gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ATP stimulates GRK-3 phosphorylation and β-arrestin-2-dependent internalization of P2X7 receptor (2005)

The objective of this study was to understand the mechanisms involved in P2X(7) receptor activation. Treatments with ATP or with the P2X(7) receptor-specific ligand 2',3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate (BzATP) induced pore formation, but the effect was slower in CaSki cells expressing endogenous P2X(7) receptor than in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells expressing exogenous P2X(7) receptor (HEK-293-hP2X(7)-R). In both types of cells Western blots revealed expression of three forms of the receptor: the functional 85-kDa form present mainly in the membrane and 65- and 18-kDa forms expressed in both the plasma membrane and the cytosol. Treatments with ATP transiently decreased the 85-kDa form and increased the 18-kDa form in the membrane, suggesting internalization, degradation, and recycling of the receptor. In CaSki cells ATP stimulated phosphorylation of the 85-kDa form on tyrosine and serine residues. Phosphorylation on threonine residues increased with added ATP, and it increased ATP requirements for phosphorylation on tyrosine and serine residues, suggesting a dominant-negative effect. In both CaSki and in HEK-293-hP2X(7)-R cells ATP also increased binding of the 85-kDa form to G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)-3, beta-arrestin-2, and dynamin, and it stimulated beta-arrestin-2 redistribution into submembranous regions of the cell. These results suggest a novel mechanism for P2X(7) receptor action, whereby activation involves a GRK-3-, beta-arrestin-2-, and dynamin-dependent internalization of the receptor into clathrin domains, followed in part by receptor degradation as well as receptor recycling into the plasma membrane.
the comparision of effects intraoperative tramadol and ketamine usage for postoperative pain relief in patient with tonsillectomy (2013)

Postoperative pain was effectively managed using 2 mg.kg-1 tramadol and 0.5 mg.kg-1 ketamine in pediatric tonsillectomies.
Nucleons as Skyrmions (1992)

This article is devoted to the status of the electroweak theory on the eve of experimentation at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC). A compact summary of the logic and structure of the electroweak theory precedes an examination of what experimental tests ... Read More
Inflammatory process in Alzheimer's Disease (2013)

Alzheimer Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia. Histopathologically is characterized by the presence of two major hallmarks, the intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and extracellular neuritic plaques (NPs) surrounded by activated astrocytes and microglia. NFTs consist of paired helical filaments of truncated tau protein that is abnormally hyperphosphorylated. The main component in the NP is the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), a small fragment of 40-42 amino acids with a molecular weight of 4 kD. It has been proposed that the amyloid aggregates and microglia activation are able to favor the neurodegenerative process observed in AD patients. However, the role of inflammation in AD is controversial, because in early stages the inflammation could have a beneficial role in the pathology, since it has been thought that the microglia and astrocytes activated could be involved in Aβ clearance. Nevertheless the chronic activation of the microglia has been related with an increase of Aβ and possibly with tau phosphorylation. Studies in AD brains have shown an upregulation of complement molecules, pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase reactants and other inflammatory mediators that could contribute with the neurodegenerative process. Clinical trials and animal models with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) indicate that these drugs may decrease the risk of developing AD and apparently reduce Aβ deposition. Finally, further studies are needed to determine whether treatment with anti-inflammatory strategies, may decrease the neurodegenerative process that affects these patients.
Tenascin-X promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by activating latent TGF-β (2014)

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) isoforms are secreted as inactive complexes formed through noncovalent interactions between the bioactive TGF-β entity and its N-terminal latency-associated peptide prodomain. Extracellular activation of the latent TGF-β complex is a crucial step in the regulation of TGF-β function for tissue homeostasis. We show that the fibrinogen-like (FBG) domain of the matrix glycoprotein tenascin-X (TNX) interacts physically with the small latent TGF-β complex in vitro and in vivo, thus regulating the bioavailability of mature TGF-β to cells by activating the latent cytokine into an active molecule. Activation by the FBG domain most likely occurs through a conformational change in the latent complex and involves a novel cell adhesion-dependent mechanism. We identify α11β1 integrin as a cell surface receptor for TNX and show that this integrin is crucial to elicit FBG-mediated activation of latent TGF-β and subsequent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in mammary epithelial cells.
A family of ZVS-PWM active-clamping DC-to-DC converters: synthesis, analysis, and experimentation (2002)

