gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
XPS and SIMS Study of Anhydrous  HF  and UV/Ozone‐Modified Silicon (100) Surfaces (1989)

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry are used to study the surface chemistry of silicon single‐crystal wafers. Anhydrous and UV/ozone processes modify the surface chemistry by altering the concentration and bonding environments of the most abundant surface atoms: Si, O, C, H, and F. Anhydrous in conjunction with water vapor removes the silicon native oxide. Native oxides with initial thicknesses of 11Å, four monolayers, are exposed to a rinse, , and an aqueous rinse and are reduced to 0.4, 0.2, and 0.1 monolayers, respectively. The carbon concentration exhibits an inverse relationship with the submonolayer oxide coverage. The process results in less than a monolayer of silicon fluorides. The silicon fluoride species decrease with air exposure resulting in mostly oxyfluorides after 1h. Rinsing the fluorinated surface with reduces the fluorine concentration, removes trace metal impurities initially bonded to the native oxide, and promotes initial formation. UV/ozone exposure reduces the hydrocarbon concentration on the surface while producing 8Å, three monolayers, of . Exposing the surface to UV/ozone removes the silicon fluoride species; only oxyfluorides are observed with the ozone‐induced. The cleanest silicon surface with respect to metallic and hydrocarbon impurities was achieved with a rinse‐UV/ozone oxidation process.
Reduction of oscillator strength due to piezoelectric fields inGaN/AlxGa1−xNquantum wells (1998)

We demonstrate a dramatic reduction of the oscillator strength in ${\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{N}$ quantum wells due to piezoelectric fields. Our study using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals a strong increase of the luminescence decay time of the dominating transition with increasing well width by several orders of magnitude in parallel to a redshift of the emission peaks. The experimental results are consistently explained by a quantitative model based on the piezoelectric fields in strained wurtzite quantum wells. We estimate the piezoelectric constant of GaN to ${d}_{31}=\ensuremath{-}0.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ cm/V.
Soluble dextran-hemoglobin complex as a potential blood substitute. (1976)

A complex between soluble dextran and human hemoglobin has been synthesized by two different methods. In the alkylation method, hemoglobin was allowed to react with bromoacetyl groups incorporated into the dextran; the yield of the complex was about 80% in terms of the hemoglobin used. In the dialdehyde method, hemoglobin was allowed to react with dialdehyde groups on the dextran generated by periodate oxidation; the yield of the complex was about 60%. Both soluble dextran-hemoglobin complexes could bind and release oxygen reversibly, but the oxygen-binding curves were shifted to the left relative to that of free hemoglobin. In the rabbit, the complex obtained by the alkylation method was excreted by the kidneys and cleared from the circulation much more slowly than free hemoglobin.
Fusogenic activity of various water-soluble polymers (1995)

The fusogenic activity of seven water-soluble polymers was investigated using L929 cells in a monolayer state. Among these polymers, only two, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and EPAN 680 were capable of inducing the membrane fusion of L929 cells. EPAN 680 is an ABA type block copolymer composed of 80% ethylene oxide(A) and 20% propylene oxide(B) sequences with a total molecular weight of 8800. Evaluation of the polymer hydrophobicity indicated that there was no clear correlation between it and the fusogenic activity of the polymer, although highly hydrophobic polymers caused cell shrinkage without membrane fusion. Differential scanning calorimetry on these polymers strongly suggested that hydration of the polymers in culture medium had a large effect on their fusogenic activity. It was concluded that the assembly of cell membranes, stabilized by water molecules, was disturbed by strong interaction with the polymer molecules having a strong hydration power, resulting in membrane fusion.
A systems perspective to digital structures in molecular analysis (2006)

Within the last decade, the advance of miniaturization has opened the window to new systems that permit digital and molecular science to intersect, suggesting a new role for organic chemistry. Currently, fusion of molecules and electronic digits, as well as molecular-based digital structures, have expanded the conventional interpretation of the digit. This emergence has already generated new technological platforms with unique applications for molecular analysis and computation. We provide a brief overview of the conventional understanding of digital devices, examine the concept of molecular-based digits, and suggest new architectures by examining studies conducted on the compact discs. This analysis presents a perspective for the unique interaction of molecules and digits and the development of digital-based platforms for molecular analysis.
Size-controlled highly luminescent silicon nanocrystals: A SiO/SiO2 superlattice approach (2002)

Phase separation and thermal crystallization of SiO/SiO2 superlattices results in ordered arranged silicon nanocrystals. The preparation method which is fully compatible with Si technologies enables independent control of particle size as well as of particle density and spatial position by using a constant stoichiometry of the layers. Transmission electron microscopy investigations confirm the size control in samples with an upper limit of the nanocrystal sizes of 3.8, 2.5, and 2.0 nm without decreasing the silicon nanocrystal density for smaller sizes. The nanocrystals show a strong luminescence intensity in the visible and near-infrared region. A size-dependent blueshift of the luminescence and a luminescence intensity comparable to porous Si are observed. Nearly size independent luminescence intensity without bleaching effects gives an indirect proof of the accomplishment of the independent control of crystal size and number.
Spread Spectrum Systems for GNSS and Wireless Communications (2007)

