gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ATM network (1995)

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) can provide both circuit and packet-switching services with the same protocol, and this integration of circuit and packet-switching services can be beneficial in many ways. Four major benefits of the ATM technique are considered here: scalability, statistical multiplexing, traffic integration, and network simplicity. In the course of achieving those benefits, ATM makes compromises. In this article we assess the benefits and ensuing penalties of these compromises and put them into perspective.
Characterisation and selection of a Lactobacillus species to re-colonise the vagina of women with recurrent bacterial vaginosis (2000)

This paper reports the results of characterising and selecting a strain of Lactobacillus for potential use as a probiotic in regenerating the vaginal flora of women with recurrent episodes of bacterial vaginosis (BV). BV is a condition characterised by a depletion of vaginal lactobacilli accompanied by an overgrowth of a mixed vaginal flora of aerobic, anaerobic and micro-aerophilic species in very large numbers. BV has been associated with various gynaecological and obstetric complications and has an extremely high recurrence rate, due in part to the failure to establish a normal vaginal flora after antimicrobial therapy. A total of 60 vaginal isolates of lactobacilli was assessed for characteristics considered important for vaginal re-colonisation. The characteristics studied were the in-vitro inhibitory activity of the lactobacilli against bacterial species isolated from women with recurrent BV, acid production after growth of the lactobacilli in liquid culture, production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and adhesiveness of the lactobacilli to exfoliated vaginal epithelial cells (VEC). Four strains of lactobacilli, L. acidophilus (61701 and 61880), L. crispatus (55730) and L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii (65407), demonstrated the greatest inhibitory activity against the BV-associated bacterial species. Two of these isolates (55730 and 61880) produced H2O2. All four isolates produced a highly acidic environment after growth in liquid medium (pH <4). Only one of these (strain 61701) was strongly adherent to VEC (>100 bacteria/VEC). A further isolate (L. acidophilus 48101) did not demonstrate maximum inhibitory activity against BV-associated bacteria, but was found to be a strong producer of H2O2 and was also highly adherent to VEC. Isolates 61701 and 48101 could be candidates for use as probiotics for vaginal re-colonisation.
Neurotensin receptor-1 inducible palmitoylation is required for efficient receptor-mediated mitogenic-signaling within structured membrane microdomains (2011)

Neurotensin receptor-1 (NTSR-1) is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been recently identified as a mediator of cancer progression. NTSR-1 and its endogenous ligand, neurotensin (NTS), are co-expressed in several breast cancer cell lines and breast cancer tumor samples. Based on our previously published study demonstrating that intact structured membrane microdomains (SMDs) are required for NTSR-1 mitogenic signaling, we hypothesized that regulated receptor palmitoylation is responsible for NTSR-1 localization and signaling within SMDs upon NTS stimulation. Site-directed mutagenesis and pharmacological strategies were utilized to assess NTRS-1 post-translational modifications in an over-expression cell model (HEK293T) as well as a native breast cancer cell model (MDA-MB-231). NTSR-1 palmitoylation was confirmed by multiple chemical and fluororadiographic methodologies. NTSR-1 glycosylation was confirmed by pharmacological (tunicamycin) and chemical (PGNaseF and O-type glycosidase) approaches. Physiological correlates including cell viability (MTS assay), apoptosis (caspase 3/7 assay) and ERK phosphorylation were utilized to assess the consequences of NTRS-1 palmitoylation. The interaction between palmitoylated NTRS-1 and Gαq/11 within SMDS was confirmed with immunopreciptation analysis of detergent-free isolated fractions of caveolin-rich microdomains. We identified dual-palmitoylation at Cys381 and Cys383 of endogenously-expressed NTSR-1 in MDA-MB-231 breast adeno-carcinomas as well as exogenously-expressed NTSR-1 in HEK293T cells (which do not normally express NTSR-1). Pharmacological inhibition of NTSR-1 palmitoylation in MDA-MB-231 cells as well as NTSR-1-expressing HEK293T cells diminished NTS-mediated ERK 1/2 phosphorylation. Additionally, NTSR-1 mutated at Cys381 and Cys383 showed diminished ERK1/2 stimulation and reduced ability to protect HEK293T cells against apoptosis induced by serum starvation. Mechanistically, mutated C381,383S-NTSR-1 showed reduced ability to interact with Gαq/11 and diminished localization to structured membrane microdomains (SMDs), where Gαq/11 preferentially resides. We also demonstrated that only glycosylated isoforms of NTRS-1 localize within SMDs by palmitotylation. Collectively, our data establish palmitoylation as a novel pharmacological target to inhibit NTSR-1 mitogenic signaling in breast cancer cells.
Spectral analysis of time-domain phase jitter measurements (2002)