This paper presents a technique to generate a complete family of two-switch pulse-width-modulated with active clamping DC/DC converters, featuring soft commutation of the semiconductors at zero-voltage (ZVS). The main purpose of this technique is to integrate these converters under the same theoretical principle to derive the topologies in a comprehensive form and generate new circuits. All the converters have the advantage of soft commutation (ZVS) with minimum switch voltage stress due to the clamping action. Besides operating at constant frequency and with reduced commutation losses, these converters have output characteristics similar to the PWM hard-switching counterpart, which means that there is no circulating reactive energy that would cause large conduction losses. Principle of operation, theoretical analysis, simulation and experimental results of one particular converter taken as an example, are provided in the paper.
Human complement factor H is a novel diagnostic marker for lung adenocarcinoma (2011)

Human complement factor H (CFH), a central complement control protein, is a member of the regulators of complement activation family. Recent studies suggested that CFH may play a key role in the resistance of complement-mediated lysis in various cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the role of CFH in human lung cancer. Expression of CFH was analyzed in lung cancer cell lines by RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence. In primary lung tumors, the protein expression of CFH was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on tissue microarray (TMA). Binding of CFH to lung cancer cells was detected by flow cytometry. mRNA expression of CFH was detected in 6 out of 10 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, but in none of the small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines. In line with Western blotting, immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated CFH protein expression in 3 NSCLC cell lines, and the immunoreaction was mainly associated with cell cytoplasm and membrane. In primary lung tumors, 54 out of 101 samples exhibited high expression of CFH and high expression was significantly correlated with lung adenocarcinoma (p=0.009). Also, in adenocarcinoma of the lung, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a tendency that CFH-positive tumors had worse prognosis in comparison to CFH-negative tumors (p=0.082). Additionally, shorter survival time of patients with adenocarcinoma (<20 months) was associated with higher staining of CFH (p=0.033). Our data showed that non-small cell lung cancer cells expressed and secreted CFH. CFH might be a novel diagnostic marker for human lung adenocarcinoma.
Disruption of the Bcl6 Gene Results in an Impaired Germinal Center Formation (1997)

The Bcl6 gene has been identified from the chromosomal translocation breakpoint in B cell lymphomas, and its products are expressed highly in germinal center (GC) B cells. To investigate the function of Bcl6 in lymphocytes, we have generated RAG1-deficient mice reconstituted with bone marrow cells from Bcl6-deficient mice (Bcl6(-/-)RM). Lymphogenesis in primary lymphoid tissues of Bcl6(-/-)RM is normal, and Bcl6(-/-)RM produced control levels of primary IgG1 antibodies specific to T cell-dependent antigens. However, GCs were not found in these mice. This defect was mainly due to the abnormalities of B cells. Therefore, Bcl6 is essential for the differentiation of GC B cells.
Impaired regulatory T cell function in germ‐free mice (2006)

Regulatory T cells (Treg) are crucial for the maintenance of tolerance to auto-antigens and harmless exogenous antigens. Here, we studied the role of the commensal microbiota for the development and function of Treg. CD4+CD25+ T cells were obtained from peripheral lymph nodes (PLN) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of germ-free (GF) and conventional (conv) NMRI mice and tested for phenotype and functional suppressive capacity. CD4+CD25+ T cells from GF mice showed a lower relative gene expression of fork head box p3 gene (Foxp3) and were not as potent suppressors in vitro as CD4+CD25+ T cells from conv animals. Intracellular staining for Foxp3 and CTLA-4 revealed proportional and regional differences in putative Treg subsets between conv and GF mice. Fewer of the CD4+CD25+ T cells in GF MLN expressed Foxp3 and CTLA-4, while the expression of these markers was similar amongst the CD4+CD25+ T cells in PLN of conv and GF mice. The largest difference between conv and GF Treg was observed in the liver draining celiac lymph node, where GF mice had fewer putative Treg as compared to conv mice. We propose that the presence of a microbial flora favors the development of a fully functional Treg population.
T Cells Can Use Either T Cell Receptor or Cd28 Receptors to Absorb and Internalize Cell Surface Molecules Derived from Antigen-Presenting Cells (2000)

