gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two distinct mechanisms of cytotoxicity by porcine alveolar macrophages in antibody-dependent and immobilized immune complex-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. (1983)

The mechanisms of cytotoxicity by porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) involved in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and immobilized immune complex-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (IIC-DCC) were investigated. The results indicate that IIC-DCC was inhibited by both catalase and thioglycollate broth whereas these peroxide scavengers had no effect on ADCC in an 18-hr chromium-release assay. Furthermore, it was found that when the PAM and red blood cell targets were cross-linked with PHA, catalase still completely eliminated IIC-DCC and had no effect on ADCC, which suggests that catalase is able to penetrate the lytic site when the effector and targets are cross-linked as in ADCC. The presence of cytochalasin B, which inhibits internalization of immune complexes by PAM and presumably prevents intracellular killing, also had no effect on the differential susceptibility of IIC-DCC and ADCC to catalase. Finally, it is shown that the nonspecific cytotoxicity generated by exposing PAM to immune complexes in suspension in conjunction with cytochalasin B, so that the immune complex-bound Fc receptor (FcR) cannot be internalized, also was susceptible to catalase. These data show that the lytic mechanism involved in the nonspecific cytotoxicity generated by exposing PAM to immobilized immune complexes or immune complexes in suspension in conjunction with cytochalasin B, both of which prevent the internalization of immune complex-bound FcR, is mediated solely by peroxide whereas the lytic mechanism involved in ADCC operates, at least partially, through a peroxide-independent mechanism.
Functionalization of Graphene: Covalent and Non-Covalent Approaches, Derivatives and Applications (2012)

This review provides insight into the various ways to functionalize graphene and graphene derivatives, thereby expanding the number of potential applications for graphenebased materials. The functionalization modes can be classified according to the method and materials used and as such have been categorized as covalent functionalization, noncovalent functionalization, substitutional doping of graphene, and hybridization with nanoparticles, nanowires, and other materials. These various methods of functionalization offer various ways to expand on the current uses of graphene, that is, bioimaging or band gap opening, which can be used in electronics.
Targeting of drugs and delivery systems to specific sites in the gastrointestinal tract. (1996)

Particle uptake and translocation occur at specific sites in the gastrointestinal tract. Several drugs are also absorbed from solution only through narrow "windows' in the small intestine. In these circumstances, optimum therapeutic benefit would be obtained if the active agent was targeted to the appropriate site in the gastrointestinal tract. Targeting relies on exploiting a unique feature of the intended site and protecting the active agent until it reaches that site. This minireview highlights the problems in achieving site specificity in the gastrointestinal tract and examines possible solutions to the problem for 2 regions, the stomach and the colon.
A novel method for oral delivery of apolipoprotein mimetic peptides synthesized from all L-amino acids (2009)

Administered subcutaneously, D-4F or L-4F are equally efficacious, but only D-4F is orally efficacious because of digestion of L-4F by gut proteases. Orally administering niclosamide (a chlorinated salicylanilide used as a molluscicide, antihelminthic, and lampricide) in temporal proximity to oral L-4F (but not niclosamide alone) in apoE null mice resulted in significant improvement (P < 0.001) in the HDL-inflammatory index (HII), which measures the ability of HDL to inhibit LDL-induced monocyte chemotactic activity in endothelial cell cultures. Oral administration of L-[113-122]apoJ with niclosamide also resulted in significant improvement (P < 0.001) in HII. Oral administration of niclosamide and L-4F together with pravastatin to female apoE null mice at 9.5 months of age for six months significantly reduced aortic sinus lesion area (P = 0.02), en face lesion area (P = 0.033), and macrophage lesion area (P = 0.02) compared with pretreatment, indicating lesion regression. In contrast, lesions were significantly larger in mice receiving only niclosamide and pravastatin or L-4F and pravastatin (P < 0.001). In vitro niclosamide and L-4F tightly associated rendering the peptide resistant to trypsin digestion. Niclosamide itself did not inhibit trypsin activity. The combination of niclosamide with apolipoprotein mimetic peptides appears to be a promising method for oral delivery of these peptides.
<title>Optical roadsign recognition to improve active safety features</title> (1993)

