gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combinatorial signaling pathways determine fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation (2004)

Fibroblast proliferation, differentiation into myofibroblasts, and increased collagen synthesis are key events during both normal wound repair and fibrotic lesion formation. Here we report that these biological responses to TGF-beta by fibroblasts are regulated via a CTGF-dependent pathway in concert with either EGF or IGF-2. Our studies indicate these responses to TGF-beta are mutually exclusive, and cells that are proliferating do not express alpha-SMA or elevated levels of collagen synthesis. Cells expressing alpha-SMA do not exhibit DNA synthesis but do coexpress higher levels of types I and III collagen mRNA. Thus, fibroblast proliferation and differentiation are controlled by combinatorial signaling pathways involving not only components of the TGF-beta/CTGF pathway, but also signaling events induced by EGF and IGF-2-activated receptors. Collectively, our studies indicate TGF-beta functions as a classic embryonic inducer, initiating a cascade that is controlled by other factors in the cellular environment. We propose a model for this process with regard to wound repair and fibrotic lesion formation that is likely applicable to other instances of CTGF action during embryogenesis.
Role of the Low Density Lipoprotein-related Protein Receptor in Mediation of Factor VIII Catabolism (1999)

In the present study, we found that catabolism of coagulation factor VIII (fVIII) is mediated by the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LPR), a liver multiligand endocytic receptor. In a solid phase assay, fVIII was shown to bind to LRP (K(d) 116 nM). The specificity was confirmed by a complete inhibition of fVIII/LRP binding by 39-kDa receptor-associated protein (RAP), an antagonist of all LRP ligands. The region of fVIII involved in its binding to LRP was localized within the A2 domain residues 484-509, based on the ability of the isolated A2 domain and the synthetic A2 domain peptide 484-509 to prevent fVIII interaction with LRP. Since vWf did not inhibit fVIII binding to LRP, we proposed that LRP receptor may internalize fVIII from its complex with vWf. Consistent with this hypothesis, mouse embryonic fibroblasts that express LRP, but not fibroblasts genetically deficient in LRP, were able to catabolize (125)I-fVIII complexed with vWf, which was not internalized by the cells. These processes could be inhibited by RAP and A2 subunit of fVIII, indicating that cellular internalization and degradation were mediated by interaction of the A2 domain of fVIII with LRP. In vivo studies of (125)I-fVIII.vWf complex clearance in mice demonstrated that RAP completely inhibited the fast phase of the biphasic (125)I-fVIII clearance that is responsible for removal of 60% of fVIII from circulation. Inhibition of the RAP-sensitive phase prolonged the half-life of (125)I-fVIII in circulation by 3.3-fold, indicating that LRP receptor plays an important role in fVIII clearance.
Modeling and Transient Behavior Analysis of an Inverter-based Microgrid (2011)

Abstract Microgrids can provide a more reliable power supply and can enable the interconnection of renewable energy. The microgrid has been recognized as one of the most important directions of power systems. The transient characteristics of the microgrid are very important for the planning and operation of the whole power system. However, its mechanism still needs further exploration because the circuit structure, control feature, and even the operation mode of the microgrid are quite different from those of the traditional power system. In this article, a dynamic model is proposed for a microgrid according to the difference in transient processes between the microgrid and the traditional grid. The model is expressed as a differential-algebraic equation system, so the structure of the microgrid and the physical meaning of original variables are preserved. The focal point in this article is the fast control function of the inverter and the strong coupling between inverter and grid. The inverter is modeled in greater detail and is similar to the structure and consistent interface of the synchronous generator model. The model is verified by simulation using PSCAD/EMTDC (Manitoba HVDC Research Centre, Canada), and the transient dynamics of microgrid are numerically and analytically studied. Keywords: microgridinverter modeldistributed generatordifferential-algebraic equationtransient dynamics
Status of the ICP34.5 gene in herpes simplex virus type 1 strain 17 (1992)

