gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Early development and dispersal of oligodendrocyte precursors in the embryonic chick spinal cord (1995)

Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the vertebrate CNS, originally develop from cells of the neuroepithelium. Recent studies suggest that spinal cord oligodendrocyte precursors are initially localized in the region of the ventral ventricular zone and subsequently disperse throughout the spinal cord. The characteristics of these early oligodendrocyte precursors and their subsequent migration has been difficult to assay directly in the rodent spinal cord due to a lack of appropriate reagents. In the developing chick spinal cord, we show that oligodendrocyte precursors can be specifically identified by labeling with O4 monoclonal antibody. In contrast to rodent oligodendrocyte precursors, which express O4 immunoreactivity only during the later stages of maturation, in the chick O4 immunoreactivity appears very early and its expression is retained through cellular maturation. In embryos older than stage 35, O4+ cells represent the most immature, self-renewing, cells of the chick spinal cord oligodendrocyte lineage. In the intact chick spinal cord, the earliest O4+ cells are located at the ventral ventricular zone where they actually contribute to the ventricular lining of the central canal. The subsequent migration of O4+ cells into the dorsal region of the spinal cord temporally correlates with the capacity of isolated dorsal spinal cord to generate oligodendrocytes in vitro. Biochemical analysis suggests O4 labels a POA-like antigen on the surface of chick spinal cord oligodendrocyte precursors. These studies provide direct evidence for the ventral ventricular origin of spinal cord oligodendrocytes, and suggest that this focal source of oligodendrocytes is a general characteristic of vertebrate development.
Implications for Ophthalmic Formulations: Ocular Buffers Show Varied Cytotoxic Impact on Human Corneal–Limbal and Human Conjunctival Epithelial Cells (2017)

We observed a time-dependent decrease of viability in both HCLE and HCjE cells exposed to higher buffer concentrations. Therefore, we propose further in vivo studies to translate these finding to humans to discern the real effects of the buffer concentration in eye drops on the ocular surface.
Oligodendrocyte-specific gene expression in mouse brain: Use of a myelin-forming cell type-specific promoter in an adeno-associated virus (1999)

To explore the feasibility of cell type-specific gene expression in oligodendrocytes as a possible therapeutic approach for demyelinating diseases, the cell specificity, tissue specificity, and duration of gene expression were investigated using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV) carrying a green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene. Recombinant AAV vectors carrying either the myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter (rAAV-MBP-GFP) or the cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter (rAAV-CMV-GFP) were semistereotactically injected into the brain of C57BL/6J mice. Injection of the rAAV-MBP-GFP vector into or near the corpus callosum resulted in high levels of GFP expression in white matter regions. Double immunostaining with cell- specific markers proved that these GFP-expressing cells were oligodendrocytes. Injection of the rAAV- MBP-GFP vector into gray matter rarely produced GFP expression. In contrast, injection of the rAAV-CMV-GFP vector resulted in few GFP-expressing cells in the white matter, with most of the GFP-expressing cells being neurons located in the cerebral cortex along the needle track. The expression of the GFP driven by the MBP promoter persisted for at least 3 months.
Nonparametric scene parsing: Label transfer via dense scene alignment (2009)

In this paper we propose a novel nonparametric approach for object recognition and scene parsing using dense scene alignment. Given an input image, we retrieve its best matches from a large database with annotated images using our modified, coarse-to-fine SIFT flow algorithm that aligns the structures within two images. Based on the dense scene correspondence obtained from the SIFT flow, our system warps the existing annotations, and integrates multiple cues in a Markov random field framework to segment and recognize the query image. Promising experimental results have been achieved by our nonparametric scene parsing system on a challenging database. Compared to existing object recognition approaches that require training for each object category, our system is easy to implement, has few parameters, and embeds contextual information naturally in the retrieval/alignment procedure.
The effect of topical tretinoin on dysplastic nevi. A preliminary trial (1990)

