gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regioselective Functionalization of 1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine via ItsN-Oxide (1992)

Selective functionalization of 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (7-azaindole) at the 6-position was achieved by Reissert-Henze type reaction. Thus, halogeno (Cl, Br, I), cyano and thiocyanato groups were directly introduced to the pyridine ring of 7-azaindole.
Psychological and speech studies in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. (1992)

Forty individuals with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome were tested using an extensive test battery to obtain more insight about their intelligence level, social competency, temperament, and behavior as well as articulation and receptive and expressive language level. Examination of individuals in the Netherlands who have this rare syndrome has been extensive, allowing some generalizations to be made. The intelligence level of affected individuals is usually low, although some persons have much higher scores than do others. The tested individuals were remarkably consistent in their social competency, temperament, and behavior. They were able to make good use of their limited verbal abilities. Comparable studies of other groups of persons with a specific syndrome are needed to determine whether the present findings are specific for Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome or may be found among persons with other syndromes.
Lipid content and lipid type as determinants of the epidermal permeability barrier. (1989)

During terminal differentiation, mammalian epidermal lipids undergo striking changes in both composition and distribution. Phospholipids and neutral lipids are replaced by a mixture of ceramides and neutral lipids organized in intercellular lamellar bilayers. Whether all of these lipids and/or whether specific lipid classes regulate permeability barrier function is not known. When hairless mice were treated with acetone, the degree of barrier perturbation (measured as transepidermal water loss, TEWL) increased linearly with the amount of lipid removed. Moreover, virtually all lipid species appeared to be removed by acetone treatment. In contrast, the nonpolar organic solvent, petroleum ether, while removing greater amounts of lipids, provoked lesser barrier abnormalities. As determined by both quantitative thin-layer chromatography and histochemistry, petroleum ether selectively extracted nonpolar lipids leaving sphingolipids and free sterols in place. In petroleum ether-treated animals, subsequent acetone treatment removed additional sphingolipids and produced a dramatic increase in TEWL. A linear relationship existed for the quantities of sphingolipid removed and degree of barrier disruption in acetone-treated, but not petroleum ether-treated animals. These results support a relationship between the total lipid content of the stratum corneum and barrier function. Secondly, although the results demonstrate the participation of the total lipid mixture in the barrier, removal of nonpolar species alone appears to cause only a modest level of barrier disruption, while removal of sphingolipids and free sterols leads to a more profound level of barrier perturbation.
Heterologous Envelope Immunogens Contribute to AIDS Vaccine Protection in Rhesus Monkeys (2004)

Because a strategy to elicit broadly neutralizing anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibodies has not yet been found, the role of an Env immunogen in HIV-1 vaccine candidates remains undefined. We sought to determine whether an HIV-1 Env immunogen genetically disparate from the Env of the challenge virus can contribute to protective immunity. We vaccinated Indian-origin rhesus monkeys with Gag-Pol-Nef immunogens, alone or in combination with Env immunogens that were either matched or mismatched with the challenge virus. These animals were then challenged with a pathogenic simian-human immunodeficiency virus. The vaccine regimen included a plasmid DNA prime and replication-defective adenoviral vector boost. Vaccine regimens that included the matched or mismatched Env immunogens conferred better protection against CD4(+) T-lymphocyte loss than that seen with comparable regimens that did not include Env immunogens. This increment in protective immunity was associated with anamnestic Env-specific cellular immunity that developed in the early days following viral challenge. These data suggest that T-lymphocyte immunity to Env can broaden the protective cellular immune response to HIV despite significant sequence diversity of the strains of the Env immunogens and can contribute to immune protection in this AIDS vaccine model.
PSF‐choice: A novel MRI method for shaping point‐spread functions in phase‐encoding dimensions (2005)