Look to this cutting-edge resource for a modern treatment of spread spectrum (SS) communications, including direct sequence and frequency hopping. The book helps you understand the performance of SS systems under the influence of jamming and with and without coding. You find details on the synchronization of SS systems, including initial acquisition and tracking. The book discusses correlation loss to help you determine the impact of filters on the correlation process. Moreover, for the first time in any book, you find details on code acquisition and code tracking with channel filtering. This comprehensive volume presents the principles of design and analysis for all SS systems, and places special emphasis on wireless systems and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). The book considers all the common coherent and non-coherent modulations, including BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, MSK, MFSK, OFDM, and UWB. Other key topics discussed include multiple access methods for SS, characterization of radio channels, the theory of lock detectors, and low probability of detection (LPD) systems
Evaluation of domiciliary services and hospital discharge for older people with chronic and complex conditions (2003)

Many older people remain in hospital after the acute phase of their illness due to a delay in implementation of community services to respond to their ongoing needs for domiciliary care. The Macarthur Health Service has well-coordinated ambulatory and aged care services, which provide acute and subacute care in the home. The teams consist of medical, nursing, and allied health professionals. In spite of these services, some older people still cannot receive treatment in their own home due to the lack of acutely responsive domiciliary care. This support may only be needed on a short-term basis during the acute phase of their illness or as a bridging service whilst the longer term Home and Community Care (HACC) services are put into place. Carrington Temporary Aged Care Program (CTACP) has provided services that assist clients temporarily with personal care, domestic assistance, shopping, provision of meals, transport and psychosocial support, until the appropriate HACC service is available, for a maximum period of eight weeks. Thirty five patients discharged from Macarthur Health Service have received this service to date in 2002. Patient and carer satisfaction and quality of life measures indicate that this is a valuable and effective service to the client.
Leucine meal increases glutamine and total nitrogen release from forearm muscle. (1981)

To assess the consequences of elevated branched chain amino acid levels on alanine, glutamine, and ammonia metabolism in muscle, L-leucine meals (14.7 g) were consumed by six normal postabsorptive individuals. Bilateral forearm studies were performed, and the dominant arm was subjected to 15 min of light exercise, using a calibrated dynamometer, beginning 45 min after the ingestion of the meal. Large uptakes of leucine were seen across both forearm muscle beds within 30 min of the meal. After exercise, blood flow in the dominant arm increased from 3.1 +/- 0.4 to 5.2 +/- 0.9 ml/100 ml forearm per minute (mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.005). Glutamine flux out of the dominant forearm increased threefold after the ingestion of the leucine meal and increased eightfold over base line after exercise. Less marked changes (significant only at 90 min) in the nonexercised, nondominant arm were also seen. Alanine flux out of the dominant forearm muscle bed increased modestly at 75 and 90 min. No significant change in ammonia flux across either forearm muscle bed was noted. Unexpectedly, large and significant net nitrogen loss from both forearm muscle beds was documented. Thus, following the ingestion of a leucine meal and light exercise, the primary means by which excess nitrogen is routed out of muscle is via glutamine formation and release with alanine and ammonia pathways playing relatively minor roles. More importantly, the ingestion of significant amounts of leucine by normal subjects, presumably in optimal nitrogen balance, results in a net loss of nitrogen from muscle.
Method for Bxb1-Mediated Site-Specific Integration In Planta (2010)

Gene targeting in plants through homologous recombination has been sparsely reported, although notable breakthroughs have been achieved in recent years. In particular, the use of zinc finger nucleases to promote homologous end joining has revived the promise that homologous gene targeting could someday become practical for plant genetic engineering. An alternative and complementary approach that has progressed steadily over the years has been recombinase-mediated site-specific integration. In this approach, a first recombination site is introduced into the genome to serve as a target for inserting subsequent DNA. Here, we describe the method for generating the chromosomal target and the subsequent insertion of new DNA into the chromosomal target by Bxb1-mediated site-specific integration. This method would permit the comparison of different molecular constructs at the same genomic locations.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTUAL USER AND PREDICTED USER OF DEMAND RESPONSIVE TRANSIT (2012)