A simplified overview of time-domain jitter measurements is presented in this paper. The relationship between the time-domain jitter measurements and the power spectrum of the phase jitter is described using fundamental Fourier properties and basic random variables analysis. This leads to a unifying analysis and the results are in agreement with commonly accepted understanding of jitter accumulation in oscillators. The presented analysis also provides the basis for comparing different jitter measurements.
Network management application-oriented taxonomy of mobile code (2002)

We present an application-oriented taxonomy of mobile code. We use a novel approach to managing telecommunication networks as a vehicle for describing the concepts through demonstrating the use of several types of mobile code in innovative network and system management applications. To make a clear distinction between the types of mobile code, we use a terminology that follows the Java conventions originated with the term applet. Therefore, in our jargon, we have servlets, exflets, deglets and netlets. We point to a piglet as a type of mobile code that constitutes a security risk to the network. We deliberately avoided the term agent in our taxonomy. In this paper, this term is used to refer to a general concept of code autonomy. Our approach to managing networks addresses the issues in traditional client/server, or in this context manager/agent, network management systems like the amount of data that needs to be transmitted, problems inherent to heterogeneous environment, like interoperability issues, problems with maintainability of the software, etc. With the techniques based on mobile code, we can harness many interoperability issues and work toward plug-and-play networks (PnPnets) by applying mobile agents that can take care of many aspects of configuring and maintaining networks in an autonomous way.
Ultrashort-pulse characterization from dynamic spectrograms by iterative phase retrieval (1997)

We develop a modified version of the dynamic spectrogram that permits complete characterization of an ultrashort optical pulse with fewer approximations than do other schemes. The experimental procedure for such a measurement uses a second-order optical nonlinearity and yet yields an intuitive spectrogram with no inherent symmetry constraints or ambiguity. We describe and demonstrate pulse-shape reconstruction from this type of spectrogram. Phase retrieval is performed by means of an iterative algorithm.
Tumor Cell Contamination of Bone Marrow Harvest Products: Clinical Consequences in a Cohort of Advanced-Stage Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing High-Dose Chemotherapy (1996)

Patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with autologous stem cell rescue (ASCR) may have tumor cells inadvertently infused if their stem cell product is tumor contaminated. We used an immunocytochemical (ICC) method to analyze 31 histologically negative bone marrow (BM) specimens taken from women with advanced-stage breast cancer at the time of BM harvest before HDC. All 31 patients were treated on one of three consecutive HDC protocols and received BM or BM and peripheral stem cells (PSC) as ASCR. Six of 26 evaluable patients had ICC-detectable contaminating tumor cells in their BM harvests. These 6 patients had a trend toward decreased overall survival compared with those patients without ICC-detectable tumor cells (17 months median versus 25+ months, p = 0.11, log rank test for those patients achieving complete response, CR, from HDC). The sites of relapse in the ICC-positive and ICC-negative groups were not notably different when analyzed for new sites versus previous sites of disease. Therefore, our retrospective analysis of a small cohort of patients suggests that the infusion of tumor cells in breast cancer patients undergoing HDC may confer a poor prognosis. Relapse patterns however suggest failure both in new sites and in sites of previous disease. Additional studies in expanded patient populations are needed to explore further the role of tumor cell infusion in ASCR and the possible clinical benefits of tumor cell removal procedures.
The development of nonvolatile random access memory in 6 hydrogen silicon carbide (1995)