In the published DNA sequence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain 17 the coding region for the neurovirulence factor ICP34.5 is disrupted by a 2 bp insertion relative to the corresponding sequence in HSV-1 strain F; this difference would render 60% of the ICP34.5 coding sequence out of frame in strain 17. Re-investigation of the strain 17 sequence showed that the plasmid clone used as the major sequencing substrate for the region was atypical in that other clones did not possess the 2 bp insertion. It was concluded that the coding sequence for ICP34.5 is intact in HSV-1 strain 17 and that the HSV-1 DNA sequence should be revised at this locus.
Proanthocyanidins – a final frontier in flavonoid research? (2004)

Proanthocyanidins are oligomeric and polymeric end products of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. They are present in the fruits, bark, leaves and seeds of many plants, where they provide protection against predation. At the same time they give flavor and astringency to beverages such as wine, fruit juices and teas, and are increasingly recognized as having beneficial effects on human health. The presence of proanthocyanidins is also a major quality factor for forage crops. The past 2 years have seen important breakthroughs in our understanding of the biosynthesis of the building blocks of proanthocyanidins, the flavan-3-ols (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin. However, virtually nothing is known about the ways in which these units are assembled into the corresponding oligomers in vivo. Molecular genetic approaches are leading to an understanding of the regulatory genes that control proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, and this information, together with increased knowledge of the enzymes specific for the pathway, will facilitate the genetic engineering of plants for introduction of value-added nutraceutical and forage quality traits.
Application of a Radioimmunoassay for Angiotensin I to the Physiologic Measurements of Plasma Renin Activity in Normal Human Subjects1 (1969)

A radioimmunoassay for angiotensin I and its application to the determination of renin activity is described. The assay employs antibodies raised to copolymers of angiotensin I and succinylated poly-l-lysine. Angiotensin labeled with 125I and purified by high voltage paper electrophoresis is employed as a tracer. Incubation is carried out in plasma in the presence of 3 metal binding reagents which serve to inhibit effectively proteolytic attack on angiotensin I. Immunoassay of generated angiotensin I is carried out directly on plasma diluted 1:20. Fifteen normal volunteers were studied on a metabolic ward at 2 levels of Na intake, during recumbency and upright posture, and following the administration of furosemide. Renin activity increased with Na restriction, was significantly higher on upright activity during both normal and restricted Na intake, and was most markedly elevated following the diuretic. Renin values obtained by immunoassay of angiotensin I correspond closely to those observed by bioassay in similar metabolic studies. The immunoassay provides the advantages of relative simplicity, specificity and reproducibility.
A Taxonomy of Components. (2003)

The notion of a component is not really well defined for practical purposes. This is, because the term is used to denote many different things. So, instead of defining the term once and for all, we present a taxonomy that shows the different features of a component.
WWP2 ubiquitin ligase and its isoforms: New biological insight and promising disease targets (2011)

A number of recent papers on the WWP2 E3 ubiquitin ligase and two novel WWP2 isoforms have revealed important biological insight and disease-specific functions, and also impacted on our understanding of ubiquitin ligases in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and differentiation. Gene knockout studies suggest a developmental role for WWP2 in chondrogenesis via mechanisms involving cartilage-specific transcription factors. Furthermore, WWP2 isoforms have been shown to selectively target oncogenic signaling pathways linked to both the pTEN tumour suppressor and the TGFβ/Smad signaling pathway. Here, it is suggested that WWP2 isoforms have now emerged as central physiological regulators as well as promising new disease targets, and that the challenge ahead is to now develop highly selective WWP2 inhibitors with utility in cartilage disease such as osteoarthritis and as new anticancer strategies.
Surfactant-Induced Mobility Control for Carbon Dioxide Studied with Computerized Tomography (1988)

Computerized Tomography (CT) was used to study mobility control with CO2 foam during tertiary horizontal corefloods at reservoir pressures and temperatures. CO2 foam provided effective mobility control under first-contact miscible conditions. However, mobility control was not observed when the pressure was substantially reduced so that the oil and CO2 were immiscible. If the beneficial effects of foam can be extended to developed-miscibility conditions, CO2 foam will be an outstanding EOR process.
Formation of Organogels by Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding between Ureylene Segment (1996)