An imaging method to obtain arbitrary point-spread functions (PSFs) in phase-encoding dimensions is described. This method, called PSF-Choice, is particularly relevant for applications, such as spectroscopic imaging, in which only a very few phase encodes are acquired and ringing artifact can be a serious problem. PSF-Choice uses partial 2D RF excitations to produce aliased excitations that are encoded using standard phase-encoding gradients. Theoretically, the PSF of the reconstructed result depends only on the RF excitation profile. Simulations demonstrate that a Gaussian-like PSF can be achieved, eliminating the side lobes that are associated with ringing artifact. It is further shown that neither the spatial resolution (as represented by the width of the PSF) nor the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the method is adversely affected when compared to standard phase encoding. In the sense that the same number of encodes are required as with standard phase encoding, temporal resolution is also maintained. Phantom experiments demonstrate the initial feasibility of the method to eliminate ringing artifact.
An Endogenous Glutamatergic Drive onto Somatic Motoneurons Contributes to the Stereotypical Pattern of Muscle Tone across the Sleep–Wake Cycle (2008)

Skeletal muscle tone is modulated in a stereotypical pattern across the sleep-wake cycle. Abnormalities in this modulation contribute to most of the major sleep disorders; therefore, characterizing the neurochemical substrate responsible for transmitting a sleep-wake drive to somatic motoneurons needs to be determined. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter that modulates motoneuron excitability; however, its role in regulating motoneuron excitability and muscle tone during natural sleep-wake behaviors is unknown. Therefore, we used reverse-microdialysis, electrophysiology, pharmacological, and histological methods to determine how changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission within the trigeminal motor pool contribute to the sleep-wake pattern of masseter muscle tone in behaving rats. We found that blockade of non-NMDA and NMDA glutamate receptors (via CNQX and d-AP-5) on trigeminal motoneurons reduced waking masseter tone to sleeping levels, indicating that masseter tone is maximal during alert waking because motoneurons are activated by an endogenous glutamatergic drive. This wake-related drive is switched off in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and this contributes to the suppression of muscle tone during this state. We also show that a functional glutamatergic drive generates the muscle twitches that characterize phasic rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep. However, loss of a waking glutamatergic drive is not sufficient for triggering the motor atonia that characterizes REM sleep because potent activation of either AMPA or NMDA receptors on trigeminal motoneurons was unable to reverse REM atonia. We conclude that an endogenous glutamatergic drive onto somatic motoneurons contributes to the stereotypical pattern of muscle tone during wakefulness, NREM sleep, and phasic REM sleep but not during tonic REM sleep.
Lyotropic Mesophase Formation by Anti-Asthmatic Drugs (1984)

Abstract The two lyotropic mesophases of the types previously thought to be unique to the disodium cromoglycate/water system have been found to occur also in aqueous system of other anti-asthmatic drugs. The molecular structural requirements for the formation of these mesophases and the reasons why anti-asthmatic activity might be correlated with this type of mesogenic behaviour are discussed.
An Essential Role of Mast Cells in the Development of Airway Hyperresponsiveness in a Murine Asthma Model (2000)

Immunization of BALB/c mice with alum-adsorbed OVA, followed by three bronchoprovocations with aerosolized OVA, resulted in the development of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and allergic inflammation in the lung accompanied by severe infiltration of eosinophils into airways. In this murine asthma model, administration of monoclonal anti-IL-5 Ab before each Ag challenge markedly inhibited airway eosinophilia, but the treatment did not affect the development of AHR. Immunization and aerosol challenges with OVA following the same protocol failed to induce AHR in the mast cell-deficient W/Wv mice, but induced AHR in their congenic littermates, i.e., WBB6F1 (+/+) mice. No significant difference was found between the W/Wv mice and +/+ mice with respect to the IgE and IgG1 anti-OVA Ab responses and to the airway eosinophilia after Ag provocations. It was also found that reconstitution of W/Wv mice with bone marrow-derived mast cells cultured from normal littermates restored the capacity of developing Ag-induced AHR, indicating that lack of mast cells was responsible for the failure of W/Wv mice to develop Ag-induced AHR under the experimental conditions. However, the OVA-immunized W/Wv mice developed AHR by increasing the frequency and Ag dose of bronchoprovocations. The results suggested that AHR could be developed by two distinct cellular mechanisms. One would go through mast cell activation and the other is IgE/mast cell independent but an eosinophil/IL-5-dependent mechanism.
Endothelial nitric oxide production during in vitro simulation of external limb compression (2002)

