gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved thermoelectric cooling based on the Thomson effect (2012)

Traditional thermoelectric Peltier coolers exhibit a cooling limit which is primarily determined by the figure of merit, $\mathit{zT}$. Rather than a fundamental thermodynamic limit, this bound can be traced to the difficulty of maintaining thermoelectric compatibility. Self-compatibility locally maximizes the cooler's coefficient of performance for a given $zT$ and can be achieved by adjusting the relative ratio of the thermoelectric transport properties that make up $zT$. In this study, we investigate the theoretical performance of thermoelectric coolers that maintain self-compatibility across the device. We find that such a device behaves very differently from a Peltier cooler, and we term self-compatible coolers ``Thomson coolers'' when the Fourier heat divergence is dominated by the Thomson, as opposed to the Joule, term. A Thomson cooler requires an exponentially rising Seebeck coefficient with increasing temperature, while traditional Peltier coolers, such as those used commercially, have comparatively minimal change in Seebeck coefficient with temperature. When reasonable material property bounds are placed on the thermoelectric leg, the Thomson cooler is predicted to achieve approximately twice the maximum temperature drop of a traditional Peltier cooler with equivalent figure of merit ($zT$). We anticipate that the development of Thomson coolers will ultimately lead to solid-state cooling to cryogenic temperatures.
Human Mesotrypsin Is a Unique Digestive Protease Specialized for the Degradation of Trypsin Inhibitors (2003)

Mesotrypsin is an enigmatic minor human trypsin isoform, which has been recognized for its peculiar resistance to natural trypsin inhibitors such as soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) or human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (SPINK1). In search of a biological function, two conflicting theories proposed that due to its inhibitor-resistant activity mesotrypsin could prematurely activate or degrade pancreatic zymogens and thus play a pathogenic or protective role in human pancreatitis. In the present study we ruled out both theories by demonstrating that mesotrypsin was grossly defective not only in inhibitor binding, but also in the activation or degradation of pancreatic zymogens. We found that the restricted ability of mesotrypsin to bind inhibitors or to hydrolyze protein substrates was solely due to a single evolutionary mutation, which changed the serine-protease signature glycine 198 residue to arginine. Remarkably, the same mutation endowed mesotrypsin with a novel and unique function: mesotrypsin rapidly hydrolyzed the reactive-site peptide bond of the Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor SBTI, and irreversibly degraded the Kazal-type temporary inhibitor SPINK1. The observations suggest that the biological function of human mesotrypsin is digestive degradation of trypsin inhibitors. This mechanism can facilitate the digestion of foods rich in natural trypsin inhibitors. Furthermore, the findings raise the possibility that inappropriate activation of mesotrypsinogen in the pancreas might lower protective SPINK1 levels and contribute to the development of human pancreatitis. In this regard, it is noteworthy that the well known pathological trypsinogen activator cathepsin B exhibited a preference for the activation of mesotrypsinogen of all three human trypsinogen isoforms, suggesting a biochemical mechanism for mesotrypsinogen activation in pancreatic acinar cells.
Evidence for a tetrahedral intermediate complex during serpin-proteinase interactions (1991)

Proteinase inhibitors in the serpin family form complexes with serine proteinases by interactions between the gamma-OH group at serine 195 of the enzyme and a specific peptide bond within the reactive site loop of the inhibitor. However, the type of complex formed (i.e. Michaelis, acyl, or tetrahedral) is unknown. Until now, 13C NMR spectroscopy studies have only been useful in examining complexes formed with either peptide-related or small protein inhibitors, where 13C-labeled amino acids can be inserted semi-synthetically. Recombinant DNA technology has, however, made it possible to specifically enrich larger proteins with 13C. In the case of serpins we have examined the structure of the complex formed between human alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor uniformally labeled with [13C]methionine and porcine pancreatic elastase. 13C NMR spectroscopic studies revealed a large upfield chemical shift of the carbonyl signal of Met-358 upon complex formation suggesting for the first time that a tetrahedral adduct is formed between a serpin inhibitor and a serine proteinase.
Mutations affecting the activity of the Shiga-like toxin I A-chain (1992)