• Twenty-one patients were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind study that examined the effects of topical 0.05% tretinoin (all-<i>trans</i>-retinoic acid; vitamin A acid; Retin-A) solution on dysplastic nevi. Following histologic confirmation of the diagnosis of dysplastic nevus in three representative lesions, patients applied either tretinoin or a placebo containing 50% alcohol to selected dysplastic nevi once a day under tape occlusion, or twice a day unoccluded, for 4 months. Immediate posttreatment comparative photographs showed marked fading or elimination of some dysplastic nevi clinically, and histologic examination of excisional biopsy specimens showed disappearance or reversion to benign nevi in many of the treated lesions. There were no clinical or histologic changes in those dysplastic nevi treated with placebo. This study shows a definite biological effect of topical tretinoin on some dysplastic nevi. (<i>Arch Dermatol</i>. 1990;126:494-499)
Visualization of Specific B and T Lymphocyte Interactions in the Lymph Node (1998)

Early events in the humoral immune response were visualized in lymph nodes by simultaneous tracking of antigen-specific CD4 T and B cells after immunization. The T cells were initially activated in the T cell areas when the B cells were still randomly dispersed in the B cell-rich follicles. Both populations then migrated to the edges of the follicles and interacted there, resulting in CD154-dependent B cell proliferation and germinal center formation. These results provide visual documentation of cognate T-B cell interactions and localize them to the follicular border.
Interferon-alpha maintenance therapy after cytotoxic chemotherapy for treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi's sarcoma. (1990)

A prospective phase I clinical trial with recombinant interferon-alpha-2b as maintenance therapy after cytotoxic chemotherapy was conducted. Twenty-one homosexual and bisexual males with extensive mucocutaneous or visceral epidemic acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) were studied. After a complete response (6 patients) or partial response (15 patients) from chemotherapy consisting of Adriamycin (20 mg/m2), bleomycin (10 U/m2), and vincristine (1.4 mg/m2; 2 mg maximum), patients were given interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in an attempt to prolong disease-free survival. Three dose levels of daily IFN-alpha were tested: 5, 10, and 15 million U. The maximum tolerated dose was 10 million units. Dose-limiting toxicities included recurrent grade 3 fatigue, diarrhea, and fever, which resulted in the termination of therapy in eight patients (38%). Hematologic toxicities were infrequent (four patients; 19%). Responses were observed in two patients on IFN-alpha, both at the 10-million-U dose level. The median duration of response on IFN-alpha therapy following chemotherapy was 8 weeks (range, 3-11). We conclude that the duration of IFN-alpha maintenance response following cytotoxic chemotherapy is short with response to residual disease observed in a minority of cases at this dose and schedule. Additional trials of maintenance therapy in patients with advanced AIDS-KS combining antiretroviral agents are in progress.
Direct Physical Interactions between HNF-4 and Sp1 Mediate Synergistic Transactivation of the Apolipoprotein CIII Promoter (2001)

We have investigated the mechanism of functional cooperativity between specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 (HNF-4) on the human apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) promoter. Cotransfections in Drosophila SL2 cells that lack endogenous Sp1 or Sp1-related activities showed that HNF-4 and Sp1 synergistically transactivate the -890/+24 apoCIII promoter up to 150-fold. Synergistic transactivation required the HNF-4 binding site of the apoCIII enhancer. Deletion of part of the Ser/Thr-rich and Gln-rich domain or the C-terminal domain of Sp1 decreased, and deletion of residues 501-610 of Sp1 increased, the functional cooperativity between Sp1 and HNF-4. Physical interactions between the two factors were demonstrated by glutathione S-transferase pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays. The amino terminal domain of both factors and the carboxy terminal domain of Sp1 contribute to these interactions. Antagonism between HNF-4 and Sp1 was demonstrated on homopolymeric promoters containing multiple binding sites for either factor, suggesting that the synergism between the two factors occurs only when both factors are bound simultaneously to the DNA. The observed physical interactions between Sp1 and HNF-4 in the context of the apoCIII promoter may explain in part their in vitro and in vivo synergism in the transcriptional activation of the apolipoprotein A-I/apoCIII/apolipoprotein A-IV gene cluster.
Thrombokinetics in Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura* (1970)