External pneumatic compression (EPC) is effective in preventing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and is thought to alter endothelial thromboresistant properties. We investigated the effect of EPC on changes in nitric oxide (NO), a critical mediator in the regulation of vasomotor and platelet function. An in vitro cell culture system was developed to simulate flow and vessel collapse conditions under EPC. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured and subjected to tube compression (C), pulsatile flow (F), or a combination of the two (FC). NO production and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA expression were measured. The data demonstrate that in the F and FC groups, there is a rapid release of NO followed by a sustained increase. NO production levels in the F and FC groups were almost identical, whereas the C group produced the same low amount of NO as the control group. Conditions F and FC also upregulate eNOS mRNA expression by a factor of 2.08 +/- 0.25 and 2.11 +/- 0.21, respectively, at 6 h. Experiments with different modes of EPC show that NO production and eNOS mRNA expression respond to different time cycles of compression. These results implicate enhanced NO release as a potentially important factor in the prevention of DVT.
Performance of nonuniform constellations on the Gaussian channel (1994)

Testing of high-speed voiceband modems has revealed a significant increase in distortion for points near the perimeter of a QAM signal constellation. This distortion increases with distance from the center of the constellation and limits performance at data rates above 19.2 kb/s. The perimeter distortion can be reduced by transforming the signal constellation so that points near the center are closer together, and points near the perimeter are further apart. When the channel SNR is high, such a transformation reduces immunity to Gaussian noise because points near the center of the transformed constellation are closer together than in a uniformly spaced constellation with the same average power. This paper demonstrates theoretically that for channel SNRs of practical interest. There is actually a small gain in immunity to Gaussian noise. In fact, an appropriate coded modulation scheme can produce gains of about 0.25 dB.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Oligosaccharides Related to Tumor‐Associated Antigens. Part I. Synthesis of the propyl glycoside of the trisaccharide α‐L‐Fucp‐(1 → 2)‐β‐D‐Galp‐(1 → 3)‐β‐D‐GalpNAc, component of a tumor antigen recognized by the antibody MBr1 (1994)

Abstract The synthesis of the trisaccharide α‐ L ‐Fuc p ‐(1 → 2)‐β‐ D ‐Gal p ‐(1 → 3)‐β‐ D ‐Gal p NAc‐1‐OPr ( 2 ) is described. The N ‐acetylgalactosamine 6 was obtained from 4 by an intramolecular displacement of a (trifluoromethyl)sulfonyloxy by a pivaloyloxy group with its concomitant migration from position 3 to position 4 ( Scheme 1 ). The galactosyl donor 9 was obtained from 7 via 8 by regioselective opening of the orthoester function with AcOH/pyridine followed by treatment with CCl 3 CN and 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) ( Scheme 2 ). Glycosylation of 6 with 9 in the presence of BF 3 · OEt 2 gave the disaccharide 10 . Selective deprotection of 10 at O  C (2′) followed by glycosylation with 12 and by standard deprotection afforded the title trisaccharide 2 ( Scheme 3 ). Preliminary biological testing showed that 2 is able to inhibit the binding of the monoclonal antibody MBrl to the target tumor cells MCF7 in a dose‐dependent manner.
A Label-Free Multisensing Immunosensor Based on Imaging Ellipsometry (2003)

An immunosensor based on imaging ellipsometry and its potential applications was demonstrated in this paper. It has been proven a fast, reliable, and convenient method to quantify the thickness distribution of protein layers or detect protein concentration in solution. Combined with a protein chip, the immunosensor was able to detect multiple analytes simultaneously without any labeling. Preliminary results demonstrated how this immunosensor could be used to monitor several independent biospecific binding processes in real-time and in situ conditions.
Electrical distribution system power line characterization (2002)

