicating that the calcineurin binding domain recognized specifically by the other antibody is not exposed. These results suggest that the portion of cyclosporin A that binds to calcineurin plays a role in the interaction of cyclosporin A with P-glycoprotein.
Polarization fatigue in ferroelectric thin films and related materials (2009)

The experimental characteristics of polarization fatigue in thin-film, bulk ceramic, and single-crystalline ferroelectrics have been reviewed in detail. Various scenarios and models proposed for fatigue in ferroelectric materials during the past few decades have been discussed, together with our own model developed very recently [Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 177601 (2006); Phys. Rev. B 75, 244104 (2007)]. Interpretations for the experimental data reviewed in this paper but untreated in our previous work [Phys. Rev. B 75, 244104 (2007)] as well as the methods of improving the fatigue endurance in ferroelectrics are given based on this model. Finally, the results on polarization fatigue in some special classes of ferroelectrics such as multiferroics (e.g., BiFeO3-based materials), ferroelectric polymers, and antiferroelectric thin films and ceramics are discussed and accounted for in light of our model.
Changes in Protein Dynamics of the DNA Repair Dioxygenase AlkB upon Binding of Fe2+ and 2-Oxoglutarate (2012)

The Escherichia coli DNA repair enzyme AlkB is a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent Fe(2+) binding dioxygenase that removes methyl lesions from DNA and RNA. To date, nine human AlkB homologues are known: ABH1 to ABH8 and the obesity-related FTO. Similar to AlkB, these homologues exert their activity on nucleic acids, although for some homologues the biological substrate remains to be identified. 2OG dioxygenases require binding of the cofactors Fe(2+) and 2OG in the active site to form a catalytically competent complex. We present a structural analysis of AlkB using NMR, fluorescence, and CD spectroscopy to show that AlkB is a dynamic protein exhibiting different folding states. In the absence of the cofactors Fe(2+) and 2OG, apoAlkB is a highly dynamic protein. Binding of either Fe(2+) or 2OG alone does not significantly affect the protein dynamics. Formation of a fully folded and catalytically competent holoAlkB complex only occurs when both 2OG and Fe(2+) are bound. These findings provide the first insights into protein folding of 2OG-dependent dioxygenases. A role for protein dynamics in the incorporation of the metal cofactor is discussed.
Nucleotide Sequence of the -Lactamase Gene of Alkalophilic Bacillus sp. Strain 170 (1985)

A gene for the beta-lactamase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain 170 was cloned in a functional state on a 1.0 kb DNA fragment and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The coding sequence showed an open reading frame of 257 amino acids, which represents the beta-lactamase precursor protein. It is considered that the signal peptide consisted of 30 amino acids including 12 hydrophobic amino acids.
β-Glucosidase: microbial production and effect on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose (1977)

The enzymatic conversion of cellulose is catalyzed by a multiple enzyme system. The Trichoderma enzyme system has been studied extensively and has insufficient beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) activity for the practical saccharification of celluose. The black aspergilli (A. niger and A. phoenicis) were superior producers of beta-glucosidase and a method for production of this enzyme in liquid culture is presented. When Trichoderma cellulase preparations are supplemented with beta-glucosidase from Aspergillus during practical saccharifications, glucose is the predominant product and the rate of saccharification is significantly increased. The stimulatory effect of beta-glucosidase appears to be due to the removal of inhibitory levels of cellobiose.
The Mechanism of the Self-Initiated Thermal Polymerization of Styrene. Theoretical Solution of a Classic Problem (2005)

The Mayo and Flory mechanisms for the self-initiation of styrene polymerization were explored with B3LYP and BPW91 density functional calculations. The Diels-Alder dimer (AH) is the key intermediate, and the lowest energy pathway for AH formation is a stepwise mechanism via a gauche/sickle (*M2*Gs) or gauche/U-shaped (*M2*Gu) diradical. Ring closure of the 1,4-diradical to diphenylcyclobutane (DCB) is predicted to have a lower barrier than ring closure to AH. Dynamic effects are likely to play an important role in determining the rate of AH versus DCB formation. Hydrogen transfer from AH to styrene to generate two monoradical species is predicted to be a reasonable process that initiates monoradical polymerization.
White matter neuron alterations in schizophrenia and related disorders (2010)

Increased density and altered spatial distribution of subcortical white matter neurons (WMNs) represents one of the more well replicated cellular alterations found in schizophrenia and related disease. In many of the affected cases, the underlying genetic risk architecture for these WMN abnormalities remains unknown. Increased density of neurons immunoreactive for Microtubule-Associated Protein 2 (MAP2) and Neuronal Nuclear Antigen (NeuN) have been reported by independent studies, though there are negative reports as well; additionally, group differences in some of the studies appear to be driven by a small subset of cases. Alterations in markers for inhibitory (GABAergic) neurons have also been described. For example, downregulation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) in inhibitory WMN positioned at the gray/white matter border, as well as altered spatial distribution, have been reported. While increased density of WMN has been suggested to reflect disturbance of neurodevelopmental processes, including neuronal migration, neurogenesis, and cell death, alternative hypotheses--such as an adaptive response to microglial activation in mature CNS, as has been described in multiple sclerosis--should also be considered. We argue that larger scale studies involving hundreds of postmortem specimens will be necessary in order to clearly establish the subset of subjects affected. Additionally, these larger cohorts could make it feasible to connect the cellular pathology to environmental and genetic factors implicated in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism. These could include the 22q11 deletion (Velocardiofacial/DiGeorge) syndrome, which in some cases is associated with neuronal ectopias in white matter.
Use of a Collagen-Hydroxyapatite Matrix in Spinal Fusion (1998)

These results show that Healos is an osteoconductive matrix that can be a useful carrier in the biologic and mechanical environment of a posterolateral intertransverse fusion site. In combination with bone marrow, it produces fusion rates that are comparable with those of autologous bone graft. However, it must be combined with an osteoinductive or osteogenic agent to ensure reliable fusion rates and alone cannot produce reliable osteogenesis. The Healos matrix was not compared with other commercially available matrices currently in use. Therefore, the efficacy of Healos relative to these other materials could not be determined.