S ummary Measurements of platelet production in 16 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) demonstrate that megakaryocytopoiesis (total thrombopoiesis) and platelet turnover (effective thrombopoiesis) are increased in parallel to as much as 8 times normal. The marrow megakaryocytes show changes characteristic of stimulated thrombopoiesis.
Mechanisms of Surface-Mediated DNA Hybridization (2014)

Single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy was employed in conjunction with resonance energy transfer (RET) to observe the dynamic behavior of donor-labeled ssDNA at the interface between aqueous solution and a solid surface decorated with complementary acceptor-labeled ssDNA. At least 100,000 molecular trajectories were determined for both complementary strands and negative control ssDNA. RET was used to identify trajectory segments corresponding to the hybridized state. The vast majority of molecules from solution adsorbed nonspecifically to the surface, where a brief two-dimensional search was performed with a 7% chance of hybridization. Successful hybridization events occurred with a characteristic search time of ∼0.1 s, and unsuccessful searches resulted in desorption from the surface, ultimately repeating the adsorption and search process. Hybridization was reversible, and two distinct modes of melting (i.e., dehybridization) were observed, corresponding to long-lived (∼15 s) and short-lived (∼1.4 s) hybridized time intervals. A strand that melted back onto the surface could rehybridize after a brief search or desorb from the interface. These mechanistic observations provide guidance for technologies that involve DNA interactions in the near-surface region, suggesting a need to design surfaces that both enhance the complex multidimensional search process and stabilize the hybridized state.
Glial cell lineage in the cerebral cortex: A review and synthesis (1991)

The present review is focused on the cell lineage relationships underlying gliogenesis in the cerebral cortex. Studies conducted both in vivo and in vitro suggest that the process of cortical gliogenesis involves a hierarchy of progressively restricted progenitor cell pools. In the cerebral cortex, as well as other areas of the central nervous system, glial cells differentiate from one another through a series of steps that can be defined at molecular, structural, and functional levels. Although the precise timing, sequence, and diversity of the steps involved in cortical gliogenesis are still not fully defined, the emerging picture suggests that both cell lineage and cell-cell interactions play a synergetic role in the determination and maintenance of the proper blend of glial cells in the cerebrum.
Effect of Modulated Glucose Uptake on High‐Level Recombinant Protein Production in a Dense Escherichia coli Culture (1994)

Methyl alpha-glucoside (alpha-MG) is a metabolically inert glucose analog sharing the same phosphotransferase system with glucose. The potential of using this compound, which acts as a nontoxic competitive inhibitor, to modulate glucose uptake and subsequently reduce the acetate accumulation rate was investigated. In a complex medium, no significant effect on the growth rate was observed when the alpha-MG to glucose ratio was low. The effect of alpha-MG supplementation on the production of a model recombinant protein, CadA-beta-galactosidase, under the regulation of a pH-inducible promoter in a batch culture was also examined. It was observed that the amount of acetate accumulation was drastically reduced in the presence of alpha-MG. More importantly, recombinant protein productivity was significantly improved. A very high volumetric productivity of approximately 1.6 g/L recombinant protein in a dense culture with an OD600 of 35 was obtained in a simple batch fermentation. Even at this high cell density, the specific protein productivity was maintained at a high level and was estimated to account for about 40% of the total cellular protein.
Effects of troponin-I plus-C on the binding of troponin-T and its fragments to alpha-tropomyosin. Ca2+ sensitivity and cooperativity. (1983)

The binding of troponin-I to tropomyosin, as well as its effects on the binding of troponin-T and its fragments T1 (residues 1-158) and T2 (residues 159-259) to tropomyosin, have been studied using immobilized alpha-tropomyosin. When applied alone, troponin-I exhibited weak interaction with tropomyosin and was eluted with a NaCl gradient at 0.12 M. Intact troponin-T was eluted at 0.40 M NaCl, while its fragment T1 was eluted from site 1 (near the COOH terminus of tropomyosin) at 0.32 M, independently from T2, which was eluted from site 2 (near Cys-190) at 0.22 M NaCl. However, the simultaneous presence of troponin-I and T2 resulted in formation of a strong troponin-I/T2/tropomyosin ternary complex at site 2 such that troponin-I/T2 complex was now eluted at 0.45 to 0.5 M NaCl. This binding was Ca2+-sensitive in the presence of troponin-C. An additional effect of troponin-I binding at site 2 was the strengthening of the T1/tropomyosin interaction at site 1, such that T1 was now eluted at the higher value of 0.45 to 0.50 M NaCl. Troponin-I also enhanced the binding of intact troponin-T to tropomyosin. These results suggest that cooperativity exists between the two sites, presumably induced by the binding of troponin-I to tropomyosin and mediated by a conformational change in the latter.
Powering the planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization (2006)

