gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Shape‐anchored porous polymer monoliths for integrated online solid‐phase extraction‐microchip electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (2014)

We report a simple protocol for fabrication of shape-anchored porous polymer monoliths (PPMs) for on-chip SPE prior to online microchip electrophoresis (ME) separation and on-chip (ESI/MS). The chip design comprises a standard ME separation channel with simple cross injector and a fully integrated ESI emitter featuring coaxial sheath liquid channel. The monolith zone was prepared in situ at the injection cross by laser-initiated photopolymerization through the microchip cover layer. The use of high-power laser allowed not only maskless patterning of a precisely defined monolith zone, but also faster exposure time (here, 7 min) compared with flood exposure UV lamps. The size of the monolith pattern was defined by the diameter of the laser output (∅500 μm) and the porosity was geared toward high through-flow to allow electrokinetic actuation and thus avoid coupling to external pumps. Placing the monolith at the injection cross enabled firm anchoring based on its cross-shape so that no surface premodification with anchoring linkers was needed. In addition, sample loading and subsequent injection (elution) to the separation channel could be performed similar to standard ME setup. As a result, 15- to 23-fold enrichment factors were obtained already at loading (preconcentration) times as short as 25 s without sacrificing the throughput of ME analysis. The performance of the SPE-ME-ESI/MS chip was repeatable within 3.1% and 11.5% RSD (n = 3) in terms of migration time and peak height, respectively, and linear correlation was observed between the loading time and peak area.
miR-29 Is a Major Regulator of Genes Associated with Pulmonary Fibrosis (2010)

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small regulatory RNAs that control gene expression by translational suppression and destabilization of target mRNAs. There is increasing evidence that miRNAs regulate genes associated with fibrosis in organs, such as the heart, kidney, liver, and the lung. In a large-scale screening for miRNAs potentially involved in bleomycin-induced fibrosis, we found expression of miR-29 family members significantly reduced in fibrotic lungs. Analysis of normal lungs showed the presence of miR-29 in subsets of interstitial cells of the alveolar wall, pleura, and at the entrance of the alveolar duct, known sites of pulmonary fibrosis. miR-29 levels inversely correlated with the expression levels of profibrotic target genes and the severity of the fibrosis. To study the impact of miR-29 down-regulation in the lung interstitium, we characterized gene expression profiles of human fetal lung fibroblast IMR-90 cells in which endogenous miR-29 was knocked down. This confirmed the derepression of reported miR-29 targets, including several collagens, but also revealed up-regulation of a large number of previously unrecognized extracellular matrix-associated and remodeling genes. Moreover, we found that miR-29 is suppressed by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in these cells, and that many fibrosis-associated genes up-regulated by TGF-β1 are derepressed by miR-29 knockdown. Interestingly, a comparison of TGF-β1 and miR-29 targets revealed that miR-29 controls an additional subset of fibrosis-related genes, including laminins and integrins, independent of TGF-β1. Together, these strongly suggest a role of miR-29 in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. miR-29 may be a potential new therapeutic target for this disease.
Immunoproteasome Subunit LMP7 Deficiency and Inhibition Suppresses Th1 and Th17 but Enhances Regulatory T Cell Differentiation (2012)