At the site of contact between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), T cell receptor (TCR)-peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) interaction is intensified by interactions between other molecules, notably by CD28 and lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) on T cells interacting with B7 (B7-1 and B7-2), and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), respectively, on APCs. Here, we show that during T cell-APC interaction, T cells rapidly absorb various molecules from APCs onto the cell membrane and then internalize these molecules. This process is dictated by at least two receptors on T cells, namely CD28 and TCR molecules. The biological significance of T cell uptake of molecules from APCs is unclear. One possibility is that this process may allow activated T cells to move freely from one APC to another and eventually gain entry into the circulation.
Analysis of Physiological Process in Early Stage of Human Embryos after ICSI using Time-lapse Cinematography (2005)

In order to evaluate the physiological events in early stage of human embryos after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), we have developed new embryo culture system on the stage of inverted microscope as a time-lapse cinematography. Time-lapse recording (Exposure time: 50 ms; Interval: 2 mins) commenced shortly after ICSI and continued up to 40 h. We examined a total of 65 oocytes obtained from 62 patients with ICSI. Fifty five (84.6%) of 65 oocytes showed 2PN/2PB fertilization and all of which cleaved. Out of 55 embryos cleaved, 42 (76.4%) developed into morphologically good quality embryos (GQE), while remaining 13 embryos were classified as poor quality embryos (PQE). There was no significant difference in the time course required for physiological events during early stage of embryos between GQE and PQE. Although no significant difference was observed in the pattern of nucleolar precursor body (NPB) distribution between GQE and PQE, the appearance of cytoplasmic halo during 2PN stage of embryos was significantly related to embryo quality (p<0.05). This study indicates that cytoplasmic halo is a new parameter in the evaluation of good quality embryo. Furthermore, time-lapse cinematography is an excellent tool in elucidating the physiological phenomenon in the early stage of human embryos.
Synaptic Vulnerability in Neurodegenerative Disease (2006)

Recent developments in our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying degeneration in both the central and peripheral nervous systems have highlighted the critical role that synapses play in the instigation and progression of neuronal loss. In fact, several lines of evidence suggest that previous attempts to delay the onset and progression of clinical symptoms in a broad range of neurodegenerative diseases may have been unsuccessful as a result of a failure to protect synaptic compartments. As a result, the synapse needs to be viewed as an important target for the development of novel protective treatments aimed at preventing or slowing disease progression. We summarize important findings from human studies and animal models demonstrating common synaptic vulnerability across several neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss recent developments in our understanding of degenerative mechanisms that are known to be localized to synapses and suggest potential ways to harness this understanding to develop synaptoprotective strategies for neurodegenerative disease.
Properties of erythrocyte light refraction in diabetic patients (2002)