A novel nonvolatile random access memory (NVRAM) fabricated on 6H-SiC is formed by integrating an npn bipolar access transistor vertically with a pnp storage capacitor. The measured storage time of the pnp storage capacitor is longer than 100 years at room temperature. Since no applied bias is needed during the store state, the memory is nonvolatile. The access bipolar transistor has been studied extensively. The gain is degraded by the series base resistance. An analytical model is proposed to calculate the access transistor efficiency. The effect of thermal processing on polysilicon-gate SiC MOSFETs has been investigated. It is found that thermal processing at temperatures higher than 900$\sp\circ$C after polysilicon deposition degrades the oxide quality by increasing the fixed oxide charge density and the SiO$\sb2$/SiC interface state density. Electron mobility in the inversion layers on thermally oxidized 6H-SiC has been studied at different temperatures and different vertical electric fields. A hybrid NVRAM chip is designed. The chip contains a 256-bit SiC NVRAM cell array and a Si CMOS logic chip. The SiC chip and the Si chip are wire bonded together on a ceramic substrate. The first NMOS digital integrated circuits in 6H-SiC have been demonstrated. The circuits are functional from room temperature to 305$\sp\circ$C. A process integrating NMOS logic circuits with the NVRAM cell has been proposed and a test wafer fabricated. Both the logic circuits and NVRAM cells are functional. A fully monolithic NVRAM contains memory cells and peripheral circuits on the same SiC wafer. A 64-bit monolithic NVRAM is designed and fabricated. The NVRAM, sense amplifier, and ring oscillator work separately. The threshold voltage of the MOSFET is very high ($\sim$7 V) because the top p epilayer was dopped higher than desired. The whole circuit does not work.
The Cdc42 and Rac1 GTPases are required for capillary lumen formation in three-dimensional extracellular matrices (2002)

Here we show a requirement for the Cdc42 and Rac1 GTPases in endothelial cell (EC) morphogenesis in three-dimensional extracellular matrices. Cdc42 and Rac1 specifically regulate EC intracellular vacuole and lumen formation in both collagen and fibrin matrices. Clostridium difficile toxin B (which blocks all three Rho GTPases) completely inhibited the ability of ECs to form both vacuoles and lumens, whereas C3 transferase, a selective inhibitor of Rho, did not. Expression of either dominant-negative (N17) or constitutively active (V12) Cdc42 using recombinant adenoviruses dramatically inhibited EC vacuole and lumen formation in both collagen and fibrin matrices. Both vacuole and lumen formation initiated in ECs expressing dominant-negative (N17) Rac1 but later collapsed, indicating a role for Rac1 during later stages of vessel development. Analysis of cultures using confocal microscopy revealed green fluorescent protein-V12Rac1, -Rac1 wild-type and -Cdc42 wild-type chimeric proteins targeted to intracellular vacuole membranes during the lumen formation process. Also, expression of the verprolin-cofilin-acidic domain of N-WASP, a downstream Cdc42 effector, in ECs completely interfered with vacuole and lumen formation. These results collectively reveal a novel role for Cdc42 and Rac1 in the process of EC vacuole and lumen formation in three-dimensional extracellular matrices.
Radial distribution test feeders (1991)

In recent years many digital computer programs have been developed for the analysis of unbalanced three-phase radial distribution feeders. Because of the wide variation of the assumptions made in the development of the programs, there is a need for benchmark systems for comparison testing of the various programs. Complete data are presented for three four-wire wye and one three-wire delta radial distribution feeders. It is hoped that developers of distribution analysis programs will use these test systems to test their programs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Successful therapy of metastatic cancer using tumor vaccines in mixed allogeneic bone marrow chimeras (2003)