An impedance versus frequency characterization of a 60 Hz power distribution system has been performed from 30 Hz to 1 MHz. The impedance characterization involves both empirical and theoretical aspects utilizing transmission line theory. The characterization yielded transmission line attributes that determine the power distribution system's performance for auxiliary functions such as data propagation. Potential applications of the characterization include analyzing the applicability of a residential power distribution system for data communications.
Quantum-efficiency of praseodymium doped Ga:La:S glass for 1.3 /spl mu/m optical fibre amplifiers (1994)

The gain of Pr/sup 3+/-doped ZBLAN fibre amplifiers is hindered by a poor quantum efficiency due mainly to a high rate of multiphonon decay. Sulphide-based glasses ameliorate this problem through a higher radiative rate and lower nonradiative rate. In this letter, Pr/sup 3+/-doped Ga:La:S glass has been evaluated spectroscopically in bulk and fibre form for its quantum-efficiency at 1.3 microns. Measurements reveal that absorption bands are broadened and the effective separation between the /sup 1/G/sub 4/ and /sup 3/F/sub 4/ level is reduced compared to ZBLAN glass. Judd-Ofelt analysis and the theory of multiphonon-decay now predict efficiencies of 80%, while 58% is measured. Oxide impurities are shown to play a key role in quenching of the radiative emission.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Structure of Mini-B, a Functional Fragment of Surfactant Protein B, in Detergent Micelles, (2007)

Surfactant protein B (SP-B) is essential for normal lung surfactant function, which is in itself essential to life. However, the molecular basis for SP-B's activity is not understood and a high-resolution structure for SP-B has not been determined. Mini-B is a 34-residue peptide with internal disulfide linkages that is composed of the N- and C-terminal helical regions of SP-B. It has been shown to retain similar activity to full-length SP-B in certain in vitro and in vivo studies. We have used solution NMR to determine the structure of Mini-B in the presence of micelles composed of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Under these conditions, Mini-B forms two alpha-helices connected by an unstructured loop. Mini-B possesses a strikingly amphipathic surface with a large positively charged patch on one face of the peptide and a large hydrophobic patch on the opposite face. A tryptophan side chain extends outward from the peptide in a position to interact with lipids at the polar/apolar interface. Interhelix interactions are stabilized by both disulfide bonds and by interleaving of hydrophobic side chains from the two helices.
Titration of hepatitis B virus infectivity in the sera of pre‐acute and late acute phases of HBV infection: Transmission experiments to chimeric mice with human liver repopulated hepatocytes (2008)

Studies of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in non-human primates such as chimpanzees are no longer possible due to ethical considerations and the endangered status of chimpanzees since April 2007 in Japan. A human hepatocyte transplanted chimeric mouse was used to characterize HBV infectivity in serial stages of acute infection. Chimeric mice were inoculated intravenously with serum samples obtained from an experimentally infected chimpanzee with HBV. Sera from the pre-acute phases (i.e., rump-up viremia prior to anti-HBc) and late acute phases (i.e., declining phase of HBsAg and anti-HBcAb positive) were collected from the chimpanzees 57 and 244 days after inoculation. These sera contained 2.6 x 10(6) and 2.8 x 10(6) copies/ml of HBV DNA, respectively. Three chimeric mice inoculated intravenously with 100 microl of pre-acute serum (equivalent to 10(0) copy of HBV DNA) developed an HBV infection. The three chimeric mice that received 100 microl of pre-acute serum (equivalent to 10(1) copies of HBV DNA), developed high levels of serum HBV DNA. None of the three chimeric mice inoculated with 100 microl of 1:10(4) dilution (equivalent to 10(1) copies of HBV DNA) of late-acute serum was infected, while only one of three chimeric mice inoculated with 100 microl of 1:10(3) dilution (equivalent to 10(2) copies of HBV DNA) of late-acute serum developed an HBV infection. Based on these results, chimeric mice can be used as animal models for the study of HBV infectivity, pathogenesis and control. The results show that pre-acute phase HBV serum is about 100-times more infectious than late acute phase serum.
Designing a Helical Polymer that Reverses its Handedness at a Selected, Continuously Variable, Temperature (2000)

