gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IL6 Trans-signaling Promotes KRAS-Driven Lung Carcinogenesis (2016)

Oncogenic KRAS mutations occur frequently in lung adenocarcinoma. The signaling pathways activated by IL6 promote Kras-driven lung tumorigenesis, but the basis for this cooperation is uncertain. In this study, we used the gp130(F/F) (Il6st) knock-in mouse model to examine the pathogenic contribution of hyperactivation of the STAT3 arm of IL6 signaling on KRAS-driven lung tumorigenesis. Malignant growths in the gp130(F/F):Kras(G12D) model displayed features of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma in situ, and invasive adenocarcinoma throughout the lung, as compared with parental Kras(G12D) mice, where STAT3 was not hyperactivated. Among IL6 family cytokines, only IL6 was upregulated in the lung. Accordingly, normalization of pulmonary STAT3 activity, by genetic ablation of either Il6 or Stat3, suppressed the extent of lung cancer in the model. Mechanistic investigations revealed elevation in the lung of soluble IL6 receptor (sIL6R), the key driver of IL6 trans-signaling, and blocking this mechanism via interventions with an anti-IL6R antibody or the inhibitor sgp130Fc ameliorated lung cancer pathogenesis. Clinically, expression of IL6 and sIL6R was increased significantly in human specimens of lung adenocarcinoma or patient serum. Our results offer a preclinical rationale to clinically evaluate IL6 trans-signaling as a therapeutic target for the treatment of KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma.
Laparotomy Versus Peritoneal Drainage for Perforated Necrotizing Enterocolitis (2006)

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 

1. Discuss the indications for surgical intervention for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).

2. Describe the primary peritoneal drainage procedure for treatment of perforated NEC.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), the most common surgical emergency in the neonatal intensive care unit, remains a challenge to the neonatologist and pediatric surgeon. With the survival of smaller, more preterm infants, the incidence of NEC has increased, (1) and mortality from perforated NEC remains high at 20% to 50%. (2)(3) As surgeons have faced the challenges of managing intestinal perforation in preterm infants, several surgical approaches have evolved. The two most widely used operations for perforated NEC are laparotomy with bowel resection and primary peritoneal drainage (PPD). Preference between these two methods remains controversial and tends to be driven by surgeons or institutions at this time. In this review, we examine the development of these therapies in the context of the supportive evidence, or lack of it, for such treatment approaches.

NEC presents with signs and symptoms of intestinal ischemia and sepsis, including feeding intolerance, gastric residuals, abdominal tenderness and distention, and systemic signs such as hemodynamic instability, apnea, and bradycardia. The physical examination findings most predictive of intestinal necrosis, with nearly 100% specificity, are erythema of the abdominal wall and a fixed abdominal mass. (4)

The presence and severity of NEC is defined using a clinical staging system of physical findings, laboratory data, and radiographic evidence developed by Bell. (5) Initial management consists of fluid resuscitation, hemodynamic support, antibiotic coverage, and bowel rest. Close monitoring includes serial abdominal radiographs to assess for signs of perforation. Although one half to two thirds of infants can be managed medically, (6)(7)(8) up to one half progress clinically and develop intestinal necrosis or perforation that requires …
The Significance of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Levels for Rejection of Joint Allograft (1997)

This paper describes the efficacy of utilizing Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF) as a detectable parameter of acute rejection after bone allografts. The authors used a bone-joint allograft model, transferring vascularized allograft knee joints across a major histocompatibility barrier, using three groups of rats divided into controls, non-immunosuppressed, and immunosuppressed with cyclosporine. The paper supplies preliminary information suggesting that TNF may be a marker for early bone-joint allograft rejection.
Disposition of 5-Aminosalicylic Acid by 5-Aminosalicylic Acid-Delivering Compounds (1988)

