gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The epidemiology of major depressive episodes: results from the International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) surveys (2003)

Absence of a common diagnostic interview has hampered cross-national syntheses of epidemiological evidence on major depressive episodes (MDE). Community epidemiological surveys using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview administered face-to-face were carried out in 10 countries in North America (Canada and the US), Latin America (Brazil, Chile, and Mexico), Europe (Czech Republic, Germany, the Netherlands, and Turkey), and Asia (Japan). The total sample size was more than 37,000. Lifetime prevalence estimates of hierarchy-free DSM-III-R/DSM-IV MDE varied widely, from 3% in Japan to 16.9% in the US, with the majority in the range of 8% to 12%. The 12-month/lifetime prevalence ratio was in the range 40% to 55%, the 30-day/12-month prevalence ratio in the range 45% to 65%, and median age of onset in the range 20 to 25 in most countries. Consistent socio-demographic correlates included being female and unmarried. Respondents in recent cohorts reported higher lifetime prevalence, but lower persistence than those in earlier cohorts. Major depressive episodes were found to be strongly co-morbid with, and temporally secondary to, anxiety disorders in all countries, with primary panic and generalized anxiety disorders the most powerful predictors of the first onset of secondary MDE. Major depressive episodes are a commonly occurring disorder that usually has a chronic-intermittent course. Effectiveness trials are needed to evaluate the impact of early detection and treatment on the course of MDE as well as to evaluate whether timely treatment of primary anxiety disorders would reduce the subsequent onset, persistence, and severity of secondary MDE.
Comparison by Controlled Clinical Trial of Streptokinase and Heparin in Treatment of Life-threatening Pulmonary Embolism (1974)

Treatment with heparin or streptokinase was allocated randomly to 30 patients with life-threatening pulmonary embolism verified by angiography. Treatment was given for 72 hours and pulmonary angiography was repeated. There was significantly greater (P < 0.001) evidence of thrombolysis in those patients treated with streptokinase compared with those treated with heparin. The reduction of systolic and mean pulmonary arterial pressures was also significantly greater (P < 0.05 and P < 0.02 respectively) in the streptokinase group.Seven patients failed to complete 72 hours of the trial treatment: five successfully underwent pulmonary embolectomy. Six of these "failures" had initial pulmonary angiographic scores of 24 or more and systemic systolic blood pressure recordings of 100 mm Hg or less. Patients with these features should probably be considered for pulmonary embolectomy as the initial treatment.A febrile reaction commonly occurred in the streptokinase group; otherwise side effects were no more common than in the heparin group.
Plasmonic Focusing Reduces Ensemble Linewidth of Silver-Coated Gold Nanorods (2008)

Silver coating gold nanorods reduces the ensemble plasmon line width by changing the relation connecting particle shape and plasmon resonance wavelength. This change, we term "plasmonic focusing", leads to less variation of resonance wavelengths for the same particle size distribution. We also find smaller single particle linewidth comparing resonances at the same wavelength but show that this does not contribute to the ensemble linewidth narrowing.
Sequence organization in nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid from Physarum polycephalum. Physical properties of foldback sequences (1980)

An investigation was performed with the use of physical techniques, to determine the nature and organization of inverted repeat sequences in nuclear DNA fragments from Physarum polycephalum. From the average size of foldback duplexes (550 nucleotide pairs), and the foldback duplex yield as determined by treatment of DNA with S1 deoxyribonuclease followed by hydroxyapatite chromatography, it is estimated that there are at least 25000 foldback sequences in the Physarum genome. Foldback DNA molecules exhibit properties intermediate between single-stranded DNA and native duplexes on elution from hydroxyapatite with a salt gradient. In addition, thermal-elution chromatography of foldback DNA from hydroxyapatite crystals shows that foldback duplexes are less stable than native DNA. These properties can be explained on the basis that inverted repeat sequences are mismatched when in the foldback configuration. The results of experiments in which the binding of foldback DNA molecules to hydroxyapatite was determined, by using fragments of different single-chain size, agree with previous studies indicating that inverted repeat sequences are located, on average, every 7000 residues throughout the Physarum genome. The inverted repeats are derived from both the repetitive and single-copy components in Physarum nuclear DNA.
Perioperative Risk Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury (2009)

University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio Reprints: Sean A. Josephs, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, E-mail: [email protected]
Effect of vanadate on cartilage-matrix proteoglycan synthesis in rabbit costal chondrocyte cultures. (1987)