A frequent outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) in the treatment of leukemia is the destruction of the host hematolymphoid compartment and, thus, the malignancy, through the combined action of high-dose chemoradiotherapy and a T-cell-mediated graft-versus-host effect. Unfortunately, alloSCT is frequently limited by toxicity, including graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and has not been successful in the treatment of tumors derived from solid organs. Here we report a novel cooperation between host and donor T cells in the response to a tumor cell vaccine given after a nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation (NST) protocol that achieves stable mixed bone marrow chimerism. Treatment of animals with NST, posttransplantation donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs), and a vaccine, comprising irradiated autologous tumor cells mixed with a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-producing bystander line, results in potent and specific antitumor immunity. This combined modality immunotherapy, administered after surgical removal of the primary tumor, cured metastatic mammary cancer in most animals without inducing GVHD. Cured animals contained tumor-specific T cells of both host and donor origin, but immunodeficient hosts could not be cured by NST, DLI, and vaccine administration. Thus, transfer of allogeneic donor T cells may help break functional tolerance of a host immune system to a solid tumor, thereby providing a rationale for the generation of mixed hematopoietic chimerism by NST prior to tumor cell vaccination.
Migration and Localization of Metal Atoms on Strained Graphene (2010)

Reconstructed point defects in graphene are created by electron irradiation and annealing. By applying electron microscopy and density functional theory, it is shown that the strain field around these defects reaches far into the unperturbed hexagonal network and that metal atoms have a high affinity to the nonperfect and strained regions of graphene. Metal atoms are attracted by reconstructed defects and bonded with energies of about 2 eV. The increased reactivity of the distorted $\ensuremath{\pi}$-electron system in strained graphene allows us to attach metal atoms and to tailor the properties of graphene.
Cytokines: Principles and prospects (1998)

Cytokines participate in the induction and effector phases of all immune and inflammatory responses. They are therefore obvious tools and targets for strategies designed to promote, inhibit or redirect these responses. However, the complexity of the cytokine network has hindered the widespread clinical application of many cytokines and it has become clear that a deeper understanding of the normal operation of this system in health and disease is needed for the therapeutic potential of cytokines to be fully realized. This review summarizes some of the principles that are now thought to underlie the diverse functions of the interleukins, interferons, colony-stimulating factors and tumour necrosis factors in immune and inflammatory reactions in vivo. Genetic and structural relationships between these cytokines, the regulation of their synthesis, and the structures and functions of their receptors are outlined. Current knowledge of these parameters suggests ways in which multiple positive and negative regulatory mechanisms are integrated to balance cytokine benefits and harm under physiological conditions and offers new prospects for rational exploitation of this system.
Characterization and purification of the small 28,000-dalton mammalian heat shock protein. (1987)

We describe the biochemical characterization and purification of the small 28,000-dalton heat shock protein (28-kDa protein) of mammalian cells. Metabolic pulse labeling of heat shock-treated cells with either [3H]leucine or H3 32PO4 and analysis of the labeled proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed increased levels of three 28-kDa proteins differing only in their relative isoelectric point. Using both peptide mapping and immunological analysis, we demonstrate that all three proteins are related isoforms, with two of the isoforms containing phosphate. Cell fractionation studies revealed that the 28-kDa protein localizes predominantly within the nuclear pellet very shortly after the heat shock treatment. With increasing times of recovery of the heat-treated cells back at 37 degrees C, the majority of the 28-kDa protein was now observed to fractionate within the soluble fraction of the cells. Both gel filtration and velocity sedimentation studies revealed that the 28-kDA protein exists as a higher order structure with an approximate S20,w value of 10-18 S, a Stokes radius of about 60-70 A, and an estimated native molecular mass of at least 500,000 daltons. We describe a relatively simple and rapid purification of the proteins employing both ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography.
The IBS-36: a new quality of life measure for irritable bowel syndrome (2002)