The disposition of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) from 5-ASA-delivering drugs was studied in eight healthy volunteers. Time-related urinary excretion and faecal excretion of 5-ASA and acetyl-5-ASA were measured after a single oral dose of the azo compounds sulphasalazine and olsalazine, of the slow-release compounds Pentasa, Asacol, and Salofalk, and of plain 5-ASA. Plain 5-ASA was rapidly excreted into urine and had a low faecal recovery, indicating fast absorption proximally in the intestine and little availability to the colon. After ingestion of both azo compounds and slow-release compounds, urinary excretion of 5-ASA was markedly delayed and reduced, and faecal excretion was enhanced. At all points of time there was a significant but not very marked difference in urinary excretion of 5-ASA after ingestion of the azo compounds and the slow-release compounds, in favour of the azo compounds. A significantly larger proportion of the ingested 5-ASA, moreover, was excreted in faeces after intake of azo compounds as compared with slow-release compounds.
Brand X and the Wireline Broadband Report and Order: The Beginning of the End of the Distinction Between Title I and Title II Services (2006)

This Article traces the development of the FCC's distinction between "telecommunications services" subject to common carrier services under Title II of the 1934 Communications Act and "information services" regulated under Title I of the Act from the Computer Inquiry line of cases through the Brand X decision and recent Wireline Broadband Report and Order. The Author pays particular attention to the Brand X decision and the FCC's Wireline Broadband Order and its implications, suggesting that the Order may be subject to reversal when it is challenged in court and proposing how the Commission might react to a reversal. The Author concludes by applauding the Commission's effort to level the playing field for similar services provided over different platforms despite the remaining challenges and uncertainties facing incumbent local exchange carriers.
Ideal Passivation of Luminescent Porous Silicon by Thermal, Noncatalytic Reaction with Alkenes and Aldehydes (2001)

This paper describes the chemical modification of high surface area, photoluminescent porous silicon (PSi) by reaction at a moderately elevated temperature (<115 °C) with alkenes (RCHCH2) and aldehydes (RCHO) to give organic monolayers covalently bonded to the surface through Si−C and Si−O−C linkages, respectively. The monolayers are characterized using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT), transmission FTIR, Raman, X-ray photoelectron, and Auger spectroscopies. Auger depth profiling results are consistent with homogeneous incorporation of organic molecules on the internal surface of the PSi. The functionalized surfaces demonstrate high chemical stability in boiling aqueous and organic solvents and even in harsher environments such as aqueous HF or KOH. Aging in ambient air for several months has no effect on the PL intensity or energy. Notably, when the surfaces were treated at 100 percent humidity at 70 °C for 6 weeks, only a small increase in the PL intensity was observed. This severe treatment completely transformed H-terminated PSi into a transparent oxide layer. This result is consistent with the formation of organic films with a very low defect density at the interface. Thus, these organic monolayers have unprecedented stability and ideally passivate the PSi.
An Immunotoxin Composed of a Monoclonal Antitransferrin Receptor Antibody Linked by a Disulfide Bond to the Ribosome-Inactivating Protein Gelonin: Potent In Vitro and In Vivo Effects Against Human Tumors<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref> (1987)