In a struggle between unmatched enantiomers to control the helical sense of a polymer, temperature determines the ratio of the chiral competitors at which the right- and left-handed helical senses are equally populated. Deviation above or below this temperature is detected by the optical activity, which then increases with the opposite sign. This phenomenon, potentially applicable to other helical arrays, is analyzed by a statistical physical model, which allows quantitative understanding of the controlling parameters.
Comparison of DAC-less PAM4 modulation in segmented ring resonator and dual cascaded ring resonator (2017)

We compare the performance of 25 Gb/s PAM4 modulation in segmented ring and dual cascaded ring resonators driven by CMOS drivers designed in 65nm process. With optimized frequency detuning, the segmented ring modulator is found to achieve larger eye opening with lower power consumption.
The work function of the elements and its periodicity (1977)

A new compilation, based on a literature search for the period 1969–1976, is made of experimental data on the work function. For these 44 elements, preferred values are selected on the basis of valid experimental conditions. Older values, which are widely accepted, are given for 19 other elements on which there is no recent literature, and are so identified. In the data for the 63 elements, trends that occur simultaneously in both the columns and the rows of the periodic table are shown to be useful in predicting correct values and also for identifying questionable data. Several illustrative examples are given, including verifications of predictions published in 1950.
Photoactivable peptides for identifying enzyme–substrate and protein–protein interactions (2010)

Photoactivated cross-linking of peptides to proteins is a useful strategy for identifying enzyme-substrate and protein-protein interactions in cell lysates as demonstrated by studies on the human hypoxia inducible factor system.
Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate by Inulin Clearance without Urine Collection (1969)

A continuous infusion method for measuring inulin clearance (and hence glomerular filtration rate) which does not require urine collection has been re-evaluated and found to give satisfactory results. In two non-oedematous and anephric patients the plasma level of inulin became virtually constant four hours after a single intravenous dose, and hence this is the minimum time required for the infusion with this method.
Improving the Validity of Activity of Daily Living Dependency Risk Assessment (2013)

Two relatively brief models, one that requires an in-person assessment and one that does not, had excellent validity for predicting incident ADL dependency but did not significantly improve the predictive validity of the best fitting interview-based models.
A case of fulminant mixed cryoglobulinemia developing after atrial myxoma resection. (2001)

A 63-year-old man, with a 13-year history of asymptomatic proteinuria, was diagnosed with left atrial myxoma at the onset of heart failure. After resection of the tumor by hypothermal surgery, the patient developed fever, renal failure and skin rash. The diagnosis was type II mixed cryoglobulinemia accompanied by an IgMlambda clone with high titers of rheumatoid factor activity and polyclonal IgG. Treatment with high doses of steroids and plasmapheresis was ineffective, and the patient died of colon necrosis due to thrombotic occlusion in the supra-mesenteric arteries. Although the patient had suffered from sporadic Raynaud's phenomenon and purpura of the lower extremities from the age of 60 years, cryoglobulinemia was not suspected before surgery because of the atrial myxoma. Thus, we suggest that it is important to perform laboratory tests for cryoproteins before hypothermal surgery.
A concept-oriented logical framework for domain knowledge modelling and analysis in computer-based systems engineering (2002)

This paper outlines the main features of the DD framework, an extensible ontological and methodological approach to the description of real-world application domains. It promotes automatic reasoning and a concept-oriented domain knowledge representation in computer-based systems engineering. The DD, framework is centred around EDDL/sub DP/, a formal but user-friendly language allowing automatic consistency check and property deduction. EDDL/sub DP/ deals with the external outlook of real-world structural and behavioural domain concepts. It offers an expressively adequate set of data, process and object-like concept constructors for a flexible description of the essential domain model of a computer-based system. The DD framework has been explicitly conceived for the development of a new generation of computer-based systems engineering tools endowed with deductive capabilities.
Pivotal Role of a gp91 phox -Containing NADPH Oxidase in Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy in Mice (2002)

A gp91(phox)-containing NADPH oxidase plays an important role in the development of angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy, independent of changes in blood pressure.