The effect of vanadate on proteoglycan synthesis by cultured rabbit costal chondrocytes was examined. Rabbit chondrocytes were seeded at low densities and grown to confluency in medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, and then the serum concentration was reduced to 0.3%. At the low serum concentration, chondrocytes adopted a fibroblastic morphology. Addition of 4 microM vanadate to the culture medium induced a morphologic differentiation of the fibroblastic cells to spherical chondrocytes, and increased by two- to threefold incorporation of [35S]sulfate and [3H]glucosamine into large, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. The stimulation of incorporation of labeled precursors reflected real increases in proteoglycan synthesis, in that chemical analyses showed increases in the accumulation of macromolecules containing hexuronic acid and hexosamine in vanadate-maintained cultures. However, vanadate had only a marginal effect on [35S]sulfate incorporation into small proteoglycans and [3H]glucosamine incorporation into hyaluronic acid and chondroitinase AC-resistant material. These results provide evidence that vanadate selectively stimulates the synthesis of proteoglycans characteristically found in cartilage by rabbit costal chondrocyte cultures.
Leukotoxin, 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoate: A Possible Responsible Factor in Circulatory Shock and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. (1991)

We previously demonstrated that neutrophils biosynthesize the Iinoleate epoxide, 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoate, from linoleate and hydroxyl radical. This epoxide is highly cytotoxic, and has been termed leukotoxin. We detected leukotoxin in plasma from two patients with infectious endocarditis and circulatory shock. Maximal leukotoxin levels were 580 nmol/ml and 880 nmol/ml, respectively. The leukotoxin levels were affected by hemodialysis or hemofiltration. Disseminated intravascular coagulation was confirmed by blood coagulation studies in these two patients. Leukocytosis was also observed in these patients. In contrast, leukotoxin was not detected in plasma of normal volunteers. Accordingly, leukotoxin synthesized by recruited neutrophils might be a contributory factor in circulatory shock.
Microcarrier-Based Expansion of Adult Murine Side Population Stem Cells (2013)

The lack of reliable methods to efficiently isolate and propagate stem cell populations is a significant obstacle to the advancement of cell-based therapies for human diseases. One isolation technique is based on efflux of the fluorophore Hoechst 33342. Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), a sub-population containing adult stem cells has been identified in a multitude of tissues in every mammalian species examined. These rare cells are referred to as the 'side population' or SP due to a distinctive FACS profile that results from weak staining by Hoechst dye. Although the SP contains multi-potent cells capable of differentiating toward hematopoietic and mesenchymal lineages; there is currently no method to efficiently expand them. Here, we describe a spinner-flask culture system containing C2C12 myoblasts attached to spherical microcarriers that act to support the growth of non-adherent, post-natal murine skeletal muscle and bone marrow SP cells. Using FACS and hemocytometry, we show expansion of unfractionated EGFP⁺ SP cells over 6 wks. A significant number of these cells retain characteristics of freshly-isolated, unfractionated SP cells with respect to protein expression and dye efflux capacity. Expansion of the SP will permit further study of these heterogeneous cells and determine their therapeutic potential for regenerative and reparative therapies.
Current evidence for osteoarthritis treatments (2010)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and the leading cause of chronic disability among older people. The burden of the disease is expected to rise with an aging population and the increasing prevalence of obesity. Despite this, there is as yet no cure for OA. However, in recent years, a number of potential therapeutic advances have been made, in part due to improved understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. This review provides the current evidence for symptomatic management of OA including nonpharmacological, pharmacological and surgical approaches. The current state of evidence for disease-modifying therapy in OA is also reviewed.
An application of half-cycle Posicast (1966)

The problem of compensating a fourth-order, lightly-damped linear feedback system by means of half-cycle Posicast [1] is examined and the results of analog computer simulations are shown. Transient and frequency responses are presented. Although half-cycle Posicast is ideally suited for driving a second-order system, the resulting behavior of the fourth-order system is seen to be quite good with half-cycle Posicast bringing about a fast step response with almost no ripple and eliminating completely any resonant peaking in the frequency response. The sensitivity of behavior to variations in system parameters is examined. Also the system is tested with a quasi-random input signal. In both cases, results are favorable.
Assessment of telomere length and factors that contribute to its stability (2003)

Short strands of tandem hexameric repeats known as telomeres cap the ends of linear chromosomes. These repeats protect chromosomes from degradation and prevent chromosomal end-joining, a phenomenon that could occur due to the end-replication problem. Telomeres are maintained by the activity of the enzyme telomerase. The total number of telomeric repeats at the terminal end of a chromosome determines the telomere length, which in addition to its importance in chromosomal stabilization is a useful indicator of telomerase activity in normal and malignant tissues. Telomere length stability is one of the important factors that contribute to the proliferative capacity of many cancer cell types; therefore, the detection and estimation of telomere length is extremely important. Until relatively recently, telomere lengths were analyzed primarily using the standard Southern blot technique. However, the complexities of this technique have led to the search for more simple and rapid detection methods. Improvements such as the use of fluorescent probes and the ability to sort cells have greatly enhanced the ease and sensitivity of telomere length measurements. Recent advances, and the limitations of these techniques are evaluated. Drugs that assist in telomere shortening may contribute to tumor regression. Therefore, factors that contribute to telomere stability may influence the efficiency of the drugs that have potential in cancer therapy. These factors in relation to telomere length are also examined in this analysis.
Improved Iterative Decoding for Perpendicular Magnetic Recording (2005)