An immunoconjugate was prepared containing a disulfide linker between a murine monoclonal antibody (5E9), which recognized the human transferrin receptor, and the ribosome-inactivating protein gelonin. This immunoconjugate was found to consist of two major species, 5E9-gelonin2 and 5E9-gelonin1, and a minor species of 5E9-gelonin3 and less than 10% of either free antibody or gelonin. 5E9-gelonin was extremely toxic in vitro to human tumor cell lines expressing the 5E9 antigen, including a Burkitt's lymphoma, an adult T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia, an acute myelogenous leukemia, a promyelocytic leukemia, and a cervical carcinoma line. A 24-hour exposure to 10(-9) M immunoconjugate killed 90-99.9% of tumor cells, depending on the cell line. A 5E9-negative murine leukemia was not sensitive to this conjugate. Pharmacokinetic analysis of the disappearance of this immunoconjugate from the murine circulation revealed that it had a biphasic clearance, with an initial rapid phase with a half-life (t1/2) of 3 hours and a later, slower phase with a t1/2 of about 1 day. Analysis of blood samples by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that a substantial degree of disulfide-linker breakdown occurred in vivo and that the 5E9-gelonin2 species was cleared more rapidly than the 5E9-gelonin1. With use of the same clonogenic assays used to measure in vitro toxicity, biologically active immunoconjugate could be detected in murine plasma for up to 24 hours after iv administration, but the concentration of immunoconjugate by this measure was considerably less than that predicted by SDS-gel electrophoresis. The ability to deliver immunoconjugate to tumor cells in vivo was studied with use of the Burkitt's lymphoma Namalwa as a xenograft in nude mice. It was possible to deliver substantial amounts of immunoconjugate to Namalwa cells in xenografted ascites with direct ip inoculation; lower but significant amounts of immunoconjugate could be delivered to this xenograft after systemic iv administration, provided the tumor burden was low. The 5E9-gelonin conjugate, when administered iv at the time of ip tumor inoculation, prolonged survival of nude mice bearing Namalwa or other human tumors as ascites xenografts and delayed or prevented the growth of subcutaneous nodules of Namalwa in an antigen-specific fashion after a single iv injection. Direct intratumoral administration also inhibited the growth of visible subcutaneous nodules of Namalwa. This immunoconjugate may be useful in the treatment of human cancer.
MediSim: simulated medical corpsmen and casualties for medical forces planning and training (2002)

The MediSim system extends virtual environments (both local and network) to represent simulated medical personnel interacting with simulated casualties. Our technology fosters dual-use applications involving planning, training, and evaluation of both medical corpsmen and civilian EMTs. Behaviors and behavioral control are being developed for the medical corpsmen that will enable their actions on the digital battlefield to conform to both military practice and medical protocols. From situationally-appropriate injury models, a set of physical and behavioral manifestations in a simulated casualty will be determined and portrayed on a three-dimensional body.
Cytokine Production at the Site of Disease in Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonitis (1996)

Chronic eosinophilic pneumonitis (CEP) is characterized by longstanding respiratory symptoms accompanied by a massive pulmonary eosinophil infiltration. We hypothesized that cytokine(s) produced in the disease sites are implicated in the pathophysiology of CEP. We studied peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) obtained from two lung segments of a patient with CEP. Seventy times more eosinophils were found in the BALF from an involved lung segment (showing patchy opacification on a chest roentgenogram) than from an uninvolved segment. The eosinophil-active cytokines interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-6, and IL-10 were strikingly elevated in the BALF from the involved lung segment, whereas no or minimal levels of these cytokines were detectable in the BALF from the uninvolved segment or serum, respectively. Leukocytes in the involved lung segment, but not those in peripheral blood, expressed messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. In contrast, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were not detected in any sample. These findings suggest that increased production of several cytokines, such as IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10, in the involved lung segment, but not in the uninvolved lung segment or peripheral blood, is a critical pathophysiologic feature of CEP.
Broadband capabilities within intelligent networks (2002)

Broadband communication has become a "hot issue". ATM will be the most important switching technology for broadband networks, both in the private and public areas. In the hype around ATM, a clear distinction is made between private networks and public networks. In the private area (e.g. LANs), a rapid growth of ATM can be seen already today. The market for public ATM-based services does not yet show such a development. The introduction of broadband capabilities in public networks will enable a wide range of new services, such as broadband LAN-interconnect and interactive video services. The intelligent network (IN) concept, offering flexibility and rapid service introduction, will be a very important issue in these broadband networks. Some of the major questions in broadband INs is: which are the requirements for IN development and what are the main service drivers for broadband INs? We focus on these issues, starting with a brief introduction to broadband signaling.
Nucleic acid related compounds. 40. Synthesis and biological activities of 5-alkynyluracil nucleosides (1983)