Since hyperglycaemia changes the erythrocyte cell membrane fluidity and impairs cell deformity, our goal was to characterize hemoglobin and red blood cell (RBC) light refractive property changes in diabetic patients. Microscopic investigation was carried out on intact and fixed RBCs. To determine the refractive index (RI): smears of peripheral blood were air dried and fixed for 3 min in methanol. Mixtures of polyvinylpyrolidine and buffer of different pH (1:1) were used as embedding media. Intact RBCs were mixed with a buffered embedding medium, placed on a slide and overlaid with a coverslip. Interference microscopy was used for RI measurements at 18 different pH (pH=2-13). The results showed that curves of the RI of diabetic patients and of a control group were of similar configuration, with one branch in the acidic portion of the pH scale, a maximum and two minima in the neutral (middle) portion, and one branch in the alkaline portion. The curves of the individuals from the control group overlapped each other. To the contrary, the curves of the diabetic patients were not uniform in the neutral portion and the alkaline portion. The curves of the diabetic patients in the neutral zone were shifted towards the alkaline end of the pH scale, and the RBC RI curves were lower in comparison to the control curves. The center maximum of the curves of diabetic patients corresponded to pH=6.6 whereas the central maximum of the control group curves was at pH=6.2-6.8. Contrary to in the diabetic group, intact RBC RI curves in the control group revealed only one significantly different minimum at pH of 7.2 in the neutral zone. Using this method it is possible to show phenotypic differences between uniform type intact and fixed cells, erythrocytes of diabetic patients and of healthy donors.
Structure of 11β-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-17β-hydroxy-17α-(2-propenyl)-estra-4,9-dien-3-one (1987)

Le compose C 29 H 37 NO 2 cristallise dans le systeme orthorombique, groupe P2 1 2 1 2 1 et sa structure est affinee jusqu'a R=0,060. Le compose du titre est legerement plus courbe que le compose parent propynyl-17α. Arrangement tete a queue des molecules
Integrated Tools for Structural and Sequence Alignment and Analysis (1999)

We have developed new computational methods for displaying and analyzing members of protein superfamilies. These methods (MinRMS, AlignPlot and MSFviewer) integrate sequence and structural information and are implemented as separate but cooperating programs to our Chimera molecular modeling system. Integration of multiple sequence alignment information and three-dimensional structural representations enable researchers to generate hypotheses about the sequence-structure relationship. Structural superpositions can be generated and easily tuned to identify similarities around important characteristics such as active sites or ligand binding sites. Information related to the release of Chimera, MinRMS, AlignPlot and MSFviewer can be obtained at http:¿www.cgl.ucsf.edu/chimera.
Correction: Multiparameter RNA and Codon Optimization: A Standardized Tool to Assess and Enhance Autologous Mammalian Gene Expression (2011)

Autologous expression of recombinant human proteins in human cells for biomedical research and product development is often hampered by low expression yields limiting subsequent structural and functional analyses. Following RNA and codon optimization, 50 candidate genes representing five classes of human proteins -transcription factors, ribosomal and polymerase subunits, protein kinases, membrane proteins and immunomodulators -all showed reliable, and 86% even elevated expression. Analysis of three representative examples showed no detrimental effect on protein solubility while unaltered functionality was demonstrated for JNK1, JNK3 and CDC2 using optimized constructs. Molecular analysis of a sequence-optimized transgene revealed positive effects at transcriptional, translational, and mRNA stability levels. Since improved expression was consistent in HEK293T, CHO and insect cells, it was not restricted to distinct mammalian cell systems. Additionally, optimized genes represent powerful tools in functional genomics, as demonstrated by the successful rescue of an siRNA-mediated knockdown using a sequence-optimized counterpart. This is the first large-scale study addressing the influence of multiparameter optimization on autologous human protein expression.
Effect of secondary electron from the substrate in x-ray lithography using harder radiation spectra (2001)

Proximity x-ray lithography using harder spectra has been proposed as a next generation lithography technology. The secondary electron from the substrate is one of the issues that should be solved to realize this technology. We investigated the effect of the electron from the silicon substrate on the pattern quality when using the shorter wavelength exposure. As a figure of merit for the effect of the electron from the substrate, we proposed a function R which is defined as the ratio of the energy absorption in the substrate to that in the resist. We confirmed the validity of R by comparing it with a Monte Carlo simulation (SPEED). Several exposure experiments, which corresponded to various R values, were carried out by changing mirror, filter, and mask membrane. We found an adequate range of R where the secondary effect can be ignored from these experiments. Furthermore, we showed that R could effectively be reduced by using an absorption edge of the resist material. Bromine is the best material to suppress the value of R in every wavelength region.
Flexible small-bore hollow fibers with an inner polymer coating (2000)