With its constant concern to improve road safety P.S.A. Peugeot Citroen (France) wants to make progress on active safety by developing an autonomous system providing fast practical information to the driver. Recent advances in coupling liquid crystal spatial light modulators (SLMs) with silicon VLSI chips have opened new opportunities in optical parallel processing and computing. It is now possible to construct compact, reliable, and reconfigurable optical hardware for industrial use. We have chosen the task of road sign recognition, with emphasis on speed limit signs, to demonstrate the feasibility of such an optical processor which uses fast switching elements based on ferroelectric liquid crystal technology.
The action of anti-inflammatory drugs on the fertility of female rats with intrauterine contraceptive devices (1981)

A silk thread (0-0) or a copper wire (0.18 mm diameter) was placed in the left uterine horn of rats, at least 3 days before fertilization. The animals were untreated or given daily injections of 3 mgh hydrocortisone or 30 mg aspirin beginning the day after insertion of the IUD; 2 weeks after coitus, the animals were killed. A longitudinal (less than or equal to 10 mm) silk thread and the copper wire were effective IUDs regardless of treatment. With the short silk thread (less than or equal to 2 mm), implantation occurred in all groups of rats but a high failure rate was observed in hydrocortisone-treated rats (5/9 with implantations). The no. of implantations/no. of corpora lutea (x 100) was much higher (20.4%) in rats treated with aspirin and hydrocortisone than in untreated animals (3.2%) (P less than 0.01). We conclude that the effectiveness of an IUD can be altered by treatment with an anti-inflammatory substance.
Sialyl Lewis x (CD15s) identifies highly differentiated and most suppressive FOXP3 high regulatory T cells in humans (2015)

CD4(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing CD25 and the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) are indispensable for immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis. FOXP3(+)CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells in humans, however, are heterogeneous in function and differentiation status, including suppressive or nonsuppressive cells as well as resting or activated Treg cells. We have searched for cell surface markers specific for suppression-competent Treg cells by using a panel of currently available monoclonal antibodies reactive with human T cells. We found that CD15s (sialyl Lewis x) was highly specific for activated, terminally differentiated, and most suppressive FOXP3(high) effector Treg (eTreg) cells and able to differentiate them in various clinical settings from nonsuppressive FOXP3(+) T cells secreting inflammatory cytokines. For example, CD15s(+)FOXP3(+) eTreg cells were increased in sarcoidosis, whereas it was nonsuppressive CD15s(-)FOXP3(+) T cells that were expanded in lupus flares. FOXP3(+) cells induced from conventional CD4(+) T cells by T-cell receptor stimulation hardly expressed CD15s. CD15s(+)CD4(+) T-cell depletion was sufficient to evoke and enhance in vitro immune responses against tumor or viral antigens. Collectively, we have identified CD15s as a biomarker instrumental in both phenotypic and functional analysis of FOXP3(+)CD4(+) T-cell subpopulations in health and disease. It allows specific targeting of eTreg cells, rather than whole FOXP3(+)CD4(+) T cells, in controlling immune responses.
Inhibitory Phosphorylation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3) in Response to Lithium (2003)