Like ricin, Escherichia coli Shiga-like toxin I (SLT-I) inactivates eukaryotic ribosomes by catalytically depurinating adenosine 4324 in 28S rRNA. Although the primary structure of the enzymatic portion of the molecule (Slt-IA) is known to contain regions of significant homology to the ricin A chain (RTA), and although certain residues have been implicated in catalysis, the crystal structure of Slt-IA has not been solved nor has the geometry of its active site been well defined. In order to derive a more complete understanding of the nature of the Slt-IA active site, we placed the slt-IA gene under control of an inducible promoter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Induction of the cloned element was lethal to the host. This lethality was the basis for selection of an attenuated mutant of Slt-IA changed at tyrosine 77, a locus not previously linked to the active site. As well, it permitted evaluation of the toxicity of a number of mutant Slt-IA cassettes that we constructed in vitro. Putative active-site residues implicated in this fashion and in other studies were mapped to an energy-minimized computer model of Slt-IA that had been generated on the basis of the known crystal structure of RTA. A cleft was identified on one face of the protein in which all implicated residues clustered, irrespective of their distances from one another in the primary structure of the molecule. Many of the chemical features anticipated in the active site of an RNA N-glycosidase are indeed present on the amino acid side chains occupying the cleft.
Materials and noncoplanar mesh designs for integrated circuits with linear elastic responses to extreme mechanical deformations (2008)

Electronic systems that offer elastic mechanical responses to high-strain deformations are of growing interest because of their ability to enable new biomedical devices and other applications whose requirements are impossible to satisfy with conventional wafer-based technologies or even with those that offer simple bendability. This article introduces materials and mechanical design strategies for classes of electronic circuits that offer extremely high stretchability, enabling them to accommodate even demanding configurations such as corkscrew twists with tight pitch (e.g., 90 degrees in approximately 1 cm) and linear stretching to "rubber-band" levels of strain (e.g., up to approximately 140%). The use of single crystalline silicon nanomaterials for the semiconductor provides performance in stretchable complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuits approaching that of conventional devices with comparable feature sizes formed on silicon wafers. Comprehensive theoretical studies of the mechanics reveal the way in which the structural designs enable these extreme mechanical properties without fracturing the intrinsically brittle active materials or even inducing significant changes in their electrical properties. The results, as demonstrated through electrical measurements of arrays of transistors, CMOS inverters, ring oscillators, and differential amplifiers, suggest a valuable route to high-performance stretchable electronics.
Cloning and characterization of two cDNAs coding for human von Willebrand factor. (1985)

A cDNA library was prepared in lambda gt11 bacteriophage from poly(A)+ RNA isolated from primary cultures of endothelial cells from human umbilical vein. Approximately 2.5 million independent recombinants were screened and 2 of those were found to synthesize a fusion protein with beta-galactosidase that reacted with rabbit antibody against human von Willebrand factor. Comparison of the amino acid sequence translated from the cDNA insert of the two clones with the amino acid sequence determined by Edman degradation of the protein established that both phage isolates code for von Willebrand factor. The first clone (lambda HvWF1) contained an insert of 404 nucleotides that corresponded to amino acid residues 1-110 in the mature protein circulating in blood, in addition to a portion (24 amino acids) of a prepro leader sequence. The second cDNA clone (lambda HvWF3) contained an insert of 4.9 kilobases that coded for the carboxyl-terminal 1525 amino acids of von Willebrand factor, a stop codon of TGA, 134 nucleotides of 3' noncoding sequence, and a poly(A) tail of 150 nucleotides. The two clones together code for greater than 80% of the molecule circulating in blood. The same carboxyl-terminal lysine residue was identified in the mature protein as well as in the cDNA, indicating that all of the proteolytic processing that occurs during the biosynthesis and assembly of von Willebrand factor is associated with the amino-terminal portion of the precursor protein. The amino acid sequence of von Willebrand factor indicates the presence of two different internal gene duplications and one triplication. These repetitive amino acid sequences account for about one-half of the amino acids present in the mature protein. The tetrapeptide sequence of Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, which mediates the cell attachment and platelet binding activity of fibronectin, was also identified in the carboxyl-terminal portion of von Willebrand factor.
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor is an autocrine growth factor for human urothelial cells and is synthesized by epithelial and smooth muscle cells in the human bladder. (1997)

The epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1) has been implicated in regenerative growth and proliferative diseases of the human bladder epithelium (urothelium), however a cognate HER1 ligand that can act as a growth factor for normal human urothelial cells (HUC) has not been identified. Here we show that heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), an activating HER1 ligand, is an autocrine regulator of HUC growth. This conclusion is based on demonstration of HB-EGF synthesis and secretion by primary culture HUC, identification of HER1 as an activatable HB-EGF receptor on HUC surfaces, stimulation of HUC clonal growth by HB-EGF, inhibition of HB-EGF-stimulated growth by heparin and of log-phase growth by CRM 197, a specific inhibitor of HB-EGF/HER1 interaction, and identification of human urothelium as a site of HB-EGF precursor (proHB-EGF) synthesis in vivo. ProHB-EGF expression was also detected in the vascular and detrusor smooth muscle of the human bladder. These data suggest a physiologic role for HB-EGF in the regulation of urothelial proliferation and regeneration subsequent to mucosal injury. Expression of proHB-EGF is also a feature of differentiated vascular and detrusor smooth muscle in the bladder. Because proHB-EGF is known to be the high affinity diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor in human cells, synthesis of the HB-EGF precursor by human urothelium also suggests the possibility of using the DT-binding sites of proHB-EGF as an in vivo target for the intraluminal treatment of urothelial diseases.
Unnatural amino acid packing mutants of Escherichia coli thioredoxin produced by combined mutagenesis/chemical modification techniques (1993)

