gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surgical Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Upper Airway and Maxillomandibular Surgery (2008)

Upper airway surgery is an important treatment option for patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), particularly for those who have failed or cannot tolerate positive airway pressure therapy. Surgery aims to reduce anatomical upper airway obstruction in the nose, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. Procedures addressing nasal obstruction include septoplasty, turbinectomy, and radiofrequency ablation (RF) of the turbinates. Surgical procedures to reduce soft palate redundancy include uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, uvulopalatal flap, laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty, and RF of the soft palate with adenotonsillectomy. More significant, however, particularly in cases of severe OSA, is hypopharyngeal or retrolingual obstruction related to an enlarged tongue, or more commonly due to maxillomandibular deficiency. Surgeries in these cases are aimed at reducing the bulk of the tongue base or providing more space for the tongue in the oropharynx so as to limit posterior collapse during sleep. These procedures include genioglossal advancement, hyoid suspension, distraction osteogenesis, tongue RF, lingualplasty, and maxillomandibular advancement. Successful surgery depends on proper patient selection, proper procedure selection, and experience of the surgeon. Most surgeries are done in combination and in a multistep manner, with maxillomandibular advancement typically being reserved for refractory or severe OSA, or for those with obvious and significant maxillomandibular deficiency. Although not without risks and not as predictable as positive airway pressure therapy, surgery remains an important therapeutic consideration in all patients with OSA. Current research aims to optimize the success of these procedures by identifying proper candidates for surgery, as well as to develop new invasive procedures for OSA treatment.
Defining an Antigenic Epitope on Platelet Factor 4 Associated With Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (1998)

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a potentially serious complication of heparin therapy. Antibodies to platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin complexes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disorder, but the antigenic epitope(s) on the protein have not been defined. To address this issue, we studied the binding of HIT antibodies to a series of recombinant proteins containing either point mutations in PF4 or chimeras containing various domains of PF4 and the related protein, neutrophil activating peptide-2 (NAP-2). Serum samples from 50 patients with a positive 14C-serotonin release assay (14C-SRA) and a clinical diagnosis of HIT and 20 normal controls were studied. HIT antibodies reacted strongly with wild-type (WT) PF4/heparin complexes, but reacted little, if at all, with NAP-2/heparin complexes (optical density [OD]405 = 2.5 and 0.2, respectively). Alanine substitutions at three of the four lysine residues implicated in heparin binding, K62, K65, and K66, had little effect on recognition by HIT antibodies (OD405 = 2.2, 2.8, and 2.0, respectively), whereas an alanine substitution at position K61 led to reduced, but still significant binding (OD405 = 1.0). Similar studies involving chimeras between PF4 and NAP-2 localized a major antigenic site to the region between the third and fourth cysteine residues for more than half of the sera tested. This site appears to involve a series of amino acids immediately after the third cysteine residue beginning with P37. Thus our studies suggest that whereas the C-terminal lysine residues of PF4 are important for heparin binding, they do not comprise a critical antigenic site for most HIT antibodies. Rather, we propose that maintaining a region near the third cysteine residue of PF4, distal from the proposed heparin-binding domain, is required to form the epitope recognized by many HIT antibodies.
Grundzüge der Theorie ungesättigter und aromatischer Verbindungen (1937)

Außer diesen Strukturen sind noch weitere Strukturen mit gepaarten Elektronen möglich, z. B.:
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Sibutramine for Olanzapine-Associated Weight Gain (2005)

Sibutramine was an effective and well-tolerated adjunct to behavior modification for weight loss in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder being treated with olanzapine.
Expression of Activated Notch3 in Transgenic Mice Enhances Generation of T Regulatory Cells and Protects against Experimental Autoimmune Diabetes (2003)