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a critical, negative regulator of diverse signaling pathways. Lithium is a direct inhibitor of GSK-3 and has been widely used to test the putative role of GSK-3 in multiple settings. However, lithium also inhibits other targets, including inositol monophosphatase and structurally related phosphomonoesterases, and thus additional approaches are needed to attribute a given biological effect of lithium to a specific target. For example, lithium is known to increase the inhibitory N-terminal phosphorylation of GSK-3, but the target of lithium responsible for this indirect regulation has not been identified. We have characterized a short peptide derived from the GSK-3 interaction domain of Axin that potently inhibits GSK-3 activity in vitro and in mammalian cells and robustly activates Wnt-dependent transcription, mimicking lithium action. We show here, using the GSK-3 interaction domain peptide, as well as small molecule inhibitors of GSK-3, that lithium induces GSK-3 N-terminal phosphorylation through direct inhibition of GSK-3 itself. Reduction of GSK-3 protein levels, either by RNA interference or by disruption of the mouse GSK-3beta gene, causes increased N-terminal phosphorylation of GSK-3, confirming that GSK-3 regulates its own phosphorylation status. Finally, evidence is presented that N-terminal phosphorylation of GSK-3 can be regulated by the GSK-3-dependent protein phosphatase-1.inhibitor-2 complex.
Effect of micro-pulsed electricity on experimental tooth movement. (1990)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a micro-pulsed electrical potential on the tooth surface could induce effective remodeling of the alveolar bone and enhance tooth movement. Twenty-eight cats were divided into 4 groups of 7 animals each for 1, 4, 7, and 14 days of treatment, respectively. A 60 gram orthodontic force was applied to distally tip the maxillary canines. In addition, the left canine only was subjected to a one hertz square wave form of 6 volts which induced a current of about 10 microA. Tooth movement and the amount of newly formed bone for the control and experimental sides were compared statistically using the Student's t test. Histochemical observations were also carried out. The results indicated that when electrical stimulus was applied to the surface of the canines in addition to mechanical force: 1) The periodontal tissue was affected. 2) The teeth moved more rapidly. 3) Wider areas of bone deposition and larger amounts of newly formed bone were observed on the tension side, and the amount of this newly formed bone increased with time. 4) More osteoblasts were observed on the tension side. 5) More tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) positive mononuclear and multinuclear cells were seen on the compression side. These results indicate that micro-pulsed electrical stimulation might play a role in the efficient remodeling of alveolar bone, and in inducing more rapid tooth movement.
Point-of-care colorimetric detection with a smartphone (2012)

Paper-based immunoassays are becoming powerful and low-cost diagnostic tools, especially in resource-limited settings. Inexpensive methods for quantifying these assays have been shown using desktop scanners, which lack portability, and cameras, which suffer from the ever changing ambient light conditions. In this work, we introduce a novel approach of quantifying colors of colorimetric diagnostic assays with a smartphone that allows high accuracy measurements in a wide range of ambient conditions, making it a truly portable system. Instead of directly using the red, green, and blue (RGB) intensities of the color images taken by a smartphone camera, we use chromaticity values to construct calibration curves of analyte concentrations. We demonstrate the high accuracy of this approach in pH measurements with linear response ranges of 1-12. These results are comparable to those reported using a desktop scanner or silicon photodetectors. To make the approach adoptable under different lighting conditions, we developed a calibration technique to compensate for measurement errors due to variability in ambient light. This technique is applicable to a number of common light sources, such as sun light, fluorescent light, or smartphone LED light. Ultimately, the entire approach can be integrated in an "app" to enable one-click reading, making our smartphone based approach operable without any professional training or complex instrumentation.
Brushables: Example-based Edge-aware Directional Texture Painting (2015)

In this paper we present Brushables—a novel approach to example-based painting that respects user-specified shapes at the global level and preserves textural details of the source image at the local level. We formulate the synthesis as a joint optimization problem that simultaneously synthesizes the interior and the boundaries of the region, transferring relevant content from the source to meaningful locations in the target. We also provide an intuitive interface to control both local and global direction of textural details in the synthesized image. A key advantage of our approach is that it enables a “combing” metaphor in which the user can incrementally modify the target direction field to achieve the desired look. Based on this, we implement an interactive texture painting tool capable of handling more complex textures than ever before, and demonstrate its versatility on difficult inputs including vegetation, textiles, hair and painting media.
Enhanced recovery of mechanical function in the canine heart by seeding an extracellular matrix patch with mesenchymal stem cells committed to a cardiac lineage (2008)