近年，公共交通の衰退により，効率的な生活交通の確保が求められている．そのような中，我が国ではデマンド交通が新たな生活交通として多くの地域で導入されている．本研究では，デマンド交通の利用者数の実測と予測を比較し，誤差を小さくするための具体的な知見を得ることを目的とする．需要予測の際に考慮すべき点について検討した結果，情報の周知によってデマンド交通の利用者数が増加することが確認された．また，デマンド交通の利用者の多数を占める70歳以上女性人口と利用者数との相関が高いことから，女性高齢者数のみを説明変数とする簡易的な需要予測式を提示した．
Regulation of secretion of PTHrP by Ca2+-sensing receptor in human astrocytes, astrocytomas, and meningiomas (2000)

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is the major mediator of the humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy and of malignant osteolysis associated with skeletal metastases of common epithelial cancers. PTHrP secretion is regulated by the extracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](o)) in several types of normal and malignant cells. Because the [Ca(2+)](o)-sensing receptor (CaR) is a key mediator of [Ca(2+)](o)-regulated hormone secretion [e.g., of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by parathyroid chief cells], we investigated the expression of the CaR and PTHrP in normal and neoplastic glial cells and studied the effects of [Ca(2+)](o) on PTHrP secretion. Our results show that primary embryonic human astrocytes (HPA) express CaR mRNA and protein as detected by RT-PCR and Western analysis, respectively. Furthermore, astrocytomas and meningiomas also express the CaR at similar levels as assessed by RT-PCR and Northern and Western blot analyses. HPA and astrocytomas express transcripts encoding all three known isoforms of PTHrP [PTHrP(139), PTHrP(141), and PTHrP(173), comprising 139, 141, and 173 predicted amino acid residues, respectively] as assessed by RT-PCR, whereas meningiomas express only the first two of these. Finally, elevated levels of [Ca(2+)](o) and other polycationic CaR agonists dose dependently stimulate PTHrP secretion from HPA, astrocytomas, and meningiomas, although both basal and high [Ca(2+)](o)-stimulated rates of PTHrP secretion are approximately 2. 5-fold higher in HPA than in the glial tumors studied here. Therefore, our results show that HPA, astrocytomas, and meningiomas express both the CaR and PTHrP and that CaR agonists stimulate PTHrP secretion.
Realization of high breakdown voltage (&lt;700 V) in thin SOI devices (2002)

The avalanche breakdown voltage of silicon on insulator (SOI) lateral diodes is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Theoretically, a condition is derived for achieving a uniform lateral electric field and thus optimizing the breakdown voltage. Using this condition, it is shown that, for SOI thicknesses below about 1 mu m, diode breakdown voltage increases with decreasing SOI layer thickness. Experimentally, breakdown voltages in excess of 700 V have been demonstrated for the first time on diodes having approximately 0.1- mu m-thick SOI layers and 2- mu m-thick buried oxide layers. The results obtained demonstrate the feasibility of making high-voltage thin-film SOI LDMOS transistors and, more importantly, the ability to integrate such devices with high-performance ultra-thin SOI CMOS circuits on a single chip.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Eddy current sensor networks for aircraft fatigue monitoring (2003)

Networks of surface mounted and embedded eddy current sensor arrays permit fatigue damage monitoring at numerous critical locations in an aircraft structure. Fatigue characterization using eddy current sensors has evolved over the years from line scans with a single sensing element meandering winding magnetometer (MWM) to area scanning with high resolution imaging MWM arrays and fatigue monitoring with permanently mounted arrays. Scanning arrays have provided images of widespread fatigue damage in a four point bending fatigue specimen and in aircraft structural components such as an F-18 bulkhead and 727 lap joint. Arrays permanently mounted in high stress regions of fatigue specimens detected small cracks, for example, less than 50 μm (2 x 10 -3 in.) long cracks. Crack initiation and growth monitoring was demonstrated with arrays mounted at fastener holes on exposed surfaces and between aluminum layers. Also, magnetic permeability monitoring and imaging provide the capability to characterize the evolution of precrack fatigue damage in steels, including 304 stainless steel and 4340 low alloy steel. This paper describes two architectures for onboard fatigue monitoring and a demonstration of capability to independently monitor multiple sensor arrays simultaneously.
Identification of Cancer Stem Cells in Ewing's Sarcoma (2009)

Cancer stem cells that display tumor-initiating properties have recently been identified in several distinct types of malignancies, holding promise for more effective therapeutic strategies. However, evidence of such cells in sarcomas, which include some of the most aggressive and therapy-resistant tumors, has not been shown to date. Here, we identify and characterize cancer stem cells in Ewing's sarcoma family tumors (ESFT), a highly aggressive pediatric malignancy believed to be of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) origin. Using magnetic bead cell separation of primary ESFT, we have isolated a subpopulation of CD133+ tumor cells that display the capacity to initiate and sustain tumor growth through serial transplantation in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice, re-establishing at each in vivo passage the parental tumor phenotype and hierarchical cell organization. Consistent with the plasticity of MSCs, in vitro differentiation assays showed that the CD133+ cell population retained the ability to differentiate along adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of genes implicated in stem cell maintenance revealed that CD133+ ESFT cells express significantly higher levels of OCT4 and NANOG than their CD133- counterparts. Taken together, our observations provide the first identification of ESFT cancer stem cells and demonstration of their MSC properties, a critical step towards a better biological understanding and rational therapeutic targeting of these tumors.
The Effect of Perioperative Intravenous Lidocaine on Postoperative Pain and Immune Function (2009)

