gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Factor VII Central (1996)

Factor VII is a vitamin K-dependent zymogen of a serine protease that participates in the initial phase of blood coagulation. A factor VII molecular variant (factor VII Central) was identified in a 24-year-old male with severe factor VII deficiency and whose plasma factor VII antigen was 38% of normal, but expressed <1% factor VII procoagulant activity. DNA sequence analysis of the patient's factor VII gene revealed a thymidine to cytidine transition at nucleotide 10907 in exon VIII that results in a novel amino acid substitution of Phe328 to Ser. The patient was homozygous for this mutation, whereas each parent of the patient was heterozygous for this mutation. To investigate the molecular properties of this variant, a recombinant F328S factor VII mutant was prepared and analyzed in relation to wild-type factor VII. F328S factor VII exhibited <1% factor VII procoagulant activity and a 2-fold decreased affinity for tissue factor and failed to activate factor X or IX in the presence of tissue factor following activation by factor Xa. In addition, F328S factor VIIa exhibited no detectable amidolytic activity in the presence of tissue factor. The rate of F328S factor VII activation by factor Xa was markedly decreased relative to the rate of wild-type factor VII activation as revealed by densitometry scanning of SDS gels. Temporal analysis of this reaction by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis also revealed the formation of two novel F328S factor VII degradation products (40 and 9 kDa) resulting from factor Xa proteolysis of the Arg315-Lys316 peptide bond in intact F328S factor VII. Computer modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of the serine protease domain of factor VIIa suggested that the inability of F328S factor VIIa to cleave substrates may result from the apparent formation of a hydrogen bond between Tyr377 and Asp338, a residue at the bottom of the substrate-binding pocket important for the interaction of substrate arginine side chains with the enzyme. These findings suggest that Phe328, which is conserved in prothrombin, factor IX, factor X, factor VII, and trypsin, is important for factor VIIa catalysis.
Movement-Related Cerebellar Activation in the Absence of Sensory Input (1999)

Movement-related cerebellar activation may be due to sensory or motor processing. Ordinarily, sensory and motor processing are obligatorily linked, but in patients who have severe pansensory neuropathies with normal muscle strength, motor activity occurs in isolation. In the present study, positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging in such patients showed no cerebellar activation with passive movement, whereas there was prominent movement-related cerebellar activation despite absence of proprioceptive or visual input. The results indicate that motor processing occurs within the cerebellum and do not support the recently advanced view that the cerebellum is primarily a sensory organ.
QS-21: a water-soluble triterpene glycoside adjuvant (1998)

QS-21 is a purified immunological adjuvant derived from a natural source, the bark of the tree Quillaja saponaria. It is a water soluble triterpene glycoside with amphiphilic character that can be mixed with a soluble antigen in a fully soluble vaccine formulation or combined with emulsion or mineral salt adjuvants. QS-21 has been shown to enhance antibody and cell-mediated immune responses to subunit antigens, as well as DNA vaccines in animal models. It acts as an immunostimulatory adjuvant, eliciting production of immunomodulatory cytokines, and not as an antigen depot. QS-21 is currently under clinical evaluation with various vaccines. This includes a Phase II evaluation of a QS-21 adjuvanted pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and a Phase III evaluation of a QS-21 adjuvanted GM2-KLH (ganglioside GM2 vaccine) immunotherapeutic product for melanoma. At present, more than 1600 individuals have received vaccines containing QS-21 adjuvant. In most studies, QS-21-containing vaccines have been well-tolerated. No serious adverse events have occurred.
Myogenic fusion of human bone marrow stromal cells, but not hematopoietic cells (2004)