The need to regenerate tissue is paramount, especially for the heart that lacks the ability to regenerate after injury. The urinary bladder extracellular matrix (ECM), when used to repair a right ventricular defect, successfully regenerated some mechanical function. The objective of the current study was to determine whether the regenerative effect of ECM could be improved by seeding the patch with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) enhanced to differentiate down a cardiac linage. hMSCs were used to form three-dimensional spheroids. The expression of cardiac proteins was determined in cells exposed to the spheroid formation and compared with nonmanipulated hMSCs. To determine whether functional calcium channels were present, the cells were patch clamped. To evaluate the ability of these cells to regenerate mechanical function, the spheroids were seeded on ECM and then implanted into the canine heart to repair a full-thickness right ventricular defect. As a result, many of the cells spreading from the spheroids expressed cardiac-specific proteins, including sarcomeric alpha-actinin, cardiotin, and atrial natriuretic peptide, as well as the cell cycle markers cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. A calcium current similar in amplitude to that of ventricular myocytes was present in 16% of the cells. The cardiogenic cell-seeded scaffolds increased the regional mechanical function in the canine heart compared with the unmanipulated hMSC-seeded scaffolds. In addition, the cells prelabeled with fluorescent markers demonstrated myocyte-specific actinin staining with sarcomere spacing similar to that of normal myocytes. In conclusion, the spheroid-derived cells express cardiac-specific proteins and demonstrate a calcium current similar to adult ventricular myocytes. When these cells are implanted into the canine heart, some of these cells appear striated and mechanical function is improved compared with the unmanipulated hMSCs. Further investigation will be required to determine whether the increased mechanical function is due to a differentiation of the cardiogenic cells to myocytes or to other effects.
Construction of strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that grow on lactose. (1985)

We have constructed strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that grow on lactose (Lac+). S. cerevisiae strain YNN27, which, like all S. cerevisiae, is unable to grow on lactose, was transformed with pKR1B-LAC4-1. This plasmid has a selectable marker gene conferring resistance to the antibiotic G418 and carries a 13-kilobase region of the Kluyveromyces lactis genome including LAC4, a beta-galactosidase gene. Transformants were selected first for G418 resistance and then for growth on lactose. Southern hybridization experiments showed that Lac+ transformants had integrated 15-25 tandem copies of the vector into a host chromosome. Several lines of evidence indicate that the Lac+ phenotype in pKR1B-LAC4-1-transformed S. cerevisiae is due to expression of a K. lactis lactose permease gene that lies between 2 and 8.6 kilobase upstream of LAC4 and also to expression of LAC4. The permease gene has been designated LAC12.
Mutational Analysis of Invariant Valine B12 in Insulin:  Implications for Receptor Binding (2000)

An invariant residue, valine B12, is part of the insulin B-chain central alpha-helix (B9-B19), and its aliphatic side chain lies at the surface of the hydrophobic core of the insulin monomer in close contact with the neighboring aromatic side chains of phenylalanines (B24 and B25) and tyrosines (B26 and B16). This surface contributes to the dimerization of insulin, maintains the active conformation of the insulin monomer, and has been suspected to be directly involved in receptor recognition. To investigate in detail the role of the B12 residue in insulin-receptor interactions, we have synthesized nine analogues bearing natural or unnatural amino acid replacements for valine B12 by chemical synthesis of modified insulin B-chains and the subsequent combination of each synthetic B-chain with natural insulin A-chain. The receptor binding potencies of the synthetic B12 analogues relative to porcine insulin were determined by use of isolated canine hepatocytes, and the following results were obtained: isoleucine, 13%; allo-isoleucine, 77%; tert-leucine, 107%; cyclopropylglycine, 43%; threonine, 5.4%; D-valine, 3.4%; alpha-amino-n-butyric acid, 14%; alanine, 1.0%; and glycine, 0.32%. Selected analogues were also analyzed by far-UV circular dichroic spectroscopy and by absorption spectroscopy of their complexes with Co(2+). Our results indicate that beta-branched aliphatic amino acids are generally tolerated at the B12 position with specific steric preferences and that the receptor binding potencies of these analogues correlate with their abilities to form dimers. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationships of valine B12 are quite similar to those of valine A3, suggesting that valine residues at both A3 and B12 contribute to the insulin-receptor interactions in a similar manner.
Thermoregulatory defense mechanisms (2009)