Thymic-derived dysregulated tolerance has been suggested to occur in type 1 diabetes via impaired generation of CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells, leading to autoimmune beta cell destruction. In this study, we demonstrate that Notch3 expression is a characteristic feature of CD4(+)CD25(+) cells. Furthermore, streptozotocin-induced autoimmune diabetes fails to develop in transgenic mice carrying the constitutively active intracellular domain of Notch3 in thymocytes and T cells. The failure to develop the disease is associated with an increase of CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells, accumulating in lymphoid organs, in pancreas infiltrates and paralleled by increased expression of IL-4 and IL-10. Accordingly, CD4(+) T cells from Notch3-transgenic mice inhibit the development of hyperglycemia and insulitis when injected into streptozotocin-treated wild-type mice and display in vitro suppressive activity. These observations, therefore, suggest that Notch3-mediated events regulate the expansion and function of T regulatory cells, leading to protection from experimental autoimmune diabetes and identify the Notch pathway as a potential target for therapeutic intervention in type 1 diabetes.
ANG II modifies cardiomyocyte function via extracardiac and intracardiac neurons: in situ and in vitro studies (1997)

To determine whether angiotensin II (ANG II) affects cardiac performance via neurons in intrathoracic cardiac ganglia, studies were performed on anesthetized dogs. To exclude possible vascular regulatory effects of ANG II, experiments were also performed using long-term cultures of adult guinea pig ventricular cardiomyocytes with or without intrathoracic neurons. 1) In in situ experiments in 10 anesthetized dogs, cardiac augmentation occurred when ANG II (10 microl or 0.1 ml; 10-100 microM) was administered into limited loci within acutely decentralized stellate or middle cervical ganglia that were neurally connected to, but not those disconnected from, the heart. In another 18 dogs, ANG II increased intrinsic cardiac neuronal activity when administered adjacent to such neurons or into their local arterial blood supply. Ventricular ionotropic effects elicited by ANG II were eliminated by timolol, whereas increases in intrinsic cardiac neuronal activity were not affected. Effects elicited by ANG II were eliminated by administration of a selective AT1 receptor antagonist (losartan) but not by a selective AT2 receptor antagonist (PD-123319). 2) In in vitro experiments, ANG II (100 nM) induced positive chronotropic effects on cultured adult guinea pig cardiomyocytes innervated with adult extrinsic or intrinsic cardiac neurons, but not those cultured without neurons. The frequency of calcium inward current (Ca(i)) transients (recorded by fura 2 fluorescence) increased in innervated cocultures but not in the noninnervated cardiomyocyte cultures; however, the amplitude of Ca(i) transients was not affected by ANG II in cultures or in freshly isolated adult guinea pig cardiomyocytes. ANG II-induced effects in cocultures were blocked by losartan but not PD-123319 or timolol. Thus 1) ANG II-sensitive neurons exist in intrathoracic extracardiac and intrinsic cardiac ganglia; 2) these neurons possess AT1 receptors; and 3) these neurons appear to act directly and indirectly via adrenergic neurons to enhance cardiomyocyte function.
Gene Set Analysis of Lung Samples Provides Insight into Pathogenesis of Progressive, Fibrotic Pulmonary Sarcoidosis (2010)

The findings suggest that patients with progressive/fibrotic pulmonary sarcoidosis have intense immune activity related to host defense in their lungs, with processes more similar to HP than IPF. The study also demonstrates that transbronchial lung biopsy samples can provide good-quality RNA for gene expression profiling, supporting its potential use as a prognostic classifier for pulmonary sarcoidosis.
Frequency Detectors for PLL Acquisition in Timing and Carrier Recovery (1979)

A significant problem in phase-locked loop (PLL) timing and carrier extraction is the initial acquisition. Very narrow loop bandwidths are generally required to control phase jitter, and acquisition may depend on an extremely accurate initial VCO frequency (VCXO) or sweeping. We describe two simply implemented frequency detectors which, when added to the traditional phase detector, can effect acquisition even with very small loop bandwidths and large initial frequency offsets. The first is the quadricorrelator, previously applied to timing recovery by Bellisio, while the second is new, and called a rotational frequency detector. The latter, while limited to lower frequencies and higher signal-to-noise ratios, is suitable for many applications and can be implemented with simpler circuitry.
Feature-rich part-of-speech tagging with a cyclic dependency network (2003)