Following marrow transplantation in both patients and animals, cells containing donor nuclei have been detected in a variety of nonhematopoietic tissue. Whether this phenomenon represents transdifferentiation of marrow-derived cells, infiltration of blood cells, or cell fusion is still controversial. In muscle, where cell fusion occurs during normal myogenesis, fusion of marrow-derived cells with resident myotubes is a likely explanation. We tested 8 subpopulations of human bone marrow for their ability to fuse with mouse C2C12 myoblast cells. Relatively high fusion efficiency was observed with marrow stromal cells whereas hematopoietic cells, including populations enriched for stem cells, progenitor cells, and monocytes were refractory to fusion. Mouse myotubes containing human nuclei also contained transcripts for human muscle-specific genes. Injection in vivo of human stromal cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) into the regenerating tibialis anterior muscle of nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) beta 2m(-/-) mice resulted in regenerating mouse muscle fibers expressing GFP. These data suggest that marrow-derived cells contribute to myogenesis through fusion and that stromal cells are better fusion partners than hematopoietic cells.
Digital coherent optical communication systems: fundamentals and future prospects (2011)

The recently-developed digital coherent receiver enables us to employ a variety of spectrally-efficient modulation formats such as M-ary phase-shift keying (PSK) and quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM). Moreover, in the digital domain, we can equalize linear transmission impairments, which may stem from group-velocity dispersion (GVD) and polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) of fibers for transmission, because the phase information is preserved after coherent detection.This paper reviews the history of coherent optical communications, the principle of coherent detection, and the concept of the digital coherent receiver. After that, we discuss digital signal processing (DSP) for mitigating transmission impairments, coherent transmission characteristics of multi-level optical signals, and future prospects of coherent optical communications.
Drag on chains and agglomerates of spheres in viscous newtonian and power law fluids (1995)

Abstract New experimental data on the free settling velocity of straight chains (up to twenty spheres) and planar clusters of touching spheres in Newionian and power law media are reported. The results embrace the following ranges of conditions: 0.65 ≤ n ≤ 1; Re &lt; ‐ 2.5 and 1.22 &lt; m &lt; 48.87 Pa·s n . The straight chain drag measurements are in line with theoretical predictions for Newtonian fluids. The present results in power law fluids seem to suggest that it is possible to express the drag on a straight chain of spheres in terms of that on a single sphere of equal volume. Limited results with planar clusters are satisfactorily correlated using a volume equivalent sphere diameter.
Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate induces a loss of CD23 from human dendritic cells via activation of P2X7 receptors (2002)

Dendritic cells (DC) express a number of P2X receptors including the P2X7/P2Z receptor whose activation by extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) induces the influx of calcium, DC maturation, cytokine release and apoptosis. In B lymphocytes ATP induces the rapid shedding of CD23 and CD62 ligand by activating a membrane metalloprotease. In this study, we examined the expression and early effects of P2X7 receptor activation on monocyte-derived DC, generated from individuals either wild-type or homozygous for a loss-of-function single nucleotide polymorphism at position 1513 of the P2X7 gene. Labeling with an anti-human P2X7 receptor mAb demonstrated that DC express the P2X7 receptor at a lower level than macrophages. Short-term incubations (5 min) of DC with ATP induced an influx of ethidium+ (314 Da) into wild-type DC, but not into DC homozygous for the loss-of-function polymorphism. In contrast to results with ethidium+, ATP did not induce the influx of the viability dye propidium2+ (415 Da) into DC in short-term incubations. Addition of ATP also induced a rapid loss of CD23 from the surface of wild-type DC (t(1/2 )< 120 s), and this loss was inhibited by oxidized ATP and KN-62 which are known P2X7 receptor antagonists. Moreover, ATP-induced shedding of CD23 was slower from DC homozygous for the loss-of-function polymorphism than from wild-type DC. The data show that monocyte-derived DC express the P2X7 receptor whose activation opens a cation-selective channel, and which leads to rapid and near complete shedding of CD23. Both of these functions of the P2X7 receptor are impaired on DC from subjects who are homozygous for the loss-of-function 1513 polymorphism.
Organic Sulfur Compounds. III. Co-Oxidation of Mercaptans with Styrenes and Indene (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrganic Sulfur Compounds. III. Co-Oxidation of Mercaptans with Styrenes and IndeneALEXIS A. OSWALDCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 3, 842–846Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01062a048https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01062a048research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views140Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly, a repeating peptide in elastin, is chemotactic for fibroblasts and monocytes. (1984)