Abstract Low-molecular weight compounds having ureylene segment was able to cause physical gelation in organic solvents. The main driving force for gelation was intermolecular hydrogen bonding between ureylene units.
Transducers and associates: circumventing limitations of the World Wide Web (2002)

There are limitations in the usability of the World Wide Web. One approach to circumventing these limitations involves inserting high-level transducers in the HTTP request/response stream. A second approach involves building more independent programs, called browsing associates. We have built example services and toolkits for both.
12‐GHz Thin‐Film Transistors on Transferrable Silicon Nanomembranes for High‐Performance Flexible Electronics (2010)

Multigigahertz flexible electronics are attractive and have broad applications. A gate-after-source/drain fabrication process using preselectively doped single-crystal silicon nanomembranes (SiNM) is an effective approach to realizing high device speed. However, further downscaling this approach has become difficult in lithography alignment. In this full paper, a local alignment scheme in combination with more accurate SiNM transfer measures for minimizing alignment errors is reported. By realizing 1 μm channel alignment for the SiNMs on a soft plastic substrate, thin-film transistors with a record speed of 12 GHz maximum oscillation frequency are demonstrated. These results indicate the great potential of properly processed SiNMs for high-performance flexible electronics.
Processing pathways of the hepatitis C virus proteins. (1996)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major etiological agent of posttransfusion and community-acquired non-A, non-B hepatitis. It is an enveloped virus, grouped as a separate genus in the Flaviviridae family. The plus-stranded RNA genome encodes a polyprotein of about 3000 amino acids with the structural proteins core, E1 and E2 residing in the amino terminal quarter of the polyprotein and the nonstructural proteins NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and NS5B in the remainder. Maturation of the structural proteins is mediated by host cell signalases located in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and cleaving behind stretches of hydrophobic amino acids. At least two virally encoded proteinases are responsible for processing of the NS proteins: a zinc-dependent metallo-proteinase encompassing the NS2 domain and the amino terminal portion of NS3, which is essential for cleavage at the NS2/3 junction; a serine-type proteinase located in the amino terminal domain of NS3 is required for cleavage at all sites downstream of the NS3 carboxy terminus. However, although the NS3 domain contains proteolytic activity, with the exception of the NS5A/5B junction cleavage only occurs in the presence of NS4A. This 54 amino acid long peptide can modulate the proteolytic activity of the enzyme in cis and in trans, probably by the formation of a stable NS3/NS4A complex. Modulation of the proteinase activity may be a way to regulate the expression and replication of the HCV genome.
Serum Cytokines Correlated with The Disease Severity of Generalized Pustular Psoriasis (2013)

To characterize serum biomarkers reflecting the severity of generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), we measured multiple cytokine/chemokine levels in 39 serum samples from 6 cases with GPP during the course of the disease. Serum levels of IL-4, IL-8, CXCL1 and CCL3 were positively correlated with the severity scores of GPP, white blood cell counts and serum C-reactive protein levels. Serum levels of IL-1 β , IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-18, IL-22, IFN- γ and VEGF showed strong positive correlations ( r &gt; 0.4, p &lt; 0.01) with all those 3 clinical markers. Of those, IL-10 and IL-22 were significantly decreased after treatment in parallel with the GPP score and therefore those two serum cytokines might be useful to evaluate the efficacy of treatment for GPP.
Interspecies antigenic determinants of the reverse transcriptases and p30 proteins of mammalian type C viruses (1975)