We present a new part-of-speech tagger that demonstrates the following ideas: (i) explicit use of both preceding and following tag contexts via a dependency network representation, (ii) broad use of lexical features, including jointly conditioning on multiple consecutive words, (iii) effective use of priors in conditional loglinear models, and (iv) fine-grained modeling of unknown word features. Using these ideas together, the resulting tagger gives a 97.24% accuracy on the Penn Treebank WSJ, an error reduction of 4.4% on the best previous single automatically learned tagging result.
Telomerase RNA level limits telomere maintenance in X-linked dyskeratosis congenita (2006)

Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) patients suffer a progressive and ultimately fatal loss of hematopoietic renewal correlating with critically short telomeres. The predominant X-linked form of DC results from substitutions in dyskerin, a protein required both for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) pseudouridine modification and for cellular accumulation of telomerase RNA (TER). Accordingly, alternative models have posited that the exhaustion of cellular renewal in X-linked DC arises as a primary consequence of ribosome deficiency or telomerase deficiency. Here we test, for the first time, whether X-linked DC patient cells are compromised for telomerase function at telomeres. We show that telomerase activation in family-matched control cells allows telomere elongation and telomere length maintenance, while telomerase activation in X-linked DC patient cells fails to prevent telomere erosion with proliferation. Furthermore, we demonstrate by phenotypic rescue that telomere defects in X-linked DC patient cells arise solely from reduced accumulation of TER. We also show that X-linked DC patient cells averted from premature senescence support normal levels of rRNA pseudouridine modification and normal kinetics of rRNA precursor processing, in contrast with phenotypes reported for a proposed mouse model of the human disease. These findings support the significance of telomerase deficiency in the pathology of X-linked DC.
[Bacteria isolated in 1994-1995 in female upper genitalia infections and in male urethritis. Distribution and sensitivity to antibiotics]. (1996)

The antibiotics with the best empiric activity scores in urethritis were, in decreasing order: doxycyclin (90.4%), ofloxacin (88.1%), and erythromycin (50.2%). The most active combinations in upper genital tract infections were ofloxacin+amoxicillin (100%), doxycyclin+cefotaxime+metronidazole (95.9%) and doxycyclin+amoxicillin (95.3%).
Protein Structures in Virtual Screening:  A Case Study with CDK2 (2005)

The influence of protein structure on the successful reproduction of known ligand poses by high-throughput docking programs is rarely discussed. Two commonly used programs, Glide and GOLD, were used to dock a set of CDK2 inhibitors of known bound pose into 20 different CDK2 structures. The numbers of docked poses that reproduced the known pose are reported. Depending on the program and protein structure, 0.3%-96.2% of the ligands docked with the correct pose. Although it is not possible to say that any one structure is "the best" for virtual screening, there are some structures that are clearly better than others. The main determinants of this are the volume of the binding site into which the ligands are docked and the exact orientation of the residues forming the binding site.
LI ZHIZAO'S SEARCH FOR A CONFUCIAN-CHRISTIAN SYNTHESIS (1989)

Introduction The meeting and interaction between two cultures is a dynamic process of creative transformation. The entrance and subsequent penetration of Indo-Buddhist culture into China during the Han and Tang dynasties produced fundamental changes in Chinese society and had a profound impact on Chinese thought and behaviour. The coming of the Nestorian and Catholic missionaries from Central Asia and Europe in the eighth and then the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries also sent shock waves through the Chinese intellectual and social world, resulting in a reevaluation of traditional Confucian culture and the emergence of new ideas and new cultural forms. The latter part of this second movement — the Confucian response to Christian culture as introduced by the Jesuit missionaries — forms the background of this paper.
Engagement of Two Distinct Binding Domains on CCL17 Is Required for Signaling through CCR4 and Establishment of Localized Inflammatory Conditions in the Lung (2013)