Recent studies have demonstrated that tropoelastin and elastin-derived peptides are chemotactic for fibroblasts and monocytes. To identify the chemotactic sites on elastin, we examined the chemotactic activity of Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly (VGVAPG), a repeating peptide in tropoelastin. We observed that VGVAPG was chemotactic for fibroblasts and monocytes, with optimal activity at approximately 10(-8) M, and that the chemotactic activity of VGVAPG was substantial (half or greater) relative to the maximum responses to other chemotactic factors such as platelet-derived growth factor for fibroblasts and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine for monocytes. The possibility that at least part of the chemotactic activity in tropoelastin and elastin peptides is contained in VGVAPG sequences was supported by the following: (a) polyclonal antibody to bovine elastin selectively blocked the fibroblast and monocyte chemotactic activity of both elastin-derived peptides and VGVAPG; (b) monocyte chemotaxis to VGVAPG was selectively blocked by preexposing the cells to elastin peptides; and (c) undifferentiated (nonelastin producing) bovine ligament fibroblasts, capable of chemotaxis to platelet-derived growth factor, did not show chemotactic responsiveness to either VGVAPG or elastin peptides until after matrix-induced differentiation and the onset of elastin synthesis. These studies suggest that small synthetic peptides may be able to reproduce the chemotactic activity associated with elastin-derived peptides and tropoelastin.
Congestion avoidance with BUC (buffer utilization control) gateways and RFCN (reverse feedback congestion notification) (2002)

This paper proposes the BUC (buffer utilization control) algorithm, a congestion avoidance algorithm executed exclusively in a gateway we call the "BUC gateway". The BUC gateway maintains separate queues per transport-level-conversation at each output-port. These "per-conversation-queues" are served in a round-robin manner. To control the data-flow of conversations, the BUC algorithm updates a window in well-defined time-intervals called "epochs". At the beginning of each epoch a conversation's window is computed as a function of the per-conversation-queue-size and the window-size of the preceding epoch. Additionally, we propose a novel signalling mechanism called RFCN-reverse feedback congestion notification. RFCN is applicable to transport protocols using sliding window flow control, e.g. TCP. Window flow control requires that the receiver transmits it's available buffer size to the sender in a window field in the ACK-header. The BUC algorithm may update the credit value in this window field to it's computed window to control the transmission rate of a data-sender. As only the common sliding window flow control mechanism has to be provided by the transport protocol, RFCN has the ability of controlling the data flow of transport entities without needing cooperative transport protocols. This allows the deployment of the BUC algorithm in existing networks without having to upgrade (TCP) transport entities. Simulations are performed to evaluate the convergence behavior and the performance of the BUC algorithm.
SalmonellaInteractions with Host Cells: Type III Secretion at Work (2001)

The bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica has evolved a very sophisticated functional interface with its vertebrate hosts. At the center of this interface is a specialized organelle, the type III secretion system, that directs the translocation of bacterial proteins into the host cell. Salmonella spp. encode two such systems that deliver a remarkable array of bacterial proteins capable of modulating a variety of cellular functions, including actin cytoskeleton dynamics, nuclear responses, and endocytic trafficking. Many of these bacterial proteins operate by faithful mimicry of host proteins, in some cases representing the result of extensive molecular tinkering and convergent evolution. The coordinated action of these type III secreted proteins secures the replication and survival of the bacteria avoiding overt damage to the host. The study of this remarkable pathogen is not only illuminating general paradigms in microbial pathogenesis but is also providing valuable insight into host cell functions.
Cell-specific glucocorticoid repression of calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide transcription. Localization to an 18-base pair basal enhancer element. (1992)