An algorithm of improving the performance of iterative decoding on perpendicular magnetic recording is presented. This algorithm follows on the authors' previous works on the parallel and serial concatenated turbo codes and low-density parity-check codes. The application of this algorithm with signal-to-noise ratio mismatch technique shows promising results in the presence of media noise. We also show that, compare to the standard iterative decoding algorithm, an improvement of within one order of magnitude can be achieved.
Sparse signal reconstruction from limited data using FOCUSS: a re-weighted minimum norm algorithm (1997)

We present a nonparametric algorithm for finding localized energy solutions from limited data. The problem we address is underdetermined, and no prior knowledge of the shape of the region on which the solution is nonzero is assumed. Termed the FOcal Underdetermined System Solver (FOCUSS), the algorithm has two integral parts: a low-resolution initial estimate of the real signal and the iteration process that refines the initial estimate to the final localized energy solution. The iterations are based on weighted norm minimization of the dependent variable with the weights being a function of the preceding iterative solutions. The algorithm is presented as a general estimation tool usable across different applications. A detailed analysis laying the theoretical foundation for the algorithm is given and includes proofs of global and local convergence and a derivation of the rate of convergence. A view of the algorithm as a novel optimization method which combines desirable characteristics of both classical optimization and learning-based algorithms is provided. Mathematical results on conditions for uniqueness of sparse solutions are also given. Applications of the algorithm are illustrated on problems in direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation and neuromagnetic imaging.
The Transgeneticists Toolbox: Novel Methods for the Targeted Modification of Eukaryotic Genomes (2000)

Classical techniques for gene transfer into mammalian cells involve tedious screening procedures to identify transgenic clones or animals with the appropriate level and stability of expression or with the correct developmental patterns. These first generation technologies are clearly inadequate for complex genetic strategies by which gene regulation can be studied in its entire complexity. While site-specific insertions can principally be achieved by homologous recombination or by adapting the recombination apparatus from phages or yeast, these methods usually lack the required efficiency or they perturb expression patterns by the co-insertion of prokaryotic vector parts. Virtually all of these problems can be overcome by recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) techniques which cleanly replace a resident cassette that is flanked by two hetero-specific recombination target sites for a second cassette with the analogous design, presented on a targeting vector. After illustrating the fundamentals of site-specific recombination by selected experiments, the authors (arranged in the chronological order of their contribution) will describe their efforts to develop RMCE into a method of wide applicability. Further developments that have been initiated utilizing the particular potential of the RMCE principle will be outlined.
Adherence to Antimicrobial Inhalational Anthrax Prophylaxis among Postal Workers, Washington, D.C., 2001 (2002)

In October 2001, two envelopes containing Bacillus anthracis spores were processed at the Washington, D.C., Processing and Distribution Center of the U.S. Postal Service; inhalational anthrax developed in four workers at this facility. More than 2,000 workers were advised to complete 60 days of postexposure prophylaxis to prevent inhalational anthrax. Interventions to promote adherence were carried out to support workers, and qualitative information was collected to evaluate our interventions. A quantitative survey was administered to a convenience sample of workers to assess factors influencing adherence. No anthrax infections developed in any workers involved in the interventions or interviews. Of 245 workers, 98 (40%) reported full adherence to prophylaxis, and 45 (18%) had completely discontinued it. Anxiety and experiencing adverse effects to prophylaxis, as well as being <45 years old were risk factors for discontinuing prophylaxis. Interventions, especially frequent visits by public health staff, proved effective in supporting adherence.
Extensive Profiling of a Complex Microbial Community by High-Throughput Sequencing (2002)

Complex microbial communities remain poorly characterized despite their ubiquity and importance to human and animal health, agriculture, and industry. Attempts to describe microbial communities by either traditional microbiological methods or molecular methods have been limited in both scale and precision. The availability of genomics technologies offers an unprecedented opportunity to conduct more comprehensive characterizations of microbial communities. Here we describe the application of an established molecular diagnostic method based on the chaperonin-60 sequence, in combination with high-throughput sequencing, to the profiling of a microbial community: the pig intestinal microbial community. Four libraries of cloned cpn60 sequences were generated by two genomic DNA extraction procedures in combination with two PCR protocols. A total of 1,125 cloned cpn60 sequences from the four libraries were sequenced. Among the 1,125 cloned cpn60 sequences, we identified 398 different nucleotide sequences encoding 280 unique peptide sequences. Pairwise comparisons of the 398 unique nucleotide sequences revealed a high degree of sequence diversity within the library. Identification of the likely taxonomic origins of cloned sequences ranged from imprecise, with clones assigned to a taxonomic subclass, to precise, for cloned sequences with 100% DNA sequence identity with a species in our reference database. The compositions of the four libraries were compared and differences related to library construction parameters were observed. Our results indicate that this method is an alternative to 16S rRNA sequence-based studies which can be scaled up for the purpose of performing a potentially comprehensive assessment of a given microbial community or for comparative studies.
IRX1 influences peritoneal spreading and metastasis via inhibiting BDKRB2-dependent neovascularization on gastric cancer (2011)