CCL17 (TARC) function can be completely abolished by mAbs that block either one of two distinct sites required for CCR4 signaling. This chemokine is elevated in sera of asthma patients and is responsible for establishing inflammatory sites through CCR4-mediated recruitment of immune cells. CCL17 shares the GPCR CCR4, with CCL22 (MDC) but these two chemokines differentially affect the immune response. To better understand chemokine mediated effects through CCR4, we have generated chimeric anti-mouse CCL17 surrogate antibodies that inhibit function of this ligand in vitro and in vivo. The affinities of the surrogate antibodies for CCL17 range from 685 pM for B225 to 4.9 nM for B202. One antibody, B202, also exhibits weak binding to CCL22 (KD∼2 µM) and no binding to CCL22 is detectable with the second antibody, B225. In vitro, both antibodies inhibit CCL17-mediated calcium mobilization, β-arrestin recruitment and chemotaxis; B202 can also partially inhibit CCL22-mediated β-arrestin recruitment. Both B202 and B225 antibodies neutralize CCL17 in vivo as demonstrated by reduction of methacholine-induced airway hyperreactivity in the A. fumigatus model of asthma. That both antibodies block CCL17 function but only B202 shows any inhibition of CCL22 function suggests that they bind CCL17 at different sites. Competition binding studies confirm that these two antibodies recognize unique epitopes that are non-overlapping despite the small size of CCL17. Taking into consideration the data from both the functional and binding studies, we propose that effective engagement of CCR4 by CCL17 involves two distinct binding domains and interaction with both is required for signaling.
A randomized trial of three novel regimens for recurrent acute myeloid leukemia demonstrates the continuing challenge of treating this difficult disease (2018)

To improve the outcome of relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a randomized phase II trial of three novel regimens was conducted. Ninety patients were enrolled and were in first relapse or were refractory to induction/re-induction chemotherapy. They were randomized to the following regimens: carboplatin-topotecan (CT), each by continuous infusion for 5 days; alvocidib (formerly flavopiridol), cytarabine, and mitoxantrone (FLAM) in a timed sequential regimen; or sirolimus combined with mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine (S-MEC). The primary objective was attainment of a complete remission (CR). A Simon two-stage design was used for each of the three arms. The median age of the patients in the FLAM arm was older at 62 years compared with 55 years for the CT arm and the S-MEC arm. The overall response was 14% in the CT arm (5/35, 90% CI 7%-35%), 28% in the FLAM arm (10/36, 90% CI, 16%-43%), and 16% in the S-MEC arm (3/19, 90% CI, 4%-36%). There were nine treatment-related deaths, seven of which occurred in the FLAM arm with four of these in elderly patients. We conclude that the FLAM regimen had an encouraging response rate and should be considered for further clinical development but should be used with caution in elderly patients.
Detection of circulating tumor cells by cytokeratin 20 and prostate stem cell antigen RT-PCR in blood of patients with gastrointestinal cancers. (2003)

The present results demonstrate that it is possible to apply a simple and reliable method for the detection of circulating tumor cells based on CK-20 and PSCA RT-PCR assays.
Development of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors in the Nervous System and Possible Roles in Regulating trkC Expression (1998)

Characterization of bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR) expression during development is necessary for understanding the role of these factors during neural maturation. In this study, in situ hybridization analyses demonstrate that BMP-specific type I (BMPR-IA and BMPR-IB) and type II (BMPR-II) receptor mRNAs are expressed at significant levels in multiple regions of the CNS, cranial ganglia, and peripheral sensory and autonomic ganglia during the embryonic and neonatal periods. All three BMP receptor subunits are expressed within periventricular generative zones. BMPR-IA is more abundant than the other receptor subtypes, with widespread expression in the brain, cranial ganglia, and peripheral ganglia. By contrast, BMPR-IB mRNA displays significant expression within more restricted regions, including the anterior olfactory nuclei. BMPR-II mRNA exhibits peak expression within the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer and the hippocampus, as well as within cranial ganglia. The distribution of BMP receptors within large neurons in adult dorsal root ganglia suggested a possible role in regulating expression of the neurotrophin receptor trkC. This hypothesis was tested in explant cultures of embryonic day 15 (E15) and postnatal day 1 (P1) sympathetic superior cervical ganglia (SCG). Treatment of the E15 or the P1 SCG with BMP-2 induced expression of trkC mRNA and responsiveness of sympathetic neurons to NT3 as measured by neurite outgrowth. The pattern of expression of BMP receptors in embryonic brain suggests several potentially novel areas for further developmental analysis and supports numerous recent studies that indicate that BMPs have a broad range of cellular functions during neural development and in adult life.
Epidural and Subcutaneous Morphine, Meperidine (pethidine), Fentanyl and Sufentanil in the Rat (1987)