The major internal structural proteins (p30) of type C viruses isolated from several mammalian species were studied by radioimmunoprecipitation and competitive radioimmunoassays. Three antigenically distinguishable sets of interspecies determinants could be demonstrated by both methods. One set of determinants shared by viruses of rodent origin (mouse and rat) can be detected readily in feline leukemia viruses but not in other type C viral groups. The p30 proteins of murine viruses also contain a second discrete set of antigenic determinants related to those in infectious primate viruses and endogenous porcine viruses, but not detected in the feline leukemia virus group. The p30 proteins of endogenous viruses of baboons and domestic cats share yet a third set of cross-reactive determinants not detected in type C viruses isolated from other species of animals. Enzyme inhibition studies performed with antisera raised toward the reverse transcriptases of these same groups of type C viruses showed the same patterns of immunological cross-reactions as observed with p30 proteins. The antigenic cross-reactions between the homologous proteins of type C virus isolated from genetically distant animals may reflect transmission of type C viruses across species barriers.
A telemetry-instrumentation system for monitoring multiple subcutaneously implanted glucose sensors (1994)

An implantable potentiostat-radiotelemetry system for in vivo sensing of glucose is described. An enzyme electrode sensor measures the oxidation current of hydrogen peroxide formed by the stoichiometric conversion of glucose substrate and oxygen cofactor in an immobilized glucose oxidase layer. The sensor current is converted to a frequency and transmitted at programmable intervals (4, 32, 256 s) to a remote receiver. Low power CMOS circuitry is employed and device operation for up to 1.5 years is predicted using two series connected 250 mAh lithium cells. Crystal controlled RF frequencies uniquely identify each sensor allowing over 10 sensors within the same 10 m radius. A custom interface card allows a PC to program the receiver and handle the transmitted sensor data using software written in Microsoft C and QuickBasic. Software control allows on-the-fly sensor addition or subtraction to the sensor group being monitored. Over 10 sensors can be tracked long-term using the longest transmit interval, or four sensors can be tracked during short-term infusion studies when the transmit interval is reduced to 4 s. The design, construction, operation, and performance of the system hardware and software are described and evaluated.
Biological effects of low power laser irradiation on clonal osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) (1991)

Cultured osteoblastic cells were studied to determine the effects of laser irradiation on their rates of proliferation, differentiation, and calcification. A continuous wave Helium-Neon laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nm was used for this study. Clonal osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) were exposed to laser beam at various energy densities. The cell growth rate and DNA synthesis were increased by laser irradiation only in the growing phase of culture. During long-term culture, 45Ca accumulation was enhanced by laser irradiation at 1.0 J/cm2, with four sessions of irradiation resulting in a 46% increase over controls. In contrast, no significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity was produced by laser irradiation. Electron microscopy revealed a tendency of enlargement of the Golgi apparatus in the laser-treated cells. These results suggest that laser irradiation photoactivates osteoblastic cells, accelerates osteoblastic cell growth and calcification in vitro, and therefore, may promote bone regeneration.
Enhancing tumor cell response to chemotherapy through nanoparticle-mediated codelivery of siRNA and cisplatin prodrug (2013)

Cisplatin and other DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics are widely used to treat a broad spectrum of malignancies. However, their application is limited by both intrinsic and acquired chemoresistance. Most mutations that result from DNA damage are the consequence of error-prone translesion DNA synthesis, which could be responsible for the acquired resistance against DNA-damaging agents. Recent studies have shown that the suppression of crucial gene products (e.g., REV1, REV3L) involved in the error-prone translesion DNA synthesis pathway can sensitize intrinsically resistant tumors to chemotherapy and reduce the frequency of acquired drug resistance of relapsed tumors. In this context, combining conventional DNA-damaging chemotherapy with siRNA-based therapeutics represents a promising strategy for treating patients with malignancies. To this end, we developed a versatile nanoparticle (NP) platform to deliver a cisplatin prodrug and REV1/REV3L-specific siRNAs simultaneously to the same tumor cells. NPs are formulated through self-assembly of a biodegradable poly(lactide-coglycolide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) diblock copolymer and a self-synthesized cationic lipid. We demonstrated the potency of the siRNA-containing NPs to knock down target genes efficiently both in vitro and in vivo. The therapeutic efficacy of NPs containing both cisplatin prodrug and REV1/REV3L-specific siRNAs was further investigated in vitro and in vivo. Quantitative real-time PCR results showed that the NPs exhibited a significant and sustained suppression of both genes in tumors for up to 3 d after a single dose. Administering these NPs revealed a synergistic effect on tumor inhibition in a human Lymph Node Carcinoma of the Prostate xenograft mouse model that was strikingly more effective than platinum monotherapy.
Design and simulation of metal PBG waveguide mode launcher (2014)