Flexible hollow-glass fibers with small-bore diameters of 250 and 320 mum have been developed for Er:YAG laser delivery. The fibers consist of a glass capillary tube and an inner coating of silver and polymer thin films that are deposited by use of a simple liquid-phase technique. The 250-mum-bore fiber exhibits a straight loss of 0.8 dB/m and a bending loss of 1.2 dB when it is bent 180 degrees at the output end, with a bending radius of 2 cm. The maximum energy delivered by the fibers is ~100 mJ.
A Summary of Ongoing Work at the Keck Telescope on Gravitational Lensing and on Distant Galaxies (1996)

I present a summary of recent scientific projects relevant to the areas being discussed at this conference that have been or are in the process of being carried out at the Keck telescope by astronomers from the California Institute of Technology. Note that in most cases these are team projects, and many people are involved. Among the highlights thus far in the area of gravitational lensing are the detection of an emission line in the lens B0218+357 implying, if its identification as Mgll is correct, a redshift of 0.95, and the detection of a redshift of 0.53 for one of the arcs in the X-ray emitting cluster of galaxies MS 0440+0204. Highlights in the area of&#13;\ndistant galaxies include the deepest published optical and infrared counts, reaching to K = 24.5 mag and to R ≈ 27 mag. The first results from a redshift survey of faint field galaxies which will eventually reach to K ≤ 20 mag are also shown.
Virtual machine file system (2010)

The Virtual Machine File System (VMFS) is a scalable and high performance symmetric clustered file system for hosting virtual machines (VMs) on shared block storage. It implements a clustered locking protocol exclusively using storage links, and does not require network-based inter-node communication between hosts participating in a VMFS cluster. VMFS layout and IO algorithms are optimized towards providing raw device speed IO throughput to VMs. An adaptive IO mechanism masks errors on the physical fabric using contextual information from the fabric. The VMFS lock service forms the basis of VMware's clustered applications such as vMotion, Storage vMotion, Distributed Resource Scheduling, High Availability, and Fault Tolerance. Virtual machine metadata is serialized to files and VMFS provides a POSIX interface for cluster-safe virtual machine management operations. It also contains a pipelined data mover for bulk data initialization and movement. In recent years, VMFS has inspired changes to diskarray firmware and the SCSI protocol. These changes enable the file system to implement a hardware accelerated data mover and lock manager, among other things. In this paper, we present the VMFS architecture and its evolution over the years
Restoration of Fertility by Germ Cell Transplantation Requires Effective Recipient Preparation1 (2003)

Spermatogonial transplantation provides access to the mammalian germline and has been used in experimental animal models to study stem cell/niche biology and germline development, to restore fertility, and to produce transgenic models. The potential to manipulate and/or transplant the germline has numerous practical applications that transcend species boundaries. To make the transplantation technology more broadly accessible, it is necessary to develop practical recipient preparation protocols. In the current study, mouse recipients for spermatogonial transplantation were prepared by treating pregnant females with the chemotherapeutic agent busulfan at different times during gestation. Donor germ cells were introduced into the testes of male progeny between 5 and 12 days postpartum. Analysis of recipient animals revealed that busulfan treatment of pregnant females on 12.5 days postcoitum was the most effective; male progeny transplanted with donor germ cells became fertile and passed the donor genotype to 25% of progeny. This approach was effective because 1) the cytoablative treatment reduced (but did not abolish) endogenous spermatogenesis, creating space for colonization by donor stem cells, 2) residual endogenous germ cells contributed to a healthy testicular environment that supported robust donor and recipient spermatogenesis, and 3) fetal busulfan-treated males could be transplanted as pups, which have been established as better recipients than adults. Laboratory mice provide a valuable experimental model for developing the technology that now can be applied and evaluated in other species.