The overexpression of IRX1 gene correlates with the growth arrest in gastric cancer. Furthermore, overexpression of IRX1 gene suppresses peritoneal spreading and long distance metastasis. To explore the precise mechanisms, we investigated whether restoring IRX1 expression affects the angiogenesis or vasculogenic mimicry (VM). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and chick embryo and SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells were used for angiogenesis and VM analysis. Small interfering RNA was used for analyzing the function of BDKRB2, a downstream target gene of IRX1. As results, the remarkable suppression on peritoneal spreading and pulmonary metastasis of SGC-7901 cells by IRX1 transfectant correlates to reduced angiogenesis as well as VM formation. Using the supernatant from SGC-7901/IRX1 cells, we found a strong inhibiting effect on angiogenesis both in vitro and in chick embryo. SGC-7901/IRX1 cells revealed strong inhibiting effect on VM formation too. By gene-specific RNA interference for BDKRB2, or its effector PAK1, we got an effective inhibition on tube formation, cell proliferation, cell migration and invasion in vitro. In conclusion, enforcing IRX1 expression effectively suppresses peritoneal spreading and pulmonary metastasis via anti-angiogenesis and anti-VM mechanisms, in addition to previously found cell growth and invasion. BDKRB2 and its downstream effector might be potential targets for anti-cancer strategy.
Landau-Zener transitions in a superconducting flux qubit (2009)

We report an experimental measurement of Landau-Zener transitions on an individual flux qubit within a multiqubit superconducting chip. The method used isolates a single qubit, tunes its tunneling amplitude $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ into the limit where $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ is much less than both the temperature $T$ and the decoherence-induced energy level broadening, and forces it to undergo a Landau-Zener transition. We find that the behavior of the qubit agrees to a high degree of accuracy with theoretical predictions for Landau-Zener transition probabilities for a double-well quantum system coupled to a nonMarkovian $1/f$ magnetic flux noise.
A Far-red Fluorescent Contrast Agent to Image Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression (2004)

Recent developments in optical technologies have the potential to improve the speed and accuracy of screening and diagnosis of curable precancerous lesions and early cancer, thereby decreasing the costs of detection and management of epithelial malignancies. The development of molecular-specific contrast agents for markers of early neoplastic transformation could improve the detection and molecular characterization of premalignant lesions. In the oral cavity, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression has been identified in early stages of premalignant lesions of the oral squamous cell carcinoma; therefore, real-time assessment of EGFR expression could serve as a biomarker for oral neoplasia. The purpose of our study was to develop a molecular-specific optical contrast agent targeted against EGFR for in vivo assessment of epithelial neoplasia using a monoclonal antibody and the far-red fluorescent dye, Alexa Fluor 660 streptavidin. In addition to demonstrating the specificity of the contrast agent for EGFR in cell lines, we document the ability to achieve penetration through 500 microm thick epithelial layers using multilayer tissue constructs and permeability-enhancing agents. Finally, using the fluorescence intensity of the contrast agent on fresh oral cavity tissue sections, we were able to distinguish abnormal from normal oral tissue. This contrast agent should have important clinical applications for use in conjunction with fluorescence spectroscopy or imaging (or both) to facilitate tumor detection and demarcation.
Effect of Limestone Powder on Microstructure of Ternary Cementitious System (2012)

The pressure to reach sustainability favours the development of ternary composite cement. The synergistic effect on mechanical behaviour at 28 days between limestone powder (LP) and pozzolanic additives, i.e. fly ash (FA) and blast furnace slag (BFS), has been documented. In order to better understand the synergistic effect, this article investigated the effect of LP on the microstructure of PC-FA and PC-BFScementitious system. The mineralogy and pore structure were determined after 28 days of curing at 20°C and 95% relative humidity. The mineralogy in pastes was identified by means of X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry (TG). The pore structure was evaluated by Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The results showed that neither monosulfoaluminate nor ettringite was found in any of the XRD patterns. Instead, carboaluminate was observed. Hemicarboaluminate produced in FA-PC or BFS-PC system transformed into monocarboaluminate with the addition of LP. The porosity was enlarged compared with LP-free paste system. It seems that both the physical and chemical effect of LP contribute to the synergistic effect on mechanical behaviour of cementitious system hydrated up to 28 days.