The immunoproteasome generates peptides presented on MHC class I molecules to cytotoxic T cells. ONX 0914 (formerly called PR-957) is a selective inhibitor of the immunoproteasome subunit low molecular mass polypeptide (LMP) 7 (β5i) that attenuates disease progression in mouse models of diabetes, colitis, and arthritis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of LMP7-specific inhibition on major Th cell differentiation pathways involved in the progression of autoimmune diseases in vitro and in vivo. We used ONX 0914-treated wild-type CD4(+) T cells and also LMP7(-/-) CD4(+) T cells under different Th cell-polarizing conditions, focusing on the effector cytokines and transcription factors involved, and compared them with wild-type CD4(+) T cells. Mouse models of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis and a T cell transfer model of colitis were used for in vivo assessment. Deletion or inhibition of LMP7 suppressed generation of Th17 but promoted regulatory T cell (Treg) development. In developing Th17 cells, immunoproteasome inhibition blocked phosphorylation of STAT3, whereas in Tregs, SMAD phosphorylation was enhanced. Additionally, LMP7 inhibition led to reduced STAT1 phosphorylation and Th1 differentiation. These findings were confirmed in vivo as LMP7 inhibition or deficiency resulted in reduced Th1 and Th17 expansion while promoting Treg development in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Also, in a T cell-dependent transfer model of colitis, LMP7-specific inhibition led to reduced Th1 and Th17 differentiation in vivo. LMP7 governs Th cell lineage determination by affecting the balance of receptor proximal signals during differentiation. These data render LMP7 a promising drug target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Direct in Vitro Electrospinning with Polymer Melts (2006)

The electrospinning of polymer melts can offer an advantage over solution electrospinning, in the development of layered tissue constructs for tissue engineering. Melt electrospinning does not require a solvent, of which many are cytotoxic in nature, and the use of nonwater soluble polymers allows the collection of fibers on water or onto cells. In this article, melt electrospinning of a blend of PEO-block-PCL with PCL was performed with in vitro cultured fibroblasts as the collection target. The significant parameters governing electrospinning polymer melts were determined before electrospinning directly onto fibroblasts. In general, a high electric field resulted in the most homogeneous and smallest fibers, although it is important that an optimal pump rate to the spinneret needs to be determined for different configurations. Many parameters governing melt electrospinning differ to those reported for solution electrospinning: the pump rate was a magnitude lower and the viscosity a magnitude higher than successful parameters for solution electrospinning. Cell vitality was maintained throughout the electrospinning process. Six days after electrospinning, fibroblasts adhered to the electrospun fibers and appeared to detach from the underlying flat substrate. The morphology of the fibroblasts changed from spread and flat, to long and spindle-shaped as adherence onto the fiber progressed. Therefore, an important step for producing layer-on-layer tissue constructs of cells and polymers in view of scaffold construction for tissue engineering was successfully demonstrated. The process of using cultured cells as the collection target was termed "direct in vitro electrospinning".
Secure Domain Name System Dynamic Update (1997)

Domain Name System (DNS) protocol extensions have been defined to authenticate the data in DNS and provide key distribution services [RFC2065]. DNS Dynamic Update operations have also been defined [RFC2136], but without a detailed description of security for the update operation. This memo describes how to use DNSSEC digital signatures covering requests and data to secure updates and restrict updates to those authorized to perform them as indicated by the updater's possession of cryptographic keys.
A Wideband 2.4-GHz Delta-Sigma Fractional-&gt;tex&lt;$N$&gt;/tex&lt;PLL With 1-Mb/s In-Loop Modulation (2004)

A phase noise cancellation technique and a charge pump linearization technique, both of which are insensitive to component errors, are presented and demonstrated as enabling components in a wideband CMOS delta-sigma fractional-N phase-locked loop (PLL). The PLL has a loop bandwidth of 460 kHz and is capable of 1-Mb/s in- loop FSK modulation at center frequencies of 2402 + k MHz for k = 0, 1, 2, ..., 78. For each frequency, measured results indicate that the peak spot phase noise reduction achieved by the phase noise cancellation technique is 16 dB or better, and the minimum suppression of fractional spurious tones achieved by the charge pump linearization technique is 8 dB or better. With both techniques enabled, the PLL achieves a worst-case phase noise of -121 dBc/Hz at 3-MHz offsets, and a worst-case in-band noise floor of -96 dBc/Hz. The PLL circuitry consumes 34.4 mA from 1.8-2.2-V supplies. The IC is realized in a 0.18-/spl mu/m mixed-signal CMOS process, and has a die size of 2.72 mm /spl times/ 2.47 mm.
A polarization independent negative-refractive-index metamaterial for incident plane waves (2006)