Core body temperature is normally tightly regulated by an effective thermoregulatory system. Thermoregulatory control is sometimes impaired by serious illness, but more typically remains intact. The primary autonomic defenses against heat are sweating and active precapillary vasodilation; the primary autonomic defenses against cold are arteriovenous shunt vasoconstriction and shivering. The core temperature triggering each response defines its activation threshold. Temperatures between the sweating and vasoconstriction thresholds define the inter-threshold range. The shivering threshold is usually a full 1 degrees C below the vasoconstriction threshold and is therefore a "last resort" response. Both vasoconstriction and shivering are associated with autonomic and hemodynamic activation; and each response is effective, thus impeding induction of therapeutic hypothermia. It is thus helpful to accompany core cooling with drugs that pharmacologically induce a degree of thermal tolerance. No perfect drug or drug combination has been identified. Anesthetics, for example, induce considerable tolerance, but are rarely suitable. Meperidine-especially in combination with buspirone-is especially effective while provoking only modest toxicity. The combination of buspirone and dexmedetomidine is comparably effective while avoiding the respiratory depression association with opioid administration.
The EGF Receptor System as a Target for Antitumor Therapy (1991)

Monoclonal anti-EGF receptor antibodies, EGF receptor antibodies coupled to toxins, TGF alpha-toxin conjugates and tyrosine kinase inhibitors show great potential as antitumor agents. These compounds are effective inhibitors of the EGF receptor system as it functions in the mitogenic stimulation of malignant cells. The effectiveness of cell growth inhibition mediated by anti-EGF receptor antibody and tyrosine kinase inhibitors may prove to be limited and selective. This is in view of the possibility that malignant cell proliferation may be controlled by various mechanisms instead of that which involves the EGF receptor system, despite the expression of both EGF receptor and TGF alpha in the same cell. Other growth control mechanisms could involve hormone receptor systems such as estradiol and the estrogen receptor, oncogene activation or other growth factor-receptor systems. In those malignancies in which growth control resides in the EGF-receptor system, antitumor therapy using monoclonal anti-EGF receptor antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors is a possibility worth pursuing. The effectiveness of immunotoxins and TGF alpha-toxin conjugates may only require the presence of EGF receptor and not be limited to those cells whose growth is controlled exclusively by the EGF receptor system. Nonspecific toxicity may, however, limit the use of these compounds. Further studies assessing the extent of such a toxicity are in order. In the face of the preceding reservations, however, one must not overlook the potential for great achievement as this novel therapeutic avenue is traversed.
Thermography for early detection of cancer (2012)

Cancer is increasing fast nowadays through all over the world. Early diagnosis of cancer is a desirable subject as it can significantly improve the patient's chances of survival. In most cases the cancer is diagnosis using MRI, CT, PET. But, there are several disadvantages associated with high cost, low sensitivity and specificity, and health risks from radioactive. For that reason, significant efforts are being invested to improve the current imaging system. Thermography can offer some advantages. Chief among these are the contact free and low cost for detect cancer. But thermography has some disadvantages associated with low sensitivity for small tumors. In this research develops non contact, safe, high sensitivity, and low cost infrared imaging technique. Experiments were performed using lock in thermography with a small amount of magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) and radiofrequency generator. As a result, highly sensitive infrared thermography can a small amount of MNP be detected by the technique.