Coupling of terminal alkynes with 5-iodo-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-p-toluyl-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)uracil and 5-iodo-3',5'-di-O-p-toluyl-2'-deoxyuridine proceeded readily in triethylamine with catalytic quantities of bis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(II) chloride and copper(I) iodide. The resulting products were deprotected to give 5-alkynyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil and 5-alkynyl-2'-deoxyuridine nucleosides. The 5-ethynyl, followed by 5-propynyl, products had the highest antiviral potency, with the 2'-deoxy derivatives being more effective than the arabinosyl compounds. Activity was weak at hexynyl and disappeared at heptynyl. Inclusion of an omega-hydroxy function diminished the antiviral effect. None of the 5-alkynyluracil nucleosides tested had sufficient selectivity to qualify as a candidate antiviral drug. Several of the compounds exerted an inhibitory action on thymidylate synthetase, with 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine being the most cytotoxic against L1210 cells.
MAS-Based Restorative Control of Urban Power Network (2010)

One of the essential objectives of restorative control of urban power network (UPN) is to pick up the lost load as much and quickly as possible. The definition of restorative control of modern UPN is presented followed the explanation of the special characteristics of UPN. Then the multi-agent system (MAS) technology is introduced to establish the framework of restorative control. Several agents, such as restorative management agent, data pre-processing agent, fault location agent, restorative reconfiguration agent, reactive power and voltage optimization agent, and equipment operation sequence agent are involved. The structure inside each agent and the communication method between the agents are discussed. At last, a practical UPN case is implemented here, and the simulation results show that the proposed restorative control strategy is feasible and suitable to be used on-line for UPN.
High data rate detection for 3D-110 channels (1997)

At high user densities, FDTS/DF /spl tau/=2 can be efficiently implemented as a 3D-110 detector. The simplicity of the detector facilitates parallel implementations that nearly double the data rate. This high speed version is derived from the sample rate version and enhanced to eliminate the need for cascaded analog sample-and-holds. By factoring out a 1+D term, the number of input terms to the detector summing nodes is reduced to two, providing improved speed for a digital circuit.
Construction of a dominant selective marker useful for gene transfer studies in animal cells. (1981)

Biochemically transformed clones of murine, simian and human cells were obtained after transfection with a new dominant selective marker. This marker is a hybrid gene which was constructed with a bacterial neomycin-kanamycin resistance gene coding region and the transcription signals of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene.
<title>Wireless integrated network sensors: toward low-cost and robust self-organizing security networks</title> (1999)

A very important benefit of continuing advances in CMOS IC technology is the ability to construct a wide variety of micro electrical mechanical systems (MEMS), including sensors and RF components. These building blocks enable the fabrication of complete systems in a low-cost module, which include sensing, signal processing, and wireless communications. Together with innovative and focused network design techniques that will make possible simple deployment and sustained low- power operation, the small size and cost can be enabling for a very large number of law enforcement and security applications, including remote reconnaissance and security zones ranging from persons to borders. We outline how the application can be exploited in the network design to enable sustained low-power operation. In particular, extensive information processing at nodes, hierarchical decision-making, and energy conserving routing and network topology management methods will be employed in the networks under development.
A simple test of the proportional hazards assumption (1987)

A new test of the proportional hazards assumption for two-sample censored data is presented. The test is based on a comparison of different generalized rank estimators of the relative risk. Asymptotic normality and consistency against alternatives with monotone hazard ratio are shown and relationships to other proposals are pointed out. A related graphical method is presented and recommendations for the choice of appropriate weight functions are given. The strengths and weaknesses of the test procedure proposed are illustrated by four examples featuring various situations which are of practical importance in clinical research.
Extracción de información de documentos de identidad utilizando técnicas de aprendizaje de máquina (2022)