We have investigated the mechanisms underlying cell-specific glucocorticoid repression of calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) gene expression. Treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone has been shown to decrease mRNA levels in the 44-2C thyroid C cell line. Nuclear run-on assays showed that dexamethasone repressed transcription 2-3-fold in 44-2C cells. In contrast, dexamethasone stimulated calcitonin/CGRP transcription 4-6-fold in the CA77 thyroid C cell line. Transient transfection assays were used to map repression of reporter gene activity in 44-2C cells to a neuroendocrine cell-specific enhancer located between -920 and -1125 base pairs (bp). Within this region, an 18-bp element was found that conferred both full basal enhancer activity and dexamethasone-dependent repression in 44-2C cells. The 18-bp region contains possible binding sites for AP-1 and helix-loop-helix transcription factors as well as a glucocorticoid receptor half-site. Colocalization of repression and enhancer activity was then investigated in other cell lines. In CA77 cells, while the 920-1125 region strongly enhanced transcription, the 18-bp region conferred only partial activation and dexamethasone had little effect on reporter gene activity. Dexamethasone did not repress the calcitonin/CGRP activity in the heterologous HeLa and Rat1 fibroblast cell lines. These results suggest that glucocorticoids repress transcription of the calcitonin/CGRP gene by inhibiting cell-specific transcription factor activity.
Regulation of Angiogenesis (1997)

Angiogenesis and angiogenesis inhibition: An overview.- Significance of angiogenesis in human disease.- Role of the macrophage in angiogenesis-dependent diseases.- Angiogenesis in human gliomas: Prognostic and therapeutic implications.- Regulation of angiogenesis in malignant gliomas.- Lymphangiogenesis: Mechanisms, significance and clinical implications.- Angiogenesis as a biologic and prognostic indicator in human breast carcinoma.- Molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis regulation.- Control of angiogenesis by cytokines and growth factors.- Fibroblast growth factors as angiogenesis factors: New insights into their mechanism of action.- Regulation of angiogenesis by scatter factor.- Vascular endothelial growth factor: Basic biology and clinical implications.- Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor: A multifunctional angiogenic cytokine.- Angiogenesis inhibition.- Angiostatin: An endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and of tumor growth.- Thrombospondin as a regulator of angiogenesis.- Regulation of angiogenesis by cell-matrix cell-cell and other interactions.- Regulation of capillary formation by laminin and other components of the extracellular matrix.- Hypoxia and angiogenesis in experimental tumor models: Therapeutic implications.- The role of vascular cell integrins ?v?3 and ?v?5 in angiogenesis.- Role of fibrin and plasminogen activators in repair-associated angiogenesis: In vitro studies with human endothelial cells.- Tumor angiogenesis: Functional similarities with tumor invasion.- Control of angiogenesis by the pericyte: Molecular mechanisms and significance.
Enhanced production of matrix metalloproteinases and activation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (gelatinase A) in human gastric carcinomas (1996)

We examined the production and tissue localization of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in gastric carcinoma tissues. MMP-1 (tissue collagenase), MMP-9 (gelatinase B) and TIMP-2 were immunolocalized in carcinoma cells and MMP-2 (gelatinase A) on tumor cell membranes, whereas no or little immunostaining for MMP-3 (stromelysin-1) and TIMP-1 was seen in carcinoma cells. Stromal cells in carcinoma tissue were also positively stained for these MMPs and TIMPs. MMP-2 immunostaining was observed exclusively on advanced gastric carcinoma cells and correlated with vascular invasion by tumor cells. Sandwich enzyme immunoassays revealed enhanced production of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 by carcinoma tissues. Gelatinolytic activities were significantly higher in carcinoma samples than in normal controls. Using gelatin zymography, active forms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were more frequently detected in carcinoma tissue, and the activation rate of the zymogen of MMP-2 (proMMP-2), but not that of proMMP-9, correlated well with degree of local invasion and lymphatic permeation. Our data indicate an enhanced production of 4 MMPs in gastric carcinoma tissue and suggest that activation of pro-MMP-2 may be a key step for spreading of gastric carcinoma cells.
An Update and Practical Guide to Renal Stone Management (2010)