Global energy consumption is projected to increase, even in the face of substantial declines in energy intensity, at least 2-fold by midcentury relative to the present because of population and economic growth. This demand could be met, in principle, from fossil energy resources, particularly coal. However, the cumulative nature of CO(2) emissions in the atmosphere demands that holding atmospheric CO(2) levels to even twice their preanthropogenic values by midcentury will require invention, development, and deployment of schemes for carbon-neutral energy production on a scale commensurate with, or larger than, the entire present-day energy supply from all sources combined. Among renewable energy resources, solar energy is by far the largest exploitable resource, providing more energy in 1 hour to the earth than all of the energy consumed by humans in an entire year. In view of the intermittency of insolation, if solar energy is to be a major primary energy source, it must be stored and dispatched on demand to the end user. An especially attractive approach is to store solar-converted energy in the form of chemical bonds, i.e., in a photosynthetic process at a year-round average efficiency significantly higher than current plants or algae, to reduce land-area requirements. Scientific challenges involved with this process include schemes to capture and convert solar energy and then store the energy in the form of chemical bonds, producing oxygen from water and a reduced fuel such as hydrogen, methane, methanol, or other hydrocarbon species.
Autoreactive T lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis determined by antigen-induced secretion of interferon-gamma. (1990)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease with unknown cause characterized by inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system. Although an autoimmune pathogenesis has been suggested, there are no conclusive data on the number of T cells autoreactive with myelin antigens in MS compared to controls. We showed that T lymphocytes secreting interferon-gamma in response to possible target autoantigens are severalfold more common among PBL mononuclear cells in patients with MS than in patients with aseptic meningitis and tension headache. On average T cells reactive with myelin basic protein (MBP), two different MBP peptides, or with proteolipid protein amounted to 2.7-5.2/10(5) PBL from MS patients. MBP-reactive T cells were still more frequent among mononuclear cells isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; 185/10(5) CSF cells). We concluded that T cells reactive with myelin autoantigens are strongly increased in MS. This approach to detect them could allow definition of immunodominant T cell epitopes in individual MS patients, and thereby enable further development towards specific immunotherapy.
Pharmacokinetics of Teriparatide (rhPTH[1–34]) and Calcium Pharmacodynamics in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis (2010)

Teriparatide (rhPTH[1-34]) affects calcium metabolism in a pattern consistent with the known actions of endogenous parathyroid hormone (PTH). This report describes the pharmacokinetics and resulting serum calcium response to teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Pharmacokinetic samples for this analysis were obtained from 360 women who participated in the Fracture Prevention Trial. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis received daily subcutaneous injections of either teriparatide 20 μg (4.86 μmol) or placebo, median 21 months' treatment. Serum teriparatide and calcium concentrations were measured throughout the study. An indirect-response model was developed to describe the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship between teriparatide concentrations and serum calcium response. The pharmacokinetics of teriparatide were characterized by rapid absorption (maximum concentration achieved within 30 min) and rapid elimination (half-life of 1 h), resulting in a total duration of exposure to the peptide of approximately 4 h. Teriparatide transiently increased serum calcium, with the maximum effect observed at approximately 4.25 h (median increase 0.4 mg/dl [0.1 mmol/l]). Calcium concentrations returned to predose levels by 16-24 h after each dose. Persistent hypercalcemia was not observed; one teriparatide 20 μg-treated patient had a predose serum calcium value above the normal range but <11.0 mg/dl (2.75 mmol/l). Following once-daily subcutaneous administration, teriparatide produces a modest but transient increase in serum calcium, consistent with the known effects of endogenous PTH on mineral metabolism. The excursion in serum calcium is brief, due to the short length of time that teriparatide concentrations are elevated.
Specular Reflection Removal for Human Detection under Aquatic Environment (2005)