The experiments examined the characteristics of analgesia produced by different doses of morphine, meperidine (pethidine), fentanyl, and sufentanil after epidural and subcutaneous injection in rats. The specificity of the analgesia was also determined; other in vivo pharmacologic activities (i.e., blockade of pinna and cornea reflexes and production of skeletal muscle rigidity) were monitored as pharmacologic indices of opiate drug activity in the brain. After subcutaneous injection, the opiates produced dose-dependent analgesia, blocked the pinna and cornea reflexes, and induced muscle rigidity. After epidural injection, all four compounds produced dose-dependent analgesia and had greater potency, earlier onset, shorter duration, and greater specificity of analgesic action than was the case after subcutaneous injection. Specificity is defined here as the ratio of the ED50 dose that blocked the pinna reflex to the ED50 dose that produced analgesia. The gains in potency and specificity, but not the gains in onset time and the losses in duration of analgesia, differed considerably among the compounds that were examined. The subcutaneous-to-epidural potency ratio related in a linear manner with the lipid-to-water partition coefficient. The gain in specificity also appeared to be related to lipid solubility. The microgram X kg-1 doses at which the opiates produced analgesia in rats correlate well with the potency of these compounds in producing analgesia after epidural injection in humans. The rat epidural preparation reflected the doses, onset, and specificity, but not the duration, of analgesia produced by epidural opiates in humans.
Electrospun Ultralong Hierarchical Vanadium Oxide Nanowires with High Performance for Lithium Ion Batteries (2010)

Ultralong hierarchical vanadium oxide nanowires with diameter of 100-200 nm and length up to several millimeters were synthesized using the low-cost starting materials by electrospinning combined with annealing. The hierarchical nanowires were constructed from attached vanadium oxide nanorods of diameter around 50 nm and length of 100 nm. The initial and 50th discharge capacities of the ultralong hierarchical vanadium oxide nanowire cathodes are up to 390 and 201 mAh/g when the lithium ion battery cycled between 1.75 and 4.0 V. When the battery was cycled between 2.0 and 4.0 V, the initial and 50th discharge capacities of the nanowire cathodes are 275 and 187 mAh/g. Compared with self-aggregated short nanorods synthesized by hydrothermal method, the ultralong hierarchical vanadium oxide nanowires exhibit much higher capacity. This is due to the fact that self-aggregation of the unique nanorod-in-nanowire structures have been greatly reduced because of the attachment of nanorods in the ultralong nanowires, which can keep the effective contact areas of active materials, conductive additives, and electrolyte large and fully realize the advantage of nanomaterial-based cathodes. This demonstrates that ultralong hierarchical vanadium oxide nanowire is one of the most favorable nanostructures as cathodes for improving cycling performance of lithium ion batteries.
Molecular mechanisms of leucine and its metabolite in improving protein synthesis and the effects of supplementation (2009)

In human body,leucine is the essential branched chain amino acid.Leucine and its metabolites play an important role in regulating the protein metabolism and the uptake of glucose.The molecular mechanisms of regulation of leucine have not yet been fully explained.There are also different results in the supplement methods,supplement dosage during varieties of sports.This paper reviewed the leucine’s influence on the synthesis of protein,glucose uptake,molecular mechanism and current research progress of leucine supplement.
An approach to acquiring and applying knowledge (1980)

The problem addressed in this paper is how to enable a computer system to acquire facts about new domains from tutors who are experts in their respective fields, but who have little or no training in computer science. The information to be acquired is that needed to support question-answering activities. The basic acquisition approach is "learning by being told." The authors have been especially interested in exploring the notion of simultaneously learning not only new concepts, but also the linguistic constructions used to express those concepts. As a research vehicle they have developed a system that is preprogrammed with deductive algorithms and a fixed set of syntactic/semantic rules covering a small subset of English. It has been endowed with sufficient seed concepts and seed vocabulary to support effective tutorial interaction. Furthermore, the system is capable of learning new concepts and vocabulary, and can apply its acquired knowledge in a range of problem-solving situations.