Renal stone disease covers kidney and lower urinary tract stones caused by a variety of conditions, including metabolic and inherited disorders, and anatomical defects with or without chronic urinary infection. Most cases are idiopathic, in which there is undoubtedly a genetic predisposition, but where environmental and lifestyle factors play an important role. Indeed, it is becoming apparent that renal stone disease is often part of a larger 'metabolic picture' commonly associated with type 2 diabetes, obesity, dyslipidaemia, and hypertension. Renal stone disease is a growing problem in the UK (and other developed and developing populations) with a cross-sectional prevalence of ∼1.2%. This means that there are currently ∼720,000 individuals with a history of kidney stones in the UK. Almost 40% of first-time stone formers will form a second stone within 3 years of the first episode if no prophylactic measures are instituted to prevent stone recurrence, since removal or disintegration of the first stone does not treat the underlying cause of stones in the majority of patients. The age of onset is getting younger and the sex ratio (until recently more men than women) is becoming almost even. Metabolic screening remains an important part of investigating renal stone disease, but to the disappointment and frustration of many doctors, medical treatment is still essentially pragmatic, except perhaps in cystinuria, and to a limited extent in primary hyperoxaluria (if pyridoxine-sensitive); although newer treatments may be emerging. This review summarizes current thinking and provides a practical basis for the management of renal stone disease.
Animal Models of Cancer in the Head and Neck Region (2009)

Animal models that resemble the cancers of the head and neck region are of paramount importance in studying the carcinogenesis of these diseases. Although several methods for modeling cancer in the head and neck are available, none are fully satisfactory. Subcutaneous xenograft models of cancer in nude mice are often used in preclinical studies. However, these models are problematic in several aspects as they lack the specific interactions that exist between the tumor cells and their native environment. Establishment of tumors at the orthotopic sites restore these distinct patterns of interactions between the tumor and the host organs that are lost or altered when the tumors are established in ectopic sites. With regard to the transgenic model of cancer in the head and neck region, it should be kept in mind that the transgene used to drive the malignant transformation may not be representative of the carcinogenic process found in human tumors. Low penetrance of tumor formation also translates into high cost and time commitment in performing studies with transgenic models. In this review, we will discuss some of the commonly used methods for modeling cancer in the head and neck region including squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck as well as thyroid carcinoma.
Hydrogen bonding. Part 29. Characterization of 14 sorbent coatings for chemical microsensors using a new solvation equation (1995)

Gas-liquid partition coefficients, K, have been obtained for 20–70 solute analytes on 14 candidate phases for chemical microsensors at 298 K and on three of the phases at higher temperatures. The phases can then be characterized through the equation log K=c+rR2+sπ2H+aΣαH2+bΣβH2+llog L16 where log K relates to a series of solutes on the same phase. The explanatory variables are solute parameters, R2 an excess molar refraction, πH2 the solute dipolarity–polarizability, ΣαH2 and ΣβH2 the solute hydrogen bond acidity and basicity and L16 where L16 is the K-value on hexadecane. The coefficients in the above equation then characterize the particular phase, the most important being s the phase dipolarity–polarizability, a the phase basicity, b the phase acidity and I a constant that reflects a combination of cavity effects and general dispersion interactions and is related to the ability of the phase to distinguish between homologues. Derivation of the constants for the various phases provides a quantitative method for the analysis of the selectivity of phases for particular solute analytes and a termby-term investigation of log K values shows exactly the solubility interactions that lead to sorption of a solute by a phase and hence to the analytical determination of the solute through chemical microsensors.