In this paper a new left-handed artificial dielectric is proposed. Using resonating broadside coupled patches to generate a negative permeability and thin strips to generate negative permittivity, a negative index of refraction that is matched to free space can be designed. This structure is fabricated from a single dielectric sheet printed on both sides by metal patterns that couple to externally incident plane waves of any polarization
Sequence Analysis of Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Clones from the Apospory-Specific Genomic Region ofPennisetumandCenchrus (2008)

Apomixis, asexual reproduction through seed, is widespread among angiosperm families. Gametophytic apomixis in Pennisetum squamulatum and Cenchrus ciliaris is controlled by the apospory-specific genomic region (ASGR), which is highly conserved and macrosyntenic between these species. Thirty-two ASGR bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) isolated from both species and one ASGR-recombining BAC from P. squamulatum, which together cover approximately 2.7 Mb of DNA, were used to investigate the genomic structure of this region. Phrap assembly of 4,521 high-quality reads generated 1,341 contiguous sequences (contigs; 730 from the ASGR and 30 from the ASGR-recombining BAC in P. squamulatum, plus 580 from the C. ciliaris ASGR). Contigs containing putative protein-coding regions unrelated to transposable elements were identified based on protein similarity after Basic Local Alignment Search Tool X analysis. These putative coding regions were further analyzed in silico with reference to the rice (Oryza sativa) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genomes using the resources at Gramene (www.gramene.org) and Phytozome (www.phytozome.net) and by hybridization against sorghum BAC filters. The ASGR sequences reveal that the ASGR (1) contains both gene-rich and gene-poor segments, (2) contains several genes that may play a role in apomictic development, (3) has many classes of transposable elements, and (4) does not exhibit large-scale synteny with either rice or sorghum genomes but does contain multiple regions of microsynteny with these species.
The Reversible Reaction of Sodium Thymonucleate and Mercuric Chloride (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Reversible Reaction of Sodium Thymonucleate and Mercuric ChlorideSidney KatzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 9, 2238–2245Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01129a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01129a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views742Altmetric-Citations160LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Intermediate filaments in cardiac myogenesis: nestin in the developing mouse heart. (1995)

By using immunohistology combined with immunoblotting, cell culture, and RT-PCR, we show that the intermediate filament protein nestin is transiently expressed in the midembryonic mouse heart. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) Rat-401, known to react with nestin in neural and skeletal muscle cells, was also found to react with ventricular and atrial cells throughout the mouse heart from embryonic day 9 (E9) through E10.5. Both before (E8.5) and after (E11-adult) this brief period, staining with Rat-401 was absent from atrial and ventricular myocytes. To evaluate the specificity of staining with MAb Rat-401 in the heart, we used immunoblotting, cell culture, and RT-PCR to verify that the authentic nestin protein and mRNA were expressed in cardiomyocytes of the E10 mouse. Nestin expression is the first molecular marker for this distinct midembryonic period of heart development.
Detecting Biological Warfare Agents (2005)

We developed a fiber-optic, microsphere-based, high-density array composed of 18 species-specific probe microsensors to identify biological warfare agents. We simultaneously identified multiple biological warfare agents in environmental samples by looking at specific probe responses after hybridization and response patterns of the multiplexed array.
Synthesis of laterally substituted α‐methylstilbene‐tolane liquid crystals (2008)

Three series of α‐methylstilbene‐tolane liquid crystals, 4‐[2‐(4‐alkylphenyl)‐1‐ethynyl]‐4′‐fluoro‐α‐methylstilbene (3a–3e), 4‐[2‐(4‐alkylphenyl)‐1‐ethynyl]‐2′‐methyl‐4′‐fluoro‐α‐methylstilbene (4a–4e) and 4‐[2‐(4‐alkylphenyl)‐1‐ethynyl]‐3′‐methyl‐4′‐fluoro‐α‐methylstilbene (5a–5e), were synthesized and their phase transition temperatures characterized. All the α‐methylstilbene‐tolane liquid crystals exhibit an enantiotropic nematic phase. Compounds 5a–5e, which contain a lateral methyl group at the 3 position of the middle phenyl ring, display low melting points, a wide nematic range and a small enthalpy of fusion. Their potential applications for displays and laser‐beam steering are noted.
CRISPR-Cas9 Editing in Maize: Systematic Evaluation of Off-target Activity and Its Relevance in Crop Improvement (2019)