The present findings indicate that preoperative and intraoperative IV lidocaine improves immediate postoperative pain management and reduces surgery-induced immune alterations.
Synthesis of 2'5'-oligo(A) in extracts of interferon-treated HeLa cells. (1979)

2'5'oligo(A), pppA(2'~5'A),,2'~5'Aon; PEI-cellulose plates, polyethyleneimine cellulose thin layer plates; VSvirus, vesicular stomatitis virus; Fru-Pz, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate; Hepes, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-l-piperazineethanesulfonic acid.
Reflections on the Discovery and Significance of Estrogen Receptor β (2005)

We have known for many years that estrogen is more than the female hormone. It is essential in the male gonads, and in both sexes, estrogen has functions in the skeleton and central nervous system, on behavior, and in the cardiovascular and immune systems. An important aspect of the discovery of estrogen receptor (ER) beta is that the diverse functions of estrogen can now be divided into those mediated by ERalpha and those mediated by ERbeta. Pharmacological exploitation of this division of the labors of estrogen is facilitated by the ligand-binding specificity and selective tissue distribution of the two ERs. Because the ligand binding domains of ERalpha and ERbeta are significantly different from each other, selective ligands can be (and have been) developed to target the estrogenic pathway that is malfunctioning, without interfering with the other estrogen-regulated pathways. Because of the absence of ERbeta from the adult pituitary and endometrium, ERbeta agonists can be used to target ERbeta with no risk of adverse effects from chemical castration and uterine cancer. Some of the diseases in which there is hope that ERbeta agonists will be of benefit are prostate cancer, autoimmune diseases, colon cancer, malignancies of the immune system, and neurodegeneration.
Characterization of Wolbachia Transfection Efficiency by Using Microinjection of Embryonic Cytoplasm and Embryo Homogenate (2005)

Wolbachia spp. are intracellular alpha proteobacteria closely related to Rickettsia. The maternally inherited infections occur in a wide range of invertebrates, causing several reproductive abnormalities, including cytoplasmic incompatibility. The artificial transfer of Wolbachia between hosts (transfection) is used both for basic research examining the Wolbachia-host interaction and for applied strategies that use Wolbachia infections to affect harmful insect populations. Commonly employed transfection techniques use embryonic microinjection to transfer Wolbachia-infected embryo cytoplasm or embryo homogenate. Although microinjections of both embryonic cytoplasm and homogenate have been used successfully, their respective transfection efficiencies (rates of establishing stable germ line infections) have not been directly compared. Transfection efficiency may be affected by variation in Wolbachia quantity or quality within the donor embryos and/or the buffer types used in embryo homogenization. Here we have compared Wolbachia bacteria that originate from different embryonic regions for their competencies in establishing stable germ line infections. The following three buffers were compared for their abilities to maintain an appropriate in vitro environment for Wolbachia during homogenization and injection: phosphate-buffered saline, Drosophila Ringer's buffer, and a sucrose-phosphate-glutamate solution (SPG buffer). The results demonstrate that Wolbachia bacteria from both anterior and posterior embryo cytoplasms are competent for establishing infection, although differing survivorships of injected hosts were observed. Buffer comparison shows that embryos homogenized in SPG buffer yielded the highest transfection success. No difference was observed in transfection efficiencies when the posterior cytoplasm transfer and SPG-homogenized embryo techniques were compared. We discuss the results in relation to intra- and interspecific Wolbachia transfection and the future adaptation of the microinjection technique for additional insects.
Human mast cells produce type VIII collagen in vivo. (1994)

Mast cells are assuming importance not only in their familiar role in acute allergic and parasitic diseases but also in chronic inflammatory, immunologic and fibrotic states. The processes by which human extracellular matrices are influenced by mast cells have remained obscure. We report here the production of type VIII collagen by human mast cells. Mast cells representing each of the known phenotypes were identified in a variety of tissues using histochemical techniques, and monoclonal antibodies specific for tryptase, chymase, and c-kit. Mast cells in normal and pathologic tissues expressed type VIII collagen alpha-1 chain protein and mRNA, detected by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, and non-isotopic oligonucleotide in situ hybridization using digoxigenin-labelled oligonucleotide probes based on the published human alpha-1 collagen VIII sequence. Perivascular location of type VIII collagen positive mast cells was a striking finding. The secretion of type VIII collagen by mast cells in vivo may contribute to angiogenesis, tissue remodelling, and fibrosis.