The IBS-36 addresses all areas of quality of life affected by IBS and is easy to administer and score. The IBS-36 is a well-validated, condition-specific quality of life measure for IBS patients that is sensitive to clinical intervention and highly correlated with established quality of life measures and patient-reported symptom scores.
Dependence of KCC2 K-Cl cotransporter activity on a conserved carboxy terminus tyrosine residue (2000)

K-Cl cotransporters (KCC) play fundamental roles in ionic and osmotic homeostasis. To date, four mammalian KCC genes have been identified. KCC2 is expressed exclusively in neurons. Injection of Xenopus oocytes with KCC2 cRNA induced a 20-fold increase in Cl(-)-dependent, furosemide-sensitive K(+) uptake. Oocyte swelling increased KCC2 activity 2-3 fold. A canonical tyrosine phosphorylation site is located in the carboxy termini of KCC2 (R1081-Y1087) and KCC4, but not in other KCC isoforms. Pharmacological studies, however, revealed no regulatory role for phosphorylation of KCC2 tyrosine residues. Replacement of Y1087 with aspartate or arginine dramatically reduced K(+) uptake under isotonic and hypotonic conditions. Normal or near-normal cotransporter activity was observed when Y1087 was mutated to phenylalanine, alanine, or isoleucine. A tyrosine residue equivalent to Y1087 is conserved in all identified KCCs from nematodes to humans. Mutation of the Y1087 congener in KCC1 to aspartate also dramatically inhibited cotransporter activity. Taken together, these results suggest that replacement of Y1087 and its congeners with charged residues disrupts the conformational state of the carboxy terminus. We postulate that the carboxy terminus plays an essential role in maintaining the functional conformation of KCC cotransporters and/or is involved in essential regulatory protein-protein interactions.
The Little iMac Book, Second Edition (2000)

From the Publisher:
Learn the ins and outs of the iMac with this completely updated, bestselling book from Robin Williams. The Little iMac Book, Second Edition, is up-to-date for OS 9, and covers all the basics from starting up and shutting down to using the mouse and working with the desktop; plus, it includes new coverage of wireless computing and the new iMac digital video capabilities.
Learned Contextual Feature Reweighting for Image Geo-Localization (2017)

We address the problem of large scale image geo-localization where the location of an image is estimated by identifying geo-tagged reference images depicting the same place. We propose a novel model for learning image representations that integrates context-aware feature reweighting in order to effectively focus on regions that positively contribute to geo-localization. In particular, we introduce a Contextual Reweighting Network (CRN) that predicts the importance of each region in the feature map based on the image context. Our model is learned end-to-end for the image geo-localization task, and requires no annotation other than image geo-tags for training. In experimental results, the proposed approach significantly outperforms the previous state-of-the-art on the standard geo-localization benchmark datasets. We also demonstrate that our CRN discovers task-relevant contexts without any additional supervision.
Effect of adding sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor, to metformin on 24‐h glycaemic control and β‐cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes (2006)

In this study, the addition of sitagliptin 50 mg b.i.d. to ongoing metformin therapy improved 24-h glycaemic control and beta-cell function, and was generally well tolerated in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Molecular diversity of fungal communities in agricultural soils from Lower Austria (2010)

A culture-independent survey of fungal diversity in four arable soils and one grassland in Lower Austria was conducted by RFLP and sequence analysis of clone libraries of the partial ITS/LSU-region. All soils were dominated by the ascomycetous orders Sordariales, Hypocreales and Helotiales, taxa that are known from traditional cultivation approaches to occur in agricultural soils. The most abundant genus in the investigated soils was <i>Tetracladium</i>, a hyphomycete which has been described as occurring predominantly in aquatic habitats, but was also found in agricultural soils. Additionally, soil clone group I (SCGI), a subphylum at the base of the Ascomycota with so far no cultivated members, was identified at high frequency in the grassland soil but was below detection limit in the four arable fields. In addition to this striking difference, general fungal community parameters like richness, diversity and evenness were similar between cropland and grassland soils. The presented data provide a fungal community inventory of agricultural soils and reveal the most prominent species.
Esoteric Measurements (1969)

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