CRISPR-Cas9 enabled genome engineering has great potential for improving agriculture productivity, but the possibility of unintended off-target edits has evoked some concerns. Here we employ a three-step strategy to investigate Cas9 nuclease specificity in a complex plant genome. Our approach pairs computational prediction with genome-wide biochemical off-target detection followed by validation in maize plants. Our results reveal high frequency (up to 90%) on-target editing with no evidence of off-target cleavage activity when guide RNAs were bioinformatically predicted to be specific. Predictable off-target edits were observed but only with a promiscuous guide RNA intentionally designed to validate our approach. Off-target editing can be minimized by designing guide RNAs that are different from other genomic locations by at least three mismatches in combination with at least one mismatch occurring in the PAM proximal region. With well-designed guides, genetic variation from Cas9 off-target cleavage in plants is negligible, and much less than inherent variation.
Clinical diagnosis of influenza virus infection: evaluation of diagnostic tools in general practice. (2001)

Although influenza is difficult to diagnose on clinical grounds, the GPs in this study were able to diagnose influenza as such more accurately on their judgement than by the other criteria.
Identification of a Three-Amino Acid Deletion in theα 2B-Adrenergic Receptor That Is Associated with Reduced Basal Metabolic Rate in Obese Subjects (1999)

The alpha2-adrenergic receptors mediate part of the actions of the catecholamines noradrenaline and adrenaline on the regulation of energy balance. As part of an ongoing study on the genetics of obesity, the entire coding sequence of the alpha2B-adrenoceptor gene was screened in 58 obese, nondiabetic Finns by PCR-single stranded conformational analysis (PCR-SSCA). A polymorphism that leads to a deletion of 3 glutamic acids from a glutamic acid repeat element (Glu x 12, amino acids 297-309) present in the third intracellular loop of the receptor protein was identified. This repeat element has previously been shown to be important for agonist-dependent receptor desensitization. Of 166 genotyped subjects, 47 (28%) had 2 normal (long) alleles (Glu12/Glu12), 90 (54%) were heterozygous (Glu12/Glu9), and 29 (17%) were homozygous for the short (Glu9/Glu9) form. The basal metabolic rate, determined by indirect calorimetry and adjusted for fat-free body mass, fat mass, sex, and age, was 94 Cal/day (5.6%) lower (95% confidence interval for difference, 32, 156) in subjects homozygous for the short allele than in subjects with two long alleles (F = 4.84; P = 0.009, by ANOVA). Thus, a genetic polymorphism of the alpha2B-adrenoceptor subtype can partly explain the variation in basal metabolic rate in an obese population and may therefore contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity.
Determining the absolute carrier phase of a few-cycle laser pulse (2000)

In a strong laser field, electrons tunnel from an atom at a rate determined by the instantaneous field. If the pulse is only a few cycles in duration, the highly nonlinear nature of tunnel ionization ensures that the resultant electron wave packet is primarily formed in less than one period. Measuring the direction of above-threshold-ionization electrons produced by circularly polarized light provides a direct method of measuring the absolute carrier phase of a single pulse. The method is robust, surviving spatial and temporal integration as well as intensity fluctuations.
Detection of Atypical Right Atrial Myxoma by Echocardiography (2006)

Atrial myxomas are the most common primary cardiac tumors. They are commonly found in the atria and are attached to the interatrial septum. We report a case of a right atrial cardiac myxoma in a 47-year-old woman who presented with fatigue, right-sided chest pain, and a syncopal episode. Echocardiography demonstrated an atypical attachment of the myxoma to the free wall of the right atrium. The features of cardiac myxoma and the role of echocardiography in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac myxomas are also discussed.
Gene therapy for ischemic heart disease (1996)