La extracción automática de información de documentos de identidad es una tarea fundamental en diferentes procesos digitales como registros, solicitud de productos, validación de identidad, entre otros. La extracción de información consiste en la identificación, ubicación, clasificación y reconocimiento del texto de campos clave presentes en un documento, en este caso un documento de identidad. Tratándose de documentos de identidad, los campos clave son aquellos como: nombres, apellidos, números de documento, fechas, entre otros. El problema de extracción de información se ha solucionado tradicionalmente utilizando algoritmos basados en reglas y motores clásicos de OCR. En los últimos años se han realizado implementaciones de modelos de aprendizaje de máquina, utilizando modelos de NLP (procesamiento de lenguaje natural) y CV (visión por computador) para solucionar el problema de una manera más flexible y eficiente (Subramani et al., 2020). En este trabajo se propuso solucionar el problema de extracción de información con una aproximación de detección de objetos. Se implementó, entrenó y evaluó un modelo de detección de objetos basado en transformadores (Carion et al., 2020). Se logró llegar a una solución que alcanza valores de precisión superiores al 95% en la detección de campos clave en documentos de identidad. (Texto tomado de la fuente)
Molecular and Biochemical Analysis of the Galactose Phenotype of Dairy Streptococcus thermophilus Strains Reveals Four Different Fermentation Profiles (2005)

Lactose-limited fermentations of 49 dairy Streptococcus thermophilus strains revealed four distinct fermentation profiles with respect to galactose consumption after lactose depletion. All the strains excreted galactose into the medium during growth on lactose, except for strain IMDOST40, which also displayed extremely high galactokinase (GalK) activity. Among this strain collection eight galactose-positive phenotypes sensu stricto were found and their fermentation characteristics and Leloir enzyme activities were measured. As the gal promoter seems to play an important role in the galactose phenotype, the galR-galK intergenic region was sequenced for all strains yielding eight different nucleotide sequences (NS1 to NS8). The gal promoter played an important role in the Gal-positive phenotype but did not determine it exclusively. Although GalT and GalE activities were detected for all Gal-positive strains, GalK activity could only be detected for two out of eight Gal-positive strains. This finding suggests that the other six S. thermophilus strains metabolize galactose via an alternative route. For each type of fermentation profile obtained, a representative strain was chosen and four complete Leloir gene clusters were sequenced. It turned out that Gal-positive strains contained more amino acid differences within their gal genes than Gal-negative strains. Finally, the biodiversity regarding lactose-galactose utilization among the different S. thermophilus strains used in this study was shown by RAPD-PCR. Five Gal-positive strains that contain nucleotide sequence NS2 in their galR-galK intergenic region were closely related.
Oleandrin suppresses activation of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB, activator protein-1, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. (2000)

Agents that can suppress the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) may be able to block tumorigenesis and inflammation. Oleandrin, a polyphenolic cardiac glycoside derived from the leaves of Nerium oleander, is a candidate NF-kappaB and AP-1 modulator. We investigated the effect of oleandrin on NF-kappaB activation induced by inflammatory agents. Oleandrin blocked tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced activation of NF-kappaB in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. This effect was mediated through inhibition of phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha, an inhibitor of NF-kappaB. A proprietary hot water extract of oleander (Anvirzel) also blocked TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation; subsequent fractionation of the extract revealed that this activity was attributable to oleandrin. The effects of oleandrin were not cell type specific, because it blocked TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation in a variety of cells. NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene transcription activated by TNF was also suppressed by oleandrin. The TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation cascade involving TNF receptor 1/TNF receptor-associated death domain/TNF receptor-associated factor 2/NF-kappaB-inducing kinase/IkappaBalpha kinase was interrupted at the TNF receptor-associated factor 2 and NF-kappaB-inducing kinase sites by oleandrin, thus suppressing NF-kappaB reporter gene expression. Oleandrin blocked NF-kappaB activation induced by phorbol ester and lipopolysaccharide. Oleandrin also blocked AP-1 activation induced by TNF and other agents and inhibited the TNF-induced activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. Overall, our results indicate that oleandrin inhibits activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 and their associated kinases. This may provide a molecular basis for the ability of oleandrin to suppress inflammation and perhaps tumorigenesis.