The design and simulation of a metal Photonic Band Gap (MPBG) cylindrical waveguide to a conventional rectangular waveguide transition using a wraparound co-axial coupler is presented. A rectangular waveguide drives a combined wraparound co-axial / MPBG cylindrical waveguide system. The wraparound co-axial input coupler converts a dominant rectangular waveguide mode into a resonator mode and which is then coupled into the MPBG waveguide for the desired circular mode. A typical wraparound coaxial coupler for exciting a Ka-band MPBG waveguide has been designed. The structure has been simulated using 3-D electromagnetic code `CST Microwave studio'. Its Eigen mode simulation ensures that the RF magnetic field coupling into the co-axial waveguide through five azimuthally spaced apertures. Further, this simulation shows the confinement of the desired TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</sub> -like mode in the defect portion of the MPBG triangular lattice structure and ensures that the all other competing spurious modes are suppressed. The transient analysis has also been preformed and it confirms the mode propagation in PBG waveguide through the calculation of insertion loss. The coaxial coupler offers a return loss and insertion loss of -30 dB and -0.5 dB respectively at 35 GHz with a wide bandwidth about 6%.
Dose-Dependent Efficacy and Safety Toxicology of Hydroxypyridinonate Actinide Decorporation Agents in Rodents: Towards a Safe and Effective Human Dosing Regimen (2013)

Two hydroxypyridinone-containing actinide decorporation agents, 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) and 5-LIO(Me-3,2-HOPO), are being developed for the treatment of internal actinide contamination by chelation therapy. Dose-response efficacy profiles in mice were established for the removal of intravenously injected (238)Pu and (241)Am after parenteral and oral treatment with these chelators. In both cases, presumed efficacious doses promoted substantially greater actinide elimination rates than the currently approved agent, diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid, considering two different interspecies scaling methods for the conversion of human doses to equivalent rodent dose levels. In addition, genotoxicity of both ligands was assessed using the Salmonella/ Escherichia coli /microsome plate incorporation test and the Chinese hamster ovary cell chromosome aberration assay, showing that neither ligand is genotoxic, in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Finally, maximum tolerated dose studies were performed in rats for seven consecutive daily oral administrations with the chelators, confirming the safety of the presumed efficacious doses for 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) and 5-LIO(Me-3,2-HOPO). The results of these studies add to the growing body of evidence that both decorporation agents have remarkable decorporation efficacy properties and promising safety toxicology profiles. These results are necessary components of the regulatory approval process and will help determine the optimal human dosing regimens for the treatment of internal radionuclide contamination.
Electroactive Substrates that Reveal Aldehyde Groups for Bio‐Immobilization (2004)

An electroactive substrate (see Figure) that reveals aldehyde groups in response to an oxidative potential is reported. The process is based on monolayers that can be switched to initiate the selective immobilization of an amino functionalized ligand, and marks a significant advance over previous dynamic substrates that have initiated the immobilization of a ligand, since it reveals a functional group that does not require labelling of a ligand.
Quantum Cryptography with Entangled Photons (2000)

By realizing a quantum cryptography system based on polarization entangled photon pairs we establish highly secure keys, because a single photon source is approximated and the inherent randomness of quantum measurements is exploited. We implement a novel key distribution scheme using Wigner's inequality to test the security of the quantum channel, and, alternatively, realize a variant of the BB84 protocol. Our system has two completely independent users separated by 360 m, and generates raw keys at rates of 400-800 bits/s with bit error rates around 3%.