Gene therapy techniques are being developed as potential treatments for dyslipidemias, coronary restenosis, and vein graft disease. Retroviral and now adenoviral gene delivery techniques are being studied. A human protocol for the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia has recently been completed using ex vivo hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor gene transfer via a retroviral vector. Work in most other areas is currently in the animal model stage. Significant progress has been made in the area of coronary restenosis, particularly in identifying target genes to reduce neointima formation, such as herpesvirus thymidine kinase and the retinoblastoma gene. Work also continues in developing strategies to decrease neointima formation in vein grafts used in coronary bypass surgery and in improving methods of myocardial protection during surgery.
Seebeck Effect in Silicon (1955)

The Seebeck effect has been measured from liquid hydrogen temperatures into the intrinsic range for a series of single-crystal silicon samples in which varying concentrations of donor and acceptor atoms have been incorporated. Large values of Seebeck voltage believed to be caused by the type of phonon-electron coupling previously postulated as occurring in germanium have been found. This effect is found to be dependent upon charge carrier concentration, and upon sample dimension below 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. A low-temperature reversal of the sign of the Seebeck voltage is observed for large carrier concentrations. It is understandable in terms of impurity band conduction. The behavior above room temperature into the intrinsic range is found to be consistent with electrical conductivity data.
Breaking Immune Tolerance to the Prion Protein Using Prion Protein Peptides Plus Oligodeoxynucleotide-CpG in Mice (2004)

Abstract The absence of a detectable immune response during transmissible spongiform encephalopathies is likely due to the fact that the essential component of infectious agents, the prion protein (PrP), is a self Ag expressed on the surface of many cells of the host. To overcome self-tolerance to PrP, we used 30-mer PrP peptides previously shown to be immunogenic in Prnp−/− mice, together with CFA or CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG) in IFA. Generation of anti-PrP T and B cell responses was analyzed in the spleen, lymph nodes, and serum of immunized C57BL/6 wild-type mice. Immunization with PrP peptides emulsified in CFA did not trigger an immune response to PrP. When CpG were used, vaccination with peptides P143–172 and P158–187 generated IFN-γ-secreting splenic T cells, and only P158–187 significantly stimulated IL-4-secreting T cells. Both peptides induced few Ab-producing B cells, and low and variable serum Ab titers. In contrast, immunization with peptide P98–127 did not induce significant levels of T cell responses but elicited specific peptide Abs. T cell epitope mapping, performed using 15-mer peptides covering PrP segment 142–182, revealed that an immunogenic motif lies between positions 156 and 172. These results demonstrate that T and B cell repertoires against PrP can be stimulated in C57BL/6 when adjuvant of the innate immunity such as CpG, but not CFA, is added to PrP peptides, and that the pattern of immune responses varies according to the epitope.
Addressable micro liquid handling by electric control of surface tension (2002)

This paper presents two types of electrowetting principles - regular electrowetting (EW) and electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD), applied for microactuation and correspondingly designed test devices for addressable micro liquid handling. The devices demonstrated sequential microactuation of liquid on electrodes with (EWOD) or without (EW) hydrophobic coating on them.
High-Field Electron Mobility Model for Strained-Silicon Devices (2006)

The application of mechanical stress to enhance the carrier mobility in silicon has been well established in the last few years. This paper probes into the electron conduction in biaxially and uniaxially stressed silicon in the nonlinear transport regime. The electron behavior has been analyzed for different field directions and stress/strain conditions using full-band Monte Carlo simulations. An analytical model describing the velocity components parallel and perpendicular to the electric field has been developed. The model includes the effect of strain induced valley splitting and can be applied for arbitrary directions of the electric field. The extension to different field directions has been performed using a Fourier series interpolation and a spherical harmonics interpolation for transport in two and three dimensions, respectively. The model can be implemented in a drift-diffusion-based device simulator