We have produced several mutants of Escherichia coli thioredoxin (Trx) using a combined mutagenesis/chemical modification technique. The protein C32S, C35S, L78C Trx was produced using standard mutagenesis procedures. After unfolding the protein with guanidine hydrochloride (GdmCl), the normally buried cysteine residue was modified with a series of straight chain aliphatic thiosulfonates, which produced cysteine disulfides to methane, ethane, 1-n-propane, 1-n-butane, and 1-n-pentane thiols. These mutants all show native-like CD spectra and the ability to activate T7 gene 5 protein DNA polymerase activity. In addition, all mutants show normal unfolding transitions in GdmCl solutions. However, the midpoint of the transition, [GdmCl]1/2, and the free energy of unfolding at zero denaturant concentration, delta G(H2O), give inverse orders of stability. This effect is due to changes in m, the dependence of delta G0 unfolding on the GdmCl concentration. The method described here may be used to produce unnatural amino acids in the hydrophobic cores of proteins.
Quantification of Plasmodium-host protein interactions on intact, unmodified erythrocytes by back-scattering interferometry (2015)

These results demonstrate that BSI can be used to detect and quantify the interactions of two merozoite invasion ligands with their receptors on intact human erythrocytes. BSI assays were performed on unlabelled, free-solution proteins in their native environment, requiring only nanomoles of recombinant protein. This study suggests that BSI can be used to investigate host-parasite protein interactions without the limitations of other assay platforms, and therefore represents a valuable new method to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in erythrocyte invasion by P. falciparum.
Radioimmunotherapy of head and neck cancer xenografts using 131I-labeled antibody L19-SIP for selective targeting of tumor vasculature. (2006)

RIT with 131I-L19-SIP appeared efficacious in HNSCC xenografts. The efficacy of RIT was enhanced by combination with cetuximab, without increase of toxicity.
Yield component variation in winter wheat grown under drought stress (2000)

Crops produced in the semiarid environment of western Canada are subjected to variable and unpredictable periods of drought stress. The objective of this study was to determine the inter-relationships among yield components and grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) so that guidelines could be established for the production of cultivars with high yield potential and stability. Five hard red winter wheat genotypes were grown in 15 field trials conducted throughout Saskatchewan from 1989–1991. Although this study included genotypes with widely different yield potential and yield component arrangements, only small differences in grain yield occurred within trials under dryland conditions. High kernel number, through greater tillering, was shown to be an adaptation to low-stress conditions. The ability of winter wheat to produce large numbers of tillers was evident in the spring in all trials; however, this early season potential was not maintained due to extensive tiller die-back. Tiller die-back often meant that high yield potential genotypes became sink limiting with reduced ability to respond to subsequent improvements in growing season weather conditions. As tiller number increased under more favourable crop water conditions genetic limits in kernels spike −1 became more identified with yield potential. It is likely then, that tillering capacity per se is less important in winter wheat than the development of vigorous tillers with numerous large kernels spike −1 . For example, the highest yielding genotype under dryland conditions was a breeding line, S86-808, which was able to maintain a greater sink capacity as a result of a higher number of larger kernels spike −1 . It appears that without yield component compensation, a cultivar can be unresponsive to improved crop water conditions (stable) or it can have a high mean yield, but it cannot possess both characteristics. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., wheat, drought stress, kernel weight, kernel number, spike density, grain yield
Legged Robots That Balance (1986)

This book, by a leading authority on legged locomotion, presents exciting engineering and science, along with fascinating implications for theories of human motor control. It lays fundamental groundwork in legged locomotion, one of the least developed areas of robotics, addressing the possibility of building useful legged robots that run and balance.The book describes the study of physical machines that run and balance on just one leg, including analysis, computer simulation, and laboratory experiments. Contrary to expectations, it reveals that control of such machines is not particularly difficult. It describes how the principles of locomotion discovered with one leg can be extended to systems with several legs and reports preliminary experiments with a quadruped machine that runs using these principles.Raibert's work is unique in its emphasis on dynamics and active balance, aspects of the problem that have played a minor role in most previous work. His studies focus on the central issues of balance and dynamic control, while avoiding several problems that have dominated previous research on legged machines.Marc Raibert is Associate Professor of Computer Science and at Carnegie-Mellon University and on the editorial board of The MIT Press journal, Robotics Research. Legged Robots That Balance is fifteenth in the Artificial Intelligence Series, edited by Patrick Winston and Michael Brady.
Integration of optical waveguides and microfluidic channels fabricated by femtosecond laser irradiation (2007)