This paper addresses two important issues for effective human detection under aquatic environment: (i) human of interest being partly hidden by specular reflections, and (ii) non-stationary background elements. A Bayesian framework is employed using a high order Hidden Markov model with mixture transition distributions as the prior to capture similar feature information from previous frames. Foreground detection is enhanced by utilizing this model to partially or wholly recover objects hidden within specular reflections while at the same time, suppressing foreground errors attributed to dynamic backgrounds. The proposed methodology is demonstrated on an extremely challenging environment, an outdoor swimming pool, and performed robustly from day to night.
Cover Story: AMSA'S New National Emergency Response Centre (2007)

The Australian Maritime Safety Authority's new state-of-the-art Emergency Response Centre is an Australian government initiative and is responsible for both aviation and maritime search and rescue in a region that encompasses 53 million square kilometers. The new centre has improved capability to coordinate multi-disciplinary operations involving search and rescue, emergency towage and marine pollution responses.
Systemic treatment with a recombinant erbB-2 receptor-specific tumor toxin efficiently reduces pulmonary metastases in mice injected with genetically modified carcinoma cells. (1998)

Receptor-mediated targeted tumor therapy is an important applied consequence of the studies on the genetic causes of cancer. These therapy concepts have to be evaluated in novel animal models that reflect the molecular aberrations found in human tumors. Here we introduce an animal model that allows the evaluation of drugs directed against a surface receptor that is frequently altered in primary human adenocarcinomas. Tumor toxins are polypeptides in which a tumor cell-specific recognition domain and a toxic effector domain have been joined by DNA recombination in vitro. Tumor cell recognition is contributed by a single-chain antibody domain specific for the extracellular domain of the erbB-2 receptor [scFv(FRP5)] and cytotoxicity by the enzymatically active domain of a bacterial exotoxin (exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The erbB-2 receptor is overexpressed in many primary human cancer cells and is a favorable target for directed tumor therapy. The fusion protein scFv(FRP5)-exotoxin A has previously been shown to be able to efficiently and specifically kill erbB-2 receptor-expressing tumor cells. We have investigated the potential of this tumor toxin to detect and eliminate metastasizing tumor cells upon systemic administration. Murine renal carcinoma cells genetically modified with human erbB-2 receptor and bacterial beta-galactosidase genes form large pulmonary metastases when injected into the tail vein of BALB/c mice. Administration of the tumor toxin over a 10-day time period starting 1 day after tumor cell transplantation totally suppressed the formation of metastases. The treatment of animals 11 days after tumor cell transplantation, allowing the establishment of many pulmonary metastases, led to a drastic reduction in their number and size.
Current Status of Hardware Dissemination and Its Use in Elementary, Middle and High Schools in Korea (1995)

본 연구는 현 초·중·고등학교 컴퓨터 보유 형태를 파악하고 이에 근거하여 컴퓨터의 교육적 활용을 유추하고자 했다. 이를 위하여 한국교육개발원이 전국의 초·중·고등학교로부터 93년 9월1일 기준의 컴퓨터 보유 현황 전수자료를 이용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과 실업계고와 국민학교 위주로 컴퓨터 보급이 활성화되어 있음을 알게 되었다. 이는 우리나라의 컴퓨터 교육이 사회가 요구하는 기능인 양성이라는 기능주의에 근거를 두고 있으며 학교급이 높아질수록 입사나 교육과정의 운영에 제한을 받고 있음을 나타낸다.
The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) Parameter Registry for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (2004)

This document creates an Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA)
registry for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and SIPS Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI) parameters, and their values. It also lists
the already existing parameters to be used as initial values for that
registry. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices
for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions
for improvements.
Influenza Infection Promotes Macrophage Traffic Into Arteries of Mice That Is Prevented by D-4F, an Apolipoprotein A-I Mimetic Peptide (2002)

We conclude that loss of antiinflammatory properties of HDL after influenza infection in mice is associated with increased arterial macrophage traffic that can be prevented by administration of D-4F.