A femtosecond laser is used to fabricate on a glass substrate both microfluidic channels and high quality optical waveguides, intersecting each other. Waveguide-channel integration opens new prospects for in-situ sensing in lab-on-chip devices.
Effectiveness of Foot Orthoses to Treat Plantar Fasciitis (2006)

Foot orthoses produce small short-term benefits in function and may also produce small reductions in pain for people with plantar fasciitis, but they do not have long-term beneficial effects compared with a sham device. The customized and prefabricated orthoses used in this trial have similar effectiveness in the treatment of plantar fasciitis.
Atomic Structure of Thymidylate Synthase: Target for Rational Drug Design (1987)

The atomic structure of thymidylate synthase from Lactobacillus casei was determined at 3 angstrom resolution. The native enzyme is a dimer of identical subunits. The dimer interface is formed by an unusual association between five-stranded beta sheets present in each monomer. Comparison of known sequences with the Lactobacillus casei structure suggests that they all have a common core structure around which loops are inserted or deleted in different sequences. Residues from both subunits contribute to each active site. Two arginine side chains can contribute to binding phosphate on the substrate. The side chains of several conserved amino acids can account for other determinants of substrate binding.
Capitalizing on the Immunogenicity of Dying Tumor Cells (2008)

Cancer cell death occurs continually during tumor development and progression, whereas the selective killing of surviving cancer cells remains the primary objective of antineoplastic treatments. Recent insights into the immunologic consequences of cancer cell death have begun to elucidate the ways in which host antitumor immunity is shaped during cancer pathogenesis and then modulated by therapeutic intervention. Dying tumor cells evoke a range of host responses, dependent in part upon the mode of cell death, which may either impede or foster additional immune-mediated cancer destruction. Within the tumor microenvironment, the capture of apoptotic tumor cells by macrophages and dendritic cells may trigger tolerance networks that contribute to immune suppression, whereas the uptake of necrotic cancer cells may engender inflammatory pathways that fuel antitumor cytotoxicity. Milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8, a phosphatidylserine-binding protein, and MHC class I chain-related protein A, an NKG2D ligand, play key roles in these competing outcomes. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the immunogenicity of dying cells informs the crafting of strategies that exploit endogenous or treatment-induced cancer cell death as the basis for stimulating sustained host antitumor cytotoxic reactions.
Many-Wavelength Interferometry with Thousands of Lasers for Absolute Distance Measurement (2012)

We demonstrate a new technique for absolute distance measurement with a femtosecond frequency comb laser, based on unraveling the output of an interferometer to distinct comb modes with 1 GHz spacing. From the fringe patterns that are captured with a camera, a distance is derived by combining spectral and homodyne interferometry, exploiting about 9000 continuous wave lasers. This results in a measurement accuracy far within an optical fringe (λ/30), combined with a large range of nonambiguity (15 cm). Our technique merges multiwavelength interferometry and spectral interferometry, within a single scheme.
논문 : 대학 농업경제학과의 교육현황과 실태 분석 (2002)

Many forces have challenged to agriculture and educational systems in agricultural college. At present, their main forces are rapid social changes and educational reform including the structural transformation of college system, reorganization of curriculum, diverse recruitment of student, and specialization of university development. The purposes of this study were to analyze the present status and educational problems of agricultural economics in university and to suggest directions for improvement of that in the changing and reforming age. Those objectives were carried out through the literature and mail survey. Ten departments of agricultural economics in university were investigated to collect the educational philosophy and goals, curriculum and instructions, research and other educational activities. Also, to study about the adjustment and values on their major of the students of agricultural economics, data were collected from 752 students at 10 departments of agricultural economics by administering a questionnaire. One of the basic data for curriculum development of department is taxonomy of agricultural economics. Major areas can be classified and organized by the knowledge of structure of taxonomy of agricultural economics. Unfortunately, there is no taxonomy of agricultural economics which will be agreed by agricultural economists and will be useful data for curriculum development. Analyzing the curriculum of 10 departments, we can find that the subject matters of curricular are almost same among the departments of the each university. Most of departments of agricultural economics operate both of undergraduate and graduate program without considering of quality of faculty members, students, and facilities. One of the reasons for lack of characteristics of each department of agricultural economics is that educational objectives of each department are not developed objectively and not described exactly. The educational objectives and goals of agricultural economics should be defined with identity and the justification of agricultural economics set up in the post-industrialized society in changing world. Curriculum of the department of agricultural economics are also reorganized to meet the development of agricultural science and industry, needs of the students, the society and notion.